Gujarati Sahityano Itihas Part 04

Author(s): Umashankar Joshi & Others
Publisher: Gujarati Sahitya Parishad
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032076/1

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gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa graMtha 4 [ nhAnAlAlathI meghANI ] zilhae RENE padAya, gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada, amadAvAda,

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gujarAta sarakAranI Arthika sahAyathI prakAzita gujarAtI sAhityano itihAsa graMtha 4 [nhAnAlAlathI jhaveracaMda meghANI ] saMpAdakA mAzakara jozI anaMtarAya rAvaLa yazavanta zukla sahAyaka saMpAdaka cimanalAla trivedI sAhi gujarAtI ja TENE amadAvAda gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada, amadAvAda

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prakAzaka raghuvIra caudharI maMtrI, gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada TAImsa opha InDiyA pAchaLa Azrama reDa amadAvAda-380 009 prathama AvRtti 1981 kiMmata rU. 32-50 mudraka DAhyAbhAI ema. paTela madhu prinTarI dUdhavALI paLa, ghIkAMTA amadAvAda-380 001

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nivedana gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsalekhananA aneka nAnAmoTA prayatane A pUrve thayA che, paraMtu cAra graMthamAM ane aDhI hajAra jeTalAM pRSThomAM, vividha vidvAnonA sahakArathI, gujarAtI sAhityane bRhad itihAsa AlekhavAne prayAsa A prathama vAra ja thAya che. gujarAtI sAhityanA vikAsanAM je be spaSTa sthityaMtare che ene lakSamAM rAkhIne A ItihAsalekhana hAtha dharAyuM che. pahelA sthityaMtarane be graMthomAM vaheMcI nAkhyuM che. pahelA graMthamAM gujarAtanI bhaugolika ane rAjakIya-sAMskRtika bhUmikA, gujarAtI bhASAne vikAsa ane sAhityika pUrvaparaMparA eTaluM samAvatAM I. sa. 1150thI I. sa. 1450 sudhInA gujarAtI sAhityanA prAcInakALane emAM AvarI levAmAM Avyo che. bIjA graMthamAM I.sa. 1450thI I.sa. 1850 sudhInA gujarAtI sAhityanA madhyakALane AvarI levAmAM Ave che. enA bIjA sthityaMtarane paNa e ja rIte be graMthomAM vaheMcyuM che. trIjA graMthamAM gujarAtamAM aMgrejonA rAjaamalanI zarUAtathI paNa vizeSataH dalapatarAmathI kalApI sudhIno samaya AvarI levAmAM Avyo che. cothA graMthamAM nhAnAlAlathI jhaveracaMda meghANI sudhInA arvAcIna samayane AvarI levAmAM Avyo che. A rIte, prAcIna, madhyakAlIna ane arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityane A bRhad ItihAsa emAMnI mAhitI ane mAvajatathI ApaNI vaNapurAyelI jarUriyAtane saMtoSaze evI AzA che. A thaI kAlakramanI dRSTie karelA kAryanI vAta. ItihAsa kadI pUre thato nathI eTale kyAMka to aTakavuM joIe ema karIne sva. jhaveracaMda meghANI AgaLa AvIne A itihAsa aTake che. tema chatAM pAMcamA bhAga mATe je sarakAra taraphathI Arthika sahAya maLaze te aghatana samaya sudhI AvavAnI pariSadanI bhAvane che. A mATe prayatna cAlu che. taduparAMta bhinnabhinna sAhityasvarUpano vikAsaItihAsa paNa temAM samAvAze, ane chatAM mAhitI jhAjhI bevaDAya nahi enI kALajI rakhAze. A ItihAsa-lekhana ApaNA bhinnabhinna vidvAna lekhake dvArA thayuM che. eTale, eka kalame lakhAtA saLaMga ItihAsa-lekhana karatAM A prayatna svAbhAvika rIte ja jude paDavAne. alabatta, saMpAdana dvArA emAM zakya eTalI ekavAkyatA sAdhavAno prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA che. vAcakanI sahAyathI manabhAvanI ekavAkyatA. jaLavAze evI zraddhA paNa che. tema chatAM, sarvatra e jaLavAya e apekSA saMpUrNa paNe saMtoSI na paNa zakAya, paNa emAM vyakta thayela vividha dRSTiko ane

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abhirucio paNa eka AnuSaMgika lAbha ja che. A kAryane nyAya ApI zake evA lagabhaga badhA uttama vivecakone sahakAra gujarAtI sAhitya pariSade prArthele che. amane jaNAvatA AnaMda thAya che ke ApaNuM vidvAnoe A kAryamAM umaMgabhera sahakAra amane Apyo che. e sarva vidvAnene pariSada taraphathI hRdayapUrvaka AbhAra mAnIe chIe. sAhityano ItihAsa Alekhavo e eka sAhasa che. jIvaMta lekhakanI manaHsRSTine pAra pAmavo e ja je dohyaluM kAma hoya te jeo hayAta nathI emane vize mAhitI tAravavI ane anumAna sAravavAM e to kharekharuM kaparuM kAma che. pariNAme, sarjanane sAmAjika saMdarbhamAM mUkI ApIne samagra prajAnA jIvanamAM tenA, AcArya zrI AnaMdazaMkara dhruvakathita, "vAya ciMtanya'nA Avibhavane Alekha ApIne kRtArthatA anubhavI rahe che. sAhityanA ItihAse kartA ane kRtinI mulavaNInuM vivecanakArya paNa karavAnuM rahe che. aneka lekhakone sahakAra meLavIne sAhityane ItihAsa taiyAra karavAnuM hoya tyAre ene vivecanaaMza vizeSapaNe ekadhAre keTale UpasI Ave e jovAnuM rahe. bAkI jhAjhA hAthe taiyAra thayele ItihAsa tattvataH varNanAtmaka rahevAne. A kAryamAM pariSadane preravAne mATe sau prathama AbhAra gujarAta rAjyanA e samayanA mukhya maMtrIzrI sva. baLavaMtarAya mahetAne mAnavAno rahe che. pariSadanA kAryavAhakene sAmethI saMparka sAdhIne emaNe karavA jevAM kAmonI ane kAma upADI zake evI saMsthAonI TIpa mAgelI ane dharakhama Arthika sahAyanuM vacana paNa ApeluM. e pramANe aneka saMsthAo pAsethI emaNe sUcane paNa mAgelAM. gujarAtI sAhityanA bRhad ItihAsanuM A kArya emanA protsAhananuM ja eka phaLa che. sAmAnya vahIvaTavibhAganA tA. 7-10-1967nA sarakArI TharAva naM. paraca-1066-6797-A-thI gujarAta sarakAre cothI paMcavarSIya yejanA heThaLanI yejanA naM. 503 anusAra vidhisara A kArya pariSadane soMpyuM hatuM. A sthAne ame sva. baLavaMtarAya mahetAnI sAhitya-saMskAraprItinuM kRtajJatApUrvaka smaraNa karIe chIe ane gujarAta sarakArane mAtabara Arthika anudAna mATe AbhAra mAnIe chIe. sarakArazrInI A anudAnayojanA mujaba gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadanI e samayanI kAryavAhaka samitie emanI tA. 14-11-67nI beThakamAM sAhityanA ItihAsalekhana aMge mArgadarzana ApavA nIcenA sabhyonI niyukti karI hatI?

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zrI viSNuprasAda trivedI zrI rasikalAla parIkha zrI jayAtIndra dave zrI umAzakara jozI zrI DeAlararAya mAMkaDa zrI ana"tarAya rAvaLa zrIyazavanta zukala zrI rAmaprasAda bakSI zrI bhAgIlAla sAMDesarA zrI manasukhalAla jhaverI zrI kezavarAma zAstrI zrI harivallabha bhAyANI A samitie prathama zrI umAza`kara jozI ane zrI yazavanta zukalanI mukhya saMpAdakA tarIke niyukti karI hatI ane pAchaLathI zrI anaMtarAya rAvaLanI sevAe paNa sapAdanakArya mATe mAgI lIdhI hatI. salAhakAra samitie vakhatAvakhata carcAvicAraNA karIne A yeAjanA heThaLa cAra graMtheAmAM gujarAtI sAhityanA bRhad itihAsa taiyAra karavAnuM nakkI karyuM hatuM. uparAMta, pratyeka graMthanI rUparekhA taiyAra karIne judAjudA vidvAnAne A kAma mATe nima MtraNa ApavAnuM TharAvyuM hatuM. e mujaba ApaNA vidvAna abhyAsIone gujarAtI sAhityanA tihAsanAM judAMjudAM prakaraNA ke enA azA taiyAra karI ApavAnI vinaMtI karavAmAM AvI hatI. salAhakAra samitinA mArgadarzana mujaba taiyAra thayelI yeAjanAneA A ceAthA graMtha Aje pragaTa thAya che. gujarAta rAjyanA bhASAniyAmakazrInI kacerIe tathA tenA adhikArIoe amane vakhatAvakhata mAdana ane sahakAra ApIne amAruM kAma saraLa banAvyuM che, e mATe ame emanA hRdayapUrvaka AbhAra mAnIe chIe. sva. jayantI dalAle tema ja gujarAta rAjyanA aneka maMtrIzrIoe tathA sacivazrIoe saskAraprItine vaza thaI A kAne AgaLa dhapAvavAmAM puSkaLa aMgata rasa lIdheA hatA e mATe emanA ame RNI chIe. madhu prinTarInA saMcAlakoe A graMthanA chApakAma aMge karI ApelI suvidhA mATe emanA paNa ame AbhArI chIe. gujarAtanI sAhityarasika prajAne A itihAsagrantheA upayegI lAgaze tA gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada kRtAtA anubhavaze. amadAvAda 2-10-1981 usAzakara jozI ane tarAya rAvaLa yazavanta zula sapAdakA

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prakaraNa 1 bhUmikA ra 3 4 5 nhAnAlAla krama ane tarAya rAvaLa khabaradAra ane anya kavie khabaradAra 101 ane tarAya rAvaLa kanaiyAlAla munazI anya gadyalekhake-1 dharmendra mAstara eTAdakara' Adi kavie 115 candrazakara bhaTTa 'lalita' Adi kavie 135 cimanalAla trivedI vineda adhvaryuM 'malayAnila' Adi vArtAkAra khaTubhAI Adi nATacalekhakA 200 jyAtIndra Adi hAsyalekhakA 204. navalakathA-lekhakA 213 caritra-lekhakA 216 strI-lekhakA 218 anya lekhakA 220 -nibaMdha, vivecana, sazodhana-sapAdana Adi 220 198 dhIrubhAI parIkha, bhUpendra upAdhyAya, cimanalAla trivedI jUnI raMgabhUminA lekhakA 239 jazavaMta ThAkara pRSTha 1 12 101 155 198

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257 338 6 gAMdhIjI cI. na. paTela 7 kAlelakara pramodakumAra paTela 8 kizoralAla mazarUvALA amRtalAla yAjJika 9 anya gadyalekhake-2 paMDita sukhalAla saMghavI ka60 svAmI AnaMda 363 muni jinavijayajI 367 becaradAsa dezI 371 mahAdevabhAI desAI 37ra anya lekhako 383 -keLavaNI, bAlasAhitya Adi 383 -caritra, anuvAda, saMpAdana Adi 391 bhogIlAla sAMDesarA, kRSNavIra dIkSita, mohanabhAI paTela, cimanalAla trivedI 10 rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka candrakAnta zeTha 11 rAmaprasAda bakSI, vijayarAya vaidya, rasikalAla parIkha, vizvanAtha bhaTTa, viSNuprasAda trivedI, DolararAya mAMkaDa rAmaprasAda 437 vijayarAya 441 rasilAla 450 vizvanAtha 457 viSaSNuprasAda 464 DolararAya 430 ramaNa sonI 12 ramaNalAla va. desAI, cUnIlAla va. zAha, guNavaMtarAya AcArya ramaNalAla 479 cUnIlAla 504 guNavaMtarAya 506 madhusUdana pArekha 401 437 478

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509 536 13 dhUmaketu dilAvarasiMha jADejA 14 jhaveracaMda meghANI - dineza koThArI saMdarbhasUci zabdasUci (kartA ane kRti) -sAmayike 639 -aMgrejI zabdasUci 641 zuddhipatraka 564 570 642

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prakaraNa 1 bhUmikA "kalApI'nA avasAna ane nhAnAlAlanA sAhityakSetre prAgaTayanI sAthe ApaNe IsavI vIsamA zatakamAM pravezIe chIe. briTiza zAsananA AraMbha pachI mizanarIonI tema sarakArI nizALe, yunivarsiTIzikSaNa, mudraNayaMtra, chApakhAnAM, vartamAnapatro ne sAmayiko, nATakazALA ne raMgabhUmi, pustakAlayo, keLavaNI, saMsArasudhAro, dharmajAgRti ane sAhityanA vikAsa athe zarU thayelI saMsthAo - e sarvane pratApe ApaNuM "acalAyatanane daravAje UghaDI jaI navI prANadAyI havAne saMcAra thatAM deza samastamAM tema ApaNe tyAM phurelI navajAgRtine utsAhI maudhyakALa pUro thaI gata zatakanA samAptikALe jUnA-navAne daSTibheda vigraha patAvI svasthatA, samatulA ane samanvayane mArge cAlato thaI gayo hato. saMsArasudhArAe uttaravayanA narmada ane maNilAla, govardhanarAma, AnaMdazaMkara Adine pratApe potAnuM ucchedaka svarUpa cheDI yugAnurUpa AcAraparivartana ane vivekapUta buddhivAdanI dizA pakaDI hatI. dharmakSetre narmada, maNilAla, govardhanarAma, AnaMdazaMkara, nRsiMhAcArya, nathurAma zarmA Adi puruSavizeSonI. lekhanapravRttine lIdhe paraMparAgata dharma-tattvajJAna prati samajadArIpUrvakanI abhimukhatA vadhatI javAnI sAthe navI keLavaNI pAmelA Astikone AkarSanArI baMgALanI brahmasamAjane anusaratI prArthanAsamAja, svAmI dayAnaMdasthApita AryasamAja ane thiyosophikala sosAyaTIe prerelA cetanane juvALa paNa osaryo na hato. rASTrIya asmitAne udaya thavA mAMDatAM rASTrIya mahAsabhA, je prathama te prajAnI agavaDo tathA phariyAda videzI rAjakartAone kAne nAkhavA sthapAI hatI, te rAjakIya sudhArA ane prajAne mATe vizeSa haka mAgatI thavA mAMDI hatI. ApaNuM sAhitya yunivarsiTIzikSaNane lIdhe aMgrejI, saMskRta ane phArasI sAhityane vyApaka tema UMDo abhyAsa vadhato jatAM te traNenI grAhya asaro jhIlI gadya ane padya ubhaya kSetre navuM teja batAvavA sAthe AvI sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjakIya pravRttio ane vicArapravAhanI preraNuM jhIlatuM ane pitAnAmAM tene pratibiMbita karatuM jatuM hatuM. saMke paTAyo te pahelAM gujarAtI sAhitya keTalIka noMdhapAtra pragati karI

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gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 lIdhI hatI. kavitAmAM rAsA, prabaMdha, phAgu, AkhyAna, padyavAratA, kAkA, mahinA ke bAramAsI, thALa, AratI vagerenuM sthAna pAzcAtya zilInAM UrmikAvya, khaMDakAvya, mahAkAvya, karuNaprazasti, soneTa, gajhala vagere navAM svarUpa lIdhuM te sAthe kavanaviSayo ane kavionI daSTi paNa palaTAyAM. vairAgya, bhakti ane nItiupadezanuM madhyakALanuM lagabhaga ekavidha gANuM sAva adazya to na thayuM, paNa kavitAe Izvara uparathI najara mAnavI bhaNuM vALatAM saMsArI rasanuM gAna kazAM zarama saMkoca vinA gavAtuM thayuM ane pratiSThA paNa pAmyuM. jIvananA AnaMdanI upAdAnabhUta sAmagrI jevAM praNaya ane prakRti kavitAnA kavanaviSaya tarIke pratiSThita banyAM. rASTrIya asmitAnA udaye svabhUminAM sauMdarya-gauravanA gAnane viSaya paNa umerI Apyo. A sAthe arvAcIna gujarAtI kavitAe Izvarane sAva visAre pADI dIdhe nahi, paraMtu bhaktibhAvanI enI nirUpaNarIti navI jIvana-havAne anurUpa avazya badalAI. dalapatarAma, narmadAzaMkara, bheLAnAtha, bALAzaMkara, maNilAla, harilAla, bhImarAva, narasiMharAva, govardhanarAma, kAnta', "kalApI" AdinA kAvyasarjana dvArA gujarAtI kavitAe pitAnI vikAsakya AraMbhI dIdhI hatI. gadyamAM narmadanI tejasvI zarUAta pachI naMdazaMkara, navalarAma, maNilAla, govardhanarAma, narasiMharAva, kezavalAla dhruva, ramaNabhAI, AnaMdazaMkara ane kAnta" AdinI kalame gujarAtI gaze camatkArika vikAsa sAdhI batAvyo hato. gadya-sAhityaprakAromAM navalakathAmAM naMdazaMkara ane govardhanarAma, nATakamAM raNachoDabhAI, navalarAma tathA maNilAle, caritramAM mahIpatarAma, navalarAma ane govardhanarAme, nibaMdhamAM narmada, navalarAma, maNilAla, ramaNabhAI ane narasiMharAve ane sAhityavivecanamAM narmadanI jarA jevI zarUAta pachI navalarAma, maNilAla, ramaNabhAI, narasiMharAva ane AnaMdazaMkare gaNanApAtra phALo gata zatakanA aMta pahelAM noMdhAvI dIdho hato. bhASAnA abhyAsamAM vrajalAla zAstrI, kezavalAla dhruva AdinI ane ItihAsa-purAtattvamAM bhagavAnalAla iMdrajIne hAthe keTaluMka upayogI kAma thayuM hatuM. ramaNabhAI pAsethI kAvyatattvacarcA uparAMta "bhadrabhadra' dvArA hAsyarasanI lahANa gujarAtane maLI hatI. meghadUta', 'mAlatImAdhava', 'uttararAmacarita', 'zAkuntala', "mudrArAkSasa", "gItagoviMda', kAdaMbarI' Adi saMskRta kAvyanATakAdinA anuvAda paNa gujarAtane maLyA hatA. gata zatakanA uttarArdhathI zarU thayela arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhitya prAraMbhanA pAMca dAyakAmAM be prakArane lekhakavarga dekhADe che. I. sa. 185thI 1880 sudhInA gALAmAM lekhake aMgrejI paddhatinI paNa gujarAtI bhASA dvArA zALAkeLavaNu pAmelA ane aMgrejI bhASA sAthe tevuM zikSaNa pAmelA ema be prakAranA hatA. e ubhaya vage hAthamAM kalama pakaDelI te navazikSaNajanya jAgRti ane

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bhUmikA [ 3 utsAhathI prerAIne ane lekene sudhAravA ane pragatine paMthe caDAvavAnI bhAvanAthI. AthI te gALAnuM kavitA, vArtA, nATaka, nibaMdha vageremAM thayeluM sarjana bahudhA lekazikSaNanA dhyeya ke uddezane vareluM ane tethI sudhArAlakSI ke lekabedhaka banyuM hatuM. saMsArasudhAre ja sAhityanuM moTuM preraka baLa banI jaIe gALAnuM ApaNuM sAhitya e yugadharmanuM ja vAhana ke pracArasAdhana banI gayuM hatuM. 1880 pachI yunivarsiTInA padavIdho sAhityakSetre pravezyA tenI sAthe sAhityadaSTi eTale kalAdaSTi vadhatI cAlI ane lakhANamAM pragaTa thatI vicAraNumAM mugdha utsAhane sthAne svasthatA ane paphavatA, tathA vidvattAmAM UMDANa tathA vyApakatA AvyAM, je kAraNe temanA lekhanakALane paMDitayuga" evuM AdarasUcaka nAma ApaNe tyAM A zatakamAM apAyuM ne vaparAtuM thayuM che. ene mukAbale jene jagRtiyuga ke saMsArasudhArAyuga kahevAya che te AgalA aDhItraNa dAyakAnA sAhityamAM viSaya parave kazA vidhiniSedha ke niyaMtraNa vinAnI pUrI lokazAhI pravartatI hatI ane bhASA paNa belacAlanI najIkanI AmavarganI moTebhAge hatI. paMDitayugamAM rasaruci vadhu pariSkRta banatAM kavitA tema anya sarjanAtmaka sAhityamAM viSaya paratve kAvyocita ke sAhityacita kakSAne Agraha vadhatAM pasaMdagI ane sImitatA AvyAM ane bhASA para ziSTatA ane gaurava mATe pakSapAta vadhatAM temAM saMskRtapracuratA AvI. "bhadraMbhadra'nA lekhakane enA atiganI mazkarI karavI paDI hatI. 19mA zatakanA aMta sAthe paMDitayuganI samApti thaI gaI nahi, eNe eka zatakamAMthI bIjAmAM padArpaNa karyuM eTaluM ja. enA mahArathIomAMthI maNilAle 1898mAM ane govardhanarAme 1907mAM vidAya lIdhI, paNa narasiMharAva, kRzavalAla, ramaNabhAI, AnaMdazaMkara, baLavaMtarAya AdinI lekhinI cAlu zatakamAM cAlatI rahI. kezavalAla dhruvanAM "vikramorvazIya ane bhAsanAM nATakonAM bhASAMtara tathA abhyAsa-saMzAdhana-pUrNa upaghAto ane 'padyaracanAnI aitihAsika AlocanA'ne graMtha, ramaNabhAInuM "rAIne parvata' nATaka tathA sAhityavivecana, dharma ane saMsArasudhArA paranA lekhe, AnaMdazaMkaranA dharma, sAhitya, keLavaNI Adi paranA lekho ane temanAM pustake, narasiMharAvanA vilsana-bhASAzAstra vyAkhyAne, "smaraNamukura', "manamukura', "abhinayakalA Adi pustako, baLavaMtarAya ThAkoranA kAvyasaMgrahe, vArtAsaMgraha, anuvAda ane sAhityavivecananAM pustake, narmadAzaMkara mahetAnA bhAratIya tatvajJAnanA tathA upaniSavicAraNuM ane zAkta saMpradAya paranAM pustake cAlu zatakanA pUrvArdhamAM maLyAM che. nhAnAlAlanuM samagra sarjana paNa A samayAvadhinuM. emanI jema jemanA kAvyasarjananI

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gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ graM. 4 zarUAta I. sa. 1900 pahelAM thaI cUkelI te khabaradAra, beTAdakara, lalita AdinI kharI kavitApravRttine kALa paNa A. paMDitayuganA 'kAnta'nI kavitA pUrvAlAparUpe sAhityarasikenA hAthamAM AvI te A ja kALamAM. A kALamAM raNajitarAma, caMdrazaMkara paMDyA, uttamalAla trivedI, kAntilAla paMDayA, aMbAlAla jAnI Adie paMDitayuganI praNAlIne pitApitAnI zakti ne rIta mujaba cAlu rAkhI, te 1920 pachI zarU thayelA gAMdhIyuge paNa paMDita sukhalAla, muni jinavijaya, kAkA kAlelakara, kizoralAla mazarUvALA, rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka, rasikalAla parIkha, durgAzaMkara zAstrI, viSNuprasAda trivedI, vizvanAtha bhaTTa, vijayarAya vaidya, rAmalAla modI, umAzaMkara jozI, bhogIlAla sAMDesarA, kezavarAma zAstrI Adi jevA vidvAne dekhADyA che. bhAratamAM aMgrejonA Agamana pachIne bIje mahattvane banAva A samayavadhimAM bhAratanA vicArakSetra tathA kAryakSetramAM thayeluM gAMdhIjInuM Agamana che. teo dakSiNa AphrikAmAM vijayI satyAgrahathI bhAratanuM gaurava vadhArIne svadezane pitAnI karmabhUmi banAvavA 1915mAM bhArata AvyA tyArathI temanA 1948mAM thayelA avasAna sudhIne traNa dAyakA uparane gALo 1920-22, 1930-32 ane 194ranI rASTranA muktisaMgrAmanI temanA netRtva nIce laDAyelI prajAnI traNa satyAgraha-laDato ane tenA phalasvarUpa svarAjaprAptithI tema emanA vicAronA prabhAvathI evo bharyobharyo che ke tene gAMdhIyuga nAmathI nisaMkeca navAjI zakAya, ItihAsa tema sAhitya baMnemAM. gujarAta mATe e AnaMda ane gauravane viSaya che ke gAMdhIjInuM ghaNuM kAma gujarAtamAM ane gujarAtI bhASAmAM thayeluM, che. hiMda svarAja' pustikAmAM svarAjanI pitAnI bhAvanA pragaTa karI tenA chellA vAkyamAM ene khAtara A deha arpaNa che evA saMkalpa ke pratijJA sAthe bhAratamAM AvatAM pitAne prajane kaMIka kahevuM che evA AtmavizvAsathI emaNe 'navajIvana' zarU karyuM temAM bhASAnuM dhAraNa alpazikSita ane azikSita mANasa paNa te samajI zake evuM temaNe rAkhyuM. emanA zIlane pratibiMbatI sIMdhI, sAdI, anADaMbarI, mitAkSarI ane chatAM coTa ne bhAvavAhitAmAM jarAya UNI na UtaratI evI emanI gadyazailIe bhASAnI sAdAIne na ja Adarza pUro pADI zabdavilAsI, ADaMbarI ane bhArekhama pAMDityazailIne moha dUra karavAnuM kArya sAhityakSetre bajAvyuM che. e zailImAM lakhAyela emanI "satyanA prayogo' nAmaka AtmakathA ane dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahano itihAsa" e be sarjanAtmaka aMzathI dIpatI kRtio uparAMta jIvananI sarvakSetrI vicAraNA karatA ciMtanAtmaka lekho ane pAnuM temanuM vipula sAhitya paNa gujarAtI vADmayane temanuM smaraNIya.

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pra.1]. bhUmikA arpaNa che. emanA pitAnA lekhana uparAMta mahAdeva desAI, kizoralAla mazarUvALA, kAkA kAlelakara Adi temanA aMtevAsIonA tema ja emaNe sthApelI rASTrIya zikSaNanI gUjarAta vidyApIThe ApelA rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka, "sneharazmi', suMdarama' Adi sAhityakAronA sAhityano lAbha gujarAtane maLyo che te paNa ochA nathI. A sauthI viziSTa sevA gAMdhIjInI e kahevAya ke temanI IcchA, sUcanA ane AgrahathI taiyAra thayelA joDaNIkoza" dvArA gujarAtI bhASAnI joDaNImAM ekarUpatA AvI ane temAMnI ataMtratA, manasvitA ke vividhatA kAyama mATe adazya thaI. lekhakanI bhASAmAMthI vANIvilAsa ane meda ochAM thavAnuM valaNa cAlu zatakanA AraMbhathI zarU thaI gayuM hatuM, jeNe gAMdhIjInA Agamana pahelAM bhASAnI sAdagI mATenI havA ke vAtAvaraNa UbhuM karavAmAM ThIka bhAga bhajavyo che. govadhanarAmanA avasAnavarSa 1907thI eka dAyakA sudhI sAmAjika navalakathAo ApanAra bhegIndrarAva diveTiyAnI bhASA ane lakhAvaTa sAdAI ane saraLatAnuM darzana karAve che. bIjA dazakAthI sAhityakSetre pravezanAra kanaiyAlAla munazIe paNa sAdI ane ochI saMskRtamaya bhASAmAM paNa kathananI sarasatA ane sacetA tathA aMgrejI gadyanI vAchaTA lAvI zakAya che e pitAne sAhityasarjanathI batAvyuM che. yunivarsiTInI jJAnagaMgAne prajAnA AMgaNA sudhI pahoMcADavAnA abhilASane vareluM AnaMdazaMkara dhruvanuM 'vasaMta" paMDitabhAgya hatuM teTaluM lekabhogyA banavA paNa mathatuM hatuM, ane baMdhusamAjanA "suMdarI subodhe tathA maTubhAI kAMTAvALAnA "sAhitya lekabhogya saraLatAne upAsI ane apanAvI hatI. hAjI mahamadanA lokapriya mAsika vIsamI sadIne paMDitazailI posAya ema hatuM nahi. vAMdhIjI AvatAM rahyo sahyo pAMDityamaha paNa gayo. viSayanI daSTie samAjasudhAraNuM e dalapata-narmadayuga ke jAgRtiyuganA sAhityanuM pradhAna lakSaNa ke saMdeza hato, te tyAra pachInA paMDitayuga ane gAMdhIyugamAM paNa cAlu rahe che. govardhanarAmanAM "snehamudrA" ane "sarasvatIcaMdra', ramaNabhAInAM "bhadraMbhadra' ane "rAIne parvata', bhogIndrarAvanI navalakathAo, nhAnAlAlanAM 'vasaMtsava', "IndukumAra" ane "jaya ane jayaMta', munazInI navalikAo tathA "veranI vasUlAta', 'kAne vAMka' jevI navalakathAo, meghANInI "citAnA aMgArA'nI vArtAo ane peTalIkara sudhInA ghaNA lekhakonI kRtio e batAvI Ape che. gaI sadInA uttarArdhamAM ApaNe tyAM zarU thayela saMkrAntikALa kaMI pUro thaI gayo nathI ane ApaNuM sAmAjika prazno bahudhA enA e ja

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gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ . 4 rahyA che. gAMdhIjI dvArA thayelI vicArakrAtimAM paNa samAjasudhAraNuM AvI jatI hatI. dharmakSetre gayA zatakanA uttarArdhamAM prArthanAsamAja, Arya samAja ane thiyosephikala sosAyaTIe ANela cetana cAlu zatakanA pahelA beaDhI dAyakA sudhI sakriya rahyuM jaNAya che. "jJAnasudhA'nI sAmagrI ane bhoLAnAtha diveTiyA tathA temanA putro ane ramaNabhAInuM sAhitya tema ja nhAnAlAlanuM zarUAtanuM sAhitya prArthanAsamAjanI asara dekhADe che. thiyosephIe maNilAlane ane khristI dharma 'kAnta'ne AkarSe lA. paNa hiMdu dharmanI jIvantatAe pragaTAvelA rAmakRSNa paramahaMsa, emanA ziSya svAmI vivekAnaMda ane temanA samakAlIna svAmI rAmatIrtha jevA navI keLavaNI pAmelA saMnyAsIonI, tema ja gujarAtanA nRsiMhAcArya ane nathurAma zarmAnI asare sanAtanI AritakatAne saMskArI daDhAvyAnuM tyAra pachI gujarAtamAM banyuM che. gAMdhIjIe paNa sanAtana hiMdu dharmane pitAnA vivekapUta AcaraNathI jIvI batAvI tema pitAnAM lakhANothI dharmazuddhi karI che. temanA sAthIomAM vinobA bhAve, kizoralAla mazarUvALA ane kAkA kAlelakaranAM lakhANoe paNa evI ja sevA bajAvI che. e pachI zrI araviMdanAM tatvajJAna ane sAdhanApraNAlInI asara paNa zrI aMbAlAla purANI, suMdarama', pUjAlAla Adi dvArA gujarAtamAM pahoMcI che. cAlu zatakanA pUrvArdhanuM gujarAtI sAhitya dharmazuddhi ane dharmazAdhananI AvI vikasatI rahetI pravRtti paNa tenuM eka preraka baLa banyuM hovAnuM dekhADe che. gayA zatakanA uttarArdhamAM jAgelI rASTrIya amitA uttarottara sakriya banatI cAlu zatake dekhADI che te A zatakanA sAhityanuM ethIya moTuM prerakabaLa ane viSaya banyA vagara rahe ema te bane ja nahi. dalapata-narmadanAM kAvyo, "hamudrA ne "sarasvatIcaMdra' bhAga 3-4, "hiMda ane briTAniyA', harilAla dhruvanuM nATaka "AryotkarSa" ane AvezabharyA rASTrabhakitanAM kAvyo, baLavaMtarAya ThAkoranA "ArohaNa" kAvyamAMnA amuka uddagAra ane khetI kAvya, nhAnAlAlanI "rAjayuvarAjane satkAra" ane "IndukumAra' -1 jevI kRtio, ane "bhAratane TaMkAra'nAM khabaradAranAM kAvya jevA sAhitya ApaNI rASTrapremanI bhAvanAne jhIlI, kerI ane saMvadhI te pachI bhAratanA rAjakAraNamAM gAMdhIjIne praveza thatAM ApaNuM rAjakAraNa bhASaNo ane arajIomAMthI svarAja mATenI sakriya laDatane paMthe vaLyuM. 1898mAM paradezI zAsane pahelI vAra dekhADelo potAno paraco, 1903mAM TacUkaDA jApAne mahAkAya raziyAne ApelI zikasta ANelI eziyAI

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[ 7 pra. 1]. bhUmikA amitAnI preraNA, 1905nA baMgabhaMge jagADela pracaMDa prajAkSobha, rASTrIya mahAsabhAmAM bALagaMgAdhara TiLaka, araviMda ghoSa Adine lIdhe naramanI sAme garama daLane vadhavA mAMDelo prabhAva, hiMsAne mArge aMgrejo sAme zarU thayeluM trAsavAdI AMdolana, eNnI bisenTa ane bhAratIya svarAjyavAdIoe pahelA vizvayuddha veLA upADelI homarUlanI hilacAla - A badhAMe ene mATe vacagALAmAM bhUmikA taiyAra karI hatI ja. jaliyAMvAlA bAganA hatyAkAMDe tathA raoNleTa kAyadAe aMgreja sattA sAme tIvra virodha ane vidroha janmAvatAM rASTrIya mahAsabhAnuM netRtva gAMdhIjInA hAthamAM AvyuM ane temanI saradArI nIce prajAe traNa traNa vAra vyApaka ahiMsaka muktisaMgrAma kheDyo, jene sAhityakAronuM mAnasika anumodana ane sakriya sAtha maLatAM ApaNe tyAM sAhityamAM gAMdhIjI ane svarAjalaData tathA teNe prerelI rASTrabhakti, zaurya, yuyutsA, svAtaMtrya ane balidAnanI bhAvanAo kavanaviSaya banatAM moTuM pUra AvyuM. bIjA dezonAM vitA ane mukti-saMgrAmonuM, ApaNA dezamAM khelAyelA judA judA satyAgrahonuM, ane jela tathA jelajIvananA anubhavanuM sAhitya paNa e oghamAM gujarAtane maLyuM. gAMdhIjIe svadezInI je bhAvanA pracArI tenI havAmAM e pUrve a5ziSTa manAyelA kaMThaparaMparAthI sacavAtA rahelA lokasAhitya pratyenI upekSA ke sUga nIkaLI jaI tenA pratye mamatva jAgatAM lokasAhityanA saMzodhana, saMpAdana, prakAzana tathA samAdarane vega maLyo che. gAMdhIjIprerita satyAgrahAzramanI zALA, gUjarAta vidyApITha ane dakSiNAmUrti vidyArthI bhavana jevI rASTrIya zikSaNanI bhAvanAthI cAlatI saMsthAonI zikSaNapravRttio kAkA kAlelakara, kizoralAla mazarUvALA, nAnAbhAI bhaTTa AdinI kalame zikSaNavicAraNAnuM sAhitya ane gijubhAI badhekA tathA jugatarAma dave jevA pAsethI bALazikSaNane lagatI vicAraNA tathA namUnArUpa bALasAhitya paNa sArA pramANamAM maLyuM che. gAMdhIjInA 'navajIvana' ane amRtalAla zeThanA "saurASTra' sAptAhie gujarAtI patrakAratvane nibhaka, lokalakSI ane pANIdAra banAvavAmAM noMdhapAtra phALo Ape te paNa gAMdhIjIprerita navacetananI skUrtidAyaka havAmAM. keziye paNa samajI zake evA lakhANane sAhitya gaNavAnI gAMdhIjInI mAnyatAe tema ja dezamAM emanA vicAro tathA pravRttio pragaTAvelI AvI navacetanAe sAhityane lokAbhimukha ane jIvanArbhimukha karavAmAM pratyakSa ane parokSa ubhaya rIte sAro evo phALe che. gAMdhIjIe gAmaDAM tathA daridranArAyaNanI sevA upara bhAra mUkatAM, garIba, abhaNa, nIcalA tharanAM ane gAmaDAMnAM mAnavIonAM

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< ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [tha 4 jIvana tathA temanA prazno upADI mAnavatApremI daSTithI tenuM nirUpaNa karavA tarapha vaLatAM, sAhityasa kAnI tema temanA vAyakAnI sahAnubhUtinA pradeza vizALa banavA lAgyA. ujaLiyAta madhyama varganAM zrImaMta, bhaNelAM ne zaherI pAtro ne temanuM jIvana ekalAM AlekhanaviSaya na rahyAM. gAmaDuM sAhityamAM AvyuM athavA sAhitya gAmaDe gayuM ane kheDUta, khetamajUra, milamajUra, aspRzyo, vezyAo jevA sAhityamAM varSoM sudhI upekSita rahelA varga sAhityamAM nirUpaNane viSaya banatA gayA. gAMdhIjIprerita mAnavatApremamAM samAjavAdI vicArasaraNInA prabhAva umerAtAM sAmAjika abhijJatA ke vedanazIlatA vadhatI jatAM paNa A valaNane vega maLyA. pazcimanI audyogika krAntinA sparza ApaNI bhUmineya thatAM tenAM anubhavAtAM jatAM piraNAmAe, mUDIdAra ane akiMcanA vacce vadhatA jatA aMtare, tA ane arthanI asamAna vaheMcaNIvALI zeANumUlaka samAjavyavasthAmAM rahelA sAmAjika anyAye, vavihIna samAjaracanAnA raziyana krAntie AgaLa dharelA meAhaka svapna, ane vadhu kaparA banatA jatA jIvanavixhe samAjavAda ane sAmyavAda bhaNI bhAvanAzALI varganuM AkarSaNu vadhAratAM Ama bane te svAbhAvika paNa hatuM. gujarAtI sAhityamAM 1930-40nA dAyakAmAM dalitagAna ane krAntigAna eka pradhAna sUra banI gayAnuM kAraNa A che. sAhityamAM viSayavastunA vistAra ane tAgI AvatAM tenA zaherI eNnimiyA gayA ane temAM navA leAhInA prANavaMtA saMcAra thayAneA anubhava gujarAtane A samayAvadhimAM Ama thayA che. pragatizIla sAhityanA nArA paNa A vAtAvaraNamAM jema dezamAM tema gujarAtamAM paNa UThelA. sarAtA sAhityanI AvI vAstavadarzitA ane jIvanalakSitAne ja jANe madada karavA AvatA heAya tevA 'dhUmaketu' ane meghANI pachInA pannAlAla paTela, cunIlAla maDiyA, Izvara peTalIkara, puSkara caMdaravAkara jevA grAmajIvananI havA phephasAMmAM bharIne AvelA juvAna lekhake gujarAtane A samaye maLI rahyA che. sana 1940thI 1950nA dAyakA tA keTalA badhA anubhava prajAne karAvI gayA che! 1939thI 1945 sudhI cAleluM khIju vizvayuddha, tenI sarajatarUpa mAMdhavArI, raniMga, aMdhArapaTa, kALAM khAra, 1942nI 'hiMda cheDA'nI jalada laData, bhArata bahAra * AjhAda hida phAjanI sthApanA ane tenI kAmagIrI, sarakArI damana, aNubombe ANelA vizvayuddhanA aMta, 1947nI svAtaMtryaprApti, tenI sAthe ja thayelA dezanA bhArata ane pAkistAna e be bhAgalA ne tenAM duSpariNAmarUpa dreSa, hiMsA, lUMTa, baLAtkAra, dharmAMtara, hijarata, nirvAsitAnuM punaHsthApana, gAMdhIjInI maneAvedanA, aMtima tapasyA ane hatyA, dezI rAjyeAnA vilInIkaraNanI AraMbhAyelI prakriyA -- A sa rAmAMcaka ghaTanAe vacce jIvatA sAhityakArA enA AdhAta

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pra. 1 ] bhUmikA [ 9 pratyAdhAtAthI mukta rahI zake e azakaya hatuM. A ghaTanAo ane tenuM vAtAvaraNa AchAvadhatA pramANamAM gujarAtI sAhityamAM jhilAyAM che, yunivarsiTIzikSaNamAM aMgrejI sAthe prAcIna pUrvIya bhASAo tarIke saMskRta ane phArasIne temanAM sAhitya sameta sthAna maLyu. heAvAthI arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanA ghaDataramAM e traNe bhASAnAM sAhityanI asare kAma karyuM` che. e asara prathama te te sAhityanI ziSTa kRtinAM gujarAtI bhASAMtarArUpe ane pachI svataMtra sarjanamAM UtaratA temanA saMskArA dvArA thayelI joI zakAya. saMskRta kAvyanATakAdinAM bhASAMtara gayA zatakathI AraMbhAI A zatakamAM paNa maLatAM rahyAM che. hAphIjhanI gajhalAne gujarAtImAM utAravAnA bALAzaMkaranA prayAsa pachI umara yyAmanI rubAyatane ekathI vadhu gujarAtIoe gujarAtImAM utArI che. aMgrejI ane te dvArA yurApIya sAhityakRtinA tema ja bhAratanI baMgALI, hiMdI, marAThI jevI ginIbhASAonI noMdhapAtra kRtionA svAda saMkhyAbaMdha gujarAtI anuvAdakAe gujarAtane cakhADayo che. svataMtra sarjanamAM saMskRta sAhityanI asara kavitAmAM akSarameLa saMskRta vRttonA paDitayugamAM ane te pachI gAMdhIyugamAM vadhatA gayelA vaparAzamAM, 'kAntA' ane 'rAInA pata' jevAM nATakAmAM, atratya vidvAnoe karelI bharata-mammaTa-jagannAthArdine anusaratI kAvyatattvacarcAmAM, gujarAtI gadyamAM, khAsa karIne paMDitayuganA gadyamAM tathA pRthvIrAjarAsA', 'indrajitavadha kAvya' jevA mahAkAvyanA gujarAtI prayAgAmAM spaSTa joI zakAya. phArasI sAhityanI asare gujarAtImAM gajhalanuM... kAvyasvarUpa ane sUphI paddhatinI iskeminajI ane iskehakIkInI mAnuSI prema ane prabhupremanI kavitA gujarAtI sAhityane apAvyAM che. paNa saMskRta ane phArasI jIvaMta bhASAe rahI na heAvAthI khIjA sAhitya para prabhAva pADI zake evA vADmayasarjananu lagabhaga temAM pUrNavirAma AvI gayuM hoI e bhASAnAM vADmayamAM nave vikAsa thaye| nahAtA. AthI nitya vikasatA aMgrejI sAhityanI ane te dvArA pazcimanA sAhityanI asara ja gujarAtI sAhitya upara tyAra pachI uttarAttara vadhatI rahI che. gayA zatakamAM kaeNlejamAM abhyAsaviSaya banela pAngrevanI 'gAlDana TrejharI'nAM Urmi kAvyA dvArA narasiMharAva, 'kAnta', 'kalApI'ne nhAnA lAla jevA kavie varDjhavartha, rolI, kITsa, bAyarana, kaiArija, Tenisana Adi kautukarAgI AMdolana( Romantic movement)nA aMgreja kavionI kavitAnA prabhAva taLe AvyA. ApaNI kAvyabhAvanA paNa chaMda ane janamanaraMjaka kalpanAnI lapatarAmI samajathI UM cI caDI jossA ane aMtaHkSeAbha nAme oLakhAvAyela Urmisa`vedanane ane ciMtanane prAdhAnya

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10 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ . 4 ApatI thaI. cAlu zatakamAM vikaTeriyana kavione bhAva ghaTI pahelA vizvayuddha pachI kavitA brAuniMga ane hepakinsa jevA kavionI pAchaLa cAlI pachI pheMca imejisTa kavio ane eliyaTa tathA pAunDanI asara jhIlatI thaI tenI asara gujarAtamAM baLavaMtarAya ThAkoranA tathA temanI asara taLe AvelA gAMdhIyuganA kavionA kAvyasarjana para viSaya, nirUpaNarIti, kAvyabAnI (diction), prAsa, laya, pratIka, alaMkAra vageremAM, aMgrejI kavitA jeTalA pragabha pramANamAM nahi teya ThIka ThIka pragazIlatA ane navInatA dekhADatI, thayelI jovA maLe che. navalakathAmAM oNTa-aulInI "karaNaghelethI dumA-zailInI munazInI navalakathAtripuTI sudhImAM vastunirUpaNamAM varNanAtmaka ke kathanAtmaka karatAM nATayAtmaka paddhati para, ane tyAra pachI ghaTanA karatAM pAtraprAdhAnya, vAstavikatA, sthAnika ane jAnapadI raMga, ane pAtragata AMtaravRttipravAhanirUpaNa para bhAra uttarottara vadhata gayo che. "navalikA"nA bhrAmaka nAme oLakhAtI TUMkI vArtA cAlu zatakamAM ja ApaNe tyAM vikasI pratiSThA pAmI che ane temAM mapAsAM ane cekhovanI zailInI tema tyAra pachInA yuropI-amerikI vArtAkAronA vArtAsajananI asara joI zakAya tema che. gujarAtI nATaka zekasUpiyarI ane saMskRta paddhatine anusaryA pachI nhAnAlAlane hAthe zelI ne gaIthenA nATayaprakArane apanAvI, pazcimanA gadyanATakane, isanazailIne nATakane ane te pachI ekAMkI nATakanA prakArane ajamA-upAse, ane raMgabhUmi tathA ziSTa nATaka vaccenuM aMtara saMdhAI avetana raMgabhUmi udaya pAme, e cAlu zatakamAM jovA maLyuM che. nibaMdhanibaMdhikAra, caritra-AtmakathA ane pravAsavarNana sarjanAtmaka ane rasAtmaka banatAM cAlyAM temAM ane sauddhAntika tAtvika sAhityacarcA ane pratyakSa kRtivivecana e ubhaya prakAranA sAhityavivecanamAM paNa pazcimanA sAhityanA vadhatA jatA paricaya ane parizIlananI ja asara pArakhavI muzkela nathI. kAvyalakSaNo, kAvyanI sarjanaprakriyA, kavitAnA AtmalakSI ane paralakSI prakAre, asatyabhAvAre paNa ke vRttimaya bhAvAbhAsa, sAhityakalA ane nIti vacce saMbaMdha, sAhitya ane prajajIvanano saMbaMdha, kalAsikala' ane 'romenTika' sAhityanAM lakSaNe, judAM judAM sAhityasvarUpanAM ghaTaka tattavo, "lirika'nAM lakSaNe te prakAra, zailI, kAvyamAM chaMda ane prAsanuM mahattva, vivecananuM zAstra ane kalAtva, kAvyanuM prayojana, kAvyanuM satya ane evA sAhityamImAMsAnA tAtvika praznonI ApaNe tyAM thayelI carcA pAzcAtya sAhityamImAMsAthI prabhAvita che. pAzcAtya sAhityanI pragati sAthe ApaNuM sAhitya pitAne kadama ne tAla meLavatuM rahyuM hovAnI pratIti cAlu zatakane pUrvArdha abhyAsane

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pra. 1 ] bhUmikA [ 11 sahelAIthI karAve tema che. pazcimamAM prAcIna paraMparAnA "ziSTa' (kalAsikala) sAhitya pachI "kautukarAgI (romenTika) sAhityane ane tenI pachI vAstavadarzI sAhityane samaya Avyo che. arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanI vikAsagati paNa e ja prakAranI rahI hovAnuM paMDitayuga ane gAMdhIyuganuM A graMthamAM samIkSAnuM sAhitya dekhADI Ape che. "kalA khAtara kalA'nA vAdanuM teTaluM ja te pachI sAhityakAranI sAmAjika saMvedanA ke samAjadharmanuM gAMdhI ane mAkarsaprerita puraskaraNa, ane vArtA, navalakathA ne nATakanA kathAtmaka sAhityaprakAromAM pAtronA manovaijJAnika nirUpaNa para bhAra vadhato gayela che. pheIDaprerita bhAra ke jhukAva e ja kathA kahe che. cAlu zatakane pahelA pAMca dAyakAnI gujarAtI sAhityanI kamANI AgalA pAMca dAyakAnI siddhi karatAM ghaNI vadhAre che. lagabhaga badhAM sAhityasvarUpa, iyattA ane guNavattA beunI bAbatamAM sAdhelo vikAsa e batAvI Ape che. TUMkI. vArtA A gALAmAM ja khIlI ane vikasI che. haLa nibaMdha ne nibaMdhikA, jIvanacaritra, pravAsavarNana vize paNa tema kahI zakAya. nATake sthagitatA choDI vikAsamAge saphUrtilI gati zarU karI tene jaza paNa A gALAne ApI zakAya. hAsyasAhitya, lekasAhityanuM saMpAdana-prakAzana-AsvAdana, bhASAzAstra, ItihAsapurAtattva, madhyakAlIna kRtionuM saMpAdana, vagere kSetromAM thayela kArya ane jJAna vizanane lalitetara zAstrIya ke bedhaka vADmayanuM lekhanaprakAzana paNa A gALAnA vAyapuruSArthane UjaLa TharAve evAM che. gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada, gujarAta varnAkyulara sosAyaTI (have gujarAta vidyAsabhA), phaoNrbasa gujarAtI sabhA, gujarAta sAhitya sabhA, sAhitya saMsada, gUjarAta vidyApITha ane dakSiNAmUrti jevI saMsthAone tathA buddhiprakAza', "jJAnasudhA', "vasaMta', "suMdarIsubedha", "vIsamI sadI', "sAhitya", "gujarAta", "kumAra", "kaumudI', "yugadharma', "prasthAna', mAnasI", "mi', phaoNblesabhA TaumAsika, ane "saMskRti' jevAM sAmayiko tema ja "gujarAtI" "navajIvana", "saurASTra", "prajAbaMdhu' ane "phUlachAba" jevAM sAptAhikano ane pustaka-prakAzakane ene sahAyaka ane peSaka banela sahayogI phALe emAM oche noMdhapAtra nathI. jemanI pratibhA ane sAhityapAsanAe A siddhi zakya banAvI che temane vize te have pachInAM pRSTho vIgate vAta karavAnAM che.

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prakaraNa 2 hAnAlAla (I. sa. 1877-1946) jIvana rAjya tema praja ubhaye "kavIzvara' kahI sanmAnelA kavi dalapatarAma pacAsathI vadhu varSonI sAhityasevA bajAvI sane 1898mAM avasAna pAmyA tenA traNacAra mAsa pachI te veLA pUnAmAM juniyara bI.e.nA vargamAM bhaNatA temanA putra -nhAnAlAle 'vasaMtotsava'nI abhinava kAvyaracanA karI, je 1899mAM amadAvAdanI prArthanAsamAjanA mukhapatra "jJAnasudhA'nA je aMkamAM dalapatarAma mATenI mRtyunedha chapAI temAM ja tenAM sahedara lakhANo lagnanehane vizvakramamAM hatuM e lekha tathA "priyakAnta" nAmaka navalakathAnAM prAraMbhika prakaraNa (lakhAyA sAla 1896-97) sAthe pragaTa thaI. jenI bhAvi kArakirdI pitAne AzAspada nahi, UlaTuM ciMtAjanaka lAgelI evA putrane dalapatarAmanI jIvanavidAya veLAye Ama AzAspada kavijanma thaI cUkyo hato. kema jANe pitAnuM kavimizana putre niSThApUrvaka upADI lIdhuM hoya ! ane dalapatarAma eka dazake ja vadhu jIvyA hota to teo potAnA A putrane tenA eka murabI kavimitra vaDe jAheramAM "Ugya praphulla amIvarSaNa caMdrarAja' e tenI ja paMktithI gujarAtanA eka navodita pratibhAzALI kavi tarIke vadhAvAto - sakArAte jaIne kevAM harSAzru sArata ! sane 1946nA jAnyuArImAM nhAnAlAlanI AyuSyalIlA pUrI thaI tyAM sudhImAM temanI paNa pacAsa varSanI sAhityasevA arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsanA copaDAmAM jamA thaI hatI, ane te evI UjaLI ane sarvasamRddha ke "kavIzvara' birudane mugaTa pitAne mAthethI utArI temanA putrane mAthe mUkavuM paDe. eka ja gharamAMthI pitA ane putranI, eka karatAM bIjAnI savAI, evI sethI vadhu varSonI sAhityasevA kaI bhASAne ane prajAne maLe, evI AnA jevI ghaTanA evI javalle ja banatI hoya che ke ene te bhASA ane prajAnuM eka viziSTa sadbhAgya ja kahevuM paDe. A pitA-putranI sevA eksI gujarAtI bhASA ane sAhityanI sevA na hatI, sAthe sAthe ane te dvArA beue prajAnA saMskAra zikSaka ke hadayazikSakanuM kArya paNa bajavyuM che. e rIte gujarAta emanuM bevaDI rIte RNI che.

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pra. 2 ] hAnAlAla | [ 13 zrImALI brAhmaNa kuTuMbamAM kavi-pitA dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAIne tyAM nhAnAlAlane janma vikrama saMvata 1837nA caitra suda 1 ne guDI paDavAne divase ane IsavI saMvata pramANe sane 1877nA mArca mAsanI soLamI tArIkhe thaye hatuM. dalapatarAmanA pAMca putromAM e cothA, nhAnAlAlane janma Ama kalApI" pachI traNa varSe. beunA kAvyasarjananA prAraMbhamAM paNa eTaluM ja samayaphera. kalApIne chaMdazikSukALa 1890thI 1892 sudhIne, je pachI tene hAtha kavitA para barAbara beThe. nhAnAlAlane evo kAvyalekhananI pUrva sAdhanAne kALa 1893thI 1896 sudhI. "kalApI" gayA zatakanA chellA dAyakAnA kavi banyA, ane akALa avasAnane lIdhe vIsamA zatakamAM temanI pAsethI kaMI na maLyuM, chatAM 1903mAM "kekArava'nA prakAzana pachI te A zatakanA pahelA be dAyakAnA eka kapriya kavi banI gayA. nehAnAlAlanuM kAvyasarjana AraMbhAyuM gayA zatakanA chellA dAyakAnA uttarArdhamAM, paNa teNe dhyAna kheMcavA mAMDayuM A zatakanA pahelA dAyakAmAM. emanA prathama kAvyasaMgrahanuM prakAzana 1903mAM "kalApInA kekAravInA ja prakAzana-varSamAM thayuM ane "kalApInI mAphaka kavitAkSetre emanA Agamana ke pravezane vadhAvavAnuM satkArya e baMnenA (DAMka varase murabbI) mitra 'kAnta' pAse ja vidhAtAe karAvyuM. 'kAnta' jevA kavi ane kAvyare karelI A beu "romenTika kavionI kavipratibhAnI puraskRti leza paNa khoTI na hatI, te A beu kavione varelI bahoLI lokapriyatAe siddha karI batAvyuM che. gujarAtanA hRdayane kAvyabhInuM ane rasabhInuM karavAmAM gadyakSetre jema "sarasvatIcaMdra navalakathAne tema kavitAkSetre "kalApI" ane nehAnAlAlanI kavitAne phALe a-- vismaraNIya che. emanA avasAna-varSanI racanA "nava saikAnI pahelI traNa kaDImAM nhAnAlAlIya padAvaline ramya ghoSa ane kalpanabhavyatAnI camatkRti dekhADatA "kalApI' e pachI vadhu jIvyA hota to hAnAlAlane tema temane pitAne eka sabaLa pratispadhI ke sahapaMthI maLata ane gujarAtane bevaDo lAbha thAta, paNa vidhAtAne e maMjUra na hatuM. kalApI' Ama paMDitayuganA kavi, paNa teo yunivarsiTI-zikSaNathI vaMcita rahelA. nhAnAlAle potAne "navakeLavaNInuM ja phaLa" kahI "muMbaI yunivarsiTI che te nhAnAlAla che' ema spaSTa svIkAryuM che. paNa paMdaramA varSa sudhInA vidyArthI jIvanamAM nehAnAlAle vidyA-artha-paNuM ke vidyAbhimukhatA jhAjhI dAkhavelI nahi. mAtA pAsethI rAtre gharanA cokamAM dhruva, pralAda ke abhimanyunI vArtA sAMbhaLavI game, zerInA chekarAo sAthe Rtu RtunI ramatamAM rasa paDe, gharanI

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14] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ caM. 4 najIka AvelA svAminArAyaNa maMdiramAM sAyaM-AratInI jhAlara vagADavA, kathA sAMbhaLavA, mALA pheravavA ane maMdiranA utsavo veLA bhagavAnanA pratihAra banI chaDI pokAravA pote hoMsathI tatpara thaI jAya, baMdhu choTAlAlanuM lakheluM vanarAja cAvaDAnuM nATaka gharamAM bhajavavAmAMya UlaTathI bhAga le, bAranI uMmarathI krikeTa ramavAne casake lAge paNa zALAnA rojiMdA bhaNataramAM vidyArthI nhAnAlAlane eTale rasa nahi. zerImAMthI laDAIo vahorI lAvavI, nizALe javAnuM kahI jatI-AvatI AgagADIo jovA cAlyA javuM, koIne mArI AvavuM ne mAra khAvo, sAMje jamavA javAnuM hoya tyAre krikeTa ramavA UpaDI javuM, Thapake maLe to ghara choDI bhAgI javuM - AvAM pitAnAM "kaMI kaMI aLavItarAMnI temaNe pite ja pitAnA pitRcaritramAM vAta karI che. gherathI risAIne nAsI javAnuM nhAnAlAle soLamA varasa sudhImAM traNa vAra kareluM ! putranA bhaNatara mATe ciMtAtura dalapatarAme nhAnAlAlane tenA maeNTrikanA varSamAM morabI kAzIrAma davenI nigAhabAnI nIce rahevA ane bhaNavA mekalatAM camatkAra sarajAya. nhAnAlAla abhyAsAbhimukha banyA ane meTrikanI parIkSAmAM pAsa paNa thaI gayA. emane kizora ane taruNa avasthAne udhamAta zamI jaI emanAmAM javAbadArInuM bhAna ane vidyAnurAga AvyAM. kAzIrAma dalapatarAmanA satsaMgI dharmabaMdhu sevakarAma davenA putra hatA ane covIsanI vaye morabI hAIskUlanA heDamAstara nimAyelA. nhAnAlAle varSo pachI jemane "navayuganA AMgla saMskArIomAMnA ajoDa saMsArI santapa kahI ane "keTalAMka kAvyo' - bhAga 2 nA utAbhAve emane karAyelA arpaNamAM "gurudeva" zabdathI saMbaMdhI biradAvyA che te e kAzIrAma davee, nhAnAlAlanA zabdomAM, "UMcI AMkha karyA vinA, UMce bela kahyA vinA emane vipathethI paMthe vALyA ane kharAba lAdhatI emanI "naukAne vALI vaheNamAM mUkI.morabI khAte gALelA e I. sa. 1893nA varSane nhAnAlAla A kAraNe pitAnA "jIvanapalaTAne saMvatsara' kahetA. e jIvanapalaTa be rItane thayo. eka e ke nhAnAlAlanuM citta abhyAsa tarapha vaLyuM. teNe emane maeNTrika pAsa karAvI pachI vinA harakate ema.e.nI padavI sudhI ane elaela.bI.nA uMbarA sudhI pahoMcADyA, ane vyavahAra jIvanamAM bhaNelAne zobhatI AjIvikA mATenI yogyatA emane saMpaDAvI. bIjI vAta e ke vidyAthI banavA sAthe juvAna nhAnAlAlane sAhityanI laganI lAgI, je emane bhAvi bhAvanAjIvana ane kavijIvana mATe sajaja karatI cAlI. emaNe ja noMdhyuM che: "varSanA (1893nA) vasaMtasatramAM dukALiyAne anna maLe ne akarAMtiyA bhAve Aroge ema

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [ 15 gujara navasAhitya rahe... vAMcyuM ne vAgALyuM.'8 emanuM samakAlIna gurjara navasAhitya eTale 'sarasvatIcaMdra' ane 'snehamudrA,' harilAla dhruva ane narasiMharAvanI kavitA, maNilAla ane bAlAzaMkaranI gajhalA, 'kAnta' ane 'kalApI'nA prathama kAvyaphAla, tema ja 'sudarzana,''caMdra,' 'svadezavatsala' tathA 'gujarAtI' sAmayikAmAM pragaTa thatuM rahetu sarjAtuM sAhitya. e pahelAM Agale varase sane 1892mAM 'pravINasAgara' ane dalapatazailInA kAvyakaustubha'mAMnA citraprabhadhAnu...ghUTAmaNu-anukaraNa paNa pote karyuM hAvAnuM jaNAvyuM che, je e khatAve che ke pitAne 'kavIzvara' tarIke maLatAM yaza-sanmAne taruNu nhAnAlAlanA aMtaramAM emane kavi-vAraseA sAcavI tenuM tejasvI sAtatya sAdhI evuM kavipada ane evA kaviyaza kamAvAnI sAsanA ke mahattvAkAMkSA aMkurAvI heAvI joIe. paitRka aTaka tA hatI zrImALI brAhmaNeAnI jANItI aTaka trivedI, paNa dalapataputroe zALAnA cepaDAmAM te noMdhAvI hatI 'vi': jene sArtha TharAvavAnA bhAra paNa peAtAne mAthe AvyA heAvAnu ene kama lAgyuM na heAya? eNe ja preyu. heAvu joIe pelu samakAlIna gura navasAhityanu 'akarAMtiyuM" vAcana, ane nhAnAlAle e ja zvAse jaNAvyuM che tevuM prArabhika kAcu pAkuM lekhana paNa jue emanA zabdo : pachI grISmanI rajAe UdhaDace zALAnuM varNasatra maMDAyuM. huMce varSAnI peThe sAhityasRjananI late haDayo. evA haDayo ke sarasvatIcaMdra'nI spardhA karatI (!) navalakathA tyAre cItaravA kheDhA : 'snehamudrA' ne 'kusumamALA'ne jhaMkhave (!) evI kAvyamALAnA, akSarA nahi, lITA chUTavAne kheDe... Dhagale ne Dhagale tA nahi, paNa kheAbale ne kheAbale evuM navasAhitya tyAre mheM sarajavA mAMDayu hatu..10 jAgarUka hitarakSaka kAzIrAma davee vidyAthI nhAnAlAlanAM e prAthamika citarAmaNunI neTabuka tenI gerahAjarImAM peAtAne hastaka laI laI 'hamaNAM tA parIkSAnuM vAMcA' evI zIkha ApI eTale ja tA emAM lekhana-virAma AvyA. paNa e alpa ke avirAma ja hatA. nhAnAlAla maeNTrika parIkSA pAsa karI kaeNAlejanA vidyAthI banyA eTale emane lekhanavyAyAma punaH cAlu thaI uttarAttara vega pakaDatA rahyo. 1895mAM 'premabhakti' upanAma para pasaMdagI DhALI ane 1896mAM inTaranA vamAM gujarAta kaeNlejamAM emane dizAnirNuya thaye sAhityanA ane jIvananA, je pAchaLathI 'brahmajanma' nAmaka kAvyamAM lAkSaNika nhAnAlAlIya abhivyakti pAmyo che. khI,e. ane ema.e.nAM varSomAM tA abhyAsanI sAthe sAhityasarjana paNa eTalA ja rasathI samAntare cAlyuM hatuM. 'vasa MteAtsava' kAvya ane 'indukumAra' nATakaneA prathama aMka peAte juniyara khI.e.nA vidyAthI hatA tyAre emaNe lakhyAM hatAM. kAlejanA abhyAsa nhAnAlAle prIviyasanA varganA muMbaInI elphinsTana ----

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16 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ caM. 4 kolejamAM, InTarane amadAvAdanI gujarAta kolejamAM ane bI.e.nAM be varSane pUnAnI Dekkana kolejamAM karyo. prIviyasamAM eka varSa te nApAsa thayelA te krikeTanA. rasane lIdhe haze. te varSanI elphinsTana kolejanI krikeTa TImamAM dasa pArasI khelADI sAthe je ekale hiMdu gujarAtI khelADI hato te nhAnAlAla pite. hatA. bIjI bhASA temaNe phArasI lIdhelI, je "jahAMgIra-nUrajahAM', ane "zAhanazAha akabarazAha' e megala nATakamAM temane ThIka khapa lAgI che. "vasaMtatsava" ane "indukumAra' - 1 jevI nhAnAlAlanI prAraMbhanI paNa yazodAyI kRtio joIne Ine vahema sarakhe na Ave ke yunivarsiTInA abhyAsamAM enA racanAranI bIjI bhASA phArasI haze. saMkapelI kAvyasAdhanA mATe temaNe pelA sAhitya-vAcanathI tema. bIjI rIte saMskRta zabdabhaMDoLa hastagata karI laI keLavI lIdhelI sajajatAne pratApe Ama banyuM che. bI.e.mAM temaNe mukhya viSaya taravajJAna ane ema.e mATe itihAsa, rAkhelA. 1899mAM te bIe. ane 1901mAM ema.e. thayA e pachI pite elaela.bI mATe abhyAsa karI pahelA varSanI parIkSA te pAsa paNa karI hatI. bIjA varSanI parIkSA Tarma bharavA chatAM temaNe ApelI nahi. 1913mAM rAjakoTa saMsthAnanA ThAkorasAhebe temane saranyAyAdhIza nImyA hatA, temAM emanuM kAyadAnuM A jJAna kAma lAgyuM hovAnuM manAya. yunivarsiTI-zikSaNanuM emanA paranuM RNa be prakAranuM cheH eka emane. jIvanaghaDatarane piSaka banyuM te, bIju emanA kavi tarIkenA ghaDatarane poSaka banyuM che. bhaguvAmAM AvelA grIsa rema, hiMda ane IMglAMDanA ItihAse, kAyadAnA abhyAsa mATe meInanA "ezyanTa lonA, bejaheTanA igliza rAja.. baMdhAraNa" tathA "dha sTeTInAM vAcana-parizIlane tathA dharma-tattvajJAnanA ane. khAsa te mATinenA abhyAse 11 emane jJAnakeza samRddha karI emane pAchaLathI. emanA sAhityasarjanane paNa atyaMta upakAraka nIvaDanAra daSTivikAsa saMpaDAvyuM. emAM pAThaya abhyAsakramanAM pustakonA vAcana jeTala, ane kadAca. tenA karatAM vadhAre phALo te te viSayanA niSThAvAna suzikSake kAzIrAma dave - teo 1895thI gujarAta kolejamAM itihAsa ane arthazAstranA adhyApaka tarIke AvyA hatA - ane pUnAnI Dekkana kaeNlejanA tatvajJAnanA adhyApake che. beIna tathA pro. selvInAM dRSTimanta adhyApanane paNa kharA. nahAnAlAlanI gharanA svAminArAyaNa AcAravicAre ropelI ane antaHsaMskAre pipelI dharmabhAvanA kAzIrAma dave jevA sAdhucarita dharmaparAyaNa gRhastha bhaktanA pratyakSa jovA-anubhavavA maLelA AcaraNe tema ja mATinanAM dharmadarzana ane nItibhAvanAe parizuddha karI daDhamUla ane nItiniSTa banAvI, je emanA zabdamAM

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nhAnAlAla pra. 2 ] [ 17 'zubhrabhAvanA' tarIke jema emanA jIvanamAM tema emanAM samagra sAhityasarjanamAM anucUta rahI che ane mukhara paNa banI che. juvAna nhAnAlAlanI aMtaranI dharmAbhimukhatAe emanA kaeNAlejonA vidyArthIkALamAM muMbaI, pUnA ne amadAvAdanI prArthanAsamAjone saMparka keLavavA paNa temane preryA hatA. emanI sAhityaruci ane kAvyabhAvanAnA tathA emanA kavi tarIkenA ghaDataramAM gaI sadInI remaeNinTika abhigamavALI aMgreja kavienI je kavitA bhaNavAmAM AvI teneA prabhAva sAre eveA paDayo che, khAsa karIne TenisananI kavitAnA. dhvanigu MjatI zabdAvalino ghaTanA ne sumura samAsa-racanAne mATe tyAre Tenisanane ne pachI kAlidAsane huM RNI chuM' ema emaNe peAtAnI ghaDatarakathAmAM eneA svIka!ra karyA che. strInI preraNAzakti ane puruSanI kAryazaktinA saMvAdI sahayAganI, temanA vizuddha sneha para racAtA lagnanI ane lagnasnehanI emanI priya bhAvanA mATe paNa Tenisana pAsethI nhAnAlAlane ochI preraNA maLI nathI. 'lagnasnehanA vizvakramamAM hetu' e emanA 1899nA 'jJAnasudhA'mAM 'vasatAtsava' sAthe chapAyelA gadyalekha, jemAM temaNe TenisananI 'prinsesa'mAMnI paMktie paNa chUTathI TAMkI che, te e spaSTa batAve che. TenisananI dhArmikatA paNa ApaNA bhAvi kavine jacI jAya tevI hatI. zeksapiyare emane AkarSyA nahi e emanI aneAkhI tAsIra batAvI Ape che. vidyArthIkALe emaNe karelA gujarAtI sAhityanA vAcanamAMthI emanA para paDelI asaramAM eka narasiMharAva, 'kalApI' ane 'kAnta'nI kavitAnI ane bIjI geAvardhanarAma ane 'sarasvatIcaMdra'nI. AgalI emanA prAraMbhanA kAvyasarjana keTalAMka kAvyA'(pahelA bhAga)mAMthI ane khIjI 'indukumAra' ane 'jayA ane jayanta jevAM nATakAMmAMthI tAravI batAvI zakAya tema che. sane 1894mAM peAtAne mATe premabhakti' upanAma vidyAthI nhAnAlAlane sUjhayuM, ane te pahelAM kAvyalekhananA kAcAkeArA akhatarA paNa teNe zarU karI dIdhA hatA, paNa sAhityane ane jIvananA' dizAnirgu ya teNe gabhIratAthI karyA sane 1896mAM. A niNaeNye nhAnAlAlane tyAra pachI peAtAnI kavi tarIkenI sajjatA vadhAratA rahetA rAkhyA. yunivarsiTI-zikSaNamAMthI potAnA sAhityaghaDatara mATenAM peSaNa ane preraNA meLavI tenA peAtAnAM sAhitya-sanamAM ane saMdezamAM upara joyu tevA zakaya upayoga karanAra A kavie saMskRta bhASAnA jJAna ane prabhutva paratvenI peAtAnI UNapa pUravA ApameLe tema zAstrInI sahAya laIne je svAdhyAya-sAdhanA karI, teNe emanI kAvyabhASAne saMskRtasabhara, ziSTa-- gu-sAra

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18 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 madhura ane gauravAnvita zabdAvali saMpaDAvI eTaluM ja nahi, prathama "zrImad bhagavadgItAno ane pachI te "meghadUta', "zAkuntala', "upaniSada', "zikSApatrI ane vaiSNavI paDaza graMthono gujarAtImAM samalaikI anuvAda karavA paNa emane preryA. jahAMgIra, akabara ane harSane nAyaka banAvIne lakhelAM nATakonI tema karakSetra" ane "harisaMhitA'nI tathA "upaniSapaMcakInI temanI prastAvanA dekhADI Ape che ke nahAnAlAle sarjananI sAthe sAthe potAnI abhyAsazIlatA paNa paryApta pramANamAM paMDitayugane kavijanane chAje e rIte sakriya ane sateja rAkhI teno lAbha potAnA sarjanane yatheccha Apyo che. emanA pitRcaritra "kavIzvara dalapatarAmanAM cAra pustake, "jagatakAdaMbarIomAM "sarasvatIcaMdra'nuM sthAna ane saMkhyAbaMdha vyAkhyAne te emanA vizALa svAdhyAya-vAcana-manananI pratIti abhyAsIne tarata karAvI rahe tema che. ema. e. thatAM nhAnAlAla emaNe IccheluM gujarAta kolejanuM adhyApakapada (e pade bhUlAbhAI desAI nimAtAM) meLavI na zakatAM sAdarAnI kaeNTa kolejamAM AcArya tarIke joDAyA ane tyAM aDhI varSa rahI 1904nA julAImAM rAjakoTanI rAjakumAra kolejamAM gayA. yunivarsiTI-kSetranA adhyApaka na banI zakyA te jIvanadevatAe nhAnAlAlane tAlukadAronA putro - sAdarAnI koleja emane mATenI zikSaNazALA hatI - ane rAjakumAranA adhyApaka banAvyA. rAjakumAra kolejamAM 1912 sudhI pati bhaNAvyuM. te pachI 1913mAM teo rAjakoTa rAjyanA nAyaba dIvAna ane saranyAyAdhIzapade nimAyA, jyAMthI 1916mAM rAjakumAra kolejamAM upAcAryapade pAchA AvyA. 1918mAM teo kAThiyAvADa ejansInA zikSaNa khAtAnA uparI nimAyA, je pade traNa varSa pUrAM thAya te pahelAM emaNe asahakAra AMdolananI havAmAM e sarakArI nokarInuM rAjInAmuM ApI 1921thI amadAvAdane ja pitAnuM kAyamI nivAsasthAna banAvyuM. be dAyakA jeTale e nekarIkALa kavi nhAnAlAlanA jIvanane bhautika daSTie sukhada ane samRddha kALa hato. sAdarA-rAjakeTanI kolejonI kAmagIrI abhyAsakhaMDe pachI krikeTanA medAna para temane rokI rAkhe evI hatI. evI prApta pharajene apAya te pachI bacata samaya temane jAhera sevA-saMskAra-pravRttiomAM jato. emanA ja zabdo juo: "rAjakoTavAsanAM Adi varSomAM ja tyAMnA... e sevAbhAvI thiyosepha maMDaLane gADha paricaya thaye...e saunI saMgAthe aMtyaja zALA kahA, rAtrizALA kahADI, hiMdu kanyAzALA kahADI... Arya samAjanA ne thiyosophInA dharmopadezakone jamavA naheAtarato. rAjakumAro jamavA AvatA. hiMdu islAmI pArasI aMgrejanuM pATale besI pAyasanuM jamaNa thayuM hatuM.

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. 2] nhAnAlAla [ 19 prArthanAsamAja sthapAI hatI. theADAka mAsa ATha-dasekanA Students' Brotherhood ne TenisananuM Akbar's Dream bhaNAvyuM hatuM...' '17 rajAomAM pAte 'kAnta', tribhuvanadAsa gajjara Adi mitrone tyAM jAya, emane tyAM mitro Ave. 1914mAM ziMdenI sAthe brahmasa'pradAyanA pracArArthe saurASTranAM mukhya mukhya zaherAmAM pharI temanuM vaktavya gujarAtImAM temaNe samajAvyuM. 1937mAM vaDAdarAmAM caMdrajayaMtImAM pramukha thaI AvyA; 1918mAM 'kAThiyAvADa sevA samAjanA prathama pramukha thayA; ravIndranAtha TAgArane nimaMtrI temanI sAthe saurASTranA pravAsa karyo; 1919mAM DhasA khAte temanI ja preraNAthI yeAAyela kAThiyAvADa aMtyaja pariSadanA pramukha banyA; 1920mAM pAlitANA khAte jaina sAhitya pariSadanA pramukha thayA; 1919mAM kAThiyAvADanA duSkALanA varSamAM rAhata-sahAyatA arthe` mu`baIthI Avela sannArI maMDaLa tathA tenA AgevAnane peAtAne tyAM mukAma rakhAvI temane temanA pravAsamAM utArA ne vAhanAnI sagavaDa badhe lakhI karAvI ApI; pahelI kAThiyAvADa rAjakIya pariSadamAM nepathyamAM rahI mAdaka banyA H Ama sAmAjika sevAne te rAjakoTanivAsa daramiyAna sAre| samaya ApatA. emane Atithyaprema emanAM patnIne paNa ThIka rAkI rAkhatA. e meTA pravAsa paNa temaNe A varSamAM karelA : eka 1909mAM sileAnanA, khIjo 1914mAM kAzmIranA. 1920mAM zeTha surajI vallabhadAsa sAthe iMglAMDa javAnuM thatuM thatuM rahI gayuM. emane sAphAvALA phATe! e mATenA pAsaporTane che. A be dAyakAe Ama bahArathI nhAnAlAlane pravRttirata rAkhyA tA tenI sAthe sAhityasarjanamAM paNa pUrA sakriya rAkhyA, e khAsa neAMdhapAtra che. nekarI-dhaMdhA tA sthUla AjIvikA athe ja khapanA, bAkI jIvananeA pradhAna AnaMda ke kRtArthatA te| sAhityasarjanamAMthI ja meLavavAnA puNya saMkalpa vidyAthIkALamAM sane 1896mAM emaNe karI lIdheleA, evuM ja A pariNAma. nitya rAtanA pAllRA praharAno brAhmamunA samaya emaNe potAnA jIvanakArya ( mission ) jevI A nijAnadI kAvyeApAsanA mATe aghyAtipaNe anAmata rAkhyA hatA. AthI niSThAbharI neAkarI ane utsAhabharI jAhera pravRttionI sAtheAsAtha temanuM sAhityasarjana ajaba sphUrtithI avirAma cAlyAM karyuM. laMkA ane kAzmIranA pravAseA veLA paNa ene mATe samaya meLavI levA pote cUkelA nahi. emanuM 'kulayeAginI' krAvya laMkAmAM ane premakathA uSA' kAzmIranI sahelagAhamAM vIsa divasamAM, emanA kahevA pramANe stolen hoursmAM lakhAyelAM. pariNAme, nAkarInA be dAyakA daramiyAna emanI kavipratibhA ane kAvyasiddhinA gujarAtane AnadAzcaryajanaka

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ra0 ]. gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [ j* 4 anubhava thayo. pote 1901mAM ema. e. thaI abhyAsa pUro karyo tyAre eka saMgraha thAya eTalAM kAvyo emanI pAse taiyAra hatAM. 1903mAM "keTalAMka kAvyonA sAdA nAmathI e pragaTa thatAMnI sAthe emanuM prakAzana-parva zarU thayuM. 'kAnta' pAsethI jAheramAM prazaMsA-satkAra pAmatAM emanI sarjana-prakAzana pravRttie tejI pakaDI. 1905mAM pustakAkAre 'vasaMtotsava', 1908mAM keTalAMka kAvyo'- bhAga 2, 1909mAM indukumAra'-aMka 1, 1910mAM "hAnA nhAnA rAsa" ane "bhagavad gItAne samazlokI anuvAda, 1914mAM jayA ane jayaMta' nATaka, 1917mAM "meghadUta'nuM samalaikI bhASAMtara, 1918mAM laghunavala 'uSA'--ema pustake uttarottara pragaTa thatAM gayAM. 1919mAM gAMdhIjInI pacAsamI janmajayaMtIe "gujarAtane tapasvI" e prazaritakAvya ane 1922 sudhImAM citradarzane' saMgraha, ane "rAjarSi bharata" tathA "premakuMja' e be nATake paNa emanI pAsethI gujarAtane maLyAM. be dAyakAmAM kavi nhAnAlAlane kIrtibhAnuM UgI jhaDapathI AgaLa vadhI madhyAkAze pahoMcI gayo hato. saurASTramAM ejansInA zikSaNAdhikArI tarIkenI emanI nekarI Ama te traNeka varasanI, paNa te e rIte viziSTa smaraNanI adhikArI banI che ke emaNe tAlukadArone tathA nAnAM rajavADAMne tema ja ejansI-adhikArIone premAgrahapUrvaka samajAvIne ejansIne zikSaNa khAtAnA tamAma zikSakonA pagAramAM 33 TakAno vadhAro karAvI temanuM pagAradhoraNa sudharAvI ApyuM tema ja khAtAnA zikSake mATe previDanTa phaMDanI yojanA paNa ghaDI. zikSakavarganA AzIrvAda A rIte meLavanAra kavie temane jAgratapaNe kartavyAbhimukha banAvavA mATe samasta saurASTramAM relave, bAIsikala ane pAchaLathI e mATe te vasAvelI moTara dvArA najIkanI tema daranI ekeeka zALAnI ociMtI mulAkAta laI, gerahAjara tema kartavyazithila jaNAtA zikSaka sAme sakhtInAM pagalAM paNa bharI, zALAonA kAmakAjane vyavasthita banAvavA tema UMce laI javA kartavyabuddhithI je prayAsa karyo hato te AdarathI saMbhArAya che.14 sarakArI nokarIne tyAga karyo na hato te emane hAthe saurASTramAM thayuM tethI vizeSa kAma thAta ane nizALa vinAnAM ghaNAM gAmo nizALavALAM banyAM hatA. paNa emanI dezabhakti, jeNe "rAjamahArAja eDavarDane." (1902), rAjayuvarAjane satkAra' (1905) ane "rajarAjendrane' (1911) jevAM kAvyomAM savinaya paNa Atmagaurava sAthe A dezanAM AzA-apekSAone spaSTavakatRtvathI aMkita bhASAmAM emanI pAse vAcA apAvI hatI ane gAMdhIjInA dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahanI bhAvanAnI gaLathUthI bALavidyAthIone pAvA tAkatuM "sAcanA sipAI e bALakAvya emanI pAse lakhAveluM, te cUpa na rahetAM

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pra. 2] - nhAnAlAla 1 21 gAMdhIjInI pacAsamI janmajayaMtInA varSamAM 1919mAM gujarAtano tapasvI' kAvya lalakArI UThI. e mATe sarakArI vaDAe mAgela haze te khulAse gauravabhera ApyA pachI, 1919 pachI raoNleTa kAyadAnA kharaDAe tathA jaliyAMvAlA bAganA hatyAkAMDe janmAvelA pracaMDa rASTrakopa ane gAMdhIjIprerita trividha asahakAranI havAmAM nhAnAlAle sarakArI nekarInuM rAjInAmuM 1921mAM ApI dIdhuM ane rAjakoTa kAyama mATe choDayuM. | nekarItyAga pachI temanI rASTrabhakti, bhAvanA ane utsAhane rASTrIya zikSaNamAM jotarAvAno lAbha maLI zakyo hota to sAruM thAta. paNa ema banavuM nimita na hatuM. amadAvAda AvatAM thoDo samaya emaNe phAvatI rItanI jAhera saMskArapravRtti karI. eka sarvadharmasamanvayanI saMsthA sthApavA tema ja vidyAthIsaMghanI sthApanAthI zaheramAM yuvakapravRtti vikasAvavA temaNe prayatna karyo, ane utsAhapUrvaka eka gujarAta kaLApradarzana yojAvI tene potAnA suMdara vyAkhyAnane lAbha Apyo. paNa be-aDhI varSamAM AvI pravRttimAMthI rasa uThAvI laI tema rAjakIya asahakAra - caLavaLathI AghA khasI jaI, AyuSyanI ardhazatAbdIne avasare guNajJa gujarAta pAsethI keTalAMka mukhya zaheromAM suvarNa mahotsavanI ujavaNInuM mAna-sanmAna pAmI, te vakhatanAM kaI kaI vyAkhyAna veLAnA pitAnA uddagArothI amuka varganI nArAjagI paNa vahorI, pachIne badho samaya pate ekAntika sAhityasarjanane ja samapI dIdho. jIvanA udAra, jabarA atithi vatsala ane maitrIsaMbaMdho uSmAbhera jALavanAra kavi nekarInAM varSomAM pagAramAMthI bahu bacAvI zakyA hoya e saMbhavita nathI. putrano abhyAsa tathA jIvanamAM temanuM goThavAvuM bAkI, evA saMjogomAM bahoLA kuTuMba parivArane nirvAha mAtra kalama upara jIvIne karavAnuM AvatAM, Arthika saMkaDAmaNa emane ochI veThavI paDI nahi hoya. paNa ene kaze kacavATa kyAreya dekhADyA vinA, ekabe sArI nokarInAM nimaMtraNo sAmAra asvIkArIne, aMtaranI akhUTa prabhuzraddhA ane sarjaka kalAkAranI khumArIne sahAre emaNe jIvananI chellI pacIsI gujarI kADhI. e khumArI ke Atmagaurava evuM ke potAnA eka putranA vepArI sAhase sarajeluM devuM pitAnAM pustaka khaMDAvI laI pote vALI ApyuM, vyAkhyAne mATe jAya tyAMthI bhADuM bhathuM kadI na svIkAratAM pote pitAnA khace trIjA varganI musApharI karI, ane potAnA vANusvAtaMtrya para kaMIka niyaMtraNa mukAvAnA IzArAmAtrathI rAjakoTa khAte thanAra sanmAna samAraMbha ane maLanAra moTI thelI temaNe jatAM karyA hatAM. bAhya jIvananI pratikULatAothI akSubdha rahI nijAnaMdI sAhityasarjanane jIvanane aMtima saptAha sudhI temaNe je ananya niSThAthI satatavAhI

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22 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca 4. rAkhyuM teNe ja gujarAtane saMpaDAvyAM bAdazAhanAmAnAM be tathA khInna chasAta nATakA, zAkuntala'nA tathA 'zikSApatrI,' 'vaiSNavI peDaza graMthA' tathA pAMca upaniSadeAnA anuvAda, mahattvAkAMkSI kRti 'vizvagItA,' kurukSetra'nuM mahAkAvya ane harisaMhitA'nuM ethIya mATA kadanuM purANakAvya, cAra graMthamAM vistaratuM pitRcaritra 'kavIzvara dalapatarAma', keTalAka nAnA kAvyasaMgrahAnI kAvyaracanA, tema ja rAjakIya navalakathA ane TUMkI vArtAnA prayAgA jevAM 'sArathI' ane 'pAMkhaDIe' tathA ATheka vyAkhyAnasaMgrahA. sAhityasarjana A kavine mATe, jema gAMdhIjIne mATe reTiyA banyA hatA tema, utpAdaka zrama ane jIvanarasa banI gayela. kavi nhAnAlAlanI svecchAsvIkRta nivRtti ke zArada saMnyAsa gujarAtI sAhitya mATe te! Ama ladAyI nIvaDayo che. rAjakAnivAsanAM varSA jo A kavinA ullAsakALa hatA, teA A amadAvAdane nivRttinivAsa emanA jIvananeA tapasyAkALa banyA hatA. nhAnAlAlanI nivRttine narmadanA zAradA-zaraNa ane geAvardhanarAmanI svecchAnivRttinI sAthe ja sarakhAvAya te mulavAya. 1921thI AraMbhAyelA amadAvAda khAtenA nivRttinivAsanuM pacIsamu va pUruM karI I. sa. 1946nA varSanuM khAtuM kRSNakanaiyAnA Agamana-darzananA eka gItathI khAlI, te pachI sAta divasanI mUrchA-mAMdagI bhAgavI, navamI jAnyuArInA rAja kavie peAtAnA kSara deha cheADI dIdhA ane peAte peAtAnA akSara deha ahI mUkatA gayA. sAhityasarjana : [1] kavitA dalapatarAmaputranhAnAlAlane IsunI vIsamI sadInA navavi tarIke rAzana karatA 1903mAM pragaTa thayelA kAvyasaMgraha dheTalAMka kAvyA'mAM pAMca kAvyA aMgrejImAMthI karelA kAvyAnuvAda che, ane keTalAMka 'kalApI', 'kAnta', geAvanarAma ane narasiMharAvanI kavitAnI anukaraNa ke anuraNananA prakAranI asara dekhADI Ape che, tema chatAM kAvyakSetre navI pratibhAnA udayanI AnaMdadAyaka jhAMkhI paNa teNe gujarAtane avasya karAvI. murita banelI AtmalakSitA ane patnIprema, kuTu ba sneha, prakRtisauMdarya, prabhu tathA mRtyunA temAM kavi-saMvedana ane kavananuM vastu banelA viSayeA nhAnAlAlanA najIkanA purogAmI kavie karatAM emane bahu nirALA ke alaga ceAkAnA dekhADe evAM na hatAM, paNa emanuM nirALApaNuM ane emanI kavipratibhAnA viziSTa camakAra avila be pragaTa thatAM dekhAyAM emanI kAvyakhAnImAM. tattvamAM kavitA vANInI kalA heAI, sarjakanI pratibhAnA mUrta AviSkAra tenI bhASA ane lakhAvaTanI apUrva tAmAM prathama jovAya. pratyeka pratibhAzALI kavi

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pra. 2 ] [ 23 peAtAnI aneAkhI mAnI laIne AvatA heAya che. nhAnAlAlanA kavi tarIke praveza thayeA gujarAtI bhASAne ajaba kumAza ane mIThAzathI kavitAmAM prayAjI zakanAra sarjaka tarIke. keTalAMka kAvyA'nA pahelA bhAganAM kAvyeAmAMnI nhAnAlAla jo! phADayu. meghapaTa keAklinI lAe; kIkI samu dharI zazAMka, bhrUkuTI pADI, UgyA. praphulla amIvarSINa caMdrarAja. (aNukA02) gaaN AtmanI na virame chalakantI maLe.' (kirITa) kAlAhale manujajIvanane bharIne gabhIra gheruM bhavasAgara kAMI gAme : e gAna pI vicaratI manu kerI sRSTi prArabdhapatha dhapatI prabhunA pracANe (lagnatithi) brahmabharela vizva. AnandakAnta hatuM * * * sadhyA cUme vimalahAsinI caMdrikAne, khele vihAra sakhIe rasanAM vanemAM; sAmA zuddha priya maMjarInuM madhu pI DAlanta divya sukumAra anila Ave. (caitra suda trIja) jhAMkhu prakAzita sTuDayu. vana jo ! hiMDALe, gabhIra dhIra sahakAra ane DAle; paMkhIkule madhu prAzI prakAzapAta cheDe prabhAtataNuM sabhya pravRttigAna, (prabhAta) sakhi ! mhArAM kaMkaNAmAM pralayagIta gAje che jo; rase bharI rAjamALa, hAya huM te vIrAMganA rU. (vIrAMganA) prAyazcitta kaI viSe prabhu ! pApa dhAra" ? tA jo satata prakAza samIpa hArA ? pI premanetra priyanAM, ura dheAI dhAI, hArI jagAvu. dhuni, darzana te| daIza ? (janmatithi) jevI paktie sahadayAne acaiva hADapi ranA vaSanAvInAnA sAnaMda sAkSAtkAra karAve evI hatI. jANakArAe tA 1899nA 'jJAnasudhA'mAM cAkhelI, paNu gujarAtanA vadhu baheALA sAhityajagatane AnI pachI e ja varSamAM 1905mAM cAkhavA maLI vasa tAtsava'nI

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24] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa gyAM. dizAcIra vadhunI vizuddhiraMge, arcA prabhunI aracA dinane dineze, navaga dhakASa kaMI gadhavatI uMghADe; ughADIne dhaTa gAva, vasanta sakhi ! padhAre... [ 4. 4 upara jhAM anahada bAje sAja, hurava hAM cAyo ! rasakhAla !... ramerace cauda bhuvanane dauM bhArataraNa akhabUta kAla, paDadheA hAM paDatho, rasakhAla. jevI padyapa`ktinI azrutapU` mAdhurI ane navIna DeAlanazailInI tAjagIbharI zabdalIlA. 1908mAM pragaTa thayela keTalAMka kAvyA'nA khInna bhAge AnaMdakaMda DAle suMdarInAM vRMda ne mIThA mRdaMga paDachaMdA re ; maMda maMda here mITaDI maca'kanI, here. mhArA madhurasacandA ! (jINA jhINA meha) AdyantamAM jIvana A jaganuM bharIne dhAre adhAranIra sAgara kAla keza; te sindhunA jala taNI dalapAMdaDImAM medhA khi ! parama brahmaparAga UDe. (giranArane caraNe) dhIrA sugadhI anile vahI vAravAre AkAzane| vimaLa vALI pradeza kIdheA; ne tejanA rajatamedha DhaLI-DhaLIne rUperI hAM lalitaaAla dharA ugAvI. (vilAsanI zAbhA) jevI ka madhura varNAnuprAsa ane dIrdha svarA tathA anusvAranA ramaNIya saMgItathI rasabasa paMktithI kAvyarasikAne mugdha karI nAkhyA. kazIka navI ja abhivyakti laIne AvatA A kavinI pratibhAnA sparze gujarAtI bhASAe anerI dIpti ane mIThAza dhArI batAvI. narasiMharAva, 'kAnta', 'kalApI' Adi jevA murakhkhI samakAlIneAnI kAvyabhASA karatAM nhAnAlAlanI kAvyabhASA Ama viziSTa svakIyatA dekhADe che. sane 1909mAM chapAyelA navIna zailInA nATaka indukumAra' -- 1, ane pachInA varSa chapAyelAM 'nhAnA nhAnA rAsa'- 1 ane 'bhagavadgItA'nA samazlokI anuvAde, temAMya khAsa tenA aNukAvya 'pitRtapaNe' tenA kavinI A siddhine vizeSa anubhava karAvyA. ' evI ja viziSTa svakIyatA nhAnAlAle peAtAnA kavananA prAraMbhathI ja batAvI padyaracanAnI bAbatamAM, emanA prathama kAvyasaMgraha 'keTalAMka kAvyeA'mAM vasaMtatilakA, maMdAkrAntA, zikhariNI Adi akSarameLa vRtto prayAjavAnI sAthe temaNe layameLa gItA, gajhala, aMjanI gIta, DAlanazailI ane sIdhA gadyanAya

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pra. 2 ] hAnAlAla [25 upayoga karyo che. keTalAMka kAvyono bhIjo bhAga paNa evuM ja padyavaividhya batAve che. emAM savaiyAne akSarameLa ane hariNane mAtrAmeLa karavAno prayAsa paNa thayo che. pahelA bhAganI prastAvanAmAM nhAnAlAle lakhyuM che : '...kaMIka zataka upara piMgaLa RSie ghaDelAM chaMdanAM jhAMjhara ApaNI navayauvanA kavitAe vartamAna yugamAM paheryA che, paNa hAnAM paDatAM dIse che. dizadizamAM dekhAtI navI navI chaMdaracanAone e artha che. chaMdanA guNAkAra bhAgAkAra, chaMdonA saravALA tema ja bAdabAkI A kAvyamAM che." A kavine enAM kAvyapUrane mArga ApavA niyamabaddha vRttonA khaMDa ane abhyasta prayoga karavA uparAMta temanAM mizraNo ane AvAM tareha tarehanAM rUpAMtara ajamAvavAM paDyAM che tene navInatAnI khAtara navInatAne moha ke pragakhorI kahIne kADhI nakhAya tema nathI. svatvanI vizeSa mAtrA laIne AvatA pratibhAzALI sarjakanI hoya tevI, potIkI abhivyakti ane mAdhyama paratvenI sarjaka tarIkenI utkaTa sabhAnatAe ja emanI pAse e mArga levaDAvyA che. kavie pote ja vilAsanI bhA" kAvyanI TippaNamAM emAM prayojela DhALa vize lakhatAM "donAM svarUpa kyAre badalavAM joIe ane kema badalAya che e kavinA manovyApAranI UMDI ane agocara kathA" pratye AMgaLI cIMdhI spaSTa jaNAvyuM che : "navInatAne khAtara ja kavioe chaMdaviparyaya karavAnA nathI, tema ja navInatAne khAtara ja chaMdaviparyaya sau thAya che ema kahevuM ye anyAyI che.' viziSTa abhivyaktinI mathAmathamAM AraMbhakALamAM padyanI prayogazALA ja kholI beThelA nhAnAlAle, "keTalAMka kAvyo'nA pahelA baMne bhAgamAM "vasaMtatilakAne te manamAM svAda rahI jaI anuraNyA kare evo ane anya akSarameLa vRttone paNa tema ja "pitRtarpaNa"mAM prAsayukta anuSyapane suMdara viniyoga karI jANanAra kavie, denAM mizraNa tathA bhAgAkAra-guNAkAra-saravALA-bAdabAkInA akhatarA te karI joyA ja, paNa padyamuktinuM sAhasa paNa AdaryuM te pote jene telanazilI kahI che tenI zodha dvArA. kavitAmAM chaMdane nahi paNa Dolanane, bhAvanAM tema tenI sAthe vANImAM UtaratA Dolanane, nhAnAlAla kavitAmAM Avazyaka mAne che. A Dolana te laya. chaMda vinA kavitAne cAle, laya vinA nahi. potAnI sUjhanA layane mAna ApI padyamukti sAdhavA jatAM apadya-agadya evI je zelI kavie upajAvI te prathama te padya karatAM mokaLAzavALA chatAM koIka rIte layAnvita vANI mAgatA nATakanA saMvAda mATe, "indukumAra'-1nA sarjana veLA. paNa te kavitA mATe paNa anukULa jaNAtAM tarata AraMbhAyelA "vasaMtotsava'mAM ane pachI te "zrAvaNuM amAsane "keTalAMka kAvyo'-1nAM kAvyamAM, kavi jene

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26 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 citrakAvyo' kahe che tevAM yauvanA" ane "saubhAgyavatI' jevAM tema "rAjayuvarAjane satkAra' jevAM prAsaMgika kAvyamAM "keTalAMka kAvyomAM , 'vasaMtotsavanI'nI mAphaka "eja ane agara tathA dvArikA pralaya' jevAM kathAkAvyomAM, ane "kurukSetra jevI mahAkAvya banAvavA lakSelI kRtimAM nhAnAlAle zilI utsAhathI vinAsaMkoca prayojI che. keTalaMka kAvya'-1 nA pitAnA prathama kAvyasaMgrahamAM ja AthIya AgaLa vadhI nhAnAlAla "jIvananAM varSa" ane "vAMchanA' jevI racanAomAM to sIdhI gadya tarapha doTa mUkI teneya kavinA bhAvanuM mAdhyama banavAnI pratiSThA kema na ghaTe, evo prazna jANe kAvyarasikAnI samakSa dharatA jaNAya che. kavitAnA mAdhyama para AvI pragabhatA dAkhavanAra A kavine prabhue bakSelI AMtara kaNendriya, saMgIta ane laya mATenA kAne, emane ApaNI madhyakAlIna kavitAe kaDavAM tathA padomAM vipula pramANamAM prayojelI dezIonA bahusaMkhya DhALo ane rAtre bhaNI, jene gujarAtanuM lakasaMgIta kahI zakIe tenI bhaNI eTalA ja utsAhathI vALyA. emane "nhAnA nhAnA rAsa-1 ne saMgraha pragaTa thaye sane 1910mAM, paNa emAMnI ghaNI racanAo "keTalAMka kAvyo'nA pahelA be bhAga(1903, 1908)mAM chapAyelI ane keTalIka "indukumAra', 'jayA-jayanta" jevAM nATakamAM pachI mUkelI racanAo che. A e batAve che ke nhAnAlAle puragAmI geya kAvyastrotane vArase pUre jhIlI tene AtmasAta karI laI, navA yuganA bhAvone temAM gAvAnuM karIne, tene navakavitAnA lAbhArthe racanAtmaka upayoga karI, pratibhAzALI navasarjakanuM sAmarthya pragaTa karyuM che. e temanI sevAne, AraMbha paNa temane kavanane prAraMbhakALamAM, pelA padyamuktinA sAhasanI sAthe ja samAntare thayo hato, je pachI eka emanA kavanakALane anta sudhI vRttabaddha tema ja DolanazailInI racanAonI sAthesAtha samAntare cAlyAM karyo hate. 'nhAnA nhAnA rAsa'-1nI ja aMdara ane pachI to enA anugAmI bhAge tathA kAvyanATakAdinAM pustakamAM kavie pitAnI layameLa gItaracanAonA je mULa DhALo batAvyA che tenI vipula saMkhyA ja kavinI enI viziSTa jANakArI tema ja emanI potAnI gItaracanAonuM saMgItavaividhya siddha karI Ape che. "geyatA kavitAne Avazyaka nathI" ema uSatA kavinI gItasiddhi arvAcInathI Adhunika gujarAtI kavitA sudhI ajoDa rahI che, je e darzAvI Ape che ke e uSa emanI gIte racavAnI azaktinuM pariNAma na hatuM, jema emanI DolanazailI emanI vRttimAM lakhI zakavAnI asamarthatAnuM cihna na hatuM. emanuM dhasamasatuM kAvyapUra A badhAM vaheNamAM dhasI AvIne vahyuM che eTaluM ja.

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pra. 2 hAnAlAla [ 27 enI pAchaLa kAma karI rahI hatI nhAnAlAlanI masta ke raMgarAgI ("romaeNnTika) kaviprakRti. evI pravRti kavine pitAnA khyAlamAM masta rAkhI enI kavitAne dara enI preraNAnA hAthamAM ja rakhAve. AtmAbhivyakti paraMparAmAM thaI zaktI hoya tyAM sudhI ene khapamAM levAne AvI prakRtinA kavine vAMdho. nahi, paNa e navI keDIe mAgatI hoya to praNAlikAne cAtarIne navA prayogo karavAnAM jokhama ne sAhasanA mArgane, potAnA vyakti svAtaMtryane, e vizeSa vaphAdAra vate. jUnI geya kavitAne vAraso pUre jhIlI, akSarameLa vRttomAM sAruM evuM prabhutva dAkhavI, chaMdanA niyamonI ANamAM rahIne vadhaghaTa mizraNa vagerethI. temane Amatema vALavAnA ane tenAM rUpAntara sAdhavAnA akhatarA karatA rahI, tethIya vadhu mokaLAza athe tene niyaMtraNamAMthI nIkaLI jaI pitAne mate kAvyanA. janakarUpa bhAvanA Dolanane layagarbha rasAtmaka vANImAM utAravA DolanazailIne prayoga nhAnAlAle karyo, temAM emanI AvI raMgarAgI, AtmachaMdI ke kautukapriya prakRtinA prabhAvanuM ja darzana thAya. "IndukumAra-1 mAM mUkelA dhUmaketunA gItamAMnI. dIdhuM vidhie te pIdhuM, lIdhuM rU5 abadhUta ghora, toDI jagatanA tora; bhayabhUlaNI jagajIbha che bhAkhe have bhUMDuM huM ekalo UDuM. e karIne teno kavi pitAne mATe ja A lata hoya ema ghaTAvI zakAya tema che. dIdhuM vidhie eTale paraMparAprApta kAvyavAraso, chaMdabaddha kavitAne. e to pote. pIdhe eTale satkArI pacAvI lIdho che. paNa ema karyA pachI kavitAjagatanA tora. eTale akkaDa niyamabaMdhana toDI avagaNa achAMdasa apadyAgadyanA nirmAtA tarIkenuM niyamabAhya tethI ghara ane abadhUta eTale masta evuM kavisvarUpa pote pragaTAvyuM che. kavitA padyamAM ja hoya, A kavitA nathI, ema kahI chaLI UThI kaDavI TIkA karanArI jagajIbha, eTale paraMparApUjaka sAhityajagata, bhale game tema bele, huM te mArI mastImAM ekalavihArI ekalo UDuM chuM, meM pakaDelA mAge, badhA. graho nakSatrothI alaga gaganapathe ghUmatA dhUmaketunI mAphaka ema jANe nhAnAlAla paNa mojamAM lalakAratA tyAM kapAya. chaMdamAM gurune sthAne be laghuthI kAma. calAvavAnI ne hasvadIrdhanI chUTa, vAgmitA ane zabdachAkane atireka, vyAkaraNa artha ne aucityanI beparavAI, vastuspazI mUrtatAne sthAne bhAvanAvihAra tathA mohaka kalpanAlIlAnI sarajatarUpa mulAyama havAI tattva, vaninI aspaSTatA vagere jevA kyAreka DokAI jatA deSo paNa temanA AvA mastavegI kavitApUra ke kAvya

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28 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ 2', 4 chAkanI nIpaja gaNAya. upara gaNAvelAM temanA cAlu sadInA pahelA dAyakAnAM kAvyaprakAzanA kavinI pratibhA ane tenA kavivyaktitvanI AvI mudrAthI aMkita hAI emanI kavitAnAM AkarSaNa, sAmarthya ane kacAzeAnA je prathama paricaya karAvI rahe che, temAM pachInA emanA vipula sAhityasarjanathI tAttvika vadhaghaTa thatI nathI, e paricayane daDhatara karanArI vizeSa sAmagrI sAMpaDe che eTaluM ja. AvA kavinAM nAnAMmeATAM maLIne kavitAnAM prakAzanAnI sa MkhyA pistALIsa jeTalI thavA jAya che. alabatta, emAM nhAnA nhAnA rAsa'nA traNa ane 'gItama'jarI'nA be bhAgamAM tathA 'citradarzanA''dAMpatyastAztrA' ane premabhakti bhajanAvali'mAM emanA anya kAvyasa MgraheA tathA nATakAmAM chapAyelAM keTalAMka kAvyo punarmudrita thayAM che. tema chatAM emanuM kAvyasarjana niHzaMka vipula kahevAya eTalu che. emAM prakAradRSTie ghaNuM vaividhya paNa che. emAM bALakAvyA che, hAlaraDAM che, lagnagItA che, kavi jene 'rAsa' kahe che tevAM gItA che, bhajaneA che, citrakAvyA che, khaMDakAvyA ke kathAkAvyA che, mahAkAvya che, kavinA zabdamAM 'virATakAvya' paNa che, ane aMgrejI kAvyAnAM tathA 'meghadUta' ane 'bhagavadgItA' jevI saMskRta kRtinAM bhASAMtarA paNa che. geApakAvya, karuNaprazasti, ardhya ke aMjali kAvyA, gajhala-kavvAlIe paNa emAM jovA maLe che. zakaya teTalA kAvyaprakAza ajamA vavAnI mahattvAkAMkSA kavie sevI che ne te pAra paNa pADI che : bALakA mATe, kanyAo mATe, garabA gAtI gujarAtaNeA mATe, sAhityamanuM rasikA mATe, dezabhaktinA bhAva anubhavatA yuvAne mATe ane IzvarAbhimukha prauDhA mATe temane bhAvatI kavitA racavAneA ane e rIte pitA dalapatarAmane peAtAnI rIte anusaravAne kema jANe puNya saMkalpa emaNe karyo hAya. 8 keTalAMka kAvyA'nA pahelA bhAga (1903)mAM govardhanarAmanI, narasiMharAvanI, 'kalApI'nI ane eka ja kAvyamAM vRttavaividhya lAvavAnI bAbatamAM 'kAnta'nI ema asara kavi batAve che, ane pAMca kAvya aMgrejI kAvyeAnAM bhASAMtara che, tema chatAM kavinI nijI kAvyasaMpata emAM echI dekhAtI nathI, je AgaLa batAvI tevI emAM jovAtI temanI viziSTatAnI jhalakathI siddha thAya che. emAMnAM pitAnI mRtyu saMvatsarI ('smaraNa'), potAnI lagnatithi ane janmatithi, bhAInuM lagna, bhAInI bImArI ane mRtyu ('zrAvaNI amAsa' ane 'brahmadIkSA')e janmAvelAM kAvyA tathA patnIne saMgrahanA karAyelA arpaNanuM tathA tene saMkheAdhIne lakhAyelAM ane lagnasnehanAM vividha bhAvasa vedane gAtAM kAvyA emAM AtmalakSI kavitAnuM pramANa sAruM heAvAnu jaNAve che. 'janmalasa-mRtyunA AdhAta

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pra. 2 ] nhAnAlAla [ 29 pratyAghAta'nA 'svAnubhava' gAnAra kavi temanI samagra kavitAnA gAnaviSaya temanI samakAlIna gujarAtI kavitAnA tema jagatanI kavitAnA sanAtana vanaviSaya. praNaya, prakRti ane prabhu che, e A pahelA ja saMgrahathI batAvI Ape che. praNayane gAvAnuM pahelA saMgrahanAM kAvyAmAM sakhI-patnIne saMkheAdhI-uddezIne karyuM che, tA pachInA kAvyasarjanamAM anya mAnavavyaktionA hRdayamAM praveza karI temanAM bhAvemiene zabdabaddha karIne karyuM che. keTalAMka kAvyA'-ra (1908)nI prastAvanAmAM pAte AtmalakSitAmAMthI nIkaLI paralakSitA bhaNI peAtAnI kavitAne vALavAnI taiyArInA izArA Ama kahIne ApyA che : ...jema jema sarvAnubhavI na heAya evAM svAnubhavanAM gItane badale leAkasaMsthAnA praznone, prajAnA AzaabhilASanA, gujarAta hiMda ane duniyAmAM aMkuratI navacetanAne kavitAmAM vadhAre prabhAva paDavA lAgaze, jema jema jagatanAM sarvottama kAvyeAnI hAramAM UbhavuM che e lakSyamAM lAvI payagambarAnI peThe ApaNA kavie svarganA saMdeza jevAM utsAhI preraNAbharyAM parama zreya dAkhavatAM kalyANu. stAtrA gAvA mAMDaze, tema tema, mhArI zraddhA che ke leAkasamUha navI kavitAne vadhAre ne vadhAre Adara Apaze.' A paMkti emanI ekamanI AtmalakSitAmAM purAI na rahetAM prajAlakSI banavA tAkatI vadhu vizALa kAvyabhAvanAneA tathA kavidharmanA emanA mahattvAkAMkSI khyAla rajU karavA sAthe keTalAMka kAvyA'nA pahelA bhAga pachInA emanI kavitAnA prasthAnane samajAvI de che. khIjA bhAgamAM AtmalakSI kAvyA nathI ema niha paNa tenI saMkhyA ghaTI gaI che, bhASAMtara ne anukaraNa ke asara paNa ochAM thaI gayAM che, pAta jene prathama citrakAvyA paNa pAchaLathI citradarzInA kahyAM che, tevI kAvyaracanAe AvI che ane kavinA aMgata kauTuMbika bhAvezane badale sAdhAraNIkRta mAnava-bhAvasaMvedaneA gavAvA lAgyAM che, ane rAja-yuvarAjane satkAra' e prAsagika kAvyamAM prajAnI AzA-abhilASA vinaya paNa baliSTha vAcA pAmI che. kavi khaMDakAvyA, kathAkAvyA, nATaka, mahAkAvya Adi tarapha vaLyA te temAM sarvAnubhavarasika kalAkAranI rIte judAM judAM mAnava-pAtronAM udgAra ane AcaraNa pradarzita karI zakavAnI temAM maLatI sagavaDane lIdhe, ema samajI zakAya che. vastutaH peAtAnI AvI kAvyabhAvanAne ane kavikartavyanA khyAlane kavie keTalAMka kAvyA' - 2nI prastAvanAmAM zabdabaddha karyA' che eTaluM ja, bAkI e temanA sAhitya-sarjananAM preraka baLa tA temanA kAvyArabhanA kALathI ja heAvAnuM 'vasaMtotsava' ane 'indukumAra'-1 (beunu' janmavarSAM sane 1898)thI. pratIta thAya che.

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30 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ graM. 4 saudaryadarzana bahiraMga parathI nhAnAlAlanI kavitAnA aMtaraMga para AvatAM prathama dhyAna kheMcavuM joIe emAMnA sauMdaryagAne. sarjanahAre nhAnAlAlane kavinuM hRdaya, kavinI kalpanA ane kavinI zabdabhaktinI sAthe sRSTimAM patharAyelA prabhunA suMdarasvarUpa upara tarata jaI TharatAM sauMdaryadarzaka kavicakSu bayAM hatAM. kizora vaye relavenA pATA parathI pula uparathI nIce gujarAtanI eka nadImAM pratibiMbita AkAza ane tIra paranI vRkSaghaTAnA sauMdaryadarzanane temaNe haiyAmAM evuM kAyama mATe saMdharI dIdhuM ke keTalAMka varasa pachI zrIlaMkAmAM dIThelA eka sarovaranI pALe thayelA evA ja prakRtisauMdaryacitranA darzane tene saMbhArI ApyuM ane temanI pAse "kuloginI' kAvyanI pelI manahara paMktio udgArAvIH "jevI tamArA jalamAM vanazrI, tevI ja mahArA uramAM kulazrI'. kolejanA vidyArthI tarIke varSaRtumAM varasAda baMdha paDe ke tarata gharamAMthI bahAra nIkaLI paDI lIlIchama dharAnuM dazya pItA jaI jhADa para caDI khissAmAMthI TenisananI kavitAne guTake kADhI kalAkeka vAMcI pote ghera pAchA pharatA. rAjakoTanA nekarIkALe keTalIya zani ravinI doDha divasanI rajA giranAra parvata para pote gALyAnuM emaNe jaNAvyuM che. A prakRtipreme vasaMtesava'mAM gujarAtanAM AMbAvADiyAMne, "sarovaramAM zatruMjaya parathI dekhAtA zIta sarovarane, "AbhalAthI cItarela vyoma" tathA "caMdanIe cItaryA samIra evuM hRdayahara citra rajU karatA paMcAsara kane raNakAMThAnA pAlI rAtane ajavALiyAnA dazyane ("he raNane kAMThaDale re), saurASTranI TekariyALa UMcInIcI "sAgara sama', "hiloLA letI bhomane ("kAThiyANInuM gIta)), giranAra paranA sUryodayane ('giranArane caraNe') ane "cAru vATikAnI pahelI kaDImAM saurASTra nAghera ane coravADane, thrI-sAtamI kaDIomAM coravADanI vADIone tathA pAnavelonA mAMDavAone ane AThamI kaDImAM tyAMnA sAgaranI jaLalIlAne A kavi pAse ullAsathI UbharAtI ane citro upasAvatI vANImAM gavaDAvyAM che. prabhAtanA sauMdaryane jAyuM uSAnuM anile cUmyuM netra peluM.. ane jhAMkhuM prakAzita ahaDadhuM vana nA hiMDoLe, gaMbhIra dhIra sahakAra ane Dele ( "prabhAta' ) rajanInI cUMdaDIne cheDAnA hIralA zA DUbe che tAralA Aja dhIme dhIme.

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hAnAlAla [ 31 pra. 2 ] - jevI paMktiomAM gAtA kavie saMdhyAnI teja-aMdhAranI lIlAne daivI brahmAMDa-pharatI jhINI abarakha zI gebI aMdhArI nAkhI bhedI teje jagatalIMpatI saMdhikA jAya UMDuM. (" udhana") ane ahe A ja kukuma DhoLAyela AbhamAM ( kurukSetra ) sAMdhyaraMgI sALu maMhIM meghazyAma vAdaLI rUpelI pAlavanAM cIra. ("vihaMgarAja' ) jevI paMktiomAM evA ja kavisAmarthyathI gAI che. amAsanI madhyarAtrinA aMdhakArane "zrAvaNI amAsa" ane "brahmajanmamAM tema ja "timira jhINuM jhINuM UDe anilamAM gebI kaI nAMkhI bhUrakIthI "maMda maMda ghanaraMgI taraMga bhUrA vyomataTa UMDA cUme e badhIra samara' kAvyanI cAra paMktiomAM kavie kAvyarasita karIne zabdacitrita karyo che. vasaMtanI prakRtizrIne vasaMtotsava' ane anya kAvyamAM gAtA kavie varSA, zarada, AkAza, tArAo, sAgara vagerene paNa sArI rIte kAvyAbhiSikta karyAnuM emanI kavitA aneka sthaLe dekhADe che. caMdra ane cAMdanIne to kavie eTalI badhI vAra ane eTalAM badhAM kAvyomAM citraviSaya tema alaMkArasAmagrI tarIke mana mUkIne prajyAM che ke temane caMdra ane cAMdanInA kavi kahevAnuM dila thaI jAya. "kSitijasarovarane jaLataraMge candInuM devapoyaNuM rahaDathuM' e paMktimAMnuM aMdhAriyAnI chellI caMdrakalAnA udayanI "brahmajanma kAvyamAMnI, ane "pUrNimAnA zazIrAja'nA ane "praphulla amIvarSaNa caMdrarAja'nA udayanA anukrame "vasaMtotsava" ane "keTalAMka kAvyo'-1 ne arpaNukAvyamAMnAM citronI tema ja "aTArIe rahaDanta' "zazIrAja'nI ane "nabhanI aTArIe caDatI zarada pUnamanI candInI anukrame e divaso" ane "zaradapUnama e be kAvyamAMnAM cinI AsvAdyatA anerI ja che. nhAnAlAla kavi tarIkenA bhAvavizvamAM prakRtisauMdarya mahattvanuM sthAna roke che tenI pratIti mATe ATalA ulekha besa thaze. vasaMtane vadhAvatAM AvyAM ne te devI! Avaje mAnavadeza jo!" ane pachI te 'vasaMta janamaMDaLe ramavA UtarI ema "vasaMtotsava'mAM kahetA ane prakRtinA sauMdaryane mAnavakanuM, mAnavajIvananuM, sauMdarya banAvavA cAhatA nhAnAlAla "navayauvanA" ane "saubhAgyavatI' jevAM citrAtmaka kAvyamAM tathA 'vasaMtotsavamAM amuka parivezamAM opatA mAnava sauMdaryaneya kAvyarthathI satkAra

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32 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 vadhAve che. "IndukumAra'-1mAM kAntikumArInA darzane enA sauMdaryathI thatA AnaMdasaMvedanane pragaTa karatA je ugAre IndukumAranA mukhamAM kavie mUkyA che teno prakAra paNa e ja che. giranArane caraNemAM gAle DhaLe namaNI pAMpaNa adhamIMcI, DhAMkI vaLI vaLI ja pAlava karadeza; saMkorI kora saratI karavelaDIe : henA nathI rasika zAstrIya bhASyakAro ? e kaDImAMnuM tathA "zaradapunamamAMnuM lajanameluM nija maMda popacuM ke mugdha bAlA zaramAtI Avaze ne zobhI rahe nirmaLa nenanI lIlA : evI UgI caMdrakalA dhIre dhIre. e kaDImAMnuM, ema mugdhAnA nirmaLa sauMdaryanAM sahadonI smRtine bAjhI jAya evAM be zabdacitra A kavi sajIva sRSTinA, mAnavInA, bAhyAbhaMtara soMdaryanAya kevA pUjakagAyaka banyA che te dekhADe che. emanAM nArI sauMdaryavarNanemAM eka prakAranI sAttvika sauMdaryabhakti hoya che, vikArottejaktA-leza paNa nahi. zrImata tatvane IzvarIya vibhUtirUpe pUjavAnI kavinI vRtti hoya che, AgalI kaDImAMnuM citra "zuM thUlamAM na ubharAya adazya sUkSma ?" e vicArane samarthana mATenA daSTAMtarUpa hatuM; bIju pUrNimAnA caMdrodayane sAkSAtkAraka rIte varNavavA mATe upamAnarUpa hatuM. prakRti sauMdaryane AlekhatAM mAnavasadaryane ane mAnava pAtronAM sauMdaryane AlekhatAM prakRtisauMdaryane kavi A rIte emanAM aneka kAvyamAM upayoje che. emaNe prayojelA upamA, uprekSA, rUpaka jevA sadazyavAcaka arthAlaMkAreno abhyAsa karavAthI A tarata dekhAI Avaze. e alaMkAromAM kavinI sauMdaryadaSTi emanI sarjaka-kapanAne kevI ramaNe caDAve che te jovA betraNa namUnA ja basa thaze. vasaMtotsava'mAMnI nIcenI paMktio juo : bIjanI vidhurekha/tIrachI daSTipAte jaga vadhAvI/sahacarIo saMge paravara / snehanamaNAM smitakiraNa pheMkI/ sumarA tema sakhIomAM gaI. / gAraraMgI saluNa bAlAo | nhAnakaDA puSparAzio samI ? jalatIre | UbhI hatI. * parAganI pragalsa saritA ze | kumArikAo pAchaLa pAlava UDato. | AchIvAdaLIomAMthI phUTatI / caMdrakiraNanI vela jevA | sALuDe santAtA karadaMDa | ane henA maNikaMkaNa ! netranetramAM manaharatA AMjatAM. | sphaTikala zI hastasthalIomAM sumanahanta chAbe hatI. | AhalAdaka zaziyaravadane nirmaLa ratna zAM nayana rAjatAM.

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [33 meghamAIve upara taratA/IndradhanuSanA hAnakaDA khaMDa zI sukumAra bAlikAo parimalamAM ramavA lAgI. emAMnI pahelI pAMca paMktiomAM che tevAM upamAcitro eTale vAkya upamAo e kRtimAM aneka che, ane zabdagA upamAone te sumAra nathI. alaMkAronA gulAlathI kavie vasaMtarAva tyAM Ujave che. "vasaMtatsavanI prathama paMktimAM bAlikAne "gulachaDI samovaDI' e upamAthI ane saubhAgyavatI'nI saubhAgyavatIne jANe phUlanI laTakatI sera' e upekSAthI vadhAvatA kavie e beu kRtiomAM sAdazyamUlaka alaMkAro keTalA badhA prayojyA che ! citradarzanAtmaka kAvyamAM zaradapUnama'mAM zaradane suMdarInA rUpakathI ane sajIvAropaNathI ane caMdrIne emanIramAM khIleluM kamala kahI rUpakathI ane mAnava suMdarIne varNavatAM cAra cAra upamAcitrAthI navAjatA kavi tAjamahelanA saudaryane sAkSAtkarAvavA UMcA minArA sama urva hastathI candrAnanI ghummaTazISa TekatI, DhALI TA pAlava vADIka zA; rasIlI ko nAcatI nityarAsa A. e paMktiomAM upamA ane rUpakanI je suMdara saMsRSTi prayoje che, ane "cAra vATikA'mAM lIlI nAgherane hindadevInI "subhaga DhaLatI sADInI kera zI', coravADane "e kare buTTInA ke lIlama sarikhaDuM' e upamAothI, tyAMnI AMbA, keLyo, papaiyAM, jAMbunI vADIo ne nAgaravelanAM pAnanI velenA mAMDavAone ramaNIonI upamAgarbha upekSAthI ane sucAru sajIvAropaNathI, tyAMnA sAgaranAM phINa-mojAMnI jaLalIlAne ghAgharanA ghera jevI UjaLI UchaLatI chINanI jhAlara, ne haiye pAlava paDelI karacalI sarikhI DolatI UmimAlA, chuTTI melI zuM lAMbI maNimaya alako kAlikA ghara nAce, mAyAnI mUrti zI tyahAM jalanaTaDI rame vyomanI chAMyaDImAM. e paMktiomAMnA nartakInA upamAgarbha rUpakathI, ane tyAMnI bhInA vAna ne bharelA avayavanI "alabelaDIone "ujaLI vAdaLI zI rasA" tathA "sindhanI lakSmI jevI' kahI je manahara kalpanAlIlAthI bhAvakane idriyapratyakSa karAve che, te emanI A bAbatanI tema citranirmANazaktinI viziSTatA tema siddhinA aDIkhama purAvA bane che. prakRtinA ane mAnavIya sauMdaryane nirUpavA ekamekanI sahAya letA kavi prakRtinAM ramya ane bhavya saravo ane dAnuM temane pitAne ja khAtara sIdhuM

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34] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ . 4 Alekhana paNa kare che, "dhaNa" jevAM kAvyamAM prAkRtika AlekhananI sAthe mAnavIneya sAMkaLe che, ane keTalAMka kAvyomAM vicAra ke bhAvanA vAhana ke sAdhana ke pRSThabhU tarIke prakRtine upayoga kare che, e paNa temanAM keTalAMka kAvyo dekhADe che. vilAsanI zobhAmAM maMdAkinI, caMdrakalA ane tArikAne saubhAgyakAMkSiNI kumArI, saubhAgyavatI tathA vidhavAnAM pratirU5 banAvI nArIjIvanane abhilASA ne kAruNyanuM darzana karAvAyuM che. dhUmaketunuM gIta' ane vihaMgarAja'mAM duniyAdArIthI UpharA cAlatA vyaktivize ane temanAM mAnasa ane kArya vyaMjanAthI upasAvavA prakRtine upayoga thayo che. jIvanamAM anubhavAtA AnaMda-viSAdanA vArApherA caitra suda trIja' jevA kAvyamAM prakRtinI sAmagrIthI sUcavAyA che. sidhune ane "sAgara" paNa amuka mAnavabhAvane khAtara prakRti vinijayAnuM dekhADe che. A batAve che ke nhAnAlAlane prakRti pachI mAnavI tenA anekavidha bhAvaanubhava sAthe kavanaviSaya tarIke AkarSaka lAge che. mAnavabhAvanA AlekhanamAM temane praNayanuM sauthI vadhu gAvuM rucyuM che. emAMya praNayajIvananI judI judI avasthAnA saMdarbhamAM nArIhRdayanI saMvedanAnuM kavana te emane kavi vizeSa banI gayela che. "khammA vIrAne jAuM vAraNe re lola" ane "bahenanuM gItamAM bahenane bhAI mATe hRdayabhAva saphaLatAthI gAtA kavi "jhINA jhINA mehamAM ane "vINa vINAne phUlaDAMnA phAla'mAM mugdhA kumArInA prathama praNayodgamane, ajaba ke veNu vAgI', 'phUla huM te bhUlI', haiyAnI vAMsaLI', 'halake hAthe te nAtha ! mahiDAM levaje', 'jAvA de jogIrAja', "kaMthakeDAmaNI', "je jo sAhelI, hAro kaMtha, "snehaparvaNa', gepikAnI gorasI', "premasarovara', "svarganAM mRdaMga' jevAM kAvyomAM rasIlAnA snehachalakATane, "viSaghenamAM dardabharyA snehasaMvedanane, e rata'mAM rasikAnI priyatama-"rAja' mATenI milanasukatAne, "e divasomAM mANelA "rasadivasone AhalAdaka smaraNane, "mAyA utArI', "dIThe te pahAra', saMbhAraNuM, "sUnAM sUnAM snehadhAma, nabhe AbhamAM aMdhAra" ne "sakhi Aje jhaMdagacaMga sAje..'mAM viginInA virahane, "vIrane vidAya', "kAThiyANInuM gIta" ane "kasuMbalA kIdhA nAliyA'mAM, "sAvajazUrA', "kesarabhInA vIra kaMthanAM viyoga ne vidAya veLAnA enI rasikAnA bhAvane, "vhAlapanI vAMsalaDI'mAM nArInA kuTuMbanehane, "raMgadhelI'mAM rAse ramatI sAhelaDIne, "vahAlAM virAje mArA prANamAM re lola", "prANa ! jarI peDhIne, peDhAne" ane "phUla hAruM poDhe che, poDhe che' jevAM hAlaraDAMmAM mAtAnA zizuvAtsalyane ane "tAdAye seneTamAM zizuvAtsalya sAthe patipremanA tAdAtmyane je kAvyadrakathI gAya-vadhAve che te

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [35 temane boTAdakara pahelAMnA nArIhadayanA madhura gAyaka evA stutivacananA adhikArI TharAve che. rasagI nhAnAlAla praNayamAdhurIne Ama pitAne kavanavizeSa banAvIne nhAnAlAle pitAnuM "premabhakti' upanAma enA pUrvArdha pUratuM anvarthaka siddha karyuM che. A "prema-bhakti kavinAmanI preraNA emane narmadanA muddAmaMtra "premazauryamAMthI ke svAminArAyaNa saMtakavi premAnaMda svAmInA "prema-sakhI' kavinAmamAMthI maLI hoya, paNa vastutaH "prema" ane "bhakti' e be zabdomAM emanI priya bhAvanA, kavidarzana ke kavimizana samAI jAya che. e darzana ke mizana emanI hRdayabhUmimAM bahu vaheluM UgeluM. 1903mAM pragaTa thayelA emanA pahelA kAvyasaMgraha "keTalAMka kAvyo'ne, janmatithi' kAvya A prArthanAmAM pariName che : vairAgya kheluM priya saMga vizuddhiALe, ne snehane sadana tyAganI jhIla jhIluM; kartavyasAra rasapUjanamAM samAya, evuM prabho ! jIvanane 2caje rasIluM. sehe prabhAtazIla nimaLa premazobhA, AkAzakAnta mahIM bhaktinI chAMya DUbI e premabhakti saramAM UjavuM pravRttiH hArI prabhA ! vadhu zuM prabhu! jIvanane racaje rasIluM. rasapUjana sAthe bhaktineya eka zvAse "rasIlA' jIvananAM upAsya mAnatA nhAnAlAla 1906mAM prathama lakhAyelA ane 1925 tathA 1974mAM saMskArAyelA pitAnA kavijanma ke kAvyadIkSAnI kathA kAvyocita rIte AlekhatA "brahmajanma" ("keTalAMka kAvya'- 3) kAvyamAM "preraNAnI devI', kavitAnI jananI', "brahmakumArI zAradAnepitAnI Muse ne saMbodhI tene caraNe pitAno puNya saMkalpa A zabdomAM dharAve che: kavitA eTale vizvanI rasaprabhA,ane parabrahmanI AnaMdalAla kALanI dIvAdAMDI samuM,/ avanInA avadhUta jevuM, devanAM devatve raMgeluM, kaDAmaNI kavitAnA keDabharyuM/ mAMDIza brahmamaMdira samuM rasamaMdira, jagatanI rasagaMgotrIne ghATe. rogIone puNyapaMtha dAkhavatAtujadIdhI vibhUtionA kuvArA uDAvIza./ pRthvI pagathAre pAtharIza, preraNA puSya ne prakAza. kavi pite ja AvA "rasogI hoI jIvanamAM mAnavIne AnaMdAnubhUti karAvatA "rasanA eTale prakRtinA tema mAnavIonA bAhyAbhyatara sauMdaryanA tema ja snehamAdhuryanA utsAhI gAyaka banyA vinA e rahI zakyA nathI. kavitAnI mAphaka

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36] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa snehane paNa kavi vizvanI rasaprabhA ane parabrahmanI AnaMdakalA mAnatA hoI pitAnA kavanakALanI vasaMtamAM snehane ja pitAne gAnaviSaya banAvI beThA tenI navAI lAgavI nahi joIe. puruSahRdayanA sneha gAna mATe kavie svapatnInI bhAvanA rasI mUrtine saMbodhatAM keTalAMka kAvyo' bhAga 1-2-3mAMnAM kAvyo tema ja pa77 paMktinI pAchalI vayanI kRti "saMhAgaNa' ane nArIhRdayanA etaviSayaka bhAvonA gAna mATe AgaLa nideyAM tevAM gItakAvyono Azraya lIdhe che. praNayamAdhurInA adhiSThAna ane adhiSThAtrI tarIke nArIno mahimA pichANatA. kavine nArIhRdayanAM praNayasaMvedane ane anubhUtione gAvAnuM vizeSa rucyuM ne phAvyuM che. nhAnAlAlanA snehagAnamAM lagna mahattvanuM sthAna roke che e temanA sAhityasarjananA abhyAsIonA dhyAnamAM tarata Avaze. enuM rahasya paDayuM che nhAnAlAlanA aMtaramAM nAnapaNathI dharabAyelI dhArmikatAmAM. AgaLa TAMkelI paMktiomAM priyasaMganA "rasapUjana'mAM vizuddhi vairAgya ne tyAganI tathA premanI sAthe ja bhaktinI tema ja "rasamaMdirane "devone devatve raMgeluM, ane "brahmamaMdira' samuM banAvavAnI kavinI abhilASA e dhArmikatAe janmAvelI che. "prabhue bAMdhI pALa rasasAgaranI puNyathI" e kavinuM sUtravAkya tema ja rasakalAmAM dharma kalA' mAMDavAnA "indukumAra' nATakanI jogaNana meMmAM mukAyelA zabda paNa e bhAvanAnAM ja zabdAntara che. snehanA rasasAgarane puNyanI pALa bAMdhI Ape che. mAnavInI lagna saMsthA. dhamathI aviruddha kAmanI vyavasthA lekahitaciMtaka prAjJoe strIpuruSanA lagnamAM karI che. strI vinA puruSa ane puruSa vinA strI ekalAM adhUrAM che, snehapUrNa sahayoga ane hRdayagamAM ja emanA jIvananI kRtArthatA ane AnaMda, ane emAM ja beunuM "sRSTivikAsamAM sahAyaka': A nhAnAlAlanI "lagnasnehane vizvakamamAM hetu" e 1898nA lekhamAM vyakta thatI mAnyatA jeTalI TenisanIkhavI hatI teTalI ja temanI dharmabhAvanAnI paNa nIpaja hatI. AthI kava lagnabhAvanAnA hasIlA gAyaka banI beThA che. lagnane dhamya baMdhana ke niyamana vinAnA nibaMdha vilAsanI to emaNe "IndukumAra', 'jayA-jayanta', "vizvagItA', "zAhanazAha akabarazAha" ane anya kRtiomAM sakhata jhATakaNI kADhI che. strInI dRSTithI lagna ane dAMpatyanI bAbatamAM ene abhilASa ane kAruNyane nhAnAlAle vilAsanI bhA' kAvyamAM kavinI rIte upasAvela che, kavikalpanA aMtarikSamAM caMdrikAdhIta teja sRSTimAM kanyA, saubhAgyavatI ane vidhavA nArIjIvananI e traNa avasthAone anukrame mandAkinI, caMdrakalA ane jhAMkhI tArikAnAM mUrta

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [37 suMdarIsvarUpe ane temanI ugAro dvArA hRdayasparzI zAbdika abhivyakti apAve che. kanyAne joI Thare muja AMkha, Thare muja Atmana premanI bharatI rahaDe' e puNyaparAthI udAra bahAdura vara meLavavAnA keDa ane "rUpa dIdhuM, rasa, dIdha rasika na dIdha' e vidhinI krUratA, saubhAgyavatInI svAmInA saneha ane saMnidhyanA abhAve nityavijogaNa rasagaNu" jevI karuNa dazA ane akALe "sukhavRddha banelI vidhavAnA "sauMdarya ne rasa je kuMja zobhe, tyahAM ja vaidhavyaviyoga vaDAMthI saMtapta kavie "vilAsanI pavitra ja sAdhu zobhAnuM saMtRptikara darzana priyAyana'mAM "tyahAM hasantI kIkIne ja bulanda tatte karyuM ane temAM nehadevalo A "rasamaMtra' vAMcyo : saMcuM hamAruM sahu bhadra ja snehalagna, ne lagnasneha mahiM divya vilAsazabhA. A vicAra ke bhAvanA ke saMdezane rajU karavA kavie karelA kAvya-AyojanamAM temanI sarjaka pratibhAnA vilAsanI je zebhA jovA maLe che te e kAvyane temanAM prathama paMktinAM kAvyomAM samAveza karAve evI che. e kAvya pachI traNa dAyakA bAda anuSkupAdi che mAM baddha tema ja vacamAM AvatAM dasa gItanI maLIne kula 45 paMktionI kAvyakRti "pAnetarane kavie enuM nAma sUcave che tema samagra lagnavidhinuM, e paNa navoDhAnI daSTie vividha prasaMgoe anubhavAtA tenA hRdayabhAva sAthe, ullAsapUrNa kAvya banAvyuM che. ene Agale varSe pitAnI daSTithI eTale puruSanAM saMvedanathI pitAnA sADA cAra dAyakAnA dAMpatyane patnI mANekabAIne pUjAsthAne besADI gAtI ethIya lAMbI kAvyaracanA "sohAgaNa" kavie pragaTa karI hatI. e pahelAM "kulaginI kAvyamAM patnIne ane emanI dvArA jagatanI sarva kulaginIone - gRhiNIone emaNe bhAvabharI aMjali ApI ja hatI. "dAMpatyastotro saMcaya kavinA dAMpatyavAnane paricaya karAvI Ape che. | sneha ane lagnano mahimA karavA ane kaI mizanarInI hRdayavRttithI tene pitAnA kavisaMdeza tarIke rajU karavA A kavie gItA ane lAMbATUMkAM chaMdabaddha UrmikAvyone kAvyasvarUpane upayoga karyo che, tema 'vasaMtotsava" tathA "oja ane agara" jevAM varNanAtmaka kathAkAvya, "IndukumAra" ne "jayAjayanta' jevAM nATaka ane "uSA jevI gadyakathAoneya tenAM vAhana banAvyAM che. e kathAtmaka sAhityaprakAro para pachI AvIzuM.

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38]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [4. 4 bhaktigAna premabhakti' kavinAmanA pUrvArdhane sarvathA ucita tema sahetuka ane sAthe TharAve evA emanA premagAnanI jevuM ja emanA kavinAmane uttarArdhane ucita TharAve evuM emanuM bhaktigAna che. enA mULamAM che nehAnAlAlanI emanA sAhityamitra raNajitarAme prazaMselI "sateja dhAmiktA ke gItAnA aDhAramA adhyAyamAM zabda vAparIe to emanuM "Astikya'. e emanA hRdayamAM ropanAra haze gharanA. ane najIkanA svAminArAyaNa maMdiranA dharmavidhionA saMskAra, ane enA para jalasiMcana karanAra banyAM Adarza svAminArAyaNI kAzIrAma davenuM dharmaparAyaNa bhakta tarIkenuM pratyakSa jovA maLeluM AcaraNa, kolejamAM karele tatvajJAnane ane khAsa te mArTinane abhyAsa, gavardhanarAmanI ane TenisananI asara, amadAvAda, muMbaI ne pUnAnI prArthanAsamAjane sakriya saMparka ane gItAne anuvAda nimitta thayeluM gItAnuM vAcana-manana, e badhAM. pUrvabhavamAMthI A bhavamAM Ave UtarelA saMskAre nimI rAkhelI anukULa bIjabhUmi te pahelethI hatI ja. emanA prathama pahelA kAvyasaMgraha "keTalAMka kAvyomAM premalakSI ghaNuM kAvyo vacce emane aMta:stha bhaktibhAva pradarzita karatAM pAMca kAvya dekhAya che. pAMce prabhune saMbedhAyelAM che. "janmatithimAM saMsAranA vikAsamAM prabhune vicAryAnuM duHkha vyakta karatA kavi "eka vyartha yAcanAmAM sAdhutA ane bhaktinI jhaMkhanA, ane "vAMchanA' kAvyamAM "prabho ! hArI icchA pUrNa thAva !' ema kahI "prabhe ! hArI IcchA hArI thAva !' evI yAcanA prabhu kane kare che. "ahAleka' gajhalamAM pitAnuM nAcIja paNuM darzAvI prabhu pAse "aNu zuM te amIkaNa de ema prArtha che. nhAnAlAlane A bhaktiraMga uparachale nathI, paNa bhItarane pAke raMga che e "keTalAMka kAvyo' - 2nAM premano saMcAra' ane "siMdhunIre e be brahmasamAjI baMgALI bhajanonA anuvAda, "stutinuM aSTaka" tathA "harinAM darzana asaMdigdha rIte dekhADI Ape che. "prabhe aMtaryAmI' zabdothI zarU thatA zikhariNIne ATha kaleke gItA, upaniSada ne bhAgavatanI stutivANIne gujarAtI vANImAM utAre che paNa enI pasaMdagI, saMyojana tathA bhAvAka vANImAM enA anuraNanamAM kavihRdayano bhaktibhAva ja pravarce spaSTa varatAya. e kAvya varSothI gujarAtanI ghaNuM zALAo ane ghaNAM kuTuMba tathA vyaktionuM priya prArthanAgIta banI tenAM gAnArAMone bhaktibhInAM banAvatuM rahyuM che. kavinI maulika racanA "harinAM darzana te temAM coTadAra ane hRdayaMgama abhivyakti sAdhatI kavinI vyAkuLatA, AtmanirbharsanA, Arata ane jJAnadaSTine baLe arvAcIna gujarAtI kavitAnuM eka uttama koTinuM bhaktigIta banI gaI che. enA jevA ja

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [39 jUnA lokaDhALamAM DhALela "hari Ave ne evI ja haridarzananI AratabharI kavinI jANItI racanA che. 1910mAM pragaTa thayela "nhAnA nhAnA rAsamAM "maMdira dho' e gItamAM kavi deva' pAse "mAnavI mAnavIne haiye deha chatAMya deva thaIe evuM "maMdira" ane "ho gIndramAM "aMdhArAM ujALe e ujAza", "prANa prANa prabhujInA vAsa' ane "brahmala' mAge che. "gahana Atmika vANI belata brahmabaMsarIne eTale parabrahmanI brahmAMDa-lIlAmAMthI sUkSma rIte AMtara zravaNapaTe ja zrAvya e "parama zabda suNavA adhikArIone anurodha karatA A kavinI rAjarAjendrane e prAsaMgika racanAmAMnA vaktavyane sahasA UMcI sapATI para UMcakI jatI jAmyo che e mahArAsa, vAge veNu sanAtana; suNe che brahmabhInAM te, rame temAM hari-jana. e paMktio enA gAyakane brahmabaMsarIne parama zabda suNanArA "brahmabhInAM" harijana'nI jamAtanA jIva TharAvI Ape che. evA kavinI A racanAomAM tathA "giranArane caraNemAM tema ja nIcenI brahma brahmAMDa aLagAM re ghaDIye na thAya kadA... ("harinAM darzana") vaDAM pAtharyA AbhanAM patra kALAM, lakhI tejanA zabdathI maMtramALA, dizAkALadore gUMcyA sau khoLe mahAgraMtha brahmAMDane brahma le. aho, dhanya dhanya he ! | brahmAMDa kahe che ke brahma che. brahmAMDe bharcA brahmanAM amI.. (jayA-jayanta') nAme rUpe guNe vidha vidha vidhithI khelato bahurUpI e : gzeDaruM bela belI vahu thaI ramato brahma brahmAMDarUpe. (vaiSNavI paDaza graMthomAM - arpaNa) brahmAMDo sajI brahma rasabasa raciyo rAsa rAsezvare A... A loka loka rasalola ghumAvI bele brahmAMDa saMga paribrahmana brahmalIlA.. teja tejanA goLA re, gaganamAM ghumatA ho dIThA meM tyAM rumajhumatA dInadayALa. ("vaNuvihAra') ! ("jagapreraNA)

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40] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ . 4 jevI pAchaLanAM kAvyonI paMktiomAM "brahma ane virATa' zabdone prayoga harinAM darzana', 'hari ! Avone e kAvyamAM tathA pAchaLanI "veNuvihAra', haridarzana' ane 'harisaMhitA' e kRtiomAM "hari" ane "harivara' e zabdonA eTalA ja vipula pramANamAM thayelA vaparAzathI tatvamAM bhinna nathI. kavine mana brahma' ane 'virATa'nA ja paryAya che "hari ane "harivara'. "brahma" zabda pratye kavinuM AkarSaNa prArthanAsamAja dvArA thayelA brahmasamAjanA saMskArasaMparkanuM ane "hari' zabda mATenI mamatA emanA svAminArAyaNa viSNava bhaktisaMskAranuM phaLa manAya. emanI AvI Astika bhaktanI dRSTi ane vRtti dekhADanArAM kAvya ane gIte emanI kathAtmaka racanAomAM paNa avAranavAra najare caDavAnAM. parama dhana prabhunAM leje, leka !' ('jayA-jayanta), "hAre javuM pele pAra' ('jahAMgIra-nUrajahAM'), "e hari! AzIrvAda' (gepikA'), "anaMtadarzana" ("jagatapreraNA'), 'tUTuM hari ! asthire mahIM sthira' 'veNuvihAra'), "Abhaparo mehule gAje malhAra" ("zAhanazAha akabarazAha'), "virATane hiMDoLe', "pArakAM kema kIdhAM, brahmarAsa" ("vizvagItA'), hari hAre kIkIne hinDALa' (dvArikApralaya'), brahmavIMjaNo" ("indukumAra' - 2), "santana ! jhAMkhI kare rI', 'priyaMvara, zuM tarachoDo hAtha' vagere jevAM kAvyone nAmanideza A saMbaMdhamAM karI zakAya. uttaravayamAM haridarzana" ne "veNuvihAra' jevAM kathAtmaka AmalakSI prasaMgakAvyomAM, dvArikApralaya" jevA kathAkAvyamAM, "kurukSetra mahAkAvyamAM ane chelle "harisaMhitA'nA virATakAvyamAM nhAnAlAlane bhaktibhAva ane bhaktikavitA vadhu bulaMda banI rahe che. "harisaMhitA'nA mahAnAyaka te zrIkRSNa che ja, paNa kurukSetramAM paNa pote zrIkRSNane - harine ja kendramAM rAkhyAnuM jaNAvyuM che. A badhuM batAve che ke nhAnAlAlanA Astika hRdaya ane kavi tathA bhaktanAM kapanAcakSue emane jagatamAM, brahmAMDamAM, enAM zrImata tathA Ujita svarUpamAM brahmanAM, bRhatanAM, bhUmAnAM, virATanAM, harinAM, enI vibhUtinAM tathA lIlAnAM darzana karAvyAM che, jene vaikharImAM sollAsa gAtAM emane aneka vAra anavadya padaracanA maLI AvI che, te kyAreka brahma" ne "virATa' jevA zabdone nivArya atireka paNa emanAthI thaI gayo che. ene kavinuM kavidarzana (aesthetic vision) ja gaNavuM hoya to tema, ane koI bhItarI AdhyAtmika anubhUtie ughADI nAkhelI daSTi kahevI hoya te tema. paNa emanA aMtaratamane tathA pratibhAnayanane kAIka rIte kyAreka brahmasaMsparza thaI gayo che eTaluM te mAnyA vagara emanI bhaktikavitAnA abhyAsIone chUTako nathI. emAM AnaMdanI vAta e che ke kavi kyAreya kavi maTI jatA nathI. emanuM bhaktigAna Ama navI arvAcIna

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [41 abhivyakti sAthe bhakti-kavitAnI madhyakAlIna paraMparAne laMbAvI Ape che. emanuM aMtima sarjana kRSNa kanaiyAnA darzana-Agamanane vadhAvatuM UrmigIta hatuM. paNa e ne "naMdane dulAro" ne "he vrajarAja ! hArI vAMsaLiye' jevAM kAvyo lakhanAra A kavinA upAsya kRSNa te gItAne gAnAra ne kurukSetrane yuddha veLAnA ane te pachInA yogezvara jJAnezvara kRSNa hatA, vrajavALA kRSNa nahi. AthI narasiMha ne dayArAma jevA ghaNuM madhyakAlIna gujarAtI bhaktikavionA jevI premalakSaNa bhaktizRMgAranI kavitAthI tema sUphIvAdI prakAranI kavitAthI e dUra rahyA che. prArthanAsamAja-brahmasamAjanI asara tema arvAcIna yuganA zikSaNa-saMskAra jeNe emane zubhrabhAvanA (puritanism)nA upAsaka banAvyA che te emAM kAraNabhUta heya. svadezabhaktinI kavitA paradezI aMgrejI amala bAda duniyAnI navI havAnA sparza ApaNe tyAM navuM bhaNatara bhaNelA vargamAM rASTrIya asmitAnI sabhAnatA AvI, teNe arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityane svadezabhaktino eka navo viSe saMpaDAvyuM hovAnI hakIkata prasiddha che. dalapatarAma, narmada, harilAla dhruva, bhImarAva diveTiyA, maNilAla, govardhanarAma, ThAkara Adie potapotAnI saumya ke utkaTa rIte pitAnI dezavatsalatAne potAnA sAhityamAM pragaTa karI che. navayugane vizeSa utsAhathI vadhAvanAra ane vIsamI sadInA AgamananI havAmAM kavi tarIke pariyANa AdaranAra nhAnAlAla dezabhaktinA dinakara'('IndukumAra' - 1)nA udayane vadhAvavAmAM pAchA na paDayAnuM jema emanuM jIvana kahe che tema emanI kavitA paNa dekhADe che. kavinI dezabhakti 1902, 1905 ane 1911mAM lakhelAM prAsaMgika "rAjamahArAja eDavarDa ne, rAjayuvarAjane" ane "rAjarAjendrane" e traNa Ama rAjabhakti dekhADatAM paNa aMdara Atmagaurava sAthe bhAratanI briTana pAsenI apekSAone savinaya chatAM nirbhaka rIte "vAvazo evuM laNaze' jevI spaSTabhASI vANImAM uccAratAM kAvyomAM spaSTa mUrta thatI dekhAya che. emAMne bIjA kAvyamAMnI kavitA, bhakti, dhamanI janetA, RSi, draSTA, yogIonuM vatana, prajAonuM hinda mahAtIrtha che... prajAonI mAtAmahI ama prajA che. e paMktiomAMnI ane trIjAnI anerI vastunuM eka rAkhyuM saMgrahasthAna A... amArA dezamAM rAjana, khIle che mAnavI prA. jevI paMktiomAMnI "dharmakhaMDa hindanI AtmagauravabharI prazasti "IndukumAra' -

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42 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ gaM. 4 aMka 1, pra. pamAMnI bhArataprazasti sAthe vAMcatAM kavinI svadezabhaktinI utkaTatAne. khyAla Avaze. bhAratane mahimA gAtAM bIjAM paNa kAle A kavie pAchaLathI. lakhyAM che, jevAM ke "UTha, o bharatagotra', "bhArata : eka aitihAsika kAvya" ('gAo e mahAkathA manuSyamAhinI ahA bhAratakula'), ane "Aryatvane jhuDe. (! jhaMDA)', jemAM bhAratIyone bhAratanuM prAcIna gaurava saMbhArI ApI te punaH prApta karavA ane tene saMskRtisaMdeza jagatabharamAM phelAvavAnI hAkala kavi kare che. emAM utsAha che eTalI kavitA nathI. "jaya kSatriyatIrtha citaDa' kAvya paNa kavinI dezabhaktinuM gaNAya, jema gujarAtaprazastinAM 'gujarAtaH eka etihAsika kAvya" ane "gurjarI kuMje' jevAM kAvyo paNa. "dhanya he ! dhanya ja puNya pradeza ! amAro guNiyala gurjara deza" e dhruvapaMktivALuM daza kaDInI lAvaNamAM lakhAyela gujarAta paranuM paheluM kAvya gujarAtanAM ItihAsa-bhUgoLa, enI prakRtibhA, enAM nagaro ne janapada, enI prajA ne tenI viziSTatAone bhAvathI gAya che. emAMnuM pAMcamI kaDInuM coLI, caNiye, pATalIno ghera, seMthale sALunI senala sera; cheDale AcchAdI urabhAva, lalita lajajAne vadana jamAva; aMga Akheye nija alabela, sALumAM DhAMkatI rUpanI vela, rANaktanayA, bhAvAbhanA, suMdaratAne zuM choDa! Arya suMdarI ! nathI avanImAM tuja rUpaguNanI joDa ! bhAla kuMkuma, kara kaMkaNu sAra, kanyanA sajyA tejazaNagAra, rUpaguNavatI alabelI gujarAtaNanuM zabdacitra ane "bhAratIe kaMI phUlaphUvAre aMjalimAM zuM lIdha' e chellI kaDImAMnI citrAtmaka ujhekSA e kAvyanAM AkarSaNasthAne che. gujarAtaNanI evI ja prazasti "ama gujarAtaNanAM bANuM ane "kAThiyANInuM gItamAM paNa che. e bIjA kAvyamAM gIranuM jaMgala, bhAdara nadI, cAraNonA nesa, "ADAM na Ave jhADavAM evA lAMbA lAMbA paMtha', "sAgara sama soraTha taNuM re hiloLA letI bhoma', sAthI giriothI vIMTaLAyelo giranAra, A badhAM sAthe saurASTranI pRSThabhU tema ja kAThiyANI ane tenA "kanthaDanAM citra suMdara Alekhana pAmyAM che. dasa kaDInuM "gurjarI ke jenuM gujarAtanA itihAsa,

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pra. 2] 5 43. bhUMgALa, prakRti, mAnavavibhUtio, tIrthA i.nuM bhAvachalakatuM mahimnaHstotra tathA. e ja zIrSakanI gajhala bhAratabhakta nhAnAlAlanI evI ja utkaTa gujarAtabhaktinAM nidarzaka che. 'hA ! raNane kAMThalaDe re'mAM paMcAsara, vardhamAnapurI'mAM vaDhavANu ane 'cAru vATikA'mAM cAravADanI prakRtizrIne kavie je aMjali ApI che temAM paNu emanI vatanabhaktinuM darzana thAya. cAru vATikA'mAM ceravADa ne tenI AsapAsanI bhUgALa, tyAMnA sAgarakheDue ne strIo, ne tyAMnA amRtalAla paDhiyAra jevA mAnavivazeSonI paNa tyAMnI prakRtizAbhAnI sAthe mAhitI ApatAM kavi cUkayA nathI. nhAnAlAla gujarAtanI bhUminA sAcA bhakta che. emaNe bahu bhAvathI gujarAtane gAyu che. nhAnAlAla nhAnAlAlanI svadezaprItie cAlu zatakanA AraMbhanA be dAyakAmAM AvelI rASTrIya jAgRti ane tenAM cihnarUpa bhagama ga, heAmarUla ane asahakAranAM AdeAlane sAthe hRdayanI sahAnubhUti ochIvattI sakriyatA sAthe emane anubhavAvI che ane ene peAtAnuM kavi tarIkenuM bhAvAtmaka anumeAdana apAvaDAvyuM che e 'raNugItA' nAmathI emaNe pAchaLathI saMgrahastha karelAM kAvyeA parathI jaNAya che. 1904mAM lakhAyela 'sAyanA sipAI' dakSiNa AphrikAmAM bhAratIyeAe gAMdhIjInI saradArI noMce ApelI satyAgraha-laDatanA ane siMhane zastra zAM? vIrane mRtyu zAM?... subhaTa che. sajjananiHzasratAthI; dharmAMtraja tama khaDA, zastra hAmAM vaDAM; zrI hari satyanA samarasAthI e prasiddha pa`ktiemAM dharmanA vIra' A pUta'ne 'zAntibhAthAM bharI' yuddhavATe saMcaravAnI hAkala karatA zukunanI ghaDIe' e kAvya 1920-21nI ahiMsaka svAtaMtryalaDatanA kavi-anumeAdananAM ja gIta che. 'nathI paratuM levuM-lUMTavuM jo'/ amAruM amane nahi levA dyo ?" ane 'zastradhAva kAnUna baMdUkanA/niHzastranI DhAle ja jhIlantAM' jevI paMktie dekhADatuM 'raNavAjA' kAvya paNa 'zukanano ghaDIA'nA ja bhAvane raNakAve che. 'kurukSetra'mAMnuM kuntIsa dezanuMpA ne kahe| haDAve bANu' e kAvyamAMnI bhIkhyAM, bhaTakacAM, viSTi, vinavaNI,--kIdhAM sujananAM krama', A sujanatA dainya gaNI tA yuddha e ja yugadha e paMktiomAM paNa 1928nA bAraDAlI satyAgraha ane 1930nA svAtaMtrya-saMgrAmane kavie ApeluM bhAvAtmaka samana vinAsakAca vAMcI zakIe tema che.

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44] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa kavinI vANI te AvA saMgrAmone gajabanuM baLa ApI tenA laDavaiyAone naitika pIThabaLa ApI temanA jessA(morale)ne daDhAvavAnI sevA bajAvatI hoya che. "raNagIto'mAMnI "o bhAratanI mAtAo', "suNe e hiMdanI hAkala', cala', "jayaDaMkA ne "zubhanAM zukuna jevI racanAo pahelA vizvayuddha (1914- 18) veLAnI bhAratIya svadezabhaktinI nIpaja che. jo ke kavitA tarIkenI dIpti temAM najevI varatAya che. e anubhavAya che kesarabhInA kaMtha he !", "kasuMbalA kIdhA nAliyA', kesariyA vIra, kesariyAM che !" ane cAraNI chaMdanuM saphaLa raNasaMgIta lalakAratA "jaya ! kesaracIra raNadhIra rame e raNabaMkA rajapUtonA raNazauryane biradAvatA ane madhyakAlIna kSAtredrakanuM gaurava karatA "zAhanazAha akabarazAha'mAM mukAyelA kAvyamAM. madhyakAlIna rAjapUtIne eTale ke kSAtra vIratvane nhAnAlAlanI e kAvyAcanA che. praNaya, prakRtisauMdarya ane bhaktinA A kavine vIrarasanI kavitA paNa kevI phAve che tenuM darzana paNa e kAvyo sAthe "vIrAMganA ane "kAThiyANInuM gIta" vAMcatAM sahedone thayA vinA raheze nahi. A zauryagAnanI gaMgotrI paNa nhAnAlAlanI svadezabhakti che e kahevAnI jarUra nathI. nhAnAlAlanI yuddhavarNanazakti "kurukSetra" mahAkAvyamAM tema bIjA vizvayuddha (19381945)nI bhISaNatAne AlekhatA dharaNIdhara ! dhIMgI dhruje che dharA, kSaNakampa ajaMpa bhUkaMpa thayA" ane "raNaghera caDhe ghUmato nabhamAM, hari ! kALanI nobata bAjI rahI" e dhruvapaMktio gajAvatA saMgrAmaceka' jevA "prajJAcakSunAM prajJA bindu saMgrahanA kAvyamAM sArI jovA maLe che. vIgato karatAM yuddhanI bhISaNatAnuM samagracitra teo sAruM upasAvI zake che te emAMthI jaNAya che. bALakAvyuM ane aMjalikA nhAnAlAlanA vipula kAvyasarjanamAM bALakAvyo paNa jovA maLe che e noMdhapAtra gaNavuM joIe. "...bALakAvya lakhavAM kaparAM che ane dalapatarAmane e hathoTI beThI hatI eTalI anya kAne beThelI A paNa varSamAM te dIThI nathI' ema svIkAratA chatAM nhAnAlAla pitAnAM pagalAMmAM paga mUkavAno prayatna karyA vinA rahyA nathI. e vakhatanA muMbaI ilAkAnI sarakArI gujarAtI vAcanamALA mATe emaNe 1904mAM racI mokalelAM sAtaATha kAvyomAMthI cAra bALapothImAM kavinA nAme lekha vinA varSo sudhI chapAyAM karyA hatAM, jemAMnAM tArA" ane "cAMdaliyo' kakko-bArAkhaDI zIkhatAM bALa vaDe sArAM jhilAyAM hatAM. e beu bALakAvyonA pUrvArdha, anukrame gaNyA gaNAya nahi, vINyA vINAya nahi ane "mA ! mane cAMdaliye hAle' e paMktiothI zarU thatA,

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pra. 2] - nhAnAlAla [45. jeTalA bALagamya banelA teTalA enA uttarArdha mahetA banyA, paNa nhAnAlAlanuM kaviziSTa - AkAze palake ne jhINuM jhINuM malake; aMdhArI rAte e deva kerI AMkho, nhAnakaDI udhADe teja kerI pAMkho. e 'tArAnA uttarArdhamAM AhalAdaka rIte camakyA vinA rahyuM nathI. bALake sudhI e pahoMcI zakyuM na hoya to emAM vAMka emane zikSakene ja gaNAya. "bALakAvyo" pustikAmAM kavie mUkelAM badhAM kAvyone bALakAvya kahI zakAya tema nathI. jene tevAM ne saphaLa bALakAvya kahI zakAya temAM upara gaNAvyAM te uparAMta madhamAkhI, keyala, DAMgaranAM khetara", "laNaNI" ane "nAvane kaptAna" eTalAMne khuzIthI. gaNAvI zakAya. DAMgaranAM khetara jaLabharelA kyArA, ciMco, "upara kesaravarNA phUlaMvALI "hariyALI saLIo," lIlI pILI jhUlavALA 'hAthI zA" DolatA AMbA- e badhAM sAthe caMDoLa ne koyalanA paNa ullekha khetaranuM bALagamya prabhAtacitra achuM AlekhI Ape che. "laNaNI laNe'nA zramagAna sAthe laNaNane sahayoga nimaMtranuM 'laNaNI bALake mATenuM sAruM abhinayagIta banI zake evuM che. "jeje kahuM chuM, thaIza khare ! huM kaIka dina kaptAna ane "bharatI che ke oTa bhale hA, sidhdha mahAruM sukAna jevI paMktiovALuM 'nAvano kaptAna" bALakomAM evI mahattvAkAMkSA rope evuM che. A kavie AvAM kAvyothI gujarAtanI UgatI bALapeDhIneya kaMIka gAvA jevuM ApyuM gaNAze. nhAnAlAlanA UrmikAvya-samudAyamAM emane premAkarane pAtra vyaktivizeSone mATe lakhAyelAM aMjalikAvyo dhyAna kheMcyA vinA rahetAM nathI. bAvA liMgarAjanuM zabdacitra garabInA DhALamAM AlekhatA leliMgarAja' kAvyane te yauvanA', saubhAgyavatI'nA vargane "rAjavIra jevuM citradarzanAtmaka vyakti-kAvya gaNavAmAM vAMdho nathI. kharAM aMjalikAvyamAM "pitRtarpaNa", "gurudeva', "gujarAtano tapasvI', ane "saurASTrane sAdhu" e cAra kAvyo Ave. emAM sarvottama Thare evuM pitRtarpaNa" kaviputra nhAnAlAle pitA dalapatarAmane pitAne "bhagavadgItAnA samazlokI gujarAtI anuvAdanuM kareluM arpaNakAvya che. gaMbhIraghANI prAsabaddha anu pamAM pitAnA sthaLa ane lakSaNa zarIrane putrasahaja bhakti-bhAvabharI ane kavitAI vANImAM stavatA kavi nAnapaNamAM potAnAM "aLavItarAMothI emane, kacavyA dUbhavyA hevAne pazcAttApa je lAgaNIbhInI bhASAmAM vyakta karI aMgatA

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46] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 Urmita lAve che tene lIdhe e kAvya karuNaprazastikAvya(elegy)nuM rUpa paNa pakaDe che - jema "zrAddhatithi e "saMghamitrA'nuM arpaNakAvya paNa gata putrI mATenuM karuNaprazastikAvya banyuM che. kAvyanA e pazcAttApanA bhAvane aMgata kATimAMthI UMcakI, temAM arvAcIna yuganA navajAgRtikALanI usahi-adhIrI juvAna peDhIne anAdarelI AgalI pitRpeDhI AgaLa vyakta thato pazcAttApa baLavaMtarAya ThAkore joyo che. e kAvyanA khaMDa 1 ane pamAnAM bhAva-bhASA bhAvakanA kAnamAM guMjyA kare evAM che. bAkInAM traNa kAvya achAMdasa DolanazailImAM lakhAyAM che, jemAM e zailIne vAgvilAsa "vasaMtotsava' ane "IndumAra' - 1nI jeTale nahi toya enI jevo jovA maLe che. e sAthe jovA maLe chekavine kAzIrAma dave pratyene gurubhAva, gAMdhIjInI sAdhutA ane sevAga pratyeno AdarabhAva ane amRtalAla paDhiyAra mATenA premAdarabharyo maitrIbhAva, je te kAvyane UrminI bhInAza ane uSmA Ape che. aMjaliviSaya vyaktionI guNaprazasti tathA emAMne svajanavirahane karuNa bhAva emAMnA 'gurudeva" ane "saurASTrane sAdhu" e be kAvyone karuNaprazasti kAvyanA vargamAM mUkavA lalacAve evAM che. gujarAtano tapasvI' e karmavIra mahAtmA gAMdhIne gujarAtanA e samayanA samartha pratibhAzALI kavie emanI pacAsamI janmajayaMtIne avasare apelI emanI dezasevAne abhinaMdatI-anudatI utsAhabharI aMjali gAMdhIjIne apAyelI aMjaliomAM agrasthAnanI adhikArI che. e kAvyamAM gAMdhIjInI sAthe kasturabA gAMdhIne paNa kavie saMbhAryA ne AdarathI vadhAvyAM che, jema pitRtarpaNamAM pitA bhegAM mAtAne paNa temaNe saMbhAryA-saMpUjyAM che. potAne maLatAM mAna-sanmAna viLA svapatnI mANekabAIne tenI ardhabhAginI banAvyAM karanAra kavi nhAnAlAlane nArIgauravanA kavi' kAkA kAlelakare amastA nathI kahyA. "sAdhe satyanAthe Agraha na hoya' evI tathA mukha para viSAdagherA gAMbhIrya mATe gAMdhIjIne kavie e kAvyamAM umaLakAbharI prazastithI navAjyA pachI karelI mIThI Takora nhAnAlAlanA paNa kavivyaktitvanI ane jIvanadarzananI pichANa karAvI rahe che. kavie lakhelAM ballad prakAranAM kahI zakAya tevAM kathAgItane paNa atra saMbhArI laIe. "saravariyAM DolyAM" e madhyakAlIna vIratAnAM bahenanI mAgaNIthI tenA mADIyA kSatriya vIre khelelA dhiMgANunA prasaMgane varNavatuM karuNAnta kAvya pArasIonA gujarAtamAM thayelA prathama Agamanane prasaMgane varNavatA 'dUdhamAM sAkara" nAmanA kAvya karatAM kathAgItanA rAsaDA tarIke vadhAre saphaLa che. AvA rAsaDAnI paNa ajamAyaza kavie saphaLatAthI karI hovAnuM A be ane

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [47 pATaNanA paradhAne amane bena kahI bolAvyAM je "pikA') jevI racanAo batAve che. prasaMgakAvyanuM kAThuM kavinA keTalAMka kAvyo'-3nI traNa DolanazailInI racanAnuM paNa dekhAya che. "hAro mora" ane "pArevaDAM' e mitra tribhuvanadAsa gajarane tyAM lakhAyela be racanAomAM pahelImAM sAgaratIranA mahelanI mahArANIne tenA pALelA moranA mRtyuprasaMge yogIe Apela samAdhAsaka bodha tene ja khAtara prasaMga yojAyo hovAnuM dekhADe, ane bIjImAM gajajara-daMpatInA jIvanane aNasAra pArevaDAMnA pratIkAtmaka viniyogathI kaLAya. pahelI racanAmAM mora paNa saMtAnanA pratIka tarIke prajA hovAnuM spaSTa che. "brahmajanma' e beu karatAM vadhu AsvAdya kRti AtmalakSI racanA che. kavi pitAnA kavijanmanI ja vAta temAM brahmajanma eTale brAhmaNa - dvija tarIkenAM navasaMskAra ne dIkSAnI vAtanA DhAMkaNamAM kare che. emAMnA aMdhakAra, caMdrodaya, caMdrabiMbamAM dekhAyelAM brahmakumArI zAradAnAM citravarNana kavitA lekhe suMdara che ane kAvyamAMnA nava-brahmakumAre brahmakumArI sanmukha lIdhelI pratijJA ke karela puNya saMka9pa nhAnAlAlanI kAvyabhAvanA ke kavidharmanA emanA Adarzane dIptimaMta bhASAmAM mUkI Ape che. e pratijJA, saMka9pa ke kavidha nhAnAlAle temane samagra sAhityasarjanamAM nakazA pramANe caNAtI imArata peThe akSarazaH pALyo che e hakIkata che. traNe kAvyamAMnI prasaMganI jhAMkhI pAtaLI rekhAo A kavine vigataspaSTa ane mUrta vastusaMvidhAnamAM bahu rasa nathI, e dekhADI Ape che. kathAtmaka kavitA hAnAlAlanA je kAvyasarjananI atyAra sudhI vAta karI te temanAM mikAvyane lagatI hatI. emAM emanI ananya siddhithI gujarAtane mugdha karanAra A kavie kathAtmaka (narrative) kavitAne paNa pitAnI kAvyasAdhanAmAM eTaluM ja mahattvanuM sthAna ApyuM che. e prakAranI kavitAmAM vasaMtsava" ane "oja ane agara' jevAM khaMDakAvya, dvArikApralaya' jevuM kathAkAvya, "kurukSetra' jevuM mahAkAvya ane "harisiMhatA" jevuM tethIya moTA mApakadanuM, kavinA zabdamAM, kavirATakAvya" ke ApaNe jene "purANakAvya" kahIe te cAle, tene samAveza thAya che. baMsI mUkI pAMcajanya zaMkha hAthamAM lenAra zrIkRSNa "suMdara maTI bhavya' banyA ema kahetA kavi pote paNa suMdara maTI bhavyanI ArAdhanA karavA mATe UrmikAvyamAMthI kathAtmaka kavitA bhaNI vaLyA hoya ema ApaNane lAge, paNa vastutaH UrmikAvyanI sAthe kathAtmaka kavitAnI sAdhanA emaNe AraMbhathI ja AdarI hevAnuM vasaMtetsava" ane "IndukumAra'-1 parathI jaNAya che.

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gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4. vasaMtetsava kavie pitAnA priya kavi TenisananA "inoka ArDanIne najara samakSa rAkhI lakhavA dhAreluM paNa pachI tenI potAnI ja cAle cAleluM khaMDakAvya. che. e neMdhapAtra banyuM che DolanazailInA emAM gujarAta samakSa mukAyelA prathama prAgathI, vasaMtetsava UjavavAnA prajA samakSa sadaSTAMta sUcana rUpe rajU thatA enA nava-kavinA kavisaMdezathI, e nimitte emAM gujarAtanAM vADI-khetara, AMbAvADiyAM, taLAva, kelakUjana, nirmaLa AkAza ne lIlamalIlI dharA, enAM savAra bapora sAMja ne cAMdanInAM dazyo sAthe je kavitAraTuM citraNa temAM pAmyAM che tenAthI, temAM AlekhAyelA taruNa-taruNIne ane te dvArA rajU thatI nehalagnanI bhAvanAthI, tema ja kAvyanI aMtima paMktiomAM kavine ja pAchaLathI batAvyA pramANe sUcavAyelA jagatanA ane bhAratanA navayugane vadhAvavAnA vinithI. nhAnAlAlIya kalpanA, rasikatA, kavitA ane zabdabhavane pahele svAda A kRtie gujarAtane cakhADyo hato. ramaNa-subhagA, vidhavA vilasu ane saubhAgyacaMdra, ane nAnAM kusubI ane nayananA snehasaMvanananI emAM vaNAyelI kathA AchIpAtaLI ja che. romenTika kavinI manasvitAthI kavi badhuM kahetA nathI, kathAvastumAMnuM keTaluMka vAcakonI kalpanA para pUravA mATe choDI detA hoya che. kAvyamAM vilasu vaDe gavAtuM vasaMtagIta tenI trIjI kaDImAM kavinI bhUmA-dRSTi ane kalpanAbaLane pratApe keTaluM UMcuM UMcakAya che te jovAnuM sahRdayathI cukAyA nahi evuM che. "prANaprANanI rasakathA te sneha', "prANanI parama cetanA te prema che, "svarga ne sneha zuM jUjavAM che?" ane "premalagnanI vidhavAne punarlagna samuM pApa nathI; dehalagnanI vidhavAne premalagna samI mukti nathI" jevI e kAvyanI paMktio gujarAtane maDhe caDI gayelI. "Aja ane agara uparanA kAvya pachI cha varSe racAyeluM paNa pAchaLathI sudhArAI 1933mAM pragaTa thayuM hatuM. emAMnI zazapara gAmanAM oja ane agaranI tathA ziva mahArAja (mULa nAma megha) ane zaradanI, ema be hakathA snehanA prathama ughADathI AraMbhAI Akhare karuNAta bane che. AjanI bAbatamAM karuNAnta e rIte ke agara saMsAralagnane bhoga banI kasUvAvaDamAM mRtyu pAme che, ane ziva mahArAjanI bAbatamAM e rIte ke zarade enI mAphaka joga oDho che. pote na pAmyAM te saMsAranAM brahmasaMgIta jayA ane jayantanI mAphaka gavarAvavAnA e traNe pAtrAne ane kavie pelA mizanamAM lagnamAM na pariNamI zakatA zuddha hRdaya snehane UrvIkaraNane samAdhAnakAraka Adarza kavie cI manAya. A khaMDakAvyamAM grAmaprakRtinuM ane tenA para zaherI saMskRti(!)nA

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [ ve AkramaNanuM citra thAvuka Ave che paNa kavinuM lakSa strI-puruSane ninijanA daitAdvaitanA dharma pratyeAdhavA upara vizeSa rahyuM hAI evAM khAdhaka pravacaneAnuM tattva kRtimAM AgaLa thaI gayuM che. vastusaMvidhAna paratve kavinI beparavAI ahI paNa chatI thAya che. upalI be kRtie jo 'prema-bhakti'nA prema-pAsAnuM sarjana che teA 'haridarzana' ane vevihAra' e be prasaMgavarNananAM AtmalakSI khaMDakAvyA emanA bhakti-pAsAnuM sarjana che. emAM AgalI kRtine vastuviSaya kavi-patnI mANekabAne dvArakA ane kheTanI jAtrAmAM kheTanA ma MdiramAM mUrti ADe TerA (paDadA) paDI gayA hatA te nIce DhaLI paDatAM ThAkArajInI mUrtinu thayeluM darzana che. e kAvya vize noMdhapAtra vAta e madhyakAlIna AkhyAnazailImAM lakhAyelu che ane emAM kaDavAMne (tene 'mIThAM' kahenAra dayArAmane anusarI) kavie 'madhurAM' kahyAM che e che. enu... 16mu 'naMdavarAya nayaNe jhIlyo re leAla'nA AnaMda gAtuM madhuru" kAvyadaSTie kRtinuM uttamAMga che. 'herakhaDA haranI e hasatI mudrAmAM dIThI hatI mudrA hamArI' evI chellA madhurAnI paktimAM, bhaktine gAtA kavi peAtAnI priya prema-bhAvanAneya TahukAvyA vinA rahyA nathI e paNa dhyAna kheMcaze. buddhivAdI ke nAstikane je akasmAta ja lAge temAM prabhukRpAnA camatkAra mAnatI patnInI bhALI zraddhAne A kAvyamAM kavie anumeAdI ane biradAvI che ema kahenArane khIjI kRti 'vevihAra'thI teA kavi niruttara karI Astika banAvI de evuM che. emAM kavie nirUpele prasaMga emanI svAnubhUtinA che. 1935nA DisembaramAM maraNeAnmukha jevI dazAnI eka bImArImAM lAgaTa traNa divasa sudhI - pILuM pItAMbara, mArapIcchane mugaTa, vAdaLavaNlR uparaNA, vIjaLInI kAra, meghalasyAma dehaprabhA, (hAthamAM) kALI ne kAyala jevaDI vAMsaLI', evA bAlakRSNanu peAtAne thayelu. darzana kavie emAM 'gItagAviMda'kAra jayadevanA 'zabda-raNakAranuM Adhu anuraNana' gujAratI chaMdeAbaddha ane gItAnI maLI kula 590 5ktimAM pU bhaktibhAvathI karyuM che. enAM ba'sInAda (madhurAM 3, 10), bAlakRSNanAM nRtya (madhuru 13), rUpa-zeAbhA (madhuruM 15) ane adarzana (madhuruM 16)nAM varNana mATe yeAAyelAM gItA tathA aMtima madhurAmAMnI 'jaya jagayeAta hira !'nI AratImAM nhAnAlAlanu kavitva sALe kaLAe vilasatuM anubhavAya che. gItAnA lAlityamAM 3. 4 hAM tA tejala vela kA jhaLahaLI, vALA virATe DhaLI, lantA jhabakAra eka jhabakatho, veNu thaI vIjaLI; khUlyAM dvAra anantanAM : hari gayA - haiye zu' ? vA yeAmamAM ? *

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50] . gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 Avyo AMgaNiye, ra, zamI gayo abhyAdhi ambodhimAM. je bhavyatAnuvatI chaMda-ghoSa ajaba saMvAdathI bhaLI jAya che. kAvyalAlitya ane bhavyatA baMnenI ekasarakhI siddhi A kavinI dekhADe che. "na nirakhyA harine jarIne paritApa ane vyAkuLatA gAnAra kavine pite jhaMkheluM haridarzana thayAne AnaMda A kAvyamAM salAsa jhaLakI rahyo che. cAra khaMDamAM vistaratuM dvArikApralaya) kavie kurukSetranA badhA kAMDA lakhI lIdhA pachI jANe tene anusaMdhAna ke pariziSTarUpe lakhyuM hoya evuM kathAkAvya che. emAM dvArikA, prabhAsanuM somanAtha maMdira, sAgarakinAre yadukumArane AnaMdotsava ne temAMthI uddabhavelI jAdavAsthaLI, balabhadrane sAgaravilaya - A sarvane varNavatA pahelA be khaMDa karatAM kRtine bhAvadaSTie AkarSaka bhAga che zrIkRSNanA dehotsargane viSaya banAvato trIjo khaMDa, ane kavinA zabdaprabhutva ane varNanasAmarthyanI dRSTie adhika AkarSaka bhAga che dvArikAnA sAgaranimajjanane sAkSAtkarAvate cothe khaMDa. dvArikAne prasavA AvatAM sAgaranAM dhasatAM pralayaMkara mojAMnI raudralIlAnuM kRtinI chellI pAMcasoeka Dolana-paMktiemAM kavie kareluM varNana emAMnA varNananA paunaH punyanA doSa chatAM emane eka sAhityavijaya gaNAvA pAtra che. emAM mahAkAvyocita bhavyatAne saMsparza paNa anubhavAya. karakSetra : nehAnAlAlanI ethI vadhu mahatvAkAMkSI kRti "kurukSetra che. mahAkAvya racavAno mane ratha narmadanI evI mahattvAkAMkSAmAMthI pitAnAmAM Ugyo hovAnuM temaNe enI prastAvanAmAM jaNAvyuM che. narmade mahAkAvya mATe yogya chaMda mATe phAMphAM mArI viravRtta yojela, te pramANe kavie paNa tevA chaMdanI zodhamAM DolanazailI ghaDI paNa tene prayoga nATaka "IndukumAra' mATe ne khaMDakAvya "vasaMtotsava' mATe karyo, joke "IndukumAranA traNa aMkane pite mahAkAvya kahI oLakhAvavAno prayAsa pAchaLathI karyo che. vastutaH pitAne pUrato kaviyaza ApI "mahAkavi' kahI vadhAvanAra gujarAtane mahAkAvya ApI javAnI ane e rIte pitAne "mahAbhAratakAra vyAsanA parAzaragotrane e sAhityakAryathI paNa gauravavaMtA vArasa siddha karAvavAnA abhilASe emane mahAkAvyano A prayAsa hAtha dharavA preryA hovAnuM samajAya che. kurukSetranA yuddhanA prasaMga upara emaNe vastu mATe DhaLelI pasaMdagI paNa e sUcave che. bIjI bAju, pite jene mahAbhArata yuddhanA mahAnAyaka mAne che e bhagavAna zrIkRSNane kendramAM rAkhI emanuM mahimAgAna karavAnI taka paNa ethI emanI bhakta-vRttine maLatI hatI. vastu eTale pAtro ane prasaMgo vyAsanAM levAM, paNa nirUpaNa ane kavitAmAM to nijI saMpatti dAkhavavI evA saMkalpa

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [51 sAthe kavie A mahAkAvya bAra kAMDAmAM lakhI "samantapaMcakInA upodaghAta tathA "mahAprasthAnanAM upasaMhAra kAvya tenI sAthe pAchaLathI jeDyAM che. emanI najara samakSa namUnA mATe miTanane "pereDAijha lAsTa'nuM mahAkAvya (epic) tathA hemaranuM "iliyaDa" (kurukSetranuM mahAbhArata yuddha emAM vastuviSaya hevAthI) haze - kurukSetranA bAra kAMDa milTananA mahAkAvyanA bAra sarganI vyavasthAnI yAda Ape - tema TenisananuM "AIDilsa oNpha dha kinga paNa hatuM. bAre kAMDa kavie samayAnukrama pramANe nahi, kavinA niraMkuza AtmachaMda pramANe cAlI ADAavaLA lakhelA ane jema te lakhAtA gayelA tema chapAvatA gayelA. yugapalaTa' nAmaka prathama kAMDanA prasaMganuM Ayojana kavinuM maulika che. AthamatI pUrNimAnA darzane pUrvAnubhUta rAsapUrNimAnA smaraNe baMsI bajAvatA baMdhu zrIkRSNane bahena subhadrA dvApara ane kalinI saMdhyAe yugapalaTo mAgata hate te mujaba baMsI choDAvI tenA hAthamAM pAMcajanya zaMkha mUkI tene suMdaramAMthI bhavya banAve e A kavine ja sUjhe evI suMdara kalpanA hatI. bIjA be kAMDamAM kRSNaviSTi ane yuddhanirdhAranA prasaMga patAvI kAMDo 4 thI 10 mahAbhAratayuddhanA kendravatI mahAprasaMgane ApI kavie kAMDa 11 mo zarazayyA parathI bhIme yudhiSThirane ApelA rAjadharmanA "zAtiparvamAMnA upadeza mATe rokyo che. "mahAsudarzana" nAmanA bAramA kAMDamAM pahelA kAMDa jevI kavinI mauliktAnuM tRptikara darzana thAya che. yuddhAte vijetA pAMDavonA haiyAmAM pote karelA saMhAra mATe UbharAyelA viSAda ane pazcAttApamAMthI emane bahAra kADhI, saMhAra paNa sarjananA jevI parabrahmanI jagakalyANakAraNI lIlA che evI samajanuM samAdhAna emanAM haiyAmAM ropavA mahAmuni vyAsa emane pitAnA tapobaLanA prabhAve adbhuta darzana jegaNuonuM, pitalakanuM ane sarjana tathA saMhAranA dAMtAvALA virATanA mahAsudarzanacakranuM karAve che tenuM enA aMtima bhAgamAM AvatuM varNana kavinI gaNanArohI virATasparzI ane citro sarjatI kalpanAnA prabhAvanuM tema emanI jJAnadaSTinuM darzana karAvavA sAthe DolanazailIne kavipUratA sAmarthyanuM paNa bhAna karAve evuM che. AkhA kAvyanuM rahasya batAvavAnI paNa taka kavie emAM lIdhI che; nahitara, mAtra yuddha ane mAnavasaMhAranI ja kathAmAM jene rasa paDe evA A kavi hatA ja nahi. nhAnAlAlamAMnA sadA jAgrata tatvaciMtake pitAnuM varcasva tyAM batAvyuM che, jema te batAvyuM che 11mA kAMDanA bhISyabAdhamAM paNa emAM rajU thate bhISmane upadeza "mahAbhAratano nahi eTale nhAnAlAlane che e kahevAnI jarUra paDe tevuM nathI. "mahAprasthAnane upasaMhAra kRtinuM regya samApana sAdhI ApI vividha rasonI zAntarasamAM parisamApti lAve che.

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para] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ca. 4 kurukSetra' vastupradhAna kathAkAvya hAI kavine mAthe emAM badhI ghaTanAo yathAkrama varNavavAne bhAra rahyo che. Ama hAI kavinAM varNana-kauzala ane citrakalAne emAM sAro avakAza maLe che. AThamA kAMDamAM rAtriyuddhamAM kALamIMDha kALI aMdhAra sAMkaLoe madharAta khAtI'tI hIMcakA hAre. e zabdomAM thatuM rAtrinuM varNanaH yudhiSThira ane duryodhananA saMgrAmane varNavatI navamA kAMDanI Aje pUre haLyAM'tAM pANI / ne bhAgatAMtAM bhekhaDone. | sAmasAmA athaDAya be pavadhadha / be girikarADethI paDatA ne pachaDAtA, / e dhapUranAM UDe jaLakaNo te dizAone chAMTatA ne vadhAvatA : / evA athaDAyA be mahAratho | purumugaTanA mane rathiyAonA./ mahAranA UchaLyA aNuaNuo, AbhaviDArato thaye vajakATako,/ azvo UchaLI paDathA daza dhanuSyavA, / ne uMbADiyAM rahyAM mahAranAM | kurukSetrane raNayajJa jaNAvavAne. e paMktio ane duryodhana tathA bhImanA gadAyuddhane varNavatI dazama kAMDanI graha grahane athaDAya ema | gadAo athaDAtI ne vAyu gAjato. parasparane hAthI saMDha sapATe ke zailazikhare zilAo varasAve ! evA gadAnA ghAva paDatA./ vRkSaDALI vRkSaDALe athaDAya, ne mahIMthI taNakhA jhare ! ema taNakhA jharatI gadAo pachaDAtI. | zikhara zikharane bheTavA jAya / evA yodharAje bhayaMkara bhAsatA. e paMktio kavie mana sAthe lIdhelI mahAkAvyocita upamAo (Homeric/ epic similes) A kRtimAM nijavAnI pratijJAne kevAM bhavya upamAcitrAthI pAra pADI che tenI vAnagIrUpa che. jema pitAnAM AgaLa ullekhelAM khaMDakAvyomAM ane nATakamAM tema A mahAkAvya koTinI kathAtmaka kRtimAM koI keI kAMDamAM ucita rIte prasaMgalakSI tema bhAvadyotaka gIte paNa mUkyAM che. zrIkRSNanI saujanyapUrNa viSTi niSphaLa jatAM kuMtIe temanI joDe mekalelA saMdezAnuM "pArthane kaho cahaDAve bANa, yuddhAte saMbhaLAvAtuM "hari hAre yuga uchaLa nayananamAM', udvigna pAMDavone paramAtmAnI sarjana-pralayanI lIlA samajAvatuM gaNIonuM harinI ramaNae ame nisaryA re lola', ane e ja rahasya bIjI rIte kahetuM kRtinuM samAptigIta "nakuLa phudaDI phare re lela A mahAkAvyanAM tema kavi nhAnAlAlanAM ane arvAcIna gujarAtI kavitAnAM paNa prathama paMktinAM UrmigItA che. - Ama samartha kavinI pratibhAne saMsparza aneka sthaLe dekhADatuM "kurukSetra' samagrapaNe jatAM abhyAsIone mahAkAvya tarIke saMtoSa ApI na zakyuM hoya to tene mATe vastuvidhAnamAM kyAMka kyAMka varatAtI asaMgati, mahAbhAratIya pAtronA

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sra. 2] [ 53 nirUpaNamAM kacAreka pesI gayelI prAkRtatA, pAtrAlekhanamAM jIvantatA ane UMDANunI UNapa, bhAvanirUpaNu ane rasaniSpattinI keTalIka gumAvAyelI taka, vAgmitAnA atireka, zailIdAsyanI cADI khAtAM ekalaDhaNiyAM zabdaprayogA ane varNanA, nivArya punarukti, sUkSma aucityavivekanA abhAva, kRtimAM bhASA, zailI, kavidarzana vageremAM navI viziSTatA ke camakanu adana - A badhAMne javAbadAra gaNI zakAya. sAme pakSe, peAtAne thatA AsvAdane AdhAre tema ja zAstralakSaNanA AdhAre paNa' A kRtine mahAkAvya TharAvatA rasikalAla che. parIkhanA abhipaNa dhyAnapAtra che. - prAya 17 nhAnAvAla harisaMhitA' : jene kavie peAtAnI 'kAvyayAtrAnuM mahAtIrthaM' kahI ALakhAvI che e 'harisa'hitA' (1/1959, 2-3/1960) temanI kathAtmaka kavitAnI sauthI vipulakAya kRti che. kavi AyuSyanAM chellAM sADAtraNa varSa enA para maDavA rahevA chatAM enAM nirdhArelAM khAra ma`DaLamAMthI ATha ja tee peAtAnA avasAna pahelAM pUrAM karI zakayA hatA. emanI maraNAttara prakAzana banelI traNa bhAganAM traNa pustakAnI A kRtimAM 3, 5, 6 ne 10 e cAra maMDaLa temaja bAkInAM maMDaLAmAMthI kAI kAInA keTalAka adhyAya lakhAyA nathI. kurukSetranA saMgrAma veLA 84 varSanA zrIkRSNe tyAra bAda seALa varSe seA varSanA thayA tyAre UjavAyelA temanA zatAbdI mahe|tsava pachI arjuna-subhadrA tathA yAdava parivArane sAthe laI " mATA soMgha kADhI seALame varase pUrI thayelI bhAratayAtrA saha saMsthApanAthe temaNe karI evI kalpanA calAvI peAtAnA ArAdhya harivaranI e dharmayAtrA kavie vistArathI varNavI che. dvArikAthI saurASTra vaTAvI narmadA, vi MdhyAcaLa, geAdAvarI, malayapradeza, keraLa, kanyAkumArI, rAmezvara, utkala, kAmarUpa, mithilA, himAlaya, kAzI, ayeAdhyA, hastinApura, vraja, ArAvalI, zrImALa thaI tyAMthI saurASTranA atyAranA dvIpakalpanI uttaranI sAgarapaTTInA jaLamArge pAchAM dvArikA, eve! e yAtrAneA krama kavie peAtAnA bhUgALajJAnanI madadathI gAThavyA che. AvaDA lAMbA purANakAvyamAM prasaMgAnuM bAhulya ane temanI sugrathita rajUAtanI je apekSA rakhAya tene nhAnAlAlanI kavipravRtti bahu sa MtASI zake evI na hatI. chatAM dhIrajathI graMthanA vAcanapravAsa karanArane kathArasa paNa maLI rahe ema che. pAtromAM zrIkRSNa, arjuna, rukimaNI, subhadrA, trajabALA ane nAradajI vizeSa dhyAna kheMce che, joke teo tathA saMdha jude jude sthaLe jemanA saMparkamAM Ave che tevAM pAtro kathAmAM ghaNAM Ave che, jemAM mAtaMga ane bhAruDa jevA RSie temanI pUrvakathAne lIdhe AkarSaka lAge che. kavine vizeSa phAvyuM che judAM judAM

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54] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [4. 4 sthaLenA ekalavyanA vaMzajo jevA jIbhanA karaDA paNa hadayanA mIThA aDabaMga varu ATavikenuM temanI lAkSaNika vANI sAthe Alekhana, je ekabe dAkhalA pachI thoDuMka ekadhAruM lAge che. paNa prasaMgo ne pAtrAlekhana karatAM kavine vizeSa phAvyAM che varNane, jemAM sAgarajhADIo ne temAMnI naukAyAtrA, narmadA, viMdhyavana, daMDakAraNya, sItAzrama, kAverIne dhedha, sAgara, kAmarUpanI vilAkuMje ne ramaNIo, himAlayanI nisargazrI AdinAM kavinA zabdabhava ne kavitvane baLe AkarSaka banyAM che. kathAmAM bahudhA zrIkRSNane mukhethI tathA kyAreka nArada, vrajabALA tathA tIrthasthaLoe saMghane maLatA RSitapasvIone mukhethI jJAnabhaktipoSaka dharmavArtA AkhA pravAsa daramyAna thayAM ja karatI hoya che. kAMcanagaMgAne ghATe himAlayamAM zrIkRSNamukhe kavie nava-uSAstotro tathA caMdragAyatrI udgArAvyAM che. kavinI badhI priya bhAvanAo paNa kathAmAM punaruccAraNa pAme che. emanI priya dAMpatyabhAvanAne zrIkRSNa rukimaNI ane ajuna-subhadrAnI joDInI othe tema ja paMcavaTI, rAmasetu ane ayodhyAnAM tathA bhAruMDa muninA darzane kavi utsAhathI gAya che. vilAsa viruddha saMyamanA emane priya Agrahane kAmarUpanI yAtrAmAM tathA kalAsa paranI hariharanI goSThI veLA pharI rajU thavAne avakAza maLyo che. zrIkRSNa saMghane kAmarUpa laI gayA che, te "rUpanI A bhemamAMye "zIla-saMyama' vAvavA mATe. pApa, puNya, bhakti, jJAna, ahiMsA, sadAcAra imATenuM kavinuM jANItuM valaNa pharI udghoSatA udgAro "harisaMhitA' TheraThera saMbhaLAve che. kRtinA kAvyatattva para najara karatAM, maMDaLInA adhyAyanA AraMbhe ane aMtamAM (premAnaMda AkhyAnA kaDavAMne mukhabaMdha ane valaNanI jema) mUkelA leke sivAya samasta kRti kavie pravAhI anuSkapamAM lakhI che, joke "pitRtarpaNa" ne garo prAsabaddha anuSyapa tyAM nathI dekhAte. nATaka ane "kurukSetranI peThe vacamAM badhAM thaIne se upara gIta paNa kavie emAM mUkyAM che (teo ema na kare to ja navAI). keTalIka vAra AkhA adhyAya gItarUpe lakhAyA che. bIjA maMDaLamAM satyabhAmAnA saMdezAmAM, cothAmAM nAradagItamAM, AThamAmAM zrIkRSNanAM uSAstotromAM, agiyAramAmAM vrajapaMcAdhyAyImAM ane kRtinA chellA adhyAyamAM kavitA laherAvavA mahekAvavAnA maLatA avasarane kavie ThIka lAbha uThAvyo kahevAya ema che. zrIkRSNanAM uSAstotro tathA himAlayanI zrIkRSNanA virATa svarUpanI stutimAM ane kaI kaI upaniSadamAM kavie ASa chaMdaracanA paNa ThIkaThIka saphaLatApUrvaka ajamAvI che. ema to pelAM be vAra uccArAyelAM

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31.] nhAnAlAla [ 55 upaniSadeomAM keTalAMkamAM aupaniSadika gadya lAvavAneAya prayAsa temaNe karyo che, paNa te eTalA saLa nathI. e upaniSadyA dvArA kavie navAM upaniSado lakhavAnA mahattvAkAMkSI utsAha dAkhavyA che eTalu` ja, emAM enA aupaniSadika bahira Mgane bAda karatAM AMtarika darzana ke vicAramAM kAI apUrva tA varatAtI nathI. kaMIka dhyAna kheMcaze emAM vikAseApaniSada' ane sAgarApaniSada', khIjuM khAsa tA emAMnA gabhIraghAjI sAgaravanane lIdhe. zrIkRSNanA yogezvara-svarUpanI pratIti arthe keTalAka Atibhautika camatkArA temanA saMbaMdhamAM varNavyA che. ene lIdhe temanA mAhAtmyane peASaka adbhuta rasa kAvyamAM kavi lAvyA che. harisaMhitAmAM khUMce evI eka bAbata emAMnA kAlavyutkramanA deSane pAtra aneka ullekhe che, bhale Avu... Avu ahIM bhaviSyamAM banaze evA bhAvidaza nanA rUpamAM e mUkayA heAya. valabhIpura ne tene vinAza; rAmezvaranA gaMgAdakanA kAviDayA, maMdira tathA AratI : kAmarUpanuM leAkamAnyatAnu strIrAjya ane gAra-matsyendranI kathA : nAlaMdA, nadiyA ne kAzInAM vidyAtIrthI : pRthvIrAja cauhANu, jayazikhara, vanarAja, siddharAja, mIrAM, svAmI dayAnaMda, pATaNa, jhAlA, jADejAe A badhAnA zrIkRSNamukhe thatA ullekha aucityabuddhine AdhAta uparjAve evA kahevAya. kavinA tihAsa-rasa emane Ama karavA kheMcI gayA che. : 'harisaMhitA'nI ekaMdara chApa 'kurukSetra'nI chApane daDhAve ke evaDAve evI paDe che, tenA sakane e bhakti-kavi tarIke ALakhAve che eTalA mahAkAvyanA vi tarIke oLakhAvI zakatI nathI. te e paNa batAve che ke vanuM lakSa guNavattA ane klAtattva karatAM yattA upara vizeSa kendrita thayuM che, ane kavi uttara vayamAM Atmamugdha ke Atmamasta rahI potAnuM ja anukaraNa ke punarAvartana karI rahyA che. sugrathita vIgataspaSTa vastusa MvidhAna ane pAtronA vAstavika mAnavyanuM aptara'gI saMkulatAbharyuM jIvana ane jagatanuM kAI vyAsa, kAlidAsa, zekspiyara ke premAnaMdanA jevuM darzana-nirUpaNuM A kAvanI prakRtine mAphaka AvatAM sAhityika kauzalyeA nathI. ethI mahA eTale samartha ke IzvarI bakSisavALA pratibhAzALI vinI dhI AtmasaMpatti TheraThera veratA jatA chatAM pAte mahAkAvyanA kavi (epic poet) banI zakatA nathI. emanI pratibhA UrmikAvyanA kavinI ja che, je emanI kathAtmaka kavitAne paNa aMdaranAM gItAthI ja nahi, samagra aMtaHsvarUpa ke sUramAM UrmikavitA banAvI de che. paNa kavine pakSe eTalu avasya kahI zakAya ke Ama chatAM eka ekathI mATI laMgA bharI meATA paTanI paralakSI kathAtmaka kavitA gujarAtane ApI javAneA mahattvAkAMkSI kavipuruSA emaNe kheDavo e

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56] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ca 4 kaMI ochA mahattvanI vAta nathI, ene anurUpa siddhi bhale emane paryApta pramANa mAM sAMpaDI zakI na hoya. [2] nATake nhAnAlAlanA sarjanAtmaka sAhityamAM kavitA pachI tarata gaNAvI zakAya te che emaNe lakhelAM cauda nATake. e badhAM DolanazailImAM lakhAyAM che. yuropamAM gaI sadImAM gadyanATaka AraMbhAyA te pahelAM nATaka mATe padyane upayoga thato hatA tevuM gujarAtI sAhityamAM nATaka parata karavAnI kavinI hAMsIlI sAhasa vRttinuM phaLa ene kahevAya. emanA dhasamasatA kAvyapUre pakaDeluM navuM vaheNa paNa ene gaNI zakAya. kavinA dharma ke kartavyanI je bhAvanAne pate varyA hatA - prajAnuM mukha, tenAM mana-hRdayanA dhanvantari ane tene "svargane saMdeza saMbhaLAvanAra payagambara banavAnI, - tene mATe nATakane paralakSI sAhityaprakAra emane anukULa vAhana ke mAdhyama lAgyuM hoya, e paNa eka kAraNa hoya. emanAM cauda nATaka vastudRSTie "IndukumAra' (1-ra-3: 1909, 19ra7, 1932), "premakuMja' (1922), gopikA' (1935), 'puNyakaMthA' (1937), jagapreraNA' (1943), 'ajita-ajitA' (1952) ane "amaravela' (1954) sAmAjika che; "jaya ane jayanta' (1914) prAcIna kALanuM kApanika nATaka che; "vizvagItA' (19ra7) paurANika ane prAcIna-madhyakAlIna bhAratIya vastuvALuM nATaka che; ane "rAjarSi bharata' (1922), "jahAMgIra-nUrajahAM' (1928), "zAhanazAha akabarazAha' (1930), "saMghamitrA' (1931) ane zrI harSadeva' (1952) aitihAsika nATake che. emAM "saMghamitrA" ane "zrI harSadeva' saMskRta nATakazailImAM lakhAyAM hoI temAM praveze nathI paNa sAta sAta aMke che, ane vacamAM vRttabaddha leMke Ave che, joke te sAthe kavinAM bIjAM nATakanI mAphaka gIta paNa mukAyAM che. bIjAM badhAM nATaka triaMkI che, jemAM dareka aMkane pravezo paNa hoya che. emAM eka gApikAne apavAda che. temAM saMskRta nATakanI mAphaka praveza vinAnA pAMca aMke che. paNa aMke ke pravezanI saMkhyA ke vyavasthA game te hoya, kavinAM badhAM nATakanuM svarUpa sarakhuM ja che. pitAnA mUratavaMtA pahelA nATaka indrakumAranA pahelA aMkanI prastAvinAmAM potAnA nATakane oLakhAvatAM kavie kahyuM che : "bharata nATayazAstramAMnA bheda vicAratAM A dazya nahi paNa zrAvya nATaka che. vaLI yuropIya rasazAstranI daSTie avaktAM A kAvya grIsanI Classical kahevAtI paddhatinuM nathI paNa Romantic paddhatinuM che... A nATaka gAIthenI ne zelInI zilIne maLatuM che,

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [ 57 zekasapiyara zailInuM nathI." zailInA preAmithiyasa anbAnDa'ne kavi tyAM 'bhAvapradhAna kAvya' kahe che, ane peAtAnI racanA mATeya kAvya' zabda vApare che e dhyAnamAM laIe, tema ja gAithenuM phAsTa' nATakanA pAra'parika sudhaTita zilpanI paravA na karatuM kavi-philasUphanuM mahAkAvyanI kATinuM nATaka che e vicArIe, tA kavi nhAnAlAlanAM nATakA nATakaDI kavitAnA nAmane vizeSa lAyaka che e samajAze. 'kurukSetra'nI prastAvanAmAM tA emaNe kahI paNa nAkhyuM che: "huM teA kahI kahIne thAkayo ke mhArAM bAre nATakA kAvyA che." aMgrejI sAhityamAM kavitApradhAna nATakajAtinA Poetic Drama ane Lyrical Drama evA je be mukhya prakAra gaNAya che, temAM pahelAmAM kRti svarUpa ne prANamAM nATaka ja heAya che, enA vastu, saMvAda ImAM kAvyAtmakatAne aMza heAya che eTaluM... ja, nATacalekhaka taTastha rahI pAtrA ane temanA Azaya tathA AcaraNane paralakSo kaLAthI rajU kare che. bIjA prakAramAM, nATayalekhaka prAra MbhamAM evI taTasthatA jALavavA jAya paNa tarata e AtmalakSitAmAM sarI paDI pAtro, temanAM Azaya, vANI tathA kAryA dvArA peAtAne ja vyakta karavA maMDI paDe che. emAM lAMkhI svagata ekAktie Ave che tenuM kAraNu A. pAtro enA sarjakanA ja avAjo (Voices) preAmithiyasa abbAunDa'mAM banyu che tema AthI temAM banI jAya. nhAnAlAlanI 'indukumAra'-1, 'premakuMja', 'puNyakathA', 'jagatpreraNA' jevI kRtine Lyrical ane 'jayA-jayanta', 'gApikA', 'jahAMgIra-nUrajahAM', 'zAhAnazAha akabarazAha' jevI vastunI saheja vadhu mAtrAvALI kRtine Poetic nATakanA varkIMmAM mUkavI hAya tA tema thaI zake ema che. paNa badhe pAtramukhe kavinA ja prasanna AtmA peAtAnAM jIvanadarzana, anubhava, ciMtana ane hRyarasamAM kheALelI bhAvanAone gujAratA anubhavAtA heAvAthI ane nATayocita saMvidhAna Achu pAtaLu` heAvAthI Lyrical DramanAM tattvA emAM vizeSa jaNAya che, tethI 'bhAvapradhAna' vizeSaNathI temanAM nATakAne oLakhavAM sugama paDaze. A 'bhAvapradhAna' te 'bhAvanApradhAna'nA arthamAM paNa kharuM.. AgaLa sUcavyuM che tema pAte mAnele potAnA kavidha adA karavA peAtAnA kavisa...deza jevI kAI bhAvanA ke vaktavyane nATakamAM vaNavA ne upasAvavA upara ja nhAnAlAlanuM lakSa A nATakAmAM kendrita rahe che. pariNAme, vastu, pAtrAlekhana, saMvAda vagere e kavine hAthe sAdhya banI khesatI e bhAvanAnAM ja sAdhana banavuM paDe che. peAtAnA uddeza sAre evuM prasaMgAdinuM mALakhuM manamAM nakkI karI lIdhA pachI tenA zilpavidhAna para kavi bahu dhyAna ApatA nathI. abhipreta saMdeza vastunA nATayani NuthI ja sUcita ke pragaTa thAya evA vastulakSI sAhityaprakAramAM anivArya

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58 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ zra. 4 ane paralakSI kRtinA sarjaka pAse hevA anivArya saMvidhAnakauzala pratye emanI romenTika kavi-prakRtie emane beparavA banAvyA heI, emanAM nATakamAM vastu ADIavaLI laherAtI dhUpanI dhUmrasera jevuM pAMkhuM pAtaLuM ane kyAreka adhyAhata ke a-sugama aMzevALuM, pAtra kriyAzIla nahi teTalAM uddagArazIla ane vyakti nahi paNa jAti ke prakAra (Type) jevAM ane kArya (action) jhAjhuM tathA tvarita ke ekadhArI satatavAhI gativALuM nahi paNa saMvAde ne gItAnI jhADI vacce dhImethI cAlatuM maMtharagati hoya che. jayA-jayantIne raMgabhUmiyogya banAvavA dhAryuM hatuM eTale temAM vastusaMkalanA para saheja vadhu dhyAna apAyuM jaNAya che, ane pelAM aitihAsika nATakamAM te kavine ItihAse pUruM pADeluM vastu vAparavAnuM hatuM. paNa anya nATakamAM samagrapaNe uparakahyA jevI sthiti che. vastuvikAsa nATakamAM sadhAtuM hoya te sUkama najare ja je zakya bane che. pAtro vAstavasRSTimAM jovA maLatAM jIvanta mAnavIo karatAM nATakapratipAdya bhAvanAne mitrabhAve uccAratAM ke zatrubhAve vakheDatAM tenAM pratinidhi ke virodhIo banI jAya che. emanAM pizAka, bhASA, vaiyaktika khAsiyata vagerenI paricAyaka vigate pAnAM bharIne AjanA nATaka lekhake ApatA hoya che ane tene susaMgata vartana emanI pAse karAvatA hoya che tevuM A kavinAM nATakomAM jovA maLe ja nahi. nRtyadAsI ne vAmAcArya dehavAsanA, vilAsa ane vairAcAranAM pUtaLAM jevAM cItarAya, te jayA ane jayanta kAmavijaya ane AtmalagnanI durgama siddhinI zakyatA batAvatA mAnava-namUna banI jAya evuM pAtranirUpaNa jema "jayA-jayantamAM tema kavinAM ghaNAM nATakamAM batAvI zakAya. pAtre ghaNI vAra sAva UjaLAM, kAM pUrAM kALAM A nATakamAM kavinI kalame AlekhAya che. emanAM maMthana, saMdharSa I. (jema ke kAntikumArI, IndukumAra, jayA ne jayantanAM) tema ja emanAM vikAsa, parivartana vagere (nRtyadIsI, vilAsa, agnirAja AdinAM) nathI darzAvAtAM ema nathI, paNa manovaijJAnika jhINavaTathI ene surekha krama yojI batAvavAnI kaLA kavi dekhADatA nathI. kavi nhAnAlAlanI AvI kRtiomAM dezakALane amuka parivezavALI sRSTi je khaDI thAya che te A bhAvanAvihArI ane kalpanAbaLiyA Atmarata masta prakRtinA kavine bhAvaleka ke kAvyaloka ja kahevAya evuM hoya che. pAtra banAvelAM mAnavIonI lIlA sarovara, vanaghaTA, AmrakuMja, girizikhare, sAgara InI ramya-bhavya nisargazrIne khoLe khelAtI batAvavAnuM kavine game che. amRtapura, premeriyuM, rAmeriyuM jevAM gAma, himAlayane uttuMga pradeza, giranAranAM zikhare, jharaNAM, khaDake, guphAo, zeSAvana, AbunAM ghATI, khINa, jhADI, nakhI sarovara,

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pra. 2] hAnAlAla [59 guphAo, sAgara, TApu, khaDake, vana, nadIne sAgarasaMgama, bhavezvarInI guphAo - A saune pitAnAM nATakanI sRSTimAM mAnabharyuM sthAna maLyuM che. "jagapreraNamAM kavi siMhane ane apsarAone ne "ajita ane ajitA'mAM vAghaNane, tathA kALakAnI sahiyaraneya nATakanI raMgabhUmi para lAve che"jagapreraNamAM kavi gorakhanAtha, rANakadevaDI ane narasiMha mahetA-mANeka mahetAne, ane "ajita ane ajitA'mAM aMtarnATakane miSe bhImadeva solaMkI ane mAgha kavineya pArUpe arvAcIna pAtro bhegAM raMgabhUmi para lAve che ane ema karIne e nATakane trikALanAM nATaka banAvavAnI heza dAkhave che! kALamAM, badhAM aitihAsika nATakamAM emAMnAM pAtro ane prasaMgane lIdhe itihAsaprasiddha samaya kavine batAvavo ane jALavavo paDyo che. paNa bAkInAM kalpita nATakamAM 'jayA-jayanta' sivAya cokasa samaya nirdezane abhAve vAMcanAre temAMnI AMtarika sAmagrI parathI tenA kALa vize pitApUrato nirNaya bAMdhI levo paDe evI sthiti hoya che. "jayA-jayantIne samaya dUra dUra, dvApara ane kalinI saMdhyAne nirdiSTa karAyo che, jethI te AkAzavANI ne apsarAo ne svarga tathA pRthvIlokane saMbaMdha ne keTalAka camatkArone temAM lAvavAnI kavine taka ke sagavaDa maLI che. A nATakamAM pAtrone saMvAda nATakanuM mahatvanuM aMga banI jAya che. kavine rasa jenA para kendrita thayo hoya che e nATakanA dhyeya jevI kavinI priya ke ISTa bhAvanAne samajAvavA - rajU karavAnuM mukhya sAdhana, prasaMge ochA hoya che eTale, e ja bAkI rahe che. AvA saMvAdanI emAM kavi pite nATaka lakhI rahyA che e jANe thoDI vAra bhUlI jAya che. saMvAda jhAjhe hovAthI nATakamAM kArya maMdagati rahe che ke kArya tvaritagati na hovAne kAraNe saMvAdane vadhu mokaLAza maLe che e prazna che, paNa ATaluM to kharuM ke kavinAM nATakamAM bane che enA karatAM bolAya che vadhu. kavi pote ja pAtrone saMvAdamAM ekanA aneka thaI pitAne kavisaMdeza uddagAratA-uSatA saMbhaLAya che. kavi bole che mATe ja e saMvAdanI bhASA paNa sAmAnya vyavahAru gadyanI bhASA karatAM UMcI bhUmikAnI, kavitAnI sImamAM jaI pahoMcavA mathatI eka viziSTa vAkchaTAvALI ane kyAre kyAreka kAvyamaya ke AlaMkArika banatI hoya che, jemAM e khAtara ja emaNe zodhelI-sarajelI DolanazailIe emane sAruM kAma ApyuM che. pAtronAM abhilASa, ullAsa, vyathA, maMthana, virodha, pazcAttApa Adine kevI sacoTa ane chaTAdAra vANI e zailImAM maLI zakI che. "IndukumAranA pahelA aMkanA pahelA pravezanA indukumAranA kAntikumArInA darzana veLAnA tema tyAra pachI svagata udgAro, trIjA

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60 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca 4 pravezamAMnI yazadevInA mukhethI vahetI ullAsa-UbharAtI bhASA tathA chaThThA pravezamAMnA kAntikumArInI AMtaravyathA ane maMthanane vAcA ApatA svagata dbArA, "jayA-jayanta'nA rAjarANI ane girirAja vaccenA, jayA ane nRtyadAsI vaccenA, ane jayA ane jayanta vaccenA saMvAdo, vizvagItA'mAM 'bharatageAtranAM lajajAcIra'mAM draupadInA mukhethI nIkaLatI Aga ane vedanA-nItaratI vANI, 'jahAMgIranUrajahAM'nA 'sikaMdarAnI pitRyAtrA' pravezamAMnI jahAMgIranI pazcAttApabharI hRdayaspazI` ekAkti ane zAdAnazAha akabarazAha'nA trIjA aMkanA pAMcamA pravezamAMnI akabaranI jIvanasa dhyAkALanI viSAdadherI ekalatAne mUrta karI ApatI svagatAkti eTalAM tA AnA samarthanamAM tarata batAvI zakAya tema che. khIjA nATakAmAMthI paNa AvI ghaNI kavinI savATA batAvatI sAmagrI tAravI zakAya tema che. samakAlIna dhaMdhAdArI gujarAtI raMgabhUminAM nATakAnI saMvAdazailIe kavine saMvAdRSTAnI (alabatta emanI viziSTa, kavinI, rIte) sAdhanA karavAmAM dUranI preraNA tarIke kAma karyu. heAvAnA saMbhava eTTe nathI. nATaka mATe yeAjAyelI DAlanazailInA nirmANamAM paNa enA parAkSa hissA thADA heAya. UrminA ArAhuavarAhane ane prasaMgacita mane bhAvanA sAveza uccAraNane anukULa bhASAbhivyakti e zailIthI kavinAM nATakAmAM maLI che. saMvAdanI AvI bhASA pAtrocita na banI zake ema kahevAyu che temAM tathyAMza che, paNa pAtronA vyaktitva, saMskAra ine anurUpa bhASA emanI pAse khelAvavAnA prayAsa kavie nATakAmAM karyA tA che. 'jayA-jayanta'mAM pAradhInI, 'indukumAra'- 3mAM AnaMda bhagatanI, 'zAhAnazAha akabarazAha'mAM nagarazeThanI, mahArANA pratApanI ne darzAjI ADhAnI, 'gApikA'mAM jobanapagInI ane ajita ane ajitA'mAM AhIranI bhASA gheADAka namUnA lekhe jovAthI AnI khAtarI thaze, joke khIna pAtronI bhASA bhegI badhI vakhata e bhaLI zakatI nathI. nATakapratipAdya bhAvanA ke kavisa deza mATe DAlanazailInI vAgmitA A badhAnI sAthe sArI khapamAM lAgI che. tArkika lIlA karatAM payagaMbarI adAthI verAtAM kavizAI uccAraNa ane sUtra mATe vi nhAnAlAlanA hAthamAM e anukULa vAhana banI che. - badhAM nATakAmAM kavie chUTathI prasa MgeAcita bhAveAcita gItA mUkayAM che te nATakAnAM vAtAvaraNu, bhASA, pAtrasRSTi, bhAvanA e sarvanI samagrapaNe UpasatI kAvyamayatAne poSe ane vadhAre che. nATakAmAM pAtronA manAbhAva, kavinI layabhUta bhAvanA, nATakamAMnI vastugata paristhiti vagerene samajAvI, ajavALI ke pASI, kAI vAra pAtrAnA hRdayabhAvane ke maMthanane pazcAdbhUmikA pUrI pADIne tA kAI vAra tenA para sUcita bhASyarUpa banIne, tA kAI vAra banatI ghaTanA sAthe

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [61saMvAdI sUra purAvIne ghaNI vAra A gIte grIka nATakanAM "kerasa' jevI kAmagIrI paNa bajAve che. UrmikAvyanI uttama siddhi nhAnAlAle jeTalI chaMdobaddha kAvyomAM teTalI ja gItamAM dAkhavI che. gIta pAsethI emaNe trividha kAmagIrI lIdhI che. pitAnA kAvyasaMgraha ane gItasaMgrahomAM sthAna te ApyuM che ja, te sAthe kurakSetra ane "harisaMhitA' jevI kathAtmaka kavitAmAM tema ja A badhAM nATakomAM emane yathAsthAne mUkIne e racanAoneya ekaMdare "lirika' emaNe banAvI che. gItAne nATakamAM goThavavAmAM kavi theDIka kalAkArIgarI vApare che. gAnArane adazya. rAkhI tenA gItaTahukArane havAmAM AghethI tarata AvatA saMbhaLAvI, enI saMgItamaya pazcAdbhUmAM pAtronA saMvAda mUkI, vacce vacce saMvAdane enAthI AMtarIne udiSTa bhAva ke vAtAvaraNane e gIte vaDe kavi jamAve che. keTalAMka nATake gItathI zarU thaI gItanI sUrAvali taratI mUkIne samApta thAya che. gIta dvArA samakAlIna raMgabhUmi paranAM nATakonI jema potAnAM nATakamAM saMgItanuM tatva kavi lAvyA che, ane e gItAnI viziSTatA e che ke temAM gujarAtI dezya saMgItanA saMkhyAbaMdha manohara DhALanI karNamadhura geyatA AvI che te sAthe kavinA pratibhA-- sparzathI te kavitA paNa rahe che, jema raMgabhUminAM gAyanemAM banatuM na hatuM. jayA-jayantIne raMgabhUmine anukULa banAvavAno prayAsa karatAM tenA AraMbhamAM kalyANa rAgamAM gAI zakAya evuM "parama prema parabrahma'nuM maMgaLAcaraNa jevuM gIta ane "gAva gAya gIta madanarAjanAM sakhi" ane "cAlo cAle salUNI rasakuMjamAM jevAM raMgabhUminA baranAM iMgIta kavie temAM mUkyAM che. anyatra evAM nATakiyAM gIto temanAM nATakamAM dekhAtAM nathI. AvAM kavitAI nATake vizALa lokasamudAya AgaLa kavitAne laI javAnuM eka sauthI vadhu saphaLa nIvaDe evuM sAdhana che kharuM, paNa temAM badhuM kAma kavine ja karavAnuM Ave. prekSake ke zrotAo emAM sahayoga karavA ochI AgaLa Ave. kavine mATe jema A bhAre kAma che, tevuM ja tenA abhyAsIo ke vivecake mATe paNuM agharuM kAma che. abhyAsIne tene kavitA tarIke tema nATaka tarIke ema beu rIte jovAnuM Ave. paNa ene teo kAM to nATaka tarIke, kAM te kavitA tarIke, ema eka svarUpe ja vadhu te jovA prerAvAnA. sarjaka pakSe paNa enA sarjaka kavi tema nATakakAra beunI ekasarakhI zakti batAvI zake evA bhAgye ja hoya. nhAnAlAlane kavipaNuM to niHzaMka siddha che, paNa emanAM nATakomAM te kavi vizeSa ' che, nATayakAra ochI. emanI pAse nATayadRSTi samULagI hatI ja nahi ema kahevuM e duHsAhasa Thare. "IndukumAra'- 1mAM indukumAra ane kAtikumArInA paraspara darzana ane darzanettara saMvedananuM tathA kAntikumArInA hRdayamAM lagna ane

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62] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 patinA Adarza tathA tenI sAmenI enI vAstavika saMsArI paristhitinA sUcananuM, ema bevaDuM kAma sAdhI ApatA pahelo praveza nATayadaSTi ane nATyakauzala vinAnA mANasathI lakhI zakAya ja nahi. e ja nATakanA trIja aMkano sAtamo praveza kavinI nATayadaSTine khyAla ApI rahe che. "jayA-jayantanA pahelA aMkano sAtame ane bIjA aMkane sAtamAM praveza samakAlIna raMgabhUminAM nATakanA dareka aMkanI samAptinA javanikApatana pahelAMnAM vadhu kArya pUrNa dazyonI Tekanikane kema saphaLatApUrvaka kavi tyAM apanAvI zakyA che te batAve che. e nATakanuM jayA ane jayantane pUrNimAnI rAtrie gaMgAnA madhya vaheNamAM be heDalAMmAM vAto karatAM ane "jAhUnavI jaganI ghUme re' e gItanI sUrAvalI lalakAratAM "anantatAnI mahAyAtrAe saratAM dekhADatuM aMtima dazya ekaluM kAvyamaya nathI, AjanI citrapaTa-kalA jene kuzaLatAthI kasa kADhe evuM raMgabhUmi para dazya tarIke prekSakone AnaMdAvI jAya tevuM kavinI nATayadaSTi dekhADatuM dazya che. jahAMgIre dhabaNane ApelA insAphane prasaMga nATayapUrNa rIte rajU karate "jahAMgIra-nUrajahAna'nA pahelA aMkane kko praveza, "vizvagItA'no "bharatagotranAM lajajAcIravALA praveza (aMka 1, praveza 5) ane "brahmAMDamaMDalane mahArAsavALe aMtima praveza: 'zAhanazAha akabarazAhanA madhyabhAratanI mahArANIo", "citoDagaDha, "vRMdAvananI saMtamaMDaLI', navaratna darabAra", "arAvalInAM ketaromAM, "hAphIjhagAha', "mahAmRthyA', "ekalavA bAdazAha' ane 'anantanI yAtrAe' e pravezeH gipikAne pAMcamo aMka A ane evA bIjAM nATakanA paNa koI kaI praveza pratye aMgulinirdeza karI e avazya siddha karI zakAya tema che ke nhAnAlAla pAse nAyadaSTi paNa gaNanApAtra pramANamAM hatI. paraMtu e chUTaka pravezamAM dekhAya che tevI nATakanAM samagra vastusaMvidhAnamAM kaLAtI nathI. nhAnAlAla jema mahAkAvyanA kavitaepic poet)nI pratibhAnA camakArA "kurukSetra" ne "harisiMhatA'mAM dekhADe che, paNa samagratayAM temane tevA kavi kahevAmAM saMkoca thAya che, tema emanA nATaya sarjana paratve paNa kahI zakAya tema che ke temanI pAse chUTaka pravezAmAM prakAze che tevI nATyadaSTi che kharI, chatAM ekaMdare temane samartha nATakakAra tarIke prazaMsI zakAya tevuM nathI. enuM pradhAna kAraNa e ja ke temanAM nATakomAM paNa nATakakAra tarIkenA aMza karatAM temano kavi-aMza vadhu AgaLa paDatA hoya che. Ama chatAM, gujarAtanI abhinayakalA ane dhaMdhAdArI tema avaitanika raMgabhUmi jo vizeSa prANavAna, gatizIla, sAhasika, ane sAhityadaSTimaMta heta te kavine ja kathe emanAM nATakane zrAvya kavitA mAnI levAyAM che tene badale temanAmAMthI yogya jaNAya tevAM keTalAMkane raMgabhUmi upara utAravAnA prayoga teNe bhale ajamAyaza

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla 1 63 dAkhala paNa ThIka saMkhyAmAM karyA hota. pazcimamAM rUpakAtmaka ne kAvyAtmaka nATaka to kharAM, paNa hADIe pote jene mane raMga paranI bhajavaNI (mental performance)ne ja lAyaka kahyuM hatuM te Dynasts paNa, bhajavaNInAM sAhasa netarI zakyAM che. baMgALamAM ravIndranAthanAM keTalAMya nATaka ('citrAMgadA', "pUjAriNuM', acalAyatane, "DAkaghara', "rakta karabI' jevAM) zAMtiniketanamAM tema anyatra raMgabhUmipravega pAmyAM che. nehAnAlAlanAM nATakone nirNaya bAMdhavA jevI raMgabhUmiprayAganI cakAsaNI jhAjhI maLI nathI. abhinetA ke takhtAlAyakIne nATakanuM tene anya kathAtmaka sAhityaprakArothI juduM pADatuM vyAvartaka lakSaNa mAnavAmAM Ave che e kharuM che, paNa raMgabhUmine sthULa sparza jene pigaLAvI nAkhe yA vikata karI bese evI nAjuka nATayakRtio tema ja raMgabhUminuM cokaThuM jene sAMkaDuM paDe evI vizALaphalakA nATayakRtio paNa saMbhavI zake che, jene vAgyu ke zrAvya nATaka e nAmane varga pADI zakAya. baeNreTa eca. kalArke kahyuM che 18 tema duniyAnI moTI nATayakRtiomAMnI ghaNI kharI "mAnasI raMgabhUmi-prayogane ja pAtra hoya che. enA vAcana veLA sahRdaya pitAnA mananI raMgabhUmi para bhajavAtI ene kalpanAthI jete ja hoya che. nehAnAlAlanAM nATake vAMcatAM ke AsvAdatAM sahRdaye Ama ja vizeSa karavuM paDe evI sthiti che. kavisaMdeza paNa bhAvaka sahRdaya mananI ke kalpanAnI AMkhe jovAnuM banaze tenA karatAM pAtrone mukhe temanA sarjakane sAMbhaLavAnuM vizeSa banavAnuM. nATakane kavisaMdezane prasAraNanAM vAhana kavie banAvyAM che te Ane mATe javAbadAra che. e kavisaMdeza pradhAnapaNe sneha, sevA, samanvaya, saMyama ane zraddhAne che. rasanA, sauMdaryanA, AnaMdanA, tethI vasaMtanA ane jIvananI vasaMtanA rasarUpa snehanuM gANuM gAtAM kadI ne thAkatA jaNAtA nhAnAlAle potAnAM UrmikAvyamAM ane 'vasaMtotsavamAM karyuM che tevuM snehagAna ekathI vadhu nATake (dA. ta. "IndukumAra', "jayAjayanta', premakuMja', "gApikA', "jagaperaNuM, "ajita ane ajitA')mAM karyuM che. "vasaMtatsava'mAM temaNe snehalagnanI bhAvanA puraskArI che tene "IndukumAra'mAM eka pagathiyuM UMce caDhAvI snehanA ja pAyA para racAtA lagnano ane lagnasnehane mahimA kavie karyo che vidhAyaka rIte yaza ane bhaTarAjanA snehALa dAMpatyanA nATayalekhanathI, kAntikumArInA mukhethI pahelA aMkanA pahelA ane sAtamA pravezamAM uccArAtA pati ane patnInA AdarzathI, ane evA snehalagna ane lagnanehanI abhilASiNe kAntikumArIne e sukhathI vaMcita rAkhIne vAcakane tenI ane indukumAra pratye utkaTa sahAnubhUti jagAvIne. jayadeva ane jegaNa

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64] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 jevAM vatsala sAdhujananA mukhethI paNa sneha ane lagnaviSayaka bhAvanAbharyA udgAra kavie emAM kaDhAvyA che. varane nahi paNa gharane dhyAnamAM rAkhIne vaDIle dvArA jAtAM rUDhilagnanI sAmenA puNyaprakepanAM tema vedanAbharyA kAntikumArInAM vacane dvArA paNa kavie e ja uddeza sAdhyo che. risakalAmAM dharma kalA" gUMthavAne nepALI jogaNane saMkalpa tenA sarjaka nhAnAlAlane ja hAI lagnabAhya premane dehavAsanA ke kAma kahI tene nikRSTa gaNavAnuM kavi pramadA, vilAsa vagere jevAM pAtronA Alekhana dvArA jema "IndukumAra'mAM kare che, tema 'jayA-jayanta'nAM nRtyadAsI, vAbhAcArya, pAradhI, tIrthagara jevAM pAtronAM vANIvartana dvArA kare che. e ja AzayathI snehanI vizuddhatama bhUmikA kavi kAma vinAnA premanI, hRdaya-premanI, AtmalagnanI kalpe che ane tene jayA ane jayantanAM pAtro dvArA mUrta kare che. e bhUmikA virala adhikArIothI ja siddha thaI zake tevI hevAnuM svIkArI kavi e jayA ane jayantane pote na gAyAM te saMsAranAM brahmasaMgIta' AvatI kAlanAM sItAo ane rAmacaMdrone zIkhavavA Azramo sthApatAM batAvI mahimA te nehalagna ane lagnasnehane ja kare che. evuM bIjAM nATakomAM paNa teo kare che. "premakuMja'mAM ratana-vIrendranuM, ane sohAga ane rAjakumAranuM, ema snehalagnanAM be yugale, tema "gopikA'mAM rAjayuvarAja ane gopikAnuM ane AzAparvatarAjanuM ema be evAM ja yugale teo racI Ape che. "jagapreraNAmAM parAkrama-jyotikAnuM joDuM ane "amaravelamAM puSpahAra-vibhUti tathA vaDalAzabhalInAM snehayugalanI chAyAmAM racAtAM caitanya-amaravela tathA yugandhara-lAvaNyanAM navA jeDAM paNa kavinI priya snehalagna-bhAvanAnI ja bulaMda jAherAta karI rahe che. A emanAM karipata vastunAM nATakamAM. atihAsika nATakamAM "rAjarSi bharata'mAM bharatadeva ane vasuMdharAnuM snehalagna pote yoje che temAM kalpanA calAvI bhale hoya, "jahAMgIra-nUrajahAna'mAM te temane potAnI priya bhAvanAnI rajUAta mATe enA nAyaka-nAyikAnAM sAcAM pAtronI snehakathA beThI maLI gaI che. jahAMgIranI maherunnisA mATenI jhaMkhanA, eNe karele ene anunaya, pachI thayela emanuM lagna ane tyAra bAda emane lagnaneha kavie umaMgathI e nATakamAM pitAnI rIte nirUpyAM che. "zAhanazAha akabarazAha'mAM paNa akabaranA prauDhAvasthAnA madhura dAMpatyanI jhalaka zahenazAhabAnu salamA begamanA pAtrane raMgabhUmi para lAvI eka pravezamAM batAvyA vinA kavi rahyA nathI. "vizvagItA' jevA paurANika vastune viSaya karatA nATakamAM paNa dAMpatyavicachedathI kavi keTalA kakaLI uThe che te paMcavaTIne puNyatIthe, "tapasvIne zApa" ane dAMpatyapratiSThA' jevA praveze dekhADI Ape che.

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[ 65 pra. 2] nhAnAlAla ( nATakanAM AchIpAtaLA vastusaMvidhAnamAM paNa AvuM gaThavatA kavi pAtranA etaviSayaka sAdhakabAdhaka je ugAro kaDhAve che temAMnA ghaNuM hoMsathI DhaMkAya, utArAya, lalakArAya evA hoya che ane kavinI e priya bhAvanA ke kavisaMdezane samajAvavA-vadhAvavAmAM ene upayoga abhyAsIo karatA rahyA che. e ugAre ghaNu vAra eka ja vaktavyanAM rUpALAM zabdAntara hAI punaH punaH kathananA Apane pAtra banatA hoya che, paNa te eTaluM ja darzAve che ke jIvanane - saMsArane jIvyuM mIThuM lAge evuM svarga banAvavA mATe naranArInA snehapUrNa sahayoga, hRdayaga, lagnagane keTale anivArya rIte Avazyaka mAnatA hatA. AvI punarukti kavinAM kalpita nATakanAM vastumAM paNa tarata dekhAI Ave che te upara joyuM. "premakuMja'mAM snehanAM dratiyAM vIrendra ane ratana joDAya che, paNa raseza jogI je ekalavihArI rahe che. gApikA'mAM vajAMga gopikAne meLavI na zaktAM khAkhacokano yuvarAja' eTale ekalapaMthI jegI rahe che. sneha lagnapariNAmI na banatAM indukumAra-kAntikumArIne tema jayA-jayantane paNa kavi jega levaDAve che. "gopikA'mAM vIjaLI sAvakuMjanI asare jogaNa bane che ane "jagaraNamAM parAkramanI vidhavA bahena meghamALA paNa tenI mAphaka "saMsAranI jogaNene" maTha mAMDe che. "snehanuM tapa" tapAvavAnuM potAnAM nehavratiyAM pAtronA bhAgyamAM kavi mUkatA ja rahyA che e paNa jemanI joDI ane lagnathI saMdhAya-racAya che tevAM pAtronA amuka kALanA viyoganA AlekhanathI jaNAya che, ane nathI saMdhAtI ke racAtI temanA AvA Udhdha karaNathI, temanA jega ane tyAra bAdanA sevAjIvanathI, jaNAya che. "joga vinA prema na sohe" ("premakuMja') e paNa kavinI snehabhAvanAnuM jANe ke anu-sUtra rahyuM che. snehaga jemane saMga ane lagnamAM pariName nahi evI paristhiti paNa kavi kahe che. "ajita ane ajitA'mAM ajitAnA Akasmika mRtyu bAda ajita paNa deha cheDI de ane beunA jIvAtmA paraloke sAthe prayANa kare ema yojanAra kavie "oja ane agara" e kAvyamAM agarane saMsAralagnane ane kasuvAvaDane bhoga banAvI mRtyu pAmatI batAvyA pachI ojane jaga lete darzAvyo che. hRdayamAMnA snehanI jIvanamAM dhULa asiddhinI paristhitimAM pAtrone sthaLa vivegamAM jhUratAM ne vilapatAM dekhADavAne badale aMtaramAM akhaMDa snehagI rAkhI bahArathI jaMgI ane lekasevaka banAvavAnuM kavine vizeSa rucyuM che. IndukumAra, nepALI jogaNa, kAntikumArI jayA, jayanta, megha ane zarada ("eja ane agara'), vajAMga, ('gApikA'), jegI ne paramezvarI (ajita ane ajitA'), vIjaLI (gopikA'), gu. sA. 5

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66] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [4. 4 jemane "jIvanadIrdha brahmacaryanI avadhe "snehanAM havAra' Uge che e "premanAM bhISmavatiyAM premadAsajI ane tAriNImaiyA ('puNyakaMthA),- A badhAM pAnuM Alekhana e batAve che. "sneha pAIne ja kaphanI oDhADavI | vidhAtA ! e zA. hArA saMketa ?" e zabda nhAnAlAlanAM nATakanAM AvAM pAtra pitAne vidhAtA hAnAlAlane saMbhaLAvI zake ema che. AvAM gI-jogaNeya je sevAga Adare che teya saMsArIone snehalagna ane lagnasnehamAM pariName evI vizuddha snehapAsanA kumAra-kumArIone zIkhavavAne. nhAnAlAlanAM A jagI ke sAdhu pAtro "sarasvatIcaMdranA yadugavAsI sAdhusAdhvIone jevAM arvAcIna eTale navA yuganAM sAdhujana hoya che. e sAdhusAdhvIoe paNa madhurI ane navInacaMdranI praNayakathAmAM sakriya rasa lIdhela ne ? kavinAM kAlpanika vastuvALAM emanI neha-lagna-bhAvanAne anulakSatAM nATakamAMnuM, nAmaphere ne saMdarbha phere paNa punarAvRtta thatuM AvuM vastughaTaka (motir), "indukumAra', "premakuMja' tathA gApikA ane bIjA paNa ekabe nATakamAM nAyakone anya nAme thatA guptavAsa ane emanA pUrvajIvananA kharA nAma sAthe ane karAvAtuM emanuM abhijJAna ane premakuMja' tathA gopikA'mAM rAjapuvarAja grAmakanyA sAthe snehalagna jeDAya evuM Ayojana bIjI rIte jotAM kavinI sarjaka kalpanAnI vastu paranA punarAvartanamAM sarI paDatA maryAditapaNAne pragaTa kare che. snehanI sAthe sevAne kavi kevI rIte, premanI sAthe bhekhane joDIne, sAMkaLe che te emanAM upara ulekhyAM tevAM nATake batAve che. "snehanI pUjya bhAvanAnI udayakalAnAM darzane jAgatI Urmi......vastutaH mahAkartavyanI ardha phuTa preraNA che18 tema ja "sneha ja che satkarmanI preraNu" ema mAnatA kavie indukumArane kAntikumArInA darzane "saMsAra ne saMsArInI sevA" ne "vizvoddhAranI ke aphaTa vAMchAne udgAratA tathA jayantane prathama "tuM hAruM dhanuSya / huM hAruM bANa kahI ane pAchaLathI "ApaNe na gAyAM te "saMsAranAM brahmasaMgIta jagatamAM laherAvavA pite pationI kAmaThI ghaDe temAM patnIonI vaNuM ghaDIne e sevAsahayoga mATe jayAne nimaMtra nirUpI snehayoga pachI ke te sAthe sevAyeganuM puraskaraNa karyuM che. kAntinI hRdayastha priya mUrtine AtmasamarpaNa karatA indukumArane nepALI gaNu TapArIne AtmAe dIdhelA kela, judAM judAM RNa adA karavAnuM kartavya kema saMbhArI Ape che tema ja, "premakuMjamAM lokasaMgraha' zabda ekathI vadhu vakhata kavi prematiyAM pAtronA mukhe kema uccArAve che tenuM rahasya AthI samajAze. "jagata, suNa, je, pukAre che | zuM Ave che? ugAre che e rAjarSi bharatImAM mukAyelA gItamAM paNa lokasevAnA bhekhadhArIne AduvAna,

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [ 67 udbodhana tema AvAhana che. kavinAM indukumAra, kAnti, yazadaMpatI, jayadeva, nepALI jogaNu, jayA, jayanta, premakuMja' ane 'gApikA'nA rAjakumArA ane vajrAMga, AnaMda bhagata, 'puNyakathA'nAM sAdhusAdhvIe tathA agnirAja, vIjaLI, meghamALA, jogI, paramezvarI, ema aneka pAtrA pAtapeAtAnI rIte sevApravRtti AdaratAM AlekhAyAM che. indukumAra ane nepALI jogaNune te jagatayAtrA karI 'vizvanAM vANI' vatanamAM vAvavAnA abhilASa che. jogaNu peAtAnA vaidhavyane nahi paNa raDe che e vAtane ke patinA saMgAtha heAta teA bhAratane ekane badale, santajI ! khe pAMkha upara ame uDAvata'. dezasevA ke janasevAnI A bhAvanA kavinA haiyAmAM rApanAramAM gAvardhanarAmanAM 'sarasvatIcaMdra' tema 'snehamudrA' haze, kavinA ucheraabhyAsakALanI dezanI navajAgRtie jagADelI dezabhakti haze, tema svAmI vikAnaMda jevA navayuganA dezabhakta sanyAsI paNa AghethI avazya heAvA joIe. nATakA dvArA puraskRta karelI trIjI kavinI priya bhAvanA samanvayanI che. kavine udAra samanvayadazI ke samanvayavAdI banAvyA che emanA itihAsanA abhyAse tathA janakalyANa ane jagakalyANanI zubha vAsanAe. ghaNI bAbatAmAM pUrva ane pazcimaneA, klAsisijhama ane rAmAnTisijhamanA, rasa ane dharmanA, sneha ane sevAnA samanvaya potAnA maneAbaMdhAraNa tathA jIvanadarzanamAM dekhADatA kavie rAjasUtreAnI tripuTI'nI traNa racanAmAM rAjA ane prajAnA snehasahayAganI zIkha ubhayane ApI hatI. nATakAmAM premakuMja' ane 'gApikA'mAM nagarasaMskRti ane janapadIya saMskAranA, temanI bhASAmAM saMskRti ane prakRtinA, 'indukumAra'-aMka 2mAM saMskRtinA samanvayanI bhAvanA rajU karatA ane 'indukumAra'-aMka 3mAM rAjyA, prajAe, dezA ane yugAnI sa`skRtine sthAne eka mAnavasa MskRtinI vAta karatA kavi vizvakalyANa arthe 'vizvagItA' tathA zAhAnazAha akabarazAha'mAM sarva dharma samanvayanI bhAvanAne kevA utsAhathI puraskAra-udghASe che te jovA jevuM che. akabarane tA enA paranA nATakamAM "sulaha-ye-kulla ! sa samanvaya ! sa kalyANu !' e maMtra ke sUtranA udgAtA ane te bhAvanAnA pratinidhi kavie banAvI dIdheA che. nhAnAlAlanI vizALI vaiSNavatA', vizALatA ane hRdayavRttinI udAratA emaNe pacAvI AtmasAt karela bhAratIya dharma, tattvajJAna ane saMskRtinAM pAyArUpa sarva zubha tattvone, emanI 'AyaMtA'ne AbhArI che. eka AMkhe nahi, beu AMkhe jovA pramAdhanAra gAva narAmane paNa e AbhArI kharI. e AtAe kavine zubhra bhAvanAnA eTale vizuddhinA, nIti, zIla, sadAcAra, dharma, vairAgya ne saMyamanA nityanA himAyatI ane pracAraka banAvyAnuM

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69 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [gra'. 4 emanI kavitA dekhADatI hatI tema emanAM nATakA paNa dekhADe che. vasa MtAtsava AMbAmhAranA utsava che, mahuDAMmahorane nahi' ema kahetA kavinI nItibhAvanA jeTalI utkaTa che eTalI ja utkaTa zAbdika abhivyakti te emanAM nATakAmAM pAmI che. vilAsa ne svairAcAra sAme zIla sayama ne sadAcAranI vAta 'jayAjayanta'mAMnA nRtyadAsI ane jayA vaccenA be vAranA, 'indukumAra'-3nA chaThThA pravezamAMnA pramadA ane kAnti vaccenA, ane zAhAnazAha akabarazAha'mAM eka vAra phakIra bAdazAha sAthenA ane eka vAra anArakalI sAthenA akammaranA saMvAdamAM kavie tIvratAthI mUkI che. nRtyadAsI, vilAsa, rUparAja jevAM pAtrone vilAsI jIvanamAMthI pasAra karAvI pachI temane pazcAttApa sAthe nItine mAge vALavAnuM kavie ceAjyuM che. nATakAmAMnAM pUjanIya pAtrone tathA nAyakanAyikAne tA temaNe vizuddhinAM AgrahI banAvyAM ja che. jayA-jayanta'mAMnA kAmavijayanA e sAMkRtika pravezamAM ane vizvagItA'mAMnA zukadeva AgaLa raMbhAnA parAjayanA pravezamAM kavi khIlyA jaNAtA hAya tA tenuM kAraNa A ja che. zubhra bhAvanAnI A bhaktithI ja prerAIne kavie 'indukumAra'-1mAM karelI bhArataprazastimAM enA raktaraMgI nahi evA daivI vijayaTaMkArane, jagatanA mahAdharma"nA enA dhAtrItvane, enI dharmAdvArakAnI para'parA'ne, enA adhyAtmakhaMDava'ne AgaLa karyA che. jema giranArane caraNe' kAvyamAM zAkane, tema zAhAnazAha akabarazAhamAM akabarane ane zrI harSadeva'mAM ne kavi prazaMsAadhya ape che te e rAjavIonA dharmAnurAgane ja lakSamAM rAkhIne, 'jayA-jayantamAM lagna yAcatA jayantane prathama dilamAMnA daityAne jItavAnuM kahetI jayAnA zabdothI, chatI tema jitADa jagatane' e jayantanA zabdothI, nATakamAM dekhADelI baMnenI evI vikAsabhUmikAthI ane baMnenAM nAmamAM indriyajaya sUcita dekhADIne tathA temanA paDachAmAM nRtyadAsI, vAmIe, pAradhI, tIthaMgAra jevAM pAtro geAThavIne kavie vAsanAjaya, zIla, tapa vagerenA kevA mahimA karyo che e prasiddha che. nhAnAlAlanI AvI dhArmikatA ja emanI pAse preya karatAM zreya upara vadhu bhAra mukAve che. 'sukha te ja kalyANa nathI sadA' ema e be vaccenA bheda te nATakAmAM batAvatA rahe che. 'jagata UMcuM caDhe che ke nIcu ?" e devirSanA ja prazna nathI, nhAnAlAlaneA paNa prazna che. jayA-jayanta'nI nAyikA rAjakumArI jayAne vIsanI uMmare jiM dagI eTale zreya ke preya ?' e prazna AlAyatI kavi batAve che ane enA mukhethI peAtAne abhipreta uttara uccArAve che ke 'sAdhujanAne tA zreya te ja preya / ane preya te ja zreya'. / 'kAlAdhinA taraMga upara jiMdagI eTale kalyANayAtrA' emAM kavine lagAre saMdeha nathI. bhUta bhaviSya ane vartamAnanuM

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[69 pra. 2] nhAnAlAla kArya temanI pAse belAvI devarSi "jayA-jayanta'mAM tenA paranA pitAnA bhASyamAM jagata eTale unnatikrama" ema tAravI jAToDakSmi strovAyaue gItAnA bhagavadvAkyane sudhAre cheH kADhosmi jonnatizvRddhaH tyAM tema ja nATakane aMte mUkelA "jAnavI jaganI ghUme re' gItamAMnA 'tAraze mAnava jAta re' e zabdamAM jagatalIlAmAM paramAtmAne zubha maMgala hatu jenArI kavinI AzAvAdI dharmazraddhA ja javAze. "haDA unnata ne unnata, devasaMtAno / brahmasiMhAsananA pAyA sudhI e preraka udabodhana e zraddhAe ja kavi pAse e nATakamAM uccArAvyuM che ane tene nAyaka ane nAyikAnAM pAtro dvArA caritArtha paNa karAvyuM che. vizvagItA'mAM kavie duHkha, pApa ane aMdhakAranA mahAprazna cheDI AjanAM 'nArAyaNasUnAM lakSmI maMdironI, siddhionI saMyamaviheNa jagasaMpattinI "AjanuM jagata cAra che devadravyanuM' -enI, ane AjanI lagna racchedaka vilAsapUjaka navya nIti(new morality)nI vartamAna jagatanA mahAroga lekhe kaDaka TIkA karI che. te sAthe temaNe e batAvyuM che ke Ama chatAM tenI sAme zubhanAM, puNyanAM, jagatakalyANaka to paNa kAma karatAM rahyAM che. jagatamAM rAvaNa, durvAsAe, kaMse, duryodhana ane raMbhA che, te sAme kRSNa, siddho, zukadevo ne enI jamAtanA jogIo - divya tRSAtura vihaMgarAje paNa pragaTatA rahyA che. jagatamAM aMdhakAra che te tene haThAvavA mathatA payagaMbara paNa pAtA rahyA che. jagatamAM krauMcane vIMdhanAra pAradhInA kRtyamAMthI "rAmAyaNa" sarjAvAnuM, azubhamAMthI paNa zubha sadhAvAnuM, paramAtmAnI vizvalIlAmAM aMtahita che. "phUlaDAM ne kAMTA sarva harinAMH hAM konA rAga-virAga' ('IndukumAra'-3, pra. 4) evuM sacadamana e kRSNavAkyamAM zraddhA rAkhatuM A kavinuM darzana che. A ja jagatamAM pelA buddha mahAvIra khrista Adi tema ja jayadeva, narasiMha, mIrAM, suradAsa Adie janmI puruSa ane prakRtinA brahmarAsamAM tAla, saMgIta ane nRtya pUryA che ema batAvatA "vizvagItA'nA aMtima pravezamAM bhakta ane rasarSi kavinI dRSTi pravartelI spaSTa jaNAya, nhAnAlAlanA ApavaryA "prema-bhaktikavinAmane emanI kavitAnI mAphaka emanAM nATake paNa Ama sAthe TharAve che. keTalAka viziSTa praga kavinAM nATake Ama te badhAM eka ja DhALAnAM che ane upara jaNAvyAM te lakSaNe saumAM samAna che. paNa emAM "premakuMja' (1922) eka moTA nATayAbhAsI rUpakAtmaka UrmikAvya jevuM banyuM che: jahAMgIra ane akabara paranAM nATake e beu mugala bAdazAhanA jIvananA mahatvanA prasaMgone rajU karatAM hAI vadhu vastupradhAna

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70] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 ane phArasI zabdo, rAjadarabArI rItarasamo tathA keTalIka aitihAsika vigatonA viniyegathI mugala rAjadarabAra ane vAtAvaraNane rajU karavAmAM vadhu saphaLa racanAo banyAM che ane jagapreraNa" tathA "ajita ane ajitA' anukrame giranAra ane Abu paranAM caMdravadana mahetA lakhe evAM reDiye-rUpake jevAM banyAM che. jayA-jayanta" emAM e rIte saheja nekhuM tarI Ave che ke temAM enA sarjake ene raMgabhUmigya banAvavA ThIka koziza karelI varatAya che. "sarasvatIcaMdra' navalakathAnA banAvAyelA nATaka aMgenI takarAramAM paMca nimAyelA sanmitra tribhuvanadAsa gajajaranI "eka dazya nATaka racavAnI sUcanA'e kavine ema karavA preryA hatA. prathama pravezamAM devarSinA gIta ane ugArothI sadhAtuM nATakane maMgaLAcaraNa tathA vastunidezaka prastAvanAnuM kArya, raMgabhUmi para te jamAnAmAM gavAtA garabA jevAM sakhIonAM samUhagIto, kAzIrAja-zevatInA saMvanananuM te vakhatanAM nATakamAM nirUpAtI zaMgAraceSTAonI ane zaMgAragItanI vAnagI cakhADatuM dazya, pahelA be aMkanA aMtima pravezemAM raMgabhUminAM nATakonA tevA pravezanI dhaDAkiyA banAve jevA banAvo ane kArya, vAmIonA maMdiranA utsavanuM dazya, keTalAka camatkArika lAge evA banAvo ne abhuta dekhAva rajU kare evAM trikALadarzana jevAM do, kAzIrAjanA rAjadarabArane praveza, AMtarabAhya nATayasaMgharSanuM kavinAM anya nATakamAM bahu na dekhAtuM tatva, saMgharSane pragaTa kare tevA Avezayukta saMvAda, veza, vANu ne vartanamAM ThIkaThIka vaividhya rajU karatI rAjAo, rANI, rAjakumArI, RSi, vAmIo, pAradhI, tIrthagora, asarAo, brahmacArIo jevI pAtram - A badhuM kavie e nATakane dazya nATaka banAvavAnI rAkhelI nema chatI karI Ape che. nhAnAlAla ema karavA mATe pitAnA kavi-besaNathI nIce utaryA kahevA karatAM emane jevA sarjakanA sparzathI emanI samakAlIna raMgabhUmine enI badhI prekSakaraMjaka sAmagrI sAthe ziSTa sAhityika nATaka bhajavavAnuM sAhasa karI jevA maLyuM ema kahevuM vadhu ucita Thare tema che- joke e sAhasa eNe karI joyuM nathI. nibaMdha kAmavRtti, mAbApa jAtAM rUDhilagna, snehalagna, kAma vinAnuM premAta - mAnavInA vijAtIya AkarSaNanI dhUlathI mAMDI sUkSma ane ucca evI cAre bhUmikAne pAchI e nATakamAM mUkI ane kavie pAchuM pitAnuM nhAnAlAlapaNuMya emAM sAbUta rAkhyuM che, e A nATakanI viziSTa siddhi gaNAze. vizvagItA' (1927) e kavino vizeSa sAhasika prayoga e rIte kahevAya ke emAM samaya ane sthaLanI ekatAone kavi pALatA nathI e te ThIka (zekasapiyara jevA samartha nATakakAro ne bhAratIya saMskRta nATakakAro paNa ene mahattvanI gaNatA nathI), paNa nATakane ke kaI paNa sarjanAtmaka kathAprakAranI sAhitya

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [ 71 racanAne jenA vinA cAle ja nahi evI kAryanI ekatAne paNa emaNe temAM ne mUkI dIdhI che. traNa aMke ane paMdara pravezanA enA bAhya AkArathI nATakane veza ene paherAvyo che paNa te badhA praveze sthaLa, kALa, pAtrA, badhAmAM ekamekathI judA che. AthI "trilokanI aNuSTinA anukaraNa samuM' e pitAnuM nATaka che ema kahevAnI kavie taka lIdhI che. pitA pUratA svataMtra e praveze. svarUpamAM nATomikAbe jevA lAge. e badhAne nATakamAM goThavavAmAM kavie adazya bhAva ekAgratAnI rasasAMkaLa"ne Azraya lIdho che. pahelA aMkane "kALajUnA prazno, bIjAne "parApUrvanAM maMthana" ane trIjAne "trikAlapara sanAtanA" evAM zIrSaka ApI pitAnA IMgitane IzAre kavie emAM karyo dekhAya. Atithyadharma bajAvatAM sItAne patine viga veThavAno Ave, patinI sAthe manane vega sAdhatAM cukAtA Atithyadharma mATe mugdhA zakuMtalA daMDAya, kaMsa jevAnA Apakhuda zAsanamAM enA dhanuSyane saue pUjavuM paDe, kauravonI adhamI rAjasabhAmAM vaDIle ne patienA dekhatAM eka abaLA kulavadhUnI bhayaMkara avahelanA thAya, e anyAya ane pApa pratye tema ja svataMtra ane nijAnaMdI AtmAne, paramAtmAnA ja sphaliMgane, haiyAvAsI cAMDAlaNI baddha ane pAmara jIva banAvI de evI mAnavajIvanI viSama karUNatA pratye pahelA aMkamAM lakSa derI, bIjA aMkamAM kavi mAnavIne maLatI siddho ane payagaMbaronI prasAdI tathA zaMkarAcAryo ane zukadevonAM AvA mAnavajagatamAM thatAM pagalAMthI jagatanuM AzvAsaka pAsuM rajU kare che. trIjo aMka (pahelA aMkamAM mUkavA lAyaka bIjA praveza sivAya) kAmajetA zukadeva ane enA jevA avadhUto tathA AtmAthIo (rAjahaMsanA pratIkathI darzAvAyela)nI tathA narasiha, mIrAM Adi prabhunA baMdAonI paramAtmAnI jagatalIlAmAM sahAyaka kAmagIrInuM sUcana karI puruSa-prakRtinA nitya rAsa jevA A jagata paratve samAdhAnakAraka vRtti vAcakenA hRdayamAM ropI javA tAke che. A te pUrI sahRdayatAthI kavi cIdhI "adazya bhAva ekAgratAne "vizvagItA'mAMthI khoLavAnuM karIe te. bAkI, e mATe emAM pahelA ne chellA pravezamAM pataMjaline lAvI tenAM yogasUtramAMnuM paheluM tenI pAse uccArAvavAmAM tema zukadevane ghaNuM pravezamAM lAvavAmAM to kRtrima ane sastI yukti ja dekhAya che. kavie A nATakanA pravezonI "vArtAkaLIo rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, bhAgavata, zAkuntala AdinI "rasavelethI vaNelI" kahI ene "pANI chAMTI khIlAvI praphulAvI...emAM navI rasasaurabha" pote bharI hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che e vAta sAcI che, paNa temanI navI rasasaurabha "bharatagotranAM lajajAcIra jevA praveza sivAya anyatra mULa kRtionI rasasaurabhathI caDiyAtI nathI. mULa te A badhA praveza meja AvI tema

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72 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca'. 4 ane tyAre peAte lakhatA gayA haze, ane pAchaLathI emane traNa aMkamAM vahe'cI saLaMga nATakakRtinuM rUpa Apyu. tyAre bacAvarUpe bhAvaekAgratAnA muddo AgaLa karI peAte ene peAtAnA navatara sAhasa tarIke khapAvavA prayAsa karyo hAya ema mAnavAnuM ghaNAne sUjhe tema che. kavinA avasAna pachI pragaTa thayela amaravela'(1954)ne kavie prastAvanAmAM 'calapaTA (movies) ne kheAlapaTA (talkies), nATaka ane sa MgItaneA samanvayasamAraMbha' kahI, enI zabdazailIne vastusvarUpane anurUpa veda-upaniSadanI, bhAgavatanI, bAibalanI triguNAtmikI zailIchAyA' e zabdothI oLakhAvI che. A beu dAvA dvArA kavie je inkyuM che te jeTaluM mahAna che teTalI tenI siddhi mahAna nathI. vizvagItA'thIya vadhu pragalbha sAhasane dekhAva laI AvelI A racanAmAM eka eka pravezaka ane pAMca pAMca pravezeAvALA traNa aMka ane chelle 'amaravela' nAmanuM eka upasaMhArAtmaka dRzya che. emAM akaiA 1 ane 3 nA pravezake| tathA aMtima dRzya e traNa praveza ja pAtro ne saMvAdathI nATayAMza dekhADe che. ene kavinuM kheAlapaTa gaNA tA bAkInA badhA praveze jemAM kiva peAtAnI rUDha DAlanazailImAM citrAtmaka varNanA dvArA brahmAMDanuM sargadarzana karAve che, tene mUka calapaTa mAnavAM paDaze. pelA nATayAMzavALA pravezeA ane bAkInA varNanAtmaka praveze ekakhIjAthI alaga paDI jAya che, kaiAI saMhata suzliSTa kalAkRti banAvatA nathI. zabdazailImAM aMka 1nA praveza 1mAMnA sarjana pahelAMnA zUnya tamasanA vanamAM tama mAsI gUDhatAM tamaHvALA vedamAMnA varNananI chAyA dekhAya, paNa te sivAya tA upaniSada-bAilanI nahi, paNa enI jANItI lAkSaNikatAo ane maryAdAo sAthe nhAnAlAlanI ja zailI kRtimAM najare paDe che. Atimarsa, sarjanAraMbha, nihArikA, na buDiyA kukuMmavI kiraNAvalie, uSAnAM indradhanuSya, vizvanA AMkhe, mAnasarAvara, mahAnadI, sAgara, nIrazAyI nArAyaNu, sUryamaMDaLa, pRthvI, himAlaya, caMdra, maMdAkinI, dhUmaketu, dizAonA cheDA, 'mahakALa'nuM brahmacakranu dhUmaNa - A sarvAMnuM kavinuM citradarzanAtmaka varNana kavie kalpanA ane citrazaktinI be pAMkhA vIMjhI brahmAMDasananI lIlA nihALavA ne nirUpavA karela UMcA UDaNu mATe mAna upajAve evuM kahI zakAya. ene caitanya ane amaravelanI AchI praNayakathAnA evanamAM DhAMkIne rajU karIne peAtAnI priya premabhAvanAne pharI eka vAra paNa khUba UMcI bhUmikAe ArAhAvIne rajU karavAnI taka kavie lIdhI che. atima dRzyamAM prematattva ne brahmatattvanuM samIkaraNa-sUtra bAMdhI, mAMthI nadda thayelanI ja pUrvInA va kAjenI icchAne, brahmAMDanI brahma pratinI gatine, -

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [ 73 e prematatvanuM ja kArya kavi jaNAve che. aMdara mukAyelAM tera gItathI nATaka, belapaTa ne citrapaTamAM pote saMgIta bheLavyuM mAnatA kavinAM cArapAMca gIto emanI e mATenI zaktinAM nidarzaka che. samagra racanA lalita ke saMdaranA saphaLa gAyaka nhAnAlAlane "bhavya" ne "agamya'nAya eTalI saphaLa gAyaka kavinA svarUpamAM rajU kare che, eTalA nATakakAra tarIke nahi. nATasarjanamAMya pitAnI rIte cAlanAra ne mahattvAkAMkSI prayoga karanAra tarIke teo avazya noMdhapAtra pAchA gaNAvAnA kharA. [3] gadyathAo nhAnAlAlanI vipula sarjaktAe gadyanA kathAtmaka sAhityaprakAronA kSetrane akSaNa patha mAnya nathI. navalakathAnA ghATavALI be kRtio ane laghukathA ke vArtAonA saMgraha jevuM eka pustaka temanI pAsethI A kAraNe maLI zakyAM che. sarjakatAnI dRSTie emAM sauthI vadhu saphaLa ane AkarSaka kRti che 1914mAM kAzmIranA pravAsamAM tyAM vIsa divasamAM kavie lakhelI ane 1918mAM pragaTa karelI navalakathA "uSA". kavinAM pustakomAM "IndukumAra" ane "jayA-jayanta'nI mAphaka ghaNuM punarmudraNe pAmela (1930 sudhImAM tenAM pAMca punarmudraNa thayAM hatAM) e kRti vasaMtotsavanA jevI kaumAramAMthI nehavatiyAM banatAM taruNa nAyakanAyikAnAM sneha ane saMvanananI kathA che. nAyakane anAmI rAkhI tenA pitAnA bayAnarUpe tenA zabdomAM pitAne mATe henA prayogathI lakhAyethI A kathA dRSTi milana, snehAdaya, askya, milana, saMvanana vagerethI thatA snehanAM vRddhi-vikAsa ane temAM nAyakanAM saMvedanone varNavatI tathA tenI snehamUrti uSAnI guNa saMpannatAne tema tenA vyaktitvane aneka prasaMgo dvArA pragaTa karatI sAmAjika vAstavane khyAla ApavA zeDo vakhata vidhana ane viyogane anubhava beu pAtrane karAvI ane lagnane sukhAntamAM pariName che, e kavinAM ghaNAM nATakamAMnI praNayakathAo karatAM enI viziSTatA gaNAya. ApaNuM vate, pa, utsavo vagere sAthenuM ApaNuM samAjajIvana kathAmAM enA vAstavika aMzeAmAM paNa alabatta kavinI bhAvanArasita lakhAvaTamAM emAM pRSThabhUmAM sAruM rajU thayuM che. nAyakanI bahena caMdrikA bhAIne ane bhAI bahenane tenA sneha-saMvananamAM sahAyaka banatAM AlekhI nAyakanI hakathA bhegI eka samAntara snehakathA. paNa kavie mUkI che, paNa te nAyakanI hakathA jeTalI bulaMda banAvAI nathI. "janmASTamIne "zaradapUrNimAnAM prakaraNomAM khAsa to pAchalAnA rAsavarNanamAM kavi soLe kaLAe mana mUkIne khIlyA lAge. uSAnAM zrImaMta kuTuMbanA nabIrA sAthe yojAyelAM mAbApa

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74] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ . 4 goThavyAM lagna dvArA rUDhilagnane vAstavamAMza kavi kathAmAM lAvyA che, paNa uSA pitAnI jagyAe e lakSmIputrane paraNavA cAhatI pitAnI bahenapaNIne mAhyarAmAM besADI daIne te pachI mAtApitAne ja saMmata karAvI laI nAyaka joDe paraNe che ema goThavI kavi kathAmAM vastu ne kAryanI daSTie saMdeha, ane aNadhAryA sukhada antanuM saheja nATakI lAge evuM tatva paNa lAvyA che. nAyaka-nAyikAnI snehakathAne lagatA judA judA prasaMgo ke paristhitio ane temAM temanAM hRdayasaMvedanene bhAvabharI ane kAvyamaya abhivyakti ApavAmAM kavie "uSA'mAM gadyane je rasAtmaka ke sarjanAtmaka rIte ulAsathI tAjagIbharI ane manahara sAlaMkAra bhASA dvArA prayojyuM che te A kRtinuM eka AgavuM AkarSaNa banI rahe che. aMdaranuM prakaraNa 9 kavinuM snehazAstra banI gayuM che. kathAmAM e anivArya na hatuM, paNa ajugatuM lAgatuM nathI. svarUpanI daSTie khuzIthI jene gujarAtanI pahelI gaNanApAtra laghunavala kahI zakAya evuM kathAsarjana navalakathAnA kSetramAM munazInA Agamana pahelAM gujarAtanI A pratibhAzALI kavine hAthe thayuM ene eka smaraNIya sAhityika ghaTanA gaNavI ghaTe. gujarAtI vAtAvaraNa ane jIvananI sAdI snehakathAne pitAnI sarjakatAnA tema priya snehabhAvanAnA jAduI sparzathI nhAnAlAla eka kAvyAtmaka rasAvaha sAhityakRti temAM banAvI zakyA che. "uSAne e sRjanajUnI vArtA ane "sahu gRhasthAzramIo kAjenI phUlavADI' kahIne pote ene sarvakAlInatA ane sArvajanInatAnA aMzevALI banAvyAnuM sUcavyuM che. ethI kathAmAM thoDe aMze rUpakanuM tatva AvyuM che. ethI ja, kathAmAM vAre vAre nAyakane vAcakane saMbodhI tenI praNayakathAne tALo AnI sAthe meLavI javA kahete temaNe Alekhe che. ene mukAbale adodaLI lAge evI enAthI bamaNa vistAranI kathA sArathi(1938)ne kavie navalakathAne ghATa Ape che eTaluM ja, emane Azaya navalakathAnuM kalAsvarUpa siddha karavAne nahi paNa potAnuM rAjakIya darzana te vATe rajU karavAne che. ema karavA teo prerAyA temanA ItihAsanA abhyAsa ane rasane lIdhe, prathama vizvayuddha pachInA jagatanA pravartamAna samakAlIna rAjakAraNa upara e rasane kAraNe pate rAkhatA rahyA hatA e najarane pariNAme, tathA jagatamAM saMgharSa ane yuddhanI haMmezane mATe nAbUdI tathA vizvazAMtine mATe pUrva-pazcimanA bheda sivAya jagatanAM sarva rASTrone maitrI, ekhalAsa, samanvaya ane sahagane puNya saMdeza suNAvavAnI emanI (govardhanarAmanI sAkSarajIvananI bhAvanAne anurU5) kavidharmanI bhAvanAe prerelI sadicchAnA baLe, "A graMtha paNa mAtra vArtA nathI, ke mAtra mImAMsA nathI. eka itihAsa jotiSIe yathAzaktimati vAMcelI A te

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [75 che jagatanI janmotro' e prastAvanAmAMnA zabdo kavinA Azayane spaSTa karI Ape che. samagra kathAmAMnuM emanuM vaktavya paNa prastAvanAmAM Ama nirdezAyuM cheH "yUropamAM che prajAbhAvanI kAMTALI vADI-sImAo. ane amerikA eTale pRthvIsamanvaya nahi, mAtra cUrepasamanvaya. paNa hindI mahAsAgaramAM pAsiphika ne ATalAnTika AvI samAya che ema mAnavavaMzano samanvaya-mahAsAgara, jagatanI "mAnavI prajA, ahIM ane Aja, bhAratadeze sarajAya che. AvaDe to briTana jagataItihAsano mahArathI thAya ane bharatakhaMDa jagatasArathI thAya. briTana je ItihAsabela belaze evo bhArata pratiuttarane paDagho pADaze." (pR. 34-35) prastAvanAmAMnA A zabda kavie "rAjasUtranI tripuTI'nAM kAvyamAM vyakta karela bhAvanA sAthe pUrA susaMgata che. ene kavie jagatanA samakAlIna rAjakAraNanA pitAnA vAcanathI A kathAmAM samarthita karI che. kavinuM jagatanAM ItihAsa ane bhUgoLanuM jJAna ane emAMne rasa, je ahIM emane mATe Adara janmAve eTalA pramANamAM pragaTa thAya che, teNe A kathAmAM emane sAruM kAma ApyuM che. kathAno samaya emaNe cAlu zatakanA chaThThA dAyakAne kayo che. bIju vizvayuddha kavine jevuM paDayuM, jeNe keTalIka paristhiti sArI peThe badalAvI nAkhI. che, paNa temaNe A kRti tenI pahelAM racelI che. AthI temAM pahelA vizvayuddha pachInA prajAsaMdha - lIga oNpha nezansa ane jinIvA jagatanA rAjakAraNanA kendramAM chaThThA dAyakAmAM haze ema mAnIne kavi cAlyA che. e prajAsaMdha para amerikA ane jApAnane e to yuropanA Adhipatya ke sarasAI mATe ja jAya che ne kAma kare che evo asaMtoSa, amerikAnI jagatanuM netRtva levAnI ane jApAnanI yuropanA jevo eziyAne rASTrasaMgha sthApavA ne tenuM netRtva levAnI mahecchA, spenanI pitAnuM jibrAhaTara pAchuM svahastagata karavAnI pravRtti, turkastAnathI aphaghAnistAna sudhInAM islAmI rASTronI eka islAmI AdhipatyanI IcchA ne te mATeno saLavaLATa, eziyAnI ekatAnI AkAra letI havA - A badhuM kavi pitA taraphathI tema pAtronI carcAo i. dvArA sAruM upasAve che. jagatane saMkucita rASTravAda ane Adhipatya-lAlasAmAMthI janmatAM yuddho ne saMgharSathI mukta karavA ane mAnavajAtanA utkarSa ane kalyANa mATe prAsaMghe ke rASTrasaMghe nahi paNa mAnavasaMgha sthApavAnI udAra bhAvanA bhArata ja zIkhavI zake ema che ema mAnanAra. kavie e bhAvanAnI potAnI kalpanAmUrti himAlayamAM jenAM besaNAM che evA kailAsI mahArAjanI A kathAmAM rajU karI dhuraMdhara ane preraNA, Atmajita ane vidhAtrI tathA dhirAja ane jayaprabhAnI pAtroDIone temanAM ziSyo ke kAryakare jevI banAvI temane e bhAvanAnI kAryasiddhi mATe mathatI AlekhI che. jayaprabhA jinIvAnA.

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76 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA maMtihAsa [tha. 4 prAsaMdhamAM bhAratanA pratinidhimaDaLanI sabhya tarIke jAya, vidhAtrI amerikAnA pramukhanA caMdrikAmahela(vhAiTa hAusa)mAM ane preraNA IMglaeNMDanA mahAmaMtrIzvaranA 10, DAuniMga sTrITamAM temanA nima traNathI paheAMcI jaI maMtraNA kare ane emane emanI maryAdAo batAvI zIkhavI Ave, nagAdhirAja himAdrinA zikhare pRthvInAM mahAjanaiAnI pariSada maLe ne tene kailAsI udbAdhe -- Ama vAcakane tema kathAne kavi judAM judAM sthaLe laI jAya che, pAtravaividhya paNa thADuMka sAthe che ane kathAne Achu pAtaLu` vastu paNa gADhavI Ape che. kailAsInAM ziSyA vidhAtrI, preraNA, AdinI pavanapAvaDI, TApImAMnA reDiyAthI game tyAM maLatA ne sAMbhaLI zakAtA saMdeza, vIjakalamathI game tyAM meAkalAtA vIjasa deza, vIjakiraNeAmAMthI nIkaLI chata para dekhAI the|DI vAre adazya thaI jatA teja-akSare, vidyANu, vimAnI sabamarIna vagere dvArA kavie vijJAnanA thaI rahelA vikAsanI sAthe paNa peAtAnI kalpanAne kathAmAM ThIka calAvI bhAvi jagatanI vijJAnasiddhineya kaMIka khyAla kathAmAM ApyA che. kathAmAM gujarAta ane bhAratanI bahAranA meATA phalakane vyApatI IMgleMDa, amerikA, raziyA, jApAna, spena Adi meTA tema nAnA dezAnAM bhUta-vartImAnane tathA temanI rAjanIti tathA mahattvAkAMkSAone sparzatI rAjakIya carcAe bhegI nArImukti, zramajIvIvAda i.nI paNa carcA aMdara kavi kare che, te temanA rasanuM kSetra keTaluM vizALa che enI pratIti karAve che. pelAM traNa pAtrayugaleAne nhAnAlAla-chApanuM snehayeAgItva tathA AkhI kathAne nhAnAlAlI gadyazailI maLyAM hAvAnI tema ja kastUrImRganAM dhaNu carAvatI sugaMdhAnA himAlayavAsI pAtranA kathAmAM kavie karAvelA Agantuka pravezanI kavine eLakhanArane navAI lAgaze nahi. e sugaMdhA indukumAra'nI pAMkhaDI jevuM nhAnAlAlanuM kAvyamaya bhAvanAsarjana che. spene jibrAlTara para karelA hakathI tathA jApAne karelA siMgApura ne eDana paranA AkramaNathI gheADIka taMgadilI sarAvatI paristhiti lAvIne kathAne gheADAka vArtArasa paNa kavie ApyA che. jAma raNajitanI vimAnI sabamarIne ne briTananA pakSamAM jApAnanA humalAne haThAvyAnA parAkramayaza ApIne kavie e sadbhAvI mitra pratyenuM RNa itihAsavyutkramane doSa vaheArI laIne paNa vALavAnuM emAM karyuM che tene kSamya gaNI zakAya. eka dare, A kRti paNa kavinAM 'vizvagItA' ane 'amaravela' ane 'harisaMhitA' jevuM temanuM eka viziSTa sAhasa gaNAze. siddhi jevI maLe tevI, paNa sAmAnya ke cIlAcAlu karatAM meATI phALa bharavAnuM temane hamezAM gamyu che. e temanA vimAnasa ane kavipratibhAnI lAkSaNikatA che. atyAre jene 'laghu-kathA' nAmathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che. evI sattara laghu

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [ 77 vArtAenA eka saMgraha kavie 'pAMkhaDIe' (1930) nAmanA ApyA che tene paNa kavinuM uparanA jevuM eka sAhasa kahI zakAya. peAte emAMnI racanAo mATe kahI nAkhyuM che 'A prasaMgeA che. Amane vArtAo kahevIke ceAgya nathI', ene mATe 'tejaaNuo', 'akiraNA', 'hIrAnI karacA', 'jhINukI jalalaharIe' jevA zabdo paNa vAparyA che. enI vastusAmagrI, saMvidhAnakalA, pAtrAlekhana ane bhASA kavinAM nATakA ane uparanA jevI gadyakathAomAM dekhAya che tenAthI judAM varatAtAM nathI, tema temAMnI aMtaHkathita bhAvanA ke vaktavya paNa kavinuM lagabhaga jUnuM ane jANItuM che. emAM nirUpAyelA prasaMgeAmAM keTalAkamAM kavie gheADAka haLavA banavAnA prayAsa karyo che ane kAI kAImAM sAmAjika vAstavanI pRSThabhU gADhavI che, paNa meATA bhAganA prasaMge| nhAnAlAlI gaLacaTTI kAvyamayatAthI vaiSTita. banyA che. kavinAM keTalAMka vicAravalaNNA ane abhiprAyAnuM vAhana paNa keTalAka prasaMge| banyA che. vArtA tarIkenuM kAThuM ghaNA prasaMgAmAM dhAtuM nathI. kheAra-saLIneA paMkhA', enuM pahelu. puSpa' jevI racanAe pratIkAtmakatA-rUpakAtmakatAne kAraNe thADIka AkarSaka lAge, tA sAgaranI sArasI' ane 'vaTemArgu' jevI racanAe temAMnA Urmitattvane lIdhe AsvAdya bane, ane keTalIka temAMnA prAkRtika pariveza ne tenAM vanamAM kavie prayeAjelI bhASAne kAraNe ` vAMcavI game, tema banyuM che. kavie 1925-30nAM varSomAM saheja meAkaLAza ke haLavAzanI vRtti veLA jANe DAbe hAthe A vArtAkArI racanAo karI peAtAnI sarjakatAnA eka nave. unmeSa emAM dAkhavyA che e rIte e saMgraha noMdhapAtra lekhAya. [4] kavIzvara dalapatarAma' nhAnAlAle peAtAnA vidyA-ane sa MskAraguru kAzIrAma dave vize 'gurudakSiNA'mAM, mitro amRtalAla paDhiyAra ane 'kAnta' mATe e khenI jaya'tI prasaMganAM vyAkhyAne mAM, sayAjIrAva gAyakavADa vize eka lekhamAM, keTalu ka chUTuM caritrAtmaka lakhANa ka che. emAM emanI aMjali ke rekhAcitranI viSayabhUta vyaktinI lakSaNamUrti guNajJatA tema ja amuka aMze cikitsaka dRSTithI upasAvavAnI. patinA kaMIka khyAla Ave che. paNa pUrA kadanA caritrakAra tarIke tA te pitRcaritra kavIzvara dalapatarAma'nAM cAra bRhatkAya pustakAmAM (1933, 34, 40, 41) gujarAta samakSa rajU thAya che. 'pUjane je pUjatA nathI te naguNA pitRdrohI che,' ema e caritragraMthanA khIjA bhAganA uttarArdhamAM lakhanAra A kavie 'pitRtapaNu' kAvya dvArA karelA pitRtarpaNane A pitRcaritrathI khevaDAvyuM che. mana ane kalamane chUTAM mUkIne vIgate lakhelA A caritranAM cAra pustakA mATe kavie phrAsaritra, gujarAta varnAkayulara

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78] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [2. 4 sosAyaTIne ItihAsa, 'dalapatakAvya', "buddhiprakAza'mAMnI ne jevI sAmagrIne upayoga karyo ja che, paNa pitAe pitAnA jIvanaprasaMge vize mAMdagIne bichAnethI kahelI vAtenI noMdhane savizeSa lAbha temane maLe che, jene lIdhe ghaNI mAhitI graMtha pahelI vAra rajU karI zake che. dalapatarAmanA pUrvajo, dalapatarAmanuM bALapaNa ne uchera, temane piMgaLane abhyAsa ne kavitAlekhanane AraMbha, temanuM amadAvAdamAM Agamana, phorbsane gujarAtI zIkhavavA uparAMta "rAsamALA'nI AdhArasAmagrI meLavI ApavAnI temanI sahAya, temanA pravAse, temanI sarakArI ne gujarAta varnAkayulara sosAyaTInI nekarI, svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanI tema gujarAtI sAhityanI temanI sevA, temanuM kuTuMbajIvana ane cAritrya, A sarvenI vIgatabharapUra pramANabhUta mAhitInI sAthe 19mA zatakanA gujarAtane sAMskRtika ItihAsa emAM dezakALanI pRSThabhU tarIke je vistArathI AlekhAyo che te A caritragraMthanI nedhapAtra viziSTatA che. dalapatarAmanI jIvanakathAmAM phormsa sAthe dalapatarAmanA AtmIya saMbaMdhane caritrakAra kavi-putre ThIka sthAna ApI upasAvavAnuM karyuM che, te dalapatarAmanA jIvanane banyuM tevuM banAvavAmAM phormsane mahatvano phALo jotAM vAjabI Thare evuM che. dalapatarAmanA pitA DAhyA vediyA, phaoNrbsa, narmada, karasanadAsa mULajI, rAyacaMda zeTha Adi vyaktionAM paricayAtmaka rekhAcitro paNa A caritramAM vAyakone maLe che. dalapataramanA AyuSyanA pUrvArdhamAM kaluSita paNa uttarArdhamAM mIThA dAMpatyajIvana ane kuTuMbajIvanane lagatI mAhitI bhegI caritralekhaka nhAnAlAlanA kizorajIvana ane vidyAthIjIvananI paNa ghaNI mAhitI graMtha saMpaDAve che. A caritragraMthamAM nahAnAlAla dalapatarAmanI gujarAtasevAnI je mulavaNa prastAvanAmAM tathA pustakamAM karatA rahyA che temAM putrasahaja pitRbhaktithI prerAyelI kyAreka atizayoktinA raMgamAM bALelI prazastinuM tatva vizeSa dekhAya che, tema chatAM tatvamAM e mUlyAMkanamAM taththAMza ghaNe che. dalapatarAmane nhAnAlAle prajAnA purohita", "dezamALI', "sudhArAnI velIonA saMsthApaka", "brahmaSi", "navayuganA vAlmIki, "huraudyoga saMsArasudhArA vidyAvRddhi rAjakAraNa - samasta saMskRtinA..navayuganA sarvasaMcArI kavi', gujarAtanI arvAcInatAnI "havAranA sUrya evA prazasti zabdothI navAjatA nhAnAlAlane pitAnA pratispadhI narmadanA e zabdo mATenA adhikAranuM bhAna che ja ethI narmadane te A graMthamAM sArI jagyA ApI, tenI ane dalapatarAmanI vacce dhyeyabheda na hatA, zilIbheda hato' ema batAvI tene vIra ane dalapatarAmane dhIra, tene kAntivAdI ane dalapatarAmane vikAsavAdI' kahI oLakhAve che. dalapatarAmane mATe "brahmaSi" zabda, narmadane mATe rAjarSi" zabda vAparavAnI sAthe ja teo

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [ 79 AthI prayojI dalapatarAmanI sarasAI upasAvavA prayAsa kare che. caritragraMthamAMnuM vaktavya prastAvanAmAM bevaDAvAthI tema bIjI rIte paNa emAM punaruktidoSa ThIka pramANamAM peThe che. "dalapataAyuSyane jharUkhethI kIdheluM 19mI sadInuM gujarAtadarzana A jIvanakathAne kahI zakAya evI IcchAnA kAryAnvayana mATe emaNe dalapata mUrtinA citraphalakarUpa gata zatakanA gujarAtane khaDuM karavA pAchaLa je pRSTha rokyAM che te paNa vistAra vadhArI Ape che, paraMtu caritranAyakanA dezakALa, ghaDatara ane jIvanakAryane samajavAmAM tenI svayaMspaSTa upakArakatAne lIdhe tenI sAme phariyAda thaI zake tevuM nathI. UlaTuM enA dastAvejI ItihAsa-mUlyanI kadara karavI paDe tema che. "kavIzvara dalapatarAma'nA prastAramAM ene keTaleya sthaLe asvAdya banAvatI kavinI lAkSaNika alaMkArapriya, samAsapracura ane vAgmitAnA sArAmAThA beu aMzevALI lakhAvaTane paNa hisso gaNAyaH joke evI lakhAvaTanoya bhegI ne cAhaka vAcakavarga ApaNe tyAM nAne na nIkaLe. gujarAtanA caritrasAhityamAM kavilikhita A pitRcaritra eka mahattvane gaNanApAtra umero kare che eTaluM te niHzaMka kahI zakAze. sarjanane thAka avAntare AvA lekhanathI nhAnAlAla utAratA. pitAnA AyuSyanA keI samayakhaMDane sAva anutpAdaka temaNe kyAreya rAkhe nathI. - nhAnAlAle pUruM Atmacaritra to nahi paNa Atmaparicaya jevuM je thoDuMka lakhyuM che tene paNa atre ullekha karavo ghaTe. emanI suvarNa jayaMtIne avasare AbhArabhASaNarUpe lakhela ane pachI pustikArUpe chapAyela "ardhazatAbdInA anubhavabola" "eka gurjara.AtmAnI ghaDatarakathA' e tenA vaikalpika zIrSakane sAcuM TharAve e emanA vyaktitvane paricaya tema ja temanA kavi tarIkenA ghaDataranI kathA kahevA sAthe temanA sAhityane samajavAnI dRSTi ApI rahe che. kavi prasaMgopAtta je vyAkhyAna ApatA temAMnAM "vasaMtane Taheliyo" ane "svapnAM sAcAM paDyAM e be vyAkhyAmAM paNa temaNe ghaNI pitAne vizenI vAto ne saMsmaraNe kahyAM che tene paNa temanI AtmacaritrAtmaka sAmagrI kahI zakAya tema che. "kavIzvara dalapatarAma'mAMthI paNa nAnA "hAnAne lagatI rasika mAhitI maLI rahe che. A badhAmAMthI tema ja temanI prastAvanAo, vyAkhyAne che. anya lakhANamAM kyAMka kyAMka dekhA detI AtmalakSI hakIkatamAMthI temanA ja zabdomAM temanI AtmakathA AkRta karI zakAya tema che - je kyAreka emanA eka suputra taraphathI maLavA saMbhava che.

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80] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 [5] vyAkhyAne upara kavinAM vyAkhyAno ullekha thaye. gujarAtamAM aneka zaheramAM ane muMbaI, karAMcI jevAM bRhada gujarAtanAM zaheromAM kavie ApelAM vyAkhyAnanI saMkhyA evI moTI che ke "ardhazatAbdInA anubhavola', "ubodhana", "saMsAramaMthana', saMbodhana', 'gurudakSiNa', "maNi mahotsavanA sAhityabala' 1-2, muMbaImAMne mahatsava' jevA enA saMgraha kavie pachI mudrita karAvyA che, ane betraNa saMgraha thAya teTalAM chApelAM vyAkhyAne haju paDyAM che. vyAkhyAna mATe AvatAM nimaMtraNamAMthI thoDAMne ja teo svIkAra karatA ane vyAkhyAna mATe ochAmAM ochI eka mahinAnI mahetala mAgatA. eTalA gALAmAM dhArelA viSaya upara vIgatothI sajaja thaI pote AkhuM vyAkhyAna lakhIne taiyAra karatA, ane te evA lekhita ke mudrita svarUpamAM samAraMbha veLA pitAnI lAkSaNika zilIe vAMcatA. temanAM AvAM vyAkhyAne gRhajIvana, zikSaNa, samAjaprazno, sAhitya, dharma, kalA, ema jIvananAM badhAM mukhya kSetrane spazI vaLe che. pite vyAkhyAna mATe jyAM gayA hoya te sthaLanAM ItihAsa-bhUgaLa ane anya lAkSaNiktAo, jaine pArasIo musalamAne brAhmaNe vaiSNavo AdinAM zrotRmaMDaLa samakSa tematemanA dharmanAM mULataro ke viziSTa lakSaNo, ane strIo vidyAthIo vagerenAM zretAmaMDaLa samakSa temanAM dharma ane kartavya potAnI lAkSaNika rasALa paddhatie teo e vyAkhyAnamAM rajU karatA. e vyAkhyAnamAM emano ItihAsa-rasa, udAra guNadaza samanvayadaSTi, raNajitarAmaprazaMsita "UMDI ne sateja dhArmikatA', bhAratIya dharma tattvajJAna ane saMskRtie prabodhelA-puraskArelAM ciraMtana jIvanamUlya paranI zraddhA, emanI kahitacitA ane bhAvanAzIlatA utsAhathI bolatAM saMbhaLAtAM. sAre e zrama laI taiyAra karAyelAM kavinAM AvAM vyAkhyAne emAMnA vastu-vaktavyathI zrotAone kAM navI mAhitI ApatAM, kAM navI daSTi ApatAM. brAhmaNonI sabhAne "RSisaMtAna', jenone "vIranAM saMtAna, bAroTane devIne biradAI, strIone "AjanI ne bhAvi gujarAtanI mAtAo', dayArAma-jayaMtI UjavatAM DabhoIvAsIone "vaiSNavajana ho !" evAM emanAM zrotAone karNapriya sAthe hRdayapriya bane evAM mIThAM saMbodhane sAthe keTalIka vAra AraMbhamAM ane kyAreka antamAM kAvya paNa potAnI rIte mojathI lalakAratA kavinuM sAMbhaLave gamI jAya evuM kavitAI lahekAvALuM lAkSaNika gadya zrotAo mATe e vyAkhyAnuM eka AkarSaNa banatuM. vicAranA suyojita tarkabaddha pratipAdana ane daDhabaMdha vAkyaracanAne gadyanuM prANatattva gaNanArAo kavinA keTalIka vAra be traNa lITInA peregrAphavALA evA gadyane sAruM ke sAcuM gadya na gaNe, paNa

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [ 91 24 kavine mATe e zailI jaNe emanA dhaTa sAthe ghaDelI ne vaLagelI hatI; emanA kavipaNA tathA vAgmitAzAkhane lAyaka abhivyakti ja e hatI. 'prAzarIrane dhasArA ke navapallavatA ?' e prathama gAMdhIjInA 'navajIvana'mAM tenA ArabhavamAM hapate hapate pragaTa thayela lekha,21 'lagnasnehaneA vizvakramamAM hetu' e prathama 1898 nA 'jJAnasudhA'mAM chapAyela lekha21 ane manuSyajAtinI utkrAntinAM peAlaka jharaNAM',21 islAmI saMskRti',22'seAraThI tavArIkhanA thara'22, 'brAhmaNutva',23 'bhAratIya itihAsanAM keTalAMka lakSaNNA',23 'A daSTi',24 'kALanA bharatIoTa',ra jagatkavitAmAM gujarAtI kavitA',25 'kavidharma'25 jevAM vyAkhyAneA TakAu mUlyanAM hAI Aje paNa eTalAM ja saMtarpaka che. 'svapnasvAmI athavA vasa MtanA TaheliyA' e haju graMthastha nahi thayela vyAkhyAna vasa MtAtsava ne ane temAM kavinA igitane samajavAmAM upakAraka thAya tevuM che. enI madada vinA e kAvyamAMnI keTalIka pa`ktiemAM kavie bhAratanA judA judA pradeze ane keTalIkamAM yuropanA keTalAka deze., amerikA ane jApAnanuM sUcana karyuM che e saMbhavataH kAIthI jANI zakAta nahi. [6] sAhityavivecana uparanAM vyAkhyAnA kavine vicAraka ane abhyAsI tarIke rajU kare che tA keTalAMka vyAkhyAneA temane sAhityanA abhyAsI ane vicArakanA rUpamAM jovA vAMcanArane prere evAM che. evAM vyAkhyAne temaNe 'ApaNAM sAhityaratnAnI vidrapUrjA' lekhe traNa dAyakA daramyAna temane mATenA jayantIsamAra bheA prasa Mge ApelAM tenA prathama saMgraha 'sAhityama'thana'ne 'ApaNAM sAkSararatne!' bhAga 1-2 rUpe apAyeluM navuM svarUpa, peAtAnAM keTalAMka pustakAnI prastAvanAo, keTalAMka pustakonA emaNe lakhI ApelA pravezakA tathA 'jagatakAdeMbarIemAM 'sarasvatIcaMdra'nuM sthAna' e temanuM pustaka nhAnAlAlanA anya sAhityasakAnA sarjananA avalAkanakAra tarIke emaNe bajAvela kAnA khyAla ApI rahe che. medhadUta" ane 'zAkuntala'nA peAtAnA anuvAdonI prastAvanAomAM kAlidAsanI kavipratibhAne tema ja 'ApaNAM sAkSararatna'mAM ApaNA jUnA kaviomAM mIrAM, premAnaMda ane dayArAmane ane arvAcIna sAhityakArAmAM dalapatarAma, na`da, navalarAma, gAvanarAma ane kezavalAla dhruvane je aMjila kavie ApI che temAM temanI abhyAsazIlatA, rasadiSTa ane guNajJatA sArAM pragaTa thAya che. premAnaMda mATenuM 'He is the most Gujarati of Gujarati poets-modern or ancient', gu. sA. 6

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22] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [4. 4 dayArAma mATe 'dayArAma eTale gujarAtanI geApI : gAtI, kalleAlatI, garabe ghUmatI', vagere jevAM emanAM mUlyadarzI prazastivAkayo te te sAhityakAra vize kheAlatAMlakhatAM hajI TaMkAyAM kare che. dalapatarAmane, gAva`narAmane tathA kezavalAla dhruvane temaNe vipuladarzaka kAcathI joyA lAge, paNa emanA mUlyAMkanamAM tathya nathI ema nahi. geAvanarAmane jagatasAkSara ane sarasvatIcaMdra'ne jagatakAdaMbarI kahevAmAM temaNe atyukti karI nAkhI nathI. 'phUlapAMdaDI'(pRthu zukala)nAM raMgarAgI mastIbharyA gadyamAM lakhAyelAM 'rasakAvyA'nA vadhu paDatA utsAhathI lakhelA pravezakamAM tathA 'navalarAmabhAI'mAM narisaMharAva, ramaNabhAi ane balavaMtarAya ThAkAra pratye dekhADAI gayelA pUrvagraha sivAya ekaMdare jUnA-navA sAhityakAra vize kheAlatAM guNunu vizeSa dekhAya che. tribhuvana premazaMkara - mastakavinA 'kalApIne viraha' ane 'lalitanAM kAvyA'nA be saMgrahanA pravezakA e kavienI viziSTatAo sAthe maryAdA paNa batAvI ApatA sadbhAvapUrNa chatAM svastha ane samatAla sAhityamUlyAMkananA sArA namUnA che. peAtAnA murabbI kavimitra kAnta'ne mahAdevanA lalATa paranA khIjanA caMdramA, temanI kavitAne 'cazmezAhI' ane temanI vipratibhAne mahAkAvyanA nahi paNa UrmikAvyanA kavinI pratibhA kahevAmAM nhAnAlAle 'kAnta'nuM yathAyogya mUlyAMkana ja karyu" gaNAze. zAntA baraphIvALAsaMpAdita 'rAsakuMja'nA tathA kezava ha. zeThanA eka kAvyasaMgrahanA temanA pravezakA paNa dhyAna kheMce. peAtAnA AvA vivecanane nhAnAlAla dhruvuM kahe che ? paraMparAprApta ne AtmasaMmata zAstrAnusArI dhAraNA ane niyameAnI phUTapaTTIthI sAhityakRtine mApavAnI paddhati temane pasaMda nathI. kRtine tenI aMtaHsAmagrInA ja pRthakkaraNa (analysis), samagradarzIna (synthesis), ane rasa-rahasyAdghATana (exposition)nI sTApha brUka ane DAujhana jevAnI paddhati temane iSTa lAgI che ema emaNe e sthaLe26 jaNAvyuM che. emanAM upara gaNAvyAM tevAM vivecanAtmaka lakhANAmAM emanuM vivecana evuM rAmaeNnTika paddhatinuM chApajhIlu ke saMskAragrAhI prakAranuM che. pAMDityanA nahi paNa rasikatAnA trAjave sAhityakRti tALAvI ghaTe27 ema mAnanAra ane rAmaeNnTika prakRtinA nhAnAlAlanuM vivecana evuM ja thAya ke hAya e svAbhAvika che. 'samabhAva, marmajJatA, udAratA, vizAla jJAnasaMpatti, bahuzrutapaNuM, UMDI. AlAcanA, vAMceluM-vicArelu. vAre vAre vAgeALavAnI Teva'28 --A badhAMne tema ja samatulA-vrata, khullu' mana, samabhAva, bahuzrutatA, vikAsazIlatA, raviveka, udAratA, beu AMkhe jovAnI vRtti, itihAsadRSTijanya dIdRSTi, sarvAMgadarzanane ke paridarzanane tathA uttama nyAyAdhIzanI guNusAmagrIne 29

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla vivecakanI guNasaMpatti gaNAvatA nhAnAlAlano vivecaka ane vivecanane Adarza ghaNo UMco che. paNa ekaMdare jotAM kavinuM sAhityavivecana vastutaH emanA lekhana-manananI Agatuka peTA-pedAza vizeSa jaNAya che; vivecana emane prakRtidharma, zekha ke rasane viSaya ke emanI pradhAna sAhityapravRtti nathI. sAhityakAro ane sAhityakRtio vize prasaMgopAtta bolavA-lakhavAnuM AvI paDelA prAptakarma tarIke temaNe svIkAryuM-satkAyu vizeSa jaNAya che. A ve prasaMge tema ja potAnAM pustakonI prastAvanAmAM ke vyAkhyAmAM temanI sAhityadaSTi ke temano kAvyasiddhAMta tAravavAnuM vAcako mATe sulabha bane ane bIjAonAM nahi te temanAM sAhityasarjanane samajavA-mApavA-mUlavavAnuM dhoraNa te jarUra maLI rahe evA vicAro ne vidhAne chUTaka chUTaka ThIka pramANamAM teo karI gayA che, temAM thoDIka sAhityacarcA ApaNane maLe che. alabatta, zAstrIyatA, UMDANa, pRthakkaraNa ane tarkabaddha mAMDaNI tathA vicAra-sthApana emanI kavi-prakRtine bahu anukULa nathI, tethI te emAM AvatAM nathI, paNa temanA pitAnA nizcita abhiprAyo ane bhAvanAne temAMthI avazya paricaya maLI rahe che. A vicAro temaNe potAnAM kAvya-nATakAdimAM vyakta karelA ke vaNelA vicArone ja paDaghAvatA ke punaHkathatA hoya che, kavitAne rasAyana ane "parabrahmanI rasakalA", kalAne "saudaryadarzana, parA5ra-darzana karAvanArI, kavione "rasarSi, prajanA "mahAguru', "maMtroccAra', "prajAstraSTA", kavidharmane vasaMtadharma, ane vasaMtadharmane "pavitrIchAMTo AnaMdamAga uttaravayamAM kahetA kavie pUrva-vayamAM e matalabanuM ja uccAraNa kareluM abhyAsIone jaNAze. vyAkhyAnomAMthI maLatA udgArAmAM kaMIka navuM ane noMdhapAtra sAhityaciMtana jovA maLe che, temAM pahele gaNAvAya temaNe "ardha zatAbdInA anubhavola' e vyAkhyAnamAM tema tyAra pachI anyatra paNa vyakta karelo vicAra ke "cittakSobhamAM nahi, cittaprasannatAmAM prAsAdika kavitAnAM che mULa. ene zAstrasamarthita sarjanaprakriyA kahevA karatAM nhAnAlAlanI potAnI kAvyasarjanaprakriyAne samajAvanArI aMgata mAnyatA gaNavI vadhu ucita che. AtmAne ekabe nahi, so tAranI sAraMgI kahI, "kavinI kalAkAmaThIe e soye tAra vagADavAnA..jeTalA vadhAre vagADAya eTalI kavitAsAraMgI mahAsvare gAje' evuM emaNe kareluM vidhAna30 kavitAne AtmAnI kalA sthApatA AnaMdazaMkara dhruvanI mAphaka kavitAne ramaNa mATe vizALa paTa ApI tene akhilAIne saMsparza ke tenuM gAna karanArI banAvavA cAhe che. mIrAM ane "kalApInI kavitA vize belatAM preraNAnuM ane kavitArasathI chalakAtA hRdayanuM gaurava karatA kavi preraNA pachI/sAthe tene pratyakSa karavAnI Alekhana

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gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [J4 kalAnuM mahatva paNa svIkAre che te tribhuvana kavi ane kezava zeTha vize lakhatAM temaNe e kavio vaDe aNusaMtoSAyelI je apekSA batAvI che te parathI samajAya che. gaMgA-yamunA jevI "remaeNnTika" ane "kalAsikala" e be kalAzailIonI vAta karatAM, AgalIne svAtaMtrya mATenAM phAMphAM ke uDDayana' ane pAchalIne "saMskAra (Discipline)nI niyamAvali' kahI oLakhAvI, beunA saMgrAmamAM nahi paNa saMgamamAM "parama kalAvidhAna rahyuM che ema prabodhatA kavi pote "yathAzaktimati' e Adarza pitAnI samakSa rAkhyAnuM kahe che, temAM emanA "prabhue bAMdhI pALa rasasAgaranI puNyathI" e rasasUtranA pitA pUratA amalane, jIvanadaSTi ane kavisaMdeza paratve emanI "kalAsikala' vRttine ane Alekhana ke zAbdika abhivyaktimAM emanA romenTikapaNane khulAso maLI jAya che. Ama nehAnAlAlanA sarjana-vivecana vizenA sAhityika vicAro anyane khapamAM lAge ke na lAge, e emanA pitAnA sarjanane samajavAmAM te barAbara kAmamAM lAge evA hoya che. emanI kavitA ane saMgIta" tathA "chaMda ane kavitA" e be lekhamAMnI sAhityacarcA kAvyanI svarUpamImAMsAmAM nhAnAlAlanuM viziSTa arpaNa gaNAvA pAtra che. e lakhAyA te veLA praga9bha ke dhRSTa lAgyA haze, paNa samaya vItatAM chaMdanAM saravALA-bAdabAkIne, enI pravAhitAne ane chaMdamuktine uttarottara pratiSThA maLI cUkI che te Ajane samaye nhAnAlAlanA pote ja kAryAnvita karelA e vicAranuM mahattva aitihAsika sAhityika mUlyanuM banI rahe che. chellI noMdhavAnI bAbata have rahe che sarjana tema vivecanamAM jagatasAhityanAM dhoraNe ke stare pitAnI kRtione vicArI-mUlavI jovAnI ApaNuM sarjakone kavinI AgrahabharI zIkha.32 premAnaMdanI sAhityasevAne ghaTatI aMjali ApyA pachI ene gujarAtane gharaAMgaNAne kavi kahI, prAMtIya, rASTrIya ane AMtararASTrIya. eTale jagatanA sAhityanA Adarzane dRSTi samakSa rAkhavAnuM temaNe pradhyuM che.33 jagata parIkSAmAM ane bhaviSyanA saikAonA prajAmata AgaLa UbhavAnI taiyArImAM kaDaka AtmaparIkSAnI vAta AvI ja jAya che. kUpamaMDUkiyA apaDeSathI dUra rahI vadhu unnata sAhityasopAna sara karavA preranArI A zIkhane kavinAM ghaNAM preraka sAhityika uddabedhanemAM AgaLanuM sthAna ApI zakAya. [7] anuvAda kavitA tema gadyamAM aneka sAhityasvarUpe aMge sarjanAtmaka tema ATaluM ciMtanAtmaka maulika sAhitya ApanAra nhAnAlAle anuvAdakSetre paNa kalama. calAvI che. udyogI puruSo eka kAmanA zramane thAka utAravA bIju kAma upADe.

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-pra. 2]. nhAnAlAla [85 che, tema kavi nhAnAlAlano sarjanazrama emanAM upara jaNAvyAM tevAM vyAkhyAnee utAryo haze tema bhASAMtara-pravRtti dvArA paNa temaNe A ja hetu sA hevAnuM jaNAya che. "parasAhityanA mahAgraMthanAM bhASAMtaro" "ApaNa navaUcharatA sAhityane samRddha karavAne bezaka jarUrI mAnatA kavie te sAthe ja kahI nAkhyuM che ke ApaNuM sAhityanAM mUla "e parajhIlyAM chAyAsAhityathI nahi, nijasvI svayaMbhU rasasAhityathI jagata AMkaze.34 pitAnI vRtti paNa maulika sarjana karavAnI vizeSa, chatAM moTA sajanazrama pachI "vIjaLI-khAlI leDana jara' jevA thaI javAya tyAre "pUrvAcAryonA meghADaMbaramAMthI vIjaLI pAchI' pUravAnuM pate bhASAMtaro dvArA karyuM hovAnuM temaNe jaNAvyuM che.35 bhASAMtaro mATe emaNe pasaMda karelI kRtio paNa emanA "prema-bhakti' kavinAmane sAthe TharAve evI-be premaviSayaka ane cAra dhArmika che. premaviSayaka te kAlidAsanAM meghadUta' ane abhijJAnazAkuntala." "saMskRta mUlamAM je kAMI hAya hemAMthI banatuM badhuM gujarAtImAM utAravAnA saMkalpathI pote karela "meghadUta'nuM samazlokI bhASAMtara mULa lake tathA nIce zabdArthanoMdha sAthe 1917mAM pragaTa karyuM che. temAM pelo banatuM' zabda emanI maryAdAnA pUrva-khulAsA jevo lAge che. mULa saMskRta zabdonI cekasa arthacchAyA kavine gujarAtI bhASAMtaramAM UtarI zakI na hovAnA dAkhalA emAMthI tAravI zakAya tema che. chaMdazuddha keTalAka kesamAM mULanI chAyA sArI UtarI che, paNa A anuvAdamAM maMdAkrAntAnA akSarameLa vRttamAM eka gurune sthAne be laghu varNa ane tenA gujarAtI uracAraNanI vAraMvAra levAyelI anirvAdya chUTa cAvatI veLA dAMtamAM kAMkarI khUMce tevI khUMce che ane AsvAdanI majA mArI nAkhe che. "zakuntalAnuM saMbhAraNuM' (1926) e "zAkuntala'ne anuvAda A chUTa ochI batAve che. kAlidAsanuM padalAlitya ane prauDhA gIrvANanuM e gaurava gujarAtImAM pUruM UtarI zakavA vize zaMkA dharAvatA kavi kAlidAsanI lADakI bolIne maMjula kalarava mRdula gujarAtImAM jhIlI zakAya ema kahe che ane tene nATakanA saMvAdonA gadyane gujarAtI anuvAdamAM pitAne sAruM phAvatuM Dolana-gadya banAvIne sAcuM paNa TharAve che. emAM taLapadA zabdanA prayoga kyAreka sArA bhaLI jAya che, ane "phUlasaMtADyo', 'tapazcaryApIDeluM' jevA samAsa ThIka lAge, paNa "jANuNahAriNa" "atithiuvekhaNahAriNa" "jALavata' haiyAparadezaNuM" jevA kavighaDayA zabdasamAsa asubhaga lAge che. e anuvAdanI prastAvanAmAM kavie vyakta karele A abhiprAya ke "valkaladhAriNInuM valkala DhIluM thayuM enuM ja A nATaka che - eTalI DhIlapanAMye pAMcacha varSanAM tapavanavAsanAM prAyazcitta tapavAM paDyAM ravIndranAtha ThAkuranA ene maLatA kAlidAsanI e

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ta6] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 8 kRtinA rahasyadarzanane samarthita kare evuM che. A anuvAda ekaMdare saphaLa ane AsvAdya che. emanA samazlokI anuvAdamAM "bhagavadgItA' (1950), "vaiSNavI SoDaza graMtha' (1925), "zikSApatrI' (1931) ane "upaniSatapaMcaka' (1931) e cAre dhArmika kRtio che. emAM "bhagavadgItAne saraLa, vizada ane bhAvavAhI anuvAda uttama che, ane gItAnA atyAra sudhImAM thayelA aneka anuvAdamAM ziromaNi kahevAya tevo che. saraLatAnA AgrahI kizoralAla mazarUvALAne ethI vadhu saraLa bhASAMtara pitAnAthI banI zakaze nahi e pratItithI kavinA gItAbhASAMtaramAMthI paMktio ne paMktio pitAnA bhASAMtaramAM jAhera RNasvIkAra sAthe apanAvI levI paDI che. saMskRta na jANanAra gItApremIo ane gItA-- pAThakene kavine gItAnuvAda suMdara kAma Ape te banyo che. kavinI aMdaranA bhakta dila reDIne e anuvAda karyo hovAnI chApa paDe che. adhyAyane aMte gItAnA keTalAka saMskRta zabdonA artha tathA te vizenI pitAnI muzkelI batAvatI TIkA kavie ApI che te temanA tadartha abhyAsanI bolatI nizAnI che. Iza, kaTha, kena, prazna ane muMDaka e pAMca nAnAM paNa mahattvanAM upaniSadano kavine samalaikI anuvAda upaniSapaMcaka" paNa evo ja saphaLa anuvAda gaNAze. temAM paNu dareka upaniSada para AgaLa abhyAsapUrNa paricayAtmaka neMdha tema ja pAchaLa tene samajavAmAM sahAyaka thAya tevI TIkA kavie ApI che. anirAkramama7nuM gujarAtImAM "aNutarachoDa ho" ema karyuM che te sivAya anuvAda sAre thayuM che. svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA nityapAlya AdezanA laghugraMtha "zikSApatrIne saraLa anuSNupamAM kareluM anuvAda traNacAra ThekANe "parama'nuM "parama" uccAraNa karavuM paDe (jema to gItAnA anuvAdamAM paNa ekabe ThekANe thayuM che. te sivAya supAkya banyo che. vaiSNavI cheDaza graMthamAM "graMtha' zabda bhrAmaka che, e soLe vaiSNava puSTi saMpradAyanA pravartaka zrImad vallabhAcAryanI saMskRtamAM lakhAyelI laghu padyakRtio ja che. emAMnA prathama mukAyelA yamunASTakane pRthvI chaMda kavine anuvAdamAM phAvyuM che. anuSyapa te emane phAvata chaMda che ja. A cAre anuvAda kavi nhAnAlAlanI dhArmikatAne bhAvatI ane ene piSaka AnaMdadAyaka pravRtti emane mATe banI hovAnuM saheje anumAna thAya. A anuvAdagraMthanI prastAvanAo, temanAM vyAkhyAnonA saMgraho, temanAM zAhanazAha akabarazAha", "zrI harSadeva', "kurukSetra', "harisaMhitA' jevAM pustakonI prastAvanAo tadaMtargata mAhitInA saMpAdana mATe, tenI vIgatanA sAdhArapaNuM ne saccAI mATe, tathA temAMthI karavAnAM tAraNa tAratamya mATe kavie karelA aneka pustakanAM vAcana-manananA puruSArthanI sukhada pratIti karAvI rahe che. prakRti pradhAna

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [ 87 paNe preraNAcAlita nijAnaMdI sarjakanI, tema chatAM sanalakSI ane khapapUratI paNu abhyAsaruci ane tatprerita zramasahiSNu svAdhyAyamAM te pAcho paDayA nathI. sAhityazrama . emane mATe svecchAsvIkRta snehazrama hatA. emaneA Ave snehazrama kavIzvara dalapatarAma'nA cAra graMthAmAM dalapatarAmanI jIvanmAtrA ane emanA vyaktitvanA vIgate paricaya ApavAmAM tema ja tenA karatAMya vadhu tA dalapatajIvananA dezakALaneA mAhitIpracura sAmAjika itihAsa tAratamyabuddhithI AlekhavAmAM vizeSa mAtrAmAM pragaTa thayA che. samagra daSTie nhAnAlAla pAsethI Ama gujarAtI sAhityane ghaNuM maLyuM che. vyAkhyAnAmAM pote (emanA pitAe emanA vakhatamAM peAtAnI kavitA dvArA gujarAtanA lAkazikSakanuM kAma karyuM" hatuM tevuM ja) prajAnA leAkazikSaka tarIkenuM kArya karyuM che, tA gujarAtanAM bALako ane vidyArthIe mATe zikSaNarasiyA zikSakanI adA ke vRtti ke dRSTithI 'gujarAtanI bhUgALa', vyavahAru aMgrejI tathA gujarAtI vyAkaraNA ane sAdI kasaratanA dasa dAva' jevAM nAnAM zikSaNaeNApayeAgI pustakA paNa temaNe taiyAra karI pragaTa karyAM hatAM. emAM 'gujarAtanI bhUgeALa' te vakhatanAM te viSayanAM nizALiyAM pustakA karatAM mAhitI ane lakhAvaTamAM caDiyAtu che. vAcanamALA mATe bALakAvyA kavie lakhyAM hatAM tenI vAta AgaLa thaI gaI che. paNa ene lIdhe temane bALAnA kavi tema keLavaNIkAra kahevAya ema nathI, jema vyAkhyAne AdhAre emane vicAraka ke niba MdhakAra, sAhityalakSI lakhANAne AdhAre emane vivecaka ane abhyAsapUrNa lekhAne prastAvanAene AdhAre emane paDita kahevAya ema nathI. e ja rIte cAkaleTa ke piparamITanI gALIe jevI gheADIka vArtAbhAsI racanAe emane vArtAkAra, ane pelI be gadyakathAe emane navalakathAkAra TharAvI zake ema nathI. caritrakAra emanA pitRcaritrane AdhAre emane jarUra kahI zakAya. paNa nhAnAlAlanI kharI oLakhANu, pahelI ane chellI, kavi tarIke ja apAya. e ja emaneA mULa, pradhAna, raMga che. temanAM nATakA tathA vArtA-navalAmAM temanuM vapaNuM ja pragaTa thatuM hatuM. kavitAmAM paNa, temaNe dvArikApralaya', 'kurukSetra' ne 'harisaMhitA' jevI kathAkAvya ne mahAkAvya jevI dI racanA karI che. temAM mahAkAvyanA ramaze che, chatAM temane mahAkAvyanA kavi' e amAM mahAkavi kahevAya tema nathI, jema emanAM nATakAmAM keTalAMkamAM sArA nATayAMze che. chatAM ekadare temane nATakakAra kahI ALakhAvAya tema nathI. emanI pratibhA UrmikAvyanA kavinI che. UrmikAvyanA samartha kavie mahAkavie

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8] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ zra'. 4 ja kahevAya. kabIra, narasiMha, mIrAM, ravIndranAtha Adi UrmikAvyAnAM mahAkavie che. arvAcIna yuga meTA paTanAM mahAkAvyA mATe anukULa rahyo ja na heAvAthI te UrmikAvyanA ja yuga kavitA paratve che. temAM UrmikAvyamAM nhAnAlAlanI siddhi kavinA mitra ane ApaNA eka meATA kavi 'kAnta' tema ja gAMdhIyuganA agragaNya kavie ane vivecakeAe kazI mana-cerI vinA vakhANI che. 'nhAnAlAlanI pratibhAe peAtAnA uttamamAM uttama AvirbhAva arvAcIna rItanAM UrmikAvyo dvArA sAdhyeA che... jemAM temane hAthe zuddha kalAtmakatAnuM nirmANa thayuM heAya teve prakAra A UrmikAvyAnA che... e racanAe kAka aneAkhA rasa ane sauMdaryathI maMDita thayelI che. kavinAM A UrmikAvyAnAM badhAM aMgaupAMgA tathA tenI sthUlasUma sAmagrI eka prakAranA tarala ane agrANu chatAM rasanA samRddha maghamaghATathI bahekI rahe che. gujarAtanI prakRti, gujarAtanuM jIvana, ane gujarAtanI bhASA ane bhAvanA ekAeka sauMdaryAMnA apU` lebAsamAM ApaNI AgaLa AvIne khaDI thaI jAya che. ane e nhAnAlAlanI sahaja pratibhAnI ghaNI mATI siddhi che'--A 'sundaram'nA zabdo, ane umAza'kara jozInA ...ane nAnAlAlanA tA ApaNI arvAcIna samagra UrmikavitAmAM AgaLapaDatA phALA che--rasikatA, vividhatA ane iyattAnI dRSTie'37 e tema ja ...zrI nAnAlAla kavinI rasadhana racanAomAM UrmikavitAnI je ucca kakSA jovA maLe che te hajI navI kavitAe sara karI che ke kema e za'kAne viSaya che'38 e zabdo ja atra TAMkavA basa thaze. : Urmi kAvyanI emanI AvI virala siddhi pAchaLa kAma karI gayelI nhAnAlAlanI viziSTa kavisa...pattimAM emanI sauMdaryabhakti, citranirmANuzakti ane alaMkAravaibhavanA ullekha emanI prakRtikavitAnA tathA bhAvasaMvedanAnI emanI madhura abhivyakti vizenA nirdeza emanI praNayakavitAnA saMdarbhamAM AgaLa thaI gayA che. e pachI gaNAvavuM rahe emanu` apratima kalpanAbaLa. nhAnAlAlane mikAvyAcita lAlityanA kavi sAthe bhavyatAnA paNa saphaLa ane siddha kavi banAvavAmAM temanI gaganagAminI kalpanAnA phALA ghaNA mATeA che. vasaMtAtsava'mAMnA vasaMtagItamAM 'krAyalaDI'ne 'vasantadevI'ne satkAravA mAralI madhurI jarA DI' javAnI vinaMtI karatAM karatAM tA kavi ekadama take-off karI paDadhe! kamhAM paDaco ? rasakhAla !' e pa`ktithI zarU thatA trIjA khaMDamAM bhAvakane brahmAMDatI'nI, pUrNimA ne amAsanI, sat ane asatnI, sure| ane asurAnI, 'saMskRtinAM sainya'nI, paramAtmAnI vizvalIlAnA 'akhaMDa' rAsa, jyAMthI 'sahu veNunA vilAla zabda jAge' che tenI ane cauda bhuvanane De' ramatA 'abadhUta kALa'nI jhAMkhI karAvavA aghdhara

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [ 89 laI jAya che ! "vilAsanI zobhA' kAvyamAM nArIjIvananI traNa paristhiti saMdarbha pratye dhyAna kheMcavA mAgatA kavi pahelI sAta kaDImAM vAcakane suMdara-bhavya AkAzI sRSTimAM upADI jaI "hAM ratnaghumaTa nIce, DhaLI candanImAM" AkAzIya "sakhI tripuTI'nuM geSThigAna saMbhaLAve che temAM pragaTa thate kalpanAvilAsa ja kAvyane "vilAsanI zobhA banAvI de evo che. giranArane caraNe'mAM, azokanA zilAlekha para dRSTi paDatAM te A kavinI kalpanA "mRgalAnI phALe' sahastra varSonA kALa paTane kUdI jaI "kALa kera" "agharanIra sAgara" vAcake samakSa khaDo karI daI te sidhune jalataNuM dalapAMdaDImAM UDato "parama brahmaparAga" mANatA temane karI mUke che. zAzvatInA mahodadhimAMnA vyaktamadhya A dharatI paranA mAnavajIvanane vikasAvI saMskArI gayelI moTI saMskRtio (bhAratIya-Arya, sumerI, misarI, cInI, grIka, arvAcIna pAzcAtya, vagere jevI) te e mahAsiMdhune jalakamalanI dala-pAMdaDIo, enAM mojAMnA uchALa ne eTa ema samajAvI emAM mAnavajAtane ghaDatAM-vikasAvatAM pote saMka9pelA maMgala lakSya bhaNI tene laI javAnI paramAtmatatvanI, brahmanI, lIlAnA zubha saMketanuM darzana "brahmaparAga" zabda dvArA kavi karAve che te vAcakanAM niyana AvaDAMne kSaNavAramAM kevuM vizvavizALuM jotAM karI mUke che ! A pratApa nhAnAlAlanI prabhudatta bakSisa jevI prabaLa ne tejasvI kalpanAno che. e kalpanA ja bhAvakane AMgaLIe vaLagADI, "virATanA hiMDoLA'ne phagALa, AkAzamAM manamojI gatithI viharatA tejapuchadhArI dhUmaketunI daSTithI nIcenI cAMdanI choI himAlayanI uttuMga zikharamALA ane "sukhakuM ja sama" brahmAMDa (dhUmaketunuM gIta'), puruSa-prakRtine brahmarAsa ('brahmarAsa'-vizvagItA') ane parabrahmanI sRSTilIlAnA sarjana ne pralayanA ArAvALA mahAsudarzana cakra("kurukSetra)nuM darzana karAve che. tAjamahAlamAM nityarAsa nAcatI ke rasIlI ane coravADanI vADIo ane nAgaravelanA mAMDavAomAM ramaNuonuM ane tyAMnA sAgaranI vIcilIlAmAM nRtya karatI 'jalanaTaDI"nuM darzana karatI-karAvatI kavi-kalpanA taraMga ke keTi(fancy ke conceit)ne ne cALe caDatI hoya toya te lIlA ochI mohaka nathI. emanA ja eka prasiddha kAvya "zatadala padyamAM piDhela'mAM evA pAmAM poDhelA ane tyAMthI pitAnI AchI maheka prasAratA adazya amUrta parimala jevo kAvyano parimala eTale vyaMjanA ke dhvani phurAvavAnuM paNa nhAnAlAlane gamyuM che ane phAvyuM paNa che. phUlaDAMkaTorI'nuM gIta "IndukumAra'-1 nA saMdarbhamAM snehane amRtane lekenI lagnaviSayaka rUDha praNAlikAo (chuMdaNAMvALA ane cALaNu jevA bA) jhIlI nahi zake, jagatanI mAnavasamAjanI mAlaNe ene jhIlI zake evI vyavasthAnI

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90 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 phUlakArI gUMthavI joIe, evA kavi-IgitanuM sUcana kare che. paNa svataMtra gIta tarIke vicAratAM caMdrInuM amRta eTale IzvaranA prasAda jevI AdhyAtmika anubhUti ke UrvInA prakAzanA avataraNa, ene jhIlavA mATe AdhAra (deha-mana prANa i) puSpa jevo vizuddha-nirmaLa joIe, evI vyaMjanA manamAM goThavAtAM daza dhAra eTale daza Indriyo ane chuMdaNune tenA paranA DAgha eTale saMsArI vAsanAonAM, azuddhinA enA para caDI gayela maLa ke AvaraNa, ane jagatamAM rahIne enI ja pAsethI abhilaSita AtmavikAsa sAdhavAne che mATe jagamAlaNIne saMbodhana, e artha bese, evI emAM sagavaDa che. "sAgarane'mAM strI patinI sevA karI tenA prANane snehasikta karI tene prere, ane pati jIvananI kRtArthatA tene ane jagatane maNave evuM jagatane bodhavAnuM gurukartavya adA kare, e nara-nArIga sUcavAyo che, tema ucca kavidharma paNa IzArA che. dhUmaketunuM gItamAMnA dhUmaketumAM tema "vihaMgarAja'mAM jagatathI eTale jagatanI cAlu rItithI judA ja phaMTAI pitAnI UrvanI yAtrAmAM ja masta jogIo ke dunyavI lAbha ke sukhasagavaDo pratye beparavA rahI potAnA ISTa dhyeyanI siddhinA puruSArthamAM ja layalIna rahenArA ucca jIvane dhvani jevAya tevuM che. vAcakonI sugamatA khAtara kavi kyAreka ekAda zabda ke vAkayathI pate dhvani paranuM DhAMkaNuM kholI paNa nAkhatA hoya che. haiyAnA saravare Avo e rAjahaMsa jevI paMkti e batAve che. ghaNI vAra dhvani vinA sIdhI rIte paNa kaI vicAranuM vAhana kAvyone kavi banAvatA hoya che. "veNu mAruM naMdavANuM re gIta mAnavA prere che tevA koI maratha puruSArtha chatAM niSphaLa gayA ke rahyAnA anubhava pachI "pUchazo mA jevA nAnakaDA gItamAM "prArabdhanA pUra hAme jhUjhazo mA jevo gaMbhIra vicAra laherAve che. "bhedanA prazna te haLavI sugeya racanAneya jagatanA mahApraznone cheDavAmAM kavi kevA khapamAM laI zakyA che te batAve che. kRpAnAthe brahmAMDa AvuM kAM karyuM re lola ! nayana AvaDuM ne jaga te moTuM badhuM re lela-e prazna cheDavA sAthe mAnavI jIvananA kAruNyane TUke AMbe, ne lAMbI daSTi ka racI re lola", "phula phale te ghaDInuM e phAlavuM re lelI, "jIvana jAge te ardha nindamAM zame re lola", ane "jovuM rovuM, sauMdarya evuM kAM banyuM re lela' jevI paMktiomAM kavie sacoTa rIte darzAvyuM che. "mAnavI ! zI A khUTamajhUMTa? | avanInAM akSayapAtra akhUTa' e gIta ("prajJAcakSunAM prajJAbiMdu') paNa kevo mATe vicAra rajU karI jAya che ! mAnavInI ane rASTra tema rAjyanI bhavRtti ane tenI sarajatarUpa prapaMce, kaleza, yuddho Ine pAmara ane mudrA TharAvatI, ane kavinI daDha prabhuzraddhAthI chalakAtI gItaracanA e banI che. potAna

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla [1 chaMdabaddha ane "vilAsanI zebhA" jevAM saheja lAMbAM kAbene te kharAM ja, paNa phUla jevAM haLavAM ane ciMtanabhAra bahu khamI na zake evAM nAnAM mApanAM gItAne paNa kavie Ama ghaNuM vAra arthasabhara banAvyAM che. "zaradapUnama'mAM pUnamanA caMdranA AkAzArohaNanI gatinuM citra vAcyAmAM ja pUruM AsvAdya che, paNa caMdrodaya sAthe snehadaya ne dAMpatyanehanI samakALe phuratI vyaMjanA e. kAvyane mANuM mUlyavAna banAve che. "tAjamahAla'mAM paNa sneha ne dAMpatyanI bhAvanAnuM pragaTa uccAraNa Ave che ane te sAthe "sauMdaryane sneha ajita mRtyuthI" jevo vicAra paNa vaNAye che. moTAM satyone saraLa ane subhaga vANImAM mUkavAnI kavinI 'kAnta'prazaMsita phAvaTane pariNAme yAda rahI jAya ane jIbhe caDI vAraMvAra TaMkAya-utArAya evI arthAntaranyAsI paMktio kavinI kavitAmAMthI tema anya kRtiomAMthI aneka maLI zake. emanAM UrmikAvyanI utkarSa sAdhaka anya sAmagrImAM avanavI tAjagIvALI ane apUrva mAdhuryabharI kAvyabAnI ane taLapadA lokasaMgIta vize AgaLa thoDuMka kahevAI gayuM che. "caMdrI' ("phUlaDAMkaTerI"), "kumaLAtA sUryatejamAM, parilita anila', hinDAlavA lAgyAM' ('vasaMtotsava'), "rasatIlI mITa' (viga-"keTalAMka kAvyo'-1), "sujhulatI" ("zaradapUnama'), "susuMdara" ("padharAmaNuM'), "ghAsalaviMga". zILa" ("dhaNa"), "caMderI', "caMperI" vagere jevA prayogo, saMkhyAbaMdha zabdasamAso. ane keTalAya zabdone kareluM lADa nhAnAlAlane zabdane samarpita ananya upAsaka ke baMdA kahevA ApaNane prere tevAM che. praga9bha chUTa laI parizuddha, "saMkrAnta che, "parisamAptatI" jevA asubhaga prayoga paNa karI nAkhyAnA dAkhalA temanA sarjanamAMthI maLe. vAgmitApriyatAne lIdhe vizeSaNabhakti temanAmAM vizeSa dekhAya, paNa temanI kavitAmAM kriyApadanI mAvajata ghaNI ochI thaI hovAnA mata39 sAme cIMdhI zakAya tevI bhIjyAM, vIMjhavyAM, hiMDoLyAM, alakalaTa samAM (keTalAMka kAvyo'-1) brahmAMDe pragaTe, be yuga, yuge Uge ane Athame. ("itihAsanI amRtAkSarI) guzabda thayo, DhaLI DhaLI gayo, thaMbhyo; vaLI nigo herI laherakhaDa hasI, ura vasI, DolI diganto bharI A AMgaNiye, ramya, zamI gayo bhadhi aMbhadhimAM. maheryo, pharyo, vihAryo, harivara phulasyo koDakeDAmaNe tyahAM. ("veNuvihAra) gavagara mahAsAgara, gherato, ghUmato, chIMkAra, pheMphAData, dUghavato ne pradakSiNA karIne pachaDAto. (dvArikApralaya')

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gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [caM. 4 ghaDIka hAsI, lADI, thAkI, te zamI. mRta mAtAnA avazeSa aMzu, khIlyA, heyA, prakAzyA, AthamyA ne poDhathA pitRkaMjamAM mAtAnI heDamAM. (indukumAra'-1) AvI paMktio paNa emanA sAhityamAMthI ghaNI nIkaLe tema che. nhAnAlAlanI UrmikAvyanA kavi tarIkenI siddhi emanAM chabaddha kAvyamAM savizeSa dekhAI che te temane bhAvagaurava, arthagaurava ane chaMdanA evA ja gauravavaMtA laya-ghoSane lIdhe; te emanAM saMkhyAbaMdha gItAmAM te eTalA ja pramANamAM dekhAI che te emAMnI bhAva ane bhASAnI madhuratAbharI najAkatane lIdhe, tema ja emAM madhyakAlIna padakavitAnA anusaMdhAna sAthe arvAcIna bhAvanA sanAtana sthAyIbhAvanI bhaMgimAM thayelA gAnane lIdhe. alabatta, koI samarthamAM samartha sarjakanuM badhuM ja sarjana ekasarakhI UMcI kakSAnuM hotuM nathI, ane nhAnAlAla paNa temAM apavAda nathI. temanAM badhAM ja chaMdabaddha kAvyo ane gIta prathama paMktinAM nathI. bIjI ane kyAreka trIjI paNa paMktinI racanAo temanA kAvyarAzimAM jovA maLatI hoya che. Atmaprema ke AtmavizvAsanI mAtrA saheja ochI ane AtmaparIkSaNa ane kalA-sabhAnatAnI mAtrA temanAmAM thoDI vadhu hota to evI sAmAnya racanAo emanA kAvyasaMgrahomAM ochI praveza pAmI heta. paNa Ama chatAM, prathama paMktinI temanI UrmikavitAnuM pramANa sAruM evuM moTuM che, jenA upara pratiSThita temane kaviyaza amuka kALakhaMDa pUrato sImita nahi paNa sarvakAlIna kaTine che. kAvyasarjanamAM alabatta prathama preraNAne ja paNa pachI tarata kalAsaMvidhAnane bIjA naMbaranI agatya ApatA kavi pate kavitAnA sabhAna kArIgara (craftsman) nathIH baLavaMtarAya ThAkora ane pachInI peDhIonA kaviomAM evI sabhAna kalAkArIgarInuM pramANa vadhyuM che, paNa kavimAM e ochuM hovA chatAM temanAM saMkhyAbaMdha kAvya kavitAbhegIone vipula pramANamAM gujarAtI UrmikAvyanI siddhi jevI hadayasaMtarpaka AsvAdya racanAo lAgyAM che. kavitAnAM UMcAM zikharone sparzI AvatI racanAo jemanA kAvyarAzimAMthI alpa saMkhyAmAM maLe evA arvAcIna yuganA gujarAtI kaviomAM nhAnAlAlanuM nAma mokhare mukAvAne pAtra enAthI banyuM che. kavitA uparAMta emanA te sivAyanA vipula sAhityasarjana upara najara nAkhatAM je betraNa chApa mana para paDe che temAM pahelI e ke te badhuM ja eka viziSTa cekasa hAnAlAlI mudrAthI aMkita che - vastumAM tema lakhAvaTa, beumAM. badhA sarjakanA sarjana para sarjakanI vyaktimudrA evI ThatI hotI nathI, keTalAkanuM

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pra. 2]. nhAnAlAla [93 sarjana nivaiyaktika jevuM lAgatuM hoya che. nhAnAlAlanA sarjana para aMkAyelI mudrA eka kautukarAgI prakRtinA Atmamasta, sauMdaryabhakta, bhAvanAvihArI, kalpanAbaLiyA ane jene oLakhAvavA mATe "zabdane baMde" e be zabdo arvAcIna ane Adhunika badhA gujarAtI kavio karatAM vizeSa pramANamAM lAgu paDe evA kavinI che. Ane kAraNe ja, vArtA, navalakathA ane nATakanAM sAhityasvarUpanA , emaNe karelA prayogo vastulakSI sAhityasvarUpa mAge tevA kalAzi95nA abhAve paNa navA ane gujarAtI sAhityamAM te te sAhityasvarUpanA sAhityanA gaNanApAtra nhAnAlAlI namUnA banyA che. bIjI chApa e ke A evA kavi che jeNe sAhityasarjanane AmAbhivyaktinI nijAnaMdI pravRtti sAthe prajAhadayanA saMskaraNanuM lokakalyANakArI jIvanakartavya mAnyuM hatuM. pUrva ane pazcima beunI saMskRtioe karelA emanA managhaDatare, zelI Tenisana AdinI kavitAo tathA maithya ArnalDa kArlAila Adie zIkhavelI kAvyabhAvanAe ke kavidharmanA Adaze, tema ja aMtaHsthA dhArmikatAe emane eka viziSTa darzana ke jIvanadaSTi saMpaDAvI hatI, jeNe temane prema-bhakti kavinAma pitAne mATe pasaMda karavA prerI, temanA samagra sarjanAtmaka tema bodhAtmaka sAhityamAM AraMbhathI anta lagI ekadhArI susaMgata rIte anupUta rahI, temane "rasa" ane "puNyanA kavi ke "suMdaranI sAthe "satya" ane "zivanuM yugapata gAna karanArA kavi banAvyA che. "mIThuM lAge" ane "jIvyuM jItyuM lAge evuM sAgara pAse caMdAe apekyuM tevuM gAna kavie pote ja karyuM che. jIvyuM mIThuM lAge, suMdaratAnA sAttvika upabhegathI; e jItyuM lAge satya ne zivanI upAsanAthI. emanuM samaya sAhitya emaNe brahmajanma" kAvyamAM saMka9pelA rAhe ja cAlyuM che ane AnaMda tathA prakAzanuM dAtA banyuM che. temAM emanA ujajavaLa bhAvanAdehanI chabI barAbara Upase che. trIjI chApa emanA sAhityanA abhyAsane AdhAre e paDe che ke emanI sarjakatAne bahAra emanA pacAsa varSanA. sAhityasarjanamAM pahelAM pacIsa varSamAM pUra khIlI cUkyo hato ane pachInAM pacIsa varasamAM ethI koI vizeSa vikAsa eno thayo dekhAto nathI. emanI kalama cAlatI ja rahI che, "vizvagItA', "gApikA', be mugala nATake, "kurukSetra", "sArathi', harisaMhitA' jevI kRtio emanI pAsethI emanA kavanakALanA uttarArdha mAM maLatI rahI che, paNa emAM kavine saMdeza, bhASA ane abhivyakti lagabhaga enAM e ja rahyAM che, koI tAtvika parivartana ke pragati dekhADatAM nathI. saphaLa nIvaDelA kalAkArone sAhityakAro pachI potAnuM ja anukaraNa karatA hoya che tema nhAnAlAle paNa karI kRtisaMkhyA vadhArI dhULa ke bAhya vipulatA ane vividhya lAvyAne dekhAva karyo che eTaluM ja. Ama chatAM, moTA gajAnA kavi hoI, emanI uttara

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94]. gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 vayanI kRtiomAM paNa saLaMga rIte nahi te avAranavAra sahadayane khuza karI de evo emano asalI pratibhAjhabakAra jhabakI jate anubhavAya che. pite pitAne atikramI jaIne AgalI siddhineya jhAMkhI pADe evI navI ke moTI siddhi ochI dekhADe che eTaluM ja tAtparya che. paNa AvI kathA te ApaNA ghaNuM arvAcIna saphaLa sarjake mATe paNa karavAnI hoya che. - nhAnAlAla kavitAmAM padyanA mAdhyamanI bAbatamAM praNAlikAnusaraNa jeTaluM ja praNAlikAbhaMjakanuM baMDakhora mAnasa batAve che, sudhArakatA dekhADe che eTalI ja rUDha praNAlikAnI UjaLI bAjuya batAve ne kyAreka puraskAra paNa che, svAtaMtryanA himAyatI che eTalI ja zIla-sadAcAranI - saMyama-niyamanA baMdhananI vAta kare che. emanAmAM udAra samanvaya-daSTi ke "vizALI vaiSNavatAnuM prAbalya hoI Ama bane che. temanA sAhityamAM romenTika sAthe kalAsikala vRtti, pragatizIlatA sAthe saMrakSakatA, navInatA sAthe prAcIna pUja, subhaga sUtrAtmaka uktilAghava sAthe zabdALu prastAra, nirvyAja saraLatA sAthe ADaMbara, sAcAM lAlitya ane bhavyatAnI sAthe ja e beunI siddhi mATenI suMghI zAbdika yuktio, bhavyatA sAthe prAptatA, kAtkarSa hetu banatI vAgmitA sAthe kAvyopakarSa kAraka banatI vAgmitA, ziSTa saMskArI kAvyocita vANu sAthe taLapadA zabdaprayoga, niyamabaddha suMdara padyaracanA sAthe piMgaLanA niyamomAM lIdhelI asubhaga chUTe, navasarjananI tAjagI sAthe zilIdAsya, ema paraspara virodhI toya ghaNAM jovA maLe che. nhAnAlAlanA sAhityasarjanane AsvAdatI ane mUlavatI veLAe emanI UjaLI-nabaLI bAjuonAM mULa sudhI pahoMcI temanI zakti ane maryAdAne ke guNe ane kacAzane khAM pADIne jovAnI tara-tama-vivekanI jarUra keTalI moTI che te A uparathI samajAya che. evA vivekanAM cazmAMthI jenArane e samajAI gayA vinA nahi rahe ke nhAnAlAlanA guNo ane deSo emanA mastavegI kAvyadrakanI sahaja nIpaja che, emanuM guNapAsuM deSapAsA karatAM caDiyAtuM ane emanA keTalAka deze te samarthanA de ke khalana hAI kSamya kaTimAM mukAya tevAM che. game tevI AkarI kasoTIe kasyA pachI nhAnAlAlanI kavipratibhAne te niHsaMkoca svIkAra karavAne rahevAne. nhAnAlAle pitAne mahorelA dalapatarAma kahyA che, te emanI jema pote krAntipakSI nahi paNa vikAsa(evolution)vAdI ane zIla-saMyama-sadAcAranA tema ja jUnA-navAnA samanvayanA puraskartA hovAne lIdhe, ane pitAnuM sarjana paNu prajAhadayane saMskAra zikSaNa ApavAnuM hovA vizenI sabhAnatAne lIdhe. vaLI,

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[ 95 * prU. 2] bhUtapretanA vahema ane srozikSaNa vidhavAvivAha jevI bAbatamAM temane dezakALa jotAM dalapatarAma jema sudhAraka hatA, tema nhAnAlAle paNu sAmAjika rUDhilagnane sthAne snehalagnanI ane dehalagnanI vidhavAne mATe punarlagnanI himAyata karIne tema ja pAte brahmasamAjI-prArthanAsamAjI sudhArakatA peAtAnA aMgata vanamAM bhAjana tilaka devadarzIna taniyamAdi paratve dekhADI atyaja pariSadanA pramukha paNa banavAmAM pragaTa karI hatI, jene dalapatarAmanI sudhArakatAnuM arvAcInatAmAM AgaLa vadhelA dezakALamAM nhAnAlAlane hAthe thayeluM vistaraNa ja kahevAya. mhArelA eTale vikaselA, AgaLa vadhelA, dalapatarAma tarIke peAtAne ALakhAvavAmAM nhAnAlAlane Azaya peAtAnI pitA paranI sarasAI batAvavAne nahi, paNa peAte emanA ja kAIne, emanI ja bhAvanA ke jIvanadRSTine emanI gujarAtasevAne cAlu rAkhI laMbAvI rahyA che ema sUcavI pitAnI saMskArasevAnuM gaurava karavAnA hatA e spaSTa che. A rIte jotAM kavinuM e vidhAna sAcuM kahevAya. bAkI, aMtaHprakRtie tA nhAnAlAla pitA dalapatarAma jevA svastha, ThAvakA ane vyavahAru zANapaNavALA puruSa karatAM svAtaMtryapriya, AtmapremI, ane sAhasapriya narmadanA jevA vizeSa hatA. emanu e 'rAmaeNnTika' svabhAvalakSaNa emanA sAhityasarjanamAM emanI abhivyaktimAM ane sAhityika sAhasaprayAgAmAM vyakta thayA vinA rahyuM nathI. nhAnAlAla geAvanarAme je gadya dvArA karyu. te kavitA dvArA karavAnA peAtAnA manArathanI kavie vAta karI che. emanI kRtio vAMcatAM ghaNI vAra 'sarasvatIcaMdra' yAda AvI jAya. gAvanarAmanA ja saMdezane kavi peAtAnAM kAvya-nATakAdimAM peAtAnI lAkSaNaka Dhabe rajU karatA hAya ke aneka vistAratA ke laMbAvatA hAya ema batAvanArAM pramANu abhyAsIone maLI Ave tema che. nhAnAlAlanI snehalagna ne AtmalagnanI bhAvanA sarasvatIcaMdra ane kumudanI praNayakathAmAMthI sphuratA geAvanarAmanA saMdezanI ja vAhaka che. nhAnAlAlaneA kAma ane prema vaccene bheda e gAva narAmanA snehamudrA'mAMnA madana ane rati vaccenA bhedanuM tathA emanI AtmalagnanI bhAvanA 'sarasvatIcaMdra'mAMnI sUkSma prItinA advaitanI gAvardhanarAmanI bhAvanAnuM zabdAntara ja che. 'jayA-jayanta' tA 'sarasvatIcaMdra'ne najara samakSa rAkhI lakhAyeluM nATaka che. enA antabhAgamAM nAyakanAyikAnuM milana ane bhAvi jIvananI temaNe nakkI karelI dizA sarasvatIcaMdra ane kumudanI praNayakathAnA gAva narAme nirUpelA ukelanuM ja kavizAI rUpAntara che. sarasvatIcaMdranI mAphaka nhAnAlAlanAM keTalAMka nATakAnA ane eja ane agara' jevAM

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96 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ 4*. 4 kAvyAnA nAyake premIemAMthI jogIo ane leAkasevA anatA haiAya che. sneha peThe sevAnI, leAkasaMgrahanI, bhAvanA paNa geAvardhanarAmanI pAsethI nhAnAlAla pAse AvI hAya. emanAM nATakAmAM nAyaka-nAyikAne sevAnAM bhekhadhArI banAvatAM ane temane preraNA, salAhu ke mAOdarzana ApatAM, temanAM preya ane zreyanI saMbhALa rAkhatAM mahAtmA ke guru jevAM pAtrA geAvanarAmanAM viSNudAsa mahuta ne caMdrAvalI maiyAnI kavine AvaDI tevI anukRtie lAge. nhAnAlAlanI svadezabhakti gAva narAmanI ja keDIe cAlatI dekhAya. indukumAra ane nepALI jogaNunA jagAtrAnA abhilASa ane taddana tara karavAnI dezasevAnA saMkalpamAM gAvanarAmanI kalyANagrAmanIyeAjanA pAchaLanI bhAvanA kAma karatI jaNAya. sneha, tyAga ane dezasevA-janasevAnI peThe gAvardhanarAmanI pUrva ane pazcimanA samanvayanI udAra dRSTi paNa nhAnAlAlamAM Adhe UtarI che. alabatta, emanA itihAsa ane tattvajJAnanA abhyAsanA ane emanA adhyApane phALA paNa emAM eche nahi. nhAnAlAla paNu gAvanarAma jevA ja jagatane alakSya paramAktinuM anupekSaNIya lakSya svarUpa ane tethI satya mAnanArA Astika vaiSNava che, ane tethI saMsAranA svIkAra sAthe karavAnA puruSArthInA saMdezavAhaka che. nhAnAlAlane AthI gAvanarAmane vistAra athavA (temanuM mAnasa, vANI ane nirUpaNarIti kavinAM eTale) amuka aMze gAva narAmanI kAvyAvRtti kahevAnuM mana thAya tevuM che. ema ta| baMgALanA, bhAratanA ane jagatanA kavivara ravIndranAtha ThAkuranuM smaraNa karAve evuM paNa A gura kavivaramAM ghaNuM jovA maLe, jagatane paramAtmAnI ekamAMthI aneka thaI mahAlavAnI lIlA tarIke taMdurasta svIkAra, rasanI (AnaMdanI, sauMdarya tattvanI) upAsanA, UMDI AstikatA, prema ane bhaktinI kavitA, sva-saMskRtinI bhakti banatI svadezabhakti, bhAratIya dharma, tattvajJAna, adhyAtmasAdhanA ane saMskRtinAM uttama tattvAnuM pAcana ane enuM puraskaraNa, vizvadRSTi ke vaizvikatA, ane utkRSTa kakSA ane mAtrAnI UrmikAvyanA kavinI pratibhA - A badhI bAbatAmAM temanuM sarakhApaNuM tarata najare caDe evuM che. bhAratanAM dharma, tattvajJAna ane sa MskRtie ApelI dRSTi ane pravartAvelAMprameAdhelAM satya ane mUlye! AtmasAt thaI baMne kavivarAnI pAtapAtAnI ananya daza lAkSaNika viziSTa kavi-vANImAM udghASita thayAM che. ravIndranAthe aMgabhaMga ane svadezI AMdAlana veLA bahAra AvI bhAga lIdheA hatA, paNa pachInuM vAtAvaraNa pAtAnI prakRtine mAphaka Ave evuM na jotAM khasI gayA

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pra. 2] nhAnAlAla hatA tema chatAM asahakAra AMdolananA prAraMbhakALe briTiza sattAnuM varavuM rUpa jatAM pote "sarano khitAba paradezI sarakArane parata karI dIdhA hatA). nhAnAlAle paNa UMcI sarakArI nokarIne te AMdolananI havAmAM tyAga karI dIdhuM hatuM, paNa pachI pitAnI prakRtine mAphaka Ave evuM vAtAvaraNa na bhALatAM kore khasI jaI teo nityanA dharma-karma jevA zAradA-yajJamAM ja lAgI gayA hatA. paNa AvA sAmyane kAraNe nhAnAlAlane jema ravIndranAthanA ziSya ke nakalakAra kahI zakAya tema nathI, tema emane dalapatarAma ke govardhanarAma paNa kahevAya ema nathI. emanuM satva ane kavivyaktitva tathA enuM pita e badhAthI nirALAM, emanAM pitAnAM ja che. emanI viziSTatAo tema maryAdAo emanI ja potAnI che. ravIndranAthanA kavi tarIkenA ghaDataramAM upaniSade, kabIranAM pada ane bAulavANanI asara hovA chatAM temanI kavitA eTale A traNa vAnAMne saravALe ema kahI zakAya ema nathI, ravIndranAthanI nijI saMpatti ochI nathI. e rIte bahAnAlAla eTale dalapatarAma, govardhanarAma ane Tenisanano saravALo ja, ema kahI zakAya tema nathI. temanuM nijatva paNa kama nathI. e emane gujarAtI kavitAnA ItihAsamAM eka mahatvanA prakaraNanA adhikArI banAve evA samartha pratibhAzALI kavinuM che. evI samartha pratibhA pitAne samaya sudhInI paraMparAne vAraso pUro jhIlI-pacAvI AtmasAta kare, potAnA jamAnAne potAnI taraphathI kazuMka navuM viziSTa pradAna kare, ane te evuM kare ke anugAmI sahadhamI-sahakamIe para te amuka kALa paryanta prabhAvaka asara paNa pADe. nhAnAlAla A traNe AvazyakatAo saMtoSe che. jamAnAjane kAvyavAraso pacAvI narasiMha, mIrAM, dayArAma, Adi madhyakAlIna kavionAM pade, bhajanikanAM bhajana, garabIo, rAsaDA tathA lokagItonA tema ja samakAlIna gujarAtI raMgabhUminAM lokapriya gIta-garabAnA DhALonA saMgItane upayoga emanA jeTalo emanA samakAlIne ke najIkanA anugAmI gujarAtI kaviomAMthI koIe karyo nathI. Ama jUnI paraMparAne pitAnI karI levAmAM jUnAM bhAvapratIkanAya subhaga viniyogathI jUnI lokakavitA ane tenI sAMskRtika havA potAnI gItaracanAomAM nhAnAlAla laherAvI zake che. dhIme dhIme rAjavaLAM ! padhAro', "evAM zAM ALa rAja ! mAyA utArI ?', "huM to jegaNuM banI chuM hArA hAlamanI", "jAvA dyo jogIrAja', "nAvyA e naNadalanA vIrA, jeTha hArA mahAjananA maheDaviyA je !", "e rata AvI, ne rAja! Avaje, ramavAne hAM rUDuM cAla, mArA hAlamAM !", "khammA ! vIrAne jAuM vAraNe re gu, sA 7

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ha8] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (caM. 4 lela", "sujANa! tame zAM zAM jANyAM re ?", "jANatala jogI ! kAMI AvaDayA akSara lakhajo je, "sonAvATakaDI ne ratanajaDelI raNa kerA raMga tyAM ghoLAya, kasuMbalA kIdhA naheliyA", "he ! beMgiye vAgyo te Dhela', "kuM je bole merale, hAre haiye naNadalavIra', dhaNa vALIne vaLaze mahAre kanjaDa jobanaveza, "re heDAvata lADaNa, piyarapanetAM sAsara saMcaro' jevI aneka paMktio tema ja "vIranI vidAya', "kasuMbalA" ane "kAThiyANInuM gIta jevAM kAvyo e kahevA lAgaze. chellAM ulekhelAM traNa kAvyamAM to jUne sAmaMtazAhI jamAne kavi tAdaza khaDe karI de che. paNa "sundarame AthI nhAnAlAlanI samagra kavitAne AjanA arvAcIna yugamAM prAcIna madhyakAlIna yuganI kavitAne AvirbhAva ane temanA jIvanadarzanane tathA mAnasane "madhyakAlIna yuganI nItirIti ane dAjha sAthe vadhAre sAmya dharAvatAM kahI nAkhyAM che e abhiprAya cinya koTine che. nhAnAlAla paraMparAne pacAvI beThA che ane temAMya dhAre tyAre suMdara racanAo karI zake che eTaluM ja emAMthI tAravAya. bAkI, evA jUnA DhALamAM navA bhAvo navI vANImAM gAI pitAnI AgavI vyaktimattA emaNe ochI batAvI nathI. paraMparA para prabhutva dAkhavI teneya navI kavitAmAM subhagatAthI prayojanAra enA e ja kavi pitAnuM navuM AgavuM prasthAna sarjakatAne jere karI dekhADanAra paNa moTA pramANamAM banyA che. kAvyabhASA (Diction), chedanAM mizraNa, alaM. kAra, kalpanA, dhvani vageremAM purogAmI tema samakAlIna kavichaMdamAM anokhI viziSTatA ane vilakSaNatA camakAvanAra mahAnAlAla kavitA tathA gadyanA je je sAhityaprakAra pete hAtha dharyA che temAM badhAmAM, AgaLa joyuM tema, svakIya mudrA upasAvI che. DolanazailI, emAM lakhAyelAM bhAvapradhAna nATake tathA emanI ka95nAputrI pAMkhaDInI kUlaparabanI jema emanI "rAsa-nAmI UrmigItAnI emanA samagra sAhityamAM emaNe mAMDelI paraba te emanI viziSTa deNagI che ja; paNa "uSA" ne "sArathi vinA tema ja "kurukSetra" ne "harisaMhitA' vinA gujarAtI sAhitya eTalA pUratuM UNuM ja raheta. trIjI prabhAva ke asaranI vAta. e bAbatamAM e sahelAIthI siddha karI zakAya tema che ke gAMdhIyuganA ghaNuM agragaNya anugAmI kavioe emanA kavananA prAraMbhakALamAM nhAnAlAlanI kavitAne jadu anubhavI tene AMbavA-anukaravA prayAsa karyo che. e kavionA svamukhIya uddagAro-ekarArothI tema temanI kavitAmAMthI TAMkIne e batAvI zakAya tema che. rAsanAM te aneka lekhaka lekhikAo nehAnAlAlanA rAsanI dhruvapaMktionuM zabdaphere ghUMTAmaNa ja karatAM jaNAyAM che. khabaradAra ane beTAdakarane rAsa lakhavA tarapha vALavAmAM nhAnAlAlanA rAsane phALo ocho nahi. kavinI DolanazailI tema nATake jhAjhuM

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100 1 gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca'. 4 bhAratIya saMskRtinAM sarvAM uttama tattvanA puraskartA tarIke ane uttama gujarAtabhakta gujarAtI kavi tarIke nhAnAlAlanu` sthAna gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsamAM nizcita ane gujarAtanI prajAnA hRdayamAM paNa tevu" kAyama raheze. temanuM keTaluka sarjana gujarAtI bhASAnI ciraMjIva mUDI che. TIpa 6 1. ardha zatAbdInA anubhavakheAla', pR. 24. 2. vIzvara dalapatarAma' bhAga 3, pR. 254. 3. kavIzvara dalapatarAma' bhA. 2, uttarA, pR. 292-93. 4. kavIzvara dalapatarAma' bhA. 3, pR. 269, 5. 'adha zatAbdInA anubhavakheAla', pR. 41. 6. 'gurudakSiNA', pR. 42, 7. keTalAMka kAvyeA' bhA. 2, aNu. 8. 'gurudakSiNA', pR. 29. 9. 'adha zatAbdInA anubhavakheAla', pR. 36 ane 40. 10. 'gurudakSiNA', pR. 41-42. 11. DaoN. mArTinAnI 'TAipsa' bhaNavAnI hatI. 'sTaDI Apha rilijiyana', sITa Apha oNtheriTI' ne 'samansa' vAMcyAM. bhAgavata dhama'nI UMDI chApa paDI bhAvanI, suMdara zailInI.'('azatAbdIna anubhavakhAla', pR. 44) 12. jue 'nhAnAlAla ane prAthanAsamAja' ('nhAnAlAla-rAtAkhrI smRti vizeSAMka, 'graMtha', jUna 1977). 13. 'harisaMhitA' graMtha 1, prastAvanA, pR. 7. 14. 'nhAnAlAla suvaNa maheAtsava aka'-'kaumudrI'mAMneA lekha 'kavi nhAnAlAla - vidyAdhikArI tarIke (pApaTalAla aMbANI). 15. 'bALakAvyA' (1931); prastAvanA, pR. 9-10. 16. 'kavivaranI pratibhA ane kurukSetranuM mahAkAvya' (rasikalAla che. parIkha), prakA. mahAkavi nhAnAlAla smAraka TrasTa, pR. 9. 17. ejana, pR. 93-94, 18, ...What is most suggestive and elusive is either altogether lost or hopelessly vulgarised in a theatre ... Truly most of the world's great plays are for mental performance alone... Either the plays of the Greeks are not plays at all or we must consider them as fit only for the theatre of the mind.' (Barrett H. Clark). 19. indukumAra-1'nA pahelA pravezanI pAchaLa kavie ApelI TIkAmAMthI. 20. 'jayAjaya'ta' aMka 3, pra. 3. 21. 'sa'sAramanthana', pR. 516 11, 156, 22. 'sa'beAdhana', pR. 100, 136. 23. 'uddeAdhana', pR. 1816 208. 24. 'muMbaImAMnA maheAtsava', pR. 49; 103. 25. maNimahAtsavanA sAhityakhAla' bhA. 1, rR, 176 147. 26. 'sAhityama'thana'; navalarAmabhAI' ('ApaNAM sAkSararatnA' bhA. 2). 27. 'ApaNAM sAkSararatnA' bhAga. 2, pR. 47, 28. 'sAhityama'thana', prastAvanA, pR. 13; athavA, 'prastAvamALA", pR. 48, 29. 'ApaNAM sAkSararane', bhAga 2, pR. 35-36. 30. 'dalapatava'zanI kAvyeApAsanA'-vyAkhyAna 1944. 31. 'sAhityama'thana', pR. 185-86, 32. 'adha zatAbdInA anubhavabheAla', pR. 60, 33. 'ApaNAM sAkSararatna' bhAga 2; pR. 170. 34. ardha zatAbdInA anubhavabela', pR. 65, 59. 35. ApaNAM sAkSararane' bhAga 1, pR. 134, 36, gujarAtane arvAcIna mahAkavi' 'prasthAna', 1946: kavitA mRtyu pachI lakhAyela aMjalilekha. 37. 'zailI ane svarUpa', pR. 201, 203. 38. ejana, pR. 225. 39. 'nhAnAlAla zatAbdI graMtha' (prakA. gujarAta yunivarsiTI), pR. 126, 40. sAhityama'thana', pR. 63; 'kavIzvara klapatarAma' bhA. 1, pR. 158-59. 41. arvAcIna kavitA' pR. 262-63

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100 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa ['. 4 bhAratIya saMskRtinAM sarvAM uttama tattvanA puraskartA tarIke ane uttama gujarAtabhakta gujarAtI kavi tarIke nhAnAlAlanuM sthAna gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsamAM nizcita che ane gujarAtanI prajAnA hRdayamAM paNa tevuM kAyama raheze. temanu keTaluMka sarjana gujarAtI bhASAnI ciraMjIva mUDI che. TIpa : 1. 'adha zatAbdInA anubhavaSeAla', pR. 24. 2. kavIzvara dalapatarAma' bhAga 3, pR. 254. 3. 'kavIzvara dalapatarAma' bhA. 2, uttarAdha', pR. 292-93. 4. 'kavIzvara dalapatarAma' bhA. 3, pR. 269, 5. 'azatAbdInA anubhavakhela', pR. 41. 6. 'gurudakSiNA', pR. 4ra. 7. keTalAMka kAnyA' bhA. 2, aNu. 8. 'gurudakSiNA', pR. 29. 9. 'ardha zatAbdInA anubhavakhela', pR. 36 ane 40. 10. 'gurudakSiNA', pR. 41-42. 11. haeNo. maneAnI 'TAipsa' bhaNavAnI hatI. 'sTaDI Apha rilijiyana', 'sITa oNpha oNtheriTI' ne 'samansa' vAMcyAM. bhAgavata dharmanI UMDI chApa paDI bhAvanI, suMdara zailInI.' ('ardha zatAbdInA anubhavakheAla', pR. 44) 12. jue 'nhAnAlAla ane prAthanAsamAja' (nhAnAlAla-zatAThThI smRti vizeSAMka, 'graMtha', jUna 1977). 13. 'harisa`hitA' graMtha 1, prastAvanA, pR. 7. 14. nhAnAlAla suvaNa mahAtsava aka'-kaumudI'mAMnA lekha 'kavi nhAnAlAla - vidyAdhikArI tarIke" (pApaTalAla akhANI). 15. 'bALakAvyA' (1931); prastAvanA, pR. 9-10. 16. 'kavivaranI pratibhA ane kurukSetranu` mahAkAvya' (rasikalAla che. parIkha), prakA. mahAkavi nhAnAlAla smAraka TrasTa, pR. 9. 17. ejana, pR. 93-94. 18. ...What is most suggestive and elusive is either altogether lost or hopelessly vulgarised in a theatre ... Truly most of the world's great plays are for mental performance alone... Either the plays of the Greeks are not plays at all or we must consider them as fit only for the theatre of the mind.' (Barrett H. Clark). 19. indukumAra-1'nA pahelA pravezanI pAchaLa kavie ApelI TIkAmAMthI, 20. 'jayA jaya'ta' a'ka 3, pra. 3. 21. 'sa'sAramanthana', pR. 516 11; 156. rara. 'sa'beAdhana', pR. 100, 136. 23. 'uddeAdhana', pR. 1816 208, 24: 'mukhaImAMnA maheAtsava', pR. 49; 103. 25. 'maNimahe|tsavanA sAhityameAla' bhA. 1, pR, 176 147. 26. 'sAhityama'thana'; 'navalarAmabhAI' ('ApaNAM sAkSararanA' bhA. 2). 27. 'ApaNAM sAkSararatnA' bhAga. 2, pR. 47, 28. 'sAhityamathana', prastAvanA, pR. 13; athavA, 'prastAvamALA', pR. 48, 29. 'ApaNAM sAkSararatna', bhAga 2, pR. 35-36. 30. 'dalapatava'zanI kAvyeApAsanA'-vyAkhyAna 1944. 31. 'sAhityama'thana', pR. 185-86, 32. 'adha zatAbdInA anubhavabheAla', pR. 60, 33. ApaNAM sAkSararatnA' bhAga 2; pR. 170, 34, ardha zatAbdInA anubhavabela', pR. 65, 5. 35. ApaNAM sAkSararatnA' bhAga 1, pR. 134, 36, gujarAtane arvAcIna mahAkavi' 'prasthAna', 1946: kavitA mRtyu pachI lakhAyela aMjalilekha. 37. 'zailI ane svarUpa', pR. 201, 203. 38. ejana, pR. 225. 39. 'nhAnAlAla zatAbdI graMtha' (prakA. gujarAta yunivarsiTI), pR. 126. 40. 'sAhityamathana', pR. 63; 'kavIzvara dalapatarAma' bhA. 1, pR. 158-59. 41. arvAcIna kavitA' pR. 262-63

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prakaraNa 3 khabaradAra ane anya kavio khabaradAra (1881-1953) nAnapaNamAM "pArasI bucA kavi" ane "Alu kavi' tarIke jANItA thayelA tathA gujarAtI kAvyasRSTimAM AraMbhamAM 'adala' ane pAchaLathI "moTAlAlaAdi upanAmathI kAvyo lakhanAra aradezara pharAmajI khabaradArane janma gujarAtanA damaNuM gAmamAM I. sa. 1881nA navembaranI chaThThI tArIkhe ravivAre thayo hato. agAu hiMgavALA ane sTivALA' aTaka dharAvanAra emanA kuTuMbane pAchaLathI bAhozIthI "khabaradAra' aTaka maLI hatI. muMbaImAM aMgrejI bharaDA nyU hAIskUlamAM dAkhala thatI vakhate "khabaradAra' aTaka temaNe dhAraNa karI hatI. prAthamika zikSaNa damaNamAM ane mAdhyamika zikSaNa muMbaImAM meLavyuM hatuM paraMtu temane koleja-abhyAsanI taka maLI nahotI, temaNe damaNamAMnA pitAnA gharanI tathA tyAM vahetI damaNagaMgA nadInI je suMdaratA pitAnA eka kAvyamAM gAI che temAM temanI vatanaprIti dekhAya che. I. sa. 1881thI 1891 sudhIne prathama damaNa vasavATane tabakko emanA jIvanane ghaDatarakALa hato. I. sa. 1891thI 896 sudhIne emane muMbaIvasavATa emano abhyAsakALa hato. I. sa. 1897thI 1900 sudhIne emane punaH damaNavasavATa emane svAdhyAyakALa hato. I. sa. 1909thI 1938 sudhIne madrAsavasavATane tabakko emanA jIvanane suvarNakALa hatuM ane I. sa. 1938thI 1953 sudhI muMbaI vasavATane tabakko emane jIvananA osaratA pUrane kALa hatA. emanuM avasAna I. sa. 1953nI tA. 30 julAInA roja madrAsa khAte thayuM. kAvyasarjana vyavasAye vepArI evA khabaradAra mukhyatve kavi che ane gujarAtI sAhityamAM emanuM viziSTa arpaNa kavitAne kSetre ja che. emane kAvyAdarza dalapatarAmathI prerAyele ane kaMIka aMze prAkRta hato. emanI sau prathama gujarAtI racanA "se dRSTAMtika deharA' I. 1897mAM ane chelI racanA "kIrtanikA" I. 1953mAM racAyelI che. A baMne kRtionI bhASAne sarakhAvatAM emaNe bhASAdaSTie karela vikAsa spaSTa thAya che. emanAmAM pArasIbhAI chAMTa ghaNI ochI che. pahelI ane chellI racane vaccenA 56 varSa jeTalA sarjanagALA daramyAna temaNe malabArIkRta

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102 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [. 4 'sa'sArikA' te 'anubhavikA' nAmathI prerita 'ikA' nAmadhArI aneka saMgrahe| ApyA che. kavine peAtAnA sarjananI vipulatA batAvavAneA zAkha hAya ke nahi, paNa anaMtarAya rAvaLa darzAve che tema khabaradAra jANyuM ke ajANye nhAnAlAlanI sAthe ja zarataDhADamAM dADacA che." Ama, sabhAna ke abhAna anukaraNathI ke anya kAraNathI sarjananI vipulatA khabaradAramAM prApta thAya che. khabaradAranI kavitAnA vikAsane Alekha atyaMta gatizIla che. temanI kavitA baMdhiyAra khAmeciyA jevI sthira dhru sthitisthApaka nathI rahI, paNa saritAnA pravAhanI jema pragatizIla rahI che. zailI, viSaya, bhAva, bhASA, prakAra, chaMda ane rasanI dRSTie sundaram kahe che tema temane vikAsa ApaNe tyAM sauthI vadhAre AkarSaka che. temaNe i. 1897mAM zAmaLa ane dalapatarAmanI Dhabe 'se| dRSTAMtika doharA' lakhyA, 'kAvyarasikA'(1901)mAM dalapatazailInuM vadhAre anusaraNa karyuM, 'vilAsikA'(1905)mAM narasiMharAvane anusarI prakRtikAvyo ApyAM, 'prakAzikA' (1908)mAM kAnta ane kalApInI zailInAM khaMDakAvyo ApyAM, 'bhArataneA TaMkAra' (1919), 'saMdezikA' (1925) ane 'rASTrikA'(1940)mAM hari ha da dhruva ane narmadanI jema svadezabhaktinAM gItA ApyAM paNa pAchaLathI peAtAnI viziSTa rIti temAM nipajAvI lIdhI, 'rAsa drikA bhA. 1-2' (1929, 1941)mAM kheATAdakara ne nhAnAlAlane pagale cAlI rAsagarabA ApyA, 'bhajanikA' (1928), 'kalyANikA' (1940) ane 'kIrtanikA'(1953)mAM nhAnAlAlanI jema bhajane ApyAM, saoNneTanA pavana vAvA lAgyA tyAre 'naMdanikA'(1945)mAM peAtAnI Dhabe prabhuparAyaNabhAvathI yukta peTrAzAI dhvanitA' ApyAM ane 'gujarAtane tapasvI' ane brahmadIkSA'nI nhAnAlAlanI zailInuM kaTAkSapUrNa anukaraNa karI temaNe 'prabhAtane tapasvI' ane 'kuTadIkSA (bate 1920) ApyAM. Ama, Ana MdazaMkara dhruva kahe che tema a'greja kavi svinabarnanI jema khabaradAra dalapatarAma ane narmadAzaMkarathI mAMDI Aja sudhInI gujarAtI kavitAnA greatest common factor che. paNa temanAM kAvyeA sAhityamAMthI preraNA pAmelAM hAvA chatAM nakaliyAM nathI.4 A uparAMta emanA anya kAvyasaMgrahe| che : 'kalikA' (1926), 'danikA' (1931) 'rASTrikA' (1940), zrIjI IrAnanA pavADA' (1942) ane 'gAMdhIbApu' ane 'gAMdhIbApunA pavADA' (1948). viSayavaividhya : khabaradAranI kavitAmAM vividhatA khAsa dhyAna kheMce che. A vividhatA kaMI eka prakAranI ja nathI, paNa bhAva, viSaya, chaMda, prakAra ane rasa Adi tattva paratve sArA pramANamAM che. dalapatarAmanA upAsaka A kavie viSayanI bAbatamAM na`da pAsethI svabhASAbhakti, svadezabhakti ane svasAhityabhakti' saMgrahI. narmadanI avizadatA temaNe na lIdhI, paNa tenI pAsethI dhagaza ane .

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pra. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [17 AveganAM lakSaNa lIdhAM. temaNe A bAbatamAM narmadanuM RNa svIkAryuM ja che.' kAvyarasikA'nA pahelA saMgrahamAM ja temanI kalama prakRti, praNaya, prabhubhakti ane dezabhaktinA vividha viSayomAM ghUmI vaLI che ane apragaTa "manurAja' nATakanAM kAvyomAM paNa A vividhatA maLe che. prakRti ane praNayanA nirUpaNamAM teo svastha lAge che, paNa prabhubhakti ane dezabhaktinA nirUpaNamAM temanI utkaTa lAgaNI uddagAra pAmI che. temaNe 153 jeTalAM prakRtikAvyo ane 108 jeTalAM praNayakAvyo lakhyAM che. "kalikA'nuM 365 kaDIovALuM saLaMga praNayakAvya te juduM ja. prabhubhaktiviSayaka temanAM kAvya 470 jeTalAM maLe che. A uparAMta "IrAnazAhane pavADo' ane "darzanikA' jevA graMthomAM paNa dharmaprema ke prabhubhakti dRSTigocara thAya che. kAvyarasikA'mAM prabhubhaktinA aMkura dekhAya che tema dezabhaktinI lAgaNuM paNa temAM pragaTa thaI che. temanAM AvAM kAvyo 178 jeTalAM thAya che. vaLI gAMdhIbApuno pavADo'mAM temanI A lAgaNuM judI ja rIte vyakta thaI che. A bhAva khabaradAranA jeTalA prabaLa pramANamAM bIjA koI paNa kavimAM pragaTa thayuM nathI. AnaMdazaMkara dhruva kahe che tema narmadanI svadezabhaktinI mALa, je hari harSada dhruva pachI, rA. khabaradArane kaMThe jevI UtarI che tevI anya koI kavine kaMThe UtarI nathI. temaNe paNa hari harSada dhruvanI peThe, rAjakIya jIvananA moTA prasaMgo ane jamAnAnA vAtAvaraNamAMthI utsAha laIne gItAmAM e ciraMjIva karelo che, ane evA aneka prakAranA utsAhanAM, jemanAM, gujarAtanA ane dezanA abhimAnanAM je gIto temaNe gAyAM che tenI sAdI zilI ane devaiciyanI asara bIjAo upara paNa puSkaLa thaI hovAnuM rA. vi. pAThake kheMcyuM che. te ApaNuM pahelA rASTrazAyara che. bhAratane TaMkAra' saMgraha A prakArane temane uttama saMgraha che ane emanAM AvAM kAvyo saMkhyA, prakAra, vividhatA ane guNamAM paNa caDiyAtAM che. temaNe prajAnI eSaNa, abhilASA ane navI bhAvanAo tathA lekahedayanA dhabakArA ane navayuganA nUtana sphaligo jeI-pArakhI kAvyamAM gAyela hovAthI temane ApaNuM "yugamUrti kavi kahI zakAya ane temanI kavitAne darpaNa, gujarAtI kAvyasRSTinuM beromITara, madhabhaMDAra ne pratighoSa jevI kahI zakAya. gAMdhIprAdhyA saMdezAne mahimA khabaradAranA eTale kAvyamAM e jamAnAmAM ke tyAra pachI paNa keIe samajAvyuM nathI. emaNe satyAgrahane gAye, lokapriya karyo ane satyAgraha yuganA ApaNuM pahelA ane uttama kavi banyA. satyAgraha yuganuM citra navalakathAmAM ramaNalAla desAI Ape che te kavitAmAM khabaradAra Ape

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104]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 che. satyAgraha, ahiMsA, satya, saMpa, saMyama, zuddhi, tapa, sevA, sAtviktA, nirbhayatA, samarpaNa ane vIratA Adi gAMdhI dIdhAM satyane emaNe AlekhyAM che. kalAtmakatAne lIdhe emAMnAM keTalAMka pracArakAvyo paNa sAcAM ne UMcAM kAvya banyAM. temaNe yugadharma prabo ane yugavidhAyakanuM kArya paNa karyuM. temaNe gAMdhIyuganI bhAvanAne mUrtarUpamAM gAI ane bhAvinA eMdhANa paNa pArakhyAM. kAvyakSetre gujarAtanI asmitAnA narmada jeTalA ja sabaLa puraskartA teo banyA. gadyamAM jema munazIe gujarAtanI asmitAne AlApa cheDyo tema paghamAM khabaradAre gujarAtane mahimA gAyo. zAmaLanI saraLa vizada prAsAdika zailIne dalapatadIdho Adarza temaNe pitAnA sAhityamAM svIkAryo. IracanA ane kAvyaprakAre ? temaNe chaMdanI paNa vividhatA dAkhavI che. pada, garabI, lAvaNI, deharA, dhoLa, judA judA rAgaDhALA ane chaMdane upayoga temaNe vividha kAvyomAM karyo che. temanA pahelA ja kAvyasaMgraha "kAvyarasikA'mAM vividha chaMdone upayoga thayo che. emaNe pitAnA saMgrahamAM anuSyapAdi aneka saMskRta vRtto ane mAtrAmeLa chaMda vAparyA che, ane sAthe sAthe divya, adala, toTakamaNi, mehaka, bhadrikA, vIravijaya, muktadhArA, punarAvaLI, raNagIta, mahAchaMda, padma, ulAsikA, maNi, prabhA, abhaya ane raNajita jevA chevividha saMjanathI ke kaMI gauNa pheraphAra karI navI rIte temaNe prajyA che. toTakanA lalagA bIjanAM aneka AvartanathI vanita ane adala Adi de, savaiyAnA dAdA bIjanI aneka vaicitryamaya chaMdaracanA ane mAtrAmeLa harigItanA dAdAladA bIjanAM judAM judAM AvartanathI mizra harigIta Adi je cha de temaNe jyAM te paikI dAdA bIjanA vistAravALI divya, punarAvaLI Adi chaMdakRtio kadAca Adhunika sarva kaviomAM sauthI vadhAre saphaLatAthI ApanAra khabaradAra hovAnuM rA. vi. pAThaka mAne che.' paNa sundaram kahe che tema ahIM temanuM svastha, zAstrIya ke ekasAIbharyuM nahi paNa mugdha mAnasa ja vadhAre pramANamAM dekhAya che. temaNe manaharamAMthI nipajAvele blekavarsanI najIkana muktadhArA chaMda manahara karatAM, svarabhAra sivAya, sAdA bheda vALa ne saundaryanI bAbatamAM UtaratI kaTine thayo che ane bhramarAvaLIne akSarameLa tarIke vikasAvela mahAchaMda tadevatAne lIdhe pravAhitAnA abhAve pheMkavarsanI arthAbhivyaktinI pracaMDa kSamatA dAkhavI zakyo nathI. khabaradAre seneTa, khaMDakAvya ane pratikAvyanA prakAro ApaNane ApyA che. emAM UrmikAvyane AtmalakSI prakAra emane vizeSa phAvyA che. temaNe

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2. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [15 narasiMharAvanI zailIe "mAtA ane tenuM bALa', kalApInI zailIe "alI bALA', kAntanI zailIe dazaratha ane zravaNavadha" ane "puhitanI rAjabhakti Adi cAra khaMDakAvyo ApyAM che temAM bhAvAlekhanazaktine sabaLa AvirbhAva darzAvatuM purohitanI rAjabhakti' uttama che. "vilAsikA', "prakAzikA', "rASTrikA" ane "naMdanikA'mAM maLIne temaNe Apela kula 212 soneTamAM prakRtiprema, sAhityaprema, dezaprema, mitra prema ane prabhuprema aMkita che; "naMdanikAnA prabhuparAyaNa mAnasanAM seneTamAM navI artha camatkRtivALAM dRSTAMto ane kalpanAo, UMDI anubhUti, prakRtivaNanemAM mArdava ane tAdazatA tathA ciMtana ane vANInuM baLa hovA chatAM bhASAkalAnI maryAdAo ane vRtti ne vicAranI punarukti tathA sabhAnatA che. tathApi "sarjana", "vAMsaLI', vAdaLa', 'TANuM', "prematulAne "ciMtA jevAM soneTa kaDhapanAnI daSTie neMdhapAtra che, paNa prAsanA AgrahavALAM emanAM iTAliyana peTrAkazAI vanitA'mAM "narmadanuM maMdira suMdara che. A prakAre paikI pratikAvyane unmeSa te temane sauthI vizeSa maulika ane rasAvaha hovAnuM sundaram mAne che. temaNe moTAlAla, narakesarIrAva zaMbhunAtha, valkalarAya ThaThThAra, zrIdhara, zeSAdri, kSemAnaMda bhaTTa, eje bhagata, hunarasiMha mahetA ane lakhA bhagata Adi vividha upanAmathI prabhAtano tapasvI, kukkuTadIkSA, yuvara, avarohaNa, nyAtanuM netaruM, nAma ane kriyApadanI saMdhinuM bhayasthAna, gAkaLa gAyanI DarabI, pAThakanI cepI chIMka, sAMbeluM, vyAsajIne, vANiyA tajI dene takarAra, tandrane hemakhaMta, jyotIndranuM bariyuM, lakhA bhagatanA chappA ane leka Adi pratikAvyo lakhI temAM nhAnAlAla, narasiMharAva, ba. ka. ThAkera, "zeSa', bAdarAyaNa, jatIndra dave ane akhA vagerenI zailI ke kAvyabhAvanAnuM viDaMbana karyuM che. "akhegItA'nA viDaMbanamAM lakhAyelI, geravale gayelI, mohaka artha baLa ane uktilAghavanA guNayukta "lakhegItA'nA pragaTa thayela bhAgarUpa "lakhA bhagatanA chappA'mAM kavie sAkSaronI vADAbaMdhI ane temanA ADaMbara para saceTa kaTAkSa karyo che: sAkSaranA vADA kaMI paDyA. taMtrIe varaghoDe caDhathA, nija mitrenAM kare vakhANa. anya badhAMnI dANAdANa; lakhA, e samajI leje sahu ghera dIkarI ne paraghera vahu. khabaradAranI AvI keTalIka racanAomAM kyAMka ugratA, aparasa, TheSa ke kaTutA najare paDe che, paNa sarvottama evI "prabhAtane tapasvI ane kukkuTadIkSA' racanAmAM hAnAlAlanI apadyAgadyazailInuM ekamAtra saphaLa anukaraNa, vijayarAyanA mate,

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106] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [a. 4 buddhisAmarthyayukta ne kavitatvavALuM khaMDana jeTaluM che teTaluM ne tevA guNovALuM bIjA koI gujarAtI lakhANamAM nathI. e samartha anukaraNamAM "kharA kAvyAnaMdane hisso vadhAre anubhavAto hovAnuM rAmaprasAda bakSI nedhe che. 2 savizeSa guNasaMpanna evA "avarohaNamAM ba. ka. ThAkoranI zailI sAme virodha pragaTa thayo che. temaNe pratikAvyo lakhI mULa lekhakanI zailInI vicitratA ke vilakSaNatA darzAvI tenI hAsyAspadatA pragaTa karI che. pratikAvyanI kalAnI uttama guNavattA emanAmAM jovA maLe che. emAMnAM kaTAkSa, TIkhaLa, cAturI ne ThaThThAmAM surucinuM ucca dhoraNa ekasarakhuM jaLavAyuM nathI, paNa emAM ramUjapremI pArasI svabhAvanI khAsiyata te pragaTa thAya ja che. A uparAMta temaNe hAlaraDAM, bALakAvyo, kavvAlI, gajhala, oDa, AtmalakSI UrmikAvya, aMjaligIta, gIta, darzanikA" tathA "kalikAmAM tema ja anyatra paNa svataMtra kahI zakAya tevAM muktaka ane rAsagarabA ApyAM che. temanA rAsa apUrva ramaNIyatAnI raMgatavALA, saraLa ane chaTAdAra taLapadA DhALavALA tathA viSaya ane rasanuM vaividhya dharAvanArA hovAnuM teMdhI, vi. 2. trivedI kahe che tema, kauTuMbika lAgaNIo ane nisarga prema uparAMta vatanaprema, dezabhakti, svAtaMtrayanI AkAMkSA, lokanetAne Adara, saMsAraviSAda, tattvadarzana, samarpaNa vagere viSayo khabaradAramAM UtaryA che. vaividhyamAM ane bhASAprabhutvamAM nhAnAlAla pachI sauthI vizeSa dhyAna kheMce che khabaradAra. kRSNane gAvAnI temanI rItimAM navInatA ne vinaMdanI laharI jaNAya che. bhANadAsa ane vallabhamAM jema kalpanAnuM uDDayana Abha vadhe che tema khabaradArakRta "gaganano garabo re ke koNe karyo sAhalaDI ? 'mAMnA gagananA garabAnA varNanamAMya jovA maLe che.13 marAThI sAhityamAM pracalita ane lokapriya thayele "pavADA'ne prakAra paNa temaNe "gAMdhIbApune pavADo' ane "zrIjI IrAnazAhano pavADo'nI kRtiomAM ApaNane pahelI ja vAra Apyo che, je paikI "zrIjI IrAnazAhane pavADo'mAM kavinI varNanAtmaka kAvyazakti subhaga rIte pragaTa thayelI che. pArasI kemanA ItihAsanuM "zuddha gujarAtI layanuM" ne prAsAdika racanAzaktivALuM ApaNuM e paheluM kAvya che. rasavaividhyaH rasanI bAbatamAM khabaradAra bIjA karatAM judo mata dharAvIne zaMgArane badale vIrarasane rasarAja kahe che.14 prakRtinI zobhA, vasaMtanI suSamAM, uSA ane saMdhyAnI mIThI suMdaratA, phUlanI manaharatA, rajanInI nIravatA, samudranuM garjana, kokilAne madhura kaMTha, "AkAzanI vADInI sarasatA, sAgara vacce rahelA khaDakanI bhavyatA, saritAkinArAnI zAMti, caMdramAnAM zItaLa kiraNa,

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pra. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 107 sAMjanuM mauna, zaradaprabhAtanI madhuratA, tArAonA jhaMDAgAnanI gUDhatA, prabhAtazukranI tejasvitA ane bIjanI caMdAnI ramaNIyatA vageremAM pRthvI pele pAranI kaI kaLA kiratAranI kalpanAnI dRSTimAM kavi jue che ane mugdha bane che. bhajanikA'nAM "brahmAnaMda' ane "padharAmaNuM' kAvyamAM paNa adbhuta sparza mAlUma paDe che. "kAvyarasikA', 'vilAsikA' ane "saMdezikAmAM priyAne araja', "prItinI prasannatA, premamaMdira, meM dIThI tuMne, premataraMga," "caMdA sAthe saMdeze, premacakSu', 'virahiNa", "premadAna", "gRhakAranAM belaDI" ane "trikAlamAM zaMgArarasa che. kavi vipralaMbha zRMgAra bahu gAtA nathI, paNa saMga zRMgAra vadhAre gAya che. emane zaMgAra azlIlatAnI kakSAe jato nathI. bhaktine je rasa gaNIe te te "bhajanikA", "kalyANikA', "naMdanikA' ane "kIta nikA'mAM sArA pramANamAM maLe che. emAM sAkSAtkAranI jhaMkhanAnI utkaTatAnA pramANamAM darzana ke sAkSAtkArane AnaMda ocho gavAya che, paNa te vadhAre pratItikara che. "agamanI oLakha'ne prakAza maLatAM kavi AnaMda anubhave che. bhaktikAvyomAM ekezvaravAdI, jijJAsu ne zraddhALu khabaradAra pahelAM bhakta ane pachI philasUpha tarIke najare paDe che. prabhudarzananI jhaMkhanA ane philasUphIno suMdara kAvyarUpe samanvaya thavAthI "pAMkhaDI', dilanI vAto', "saMtAkUkaDI', "surasaMdeza", "azravijaya", "tyAga', "sAhebAnI nAvaDI", "navalA deza Adi bhajane kavitA tarIke sarvottama hovAnuM ane temAMya "navalA deza' suMdara bhASA, gatizIla pratirUpe, sAcI bhakti, akRtrimatA ane virala kAvyatvathI ApaNAM Adhunika uttamottama bhaktikAvyomAM sthAna pAme tevuM banyAnuM vi. 2. trivedI noMdhe che. 5 ene samarthana ApI vi. ka. vaidya sarjakatAnA. vyApaka tatvathI prANavAna banelAM emanAM pacIseka bhajanamAM kavitva-Indu virala kAvyaguNe aMkita thaI soLe kalAe khIlelo hovAnuM jaNAvI e paikI daza sarvaguNasaMpanna ane cauda bahuguNasaMpanna hevAnuM Alekhe che. | darzanikA'mAM putrI temanAnA viraha nimitte karuNarasane AvirbhAva thayo nathI. emAM te kavinuM citta paramatatvanI mImAMsAmAM khUle che, paNa "kAvyarasikA'mAMnA "putrIviraha' kAvyamAM ane "saMdezikA'mAM "za piMjara' kAvyamAM patnI viraha nimitta ane svargastha patnI sau. pIrajAbAIne'mAM karuNarasanuM hadayadrAvaka nirUpaNa thayuM che. A paikInuM "zUnyapiMjara' kharekhara patnI viraha nimitte lakhAyuM nathI. paNa e te vijayarAye darzAvyuM che tema phAnsisa TosanakRta "A carrier Song'nuM bhASAMtara-rUpAMtara ja che, "rASTrikA ane bhAratane kAramAM bhAratane vinipAta joI karuNatAthI kavinuM haiyuM drave che.

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18 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ J. 4 darzanikA e karuNaprazasti nathI, paNa jhUlaNA chaMdamAM racAyela tattvajJAnamaMDita cha hajAra paMktinA atyaMta gaMbhIra ne hRdayaMgama ciMtanakAvyamAM bhaktisabhara zAMtarasa che. sRSTinI asthiratA, mRtyunuM nRtya, jIvananuM gAna, vikAsanI vedanA, dharmavAdanuM dhummasa, anaMtatvanI sAMkaLI, vizvacetanyane yoga, jIvananuM kartavya ane snehane vizvadharma Adi nava vibhAgomAM vaheMcAyela e racanAmAM bhASA ane kalpanAnuM subhaga saundarya, sAtvika ciMtana, snehanA vizvadharmanuM Alekhana, mAnavajIvananI samasyAnuM pratItijanaka Alekhana, ujajvala AzAvAda, minI AdratA tathA kAvya ane tatvajJAnane samanvaya Adi taravo che. gujarAta eNnDa ITsa liTarecara'mAM, munazI kahe che tema, emAM bahu ochI gujarAtI kavio pahoMcI zakyA che tevI Rju--bhavya sAdAIne kavinI bhASA pahoMce che. kyAMka gadyALutA, akAraNa viSayAMtara, ekavidhatA, pAMkho vaNuTa, nIrasa punarukti, zabdabAhulya, saMyamane abhAva, zithilatA, AyAsa, sacoTatAnI khAmI, dalapatarItinI bodhakatA ane amaulikatA Adi maryAdAo hovA chatAM ApaNe tyAM A mahattvAkAMkSI mahAkRti ananya che. emAM jIvanamRtyaviSayaka jJAnamaya suMdara ciMtana che "janma ne mRtyu che ubhaya suMdara jage; he bhale ubhayanA paMtha paMtha nyArA paNa khare mRtyu e adhika suMdara dise jyAM khIle mAtra zubha smaraNa kyArA" sarasa rIte kavi aMtamAM dharmanuM preraka udabodhana kare che- zuddha e sneha sau hRdayamAM dhAra, rela sneha e AsapAse; snehanuM teja je parama AnaMda che, te bharI dyo sabhara zvAsazvAse... jIvavuM eTale jaLavuM ne jhabUkavuM: te sadA hRdayamAM sneha sthApe ! Apaje snehajayakAra karatAM adala | snehanuM vizva sAmrAjya sthApe ! vi. . trivedInA mata mujaba udAtta gaMbhIratAdhArI jIvananA mahApraznane vyApaka rIte ne vizadatAthI kalAnA ADaMbara ane bhArekhamaDA vagara eka ja chaMdanI dhUnamAM chaNatI ramaNIya tatvadazI AvI lAMbI kavitA ApaNe tyAM ananya che. sundaramanI dRSTie paNa ATaluM lAMbuM vicArapradhAna kAvya arvAcIna gujarAtI kavitAmAM paheluM ja che. rA. vi. pAThaka AmAM sUra purAvI snehanA

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8. 3 ] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 109 vizvadharma uparanI zraddhAmAM dharma, tattvajJAna ne vijJAnane samanvaya karatA A kAvyane ApaNuM sauthI lAMbuM navI rItinu ciMtana kAvya gaNe che. 17 temanAM pratikAvyAmAM kaTAkSamaya hAsyarasanA AchA aMkura dekhAya che. paNa A badhA karatAM khabaradAramAM vIrarasanuM nirUpaNuM uttama rIte thayu' che. 'bhAratanA TaMkAra'nA garjana vibhAga ane 'rASTrikA'nA 'saMgrAmanAM gItA'mAM je prabaLa vIrarasanuM utkaTa rIte Alekhana thayuM che te bhAgye ja ApaNe tyAM anyatra maLaze. emAM jANe 'bhaDake kheALyA zabda' vaDe vIrarasanA 'parvata jevA taraMga' UchaLe che. emanI A 'raNurasaraMjana'kavitAnA rAzimAM uttameAttama zakti pragaTa thaI che. narmadanI gujarAtaprIti ane dezabhaktine vArasA sauthI vadhAre pramANamAM khabaradArane ja maLyA che. temanAM AvAM kAvyeAmAM prabhAvazALI vyaktitvanI chApa, dhagaza, AzA, ullAsa, prAtsAhana ane preraNAnuM siMcana che. amArA deza', 'bhAratamAtA ane tenA kavio', 'prakAzanAM pagalAM', 'ananya bhArata', ratnaharaNa', 'e gujarAta ! e gujarAta !', 'gujarAtaneA yajJakuMDa, khAMDAnI dhAre' ane 'devInu khappara' jevAM uttama rASTragItA 'zuddha sa'skArI baLavatI gujarAtI bhASAmAM' temanA taraphathI maLyAM che. e paikInuM temanu` ratnaharaNa' ta| gujarAtanuM sarvaprathama rAjadrohI kAvya che. devInuM khappara' teA ApaNA kAvyasAhityamAM UMcu` sthAna meLave tevu che. rASTrIya asmitAnI keDI ApaNI kavitAmAM vizALa rAjamA banI, paNa kAI kavi A bAbatamAM khabaradAranI harALamAM AvI zake tema nathI. rASTrapremanI Alakhela peAkAranAra khabaradAra ApaNe tyAM ananya che. aMgrejImAM jene Action Songs kahe che tevAM vIrarasabharyA kArya preraka sakriya kAvyA ane gItA ApaNe tyAM sauthI vadhu ne uttama emaNe ja ApyAM. janmabhUmi-vAtsalyanI bhAvanAnA te sama" gAyaka che. temanAM dezabhaktinAM kAvyAmAM temaNe jaNe peAtAnuM zauryasabhara aMtara ThAlavyuM che. emanAM svAtaMtryagItA ane saMgrAmagItAe svarAjyanA sainikAmAM raNane utsAha sArI peThe jagADayo. bhAratanA kavie jyAre bahudhA kAyala ne praNayanAM gItA gAtA hatA tyAre emaNe vIrarasa ane dezabhaktinAM gItA gAyAM. sundaramanI dRSTie temanI kavitA-pravRttinuM A sauthI vizeSa tejasvI pAsuM che. khabaradAranI gu. ka.nI racanAkaLA'mAMnI mugdha mAnyatA mujaba saMgItakalA ane kavitAkalAne bhAre sagapaNu che. temanI A mAnyatA dalapatarAmane kAvyAdarza svIkAravAthI ApAApa Ave e samajI zakAya tema che. emanAM kAvyeA para dRSTipAta

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110] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [4. 4 karIe te tarata ja samajAya che ke chaMdabaddha racanAo karatAM emaNe rAgarAgiNIemAM racelAM kAvyonuM pramANe vipula che. vaLI emanAM cha debaddha kAvyo geya ja che ane je navA de, chedanAM saMmizraNa ke saravALA bAdabAkI yA bhAgAkArathI emaNe racyA che te save paNa geya che. AmAM eka rIte emanI saMgItanI sUkama samaja pragaTa thAya che. ema kahIe ke kavie geyatAne pitAno siddhAMta pratipAdana karavA mATe ja Ama karyuM hoya kadAca, paNa bIjI rIte te kAvyamAM artha saMbhAra khUTe che. "kalikA: temanI kavitA para aMgrejI sAhityanA saMskAro ghaNA jovA maLe che. emanA vividha chaMdaprayoga ane seneTa A kathananA udAharaNarUpa che. emanI kavitAmAM judA judA kavionI vANunA ke vicAranA paDaghA saMbhaLAya che. kyAMka to temaNe phrAnsisa Tomsana ane je meriDithamAMthI sIdhuM ja lIdhuM hovAnA AkSepo thayA che. saMdezikA'nAM 'agocara dhAma", "zanya piMjara' ane "madhurI' kAvya TasananAM kAvyo parathI lakhAyAM hovAnuM vijayarAye18 tathA "kalikA'mAM keTaluMka jorja meriDithanA "lava Ina dha velInA paMktizaH nirjIva bhASAMtara jevuM hovAnuM vizvanAtha bhaTTe darzAvyuM che. AthI kRtrimatA AvavA pAme che. ane "kalikA'mAM suzliSTa samagratA ne bhAvonA svadezIpaNAnI chApanA abhAvathI kalpanAnI preraka ramaNIyatA hovA chatAM e cirasthAyI saMskAra pADI zakatuM nathI. "kalikA" e hRdayanA utkaTa bhAvathI aMkita priyApremanI kavitA che ane emAM muktadhArA chaMdamAM racAyela vividha pAMdaDIo rUpI 373 muktakamAM kalpanAcitronI bharacakatA che. emAM AnaMdazaMkara dhruvanA mata mujaba aMgrejI kAvyo jevAM idriyagrAhya saundaryacitronI sAthe sUphIne jevI AdhyAtmika saundarya. pUjA paNa che.20 enA nahivat vikAsamAna kathAnakamAM praNayI nAyakanA aMkuratA praNayathI mAMDI enI vijayasiddhinI sAta bhUmikAonuM Alekhana ekeka kaDImAM eka bhAva, vicAra ke kalpanAtaraMga tAjagI ne manohAritAthI gUMthIne kavie karyuM hovAnuM jaNAvI, vijayarAya tene "kalAnta kavi pachInuM snigdhatAbharyuM ne navA ucita cittahArI alaMkAronA prabhAve prakaTatAM ramaNIya kalpanAcitravALuM e paheluM saLaMga moTuM mahatvanuM premakAvya kahe che. emAM zabdALutA, asAdhAraNa laMbANa, premaviSayane pratikULa lAlityarahita chaMda, tarka kalpanAnI kRtrimatA ane sughaTTa vaNATane abhAva jevI maryAdAo che. paNa baMdhana' vibhAganAM muktakamAM kavinI saundarya ane kavitvazakti pragaTa thayelI che. temaNe pitAnI "sAhityapreritatA" kabUlatAM kahyuM ja cheH "mArI kAvyapreraNAo kaMI eka ja ThekANethI nathI AvI...e saunA saMbhAramAMthI saMskAra

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pra. 3 ] khabaradAra ane anya kavio jyAMthI sAru pAmeluM pUtaLuM te A tame jevI gaNeA tevI mArI kavitA che. lAgyuM tyAMthI te lAvIne ApaNI gurjara kavitAdevInA zaNagAramAM meM gUMthyuM che,... meM sAra te| sasthAneAethI saMgrahyo che . dattAtrayanI mAphaka meM te| jyAMthI jJAna ane rasa maLyAM tyAMthI lIdhAM che--pachI ene sArasaMgraha' kaheA ke 'kaumudI'kAra kahe che tema 'cerI' kaheA ke darzanikA'mAM kahyuM che tema 'bAdazAhI lUMTa' kaheA. 'sarjaka sadA lUMTatA Ave che' e mArA anubhava. jo kanaiyA mAkhaNacAra tA huM bhramaravRttivALA maceAra. kAvyAmRtane cAra? hAIza, huM jJAnAmRta' ane rasAmRtanA cAra hAIza, paNa klicAra' teA nathI ja nathI.'22 'kalikA' ane darzanikA'nI prastAvanAmAM ane anyatra paNa vividha rIte ne sthaLe 'mAravA tA hAthI ne lUTave| tA bhaMDAra'nuM sUtra ne 'kavivArasAnA hakka'nA vAda dharanAra temaNe peAtAnI anukaraNazIlatA, grahaNuzIlatA ne parasaMskAranI chAyAnA svIkAra karyAM che. ane peAtAnI kAvyapreraNAe mAnavajJAnanA saMcita jJAnanA sa`cita bhaMDAramAMthI 'bAdazAhI lU`Ta' calAvI heAvAnuM kabUlyu che. ethI emanI kavitA 'sAhityaprerita' ne madhamAkhIe vividha sthaLethI ekatra karelA madha jevI thaI che ane temanI pratibhA madhyamakakSAnI ne pApajIvI banI che. [111 temanI kavitAne bhAva, viSaya, chaMda, rasa ane prakAranI vividhatA ane navIna chaMdAnI ceAjanAmAM pragaTatI temanI baMDavRtti tathA navInatAnI eSaNAnI dRSTie vijayarAya 'raMgapradhAna zailI'nI gaNe che.23 paNa temanAmAM je racanAkauzala, dhvanita' mATe paraMparAgata svarUpanA Agraha, 'kalikA'mAM saundaryanI svastha rItanI upAsanA, yatibhaMga zrutibhaMga ke zabdonI tADaphADanA abhAva, praNayakAvyAmAM kalApI jevI mastInA abhAva, prayAgAmAM nhAnAlAla jevI pragalbhatAnA abhAva, kRtinA AkAranA sauSThavanA Agraha, nhAnAlAlanI apadyAgadya zailInA virAdha, khAdha ApavAnI vRtti tathA kalAnA ne zuddhine Agraha che tene kAraNe temane rUpapradhAna zailInA kavi mahadaMze kahI zakAya. eTale ja vi. 2. trivedI yeAgya kahe che: eka zabdALutA sivAya badhI rIte temanI kavitA mukhyatve svastha ane rUpapradhAna rahe che.24 bhASAnI sAdAI, mIThAza, prAsamA ane geyatA jevAM lakSaNA temanAM kAvyAne vadhu leAkabhAgya ane AsvAdya banAve che. aMgrejI kAvyA : aMgrejI kAvyA e temanA sAhityanI khIjI viziSTatA che. ApaNe tyAM malabArI, geAvanarAma ane kAnta pachI kAI gujarAtI kavie aMgrejI kAvyAnI racanA karI hAya tA te khabaradAre, ane pachI baLavaMtarAye. temanA I. 1918mAM The Silken Tassel ane I. 1950mAM Zarathushtra

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112] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [tha. 4 nAmaka pragaTelA be kAvyasaMgrahAmAM kula 160 racanAo pragaTa thaI che. emAM prakRti, praNaya, prabhu, kAvyadevI, dha, bhAratabhakti, jIvana ane mRtyu Adi viSayAnI ane stAtrA, UrmikAvyo, soneTA ane aMjalikAvyo Adi prakAranI vividhatA che. gAthAmra'tha (1949) : gAthApAMDitya e khabaradAranI viziSTatA che. jharabhuSTranI gAthAne gujarAtI kavitAmAM kavie karelA anuvAda ane enI joDe joDelA taviSayaka saMzodhana-lekhA e kavinI uttarAvasthAnuM mUlyavAna aNu che. I. 1949mAM pragaTa thayela aze! jarathrusranI gAthA para navA prakAza' nAmanA daLadAra graMthamAM 'ahunavaIti' nAmanI pahelI gAthAnA sAta adhyAyeAnA kavie gujarAtI kavitAmAM anuvAda ApyA che. graMthanI bhASA zuddha ane saraLa gujarAtI che. emaNe gAthAnI kavitAmAM kayAMya mULa arthane jarA paNa hAni AvavA dIdhI nathI. dareka zleAkanA pratyeka zabda para emaNe puSkaLa mAhitI ApI ane samazlAkI anuvAda ApyA che. saraLatA temanA graMthanI eka vizeSa viziSTatA che. A uparAMta pra thamAM samAvelA agiyAra jeTalA abhyAsapUrNa lekhA khAsa dhyAnapAtra che. emAM emane jyotiSa Adine UMDA abhyAsa ja jovA maLe che. A zAstrIya graMthanI zailI paNa kayAreka kavitvamayatA dhAre che. gAthAnA 30-35 jeTalA anuvAdAmAM keTalIka bAbatAmAM khabaradAranA anuvAda vizeSa rIte upayAgI ane dhyAnapAtra bane che. jo ke keTalAMka paraspara asa Mgata vidhAna ane jyAtiSane karelA vadhu paDatA upayeAga khaTake che. apragaTa manurAja' nATaka : khabaradAra smAraka graMtha'mAM(1961)mAM darzAvela kavinA apragaTa gadya-padya sAhitya paikI temanA mata mujaba 'manurAja athavA vizvanATikA' nATaka sattama kRti che. kavie A kRtinuM lekhanakA I. 1936mAM zarU kareluM, paNa chevaTa lagI teo e pUruM karI zakayA naheAtA. emaNe pAMca aMka lakhavA dhArelA, paNa teo mAtra ceAthA aMkanA trIjA praveza sudhI ja lakhI zakayA hatA. e nATaka rUpakapradhAna che ane tenA viSaya che mAnavanuM patana ane tenA uddhAra. kavinI dhArmikatA ane adhyAtmaparAyaNavRtti emAM dekhAya che. emAM hRdayanI savRttione divyamaDaLa, asavRttione tameAmaMDaLa, pApabhAvanAne ahimana eTale ke mAra-kaLi--setAna-vRtra tathA manurAja'ne jIvAtmAnAM pratIka ApI kavie pratIkAtmaka pAtravidhAna karyuM che. nATaka garTanA phAsTa' ne nhAnAlAlanAM bhAvanApradhAna nATakAnI zailI jevu` ne dRzya nahi evuM ciMtana-bhAvanApradhAna che. akhaMDa padya eTale ke mahAda'mAM e lakhAyuM che,

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pra* 3 ] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 113 gItasamRddhi, rAgaDhALanI vividhatA, ane kalpanA, geyatA, sUcakatA Adi tenAM lakSaGgA che. bhASA saraLa ane nirADaMbarI che, paNa kayAMka azuddhithI dUSita khanI che. apUrNa ane apragaTa evA A nATakanAM kula 57 jeTalAM gItAmAM bhAvanI vividhatA sArI peThe jaLavAI che. gadyalekhana vivecanaH kavitAmAM UjaLA lAgatA khabaradAra gadyamAM jhAMkhA dekhAya che. emAM emaNe prastAvanAo, vyAkhyAnA ane lekhA dvArA vivecana karyu` che. emanI 'dAdI zatazAI', 'malabArInAM kAvyaratna', 'vihAriNI' tathA sAMdhyagIta'nI prastAvanAo paikI khIjImAM narisaMharAvane javAbarUpe kavi peAtAnI pArasIzAI chAMTavALI bhASA aMge apratItijanaka bacAva kare che ane trIjIceAthI carcAspada muddAothI sabhara ne navI kavitA sAmenA ArApanAmA jevI banI temane vivecaka karatAM prahAraka tarIke ja chatA kare che, paNa pahelImAM tee adhikAMze guNu ane kaoNMIka aMze dASanuM Alekhana kare che. emanAM vyAkhyAnA paikI I. 1937mAM madrAsa khAtenA hiMdI sAhitya saMmelananA kavisaMmelananA pramukha tarIkenuM gauNu ane prAsaMgika che, paNa I. 1924mAM gujarAtI sAhitya pari SadanA bhAvanagaranA sAtamA adhivezananA sAhitya vibhAgIya pramukhanuM, I. 1941mAM e ja piraSadanA aMdherInA caudamA adhivezananA pramukhanu ane I. 1939mAM muMbaI yunivarsiTInA upakrame Apela Thakkara mAdhavajI vasanajI vyAkhyAnamALA'mAM gujarAtI kavitAnI racanAkaLA' paranAM pAMca vyAkhyAne dhyAnapAtra che. e paikI prathamamAM emaNe kavi nhAnAlAla ane navIna kavitA para garbhita prahAro karyAM che, khIna sa`grAhI ne ADaMbara vagaranA vyAkhyAnamAM bhrAmaka vidhAnA ne gujarAtI vivecananA ekapakSI ne apUrNa itihAsa ApI amuka navA-jUnA vivecakeAne anyAya karI emaNe apaharaNu tathA kavi vivecakanA prazno carcI^ kaTutA ne tIkhAza ANyAM che, tathA trIjAmAM e viSayanuM sAMgApAMga vistRta nirUpaNu ke. ha. dhruva pachI pahelI vAra sIdhI lakhAvaTamAM karI emaNe prayatnatattva, kAvyanA AtmA, navI kavitA ane akSarameLa vRtto vagere para bhrAmaka, azAstrIya, asvIkAM ane carcAspada vidhAnA karyAM che. emaNe dhvanita ane divyachaMda', 'kavitA ane apadyAgadya', 'gujarAtI kavitAmAM prayatnabaMdha' ane 'mahAchaMdanI carcA' Adi lekhAmAM prayatnatattvanI bhrAmaka imAratane AdhAre vidhAnA karyA che ane gu. sA. 8

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114]. gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 te paikI keTalAmAM to teo sArI kakSA ane ziSTatA paNa jALavI zakyA nathI. vivecanane sarasa Adarza teo siddhAMtarUpe te Ape che, paNuM vyavahAramAM durbhAgye teo pote ja tenA udAharaNarUpa banatA nathI! teo pitAne mATe vivecanane yogya gadya na ghaDI zakyA ane temaNe sAcITI mAnyatAone ja AgaLa karIne potAnA pUrvagrahone ja paLyA. AthI UlaTuM, hIrA ka. mahetAnA mata mujaba "moTAlAla" upanAmanA pratikAvyamAM kareluM vivecana niSpakSapAta, udAra, vilakSaNa ane mahattvanuM che. 25 prakIrNa : temaNe gadyamAM prAsaMgika vyAkhyAna, pArasI gujarAtI viSayaka lekha-vyAkhyAne, prAsaMgika vyaktilakSI lekhe, jarathostI dharma vizenA lekho ane sAhityaviSayaka prAsaMgika carcA lekhe - ema pAMca prakAreya lakhyuM che. e paikI pahelA prakAranA lekhomAM temanI kavitvamaya zailI sArA pramANamAM najare paDe che, bIjAmAM viSayanI vistRta sAMgopAMga vidhAyaka carcA che. trIjAmAM vyaktine anulakSIne lakhAyela lekhomAM temanI guNagrAhI daSTi rahI che, cothAmAM temane dharmaprema, taviSayaka abhyAsa ane jyotiSanuM parizIlana najare paDe che. paNa pAMcamAmAM thayelI vividha praznonI carcAmAM teo UMcI ne ziSTa kakSA bahudhA jALavI zakyA nathI. A sarvemAM kavi I. 1927nA vile pAralenA vasaMtotsavanA vyAkhyAnamAM kharekhara sauthI vadhu khIlyA che. enI chaTA, bhASA, nirUpaNazailI ane kalpanA Adi sarva uttama che. e temanI tejasvI ne prANavAna gadyakRti che. patrasAhityaH gadyamAM temanI UjaLI bAju te temanA patromAM dekhAya che. (juo kavine "smAraka graMtha) gujarAtI sAhityamAM narmadathI mAMDI kAkA kAlelakara sudhInA sAhityakAronA patro maLe che. khabaradAranA patro temanI patrakalAnI UMcI kakSAno khyAla Ape che. e emanA kuTuMbajIvana ane sAhityajIvananA darpaNa tarIkenI garaja sAre che. kavimAM rahela jIvananuM kAruNya, prabaLa gujarAtaprema, kartavyaniSThA, prabhuzraddhA, viSAda, zAMtijhaMkhanA, manomaMthana, ciMtana ane vahemI mAnasa vagere emanA jIvana tathA mAnasanAM vividha pAsAMo para emanA patro sAthe prakAza pheke che ane emanA jIvanane samajavAnI cAvI pUrI pADe che. emAM kavi sAcA mAnavInA rUpamAM ja dekhAya che. ba. ka. ThAkoranA mata mujaba "khabaradAranA patro zuddha gujarAtI sAhityamAM viziSTa sthAnanA adhikArI che."26 "kAnta" ane "kalApI'nA patro jevI kalAtmakatA ane nikhAlasatA temanA patromAM joI zakAya che. UrmikAvyomAM jema dezabhaktinI vIrakavitA khabaradAranA kAvyamaMdiranuM dedIpyamAna zikhara che tema temanA gadyamaMdiranuM sarvottama zikhara

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pra. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 115 temanA patro che. motI jevA sarasa maroDadAra akSaromAM ane suMdara bhASAmAM lakhAyelA A patro gujarAtI patrasAhityanI zobhArUpa che. A sarvamAM pragaTatI temanI gadyazailI saraLa, vizada, pravAhI, kavitvamaya ane chaTAdAra che. mukhyatve te teo kavi ja che, e vAtanI sAkSI emanI gadyazailI paNa pUre che. upasaMhAra: khabaradAranI samagra sajanachabImAM temanuM savizeSa tejasvI pAsuM te kavinuM ja che. neha, zraddhA, rASTrabhakti ane gujarAtagauravanA gAyaka A kavine "sAhityaprerita kavi" kahevAmAM vi. ka. vaidya (rUparekhA', pR. 288) bhAra te "kavi pada para ja mUkIne kahe che tema keTalAka miSTa kAvyamadhune bhogI A manahara bhramarane guMjArava ApaNuM sAhityavADImAM dIrdhakALa paryata saMbhaLatA raheze. emanAM pratikAvyo, dezabhakti ane gujarAtabhaktinAM kAvyo tema ja jIvananI philasUphI carcato virala kAvyagraMtha e yazakalagIrUpa emanAM kIrtidA sarjano che. gujarAtane jagasAhityamAM UMce lAvavAnI utkaMThA sAthe emaNe satata pa6 varSa sudhI ekadhArI ne ananya rIte gujarAtI sAhityanI upAsanA karI. emaNe gujarAtane "guNavaMtI" kahI ane "jyAM jyAM vase eka gujarAtI tyAM tyAM sadAkALa gujarAtamAM mahAgujarAtanI bhavya bhAvane, gujarAtanI kIrti ne gaurava gAyAM ane sAthe sAthe temaNe rASTrabhAvane paNa jagADI che. vasaMta (mAgha saM. 1981)kAra kahe che tema khabaradAre dalapatarAma narmadAzaMkara ane harilAlanI zALAthI AraMbha , karI, narasiMharAva, nhAnAlAla ane lalitanI kavitAnA AtmAnI jhAMkhI karI, sarva karatAM judI pitAnI bhASA, saMgIta ane kalpanAnI viziSTatA jamAvI- khabaradAre kavionI prathama paMktimAM sthAna prApta karyuM che, eTaluM ja nahi paNa kavitAnA keTalAka pradezamAM to emanuM sthAna lagabhaga paheluM che. ane keTalIka bAbatamAM te hiMdu bhAIone paNa bhASAzuddhine Adarza batAve tevI temanI kRtio che. 27 beTAdakara' Adi kavio dAmodara khuzAladAsa boTAdakara (I. 1870-1924) saurASTranA eka nAnA gAma boTAdamAM (jenA uparathI kavie pitAnI zAha aTaka badalI bATAdakara rAkhI) garIba vaNika kuTuMbamAM janmelA A kavi

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116] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [J. 4 mAMDamAMDa gujarAtI cha dhoraNa sudhI abhyAsa karI tera varSanI nAnI vaye zikSaka banyA. atyaMta TUMkA pagAranI nokarIne kAraNe jiMdagI paryata veThavI paDelI Arthika bhIMsa dUra karavA aneka dhaMdhA temaNe ajamAvI joyA paNa na phAvyA. svabhAve saMkocazIla, saujanyazIla ane svamAnapriya A kavi jIvanasaMgrAmamAM lakSmInI kRpA pAmavA ghaNuM jhUkyA. tevIsa varSanI vaye gosvAmI nRsiMhalAlajInA kArabhArInuM kArya svIkAryuM ane muMbaImAM vasyA. temane muMbaInivAsa temanI kAvyasAdhanAne phaLadAyI nIvaDyo. svAthya bagaDatAM ane gosvAmI sAthe matabheda thatAM temaNe kArabhArIpaNuM ane muMbaI choDyAM. uttara vaye Arthika sthiti kaMIka sudharI hovA chatAM temane jIvanabhara Arthika viTaMbaNe veThavI paDI ema kahI zakAya. A sthitimAM saMtAnonA avasAnanA AghAta ane anya vikaTatAo vacce, sarasvatInA sevaka thavAnuM ja nirmANa heAya tema temanI kAvyasAdhanA lagabhaga jIvanaparyata cAlu rahI hatI. boTAdakaranI kAvyasaritAnAM Adi jharaNa sattara-aDhAra varSanI vaye phUTyAM. "zAha praNIta lAlasiha-sAvitrI nATaka athavA svayaMvaravidhithI sukhI daMpatInuM caritra' nAmanuM nATaka temanuM prathama prakAzana. gokuLagItA' uparAMta "rAsavarNana" ane "subodhaka kAvyasaMgraha' temanI sarjanapravRttinA AraMbhakALanAM vaheNa, je guNavattAnI dRSTie nedhapAtra nathI; paraMtu 18thI 22 varSanI vaya daramiyAna pragaTelAM A jharaNAMmAMthI temanuM kAvyavaheNa saritAsvarUpa dhAraNa kare che ane jIvanabhara akhalita vahetuM rahe che; je "kAlinI' (1912), "strotasvinI' (1918), "nirjhariNI' (1921), rAsataraMgiNI' (1923) ane zaivalinI' (192 5) evA saritAvAcaka nAmabhidhAna pAmelA pAMca saMgrahe rUpe Aje upalabdha che. - boTAdakaranI kavitAnAM navANa phUTyAM tyAre saMskRta ane vizeSe aMgrejI kavitAnI prabhAvaka asara taLe gujarAtI kavitA rasa ane kalAsamRddha banI cUkI hatI. mukhyatve aMgrejI kAvyavicAraNAnA abhyAse te yuganI kAvyavibhAvanA ghaDAI hatI. alpazikSita beTAdakara mATe gujarAtI kavitAnI A aitihAsika pUrvabhUmikA bhAre kasoTIrUpa hatI. kavi tarIke sthApita thavuM temane mATe keTaluM vikaTa hatuM te AthI samajAya tema che. piMgaLanuM jJAna cha dhoraNa sudhIno abhyAsa daramiyAna teo pAmyA hatA. uparAMta bhaNavAmAM ApaNuM madhyakAlIna bhaktakavionI ane dalapatarAmanI kavitAnA je saMskAra maLyA te temanI kavitva-saMskArane jAgrata karanArAM paribaLe hatAM. A kAraNe AraMbhanI temanI racanAomAM junI ane dalapatarAmanI kAvyazailI dekhAya che. muMbaInA vasavATa daramiyAna temaNe saMskRtane

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pra. 3] . khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 117 saghana abhyAsa karyo. amarakeza moDhe karyo ane kAlidAsano abhyAsa karyo. subhASitaratnabhAMDAgAra" e saMskRta kalekasaMgraha temaNe aneka vAra vAMcele. A abhyAsa eTale UMDe hato ke saMskRtamAM teo karacanA karI zakatA. so jeTalI gujarAtI kahevatone temaNe saMskRtamAM bhASAMtarita karI che. temanI kavitAmAM thayela ghaNuM aparicita saMskRta zabdono upayoga, saMskRta vRttone zuddha ane sauSThavapUrNa viniyoga, dIrgha samAsa, arthAntaranyAsa ane "anyaktine vadhu paDato upayoga, kavitAmAM zabda mATe na anubhavavI paDatI mUMjhavaNa ItyAdi saMskRtanA abhyAsanAM pariNAma che. temanI kavitAmAM dekhAtuM bodhaka tatva ane zabdAnuprAsa tathA varNAnuprAsanuM adhika pramANa dalapatarAmanI kavitAnA ane saMskRta subhASitAnA ekAdhika vAcanane AbhArI che. A uparAMta kalApInI kavitAnI ane khaMDakAvya upara kAntanI asara paNa temanI kavitAmAM varatAya che. muMbaInA vasavATa daramiyAna boTAdakaranI sarjanapravRttine vaLAMka ApanAra ghaTanA e banI ke harilAla harSadarAya pravanA "caMdra' mAsika ane "kAvyamAdhurya dvArA teo aMgrejI rItinI navI tatkAlIna kavitAnA saMparkamAM AvyA. kAvyasamaja, rIti para tema ja praNaya, prakRti, mAtRbhUmiprema ane pAtralakSI saMvedane jevA viSaya paratve temanI kavitA I. 1895 pachI vaLAMka le che, AraMbhanI dalapatarItimAMthI te lagabhaga bahAra nIkaLe che ane tatkAlIna kavitAnA rAhe racAtI Ave che. Ama chatAM kAvyabAnI, vRttasauSThava, alaMkAre ityAdi bAbatomAM temanI kavitA pradhAnapaNe saMskRta asara dAkhave che. A asara lagabhaga chevaTa sudhI rahe che. aMgrejI rItinI temanI keTalIka racanAo I. 1900 pahelAM "caMdra' mAsikamAM pragaTa thAya che je temanI sajanapravRttine protsAhaka ane preraka bane che. aMgrejI bhaNelA na hovAthI boTAdakaranI kavitAne navIna aMgrejI paddhatinI kavitAnA je saMskAra maLyA te parokSa rIte maLyA che. "AvaLanAM phUlane', "tanmayatA" ane "svapna" kAvyo amRtalAla dANIe anukrame "The Deffodils', "The Solitary Reaper' ane "The Soldier's Dream'ne je sAra kahelA tenA saMskArathI racAyAM che. navuM prApta karavAnI boTAdakaranI tatparatAe temane vikaTa yugasaMdarbhamAM bhale moDemoDe paNa pitAne AgavA kSetranA viziSTa kavi tarIke prasthApita karyA che. alpazikSita hovA chatAM boTAdakare potAnI kavitAnuM je AgavuM ane nirALuM kSetra sahaja sUjhathI meLavI lIdhuM temAM temanI kAvyaabhijJA pragaTa thAya che (juo "beTAdakara zatAbdI graMtha' pR. 288/5). prakRti, praNaya ane gRhasaMsAra temanI kavitAnA pradhAna viSaya che, je temaNe pUrA gAMbhIrya, taLapadI saundaryadaSTi

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118] gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa ane mAMgalyabhAvanAthI AlekhyA che. narasiMharAve zaivalinI'nA puraskaraNa (juo "beTAdakara zatAbdI graMtha' pR. 288/5)mAM boTAdakaranI kavitAnuM viSayadaSTie vagIkaraNa karyuM che. (1) anyakti (2) svabhAkti (3) AryasaMsAra ane (4) mAnavamAtranA gRhajIvananuM darzana evA cAra varga temaNe pADyA che. vizvanAtha ma. bhaTTa temanI kavitAnA pradhAna be ja viSaya gaNAve cheH (1) AryagRhasaMsAra (2) prakRtivarNana.28 A uparAMta potAnA dareka kAvyasaMgrahane AraMbhe nAndI rUpe hoya tema temaNe sapraNayane je vaMdanA karI che te jotAM ane temanAM gRhajIvananAM kAvyamAM praNayanAM mAMgalyanI je bhAvanA nItarI rahelI che tathA praNaya para AryajIvanadaSTinI ane bhadra saMskAritAnI je phorama pharI rahI che te jotAM ane praNayabhAvanAM je ceDAM kAvyo maLe che te lakSamAM letAM praNaya paNa temane kavanaviSaya che. boTAdakara gAmaDAnA kavi che te temanAM prakRtikA vAMcatAM tarata jaNAI Ave che. prakRtinAM bhavya-ramya dazyonAM Alekhana jemAM thayAM che te "prabhAta', kSitija', "rAtri', "zaradamegha, "girinirjhara', "zaracaMdra' jevAM thoDAM kAvya bAda karatAM baTAdakaramAM zuddha prakRtikAvya khAsa maLatAM nathI. mukhyatave je prakRtinuM nirUpaNa sAhajika rIte Ave che te temanI najara AgaLanI grAmaprakRti che. AvaLanAM phUla, paraba, vADInA kesa, goraja TANe gAma bhaNI vaLatAM dhaNu, kApaNI, laNaNI ane grAmajIvanamAM vaNAI gayelA meLA ane anya utsavonAM dazya vagere taLapadA jAnapada saundarya'nA teo gAyaka che. A prakRtikAvya paNa zuddha prakRtinirUpaNanAM kAvya banatAM nathI. "prakRtimAM gRhabhAvAropaNa e beTAdakaranAM prakRtikAvyonuM lakSaNa che, ane ekaMdare emanI daSTi kuTuMba ke gRha karatAM AgaLa vadhI ja zakatI nathI."29 sundarama nedhe che tema boTAdakara prakRtinAM kAvyomAM prakRtinA nirapekSa saundarya karatAM narasiMharAvanI rUDha rIte yatheccha mAnavabhAvanuM Are paNa karyA kare che.30 beTAdakaranAM prakRtikAvyonI A lAkSaNikatA temanI maryAda paNa gaNAya. kuTuMbabhAva temanA cittamAM eTale prabaLa hoya che ke prakRtikAvyamAM paNa te pravezI jAya che eTaluM ja nahi mukhya paNa banI jAya che. A rIte kuTuMbabhAvanuM nirUpaNa thatAM prakRtitattva kAM te adaSTa thAya che athavA gauNa banI jAya che. u.ta. "bAlenDa' (kAlinI) ane "girinirjhara(strotarivanI)mAM temane zizutva ke putratvanuM, "uSA (nirjhariNI)mAM kanyA ane mAtAnuM, "poyaNI' (rAsataraMgiNu)mAM premanItaratI patnInuM tathA "zarvarI (zaivalinI)mAM praNayaniSTha gRhiNInuM Alekhana karyA sivAya te rahI zakatA nathI. "jvalana" ane "kSitija.

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pra. 3] khabadadAra ane anya kavio [ 119 (zaivalinI)mAM paNa A ja lakSaNa najare paDe che. prakRtisaundaryanuM nirUpaNa thayuM na thayuM tyAM te teo temAM mAnavabhAva ane gRhabhAva ApI de che. teo tattvataH kuTuMbabhAvanA kavi che, gRha e ja temanuM kavitvakSetra che, ane temanI zakti tathA zaktisImA ubhaya emAM ja samAyelAM che. A Aropita bhAva kAvyomAM ghaNI vAra apratItikara ane rasahIna bane teTalI hade ane sajIvAropaNa ane anyaktio rUpe arucikara bane tevI rIte paNa ghaNI vAra pravezI jAya che. hiMdu gRhasaMsAra ane mukhyatve potAnA jamAnAnA gAmaDAne gRhasaMsAra e boTAdakarane pradhAna kavanaviSaya che. anaMtarAya rAvaLekara yogya tAravyuM che ke saMsArajIvananA AlekhanamAM puruSane mukAbale nArIjIvananuM Alekhana vizeSapaNe, sarasAI sUcaka thayeluM che. A nirUpaNa kuTuMbajIvananA vividha prasaMgenA saMdarbhamAM thayeluM che, jema ke paraNIne AvatA putrane pekhatI, putrIne sAsare vaLAvatI ane bALakanA avasAnanuM duHkha anubhavatI mAtA. kanyA, mAtA, sAsu, naNaMda, lagnadyatA, navoDhA, bahena, gRhiNa, sImaMtinI, vidhavA ema strInI judI judI vaya ane avasthAnA tathA svarUpanA ane vividha paristhitimAM mukAtAM tene thatAM bhAvasaMvedananA AlekhanamAM boTAdakara gujarAtI kavitAmAM ananya gaNAze. boTAdakaranuM nArIjIvananuM nirUpaNa ane saMsArajIvananA sarvasAmAnya prasaMgoe anubhavAtAM taLapadAM saMvedanonuM nirUpaNa evI sAhajikatAthI, saraLatAthI thayuM che ke te tata anyathI judA tarI Ave che. vrata karatI kanyAo; panaghaTa para jaLa bharavA jatI, valeNuM karatI, rAsa ramatI, bALakane hIMcoLatI ane vaDIlanI lajA jALavatI strIo; bhAIbIjane divase bhAInI utsukatAthI rAha jotI bahena, piyaranA ANAnI Atura AkAMkSA rAkhatI ane ANuM AvyuM harakhAtI "sAsaravAsaNI, sAsunaNaMdanA premane navAjatI putravadhU, patigRhe prathama praveza karatI ane prathama rAtrinA AnaMdasukha-vaibhavane hRdayamAM guMjatI navavadhU, patine paragAma jata ane paragAmathI Avato joI thatAM saMvedanane anubhavatI patnI, pAraNe pahelA bALakanI phikarathI rAsa choDI bALaka pAse pahoMcI jatI mAtA - Ama vividha paristhitimAM anubhavAtAM strIhRdayanAM sukumAra saMvedanAne kavi pUrNatAthI pAmI zakyA che ane tenuM madhura darzana karAvatAM kAvyo kavie ApyAM che. boTAdakaranuM nArIjIvananuM nirUpaNa tenA ujajavala pAsAne pragaTa kare che. te mAMgalyapUrNa, madhura, prasanna ane gauravapUrNa che. jUnI kuTuMbapraNAlImAM rahela AryasaMsAranI mIThAzamadhurapane teo AsvAda karAve che tethI yogya rIte ja teo mAMgalyanA, nArIhRdayanA ane

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120 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca, 4 gRhajIvananA kavi gaNAyA che. temanAM A nArIjIvananAM kAvyAmAM khAsa karIne mAtRvAtsalyanA AlekhanamAM khATAdakaranuM kavitva jANe ke keALI UThe che. 'mAtRguMjana', 'jananI' tenAM sarvotkRSTa udAharaNa che. khATAdakaranA nArInirUpaNamAM zRMgAra ane praNaya Ave che, paNa kavinuM valaNa bhAvanAtmaka, sayamazIla, ziSTa ane zucitAbhayuM chatAM rasikatAbhayuM che. praNayane vaMdana karatA kavinuM AvuM valaNa temanI jIvanadRSTinA sAhajika AvirbhAva che. rUpALI rAta', autsukaca', 'hiMDALA' jevAM kAvyA enA uttama namUnA che. anaMtarAya rAvaLanA33 abhiprAye meATAdakaranI praNayabhAvanAnA unmeSA kevaLa dAmpatyaprema pUratA maryAdita nathI. temAM vAtsalya, mAtRpitRbhakti, atithiprema, maitrI, mAnavaprema, Izvaraprema, mAtRbhUmiprema Adi aneka bhAvezanuM gAna sAMbhaLavA maLe che. temanAM khaMDakAvyA paNa praNayanA mahimA dAkhave che. kheATAdakare lakhelAM khaMDakAvyAmAM TAgAranA 'kAvyera upekSitA' kAvyamAMthI sUcana meLavI lakhelu UrmilA', 'buddhanuM gRhAgamana' ane ebhalavALA' bAda karatAM khIjAM kevaLa kathAkAvyA jevAM banI jAya che. kazA rahasya ane AkArasauSThava vinAnAM te kAvyA padyamAM kathAnuM nirUpaNu karI aTakI jAya che. rasanirUpaNunI takeA te jhaDapI zakatA nathI. pahelAM emAM kheAdhakatA AvI jAya che jyAre ebhalavALA' e kheATAdakaranAM khaMDakAvyAmAM uttama banyuM che. rAsa khATAdakaranuM sattvazIla ane cirasmaraNIya aNu che. nhAnAlAlamAMthI preraNA pAmI temaNe rAsa lakhyA heAvA chatAM temanA rAsanuM svarUpa nhAnAlAlanA karatAM kaMIka juduM che. nhAnAlAlanA rAsapradhAnataH UrmikAvyanA svarUpanA che teA kheATAdakaranA rAsa pradhAnataH saurASTramAM jANItA ane leAkajIvanamAM pracalita lAMbA rAsanI najIka vadhu jAya che. temAM Urmitattva nathI hAtu ema nahi, paraMtu viSayavastu ke prasaMganirUpaNane jANe vadhu prAdhAnya maLatuM heAya tema jaNAya che. emAMnA keTalAka rAsa sArAM UrmikAvya bane paNa che, jyAre keTalAka kheAdhakatAmAM sarI jAya che. gRhajIvanane sparzatA rAsamAM AdaparAyaNatA vizeSa che. A bhAvanAo keTalIka vAra rasane vibhAva banatI nathI ane taraMgalIlA banI jAya che. Ama chatAM rAsa sahaja prAsAdika zailIthI AsvAdya bane che ane emAM eTAdakaranI kavi tarIkenI gaNanApAtra racanAo che ema vyApaka dRSTie kahI zakAya. khAdhakatattva khATAdakaranAM kAvyAne ghaNI vAra kAvyatva sudhI pahoMcavA detuM nathI. kavi tarIke kheATAkaranI khIjI maryAdAe e che ke temanI pAse UMcI kATinI kalpanAzakti nathI. kalpanAne badale ghaNI vAra temanI kavitA taraMgalIlAmAM

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pra. 3]. khabaradAra ane anya kavie [ 121 sarI paDe che. temanAmAM dekhAtI anyokti ane arthAntaranyAsanI bedhAtmaka ekavidhatA, prakRtimAM mAnavabhAvanA vAraMvAra thatA ApaNunI kRtrimatA temanI kavitAmAMnA Urmitattvane maMda karI nAkhe che. gRhakuTuMba ane prakRti e temanuM viSayavartuLa temanI kavitAne maryAdita karI mUke che. temanI meTI maryAdA e che ke temanI kavitA bahudhA abhidhAthI AgaLa vadhatI nathI. kavitAne ciMtanAtmaka banAvavA jatAM te bedhatAmAM sarI jAya che. khaMDakAvyamAM sIdhI gatie kathAnirUpaNa karatAM vacce vacce vicAro rajU karavA teo doravAI jAya che. kRtine anivArya AkArasauSThava paNa ceDA apavAda bAda karatAM siddha thatuM nathI. kAvyo dIrghasUtrI ane nirarthaka laMbANavALAM banatAM Urmitattva aLapAI jAya che, pariNAme saMvedananI asarakArakatA a9pa banI jAya che. kavacit kRtrimatA paNa pravezI jAya che. sundarama kahe che tema temanuM kAvya UrminuM punaHsarjana sAdhIne rasavanI keTi lagI bahu ochuM pahoMce che. Ama chatAM teo umere che ke, beTAdakaranAM kAvyamAM vAtsalya ane praNayanA bhAvanuM nirUpaNa sauthI uttama che. "mAtRguMjana" ane "bhAIbIja' enAM uttama daSTAMta che. temanI zaktinuM sauthI vadhAre rasavaMta prAkaTaya A ane AvAM bIjuM kAvyomAM che."34 beTAdakaranuM vRttaprabhutva ekaMdare prazasya gaNAya. rAsa judA judA DhALamAM racAyelA che. A geya racanAomAM kavine layanI sUjha hovAnuM ekaMdare jaNAya che. lekagItAnA ane jUnAM bhajana, garabAnA ane kyAreka pracalita rAga paNa temaNe rAsamAM prajayA che. kavinI kAvyabhASA temane ekaMdare sAralyanA kavi kahevA prere tevI prAsAdika hovA chatAM, "vAta', "hasaMti', "kuMbha, "taraNi', "rabhasa', "jhaTiti', "pizita', "akUpAra', kIza" jevA ghaNuM saMskRta aparicita zabdo ane AkhI paMkti ja samAsa hoya tevI racanA kavine sahaja sAratyenI ADe Ave che. boTAdakaranI saMskRtapracuratA temanI kavitAne ThIkaThIka naDI che. paMDitayuganI kavitAnI etihAsika bhUmikAmAM temanI kavitA AvIne UbhI rahe che tethI kadAca, saMskRtapracura, pAMDityadarzaka kAvyabhASA vAparavA teo prerAyA hoya tevo saMbhava kharo; bAkI sarala bhASA ane prAsAdikatA baTAdakarane svabhAvasahaja che jenAM dRSTAMta temanA rAsa che. lokabhASAnI mAdhurIne svAda paNa temanI bhASAmAM jhilAye che. temanI saraLa bhASA, ADaMbarI saMskRtapracura bhASA karatAM vadhAre sparzakSama, sajIva ane sUkSama bhAvone asarakArakatAthI vyakta karI zake che. boTAdakaranI kAvyazelI sundarama noMdhe che tema traNa tabakke vikasI che. "pahelo tabakko prAcIna kavionI ane dalapatarAmanI zailIne. bIje sAkSarI

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122] . gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 rItine ane trIje lekavANInI saraLa rItine che.35 pahelI zailIne jhaDapathI tyAga karI teo sAkSarI zilI sAdhavA ghaNuM mathyA che, pariNAme ati saMskRtamayatAne bhArathI temanI kavitA dabAI gaI che, maMda paNa banI che. trIjA tabakkAnI kAvyazailI "rAsataraMgiNInAM kAvyamAM jovA maLe che. lekavANunI haLavAzavALI e kAvyazailI vadhAre arthasAdhaka banI prazasya saphaLatA prApta kare che. taLapadA pradeza, prakRti, gRhajIvana ane AryasaMsAranA A "saundaryadarzI kavi" gujarAtI kavitAkSetre temane madhyama kakSAnA kavitvathI paNa pitAnA nAnakaDA paNa AgavA kSetranA ananya kavi che. rAmamahanarAya jasavaMtarAya (1873-1950/51)ne vIsa kAvyone saMgraha 'taraMgAvalI' (1918) nAnakaDo chatAM kavinAM bhASAzakti, saMskRta chaMdaprabhutva ane nirUpaNanI sUjhane kAraNe kaMIka AsvAdya bane che. mAtA, bahena ane patnI vizenAM kAvyo sArAM che. varNanamAM temanI bhASAzakti sArI rIte khIle che. hadayataraMga'(1920)mAM tenA lekhaka DAhyAbhAI lakSmaNabhAI paTele (1874-1926) keTalAMka rasahIna praNayakAvyo ApyAM che. ramaNalAla raNachoDalAla goLavALAne saMgraha "ramaNakAvya' (1920) lekhakanA avasAna pachI pragaTa thayele padone saMgraha che. temAM saddagatanA pitAe narasiMharAvanI zailImAM lakheluM virahagAra' kAvyasaMgrahanAM kAvya karatAM vadhu sArI kRti banI che. puruSottama jogIbhAI bhaTTa(1877)nA "kAvyagaMgaH vidyAthI vilAsa' (1925)mAM dalapatarAma ane pachInA aneka kavionI zailInuM anukaraNa che. amRtalAla nAnakezvara bhaTTa (1878) "pulomAM ane bIjAM kAvyo (1928) Ape che. saMskRta rItinI prauDhithI TUMkA mAtrAmeLa chaMde temaNe vAparyA che. saMgrahamAM pulamAM evuM paurANika kathAprasaMga nirUpatuM kAvya che te sAthe gIto ane UrmikAvyo paNa che. sAdI saraLa abhivyakti temanI vizeSatA gaNI zakAya. "sItA' (1928) rasahIna rIte rAmathI tyakta sItAnAM bhUtakALanAM saMsmaraNane AlekhatuM kAvya che. stavanamaMjarI' (1923)mAM, saraLa ziSTa bhASAmAM lakhAyelI hovA chatAM rasAvaha na banatI racanAo ApanAra so. dIpakabA desAI(1881-1866)nuM noMdhapAtra arpaNa "khaMDakAvyo' (1926) che. ItihAsapurANamAMthI prasaMge laI racelAM A khaMDakAvya rasAtmaka banyAM nathI. kAle bedhapradhAna ane varNanamaya

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pra. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio ( 123: vadhu banI gayAM che. temanA trIjo saMgraha 'rAsabatrIzI' 1931mAM pragaTa thayA che. bhASAnI madhurapa chatAM kAvya abhidhAthI AgaLa vadhatAM nathI. zaMkaralAla maganalAla paMDayA maNikAnta' (1883/84-1926/27)nA 'maNikAntakAvyamALA' (1917mAM 5mI AvRtti) ane saMgItamaMgalamaya' (1913) e saMgraheA pragaTa thayA che. gajhalane amuka chaMdanA paryAya rUpa lekhatA A kavine ane vize ghaNI gerasamaja che. dalapatarIti jevI raMjanapradhAna, vAcyA mAM rAyatI, khAdha ApatI temanI kavitA nathI kalAtmaka ke nathI gauravapUrNa. temanA viSaye paNa bajAru che. zaherI jIvananAM vyasane, bekArI, sAmAjika kurUDhio, dhArmika-sAmAjika-rAjakIya viSaya upara temaNe dhaNuM lakhyuM che. kanyAvikraya upara kaTAkSa ane vAMDhApaNAnI kavitA karatAM teo hAsya prayeAje che. temanI bhASA saraLa ane zailI jhaDajhamakavALI che. gujarAtIsAhityamAM musalamAna kavioe ApelA phALAmAM karIma mahumada mAstara (1884-1962)nuM nAma noMdhapAtra che. gujarAtI bhASAne tame saraLatA ane prAsAdikatAthI prayeAjI zake che. temaNe aMgrejI ane phArasI kavitAnA anuvAda ApyA che. gajhalAmAM kayAMka kalApInI asara dekhAya che. temaNe kavitApraveza' nAme kareluM gujarAtI kavitAnuM saMpAdana temanA kavitA sAthenA saMparkanA dRSTAMtarUpa che. 'karIma mahaMmadanAM kAvyA ane lekhA' nAmanA emanA prakAzanamAM 'vidhAtAne', 'sauMdaya' jevAM kAvyA ane 'prabhAsapATaNa' sAmanAtha' tema ja vyakticitrAnA lekhA che. maNilAla mAhunalAla pAdarAkara (1887) vyavasAye vepArI hAvA chatAM sAhitya mATenA tIvra anurAge temane lakhatA karyA che. temaNe lakhelA nibaMdhA navajIvana' nAme 1917mAM graMtharUpe pragaTa thayA che. temanu lekhana vividha prakAranuM che. 'sAkI' nAme navalakathA 1919mAM, 'praNayamaMjarI' kAvya 1920mAM, 'lagnagIta' 1923mAM, 'lagnagIta maNimALA' 1924mAM, 'rASTrIya rAsakuMja' 1930mAM ane rASTrIya rAsamaMdira' 1931mAM, pragaTa karI temaNe peAtAnI sarjakazaktine paricaya karAvyeA che. 'maMgalasUtra' (1935)mAM lagnajIvana ane rASTrIya bhAvanAnAM rAsa-gItA che. sarjaka tarIke temanI zakti jhAjhI noMdhapAtra nathI. zabdanuM aucitya echuM ane bhASA tathA bhAvanAe A pUrve vaparAyelI heAI emanI kavitAmAM tenuM gAna asarakAraka banatuM nathI. rAsa para temaNe nhAnAlAlanuM anukaraNa karavAnA prayatna karyo che paNa te jhAjhuM phAvyA nathI.

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1ra4] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 A gALAmAM vadhu kavitvazakti dAkhavatA kavi che tribhuvana gaurIzaMkara vyAsa (1888). "navAM gIta' bhA. 1-2(1925)nAM kAvyo tAjagI anubhava karAve che. gIta saraLa, madhura ane kalAnA camatkArayukta banyAM che. kavinI zaktine uttama paricaya varNanAtmaka kAvyomAM thAya che. tAdaza varNane, AchI paNa ucita alaMkAro ane asarakAraka rajUAtathI varNanAtmaka kA sArAM banyAM che. AmAM RtuvarNane kharekhara sArAM banyAM che. kavinI uttama racanA "ratanabAne garaba" che. jaliyAMvAlA bAganI kathanI AlekhatuM A kAvya navA yuganI bhAvanAne jUnI zalIe rajU kare che. AjanI keLavaNI ane zaherI jIvana upara kaTAkSa karatAM beeka kAvya A yugamAM A viSaya para lakhAyAM hAI noMdhapAtra bane che. kavine bIje saMgraha be dezagIto (1928)mAM bhImarAva ane beTAdakaranAM anukrame bhAratI" ane "saurASTra' kAvyanuM anusaraNa che. darzananA abhAve kRtio sAmAnya kATithI AgaLa vadhatI nathI. "navI garabAvaLImAM keTalAka sArA rAsa maLe che, jemAM lekavANInuM baLa pragaTa thayuM che. "meghadUtane jhUlaNA chaMdamAM karela tema ja kAlidAsane "RtusaMhArane anuvAda pragaTa thayA che. mULa chaMdabaddha racanAnuM saundarya mAtrAmeLa chaMdamAM lupta thaI jAya che. temaNe ApelAM bALakAvyo temAMnI kemaLatAne kAraNe kavinuM viziSTa arpaNa gaNAze. kezava ha. zeTha (1888-1947): pitAnA bAra kAvyasaMgrahonA vipula kAvyasarjanathI ane nhAnAlAlanI kAvyazailIne anukaraNathI, temane pagale jaI pitAnI svakIya mIThAza sAdhanArA kaviomAM kezava ha. zeThanuM sthAna paheluM Ave che. anukaraNazIla mAnasa dharAvatA A kavine pragaTa thayelA ATalA saMgraho cheH "lagnagIta' (1916), "snehasaMgIta', "prabhucaraNe, "svadezagItAvali', (1918), rAsa' (1922), "aMjali' (1926), "mahAgujarAtane mahAkavi" (1927), rAsamaMjarI' (1929), kesariyAM', "raNanA rAsa' (1930), "rAsanalinI' (1932), vIrapasalI' (1933), bALagItAvalI' (1938). AraMbhamAM dalapatayuganI, pachI lalita, kAnta ane pradhAnapaNe hAnAlAlanI kavitAnuM anusaraNa temanAM kAvyamAM spaSTa varatAya che. dhIre dhIre te anukaraNamAMthI nIkaLI pitAnuM svataMtra kAvyapata teo pragaTa kare che chatAM zilI ane rAsa jevA svarUpamAM nhAnAlAlanuM anusaraNa tarata pakaDAI jAya che. kavimAM kalpanA ane kalAtattvane vivekanI ochapa hovAthI temanI kavitA jhaDajhamaka ane AbhAsI unnata padAvalimAM aTavAI jAya che. taraMgo tathA ativyAptione lIdhe tema ja lAgaNIne rasatvanI UMcI kakSAe na pahoMcADI zakavAthI temanI kavitA maMda paDI jAya che.

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pra. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 125: temanAM mATA bhAganAM kAvyA layabaddha DhALamAM racAyAM che. 'lagnagIta', 'rAsa', 'rAsamaMjarI', 'vIrapasalI'mAM mukhyatve gItA che. svadezagotAvalI', 'kaisariyAM', 'raNanA rAsa'mAM rASTrabhAvanAnAM gItA che, jemAM kavacit kavi zakti dAkhave che.. aMjali'mAMnAM svadezapremanAM kAvyA svadezagItAvali'mAMnAM kAvyone mukAbale kaMIka sArAM banyAM che. A saMgrahamAM bALake ane mAtRtva vizenAM kAvyA che. 'Dummasane riye' temAMnA surekha suMdara vanathI sArAmAM sArI kRti banI che. uparAMta 'bhavATiva' ane 'kalpanApaMkhI' sArI kRtio khanI che. kuTuMbabhAva ane praNayabhAvanAM gItAmAM mAdhuryaMnA anubhava thAya che paNa te pradhAnapaNuM zAbdika vizeSa che. sundaram kahe che tema rasamAM ane atha prasAdamAM kAvyA hajI ghaNAM ridra che.'36 'prabhucaraNe'mAM kavinA bhaktibhAva pA rUpe kAreka madhura sparza ApI jAya che. snehasaMgIta'mAM gItane badale teo cha Mdobaddha kAvya tarapha vaLe che; paNa temAM jhAjhu siddha karI zakayA nathI. temAM gajhalA ane khaMDakAvyanA kAcA prayatne paNa maLe che. 'mahAgujarAtanA mahAkava'mAM nhAnAlAlanI DAlanazailInA gaMbhIrapaNe. teo puraskAra kare che ane A prakAranA prayatnAmAM A sAruM nIvaDeluM kAvya che.. rAsanalinI' kezava zeDanA vikaselA svataMtra kavitvanA sArAmAM sArA paricaya ApatA saMgraha che. madhura gItA ane saundaryathI kalAtmaka banelAM kAvyA emAM vizeSa che. keTalAMka gItAmAM leAkagItanI chaTA kavi dAkhave che ane gItA prAsAdika banyAM che. bhAvanirUpaNu rasAtmaka bane che. vagaDeA'vibhAganAM lagabhaga badhAM ja kAvyA suMdara che. zeThanI samagra kAvyapravRttinA vadhumAM vadhu suMdara AviSkAra 'rAsanalinI' che, 'khALagItAvalimAM tribhuvana vyAsanI DhabanAM bALabhAgya gItA che je phikkAM che. A kavi rAsanA vikAsanI dRSTie viziSTa sthAnanA adhikArI ane che. govanadAsa DAhyAbhAI e jiniyare (1890)'zrI rAmakathAmRta' (1917)-- mAM aDhAra samAM rAmAyaNanI kathA tAjagIthI nirUpI che. dareka sa eka svataMtra khaMDakAvya svarUpe lakhAyA che, joke badhA ja ekasarakhI kakSAnA nathI. ziSTa prauDhivALI bhASA, yeAgya rIte thayelu` vastunirUpaNu ane zuddha chaMdaprayAgA tathA zleAkaracanA dhyAna kheMce che. gAviMda huM, paTela (1890-1956)nA 'hRdayadhvani' nAda 1, 2, 3, 4 - (1923), 'jIvantaprakAza' (1936), 'tapeAvana' (1937) ane 'madAlasA' (1939) e cAra saMgrahe| temAMnAM khaMDakAvyAne kAraNe noMdhapAtra che, chatAM temAM kazuM viziSTa aNu ke temanI zakti dekhAtI nathI. AmAM 'hRdayadhvani' ane AtmAdgAra'mAM

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126 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 gadyamaya bhAvagIte lakhavAno prayAsa neMdhapAtra gaNAya. kAntanA chaMdovidhya ane saMskRtapracura bhASAnuM anusaraNa temaNe karyuM che. vastu-saMjanAnuM zithilya, nirUpaNanI kilaSTatA, rasacamatkRtine ane kalAdaSTine abhAva hovAthI kAntanI kalA teo siddha karI zakyA nathI. nhAnAlAlanA "jayA-jayaMtIne aMgrejImAM anuvAda karanAra ucharaMgarAya kezavarAya ojhA(1890)e "saurASTranI rasadhAramAMthI viSaya laI DolanazailImAM be khaMDakAvyo "seNI ane vijANaMda tathA "meha-UjaLI' (1935) ApyAM che. mULa jeTalAM paNa rasamaya banyAM nathI. sItArAma jesIgabhAI zarmA(1891-1965?)nA be kAvyasaMgraha prasUnAMjali' (1915) ane "svadezagItA' (1920) narasiMharAva, maNilAla, kAnta, lalita, kalApI ane vizeSa te nehAnAlAlanA anukaraNamAM racAyelAM gItonA saMgraha che. temaNe "vINavihAra' bhA. 1, 2 (19ra3-24) nAmanI eka navalakathA marAThI uparathI lakhI che. juvAnImAMnI vAto' (1928) e temane TUMkI vArtAone saMgraha che. patrakAratvakSetre temaNe vividha patro-sAmayikanA taMtrIsahataMtrI tarIke kAma kareluM. temaNe karelA ravIndranAthanAM kAvyanA anuvAde rasanahIna che. janArdana hAnAbhAI prabhAskara (1891) vihAriNI' (1926) zaradinI' (1928), "maMdAkinI' (1930) ane "rAsanandinI' (1934) e cAra kAvyasaMgraho ApyA che. nhAnAlAlanuM anukaraNa bahudhA karavA chatAM A kavimAM thaDI sArI maulikatA dekhAya che. gItamAM khAsa karIne upADanI paMktio sArI che. praNaya, nisarga ane kamaLa bhAvonuM Alekhana noMdhapAtra che. vAcyArtha, kalAaMzanI ane rasaDANanI aparyAptatAne lIdhe temanI racanAo UMcuM kavitva prApta karI zakatI nathI. maMjulAla jamanArAma dave (1891-1964): muMbaI, surata Adi zaheranI prasiddha kolejomAM aMgrejI ane phrencanA prAdhyApaka tarIke yazasvI sevAo ApanAra maMjulAla TAgoranA UMDA abhyAsI hatA. TAgeranA "DAkaghara'(1915)ne temaNe gujarAtI anuvAda karyo che. temaNe DI. li.nI padavI mATe kenya bhASAmAM lakhele aDhIso pAnAMne nibaMdha "lA piejhI da ravIndranAtha TAgora remAM relAMnI prazasti pAme che, ane pIeca.DI.nI padavI mATe lakhelo bIje nibaMdha 'yurapa-eziyAnA sAhityamAMne lakSyavAda (Symbolism) A viSaya paranI pUrva

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pra. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [127 pazcimanI vicAraNAnI tulanAtmaka samIkSArUpa che. aMgrejI kAvyonA saphaLa anuvAda karavA uparAMta emaNe keTalAMka sArAM maulika kAvya paNa ApyAM che. bhagavAnalAla lakSmIzaMkara mAMkaDa(1892-1969)nA saMgraha "rUpalIlA, (1922)mAM kRSNabhaktinAM baso jeTalAM pade prAcIna rItimAM lakhAyAM che. kalpanAnA kavacita jhabakArA temanAmAM jaNAya che, chatAM kAvyane rasakeTie pahoMcADavAnI zakti temanAmAM nahivata che. lekhakane saMgItane khyAla hoya tema jaNAya che. uparAMta temaNe "Clouds' (1917) aMgrejI graMtha, "mAmeruM' (1928)nuM saMpAdana karI pragaTa karyA che. "sAhityakuMja' (1930) kAvyasaMcaya saMpAdita karyo che. temane bIjA saMgraha "rUpalekhA'(1937)mAM rAsa, gIto che. lAMbe gALe pragaTa thaye hovA chatAM temAM temane koI nedhapAtra vikAsa dekhAtuM nathI. temaNe suMdara lalita nibaMdhe paNa lakhyA che. zaMbhuprasAda chelazaMkara jozIpurA "kusumAkara)(1883-1962)nI kAvyasAdhanA gaMbhIrabhAve thayelI che. temanAM kAvyomAM adhyAtmabhAva vizeSa tarI Ave che. "svapnavasaMta' (1963) nAmane temane eka daLadAra saMgraha maraNottara pragaTa thayo che. temanI kavitAnA vikAsamAM paMDitayuga ane pachInI kavitAnI asara jovA maLe che. prakRti taraphane ahobhAva pragaTa thAya che. paraMtu kalAdaSTinI ochapa hovAthI ghaNuM kAvyo lakhavA chatAM temanuM sattvazIla kalAmaya sarjana ochuM che. kusumAkare "svapnavibhAvarI'mAM UrmimALA kAvya lakhyuM hovAnuM teMdhAyuM che. bALakAvyo ane TAgoranI anukRtio paNa ApelAM che. temaNe gadyamAM ciMtanAtmaka nibaMdha, vArtAo, laghunavala, navalakathA, hAsyarasanA lekhe ane kavi-sAkSaro vacce huM' nAme jIvana anubhavikA tathA nATake paNa lakhyAnuM jaNAvAyuM che. paraMtu teo vizeSa jANItA che kavi tarIke. narmadAzaMkara bAlAzaMkara paMDayA(1893)e thoDAM kAvyo lakhyAM hevA chatAM, temanuM vadhu lakhANuM gadyamAM che ane te paNa baMgALI graMthAnA anuvAdarUpe che. baMgALanA eka saMtanA bhakti-viSayaka patrAnuM baMgALImAMthI kareluM bhASAMtara pAgala haranAtha' (1912) nAme pustakarUpe pragaTa thayuM che. te pachI temaNe zazikAra gheASanA "amIya nimAI carita'cha bhAga paikI prathamane anuvAda zrIkRSNa-caitanya bhA. 1" (1913) nAme, ramezacaMdra dattanI navalakathA "samAjane anuvAda "saMsAradarpaNa (1914) nAme, baMgALImAMthI rAmakRSNa kathAmRta (1918-19) nAme graMthe pragaTa karyA che. keTalAka aMgrejI graMthonA anuvAda paNa temaNe pragaTa karyA che, jemAM svAmI vivekAnaMda bhA. 4-5' (1917-18),

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128] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [gra: 4 "mahAna nepeliyana' (1924), mukhya che. yugamAM rasa hoI temaNe "prANacikitsA" (1915) ane "yogatatva' (1925) e be pustaka lakhyAM che. svAmI vivekAnaMdanAM vyAkhyAmAMthI temaNe rAjayoga" (1924) pasaMda karI pragaTa karyuM che. bAraDolI satyAgrahanI judI judI ghaTanAone nATakarUpe rajU karatuM temanuM pustaka "dhvajAropaNa athavA bAraDolIne dhanuSyaTaMkAra' (1929) pragaTa thayuM che. dezaLajI paramAra (1894-1966) A samayagALAnA gaNanApAtra kavi che. kezava ha. zeTha, janArdana prabhAskara pachI nehAnAlAlanA prabhAvathI AkarSAIne temanA anusaraNamAM lakhanAra tarIke dezaLajI paramAra Ave che. Ama chatAM teo dhIre dhIre AgaLanA be kavio karatAM e asaramAMthI jaladI mukta thaI vadhu maulika racanAo ApI zakyA che. dezaLajI paramArane jIvananiSkAnA kavi tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya. jevI kavi-jIvananI niSThA tevI tenI kavitA' A temanI vicAraNA che ane tenA saMdarbhamAM pitAnuM mUlyAMkana karatAM teo pote kahe che ke "mArI jIvananiSThA mArI kavitA banI che.37 gAMdhIjI, zrI araviMda ane zrI mAtAjI temanA jIvana ane kavanane ghaDanAra vibhUtio che. temanuM jIvana jema jema parivartana pAmatuM gayuM che tema tema kavitAnuM paNa parivartana thatuM rahyuM che. viSaya, abhivyakti ane laDhaNo ityAdimAM parivartana pAmavA chatAM temane kavitA pratye je abhigama sAthaMta dekhAya che te temanA ja zabdomAM joIe. "kavitAne meM eka kAyara "escapist' tarIke sevI nathI."37 AvA ucca bhAva sAthe temaNe AjIvana kavitAnI upAsanA karI che. gaurInAM gIto' (1928), galagoTA' (1930), TUhaikA' (1931) ane 'uttarAyana' (1954) e cAra kAvyasaMgrahe temaNe ApyA che. "gaurInAM gItA'mAM nhAnAlAlanI cArutA sAthe sekagItanI kamanIyatAne jhIlI lakhelAM gItamAM ghaNI vAra kalpanAnI kumAzane anubhava thAya che. "vIro vadhAvo', "bhAIbahena, pataMgiyAnuM gIta', "megarAnI mALa' jevAM keTalAMka gIte te lokapriya bALagIto banyAM che. temaNe sarasa joDakaNAM paNa ApyAM che. dezaLajInA kavitvane ati gaMbhIra AvirbhAva "uttarAyana'nAM kAvyamAM dekhAya che. gAMdhIjInA prabhAva sAthe asahakAra, satyAgraha AMdelane tathA rASTrabhAvanA, balidAna ityAdi temanI kavitAnA viSayo banyA che. bahudhA trIzInA gALAmAM racAyelI A kavitA, te yuganI arthapradhAna rIte viSayanirUpaNa karatI zailIe lakhAyelI jaNAya che. vicAranI surekhatA ochI ane nhAnAlAlanuM bhAvanAtmaka valaNa vizeSa te temanI kavitAmAM pradhAnapaNe dekhAya che. uttarAyananAM

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.. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavie [ 129 phAvyAmAM AtmalakSI UrmikAvyA -- vyaktivizeSanAM kAvyo-- vizeSa saMkhyAmAM che. bhAvanApradhAna kAvyeAnI saMkhyA paNa ochI nathI. gItA upara nhAnAlAlanI asara dekhAya che; paNa panAnI, rAgIyatAnI UNapa varatAya che. cha Mdobaddha lAMbAM ane TUMkAM kAvyAmAM, chaMda ane bhASA baMnemAM siddhi havA chatAM, zabdane ghaTA TApa vizeSa AvI javAthI vastune saghana sparza AoA thaI jAya che. zabdAvalinA vaibhava vizeSa che. kavie keTalAMka sAneTa paNa racyAM che, paraMtu temAM temanI siddhi madhyama kakSAnI che. kavinuM sarjana saMkhyAdaSTie vipula che, jemAMnu ghaNuMkharuM madhyama kakSAnuM, keTaluMka sAmAnya paNa che. temAMthI mRgacarma', 'amara itihAse', 'dhelI AMkhaDI,' pratyAghAta', jevAM kAvyA temAMnA bhAva-vicAranA saundaryathI smaraNIya rahe tevAM banyAM che. 'mRgacarma' sa MvedananA sparza Apatu Rju bAnIthI pAradarzaka rIte bhAvAbhivyakti sAdhatuM temanuM uttama kAvya banyuM che. * cimanalAla bhogIlAla gAMdhI vivisu' (1894) eka satata vikAseAnmukha rahelA kavi che. 'rAsapAMkhaDI' (1938) e temanAM gItAneA saMgraha che. vyaMjanAnA abhAvane lIdhe temanAM gItA rasAvaha AchAM banyAM che. sArAM muktAnA lekhaka tarIke teo jANItA che. temane muktakasaMgraha 'pAMkhaDIo' nAme pragaTa thayA che. gajendra lAlazaMkara paMDA (1895)e 'saMyuktAkhyAna' (1932) ane 'taraMgamALA' (1933) e be kAvyasaMgrahe ApyA che. pahelAmAM jUnI Dhabe manahara chaMdamAM saMyuktA ane pRthvIrAjanA zRMgAranuM Alekhana thayuM che, paNa te vizeSa sthUla che. 'taraMgamALA'mAM jhAjhuM rasatattva nathI ke UMDANu paNu nathI. temaNe premAnaMdanA 'mAmeruM' upara eka vistRta vivecanAtmaka niSadha lakhele| je 'kaumudI'mAM 1925mAM pragaTa thayA hatA. temaNe 'vallabhanuM jIvana' (1929) ane 'narasiMhanuM jIvana' (1929) nAmanAM be pustakeA, te kavinAM jIvananI upalabdha sAmagrIne AdhAre lakhyAM che. emanuM nATaka 'kaeNAlejakanyA' khUba jANItu thayuM hatuM. sAmAjika badIo para prahAra karatAM sAmAjika nATakA uparAMta, chellA pAvApati' jevAM aitihAsika nATakA paNa emaNe lakhelAM che. ra'jitalAla harilAla paDathA (kAzmalana) (1896) 'rAmanI kathA'(1926)mAM rAmAyaNanI kathA sabahnarUpe Alekhe che. vanamAM temanI zaktine sArA paricaya thAya che. te pachI kAzmalananAM kAvyA' (1934) pragaTa thAya che. A saMgrahamAM arvAcIna DhabanAM sArAM UrmikAvyA ane 'zakuntalA' tathA 'jamadagni gu. sA. 9

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130 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca', 4 ane reNukA' jevAM khaMDakAvyA maLe che jemAM kAntanI lalita padAvalinI asara dekhAya che. nAgaradAsa i. paTela (1898)nA kAvyasaMgraha vyAmavihAra'(1930)mAM edhaka zailIe lakhAyelAM kAvyA che. saMgrahamAM khaMDakAvya, dezabhaktinAM kAvyA ane muktA che. dezakI na' ane 'nava vallarI' temanA khInna kAvyasaMgraheA che. teo kavi karatAM vizeSa jANItA che bALavArtAonA lekhaka tarIke, temaNe bALakAvyA paNa lakhyAM che. A lekhakanI noMdhapAtra sevA bALasAhityanA kSetre gaNAya. latIpha ibrAhIma (1901) jAte vaheArA ane vyavasAye cikitsaka heAvA chatAM temane sAhitya ane mukhyatve kAvyanA rasa prabaLa hatA. A tattvajJAnane, sUphIvAda ane upaniSadanA paNa temane sArA abhyAsa hatA. mahAtmA gAMdhIne 'puSpAMjali'(1922)nI DAlanazailI gadyanI kATie ja rahe che. rasAMjali' (1923), 'krAntinI jvAlA' (1924)mAM anukrame rAsa ane svAtaMtryasaMgrAmanAM gItA lakhyAM che. 'kiraNAvali'(1928)mAM temaNe upaniSadanA vicAra mUkayA che te noMdhapAtra che. 'tattvAMjali' (1928), 'svAminI' (1929), 'premAMjali' (1930), premagIta' (1932) temanAM anya pustakA che, jemAM mukhyatve kavitA che. jAte vaheArA heAvA chatAM gujarAtI bhASA zuddha svarUpe teo lakhI zakayA che te nAMdhapAtra gaNAya. caturabhAI zaMkarabhAI paTela (1901-1957) gujarAtInA eka sArA adhyApaka tarIke jANItA che. bhASAzAstramAM temane vizeSa rasa hatA. temane kAvyasaMgraha 'a' (1927) pragaTa thayA che. temanA yuganI kavitAnI asarathI vizeSa zakti tee dAkhavI zakayA nathI. temanA saMgrahanuM 'ajaba tAra kheMcyA Urmi kAvya neAMdhapAtra rIte sAruM banyuM che. 'prasAda' emanA lekhAne saMpAdanasaMcaya che. gajendra gulAkharAya aca (1902-1927) mAtra pacIsa ja varSanA alpAyuSI A zaktizALI kavinA sa Mgraha gajendramauktikA'(1927)mAM sATheka jeTalI racanAo che. gajendranI kavitAnuM aitihAsika mUlya che. I. 1931thI AraMbhAtI navIna kavitAnA 'ghaNAkharA navA unmeSAnA prAraMbhakanuM sthAna apAve'38 tevu rUpa A kavinI pALanI kavitAe pragaTa karyuM" che. bIjI bAju temanI AraMbhanI kavitAmAM 1885 thI 1930nA gALAnA kavionI svarUpa, chaMda, zailI paratve asarA jaNAya che. jema ke kalApInI gajhala, nhAnAlAla ane kheATAdakaranA rAsa, baLavatarAyanAM soneTanI; narasiMharAvanA khaMDa harigIta ane nhAnAlAlanI apadyAgadya zailI ane kAntanI kAmala padAvalinI

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X 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 131 asare ane chAyAe dekhAya che. pAMceka varSanA TUMkA sarjanakALamAM AraMbhe AvI asarA jhIlI heAvA chatAM gajendra tarata ja temAMthI bahAra AvI jAya che ane peAtI svarUpa pragaTa kare che ane navA unmeSA dAkhave che. prauDha arthaghana ane rasAvaha zailI te pragaTa kare che. AthI gajendrane 1930 ane te pachInI (eTale ke khIjA ane trIjA stabakanI) kavitAnA seturUpa kavi gaNAvI zakAya. A kavinI kRtiomAM sauSThava ane surekhatA AchAM hAvA chatAM, kacAreka laMbANu vadhI jatAM zathilya AvavA chatAM, gItA vicArabhArathI dabAI javA chatAM lagabhaga dareka kRtimAM kalpanAne ane udgAranA dIptimaya camakAra Ave che, ane tethI kRti ekadare AsvAdya bane che. prakRti ane jIvanaciMtana temanA mukhya viSaya che. kavi je viSayane sparze che tene rasAvahu banAvI zake che. 'paDatuM pa khI' AnuM sarasa dRSTAMta che. jIvanaciMtananAM kAvyeAmAM ciMtana Urisita heAvAthI te kAvyarUpa dhAraNa karI zake che. prakRtikAvyAmAM paNa prakRtine Alakhana banAvIne kareluM ciMtana jIvanalakSI heAya che. 'zaradapUnama', 'huMsagAna', 'garuDa', 'vIjaLI' jevAM kAvye AnAM sArAM dRSTAMta che. parAtattvane sparzI karAvatuM giranAranI yAtrA' kavinI kalpanAzaktine sArA paricaya karAve che. ciMtanapradhAna kAvyeAmAM kavinI kavitvazaktinA viziSTa ane sattvazIla unmeSa pragaTelA che. rUDha zailIthI mukta evI navIna zailI temaNe pragaTAvI che. vicAra ane UrminI gahanatAthI, sparzakSama kalpanAthI ane navIna zailIthI temaNe ApelAM keTalAMka A UrmikAvyA temanA saMgrahanI siddhi che. AmAM traNa mRtyukAvyA 'smazAne', 'bAbu' ane vidhu' bALakanA avasAnanAM mavidAraka vyathA vyakta karatAM kAvyA che, je A viSayanAM gujarAtI kAvyAmAM sthAna pAmI zake teTalAM sparzakSama banyAM che. sa MvedananI saccAImAMthI pragaTelI sahuja vANI UMDI vyathA ane asAdhAraNa preraNAjanya ugArAthI puSTa banatAM UMcuM kAvyatva siddha karatu A traNamAMnuM uttama kAvya 'smazAne' kavinI zaktinI dyotaka racanA che. sananA AraMbhakALanI kRti hAvA chatAM temanI kavitvazaktinA sakhaLa paricaya karAve che. trIzInI navIna kavitAnI zailInA aMkura paNa 1922mAM racAyelA A kAvyamAM dekhAya che te aitihAsika dRSTie noMdhapAtra che. vAsudeva rAma, zelata (1902) 'phUlavADI'(1931)mAM rAsaracanAe Ape che, jenA viSayeA khATAdakaranI DhabanA dekhAya che. mULajIbhAI pItAmbaradAsa zAha (1910) satyAgrahasaMgrAmanAM gItA lakhanAra tarIke naNItA banyA che. 'raNurasiyAMnA rAsa'(1931)mAM te saMgraha pAmyAM che. pAchaLathI te

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132 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca. 4 rAsa tarapha vaLyA che. kalpanAzakti ane rasadaSTi heAI rAsa mATe utsAha hAvA chatAM rAsalekhanamAM tenI maryAti zaktinuM darzana thAya che. rAsanika ja' (1934), 'phUla veNI' (1936), 'rAsapadma' ane 'rAsakaumudI'mAM temaneA rAsa pratyenA umaLakA dekhAya che. 'smRtiniku Mja'(1939)mAM tee rAsakSetrathI nIkaLI Urmi kAvya lakhavA vaLyA che. bhASA prAsAdika chatAM Urmitattva pAMkhuM hAI jhAjhI siddhi te pAmI zakayA nathI. AryasamAjI mahArANIzaMkara aMbAzaMkara zarmAnA traNa saMgraha 'satI saMgItAvali' (1912) 'zaMkarasa'gItAli' (1913), 'saMdhyAstavanAMjali'(1920)mAM keTalAMka sArAM gItA maLe che. sudhArakapitta temanAM kAnyAmAM DAkAyA kare che. kalpanAzakti ochI che ane yamakanA zeAkha vadhu che. dayAnaMdanu... zivapUjana' kRti kAntanI Dhabe khaMDakAvya racavAnA prayatna che. trIja sa MgrahanuM 'tu Mhi, tu hi' temanI sArI kRti che. 'premanAM jharaNAM' (1915)nA lekhaka maNilAla haragAvi'da 'premavilAsI'e nhAnAlAlanI DeAlanazailI ane rAsanuM tuccha anukaraNa kareluM che. turaMgeAvida kAnajI bhaTTe rAmAyaNane rasAtmaka sAra'(1915)mAM rAmAyaNanI kathAnA sAra vRttavaividhyathI ApyA che; jemAM lekhakanI zaktinA karaze! sparza thatA nathI. maNibhAI khaMDubhAI desAIe rAmAyaNanA vastune padyamAM mUkI 'anukramaNa rAmAyaNa' (1915) pragaTa karela che. lAMbAmAM lAMbuM khaMDakAvya lakhavAnA prayatnarUpe lakhAyuM heAya tevuM 135 kaDInuM 'kAvyadevI ane tenA priyatama' (1915) ApanAra manasukharAma kAzIrAma paDayA che. khaMDakAvya mATe Avazyaka zaktinA abhAvane kAraNe tee kazuM ja siddha karI zakayA nathI. narmadayuganI sudhArakavRttithI lakhAyeluM 'kulInanI kanyA' (1937) bulAkhIrAma raNacheDa pa DayAnuM, lekhaka jaNAve che tema, eka duHkhI taruNInI hRdayadrAvaka AtmakathA' nirUpatuM kAvya che. maNibhAI haribhAI desAI 'mastamaNi'nA 'hRdayapuSpAMjali'(1917)mAM kalAvihIna racanAe che. rASTrIya gIta yAne dezabhaktinAM kAvyA'(1918)mAMnAM dezabhaktinAM gItA upara ha. ha. dhruva ane TAgAranI chAyA varatAya che. 'sa'gItadhvani' (1919) e temanuM 'snehamudrA'nA svarUpe ane zailIe lakhAyeluM kAvya che. kAvyanA aMta bhAgamAM narasiMharAvanI asara che. zithila nirUpaNu, khATA chaMdaprayAgAthI kAvya dUSita bane che. bhAnunaMda prANajIvanadAsa rajUre 'gajhale rajUra'(1918)mAM ApelI gajhalA kalApI ane sAgaranI Dhakhe lakhAyelI hAvA chatAM temanA prayatna niSphaLa gayA che. vasaMtavihAra'(1918)e vasanajI daiyALajI gaNAtrA * vasaMta 'ne! saMgraha che. temAM gajhala :

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pra. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 133 paNa che. lekhakanI bhASA sAmAnya kakSAe cAle che, tethI teo kavitA siddha karI zakyA nathI. dhIraja'nA kavinAmathI "dhIrajanAM kAvyo' (1923) ApanAra kavi bhASA, chaMda ane rajUAta paratve sArI zakti dAkhave che paNa kahapanAnI ochapa temAM varatAya che. pitAnA kAvyasaMgraha vize yogya rIte ja "nathI saundarya ke nathI sugaMdha' kahenAra munizrI choTAlAlajInI racanAo "laghu kAvyabatrIzI (1925) nAme pragaTa thaI che je kalApInI asara dAkhave che. zAMtizaMkara va, mahetAe "cAI yAtrA' (1926) nAmanuM pravAsakAvya ApyuM che. temAM barmAnA eka khaDaka upara bAMdhelA pegaDA "cAIkoranI karelI yAtrAnuM zuSka vigate khacita varNana che. nArAyaNalAla 2. ThAkara "kAvyAvinda' (1926) Ape che. saMgrahamAM keTalAMka khaMDakAvyo che, paNa prasaMganirUpaNathI AgaLa kavi vadhI zakyA nathI. "kakilanikuM je (1927) ane te pahelAMnA "kusumakaLIonA kartA mahAvIraprasAda zivadattarAya. dAdhIca janma mAravADI hovA chatAM zuddha gujarAtI bhASA ane chaMde prajI zakyA che, paraMtu kavitAmAM sAmAnya rahe che. "vAdaLI' (1928) e "vallabha upanAmadhArI koI lekhaka racita meghadUtanI Dhabe lakhAyeluM e ja prakAranA vastune laI lakhAyeluM sAmAnya kAvya che. kavi tribhuvanalAla kAzIlAla tribhuvinaMdinI' (1928) Ape che. nATakanI tarajo, gajhala, kavvAlI jevA svarUpamAM bAdhaka rIte racanAo temaNe ApI che. jemAM kazI sattvazIlatA ke navInatA nathI. valabhadAsa bhagavAnajI gaNAtrAnuM meghasanTeza" (1930) spaSTa rIte meghadUtanI anukRti che. uparanuM vAdaLI' kAvya A ja lekhakanuM havAne saMbhava che. 1930nA varSamAM pragaTa thayela A kAvya trIzInI kavitAne viSaya paratve AraMbha thato jaNAya che. jelamAM gayelo eka vidyAthI gAMdhIjIne meghadvArA saMdeza mokale che e A kAvyanuM vastu che. lekhakane saMskRta upara kAbu temAM kAvyaracanA karavA jeTalo prazasya che. satyAgrahagItA' (1931) nAme kAvya temaNe saMskRtamAM racyuM che, jemAMnA keTalAka lekemAM kavinI kalpanAzaktino sAro paricaya thAya che. candrakAnta maMgaLajI AjhAmAM rAsa karatAM bALagIta lakhavAnI zakti vizeSa dekhAya che. peDhAmaNAM (1931), "gajaro'(1932)mAM temaNe sArAM bALakAvyo ane joDakaNAM ApyAM che. vAsudeva rAmacaMdra zelate "phUlavADI'(1931)mAM boTAdakara-Dhabe rAsa ApyA che. ramaNIka kizanalAla mahetAne "madhubaMsI' (1932) saMgraha nhAnAlAlanI gADha asara dAkhave che. hIrAlAla da. mahetAnA 'harigIta ane bIjAM kAvyo.

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134]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 (1932)mAM harigIta chaMdamAM lakhAyela sudIrgha kAvyane viSaya Izvara che. prakRtimAM prabhune saundaryanuM darzana ane mAnavacittanI prabhu pratyenI UrmionuM Alekhana lekhake A kAvyamAM karyuM che, paraMtu temAM bhaktibhAvane raNake Acho che. saMgrahanuM nAma kAvyamAM vaparAyelA chaMda ane tenA viSaya baMne dRSTie ucita bane che. viThThalarAya yathara AvasatthInA saMgraha "rasikanAM kAvyo' (1934)mAM bhASA prauDha ane ziSTa hovA chatAM Urmitattva rasanI keTie pahoMcatuM nathI. prakRti, praNaya jevA viSayonuM Alekhana temaNe karyuM che, paNa varNanAtmaka kathAkAvyomAM mukAbale ThIkaThIka phAvaTa temane che. bALakAvyamALA' (1925)nAM bALakAvyomAM saphaLatAthI komaLa bhAve AlekhI zakyA che. maNilAla me, "pAdarAkare rASTrIya bhAvanAnAM tathA lagnajIvanaviSayaka rAsa-gIta ApyAM che. maMgaLasUtra' (1935) saMgrahamAM emanI racanAo saMgrahAI che. A samayagALAmAM bALagIto paNa ThIkaThIka lakhAyAM che. keTalAka bALagItalekhano ulalekha AgaLa AvI gayA che. A uparAMta prItamalAla majamudAranAM bALagItonA saMgraha "lakaNI'(1936)mAM keTalAMka sArAM bALagIta maLe che. prAsAdika bAlabhogya bhASA paNa teo sahaja prayojI zakyA che. sau, hasumatI dhIrajalAla desAIne "rAsasaritA-bhA.1(1936)mAM sAmAnya kaTinI racanAo che. zAMtikumAra paMDayA zabdane vyaMjanAgarbha banAvI te vAparI zake che. "rAsaramaNa temane saMgraha che. kalpanAnuM cArutva ane bhAvanirUpaNanI zakti temanAmAM che. jagubhAI mehanalAla rAvaLanA "rAsarasikA'mAMnAM gItAmAM lokagItanI saraLatA che, paNa kalpanAnI cArutA, vyaMjanAzakti ityAdine abhAva varatAya che. "rAsakaTorI'nA lekhaka mehanalAla cunIlAla dhAmI sArI gItazakti dAkhave che, paNa kalpanAzaktine temanAmAM abhAva che. kaI kaI racanAmAM dalitonI vedanA temaNe gAI che te noMdhapAtra bAbata che. hAnAlAla dalapatarAma paTelanA saMgraha "rAsapaMja'ne rAsamAM ka9panAnA camakArI Ave che. vihArI' upanAmathI lakhanAra becaralAla trikamajI paTele (1866-1937) rAsamAlikA" nAmanA rAsasaMgrahamAM ghaNI sArI gItazakti dAkhavI che. A samayanA anya rAsalekhakemAM teo vadhAre zaktizALI dekhAya che. lekavANInI saraLatAthI ane kalpanAzaktithI temanAM gIta kaLAtmaka banyAM che. A lekhake "meghadUta'ne anuvAda paNa Apyo che. emaNe nATakanAM bhASAntaro paNa pragaTa karyA che. ane bhAgavatanA keTalAka kene sarasa anuvAda Apyo che. A gALAmAM jemanAM kAvya graMthastha thaI zakyAM nathI paNa jemanAM kAvyo

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pra. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavie [135 sAmayikamAM pragaTa thaI rahyAM hatAM temAM keTalAke upanAmathI te keTalAke nAmathI kAvya lakhyAM che. AmAM "bhramara', "kuMja', "mukula", "nirguNa", "kusuma', "vrajavihArI', "rasaMnidhi', "nUtanazrI', jevA upanAmadhArI kavio che to jIvAbhAI e. paTela, hiMmatalAla jagannAtha paMcoLI, hAsama hIrajI cAraNiyA, caturabhAI umedabhAI paTela vagere svanAme lakhanAra kavio paNa che tenI noMdha levI ghaTe. lalita Adi kavio lalita (janmazaMkara mahAzaMkara bUcaH 1877-1947) madhukaMThIlA bhajanika' (meghANa), gItakavi' (hAnAlAla), mosamI gulAba (ma.mi. jhaverI) ane "seraThakeli' (zaMkaralAla zAstrI) tarIke biradAvAyelA vaDanagarA nAgara jJAtinA A mulAyama hRdayanA kavine janma jUnAgaDhamAM thayo hato. ' AraMbhamAM tyAM ane pachI rAjakoTamAM emaNe abhyAsa karyo hato. dasame varSa lalitAgaurI sAthe emanuM lagna thayeluM paraMtu I. 1894mAM patnInuM avasAna thayuM. temanA pratyenI premeskaTatAe ja lalita' upanAma emaNe svIkAreluM. e ja varSe rAjakeTanI hAIskUlamAM abhyAsa karavA gayA. I. 1896mAM tArAgaurI sAthe lagna karyuM. I. 1899thI 1902 sudhI sAta vAra maeNTrikanI parIkSAmAM beThA, paNa gaNitane kAraNe meTrika thaI zakyA nahi. I. 1903mAM skUla phAInala ane pachI esa.TI. sI. parIkSAmAM uttIrNa thayA. abhyAsakALa daramyAna saMskRta, aMgrejI, vraja, gujarAtI sAhityano abhyAsa emaNe prItipUrvaka karyo hato, eTale emanI sAhityaruci vikasI ane sAhityanA zikSaka tarIke sArI saphaLatA meLavI. bAlyakALathI mAtA ane mAtAmahI taraphathI maLelA bhaktinA tema ja sAhityanA saMskArothI, pitA-pitAmaha taraphathI prApta thayelI sAhityavAcananI suTevathI ane anaMtaprasAda vaiSNava, raNajitarAma, kalApI, nhAnAlAla jevAne gADha saMparkathI piSAIne saMvardhAyelI sAhityarucithI emane kavijIva keLI UThayo. "kalApI" e, emanA kamaLa nehabharyA hRdayane oLakhyuM hatuM ane lalitane uddezIne bAlakavi' nAme kAvya paNa lakhyuM hatuM. lAThImAM rAjavI-kuTuMbanA zikSaka tarIke lalita" daseka varSa rahyA hatA. kavi geMDalanI hAIskUlamAM zikSaka hatA tyAre 'kAnta' ane nhAnAlAla tyAM kavinuM "sItA-vanavAsa nATaka jovA mATe AvelA. nhAnAlAle kavinuM "maTUlI' kAvya I. 1897mAM "sAhitya" mAsikamAM pragaTa karAvyuM ane emane navuM baLa maLyuM. I. 1908mAM goMDala cheDI rAjakoTa

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gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa AvyA ane kAThiyAvADa TAImsa'nA taMtrI banyA. anaMtaprasAde ahIM emanI saMgItazakti pArakhIne maMjIrAnI dIkSA ApI. maMjIrA kavino paryAya banI gayA. lalitanAM kAvyo' (1912), vaDodarAne vaDale' (1914), lalitanAM bIjAM kAvyo' (1934) e emanA kAvyasaMgraha che. I. 1951mAM "lalitane lalakAra" nAme emanI samagra kavitA graMthastha thaI che. (emAM keTalAMka kAvya saMgrahAvAM rahI gayA lAge che.) I. 1903-4mAM "uttararAmacarita'nI chAyAvALuM "sItA-vanavAsa' nATaka paNa raceluM ane e aneka sthaLe bhajavAyuM hatuM. kavinAM keTalAMka prasiddhi pAmelAM kAvyo emAM hatAM. thoDAka prakIrNa gadyalekho paNa emaNe lakhyA hatA. "meghadUtano A kavie anuvAda karyo hovAnuM kilAbhAI ghanazyAme emanA meghadUta'nA anuvAdanI prastAvanAmAM noMdhyuM che. lalitanAM kAvyomAM sneha ane gRhajIvananA bhAvonuM mAdhurva vipula pramANamAM nirUpAyuM che. strIhRdayanI bhAvasRSTinuM emAM vividha rIte pratibiba jhilAyuM che. beTAdakaranI jema guNiyala gRhadevIne Adarza emaNe gAyo che ane mIThalaDuM mahiyara melIne parane priya karavA svArpaNa-svAzrayanuM jIvana jIvI, strIne prasannatA relAvavAnI salAha ApI che; nhAnAlAlanI jema jIvanane ucca banAvatA premanuMdAmpatyabhAvanuM mahattva darzAvI, "praNayaveNu' vAgavAthI praphulla thatA prANI, rasathI UbharAtA hRdayanI bhAvomio kavie gAI che. kavine "snehanAM smaraNa" vahAlAM lAge che, enAM vividha rUpone te vade che. "vicAra-paraMparAmAM praNaya para dRDha zraddhA darzAvatAM kahe che? mane Azo ke budabuda samA jo ! uchaLatA : viyoge, saMge, samaviSama bhAva vicaratA ! paraMtu haiyAnI sarala 4 zraddhA praNayanI, klAthI vAtsalya viralatara Adaza racatI. sekate kare maDhulI vIjaLI sama ujaLI' jevI paMktiomAM emanA dAMpatya hagItA varNavAI che. prathama kavitA slarI pahelAM dIThAM tamane ja rAsamAlikata ko" ane "vhAlapanA bhAva" emanI kavitAnA preraka-paSaka samayanA anya kavi prItigaMgAne prabhunI karuNa kahI, enI prabhutAnAM gAna saraLatAthI anethI ja kavi "prabhupada saha vicaranAra "nArI tuM nArAyaNIne meghadUta'ne anuvAda premanI bhAvabiMdumAMthI AvI aneka racanAo prastravI karyA che. ane bhAgavatAM virahanI manodazAne "vijogaNa vAMsalaDI' nAmanI A gALAmAM jemabhivyakti maLI che:

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pra. 3 ] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 137 kAlAghelA kAnUDAnI sUre, vijogaNa vAMsalaDI ! seraThane sAgara saMgama, prabhAsane pIpaLe hRdayaMgama, pUrvajane sUre paMcama jhaMkhe vahIlI vAMsalaDI ! janmI je yamunAtIre, abhaye, bharyuM bhArata, dhIre; hiraNa nadIne, viramI, nIre : DaMkhe virahI vAMsalaDI ! jharaNuM je janmAMtaranI, karaNa je kALAMtaranI, abhisaraNa je aMtaranI jape kyAMthI vAMsalaDI ! AvI ja bhAvasthitine AsvAda karAvatuM "ekalarAma', "sItA re vinAnA ekala rAma-jhUreH jene ! satI re vinAnA sUnA zyAma...paNa emanI noMdhapAtra kRti che. patnI uparAMta svajane pratyene vizALaudAra kuTuMbaprema paNa emanI racanAomAM gUMthAyo che. nhAnAlAlanI jema pitAmRtyuprasaMgane "pitaropaniSadamAM anuSTrapabaddha karyo che. A saghaLI premacanAomAM "kumaLAM dilane leza na kaI dubhavaje'nI A saraLa hRdayanA prabhunA "sAdhujananI prArthanA che. "AMsUDAMnAM kesUDAMnI lhANuM ('aMtara ThAre, prANa praphule)mAM kavinA sukumAra hadayanI uSmA pragaTa thaI jAya che. bAhuka', "amarApuranAM atithi', "RkimaNI haraNa" e "khaMDakAvya saMjJAvALI, hakIkate dIrgha UrmikAvya jevI zithilabaMdhavALI racanAomAM kuTuMbanehanuM, dAmpatyapremanuM (khAsa te chelI kRtimAM) gAna gavAyuM che. chellI kRtimAM maMdAkrAMtAnA 127 zlekemAM vacce vacce kavie gIta mUkyAM che. chaTAdAra chuMdelayamAM gujarAtasaurASTranAM sthala-prakRtinAM citra, kRSNanI svajIvanalIlAnI jhalaka ApatI rukimaNuM pratyenI uktio AkarSaka cheH varSo sUke vIjaLI jhabuke megha rahADe ja tyAre dhArA dhodhe nadI pUra dhase azvine ze uchALe ! siMhe garje, mayura Tahuke. nAda vairATa vAje tyAre veNuni dhamakathI cheDIzuM zaMkhasAde ! saMskRta sAhityanA gADha saMskAranuM smaraNa karAvatAM kavinAM keTalAMka varNanacitra AsvAdya banyAM che. premapuNyAthI banelAM kRSNa ane rukimaNuM anukrame vraja ane vidarbha choDIne, dvArikA Ave che : lIlI kune udadhi saptiAne taTe guMjatI je ! huM ke siMho girivana bharyA; kokilA kUjatI re ! azvo dherI, mayUra vilase sAraso je ! taLAve ! evA rASTra guNamadhura ne gujarI je ! vadhAve. AvA guNamadhura gujarAtamAM padhArI kRSNa rukimaNune praNayano sAco artha Ape che.

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138 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa | (caM. 4 kavie "jagajana" "prabhunA prajAjane bhArata-jananI, dezabhaktinI ane gujarAta premanI prazastimUlaka racanAo paNa karI che ane svataMtratAne mahimA paNa gAyo che. gAMdhIjIne kendramAM rAkhI racAyelI badhaLI TopInAM TeLAM UtaryA e samaye ThIka jANItI thayelI racanA che. muMbaI, mahArASTra, saurASTra, pAvAgaDha, siddhapura, bAraDolI ema vividha sthaLonI prazastio lakhavA uparAMta ane hajarata mahammada ane bhagavAna zaMkarathI AraMbhI gAMdhIjI, hAnAlAla, kalApI Adi aneka kavitAkSarane ane samakAlIna snehIjanone bhAvAMjalio ApI che. e badhI prAsaMgika racanAo che. prakRtinA vividha padArtho kavinA Alekhana viSaya banyA che. gujarAtanI nadIo ane parvato, sarovara ane sAgara, pUrNimA, vasaMta ane kokilA kavine bhAvArtha pAmyAM che. nhAnAlAlanI asara jhIlIne kavi vasaMtane vadhAve che, giranArane paricaya karAve che ane ullAsanAM gAna gAya che; prakRtimAMthI preraNuM meLave che ane dAMpatyabhAvane uThAva Ape che. varSAne rasanI ane vasaMtane raMganI vibhUti tarIke varNavI keTalAMka ullasita citro AlekhyAM che paNa emAM jeTaluM hRdayamadhya che teTalI sUkSamatA nathI. jhIlate jharUkhe meM to dIThe te morala! soNalAne ghena e to Dolato te morala! -jevI keTalIka chUTIchavAI paMktio AkarSaka che. kavinuM bhaktahRdaya prArthanAo rUpe prabhukRpAnI yAcanA kare cheH "ApaNe sarva bhagavAnarUpa svAliye che tyAM prabhu premarUpa vistarelAmAM nirdezAyuM che tema A AzAvAdI kavi jagatane premanI amRtabharI najare nihALe che. emanuM "majhUlI" gIta khyAti pAmelI gItaracanA che. emAMne "lagIra' zabda kavinA ke maLamadhura hRdayanuM samucita pratinidhitva kare che. "rahevA-rahAvAnI" ane "gItaDAM prabhunAM gAvAnI laganI A kavine hRdayane mukhya tAra che, ane ethI ja "maDhulI' kavihRdayane sAco bhAvasparza pAmyuM che. badhe brahmAMDamAM ala prabhune nAda prasare jhIluM kaNe te madhura muja kaMThe ja Utare kahenAra kavi "giri taLe jabhyoH jIvatara vaheM Urva ramaNe evo pitAne yogya paricaya ApI, kahe che: "mane pRthvImAM te udadhi karatAM parvata game !' - sarvatra mAnava ane jIvananuM gaurava karatA A kavinI UrvaramaNanI abhIpsA ahIMtahIM phuTa thaI gaI che.

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x 3 ] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 139 keTalAMka sarasa, bALakAne gamI jAya evAM karyuM madhura, bAlagItA-hAlaraDAM ApanAra lalite lalita, vasaMtatilakA, maMdAkrAMtA, zikhariNI, hariNI, agdharA, harigIta, jhUlaNA Adi aneka chaMdane prayAjyA che. hariNI emanA priya chaMda che, tema chatAM vasaMtatilakA, moMdAkrAMtA, zikhariNImAMnA chaMdahillAla ApaNane vismita kare evA che. phUTacAM svapnA tyAreH raga raga sTuDayAM rAma para e'mAMnA zikhariNI, 'e sUryaM jo ! nayanamAM tuja teja jhIle'mAMnA vasaMtatilakA, kalApI-nhAnAlAlanA evA prayAgAnuM smaraNa karAve che. saMskRtastAtrAnI lagAtmaka AvartanavALI gujarAtI steAtraracanAe paNa AkarSIka che. kavinAM gItAnI prathama paMkti upADa ghaNI vAra baliSTha heAya che. 'mahUlI', 'vijogaNa vAMsalaDI' jevAM keTalAMka UrmiMgItA smaraNIya raheze. 'dilagulAkhI', 'tuM kayAM nathI ?' jevA gajhala-prayAgA paNa neAMdhapAtra che. A kavi zabdone keTalIka vAra vadhu paDatAM lADa laDAvI ane bhAge lAlitya sAdhavA mathe che. zabdALutA ane vicArAnI punarukti, zaMkaralAla zAstrIe nirdezyuM. che tema, emanI tarI AvatI maryAdAo che; teA nhAnAlAle yeAgya rIte emanAmAM umadA Urmie hatAM, 'vicAranI UNapa'nA doSa nihALyA che. emanI racanAo bhAva-nA kathana-nirUpaNu-gdarzanamAM ja vizeSa rAce che. 'lalitajI eTale lalita ja. lagIra paNa suMdara; meTAM kAvyA nahi, nAnAM gItA; megha jevAM heATAM pagalAM nahi, paNa kumakumanI nAnI pagalIe; rasaedha nahi, rasanAM chAMTaNAM. lakSitajI eTale sAraMgIye nahi ne vINAye nahi, Aja tA lalitajI eTale maMjIrAne raNakA ne kAyalane TahukA' - e nhAnAlAlanA udgArA lalitanI kavitAnuM sAcuM mUlyAMkana kare che. meghANIpUve. A madhurakaMThIlA kavinAM gItA gujarAtamAM prasarI gayAM hatAM. svadezabhaktinAM emanAM gItAe tatkAle sArI cAhanA meLavI hatI. A nikhAlasa - sAdhuhRdayanA kavinI racanAomAM A bhAvanA lalakAra, maMjIrAnA mIThA raNakAra jeve, guMjatA sa`bhaLAya che. lalitajI yAda raheze emanI saralamadhura gItaracanAothI, prAsAdika cha dAracanAthI ane gRhabhAvanI kemaLa abhivyaktithI e meTA gajAnA kavi nathI, sukumAra hRdayanA bhAvene sahaja rIte jhIlatA-vAcA ApatA, rasanAM chAMTaNAM'ne anubhava karAvatA Urmikavi che. kalApI-nhAnAlAlanI cha dAracanA ane bhAvasRSTine prabhAva jhIlIne emaNe seA uparAMta racanAo ApI che. prema, prabhu ane prakRtinAM gAna emanA kAmaLa hRdayamAMthI sravyAM che. emanA prema kuTubanu ane savizeSa enA kendrarUpa strInuM bhAvanAlakSI citra upasAve che, mAtRbhUminuM gaurava

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140 1 gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [a. kare che, bhaktithI A bane che ane prakRtinAM vividha rUpe)nI ramaNIyatAnAM darzane pulakita bane che. A sanI abhivyaktimAM mATe bhAge prAsaMgikatAne ja uThAva maLatA dekhAya che, purAgAmI-samakAlIna kavi-vANInA paDaghA sa MbhaLAya che, mugdhatA-lADanI ja sugaMdha pamaratI anubhavAya che. tema chatAM, lalitajInA saMvedanazIla hRdayamAMthI UThelI keTalIka sAcI Urmio kayAMka kayAMka kAvya suMdhI paheAMcI che, kacAMka chaTAdAra abhivyaktimAM pariNamI che ane kayAMka mugdhatAnI madhurapa AkarSaka lahilAlanA camakArAthI AsvAdya paNa banI che. haragovida premaza'kara trivedI(1872-1951)nI kAvyakRti 'zivAjI ane jennunnisA' (1907) kavi 'kAnta' dvArA maThArAIne emanA upedghAta sAthe pragaTa thaI hatI. traNeka hajAra paMktinu e dI kAvya zivAjI ane auragajhebanI putrI jebunisAnA premaprasaMga nirUpe che. vizALa paTa ane zithila kAvyA...dhane kAraNe e kAvya kathaLyuM che. kavinA mATAbhAI tribhuvana premazaMkaranI zailInI paNa ahIM asara paDI che. umara khayyAmanI rubAIyatAnuM tathA gaTenA 'sArIjha oNpha vara'nu paNa emaNe bhASAntara karyuM che. kAThiyAvADanI jUnI vArtAo'nA be bhAga dvArA kAThiyAvADanuM leAkasAhitya sauprathama emaNe pragaTa karyuM hatuM. emAMnI keTalIka vArtAe raNajitarAme hAjI mahamada zivajInA vIsamI sadI'mAM pragaTa karAvI hatI, ane jayasukhalAla mahetAe IsTa eNnDa vesTa' mAsikamAM emAMnI keTalIka aMgrejImAM anuvAdita karI pragaTa karI hatI. baLavaMtarAya ThAkAranA upedghAta sAthe 'kAThiyAvADanI leAkavArtAo'nA pahelA bhAga I. 1922mAM prakAzita thayA hatA. khIjo bhAga I. 1929mAM pragaTa thayA hatA. - 'maDhaDAkara-nAgara' * nAgaradAsa revAzaMkara paMDayA(1873)e 'vidUranA bhAva' (1907), 'yamunAguNAdarza' (1908), 'zikArakAvya' (1909) e traNa kRtio ApI che. pahelI kRti kaDavAbaddha khaMDakAvya che, khIjImAM gaMgAnyamunAne jIvaMta pAtrA banAvI anya kathA sAthe enI gUMthaNI karavAnA prayatna kare che, ane trIjImAM kathAnaka dvArA zikAra paratvenA viraktibhAvane gAya che. 'sudarzana' sAmayikamAM emanAM keTalAMka sArAM kAvye pragaTa thayAM hatAM, je graMthastha thayAM nathI. emanI keTalIka kRtio 'kavipAka', 'kAvyAmRta' 'ghara upayogI vaidakasa graha' aprasiddha che. merAjI mathurAdAsa kAmadAra (1875-1938)nA kAvyasaMgraha 'ta'rAneA tAra' (1937)mAM deDhasA jeTalI racanAo che. emAM prabhuviSayaka racanAo vizeSa dhyAna kheMce che. tananAM karIne trAjavAM...haiyA kerI hATaDI...dhaDanA karIne

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pra. 3 ] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 141. DhAliyA' jevAM rUpakAmAM prabhune vinavaNI karelI che. kavinA bhaktahRdayamAMthI sarasa halavALAM, leAkavANInI madhuratAvALAM ane vizada nirUpaNarItivALAM bhajane sravyAM che. emaNe keTalIka gajhalA paNa lakhI che ane kacchI bhASAmAM paNa gheADIka racanA karI che. dalapatazailInI emanI racanAe arthanI camatkRttivALA che. satyendra bhImarAva diveTiyA (1875-1925) pitA bhImarAva diveTiyAnAM 'pRthurAjarAsA', 'devaLadevI' (nATaka) tathA 'kusumAMjali'nAM saMpAdana karavA uparAMta emaNe UrmimALA'(1912)mAM peAtAnAM cALIseka kAvye paNu pragaTa karyA che. emanI racanA para narasiMharAvanI chAyA spaSTa rIte varatAya che. emaNe leDI oNpha dha leika'nA eka sanuM 'sareAvaranI suMdarI' nAme bhASAMtara paNa Apyu. che. 'AtmasaMyamanuM rAjya' e nAmanI emanI anya racanA paNa maLe che. maganabhAI caturabhAI paTela (1876-1930) : naDiyAdanA vatanI A kavie dezamAM pharI vaLelA svadezInA meAnta samaye AgevAnIbharyAM bhAga lIdhe hatA. leAkalAgaNI jAgrata karavA ane keLavavA mATe kAvyA lakhyAM hatAM, emAMthI eka dina eve| Avaze jyAre amIjharaNeA jharatAM pRthvIneya pALaze ' e' kAvya khUba prasiddhi pAmyuM hatuM. emanA kAvyasaMgraha 'kusumAMjali'(1909, 1927)nI prastAvanAmAM emaNe e samayanA gujarAtanA sAkSaramaMDaLa pratye peAtAnI nArAjI vyakta karI che. saMgrahanuM prathama kAvya 'sAttvika virAga' 'sukha sarvAM gayuM./ tava mukhadarzana dUra thayuM. / vidha vidha ra Mge nAce khalaka A/paNu mama jaga zamazAna thayuM. e pitAne aMjali arpatuM kAvya teAMdhapAtra che. mahArANA pratApanA jIvanane traNa sa 362 kaDImAM anuSTupamAM varNavatu 'kSatrapALa' kAvya kavinA chaMdaprabhutvane sArA namUnA che. khIjAM khe lAMbAM ane 'vilAsataraMga' paNa vividha chaMdomAM premabhAvane uThAva ApavAnA prayatna kare che, paNa emAM sthULatA vizeSa che khAsa tA khInta kAvyamAM, caMdA' ane pATaNanuM sahasraliMga taLAva' jevAM narasiMharAvanA kAvyaviSaye paranAM emanAM kAvyeAmAM emane jhAjhI saphaLatA maLI nathI. enA karatAM pAvAgaDhane caDhAve' ane pAvAgaDhanI khINamAM' e anukrame rALA ane sAraThAmAM lakhAyelAM kAvyeAmAM kavinI savedanazIlatAnI jhAMkhI thAya che. kavie girIdrane', 'du:khI pakhirAja', 'saritA' jevA aneka viSayA para kRtio ApI che, paNa emAMthI kaMIka ne kaMIka dhvani kADhavAnA prayatna karyA che ethI racanAo kathaLI che. emanAM gItA ekaMdare ThIka kahI zakAya evAM che paNa emAM kavina jovAnA vadhu paDatA utsAha dAkhave che. saMgrahane aMte 'mA dezI TIkA' kavie ApI che. A uparAMta 'kAvyArtha pradIpa' (1910) paNu 'sudarzana'mAM pragaTa thayela. khaMDakAvyA'-'vasaMtasenA' -

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gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ graM. 4 kAvyA uparAMta A kavie 'vaidehIvijaya' (1899) nATaka, 'abhijJAna zAkuMtala' (1915)nuM bhASAMtara, 'bhagavadgItA-janmyAti'(1927), 'upaniSadayeAti' 1-2 (1929) vagere kRtie paNa pragaTa karI che. zikSakanuM kartavya' (1907) ane 'svadezI hilacAla' (1908) emanA nibaMdheA che. jamInamahesUla saMbaMdhe emaNe saMkhyAbaMdha lekhA paNu lakhyA hatA ane aMgrejImAM sTaDIjha ina laeNnDa revanyu eNnDa ikAnAmikasa' (1925) nAmanu pustaka paNu lakhyuM hatuM. sIlIkRta ekaspAnzana oNpha inDiyA'nuM bhASAMtara paNu gujarAta vidyAsabhA mATe taiyAra karyuM hatuM. 142] amRta kezava nAyake (1877-1907) 'bhAratadurdazAnATaka'(1909)mAM keTalIka suMdara ane AkarSIka gajhalA ane anya dalapatazailInI padyaracanAo ApI che. gItAmAM paNa lekhakane ThIka saphaLatA maLI che. 'midarA', 'ALasa' jevAM duSTa pAtrA dvArA vyaMga-kaTAkSanAM uccArAtAM vacane gamI jAya evAM che. 'agara te yAra mArA te badhA saMsAra mAre che' e kavinI prasiddhi pAmelI gajhala che. A uparAMta 'ema.e. banAke kayU' merI miTTI kharAba kI' e 'gujarAtI' sAptAhikanI dhArAvAhI kathA sameta keTalIka navalakathAe paNa emaNe pragaTa karI che. 'musAphara' nAmaka takhallusathI lakhelI 'vilasu' nAmanI zuddha chaMdAvALI paNa zithila vArtAtmaka kAvyaracanA (1908) paNa emanI heAvAnA sa'bhava che. bhAIzaMkara erajI zukala (1879) : meArakhInA A audIcya brAhmaNe relavemAM nAkarI karatAM karatAM keTalAka kAvyasaMgraheA ApyA cheH 'hRdayaraMga"nA traNa bhAga (kiraNa 1, 2, 3 anukrame 1904, 1907, 1910), 'rasamaMjarI' (1920), 'kAvyavilAsa' (1938), 'vivAhasa'gIta' (1934) ane 'UrmilAnuM svapna ane khIna kAvyA' (1947). kavie saMskRta vRttA ekaMdare svaccha rIte prayAyA che, paNa emanAmAM pratibhAzakti ochI che. 'hRdayaraMga'mAM 'arjuna-zIsavAda' nAnakaDA agiyAra sargAmAM vaheMcAyelI sudIrgha cha dAbaddha racanA che. emAM kirAtanI samagra kathA kahevAI che. zvazuramaMdire jatI navADhAnuM vana dhyAna kheMce evuM che. A prakAranAM kathAnakane gUMthatAM khIjAM kAvyA paNa kavie lakhyAM che. 'rAsamaMjarI'mAM 'suvarNa zazaka athavA rAnta ratidevanuM caritra', 'kAvyavilAsa'mAMyama ane nicakretA saMvAda', 'yoga dharAyaNu ane vAsavadattA saMvAda', gupta vAsavadattA' (21 khaMDanuM mahAkAvya' lakhavAnA upakrama, paNa 6ThThA khaMDe adhU ru) ane UrmilAnuM svapna'mAMnuM e nAmanuM kAvya enAM udAharaNA che. chellA kAvyamAM devendra satyAthI nA lekha 'Urmila's Sleep'nI preraNAthI, lakSmaNe

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Y=* 3 ] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 143 vanamAM sAthe AvavAnI nA pADatAM UrmilAne mUrchA AvI ane te cauda varSa rahI -- rAmakRpAthI mUrchAmAM divyacakSu prApta thatAM suMdara, araNya ane yuddhakAMDanA tamAma prasaMgeA e jue che ane lakSamaNunuM sAMnidhya anubhave che evuM nirUpaNu che. chellA saMgrahamAM tAgAranAM gAMdhIjI, svadezabhAvanA ane yaMtradeva vizenAM kAvyAnA anuvAdo paNa che. A kavie 'kavitArUpa hiMdustAnanA itihAsa'mAM muslime AvyA pUrvenA hiMdu rAjAonuM varNana karI muslimAnA humalAone paNu varNavyA che. vivAhasaMgIta'mAM lagnavidhimAMnA vividha lagnabhAvenAM nirUpaNa karatI kRti che. 'rasamaMjarI'mAM te| 'mAyAvijaya nATaka' paNa che. sAmanAtha zataka' paNa emanI kRti che. ekaMdare alpa kavitAzaktivALA paNa utsAhI padyakAranI jUnA tema ja navA viSayo paranI, dalapatarAma-narasiMharAva jevA kavionI asara jhIlatI racanAo emanA saMgraheAmAM prApta thAya che. amRtalAla nA. bhaTTe (1879) 'puleAmA ane khIjAM kAvyA' tema ja 'sItA' ane 'kRSNakumArI' jevAM nATakA ApyAM che. mULajI durlabhajI veda (1880) meArakhInA vatanI, bhATiyA kuTuMbanA A lekhake sau prathama svarUpaviveka' nAmanI vedAMta-kRti racI hatI. kavi tarIke nhAnAlAlazailInA te anuyAyI hatA. 'nija ja'(1909)mAM nhAnAlAla-laDhaNunAM DAlanazailI-gIta-rAsanAM anukaraNA jovA maLe che. A uparAMta 'jAgRtimALA' (1909), 'sannArIAne be khela' (1910), 'meneAne vIrapasalI' (1911), 'kuMjalIlA' (1912) ane e prakAranI aneka kRtio ApI che. 'ajavilApa', 'yugalagIta', 'veNugIta' jevAM sAraThAmAM karelAM emanAM bhASAntarA che. geAvanarAmane emaNe 'sarasvatIcaMdrakAranAM samaNuAM'(1930)mAM bhAva-ardhya ApyA che. 'strIzakti' nAme nATakanI paNa racanA karI che ane pAla rizAra uparathI 'AtmAnA adhikAra bhogavatuM strItattva' paNa ApyuM che. emanI keTalIka kRtio apragaTa rahI che. caMdulAla maNilAla desAI (1882) bharUcanA brahmakSatriya ane pachI amadAvAdanavAsI A dezapremI ane samAjasudhAraka DaeNAkaTare vasantatttavanAdI'nA takhallusathI traNa kRti 'vidhavA' (1906), 'kumArikA' (1919) ane 'TahukAra' (1919) pragaTa karI hatI. pahelI e racanAomAM samAjasudhArAnA viSaya sArI rIte nirUpAyA che ane emAM vizatA sAthe kayAMka kayAMka kavitvanA camakArA paNa che. 'TahukAra'nAM 75 jeTalAM kAvyeAmAM bALagItA ane dezabhaktinI keTalIka sArI racanAo maLe che. narasiMharAva-kalApInA A anugAmI ane kheATAdakaranA

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144 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [Q** r samakAlInamAM kAMka kayAMka bhAvanI kAmaLatA, utsAha ane samarpaNabhAvanI AkarSakatA pratIta thAya che. 'tArA dhImA dhImA Ave'nuM emanu gIta sArI prasiddhi pAmyuM hatuM. kAzIrAma bhAiza kara ejhA ' premI ' (1886-1954) pAlitANAnA A zrImALI brAhmaNa ATheka varSa vaDAdarAnA 'hinda vijaya' sAptAhika'nA upataMtrI hatA. emaNe 'zrIkRSNabhajanasa Mgraha' (1912)mAM bhajaneA, 'rAsama'jarI' (1925)mAM rAsa ApyA che. 'gaMgAlaharI' (1930)-narmadAzatakamAM narmadAnAM saundarya dhAmeAnAM varNanA che. emanI kRtio mukhyatve kheAdhaka che. 'cAra yAgInI vArtA', 'zrI sayAjI yazabAvanI', 'hAtamatAI', 'rASTrIya garabAvaLI', 'uttaragItA', 'vidhavAvivAhanibaMdha' vagere aneka kRtio ApI che. cimanalAla dAmodaradAsa tripAThI (1887-1962): kavi 'sAgara'nA A nAnA bhAI 'kubja'nA 'hRdayakuM'ja' guccha 1, 2 (1909, 1964), e nAmanA I. 1905thI 1909 sudhInAM kAvyAnA saMgraha pragaTa thayA che. prAsAdika zailImAM emaNe nIti ane snehabhAvanu, divyazraddhA ane IzvarabhaktinuM gAna karyuM che. 'buddhiprakAza', 'sudarzana', 'sundarIsukhAdha', 'jJAnasudhAmAM emanA lekhA ane kAvyA pragaTa thatAM hatAM. emanI racanAe kalApI, sAgara ane kheATAdakaranI kAvyazalInuM smaraNa tAju karAve che. caMDALane", 'saundaryavihAra' jevI kRtiomAM emanI saundarya rasikatA, tA'bAlaka ane puSpa', 'mRtyunuM saMgIta'jevI kRtiemAM emanI ciMtanaparAyaNatA pragaTa thAya che. emaNe keTalAMka aMgrejI kAvyonAM bhASAMtararUpAMtare paNa ApyAM che. 'dila', 'sanama sAthe rahe mhArI' jevI gajhale kalApI ane sAgaranI sUphIraMgI adA pragaTa kare che. emaNe aneka vyaktivizeSA vize hRdayAMjalie lakhI che. A vinA nAnA bhAI maNibhAI dA. tripAThI (1890-1967)e 'hRdayAdgAra'(1963)mAM vairAgya, jJAna ne bhaktinuM nirUpaNu karyu che. ucca AdarzanI upAsanA nirUpatAM kAvyA, premayeAgI' ane 'vAlmIki' jevAM vRttasauSThavayukta khaMDakAvyo, ne keTalAMka aMgrejI kAvyAnAM bhASAMtaro paNa emaNe ApyAM che. 'vAMchanA', 'niveda', 'vahAlA manubhAIne' jevI kRtiomAM snehajIvananA Adarza tathA putra-avasAne gherA zAkanA bhAva AlekhAyA che. 'jaDIbUTI' (1958) ane 'saptAhamAMthI saptatIthI`' emanI patra tathA pravAsakRti che. 'zayadA' (1892-1962) dheArAjInA vatanI A kavinuM mULa nAma harajI lavajI dAmANI hatuM. yAra ceApaDInA abhyAsa karanAra A garIba kheDUtanA putra tatkAlIna gujarAtamAM 'gajhalasamrATa' tarIke jANItA banyA hatA. emaNe lakhelI

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%, 3 ] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 145 gajhalA gujarAtamAM khuba pracAra pAmI che ane emanA dvArA urdU gajhalanuM svarUpa gujarAtamAM pracalita banyuM che. muktakarItinI e gajhalAnA zeramAM lAghava, saraLatA ane cATa hAvAthI e tatkAla AkaNu jamAve che. 'girA gujarRrI ! A nathI ze'ra mArA; hRdacanA che TukaDA, huM caraNe dharuM chuM. - ema kahenAra A kavie zabdamAM gahekI rahyA che meAralA, bhAvanA. mArI DhaLakatI Dhela che' jevI aneka paktimAM peAtAnI sarjanazaktinI pratIti karAvI che. 'mane e joIne hasavuM hajarA vAra Ave che/prabhu, tArAM banAvelAM tane Aje banAve che' e emanA zera leAkakaMThe vasI gayA hatA. A zAyaranI sAdI gajhale manana mATe' che ema kavie kahyuM che. emAM keTaluMka tathya paNa che. bAlAzaMkara, maNilAla, kalApI pachI gajhalanA cheDane emaNe navapallavita rAkhyA che. vicArAnA camakArAnI saraLa ane saceATa abhivyaktivALI A gajhaleAmAM sabhAraMjanI tattva hAvA chatAM e haLavI ke grAmya banI jatI nathI e neoMdhapAtra che. 'jayabhAratI' (1922)mAM maulAnA hAlInA ane hiMdI kAvya bhAratabhAratI'nuM prasAyukta anukaraNa, dalapata-khabaradAranA zailI-prabhAvavALuM che. 'gulajhAre zAyarI'(1961)mAM emanI keTalIka racanAe saMgrahAI che. kavisaMmelaneAnA e saphaLa sukAnI hatA. 'citA' nAmanuM 600 uparAMta paMktionuM, citA para jatI hiMdI nArInA maneAbhAvanuM nirUpaNa karatuM dIkAvya paNa emaNe lakhyuM che. 'mA te mA', 'navA saMsAra', 'bharariye', mATI bhAbhI' jevI traNeka Dajhana navalakathAo, pAMkhaDIe' va. vArtAsaMgrahA, nATakA vagere emaNe lakhyAM che paNa emAM kalAtattva enDru che. be ghaDI meAja'(1924)thI emaNe patrakAratvane kSetre paNa saphaLatA meLavI hatI. 'jyAtitAra' e emaNe karelA urdU zerAneA sa Mgraha che ane rASTrabhaktinAM kAvyAnA saMgraheA paNa emaNe ApyA che. chaganalAla manasukharAma travADIH kavi bAlAzaMkara ka MthAriyAe emanA sAyika 'bhAratIbhUSaNu' (15-6-1887nA aMka)mAM ApelI 'bhAratI pAritASa' jAherakhabaranA anusa dhAnamAM 'cakArIprameAdha-cakroktikA ane premanimajjana' (pragaTa 1895) nAmanuM kAvya lakheluM. jAherakhabaramAM sUcavAyelI yeAjanA pramANe cakeArIcaMdrane viSaya karIne zikharaNInA 95 zlokA, ane mAlinInA 1 ane vasaMtatilakAnA 3 ema kula 299 zlakA A kavie racyA che. Ara Mbhe kRtinA vastuvicArane vigate varNavyA che ane kAvyaneA adhyAtmavidyAnA vyaMgyA (carkArI - jIvAtmA, caMdra - paramAtmA) emAMthI sphuTa karavAno yatna karyo che. gu. sA. I. 10 -

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146] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [dR.4 nathI e helo ke akaLa prItine paMtha jabaro gati nA hArI tyAM akhila jagamAM koka ja jato. - bAlAzaMkaranA zikhariNunuM sthaLathaLe smaraNa thAya che. kavie kahyuM ja cheH kavitAnI rItye ati nIrasa A kAvya thayuM che.' saMgrahanuM bIjuM kAvya "premanimajjana paNa "galita manane sevaka banI' "mahAmAyA'nAM guNagAna gAya che. karuM daSTi jyAM tyAM punita tava AbhA vasI rahIne anubhava karanAra "pavanadUtane pitAnI diladarada vArtA e jyAM hoya tyAM pahoMcADavA vInave che. pavanane thayelAM saMbadha ane kathanarIti AkarSaka kahI zakAya evAM che. zrIkRSNa zarmA : "zrImadhupadUtakAvya' (1888)thI khyAti pAmelA A kavie gujarAtImAM meghadUta-zailInI A prathama dUta-racanA karI che. vividha chaMdamAM AlekhAyelI, bAra sargomAM vaheMcAyelI A kRtimAM kavine kazo zaktivizeSa pragaTa dekhAtuM nathI; kAraNa, kavi pAse sabaLa nirUpaNazakti ke sUjhabharI saundarya daSTi nathI. kAvyane aMte virahanI priyA piyarathI ghera AvI patine aneka sAhityakRtio Ape che e prasaMga dhyAna kheMce che. A uparAMta "subodhacaMdrikA ane kaviravi' nAmanI be padyakRtio paNa emaNe ApI che. navalarAme A kavine namratA rAkha, abhyAsa vadhAre, zabdanA sauMdarya karatAM arthanA sauMdarya upara vadhAre lakSa ApavAnI salAha ApI hatI. ("navalagraMthAvali', tAraNa, pR. 75) lalabhAI nAnAbhAI bhaTTa A kavinuM bhagavatI bhAgavata uparathI vastu laIne raceluM "zazikaLA" nAme nATaka (1889) prasiddha thayuM hatuM. e parathI kalpanA AgaLa calAvIne keyalane madhura svarazravaNathI kAvyanAyaka sudarzanane pitAnI virahI priyA zazikaLAnuM smaraNa thAya che ane jema yakSe meghadUta' mokalyo hato tema "pAThavuM patradUta'no te saMkalpa kare che. I. 1896mAM maMdAkrAMtAnA 301 mAM racAyeluM A "patradUta kAvyadRSTie UMcI keTinuM nathI. tArathI. saMdezo mokalatAM "manataNuM ubharA" pUrepUrA na kADhI zakAya e kAraNe patrane "lIphAphAnuM bakhatara rUDuM paherAvIne dakSiNamAMthI uttara tarapha mokale che. rastAmAM tAranAM deraDAM che', "IspitAle vaLI bahu rUDI', "garama mIThaDI cAha tyAM dUdhavALI' ema kavi varNanane AgaLa vadhAre che e badhuM vicitra lAge che. vacamAM AvatuM narmadAtaTanuM varNana snArUpI rajatadhavalA sADI je bhUmi pere, achAbunA amalasaramAM bALa vArIja khIle abulaDera viramati nahIM ghAsamAM phINavALI jANe hoe bhuvi para paDI vyoma gaMgA rUpALI. (44)

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pra. 3 ] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 147 AkarSaka che. evuM ja bIju citra che? rAtAM pILAM vividha kusuma vAsavALAM rUpALAM adri zaMga mahi rUha vaDe che lIlA raMgavALAM jANe UbhAM kara grahI phUla vartuLAkAra adha devA mATe ahIM madanane A vasaMte vArtha. (84) nAnAthe paLatI ane pachI pUjanArthe jatI strIo tema ja saMnyAsIo ane bhasmadhArI brAhmaNa, doDatAM-ramatAM mRge, gophaNa-kAmaThAMthI paMkhIone uDADatA kheDuo, kAzInuM pavitra yAtrAdhAma ema vividha prakAranAM citro kavi upasAvatA. jAya che. ghaNI vAra aucitya cUke che ane tyAM sthULa nirUpaNamAM paNa rAce che. priyatamAnuM--ene deDa ane alaMkAranuM 212 lekethI AraMbhAtuM varNana taddana sAmAnya che. gujarAtImAM lakhAyelAM 'dUtakAvya'mAM kRSNazarmAne "zrImadhupadUtakAvya" pachInuM A bIju dUtakAvya che. aMbAja' ane 'bhramaranA saMyukta nAme kalApI-prabhAvita "kAvyakalikA (1910)nAM kAvya pragaTa thayAM che. sau, sumatie (1890) "kAvyajharaNAM prabhuprasAdI kAvyasaMgraha uparAMta TUMkI navalakathAo ApelI che. valabhajI bhANajI mahetA (1886)nuM "vallabhakAvya' (1906) kAvyaracanAnuM emanuM prathama pustaka che. e pachI 'hiMdusaMsAracitra' (1908), "hRdayabaMsI' (1914), "hRdayakuMjana pu', "vAdaLI', "aMtaranAM amI' (1928), "kuMjaveNuM" jevA aneka saMgraha ApyA che. vAdaLImAM meghadUtazailImAM satyAgrahalaDatamAM bhAga laI jelamAM gayelo. vidyAthI gAMdhIjIne saMdeza pAThave che. nhAnAlAlane ghaNobadhe prabhAva emaNe jhIlyo che. e samayane ghaNuM kavionI zailInuM emanAmAM anukaraNa dekhAya che. "aMtaranAM amI'mAM gItAMjalinI asara che. nhAnAlAlanA rAsa, kalApInI gajhala, kAntanAM gIta jevI ghaNI kRtio emaNe emanA "kuMjaveNu" saMgrahamAM ApI che. naTavaralAla udhara trivedIe "kAvyakaLA ane dhruvAkhyAna (1911)nI kathAne 24 sargamAM nirUpI che. kalyANajI viThThalabhAI mahetA (1890-1973)e raNajitarAmanI sUcanAthI emane ughAta sAthe gopakAvyonuM Pastoral Poems nAmanuM pustaka pragaTa kareluM. "paTela baMdhu' mAsikanA te taMtrI hatA. "sastuM sAhityane paNa emaNe keTalAMka pustaka lakhI ApyAM hatAM. "TrakI. vArtAo-3' (1915) uparAMta "guru goviMdasiMha', jarmana jAsUsanI AtmakathA (1916), lokarahasya' (1917) jevA anya bhAratIya bhASAmAMthI anuvAda paNa karyA che. rASTrIya zALA mATe "bALavADInA traNa bhAga, "dezakIrtanamAM satyAgrahanAM gIta ane "svarAjyakIrtanamAM kAvyo ApanAra A kavie "mahanta'

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148] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (1911) ane pachI "hRdayamaMthana' (1919)mAM paNa asahakAra AMdolana, gAmaDAM vagerene viSaya karI racanAo karI che ane dharmaniSThA ane padminI'mAM khaMDakAvyane prayAsa karyo che. motIlAla choTAlAla vyAsanI "premazatasahI' (1889) ane "kusumaguccha' (1901) e baMne kRtio para dalapata-narmada ane bAlAzaMkara-bhImarAvanI kAvyazailIne prabhAva paDe che. "kalAnta kavi'nI zailIe A kavie "kalAnta kila' jevI sAmAnya racanA paNa ApI che. emanI racanAomAM sAro padyabaMdha hovA chatAM zaMgAranI sthUlatA vizeSa jovA maLe che. zivazaMkara tulajAzaMkara davee chaganalAla vi. rAvaLa sAthe "RtuvarNana" (1888) nAme RtuvaNanene saMgraha pragaTa karyo hato. kAlidAsa bhagavAnadAsa kavi (1900) "bhajanAmRta-1 ane "mArA zubha vicAre'thI jANatA hatA. mahAzaMkara lalubhAI bhaTTe anya kavinA vasaMtatilakAnI 161 kaDIomAM lakhAyelA "caMdroktikA' (1903) dUtakAvyanuM saMzodhana kareluM che. kRti madhyama koTinI che. kezavarAma zAMDilagetrI tarIke A kAvyanA kavi pitAne oLakhAve che paNa paricaya ApatA nathI. "gItasaMgIta' (1904)mAM sItAvanavAsanI kathAne gItAmAM gUthanAra lalita milae emAM anya kavionAM gIte paNa goThavI devAne prayatna karyo che. hiMdanI hAlata' (1904)mAM paMDayA kRpAzaMkara jhINAbhAIe svadezaprema ane dezanI durdazAne lagatI racanAo ApI che. panubhAI jazavaMtarAya desAIe "mukulavINA' (197), "jJAnabhakti athavA viSNupadazataka' (1912) ane "panukAvya" (1932) e traNa kRtio ApI che emAMnI pahelI padyamAM prAsAdika bhASAmAM navalakathAlekhanane prayoga che. bIjA be saMgrahanAM pado taddana sAmAnya che. "musApharanI padyadehI vArtA vilasu' (1948) pragaTa thayelI che. hIrAlAla jAdavarAya bUce vedatAtparya badhinI' (1907), "sAcAM metI-1' (1912), "bhAgyodaya bhUmikA-1" (1919) jevI padyakRtio lakhI che, paMktisaMkhyAnI vipulatA tarapha temanI dRSTi vizeSa maMDAyelI che. vedAnta, tatvajJAna ane bhakti emanI kRtionA kendramAM che. emAM kyAMka kyAMka lekhakanI bhaktahadayanI AdratA pragaTatI anubhavAya che. bheLAnAtha uparAMta bAlAzaMkaranI kAvyazailInI paNa emanA para asara varatAya che. ziSTatA ane prauDhi emanI kRtiomAM keTaleka sthaLe AkarSaNa kare che. kahAna caku gAMdhIe dazamaskaMdha-AdhArita "zrIkRSNa' (1908), bedhapradhAna

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pra. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 149 ane vedAntI vicArane rajU karatuM "AryapaMcAmRta' (19 9), "sudarzana' mAsikamAM pragaTa thayeluM "nemaMjarI" ane kathAtmaka "sevikA (pUrvArdha)' (1914)-e cAra kRtio lakhI che. bAlAzaMkaranI kAvyazelInuM ekaMdare AkarSaka anukaraNa emaNe karyuM che. chellA ulalekhelA kAvya "sevikA'mAM kalApI-prabhAvavALI saMvAdazailImAM duHkhI vidhavAne eka pAMtha prajAsevA karavAno vicAra rajU kare che e dhyAna kheMce che, paNa kRti upadezapradhAna banI jatI hovAthI rasAnubhava karAvI zakatI nathI. prabhAzaMkara da, paTTaNI (1862-1938): A mutsaddI rAjapuruSanI mitra' takhallusathI lakhAyelI kAvyaracanAo "mitra' (1970) nAme nidhanottara kAvyasaMgrahamAM graMthastha thaI che. kapila 5. Thakkara (1892-1958)nAM kAvyo svapnamaMdiramAM saMgharAyAM che. vArtA, nibaMdha ane vivecanakSetre paNa te sakriya hatA. snAbahena zukala (1897)nA "muktinA rAsa" ane "AkAzanAM phUla vagere kAvyasaMgraho pragaTa thayA che. "darA' ane 'jayAre sUryodaya thaze e be navalakathAo emaNe marAThImAMthI anuvAdita karI hatI. "vinoda" ane "cetananA taMtrImaMDaLamAM paNa te hatAM. jayamanabahena pAThakajI (1902) : kAvyasaMgraha "tejachAyA'(1940)nuM eka kAvya 1921mAM pragaTa thayuM hatuM. emanAM kAvyamAM saccAI ane saMvedanazIlatA - che. "soNalAM' (1950) ane pachI be bALakAvyanA emanA saMgraha pragaTa thayA che. zIla ane saMskAranI sugaMdha prasarAvatI emanI racanAone mukhya sUra vedanAne che ane emAMthI nAgarika saMskAritA pragaTa thAya che. vRttabaddha ane geyaracanAo para 'kAnta' ane nhAnAlAlane prabhAva paDela che. "zeNalAM'mAM rAmAyaNa-mahAbhAratanA pAtrane manobhAvonAM khaMDakAvyo paNa emaNe ApyAM che. geya kRtiomAM strIhRdayanA kemaLa bhAvo sukumAra rIte AlekhAyA che. caMdrikA pAThakajI (1910): jayamanabahenanAM A nAnI bahenane saMgraha "rAtarANI' (1944) pragaTa thayela che. "rUpanatana" nAme nRtyanATikA paNa pragaTa thaI che. svaccha saMskRta vRttomAM ane sugeya DhALamAM emaNe keTalIka AsvAdya racanAo ApI che. kAzIbahena becaradAsa jaDiyA (1927)ne bhajanasaMgraha "hRdayakalela", prabhAzaMkara jayazaMkara pAThakanI padyakRti "zrI kuMbhanAthanuM zivAlaya" (1913) paNa prakAzita thayelAM che. dulA kAga : (1903-1977) dulAbhAI bhAyAbhAI kAga mahuvAnA vatanI hatA, jJAtie cAraNa hatA. kAvyane kAgaLa para lakhavAne badale, kAvya banAvI, mane mana yAda rAkhI letA. lokasAhitya-saMzodhanamAM emaNe meghANIne ghaNI

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150] gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [ J. 4 sahAya karI hatI. meghANanI samajAvaTathI emaNe pitAnI kRtio graMthastha karI hatI. "kAgavANI bhAga 1(1935) pragaTa karyA pachI emaNe 1938, 1950, 1956, 1958 (5, 6), 1964 ane 1967mAM enA bIjA sAta bhAga prakAzita karyA hatA. A uparAMta "caMdrabAvanI', "soraThabAvanI, "gurumahimA', vagere kRtio emaNe ApI che. AmAM "kAgavANIne pAMcame bhAga ane chelI kRti gadyamAM racAyelI che. emanI racanAo mukhyatve be prakAranI che : cAraNI chAMTavALI gujarAtI bhASAmAM racAyelI ane bIjI te vraja ane hiMdImAM racAyelI. emaNe pada, bhajana, prArthanA, gajhala, che debaddha, duhA, muktaka, "mahimA -prazasti prakAranI racanAo karI che. ekAda hajAra duhAo ApanAra A cAraNakavinAM DhALa ane bAnImAM prAcIna paraMparAnA vaNATavALAM paraMparAgata paNa kyAMka arvAcIna bhAvanAovALAM bhajane vyApaka kAdara pAmyAM che. emAM bhakti-jJAna-nItinA Alekhana uparAMta pAkhaMDa para prahAra ane sAmAjika viSamatAnuM nirUpaNa che. iyattA ane guNavattAdaSTie noMdhapAtra gaNAya eTalAM bAvIseka kAvyo emaNe lakhyAM che. aspRzyatAnivAraNa uparAMta bhUdAna vize paNa emaNe racanAo karI che. rAjA-mahArAjAone cAbakhA paNa lagAvyA che ane anyaktio paNa lakhI che. kautukanI kahANI jevuM kaTAkSakAvya, "kAyAno ghaDanAro jA nA joya, gopIyuMne gamatuM nathI re gokuLa" tema ja karma karatAM rahe kAMkarI" jevAM jIvanasAra karatAM kAvyo ApanAra dulA kAge paurANika kathAnake, Izvara ane mahApuruSanA mahimAgAnanI racanAo paNa ApI che. emAM bodhakatA ane udhanAtmakatA sAthe bhAvanI saccAI ane saraLa bAnImAM gahanabhAva vyakta karavAnI emanI kuzaLatA paNa pragaTa thAya che. A geya racanAomAM lekabAnI, lekaDhALa ane lekahalakane viziSTa mijAja pragaTa thAya che. emanI upara kahelI be gadyaracanAomAM patro-prasaMge ane pravAsavarNana che. pravAsavarNanamAM bolAtI bhASAnuM taLapadApaNuM jovA maLe che. meghANInI jema dulAbhAI pAse kaMTha, kaheNI ane kavitA - traNe hatAM. kyAMka punarukti, atyukti ke rUpakAdi alaMkArane atireka chatAM soraThI belInA viziSTa umeSothI e dhyAna kheMcI rahe che. gujarAtI lokasAhityane emaNe baLa ApyuM ane cAraNI-paraMparAne nijI zaktithI jIvaMtatA apI. (A lakhANa mATe kumArapALa desAIe sAmagrI pUrI pADI che e mATe emanA AbhArI chIe.) zrI piMgaLazIbhAI, haradAna narelA vagere kavioe A paraMparAmAM keTalIka sArI racanAo ApI che.

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pra. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [ 151 kilAbhAI ghanazyAma bhaTTa (1869-1914) H dasakroI tAlukAnA bhuvAlaDI, gAmanA vatanI ane rAyakavADa brAhmaNa jJAtinA kilAbhAIe maeNTrikanI parIkSA amadAvAdamAMthI pasAra karI hatI. aMgrejI ane saMskRta sAhitya pratye gADha prIti dharAvanAra A lekhake bANakavikRta "pArvatI pariNaya" tathA kAlidAsakRta vikramorvazIya', 'kumArasaMbhava' ane meghadUtanAM bhASAntare pragaTa karyA che. meghadUta'ne emane samalekI anuvAda (1913) ApaNe tyAM pratiSThita thayo che. anuvAda sAthe emaNe joDelI TIpa-noMdhomAM emanI abhyAsaniSThA ane rasikatAne paNa ApaNane paricaya thAya che. "meghadUta'nA anuvAdamAM emaNe 103 pAnAMnI abhyAsayukta prastAvanA lakhI che. AraMbhanAM 18 pAnAMmAM "meghadUta paranI TIkAo, enAM anukaraNe, gujarAtImAM thayelA enA anuvAdo va.nA paricaya sAthe kAvyanA guNe pragaTa karI ApI "rAmAyaNa" sAthenuM enuM sAmya nirdoryuM che. e pachI mahAkavi bhAsane ane kAlidAsano abhyAsayukta vistRta paricaya ApavAmAM Avyo che. anuvAdake kahyuM che ke "..mArAthI banatA prayatna karI aMdaranA bhAva phuTa rIte samajAya ane racanA kilaSTa ane kaThora na lAge tema karyuM che. mULa kAvyanAM rasa, bhAva, mAdhurya ane prasAdanI chAyA gujarAtImAM ekaMdare sArI rIte UtarI AvI che. thoDIka paMktio joIe : dhUma, jAti, jaLa, pavananA, megha kyAM A banelA, kyAM saMdezA, samajaNabharyA, prANuthI le javAtA; laMbAvIne svara madabharyA sArasanA rUpALA, khIlI retAM kamaLarajanA sparzathI mahekI pheMtA; huM chuM tArA priyatamataNe mitra, saubhAgyavatI ! saMdeze hai, jaladhara rUpe, Avi pAsa tArI; anuvAdapravRtti paNa samAMtare cAlatI rahI che. revAzaMkara bhaTTa, harilAla na. vyAsa, nAgaradAsa amarajI ane caturabhAI goviMdabhAIe "raghuvaMzanA (chelA be saMpUrNa) anuvAda ApyA che. kilAbhAI uparAMta harikRSNa baLadeva, balavaMtarAva junnarakaranAM meghadUtanAM bhASAntare paNa pragaTa thayelAM che. balavaMtarAvanuM "zrIkRSNa ratnaprabhA" pustaka pragaTa thayuM che emAM kAlidAsanI anya kAvyakRtionAM paNa bhASAntare che. kAlidAsanA "RtusaMhAra'nAM mohanalAla pra. mahetA, jeThAbhAI * vakIlanAM bhASAMtaro pragaTa thayAM che. vidya zaMkaralAla kuMvarajIe "ghaTakarpara'nuM samazlokI bhASAMtara ApyuM che. naTavarasiMha ba. desAI ane naTavaralAla zAha

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152] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ . 4 paNa "gItagoviMda'nAM atyaMta sAmAnya rUpAMtaro ApyAM che. "vRddha cANakyanuM bhASAntara', "laghu cANakya nItisaMgraha' (1874) bALakarAma naM. mAMDavIkare ApyAM che. jagajIvana bhavAnIzaMkare, tema ja giridhara zarmAe bhartuharinA "nItizataka'nuM (1877, 1928), prANajIvana tri. trivedIe bhartuharine zatakatrayanuM (1901), sI. ela. kaMthAriyAe "zaMgArazataka'nuM (1888) bhASAMtara ApyuM che. "zazikalA ane cIrapaMcAzikA'nuM nAgaradAsa paTele, "zaMgAratriveNI'nuM tanamanazaMkara lA. zive, "gaMgAlaharI'nuM (1907) lAlajI vIrezvara jAnIe ane pAchaLathI "viyogIe bhASAMtara ApyuM che. "mahimnastotra'nuM vizvanAtha sadArAma pAThakanuM suMdara samazlokI bhASAMtara 1908mAM pragaTa thayeluM che. zaMkaralAla bhaTanI devIstuti', gaNezarAma varatiyAnuM "gItA amRtasAgarane mAtrAmeLa chaMdamAM nava adhyAyane , anuvAda, ane raMga avadhUtanI 'saMgIta gItA" (mAtrAmeLa padyamAM) paNa noMdhapAtra che. saMskRta nATakanA ApaNe tyAM thayelA anuvAdone nirdeza yathAsthAne karyo che. e uparAMta lAlazaMkara hariprasAde madhyama vyAyoga'(1917), lallubhAI nAraNajI desAIe gupta pAMDava' (1912)ne, IzvaralAla vImAvALAe "pAMDavaguptanivAsa'(1920), mohanalAla prasAdarAya mahetAe "priyadazikArane, valabhajI ha. AcArya, mULazaMkara rAmajI ane bhogIlAla ma. bhaTTe kRSNamizrane "prabodhacaMdrodaya' (1877, 79, 81), gosAI nArAyaNa bhAratIe rAmacaMdrAcAryanA nirbhaya bhImavyAyoga'(1886), durlabhajI rA. jAnIe bhAskara kavinA "unmatta rAghava (1894) anuvAda karela che. aMgrejImAMthI thayelA anuvAdene paNa ullekha thayelo che. hIrAlAla umiyAzaMkarane gAlDasmithanI musApharI' (1859) e "dha TrAvelarane judAM judAM vRttomAM thayelo sauthI pahelo anuvAda che. zaMkaraprasAda rAvaLa, popaTalAla pUMjAbhAI zAhe paNa golDasmithanA DejhaTeDa vilejanAM anukrame anuvAda ane anukRti Apela che. maMjulAla davee "grejha elejIne, varjhavartha ane bAyarananAM keTalAMka kAvyone (1917-19) sarasa anuvAda Apyo che. ema. o. sureyA, kusuma sareyA, lAlajI vI. jAnI, zAMtilAla sA. ojhA, jagannAtha ha. ojhAnuM paNa A kSetre arpaNa che. baMgALImAMthI rAmacaMdra avarSa, giridhara zarmAjI Adie "gItAMjali', bAlacaMdranA anuvAda ApyA che. dalapatirAma du. yAjJika, mohanalAla a. zeTha AdinA hiMdI bhASAmAMthI jUnAM kAvyo ane alaMkAragraMthanA, urdUmAMthI nijAmudIna pIrasAheba, nanAmiyAM rasUlamiyAM, saIyada IbrAhIma "muhiba' ane ahamada dhAlA jerAje hAmIkRta kAvyone, kavi hAlInI kRtione ane kavi

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pra. 3] khabaradAra ane anya kavio [153 najhIranAM kAvyonA anuvAda karyA che. amRta ema. zAhe azo jarathustranI "gAthA'nuM gajhalamAM bhASAMtara karyuM che. umara khayyAmanI keTalIka rubAyatone paNa rUstama pe. bhAjIvAlA, harilAla ThA. saMghavI, giridhara zarmAjIe anuvAda karelA che. kavitAsaMpAdananI pravRttine paNa ahIM nirdeza karI laIe. pArasI saMpAdakoe 1864mAM "harIsaMgrahamAM hArIo saMpAdita karI che. 1870mAM gujarAtI hoLIsaMgraha', 1887(bIjI A.)mAM "hArIsamudAya', ane 1877 -78mAM "gajalastAnanA'nA saMcayo pragaTa thayA che. nAgara, audIcya jevI jJAtiomAM gavAtAM gItonA saMgraha, garabA saMgraha (muMbaI samAcAra, 1881) "pArasI lagnagIta-garabA' (1933), "rItidarpaNa" (1899 - nAgara lagna prasaMge gavAtA garabA), "navIna suMdara catura strI vilAsa manahara' e dAmodaradAsa bhA. talATIne jUnI garabIone saMcaya, narasiMha zarmAsaMpAdita "paramAratha sAra" e bhajanasaMgraha, amaracaMda paramArasaMpAdita kAvya-vinoda', dAmodara ja. bhaTTa saMpAdita "bRhabhajana sAgara', khImajI va. bhaTTasaMpAdita hiMdI kavitAne "paMcAmRta" saMgraha, nArAyaNa mo. kharenuM "AzramabhajanAvali'nuM saMpAdana, bhavAnIzaMkara narasiMharAmanuM "gujarAtI jUnAM gIto'nuM, kahAnajI dharmasiMhanuM "kAThiyAvADI sAhitya ane e pachI to aneka lokasAhityanAM saMpAdano, ApaNuM rAsasAhityanAM maganalAla bA. brahmabhaTTa, zAnti baraphIvALA, madhurikA mahetA, dhairyacandra buddhanAM saMpAdane, rASTrIya gItonAM "svadeza-gItAmRta, "rASTragIta', "svarAjanAM gIto' jevAM saMpAdana, harikRSNa ba. bhaTTa ane naghuzaMkara u. dhoLakiyAnAM anukrame kAvyanimajajana' (1887) ane "kAvyasudhAkaranAM ziSTa kAvyonAM saMpAdano, kalyANajI vi. mahetA ane cUnIlAla rA. zelatanuM "gapakAvyo'(1914)nuM saMpAdana, ga. go. banuM "strIgItAvali" ane "gItalaharI' (1916, 17)nuM gItonuM saMpAdana ane tArAporavAlA eraca jahAMgIranuM gujarAtI kAvyanuM cayana noMdhapAtra che. e pUrve hiMmatalAla aMjAriyAnuM "kAvyamAdhurya' (1903)nuM saMpAdana ApaNe tyAM sukhyAta banI cUkyuM hatuM. TIpa 1 khabaradAra, a. pha, "vilAsikA' (1905) pR. 56, 121 ane "prakAzikA' (1908) pR. 17. 2 rAvaLa, anaMtarAya ma., "sAhityavihAra' (1946) pR. 130 3 sundaram, arvAcIna kavitA' (1946) pR. 320. 4 dhruva, AnaMdazaMkara bA., "sAhityavicAra' (1941) pR. 425-26, 411. 5 alArakhiyA, hAjI mahammadasaMpAdita "vIsamI sadI" mAsika

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154] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 navembara, 1931, pR. 11 para khabaradArano lekha. 6 juo TIpa 4. 7 pAThaka, rA. vi.. arvAcIna kAvya sAhityanAM vaheNe" (1947) pR. 162, 207. 8 e ja pR. 26-7 ane arvAcIna gujarAtI kAvya sAhitya' (1933) pR. 25. 9 sundarama, "arvAcIna kavitA' pR. 321-410 e ja pR. 323 11 vaidya, vijayarAya "gu. sA.nI rUparekhA' (1943) pR. 287 12 bakSI, rAmaprasAda, "vADamaya vimarza' (1970) pR 255. 17 trivedI, viSNuprasAda, 'upAyana (1961) pR. 274-76. 14 "bhAratane TaMkAra' (1919) prastAvanA, pR. 13. 15 trivedI, viSNuprasAda, vivecanA' (1939) pR. 106-9. 16 vaidya, vijayarAca, 'jUI ane ketakI (1963) pR. 43, 47-8. 17 "vivecana' pR. 117, "arvAcIna kavitA" pR. 338 ane "a. kA. sA.nAM vaheNe" pR. 173. 18 jUI ane ketakI' pR. 49-54. 19 bhaTTa, vizvanAtha, vivecanamukara" (1939) pR. 102-4. 20 "sAhityavicAra' pR. 428. 21 "gu. sA.nI rUparekhA' pR. 284. 22 khabaradAre kanakotsava prasaMge kareluM AbhAradarzana-vyAkhyAna (1931) pR. 2 ane "vIsamI sadI'ne khabaradAra aMka (na. 1931) pR. 41. 23 jUI ane ketakI" pR. 140. 24 vivecanA' pR. 116-7. 25 mahetA, hIrA, "ApaNuM vivecana sAhitya" (1939) pR. 238. 26 "sAhitya' mAsikano na. 1931ne khabaradAra aMka, pR. 20. 27 dhruva, AnaMdazaMkara, jahAMgIra mA. desAIkRta "camakArA' (1931)nI prastAvanA, pR. 6 28 bhaTTa, vizvanAtha, "sAhityasamIkSA' (bIjI A ), pR. 255. 29 e ja, pR. 257. 30 "arvAcIna kavitA" (pahelI A.) pR. 402. 31 juo TIpa 28, 3ra rAvaLa, anaMtarAya, boTAdakaranI kAvyasaritA' (pahelI A.) upodaghAta, pR. 17. 33 e ja pR. 19 34 juo TIpa 30. 35 "arvAcIna kavitA', pR. 402. 36 e ja, pR.417. 37 paramAra, dezaLajI, "uttarAyana' (pahelI A.), "patha-pradIpa pu. 13 38 "arvAcIna kavitA', pR. 430

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prakaraNa 4 kanaiyAlAla munazI (I. sa. 1887-1971) jIvana munazInI sAhityapravRttino prAraMbha paMDitayuga ane gAMdhIyuganA sandhikALeeTale temanI pUrve pAMDitya, praziSTatA ane gaMbhIra jIvanaparAmarzaka tattvAnveSI abhigamanuM jemAM prAdhAnya evo govardhanayuga. munazInI pravRttine prasAra samagra gAMdhIyuga daramyAna - ane te pachIya jemAM sarvatIrtha gAMdhIgaMgAtrImAMthI pravAhamAna vaheNe ane valaNe ja tatkAlIna sAhityanAM pramukha preraka-vidhAyaka paribaLoAma munazIne be pracaMDa prabhAvamUrtio vacce prakAzavAnuM hatuM. paraMtu, ubhaya. mahAmahimAvaMto vacce paNa, svAgrahI vyaktitvanI utkaTa aniruddha vRtti ane zaktithI tathA mamatAbharyA ne mahattvAkAMkSI puruSArthathI, ubhayanAM vyApaka ane dIptimaMta prabhAvalo varaceya, nijanuM kaMIka nAnuM chatAM AgavuM ne spaSTa tejovalaya, praga9bhatApUrvaka pragaTa karI zakanAra munazInI sAhityapravRtti asAdhAraNa pratibhAne AviSkAra gaNAya. prabaLa pratibhAzALI sajaka pUrvakAlIna tema ja pravartamAna prabhAvone AtmasAt karI, temane a-pUrva rUpe pragaTa kare che. A apUrvatA e, e samagra saMdarbha para aMkita, sarjakanI AgavI mudrAnuM pariNAma hoya che. sarjakanuM e AgavuM vyaktitva, jyAre pravartamAna valaNane vaza vartatuM na hoya tyAre te spardhAtmaka pratibhAvarUpe pragaTa thAya che. evAM vyApaka ane lakasvIkRta valaNonA pravAhathI pratI pagati karanAra pratikArAtmaka puruSArthane pratiSThita karavI atyaMta prabaLa asima-tA ane pracaMDa vidrohazaktinI apekSA rahe che. munazInI sAhitya-- pravRtti mahadaMze AvI spardhAtmaka pratibhAvathI prerAtI pratIpagA pratibhAne sarjanAtmaka udyama che - virala tema ja vilakSaNa. mukhyatve navalakathAkAra ane nATakakAra evA munazInAM pAtromAM, tenA sarjakanAM adamya mahattvAkAMkSA ane ahaMbhAvI prabhAvAkAMkSAne prabaLa prakSepa parakhAyA vagara raheto nathI. AthI, raMgadazI kalpanAzIla sarjakapratibhA temanI AtmakathA ke pravAsakathAne paNa navalakathAnI najIka laI jAya che, to kalpita pAtronAM manogata ane maMtavyo, Azayo ane eSaNAomAM paNa potAnuM ja prakSepaNa karavAnI vRtti temanI

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156] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [. 4 navalakathAone paNa ApakathAo jevI banAvI de che. e rIte temanA vyaktitvanI viziSTatAo, temanA sarjananI lAkSaNikatAo banI jAya che. munazIno janma 30-12-1887nA divase bharUcamAM, munazIne Tekare, bApIkA gharamAM. moTA gharanI jUnI jAhojalAlI osaravA lAgI che paNa gharanAM jUnAM -hAMDIjhummaranI jema hajI munazIonA mijAjamAM ne kaDakaDatAM aMgarakhAMmAM kuLagaurava TakI rahyuM che tyAre munazIne janma. e bhRgukulagauravanA ane vaiSNavanI mRtio tathA mijAjanA vArasadAra che. pitA mANekalAla narabherAma munazI. amadAvAdanI kalekaTara oNphisamAM kArakunanI nokarIthI zarU karI kamekame ApabAhozIthI mAmalatadAra vagere hoddAonAM pagathiyAM caDhI surata-bharUcanA DepyuTI kalekaTara thanAra rAva bahAdura" mANekalAla bahAdura, karmaTha ane svataMtra svabhAvanA tema ja sakajana. kanaiyAlAla temanA cAra dIkarIe ekamAtra putra. kanubhAI hajI vaDodarA kolejamAM prAraMbhika varSamAM ja hatA tyAre ja 1903mAM pitA mANekalAlanuM hRdayarogathI avasAna. Ama soLeka varSanI vaye ja kanaiyAlAla pitAnuM chatra gumAve che. paNa mAtAnI dIrdhajIvI premALa chatrachAyA temanA jIvananI ghaNuM taDakIchAMyaDImAM AdhAra banI rahe che. mAtA tApIbA jIchamAM tarIke jANItAM. prabhAvazALI, premALa, vyavahArakuzaLa; hisAba rAkhe, noMdhapothI rAkhe, padyo paNa race. vahIvaTadakSa ne saMskArI kanaiyAlAlanA vyaktitvamAM mAtApitAne svabhAva-saMskArane vAraso Utaryo che. pitAnI vividha sthaLe badalIo thatAM vividha sthaLAnA anubhavo kanubhAIne maLe che. bhArgava brAhmaNanA kuLasaMskAra sAthe bhagavAna caMdrazekhara pratyenI bhaktinAM bIja maLe che. lADabharyA uchera sAthe maLelAM A saMskArabIjane vAraso bhaviSya mAM samRddhi banI rahe che. "jaya somanAtha jevI kRtiomAM pragaTatI caMdrazekharabhaktinAM mULa ahIM jaNAya che. tatkAlIna rivAja mujaba, kuTuMbanA mobhA pramANe saveLA I. sa. 1900mAM atilakSmI sAthenA lagna samaye kanubhAInI uMmara varSa 13 ane atilakSmInI uMmara varSa 9, je "dekhAve pAMca varSanI lAgatI" ema munazI noMdhe che. lagna samaye hajI munazI meTrika thayA nathI ! ne kanubhAI paraNe che te paNa AMnacchAe - kAraNa ke pitA sacInanA dIvAna hatA tyAre bAlyAvasthAmAM maLelI eka bAlasakhInA smaraNacitranI AsapAsa kalpanAtaraMgI kizora kanaiyAlAla aramAnonI eka svapnasRSTi gUMthI beThA che ! svapnasRSTinI e "devI'ne te jhaMkhatA zodhatA ja rahe cheanya mUrti mAM e "devI'ne svarUpAMtare sAkSAtkAra thAya che tyAM sudhI ! "zizu ane sakhI" ane "veranI vasUlAta'mAM temanI hadayakathA-vyathA vyakta thayelI che !

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pra. 4 ] kanaiyAlAla munazI [ 157 sacInanI e "devI e ja "veranI vasUlAtanI tanamana e te have jAhera vAta che. 1901mAM "bhArgava chokarAonI praNAlikA toDI' pahele ja prayatna meTrika pAsa thayA. paNa vaDedarA kolejamAM gaNitanI kacAzane lIdhe priviyasamAM ja nApAsa thayA ne pharI parIkSA ApI. daramyAna 1903mAM, pitAnuM avasAna thatAM ja, Apatti zarU thaI. pitAnA avasAna sAthe kauTuMbika muzkelIone tIvra anubhava - mAtAnI chAMyaDInuM AzvAsana chatAM. gharaAMgaNe kauTuMbika Apatti ne Arthika saMkaDAmaNamAMthI mA mAraga kADhI Ape che, te kolejamAM manaHsRSTine navo ughADa anubhavAya che prA. araviMda ghoSa ane prA. jagajIvana zAha jevAnA. saMsargathI. mahAnubhAvonI jIvaMta preraNA, vizALavAcana, carcAo, vAdamaMDaLa, mitramaMDaLIo va. kanaiyAlAlanA jIvanamAM navI samRddhi sIMce che. buddhinA baDekhAM" hovAnuM abhimAna thAya eTalo buddhivikAsa thAya che, ane 1905mAM pahelA vargamAM saphaLa thatAM "aMbAlAla sAkaralAla pAritoSika' prApta thAya che. Izvara, dezabhakti, rASTronnati, va.nA vicAra sAthe, dharmacustatA ane sudhArAnA vicAronI saMgharSAmaka mathAmaNanI A avasthA che. A avasthAnI bhAvanAo, sevelAM svapna va. sahita A kALanI ghaTanAo va.nuM vAstavika citra "svapnadraSTA'mAM AlekhAyuM che. 1907mAM bI.e. elisa prAIjha sAthe sekanDa, kalAsamAM pAsa, ane yauvananI svapnabhUmi vaDodarAthI vidAya. jIvanane adhyAya badalAya che. "aDadhe raste' AtmakathAnA prathama khaMDamAM A adhyAyanuM suMdara Alekhana che, grejyueTa kanaiyAlAla have (1907-) nasIba ajamAvavA muMbaInI dharatI para Utare che. kaThora vAstavikatAne sAkSAtkAra zarU thAya che. munazI muMbaInI cAlImAM gharasaMsAra zarU kare che ane pAI pAInI gaNatarIthI ghara calAvatAM, elaela.bI.ne abhyAsa zarU kare che. muMbaInA mALAnA jIvananA temanA anubhave ne nirIkSaNamAMthI ghaNuM badhuM kAne vAMka ?"mAM maLI Avaze. AtmakathA "sIdhAM caDhANInA prathama khaMDamAM A avasthAnuM tAdaza Alekhana che. 1907thI 1915 sudhIno gALe munazInA jIvananI bhAre. mathAmaNane gALe che. bIjA prayatna 1913mAM eNkeTa thaI dhaMdhAmAM sthira thAya che tyAM sudhI temanI, jIvanane pagabhara karavAnI mathAmaNa cAlu rahe che. muMbaImAMnA sAkSara caMdrazaMkara paMDyA, aMbAlAla bu. jAnI, uttamalAla trivedI, kAntilAla cha. paMDyA, nRsiMhaprasAda vibhAkara vagere paMDitayuganI bIjI haroLa samA, "samAlocakanA lekhaka varga sAthe munazI gADha saMparka keLave che, "gurjarasabhAnA pita maMtrI

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158 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ca. 4 paNa bane che ane mukhyatve paMDitayuganA prabhAvathI poSAyelA A vidvaddavargamAM pitAnA pazcimI sAhityanA paricaya ane spaSTa tathA pragalya vakatRtvathI mahatva paNa meLave che. anya sudhArAvAdI pravRttiomAM bhAga le che. A kALanA jIvananuM nirUpaNa karatA AtmakathAnA bIjA khaMDane "sIdhAM caDhANanuM nAma kema ApyuM haze tene kaMIka marma e vAMcatAM samajAya che. A jIvanakALanAM keTalAMya citro - prasaMgo ane vyaktionAM - "tapasvinI'mAMthI jANakAroe jarUra oLakhI lIdhAM haze. sAhityakSetre zubhAraMbha: munazIne e "sIdhAM caDhANano jIvanakALa temanI sAhityapravRttinI daSTie khUba mahatvanA che. tatkALa paryanta temaNe jJAtipatra "bhArgava', athavA "Arya prakAza jevAM sAmayikamAM to lekha lakhyA che, paNa sAhityakSetre temane praveza "mArI kamalA e vArtAne prakAzanathI gaNAya. 1912mAM "mArI kamalA e vArtA "strIbodha'mAM "ghanazyAma vyAsane nAme pragaTa thAya che. A prathama prayAse ja narasiMharAva jevA durArAdhya vivecakanA AzIrvAda sAthe "ghanazyAma vyAsa-munazInI sAhitya-kArakidIne prAraMbha thAya che. 1913mAM, sAkSamitra aMbAlAla bu. janIne AmaMtraNathI "gujarAtI" patramAM "cauda Ane kalamanA lebhe', "veranI vasUlAta" lakhe che ane vArtArasiyA gujarAtI vAcakane vaza karI le che. te sAthe ja munazInI pratibhAne potAno mArga maLI jAya che, ane 1912-13mAM "mArI kamalA" ane "veranI vasUlAtathI AraMbhAIne, 1971mAM munazIne avasAnathI apUrNa rahela mahAkathA "kRSNAvatAra' paryantanAM lagabhaga 58-59 varSo paryanta vistarelI munazInI sAhityika kArakidI gujarAtI sAhityanuM eka samRddha ane yazasvI prakaraNa banI rahe che. veranI vasUlAtanI saphaLatA munazIne mATe utsAhaka nIvaDe che. 1913mAM "veranI vasUlAta pragaTa thayA pachI jhaDapabhera eka pachI eka kRtio pragaTa ja jAya che. "kAne vAMka?', pachI "pATaNanI prabhutA'thI AraMbhAI "gujarAtane nAtha ane "rAjAdhirAja'mAM vistarelI solaMkI-navalatrayI to munazIne kIrtinI Toce pahoMcADe che. A daramyAna ja praNayakathA "pRthivIvalabha" ane nATaka "vAvAzeThanuM svAtaMtrya" (sAmAjika) ane "puraMdara parAjaya" (paurANika) paNa pragaTa thaI temanI kapriyatAmAM vadhAro kare che. uparAMta sAhityasaMsadanI sthApanA ane tenI pravRttio tathA te nimitte ApelAM vyAkhyAno, tenA mukhapatra rUpe pragaTa thayela "gujarAta patranI pravRtti vagerene kAraNe temanI sAhityapravRttionuM pUra UchaLe che ane lagabhaga eka dazakane aMte te munazI prAraMbhanA ghanazyAma vyAsa'mAMthI gujarAtane mUrdhanya navalakathAkAra ane sAhityakSetre agrimatAnA adhikArI banI rahe che.

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pra. 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI [ 159 lagabhaga dasa-bAra varSanA ja gALAmAM, jANe munazInAM raMgadarzI sarjananI mohinI gujarAtane vaza karI le che, temanA "sarasatAvAdInA pracAre jANe temanAM sarjanane pratiSThita thavAnI mane bhUmikA pUrI pADI che. eka ja dazakane aMte munazI prAraMbhakamAMthI prabhAvaka banI rahetA jaNAya che. A dazakamAM ja emanI pratibhAe pitAne sauthI prabaLa unmeSa pragaTa karI dIdho che. "jaya somanAtha jevA jUja apavAda sivAya munazInI moTA bhAganI kIrtidA kRtio A gALAmAM ja sarjAI che. temanI zilInI badhI lAkSaNikatAo ane temanA abhigamonI badhI viziSTatAe A gALAmAM ja pragaTI, ghaDAI, siddha thaI sthira thayelI jaNAya che. A saMdarbhamAM e paNa spaSTa thAya che ke A pachInA temanA dIrdhAyuSya daramyAna, temaNe vyavahArajIvananAM vividha kSetramAM anekavidha siddhio prApta karI che chatAM, ane te sau pravRttio sAthe temaNe sAhityapravRttine pravAha paNa satata ane akhalitarUpe cAlu ja rAkhyo hovA chatAM, jUja apavAda bAda karatAM, sarjakapratibhAne navonmeSonA prAgaTayane adhyAya jANe A gALAmAM ja maryAdita thaI jAya che. alabatta, 1922-25 pachInI temanI kRtio paNa sAva sAdhAraNa gaNIne sameTI laI zakAya tema te nathI ja. kAraNa ke saphaLa svIkAra ane prajAkIya lekapriyatAnA puraskArathI zraddhAvita thayelI, tema anubhava prApta siddhahastatAthI pakava thayelI sarjanazIlatAne sparza to temAMya parakhAyA vagara rahetuM nathI; paNa temAM sarvathA nUtanatvanA AvirbhAvane camatkAra nathI, pUrvaparicitanA punarmilananI ja temAM pratIti thAya che, prasannakara chatAM vismayavihIna. chatAMya, sarjanapravRttinA prathama dazakamAM ja sarvoccAsane pahoMcI javuM e jevuM tevuM parAkrama nathI, ane pahoMcI gayA pachI lagabhaga adhI sadI paryanta aneka vAvAjhoDAM vacce, tyAM sthirAsane TakI rahevuM e jevItevI siddhi nathI ! A dazakanI sAhityapravRtti ane pragati e munazInA jIvananI ekamAtra nahi paNa anekamAMnI mAtra eka pravRtti ja che. A sAhityapravRtti temaNe jIvananAM bIjAM aneka kSetronI vividha pravRttio sAthe ja karelI che ane jema sAhityamAM tema anya kSetramAM paNa temaNe eTalI ja saphaLatA prApta karI che. A gALAmAM ja bhUlAbhAI desAInI cembaramAM brIpha meLavavA niSphaLa hAjarI purAvatA navA vakIlamAMthI munazI, 1922mAM te "zuddha brAhmaNane raurava narakanA adhikArI banAve eTalI Avaka dharAvatA agraNa dhArAzAstrI banI rahe che, ane cAlInI khelImAM jematema karakasariyuM jIvana nibhAvatA, te bAbulanAtha roDa paranA AlIzAna phaleTamAM sukhasagavaDabharyuM jIvana jIvatA thaI jAya che ! sAmAjika kSetre paNa te

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160 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ caM. 4 have muMbaI jevA mahAnagaramAMya gaNunApAtra agraNI kAryakara gaNAvA lAgyA che, bhUlAbhAI ane jhINA jevAnA sAthamAM heAmarUla jevI pravRttimAM AgaLa paDatA bhAga le che; patrakAratva, saMsthAo ane jAhera pravRttiomAM AgaLa paDatuM sthAna dharAve che, gAMdhIjI AphrikAthI AvIne dezanuM netRtva le che tyAre eka svataMtra ane mahattvanA AgevAnanI hesiyatathI temanI sAthe meLa paNa karI zake che ane matabheda paNa pe|kArI zake che ! TUMkamAM, eka ja dazakanA TUMkA samayagALAmAM munazI jIvananAM aneka kSetramAM ekasAthe saphaLatA siddha karatA muMbaI jevI mAyAjALamAM paNa ajANyA Aga tukamAMthI agraNIomAMnA eka thaI rahe che. A kALanI temanI mahattvAkAMkSI ane puruSAthI, gatizIla pravRttinAM Ajasa ane utsAhapUrNa spa MdanA, ne temanI jhaDapI saphaLatAnA AnaMda ane Avega temanI A kALanI kRtiomAM paNa UtaryA vagara nathI rahyAM. munazIe sAhityasaMsanI sthApanA karI (1922), ane vIsamI sadI' viramI jatAM, tenI jagA le tevuM gujarAta' mAsika sa`sadanA mukhapatrarUpe zarU karyuM.... kArya pradhAna vyaktitvane jANe abhivyaktinuM eka mAdhyama apUratuM lAge che. sAMhityakSetre paNa munazInI AkAMkSAe, sajjana uparAMta anya vahanamArga zodhe che. 'saMsada' ane 'gujarAta' temanI svabhAvAnurUpa AvazyakatAo pUrI pADe che. A mAdhyame| dvArA lekhAvyAkhyAnA rUpe temaNe vyakta karelA vicArA, Adarza vagere temanA AdivacaneA' tathA rasadarza'nA' vagere lekhasaMgraheArUpe ApaNane prApta che. munazIe pachInAM varSomAM vyakta karela Atva ane saMskRtinI bhAvanAnAM khIja cheka 1922mAM sevAtAM jaNAya che. 'gujarAta' mAsikanA mukhapRSTha paranuM citra, emanI je bhAvanAe pachI emanI pAse paurANika nATako, navalakathAo racAvyAM, ne haimasmAraka ke bhAratIya vidyAbhavana tathA sAmanAthanA punarnirmANanI pravRttio prerI e bhAvanAnuM dyotaka che. svapnA racavAM e eka vAta che, temanI siddhi mATe puruSArtha karavA e khIjI vAta che, ane temAM saphaLatA pAmI peAtAnA jIvanakALamAM ja tenA sAphalyanA saMtASa anubhavavA e vaLI Ara vAta che. munazIe peAte svapna sevyAM ne puruSArthI dvArA tene siddha karI sa MtASa anubhavyeA che. ApaNe tyAM AvA svapnadazI, puruSAthI, ane svapnasiddhinA sa MtASa anubhavavAne bhAgyazALI puruSavizeSA keTalA ? ! 'gujarAta' zarU thAya che tenA pariNAmarUpe lIlAvatI zeThaneA paricaya, e

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pra. 4 ] kanaiyAlAla sunazI [ 161 paricayamAMthI janmatA sneha, ne e snehamAMthI janmatA talasATa, akaLAmaNeA, mUMjhavaNNA-mathAmaNeA ane sardhAnA itihAsa eka navalakathAthIya vadhu ghaTanAyukta savedanasabhara ane rAmAMcaka kathAnaka che. munazInAM patnInuM, ane pachI sau. lIlAvatInA patinuM avasAna thatAM baMne lagnagraMthithI joDAya che. sneha maitrInuM A prakaraNa te kALe gujarAtamAM eka atyaMta carcAyelu` prakaraNa che. munazInA aMgata jIvana tema ja vyavasAyajIvana maneAjIvana para tenA paDachAyA paDe che. svapnasiddhinI zodhamAM' e AtmakathAnA trIjA khaMDa uparAMta 'avibhakta AtmA" jevI kRtiomAM AnA aNasAra maLe che. lIlAvatI sAthenuM lagna e munazInA vanane mahattvanA vaLAMka ApatI ghaTanA. munazInA dI sahacAra ane anekavidha rASTrIya-sAmAjika pravRttie gujarAtanA jAhera jIvananA itihAsanuM mahattvanuM prakaraNa che. dIdha`jIvI ane sadApravRtta munazIjIvananA eka raMgadarzI aghyAya ahI pUrA thAya che. A pachInA bahumukhI kArakidI vALA jIvananA adhyAya anekavidha pravRtti, siddhi ane saMdharSAthI sabhara che. A gALAnI ghaTanAo, pravRttio vagerenI kevaLa yAdI paNa eka graMtha jeTaleA vistAra mAge, - A kALamAM, bAraDAlInA satyAgraha sAthe saMkaLAyalI temanI kAmagIrIthI AraMbhAyalI temanI rAjadvArI pravruttie, gAMdhIjI sAthenA, saradAra sAthenA ane kaeNoNMgresa sAthenA temanA ghaniSTha saMbaMdhe, rASTrIya staranA agraNI netA gaNAvA sudhInuM temanuM mahattva vagerethI mAMDIne te, muMbaI rAjyanA saciva tarIkenI temanI kAmagIrI, haidarAbAdanA ejanTa-janarala, bhAratanA annapradhAna ane uttara pradezanA rAjyapAla tarIke temaNe aAvelI pharajo ane chelle rAnajI sAthe svataMtra pakSanI sthApanAmAM temanA phALA e badhAnA itihAsa bhAratanA itihAsane ja eka bhAga che; teA bhAratIya vidyAbhavana tathA anya aneka sAmAjika-sAMskRtika saMsthAe ane temanI anekavidha pravRttie temanI pravRttiAnA khIjo samRddha pravAha che. akhaMDa hiMdustAna' jevI ghaNI pravRttie emaNe AdarI che paNa sAhityanA itihAsamAM e badhAnA kevaLa ullekhathI ja calAvI levuM rahyuM. ahIM noMdhavA yogya mahattvanI vAta tA e che ke rAjadvArI ane rASTrIya pravRttionA kSetranI pravRttiemAM pUrI zaktithI pravrutta ane agraNIemAM eka chatAM temaNe lekhaka tarIke kalamane kadI sukAvA dIdhI. nathI. e badhI vyavahAru pravRttionI vacamAM paNa temaNe sAhityapravRttine satata cAlu rAkhIne eka yA khInna prakAranI kRtio ApyAM ja karI che. A uparAMta lagabhaga trIseka varSa paryaMta gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadanA sarvesarvA banI rahI tenuM temaNe eka hAthe kareluM saMcAlana paNa naiAMdhapAtra che. gu. sA. 11

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162] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 sAhityasarjana vizeSata: vArtAkAra uttama sarjaka chate govardhanarAma pradhAnataH ciMtaka che, munazI svabhAvataH vArtAkAra. lagabhaga madhyakAlIna lAge tevuM citaMtra, ane arvAcIna racanAvidhAna e bene meLamAMthI udbhaveluM munazInuM vArtApradhAna sAhitya ja temanI sarjakapratiSThAno pAyo che. kathAnakane rocaka-romAMcaka sAmagrIthI sabhara karavuM, ghaTanAone nATayAtmaka rIte gUMthavI-gUMcavavI ane e badhA vacce ramamANa jIvaMta kriyAzIla pAtrone mathatAM, mUMjhAtAM, taDapatAM, saphaLatA-niSphaLatAnI, prema-ranI vedanAo veThatAM darzAvavAM, ane AlekhananI "sarasatA ane sacoTatAthI" kutUhalavaza vAcakane vArtApravAhamAM vahAvI javo, karAmata ane kasaba pakaDAyaparakhAya nahi teTalA vegathI tene dhasato dhakelAto ane badhuMya vagaraprIne nabhAvI le teTalo saMmahita rAkhavo - vArtAkaLAnI A badhI AvaData, munazIne temanI raMgadarzI prakRti, taprakAranuM sAhityasevana ane layagAmI sabhAna puruSArthe siddha karI ApI che. vArtAkaLAne Avo kImiya, arvAcIna gujarAtI vArtAkAromAMnA bahu ochI ATale aMze siddha karI zakyA che. munazInI vArtAkSetre dIrdhajIvI lekapriyatA ane keTalIka rIte ana-anyatAnuM rahasya temanI A siddhimAM che. A vArtAkathanasiddhine kAraNe ja munazI navalikA-navalakathA-nATaka vagere "vArtApradhAna prakAre uparAMta jIvanacaritra, Atmacaritra ke pravAsalekhamAM paNa AkarSaka nIvaDyA che. vArtA sivAyanA sAhityaprakAromAM paNa temanuM noMdhapAtra pradAna chatAM, temanI mukhya mudrA to vArtAkAranI ja rahI che te hakIkata che, munazInI racanAomAM "kathanAtmakatA" ane "nATayAtmakatAne ubhayAnvaya che. temanI vArtAomAM nATayatattva kathana jeTaluM ja - ne kyAreka te adhika mahatva dharAve che. vArtAkAra munazImAM nATakakAra munazI hamezAM samAviSTa hoya che. AthI temanI pAsethI vArtA ane nATaka ubhayakSetre AvakArya pradAna prApta thAya te svAbhAvika che. munazIne sAhityakSetre praveza "mArI kamalA'e navalikAthI. e pahelI ja vArtAnI aNadhArI saphaLatAe temane bIjI vArtAo lakhavA preryA, ane ApaNane "mArI kamaLA ane bIjI vAto' (1912; pachIthI "munazInI navalikAo')mAMnI vArtAo maLI. "navalikA te jamAnAmAM navuM, vikasatuM svarUpa. munazInI vArtA mAMnAM anAyAsa zilpa, saraLatA ane svAbhAvikatA, narmamarma ane kaTAkSa tathA

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pra. 4] kanaiyAlAla sunazI [163 - - tatkAlIna jIvana sAthenA anubaMdha vagere tattvoe temane te kALe -- ane Aje paNa -- agraNI vArtAkArAmAM sthAna apAvyuM che. zAmaLazAhanA vivAha' jevI temanI kRtie ApaNA kAI paNa navalikAsa`cayane zeAbhAvI zake. paNa, munazIe-A eka saMgraha-eTalI ja nalikAe ApI. saMbhava che ke, te pachI, navalakathAlekhanamAM temanI pratibhAne vadhu anukULa kSetra maLI gayuM, athavA kadAca, navalikAnA sImita pavistAra, ane tenI kalAsvarUpa tarIke zilpazistanI apekSA, munazInI yadacchAvihArI prakRtine bahu anukULa na hatAM. temanI kalpanAne vizALa paTa para vistaravuM game. navalakathA, balake navalamALAonA suvizALa phalaka para temane te meAkaLAza sAMpaDI. apavistArI sAhityasvarUpeAmAM apekSita suzliSTatA ane jhIjhuvaTabharyuM svaccha zilpa avakAzavihArI, kautukapriya ane prastAravAMcchu pratibhAne anukULa na ja nIvaDe. vizALatAmAM je zathilya ane svaratA nirvAdya khane che te saMyamazIla sImAmAM nabhI na zake e pArakhI zake teTalA munazI vicakSaNa che ja. zuM jIvanamAM ke zuM sAhityamAM, sAMkaDI sImAomAM ramavu* munazIne kadI rucyuM nathI; vedakALa paryantaneA vistAra paNa jemanI kalpanAne ALATavA mATe AjhA paDe, te avistArane, AvaData chatAM, na ja AvakAre. munazIe, pachI, navalakathAo lakhI--ne vistaratA vistaratA aMte ATha bhAgeya apUrNa kRSNAvatAra'mAM paheAMcyA, nATako lakhyAM, paNa navalikAo-ekAMkIe, ApI zakayA heAta tApaNa na ApyAM. na ja Ape! navalakathAkAra sAhityasarjaka tarIke munazInI prakhyAti pradhAnataH navalakathAkAra tarIke, ne temAMya vizeSarUpe atihAsika navalakathAkSetre, samIkSAnI saraLatA khAtara temanI kRtimAne traNa gucchamAM vaheMcAya : sAmAjika navalakathAe veranI vasUlAta' (1913), 'kAnA vAMka ' (1915), 'svapnadraSTA' (1924), 'tapasvinI' 1-2-3 (1957, 1958), aitihAsika navalakathAe H 'pATaNanI prabhutA' (1916), 'gujarAtanA nAtha' (1917), 'rAdhirAja' (1922), 'jaya seAmanAtha' (1940), 'bhagnapAdukA' (1956), uparAMta 'pRthivIvallabha' (1920-21) ane 'bhagavAna kauTilya'(1923). paurANika navalakathAe H 'lopAmudrA' bhAga-1 (1933), 'lAmaharSiNI' (1945), 'bhagavAna parazurAma' (1946), 'kRSNAvatAra' khaMDa 1thI 8 (7mA

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164] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa khaMDamAM 8mA khaMDanAM 13 prakaraNa samAviSTaH aMtima ane apUrNa kRti 19631974). sAmAjika navalakathAo veranI vasUlAta': munazIe navalakathAlekhanane AraMbha karyo sAmAjika navalakathAthI. jagata ane tanamananI karuNata snehakathAne rajavADAnA khaTapaTI vAtAvaraNanI bhUmikA para rajU karatI e vArtAmAMnA, jagata-tanamananI praNomio ane anaMtAnaMdanI bhAvanAzIlatAnA raMgadarzI ane kautukarAgI nirUpaNe, tenI navI ne AkarSaka zailIthI tenA ajJAta lekhaka "ghanazyAmane prathama prayatna ja lokapriya vArtAlekhaka banAvI dIdhA ! vastudaSTie, "sarasvatIcaMdrane aneka aMze sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya evI A navalakathAe gujarAtI vAcakanI, "sarasvatIcaMdra-AdithI ghaDAyelI rucimAM parivartana ANyuM - "sarasvatIcaMdra'nA prabhAvane pAtaLA karyo. kene vAMka mAM rajavADI vAtAvaraNa ane tene AnuSaMgika lakSaNo dUra thayAM. baMDAra samAjalakSitA AgaLa paDatI thaI rahI. maNi ane mucakundanI vyathA-viTaMbaNA ane samAjavidrohanI A vAta samAjane vAstavika citrane umadA sudhArAvAdI daSTibiMduthI rajU karatI, pUrA arthamAM sAmAjika' banI rahI. "svapnadraSTAmAM rASTrIyatAnA UchaLatA juvALamAM AdarzaghelA, avAstavika svapnamAM rAcatA ane aMte vAstavikatAnA kaThora bhautikaspaze nizcaMta thatA yuvAna sudarzananI kathAnA nimitte, A sadInA prathama dazakanI rASTrIya pravRttio ane vAtAvaraNane, ane khAsa karIne, zrI araviMda oNSa, lekamAnya TiLaka vagere mahAnubhAvonA prabhAva nIce AvelA yuvAnonI madazAne suMdara citAra rajU thayuM che. "svapnadraSTA'mAMnuM "bhAratInI AtmakathA'nuM prakaraNa ane temAM rajU thayela mahAmAnavane Adarza tema ja prA. kApaDiyA dvArA rajU thayela daSTibiMdu, munazInI bhAvanAsRSTi ane dRSTibiMdune samajavAnI daSTie mahattvanAM gaNAya. tapasvinImAM "svapnadraSTA'nuM, varace saheja khaMDita evuM, anusaMdhAna che. ravi tripAThI ane rAjabA tathA udayana ane zIlAnI bevaDI kathAmAM, "svapnadraSTA'mAM AlekhAyelA samaya pachInA paMdareka varSanA gALAne choDIne, te pachInA kALanI rAjadvArI pravRttionI bhUmikA AlekhAyelI maLe che. udayana-rAjabAnI rajavADI bhUmikA, zIlA-rAdhAramaNanuM kathaLeluM dAmpatya, udayana-zIlAne snehaga, ravinI rAjakIya mahattvAkAMkSAprerita pravRttio ane rAjabAnI vilakSaNa alaukika zakti, - pratyekanI vyaktigata uparAMta vividha saMbaMdha-vartuLAnI kathAnuM Alekhana ane te

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pra. 4] kayAlAla munazI [ 165 sAthe saMkalita tatkAlIna rAjadvArI pravRttionuM nirUpaNa A navalakathAne anekakendrI ane saMkula banAve che. Ama chatAM, rAdhAramaNa, udayana, zIlA, rAjabA ravi va. pAtro tema ja temane lagatI ghaTanAonA nirUpaNathI vAcanakSama banI rahetI navalakathA, dastAvejI apekSAe vigatemAM kSatiyukta, chatAM tatkAlIna rAjadvArI vAtAvaraNanA citraNa tarIke paNa viziSTa mahattva dharAve che. samagrarUpe : munazInI sAmAjika navalakathAone samagrarUpe samIkSatAM, navalakathAonI sAmagrI mahadaMze munazIe svAnubhavamAMthI lIdhI che. jagata ane tanamananI snehakathA ("veranI vasUlAta'), mucakundanuM muMbaInI cAlImAMnuM jIvana ("kane vAMka'), sudananuM kaeNleja jIvana ("svapnadraSTA') ane udayananI kathAnA ghaNA aMzo('tapavitA') tema ja, te badhAnI sAthe saMkaLAyelAM ghaNAM pAtra-prasaMge paNa munazInI AtmakathAnAM pAtrA-prasaMgo jevAM jaNAya che. AtmakathAprApta e sAmagrInuM kyAMka thoDAka pheraphArathI vArtAkaraNa karavAmAM AvyuM che, paNa ghaNI vAra to vArtAnA mALakhAmAM atya95 saMskaraNa ke AcherA AcchAdana sAthe lagabhaga yathAvata goThavI devAmAM AvI che - vizeSataH "tapasvinI'mAM. hakIkatonuM kathAmAM rUpAMtara karavAmAM, hakIkatonuM vAstavika rUpa na oLakhAI ya tema bane tevuM gopana karavAnI munazIe jhAjhI kALajI lIdhI nathI. "tapasvinI, kALanI munazInI AtmakathA nathI lakhAI, paNa te samaya bahu dUra nathI. AthI samakAlIne - ane uttarasamakAlIne paNa - emAM vArtAne badale vAstavikatA ja vAMce te svAbhAvika che. apUratA saMgopana ke rUpAMtarane kAraNe, navanirmita kalAsvarUpane badale, upAdatta sAmagrI ja adhikatara gocara bane te kalAnubhUtimAM bAdhArUpa nIvaDe. Ama, munazInI sAmAjika navalakathAo temanI AtmakathAnI sAmagrImAMthI ja sarajAI che. paNa A vidhAnamAM ja A navalakathAonA AkarSaNanuM kAraNa paNa pragaTa thaI jAya che. AmaparakatAnA e spaze ja munazIne A navalakathAomAM je maLI te saphaLatA apAvI che. keTaleka aMze paraspara pUraka banatI, munazInI sAmAjika navalakathAonI tema ja temanI AtmakathAnA khaMDonI sAmagrIne kAlAnukrame zreNIbaddha goThavatAM, A sadInI pahelI trIsa-cALIsI daramyAnanA gujarAtanA jIvananA mahattvanA sAmAjika, rAjakIya jAhera jIvananA pravAhanuM ardhadastAvejI Alekhana prApta thAya che - AsvAdya tema ja upayogI. munazInI sAmAjika navalakathAomAM, prathama navalakathA "veranI vasUlAtathI ja temanI vaiyaktika tema ja sarjaka tarIkenI lagabhaga badhI ja lAkSaNiktAo - parAkramI pAtronuM sarjana, lAgaNIvaza ane bhAvanAzIla pAtronI kathA, raMgadarzI

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166] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [. 4 ane sanasanATIbharyA Alekhanane zokha, prabaMdhazaithilya, kautukarAgI bhUmikA para arvAcInatA sAthenA anubaMdhavALI vAstavikatAne meLa karavA prayatna, nATyAtmaka kriyA-prAdhAnya va. va. pratyakSa thatI jaNAya che. "svapnadraSTa.' ane 'tapasvinI' te temanI saphaLa atihAsika navalakathAo pachI racAyelI che. Ama chatAM etihAsika navalakathAomAM munazInI je chaTA varatAya che te temanI sAmAjika navalakathAomAM nathI varatAtI. AraMbhanI be kRtio pachI, munazIe etihAsika navalakathAlekhanamAM paDelA gALAomAM ja bIjI be sAmAjika navalakathAo racI ane pachI tapasvinI" pachInA dIrdha AyuSyakALa daramyAna ekeya nahi, e sUcaka che. prayoga karI joyA pachI, zuM cheDI devuM te munazo barAbara samaje che. aitihAsika navalakathAo sAhityasarjaka tarIke munazInI khyAti mukhyatve navalakathAkAra tarIke ane vizeSataH aitihAsika navalakathAkAra tarIke. temAMya vaLI 'pATaNanI prabhutA', gujarAtane nAtha" ane "rAjAdhirAja' e solaMkI navalatrayI te vizeSa kIrtidA kRtio. A uparAMta "jaya seminAtha" tema ja "bhagnapAdukA' paNa gujarAtanA rAjapUtayuganA ItihAsanI ghaTanAo para ja AdhArita navale, to "pRthivIvallabha" ane "bhagavAna kauTilya'mAM mALavA ane magadhanI ghaTanAonuM nirUpaNa che. vastudaSTie, gujarAtanA itihAsa para AdhArita kathAo eka jUtha banI rahe che, ane temAM paNa pATaNanI prabhutA", "gujarAtano nAtha" ane "rAjAdhirAja pUrvApara vastu-sAtatyane kAraNe eka mahAkathA banI jAya chekAraNa ke "pATaNanI prabhutA'mAM, jayasihadevanA rAjyArohaNanA prasaMgathI AraMbhAtI kathA, "gujarAtano nAthamAMnA rAjyanI sudaDhatAnI pravRttionA Alekhana pachI, "rAjAdhirAja'mAM jayasihadeva soraTha ane lATa para prabhutva meLavI rAjyavistAra sAthe rAjAdhirAjapada pAme che tyAM pUrI thAya che. ane e rIte bIjakSepathI kAryasiddhinA kAryAlekhamAM traNa sapAne rUpe barAbara goThavAI jAya che. pAtro, ghaTanAo vagerenAM paraspara saMbaMdha ane sAtatya ane kathAnA pUrNa rasAsvAdana mATe, traNe navalakathAo svataMtra rIte AsvAdya chatAM - pUrvApara ekamonA paricayanI sApekSatA A traNe kRtione eka mahAkathA rUpe sAMkaLavAmAM sahAyabhUta nIvaDe che. pATaNanI prabhutAthI A solaMkIgAthA balake jayadevakathAne AraMbha thAya che. rAjA karNadevanA avasAna vakhate, sagIra jayadevanA vAlIpaNA dvAra sattAne dera pitAnA hAthamAM levA mATenI vaDerAMonI kheMcatANanuM AmAM nirUpaNa che. e sattAsaMgharSanI kathA sAthe mInaLa-muMjAla, haMsA-devaprasAda ane tribhuvana-prasannanA

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pra. 4]. kanaiyAlAla munazI [ 167 vividha premasaMbaMdhanI snehakathA vaNAya che. Aga, dharmajhanUna, ghoDadoDa, khaTapaTarahanI sAmagrI kutUhalapreraka atiraMjanane saMbhAra pUro pADe che. | "gujarAtane nAthamAM A ja kathA, thoDoka gALA oLaMgIne, AgaLa vadhe che. vaDIlenA vaNachAmAM akaLAvA mAMDelA yuvAna jayasiMha ahIM svataMtra thavA mathatA jaNAya che, te muMjAlanI rAhabarI nIce gujarAtanuM rAjaya saMgaThita thatuM jaNAya che. pATaNanI rAjakathAnI daSTie A navalakathAnI mukhya ghaTanAo be - pATaNa para caDhI AvelA avaMtInA senApati ubaka sAthe saMjogavazAta saMdhi, ane pATaNanI bhiDAyelI sthitine lAga laI bhIMsa devA mAgatA saraThanA rA' navaghaNane parAjya. paraMtu, vArtArasadaSTie e samagra rAjakathAne gauNa banAve tevI te, e rAjakathAne ja anuSaMge upasthita thatI anya ghaTanAo che. ubaka sAthe Avela yuvAna yoddho kIti deva, navaghaNane guptacara tarIke "kRSNadevane nAme Avela tene kuMvara kheMgAra, ane tribhuvanapALe lATathI mokalela sainika kAkabhaTTa A ghaTanAvartuLAnA kendro che. rAjadvArI ghaTanA sAthenA saMbaMdhe, tema ja pratyekanI aMgata kathAonAM AgavAM kUMDALAMne kAraNe, A saunI paraspara saMbaMdhonI racAtI saMkula jaLa e ja A kathAne mukhya vistAra banI rahe che. rAjAdhirAjamAM, kathA utkaTa biMduethI have pariNAma tarapha UtaratI gati karatI jaNAya che. gujarAtane nAtha" ane "rAjAdhirAja'nA kathAprasaMgane samayagALo vadhAre che. racanAnI dRSTie paNa, "pATaNanI prabhutA" ane "gujarAtane nAtha" lagabhaga satata pravAhe racAyAM che. jyAre "rAjAdhirAja " te pachI kaMIka gALA vItye racAya che ane varace anya kRtio paNa racAya che. rAjAdhirAja' kathAnAM pAtra tema ja pravAha prauDha thAya che. jayasiMhadeva seraTha jItavA ane rANakane pAchI meLavavA seraThanA rA' kheMgAra para caDAI kare che, e prasaMge eka pAsa jayasiMhadevane te bIjI pAsa kheMgAranA rahasyamaya AmaMtraNathI bhagukacchane durgapAla kAka soraTha tarapha javA nIkaLe che tyAMthI kathAne AraMbha thAya che. seraThavijaya e mukhya vastu che, to kAkanI gerahAjarImAM bhagukacchamAM UThatuM, lATane svataMtra karavA mAgatA revApAlanuM baMDa e vastunuM bIju kendra che. be kendromAM vaheMcAyelI kathAmAM patharATa, varNanAtmakatA ane kathanaprAdhAnya vadhyuM che, nATayAtmaka prasaMgo ghaTe che, prasaMgavazAta nirUpaNarIti badalAI jaNAya che. kathAtrayIne samagrarUpe jevA jatAM, prathamamAM AraMbhanAM utsAha ane binaanubhavI adhIratA, bIjAmAM madhyanI utkaTatA ane AveganA uchALA ane

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168] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa trIjAmAM aMtanAM prauDhatva ane maMda gatizIla dhIratA varatAya e svAbhAvika che. pAtra-nirUpaNarIti ubhaya jANe pAkaTa thatAM, prauDha thatAM jAya che - kathAnI gati sAthe ubhayanI vadhatI vaya varatAya che. "pATaNanI prabhutA mAM sthaLa-kALanA maryAdita vyApamAM ghaNA prasaMge samAviSTa karyA che. traNa mukhya ghaTanAkendromAM banatI ghaTanAo ane temanI vaccenA saMbaMdho trikeNAtmaka AkRtiracanAno khyAla Ape che, ane ghaTanAo vacce saMbaMdha sajIva ne vikAsAtmaka hovAne badale saMkalanAtmaka ane eka ja bhUmikA para vistarelA paTa jevo lAge che. samayane TUMkA gALAmAM paNa gUMca paDe che, Ukale che, saMgharSo jAgatA jaNAya che ane samAdhAnamAM samAI jAya che, khAsa karIne - mInaLamuMjAlanA saMbaMdho ane vyaktigata mahattvAkAMkSAonI daSTie je nirNAyaka-viphATaka ghaDI Ave che ne UtarI jAya che e ghaDIne nirUpaNamAM AraMbhathI aMtanI gatimAM keTalAka vikAsa avazya pratIta thAya che. tema chatAM mukhyatve navalakathA samasAmayika ane paraspara gUMcavAyelI ghaTanAonA nATayAtmaka, kriyAtmaka ane A vegapradhAna saMkulane nirUpe che. gujarAtano nAtha'mAM vArtAne vyApa vadhe che. pATaNanA rAjAne mukhya kendramAM rAkhIne paNa anya aneka vaikalpika kendro temAM prayojayAM che ane e badhAM kendromAMthI nIpajatAM, ekabIjAne chedatAM, AnuSaMgika upakathAnakenAM viSayavartuLAthI samagra racanAkRti vadhu vaividhyapUrNa ane saMkula banI rahe che. pratyeka ghaTanAvartuLane mukhya kendra sAthe, uparAMta anya lagabhaga badhAM ja vartuLo sAthe susaMbaMdhita rAkhI, mukhya kathApravAhane sabhara tema ja upakAraka karavAmAM pragaTa thatuM kauzala munazInI kalAkAra-pratibhAnI siddhi che. atyaMta saMkula ane aTapaTA saMbaMdhajALayukta, rAjapUtayugIna mahAlaya jevA sthApatyanI racanApaddhatine prayoga ane temAM paNa kathA-kutuhala, kAryavega ane ghaTanApravAhane jaLavIne gUMthaNImAM nipajAvelI daDhabaMdhatA racanAsvarUpanI daSTie "gujarAtane nAthane ApaNI navalakathAnI svarUpasiddhinuM mahattvanuM sImAcihna puravAra kare che. "rAjAdhirAja'mAM Avege kaMIka ghaTe che, patharATa vadhatAM vega ocho thato lAge che, AgalI kRti karatAM nATyAtmakatA ahIM ochA prasaMgamAM varatAya che tethI, saMkalanAmAM zaithilya anubhavAya che. tema chatAM navalakathAmAM pUrata vega ane ghaTanAne mAM pUratI kutUhala ane vismayapreratA jALavI rAkhe che. A badhAmAM gujarAtane nAtha" saMkalanAdaSTie vadhu kuzaLatApUrvakanuM Ayojana ane guMphana pragaTa kare che. samagra pUrvakathAne vAraMvAra vAgoLIne ke tenA pUrvAzAne smRtimAM jAgrata rAkhIne karAtI racanA ja kaI paNa navalakathAmAM AvI ghaTanA ane pUrva para saMbaMdhane vaNATa sarjAvI zake. "pATaNanI prabhutAmAM paNa AvuM kauzalA

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. 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI [ 169 jovA maLe che. pATaNamAM pravezatAM ja devaprasAdane dekhAtI haMsAne ne te pachI AkhI vArtA daramyAna upayoga, "gujarAtano nAtha'mAM "sarasvatIne tIre thatI vAto ane vizaLadevane upayoga, kAka ane kRSNadevanA saMbaMdhane upayoga ke vimaLazAnA apAsarAne upayoga vagerene AnA samarthanamAM TAMkI zakAya. AmAM nATakakAranI kalAsUjhanI pratIti che. traNe navalomAM A nATayAtmakatA jaNAya che e emanI lAkSaNikatA che. pAtronAM varNana ane temanI keTalIka kriyAo-mudrAo va.nAM varNana, donI rajUAta, ane saMvAdo para raMgabhUmine ghaNe prabhAva varatAya che. munazInuM nirUpaNa mahadaMze kathanAtmaka nahi paNa dazyAtmaka che. citrAvalinI jema temanAM dazyo badalAya che. pATaNanI prabhutA'mAM kumAra tribhuvanapAla ane prasanna, mInaLa-muMjAla, morArapAla-prasannanAM dazyo, "gujarAtano nAtha'mAMnAM lohItarasyo mahAamAtya', kIrtideva ane muMjAla" jevAM aneka do ke "rAjAdhirAja'mAMnAM lIlAdevI ane muMjAlano meLApa", "rANakanI bhaviSyavANI" athavA "maMjarInuM mRtyu" jevAM daye raMgabhUmi para khUba ja saphaLatAthI prayojI zakAya. munazInI nATyavRttine unmeSa emanI pAtrasRSTimAM paNa jaNAya che. temanAM prabhAvazALI tejasvI ane mohaka pAtromAM temanI navalakathAonA AkarSaNanuM mukhya baLa rahyuM che. A navalakathAomAM emaNe surekha, sajIva, taravaratAM tejIlAM ane prabhAvazALI pAtronI eka sabhara sRSTi UbhI karI dIdhI che. emAM muMjAlamInaLa, kAka-maMjarI, kIrti deva, kRSNadeva, rANaka ane udA mahetA jevAM pAtro te gujarAtI sAhityasRSTimAM ciraMjIva banI gayAM che. pRthivIvalabha" : A ja gALAmAM, solaMkIgAthAnI racanAnI vacamAM, gujarAtane nAtha" pachI ane "rAjAdhirAja' pahelAM munazIe A kRti racI. "gujarAtane nAtha' pachI lagabhaga tarata ja racAyelI A navalakathAmAM "gujarAtano nAtha'nI nATyAtmaka zailI vizeSa rUpe pragaTa thaI che. "pRthivIvalabha dhArA nagarInA rAjA muMjanA, apAze aitihAsika ane mahadaMze anuzrutiprApta caritrane rajU kare che. rasika kavi ane vIra-vilAsI muMjanuM, tene hAthe aneka vAra parAjaya pAmelA tailapa dvArA, tenA sAmaMta bhillamarAjanI sahAyathI keda pakaDAvuM ane kedamAMthI chUTavAnA niSphaLa kAvatarAnI zikSA rUpe hAthIpage thavuM e mukhya ghaTanA. paNa e ghaTanAnA mALakhAmAM sAco rasasaMbhAra to bharAya che kedI muMjAla ane tailapanI kaThora vairAgyavatI ane sattAdhIza bahena mRNAlavatIne premaprasaMga. rasanidhi tarIke oLakhAtA bheja ane bhillamanI putrI ane tailapanA

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170 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ca'. 4 ( putra satyAzrayanI vAgdattA vilAsanI premakathA sahAyaka dAra pUrI pADe che. vistAramAM nAnI, paNa ghaTTa, ane ADakathA-upakathAenAM jALAMne abhAve echI saMkula hAI sIdhI vegavAnagativALI A kathA nATayAtmaka nirUpaNane uttama namUne che. savAdAtmaka ane dasyapradhAna nATyAtmaka zailIne kAraNe navalakathAnuM vAcana kathAvAcananA nahi paNa nATayavAcanane vadhu anubhava karAve che. eTale, bahu ja ochA pheraphArAthI pRthivIvallabha'nuM saphaLa nATayarUpAMtara ane citrapaTakathA rUpa banI zakayuM che te hakIkata AzcaryakAraka nathI rahetI. sAlakI-trayInAM mInaLa-mu MjAlanI jema, ' pRthivIvallabha'nAM mu Mja ane mRNAla munazInAM uttama pAtrasa neAmAM sthAna pAme tevAM che. mugdha praNayanI karuNAntikA jevAM rasanidhi-vilAsa ('pRthivIvallabha') ane kRSNadeva-seAma ('gujarAtaneA nAtha')nAM kathAnAmAM paNa vastu, pAtro, nirUpaNu, ghaTanAo vageremAM ghaNuM sAmya varatAze. AvAM mugdha premanAM, munazIe AlekhelAM anya citromAM, tribhuvana-prasanna('pATaNanI prabhutA')nuM citra mastIkhAra tAphAnI vRttine kAraNe tA 'vAhaDa-samaratha'nuM vyaMgyacitrAtmaka nirUpaNane kAraNe judAM paDe che. paraMtu paurANika nATako'mAMnA 'ta'nAM suvarNA ane sagaranI karuNAnta snehakathA kRSNadeva-sAma ane rasanidhi-vilAsanI kathAnI sAthe huM ja sAmya dharAvatI jaNAze. A traNe kathAnAmAM, mugdhaprema uparAMta, paristhitinI rahasyamayatA, saMbadhanI guptatA, nAyakanuM duzmana dezamAM ajJAtarUpe hAvuM, nAyakanAyikAnA pakSA vacce varasaMbadha, ane a Mte rAja-kalahanI vedInA verAgnimAM nirdoSa premamugdha nAyikAnAM svajanane ja hAthe eka yA khIA kAraNe balidAna . . . A badhA samAnAMzA munazIe eka ja kathAnakane prasa MgeprasaMge vividharUpe karelA prayAga sUcave che. yuddhadevanI Ahutie banatI kumArikAnuM A kathAnaka phiniyA'nI kathAnuM smaraNa na karAve ?...... ane mAtra mugdhapremanA ja kathAnakanI maryAdAmAM na rahIe te), munazIe AlekhelAM haMsA, maMjarI, rANaka ane caulAnAM vividhasvarUpa 'balidAne'ne paNa A yAdImAM na umerI zakAya? bhagavAna kauTilya : rAdhirAja' pachI cheka 1940mAM, munazI gujarAtanA itihAsanAM pAnAM ukheLe che ane ' jaya sAmanAtha' racAya che, te daramyAnanA gALAmAM temanI pAsethI ApaNane A eka ja aitihAsika navalakathA maLe che. seAlakAgAthAmAM itihAsa sAthe prabadhA rAsAe leAkapracalita kathAnA gheALAyalAM che, ' pRthivIvallabha'mAM itihAsa karatAM anuzruti ane anya sAmagrI ja pradhAna che, tA 'bhagavAna kauTilya'mAM tA munazI ApaNane cheka itihAsanA uSaHkALamAM laI jAya che, purANu ane itihAsanA sadhiyugamAM praveze che. kharekhara tA itihAsanI ArabharekhA pAse ja jANe A navalakathA aTake che. . ' :

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pra. 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI [ 171. brAhmaNazI, Arya-vacchedaka naMdenA umUlana ane caMdragupta mauryanI rAjapratiSThA mATe rAjyaparivartananA bhagavAna kauTilya - eTale ke AcArya viSNugupta cANakyanA pracaMDa udyamano prathamAdhyAya A navalakathAmAM nirUpAye che.. "mudrArAkSasa jevI kRtio dvArA lekaparicita, arthazAstranA racayitA mutsaddI ane maharSi kauTilyanI je vyaktitvamudrA te ja A navalakathAmAM paNa prabhAva kendra che. vastu tema ja tadanusAra nirUpaNarItinI daSTie A navalakathA spaSTa. rIte pUrvAdha ane uttarArdhamAM vaheMcAI gaI che. pUrvArdhamAM naMda dvArA apamAnita AcArya viSNuguptanI, pATaliputrane khaLabhaLAvatI rAjyakrAntilakSI pravRttio pradhAna che, te uttarArdhamAM purANaparicita naimiSAraNyanuM vAtAvaraNa ane bhagavAna veda vyAsanA puNyaprabhAvathI prerita paurANika RSi-saMskRtinuM nirUpaNa mahattva dharAve che. A vastupherane kAraNe ja navalakathAnA pUrvArdhamAM citrAtmaka, ghaTanApradhAna ane nATayAtmaka rItinuM nirUpaNa vizeSa che te uttarArdhamAM varNanapradhAna rItine vadhu upayoga jaNAya che. | mukhya vastunA vikAsanI dRSTie avalokatAM, A navalakathA daramyAna, naMdenI sAme vAtAvaraNa khaLabhaLavA lAge che ane caMdragupta kedamAMthI nAse che. eTaluM ja siddha thAya che, ane kauTilyanA vyaktitva ane prabhAvanuM prAgaTaya ane tene paricaya ja mahattvanAM banI rahe che. AthI, A vastune lagatA etihAsika prakaraNanI apekSAe caMdraguptanI rAjaprApti vagere te hajI bAkI ja rahe che. eTale samagra navalakathA sarvathA AsvAdya evo svataMtra ekama banI rahe tevI kRti hovA chatAM, solaMkIgAthAnI jema kauTilyakathA eka navalaNane jANe pUrvaraMga ja hoya tema anya anugAmI navalakathAonI apekSA janmAve che, ane munazIe pote ja kahyuM che tema temanI paNa yojanA te evI ja che. paNa, e. janA sAkAra thaI nathI ane kathAzreNInI ApaNI apekSA apUrNa ja rahI che te hakIkata che. A navalakathA pachI lagabhaga doDha dAyakA sudhI, munazIe anya. aitihAsika navalakathA ApI nathI. te daSTie "bhagavAna kauTilya' eka dIrdhavirAma banI jAya che. 1940mAM pharIthI munazI etihAsika kathA mAMDe che ne pharIthI solaMkI-yugane saMkare che - A vakhate jayasiMha-kathAnIya pUrvanA prakaraNane jaya seminAtha'mAM. jaya somanAtha : jaya somanAthane ghere, saMrakSaNa ane vidhvaMsanI. A kathAne bhIma bANAvaLI ane svapnazIla devanartakI cIlAnI premakathA sAthe. vaNIne, tathA ghoghAbApAnuM kathAnaka, sajajana sAmaMtanAM parAkramo, tripurasuMdarInI. pUjA ane zivarAzInI pravRttio vagerethI puSTa karIne munazIe saMkula thAsaMye--

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'172] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 jana nipAvyuM che. Ama te vArtA che bhImadevanI, paNa rasanuM kendra to che bhaktibhAvadhelI svapnazIla mugdhayauvanA caulA. enI nirdoSa mugdhatA, akalaMka cArutA ane bhAvasabhara svanadazitA, A anyathA "yuddhasya kathAne mArdava, mAdhurya ane bhAvanAmayatAthI bharI de che. enI zivaghelachA, pArthivatAnI kaThaNa bhUmimAM apArthivatAnI manohara chAyA prasarAve che. paNa sauthI vadhu te, somanAthanA vaMsa pachI, uttarArdhamAM nirUpita bhAvanAbhagna bhAvazUnya evI e nizcaMnta nArInI, enA bhagavAnanI punaHsthApanAnA muhUrtanI rAha joto, ane ema AtmavilopananI aMtima kSaNanI pratIkSA karatI karuNamUrtinuM Alekhana A navalakathAne aMte je gherA viSAdane anubhava karAve che te kadAca A navalakathAmAM -munazInI kalAnuM sarvocca sarjana che. munazIe "veranI vasUlAta'mAM tanamananuM ane "pATaNanI prabhutA'mAM haMsAnuM mRtyu AlekhyAM che. kalAdaSTie prazaMsanIya gaNAya evuM, "gujarAtano nAtha'mAM maMjarInA mRtyunuM Alekhana thayuM che. satI thatI rANakanuM citra to sAmAnya mAnuSI saMvedanAthI para thaI adbhutamAM pariName che. paraMtu caulAnA aMtima samarpaNanA dazyanI gaMbhIra karuNatAnuM Alekhana asAdhAraNa anubhavanuM kAraNa nIvaDe che. enI vizeSatA te e che ke e dazyanI karuNatA caulAnA mRtyumAM nathI, mRtyumAM to eka dIrdha karuNatAnI mUgI nigUDha vedanAnI pUrNAhuti che. karuNatA to che somanAthanA darvasathI svanabhagna, ane bhImadevamAM dIThelA devAMzI vyaktitvanI bhrAntinA nirasanathI hataEURdaya caulAnI mUka mane vedanAmAM. somanAthanA vaMsa karatAM A vaMsa adhaka karuNa che, somanAthanA mahAlayanA khaMDera karatAM A khaMDera vadhu vyathA upajAve tevuM che, ne bhAvanAbhagna A mUti sAthe, evA ja sarvasvazanya ne vIratvanA preta samA sAmaMtane avyakta snehapUrNa sathavAro e karuNatAne adhika ghUMTe che, gherI banAve che. ekamekane AdhAre jIvatAM zraddhA ane zauryanAM A khaMDerenuM Alekhana munazInI sarjanapratibhAnAM uttama nirmANa che. te A kathAne, zivane khoLe zamI jatI caulA ane dizAvihIna vizvanI anaMtatAmAM aANa ogaLI jata sAmaMta .... e citra karatAM bIje kayo ucita aMta hoI zake ?.... munazIe A pitAnI lagabhaga badhI ja navalakathAomAM mukhyatve vyaktivizenA prabhAvasaMghaSI AlekhyA che. tenA kendramAM rahela prabhAvAkAMkSAthI A kathAo mahadaMze vyaktionI kathAo banI rahe che. vyApaka sAmAjika pariveSa, sAMskRtika saMdarbha vagerene temAM jhAjhe avakAza hetuM nathI. mAtra "bhagavAna kauTilya'mAM tatkAlIna sAMskRtika saMdarbhane kaMIka sUcavavA prayatna thayo che, paNa

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pra. 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI [ 173 te kRtimAM paNa mahAmAnava cANakayanI upasthiti sanirNAyaka prabhAva banI rahe che. AnA saMdarbhamAM vicAratAM 'jaya seAmanAtha'viziSTa kRti jaNAze. temAM sa prabhAvaka mahAmAnava nathI ke mahattvAkAMkSIonA mahattAsaMdha nathI, A kRtinu kendra che. bhagavAna sAmanAtha ! bhagavAna sAmanAtha paNa ahIM eka deva-devaLa ke tIrtha sthaLa nahi paNa badhA rajapUtAne eka karatuM bhAvanAtmaka preraka pratIka banI rahe che, barbharatAnuM AkramaNu jhIlatuM saMskRtikendra thaI rahe che, AthI samagra saMgharSane, vyApaka saMdarbhomAM nave| ja arthavistAra navuM ja parimANu lAdhe che. AvA 'pratIka'vikAsa temanI A agAunI navalakathAomAM maLavA muzkela che. 'jaya sAmanAtha' A dRSTie paNa noMdhapAtra che. saMdharSanI vyApakatA sAthe nirUpita sRSTi paNa vyApaka bane che. pariNAme, 'jaya sAmanAtha'mAM lagabhaga prathama vAra ApaNune munazI dvArA vizALa phalaka para AlekhAyelAM vanacitrA prApta thAya. che, ane raNu ane AMdhI' jevAM varSoMnAmAM prathama vAra temanuM gadya kathana-ane nATaca--mAMthI kAvyAtmaka thatuM jaNAya che. -- nATayAtmakatA echI chatAM, pAtrA paNa nATakI 2MgaDhaMga ne chaTAthI na. AlekhAyAM heAI, AchAM nATaka, AchAM ADaMbarI ane vadhu savedanazIla ane mAnavIya banatAM jaNAya che. munazInI, anya navalakathAomAMnI nATacA maka prayuktio, ane kautukamaya tarakIkhAnI, rUpAMtare punarAvartita paNa thatI lAgatI atiraMjana sAmagrIneA hudaze. abhAva paNa 'jaya sAmanAtha'ne, te munazInI. vaiyaktika lAkSaNikatAo ane rItivaiziSTayathI vacita nahi chatAM, temanI A pahelAMnI aitihAsika navalakathAonI sarakhAmaNImAM, kaMIka judA ja anubhava karAve che. DayUmAne prabhAva, je 'bhagavAna kauTilya' sudhImAM ghaNA AsarI gayele jaNAya che, te 'jaya sAmanAtha'mAM lagabhaga niHzeSa thaI jatA lAge che, ane tethI nirUpaNarIti, kathAsaMgaThana tema ja samagra AkRtinirmANa ane abhigamamAM, jaya seAmanAtha'mAM munazInuM sa ka tarIkenuM vyaktitva vadhu svataMtra rUpe pragaTatu varatAya che. 'bhagnapAdukA' : jaya sAmanAtha' pachI pharIthI aitihAsika navalakathAnA AlekhanamAM, munazI dIrdha virAma vistAre che, ane cheka 1955mAM eka guragAthA Alekhe che. alAuddIna khIlajInA vidhvaMsaka AkramaNathI unmUlita thaI asta pAmatA gujarAtanA rajapUtayuganA aMtima adhyAyanI A kathA, alAuddInanA itihAsavikhyAta gulAma-saradAra maleka kAkura, ane AkramaNanA pracaMDa vaTALa sAme gujarAtane TakAvavA mathatA khADA mahArAja va. pAtrAne kendramAM rAkhIne racAI

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-174 ] gujarAtI sAhityano itihAsa [ca'. 4 che. kapuriyA -- kAphuranuM caritra, khADA mahArAjanuM pAtra, va. munazInI AlekhanazaktinA paricaya karAve tevAM che, ane yuddo-sa MgharSonAM varNana, pAtrAnI vilakSaNa pUrva rIMga-kathAe va.nI sAmagrI munazIne hastagata che, chatAM, temanA sarjaka tarIkenA unmeSanI nahi paNa avazeSanI sarata lAgatI A kRti, pAtramukhe vArtA kahAvavAnI navI yuktinA upayoga chatAM, kalAkRti tarIke, lekhakanI anya kRtione mukAbale nabaLI lAge che. tema chatAM e avazeSa paNa asAdhAraNa mahAlayanA che eTalI pratIti te e jarUra karAve che. anya keTalIka bAbate paNa A navalakathA neoMdhapAtra banI rahe che. munazInI A chellI atihAsika navalakathAnuM vastu gujarAtanI pahelI gaNAtI navalakathA 'karaNaghelA'nuM ja che. vaLI, A paNa Ama tA seAlakagAthA ja che, paNa jyAre jayasiMha-trayImAM gujarAtanA gauravayuganI utsAhapUrNa udayakathA che, ane "jaya sAmanAtha'mAM pUrvanA parAjayacitrane uttarAnI punaHpratiSThAnuM AzvAsaka AcchAdana che, tyAre 'bhagnapAdukA' tA e suvarNayuganI saMdhyAnI karuNukathA che. gauravakhaMDananA e viSAda ane enI akaLAmaNu bhADA mahArAjamAM mUrta thayAM che. 'pATaNanI prabhutA'thI 'bhagnapAdukA'nI sanarekhA munazInA sAlakIgAthAnirUpaNunA eka Alekha AMkI Ape che. teA sAthe sAthe, temanA aitihAsika navalakathAkAra tarIkenA vikAsane paNa Alekha darzAve che. taduparAMta, samAnavastunirUpaNane kAraNe tulanAtmaka abhyAsanI taka ApatA, 'karaNaghelA'thI 'bhagnapAdukA'tA eka Alekha e be sImAcihno vacce sUcaka rIte dorAI rahe che. vacce gujarAtI navalakathAnA eka vistAra samAyelA che. e vistAra 'gAMdhIyuga' sAthe ekarUpa che ne chatAM sAhityaviSayaka gAMdhIvicArathI bhinna praNAlikA darzAvatA che te paNa noMdhapAtra che. thamAnA prabhAva : munazInI aitihAsika navalakathAnA saMdarbhamAM e agatyanI bAbatA carcavI jarUrI gaNAya H A navalakathAemAM DayUmAne prabhAva, ane A navalakathAenA saMdarbhamAM, aitihAsika navalakathAnI 'aitihAsikatA'nA prazna munazInI A navalakathAmAM eNlekajhAMDara DaDyUmAnI navalakathAone prabhAva spaSTa che. ApaNA vivecanakSetre te bAbata vigate tutecInI thaI cUkI che. paraMtu, prazna eTalethI ja aTakAvavai| cita nathI. munazIe navalakathAnA Adarza tarIke DathamAnI kRtine svIkArI che, ane peAtAnI kRtionI racanAmAM, vizeSataH - veranI vasulAta', 'pATaNanI prabhutA' ane 'gujarAtane nAtha'mAM DayUmAmAMthI temaNe ghaNuM svIkAyuM che, ne ghaNAMnuM anusarjana-anusaraNa karyuM che. e hakIkata chatAM,

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*. 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI [ 175 prazna samaprakRtinA ApaNA anubhavane che. munazInI kRtie vAMcatAM jo ApaNane te parAI lAge athavA tA temAMnA khaDA utkRta lAge teA te maryAdA. jo samagra racanA etaddezIya vAtAvaraNamAM pUrNa aucityapUrvaka gAThavAI hAya, jo uddhRta aMzA, anukaraNa ke anusaraNu parAyApaNAne tyajIne ApaNupaNAne pAmyuM hAya, jo kuzaLa sa`zeAkeA jayAM sudhI zeAdhI sarakhAvIne puravAra na karI Ape tyAM sudhI gujarAtI vAcakane emAM kazuM parAyApaNuM na anubhavAya -- balake te pachI paNa te kRtionA AsvAdanamAM vikSepa na Ave tA te 'prabhAva'ne maryAdA gaNavA ke kema ? tene 'uDAMtarI' gaNavI ke AhArya vastuviniyoga gaNavA? sAhityamA, ghaNuM badhuM jema jIvana ane jagatamAMthI tema anya ke pUrva sAhityamAMthI paNa sAmagrIrUpe, Ahata thatuM rahyuM che kacAMka sAmagrIrUpe, kathAMka smRtisaMskAra rUpe, kacAMka prabhAvarUpe ne te ja rIte sAhityamAMthI preraNA ane prabhAva paNa prApta thatAM ja rahyAM che, je kayAMka anukaraNarUpe, kayAMka anusarjana rUpe, kacAMka puna:sarjana rUpe ke kayAMka anusaraNarUpe pragaTatAM jaNAya che. - vArtAkaLAmAM, munazIne Adarzo ane vastu ne kAreka vigatA paNa DathamAmAMthI maLyAM che. paraMtu te vastusAmagrIne etaddezIyatAmAM palaTAvIne, navA saMkalanamAM 'nahi sAMdhA nahi reNu' evI rIte Ameja karIne, e rItinA khyAlane anusaravAmAM pazu AchI sarjaka-pratibhAnI apekSA nathI. arvAcIna sAhityamAM lagabhaga pratyeka prakAra yuropIya sAhityanA prabhAva nIce ja pragaTatA rahyo che. AvI bhUmikAe, AyAta-tattva sa MpUrNataH egaLI na jAya ane AyAta AtmasAt thaI ApaNA ja unmeSarUpe pragaTatuM na thAya ~~ TUMkamAM 'AyAta' AtmasAt thaIne etaddezIya na anI jAya tyAM sudhI vAravAra temAM taradezIyatAnA saMskArA, te anusaraNaanukaraNa ke Ahata sAmagrInA aNusAra jaNAvAnA ja. navalakathA, navalikA, nATakA, UrmikAvya vagere sarvakSetre Ama ja jaNAya che. munazImAM, sa MzAdhana karatAM A preraNAprabhAva, ane sAmagrI-saMskArA mahada Mze asarakAraka ane Ahata jaNAya che, paraMtu te saune ekatra karI navA AkAramAM DhALavAnI punaHTanaprakriyA ane tenuM navA ja etaddezIya paryAyamAM svarUpAMtara karavAnI prakriyAmAM munazInuM sarjakatva sakriya thayeluM jaNAze. rUpAMtara kauzala ja mAge che, svarUpAMtara sakatAnI apekSA rAkhe che. navA cIlA zeAdhanAra mAdakanI sahAyathI keTalAka paMtha kApe tevI A pravRtti che. munazI mAM DayUmAnA prabhAva veranI vasUlAta' ane 'pATaNanI prabhutA' tathA 'gujarAtaneA nAtha'mAM kalama siddha thatAM 'rAdhirAja'mAM DayUmArItinuM anusaraNu ochuM thayuM jaNAya che para Mtu tenA sIdhA prabhAvathI te saMpUrNa mukta

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gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa 176 ] nathI. munazIne, aitihAsika 'jaya seAmanAtha'mAM, gaMbhIra avAMtara sthiti che. [4. 4 navalakathAmAM evuM pUrNa nijatva prApta thAya che svarUpe. 'pRthivIvallabha' ane 'bhagavAna kauTilya'mAM A daSTibiMdune kAraNe munazInuM DamA pratyenu RNu echuM thatuM nathI, paNa sAthe, tethI, munazInA sarjakatvane paNa echuM na AMkI zakAya anyanI AkarSIka sAmagrIne Ameja karavI ke saphaLa rItine anusaravI AsAna nathI, ane te sAthe AraMbhanA anusaraNa pachI, prabhAvakathI mukta thaI, svata Mtra svatva prApta na kare te! te sa MkatA sadAnI parAzrita ane pAMgaLI gaNAya. munazInI kRtiemAMnA DathamAnA prabhAva A dRSTie vicArave| ghaTe. aitihAsikatAne prazna H aitihAsika navalakathAnI atihAsika'tAne prazna paNa itihAsa ane kalAnI aspaSTa sImArekhAne sparzatA ane tethI sa'digdhatAthI gU`cavAyelA che. munazInI aitihAsika navalakathAmAM itihAsanA dhvaMsa thayA che, ema itihAsana vivecakAe puravAra karyuM che, teA pAte itihAsa nahi, kalAkRti saje che ane tethI sakanuM svAtaMtrya bhAgavavAnA peAtAnA adhikAra che tema munazInuM mAnavuM che. aitihAsika navalakathAmAM itihAsa bhUmikA ane sAmagrI tarIke svIkArAyA che eTale aitihAsika tathyAnI jALavaNI navalakathAkAranI svayaM svIkRta maryAdA banI jAya che. te sAthe kevaLa itihAsane ja jALavIne temAM kazAya tiraskArapuraskAra karyA vagara kalAkRti na ja racI zakAya te vAta paNa eTalI ja sAcI che. eTale prazna pheraphArA kayA, kevA ane keTalA pramANamAM karavAmAM Ave che tene ja banI jAya che. TUMkamAM, te aucitya-vivekanA prazna thaI jAya che. A praznane paNa bhAvakanI dRSTie vicAravA jevA kharA. jema DayUmA vAMcanArane, munazInI vArtAemAM TheraThera yamAnA ze! jaNAyA karaze ane tethI navalakathAne 'munazInI'. kRti tarIke AsvAdavAmAM bAdhA thaze, tema tihAsajJane paNa munazInI aitihAsika kRti vAMcatAM (ane A ja vAta temanI paurANika kRtine paNa lAgu paDaze) temAMnA itihAsavsa kaDhavAnA ja. paraMtu jema DayUmA na vAMcanAra, athavA vAMcyA hAya tAya munazInI kRtinA vAcana prasaMge tene na maranAra vAcakane, taviSayaka bAdhA naDatI nathI, tema itihAsa-ajJa athavA itihAsa-vismRta vAcakane temAMnA itihAsaUMsa paNa kaThavAne nahIM ! ravIndranAthe dhyAna doryuM che tema, vAcakanA mananI saMskArabhUmikAnI dRSTie A bAbata vicAravI joIe. pratyeka vAcakanI maneAbhUmikAmAM saMskRti, purANa, itihAsa viSayaka keTalAka sa`sAmAnya, samagra prajAkIya mAnyatA rUpe keTalAka saskAra

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zra* 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI [ 177 paDelA heAya che. jyAre kAI paNa kRtimAMnuM nirUpaNa A saMskArone AdhAta Ape che tyAre mana te nirUpaNu svIkAravAne pratikAra kare che ene pariNAme tenI ane kRtinI vacce rasAsvAdana mATe anivArya evuM anusaMdhAna thatuM nathI. A saMdarbhamAM, 'itihAsa'eTale jhINavaTabharyA saMzAdhanamAM rAcatA itihAsavidenA pratyeka sazeAdhane sazASita thatA itihAsa nahi paNa prajAnA manamAM sa`skArarUpe paDelA itihAsa, jemAM leAkakathAo, daMtakathAo vagerenuM mizraNa heAya che, jemAM itihAsanA zAstrIya saMzAdhananA pariNAmarUpa tathyanuM ajJAna ane aneka binaaitihAsika athavA aaitihAsika paraMparAprApta sAmagrInI bheLaseLa heAya che. munazInI navalakathA vAcakAnI manebhUmikAmAM paDelA A 'itihAsa' sAthe anusaMdhAna kare che, teA A mAnasane te keTalI AghAtaka nIvaDI haze ? je kALamAM munazInI aitihAsika navalakathAe pragaTa ane prakhyAta thaI te kALane vicAra karatAM te vAcakeA 'itihAsa'nI bhUmikA sAthe munazIne vAMcatA hatA ema kahevAne badale, munazInI vArtAomAMthI 'itihAsa' racatA hatA ema kahevu vadhAre yeAgya gaNAze. kAraNa ke 'gujarAtanI asmitA'ne gujarAtanA leAkamAnasamAM jagADavAmAM munazInA phALA nAnersane nathI, ane e jagADavAmAM zAstrIya rIte saMzAdhita itihAsanAM tathyA nahi paNa rAsamALA' ane munazInI navalakathA vadhu prabhAvaka gaNAya. hajIya munazInA mugdha vAcAne muMjAla, udayana ane kAkanI bAbatamAM aitihAsika tathyA gaLe utAravAM muzkela che. alabatta hakIkata che ke munazIe itihAsanuM anusaraNa karatAM khaMDana karI peAtAnI rIte 'sarjana' karyu che, paraMtu temanI sarjakatAe e maryAdAne kaThavA dIdhI nathI ! aMte teA, munazInI kRti, aitihAsika kahIe, itihAsAbhAsI kahIe, sanAtmaka kRtio che. upAdAnarUpa tathyanI vizvasanIyatA karatAM kalAkRtinI rasapradatAmAM ja tene aMtima nirNaya che. itihAsa uvekhAyA che, paNa vArtAo sarjAI che. A ane AvA anekavidha prazno - vAstavikatA, aucitya, adbhutanA Alekhana vagerenA -- munazInI aitihAsika-paurANika kRtiomAMthI upasthita thAya che. tyAM kaseATI aucitya ane bhAvananI ja heAI zake! a Mte, pratyeka kaLAkArane bhAvaka pAsethI eka apekSA tA rahe che ja -- sva - svaicchika sa`zayavirati ! (Willing suspension of disbelief) jeTale aMze bhAvaka AmAM udAra thaI zake teTalI tene bAdhA ochI thavAnI. vAya-vAcake AmAM bhedarekhAo badalAtI ja rahevAnI. gu. sA. 12

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178] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ .4 paNika navalakathAo | munazI kahe che tema temane veda-purANakALane nirUpa hata eka mahAnATaka svarUpe-eka saMskRtikathA racavI hatI. paNa nATakanuM svarUpa gujarAtI prajAne (ane kadAca A prakAranAM nirUpaNe mATe lekhakane paNa !) anukULa na lAgatAM, temaNe navalakathAo lakhI. paurANika nATake, lopAmudrA khaMDa 2-3-4-e nATake A mahAnATakanA ja khaMDo che. "lopAmudrA khaMDa 1 (1933) nAnakaDI navalakathA rUpe racAyo - balake navalakathAnA eka khaMDa tarIke - bAkInI vArtA nATamAM. vasiSTha, vizvAmitra, jamadagni va. bALake che tyAMthI AraMbhAtI e kathA vizvaratha RSi vizvAmitra bane che tyAM sudhI jAya che. purANaprasiddha vasiSTha-vizvAmitrane siddhAMtavirodha ahIMthI pragaTa thAya che, zaMbarakanyAnI svIkRti, le pAmudrA-agatya saMbaMdha, va. A kathAnAM mukhya prakaraNo banI rahe che, te zunaHzepanA kathAnakane kalpanA dvArA navuM parimANa apAyuM che. maharSiNI ane bhagavAna parazurAmamAM jANe A ja kathApravAha AgaLa cAle che, ne mahAbhAratanA yuddha pahelAMnA mahAyuddha - dAdarAyuddha tathA sahastrArjuna saMhAra sudhI e vistare che. "le maharSiNImAM lemA ane rAmanA kaumArakALanI ane "bhagavAna parazurAmamAM temanA yauvanakALanI kathA che, paraMtu rAmanAM parAkramo jotAM te te atyaMta pukhta lAge ! "paurANika nATaka'mAM cyavana, aurva, uzanas ane A kathAomAM parazurAma... bhRguonI A gauravagAthA che- munazInI pitRone e aMjali ! paraMtu munazInI kalpanAnA mahAmAnavane je pUrNapaNe sAkAra karI zake che te te che zrIkRSNa. jIvananA aMtima adhyAyamAM munazI "kRSNAvatAramAM zrIkRSNanI kathA mAMDe che. kyAreka bhakti kyAreka Adara, kyAreka avatAra kyAreka mutsaddI mAnavanuM Alekhana, ema raMgo badalI, zrIkRSNane ArAdhavAne ane "manuSya" tarIke oLakhavAno bevaDo prayatna karatI A navalakathA zrIkRSNane bhaktipUrvaka chatAM viziSTa dRSTikoNathI rajU karavAne prayatna che. munazInA jIvanane tema sarjakatAne ahIM uttarAvasthA varatAya che. UtaratI saMdhyAnA aNasAra pArakhI zakAya che. paNa Athamato toya sUrya tema uttarAvasthAnuM Alekhana toya munazInuM ! AraMbhanI kalpanAzIlatA ane madhyanI prauDhatA nahi, a-pUrvatAno AvirbhAva nahi, chatAM pAtro-prasaMge-vaNane AlekhavAne TevAI gayelI kalamamAMthI amatho lasarake nIkaLe toya te rekhAMkana banI jAya tevuM "kRSNAvatAramAM bane che. ATha bhAgeya, munazInA

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.. 4] kanaiyAlAla sunazI [179 dehavilaya sAthe A adhUrI rahelI navalakathA, jo graMthapAlA kahe ke varSanuM sauthI vadhu vaMcAtuM pustaka che, tA temAM jeTalA munazInI klamane teTalA ja kadAca zrIkRSNanA pAtranA sanAtana AkaNuneAya phALA haze. munazIe temanI aitihAsika ane paurANika navalakathAomAM je vastu-pasaMdagI karI che tene krama jotAM, keTaleka aMze te kALamAM jANe pAche pagale gati karatA jAya che--vamAnathI vadhu ne vadhu dUra jatA lAge che te kharuM. vartamAnane suspaSTa rekhAbaddha vAstavikatA naDe, itihAsa-kathAneya 'aitihAsika vAstava'nI maryAdAo naDe. 'paurANika kALa' eTale ke vedakALa sudhI laMbAtA prAgaitihAsika kALa eTalA ajJAta ane aspaSTa che, tenI AdimatA, paurANika kalpanA, kAladUratvane kAraNe tenuM varatAtuM eka prakAranuM alaukika svarUpa, raMgadarzitAadbhutatA, a-pArthivatA ane avAstavanA Alekhana mATe anukULa bhUmikA banI rahe che, ane munazInI kalpanAnA kautukarAgI svabhAvane e vadhu anukULa che te paNu kharuM. paraMtu munazInA paurANika viSayA pratyenA AkarSaNamAM e ja ekamAtra kAraNa na gaNI zakAya. munazInAM e nATaka-navalakathAo vAMcatAM tema ja itihAsAkriviSayaka temanAM anya lakhANeA ane bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, seAmanAthanuM punanirmANu vagerene lagatI temanI pravRttie jotAM jaNAze ke prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRtinu` temane jabaruM AkarSaNa che. te samayanI gAthAone kalpanAnI sahAyathI punarjAgrata karavI, te kALanI mahAna vibhUtione sava karavI, e sAMskRtika mUlyonuM punarujjIvana karavAnI munazInI adamya AkAMkSA temanA jIvananI anekavidha pravRttio pAchaLanI preraNA tarIke kAma karatI dekhAze. zaizavamAM, bhArgavakulAvata sa tarIke prApta karelA saMskArAnu... e pariNAma che, tA gaI sadInA uttarArdha ane A sadInA pUrvArdha daramyAna bhAratamAM ane gujarAtamAM pragaTelI rASTrIyatAnA eka AvirbhAva tarIke pragaTa thayelI sAMskRtika punarujIvananI bhAvanA paNa emAM kAraNabhUta che. sAMskRtika punarujjIvana pragaTAvavA mathatA sarjIne ekasAthe e hetu siddha karavAnA heAya che. eka pAsa prAcIna sauMskRtinAM tattvanA punaHpragaTIkaraNa dvArA rASTrIyatAne svadezanI sAMskRtika asmitAne jAgrata karavAnI ane puSTa karavAnI hAya che. prajAmAM te dvArA AtmabhAna ane AtmAbhimAna ja nahi paNa paiAtApaNuM pragaTAvavAnuM hAya che-tene nijI sAMskRtika vyaktitva ApavAnuM hAya che, tA khIjI bAju, prAcInanuM punaHzASana ane punaHmUlyAMkana karI, temAM je kAlagrasta che tene TALA, sanAtanane udghArI, tene arvAcIna saMdarbhamAM prastuta

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180] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (relevant) karavAnuM hoya che. A prastutatA na pragaTe te e samagra pravRtti kevaLa atItagauravanI abhimAnagAthA ja banI rahe che, paraMtu te sAthe, arvAcInatAnA saMdarbhamAM atItane goThavavA jatAM te saMskRtinI akhaMDa paraMparAgata vyaktitva-viziSTatAne paNa jALavavAnI hoya che. tema na thAya te punarujajIvana nahi mAtra parivartana ja rahe che. prAcIna pratyenA Adara vagara tenuM gaurava jaLavAya nahi, te arvAcInane AvakAravAnI taiyArI na hoya te kevaLa rUDhicustatA ja bAkI rahe ! e ke pakSe paluM adhikatara na DhaLe tema ubhayanuM samatolana emAM ja punarjIvanarata kalAkAranI kasoTI che. munazInI paNa e ja kaseTI che temanI paurANika racanAomAM. pariNAmane AMka to kRtie kRtie judA judo ja hoya. bhAratanA -ane gujarAtanA - "bhavya bhUtakALa" pratye temane Adara ane AkarSaNa hoI tenA te prazaMsaka ugAtA che. prAcInamAMya bhRguo pratye, ane pachI kRSNa pratye te "aDhaLaka DhaLe teya samajI zakAya tema che. munazInI kRtionA racanAkALa daramyAnanI rASTrajIvananI AvazyakatAo vicAratAM, prajAne pitAnA dezanuM - potAnI saMskRtinuM bhavya darzana thAya, te mATe gaurava jAge, prajAne - hINapata anubhavAtI Adhunika yuropIyatAnI asara osare ne prajAnuM svatva - prajAnI asmitA jAge te rASTrIyatAne jagADavA ne puSTa karavA mATe Avazyaka hatAM ja. ane munazInI kRtioe pitAnA prabhAva dvArA evI asara keTalAka varga para karI che paNa kharI. eTale e rIte sAMprata sAthe tene prastuta karavAmAM paNa munazIne prayatna ucita gaNAya. bIjI bAju, arvAcIna-saMzodhanAtmaka ane buddhipradhAna yugane anurUpa, tathA sudhArakavRttine anukULa evuM nirUpaNa ja paurANika viSayane laIne paNa thAya tenI paNa te kALajI rAkhatA jaNAya che. atIta "AjanA saMdarbhamAM ja sArthaka bane.-ne jeTale aMze te tema thaI zake teTalI temAM sanAtanatA. A ja kAraNe, munazInI paurANika kRtionuM vizleSaNa karatAM jaNAze ke temAM prAcInatAnA pUjaka munazI ane arvAcInatAnA ArAdhaka munazI ekasAthe oLakhAze. vastu, vArtA, bAhyasvarUpAdimAM te kRtio jeTalI prAcIna lAgaze teTalI ja vicAro, vartana, pAtramAnasa, AkAMkSAo, AzA ane upAyomAM te arvAcIna lAgaze. agatya ane lopAmudrA, vasiSTha ane aruMdhatI, parazurAma ane lemaharSiNI, devayAnI, mRgA ke sukanyA, zukrAcAryane maMtra, vizvAmitranI pati ddhAraNa bhAvanA ke parazurAmane yAdavone surakSita ane eka karavAnA

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pra. 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI prayAsone A daSTie vicAra karatAM hakIkata spaSTa thaze. vasiSTha ane vizvAmitra, sahastrArjuna ane parazurAma vagerenAM AlekhanamAM bhAratIya saMskRtinA bhUtakALa pratyenuM temanuM AkarSaNa oLakhI zakAze - sauthI vadhAre te "kRSNAvatAra'mAMnAM Alekhane mAM. camatkAritA divyatA-bhavyatA-mahAmAnavatAnAM AlekhanemAM te rAce che. paraMtu bIjI bAjue lekaprasiddha camatkAro ane purANaprApta ghaTanAonAM zunaHpakathA-reNukAvadha-syamaMtakamaNiprasaMga-hiDiMbAprasaMga va.nAM tarka svIkArya arthaghaTana karavAnA temanA prayane sAcI dizAne jhoka sUcave che. aitihAsika gaNatarIe tatkAlIna samAjamAMnA AdimatAnAM lakSaNe, ke vyaktionAM arvAcIna mane vaijJAnika daSTie Alekhana arvAcIna daSTine abhigama sUcave che. AgaLa kahyuM tema A bane Avazyaka che paNa te baMnene sumeLamAMthI nUtana pragaTavuM joIe. jyAre munazInA AlekhanamAM A be to paraspara virodhamAM vasatAM jaNAya che. munazInI keTalIka bAbatamAM anirNayAtmaka mane dazA paNa Ane mATe kAraNabhUta hoI zake. dA.ta, eka pAsethI temane prAcIna ane paurANika samAdara, ane mahAnubhAvonI mahAzaktio pratyenI temanI abhAvabharI zraddhA temane camakArI zaktiomAM mAnavA prere che, te vaLI temanI arvAcIna vAstavalakSI ane buddhipradhAna yuganA bauddhika tarIkenI vRtti camatkArane buddhisvIkArya karavA prere che. pariNAma e Ave che ke te pracalita camatkArone arthaghaTana dvArA bina-camatkArika banAve che, paNa navA camatkAre umere che. e ja rIte eka bAjuthI te mahAnubhAvo -- divya-bhavya-avatAre" gaNatI paurANika vibhUtione paNa - parazurAma ke lopAmudrA, vizvAmitra ke kRSNane paNa - "mAnavI tarIke jovAAlekhavAno prayatna kare che, to bIjI bAjuthI temane jANe ApaNI koTie utArI pADavAnuM prAyazcitta karatA hoya tema asAdhAraNa zaktionI navAjeza karI temanI AsapAsa tejavatuM AMkI de che. asmitApremI ane abhyAsI, kalpanAzI ane buddhipradhAna vacce satata kaMTha cAlyA karatuM anubhavAya che. AthI temanAM vAstavalakSI Alekhane kyAreka vAcakamananI sAMskRtika bhUmikA mATe AghAtaka nIvaDe che. (dA.ta. RSionAM keTalAMka Alekhane, pAmudrAnI pramio) te temanA bhavyatA - lakattaratAnA uSA, kAryo ane paristhiti mAMthI janmatA nirNayanI pratItione badale kevaLa zabdADaMbarI ghoSaNAo banI rahe che. thoDA ja sAvadha vAcaka, vAgmitA ane bhASADaMbaranA, tathA kathana-varNana ane ghaTanAnA vazIkaraNamAMthI jAgrata thaI jatAM samagra AlekhananI marIcikAne oLakhI jAya che. tema chatAM, vArtAo tarIke, abhyAsI evA sAmAnya vAcakane

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182 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [2. 4 paurANikatAne paracA ApavAnI dRSTie navalakathAe saphaLa rahI che. nATayAtmaka prasaMgAlekhane uparAMta vanAnI zakti paurANika navalakathAomAM umerAyelI jaNAya che. aitihAsika navalakathAmAM jaNAya che tevI ja pAtrAlekhanazakti ahI paNa jaNAya che. purANakALanAM saMkhyAbaMdha pAtrAne purANAdimAMthI prApta thatI temane lagatI a5rekhAone kalpanAtmaka sarjanathI tee vatAM-jAgatAM mAnavIe banAvI ApaNI sAthe aneka prakAranA aMgata sabaMdhamAM gADhavI daI zake che. jema aitihAsika navalakathAomAM, tema ahIM paNa khIjuM badhuM bAjue rAkhI, mAtra navalakathAo'--rasika vArtA tarIke ja vicAratAM, munazInI paurANika navalakathAA zAthI vAcakapriya banI rahI te samAya tema che. paurANika vArtAomAM, munazIe bhAratIya saMskRtinA ugamakALane nirUpyA che. 'saMskRti' siddha thatI Ave che, A prajAnuM sAMskRtika vaktavya AkAra dhAraNa karatuM lAge che. A prajA ane saMskRti - bhAratIya saMskRtinI 'asmitA'nA AviSkAra temAM citrita thayA che, e A navalakathAene viziSTatA ape che. paNa e ya na vicArIe tApaNu, ApaNI rASTrIyatAne sAMskRtika asmitAnI samAnatAthI puSTa karavAnuM ane te sAthe sarasa vArtAe ApavAnu` tA munazIe. karyuM' ja che. te eTaluMya ochuM na gaNAya. nATakakAra jemanI navalakathA paNa nATayatattva ane nATayAtmaka zailIthI sabhara, temanI pAsethI nATakA tA maLe ja ! munazI ApaNA agraNI nATakakAra che. sanakSetre, navalakathAlekhana pachInI temanI khIjI mahattvanI pravRtti nATyasarjananI rahI che, sAmAjika nATakA'ne nAme saMgrahastha vAvAzeThanuM svAtaMtrya' (1921), 'e kharAba jaNu' (1924) ane 'AjJAMkita' (1927) uparAMta 'kAkAnI zazI' (1929), 'brahmacaryAzrama' (1931), 'snehasaMbhrama' (1931-32), e vArtA parathI taiyAra karela pIDAgrasta preAphesara' (1933), 'OMA. madhurikA' (1936), 'chIe te ja ThIka' (1946) tathA 'vAha re meM vAha' (1953) -- eTalAM temanAM sAmAjika nATako che. tA, 'paurANika nATakA' (1930) e zIrSaka heThaLa graMthastha karelAM 'puraMdara parAjaya' (1922), 'avibhakta AtmA' (1923), 'taNu' (1924) ane 'putrasame vaDI' (1929) e kRtie uparAMta, 'lepAmudrA' (khaMDa 2-3-4: 1933-34) e temanAM paurANika nATakA che. 'dhruvasvAminIdevI' (1929) e temanuM ekamAtra aitihAsika nATaka. A yAdI parathI paNa jaNAze ke aitihAsika navalakathAkAra tarIke sukIrtita munazIe nATayakSetre atihAsika kRti ApI nathI.

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pra. ka] kanaiyAlAla munazI [183 munazInAM sAmAjika nATake, bahudhA temanA sAmAjika nirIkSaNa ane vicAraNAmAMthI niSpanna thayelAM keI cakkasa maMtavya ane vaktavyane kendramAM rAkhIne racAyelAM che, paraMtu e vaktavya paNa prasaMgopAtta saMvAdamAM gUMthAyelAM sIdhAM ane spaSTa vidhAne ke carcAne bAda karatAM, ghaTanA, pAtravyaktitva ane samagra kArya dvArA ja pragaTa thAya che. saMvAda carcAmAM paNa nATayAtmakatA visarAtI nathI te nATayakAra tarIkenI temanI kuzaLatA darzAve che. "kAkAnI zazI'nA prathama praveza sivAya kyAMya nATakanuM kArya te dhImuM paDavA detA nathI, ane chatAM temane je kAMI kahevAnuM che tenuM lakSya sadhAya che. e rIte, nATakamAM te mahadaMze samAjAbhimukha abhigama dAkhave che. "kone vAMka" sivAya temanI navalakathAomAM je samAjAbhimukhatA ke sAmAjika dhyeyalakSitA jovA nathI maLatI te nATakomAM maLe che e noMdhapAtra che. vAvAzeThanuM svAtaMtrya e prahasanamAM zeThANIzAsita gharamAM bApaDA' vAvAzeThane svataMtra thavAnuM mana thatAM, temaNe ane temanA putre maLIne zeThANIne ThekANe ANavA mATe raceluM kAvataruM haLavA nATakanI sAmagrI che. vyavasAyI raMgabhUminAM dIrgha nATakanI vacamAM AvatA "phArasInI najIka jatuM A prahasana munazInI majAkazaktinuM udAharaNa che. munazInAM sAmAjika nATakomAMnAM AThamAMthI cha prahasane che, ane anya bemAM paNa hAsyanI sArI evI mAtrA che, uparAMta temanI navalakathAomAM paNa ThaThThAcitro ane hAsyaprasaMgo verAyelAM ja che e hakIkata munazImAM rahelI hAsyavRttinI ghAtaka che. TUMkI vArtAmAM "zAmaLazAne vivAha, nATakamAM prahasane, navalakathAmAM gajAnana paMDita, ne bobaDe, zuMbha ane saMnidhAtA ("bhagavAna kauTilya') tathA maNibhadra jevAM pAtra munazInuM hAsyasAhityakSetre noMdhapAtra arpaNa che. be kharAba jaNa paNa prahasana che. ahIM baLajabarIthI paraNAvI devAtI raMbhAne sahAyaka thavA mathatA "mohana meDIko'nA prayatnamAMthI sarajAtI hAsyotpAdaka paristhitio ane anya pAnuM kaMIka atizayoktibharyuM kaTAkSAtmaka Alekhana hAsyanI sAmagrI banI rahe che. "mehana meDIkA'nuM pAtra ApaNAM hAsyapradhAna pAtramAM avazya ulekhanIya banI rahe tevuM che. rAmu DagalIvALA, mohana meDIke vagere pAtra, ane raMgakSama hAsyapradhAna paristhitionA Alekhanane kAraNe be kharAba jaNa' saphaLa prahasana banI rahe che. fAjJAMkita paNa lagnaviSayaka paristhitimAMthI ja sarajAya che. emAM paNa be kharAba jaNa'nI raMbhAnI jema nAyikAne baLa che. paNa baMnenAM

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184 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [4. 4 svarUpe, pariNAmeA ane nirUpaNu taddana bhinna che. be kharAba jaNa' prahasana che, 'AjJAMkita' nathI. 'AjJAMkita'mAM eka puruSanI pAzavatA ane khIjAnI nirmULatAthI akaLAIne badhAM baMdhanAne phagAvIne vIkrutI nAyikAnuM nirUpaNa utkaTatAvALA sAmAjika abhigama vAstavalakSitAne khIje cheDe laI jAya che, ne pariNAme nATaka UNuM Utare che. be kharAba jaNa' nATayagUMthaNInI dRSTie zithila lAge tAya e zaithilya e phArasanI sImAmAM pravezI jatA prahasanamAM nirvAhya khanI rahe che, paraMtu 'AjJAMkita'mAMnA zeSa je rIte badhana tADe che te, te nATakanI AsvAdanIyatA ane asarakArakatAne ochI karI nAkhe che. 'sAmAjika nATakAmAM saMgrahAyelI A traNe kRtimAM lagnaneA ja prazna rajU thayA che, paNa traNemAM dRSTibindue judAM judAM che. traNemAM prahasanAtmaka ke AdhAtaka kaTAkSaprAdhAnyane kAraNe atizayAktinA upayega thayA che. temAMya be kharAba jaNa' ane 'AjJAMkita'mAM tA jANe eka paristhitinI be bAjue, khe zakayatAo nirUpAI che. meDIkeAnI uktimAM, mAtra nATakAnAM ja gAyaneAnI paMktimAMthI racAyelI To be or not to benI paeNraDI jevI svagatAkti sarasa raMgakSama ekAkti anI rahe che. 'kAkAnI zazI' paNa prahasana gaNAya. paNa agAunAM vAvAzeThanu svAtaMtrya' ke 'be kharAba jaNa'nI jema, ane pachInA brahmacaryAzrama'nI jema temAM phrAphikala tattva nathI. te sukhAnta tethI kaeNAmeDI, ane temAM hAsya paNa sArA pramANamAM che, paNa ekaMdare te gaMbhIratAthI racAyelI nATathakRti che. emAM paNa prazna tA lagnane ja che paNa te tenAM vividha pAsAM sAthe vadhu ga MbhIratAthI rajU thayuM che. mAtra lagna nahi paNa strIpuruSa-saMbaMdhane, tathA strIonI svataMtratAnA praznane, temAM vividha pAtrAnAM udAharaNA dvArA carcavAmAM AvyA che. puruSAnI strI pratyenI dRSTi, strIonI paNa leAlupatA ane nirbaLatA, nATakamAMthI lagabhaga "na strIsvAtaMtryam ati'nA pragaTatA dhvani vagere munazInAM maMtavyone vyakta kare che. e maMtavyeAnA saMdarbhamAM, munazI bhAvanAzIla ane sudhAraka nahi paNa maheze phroIDanA kAmaprAdhAnyanA matane anusaratA ane strInI Adhunika svAtaMtryavAMcchu maneAvRttinA virodhI lAge che. kAkAnI zazInA, vAstavikatA lAvavA jatAM surucinI dRSTie AghAtaka banI jatA aMta atyaMta vivAdAspada nIvaDaco che. nATaka ane raMgabhUminI dRSTie 'kAkAnI zazI' khUba mahattvanI nATacakRti che, raMgabhUminA tatkAlIna pravatamAna svarUpane jALavIne tathA tenI keTalIka lAkSaNikatAone prayeAjIne racelI A kRti 'nATaka' tarIke navI bhAta pADe che. Adhunika

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pra. 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI [ 185 dRSTie sthaLe sthaLe "nATakI' lAge tevI A kRti, tatkAlIna vyavasAyI nATakane paDache vAstavika lAgaze. "kAkAnI zazI' paraMparAgata vyavasAyI raMgabhUmi ane sAhityika nATaka vacce seturUpa che, te paraMparAgata ane arvAcIna nATaka vaccenI paNa e kaDI che. emAM ApaNane "saMskArAyelI vyavasAyI raMgabhUminuM nidarzana maLe che, te sAthe sAthe, vyavasAyI raMgabhUminAM raMgakSama tattane temAM samAveza paNa dekhAya che. nATakI" tattva jALavatuM ane chatAM vAstavikatA sAdhatuM, laDhaNe ane laya sahita ane chatAM svAbhAvika saMvAda banatuM "nATakanuM gadya "kAkAnI zazI'mAM uttama rIte prayojAyuM che. vyavasAyI raMgabhUmi para bhajavAtAM paNa sAhityakSetre sthAna na pAmatAM nATake ane praziSTa nATayakRti lekhAtAM paNa raMgabhUmi para kAmayAba na nIvaDatAM nATake e baMnemAM je ghaTe che te "kAkAnI zazI'mAM oLakhI zakAze. e rIte A paraMparAgata raMgabhUminuM navuM nATaka bane che; jUnA-navA nATaka vacce ane jUnInavI raMgabhUmi vacce, tema raMgabhUmi ane sAhitya vacce suMdara kaDIrUpa banI rahe che. "kAkAnI zazI'thI nATaka badalAya che, raMgabhUmi nahi; te parivartana thAya che caMdravadanathI. paraMtu kAkAnI zazI "nATaka" tarIke eka suMdara kRti banI rahe che - gujarAtI nATaya sAhityanA eka mArga sUcaka staMbha samI. brahmacaryAzramamAM gAMdhIjInA anuyAyI thaI, brahmacaryanA AdarzanI mAtra vAta karatA ADaMbarI AzramavAsIonI ThekaDI che. munazIe pitAnI AsapAsanA kAryakaronI bAhya ADaMbarI Adarza ghelachA ane mAnasika nirbaLatAnuM viDaMbacitra ahIM AlekhyuM che. nATakamAM viDaMbanA brahmacaryanI bhAvanAnI nathI, paNa tenA jUThA ADaMbaranI che. gAMdhIpaMthI ToLAmAM rahIne paNa, e ja TeLAmAMnA kRtaka gAMdhIvAdIone ThTho karatuM AvuM nATaka, gAMdhIbhaktinA paramotkarSakALe lakhavAnI hiMmata munazI ja karI zake. jamAnAne saMdarbha badalAI jatAM e kRti vIsarAI gaI che, paraMtu mAnavavRttinI sAhajika nirbaLatAmAMthI niSpanna thatuM hAsya kyAreya aprastuta nathI. "Da, madhurikA: kuzaLa sarjana madhurikA ane tenA pati baeNrisTara narendranA kathAnakane laIne, strInI sahajasvabhAva viruddhanI arvAcInatA, muktatA vagerenA khyAla para prahAra karatuM A nATaka ekaMdare sAmAnya kRti lAge che. strIe puruSa" thavAne ke puruSa samovaDI thavAne prayatna na karatAM strI ja rahevuM ucita, te temaNe "kAkAnI zazI'mAM ane vadhu spaSTa rIte "chIe te ja ThIkamAM vadhu sArI rIte raju karyuM che. joke, "U. madhurikA" ane "chIe te ja ThIke arvAcIna raMga

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186 ] gujarAtI sAhityano itihAsa [ca 4 bhUminAM nATako banI rahe che. sAmAjika nATakA' ke ' kAkAnI zazI'mAMnI para parAgata vyavasAyI raMgabhUmi have badalAI jAya che. chIe te ja ThIka'mAM te sauMpUrNatayA arvAcIna raMgabhUmine anurUpa nATaka prApta thAya che. chIe te ja ThIka': baudhAyananA saMskRta nATakamAM, tema AmAM paNa strI ane puruSanA AtmAnI paraspara adalAbadalIthI upasthita thatI vilakSaNa ane hAsyapreraka paristhiti dvArA munazIe samAna banavA jatAM, ane khAsa karIne 'abhinna' thavA mathatAM strIpuruSAnu` kaTAkSAtmaka nirUpaNathI, evI paristhitimAMthI sarajAtI avAstavikatA pratye dhyAna doryuM che. Adi ane a Mte rajU thayelI mULa sthitinI sAthe, vacagALAmAM prANuvinimaya dvArA badalAyelI paristhiti sAthene virAdha suMdara nATayAtmaka prasaMga sarje che. AtmAnI adalAbadalIthI, bAhya rUpe yathAvat chatAM tattvataH parivartita thaI jatAM nAyaka-nAyikAne kAraNe abhinayanI uttama taka UbhI thAya che, ane prahasana khUba asarakAraka banI rahe che. vAha re sai' vAhumAM potAnI ja kRtiomAMnAM, pote ja sarjelAM pAtro ane peAtAnAM kuTuMbIjaneAnI pAtrasRSTi vacce peAtAne ja kendramAM mUkIne eka ThaThThA prakAranuM prahasana racAyelu` che. peAtAnI ja ThekaDI uDAvIne peAtAnI jAta para hasavuM e agharI vAta che. munazIe aneka ThaThThAcitro sajaryA pachI, peAtAnI ja majAka karIne temanAmAM rahelI mukta hAsyavRtti ane kheladilIne paricaya ApyA che. alabatta, nATaka' tarIke tenu N saMyeAjana zithila lAgavAnuM paNa A 'kalpana'ne prakAra ja eTalA mukta che ke temAM ghaNI svairatA nabhI javAnI. paraMtu jAtane nirUpatI vakhate je tATasthyanI jarUra paDe che tene abhAva A vilakSaNa prayAgane pUrNapaNe saphaLa thatAM aTakAve che. eka vilakSaNa prayoga tarIke ja te taidhapAtra rahe che. snehusa'bhrama athavA pIDAgrasta prophesara' mULa vArtArUpe racAI. prahasana rUpe ja vadhu prasiddha A nATaka haLave haiye, ThThAcitrA AlekhI racAtA 'phArsa'nI najIka jatA prahasananA sarasa namUnA che. atizayAkti ane kaTAkSa A prakAranI kAI paNa kRtinAM mukhya tattvA hAya. strIpuruSa-saMbaMdhamAMthI janmatI mUrkhatAonu` Alekhana A kRtinuM mukhya vastu che. pArasIone phArasa vadhu phAve. vyavasAyI raMgabhUmimAM vacce vacce gUMthAyelAM phArasAmAM A haLavAza ane hatheATI bunde na maLe. munazI ane caMdravadana sivAya, binapArasI lekhakeAmAM haLave hAthe mukta ane ziSTa hAsyarasa 'phArsa' rUpe pIrasanAra ApaNe tyAM keTalA ? bhavAImAM hatI te mazkarI-ThaThThA ne hAsya-kaTAkSanI saravANI phrAmAM nabhe. gujarAtI nATakakSetre

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pra. 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI hAsyanI ghaNI kRtio chatAM A nirmaLa "phAsa'nI vRtti munazI sAthe lagabhaga gumAvI che. thoDIka bacatarUpe mAtra caMdravadanamAM . munazInAM sAmAjika nATakone samagrarUpe avaletAM jaNAze ke temane pradhAna abhigama samAjalakSI rahyo che, temanuM pradhAna upakaraNa hAsyakaTAkSa rahyAM che. viDaMbAkRtio temanI kalamathI AsAnIthI sarajAya che. paraMtu "kAkAnI zazI" jevAmAM zazI ke manaharakAkA jevAM pAtro vAstavika AlekhananI paNa temanAmAM ucca. zakti rahelI che tenAM dyotaka che. lagna ane strIpuruSa-saMbaMdha lagabhaga badhI kRtiene viSaya che, ane "sudhAraka' munazI puruSa samovaDI thavA mathatI strIonI arvAcIna svAtaMtryavRttine puraskartA nathI te spaSTa thAya che. "chIe te ja ThIkae emanA abhigamane sUcanAtmaka rIte vyakta kare che. nATaka temanI nAmAM che. temane saMvAde svAbhAvikatA ane nATayAtmakatAnA meLathI nATayagadyanuM suMdara, udAharaNa pUruM pADe che. gujarAtI nATakakAramAM bahu ochA AvI saMvAdakalA. siddha karI zakyA che. udhruvasvAminIdevI" e saMkhyAbaMdha aitihAsika navalakathAo ApanArA munazInuM ekamAtra atihAsika nATaka. vizAkhadattanA khaMDita svarUpe ja maLatA. nATaka "devI caMdraguptama' tenA mULamAM che. paNa nirbaLa rAmagupta, jAjvalyamAna dhruvadevI ane tejasvI caMdragupta tathA barbara zakAdhipatinAM pAtro ane vyavasAyI raMgabhUminI yAda ApatI nATakI ghaTanAo munazIkapyAM che. I. 1928 sudhImAM gujarAta munazIne eTalA oLakhI lIdhA che ke temanAM pAtro ane temanI lAgaNI-- o have kaI "navIna nirUpaNane vismaya ApI zake tema nathI. chatAM eka raMgakSama nATaka ane rasaprada sAhityakRti ubhayarUpe "dhruvasvAminIdevI gujarAtI nA sAhityamAM noMdhapAtra kRti banI rahe che. Aje jyAre saMkhyAbaMdha jUnAM nATake ane kathAonAM philma rUpAMtara thaI rahyAM che tyAre "tapaNa" ke "dhruva-- svAminI'nuM ta...kAre rUpAMtara kema nahi sUjhatuM hoya ? munazInI navala ane nATakamAM arvAcIna prekSakone paNa sArA pramANamAM AkarSI zake teTale rasaraMjanAtmaka saMbhAra ane philma jevA mAdhyamathI adhika UkhaLe evI romAMcaka zakyatAo ochAM nathI! paurANika nATake: munazInI paurANika kRtio AlekhavAne umaLake jANItA che. navalakathAkSetre tema kathAkSetre paNa temaNe saMkhyAbaMdha paurANika kRtio ApI che. paurANika nATakomAM temanI cAra kRtio graMthastha thaI che. puraMdara parAjaya' (1922), 'avibhakta AtmA' (1923), "tarpaNa' (1924)

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18] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ J, 4 ane "putrasamovaDI' (1928). A kRtione munazIe paurANikakahI che. paraMtu paurANika e zabdane - zabdazaH laI zakAya tema nathI kAraNa ke keTalIka vAra purANakALa pahelAMnA vedakALamAM te vistare che. eTale ApaNe "paurANikane ItihAsa ane mahAkAvyanI pahelAMne kALa e udAra athe ja levo paDe. "puraMdara parAjayamAM cyavanasukanyAnI vAta, "avibhakta AtmAmAM vasiSTha-aruMdhatInI, 'tarpaNamAM sagarasuvarNanI ane "putrasamovaDI'mAM devayAnInI kathA vastu tarIke levAyelI che. bhAratIya saMskRtinA ugamakALanI A kathAomAM munazIe jANe e saMskRtinAM pAyArUpa mUlyo pragaTatAM darzAvyAM che. puraMdara parAjayamAM yuvAna nArI tarIke, pitAne jIvana bhegavavAne adhikAra baLavAkhora banIne paNa siddha karavA tatpara thatI sukanyAne eka daSTAnta-nA anubhavathI satItvano mahimA pArakhatI ane svecchAnA balidAna dvArA te siddha karI indrane paNa parAjaya kare evI cAritryazaktinuM nirmANa karatI darzAvI che. te "avibhakta AtmA'mAM "AtmAnAM aDadhiyAMnA paraspara AkarSaNamAMthI janmatA premanA mUlyanA pAyA para racAyelA dAmpatyanI pratiSThA che. 'tarpaNa'mAM AryavirodhI paribaLone pracaMDa pratikArathI vinaSTa karI AryavanI punaH sthApanAnA udyamanuM nirUpaNa che, te "putrasamovaDI'mAM svAtaMtryanA amaramaMtrane uSa che. Ama pratyeka kRtimAM AryasaMskRtinA pAyAnA mUlyanI sthApanAne prayatna che. e daSTie A saMgrahanI kRtio bhinna bhinna chatAM eka sAmudAyika ekatAmAM samAviSTa thaI zake che. cAre kRtiomAM nATayAtmaka ghaTanA dvArA ja kathayitavya vyakta thayuM che te nATakakAra tarIkenI munazInI zaktinuM sUcaka che. prAcIna prAgaaitihAsika samayanuM vAtAvaraNa, bhavyatA, addabhutatA vagere mAM adhika rAcatI munazInI kalpanAne anukULa kSetra nIvaDe che. azvine, Indra, saptarSio, RSio, dAnavo vagere samAM asAdhAraNa pAtro, maMtra ne maMtroccAro, yo ane AhutiothI alaukika banatuM vAtAvaraNa, AvA vAtAvaraNamAM nirvAhya evI camatkArika ghaTanAo, munazInI kautukapriya kalama mATe anukULa sAmagrI banI rahe che. vAtAvaraNane anurUpa saMskRtADhaya saMvAdabhASA, ane tenI vAgmitAyukta "nATakI' chaTA, vAtAvaraNane nATyAtmaka rIte pragaTa karavAmAM sahAyaka bane che, te vAcakane saMvAdarUpa chatAM avAstavika vAgavaibhavane AsvAda karAve che. A badhAmAMnuM 'AryAvarta pradezane nahi paNa saMskRtine paryAya banI jAya che. ne enI sthApanAne udyama e ja jANe cAre nATakano udyama banI rahe che.

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pra. 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI [ 189 cAre kRtimAM saMdha che ja, ane utkaTa che. tethI nATyAtmaka prabhAva asarakAraka bane che, uparAMta saMdha paNa eka ja stare pragaTatA nathI tethI nATakamAM ekathI vadhu starA ekasAthe pragaTa thaI kRtine anekaparimANI banAve che.sukanyA, sagara, aruMdhatI-vasiSTha, devayAnI badhAM eka pAsathI bAhyabhUmikAnA saMdha mAM sakriya che tA khIjI pAsathI mAnasika bhUmikAe, UrmionA -- lAgaNIonA saMdhamAM paNa vyasta che. nirUpaNanI A zakti, ra MgakSamatAnI dRSTie maryAdAvALAM chatAM nATayAnubhUtinI dRSTie tIvra evAM A nATakAne gujarAtI sAhityanI mUlyavAna samRddhi banA ve che. munazIne na aitihAsika tema na paurANika tathyAnI jALavaNInI ciMtA che.. emanuM lakSya eka mUlyane vyakta karavA bhaNI che, te emanA prayatna te mATe anukULa nATaTyAtmaka paristhiti utpanna karavA tarapha che. bAkInuM badhuM nimitta. che. paNa A kAraNe, A ajJAta 'paurANika' saMsArane 'bhAvanA' dRSTie AlekhatAM te cyavana, bhAva, auva` ke uzanasane ArAdhe che, teA kayAreka A itihAsane ugamakALa hatA, Adima samAjanA kALa hatA te yAda AvatAM te sAmAnya mAnyatAone AdhAta Ape tevAM citrA paNa Alekhe che. RSio, ane hiMsAnAM citrA AvAM che, teA cyavananA bhRgukuLanAM sAmAnyajana vageremAM jANe ApaNA ja jamAnAnI sAdhAraNa vastInAM citrA jaNAya che. pAtrA-prasaMgA paNu kevaLa peAzAkAdithI paurANika banatAM nathI, temanAM vicAra-vana paNa je te samayane anukULa heAya evI apekSA rahe ja. munazInAM 'paurANika nATako'mAM, A diSTae jeTalI paurANikatA che teTalI ja arvAcInatA paNu jaNAya che. sukanyAnA vidroha, vasiSTha-aruMdhatInI premabhAvanA, devayAnI ane zukrAcAryanI svAtaMtryabhAvanA--A badhAmAM ApaNane arvAcInatAne spaSTa paracA thAya che. A nATakAmAM--khAsa karIne 'taNu' va.mAM nirUpaNanI keTalIka vigatA nATakAnA raMgAvatArane lagabhaga azakaya banAve che ('taNu' bhajavAyuM che chatAM) paNa 'philma' jevA arvAcIna mAdhyamane prayeAjatAM te atyaMta asarakAraka nIvaDI zake. ekaMdare, A nATakA vaheMcAtAM, nATacAtmaka anubhava ane kautukapUrNa kathA-prasaMga-rasa sAthe saMvAdabhASAnI chaTAne viziSTa AsvAda ApI jAya che. munazInI A kRtie ApaNA alpadhana nATyasAhityamAM temanuM mahattvanuM pradAna gaNAya. A sivAya munazI pAsethI lApAmudrA khaMDa 2-3-4 sivAya anya paurANika nATakA maLatAM nathI. lApAmudrA' cAra khaMDamAM vistarelI munazInI mahattvAkAMkSI kRti che. pahele

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190 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ gra'. 4 khaMDa navalakathArUpe ane bAkInA traNe khaMDa nATakarUpe racAyelA che. paurANika nATakA'mAM prAgaitihAsika paristhitionA AlekhanamAM nATacAtmakatAnA je lAbha maLyA tene kAraNe A kRtinA bAkInA traNa bhAga nATakasvarUpe AlekhyA hAya. nATaka ke navalakathA paratvenI aniNaeNyAtmaka maneAdazA paNa emAM jaNAI Ave. prathama kha'Da'vizvaratha'mAM vizvAmitranI bAlyAvasthA nirUpyA pachInA bAkInA traNe bhAga -- 'za'barakanyA', 'deve dIdhelI' ane 'vizvAmitra RSi'--mAM A kathA vizvarathavizvAmitranI ja vadhu lAge che; lepAmudrAnuM pAtra kendrathI bahu dUra khaseDAtuM nathI chatAM vaidika yuganu vAtAvaraNa, dAzarAjJayuddhanI bhUmikA va. AlekhavAnA A prayatna pradhAnataH tA vizvarathamAMthI vizvAmitra RSinA vikAsanI kathA ja banI rahe che. matradarzana vagerenuM Alekhana te yuganA vAtAvaraNane alaukika svarUpe pragaTa karavAnA prayatna che tA dasyu sAthenA prasaMge, yuddha, upradevanI vigatA, RSi vizenA TalAka prasaMge! va. samagra kathAne aaitihAsika bhUmikA para lAvI te jamAnAne vAstavika rUpe nirUpavAnA prayatna che. temanI itihAsadRSTi RiSaone Adi manuSyA samA cItaravA prere cheteA temanI raMgadazI' STi tathA AryAvanA uSa:kALanI bhavyatA-alaukikatA pratyenA aheAbhAva temane mA~trane ane alaukika vAtAvaraNa AlekhavA tarapha laI jAya che. tatkAlIna raMgabhUmithI poSAyelI temanI nATacaruci temane takhtAparaka dasyA-saMvAde AlekhavA ughukta kare che, hAsyaprasaMgeAatiraMjaka prasa MgeA citarAve che, teA khIjI bAju AryAvartInI mahAkathAnA AlekhananuM temanuM svapna, tenI divyatA-bhavyatA-leAkeAttaratAne mahimA AlekhavAne temaneA utsAha temanI kalamamAM navA raMgA pUre che. pariNAme samagra kRtimAM eka prakAranI dvidhA anubhavAyA kare che chatAM, agastya-leApAmudrAnI 'sneha'kathA, zAMbarI-vizvarathanI A -anArya -premakathA, vizvarathanA bhAvanAsaMdha vagerethI kRti ApaNe tyAM viziSTa prayAga banI rahe che. emAMnA Arya-anArya-saba dha-prazna kAIne gAMdhIyuganA UMca-nIcAtibhedanA praznanuM sUcana karatA paNa lAge racanAmAM raMgakSamatAne te kadI vIsaratA nathI, ne chatAM temanI kRtionA sAhityaguNa UNA nathI UtaratA. temane kaMI kahevAnuM che ja ane te 'nATaka'nI rIte ja te rajU karI zake che. raMgabhUmi-nATakanuM svarUpa temane vyAvasAyika paraMparAgata raMgabhUmimAMthI ja maLelu che. temanAM prahasaneAmAM, ne 'kAkAnI zazI' jevI nATayakRtimAM e raMgabhUminA zAkhanA prabhAva spaSTa che, paraMtu raMgabhUminA svarUpane jALavIne navuM nATaka' ApavAnuM te ja karI zakayA che. sAhitya ane raMgabhUmineA, ApaNA sAhityakSetre

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pra. 4]. kanaiyAlAla munazI [191 vagevAyela viccheda munazInI kRtimAM dUra thayele jaNAze. raMgabhUmi sAthenA temanA zokhapUrvakanA saMparkane kAraNe ja, raMgabhUminuM svarUpa badalAtAM te arvAcIna raMgabhUmine anurUpa "chIe te ja ThIka jevI raMgamaMca para saphaLa kRti sarjI zakyA che. sAhityamAM ane raMgamaMca para ubhayakSetre AvakArya evI kRtio ApanArA munazI, caMdravadana uparAMta ApaNe tyAM anya jUja gujarAtI nATakakSetre munazInuM pradAna ochuM na aMkAya. anya kRtio munazI pradhAnataH vArtAkAra. paraMtu temanI anya gadyakRtio paNa temanI vyaktitvamudrAnA prabhAve ApaNuM sAhityamAM noMdhapAtra mahatva bhagave te svAbhAvika che. navalikA, navalakathA, nATaka uparAMta munazIe kheDelA gadyaprakAromAM AtmakathA, jIvanacaritra, nibaMdha, vivecana tathA itihAsaviSayaka ane ciMtanapradhAna lakhANane samAveza thAya che. padya temaNe racyuM ja nathI. AtmakathA-jIvanacaritra: "aDadhe raste' (1943), "sIdhAM caDhANa (1943) ane "svapnasiddhinI zodhamAM' (1953) e munazInI AtmakathAnA khaMDo che. "mArI binajavAbadAra kahANI' (1943) e pravAsavarNana chatAM AtmakathAnuM ja prakaraNa gaNI zakAya. tema ja "zizu ane sakhI' (1932) e vArtA svarUpe hovA chatAM Atmanivedana ja che. aDadhe raste'mAM kulaparaMparA, pUrvajaparicaya ane janmakAlIna sAmAjika pariveza tathA kuTuMbakathA sahita, janmathI mAMDIne snAtaka thavA sudhIne kALanuM Alekhana che, "sIdhAM caDhANamAM snAtaka thayA pachI muMbaImAM mukAma karavAthI mAMDIne te aneka mathAmaNa-saMkaDAmaNane aMte pote vyavasAyamAM agraNI dhArAzAstrI tarIke, sAhityamAM agrima sAhityakAra tarIke ane sAmAjika kSetre AgevAna kAryakara tarIke pratiSThita thAya che tyAM sudhInI kathA rajU thaI che, ane "svanisiddhinI zodhamAMmAM 1923thI 1926nA TUMkA gALA daramyAna, paNa sau. lIlAvatI sAthenA snehasaMbaMdhanI ghaTanAnuM tema ja agatyanI sAmAjikarAjakIya ghaTanAone kAraNe jIvanane atyaMta mahattvane vaLAMka ApatI hakIkate ane anubhavonuM nirUpaNa thayuM che. A traNe maLIne paNa temanA khAssA dIdhuM jIvananAM mAtra 30 varSanuM ja bayAna Ape che ane je jAhera rASTrIya kSetre karelI pravRttioe munazIne rASTrIya mahatva ApyuM tenA to pravezauMbara sudhI ja avAyuM che anekavidha kSetramAM ekasAthe atyaMta pravRttizIla rahenAra ane badhAMmAM

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192 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ zra'. 4 mAtabara siddhi meLavanAra munazInA te gALAnA jIvana vizenuM kutUhala sa MtASAtuM nathI, kAraNa ke te pachInA kALanI 'AtmakathA' emaNe lakhI nathI. koMgresa sAthenA temanA saMbaMdhe, rAjadvArI pravRttio, pradhAnapadAM-rAjyapAlapadanA anubhave, haidarAbAdamAMnI kAmagIrI, baMdhAraNasabhA ane AjhAdInA prathama varSInA anubhave - ghaNI badhI rasika vAtA temanI kalamamAMthI maLI heAta, paNa te nathI thayuM ! O mArI binajavAbadAra kahANI' ane 'zizu ane sakhI' AtmakathA mAtra munazInA jIvananI ghaTanAe jANavAnI tema ja te sAthe tatkAlIna paristhitio ane hakIkatAnI dRSTie ja nahi paNa rasika vAcanakSama sAhityakRtio tarIke paNa mahattvanI che. AtmakathAkAra mATe Avazyaka nirIkSaNAtmaka ane 'sva' pratye paNa vastulakSI daSTi rAkhI karAtuM nirUpaNu, nikhAlasatA sAthe svAnubhUtinA AsvAda e badhAM lakSaNaiAthI A kRtie va Mcita nathI, paraMtu te sAthe vArtAkaLAnA siddhahasta kasakhIne kalamakAmiyA e 'Apa-kathA'nI kevaLa vastuparaka ane hakIkatapradhAna sAmagrIne vArtAsamAna rasAtmaka kRtie banAve che. citrAtmaka rIte AlekhAyelAM ciratrA ane ghaTanAe, lAkSaNika narmayukta kaTAkSapradhAna nirUpaNA ane tAdaza, sajIva tema ja sarUMvedanasabhara AlekhanA e kRtiene temanI vArtAonI haroLamAM mesI zake tevI banAve che. 'aDadhe rasta'mAMnAM kuTuMbakathA tema ja zaizava-yauvana nirUpyamANu hAI lekhakane prApta thayelu kAlakrUratva ane tenA pariNAmarUpa vastuparakatA vadhu citrAtmaka-sarjanAtmaka Alekhane, 'sIdhAM caDhANa'mAM ghaTanA ane vigatAnuM prAdhAnya ane vega, tA svapnasiddhinI zeAdhamAM'mAM mizIlatA - ema pratyeka khaMDane, yathAprasaMga badalAyelI zailIne kAraNe vizeSatva paNa prApta thayuM che. mArI binajavAbadAra kahANI'mAM yure|pIya saMskAratIrthA sAthenA pratyakSa paricaya varNavAyA che tA 'zizu ane sakhI'mAM kalpita pAtra AsapAsa eka rIte kahIe tA saMvedanAnuM -- kathA nahi, vyathAnuM nirUpaNu tanurUpa kAvyamaya gadyazailImAM thayelu prApta thAya che. vaLI, jema munazInI 'AtmakathA' vArtArUpa banI jAya che tema sAmAjika vArtAomAM 'AtmakathA' anusmRta thaI gayelI jaNAI Ave che, te jotAM AtmakathAnA A khaDAne, temanI sAmAjika navalakathA pUraka banI rahe che. A AtmakathAmAMthI pragaTa thatuM vyaktitva, ane e vyaktitvanI saMskArasamRddhi munazInI kRtiene pAmavAmAM sahAyaka nIvaDI zake tema che. e rIte munazInI AtmakathAtmaka kRtie gujarAtanA ane bhAratanA eka agrima puruSanI AtmakathA tarIke ja nahi paNa nirUpaNarItinI dRSTie paNa gujarAtI AtmakathA sAhityamAM savizeSa noMdhapAtra banI rahe che. -

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kanaiyAlAla sunazI [ 193 gujarAtanA jyAtirdharo' ane 'narasi'hayuganA kavio'(1962)ne caritrA nahi paNa itihAsanI - sAhityanA itihAsanI sAmagrI thaI zake tevAM nedhA-TAMcaNA gaNavAM ucita lekhAya. paraMtu narasai MyA bhakta harineA' (1933) ane 'narmada - arvAcInAmAM Adya' (1939) banne caritrAtmaka kRti che. caritralekhaka mATe Avazyaka evu nirUpyamANu caritranAyaka mATenu AkaNu, tene vizenI sAmagrI prApta karavAneA ane tene cesa daSTibiMduthI rajU karavAnA prayatna vagera lakSaNA A kRtimAM paNa che ja. paraMtu A kRtimAM saMzAdhanAtmaka hakIkatanirUpaNu ke caritravanane khale caritrasAmagrInA viniyeAgamAMthI caritranAyakanuM vyaktitva lekhake oLakhelu -kapeluM vyaktitva pragaTa karavAne prayatna vadhu mahattvanA banI rahe che, ane lekhakanI vArtAnurUpa rasapradhAna sarjanAtmaka zailI temAM kAmayAba nIvaDe che; pariNAme baMne caratrA kevaLa zuSka jIvanakathAone badale jIvaMta vArtAo samAM banI rahe che. hakIkatAnI UNapeA rasapradhAna raMgadarzI zailI DhAMke che, ane ApaNane sarjanAtmaka caritrAlekhananA e suMdara namUnA prApta thAya che. pra. 4] vivecanAdi niSadhasAhitya : 'keTalAka lekhe ' (1926), gheADAMka rasadarzanA' (1933) ane 'gujarAtanI asmitA' (1939)mAM temanA niba Mdhe saMgrahAyA che. 'AtmazilpanI deLavaNI'mAM emanA keLavaNIviSayaka lekhe ane keTalAMka caritrAMkane che. munazI sArA nibaMdhakAra che paNa temAM paNa temanI zailI vAgmitApradhAna ane bahudhA uddeAdhanAtmaka ja rahe che. 'Adivacane'-1 (1933) ane 2 (1941)mAMnA ghaNAkharA 'lekhA' uddeAdhanA ja che, paraMtu jyAM spaSTa utkhAdhana ane vyAkhyAnasvarUpa na heAya tyAM paNa munazInI zailImAM uddheAdhanAtmaka rIti, tadanurUpa vAgmitA ane vANIlayAdi tattva umerAyelAM ja heAya che. AthI hakIkatA-muddAo-vicAra-ta vagere gauNu banI vANI dvArA UbhA thatA AyoganA vAtAvaraNamAM egaLI jAya che. munazInu N kathayatavya vastu karatAM vANI-'abhivyakti' dvArA vadhu pragaTa thAya che. rAmaeNnTika zailInI e lAkSaNikatA che. Ane pariNAme, munazIe temanA nibaMdhAdimAM rajU karelI AryAvarta ane gujarAtI asmitAnI bhAvanAe, premabhakti ane svataMtratAnAM mUlyA, ApaNAM aitihAsika bhavyatA ane gauravanAM citrA, eTaluM ja nahi paNa praNAlikAbhaganI baMDakhAravRtti ane samAjaparivartanane krAntikAraka jussA -- e badhAM tattvA prathama vAyane AMjI nAkhe evAM asarakAraka nIvaDe che; vAcakane bhAvanA ane bhAvukatAnA, 'bhavyatA' ane gaurava'nA, pracaMDatA', 'prabhAvakatA' ane 'praNAlikAbha'jakatA'nA vyAmavihArI - gu. sA. 13

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194]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM4 anubhava karAvIne tenA manane "bharyo bharyo anubhava karAvI zake che paraMtu e ja lakhANe pRthakkaraNAtmaka jhINavaTabharI taTastha avelekanAmAM ghaNuM "havAI' ane kyAreka ADaMbarI ja nahi paNa virodhAtmaka paNa jaNAze. Ama chatAM "viyati bahutarama' evI emanI nirUpaNarIti AkarSaka prabhAvaka ane asarakAraka nIvaDe ja che ane hRdayane "tarkathI bauddhika rIte nahi paNa bhAvanAzIlatAthI kazIka "pratIti karAvI javAmAM saphaLa nIvaDe che. utkaTa gUrjara premamAMthI janmelAM temanAM "gujarAtI asmitA'nAM nibaMdhasvarUpe, navalakathA svarUpe tema ja ItihAsa svarUpe Alekhana zAstrIya avakane UNAM Utare te paNa gujarAtI prajAnA hRdayamAM "gujarAtanI amitA pragaTAvavAmAM avazya saphaLa nIvaDyAM che e hakIkata svIkAravI ja rahI. temanI sAmAjika vidrohAdi bhAvanAomAM temanI vicAraNuM ane tarkasaMgata rajUAta karatAM, temanI svapnadaza raMgIna pragabhatA vadhu kAmayAba nIvaDyAM jaNAya che. kAraNa spaSTa che - munazI svabhAve svapnadraSTA che, zailIe raMgadazI che. temanI zakti ane maryAdA baMnenAM emAM ja mULa rahyAM che. vivecanakSetre, praNAlikAbhaMga, aitihAsika navalakathAviSayaka temanAM maMtavya, sarasatAvAda, madhyakAlIna sAhityamAM bhaktisaMpradAyaviSayaka temanAM lakhANo vagere mahattvanAM gaNAya. eka rIte te temanA vivecane temanI sAhityakRtione bhUmikA pUrI pADI che te temanI kRtioe temanA vivecanane dRSTAMto pUrAM pADayAM che ane baMne paraspara pUraka banI rahyAM che; ane paraspara pUraka pravRttimAMthI ja gujarAtane govardhanayuga ane gAMdhIyuganA sAhityamUlyonI paDeche romenTika sAhityadaSTinuM "sarasatAne mUlyanuM prasthAna maLyuM che. be mahAprabhAva vacce potAnI rIte, potAnA arthamAM "sarasatA'nA mUlyanuM sthApana karavuM ane tene gujarAtI sAhityanuM prabhAvaka paribaLa banAvavuM e siddhi nAnIsUnI nathI. dayArAmanA zRMgArane AgavI rIte ukelatAM ke madhyakAlIna bhaktipravAhane potAnI rIte mUlavatAM munazInAM lakhANe mahattvanAM to che ja - temanAM maMtavyo sAthe saMmata thaIe ke na thaIe; ane sauthI vadhu te "Gujarat And Its Literature' (1935) e sAhityanA ItihAsagraMthanI racanA temane adyApiparyata te kSetre "ananya' gaNAve tevuM sthAna apAve che. te itihAsanA "aMtima prakaraNa" pachI bIje evaDo graMtha thAya teTalo kALa vahI gayo chatAM hajI evo bIjo itihAsa gujarAtamAM racAye nathI e hakIkta ja munazInI siddhinuM mUlya sUcave che. eTale sAhityavivecanakSetre, munazI moTA vivecaka gaNAya ke na gaNAya, vivecake te temane TALI na zake teTalAM ane tevAM temanAM pradAna-prabhAva to avazya rahyAM ja che te spaSTa che. munazIe

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pra. 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI [ 195 aMgrejImAM paNa "AI phele dha mahAtmA' (1940), dha alI Aryana ina gujarAta' (1941), dha glemarI dheTa vojha gUrjara deza' (1943), bhagavaddagItAeNnDa moDarna lAIpha' (aM. 1945-47), "kulapatijha leTarsa (1954, 56, 58), dha sAgA caipha InDiyana kacara' (1957) vagere aneka kRtio lakhI che ane emanI gujarAtI kRtionA hindI, kannaDa bhASAomAM anuvAdo paNa thayA che. gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA', 'cakravatI gUrjarane paNa ahIM ullekha karavo joIe. gadyazailI munazI gujarAtanA uttama gadyakAromAMnA eka gaNAya che te kevaLa temanI gadyakRtionA vaipulyane kAraNe nahi, paNa temaNe eka viziSTa gadyazailI upajAvI che ane gujarAtI gadyane e viziSTa rIti ane laDhaNathI prabhAvita karyuM che te kAraNe. munazInA gadyanAM mukhya lakSaNemAM, lalitatA, saraLatA, pravAhitA tathA nATayAtmakatA ane vAgmitAprAdhAnya gaNAya. temanI AraMbhanI kRtiomAM jaNutA ghaDatarakALane gadyamAM svAbhAvika gujarAtI gadyane badale AyAsapUrNatA ane kilaSTatA jaNAya che te temane gujarAtIne badale "aMgrejInA savizeSa sevananuM pariNAma che. paraMtu bahu ja jhaDapathI temanI kalama viziSTa chaTA siddha karatI jaNAve che. gujarAtano nAtha'mAM tenuM prathama uttama pariNAma maLe che. navalikAemAM te tethIya vaheluM ane saheje siddha thayeluM jaNAze. temanA gadyanI lalitatA temanA ja kALatA -gAMdhIyuganA anya gadyakAre - mukhyatve nibaMdhakAranA gadya sAthe sarakhAvatAM spaSTa thaze, to saraLatA ane pravAhitA temanA purogAmI paMDitayuganA gadya sAthe sarakhAvavAthI samajAze. munazInA samakAlIna tema ja uttarakAlIna gujarAtI gadyakAromAM lalitatA ane saraLatA anekamAM maLI zakaze paNa munazIe je nATayAtmakatA ane vAgmitA temanA gadyamAM pragaTa karyA che tenI chaTAo anyatra maLavI muzkela che. nATyAtmakatA kevaLa saMvAdamAM ja nahi paNa varNanAtmaka kathanAtmaka gadyamAM paNa pragaTa thAya che ane tyAM te udhanAtmakakathanAtmaka vAgmitA(rhetoric)nuM rUpa le che. Ane kAraNe temanA gadyamAM keTalIka vAkchaTAo ane vAbhaMgio, kyAreka laDhaNu lAge teTale aMze punarAvRtta thatI jaNAze. e vAga. zalI temanA gadyanI AkarSaka ane asarakAraka lAkSaNikatA banI rahe che. pRthakkaraNe kRtrima - AyAsapUrNa athavA "nATakI' lAgatI e chaTAo pravAhI ane pragaTa uccArAtmaka vAcane, zabda, vAgabhaMgio, vAkyakhaMDo ane zabdomAM vAmitA

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196] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa caM. yukta telanane kAraNe AkarSaka nIvaDe che. eka prakAranI sekasabhA-ubodhana jevI ADaMbarI paNa chaTAdAra bhASaNa zailInA aMze temanA gadyamAM vaNAI gayela jaNAze. temaNe prasArelI romaeNnTika - rasALa ane lalitasaraLa zailI vAcana AkarSaNa ane aneka uttarakAlIna lekhakenuM dizAsUcana banI rahe che. paraMtu e zalI eTalA mATe anukaraNaprApya nathI, ke munazInA vyakitatvanI ja e nIpaja che. e vyaktitvanI prabaLa mudrA tenA para aMkita che. alabatta, kevaLa gadya'mAMthI ja nIpajata, gaghanA zabdavinyAsa, zabdasaMgIta, laya tathA vAkyAvalionA racanA sthApatyamAMthI ja pragaTate saMtarpaka gadyaguNa ahIM bahudhA gerahAjara che. UMDA ane sUma rasAnubhavamAM - gahanamAM garakAva thavAnuM ahIM zakya nathI. nATyAtmaka vAgmitApradhAna ane vegavAna zilImAM e zakya nathI. vegavAna prapAtagati ane vizALa ane UMDA pravAhanI gaMbhIragati vaccene e taphAvata che. munazI pachI paNa vividha prakAranI romenTika zelIo gujarAtI sAhityamAM pragaTI che. munazIe gujarAtane viziSTa gadyazailI ApI che te hakIkata che. "gujarAtane nAthamAMnI nATyAtmakatA, rAjAdhirAja'mAMnAM ke "jaya somanAthanAMnAM keTalAMka varNanAtmaka prakaraNonI kathanazailI, "zizu ane sakhI"nI kAvyamayatA, AtmakathAnA khaMDomAM maLatI narmapradhAnatA, mArmikatA, kaTAkSa ane varNanapradhAnatA ke UrmizIlatA uparAMta temanA caritragraMtha, Adivacane ane vivecanemAMnI bulaMda uddabodhanAtmaka vAgyatA vagere aneka udAharaNa munazIne gujarAtanA eka samartha gadyakAra siddha karavAne pUratAM che. munazIe temanA dIrghajIvana daramyAna, satata lakhANa karyuM che, antaparyA - eka yA bIjA prakAranuM. te udyamI hatA, temanAM ItihAsaviSayaka lakhANe ItihAsavida ja mUlave te yogya. "kulapatinA patro svarUpe, ke adhyAtmaciMtana ane ubodhana tarIke, emaNe je kAMI kahyuM-lakhyuM tene saMcaya moTe che. paraMtu gujarAtI sAhityamAM te teonuM maraNa pradhAnataH saMkaLAyeluM raheze vArtA sAthe ja. samagratayA avalokatAM, ghaNu maryAdAo chatAM, sarjana ane vivecana dvArA, "gujarAta', "samarpaNa" jevAM patra dvArA ke bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, sAhitya saMsadu ke sAhitya pariSadanI pravRttio dvArA, A bahumukhI pratibhAzALI sAhityakAra sAhityakSetre paNa eTaluM ne evuM pradAna karyuM che ke vivecakenAM pracaMDa AkramaNa chatAM emanI mudrAnuM mahattva jhaMkhavAyuM nathI, jhaMkhavAya tema lAgatuM nathI, kAraNa

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pra. 4] kanaiyAlAla munazI - [ 197 ke temanI maryAdAone spaSTa karatAM vivecane eka pachI eka Ubhare Avye jAya che - vIsarAI jAya che ane vidvAnane macakeDyAM mee vimAsatA rAkhIne vAcakavarga temane vAMce ja jAya che ! - e vazIkaraNa kayA kAraNe ? munazImAM evuM kayuM tattva che je temanI sAmagrI, vicAraNuM, nirUpaNanI aneka maryAdAo chatAM temane kapriya ne sadA jIvaMta rAkhe che tenI zodha kadAca ghaNuM sarjakane teo che te karatAM vadhu saphaLa banAvI zake, munazI gujarAtI sAhityakSetre mAtra eka sarjaka lekhaka ja nahi paNa prabhAvaka paribaLa banI rahyA che - virala ane vilakSaNa,

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prakaraNa 5 anya gadyalekhaka-1 malayAnila' Adi vArtAkAro kaMcanalAla vAsudeva mahetA-malayAnila' (1882-1919): kalAtmaka gujarAtI TUMkI vArtAnA Adya sarjaka lekhe oLakhAtA "malayAnila: kaMcanalAla vAsudeva mahetA -ne janma amadAvAdamAM sAThodarA nAgara jJAtimAM I. 1892mAM the hato. prAthamika-mAdhyamika zikSaNa amadAvAdamAM laI I. 1908mAM maeNTrikalezananI parIkSA pasAra karyA bAda I. 1912mAM e bI.e. thayA hatA. snAtaka thayA pachI emaNe amadAvAdamAM dIvAsaLInA eka kArakhAnAmAM nokarI svIkArI ane 1916mAM elaela.bI.nI parIkSA pasAra karI. vacce be vAra emaNe ema.e.nI parIkSA mATe taiyArI to karI, paranta nAdurasta tabiyatane kAraNe e ApI nA zakyA. jIvananAM vividha kSetromAM sArI rIte kAma thaI zakaze evI gaNatarIthI emaNe amadAvAda choDayuM, ane muMbaImAM bhAIzaMkara kAMgA nAmaka selisiTaranI peDhImAM nokarI svIkArI ne vakIlAta paNa zarU karI. teo amadAvAdamAM hatA tyAre jJAtisudhAraNA mATe svasudhAraka sabhAne sajIvana karI aneka pravRttio AdarI hatI, teo snAtaka thayA e arasAmAM ja temaNe lekhanane AraMbha karyo hato. tyAre e vakhatanAM "sundarI subodha', "vArtAvAridhi Adi mAsikamAM emaNe goLamaToLa zarmAnA takhalusathI kAvyo ane vArtAo prakaTa karavA mAMDelAM. AraMbhanI emanI vArtAo hAsyarasapradhAna hatI, paraMtu aMgrejI vAcananA prabhAva taLe emaNe dhIme dhIme pitAnI vArtAone kalAlakSI banAvavA mAMDelI. temaNe I. 1913mAM "malayAnala' takhallusathI vArtAo lakhavI zarU karI tyArathI e ja nAme lekhana jArI rAkhyuM hatuM. muMbaI gayA pachI "vIsamI sadI'nA taMtrI hAjI mahamada alArakhiyA zivajInA paricayamAM teo AvyA ane emanA protsAhanathI emaNe vAlaNI" nAmaka vArtA lakhI je 1918mAM "vIsamI sadImAM prakaTa thaI. e pahelAM paNa vArtAkalpa lakhANe lakhAtAM te hatAM ja, paraMtu temAM mukhyatve upadeza AgaLa tarI Avato hato. A bodhAtmakatAnA bhoraNamAMthI vArtAne mukta karavAne sarva prathama prayAsa I. 1904mAM raNajitarAma vAvAbhAI mahetAe "hIrA" nAmaka vArtA racIne karyo hate. paraMtu e vArtAnI bhASAzailI pUratI ghaDAyelI nahotI. "malayAnila'ne samakAlIna dhanasukhalAla mahetAe paNa

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhake-1 [199 e ja arasAmAM vArtAlekhana AraMbhI dIdhuM hatuM. Ama chatAMya pazcimanI Dhabe kalAbhimukhatAnI khevanA karatI ApaNI prathama prakaTa vArtA te "malayAnila'nI govAlaNI" ja. joke dhanasukhalAla mahetAe paNa navI rItinI "pratibiMba ane chAyA' tema ja anyAya nAmaka be vArtAo 1918mAM racI hatI evI mAhitI maLI AvI che. "malayAnila'nI ati pracAra pAmelI vArtA govAlaNI'mAM haLavA hAsya sAthe vastugUMphanI phAvaTa ane pAtra temaja prasaMgenI khilavaNanI zaktine supere paricaya thAya che. agAunI vArtAmAM cAlyA AvatA spaSTa bedhane tattvanuM ahIM tirodhAna thayeluM jovA maLe che. AthI gujarAtI TUMkI vArtAnA ItihAsamAM "malayAnila" ane emanI A vArtA sImAcihnarUpa che. "malayAnila'mAM kalAnimitinI sajajatA ane sUjha jovA maLe che te emanA anya samakAlInemAM ghaNI ochI che. emaNe je anya vArtAo lakhI che te badhI ja ekasarakhI saphaLa nathI e emanI AraMbhadazAnI sAmavika maryAdAnuM ja pariNAma gaNavuM rahyuM. cha-sAta varSanA TUMkA sarjanagALAmAM emaNe je AzA janmAvI hatI te je emane vadhu jIvanAvadhi maLI hota te sArI rIte phaLIbhUta thaI heta evuM AzvAsana ApaNane emanI "gevAlaNa jevI ardha saphaLa vArtA parathI maLI rahe che. emanuM I. 1919nA jUnanI 24mI tArIkhe akALa avasAna thayuM te pAMgarI rahelI gujarAtI TUMkI vArtAne kSetre AghAtaka ghaTanA hatI. emanI 22 vArtAone nidhanattara saMgraha "govAlaNI ane bIjI vAta 1935mAM prakaTa thayo hato. emaNe kAvyo paNa lakhyAM che ane gItAMjali'nI racanAone gujarAtImAM utArI che. (dhI.) tArAcaMdra popaTalAla aDAlajA (1887-1970) : temane janma 1887ne kaTobaranI 17mIe haLavadamAM meDha vaNika jJAtimAM thayo hato. prAthamika zikSaNa haLavadamAM pUruM karI muMbaInI phorTa prAyaTarI hAIskUlamAM mAdhyamika zikSaNa laI 1905mAM maeNTrika thaI tyAMnI vikaTeriyA jyubilI Tekanikala inTiTayaTamAM joDAI ela.TI.ema.nI upAdhi meLavI hatI. tyAra bAda teo vaDodarA rAjyanA vepAraudyoga khAtAmAM vIviMga AsisTanTa tarIke sevAo ApatA hatA. Ama, vyavasAye kApaDa udyogamAM paDayA chatAMya emano sAhityazAkha evo. ke emaNe "sAMja vartamAna", "gujarAtI' Adi sAmayikamAM lekho ane vArtAo lakhavA mAMDelI. e kALe pitAnI aitihAsika vArtAothI emaNe vAcakanuM dhyAna kheMcyuM hatuM. emanA e lekhananA phaLarUpe "vIranI vAto' bhAga 1 (1925), bhAga 2 (1926), bhAga 3 (1928), "premaprabhAva' (1930) ane "vIrAMganAnI vAta" (1931) jevA saMgraha ApaNane maLyA che. temaNe beeka sinemA mATe vArtAo

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200 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa lakhelI te uparAMta potAnA vyavasAyanA anubhavamAMthI vyAvasAyika pustakonuM paNa lekhana kareluM. (vI.) - jayakRSNa nAgaradAsa varmA (1894-1943) bharUcamAM lohANA jJAtimAM 1894nA menI 26mIe janmanAra A sarjake 1919mAM ema.e.nI upAdhi meLavI hatI. iMglenDa jaI baeNrisTara thaI laMDananI yunivarsiTImAMthI arthazAstra sAthe ema.esasI.nI upAdhi meLavI hindustAna pAchA pharI muMbaInI hAIkerTamAM vakIlAta zarU karI hatI. rAjakAraNa ane sAhityamAM emane UMDo rasa hato. rAjakAraNanA rase temanI pAse hindI rASTrIya koMgresane ItihAsa bhAga 1 (1921) ane bhAga 2 (1923) tathA "mahAtmA gAMdhIjInuM jIvana' (1922) jevAM pustakanuM lekhana karAvyuM hatuM. temanI vArtAonA saMgraha "varmAnI vividha vArtAo' (1925) ane lakSmInI sADI ane bIjI vArtAo' (1931) nAme bahAra paDyA hatA. strIo mATenA mAsika "guNasuMdarI'nuM 1923thI taMtrIpada svIkArI e dizAmAM paNa emaNe yazasvI phALo Apyo hato. (dhI.) AgaLa pR. 122 para jemano nirdeza thayo che te DAhyAbhAI la. paTele kA uparAMta "candrAnanA', "suvAsinI" vagere vArtAsaMgraho paNa ApyA che. prANalAla kIrapArAma desAI (1882)e vArtAo ane "saMsAracitro' ApyAM che. dhIrajalAla a. bhaTTa (1889) vArtAo ane kAvyo, girajAzaMkara ma. bhaTTa (1891) ane hIrAcaMda ka, jhaverIe vArtAo ane kAvya lakhyAM che. gokuLadAsa ku. mahetA(1892)e vArtAne saMgraha ane "saMvAdasaMcaya" pragaTa karyA che. uparAMta "kAThiyAvADanI daMtakathAo paNa ApI che. lalitamohana cU. gAMdhI(1902)e "kalpanA kusuma', merI semyuala solaMkI(1903)e vArtAo uparAMta madhurAM gIta', aMbelAla ka. vazI(1904)e "mallikAmAM vArtAo ane marAThImAMthI anuvAda ApyA che. baTubhAI Adi nATayalekhake baTubhAI umaravADiyA (1899-1950) : baTubhAI lAlabhAI umara vADiyAno janma surata pAse veDachAmAM anAvila brAhmaNa jJAtimAM 1899nA julAInI 13mI tArIkhe thayo hato. 1919mAM muMbaInI vilsana kolejamAMthI bI.e. thaI 1923thI 19ra 6 daramiyAna sarakArI nokarImAM muMbaI ane amadAvAda khAte lebara InspekaTara tarIke rahyA bAda elaela.bI.nI parIkSA uttIrNa karI, sarakArI nokarImAMthI rAjInAmuM ApI emaNe suratamAM vakIlAtano AraMbha karyo hato. emaNe pitAnI lekhanapravRttine AraMbha kaeNlejakALa daramiyAna ja karI

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhake-1 [ ra01 dIdho hato. TUMkI vArtA ane ekAMkInA kSetre emaNe aitihAsika daSTie ullekha pAtra pradAna karyuM che. "vAtonuM vana' (1924) emane Adara pAmelo vArtAsaMgraha che. Ama chatAMya emane yazopiMDa baMdhAya che emanA ekAMkI sajanathI. "masyagaMdhA ane bIjAM nATako' (1925) tathA "mAlAdevI ane bIjAM nATako' (1927) e be graMthe uparAMta emanAM bIjAM cAreka prakaTa paNa agraMthastha nATaka paNa che. emaNe "saMsAra eka nATaka' (1918) ane "zakuMtalA rasadarzana' nAmaka be anekakI nATake paNa ApyAM che. ekAMkIomAM InsananI zailIno prabhAva joI zakAya che. nATakanuM vastu e prAcIna, madhyakAlIna ke arvAcIna samAja-sAhityamAMthI le che ane ene saMvAdanI tema ja pAtrAlekhananI kalAthI khIlavavA prayatna kare che, paNa sunilaSTa vastusaMvidhAnanI kaLAne abhAve, "haMsA' jevA ekAMkIone bAda karatAM, teo jhAjhAM saphaLa ekAMkI ApI zakyA nathI. emanAM ekAMkIomAM kaI samasyAne lakSya karavAne IrAde hoI e udeza pradhAna bane che. vaLI enI nATyakSamatA karatAM vAcanakSamatA vizeSa che. kriyAga karatAM emAM saMvede ane pAtrAlekhana vadhu dhyAnAkarSaka bane che. lAghava ane vyaMjanAne abhAva emanAM keTalAMka nATakane saphaLa kalAkRtio thatI aTakAve che. Ama chatAMya samaya-sApekSa dRSTithI ane emanAM nATakonI sAhityika guNavattAne kAraNe, pazcimanI AbohavAmAM pAMgarI rahelA gujarAtI navya nATayane vAcakemAM ane sarjakemAM priya banAvavAmAM baTubhAI umaravADiyAno phALe noMdhapAtra raheze. "rasagIto' (1920), "rAsa aMjali" (1935) emanA rAsa-gItanA saMgraho che. "kIrtidAne kamaLanA patromAM emanuM patra rUpe lakhAyeluM vivecana pragaTa thayuM che. emaNe sarjana uparAMta "cetana" ane "vinoda nAmanAM mAsike paNa thoDo samaya calAvyAM hatAM. emanA taMtrI pada heThaLa suratamAMthI "sudarzana' nAmanuM sAptAhika paNa thoDo samaya prakaTa thayuM hatuM. navuM karavAne taravarATa emanA sarjana ane sAmayika-saMpAdanamAM joI zakAya che. emaNe "suMdararAma tripAThI, "kizorIlAla zarmA" ane "hararAya di vedInAM takhallusothI keTalAka garavA gujarAtIonAM tejIlAM zabdacitro paNa ApyAM che. emanuM I. 1950nA jAnyuArInI 18mI tArIkhe avasAna thayuM hatuM. (vI.) prANajIvana pAThaka (1888-1975): prANajIvana vizvanAtha pAThakane janma saurASTranA khaMbhALiyA gAmamAM praznorA nAgara jJAtimAM 1898nA oNgasTanI 22mIe thaye hato. 1914mAM maeNTrikyulezananI parIkSA pasAra karI deDha varSa vaDodarAnI kolejamAM ane bAkIne samaya pUnAnI phargyusana kolejamAM abhyAsa karI

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202 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [, 4 1919mAM tee khI.e. thayA hatA. emanA rasanA viSayA samAjazAstra, tattvajJAna ane citta-mAnasazAstra. emanI A rasika pravruttine peASavA emaNe 'mijalase philasuphAna' nAmaka nAnakaDI saMsthAnI sthApanA paNa karI hatI. kavivara TAgoranA bhAvanApradhAna sAhityasevananI asara nIce emaNe racelu 15 pravezanu sa...kula nATaka 'anetA' 1924mAM prakaTa thayuM hatuM. A uparAMta emanAM agraMthastha laghu nATakA 'himakAnta', 'anupama ane gaurI', 'rUdra ane raMjanA', 'dIpaka' tathA 'vimaLa ane jayAti' rA. vi. pAThakanA 'prasthAna' mAsikamAM prakaTa thayAM hatAM tyAre emanI ziSTa bhASAzailI ane pariSkRta savAdothI e nATakAe thADuM AkarSaNu jamAvyuM hatuM. emanAM nATakAmAM dRzyabAhulya ane kathAvastunI saMkulatA rasavighna UbhAM kare che. kriyAveganI maMdatA ane prasaMgagU MthaNInuM zaithilya paNa e nATakAne kalAkRtionI U'cAie paheAMcavA detAM nathI. Ama chatAMya A nATako tatkAlIna nUtana sAhityika paribaLAnI AkheADavAmAM UcharyAM che e pratIta thayA vagara raheze nahi. svataMtra nATayasana uparAMta emaNe zvasananA nATaka 'DaoNlsa hAusa'nA 'DhI'galI' nAme anuvAda 1925mAM prakaTa karelA tyAre tenI saraLatA ane sarasatAe ghaNAnuM dhyAna kheMcyuM hatuM. emaNe pleTAnA prasiddha grathane pleTanuM Adarzo nagara' e zIrSakathI anuvAda karyA hatA. (dhI.) yazavaMta paMDathA ( 1906-1955 ) : gujarAtI ekAMkInA ugamakALe AzAspada ekAMkIsa nathI vAcaka-vivecakAnuM dhyAna kheMcanAra yazavaMta savAIlAla paDayAneA janma saurASTramAM pacchegAmamAM praznorA nAgara brAhmaNa jJAtimAM ijanera pitAne tyAM I. 1906mAM thayA hatA. bhAvanagaramAM temaNe ema.e. sudhIne abhyAsa karyo hatA ane vyavasAye teo dilhI khAte bombe lAipha esyoransa ka MpanInA saMcAlaka hatA. emanuM avasAna I. 1955nA navembaranI 14mI tArIkhe thayuM hatuM. yazavaMta paMDayAnuM nAma ApaNA UgatA ekAMkInA yugamAM dhyAnA banyuM hatu. emaNe 'paDadA pAchaLa' (1927) ane 'a. sau. kumArI' nAme khe anekAMkI nATakA ApyAM che tA 'madanamaMdira' (1931), 'rasajIvana' (1936) ane 'zaratanA gheADA' e traNa saMgraheAmAM bAra ekAMkIe ApyAM che. 'jhAkaLanuM meAtI', UMcAM amArAM UDavAM', 'zaratanA dhADA', 'prajAnA pratinidhi', 'jhAMjhavAM' jevAM ekAMkIomAM emanI kalAkAranI pratibhAnAM darzana thAya che. 'madanamaMdira'nAM ekAMkIemAM paurANika pAtrAnI sahAyathI AtIyatAnI viDa MbanA karavAmAM AvI che. tA khIjo saMgraha 'rasajIvana' lagnajIvana karatAM kevaLa praNayajIvana vadhu sAruM che evuM carcatAM saMvAdapradhAna ekAMkIe che, jenI takhtAlAyakI ghaNI echI che. AthI

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31.4] anya gadyalekhakA-1 [ 203 A nATaka dazya karatAM zrAvya vadhu che. trIjo saMgraha zaratanA gheADA' eka yA khIjI rIte sAmAjika vastu laIne Ave che ane prathama be saMgrahanAM ekAMkIo karatAM tItra spaSTa kaTAkSazailImAM savizeSa rAce che. emanI ekAMkIkAra tarIkenI vizeSatA prasaMgAnI svAbhAvika gU thaNI ane cATadAra capaLa saMvAdaprayuktimAM rahelI che. lAghava ane vyaMjanAnI zaktithI emanAM ekAMkIe vadhu saphaLa nIvaDayAM che. raMganirdeza yazavaMta paDathAnI savervocca siddhi che. Ama chatAMya carcyA vicAranuM chIcharApaNuM emanAM ekAMkIonuM nabaLuM pAsuM che. yazavaMta paMDayAe ekAMkIkAra tarIke A nATacaprakAranI gaMbhIra sAdhanA karI che ane enI kalAiimatimAM adhajhAjherI saphaLatA prApta karI che. emaNe suMdara bALanATako paNa ApyAM che. 'vINA' ane 'zarada'nuM emaNe saphaLa saMpAdana paNa karyuM hatuM. 'lamacitrA'mAM emaNe zabdacitro ApyAM che. (dhI.) praaAdajI ca, dIvAnajI (1851)e vaizAlInI vinatA' e nATaka ApavA uparAMta nibaMdhakSetre paNa aNu karyuM hatuM. harizaMkara mA. bhaTTe (18 66-1928) 'bhaktarAja aMbarISa', 'kaMsavadha' Adi nATayakRtio ApavA uparAMta lagnaprasaMganAM tema ja kAThiyAvADI leAkagItAnA sagrAhaka tarIke paNa kArya karyuM hatuM. hirazaMkara mUlANI(1891)e 'caitanyakumAra', 'bhadrAbhAminI' jevI nATayakRtie ApI hatI. ratilAla nA. tannA(1901)e paNa nATakA uparAMta nibaMdha ane caritro ApyAM che. nATakAnA anuvAdomAM khAsa ullekhapAtra nAma narabhezaMkara prANajIvana dave 'kAThiyAvADI'(1871-1952)nuM che. emaNe zekasapiyaranAM 'juliyasa sIjhara (1898), 'eNthele', 'venisaneA vepArI', 'haeNmleTa' (1917), 'mejhara phora mejhara' ('thAya tevA thaIe te gAma vacce rahIe' zIrSakathI), 'Ala ijha vela dhaeNTa enDrujha vela' ('caMdraramaNu' 1906 zIrSakathI) jevAM nATakA gujarAtImAM anuvAdita karyA che. zekasapayaranI 'sImbelIna' parathI jamazede gAlAbasiMha' (1881) nAme ane kekhuzarU kAmarAjIe 'bhAge behesta' (1901) nAme, maganalAla ha. pArekhe 'kaeNAmeDI oNpha era' parathI 'AzcaryakAraka bhulavaNI' (1892) nAme, nArAyaNu Thakkare 'naeNkaSa~tha' parathI 'mAlavaketu' ane ema. ena. zukale TamiMga oNpha dha zru' parathI karkazA para kAbU' (1912) nAme anuvAda karavAnA prayatna karyA che ene paNa ahIM ullekha karI laIe. zekasapiyaranI nATatyakRtie haeNmleTa' (1942) ane 'venisanA vepArI' (1897)nA nirbaMdha anuSTupamAM thayelA anuvAdo tA pachI haMsAbahena mahetA (1897) dvArA ApaNane maLyA che, ane e pachI

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204 ] gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [. 4 manasukhalAla jhaverI dvArA zekasapiyaranuM avataraNa ApaNe tyAM thaI rahyuM che. zeriDana (baTubhAI umaravADiyAkRta "saMsAra" 1921-aMtima bhAga pUro karyo snAbahena zukale), golDasmitha (dhIrajalAla cimanalAla kRta uparopakArI puruSa ane daMbhIdAsanuM rAjInAmuM" 1928), meTaraliMka (aMbAlAla ga. desAI kRta "prAyazcitta' 1924) jevA lekhake gujarAtImAM anuvAdita thayA che. A uparAMta AvAbAnu ja. tAleyArakhAne nepasekanuM pavitra munI' (1901), phirojazAha 2. mahetAe DemenTa guDjhanuM De. mIno cahero dI' (1930), bAburAva ga. ThAkore 'hAImATa' (1930) e nATakonA anuvAda ApyA che, jyotIndra Adi hAsyalekhake jyotIndra dave (1901-1980) suratanA vatanI vaDanagarA nAgara brAhmaNa jatIndra hariharazaMkara davene janma I. 1901nA oNkaTobaranI 21mI tArIkhe thayuM hatuM. I. 1919mAM maeNTrikyulezananI parIkSA uttIrNa karyA pachI suratanI ema. TI. bI. ArTsa kolejamAM joDAI 1923mAM saMskRta ane gujarAtI viSayo laI emaNe bI.e.nI upAdhi dvitIya vargamAM meLavI hatI. tyAra bAda e ja viSayo laI 1925mAM teo ema.e. thayA hatA. A daramiyAna pUrvokta kelejamAM eka varSa mATe teo phele nimAyA hatA. suratathI kanaiyAlAla munazI emane pitAnA sAhityamaMtrI tarIke muMbaI laI gayA ane 1933 sudhI teo muMbaI rahyA. vacce satyAgrahanI laDatamAM munazI jelamAM jatAM jyotIndra dave tyAMnI kabIbAI hAIskUlamAM zikSaka tarIke joDAyA hatAM. tyAra pachI emaNe suratanI kolejamAM adhyApaka tarIke sevAo ApavA mAMDI tyAM ja munazInA AgrahathI emaNe pharI surata choDayuM 1937mAM te cheka mRtyu paryanta muMbaImAM ja rahyA. suratathI bIjI vAra muMbaI gayA pachI emaNe tyAM sarakAramAM "aisisTanTa eriyenTala TrAnsaleTara' tarIke karIne AraMbha karela te saMjANanA mRtyu bAda - jeo tyAM mukhyapade hatA-riyenTala TrAnsaleTara' banyA. A sarakArI nokarImAMthI nivRtta thatAM munazIe bhAratIya vidyAbhavanamAM emane rokI lIdhA. munazInA "gujarAtanuM temaNe upataMtrI pada paNa saMbhALeluM. muMbaInI kolejomAM, nivRtti pachI, adhyApaka tarIke sevAo paNa ApI hatI ane mAMDavI (kaccha)mAM navI zarU thayelI kaeNlejanA AcAryapade thoDo vakhata rahI AvyA hatA. Ama, emanI kArakirdIne moTA gALA muMbaImAM ja vyatIta tha. 1980nA sapTembaranI 11mI tArIkhe emanuM muMbaImAM ja avasAna thayuM. jyotIndra dave gujarAtI sAhityamAM hAsyarasane paryAya banI gayA che. hAsya

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x, 5] anya gadyalekhakA-1 [ 205 rasanA sAhityanA ullekha karatAM prathama emanuM ja nAma smaraNe caDhI Ave evAM emanAM pradAna ane prasiddhi che. kAlejakALa daramiyAna ja 1921thI emaNe lekhanane AraMbha karyAM hatA te 1930 sudhImAM tA emaNe hAsyarasanA sarjaka tarIke AgalI harALamAM sthAna meLavI lIdhuM, yeAtIndra davenI sananaukA UpaDI che karuNarasathI ane nAMgarI che hAsyarasamAM, emanI prathama racanA 'viSapAna' karuNarasapradhAna nATaka che. emaNe gheADAM kAvyo paNa racelAM. paNa yeAtIndra dave gujarAtI sAhityamAM haLavA nibadhAnA lekhaka tarIke ja smaraNIya raheze. hAsyarasamAM emanuM pradAna trikSetrIya che : abhinaya, vakatRtva ane lekhananA kSetramAM. dhanasukhalAla mahetAe emane hAsyarasanA uttama naTa kahyA che. hAsyarasanI chAMTavALAM emanAM bhASaNaiAthI aneA suparicita che. ane lekhanamAM tA hAsyarasa yeAtIndra davenA ja evI kahetI sudhI pahAMce evuM ane eTaluM emanu sarjana che. hAsyarasanI niSpatti mATe emane viSayanI zeAdhamAM kayAMya nIkaLavuM paDatuM nathI. jIvananeA emane hADAhADa anubhava che, eTale jyAM jyAM emanI najara paDe che tyAM tyAM emane hAsyarasanI keAI ne koI sAmagrI dekhAyA vagara rahetI nathI. kSullakamAM kSullaka viSayathI gaMbhIramAM gaMbhIra viSayane e hAsyanuM upAdAna banAvI zake che. vedhaka daSTi, vakra darzana ane viziSTa zailIsAmarthyane kAraNe emane hAsyarasamAM abhUtapUrva ane adritIya saphaLatA prApta thaI che. emaNe peAtAnI bahuzrutatAne pUrepUro lAbha paNa hAsyarasanI niSpatti mATe lIdhA che. jyotIndra dave kayAreka khaDakhaDATa hasAve che tA bahudhA mitalaharIe jagavI jAya che. emanA hAsyamAM narma (wit) che teA marma (humour) paNa che. te vicitra alaMkAraprayukti, pratilekhana (parodical writing) ThThAcitrapaddhati dvArA hAsya nipajAve che. e jAtane kendramAM rAkhIne hasAve che teA anya te kendramAM rAkhIne paNa hasAve che. ApaNI nabaLAIe ane apUrNatA tarapha e evA hAsyamukura dhare che ke ApaNe hasatAM jaIe ane jAtadarzana karatAM jaIe. Ama karavAmAM teo kayAMya karyu banatA nathI. AthI ja emanuM hAsya nirdeza ane nirdeSa lAge che. pariNAme e sabhAgya banI zake che. tatsama ane tadbhava bhASA paranuM emanuM prabhutva emane emanAM lakhANAmAM prasaMga-pAtrocita hAsyanirmANa mATe khUba khapa lAgyuM che. emanI saMvAkalA emanI zailInuM AgavuM aMga banI gaI che. viSayavastunA vikAsa karavAnI emanI nirUpaNukalA adbhuta che. aneka ADavAtA peAtAnAM lakhANamAM nAkhIne e aMte tA va viSayane ja dhiMgA vaNATa Ape che enI pratIti sujJa vAcakane thayA vagara raheze nahi. emanAmAM rahelI sahaja hAsyazaktine kAraNe emanAM lakhANAmAM mArI

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gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ . 4 macaDIne hAsya niSpanna karAtuM hoya evuM kyAMya lAgatuM nathI. emano hAsyarasa bhaddo ke uparachale nathI, e UMDo ane sUkSma che. AthI ja emanAM hAsyarasapradhAna lakhANo kalAnI kaTie pahoMcI zakyAM che. hAsyalekhana emane mana gaMbhIra pravRtti che. emaNe varSo sudhI sAmayikAmAM satata lakhyAM karyuM che, pariNAme sarvatra teo UMcI kakSA jALavI zakyA nathI e svAbhAvika che. Ama chatAMya emane hAsyarasa ziSTatAnI maryAdA kyAMya oLaMgate nathI e ochI neMdhapAtra siddhi nathI. janmajAta nAgarI ziSTatA ane suratI haLavAza emanAM lakhANomAM sarvatra pharI rahI che. emanI abhyAsavRtti ane vidvattAe emane naisargika hAsyamAM vyavadhAne UbhAM nathI karyA balake e hAsyane viziSTatA bakSI che emAM emanI kalAkAra tarIkenI sabhAnatA pratIta thAya che. emanAM hAsyarasanAM lakhANo "raMgataraMga' bhAga 1 (1932) thI 6, "pAnanAM bIDAM", "mArI noMdhapothI', "a9pAtmAnuM AtmapurANa", "vaDa ane TeTA", "najaraH lAMbI ane TUMkI' (1956), "trIju sukha' (1957), "roga, yoga ane prayoga tathA "tInI roTalI' vagere graMthamAM saMgRhIta thayAM che. dhanasukhalAla mahetAnA sahayogamAM emaNe "ame badhAM" nAmaka saLaMga kathA paNa lakhI che. hAsyarasanA sAhityasarjanamAM viziSTa siddhi ane riddhi dAkhavavA badala emane 1941ne raNajitarAma suvarNacaMdraka enAyata thayA hatA. 196pamAM surata khAte bharAyelA gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadanA 23mA adhivezananuM emane pramukhapada ApI sAhityarasika prajAe emanI avirata ane ekaniSTha sAhitya pAsanAnI samyapha kadara karI hatI. (pI.) jagajIvanadAsa trikamajI koThArI (1877) oliyA jevIne nAme hAsyarasane lekhaka tarIke jANItA thayA hatA. teo mukhyatve sAmayiko mATe lakhatA hovAthI ghaNI vAra sAmAnya manoraMjana ane punarAvartana emanA lekhomAM che. mAnavasvabhAvanI vicitratA, nabaLAI, svArthavRtti vagerenuM Alekhana thatuM hovAthI e kRtio haLavI banavAnI sAthe koI vAra halakI banI jatI ne tene udeza vicAraNAne nahi paraMtu game te rIte hasAvavAnuM hovAthI chIcharApaNuM AvI jatuM. A maryAdA A prakAranA badhA lekhakane naDe che. prasaMgalakSitA AvI kRtiomAM mokhare hevAthI samaya jatAM e kRtio AkarSaNa jamAvI zakatI nathI. paMDitayuganA gaMbhIra vicArabhArathI kalAnuM prayojana cUke che te ahIM evuM anya rIte banatuM anubhavAya che. emanI kRtio "oliyA joSIne. akhADo' bhAga 1, 2 (1927; 1932) hAsyarasanA sAhityamAM sthAna dharAve che. emaNe "caMdrazekhara nATaka' (1915) paNa lakhyuM che. (bhU.)

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anya gadyalekhaka.-1 [ 207 jayendrarAya bhagavAnalAla dUrakALa (1881-1960) : jayendrarAya dUrakALa dharmapriya vicAraka hatA. Ar`bhamAM kalakattAmAM zikSaNakArya karavA sAthe vividha viSayA para aMgrejImAM lekhanakArya karatA. tyAra pachI surata kaeNAlejamAM aMgrejI ane gujarAtInA adhyApaka banatAM dharmaviSayaka ane gujarAtI sAhityanI pravRtti tarapha te vaLyA ane gujarAtI nibaMdhasAhityane samRddha karavAmAM kALA ApyA. haLavA nibaMdha ke niLadhikAnA sAhityasvarUpanA ghaDataramAM emanI kRtie noMdhapAtra che. gabhIratA sAthe vineAda, sakatA ane lAlityanA aMzAthI gujarAtI niSTha dhane navA vaLAMka ApavAmAM emane agraNI gaNI zakAya. 'sUrya', cevaDA', 'maccharadAnI', 'ceAkhA chaDavAnI mile' jevA jANItA paNa atyAra sudhI aspRzya viSayAnu. emaNe vilakSaNa rIte nirUpaNu karI viSayapasaMdagI ane viSayavaividhyane kSetre navI daSTi ApI. emanI zailI vividha vaLAMkA laI maneAhara ane che. zailI ramUjI ne haLavI bane che tA sAthe sAthe gahana, gaMbhIra banI tAttvika ane mArmika paNa bane che. jhINavaTabharI avaleAkanazaktithI viSayanuM sahajabhA ve e nirUpaNa kare che. 'jharaNAM TADhAM ne UhAM' (1928) nAmanA 'kAnta' ane nhAnAlAlanI kAvyarItine anusaratA emanA kAvyasaMgraha che. dharmanI bhUmikA' (1928) emaneA dhaviSayaka graMtha che. gheADAMka chuTTAM phUla' (1927) ane 'poyaNAM' (1929) tathA 'amI' nAmanA emanA haLavA nibadhAnA saMgrahe| ThIkaThIka lAkapriya banyA che. paMDitayuga pachI emanA jIvanakALa 1960 sudhI laMbAyA paraMtu tyAre mekraTe bhAge dhArmika lekhanakArya emaNe karyuM. (bhU.) pra. 5] atisukhazakara kamaLAzakara trivedI (1885-1963) : gujarAtanA agragaNya keLavaNIkAra, vyAkaraNazAstrI ane paMDita pitA kamaLAzaMkara trivedInA putra atisukhazaMkara trivedI tattvajJAnanA adhyApaka hatA. paMDitayuganA sauthI vyApaka gadyaprakAra nibadhamAM sakatA, Urmi ane vineAda tattvanA praveza karAvavAmAM emanA phALA mahattvanA che. 'nivRttivineAda' (1917) ane 'sAhityavineda' (1928)nA emanA nibaMdhamAM lalita ane lalitetara sAhityaprakAranA samanvaya che. vicArane vyavasthita rIte gADhavI nibaMdhanA svarUpane e jALavI rAkhe che tA UrminA sparzathI nibaMdhatattvamAM kAvyatattvanA praveza thavA de che. zailI ciMtana ane Urmi bannene anukULa thaI zake tevI e yeAjI zakayA che. peAtAnAM maMtavyAne nikhAlasa ane vineAdI rIte e rajU kare che. buddhi ane hRdaya banne emanA vicAravyApAramAM pravRtta thatAM jaNAya che ethI nibaMdha heAvA chatAM te hRdayaspazI ane che. mAnavInAM lAgaNI ane vyavahAra bannene sparze evA viSayAnuM gaMbhIra

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208] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ Q. 4 C ane haLavI rIte emaNe nirUpaNa karyuM che. ghaNI vAra emanI zailImAM jaNAtI ekavidhatA emanI maryAdA bane che. pa`DitayugamAM svataMtra lekhanakArya karanAra sAhityarasikA jANItA aMgrejI graMthaiAnA anuvAda karatA. gIjhAnA prakhyAta graMtha yuropanA sudhArAne itihAsa' (1913) ane raeNzAlanA graMtha nItizAstra' (1917)nA atisukhazaMkare karelA anuvAdo jANItA banyA hatA. kAlejomAM ke bIje bhajavI zakAya evI nATikA prasaMgeApAtta emaNe racI hatI. pitA kamaLAzaMkara trivedI sAthe jUnA vaDAdarA rAjyanI zALAo mATe trivedI vAcanamALA'nA judAjudA bhAgeAnuM emaNe saMpAdana karyuM hatuM. byAmerAcandra pAThakajI sAthe kAvyasAhityamImAMsA'nI racanA karI. buddhiprakAza' ane 'vasanta' vageremAM te avAranavAra lekhA lakhatA. yunivarsiTInA saMcAlana ane ucca-zikSaNanI pravRttimAM sakriya rahenAra atisukhazAMkara trivedInA jIvanakALa gAMdhIyuganA aMta sudhI vistarelA heAvA chatAM e samayamAM emanI lekhanapravRtti thayelI jaNAtI nathI. uccazikSaNanA vidyArthIe mATe tarkazAstra, mAnasazAstra ane tattvajJAnanA graMthAnI aMgrejImAM emaNe racanA karI hatI. kaeNAlejanA gujarAtI vidyAthI one upayogI thaI paDe e mATe kamaLAza'kara trivedInA 'bRhadvyAkaraNa' parathI pAca bRhad vyAkaraNa' nAmanA graMtha emaNe prasiddha karyo hatA. (bhU. ) A yuganA ciMtanAtmaka gahanagaMbhIra nibaMdhasAhityamAM dUrakALa ane atisukhazakara trivedInI racanAoe vineda, lAlitya ane sakatAne praveza karAvyA. e nibadhA suvAcya ane saraLa heAvA chatAM enI sAthe pAMDityanu vaLagaNa rahyA karatuM hatuM. hAsya ane vineAda dvArA gujarAtI jIvananuM nirUpaNu karatA lekhA mAsikA ane patrAmAM prasiddha thatA hatA ne te leAkapriya banyA hatA. temAM atizayektinuM ane ghaNI vAra te jamAnAnI rucine halaku lAge evuM nirUpaNu thatuM. A kRtie atisAmAnya ane ziSTatAnAM dhAraNA vinAnI che ema mAnI tenI avagaNanA paNa thatI. e vAtAvaraNamAM cheTAlAla jAgIradAra, mastakkAra ane jadurAya khadheDiyAnI racanAe ziSTajanAmAM ane paDita sAhityakArAmAM paNa dhyAnapAtra khUnI hatI. sAhityanA itihAsamAM temanu vismaraNa thaI zake nahi. oTAlAla DA, jAgIradAra (1886-1934) dhaMdhe vepArI hatA chatAM hAsyarasanA kuzaLa lekhaka tarIke emane sArI siddhi ane prasiddhi maLI hatI. vIsamI sadI'mAM vinAdAtmaka lekhA dvArA vAyAnuM haLavuM maneAraMjana karatA emanA lekhA 'UMdhiyu'(1929), 'phaIbAkAkI' (1930), 'sakharasiyu" (1931) huM zivajI dvA

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pra. 5]. anya gadyalekhake-1 [29 vagere graMtharUpe sulabha banyA. samAjajIvananA ane kuTuMbanA vividha prasaMgenA hAsyapreraka aMzane emanA lekhomAM upasAvavAmAM AvyA che ne temAM rahelA svIkArya ke TIkAtmaka aMza tarapha dhyAna kheMcavAmAM AvyuM che. vividha prasaMgone hAsyapreraka vaLAMka ApavAmAM jAgIradAranI maulikatA dhyAna kheMce evI che. (bhU.) dhanasukhalAla mahetA (1890-1974)H suratanA vatanI dhanasukhalAla kRSNalAla mahetAne janma I. 1880nA eNkabaranI ra0mI tArIkhe vaDhavANamAM kAyastha jJAtimAM thayo hato. nAdurasta rahetI tabiyatane kAraNe teo maeNTrikayulezanathI AgaLa abhyAsa karI zakyA nahotA. emaNe vikaToriyA jyubilI Tekanikala insTiTayUTamAM cAra varSane abhyAsakrama pUro karI ilekiTrakala enjiniyariMgamAM ela.I.I.ne DiplemA meLavyA hatA. emanI vyAvasAyika kArakidIne AraMbha emaNe muMbaImAM siMdhiyA sTIma nevigezana kaMpanImAM nokarI svIkArIne karyo hato. emanA mAmA raNajitarAma vAvAbhAI mahetAe emane gujarAtI bhASA para kAbU meLavavAnA kImiyA tarIke aMgrejI bhASAnA ziSya graMthanuM bhASAMtara karavAnI bhalAmaNa karI. A sUcanAne anusarI emaNe vikhyAta AMgla lekhaka sara Arthara kAnana DoIlanA prasiddha pustaka zeraloka homsane "DiTekiTava bahAdura zeraloka homsa" (1909) nAme anuvAda pragaTa karyo. pachI to e rAhe "caMDALacekaDI' (1913), meTaraliMkanA nibaMdho' (1917), "zeralaeNka homsanAM sAhasakarmo' (1920) vagere saphaLa anuvAda ApyA. meTaraliMkanA traNa nibaMdhonA utkRSTa anuvAda mATe tyAre muMbaInI phArbasa sabhA taraphathI rUpiyA 250nuM pAritoSika paNa emane ApavAmAM AveluM. temaNe svataMtra sarjana paNa karyuM che. aDhAra varSanI vaye 1908thI temaNe lekhe prakaTa karavA mAMDelA. mitravartuLamAM mAnItA "dhabhAI"mAM naisargika narmamarma zakti hatI tene paricaya emanAM lakhANomAM AraMbhathI thavA lAgyo hate. ene pariNAme sahu emane ramaNabhAI nIlakaMThane hAsyavArasa gaNavA lAgyA hatA. emanuM A prakAranuM lakhANa bahu saralA ane mitramaMDaLa' (1920), "asAdhAraNa anubhava ane bIjI vAto' (1924), "ame badhAM' (1936), "ArAma khurazIethI" AdimAM saMgRhIta thayuM che. "Athamate ajavALe' ema caritragraMtha che; te binadhaMdhAdArI raMgabhUmino itihAsa ane "nATayaviveka' jevA abhyAsaniSTha graMthe paNa temaNe ApyA che. gu. sA. 14

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210 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [2*. 4 vArtA ane nATakamAM emanA prathama rasa. videzI kRtienA saphaLa anuvAde ane subhaga rUpAMtarAnI ananya phAvaTa chatAMya emanI khyAti hAsyalekhaka tarIkenI vizeSa che. rAjamarAjanA jIvanavyavahAramAMthI emanI sUkSma dRSTi hAsyAtpAdaka prasagA pakaDI pADe che ane kalAkAranA tATasthya tathA samatha sarja kazaktithI e prasa MgAne khIlavI jANe che. emanI zailImAM nirADaMbarIpaNuM ane nikhAlasatA joI zakAya che. satra mAtra bauddhika stare na rahetAM teo Umiraila paNa bane che. hAsyarasanI niSpatti mATe emaNe nibadhe uparAMta vArtA, navalakathA, rekhAcitra Adi prakArAmAM paNa prazaMsanIya pradAna kareluM che. 'ame badhAM' dhanasukhalAla mahetA ane nyAtIndra dave dvArA AtmakathAtmaka paddhatie lakhAyelI suratanA te kALe lupta thavA lAgelA paraMparAddha jIvananI na`mayukta naravI ane garavI saLaMga kathA che. be sa kAe sahayeAgamAM lakhelI ApaNA sAhityanI A prathama kRti che. 'bhadraMbhadra' pachI hAsyarasanI cheLA uchALatI A saLaMga kathAkRtimAM enA sAne prazaMsApAtra puruSArtha a MtA rahetA nathI. dhanasukhalAlanI UMcI vinAvRtti, pariSkRta bhASAzailI, rasajJabuddhi, UMDI ciMnatazIlatA ane sUma talIlA emanAM hAsyapradhAna lakhANAmAM AgaLa tarI AvatI lAkSaNikatAo che. emanA abhinnata ane Rju zIlanI chApa emanI zailI para paDayA vagara rahI nathI. temaNe gulAbadAsa brokara sAthe dhUmrasera' (1948) nATaka paNa lakheluM. dhanasukhalAla mahetAe I. 1918thI 1923 sudhI, muMbaInA gujarAtI hindu strImaMDaLa dvArA calAvavAmAM AvatA 'strIhitApadeza' nAmaka traimAsikanuM taMtrIpada paNa saMbhALyuM hatuM. muMbaInI sAhitya saMsA tee AraMbhathI ja sabhya cUMTAtA hatA. emanI hAsyarasanI sarjanAtmaka kRtione upalakSIne emane 1940ne 'raNajitarAma suvarNacaMdraka' enAyata karavAmAM AvyA hatA. (dhI.) hariprasAda gau, bhaTTa -mastaphakIra' (1897-1955) patrakAra hovA uparAMta sAhitya ane kalAnA upAsaka hatA. ApaNA sAmAnya ane rAjamarAjanA jIvanamAM rahelA hAsyapAtra azAne vineAdI rIte gheADIka atizayoktithI nirUpavAmAM emanI kuzaLatA che. emane mArmiCka kaTAkSa maulika hoya che. judA judA ane navA navA prasaMgeA yeAjavAne kAraNe saMkhyAdaSTie emanuM lakhANa vipula che. 'mastakIranI mastI' (1926), 'mastaphakIranA hAsyabhaMDAra' (1927), 'hAsyavilAsa' (1932), 'muktahAsya' (1932) ityAdi kRtimAM emaNe hasAvavAnI sAthe nAnI nAnI paNa mahattvanI vastu viSe gujarAtane vicAratuM rAkhyuM. (bhU.) munikumAra maNizaMkara bhaTTa (1898-1970): kaumudI' mAsikamAMnA peAtAnA hAsyapradhAna lekhAthI tyAre dhyAna kheMcanAra, kavi kAnta'nA putra, muni

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhako-1 [ 211 kumArane! janma vaDAdarAmAM I. 1898nA phebruArInI 7mIe praznorA nAgara jJAtimAM thayA hatA. prAthamika-mAdhyamika zikSaNa emaNe peTalAda ane bhAvanagaramAM lIdheluM tathA ucca zikSaNanAM be varSa emaNe jUnAgaDha ane pUnAmAM abhyAsa karyA hatA. emaNe bhAvanagaranI dIvAna kacerImAM, pachI tyAMnA jUnA daphataranA uparI tarIke ane a Mte saurASTra sarakAra thatAM tyAM purAtattvanA vaDA tarIke neAkarI karelI. 'gujarAta', 'kaumudI', 'kumAra', 'yugadharma'', 'prasthAna', 'akhaMDa AnaMda' Adi sAmayikAmAM emaNe hAsyapradhAna aneka lekho prakaTa karyA hatA. haLavA nibaMdha emanuM priya sAhityasvarUpa che, jenAM saphaLa emanA saMgraha ThaMDe paheAre'(1944)mAM joI zakAya che. manuSyajIvananI visaMgatione, anya hAsyakArAnI jema emaNe paNa, upAdAnasAmagrI tarIke svIkArI, atizayAkti-jgyAjastuti jevA alakArAne Azraya laI, sAmAnya prasa Mgane asAmAnya banAvavAnI tarakIbathI hAsya niSpanna karyuM che. pAchaLathI emanI zailImAM saMskRtaprAcuyaM pravezatAM e vizALa vAcakavarga sudhI paheAMcavAmAM pAchI paDatI hatI ane emAM rItinu ekadhArApaNuM paNa AvI gayu` hatu`. emaNe kalApInA 144 patrAnuM saMpAdana (1925) karyuM. hatuM tema ja de. va. bhaTTanA graMtha 'ziheAranI hakIkata'nuM paNa saMpAdana karyuM hatuM. I. 1970mAM emanuM avasAna thayuM. (dhI.) jadurAya durlabhajI khaiMDiyA (1889) vyavasAye vepArI hatA. vyAyAma, saMgIta, kAyado, nANAzAstra jevI bhinnabhinna pravRttimAM e parAvAyelA rahetA. 'guNasu'darI' mAsika sAthe saMkaLAyelA heAvAthI lekhanapravRttimAM sakriya banyA. hAsyarasanA lekhA emaNe ThIkaThIka pramANamAM lakhyA che. e lekhAmAM baMDakhAra vRtti ane jIvananI vicitratAnuM Alekhana thayuM che. buddhinuM bajAra', 'deveAne khullA patra', '9 navI vArtA' (1926), 'dADha DahApaNane sAgara' vagere emanA sagrahe| lokapriya thayA hatA. vinedazAstra' jevu hAsya-svarUpa-viSayaka pustaka paNa emaNe lakhyuM che. 'phaeNnsI phArasA' (1927) hAsya-nATakAneA saMgraha che. 'hRdayanI rasadhAra' (1926)mAM arvAcIna Dhabe lakhelAM hAsyarasanAM kAvyeA che. emanI kRtiomAM hAsya sAthe kaTAkSa paNa Ave che. (bhU.) gaganavihArI mahetA (1900-1974) : alpa paNuM sattvazIla hAsyanibadhAthI gujarAtI sAhityamAM gaNanApAtra pradAna karanAra gagavihArI lallubhAI mahetAnA janma amadAvAdamAM nAgara piravAramAM I. 1900nA eprilanI 15mIe thayA hatA. sara ramaNubhAI nIlakaMThanAM putrI saudAminIbahena sAthe I. 1924mAM emanuM lagna thayuM hatuM. emaNe mAdhyamika ane ucca keLavaNI muMbaImAM laI

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ra12] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 1921mAM bI.e. ane 1928mAM banDa raselanI sAmAjika philasUphI' nAmaka dIrdha nibaMdha lakhI muMbaI yunivarsiTInI ema.e.nI upAdhi prApta karI hatI. daramiyAnamAM vadhu abhyAsa mATe laMDananI laMDana skUla oNpha IkonomikasamAM joDAyelA, paraMtu nAdurasta tabiyatane kAraNe abhyAsa adhUro mUkI svadeza pAchA pharyA hatA. pAchaLathI A saMsthAe emane "phelo' banAvyA hatA. emaNe beeka varSa sudhI (1923thI 1925) "bombe kronikala'mAM upataMtrInI pharajo ane pachI kalakattA khAte siMdhiyA sTIma nevigezana kaMpanImAM menejara tarIke saphaLa kAmagIrI bajAvI hatI. gAMdhIjInI vicArasaraNInA prabhAva taLe emaNe lekha lakhyA hatA tema ja rAjakAraNamAM paNa sakriya rahyA hatA. AjhAdI pachI bhArata sarakAre emane amerikA khAtenA bhAratanA rAjadUta niyukta karyA hatA. emaNe gujarAtI tema ja aMgrejI ubhaya bhASAmAM kalama calAvI che. rAjakArI praznone lagatA emanA mananazIla lekhamAM emanI svastha daSTi ane spaSTa rajUAta dhyAna kheMce tevAM che. gujarAtI sAhityamAM hAsyalekhaka tarIke gaganavihArI mahetAnuM sthAna emanA "AkAzanAM puSpo' (1932) e nibaMdhasaMgrahathI nizcita thaI cUkyuM che. manuSyajIvanamAM vAstavaleka ane svapnaloka vacce sadA saMgharSa rahetA hoya che. manuSyanA A jivAtA jIvananI ane abhIsita jIvananI visaMgatimAMthI je karuNa paristhiti sarjAya che tene gaganavihArI mahetAe potAnA hAsyalekhanI dhruvasAmagrI tarIke svIkArI bahudhA kAlpanika prasaMgo sajI hAsyarasa niSpanna karyo che. emAM manuSya pratye aNagamo nathI, paraMtu anukaMpA che. emAM dAhaka baeNga nathI, paNa bhArobhAra vedanA che. AthI emanuM hAsya akaluSita ane aphara che. emanA svabhAvanI RjutA emanA sarjanamAM paNa pratibiMbita thayelI che. emanI zailI mRdu-madhura ane sarala-tarala che. gaMbhIra rIte AraMbhAtI emanI racanA tarata ja vinodamAM vilasI rahe che. haLavI zailIe lakhanAra A gabhIra vicAraka, arthazAstrI, patrakAra ane sAhityakAranuM eprila 1974mAM muMbaI khAte avasAna thayuM hatuM. (dhI.) jayasukhalAla kRSNalAla mahetA (1884) e "pUjArIne pagale' (1931), jagatanI dharmazALAmAM' (1932) ane "jagatane araNyamAM e kRtio ApI che. emaNe ramatiyALa, saraLa ane saMskArI zailImAM, ciMtananI pharapharavALI keTalIka rasALa racanAo ApI che. A kRtio lekhakanI nirUpaNarItinI haLavAzathI AkarSaka banI che. hAsyalekhaka ibrAhIma dAdAbhAI paTela "bekAra'(1900)nA "rasanAM caTakAM ane hAsyakuM janma saMgraha pragaTa thayelA che. "cAlu jamAnAne citAra nAme hAsyapradhAna nATayakRti paNa emaNe ApI che. mahamada sAdika (1901),

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pra. 5 ] anya gadyalekhako-1 [ 213 'zayadA' sAthe I. 1924mAM kADheluM. vize emaNe keTalIka kRtio ApI che. Araba jAtinA, muMbaImAM sthira thaIne vasyA hatA. be ghaDI meAja' sAptAhika 'rasajharaNAM' uparAMta muslima mahAnubhAve navalakathA-lekhakA bhAgIndrarAva 2. diveTiyA (1875-1917) : sudhArakayuga ane paMDita yuga daramyAna navalakathAnA lalita sAhityanA kSetre bhAgIndrarAva diveTiyAe vipula saMkhyAmAM maulika ane anuvAda karelI racanA dvArA phALA ApyA hatA. bandhusamAjanA Azraye emaNe sAhityapravRtti AraMbhI. lAkapriyatA ane vipulatAnI dRSTie andhusamAjanA lekhakAmAM emanuM sthAna agragaNya che. sudhArakayuganuM vaLagaNu emanI racanAmAMthI dUra thayuM nathI. sAhitya dvArA sudhArAnuM kArya karavAnI tema ja pracAra ane upayeAgitAnI dRSTine emaNe mahattva ApyuM che te kAraNe sarjakazaktinI prabaLatA dekhAtI nathI, chatAM e samayanA vArtArasaSThAnI apekSA saMtASavAmAM e saphaLa thAya che. peAtAnA deza ane samayanAM pAtrA ane prazno navalakathAmAM e AsAnIthI gUMthI le che. vikaTara hyUgA, TaoNlsTaoNya ane geAvanarAma jevA bhinnabhinna valaNovALA sa keAmAMthI emaNe preraNA meLavI che, para Mtu kRtine mahAna banAvanAra sUdhama kalAtattvane e pAmI zakayA na hatA. sAmAjika praznonI carcA karavAnuM sapATI paranuM je valaNa hoya che tene ja tee nirUpI zakayA che. pAtravaividhya, prasaMgavaividhya, pAtrAlekhana, sugrathita vastunirUpaNanI bAbatamAM emanI zakti bahu sAmAnya prakAranI jaNAya che. ucca bhadravargane badale sAmAnya varga emanI navalakathAmAM sthAna meLave che. madhyama varga ane garIbeAnA jIvananu temAM Alekhana thayu che. samakAlIna sAmAjika praznane navalakathAmAM upasAvavAmAM e ramaNalAla desAI ane Izvara peTalIkaranA purAgAmI gaNAya. ghaTanAnI rahasyamayatA UpasavAne bale nibaMdhatattvane Azraya laI navalakathAne e vistAre che. vipula saMkhyAmAM navalakathA racanArA AjanA keTalAka vArtAkAronA paNa e purAgAmI che. emanI navalakathAe ekI sAthe pAMca patromAM chapAtI, maulika racanAthI paheoMcI vaLAtuM nahi tyAre e anuvAdo ApatA. 'mRdulA' (1907), 'uSAkAnta' (1918), 'meAhinI' (1915), 'kaeNAlejiyana'(1917), 'jyetsnA' (1937), 'amila' (1917) ityAdi kRtio dvArA emaNe gujarAtIenA vArtArasane tRpta karyA. emaNe rolsToyanuM jIvanacaritra tathA iMglaeNnDane itihAsa' lakhyA hatA. emanI keTalIka kRtie aprasiddha paNa rahI che. (bhU.) nArAyaNa visanajI Thakkura (1884-1938): paMDitayuga pahelAM naMdaza kara (

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214 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca 4 (1835-1905), IcchArAma sU. desAI (1853-1912) vagerethI ArabhAyelI aitihAsika navalakathA-lekhananI pravRtti nArAyaNa visanajI ThakkaranI kRtio dvArA viziSTa ane vipula rUpa dhAraNa kare che. atihAsika navalakathA `kevI heAvI joie ane kevI na heAvI joIe te emanI navalakathAo dvArA gujarAtI vAcakA ane vivecane samajavAnI taka maLe che. aitihAsika navalakathAnuM AkarSaNa ItihAsa nahi paraMtu emAM nirUpAtuM parAkramI, rAmAMcaka ke ghaTanAbharapUra mAnavajIvana che e samajAvA mAMDayuM. prajAbaMdhu', 'gujarAtI paMca' jevAM aThavADikA bheTapustaka tarIke atihAsika navalakathAe ApavAnI paraMparA zarU kare che e kAraNe navalakathAlekhana vipula pramANamAM thayuM. sAmAjika viSayAmAM vaividhya, navInatA, vAstavikatA ne adbhuta kautukamayatAne je avakAza che tene e yuganA lekhA samajI ke pakaDI zakavA nathI ethI itihAsamAMthI vastu levAnuM valaNa vizeSa che. Thakkara itihAsa jANe che paraMtu tenI vigatA sAthe khUba chUTa le che. itihAsanI bhUmikAmAM mAnavajIvananI rahasyamayatAne pakaDavAnu ne tenuM kalAtmaka sarjana karavAnuM temanAthI banyuM nathI. uttara hiMdanA vilAsI jIvananA paricayathI lAkapriyatA mATe emaNe strI-puruSanA saMbaMdhanuM jugupsAkAraka lAge ne rucibhaMga kare evuM Alekhana karyuM. che. vAcakeAnI halakI vRtti jAgrata karI leAkapriya thavuM evuM vaLagaNu gujarAtI navalakathAne Aja sudhI rahyA karyuM che teneA apayazatheADeghaNe aMze nArAyaNa visanajIne phALe jAya che. A kAraNe vicArazIla ane ga MbhIra varganI nArAjI emaNe vaheArI lIdhI hatI. emanI zailImAM kRtrimatA che. temaNe vAMcelAM urdU, phArasI pustakAmAMthI prastuta haiAya ke nahi teApaNu e jarUra vagara tArA ApyuM jAya che. itihAsa ke bhUtakALane eThA tarI ke laI sAthI paNa vadhu navalakathAonI emaNe racanA karI che. ghaNI vAra sudhAraka yuganA prabhAvathI sAmAjika anItinAM kamakamATI upajAve ne anuka MpA janmAve evAM citrA ApavA e prayatna kare che paraMtu emAM paNa janamanara MjananI sastI yukti bahAra paDI AvyA vagara rahetI nathI. dareka navalakathAne babbe nAma ApavAnI paddhati emaNe rAkhI hatI. vipula pramANamAM lakhAyalI emanI navalakathAenA gheADAka nAmeAllekha parathI navalakathA-lekhananI pravRtti samajI zakAze. 'mAdhavI kaMkaNa athavA zAhajahAnanA chellA divaseA' (1912), 'cANakayanIti athavA cacca suhudhI' (1917), padminI athavA bhasmIbhUta citrA' (1910), 'bhadrakALI athavA pAvAgaDhane pralaya' (1912), '2500 varSI pUrvenuM hiMdustAna' (1912), 'mahArANI mayaNalA athavA gujarAtanI mAtA' (1924), 'nAnAsAheba athavA svadharma mATe prANA'Na' (1926), 'anArakalI athavA aparAdhI akabara' (1923), 'anaMgabhadrA athavA

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhako-1 [ 215 valabhIpuranA vinAza' (1918), 'dilhInI sulatAnA--rajhiyA begama' (1914), 'kusuma kaMTaka athavA ramaNI ke rAkSasI', 'vilAyatI vilAsamAM phezanabAI', 'cuDelane vAMseA' jevI sAmAjika navalakathAo paNa emaNe lakhI. 'mAdhavaketu' (1927) nAmanuM nATaka, kRSNabhakta kheADANAnAM padonuM saMpAdana, AnaMdAzrama'nA anuvAda ityAdi graMracanA emaNe karI. dharma, tattvajJAna viSe lekhA paNa emaNe lakhyA hatA. gujarAtanA vaeNlTara skITanuM biruda pAmelA nArAyaNa visanajI Thakkura saMkhyAnI vipulatA ane leAkapriyatAthI gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsamAM sthAnanA adhikArI bane che. guNavattA, sarjakatA ke kalAtmakatA emanuM jamApAsuM nathI. nATayakSetre paNa khAreka kRtio emaNe lakhI che emAM 'mAlavaketu', 'mAyAmeAhinI', 'garva kha'Dana', 'dagAbAja', 'medhArI talavAra' jevAM nATakA raMgabhUmi para ThIkaThIka cAlyAM hatAM. emAM zekasapiyara parathI keTalAMka racAyelAM hatAM. trIjA graMthamAM (pR. 152) emanA kAvyasaMgraha 'kAvyakusumAkara'ne nirdeza thayA che. (emanA graMthAnI yAdI mATe jue graMtha ane graMthakAra', bhAga 9.) (bhU.) mAdhavarAva bA. diveTiyA (1878-1926)e 'jgyAtipuMja', 'vaitabhAnu' Adi navalakathAo lakhI che. puruSAttama vizrAma mAvajI (1879-1929) prAcIna ItihAsanA abhyAsI hatA ane prAcIna aitihAsika ane kalAtmaka sAmagrInA samRddha saMgraha emaNe ekaThA karyAM hatA. emaNe 'surasAgaranI suMdarI' (1904), 'zivAjInA vAghanakha' (1906) jevI navalakathAo ApI che. 'rAjaputAnAnAM dezI rAjyeA' (1898), 'raNavIrasiMha', 'cAra sanyAsI' vagere aDhAreka kRtie emaNe lakhI che. 'suvarNamALA' nAmanuM sAmayika citraprakAzana emaNe pragaTa karyuM. hatuM. rAjendra sA. dalAla(1883)e 'vipina' ane mAgalasarUMdhyA' nAmanI navalakathA ApI che. dhanazaMkara hI. tripAThI(1889)e 'anupama uSA' (maulika), rUperI rAjahaMsa' vagere (DiTiva) navalakathA uparAMta 'ceAkheravAlI' (TAgAra) ane thrI maskeTiyarsa'(DacmA)nA anuvAdo, 'svadeza' (nibaMdha) tema ja 'sumanasaMcaya' (kAvya) vagere kRtio racI che. satyendraprasAda sAM. mahetA (1892)nI 'kumudRkumArI', 'kailAsakumArI', 'kusumakAnta' Adi navalakathAo pragaTa thaI che. jagajIvana mA. kAThArI (1896) pAsethI 'gujarAtanuM gaurava' nAmanI aitihAsika navalakathA, tA sAkaralAla ma. kApaDiyA (1897) pAsethI 'lAhInA vepAra', 'dhIkhatA jvAlAmukhI' jevI kRtio prApta thaI che. geApALarAva gajAnana viAMse (1896-1980) marAThImAMthI khAMDekaranI 'krauMcavadha', 'ulkA', 'sulabhA'' vagere aneka tema ja anya lekhAnI kRtione saraLa pravAhI gujarAtImAM anuvAdita karI che. vIra sAvarakara, kAkAsAheba gADagIla, vibhAvarI zirurakara, zrI. nA. peMDase, araviMda gAkhale,

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216 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [2*. 4 kelakara, kheArakara ( bhAvIgu') vagerenI 68 jeTalI kRtionA suMdara svAbhAvika anuvAde emaNe sulabha karI ApyA che. bhAskararAva viAMsanA paNa A kSetre phALA che. 'kamalAkumArI' (1912) navalakathA uparAMta 'cakravatI` azAka', 'hAramALA ane tenA lekhaka' va. kRti harirAya bhagavaMtarAya brUce (1881-1962) ApI che. caritralekhake vinAyaka naMdazaMkara mahetA (1883-1940) : gujarAtanA prathama navalakathAkAra noMkara mahetA(1835-1905)nA putra vinAyaka mahetA ucca sarakArI adhikArI hAvA chatAM sAhityanA vAtAvaraNamAM heAvAthI sAhitya, purAtattva, rAjyakAraNa, sahakAra, arthazAstra ityAdi viSaya para lakhatA hatA. emanuM yAdagAra pustaka pitAnI jIvanakathA 'naMdazaMkara jIvanacaritra' gujarAtanA alpa jIvanakathAsAhityamAM sthAna dharAve che. naMdazaMkaranuM vyaktitva bahuvidha tema ja temanuM jIvana prasaMgapradhAna hatuM. A jIvanacaritramAM vigatA AchI che para Mtu naMdazaMkaranuM vyakticitra sarasa rIte AlekhavAmAM AvyuM che. vyaktine kendramAM rAkhI emanA samaya ane vAtAvaraNanuM citra aMkita karavAmAM AvyuM che tethI A jIvanakathAne 'samayacitra' tarIke paNa oLakhAvavAmAM AvI che. vaDavAo ane nAgarInAta viSe abhimAnapUrvaka prasaMge ApavAmAM AvyA che. pitAnAM upadeza, salAha, mAdana vagerene paNa A jIvanacaritranA pustakamAM samAvI levAmAM AvyAM che. jIvanacaratranuM gadya urdUrArasI zabdo ane rUDhiprayAgeAthI AkarSIka banyuM che tA kAI ThekANe evA prayAgethI durgaMdhatA paNu AvI gaI che. kRSNalAla meA. jhaverIne jIvanakathA tarIke A kRti 'mastamailI'nA paricaya karAvatI jaNAI hatI. (bhU.) kAntilAla chaganalAla pa'DayA (1886-1958)H govardhanarAma tripAThInA bhANeja ane geAvanarAmanuM jIvanacaritra' (1910) lakhI ThIkaThIka prasiddhi pAmanAra kAMtilAla pAMDAne janma 1886nA oNgasTanI 24mI e naDiyAdamAM vaDanagarA nAgara parivAramAM thayA hatA. teo 1907mAM khI.e. ane 1910mAM ema.e. thaI videza jaI pIeca.DI. thayA hatA. 1913mAM teo AgrAnI senTa jonsa kaeNlejamAM rasAyaNazAstranA adhyApaka tarIke joDAyA hatA ane nivRtti bAda vatana niDayAdamAM sa MzAdhanakSetre pravRtta rahyA hatA, jyAM 1958nA kaTAbaranI 14mIe emanu' avasAna thayuM hatuM. gujarAtImAM vijJAnaviSayaka mAhitI pUrI pADavA teo hamezAM tatpara rahetA. gujarAtI sAhitya pratye emane anurAga ane e paratvene emaneA abhyAsa emanAM chUTaka lakhANAmAM STigAcara thAya che. (dhI .)

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'pra. 5]. anya gadyalekhake-1 [ ra17 indulAla kanaiyAlAla yAjJika (1892-1972)H patrakAra, sAhityakAra ane bhAratanA svAtaMtryasaMgrAmanA laDavaiyA indulAla kanaiyAlAla yAjJikane janma naDiyAdamAM 1892nA phebruArInI 22mI tArIkhe thayo hate. I. 1910mAM teo muMbaImAMthI bI.e. ane 1912mAM elaela.bI. thayA hatA. 1913thI 1915 sudhInAM be varSanI vakIlAta sivAya bAkInuM jIvana emaNe samAja ane sAhityane samapyuM hatuM. 1914mAM emaNe hindustAna' dainika zarU karyuM te pahelAM zeDo kALa "muMbaI samAcAramAM kAmagIrI bajAvI patrakAratvanI saghana ane sakriya tAlIma meLavI lIdhI hatI. 1915mAM emaNe 'yaMga inDiyA" tathA "navajIvana ane satya" ema be patro zarU karyA hatAM, je pAchaLathI 1919mAM gAMdhIjIne soMpI dIdhAM ane 1922mAM "yugadharma' nAmaka mAsika zarU karyuM. pachI 1924thI 1928 daramiyAna sAmyavAdI vicArasaraNI dharAvatA raNachoDalAla leTavALAnuM dainika hindu stAna' calAvyuM. AraMbhamAM teo mejhinI ane garIbADInI vicAradhArAthI prabhAvita thayA hatA, pachI gAMdhIprabhAva nIce AvyA. 1930thI 1935nA videzavAsa pachI emaNe 1936thI 1940 daramiyAna gujarAtamAM kisAnapravRtti calAvI hatI. 194ramAM amRtalAla zeThanA "nUtana gujarAtanA teo taMtrI banyA. vaLI, 1944mAM gujarAtamAM vAtrakane kAMThe nenapura(ja. kheDA)mAM Azrama khAlI 12 varSa sudhI tyAM racanAtmaka pravRtti karatA rahyA. paraMtu 1956mAM emaNe mahAgujarAtanA AMdolanamAM jhaMpalAvyuM te 1972nA julAInI 17mI tArIkhe emanuM avasAna * thayuM tyAM sudhI gujarAtanA rAjakAraNamAM e sakriya rahyA. emaNe "mAyA" nAmaka navalakathA; "varaghoDo', "dukALa', "baMgabhaMga', "gAmaDAnuM svarAja', "akkalanA duzmana", "zobhArAmanI saradArI', "raNasaMgrAma" ane "AzAnirAza" nAmaka ATha nATake; strIjIvanaviSayaka cha laghukathAone saMgraha "kumAranAM strIratna'; "gAMdhIjInA sahavAsamAM bhAga 1- 2 ane thoDA Azrama" jevAM gAMdhIjI vizenAM pitAnAM saMsmaraNo nirUpatAM traNa pustaka ane pitAnI jiMdagInAM chelAM bAra varSo sivAyanI 1892thI 1921nA samayagALAnA gujarAtanuM AkarSaka citra ApatI "AtmakathA'nA pAMca bhAga ApI gujarAtI sAhityamAM smaraNIya pradAna karyuM che. A uparAMta emaNe "zahIdane saMdeza" nAmaka peTrika piyarsananuM caritra lakhyuM che, to zyAmajI kRSNa varmA, lenina ane gAMdhIjInAM caritra paNa ApyAM che. emaNe "gAMdhI janmazatAbdI mahotsava graMtha'nuM tema ja baMgALI, hindI, marAThI ane gujarAtImAMthI 141 rASTrabhaktinAM kAvyanuM "rASTra gIta" nAme saMpAdana kareluM che. emanI zailI sAdI paNa vedhaka che. (dhI.) A uparAMta "kalyANa jeThA bakSInuM jIvanavRttAMta ApanAra hiMmatarAya ka.

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ra18] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ caM. 4 bakSI (1886-1966), gaurIzaMkara ojhAnuM jIvanacaritra ApanAra ane bALake mATenI vArtAo ane anya lekha lakhanAra kauzikarAma vi. mahetA (1874), svAmI vivekAnaMdanAM caritra ApanAra nAjukalAla coksI (1891) ane rAmaprasAda desAI, "AtmakathAnaka'nA lekhaka, "kumAra"nA AdyataMtrI ane kalAkAranI saMskArayAtrA"nI pravAsakRti ApanAra ravizaMkara ma. rAvaLa (1892), "jayAkuMvara' (1896) caritrane lekhaka prabhulAla vaidya, eDisananuM jIvanavRttAMta ApanAra revAzaMkara somapurA (1895), "ApavItI' AtmakathAnA lekhaka ane 'tavArIkhanI tejachAyA'ne anuvAda ApanAra veNIlAla che, bUca (1889-1944), zrI Adya zaMkarAcAryanI jIvanakathA ApanAra puruSottama zi. bhaTTa (1898), dayArAmanI jIvanakathA ApanAra tribhuvanadAsa ja, zeTha (1999), "dezabaMdhunuM caritra ApanAra jayantakumAra ma. bhaTTa (1902), "buddhacaritra'nA lekhaka maNilAla dozI, paMDita IzvaracaMdra vidyAsAgaranuM jIvanacaritra (1911) uparAMta baMgALI lekhakenI TUMkI vArtAo, 'bhAratanA saMtapuruSe', 'bhAratanAM strIrane (traNa bhAga 1911-13), 'Adarza daSTAMtamALA' (be bhAga 1925-28) vagerenA lekhaka zivaprasAda da. paMDita, vaDodarAmAM cAlIsa varSanA lekhaka goviMdabhAI desAI, "mArI jIvana smRti' tathA nedhathI ApanAra kanubahena dave, rAnaDenuM caritra lakhanAra sUryarAma devAzrayI vagerenuM paNa ApaNuM caritra-sAhityamAM arpaNa che. strI-lekhake vidyAgaurI ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha (1876-1958) : hAsyarasanA nibaMdha sAhityamAM, ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha sAthe 'hAsyamaMdira'mAM narmamarmayukta keTalAka haLavA nibaMdho ApanAra ullekhapAtra lekhikA vidyAgaurIne janma amadAvAdamAM vaDanagarA. nAgara gRhastha parivAramAM 1876nA jUnanI pahelI tArIkhe thaye hato. prAthamikamAdhyamika-ucca zikSaNa emaNe amadAvAdamAM lIdhuM hatuM ane bI.e. thaI gujarAtamAM prathama strI-snAtaka banyAM hatAM. 1889mAM sAkSara ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha sAthe temanuM lagna thayuM hatuM. teo 1928thI pitAnA mRtyu sudhI gujarAta, vidyAsabhAnAM maMtrI rahyAM hatAM. vaDodarA khAte maLelA gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadanA 15mA saMmelananAM teo pramukha varAyAM hatAM. 1947thI nidhanaparyata emaNe gujarAta sAhitya sabhAnAM pramukha tarIke paNa sevAo ApI hatI. A uparAMta prArthanAsamAja ane anAthAzramamAM paNa teo sakriya hatAM. gujarAtI strIunnatinI pravRttimAM emano hisso noMdhapAtra che. sAhityamAM emaNe rojabarojanA. prasaMgamAMthI hAsya niSpanna karatA, kyAreka nirdoSa kaTAkSano Azraya laI, haLavA.

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anya gadyalekhake-1 [ ra19 nibaMdho lakhI tema ja subaddha caritrAtmaka lekho lakhI eka lekhikA tarIke gauravabharyuM sthAna prApta karyuM che. "phorama'(1955)mAM emanA AvA caritrAtmaka lekho. saMgRhIta thayA che. A uparAMta emaNe "gRhadIpikA' (1931), "nArIkuMja' (1956) ane "jJAnasudhA' (1957) jevA lekhasaMgraha prakaTa karyA che. to aMgrejImAMthI "sudhAhAsinI' (1914) ane hindustAnamAM strIonuM sAmAjika sthAna jevA anuvAda paNa ApyA che. pro. dheDo kezava karvenuM caritra' (1916) paNa emaNe lakhyuM che. emaNe svataMtra rIte aMgrejImAM paNa keTalAka lekho lakhyA che. temanI zilI ziSTa-gabhIra che. 1858nA DisembaranI 7mIe emanuM avasAna thayuM hatuM. (dhI.) zAradAbahena sumanta mahetA (1882-1970) : vidyAbahena sAthe 1901mAM bI.e.nI parIkSA pasAra karI hatI, je gujarAtanA strIkeLavaNInA ItihAsamAM apUrva ghaTanA hatI. emaNe vidyAbahena nIlakaMTha sAthe ramezacaMdra dattanA "dha leIka eNpha pAsa'no anuvAda "sudhAhAsinI' nAme pragaTa karyo hato, ane hindustAnamAM strIonuM sAmAjika sthAna'(1911)nuM paNa bhASAMtara ApyuM hatuM. phUlorensa nAITiMgelanuM jIvanacaritra (1907) paNa lakhyuM hatuM. paraMtu emanI mahatvanI sevA AtmakathAnA kSetre che. jIvanasaMbhAraNAM(1938) e emanuM AtmavRttAMta che. AtmavikAsanA rU5rekhAtmaka ItihAsa sAthe gujarAtanAM lagabhaga pAMca-sADApAMca. dAyakAnAM samAja, rAjya ane strI jAgRti vizenAM vigatapUrNa citro emAM dorAyAM che. emAM emanA namra nirmaLa vyaktitvane ane jAhera jIvanane ahevAla maLe. che. saraLa zailImAM lakhAyeluM A AtmakathAnaka strIzikSaNa vizenI palaTAtI vicAraNane dastAvejI hevAla Ape che e dRSTie paNa noMdhapAtra che. lIlAvatI munazI (1899-1978): amadAvAdamAM saMskAra ane zrIsamRddha jaina parivAramAM 1889nA me mAsanI 23mI tArIkhe temano janma thayo hate. zALAnI vyavasthita keLavaNuM te emaNe mAtra cAra dhoraNa sudhInI ja lIdhelI. paraMtu saMskRta ane aMgrejI sAhityano gharameLe UMDo abhyAsa karyo hato. Ama, nAnapaNathI lekhanavAcananA zokhathI keLavAyelA emanA AtmAne 1913mAM zeTha. lAlabhAI trikamalAla sAthenuM potAnuM prathama lagna atRptikara lAgyuM hatuM. emane mukta AmA navI jIvanakArya-kSitije jhaMkhato hato, je kanaiyAlAla munazI. sAthenA punarlagnathI paritRpta thaye. munazInI paDakhe rahI temaNe munazInI sAhitya tema ja rASTrasevAne satata poSyA karI hatI. gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada ane munazIdaMpatIe sthApela bhAratIya vidyAbhavanane emaNe noMdhapAtra sevAo ApelI.

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rara0 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 che. "rekhAcitro ane bIjA lekho' (1925) tathA kumAradevI' (1929) e gujarAtI sAhityane emanAM apaNe che. "jIvananI vATethI'(1977)mAM emanI vArtAo ane nATikAo ane "saMcaya' (1975)mAM emanA lekho saMgharAyA che. jIvananA vividha kSetromAMthI pasaMda karelI vyaktionAM emaNe sadhana zailImAM suMdara rekhAcitro ApyAM che. emanAM A rekhAcitro gujarAtInA rekhAcitra-sAhityamAM sImAstaMbha samAM che. saMkSipta vAkyovALI emanI kAvyamaya zailI emanAM rekhAcitrone sarjanAtmaka sAhityanA stare pahoMcADe che. emaNe rekhAcitro ane bIjA lekho'mAM keTalAka vinodapradhAna zailIe lakhAyelA nibaMdho paNa ApyA che. A nibaMdha enI sarasatAne lIdhe caTasAdhaka banI zakyA che. emanuM smRtimaMta gadya A prakAranA nibaMdhamAM savizeSa AsvAdya banI zakyuM che. A rIte te ApaNA . nibaMdhakAromAM paNa gaNanApAtra nibaMdhalekhikA Thare che. (dhI.) vimaLAgaurI ma. setalavADa (1893)e prasiddha kRti "aMkala Tamsa kebinIne gulAmagIrIne vijaya' (1918) nAme ane oNTanI kRtine "AIvenho-1, 2 (1926-27) nAme anuvAda pragaTa karyo hato. anya lekhake (nibaMdha, vivecana, saMzodhana-saMpAdana Adi) amRtalAla suMdarajI paDhiyAra (1870-1919) : sAhityasarjana ke abhyAsaparAyaNa nibaMdhane badale amRtalAla paDhiyAranuM lekhanakArya juduM paDI Ave che. sAdA sAtvika dharmAcaraNa tarapha emanuM jIvana ane lekhana vaLelAM che. saMta-sAdhu tarIkenA temanA vyaktitvane saurASTrane sAdhu' kAvyamAM nhAnAlAle paricaya Apyo che. tattvajJAna ane AdhyAtmikatAne badale paricita dharmanI bhUmikA laI jIvanazuddhi tarapha janasamAjane laI javAno Agraha emano pustakamAM jaNAya che. "sarasvatIcandra" ke "gulAbasiMha' jevI bhArekhama navalakathAo ke vedAta ke tatvajJAnanA kaThina graMthonuM vAcana nahi karI zakanArA vAcakane dharmatatvajJAnathI paricita karatA emanA graMthoe alpazikSitone sArI sAmagrI ApI. 'navA yuganI vAto dvArA ucca vargamAM pravezelAM jugAra jevAM dUSaNe khulelAM karI tenAM aniSTathI teo prajAne cetave che. "svargonA emanA graMthe vicAronI paricitatA tathA zailInI saraLatA, suMdaratA ane svAbhAvikatAthI lokapriya thayA. "saMsAramAM svarga (1902) "varganI kUMcI' (1903), "svargano khajAno' (1908), "sAcuM svarga (1909), "svarganI sIDI' (1909), "svarganI saDaka' (1914) evA "svargonAM paMdareka pustake temaNe racyAM. e uparAMta "A vidhavA" (1891) ane "nasIba

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhaka-1 [ rara1. pheravavAnI kaLA' (1909) jevA vyavahAramAM mArgadarzaka ane upayogI graMthanI racanA karI. (bhU) raNajitarAma vAvAbhAI mahetA (1871-1817) : kanaiyAlAla munazIe raNajitarAma vize kahyuM hatuM ke teo "mANasa ja na hatA, eka bhAvanA hatA.' saMskArI, pravRttiparAyaNa, bhAvanAvihArI ane utsAhI evuM emanuM vyaktitva. hatuM. sAhitya, kalA ane jIvananAM sarva aMgonA utkarSathI dezanI unnati thaI zake ema e mAnatA. rAjakAraNa, samAjasudhAro, dharma, tatvajJAnanI carcAo. ane te aMgenI saMsthAonuM varcasva hatuM tyAre emaNe gujarAtanI asmitA. ane gujarAtI sAhitya sAthe saMkaLAyelI vividha pravRtti tarapha prajAnuM lakSa devuM. gujarAtI sAhitya sabhA tathA gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada jevI sAhityasaMsthAo sthApavAmAM teo agraNe hatA. "raNajitarAmanA nibaMdho dvArA temaNe sAhitya-- lekhanamAM Apelo phALo noMdhapAtra che. sAhitya vizenAM temanAM samaja ane utsAha temAM pragaTa thAya che. sArA nibaMdhakAranI sajajatA ane sAmagrI emanI pAse che, jeke vizALa anubhave, vAcana, vicArasamRddhi, zabdasamRddhi ane bhASAprabhutva hovA chatAM emanA nibaMdho uttama banI zakyA nahi. vicAro ane hoMzathI UbharAtA raNajitarAma AkAranI sapramANatA ane zailInI vyavasthitatA jALavI zakyA nathI. ghaNI vAra emanuM lakhANa sAmAnya nedha jevuM banI jAya che. navalikA kahI zakAya evI keTalIka vArtAo lakhI che, paraMtu temAM vividhatA ke prago nathI. lokasAhityanA saMzodhanane kSetre AraMbhanuM kArya karavAthI emane jhaveracaMda meghANInA purogAmI kahI zakAya. "zAmaLanI padyavArtAomAM gujarAtI. samAjanI jhAMkhI' nAmanA lekhamAM sAhityavivecanane sAmAjika saMdarbhamAM mUkI ApavAne prayatna navIna ane maulika gaNAya evo che, ethI sAhityanAM abhyAsa ane vivecanane navuM dizAsUcana maLyuM. narasiMharAvanAM kAvyonI maryAdA ane nhAnAlAlanAM kAvyonI mahattA emaNe darzAvI. varSanI sAhityika pravRttinuM avalokana karavAnI pravRttinA mULamAM "IzunuM varasa 1908' jevo abhyAsanibaMdha rahelo che. sAmAjika, rAjakIya ane anya pravRttinA saMdarbhamAM sAhityavivecana karavAnI paddhatinuM sUcana paNa emanI vivecanA kare che. sAhitya saMsthAo sthApIne ane sAhityavivecanane kSetre navAM valaNo darzAvI temaNe je sAhityasevA karI te emanAM lakhANa karatAM vadhI jAya evI che. (bhU.) - hAjI mahamada alArakhiyA zivajI (1878-1921): hAjI mahamada zivajInuM gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsamAM jeTaluM lekhaka tarIke sthAna che ethI vizeSa

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222 ] gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [ . 4 sthAna sAhityanA prakAzanakSetre navo yuga zarU karanAra ane e nimitte sanakSetranA navA pravAhone anukULa thaI tene vega ApanAra tarIkenuM che. paMDita yuga ane te pachInA sarjakone prakAzamAM lAvavAmAM ne temane protsAhita karavAmAM temane phALo bahumUlya gaNAya. aMgrejInA sAhityika patrakAratvane Adarza gujarAtamAM caritArtha karavAnI emane bhAre hAMza hatI. "vIsamI sadI 1916mAM prasiddha karyuM ne aMgata Arthika beTa khamIne tene samRddha karyuM. aMkane suMdara rIte zaNagAravA emaNe tanamanadhanathI niSThApUrvaka kArya karyuM. vidvAne ja nahi paraMtu sarvasAmAnya mANasanI vividha rucine saMtoSe evI kALajIthI e "vIsamI sadI'nuM saMpAdana karatA. aneka pratibhAvALA lekhaka ane citrakArone preraNA ane protsAhana ApI temane sAhityakSetre emaNe pravRtta karyA. gujarAta", "navacetana Adi mAsikoe emanI paraMparAne anusaravAne prayatna karyo. hAjI mahammadane umara khayyAmanI rabAyatone bhAre zokha hato. tenI aneka sacitra AvRttio bhegI karI hatI. e pachI ene gujarAtI anuvAda paNa emaNe Ape. "snehaviraha paMcadazI nAmanI emanI racanA para ene prabhAva che. "maherunisA" nAmanI nATayakRti emaNe racI hatI. A yuganA gadyakAramAM emanuM sthAna gauNa che paraMtu e yugamAM gadyanI racanAne "vIsamI sadImAM prasiddha thatA lekhone lIdhe je vega maLe te emanuM mahatvanuM arpaNa che. gadya vidrogya na rahetAM suMdara ane samRddha rahI sAmAnya janatA sudhI pahoMce e mATe e Atura hatA. (bhU.) maTubhAI haragoviMda kAMTAvALA (1880-1933): sudhArakayuganA keLavaNIkAra ane prAcIna sAhityanA saMzodhaka haragoviMdadAsa kAMTAvALAnA putra maTubhAI gadyalekhakamAM mahattvanuM sthAna dharAve che. "sAhitya nAmanA patranA taMtrI tarIke emanuM kArya gujarAtI sAhityanA vikAsamAM seMdhapAtra phALo Ape che. sarjanAtmaka kSetre "nArada'ne nAme lakhelI emanI TUMkI vArtAo TUMkI vArtAnA vikAsamAM sImAcihna rU5 gaNAya evI che. e vArtAomAM ApaNuM jIvananAM vilakSaNa citra AkarSaka zailImAM AlekhAyAM che. mila ejaTane vyavasAya hovA chatAM vidyAprIti ane pravRtti tarapha e rasapUrvaka kheMcAyA hatA. "premAnaMdanAM ja nATake ?" (1928) nAmanA lekha dvArA premAnaMdanAM nATakone prazna UbhuM karavAmAM emaNe AgevAnI lIdhI hatI. narasiMharAve upasthita karelA praznonA uttara ApavAmAM e agraNI rahyA. junA gujarAtI sAhityane maTubhAIne abhyAsa vizALa ane UMDA hovAthI madhyakAlIna sAhityanI carcA AdhArabhUta rahI che. "sAhitya' mAsika dvArA graMthAvalokananI je paraMparA emaNe UbhI karI te namUnA rU5 banI rahI. saceTa, muddAsara graMthane paricaya karAvI spaSTa abhiprAya ApavAmAM sAhityanI

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhake-1 [ 223 sAcI samaja, rasiktA ane taTasthatA pragaTa thAya che. spaSTavaktApaNuM ane makkamatA emanA gadyane AkarSaka banAve che. ekavIsa varSa sudhI graMthAvalokana ane sAhityakSetre niSThApUrvaka kArya karI sAhityasevAne Adarza maTubhAIe rajU karyo. sAhityamAM teo niyamita taMtrInedha lakhatA jenI vAcake AturatAthI vATa jotA ne rasapUrvaka vAMcI temanA abhiprAyenI carcA karatA. e lekhomAM teo vividha viSayane sparzatA. "saMsAralIlA" ane "vItaka vAto' (1920) emanA TUMkI vArtAnA saMgraho che. maTubhAI kAMTAvALAe gujarAtI gadyanA kSetre Apela phALo paNa noMdhapAtra che. bhASAnAM zuddhi ane sAmarthya jALavI gadyane lokabhogya banAvavAnI dRSTi keLavavAnI emaNe hAkala karI hatI. vidvattAdarzaka zabdo, zabdayAturya, vicArabhAravALA prayogo, saMskRta zabdo vAparavAno Agraha choDI tadbhava zabdo ke gujarAtanA vividha bhAgamAM vaparAtA taLapadA arthavAhaka zabdo ane prayogone upayoga karavAthI bhASA lokabhogya ane baLavAna banAvI zakAya te temaNe darzAvyuM. kilaSTatAne badale bhASAmAM prasAda, mAdhurya, saraLatA ane arthavAhakatA vadhe e gadyakAre jevuM joIe evI daSTi emaNe ApI. saMskAra ane vicArathI janatAne paricita rAkhavI hoya to bhASAne prajAnI najIka laI javI joIe ema emaNe darzAvyuM. paMDitabhogya gadya ane lokabhogya gadya e be zailI vize e pachI vicArAyuM. Ama mahAtmA gAMdhIjI pahelAM gAMdhIjInA jevA gadya vizenA vicAre maTubhAI dharAvatA. janasamUhane sAhityanI saMskArI asara heThaLa lAvavAnI emanI IcchA gadya vizenA emanA mArgadarzana ane sAhitya' patranI pravRtti dvArA emaNe caritArtha karI. (bhU) aMbAlAla bulAkhIrAma jAnI (1880-1942) : aMbAlAla jAnI naDiyAdanA nAgara brAhmaNa hatA. zikSaka tarIke pravRttine AraMbha karyo paraMtu pachI prasiddha aThavADika "gujarAtIne sahataMtrI tarIke joDAI patrakAratvanA vyavasAyamAM emaNe lAMbo samaya kArya karyuM. sAthe sAthe prAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanA abhyAsa, saMzodhana ane saMpAdananuM kArya paNa karatA rahyA. "samAcaka'nA taMtrI ane phArbasa sabhAnA sakriya kAryakartA tarIke saMzodhana ane saMpAdanakSetre emaNe vyavasthita ane yAdagAra arpaNa karyuM che. madhyakAlIna gujarAtI sAhityanA e rasika ane mArmika abhyAsI hatA. narasiMha, bhIma, akha, premAnaMda ane zAmaLa jevA ApaNA kavionAM jIvana, kavana ane samaya vize sAre prakAza pADatuM vivecana ane saMzodhana emaNe karyuM. "akhe bhakta ane tenI kavitA' (1907) "nAkaracarita'

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rara4] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 (180 8), "sudAmAcarita' (1913), subhadrAharaNa'nI saMzodhita ane TIkA sahitanI AvRtti (1914) vagere kRti dvArA emaNe je graMtho racyA te Aje paNa abhyAsIo mATe upayogI che. premAnaMdanA nATakano prazna emaNe sarvapazI dRSTie karyo. sudAmAviSayaka narasiMha, bhAlaNa ane premAnaMdanI kRtionI tulanAtmaka daSTie emaNe vivecanA karI che. ane ane nAkaranA jIvana ane kavanane mUlavavAne emane prayatna vivecaka tarIkenAM emanAM UMDANa ane sajajatAne paricaya karAve che. "subhadrAharaNa" ane zAmaLanI 'siMhAsanabatrIsI' (1924)nAM emanAM saMpAdana abhyAsapUrNa che. phArbasa sabhAne maLelA hastalikhita graMthonI savistara nAmAvali (1923) ane saMkSipta nAmAvali (1929) taiyAra karI sAhitya ane ItihAsane kSetre saMzodhanakartAo mATe ghaNI suvidhA karI ApI. che. "phArbasa sabhA'nuM gujarAtI sAhitya ane saMzodhanakSetre je mahattvanuM arpaNa che te aMbAlAla jAnInAM vidvattA, sUjha ane zramanuM pariNAma che, "hitopadezanuM bhASAMtara (1924) emaNe TippaNa sahita karyuM che. "harivaMzIne bhASAtaranuM kArya (1920thI 1924) paNa emaNe khUba dakSatA ane kALajIthI karyuM hatuM. (bhU.) jahAMgIra edalajI saMjAnA (1880-1964)H muMbaI sarakArane oriyenTala TrAnsaleTara - bhASAntara khAtAnA vaDA-tarIke sevAo ApanAra A pArasI bahuzruta vidvAna nIDara vivecaka tarIke pratiSThA pAmyA hatA. koI paNa vivecya viSayanI atyaMta jhINavaTabharI AlocanA teo karatA hovAthI emane kAkadaSTi' vivecaka ke dhULadheyA sAkSara" tarIke paNa keTalAka oLakhatA. I. 1944mAM emaNe bAlAzaMkara vize "phalAnta kavi ke kalAnta kavi' pustikA pragaTa karI jabare UhApoha karyo hato. emaNe muMbaI yunivarsiTImAM aMgrejImAM ApelAM Thakkara vasanajI vyAkhyAno--'sTaDIjha ina gujarAtI liTarecara" (graMthastha, 1950) mAM arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanI bhUmikA, narmada, dalapatarAma, arvAcIna gujarAtI kavitA ane arvAcIna gujarAtI gadya -e pAMca viSayonI potAnI rIte, keInI paNa zehazarama rAkhyA vinA, vaijJAnika rIte vivecanA karI che. narmada karatAM emaNe dalapatarAmanI kavitA vize pitAne UMco abhiprAya darzAvI enI ghaNI prazaMsA karI che. gujarAtI kavitAnI carcA karatAM emaNe kavitA vize thoDIka tAttvika vicAraNuM paNa karI che. gujarAtI gadyakAranI spaSTa nideze sAthe emaNe keTalIka truTio paNa darzAvI che. joke satyazodhana mATe mathatA hovAthI keTalIka vAra taddana nAnakaDA muddA para teo vadhu bhAra mUkIne pramANabhAna cUke che ane ene kAraNe viSayanuM samagradarzana jokhamAya che. "anAryanAM aDapalAM ane

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhaka-1 * [rara5 bIjA prakIrNa lekho' (1955)mAM emanA judAjudA viSaya paranA abhyAsalekhe saMgharAyA che. lekhakane "kheTA ke ADaMbarI pAMDitya mATe ane lAsariyA bedarakAra lakhANa mATe sakhata aNagamo hatA ane evuM emane jyAM jyAM jaNAyuM che tenI emaNe sakhata TIkA karI che. chaMdane emane abhyAsa ghaNo jhINavaTabharyo hatA. "gIti'nI carcAmAM emaNe narasiMharAvane paNa haMphAvyA hatA. bRhad piMgala'nuM buddhiprakAza'mAM pragaTa thayeluM emanuM avalokana paNa abhyAsapUrNa hatuM. khabaradAranA muktadhArA' ane "mahAchaMdanuM paNa emaNe kaDaka parIkSaNa karyuM che. "anAryanAM aDapalAMmAM "sAhityanuM dhayeya' nAmane emane lekha dhyAnapAtra che. saMskRta zabdonI azuddha joDaNI vize paNa emaNe kaTAkSabharI TIkA karI che. satyane kendramAM sthApI nIDarapaNe pitAne mata vyakta karanAra ane vaijJAnika dRSTibiMduvALA A spaSTabhASI aneka bhASAvid vidvAne jarathostI dharmazAstra vize paNa vartamAnapatromAM ghaNI carcA karI hatI. - cimanalAla DAhyAbhAI dalAla (1881-1918) pATaNa-jesalamIranA bhaMDAra khaMtapUrvaka tapAsyA hatA ane udyotanasUrinI "kuvalayamAlA" Adi aneka katio prakAzamAM lAvyA hatA. "gAyakavADjha eriyenTala sirIjhanA pradhAna saMpAdaka tarIke temaNe ApaNuM prAcIna kRtione pragaTa karavAmAM nedhapAtra kAmagIrI bajAvI che. keTalIka jUnI vArtAone tulanAtmaka ane aitihAsika abhyAsa temaNe karyo hato. emanuM samagra jIvana prAcIna sAhityanA abhyAsa-sevanamAM vItyuM hatuM. durgAzaMkara kevaLarAma zAstrI (1882-1952) ItihAsa ane saMskRtinA abhyAsI tathA taviSayaka graMthonA kartA tarIke jANItA thayelA A saMzodhakane janma 188ranA jAnyuArInI 24mIe amarelImAM thaye hato. prAthamika zikSaNa goMDaLamAM pUruM karI, mAdhyamika zikSaNa hAlanA dasamA dhoraNamAMthI choDI daI rAjakoTanI te vakhatanI maherAmaNa kemikala leboreTarImAM abhyAsa karI prekiTakala phArmasisTa'nI parIkSA pasAra karI hatI. 1904mAM muMbaImAM saMskRtane UMDo abhyAsa karyo. 1910mAM jhaMDu phArmAsyuTikala vakarsamAM joDAyA ane "Ayurveda vijJAna" mAsikanuM saMpAdana karyuM. temanA graMthamAM vaiSNava dharmane saMkSipta ItihAsa' (1917), "jhaMDu bhaTTajInuM jIvanacarita' (1920), zaiva dharmane saMkSipta ItihAsa' (1921), "gujarAtanAM tIrtha sthAne' (1929), aitihAsika nibaMdhane saMgraha, purANavivecana' (1931), gujarAtane madhyakAlIna rAjapUta itihAsa (1932), lekhasaMgraha "aitihAsika saMzodhana' (1942), paMDita bhagavAnalAla gu. sA. 15

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226 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ zra'. 4 iMdrajInuM jIvanacaritra' (1946), bhAratIya saMskAra ane tenuM gujarAtamAM avataraNa' (1950) tathA ApaNI sa MskRtinAM keTalAMka vaheNA' (1953) khUba jANItAM che. Ama, gujarAtamAM eka saMzodhaka vidvAna, itihAsajJa, nibadhakAra ane caritralekhaka tarIke emanuM pradAna smaraNIya che. emanuM avasAna 19pa2nA sapTembaranI 29mI tArIkhe thayuM hatuM. (dhI.) hIrAlAla tri, pArekha (1882-1938) : muMbaImAM phrAsa sabhAnI jema amadAvAdamAM gujarAta varnAkayulara seAsAyaTI(have gujarAta vidyAsabhA)ne Azraye saMpAdana ane saMzAdhanakSetre mahattvanuM kAryAM cAlI rahyuM hatuM. paMDitayuganI sAhityapravRtti A be saMsthAnI chatrachAyAmAM samRddha banI, aMbAlAla jAnI pachI phArbasa sabhAnuM kArya eTaluM vegavAna ane mahattvanuM rahyuM nahi jyAre gujarAta vidyAsabhAne sAhityakArA, saMzAdhakA ane sa`cAlakAne sArA lAbha maLavAthI enuM kArya e ja vegathI cAlI rahyuM che. gu. va. seA.nI ghaNAM varSonI pravRttinA ne navInavI yAjanAnA saMcAlanamAM hIrAlAla tri. pArekhane phALA mahattvane che. emanA vivecanAtmaka lekhA ke buddhiprakAza'mAM karelAM graMthAvalAkanA pustakarUpe sulabha nathI. emanI vivecanA ane avaleAkane kRtinA sarjanAtmaka azA samajavAneA prayatna kare che. gu. va. sA. dvArA emaNe sAhityane upakAraka ghaNI yeAjanA karI ane tene pAra pADI temAM 'graMtha ane graMthakAra'nI pustakazreNI mahattvanI gaNAya. nAnAmeATA, prasiddha ke aprasiddha aneka kSetranA lekhakanA jIvananI vigatA ane temanI racanAonI yAdI emAM ApavAmAM AvI che. e graMthA upayAgI saMdarbha prathA anyA ne sAhityanA itihAsane emAMthI ghaNI sAmagrI sulabha bane che. Aje paNa A zreNInuM kAryAM cAlu rahyuM che. 'arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana' nAmanA graMthA dvArA sAhitya ane saMskAranI bhUmikA banI rahenAra samAja, zikSaNa, rAjakAraNa vagere kSetrane paricaya ApavAmAM AvyA che. dezamAM pravatAM vividha baLAnI mImAMsA karI gujarAtI sAhitya ane samAjanI pramANabhUta itihAsa taiyAra karanAra mATe emaNe A prathA dvArA pAyAnuM kAma karI ApyuM. graMtha ane graMthakAra'nAM pustakAne AraMbhe AkhA varSanI sAhitya pravRttinuM vihaMgAvaleAkana karavuM, pustakAnI viSayavAra vIkRta yAdI ApavI ane varSa daramyAnanAM mahattvanAM pravacaneA, kAvyakRti vagere prasiddha karI emaNe sAhityanI Year Book ane Who's WhonI kakSAnuM kAryAM gujarAtI prajA mATe zramapUrvaka karyuM. A kAraNe sAhityapravAhane vyavasthita rIte samajavAnI suvidhA maLI, svataMtra lekhanakAryAM alpa pramANamAM karavA chatAM sAhityasevakAmAM hIrAlAla pArekhanuM sthAna mahattvanuM che. (bhU.)

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anya gadyalekhako-1 [ 227 mAhanalAla pAva tIzaMkara dave (1883-1975)H mAhanalAla pAva tIzaMkara have pa MDitayuganA pratinidhi hatA ane jIvanakALa gAMdhIyuga ane svAtaMtryAttara kALa sudhI laMbAyA paraMtu e baMne yuganA sAhityapravAhamAM temaNe khAsa kazuM aNu karyuM... nathI. teo sa MskRtanA vidvAna adhyApaka hatA. prAcIna saMskRta sAhityanA ane pazcimanA sAhitya ane tattvajJAnanA teo abhyAsI hatA. pazcimanI kalAlakSI ane jIvanalakSI vivecanapaddhatine samanvaya emanI vivecanAmAM thayeA hatA paraMtu emanuM lakSa sAhityanA AnaMda kevI rIte prApta thAya che te darzAvavAnuM rahyuM. gadyazailInI pravAhitA ane rasikatA emanA vivecanane AsvAdya banAve che. 'kAvyakaLA' (1938) ane sAhityakalA'nA emanA lekhA sAhityatattvanI mULabhUta samaja saraLatAthI Ape che. paMDitayugamAM yuropa tathA amerikAnA sArasvatapravAhane anuvAda ke lekhA dvArA paricaya karAvavAmAM AvatA hatA. lenDAranA kAlpanika saMvAdo, bhAga 1, bhAga 2 (1911, 1912) dvArA meAhanalAla davee e kArya karyuM; ene upedghAta kRtinA vicAratattvane vistArathI ane saraLatAthI samajAve che. maeNkaDAnela kRta saMskRta sAhityanA itihAsa' (1924)nuM temaNe zramapUrvaka bhASAMtara karyuM". 'mahAbhAratanI samAlAcanA' (1913) temanI vivecanasUjha ane abhyAsavRttinA pariNAmarUpa che. 'hAsyarasa', graMthAvalokana kalA' vagere lekhAmAM emanI mArmika rasikatA pragaTa thaI che. 'sAhityakalA' ane 'kAvyakaLAnAM pustakA Aje bhulAI gayAM che paraMtu vidvattA ane rasikatAneA emAM sarasa samanvaya thayA che. sAhityatattvanA jijJAsuone saraLatAthI viSayapraveza karAve evA e graMthA che. emaNe keTalAMka kAvyeA paNu pragaTa karyAM che. (bhU.) pra. 5] . cadrazaMkara na dAzaMkara pa'DayA (1884-1937) : caMdrazaMkara na. paMDavA niDayAdanA nAgara ane paMDitayuganA sAkSaronA mitra, prazaMsaka ane pracAraka hAvAthI sAhityapravRttimAM sakriya banyA hatA. emanuM vaktRtva chaTAdAra ane prabhAvazALI hatuM. geAvanarAma, manaHsukharAma vagere sAkSaronA nikaTanA saMparkamAM teo AvyA hatA. e kAraNe sAhityaracanA tarapha e vaLyA. temaNe nibadhA ane kAvyanI racanA karI hatI paraMtu vaktA tarIke emanI saphaLatA ane khyAti eTalAM badhAM vadhyAM emanI kavi tarIkenI pravrutti vyApaka banI zakI nahi. sAmayika patrAmAM prasiddha thayelA lekhAne saMgraha bahu pAchaLathI thayA paraMtu te pahelAM 'snehAMkura' (1915), 'pAMca premakathAo' (1916), 'paoNMDita gurudatta vidyAthI'nuM jIvanacaritra' (1917) ane 'kAvyakusumAMjali' (1970) eTalI kRtio

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rara8] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 prasiddha thaI hatI. emanI vakatRtvazaktinAM lakSaNe ane chaTA emanA lekhita nibaMdhane AkarSaka banAve che. joke zabdAnuprAsa, varNasagAI, zabdacamatkRtithI keTalIka vAra emanA nibaMdha zailInI kRtrimatA tarapha paNa vaLI gayA che. sugrathita vyavasthita vidvattApUrNa chaNAvaTa ane vicArasamRddhi emanA nibaMdhonuM AkarSaNa che. saraLatA, pravAhitA, manoraMjakatA, bhAvanAmayatA ane hRdayasparzitAnA guNo hovA chatAM sAhityakAronI mitratA ane vaktA tarIkenI pratiSThA sAcavI rAkhavAnI hoMzamAM sAhityakSetre mAtabara phALo e ApI zakyA nahi. (bhU.) erI jahAMgIra tArAporavALA (1884-1956): mULa vatanI tArapiranA pArasI kuTuMbamAM eca jahAMgIra tArA paravALAne janma 1884mAM dakSiNa haidarAbAdamAM thaye hatuM. prAthamika zikSaNa ghare, mAdhyamika zikSaNa bharaDAmAM ane kolejazikSaNa muMbaInI elphinsTana kolejamAM meLavI 1903mAM aMgrejI ane saMskRta viSaya sAthe bI.e. thaI 1909mAM vilAyata jaI teo baeNrisTara thaI AvyA hatA. 1909 ane 1910 ema be varSa banArasa senTrala hindu kelejamAM aMgrejInA adhyApaka tarIke sevAo ApyA pachI 1911mAM bhArata sarakAranI saMskRta ziSyavRtti maLatAM kebrijanI bI.e.nI upAdhi paNa prApta karelI ane saMskRta tema ja tulanAtmaka bhASAzAstra viSaya laIne jarmanInI yutsabarga (Wurzburg) yunivarsiTInI pIeca.DI.nI upAdhi paNa meLavI hatI. 1967thI 1928 sudhI kalakattA yunivarsiTImAM tulanAtmaka bhASAzAstra ane gujarAtInA adhyApaka hatA. TAgere sthApelI vizvabhAratImAM IrAnI viSayanA adhyApaka tarIke paNa temanI varaNI thaI hatI. vividha dharmonA zAstragraMthane tulanAtmaka abhyAsa, itihAsa ane bhUgoLa emanA rasanA viSayo hatA. pitAnA vizALa vAcanane lAbha teo vividha sAmayikamAM lekha lakhI prajAne ApatA hatA. temaNe aMgrejImAM paNa keTalAka graMtha prakaTa karyA hatA, jemAMne silekazansa phoma avestA eNnDa olDa paziyana", "dha rilijyana oNpha jarathustra', "sama AspekaTsa oNphi hisTarI opha jeresbinijhama" ane "elimenTasa opha dha sAyansa oNpha leMgvaja' jANItA che. "silekazansa phroma kalAsikala gujarAtI liTarecara' nAme be bhAgamAM jUnI gujarAtInAM kAvyono saMgraha kalakattA yunivarsiTI mATe taiyAra karI Ape hato. teo saMskRta, prAkRta ane dezabhASAonA vidvAna bhASAzAstrI tarIke jANItA hatA. (vI.) zaMkaraprasAda chaganalAla rAvala (1887-1957) : madhyakAlIna gujarAtI sAhityanA abhyAsI, vivecaka ane sarjaka zaMkaraprasAda chaganalAla rAvala muMbaInI

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pra, 5] anya gadyalekhake-1 [ ra29 kabIbAI hAIskUlamAMthI nivRtta thaI phArbasa gujarAtI sabhAmAM sahamaMtrI tarIke sevAo ApatA hatA. nAnapaNathI ja emane vAcanalekhanane zokha hatuM, jene pariNAme narmada-dalapatazAI kAvyaracanAo ane navalikAo racelI te vividha sAmayikamAM prakaTa thaI hatI. emaNe "kathAvihAra' nAmaka pitAne kAvyasaMgraha prakaTa karavAnI yojanA paNa karI hatI. emanA abhyAsanA phaLarUpe emaNe "dayArAmanuM jIvanacaritra' (1919) prakaTa karyuM hatuM. aMgreja kavi gelDasmithane prakhyAta kAvya DejharTa vileja'nuM "bhAMgeluM gAmaDuM" nAme (1915) bhASAMtara paNa prakaTa karyuM hatuM. emanAM saMpAdanamAM "prabodha-batrIsI' (1930), narapatikRta "paMcadaMDa ane "haMsAvatI vikrama caritra' dhyAna kheMce tevAM che. "dayArAma rasasudhA' nAme dayArAmanI kavitAnuM paNa temaNe saMpAdana kareluM che. maNilAla ba. vyAsa sAthe emaNe "prabodha batrIzI athavA mAMDayuM baMdhArAnAM ukhANuM ane kavi zrIdharaphata rAvaNamaMdarIsaMvAdanuM saMpAdana karyuM hatuM. (bI.) gokaladAsa dvArakAdAsa rAyacurA (1890-1951) : jokasAhityanA punauddhAraka ane pracAraka tarIke jANItA gokuladAsa rAyacurAno janma seraThanA bAlAgAmamAM lohANA jJAtimAM thayela hatA. muMbaImAM zerabajArano dhaMdhe hovA chatAMya sAhityamAM emane Do rasa hato. pitAzrI dvArakAdAsa vArtAo lakhatA ethI -putra gokuladAsane paNa vArtAlekhanane zekha vArasAmAM maLela. rasALa zailInI jIvanapaSaka aneka vArtAo ane navalakathAo temaNe lakhI che ane saraLa kAvya paNa saryA che. I. 1924mAM emaNe "zAradA' mAsika zarU karI dhIme dhIme enI pratiSThA jamAvI hatI. "rAsamaMdira' (1915) ane "nava gIta' (1921) e be kAvyasaMgraha uparAMta rAyacurAnI rasIlI vArtAo' (1925), "kAThiyAvADanI lekavArtAo' (1925), vyAsajInI vArtAo' (1928), "seraThI vIrAMganAnI vArtAo' (1928), dAlacIvaDAnI dasa vArtAo' (1929), "pArevAM' (1929), premalIlA' bhA.1 (1931) ane "mahIpAladeva' (1932) Adi temanAM jANItAM pustake che. temaNe 3rame varSe vyAvasAyika kArakidI choDI daI sAhityane ja pitAnA vyavasAyanuM kSetra banAvyuM hatuM e temanI sAhityaprItinI ghAtaka ghaTanA che. (dhI.) rAmalAla cunIlAla medI (1890-1949) emaNe "bhAlaNa", "bhAlaNa, uddhava ane bhIma jevI abhyAsaniSTha pustikAo dvArA tathA bhAlaNanAM be naLAkhyAna' jevI kRtionA saMpAdana dvArA potAne bhAlaNano abhyAsa rajU karyo che. emanA lekha saMgraha" bhA-1-2mAM purAtatva, ItihAsa, sAhitya vizenA emanA

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ra30] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 saMzodhana-svAdhyAyanA lekho saMgrahAyA che. jadunAtha sarakAranuM emaNe lakheluM caritra I. 1918mAM "vIsamI sadI'mAM pragaTa thayuM hatuM ane tenuM marAThI bhASA nara paNa thayuM hatuM. prAcIna ItihAsane emane abhyAsa prazasya hatA. jAlaMdhara AkhyAnanuM paNa emaNe saMpAdana karyuM hatuM. aMbAlAla bAlakRSNa purANa (1894-1965) mULa vatanI bharUcanA, zikSaNa bharUca-surata-vaDodarA-muMbaImAM laIne padArthavijJAna ane rasAyaNazAstra sAthe I. 1913mAM bI.e. thayA hatA. kalA, sAhitya ane tattvajJAna emane priya viSayo hatA. I. 1923thI anya jAhera pravRttio choDIne teo poMDicerImAM zrIaraviMda AzramamAM gasAdhanA mATe joDAyA hatA. emanuM prathama pustaka bhaktiga' (1918) e dezabhakta azvinIkumAra dattanA baMgALI pustakane anuvAda che. paoNla ricAranA "Tu dha nezansa' nibaMdha, TAgoranA "sAdhanA'ne, "sUtrAvalI(1926), "mA" (1928), "gItA-niSkarSane - ema gujarAtImAM emaNe keTalAka anuvAdo ApyA che. TAgoranAM saMsmaraNe paNa (1918) emaNe pragaTa karyA hatAM. emanA bhAI choTAlAla bA. purANuM (bauddha guphAo'nA lekhaka) sAthe gujarAtamAM emaNe akhADA-pravRttine AraMbha karI ene daDhamUla karI hatI. yegasAdhaka aMbubhAIe sAhityane sAdhana tarIke prayojIne lekhanapravRtti karI che ane gujarAtI nibaMdha sAhityane mUlyavAna arpaNa karyuM che. "samiANi, sAhityanI pAMkhe' (1959), 'kalAmaMdire, ciMtananAM puSpo' (1965), pathikanAM puSpo' vagere emanA nibaMdhasaMgraho che. emaNe mAhitIpradhAna, vastupradhAna, kalpanApradhAna nibaMdha lakhyA che. prathama prakAranA emanA nibaMdha pramANamAM sudIrgha che. bhautika vidyAo, AInsTAInanA sApekSavAda vizenA nibaMdha ApaNe tyAM A viSayanAM prathama lakhANo che. te te viSayane UMDe gahana abhyAsa emanA nibaMdhamAM jovA maLe che, ane lekhakanI viziSTa sUjhanAM ane nirAmaya jIvanadaSTinAM ApaNane darzana karAve che. "mahAkAvyane janma", "sAhityanuM mUlyAMkana', "kalA ane ga' jevA emanA ghaNA nibaMdha lekhakanI buddhi tejasvitA ane maulika ciMtanathI ApaNane AkarSI rahe che. "gaganavihAra', "vasuMdharA jevA nibaMdhamAMnI emanI raMgadazI zailI kavacita kAvyAtmakatAne anubhava karAve che. emanI arthaghaTanazakti ane navIna vicArabiMduo rajU karavAnuM kauzala paNa prazasya che. emanA nibaMdhomAM A adhyAtmasAdhaka ane jIvana-Alocaka ciMtakanuM jIvaMta vyakti pragaTa thAya che. kalpanApradhAna nibaMdhamAM pratIta thatuM emanuM skUrtivaMtuM vyaktitva lalita nibaMdha manahara AsvAda karAve che. emanA alaMkAre, vinoda, emanuM chaTAdAra ane dhasamasatI gativALuM gadya emanA nibaMdhone viziSTatA Ape che. te -

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anya gadyalekhake-1 " [ ra31 IglenDanI saMskArayAtrA' (1957) uparAMta "pathikanI saMskArayAtrAo" (1864) va. emanI pravAsakRtio che, te "patrasaMcaya' (1964) ane purANInA patrA" va.mAM emanA vividha viSayonI carcA karatA tatvadyotaka patro saMgharAyA che. emanA keTalAka patro to nibaMdha jevA ja che, ane emAM lekhakanA vyaktitvanA pravezane kAraNe e AkarSaka banyA che. ApaNe nibaMdha tema ja patrasAhityane aMbubhAIe samRddha karyuM che. zrI araviMdanA mahAkAvya "sAvitrInAM keTalAMka parvone, sAvitrIguMjana 1 (1964) ane ramAM, mULanAM darzana-ciMtana ane kathA-sAranirUpaNa sameta, dhIragaMbhIra gadyamAM rajU karavAmAM AvyAM che. ghaNAM varSo pahelAM emaNe "pUrNa ga"(1922, '26)nA vividha khaMDe dvArA e viSayane abhyAsa ApaNane sulabha karI Apyo hato. "darpaNanA TukaDA", "upaniSadanI vAta', zrI araviMdanuM kAvyadarzana' va. emanI anya kRtio che. ratilAla mohanalAla trivedI (1894-1956) : ratilAla mehanalAla trivedIne janma 1894nA mArcanI 24mI tArIkhe saurASTramAM rANapuramAM zrImALI brAhmaNa jJAtimAM thayelo. bI.e. thaI amadAvAdamAM aMbAlAla sArAbhAIne tyAM varSo sudhI kuTuMbazikSakanI kAmagIrI bajAvyA bAda teo 1939thI nyU ejyukezana hAIskUlanA saMcAlaka banelA. zikSaNa sAthe sAhityamAM paNa emane UMDo rasa hato. sAhityanA abhyAsa sAthe temaNe je sarjana karyuM te "hiMdanAM vidyApITha (1932), smRti ane darzana' (1938), "vAlamIkinuM ArSadarzana", "AcArya AnaMdazaMkarabhAI' (1948) ane "thoDAMka arthadarzano' (1949) jevA graMtha rUpe prApta thayuM che. jhalakadAra zailI ane navIna ciMtanathI emanA nibaMdho rocaka banyA che. saMskRta ane aMgrejIne emane UMDo abhyAsa emanA pravAsa ane prakRtiviSayaka nibaMdhAmAMnAM avataraNomAM achata raheto nathI. emaNe saMkhyAmAM vipula nahi paraMtu nirUpaNanAvInya ane AkArasauSThavathI opatA thaDA saMtarpaka nibaMdha ApI ApaNu nibaMdhasAhityamAM ullekhanIya phALo Apyo che. (dhI.) navalarAma jagannAtha trivedI (1895-1944) : I. 1895nA oNkaTobaranI 11mI tArIkhe audIcya sahastra brAhmaNa jJAtimAM vaDhavANamAM janmelA navalarAma trivedIe 1920mAM bI.e. thaI amadAvAdanA lAlazaMkara umiyAzaMkara mahilA vidyAlayamAM adhyApakanI nekarI svIkArI nekarI karatAM karatAM ja 19ra kramAM ema.e.nI upAdhi prApta karI hatI. adhyApana ane adhyayana e emanA rasanI mukhya pravRttio hatI. emanA adhyApananA phaLarUpe ApaNane keTalAMka vivecano' (1934), "navAM vivecana' (1941) ane "zeSa vivecana' (1947) nAmaka

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232 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ zra', 4 vivecanalekhAnA saMgrahe| maLyA che. mukhyatve vidyAthI Ane kendramAM rAkhIne lakhAyelA A lekheAmAM UMDANu karatAM vizadatA vadhAre che. vivecaka tarIke tATasthya ane nibhIkatA emanAM AgaLa tarI AvatAM lakSaNA che. emaNe vivecanalekhA uparAMta haLavA nibaMdhA paNa lakhyA che, je zrutakInAM puSpA' (1939) ane 'parihAsa' (1945) nAmaka graMthAmAM prasiddha thayA che. sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjakIya, sAhityika - ema vividha kSetrAnI UNapAne peAtAnA vinAdanuM bhAjana banAvI teo subahu lalita nibaMdha) ApI zakayA che. kArAvAsanI kahANI'(1921)mAM emaNe baMgALI pustakane AdhAre rAjakIya viSayane suvAcya rIte rajU karyAM che; tA "beTAdakaranAM kAvyeA' (1923) ane 'jayaMtI vyAkhyAnA' tema ja anaMtarAya ma. rAvaLa sAthe karelA 'buddhiprakAza lekhasa'graha' bhAga 1-2 emanAM sUjhapUrvakanAM saMpAdanA che. 'kalApI'(1944)mAM emaNe kavi kalApInuM zraddheya ane sakSipta caritra ApyuM che. 'zAmaLanu` vArtAsAhitya' (1948) emaNe 1944mAM Apelu vyAkhyAna che. navalarAme eka samabhAvI, pUrvagrahamukta, nIDara vivecaka tathA haLavI zailInA sarjanAtmaka niSTha dhanA lekhaka tarIke gujarAtI sAhityamAM smaraNIya phALA ApyA che. temaNe gujarAtI sAhitya sabhAnA maMtrI tarIke paNa sevA ApI hatI. (dhI.) byAmezacan janArdana pAkD (1895-1935) : vyAmezacandra pAThakajI eNrisTara hatA ane saMgIta, saMskRta sAhitya, bhASAzAstra ane dharmazAstramAM UMDo rasa dharAvatA hatA. sAhityalekhana karatAM vividha sAhityapravRtti tarapha emane khiroSa abhiruci hatI. atisukhazaMkara trivedI sAthe 'kAvyasAhityamImAMsA' nAmanA graMtha racyA hatA. meAhanalAla pArvatIzaMkara dave sAthe emaNe 'gadyakusuma'nuM saMpAdana karyuM... gadyakRti viSe kareluM emanuM vivecana noMdhapAtra che. 'buddhisTa inDiyA' ane 'gAyaTenAM jIvanasUtreA' nAmanA be anuvAdo emaNe karyA hatA. emanuM gadya vineAdI ane zailInI bhinna bhinna chaTAne kAraNe AkarSaka che. teo sArA vaktA hatA. tenI asara paNu emanA gadya para varatAya che. jIvatI juliyaTa' (1926) nAmanu emanuM nATaka sAhityadaSTie madhyama kakSAnuM heAvA chatAM ThIkaThIka leAkapriya thayuM hatuM. (bhU.) ratnarmANarAva bhImarAva joTe (1895-1955) : mULa amadAvAdanA sADhAdarA nAgara brAhmaNu ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva joTane janma bhuja khAte 1895nA AkaTAbaranI 19mIe thayA hatA. prAthamika, mAdhyamika ane kAlejazikSaNa amadAvAdamAM pU ruM karI temaNe saMskRta ane aMgrejI viSaya laI 1919mAM bI.e.nI

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhake-1 [233 upAdhi prApta karI hatI. vyavasAye kApaDaudyogamAM paDyA hovA chatAMya gujarAtanI saMskRti ane ItihAsanuM emanuM adhyayana anavaruddha rahyuM hatuM. emanA A adhyayananA suphaLarUpe emanI pAsethI ApaNane "gujarAtanuM vahANavaTuM" (1927), gujarAtanuM pATanagaraH amadAvAda' (1928), "khaMbhAtano ItihAsa' (1935), gujarAtano sAMskRtika ItihAsa bhAga 1 thI 4 (1945-1959), somanAtha (1949) jevA zraddheya ane zAstrIya paddhatie lakhAyelA graMtho maLyA che. I. 1933ne raNajitarAma suvarNacandraka emane enAyata thayo hato. (dhI.) maMjulAla raNachoDalAla majamudAra (1897) emane janma 1897nA sapTembaranI 19mIe peTalAdamAM vaDanagarA nAgara gRhastha parivAramAM thayo hate. 1918mAM bI.e. ane 1921mAM elaela.bI. thaI vaDodarA rAjyanI variSTha adAlatamAM vakIlAta zarU karyA pachI sAhitya ane zikSaNaprItine kAraNe tarata e choDI daI vidyAdhikArInI kacerImAM joDAyA hatA. gujarAtanI briTiza amala pahelAMnI saMskRti' e viSaya para aMgrejImAM dIrgha nibaMdha lakhI 1929mAM emaNe ema.e.nI ane tyAra bAda pIeca.DI.nI upAdhio prApta karI hatI. vaDodarA rAjyanA bhASAMtara khAtAmAM adhikArI rahyA bAda cheka nivRtti paryata vaDodarA kaeNlejamAM gujarAtInA adhyApaka rahyA hatA. prAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanuM saMzodhana ane saMpAdana emanA zekhane viSaya rahyo che. A dizAmAM emano talasparzI abhyAsa ane UMDI sUjhanAM darzana thayA vagara raheze nahi. A prakAranA saMzodhana saMpAdanamAM emaNe zAstrIya ane tulanAtmaka abhigama apanAvyuM che. emanAM A prakAranAM saMpAdanamAM Ave che premAnaMda tathA anya kavionAM "sudAmAcaritra' (1922), "premAnaMdakRta raNayajJa tathA vajiyAta raNajaga' (1925), "tApIdAsakRta abhimanyu AkhyAna tathA abhimanyunuM lokasAhitya' (192 6), lekavArtAnuM sAhitya' (1927), "kAvyanavanIta ne naLAkhyAna' (1927), paMcadaMDa ne bIjAM kAvyo' (1929). A uparAMta bhImakRta "sadayavatsakathA" ane gaNapatikRta 'mAdhavakAmakaMdalAnAM emanAM saMpAdane paNa ullekhapAtra che. rAmAyaNanuM rahasya' (1930), mIrAMbAI : eka manane (1961) ane gujarAtI madhyakAlIna tathA vartamAna padyAtmaka sAhityasvarUpone paricaya karAvatuM "gujarAtI sAhityanAM svarUpo' (1954) paNa emanI noMdhapAtra kRtio che. tilottamA' (1926) nAme eka apsarAsRSTinI vArtA paNa emaNe lakhI che. madhyakAlIna gujarAtI sAhityanA abhyAsIomAM emaNe pitAnA bahALA pradAnathI AgavuM sthAna prApta karyuM che. I. 1968ne raNajitarAma suvarNacaMdraka emane enAyata thayo hato. (vI.)

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gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa caM. 4 zakaralAla zAstrI (1902-1946)e vrajalAla zAstrIracita 'rasaga'gA'nuM saMpAdana karyuM che. 'sAhityane AvArethI' (1939), 'sAhityadraSTAne' (1941) jevAM pustakAmAM sAhityakAra vizenA abhyAsalekhA tathA keTalAka lekhakAnAM jIvaMta zabdacitrA ApIne emaNe gujarAtI sAhityanI sevA karI che. 'pAnadAnI'mAM emanI vArtAe saMdharAI che. maNibhAI taMtrI lekhaka, vivecaka ane patrakAra tarIke khyAti pAmyA hatA. 'gujarAtI navalakathA sAhitya' e emanI nedhapAtra kRti che. 234 ] jaina munionu pradAna : vijayakesarasUrijI(1876/77-1929/30)e caitra ane tattvajJAnanAM pustako ApyAM che. muni maMgalavijayajI(1877- 1942)e dharma pradIpa' Adi padyaracanAo ane 'tattvAkhyAna' Adi kRti ApI che. muni ratnacandra svAmI(1881)e 'ardhamAgadhI kA' ApyA che. muni jayantavijayajI(1884-1948)e 'vihAravana', 'Abu' vagere kRtie uparAMta saMskRta kRtionAM sa pAdana paNa ApyAM che. muni nyAyavijayajI(1890)e 'jainadarzana' Adi kRtio ApI che. vidyAvijayajI mahArAja(1891-1954)e 'sUrIzvara ane samrATa' nAmanI prasiddha kRti lakhI hatI. 'samayane oLakhA' Adi graMthaiAnA paNa e lekhaka che. munizrI himAMzuvijayajI (1904-1937) 'siddhahemazabdAnuzAsanam' jevI kRtiothI khyAti pAmyA hatA. muni puNyavijayajI(1895-1971)e jaina AgamAnA saMpAdana-sazodhananu bhagIratha kArya karyu che. tee nAgarI lipinA niSNAta hatA ane aneka zAstrI, saMzAdhakAnA saMzAdhana-saMpAdanakSetre guru-mAdaka hatA. jaina uparAMta brAhmaNu, bauddha sAhityanA amUlya gra MthAnu` emaNe sazodhana karyuM che. kaumudImitrAnaMda' (nATaka), 'vasudevahiMDI', 'kathAratnakAza' (kathA), dharmAbhyudayamahAkAvya' ane 'bRhatkalpa' jevI keTalIka kRtionA saMzAdhana-saMpAdanamAM emanuM noMdhapAtra pradAna che. temanA guru caturavijayajI sAthe ja emaNe emanAM badhAM saMskRtaprAkRtanAM saMpAdanA karelAM che. muni ramaNIkavijayajIe emane sahAya karI che. 'bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhanakalA' nAmaka nibaMdha paNa emaNe lakhyA che. 'jaisalameranI citrasamRddhi' ane 'kalpasUtra' paNa emanI nedhapAtra kRti che. sa'pAdanakSetre anya vidvAneAmAM premAnaMdanI be kRtienAM saMpAdanA ApanAra magaLacha hai. ojhA (1870), narasiMha ane mIrAMnAM bhajanAnA saMgrahe| ApanAra harasiddhabhAI diveTiyA (1870-1968), 'paMcada'Da' ane rasikavallabha'nA saMpAdaka jeThAlAla ge!. zAha (1893), bhAlaNa AdinI prAcIna kRtionA saMpAdaka ane

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31.4] anya gadyalekhako-1 [ 235 joDaNI, bhASA, caritra-viSayamAM paNa pradAna karanAra bharatarAma bhA. mahetA (1894), 'aMbaDacaritra', 'pa'cAkhyAna'nA anuvAdasapAdana dvArA ane gujarAtI-hiMdIaMgrejImAM aneka lekhA dvArA sAhityasevA karanAra jana viduSI cAleTi krIjhe u subhadrAdevI (1895), 'jaina citra kapadruma'nA saMpAdaka sArAbhAI navAba (1907), AnaMdakAvyamaheAdadhi' (bhA. 1thI 8; 1913thI 1927 daramyAna)nA saMpAdaka jIvaNacaMda sAkaracaMda jhaverI, 'jaina gurjara kavie'nA cAra graMthA (1926-44)nA saMgrAhaka-saMprayAjaka meAhanalAla dalIcaMda mahetA, 'jaina kAvyasaMgraha'(1876)nuM prakAzana karanAra kIkAbhAI parabhudAsa vagerenu' apa`Na ullekhapAtra che. anuvAda : baMgALI, prAkRta, aMgrejI-jarmAMnImAMthI anuvAde| ApanAra narasiMhabhAI I. paTela (1874), sa MskRta RgvedasahitA ane upaniSadonA anuvAda ApanAra meAtIlAla 2. gheADA (1875), gItA, manusmRtinA anuvAdo, erebiyana nAiTsa'nuM bhASAMtara ane 'gujarAtI' patra ane 'gujarAtI presa' dvArA sAhitya ane mudraNakSetre ullekhapAtra phALA ApanAra maNilAla icchArAma desAI (1880); ramaNIkarAya a. mahetA (1881), raMgIladAsa sutariyA (1881), pAli-sa`skRtanI kRtie tema ja kRSNamUrtinAM vyAkhyAnAne 'jIvanasa deza'mAM sulabha karI ApanAra maNilAla na. dozI (1882), dharmanA jaya', 'vikRta buddhinA vivAha'nA anuvAde, 'gujarAtI zabdArtha ciMtAmaNi' kAza (1926), 'saMvAdamAlA' (saMpAdana) jevI kRtie ApanAra jIvanalAla amarazI mahetA (1883), beInanAM pustakAnA 'anaMgabhasma' (1916) ane 'nIlanenI' (1917) tema ja TolsToyanA pustakanA 'jIvanasiddhi' anuvAda ApanAra sAkaralAla a. dave (1886), kIthakRta saMskRta nATa'kane| anuvAda ApanAra na`dAza Mkara bheA. purahita (1887), 'mArI vIsa vArtA' ane anya anuvAdakRtie ApanAra kezavalAla che. desAI (1888), anuvAda ane bAlasAhityamAM apaNu karanAra naTavaralAla vImAvALA, 'nAgAnaMda" Adi nATakAnA anuvAdaka ane jUnI raMgabhUminA abhyAsI ramaNIkalAla ja. dalAla (1901) ane aMgrejI-saMskRtamAMthI anuvAda ApanAra prasannavadana dIkSita (1906) vagere lekhakAe anuvAdakSetre kArya karyuM che. h muslima lekhakeAnu... pradAna : musalamAna lekhakAe paNa gujarAtI bhASAnI dhyAnapAtra sevA karI che; aneka pIreAe dhArmika sAhitya taiyAra karyuM" hatuM. pIra hajarata saiyada pIra mazAyakha kAsimazAha(hIjarI sa. 1060)e gujarAtI lipi ane urdU -gujarAtI mizra bhASAmAM tera jeTalAM pustake aDhI sadI pahelAM pragaTa karyAM hatAM, kavitA, nATaka, navalakathA, jIvanacaritra,

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236 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 keza, ItihAsa vagere kSetre emaNe kalama calAvI hatI. karamAlI rahImabhAI nAnajIANuM (1854), rAMderanA melavI gulAma mahamaMda sAdika (1857), kasima gAjhI (1858), sulemAna zAha ledhiyA (1858), usmAnabacala khuDakhuDIA (1862), hAjI gulAmaalI hAjI IsamAIla rahamAnI' (1864), musalamAnonI caDatI paDatIne ItihAsa lakhanAra mehabUbamiyAM I. kAdarI (1873), "hajharata mohammada sAhebanuM jIvanacaritra' vagerenA lekhaka amadAvAdanA vatanI valI mahamada sI. momina (1882), mahaMmada Arepha dAkhalI sevaka' (1882), "rasUle arabI' (pegambara sAhebanuM jIvanacaritra) lekhaka kaDInA maulAnA pIra TAmiyAM saiyada (1882), mulAM nUrabhAI DeDANavAlA (1884), mohammadanuM TUMkuM jIvana", "kRSNakathA va.nA lekhaka amadAvAdanA nijhAmuddIna kurezI (1884), hakIma mahamada usmAna (sa6) sadara (1885), "mArI hajanI musApharI'nA lekhaka abdula latIpha hAjI husena madrAsavAlA (1886), hamIda lAkhA (1886), anuvAdakSetre sakriya rahelA hAzima yusupha bharUccA-"jhAra rAMderI (1887), khAna ImAmakhAna kayasara khAna (1888), gujarAtane ItihAsa" 1-2, (1948) ApanAra saiyada abu jhaphara nadavI (1889), mehammada jamIludIna gavasI (1890), pIrajAdA saiyada sadaruddIna (1881), valI mohamada nAnajI hudA (1892), "kedInAM kAvyo', "kartavyabhAna va.nA lekhaka suratanA ajhImaddIna saiyada munAdI" (1892), "apasarA ke cUDela", "premane zikAra", "bhUtabaMgalo vi.nA lekhaka saiyada hAmIdamiyAM DAsAmiyAM munazI (1892), kacchanA khatrI IbrAhIma paTela (1894), nAcIja Adama (1 895), 'taruNIne taraMga kiMvA citeDanuM sauMdarya' (1930) ane "azrudhArA' navalakathAnA lekhaka imAmazAha lA. bAnavA (1896), abdula jabAra amIna" (1886), laMgA abdullAha mAstara (1898), rajhIyuddIna abbAsamiyAM sIdIkI (1900), adrarahIma sAdika (1900), mahamada sAdIka (1901), abdula latIpha (1901), "mustuphAbAdI' (1901), latIpha IbrAhIma (1901), "mAtRbhUmi', "nare sukhana' (saM.)nA lekhaka bhAvanagaranA mahamadaalI "Ajijha' (1902), usmAna ganI "zabanama' (1902), IzakAka dalAla (1903), ahamada azarapha (1903), umarajI sAdI (1905), "musase hAlIne anuvAda ApanAra nAnAmiyAM rasUlamiyAM (1905), mohaMmada mIThA sIdIkI (1901), dAudabhAI becena (1996), nayananAM nIra" ane "jvALAomAM vArtAo ApanAra yusupha mAMDaviyA (1910), navasArInA saiyada ImAmuddIna daragAhavAlA (1911), mahamada gagubhAI ThebA (1915) vagere lekhake uparAMta "mahAtmA zekha sAdInuM caritra ApanAra sAdika karabalAI, badranijhAmI rAhatI, khayarunnisA "salimA', amaramiyAM "malika', mohamaMda husena

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhake-1 [237 rAMderI, pravAsagraMtho ApanAra sulemAna ledhiyA, zabdakeza ApanAra muhammada kAjhima, zarIpha sAleha muhammada, abdula satArakhAna paThANa, gulAma rasUla zayakha, muhammada kAsima, muhammadahusena balasAravI nAnajIANuM vageree gujarAtI. bhASAnI sevA karI che. IslAmI dharma-tatvajJAna tathA anya dharmonI carcAviSayaka 400 uparAMta kRtio, 75 uparAMta caritro, 65 jeTalA kAvyasaMgraho, amIramiyAM ha. phArUkInA phArasI-arabI zabdakoSanA be bhAga, nijhAmuddIna - ruddInanA udgamizra gujarAtI kAza ane aneka bAle pagI, rAjyapaddhatikAyade tathA saMgIta, lalita kalAnAM ane navalakathAnATaka-ItihAsa-sapharanAmA vizenAM 92 jeTalAM pustaka, hAsyalekho nibaMdho emaNe ApyA che, ane mAsika, sAptAhike, vartamAnapatro paNa emaNe calAvyAM che. prakIrNa : A sivAya gujarAtanA aneka vidyopAsakoe pitAnI vividha pravRttio ane zabdopAsanA dvArA gujarAtI bhASA-sAhityanI sevA karI che. durlabha zyAma dhruva, "nItivicAra', "satya", "janasvabhAva" (1879), "vivAhasaMskAra', vaidika kAlanuM bhAratIya yuddha athavA vAzarAdi vigraha' (1920), "mevADanA guhilo' (1928) vagere vividha viSayonAM abhyAsayukta prakAzanenA lekhaka mAna. zaMkara pItAMbaradAsa mahetA (1863), 56 bhAgamAM duHkhane visAmo' (1914-- 22), keTalAMka caritra, nATayakRti, pArasI aTaka-nAma vagerenA lekhaka sorAbajI maM. dezAI (1865), sastA bhAve uttama pustaka ApavAnI yojanA ane e mATenI "sastuM sAhityanI samRddha saMsthA sthApI, vividha prakAranI graMthamALAo dvArA lekaghaDataranuM noMdhapAtra kArya karanAra, preraka jIvanacaritro, ApaNI prAcInamadhyakAlIna kRtionA saMcaya ane jIvanalakSI sAhityanA prakAzana dvArA gujarAtanuM ghaDatara karanAra bhikSu akhaMDAnaMda (1874-1942), vIrarasanA nirvahaNa mATe rAma" chaMdanI racanA karanAra, parazurAma vijaya' (1923) nATaka, "zivAjI ne aphajhalakhAnanuM yuddha' (1911) ane vAlmIki rAmAyaNanA "bAlakAMDa' (1916)nA anuvAdathI jANItA thayelA manahararAma harihararAma mahetA (1877-1950), chellI traNacAra peDhIonAM citro, rekhAMkano ane prasaMganirUpaNe samAjadarpaNa(1964)mAM ane "AtmakathA' (1971) ApanAra sumanta mahetA (1877), bodhaka sAhityanA lekhaka maganalAla zaM. paTela (1878), vaidaka-ArogyanAM pustake, TesTayanI kRti "pApanI dazAne anuvAda temaja "kalAne caraNe" tathA "sAhityane caraNe nAmanA lekhasaMgraho ApanAra amadAvAdanA saMskAra-sevaka hariprasAda 9.

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238] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ . 4 desAI (1880-1950), "gujarAtane atihAsika lekha (traNa bhAga)nA lekhaka girajAzaMkara va. AcArya (1880-1964), saMsAra-sudhArAnA agraNI, "rAjA rAma mohana rAya' (1905), "Isu khristanuM jIvana", "brAhmadharma va.nA lekhaka gaTulAla dhru (1881-1968), pravAsAdinI kRtio ApanAra DuMgarazI dha. saMpaTa (1882), jAtakakathAo'nA lekhaka harabhAI 6. trivedI (1883), vaikuMThalAla zrI. ThAkora (1885), "keLavaNuM mAsikanA taMtrI, IMglAMDanuM vahANavaTu' jevAM keTalAMka upayogI pustake uparAMta dezadezanI vAto', "sara vi. dA. ThAkarasInuM jIvanacaritra' jevAM pustaka ApanAra kalyANarAya nathubhAI jozI (1885), pUrva AphrikA, nepALa, va. vizenI pravAsakRtione lekhaka maNilAla na. dvivedI (1887), jaina saMvAdo, "tajAela tilakA' jevI kAvya-anukRtinA lekhaka popaTalAla pu. zAha (1888), jaina sAhityanA prakAzanamAM ullekhapAtra kAmagIrI karanAra ane "kacchakesarI', "saurASTra, jya svadezI' jevAM aneka sAmayikanA taMtrImaMDaLamAM sakriya bhImajI harajIvana pArekha, "suzIla" (1888), ItihAsa , "sarasvatIcaMdranuM rAjakAraNanA lekhaka tema ja "svAdhyAya" lekhasaMgrahanA lekhaka kezavalAla kAmadAra (1891), nItiSika sAhitya ApanAra mAvajI dAmajI zAha (1892), "gajendra mauktikA'nA saMpAdaka ane "dhI InDiyana thiyeTara e aMgrejI pustakanA lekhaka ramaNalAla yAjJika (1895-1960), 1918mAM "bhArata' patranI sahagamAM sthApanA karI enA taMtrI thayelA, pachI muMbaImAM 1928mAM "sAMjha vartamAna" patramAM joDAyelA, TAgora-TosToyanAM lakhANane jIvana-sarjana para prabhAva jhIlanAra, ane jemanI racanAone nhAnAlAle "rasakAvyo' kahI vadhAvI "navagItAMjali'nuM prazastimUlaka biruda ApyuM hatuM te "phUlapAMdaDI' (1924) ane ArAmagAha (1928)nAM gadyakAvyonA racayitA pRthu ha. zukala (1895-1931), AyurvedanA abhyAsayukta graMthonA lekhaka ane kAlidAsanA abhyAsI bApAlAla ga. zAha (1896), saMgItazikSaNakSetre "saMgItAMjali (cha bhAga), praNavabhAratI', "nAdarUpa' va. pustaka dvArA mUlyavAna pradAna karanAra paMDita omakAranAtha ThAkura, gujarAta sAhitya sabhAnI 1940nI graMthasamIkSA, "anubhavabindu'nuM saMpAdana ane sAhityaviSayaka abhyAsapUrNa svAdhyAya-lekhe uparAMta dharma, yoga ane ciMtanaviSayaka lekho (vidyuti 1980 maraNottara prakAzana) ApanAra gujarAtInA sukhyAta prAdhyApaka ravizaMkara jozI (1897-1973), gujarAtamAM prakRtivijJAnakSetre jayakRSNa IndrajI pachI noMdhapAtra pradAna karanAra ane prakRti TaumAsikanA saMpAdaka harinArAyaNa gi. AcArya vanecara' (1887), bAla pogI sAhityanA lekhaka nAgaradAsa paTela (1898) ane ramaNalAla nA. zAha, "mahilAonI mahAkathAonAM lekhikA

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhako-1 [ 239 lakSmIbahena geA. DeAsANI (1898), 'zAradAprasAda varmA'nA takhallusathI khAlasAhitya ('phArama laharI' 1-12), e nATakA' ane caritrA ApanAra ratilAla nA. tannA (1901), 'prAcIna kavie ane emanI kRtie'nA lekhaka ramaNIka desAI, saMvAda, nATaka ane kathAnA lekhaka caMdrazaMkara maNizaMkara bhaTTa (1901), 'kacchanI rasadhAra', kacchanA itihAsa'nA lekhaka jayarAmadAsa je. nayagAMdhI, bAlApayeAgI racanAe ApanAra kAjI hasamukhalAla (1905) ane dhIrajalAla TA. zAhu (1906) vagere aneka lekhakeAe vividha viSayeA para lekhana karyu` che. [A prakaraNamAM je lakhANane aMte (dhI.) lakhyuM che te lakhANa dhIrubhAI parIkhanuM, [bhU.] lakhyuM che te lakhANa bhUpendra upAdhyAyanuM ane jyAM eve nirdeza nathI karyA te lakhANu cimanalAla trivedInuM che. ] jUnI raMgabhUminA lekhakA 1850nI AsapAsa khe nATayapravAhe| gujarAtanA sAMskRtika jIvanamAM sthAna pAmelA varatAya cheH (1) egaNIsamI sadInA prathama pAMca dAyakAmAM gujarAtamAM saMskRta bhASA sAthe saMkaLAyelA jANakAra varga saMskRta praNAlInAM nATako viSe sArI rIte jAgrata heAya tema lAge che. paNu 1850 ke tenI pUrve bhajavAtA prayAgAnI kAI kathAvArtA maLatAM nathI. (ra) bIjo pravAha che te leAkanATayarUpI bhavAInA, tenI pracalita tAlImapatineA, lekhanapaddhatinA, ane prayAgapaddhatine jANakAra va, -- je grAmasamAjamAM mULa dharAvatA lAge che. gAmAmAMthI nagarAmAM AvI, bhavAI bhajavI - pAchA gAmAmAM jAya - tyAM ja vase, khetI kare, madirA, derAsarAmAM gAyavAdana bhajanasaMgIta vagere kare. A bhavAIyA ane bhavAImaDaLIe gujarAtI grAmajIvananA prANavAna aMze che. bhavAIne grAmajanatA mANe che, samaje che, supere paricita che. -- A be pravAhe uparAMta aMgrejI sAthenA sAMskRtika saMpa gADha thAya che. emAMthI maneAra MjananA sAdhanarUpe nATaka nAmanuM kalAsvarUpa jhaLakI UThe che, ane muMbaI, kalakattA, madrAsa, jevAM nagarAmAM camatkArika parivartaka jhapATA lagAve che; 'nATaka' ApaNI vacamAM AvI vase che; briTiza keLavaNIthI prabhAvita thayelA ApaNA vidvAne saMskRta paraMparAnAM 'nATaya' sAthe, briTiza maneAraMjananuM sAdhana paricita thatAM, ApaNA nUtana mAnasane A navuM sAdhana gamatu lAge che ane tene ApaNA vidvAnA ApaNA jIvanamAM AvakAre che kare che. Ama aMgrejI zailInuM thiyeTara astitva pAme che. je makkama sthAna prApta

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240 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca. 4 bhavAI ke nATaka (saMskRta ke aMgrejI) bhajave teA naTA, paNa tenA lekhakanI hastI anivArya . lekhaka vinA A dasyazrAvya kalA na vikase, na bane. marAThI, pArasI ane aMgrejI saMparkathI gujarAtI nATayalekhaka saLavaLyeA; marAThIe gaMbhIra, UjaLA, rASTrIya Apa ApyA, pArasIee vineAda, marAThI, pArasI ane a MgrejI nATayaprayeAgA muMbaImAM zarU thayA tenI asara gujarAtI bhASAnI raheNIkaraNI, keLavaNI tathA AnaMdaprameAdanAM sAMskRtika sAdhane ane pravAheA para paNa paDe che. bhavAIthI asa MtuSTa zikSita sAmAjika tathA sArasvatA (jevA ke raNachoDabhAI udayarAma) saMskRta paripATInA gaurava sAthe yure pIya valaNa apanAve che, ane muMbaInA takhatAthI cheka saurASTramAM jAmanagara sudhI vyavasAyarUpe maneArajaka nATacaAM dAlana vahetuM kare che. Ama nUtana ragabhUminA pravAhanI zarUAta. tenI saMparkazakti eka navIna cetana sphurAve che, jene 'nATakazALA' evu' nAma ApavAmAM Ave che. te samayanA samAja pAse Avaka ~~ kamANInAM tathA kharacanAM sthAnA TAMcAM hatAM. chatAM tyAMya raMgabhUmi paNa e jamAnAnI divALI tathA sAtamaAThamanA meLA jema maneraMjaka banI hatI ane nANAM kharacavAnI eka jagA hatI. tethI vyavasAya TakAvavA mATe dhaMdhAnI zALA banAvI, tAlIma ApI, kalAkArA taiyAra karI emane vyavasAyamAM ramatA rAkhI mUkavAnA dhIMgA manasUbAvALI yeAjanA samAjamAM astitvamAM AvI. tenuM namUnedAra taMtra aMgrejo lAvyA hatA. temAM gujarAtI buddhie keTalu ka umeraNa karyuM, ane eka AgavuM nATakanuM svarUpa vikasyuM. kavi, nATayakAra vinA saphaLa na thaI zake. Ama heAvAthI 1850nA rASTrIya jAgRtinA kALamAM jAhera jIvana sAthe saMkaLAyelA badhAe A AMdAlanane vyavasAyI dheAraNe apanAvyuM. ApaNA samAjanA sArA zikSakA, sAhityasarja kA, kavio, sArasvatA, ane netAoe A vyavasAyI AMDhAlanAmAM nATakA lakhI-lakhAvI ApyAM. A manAra jananA vyavasAya pAse te vakhate sAhityasaka sArasvatA nATyakAra rUpe hatA, ane temane prAtsAhana ApanAra TiLaka ane phIrojazAha mahetA, kekhuzaro kAbarAjI jevA samAjanA meAbhAdAra agraNI hatA. vyavasAyI nATakazALA sAthe saMgaThita thayelAM prasiddhi pAmelAM nAmeAmAM raNacheADabhAI udayarAma, nagInadAsa, tulasIdAsa mAraphatiyA, DAhyAbhAI dheALazAjI, dalapatarAma navalarAma paMDacA, narmada, maNilAla nabhubhAI vagerethI te ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha sudhI eka paripakava stabaka gaNAya. A badhA gaMbhIra sArasvatA hatA. rAInA pata' muMbaI gujarAtI nATakamaMDaLIe bhajavavAnuM hAthamAM laI, gheADA

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhako-1 [ 241 - prayAge karI cheADI dIdhuM tyAM sudhI raMgabhUmi ane sAhityakArAnA saMparkanA hevAla ApaNane maLI zake che. A badhA sAhityakArA, sArasvatA ane nATacakArA vize anyatra ghaNIghaNI vigatA vyakta thatI rahI che - thaze ja. tethI temanAM nATake vize ahI vigatA ApavAnI nathI. paraMtu sAhityakAronI A pAMkhanI tyAre samagra ragabhUmi para lekhanavyavasAyanI asara pUrepUrI jhaLakatI rahI hatI; te chatAM raMgabhUmimAM vyavasAyanI dhaMdhAnI' jarUriyAtanA maheArA--bahAnA nIce eka viparIta ghaTanA paNa AkArita thaI rahI hatI ane tenI dUragAmI asaranA prAraMbha thaI rahyo hatA. vyavasAyanA mAlike e evI dalIla AgaLa karI ke gujarAtI prajAne meATA va vidvAnAnI kavitA tathA lakhANA samajatA nathI; ane nATakanI TikiTAnA paisA tetA sAmAnya janatAe ja kharcavAnA heAvAthI temane samajAya tevI sapATI paranI bhASAmAM nATakA lakhAvAM joIe." - vaLI sAthesAthe bhajavanAra kalAkArAmAM keTalI sAhityazakti che, tene paNa kacAsa najaramAM rAkhavA joIe. A dalIlaneA Azraya laI sAhityakArone A kAmathI dUra karI kevaLa nANAM kamAvA mATe 'lakhanAranAM kArakhAnAM' zarU thayAM. temAMthI zuM pariNAma AvyuM te sahu kAI jANe che. raMgabhUminA lekhanakAryane jokhamI eka apAyA - ane nANAM kheMcI lAve teveA mAlikAnI mUrkha kalpanAnA vaLAMka apAyA 1850thI nUtana keLavaNI zarU thaI chatAM gujarAtamAM AsapAsa azikSita janatAnA vistAra ghaNAbadhA mATA heAvAthI temane samajAya ne te nATaka joIpaisA Ape ane nATakAnI maMDaLIe tathA Avaka TakI rahe ane tevA prakAranAM nATaka lakhAya, ne bhajavAya ema lakhanArA nATayakArA vikasAvavAnA prazna vyavasAyI mAlikAnI raMgabhUmi' sAme AvI paDayo hatA. -- Ama zarUAtathI ja paMDitayuga mATe pratikULa' evAM khIja naMkhAyAM hatAM. janatAnI bhASAzailIne mAdhyama tarIke vAparI nATakeA lakhe tevA lekhakeA mATe mAlikAe zeAdha zarU karI haze. A zeAdhamAM dIvAdAMDI tarIke pArasI raMgabhUminAM keTalAMka maneAraMjaka nATkA najara sAme hatAM ja. Ama gaMbhIra ane vineAdI baMne pravAhe nATayalekhanamAM UtarI AvyA ane evA akhatarA cheka prabhulAlabhAInA avasAna sudhI thatA rahyA ema kahI zakAya. kekhuzarA kAbarAjI ane raNacheADabhAI udayarAmanA sahakArathI zarUAtathI ja nATyalekhanamAM eka navu... ja svarUpa utkrAnta thavA mAMDayuM hatuM. te samajavA raNacheADabhAI udayarAma ane vAghajI AzArAma AjhAnAM tema ja DAhyAbhAI dheALazAjInAM nATakAne ekabIjAnI sAthe sarakhAvI jovAthI gu. sA. 16

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242] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 samajAI jaze. nATayasAhityanA svarUpanuM ane bhASA-saMvAda-lekhanatatvanuM paNa- khedAnamedAna karI nAkhe tevuM lakhanArA vyavasAyI Avaka thatAM maLI AvyA jemane kavi'nAM TAITala apAyAM. vyavasAyI raMgabhUminA nATayakAranI prathama zreNImAMnA raNachoDabhAI udayarAma, narmadAzaMkara, dalapatarAma, navalarAma, 'kAnta', maNilAla ane ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha vize trIjA graMthamAM lakhAI gayuM che. raNachoDabhAInI zreNImAM dayAzaMkara vasanajInAM lakSAdhipati ramaNA" ane "puSpasena puSpAvatI nATaka, 1922thI 1938 vacce, bApulAlabhAI muMbaI gujarAtI nATaka maMDaLInA mAlika hatA tyAre, bhajavAyelAM. nagInadAsa mAraphatiyA(1840-1901)nuM sAmAjika vastuvidhAnavALuM, dalapatarAmanI belacAlanI zailInI praNAlI jALavatuM ApaNuM prathama nATaka "gulAba (1862) pravartamAna nATyasvarUpane AkAra ApavA sahAyaka banyuM hatuM. kekhuzare kAbarAjI(1842-1804)e gujarAtI bhASAnI raMgabhUmine samRddha karavAmAM zakya teTalo phALo ApyA hatA ane 19bhI sadInA uttarArdhamAM muMbaInI pacaraMgI prajAnA jIvanamAM je naitika mUlyo pravartamAna hatAM tema ja navA-jUnAM baLane saMgharSa-viSaya ghaNI suMdara rIte takhtA para rajU karAya tevA kathAvastuvALAM nATaka racyAM, bhajavyAM-bhajavAvyAM hatAM. (emane vizeSa paricaya mATe juo graMtha 3, pR. 211-2). DAhyAbhAI dhoLazAjI (1867-1902) : amadAvAdanA vatanI A nATayakAre "zAkuntala' (1881), "subhadrAharaNa' (1892), "satI pArvatI', "rAmaviyoga', 'lAkSAgRha' (apUrNa) jevAM paurANika, 'satI saMyuktA', "vIra vikramAditya", "azrumatI' (1895), "bhojarAja', "satI pavinI" jevAM aitihAsika, "bhagatarAja', 'kesarakizAra", myunisipala ilekazana', "mAhitIcaMdra' jevAM mukhyatve sAmAjika ane "saradArabA", "umAdevaDI", "vijayakamaLA", "tArA suMdarI', "vijayavijaya', vINAvelI' (1889), "udayabhANa' (1901) jevAM mukhyatave rajavADI nATaka lakhyAM che. I. 1889mAM "abhijJAna zAkuntalam'nA cAra aMkane anuvAda karIne emaNe nATayalekhana zarU karyuM hatuM. raMgabhUmi para bhajavavA mATenI samaja sAthe emaNe nATako lakhyAM che. bolAtI taLapadI bhASAvALA saMvAda, gIta, gAyane, gujarAtI samAjanuM citraNa, hAsya, khalapAtranuM nirUpaNa, gadyanuM sughaTTa pita vagerethI emaNe khUba AkarSaNa jamAvyuM hatuM. "vINa velI nATake lekhakane atyaMta prasiddhi ApI hatI. emAM dhamalAnuM pAtra yAdagAra banyuM hatuM. manuSyanAM sukha ane duHkhanI chAyA emanAM nATakamAM jhilAyelI che ane sadAcAra ane nItine bodha emAM

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhake-1 [243 vaNAyela che. sahetuka ane ciMtanazIla, nItivAna cAritryanA A upadezaka nATayakAre A kalAsvarUpane ghaNuM maryAdA paNa ApI che. vastugUthaNa suMdara, vaividhyavALI; DhALelAM bIbAM jevAM rAjA rANI nekara pradhAna "hIro" "hIroIna nahi paNa samAjanA aneka staro ane sapATImAMthI lAvelAM pAtro ane temanAM caritracitraNa karanAra ajamAvanAra A puruSArtha zIla nATayakAra che. mULazaMkara mUlANI (1868-1957) praznorA nAgara; nava paurANika, ATha sAmAjika ane judI judI zailIonI chAyAvALAM nava aitihAsika nATake. emAM sukhAMta, karuNAMta paNa lakhAyAM. paurANika nATake mAtra daivI camatkArarUpe nahi paNa tenI prasaMgakathAonAM arthaghaTana karavA paNa prayatna karyo, ane sAmAjika vastuvidhAnanAM nATake paNa jamAvI lakhyAM. kRSNacaritramAM divyapremanA tatvane AlekhavA sarjanAtmaka prayatna karyo. temaNe utkrAMta karela unnata nItimattAnI zilI zobhArUpa hatI; gIta te suMdara kAvyo jANe - kavikauzalya ane rasazakti ghaNuM cetanavaMtI. emanI kRtio "zAkuntala", "rAjabIja", "kuMjabALA', 'mAnasiMha', abhesiMha', "mULarAja solaMkI', 'karaNaghelo', "bArisTara', 'jayarAja', "ajabakumArI', "vikramacaritra', "jugalakizorI", "kAmalatA", "vasaMtaprabhA', "pratApalakama', saMgatanAM phaLa', 'suMdaraveNI", "rasikamaNi", "premakaLA', "mevADane cAMdI, "caitanyakumArI', "dharmavIra', "kalyANarAya', "kekilA', "parasa sikaMdara", "saubhAgyasuMdarI', "eka ja bhUla', 'bhAgyodaya', vagere. navodita vyavasAyI raMgabhUminA nATyakAronI A zreNI acaraja pamADe tevuM mahattva prApta kare che. A nATayakAranAM nATakonuM UDIne AMkhe vaLage tevuM mahattva to e che ke vyavasAyI raMgabhUmine piSI zake ane jIvaMta rAkhe tevAM kIrtidA bane tevAM nATake A sArasvatonI kRpAprasAdI banI jamyAM, vikasyAM. atyAre paNa te gaurava Ape che. A nATake sAthosAtha sAmAjika sudhAraNA mATe, nUtana kalAsvarUpa "raMgabhUmi' mATe preraNuM pAmelA evA lekhakonI eka zreNI vikAsa pAmI. rAIne parvata' pachI vyavasAya ane sAhityasRSTi vacce saMbaMdha tUTe che; sAhityakAra nATayakAro ane vyavasAyI nATayakAro ema be alaga pravAha vahe che. A banne pravAhamAM je sAhityakAra che temanI pAse nUtana raMgabhUmi mATe sAhitya-daSTi. jIvanadaSTi, vikasatA rASTranI AvazyaktAonI sacetanatA che paNa temanI pAse takhato ke raMgabhUmi, ke maMca ke bhajavanAra naTeya na hatA. evA

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244 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [2. 4 nATacakArAmAM balavaMtarAya, nhAnAlAla, ramaNalAla desAI, baTubhAI, yazavaMta paMDacA, divyAnaMda, puruSAttamadAsa trikamadAsa, ke. TI. zAha, ke. cheA. desAI, meghANI, munazI, zrIdharANI, zAMtilAla mA. zAha, khaTAu vallabha joSI, janArdana pAThakajI, dhUmaketu ane khInna aneka lekhakeAnuM smaraNa karI zakAya. je lekhakeAnAM nATakA na bhajavAyAM hAya athavA tA ekAda be vAra ja bhajavAyAM heAya evI zreNI alaga tAravavI paDaze. e uparAMta raNacheADabhAI, narmada, ane dalapatanA AdarzavAdI sudhAraNAvAdathI preraNA pAmelA hetulakSI nATayalekhana karanArA lekhakeAnI paNa hAramALA che. tenA ullekha ahIM karave! ghaTe che. temanI kRtionuM sAhityika vivecana ke temanA guNe ane lakSaNAnuM darzana karavAnuM prayAjana ahIM nathI, mAtra temanAM nAmeAnA ullekha karIzuM. emAM mukhya gaNapatarAya va. ojhA, kezavalAla dalapatarAma, bhAIzaMkara nAnAbhAI, ma. ba. heArA, cUnIlAla amathAzA, kavIzvara jugalakizAra, khA. 2. sAmANI, 6. vi. nagarakara, 6. ga. vyAsa, de. sI. travADI, bhavAnIzaMkara narisaMharAma, jhaverIlAla dalasukharAma, mu. mAMkaDa, 2. . ojhA, giradharalAla harakizanadAsa, bha. lA. jozI, kahAnajI dharmasiM, pasiMha hamIrasiMha, rAmisaMha mAnasiMha, bhImarAva bhALAnAtha, durgAnAtha gA, dave, bhA. gA. zAha vagere che. saMskRta nATayapara'parAnI asara nIce ekame nATakA saMskRta nATayarUpanI praNAlImAM lakhanArA lekhakeAmAM mukhyatve jhaverIlAla yAjJika, sukhezvara zAstrI, raNacheADabhAI dave, vallabhajI haridaTI, bhogIlAla bhaTTa, khA. . kaMthAriyA, geAsAMI nArAyaNu bhAratI, nArAyaNa bhaTTa, nArAyaNa hemacaMdra, meAhanadAsa bijavADiyA, kilAbhAI dha. bhaTTa, dalapatarAma khakhkhara vagere nAmeA che. namada-dalapatanA sudhArAsaMghanA dabANu nIce vikaselA sudhArAvAdI upadezAtmaka nATakAnA lekhakeAnI zreNImAM keTalAMka nAmeA prApta thAya che enA ullekha karavA ghaTe. bhAIzaMkara kAzIrAma, pAnAcaMda ANuMdajI, kezavalAla meAtIlAla, rUpazaMkara gaMgAzaMkara, bApAlAla bhAIzaMkara, ma. 2. bApAlAla, deAlatarAma manasukharAma, TAlAla munazI, narabherAma dave, AtmArAma nAraNa, jagajIvana kA, poMDayA, je. tri. paTela, tilakacaMda maMtrI, gulAbazaMkara kalyANajI, kezavarAma iivaThThaladAsa, ke. vI. travADI, je. e. pUjArI, bhagavAnalAla saiyaDha. A uparAMta aitihAsika paurANika zailImAM lakhanAra judI zailImAM lakhavAvALA sAmezvara nAthajI jozI, pU. jo. bhaTTa, pu. la. zAha, a. nA. jozI, cheATubhAI jozI, premayAgI, ma. gu. paTela, jugatarAma dave, jeThAlAla cha. caudharI, harizaMkara mA. bhaTTa vagere hatA.

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anya gadyalekhako-1 vyavasAcI nATacazALAnA nATacakArA have je nAmeA vyavasAyI nATayazALAmAM pracalita hatAM ane jemanA lekhanapuruSArthathI gujarAtI raMgabhUminuM satra prakhyAta banelu vyavasAyI pAse vikasyuM tevA lekhakeAnA paricaya tema ja temanAM nATakA vize UDatI najara karIe. pra. 5 ] [ 245 vAghajI AzArAma ojhA (1850-1896): temaNe lakhelAM nATakAmAM ghaNAM agraNI ane vAraMvAra bhajavAyelAM evAM nATakA H 1. draupadIsvaya'vara' 2. 'jagadeva paramAra'3. 'vibhUtivijaya'4. 'rAjataraMga' paramAraNajita' 6, 'madAlasA' 7, 'trivikrama' 8. 'vIramatI' 9. 'triyArAja' 10, 'sItAsvayaMvara' 11. 'rAvaNavadha'12. 'ekhAharaNa' 13, 'citrasena gAMdhava'' 14. 'pRthvIrAja rAThoDa' 15. 'kesarIsiMha paramAra' 16. caMdrahAsa' 17. cAMparAja hADA' 18. rAjasiMha' 19. 'rANakadevI' 20. rAjasiMha-vimaLadevI' 21. 'satI anasUyA' 22. kaMsavadha' 23. 'puna'ma'24. 'devayAnI' 25. 'bhISma pitAmaha', 26 'bhartRhari'. A nAmeA batAve che ke dhArmika, paurANika ane kevaLa atihAsika viSaye laI vAghajIbhAI nATacakAra banyA. paraMtu temanAM badhAM ja nATakAmAM raNacheADabhAI udayarAmanA samayamAM saMkrAnta thayela sudhAraNAvAdanuM pratibiMba asatya para satyane vijaya, puruSArthanI ujjvaLa bAju vagere viSayA A paurANika viSayeA dvArA AlekhavAmAM AvyA che. gaMbhIra paurANika viSayA sAthesAthe vineAdanAM dazyonI asara paNa spaSTa rIte dekhAI Ave che. tema ja bhASAnA jhoka, sAdI taLapadI bhASA tarapha vadhatA jAya che - jenuM pariNAma 1930 pachI lakhAyelAM vyavasAyI nATakAnI bhASA para saceATa rIte paDe che. vAghajIbhAInAM nATakA chApIne pragaTa karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM, ane ghaNAM nATaka bAramAM meLavI zakAtAM, 'vibhUtivijaya', rAjataraMga', 'caMdrahAsa', 'bhartRhari', 'cAMparAja hADA' vagere nATako gujarAta ane saurASTramAM aneka vAra bhajavAyAM ane lagabhaga vIseka varSanA gALA sudhI vAghajIbhAInAM nATakAnI ghaNI ja UMDI asara leAkamAnasa para paDI hatI. kiva nathurAma suMdarajI zukla (1861/62-1922/23) : 'bilvama gaLa' nATakathI ghaNI khyAti prApta karanAra kavi nathurAma zukala peAte nATayazAstranA UMDA abhyAsI hatA, ane nATayalekhananI sArI evI tAlIma temanAM sa MskRta nATakonA abhyAsamAMthI temane maLI hatI. saurASTramAM temaNe ghaNI ja khyAti apAvI hatI nATakAe ghaNuM AkarSaNa jamAveluM. emAM 'bilvamaMgaLa', 'narasiMha mahetA', 'bhaktivijaya', 'mahAzvetA kAda'kharI', 'vizvAmitra', ii rIvA \U|*|| mAANaka

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246 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ z* 4 bhakta suradAsa', mIrAMbAI', 'nIlamaNi' vagere nATakA hatAM. judAMjudAM bhajanAnA DhALa teo gItAmAM vAparatA ane saMskRta zlokAne paNa teo nATakAmAM sUtrAtmaka rIte upayAga karatA, temanAM sAmAjika nATAmAM 'lAlakhAMnI luccAI' 'saubhAgyasuMdarI' vagere ghaNI khyAti pAmyAM hatAM. phUlacaMda jhaveracaMda zAha (1879-1954) : naDiyAdanA sAhityakAra sArasvatAnI zreNImAM nATayakAra tarIke jUnI raMgabhUmi sAthe barAbara saMkaLAyelA, chatAM sAhityakSetranI tathA saMskRta ziSTa nATayakRtinI racanAone peAtAnI rIte gujarAtI janatA mANI zake, tevI rIte gujarAtImAM utArI ghaNI ja khyAti prApta karanAra A sAkSara mAstaranA nAme oLakhAtA. bhAratIya AdhyAtmika ane dhArmika vRttivALA te hatA; dhArmika AkhyAnA lakhavAnA ane bhajavavAne tathA AkhyAne karavAnA temanA ze|kha paNa gajaba hatA. 'ajAmila-AkhyAna' vagere temaNe seMkaDA vAra prajA samakSa bhajavelAM ane saMskRta nATacaparipAkamAMthI keTalAMka agatyanAM nATakA gujarAtI bhASAmAM utAryA. temAM, 'mahAzvetA kAdaMbarI', 'mudrApratApa', 'mAvatImAdhava' khAsa ullekha mAge che. te uparAMta paurANika nATacazreNImAM 'mahAsatI anasUyA', 'sukanyA sAvitrI', 'rAjahaMsa', 'vizvadharma' nAmeA khAsa ullekha mAge che. temanI pAse kAI atyaMta AkarSaka evI viSayagU thaNI ke prasaMgagUMthaNI na hatI, paNa paurANika mahattAnA prakAza temanI kalamamAMthI AkarSaka rIte vahetA, ane temanAM pAtro kalAtmaka tathA sauMdaryalakSI heAvA chatAM kaMIka a Mze paurANika mAnyatAo poSanAra banI rahetAM hatAM. A dRSTie phUlacaMdabhAI sArA nATayakAra tarIke prakhyAta thayA paNa temanAM nATakAmAM navAdita, rASTrIya bhAvanAoneA saMcAra jovAmAM AvatA nathI. bApulAla nAyaka (1879-1947) : bApulAla nAyaka jayaza Mkara suMdarI ane aneka kalAkArAnA guru ane digdarzaka hatA. temaNe 'muMbaI gujarAtI nATaka maMDaLI'nuM pacIsathI vadhu varSo sudhI saMcAlana karyuM hatuM ane nATayalekhananA kAmAM aneka nATacakArAnAM nATakAne temanA vizALa anubhavAthI maThArI temaNe ghaNA agatyanA phALA vyavasAyI raMgabhUmimAM noMdhAvyA hatA. bApulAla ane jayazaMkaranI joDI vinA 'muMbaI gujarAtI nATaka ma`DaLI' kadI seALe kaLAe khIlI rUpAlanI, nAcajhane lIdhe kAnta, maNilAla tathA ramaNabhAI jaNAya che. te uparAMta khIjAM pAMceka nATakAmAM sahAya karA che ama gaNAya ta

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhako-1 [247 temaNe aneka bhaktigItA paNa racyAM che. temanAM nATakAnAM nAma 'ca'drabhAgA', 'navalazA hIra' ane 'AnaMdalaharI' che. navalazA hIra' nATakane viSaya aneka rIte manera jaka che. te nATaka saMskRta 'prakaraNa' nATaka jevuM gaNAya. traNe nATakAmAM bApulAlabhAIe traNa ka ane 18thI bAvIsa dasyAnI yeAjanA rAkhI che tema ja gItA paNa bharapUra lakhyAM che. paNa nATakA vAMcatAM temanI zailI para mULazaMkara mUlANInI nATayazailInI spaSTa asara varatAya che. cAkkasa vAkayo, zabdA tathA sUcanA dvArA nATakanA mukhya viSaya sAthe samagra kathAvastune joDelI rAkhavAnA puruSA spaSTa rIte varatAI Ave che. gaurIzakara AzArAma bairATI' (1888-1971): janma dhALakA. vyavasAyI nATayalekhanamAM siddhahasta kathAvastu tathA prasaMgAnI saMkalanA gUMthanAra; bhASA sAdI paNa khetabAjI ghaNI asarakAraka, aitihAsika nATakA khAsa; sAmAjika nATakA zaiADAM : 'mAre| deza', 'rAmAyaNa', 'yAgapataMjali', 'svayaMvara', caMdragupta', 'gujarAtanI garjanA', 'navajIvana', 'kIrti'kailAsa', 'hu sAdeva', 'maradanA dhA', 'vivekAnaMda', 'rA'mahIpAla', 'dezadIpaka', 'vIrapUjana', 'vyane paA', 'heAthala padamaNI', 'valabhIpati', 'sattAnA mada', bAppA rAvaLa', dInadayALa', vIra hamIra', 'rANA amarisaMhe', 'kariyAvara', 'vIra durgAdAsa', 'mInaLamu'jAla', 'udayaprabhAta', vIraramaNI', 'samAjanA kaMTaka', 'zApurUravA', 'kanakakesarI', 'raNajitasiMha'. kavi gaurIza kara vairATI gujarAtI vyavasAyI nATayakArAmAM eka judI ja dhATI ane zailInA nATayakAra tarIke UpasI Ave che. aitihAsika viSaye laI temaNe rASTrabhAvanAthI pracura evAM ghaNAM nATaka lakhyAM, ane paurANika viSayAmAM paNa rASTrIya jAgRtinA prazno temaNe ghaNI kunehathI jamAvyA che. asarakAraka khetabAjI lakhI prekSakAne vIratAbharI bhASA dvArA saspensa ane parAkASThAnA anubhava karAvanAra maNilAla pAgala jevI ja zakti kavi vairATI batAvI zakayA hatA. 'caMdragupta', 'dezadIpaka', 'vIrapUjana', 'sAceA sajjana', vIra durgAdAsa', 'kanakakesarI' vagere temanAM aneka prayeAgA sudhI bhajavAyelAM nATakA che. kavi vaisI paurvika, naitiAsika viSayo lai lakhatA rahyA ane prekSakAnI nAnA maLavatA rahyA. temanAM sAmAjika nATakA jhAjhAM AkarSaka banyAM nathI. rajavADI yuganAM nATakAmAM ja temanI prasaMgagU thaNI sArI rIte dIpI UThatI. jamanAdAsa meArArajI bhATiyA jAmana' (1888-1955) vyavasAyI raMgabhUminA nATakanA cAkaDAnI khetabAjI, dhanAdhanI, 21thI 25 dazyA, trIseka

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248 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [gra'. 4 gItAnI ramajhaTanu sajjaDa cokaThuM bhedI nUtana kheJakanA navI lekhanazailImAM akhatarA karanAra kavi; temanI kalame sAmAjika viSayAvALAM nATakA khUba prakhyAta anyAM. peAte digdarzaka, naTa heAvAthI takhtAsUjha gajaba batAve che. akhatarAbAja lekhaka, nATakA : navuM ne jUnu, vIsamI sadI', 'kAlAbAne kAragA', 'saMvAdI sUra', nagada sAdeA', 'kAlejiyana', rAjaramata', 'aMdhArI galI', 'grejyueTa', 'bhikSubAbA', 'rasanA rAsa', 'baLelI rassI', 'janmadAtA', 'lagnabaMdhana', 'talavAranI dhAre', 'sAnerI jaLa', 'zrImaMtAInA zAkha', 'saMsArayAtrA', 'rakhe bhUlatA', 'bhUlanA bhAga', 'emAM zuM?', kAnA vAMka?', 'zetaraMjanA dAva' vagere. kavi jAmana mATe ema kahevAya che ke temanA samakAlIna jamAnAthI teo pacIsa-pacAsa varSa AgaLa hatA. 'aMdhArI galI', 'bhikSubAbA', 'rasanA rAsa', 'zrImaMtAInA zAkha', 'bhUlaneA bhAga', 'emAM zuM ?' 'kAnA vAMka' ane 'vIsamI sadI' jevAM nATakA maThArIne bhajavavAmAM Ave teA dareka dAyakAmAM ghaNI asarakArakatA UbhI karI zake evAM che. paurANika ke aitihAsika viSayeA laI prabhulAlabhAI tathA raghunAthabhAInI jema peAtAnI lekhanazailIne vahevA dIdhI nathI. paNa samAjanA daMbhanA paradA cIravA tathA strIsvAtaMtrya tathA strIpuruSanI asamAnatA ne sAmAjika badIo sAme temaNe pAkAra pADayo che. temanI zailImAM khetabAjInA upayoga paNa thayA che. prahasananAM dazyeA paNa mukhya nATaviSaya sAthe temaNe gUMthyAM che. gItA paNa marmALAM ne alpasaMkhya che. 'emAM zu?' kAneA vAMka ?', 'bhUlane bhega' vagere nATakA mATe kAtrakamAvA jevA mahAna naTa-digdarzaka kAma karatA hatA ane tethI jAmana kavi gujarAtI raMgabhUmi para eka baLavAkheAra nATayakAranuM biruda pAmelA che. muMbaInI vepArI duniyA ane gunegAra duniyAnI bhItaranA prazno anubhavInI siphatathI emaNe nATakAmAM AlekhyA che. manasvI' prAMtIjavALA : A upanAmathI kAIka veLA sAmAjika ane kAIka veLA atiAsika nATakA lakhI cimanabhAI bhaTTe thADuMka asarakAraka sthAna prApta karyuM" hatuM, paNa vizeSa tA temaNe lakhelAM gItAthI teo prasiddha thayA hatA. manasvIbhAInAM gItAmAM kaMIka a Mze sArI sAhityika chAyA paNa AvatI, ane kAMIka dIlI vANI heAya teja temanA gAtA varatAtA. kAtivijaya', 'saMsAracitra', kaiAnI mahattA', 'kanyAdAna' temanAM khAsa vakhaNAyelAM nATako gaNAya che. sAmAnya madhyamavarganI AjubAju vaNAtI karuNa ghaTanAone vadhu lAgaNIzIla rIte AlekhavAnI temanAmAM zakti hatI. nRsiMha bhagavAnadAsa vibhAkara (1888-1925) vijAmananI jema

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhako-1 [ 249 vibhAkara paNu temanA jamAnAthI pacAsa DagalAM AgaLa gaNAtA. baeNrisTara thaI iMgleMDathI pAchA pharI temaNe raMgabhUmimAM kAma zarU karyuM, ane navA jamAnAne anurUpa audyogika vasAhatAmAM vikasela kAmadAra caLavaLanAM tattvane laI nATakA lakhyAM. temanAM nATakAmAM nikAne daMbha khulleA pADavAmAM AvatA, ane pragatizIla keLavaNInA praznane tathA rASTrIya laDatanI bhAvanAone puSTi maLatI. temanAM nATakAmAM ghaNAM ja prasiddha thayelAM evAM 'snehasaritA' (1915), 'sudhAcaMdra' (1916), madhubaMsarI', 'meghamAlinI' (1918)' 'abajonAM vaMdana' (1922) sAmAjika nATakA hatAM ane te samAjanA navedita juvAnavarganI pravRttine preraNAtmaka banI rahe tevAM hatAM. paurANika viSayAmAM siddhArtha buddha' (1914) lakhI cIlAcAlu raMgabhUmithI judA paDI paurANika viSayanI navI chaNAvaTa batAvI hatI. raMgabhUminI sudhAraNA mATe sInasIterInA ThaThArA dUra karAvavA tathA kRtrima khetabAjInI jagyAe svAbhAvika jIvananA vArtAlApe gUthavA temaNe sajaga prayatna karyAM hatA. paraMtu cIlAcAlu raMgabhUminu pramANu eTalu badhu` mATuM ane vistRta hatu ke temAM vibhAkaranA prayatna tathA puruSArthanI kadara na thaI. 'nipuNyadra' nAmanI navalakathA paNa emaNe lakhI hatI evuM nhAnAlAle neAMdhyu che. maNilAla tribhuvana trivedI 'pAgala' (1889-1966): raMgabhUmi para kavi 'pAgala' nAme prasiddha thaI, 125thI vadhAre nATakA lakhI, lagabhaga vIseka varSa sudhI dareka meTA nagaramAM ekasAthe betraNa nATakamaMDaLIe jenAM nATakA bhajavatI heAya ane je nATakAne dhUma paisA ane bharapUra prekSakA maLatA heAya tevuM eka ja nAma te kavi 'pAgala'. temanA vize aneka daMtakathAo pracalita thayelI che. eka ja viSaya eka nATakamAM eka rIte lakhI batAve ane e ja viSayanuM khIju` upekSita pAsuM laI khIjuM eka navuM nATaka racI batAve ane baMne nATako ekasAthe prekSakA jhIlI le evA mArmika itihAsa kavi pAgalanA che. ekavIsabAvIsa dakScAvALAM triaMkI nATakA tathA judAMjudAM seTiMgsa ane gAyaneAnAM maneAraMjaka tattvAvALuM nATaka tee AlekhatA. rajavADI nATaka heAya ke sAmAjika nATaka hAya, temanAM pAtrAmAM samagra samAjanuM pratibiMba paDatuM. dareka dRzyamAM ceAAtI dRzyavAra parAkASThA vakhate kavi pAgala khetabAneA suMdara upayega -: nitipretarUM AdAnapradAna caDatIUtaratI karatA hatA, * bhAMjaNInI jema ghaNI kuzaLatApUrvaka teo racI zakatAM. aitihAsika nATakAmAM temanAM pAtrA zUravIra, udAra, hRdayaMgama bane tevAM

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250 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ . 4 rasika ane rASTrIya mahattvAkAMkSAvALAM banI rahetAM. sAmAjika nATakamAM temanAM strI pAtre anya pAtra karatAM vadhAre tAkAtavAna ane asarakAraka tathA karUNa banI rahetAM. temane paurANika nATakonA viSayo jacatA nahi tethI "mAyA mahendra ke evAM ekAdabe nATake bAda karatAM temaNe moTA bhAganAM aitihAsika vyaktionAM vyaktitvavALAM nATaka lakhyAM che. jevAM ke "rA'mAMDalika", "zaMbhAjI', "zAhajI', raNakesarI', "seraThI siMha", "ne peliyana', "samudragupta', "ahalyAbAI', "mahAdajI siMde' vagere. betabAjI dvArA aitihAsika nATakanI prakhara parAkASThAonI jIvaleNa garamI teo vyakta karI zakyA hatA, ane jyAre evA vArtAlApa belAtA tyAre taddana avAstavika rIte ane nATayadhamI rIte bolAyelA e vArtAlApa ghaNuM AkarSaka ane cetanavaMtA lAgatA. temanAM sAmAjika nATakomAM "saMsAralIlA', "kenI mahattA", "sara vasaMtakumAra, 'kulIna kanyA', "zrImaMtalIlA', "sajajana keNa?", "vArasadAra', 'adhikArI vagere ghaNAM AkarSaka banI rahelAM nATake che ane dhanikene daMbha, strIonI tathA nIcalA tharanA lokenI nabaLAIo, kArakuna, vepArI ane madhyamavargIya mANasanI behAla thatI jatI paristhiti vize temaNe ghaNI asarakAraka zailImAM Alekhana karyuM che. temanAM anya nATake "dagAbAja dasta", "rUDhibaMdhana', "saLagato saMsAra', vilAsapaMthe', "sarajanahAra', 'dilanAM dAna", "jAgIradAra', "vIranAM vera', "vIra ramaNa", "nyAyI nareza", "sukhI saMsAra", "lakSmIne lebhe, "amara AzA', saubhAgyavAna', haiyAnAM heta', 'hiMda mAtA", "sAce sajajana", "garIba kanyA', patinA vAMke', "hIpa khumANa", "adhUro saMsAra", "snehasudhA', "satI ujaLI', bAjIrAva pezvA), baMgALane navAba, raNasaMgrAma', "rUpakumArI', "lohInI asara vagere che. | 'pAgala'nI zilI para tathA viSayanI pasaMdagI para marAThI ane urdUnI spaSTa asara hatI te nedhapAtra che. raghunAtha brahmabhaTTa rasakavira (1892 ): "rasakavinA hulAmaNA nAme vikhyAta banyA. temanAM zRMgArarasanAM kAvyo kavi nhAnAlAlanAM gItAnI chAyAvALA zaMgArarasanA tave sabhara, racAyAM ane gavAyAM tema ja keTalAMka gIta te jANe lekagIta hoya tevI rIte prakhyAta banI rahyAM. kavinAM nATake paurANika viSaye .: * 1.1 nATayakAra tarIke temane vALA sArI rIte mAgI le che. temanAM keTalAMka nATake temanAM gItanA prabhAvamAM ja prakAzI UThe che. kavinuM bhAratIya darzanenuM jJAna paNa temanI

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhaka-1 [251. uktiomAM spaSTa tarI Ave che. temaNe pasaMda karelA viSayomAM paurANika ane aitihAsika tattva gaMbhIra ane prauDha AlekhanavALAM dekhAya che. nATake temaNe sAdI paNa chIcharI na banelI gujarAtI bhASAmAM lakhyAM che, e kavinAM nATakonuM khAsa lakSaNa che. kavinAM pitAnAM nATakamAM "buddhadeva', "gIRSi", "ajAtazatru, "bhAvi. prAbalya', "azeka", "sarasvatIcaMdra', "navIna yuga", "sUryakumArI', "uSAkumArI'. "anArakalI', "kSatravijaya", "lakSmInArAyaNa, "snehamudrA', "premavijaya' vagere nATakanI zreNImAM "zRMgI RSi", "ajAtazatru, "snehamudrA" ghaNAM prakhyAta banyAM hatAM. rasakavi raghunAtha brahmabhaTTanI AtmakathA pragaTa thaI che. te uparAMta sAhityakAra tarIke temanA lekhe akhaMDAnaMda' jevA sAmayikamAM vAraMvAra pragaTa thayA kare che. eka noMdhapAtra vAta e che ke kavinAM paurANika ke aitihAsika nATakamAM hAsya ane phArasanAM dazyo khAsa akarSaNa jamAvI zakatAM na hatAM. kavi pite gaMbhIra prauDha zailInA AlekhanakAra che. "smaraNamaMjarI' (1955)mAM emaNe raMgabhUminAM I. 1910thI 40 sudhInAM smaraNe AlekhyAM che. * AlekhyAM che. kavi prabhulAla dayArAma dvivedI (1882-1962) : emanI racanAo para mULazaMkarabhAInI zailInI chApa varatAya che. nAnAM nAnAM vAkyo naTo mATe sugama, prekSako mATe manoraMjaka bane tevAM, sarala ane rasaprada kathAvastugUMthaNuMvALAM nATake - lAgaNIpradhAna kharAM paNa nItimattA tathA ucca vicAre ane zuddha vyavahAranAM pAtro racanAra kavi. gIte ka9panAzIla tathA kAvyatattvavALAM paNa kharAM, sAmAjika viSayamAM kuTuMbakathAonAM nATake racanAra kavi. kavi prabhulAla dvivedInI vAMcavI game tevI AtmakathA pragaTa thaI che. e temanA nATayajIvananA aneka prasaMgone tathA temanAM nATake kevA kevA saMjogomAM AkArita thayAM te batAve che. kavi prabhulAla vyavasAyI raMgabhUmimAM joDAyA ane vyayasAyI raMgabhUmi para nATayalekhakonI je sapardhA cAlatI hatI temAM temane paNa puruSArtha karI TakavuM paDayuM hatuM. ekra bAjue nATakamaMDaLIonA mAlikanI AvazyakatAone piSavI, prekSakAnI Adatone poSavI, ne potAnA pakSe. navA navA nATyakSama viSayo zeAdhI temAMthI nATaka sarjavAM - AvA traNa agatyanA prazno temanI sAme hatA. tenuM pratibiMba nATakanA viSayanI pasaMdagImAM paDe che. vAghajI ojhA vagere lekhakonI praNAlImAM emaNe dhArmika tathA paurANika sthiI zarUAta karI ane cheka vidyAvAridhi bhAravi" lakhAyuM tyAM sudhI e

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252]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ca. 4 prazno AvA viSayamAM aMtaratama rIte gUMthatA hatA. temaNe aitihAsika nATakonA viSamAM bhAratane guptakALa, rajapUtayuga, tema ja mahattvanAM aitihAsika pAtro laI, "akSayarAja', "sAgarapati', "sAMbhararAja', "samudragupta', kumArapALa' vagere kavaiyaktika aitihAsika pAtronAM nATako racyAM. paNa e racanAomAMthI emaNe jyAre sAmAjika racanAo sarjavA mAMDI tyAre kavie temanI zailInI paripakavatA prApta karI hoya tema lAge che. temanAM sAmAjika nATakamAM "gADAne bela', "zaMbhumeLo', "saMpatti mATe', "vaDIlonA vAMke', "saMtAnA vAMke' vagere sAmAjika nATaka dvArA samAjanAM saDelAM aMgone daMbha khulo pADavAnuM kAma temaNe suMdara rIte karyuM che ane e daMbha sAme TakI rahetA tathA saMgharSa karate evo strI ane puruSane prANa kavine AlekhanamAM mahatvanuM sthAna prApta kare che. kavi rASTrIya bhAvanAthI raMgAyelA spaSTa rIte dekhAya che ane bhAratanI paurANika mahattA, rajavADI viratA potAnAM sAmAjika pAtramAM paNa Alekhe che. kavinAM nATakamAM je nATaka raMgabhUmi para ullekhanIya banyAM temAM kumArapALa', 'mAlavapati muMja', "pRthvIrAja cauhANa, sirAjulA, "kAlivAhana", "sajana koNa', 'vaDIlanA vAMke' vagere che. prabhulAlabhAInI kalamamAM paurANika ane aitihAsika tathA sAmAjika viSayo temanA sugya saMdarbho sAthe AlekhAyA che. lakSmIkAMta nATaka samAja tema ja dezI nATaka samAje emanAM nATaka bhajavelAM. "satI vatsalA' (1916), 'ahalyAbAI', zaMkarAcArya', 'aruNodaye", "satyaprakAza", "zAlivAhana", "eka abaLA", "mAyAnA raMga, "sattAne mada, 'samudragupta', "sAMbhararAja', "samara kesarI', "yugaprabhAva', "akSayarAja', devI saMketa' (mULa vairATanuM hothala padamaNI), "ughADI AMkhe', "samaya sAthe' (1945), "sAme pAra, "sAvitrI', "senAne sUraja', "vaibhavanA maha', 'dezadIpaka', "zravaNakumAra vagere. vaDIlonA vAMke' nATake gujarAtI raMgabhUmi para vikrama sthApyo che. vidyAvAridhi" ane "sAme pAra' emanI chapAyelI nATayakRtio che. cAMpazI viThThaladAsa uddezI (1892-1974): navacetana' mAsikanA jIvanabharanA A taMtrI eka jamAnAmAM prakhyAta nATayakAra hatA ane temanAM nATeke ghaNAM bhajavAyAM hatAM eTaluM ja nahi paNa kalakattAthI muMbaI sudhInA prekSakamAM prakhyAta thayAM hatAM. temaNe be aitihAsika nATake bAda karatAM bAkInAM badhAM ja rASTrIya bhAvanAsabhara sAmAjika nATaka lakhyAM che ane temAM gujarAtanA -sAmAjika jIvananI tathA bhAratIya sAMskRtika utthAnanI jhINavaTabharI vAta vAraMvAra karI che. "garIbanAM AMsu', 'AjanI duniyA', ghelI guNiyala', 'nyAyatAM kerI temanI lekhanazelI sAhityika kakSAnI hovAthI binakeLavAyelA ane abhaNa naTAne

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhake-1 [ ra53. mUMjhavaNamAM mUkatI ema kahevAya che. "kavitAkalApa' (1918) emane kAvyasaMgraha che. emAMnAM gIte bedhAtmaka che. keTalAka saMvAda' (1919), 'jaMjIrane jhaNakAre (1926) "tAtI talavAre (1929) emanI anya prakAzita kRtio che. smRtisaMvedana' (1954) nAmanI emanI AtmakathA paNa pragaTa thaI che. aMbAlAla paMDitaH varSo sudhI kalakattAmAM hiMdI urdU takhtA sAthe saMkaLAI temaNe kalakattAnA hiMdI takhtA para sArI evI asara TakAvI rAkhI hatI, ane gujarAtamAM vAraMvAra AvIne "Aryanaitika nATaka samAjadvArA gIto ane. kAvyanI racanA tathA DAMka maulika nATako paNa temaNe ApyAM. "hastameLApa, "anIti ke nIti', "varakanyA' temanAM prakhyAta gujarAtI nATake che. temanA viSaya khAsa karIne sAmAjika rUDhio ane kurivAjo vize che. ane temAMthI pariNamatI. karuNa ghaTanAo vize teo Alekhana kare che. paramANuda maNizaMkara trApajakara (I. 1902): bhAvanagara pAsenA trApaja gAmanA vatanI. puruSArtha karIne ane raMgabhUminA kaparA divasomAM AgaLa AvI khyAtanAma nATyakAra banyA. temanAM nATakomAM anya nATayakArothI alaga paDI Ave tevuM eka tatva hatuM te rASTrIya bhAvanAnuM, ane gAMdhIjI dvArA cAlatI rASTrIya bhAvanAnA samarthananuM. samakAlIna paristhitimAM temaNe je je viSaye pasaMda karyA temAM aitihAsika viSayomAM paNa temaNe rASTrIya najara spaSTa rIte vyakta karI che. dezadAjha, paradezInA AkramaNa sAme rASTranuM rakSaNa, rAjAne sunItine dharma, sAhasanI zakti vagere temanAM pAtramAM taravaratAM. sAmAjika nATakamAM strIne praznone AgavuM sthAna ApatA. etihAsika nATakamAM amarasiMha, rATheDI, "raNagarjanA', "samrATa harSa, "jaya cittoDa', "amara hAka', vIra jagaDuzA', anArakalI', "soraThane siMha' "vIrahAka", "mahArAja muMja', vIra abhimanyu" bAjIrAva pezvA" "jIlo mahArAja' vagere ghaNuM prakhyAti pAmelAM nATake che. ane temanAM sAmAjika nATakamAM sukhI ke dukhI', "vIrapasalI, parabhavanI prIta', paDI paToLe bhAta', "garavI gujarAta", "adhUrAM lagna vagere AkarSaka sAmAjika nATake. hatAM. porANika nATakamAM "bhakta prahUlAde, "mahAtmA bhISma' vagere hatAM. trApajakaranA. nATakamAM hAsyanuM tattva ghaNuM gauNa rahetuM. paraMtu temanAM gIte AkarSaka gaNAtAM. AtamavANI" jevI keTalIka kAvyakRtio paNa emaNe ApI che. kezavalAla adhyApakaH "saMgIta lIlAvatI' nAmanA nATakanA lekhaka eka sArI evI nATakamaMDaLInA saMcAlaka tarIke vadhAre jANItA thayelA. "saMgIta lIlAvatI'mAM aMgrejI eperAnI spaSTa asara varatAya che, ane AkhuM nATaka

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254]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 geya nATaka tarIke e jamAnAmAM jANItuM thayeluM. eka nUtana nATakaprakAra tarIke saMgIta lIlAvatI' ulalekha mAge che. nautamalAla sAhityavilAsI: nautamakAne sAmAjika jheka ane mahatvavALAM nATaka lakhI nAnImoTI nATaka maMDaLIo mATe ghaNI racanAo karI che. emAM "AbarUdAra", "saubhAgyakaMkaNa vagere nATake jANItAM thayAM che. A baMne nATakamAM sAmAjika daMbhane khullo pADavAno prayatna karavAmAM Ave che tathA betabIjIne paNa sAro evo upayoga karavAmAM Avyo che. piopaTalAla vyAsaH "kanakatArA" ane "aMdha' evAM be sAmAjika nATakanA lekhaka. 1920nI AjubAjunA gALAmAM nAnI maMDaLIone mATe lakhatA. sAmAnya phUlagUMthaNavALAM nATaka dvArA surata ane bharUcanI AsapAsanI prajAmAM teo. khyAtanAma banelA. kavi mahAjana: "amarajI divAna', "vidhinA lekha", "vAlo nAmorI, bAla samrATa' vagere nATakanA lekhaka. "vAle nAmerI" ane "amarajI dIvAna nATakathI saurASTra ane dakSiNa gujarAtanI prajAmAM ghaNuM jANItA banelA. kaMIka aMze sTaMTa pikacarAnI chAyA jhIlIne "vAlo nAmorI' "amara dIvAne AlekhAyAM hatAM. chatAM raMjaka zailIthI nATake vikhyAta thayelAM. "amarajI divAna aitihAsika pAtra hovA chatAM tene thoDIka betabAjImAM maDhIne rajU karela. harihara dIvAnA porANika bhaktikathAnAM pAtro laI temaja sAmAjika kathAvastu laI temaNe ghaNAM nATaka racyAM, je samakAlIna raMgabhUmi para sArI rIte bhajavAyAM hatAM. 'bala kAgaLa" "puMDalika "mahAtmA mULadAsa' "satI tArala satI aMjanI' vagere temanAM atyaMta prakhyAta banelAM nATake che. teo bolatA kAgaLa' nATakathI ghaNuM prakhyAta banyA ane "satI torala' sArASTranI aneka nAnImoTI nATakamaMDaLIoe vAraMvAra bhajavyuM che. emanAM nATakamAM hAsyarasanAM dazyo cIlAcAlu tathA temanAM gIto paNa sAmAnya koTinAM rahetAM. paurANika nATakamAM paNa kaI khAsa daSTi upasAvavAno prayane karavAmAM Avyo nathI. praphulla kAntilAla desAI (1912-1970) : gujarAtI raMgabhUmi para jyAre prabhulAla 'pAgala', trApajakara, jAmana'nI belAbAlA hatI tyAre amadAvAdanI avetana raMgabhUmimAMthI vikaselA A yuvAna lekhake potAnI kalpanAzIla sarjanazaktithI ghaNuM asarakAraka sthAna prApta karI lIdhuM hatuM. muMbaInA takhtA para emanAM keTalAMya nATake seMkaDothI vadhu prayogamAM bhajavAI gayAM hatAM. "saMskAralakama',

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pra. 5] anya gadyalekhako-1 [255 javalaMta javALA', "adhUrI AzA' jevAM anekoMdhapAtra sAmAjika nATake emaNe ApyAM che. asarakAraka gItasaMgIta ane karuNa paristhitine mele DrAmA rUpe rajU karavAnuM ane AlekhavAnuM kauzala emanI pAse hatuM. bhAvapracura nATake lakhI emaNe atyAranA sAmAjika cokaThAmAM strInuM mUlya ghaNuM moTuM che e vAraMvAra batAvyuM che. "AratInA dIvA', "snehamaMdira, "sAgaranAM motI' vagere emanAM anya nATake che. rAjakeTamAM potAnuM kendra jamAvI hAsyapradhAna vinadI nATake, prahasananA lekhaka tarIke samakAlInemAM mokharAnuM sthAna jamAvanAra dAmu sAMgANI; nATayakAra ane sArA gItakAra tarIke khyAti pAmanAra jIvaNalAla brahmabhaTTa; "Aryanaitika nATaka samAja' sAthe saMkaLAyelA naMdalAla nakubhAI zAha; rASTrIya uthAnanA saMskAra nATakamAM vaNI lenAra, gAMdhIjInI laDatane paNa nATakamAM ullekha karanAra, 'lavakuza' nATakathI khyAti pAmanAra bAbubhAI ojhA; suratanI nATayamaMDaLIoe jemanAM nATaka bhajavyAM hatAM te gamanalAla hIrAlAla "puSpa'; uparAMta, narabherAma vyAsa, manahara kavi, rAmaprasAda ha. bhaTTa, munazI nijhAmuddIna, vijaya bhaTTa, vijayazaMkara bhaTTa, vasaMta nAyaka, gaMgAdAsa duArakAdAsa, zaMkaralAla zAstrI, kavi kizora, hemubhAI bhaTTa, rAmaprasAda bhaTTa, cImanalAla trivedI, caMdulAla dalasukharAma jhaverI, jayazaMkara vAghajI vyAsa, lalitAzaMkara lAbhazaMkara vyAsa, gaurIzaMkara kavi vageree ApaNI raMgabhUmine samRddha karI che. paraMtu A sarva lekhake vize pachInA graMthamAM noMdha Avaze. vyavasAyI nATayakAre ane temanI kRtionAM nAmo tema ja A nATayakAronI zailInAM lakSaNo tema ja temanA kathAvastuno saMbhAra vagere vize ahIM AchI noMdha ApI che. ghaNA lekhakanI kRtione samaya tema ja anya vigate prApta thatI nathI. tethI vivecananI dRSTie temanuM sacoTa mUlyAMkana ApavuM zakya nathI, chatAM raMgabhUminA mukhya pravAhanA guNAMkana ane lakSaNone samajatAM tenA saMdarbhamAM A nATayalekhake ane temanI kRtionuM mUlyAMkana tAravavuM azakya nathI. kavi "pAgala' jevAnI keTalIka kRtio prApta thAya che, ane keTalIka to kyAMya haze ke nahi te paNa zaMkAspada che. A badhA nATacakAramAM mULazaMkara mUlANI ane prabhulAla dvivedI be ja evA nATayakAro lAge che jemanI badhI ja vigato prApta karI zakAya che. temanAthIye vadhAre vyavasthita to sAkSara DAhyAbhAI dhoLazAjI varatAya che. emanuM meTA bhAganuM prakAzana saMgIta nATaka akAdamI'e karyuM che. gujarAtI raMgabhUminA vyavasAyI lekhakanI AvI vicitra ane viSama paristhiti hovAnuM eka ja kAraNa hatuM : nATaka kaMpanIonA mAlike A lekhakonI kRtio kharIdI letA, ane

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256]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa perA bukamAM lekhakenAM nAma paNa na mUkatA. vaLI keTalIka kRtio judAjudA lekhakone hAthe maThArAtI temAM navAM da umerAtAM, ne pariNAme mULa lekhakanI mULa kRtio ghaNuM badalAI jatI hatI. A saMjogomAM ApaNuM pAse je pAyAnuM sAhitya che te ahIM rajU karavAmAM AvyuM che. paraMtu temAM vistArathI saMzodhana karI tArIkhe ane tavArIkha baMnene daDhapaNe Ameja karavuM jarUrI che. A uparAMta pArasI, hiMdI tathA urdU nATakamaMDaLIonA anuvAda ane temanA lekhakane ullekha ahIM karAyuM nathI. vyavasAyI nATyakArenAM trIseka jeTalAM ja nATake chapAyAM che. keTalAkanI hastaprato maLI zake tema che. keTalIka e perA buke parathI paNa keTaluMka aMtihAsika tAraNa karI zakAya tema che. A lekhamAM batAvelA nATayakAronAM tathA temanI kRtionAM nAmo hastaprata tathA "perA buka'mAMthI meLavelAM che. rAjakeTamAM jagubhAI pAnavALA, muMbaImAM gujarAtI nATayamaMDaLa' tathA prabodha jozI pAsethI ghaNI mAhitI prApta thaze.

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prakaraNa 6 gAMdhIjI mehanadAsa karamacaMda gAMdhI [I. 1869-1948] 1. jIvanaH sevA ane sAdhanA vIsamI sadInA gujarAtanA ja nahIM paNa samagra bhAratane jIvana tema ja sAhitya para jemane apUrva ghaTanAtmaka prabhAva vistarela che ane jemanuM pitAnuM akSaradhana 90 uparAMta daLadAra graMthe jeTaluM thavA jAya che e, "mahAtmA'nA parama AdarabharyA ane 'bApu'nA AtmIyatAbharyA aparanAmathI lokahRdayamAM vasI gayelA, mohanadAsa karamacaMda gAMdhIne janma I. 1869nA okaTobaranI bIjI tArIkhe porabaMdara mukAme vaiSNava vaNika kuTuMbamAM thaye hato. pitA e vakhate porabaMdara rAjyanA dIvAna hatA, paraMtu gAMdhIjInI uMmara sAta varSanI thatAM teo rAjakeTamAM dIvAna thayA, ane tyAM gAMdhIjInA kizora ne taruNa vayanAM varSo pasAra thayAM. pitA satyazIla, kartavyaniSTha, svamAnI rAjapuruSa. mAtA vrataniyamarata sAdhvI strI. satya, sevA, sadAcAra ane IzvaraniSThAnA saMskAro gAMdhIjIne janmatajAta. temAM zravaNapitRbhakti nATakonA vAcane pitRdharmanI ane "harizcandra AkhyAna' nATakanA khele satyadharmanI bhAvanAne daDha karI. svadezapremaprerita sudhArAnI dhagaza paNa kizora vayamAM jAgI. e dhagazane preryA, baLavAna banavA mATe mAMsAhAra tarapha vaLyA. eka prasaMge bhAInA kaDAmAMthI sonuM coravAnA kAmamAM paNa saMDovAyA. paNa mAtAne nahIM chetaravAnA hetuthI mAMsAhAranA prayogane tyAga karyo tema pitAne nahIM chetaravAnA hetathI corInI kabUlAta karI. mAnyuM hatuM ke pitA mAthuM kUTI zikSA karaze paNa tema na banyuM. pitAnI AMkhamAMthI "motInAM biMdu TapakyAM. gAMdhIjIne mATe A prasaMga ahiMsAne premano eka marmavedhI padArthapATha banI gayo. pachIthI, avaguNa upara guNa karavAne bodha Apate zAmaLa bhaTTane chape paNa A kizora mAnasane spazI gayo. joI zakAya che ke gAMdhIjInuM citta emanA mULabhUta saMskArone anurUpa poSaNa pitAnA anubhavamAM AvatI vastuomAMthI meLavI le che, ane satyane eka dera pakaDIne potAnA jIvanamArgane sIdhI saraLa gati Ape che. kuTuMbane vaiSNavadharma, pitA pAse jainAcAryonI ane muslimo-pArasIonI paNa Ava-jA. tethI gAMdhIjImAM sarvadharma pratye samabhAva keLavAye ane sAMpradAyika gu, sI. 17

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258 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ zra 4 dhArmikatAthI e raMgAyA vinAnA rahyA. dAI raMbhA pAsethI maLeluM rAmanAma emanI eka meATI mUDI khanIne rahyuM ane rAmacaritamAnasanA zravaNe dharmajIvananA kAvyatvanI emane jhAMkhI karAvI. I. 1881mAM gAMdhIjInAM lagna sarakhI ja uMmaranAM kastUrabA sAthe thayAM. gAMdhIjInI, kizArAvasthAmAMthI ja zarU thayelI satya ane ahiMsAnI yAtrAmAM eka gaMbhIra aMtarAya hatA, viSayAsaktinI atizayatAne. abhaNu kastUrabAne bhaNAvavAnA gAMdhIjInA manasUbA adhUrA rahyA tenuM eka kAraNa A viSayAsakta ane pitAnA mRtyu samaye pe|te emanA paga cAMpatA heAya evI atyaMta spRhaNIya sthiti e cUkI gayA (jeneA pazcAttApa emaNe jiMdagIbhara anubhavyA) te paNa A viSayAsaktine kAraNe. kartavyabuddhi ane satyaniSThA A viSayAsaktine kaMIka sayamamAM rAkhe che ane thADAka cAritryaskhalananA prasa MgeA UbhA thAya che tyAre kAMIka daivayeAge, kaMIka svabhAvagata pApabhIrutAthI e bacI jAya che. I. 1887mAM maeNTrikanI parIkSA pasAra karI gAMdhIjI bhAvanagaranI zAmaLadAsa kaeNAlejamAM dAkhala thayA. zALAmAM vidyAthI tarIkenI gAMdhIjInI kArakirdI sArI hatI, paNa bahu tejasvI kahevAya evI na hatI. kaeNAlejamAM tA pahelA satra daramyAna ja teo mUMjhavaNu anubhavavA lAgyA. aMte, kuTuMbanA eka vaDIla hitecchunA sUcanathI yuvAna gAMdhIjI baeNrisTarInA abhyAsa mATe I. 1988mAM iMgleMDa gayA. e vakhate rAjakeATanI zALAnA zikSakA ane vidyArthIoe yeAjelA vidAyasamAraMbhamAM emaNe vyakta karelI AzA ke khIjae emanA dAkhale laI iMglaeNMDa jaze ane pAchA AvI hiMdustAnamAM sudhArAnAM meATA kAmeA karavAmAM peAtAnA kharA jigarathI gU thAze e gAMdhIjInA hRdayamAM paDelI deze!nnatinI zAMta dhagazanI ApaNane yAda Ape che. IMgleMDa jatAM pahelAM gAMdhIjIe mAtA pAse mAMsa, madirA ane strIsaMgathI dUra rahevAnI pratijJA lIdhI hatI. A pratijJAonA - khAsa karIne mAMsAhAra na karavAnI pratijJAnA - pAlananeA mAM gAMdhIjI mATe ghaNA kaparA sAbita thayA. paNa mAtRbhakti ane satyaniSThAe emane aNizuddha pAra utAryAM. gAMdhIjI A nimitte AhArazAstranA abhyAsI banyA ane emanA AhAranA prayAgAnAM ahIM mULa nakhAyAM. paNa ethI moTA ane sUkSma lAbha e thayA ke leAkAcArathI svataMtra evI, peAtAnA hRdaye iSTa mAnelI rIte vavAnI hiMmata ne svata MtratA emanAmAM keLavAI. aMgrejI samAjamAM sabhya gaNAtI rItabhAtA apanAvavA taiyAra thayelA gAMdhIjIe e prayAseA cheADI dIdhA tathA pote pariNIta che e chupAvelI vAta

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pra. 6] gAMdhIjI [259 jAhera karI dIdhI - e badhA prasaMge paNa gAMdhIjInA A vyaktitvavikAsanI sAkSI pUre che. IMgleMDanivAsa daramyAna gItA pahelI vAra vAMcI. enI amUlyatA pratIta thaI ane "dhyAyata viSayAna' e zlokanI mana para UMDI asara paDI. eDavina ArnalDanuM "buddhacarita' ane bAIbala paNa vAMcyAM. bAibalanA "navA karAra' ane giripravacanathI mane saMtoSAyuM. tyAgamAM dharma che e vAta anukULa AvI. thiyosophInuM paNa keTaluMka vAMcyuM ane hiMdudharma pratye AsthA pragaTI. nAstika matane paricaya karyo paNa manamAM kaMI na UtaryuM. Ama, A samayamAM gAMdhIjInA manamAM dharmonA paricayanI eka jhaMkhanA ropAya che, je pachIthI phalavatI bane che. abhyAsa pUro karIne gAMdhIjI svadeza pAchA pharyA tyAre baeNrisTara tarIke pote saphaLa thaze ke kema e vize UMDI mUMjhavaNa anubhavI rahyA hatA, kadAca e kArakirdI emanA hRdayane AkarSatI ja nahatI. vakIlAtamAM e saphaLa na thayA. laMDanavAsa daramyAna emanAmAM je svamAnabhAvanA keLavAI hatI tenuM rakSaNa karI zakAya evuM vAtAvaraNa temaNe rAjakeTa ke muMbaI zaheromAM anubhavyuM nahIM ane vakIlAta mATe jarUrI AtmazraddhA paNa AvI nahIM. A kAraNe ja eka kesamAM madada karavA mATe dakSiNa AphrikA javAnuM nimaMtraNa AvyuM te temaNe bahu vicAra karyA vinA svIkArI lIdhuM. gAMdhIjI baeNrisTara tarIke saphaLa thayA hatA te paNa evI laukika saphaLatAthI emanuM aMtara saMtuSTa thayuM hota e asaMbhava jaNAya che. kemake emanA hRdayamAM kAI UMDI tyAganI, AtmasamarpaNa ne sevAnI bhAvanA phurI cUkI hatI. pitAnI sevA nirmaLa rahI zakI nahotI ane mAtAnI sevA karavAnI abhilASA enA mRtyuthI atRpta rahI hatI. hadayanI e atRpta rahelI jhaMkhanA svadezasevAnuM rUpa laI rahI hatI. A taka gAMdhIjIne dakSiNa AphrikAmAM aNadhArI rIte maLI gaI. tyAM pahoMcyA pachI ekAda aThavADiyAmAM ja nAtAlanI rAjadhAnI pITarameritsabarga sTezane gAMdhIjInuM apamAna thayuM te prasaMge emanAM svamAnabhAvanA ane svadezapremane uttajI temane hiMdI kema vatI gorAonA raMgadveSane sAmane karavA kRtasaMkalpa karyA : "e UMDe roga nAbUda karavAnI zakti hoya to te zaktino upayoga kare. tema karatAM jAta upara duHkha AvI paDe te badhAM sahana karavAM", "AtmakathA'mAM teo lakhe che (pR. 113). A nirNaya sAthe gAMdhIjIne potAnA jIvanakAryane spaSTa baMdha thaI gayA ane emanA svabhAvanuM zaramALapaNuM camatkArI rIte adazya thaI gayuM. priToriyAnA hiMdIo samakSa kAmanI sthiti samajAvatuM jiMdagInuM paheluM bhASaNa emaNe asarakAraka rIte ane AtmazraddhAthI karyuM. ItihAsanA eka

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260 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [gra 4 ajoDa leAkasevaka ane leAkanetA tarIkenuM emanuM bhaviSya have nizciMta thaI gayuM. leAkasevaka ne leAkanetA tarIkenI temanI kArakirdInI zarUAtamAM gAMdhIjI, ogaNIsamI sadInA ghaNAbadhA bhAratIya saMskAranetAonI jema, aMgrejI saMskRti ane briTizarAjyanA prazaMsaka hatA. dakSiNa AphrikAmAM emane raMgadveSanA kaDavA anubhava thayA hatA, paraMtu e kaDavAza emanAM lakhANA ke bhASaNAmAM varatAtI naheAtI. e sarvAM lakhANA ne bhASaNAnA madhyavatI` sUra, nAtAlanI sarakAra ne prajAnuM vartana briTiza nAgarika te rAjakIya jIvananI umadA praNAlIe sAthe asaMgata hatu. te hatA. aMgreja prajAnA jIvana ane AcAravicAranA mahimA emanA manamAM vaselA hatA tethI ja khristI dharma svIkAravA mATe emanA para dabANu Avyu tyAre emanu` mana bhAre mUMjhavaNamAM paDayuM. Izune eka advitIya avatArI puruSa tarIke svIkAravA e taiyAra naheAtA te uparAMta, mAtAnI prasAdIrUpa hiMdudharma, aneka truTio chatAM, cheDavA emane mATe duSkara hatuM. A mUMjhavaNumAMthI gAMdhIjIne zrImad rAjacaMdre bacAvyA. temaNe temane hiMdudharmAMnA vyavasthita abhyAsa tarapha vALyA ane hiMdu samAjanA pracalita AcAravicArAne ne hiMdu AdhyAtmika darzana vacce bheda karatAM zIkhavyuM ane khristI dhArmika sAhityanA tathA TolsToyanAM pustakAnA vAcane emanAmAM je navI bhAvanA sphurI rahI hatI tenuM bhAratIya paraMparAnA sAratattva sAthe anusaMdhAna karI ApyuM. A abhyAse gAMdhIjIne Adhunika saMskRtinI UNape! pratye paNa jAgrata karyA. bhagavadgItAe preyane tyAga karI zreya taraphanuM prasthAna dRDha banAvyuM ane I. 1904mAM raskinanA adhisa lAsTa'nA vAcane emanI tyAgavRttine eTalI tIvra banAvI mUkI ke emaNe raskinane iSTa evu* zramapradhAna, sAduM jIvana jIvavAnA uddezathI phiniksa AzramanI yeAjanA ghaDI kADhI ane tene tAtkAlika amalamAM mUkI. beeka varSa pachI jhUlu khaLavA aMge gAMdhIjIe ghAyaleAnI sAravAra mATe eka sevATukaDI taiyAra karI tyAre sevAne arthe brahmacaryanI AvazyakatA joI ane e vrata lIdhuM. je kAnUnI kAryavAhI aMge gAMdhIjI dakSiNa AphrikA AvyA hatA te pUrI thatAM hiMdI kAmanA matAdhikAra mATe laDavAnI taka UbhI thaI, je sahaja sevAbhAvanAthI emaNe svIkArI lIdhI. A daramyAna dezamAMthI kuTu bane laIne AvatAM 1897nA jAnyuArImAM Darabana baMdare hiMsAtmaka humalA thayA tyAre gAMdhIjIe humalA karanArAo para kAma calAvavAneA inakAra karI jAherajIvanamAM ahiMsAnA pahelA prayAga karyo. pachIthI tA gAMdhIjInAM saghaLAM kAryomAM dharma preraNA vadhu ne vadhu bhAga bhajavatI gaI ane 1908-09nA paravAnAnA kALA kAyadA sAmene satyAgraha kevaLa rAjakIya laData na rahetAM gItAnA samatvayAjhane prathama prayAga

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pra. 6] gAMdhIjI banI gaye. laDatane aMte samatvabhAvathI emaNe satyane ja jaya gAya ane samAdhAnIthI akaLAyelA mIra AlamanA humalAne paNa e samatvabhAvathI ja svIkAryo. gAMdhIjInI premapUrNa sevAbhAvanA giramITiyA majUre jevA garIba, azikSita varga sudhI vistarI hatI ane pharI laData AvI tyAre 1913mAM nAtAlanA khANamajUroe haDatAla pADIne gAMdhIjInI premabhAvanAne hRdayasparzI paDadhe pAze. dakSiNa AphrikAmAM gAMdhIjIe hiMdI kAmanI sudhAraNA mATe paNa aneka pravRttio karI. AhAranA, upacAranA, keLavaNInA aneka prayoga karyA. tapasvI jIvananI ugratA paNa apanAvI. emAM kuTuMba, aMtevAsIo ane pote paNa tavAyAM. chevaTe 1915mAM dakSiNa AphrikAnI laDatanA vijayI senAnI tarIke potAnA jIvanakAryanA spaSTa nakazA sAthe teo bhArata AvyA. bhAratamAM AvIne keTaloka samaya gokhalenI sUcanA anusAra dezadarzanamAM gALyo. dezamAM gaMdakI, avyavasthA ane nAgarika zistane abhAva joI temanuM bhAratapremI hRdaya akaLAI UThayuM. kuMbhameLAmAM cAlatA pApanuM te pote ja Atmazuddhi dvArA prAyazcitta karavA covIsa kalAkamAM pAMcathI vadhAre vastu nahIM khAvAnuM ane rAtribhojanane tyAga karavAnuM vrata lIdhuM. A daramyAna amadAvAdamAM pitAnA jIvana Adarzone anurUpa AzramajIvananI emaNe sthApanA karI ane eka aMtyaja kuTuMbane emAM dAkhala karI potAnI acaLa siddhAMtaniSThA batAvI ApI. 1917mAM caMpAraNamAM mAlikanA julamane bhoga banelA gaLIne kheDUtonI madade javAno prasaMga gAMdhIjIne prApta thayo ane dezane satyAgrahanI ahiMsaka pratikAranI rIta ne racanAtmaka sevAnI kAryapaddhatine emaNe ekasAthe paricaya karAvyuM. ahIM gAMdhIjIne bhAratanI prajAnI garIbIne hRdayadrAvaka anubhava thayo. A garIbIne ekamAtra upAya emaNe khAdImAM je, ane rAjakIya praznonA ukela mATe upAya yojatA teTalA ja utsAhathI khAdI utpanna karavAnAM sAdhanonI zodha karI. caMpAraNanuM prajAsevAnuM managamatuM racanAtmaka kArya choDIne gAMdhIjIne 1918mAM amadAvAdanA majUronI vahAre javuM paDayuM. A majUraAMdolanane pariNAme satya ne ahiMsA, javAbadArI ne hakanA siddhAMta para racAyelI majUra-saMgaThananI eka navI kAryapaddhatinAM maMDANa thayAM. haDatALa daramyAna majUrone pratijJAbhaMganA deSamAMthI bacAvavA upavAsanA zastrane gAMdhIjIe pahelI vAra jAheramAM upayoga karyo, jeke gAMdhIjIne e upayoga keTaleka aMze dUSita lAgyo hato ane enI duHkhada

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26ra ]. gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ca. 4 smRti emane rahI gaI. A ja arasAmAM zarU thayelI kheDAnI AnAvArI viruddhanI laDatathI gujarAtanA kheDUtavarganI jAgRtine AraMbha thayo, paNa thAkelAnuM samAdhAna svIkAravAnI sthiti AvI tethI satyAgrahane aMte prajAnuM teja vadhyuM nahIM. A pachI ahiMsAnA pitAnA vicAre nizcita thaI cUkyA hovA chatAM sarakAra taraphanI vaphAdArI darzAvavA lazkaramAM bharatInuM kAma gAMdhIjIe upADayuM tyAre paNa prajAmAM nirbhayatAnuM darzana thayuM nahIM ane kheDAnI janatAe satyAgraha daramyAna pALelI ahiMsA vIranI nahi paNa kAyaranI ahiMsA hatI tevI pratItie gAMdhIjIne ghaNI vyathA upajAvI. kheDAnI prajAe Apelo AghAta zamatAM ja bIje, tenAthI paNa vadhu tIvra, AghAta AvIne Ubho rahyo. 1919nA phebruArI mAsamAM releTa bila prasiddha thayAM tenI viruddha gAMdhIjIe zarU karelA AMdolananA pariNAme eprila mAsamAM jaliyAnavALA bAga hatyAkAMDa the. tenI tapAsa mATe sarakAre nImelA haMTara kamiTInA hevAle ane te hevAlanuM samarthana karatI briTiza sarakAranI nItio temaja khilAphatanA prazna aMge mahAyuddha daramyAna bhAratanA musalamAnane ApelA vacanane briTiza sarakAre karelA aMge briTiza prajAnI nyAyapriyatA uparanI gAMdhIjInI zraddhAne mULamAMthI DagAvI dIdhI. have teo briTiza zAsanane dezanI Arthika tArAjI ane naitika adhaHpatana mATe javAbadAra gaNI tene jema bane tema vahele aMta lAvavA adhIrA banyA. 1920mAM emaNe asahakAranuM AMdolana zarU karyuM, ane turata teo bhAratanI rASTrIya laDatanA netA banI gayA. A AMdolanamAM dhArAsabhAo, adAlate, sarakArI zALA-kolejo ne paradezI kApaDano bahiSkAranA kAryakramanI sAthe rASTrIya keLavaNI, hiMdumuslima ekatA, khAdI pracAra ne aspRzyatAnivAraNane racanAtmaka kAryakrama temaNe Aye. bahiSkArane nakArAtmaka kAryakrama kaMIka aMze saphaLa thayo ane racanAtmaka kAryakramamAM khilAphatanA AMdolanane kAraNe dekhAva pUratI hiMdumuslima ekatA siddha thaI hoya ema lAgI, paraMtu khAdI ne aspRzyatAnivAraNanA, Arthika ne sAmAjika navaracanAnA pAyAnA kAryakramamAM prajAe nahIMvata rasa batAvyo. chevaTe 1922mAM caurI caurAne hatyAkAMDathI prajAnA hiMsAtmaka mijAjanI pratIti thatAM emaNe laData thaMbhAvI dIdhI ane pitAnI javAbadArI svIkArI jela vahorI lIdhI. atyAra sudhI satyAgrahanA prayogomAM kyAreya saMpUrNa niSphaLa nahIM thayelA gAMdhIjIne asahakAranI niSphaLatA asahya thaI paDI. paNa dharapakaDa pachI emanuM hRdaya zAMta thayuM, pitAnI alpatAnA bhAne namra ane mRdu banyuM, ane rAmanuM

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gAMdhIjI [ 263 zaraNu svIkArI nirmaLa banyuM. 1924mAM vadhu UMDI banelI hiMsAbhAvanA ane satyaSTi sAthe tee jelamAMthI bahAra AvyA. 31. 6 ] 1925 pachI keTalAka samaya gAMdhIjI rAjakIya kSetrathI alipta rahyA ane khAdIpracAra temaja AzramajIvananA ghaDataramAM vadhAre lakSa Apyu. A bIjA kAmamAM bhagavadgItAnA abhyAsamAMthI ghaNI sahAya maLI rahI. sane 1930nI savinaya kAnUnabhaMganI laDatamAM Azrame jvalaMta phALA ApyA ane svataMtratA na maLe tyAM sudhI AzramamAM pAchA nahIM pharavAnI pratijJA sAthe zarU thayelI jagavikhyAta dAMDIkUMce dezabharamAM kAI navI vidyutazaktinA sa`cAra karyA; gAMdhIjInAM AtmazraddhAne naitika prabhAva parAkASThAe pahAMcatAM jaNAyAM. 1931mAM gAMdhI-aravana saMdhi thaI paNa teNe utpanna karelI AzA na phaLI. gAMdhIjI geALamejI pariSada mATe laMDana gayA ane pariSada niSphaLa gayA pachI bhArata pAchA pharatAM temanI dharapakaDa thaI. savinaya kAnUnabhaMganI laData pharI zarU thaI, paraMtu te adhUrI rahI. aspRsyAne alaga matadArama`DaLA ApavAnA briTiza sarakAranA nirNaya sAme gAMdhIjIe 1932nA sapTembara mAsamAM emanA prasiddha upavAsa karyA ane enA saphaLa aMta AvyA pachI emaNe potAnI badhI zakti aspRzyatAnivAraNanA AMdolanamAM rAkI. Ane aMge harijana sevaka saMdhanI sthApanA thaI ane 1933mAM vyaktigata kAnUnabhaMga zarU karyAM tyAre satyAgraha Azrama vikherI nAkhI tenAM makAne sarakAre na svIkAratAM harijana sevaka saMdhane sAMpI dIdhAM. 1934mAM, kaeNAMgresanA meTA bhAganA sabhyone peAtAnA siddhAMtA ane kAryakrameAmAM zraddhA nahIM haiAvAnuM lAgatAM, gAMdhIjIe kaeNoNMgresa che|DI dIdhI ane akhila bhArata grAmeAdyoga saMdhanI sthApanA karI. 1936mAM trAvaNukAranA mahArAjAe rAjyanAM sat dirA hirajanA mATe khullAM mUkAM tyAre gAMdhIjInA hayamAM AzAnI bharatI UbharAI UThI. pazu dharma - jAgRti dvArA prajAjIvanane zuddha karavAnI gAMdhIjInI AzAnA A chellA camakArA hatA. the|DA samayamAM prAMtika svAyattatA sAthe prajAkIya sarakAre astitvamAM AvI tyAre sattAnA pahelA ja svAde rAjakIya kAkA ne prajAnI niLatAe mahAra AvavA mAMDI. kaoNMgresa variSThamaMDaLamAM pazu ugra matabheda dekhAvA mAMDayA ane gAMdhIjIne jIvanamAM pahelI vAra ekalatAnI vyathAne anubhava thayA. A vyathAnI sAthe pAte saMpUrNa vikArarahita sthitie paheAMcyA nathI tevA bhAnathI jAgelI dhAra nirAzA bhaLI. chevaTe peAtAnI vyathAbharI niSphaLatAne temaNe anAsaktabhAve svIkArI lIdhI, paNa tyAM rAjakATanI kaTokaTIe emanI ahiMsAnI kaseATI karI ane rAjakIya kSetre pahelAM kadI nahI anubhavelI lAcArIne anubhava karAvyA.

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ra64] gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [ca, 4 A kasoTImAMthI paNa teo vadhu nirmaLa banelI ahiMsA sAthe bahAra AvyA, tyAM 1939nA sapTembaramAM bIju vizvayuddha AvI paDyuM. A vakhatanA yuddha vakhate gAMdhIjIe, briTiza prajA sAthe emanI saMpUrNa sahAnubhUti hovA chatAM, koIpaNa zarate sakriya sahakAra ApavAno inakAra karyo ane bhAratanI ne vizvanI prajA samakSa pahelAM karatAM vadhu AtmazraddhAthI ahiMsAne siddhAMta dharyo. 1940mAM racanAtmaka kAryakramane mukhya sthAna ApI vyaktigata satyAgraha zarU karyo, paraMtu e kAryakrama suvyavasthita rIte amalamAM mukAya te pahelAM jApAna yuddhamAM joDAtAM gAMdhIjI ane koMgresanA netAone lAgyuM ke briTiza sarakArane kAbU raheze tyAM sudhI bhAratanI prajAne jApAnane AkramaNane sAmane karavAne jusso nahIM Ave, ane tethI temaNe hiMda choDo'nI laDatanI taiyArI karI. laData zarU thAya e pahelAM ja, 194ranA oNgasTanI 9mI tArIkhe sarakAre gAMdhIjIne ne keMgresanA bIja netAone pakaDI lIdhA. A jelavAsa daramyAna gAMdhIjIe mahAdeva desAI ane kastUrabAne gumAvyAM ane 1944mAM bhAMgelA Arogya sAthe jelamAMthI chUTyA tyAre dezanI sthiti atyaMta nirAzAjanaka banI gaI hatI; komI taMgadilI vadhI gaI hatI, rASTrIya baLa veravikhera thaI gayAM hatAM ane briTiza sarakAranuM mAnasa pahelAM karatAM vadhAre ApakhudIbharyuM dekhAtuM hatuM. eka varSa pachI yuddha pUruM thatAM paristhiti badalAI ane chevaTe 1946mAM kendramAM prathama rASTrIya sarakAra racAI, paraMtu te sAthe ja atyAra sudhI dabAI rahelI kAmI haiSanI Aga kalakattAmAM bhabhUkI UThI ne tyAMthI noAkhalI, bihAra, dilhI ne paMjAbamAM phelAI ane duniyAe kadI nahIM dekhelI pAzavalIlAnuM rUpa dharI bhAratanI mAnavatAne hAsa karI rahI. 1947nI 15mI ogasTe AkhuM bhArata jyAre AjhAdIne utsava manAvI rahyuM hatuM tyAre gAMdhIjI ne AkhalImAM atyaMta duHkhI hRdaye mAnavatAnI eka jAta laIne padayAtrA karI rahyA. bhArata dvArA vizvane ahiMsAne saMdeza ApavAnI gAMdhIjInI abhilASAne A karuNa aMjAma hatA. ane chevaTe A komI viSanI javALAe ja nathurAma goDasenI goLI mAraphate 1948nI 30mI jAnyuArIe gAMdhIjInA prANa haryA. mRtyu samayane "rAma rAmane uddagAra, apAra vedanA vacce paNa TakI rahelI nirmaLa IzvarazraddhAno saMketa karI gAMdhIjInI AdhyAtmika sAdhanAnI jhAMkhI karAvI rahe che. 2. sAhitya: daSTi ane sRSTi sAhityanuM svarUpa: gAMdhIjIe zabdanI upAsanA koI ne koI jAhera pravRttine anulakSIne karI hatI, sAhityamAM jene vyaktigata abhivyakti kahe che. tene mATe karI na hatI. vyavasAyI vivecaka emanA sAhityane bahudhA patrakAratvanA

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. huM ] gAMdhIjI [ 265 vamAM nAkhe. tema chatAM gAMdhIjInAM sarva lakhANAne samagrapaNe jotAM e mahAna sAhitya tarIke pratIta thayA vinA rahetAM nathI, kemake emAMthI ApaNA cittane jakaDI le tevI eka kathA UDI Ave che, je sAcA sAhityanI sIdho, sAdI, sAhajika kathanapaddhatithI kahevAyelI che. vAtAvaraNumAMthI sArInaThArI asarA jhIlatA eka zaramALa, bhIru kizAra apUrva AdhyAtmika UMcAIe kema paheAMcyA ane Adhunika itihAsanA pravAhane navA vaLAMka ApanAra, sasvIkAryAM rASTrIya netA kema banyA te batAvatI A eka rAmAMcaka vikAsakathA che ane mahAkAvyanAM vistAra ane gahanatA e dharAve che. khIjI bAjuthI, satya, svadezaprema ane ahiMsAnA tANAvANAthI gUMthAyelI, AtmAti dvArA samAjonnati sAdhavAnA puruSArtha nI A eka karuNubhavya kathA che. vaLI, 1894thI 1914 sudhInAM vIsa varSa nA dakSiNa AphrikAnI bhAratIya kAmanA ane 1919thI 1947 sudhInI eka peDhInA gALAnA bhAratanA itihAsa e gAMdhIjInA vyaktitvanI AsapAsa racAtu eka mahAnATaka che. vyaktigata sAdhanA ne prajAkIya ke rASTrIya itihAsanI kathAne A sayukta pravAha nATakanA chellA aMkamAM bhayaMkara rudralIlAnuM rUpa dhAraNa kare che ane gAMdhIjInI AhutimAM pariNamI TrejeDInA unnata anubhavanI jhAMkhI karAve che. gAMdhIjInuM jIvana A rIte eka kaLAkRtinA AkAra pAme che. A uparAMta, hetulakSI dRSTie thayelAM chatAM gAMdhIjInAM keTalAMya lakhANA ne bhANA ne patra - gujarAtI ne aMgrejI ane bhASAomAM - svataMtra rIte paNa UMcI sAhityika guNavattA dharAvatAM thayAM che, kemake emanA gadyamAM kavinA jevI sahaMja anavaruddha saMvedanazIlatA anubhavAya che, ane emAM abhivyaktinuM hRdaya gama pAradarzaka sAMsarApaNuM che. sau dRSTi : gAMdhIjInuM jAherajIvana karma lakSI rahyuM hAvAthI emanA vyaktitva vize evI chApa paDI che ke emanAmAM kaLAdaSTi ke sau daSTi vikasI naheAtI sAhitya ne kaLAnuM prayeAjana ane satya ne sauMdaryAMnA paraspara saMbaMdha vizenA emanA vicAro e chApanu samarthyana karatA jaNAya che. paraMtu A chApa yathArtha nathI. kavionI jema gAMdhIjI paNa dRzya sRSTinI meAhakatAmAM vizvavyApI caitanyanI adbhutatAnI jhAMkhI karatA. vardhAthI segAMva rahevA gayA tyAre tee amRta korane patra lakhe che: " At last I am in Segaon. We arrived yesterday. The night was glorious, ''1 (chevaTe huM segAMva AvI paheAMcyA chuM. ame gaI kAle AvyAM. rAtrI bhavya hatI.) dekhAI Ave che ke varSAthI segAMva AvatAM emanI STie cAMdanInI meAhakatA noMdhI che ane khIje divase patra lakhatAM

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216] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [a'. 4 e adbhuta anubhava emane yAda Ave che. dareka sAcA kavi enA jIvanamAM kAI evI kSaNeA anubhave che ke jyAre te vyAvahArika jagatanI prapa`calIlA bhUlI AtmAnA ekAMtamAM peAtAnA ne vizvanA astitva vize ciMtanamagna bane che. peAtAnA jIvanamAM evI kSaNAnuM varNana karatAM gAMdhIjI lakhe che, " kAI koI vakhata AkAzanA darzanamAM magna banI jAuM chuM ane te mane UMDA vismayathI bharI de che. bhAratanA ne iMgleMDanA svaccha bhUrA AkAzamAM acAnaka gherAI AvatAM vALa ane garjanA sAthe tUTI paDatA varasAda joI huM AzcaryathI avAk banI gayA chuM."2 dakSiNu AphrikAmAM udhADI AMkhe krIne gAMdhIjIe joyu` hatu` ke kudarate peAtAnI khIjI kSisAnI sAthe A bhUmine sRSTisauMdaryathI zaNagAravAmAM mA nathI rAkhI, gAMdhIjIe prAcIna RSionI jema sRSTisau mAMthI dharmajIvananI ne AtmakalyANanI preraNA paNa anubhavI che. kAzImAM paMDita madanamehana mAlavIyanA nivAsasthAna pAse gaMgAtIra upara aruAdayanuM dRzya joI teo lakhe che: "e jotAM AMkha dharAya ja nahIM ne bhaktajaneAnA kaMThamAM tA gAyatrIneA mAMtra tenI meLe ja AvI caDe. sUryanI upAsanA, nadIone mahimA, gAyatrIma trane a` A bhavya dekhAva pachI kaMIka vadhAre samajAyAM."3 sane 1925nA mAnI 14mIe gAMdhIjI kanyAkumArInA darzane gayA hatA ane tyAM temaNe samudranAM meAjAnuM " samAdhine pASe '" evuM " maMda ane madhura vINAgAna sAMbhaLI ' dharmanA rahasyanu' amRtapAna" karyu.4 e AnaMdanA udreka eTalA utkaTa hatA ke khIje divase navajIvana' mATe lakhelA lekhamAM tenuM varNana karatAM emanI kalama dhrUjI rahI hatI ane AMkha bhInI banI gaI hatI. AkAzadarzananA zAkha keLavyA pachI gAMdhIjI AkAzanA e ** ', << .. "" * mahAdanamAM AtaprAta " banI tArArUpa gaNAne " IzvaranuM mUkastavana " karatA sAMbhaLe che ane eka bAibalavAkayane pa-paDadhA pADatA heAya tema kahe cheH " jene AMkha heAya te A nityanavA nA jue. jene kAna heAya te A asaMkhya gAMdharvAnu gAna sAMbhaLe.''F * mAnavadehanuM sauMdarya. paNa gAMdhIjI kAI zilpInI dRSTithI joI zakatA. dakSiNa AphrikAnI jhUlu prajAnA dehasauSThavanuM utsAhapUrvaka varNana karatAM teo kahe che ke rUpa vizenA ApaNA pracalita khyAlane " jo ghaDIbhara bAjue mUkIe tA. jhUkSune ghaDIne brahmAe kaMI kacAza rAkhI hAya ema ApaNane nahIM lAge.'' jhUlu strI ne puruSa bannenI UMcAI ane UMcAIne anurUpa vizALa chAtI, temanA ghATIlA ne snAyu, mAMsathI bharelAM ane gALAkAra piMDalIo tathA bAhu, gALa ane tejasvI AMkhA, meATA meDhAne ze|bhe evuM capaTu' ne mATuM nAka tathA sIsama jevI kALI ane caLakatI cAmaDInI upara ze|bhI nIkaLatA mAthAnA gUMcaLiyA vALa, e sarvAMnA

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pra. 6] gAMdhIjI [267 saudaryathI prabhAvita thaI gAMdhIjI lakhe che : "kudarata je je ghATa ghaDe che temAM sauMdarya ja hoya che evuM mAnIe to sauMdarya vizenA ApaNuM sAMkaDA ane ekadezIya vicAromAMthI bacI jaIe." mAnavadehanA sauMdaryathI paNa vadhu cAritryasaudaryanuM AkarSaNa gAMdhIjI anubhavatA. dakSiNa AphrikAmAM jANelAM evAM keTalAMka strI puruSone paricaya ApatAM teo lakhe che: "mArI mAnyatA pramANe te duniyAmAM eka evI jagyA nathI ane eke evI jAti nathI ke jyAM athavA jemAM gya prasaMga maLe ane saMskAra paDe. te suMdaramAM suMdara manuSyapuSpa utpanna na thaI zake."8 javAharalAla neharu ne ravIndranAtha ThAkura mATenuM gAMdhIjInuM AkarSaNa paNa mAnavacAritrya pratyenI emanI rasadaSTinuM pariNAma hatuM. citrakaLA, zilpakaLA ane saMgItanuM jAdu paNa gAMdhIjI anubhavI zakatA. vaiTikana zaheramAM zilpakaLA ne citrakaLAnA vizvavikhyAta namUnAonuM lagabhaga be kalAka sudhI gAMdhIjIe avakana karyuM hatuM. vadhastaMbha upara caDhelA jisasanI pratimAe te emane maMtramugdha karyA hatA ane enI AgaLathI cAlI nIkaLatAM emane pitAnA hRdaya upara baLAtkAra karavo paDyo hate. kheDA jillAnA eka gAmaDAnA bhaktisaMgIte emanA hRdayane kevuM rasataraboLa karyuM hatuM tenuM varNana emaNe devadAsa paranA eka patramAM kareluM che.10 jIvanarasaH gAMdhIjInI kavietanA rojiMdA jIvanavyavahAramAM e je rasa letA temAM paNa dekhAya che. emane cetanApravAha bhUta ne bhaviSyanAM vicAravamaLAmAM cakrAvA levAne badale Azcaryajanaka sAhajikatAthI vartamAnamAM akhalita, vaheto ane temanuM cittataMtra dareka pasAra thatI kSaNanI hakIkato naidhatuM ne yAda rAkhatuM. emanI A zakti gAMdhIjIne eka janmajAta patralekhaka banAve che. abhyAsa mATe iMgleMDamAM hatA tyAre tyAMthI teo bhAratamAM vaDIlone pAnAM ne pAnAM bharIne patra lakhatA ane pitAnA rojiMdA jIvananI aneka vigato ApatA. jAhera jIvanamAM paDyA pachI emane samayanI khUba kheMca rahetI, ane je aMgata patro lakhatA te muddAsara ane zakya eTalA TUMkA banAvavA prayatna karatA. paNa evA TUMkA pAneya te mAhitIsabhara banAvatA ane patravAcakanI apekSA pUrI kare evI badhI vigato ApavAnI kALajI rAkhatA. jAhera jIvananI gaMbhIra kaTokaTInA samayamAM, nirAzAnAM vAdaLathI gherAyelAM jIvananAM chellAM be varSa daramiyAna paNa, aMgata patra lakhavAne gAMdhIjIne rasa cAlu rahelo, ane bahAranI duniyAmAM UchaLI rahelAM tophAnanAM mojAonI vacce paNa patravAcaka sivAya jANe ke emane bIjA

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-ra68 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa 1 ca. 4 keImAM rasa na hoya evI svasthatAthI ane ekAgratAthI teo e patra lakhatA. vyaktimAtramAM rasa levAnI gAMdhIjInI A zakti atyaMta nedhapAtra hatI. emane mATe koI mANasa buddhithI samajavAnI ke bauddhika vagIkaraNanA ekaThAmAM goThavavAnI vastu nahotI. dareka vyakti vize teo mAtA bALaka vize athavA kaLAkAra pitAnI kalpanAmAM AkAra laI rahelA pAtra vize anubhave che evo jIvanatatvanA eka advitIya (unique) AviSkArane bhAva anubhavatA ane hRdayanI samagratAthI te vyakti pratye abhimukha banatA. premaprerita sevAdIkSAne AnaMda: gAMdhIjInI premazakti paNa kavihRdayanI eka bakSisa jevI hatI. I. 1918nA me mAsamAM maganalAla gAMdhIne lakhelA eka patramAM gAMdhIjI premanI zaktinuM varNana karatAM lakhe cheH "tamAro prema Tapake chepaNa TIpake TIpake Avate varasAda jema vyartha jAya che, tema ghaNuM premane vize huM jouM chuM. dhArAbaMdha paDatA varasAda ja jema khetare rasataraboLa kare tema dhArAbaMdha chUTato prema ja verabhAvane jItaze."11 prema varasAvavAnI hRdayanI AvI ziktinI kalpanA gAMdhIjIne kadAca emanA pitAnA anubhavamAMthI AvI haze. mAtA pUtaLIbA upara emane bALakahadaye evo prema varasAvyo hato, ane emanI sevA karavAnI abhilASA atRpta rahetAM gAMdhIjIe e prema bhAratabhUmine ane bhAratanI janatAne Apyo. gAMdhIjInuM sevAvrata te A premavRttinuM pariNAma ja hatuM. dakSiNa AphrikA choDatAM pahelAM nAtAlanA khANamajUronI haDatALa daramiyAna gAMdhIjI garIba, azikSita janatAmAM IzvaranAM darzana kare che ane emanI sevAnuM vrata letAM kahe che: "huM te tamAre mATe kAma karIza ja. tamArI giramITa eka mANasa sAthe pAMca varasanI che, paNa mArI giramITa 30 kareDa mANasa sAthenI jIvanaparyata che.'12 premaprerita A sevAdIkSA gAMdhIjI mATe saudaryAnaMdanA anubhava jevI banI rahI. aMgreja kavi kITrase lakhyuM cheH "A thing of beauty is a joy for ever." zrInivAsa zAstrI uparanA eka patramAM e paMktine paDaghA pADatAM gAMdhIjI lakhe che: "Performance of duty I have held always to be a thing of beauty and a joy for ever."13 yaravaDA jelamAMthI lakhelA eka gItA pravacanamAM paNa gAMdhIjI lakhe cheH "yajJamaya jIvana kaLAnI parAkASThA che. temAMthI rasanAM nitya navAM jharaNuM phUTe che. mANasa te pItAM thAkato. nathI. jharaNAM kadI sukAtAM nathI."14 >> gadya : bhASA: gAMdhIjInuM gadya AvI kavicetanAnuM sarjana che. emanAM lakhANomAM, kAnUnI ke rAjakIya musaddAomAM paNa, vicAre buddhithI prayatnapUrvaka

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pra. 6] gAMdhIjI [ 269 goThavelA hoya ema lAgatuM nathI, paraMtu koI aMtaH preraNane anusaratA hoya ema nizcita dizAmAM sahaja gati karatA hoya che. vicArapravAhanI AvI sAhajitA. gAMdhIjInA gadyane kavinI vANImAM hoya che evI nitya navInatAne sparza Ape che. je vicAre emane prajA ne sarakAra samakSa mUkavA hatA temane vyApa maryAdita hatA, ane tethI lagabhaga paMcAvana varSanA samayagALA upara patharAyelA emanA udgAromAM aneka rUpe punarukti thatI dekhAya che. paraMtu dareka prasaMge vicArane saMdarbha jude. hoya che ane vicArane rajU karavAnI gAMdhIjInI rItamAM paNa saMdarbhabhinnatAne anurUpa vANInI bhinnatA hoya che. eka patramAM teo kahe che, "janmagAMTha to roja hoya che. roja janmIe chIe ne roja marI pharI janmIe chIe15, te mujaba nitya punarjanma pAmatI saMvedanazIlatA emanA gadyane aMta sudhI. cetanavaMtu rAkhe che ane emanI satata vistaratI rahelI vicArakSitijenuM pAradarzaka mAdhyama banAve che. gAMdhIjIe aMgrejI ke gujarAtI bhASA ne sAhityane vyavasthita abhyAsa nahoto karyo ane zailInI AkarSakatA siddha karavAne paNa sabhAna prayatna nahoto karyo. eTale emanI vANImAM kyAreya sAhityaparaMparAnI chAyA varatAtI nathI. chatAM emanI bhASAmAM svAbhAvika saMskAritA ne ziSTatA AvI hatI. gujarAtI. karatAM aMgrejImAM e vaheluM banyuM. aMgrejI keLavaNInA Agamana pachI aneka suzikSita hiMdIonI jema gAMdhIjIne mATe paNa vicAranuM mAdhyama aMgrejI rahyuM hatuM, ane temAM vaLI yuvAna vaye emane iMgleMDamAM ne dakSiNa AphrikAmAM aMgrejI samAjanI vacce rahevAnuM thayuM tathA atyaMta kAvyamaya gaNAtI gadyazailInA navA karArane abhyAsa karavAno prasaMga AvyuM, eTale emanA aMgrejI gadyamAM prathamathI ja ziSTa aMgrejInA rUDhiprayoga bIjA keAI hiMdInA aMgrejI lakhANamAM jovA maLaze te karatAM vadhu svAbhAvikatAthI vaNAI gayelA dekhAya che. dakSiNa AphrikAmAM gAMdhIjInAM gujarAtI lakhANa sAdhAraNa keLavaNI pAmelA musalamAna vepArIo ane hiMdu mahetAone uddezIne lakhAyelAM hatAM, ane e vartuLAnA vAcakomAM pracalita gujarAtInI asara gAMdhIjInAM e samayanAM lakhANomAM dekhAya, che, paraMtu te dhIme dhIme ochI thatI jAya che ane temanA bhArata pAchA pharyA. bAda thoDAM varSomAM emane gujarAtI gadya aMgrejInA jevI sUkSmatA ne saMskAritA prApta karyA. ema paNa kahI zakAya ke abhivyaktinA UMDANanI dRSTie aMgrejI karatAM gujarAtI lakhANanI guNavattA vadhI gaI. jIvanane saMgItanI upamA ApI. eka prasaMge gAMdhIjIe emanI sAmAjika ne rAjakIya sevApravRttione kaMThayA saMgIta sAthe ane hRdayamAM cAlatA rAmanAmanA japane kaMThaya saMgItanI sAthe

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270 ]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 guMjI rahelA taMburAnA sUra sAthe sarakhAvyAM hatAM. bAhya pravRttionuM kaMTheya saMgIta gAMdhIjInAM aMgrejI lakhANe ne bhASaNamAM sAMbhaLI zakAya che, paraMtu taMburAnA sUranA jevI AdhyAtmika AtmasamarpaNanI madhuratAnuM mULa gAMdhIjInA jIvanamAM bhAratIya paraMparAnA saMsakAramAM hatuM ane te emanAM gujarAtI lakhANemAM ja spaSTa anubhavAya che. vaNanazelI H gadyazailI jevI ja kavitvasUcaka gAMdhIjInI varNanazelI che. prasaMgo ane anubhavakSaNone tAdaza karI batAvavAnI emanI zaktinI sAkSI pUratI vipula sAmagrI emanAM lakhANomAM paDI che. "AtmakathA'nAM zarUAtanAM prakaraNomAM AvatuM bALapaNa ane kizorAvasthAnuM citra UMcI koTinI sarjakatAnuM phaLa che. lagnanuM varNana karatAM teo lakhe cheH "mAMghare beThAM, cerIpherA pharyA, kaMsAra khAdhA-khavaDAvyuM, ane varavahu tyAMthI ja sAthe rahetAM thayAM. e prathama rAtri ! be nirdoSa bALakee vagara jAye saMsAramAM jhaMpalAvyuM" (pR. 11). bALalagnanA kAraNe pitAnA dAmpatyajIvanamAM kaMIka mUlyavAna vastu gumAvI hovAnA gAMdhIjInA bhAva vize A citranI narmarekhAo keTaluM badhuM kahI jAya che! AvAM prasaMgacitro uparAMta vicAragrasta manaHsthitinAM ne hRdayabhAvonAM aneka TUMkAM, vedhaka zabdacitro e pustakamAM paDyAM che. utsAhanI bharatI pachI AvatI oTa ane vaLI pAcho utsAha, eka kSaNamAM palaTAtA AMtarabhAvonuM sUkama nirIkSaNa ne varNana paNa gAMdhIjI pAsethI keTaleka prasaMge prApta thAya che. dakSiNa AphrikAmAM pahelI vAra jela javAne prasaMga AvyA te vakhatanI manaHsthitinuM citraNa AnA dRSTAMtarUpa che.16 jhUlu baLavAnA samaye brahmacaryavrata lIdhuM tyAranAM pitAnAM manomaMthananuM sUcana karatAM "AtmakathAmAM gAMdhIjI lakhe cheH "mAIlanA mAIla sudhI vastI vinAne pradezamAM ame kAI ghAyalane laIne ke emane ema ja cAlyA jatA hoIe tyAre huM vicAramAM paDI jato" (pR. 3ra0). dakSiNa AphrikAne aparicita mulakamAM vastI vinAnA e pradezanI nirjanatAne A nirdeza, brahmacaryavrata dvArA jIvanabharanI sevAdIkSAne je mArga temane AkaSI rahyo hato tenI mane vaijJAnika nirjanatAnuM kevuM dhvanipUrNa sUcana karI jAya che "AtmakathA'nAM prakaraNe, gAMdhIjI kahe che, "lakhavAne divasa jema mane aMtaryAmI dore che tema lakhuM chuM ema kahI zakAya" (pR. ra79). dareka kavi jANe che ke prasaMge ne kalpanonA paraspara saMbaMdho enI kalapanA tarkabuddhithI svataMtra rIte anubhave che ane e tarkabuddhinI sarva vRttio zAMta thaI kalpanAne mukta vihArane avakAza Ape tyAre ja enI kalama uttama sarjana kare che. kavikalpanAne e mukta vihAra te ja gAMdhIjIne adaSTa aMtaryAmI. ene vaza vartIne emaNe

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pra. qa] gAMdhIjI [ 201 * satyanA prayAgA'nI kathA lakho hatI ane ene ja vaza vatI'ne emaNe e kathA javI hatI. sAhityasRSTi gAMdhIjInuM sAhitya traNa prakAre udbhavyuM che: patrA, bhASaNA ane lekhA. prakAzananAM mAdhyama hatAM mukhyatve emaNe calAvelAM 'inDiyana opiniyana ' 'yaMga inDiyA ' * navajIvana' ane harijana' vagere sAmayika patrA, bhASaNeAnI neAMdhA paNu emAM prakAzita thaI che ane 'hiMda svarAja' ke 'AtmakathA' jevI saLa MgasUtra svataMtra kahevAya evI racanAo paNa emAM haptAvAra pragaTa thayelI che. sIdhA graMtha rUpe pragaTa thayelAM gAMdhIjInAM lakhANA bhAgye ja che. paNa gAMdhIjInAM lakhANAnA vividha dRSTithI aneka sacayeA thayelA che ane 'hiMda svarAja' (1909), 'dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahane itihAsa' (bhA. 1 : 1964 -bhA. 2 H 1925), 'satyanA prayeAgA athavA AtmakathA' (bhA. 1 : 1927 - bhA. 2 : 1929), 'anAsaktiyAga' (1930), 'maMgaLaprabhAta' (1930), ' racanAtmaka kAryakrama ' (1941), ' satyAgrahAzramanA itihAsa ' (1948), ArAgyanI cAvI' (1948), vagere saLaMgasUtra viSayeAnI kRtio paNa jANItI che. gAMdhIjInA saMpUrNa akSaradeha kAlAnukrame geAThavAIne aMgrejI, hiMdI ane gujarAtI traNe bhASAmAM pragaTa thaI rahyo che, je 90 uparAMta daLadAra graMthAmAM vistaraze. ahIM have ApaNe A badhI sAmagrIne lakSamAM laI, noMdhapAtra kRtione vizeSapaNe lakSamAM rAkhI, gAMdhIjInI sAhityapravRttinuM kAlakramamAM ja avale!kana karIzuM. 3. 1915 pUrvanAM lakhANA inDiyana opiniyana': lAkakeLavaNInA Ada gujarAtImAM gAMdhIjInI niyamita lekhanapravRtti 1903nA jUnamAM 'inDiyana Apiniyana' sAthe zarU thaI. e sAptAhika dvArA emaNe dakSiNa AphrikAnI hiMdI krAmanI rAjakIya, sAmAjika ne naitika keLavaNI zarU karI ane patrakAratvane eka navA Adarzo vikasAvyA. vepAra ne dhananA uddezathI dakSiNa AphrikA AvelA athavA tyAM vaselA hiMdI rAjakIya ke nAgarika svamAnane bahu vicAra karyAM vinA tyAMnI gArI prajAne anukULa banI jeTalu' kamAI zakAya teTalu' kamAvuM evI vRtti rAkhe te, e samayanI dezanI paristhitimAM, svAbhAvika hatuM. 'inDiyana Apiniyana'nA gujarAtI vibhAgane upayAga gAMdhIjIe e mAnasa badalavA mATe karyAM ane temAM te eTalA saphaLa thayA ke AvedanapatrA mATe paNa temanI preraNA vinA kAI pagaluM bharavAnA utsAha ke zakti nahi dharAvatI kAma traNa varSa mAM

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272 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 svamAnanA rakSaNa arthe kAnUnabhaMganA AMdolana sAru taiyAra thaI. paraMtu lekakeLavaNIne gAMdhIjIne Adarza sarvAgI hatI ane InDiyana opiniyananA pahelA ja aMkamAM emaNe jAhera karyuM ke "amAruM evuM mAnavuM nathI ke inDiyanonI je khAmIo jaNAya che te badhI kapita che. bhUla jaNAze to bedhaDaka ame batAvIzuM ane te sudhAravAnI rIta paNa sUcavIzuM."17 sane 1905mAM johAnisabarganA hiMdIomAM marakI phATI nIkaLI hatI te veLAnAM gAMdhIjInAM keTalAMka lakhANa viruddha hiMdIomAM kacavATanI lAgaNI phelAI haze, tene ulalekha karatAM teo lakhe che : "amAre kAma lekenI sevA karavAnuM che. sAruM lagADavAnI icchAthI ame kazuM karavA dhAryuM nathI ane dhAratA nathI. kaDavo ghUMTaDo pA e amArI pharaja che."18 hiMdI komanI sAmAjika ne naitika unnati arthe gAMdhIjIe inDiyana opiniyana'nA gujarAtI vibhAgamAM pazcimanA keTalAka prakhyAta lekasevakonAM TUMka paNa muddAsara jIvanacaritro ApyAM ane vAcake samakSa satyaprema, kartavyaniSThA ane lekasevAnA Adarzo rajU karyA. pazcimanI prajAnA jAherajIvananAM mUlya pratye UMDo abhAva vyakta karatAM A jIvanacaritra gAMdhIjInI vizALadaSTi dezabhaktinAM suMdara udAharaNa che. briTiza prajAnI raheNIkaraNInuM eka TUMkuM varNana te sAhityika dRSTie paNa gAMdhIjInI nirIkSaNa ne varNanazaktine uttama namUne banyuM che. 20 hiMdudharmanuM paheluM vivaraNa: dezasevAnI bhAvanA sAthe gAMdhIjImAM A samaye tyAgavRtti ne AdhyAtmika abhilASA phurI cUkyAM hatAM. sane 1905nA mArca mAsamAM temaNe johAnisabarganI thiyosophikala lejanA upakrame hiMdudharma upara cAra vyAkhyAne ApyAM ane "InDiyana opiniyana'nA gujarAtI vibhAgamAM tene sAra Apyo.21 hiMdudharmanA svarUpanuM gAMdhIjIe kareluM A paheluM ja vivaraNa kizora vidyAthI paNa samajI zake evAM TUMkAM vAkyomAM emanA karmayoganuM rahasya samajavI jAya che. bhaviSyamAM emaNe dharma ne mokSa vize je kaMI lakhyuM te A lekha uparanA bhASyarUpe joI zakAya. no mijAja: navuM vANI baLa : gAMdhIjIne navo mijAja eka varSa pachI TrAnsavAlanA briTiza amaladAroe 1906nA ogaSTamAM tyAMnI hiMdI kema upara tarehatarehanAM apamAnajanaka niyaMtraNe mUkatA eka oNrDinansane musaddo bahAra pADyo tyAre pUrNa rUpe pragaTa thaye. e orDinansane emaNe "dhikArapAtra vizeSaNathI navAjo ane hiMdI komane tene sAmUhika bhaMga karavAnI salAha ApI. TharAvane amala karavAno samaya AvI pahoMcatAM gAMdhIjInI kalamamAM vaLI navI tejI camakI. "InDiyana opiniyana'nA 1907nA jUna mAsanA prathama aMkamAM e

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[273 pra. 6] gAMdhIjI. TharAvanI yAda ApatA lekhanuM emaNe zIrSaka rAkhyuM, "zarA zuM kare ?" ane "pagalAM bharavA mAMDe re, have nava vAra lagADo re" e narmadAzaMkaranA kAvyamAMthI thoDI paMktio lekhanA mathALe ApI.22 cheka 1908nA jAnyuArI mAsamAM netAonI dharapakaDa zarU thaI ane laDatamAM "have raMga jAmyo"2 3 tyAM sudhInA sAta mAsa daramiyAna "InDiyana opiniyanamAM prasiddha thayelA gAMdhIjInA gujarAtI lekho eka kuzaLa patrakAra ne nibha ka lokanetAnI chApa mUkI jAya che. navA kAyadAnI vigate samaja ApatA, aThavADiye aThavADiye palaTAtI paristhitinuM sAmAnya vAcakane rasa paDe evI patrakAratvanI zilInI paNa ziSTa bhASAmAM varNana karatA, kAmane jarUrI sUcanAo tathA kavacit cetavaNI ApatA ane tene jusso tathA svamAnabhAvanA TakAvI rAkhavA vAcakanAM buddhi ne hRdayane sparze evI dalIla karatA A lekhenI bAnI vyavahAruM lekabolInI eTalI najIka che ke vAcakavargamAM musalamAnonI meTI saMkhyA hovAthI emAM muslima gujarAtInI spaSTa chApa paDI che. vaLI lokabolInA rUDhiprayogone paNa gAMdhIjI asarakAraka upayoga karI jANe cheH karaNI tevI bharaNI jagavikhyAta kahevata che. Avo je kAyade che te kaMI hiMdI komane sAru badalAvAne nathI. kaDavInA velAmAM megaro thanAra nathI..jyAM sau saunuM pheDI le che tyAM saunuM phUTI jAya che."24 keIna tuMbaDAthI taravAnuM nathI. paNa ApaNuM potIkA baLa vaDe taravAnuM che. huM dhULa khAIza tethI zuM vAMcanAra khAze? huM khADAmAM paDIza tethI vAMcanAra temAM paDaze 225 ".e kAyado ghaDIne geArA loke ema batAvavA mAge che ke eziyATika te mANasa nathI, hevAna che; svataMtra nathI, gulAma che; garAnA sarakhA nathI, tenAthI UtaratA che; tenI upara je thAya te sahana karavA janmelA che, sAme thavAne haka nathI; marada nathI, bAyalA che...amane koI pUche ke A badhuM kAyadAnI kaI kalamamAM AvyuM che to te batAvavuM bhAre thaI paDe. dhaMturAnAM phUla joIne koI batAvI zakaze nahIM ke temAM kaI jagyAe jhera vaseluM che. tenuM pArakhuM jema khAdhAthI thAya che tema A kAyadAnuM samajavuM. e kAyade Akhe vAMcanAra tathA samajanAra marada hoya te tenAM rUMverUMvAM UbhAM thAya ja. te hiMdInuM pANI laI le che ane pANI vinAnI talavAra jema nakAmI thaI paDe che tema kAyadAnI nIce Avela hiMdI mANasajAtamAMthI jAya che."26 sAdI bhASAmAM paNa keTaluM baLa hoI zake tenA A lekhe sacoTa namUnA che. gAMdhIjI bhArata pAchA pharyA tyAra pachInAM temanAM gujarAtI lakhANonuM gadya vadhAre pravAhI ne sUkSama bane che, paraMtu dakSiNa AphrikAnI laData veLAnA lekhamAM jovA maLe che evuM lekavANInuM teja emAM nathI. keTalAka lekhamAM to gAMdhIjI vANInI ahiMsAnI maryAdA paNa vaTAvI jatA lAge che. kemanA Adezane anAdara gu. sA. 18

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204 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [2*. 4 karI keTalAka vepArIoe chUpI rIte rajisTrezana sarTiphikeTa mATe arajI karI che e samAcAra ApatAM te lakhe cheH "evuM kahevAya che ke mi. khamIsAnI dukAnamAM te rAte Azare vIsa mANasoe peAtAnA hAtha ane mAM kALAM karyA 27 ane hiMdI kAmane baTTo lagADaco."28 gulAmIne kAraNe svatva gumAvI beThelI prajAne svamAnane pATha bhaNAvatA AvA lekheA gAMdhIjInA svabhAvamAM rahelA kSAtratejanA ane eka zabdasvAmI tarIkenI emanI zaktine eka sAthe paricaya karAvI jAya che. yuddhavIramAMthI lAkazikSaka: zailInI navI phorama : samAdhAnI thatAM gAMdhIjI yuvIra maTI pharI lAzikSaka ne lokasevaka banI gayA. rajisTrezananA kAyadA viruddhanI laData gAMdhIjI mATe gItAnA samatvanA prathama prayAga hatA, ane e prayAgamAM tee saphaLa pAra UtaryA hatA. A anubhave emanAmAM U.DI AtmazraddhA prerI hatI ane emanA lekhAnI zailImAM yuddhanA jusse| jaNAtA hatA tene badale have, navA pAkelA phaLanI suvAsa jevI navI phArama pragaTI. vyavahAru diSTae samAdhAnI dvArA hiMdI krAmane mAtra navI chUTachATA maLI hatI, paraMtu kaiAme anyAyI kAyadA sAme mAthuM UMcakayuM hatuM ane sarakArane peAtAnI sAthe vATAghATA karavAnI pharaja pADI hatI e hakIkata gAMdhIjI mATe kAmanA naitika vijayarUpa hatI, ane e dRSTibiMdu emaNe svastha ne gauravabharI bhASAmAM kAmane samajAvavAnA prayatna karyAM. 'samAdhAnI upara savAla-javAba'29 ane 'mArA IlakAba'30 e lekhAmAM gAMdhIjInuM A navuM, saumya rUpa AkarSIka rIte pragaTa thAya che. emAM jovA maLatAM tarka kuzaLatA, vicArAnI saraLatA ne bhASAsaujanyanuM mizraNa gujarAtI gadyamAM eka navuM tattva hatuM ane gadyalekhaka tarIkenA gAMdhIjInA vikAsamAM agatyanuM sImAcihna banI rahe che. ArAgya viSe sAmAnya jJAna : sane 1913nA jAnyuArI mAsathI inDiyana opiniyana'nA gujarAtI vibhAgamAM zarU thayelI ArAgya viSe sAmAnya jJAna'31 uparanI lekhamALA 'hiMda svarAja' pachI gAMdhIjInA gadyanI khIjI mahattvanI siddhi che. jema hiMda svarAja'nA rAjakIya kAryakramanI pAchaLa mAnavajIvana vizenuM eka kavina raheluM che, tema A lekheAnI vyavahAru carcAnI pAchaLa zarIra' gAyuM lahu dharma sAdhanam sUtramAM sUcita thatI zarIra ne mananA saMbaMdha vizenI kalpanA rahelI che. ArAgyanI vyAkhyAmAM ja gAMdhIjInI vidiSTa jaNAI Ave che. "mANasa eka zarIraneA ja banele nathI...zarIrane gulAbanA phUlanI upamA apAyelI che, tenI suvAsa e teneA AtmA - rUtu che... mANasanI vAsa - tenA AtmAnuM cAritrya - e ja tenI parIkSA che. eTale... jenuM cAritrya kharAba 6

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pra. 6] gAMdhIjI [ ra75 che te mANasa nIrogI nahIM ja gaNAya32 gAMdhIjInI kavidaSTi zarIramAM rahelA AtmAnI adabhutatA ja nahIM, zarIra ne mananI svAbhAvika kriyAonI rahasyamayatA paNa jue che. lekhamALAnI prastAvanAmAM teo lakhe che, "AkAzanA tArA gaNI kADhavAne vicAra karIza, paNa mArA chAparAmAM zuM che athavA keTalI vaLI che, te jANavAnI mane IrachA paNa nahIM thAya. mArI najara AgaLa racAtuM kudaratI nATaka huM jevA mAgato nathI; paNa nATakazALAmAM thatA Dhaga jovAnuM mane bahu mana thaze. te ja zailI pramANe mArA zarIramAM zuM thAya che, te zuM che, te zAnuM banyuM che, temAMnAM hADakAM, mAMsa, lohI vagere kema bane che, te badhAM zuM kare che, mArA zarIramAM bole che te keNa, mArI gati kema cAle che, mane eka vakhata sArA, te bIjI vakhata kharAba vicAra kema Ave che, mArI marajI viruddha paNa mAruM mana kema karoDo mAIla deDI jAya che, mAruM zarIra te gokaLagAyathI paNa dhImuM jAya che, tyAre mAruM mana pavananA vega karatAM hajAragaNo vadhAre vega kema dharAve che, tenuM mane bhAna nathI.33 ' anya keTalAMka lakhANa: potAnI satyaniSTha pratIkAranI ane tyAganiSTha sevAnI bhAvanAne jemAMthI preraNA ane baLa maLyAM hatAM te sekreTIsanA mRtyusamayanA saMbhASaNa tathA raskinanA "anya dhisa lAsTa'nA sAra "eka satyavIranI kathA34 ane "sarvodaya3pa e zIrSaka nIce gAMdhIjIe "InDiyana opiniyana'mAM ApelA te e daSTie mahattvanA che. zarIrazramanI bhAvanA pragaTa karatI TolsaToyanI vArtA dha erI oNva ivAna dha phUla'nuM paNa "mUrakharAja ane tenA bhAIo'34 e zIrSakathI gAMdhIjIe rUpAMtara karyuM hatuM. enI jarA gAmaThI lAge evI bhASA vArtAnAM vastu ne pAtrone sarvathA anurUpa che ane e rIte bhASA paranI gAMdhIjInI maryAdA ahIM guNarUpa banI che. ' 'mi. gAMdhInI najarakeda 37 ane 'mi. hAjIhusena dAuda mahamada38 e lekhomAM gAMdhIjI emanA svabhAvane zakya teTalA sAhityasarjananI najIka AvatA jaNAya che. pahelA lekhamAM eka apamAnajanaka paristhitimAM emaNe anubhavelA saMkula AMtarabhAvonuM kaLAkAranI satyadRSTi karI zake evuM sacoTa varNana karyuM che, te bIje lekha eka bhAvanAzIla yuvakanA mRtyuprasaMge zraddhAMjalirUpe gadyamAM lakhAyeluM zokakAvya che. e AkhA lekhamAM gAMdhIjInA gadyane pAMkhe Ave che ane te kaLAsRSTinAM dvAra khakhaDAvatuM lAge che. sana 1908-8 daramiyAna jelajIvananA kalezajanaka anubhavone tAdaza rIte paNa pUrNa svasthatAthI ne haLavA narmabhAvathI varNavatI ane kavacita potAnA hRdayabhAvonuM taTasthatAthI nirUpaNa karatI traNa lekha zreNio 39 paNa, gAMdhIjInI

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206 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [2. 4 sAmAnya mAnavatAnu` rAcaka citra ApatI heAI temaja emanI Adarza satyAgrahInI kalpanAne spaSTa karatI heAI, neoMdhapAtra che. kAphara jAtinA habasIo sAthe rahevAnu thatAM, gArAA hiMdIo pratye anubhavatA tevI sUga gAMdhIjI temanA pratye anubhave che, paNa hRdayanI A nirbaLatA chatI karatAM emane sakAya thatA nathI. dakSiNa AphrikAnI chellI 1913nI laData vakhate khANamajUrAnI sUcanA utsAhabharyAM vAtAvaraNane eka lekhamAM'. gAMdhIjIe janmajAta lekhakanI kaLAthI zabdabaddha karyu che. e garIba nirakSara janatAnA nirmaLa premanA ane enI vIratAnA darzane gAMdhIjI vinamra kRtajJatA anubhavI rahyA, jeNe A samayanAM emanAM lakhANA ne bhASaNAne UMDI madhuratAnA pAsa Apyo che. A samayanA aMgata patro: sana 1910thI 1914 sudhInAM varSoM gAMdhIjInA AMtaravikAsamAM ghaNAM mahattvanAM hatAM, ane e samayanA keTalAka patrA A viSaya upara prakAza pADatI ghaNI sAmagrI pUrI pADe che. maganalAla gAMdhI, jamanAdAsa gAMdhI ane rAvajIbhAI paTela uparanA aneka patramAM ApaNe mekSadharma vize gAMdhIjInA ghaDAI rahelA vicArAnu ane e vicArAnA amalamAM emane maLelI saphaLatA-niSphaLatAnuM darzana karIe chIe. e vicArAnI preraNA emane mukhyatve bhAratIya paraMparAnA abhyAsamAMthI maLI hatI, paraMtu je svataMtra vivekabuddhithI temaNe 'hiMda svarAjamAM Adhunika pAzcAtya saMskRtinuM mUlyAMkana karyuM" hatu te ja buddhithI te bhAratIya paraMparAnI kSatie paNa cIMdhI Ape che. anya dharmonA abhyAsa ane pazcimanA saMskArAthI ghaDAyelI svataMtra jIvanadRSTinI mahda vaDe gAMdhIjI bhAratIya paraMparAne eka navI dizAmAM vALe che. e sAdhanA aMgenuM emanuM prayAgAtmaka dRSTibiMdu maganalAla gAMdhIne lakhelA eka patramAM emaNe spaSTa karyu" che : "ApaNe mahAprayAsamAM paDacA chIe. tattvajJAnanI zeAdha karIe chIe. kaMI navuM zeAdhIe chIe ema nathI kahetA. paNa te jJAna je mANasa peAtAnuM karavA mAge tenAM raheNIkaraNI kevAM hAvAM joIe te ApaNe ajamAvIe chIe. ghaNAM varSothI caDhelI UdhaI dUra karavA mAgIe chIe."41 kAI kAI patramAM gAMdhIjIe e mahAprayAsanI kaThinatAnuM tAdaza daza na karAvyu che. svAdendriya jItavAnA eka kaSTadAyaka anubhavanuM varNana karatAM gAMdhIjI lakhe che : "Adu kema khavAya ? kUNAM mULiyAM khAvAM e teA kumaLAM bALakane mArI nAkhyA barAbara thayuM. mArI potAnI upara tiraskAra chUTachyo. meM nA pADI...paNa jIbha ne AMkha kUtarAM che. AMkha jue che tyAre Adu levAnI icchA thAya che. jIbha talapI rahe che. paNu eThA upara talapatuM kUtaru' jema dhaNIne joIne eThuM levAnI hiMmata paNa nathI karI zakatu

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[ ra77 pra. 6] gAMdhIjI tema AtmArAma te jue che tethI jIbha te AdAne nathI aDakI zakatI."42 pitAnI zreyayAtrAmAM kastUrabA, putro ne bIjAM svajanone bhAgIdAra banAvavAnI gAMdhIjInI abhilASAe emane khUba kaleza karAvyo hato, ane A samayanA keTalAka patramAM e kalezanI vedanA tAdaza joI zakAya che.43 4. "hinda svarAja' 1909mAM dakSiNa AphrikAnI hiMdI kema vatI DepyuTezananA sabhya tarIke gAMdhIjI laMDana gayA hatA tyAM temaNe eDavarDa kArapenTaranuM 'sivilizana, iTsa kojha eNnDa kora e pustaka vAMcyuM ane keTalAka samayathI emanA manamAM je vicAro ghoLAI rahyA hatA temaNe cakkasa ane spaSTa AkAra lIdho. laMDanamAM rahetA keTalAka viplavavAdI bhAratIya yuvAne sAthe gAMdhIjIe e vicAre caryA ane "hiMda svarAja'mAM e carcAono vAcaka-adhipati vacce saMvAda rUpe sAra Apyo. vaLatI musApharI daramiyAna "killonana kAsala" AgaboTa upara emaNe e pustikA lakhI ane "InDiyana opiniyana'nA tA. 11-12-1909 tathA 18-12-1909nA aMkamAM be hapta chApI. bhaviSyanA garbhamAM daSTi: hiMda svarAja'ne viSaya hato bhAratane kevuM svarAja khape ane te kevI rIte siddha karavuM, ane pahelI najare rAjakIya jaNAtA e viSayanI carcAmAM gAMdhIjIe mAnavajIvana tathA saMskRti vize keTalAka mULabhUta prazno UbhA karyA che je Aje paNa aneka ciMtakone mUMjhavI rahyA che. ogaNIsamI sadInA yuropamAM jhaDapathI vadhI rahelI audyogika samRddhi, vistarI raheluM akSarajJAna, aneka rUpe phelAI raheluM sAhityasarjana ane sarva prajAomAM pracAra tathA pratiSThA pAmI rahelI lokazAhInI bhAvanA, A sarva mAnavajAtane kALakrame bhautika, bauddhika ne naitika unnatine zikhare pahoMcADaze evI zraddhA vyApaka banI rahI hatI. anavarata pragatinI A mAnyatAne prathama vizvayuddha pahelo AghAta Apyo. e yuddhanAM anivArya pariNAma AvyAM nAjhIvAda, phAsIvAda ne rUAlInazAI sAmyavAdanA udayamAM, ane e ghaTanAoe aneka ciMtake ne sAhityakAromAM audyogika samAjanAM naitika ne sAMskRtika pariNAmo vize UMDI zaMkAo prerI. vijJAnanI zodhoe mAnavanA hAthamAM amaryAda bhautika sattA mUkI che, paNa e sattAne sadupayoga karavAnI zaktino enAmAM bilakula vikAsa thayo nathI e have spaSTa banI cUkyuM che. "hiMda svarAja' lakhAyuM tyAre audyogika saMskRtinAM A pariNAmo bhaviSyanA garbhamAM hatAM ane e saMskRti mANasajAta mATe eka gaMbhIra samasyArUpa banI jaze enI bhAgye ja koIne kalpanA hatI. mAphasa jevA

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208 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ zra'. 4 je ciMtakAe Adhunika samRddhinA pAyAmAM rahelI zASaNakhorIne joI hatI te paNa mAnavajIvananI a Mtima unnati mATe audyogika vikAsa upara zraddhA rAkhatA hatA. bhAratanA samagra zikSita varga e saMskRtinI khAdya siddhiothI aMjAI gayA hatA ane rASTravAdIonA mavALa te jahAla banne pakSAnA uddeza bhAratane Adhunika audyogika rASTra banAvavAnA ane dezamAM iMgleMDanA jevI lokazAhI sthApavAnA hatA. hiMda svarAja'mAM gAMdhIjIe A vicArapravAhanA ugra virAdha karyo. emane lAgyuM hatu N. "jo hiMdustAna aMgrejI prajAnI nakala karetA hi MdustAna pAyamAla thaI jAya...(pR. 22). iMglaeNMDanI leAkazAhI mAtra dekhAvanI hatI, vAstavamAM pArlImenTa pakSIya ne vIya hitAnuM sAdhana ja hatI. meATAM kArakhAnAM ne khANAmAM kAma karatA majUrAnI dazA 'jAnavara karatAM paNa halakI'' thaI paDI hatI (pR. 25). relave, tAra ityAdi sAdhane! duSTatA vadhArI rahyAM hatAM, kAraNa ke sArA vicAra phelAya che tenAthI kharAba vicArA ghaNI vadhAre jhaDapathI phelAya che. adAlatA ne vakIlA lekAmAM jhaghaDAo vadhArI rahyAM hatAM ane hospiTale mANasane tenI bekALajInAM pariNAmarUpa rAgAmAMthI bacAvI asaMyamI jIvanane uttejana ApI rahI hatI. paraMtu gAMdhIjInI dRSTie arvAcIna saMskRtinuM kharuM aniSTa e hatuM ke te hiranI zAdhAmAM ne zarIrasukhamAM sArthaka ane puruSArtha mAne che" ane mANasane dharma ne IzvarathI vimukha banAve che. gAMdhIjI kabUla kare che ke dharmamAM paNa pAkhaMDa hatuM, paNa te pAkhaMDa samaju mANasA joI zakatA, jyAre arvAcIna saMskRti, jene gAMdhIjI "sudhArA" kahe che, tenI "khUkhI e che ke mANasA sAruM mAnIne emAM jha MpalAve che...sudhArA te uMdaranI jema phUMkIne phAlI khAya che" (pR. 34). Aveza ane sa'digdhatA : A vicAreA upara AvatAM gAMdhIjIne UMDA maneAma thanamAMthI pasAra thavuM paDayuM hatuM, kAraNa ke e temanA potAnA ja bhUtakALanA vicArAnI sAme baLavArUpa hatA. eTale teo * hi Mda svarAja 'nI prastAvanAmAM lakhe che: "jyAre mArAthI nathI rahevAyuM tyAre ja meM lakhyuM che. bahu vAMcyuM, bahu vicAryuM che...je mArA vicAra chevaTanA lAgyA te vAMcanAranI pAse mUkavA e mArI pharaja samo," Ama hiMda svarAja'mAM gAMdhIjI peAtAnA mAsika bhUtakALa sAthenA saMbaMdha kAyamane mATe tADI rahyA hatA, tethI emanA vicArAnI rajUAta svAbhAvika rIte thADI AvezabharI banI che ane emanA Azayane aspaSTa banAve che. pustikA vAMcatAM pahelI najare evI chApa paDe che

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pra. 6 ] gAMdhIjI [ ra79 ke gAMdhIjI arvAcIna saMskRtine sadaMtara asvIkAra karI bhAratamAM madhyayugI jIvanasthiti ne mAnasa sthAyI karavA mAge che, ane tethI hiMda svarAja vizene temane Adarza ane tene siddha karavAne emaNe sUcavelo kAryakrama emanA jIvanakALa daramiyAna sarva koIne, emanI mahAnatAne oLakhanAra sarvaprathama bhAratIya netA gopALa kRSNa gokhalene paNa, taraMgI lAgyo hato. gAMdhIjInI rajUAtamAM eka saMdigdhatA e AvI gaI che ke emane kharo udeza arvAcIna audyogika ne pUrva-audyogika saMskRtio vacceno bheda nirUpavAno hatuM, paraMtu "hiMda svarAja'mAM te pazcimanI saMskRti ne bhAratIya saMskRti vacce bheda banI gayo che. kharo sudhAre zuM che e samajAvatAM teo kahe che ke "je sudhAre hiMdustAne batAvyo che tene duniyAmAM kaMI ja pahoMcI zake tema nathI. hiMdI sudhArAnuM valaNa nIti daDha karavA tarapha che; pazcimanA sudhArAnuM valaNa anIti daDha karavA tarapha che, tethI tene sudhAro kahyo. pazcimane sudhAro nirIzvarI che, hiMdI sudhAre sezvarI che." eTale gAMdhIjIne Agraha che ke "hiMdanA hitecchuoe hiMdI sudhArAne jema bALaka mAne vaLagI rahe tega vaLagI rahevuM ghaTe che" (pR. 55-8). hakIkatamAM gAMdhIjIne virodha pazcima sAme nahi, paNa pazcimanI Adhunika audyogika saMskRti sAme che. "hiMda svarAja'mAM rajU karelA vicAro emanA manamAM AkAra laI rahyA hatA e arasAmAM eca. esa. ela. pilaka upara lakhelA patramAM gAMdhIjI spaSTa kahe che ke "pAzcAtya ke yuropiyana saMskRti jevI koI cIja nathI, paNa eka Adhunika saMskRti astitvamAM che, je pUrepUrI jaDavAdI che. Adhunika saMskRtinI asara taLe AvyA te pahelAM yuropanA lake ane pUrvanA leke, kamamAM kama hiMdanA leke, vacce ghaNI bAbatamAM sarakhApaNuM hatuM."44 bhAratIya samAjanAM dUSaNo pratye paNa gAMdhIjI sajAga che ane hiMda svarAja'mAM kahe che ke "ApaNane je na jusso Avyo che tene ApaNe te khAmIo dUra karavAmAM vAparI zakIe chIe" (pR. 59). dharmaguruone je "sadbuddhi na Ave te," teo kahe che. "aMgrejI keLavaNIthI je utsAha ApaNane Avyo che te utsAha vAparI ApaNe lekene nItinI keLavaNI ApI zakIe chIe" (pR. 94) ane upasaMhAra karatAM aMgrejone vinaMtI rUpe gAMdhIjI kahe che ke teo je temane sudhAre, "je kudhAre che, tene choDI hiMdustAnamAM rahe te "tamArI pAsethI amAre keTaluMka zIkhavAnuM che te zIkhIzuM, ane amArI pAsethI tamAre ghaNuM zIkhavAnuM che te tame zIkhazo." paNa, gAMdhIjI umere che, "te te jyAre ApaNuM saMbaMdhanI jaDa dharmakSetramAM nakhAya tyAre ja bane" (pR. 104). dharmane artha, gAMdhIjI kahe che, hiMdu, musalamAna ke jarathostI evA

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280 ]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 dharmasaMpradAya nahi "paNa e badhA dharmamAM je dharma rahyo che te.." (pR. 32). evA sanAtana dharmanuM svarUpa kevuM hoya tenI gAMdhIjIe carcA karI nathI, paNa tenI spaSTa jhAMkhI temane thaI gaI che ane temAM ja "hiMda svarAja'nI preraNuM rahelI che. "dharma keLavaNI"ne "nItikeLavaNIne gAMdhIjIe paryAya zabda tarIke vAparyA che (pR. 93), eTale emanI daSTie dharma eTale nIti. paraMtu nIti eTale mAtra sAmAjika AcAranuM pAlana nahi. "sudhArA"nI vyAkhyA karatAM teo lakhe cheH "sudhAro e vatana che ke jethI mANasa pitAnI pharaja bajAve. pharaja bajAvavI te nIti pALavI e che. nIti pALavI e ApaNA manane tathA Idriyone vaza rAkhavI e che. ema karatAM ApaNe ApaNane oLakhIe chIe" (pR. 56). eTale ke gAMdhIjInI daSTie je prakAranA jIvanavyavahArathI AtmajJAna thAya, mANasane pitAnAmAM rahelA daivI aMzanuM jJAna thAya, te nIti athavA temanI kalpanAne sArvatrika, jAgatika ke sanAtana dharmI. "AtmakathAnI prastAvanAmAM paNa teo lakhe cheH "AtmAnI daSTie pALelI nIti te dharma." bhAratIya saMskRti upara gAMdhIjIne pakSapAta che kAraNa teNe haMmezAM mAnavajIvananA A AdhyAtmika dhyeyane dRSTi samakSa rAkhyuM che, ane "hiMda svarAja'mAM gAMdhIjIne uddeza pazcimamAMthI bhautikatAne pavana vAI rahyo hate tene aTakAvI dezane A paraMparAgata jIvanaAdarzanI punaHpratiSThA karavAne hate. sAdhanazuddhine Agraha : sAdhana-sAdhyanI carcAmAM A vAta spaSTa thaI jAya che. AtaMkavAdIo TAMchavAyAM khUna karI pahelAM trAsa phelAvavAnI ane pachI gerIlA laDAI calAvI aMgrejone mArI haThAvavAnI umeda rAkhatA. temane uttara ApatAM gAMdhIjI kahe che: "tamAro vicAra hiMdanI pavitra bhUmine rAkSasI banAvavAne lAge che" (pR. 66). sAdhana, gAMdhIjI kahe che, bIja che, sAdhya e vRkSa che, ane saMtAnane bhajIne IzvarabhajananuM phaLa meLavavuM e na bane (pR. 8). eTale ke hiMsArUpI bIjamAM AtmajJAnanuM vRkSa na UgI zake. "ApaNI upara ApaNe rAjya bhogavIe" - upaniSadanA upadeza pramANe vivekabuddhirUpI sArathi dvArA iMdrirUpI gheDAne ane manarUpI lagAmane vazamAM rAkhIe - "te ja svarAja che." ane te svarAja evuM che ke "tame cAkhyA pachI bIjAne tene svAda ApavA tarapha tamArI jiMdagI paryata yatna karaze" (pR. 61). evuM svarAja siddha karavuM hoya te aMgrejo sAthenA vyavahAramAM paNa bhAratanI prajAe e Adarzane amala karavo joIe. eTale ke aMgrejo sAthe yuddha karavAne badale temanI sAthe asahakAra karavo, temane kahI devuM: "tame nahIM Ape te ame tamArA arajadAra nahIM rahIe. ame arajadAra hoIzuM te tame bAdazAha raheze. ame tamArI sAthe

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x. $] gAMdhIjI [ 201 ramavAnA nathI." "A Lane," gAMdhIjI lakhe che, yAbaLa kaheA, AtmabaLa kaheA, ke satyAgraha kaheA. te baLa avinAzI che te te baLa vAparanAra peAtAnI sthiti kharAbara samajanArA che" (pR. 73-4). AvA asahakAranI preraNA premamAM rahelI che, ane prema e ja jIvananI mULabhUta vAstavikatA che. "duniyAmAM ATalA badhA mANusA haju che e jaNAve che ke duniyAnuM baMdhAraNu hathiyArabaLa upara nathI, paNa satya, dayA ke AtmabaLa upara che... hArA balke lAkhA mANase premavaza rahI peAtAnuM jIvana gujare che, karADA kuTu kheAnA kalezanA samAveza premabhAvanAmAM thaI jAya che. seMkaDA prajA saMpathI rahelI che tenI noMdha 'hisTarI' letI nathI, 'hisTarI' laI paNa na zake. jyAre A yAnA, premaneA ke satyane pravAha rAkAya che, temAM bhaMgANa paDe che, tyAre ja tenI noMdha tavArIkhe caDe che" (pR. 77). jIvananI A mULabhUta zakti dvArA meLaveluM svarAja te ja, gAMdhIjInI dRSTie, kharuM svarAja, evA svarAjamAM ja bhAratanI paraMparAgata .. AdhyAtmika bhAvanA vikase ane samRddha thAya. "tevuM svarAja levA khAtara," pustikAne a Mte gAMdhIjI lakhe che, "A deha arpaNu che, ema mana sAkSI pUre che" (pR. 109). bhAratapremI kavinuM svapna: hiMda svarAja' e 'sarasvatInA maneArAjya' jevuM eka bhAratapremI kavinuM svapna che, ane enA avyavahAru lAgatA vicAro ne kAryakramanI pAchaLa Adhunika yugamAM bhAratIya para purAnA navasaMskaraNa ne navasarjananuM, gAvanarAmanA jevuM, eka uccagrAhI darzana dhvanita thAya che. e kavinanuM mAdhyama rAjiMdA vyavahAranI bhASA che. gAmaThI gaNAya evA keTalAya zabdaprayAgA chatAM evI bhASAmAM gAMdhIjI eka ciraMjIva kavisvapnanI jhAMkhI karAvI zakayA che e gadyakAra tarIkenI emanI eka meATI siddhi che. pa. 1915 thI 1930nAM lakhANA viSayA ane vANI : dakSiNa AphrikAmAM gAMdhIjInI jAhera pravRttine mukhya uddeza hiMdI kAmanA svamAnanuM ne nAgarika hakAnuM rakSaNa karavAnA hatA ane sAmAjika unnatinuM dhyeya gauNa hatuM. bhAratamAM gAMdhIjInuM dhyeya prajAjIvananI sarvAMgI unnatinuM hatuM ane tethI 1915 pachInAM emanAM lakhANA ne bhASaNAnA viSayeA rAjakIya hatA te karatAM vadhu zaikSaNika, sAmAjika, Arthika ne dhArmika hatA. zarUAtamAM gAMdhIjIe rASTrIya zikSaNa ne svadezIne agrasthAna ApyuM, ane sana 1920mAM asahakAranI laData zarU thatAM hiMdu-musalamAna ekatA, khAdI, aspRzyatAnivAraNa, strIunnati ne samAjasudhArAnA viSayA umerAyA. A badhAM lakhANA ne bhASaNeAmAM gAMdhIjIneA uddeza pracArAtmaka ke upadezAtmaka hatA, tApaNu emanI

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282] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 vANImAM eka jIvaMta vyaktitvanI hAjarI anubhavAya che ane tethI e lakhANe ne bhASaNe gAMdhIjInA AMtarika vikAsanA abhyAsamAM upayogI sAmagrI pUrI pADe che. bhArata ne bhAratanI janatA mATe prema gAMdhIjInI vANIne baLa Apato rahyo. dezanI unnati vizenA emanA vicAra sAmAnya pravAhathI viruddha dizAmAM vahetA, paraMtu temanA aMtarane bharI rahelI prasannatAe emane e vicAra Avezarahita, namra, saujanyabharI vANImAM rajU karavAnI zakti ApI ane lokazikSaNanI eka navI zailI pragaTAvI. svabhASA-svadeza-premaH sane 1917mAM bharUcamAM maLelI bIjI gujarAtI keLavaNI pariSadanA pramukha sthAnethI4pane godharAmAM pahelI gujarAta rAjakIya pariSadanA pramukha sthAnethI gAMdhIjIe ApelAM bhASaNo emanI navI zailInI zikSaNavANInA uttama namUnAo banyA che. sarakArI ne binasarakArI sarva stare aMgrejInuM prabhutva sAmAnya prajA ne zikSita varga vacce bhedanI dIvAla UbhI karI taMdurasta rASTrIya bhAvanAnA vikAsane avarodhI rahyuM hatuM, tethI keLavaNu pariSadanA pramukhasthAnethI temaNe zaikSaNika kSetre mAtRbhASAnI ne rASTrabhASA tarIke hiMdInI. AgrahabharI paNa vinayI himAyata karI. rAjakIya pariSadanuM bhASaNa gAMdhIjInA svadezapremamAM rahelo kavidarzanane aMza pragaTa kare che. govardhanarAmanI zraddhAnuM punarucAraNa karatA hoya tema teo kahe che: "ApaNI sabhyatAne samudranA pANI jema bharatIoTa thayAM che. paNa te samudranI jema acaLa rahela che. ApaNA dezamAM taddana svataMtra rahevA jevI tamAma sAmagrI che; temAM mahAna parvata che, nadIo che, temAM bhAre sRSTiauMdarya che, tenAM saMtAne mahAparAkramano vAraso mUkI gayAM che. A mulaka tapazcaryAne bhaMDAra che. ahIM ja sarva dharmo sAthe rahe che, ahIM ja sarva devatAne mAne apAya che. AvI sAmagrIo chatAM je ApaNe aMgrejI prajAne ApaNI sAtvika pravRttithI na jItI zakIe te ApaNe ApaNA vArasAne lajavIzuM."47 sAttvika pravRtti dvArA prajAjIvananI sarvAgI unnatinuM gAMdhIjInuM kalpanAcitra eTaluM ja kavitvamaya hatuM : "vasaMtanI bahAra khIle che tyAre dareka jhADamAM tenI chAyA paDe che, navayauvana AkhI bhUmine vize jovAmAM Ave che, tema ja jyAre ApaNe svarAjarUpI vasaMta RtumAM praveza karatA hoIzuM tyAre keI AvI caDelo musAphara dareka sthaLe navayauvana bhALaze. aneka prakAranI sArvajanika pravRttiomAM prajAnA sevake pitAnI zakti anusAra aneka kAryomAM rokAyelA jovAmAM Avaze."48 sAptAhiko: aMgrejI-gujarAtI abhivyakti: be varSa pachI jyAre

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pra. 6] gAMdhIjI [28 gAMdhIjI rAleMTa eNkaTa viruddhanA rASTrIya AMdolananA netA banI gayA tyAre satyAgrahanA siddhAMtA anusAra prAmata keLavavA temaNe tA. 7-9-1919thI 'navajIvana' ane 8-10-1919thI 'ya'ga inDiyA' peAtAnA taMtrIpade zarU karyAM, sAptAhikAnA uddeza mAtra rAjakIya nahotA. rAjakIya praznonI carcA dvArA gAMdhIjI prajAne satya ne ahiMsAnA siddhAMtAmAM keLavavA icchatA hatA. A siddhAMtA mAtra tarka buddhinA nirNayA nahI' paNa hRdayanA saMskAra hatA, ane tethI gAMdhIjI aMgrejImAM siddhahasta lekhaka hAvA chatAM pahelethI ja joI zakayA hatA ke aMgrejI karatAM mAtRbhASA gujarAtI dvArA teo e siddhAntA prajA samakSa vadhu sAcA svarUpamAM mUkI zakaze. gujarAtImAM lakhavAnuM pasaMda karavAnuM kAraNa samajAvatAM teo kahe che: "mAre hindanI sevA karavI che tA. huM IMgrejI bhASAmAM ja mArA AtmA kema na reDa. evA kAI prazna uThAve tA huM kahevA icchuM chuM ke janma ane karmathI gujarAtI hAI huM gujarAtanA jIvanamAM AtAta thaI jAuM tA ja huM hindanI zuddha sevA karI zakuM." ."49 gujarAtI dvArA peAtAnA AtmA reDavAmAM gAMdhIjI eTalA saphaLa rahyA ke aMgrejI karatAM gujarAtImAM teo hamezAM hRdayanA vadhu UMDA starathI ne vAcakanI sAthe vadhu AtmIyabhAvathI lakhatA jaNAya che, ane rAjakIya jhaMjhAvAtAnI vacce kAI kAI vAra emanAM aMgrejI lakhANeAmAM puNyapradeApanA Avege UchaLI Ave che athavA vyagratA ke nirAzAnA sUra saMbhaLAya che tyAre gujarAtImAM emanI kalama bhAgye ja kSubdha bane che. AkAra letA vicArAnu Alekhana lekhaka tarIke gAMdhIjInuM badhuM dhyAna emane je kahevAnu hoya che tenA para kendrita thayelu hAya che. eTale sAmAnya rIte emanAM lakhANeAmAM ApaNe je joIe chIe te emanA pUrA ghaDAyelA, baMdhAyelA vicArA. paraMtu keAI prasaMga ke dRzyamAMthI vicAro UgatA heAya ane AkAra laI rahyA hoya evA anubhaveAnuM paNa gAMdhIjI varNana karI zake che. 1919 thI 1922nA gALAnA, 'paMjAbane patra' lekhamALA50, 'vicAramaya jIvana'51, 'gujarAtIonepara, 'madhurI ne puSpApa, AsAmanA anubhava' lekhamALA54, patita baheneApapa, vagere lekhAne A prakAra nA gaNAvI zakAya. 'paMjAbane patra' lekhamALAmAM gAMdhIjIe jaliyAnavALA bAganA hatyAkAMDa pachI te pajAbanI musApharIe gayA hatA tyAM janatAe - vizeSe strIee - emanA para je prema varasAvyA hatA tenuM utsAhabharyuM" varNana karyuM che ane e premanA anubhave prerelI zuddha namratAnI lAgaNI pragaTa karI che. vicAramaya jIvana' eka nAnAsarakhA nibaMdha banyA che. temAM je gADAmAM peAte musApharI karI

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284] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca', 4 rahyA hatA tenA hAMkanAra baLadezane AravALA parANAthI trAsa ApatA hatA te joI 'ApaNuM jIvana kevuM vicArazUnya ne dhyAnya che" tenuM thayeluM bhAna ane svarAja mATe keTalI AtmazuddhinI jarUra che tenA vicAra vyakta thayAM che. 'gujarAtIene e lekhamAM siMdhI bhAIenA premane gujarAtanA prema sAthe sarakhAvI gAMdhIjI gujarAtanI hiMdustAna pratyenI pharajanA vicAra kare che. 'madhurI ne puSpA' e premALa khAlikAne gAMdhIjI temanAM ghareNAM dAnamAM ApI devA samajAve che temanI sAthenA saMvAda che, 'AsAmanA anubhava'mAM AsAmanA sRSTisauMdarya ne tyAMnI strIonA kaLAkauzalanuM umaLakAbharyuM varNana che, jayAre patita baheneA'mAM vaizyAonA eka DepyuTezana sAthe thayelI saujanya ne mAnavatAbharI vAtacItanA sAra che. vAcakanI sAthe mitrabhAve vAtacIta karatA hAya evI rIte lakhAyelA A lekhA ne saMvAda gAMdhIjInI kalamanI eka aNuvikasita rahelI sarjakazaktinI sAkSI pUre che. navapallavita saja katAnAM phaLa 1922mAM gAMdhIjInI dharapakaDa thaI tyAre chellA keTalAka samayathI teo aMgrejI rAjya pratye puNyaprApanI, aMtyajo taraphanI "hiMduM DAyarAhI' mATe vyagratAnI, ane asahakAranA racanAtmaka kAryakramano niSphaLatAne lIdhe nirAzAnI je lAgaNI anubhavatA hatA tenA taNAvamAMthI te mukta thayA ane AtmanirIkSaNa karatAM mRdutA ane namratA preratA satyanuM darzana emane thayu. mRhutA ane niraMhatAne A anubhava emane mATe sarjanapreraka banI rahyo. e anubhavanA AnaMda te enI camatkRti, gAMdhIjImAM rahelA kavitvane praphullita kare che ane te have gujarAtImAM, emanA premakAmaLa hRdayanI saMvedanazIlatA, emanI utkaTa sevAbhAvanA ne bhaktivinamratAnI vAcakane ullAsapUrNa jhAMkhI karAvatI, zAMta gatithI vahetA nirmaLa jharAnI yAda karAve evI prAsAdikatA dharAvatI gadyazailI siddha kare che. 1923 thI 30 daramiyAna lakhAyela dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahane itihAsa', 'AtmakathA', 'anAsakti yeAga'nI prastAvanA ane 'magaLaprabhAta'nA pravacanalekhAmAM e gadyazailIne uccatama unmeSa pragaTa thayeA che, ane te uparAMta A samayagALAnA khIjA keTalAya chUTAchavAyA lekheAmAM paNa gAMdhIjInI navaprApta satyadaSTinI madhuratA vAcakanA hRdayane kAI agamya rIte spazI jAya che. gAMdhIjInI satyadRSTine mRdu banAvavAmAM emanI rAmaktinA mahattvanA phALA hatA. bALapaNamAM vavAyelA rAmabhaktinA khIjane pAchaLathI rAmaritamAnasa'nA vAyane peAdhyuM, paraMtu e rIte UgelA cheADa upara puSpa AvatAM varSo nIkaLI gayAM.

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pra. 6] gAMdhIjI * [285. 'navajIvananA 5-6-1924nA aMkamAM "premano abhAva ke Ubharo' e nAmanA lekhamAM pahelI vAra e puSpanI madhuratA anubhavAya che. "rAma to," gAMdhIjI lakhe che, "mAre ghera AvyA che ane e "rAmane huM bhaMgImAM ne brAhmaNamAM jouM chuM, tethI baMnene vaMdana karuM chuM." 56 eka varSa pachI lakhelA "rAmanAma mahimA" lekhamAM pate pahelI vAra rAmanAmane prabhAva anubhavyo hato e prasaMganuM gAMdhIjIe bhaktibharyuM varNana karyuM che. rAmanAmathI emanuM hRdaya kevuM praphullita thaI UThatuM enA keTalAya ulekha A pachInAM gAMdhIjInAM gujarAtI ne aMgrejI lakhANe ne bhASAmAM maLe che. gujarAtI karatAMya aMgrejImAM e ullekho vadhu kavitvamaya che.pa8 sana 1925mAM kanyAkumArInA sauMdaryadarzanamAMthI gAMdhIjIe dharmabhAvanAnI preraNa meLavI hatI te paNa rAmakathAnA saMskArane AbhArI haze ane e ja saMskAre, kadAca, gAMdhIjI tyAgazIla strIo pratye UMDI bhakti anubhavatA ane svaicchika vaidhavyane hiMdudharmano zaNagAra mAnatA, tyAgamUrtipa, ane "gaM.sva. vAsaMtIdevI"0 e be lekhe gAMdhIjInI A saMskAradaSTinAM uttama udAharaNa che. joke gAMdhIjInA hiMdusaMskAramAM arvAcIna mUlyo paNa bhaLyAM che ane tethI temanI strIbhakti emane baLAtkAre paLAvelA vaidhavyanI AkarI TIkA karavA prere che. 61 gAMdhIjInI navapallavita sarjakatAnAM sAhityika daSTie uttama phaLa AvyAM dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahane itihAsa" ane "AtmakathAmAM. e be kRtiomAM emaNe satyAgrahanA prathama prayoganI ane emanI satyadaSTi tathA ahiMsAbhAvanAnA vikAsanI kathA AlekhI che. e kathAnA AlekhanamAM itihAsakAranI svasthatA ne taTasthatAnI sAthe eka mahAna satyanA darzanano ullAsa bhaLyo che. vajhavartha kahe che tema kAvyasarjananI preraNA kavinA UrmivegonI enA svastha cittamAM thatI smRtimAM - emotion recollected in tranquilitymAM - heya che. kAvyanA e arthamAM gAMdhIjInI bane kRtio kAvya che. bALapaNamAM corInI kabUlAta karatI ciThThI pitAnA hAthamAM mUkI hatI te prasaMge pitAne thayelA duHkhanuM varNana karatAM gAMdhIjI "AtmakathAmAM lakhe che: "huM citAro houM te e citra Aje saMpUrNatAe AlekhI zakuM"(pR. 24). temanA A dAvAmAM kaI atizayokti nathI. bhUtakALanI smRtine zabdabaddha karavAnI gAMdhIjImAM asAdhAraNa zakti che enI dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahano itihAsa ane "AtmakathA' e bane kRtio sAkSI pUre che. paraMtu bhAratIya paraMparAmAM draSTA karatAM darzananuM vadhAre mahatva che ane e paraMparAmAM ghaDAyelA gAMdhIjInA mAnasane bhUtakALanI kathAmAM e kathA mATe, abhivyaktinA AnaMda mATe, rasa nathI. je satyanI emaNe jhAMkhI karI che te

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286 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [gra'. 4 atimUlyavAna che, samagra mAnavajAtane upakAraka che, e zraddhAe emane peAtAnA anubhave prajA samakSa mUkavA preryA che. bhUtakALane gAMdhIjIe nirata bhAvathI jovAne ane nirUpavAnA prayatna karyo che, ane tethI e kathA lakhavAnI kriyA jAte ja, gAMdhIjI mATe, eka satyanA prayAga banyA che. bhUtakALanu' A Alekhana emanA AMtarika vikAsanI dRSTie gAMdhIjI mATe atiupakAraka banI rahe che. peAtAnA jIvanamAM eka mahattvanuM satya pragaTa thayuM che e bhAvane zabdabaddha karyAM chI emanuM hRdaya bhUtakALanA prabhAvamAMthI mukta thatuM jaNAya che; kSaNekSaNe atIta anatA vamAnane bhUlI tee navA sarjAtA vata mAnamAM vavAnI kaLA zIkhe che ane nitya navIna satyanI anubhUtinA adhikArI bane che. 6. 'dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahano itihAsa' prayAjana : yaravaDAnA jenivAsa daramiyAna gAMdhIjIe 26-11-1923nA divase dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahanA itihAsa' lakhavAnuM zarU karyAM. ane tenAM prakaraNeA navajIvananA 13-4-1924thI 22-11-1925 sudhInana akAmAM chapAyAM. gAMdhIjInI dharapakaDa pachI asahakAranuM AMdolana maMda paDI gayuM hatuM, paraMtu e dezavyApI hatAzAnA vAtAvaraNamAM paNa satyAgrahanI zakti vizenI gAMdhIjInI zraddhA acaLa rahI hatI. dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgraha e prakAranA AMdolananA prathama prayAga hatA, eTalu' ja nahIM paNa gAMdhIjInI daSTae te saMpUrNa saphaLa nIvaDayo hatA. eTale e laDatanA itihAsa dvArA gAMdhIjI satyAgraha uparanI peAtAnI zraddhAnuM punaruccAraNa kare che. pustakanI prastAvanAmAM teo lakhe che : "e itihAsanAM smaraNeA uparathI huM jouM chuM ke, ApaNI AjanI sthitimAM eka paNa vastu evI nathI ke jene anubhava nAnA pAyA upara dakSiNa AphrikAmAM mane na thayeA heAya. AraMbhanA e ja utsAha, e ja saMpa, e ja Agraha, madhyamAM e ja nirAzA, e ja aNagamA, ApasaApasamAM jhaghaDA, dveSAdi, tema chatAM mUThIbhara lAkAmAM avicaLa zraddA, dRDhatA, tyAga, sahiSNutA tema ja aneka prakAranI dhArelIaNudhArelI musIbatA. hiMdanI laDataneA aMtima kALa bAkI che. e atima kALanI huM tA je sthiti dakSiNa AphrikAmAM anubhavI cUkayo chuM, tenI ja AzA ahIM paNa rAkhuM chuM." gAMdhIjInA Azaya dakSiNa AphrikAnI laDatanAM A bharatI-oTa nirUpavAnA che, jethI bhAratamAM cAlI rahelI laDatanAM bharatI-eTa prajA yeAgya paripekSyamAM joI zake ane satyAgrahanA aMtima vijaya vize peAtAnI zraddhA TakAvI rAkhI zake. / . sAhityika itihAsagraMtha : dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahanA itihAsa e mAtra rAjakIya banAvAnA kramabaddha itihAsa nathI, e itihAsa dvArA gAMdhI

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pra. 6 ] gAMdhIjI [ 287 jIe satyAgrahanI kalpanAnA udbhava te vikAsa AlekhyAM che. satyAgrahanI kalpanAnA vikAsa e anubhava ne ciMtananI eka jIvaMta prakriyA che, ane gAMdhIjInI kalama e prakriyAnI mukhya rekhAete spaSTa karI Ape e rIte bhUtakALanuM punaHsarjana karI zakI che. satyAgrahanA siddhAMtA, prasa MgA ne pAtrAnA nirUpaNamAMthI svAbhAvika rIte phalita thatA hAya e rIte emanI carcA kathApravAhamAM vaNI levAI che ane tethI itihAsakathA dastAvejI itihAsa maTI anubhavakathA banI che. vaLI asa`khya rAjakIya ne kAnUnI hakIkatA ne vigatAmAMthI gAMdhIjIe peAtAnuM dRSTibiMdu spaSTa karI Ape eTalI ja hakIkatA te vigatA, ane te kathAnA rasapravAhane askhalita rAkhe e rIte, ApI che. kathAmAM bhAga letAM pAtrAnAM TUMkAM paNa rasaprada rekhAcitrA ApyAM che, prasaMgApAtta sacATa saMvAdo ApyA che ane laDatanA itihAsa evI rIte AlekhyA che ke teneA aMta AdinA svAbhAvika pariNAma rUpe dekhAya. gAMdhIjInI A AlekhanarItie dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahane itihAsa'ne eka sAhityakRti gaNI zakAya evA - gujarAtImAM kadAca ekamAtra - itihAsagraMtha banAvyA che. - bhUmi ane prajAnuM varNana pahelA prakaraNamAM dakSiNa AphrikAnAM bhaugAlika lakSaNNAnuM varNana karI gAMdhIjIe khIjAmAM jhUlu tathA kheAara prAnAM citra tathA hiMdIonA Agamana pahelAMnA rAjakIya itihAsa ApyA che. dakSiNa AphrikA peAtAnA ja deza hAya tema gAMdhIjIe ene premathI joyA ne varNavyA che. je prema ne kavidaSTithI emaNe dakSiNa AphrikAnI bhUmine joI che e ja prema ne kavidRSTithI gAMdhIjIe tyAMnA mULa vatanI jhUluene joyA che ane valaMdA ne aMgrejonA Agamana pachI emanI je avadazA thaI tenuM mAnavatApremabharI daSTithI nirUpaNa karyuM che. peAte ahiMsAnA pUjaka heAvA chatAM tathA kheAJara lokoe jhUlu prajAnA bhAge dakSiNa AphrikAmAM Adhipatya jamAvyuM hatuM ane emanI sAme ja hiMdI kAme cha varSa sudhI satyAgrahanI laData calAvI hatI chatAM gAMdhIjIe e prajAnI - vizeSe enI strIonI - vIratAnuM, tenA svAtaMtryapremanu ne mAtRbhASA pratyenI tenI bhaktinuM aheAbhAvapUrvaka varNana karyuM che. Ama je pradezamAM ne je prA vacce satyAgrahanI laData calAvavAmAM AvI hatI temanuM gAMdhIjIe vAcakanAM kalpanAcakSu samakSa sajIva citra upasAvyuM che ane e aparicita pradezamAM te prajAnI vacce vasatI hiMdI kAmanA citrane trIjuM parimANu baDhyuM che. hiMdI kAmanI kathA : laDatanAM bharatI-oTa H Ama vAcakanAM kalpanAcakSune jAgrata kare e rIte dakSiNa AphrikAMnI bhaugolika ne aitihAsika bhUmikA doryA pachI gAMdhIjIe hiMdI kAmanI kathA zarU karI che. trIjA prakaraNamAM kayA kayA vanA

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289 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ zra', 4 hiMdI kaI rIte ane kayA hetuthI dakSiNa AphrikA AvyA te hakIkatA ApyA pachI cothAthI sAtamA prakaraNa sudhImAM gAMdhIjIe hiMdI kAmanI musIbatenuM ane 1906nI sAlamAM satyAgrahanA nirNaya levAyA te pahelAM e musIbate nA nivAraNa mATenA hiMdI kAmanA baMdhAraNIya prayAseAnuM varNana karyuMM che. A itihAsa eka bAjuthI gArAomAM raMgadveSanI manevRtti keTalI UMDI hatI tene citAra Ape che, tA khIjI bAjuthI gAMdhIjInA mAnasamAM satya ne ahiMsA mATene Agraha keTalA tIvra hatA tenA khyAla Ave che, ane sAthe sAthe 1906mAM AvanArA satyAgrahanA niyanI bhUmikA bAMdhe che; e badhAraNIya prayAseAnI niSphaLatAmAMthI udbhavelI hatAzAe ja hiMdI kAmane rajisTrezana kAyadAnA bhaMga karavA, taTastha nirIkSakane maraNiyA lAge tevA, niNaeNya karavA prerI hatI. johAnisabarga nA empAyara thiyeTaramAM maLelI je sabhAmAM e nirNaya levAye tenuM vana, satyAgrahanA itihAsamAM vArApharatI AvatAM utsAhanAM bharatI-oTamAM pahelI bharatInuM varNana che. ekalA dakSiNa AphrikAnA ja nahIM paNa pAchaLathI bhAratanA ane te dvArA jagatanA itihAsane mahattvanA vaLAMka ApanAra satyAgrahanA zasranA udbhavatu gAMdhIjIe kareluM A varNana emanI kathanakaLAnu eka uttama udAharaNa banyuM che. traNa prakaraNAmAM paeNsiva resisTansa ne satyAgraha vaccenA bhedanI carcA tathA iMgleMDa gayelA DepyuDezananA vana pachI seALamA prakaraNamAM pharIthI utsAhanu pUra Ave che, ane krAmanI pAse paravAnA kaDhAvavA sarakAre karelA prayAseA, paravAnAnI oNphise AgaLa pikreTiMga karatA svayaMsevakeA, krAmamAM paDelI phATaphUTa, Disembara mAsamAM pahelA satyAgrahI pakaDAyA te pachI AvelI pakaDApakaDI - e badhAMnuM gAMdhIjIe eka vArtAlekhakanI kaLAthI varNana karyuM che. A pachI samAdhAnI, kAmamAM vikhavAda, janarala smaTse karelA vizvAsabhaMga, pharI satyAgraha, kAmacalAu samAdhAna, geAkhalenI mulAkAtathI kAyamI samAdhAnanI AzA, e AzAne bhaMga vageremAMthI pasAra thatI kathA 1913nA chevaTanA satyA graha sudhI paheAMce che. e satyAgrahanI zarUAta bahu utsAhajanaka naheAtI. paraMtu A chellI laData zarU thaI te pahelAM tAstAyaphA upara tAlIma pAmelI strIonI eka nAnI TukaDI laDatamAM joDAI ane thADA ja samayamAM vAtAvaraNa badalAI gayuM. " dakSiNa AphrikAnA hiMdI jAgyA. teonI nidrA bhAgI. temAM navuM cetana AvyuM jaNAyuM.' (pR. 265). sarakAre gAMdhIjIne pakaDacA ane laDatamAM joDAyelA khANamajUrA upara damananA dvAra chUTA mUkayA. atyAcArAnA samAcAra hiMdustAna paheAMcyA ane " pariNAme AkhuM hiMdustAna bhaDakI UThayuM." (pU. 292). chevaTe janarala smaTse namatuM jokhyu, tapAsa kamizana nimAyu,

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pra. 6] gAMdhIjI [289 : tenI bhalAmaNa hiMdIonI tarapheNamAM AvI ane hiMdIonI badhI mAgaNIo kabUla karavAmAM AvI. Ama, 1906mAM tharU thayelI laData bharatI-oTamAMthI pasAra thatI 1913nA aMta bhAgamAM eka pUranI jema anavarAdhya banI gaI ane hiMdI kemanA saMpUrNa vijayamAM pariNamI. vyakticitro: laDatanAM bharatI-oTanI sAthesAthe gAMdhIjIe enI sAthe saMkaLAyelI vyaktionA TUMkAM, premabhAva ke ahebhAvabharyA rekhAcitra deryA che te paNa itihAsakAne eka jivAyelI anubhavakathAnuM rUpa ApavAmAM madada kare che. "khetInI badhI AMTIghUMTIo" jANanAra ne "dheTAMnI parIkSAmAM kuzaLa" janarala bethA, jenI "AMkhamAMthI jyAre juo tyAre premane jharo ja jharata hAya" ane je "viduSI hovA chatAM gharanAM vAsaNa sudhdhAM pote ja sApha karatI" te oNliva zrAInara, jenA upara prema hovAthI devatAo ene "bharajuvAnImAM laI gayA hatA te, vinA pagAre gAMdhIjIne laMDanamAM kArakuna tarIke sevAo ApanAra "paraduHkhabhaMjana" aMgreja simaMsa ane soLa varSanI uMmare gAMdhIjInI ophisamAM TAIpisTa tarIke joDAI pitAnI kartavyaniSThAthI temanuM hRdaya jItI lenAra "pavitra bALA" ku. zlezinanAM rekhAcitro dezajAtinI sImAo oLaMgI jyAM dekhAya tyAM mAnavacAritrayanA umadA guNa oLakhavAnI gAMdhIjInI zaktinI sAkSI. pUre che. paraMtu gorA sahAyakamAMthI gAMdhIjInA hRdayamAM agrasthAna Doka kuTuMbanuM hatuM ane sana 1908nI samAdhAnIthI gusse thayelA paThANa mIra Alame gAMdhIjI upara humalo karyo tyAre e kuTuMbe emane potAne ghera rAkhI temanI premabharI sevA karI hatI tenA varNanamAM dareka vAgye gAMdhIjInA hRdayane kRtajJatAbhAva nItare che. hiMdIomAMthI gAMdhIjInA mananuM haraNa karanAra zeTha ahamada mahamada kAchaliyA, thaMbI nAyaDu, sorAbajI zApura aDAjaNiyA, zeTha dAuda mahamada ane temane "sphaTikamaNi samAna" hRdayane, nAnI uMmare kSayathI mRtyu pAmatAM tIvra IcchA chatAM satyAgrahamAM bhAga na laI zakanAra "amUlya dIkaro" hasana, pArasI rustamajI, ImAma sAheba bAvAjhIra, pI. ke. nAyaDu, satyAgrahamAM mRtyune bheTanAra yuvake nAgApana ne nArANasAmI tathA yuvatI vAliyAmA ne 75 varSane buDhDho harabatasiMga e sarvanAM gAMdhIjIe premabharyA AdarathI citre ApyAM che. sorAbajI aDAjaNiyA mATe te eka svataMtra prakaraNa rokayuM che, ane vAliyAmAM mATe gAMdhIjInA hRdayamAM bhakti ja UbharAya che. "paNa paththara ke cUnAne hela baMdhAo vA na baMdhAo, teo lakhe che, "vAliyAmAnI sevAne nAza nathI. e sevAne vhela to teNe gu. sA. 19

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* 290 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 pitAne hAthe ja bAMdhyo. tenI mUrti ghaNAM hRdayamaMdiramAM Aje paNa birAje che ane jyAM lagI bhAratavarSanuM nAma che tyAM lagI dakSiNa AphrikAnA itihAsamAM vAliyAmAM to che ja" (pR. 266), mRtyunA Are UbhelA harabatasiMganI daDhatA bhavya hatI. "meM haragija jela nahIM cheDUgA. mujhe eka dina te maranA hai, asA dina kahAM se merA mota yahAM hai jAya." svadezabhakta gAMdhIjI lakhe cheH "mAruM mAthuM A nirakSara jJAnInI AgaLa napuM" (pR. 289). prasaMgacitro: bhinnabhinna raMgavALAM "manuSyapuranAM citronI jema gAMdhIjIe pustakamAM ThekaThekANe ApelAM prasaMgacitro ne saMvAdo paNa vAcakanAM kalpanAcakSune satata jAgrata rAkhe che. nAtAlanI rAjadhAnI meriTjhabargana sTezane temane relave polIsanA dhakkA khAvA paDelA te rAtri daramiyAnanI emanI mAnasika sthitinuM varNana, vyaktinA hRdayamAM koI gaMbhIra nirNayanI phuraNAnI prakriyAnuM eka saceTa citra che, ane 1896nA aMtamAM teo dakSiNa AphrikA pAchA pharyA tyAre DarabanamAM temanA upara thayelA humalAnuM varNana eka TUMkI vArtA jevuM banyuM che. sAmAnya mANasane ghaDIbhara gabharAvI mUke evA e prasaMgane varNanamAM gAMdhIjInI vidatti paNa ahIMtahIM dekhA daI jAya che. suparinTenDenTa eNlekjhAMDara ne ToLA vaccenA saMvAdamAM (pR. 56-7) vinodanI je sUkSamatA dekhAya che te gujarAtI sAhityamAM bIje kyAMya bhAgye ja jovA maLaze. pahelA bhAganA bAvIsamA prakaraNamAM samAdhAnI samajAvavA bolAvelI sabhAmAM gAMdhIjI ane eka paThANa vacce saMvAda, paravAnA mATe arajI karavA gAMdhIjI jaI rahyA hatA tyAre mIra Alame temanA upara karelA humalo, Doka kuTuMbamAM gAMdhIjInI sAravAra, pathArImAM paDelA gAMdhIjI pAse azrubhInI AMkhe AMgaLIonI nizAnI letA eziyATika eNphirAra camanInuM varNana, A sarvemAM gAMdhIjIe ItihAsakathAne pitAnA anubhavanI kathA rUpe evI rIte AlekhI che ke satyAgrahamAM rahelI prema ne ahiMsAnI bhAvanA keI paNa prakAranI siddhAMtacarcA vinA enI meLe phuTa thaI jAya che. pavitratAnA rakSaNa mATe gAMdhIjIe be bALAonA vALa kApI nAkhelA ane gokhalee kaeNlanabaeNka ne gAMdhIjIne emanI sevA karavAno Agraha mATe Thapake Apele te prasaMge taoN taoNya phArma vizenAM prakaraNone kathAdaSTie nIrasa banavAmAMthI bacAvI le che. sana 1913nA chellA satyAgraha veLAnA jussAne paNa gAMdhIjIe be-traNa prasaMgonA atiTUMkA varNana dvArA sacoTa citAra ApI dIdho che. AvA aneka nAnAmoTA prasaMge "dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahane itihAsanA rasapravAhane vahete rAkhe che.

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gAMdhIjI [ 291 66 satyAgrahanA siddhAMtA: satyAgrahanI siddhAMtacarcA paNa gAMdhIjIe krAI ne kAI prasaMganA saMdarbhomAM karI che ane e rIte tene nIrasa banavAmAMthI bacAvI lIdhI che. eka sabhAmAM, hiMdI kAme nabaLAnA hathiyAra tarIke paeNsiva rejhisTansa'nA Azraya lIdhA hatA ema kahevAyu. tenA uttaramAM gAMdhIjIe pesiva rejhisTansa' ne satyAgraha vaccenA bheda samajAvyA ke paeNsiva rejhisTansamAM premabhAvane avakAza nathI tyAre satyAgrahamAM verabhAvane avakAza nathI, eTaluM ja nahIM, paNa verabhAva adharma gaNAya" (pR. 107). vaLI, satyAgrahamAM jeTaluM ahiMsAnuM mahattva che teTaluM ja satya mATenA AgrahanuM mahattva che. satyanA Agrahane kAraNe peAtAnA pakSanI rajUAtamAM "atizayAktithI prazna ha MmezA bacatI rahetI" eTaluM ja nahi, peAtAnI khAmI prajAne jovaDAvavAnA haMmezA prayatna rahetA. gArAnI dalIlamAM jeTaluM vajUda heAya te tarata svIkAravAmAM Avatu" (pR. 44). satyAgrahI peAtAne pakSe atizayAktithI dUra rahe che, teA pratipakSI taraphathI thatI atizayoktine udAra STithI jue che. kAraNa ke, gAMdhIjI lakhe che, "e badhuM irAdApUrvaka nathI anatu'' (pR. 48). evI ja udAratAthI te pratipakSInuM mAnasa samajavA prayatna kare che; "je mANasa jevuM mAnatA heAya tevu... ja nikhAlasa dilathI kahe temAM tene doSa kema kADhI zakAya ?'' (pR. 32). hiMdIe sAmenA virAdhamAM sArAmAM sArA cAritravAna gArAe" je zrlIla karatA te vize gAMdhIjI lakhe che: "evA saMbhava che ke ApaNe evI sthitimAM hAIe tA kadAca ApaNe paNa evI ja dalIla karIe....huM icchuM chuM ke vAMcanAra...judI judI dRSTiene mAna ApavAnI ane samajavAnI Teva pADe" (pR. 87). sana 1908nI samAdhInI paDI bhAMgI tyAre gAMdhIjIe janarala smaTsa upara AkarA prahAra karelA ane tenA upara vizvAsabhaMganA ArApa mUkeleA. paraMtu samaya jatAM emanI satyaSTi vadhu sUkSma banI hatI ane tethI pustakamAM e prasaMganuM varNana karatAM teo lakhe cheH "evuM taddana saMbhavita che ke tenI 1908nI hiMdI taraphanI vartaNUka jJAnapUrvakane vizvAsabhaga nahAya" (pR. 182). pra. 6] peAte paNa doSane pAtra che e jJAna satyAgrahIne khIjAnA dASA pratye udAra banAve che (pR. 132), jeTalI dRDhatAthI satyAgrahI laDI zake che teTalI ja namratAthI te samAdhAnI mATe taiyAra rahe che (pR. 272) ane aMtarakhaLa upara AdhAra rAkhatA haiAvAthI tene vizvAsaghAtanA kadI bhaya rahetA nathI ane game teTalI vAra dagA thAya te chatAM, vacanA upara bharAse na rAkhavAnuM spaSTa kAraNa na hoya tyAM lagI bharAsA rAkhe ja" (pR. 306). satyAgrahI abhigamanAM A lakSaNA paNa

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292] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ caM. 4 gAMdhIjIe laDatanI amuka ghaTanAonA saMdarbhamAM spaSTa karyA che. satya ane ahiMsA baMnenuM pAlana karavAno prayatana satyAgrahIne kyAreka kevA dharmasaMkaTamAM mUke che ene khyAla beara laDAI veLA sarakArane madada karavAne prazna carcA che temAMthI Ave che ane satya ne ahiMsAnA sUkSama pAlana mATe yogyatA keLavavA satyAgraha pitAnA jIvanamAM je sAdAI, saMyama ne zista keLavavAnuM Avazyaka che tenuM vistRta varNana teoNya phArma vizenA prakaraNamAM maLe che. A sarva carcAo ne varNane satyAgrahI jIvanadaSTi ne jIvanarItinuM eka spaSTa kalpanAcitra saje che je gAMdhIjInuM darzana eka kavinuM darzana hevAnI pratIti karAve che. gAMdhIjIne AtmavikAsa: gAMdhIjIe "dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahane ItihAsa" AtmakathA rUpe nathI lakhe, chatAM potAnA AtmavikAsanI dRSTie paNa emane e anubhavonuM mahattva hatuM. dakSiNa AphikAmAM teo "svArthane badale sevAdharmane pATha zIkhyA (pR. 75) ane bIjA be mahatvanA siddhAMte samajyAH "eka te e ke sevAdharmane pradhAnapada ApanAre brahmacaryanuM pAlana karavuM ja joIe ane bIjuM e ke sevAdharma karanAre garIbI sadAyane sAru dhAraNa karavI joIe" (pR. 92). taiostoya phArma upara gAMdhIjIe sevAdharmanA Adarzo prathama vyavasthita rIte amalamAM mUkyA ane e aDhI varSa temane mATe eka sukhada smRtirUpa banI rahyAM. "sToya phArmamAM", teo lakhe che, "mArI hiMmata ane zraddhA parAkASThAe pahoMcelAM hatAM. e zraddhA ne hiMmata karI ApavA huM Izvarane vanavI rahyo chuM" (pR. 230). Ama je jIvanasAdhanAe gAMdhIjIne bhAratamAM "mahAtmA" banAvyA tene daDha pAyo dakSiNa AphrikAmAM nakhAyo ane tethI, upasaMhAramAM teo lakhe che: "...jyAM mArA pitAnA jIvananuM nizAna joI zakyo te dezane choDavAnuM mane bahu dehyaluM lAgyuM ane dilagIra thayo" (pR. 311). 7. "satyanA prAge athavA AtmakathA kharekharI AtmakathA nahIM; "navajIvananA tA. 22-11-1925nA aMkamAM dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahane ItihAsane chelle hapatA chapAye te pachI bIjA ja aThavADiyAnA aMkathI "satyanA prayogo athavA AtmakathAnI prakaraNamALA zarU thaI. tene chelle hapate 3-2-1929nA aMkamAM chapAye. pustakanuM vaikalpika zIrSaka "AtmakathA' che, paraMtu hakIkatamAM te pracalita prakAranI AtmakathA nathI. gAMdhIjInA vyaktigata jIvananI aneka AzAnirAzAo, emanA hadayanA AMtarika saMgharSo, emanAM bauddhika mane maMthane jenA pariNAme teo

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pra. ;] gAMdhIjI [ 293 "sudhAraka" ane sAmrAjayabhakta maTI hiMdu svarAja'nA draSTA khanyA, emane prakRtiprema ne emanI bhAratabhakti, - gAMdhIjInA jIvananAM A ane AvAM khIjA pAsAMo vize 'akSaradeha'nA graMthAmAMthI je vipula sAmagrI maLe che tenI satyanA prayAgA'mAM mAtra jhAMkhI ja thAya che. vaLI je vizuddha satyanI'dUradUrathI jhAMkhI karI rahyA heAvAnA gAMdhIjI prastAvanAmAM ullekha kare che tenuM paNa temaNe kAMya varNana karyuM nathI, kAraNa ke, evI anubhavakSaNA 'AtmA ja jANe che, AtmAmAM ja zamI jAya che." A sava sAmagrIne samAveza karIne gAMdhIjIe kharekharI AtmakathA lakhI heAta te! te maneAvaijJAnika dRSTie eka aitihAsika kRti banI hAta. premAbahena kaTakane lakhelA eka patramAM teo kahe che: yaMga iMDiyA'nA lekhaka eka; AzramamAM sahunA paricayamAM AvanAra khIjo.'62 'satyanA prayogA' e khIjI vyaktinI jIvanakathA nathI paNa yaMga IMDiyA'nA lekhakanI vikAsakathA che. A bheda samAvatAM gAMdhIjIe peAte ja prastAvanAmAM kahI dIdhuM che paNa mAre AtmakathA kAM lakhavI che? mAre teA AtmakathAne bahAne satyanA meM je aneka prayAgA karelA che tenI kathA lakhavI che, jemAMthI khIjA prayogA karanArAAne sAru kaMIka sAmagrI maLe.' mitrabhAve karelI vAta : sArAnarasA saMskAreAnA mizraNavALA eka kizAramAMthI satyAgrahanA zeAdhaka banatA gAMdhIjInI e vikAsakathA eka asAdhAraNa caitanyazaktinI bakSisavALA puruSanI dhabuddhinA camatkArI AviSkAra hatA, paraMtu gAMdhIjI arvAcIna leAkazAhI mAnasanA eka uttama pratinidhi hatA, ane peAtAnA jIvanavikAsane emaNe pAte vAcakanA jevA ja eka sAmAnya mANasa che e bhAvathI joye ne AlekhyA che. prastAvanAmAM teo kahe che ke jeTaluM mAre sAru zakaya che teTaluM eka bALakane sAru paNa zakaya che,' ane emanI kaLAnuM jAdu eTaluM saMpUrNa che ke vAcaka paNa ema mAnavA prerAya che. AdithI aMta sudhI eka mitra tene peAtAnI vAta kahI rahyo hAya ema te anubhave che. te jue che ke e lekhakamitra sAmAnya mANasanA jevI bhUlAne pAtra che ane potAnI bhUlAne te taddana svAbhAvika rIte, pazcAttApanA Avezamaya Akroza ke ADaMbara vinA athavA bhUlenI gaMbhIratA ochI batAvavA kAI prakAranI dalIlabAjI vinA kabUla karatA ya che. enAmAM asAmAnya lAge evuM je kaMI che te pote saMkalpabaLathI siddha karyuM che evA kaI ahu bhAvaprerita dAvA te karatA nathI; peAtAnA samagra jIvanane te IzvarakRpAnA phaLa rUpe ja jue che. peAtAnA vicArAmAM dRDha che, paNa temAM matabhedane avakAza heAI zake evA namrabhAvathI ja te e vicArenI carcA kare che.

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294] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 pitAnI jIvanakathA kahevAne ene hetu bedhalakSI che, paraMtu te kyAreya UMcA sthAne Ubho rahI upadeza ApatA jaNAto nathI. pitAnA anubhavomAMthI te je zIkhyo che ane je vAcake paNa zIkhI zake ema te mAne che enI e evI rIte carcA kare che ke enuM e satyadarzana enA anubhavamAMthI svAbhAvika rIte ja UgatuM jaNAya che ane vAcakane lAge che ke evA anubhavamAMthI ke evI paristhitimAM pote paNa kadAca e rIte vicAra kare. kathA e mitranA AMtaravikAsanI hoI te kavacit UrminA Avegone vaza banatA ne prasaMgopAtta vicAromAM DUbI jato jaNAya che, paraMtu tarata te vAcakane pAcho sAmAnya vyavahAraSTimAM lAvI mUke che. koI kaLAkAra potAnA pAtranI sAthe tAdamya anubhavato chatAM tene taTasthatAthI jue tema te pitAnA bhUtakALanI sAthe tAdAta anubhavato chatAM tene taTasthatAthI, kyAreka narmadaSTithI paNa jue che, ane tethI enI kathA atizaktinA, ekAMgI darzananA ke atigAMbhIryanA AbhAsamAMthI sarvathA mukata rahI che. je virala namratAe kathanakaLAnI AvI siddhi zakya banAvI che te manuSyanI AdhyAtmika vikAsakSamatAne eka atiuraca unmeSa che ane ekasAthe gAMdhIjInA vyaktitvanAM mAnavIya ne lakattara aMzonuM darzana karAvI jAya che. vibhinna taMtuone vaNATa: "satyanA prayogo'ne A bodhalakSI hetu rahyo hovA chatAM te eka ciraMjIva sAhityakRti banI che. prakaraNo kevI rIte lakhAI rahyAM hatAM te samajAvatAM gAMdhIjI lakhe cheH "jyAre kathA lakhavAno AraMbha karyo tyAre mArI pAse kazI yejanA taiyAra nahotI. lakhavAne divase jema mane aMtaryAmI dore che tema lakhuM chuM ema kahI zakAya" (pR. 278). emanA e aMtaryAmIe, kaI navalakathAkAra eNe lakhavA dhArelI navalakathAnA viSayavastune jue tema emanA prayogonI kathAne AdithI aMta sudhI eka saLaMga vikAsa prakriyA rUpe joI ane nirUpI che. e vikAsakathAmAM khAnagI ne jAhera jIvananA prasaMgo, khorAkanA prayogo, sevAbhAvanA, tyAgavRtti ne brahmacarya vrata dvArA gAMdhIjInA jIvanamAM AvatuM kramazaH parivartana, keLavaNInA prayogo ane dhArmika vAcana tathA ciMtana, ema bhinnabhinna taMtuo vaNAya che ane e sarvane lagatAM prakaraNone kama evI rIte goThavAya che ke dareka kathAtaMtunuM sAtatya jaLavAI rahe che ane samagra rIte gAMdhIjInuM jIvana koI cokakasa dizAmAM gati karatuM dekhAya che. vaLI, vyaktinI vikAsaprakriyA anubhava ne ciMtananI sAMkaLaparaMparA rUpe cAle che ane gAMdhIjIe satyanA prayogomAM evI sAMkaLaparaMparA racIne ja vAta karelI che. ethI ekavidhatA ane nIrasatAne taka maLI nathI ane yathArthatA pUrepUrI sacavAI che. prakaraNuracanAnuM kauzala: pitAnI vikAsakathAnA vividha prasaMgenA

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gAMdhIjI pra. huM] [ 295 AlekhanamAM gAMdhIjIe eka siddhahasta vArtAlekhakanI kuzaLatA batAvI che. dareka prakaraNane temaNe TUMkI vArtA ke nibaMdhaneA ghATa ApyA che ane tene kathAnA eka sAva svataMtra ghaTaka banAvyA che. kAI kAI prakaraNane upasaMhAra karatAM te e prakaraNamAMthI kheMcavAneA sAra ke samajAvavA siddhAMta spaSTa karI Ape che athavA kathAnA eka tabakkAnI samApti sUcave che ke AvavAnA prakaraNanA viSayane nirdeza karI te vize vAcakanI jijJAsA jAgrata kare che. prakaraNeAnI zarUAta paNa eTalI ja kaLAtmaka heAya che. bALavivAha'nuM prakaraNa (1. 3) zarU karatAM teo lakhe cheH "A prakaraNa mAre na lakhavu' paDe ema hu* icchuM chuM." ane e vAkaya dvArA emanA jIvananI e smRti keTalI duHkhada hatI tene ane lagnanAM je aniSTa pariNAmeAnu te varNana karavA dhAre che tenA ekasAthe nirdeza karI de che. prakaraNane aMte teo lakhe che, "meM teA dhaNIpaNuM A','' ane te enI pachIthI AvanAra prakaraNamAM je vananu te varNana karavAnA che tenI agAuthI TIkA karI de che. bALalagna uttejita karelI viSayAsaktinI kathA pUrI karI vAcaka mATe temAMthI sAra kheMcatAM gAMdhIjI lakhe cheH "je mAbApAne athavA je bAlada patIne cetavuM hAya te A dRSTAMtathI cetA" (pR. 31). 'bAlAsuMdaram'uparanuM prakaraNa (ra. 20) sacATa zarUAta ane evA ja saceSTa aMta dvArA vAcakanuM dhyAna kheMce e rIte peAtAnA anubhavAnA sAra ApI devAnI gAMdhIjInI rItanu eka khIjuM sAruM udAharaNa che. "asIla jelamAMthI kema bacyA" (4. 47) e prakaraNanA aMta bhaviSya vize anizcitatAnA bhAva sAthe TUMkI vArtA pUrI karavAnI Adhunika lekhakeAnI rItanI yAda ApI jAya che. prasa'ga-pAtra-citraNa : bhUtakALanA je prasa Mge emanI smRtimAM haju jIvatA che ene gAMdhIjI sabhAna prayatnanI saheja paNa chAyA vinA tAdaza karI zake che. bALapaNa ne kizArAvasthAnu` tA emanI kalame eka atyaMta dhvanipUrNa citra sarjyuM che. gAMdhIjI e smRtibALakane jANe vahAlathI lADa karatA hAya ane tenI nirdoSatA mATe kRtajJatA anubhavatA hAya ema lAge che. "evA divaseA yAda che jyAre sUryane ame joIe, bA, bA, sUraja dekhAyA' kahIe ne bA utAvaLI utAvaLI Ave tyAM tA sUraja bhAgI jAya. 'kaMI nahIM, Aje nasIbamAM khAvAnuM nahIM haiAya' kahI pAchI jAya ne potAnA kAmamAM gUMthAI jAya.' e bALapaNu ane e bA' potAnAM heAya evI vAcakane paNa icchA thAya evuM A citra che. jo mAtAnI smRti gAMdhIjInA hRdayane madhura prasannatAthI bharI de che, tA pitA sAthenA saMbadhAnI smRti emanA UrmitatramAM UMDI visaMvAditAnu sUcana kare che. emanA bALakamane nAMdhelI pitAnI nirbaLatA - "kaMIka viSayane -

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296 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [2. 4 viSe Asakta paNa haze" (pR. 3), emanA lagnasamaye pitAjI kaye kaye prasaMge kaI kaI jagyAe beThA hatA e badhuM mane jevu' ne tevuM hajI yAda che" (pR. 10) e hakIkata, pitAnA mRtyunA "avaLA prasaMga'', je " kema jANe mAre...bhAgecchAnI zikSA ja bhAgavavAnI heAya nahIM tevI rIte mArI jiMdagImAM...banyA'" (pR. 10) ane jenI zaramaneA kALA DAgha huM Aja sudhI ghasI zakayo nathI'' (pR. 10), cArInI kabUlAta karatI gAMdhIjIe ApelI ciThThI vAMcIne pitAnI AMkhamAMthI TapakelAM mAtAnAM biMdu' (pR. 28) - gAMdhIjInI kalame pitAputra sakha dhanu A, manAvaijJAnika daSTine kevu. pAradarzaka citra ApyuM che ! ekAda vigata dvArA kAI prasaMgane tAdaza karI ApavAnI ke TUMkA sa MvAda dvArA pAtrane jIvatuM karI ApavAnI gAMdhIjInI zakti vAcakanI kalpanAne thakavyA vinA satata jAgrata rAkhe che. bApu bahu bImAra che" sAMbhaLI bichAnAmAMthI ekadama kUdI paDayo'' (pR. 31), cArlsa TAunathI sTenDaraTana jatAM sigarAmamAM 'ATaluM huM mAMDa kahI rahuM teTalAmAM tA mArA upara tamAcAnA varasAda varasyA" (pR. 115), eziyATika amaladArAthI apamAnita nI "kasANe meDhe sAthIo AvyA' (pR. 257),-vyavahAru vANInA sacoTa upayAga karavAnI gAMdhIjInI zaktinAM AvAM asa`khya udAharaNa 'satyanA prayAgA'mAMthI maLaze. evI ja kaLAthI gAMdhIjI Tre kA saMvAdo dvArA vyaktionAM citra upasAve che. muMbaImAM emanI sAthe rahetA * za dhyeAtapaNu zAMtIDuM, kAdALI khaTakarama" vALA raseAiyA ravizaMkaranuM vAcakane yAda rahI jAya evuM eka ramUjI citra che (pR. 93), tA dakSiNa AphrikAnA prazna a Mge muMbaImAM sabhA gAThavI hatI temAM gAMdhIjIe karavAnA bhASaNa vize gAMdhI, tamAru bhASaNa taiyAra che ke ?" ane "tyAre munazI tamArI pAse bhASaNa levA kayAre Ave ?" (pR. 176-7), e praznomAM fiAjazA mahetAneA sattAvAhI avAja spaSTa sabhaLAya che. mAMsAhAranI nirdoSatA upara vyAkhyAna ApatA svAmIjIne kastUrabA saMbhaLAve che: "svAmIjI, have tame mAruM mAthu na dukhA tA tamArA pADa, bAkI vAtA tame chekarAnA bApanI sAthe pAchaLathI karavI heAya te karajo" (pR. 330). vAcaka joI zake che ke nAtAlamAM maLelI bheTA pAchI ApavA vizenI carcA daramiyAna gAMdhIjIne "aNiyALAM" vAgmANu mAranAra (pR. 221-2) kastUrabA ja ahI kheAlI rahyAM che. sarjakatAnuM sarvottama phaLa -- peAtAnuM pAtra: paraMtu gAMdhIjInI sarjakatAnuM sarvottama phaLa emanu` peAtAnuM pAtra che. gaMbhIra nirNayanA prasa MgAe vicAragrasta manaHsthitinAM emaNe ApelAM citro vAcakane emanI aMtarasRSTimAM avAranavAra DAkiyuM karAvI jAya che. priTAriyA jatAM thayelA aNudhAryA anubhavAne pacAvI,

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>> huM ] gAMdhIjI [ 297 kSubdha cittamAM svatvanuM navuM kendra zeAdhI mAnasika svasthatA punaH prApta karavAnA prayatnanI temaNe eka ja vAkacamAM jhAMkhI karAvI che. priTAriyA paheAMcyA pachI jonsTananI phaeNmilI hATelamAM kATaDI maLI temAM gAThavAyA pachI, gAMdhIjI lakhe che, ekAMta maLye khANAnI rAha jotA huM vicAragrasta thayA" (pR. 120). sana 1914mAM dakSiNa AphrikA cheADI geAkhalene maLavA laMDana paheAMcyA ane tyAM mAMdA paDayA, e sthitimAM geAkhalee temane DA. jIvarAja mahetAnI khArAka vizenI salAha anusaravAnA Agraha karyo tyAre, teo lakhe che, "rAta AkhI vicAramAM gALI" ane "dUdhanA tyAgane vaLagI rahevAnA nizcaya karI huM savAre UTho' (pR. 362). eka bAju geAkhale pratyenA Adara ane bIjI bAju pratijJApAlana mATene evA ja Agraha e che maneAbhAveza vaccenA mUMjhavaNabharyA saMgharSa te gAMdhIjIe ahI eka ja vAkayamAM nirdeza karI dIdhA che. 66 jema vicAragrasta manaHsthitinAM tema peAtAnA hRdayabhAvAnAM paNa gAMdhIjI prasaMgApAtta emanI namratAne anurUpa evI saMyamazIla kaLAthI TUMkAM, vedhaka zabdacitro Ape che. "pelI keATaDImAM paNa huM tA khUba mUMjhAyA. deza khUba yAda Ave. mAtAnA prema mUrtimaMta thAya. rAta paDe eTale raDavAnuM zarU thAya'(pR. 46). laMDanamAM zarUAtanA divaseAnA A citramAM UrmilatAne saheja paNa AbhAsa nathI, emanA hRdayanI je premabhUkha emAM vyakta thaI che tene vAcake bALaka ne kizAra meAhananA mAtApitA pratyenA bhAvezamAM paNa joI che ane khIjA aneka prasa MgAe te vividharUpe vyakta thAya che. emanI kaMThI kheMcI levAnA Agraha rAkhanAra khristI mitrane gAMdhIjI kahe che: "e kaMThI na tUTe; mAtuzrInI prasAdI che' (pR. 214). A eka vAkayamAM gAMdhIjInA mAtRpremanu pustakanA pahelA prakaraNamAM thAya che te karatAM paNa vadhu madhura darzana thAya che. geApAla kRSNa geAkhale mATenA prema te AdaranuM emaNe evu ja dhvanisamRddha citra ApyuM che : "sara phriAjazA tA mane himAlaya jevA lAgyA. leAkamAnya samudra jevA lAgyA. ge|khale gagA jevA lAgyA. temAM huM nAhI zakuM. himAlaya caDAya nahIM. samudramAM DUbavAne bhaya rahe. gaMgAnI tA gAdamAM ramAya. temAM hADakAM laIne tarAya' (pR. 180). gAMdhIjInA A saMvedanazIla hRdayane AghAta lAgatA tyAre teo kevu' duHkha anubhavatA te paNa vAcaka jue che. kAzIvizvanAthanA ma MdiramAM gAMdhIjIne je du:khajanaka anubhava thayA te vyakta karavA tA tee emanA svabhAvanI viruddha evI kaTAkSanI bhASAne Azraya le che: huM nAnavApI najIka gayeA. meM ahIM Izvarane khALyA, paNa te na jaDayo." paDAjInA vanathI paNa gAMdhIjI du:khI thaI mUMge meADhe dukAnI ApI ne niHzvAsa mUkI" cAlatA thayA. bhagavAnanI dayA vize," te lakhe che,

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28 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa . 4 "jo kAIne zaMkA hoya te! AvAM tIrthakSetre jue. te mahAyeAgI potAne nAme keTalAM dhatiMga, adharma, pAkhaMDa ityAdi sahana kare che !" (pR. 243), anubhavasAra ane mArmika jIvanavicAra : gAMdhIjInA hakyanI A asAdhAraNa premazaktimAM evI ja asAdhAraNu mAtrAnI jAgrata satyaSTi bhaLI che, ane peAtAnA anubhaveAmAMthI tee hamezAM kaMI ne kaMI sAra kheMcatA hAya che. zALAnAM varSA daramiyAna te eka divasa kasaratamAM hAjara naheAtA rahI zakayA te mATe emanA daMDa thayA hatA tethI, gAMdhIjI lakhe che, "manamAM ne manamAM samasamI rahyo. rAyA. samajyA ke sAcuM kheAlanAre ne sAcuM karanAre gAphela paNa na rahevuM joIe' (pR. 16). A vicArA alpazikSita vAcaka paNa samajI zake evA che, paraMtu temane AcaraNamAM mUkavA mATe je jAgRtinI jarUra che te sAmAnya mANusanA jIvanamAM paNa bhAre parivartana lAvI zake ane evI cAkasAInA AgrahamAMthI ja satyazIla vananeA pAyA racAya che. ( emanA leAkazAhI mAnasane anusarI gAMdhIjI prastAvanAmAM lakhe che ke je vastunA ni ya bALA, juvAna ne khuThThAM kare che te karI zake che te ja vastuone kathAmAM samAveza thaze," paraMtu ema sAdI bhASAmAM mUkelA vicArAmAM kacAreka satyadhanA aTapaTA prazno vize UMDAM dhvanisUcane rahelAM heAya che. durAcArI mitrane sudhAravAnI AzAthI gAMdhIjIe vaDIla baMdhu, mAtA te patnInI icchA viruddha paNa tenI sAthenA saMbaMdha cAlu rAkhelA enI TIkA karatAM teo lakhe che: 'sudhArA karavA sAru paNa mANuse UMDA pANImAM UtaravuM nahI joIe. jene sudhAravA che tenI sAthe mitratA heAya nahIM" (pR. 19). anAsaktinA sUma siddhAMtane kevA sAdA paNa sacoTa pATha! aneka vAcakAne thatA haze evA eka khIjA anubhavamAMthI paNa gAMdhIjI anAsaktine sAra kheMce che. vaDIlabaMdhunA putrAne tee peAtAnI tarapha na AkaSI zakayA e hakIkatanA ullekha karI tee lakhe che: "emAM temane! doSa nathI. svabhAvane keANa pheravI zake ? baLavAna sa'skArane kANu bhU`sI zake ? ApaNe mAnIe ke jema ApaNAmAM parivana thAya ke vikAsa thAya tema ApaNAM AzritAmAM ke sAthIomAM paNa thavA joIe, e mithyA che." gAMdhIjI mAnatA ke bALakone paNa AtmajJAna ApI zakAya, paNa te khInta viSayeA zIkhavAya che e rIte nahi. "zarIranI keLavaNI,'' teo lakhe che, "zarIranI kasaratathI apAya, buddhinI buddhinI kasaratathI, tema AtmAnI AtmAnI kasaratathI." paNa AtmAnI kasarata zikSaka potAnA vartana dvArA ja ApI zake. "laMkAmAM kheThelA zikSaka peAtAnA vartanathI peAtAnA ziSyAnA AtmAne

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pra. z ] gAMdhIjI [ 299 halAvI zake che" (pR. 344-5). AtmAnI kasarata'' zabdaprayAga mAnavavyavahAranA eka atimahattvanA praznane nirdeza karI jAya che. eka vyaktinA satyaniSTha AcaraNanA khIjI vyakti ke samAja upara paDatA prabhAvane maneAvijJAne UMDA abhyAsa karyo nathI, paraMtu keLavaNInAM tema ja jAhera jIvananAM kSetrAmAM gAMdhIjInA prayAgAmAMthI e ja mukhya prazna upasthita thAya che. pahelA vizvayuddhamAM emaNe briTiza sarakArane sahakAra ApyA hatA. tenI carcAmAM gAMdhIjIe e praznane khIjA daSTikANathI upasthita karyAM che. teo lakhe che : "hiMsAnI heALI vacce sapaDAyelA ApaNe pAmara prANIe chIe,' ane tethI keAI dehadhArI bAhya hiMsAthI sarvathA mukta nahIM thaI zake.' vaLI ahiMsAnA paDamAM ja advaitabhAvanA rahelI. che. ane jo prANImAtranA abheda heAya teA ekanA pApanI asara khIjAnI upara thAya che, tethI paNa manuSya hiMsAthI kevaLa aspRSTa nathI rahI zakatA ' (pR. 355-4). paNa jo eka vyaktinI hiMsA khInna ene spo che, te| enI ahiMsA paNu khInta Ane kema na sparze ? ane kevI rIte evI ahiMsA keLavI zakAya ? gAMdhIjInuM AkhuM jIvana A praznonA uttara kheALavAnA prayAsa rUpe hatuM. ahiMsAnA paDamAM rahelI advaitabhAvanAnA khristI dharmanI Izvare manuSyane peAtAnI pratikRti rUpe sarjyo che e mAnyatA sAthe samanvaya sAdhatAM gAMdhIjI eka bIjA saMdarbhomAM lakhe che: "taMtranI sAme jhaghaDA zAbhe, taMtrInI sAme jhaghaDA karave te peAtAnI sAme karyA barAbara che. kema ke badhA eka ja pIMchIthI deArAyelA chIe, eka ja brahmAnI prazna chIe. taMtrImAM tA anaMta zakti rahelI che. taMtrInA anAdara-tiraskAra karavA jatAM te zaktionA anAdara thAya ne tema thatAM taMtrIne tema ja jagatane nukasAna pahAMce" (pR. 275). sAdI anubhavavANImAM mUDelI ahiMsAnI A TUMkI tattvavicAraNAnI pAchaLa mAnavahRdayanI vikAsakSamatA vize je zraddhA rahelI che te zelI jevA keAI kaviemAM ja dekhAya che. matAgrahitAnA abhAva: AvA sa praznonI carcAmAM kayAMya matAgrahitA(dogmatism)nA AbhAsa AvatA nathI. vAcaka emanI sAthe saMmata ke asaMmata thavA saMpUrNa rIte svataMtra che ema mAnIne ja gAMdhIjI cAle che. peAtAnI dRSTimAM bhUla heAvAne saMbhava gAMdhIjI hamezAM svIkAre che. peAte ahiMsAnA pUjArI heAvA chatAM pahelA vizvayuddhamAM temaNe briTiza sarakArane mahda karavAnI iMgleMDamAM vasatA hiMdI vidyAthI Ane salAha ApI hatI enA samarthanamAM dalAle ApyA pachI teo lakhe che : "prazna jhINA che. temAM matabhedane avakAza che. . . . satyane AgrahI rUDhine vaLagIne ja kaMI kA na kare, te peAtAnA vicArAne

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300 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca. 4 haThapUrNAMka na vaLage, temAM doSa hAvAne sabhava hamezAM mAne '' (pR. 357), kAI kAmAM potAnA hetu vize emane zaMkA heAya che tenA paNa gAMdhIjI vinAsAce nirdeza kare che. sane 1897mAM te bIjI vAra nAtAla gayA tyAre gArAonA uzkerAyelA TALAe emanA upara humalA karyAM hatA ane peAlIsa suparinTenDenTanI salAha mAnI teo chUpA veze mitranA makAnamAMthI bhAgI gayA hatA e prasaMganI carcA karatAM teo lakhe che: "eka ja dahADe mAre ekabIjAthI UlaTAM e kAma karavA vakhata AvyA. .. . kANu kahI zake ke, huM mArA jAnanA jokhamathI DaryA ke mitranA jAnamAlanA jokhamathI, ke kuTuMbanA, ke traNeyanA ? ' peAtAnAM je kAryo vize emanA manamAM kazI zakA na hoya evA kissAmAM paNa gAMdhIjI sAmA pakSanuM dRSTibiMdu samajI zake che. sane 1893mAM pahelI vAra teo nAtAla paheAMcyA tyAre kAmAM pAghaDI utAravAnA inkAra karyA hatA, paraMtu vakIla tarIke sanada maLyA pachI korTanA niyamane mAna ApI temaNe te utArI. "abadullA zeTha ane khIjA mitrAne," gAMdhIjI lakhe che, "mArI naramAza na gamI,'' paNa ''naramAza'' zabda pachI teo kauMsamAM umere che ke nabaLAI ?'' (pR. 149). meTA putra harilAlanuM daSTibiMdu, pote ene bhUlabhareluM mAnatA hAvA chatAM, gAMdhIjI niSpakSapAtapaNe rajU kare che. harilAlanA bALapaNanA samaya, tae lakhe che, ".....meM dareka rIte mArA mUrchAkALa, vaibhavakALa manyA che," paNa hiralAla "kema mAne ke te mArA mUrchAkALa hatA ? te kAM na mAne ke, te kALe mArA jJAnakALa hatA ane te pachI thayelAM parivanA ayogya ane mAhajanya hatAM ?... mArA sUkSma abhimAnanI ane ajJAnanI nizAnI" hatAM ? 66 na dRSTi ; gAMdhIjInI leAkazAhI namratAnuM sauthI AkarSIka rUpa emanI narmadiSTa che, ane te emane jagatanA mahApuruSomAM advitIya banAve che. "pAse sUtelI ane have kaMIka juvAnImAM AvelI strInI pAse' bhUta ityAdi vizenI peAtAnI khIkanI vAta karatAM zarama AvatI hatI e kabUla karavAnI hiMmata gAMdhIjI ja batAvI zake (pR. 21). vezyAgharanI mulAkAtanA zaramajanaka prasaMganuM varNana karatAM paNa gAMdhIjInI narmadaSTi e prasaMganuM ramUjI pAsu joI zake che ane noMdhe che: AI gusse thaI ne mane becAra ceApaDI'ne daravAjo ja batAvyo' (pR. 24), eka sagA sAthe ApaghAta karavAnA prayatna karatAM pahelAM bannee udArajIne maMdire dIpamALAmAM ghI caDAvyu, darzana karyAM, ne ekAMta zodhI' (pR. 26) e dRzyamAM gAMdhIjIe kizAramAnasanuM kRtaka gAMbhIrya kevI sUkSama na STithI chatuM karI ApyuM che! laMDanamAM agrejI samAjanI 'sabhya' rItabhAta zIkhavAnA prayatnAnuM varNana ApatuM AkhuM prakaraNa gAMdhIjInI nadaSTinuM eka uttama

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[301. pra. 6] gAMdhIjI sarjana che. eka prasaMge je kuTuMbamAM teo rahetA hatA tenI yuvAna putrI ziSTAcAra rUpe temane pharavA laI gaI hatI tyAre, gAMdhIjI lakhe che, "e te Akho rasto vAtonA phuvArA uDAvatI cAle, tyAre mAre maDhethI koI veLA "hA" ne kaI veLA 'nAno sUra nIkaLe.... te te pavanamAM UDatI jAya ane huM gharabheLAM kyAre thavAya e vicAra karuM." bane eka TekarI upara caDhelAM tyAMthI "mAMDamAMDa para ghasaDato, kAMIka besate Utaryo. ane pelIe mazkarImAM 'zA.bA...za' kahI mane zaramAyelAne vadhu zaramAvyo" (pR. 66). sana 1901nI kalakattA koMgresamAM hAjarI ApavA jatAM rastAmAM gAMdhIjI dakSiNa AphrikAnA prazna vize phirojazA mahetA sAthe carcA karavA emanA DabbAmAM gayA hatA. phirojazAnI nirutsAha karatI salAha sAMbhaLI, gAMdhIjI lakhe che, "huM to Abho ja thaI rahyo. sara cImanalAle TApazI pUrI. sara dInazAe mArI sAme dayAmaNI najare joyuM...bIje sTezane jevI gADI UbhI rahI te huM bhAgyo ne mArA DabAmAM pesI gayo (pR. 233). dakSiNa AphrikAnI hiMdI kema ane gorAe bannene thoDA ja samayamAM pitAnA vyaktitvathI prabhAvita karanAra yuvakanI bhAratamAM A dazA ! sana 1918nI mAMdagI daramiyAna gAMdhIjI "maravAnI rAha joI rahyA hatA teTalAmAM dAkatara taLavaLakara eka vicitra prANI lAvyA.....temane hiMdustAna oLakhatuM nathI, paNa e mArA jevA 'cakrama' che, eTale huM temane jotAM samajI zakyo" (pR. 454-5). pitAne "cakrama' tarIke oLakhAvatA gAMdhIjI ja lakhI zakeH "mahAtmAnAM duHkha te mArA jevA "mahAtmA' ja jANe" (pR. 243). parama satyaniSTha namratAnI jhAMkhI: bhautika vijJAne mANasanI buddhine jaDa sRSTinAM sUkSmatama rahasya pragaTa karI ApyAM che, paraMtu pitAnA hadayanuM satya pAmavAne mArga ane haju jaDyo nathI. e mATe enAmAM vaijJAnikanA karatAM judA ja prakAranI namratA joIe. te kevI hoya tenI bauddhika vyAkhyA ApI zakAtI nathI, paNa koI jIvanamAM ke kalpanAne sarjanamAM te pragaTe che tyAre te anubhavI zakAya che. "satyanA prayogomAM evI namratAnI pratItipreraka jhAMkhI thAya che ane vAcaka anubhave che ke prastAvanAmAM gAMdhIjIe lakhyuM che ke "bhale mArA jevA anekene kSaya thAo, paNa satyane jaya thAo. alpAtmAne mApavAne sAra satyane gaja kadI TUMko na bane" - e ziSTAcAravacana nathI paNa emanA hRdayane udgAra che. kRtinI A camatkArI siddhi zuddha satya e ja sarvazreSTha kaLA che e gAMdhIjInI zraddhAne caritArtha kare che.

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302] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 8. gItAvicAra "satyanA prayogomAM gAMdhIjIe vAcakane je nirahaMbhAvanI jhAMkhI karAvI che tenI preraNA emane bhagavaddagItAnA abhyAsa ne manana-ciMtanamAMthI maLI hatI. asahakAranA AdelananI niSphaLatAnA anubhava pachI niSkAma karmabhAvanAnuM kharuM rahasya temane pragaTa thavA mAMDayuM hatuM. 1926nuM varSa rAjakIya kSetramAMthI nivRtti laI AzramamAM gALyuM e daramiyAna temaNe AzramanI prAtaHkALanI prArthanAnA samaye bhagavadgItA upara vArtAlApa zarU karyA. A vArtAlApanI noMdha gAMdhIjInuM gItAzikSaNa e nAmathI pustakarUpe prasiddha thaI che. nedhamAM gAMdhIjInuM vaktavya saLaMga jaLavAI zakayuM nathI ane koI koI vAra te gAMdhIjI prArthanAmAM hAjara rahelAM bALake ne ochuM bhaNelI bahenane uddezIne belI rahyA hoya ema lAge che. eTale gItAno upadeza upara eka vyavasthita bhASya tarIke "gAMdhIjInuM gItAzikSaNanuM bahu mahattva nathI. paNa te upadezanuM je sUkSma rahasya gAMdhIjInA hRdayamAM slarI rahyuM hatuM tenI kaMIka jhAMkhI vAcakane emAM jarUra thAya che. sana 1930nA mArca mAsamAM prasiddha thayelI "anAsaktiyega' pustikAmAM temaNe e rahasyane kaI paNa vAcaka samajI zake evI sAdI ane saraLa chatAM emanA darzananA kAvyatvane hRdayagamya karatI bhASAmAM mUkI ApyuM. tene samajavAmAM paNa muzkelI paDatI hatI evI phariyAda parathI 1930mAM yaravaDA jelamAMthI AzramamAM savAranI prArthanAnA samaye vAMcavA mATe dara maMgaLavAre lakhAtA patromAM gItAnuM prakaraNavAra vivaraNa zarU karyuM ane pitAnA vicArane bane teTalI sahelI bhASAmAM samajAvavAne pharIthI prayatna karyo. A pravacane "gItAbodha' nAmanI pustikA rUpe prasiddha thayAM che, gAMdhIjInuM gItAdarzana eka ciMtakanuM nahi paNa kavidraSTAnuM che. "anAsaktiga'nI prastAvanAmAM teo lakhe che tema emane mATe "gItA sUtragraMtha nathI" paNa "eka dharma kAvya che. temAM jema UMDA Utare tema emAMthI navA ne suMdara artho meLo." kAvyanA artha ne vistAra tarka vyApArathI nathI thatA, paraMtu enA zabdo ke kapane bhAvakanA hRdayamAM aMkita thatAM koI akaLa citanyavyApAra e zabda ke ka9pa dvArA navAM navAM dhvanivartuLo saje che ane yugeyuge emanA navA rahasyArthI pragaTa kare che. gAMdhIjIe gItAnA upadezanuM ema kAvyanI rIte parizIlana karyuM che. tenA zabdArthane vaLagI nahi rahetAM temaNe bIjA adhyAyamAM AvatuM sthitaprajJanuM ane bAramA adhyAyanuM bhaktanuM e be citro upara potAnI ka95nAdaSTi sthira karI ane e citrAe emanI hadayabhUmimAM paDelAM bIjAM saMskArabIjane aMkurita karI gItAnA upadezanuM temane atyaMta maulika darzana karAvyuM.

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pra. 6] gAMdhIjI [ 303 gItAne upadezane mAtra buddhithI artha karatAM te mAnavIne enI mAnavatAmAMthI mukta banavAnuM sUcavato hoya ema lAge. bamajovAlmana ge: rahevAne ane amaratire cAhAtmatRptazva mAnavaH e Adarza tathA triguNAtIta banI sarvadhanvaricarcA mAme jhuM raLe tratrane upadeza manuSyasvabhAvanI sAmAnya tRSNAonI sAthe enA hRdayanI premajhaMkhanA ne dharmabhAvanAne paNa niSedha karatA hoya evo dhvani nIkaLe che. paraMtu gItAne uddeza manuSyanI manuSyatAne kuMThita karavAne nahi paNa tene ahamanA baMdhanamAMthI mukta karI pUrNa rUpe pragaTAvavAnuM che. gAMdhIjIe e darzanamAM pitAnA hRdayane abhilASa joye. emanI sevAbhAvanA mAtra kartavyabuddhie prerelo nahi paNa premanI paripUrNatAmAMthI udbhavelo Adarza hato, ane gItAnA niSkAma karmanA upadezamAM emane e AdarzanA pAlanamAM nirahaMbhAvanI AvazyakatAnuM rahasya pragaTa thayuM. trIjA adhyAyanA 27-28 kaleke uparanI noMdhamAM gAMdhIjI lakhe che: "jema zvAsocchavAsa Adi kriyA pitAnI meLe thAya che; tene vize manuSya Asakta nathI thato, tema svAbhAvika karmo pitAnI meLe thatAM hoya te temane vize Asakti na hoya. jeno svabhAva udAratAne che te pote udAra che ema jANa paNa nathI; tenAthI dAna karyA vinA rahevAya ja nahIM." ane gItAbodhanA trIjA adhyAya uparanA pravacanamAM teo kahe che: "potAne bhAge je sevA Ave te IzvaraprItyarthe karavA tatpara rahevuM. Ama karavAthI je karIe te Izvara ja karAve che ema bhAvanA utpanna thaze, evuM jJAna pedA thaze ane ahaMbhAva cAlyo jaze. AnuM nAma svadharma." AvA niSkAma, nirahaMbhAvI, Izvarasamarpita sevAyajJamAM vyakti kaLAnA AsvAdamAM anubhave che tevI, cittavRttimAM saMpUrNa saMvAditAnI prasannatA anubhave che ane te ja, gAMdhIjInI daSTie, samAdhi ke AtmadarzananI sthiti. e sthitinI kalpanAmAtra gAMdhIjInA hRdayamAM je utsAha preratI tene sparza "anAsaktiyoga'nI prastAvanAnA gadyamAM paNa anubhavAya che. 9. "maMgaLaprabhAta nirAM meyavilInatAnI sthitinI gAMdhIjIne je jhAMkhI thaI hatI tenI pAchaLa varSonA vratabaddha jIvananI sAdhanA rahI hatI. satyAgraha Azramane uddeza prajAjIvananI zuddhi arthe vratabaddha jIvana dvArA dharmanI zakti pragaTAvavAne hatA. yaravaDA jelamAMthI 1930mAM dara aThavADiye maMgaLavAre AzramavAsIo mATe lakhI mokalelA ne pAchaLathI "maMgaLaprabhAta" nAme prasiddha thayelA pravacanalekhomAM gAMdhIjIe AzramanI e vratasAdhanAnuM svarUpa samajAvyuM che. kula agiyAra vrata hatAM.

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304 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca. 4 jemAMnAM pAMca bhAratIya AdhyAtmika para parAmAM pratiSThA pAmelAM satya, ahiMsA, brahmacarya, asteya ne aparigrahanAM mahAvratA hatAM ane bAkInAM cha, asvAda, abhaya, aspRzyatAnivAraNa, jAtamahenata, sarvadharma samabhAva ne svadezI, gAMdhIjInA peAtAnA anubhava uparathI athavA dezanI tatkAlIna sthitine anulakSIne umeravAmAM AvyAM hatAM. CC dareka vratane gAMdhIe judAjudA daSTikANathI tapAsyuM che ane vratanA sthULa artha mAMthI sUkSma artha tAravyA che (zrImatI hIrAbahena pAThake vikruti'mAM jaina jJAtena' lekhamAM gAMdhIjIe yeAjelA AvA 21 artha prakAza nAMkhyA che.) paraMtu gAMdhIjInI rIta tarkazAstrInI nahi, kavinI che. emanAM tratA zAstravacana upara AdhArita vidhiniSedharUpa niyame naheAtAM paraMtu emanA hRdayamAM akita thayelA Adune AcaraNugata karavAnAM, eTale ke AdhyAtmika sva'-sarjananAM sAdhana hatAM, eTale jema kAvyanA rahasyabiMdumAMthI eka pachI eka kalpanA sphure che tema gAMdhIjInA hRdayagata AdarzamAMthI bhinnabhinnatA ne temanA sUkSma phalitArthI sphuratA dekhAya che. samAM satya madhya sthAne che, ane khI vratAne satya athavA satya te ahiMsAnI joDImAMthI TAvyAM che. ...satyanI ArAdhanAne khAtara ja ApaNI hastI", gAMdhIjI kahe che, "tene ja kAraNe ApaNI pratyeka pravrutti. ene ja kAraNe ApaNe pratyeka zvAseAzrvAsa laIe' paNa satyanuM saMpUrNa darzana, "A dehe asaMbhavita che,' ane ahiMsA dvArA ja tenI tarapha pragati karI zakAya. ahiMsAnuM pAlana karatAM, teo lakhe che, "ApaNane satyanuM vadhAre spaSTa darzana thAya che. Ama karatAM ApaNe jagatane mitra banAvatAM zIkhIe chIe; IzvaranA, satyaneA, mahimA vadhAre jaNAya che; saMkaTa veThatAM chatAM zAMtisukha vadhe che; ApaNAmAM sAhasa, hiMmata vadhe che; ApaNe zAzvataazAzvatane bheda vadhAre samajIe chIe, katavya-akartavyanA viveka AvaDe che, abhimAna gaLe che, namratA vadhe che; parigraha saheje eche thAya che; ne dehanI aMdara bharelA mela nitya AchA thAya che." satya-ahiMsAnA pAlana mATe gAMdhIjIe brahmacarya nI AvazyakatA joI ne brahmacaya mATe asvAdavratanI, gAMdhIjInI RSidaSTie bAkInAM tratAmAM paNa emanA sthULa zabdArthA uparAMta UMDuM AdhyAtmika rahasya joyuM che. asteyamAM emaNe satyanu sUma rUpa joyu, ane aparigraha ne abhaya tratAnA zuddha svarUpamAM AtmadarzananI sthitinI jhAMkhI karI. teo lakhe che, "kevaLa satyanI, AtmAnI dRSTie vicAratAM zarIra paNa parigraha che. . . . AtmA sarvavyApaka hAI zarIrarUpI pAMjarAmAM kema purAya ? e pAMjarAne TakAvavA sAru anartha prema kare? trIjAne kema haze ? Ama vicAra karatAM ...

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pra* huM ] gAMdhIjI [ 305 ApaNe...zarIra che tyAM lagI tenA upayAga kevaLa sevAne arthe karatAM zIkhIe chIe, te eTale lagI ke teneA kharA khArAka sevA thaI paDe che. te khAya che, pIe che, bese che, sUe che, jAge che, UMghe che, te badhuM sevAne ja aM." e ja rIte "abhaya amUrkha sthitinI parAkASThA che. ....paisAmAMthI, kuTuMbamAMthI, zarIramAMthI 'mArA'paNuM kADhI nAkhIe eTale bhaya kayAM che?'' aspRzyatAnivAraNu ne svadezIvrata jevAM pahelI najare sAmAjika ke rAjakIya dekhAtAM vratAmAM paNa gAMdhIjI evuM AdhyAtmika rahasya jue che. "aspRzyatA nivAravI eTale jagatamAtranI sAthe maitrI rAkhavI, tenA sevaka thavuM' ane svadezI "AtmAnA dha che... ... ... ... AtmAne sAru svadezInA aMtima artha sthULa saMbaMdhAmAtrathI AtyaMtika mukti che." tethI AtmAthI e sanI pratye Asakti cheADI peAtAnI pAse rahelAMnI sevAmAM etaprAta thaI rahevu.... jAtamahenatamAM gAMdhIjI yajJanuM rUpa jue che. ane sarvadharma bhAvamAM peAtAnA dharmanI apUrNatAnA svIkAra AvI ja jAya che.... satyanI ArAdhanA, ahiMsAnI kaseATI e ja zIkhave" 10. 1930 pachInAM lakhANA maMgaLaprabhAta'nA lekhA sAthe gAMdhIjInI lekhanapravRttinA 1924nI sAlathI zarU thayelA sarjanAtmaka gALA pUrA thAya che. peAtAnI AdhyAtmika jha MkhanAnu svarUpa emanI AMtaradRSTine have spaSTa thaI gayuM ane tethI 1924thI 1930 sudhInAM lakhANAmAM darzananI navInatAne je bhAva anubhavAya che te have pachInAM lakhANAmAM dekhAtA nathI. gAMdhIjInAM gujarAtI lakhANAnuM pramANa paNa ghaTI jAya che. 1932mAM temaNe yaravaDA jelamAM 'satyAgrahAzramaneA itihAsa' lakhyA, aspR zyatAnivAraNanA AMdeAlana aMge temaNe 1933mAM prathama aMgrejImAM 'harijana' pachI hiMdImAM 'harijanasevaka' ane pachI gujarAtImAM 'harijanabaMdhu' sAptAhika zarU karyAM. 1936mAM gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadanA pramukhasthAnethI vyAkhyAna Apyu', 1941mAM 'racanAtmaka kArya krama - tenuM rahasya ane sthAna' e nAmanI eka nAnI pustikA lakhI, ane 1942nA jelanivAsa daramiyAna ArogyanA viSaya upara TUMkAM prakaraNA lakhyAM, je emanA mRtyu pachI 'ArAgyanI cAvI' nAmanI pustikA rUpe prasiddha karavAmAM AvyAM. A sa` lakhANAmAM gAMdhIjInI AMtaradRSTine prApta thayelA saumya ane sthira prakAzanI mRdu AdlAdakatA che, paNa 1931nI sAla pachInuM gAMdhIjInu gadya temanAmAM je Atmatattva pragaTa thaI rahyuM hatu. tenI bhavyatAnA vAcakane anubhava karAvatuM nathI. peAtAnA sarva bhAvezane AcaraNamAM gu. sA. 20

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306 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [2. 4 utAravAnI je ekAgra tamannA gAMdhIjIe keLavI hatI te, kadAca, e bhAvezane zabdadeha ApavAnI vRttine bAdhaka hAya. 'satyAgrahAzramanA itihAsa'mAM gAMdhIjIe vratabaddha, prArthanAmaya ne sevAniSpha jIvananA eka yAdagAra sAmUhika prayeAganuM varNana ApyuM che. e prayAgamAM saphaLatA maLI hAvAnA teo dAve| nathI karatA; balke satya, ahiMsA ne brahmacarya e mukhya tratAnA pAlanamAM ThIkaThIka niSphaLatA maLI heAvAnuM te kabUla kare che. paraMtu bAhya daSTie prayAga niSphaLa rahyo heAvA chatAM teNe gAMdhIjInI satyaSTinI kaseATI karIne tene paripakava banAvI. AzramanI niSphaLatAe svIkArI gAMdhIjI zUnyatAnA Adarzone varelA sAyA 'mahAtmA' banyA. sAhitya pariSadanA pramukha tarIke gAMdhIjIe sAhitya vizenI peAtAnI dRSTine anusarI Ardra hRdaye sAkSarane azikSita janatA mATe sAhityanuM sarjana karavAnI vinavaNI karI. peAtAne kavI kaLA iSTa hatI tenuM udAharaNa ApatAM gAMdhIjIe maisUra rAjyanA elUramAM eka strInI pratimA joI hatI tenuM zabdacitra ApyuM che te, peAtAne pasaMda paDI heAya evI kAI kaLAkRti pratyenA peAtAnA pratibhAvAnuM varNana karavAnI emanI zaktineA suMdara namUnA che. 'racanAtmaka kAryakrama'mAM gAMdhIjIe dezamAM sAcuM svarAja sthApavA mATenA kAryakramanI rUparekhA ApI che. gAMdhIjInI dRSTie svarAja e rAjakIya nahi paNa naitika sthiti che, ane prajAmAM naitika zakti keLavIne ja te siddha karI zakAya. te keLavavA mATe emaNe satya te ahi MsAne varelA prajAsevA dvArA Arthika, sAmAjika ne sAMskRtika punarracanAnA 18 muddAnA kAryakrama ApyA. A kAryakramamAM sthULa lakSyAMka siddha karavAnuM mahattva hatuM te karatAM tenA amala dvArA prajAjIvanamAM naitika mUlya| dRDha karavAnuM vadhu hatuM. 'maMgaLaprabhAta'mAM gAMdhIjIe vyaktisAdhanAnuM svarUpa samajAvyuM hatuM; ahIM tee samAjasAdhanAnuM svarUpa samajAve che. ane satya ne ahiMsAnI zakti vize emanI zraddhA have eTalI UMDI khanI che ke 'maMgaLaprabhAta'nA gadyamAM navA darzanane utsAha ne kavitvamaya vANInA unmeSa hatA tene badale A pustikAmAM temanA vicAro vAcakanu dhyAna kheMce evA kAI zabdacamatkAra vinA zAMta, namra ne anAgrahI chatAM preraka vANIpravAha rUpe vahe che. jema 'racanAtmaka kAryakrama'mAM gAMdhIjI nIrogI samAjajIvananuM citra Ape che tema ArAgyanI cAvI'mAM tee sAcA arthamAM nIrAgI vyaktijIvananu... citra Ape che. bhAratIya paraMparA anusAra dharma pahelA puruSA che, ane zarIra dharmapAlananuM mukhya sAdhana che. evA sAdhana tarIke ene kema keLavavuM ane jALavavuM

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pra. ] gAMdhIjI [ 307 e 'AreAgyanI cAvI'nA viSaya che. ArAgya vize sAmAnya jJAna' uparanAM prakaraNAmAM gAMdhIjIe A ja dRSTithI viSayanI carcA karI hatI, paraMtu have emanI dharmadRSTi vadhu vizada ne meAkSalakSI banI che. manuSyazarIrane sadupayeAga AtmAne rahevAnu` maMdira" banAvavAmAM che, ane aMtima dRSTie jotAM tA zarIra paNu, gAMdhIjI kahe che, IzvarathI vyApta evA "sudUra ane akrUra AkAzatattva'nI sAthe anusa MdhAna sAdhavAmAM aMtarAyarUpa che. eTale "zarIra rahe ke jAya tene vize ApaNe taTastha rahIe" ane "ApaNI zakti ne ApaNA jJAna pramANe tene sadupayega sevA sAru, Izvarane oLakhavA sAru, tenA jagatane jANavA sAru, tenI sAthe ekaya sAdhavA sAru karIe." dRzya AkAza sAthenuM anusaMdhAna gAMdhIjInA kavihRdayane eve| ja AnaMda Ape che. ...manuSyanuM sUvAnuM sthAna AkAza nIce hAvu joie.... tenI chatrI agaNita tArAothI jaDeluM AkAza ja hAya. jyAre AMkha UghaDe tyAre te pratikSaNa navuM dazya joze.... tArAone bhavya saMdha pharatA ja dekhAze. je manuSya eenI sAthe anusaMdhAna karI ze te tene peAtAnA hRdayanA sAkSI karaze te kadI apavitra vicArane sthAna nahIM Ape ne zAMta nidrA leze." (: saMpUrNa nirvikAratAnI sthiti gAMdhIjInAM kalpanAcakSune varSothI AkaSI rahI hatI ane tene siddha karavA teo ArAgyanI cAvI'nAM prakaraNa lakhAyAM te arasAmAM prayAgA karI rahyA hatA. te prayAgeA, brahmacaryAM uparanA prakaraNamAM gAMdhIjI lakhe che, "samAjanI AgaLa mUkavA jeTalI sthitie paheAMcyA nathI. jo mane saMtASa thAya teTale aMze saphaLa thaze teA te samAjanI pAse mUkavAnI AzA rAkhuM chuM." sana 1946-47mAM deza kAmI dveSanI AgamAM sapaDAye| tyAre saMpUrNa brahmacaya ne ahi`sAnI siddhi dvArA tene zAMta karavAnI gAMdhIjInI abhilASA hatI, paraMtu kAmI dAvAnaLanI jvALAo chevaTe emanA jIvanI Ahuti laIne ja zamI hatI. emanA jIvananA A karuNubhavya aMtanI e samayanAM emanAM prArthanApravacaneAmAM kaMIka jhAMkhI thAya che. TIpa [ 'kalekTeDa vasa' te 'lekTeDa vasadeg AvU mahAtmA gAMdhI', 'akSaradeha' te 'gAMdhIjIne akSaradeha' ane '6. A. sa. i.' te dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahane| itihAsa' ema samajavu'. 'kalekTeDa varksa' ane 'akSaradeha' paratve pahelA AMkaDA graMthakramAMkane ane bIjo pRSThamAMkane samajaveA. ]

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38] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 1 kalephaTeDa vasa" 62: 358, 2 e ja, 22 : 320. 3 "akSaradeha', 17: pa7. 4 e ja, 26 :377 5 "Let him who has eyes see, and him who has ears hear." 6 bApunA patro -8: zrI nAraNadAsa gAMdhIne, bhAga 1, pR. 341. 7 da. A. sa. I.', pR. 8-9. 8 e ja, pR. 34. 9 kalekaTeDa vapharsa, 48 - 434. 10 "akSaradeha', 14: 457-8, 11 e ja, 14 353, 12 e ja, 12 : 406, 13 kalekaTeDa vasa", 55 : 382. 14 "gItAbodha', pR. 23 15 "bApunA pa-5 kupremabahena kaMTakane', pR. 203. 16 da. A. sai.', pR. 140-1. 17 "akSaradeha', 3H356. 18 e ja, 5: 123. 19 e ja, 5 : 20 e ja, 5: 506-7. 21 e ja, 4 : 462. 22 e ja, 7: 3. ra3 e ja, 8H 4. 24 e ja, 7 : 38. 25 e ja, 7H 94. ra6 e ja, 7: 377, ra7 daza AMgaLAnI chApa ApI. 28 "akSaradeha', 7: 135. 29 e ja, 8 72-9, 30 e ja, 8: 80-931 e ja, 11 - 12. 3ra e ja, 11 : 447-8, 33 e ja, 11 : 437. 34 e ja, 8, 35 e ja, 8, 36 e ja, 11 : 176 5. 37 e ja, 11 : 371 -3. 38 e ja, 12 H 195-8, 39 e ja, 8ne 9. 40 e ja, 12: 444-para. 41 e ja, 11 : 92. 4ra e ja, 12 : 340. 43 e ja, 9H 494, 11 : 94, 12: 311, 312, 323, 342, 354-5, 373. 44 e ja, 9 : 534, 537, 45 e ja, 14: 14-35. 46 e ja, 14 : 46-60. 47 e ja, 14: 60. 48 e ja, 14 : 56. 49 e ja, 16 H 92. 50 e ja, 16 ne 17. 51 e ja, 10:459-61. para e ja, 20: 45-47. 53 e ja, 20 : 256-58. 54 e ja, 21 55 e ja, 21H 81-4. 56 e ja, 24 : 184. pa7 e ja, 27: 92-3. 58 kalephaTeDa vaphasa, 48 : 127, 57: 446, 64: 74, 101. 59 "akSaradeha', 234 501-4. 6. e ja, 27 272-4. 61 e ja, 16 : 221-3, 17 409-10, 27:325-6, 30 : 35-6, 34 134-5. 6ra bApunA pa-50 ku. premAbahena kaMTakane', pR. 63.

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prakaraNa 7 kAlelakara dattAtreya bAlakRSNa kAlelakara [I.sa. 1885] upAsanA karavA lAyaka che keAI devatA hoya to te jIvanadevatA ja che. paNa jIvanadevatAnI upAsanA karI hoya che. mANasane mATe je kAMI paNa hitatama hoya te te jIvanadevatAne oLakhavuM e ja che. jIvanadevatA bahurUpiNI che." - kAkAsAheba kAlelakara 1. jIvanarekhA kAkAsAheba kAlelakarane janma I. 1885nA DisembaranI pahelI tArIkhe satArAmAM thayo hato. temanA pitA bAlakRSNa kAlelakara prakRtie ghaNuM dharmaniSTha pApabhIru ane jAgrata nyAyabuddhivALA hatA. mAtA rAdhAbAI paNa kulIna sadAcArI ane paropakAravRttivALAM hatAM. devapUjA japatapa vrataupavAsa jevAM karmakAMDo ane vidhiniSedhanuM teo custa rIte pAlana karatAM. temanA kuTuMbamAM prAcIna dharmagraMtha ane marAThI saMtanA bhaktisAhityanuM satata pArAyaNa cAlatuM rahetuM. jyAre tIrthATananA prasaMge AvatA tyAre kuTuMbanAM bALakene paNa sAthe levAmAM AvatAM. A jAtanI dhArmika pravRttionI bALaka dattAtreyanA mana para UMDI asara paDI dekhAya che. bAlakRSNa kAlelakara sarakAra taraphathI dezI rAjyamAM eNDiTara nimAyA hatA. e kAmane lIdhe AkhA kuTuMbane vAraMvAra sthaLAMtara karatA rahevuM paDeluM. pariNAme bALakone eka ja zALAmAM lAMbA samaya sthira rahIne zikSaNa levAne avakAza maLyo nahote. joke sthaLAMtaronI sAthe navAnavA pradeza jevAne lAbha temane anAyAsa maLI gayo. AvAM paribhramaNae ja taruNa kAkAsAhebamAM prakRti mATenuM AkarSaNa janmAvyuM haze. bIjo pakSa lAbha e maLyo ke judIjudI zALAnA keTalAka saMniSTha zikSakane saMparka temane thayo. AcArya vAmanarAva ane padmanAbha caMdAvarakara jevA zikSakoe kAkAsAhebanI jijJAsA saMkAravAmAM tema temanI dharmavRtti poSavAmAM mATe bhAga bhajavyo hato. taruNa vaye ja "pratApapAMDava" "rAmavijaya" "harivijaya" "bhaktivijaya" "gurucaritra' "saMtalIlAmRta" ane "zivalIlAmRta jevA dharmagraMtho vAMcavA teo prerAyelA. e samaye prabuddha bhArata' ane brahmavAdina" jevAM sAmayikomAM vedAMtanI je carcA cAlatI te samajavAne temaNe prayatna karelA.

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310 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ zra'. 4 I. 1903mAM kAkAsAheba, maeNTrikanI parIkSA pAsa karI, pUnAnI phargyusana kaeNAlejamAM joDAyA. temanA vyaktitvadhaDatarane A eka mahattvaneA tabakko hatA. e samaye AkhAye dezamAM rASTrIya asmitAnuM pracaMDa meAju pharI vaLyuM hatuM. sahaja ja judIjudI rASTrIya caLavaLA temanuM dhyAna kheMcI rahI. ravIndranAtha TAgAra ane arivaMda dveSanI 'naeNzanala kAunsila oNpha ejyukezana', AryasamAja, OMAna seAsAyaTI, thiyosophikala seAsAyaTI, brahmosamAja, rAmakRSNa mizana ane baMgALane nUtana kaLAsaMpradAya jevI rASTrIya cetanAthI prerAyelI judIjudI aneka saMsthAe tyAre sakriya banI hatI, e saunI bhAvanA prAcIna dhama' ane sa MskRtinuM ujjavala rUpa pragaTa karI navA yuganA sa MdarbhomAM tenI prANapratiSThA karavAnI hatI, svAmI vivekAnaMda ane bhaginI niveditAe prAcIna vedAMtanuM rahasya samajAvatAM temAM janasevAnu` mUlya paNa sAMkaLI ApyuM. taruNu kAkAsAhebanA mana para A badhI pravRtti ane vicAraNAnA prabhAva paDayo haze. A vaye kAkAsAhebe peAtAnA jIvanakArya (mission) vize ghaNA sa'kalpavikalpe karyA dekhAya che. jIvananI dizA spaSTa thatI naheAtI. thoDA samaya lAka mAnya TiLakanA netRtva heThaLa cAlatI svadezI ane kArUbaMdhInI caLavaLamAM kAma karyuM, thADA samaya krAMtivIra khApaTa ane vIra sAvarakaranI maMDaLImAMye joDAyA. Ama eka bAju rASTrIya vaheNeAmAM tee kheMcAI rahyA hatA tyAre, bIjI bAju temanA aMtaramAM AdhyAtmika kaTAkaTI cAlI rahI hatI. bALapaNanI bheLA dhazraddhA kaThAra buddhinI eraNa para khaMDita thaI gaI hatI. temanuM mana saMzayavAdathI gherAyelu rahetuM hatuM. eve samaye vivekAnaMdanAM vacanAe temane ugArI lIdhA. temanA aMtaramAM navI AsthA janmI ke bhAratanA punarudvAraneA ekamAtra mArga te keLavaNIneA che. ane maneAmana ja temaNe keLavaNInA kAmanI dIkSA aMgIkAra karI lIdhI. I. 1907thI 1915nA gALA kAkAsAhebanA jIvanamAM jhaDapI vaLAMkA ANe che. A gALAmAM ceDA samaya khelagAmanA gaNeza vidyAlayamAM ane pachI thoDA samaya vaDAdarAnA gaMganAtha bhAratI savavadyAlayamAM zikSaka tarIke kAma karyuM, vacamAM gaMgAdhararAvanA netRtva heThaLa zarU thayelA patra 'rASTramata'mAMya kAma karyuM. ahIM temane dattopaMta ApaTe, vIra vAmanarAva,gApALarAva Agale, hirabhAu phATaka ane svAmI Anada jevA rASTravAdI kAryakartAone saMpa thayA. I. 1913mAM nikaTanA sAthI anaMta jIvA maDhekara ane svAmI AnaMda sAthe temaNe himAlayanI pagayAtrA karI. tyAMthI pAchA pharatAM thADA samaya haradvAranA RSikuLamAM zakAyA ane japatapa karyAM. pachI uttara bhAratamAM AsamAnu` kAMgaDI

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pra. 7] kAlelakara [311 gurukuLa, rAjA mahendra pratApanuM premamahAvidyAlaya, AcArya kRpAlAnIjIne siMdhu brahmacaryAzrama ane ravIndranAthanI prasiddha saMsthA zAMtiniketananI mulAkAta lIdhI. zAMtiniketanamAM te gurudevanA sAnnidhyamAM thaDe samaya adhyApananuM kAma paNa karyuM. I. 1913mAM AcArya kRpAlAnI ane giradhArI jevA mitro sAthe teo brahmadezane pravAsa karI AvyA. - I. 1915mAM zAMtiniketanamAM temane prathama vAra gAMdhIjI jeDe mulAkAta thaI. satyAgrahane siddhAMta tema ja bIjA rASTrIya prazno vize temaNe gAMdhIjI jeo vicAravinimaya karyo. satyAgrahanA sAdhananI kSamatA vize temanA manamAM atyAra sudhI je saMzaya paDyo hato te A mulAkAtathI dUra thayA. teo have gAMdhIjInA anuyAyI banyA. gAMdhIjInA sUcanathI satyAgraha AzramanI rASTrIya zALA ane gUjarAta vidyApIThamAM temaNe zikSaNa kAma svIkAryuM, ane keTalAka samaya e saMsthAnA saMcAlananI javAbadArI paNa upADI. daramyAna satyAgrahanI laDatamAM teo sakriya banyA. I. 1932mAM gUjarAta vidyApITha cheDI ane AkhAye rASTrane potAnI karmabhUmi banAvI. asahakAranI laDatamAM bhAga levA badala temane jela javAnA prasaMge AvyA. rASTrabhASA hiMdustAnInA pracArakArya aMge dezanA judAjudA prAMtamAM temane pravAsa karavA paDyA. svAtaMtryottara samayamAM "gAMdhI smAraka nidhinA niyAmaka tarIke sevA ApI. rASTrIya kakSAnI bIjI aneka saMsthAo joDe paNa teo saMkaLAyelA rahyA. daramyAna cIna, jApAna, raziyA, AphrikA, yuropa, amerikA vagere dezamAM pravAsa karI AvyA. bhAratanA "sAMskRtika elacI' tarIke temanI e sevA noMdhapAtra che. I. 1960mAM gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadanA amadAvAda khAte maLelA vIsamA adhivezananA teo pramukha tarIke varAyA hatA. temanI rASTrIya sevAonI kadara karatAM bhArata sarakAre I. 1964mAM temane 'padmavibhUSaNunA ilakAbathI navAjyA hatA. temanA ciMtanAtmaka graMtha "jIvanavyavasthAne sAhitya akAdamI, dilhInuM I. 1964nuM pAritoSika enAyata thayuM hatuM. 2. nirALI pratibhA kAkAsAhebanI lekhanapravRtti I. 1920nI AsapAsamAM zarU thayelI te atyAra sudhI aviratapaNe cAlu rahI che. gujarAtImAM pragaTa thayelA temanA graMthonI kula saMkhyA cALIsathI paNa vadhAre che. janma mahArASTrI hovA chatAM gujarAtI bhASA pratye pitAnI mAtRbhASA marAThI jeTaluM ja bhaktibhAva temaNe dAkhavyo che.

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312 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 temanAM moTA bhAganAM lakhANe pahelAM gujarAtImAM ja avataryA che. ApaNI bhASAne pitAne hRdayanI sakala samRddhi reDIne temaNe eTalI samartha rIte kheDI ke, gAMdhIjIe temane "savAI gujarAtInuM gheruM biruda ApyuM. kAkAsAhebe nibaMdha, pravAsakathA, AtmavRttAMta, patra Adi gadyanA vividha prakAra kheDayA. nibaMdhamAM ciMtanAtmaka ane lalita baMne zailInAM lakhANa temaNe lakhyAM. ciMtanAtmaka lakhANamAM temanI ciMtaka tarIkenI tejasvI pratibhAne paricaya maLe ja che. paNa temanI pratibhAne e kaMIka sImita ane ekadezIyA AviSkAra che. temanuM bahuzruta saMskArasamRddha vyaktitva, temanA pravAsagraMthomAM ane lalitanibaMdhomAM, vadhu subhaga rUpamAM ane vadhu akhilAImAM pragaTa thatuM jovA maLe che. AkAzadarzananA temanA lekho emAM rajU thatA viSayanI navInatAne kAraNe eka nirALo ja unmeSa banI rahe che. gAMdhIjIe siddha karelI gadyazailImAM temaNe lAvaNyavatI eka ane khI gadya chaTA nipajAvI. gAMdhIjInA prakhara tamaya vyaktitva heThaLa lAMbo samaya teo rahyA. paNa temanA hRdayanI sauMdaryavRtti tethI karamAI gaI nathIH e vibhUtinAM teja pI pIne te jANe ke vadhu dIptimaMta banI che. kAkAsAhebanI jIvanagati gAMdhIjI karatAM kaMIka judI dizAnI dekhAya che. gAMdhIjInI dRSTimAM bhAratanAM karoDo daridranArAyaNe haMmeza mATe vasI gayAM hatAM. temaNe pitAnuM AkhuM jIvana e daridranArAyaNanA punaruddhAra athe samarpita karyuM hatuM. lakazreya, lokasevA ane lokazikSaNa e ja temanA jIvananAM mukhya preraka baLa banI rahyAM hatAM. temane satyanA prayogo AvA parama lakSyanI dizAmAM cAlyA hatA. temanI pAse sauMdaryadRSTi nahatI ema tame kahI zake nahi. saMgIta citra sAhitya jevI kaLAomAM sUma rasadaSTithI praveza karyo hoya evA aneka prasaMge temanA jIvanamAM jovA maLe che. pitAnI AsapAsa vistarelI prakRtimAM vizvanA mahAna sarjakanI kaLAnuM pote darzana kare che, ema paNa teo kahetA, paNa kevaLa sauMdaryanI upAsanAne temanI jIvanavicAraNAmAM jhAjhuM mahattva nahotuM. bIjI bAju, kAkAsAheba paNa gAMdhIjIe batAvelA racanAtmaka kAryakramamAM joDAyelA rahyA, ane rASTrajIvananA tema mAnavasamAjanA prazno vize vicAravimarza paNa karatA rahyA. paNa temanI zodha vizvajIvana pAchaLa rahelA parama tatvanI hatI. A parama tatvane "jIvanadevatA" tarIke teo oLakhAve che. teo kahe che ke prakRti ane saMskRti, bhUmi ane bhUmAM - ema samagrane vyApI letI "jIvanadevatA' anaMtavidha rUpe vilakSyA kare che. prakRtinAM karaNya taromAM tema mAnavahRdayamAM

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pra. 7 ] kAlelakara [ 313 sphuratAM zubhaMkara tavAmAM eneAja vizeSa AvirbhAva jovA maLe che. satyam zivam ane sundaram e traNa enI ja mukhya vibhUtio che. dha kaLA saMskRti AdimAM enI ja jhAMkhI thAya che. e kharuM ke vyavahArajIvanamAM hiMsatA kutsitatA jevAM vighAtaka tattvAya kAma kare che -- kAkAsAheba jIvananI narI hakIkata lekhe eneA inkAra karatA nathI paNa teo je prakAranI jIvanabhAvanA keLavI rahyA che temAM enuM UMcuM sthAna nathI. jIvanamAM pragaTa thatAM koyaskara tattvAmAM ja temanI UMDI AsthA rahI che. - - 'jIvanadevatA'ne pUrNa rUpamAM jovA jANavAnI vRtti ja temane jJAnavijJAnanA vividha viSayAmAM prerI rahI che. kaMIka Azcaya lAge evI vAta che ke, dharma saMskRti samAjavijJAna nRvaMzazAstra itihAsa purANu sAhityAdi kaLA, gaNita khagALazAstra evA aneka viSayAmAM lagabhaga ekasarakhA rasathI temaNe praveza karyAM che. emAM prAcIna hiMdu saMskRti ane dharmadarzananA teo UMDA abhyAsI rahyA che. veda upaniSadanAM rahasyA temanA jIvanavicAramAM AtaprAta thaI cUkayAM che. vIsamI sadInAM jAgatika paribaLAthI paNa tee sArI rIte paricita che. mAnavatAvAdanI bhUmikA paNa emanA ciMtanamAM vyApakapaNe bhaLI che. eTale sa`kucita saMpradAyavRttithI te aLagA thaI cUkayA che. eTale temane A saMskRtinA parivrAjaka' tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM AvyA che te ceAgya ja che. vaLI vividha vidyAonA saMskArAthI temanA mana keSa atyaMta samRddha banyA hAvAthI kizeAralAle temane jIvatAjAgatA jJAnadhi'ra tarIke biradAvyA che. paNa kAkAsAhebanI pratibhAne viziSTa aMza te temanI sauMdarya vRtti che. sauMdaryabAdhatI temanI iMdriya ghaNI sateja ane sadeAti rahI heAvAnuM samajAya che. dezamAM ke videzamAM, jyAM jyAM taka maLI che tyAM tyAM prakRtinuM sauMdarya mANavAnuM teo cUkayA nathI. rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka ema kahe che ke sau vRtti e ja kAkAsAhebanI pratibhAne kharA vizeSa che. kizAralAle4 vaLI evuM avaleAkana nAMdhyuM che ke gAMdhIjInI 'karuNAbhInI' ane 'arthazAdhaka' AMkheA prajAjIvananI viSama vAstavikatA para maMDAyelI rahetI, jyAre kAkAsAhebanI 'rasabharI' ane 'sauMdarya zAdhaka' dRSTi satata prakRtinA vaibhava para TharelI rahetI. kizAralAlanA A abhiprAyamAM, alabatta, atyukti rahI che. tApaNu eTaluM teA sAcuM ja ke sauMdarya khAdha ane tenI abhivyaktinI utkaTa jhaMkhanA e kAkAsAhebanI pratibhAnuM eka baLavAna ane gatizIla tattva che. gAMdhImaMDaLanA lekhakeA-ciMtAmAM A vRttivizeSane kAraNe teo nirALA tarI Ave che.

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314] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa . [ caM. 4 3. lalita nibaMdha jIvanane AnaMda (I. 1936): A graMthamAM prakRtidarzana ane AkAzadarzana uparAMta kaLAvicAraNanA nibaMdho graMthastha thayA che. emAM "prakRtinuM hAsya ane nivRttimAM nirIkSaNa" e be khaMDamAM prakRtinAM vibhinna sauMdarya rUpanuM varNana karatA nibaMdhe rajU thayA che. prakRtinuM sauMdarya mANavA teo satata paribhramaNa karatA rahyA che. paNa nivRttimAM nirIkSaNa" khaMDanAM lakhANo jelavAsamAM lakhAyAM che. jelajIvananI ekAMtatAmAM, khAsa karIne mAMdagInI nivRttinI kSaNomAM, AsapAsanI prakRtine nikaTatAthI avalokavAnI vRttimAMthI e lakhANo janmyAM che. prakRti jANe ke satata avanavAM rUpamAM avanavI chaTAothI kAkAsAhebane AmaMtraNa ApatI rahI che, ane prasannatApUrvaka teo e AmaMtraNa svIkAratA rahyA che ! prakRtinuM ramyabhavya dazya temanA aMtaramAM apUrva AlAda jagADe che. emAM kavacita zekanI chAyA bhaLe che, kavacita asUyAnI lAgaNI umerAya che! prakRti jIvaMta satva hoya e rIte AtmIyatAthI teo tenI joDe vizaMbhakathA mAMDe che, ke svagatokti uccAre che. prakRtinA vizuddha AnaMdanA mULamAM kharekhara to temanI bhakti ane vismayanI anubhUtio rahI hoya che. nirvyAja vizuddha AnaMda e je temanA sauMdaryabodhanI kSaNonI parAkASThA che, te evo AnaMda ja temanA lalita nibaMdhenuM mukhya preraka baLa che. game te sthitimAM kudaratanuM darzana AhUlAdaka ja hoya che, evI temanA aMtaranI daDha pratIti rahI che. uSAkALe kesaravaNI AbhA ane sonerI jhAMyathI dIpanuM pUvaya AkAza, tArAnakSatrathI morI UThatuM rAtrinuM kadaMbavRkSa, RtuRtue manebhAva badalatAM rahetAM vAdaLAnI avanavI raMgalIlA, nagarane rozanIthI jhaLahaLa karI mUkatA dIvAonI hAramALA, sUrajanAM teja pItAM kUNuM parNo - evI naisargika sauMdaryanI chaTAe te teo mANe ja che. paNa jIvananAM zuSka ane reDhiyALa lAgatAM dazyomAMya teo lIna banI jAya che. prakhara zrImane madhyAhnakALe AkAzanA nIrava ekAMtamAM cakarAvA letI samaDIo jovAnuM ke kumAzabharyA kAdavamAM aMkAI gayelI pagalAMonI lipi ukelavAnuM ke pANInI sapATI para vistarI rahelI lIlanuM bArIka nirIkSaNa karavAnuM to kAkAsAheba jevA kekane ja sUche are, sukAtI mATInI tirADothI racAI jatI AkRtio jovAnuM paNa teo cUkyA nathI ! ema kahI zakAya ke pRthvI pANI teja vAyu ane AkAza e pAMca mahAbhUta alaga alaga ke sAthe maLIne je je mAyAvI rUpa race che, te sarvane teo ekasarakhI utsukatAthI nihALatA rahyA che. AvI kSaNe teo je virala prasannatA anubhavI rahyA hoya che, tenI pAchaLa temanI virala AdhyAtmika

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pra. 7] kAlelakara [ 315. vRtti joI zakAya. prakRtimAM pratyakSa thatI lIlA e parama caitanyaneA ja AMzika AviSkAra che, evI temanI pratIti rahI che. AvI pratIti na heAya tA, prakRtinAM ramyarukSa surU5kurUpa evAM sattvA joDe ATalI AtmIyatA sAdhavAnuM paNa zaka na bane. jIvananA AnaMda'nA khIjA khaMDa 'anaMta vistAra'mAM kAkAsAhebanA AkAzadarzananA lekhA rajU thayA che. mULa tA satyAgraha AzramanA vidyAthI Ane, ane khIjA AkAzapremI leAkeAne mATe paNu, A viSayanA prAthamika khyAla ApI emAM temane rasa letA karavAne e lakhAyA hatA. e paikI 'adhamaNu'thI 'rAtrinI samRddhi-1' sudhInA cha nibaMdhe vizeSataH mAhitIlakSI che, jyAre khIjA lekhe tArAdarzananA ATlAdamAMthI janmyA hAI lalita nibaMdhA banyA che. tArAnakSetrA ane nihArikAnuM darzana kAkAsAhebamAM ajaba ullAsa jagADe che. rAtrinI e jAtiya sRSTine temaNe 'devAnuM kAvya' kahIne eLakhAvI che. eka prasaMge temaNe ema kahyuM che ke divasanA 'kALA prakAza' karatAM rAtrineA UjaLA aMdhakAra' temane vadhu game che ! kema ke, A anaMta brahmAMDanuM vadhu yathArtha darzana 'UjaLA aMdhakAra'mAM ja thaI zake. sAcuM che ke tArAnakSetrAnI rahasyabharI sRSTi temanA aMtaranA vismayane sakAratI rahI che, temanA bhaktibhAvane peASatI rahI che. khagALazAstranA te UMDA abhyAsI rahyA che, eTale tArAnakSatrAnA udayaastanI mAhitI temanI pAse hAya ja. eTale jelanI sAMkaDI kharAkamAM paDacA hAya, ke dakSiNa cheDe kanyA kumArInA sAgarataTe UbhA hAya, -- kAI paNa sthAnethI peAtAnA svajana samAM tArAnakSatronI tee acUka bhALa meLavI levAnA. A rIte AkAzadarzana e temanI atipriya pravRtti rahI che. A viSayanA temanA lalita nibaMdhe, mAtra viSayanI navInatAne kAraNe ja nahi, cAru gadyazailIne kAraNe paNa eTalA ja hradya banyA che.. tArAnakSatrAnI satata cAlatI rahetI vaNAra temanI sa MvedanAne tIvratAthI sa`kArI Ape che ane temanI kalpanAne taralacaMcala banAvI de che. tArAonI vaividhyabharI AkRtionuM cetAhara alaMkArAnI sahAyathI teo varNana kare che. vedaupaniSadanA saMdarbho sahaja rIte temanA alaMkArAmAM pravezI jAya che. prasa MgeprasaMge tArAnakSatrAmAM mAnavabhA veAnuM AreApaNa karI sajIvArApaNa alaMkArA race che, teA emAM hAsya-vimedanI nirdoSa kSaNeAya tee odhI le che. AkAzadarzananI prasannatA jANe ke temanI sarja kalpanAne prerI rahe che, eTale ja'devenu" e 'kAvya' ApaNA sAhityamAM hRdayaMgama evA gadyakAvyanA unmeSA nipajAvI Ape che. khaDavAnA Ana" (I. 1953) : A graMthamAM ApaNA dezanAM judAM-judAM tIrthaMdhAmA kalAdhAmeA vagere sthaLavizeSane lagatA lekheA graMthastha thayAM.

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316] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ca. 4 che. "dezadarzana e mAre mana devadarzanano ja bhAga che evuM Atmanivedana kAkAsAhebe rajU karyuM che. AvI rASTrabhakti ja ApaNA dezanA dhArmika ane sAMskRtika vArasAne AtmasAta karavA prere che. temanI jijJAsA ane sauMdaryavRtti pahelethI sateja hatI. ane rASTrIya sevAnI judI judI pravRttio nimitte dezanA khUNekhUNAmAM pravAsa karavAnI taka maLI tyAre tIrthadhAmo ke bIjuM etihAsika dhAme temaNe nikaTatAthI nihALI lIdhAM hatAM. eka rIte A pravAsa temanI bhAratIya AtmAnI zodha jevA banI rahyA che. A badhAM pravAsajanya lakhANomAM temanA lalita nibaMdhonI ramaNIya zailInuM ja anusaMdhAna jovA maLaze. emAM dharma saMskRti Adi viSayone lagatI keTalIka carcAo che, aitihAsika ane bhaugolika vigatenA saMdarbho che, paNa tethI e zelInI ramaNIyatA khAsa lupta thaI nathI. prakRtinA nibaMdhomAM temanA saMskArasamRddha vyaktitvanA je unma jovA maLyA hatA teno ja kaMI vilakSaNa AvirbhAva ahIM joI zakAze. A graMthamAM ApaNe dezanAM tIrthasthAne vizenA nibaMdhe mahattvanuM sthAna le che. judAjudA dharmo ane saMpradAya dvArA baMdhAyelAM maMdire, tenI AgavI sthApatyazilpanI kaLA, tenAM viziSTa zailInAM mUrtividhAne jevI bAbatomAM kAkAsAhebane jIvaMta rasa rahyo che. eTale A pravAsomAM teo A tIrthadhAmone vividha rIte paricaya meLavI le e svAbhAvika che. A graMthamAM, A rIte, temaNe aneka sthaLavizeSone rasabhInI zailImAM paricaya Ape che. dakSiNa bhAratane cheDe AveluM kanyAkumArInuM maMdira, belUDanuM rAmakRSNa paramahaMsanuM maMdira, narmadA tIre AveluM yoginI maMdira, mahAvIranI kevalyabhUmi apApApurI, buddhagayA, nAMdeDane guru goviMdasiMhane gurudvArA, maisUranI vizALakAya bAhubalInI mUrti, nirvANadhAma kuzInArA, delavADAnAM jaina maMdira, dhRNezvara -ema aneka tIrthone ahIM paricaya prApta thAya che. keTalAMka sthAnenAM varNanamAM tenI sAthe saMkaLAyelI purANakathA ke daMtakathAne TUMkA ullekha rajU kare che. emAM patIkI dRSTie artha. ghaTana karavAnI vRtti paNa kAma kare che. te, aneka prasaMge maMdiranAM sthApatyazi95 Adine sauMdaryadaSTie vicAra karyo che. A badhA nibaMdhamAMthI bhAratIya samAja ane saMskRtinI eka viziSTa bhAtIgaLa mudrA upasI AvI che. dhArmika sthAnamAM paNa aMdhazraddhA bhraSTAcAra jevI badIo joI temanuM haiyuM khinna banI jAya che, ane hiMdu dharma ane saMskRtine moTo roga lAgyo che te vAtane svIkAra kare che, te chatAM maMdironI saMskRti para ekaMdare temane bhaktibhAva

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pra. 7] kAlelakara [ 317 ane zraddhAbhAva ja pragaTa thaI jAya che. ApaNI prAcIna saMskRtine e jIvata vArasA che evI dRDha zraddhA tee keLavI rahyA che, 'vairAgyavaibhavane vArasA', * delavADAnI dhArmika kaLA', 'bAhubalI', 'ajaMTA', 'tAjamahAla', 'buddha yazeAdharA ane rAhula' jevA lekheAmAM ApaNAM keTalAMka mahattvanAM kalAdhAmone paricaya maLe che. ApaNe tyAM ghaNIeka kaLApravRtti judIjudI dharmAMsa sthAenA Azraye vikasatI rahI che, ane judIjudI saMsthAnI kaLAomAM judIjudI zailIe nirmANa thavA pAmI hatI. AthI, kAkAsAheba AvI dha saMsthAne tema tenAthI prerAyelI zailIoneya vicAra karavA prerAyA che. te sthApatyAdi kaLAe vize je carcA kare che temAM temanI ziSTa abhinnata rasavRtti ane sUkSma kaLAdaSTineA paricaya thaI jAya che. joke kevaLa kaLAdaSTie vicAratA rahevAnuM temanu valaNa nathI, samAja saskRti ane jIvanavyavasthAne vizeSa lakSamAM rAkhI tee e badhI kaLAnA vicAra kare che. AthI samAjajIvana para kaLAonI asaranA prazno temanuM vizeSa dhyAna rAke che. A graMthamAM meATA bhAganA nibaMdho prakRtinI bhUmikA rajU kare ja che. paNa 'dakSiNane cheDe', 'ghaTAzilezvara', 'sItAnahANI', 'puNya tArAnagarI' ke 'cAMdIpura athavA pUrva kheraDI' jevA nibaMdha mukhyatve prakRtidarzananA che. kAkAsAhebanI sauMdaSTine emAM subhaga paricaya maLI jAya che. temanI hAsyavineAdanI narmamarmabharI uktio ahI temanI zailIne vadhu hugha banAve che. jIvanalIlA' (I. 1956) : kAkAsAhebane, ApaNA dezanI nadIonu" mahimAgAna karatA lekheAnA pahelA nAnA saMgraha 'lAkamAtA'(1934)nA nAme pragaTa thayA hatA, emAM sAhitya akAdamI, dilhInI sUcanAthI jaLadarzanane lagatAM khIjAM lakhANA umerIne I. 1956mAM 'jIvanalIlA'nI saMvardhita AvRtti taiyAra karavAmAM AvI. emAM nadIdarzana uparAMta sAgara saraiAvara jevAM jaLAzayeA vizenAM lakhANA ekasAthe rajU thayAM. tethI pANI jevI vibhUti paratve kAkAsA heLanu * apAra AkarSaNa rahyuM che, tenA sarasa paricaya maLe che, jIvanalIlA' e zIrSIkamAM 'jIvana' zabdanA zleSathI ja caitanya' ane 'pANI' e baMne az sUcavAI jAya che. kAkAsAhebane pANI mATe kaMIka vizeSa pakSapAta rahyo dekhAya che. nadI sAgara ke sarAvaranA darzana mATe teo sadAya utsuka rahyA che. niraMtara vahetA jaLapravAhamAM mAnavajIvananI gatividhanuM darzana te karI zake che. pANInAM apAravidha rUpeAmAM parama caitanyanI lIlA pratibiMbita thaI rahI haiAvAnI temanI pratIti che. badhAM

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318] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [[caM. 4 mahAbhUtamAM pANI pravAhI caMcala ane gatizIla che, e te kharuM ja. paNa ItihAsa saMskRti ane samAjavijJAnanA abhyAsI tarIke teo e vAta paNa sArI rIte pAmI gayA che ke nadIo lekamAtAo che. lokajIvanane poSavAmAM, tenuM saMrakSaNa ane saMvardhana karavAmAM, ane e rIte lokasaMskRtinA jatanamAM nadIone moTo phALo rahyo che. jagatanI aneka mahAna saMskRtio mahAnadIonA kinArA para vikasI hatI. prajAonA vyavahAravinimayamAM e nadIone phALA nAnosUne nathI. AthI kAkAsAheba ema sUcavavA prerAyA che ke judI judI prajAonA itihAsa tenI rAjakartAonI vaMzAvaLio pramANe nahi, paNa judIjudI nadIone kAMThe vaselI prajAonI judIjudI vaMzAvaLio pramANe lakhAvo joIe. kAkAsAhebe ApaNA dezanI nadIone oLakhAvatAM darekanA viziSTa vyaktitvanI manahara mudrA upasAvI ApI che. nadIe paNa temanI svajana hoya te rIte, vahAlathI teo tene paricaya Ape che. "gaMgAmaiyA', 'yamunA rANI', sakhI mArkI', "gurjaramAtA sAbaramatI', dakSiNagaMgA godAvarI', 'ubhayAnvayI narmadA jevAM lakhANanuM nadIdarzana atyaMta hRdayasparzI banI AvyuM che. saMskArasamRddha varNanazailInA subhaga unmeSo emAM jovA maLe che. kAkAsAhebanI rasikakamaLa kalpanAzakti AkarSaka citra ahIM kaMDArI Ape che. "saMdhyArasanuM sarovaradarzana ane "jAMone tAMDavaga" jevAM lakhANomAM paNa temanI gadyazailInI ramaNIyatA eTalI ja hRdya che. gerasappAnA dhodha vize traNa judAjudA prasaMge lakhAyelA traNa lekhe temanI judIjudI manaHsthitinAM hRdya citre ape che. otarAtI dIvAlo' (I. 1925): A nAnakaDI pustikAmAM kAkAsAhebe ApaNA vizvanA eka aparicita pAsAnuM darzana karAvyuM che. ApaNI AsapAsamAM ja rahetAM chatAM haMmezAM upekSA pAmelAM paMkhIo jIvajaMtuo ane choDa-vela ahIM varNanane viSaya banyAM che. asahakAranI laDatamAM bhAga levA mATe sarakAre temane keTaloka samaya sAbaramatInI jelamAM rAkhyA hatA. A jelavAsa daramyAnanI ekalatAnI kSaNemAM teo potAnI baeNreka bahAranI duniyA kutUhalapUrvaka nihALatA rahyA hatA. jelanI oraDImAMthI dekhAtuM AkAza ane tArAnakSatronI gatividhi temanI dRSTimAM AvyAM che ja, paNa oraDImAM ane bahAra ekatra thatAM jIvajaMtuo ane paMkhIonI krIDA paNa teo eTalA ja rasapUrvaka nihALatA rahyA che. AMgaNAmAM Ugele eraMDA ane pIpaLo te temanAM aMtevAsIo banI rahyAM che. ja tulakanI pravRttionuM temanuM A jAtanuM avalokana romAMcaka che. saMghagatimAM vicaratAM kIDIma keDA, "karmakAMDI kabUtaronuM jalasnAna, vaMdAonuM svAgata',

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pra. 7] kAlelakara [319 khisakelI ne samaDIo joDe kAgaDAonuM "mahAyuddha', vRttanivedana" arthe bilADInuM paribhramaNa, snAnAgAramAM maMkaDAnuM mRtyu, kAnakhajUrAnI "bhavamukti', cakalInA mahela'nI kathA, ekaparA kAgaDAnI caturAI, pILAM pataMgiyAMnuM vaira udyana-AvA aneka rasaprada vRttAMta temaNe ahIM AlekhyA che. kAkAsAhebanI tIvra jijJAsA sAthe temanI bArIka nirIkSaNazaktine ahIM subhaga yoga thavA pAme che. sAmAnya mAnavInI najarane bilakula tuccha ne nagaNya lAgatI jIvasRSTi ahIM eka saceta leka rUpe chatI thaI che. A ja tulakane enI AgavI dinacaryAo che, vRttipravRttio che, jIvana TakAvavAnA saMgharSo ane mukAbalAo che, ane e badhuM ahIM sarasa rIte rajU thAya che. kAkAsAhebanI hAsyavinodanI vRtti A varNanamAM vizeSa rocakatA ANe che. paMkhIo, jIvajaMtuo vagerenI sRSTimAM kAkAsAheba evA te garakAva banI gayA che ke, ghaDIka jelajIvananI kaThoratA temane kharekhara kaThatI haze ke kema e prazna thAya. temanA aMtaranI UMDI prazAntatA ane prasannatA ja ahIM vizeSa pratyakSa thAya che. jo ke prasaMgopAtta ApaNuM vartamAna samAjanI gatividhi, tenA rAgadveSa, nyAya anyAya ke jIvaleNa saMgharSo tarapha vidavyaMgamAM teo nirdeza karI le che kharA, paNa tethI vizeSa gaMbhIra ciMtananuM ahIM keI prajana ja nathI. jelajIvananA divasomAM jaMtulekane A rItane paricaya temaNe karyo, ane eka na ja saMsAra temaNe ApaNI samakSa khullo karyo. A prakAranuM "saMsAradarzana vizvasAhityamAM bahu ochuM ja haze, ema lAge che. mIThAnA pratApe' (1958)nuM paNa ahIM smaraNa karavuM joIe. lalita nibaMdhonI gadyazailIH lalita nibaMdhenI zailI ane saMvedanA kAkAsAhebanA nirALA saMskArasamRddha vyaktitvathI aMkita thaI che. prakRtiviSayaka nibaMdhomAM temanI sauMdaryavRttine ananya AvirbhAva jovA maLe che. ApaNuM gadyasAhityamAM temanI zailI anekhI bhAta pADe che. agAu nirdeza karyo che tema, prakRtine AtmIyatAthI teo nihALe che, eTale tArA nakSatre vAdaLa ke paMkhIo joDe saraLatAthI viThaMbhakathA mAMDI zake che, aparicitatAnuM AvaraNa taDI tarata tenA aMtaramAM sthAna le che. AvA prasaMgomAM temanI bAlasulabha kutUhala ane vismayavRtti kAma karI rahI hoya che. koI paNa ramaNIya dRzya, abhirAma chaTA, ke jIvanazaktine ukeka temanI kalpanAzaktine uttejita karI mUke che; kahe ke, taraMgavRttine sakriya karI de che ! ane, temanA anubhavamAM AvelI ramaNIyatA nUtana citrAtmakatA dhAraNa karIne pratyakSa banI UThe che. kAkAsAhebane varNanamAM

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320] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 sajIvAropaNa alaMkAre vAraMvAra AvyA che, teya sUcaka che. zizusulabha evI temanI kalpanA prakRtinA padArthone ane sone jANe ke jIvaMta vyaktirUpe ja pratyakSa kare che ! vRkSa vAdaLa ke nakSatra - darekamAM mAnavasahaja vRttio vartana ane bhAvAnuM teo AropaNa karavA prerAyA che. temanI A prakAranI grahaNazakti ghaNI vAra vaLI upamA ujhekSA rUpe pragaTa thAya che. sajIvAropaNa upamA ane ujhekSA, e traNa alaMkAro kAkAsAhebanA lalita gadyamAM vizeSa camatkRti ANe che. temanI sargazakti mukhyatve A traNa alaMkAro rUpe ja sAkAra thaI che. e dvArA temanuM gadya citrAtmaka banyuM che e to kharuM ja, paNa tAjagI nUtanatA ane hatAnA guNe paNa prApta karI zakahyuM che. prakRtinA varNanamAM kAkAsAhebane jJAnavijJAnanA saMskAre sahaja rIte UtarI AvyA che, vizeSa karIne saMskRta kAvyanATakAdinA saMskAre tarata dhyAna kheMce che. tArAnakSatronA varNanamAM veda purANanA saMdarbhe eTalA ja prabaLa che. temanA anubhavakathanamAM A rIte arthanuM gaurava janme che, kahe ke eka vizeSa rUpanuM sAMskRtika parimANa UbhuM thAya che. A uparAMta ItihAsAdi viSayonA saMskAra paNa temanA kathanavarNanamAM sahaja UtarI AvyA jaNAze. prAcIna sAhityanA pAtra ke prasaMgane keTalIka vAra upamAna lekhe svIkAre che, te keTalIka vAra pitAnA vaktavyane sphaTa karavA dRSTAMta rUpe ANe che. prAcIna kaleka ke uktinuM arthaghaTana paNa emAM cAlatuM rahe che. hAsyavinedanA prasaMgomAM keTalIka vAra prAcIna ukti ke pada zleSa athe prayojAyelAM jovA maLe che. Ama prAcIna sAhitya ane saMskRtinAM to temane gadyamAM satata pravezatAM rahyAM che. sadAjAgrata ane sadAdita evI temanI smRti ApaNuM saMskRtinAM keTakeTalAM pAsAM ene sparzatI rahI che ! eTale ja, umAzaMkara jozIpa ema kahevA prerAyA che ke kAkAsAhebanI gadyazailImAM chellAM pAMca hajAra varasanI saMskRtinI suvAsa che." AvI gadyazailIne kAraNe gAMdhIyuganA ja nahi, ApaNA samasta arvAcIna samayanA nibaMdhakAramAM teo ananya sthAna dharAve che. kAkAsAheba bahuzruta abhyAsI hovA chatAM lalita sukumAra gadyanuM sarjana karavA teo samartha banyA che. kaMIka vizeSa rUpanI saumyatA RjutA ane lAvaNya temAM anAyAsa siddha thayAM che. temanI kAmaLa ruci ane aMtaHkaraNa vRttine emAM vArevAre ApaNane paricaya thAya che. temanA gadyamAM je vizadatA ane prAsAdikatA jamyAM che temAM temanA aMtaranI saMskRti ane prasannatA ja kAraNabhUta che ema samajAya che.

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pra. 7]. kAlelakara [321 temanI saMvedanAmAM tINa grahaNazakti (perception) ane bArIka nirIkSaNazakti (observation) e be zaktionuM vizeSa anusaMdhAna rahyuM che. ene kAraNe prakRtinAM dazya ane padArtho vize svaccha surekha tAjagIbharyA pratibhAvo teo jhIlI zakyA che. prakRtinAM sAmAnya ke tuccha lAgatAM pAsAMomAMya teo AkarSaka rUpe pratyakSa karI zakyA che. paricita jagatane jovAmAM TevamAM baMdhAI jatI Indriyone satata sateja rAkhIne teo cAlyA che. varNanane prasaMga kaI paNa ha-raMga badalatAM AbhalAM che, ke tArAnakSatronI AkRti he, ke kharatAM pAdaDAMnI cakrAkAra ramaNA he - emAMthI mUrta Indriyagocara vigate teo jhaTa pakaDI le che. varNa vastune tenI AgavI raMgachAyA pitA ke tejachAMyanI AbhA sameta pakaDI le che. AthI ciraparicita do ane padArthoneya navuM camatkRtibharyuM rUpa prApta thAya che. judAjudA prasaMge lakhAyelA A nibaMdhenI mAMDaNI ane rajUAta paNa vividha rIte thatI rahI che. koI vAra prAcIna sAhityanuM avataraNa TAMkI tene arthaghaTanathI zarUAta karI che, kaI vAra smRtimAM sacavAyelA prasaMgakathanathI zarUAta karI che te kaI vAra prastuta viSayanA ciMtanamananathI karI che. temaNe kathya vastunI rajUAtamAM satata arUDha evI zilI prayojI che. emAM sAkSaravRttimAMthI sahaja rIte janmatI zuSkatA ke bejilatA bhAgye ja varatAya che. paNa temanI A viziSTa kathanazailI prAkRtatAnA starathI paNa aLagI rahI zakI che. gAMdhIjInI gadyazailInI saraLatA sughaDatA ane uktilAghava emanA gadyamAM AvyAM ja che. paNa emAM kumAza ane lAlityanuM tatva umerAyuM che. aMtaranI prAsAdikatAmAMthI sahaja janmatAM vAkyo satata navAnavA vaLAMke ane vaLoTe letAM dekhAya che. emAM lAMbAM ane TUMkAM vAkyo kazAka mULabhUta laya ane AMtara saMvAdamAM subhaga rIte goThavAyelAM hoya che. saMskRtane aparicita zabda ke samAsa paNa AthI saMvAda sAdhIne dAkhala thAya che. zabdakhaMDa ke vAkyakhaMDane keTalIka vAra vaLI anuprAsanI yuktithI camatkRti sAthe sAMkaLI letA hoya che, te arthAntaranyAsI vidhAnanI rIti paNa teo keTalIka vAra praje che. A lalita nibaMdho temanI hAsyavinodinI lAkSaNika vRttine kAraNe vadhu marmALA banyA che. temano hAsyavinoda temanA aMtaHkaraNanI ke maLa vRttimAMthI janmate hoya evo nirdoSa ane nirdeza pratIta thAya che. prakRtinA padArthomAM mAnavavRtti ke vartananuM AropaNa karI teo temAM vidanI kSaNa meLavI le che. gu, sA. 21

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322] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa caM. 4 ema karatAM mAnavasamAjanI ajJAnatA jaDatA ke mUrkhAI tarapha baMgabharyo nirdeza paNa karI le che. paNa emAM dAhaka roSa ke DaMkha bhAgye ja jovA maLe che. ghaNI vAra te zabdazleSa ke zabdacAturIthI vinoda kare che. temanI A jAtanI vidavRtti pAchaLa temanI vyApaka anukaMpA rahelI che, nirvyAja ullAsa rahyo che ema samajAya che. 4. pravAsagraMtha himAlayane pravAsa (I. 1924) : kAkAsAhebane prathama pravAsagraMtha himAlayane pravAsa" ApaNuM gadyasAhityanI eka praziSTa kRti che, ane enI apUrva saMskArasamRddha zailIne kAraNe A prakAranA ApaNuM sAhityamAM virala sthAna dharAve che. pravAsakathAne lekhaka eTale AMtarika rIte samRddha hoya teTalI ja tenI pravAsakathA paNa samRddha nIvaDI AvavA saMbhava che. "himAlayano pravAsanA saMdarbhamAM A avelekana ghaNuM yathArtha lAge che. himAlayanI vibhUti te enI e ja che, aneka pravAsIoe enuM bayAna ApavAnA prayatna karyA che, paNa e saumAM kAkAsAhebano graMtha nirALA tarI Ave che. temanA aMtaranI vipula samRddhi emAM pragaTa thaI zakI che. himAlayanA pravAsanI A kathA, eka rIte, kAkAsAhebanA AdhyAtmika jIvananuM eka rasaprada prakaraNa banI rahe che. himAlya hiMdu dharma ane saMskRtine mukhya strota rahyo che, evI temanI pahelethI ja zraddhA rahI che. cheka bALapaNathI ja temane himAlaya mATe gUDha AkarSaNa rahyuM hatuM. eTale I. 1912mAM temane jevI mokaLAza maLI ke tarata ja potAnA be nikaTanA sAthI mitro anaMta buvA maDhekara ane svAmI AnaMda joDe himAlayamAM lagabhaga 2500 mAIlanI padayAtrA teo karI AvyA. e pravAsanI kathA te pachIthI sAteka varasanA gALA bAda temaNe lakhI. satyAgraha AzramanA vidyAthIo tyAre haratalikhita sAmayika calAvatA hatA. temAM A pravAsakathA pahelAM lekhamALArUpe raja thaI. pachIthI te pustakAkAre pragaTa thaI. kAkAsAhebanA hRdayamAM himAlaya mATe UMDe bhaktibhAva hato. eTale enA pravAsa samayanA anubhavo cittamAM tIvratAthI aMkAI gayA hoya e svAbhAvika che. ane eTale ja, pravAsa pachI sAteka varasane gALo vItI javA chatAMya e samayanAM smaraNe utkaTatAthI tAjAM karI zakAya. kAkAsAheba mATe A pravAsa jANe ke AMtarakhoja mATe nimitta banyA. AcArya kRpAlAnIjIe A saMdarbhamAM eka mAmika muddo ne cheH kAkAmAM je vizALa jJAnane dhodha vahetA joIe

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pra. 7] kAlelakara [323 chIe tenuM mULa A himAlayamAM ja paDeluM che. e pravAsamAM kAkAe ekeeka tIrthanuM dhAma joyu, ekeeka jJAnanuM dhAma joyuM, ekeeka saundaryanuM sthAna joyuM ane dareka sthAnanA saMdezA emanA e adbhuta magajamAM saMdharI lIdheA.'6 tAtpa ke, dharma jJAna ane saudaryuM. jemAMthI pragaTa thAya che, te aMtaranI gaMgAtrInI kAkAsAhebe A yAtrAmAM ALakha karI. A ja 'gaMgAtrI'mAM prAcIna Aryadharma ane saMskRtinA mULa srota temaNe pratyakSa karyo. tA navA yuganI asmitAnA udaya paNa temaNe emAM ja joyA. AvA preraNAsrotanuM varNana te sthULa 'zabdacitra' rUpa niha, temanA hRdayanA raMgeAthI raMgAyelu` e eka 'premacitra' banI rahyuM. himAlayanuM prAkRtika sauMdarya adbhuta che, divyatAnI jhAMkhI karAve tevuM leAkeAttara che. eTale kAkAsAheba jevA prakRtipremIne AvA prasaMga AtmAnA uDDayanamAM prere ema sahaja banavAnuM. AthI himAlayanI yAtrAmAM eka pachI eka je dRzyapaTA khUle che, tenI kathA meAhaka banI rahe che. himAlayanAM yugayugajUnAM zikhara, tenI baraphAI TAya ane DhALAva, tejachAyAmAM racAtI avanavI raMgIna jhAMya, upara valasatu nIlavarNa. AkAza, taLeTI ane khINeAmAM mekarelI aDAkhIDa vanaspati, ekala pagada'DIe -- A pravAsakathAmAM mukhya dRzyapaTa race che. evI prakRtinI pazcAdbhUmikA para sa Mtamaha tAnI mulAkAtAnA keTalAka prasaMge AgavI hadyatA dharAve che. A pravAsakathAnA varNanamAM prakRtinA jIvananI nAnImeATI badhI ja vigatA temanA hRdayarasamAM bhIMjAIne rajU thaI dekhAya che. ema kahI zakAya ke temanA aMtaranI sa`skArasa...pattine pragaTa thavAmAM bahAranI prakRti tA kevaLa uddIpaka tattva ja rahI che ! vividha dA ane prasaMgAnI kathA kahetAM kAkAsAhebanA vicAra| lAgaNI smRtie ane vidyAkIya sa`skAra - e badhI ja saMpatti ekarasa banIne UtarI AvI che. rAmAyaNu, mahAbhArata, gItA, upaniSada, zAkuMtala, uttararAmacarita jevA prAcIna sAhityanA saMskAra ane saMvedane temanI zailImAM anAyAsa gUMthAtAM rahyAM che. eka prakAre bhAratIya saMskAritAnA sUkSma pariveza temanA prasaMgavanamAM vyApI rahelA dekhAya che. kAkAsAhebanI saumya Rju vinevRtti ahIM paNa khIlI UThI che. pravAsamAmAM temane anaMta bhaTTa, paramahaMsa, siddhA, svAmI prajJAnaMda, zAradAnaMda, khAkhI bAvA ane kAlIkamalI bAbA jevA keTalAka saMtamaha tAneA bheTA thayA, te prasa MgAnAM pAvanakArI smaraNA ahIM noMdhAyAM che. e darekanuM viziSTa vyakticitra kAkAsAhebe thADIka paNa mArmika rekhAmAM AlekhI dIdhuM che. ahIM', prasaMgeApAtta, hiMdu dharma ane

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3ra4] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (caM. 4 saMskRti vize keTaluMka ciMtanamanana paNa rajU thayuM che. hiMdu dharmanI jaDatA kurUDhio vagerenI TIkATippaNI karavAnuM paNa teo cUkyA nathI. paNa emAM dAhaka vyaMgakaTAkSa nathI, kemaLa aMtaHkaraNanI vyathA alabatta emAM Tapake ja che. Arya dharma ane saMskRti para temanI zraddhAbhakti e ja temanA hRdayanI sthAyIvRtti rahI che, ema tarata samajAya. brahmadezane pravAsa (I. 1931) : kAkAsAhebanI A pravAsakathAne enuM AkarSaka pAsuM che. paNa "himAlayane pravAsanI bhavyatA ane samRddhi emAM nathI. ane e sahaja samajAya tevI vAta che. brahmadezano pravAsa temaNe I. 1915mAM karyo, ane enI kathA cheka I. 1927mAM eTale ke bAreka varasa pachI lakhavAne prasaMga paDyo. e samaya daramyAna pravAsanAM saMsmaraNo jhAMkhAM thaI cUkyAM hoya e to dekhItuM che. paNa ahIM bIjI eka vAta paNa lakSamAM levA jevI che. himAlaya pratye temane utkaTa bhaktibhAva hato. eTale e pravAsanA anubho temanA cittamAM UMDA aMkita thaI cUkyA hatA. temanI AMtaracetanAmAM barAbara saMgRhIta rahyA hatA. brahmadezanI bhUmi para AvA koI utkaTa bhakitabhAvane prazna khAsa nahote. mAtra ApaNA paDozI rASTra tarIke e bhUminuM jIvana ane enI saMskRtine oLakhavAnuM kutUhala hatuM, utsukatA mAtra hatI. ane, e rIte, A pravAsakathAmAM brahmI prajAne oLakhavAnI temanI vRtti ja mukhya che. ane e prajAnI raheNIkaraNI, temane paheraveza, udyoga, bAMdhakAma ane dharma evI badhI bAbate sahaja ja temanI kathAmAM vizeSa sthAna le che. alabatta, A sAthe ja hiMdamAMthI vepAradhaMdhA arthe AvI vaselI hiMdI prajAnI paristhiti ane brahmI prajA joDenA tenA saMbaMdhamAMya temane eTalo ja rasa rahyo che. eka samAjazAstrInI vRttithI teo tyAMnI sAmAjika-Arthika paristhitinuM avalokana karI rahe che. hiMdI vepArIoe brahma majUronuM bhAre roSaNa karyuM che, e jaNI temanuM hRdaya khinna banI jAya che. A kathAmAM prakRtinAM AkarSaka da paNa AlekhAyAM che ja. kAkAsAhebanI gadyazailI AvAM done varNanamAM khUba mArI UThe che. paNa ahIM temanI nisabata vizeSataH tyAMnI mAnavaparisthiti joDe rahI che. e rIte temanA vyaktitvanuM jarA juduM pAsuM emAM Upase che, eTaluM ja, ugamaNe deza (I. 1958) : kAkAsAhebe A graMthamAM potAnA be vAranA jApAnanA pravAsenI kathA rajU karI che. pahelI vAra I. 1954nA eprila mAsamAM gAMdhIjInA eka jApAnIjha anuyAyI zrI gurujI nicidAsunuM bhAvabharyuM AmaMtraNa svIkArI teo jApAnamAM maLanArI vizvazAMti pariSadamAM bhAga levA

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pra. 7] kAlelakara [ 325 gayA hatA. khIjI vAra I. 1957mAM jApAnamAM maLelI aNubomba virodhI vizvapariSadamAM bhAga lenArA bhAratIya pratinidhimaMDaLanA vaDA tarIke teo tyAM gayA hatA. A be pravAsa daramyAna je kaI samaya temane maLyA temAM jApAnanA bane teTalA vadhu mulaka joI levAne kAryakrama rAkhyA. emAM pahelA pravAsanI kathA temaNe saLaMga rUpamAM kahI che, je prathama khaMDamAM rajU karI che. khIjI vAranA pravAsanA anubhave temaNe patrAnA rUpamAM mUkavA che, ane te khIjA khaMDamAM sthAna pAmyA che. A be khaMDanI kathAmAMthI jApAna jevA pUrvIya dezane, tenI anaiAkhI dharatI ane aneAkhI saMskRtinA, sarasa paricaya maLe che. jApAnanA prajAjIvananI lAkSaNikatAo pragaTa karatA prasaMge| ane tyAMnI sAMskRtika-dhArmika paristhitie vize ahIM aneka prakaraNA maLe che. kotAnuM 'ziA' maMdira, gezA' tarIke jANItI tyAMnI nRtyAMganA, tyAMnAM sthApatyazilpa, 'DaeNremikA' nATayagRha, nArAnagaranAM hADiyUjI maMdira, bhISaNu jvALAmukhI AsA, kumAmAtAne saumya dIpesava, aNubombanA vinAzamAMthI punaHnma pAmatuM hirozImA zahera e badhAMnI kathAmAMthI jApAnanI AgavI sa MskRti prabaLapaNe UpasI AvI che. khIjA khaMDamAM leAkajIvananI kathA sAme prakRtinAM sauMdaryadhAmeAnuM varNana vizeSa dhyAna rAke che. 'AkAna-kAnana', 'mADhyu ane khuzArA', 'bhavyatAnuM piyara H nikko', 'ijanerI puruSArthanuM pratIka' 'simijhunuM sAgaradarzana' ane 'jiyAmAnAM darzana' vagere prakaraNAmAM rAmAMcaka parivezavALI tyAMnI dharatInAM rAmAMcaka dazyAnuM varNana maLe che. jApAnanuM bhUtala ja aneAkhu che. aneka TApuenuM milana, dhummasamAM DhaMkAI jatA ardhapAradarzI parvatA, khINeAmAM vilasatAM manehara sarAvarA, virATakAya vRkSAthI racAtI vIthikA, ane tyAMnA pahADI khaDakA - e badhAM dasyA kAkAsAhebanA hRdayane prasanna karI de che. paNa dharatI karatAMye vadhu rahasyAvRta tA kadAca jApAnI prajAne| AtmA che. peAtAnAM TUMkAM rAkANAmAMye temaNe e prajAnA aMtaraMgamAM DeAkiyu" karavA prazasya prayatna karyAM che. jApAnI prajAnI sAhasikatA, puruSArtha, nikhAlasatA ane vizeSa tA temane rASTraprema kAkAsAhebane spazI gayAM che. A kathAmAM temaNe evI bhAvanA pragaTa karI che ke, navA yugamAM jagatanI judIjudI saMskRtinA samanvayanI je prakriyA AraMbhAze, temAM jApAnI prajAnuM viziSTa a`Nu haze. A pravAsamAM nihALelAM prakRtinAM dazyA temanI sargazaktine uttejita karI rahyAM haze, eTale tyAMnI e vanazrI, tyAMnAM jaLAzayAnI rAmAMcaka zAbhA, ane khaDaka vistAranAM varNanA saheja ja AkarSaka banI AvyAM che. lalita nibadhAmAM siddha thayelI temanI cAru gadyazailI ahIM pharIthI meArI UDatI dekhAya che. --

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326 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [gra, 4 pUrva AphrikAmAM' (I. 1959) : A graMthamAM kAkAsAhebe peAtAnA pUrva AphrikAnA pravAsanI kathA rajU karI che. A pravAsamAM vaLI e 'aMdhAriyA kha'Da'nA mAnavIya prazno ane paristhitie temanu vizeSa dhyAna rAke che. kALI prajAnI vartImAna dazA zI che, temanI sAmAjika rAjakIya mahattvAkAMkSAe zI che, ane temanA saMgharSo kayA che -- e badhI bAbatamAM temane UDA rasa hatA ja, paNa e sAthe A khaMDamAM ekatra thayelI kALI gArI ane ghauM vaNI prajAnA parasparanA sabadhA vizeya temane sacitatA hatI. ahIM A prajAnAM hitA ane svArthA ekakhIjAnI sAme TakarAI rahyAM che. e vize tee sabhAna hatA. eTale A pravAsakathA mukhyatve AvA praznone vizeSa anulakSe che. emAM prasa MgeprasaMge gAMdhIjInI jIvanabhAvanA, vizvakalyANu, rASTradharma jevA muddAo para temanuM ciMtanamanana rajU thayuM che. vizALa mAnavajAtinI ekatA ane vaizvika sa MskRtine mahAprayAga' e khaMDanI dharatI para ja zarU thaze, evI zraddhA paNa temaNe vyakta karI che. A pravAsamAM pUrva AphrikAnI prakRtinAM keTalAMka ramaNIya dazyA AlekhAyAM che, paNa prakRtisauMdaryanuM varNana e temanI ahIM mukhya nisabata ja nathI ema samAze. 5. vicAraka vicAraka tarIkenA abhigama: gAMdhIjIe peAtAnI pustikA hiMda svarAja'mAM" ema pratipAdita karyuM hatuM ke hiMdune mATe svarAjyaneA artha mAtra paradezI zAsananI dhUMsarI haThAvI devI eTaleA ja nathI; svarAjya eTale svadezI, svAvalaMbana, ane tyAgabalidAnanI bhAvanA para nUtana samAjanI sthApanA. pazcimanI vilasatI jatI bhautika saMskRti ane tenI sAthe saMlagna samAjavyavasthAnA mULamAM rahelA dASA teo vedhaka daSTie pAmI gayA hatA. jyAM sudhI bhAgavilAsanI sa MskRtine svIkAra karIzu tyAM sudhI prajAprajA vacce spardhA, saMgha, zASaNakhArI, anyAya ane sAmrAjyavAda jevAM aniSTo phAlatAMphUlatAM raheze ja, ema temane samajAI cUkayuM hatuM. hiMdunuM hRdaya te tenAM gAmaDAMo che. eTale svAvala"bana sAdAI ane saMyamanA siddhAMta para pratiSThita grAmasvarAja ane grAmasa`skRtinI bhAvanA temaNe pratiSThita karI. te sAthe temaNe dRSTisaMpanna racanAtmaka kAryakrama paNa ghaDI kADhayo. e bhAvanA ane kAryakramanA pracAramAM gAMdhIjIne dezanA khUNekhUNAmAMthI AvelA asaMkhya kAryakarIne sahayeAga maLyA. AvA kAryakaromAM kAkAsAheba kAlelakaranuM viziSTa sthAna che.

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pra. 7 ] kAlelakara [327 gAMdhIjIe peAtAne mATe je jIvanakA (mission) nakkI karyuM' hatuM temAM satyanI kheAja ane leAkasevA e be puruSArtha ekarUpa thaI gayA hatA. gItAmAM pratipAti niSkAma karma yAgane mAge te cAlyA hatA. rAmanArAyaNa pATheke kahyuM che tema, gAMdhIjIne dharma e AcaraNanA dharma hatA. parama satyanI prApti AcaraNa dvArA ja thaI zakaze evI temanI UMDI zraddhA hatI. temanA satyanA prayAgA AvI zraddhAthI prerAyelA hatA. sAkSarayugamAM geAvanarAma, maNilAla ane AyA Ana deza kara dhruva jevA mahAna ciMtakAe paNa potapeAtAnI rIte prAcIna hiMdu dharmanAM rahasyA samajAvavAnI pravRtti karI hatI. paNa temanA mArgo vizeSataH akSaranI upAsanAnA hatA. prAcIna dharmagra MthAnuM navA yugasaMda'mAM arthaghaTana karavuM, e temanI mukhya pravRtti hatI. gAMdhIjIe judAjudA dharmanA uttama a Mze laI vyApaka dharma bhAvanA pratiSThita karI. pazcimanA mahAna ciMtakAmAMthI mahAtmA thArA, raskina ane TolsToyanI jIvanabhAvanAmAMthI paNa zreyaskara aMzA temaNe svIkAryAM. paNa, hiMdu dharmanAM vizuddha ane udAtta tattvAnA temanI vicAraNAnA pAyAmAM svIkAra hatA. prAcIna dharmanAM satya ahiMsA asteya brahmacarya ane aparigraha jevAM mahAvratA mukhyatve vyaktigata sAdhanAnA viSaya rahyAM hatAM. e trAne gAMdhIjIe samasta prajAnA puruSA arthe upayAgamAM lIdhAM. jIvananA siddhAMtAne kAryAnvita karavAnA e mahApuruSArtha hatA. AtmakhAja ane Atmazuddhine A rIte vyApaka leAkazreyanuM nimitte maLyuM. lAkasevAnA temanA A kAryakramamAM rAjakIya mukti uparAMta aspRzyatAnivAraNa, grAmeAdvAra, reTiyApracAra, rASTrIya keLavaNI, majUrakalyANu, nArIpratiSThA, svadezIpracAra, hiMdumuslimaekatA, rASTrabhASA hiMdustAnInA pracAra jevA aneka muddAe sthAna pAmyA hatA. cheka nAnAmAM nAnA rojiMdA kAmamAMye dharmabhAvanA lAgu pADavAnA gAMdhIjInA upakrama hatA. dekhItI rIte ja, emAM koI gUDha brahmavAda naheAtA, ke aTapaTA karmakAMDa naheAtA ke kAI gurune Adeza paNa nahAtA H hatA kevaLa aMtaranA pavitra avAjanA svIkAra. ApaNe tyAM punarutthAna kALamAM svAmI vivekAnaMda, araviMda dhASa ane ravIndranAtha TAgAra jevA mahApuruSAe prAcIna dharmanuM vizuddha ujajvala rUpa samajAvavAne je pravRtti karI, lagabhaga tevI ja pravRtti gAMdhIjInI hatI, alabatta emane mArga nirALA hatA, temanuM darzana Agavu' hatuM. eka gAMdhIvAdI ciMtaka tarIke kAkAsAhebanA, upakrama vaLI AgaveA dekhAya che. prAcIna dharmagrathA ane marAThI satAnI bhaktibhAvanAnA saskArI temanA aMtaramAM rApAyelA paDayA hatA. paNa Adhunika jJAnavijJAnamAMthI keTalAka ISTa

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3ra8] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 lAgatA aMzoneya teo puraskAra karavA cAhe che. temanI jIvanabhAvanAmAM vibhinna vidyAonA saMskAro nirNAyaka banyA jaNAya che. pitAnI jIvanabhAvane spaSTa karatAM tAjetaranA eka lekhamAM temaNe kahyuM cheH mAre to pazcimane vikAsavAda siddhAMta tarIke svIkArI pazcimanI saMkucitatA choDI devI hatI. ane mane vijJAna bhautikavijJAna ane adhyAtmavijJAna traNene samanvaya karI emAMthI bilakula svataMtra svadezI vikAsavAda upajAvI dayAnaMda sarasvatInI bhUmikA sudhAravI hatI. ane je kAma AryasamAja ke brahmasamAje na karyuM te mAre karavuM hatuM. mane potAne svAmI vivekAnaMda, zrI ravIndranAtha ane zrI araviMda ghoSa e traNa preraka taAdaraNIya hatAM. emAMthI mAre vaidika vikAsa svadezI Dhabe siddha karato hato, jene AdhAre sarvadharmanA samabhAva mATe paNa uttamottama bhUmikA taiyAra thaI jAta. A kAma A uMmare huM na karI zakuM to paNa keke karyA vagara cAle nahi. kema ke parama satya e dizAe ja ApaNane maLavAnuM che, e mArI AMtarika zraddhA che."10 kAkAsAhebanI jIvanagati gAMdhIjI karatAM kaMIka judI dizAnI che, ema A nivedanamAMthI spaSTa samajAya che. kAkAsAheba gAMdhIjInA karmamArganuM mahattva barAbara samaje che, paNa temanuM potIkuM darzana juduM che. vikAsavAdanI cekasa bhUmikAnuM emAM anusaMdhAna che. dharma samAja saMskRti ane sAhitya jevAM anekavidha jIvatAsone samAjavikAsanI dRSTie teo yojavA cAhe che. vizvajIvananI mULabhUta ekatA ane vividha saMskRtione samanvaya - e temanA vikAsavAdanuM aMtima lakSmasthAna rahyuM che. mAnavajAtinI viSama paristhiti vize teo sabhAna paNa che, paNa temanAmAM rahelo bhAvanAvAdI - AzAvAdI - ciMtaka moTuM varcasa bhagave che. kAkAsAhebanA ciMtanamAM AthI svapnilatAnuM tattva sahaja rIte bhaLI gayuM che. gAMdhIjIne mArga kaThora nirdaya AtmakhojanA mArga hato. asAdhAraNa saMkalpabaLathI teo vicArane AcaraNamAM mUkavA prayatnazIla banyA hatA. eTale, temanA gadyamAM temanA maMthanazIla AtmAnA anubhavo utkaTatAthI raNakI UThayA che. temanA avAjamAM vizeSa prakAranuM sAmarthya pragaTa thayuM che. AthI bhinna kAkAsAhebamAM mAnava samAja ane saMskRtinA zreyanI ciMtA che, UMDI jhaMkhanA ane svapnilatA che. e rIte emanA ciMtanAtmaka gadyamAM eka vizeSa prakArane bhAvanAtmaka pariveza varatAya che. "jIvanasaMskRti (I. 1939): samAja ane saMskRti vizenA lekhenA A bRhad saMgrahamAM AraMbhanA khaMDamAM jagatanI mukhyamukhya saMskRtio vizenA lekhe rajU thayA che. temane bhAratIya saMskRti vizenA lekha alabatta ahIM vizeSa sthAna le che. jagatanI judI judI saMskRtionA samanvayanI je prakriyA

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kAlelakara [ 329 % 7 ] cAlaze tenI bhUmikAmAM mukhyatve bhAratIya saMskRti ja rahI haze evI temanI zraddhA rahI che. ApaNI prAcIna saMskRti ane samAjavyavasthA, tyAga tapa sahiSNutA ane udAratAnAM mUlyA para UbhI hatI, ane e kAraNe ja itihAsane judejude tA peAtAnu svatva kheAyA vinA paradezI saMskArA te AtmasAt karI zakI che. ane evA samanvayanI kSamatA hajIya tenA sattvamAM paDI che. hiMdanI dhavRtti hajIya sateja rahI che evI samajathI kAkAsAheba evI kalpanA karavA prerAya che ke eziyAmAM navA jagadguru tarIkenuM te sthAna leze. kAkAsAhebanI saMskRtivicAraNAmAM A rIte temanI svapnilatA vAravAra chatI thaI jAya che. gAMdhIjInI jema kAkAsAheba paNa pAzcAtya sAmrAjyavAdanA mULathI ja virAdha kare che. e ja rIte pazcimanI bhegapradhAna saMskRtinAM bhayasthAne paNa tee barAbara oLakhe che. ane eTale ja gAMdhIjIe rajU karelA grAmasaMskRtinA khyAlane teo samajapUrvaOka AvakAre che. navI jIvanavyavasthA aMge temaNe je je vicAraNA karI che temAM A rIte gAMdhIjInI preraNA ja mukhyatve paDelI che, ema joI zakAze. samAja ane saMskRtinA saMvardhana ane poSaNa athe RSie tenAM 'sAdhanA' ane sAdhanA' e baMne vastuenu satata ciMtanamanana karatA rahevuM joIe ema kAkAsAheba kahe che. mAtra sthULa sAdhanA'nI vipulatA saMskRtinA prANune rUMdhanArI ja nIvaDe, jyAre 'sAdhanA'nA abhAvamAM 'sAdhanA' vadhyuM ja nIvaDe. saMskRtinA saMpUrNa vikAsa arthe Ama 'sAdhane!' ane 'sAdhanA' vacce ceAgya saMtulana racAvuM joIe, ema tee mAne che. A saMdarbhamAM gItAe pratipAdita karelI yajJa dAna ane tapa, e traNa dharmabhAvanAone vyApaka svIkAra karavAne teo sUcave che. temanI sa MskRtimImAMsAmAM A traNa mUlye pAyAmAM rahyAM che. temanu keTaluMka ciMtana A traNa mUlyAnA pratipAdanamAM rAkAyeluM che. anya prasaMge saObhUtadayA, kSAMti anasUyatA, zauca, anAyAsa, mAMgalyama, akANyam ane aspRhA e ATha Atmika guNAne samAjavyavasthAnA AdhArastaMbheA lekhavyA che. gItA, samAja ane saMskRtinA navadhaDatara mATe satata preraNArUpa banI zake evA sama" graMtha che ema teo kahe che, ane e rIte gItAnA Adarzone saMskRtivikAsa arthe tee pratiSThita kare che. pAzcAtya dezeAmAM A sadImAM vyakti caDiyAtI ke samAja eve ugra vivAda cAlyA hatA. tenA uttara rUpe te e vicAra mUke che ke vyakti samAja pratyenI peAtAnI pharajo adA kare, te sAthe peAtAnuM 'mukhya svAtaMtrya' te jALavI rAkhI zake : khIjI

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330 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 bAju, samAja pitAnuM ISTa dhyeya svIkArIne cAlatuM rahe, te chatAMya vyaktinA viziSTa haka ke adhikArone te surakSita rAkhI zake. vartamAna mAnavasamAjanA eka ati viSama praznanuM A rIte teo potAnI bhAvanAvAdI daSTie nirAkaraNa sUcave che. paNa vAstavavAdI ciMtakone e eTaluM samAdhAnakArI nahi nIvaDe e dekhItuM che. kAkAsAhebe ApaNuM rASTrIya paristhitinA saMdarbhamAM grAmodyoga aspRzyatAnivAraNa jevA aneka muddAonI je carcA karI che temAM temane bhAvanAparAyaNa dRSTikoNa ja pravartato rahyo dekhAya che. A prakAranA ciMtanAtmaka gadyamAM temanI zailI gAMdhIjInI gadyazailInI nikaTa AvI jAya che. pitAnuM vaktavya saraLa sughaDa ane lAghavabharI zilImAM rajU karavAne temane upakama ahIM tarata dekhAI Ave che. prasaMge prasaMge pitAnA vicAro skuTa karavA daSTAMti rUpaka ke bIjA alaMkAre temaNe upayogamAM lIdhA che. AvAM daSTAMta AdithI temanuM vaktavya vadhu asarakAraka bane che, eTaluM ja nahi temAM keTaluMka rocaka tattva umerAya che. jIvanaciMtana (I. 1959) ane jIvanavyavasthA (1963) : kAkAsAhebanAM dharma ane samAja vizenAM mahattvanAM lakhANe A be graMthamAM saMgRhIta thayAM che. gAMdhIjInI jema teo paNa dharmane vyavahAramAM AcaravAnI vastu lekhe svIkAre che. e rIte temanI dharmabhAvanA samAjane dhAraNa ane piSaNa arthe upakAraka evI nItibhAvanAne ja vadhu anulakSe che. dharmanI vyAkhyA karatAM teo eka prasaMge kahe che: "je kaI vyavasthAthI, vicAra paddhatithI ane AcAravyavahArathI prajAnuM badhI rIte kalyANa thaI zakatuM hoya tene dharma kahevAmAM Ave che. dharma eTale jIvanamImAMsA, jIvanavyavasthA, jIvanadaSTi. dharma eTale saMskRti, dharma eTale vyApaka samAjazAstra.11 - kAkAsAhebanI dharmabhAvanAmAM veda upaniSada ane gItAnAM uttama ta ekatra thayAM che. tema marAThI saMtakavionI nirvyAja bhaktinuM tattva paNa bhaLyuM che. vyaktinA hRdayane vistAra, samasta vizva joDenI ekatA ane AMtarasaMvAda e ja sAco dharma ema paNa teo kahe che. spaSTa che ke hRdayavikAsa rUpe ja teo dhamane sthApe che. emAM gahana rahasyavAdanuM AvaraNa nathI ke tArkika vitaMDAvAdanI bhUmikAyuM nathI. keI paNa saMsthA ke siddhAMta, A hadayadharmane jeTale aMze upakAraka nIvaDe, teTale aMze ja tene sAdhana lekhe svIkAra teo Icche che. kAkAsAheba pitAnI dharmavicAraNAmAM sAdhyasAdhana vacce A rIte satata viveka karatA rahyA che. dharmagraMtha ke AcAryonA zabdone jaDatAthI anusaravAne emAM

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pra. 7] kAlelakara - [331. kaI prazna ja nathI. ane evA graMtha ke zabdane kevala mahimA na hoI zake, ema teo kahe che. dharmanAM be pAsAMo vize kAkAsAheba carcA kare che. eka pAsuM te dharmanA tattvadarzananuM che, parama satyanA bodhanuM che. dharmanA hArdamAM raheluM e aphara tave. che. dharmanuM bIjuM pAsuM te tenAM karmakAMDo rUDhio ane bAhya AcAravicAronuM che. emAM badalAtA yugasaMdarbha pramANe satata parivartana thatuM rahevuM joIe, ema kAkAsAheba Icche che. temanI daSTie bAhya karmakAMDe Adi te jIvanavRkSanI chAla jevA che. chAlanuM kAma aMdaranA jIvanarasane saMrakSavAnuM ne poSavAnuM che. ane A kAma pUratuM ja tenuM mahattva saMbhave che. jyAre te nirupayogI bane che tyAre kudaratanA sahaja kramamAM te kharI paDe che, paNa jIvanarasane rUMdhavAnuM kAma te nahi, kare. bAhya karmakAMDe Ama dharmanA hArdane saMrakSa ane paze, teTale aMze ja te upakAraka. paNa temAM jaDatA praveze te dharmanuM rahasya rUMdhAvA mAMDe che. kAkAsAheba vAraMvAra kahe che ke navA yugane anurUpa navAM karmakAMDo ane navA AcAravicAre jamatA rahevA joIe, dharmavRkSa e rIte satata vikAsazIla rahevuM joIe. bIjI rIte kahIe to dharmabhAva nadInI jema satata vahete rahevo joIe. dharmamAM ekI sAthe saMrakSaka vRtti ane parivartanakSamatA hoya che ema teo kahe che. dharmanuM hAI sadAya enuM e rahe che. jyAre enI sAthe joDAyelI saMskRti mAnavajAtinA. navAnavA anubhave ane navInavI sarjaka kalpanA pramANe badalAtI rahe che. vaidika, jaina ane bauddha dharma saMpradAya uparAMta AryasamAja, prArthanAsamAja jevI dharma saMsthAo vize avalokana karatAM teo guNagrAhI dRSTie e saMpradAya ke saMsthAnA udAtta aMzane puraskAra kare che. AvA saMpradAyanAM rUDha darzana ke vicAranuM ati udAra daSTie arthaghaTana kare che, ane navA yugasaMdarbhamAM tenI upakArakatA batAve che. temanA ciMtanamAM A viSayanAM aneka pAsAM sparzatAM rahyAM che. jaina dharmane ahiMsAne siddhAMta, ahaMsAdi pAMca mahAvrata, dharma.. zAstronuM prAmANya Adi viSayomAM temanI vRtti bArIkAIthI avalakavA jevI che. emAM eka bAju bauddhika bhUmikAnuM saraLa ciMtana che, bIjI bAju temanI bhAvanAparAyaNatAnuM satata anusaMdhAna emAM rahyuM che. tArkika vitaMDAvAdamAM temane rasa nathI, mAtra premadharmanA vistAra mATe teo nivedana rajU kare che. temanA dharmaciMtanamAM AthI rUDha khyAle paNa chevaTe hRdayanI keLavaNInuM rUpa le che. lekazikSaNa arthe taiyAra thayelAM A lakhANamAM keTalAka pAyAnA khyAle pharIpharIne vyAkhyA pAmatA rahyA che. e rIte emAM keTaluMka punarAvartana paNa thayuM dekhAze

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332 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [2. 4 paNa A lakhANeAnA mULa uddezAne lakSamAM letAM Ama banavu* svAbhAvika lAge che. ' parama sakhA mRtyu' (1969) mRtyuviSayaka ciMtanalekhAnA saMgraha che. gItA" (1944) ane jIvanapradvIpa' (1956) : 'gItAdharma 'mAM kAkAsAhebanA gItAnA vicArA vizenuM vivaraNa maLe che, tA jIvanapradIpa'mAM jude jude prasa Mge lakhAyelA gItAviSayaka lekhA gra Mthastha thayA che. e tA spaSTa che ke kAkAsAhebanA jIvanaciMtanamAM gItAnA vicArAtA spaSTa prabhAva che. ApaNA prAcIna dharmagraMthAmAM gItA temane sauthI vadhu prANavAna graMtha lAgyA che. e graMthane temaNe 'rASTrapuruSa'nuM biruda paNa ApyuM che. teo spaSTa mAne che ke gItAtA sa Mdeza sanAtana heAI nityanUtana che. navA yuganI jIvanavyavasthAmAM gItA sauthI mUlyavAna arpaNu karI zakaze evI temanI zraddhA rahI che. teo kahe che "gItAnuM karma yAgazAstra, gItAnI yajJamImAMsA, gItAne varNAzramaAda vagere pratyeka vivecanamAM samAjanA daivI athavA A Adarzo ja batAvavAmAM AvyA che ane te badhA AdarzonI siddhi mATe daivI saMpattinuM varNana sUkSamatAthI karavAmAM AvyuM che. gItAnA gUMthelA e samAjazAstrane AviSkAra karavAne samaya have AvI paheAMcyA che. gItAnA sAmAjika daSTibiMdunu ApaNe jeTalu nirIkSaNa karIzu teTalI ja ApaNane vamAna gU Mca ukelavAmAM A graMtharAjanI mada maLaze."12 Ama gItAnuM mAhAtmya rajU karI tee 'daivI sa Mpat'nuM vistRta spaSTIkaraNa kare che. bhagavadgItAnuM prAmANya, niSkAma karma yoga, cAra varNonI vyavasthA, yajJa-dAna-tapanuM samAjazreyanI dRSTie mAhAtmya, hiMsAahi sAviveka, sAmyayeAga jevA mahattvanA praznone gItAnI AgavI dRSTinA prakAzamAM te cace che. Adhunika samayamAM judAjudA ciMtakrAe gItAnA vicArAnuM judIjudI rIte arthaghaTana karatAM lakhANeA ApyAM che, temAM kAkAsAhebanAM A lakhANAnuM paNa AgavuM sthAna che. 'gItAsAra' I. 1944mAM pragaTa thayuM hatuM. jIvanavikAsa' (I. 1936) : A graMthamAM kAkAsAhebanA keLavaNIciMtananA lekhA saMgRhIta thayA che. alabatta, A kAI AkaragraMtha nathI. paNa keLavaNInA vividha prazno ane pAsAMonI je carcAvicAraNA emAM upalabdha thAya che tethI eka Akaraprathanu mUlya tene prApta thAya che. ane keLavaNInA prazno joDe temane sIdhI nisabata rahI che. peAtAne keLavaNInI pravRtti atipriya che ema paNa temaNe nAMdhyuM che. gujarAtanI prazna mane bhUle nahi tyAM sudhI mane sAhityakAra tarIke na eLakhe paNa keLavaNIkAra tarIke oLakhe evI mArI AMtarika icchA che.''13 temanuM A nivedana temanI vizeSa vRttinuM dyotaka che. ane eya sAcu che ke

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pra. 7] kAlelakara [333 taruNavayathI keLavaNI ja temanuM jIvanakArya (mission) rahI che. svAmI vivekAnaMda, araviMda ghoSa, ravIndranAtha TAgora, brekara TI. voziMgTana jevA aneka ciMtakenA. keLavaNI vizenA vicAronuM temaNe parizIlana karyuM che. paNa temane savizeSa preraNuM gAMdhIjInA A vizenA vicAromAMthI maLI che. agAu nirdeza karyo che tema, gAMdhIjInA AdezathI temaNe satyAgraha AzramanI rASTrIya zALAmAM tema ja gUjarAta vidyApIThamAM adhyApananuM kArya karyuM hatuM. e uparAMta rASTrIya keLavaNInI judIjudI aneka saMsthAone nikaTatAthI temaNe paricaya keLavyo hato. e. rIte keLavaNInI prakriyAmAM teo sIdhI rIte gUMthAyelA rahyA che. e rIte temanA keLavaNI vizenA vicAro e viSayanI siddhAMtacaryAthI nahi, teTalA jAtaanubhavathI. ghaDAyA dekhAya che. teo e vize paNa sabhAna che ke vartamAna samayamAM palaTAI rahelA mAnavasaMgane lakSamAM letAM keLavaNInA kSetramAM chevaTane kaI siddhAMta sthApavAnuM muzkela che. AthI potAnA zikSaNakAryane teo kevaLa "prayogonI paraMparAthI vizeSa lekhavatA nathI. I. 1915mAM teo zAMtiniketanamAM gAMdhIjIne maLyA te pahelAM rASTrIya keLavaNInA svarUpa vize temaNe keTalAka spaSTa-aspaSTa khyAle bAMdhyA hatA kharA. paNa gAMdhIjInI vicAraNuM jANyA pachI e vize temane khyAla vadhu spaSTa banyo... A prakAranA keLavaNInA kAryakramamAM temaNe svadezI svAvalaMbana sevA sAdAI. zrama udyoga cAritryazuddhi jevAM mUlyone ghaNuM UMcuM sthAna ApyuM. aMgreja zAsakoe calAvelI zikSaNa saMsthAomAM vAcana lekhana ane gaNita e traNa. viSayone ja mahimA hatA. paNa kAkAsAheba ene mAtra ujaLiyAtonI keLavaNI" tarIke oLakhe che. sAcI keLavaNuM samasta prajAne mATe muktidAtA heAya evI temanI samaja rahI che. hakIkatamAM, mAnavajAtinA vikAsakramamAM keLavaNuM ja have sArvabhauma sAdhana. lekhe upayogamAM Avaze, evI eka mULabhUta zraddhA temaNe pharIpharIne pragaTa karI che. samAjaparivartana arthe atyAra sudhI dharma nIti ane kAnUna jevAM sAdhane e mahatvano bhAga bhajavyo che. paNa e sAdhananI maryAdAo have spaSTa banI gaI che. navA yugamAM vividha saMskRtinA samanvayanuM, tema vizALa mAnavajAtinI AMtarika ekatA sthApavAnuM bhagIratha kArya have keLavaNu dvArA ja zakya banaze evI zraddhA teo pragaTa kare che. AvI sArvabhauma keLavaNa, alabatta, keI sattA ke zAsananI dAsI nahi hoya, koI sthApita jUthanI rakSaka nahi hoya, ke. bhegavilAsanuM sAdhana paNa te nahi hoya. AvI keLavaNu mAnavahRdayanI ahiMsAvRtti

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334 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca'. 4 para pratiSThita thaI haze, ane mAnavajAtine badhI bAjuthI mukti apAvavAnI tenI pratijJA haze : sA vidyA yA vimuktaye | A ja ekamAtra tene dhyAnamaMtra haze. mAnavInAM tana mana ane prANane nIrAgI rAkhe, tenA aMtaranI sarva zubha vRttienA vikAsa karI Ape, mAnavaAtmAmAM nirbhayatA sAhasikatA ane puruSAnA guNA vikasAve ane leAkasevAnI dIkSA Ape H ATalu' je karI zake te ja kharI keLavaNI. atyAra sudhI pracAramAM rahelI 'ujaLiyAta keLavaNI'e samAjajIvanamAM anyAya zeSaNa ane vargabhedane ja pAdhyeA che. 'kharI keLavaNI' AvAM aniSTone pratikAra karavAne teja ane sAmarthya Apaze. kAkAsAhebanA keLavaNIviSayaka ciMtanamAM sAdyaMta A prakAranA bhAvanAlakSI abhigama gUMthAyA che. ahiMsA, parizrama ane udyoganuM keLavaNImAM sthAna, abhyAsakramamAM itihAsAdi viSayAnu sthAna, pAThayakramA ane zikSaNapaddhati, dhArmika keLavaNInu svarUpa, A pAcapustaka, zikSakAnu kavya, chAtrAlayanuM ma'ttva jevA praznonI temaNe je carcAvicAraNA karI temAM paNa temane bhAvanAvAdI upakrama tarata dekhAI Ave che. emAM keTalIka vicAraNA Aje prAsa`gika lAgaze, tApaNu kAkAsAhebanI keLavaNImImAMsAnAM mUlyavAna daSTibiMdu samajavA te upayogI banI rahe ema che. 'kAlelakaranA lekhA' bhAga 1 (1923) ane bhAga 2 (1925)mAM zikSaNaviSayaka lekhA che. zuddha jIvanadRSTinI bhASAnIti'e emaNe ApeluM vyAkhyAna (1960) che. jIvanabhAratI' (I.1937) : kAkAsAhebanAM sAhityaviSayaka lakhANeA A graMthamAM rajU thayAM che. (A uparAMta 'jIvananA AnaMda'nA eka khaMDamAM temanI kaLAviSayaka vicAraNA rajU thaI che teneA paNa ahIM nirdeza karavA joIe.) emAM keTalAMka sAhityanuM svarUpa, tenuM samAjasaMdarbhamAM mahattva ke evA khIja praznonI carcA kare che, tA khIjA anekamAM pragaTa thayelAM pustaka vizenAM nAnAMmeTAM avalAkanA ke prastAvanArUpa paricayeA maLe che. sAhitya vize ATalAM lakhANA gAMdhIjInA anuyAyI khInna ciMtA pAsethI maLyAM nathI. A lakhANAmAM kAkAsAhebanI sUkSma abhijAta ruci ane rasaSTi pragaTa thAya che. aneka praziSTa kRtinuM parizIlana enI pAchaLa rahyuM che, ane kaLA vize temanI AgavI samaja rahI che, ema paNa emAM joI zakAze. joke sAhityakaLA vizenI A badhI vicAraNAomAM temanA nItivAdI abhigama spaSTa rUpamAM dekhAI Ave che. sauprathama ane aMte pAte leAkazakSaka che, evI saMprajJatA ja emAM kAma karI rahI che. samAjanI nItimattAnA, tenA zreyanA prazno AthI temanuM vizeSa dhyAna rokI rahe che. sAhitya kevaLa sauMdaryanI upAsanA kare te paryApta nathI, prajAnA cAritryadhaDataramAM e upayogI nIvaDavu joIe, ema teo mAne che : "suMdaratA

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pra. 7] kAlelakara [335 e sAhityanuM bhUSaNa che, paNa sAhityanuM sarvasva nathI. sAhityanuM sarvasva, sAhityane prANa, e ojasvitA che, vikramazIlatA che, sattasamRddhi che. jIvananAM vividha kSetramAM pauruSa vadhAravAmAM ja sAhityanI unnati rahelI che." kAkAsAhebanI bhAvanAne sAhityakAra A rIte samasta prajAne AcArya ane saMskAragura che. te svayaM cAritryazIla hAI prajAnA cAritryane saMrakSaka ane saMvardhaka paNa che. teNe samAjanA hRdayavikAsanI javAbadArI nibhAvavAnI che. dekhItuM che ke, kAkAsAhebane kaLAtatva pate zuM che te karatAMya prajAmAnasa para tene kevo prabhAva paDe che tenA praznomAM vizeSa rasa rahyo che. kaLAo idrinA mAdhyama dvArA kAma karatI hovAthI vyaktinA citta para tenI utkaTa asara paDe che, mAThI asara te vadhu utkaTa rIte paDe che. eTale sadAcAra prere ane puruSArthamAM mArgadarzaka bane tevI uttama kalAkRtionuM ja temane mana moTuM mUlya che. satya prema svataMtratA sevA yoga saMyama balidAna jevAM parama mUlyanI kaLAkRtiomAM pratiSThA thavI ja joIe ema teo mAne che. temane naitika abhiniveza temanI pAse ema kahevaDAve che ke uttama jIvana jIvavuM e ja uttama kaLA che. ahIM kaLA eka viziSTa sarjanAtmaka pravRtti rahetI nathI e te samajAya tevuM che. sAhityasvarUpa Adine lagatI temanI carcA zAstrIya staranI siddhAMtacarcAnI nathI, temane upakrama vizeSataH lekaci keLavavAne che. eTale samAja ane saMskRtinA zreyanI daSTie sAhitya vize temanI je apekSAo che te ja vadhu te ahIM rajU thaI che. emAM UMcA sAhitya vizenI temanI AgavI samaja pragaTa thAya che. sAhitya ane nIti, sAhitya ane sadAcAravRtti, kaLA ane tattvajJAna, kaLA ane saudarya, kudaratanuM sauMdarya ane kaLAdIkSA jevA muddAonI vicAraNAmAM vizeSataH temanI aMgata pratItio paDelI che. A graMthamAM kRtiviSayaka lakhANa eTalAM ja, balake kaMIka vadhu dhyAnapAtra che. emAM keTalAMka sAhityakRtione lagatAM che, jyAre bIjo jJAnanA bIjA viSayane lagatA graMthane carce che. emAM moTA bhAganAM lakhANe je te graMthanA pravezake rUpe taiyAra thayAM hatAM. e paikI sAhityakRtio vizenAM lakhANomAM temanA saMskArasamRddha vyaktitvane hRdya paricaya maLe che. kAvya nATaka ke navalakathA jevA bhinna prakAranI racanAo temanA avalokanamAM AvI che. e dareka vize temane svaccha nircAja pratibhAva ahIM noMdhAyo che. eka prakAranI tAjagI ane prasannatA emAM varatAya che. keTalAMka daSTAMtamAM kRtinuM pAtrAlekhana, saMkalana ane bhASAzailI vize TUMkAM mArmika nirIkSaNo jovA maLe che. emAM prasaMge prasaMge temanuM mArmika

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e 336 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa caM. 4 ciMtana paNa bhaLyuM che. sAhityakaLA vizenI temanI mArmika draSTi ane abhijAtA rasavRttino ApaNane A lakhANomAM vAraMvAra sukhada paricaya maLe che. jo ke sAhitya vizenAM avalokanomAM temanA naitika Agrahe paNa eTalA ja chatA thaI jAya che. temanAmAM rahele nItivAdI ciMtaka vAraMvAra naitika mUlyone puraskAra kare che, ane kRtinA mUlyAMkanamAM paNa nItimattAne Agraha rAkhe che. e prasaMge temanI vivecanAmAM rasatarvanI upekSA thatI hoya ema paNa dekhAya che. A graMthanAM aneka lakhANomAM temanA nibaMdhenI gadyazailIthI bhinna paNa tenA jevI ja saMskArasaMpanna ane rasAka zailIne viniyoga thayeluM jovA maLe che. sAhityaviSyaka anya kRtiomAM "ravIndrasaurabha', (anuvAdaH 1958), "ravichavinuM upasthAna ane tapaNa" (1961), 'bhAratIya saMskRtine uddagAtA (guja. yuni. TAgora zatAbdI jJAnasatra vyAkhyAna; 1961), "nArIgauravane kavi' (kavi nhAnAlAla jayaMtI vyAkhyAnaH 1960), "sAhityamAM sArvabhauma jIvana" (vidyAbahena nIlakaMTha smAraka vyAkhyAnaH 1961) (bIju vyAkhyAna ciMtana ane puruSArthamAM samanvaya" vize) vane nirdeza karavo joIe. 6. prakIrNa prakAzane smaraNayAtrA' (1934) : A pustakamAM kAkAsAhebe pitAnA bALapaNa tema ja kizoravayanAM keTalAMka rasika saMsmaraNo rajU karyA che. A pustaka vize spaSTatA karatAM temaNe kahyuM che ke jIvananA evA keI "UMDA anubhavo' ke 'meTA parivartananI kathA" emAM nathI. ahIM te eka bALakanA jIvananI nAnI nAnI rojiMdI ghaTanAo ja AlekhI che. paNa kAkAsAhebe je saraLatA nikhAlasatA ane saccAIthI e badhAM saMsmaraNe rajU karyA che, tethI e kathA cittasparzI banI AvI che. emAM bALapaNanI temanI mugdha mUMjhavaNa, zizusahaja bhIruvRtti ane nirdoSa tophAnI kathA te rasaprada che ja, paNa vAtsalyasabhara kuTuMbajIvananuM je citra Upase che, te ethIya vadhu cittaspazI banyuM che. vatsala mAtApitA, vahAlasoI bahena AkA, ane bIjuM svajananAM rekhAcitra A pustakane mUlyavAna aMza che. ahIM mahArASTranI sAMskRtika paraMparAo tema ja dhArmika vrata utsavonI je kathA maLe che, temAM kAkAsAhebanA vyaktitvane ghaDanArAM viziSTa paribaLone saMketa paNa maLe che. temanI vinodavRtti paNa ahIM aneka prasaMgamAM khIlI nIkaLatI jovA maLe che. dharmodaya' (1952): A pustikAmAM kAkAsAhebe pitAnI dhArmika vRttinA vikAsa ane saMvardhanane Trake Alekha ApyuM che. te sAthe bhaktimArga pApapuNya

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pra. 7] kAlelakara [337 svarganaraka jevA praznonI saMkSipta vicAraNe rajU karI che. "smaraNayAtrA'nI kathAmAM A eka pUrtirUpa evI AtmakathA lAge che. bApunI jhAMkhI' (1949): A pustakamAM gAMdhIjInA virala vyaktitvanI jhAMkhI karAvatA 101 prasaMge rajU karavAmAM AvyA che. gAMdhIjI pratyenI kAkAsAhebanI Adarabhakti ahIM spaSTa rIte UpasI Ave che. rojanAM nAnAM nAnAM kAmamAMya gAMdhIjI kevI cIvaTa rAkhatA, ane ke mUlyabodha pragaTa karatA, te A prasaMgamAM joI zakAya che. aMtevAsIo pratye gAMdhIjIne apAra vAtsalyabhAva hato e vAta paNa temanA hareka vyavahAramAMthI pratyakSa thaI jAya che. temanI kSamAzIlatA svAvalaMbana mAtRbhASAprema samayapAlananuM vrata ane dharmaparAyaNavRtti jevA guNo temanA svabhAvamAM sahaja vaNAI cUkyA hatA, ema paNa emAMthI samajAya che. mahAdevabhAI, kiralAla, vinobA, svAmI AnaMda jevA vyaktivizeSonAM rekhAcitro paNa ahIM sarasa rIte aMkita thaI gayAM che. I. 1908mAM "svAmI rAmatIrthanuM jIvanacaritra', I. 19ra mAM "svadezI, dharma', 1923mAM "gAmaDAMmAM jaIne zuM karavuM ?, I. 1923mAM narahari parIkha sAthe "pUrvaraMga', I. 1934mAM parvo vizenuM jIvatA tahevAro, I. 1935mAM lekajIvana, mazarUvALA sAthe "mAnavI khaMDiyero'(1946)ne karele anuvAda jevI katione paNa ahIM ullekha karI laIe. "avAranavAra' (1956), "prAsaMgika pratisAda' (1870), "gAMdhI parivAranA tirdharo' (1975) va. emanI anya. kRtio che. zrI netramaNibhAIne' (1947)H A pustikAmAM zrI netramaNibhAI joDeno temane patravyavahAra rajU thayo che. emAM netramaNibhAInI kAkAsAheba paranI hRdayanI nirmaLa bhakti pragaTa thaI jAya che, te kAkAsAhebanA aMtaranI bhAvArkatA ane samabhAvavRtti paNa joI zakAya che. A be mitro vaccenA lAgaNInA saMbaMdha ja ahIM ApaNane sparzI jAya che. baMnene aMtaranuM AbhijAtya ane prIti ja ahIM mahekI UThe che. ci. caMdanane' (1958)mAM kAkAsAhebanA kuTuMbajIvananI nAjuka kathA sparzAI che. kAkAsAheba ane satIzabhAI vacce jyAre vicArabheda janmyo tyAre temanAM kSemakuzaLa jANavA temaNe putravadhU caMdanabahenane patra lakhyA hatA. emAM kauTuMbika paristhitinuM citra mArmika rekhAomAM Upase che. kAkAsAhebe pitAnA patromAM nArIdharmane lagatA muddAo carcA che, to kemaLa lAgaNIthI svajananI khabaraaMtara paNa pUchI che. AvI mAnavIya saMbaMdhanI viziSTa bhUmikAne lIdhe patre cittaspazI banyA che. vidyArthinIne patra" (1968) emane trIjo sarasa patrasaMcaya che. gu. sA. 22

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338]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 upasaMhAra: gAMdhIjInA maMDaLamAM ekatra thayelA lekhake-ciMtakAmAM kAkAsAhebanuM viziSTa sthAna rahyuM che. gAMdhIjInI racanAtmaka kAryakrama vizenI carcAvicAraNAonuM vivaraNa karI tene leke sudhI pahoMcADavAmAM temanuM viziSTa gadAna rahyuM che. paNa tethI vizeSa, "jIvanadevatAne judI judI bAjuethI oLakhavAnA prayatnamAM temaNe kheDelAM jJAnavijJAnanuM AgavuM mUlya che. dharma saMskRti samAja kaLA Adi vizenI temanI tAtvika carcAvicAraNAo ApaNuM ciMtanAtmaka gadyanuM eka moTuM tejasvI prakaraNa bane che. pitAnA abhyAsa ane anubhavomAM gAMdhIprabodhita mUlya sUkama stare UtarI gayAM che. emAM temane bhAvanAvAdI abhigama tarata UpasI Ave che. vikAsavAdanI bhUmikAnA svIkArathI temanA ciMtanane eka vizeSa maraDa maLe che, ema paNa joI zakAya. vaLI samAja, saMskRtinA praznone temaNe vAraMvAra vidyAkIya starethI spaSTa karavA prayatna karyo che. emAM eka gAMdhI paraMparAnA ciMtaka tarIke temane vizeSa abhigama joI zakAya. paNa temanI pratibhAne vadhu samagra ane cetohara AviSkAra te temane lalita nibaMdha ane pravAsagraMzemAM jovA maLe che. rucisaMpanna abhijAta vyaktitvane jIvaMta sparza temanA A prakAranA sAhityamAM ApaNane jovA maLe. ApaNuM gadyasAhityamAM temaNe kharekhara eka saMskArasamRddha zailI nirmANa karI. e rIte ApaNA saMskArajIvanane samRddha karavAmAM, ApaNuM rasakIya cetanAne praphullita karavAmAM, tema ja ApaNI bhASAnI khilavaNImAM temanA lalita nibaMdha ane pravAsa graMthonuM vizeSa yogadAna rahyuM che. 1 kAkAsAhebanuM vyaktitva ghaDanArAM paribaLonI carcA mukhyatve pAMDuraMga dezapAMDenA lekha "kAkAsAheba kAlelakaranI jIvanarekhA' ("kAlelakara adhyayanagraMthamAM saMgRhIta)ne AdhAre karI che. "smaraNayAtrA" ane "dharmodaya'ne AdhAra paNa lIdhe che. 2 juo, "kAkAsAheba - jIvanadazana," pR. 1 (ejana). 3 "sAhityakAra kAkAsAhebanuM viziSTa ane ananyasAdhAraNa lakSaNa te temanI saundaryadaSTi che. emanA svabhAvamAM ane sAhityamAM siddha rUpe jaNAtI zaktiomAM Ane ja huM pradhAna gaNuM - rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka: "kAkAsAhebanuM gadya : eka daSTi, pR. 22-23 (ejana). 4 jue, "kAkAsAheba - jIvanadarzana" lekha, pR. 6 (ejana). 5 juo, kAkAsAhebanI kavitA lekha, pR. 44, (ejana). 6 juo, 'jUnA dasta lekha, pR. 346 (ejana). 7 'hiMda svarAja'nI vicAraNA ahIM AdhAra rUpe lIdhI che. 8 juo Akalana'mAM lekha "gAMdhIjI ane vyApaka dharmabhAvanA'. 9 "gAMdhIjInuM dharma dazana" (le. maganabhAI je. paTela)no ahIM AdhAra lIdho che. 10 juo "prakRti ane saMskRti' zIrSakane lekha, "saMskRti', jUna, 1973, pR. 238. 11 juo, 'jIvanavyavasthAmAM lekha "jIvananuM zAstra', pR. 182-83. 12 juo "jIvanapradIpane lekha "A paNa nityanUtana graMtha', pR. 9. 13 juo "jIvanavikAsanI prastAvanA, pR. 17. 14 juo, "jIvanabhAratI'ne lekha, pR. 12.

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prakaraNa 8 kizAralAla mazarUvALA [I. 1890-1952 ] gAMdhIyuganA sAhityamAM samAjajIvanane kendramAM rAkhIne mUlagAmI ane krAntikAraka sUkSmadraSTinA vicAraka tarIke kizAralAla mazarUvALA aneAkhuM ne ananya sthAna dharAve che. jIvana kizAralAlane janma pAMcamI oNkaTAbara 1980nA rAja muMbaImAM thayA hatA. temanA prapitAmaha lakSmIcaMda suratamAM rahetA. teo mazarU vaNAvavAnA ane vecavAnA dhaMdhA karatA eTale temanI aTaka mazarUvALA paDI hatI. lakSmIcaMda vallabha saMpradAyanA hatA. temAM te vakhate khUba saDe| peThelA hatA. tethI UMDI dharmavRttivALA hAvA chatAM te soMpradAya pratye temane azraddhA utpanna thaI. e arasAmAM teo svAminArAyaNu sa MpradAyanA sAdhuenA samAgamamAM AvyA. temanAthI prabhAvita thaI teoe svAminArAyaNa saMpradAya svIkAryAM. kizAralAlanA pitAnuM nAma icchArAma hatuM. te custa svAminArAyaNI hatA. kizAralAlanAM mAtA piyaramAM vallabha saMpradAyamAM UcharelAM hatAM. pAchaLathI patinI mAphaka te paNa svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanAM custa bhakta banyAM. kiArakSAla ATha-nava mahinAnI umaranA hatA tyAre temanA dheADiyAnI bAjunuM bAraNuM tUTayuM ane aLasI relanA pANInI mAphaka dIvAnakhAnAmAM dhasI ethI gheDiyuM khAI gayuM, mApitAne thayuM kizAralAla mRtyu pAmyA haze. teTalAmAM khabara paDI ke temanA nekara gAviMda A banyuM te pahelAM kizAralAlane bAjunA khaMDamAM laI gayA hatA. mAtApitAne A akaLa akasmAtamAMthI ugAranAra ThAkaiArajI ja hatA tema lAgyuM. tethI kizAralAlanA pitAnuM nAma icchArAma lakhavAne badale sahAnaMda svAmInuM nAma dhanazyAma lakhavAnuM nakkI karyuM. kizAralAla pote paNa svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanA raMgathI pUrA raMgAyelA hatA. kizAralAlanA pitAzrIne AkAlA rahevAnuM paNa thatuM. emanuM prAthamika zikSaNa a`` mu`baI ane ardhuM AkAlAmAM thayuM tethI gujarAtI tema ja marAThI bhASA temane svAbhAvika rIte ja AvaDI gaI. kaeNAlejanuM bhaNatara emaNe muMbaInI vilsana kaeNlejamAM lIdhuM. khI.e.mAM padArthavijJAna ane rasAyaNazAstra temanA viSayA

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340 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [gra'. 4 hatA. 1913mAM elaela.khI, thayA ane AkreAlAmAM vakIlAta zarU karI. temanI vidyAthI tarIkenI kArakirdI bahu ja tejasvI hatI. kizeAralAle kula traNa varSa vakIlAta karI. temanA A vyavasAyamAM te niSThAne kAraNe leAkapriya banyA hatA. phephasAMnI nabaLAIne lIdhe temane damane vyAdhi hatA. vakIlAta cheDI bhAIne vepAramAM madada karavA muMbaI gayA. te kAma emane phAvyuM nahi. dezamAM rASTrIya bhAvanA prasarI rahI hatI. tenI UMDI asara kizAralAla upara thaI hatI. ThakkarabApAnA paricayamAM AvyA. gAMdhIjIe caMpAraNamAM satyAgraha zarU karyAM hatA. ThakkarabApAnI sUcanAthI kizAralAla tyAM gayA. gAMdhIjIe temanI tabiyatane khyAlamAM rAkhI amadAvAda jaIne AzramanI rASTrIya zALAmAM joDAvAnuM AgrahapUrvaka kahyuM. kizAralAla rASTrIya zALAmAM joDAyA. te vakhate zikSaNanA temane kaze| anubhava nahAtA. AzramanI rASTrIya zALAmAM joDAyA pachI svAminArAyaNa soMpradAya mAraphata sevA karavAnA Adeza tee bhUlyA naheAtA. rASTrIya zALAmAM kAryAnubhava meLavI saMpradAya dvArA eka vidyApITha sthApavAno paNa temanI bhAvanA hatI; paNa thADA vakhatamAM ja joI zakayA ke te vAtAvaraNane anukULa naheAtu. kizeAralAlamAM saMpradAyanA niyata AcAra rASTrIya zALAmAM cAlu ja hatA. kizAralAlanA vyaktitvamAM zuddha vicAraNA ane te pramANenuM AcaraNa karavAnI tatparatA e guNeA mukhya hatA. temanA vaicArika vikAsamAM paNa A guNAe ja mahattvanA bhAga bhajavyeA hatA. bAlubhAI ane kizAralAlane 'TaTA' eka bAjuthI kizAralAla mazarUvALAnI naitika mUlyadarzaka vicAraNA ane niSkAma AcaraNanA dyotaka che, tA khIjI bAjuthI bAlubhAInA zuddha bhrAtRprema dAkhave che. A TaTA eTale pitAnI peDhImAMthI vArasAjanya bhAga kizAralAle levA joie e bAlubhAInI daSTa, ane kArya karyA sivAya e bhAga levA e naitika dRSTinI viruddha che evI kizAralAlanI dalIlamAMthI UbhA thayelA premasa Mdha,2 kizAralAle rASTrIya zALAmAM karelA kAmAMthI gAMdhIjIe emanuM hIra pArakhyu. tethI temanA AgrahathI kizAralAla gUjarAta vidyApIThamAM mahAmAtra banyA. keLavaNInA pAyA'nI vicAraNA rASTrIya zALAnA zikSaNavAtAvaraNanA avalekana ane ciMtanamAMthI janmI hatI e noMdhapAtra hakIkata che. gAMdhIjInA AzramamAM rahevA chatAM e AzramI naheAtA banI zakayA. emanA zabdomAM, "jyAre hu joDAyA tyAre custa svAminArAyaNI hatA ane mArI AdhyAtmika kSudhA tRpta karavA mATe mane e saMpradAya pUratA lAgatA hatA, UlaTI mArI kAMI mahattvAkAMkSA hAya tA pU. bApune ke Azramane vadhAre svAminArAyaNI banAvAnI, nahi ke

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pra. 8] kizoralAla mazarUvALA [341 mAre vadhAre AzramI banavAnI." pariNAme, emanA cittanI vyAkuLatA vadhI ane kedAranAthajInI salAhathI svaciMtana mATe AzramanI bahAra jhUMpaDImAM rahevAnuM nakakI karyuM. kedAranAthajInA saMparkathI kizoralAlanI daSTi badalAtI hatI, temAM tema AMtarika saMgharSa vadhato jato hato. A saMgharSanI tIvra vyAkuLatAne lIdhe kizoralAla Abu tarapha ekAMta sAdhanA mATe ekalA gayA. kedAranAthajI temanI pAchaLa gayA ane tyAM prakRtinA ekAMta sAMnidhyamAM kedAranAthajIe emanI gUMcAnuM vivaraNa karyuM ane kizoralAlanA cittanuM samAdhAna thayuM. temanI vicArasRSTimAM navajAgRti AvI ane kedAranAthajI temanA guru banyA, narahari parIkhanA "zreyAthInI sAdhanA' nAmanA kizoralAlanA jIvanacaritragranthamAM A prasaMga kedAranAthajIe savigata varNavyo che. 3 gurunA vicArasaMsparzathI kizoralAlanuM vaicArika vizva prakAzamaya banyuM ane temanI ciMtanapratibhAne sAco vaLAMka maLe. kizoralAlane mAnasika zAnti ane samAdhAna lAdhyAM. kedAranAthanA zabdomAM kahIe te "temanI pahelAMnI daSTi badalAIne aMdhArAmAMthI prakAzamAM AvyA pachI mANasane jevuM lAge che tevuM temane lAgyuM." | kiralAlanAM tamAma lakhANomAM ane temAM AlekhAyelI krAntikAraka vicArasumiAM A gurue darzAvela vicAramArgane vaLAMka pAyAmAM rahyuM che. A vaLAMkane pariNAme kizoralAlanA vyaktitvamAM zreyabdaSTi ane vivekabuddhinA pradhAna guNe bhaLI gayA. TUMkamAM kahIe te, vaicArika daSTie kizoralAlane navajanma thayo. temanA ciMtanAtmaka sAhityamAM baLa ane dizA prakaTa thayAM. 1930-3ranI satyAgrahanI laDatamAM joDAyA ne be varasane kArAvAsa bhogavyo. emanI pramANika, zuddha ane sUkama vicAraNAnA guNone lIdhe gAMdhIjInI sUcanAthI gAMdhI sevA saMgha jevI dezavyApI sarvoparI saMsthAnA pramukha banyA. saradAra paTela, rAjendrabAbu ane rAjAjI jevA rASTramAnya netAoe emanI nIce saMghanA sabhya thavAmAM gaurava mAnyuM. gAMdhIjInA vicAromAM ane temanI vicArasaraNImAM thoDo pharaka raheto hovA chatAM gAMdhIjInI vicArasaraNIne e adhikRta bhASyakAra banyA. 194ranA "hiMda choDAnA satyAgrahamAM gAMdhIjI vagere rASTranA mukhya netAo pakaDAyA pachI gAMdhIjI nAM "harijana" patronuM saMcAlana temanA hAthamAM AvyuM. kizoralAlane pAchA kArAvAsa maLe, kAraNa ke bhAMgaphoDanI e caLavaLamAM "Ine jAna jokhamamAM nAkhyA sivAya..tAranAM doraDAM kApI nAkhavAM, pATA ukheDI nAkhavA...."mAM khoTuM nathI evuM lakhyuM hatuM. pitAnI vicAraNAmAM rahele vicAradeSa joyo tyAre temaNe pitAnA aMtaHkaraNanA avAjane vaza thaI tene jAhera karavAnI hiMmata dAkhavI.

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342] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa (caM. 4 kizoralAla ane gamatIbahenanuM dAmpatya prasannatA ane saMvAditAbharyuM hatuM, ane gomatIbahenanI sevAne kAraNe ja kizoralAlabhAI pitAnI sarva pravRttio niSThApUrvaka karI zakyA. gAMdhIjInA mRtyu bAda "harijana" patro kizoralAla mULanA gaurava-pratiSThAne vadhAre tevI rIte calAvyAM. svAmI AnaMde yogya ja kahyuM che ke "koMgresI sarakAronI, saradAranI, javAharalAlajanI, koInI zehamAM na taNIyA ke na koIne bhIDamulAjo rAkhe. kaDavAM satya uccArIne bhalA bhUpanAM mAM kaTANa karAvyAM." chellA damavyAdhimAM kizoralAla 19paranI sapTembaranI 9mIe mRtyu pAmyA. kizoralAla mazarUvALAnA ciMtanAtmaka sAhityane samajavA mATe temanI vicAraNane mUlasrota kedAranAthajI sAthenI carcAthI kevI rIte vegavAna ane joradAra banyo e jANavuM jarUrI che. kizoralAlanI AmUlAgra vicAradhArA pachI e mA kema vaLI tene temAMthI khulAso maLI rahe che. kedAranAthajIe kahyuM che ke graMthaprAmANya tema ja mahApuruSonAM parasparavirodhI vacana paranI zraddhAne lIdhe ja aneka prakAranA praznothI sAdhaka kizoralAla vyAkuLa banyA hatA. temaNe lakhyuM che : "A badhAnI mane khabara hovAthI kizoralAlabhAInI vyAkuLatA huM samajI zakatA hatA. eTale temanA cittane bhramamAM nAkhanArA prazno eka pachI eka meM hAthamAM lIdhA. temanI mAnyatA, temanI zraddhA, temaNe mAnelI kalapanA - te darekamAM rahelA bhramanuM meM nirasana karyuM. mahApuruSonAM je je vacanene AdhAra laIne temaNe pitAnA manane vyAkuLa karyuM hatuM te te vacanenI mAnavajIvananI dRSTie keTalI kiMmata che te spaSTatAthI temane samajAvavA lAgyo."pa pariNAme, kizora lAlabhAIne prakAza lAye te agAu joyuM ja che. sUtrAtmaka rIte kahevuM hoya te temane "zuddha vivekadaSTi prApta thaI ema kahevAya. tethI ja kizoralAle kahyuM che, "vivekabuddhine huM ISTadevatAnA jevI pUjya samajuM chuM..."6 kizoralAlanA mahatvanA traNa grantha "keLavaNInA pAyA', jIvanazodhana" ane "samULI krAti'mAM A daSTi mUlagAmI rahI che te spaSTa dIsI Avaze. svAmI AnaMde kizoralAlane saMtonA anuja kahIne yogya rIte ja biradAvyA che, temanA cAritryanuM kharuM mUlyAMkana karyuM che. lekhana lekhanane zokha kizoralAlane vidyArthIkALathI ja hatA. temaNe kAvyo paNa lakhyAM hatAM. paNa gaMbhIra lekhanapravRtti 1921mAM karelI sAdhanA pachI ja thayelI che. pote je navaciMtana karyuM tene pariNAme avatAre vize temanI zI

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pra. 8] kizoralAla mazarUvALA [343 dRSTi che te samAja AgaLa rajU karavA "rAma ane kRSNa' (1923), "buddha ane mahAvIra' (1923), 'sahajAnaMda svAmI' (1923) tathA "Izu khrista' (1925) e copaDIo lakhI. temaNe lakhyuM che: "rAma, kRSNa, buddha, Izu vageremAM paNa e ja zakti hatI. tyAre ApaNAmAM ane rAmakRSNAdikamAM zo phera ? e paNa mArAtamArA jevA ja manuSyo hatA; temane paNa mArI-tamArI mAphaka duHkha veThavAM paDyAM hatAM ane puruSArtha karavo paDyo hato. chatAM temane ApaNe zA mATe avatAra kahIe chIe ? hajAro varSa vItI gayAM chatAM zuM kAma ApaNe pUjIe chIe ?..ApaNe dhArIe te ApaNe paNa evA pavitra thaI zakIe, evA kartavyaparAyaNa thaI zakIe, eTalI karuNa keLavI zakIe, evA niSkAma, anAsakta ane nirahaMkArI thaI zakIe. evA thavAne ApaNe niraMtara prayatna rahe e ja temanI upAsanA karavAne hetu." maNisa svabhAvathI ja kaIkane pUjate hoya che. deva tarIke pUje enAmAM camatkAra hoya ja che evI zraddhA sAmAnya mANasanuM prerakabaLa hoya che. A vicAravRtti vize kizoralAle lakhyuM che temAM paNa daSTipUta vivekabuddhi ja vyakta thAya che. temaNe A vize lakhyuM che: "sAmAnya janatAnA mana upara evuM pariNAma thayuM che ke mANasanI enAmAM rahelI pavitratA, lakattara zIlasaMpannatA, dayA Adi sAdhu ane vIra puruSanA guNone lIdhe enI kiMmata AMkI zakatA nathI. paNa camatkAranI apekSA rAkhe che, ane camatkAra karavAnI zakti e mahApuruSanuM Avazyaka lakSaNa mAne che. zilAnI ahalyA karavAnI, govardhanane TacalI AMgaLI para UMcakavAnI..vagere vagere dareka mahApuruSanA caritramAM AvatI vArtA enA racanArAoe janatAne A rIte khoTA daSTibiMdumAM caDhAvI dIdhI che... rAme zilAnI ahayA karI ke pANI para paththara tarAvyA e vAta kADhI nAkhIe, kRSNa kevaLa mAnuSI zaktithI ja potAnuM jIvana jIvyA ema kahIe, Izue eka paNa camatkAra batAvya naheAte ema mAnIe, chatAM rAma, kRSNa, buddha, mahAvIra, Izu vagere mAnavajAtine zuM kAma pUjApAtra che e dRSTithI A caritra AlekhavAne prayatna che." 8 A cAre pustaka lakhavAnI pAchaLa kizoralAlanI daSTipUta zreyAthInI vRttine pradhAna sUra saMbhaLAya che e spaSTa dekhAI Ave che. "Izu khristanuM caritra AlekhavA mATe tyAMnAM te samayanAM ItihAsa, bhUgoLa, saMskRti AdimAM kizoralAlanI sUkSma saMzodhakanI ane vidyAsAdhanAnI sAmagrIne ucita upayoga

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344]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 thayo che. "sahajAnaMda svAmInA caritra AlekhanamAM kizoralAlanI kharI kasoTI thaI che ema kahI zakAya. custa sAMpradAyika dRSTinI UMDI asarathI mukta thayA che ne temanI nirmaLa navajAgRtine sAro paricaya e caritrAlekhanamAM kizoralAle Apyo che. temaNe kahyuM che: saMpradAyamAM keTalIka azuddhio meM joI che, saMpradAyanA keTalAka vAdomAM ane tatvanirUpaNanI paddhatimAM huM saMpUrNapaNe saMmata nathI; ane A caritramAM jyAM Take na hoya tyAM mAre tene nirdeza paNa karavo paDyo che." keLavaNIvicAra keLavaNInA pAyA : "keLavaNInA pAyA' (1925) e gujarAtanA zikSaNakSetranI vicArasaMpattimAM kizoralAle kareluM amUlya ane anokhuM pradAna che. zikSaNa emanuM prathama viziSTa kSetra hovAthI tenuM sUkSma avalokana karI briTiza DhAMcAmAM apAtuM vartamAna zikSaNa kevuM zuSka ane mAnavaguNanA utkarSanI dRSTie niSphaLa che tenuM zAstrIya pRthakakaraNa A graMthamAM karyuM che ane cAritryapoSaka mAnavI guNe ane vidyAnuM saMyojana thAya e keLavaNune uddeza spaSTa karyo che. kizoralAle "keLavaNInA pAyA " e judAMjudAM nibaMdha lakhANanuM granthastha kareluM pustaka che ema kahIne keLavaNuM vizenI pitAnI AgavI daSTi vize lakhyuM cheH keLavaNa lenArane sAmAjika jIvana gALavAnuM che e vAta e ke nibaMdhamAM bhulAI hoya ema mane lAgatuM nathI. keLavaNI lenAra samAjanuM upayogI avayava kema bane e bAbatanuM kyAMye vismaraNa nathI." tema ja "A ja kAraNathI jema soya keDe doro cAlI Ave, tema A nibaMdhenI pAchaLa eka ja pradhAna vicAra mAlUma paDI Avaze. te daivI saMpattionA utkarSane; cittane guNavikAsane; vivekabuddhinI zuddhine."10 A lekhake anyatra darzAvyuM che tema, A lakhANonA be sapaSTa bhAga paDI jAya cheH (1) keLavaNI vizenuM emanuM dRSTibindu rajU karavA mATe keLavaNI ane zikSaNa, vinaya, vidyA, vijJAna, vivekabuddhi tathA abhyAsa vacceno bheda spaSTa karavA mATe dAkhalAdalIla sahita tenuM sarala vivaraNa karyuM che. tema ja IndriyonI keLavaNI vizenA vicAre spaSTa rIte samajAvI prajJA, tarkazakti, buddhinA bhedanI lAkSaNika rIte rajUAta karI che, tema ja satya nirNaye, zraddhA, vikAsanA mArgo vizenI vicAraNA karI che. (2) ka9panAzaktinI keLavaNa, vikAsanA mArgo, jIvanamAM AnaMdane sthAna vizenuM emanuM dRSTibiMdu tema ja itihAsa, vijJAna, saMgIta, kaLA, AdinuM keLavaNImAM sthAna vizenA maulika vicAre. A banne vibhAganuM

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pra. 8] - kizoralAla mazarUvALA [345 nirIkSaNa karIe te pahelA bhAga vize bhAgye ja matabheda saMbhave che, eTaluM ja nahi paNa te mazarUvALAnA vicAronI sUkSamatA ane UMDI sUjha tathA temanA sUma vicArasAmarthyanI ucca kakSA dAkhave che. paraMtu bIjA vibhAganAM lakhANomAM vicAranI navInatA che, vicArapreraka sAmagrI che, maulika daSTi che e sAcuM, paNa temAM keTalAka vicAra vivAdAspada che ane keTalAka asvIkArya che. AthI ja meM "keLavaNInA pAyAH sudaDha ane zithila' ema A vibhAgane anulakSIne saMkSiptamAM kahyuM che. | sarjanAtmaka sAhityane anulakSIne kizoralAle kahyuM che, "sarjaka kalpanA sAme mAre mukhya vadhe e che ke te asatyanA kalaMkathI dUSita che..."12 temanA A vidhAnane kAI svIkArI zake nahi. A daSTi kavitA vizenA pleTanA vicAronI yAda Ape che. kizoralAla jevA sUkSma ane mUlagAmI vicAraka tarkanuM satya ane kalAnuM satya vizene bheda pArakhI nahAtA zakyA te AzcaryanI vAta che. bIje sthaLe kahe che, "zikSakanuM kArya bALakanuM valaNa je vastu mAge tevI vyavasthA karavAne badale (kamamAM kama, tenI sAthesAthe) enAmAM je khAmI hoya te pUravAnI vyavasthA karavAnuM che." bALakanuM zikSaNa tenI svAbhAvika prajJAne anurUpa hovuM joIe ema badhA keLavaNakAronuM maMtavya che. kizoralAla kahe che tevA prakAranA zikSaNamAMthI niSNAta ubhavI ja na zake. vaLI, itihAsanuM abhyAsakramamAM sthAna gauNa ane chellI kakSAnuM hovuM joIe e vidhAnamAM kizoralAla jevA zikSaNakAra ItihAsanA abhyAsanuM yogya mahattva samajI zakyA nathI evo sarva sAmAnya abhiprAya tadvidoe vyakta karyo che. A badhA vize meM cilleSa'mAM sodAharaNa samIkSA karI che. keLavaNIviveka" ane "keLavaNavikAsa: A uparAMta gAMdhIjIe vardhAjanA tarIke "naI tAlImanI navI ne krAntikAraka vicAraNA rASTra pAse rajU karI te pachI kizoralAla mazarUvALAe "keLavaNIviveka' (1948) ane "keLavaNuMvikAsa' (1950) nAmanAM be pustaka lakhyAM hatAM. "keLavaNIvivekane "keLavaNInA pAyAne anugrantha gaNavAnuM kizoralAle ja kahyuM che. emAM paNa zikSaNuvicAra vizenA judAjudA prasaMge lakhelA lekhonuM saMkalana karyuM che. "keLavaNIvikAsamAM sAbaramatI Azrama karatAM vardhA yojanAnA siddhAMtone vikAsa thaye tene nakazo jovA maLe che. A granthanuM mUlya naI tAlIma ane svAvalaMbana vize narahari parIkhe prastAvanArUpe lakhelI bhUmikAthI vizeSa vadhyuM che. vardhAjanAnI suMdara samIkSA ane tenuM vizada vivaraNa A pustakamAM thayuM che. temaNe sarasa rIte pratipAdana

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346 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa (caM. 4 karyuM che: "vardhApaddhati (naI tAlIma) e kevaLa bhaNAvavAnI eka navI rIta, athavA paddhati ja nathI, paNa jIvananI navI racanA ane philasUphI che." kAraNa ke, "parizrama ane ahiMsA sagAM bhAIbahena che. parizramane aNagame to tenI sAthe sAthe asamAnatA ane tene nabhAvanArI hiMsAnI manetti keLavyA vinA nahIM rahe." TUMkAmAM, zikSaNavicAramAM paNa mazarUvALA gAMdhIjInA sAcA bhASyakAra ja banyA che. tatvavicAra "jIvanazaidhanaH kizoralAlanI tatvavicAraNAnuM jemAM vigatavAra pratipAdana thayuM che ane temanI AdhyAtmika dRSTi jemAM vizadatAthI vyakta thaI che, te che suprasiddha pustaka "jIvanazodhana (19ra9). kizoralAlanI paraMparAgata zraddhA ane tyAra pachI tenI viruddha jAya tevA mahApuruSonA vicArothI temanA manamAM vyAkuLatAne tIvra saMgharSa kedAranAthe zamAvyo, tyAra pachI A pustaka lakhAyeluM che. bIjA zabdomAM, emanI vicAraNane jheka vivekapUta zrevAMchanA tarapha vaLe tyAra pachInuM A tatvadarzananuM pustaka lakhAyuM che. A pustakanI bhUmikAmAM kedAranAthe arthasUcaka vidhAna karyuM che te "jIvanazodhana'nI vicAraNanA mUlasrotane samajavA mATe tema ja kizoralAlanI jIvanadaSTinI spaSTatA mATe upayogI thaI paDaze H "ApaNAmAM samAjahitanI daSTie dareka bAbatane vicAra karavAnI vRtti upana thaI nathI. zreyAthImAM A vRtti hovI jarUranI che. dareka kalyANaprada vastune teNe samudAyanI dRSTie vicAra karatAM zIkhavuM joIe... samAjanuM zIlasaMvardhana thayA vinA ApaNA taraNopAya-uddhAra nathI."1 3 jIvanazodhananI prastAvanAmAM kizoralAle zarUAtamAM ja buddhanA upadezanI dRSTinuM avataraNa ApyuM che te temanI vicAraNamAM mArgadarzaka tatva che: "he. ke, huM je kAMI kahuM chuM te paraMparAgata che ema jANI khAruM mAnazo nahIM... tarka siddha che ema jANuM kharuM mAnazo nahIM... tamArI zraddhAne poSanAruM che ema jANI khAruM mAnaze nahIM. huM prasiddha sAdhu chuM, pUjya chuM evuM jANI kharuM mAnazo nahIM. paNa tamArI pitAnI vivekabuddhithI mAre upadeza kharo lAge te ja tame tene svIkAra karaje.14 kizoralAle prastAvanAmAM paNa A granthano uddeza spaSTa karatAM kahyuM che ke "A pustakamAM je kAMI khaMDana-maMDana karavA meM prayatna karyo che te te vIvanane badalavAnI dRSTithI, kevaLa mAnyatA badalavAnI dRSTithI nahIM." A granthanA zIrSakanI paNa temaNe spaSTatA karI che ke zodhavuM eTale na jANeluM jANavuM ane jANeluM sudhAravuM.

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pra. 8] kizoralAla mazarUvALA [345 A granthamAM "puruSArtha zodhana", "adazyazodhana, "bhaktizodhana', "prakIrNa vicAra', "sAMkhya ane vedAntavicAra" ane "gavicArazodhana ema che khaMDo che. temAM, anya lakhANamAM jovA maLe che tema, temanI vicArasaraNImAM eka vijJAnazAstrInuM dhairya ane taTasthatA ane sAthe eka dhArmika puruSanI che-- vAMchane jaNAI Ave che e rAmanArAyaNa pAThakanuM vidhAna taddana kharuM che. kizoralAle. temanI tAttvika vicAraNAnI pAchaLa rahelI bhUmikA spaSTa karatAM kahyuM che, "Arya tatvajJAna paripUrNa racAI gayuM che, emAM zodhakhoLane avakAza nathI, have mAtra prAcIna zAstrone judAMjudAM bhASyo dvArA ke navAM bhAkhyo racIne samajavAnAM ja rahyAM che evuM huM mAnato nathI... bAdarAyaNanA kALathI tattvajJAnane vikAsa lagabhaga aTakI gayuM che. emaNe jUnAne sUtrabaddha karI nAkhI tattvajJAnanuM bAraNuM vAsI dIdhuM ane zaMkarAcArya ane pAchalA AcAryoe e bAraNe tALAM mAryA. e tALAM kholyuM ja chUTake che."15 kizoralAle e tALAM ane bAraNAM kAMIka aMze kholyAM che e emanuM ananya pradAna che. vedAnta mata pramANe cothe puruSArtha mekSa che. kizoralAle pitAnuM vizada pRthakkaraNa karIne pratipAdana karyuM che ke cothe puruSArtha mekSa nahi paNa vastutaH jJAna athavA zodha che. vedAMtI vicAra vAsanAkSaya emane rucatuM nathI, tethI, temaNe "vAsanAnA ucchedane badale vAsanAnI uttarottara zuddhi karavI e suMdara rIte samajAvyuM che.17 AtmAne vedAMtIo nirguNa kahe che tyAre kizoralAla tene sarvaguNAzraya athavA sarvaguNabIja che ema kathe che.18 mAyAvAda vize temaNe spaSTa ekarAra karyo che ke "mAyA te zuM e vize te anAdi ane anirvacanIya che e sivAya bIjo khulAso maLyo nathI."19 punarjanma vize koI nizcita siddhAMta pratipAdana karI zakAya tema nathI. ema kahIne kizoralAla kahe che : "game tema he, punarjanmane vAda atyAra sudhI zreyAthIne zreya mATe puruSArtha karavAmAM jabaruM prerakabaLa ApanAruM thaI paDyo che. ene vize saMzayita rahenAramAMye e saMskAranI keTalIka asara ajJAtapaNe kAma karI tene upakAraka thAya che."20 karmavAdanA siddhAMtamAM karma eTale vyaktigata karma nahi paNa sAmAjika saMdarbhamAM kamane vicAra kizoralAle karyo che ane tenI mArgadarzaka preraNA temane kedAranAthajI pAsethI maLI che te prasiddha hakIkata che. temaNe arthadarzaka rIte karmanA siddhAMtanuM vivaraNa karatAM kahyuM che: sAmAnya mANasonI kalpanAmAM pUrva karmano artha vadhAre saMkucita thaI gayo che. pUrva karma eTale A kSaNa pahelAMnuM karma ema nahi, paNa ekadama pUrvajanmanuM karma ema

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348] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ J. 4 samajAyuM che." tyAra pachI mANasanA upara bIjanAMye pUrvaka kAraNabhUta hoI zake che tema ja rela, bhUkaMpa, anAvRSTi jevAM prAkRtika baLe paNa hoI zake che tenuM vizada vivaraNa karyuM che. TUMkamAM, "jIvanazodhanamAM ApaNA prAcIna tatvajJAnanI gUDhatAne saraLatAthI vivekabuddhithI samajAya tevI rIte tenuM bhASya karyuM che ane tema karavAmAM kizoralAlanI sUkSama vaicArika pratibhA temAM vyakta thayelI che. gAMdhIvicArohana' (1932)mAM gAMdhIjInA adhikRta bhASyakAra tarIke kizoralAle sAcI pratiSThA meLavI che. gAMdhIjIe paNa pitAnI mahera tenA upara mAratAM kahyuM cheH "A vicAradehana huM vAMcI gayo chuM. mArA vicArane bhAI kizoralAlane paricaya asAdhAraNa che. jevo paricaya che tevI tenI grahaNazakti che... joke bhASA kizoralAlanI che, chatAM pratyeka prakaraNamAM saMmati devAmAM mane harakata nathI AvI. ghaNA viSayone TUMkAmAM teo samAvI zakyA che e A dehananI vizeSatA che." gItAmaMthana : 1931mAM vile pAralAmAM gAMdhI vidyAlaya cAlatuM te nimitte "gItAmaMthana' (1933) pustakanI utpatti thaI che. savAranI upAsanAmAM tabiyatane kAraNe niyamita hAjarI kizoralAlathI nahotI apAtI eTale dararoja betraNa cothiyA kAgaLa upara gItAne saMvAda lakhI mokalatA. emaNe spaSTa karyuM che te pramANe sAva abhaNa nahi, sAva bALaka nahi, tema bahu vidvAna paNa nahi evAM bhAIbahenane daSTimAM rAkhIne teo lakhatA. "chAza levIe tyAre valovavAnI kriyAthI phINa vadhe che ane chAza hoya tethI vadhAre dekhAya che. A gItAmaMthana e ja jAtanuM eka valeNuM che." ema kizoralAle yogya rIte karyuM che.21 gItA jevA sUkSma tattvajJAnavALA granthane saraLatAthI yathArtha rIte sAmAnya loke pAse rajU karavAmAM eka bAjuthI kizoralAlanI zikSaNakalA ane bIjI bAjuthI gUDha ne saraLa bhASAmAM vyakta karavAnI zaktino paricaya "gItAmaMthana'mAM thAya che. prakIrNa rI-puruSa-maryAdA' (1977) e kizoralAla mazarUvALAnuM svataMtra rIte lakheluM pustaka nathI paNa dazeka varSanA gALAmAM e viSaya upara emaNe lakhelA lekhono saMgraha che. svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanI A viSaya uparanI UMDI asara kizoralAlanAM A lakhANomAM spaSTa dIsI Ave che. teo paNa e hakIkatathI sajAga che.22 AjanA audyogika samAjamAM temaNe darzAvelA vicAra visaMvAdI

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pra. 8] kizoralAla mazarUvALA [349 lAge tevA che. gAMdhIjInA vicArothI A taddana judI che e paNa temaNe kabUla karyuM che. temaNe lakhyuM che, "strIo sAthe eka ja Asana upara joDAjoDa besavuM paDe te mATe Adhunika jIvanamAM nabhAvI levuM paDe che, paNa mane te muddala gamatuM nathI. mArA bhAIonI taraNa dIkarIone huM AzIrvAdane miSe paNa jANIne aMgasparza karatuM nathI ke thavA detA nathI.... AvuM vartana AjanA jamAnAmAM atimarajAdI lekhAya che te huM jANuM chuM.23 saMpradAyanI keTalI custa asara. kizoralAlanA mana upara UMDI rahI gaI che tenuM AmAM pratibiMba che. A. pustakamAM lagnamImAMsA' vizenI vicAraNAmAM paNa mUlyavAna sAmagrI maLe che. temaNe jeThAlAla gAMdhInI madadathI "nAmAnAM taravo' (1938) nAmanuM pustaka lakhyuM che. aMgrejI ane dezI nAmAnI paddhatinA siddhAMto vacceno taphAvata spaSTa karI tene samanvaya karavA prayatna temAM karyo che. A prakAranuM bIju pustaka bhAgye ja gujarAtImAM lakhAyuM haze. nAmAnA pAyAnA siddhAMta para A pustaka prakAza pADe che. kiAgaDAnI najare' (1947) e emanAM pustakomAM ane lekhanazailImAM navI vilakSaNa bhAta pADatuM pustaka che. temaNe gAMdhIvAdIo upara kaTAkSamaya lekhe mULa. hiMdImAM lakhelA hatA. lekhaka tarIke "Azramane ullu evuM takhalusa vAparyuM hatuM. gAMdhIvAdI kahevAtA vicArahIna AcAravicAra tarapha temAM sArI rIte hAsya-- kaTAkSe che. kizoralAle tenI bhUmikAmAM arthasUcaka lakhyuM che ke, huM A utsunA, vicAra sAthe saMmata paNa thatuM nathI, ane asaMmata paNa thatuM nathI." kizora lAlanI sAhityarasikatA ciMtananA pradhAna sUra nIce na dabAI gaI hatI te te. kevI vaividhyabharI hota tene khyAla A pustaka Ape che. "saMsAra ane dhama (1948) nAmanA lekhasaMgrahanA pustakamAM kizoralAlanI kAntikArI vicAraNuM prakaTa thAya che ane pracalita vicAramAM rahelA dezane sacoTa rIte khullA pADe che. temanI dharma vizenI vivekapUta dRSTi ApaNA saMsAravyavahAra upara chavAyelI beTI samaja ke pUrvagrahanA dhummasane dUra kare che. kamajora sAtvikatA', "zraddhALu nAstikatA vagere lekha A daSTie khUba mUlyavAna che. tenI "vicArakaNikA" nAmanI prastAvanAmAM paMDita sukhalAlajIe. yathArtha mUlyAMkana karatAM kahyuM che: "meM prastuta lekhene ("saMsAra ane dharmanA) ekathI vadhAre vAra ekAgratAthI sAMbhaLyA che ne thoDAghaNuM anya suprasiddha bhAratIya tatvaciMtakanAM lakhANe paNa sAMbhaLyAM che. huM jyAre taTastha bhAve AvAM

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350]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 ciMtanapradhAna lakhANonI tulanA karuM chuM tyAre mane niHzaMkapaNe ema lAge che ke ATalo ane Avo krAntikArI, sacoTa ane maulika vicAra karanAra kadAca bhAratamAM virala ja che." A vidhAna "samULI krAntinA mUlyAMkanane savizeSa samarthaka bane che. samULI kAnti: kizoralAlanuM sauthI vizeSa dhyAna kheMcanAruM ane mUlagAmI ane krAMtikArI vicAradaSTi dAkhavanAruM pustaka to che "samULI krAnti (1948). temAM dharma, samAja, Arthika viSayo, rAjakIya viSaya, keLavaNI vizenI pitAnI AgavI vicAraNuM sUtrAtmaka zailImAM vyakta thaI che. temanA A lakhANanuM preraka bIja che, temaNe ja kahyuM che tema, "ApaNe aneka vicAre ane mAnyatAonuM ApaNe mULathI ja saMzAdhane karavAnI jarUra che. ApaNA krAtinA vicAro moTe bhAge uparauparanI marAmatanA che, mULa sudhI pahoMcatA nathI."24 A pustakanA zIrSakanuM mULa paNa AmAM ja rahyuM che. eka daSTie joIe to A badhA praznonI vaicArika bhUmikA "jIvanazodhanamAM rahelI che. A pustakamAM dharmaviSayaka karelAM sUtrAtmaka pratipAdanomAMthI prathama be bIjarUpe "jIvanazodhanamAM spaSTa pragaTa thayelAM ja cheH (1) mAne paramAtmA veDhA na mAno phevatAprtimaa sakala // (2) na ko zAstrano vaktA paramezvara / na ko vivekanA kSetrathI para // A be sUtramAM kizoralAlanI dharmadaSTi bIjarUpe pragaTa thaI che e dekhItI hakIkata che. dharmoe UbhAM karelAM vidano kayAM che tenuM vivekapUta vivaraNa A pustakanA prathama bhAgamAM suMdara rIte karyuM che. vartamAna sthitinuM vivaraNa karatAM emaNe kahyuM che tene sUra hajI paNa vAraMvAra saMbhaLAyA kare che. hiMdI-urdU-hiMdustAnI bhASA ane lipi vagerenA jhaghaDA, prAntIya (prAdezika) IrSA vagere sarvenA mULamAM eka ja vastu che. ApaNA dilanI kAti thaI nathI, ApaNI saMkucita amitAe ApaNe cheDI zakatA nathI, tethI nAnA nAnA TukaDAomAM vaheMcAI javuM e tarapha ja ApaNe puruSArtha vAraMvAra gati karyA kare che. 25 Arthika krAtinA praznonA vibhAgamAM arthazAstra ane artha vRddhinAM sAdhano vize mUlagAmI chatAM sAmAnya mANasa samajI zake tevI saraLa vivecanA-vivaraNa kya che. arthazAstra sAthe cArika mUlyone sAMkaLavAM joIe evI temanI daDha mAnyatA ane zraddhA rahI che. artha samRddhi sAthe cAritraguNo hoya to ja sAcI prajAsamRddhi prApta thAya che. temanA zabdomAM, "cAritra samRddhinuM sAdhana che... Aje vijJAnasaMpanna mAnavasamAja hAthamAM Aga lagADavAnAM sAdhane dharAvanAro ane tenI kaLA zIkhele vAnarasamAja chUTo mUkyo hoya tevI sthitimAM duniyAmAM

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% 8 ] kizeralAla mazarUvALA [ 351 vicare che. mATe avRddhinAM sAdhanAnA vicAra karatI vakhate Adi, madhya tathA aMta traNemAM cAritranAM aMgeAnA vicAra karIne ja pagalAM bharavAM joIe.26 A dRSTie 'vAdAnI kAthAkUTa' nAmanA prakaraNamAM pUMjIvAda, sAmyavAda, samAjavAdanI karelI samIkSA mahattvanI banI che. 327 kizAralAle rAjakAraNa vizenI paNa peAtAnI maulika vicAraNA A pustakamAM karelI che. A vizenAM temanAM cittva vidhAnA sUtrAtmaka che ne vizeSa samAlAcanA mAgI le che. ApaNI jANItI kahevatane jarA badalIne temaNe kahyuM che, "kUvAmAM heAya teTalu ane tevuM havADAmAM Ave.havADA e zAsakava che. kUvA e samasta prajA che. game tevA kAyadA ane badhAraNA ghaDA, samasta prajAnA cAritra karatAM zAsakavarganuM cAritra ghaNuM UMcuM hAya ema banavAnuM nahIM." DemeAkrasIneA vahevAru a mAthAgaNatarI eTalA ja thaI gayelA che. krAI ema teA na ja kahI zake ke ghaNAM mAthAM eTale ghaNuM DahApaNu, mATe je bAjue ghaNAM mAthAM UMcAM thAya te bAjune nirNaya vadhAre DAhyo. mAthAM zA kAma mATe U~cAM thayAM che e mahattvanuM che, kevaLa keTalAM mAthAM UMcAM thayAM che te nahIM. gaMdA pANInAM pAMca taLAva karatAM cAkhkhA pANIne eka vIraDA vadhAre mahattvaneA che.28 A pustakanA chelA vibhAga keLavaNI vizene che. keLavaNInA pAyA'nA vicArAnI A nAnI AvRtti che ema kahI zakAya. itihAsa vizenA emanA vicAro asvIkArya bane tevA che te agAu kahevAyu che. lipi bAbatanI emanI maulika vicAraNAnA mahattvanA muddAe che : (pR. 129) (1) rAmana lipinuM prAdezika bhASAnA uccAre saMpUrNa paNe ane ceAkasapaNe rajU karI zake evuM svarUpa nizcita karavuM; ene TharAvelI rAmana lipi kaheA. (2) sau kAIne e lipionuM jJAna Avazyaka hAya H (1) prAntIya lipinuM ane TharAvelI rAmananuM (3) mAtRbhASA tarIke hiMdustAnI bhASA zIkhanArane mATe devanAgarI tathA rAmana, athavA tathA rAmana lipinu' jJAna Avazyaka hAya. atyAranA saMdarbhamAM A prazno carcAspada ja gaNAya. tavido paNa kizAralAlanI A vicAraNAthI judI vicArasaraNI dharAve che. A prazna NA sakula che eTale kAI paNuM niya upara AvavuM agharuM che. 'samULI krAnti'nA prastAvanArUpa 'khulAsA'mAM saMskRti vize kizoralAla

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352 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [a'. 4 mazarUvALAe sUtrAtmaka rIte lakhyuM che te vastue aneka ci MtAnuM dhyAna kheMcyuM. che te vivaraTIkA paNa thayAM che. temaNe lakhyu cheH "meM ghaNI vAra kahyuM che tema pUrvanI saMskRti ane pazcimanI saMskRti, hiMdu saMskRti, muslima saMskRti vagere bhedo mane mahattvanA lAgatA nathI. mAnava prAmAM be ja saMskRtio che : bhadra saMskRti ane saMta saMskRti baMnenA pratinidhie AkhI duniyAmAM che. jeTale aMze saMta saMskRtinA upAsakeA niSThAthI ane nirbhayatAthI vyavahAra karaze teTale ja aMze mAnavajAtinI sukhanI mAtrA vadhaze.''29 gAMdhIjI ane sAmyavAda' (1951)e prathama kizAralAle 'harijana' patramAM lekhamALA lakhI hatI. pachI tenI carcAnIkA aneka vicArasaraNIvALAenI thaI tene dhyAnamAM rAkhI pustaka e ja nAme prakaTa thayuM. vineAbAe temAM tenI bhUmikA lakhI, kizAralAle A pustakanI prastAvanAmAM lakhyuM che: "A pustikA nathI sAmyavAdanuM vidvattApUrNa nirUpaNa, ke nathI gAMdhIvicAranI adhikRta mImAMsA, anne mahApuruSo ane temanA anuyAyIonI pAyAnI dRSTi zI che tenI mAhitI AmAMthI maLe teA te ghaNu kahevAze.' ghaNA mAne che ke sAmyavAdamAMthI hiMsA kADhI nakhAya teA gAMdhIvAda ane sAmyavAda : eka ja che eTale temanA vacce sAdhyanA bheda nathI paNa sAdhananA bheda che. A uparaceATI diSTa kheATI che te bannenA siddhAMtAmAM UMDA UtarIne kizAralAle A pustakamAM batAvyuM che. gAMdhIjI ane mAkarsa vacce jIvanadiSTanA bheda bahu mahattvanA che tenuM temaNe vizada rIte vivaraNa karyuM che. vaCvigrahathI krAnti Avaze te mArkasanI dRSTinA viredha karI gAMdhIjInI dRSTinuM samarthana karyuM che. temaNe bahu ja arthasUcakatAthI temAM lakhyu che. ... AjanI vartImAna samAjavyavasthA taLe jee dhana ke ucca varNa ne kAraNe vadhAre adhikArI ane meAbhAbharyuM sthAna bhAgave che te jo... tyAga nahIM kare... tA gAMdhIjInI kATinA ja ahiMsAmAgI netAne abhAve sAmyavAda tenAM badhAM Disaka Ayudhe! sAthe Avaze ja..." ahiMsAvivecana' (1942) nAme ahiMsA uparanA emanA lekhAne saMgraha ramaNIkalAla meAdIe prakaTa karyo che. gAMdhIjInA vicArathI kize|ralAla A viSaya vize jude abhiprAya dharAve che te noMdhavuM joIe. temaNe spaSTa lakhyuM che " mArI vicArasaraNI bApune anusaranArI nahi, paNa samAMtara Aya che. huM bahu nAnA paNa satyane svataMtra pUjArI rahyo chu.... bApujIe kahyuM che ke teo janmathI satyeApAsaka che, ahiMsaka nathI. mAru... ethI UlaTu` che. hu svabhAvathI ahiMsAnA pUjArI chuM. satyanA upAsaka pAchaLathI banyA cheM. bApujIne satyanI :

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*. 9] kizoralAla mazarUvALA [353 zeAdhamAMthI ahiMsA maLI ane mane ahi'sAmAMthI satyanI jhAMkhI thaI..."29 A lekhAmAMthI gAMdhIyugamAM prasarelI ahiMsAnI bhAvanAnuM spaSTa citra maLI rahe che. anuvAda - gItAnu' saraLa samazlAkI gujarAtI bhASAMtara kizAralAle karyuM che te temanI vidyArthI avasthA vakhatanI sAhityarasikatAnI abhirucinuM dyotaka che. temaNe tyAre racelAM kAvyeA gAmatIbahene zrI kizAralAla mazarUvALA -- eka adhyayana"mAM rajU karavA ApelAM che te temanI A kudaratI rasavRttinuM samarthana kare che. 31 gItAdhvani' (1973) e temanA bhagavadgItAne samazlAkI anuvAda khUba lAkapriya banelA che. kizAralAle lakhyu cheH " kavizrI nhAnAlAlanA bhASAMtarane teA hu' prathama RNI zru ja. varSo sudhI temanA bhASAMtarane upayoga karyA pachI ja mane A anuvAdanI buddhi pedA thaI."32 A anuvAdamAM kizAralAla mazarUvALAnI tattvajJAnanI U`DI sUjha tema ja saraLatA ane kAvyarasikatAnA saMvAda sadhAyA che. saMta tukArAmanI vANI'mAM emaNe keTalAka abhaMgAnA bhAvAnurUpa anuvAda ApyA che. badhAM bhASAMtarAmAM eka navI bhAta pADatuM pustaka che satyamaya jIvana (1933). A pustaka mULa lA` meAlInuM 'oNna kaeNASprAmAIjha' che. mahAdeva desAIe 'satyAgrahanI maryAdA' nAme tenu bhASAMtara kareluM che. emAM vicAra, vANI ane vyavahAramAM satyane upAsaka kema varte, ane ApaNA dezanA judA judA prazno vize ApaNuM vana kevuM heAvu joIe ane zuM che e vizenI siddhAMta tema ja vyavahAranI dRSTie carcA che. e caryAnI pati meAlI"nI paddhatine anusare che, ane tene lIdhe emAM meAlI'nA pustakanA Avazyaka sAra, tema ja meAlInA mata upara mArI TIkA paNa AvI jAya che. paNu e meAlI"nA pustakaneA sAra paNa nathI, tema temAM meAlI sAthe keTalIka bAbatAmAM matabheda paNa che."33 Ama, A pustaka mULa pustakane AdhAre lakhelA svataMtra lAMkhe| nibaMdha kahI zakAya. kizAralAlanI samagra dRSTi jIvanalakSI khUnI tathI sAhityarasikatA gheADI khAI gaI kharI, paNa rasasrota kadI sukAyA nahAtA. tethI ja khalila jibrAnanA dha prApheTa'nuM bhASAMtara vidAya veLAe' (1935) kizAralAle rasaprada zailImAM karyuM che. ' keLavaNInA pAyA'mAM sarjaka kalpanA vize virodha karyA pachI A bhASAMtara karavA kizAralAla prerAyA e temanI rasikatAnA vahetA srotanA ja purAvA che. temaNe A bhASAMtara kema karyuM. te vize lakhyuM cheH gu. sA. 23

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354] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (caM. 4 "kavinuM ghaNuM kahevuM satya, ane suMdara rIte rajU thayeluM satya che, ema mane na lAgyuM hota to kevaLa kAvyAnaMda mATe mane A anuvAda karavAnuM mana na thayuM heta."34 Ama, pakSa rIte kalAtmaka satyane kizoralAle svIkAra karyo, tethI sarjaka kalpanA vizenA emanA virodhIone paNa AnaMda thaze. . AvI ja rIte I. 1932-33nI jela daramyAna TosToyanA "dhI lAITa zAInsa ina DArkanesa' e nATakanuM emaNe "timiramAM prabhA' (1936) e nAme gujarAtImAM zAntara karyuM che. barnArDa zone A nATaka TosTayanuM sarvottama nATaka lAgyuM hatuM, paraMtu kizoralAle kaLAdaSTie A nATakane pasaMda nahotuM karyuM. kizoralAle spaSTa karI kahyuM che ke, "A nATakanI dhArmika, sAmAjika ane rAjakIya daSTie mane bahu bhAre kiMmata lAgI, ane e daSTi hiMdustAna paNa samaje te sAruM ema lAgavAthI meM A vezAMtara karavAno prayatna karyo che."35 vaLI kahe che, "TosToyanI A nATakamAM kaLAnI upAsanA nathI, paNa satyanI upAsanA che." TelsToye pAMcamA aMkanuM mAtra khokhuM ja taiyAra karyuM hatuM. kizoralAle emAMthI svaprajJA dvArA pAMcame aMka taiyAra karyo che. kizoralAlanI nijI sAhityika zakti ane zAntara karavAnI kharI sUjhane A nATakamAM paricaya thAya che. kizoralAlane kolejamAM abhyAsaviSaya vijJAna hatA. 1930mAM meTaraliMkanA lAIpha oNpha dhI vahAITa eNnTa' pustakane UdhaInuM jIvana (1940) nAme rasika ane saraLa anuvAda karyo. te vize temanuM arthasUcaka vidhAna temanI jIvanadaSTi tema ja anuvAda karavAnuM kAraNa vyakta kare che : "A pustakamAM kevaLa zAstrIya ane zuSka mAhitIone ja bhaMDAra hota te ene anuvAda karavAnuM mane bhAgye ja mana thayuM hota... A pustaka jatuzAstrane lagatA pAThyapustaka jevuM nathI, paNa jema keI mahApuruSanuM jIvanacaritra sarvane vAMcavA lAyaka ane upayogI bane evuM che." 1942nI laData vakhate jelamAM kAkA kAlelakara sAthe maLIne temaNe amerikana lekhaka perI bajesanI 'dU vaka elena navalakathAnuM mAnavI khaMDiyere (1946) e nAme bhASAntara karyuM che. eka raktapittanA dadInI AtmakathAnA rUpamAM A navalakathA lakhelI che. vinAzamAMthI paNa pharI navo jIvanarasa upajAvI navI sRSTi race che evA jIvanavIranA sAtvika ane abhuta jIvanakAryanI A navalakathA che. kizoralAlanI bhASAntakAra tarIkenI sabaLa pratibhA temanAM sarva bhASAntarita pustakomAM tarI Ave che.

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kizoralAla mazarUvALA [355 TolasToyanA pustaka "tyAre karIzuM zuM? mAMthI preraNuM meLavI suvarNanI mAyA" nAmanI vArtAtmaka pustikA paNa kizoralAle lakhI hatI. nANune prazna kendramAM che ane sAcuM arthazAstra ke sAcI saMpatti kaI te temAM madhyavatI mavicAra che. pAchaLathI A vicArabIjonuM vivastIkaraNa "samULI krAnti'mAM racelA Arthika praznomAM thayeluM che. gadya kizoralAlanI tamAma kRtione sAhityanI dRSTie jotAM temanI gadyazailInuM vaividhya anerI bhAta pADe che. teo ciMtanazIla lekhaka che. tethI temanI gadyazailI viSayane anurUpa che. sAhityika suMdaratA karatAM vicAraniSThA temanAM lakhANamAM kendramAM hovAthI artha saghanatA ane vizada vicAraNA mATenI saraLa abhivyakti temane gadyanAM mukhya lakSaNa che. kizoralAla potAnI vicAraNane spaSTa karavA, mATe ghaNI vAra prasaMge, udAharaNo, daSTAMtone Azraya le che tyAre temanI gadyazailInI prAsAdikatA cittAkarSaka bane che. tattvane muddo spaSTa karavA mATe kaI kaI vAra rUpaka, upamA, Adi alaMkArone samucita upayoga kare che. thoDAM udAharaNa dvArA A vastu spaSTa thaze. "saMsAra ane dharmamAM japanI maryAdA spaSTa karavA jaMgalanuM rUpaka temaNe kyuM che ane te kathAnaka jevuM banI gayuM che. keTalIka vAra vicArane marma skuTa karavA prasaMganuM suMdara zabdacitra Alekhe che. "keLavaNIvikAsamAM eka zramajIvI kuTuMbanuM surekha udAharaNa che. 37 emanAM aneka lakhANomAM tatvane saraLa rIte samajAvavA mATe TucakAone paNa aucityapUrvaka upayoga kare che. khalAsI ane paMDitane Tucake ApaNI smRtimAM jaDAI jAya tevo sarasa AlekhAya che.38 AvA asaMkhya TucakA ke dRSTate. temanI zailIne rasapradatA Ape che. saMvAdazailIne paNa temaNe keIka vAra upayoga karyo che. "kAgaDAnI najare" e kAkabhuzuM DInA saMvAdarUpe ja lakhAyeluM pustaka che. AmAMnI hAsyakaTAkSa mATenI zailI e kizoralAlanA gadyamAM anokhI bhAta pADe che. gAMdhIyuganA gadyakAromAM artha saghana, samucita arthanI vizadatA kare tevI zabdAbhivyakti tema ja tarkasaMgata arthapravAhanI ammalita dhArA vahe tevI gadyazailIthI kizoralAla mazarUvALA AgavuM sthAna meLave che. koIka vAra vicArapravAha khaMDita na thAya tyAre lAMbAM upavAkya sAthe saMkalita vAkyo kizoralAlanI zilImAM AvI jAya che e kharuM, paNa vicArapravAhanI sAthe tenI vAkyazailI kilaSTa ke gUMcavAyelI banatI nathI. kizoralAlanA gadyamAM viSayacita ke prasaMgaanurUpa zilInuM vaividhya hAya ja che, tethI temanI gadyazailI ciMtanAtmaka gadya

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356 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 mATe ghaDAyelI hovA chatAM tenI abhivyaktine anurUpa kAvyAtmaka ane rasAtmaka svarUpa paNa dhAraNa kare che. udAharaNa tarIke, "jIvanano artha e nibaMdhamAM "pRthvI pUchatI nathI ke huM zA mATe sUryanI AjubAju pharyA ja karuM chuM. gulAba ane pArijAtaka pUchatAM nathI ke zA mATe amAre khIlavuM, sugaMdha phelAvavI ane sAMja paDaze karamAI javuM paDe che. cakalAM pUchatAM nathI ke zA mATe amAre mALA bAMdhavA, IMDAM mUkavAM, sevavAM ne baccAne pAMkha phUTe eTale emane choDI devAM. tema ApaNe pUchavAnI jarUra nathI ke ApaNe zA mATe jIvavuM, samAja racavA, saMskRtio vikasAvavI, kurabAnIo ApavI, ane nItiniyama jALavavA...."39 kizoralAlanI lekhanasamIkSA karatAM nagInadAsa pArekhe rIte kahyuM cheH "jIvanadaSTipUta abhigama, mUlagAmI sUkama vicAra ane vizada ne asaMdigdha nirUpaNa e zrI kizoralAlabhAInAM lakhANanAM pradhAna lakSaNo che. emanAM lakhANanI bhASA viSayane anurUpa rahIne banI zake eTalI saraLa ane prAsAdika hoya che. pitAnuM vaktavya phuTa ane sugama karavA mATe jyAM jyAM jarUra lAge tyAM tyAM teo jIvana ane vijJAnamAMthI daSTAMto ane upamAo vApare che, keTalIka vAra prasaMge dvArA paNa vicArane spaSTa karavAno emano prayatna hoya che. emanI paddhati viSayanI sIdhI carcA karavAnI rahI che, eTale lAMbI prastAvanA karatA nathI, ane carcA tarkabaddha rIte viSayAntara karyA vagara ekadhArI AgaLa vadhe che. pitAnA vaktavyane ekasAIpUrvaka maryAdita karavAnI kALajIne lIdhe keTalIka vAra emanAM vAkyo lAMbAM thAya che, paNa tyAMye dUrAnvaya ke bIjuM kAraNe artha badhamAM bAdhA AvatI nathI. vicArane pravAha paNa tAla milAvIne cAlate hoya che, ane keTalIka vAra lakhANa tarka karkaza thaI jatuM lAge tyAM paNa vAcakane pitAnI vAta barAbara samajAvavAnI tAlAvelI achatI rahetI nathI."40 viSayane anurUpa kizoralAlanI gadyazailI paNa rUpavaividhya dhAraNa kare che. avatAramALA'nAM pustakanI kathanazailI, "gAMdhIvicAradehane, "saMsAra ane dharma" ane "samULI krAntinI bhASyazailI ane pratipAdana-sUtronI viziSTa zailI, gItAmaMthana AdinI saMvAdazailI, "keLavaNInA pAyA', "jIvanazodhana' vagerenI tarkayukta vivaraNazailI kizoralAlanI gadyalIlAnAM anekavidha pAsAMo dAkhave che. gujarAtI sAhityanI ciMtanAtmaka gadyazailInA vikAsamAM kizoralAla anokhuM sthAna dharAve che. gAMdhIyuganA ja nahi paNa gujarAtI ciMtanAtmaka sAhityamAM kizoralAso mazarUvALAnuM sthAna emanI jIvanalakSI dRSTi ane mUlagAmI tema ja sUkSama ane vizada vicAranirUpaNane lIdhe ananya, supratiSThita ane Adarajanya banyuM che. '

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% 8 ] upasa'hAra kize|ralAla mazarUvALA [357 kizoralAlamAM satyazeAdhakavRtti prakRtidatta hatI. temaNe ja e vize lakhyuM cheH "viSayanA hAmAM UtarI tenuM pRthakkaraNa karI buddhimAM utArI levA e mArI abhyAsanI Teva che... e vicArI levAthI.... vicArazuddhi athavA vicAradoSa keTalA che e paNa samajI zakAya."41 vaLI, temanA ghaDatarakALanA prAraMbhathI ja svAminArAyaNa sa MpradAyanI UMDI dharmazraddhA tema ja paraMparAgata dhArmika mAnyatAonI UMDI asara kizAralAla upara hatI. Ane kAraNe temanA manamAM bhAre maMthana zarU thayuM. cittanuM samAdhAna karavA ekAMtasAdhanA karI. cittane vyAkuLa karatA maneAmathananA aMdhakAramAM kedAranAthajInA mAdarzanathI prakAza paDayo. tenAthI navI jIvanadRSTi prApta thaI ane kizAralAle zAnti ane svasthatAne anubhava karyo. ApaNuM zreya ane samAjanu zreya eka ja che, samAjadhama cheADIne aMgata zreya sAdhavAnI upAsanA doSarUpa che ane "saMyama, mAnavasaMpattinA utkarSa ane temAM meLa, pariNAme viveka ane tattvajJAnanA uddaya... AvI sattvasaMzuddhine jIvananuM dhyeya, jIvananA siddhAMta kahI zakAya.'4ra jIvanalakSI A vicAradaSTi kedAranAthajIe kizoralAlane ApI, jIvanazodhana'mAM e badhAnuM savigata vivaraNu thayu che. kizAralAlanI lekhanapravRttinI zarUAta temane navI jIvanadRSTi maLyA pachI thaI che te noMdhapAtra che. A jIvanalakSI navaciMtanaSTi temanAM tamAma lakhANAmAM aMtiMta thayelI jovAmAM Ave che. rAma ane kRSNa' Adi 'avatAramALA'mAM tenA aMkura che ane jIvanazeAdhanamAM tene svastha suvikAsa thayeA che. 'jIvanazAdhana' zIrSIka nIce kauMsamAM lakheluM zeAdhavu eTale na jANelu. kheALavu' ane jANelu sudhAravuM' e temanI diSTa mATe adyotaka che. eTalu` ja nahi paNa prastAvanAmAM lakhelA temanA zabdomAM vivekapUta jIvanadRSTinAM mUlyo ane satyaniSThA vyakta thAya che : "A lekhAmAM jeTaluM satya, vivekamuddhithI svIkArI zakAya evuM, pavitra prayatnene pASanAru hAya eTaluM ja tarA; je vadhAre anubhava ke vicArathI bhUlabhareluM ke pavitra prayatnane nukasAna kare evuM heAya tenA nirAdara thAe ane nAza pAme| ema icchuM chuM."43 svAmI AnaMde kizAralAlane satAnA anuja gaNyA che te keTaluM" yathArtha che! keLavaNInA pAyA' pustaka pragaTa thayuM, tyAre keLavaNI aMge navaprakAza pADanArA kizAralAlanA vicAro temAM tarkabaddha rIte rajU thayA ane gujarAtane mUlagAmI zikSaNaciMtaka tarIkenA paricaya thayA. keLavaNInAM vividha aMgAnuM pRthakkaraNa ane parIkSaNa karI keLavaNImImAMsA e pustakamAM thaI che. te vizenI carcAvicAraNA upara ApelI che. 'jIvanazeAdhana' tyAra pachInu

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358] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ caM. 4 mahattvanuM ane supratiSThita pustaka che. temanI ciMtanapratibhAnuM A banne pustakamAM suMdara darzana thAya che. A rIte zarU thayele kizoralAlane lekhanapravAha temanA jIvanaparyata niraMtara vahyA karyo che te temanAM pustakonAM prakAzanavarSomAM spaSTa tarI Ave che. temanuM chelluM pustaka "samULI krAnti" che. temAM emanA samagra jIvanadarzananA mahatvane niceDa che ane gujarAtI sAhityamAM tenuM viziSTa prakAranuM mAnIM sthAna che. jIvananAM asaMkhya kSetromAM emanI vicAradhArA vahI che tene sAro paricaya samULI krAti'mAM thAya che. temanI svataMtra ane mUlagAmI vicAraprakriyA dhArmika, sAmAjika, rAjakIya ane Arthika kSetramAM kevuM kAtikArI darzana karAve che tenuM, ane bhASA, sAhitya, lipi AdimAM paNa kevI navIna dRSTi Ape che tenuM, samULI krAntimAM ane khI rIte nirUpaNa thayuM che. A chelluM pustaka "samULI kAnti" 30mI jAnyuArI 1948nA gAMdhInirvANa dine pUruM thayuM te ke jogAnujoga che! gAMdhIjInA avasAna pachI "harijana" patrAnA e taMtrI banyA tyAre samagra dezane e mATe premAdara bhAva thayo hato. emaNe bhagavAna bharose taMtrIpaNune bhAra uThAvatAM lakhyuM hatuM ke "A kAmamAM phALo ApatAM huM ghasAI jauM to mane mArA jIvananI egya samApti lAgaze." emaNe keInI zehazaramamAM taNAyA vinA e patrane kevaLa sarvodayanI bhAvanAnAM satya tema ja nyAyanAM mukhapatra banAvyAM hatAM. sarakAra sAme khulluM ane kaDaka lakhavAne taMtrIdharma emaNe banAvyo hate. patrakAra tarIke emanuM nIDara vyaktitva dIpe che. A satyaniSTha vicArake "harijana" patranA taMtrI tarIke gAMdhIjInA Adarzone lakSamAM rAkhI janasevA -lekazikSaNanuM kArya tejasvitAthI karyuM hatuM. - sAhitya akAdamIe bhAratanI badhI bhASAmAM anuvAda karAvavA mATe dasa uttama pustake pasaMda karatI vakhate "samULI krAnti ane bIjA lekhA'ne nAme kizoralAlanAM lakhANone sthAna ApyuM che te tenI guNavattA sUcave che. kharuM jotAM, kizoralAlanuM bahoLuM vicAradhana gujarAtI ciMtanAtmaka sAhityanI aNamola saMpatti banI che.

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pra. 8] kizoralAla mazarUvALA [359 TIpa 1 "zreyAthInI sAdhanA" (navI AvRtti), pR. 25. 2 ejana, pR. 169. 3 ejana, pR. pR. 141-153. 4 "harijana', 14mI ogasTa 1942. 5 zreyAthInI sAdhanA" (prastAvanA, pR. 12). 6 "keLavaNInA pAyA', pR. 16. 7 "Izu khristanI prastAvanA, pR. 5-7, 8 "rAma ane kRSNa (bIjI AvRtti), pR. 12, 9 "sahajAnaMda svAmI (bIjI AvRtti), prastAvanA, pR. 12, 10 keLavaNInA pAyA" (trIjI AvRtti), prastAvanA, pR. 20. 11 jue " ciSa', 5. 145. 12 "keLavaNInA pAyA', pR. 43. 13 "jIvanazodhana' (bhUmikA), pR. 10. 14 ejana, prastAvanA, pR. 3. 15 ejana, prastAvanA, pR. 5. 16 ejana, pR. 19. 17 ejana, pR. 234. 18 ejana, pR. 249. 19 ejana, pR. 255-256. 20 ejana, pR. 124. 21 "gItAmaMthana" (pahelI AvRtti), prastAvanA, pR. 7, rara "strI-puruSa-maryAdA', prastAvanA, pR. 6-7. 23 ejana, pR. 31. 24 samULI krAti', pR. 3. 25 ejana, pR. 56. 26 ejana, pR. 72. 27 ejana, pR. 98-99. 28 ejana, pR. 103. 29 ejana, khulAso, pR. 4. 30 zreyAthInI sAdhanA pR. 198. 31 "zrI kizoralAla mazarUvALA - eka adhyayana" (takI balasArI), pR. 18-27. 32 "gItAdhavani' (trIjI AvRtti), prastAvanA, pR. 3. 33 "satyamaya jIvana', prastAvanA, pR. 9. 34 vidAya veLAe'nuM upakathana, pR. 3. 35 "timiramAM prabhA", prastAvanA, pR. 8. 36 "sarasAra ane dhama. 37 "keLavaNIvikAsa pra. 62. 38 "ahiMsAvivecana', pR. 234-235. 39 "saMsAra ane dhama, pR. 23. 40 samULI kAti ane bIjA lekhe, (prastAvanA), pR. 27-28. 41 "zreyAthInI sAdhanA', pra. 41. 4ra "jIvanazodhana', 5, 33. 43 "jIvanazodhana, prastAvanA, pR. 6.

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prakaraNa 9 anya gadyalekhake - 2 paMDita sukhalAla saMghajI saMghavI (1880-1978) prajJAcakSu paMDita sukhalAlajI kevaLa gujarAtanA nahi, paNa samasta bhAratanA eka mahAna sArasvata hatA. zItaLAnA rogane kAraNe kizora vayamAM ja aMdha banelA, arthapUjaka gaNAtI vaNika jJAtine eka grAmajane majabUta manobaLa, adamya jijJAsA ane asAmAnya vyavahArazuddhi dvArA vidyA ane jIvanadarzananA kSetre kevI apUrva siddhio meLavI enI romAMcaka kathA teonA jIvana ane kArya dvArA sAkAra thaI che. vaDhavANa pAse lImalI nAme hajArekanI vastInA eka nAnakaDA gAmamAM sukhalAlane janma tA. 8-2-1880nA roja thayo hato. sattara varSanI uMmare aMdhatva AvyuM tyAra pahelAM nizALamAM keTaluMka bhaNatara thayeluM. e pachI te gAmamAM AvatA jaina sAdhuo pAse saMskRta Adine ane jaina zAstrone keTaleka abhyAsa karyo ane kAzImAM AcArya vijayadharmasUrie sthApelI yazovijaya pAThazALAmAM AgaLa abhyAsa mATe gayA. tyAM niSNAta paMDito pAse sAhitya, vyAkaraNa ane nyAya vagerene uccatara abhyAsa temaNe karyo. kAzImAM vijayendrasUri, muni nyAyavijayajI, muni jayaMtavijayajI, haragoviMdadAsa zeTha (prAkRta-hindI zabdakeza pArU-TU-mALavAnA kartA), becaradAsa dezI vagere bhaviSyanA viziSTa vidvAne temanA sahAdhyAyIo hatA. kAzInA abhyAsa pachI navya nyAyanA adhyayana mATe maithila paMDite pAse darabhaMgA gayA. e pachI gujarAtamAM ane anyatra jaina sAdhuone bhaNAvavA mAMDyA ane tyAre vaDedarA khAte muni jinavijayajI eka teijasvI ziSya tarIke emanA saMparkamAM AvyA ane pachI temanA nikaTatama suhRda thayA. mahAtmA gAMdhIjIe sthApelA gUjarAta vidyApITha-aMtargata gujarAta purAtattva maMdiranA AcArya tarIke jinavijayajI niyukta thayA tyAre temanI sAthe sukhalAlajI ane becaradAsa dezI paNa purAtatva maMdiramAM adhyApake tarIke AvyA. tyAM sukhalAlajIe aMgrejIne paNa abhyAsa karyo ane cAlu rAkhe. muni jinavijayajI jarmanIthI pAchA AvI ravIndranAtha ThAkuranA zAntiniktanamAM siMdhI jaina zAstrapIThamAM joDAyA tyAre, 1931mAM sukhalAlajI temanI sAthe keTaloka samaya tyAM rahyA ane 1933mAM banArasa hindu yunivarsiTImAM jaina darzananA adhyApaka tarIke joDAI

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pra. 9]. anya gadyalekhake-2 [361 1944mAM tyAMthI nivRtta thayA; e pachI gujarAta vidyAsabhAnA bho. je. vidyAbhavanane keTalAMka varSa mAnaha sevA ApI. tyAra bAda paNa temanI vidyAsevA AjIvana cAlu rahI. sukhalAlajInA vidyAtapanuM amara suphaLa eTale siddhasena divAkarakRta sanmatita uparanI "vAdamahArNava' e abhayadevasUrikRta TIkAnuM, becaradAsanA sahakAramAM, kareluM saMpAdana. 1920mAM gUjarAta vidyApIThamAM e kArya AraMbha thayo. e grantha pAMca bhAgamAM aneka pariziSTo sAthe chapAyo che ane chaThThA bhAgamAM .. vistRta gujarAtI prastAvanA, mULane anuvAda ane bhAvArtha che. A chaThTho bhAga 1932mAM pragaTa thayo ane tenA hindI ane aMgrejI anuvAda paNa thayA che. sukhalAlajInI pariniSThita vidvattA mATe emane vijayadharmasUri jaina sAhitya suvarNacaMdraka bhAvanagaranI yazavijaya jaina granthamALA taraphathI enAyata thaye (1947); akhila bhArata prAcyavidyA pariSadanA prAkRta ane jaina dharmavibhAganA (1951) tathA tattvajJAna vibhAgane pramukha (1961) tarIke temanI varaNI thaI; vardhAnI rASTrabhASA pracAra samiti taraphathI hiMdI bhASAnI, pitAnAM lakhANo dvArA, viziSTa sevA karavA mATe temane puraskAra apAye (1956); gujarAta yunivarsiTI (1957), saradAra paTela yunivarsiTI (1967) ane saurASTra yunivarsiTI (1973)e temane DI. li.nI mAnArha padavI ApI, bhArata sarakAre viziSTa saMskRta paMDita tarIke temane puraskRta karI (1961) mAnAI vetana bAMdhI ApyuM. tathA "padmabhUSaNa pada ApI satkAra karyo. paMDitajIne paMcotera varSa pUruM thatAM emanA mitro ane prazaMsakee Do. sarvapallI rAdhAkRSNananA pramukhapade akhila bhAratIya dharaNe racAyelI samiti dvArA emanuM muMbaImAM sanmAna karI, emane sittera hajAranI thelI arpaNa karI (1957). te rakamanuM temaNe jJAnodaya TrasTa karyuM, jene udeza bhAratIya tatvajJAnanA prasArane che. e sanmAnaprasaMge paMDitajInA pUrva prakAzita lekhenA traNa grantha (be gujarAtI ane eka hindI) "darzana ane cintane nAmathI pragaTa thayA hatA. e paikI, gujarAtI granthane dilhInI sAhitya akAdamIne rASTrIya puraskAra prApta thayA hatA (1959). navanAlaMdA vihAra e bihAranI saMzodhana saMsthAe emane vidyAvAridhi'nI upAdhi ApI hatI (1975). sukhalAlajIe vaDodarA yunivarsiTInI sayAjIrAva nareriyama lephTara sirIjhamAM bhAratIya tatvajJAnanA traNa prameya - jIva, jagata ane Izvarane AvarI letAM bhAratIya tatvavidyA" vizenAM gujarAtI vyAkhyAne ApyAM hatAM (1957); ene hindI anuvAda thaye che (1960) ane Indian Philosophy e zIrSaka

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362 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [2. 4 nIce aMgrejI anuvAda paNa pragaTa thayA che (1977). AtmAparamAtmA ane sAdhanAnA viSaya upara gujarAta vidyAsabhA, amadAvAdanA nima`traNathI ApelAM vyAkhyAne adhyAtma vicAraNA' e nAme gujarAtI tema ja hindImAM bahAra paDayAM che (1956), mu`baI yunivarsiTInI Thakkara vasanajI mAdhavajI vyAkhyAnamALAmAM ApelAM, 'samadazI AcArya haribhadra' vizenAM pAMca vyAkhyAtA gujarAtImAM pragaTa (196 1) thayA pachI enuM hindI bhASAntara paNa thayu che (1966), jaina dharma-darzananA pramANabhUta pAThathagraMtha lekhAtA, umAsvAtikRta 'tattvArthasUtra'nu` paDitajInuM vivecana gUjarAta vidyApIThanA emanA sevAkALa daramiyAna lakhAMyuM te 1930mAM chapAyuM. te graMtha eTale leAkapriya thayA ke tenI cAra gujarAtI AvRtti, (1930, 1940, 1949, 1970), traNa hindI AvRtti ane eka aMgrejI AvRtti thaI che. sAmAnya vAcaka tema ja vidvAna baMnene upayAgI thAya evI zailIe emaNe mULa gra MthanuM vivecana karyu. che, graMthakAranA tema ja graMtha upara lakhAyelI aneka TIkAone paricaya ApyA che tathA zvetAMbara ane digaMbara e baMne AmnAyAne samAnapaNe mAnya graMthanA upAdAnamAM jainetara graMthAnA ve viniyoga thayA che te udAharaNA ApI, tulanA saha, batAvyu` che. 'tattvArthasUtra' uparanuM paDitajInuM A vivecana eka praziSTa kRtinI krATimAM sthApita thayuM che. A sivAya paNa graMthasaMpAdana ane sa MzAdhanAtmaka parizIlana-lekhanamAM paMDitanuM pradAna jeTaluM vipula che eTaluM ja mUlyavAna che. emAMthI mahattvanI kRtionA nirdeza ahIM prastuta thaze; devendrakRta prAkRta 'karmagraMtha', bhAga 1-4nA hindI anuvAda (1917-20); pAta jala yogasUtra upara upAdhyAya yazeAvijayakRta vRtti ane haribhadrasUriSkRta prAkRta 'yogavi'zikA' saha 'yeAgadarzana' (1922); siddhasena divAkarakRta 'nyAyAvatAra'nA gujarAtI anuvAda (1927); AcArya hemacandrakRta 'pramANamImAMsA'nuM saMpAdana -- vistRta hindI prastAvanA (A prastAvanAneA aMgrejI gal Advanced Studies in Indian Logic and Metaphysics (Calcutta, 1961) e nAmathI pragaTa thayA che.)saha (1939); upAdhyAya yazeAvijayakRta jaina tarka bhASA' (1938) ane 'jJAnabiMdu' (1940); cArvAka darzananA ekamAtra upalabdha graMtha, jayarAzikRta tattvApaplavasiMhanuM saMpAdana--rasikalAla che. parIkhanA sahakAramAM (1940); bauddha dArzanika dha kIkRita hetubiMdu' - aTakRta TIkA ane duveka mizrakRta anuTIkA saha (1949); siddhasena divAkara kRta 'vedavAdadvAtriMzikA'-- saMpAdana ane gujarAtI vivecana (1946); 'ni tha saMpradAya' (1947); RSabhadeva, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha ane mahAvIra e tIrthaMkarAnA

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pra. 9] anya gadyalekhake-2 [363 jIvanane lagatA maulika lekhone saMcaya "cAra tIrthakara' (1959); "darzana ane cintanamAMthI saMkalita karelA keTalAka uttama lekhene samuccaya jaina dharmane prANa (1962). "mAruM jIvanavRtta' nAme emanI AtmakathA tAjetaramAM (1980) pragaTa thaI che. (sAM.) svAmI AnaMda (1887-1976) gAMdhIjIthI prabhAvita thaI temane azeSabhAve AtmasamarpaNa karI temanA aMtevAsI hovAne vizeSAdhikAra bhogavatI tejasvI nakSatramaMDalasanI keTalIka vyaktiemAMnuM eka svAmI AnaMda hatA. gAMdhIjIne AtmakathA lakhavAne Agraha karIkarIne temanI pAse AtmakathA lakhAvIne ja jaMpanAra svAmI AnaMde pitAnI AtmakathA lakhI nathI. temane pitAne vize temanA zabdomAM je kaMI upalabdha che te bacapaNanAM bAra varSa sudhInI temanI jIvanayAtrAnA vRttAntarUpe che. teo hatA te AjIvana brahmacArI, chatAM ghaNuMkharuM kuTuMbomAM vasavAne kAraNe emane saMsAra vizALa hato. temanuM pUrvAzramanuM nAma hiMmatalAla rAmacaMdra mahAzaMkara dave hatuM. temane janma 1887mAM saurASTranA jhAlAvADanA ziyANI gAmamAM brAhmaNa jJAtimAM thaye hatA. pitA gAmaDAnI zALAmAM mahetAjI, mA nirakSara, paraMtu jJAnI, svamAnI ne sahiSNu, varSanA hiMmatalAlane temanI mAsIe dattaka lIdho. mAtAnuM nAma umAzaMkara. morArajI gokuLadAsane tyAM temanI nokarI hatI. hiMmatalAla mAMbetraNa paDI bhaNelA. bALapaNamAM svAmI AnaMdanuM gujarAtInuM jJAna sAva kAcuM. paNa marAThI uparanI pakaDa ghaNuM sArI. svAnubhavanI vidyApIThamAM dIkSita thayelA. svAmI AnaMde pachI te hindI, baMgALI ane aMgrejI bhASA upara paNa sAruM prabhutva meLaveluM. muMbaInI jiMdagI temaNe giragAma lattAmAM vitAvelI. tyAre svAmInI uMmara daza varSanI. mAdhavabAganA maMdiramAM hatA tyAM "cAla baccA tane bhagavAna dekhADuM" ema kahIne eka sAdhu temane laI gayo. jIvananuM jharaNuM ahIMthI judI dizAmAM phaMTAyuM. ghaNA badhA ne prakAra-prakAranA anubhavo temane thayA. traNeka varSanI rajhaLapATa pachI svAmI AnaMda AlamoDA pAse rAmakRSNa AzramamAM ane tyAMthI mAyAvatInA advaita AzramamAM rahyA ane AzramanI prakAzanapravRttimAM madadarUpa thayA. rAmakRSNanA anuyAyI sAdhuonA samAgamamAM AvatAM, sevAmaya sAdhujIvananI vibhAvanA pUrNa paNe caritArtha karIne gAMdhIjIno virala sahavAsa prApta thayuM tyAre svAmI AnaMdanI uMmara 27 varSanI hatI. tyAM sudhImAM

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:364 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (caM. 4 te svAmI bhAratabharamAM ghUmI vaLyA hatA. AtaMkavAdIonA saMsargamAM paNa AvelA. lekamAnya TiLaka paNa hRdayamAM pratiSThita thaI cUkelA. TiLakanA dehavilaya pachI svAmI AnaMdanI dRSTi gAMdhIjI tarapha vaLI. turata te nahi, paraMtu thoDAka samaya bAda gAMdhIjInA vyaktitvathI teo prabhAvita thayA ane zraddhA beThI te divasathI gAMdhIjI temanA jIvanaguru banyA. gAMdhIjIne virala sahavAsa prApta thatAM jIvana upara sAdhutvane raMga vizeSa pAke thayo. jIvananI eka nizcita dizA sAMpaDI ane pitAnA aMtaHsavane vikasAvavAno saMpUrNa avakAza maLe. gAMdhIjIne racanAtmaka kAryakrama temane AkarSI zakyo. te temaNe apanAvyo. thANAnA gAMdhI AzramamAM ATha varSa sudhI rahI tenuM saMcAlana karyuM. grAmodyoga saMgha tema ja gesevA saMghanI pravRttiomAM paNa hadayathI jAtane otaprota karI. jamanAlAla bajAja joDe maMtrI tarIkenI kAmagIrI paNa varSo sudhI bajAvelI. keMgresa kArobArI tema ja koMgresa mahAsamitimAM thatI mahatvanI carcAnI noMdha paNa turata tyAM ne tyAM levAnI Teva pADelI. roleTa eNkaTa satyAgraha (1919) veLA 'hiMda svarAja'nI nakala chApavA tathA phelAvavAnuM gerakAyadesara lekhAtuM kAma paNa svAmI AnaMde hiMmatathI karyuM. gAMdhIjInA 'navajIvana' ane "yaMga inDiyA'nA saMpAdana-prakAzananI tamAma kAmagIrI temaNe svadharmapAlananI jema udAharaNIya cokasAI ne cIvaTathI bajAvI. gAMdhIjInI satyAgrahanI laDatamAM bhAga laI temaNe jelavAsa paNa bhogavyo. satasaMga, gAMdhIjInI ne rASTranI sevA, satata pravAsa ane ghaNuMkhara himAlayA (kausAnI)mAM nivAsa, prakAra-prakAranA graMthe vAMcI temAMthI jIvananAM zAzvata mUlyone piSaka eTalA aMzane AtmasAta kare tathA pitAnI viziSTa jIvanarIti ne sarjana dvArA vartamAnane adhikAdhika samRddha ane cAritryane vadhAre ne vadhAre ujajavaLa tema ja zIlavaMtu karavAno prayAsa eTalAmAM jIvananiSTha svAmI AnaMdanI jIvanalIlAne sAra AvI jAya. svAmI AnaMde lakhyuM hatuM te ghaNuM paraMtu tene graMthastha karavAnI bAbatamAM teo ghaNuM udAsIna. Akhare jiMdagInA pAMceka varSanA AkharI stabakamAM pitAnA lakhANane graMthastha thavA devA teo saMmata thayA tyAre pitAnA sarjana saMbaMdhamAM temanuM valaNa kevuM hatuM ? teo lakhe cheH "sAmAnya mANasaneya mananuM gANuM gAvAnuM mana thAya che. AvI nIpaja te mArAM lakhANe. emAM sAhitya, zikSaNa ke evI bIjI bhadra bhUlavaNuone sAru bhAgye ja meM kadI kaza avakAza mAnya che. kyAMye huM lakhuM chuM to te vAcakanA raMjana ke svAda arthe nathI lakhatA. adhI sadI ke vadhu kALa jAti anubhava pachI thayelA darzana ke avalokanane

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pra. 9] anya gadyalekhake-2. | [365. vyakta karavA svasaMteSa arthe agara te mArA pitAnA netika ke AdhyAtmika vikAsanI gaNatarIe lakhuM chuM. jiMdagI ughADI paDI che. te vAMcavA samajAvavA. sAru keIe gUDhavAda AyAta karavAnI jarUra nathI." 1976nA jAnyuArInI tA. 24mIe madharAte svAmI AnaMdane dehavilaya thayA. mRtizeSa thayelA svAmI AnaMdanuM je kaMI graMthastha thayuM che te saghaLuM ja vidyArasika ane jJAnamArganA yAtrIne saheje abhimukha thavA prere evuM sattvapUrNa che ane jIvananAM zAzvata mUlyothI pratiSThita che. dA.ta., emanuM "anaMtakaLA' (1967, 1979) je svAnubhavo, ciMtana ane nirIkSaNane abhivyakti apatAM lakhANone saMcaya che, temAM Izvara pratyenI temanI zraddhA ane niyatimAM AsthA vyakta karatI AdhyAtmika vicAraNAthI mAMDIne zArIrika majUrInuM gaurava karatI samAjahitalakSI vicAraNAne AvarI leto ciMtanane vizALa paTa vistare che. emAM dhyAnArha evo emanI vicArazailIne mahattvano aMza e che ke vicAraNanA vyApamAM samAtI pratyeka bAbata vize temanA manamAM saMpUrNa spaSTatA che. svAmI AnaMdanI AdhyAtmikatA kevaLa vAgasImita, paropadeza pUratI ke ciTa nahotI. te himAlayanA pahADI kauvatathI rasAyelI dhIMgI ane jIvanalakSI hatI. motane haMphAvanArA' (1968, 1979) (mULa lekhaka vilaphiDa neIsa)mAM evAM strIpuruSonA jIvananI kahANI AlekhAI che jemaNe kevaLa zarIrabaLathI ja nahi, paraMtu dharya, zaurya, mAnasika saMtulana, zraddhA, prArthanA tathA haiyA ukalata vagere AMtarika satvanA baLe motane haMphAvavAmAM saphaLatA meLavI hatI. abhaya, sAhasa ane parAkramazIlatA tema ja jIvana sAthe bAtha bhIDavAno puruSArtha A badhA saguNAnuM svAmI AnaMdane mana ghaNuM moTuM mUlya hatuM. eTale vilaphiDa neIse motane haMphAvanArAM mAnavIonI je vAta lakhI che tenuM anusarjana karavAnI vRtti svAmI AnaMda khALI zakyA nahotA. svAnubhavanI sRSTimAMthI sarvottama ane preraNAdAyI hoya tene ja potAnI AgavI ane vilakSaNa zailIthI vibhUSita karIne rajU karavuM e svAmI AnaMdanI haMmezanI eka praNAlI hatI. tenuM hRdayaMgama darzana "dharatInuM lUNa' (1969, 1978)mAM thAya che. emAM emaNe duzmana sAme asAdhAraNa vIratAthI, daDhatAthI. ane nirbhayatAthI jhUjhatAM ane vijayI nIvaDatAM temaja AsapAsanA samAjane prabhAvita karatAM tathA temanA AdaranA adhikArI nIvaDatAM khumArIvaMta mAnavIonI parAkramakathAo AlekhI che. sIdhI hadayamAMthI phUTatI, ghaDAyelI, hAthe kAMtelI

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366] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 khAdInA jevI ghaTTa, kaMIka kharabacaDI chatAM hUMphALI, kSaNavAramAM sarjaka sAthe bhAvakane AtmIyatAthI saMlagna karatI, taLapadA zabdaprayogathI ane kahevatonA upayogathI bhASAnuM lUNa pragaTa karatI, pahADa jevI dhIMgI tathA pahADanA udaramAMthI vahI AvatI dhasamasatI saritAne vega dhAraNa karatI svAmI AnaMdanI bhASAnuM rUpa ahIM atyaMta pUrNapaNe khIlI UThayuM che. kendranI sAhitya akAdamIe sana 1969nA varSanA gujarAtI bhASAnA uttama sAhityika graMtha tarIke jene pAritoSika ApavAno nirNaya karyo hato, te kuLakathAo' (1966, 70, 79)nI bhAta ora nirALI che. pitAnA ghATaghaDataramAM nyUnAdhika phALo ApanAra A zrutakathAo tathA smRtikathAone svAmI AnaMda kUtAbhAve saMbhArIne potAnI AthamaNuM vaye sukhAnubhava thato hovAthI te sarvane temaNe akSarastha karI hatI. dastAvejI mahattva dharAvatI A "kuLakathAomAM muMbaImAM vasIne tenA vikAsamAM potAne phALo ApanAra parAkramI bhATiyA strIpuruSonAM vyaktitvanAM je preraNAdAyI citro AlekhAyAM che te svAmI AnaMdanI svakIya nirALI zelIne kAraNe atyaMta jIvaMta banyAM che. saMtonA anuja'(1971, 1979)mAM jene svAmI AnaMde "samatAne mera" kahIne oLakhAvyA che, e vAmanadAdAthI mAMDIne badarIza, De. mAyAdAsa, tArAmajI, tathAgata samA kizoralAlabhAI, zukratArakasamAM mahAdevabhAI, naraharibhAI tathA saumyatAnI sAkSAta mUrti samA vaikuMThabhAI mahetA vagerenAM svAnubhavapUta jIvaMta vyakticitra che. - svAmI AnaMde eka mahattvanuM kArya karyuM rASTranA rAjakAraNa, samAjakAraNa, saMskRti tathA keLavaNI vagere kSetromAM macI gayelI malinatAne pitAnA pUrvagrahamukta zuddha vicArajaLathI dhoI nAMkhavAne puruSArtha karyo hato te. temanuM eka pustaka navalAM darzana ane bIjA lekhe" (1968) temanA e puruSArthanuM dyotaka che. rASTra jIvananA bAhyAntargata anekavidha pravAhonuM yathArthadarzana temane pravAsamAM thatuM. temanA ciMtananI vATane karatA te darzananA anubhavanuM temaNe ahIM Alekhana karyuM che. pravAsa daramiyAna sAmAjika, bhaugolika ane sAMskRtika dRSTie svAmI AnaMde je nirIkSaNa ane tadane mUlyAMkana kareluM e "navalAM darzana'mAM sAMpaDe che. Izu bhAgavata' (1977) e svAmI AnaMdanAM jIvananAM aMtima varasonA anubhavanA paripAkarUpa pustaka che. emAM emaNe IzunA lIlAmRta ane kathAmRtane AsvAda karAvyo che. enI eka vizeSatA e che ke IzunA jIvanalIlAmRtane kathAsvarUpe vahetA pravAha saurASTranI taLapadI lekabolInuM rUpa dhAraNa kare che je

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pra. 9]. anya gadyalekhaka-2 [367 tene taLapadA mAdhurya ane lahekAthI viziSTa che. svAmI AnaMdanA hRdayamAMthI bhAvakanA hRdayamAM thatuM A sIdhuM, sadya ane anavaruddha saMkramaNa jANe pratyakSa kathAzravaNanI anubhUti nIvaDe che. IzunI mANasAIne dIvo kevI asAdhAraNa dyuti prasArato prajavalita hato tenI jhAMkhI A pustakamAM thAya che. "saMtane phALe (svAmI AnaMdanAM lakhANonuM saMkalanaH 1978)mAM svAmI AnaMdanAM pragaTa-apragaTa je seLa lakhANe saMgrahAyAM che tene vizeSa e che ke A dezanI bhUmimAM karuNAmaya saMtone je mabalaka phAla Utaryo che ke, bhAratavarSanI sAkSaranirakSara janatAnA saMsArane sArivaktAthI samRddha karavAmAM, saMskRtinI rakSA ane pratiSThA karavAmAM, jiMdagInI sArthakatA vizenI dRSTinuM pradAna karavAmAM tathA mAnavatAnI AtA prasAravAmAM je rIte upakAraka nIvaDyo che tenuM ahIM yathArtha mUlyAMkana sAMpaDe che. jUnI mUDI' (1980)mAM zabdakanA keTalAka jUnA avAvaru khaMDonuM darzana thAya che te rasaprada che. Ama te e keza jevuM lAge, paraMtu e vyavasthita kAza nathI. junavANI eTale ke AthamaNI kSitije caDI cUkelA jamAnAnI sAmagrI jemAM zabdo, rUDhiprayogo, kahevato, tathA kahevAnI sAthe joDAyelAM kathAnakeno samAveza thAya che, te ahIM kaMIka vyavasthita rIte traNa khaMDamAM rajU thaI che. emAM vaparAzamAMthI lupta thayelA zabda che. jenA artha pracalita arthathI sAva judA ja hoya evA paNa zabda ahIM apAyA che. keTalAka vilakSaNa rUDhiprayoge che ane keTalIka kahevato apAI che je tenI sacoTatA ane mArmikatAne kAraNe dhyAnArha che. svAmI AnaMdanAM A sivAyanAM paNa keTalAMka pustake che jema ke "mAnavatAne virI', "sarvodayavicAraNa", "bhagavAna buddha', "gAMdhIjInAM saMsmaraNa", "IzopaniSada', lokagItA', "AtamanAM mUla", "IzunuM balidAna' (1922, 23, '80), "nagharoLa', (1975) ane "uttarApathanI yAtrA" (1980). mULazaMkara bhaTTa "dharatInI AratI (1977)mAM pasaMda karelA lekhone saMcaya Apyo che. (u) muni jinavijyajI (1888-1976): bhAratanA mahAna purAvida, saMzodhaka ane prAcIna sAhityanA uddhAraka muni jinavijayajIne janma rAjasthAnamAM, bhUtapUrva mevADa rAjyanA rUpAvelI nAme jAgIradArI gAmamAM paramAra kSatriya kuTuMbamAM thayo hato. emanuM pUrvAzramanuM nAma kizanasiMha hatuM. emanA dAdA takhtasiMhajI ane pitA vRddhisiMhajIe I. 1857nA svAtaMtryayuddhamAM bhAga lIdho hato. ane ethI e baMnene e pachI

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36 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [gra', 4 keTaleka samaya guptavAsamAM rahevuM paDayuM hatuM. e samaye rUpAhelImAM kAI nizALa ke pAThazALA naheAtI ane ethI bAlaka kizanasiMhane agiyAra-bAra varSanI vaya sudhI kAI prakArane akSarameAdha paNa thayA naheAtA. rUpADelImAM devIhaMsajI nAme eka vidvAna jaina yuti rahetA hatA, jeo vaidyaka ane jayAtiSanA paNa niSNAta hatA. kizanasiMhanA pitA vRddhisiMhajIe peAtAnI aMtima khImArI vakhate bALaka putranI yuti daivI sajIne sAMpaNI karI ane kizanasi Mhai yatijI pAse jaina teMAtrA, vyAkaraNa AdinA abhyAsa zarU karyAM. e pachI pitAnuM avasAna thayuM ane keTalAka samaya bAda yati devI...sajInA paganuM hADakuM bhAMgI jatAM khIjA eka dhanacaMdajI yuti temane zuzruSA mATe potAne gAma laI gayA. mAtAnI anujJAthI kizanasiMha paNa devIhasajInI sAthe gayeA. paNa tyAM devI sajIvuM, gheADA samaya bAda avasAna thatAM kizanasiMhanuM bhramaNuzIla jIvana zarU thayu.. dhanacaMdajI yuti bairAMcheAkarAM ane khetIvADIvALA samRddha gRhastha jevA hatA ! emane parivAra kizanasiMhane sAta divasa khetaramAM kAma karAve, paNa pUruM khAvAye na Ape. tyAM jJAnaprAptinA ke jijJAsA satASAvAnA tA saMbhava ja nahAtA. AthI, 1902mAM eka khAkhI bAvA pAse bharavI dIkSA laI A khALaka kizanabhairava banyA; bAvAenAM duritA joI, trAsa pAmI, emanA ToLAmAMthI nAsI chUTI, 1903mAM zAstrajJAna meLavavAnI icchAthI, sthAnakavAsI jaina sa'pradAyanI dIkSA eka mAravADI sAdhu pAse lIdhI. tyAM paNa jJAnapipAsA tRpta na thatAM, 1909mAM jaina zvetAMbara saMpradAyanA saMvigna mArganI dIkSA lIdhI ane dIkSAthI nA peAtAnA zabdAmAM kahIe tA, "A zarIra te divasathI muni jinavijaya nAme oLakhAvA lAgyuM." judAjudA sAdhue sAthe keTalAka samaya rahyA pachI te pravartaka kAntivijayajInA sahavAsamAM AvI temanA a MtevAsI banyA. kAntivijayajI vidyAnurAgI, zAMtamUrti ane vidvAneAne uttejana ApanAra hatA. emanI pAse jinavijayajIne abhyAsa karavAnI ghaNI sagavaDa maLI, vidvAneAneA sahavAsa prApta thayA ane atihAsika dRSTine poSe evAM paryApta sAdhanA maLyAM tathA pATaNamAM ane anyatra prAcIna hastalikhita graMthabhaMDArA jovA tapAsavAnI saraLatA maLI, kAntivijayajI dvArA paMDita sukhalAlajI jinavijayajInA adhyApaka anyA. kAntivijayajInA vidvAna ane sa MzAdhanapriya ziSya muni caturavijayajInA jinavijayajI prItibhAjana hatA ane catuvijayajInA ziSya ane pachIzrI 'AgamaprabhAkara' tarIke vikhyAta thanAra muni puNyavijayajInA te parama suhRda banyA. kAntivijayajI pAse vaDAdarAnA nivAsa daramiyAna te tyAMnI senTrala lAIbrerInA saMskRta lAIbreriyana ane jagavikhyAta gAyakavADjha eriyenTala

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pra. 9 ] anya gadyalekhakA-2 [36 sirIjhanA pradhAna sapAdaka cimanalAla dalAlanA gADha saMparkamAM AvyA ane dalAlanA AgrahathI e sirIjha mATe seAmaprabhAcArya kRta prAkRta graMtha kumArapAlapratimAdha'nuM temaNe saMpAdana karyuM. (1920). vaDAdarAmAM jinavijayajIe pravaka kAntivijayajI itihAsamAlAne AraMbha karyAM. siMdhamAM malikavANa nAme sthAnethI jayasAgara upAdhyAye pATaNamAM virAjatA, kharataragacchanA AcAya jinabhadrasUrine saM. 1484mAM pAThavelA vistRta aitihAsika saMskRta patra vijJapti triveNI' (1916); vivekadhIragaNikRta 'zatruMjayatI'dvAraka prabandha' jemAM zatruMjaya tInA chAMddhArane vRttAnta che (1917); 'prAcIna jaina lekhasaMgraha', bhAga 1 (1917) ane bhAga 2 (1921); hIravijayasUrinA vidvAna ziSya zAntiyandra upAdhyAye raceluM. akabara pAdazAhanuM prazastikAvya 'kRpArasakeza' (1920); gurjarezvara siddharAjanA prajJAcakSu rAjakavi zrIpAle raceluM paurANika nATaka draupadI svayaMvara', je e samaye pATaNamAM bhajavAyuM paNa hetu' (1920); bhASAsAhitya ane itihAsa kha'ne dRSTie agatyanAM kAvyAnA samuccaya jaina atihAsika gujara kAvyasaMcaya' (1926)-vagere e graMthamALAnAM prakAzanA che. vaDAdarAthI pAdavihAra karI jinavijayajI bharUca, surata ane muMbaI thaI 1918mAM pUnA paheAMcyA ane tyAM jANItI saMzAdhanasaMsthA bhAMDArakara eriyenTala ricarsa insTiTayUTanAM Ayojana suvyavasthAmAM kImatI pradAna karyuM tathA jaina saMdha pAse e sa MsthAne Arthika sahAya apAvI. 1919mAM akhila bhArata prAcyavidyA pariSadanuM paheluM adhivezana pUnAmAM maLyuM tyAre munijIe pariSada samakSa dRmidrAvAyaya samayanirNayaH nAme sa MskRta nibaMdha rajU karyo, je alaga pustikArUpe paNa pragaTa thayA che tathA enuM hindI bhASAntara paNa thayuM che. munijIe emAM akATaca pramANeAthI haribhadrasUrineA samaya I. 701thI 771 sudhInA nizcita karyo che, je samAnya thayA che. pUnAmAM ja munijIe jaina sAhitya saMzAdhaka samitinI sthApanA karI, jenA taraphathI emanA taMtrIpada nIce 'jaina sAhitya sa`zAdhaka' nAme ucca krATinuM hindI-gujarAtI traimAsika 1921mAM zarU thayu hatuM, je keTalAMka varSI cAlu rahyuM hatuM. e samiti taraphathI temaNe sa'pAdita karelA keTalAka graMthA paNa pragaTa thayA che. jaina sAdhucaryAMnAM rUDhigata bandhanA munijIne khaTakatAM hatAM. mahAtmA gAMdhIjIe purAtattva maMdiranA AcArya tarIke temanI niyukti karatAM pUnAthI rela gADImAM khesI teo amadAvAda AvyA. pazu yazavaMta zukala lakhe che tema, gu. sA. 24

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gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 "teoe sAdhu veza tyAkhyo ane sAdhujIvana svIkAryuM hatuM." purAtatva maMdira graMthAvalImAM "prAkRta kathAsaMgraha' (1922) ane "pAli pAThAvali' (1922) jevI chAtropayogI saMkalanAo uparAMta "prAcIna gujarAtI gadyasaMdarbha' jevuM, jUnA gujarAtI gadyanA vividha prakAre rajU karatuM pramANabhUta saMpAdana munijIe ApyuM (1930). bhAratIya vidyAnA viSayamAM jarmanImAM thatuM kAma jovA ane jarmana vidvAnonA saMparka mATe 1928mAM vidyApIThamAMthI be varSanI rajA laIne munijI jarmanI gayA. tyAMthI pAchA AvI 1930mAM satyAgrahanI laDatamAM joDAI jelayAtrA karI. 1932mAM kalakattAnA vidyApremI raIsa bahAdura siMhajI siMghInI sahAyathI siMdhI jaina granthamALAne AraMbha zAMtiniketanamAM karyo ane pAchaLathI e granthamALA muMbaIne bhAratIya vidyAbhavanane seMpI ane tyAM hiMdI-gujarAtI saMzodhana-sAmayika "bhAratIya vidyA'nuM saMpAdana paNa karyuM, amadAvAdanI gujarAta sAhityasabhAe munijIne mAnAI sabhya tarIke niyukta karyA ane mAnaha sabhyo mATenI vyAkhyAnamALAnuM paheluM vyAkhyAna prAcIna gujarAtanA ItihAsa mATenI sAdhanasAmagrI" e viSaya upara temaNe ApyuM, je e viSayanuM pramANabhUta nirUpaNa hoI alaga pustikArUpe pragaTa thayuM che (1933). e ja varSamAM muMbaI yunivarsiTInI Thakkara vasanajI mAdhavajI vyAkhyAnamALAmAM munijIe gujarAtanA ItihAsa vize vyAkhyAne ApyAM; amadAvAdamAM maLelA bAramAM gujarAtI sAhityasaMmelananA ItihAsa-purAtattva vibhAganA pramukha tarIke temanI varaNI thaI (1936) ane gujarAtanI ItihAsa-saMzodhana pravRttinuM siMhAvalokana' e vize mananIya vyAkhyAna temaNe ApyuM; vaDodarA rAjyanA nimaMtraNathI gujarAtI graMthakAra saMmelanamAM vaDodarA khAte gujarAtano jaina dharma vize vyAkhyAna ApyuM je sabhara mAhitI ane udAra zelIguNathI maMDita che (1938). 1942-43mAM pAMca mAsa sudhI temaNe jesalameranA hastalikhita graMthabhaMDAronuM nirIkSaNa karyuM. 194pamAM amadAvAdamAM gujarAta sAhityasabhAe bolAvelA ItihAsa saMmelananA pramukha tarIke temanI varaNI thaI. 1949mAM muMbaImAM prAcya vidyA pariSadanA paMdaramA adhivezanamAM prAkRta ane jaina dharma vibhAganuM pramukhapada temaNe zobhAvyuM. e ja varSamAM emane vijayadharmasUri janA sAhitya suvarNacaMdraka arpaNa thayo. rAjasthAna sarakAre 1950mAM sthApelA rAjasthAna prAgya vidyA pratiSThAnanA mAnArha niyAmaka tarIke teo niyukta thayA ane e saMsthAnuM sattara varSa sudhI saMcAlana karI ghaNA graMtho prakAzita karyA. 19paramAM

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pra. 9] anya gadyalekhaka-2 [371 jarmana eriyenTala sosAyaTIe munijIne pitAne mAnAI sabhya banAvIne temanA jIvanakAryanuM AMtararASTrIya sanmAna karyuM. 1963mAM bhArata sarakAre emane padmazrI'nI upAdhi ApI. e ja varSamAM munijIne 75 varSa pUrAM thatAM emanA sanmAna mATe eka samiti rAjasthAnanA te samayanA mukhya pradhAna mohanalAla sukhaDiyAnA pramukhapade racAI hatI, ane bhAratIya purAtatva' nAme abhinandana graMtha temane arpaNa karavAmAM AvyA hatA. muni jinavijayajI eka parama viziSTa vidvAna hovA uparAMta saMsthAonA kuzaLa ane kAryakSama Ayojaka ane saMyojaka hatA. emanA tasvAvadhAnamAM tathA emaNe bIjA sugya vidvAnene sepelI sAmagrIthI Azare baso jeTalA graMtho pragaTa thayelA che. temanA pitAnAM saMpAdananI saMkhyA Azare se jeTalI te haze ja; gujarAtI-hindI-saMskRta-aMgrejI lekho ane prastAvanA judAM. e badhAMne ulekha azakya che paNa emAMthI agAu jemanI noMdha levAI che te sivAyanAM, keTalAMka mahatvanAM prakAzane nirdeza ahIM prastuta thazeH gujarAtanA ItihAsane lagatA pAMca sauthI mahattvanA prabaMdhAtmaka graMtha-merUtuMgAcArya kRta prabaMdhacintAmaNi' (1933), jinaprabhasUrikRta vividha tIrthakalpa' (1934), rAjazekharasUrikRta prabaMdhakoza' (1935), purAtana prabaMdhasaMgraha' (1936) ane prabhAcandrAcArya kRta "prabhAvacarita' (1940); abdula rahamANakRta apabhraMza viraha kAvya "saMdezarAsaka - harivallabha bhAyaNanA sahakAramAM (1945); prAcIna kesalI bhASAnuM vyAkaraNa AlekhatuM auktika "uktivyakti prakaraNa-De. sunItikumAra ceTarajInA sahakAramAM (1953), kauTilyanA "arthazAstranI uttara bhAratIya paraMparAnA keTalAka aMze sAcavate truTita graMtha "rAjasiddhAnta' (1959); mArugurjara bhASAnAM be prAcIna auktike sAdhu sundaragaNita "uktiratnAkara' (1957) ane saMgrAmasiMhakRta bAlazikSA' (1968); madhyakAlIna bhAratanI mudrAo mATe mahatvane graMtha "ratnaparIkSA - bhaMvaralAla nAhaTAnA sahakAramAM (1961); mahAmAtya vastupAlanA mitra ane gujarAtanA rAjapurohita semezvarakRta subhASitasaMgraha "karNAmRtaprabhA' (1963); mevADanI eka vIragAthA varNavatuM kAvya hemaratanakata garAbAdala caritra' (1968); raNathaMbheranA hammIranuM caritra varNavatuM nayacaMdrasUrika etihAsika "hammIra mahAkAvya' (1968); munijInA gujarAtI lekhanI eka pratinidhirUpa cayanikA jaina itihAsanI jhalaka' (1966). (sAM.) becaradAsa jIvarAja dozI (2-11-1889): becaradAsa dozI jaina Agame, prAkRta bhASA ane jUnI gujarAtInA agragaNya vidvAna ane saMzodhaka

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372 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca. che. kAzImAM AcArya vijayadharmasUrie sthApelI yazeAvijayajI jaina pAThazALAmAM teo sukhalAlajInA sahAdhyAyI mitra hatA. muni jinavijayajI gujarAta vidyApITha-aMtargata gujarAta purAtattva ma MdiranA AcArya niyukta thayA, emAM temanI sAthe purAtattva madiramAM joDAnAra vidvAna mitrAmAM sukhalAlajI, rasikalAla che.. parIkha ane becaradAsa dozI paNa hatA. temanAM 'prAkRta mArgApadezikA' ane 'prAkRta vyAkaraNa' (1925) e be pustakA chAtrApayogI hovA uparAMta eka viSayanA jANakArAne paNa kAmanAM che. jinAgama kathAsaMgraha' (1940) vidyArthIone upayogI saMkalana che, 'mahAvIravANI' (1956) e jaina AgamAmAMthI vINelI sUktionI, gujarAtI bhASAMtara saha, cayanikA che; dhanapAlakRta pAIa-lacchI-nAmamAlA' e agiyAramA saikAmAM racAyelA eka nAnakaDA prAkRta kAzanuM saMpAdana (1960); dezI zabdasaMgraha' e hemacaMdrAcArya kRta dezya zabdAza dezI nAmamAlA'nuM saMpAdana che (1947), jyAre 'rAyapaseNiyasutta' jaina AgamasAhityanA eka aMgagraMthanI pramANabhUta vAcanA (1938). pAli dhammapada'nA dharmAMnAM padA' e nAmathI, mUla sahita gujarAtI anuvAda khecaradAse karyA che (1946). vaLI 'hemacaMdrAcArya' e sAlakI yugamAM thayelA mahAna bhAratIya sArasvatanuM sa MkSipta jIvanacarita che (1936). 'bhagavAna mahAvIranA daza upAsakeA' (1948) e jaina AgamA paikI 'upAsakadazA'ne tathA bhagavAna mahAvIranI dha kathAo' (1950) e 'jJAtAdharma kathA'nA sarala gujarAtI sArAhAra che. muMbaI yunivarsiTInA nima traNathI apAyelAM Thakkara vasanajI mAdhavajI vyAkhyAne gujarAtI bhASAnI utkrAnti' e nAmathI graMtharUpe pragaTa thayAM che (1943). atyaMta jaIpha vaye paNu khecaradAsanI vidyAsevA avirata che. jaina AgamAnAM agiyAra aMge paikI pAMcamA aMga 'bhagavatI sUtra' athavA vyAkhyAprApti'nI temaNe taiyAra karelI samIkSita vAcanAnA be khaMDa pragaTa thayA che (1974 ane 1978) ane trIjA khaMDanuM kAma cAlu che. (sAM.) mahAdevabhAI haribhAI desAI (I. 1892-1942) mahAdevabhAInA janma I. 1892nA jAnyuArInI pahelI tArIkhe sarasa (tA. elapADa, ji. surata) gAme thayeA hatA. emanuM mULa vatana teA diheNu, paNa emanA pitA haribhAI desAI zikSakanI nekarI karatA hatA, ane tethI temanI khalI eka gAmathI khIje gAma thayA karatI. eTale mahAdevabhAInuM zikSaNa judIjudI zALAomAM thayuM. emanAM mAtAnuM avasAna emanA bacapaNamAM ja thayuM eTale pitAne mAthe mAtA thavAnu ka`vya paNa AvI paDayuM hatuM, ane te temaNe barAbara karyuM... mahAdevabhAInuM mAdhyamika zikSaNa suratamAM thayuM. maeNTrikanI parIkSAmAM

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pra. 9] anya gadyalekhaka-2 1 [373 UMcA naMbare pAsa thayA. emane ziSyavRtti maLI ane muMbaInI eliphansTana kolejamAM praveza paNa maLe. koleja-kALa daramyAna emaNe rAmakRSNa, vivekAnaMda, barka vagere manISIonA graMthanuM adhyayana karyuM, pazcimanI philasUphIne paricaya meLavyo, vizvanI saMskRtio ane rAjakAraNanA graMtha vAMcyAsaMskRta ane gujarAtInI ziSTa racanAo paNa vAMcI. A vayamAM ja emane rASTrIya praznomAM UMDo rasa hato. amadAvAda ane suratanA koMgresa adhivezanamAM, 18nI vaye paNa, bhAga levA sAru muMbaIthI nIkaLI paDelA ! koleja-kALa daramyAna emanuM vaicArika ghaDatara ThIka thayuM. bI.e. thayA pachI oriyenTala TrAnsaleTaranI oNphisamAM nokarI lIdhI. te pachI vakIlAta mATe amadAvAda pasaMda karyuM. ahIM temane narahari parIkha sAthe paricaya thAya che, ne e paricaya maitrImAM pariName che. A arasAmAM gAMdhIjI dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahanI laDatamAM saphaLatA meLavIne amadAvAdamAM AvyA, ane AzramanI sthApanA karI. e Azrama sAru taiyAra karelI niyamAvali A mitra-belaDIne hAthamAM AvI. baMnee pitAne abhiprAya patra dvArA gAMdhIjIne jaNAvyuM. te pachInI gAMdhIjI sAthenI pahelI ja mulAkAte baMne prabhAvita thayA, - kahe ke abhibhUta thaI gayA. evAmAM gujarAtI sAhitya pariSade jena molenA "ena kompromAIjha' nAmanA pustakane suMdara anuvAda karI ApanArane rU. 1000nuM pAritoSika jAhera karyuM. mahAdevabhAI A pAritoSika jItI gayA. mULa kartAnI anuvAda sAru paravAnagI mAgavA mATe mahAdevabhAIe tenA patrane eka musaddo taiyAra karyo, ane te laIne te gAMdhIjIne batAvavA sAru gayA. e nimitte gAMdhIjIne nirAMte maLavAne lobha paNa khare. gAMdhIjI pratyenI temanI bhakti have daDhatara banatI cAlI, tyAM vaLI sahakArI maMDaLInI beMkamAM ispekaTaranI nokarI maLatAM amadAvAda choDavAno prasaMga AvyuM. thoDA vakhata pachI naraharibhAIe rASTrIya zALAmAM joDAvAnuM nakkI thatAM temane abhinaMdana ApavAne e amadAvAda AvyA. naraharibhAIe temane eka kAma sayuM : vAIsaraoNyane satyAgrahano siddhAMta samajAvate eka patra aMgrejImAM taiyAra karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM tene gujarAtI anuvAda kara. mahAdevabhAIe te karyo. gAMdhIjIe te joye, ne mahAdevabhAI emanA manamAM vasI gayA; paNa pote kAMI bolyA nahi. benkanA aMgreja amaladAra sAthe kAraNavazAt mahAdevabhAIne caDabhaDa thatAM emaNe tyAMthI rAjInAmuM ApI dIdhuM ne gAMdhIjI pAse javAnuM nakkI karyuM.. emanA pitAnI vaya ghaNI thaI gaI hatI. kuTuMbane mahAdevabhAInI ja hatI.

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374] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (caM. 4 chatAM emanI IcchA jANIne pitAjIe emane rajA ApI, ane mahAdevabhAI AzramamAM joDAyA. kamekrame e gAMdhIjInA aMgata ane abhinna sAthI banI gayA. gAMdhIjInI dinacaryA jALavavI, patronA javAba lakhavA, patrone kama jALavavo, pravacane vArtAlApanI nedho rAkhavI..vagere tamAma kAma mahAdevabhAIe upADI lIdhuM. emaNe gAMdhIjI sAthe bhAratanuM paryaTana karyuM. ethI pradeza-pradeze vividha phUTa praznono paricaya temane thavA mAMDyo. 'yaMga InDiyA" tema ja 'navajIvana' sAru niyamita lekhe emaNe lakhavA mAMDyA. e dvArA emanI pratibhA paricaya dezane maLavA lAgyuM. taMtrI pada mATe have emane nimaMtraNa AvavA lAgyAM, paNa mahAdevabhAI temane asvIkAra karatA. chevaTe, gAMdhIjInA ja AgrahathI paMDita motIlAlajInA InDipenDanTa' patramAM joDAyA. nirbhIka patrakAra tarIke emane paricaya sarakArane paNa thayuM. sarakAre emane kaThaNa kArAvAsanI sajA karI, ninI ane lakhanaunI jelamAM emane javAharalAla, devadAsa gAMdhI jevA mitro maLyA. A gALA sudhImAM temaNe baMgALI tema ja urdUne abhyAsa karI lIdho hato. mahAdevabhAIe have pharIne yaMga inDiyAnuM kAma saMbhALI lIdhuM. dezamAM paristhiti badalAtI jatI hatI. sarakAra makkama rIte kaDaka thatI jatI hatI. mahAdevabhAIe lokomAM jAgRti ANavA pAchuM paryaTana paNa karavA mAMDyuM. emane ravIndranAthane paricaya thaye, bIja paNa keTalAka agraNIo sAthe saMbaMdha baMdhAya. gAMdhIjI sAthe goLamejI pariSadamAM teo laMDana paNa gayA hatA, jyAM emanI kAryadakSatAnI kasoTI hatI. temAMya te pAra UtaryA. goLamejI pariNumathI gAMdhIjI paNa kAMIka nirAza thayA hatA. mahAdevabhAIe tyAre emane sadhiyAro Apyo. gAMdhIjIe segAMva vasavAnuM nakkI karyuM, mahAdevabhAI paNa sAthe ja, 194ranI 'hiMda choDo'nI laData zarU thaI. 9mI oNgasTa, mahAsamitinI aitihAsika beThaka pachI, badhA netAonI sAthe mahAdevabhAI paNa pakaDAyA. A jelanivAsa daramyAna ja pUnAmAM AgAkhAna mahelamAM 15mI ogasTe TUMkI mAMdagI bAda emaNe deha cheDyo. gAMdhIjIe, jANe, pitAnuM jamaNuM aMga gumAvyuM, deze eka saMniSTha, tyAgI, ekAgra, kuzAgra sevaka gumAvya, sAhitye samartha gadyakAra gumAvya. mahAdevabhAInAM saMkhyAbaMdha pustake emanI lekhanazaktine tema ja emanI sarjakazaktine paNa paricaya Ape che. eka cheDe takadhArita ane tarkapUta zAstrIya gadya, ne bIje cheDe sarjanalakSI gadya - baMnemAM ekasarakhI siddhi. emanAM pustakanI yAdI A rahI : anuvAda: (1) oNla InDiyA keMgresa kamiTInI paMjAba sabakamiTIe. nImela paMcane paMjAbamAM thayelAM ramakhANonI tapAsane hevAla (1921), (2)

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pra. 9 ] anya gadyalekhako-ra [ 375 'prAcIna sAhitya' (ravIndranAtha TAgeAra) (narahari parIkha sAthe H 1922), (3) 'traNa vArtAo' (zaradacaMdra : 1923), (4) 'satyAgrahanI maryAdA' (jaoNna mele1926), (5) 'virAjavahu' (zaradacaMdra : 1924), (6) 'citrAMgadA' (1915), citrAMgadA ane vidAya abhizApa' (ravIndranAtha TAgAra : na. parIkha sAMthe, khIjI A. 1825) (7) javAharalAlanI AtmakathA 'mArI jIvanakathA' (1936). ritrA : aMtyaja sAdhu nada' (1925), (2) vIra vallabhabhAi' (1928), (3) 'saMta phrAMsisa' (1934), (4) 'be khudAI khidamatagAra' (1936), DAyarI: (1) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-1: 10-3-32thI 4-9-3ra (1948), (2) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-2 H 5-8-32thI 1-1-33 (1949), (3) ' mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI '-3 : 2-1-33thI 20-8-33 (1949), (4) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-4 : 13-11-17thI 17-1-19 (1950), (5) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-5 H 21-1-19thI 1-6-ra1 (1951), (6) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-6 : 18-1-24thI 29-12-24 (1964), (7) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI '-7: 30-12-24thI 30-4-25 (1965), (8) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-8 : 1-5-25thI 31-12-25 (1965), (9) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-9 : 1-1-26thI 20-12-2 6 (1968), (10) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-10 : 21-12-26thI 4-6-27 (1968), (11) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-11 : 5-6-27thI 20-12-27 (1969), (12) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-12 : 21-12-27thI 30-8-29 (1972), (13) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-13 : 31-8-29thI 25-4-30 ane 24-1-30thI 26-1-31 (1973), (14) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-14: 27-1-31thI 29-8-31 (1974), (15) 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'-15 (1976),-16 (1979),-17 (1980). svarAja AMdAlana nimittenAM pustake : (1) * eka dharmayuddha (amadAvAdanA milamAnI laDatanA itihAsa) (1923), (2) 'bAraDAlI satyAgrahanA itihAsa' (1929), 9. pravacanA : (1) khIjI bharUca jillA pariSadamAM Apelu. bhASaNa (1923), (2) vRttavivecana ane vRttavivecakeA (bAramI sAhitya pariSadamAM patrakAratva vibhAganA pramukhapadethI ApeluM vyAkhyAna (1966). prakI` : (1) tAruNyamAM pravezatI kanyAne pA' (narahira parIkha sAthe : 1937), (2) 'khetInI jamIna' (mArtaMDa paMDayA sAthe H 1942).

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376 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [gra 4 aMgrejI pustakA : (1) Gandhiji in Indian Villages (1927), (2) With Gandhiji in Ceylon (1928), (3) The Story of Bardoli (1929), (4) Unworthy of Wardha (1943), (5) The Eclipse of Faith (1943), (6) A Rightous Struggle (1951), (7) Gospel of Selfless Action or The Gita according to Gandhi (1946). A uparAMta, maulAnA abula kalAma AjhAda' (caMdrazaMkara zukala sAthe H 1946). gAMdhIjIe lakhelAM pustakA, ApelAM vyAkhyAnA tathA prakI gujarAtI lekhAnA mahAdevabhAIe karelA anuvAdanI sakhyA paNa mATI che. mahAdevabhAInAM pustake kevaLa sAhityanA pariprekSyamAM jovAya te karatAM vadhAre tA samasAmayika vicArapravAha ane prajAkIya utthAnanAM AMdolananA pariprekSyamAM jovAya te vadhAre spRhaNIya che. Ama kahevAmAM emanI sarjaka-kalpa pratibhAnuM deSadekhaNuM nathI. emanA jamAnAe bhASAnA viniyega vizene je abhigama svIkAryA hatA te abhigama mahAdevabhAImAM baLavattara rIte pragaTa thayA pratIta thAya che. kevaLa sAhityika anivAryatAnA prerAyA emaNe kalama upADI nathI. ravIndranAtha ke zaradabAjInI kRtionA saMniSTha anuvAde emaNe ApyA te paNa prajA samakSa uttama sAhityaracanAe mukAya evI kAI yajJabhAvanAthI prerAIne ja ApyA jaNAya che. vicArane janma Apave! ane ene zabdazarIra ApavuM ane jo ApaNe sarjanakA gaNIe tA mahAdevabhAI ApaNA sAhityanA virala sarja kAmAM gaNAya e nirvivAda che. abhivyaktinAM bhinnabhinna rUpe emaNe siddha karyAM che. ahevAlalekhana, itihAsalekhana, patralekhana, vRttAntalekhana, DAyarIlekhana, vyAkhyAna...... Adi vividha abhivyaktiprakArAmAM mahAdevabhAInI ameAdhatA vAcakane pratIta thAya che. itihAsalekhana : amadAvAdanA milamajUronI laDatanA itihAsa lakhatA hAya, khAraDAlI satyAgrahane itihAsa lakhatA hAya, mahAdevabhAInA abhigama nirmaLa jaNAya che. itihAsalekhanamAM anivArya evI ane eTalI savedanAne svIkAra karIne avicala niSThA vaDe tathyAnuM nirUpaNa kevuM thaI zake te eka dharmayuddha' ane 'khAraDAlI satyAgrahanA itihAsa' vAMcanArane tarata samajAya tevuM che. gAMdhIjInI prAgatikatA ane 'mANusa'ne jovAsamajavAneA ja mAtra nahi, ene pratyakSa sahAyabhUta thaI zake tevA temanA navIna pariprekSyanuM Abhinnatya A dezamAM je navuM ja prabhAta udIyamAna thatuM jatuM hatuM tenAM eMdhANa Ape che. majUra

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pra. 9] anya gadyalekhakA-2 [ 377 AMdolanaiAnI utkrAntinA saMdarbhamAM ananya kahI zakAya tevI amadAvAdanA milamajUrAnI laDatanA itihAsa mahAdevabhAIe virala taTasthatAthI lakhyA che. e laDatane emaNe dharmayuddha kahIne enI pAchaLa rahelA zivasaMkalpane tema ja parapakSa mATenA paNa vyApaka premane ja vyakta karyAM che. tethI A pustakanuM dastAvejI mUlya prasthApita thAya che. amadAvAdanA 'majUra mahAjana saMdha' e A dharmayuddhanI nIpaja che. Aje paNa vizva samagranI majUra saMsthAomAM A saMdha pAtIkI pratibhA dAkhavI rahyo che. mahAdevabhAI AkhAye laDatanA sAdyaMta sAkSI hatA. zramika pratye azikSita sahAnubhUti emane hatI, vaLI peAte gAMdhIjInA aMtevAsI, eTale zramikeAnA prazno paratvenA daSTikANu paNa amuka ja rahe eya hakIkata, chatAM laDatanu` temaNe karelu ayAna niSpakSa lAge tevuM che. laDatanI zarUAtanAM kAraNeA, gAMdhIjIe temAM zA kAraNe bhAga lIdhA te, gAMdhIjIe zeA bhAga bhajavyeA te, AcAryaM dhruva lavAda tarIke nimAyA te......A badhAnA kaDIbaddha itihAsa AlekhatAM tadanvaye thayelAM mA, lakhAyelA patrA, prasiddha karelI patrikAo, prasiddha thayelA samAcArA AdinuM paNa suMdara saMkalana emaNe karyuM che. e kAraNe enu dastAvejI mUlya Upase che. Ama te| kAI laDataneA itihAsa lakhaveA e talavAranI dhAra para cAlavA jevuM che. itihAsalekhana e kAMI kevaLa ahevAlalekhana nathI. itihAsalekhakanI anubhUtijanya sa`vedanAe, ghaTanAne samagranA saMdarbha'mAM jovAnI enI kAThAsUjha, ghaTanAnA nirUpaNamAM AtaprAta thavA chatAM taTastha najarathI saghaLuM jovuM vagere virala ane viziSTa zakti itihAsanA lekhanamAM jarUrI che. vaLI mahAdevabhAI jevA itihAsalekhakamAM tA AgavI sAhityika abhiruci paNa pragaTa thatI ane itihAsane saMvedya banAvatI joI zakAya che. khAraDAlI satyAgrahane itihAsa' e paNa mahAdevabhAInuM viziSTa pustaka che. kAI paNa prakAranA satyAgrahane vize emaNe lakhyu che : ". mahAkavi kAlidAsanI prasiddha uktinuM smaraNa karIne itihAsanA pUrvAdha te 'leza' tarIke varNavyA che, ane uttarArdhane mULa' tarIke varNavyA che, kAraNa sTezaH hena hiMdumana vatAM vitta e vacana satyAgrahane vize tA savizeSa sAcu paDe che." . mahAdevabhAIe bAraDAlI satyAgrahamAM sainika tarIke te| bhAga naheAtA lIdheA, paNa a-sainika rahIne ThIkaThIka sevA emaNe ApI hatI. e daramyAna saradAra vallabhabhAI paTela sAthenA sahavAsanAM ane satyAgrahanA darzananAM keTalAMya puNya smaraNAne emaNe A itihAsamAM parAvI lIdhAM che. mahAdevabhAIe ja kahyuM che

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378 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [tra. 4 tema A itihAsa kAI sainika ke saradAra lakhe tA kadAca judI rIte lakhAye heAta, eTale mahAdevabhAIne A itihAsalekhanamAM eka Agaveza abhigama che e spaSTa thAya che. graMthanA prakaraNanAM zI ke (jevAM ke, bhakSaNanIti, lATuM ane hatheADA, UMdhamAMthI jAgyA, raLiyAmaNI ghaDI...vagere) paNa mahAdevabhAInA AgavA abhigamanAM dyotaka banI rahe tevAM che. sAjainika vyavahAramAM ahiMsAne zastra tarIke upayeAgamAM lAvavAnA prayAga jyAM jyAM jevA cAlaze tyAM tyAM A 'bAraDeAlI satyAgrahanA itihAsa'nuM mUlya raheze ja e nirvivAda che. laDatanuM akhaMDa saMvedanAyukta te sAcuM citra khUba cokasAIpUrvaka AlekhavAne A eka saphaLa prayAsa che. anuvAda : anuvAda-pravRtti e gAMdhIyuganA eka vidyAkIya tema ja zaikSaNika vizeSa hatA. leAka-sevA mATenI eka anivAryuM pravRtti tarIke e yuganA keTalAka sAkSarAe ene apanAvI hatI. ema heAvAthI e kALe e pravRtti thaI te dAyitvanA pUrA gAMbhIthI thaI che. pariNAme, anuvAda karavA mATenI anuvAdakeAnI kSamatA pragaTa thaI che, anuvAdanI vividha samasyA pratye anuvAdakeAnuM lakSa gayuM che. mahAdevabhAInA anuvAdezamAM lilata vADmayamAM je sahajasphUrti hAya che te tathA zAstramAM je ceAkasAI hAya che te beyane suMdara samanvaya jovA maLe che. ravIndranAthanu 'prAcIna sAhitya'anUdita karatA hAya, javAharalAlanI 'AtmakathA'nA anuvAda karatA hAya ke ramakhANAnI tapAsanA ahevAlanA anuvAda karatA hAya,- anuvAdanI jaTila samasyAe vizenI mahAdevabhAInI kAThAsUjhe varatAyA vinA rahetI nathI. anuvAdanA sa MdarbhamAM mahAdevabhAie kahyuM che ...gAya jema peAtAnA vAcharaDAne cATI cATIne rUpALu` kare che tema bhASAMtara paNa rUpALuM karavAnuM heAya che. anuvAda pratyenA mahAdevabhAIne A abhigama emanA anuvAdomAM caratArtha thatA jAya che. buddhithI tema ja hRdayanA bhAvAthI anuvAdanI mAvajata mahAdevabhAIe karI che. mULa kRti enAM je guNalakSaNA thakI prazasta heAya e guNalakSaNAne anuvAdake samAdara karavAnA heAya che. ema na thAya tyAre anuvAda UNA apUratA ja rahI jatA heAya che. naraharibhAInI sAthe maLIne 'prAcIna sAhitya'nA je anuvAda emaNe karyo che temAM ravIndranAthanI vicArasaraNI ja mAtra nahi, e vicArasaraNIe zailInA je vAghA dhAraNa karyAM che te paNa sacavAyA che. anuvAdanI bhASA paranA saMprajJAta svAmitva vinA Ama thavu zakaya nathI hatuM. ravIndranAthanuM samagra manane prasanna karI de tevuM lalita kAmala vivecana mULa baMgALInA jevu... ja gujarAtImAM paNa

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pra. 9] anya gadyalekhakA-2 [ 379 anubhavAya che. ravIndranAthanA gadyanI prAsAdika sauSamikatAneA aNusAra anuvAda dvArA paNa pAmI zakAya che. joke kAkAsAhebe A anuvAdanI bhASA agharI, saMskRtapracura ane gauravAnvita DhAvA vize phariyAda karI ja che, ane enI sAthesAthe bhASA hamezAM sAdI ja heAya e siddhAntanI maryAdA vize TaMkAra paNa karI che. anuvAdAthI bhASAnI navInavI zakayatAe UghaDatI heAya che. ravIndranAtha jevA sarjakanI racanAonA anuvAdathI gujarAtI sAhityane ThIkaThIka saMprApti thaI ja che, ene AnuSaMgika lAbha gujarAtI bhASAne paNa maLyA ja che. mahAdevabhAInI anuvAdazaktinA paracA mAlenI maeNna kaeNAmgrAmAijha'nA anuvAda satyAgrahanI maryAdA', ane paMDita javAharalAla neharunI AtmakathA'nA anuvAdomAM thAya che. gujarAtI bhASAnI prakRtithI taddana bhinna prakRtivALI aMgrejI bhASAmAM lakhAyelI A racanAonI vaicArika sUkSmatAe, bhAvanI najAkatA tema ja abhigameAnA abhinivezAnI vividhatAone gujarAtImAM laI AvavAnA puruSA ahIM varatAya che. caritralekhana : gujarAtI bhASAmAM caritrasAhitya vize lakhavuM hAya. tApaNu mahAdevabhAInuM nAma yAda karyA vinA cAle evuM nathI. emaNe kAI zakavatI` caritrA lakhyAM nathI e sAcuM, paNa emaNe je caritra lakhyAM che temAM caritrasAhityanA nirmANanI bhUmikA, abhigama, nirUpaNarIti, satyane oLakhIne lakhavAne satata jAgrata prayatna Adi vizenI emanI vibhAvanAe dvidhArahita hAIne spaSTa che. saMbhava che ke e badhA sAthe badhI rIte ApaNe saha-mata na. paNa thaIe, paraMtu caritrakAra mahAdevabhAInA nirmaLa prayAseAnI pratIti ApaNane emanAM caritrAmAM thAya che. saradAra vallabhabhAI, khAnabhAI jevA emanA. samakAlIne| ja mAtra nahi, emanA sAthIonAM caritranirUpaNamAM mahAdevabhAInI sahAnubhUtipUrvakanI sarvaikalakSitA varatAya che. vyaktine eLakhavIparakhavI ane ema karIne emanAM guNalakSaNAne urjAgara karI ApavAnI mahAdevabhAInI zaktionA paricaya vAcakane thAya che. patrakAratva : sAhityika patrakAratva e mahAdevabhAInuM lakSa nahAtuM, paNa emanI sAhityikatA emanAM vRttavivecaneAne asa prajJAtapaNe phAvatI rahetI hAya che. gAMdhIyuge tamAma pravRttione lokAbhimukha, samAbhimukha rAkhavA tarapha ane e pravRttiomAM leAkAbhimukhatA ke samAnabhimukhatAnuM je baLavattara tattva rahyuM hAya tene te rIte yAjavAnuM valaNa dAkhavyuM ja che. eTale vRttapatra dvArA leAkazikSaNanu" umadA kAma thaI zake e vAta para emaNe satata lakSa rAkhyu che. eTale

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gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa (caM. 4 jema zikSaka tema patrakAra paNa prabdhiothI pIDAtA hoya te na cAle, enI satyaniSThA aDola hoya. enI saMtulanAkSama vivekakSama buddhizakti satata pravRtti rahe to ja patrakAra ene khare dharma bajAvI zake che. gAMdhIjInI paDache emaNe kareluM patrakAratva paNa puNyazIla rahyuM che. mahAdevabhAImAM samartha patrakAra te rahele ja hatA enI emaNe patrakAratvanA kSetre kareluM kAma zAkha pUre che. hanumAnane jema rAmanA nAmathI anusmRta rane hoya nahi to te paNa nahotAM khapatAM, tema mahAdevabhAIne koI pravRttimAM gAMdhIjI hAya nahi te te pravRtti khapatI nahatI. bhAratanA bahu thoDA patrakAromAM je zaktio jovA maLe che evI virala zaktio mahAdevabhAImAM prakRtithI ja hatI, chatAM gAMdhIjInI saMnidhi vinAnI kaI pravRti karavAmAM emane rasa nahe. gAMdhIjIne ja nivedita thaIne je kaMI thaI zake te ja karavuM evI jIvanarIti emaNe svIkArI hatI. DAyarIlekhana : veriyara eTivane mahAdevabhAIne gAMdhIjInA bojhavela tarIke oLakhAvelA, cakravatI rAjagopAlAcArIe emane "gAMdhIjInI bIjI kAyA" tarIke oLakhAvelA, kizoralAle ema kaheluM ke bApujI je mahAdevabhAInA prANavAyu hatA, te mahAdevabhAI bApujInuM phephasuM hatA.- gAMdhIjI jevA virala mahApuruSanI sAthenA emanA saMbaMdhane Ama varNavAyo hato. gAMdhIjIthI aLagA rahIne paNuM mahAdevabhAI pitAnuM AgavuM vyaktitva upasAvI zakyA hota, paraMtu gAMdhIjIne samapita thaIne emaNe je kaMI siddha karyuM che te dvArA rASTranI ananya sevA e karI zakyA che, ne chatAM emanuM ujjavala vyaktitva te siddha thayuM ja che. mahAdevabhAI vinA gAMdhIjIne vyaktitvanAM keTakeTalAM pAsAM ane chatAM rahyAM hota ! emanA mahimAthI maMDita evI keTakeTalI kSaNo zabdomAM pratiSThita thayA vinAnI ' ja rahI gaI heta ! gAMdhIjInA jIvanane ane karmane mahAdevabhAIe je samIpa tAthI, je sUkSmatAthI, je skUrta navatAthI, pariprekSyonA je vaividhyathI joyAM che tevAM bIjA koIe joyAM hoya evuM jANyAmAM nathI. gAMdhIjInI dinacaryAnI, emanAM vicAra, vANI, vartananI jhINI jhINI noMdha mahAdevabhAI rAkhatA. emanA svabhAva sAthe sahaja ja saMpUta evAM viveka ane vinamratA, kuzAgra buddhi ane dharmalakSitA vagerene kAraNe emanuM lakhANa suSama sughaDa banatuM, zraddheya to kharuM ja kharuM. aneka prakAranAM manuSya sAthenI gAMdhIjInI mulAkAto, vArtAlApo Adi mahAdevabhAIe je noMdhyAM che te batAve che ke mahAdevabhAInI grahaNazakti, yAdazakti, dhAraNAzakti keTalI te anuttama hatI. 194ramAM patrakAra pariSadamAM gAMdhIjIe karelI vAtane pote karelA TAMcaNa parathI je noMdha emaNe taiyAra karI hatI te joIne laghulipinA niSNAta amerikana

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pra, huM ] anya gadyalekhakA-2 [ 381 patrakAra paNa kheAlI UThelA, mi. desAI, Ape aa amane khUba pAchaLa rAkhI dIdhA. Apa gajaba kare che!! emanA avasAna bAda devadAsa gAMdhIe emane aMjila ApatAM kaheluM ke bApunA AvaDA meATA kAmane mahAdevabhAI ja paheAMcI zake. ardho Dajhana maMtrIethI paNu A kAmane paheAMcI vaLavu kaThaNa che. jevI emanI bauddhikatA tIkSNa hatI tevI ja emanI kuzaLatA paNa teja hatI. tee sArA vAcaka ane lekhaka hatA. A badhAM kAraNe emanuM DAyarI-lekhana gujarAtI sAhityamAM apUrva nI rahyuM, ane emAMnA vastu mATe, sAmagrI mATe te e virala ja che. peAte emAM sAmeALa heAvA chatAM anAsakta, gAMdhIjInA mRt caritra mATenI vipula sAragarbha ane sasattva sAmagrI bhegI karavA chatAM nirIha, pravAhamadhya heAvA chatAM taTastha, samagra sa`vedanAtaMtrathI vastune grahyA chatAM svastha evA mahAdevabhAIe DAyarI-lekhananuM je mahattvanuM kArya karyuM che tene sAru A vizvanA manuSya yugAntarA sudhI emanA AziMgaNa rahevAnA zabda saune sAru, Ama tA, chalanAmaya ja rahetA heAya che. paNa e mahAdevabhAInI chalanA karI zako nathI. eka vAra geAkhale vize lakhatAM gAMdhIjIe Ama lakhyuM : (6 A jamAnAmAM rAjadvArI saMnyAsI ja saMnyAsane dIpAvI zakavAnA che, khInna bhagavuM lajavanArA ja haze." AnA vize mahAdevabhAIe gAMdhIjI sAthe lAMkhI carcA karI, ane kathananA uttarArdhamAM 'prAyaH' zabda umerAvyA. zabdAnI varaNI ane viniyeAgamAM mahAdevabhAI khUba ja cAsa rahetA. gAMdhIjInA cittamAM dhAraNa thayelA vicAra e kaLI jaIne gAMdhIjI lakhAvatA tyAre temane paDatA kheAla jhIlI letA eTaluM-ja nahi, paNa kheAlane paDatAM pahelAM pAmI laIne paNa te lakhatA. DAyarIe vize lakhatAM naraharibhAI lakhe che : mahAdevabhAInI DAyarIe gAMdhIjInA jIvanacaritra mATene kAce paNa atizaya mahattvanA masAlA che. paNa kAcA masAlA uparAMta mAnavattatine preraNA ApanArA ane manuSyajIvanane ghaDanArA bahu upayogI ciraMjIva sAhitya tarIke A DAyarIonuM svataMtra mahattva paNa che. gAMdhIjInI jIvanakaLA uparAMta, mahAdevabhAInA svabhAva, temanI kanyaniSThA, temanuM laktibhAvathI tarakheALa hRdaya, aneka viSayAmAM emane rasa e badhu A DAcarIomAM pragaTa thAya che. gujarAtI bhASAmAM A jAtanuM sAhitya huM dhAruM chuM. A paheluM ja che. aMgrejI bhASAmAM tathA yuropanI khIjI bhASAomAM AvuM DAyarIsAhitya ghaNuM che." joke gujarAtImAM narasiMharAvanI 'rAjanIzI' e DAyarInA prakAra che kharA. paraMtu mahAdevabhAInI DAyarIomAMnI sAmagrInA vyApa, ene vaizvika saMdarbha, pahelI pahelI varSAnA prasannakara prasekanA anubhava karAvavAnI enI kSamatA, enI

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-382 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 rajUAtanI prAMjalatA, jIvananA udAtta tattvane e prasava enI apUrvatA siddha kare che. samagra vizvasAhityamAMnA DAyarI svarUpanI vAta karIe tyAre paNa mahAdevabhAInI DAyarIonA A mahavane puraskAryA vinA cAle evuM nathI. navalakathA, caritra, vArtA Adine jema naryA sAhityaprakAra lekhe svIkRti ApI zakAya, tevI ja svIkRti DAyarIne ApavI e jaNAya che eTaluM saraLa nathI. hA, gadyane eka nUtana AviSkAra emAM zakya che, - je samartha gadyalekhake te lakhI heya. A svarUpanI namanIyatA aciMtya che. kyAreka kathana, kyAreka varNana, kyAreka ciMtana kyAreka yAda, kyAreka vivAda to vaLI kyAreka saMvAda, kyAreka aMtarmukha thatAM vyakta thavAya, bahirmukha thatAM vyakta thavAya...eka rIte joIe to cAka parane taiyAra piMDa ene kahI zakAya, keDiyuM Utare ne kulaDIce Utare, ghaDe Utare ne gAgareya Utare : je utAranAra ! DAyarIlekhake ApelAM keTalIka vyakti nAM rekhAcitra, nakhacitra ciraMjIva che. DAyarIlekhakanI bhAvitAtmakatA ane ghATa Ape che. DAyarIlekhakanI bhAvAkRti jeTalI didhArahita teTalI DAyarI saraLa ane prAsAdika rahevAnI. DAyarIlekhanane keTalAka svAbhAvika abhivyaktirUpa gaNIne tene sAhityika mahimA kare che. mahAdevabhAI jevo koI DAyarI lakhe tyAre A abhivyaktirUpa svAbhAvika rahI zake che enI pratIti ApaNane thAya che. vaLI mahAdevabhAInI bahuzrata svastha sarjaka pratibhAne paNa A DAyarIone lAbha maLe che. tethI A 'DAyarIomAM sAhityika mUlyane svIkAra-puraskAra karI zakAya che. kAkAsAhebe A DAyarIo vize lakhyuM cheH lokajAgRtinA ane khAsa karIne satyAgrahanA viracita jamAnAmAM gAMdhIjIe dezamAM badhe yAtrA karI enAM doDatAM varNana ane dezasevakonI pravRttine lagatAM TUMkAM caritracitraNe je zailImAM mahAdevabhAIe mUkyAM che te eka navI zailI che, enI asara AjanA jamAnAnA akhabArI sAhitya para paNa paDelI dekhAya che. e zailInuM jyAre rItasaranuM adhyayana thaze tyAre samakAlIna jIvananuM pratibiMba pADatA e navA sAhityanI ApaNe pUrI kadara karatAM zIkhIzuM. jIvana pratye zubha dRSTie jovAnI ane paristhitino marma TUMkamAM samajAvavAnI khUbI e mahAdevabhAInI khAsa prasAdI che." A DAyarIomAM mahAdevabhAI pite kyAM e prazna kaI kare che ? mahAdevabhAInuM aMgata kahevAya evuM te A DAyarImAM siMdhumAM biMdu jeTaluM, paNa e "aMgata'ne lobha na rAkhIe te kUlamAM rahelI phoramanI jema ja mahAdevabhAI A DAyarIomAM tatsama che. eka udAharaNa laIe, sAduM ja ane hAthe caDyuM cheH

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pra. 9] anya galekhake-2 [383 ...jatana karatAM AvaDe to e zabdomAM bApunuM jIvana AvI jAya che ema kahI zakAya. "dAsa kabIra jatana kara oDhI, kI tyoM dhara dInI cadariyAM' e zabda bApune Ine ghaNI vAra yAda AvI jAya che. 30-35 varSa thayAM zarIranI ane mananI zuddhinuM jAgrata jatana emaNe jevuM karyuM che tevuM koNe karyuM haze ?" Ama juo te gAMdhIjIne ja AkArita karatA A zabda che. DAyarIlekhaka mahAdevabhAIne nahi, paNa e dvArA mahAdevabhAInuM je niraMjana nirAkAra nirAkula rUpa sarjAya che te kevuM ananya che! DAyarIomAM parovAIne rahelA mahAdevabhAI ahIM AMkhathI dekhI zakAya evo koI AkAra dhAraNa karatA nathI. DAyarImAM sarvatra emanI zaktionI pariciti varatAya che. gAMdhIyuganA navajIvana-vidyApITha saMpradAyanA lekhakee vaLI gadyanI navIna kSitije batAvI che. mahAdevabhAInA gave emAM mahatvano phALo Apyo che. akRtrima, sIdhuM, sahaja ja avabodha karAve tevuM, prAsAdika e gadya che. ciMtananI gahanatAnA bhAre ene bhArekhama thavA nathI dIdhuM. kathananI RjutAe ene pacaTa thavA nathI dIdhuM. varNananA ezvaryA chatAM e niralaMkRta rahyuM che. AnaMdazaMkara ke kezava harSada dhruva jevA sAkSara emane koI bhale na kahe, akSarane emaNe mahimA dIdho che, govardhanarAma jevA sarjaka bhale e na kahevAya, emanI abhivyakti sarjakatvanuM maMDana kare che. (me.) anya lekhake [ keLavaNI, bAlasAhitya Adi ] nRsiMhaprasAda kAlidAsa bhaTTa (I. 1882-1961): nAnAbhAI bhaTTaH sAhitya tema vizeSa karIne zikSaNane kSetre nAnAbhAI bhaTTanA AdarabharyA nAme sukhyAta nRsiMhaprasAda bhaTTano janma praznorA nAgara jJAtimAM I. 188ramAM thayo hato. jIvananI vividha samasyAo pratyene emano abhigama zikSaka tarIke hata, sAhityakAra tarIke nahi. tema chatAM sAhityanA ItihAsamAM avazya ullekhanIya evuM emanuM sAhityakAra tarIkenuM karma hatuM. e pitAne bhAratanI sanAtana saMskRtinA vArasa tarIke oLakhe che. pratyeka bhAratIya pitAne e rIte oLakhate thAya evI emanI kAmanA hatI. tethI emaNe racelA nAnAmoTA graMthamAM emane A abhigama achate rahetA nathI. sAhitya khAtara sAhitya e matamAM temane zraddhA nahotI. rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata ane bhAgavata e traNe graMthe emaNe AkaMTha pIdhA che ne e graMthanAM rahasyane ApaNI yuvAna peDhIne tene ghaDatara

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384] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 mATe upayogI thAya te rIte emAMnAM pAtronI AsapAsa je kaMI ghaTanAo banI hoya te gUMthI vaNI laIne emaNe e pAtro vize grantha racyA che. upaniSadanI prabodhakathAo emaNe lokabhogya zailImAM pharI kahI che. sanAtana dharmanI paraMparAmAM Ucharela nAnAbhAIne ApaNuM graMthamAMthI A navIna yuganI samasyAo para prakAza dekhAya che. "sUtapUtra karNa pahelavaheluM prasiddha thayuM tyAre paraMparAgata cAlI Avate dAsIputra karNa puruSArthanA pratIka tarIke oLakhAya che. mahAbhAratanAM pAtro, rAmAyaNanAM pAtro, hindu dharmanI AkhyAyikAo, lekabhAgavata, lokarAmAyaNa, lokabhArata, dRSTAMtakathAo vagere AbAlavRddha saune saMtoSe evI racanAo che. temane moDhethI iliyaDa ane zekasapiyaranI vArtAo paNa navIna kRtithI pragaTatI hatI. sargazakti ane sAhityakAra jema avinAbhAve rahyAM che, tema sargazakti ane zikSaka paNa aviyojya che. jenAmAM sargazakti nathI hotI evA zikSake kevaLa mAhitInA prasAraka hoya che. nAnAbhAI tethI jema sArA zikSaka che tema sArA sAhityakAra paNa che. emanuM gadya nitAH saraLa suSamA vaDe zobhe che. emanI AtmakathA "ghaDatara ane caNatara' (1959) gujarAtanA AtmakathAsAhityamAM mahattvanuM pradAna che. nirbheLa nikhAlasatAne e suMdara namUno che. dakSiNamUrti saMsthAnA uddabhava-vikAsanI kathA emAM che. lekhaka emAM kahe che: "dakSiNAmUti saMsthAne meM ghaDI che e sAcuM che tenA karatAM dakSiNAmUrtie mane ghaDyo che e vadhAre sAcuM che." (pR. 102). A AtmakathAmAM nirmama ane svastha AtmanirIkSaNa paNa abhyAsayogya che. kathAnuM saMvidhAna suzliSTa che, enI abhivyakti saraLa ane ADaMbara vagaranI che. gaNanApAtra gujarAtI AtmakathAomAM "ghaDatara ane caNatara'nI nedha avazya levI paDe tema che. navI peDhIne ghaDavA sAru ApaNuM sanAtana dharmamAMthI gujarAtI bhASAmAM graMthanI je vividhA e laI AvyA che te paNa nAnAbhAIne samartha ane daSTivALA sAhityakAra tarIke sthApI Ape che (mo.) gijubhAI bhagavAnajI badhekA (1885-1938) : gijubhAIne janma saurASTramAM citaLa gAme 15mI navembara 1885nA roja thayo hate. jJAtie brAhmaNa gijubhAI valabhIpuranA vatanI hatA. gujarAtanA keLavaNInA itihAsamAM ane temAMye savizeSe bALakeLavaNInA itihAsamAM avismaraNIya che. bALaka vize, tene uchera vize, tenA suSama vikAsa vize gijubhAIe ApaNane gujarAtIone cetavyA. bALakeLavaNInA saMdarbhe emanI sAhityasAdhanA paNa thaI che. zikSakone tathA vAlIone mabalaka mArgadarzana maLI rahe evI emanI nAnI-moTI

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pra. 9] anya gadyalekhake-2 [385 pustikAonI saMkhyA ghaNI che. bALakane lakSamAM rAkhI emaNe keTalIka lekavArtAone navesarathI DhALI che. bALasAhityane te e yugapravartaka kahevAya. emanA sevAkAryanI kadara rUpe emane raNajitarAma suvarNacaMdraka enAyata thayo hato. bALazikSaNazAstraviSayaka sAhitya, kizorasAhitya, bALasAhitya vagere pahelI ja vAra daSTipUrvaka gijubhAI ApaNane Ape che. bALakane enA hAthAzyamAM, enA taLapadamAM samajanAra sAhityakAra ApaNe tyAM e pahelA che. gijubhAInI zailI saraLa ane subodha che. jIbhane emaNe bhASA nathI ApI, jIbhe ja emane bhASA ApI che, tethI emanuM sAhitya AbAlavRddha sau mejathI mANI zake che. gijubhAIe "vArtAnuM zAstra' (khaMDa 1 ane khaMDa 2) racyuM che. sAhityasvarUpanA abhyAsamAM vArtAne zAstrakAre ja racelA A be graMthe ApaNA sAhityanA amUlya grantha che. vArtA vizenI emanI sUjha ahIM pragaTa thAya che. viSaya zikSaNazAstrane hAya, bALavArtAne hAya, zikSakane ke vAlIone bodha ke mArgadarzanane hoya paNa gijubhAInI zailI viSayane anurUpa DhALe DhaLatI hoya che. emanuM darzana spaSTa che tethI emanI abhivyakti paNa asaMdigdha che. zikSaka gijubhAInI sargazaktine emanA sAhityamAM paNa saMcAra varatAI Ave e che. (me.) jugatarAma cImanalAla dave (1891)H surendranagara jillAnA vaDhavANa zaheramAM jugatarAmabhAIne janma thayo hato. muMbaImAM teo svAmI AnaMda, kAkA kAlelakara Adina ne pachI gAMdhIjInA saMsargamAM AvyA. ahIMthI emane jIvanamAM parivartana Ave che. ghara-kuTuMba cheDIne gAMdhIjInA AzramamAM bALazikSaNanuM kAma laIne teo besI jAya che. gAMdhIjInI bahuvidha pravRttiomAM teo parovAI jAya che. asahakAranI laData vakhate gAMdhIjI ane temane bIjA badhA sAthIo jelamAM gayA tyAre 'navajIvana' Adi patronuM saMcAlana jugatarAmabhAIe karyuM hatuM. emanAM pustakamAM mukhyatve zikSaNaviSayaka athavA zikSaNanA sAdhanarUpa athavA tatvavicArane lagatAM che. "AzramaprArthanA, "kauzikaAkhyAna' (1926), jelaDAyarI' (rAjAjInI DAyarIne anuvAda, saM. 1979), "caNIbora" (saM. 1978) ane "rAyaNuM" 1-2 (saM. 1981) jevA bALagItonA saMgrahe, "AMdhaLAnuM gADuM, bheru' (saM. 1984), prahalAda (saM. 1985), "gAMdhIjI' (1929), bALakane gAMdhIjI' (saM. 1985), kheDUtane zikArI' (1931), "cAlagADI' gu. sA. 25

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386] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [tha'. 4 - -6 - meATI ane nAnI, gijubhAI sAthe (sa, 1988), 'lAkapothI' -- narahira parIkha sAthe (1939), 'grAmabhajanama`DaLI' (1940), 'AtmaracanA athavA AzramI keLavaNI' (1946), 'haLapati-mukti' (1946), grAmasevAnA dasa kAOkramA' (1939), grAmavidyApIThanI bhUmikA'--nAnAbhAI vagere sAthe (1951), 'surata jillA sarvediyayeAjanA' (1951), 'adhyApanakaLA' (1953), suMdarapuranI zALAnA pahelA kalAka' (1954), 'paMkhIDAM' (1957), 'gAllI mArI gharaghara jAya' (1957), 'Iza upaniSada' (1963), 'khAdIbhakta cunIbhAI' (1966), ' gurudevanAM gItA ' (1962) vagere pustakA emanI samagra jIvanapravRttinAM dyotaka che. gujarAtI khAlasAhityanA itihAsamAM jugatarAmabhAInA pradAnane umaLakAbhera svIkAra karavAnA raheze. bALaka vize ane enA ucheranI najAkatA vize vicArIne lakhatA bAlasAhityanA atyaMta virala lekhakeAmAM temanI gaNatarI karavI paDe tema che. joDakaNAM, bALagItA, bALanATaka AdimAM temanuM pradAna teAMdhapAtra che. bAlasahaja saraLa mugdhatA enuM lakSaNa che. bAlasAhityanI jema ja gujarAtanI keLavaNInA itihAsamAM paNa emanuM sthAna meAkharAnuM che. ghaNAM praleAbhanA jatAM karIne surata jillAnA veDachI gAmamAM nAnakaDA Azrama laIne AdivAsI prajAnA utthAnanA kAmamAM teo lAgI gayA che. ene anuSa Mge teo zikSaNanI pravRttie paNa kare che. gAMdhI vidyApITha' e emanI pravRttinA svAbhAvika paripAkarUpa saMsthAnuM nirmANa thayu che. hamaNAM emaNe potAnI jIvanakathA kahevAne miSe veDachInI emanI pravruttioneA Alekha ApatI 'mArI jIvanakathA' (1975) pragaTa karI che. ApaNA caritrasAhityamAM e suMdara umerA kare che. (mA.) harabhAI durlabhajI trivedI (1892-1979) : harabhAI trivedInA janma varateja (ji. bhAvanagara)mAM thayeA. emanuM zikSaNu mukhyatve bhAvanagaramAM thayuM. harabhAI ne sAhityamAM, ane savizeSa bALasAhityamAM UMDA rasa che. gujarAtanA prathama paMktinA keLavaNIkArAmAM harabhAInI gaNatarI karI zakAya. emaNe je thADuM lakhyuM te paNa zikSaNane vize ja lakhyu che. bhAvanagaramAM 'dakSiNAmUrtibhavana'nA prayAga gujarAtanA zikSaNanA itihAsamAM mahattvanA che. teo tyAM joDAyA, ane emanA prayatnathI ja 'dakSiNAmUrti'mAM sahazikSaNa AraMbhAyu. 'tathAgata' (1924), 'vidyArthI enuM mAnasa' (1924), 'zarIravikAsa' (1924), 'jAtakakathAe'' (1928), 'nRsiMhasAra' (1928), 'gujarAtI kavitA' varSa 1-2-3-4 (1928), 'jAtIyavikRtinAM mULa' (1928), 'DolTanayeAjanA' (1929), 'bhayaneA bheda' (1929), 'grAmapunaTanA' (1929) vagere pustakA lakhyAM che. pazcimamAM vikasatI jatI zikSaNavicAradhArAe emanAM lakhANAnuM prabhAvaka

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% 9 ] anya gadyalekhako-2 [ 387 khaLa rahyuM che. bhAratIyatA sAthe zakaya eTalA ene meLa besADIne dezanA vamAna saMdarbha sAthe anubaMdha bAMdhavAnA puruSArthI harabhAIe karyuM che. emanuM gadya enA hetune tAke che. (mA) tArAbahena mADaka (1892) : pUnAnAM vatanI A bahene dakSiNAmUrti bAlamaMdiramAM joDAI bAlazikSaNa ane mATaeNseTarI zikSaNupaddhatimAM gijubhAI sAthe noMdhapAtra kAmagIrI karI che. 'bALakAnAM ramakaDAM' (1927), 'bALavArtAnI veNIA', bAlacAritrya', 'bAlakanI mAgaNI ne haTha', 'dharamAM meAnTIsArI' jevI aneka kRtie emaNe ApI che. 'zikSaNupatrikA'nAM teo sahataMtrI hatAM. (ci.) maganabhAI prabhudAsa desAI (1899-1969) : AgrahI gAMdhIvAdI cintaka ane keLavaNIkAra tathA bhASAsAhityanA abhyAsI maganabhAI prabhudAsa desAIe gUjarAta vidyApIThamAM eka adhyApaka ane mahAmAtra tarIke varSo sudhI sevA ApI hatI; 'sArtha joDaNIkeAza'nAM navasa`skaraNAmAM phALA ApyA hatA; vidyApITha taraphathI keTalAMka varSoM cAlu rahelA mAsika 'zikSaNa ane sAhitya'nuM saMpAdana karyuM hatuM; mahAtmA gAMdhIjInA svargavAsa pachI kizAralAla mazarUvALAnA taMtrIpade cAlu rahela 'harijana' sAptAhikAnuM taMtrIpada kizAralAlabhAInA avasAna pachI maganabhAIe sa MbhALyuM hatuM; e sAptAhikA baMdha thayA pachI 'satyAgraha' nAme peAtAnuM sAptAhika keTalAMka varSoM calAvyu` hatu` ane gujarAta yunivarsiTInA kulapatipade lagabhaga cha varSa kAma karyuM hatuM. sAhityakSetre maganabhAInA pradAnanA mukhyatve cAra vibhAga pADI zakAya : svarAjyavicAraNA ane rASTrIya keLavaNInu kSetra, kaiAzaracanA ane bhASAsAhityanAM saMpAdanA, dharmavicAraNA ane anuvAda. svarAjyavicAraNA ane rASTrIya keLavaNInA kSetre emanI mukhya kRtio nIce mujaba che : 'rASTrIya mahAsabhA ane vidyAthI pravRtti' (1945), 'vidyAthI grISmapravRtti' (1946), 'hindanI aMgrejI vepArazAhI, I. sa. 1600 thI 1800' (1946), 'satyAgrahanI mImAMsA'(1934), 'satyAgrahanI saptapadI' (saM.) (1952), 'ApaNA dezamAM ApaNuM rAjya' (1956), 'svarAjya eTale zuM...?' (1956), rAjA rAmameAhana rAyathI gAMdhIjI - hindanI AjhAdInA itihAsanI samIkSA' (1957), 'ApaNu parama yaMtra (1957), 'aMgrejI ane sAMskRtika svarAjya' (1957), 'mekAle ke gAMdhIjI? bhAratamAM aMgrejInA sthAna viSe carcA karatA lekhAnA saMgraha' (1960), 'gAMdhIjIne jIvanamA' (1966),

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388] . gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 hindI-gujarAtI keza' (1938 ane tyAra bAda keTalIka AvRttio) uparAMta maganabhAIe jUnAM kAvyonAM nIce mujaba saMpAdana karyA che, je mukhyatve chApagI che: "kuMvarabAInuM mAmeruM' (1940), "sudAmAjInA kedArA' (1942), kuMvarabAInuM mAmeruM -kavi premAnaMda ane narasiMhakRta (1940), "sudAmAcarita (1942), "sudAmAcarita' - premAnaMda ane narasiMhakRta (1951), "naLAkhyAna- premAnaMdakRta (1951). maganabhAInI dharmavicAraNA gItA ane upaniSadonI AsapAsa gUMthAyelI che. gItAnuM prasthAna' (1963) ane "gItAne prabaMdha' (1965) e temanI gItA viSayaka kRtio che. "mAMDUkya upaniSada' (1947), ane kenepaniSada" (1956)mAM te te upaniSadanuM vivaraNa ane vicAraNA che. "sukhamanI' (1936) ane "japajI' (1938)mAM be zIkha dharmagranthanuM adhyayana che. A sarvemAM te te mUla granthonA anuvAda paNa che. maganabhAIe anuvAda mATe aMgrejI graMtha paNa viziSTa dRSTie pasaMda karelA che. udAharaNa tarIke, AcArya kRpalAnInA lekhe (1937)nA anuvAdamAM gAMdhIvAdI keLavaNInI maulika vicAraNA che; "apaMganI pratibhA' (1978) helana kelaranI AtmakathAne anuvAda che tathA 'jekila ane hAIDa' (1938) e sata ane asat vacce mAnavahRdayamAM cAlatA sanAtana dhaMdhanuM romAMcaka rahasyakathA rUpe Alekhana karatI sTIvansananI aMgrejI kRtinuM bhASAntara che. "sAdhucarita trivedIsAheba' (1953)nA sahasaMpAdanamAM che. je.pI. trivedInuM AraMbhe pAMDuraMga dezapAMDeracita jIvanacarita apAyuM che. A uparAMta zikSaNa ane sAhityanA taMtrI tarIke karelAM pustakanAM avalokanone saMcaya "vivekAMjali' (1960), prastAvanA-saMcaya "pravezikA', tema ja vyaktionA avasAnaprasaMge lakhelI "nivApAMjali' e pustake paNa pragaTa thayelAM che. (sAM.) viThThaladAsa maganalAla keDArI (1901-1972): teo kalola (ji. mahesANA)nA vatanI hatA. gAMdhIvicAranA prabhAva heThaLa emaNe emanuM samagra jIvana gALyuM hatuM. gUjarAta vidyApIThamAMthI ja emaNe arthazAstranI snAtaka padavI meLavI hatI, ane te pachI temaNe jIvananA aMta sudhI vidyApIThamAM rahIne zikSaNanuM kAma karyA karyuM che. adhyApananI svAbhAvika nIpaja jevAM emanAM keTalAMka pustake emanI anuvAdazakti, saMpAdanazakti, saMkSepazaktinI zAkha pUre che. gAmaSThi ' (1941), "hiMda sarakAranI zikSaNayojanA' (1945), "maleriyA' (1946), "keLavaNI vaDe krAnti'-1 (1950), -2, "prauDhazikSaNa' (1950), "artha

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x. & ] anya gadyalekhako-2 [389 zAstrapravezikA' (1952), 'majhadhAra' (1952), 'aMbaracarakheA' (1957), deDha sadInA Arthika itihAsa' (1963), 'atha'zAstranI paribhASA' (bIjI AvRtti 1971), 'adhI sadInuM aMkadarzana' (1971) vagere pustakAmAM emanI abhyAsanI cIvaTa ane hAthamAM lIdhelA viSayanI pakaDa spaSTa varatAI Ave che. samAjazAstromAM gujarAtI gadyanA mAdhyama tarIke kevI rIte upayeAga thaI zake tene namUne viThThaladAsanuM gadya pUrA pADe che. vicArone asadigdha rIte kema mukAya te temanuM gadya zIkhavI zake tema che. kazA paNa rAjakAraNa vagara zikSaNu para ja satata lakSa rAkhIne gAMdhIvicArane dhruvatAraka samAna gaNIne viThThaladAsa jIvananA chellA zvAsa sudhI kAma karatA rahyA che. emanI najaramAM dezanA Arthika pravAheAnI sAthe gAmaDAMnA tAla kema maLe te satata rahyAM karyuM che. teo AjIvana adhyApaka hatA, ane aghyApaka tarIke gadyanA mAdhyamane emaNe nANyA karyuM che. (mA.) zivAbhAI gokaLabhAI paTela (1904) : cikhAdarA (ji. kheDA)nA vatanI lokasevaka zivAbhAI paTelanuM kAryakSetra mukhyatve zikSaNa rahyuM che. gAMdhIjInA satyAgraha AzramanA a MtevAsI, gUjarAta vidyApIThanA snAtaka, gAMdhIjInI dAMDIkUcanA sahayAtrI, buniyAdI zikSaNunA puraskartA zivAbhAIe peAtAnA anubhaveAne keTalAMka upayogI pustakA dvArA prajA samakSa mUkayA che. 'jIvana dvArA zikSaNa' (1950), 'kAMtavidyA' (1951), 'jIvanadhaDatara' (1952), 'samUhajIvana ane chAtrAlaya' (1955), 'gAmaDAMnI svacchatA' (1957), 'pAyAnI keLavaNIne prayAga' (1958), 'vaNATapraveza' (1959), 'bApunI AzramI keLavaNI' (1969), 'zikSaNanA mArA anubhaveza' (1972) jevAM emanAM pustakA gujarAtamAM pAyAnI keLavaNIneA je saphaLa prayAga thayA che tenI zAkha pUre tevAM che. emanuM sAduM' lakSaparaka gadya e emanI vizeSatA che. (mA.) mULazaMkara mehanalAla bhaTTa (1907): temanA janma bhAvanagaramAM thayA hatA. emanuM prAthamika ane mAdhyamika zikSaNa bhAvanagaramAM thayuM. emaNe vidyApIThanI lalitakalAvizAradanI padavI prathama varSoMmAM lIdhI hatI. mULazaMkarabhAI AjIvana zikSaka rahyA che. emanA anubhavAne AdhAre emaNe zikSaNaviSayaka lekhe! lakhyA che. emaNe anuvAda sapAdana Adi paNa hetulakSI karelAM che. gujarAtamAM Adarza gRhapati kANu e praznanA uttaramAM mAtra emanu ja eka nAma uccArI zakAya tema che. gRhapatinuM kAma e sArA zikSakanuM ja kAma che. vyApaka sahAnubhUtinuM jenA hRdayamAM akSaya jharaNuM hAya te ja gRhapati tarIkenu` kA` sArI rIte karI zake che. kArAnA jIvanaghaDataranuM mahattvanuM kAma

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390] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ caM. 4 emaNe karyuM che ane e nimitte emaNe keTaluMka sAhitya saryuM che. "sAgara samrATa' (1933), "sAhasikonI sRSTi' (1934), pAtALapraveza' (1935), "eMsI divasamAM pRthvIpradakSiNa" (1940), "caMdralokamAM' (1941), "gaganarAja' (1948) jevA anuvAde emaNe ApyA che. te uparAMta "khajAnAnI zodhamAM' (1936), dharatIne mathALe" (1939), lA mijharebala' (1946), "aMdhAranA sImADA' (1946) vagere anuvAda-rUpAMtara paNa emanA zikSaNazokhanI ja nIpaja jevAM che. "mahAna musApharI (1937), "nAnasena' (1947) jevAM caritranAM pustako paNa emaNe lakhyAM che. prauDhavAcana mATe 'vAcanapaTa' (1950), "vAMcatAM AvaDI thayuM' (1957), "dalapatarAmanI vAto' (1957), "vAMcavA jevI vArtA' (1957), "bALakane vArtA kema kaheze ?' (1958) vagere pustaka-pustikAo emanAmAM vasatA zikSakanI pratIti karAve che. svAmI AnaMdanAM pustakonuM emaNe saMpAdana paNa karyuM che. (ma.) babalabhAI mahetA (1910) : gujarAtanA prathama paMktinA lekasevakomAM babalabhAInI gaNanA thAya che. emane janma saurASTramAM ane emanuM prAthamika . tema ja mAdhyamika zikSaNa haLavada, karAMcI ane muMbaImAM thayuM che. ucca zikSaNa emaNe karAMcImAM levuM zarU to karyuM paNa gAMdhIjIe sarakArI keLavaNIne bahiSkAra karavAnuM elAna ApyuM tyAre emaNe paNa e keLavaNI cheADI ne gUjarAta vidyApIThanI rASTrIya keLavaNu lIdhI. sevAnI dIkSA paNa emane ahIM ja maLI che. te pachI emanuM sevAnuM kendra gAmaDuM rahyuM che. babalabhAI prakhara lekazikSaka paNa che. vidyAthIonI, zikSakenI, yuvAnanI kAryakaronI vividha prakAranI tAlIma sAru emaNe ghaNu zibiranuM saMcAlana vaiyaktika rIte paNa karyuM che. emanA lekhananuM madhyabiMdu jIvana rahyuM che. vaiyaktika tema ja sAmUhika jIvanamAM ApaNe tyAM je akSamya bekALajI sahaja bhAve ja sevAya che te pratye babalabhAIe eka sArA zikSakanI hesiyatathI dhyAna doryuM che, ane kharuM zuM karavuM joIe enAM vidheyAtmaka sUcano ane ukela paNa ApyA che. bhASA e pracAranuM ne zikSaNanuM kevuM sarasa mAdhyama banI zake te emanAM pustake jotAM ja samajAI jAya che. raziyAnuM ghaDatara' (1933), 'mAruM gAmaDuM' (1978), "bhIMtapatro dvArA lekazikSaNa' (1944), "mahArAja thayA pahelAM' (1947), "ravizaMkara mahArAja (1947), yajJasaMdeza' (1955), "bhUdAna ane sarvodaya' (1956), "jIvanasaurabha" (1960), "mAnavatAnA saMskAro' (1960), "saphAImAM khudAI' (1961), zramane prasAda' (1962), "sarvodayanI vAto' 1thI 5 (1958) jevAM emanAM pustake

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pra. 9] anya gadyalekhake-2 [392 gAMdhIvicAranuM grAmajIvana, lokazikSaNa, grAmasevA vagere viSayone AvarI le che. vinobAjInA vicArone paNa saraLa bhASAmAM vizALa lekasamudAya sAru sulabha karI ApyA che. bIjI rIte kahIe te gAMdhIvicAra tathA vinebAvicAranA bAlAvabodha' jevAM emanAM pustaka che. emanuM gadya nitAH saraLa ane sAduM che, abhivyakti kyAMya saMkula banatI nathI; ne ghaNI vAra te jIvananA sAmAnya vyavahAramAMthI udAharaNe laIne te abhivyaktine amogha banAve che. (ma.) | (caritra, anuvAda, saMpAdana, bhASaNa Adi) dharmAnanda kesaMbI (1876-1947): dharmAnanda kosaMbI gevAnA vatanI hatA. emanI mAtRbhASA gujarAtI nahi, chatAM gujarAtI bhASAnI emaNe neMdhapAtra sevA karI che. gAMdhIvicAramAMnAM satya, ahiMsA, asteya, aparigraha Adi to emane AkarSe che. evAM ja to para AdhArita pArzvanAtha cAturyAma dharmane prabhAva paNa emanA para che. raMgUna jaIne emaNe bauddha dharmanI dIkSA lIdhI. pAlinA uttama adhyApaka tarIke tathA bauddha dharmazAstranA marmajJa tarIke ke saMbI prakItita che. amerikAthI 1922mAM dezamAM pAchA AvI gUjarAta vidyApIThanA purAtatva maMdiramAM teo joDAyA. ahIM emaNe adhyApana kArya karIne nAmanA meLavI. tadanuSaMge lekhanakArya karIne lekhaka tarIke paNa yaza prApta karyo. pharI pAchA teo amerikA gayA hatA tyAMthI pAchA AvIne vidyApIThamAM joDAyA, ane e pachI raziyA jaIne tyAMthI 1930mAM pAchA AvIne dAMDIkUcamAM joDAyA hatA. 1947mAM sevAgrAma AzramamAM emanuM avasAna thayuM hatuM. buddha, dharma ane saMdha' (1911), bulIlA' buddhalIlAsArasaMgraha" (saM. 1979), rA. pAThaka sAthe dhammapada' (1924), bauddhasaMdhane paricaya' (1925), "samAdhimArga' (1925), "jAtakakathAsaMgraha' (saM. 1985), "pacAsa dharma saMvAda (1931), "suttanipAta' (1931), hiMdI saMskRti' (1937), "buddhacarita (1937), abhidharma' (1944), "zrI zAMtidevAcArya kRta bAdhicaryAvatAra' (1955), bodhisatva (156), dharmacakraparivartana' (1958) vagere emanA maulika, anUdita gadyapadyanA graMtha che. dhArmika paribhASA, samAsapracuratA chatAM emanA gadyamAM prasannatA varatAya che. gujarAtI bhASAmAM bauddha dharmanA siddhAMta, nIlazAstra, sAhitya Adi rajU karavAmAM kosaMbInuM pradAna nedhapAtra che. emanI AtmakathA "ApavItI" (1925, 1949, 1957) gujarAtamAM ghaNAne sArI preraNArUpa thaI paDI che. (mo.) rAvajIbhAI maNibhAI paTela (1886-1962) sojitrA (ji. kheDA)nA

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392] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [. 4 vatanI rAvajIbhAInuM ghaDatara gujarAtanA ratna samA motIbhAI amIna ane Adarza zikSaka karuNAzaMkara bhaTTa jevA lokasevakanA saMsarga thayuM hatuM. dakSiNa AphrikAmAM gAMdhIjIne paricaya thayo ane emanA vyaktitvathI ane lokasevAnAM kAryothI e emanA pratye AkarSAyA. dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahanI laDatamAM sakriyapaNe joDAyA. svAtaMtryayuddhanA sainika tarIke aneka ghaTanAonA jAgrata sAkSI hevAne kAraNe gAMdhIjI jevA puNyazlekanA jIvanane emaNe joyuM hatuM, tathA gAMdhIvicAranA pasaratA jatA prabhAvamAM tatsama thaI gayelA rAvajIbhAIne gadyamAM emanI saMskArAyelI chatAM akRtrima prakRtine paricaya thAya che. "mahAtmA gAMdhIjInA jIvananA keTalAka prasaMge" (prAgajIbhAI sAthe, 1922), 'kulIna vidhavA' (1931), bALakone pokAra' (1935), "gAMdhIjInI sAdhanA' (1939), "samAjazuddhi yA vyavahArazuddhi' (1958), "jIvananAM jharaNa-1, 2 (1941, 1960) ane "hiMdanA saradAra' (1963) jevAM pustako emanA jIvanakAryanA phaLasvarUpe gujarAtane maLyAM che. kathayitavyane sIdhuM ja upayogI thAya tevuM rAvajIbhAInuM gadya abhivyaktinI ekasAI darzAve che, emAM kevaLa sAhityiktAne zodhavA jAo te tenuM viralatva varatAya. emanA jIvananA uttarakALamAM emane mAnavamUtranA guNadharmomAM rasa jAge ane ene abhyAsa tathA prayogo paNa karyA. eTaluM ja nahi enuM A delana paNa jagavyuM ane e vize upagI pustaka paNa pragaTa karyuM. (ma.) caMdubhAI bhagubhAI dalAla (1889-1980) gAMdhIjInI dinavArI" (210-1869 thI 9-1-191pa tathA 10-1-1915 thI 30-1-1948 (aMgrejI tathA gujarAtI), "dakSiNa AphrikAmAM gAMdhIjInuM gamana ane punargamana' (1956), gAMdhIjInI dakSiNa AphrikAnI laData' (bhA. 1 thI 5 1957-58)nA lekhaka ane mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI'nA bhAga 7thI 19(chellA be amudrita)nA saMpAdaka caMdulAla dalAle "mAzI bhANeja' nAme I. 194ramAM eka navalakathA paNa lakhelI hatI, je pAchaLathI prakAzita thaI hatI. "bhadra' takhallusathI emaNe sAmayikamAM TUMkI vArtAo paNa pragaTa karI hatI. 200-250 jeTalI emanI vArtAomAMthI keTalIka graMthastha thavAmAM che. emaNe lakhelI "harilAla gAMdhI' nAmanI kRtine gujarAta sAhitya pariSade I. 1979mAM kAlelakara pAritoSika ApyuM hatuM. teo gUjarAta vidyApIThamAM adhyApaka hatA tyAre "AMkaDAzAstranAM mULato', vyApArI bhUgoLa" e pustaka lakhyAM hatAM. "rASTrIya caLavaLamAM amadAvAda myunisipAliTIne phALe' e pustaka emaNe gaNeza vAsudeva mAvaLaMkara sAthe

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pra. 9] anya gadyalekhake-2 [393 lakhyuM hatuM. gAMdhIvicAradhArAne varelA A lekhake 26 kRtionuM lekhana saMpAdana karyuM che. (ci.) narahari dvArakAdAsa parIkha (1891-1957) emanuM mULa vatana kaThalAla (ji. kheDA), paNa janma ane zikSaNa amadAvAdamAM. eka vAra, I. 1917mAM, gAMdhIjInA paricayamAM AvyA te pachI teo niraMtara Azrama, navajIvana, vidyApIThanAM kAryomAM rata rahyA. emaNe samAjaracanA, arthakAraNa, sAhitya, bAlazikSaNa vagere jevA vividha viSayanAM pustako lakhyAM che, saMye jyAM che, anuvAdAM che, saMpAdyAM che. citrAMgadA ane vidAyaabhizApa' (mahAdevabhAI sAthe, 1925), "prAcIna sAhitya' (mahAdevabhAI sAthe, 1922), "jAte majUrI karanArAone' (1924), tyAre karIzuM zuM ? (1925-26), "sahAyavRtti' (1935) jevA yazodAyI anuvAde emaNe ApyA che. pAThasaMcaya' (1924) jevuM "saMpAdana, "ATaluM te jANaje' (1922), karaMDiyo' (1928), "kanyAne patra" (mahAdevabhAI sAthe, 1937) jevAM pustake emanI zaikSaNika sUjha pragaTa kare che. kauTuMbika arthazAstra' (1926), "bAraDolInA kheDUto' (1927), "sarvodaya samAjanI jhAMkhI' (1955) jevA grantha samAjajIvananI tatkAlIna samasyAo vizenuM emanuM ciMtana rajU kare che. jIvanacaritrane dastAvejI mUlya prApta thAya te sAruM graMtha, saMvedanazIlatAnA tatva vinAne rahI jAya to tenI phikara karyA sivAya emaNe "mahAdevabhAInuM pUrvacarita' (1950), zreyAthInI sAdhanA' (1953), "saradAra vallabhabhAI 1-2 jevAM mahattvanAM caritro gujarAtane ApyAM che. bhASAne sarjanAtmaka upayoga jevo mahAdevabhAI karI zakyA che tevo naraharibhAI karI zakyA nathI. alabatta, bhASAne lekazikSaNanA prabalatama mAdhyama tarIke e prayojI zakyA che. emaNe vijJAnInI ekasAIthI bhASAne palaTI che, eTale kezanA zabdane sarjaka jema pitIke banAvI de che tevuM emanA gadyamAM pratIta thayuM nathI. paNa zabdanA viniyugamAM cokasAI, prabhAvakatA Adi anivArya lakSaNe avazya che. kevaLa svAntaH sukhAya" lakhavAnuM ahIM banatuM nathI. lakhavAne eka nizcita hetu hoya che ane e hetune vizenI niSThA nirbheLa nirbhuja hoya che. tethI emanA gadyamAM sabaLatA avazya siddha thAya che. gujarAtI sAhitya vizene emane prema emane "navalagraMthAvali' (1937)nuM saMpAdana karavAne prere che. A saMpAdane emane kIrti apAvI che. lekhonI pasaMdagI emanI sAhityika sUjhanI dyotaka che. navalarAmane agrima mahatvanA lekhe

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394] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ ca. 4 A saMpAdanathI abhyAsIne upalabdha thAya che. jema pAThakasAhebanI pramANuzAstra pravezikA'mAM A viSayanA nirUpaNamAM gujarAtI bhASAne mAdhyama tarIke viniyoga pahelI ja vAra utkRSTa rIte thayuM che, tema naraharibhAIe "mAnava arthazAstramAM arthazAstranuM nirUpaNa karavA sAru gujarAtI bhASAne yathArthatA vAparI batAvI che. emanuM A pustaka gAMdhIvicAramAM aTala zraddhA rAkhanArAone sAruM praziSTa granthane mahimAM dhAraNa kare che. emAM rajU thayelI vicAradhArAonI upekSA thaI zake tevI nathI, chatAM tajajJo mATe e graMtha kaMIka vivAdAspada rahyo che. emanA graMthanA viSaye jotAM emanAM rasa ane rucinuM svarUpa spaSTa thAya che, te e graMtha vAMcatAM emanI te te viSanI sajajatA paNa varatAya che. gAMdhIvicAraprabhAvita lekhakemAM naraharibhAInuM sthAna mokharAnuM che. (ma.) vAlajI govindajI desAI (1892): vAlajI govindajI desAIe vidyApIThane adhyApakagaNanA eka tejasvI sabhya tarIke lekhanakArya zarU karyuM ane e pachI satata cAlu rAkhyuM. vizALa vAcana ane temAMthI lokasaMgrahanI dRSTie, madhukaravRttithI, sAdI saraLa taLapadI paNa arthavAhaka zailIe sAdaraNa, cayana, saMkalana e temanA sAhityapradAnanuM pradhAna lakSaNa che. "taMtrakathA' e "paMcataMtrane temaNe karele sarala saMkSepa che (1938); "sundaravana" e vizvasAhityamAMthI ane jagatanA itihAsamAMthI uttama vicAre ane preraka prasaMgonI cayanikA che (1969) ane "dIpamALA" e amara vicAradIpakonI hAramALA che (1979). A uparAMta 'gArakSAkalpataru', 'kathAkusumAMjali, draupadInAM cIra" (khAdI viSe), "Izucarita', buddhacaritAmRta', "zrIrAmakathA", "premapantha' (1-10), "ArogyamaMjarI', vizvasaMhitA,'sajI le zRMgAra vagere temanI anya kRtio che. mahAtmA gAMdhIjIkRta 'dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahane ItihAsanuM, temanA aneka pAnuM temaja mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI-1 nuM aMgrejI bhASAntara vAlajIbhAIe karyuM che. (sa.) cUnIlAla puruSottama bAroTa (1899) mULa naDiyAda (ji. kheDA)nA vatanI, ane rASTrIyatAnA raMge raMgAyelA bAreTe gUjarAta vidyApIThamAM ucca rASTrIya keLavaNI laIne tyAMnI bhASAvizArada'nI padavI meLavI che. e yugane tejasvI adhyApaka ane sAhityane saMparka emane, tyAM, thayo. kAti mATe prakRtigata cAhanAe emane keTalAMka jIvanacaritre lakhavA preryA. "satyAgrahI gerisana' (192 6), kAMgAvA' (1927), "AcArya zrI praphullacaMdra rAya", "baMgakesarI' (1960), "betAja bAdazAha' jevAM svastha caritra, vizeSa karIne kizorone preraka thaI zake evAM, emaNe lakhyAM che. emanA phArasInA abhyAse emane islAmane suvarNayuga

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pra. 9 ] anya gadyalekhaka-ra [ 395 (1951) lakhavA preryAM. tathyA para AdhAra rAkhIne emaNe ciratrA lakhyAM che. gAMdhIyuganI pravRttionI samastatAmAM raheluM sahetukatAnuM tattva vAyakane ahIM paNa jaNAze. cunIbhAIe gUjarAta vidyApIThanA vizALa graMthAlayamAM nivRtta thatAM sudhI sevAo ApI che. A samaya daramyAna graMthAlayavijJAnanA abhyAsa enA pUrA vyApamAM emaNe karyo che, ane e vize emaNe keTaluMka maulika ciMtana paNa karyuM. che. 'ra'ganAthI vI karaNa', 'raMganAthI sUcIkaraNa' ane 'sUcIkaraNa' jevAM graMthAlayavijJAnanAM paricayAtmaka prakaraNA -- mAnegrApha -- emaNe lakhyAM che. gujarAtanI graMthAlayapravRttine itihAsa lakhanAre bAreATanI sevAete umaLakAbhera ullekha karave| paDaze. (meA.) prabhudAsa chaganalAla gAMdhI (1901): gAMdhIjInA bhatrIjA chaganalAlanA e putra. emanuM zaizava gAMdhIjInI sanidhimAM ja vItyu' tethI samagra gAMdhIvicArane saghana prabhAva emanA para varatAya che. dakSiNa AphrikAmAM phinisa AzramamAM gAMdhIjInI pratyakSa dekharekha heThaLa emaneA ane emanA jevAM khIjAM ghaNAM bALakAne uchera thayA. e ucheramAM gAMdhIjIe je sUkSma sabhALa rAkhI che tenA e te sAkSI che. e kALanAM saMsmaraNAnA baLavattara Alekha ApatuM 'jIvananuM parADha' (1948)pustaka kevaLa sAhityika dRSTie ja nahi, paNa zaikSaNika temaja sAmAjika STie paNa apU` kahI zakIe tevuM che. gAMdhIjInA vyaktitvanA paNa anekavidha kAmala-bhavya a Mze, je anyatra maLavA virala, A pustakamAM sAdhAra pragaTa thAya che. pustaka e rIte paNa sImAcihnarUpa banI zakavuM che. gujarAtI gadyanA paNa vA sarasa viniyoga thaI zake che te A pustakanA vAcakane pratIta thayA vinA rahetuM nathI. pustakanI upayeAgitAne lakSamAM laIne enA saMkSepa paNa emaNe karI ApyA che. pustaka prabhudAsabhAInI AtmakathAneA eka khaMDa che te karatAMya bhAratamAM je ujamALuM prabhAta pragaTa thavAnuM hatuM tenAM eMdhANa ApatA bhaLabhAMkharA jevu' che. kema ke e ujamALA prabhAtanI mAtabara taiyArIonA zraddheya Alekha e pustakamAM che. gujarAtI caritrasAhitya A pustaka vaDe samRddha thayuM che. vaLI jemAM zikSaNanI prakriyAne surekha Alekha heAya tevAM dRSTivALAM gujarAtI prakAzanemAM khUba ja mUlyavAna umere| A pustakathI thAya che. emaNe rAjendraprasAdanI AtmakathAne gujarAtI anuvAda 'mArI jIvanakathA' (1950) ApyA che. (mA.) caMdrazaMkara prANazaMkara zukla (1901-1954) : emanu` maulika lakhANa nahivat che. chatAM emanuM 'sItAharaNa' (1939 ane 1950) suzliSTa nibaMdhananuM

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396 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa (caM. 4 utkRSTa udAharaNa che. rAmAyaNanI kathAnA eka aMzavizeSane emaNe suSama ane su rUpa ApyuM che. Ama juo te e paNa emaNe kathAvastu rAmAyaNamAMthI lIdhuM che te dRSTie maulika racanA na gaNAya. caMdrazaMkaranuM ghaNuM moTuM ane avismaraNIya kArya te anuvAdanuM che. DaoN. sarvapallI rAdhAkRSNana ('upaniSadanuM tattvajJAna", "dharmonuM milana', "gItAdarzana', "mahAbhArata', "mahAtmA gAMdhI, "hindujIvanadarzana' vagere), hiriyaNa ("bhAratIya tatvajJAnanI rUparekhA'), Toya ('be navalakathA'), mahAtmA gAMdhI, lUI phizara (gAMdhIjI sAthe aThavADiyuM'), ricarDa grega ('ahiMsAnI tAlIma'), jona rasikana, ceva Adi lekhakanA graMthonA emaNe anuvAdo karyA che. DikinsanA graMtha leTarsa phoma na cAInAmena'ne emane anuvAda' "cInane avAja' (1927) paNa jANItA che. e anuvAdo vAMcIe chIe tyAre anuvAda e kharekhara te anusarjananuM kArya che evI pratIti thayA vinA rahetI nathI. mULa gujarAtI bhASAmAM ja lakhAyelA hoya evA e anuvAda zAstranI jhINavaTa ane cokasAI tathA kalAnA raDhiyALA pariprekSayane ekasAthe anubhava karAve che. viSayane susaMgata evI emanI nirmaLa gadyazailI arthadyotaka tema ja saMtarpaka che. (ma.) gopAladAsa jIvAbhAI paTela (1905): gUjarAta vidyApIThanA vidyAthI ane pachIthI e saMsthA sAthe varSo sudhI adhyApaka ane granthapAla tarIke joDAyelA gopAladAsa jIvAbhAI paTelanuM mukhya ane mUlyavAna pradAna jaina AgamagranthanA, Adhunika jijJAsu vAcakane hRdya ane rasaprada thAya evA chAyAnuvAnuM che. sarvasAmAnya gujarAtI vAcaka sudhI jaina dharma ane tattvajJAnano sAra pahoMcADavAmAM A chAyAnuvAdone gaNanApAtra phALo che. zrI bhagavatIsAra' (1938) e "bhagavatI sUtra' athavA vyAkhyAprajJaptine, "samI sAMjano upadeza" (1939) e "dazavaikAlika sUtrane, "mahAvIra svAmIne saMyama dharma' (1944) e "sUtrakRtAMga sUtra'ne, "mahAvIra svAmIne AcAradharma' (1948) e "AcArAMgasUtrane ane "mahAvIra svAmIne aMtima upadeza" (1948) e 'uttarAyanasUtrane chAyAnuvAda che. AgamagranthAnuM dahana karIne "zrI mahAvIra-kathA" (1950) e nAmathI gopAladAse mahAvIra svAmInuM vistRta jIvanacarita, paurANika paddhatinI camakArika vAtonuM samAdhAna karIne, lakhyuM che. e ja rIte "zrImad bhAgavata' (1939) ane "yogavAsiSTha' (1945)ne uttama chAyAnuvAda temaNe ApyA che. "prAcIna bauddhakathAo' (1956), "prAcIna zIlakathAo' (1956), nIti ane dharma : keTalIka prAcIna vArtAo' (1957) e zIrSaka nIce temaNe prAcIna kathAonA

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pra. 9] anya gadya lekhako-2 [ 397 sarasa saMgrahA karyA che. sarasvatIcaMdranA vArtA rUpe (1957) temaNe sa MkSepa karelA che. vikTara ghagAnI navalakathA 'lA mijharebala'nA 'gunA ane garIbAI' (1957) nAmathI ane cArlsa DikansakRta nikAlAsa nikalabI'nA 'karaNI tevI bharaNI' (1965) nAmathI temaNe saMkSepa karyo che. eNlekajhAnDara DayUmAkRta 'thrI maskeTiyarsa'ne temanA saMkSepa (1964) paNa lAkapriya thayA che. zrI rAjaya jIvanayAtrA (1946) nAme zrImad rAjacaMdranuM jIvanacaritra paNa temaNe lakhyuM che. (sAM.) maNibhAI bhagavAnajI desAI (1905) : valasADa jillAnA gaNudevI tAlukAnA vatanI maNibhAI bhagavAnajI desAI gUjarAta vidyApIThanI rASTrIya keLavaNInA raMge raMgAyA hatA. anuvAdapravRttimAM emanuM pradAna noMdhapAtra che. emanAM mukhya mukhya anUdita pustakA te javAharalAla neharunuM 'jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana' (1945), kumArappAnuM 'hiMdabriTananA nANAMvyavahAra (1947), suzIlA nayyaranuM bApunA AgAkhAna mahelamAM ekavIsa divasa'(1950), biralAnuM 'mahAtmAjInI chAyAmAM' (1956), balava MtasiMhanuM bApunI chAyAmAM' (1958), rAjAjInu` 'rAmacarita' (1966), pyArelAlanAM 'bhAvi samAjaracanAnI dizAmAM' (1963), 'mahAtmA gAMdhI : pUrNAhuti' 1-4 (1964) che. gAMdhIvicAra-prabhAvita maNibhAI sameta bIjA saMkhyAbaMdha anuvAdakAe anuvAdane kaLA ane vijJAna tarIke vikasAvIne anuvAdane vyavasAya pratiSThita karyA che. sa`nalakSI sAhitya karatAM e jarAya UtaratA nathI, e paNa anuvAdaka pAse dilacaspInI apekSA rAkhe che. mULa gujarAtI bhASAmAM ja lakhAyA heAya evI sahajatA ane skRti temanA anuvAdo dAkhave che. bhASAne leAkajAgRtinA ane saMskAraprasAranA mAdhyama tarIke A lekhakeAe khIlavI che. emanAM maulika pustakrAmAM hiMdanA javAhara' (1954), tema ja 'liMkana" e be caritrA emanI rucinA viSayeAnuM sUcana kare che. mahudhA kizArAne prere evA AcaratranAyakAnuM citraNa sarasa thayuM che. navajIvana vikAsavArtA' emanI mahattvanI kRti che. sapAdaneAmAM je jhINavaTa tathA niSThA joIe te tA A DeDInA lekhAnI tAlImanI muniyAda che je ahI... maNibhAImAM paNa dekhAya. che. 1980mAM emanu` eNbrahAma liMkana' nAmanuM pustaka pragaTa thayu` che. (meA.) zivazaMkara prANaza'kara zukla (I. 1908) : gAMdhIyuganA prabaLa svAtaMtrya AMDhAlananA prabhAva heThaLa emaNe tatkAlIna sarakArI keLavaNIne, khInna ghaNAMnI jema, cheADI ane gUjarAta vidyApIThanI rASTrIya keLavaNI laIne A vidyAvizAradanI padavI meLavI hatI.

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398] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (caM. 4 'hadayamaMthana" (cekhovanI vAtoonA anuvAdaH 1932), yugAMtara' (navalakathAH 1935), "saritAthI sAgara' (dAMDIkUcanuM jIvaMta ane pramANabhUta varNanacitra: 1949), "IdirAnI ApavItI' (1953), "eka pipaTanI yAtrA' (1959), "eka bALakanI jhAMkhI' vagere pustake emaNe lakhyAM che. "mAdhavanidAna" jevA AyurvedanA zAstrIya graMthane anuvAda Apyo che. "paddha ane poyaNAM' (1961), "harisaMhitA". nAM upaniSada (1964) jevAM saMpAdane ApyAM che. "sApa vize emaNe eka maulika pustaka ApyuM che, ane bhAratanA sarvo" nAme devarasanA aMgrejI pustakane anuvAda Apyo che. sAhitya uparAMta jJAnavijJAnanAM judAM judAM kSetramAM paNa A lekhakane jIvaMta rasa che e dekhAI Ave evuM che. gujarAtanI lekamAtAo paNa emanuM nadIviSayaka noMdhapAtra pustaka che. (ma.) A samayagALAmAM je navaprasthAne thayAM che tenI upekSA thaI zake ema nathI-A sarvanAM zuddha sAhityika mUlyane vize game teTalAM matamatAMtaro hoya topaNa. sAhitya paNa jenI nIpaja che te manuSya jIvanane AmUlacUDa navasaMskAra A yugamAM thavA lAgyo hato. manuSyajIvananA vikAsane sAru akathya avakAzanI kSitijo UghaDavAne upakrama AraMbhAyo hato. amyudaya mATenI navIna AzAo pAMgaravA mATenuM skUrtidAyaka havAmAna, mAnavamukti mATenI apUrva saMprajJA pragaTa thatAM jatAM hatAM. enA prabhAve karIne, pahANu palaLIne jharaNuM thaIne vahe ema, sarjananI saravANIo vahetI thaI. A badhuM vizeSa karIne prajAjIvananA zikSaNane tAkatuM hatuM. vidyAnuM saMvardhanavivardhana paNa A yuge tAkyuM hatuM. tethI kevaLa sAhityike nahi, paNa saMzodhake, sAkSara, lekhake vagerenuM kArya paNa UMcI guNavattAvALuM banyuM che. AmAMthI keIe zikSaNaviSayaka, keIe arthazAstraviSayaka, keIe vaLI graMthAlayazAstraviSayaka maulika lakhANa karyA che ane gujarAtI bhASAne khIlavI che tathA gujarAtI bhASAnuM gaurava vadhAryuM che. (ma.) patra, lekha, bhASaNo ("saradAra vallabhabhAInAM bhASaNe') dvArA gujarAtI gadyanI viziSTa ane prabaLa zakti pragaTa karanAra vallabhabhAI jhaverabhAI paTela (1875-1950); "mAre cInane pravAsa', "parvamahimA", "sarvodayanI saravANI', zikSaNa ane saMskRti', "grAmaracanA" jevI keTalIka kRtionA lekhaka gujarAtanA ananya lekasevaka ravizaMkara mahArAja (1884); "mAnavatAnAM jharaNuM tathA saMsmaraNonA lekhaka gaNeza vAsudeva mAvaLaMkara (1889-1956); "gAMdhIdIkSA'nI smaraNamALAnA lekhaka chaganalAla jozI; "gAMdhIjI ane rASTrIya pravRtti', gAMdhIjI

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pra. 9 ] anya gadyalekhako-2 [ 399 ane majUra pravRtti' va.nA lekhaka za karalAla baeNMnkara; zekasapiyara tathA khamAM zAnI nATayakRtinAM bhASAntara tathA jIvana-anubhaveAnI saMsmaraNu-ne dhA ApanAra kRSNazaMkara aM. vyAsa; rASTrIya svataMtratAnA itihAsanI kImatI sAmagrI jevAM keTalAMka dastAvejI saMpAdanA (bApunA saradAra ne pAtA paranA patro, saradAra vallabhabhAI paTelanA lekhA', 'khArasada satyAgraha') ApanAra maNibahena va. paTela (1903); 'abhinava mahAbhArata' tema ja anya kRtinA lekhaka muni saMtabAlajI (1904: saM. 1960); svAtaMtryasainika, 'verAna jIvana' AtmakathAnA lekhaka kamaLAzaMkara paMDayA (1904); gAMdhIjInI dinacaryAne cIvaTapUrNAMka DAyarImAM noMdhI 'ekale Ane re' 'bihAranI kAmI AgamAM', 'bihAra pachI dilhI', 'dilhImAM gAMdhIjI' 1-2 jevAM tema ja bApu mArI mA' Adi pustakA ApanAra manubahena gAMdhI (1927) vageree paNa nAMdhapAtra arpaNa karyuM che. * A uparAMta 'bhagavadgAmaMDala kAza'nA mukhya saMpAdaka caMdulAla paTela (1889), 'gheADAM AMsu : theADAM phUla' AtmakathAnA lekhaka ane sukhyAta naTa jayazaMkara 'suMdarI' (1889-1975); 'pAgala haranAtha' ane 'zrIkRSNe caitanya' Adi pustakAnA anuvAdaka narmadAzaMkara khI. paMDayA (1893); 'bhagavadgItA eka abhinava dRSTibindu' jevI vicArapreraka kRti, saMskRta kRtionA anuvAdA tathA abhyAsapUrNa lekhA ApanAra sa MskRtanA vidvAna pratAparAya mAdI (1896); zikSaNa, anuvAda ane vArtAkSetre kAryAM karanAra khAlakRSNe cU. jozI (1897); dakSiNa AphrikAnI laDatanA kAryakara ane patrakAratva tathA anuvAdakSetre sevA ApanAra prANazaMkara sA. jozI (1897); samAjanA utkarSa mATe aneka dAna-TrasTA dvArA vividha saMsthAone prerI, dharma-vijJAna-sAhitya AdinAM aneka vidha prakAzane sulabha karAvI gujarAtI bhASA ane vAGamayane samRddha karanAra, prArthanA-stavana-bhajana-muktaka-gajhala AdinI prabhuparAyaNa ane AdhyAtmika jIvanavikAsa nirUpatI aneka padyakRtie tema ja patra-jIvanacaritra-pravAsa-prasaMga AdinI sAdhanAviSayaka seALeka ('jIvanasaMgrAma', 'jIvanapAtheya', 'hirajana saMtA', 'jIvanapeAkAra' va.) gadyakRti ApanAra zrI meATA (1898-1976); kAvya hajI hastapratamAM ja heAya tyAre ja kavine sahRdayAnA pratibhAva jANavAnI taka maLe evI ekamAtra ane jagatamAM virala gaNAya evI kavionI 'varkazopa' budha kavisabhA'nuM cAreka dAyakA sudhI dara chudhavAre niyamita saMcAlana karI

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400 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca 4 gujarAtI kavitAnI ananya sevA karanAra, chappana varSa jeTalA sudIrdha samaya sudhI kumAra' mAsikanA saMpAdana dvArA gujarAtane sattvazALI vAcana pUruM pADI traNatraNa peDhIonu` saMskAraghaDatara karanAra, aniyatakAlika kavitA' ane pachI kavitA-sAyika vileAka'nA preraka, gujarAtI lipine navA maroDa ApanAra, surucipUrNa mudraNakalAnA niSNAta ane 'gujarAtanI graMthastha citrakaLA' Adi kalAviSayaka tema ja mudraNakaLAviSayaka lekhA, kalAvivecane tathA kAvyAnA mitAkSarI adyotaka AsvAda karAvanAra marmajJa kalAvivecaka ane patrakAratvane kSetre viziSTa pradAna karavA badala raNajitarAma suvarNacaMdraka meLavanAra bacubhAI rAvata (1898- 1980) vagerenuM aNu noMdhapAtra che. (ci.) [A prakaraNamAM je lakhANane aMte (sAM.) lakhyuM che te lakhANa bhAgIlAla sAMDesarAnuM, (pR.) lakhyuM che te kRSNavIra dIkSitanuM, (mA) lakhyuM che te mehanabhAI paTelanuM ane (ca.) lakhyuM che te lakhANa cimanalAla trivedInuM che.]

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prakaraNa 10 rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka (I. 1887-1955) gujarAtI sAhityavivecananI paraMparAmAM AnaMdazaMkara dhruva ane balavaMtarAya ka, ThAkaranI sAthe rAmanArAyaNa paNa eka zraddheya vivecaka tarIke pratiSThita che. sAkSarayuga ane gAMdhIyuganA subhaga samanvayanA pariNAma-paripAkarUpa temanI kArakirdI jaNAya. temanI kevaLa sAhityavivecananA kSetre ja nahi, piMgaLanA kSetre, saMpAdana ane anuvAda tema ja sarjananA kSetreya aitihAsika daSTie mahatvanI sevA che. gUjarAta vidyApIThane vidvAna adhyApakenI haroLamAM teo kalArasikatAe paNa dhyAna kheMcanArA jaya, gAMdhIjInI jIvanabhAvanAnuM eka prasannakara rU5 rAmanArAyaNanI zikSaNa tathA sAhityanI saMniSThAbharI sevAmAM mereluM joI zakAya, 1. jIvana rAmanArAyaNano janma 1887ne eprilanI AThamIe (caitrI pUrNimAe) saurASTramAM dhoLakA tAlukAnA gANela gAme, vidyAsaMskAra tathA vAkpaTutA mATe jANItI evI praznorA nAgara jJAtimAM thayo hato. temanuM vatana saurASTranuM bheLAda. pitA vizvanAtha sadArAma pAThaka vyavasAye ane vRttie zikSaka; bIlakhAnA. zrImannathurAma zarmAnA ziSya ane saMskRtanA vidvAna hatA. temaNe keTalAka saMskRta graMthonA anuvAda paNa gujarAtane ApyA che. mAtA AditabAI paNa vyavahAradakSa ane paraMparAgata dharmasaMskAravALAM hatAM. teo Ama to abhaNa, paraMtu lekagIta-dezIo vagerenAM rasiyAM hatAM. rAmanArAyaNanA kAvyarasa-piMgaLanA tathA tattvajJAnarasa-keLavaNIrasanA saMvardhana-vikAsamAM mAtApitA baMneyane phALo hate. rAmanArAyaNanuM zAleya zikSaNa jetapura, rAjakoTa, jAmakhaMbhALiyA ane bhAvanagaramAM thayuM. bhAvanagarathI maeNTrika thaI tyAM ja sAmaLadAsa kolejamAM joDAyA ane priviyasamAM sarvaprathama AvI, "pavila oNlarazipa' meLavI, muMbaInI gokaladAsa tejapAla beDi ganI beDarazipa maLatAM tyAMnI vilsana kolejamAM dAkhala thayA. tyAMthI 1908mAM lojika tathA eNrala philosephI -e acchika viSaya sAthe bI.e.nI parIkSA temaNe prathama vargamAM pasAra karI ane e ja kelejamAM dakSiNaphele tarIke saMskRtanuM adhyApana karyuM. rAmanArAyaNane meTrika sudhImAM cunIbhAI bhaTTa, gijubhAI jevA sahAdhyAyIone te nAnAbhAI bhaTTa jevA Adarza gu. sA. I. 26

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402]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 zikSakanA zikSaNane lAbha maLyo hato. teo muMbaI abhyAsa mATe gayA tyAre tyAM mahAdevabhAI desAIne saMparka thayo. A badhAne kAraNe temanA sAhityazikSagunA rasane poSaNa maLyuM. temanI svataMtrapaNe jIvavAnI vRtti paNa balavattara thatI gaI ane tethI 1911mAM elaela.bI. thaI amadAvAdamAM vakIlAta AraMbhI; paraMtu nAdurasta tabiyatane kAraNe havApheranA khyAlathI temaNe pachI sAdarAne vakIlAtanuM kAryakSetra banAvyuM. temanI IcchA vakIlAta dvArA vIsa hajAra rUpiyA bhegA karI, tenA vyAjamAMthI jIvananirvAha karatAM, ananyabhAve sarasvatI sevA karavAnI hatI, paraMtu te icchA bara na AvI. 1903mAM jemanI sAthe lagnagraMthithI joDAyelA che temanAM priya patanI maNigaurInuM 1918mAM aNadhAryuM avasAna thayuM. te pachInA varase temanI ekanI eka putrI saralAnuM tathA bahena savitAnuM avasAna thayuM. temane vAnaprasthanA sarakhuM jIvana gALavAnI vRtti thaI, paNa te daramyAna teo pite paNa TAIphoIDanI gaMbhIra bImArImAM sapaDAyA, paNa temAMthI UgaryA. evAmAM indulAla yAjJikanA nimaMtraNathI teo gujarAta keLavaNI maMDaLamAM svayaMsevaka thavA mATe vakIlAta choDI sAdarAthI amadAvAda AvyA. amadAvAdamAM je. ela. nyU Igliza skUlamAM chaeka mAsa AcArya tarIke sevAo ApyA bAda, asahakAranuM AMdolana thatAM, gAMdhIvicArathI AkarSAI, 1920mAM gujarAta vidyApIThamAM pitAnA parama mitra rasikalAla che. parIkhanI sAthe adhyApaka tarIke joDAyA. temane vidyApIThapraveza kharekharA arthamAM temane dvijatva' arpanAra banI rahyo. rAmanArAyaNe pote ja gAMdhIjIne pitAnA jIvana para asara karanAra vyaktiemAM prathama yA dvitIya sthAna ApyuM che. rAmanArAyaNe vidyApIThamAM rahI anekavidha pravRttiomAM rasa lIdho. tyAMnA purAtatvamaMdira sAthe tathA "purAtattva" aumAsika sAthe teo saMkaLAyelA rahyA. temaNe vidyApIThamAM rahI pramANazAstranuM adhyApana karatAM e vize eka pustaka paNa lakhyuM. "pharaja adA karavAnI buddhiY. e temane adhyApana uparAMta saMpAdana, anuvAda, sarjana Adi kAryomAM preryA. gUjarAta vidyApIThamAM joDAyA bAda adhyayana-adhyApana sAthe rASTrIya sevAnAM anya kAryo paNa temaNe kAbeliyatathI karelAM. bAraDolI satyAgraha vakhate tapAsa kamizana AgaLa lekenA kesa rajU karanArAomAM mahAdevabhAI tathA naraharibhAI sAthe temane paNa saradAra paTele pasaMda karelA. vaLI 1930nA rASTrIya satyAgrahamAM eka TukaDInI AgevAnI laI cha mAsanI jela-sajA paNa vaherelI. rAmanArAyaNa Ama te "sAbaramatI, purAtatva', yugadharma' jevAM sAmayika

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pra. 10] rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka [403 mATe avAranavAra lakhatA hatA. 1925mAM "yugadharma' ka. mA. munazIne gujarAta sAthe joDAI jatAM, "Darna rivyu'nI kakSAnA eka gujarAtI sAmayikanI AvazyakatA jaNAtAM saM. 1982nA kArataka suda pUnamathI "prasthAna' mAsika zarU karyuM. A mAsika pAThakasAhebanA sAhityika vikAsamAM mahattvanuM nimitta banI rahyuM. "prasthAne temanI sarjana-vivecananI pravRttine vega Ape. "prasthAne ja temane "jAtrALu", "bhUlArAma", "zeSa', dvirepha' ane "vairavihArI' - ema vividha svarUpAe sAhityakSetre viharavAnI bhUmikA ApI. A sAmayikanA saMcAlanamAM pAThakasAheba sIdhI rIte te agiyAra varSa (saM. 1882thI saM. 1993 sudhI) ja saMkaLAyelA rahyA, paraMtu e "prasthAna'-kArakida kevaLa emanA vyaktigata jIvanamAM ja nahi samasta gujarAtanA sAhityika jIvanamAM unnatipreraka paribaLarUpe siddha thaI rahI. rAmanArAyaNa gUjarAta vidyApIThamAM 1921thI 1928 sudhI rahyA; tyAra bAda gUjarAta vidyApIThamAMthI chUTA thaI, "prasthAna'ne pUro samaya ApatAM 1928thI 1935 sudhI khAnagI TacazanAdinI Avake nabhatAM Arthika bhIMsa paNa temaNe viThI. 1935thI pharIthI temaNe adhyApanakSetre praveza karyo ane 1935thI 1937 muMbaInI esa.ena.DI.TI. kaeNlejamAM, 1937thI 1946 amadAvAdanI ela.DI. Asa kaoNlejamAM, 1946nA jUnathI 1950nA jUna sudhI muMbaInI bhAratIya vidyAbhavana saMsthAmAM, 16-8-1950thI 195ra amadAvAdanI gujarAta vidyAsabhAnA anusnAtaka vibhAgamAM ane tyAra bAda 195rathI te AyuSyanA aMtakALa sudhI pharIthI muMbaInI bhAratIya vidyAbhavana saMsthAmAM adhyApanakArya karyuM ane te sAthe adhyayana-saMzodhananAM kAryo paNa karatA rahyA. rAmanArAyaNe jIvanamAM chelle chelle muMbaI reDiye saTezananA gujarAtI vibhAganA salAhakAra tarIkenI sevA paNa ApelI. temanuM aMgata jIvana sAduM ne vyavasthita hatuM. 'daSTipUrva cUta pAm' jema emanA "prasthAna ne tema emanA jIvananeye dhyAnamaMtra hatA. teo, rasikalAla cho. parIkha kahe che tema, "eseTika TemparAmenTa' dharAvanArA hatA. temanAmAM saMyama ane rasikatAne, ciMtanazIlatA ane lAgaNIzIlatAne, yathArtha lakSitA ane Adarza lakSitAne, taniSThA ane svairavihArIpaNAne, tATazya ane maitrIne keI ane kho samanvaya siddha thayela hatA. pitAnI prathama patnI maNigIrInA nidhana bAda, rAmanArAyaNe pUrAM 25 varSa ekAkI jIvana vyatIta kareluM, cheka 1945mAM jyAre temane temanAM 30 varasanAM ziSyA hIrAbahena ke. mahetA sAthe

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404] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa " [caM. 4 lagnagraMthithI joDAvAnuM thayuM tyAre temanAM lagna sAthe sAmAjika UhApoha te ghaNo thayo, paraMtu temane madhura dAmpatye e UhApohane nirarthaka TharAvyuM. hIrAbahene 1947thI hRdayaroganA vyAdhimAM sapaDAyelA pAThakasAhebanI khUba kALajIthI paricaryA karI; paraMtu chevaTe 21-9-1955nA roja e ja vyAdhine trIjA humalAe pAThakasAhebanuM muMbaImAM nidhana thayuM. teo ruci-2 puruSa - maeNna oNpha TesTa - hatA. jIvana tema ja kavanamAM suruci para- aucityaviveka para khAsa bhAra mUkanArA hatA. temanuM rasarucinuM kSetra vizALa hatuM - lokasAhityathI mAMDIne praziSTa sAhitya sudhInuM sAhitya uparAMta citra, nRtya, saMgItAdi kaLAo sudhInuM. teo vAtacItarasiyA (conversationalist) hA. ziSyamaMDaLa moTuM hatuM, jemAM sneharazmi, sundarama, karasanadAsa mANeka, nagInadAsa pArekha Adi anekane samAveza thato hato. umAzaMkara paNa emanI sAthe AnaMdazaMkaranA keTalAka graMthonA saMpAdanamAM joDAyA e paNa (traNeyane sto) suyoga te khare ja. rAmanArAyaNa gAMdhIyuganA mahAna sAhityaguru banI rahyA. bALAzaMkara, kAnta, balavaMtarAya, nhAnAlAla - e rIte aneka sAhityavIrone potAnI AsapAsanI UcharatI sAhitya peDhI samakSa samyagU rIte rajU karavAne saMpAdaka-vivecaka zikSakane svadharma temaNe adabapUrvaka adA karyo. temaNe potAnI sArasvata pratibhAne uttama hisAba adhyApaka, sAhityakAra ane patrakAranA udAtta dharma pAlanathI gujarAtane Apyo. teo jIvanabhara sAhitya-zikSaNanI anekavidha pravRttio sAthe ne maMDaLa sAthe joDAyelA rahyA. gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada, gujarAta vidyAsabhA jevI saMsthA mAM temaNe pramukhIya javAbadArIo paNa adA karI hatI. teo navamI ane teramI gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadamAM sAhitya-vibhAganA tema ja soLamI pariSadamAM samagra adhivezananA mAnArha pramukha thayA hatA. temaNe 1933mAM rA. ba kamaLAzaMkara prANazaMkara trivedI vyAkhyAnamALAmAM "narmadAzaMkara kavi" - e vize te phArbasa gujarAtI sabhAmAM "kavi narmadanuM gadya' -e vize, 1933mAM gujarAta vidyAsabhAmAM arvAcIna gujarAtI kAvyasAhitya' vize to 1935-36mAM Thakakara vasanajI mAdhavajI vyAkhyAnamALAmAM "arvAcIna kAvyasAhityanAM vaheNo' vize, 1951mAM mahArAjA sayAjIrAva trIjA suvarNa mahotsava vyAkhyAnamALAmAM "gujarAtI piMgaLa navI daSTie - e vize vyAkhyAna ApelAM, je pachI graMthastha svarUpe paNa sulabha thayAM che. rAmanArAyaNane "uttaramAgIne lepa (1940) vArtA mATe 1943mAM motIsiMhajI mahiDA suvarNacaMdraka, prAcIna gujarAtI cho' mATe 1949nuM haragoviMdadAsa kAMTAvALA pAritoSika ane te ja graMtha mATe 1946thI.

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pra. 10 ] rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka [405 1950 sudhInA gALAnA aitihAsika nirUpaNanA uttama graMtha tarIke suratanI narmada sAhitya sabhAne narmada suvarNacaMdraka tema ja "bRhad piMgala' mATe 1956nuM sAhitya akAdamI - dilhInuM pAritoSika enAyata thayelAM. A sarva vIgate rAmanArAyaNanI vidvattAna -emanI sAhityika pratibhAne ke sArvatrika ane umadA svIkAra-puraskAra gujarAtamAM ane gujarAta bahAra paNa thayele tene aNasAra ApI rahe che. rAmanArAyaNa sAhityakSetre vArtAkAra, kavi, nibaMdhakAra, nATyakAra vagere aneka rUpAe viharyA che paraMtu emanA samasta sAhityavihAramAM emanI kalArasika prakRtine svairavihAra-ciMtanavihAra avAranavAra pratIta thAya che. emanAmAM pitAnI aMdaranA gaMbhIra lekhakane hasI zake evo eka tophAnI vidUSaka paNa hevAnuM teo pote pakaDI zakyA che. teo eka hasatA philasUphanI rIte vinoda karatAM karatAM jIvananA anekAneka padArthonA aMtara mane gaMbhIratAthI I-pAmI levAmAMye nipuNa che. teo rasadaSTie je kaMI rahe che tene tarka pUta rIte rajU karavAnI kAbeliyata paNa dharAve che. jIvananA ne kAvyanA emanA mama: darzanamAM gahanatA sAthe virodatA anivAryatA saMpUta hoya che. teo kAvyanA Idane kAvyazAstrI ane piMgaLazAstrI ubhayanI najare jovAnI sAhajika vRttizakti dAkhave che ane emanI AvI vRttizaktine kAraNe ja emanA sAhityamAM ekaMdare rasiktA ne pAMDitya sAthe, saundarya ane sattvanuM ye sahitatva samatApUrvaka hAMsala karI zakyA che. 2. kRtio rAmanArAyaNanuM gujarAtI sAhityakSetre arpaNa vipulatA tema ja guNavattA ubhaya dRSTie naioMdhapAtra che. emanA atyAra sudhInA prakAzita graMthonI yAdI nIce pramANe cheH 1. sarjana kavitA (1) zeSanAM kAvyo (1938), (2) vizeSa kAvyo (1959). nATakaH (1) kulAMgAra ane bIjI kRtio (1959). vArtAH (1) dvirephanI vAto -1 (1928), (2) dvirephanI vAte-2 (1935), (3) dvirephanI vAte-3 (1942). nibaMdhaH (a) haLavA nibaMdhe H (1) svairavihAra-1 (1931), (2) svairavihAra-2 (1937). (ba) gaMbhIra nibaMdha : (1) mane vihAra (1956). 2. vivecana - (a) sAhityakalAgata H (1) arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhitya (1933),

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406] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (2) narmadAzaMkara kavi (1936), (3) arvAcIna kAvyasAhityanAM vaheNe (1938), (4) kAvyanI zakti (1939), (5) sAhityavimarza (1939), (6) AlocanA (1944), (7) narmada : arvAcIna gadyapadyane AdyapraNetA (1945. "narmadAzaMkara kavi" AmAM samAviSTa), (8) rAsa ane garabA (1954, govardhana paMcAla sAthe), (9) sAhityaleka (1954), (10) nabhovihAra (1961), (11) Akalana (1964), (12) kAvyaparizIlana (1965, adhyA. nagInadAsa pArekha sAthe), (13) zaradasamIkSA (1980), (ba) piMgaLagataH (1) prAcIna gujarAtI chaMda - eka citihAsika samAlocanA (1948), (2) gujarAtI piMgaLa navI daSTie (1952), (3) bRhad piMgaLa (1955), (4) madhyama piMgala (1981, apUrNa, cimanalAla trivedI ane kAntilAla kAlANI dvArA pUruM karAvIne prasiddha; emAM "piMgaLa, pravezane samAveza karI levAmAM AvyuM che.). 3. prakIrNa (1) pramANazAstrapravezikA (1922), (2) nityane AcAra (1945). anUdita sAhitya : (1) kAvyaprakAzaH ulAsa 1thI 6 (1924. adhyA. rasikalAla cho. parIkha sAthe.), (2) dhammapada (19ra4, adhyA. dharmAnaMda kesaMbI sAthe.), (3) cuMbana ane bIjI vAto (1928, adhyA. nagInadAsa pArekha sAthe. A pustakanI bIjI AvRtti "vAmA" nAme pragaTa thaI che.). saMpAdita sAhitya: kavitA H (1) goviMdagamana (19ra3, adhyA. narahari parIkha sAthe), (2) pUrvAlApa (bIjI AvRttinuM saMpAdana, 19ra 6), (3) kAvyasamuccaya bhAgaH 1 ane 2 (1924), (4) kAvyaparicaya bhAga : 1 ane 2 (1928, ayA. nagInadAsa pArekha sAthe), vArtAH (1) gurjara vArtAvaibhavaH 3: sAmAjika kathAo (1956, hIrAbahena pAThaka sAthe). zAleya pAThayapustaka (gadyapadyAtmaka) : sAhitya saMpAna - bhAgaH 1, 2 ane 3 (1954, manubhAI pra. vaidya ane anya sAthe). sva, AnaMdazaMkara bApubhAI dhruvanuM sAhityaH (1) kAvyatattvavicAra (1939), (2) sAhityavicAra (1942), (3) ApaNe dharma (trIjI AvRttinuM saMpAdana, 1942), (4) digdarzana (1942), pa. vicAramAdhurI-1 (1946) (A pAMceya graMthanuM umAzaMkara jozI sAthe saMpAdana kareluM che.). prakIrNa : (1) munazaktisaMcaya (1947, pra. vI. ema. bhUSaNa tathA che. sItArAma caturvedI sAthe), (2) kavi zrI nhAnAlAla smAraka graMtha (1953, ravizaMkara ma. joSI ane anya sAthe.) [noMdhaH A uparAMta premAnaMdanAM traNa AkhyAna' nAmanA gu. sA. pariSada

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pra. 10]. rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka [407 taraphathI prasiddha thayela pustakamAM sAmAnya saMpAdaka tarIke emanuM nAma che, paraMtu e kAma emanA svargavAsa bAda ke. kA. zAstrI tathA caitanyabALA dvArA thayeluM che.] A uparAMta "AlocanA'mAM ApelI prakAzya graMthanI yAdImAM "sAhityasvAda, adhyApakanI naidha bhAga : 1 ane 2, "mananavihAra', 'dvirephanI kizora vArtA, tathA "rA. vi. pAnI patradhArAne nirdeza karavAmAM AvyA che. A graMthayAdI jatAM rAmanArAyaNanI sAhityika pratibhA kevI bahumukhI hatI te turata pratIta thaze. sarjaka-vivecaka-zikSakanuM vilakSaNa sAyujya emanI sAraravata pratimA "imeja')mAM anubhavAya che. 3. vivecana rAmanArAyaNanI A tejasvI sArasvata pratimAnAM vividha pAsAMnuM avalokana karatAM emanuM vivecaka pAsuM sauprathama najare caDhaze. - umAzaMkare pitAne gamatA traNa pramukha vivecakomAM AnaMdazaMkara ane balavaMtarAya pachI rAmanArAyaNane nirdeza karelo te sAbhiprAya jaNAya che. vipulatA tema ja guNavattAnI dRSTie pAThakanuM vivecana prabhAvaka che. e emanI jIvanabharanI mukhya, priya ane sAtatyavALI pravRtti rahI che. temanA vivecanakAryanI pragatimAM sAhityanuM saMpAdana-adhyApana, sAhityika patrakAratva ("yugadharma' ane "prasthAna mATenuM graMthAvalokanakArya) vagere sIdhAM kAraNabhUta jaNAya che. 1922thI 1955 sudhInI emanI vivecana-kArakirdI daramyAna emaNe lagabhaga daseka graMthamAM be hajArathIye vadhu pRSThonI vivecana-sAmagrI ApI che; te uparAMta emanuM agraMthastha amudrita vivecanakArya te alaga. rAmanArAyaNanA vivecaka tarIkenA vikAsamAM, emanI sAhityika vibhAvanAonA ghaDataramAM bhAratIya kAvyamImAMsAne UMDo prabhAva joI zakAya. "mammaTanI rasamImAMsA, kSemendranI aucityavicAracarcA' jevo lekha to bhAratIya kAvyamImAMsA sAthenA sIdhA sAtatyamAM joI zakAya che "kAvyanI zakti, "kAvya ane satya jevA lekhemAMye e mImAMsAdhArAnuM anusaMdhAna spaSTa rIte jovA maLe che. temaNe vivecananA saiddhAMtika, kRtiniSTha, tulanAtmaka ane ItihAsaniSTha-e sarva mahatvanA prakAro kheDyA che. kAvyanI zakti; jIvana ane sAhityane tema ja satya ane kAvyane saMbaMdha; kAvyamAM bhavyatA, atyukti AdinuM sthAna; TUMkI vArtAnuM svarUpa, vivecananA vividha prazno - A sarva vizenI temanI vicAraNuM saiddhAMtika vivecananA dhyAnArha namUnArUpa che.

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gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ , 4 temaNe kRtiniSTha vivecanamAM kAvyAsvAda-rasadarzana, avalokanathI te AkalanasamIkSA sudhInA vividha prakAre kheDyA che. kAvyaparizIlana'mAMnA kAvyAsvAde, zaradasamIkSA'ne lekho, AnaMdazaMkara dhruvanA digdarzana', "vicAramAdhurI tathA ApaNe dharmane ughAtarUpe lakhelA lekhe; "sarasvatIcaMdra', "rAIno parvata', pUrvAlApa', "vizvagItA', "kAkAnI zazI', "taNakhAmaMDaLa1 ane 3" vagere vizenAM emanAM lakhANe emanI sattvazALI kRtiniSTha vivecanAnAM udAharaNa che. emanI 19ra9nA gujarAtI graMthastha vAlmaya vizenI samIkSA e pachInI samIkSAo mATenA mArgadarzaka staMbharUpa jaNAya che. rAmanArAyaNane tulanAtmaka vivecanAne khyAla che. teo mahAbhAratanA nApAkhyAna ane premAnaMdanA naLAkhyAnanI tulanA karI vastudaSTie premAnaMda keTalA ne kevA pheraphAra karyA che tenI noMdha le che; rAmAyaNano gujarAtI sAhitya para prabhAva tapAse che. saiddhAMtika vivecana karatAM bhAratIya ane pAzcAtya vivecanAnA keTalAka niSkarSo vacce rahelA sAgyane cIMdhI batAve che ane tadanuSaMge teo samanvayalakSI valaNa paNa apanAve che. kAvya rasaniSpatti mATe che' - e khyAlamAM teo kalAne khAtara kalAno siddhAMtapa jue che. "ArTa ijha ilyujhana'nA siddhAMtane zaMkukanA citra-turaganyAyanI sAthe meLa jue che. vaLI kAvyajagatanA anubhavane bhAvanAtmaka kahevAmAM besAMke (bejhAkiTa)nA "ArTa Ijha kanTenseTiva'nA khyAlanuM te kAvyajagatane anubhava sAdhAraNIkRta che temAM "la ArTa ijha yunivarsalanA khyAlanuM pravartana jue che. teo "ArTa Ijha ekasTrezana oNpha lAIpha' sUtranuM svArasya "AtmA e ja sthAyI chemAM AvI gayeluM jue che.' rAmanArAyaNanI samanvayadRSTi kalA e anukaraNa che ane kalA e navasarjana che - e baMne matonuM samAdhAna karI zake che. teo maeNthya ArnalDanI jema kAvyane jIvananI samIkSArUpe tema "jIvananA prakaTIkaraNa11-rUpe paNa jue che. rAmanArAyaNanI itihAsaniSTha vivecanAnA sarvottama udAharaNarUpe 1936mAM Thakakara vasanajI mAdhavajI vyAkhyAnamALAnA upakrame apAyelAM temanAM arvAcIna kAvyasAhityanAM vaheNenAM pAMca vyAkhyAnono nirdeza karavo joIe. A vyAkhyAnemAM bahiraMgathI AraMbhI kAvyane aMtaraMga sudhI pahoMcatAMmAM gujarAtI kavitAnA sarvAgINa vikAsanAM mahattvanAM evAM sthULa-sUkSma paribaLAnuM samatola ane rasadRSTie saMgIna evuM nirIkSaNa emaNe sauprathama vAra ApyuM che. rAmanArAyaNe gujarAtI sAhityanA madhyakAlIna ane arvAcIna sAhityanA pravAhA, svarUpa, kartAo ane kRtio vize aneka abhyAsapUta abhiprAya uccAryA che. temaNe vivecakamAM

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pra. 10] rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka [409 Avazyaka evAM "sahRdayatA ane sauhArdathI gujarAtI sAhityanI samIkSA karatAM kRtanI kRtajJatA" tathA "akRtane asaMtoSa11 spaSTatayA pragaTa karyo che. temaNe premAnaMdanI hAsya niSpanna karavAnI zaktine - kavitvazaktine "sudAmA carita', "mAmeruM' tathA "naLAkhyAna'nA nimitte karAvela paricaya hadayaMgama che. teo premAnaMdanI kavitvazaktine prazaMsaka chatAM vyAsa kAlidAsanI kakSAmAM tene mUkatA nathI. mAdhurya, lAlitya, taraMgalIlAmAM ananya chatAM dayArAmane narasiMhaakhAnI jema bhAratIya mahAna saMtonI haroLamAM mUkavAnuM teo kapI zakatA nathI. 12 narmadanI kavitA ane gadyane temane abhyAsa "narmadaH arvAcIna gadyapadyane AdyapraNetA' - e graMtharUpe upalabdha che. narmada moTA haDAthI TIpIne AkAro karI zake che, paraMtu jhINI soyanuM bharatakAma tenA svabhAvane phAvatuM nathI 3 - e teo barobara batAve che. narmada "utsAhane kavi chatAM parAjita yoddhA tarapha savizeSa jhUkelo hovAnuM temanuM nirIkSaNa paNa dhyAnAha che. rAmanArAyaNa gujarAtI gadyanI jhINavaTabharI mImAMsA karanArA keTalAka samartha vivecakamAMnA eka che. teo narmadanA gadyanI jhINavaTabharI parIkSA karatAM teNe karelI gujarAtI bhASAnI sevAne biradAve che. temaNe gAMdhIjI, kAkAsAheba AdinA gadyanI paNa samartha AlecanA karI che. temaNe pAzcAtya vivecanasiddhAMtane anulakSIne gujarAtI vivecanane prAraMbha karanArA tarIke ramaNabhAI nIlakaMThane, navIna kAvyasvarUpaghaTaka baLanA pravartaka tarIke narasiMharAvane te arvAcIna kavitAnA saMkocabhedaka baLa tarIke nhAnAlAla tathA balavaMtarAyane nirdeza karyo che. temaNe sarasvatIcaMdra'nI tenA vaktavya tathA AkAra nimitte samartha carcA karI, govardhanarAmaviSayaka tejasvI vivecana ApanArAomAM mAnabharyuM sthAna hAMsala karyuM che. kAtanA pUrvAlApa'nI bIjI AvRttinuM saMpAdana karatAM kAntanI jIvanadaSTinA vikAsa sAthe temanA kavikarmanI vizeSatAone sAMkaLI tenuM samyam darzana karAvavA prayAsa karyo. temaNe nhAnAlAla, munazI, dhUmaketu vagerenI kRtionI AsapAsa raheluM dhummasiyuM havAmAna ke emanI beTI camaka-dhamaka nivAravAno prAmANika prayatna karyo. vaLI rAje jevAnA kavikarmane upasAvavAmAM, sundarama-umAzaMkara jevAnI zaktione emanA udayakALe ja biradAvavAmAM tema ja praziSTa sAhityakAro vize nibhIka ane spaSTa abhiprAya vyakta karavAmAM temanuM vivecaka tarIkenuM khamIra pragaTa thAya che. rAmanArAyaNe vivecanane navalarAmanI rIte eka sAmAjika javAbadArIvALuM kArya mAnyuM che. vivecanane tatvaciMtananA eka vyApAra tarIke, sarjananI sAthe rahI jamAnAnI philasUphI ghaDanAra paribaLa tarIke, sAhityane zuddha rAkhanAra baLa

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410] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [jhaM. 4 tarIke teo svIkAre che. sarjananI jema vivecananeya jIvanasApekSa ane jIvananA vyApaka anubhavamAMthI poSaNabaLa meLavanAra AnaMdamAMthI uddabhavelI ne AnaMda mATenI pravRtti lekhe che. teo vivecanane sAhityanA kartA ne kRtio vize cukAdAo ApyA karatI pravRtti tarIke nahi paraMtu rasAsvAda sAthe saMkaLAyelI, rasatattva grahaNa karatAM jIvananA rahasyatattva sudhI pahoMcatI eka AdhyAtmika pravRtti tarIke avake che. vivecana sarjana para nirbhara ane e rIte parAyatta chatAM "sAcA jIvatA sarjana-sAhityanA vADmaya prANadhabakArI-rU54 hevAnuM emanuM maMtavya che. vivecanamAM "jIvananA UMDANamAMthI phuratI15 vastu tarIke surucine teo prAdhAnya Ape che. rAmanArAyaNe vivecana dvArA zuddha kalAbhAvanAne pratiSThita karI, sarjakabhAvakanA rucitaMtrane keLavI sAhityanuM vAtAvaraNa saMskAradaSTie tapaHpUta ane gauravAnvita bane e mATe vinIta puruSArtha karyo. emanA A puruSArthamAM gAMdhIyugIna saMskArasaMdarbha paNa joI zakAya. temaNe kalAnI svAyattatAne Agraha sevyuM te sAthe tenI jIvana sApekSatA ane jIvana pratyenI javAbadArI paNa darzAvI. jIvanamAM kalAne ane kalAmAM jIvanane mahimA karanAra A gAMdhI-saMskAre raMgAyelA sAkSara dvArA sarjana ne vivecanane veThavuM paDayuM nathI; balake kalA-kAvyane jIvana sAthe sarva bhadra saMbaMdha16 janArI emanI dRSTie sarjana ane vivecanamAM ekAMgIpaNuM na AvI jAya enI sAvadhAnI rAkhI che. kAvyanI rasAtmaktA sAthe jIvananI rahasyAtmakatAne temaNe pragADha saMbaMdha darzAvyuM che. kalAkArane jIvananA amuka vastu tarapha lAgaNImaya - bhAvAtmaka saMbaMdha17 te rahasya. e rahasya kalAkAranI saMkula arthasabhara anubhUti'nA paryAyarUpa paNa che. A rahasya kAvyanA upAdAna dvArA pUrNatayA vAya nahi hAI vyaMjanAne Azraya anivArya thaI paDe che ane tethI ja zabdAdi kaLAonI vyaMjanAdharmitA rAmanArAyaNa batAve che. teo mAne che ke kAvyane anubhava ahaMkAralipta na hovAthI jIvananA anubhavanI tulanAmAM zuddha hoya che.18 e anubhava satyamUlaka hoya che. emAM kalAkAranI cetanAnA satya svarUpanI sAkSAtkRti hoya che ane tethI ja kAvyamAM Tretha Ijha byuTI eNnDa nyUTI Tretha" evI pratIti thavI sAhajika che. rAmanArAyaNa satya ane saundarya, kalA ane nIti-evA bhedamUlaka khyAlane kAvyakalAnA kSetre ISTa lekhatA nathI tenA mULamAM jIvana ane jagatanA vyApaka saMdarbhamAM, caitasika bhUmikAe, akhilAImAM kalAtattvane avalakavA-mUlavavAne emane abhigama

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pra. 10] rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka [411. che. kAvyajIvana hIna vRtti vahe te AtmAne haNe 20 evo temane abhiprAya hAI pleTane thayA evA prazno kAvya bAbata temane thatA nathI. teo te "sAhityane tenA sarjaka karatAMye vadhAre sAcAboluM 21 mAne che. temanI dRSTie kAvya ane nIti baMne AtmAnA eka ja rahasyabindumAMthI pragaTa thAya che.22 tethI ja teo kAvyamAMnuM yathArtha darzana te nIti tema ja kalA ubhayanI dRSTie mAnya evuM darzana hovAnuM jaNAve che. 23 kAvyamAM sAmAnya sAthe vizeSanI je rIte sahapasthiti hoya che tenI suMdara carcA karatAM teo darzAve che ke kAvyamAM sarvagrAhyatA emAMnA anubhUtigata. sAmAnya tatvane laIne heAya che, ethI ja sAdhAraNakaraNa paNa zakya bane che. ane temAM je pratyakSatA - AsvAdyatA hoya che te anubhUtigata vizeSa tatvane laIne, tenA kavidaSTie vilakSaNa rIte karelA nirUpaNane laIne heAya che.24 kAvyamAM viziSTanuM mahattva che paNa tenA AsvAda mATe sAmAnya sAthe tene. saMbaMdha anivArya che. rAmanArAyaNa kSemendrane anusarIne kAvyamAM aucityane khUba mahattva Ape che. A aucityane - yogyatAne eka daSTi, eka buddhi ("inara sensa') tarIke oLakhAvI tenI samagra kAvyavyApAramAM sakriyatA hoya te teo anivArya mAne che. 25 kAvyamAM darzana-varNananI sAyujyatA hoya e anivArya che. teo jema kAvyakAranA viziSTa darzana para tema tenI upAdAnaprabhutA para paNa bhAra mUke che. kalAnI vyAkhyA paNa upAdAnane khyAlamAM rAkhIne teo kare che: "kalA eTale. kalAvidhAyakanA haMgata bhAvane amuka bAyendriyagrAhya upAdAnamAM vyakta kare te..* teo pratyakSane ja rasaniSpAdaka lekhI,27 kAvyamAM ghanIkaraNa, pratyakSIkaraNa ke mUtIkaraNanI prakriyAne AvakAre che. teo saMgItAdi kalAthI kAvyanuM vaiziSTaya batAvavA yogya rIte ja upAdAnane muddo AgaLa dhare che. teo kahe cheH upAdAnagata "maryAdA ane svataMtratA baMne kendragAmI ane kendrApagAmI baLe peThe rahI, kalAsRSTinuM dhAraNa kare che, tene jIvaMta rAkhe che.28 A upAdAna ane AtmAne saMbaMdha zaktine AviSkAra karate dehadehIne saMbaMdha che.29 rAmanArAyaNa kAvyane. upAdAnamAM sthULa-sUmabhede tAratamya karatAM tenuM sUkSama upAdAna "lAgaNImaya vicAra athavA vicAranika lAgaNI hovAnuM jaNAve che." temaNe kAvyamAM pratibhA, kalpanA, jJAna, bhavyatA, vAstavavAda ne bhAvanAvAda. vagere bAbata paNa keTalIka pAyAnI vicAraNA karI che. pratibhAne kAvyazaktinA

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412] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 mULabhUta preraka-niyAmaka baLa tarIke nirdezatAM, tenA vyApAramAM ja kalAsaMyamaneya anusUta hovAnuM teo jaNAve che. kAvyamAM AsvAdya lAgaNI hoya che, lAgaNIne saMyama nahi; ane lAgaNInuM sajana ene samaja-Akalana-mUlyAMkana vinA, enA saMyamapUta khyAla vinA zakya ja nathI. rAmanArAyaNa jevA ciMtaka vivecaka sarjanamAM tema ja bhAvana-vivecanamAM tAdAmyapUrNa tATasthane, lAgaNI sAthe buddhine sahayoga anivArya mAne che.32 temaNe lalita kaLAone "kalpanAnI vaira gatio', "ramato', "kalpanAnI lIlA-rUpe varNavI che. kalpanAne yaugika ne vizALa artha laI jJAnamAtranA grahaNamAM tenI anivAryatA cIMdhI che.33 kapanAne vAstaviktA sAthe saMbaMdha paNa temaNe samartha rIte batAve che. vaLI mahAna ane sAdhAraNa kavine bheda ka5nAnI vizALatAnA saMbaMdha hovAnuM teo jaNAve che.34 teo A ja saMbaMdhe kalpanA (imejinezana) ane taraMga (phensI)ne bheda kare che. 35 teo jJAna ane ka9panA vacce virodha nahi balake baMnenI parasparopakAratA pratIta kare che. teo samasta jJAnavyApArane uttarottara caDhatI jatI kaTine sarjanavyApAra lekhe che36 ane "sAcI kalA kharA jJAna vinAnI hotI nathI' ema darzAve che. rAmanArAyaNe bhavyatAne "aneka rasone bhAvone anuprANita karanAra saLaMga rahelA jIvaMta rasa37.rUpe oLakhAvI che. e bhavyatAne sUkama rItane anupraveza sarva rasamAM hoI zake; ane e rIte teo sarva rasamAM abhuta rasa hevAne khyAla dharAvatA jagannAtha sAthe besI zake. temanA mate bhAvanAvAda ke AdarzavAda ane vAstavavAda vacce tAtvika bheda nathI.38 bhAvanAne teo "jIvanAdarza bhUta Urmi" tarIke ullekhe che. temanI daSTie to kAvyamAtrane vAstava jagata sAthe saMbaMdha puSpavRkSatulya che, ane tethI "sAcI kavitA kadI avAstavika hoI zake nahi39 evA abhiprAya para teo Ave che. kalAsikala ane romenTika valaNone pazcimanI deNagI lekhI tene pUrI etihAsika bhUmikA vinA ApaNe tyAM upayoga karavAmAM teo jokhama jue che. 1933mAM arvAcIna gujarAtI kAvyasAhitya para temaNe traNa vyAkhyAno ApyAM temAM, tema ja pachIthI "prAcIna gujarAtI chaMdo'nuM sarvekSaNa karI hemacaMdrAcArya ane dalapatarAma vaccenI piMgaladaSTie khUTatI kaDInI je pUrti karI temAM kAvyanA anuSaMge che delaya, geyatA, prAsa vagere vize vicAravAnuM banyuM. temaNe te saMskRta vRtta vAparavAnI paraMparA, prANatyAga, saLaMga ageya pravAhI padyaracanAnA prayogo ane Ide mizraNo - A sarvanuM gujarAtI kAvyasAhityanI arvAcInatAnA

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pra. 10] rAmanArAyaNa pATeka [ 413 nirNAyaka valaNArUpe ceAgya rIte ja nirUpaNa karyuM. prAsaneA piMgaLa sAthe saMbaMdha batAvI tenAM mULa saMgItamAM hAvAneA mata paNa temaNe rajU karyAM. rAmanArAyaNe kAvya padya ke gadyamAM heAI zake ema svIkAryuM che kharuM, chatAM padyaracanA AkhA kAvyane kAI gUDha rIte ekatva arpatI ane aneka rIte upakAraka emane jaNAI che.ja. temaNe kAvyamAM chaMdonA artha sAthenA saMbaMdha nirdezI dhvanizUnya kAlaneAye chaMdovidhAnamAM kevA mahimA heAya che te spaSTa karI batAvyuM che. 41 temaNe blaeNMka va'nuM ujjavaLa bhaviSya nirdezI enA mATe vanavelI jevA chaMdA tarapha aMgulinirdeza karyA che,42 temaNe ageyatAnA khyAlanI AdhunikatA batAvI kAvyanA paThana ane gAnanA prayAjana anusAra 1. kevaLa ageya, 2. geya-pAThaya (geyAgeya) ane 3. kevaLa geya * jevA vibhAgA paNa AMkI batAvyA che. rAmanArAyaNe DAlanazailIne teA gadyanA ja eka AvirbhAva-rUpe mAnyatA ApI che. rAmanArAyaNe sAcA gadyalekhakamAM gadyalaya (prAjharidhama)nI anivAryatA tAvI che. 43 - temanI samagra vivecanA bhAratIya kAvyamImAMsAnAM mukhya tattvAne AtmasAt karIne cAle che. ema karatAM prasaMgeApAtta svakIya dRSTibinduye te rajU karatA hoya che kharA. kAvyarasanI niSpattimAM anumAnavyApArane svIkAra temane anukULa jaNAya che.44 vyabhicArI bhAvAnI gaNatarImAM zAstrIyatA jaLavAI nahi haiAvAnuM temanuM maMtavya che. 45 vIra rasanA peTA prakArAmAM kSamAvIra, titikSAvIra, karmavIra, dhIrajavIra jevA navA bhedyA umerI zakAya.46 zAMtarasamAM niSkAma pravRttine bhAva zamAvavAnI kSamatA teo jue che. e rIte rAInA pata' ane 'sarasvatIcaMdra'ne te zAMta rasanA navA darzana-anubhavanA prayatnerUpe ullekhe che.47 tee hAsyanI mA*ika chaSNAvaTa karatAM tenA ullasatA jIvana sAthe ane peAtA tarapha taTastha rIte hasI zakavAnA baLa sAthe gUDha saMbaMdha hAvAnu darzAve che.48 matIneya eka rasa tarIke kAvyamAM sthAna ApavAnA teo himAyatI che. vaLI rAmanArAyaNe mA .tathA ejasathI prasAdanI vizeSatA batAvatAM jaNAvyuM ke mAryAM ane ejasane uccAra sAthe tA prasAdane a sAthe vadhu saMbaMdha che.49 te kAvyaguNAne anuprAsa jevA zabdAla'kArAnI kakSAmAM mUkavAnA matanA che. vaLI guNa tathA alakAranI kAvyagata rasapeASakatAmAM teo uccAvaca krama svIkAratA nathI. tee 'zabdAla`kAra' zabda svIkAravA chatAM tenA mATe 'varNAlaMkAra' zabdanI yeAgyatAye cIMdhe che.50 rAmanArAyaNe arvAcIna kAvyasAhityanAM vaheNeA', 'nabheAvihAra' vageremAM

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414 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 tema ja anyatra yathAvakAza sAhityanA vividha prakAre bAbata je samIkSA karI che temAM kavitA tathA TUMkI vArtAnI svarUpacarcA mahattvanI che. temaNe "prAcIna gujarAtI chaMdomAM kAvyanA nibaddha ane anibaddha ema be vibhAga karI nibaddhamAM nATaka, varNanAtmaka prabaMdha, saMdhAta vagerene te anibaddhamAM pado, bhajana, garabIo vagerene samAveza karyo hato. temaNe prabaMdhonuM vRttabaddha, jatibaddha ane dezIbaddha ema padyabaMdhanA dhoraNe vagIkaraNa karyuM hatuM. temaNe vRttabaddha UrmikAvyane alaga vibhAga tarake jovAnuMye pasaMda karyuM che. vaLI temaNe kAvyamAM nirUpita jIvanavastunA AdhAre mahAkAvya, AkhyAnakAvya, khaMDakAvya ane UrmikAvyanI eka zreNI darzAvI che. mahAkAvyamAM bRhat samAja ke vaMza, AkhyAnamAM vyaktijIvana, khaMDakAvyamAM vyaktinA jIvanane kAI khaMDa - prasaMga te UrmikAvyamAM lAgaNI -ekaMdare e rItanI vyavasthA hovAnuM temanuM maMtavya che.pa2 A svarUpamAM viSayavastumAM uttarottara suzliSTatA vadhAre joIe ema paNa teo jaNAve che. khaMDakAvyamAM lAgaNI prasaMga sAthe ekapiMDa eka pAsAdAra ghanarUpa pAme che, jyAre lirikamAM lAgaNuM vahAvAya che.53 teo ciMtanapradhAna-vicArapradhAna prasaMgakAvyothI khaMDakAvyanuM judApaNuM batAve che. rAmanArAyaNe sauneTane gaMbhIra bhAvane anukULa kAvyaprakAra tarIke te muktakano "eka ja kalekamAM samagrapaNe AvI jatA kAvya" tarIke paricaya Apyo che. "eka nAnA hIrA upara saphAIbaMdha kArIgarI hoya evI kArIgarI muktakamAM teo jue che.pa4 rAmanArAyaNe padano geya padyaracanA" tarIke ullekha karatAM tenAM dezI, bhajana, garabo Adi svarUpanI paNa AsvAdalakSI carcA "nabhovihAra", "rAsa ane garabA" vageremAM karI che. gItakAvya mATe "gItAnurUpatA" temaNe anivArya mAnI che. rAmanArAyaNe gajhalane paNa samudArabhAve satkAra karatAM tene kAvyakSetre thatA bahoLA prayogane AdhunikatAnA lakSaNa tarIke ullekhe che.55 rAmanArAyaNe pote potAnI meLe vAMcI zake evA kAvyane "zravya tathA kaI gAI saMbhaLAve evA kAvyane "zrAvya saMjJA ApI vAMcavAnAM ane sAMbhaLavAnAM kAvyonA be bheda karavAno prayAsa paNa karyo che, je dhyAnArha gaNAya. A uparAMta temaNe dazya kAvya tarIke nATakane tema ja anya vRttAntabIjaka kathAsAhitya vize keTalIka carcA karI che. temaNe vRttAntabIjaka kathAsAhityanI zreNImAM Tucake, TUMkI vArtA, lAMbI vArtA, navalakathA, ane purANa athavA mahAnavala - e rIte kramavyavasthA ApI che. temaNe yogya rIte ja kahevAnI ane vAMcavAnI vArtAo vacce bheda karyo che. vArtAnuM tIkhAmAM tIkhuM, ekAgramAM ekAgra, aNiyALAmAM aNiyALuM, sUcakamAM sUcaka ane dhArmikamAM dhArmika svarUpa te Tucake

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pra. 10 ] rAmanArAyaNa pArTapha [ 415 epa" ema jaNAvI tene sauprathama vAra te TUMkI vArtAnI svarUpacarcAmAM sAMkaLe che. rAmanArAyaNa TUMkI vArtAmAM vArtAnI jIvaMtatA, pAtronI vyaktitA, nirUpaNunI svAbhAvikatA ane pratItikaratA para bhAra mUke che. TUMkI vArtAmAM teo lAdhava sAthe camatkRtiye vAMche che paNa te saMbhavitatAnA bhAge nahi, tee kathA ane vRttAMta vacce bheda karatA jaNAya che.pa8 vRttAMtamAMthI bhAvAkRtirasAkRtinuM nirmANa thavuM ghaTe. teo navalakathAmAM lekhakanA AgavA daSTikrANunI jikara kare che. aitihAsika navalakathAmAM aitihAsika samayane kalAtmaka rIte sajIvana karavAnI lekhaka pAse tae apekSA rAkhe che. aitihAsika navalakathAye kalAkRti tA bane che lekhakanI jIvananA rahasyane vyaMjita karavAnI sarjakatAnA pratApe. rAmanArAyaNe leAkasAhitya-leAkagIta vize aNDatI ja vAta karI che te temAM e sAhityanI sAmAjika-sAMskRtika dRSTie je upayeAgitA che tenI vAta karI, leAkeAthI alaga thavAthI nai rahevAthI sAhityane ja nukasAna thAya che te temaNe spaSTa darzAvyuM che. temaNe ApaNe tyAM bAlasAhityanA kSetre je maryAdAe che te tarapha paNa prasaMgeApAtta dhyAna doryuM" hatu. temanI samasta vivecanA temanI utkRSTa sAhityarasikatA ane utkaTa jIvananiSThAnI dyotaka che. temanI vivecanAmAM kaLAbaLa sAthe kALabaLaneAye khyAla satata rakhAtA jovA maLe che. ema karavAmAM keTalIka vAra praznoye thatA heAya che. dA. ta., premAnaMdanI badhI ja maryAdAone enA samAjanI maryAdAe mAnIne cAlI zakAya nahi. vaLI AkhyAnakAvyA ane mahAkAvyA nahi phAlavAnuM kAraNa UrmikAvyanA ane navalakathA-TUMkI vArtAnA vikAsa che ema mAnavu` keTale a Mze yogya te prazna che. rAmanArAyaNa lAgaNInA anubhavanI ane sarjananI kSaNane alaga lekhe che59 te muddo paNa ghaNA saMkula heAI temAM vadhu carcAne spaSTatAnI apekSA rahe che. temanuM mahAkAvya, AkhyAnakAvya ne khaMDakAvyanuM vastudRSTie karelu vargIkaraNa vyAvartaka lakSaNAnA dheAraNe keTalu Take e prazna che ja. AvA keTalAka praznone bAda karatAM vivecanAtmaka lakhANAmAMthI rAmanArAyaNa pAThakanI vivecaka tarIkenI je mudrA Upase che te dhaNI tejasvI ane cittAkarSaka jaNAya che. rAmanArAyaNu gAvardhanarAma, maNilAla, AnaMdazaMkaranI paraMparA sAthe sAtatya jALavIne, sAkSarayugIna vivecanA sAthenuM anusaMdhAna rAkhIne, gAMdhIyugIna vivecanAnA saMgIna pAyA nAkhe che. jIvananI akhilAInA sada sAcavIne kalAnI svAyattatAne tee spaSTatayA pakSa le che. temanuM ciMtaka-mAnasa, temanuM pAMDitya 5DitayugIna paraMparAnuM smaraNa karAve che te temanI rajUAtarIti -- temanI

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416] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ caM'. 4 gadyazailI gAMdhIyugIna saMskArone prabhAva dAkhave che. tattvataH te temanA lakhANanI AMtarazistamAM - lakhANamAMthI vyaMjita thatA temanA daSTipUta ane mane pUta samAcaraNamAMye teo gAMdhIyugIna sattvane prabhAva batAve ja che. rAmanArAyaNamAM kalAkatinI sAthenI UMDI tadAtmatA sAthe zAstrakAranI taTasthatA, pAradarzitA sAthe sUkama tArkikatA, samudAra darzana sAthe abhyAsapUta Akalana jovA maLe che, je emanA vivecanamAM samatulA, zrayatA ane paththatA lAve che. emanA vivecanamAM zAstranI zista che, zAstrArthajanita kuMThitatA nathI. emAM jIvananI akhilAInA saMdarbhamAM kalAkRtimAM satya mATe Agraha che paNa kyAMya kalAsauMdarya pratye beadabI ke droha nathI. vizuddha darzana ane vizada varNana -e emanI bhAvayitrI pratibhAnI lAkSaNikatA che. teo daMbha, bhaya, AchakalAI ane adhe - A cAreya kalAripuothI bacatA cAlyA che. temanA vivecanamAM saccAInuM ane AsvAdajanita praphulitatAnuM teja che. sundarama kahe che tema, tatvanA nirmaLa nirADaMbara AlekhanathI ja teo pitAnuM kArya sAdhe che. ane e rIte temanA lakhANamAMthI sAhajika topalabdhine zAMta prasanna rasa prApta thAya che. temanI samagra vivecanapravRtti kAvyanI zaktine sAkSAtkAra karI tene sAco khyAla saune karAvavAnA zivasaMkalpanI ja ramaNIya pariNatirUpa che. 4. piMgaLanirUpaNa gujarAtI sAhityamAM piMgaLane vyavasthita abhyAsa te arvAcIna kALanI deNagI che. "dalapata piMgaLa'thI AraMbhIne kezava harSada dhruvanAM "padyaracanAnI aitihAsika samAlocanAnAM vyAkhyAne (1931) ane tyAra bAda khabaradAranAM gujarAtI kavitAnI racanAkaLA vizenAM vyAkhyAne (1939) sudhImAM gujarAtI piMgaLane kevA prazno che, ane tenA vyavasthita abhyAsanI kevI jarUra che tenI spaSTatA abhyAsIomAM thaI gaI hatI. rAmanArAyaNane kAvyanA bolAtA zabdamAM -enA layAnvita zabdamAM tIvra rasa hato ane tethI gu. va. sosAyaTI taraphathI arvAcIna gujarAtI kAvyasAhitya para vyAkhyAne ApavAnAM thayAM tyAre temAMye gujarAtI padyaprayoganI - enI che daracanAnI tapAsa karavAnuM temaNe pasaMda karyuM. e pachI "arvAcIna kAvyasAhityanAM vaheNanI vyAkhyAnamALAmAM A viSayanI keTalIka talasparzI tapAsa karI dhyAnapAtra nirIkSaNe ApyAM. rAmanArAyaNe piMgaLanuM kArya eka saMzodhakanA jussAthI ane sAcA kAvyarasikanI hesiyatathI karyuM. temaNe "prAcIna gujarAtI che do' dvArA sva. ke. ha. dhruva jyAM aTakyA hatA tyAMthI, eTale apabhraMza-apabhraMzettara kAlathI padyaracanAnI samIkSAne cheka dayArAma sudhI pahoMcADI "e abhyAsanI saLagatA"60 sAdhI ApI.

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pra. 10] rAmanArAyaNa pATeka [ 417 temane e graMtha hemacaMdrAcAryanA cha dAnuzAsana ane dalapatapiMgaLane sAMkaLatI eka kaDIrUpa paNa banI rahyo. - rAmanArAyaNe prAcIna-madhyakAlIna tabakkAmAM ApaNe tyAM kAI sa MskRta vRtta nahIM umerAyAnuM, AvRttasaMdhi akSarameLavRtto -- tATaka, bhujaMgaprayAta jevAM vadhu vaparAyAnuM, apabhraMza ane tenA pagale madhyakAlIna gujarAtI padyaracanAmAM prAsa vyApaka thatA heAvAnuM, mAtrAmeLa cha MdADhALA sAthe geyatA-tAlabaddatAnA gADha saMbadha heAvAnuM nirIkSaNa karyuM che. temaNe mAtrAmeLa chaMdonA trikala, catuSkala, pacakala tathA saptakala sadhiemAM soMgItanA anukrame mAtraka dAdarA, aSTamAtraka lAvaNI, dazamAtraka jhapatAla ane caudamAtraka dIpacaMdI tAlanuM anusaMdhAna heAvAnu mAnyuM che.61 'kRti anAvRttasadhi akSarameLa vRttamAM chaMdanu aMga che ane mAtrAmeLamAM te AgaMtuka ane che, tA prAsa mAtrAmeLamAM chaMdanu aMga che, ane anAvRttasaMdhi akSarameLamAM te AgaMtuka che'62 evu... vidhAna kare che, paraMtu mAtrAmeLa cha MdomAM vyaktine AgaMtuka lekhavAnA matane harivallabha bhAyANIe ghaNA nabaLA' lekhI, cha MdAnA paThana-gAnanI paraMparAnA - emAMnAM piravata nAnA abhyAsanI AvazyakatA para bhAra mUkayo che. rAmanArAyaNe gujarAtI dezIone piMgaLabaddha karavAmAM, emanu zAstrIya bhUmikAe anveSaNa karavAne je sama prayAsa karyAM che te gujarAtI piMgaLanA itihAsamAM sImAsUcaka staMbharUpa che. temaNe 'dezInuM kharuM mU svarUpa gavAya e che'64 e darzAvI tenA mAnada Da nipajAvavAnAye prayAsa karyo. temaNe 'prAcIna gujarAtI chaMde'mAM 'rAsa' 'viSNu', vagere zabdonI; valaNu, uthalA, dezInA rAgA, pUchAyA vagerenIce keTalIka upayAgI carcA karI ane te sAthe piMgaLanI paribhASA UbhI karavA bAbatanI sabhAnatAye dA khavI. - -- 1951mAM mahArAjA sayAjIrAva trIjA suvarNI mahe|tsava smAraka vyAkhyAnamALAnA upakrame ApelAM piMgaLaviSayaka traNa vyAkhyAna(pracIna pi Mgala navI daSTie')mAM akSarameLavRtto, mAtrAmeLavRtto athavA jAti ane pada athavA dezI - A traNanI carcA karI che. A carcA te pachInA temanA mahattvanA graMtha bRhat pi Mgala'nA pUsAra(sinopsisa)rUpa jaNAya tA navAI nahi. te saMskRta vRtto ane jAti deAnI alaga paribhASA heAya tene iSTa lekhe che, 65 te akSarameLa vRttomAM zleAkA sivAyanI badhI yatie nahi jevA uccAranA vilaMbana svarUpanI gaNe che.66 tee saMskRta nRttomAM yati pUve guru heAvAnu` tArave che. 67 vaLI teo tikha`Dane kAvyanuM jIvaMta upAMga lekhI, tene svataMtra rIte gAThavI gu. sA. 27

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418 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [gra'. 4 navA kSAkabadha karI zakAya che ema jaNAve che.68 tee yogya rIte ja akSarameLa vRtto saMdhinA nyAsathI ane sa Mdhie laghugurunA bhyAsathI che ema jaNAve che. rAmanArAyaNa tATaka jevA chaMdone mAtrAmeLanA varSoMmAM tA anuSTupane saMkhyAmeLanA vargamAM mUkavAnA matanA che.69 manahara, dhanAkSarI jevA saMkhyAmeLa cha MdomAM atidezanAM keTalAMka lakSaNNA jue che. te akSarameLa chaMdo mATe 'anAvRttaakSarasa`dhimeLa' (vRtta) te mAtrAmeLa cha Mdo mATe AvRttamAtrAsadhimeLa' evAM zAstrIya nAmeA cIMdhe che. rAmanArAyaNe chaMda-carcA karatAM akSarasaMdhi, mAtrAsaMdhi vagerenAM svarUpa; temanA paMktigata meLa vagerenI sadRSTAMta sUkSma carcAvicAraNA karI che. keTalAka catuSkala chaMdomAM 'ja'gaNunI upasthiti zA mATe niSiddha che tenAM kAraNeAmAM teo UMDA Utare che. vaLI pi'gaLanA chaMdonA saMgIta sAthenA saMbaMdhanI, dezIomAM AvatA tAnapUrA, dhruvapaktio(athavA Teka ke AMkaNI)nI paNu rasaprada carcA temaNe karI che. bRhad piMgala'nAM paMdara prakaraNA ane vIsa pariziSTAmAM uparanI carcA vadhu vistArathI, vadhu vigata, aitihAsika pariprekSyamAM sAdAharaNa nirUpI che. emAM chaMdanuM kAryAM, akSaranuM svarUpa, laghuguruviveka, vaidika cha MdAnuM svarUpa ane tenA prakArA, akSarameLaRRttonu svarUpa ane temanAM meLa-mizrA, DiMgaLanA chaMda, gajhalanA chaMdo, marAThImAMthI AvelA AvI abhaMga Adi chaMdA, dezIonuM svarUpa tathA pravAhI chaMda ke saLaMga padyaracanAnA prayatnA Ama gujarAtI piMgaLanA lagabhaga sarvAMgrAhI abhyAsa ApavAne ahIM pahelI vAra sama puruSA jovA maLe che. piMgaLanI paribhASA, chaMdonA vizleSaNanI paddhati tathA temanI uccAraNadRSTie samasyAe - A sarvAMnAM vyavasthita, sapramANa samIkSA-abhyAsa aDI thayAM che. bRhat piMgala' emanA jIvanabharanA pi gala-adhyayananA ja nahi, ApaNI Aja paryaMtanI piMgala-adhyayanaparaMparAnAye uttama phalarUpa jaNAya che. chaMdanI paDhanapati badalAtAM chaMdovikAsanI navI dizA UghaDe che'70 e mArmika vAta jemanA dhyAnamAM che e kAvyana pi galazAstrI piMgalanA bhAvi vikAsa-adhyayananI AvazyakatA para paNa bhAra mUke e spaSTa che. rAmanArAyaNu A eka Akara graMthathIye gujarAtI sAhityamAM cira'jIvapadanA adhikArI che ja. - temaNe kavitAnA abhyAsIo-vidyArthI e mATe madhyama piMgaLa'nI yeAjanA karI, tenAM lagabhaga cAra prakaraNA paNa lakhyAM hatAM; paraMtu temanu... aNudhAryuM" avasAna thatAM e kAma adhUruM raheluM. te kArya cimanalAla trivedI tathA kAntilAla kAlANInA saMyukta prayatne pUruM thaI, pustakarUpe have salabha thayuM che. A

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pra. 10] rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka [419 madhyama piMgaLanuM kArya rAmanArAyaNa kavitAzikSaNamAM piMgaLanI samajane-phAvaTane kevI agatya Ape che tenuM ghotaka che. keTalAka denI sIdhesIdhI mahattvanI mAhitI ApatA padyaprayoganuM zAstrIya nirUpaNa lekhake "piMgaLapravezamAM karavA dhAreluM, te "madhyama piMgaLa'mAM pariziSTarUpe samAvI levAmAM AvyuM che. emAM hakIktalakSI zailIthI saralapaNe chaMdene zAstrIya paricaya rasika rIte te te chaMdamAM ApavAmAM Avyo che. rAmanArAyaNanI kAvyamarmajJa tarIkenI sAhitya-sAdhanAmAM layavicAra-cha devicAra-piMgaLavicAra ATalo badho mahattvanuM banI rahyo e ghaTanA ja emanI kAvyagata sUkSma bhAvanakalAnI saMketaka che. kAvyamAMnA artha tarapha A gAMdhIyugIna vivecakanuM dhyAna jAya to te svAbhAvika che, paraMtu kAvyano artha zedhatAM tenA laya tarapha vaLyA ane chaMdavijJAnI - piMgaLazAstrI thayA e ghaTanA sAce ja romAMcaka che. emanI piMgaLasAdhanAmAM kAvyagata saundaryasAdhanAnuM ja preraNAbaLa jevuM muzkela nathI. pa. sarjana 1. zeSanuM kavitAsarjana rAmanArAyaNanuM jema vivecana tema emanuM sarjana paNa vipulatA-guNavattAnI daSTie dhyAnArha gaNAya. temaNe sarjanAtmaka sAhityanA nava graMthe ApyA che. viveyananI joDAjoDa ja temanuM sarjanakArya cAlyuM che. temane prathama vivecanalekha "kavi bAlAzaMkara kaMthAriyAnAM kAvyo" 1921-22mAM pragaTa thayA ne emanuM rANakadevI' kAvya paNa "jAtrALu' nAmathI 1921mAM pragaTa thayuM. "192panA arasAmAM "zeSa" upanAme "narmadAnA Are' pragaTa thayuM. vacagALAmAM eka kAvya bhUlArAmanA upanAme paNa pragaTa thayeluM. "zeSa'nuM graMthastha chelluM kAvya "sAlamubAraka 18--1955nI tArIkha Ape che. Ama joI zakAze ke temane sarjanarasa jIvanabhara TakI rahyo ane te aneka rUpe sAhityamAM pragaTa thato rahyo - saMpAdana, anuvAdarUpe paNa hIrAbahena pAThaka nirdeze che tema,91 priya patnInA javAthI pite "zeSa" rahyA, ane e pachI je kAvya 1938mAM prasiddha thayAM te zeSanAM kAvyo. A zeSa vigata thaye je kAvya prasiddha thayAM te vizeSa kAvya'. lagabhaga se-savAse racanAnA e kavi; paNa emanAM kAvyo gujarAtI kavitAnA vikAsamAM aitihAsika daSTie mahattva dharAve che. 1938mAM "zeSanAM kAvyo' pragaTa thatAM sundarame lakhyuM ke

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gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM'. 4 "kAntanA pUrvAlApa" pachI zeSanAM kAvya" ja evo kAvyagraMtha che, je pitAnI saMyamabharI prauDhithI ane kAnta pachI gujarAtI kavitAe potAnA pravAsamAM meLavelAM navAM tattavone potAnAmAM samAvIne, tema pitAnAM navAM umerIne pitAnI alpa saMkhyA chatAM bahuguNatAthI eka sImAcihna jevo graMtha banI raheze."72 manasukhalAla jhaverIe paNa yogya rIte ja "zeSa'nI kavitAne saMskRta kavio ane kAvyazAstrIo sAthe, kAnta tathA ba. ka. ThAkoranI kAvyaparaMparA sAthe saMbaMdha joye hatA.3 zeSa khabaradAranI rIte sAhityaprerita kavi hatA, paNa te vilakSaNa rIte ane gahana arthamAM. temanI kavitA viSNuprasAda trivedI kahe che tema "kAvyajJanI kavitA74 kharI ja, paNa tyAM "kAvyA eTale kAvyane mAtra jANanAra nahi, anubhavanAra paNa - evo artha levo joIe. rAmanArAyaNamAM utkaTa bhAvanAyoga sarjanayogamAM je rIte preraka-protsAhaka-mArgadarzaka nIvaDyo e eka rasaprada abhyAsapAtra ghaTanA che. temanuM kAvya sundarama kahe che tema, "emanI zaktione aneka tharamAMthI nIgaLatuM Ave che ane eTale e bahu ja nirmaLa ane Arogya- - prada taravALuM bane che.pa rAmanArAyaNa svastha ane samudAra rUcinA kavi che. vaidika kAvyathI mAMDIne madhyakAlIna-arvAcIna kAvya sudhInI vividha sarjanAtmaka tareho sAthe emanA sarjakacittanuM anusaMdhAna jovA maLe che. temanI kavitAmAM naisargika kArayitrI pratibhAnA camatkAra sAthe emanI bhAvayitrI pratibhAne camatkAra-emanI kavi tarIkenI sajajatAne camatkAra paNa barAbara daSTigocara thAya che. A ke te vAda ke phirakA pratye Agraha ke pUrvagraha sevIne teo cAlatA nathI. teo je kaMI satyasuMdara che tenI sAthe sadya mAnasika anusaMdhAna karI laI, tene avAranavAra vAphasvarUpe pratyakSa karavA ekAgra bane che. teo ziSTa kAvyaparaMparA sAthe sAtatya rAkhIne aneka sarjanAtmaka prayoga kare che ane tethI ja jazeSanAM kAvyo' graMthane prAgamAlA 76 rUpe anaMtarAye varNavyo che. teo gAMdhIsUtronuM zukapaThana karanArA kavi nathI. temaNe gAMdhIyuga' kAvya ApyuM, gAMdhIjIne chaThThA paraNAma paNa pAThavyA paraMtu gAMdhIjInI nAmaraTaNa ke aMdhapUjAthI te vegaLA ja rahyA. je mUlyo mATe gAMdhIjI jIvanabhara mathyA e mUlyonuM rAmanArAyaNaneya AkarSaNa hatuM ane tethI ja jyAre A AyakhuM khUTe' jevuM kAvya teo ApI zakyA che. teo nAdabrahmanA upAsaka che. jIvanadevatAnA saMniSTha sAdhaka che. emanAM

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pra. 10] rAmanArAyaNa pATheka [ 421 prArthanAkAvyAmAM jiMdAdilI ane sattvaniSThA jovA maLe che. te sattvaguNI, rajoguNI ane tamoguNI saune mATe prArthaka thavAnuM pasaMda kare che emAM emanuM mAnavatApremI kavimAnasa jaNAya che. temanA jIvanadarzanamAM caitanyadhanI ajeyatAne bhAva rahelA che ne te temanAM prArthanAkAvyomAMce jaNAya che. gujarAtI kavitAmAM temanAM prArthanAkAvyAnu ane khu sthAna che. - 'zeSa'nI tattvaSTi jIvananAM utkarSa sAdhaka paribaLAne kAvyamAM pramukhatA ape che. temanA kavidha -- temanA vyaSTi ne samaSTidharma, temanA gRhasthadha ane rASTradharma saOmAM satya-snehaprerita zreyAdaSTinI sattA sarvoparI jaNAze. temaNe jIvanamAM tema kavanamAM sneha-sauhArda sabhyanA sadA mahimA karyo che ane tethI e prakAranA bhAvAnubhavene kAvyamAM sthAna ApavAnuM temaNe pasaMda karyuM che. senTrala sTezane', vaizAkhanA khapeAra' jevAM kAvyA temanI vizuddha mAnavaprItinAM dyotaka kAvyA che. - temaNe jIvananAM ullAsa, mAdhurya, sArthakatA AdinA manabhara te manehara anubhava 'navavaravadhU', 'bIjarekhA', 'eka sadhyA', 'maMgala trikANuM', 'abheda', 'umA-mahezvara', 'jatA'tA sUvA tyAM--' jevAM kAvyAmAM jUjave rUpe abhivyakta karyAM che. emAM bhAvAturyayukta saMvAdakaLA, bhAvA camatkRti sarjatAM suMdara upamAne-upamAcitra, bhAvakSaNa pratyakSa karatI nATyAtmakatA tathA prasannatAne vadhu marmaspazI karatI saMyamaniSThA - vyaMjanAmAdhurI - A sarvathI UMcI pratinuM kalAsaundaryAM siddha thaI zakayu che. gujarAtI praNayakavitAmAM rAmanArAyaNanAM A tema ja 'sakhI jo !--', 'chellu' darzana', 'narmadAne Are' jevAM aMtagUDhadhanavyathAvALAM puTapAkasamAM virahajanita karuNa rasanAM kAvyA mahattvanuM apaNu banI rahe che. emanAM sakhIkAvyA-sajanIkAvyA paNu gujarAtI praNayakavitAnA dhyAnapAtra aMza lekhAya. emanuM chelluM darzIna' soneTa gujarAtInAM uttama saoNneTAmAM sthAna pAme evuM che. emanI maMgala tri+-ANa'nI kalpanAye gujarAtI sAhityane emanu eka smaraNIya aNu che. rAmanArAyaNunI praNayakavitA mAMgalyalakSI abhigama dharAve che. rAmanArAyaNa praNayajIvanamAM kAmatattvanI upakArakatA svIkAre che paNa tyAM na viramatAM ardhanArIzvaranI bhUmikA sudhI strI-puruSa baMnee paheAMcavAnuM che te paNa batAve che. teo jema ekalatAnI vedanA jANe che tema lagnajIvananAM vaiSamyA paNa jANe che. 'lagna', 'eka kAramI kahANI' jevAM kAvyeAmAM tema anyatra vArtAomAM te khareAbara rajU kayu* che. teo vaiSAthI vyathita thAya che, paNa samatAmUlaka zraddhA gumAvatA nathI. temanI svasthatAmAM zAMta vIratva anucUta che, jema temanA hAsyamAM karuNA ane karuNatva.

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422 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [gra 4 temaNe utkRSTa kATinAM vineAdarasika kAvyo ApIne jIvananA sneha-ullAsanu madhura darzana karAvyuM che. temanAM 'navavaravadhU', 'sikha! tArA--', 'senTrala sTezane' jevAM kAvyAnI keTalIka uktiemAM tA 'khIjarekhA', eka saMdhyA', 'maMgala trika', 'naTavaralAlajIne `garakhA', 'umA-mahezvara' jevAM dAmpatyasaMdhanAM kAvyAmAM hAsyanA vividha prakArA dvArA jIvananI prasannatAnuM, snehanI AnaMdadAyakatAnu AkarSaka nirUpaNa thayuM che. temanA hAsya pAchaLa jIvananI UMDI samajaNu, duniyAdArInuM khArIka avalAkana tathA karuNAsabhara zubhaniSThA rahelAM jaNAya che. temanAmAM gAMbhIya` sAthe ja ramatiyALapaNAnuM aneAkhu mizraNa jovA maLe che ane tethI temanA hAsyamAM vilakSaNa pariprekSyanu Mye nirmANa thAya che. temanA hAsyamAM, nagInadAsa kahe che tema, 'pakkAIrasa' jovA maLe che. tee hAsyanA kevA kevA tarIkAo ne tarakI jANe che te 'pAThakanI chIMke', 'thAkavA Ava uN khairIthI ?', kAI kaheze| ?', eka rAjapUta TekanA madhyakAlIna duhA', 'mAMdagIne' jevAM kAvyeAmAM joI zakAya che. paDaneya hAsyamAM saMDAvavAnI kaLA 'citrakAra tripuTIne'mAM jovA maLe che. dalapatarAma, navalarAma jevA kavie pachI hAsyavinAdanAM utkRSTa kATinAM kAvyA ApavAmAM, tA khabaradAra pachI utkRSTa kATinAM pratikAvyA ApavAmAM 'zeSa'nu... nAma ullekhanIya che. roSanI hAsya ane karuNu kAvyonI siddhi joIne ja medhANIe jaNAvyuM hatuM ke "karuNu ane hAsya jagajjananInAM e e stananuM payapAna karIne 'zeSa' mAnavapremI kavi banyA che,'77 rAmanArAyaNe gujarAtI prakRtikavitAneya samRddha karI che. temanAM 'udadhine', 'siMdhunuM AmaMtraNa' jevAM kAvyo zuddha prakRtikAvyo na kahevAya. 'DuMgaranI kAre' jevuM kAvya tA gujarAtI prakRtikAvyAmAM viziSTa che. te prakRtinA parivezathI mAnavabhAvane, tA mAnavabhAvanA parivezathI prakRtinA AMtararUpane upasAvavAmAM nipuNa che. pADhelA piyunA--' temanI A nipuNatAe eka utkRSTa muktaka banyuM che. rAmanArAyaNe udhi, DuiMgara, caMdra-kaumudInAM upamAnA pramANamAM vadhu prayeAjyAM te paNa atre noMdhavu* ghaTe. teo prakRtinAM suramya tattvAne kevI kuzaLatAthI, sUkSmatAthI zabdAMkita karI zake che te paNa jovA jevuM che. temanI vanakaLA d citraNathI kalpanAnAM kSetrane lIlayA AvarI le che. temanAM 'rANakadevI', 'buddhanu nirvANa', 'tukArAmanuM svargArAhaNa' jevAM kAkhyA gujarAtI khaMDakAvyanA vikAsanA saMdarbhamAM dhyAnA che. 'tukArAmanuM svargArAhaNa' kAntanI khaMDakAvyanI kaLAne eka DagaluM AgaLa laI jAya che. temanI kavitAmAM UrisikatA sAthe Urmisayama, ciMtananI gaharAI sAthe

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pra. 10] rAmanArAyaNa pATeka [ 423 kalpanAnI praphullitatAnuM rucikara rasAyaNu jovA maLe che. mahAkavimAM hoya tevI prauDhiyukta kavitAzailI temanI pAse che. zeSanAM upamAcitrA' vize lakhatAM DAlararAya mAMkaDe jaNAvyuM ke 'ApaNA kAvyasAhityamAM vRttAdine bhAvavaiviSyanA vAhana tarIke vikasAvavAnA prayatnA dhaNA kavioe karyA che. paNa kalpanAmUla alaMkAra ane tene yeAgya prauDha bhASAvyaktine vikasAvIne ApaNI hAlanI kavitAne mahAkAvyanuM kalevara ghaDavAne e yeAgya ane ema karavAnA prayatne tA geAvanarAma ane balavaMtarAya pachI zeSe ja karyA che.'78 DAlararAye zeSa'nI ghanIbhUta citraNazailI upamAtmaka ane ghaNI aMtargata zaktimattAvALI hAvAnu Mce jaNAvyuM che. rAmanArAyaNe duhA, seAraThA, garabA, bhajane, gItA, muktaka, soneTA, samasyApUrtie ne e rItanA aneka kAvyaprakAro ane aneka DhALalaye| ane kAvyazailIe ajamAvIne peAtAnI sisakSAnA baLanA ramaNIya aMdAja ApyA che. temaNe lAkagItAnA DhALeAthI mAMDIne ustAdI cIjonA DhALa sudhInA geya DhALA; pRthvI, mizropajAti, zikhariNI, anuSTupa, zArdUlavikrIDita, moMdAkrAntA jevA jANItA tema ja viyeAginI, svAgatA jevA alpaprayukta akSarameLa chaMdo; duhA, seAraThA, harigIta, jhUlaNA jevA mAtrAmeLa chaMdo yejI ane vividha chaMdamizraNNAnA prayAgA karI layatattva pratyenI temanI sAgatA kharAkhara batAvI che. temanA anuSTupa, mizropajAti ane pRthvInI vilakSaNatAe abhyAsapAtra che. vivecananA gadyanI jema ja temanuM padya paNa kAca jevuM svaccha vrutima ta che. temanI nirUpaNarItimAM rasasa'pannatA sAthe niLa sAdagI jovA maLe che. temanI kAvyazailImAM lAdhavayukta ekAgratA sAthe pAradarzakatA-namanIyatA paNa che. te jIvaMta bhASAne prayeAjavAnuM TALatA nathI, malake evI tAne kAvyamAM pUrA lAbha levA prayatna kare che. 'zeSa'nI kavitAmAM AyAsa - kRtrimatAnAM, tarka parAyaNatAnAM, bhAvakalpanAnAM uDDayanemAM sImitatAnAM keTalAMka dUSaNo atratatra jaNAtAM heAvA chatAM, phAMka layazaithilsa ne svarUpazaithila lAgavA chatAM temanI kavitA sakatAnI je vividha tarehe darzAve che tenA kAraNe agatyanI che. temanI kavitAe gujarAtI kavitAnuM prayAgakSetra kevuM meAkaLAzavALuM che te racanAtmaka rIte darzAvyuM che. gujarAtI hAsya ane karuNa rasanI mArmika kavitAmAM emanAM 'sakhi ! jo--', 'udadhi', DuMgaranI kAra', 'peADhelA piyunA--', khIjarekhA', 'eka saMdhyA', 'maMgala trikANu', 'abheda', chellu darzana', 'vivecaka mitrane', 'AtamarAmane', 'parathama paraNAma mArA', 'siMdhunuM Ama traNa', 'ustAdane' tema ja buddhanuM nirvANu', 'tukArAmanuM svargApaha',

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424] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ ca. 4 jato te sUvA tyAM--" ane "velI ne vRkSa jevAM kAvyanuM cirasthAyI pradAna raheze ema kahI zakAya. gujarAtI kavitAmAM vinIta veze pravezelA zeSa" "vizeSa, rUpeye pratiSThita che. 2. dvirephanuM vArtAsarjana rAmanArAyaNa emanA nAmamAM be rakAra hovAthI "dvirepha' che ja, paNa khAsa te sarjanabhAvaniSTha madhukaravRttithI teo "di repha che. dvirepha'nuM vArtAlekhana vadhu te "yugadharma" ane "prasthAna" nimitta thayuM che. vArtAmAM temaNe amuka saMjogAnA dabANa heThaLa lakhelI, paraMtu emanAmAM sAro vArtAkAra rahele hAI e vArtAomAMthI keTalIka te sarjanakaLAnA yazodAyI namUnAo rUpe nIvaDI AvI. dvirephanuM vArtAlekhana 1922-23mAM zarU thayuM ane 1941 sudhI te AchuM paNa vaNathaMbha cAlyuM. 1942thI 55 sudhImAM emaNe vArtAo nahi lakhI hevAnuM kAntilAla kAlANa batAve che. Ama lagabhaga be dAyakAmAM "direphanI vAto'nA traNa bhAgamAM 40 (13+10+17) vArtAo temaNe ApI che. A uparAMta bALakonA baranI "kAM bolyo" jevI keTalIka vArtAo emanI agraMthastha che. je 40 vArtAo maLe che te badhI pAchaLa keI ne koI prakAranI, kaI ne kaI rItanI vAstavika jIvananI AMtaraanubhUtinI koI rahasyAtmaka bhUmikA hovI joIe ema temanI "mArI vArtAnuM ghaDatara' lekha jotAM samajAya che. jIvananI amukatamuka vastu taraphane lAgaNImaya-bhAvamaya saMbaMdha baMdhAya tene teo vArtAnuM bIjabhUta rahasya mAne che. A rahasyanI AsapAsa ghanIkaraNanA vyApAre vArtA baMdhAtI hoya che ema temanuM mAnavuM che. teo vArtA lakhatAM cittanI eka prakAranI taMga avasthAne anubhava karatA hoya che. temanI vArtAkAra tarIkenI ekAgratAmUlaka sakriya evI bhAvAvasthA vArtAomAMnA ghaTanAguMphana, pAtrAlekhana, vAtAvaraNa Adi dvArA tenuM eka lAghavapUrNa sughaDa svarUpa siddha karavAmAM sahAyabhUta thatI hoya che. rAmanArAyaNa, jayati dalAla mAne che tema sabhAna vArtAsarjaka che. kazuMka kahevA jevuM hoya che tyAre vAta mAMDavA prerAya che. vAta mAMDatAM, temane vAta kahevAne utsAha achato raheto nathI. temaNe philasUphanI najare je kaMI jIvana ane jagatamAM joyuM che, je kaMI vAstavanuM satya teo pAmyA che tene AkarSaka rIte rajU karavA mATe vArtAmAM teo ThIka ThIka parizrama veThatA hoya che. vArtA vArtA vArtAkAra tarIke kayAM, kema ane kyAre upasthita thavuM-rahevuM te teo nakkI karI letA hoya che. kyAMka teo ApaNane vAta' kahetA hoya, kyAMka teo ApaNuM paDakhe besIne vAta sAMbhaLatA

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pra. 10 ]. rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka [ kara5 hAya, kyAMka emanI ja vAta keI bIjA dvArA te kaI vAra emanA pitA dvArA sAMbhaLavAnI thAya. DAyarA jevI "mahephile phesAne guyAna'mAM te vAtacItamAMthI vArtAmAM ane vAtomAMthI vAtacItamAM lIlayA saratA hoya ane ApaNane zrotA thavAthI vizeSa sakriya karatA heya. emanI vArtAomAM - vAtAmAM zrotA tarIke - sahabhAgI tarIke ApaNe mAnabhera upasthita rahI zakIe e mATe kALajIbharyo avakAza lekhaka rAkhatA hoya che. rAmanArAyaNa vAtarasiyA-vAtacItarasiyA hoI, vAta zarU karyA pachI aneka cAla cAlI tene jamAve che. jarUra paDaye "huM" tarIke e upasthita thaI ApaNane turata vizvAsamAM laI le che. teo vArtA jANe lakhatA nathI, kathe che; ane tethI temanI vArtAomAM kathanazailInAM aneka ramaNIya tara najare caDhe che. temanI keTalIka vArtAo ("devI ke rAkSasI', "kulAMgAra', be mitronI vArtA) dazyazailInI paNa che. temAMthI be te pachI nATayasaMgrahamAM levAI che. keI vArtA saMvAdazailI para ja AdhArita hoya evuM bane che. emanI "jamanAnuM pUra' UrmikAvyanI varNanazailI apanAvatI vArtA che. teo vArtAomAM yathArtha citraNa tema ja aticitraNaneye yathAvasyaka nipuNatAthI viniyoga karatA hoya che. e rIte emanI vArtAomAM rajUAtarItinuM - zailInuM vaividhya ulekhanIya che. dvirepha'nI A vArtAomAMnuM vastu kAM te kalpaneltha che ke kAM te vAstavika - sAmAjika. "chele dAMDakya bhoja', "uttaramArgane lepa", "buddhivijaya" ane 'be mitronI vArtAmAM prAcIna madhyakAlIna vAtAvaraNane viniyoga che paraMtu e vArtAo che ka9panetha. temanI vArtAomAM "sAce saMvAdI, "jakSaNI' jevI prasanna dAMpatyanI; "navo janma', "suradAsa', "kedara', "patAne dAkhalo, "aMtarAya" jevI mane vaijJAnika lakSaNo para AdhAra rAkhatI; chele dAMDakya bhoja', "eka svapna ane "saubhAgyavatI" jevI jinsI tane Azraya letI te "jagajIvananuM dhyeya jevI gAMdhIvicAra para avalaMbatI vArtAo che. temanI vArtAomAM jIvananA vividha praznonuM, ghaTanAvastunuM tema pAtronuM vaividhya dhyAnArha che. joke temanI cALIsamAMthI aDhAra vArtAo strIpuruSa saMbaMdhane kAI ne koI saMdarbha laIne cAle che. rAmanArAyaNe A vArtAo dvArA manuSya jIvananI kAma. asUyA, daMbha jevI mULabhUta vRttionuM sacoTa Alekhana karyuM che. "saubhAgyavatI' jevI vArtAmAM kAmavRttinA AkramaNe sajatI dAMpatyajIvananI karuNatAnuM bayAna tene bhega banelI strI dvArA anya strInI AgaLa karAvavAmAM utkRSTa kalaucityanI pratIti thaze. "kedara" ne "sUradAsa jevI vArtAomAM asUyAnA tatvanI kAmagIrIne sacoTa citAra che.

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426 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 daMbhanuM tatva "mukuMdarAya" ne "buddhivijaya'mAM joI zakAya che. temaNe bhaMgIthI brAhmaNa sudhInAM, krizciyana, pArasI Adi vividha kAmonAM ane vividha dharmo pALatAM pAtrone yAda rahI jAya evo meLo ahIM ra che. khemI, mukuMdarAya, buddhivijaya, jakSaNI, kaMku, kodara - AvAM te aneka pAtro che, je gujarAtI vArtAvizvamAM have pUratAM jANItAM che. lekhake A vArtAomAM sthaLa-kALanuM ane vAtAvaraNanuMye ghaNuM vaividhya batAvyuM che. gAmaDAM ne zahere te kharAM ja, paNa koIka vArtA mATe Trena ne basa, to kaI mATe keTa ne jela paNa kAma AvyAM che ! emanI A vArtAsRSTimAM "arebiyana nAIsanI havAye maLe che te sAthe arvAcIna kALanI satyAgrahanI havA paNa. vaLI A vArtAvizvamAM zvAnasRSTineya gauravabharyuM sthAna maLyuM che ! Ama "direphanI vArtAomAM vastu, pAtra, svarUpa, zailI vagerene anulakSatA aneka kautuka AkarSaNa che. lekakathA, DiTekiTavakathA, purANakathA, pazukathA AdithI mAMDIne parAvAstavavAdI lAge evI svapnakathA sudhInA vividha staro ahIM che. A sarvemAM vArtAkAranI jIvananA rahasyane vaLagIne cAlavAnI, vAstavika rIte-- pratItikara rIte je te rahasyane rajU karI, jIvananA keI tAtvika rUpane bedha karAvavAnI sarjanavRttinuM baLa barobara varatAya che. temanI philasUphanI najara karuNa, hAsya, zaMgArathI mAMDI abhuta, raudrAdi aneka rasonA A vizva dvArA samatApradhAna, tatvaniSTha zAMta rasanA nigUDha varcasa tarapha ApaNane preryA vinA rahetI nathI. dvirephanI vAtone prathama bhAga ApatAM vArtAkAranuM jIvana pratyenuM je dRSTibiMdu hatuM te bIje trIjo bhAga ApatI veLAe badalAyuM hatuM. prathama vArtAzreNImAM teo kaMIka mugdha, kaMIka remenTika abhinivezavALA vArtAkAra hatA, bIjItrIjI vArtA zreNIo ApatI veLAe teo evA mugdha rahyA nathI. teo jIvananAM asubhaga tane jovA ane jogavavAmAM vadhu Tharela, zAMta, sahiSNu ane samabhAvazIla thayelA jaNAya che. teo niyatiparAyaNa thaI binaMgatatAnI bhUmikAe vArtAnI ghaTanAone ghaTatI batAve che. e rItanI ghaTanAonA taTastha sAkSI thatAM vedanAnI-kaTutAnI anubhUtimAMthI anivAryapaNe pasAra thavuM paDe che ane te teo svIkArI le che. e rIte "dvirepha'nI pahelA bhAga pachInI vArtAomAM jIvanane kaMIka rukSa, rajoTAyelo ne kaThora cahere jovA maLe che ema kahI zakAya. e niSphara darzanamAMthI je vArtAkAra "dvirepha' UgarI zakyA nathI to emane bhAvaka te kyAMthI Ugare ?

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pra. 10 ] rAmanArAyaNa pATeka [ 427 dhUmaketu'nI raMgadazI UrmipradhAna vArtAzailInA paDache 'dvirepha'nI vAstavaniSTha, tattvapUta, gahana-saMkula chatAM prAsAdika evI vArtAo -- vAtazailInI vArtAe sahejeya dhyAnAkarSIka banI rahe che. hIrAbahena A baMneya vArtAkArAe parasparapUrakaH rUpe TUMkI vArtAnuM ghaDatara karyu. che ema yeAgya rIte ja darzAve che.81 umAzaMkara dvirephanI vArtAone dhUmaketuzAI vArtAzailInI je maryAdA hatI tene pratikAra karanAra paribaLarUpe varNave che. gujarAtI vArtAsAhityanI samRddhi khaDhAvavAmAM 'dvirepha'nI 'jakSaNI', 'mukuMdarAya', 'premI', 'chellA krAMDakatha bheAja', 'sUradAsa', 'reMkaDImAM', 'uttaramA'neA lApa', 'buddhivijaya' ane 'kezavarAma' jevI vArtAone kALA mahattvanA che. 3. 'dvirepha'nuM nATayasarjana vArtAkAra 'dviphTanA vezamAM ja nATayakAra dvirepha' dvirephanI vAtA--bhA. ra'mAM pratyakSa thAya che. temaNe 'kulAMgAra' ane 'devI ke rAkSasI'ne 'dazyazailInI vArtA' kahI tyAre emAM 'vAta'nA avistAra thayeA ja samajAya. 'dvirephe' vidyApIThanI adhyApakIya kArakirdI daramyAna vidyAthI enI mAgathI keTalAMka maulika nATakA tema ja nATayAnuvAda ApyA. temaNe devAneA kulAMgAra' athavA 'kulAMgAra', 'devI ke rAkSasI' ane 'bhulakaNeA prephesara' e traNa maulika nATayakRti uparAMta bhAsanAM 'Urubha'ga', 'karyuMbhAra' tathA 'bAlacarita' (prathama tathA paMcama aMka) e traNa nATakAnA tathA 'bhagavadajajukIyam'ne ane zekasapiyaranA reAmiyA eNnDa juliyeTa' nATakanA bIjA aMkanA khIjA pravezane bAgamAM milana' nAme, tathA e ja nATayakAranA 'marcanTa oNpha venisa'nA ceAthA aMkanA pahelA dRzyane zera mAMsanA mukame|' nAme anuvAda ApyA. vaLI 'raghuvaMza'mAMnI eka ghaTanA parathI 'dilIpa ane siMhu' nAmanI eka sa'vAdakRtiye ApI. A daseya kRtie 'kulAMgAra ane khIjI kRtio'mAM prasiddha thaI che. rAmanArAyaNa cIlAcAlu nATaka bhajavatI raMgabhUmi para kAI navA saMcAra thAya, raMgabhUmine zaikSaNika dRSTie viniyAga thAya e mATe tIvra AkAMkSA dharAvatA hatA. temane tethI ragabhUmi mATe ziSTa-praziSTa nATaka sulabha karI ApavAM e katavya lAgyuM che. rAmanArAyaNe 'kulAMgAra'mAM aspRzyatAnA prazna nimitte nAtanuM. saMkucita mAnasa rajU karavAnA upakrama racyA che. temAM pAMca dazyAmAM anaMtarAya- lalitAnA bhAI bahena tarIkenA snehanuM, nAtIlAonI khaTapaTI manevRttinuM, jJAtipaMcanI dAMbhika kAmagIrInuM ane chevaTe ana MtarAyanI gAmamAMthI vidAyanuM nirUpaNa karyuM che. eka harijana cheAkarAone karAnA tAphAnathI bacAvavAnuM

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428] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ca. 4 mAnavatAbharyuM kArya karanAra anaMtarAya jevA tejasvI yuvAne ane lalitA jevI suzIla kanyAone upayogI ke lAbhaprada thavAnI ke evAone lAbha levAnI kSamatA ke daSTi gumAvI beThelI nAtanuM vAstavika nirUpaNa A nATakamAM thayuM che. devI ke rAkSasImAM samAjazAstrIya-mAnasazAstrIya samasyA kendrasthAne che che. bhoLAnAtha pratye atyaMta kAmAsakta prabhAvatI temanA pratye vahemI ane asahiSNu banI jatAM chevaTe pAgala bane che. kadAca te ja pitAnA patinA aNadhAryA avasAna mATe javAbadAra hoya. tenI putrI suzIlA mAtAnA vartane AghAta pAmI nATakanA nAyaka sudhIndra sAthe paraNavAnuM mAMDI vALatA, paraMtu sudhIndranI svasthatA ne samaja nATayAte ISTa pariNAma lAvIne rahe che. A pAMca pravezamAM vaheMcAyelA nATakamAM strI devI ke rAkSasI nahi paraMtu mAnava ja levAnI vAtanuM chevaTe te pratipAdana thAya che. lekhake strIpuruSa-saMbaMdhanAM aMdha ane gUDha paribaLAnuM marmasparzI Alekhana ahIM karyuM che. ahIM suzIlA, sudhIndra, cArumatI ane dayAphAInAM pAnuM nirUpaNa cittAkarSaka jaNAze. bhulakaNo prephesara" e baskiTa' che. temAM bhUlathI pArakAnA dIvAnakhAnAmAM pahoMcI jatAM, ene pitAnuM mAnIne prophesaranI je ukti rajU thAya che te ramUja preraka che. A nATaka TucakA jevuM rasaprada lAge che, chatAM tene "vairavihAra'mAM ApelA nATayaTucakAnA rUpanuM na gaNI zakAya. lekhake je anUdita nATayakatio ApI che te temanI praziSTa sAhitya mATenI rucinI ane temanI anuvAdazaktinI sArI pichANa Ape che. temaNe "bhagavadajajukAyamane anuvAda karatAM vAcika abhinayaneye khyAla rAkhe che. zekasapiyaranA nAyAzenA anuvAdamAM je bAnI ane vanavelInI chaTA temaNe prayojI che te dhyAnArha che. vanavelInI nATayapadya mATenI kSamatAno sAra aMdAja A anuvAda Ape che. bhavAI ane takhato' jevAM vyAkhyAna ApIne na viramatAM, temaNe Ama sarjanAtmaka rIte nATyapravRttimAMye jhukAvyuM te temanA raMgabhUmi mATenA Adara ane utsAhanuM dyotaka che. 4. "svairavihArInuM nibaMdhasajana rAmanArAyaNa mULabhUta rIte svairavihArI jIva che. emanA samagra sAhityamAM mane vihAra - vairavihAranAM keTalAMka ramaNIya tara jovA maLe che. rAmanArAyaNe TucakA lakhanAra "vartamAna'; kavitA lakhanAra "jAtrALu, "bhUlArAma" ane "zeSa'; vArtA lakhanAra "dvirepha' -evAM je aneka rUpa dhAraNa karyA te vastutaH te "vera

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pra. 10 ] rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka [4ra9 vihArI'nAM rUpe che. rasikalAla parIkha te je nAmathI "pramANazAstrapravezikA' lakhAI te "rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka' nAmane ja takhallusa tarIke ullekhe che! rAmanArAyaNe emanuM "vairavihArI' takhallusa odhibhautika ke AdhyAtmika satyane dhyAnamAM laIne rAkhyAnuM jaNAvyuM che te paNa atre smaraNIya che.-3 svairavihArI' "vairavihAra'mAM niraMkuza vihArane pitAnA svAdhikAra tarIke rajU kare che. te "vairavihArIne viSayanA caMdaravA-rUpeya oLakhAve che. "svaravihArane eka daSTie kazo viSaya nathI to bIjI daSTie badhA viSayo tenA che.84 svairavihAra ja "kaMI paNa samajAvavAne mATe sauthI uttama sAdhana 85.rUpa che. rAmanArAyaNa svairavihAranI kAmarUpatA tema kalArUpatAye bhArapUrvaka batAve che. A svairavihAra "vastupradhAna" nahi, paraMtu "vihArapradhAna" hAya e svAbhAvika che.86 A svairavihAra ja satyadarzana karAvanAra emane jaNAve che.87 lekhake A "vairavihAra" "prasthAna' nimitte karyo hato. A vairavihAramAM judAM judAM zAstro; mUDIvAda ne sAmyavAda jevA vAda; sAhitya pariSada jevI saMsthAo; yuvAne ane penzanare, aMgrejo ane brAhmaNa, bAvAo ane bhikhArI, naTIo ane vidUSaka vagere laka-vargo: gAMdhIjI ne saradAra, TAgora ne araviMda ghoSa jevI vyaktio; hoLI ne zaradutsava jevA utsa; zahera ne gAmaDA, jale ne nagara-sabhAgRha jevAM sthaLa-kendroH mAMdagI ne ghaDapaNa, prema, ane mRtyu, asvacchatA ane aspRzyatA Adi avasthitio-paristhitio strI-puruSasaMbaMdhanA prazno; sAhityanAM svarUpa, zaulIo, bhASA, joDaNI, lipi AdiviSayaka muddAo - A sarva vize avanavI carcAo uThAvAI che. kAgaDA ne katarA. khorAkanI Teva ne vAsaNonA ghATa jevI bAbatenI vicAraNAye A sRSTimAM samAveza pAme che. A sarvanA nirUpaNamAMthI rAmanArAyaNanAM nara jIvanarasa tathA mAnavatAnAM mUlyamAMnI emanI avicala zraddhA, emanuM jANapaNa ane zANapaNu tathA emanI vAgvicArarasikatA udya rIte pragaTa thAya che. rAmanArAyaNanuM upajAu bheja" jAtabhAtanA taraMga-tukakA calAve che. emanI vilakSaNa tarkazakti hAya mATene sabaLa vibhAva banI rahe che. teo avAranavAra avataraNo, kahevato, rUDhiprayogo AdithI; upamA-daSTAMta jevA alaMkArothI, viziSTa vAkyaprayogo ane zabdaprayogathI hAsya-vyaMga niSpanna karavAnI kaLA-vApaTutA . batAve che. teo yathAprasaMga bolacAlanI laDhaNe, taLapadA tema ja ziSTa-zAstrIya zabdaprayoga vagereneya viniyoga karI jANe che. teo ubedhanAtmaka, ciMtanAtmaka, saMvAdAtmaka, kathanAtmaka ema gadyanAM anekavidha zailIrUpiye ajamAvI jANe che. teo mAnavIya.

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430 ]. - gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 nabaLAIo ane daMbhane hAsya-kaTAkSanAM viSaya banAvI pracchanna sudhAravRttiye dAkhavatA hoya che. svairavihArI'nI A sudhArakavRtti taMtranI jaDatA, taMtravAhakonI degAI, daMbha ane abhadratA sAmenI pravRtti-kaTAkSavRttimAMthAye sUcita thAya che. manuSyane bhraSTa karanArAM bhaya-lAlacanAM AsurI to sAmeno rAmanArAyaNane mora baLavAna jaNAya che. aniSTa-anyAya sAmenI ahiMsaka yuyutsAnuM teja ahIM kaTAkSazIlAmAM pragaTa thAya che. temane "vairavihAra' zabda je ramatiyALa ane prasanna dekhAya che te prasaMgopAtta tIkhAza ne tINatA dhAraNa karato taNakhAye dekhAya che. temanI "svairavihAranI sRSTimAM roSa, karuNA, upahAsa, kaTAkSa, viDaMbanA, vidanA, prasannatA Adi vividha bhAvarUpane yathArtha paricaya te thAya che te sAthe A sRSTimAM ja rahelA "svairavihArI'nI spaSTavakatRtA, nirbhIkatA, manuSya pratyenI karuNA, satyapriyatA, kalArasikatA, tattvaniSThA ne vidyAprIti vagerethI samRddha evI vyaktitAneye paricaya thAya che. A svairavihArI Ama to savizeSa pharatuM jenArA chatAM bhItaramAM vaLIvaLIne DokiyuM karI lenArAye che. emanI AtmanirIkSaNavRtti, AtmacikitsAvRtti, AtmavizleSaNa ane AtmavizodhakavRtti baLavAna che ane emanAM kaTAkSapradhAna-vyaMgapradhAna lakhANamAM samadhAraNutA - samatalatA jALavavAmAM e upakAraka paNa thAya che. A "svairavihAranAM lakhANo vijayarAya vaidyane zabda vAparIne kahIe te nibaMdhikAranA rUpamAM che. sundarama temane nibaMdhasvarUpanAM lekhI gujarAtI nibaMdhavikAsamAM tene eka mahattvanA navA prAraMbha tarIke varNave che.88 A "vairavihAranAM lakhANo rUDha arthamAM koIne nibaMdha na lAge te Azcarya thavuM na joIe; ne chatAMye kAmacalAu dhoraNe tene nibaMdhanA vargamAM ja samAveza karavAnuM thAya. Ama te "svairavihAra'mAM ja "manovihAra' anusUta hovAnuM joI zakAya. hAsyamAM azrunI camaka ane azrumAM hAsyanI - e te rAmanArAyaNanI eka vizeSatA che. rAmanArAyaNa "mane vihAra' 28 gaMbhIra nibaMdhane saMgraha che. temAM vyAkhyAna, patra, vicArayaMkramaNa, saMsmaraNa Adi vividha lekha prakArone samAveza thayo che. temAM "prema", "mRtyu viSe kaMIka' jevA tattvaciMtananA lekhe che to indulAla, gijubhAI, AnaMdazaMkara, nhAnAlAla, mahAdevabhAI, meghANIbhAI,

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(431 pra. 10] rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka gAMdhIjI ane kastUrabA jevI vyaktio vizenA lekhe che. e lekhamAM ahevAla, saMsmaraNa, aMjali jevAM sAhityasvarUpe najare caDhe che. jema ahIM vyaktivizeSane lagatA tema sthaLavizeSane lagatA "gujarAtamAM pravAsa', "dhuvAMdhAra ane bheDAghATa', vArANasImAM' jevA lekhoye che. A lekhamAMnI varNanAtmaka zailI ullekhanIya che. A uparAMta bAraDolIne patra lekha te vistAranA janajIvananI jhAMkhI karAve che. rAmanArAyaNe 1929nI asahakAranI caLavaLa daramiyAna bAraDolI aMgenA tapAsapaMcamAM kArya karyuM tenA ISTa phalasvarUpa A lekha che. rAmanArAyaNanuM samAjanirIkSaNa ane sAmAjika sthiti tathA samasyAonuM ciMtana jema bAraDolInA patramAM tema "prajAkIya jJAnataMtunI nabaLAI lekhamAM; "vicAracaMkramaNanA viSayanAM tathA gujarAtamAM strIonuM sthAna ane aspRzyatAne prazna -e vizenAM temanAM lakhANamAM jovA maLe che. rAmanArAyaNanuM kalAciMtana uparyukta sthaLavizeSanA lekhamAM ane taduparAMta moDherA, aDAlaja jevAM sthaLAnA zilpa sthApatyanA nirUpaNamAM tathA saMgIta ane garabA, kathakali Adi nRtyaprakAronI samIkSAvicAraNAmAM anusUta che. rAmanArAyaNa A nibaMdhAmAM prakRti ane saMskRtinA sAcA marma tarIke pragaTa thAya che. A nibaMdhe rAmanArAyaNanI gAMdhIsaMskAranA raMge raMgAyelA ciMtaka puruSa tarIkenI ane tejasvI nibaMdhakAra tarIkenI mudrA upasAvI rahe che. 6. prakIrNa sAhityalekhana-anuvAda-saMpAdana 1 prakI sAhityalekhanaH rAmanArAyaNanI sAhityika pratibhA kevaLa lalita sAhityanA sajana-vivecanamAM sImita na rahetAM, lalitetara sAhitya sudhIye vyApta thaI che. temane tarka ane tattvamAM UMDo rasa hato. e rasathI emanA sarjana-vivecanane buniyAdI lAbha paNa thayo che. e rase "pramANuzAstrapravezikA' jevo graMtha saMpaDAvyo. A graMtha keLavaNasevA ane rASTrasevAnI bhAvanAthI lakhAyele jaNAya che. e lakhavA mATe pAzcAtya tema ja bhAratIya tarkagraMthanuM sAruM adhyayana emaNe karyuM che. A pramANuzAstrapravezikAnAM 24 prakaraNamAM pratyakSa, anumAna ane zabda pramANonI carcAvicAraNA che. temAM viSayacaryAne jIvaMta-rasamaya banAvavA mATe Aditya, tiSa, khagoLa, saMpattizAstra, mane vijJAna, bhautikavijJAna, aitihAsika zodhakhoLa AdimAMthI udAharaNa lIdhAM che. A graMthe pramANuzAstranI paribhASA ghaDavAMmAMye yatkiMcita pradAna karyuM che. temaNe vidyApIThanA gRhapatinI kAmagIrI bajAvatAM chAtraghaDatarane prazna paNa vicAre. e vicAraNanA phalasvarUpa, lagabhaga bAra ane tethI vadhAre uMmaranA

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432 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [2*. 4 kizorA ane yuvAneAnA dainaMdinIya AcAranI dharma pUta vyAvahArika daSTie vicArelI samAyeAjanArUpe 'nityanA AcAra' graMtha ApyA che, 'AcAra' vizenA khyAla rItabhAta ('maeNnarsa') ane ziSTAcAra('eNTikeTa')ne keTalIka rIte sparzatA chatAM tenA kendramAM je dharmabhAvanA -- 'vizvAbhimukha daSTi' rahelI che teneA marma samajAvavAne prayAsa A kRtimAM thayA che. A kRti e rIte 'ziSTAcArothI' 'saMskAra-zikSikA'(a. ma. rAvaLa) paNa gaNAya. rAmanArAyaNe bALakanA UThavAthI te tenA jAhera vartAva sudhInI ji MdA jIvananI caryAM vize mUlyavAna mAdana Apyu che. ane te paNa mukhkhIvaTathI nahi .paNa samabhAvapUrvaka. emAM emanI kizArabhAgya lakhAvaTa ane premALa abhigama dhyAnA che. rAmanArAyaNanA pUrA vyaktitvanA aMdAja meLavavA cAhanAre 'kAvyanI zakti' sAthe 'AcAranI zakti' preratAM emanAM AvAM pustakAneAye khyAla rAkhavA ghaTe. - rAmanArAyaNe inDiyana naeNzanala thiyeTara mATe rAsa ane garabA' (1954) nAmanI pustikA gAvardhana paMcAla sAthe rahIne ApI hatI emAM emanuM kartRtva tA kAvya, gAna ane nana A trividha rIte rAsa garabAnI AleAyanA karatA A pustikAmAMnA prAstAvika lekha pUratuM ja maryAdita che. A uparAMta 'buddhiprakAza' (1956)nA kaiAmAM prasiddha thayelI 'kAvyazAstra' tathA 'AnaMdamImAMsA' lekhamALAe khAsa ullekhanIya che. vaLI 'yugadharmI' tathA 'gujarAtI nATaya' vageremAM emanA khInna paNa keTalAka lekhA che. temaNe 'purAtattva'mAM cANukacanA arthazAstra vize keTaluMka lakhANa Apelu. 'A vidyA vyAkhyAnamALA'(1922)mAM cAlukaya kauTilya vize eka dI vyAkhyAnalekha ApyA hatA. A prakAranA lekhA temanI vizALa dRSTi ane rucinA paricAyaka che. 'dareka prajAne bhUtakALanA avAja sAMbhaLavAne suka joIe ja ane rAmanArAyaNe yathAvakAza e sukaka premathI kareluM che te joI zakAya che. 2. anuvAdakama : rAmanArAyaNa adhyApanAdi nimitte kAvya, nATake, vArtAe AdinA anuvAdA ApatA rahyA che. emanA evA keTalAka prAsAdika anuvAda 'zeSanAM kAvyA' tathA 'kulAMgAra ane khIjI kRtio' vageremAM joI zakAya che. rAmanArAyaNe ane nagInadAse cuMbana ane khIjI vAtA'(bIjI AvRtti 'vAmA' nAmathI pragaTa thaI che.)nA je anuvAzraMtha ApyA che temAM me vArtAonA anuvAda rAmanArAyaNanA che. vaLI risakalAla che.. parIkha sAthe rahIne kAvyaprakAzanA 1thI 6 ullAsaneA mULAnusArI anuvAda temaNe ApyA che, temaNe dharmAnaMda kAsakhI sAthe rahIne dhammapada'(1924)nA anuvAdanuM kArya

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pra. 10] rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka [33 paNa karyuM hatuM. A badhA anuvAde rAmanArAyaNanI adhyApana ane adhyayananiSThAnA ane mAnavIya saMrakAra-saMskRti premanA dyotaka che. 3saMpAdana: rAmanArAyaNe gUjarAta vidyApIThamAM adhyApana karatAM tyAMnA vidyArthIone najaramAM rAkhIne kavitAnA keTalAka pAThasaMcaye karyA ane e rIte hiMmatalAla aMjAriyAnA kAryane AgaLa dhapAvyuM. temaNe narahari parIkha sAthe rahI narasiMhanA kahevAtA "geviMdagamana (saM. 1979)nuM saMpAdana karI A pravRttine zubhAraMbha karyo. e pachI kAvyasamuccayanA be bhAga ane pachI nagInadAsa pArekha sAthe rahI "kAvyaparicayanA be bhAgamAM je saMpAdana karyA teNe temane saMpAdaka tarIke yaza apAvyuM. temaNe A kAvyasaMpAdanamAM aitihAsika ane tulanAtmaka pariprekSya paNa dhyAnamAM rAkhe jaNAya che. A saMcayae gujarAtI kavitA pratyenI abhyAsIonI vyApaka ane samyaga racinA ghaDataramAM mahatvano phALo Apyo jaNAya che. A uparAMta temaNe mAdhyamika zALAo mATenA sAhityika saMpAdanamAMye rasa lIdho hate. temaNe 'kAnta'ne 'pUrvAlApa'nI bIjI AvRttinuM tathA umAzaMkara sAthe AnaMdazaMkaranA "kAvyatatvavicAra', "sAhityavicAra", "digdarzana ane vicAramAdhurI-1nuM je saMpAdana karyuM e paNa moTI sAhityasevA lekhAya. 'kAnta'nA saMpAdanamAM temane jIvanadarzana ane kAvyasarjananA saMbaMdhane spaSTa karatAM je uddaghAta ane TippaNa che te mUlyavAna che. vaLI "ApaNe dharmanI trIjI AvRttimAM tathA AnaMdazaMkaranA anya keTalAka graMthomAM udaghAtarUpe je lekhe lakhyA te temanI vyApaka, sUkSma ane UMDI ciMtanazIlatAnA tathA saghana abhyAsaniSThAnA dyotaka che. "ApaNe dharma" nimitte AnaMdazaMkaranI jJAnagaMgAne supere jhIlavAnuM sAmarthya batAvI temanI UMcI sArasvatazaktine saune para karAvyuM. hIrAbahena sAthe "gUrjaravArtAvaibhavanI zreNImAM sAmAjika kathAonuM emaNe eka saMpAdana karyuM hatuM. vaLI "munazI sUktisaMcaya'nA saMpAdakamAM paNa temane samAveza thato hato. temaNe "nhAnAlAla smAraka graMtha (1953)nA saMpAdakemAMye mokharAnI javAbadArI adA karI hatI. temanI saMpAdanazaktine. samyapha paricaya te "yugadharma', "prasthAna Adi dvArA saune thayo che, khAsa karIne prasthAna dvArA. indulAla yAjJikanA taMtrIpadethI cAlatA "yugadharma'mAM temaNe 1924nA phebruArIthI kalA ane sAhityavibhAganuM taMtrI kArya kareluM. e pachI gu. sA. 28

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434] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 saM. 1982nA kArataka mAsathI zarU karAyelA "prasthAna'mAM temaNe taMtrI kArya saMbhALyuM ane te lagabhaga saM. 1993nA vaizAkha mAsa sudhI saMbhALyuM hatuM. A daramyAna temaNe "prasthAna' dvArA sAhityajagatanI bahumUlya sevA karI hatI. rAmanArAyaNanI pitAnI pratibhAne te kharuM ja uparAMta bIjA aneka sarjakonI pratibhAne protsAhana, piSaNa ApavAmAM "prasthAnane phALe rahyo hato. gujarAtanA sAhityika-sAMskRtika jIvanamAM prasthAna" eka vidhAyaka baLa banI raheluM. A prasthAne "dapUivaM catu vAdramu'nI bhAvanA prasAravA sAthe "cAlatA madhune pAme e bhAvanAneya pratiSThita karI. "prasthAna'dhame ja rAmanArAyaNa jIvanakavanamAM -utkRSTa madhu siddhi pAmyA. upasaMhAra rAmanArAyaNe gujarAtI bhASA ane sAhityanI zikSaNa, sarjana, vivecana, saMzAdhana, anuvAda, saMpAdana vagere dvArA bahu moTI sevA karI che. kaLA, keLavaNI, darzana-vicAra - A sarvemAMnA temanA utkaTa rase temanI sAhityasAdhanAne tejasvI banAvI. temaNe gAMdhI ane TAgoranI - satya ane saundaryanI dhArAmAM je ekatva hatuM tene marma grahI svakIya kalAsAdhanAne sAtvika ane udAtta banAvavA puruSArtha karyo. temane zabda dekhAya che sAde paNa emAM sAcI garbhazrImaMtAI joI zakAya che. emanA zabdamAM kalpanAnA svairavihAra sAthe tatvapremI cittane mananavihAra-mane vihAra paNa jovA maLe che. jIvana ane kalAmAM rAmanArAyaNane sarvathA ne sarvadA abhimata che "vihAra', "vilAsa' nahi. emanA zabdamAM jJAnInA prauDha ane zizune kautukasabhara darzanane virala vega avAranavAra AhlAdaka rIte pratIta thAya che. rAmanArAyaNane zabda jIvananA zIlabhadra anubhava darzanamAMthI sAmarthya teja meLave che. e zabda paraMparAmAnya thavA sAthe prayoganiSTha rahevA jeTalI kRtiye dAkhavata rahyo che. e zabda prathama najare AMjI de evo nathI, paNa eka vAra tenI sAthe sauhArdapUrNa saMbaMdha siddha thayA pachI, enI uSmAsabhara AkarSakatA ne aMtargata rasAtmakatAne para meLavyA pachI enA sAMnidhyane TALavuM ke avahelavuM muzkela banI jAya che. pAThakasAhebanA samasta chavanakarma ane kalAdharmane-vidyAkarmIne pradhAna rasa zama jaNAya che - jiMdagInA sarva rasa ne raMgenA tattvaparipAkarUpa zama, e zamanA anubhavamAM astitvanI sArthakatAne ane jIvanapuruSArthanI ISTatAne saMketa rahela che. emAM jIvananI saMkulatAnuM Akalana jarUra che; jIvananI karuNatAmAMnuM gaMbhIra avagAhana paNa emAM gRhIta che ja; paraMtu e anubhave emanI zucitA ne prasannatAnI sAdhanAne

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pra. 10 ] rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka [435 vadhu gabhIratA-nigdhatA samapI tenI dIpti baDhAvI che. pAThakasAhebane zabda enI utkRSTa bhUmikAe satyArtha kuratAM je vyApa ne gahanatA siddha kare che tene marma jANIne kadAca ApaNuM eka vicakSaNa kavi umAzaMkare "aho virala cittasAja ati sUkamadazI zuci !" ema emanA mATe kavyuM haze. TIpa 1 "Akalana", 1964, pR. 186-187. 2 e ja, pR. 191. 3 e ja, pR. 187. 4 "pramANazAstrapravezikA', 1922, pR. 24. 5 "sAhityavimaza", 159, pR. 20. 6 'Akalana', pR. 10. 7 e ja, pR. 12. 8 e ja, pR. 22-23. 9 "kAvyanI zakti, 159, pR. 226. 10 e ja, pR. 44. 11 "arvAcIna kAvyasAhityanAM vaheNe", 1962, pR. 217, 12 "navihAra', 1961, pR. 140, 147, 13 "narmadaH arvAcIna gadyapadyane AdyapraNetA', 1965, pR. 77. 14 "sAhityAloka', pR. 32. 15 e ja, pR. 39. 16 "sAhityavimarza', pR. 5-6. 17 e ja, pR. 126. 18 kAvyanI zakti', pR. 15-21. 19 "sAhityaka', pR. 31. ra0 "kAvyanI zakti', pR. 39. ra1 "sAhityavimarza', pR. 28. 22 "kAvyanI zakti", 36-37. 23 e ja, pR. 182. 24 "arvAcIna kAvyasAhityanAM vaheNe', pR. 24. 25 "sAhityAloka', pR. 12. 26 "kAvyanI zakti', pR. 227. 27 "Akalana". pR. 7. 28 kAvyanI zakti', pR. 225. 29 "sAhityavimaza", pR. 211. 30 "arvAcIna kAvya-sAhityanAM vaheNe', pR. 110. 31 e ja, pR. 104. 3ra e ja, pR. 22, 101-102. 33 "sAhityavimarza', pR. 237, 239, 240. 34 "arvAcIna kAvya-sAhityanAM vaheNo', pR. 75. 35 e ja, pR. 75. 36 "sAhityavimarza', pR. 38. 37 "arvAcIna kAvyasAhityanAM vaheNo', pR. 131, 38 "sAhityavimarza', pR. 25. 39 ke AlocanA', 1964, pR. 194. 40 kAvyanI zakita', pR. 12. 41 "Akalana', pR. 138, 139, 142. kara bahata piMgala', upadhAta, 1955, pR. 6, 15.43 "narmadaH arvAcIna gadyapadyane AdyapraNetA', pR. 125. 44 "Akalana', pR. 13. 45 e ja, pR. 7-9. 46 e ja, pR. 20. 47 e ja, pR. 20. 48 sAhityavimarza', pR. 282. 49 buddhiprakAza', eprila, 1956, pR. 96. 50 "arvAcIna kAvya-sAhityanAM vaheNo', pR. 51. 51 "prAcIna gujarAtI de'. 1948, pR. 131-143. para "arvAcIna kAvya-sAhityanAM vaheNe, pR. 183. pa3 nAvihAra', pR. 216. 54 "AlecanA', pR. 38. 55 "arvAcIna gujarAtI kAvyasAhitya", 1933, pR. 21. 56 "sAhityavimaza", pR. 123. pa7 "svaravihAra'-1, 1965, pR. 172-3. 58 "sAhityAloka', pR. 151. 59 "arvAcIna kAvyasAhityanAM vaheNe', pR. 44. 60 "samAcanA', 1966, pR. 435. 61 "prAcIna gujarAtI chaMdo', pR. 36. dura e ja, pR. 45. 63 "kAvyamAM zabda', 1968, pR. 118-210. 64 prAcIna gujarAtI chaMda', pR. 368-369. 15 gujarAtI piMgala navI daSTie,

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436 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [gra'. 4 pR. 1. 66 e ja, pR. 5. 67 e ja, pR. 6. 68 e ja, pR. 9. 69 e ja, pR. 24, 47. 70 'bRhat piMgala', pR. 691. 71 'vikRti', 1974, pR. 202. 72 avaleAkanA', 1965, pR. 157. 73 'paye'SaNA', 1953, pR. 124. 74 'vivecanA', 1939, pR. 196202.75 avaleAkanA', pR. 156. 76 graMthastha vADmaca', 1967, pR. 14, 77 paribhramaNa bhAga-2', 1947, pR. 220. 78 'kAvyavivecana', 1949, pR. 114 79 sAhityavimaza", pR. 126. 80 'rekhA', julAI, 1946, pR. 78-79. 81 'dvirephanI vAtA-1', navamI AvRttinuM nivedana, pR. 6. 82 puravacana ane vivecana', 1965, pR. 31, 83 'svairavihAra-1', 1965, upeAdghAta, pR. 10. 84 e ja, pR. 12. 85 e ja, pR. 15. 86 'svairavihAra-2', pR. 189, 87 e ja, pR. 103. 88 nibaMdha ane gujarAtI nima'dha', 1976, pR. 138, 89 Aya`vidyA vyAkhyAnamALA', pR. 41.

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prakaraNa 11 rAmaprasAda bakSI, vijayarAya vaidya, rasikalAla parIkha, vizvanAtha bhaTTa, viSNuprasAda trivedI, DolararAya mAMkaDa rAmaprasAda premazaMkara bakSI (1894) paMDitayuga pachInI sAkSarapeDhImAMthI jemaNe saMskRta kAvyazAstranA pitAnA UMDA adhyayanane arvAcIna sAhityavicAraNumAM viniyoga karatA rahevAnuM prazasya kArya karyuM emAM rAmaprasAdanuM nAma paNa mahattvanuM gaNAya. ekadhArI rIte emaNe vibhinna saMdarbhe rasasiddhAntAdi ghaTAnuM jhINavaTabharyuM pRthakkaraNa karyuM che ane navA daSTikoNathI enuM arthaghaTana karI ApyuM che. aMgrejInuM parizIlanA paNa emanI vicAraNane paripaSaka nIvaDeluM che. emane janma 1894nI 27mI jUne jUnAgaDhamAM. tejasvI kArakirdI sAthe vatana rAjakeTathI amadAvAda AvI saMskRta-aMgrejI sAthe bI. e. thayA (1914). e pachI muMbaI jaI tyAMnI AnaMdIlAla pedAra hAIskUlamAM zikSaka tarIke joDAyA. tyAMthI AcAryapade nivRtta thaI mIThIbAI kaoNlejamAM keTalAMka varSamAnAha adhyApaka tarIke rahyA. sAhitya-ciMtananI ruci ghaDavAmAM mAmA hiMmatalAla aMjariyAne tathA narasiMharAvane phALe noMdhapAtra hatA. satata adhyayanarata prakRtie emanI jijJAsA aneka viSayomAM vistArelI che paraMtu emanI vizeSa rUci saMskRta tarapha rahI che. zarUAtamAM emaNe saMskRtamAM keTalAka loke ane laghukAvyonI racanA paNa karelI. sAhityika kArakidIne AraMbha "kathAsaritsAgara'mAMthI kizorabhogya sAmagrIne saMcaya karIne ApelA anuvAda "kathAsaritA'(1917)thI karyo. e pachI emaNe saMskRta kAvyazAstranA adhyayana ane vivecanamAM ja mukhyatve pitAnI zaktione prayojI ane pRthakkaraNukavaNu ane navIna arthaghaTanaparaka dRSTikoNavALA eka vyutpanna abhyAsI tarIke te pratiSThA pAmyA. sAhityamImAMsAnI saLaMgasUtra AlocanA : karuNarasa ane nATayarasa: vaDodarAnA bhAratIya saMgIta-nRtya-nATaya mahAvidyAlayanA upakrame 1954mAM ApelAM vyAkhyAnane graMtha "karuNarasa' (1963) ane 1958nAM

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438 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ zra. 4 vyAkhyAnAnA graMtha 'nATayarasa'(1959) saMskRta kAvyazAstranA emanA UMDA adhyayananA niceDarUpa che. svIkArelA viSayanA vyApaka phalakane AvarI letI kramabaddha vyavasthita rajUAta, nAMdhapAtra bAbatAnuM jhINuM vivaraNa tathA lagabhaga pratyeka tabakke tulanAtmaka dRSTinA ane peAtAnI maulika vicAraNAnA viniyoga emanAM A vyAkhyAnAnI vizeSatA che. eka prakAMDa paMDita ane nIvaDelA zikSaka emAM ekasAthe pravRtta thayelA jaNAze. 'karuNarasa'mAM grIka TrejeDImAMnA karuNanA saMdarbhe sa MskRta nATakamAMnA karuNunA vibhAvane spaSTa karI emaNe saMskRta nATacakArAe, zakti chatAM, karuNAnta nATaka savAnI vRtti kema na batAvI enI khUba dyotaka carcA karI che. AjanA saMdarbhe karuNAnta nATakanA vibhAvAnI vicAraNAmAM ane duHkhapradhAna kRti paNa prekSakanA cittamAM AnaMdAnubhUti kema jagADe che, enA prAcIna rasamImAMsa*Ae ane pAzcAtya vivecakAe ApelA khulAsAonA vivaraNamAM paNa emanI payeSakabuddhinA prabhAvaka paricaya thAya che. nATayarasa'mAM vaizaghra naiAMdhapAtra che. rasazAstranI sakula paribhASAnI carcA pUrve mAnavacittanI vividha bhAvasthitienA vigatapUrNa ane saraLa AlekhanathI bhUmikA bAMdhavAmAM zrotA/vAcakane vivegya viSayanI abhimukha karavAmAM te saphaLa thayA che. nATacazAstranAM aneka tattvAnu vigata pRthakkaraNa karIne, rasanA pratyeka prakAraupaprakArAnuM jhINavaTabharyu vagI karaNa karIne tathA rasasoMpradAyanA udgama ane vikAsanA itihAsa AlekhIne carcAne emaNe sarvAzleSI banAvI che. teA, prekSakanA anubhavanI lAkSaNikatA, naTanuM anusarjanatva, prekSakanI mAnasika-zArIrika pratikriyA jevI bAbatAnI carcAmAM emaNe maulika daSTi darzAvI che ane pAzcAtya siddhAntAne nATayazAstra saMdarbhe cacI', AjanA sAhityasaMdarbhe enI prastutatA spaSTa karI ApI che. saMskRta kAvyazAstranI AkhIya saMkula vicAraNAnA vibhinna ghaTakA vize ApaNe tyAM ghaNI uttama paNa prasa`gaprApta chUTaka carcA thatI rahI che tyAre A e vyAkhyAnatra thAmAMnATayazAstra ane rasasiddhAntanI je saLagasUtra ane sarvAMgINa AlAcanA thaI che evuM ApaNA vivecanamAM noMdhapAtra sthAna che. abhyAsalekhA : siddhAntacarcA ane pratyakSa vivecana : cAreka dAyakAthI emanI vivecanapravRtti cAlatI rahI che. echA pramANamAM paNa sAtatyapUrNAMka emaNe tattvacarcA, sAhityasvarUpa, pravAhadarzana, kRtisamIkSA-ema kAI ne kAI nimitte sAhityavicAraNA calAvI che. emanA AvA abhyAsalekheAmAM siddhAntavivecananuM ja pramANa vizeSa che. ane emAMya sa MskRta DhAvyamImAMsA tarapha emanuM savizeSa AkarSaNa rahyuM che. vADmaya vimarza' (1963, khIjI A. 1970)mAM rasasiddhAnta ane nATayazAstranA ghaTakeAnI arvAcIna sAhitya

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pra. 11] rAmaprasAda bakSI [ 439 ane sAhityavicAraNA paratve prastutatA carcavA tarapha emanI vizeSa najara rahI che. eTale kAvyanA svarUpanI carcAmAM rasa ane alaMkAranA vibhAvene emaNe Adhunika saMdarbhe tapAsyA che ne enA ja anulakSamAM pratIkAdi Adhunika vivecanathI saMjJAonI paNa jhINI tapAsa karI che tathA rasavicAraNAnA mULamAM rahelA vyaMganA tattvane spaSTa karI ApIne Adhunika bhAvakendrI kavitA para ve rasasiddhAntanA viniyogane avakAza karI ApyA che. saMskRta ekAMkInA svarUpanI carcAmAM ke nATayaprayAgamAM layasa vAdanA tattvanuM mahattva darzAvavAmAM emaNe keTalAMka marmadyotaka nirIkSaNeA ApyAM che. TUMkI vArtA ane haLavA nibaMdhanI svarUpacarcA ane vikAsadarzananA lekhAmAMnA svarUpa ane paribhASAnA sUkSma pRthakkaraNamAM ane vyApaka pravAdanamAM kAvyatattvanI emanI UMDI samaja, emanI paye bhakabuddhi ane samakAlIna sAhityanA emanA ghaniSTha paricaya varatAI Ave che. govardhanarAmanA tattvavicAra ane sarjana vizenA judejude samaye vibhinna nimitte lakhAyelA emanA lekheA gAva rAmanuM maneArAjya'(1976)mAM emaNe sulabha karI ApyA che. skrepa jIkasamAMnI geAvanarAmanI tAttvika vicAraNAne tAravI ApIne enI viSayavibhAgavAra vistRta samAleAcanA karatA - mULe skrepabrukasanA emanA ja saMpAdana-anuvAda govardhanarAmanI manananeAMdha'nI prastAvanA rUpe mukAyelA - lekha khUba ja mUlyavAna che. A uparAMta zApanahAranA dArzanika siddhAntA, Ana deza MkaranuM tattvajJAna ane bANunI zailI sAthe geAvanarAmanA te te vizeSonI tulanAtmaka carcA karatA lekhA ane 'snehamudrA'nI vizleSaNAtmaka carcA rAmaprasAdane geAvanarAmanA eka noMdhapAtra abhyAsI Therave che. pravAhadarzana ane kRtisamIkSAnAM emanAM ghaNAM vivecanA haju saMgrahastha thayAM nathI. e lekhAmAM emanI tattvagrAhI samudAra rucinAM darzana thAya che. pratyakSa vivecanamAM kRtinA AMtara rahasyane, sarjakanA vizeSone ane rUparacanAnI lAkSaNikatAne bArIkIthI tAravI ApI te eka rasajJa samAlocaka tarIkenI pratIti janmAve che. 'snehamudrA' uparAMta umAzaMkaranI 'prAcInA', 'nizItha', Atithya' Adi kRtinI lAMkhI samIkSAomAM tathA kAnta, sundaram AdinAM kAvyAnAM vivaraNAmAM emanAM mArmika nirIkSaNA ane kAvyatattvanI UMDI sUjha noMdhapAtra che. vivecananI viziSTatAo : rAmaprasAdanA vizeSa jhoka siddhAntavivecana tarapha rahyo che. vivegya muddAnI bhUmikA bAMdhI enI vigate mAMDaNI karIne pachI jhINu pRthakkaraNa karatA javuM e emanI vivecanapaddhati che. pRthakkaraNa karavAmAM kayAreka te zabdanI vyutpatticarcA karavA - sAhityika saMjJA ke zabdanI gAtra

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440 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 pratiSThA ukelavA-ughukta thayA che ane ema keI navI saMjJA ke vibhAvanA paNa emaNe sUcavyAM che. "ekAMkI'mAMnA "aMka'nI carcA ke UrmikAvyane badale bhAvakAvya saMjJA sUcavatI carcA A prakAranI che. AthI saMskRta kAvyazAstranI rUDha vicAraNA emanI vivecanapravRttinA kendrasthAne rahI hovA chatAM emaNe ghaNIya vAra viziSTa dRSTikoNathI ane navIna pariprekSyamAM enuM mUlyAMkana karyuM che. kAvyanA svarUpane saMdarbhe mAnavanI Adima saMvedanA sAthe joDAyelAM bhAva, laya ane kalpanAnI emanI carcA; naTamAnasanI taTasthatA (emAM khAsa kAraNarUpa mAnava svabhAvanA daividhya) vizene emane dRSTikoNa; kalpana ane pratIka jevI Adhunika vivecananI saMjJAone saMskRta alaMkArazAstranA ghaTaka sAthe mUlavavAne emane prayAsa; tirodhAnavyApAranI kAvyamAM camatkArakatA vizenuM emanuM dRSTibiMda2 laya ane nATakanA layasaMvAda- rhythm - vaccenA sUkSma bhedanI carcA - emanI maulika vicAraNAnA nidarzanarUpa che. ApaNe tyAM saMskRta kAvyavicArane jIvaMta rAkhavAmAM emane, A rIte, noMdhapAtra phALo rahyo che. kAvyamAMnuM alaMkArapravartana, sarjanavyApAramAM Adimatattva, rasasiddhAntanI prastutatA Adi bAbatoe to emanA cittamAM eTaluM daDha sthAna jamAveluM che ke emanI vicAraNamAM e vAraMvAra - kayAreka ene e ja rUpe paNa - AvatI rahI che. govardhanarAmanI mananoMdhamAMnI vicAraNAnA emane atyaMta gamI gayelA aMze paNa, A ja rIte, govardhanarAmaviSayaka anya lakhANomAM satata dekhAyA kare che. siddhAntacarcAomAM rAmaprasAdanI gadyazailI sAmAnyapaNe pAMDityapracura che. emAM pravAhitAnA aMzo ochA che. ethI, gaurIprasAda jhAlAne ucita rIte lAgyuM che ema, emanA vivecananI "ghaNI sAmagrI vidvAnane utsava jevI paNa jijJAsuone parAjita kare evI thaI gaI che.3 alabatta, "karuNarasamAM, vizeSe te prAraMbhika bhUmikA rU5 pahelA vyAkhyAnamAM, pAMDityabhAra haLavo thayAnuM ane vaktavya sugama banyAnuM jaNAya che. pratyakSa vivecanamAM te emanI zailI ghaNI pravAhI banI che. ghaNuM a5 hevA chatAM, kRtivivecana rAmaprasAdanI vivecanAnuM eka AgavuM ane pRhaNIya parimANa che. anuvAda-saMpAdana : vivecana uparAMta anuvAda-saMpAdananAM kAryomAM emanI vidvattAne paricaya thavA sAthe sAhitya sAthenI UMDI nisbata ane niSThApUrNa sAhityasevAvRtti paNa dekhAya che. "kathAsaritA' uparAMta zIkha dharmagraMthane padyAnuvAda "sukhamanI' (1926), narasiMharAvanA "gujarAtI leMgaveja eNnDa

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pra. 11] vijayarAya vaidya [441 liTarecarane anuvAda "gujarAtI bhASA ane sAhitya (prathama bhAga 1936, bIje 1957), govardhanarAmanI 5 bukasanA emanA ja dehana-saMpAdana (195759) anuvAda gavardhanarAmanI manananedha' (1969) tema ja "narasiMharAvanI rojanIzI' (1953), uttamalAla trivedInI gadyariddhi (ramaNalAla jozI sAthe, 1971) tathA keTalAka abhinaMdanagraMthonAM svataMtra ke anya sAthe karelAM saMpAdana - ane emAMnI abhyAsa pUrNa prastAvanAo - paNa emanI mahattvanI sAhityasevA gaNAze. saMskRta kAvyazAstra aMgenI pitAnI vidattAne Adhunika sAhitya ane . tatvacarcA saMdarbhe satata prayojatA rahyA hovAthI temaja sAcI kAvyaprItithI ane UMDI samajathI samakAlIna sAhityane vilokavAnA emanA tatvadarzI ane saMniSTha prayAsothI rAmaprasAda bakSI jUnI ane navI baMne peDhInA sAhityakAromAM zraddheya sArasvata tarIke sthAna pAmyA che. vijayarAya kalyANarAya vaidya (1887-1974) kyAreka kevaLa zAstrIya pRthakkaraNane lakSatI zuSka tattvacarcA ane uSmAnya kRti parIkSAmAM rAcatI paMDitayugIna vivecanAne, eka sAhityadhamI patrakAranI tIkhI, prahArAtmaka ane vegIlI vANImAM pratikAra ane prativAda karIne tathA evI vivecanA sAme sarjanAtmaka guNavALAM, raMgadarzI ane saMskAragrAhI vivecane lakhIne A sadInA trIjA dAyakAthI vijayarAye ApaNe tyAM kautukarAgI vivecanapraNAlIne AraMbha karyo. vizvanAtha bhaTTa "arvAcIna vivecanakalAnA Adya draSTA' tarIke ApelI oLakhamAM ja emanA A aitihAsika mahattvane spaSTa nirdeza maLe che. 1897nI 7mI eprile bhAvanagaramAM emane janma. prAthamika zikSaNa bhAvanagaramAM. pachI muMbaI. vilsana kaoNlejamAM abhyAsa daramyAna ja aMgrejI sAhityavivecananA bahALA vAcanathI emanI sajajatA keLavAyelI. aMgrejIsaMskRta sAthe 1920mAM bI.e. thayA bAda tarata baTubhAI umaravADiyAnA "cetana'mAM sahataMtrI tarIke joDAyA. 1922thI be varasa munazInA gujarAtImAM vyavasthApaka ane sahataMtrI rahyA. 1924thI emaNe svataMtrapaNe "kaumudI' daimAsika zarU karyuM' (1930thI e mAsika baneluM). 1935mAM "kaumudI'nI bhasmamAMthI ene navA avatAra samA "mAnasI"nuM prAgaTaya thayuM. vacce, 1937-1949 daramyAna suratanI ema.TI.bI. kaoNlejamAM adhyApaka tarIke rahyA paNa lagabhaga

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442]. gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ caM. 4 jIvanabhara te e patrakAra ja rahyA. "mAnasI" 1960 sudhI cAlu rahyuM. e pachI emaNe thoDAka samaya (1962-63nA arasAmAM) rohiNa" nAmanI saMskAra patrikA paNa calAvelI. chaThThA dAyakA pachI emanI lekhanapravRtti ghaNI maMda paDI gaI hatI. chellAM keTalAMka varSa bhAvanagaramAM emaNe pUrNa nivRtta jIvana gALyuM. 1974nI 17mI eprile emanuM avasAna thayuM. patrakAratva patrakAratva vijayarAyanI sAhityika kArakidInuM pramukha aMga che. vivecanane sarjanalakSI banAvavA pAchaLa rahelI vilakSaNa paNa nirbheLa sAhityasevAvRtti, eka navIna AbehavA sarjavAnI khvAheza tema ja jUnA sAme baMDa ane navAnI nekI' pikAravAne yuyutsApUrNa abhiniveza vijayarAyane zarUAtathI ja patrakAratva tarapha kheMce che ane e emanI zaktionuM yogya mAdhyama banI rahe che. samakAlIna sAhityika ghaTanAo, sAhityavivecananI carcAo ane UhApoho, sarjakanA aMgata paricayo, "pAMcasoeka zabdomAM "hajAreka zabdomAM zIrSakathI thatAM viziSTa rItinAM avalekane - evI vaividhyapUrNa ane navIna sAmagrIthI emanAM sAmayike e tatkAlIna sAhityika vAtAvaraNane jIvaMta ane smRtibharyuM rAkheluM. emanI sarjana-vivecanapravRtti mATe sauthI mUlyavAna banelA ane cetanavaMta rahelA pahelA be-aDhI dAyakA daramyAna emanuM patrakArakArya paNa eTaluM ja prabhAvaka nIvaDeluM che. sAhityanAM sthagita mUlyo sAme baMDa pokAratI, utsAhI ane tejasvI kalamane "kaumudI" ane "mAnasI"mAM emaNe avakAza karI Apyo. pite paNa satata lakhatA rahIne AvAM vAdayuddhone prerakabaLa pUruM pADeluM. prabhAvavAdI vivecanAne paNa emanAM sAmayikAe pelI ane saMvadhI. taMtrI tarIke vijayarAya navIna valaNanA jevA utsAhI upAsaka hatA evA ja saMpAdananI ekasAIvALA, saMniSTha ane mUlyavattAnA AgrahI hatA. eTale sAhityika patrakAratvanAM UMcAM dhAraNA paNa emaNe sthApI ApyAM. ApaNe tyAMnAM sAhityika sAmayikanA itihAsamAM kaumudI' ane "mAnasI"nuM sthAna niHzaMkapaNe ghaNuM UMcuM ane gauravapUrNa gaNAze. patrakAra vijayarAyanA vivecanakAryane eka gati ApI. emanAM keTalAMka svane paNa emAM kaMIka aMze sAkAra thayelAM che. vivecaka uparAMta nibaMdhakAra tarIkenA emanA vikAsamAM paNa patrakAratvano hisso che. paraMtu, A patrakAratve ja emanI ghaNu zaktione kaMIka aMze sImita paNa karI dIdhI che. navInatAne ArAdhatI, jhamakadAra, ane cApalyanA aMzevALI zelIe emanAM keTalAMka lakhANone

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pra. 11] vijayarAya vaidya [ 443 sapATI para phelAI jatI camakavALAM banAvI dIdhAM, je have samaya jatAM nisteja ane aaiN paNa lAge che. emanAmAM gaMbhIra abhyAsI paNa A kAraNe kacAreka pazcAdbhUmAM dhakelAI jatA jaNAya che. anaMtarAya rAvaLa kahe che ema, kacAreka tA emanI vivecanasAdhanA zailIsAdhanA ke rItisAdhanA paNu banI gaI che. paraMtu AvI zailIparakatAne tathA tatkAlInatA ane prAsaMgikatAnA aMzAne bAda karatAM sthAyI mUlya dharAvatuM lekhanakArya paNa patrakAratvane anuSaMge emaNe karyuM che kharuM. uparAMta tatkAlIna sAhityika sthitine eka vaLAMka ApI, emAM navuM saMcalana pravartAvatI rekhA emaNe AMkI ApI che enuM aitihAsika mUlya paNa agatyanu` lekhAze. vivecana ramaNabhAI nIlakaMThe ApelA sAhitya pariSadanA adhyakSIya pravacananI, vijayarAye 1920mAM kArakirdInA AraMbhe ja karelI vistRta kaDaka samIkSAmAM eka vivecaka tarIkenA emanA lAkSaNika paricaya maLI jAya che. kaDaka abhiprAyAmAM dekhAtAM AkramakatA ane abhiniveza, kaTAkSanA azAvALI paNa asaMdigdha bhASAmAM karelA muddAsara vizleSaNamAM varatAtAM cAkasAI ane nibhIkatA, vivecanane eka kalAkRtine dheAraNe tapAsI enI maryAdA dekhADavAmAM jaNAI AvatI vivecana pAsethI emanI vilakSaNa apekSA tathA anya pravRttionA avakAze| vacce thatI sAhityasevAnI UNapa ane kayAzA batAvI ApavAmAM pragaTa thatA sAhityanI ekaniSTha upAsanAne emanA Agraha - vijayarAyanA vivecananI dizAnuM spaSTa IMgita kare che. pachI teA be-aDhI dAyakA sudhI AvA ja lAkSaNika miAja (spirit)nA phalasvarUpa vedhaka ane mArmika daSTivALAM vivecane ekadhArI rIte emanI pAsethI maLatAM rahe che. tattvavicAra ane graMthasamIkSA : 'sAhityadarzana' (1935) tathA 'jUI ane ketakI' (1939) emanA vivecanakAnA sauthI vadhu noMdhapAtra samayagALAnA vivecanasa graheA che. pahelAmAM mukhyatve sAmprata sAhityika praznonI carcA ane tattvavicAra che, khInnamAM emanI kaTu-tikta ane rasalakSI, abhyAsapUrNa graMthasamIkSA che. A badhAmAM vijayarAyanI vivecanapaddhati tarata dhyAna kheMce che. sAhityapravAhanuM rasadazI ane citrAtmaka nirUpaNu karI enA jIvaMta paricaya e karAvatA hAya che. pravartamAna sAhityika praznonI emanI carcA utkaTa ane jalada vizeSa hAya che. pU pakSa para e kaTAkSa-vineAdamizrita AkramaNu kare che paNa pachI

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444] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 pitAnA matanA samarthanamAM karelI dalIlamAM emanI abhyAsazIlatAnI tathA tINu buddhizaktinI chApa Upase che. paMDitayugIna vivecana ane enAM sAhityavalaNa aMgenA lekhomAM AnI pratIti thAya che. tatvacarcAne emanA thoDAka lekha pramANabhUta vicAraNuM, muddAsaranI carcA ane mArmika nirIkSaNenuM mUlya dharAve che. "vAmayavicAra", "sAhitya jevA lekhomAMnI tarkabaddha ane pRthakkaraNatmika carcA ane "kalAvivecananI gUMcamAM kalA ane nItinA praznanI arUDha paddhatie karelI, anaveSaNamUlaka vicAraNA khUba satvazALI che. vijayarAyanI graMthasamIkSAo emanI vivecanazaktione eka mahatvane, lAkSaNika aMza che. saMkSipta graMthAvalekamAM te kRtine rasalakSI ane marmadazI paricaya Ape che te emanI dII samIkSAo abhyAsa pUrNa ane samagradazI heAya che. pAzcAtya ane gujarAtI sAhityaparaMparAnI uttama kRtionA saMdarbha vivecya kRtinA svarUpa(genre)nI lAkSaNikatAo cacI enuM mUlyAMkana te karI ApatA hoya che. katinA vizeSa darzAvI ApavAmAM ke enA deSone barAbara dhAradAra rIte cIMdhI ApavAmAM e khUba kuzAgradaSTi jaNAya che. "UgatI juvAnI', "sAhityamaMthana', "kAkAnI zazI' dhUmaketunI vArtAo AdinI saMgIna dIdhuM samIkSAo AnA uttama udAharaNa rUpa che. vivecana paratvene sarjanAtmaka dRSTikoNa vijayarAyanAM vivecananI eka mahattvanI vizeSatA che. A dRSTikoNanAM mULa te, abhyAsakALamAM Arthara kIlarakUcanI vivecanarIti tarapha jAgelA emanA AkarSaNamAM paDelAM che. "sAhityanuM vivecana sAhitya jevuM sarjanalakSI hoya te ja dimttama jAtinuM gaNAya evo khyAla tyAre ja baMdhAyele - je pachI emanA vivecanavicAramAM uttarottara spaSTa thato ane emanI samIkSAomAM caritArtha thato gayo. sahRdayatAthI kRtinA prabhAvane jhIlI, rasaLatI ane kalpanAmaMDita zailImAM ene aMkita karI ApavAnuM e svIkAre che. ethI emanA vivecanemAM vayaktika uSmAnA ane AtmalakSI rAgIyatAnA aMze ghaNuM jovA maLe che. vAcakane AthI kRtinuM marmadarzana to maLe ja che paNa e uparAMta vivecakanI rasalakSI vivecanarIti paNa enuM dhyAna kheMce che- vijayarAyanAM vivecane Avo eka vilakSaNa anubhava karAve che. sAhityanA pravAhadarzanamAM ke saiddhAttvika carcAomAM paNa emanI zailInuM rUpa lagabhaga AvuM ja rahe che. paraMtu ethI emanA vivecane vAyavya banI jAya che ema nathI, kAraNa ke emAM bauddhikatAne parivAra ke abhyAsazIlatAne abhAva nathI. nhAnAlAlanI

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pra. 11] vijayarAya vaidya [445 vivecanapaddhatinI TIkA karatAM emaNe vivecakamAM kalpane uparAMta sUkama pRthakkaraNa karanArI buddhizaktinI AvazyakatA pramANa ja che. emanA vivecanamAM prayogalakSI valaNa paNa dekhAya che. keTalAka prayogo patrakAratvarita paNa haze paNa emAMthI nIvaDI AvelAmAM vijayarAyanI vivecanA-- ne lAMbA phalakano tathA emanI vivecanapravRttinAM vividha parimANone sarasa paricaya maLI rahe che. rasalakSI nibaMdhikAo jevAM mitAkSarI avalokane, Akramaka paNa tattvAgrahI UhApoha, mAhitIne saghana rIte samAvatAM chatAM AsvAdadaza rahetAM kRti-kartA ke sAhityapravAha aMgenAM lakhANa, talasparzI sAhityatattvacarcAo, vyavasthita ane aMkADAbaddha cAlatI keTalIka adhyayanamUlaka vicAraNAo - e badhAmAM emanI sajajatAne ane emanI rasika vidvattAne vividharUpe. AviSkAra thayeluM che. sAhityane itihAsa : munazIe vijayarAyanI "a brilliant stylist and a powerful critic8 tarIke ApelI oLakha temanA "gujarAtI sAhityanI rUparekhA'(1943)nI bAbatamAM sauthI vadhu sAcI che. sAhityanA saLaMga ItihAso ApavAnA keTalAka gAMdhIyugIna vivecakenA mahatvanA prayAsomAM vijayarAyane A graMtha ItihAsalekhananI arUDha paddhati ane emanI vilakSaNa gadyazailIthI ja tarI Ave che. hemacaMdrathI AraMbhI A sadInA lagabhaga trIjA dAyakA sudhInA sAhityapravAhane, mukhya kartAo ane emanI mahattvanI kRtione kendramAM rAkhIne emaNe sarasa Alekha Apyo che. patrakArI AkarSakatAvALAM paNa sAmAnya rIte marmadaza nIvaDatAM prakaraNazIrSaka, kavinA jamAnAnA sAMskRtika parivezanuM mitAkSarI ane citrAtmaka varNana, kartAnA vyaktitvanI ane enI sarjakapratibhAnI lAkSaNikatAone ka95nAmaMDita paricaya, kRtinuM lAghavapUrNa, sacoTa rasadarzana - enI AgavI khAsiyata che. mANelA sAhityAnaMdane varNavavAno emane Azaya rahyo che ane ethI emanI gati zuSka ItihAsalekhanane badale rasAvaha paddhatie sAhityaparaMparAnuM mUlyAMkana karavAnI dizAmAM rahI che. AvI paddhati chatAM emAM mAhitInI UNapa paNa khAsa varatAtI nathI. mULa saLaMga lakhANamAM samAviSTa na thayelI mAhitI emaNe pariziSTa dvArA mUkI che. sAhityasvarUpanI vizeSatAo noMdhatAM, kartA ane kRtinI keTalIka vigata ne ekasAthe tAravI ApatAM, mahattvanI sAlavArI nirdezatAM AvAM pariziSTomAM mAhitI eka sthAne saMkalita thaIne paNa maLe che. pitAnA vaktavyamAM, sake ane kRtio vizenAM abhyAsI vidvAnonAM

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446 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ J. 4 avataraNo gUMthatA jaIne tema ja vigatapUrNa TippaNone moTA pramANamAM upayoga karIne emaNe potAnI sajajatA ane jANakArIne paNa khUba lAkSaNika vini ga karyo che. emanI pratibhAvAtmaka lekhanazailImAMthI keTalAMka mArmika nirIkSaNe paNa sAMpaDe che. Ama, vijayarAyane A itihAsamAM, jayaMta koThArI kahe che evuM "abhiprAya ane mUlyAMkanonuM samRddha saMkalana ApaNane avazya prApta thAya che. joke, vijayarAyanI nirUpaNapaddhatinI keTalIka maryAdAone kAraNe pustakanuM Alekhana ekasarakhI saMghaTanAvALuM rahyuM nathI. prakaraNanA eka aMzamAM emane AsvAdamUlaka pratibhAva hoya che to bIjA aMzamAM mAhitIne ekasAthe khaDakI detuM zuSka vigatavarNana paNa hoya che. zailI pravAha paNa AthI avaruddha thato lAge. lakhANane kalpanAtmaka karavAnA mohane lIdhe ane kyAreka navInatAnA lebhe temAM liSTatA, saMdigdhatA ane aprastutatA jevI maryAdAo paNa pravezI che. madhyakAlIna sAhitya vizenuM lakhANa kaMIka jaladI patAvI dIdheluM, aparyApta lAge che te sudhAraka yuga vizenuM lakhANa kaMIka vadhu vigatapUrNa lAge che. AthI, sAmagrInI daSTie itihAsalekhananI yojanA asaMtulita rahI gaI hovAnI paNa eka chApa paDe che. vIseka varSa pachI emaNe A itihAsa para pharIthI kAma AraMbhya ane ene sudhArI-vistArIne traNa bhAgamAM prakAzita karyo. paMDitayuga sudhInA itihAsane ja emAM te AvarI zakyA che. e pachInA samaya vize bIjA be bhAga taiyAra karavAnI emanI yojanA hatI paNa e kAma te pUruM karI zakyA nahIM. A saMvardhita itihAsamAM paNa nirUpaNanI keTalIka muzkelIo rahI gaI che paNa sAmagrInI daSTie e kaMIka vadhu vyavasthita karI zakAya che. vijayarAyanI vilakSaNatAonuM pratinidhitva karate, ane emanI vivecanAtmaka zaktione pUro hisAba Apato A graMtha emanI samagra sAhityasevAmAM sauthI vadhu mahatvanuM sthAna pAme evo che. anyaH A uparAMta nhAnAlAla kavinI jIvanadaSTi'(1957)mAM nhAnAlAlanA sarjanane preraka-prabhAvaka nIvaDelAM paribaLonI mAhitI pUrNa carcA ane e saMdarbhe thayeluM nhAnAlAlanuM mUlyAMkana che te "gata zatakanuM sAhitya (1959) yuganA pravAhonI emanI jhINI jANakArIne paricaya karAve che - 19mI sadIne uttarArdha Ameya emanA rasane viSaya rahyo che. joke, sAmagrInA samatola nirUpaNanI muzkelI A pustakamAM paNa varatAya che. saMzodhanAtmaka kahI zakAya evAM lakhANenA be saMgraha paikI "lIlAM sUkAM

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pra. 11] - vijayarAya vadhe [447 pAna'(1942)mAM narmadanA "DAMDiyo'nA maLI zakyA eTalA aMkenI noMdhapAtra ane mUlyavAna sAmagrIne khUba ekasAIpUrvaka ane vyavasthita rIte tAravIne enuM emanI lAkSaNika zailImAM sarasa nirUpaNa karyuM che. hakIkatane vikRta karyA vinA navIna jANakArIne vadhu rasaprada karIne emaNe ApI che ne enI pazcAdbhUmAM narmadanA vyaktitvane paNa emaNe upasAvI ApyuM che. paraMtu "pArasanA sparza (1963)mAMnA eka dIrdha lekha "vaziSThagAthA'mAM, purANomAMnI vaziSThakathAne abhyAsa karIne emaNe AlekheluM vaziSThanuM saMzodhanamUlaka caritra, kalpanAtmaka aMzenI bheLaseLathI, pramANabhUta rahI zakyuM nathI. A pustakamAMnAM anya lakhANa paNa, AsvAdyatAnA aMzo dharAvatAM hovA chatAM, itihAsanA tane lIveDAthI dhUMdhaLAM banAvatI maryAdAvALAM che. nIlama ane pikharAja (1962) tathA "mANeka ane akIka (1967) e be prakIrNa lekhasaMgrahamAM sAhityavicAraNuM ane graMthasamIkSAnA paNa keTalAka lekho che. A baMne pustakomAM emaNe keTalAka sarjake sAthenAM pitAnAM saMsmaraNo ane emanAM vyakticitro AlekhyAM che. emAM vijayarAyanI gadyazailIne prasannakara paricaya maLe che. sarjanAtmaka gadya nibaMdhaH vijayarAyanA "lAkSaNika gadyavilAsane nibaMdhikA, pravAsa, caritra, AtmakathA jevAM svarUpamAM vizeSa avakAza maLyo che. vivecana pachI sauthI vadhu pramANamAM emaNe kheDelo prakAra agaMbhIra nibaMdhane che. "prabhAtanA raMga' (1927), nAjuka savArI' (1938), "UDatAM pAna' (1945) ane dariyAvanI mIThI lahara' (1965) emaNe "vinodakAnta" upanAmathI lakhelI kaTAkSapradhAna ane AtmalakSI nibaMdhikAone saMgraha che. gaMbhIra viSayanuM vinodapUrNa ane rasaLatI zailImAM kareluM laherAtuM nirUpaNu tathA patrakAra, adhyApaka tarIkenA pitAnA jIvana-prasaMgo ane anubhavonI vilakSaNatAnuM hAsya-kaTAkSamaya Alekhana enI vizeSatA che. nikhAlasatA ane mArmikatA emAM AsvAdya bane che chatAM kyAreka gAMbhIryane bhAra nibaMdhane pUrA nibaMdha thatAM aTakAve che, hAsya kyAMka tANatUsIne UbhuM kareluM lAge che ane emAMnuM zailIciThya paNa kyAreka naDatararUpa bane che. A nibaMdhasaMgrahomAM emaNe aMgrejI prakAranA saMvAde ane keTalIka vArtAo paNa (vizeSe "prabhAtanA raMgamAM) sAmela karelAM che paNa emAM zailInI vilakSaNatA sivAya, svarUpa dRSTie te khAsa kazuM dhyAnapAtra banatuM nathI. A badhuM patrakAratvanI upanIpaja jevuM vizeSa che.

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448] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa (caM. 4 pravAsa : "khuzkI ane tarI (1933) karAMcI ane raMgUnanA emanA pravAsanuM pustaka che. sAmAnya prasaMga ke paristhiti mAMthI paNa koI rasaprada aMza khoLI kADhI enuM narma-marmayukta Alekhana enI vizeSatA che. mahad aMze AtmalakSI nirUpaNa karatA A pustakamAM sthaLasaudaryane keAI vizeSa jhilAyo nathI - kadAca evI zakyatA paNa nahIMvat hatI paraMtu prajAnI khAsiyatone kyAMka kyAMka emaNe nirUpI che. lekhaka jyAM mAhitI ApavA gayA che tyAM lakhAvaTa kaMIka zuSka banI che. e sivAya rajUAta rucira ane hAsyavinayukta rahI che. caritra ane AtmakathA : caritra ane AtmakathananAM pustake vijaya rAyanI vilakSaNa prayogattinA namUnA rUpa che. "zukratAraka' (1944)mAM emaNe navalarAmanA caritrane saLaMgasUtra AlekhavAne badale emanA vibhinna jIvana prasaMgenAM alaga alaga citro upasAvyAM che. vRttAMtakathana, saMvAda, DAyarI, patra dazyalekhana ema vividha prakAranI nirUpaNapaddhatino upayoga karIne tathA kapanAnA aMze emAM umerIne A caritrane emaNe sarjanAtmaka ane rasaprada vArtA jevuM banAvavA tAkayuM che. paNa AthI caritragraMtha tarIke ene kaI mUlyavAna vizeSa Ubho thato nathI - pragazIlatAnuM ke zilIparaka nirUpaNanuM kazuM aucitya paNa pratIta thatuM nathI. pAchaLathI emaNe lakhelA gagA ojhAnA jIvanacaritra "saurASTrane maMtrIzvara' (1959)mAM, bhAvanagaranA sAMskRtika parivezanA saMdarbhe caritranAyakanA 0SaktitvanuM emaNe kareluM Alekhana, ene "zukratArakanI tulanAe vadhu sAruM Therave che. zivanaMdana kAzyapa nAmanI koI vyaktie saMpAdita karI hoya evI zailImAM lakhAyelI "vinAyakanI AtmakathA' (1970)mAM paNa saMpAdakanuM vRttAntakathana, saMpAdaka ane caritranAyaka (vijayarAya) vaccenA vArtAlApa-saMvAdo tathA emanuM pitAnuM Atmakathana - evI nirUpaNapaddhatinI ajamAyaza karavAmAM AvI che. AthI A AtmakathAmAM suzliSTatA ke susaMkalitatA rahyAM nathI. kyAreka kAlakrama vinA ja jIvanaprasaMge ane daze AlekhAya che te kayAMka vigate vaccenA taMtuo maLatA nathI, paraMtu tUTaka chUTaka rIteya AtmakathAmAMthI vijayarAyanA patrakArajIvanane je rasaprada ane samRddha ItahAsa maLe che e enuM sabaLa pAsuM che. sAkSarI patrakAratvanA bhekhadhArI tarIkenAM emanAM svapna, saMka, mathAmaNa ane saMgharSone je tAdaza citAra emaNe Ape che emAMthI, pitAnA A jIvanakArya mATe satata jhajhUmelA paNa kadI hArI na beThelA eka ddhAnuM vyaktitva Upase che. bALapaNa ane vidyAbhyAsanA keTalAka prasaMgenAM dazyone bAda karatAM

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pra. 11] vijyarAya vaidya [449 AkhIya AtmakathA emanA patrakArajIvana para ja kendrita rahI che e bahu vilakSaNa, chatAM vijayarAyanA jIvanasaMdarbhe svAbhAvika paNa che. anya sAhityanI ekaniSTha upAsanA karavAnI bhAvanAthI prerAI vijayarAye kaumudIkALamAM "kaumudI sevakagaNanI yojanA karelI. vividha kSetre sAhityapravRttine prasAravAnI A yojanA saMdarbhe sAhityanA bRhad vizvakezane paNa vigatavAra Alekha emaNe Apelo. nivRtta thayA pachI, emanA A mahatvAkAMkSI saMkalpane kaMIka AkAra ApavAno prayAsa emaNe "sAhityapriya sAthI-1' (1967) rUpe karI joyo che. keTalIka bhAratIya ane videzI bhASAo, keTalAka sarjake, dezavidezanAM keTalAMka sAhityasvarUpe uparAMta saMskRti, dharma AdinA keTalAka ghaTaka vizenAM, moTe bhAge pitAnAM ane keTalAMka bIjAnAM lakhANonA A saMcaya pAchaLa, sAhityarasikane madadarUpa bane evo saMdarbhagraMtha ApavAne emane Azaya che. paraMtu emAM lakhANonI pasaMdagImAM koI ekavAkyatA jaLavAI nathI, kyAMka emaNe ADedhaDa utArA ApyA che, saMpAdananuM paNa koI cokkasa dhoraNa svIkArAyuM nathI e kAraNe AkhuM kAma ghaNuM nabaLuM rahI gayuM che - saMdarbha keza tarIke enuM koI mUlya sthApita karI zakAyuM nathI. A uparAMta gaMbhIra nibaMdha, ItihAsa, anuvAda vagerenAM paNa keTalAMka pustake emaNe ApyAM che, "paheluM pAnuM (1936)mAM dharma ane ciMtana vizenA nibaMdho che. "jayasAhitya' nAme emaNe pragaTa karelI traNa nAnI pustikAo(1970-71)mAM, emaNe ja "saMkarNikA" tarIke oLakhAvelAM lalitalalitetara prakIrNa lakhANe che. "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM sAMskRtika digdarzana' (1975) e maraNottara prakAzanamAM samAja, dharma, sAhitya, zikSaNAdi kSetramAMnI gujarAtanI gatividhine citrAtmaka ItihAsa che. "eka krAMtikAranI AtmakathA-1, 2 (1932 ane '33), "daSTiparivartana' (1934) ane "tibiMgala" (bhadramukha vaidya sAthe1962) - caritra, navalakathA AdinA anuvAda che. "manapasaMda nibaMdha' (1970) vagere keTalAMka saMpAdane paNa emaNe ApyAM che. A badhAMmAM vijayarAyanI vyApaka rucine, emanA satata utsAhabharyA parizramane paricaya thAya che. paNa vijayarAyanuM yazodAyI kAma to emanI kArakirdInA pahelA traNeka dAyakAnuM gaNAya. e pachI vivecana, nibaMdha ane anya svarUpamAM kareluM emanuM kAma guNavattAnI dRSTie UtaratuM rahyuM che. emanI gu. sA. 27

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450] gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa (caM. 4 tejasvI zilI pachI jhAMkhI paDI che, lakhAvaTamAM pIDhatA AvavAne badale ghaNuM vAra zithilatA AvI che. eTale "cetana", "gujarAta" ane "kaumudI'kALanA -ne "mAnasI"nAM keTalAMka varSo sudhInA samayanA - vijayarAyanuM eka tejasvI patrakAra ane vicakSaNa sAhityakAra tarIkenuM kAma cirasthAyI mUlyavALuM che. rasikalAla choTAlAla parIkha (1897) sAhityasarjana ane vivecana uparAMta tattvajJAna, purAtatva, itihAsaciMtana, saMzodhana ane anuvAda-saMpAdana ema bahuvidha kSetre rasikalAla parIkhanuM pradAna ghaNuM mUlyavAna rahyuM che. jJAnanI ATalI badhI zAkhAo upara noMdhapAtra adhikAra dharAvatI hoya evI pratibhA ApaNe tyAM virala ja gaNAya. gAMdhIyugIna sArasvata peDhImAM, Ama, te eka viziSTa ane gauravavaMtuM sthAna dharAve che. emane janma sAdarAmAM 1897nI 20mI oNgasTe. pitA sAdarAmAM vakIla hatA. mAdhyamika zikSaNa amadAvAdamAM meLavI pitAnI IcchAthI pUnAnI phargyusana kolejamAM joDAyA. 1918mAM bI.e. thayA pachI emane "kapereTiva sTaDI oNva rilijiyana eNnDa philosephI'nI zaMkarAcArya seminAramAM phelozipa maLI, pUnAmAM atyaMkara zAstrI, paTavardhana, rAnaDe vagere jevA vidvAna adhyApaka pAse saMskRta-aMgrejI sAhitya ane philasUphIno abhyAsa karelo enA ghaNuM UMDA saMskAro emanA citta para paDelA. enAM pariNAmo bhAratIya tatvajJAna paranAM emanAM aMgrejI lakhANamAM tarata dekhAtAM gayAM. jinavijayajInA saMparka ItihAsa ane vyAkaraNa tarapha paNa emanI ruci vaLatI gaI. emanI pAse emaNe prAkRta vyAkaraNanuM adhyayana karyuM ane pUnAnI bhAMDArakara risarca insTiTaTamAM hastalikhita pratAnuM varNanAtmaka kaeNTalega (1919mAM) tayAra karyuM. paMDita sukhalAlajIne paricaye darzanazAstranA abhyAsanI UMDI AkAMkSA emanAmAM jagADI. 1920 AsapAsa amadAvAda AvI gujarAtI keLavaNI maMDaLanI zALAmAM zikSaka tarIke joDAyA tyArathI ghaniSTha banavA mAMDelI rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka sAthenI maitrI emanA sAhityajIvananI eka mahatvanI ghaTanA banI gaI. 1921mAM te gUjarAta vidyApIThamAM purAtatva maMdiranA AcArya tarIke joDAyA. ahIM purAtatva saimAsikanA saMpAdaka tarIke -ane pachI keTaloka vakhata "prasthAna" ane "yugadharmanA sahataMtrI tarIke- emaNe, abhyAsakALathI meLavelI zAstrIya zistane ane emanI rasajJa vidvattAne uttama paricaya karAvyuM. e daramyAna emanuM sAhitya tema ja saMzodhana-vivecana aMgenuM adhyayana ane lekhana gatizIla banyuM. 1930

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pra. 11) rasikalAla parIkha .[451 mAM vidyApITha choDI 1937mAM gujarAta vidyAsabhAnA sahAyaka maMtrI banyA e vaccenA gALAmAM saMzodhanakArya uparAMta, rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka sAthe vidyApIThamALathI karele, nATaka ane raMgabhUminA punaruddhArane pitAne saMkalpa phalita karavA vize te vadhu sakriya banyA. jUnI raMgabhUmi ane lekanATayano pratyakSa paricaya keLavyo ane enuM adhyayana karyuM. bharatanATayazAstranA emanA svAdhyAye, bhAsanATakacakra paranI vivecanAtmaka vicAraNue tathA saMskRta nATakonA ane imsanAdinAM yuropIya nATakonA parizIlane vikaselAM rUci-daSTithI vidyApIThamAM emaNe karelA raMgabhUmiprayogoe tema ja "rAIne parvata' jevA ziSTa nATakane raMgabhUmi para utAravAnA saphaLa prayAsoe emanI nATayavida tarIke zAkha bAMdhelI. ethI 1937nI raMgabhUmi pariSadanA udghATana-pravacana mATe emane nimaMtraNa maLyuM. e pravacanamAM vyakta karelA nATayavidyAmaMdiranI sthApanAnA vicArane pachI emaNe ja naTamaMDaLanI sthApanAthI caritArtha karI batAvyuM. 1941thI nivRttiparyata te gujarAta vidyAsabhAnA adhyakSa rahyA. ahIM judI judI dizAomAM emanuM potAnuM adhyayana to cAlu rahyuM ne enA phalasvarUpe sarjana-vivecananA uttama graMtha emanI pAsethI maLyA, paNa e uparAMta gujarAtanI vidyAkIya pravRttinuM parSaNasaMvardhana paNa te karatA rahyA. nivRtti pachI paNa emane tejasvI adhIta cAlate rahyo che. sAhityasarjana vArtA ane kavitA: A sadIne trIjA-cothA dAyakAthI emanuM sAhityasarjana paNa kavitA, vArtA, nATaka Adi svarUpe cAlatuM rahyuM che. jIvananAM vaheNo' (1941)nI vArtAonI lakhAvaTamAM kyAMka sarjakanI mArmikatA ane vinodavRttine tathA enA nirUpaNamAM jIvananA jhINuM nirIkSaNanA ane abhyAsazIlatAnA camakArA varatAya che. AraMbhanI prasaMgakathA jevI vArtAo pachInI keTalIka sArI vArtAomAM vArtAkAra tarIke emane kaMIka vikAsa paNa joI zakAya che. paraMtu, hetulakSitAthI pAMkhuM banatuM kathAguMphana ane lAMbA saMbhASaNothI vizIrNa banate kathApravAha - evI svarUpagata maryAdAo emAM vizeSa che ethI saMgrahanI sArI vArtAo paNa, sundarama kahe che evI, "vArtAlekhananI lagabhaga siddha ane mane hara kalAgarimAe pahoMcatI pratIta thatI nathI. mUsikAra' upanAmathI emaNe lakhelAM kAvyanA saMgraha "smRti'(1952)mAM paNa sarjakatAne unmeSa te madhyama barane ja rahI jAya che. emAMnAM baddha kAvya, khaMDakAvyo ane saMvAdarUpa kathAkAvya, jUnI raMgabhUminAM gItonA DhALa para lakhelA gIte I.mAM sarjatAnI camaka ane prayogazIlatAnA aMzo te che, keTalAMka lAMbA

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gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa thi. 4 kAvyAnI sa ghaTanA, chaMdasaphAI ane ghUMTAyelI kAvyabAnI kaMIka noMdhapAtra paNa bane che paraMtu gujarAtI kAvyapravAhamAM emanI kavitA kAI AgavI rekhA AMkI jaI zakatI nathI. nATaka : rasikalAla parIkhanuMsaka tarIkenuM yazeAdAyI kSetra teA, Ama, nATaka ja rahe che. 'saMjaya' upanAmathI lakhAyelA emanA pahelA ja nATaka rUpiyAnuM jhADa'(1931)mAM prayeAgazIlatA, pAzcAtya nATayapaddhatinA sUjhavALA viniyeAga, vineAdama mizrita zailI jevI emanI siddha lAkSaNikatAonAM IMgitA joI zakAya che. A ja gALAmAM emaNe TaoNlsToyanA pharsTa DisTilara'neA anuvAda - 'pahelA lAla' (1931) - paNa ApelA. vacce emaNe 'premanuM mUlya' (1950) nAme eka ullekhapAtra reDiyonATaka paNa lakheluM', 'zarvilaka' (1957) ane menAM gujarI' (1977) emanAM prathitayaza nAcasanA che. ziva laka' ApaNe tyAMnI ziSTa nATakAnI paraMparAmAM mahattvanuM ane viziSTa sthAna dharAve che. kathAsa ghaTanAnA kauzalanI dRSTie tA e kadAca ApaNAM sa ziSTa nATakAmAM uttama Thare. zudrakanA 'mRcchakaTika'mAMnA rAjaparivartInA gauNa vastune mukhya kathATanA banAvI zivalakanA dRSTipUrNa viplavakAryanI AsapAsa 'dvicArudatta' ane mRcchakaTika'nAM mahattvanAM pAtrA ane kathAta tuone gUMthIne emaNe A nATaka racyuM che. AvA pheraphAro ane keTalAMka agatyanAM kAlpanika pAtrAnA umeraNu chatAM mULa nATakAnAM pAtra-ghaTanAnI ApaNI kalpanAne ane aitihAsika tathyAne surakSita rAkhavAnI lekhakanI kALajI 'zarvilaka'ne eka abhyAsI nATayavidanI racanAnuM gaurava apAve che. mULasrotarUpa nATakanA anuvAda, rUpAMtara ane emAMthI nIpajI AvelI maulika nimitinI lekhakanA cittamAM cAlelI prakriyA 1 sarjaka ane abhyAsInI samyak tinA uttama pariNAmanI dRSTie atyaMta noMdhapAtra che. nATakanA bAhya pariveza ane zailI saMskRtanATaka prakAranAM hAvA chatAM bhavAIzailInI lAkSaNikatAothI tathA lekhakanI vilakSaNa narmazaktithI enuM eka viziSTa rUpa baMdhAya che. ziSTa bAnImAM maheze mathara gatie cAlatI, kayAreka lAMbAM saMbhASaNeAmAM UtarI jatI paNa vyaMjanA ane vinAda pharakAvI jatI saMvAdazakti zvetapadmA ane manikA vaccenA vArtAlApamAM ane nATakanA aMtebhAganI ghaTanAomAM tA khUba tarala ane tizIla paNa banI UThe che. nATayarItinI daSTie kRti pAzcAtya nATakane anusare che. zilakanI yAjanAnA mukhya taMtue saMdharSanuM tattvavikasatuM jAya che. pAlakanI AMtaradvidhA, zvetapadmAne asa MtoSa, prajAmAM rASa phelAvatI zakAranI grAmyatA, vasaMtasenA-cArudatta jevAMnA samabhAva

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pra. 11] rasikalAla parIkha [ 453 ane madanikAnA sahayeAga zarvilakanA viplavakAne saphaLa banAvatAM jAya che tA bharatarAhatakanI vicakSaNa buddhimattA ene vArevAre avarAdhatAM rahe che - e AkhA tanAva (tension) lekhake kauzalathI nirUpyA che. aMte sauMkalpanI saphaLatA sAme madanikA ane cArudattanAM mRtyuthI janmatA dherA viSAda kRtine karuNAMta nATakanuM eka vizeSa parimANa ape che. AtmahatyA jevAM keTalAMka dRzyeAne ragabhUmi para batAvavAmAM ane babbe mukhya pAtrAnAM (keTalAka Adhunika vivecakane paNa nivArya lAgelAM) mRtyuthI karuNAMta lAvavAmAM lekhakanI, navI raMgabhUminA nirmANa mATe Avazyaka evI, kevaLa rUDhibhajakatA ja dekhAtI nathI - atalAnta karuNumAMthI nIpajatA jIvananA rahasyane pragaTa karatI sakadaSTi paNa emAM varatAya che. nATakanA sahaja niCNumAM ja eneA AviSkAra thayelA che ethI enu mUlya vadhe che. viClakanuM pAtracitraNa nATayakAranI sarjakatAne eka vilakSaNa unmeSa che. pUrvasaMkalpathI ujjayinImAM praverAtA zAla kAyanaputra zubuddhi tarIke kalpAyelA A pAtranAM ghaNAM parimANeA lekhake upasAvI ApyAM che. zarvilaka kevaLa eka yeAjanAyatura mutsaddI ja nathI rahI jatA, yAjanA-sUtrone e je rIte saMbhALe che te saMbadhAne e je rIte anubhave che emAM te eka UMDI samajavALA ane ciMtaka prakRtinA sa MvedanazIla krAntikArI pratIta thAya che. AthI, cunIlAla maDiyAe ene "arvAcIna 'inTelekacyuala' jevA'12 kahyo che te yathArtha che. 5 aMka ane 25 dRzyAmAM thayeluM nATakanuM vibhAjana, sa"skRtamAMthI anUdita zlokA AdinuM saheja vadhu pramANu, keTalAMka lAMbAM saMbhASaNAvALA, zAstracarcA paNa ApatA, saMvAdI - e badhu... 'zarvilaka'nI abhinayakSamatAnI maryAdArUpa banI ene kaMIka aMze ApaNAM ziSTa vAyika nATaka jevuM banAve che paNa menAM gujarI'saMpUrNa abhineya nATaka nIvaDayu` che. menAM tathA enI sakhIonu lazkarI chAvaNI jovAnuM kutUhala, bAzAha sAthenI dalIlabAjImAM pragaTatI menAMnI asmitA, bAna pakaDAyelI gujarIAe meAkalelA saMdezAne gujarAe jhIlI lIdhelA paDakAra, bAdazAhanI kedamAMthI mAnabhera chUTatI menAMne sAsunaNuMdanA AkSepethI pragaTatA puNyaprakaiApa ane satItvanA Avege pAvAgaDha jaI enuM mahAkALIrUpa banavuM - evA thA zAne samAvatA mULa leAkagarakhA ja ghaTanA, saMvAdo, bhASA i.nI rIte nATayaMzakayatAothI bharapUra hatA, rasikalAla parIkhamAMnA sarjIka ane abhyAsI umaye sakriya thaI enA parathI, - pahelAM te| 5 dazyAnA ekAMkI nATakanu" ne pachI, - 11 dRzyAnA lAMbA nATakanuM sarjana karyuM... emAM jUnI raMgabhUminA ane leAkanATayanA uttama nATayAMzA UpasavAnI sAthe ja senA

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454] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 pAtranirmANa ane saMvAdaracanAnA kauzalane vizeSa paNa Upo. A nATake emanI nATayavida tarIkenI uttama zaktio pragaTAvI che ane e uparAMta raMgabhUminA punaruddhArano emane saMkalpa paNa emAM kaMIka mUrta thayo che. uttama digdarzaka ane nIvaDelA abhinetAoe ene eka saphaLa abhinaya nATaka puravAra karI ApyuM che. A baMne nATayakatioe lekhakanI uttama sarjakatAnA ane raMgabhUminI jANakArI ane sUjhanA, ApaNe tyAM lagabhaga virala evA be taMtuone joDI ApyA che. vivecana saMskRta-aMgrejI sAhityamImAMsA ane philasUphIne adhyayanathI ghaDAyelI rucine lIdhe emanA vivecanamAM tulanAtmaka dRSTikoNane viniyoga thato rahyo che. bhAratIya sAhityavicAra ane tatvajJAnane kendramAM rAkhIne cAlatI emanI vicAraNA pAzcAtya ciMtana-vivecana sAthenI tulanAthI vadhu spaSTa ane samRddha thayelI che. saMkula vicAraNAnuM paNa khUba vyavasthita, muddAsara ane vizada nirUpaNa vivecaka tarIke emane mukhya vizeSa che. saMskRta rasamImAMsAmAMnI "AnaMdamaya saMvinI ane pAzcAtya vivecananI IccheTiksanI vicAraNAne saMdarbhe kAvyanA rasAnaMdanA svarUpanI sarvAgINa tapAsa karate emane graMtha "AnaMdamImAMsA' (1963) ApaNe tyAM tulanAtmaka adhyayanane eka mahattvAkAMkSI prayAsa che. mAnavacittanI sahaja preraNA rUpe rahelA AnaMdatatva - bhUmA -nI ane ene vikasita svarUpanI carcA karIne emaNe tattvajJAnanI pIThikA para brahmAnaMda sAthe rasAnaMdanI tulanA karI ApI che ane nATayazAstramAMnA rasanA vibhAvanI vistRta vivecanA karI che. A saMdarbhe emaNe kroce ane zopanahAuranI vicAraNAne paNa nirUpI ApI che. saundaryazAstrane Ama philasUphInA eka viSayAMga tarIke mUlavavAne emano upakrama nedhapAtra che. sAhityamImAMsA ane darzanazAstronI paribhASAnI jhINavaTamAM UtaratI ane carcA mATe eka moTA vyApane svIkAratI emanI A maulika ane saMkula vicAraNanI rajUAta khUba spaSTarekha ane vizada rahI che. 1960-61mAM mahArAjA sayAjIrAva smAraka vyAkhyAne'rUpe taiyAra thayelA A graMthamAM vaktavyanI prAsAdikatA paNa noMdhapAtra che. bhAratIya saMskRti, saMskRta-aMgrejInA abhyAsanI AvazyakatA, gujarAtI bhASAne aitihAsika vikAsa, kavitA ane vivecananA

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pra. 11] rasikalAla parIkha [55 ghaTake, pAzcAtya vivecanA Adi aneka viSayone AvaratA emanA sAhitya pariSada (muMbaI adhivezana)nA sudIrgha adhyakSIya pravacanamAM paNa zailInuM A vaizadya ja agharA viSayane sugama banAvavAmAM kAmayAba nIvaDeluM jaNAze. AkAzabhASita' (1974)mAM emaNe vividha viSayo para ApelA reDiye vArtAlApe che. paNa ahIM graMthastha karatAM pUve emaNe moTA bhAganAM vaktavyane saMvardhita-vivardhita karI vyavasthita abhyAsalekho rUpe mUkyAM che. saMskRta sAhitya ane vivecana, kalA, raMgabhUmi, saMskRti, itihAsa, tatvajJAna ema aneka viSaya paranI emanI tejasvI vicAraNane emAM paricaya maLe che. saMskRta nATaka ane raMgabhUmi paranA lekhamAM kalAvivecaka ane nATayavida tarIkenI emanI pariskRta rucinAM darzana thAya che te bhAratanA nATayazAstra ane dhvanyAlakanAM emaNe ApelAM vivaraNe eka adhikArI vidvAnane hAthe thayelI pAradazI rajUAtanA namUnArUpa banyAM che. mukhyatve bhAsanI nATyakRtionI vigate samIkSA karato emane graMtha saMskRta nATaka sAhitya' (1980) paNa A dRSTie dhyAnapAtra che. saMskRta kAvyavicAranuM vizada vivaraNa ApavAmAM tathA tattvajJAna ane pAzcAtya vivecanavicAranA saMdarbhe ene Agavo pariprekSya ApavAmAM rasikalAla parIkhanuM ApaNuM vivecanane viziSTa pradAna rahyuM che. emanA pratyakSa vivecanamAM sahadayatAnA ane marmajJa rasikatAnA guNa savizeSapaNe jovA maLe che. "purovacana ane vivecana' (1965)nA samIkSAlekho tathA 1972mAM emaNe gujarAta vidyAsabhAnI "vidyAbahena nIlakaMTha vyAkhyAnamALA'mAM ApelAM vyAkhyAnanA graMtha "sarasvatIcaMdrano mahimA -enI pAtrasRSTimAM' (1976) AnI pratIti karAve che. kRtinI lAkSaNikatAonI jhINI neMdha letAM ene AsvAdamUlaka paricaya karAvavA tarapha emane vadhu jhoka rahe che. emanuM vivecana sAmAnyapaNe guNAnurAgI rahetuM hovA chatAM kyAreka emaNe sarjakanI maryAdAo paNa asaMdigdhapaNe darzAvI ApI che. samakSita kRtinA svarUpanI carcA sAthenuM vistRta ane vizleSaNAtmaka vivecana paNa emaNe kyAreka ApyuM che. "dvirephanI vAte', "zeSanAM kAvyo', "gatI javAnI' vagere kRtionI lAMbI samIkSAo A daSTie dhyAnapAtra che. emanI A kRtisamIkSA keTalIka maryAdAo paNa dekhADe che, samIkSA ghaNI vAra mAtra paricayadaza banI jAya che te kyAreka kRtinA keI eka ja pAsA para kendrita thaI aparyApta paNa rahI jAya che. e ja rIte, "sarasvatIcaMdranI pAtrasRSTine emane paricaya paNa rasalakSI banate hovA chatAM gevardhanarAmanI pAtranirUpaNukalA para keI ghAtaka prakAza pADatA na hovAthI emAM

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456 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa ['. 4 'sarasvatIcaMdra'nA mahimA jhAjhA prasthApita thaI zakatA nathI. kevaLa paricayalakSA vistArathI A vyAkhyAnA zithilabaMdha paNa lAge che. tattvajJAna ane itihAsa tattvajJAnanA emanA UMDA adhyayananA emaNe mATe bhAge tA sAhityamImAMsAmAM viniyega karyA che ne ene eka AgavuM parimANu ApyuM che. A uparAMta sAhitya pariSadanA 14mA adhivezanamAM tattvajJAna vibhAganA pramukha tarIke ApelA pravacana 'tattvajijJAsA'(1941)mAM tattvajJAnanI emanI svata Mtra vicAraNAne paricaya maLe che. itihAsa emanu eka ghaNuM mahattvanuM abhyAsakSetra rahyuM che. 'gujarAtanI rAjadhAnIe' (1958) ane 'itihAsa - svarUpa ane paddhati' (1969) e be graMthAmAM emanuM itihAsa ane saMskRti aMgenu` ciMtana upalabdha che. pahelA graMthamAM, nagararacanAnA mULamAM rahelA mAnavajAtanA sAMskRtika vikAsanI vigate carcA karI emaNe nagaranA svarUpanA - enI vyAkhyA ane vyutpatti arthanI jhINavaTa sAthe, zAstrAdhArA TAMkI - mULagAmI paricaya karAvyA che. gujarAtanI paurANika-aitihAsika rAjadhAnIe vizenI emanI carcAmAM paNa saMzAdhakanI cIvaTa ane ceAkasAI tathA emanI mArmika itihAsaSTi jaNAI Ave che. kevaLa itihAsanirUpaNane badale emaNe mANasanA sAMskRtika puruSAne AlekhI ApavAnuM lakSya rAkhyuM che. ethI graMtha vizeSa mUlyavAna banyA che. AvA ja eka vyApaka chatAM mULagAmI daSTikANuthI itihAsanAM svarUpa ane paddhatine tapAsatA graMtha paNa emanA UMDA ciMtananA ane emanI payeSaka buddhinA udAharaNarUpa anyeA che. sa'zAdhana emaNe vyAkaraNa ane darzanazAstranA keTalAka mUlyavAna graMthanA anuvAdasaMpAdana nimitte kareluM sa`zeAdhanakArya paNa emanuM gaNanApAtra pradAna che. mammaTakRta 'kAvyaprakAza'nA 1 thI 6 ullAseAneA, rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka sAthe karelA anuvAda (1924) tathA vaidika saMhitA ane brAhmaNaprathAmAMthI saMpAdita a'zAnA TippaNI sAthenA anuvAda 'vaidika pAThAvali' (1927) uparAMta hemacaMdranuM 'kAvyAnuzAsana' (1938), jayarAzi bhaTTakRta 'tavApaplavasiMha' (paDita sukhalAlajI sAthe, 1940), siddhicadranu'kAvyaprakAzakhaDana' (1953), bhaTTa seAmezvaranA saMketa' sAthenuM 'kAvyAdarzI' (1959) tema ja 'nRtyaratnakAza-1, 2' (priyabALA zAha sAthe, 1957 ane 1968)-nAM saMpAdanA tathA 'kAvyAnuzAsana', 'kAvyAdarzI' ane 'nRtyaratnAza'nA abhyAsapUrNa uddhAtA emanI adhyayana-saMzAdhananI

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pra. 11 ] vizvanAtha bhaTTa [457 avirata cAlatI rahelI sAdhanAnAM phala che. gujarAtane rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsanI graMthamALAnA (pragaTaH graMtha 1 thI 6 : hariprasAda zAstrI sAthe) teo saMpAdaka che ane gujarAtanA itihAsaviSayaka keTalAMka prakaraNe paNa emAM emaNe lakhelAM che. vizvanAtha maganalAla bhaTTa (1898-1968) sAhityanA sauMdaryadarzana tema ja satyadarzananA Agraha sAthe, UrmiprANita paNa gauravayukta zailImAM samagralakSI ane sudIrdha abhyAsalekhe ApanAra tathA vivecanane eka unnata mUlyavattAvALI ane svAyatta kalApravRtti lekhe mahimA karanAra vivecaka tarIke vizvanAtha bhaTTa jaNItA che. 1898nI 20mI mArce bhAvanagara jillAnA umarALAmAM emano janma. amarelImAMthI meTrika thaI 1916mAM bhAvanagaranI zAmaLadAsa kolejamAM joDAyA ane 1920mAM saMskRta-aMgrejI sAthe bI.e. thayA. ema.e.nI parIkSA mATe taiyArI karelI paNa e divasamAM cAlatA asahakAranA rASTrIya AMdelanamAM sakriya rIte joDAtAM abhyAsa paDato mUkyo. 1924mAM bharUca keLavaNI maMDaLanA AjIvana sabhya ane tyAMnI zALAmAM zikSaka thayA. pAchaLathI keTalAka samaya amadAvAdanI kelejomAM adhyApanakArya paNa kareluM. vacce thoDoka vakhata bhAratIya vidyAbhavana(muMbaI)mAM paNa rahyA hatA. amadAvAdamAM gUjarAta vidyApIThanA joDaNIkozanI kAmagIrI sAthe paNa keTalAka samaya saMkaLAyelA hatA. 1922 AsapAsa AraMbhAyelI ane lagabhaga traNeka dAyakA avizrAMta paNe cAlelI emanI lekhanapravRtti cothA dAyakAnA aMtabhAgamAM ekAeka ja aTakI gayelI. chellAM keTalAMka varSomAM pharIthI te kaMIka lekhana sakriya thayelA. 1968nI 27mI navembare emanuM avasAna thayuM. vivecana saiddhAtika carcA vivecananA svarUpanI vicAraNuM ane vivecananI mUlyavattA aMgenI carcA vizvanAthamAM ekasAthe cAlatAM rahyAM che. vivecakanI sajakatA vizenA emanA pratipAdana - ane pachI enA virodhanA prativAda rUpe emaNe jagavelA UhApoha-mAM samAntare vivecananI agatya, vivecakane kAryapradeza ane enI javAbadArI vizenI paNa vigatapUrNa carcA thatI rahI che. emanA cAre vivecanasaMgrahanA AraMbhanA lekhe - "vivecanane Adarza ('sAhityasamIkSA': 1937), "vivecananI agatya" ("vivecana mukura': 1939), "vivecakanI sarjakatA" (nikaSarekhA: 1845)13 ane "vivecananI pavitratA"

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458] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 ('pUjA ane parIkSA' : 1962)mAM ene vigatavAra Alekha sAMpaDe che. pratyeka saMgrahanAM lAMbAM nivedanamAM paNa emanI A vicAraNAne ane vivecananA emanA vibhAvane e spaSTa karatA rahyA che. vivecaka sarvaprathama to sAhityanA sauMdaryadarzana mATe pravRtta thAya che ne pachI enI keLavAyelI pariSkRta sauMdaryadaSTithI (- jene te "saudaryabhAvanA' kahe che enAthI-) sAhityanuM parIkSaNa ane mUlyAMkana kare che, e vizvanAthanuM mukhya pratipAdana (thesis) che. sAhityakRtinA sauMdaryanuM Akalana vivecaka tarka buddhithI ke vidvattAthI nahi paNa pitAnI sahajapalabdhithI14 karato hovAthI vivecanamAM nikaSasthAne buddhi nahi, Urmi hoya che15 ane ema, sahRdayacitte jhIlelA saMskArothI ja satyapUta mUlyAMkanadaSTi udaya pAme che evuM emanuM maMtavya che. A daSTie karelA vivecanane e sarjaka mATe paNa AtmadarzananuM, - enA guNa-deSadarzana mATenuM - "mukura' kahe che. pitAnI samagra vivecanapravRttine pUjA ane parIkSA lekhavAmAM paNa emano "sauMdaryabhakti ane sauMdaryabhAvanAne khyAla ja pragaTa thAya che. 16 A dRSTibiMdu kautukarAgI vivecanane khUba ja lAkSaNika paricaya Ape che. vijayarAya, vizvanAtha ane viSNuprasAda jevA ApaNA kautukarAgI vivecakemAM paNa paMDitayugIna ane gAMdhIyugIna sauSThavadaSTi vivecakana jevAM bauddhikatA, bahuzrutatA ane zAstrIyatA to che ja paraMtu kRti sAthe emane pahelA mukAbale UrmilakSI ane sauMdayadazI hoya che. kaMIka creative impulsethI sakriya thaIne kRtinA sauMdaryavizvane e jhIle che ane enuM nivedana kare che, ne pachI pitAnA bahoLA vAcana ane nididhyAsanathI keLavAyelI sauMdaryadaSTithI enuM parIkSaNa paNa kare che emAM mANelAnA AsvAdanI sAthe - vijayarAyamAM ane vizeSapaNe vizvanAthamAM dekhAya che evI -kRtine dAnI asaMdigdha, kaDaka AlocanA hAya che. "sadezanuM sauMdaryadarzana ke rasAsvAdane" ane pachI "asadezanuM parIkSaNa -evI prakriyAmAMthI janmelA satyadazI ane samataladaSTi mUlyAMkanane vizvanAtha vyathArtha vivecana gaNe che.17 kaMIka abhinivezathI prerAyelA ane ekapakSI matAgrahamAM pariNamelA, vivecakanI sarjakatA aMge emaNe calAvelA vivAdamAM paNa emane mukhya Azaya te vivecanane saundaryadarzanamAMthI udbhavelI eka svayaMparyApta pravRtti tarIke sthApI ApavAne hate. eka saundaryavizvane, kevaLa nimittabhede, Atmagata karatI sakriyatAne saMdarbhe emane sarjakanuM ane vivecakanuM kArya samAntare jatuM ane samamUlya

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pra. 11 ] vizvanAtha bhaTTa [ 59 jaNAyeluM. sarjanAtmaka kRtinuM kaI siddhAntonI madadathI vagIkaraNa-pRthakkaraNa karavAne badale ke emAMthI niyamo tAravavAne badale enA caitanyapUrNa saundaryalakanuM mUlyadarzana karAvatuM vivecana svayaM eka AsvAdya padArtha che, evA emanA maMtavyanuM emaNe viratArapUrvaka, aneka dalIlathI ane lorensa, spinagarna, rajansa, seinTasabarI, meMkana, AnAtAla phrAnsa jevA aneka vivecakenAM avataraNo - thI sabaLa samarthana karyuM. emanA matanA virodhone emaNe atyaMta Akramaka pratikAra paNa karyo. vivecananuM prabhavasthAna sarjana ja hovAthI enI svayaMparyAptinA khyAlanI nirarthakatA tathA sarjana ane vivecananA AkharI prabhAvanI bhinnatAne lIdhe vivecakanI sarjakatAnA matanI nirAdhAratA rAmanArAyaNa pAThake ane umAzaMkara jozIe batAvI ApelAM te pachI paNa vizvanAthane prativAda cAlate. rahela - vivecakane sarjakathI paNa caDiyAta gaNavA sudhI e gayelA. A AkhAya vivAdadebate)nuM mUlya have te etihAsika rahI gayuM. che paraMtu ene saMdarbhe vizvanAthe vivecanadharmanI paNa vistRta chaNAvaTa karI che e te Aje paNa prastuta rahe che. eka tarapha sarjanane preraka banavAmAM ane sarjakane sajaja karavAmAM te bIjI tarapha vAcakanI rasavRttinuM saMvardhana karavAmAM ene sAhityabhimukha karavAmAM, ne ema sAhityanI unnati karavAmAM, emaNe vivecakane dharma ane vivecananI agatya joyAM che.18 vivecakane "savAI sarjaka gaNavAmAM paNa enA vizeSa guNa zivatvane -enAM satyaniSThA, prAmANikatA ane cAritryabaLane - emaNe mahatvanAM lekhyAM che. vivecananI pavitratA" ("pUjA ane parIkSA') nAmanA, lagabhaga 90 pAnAMnA, sudIrgha lekhamAM emaNe vivecakamAM daSTinI vedhakatA, buddhinI kuzAgratA, satyaniSThA, rasikatA, talasparzitA, taTasthatA jevA utkRSTa guNenI AvazyakatA pramANe che. eTaluM ja nahIM, sAhityetara sAmAjika vyavahAramAM bheravAyA vinA ane pUrI nibhatAthI ekaniSTha sAdhanA karanArA tarIke ene kahe che. vizvanAtha eka jagAe 19 pitAne vivecanadevatAne upAsaka tarIke tathA anyatra pitAnA vivecanakAryane "sudIrgha siddhAntayuddha tarIke gaNAve che te A saMdarbhe bahu lAkSaNika che. emanI siddhAntavicAraNuM "sauSThavapriya ane kautukapriya" ("sAhityasamIkSA) tathA "zIla ane sAhitya" ("vivecana mukura) jevA lekhomAM paNa seMdhapAtra rahI che. pazcimanI vicAraNAne AdhAre emaNe sauSThavapriya ane kautukapriya sAhityanAM lakSaNenI khUba sajajatApUrvaka jhINuM ane vigatavAra carcA karI che. emane. pakSapAta, alabatta, kautukarAgI sAhitya tarapha rahyo che. zailIvicAramAM te "zIla

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gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 evI zilI'nA matane anusaryA che ne zilIne sarjakanA jIvanAnubhava, AcAravicAra ane enA UminabhAvanArUpa zIlanA niSkarSarUpa gaNAvI che - emAM ArnalDa AdinI vicAraNAne prabhAva dekhAya che. A baMne lekhomAM emaNe potAnA matene pAzcAtya vicAranAM maMtavyothI tema ja atratya sAhityakAronAM sarjanamAMthI udAharaNe laI puSTa ane samarthita karyA che. pravAhadAna ane kartAo paranA abhyAsa : sAhityapravAha vizenAM emanA vivecane mAhitInI niHzeSa noMdha letAM ane kyAMka tulanAtmaka dRSTie vigatenuM mUlyAMkana karatAM hoya che. ApaNuM nibaMdhasAhitya', "paMDitayuga', "itetrIsanuM graMthastha vADmaya" A prakAranA mahatvanA lekhe che. gujarAtI nibaMdhakAronI mahattvanI lAkSaNiktAone vigate paricaya karAvI nibaMdhanA vikAsanI spaSTa rekhA upasAvI ApavAmAM, kezavalAla dhruvanA sAhityakAryanI bhUmikA rUpe paMDitayugInA sAhityanI talasparzI samIkSA karavAmAM ane 1933nA graMthastha sAhityane vistArathI avalokIne te samayanI sAhityapravRttine saMpUrNa Alekha ApavAmAM emanAM dRSTipUrNa parizrama ane saMniSTha abhyAsavRtti jaNAI Ave che. keTalAka sarjake vizenA sudIrgha abhyAsalekho vizvanAthanI sAhityasevAne mahattvane aMza che. dalapatarAma, narmada, ramaNalAla desAI, medhANa AdinAM siddhimaryAdAonI emaNe khUba ja vistArathI, samagradazI samIkSA karI ApelI che. sarjaka-abhyAso moTe bhAge te emaNe project tarIke upADelA che ane janAbaddha rIte kartAnI samagra lekhanapravRttinuM vibhAgavAra ane muddAsara vivecana emaNe karyuM che. kRtio nimitte paNa emaNe narmada, govardhanarAma ane boTAdakaranI sarjaka pratibhAne vigate paricaya karAvelo che. narmadanuM vivecana A badhAmAM sauthI vadhu noMdhapAtra che. vividha nimitte narmadanI sAhityapravRtti vize ane enI kRtio vize emaNe lakhyuM che. (A badhA lekhonuM saMkalana narmada vizene eka sArA abhyAsagraMtha ApI zake ema che.) saMpUrNa vigato ApavAnI ane azeSa nirUpaNa karavAnA Agrahe emanI lekhana paddhatine kyAreka eka ja muddAnA gherA AlekhananA tema ja punarAvartananA diSavALI banAvI che. AmAM, pitAnI vAtane bhArapUrvaka kahevAnI ane sAmenAmAM ThasAvavAnI zikSakavRtti paNa kAraNabhUta che. uparAMta, keTalIka sAva bhUmikArUpa bAbatonI mAMDaNa karI lAMbuM vivaraNa ApavAnI Tevane kAraNe emanI carcAo ghaNu vAra prAthamika staranI paNa rahI javA pAmI che. AthI emanI keTalIka sudIrgha abhyAsalekhe vAstavamAM prastArI lakhANa jevA banI rahyA che. sAmprata

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vizvanAtha bhaTTa [ 461 pra. 11] sAhityika praznonI paNa emaNe jhINuvaTabharI ane khUba nibhIka carcA karI che. munazI ane khabaradAranAM sAhityika apaharaNAnI abhyAsapUrNa temaja kaTAkSAtmaka zailImAM karAyelI emanI carcA enA noMdhapAtra vyaharaNarUpa che. graMthasamIkSA : kRtinA sauMdaryane lakSatA AsvAdana ane enA satyadazI samatAla parIkSaNunA AgraDathI thayelI graMthasamIkSAe emanA vivecanamAM vadhu nedhapAtra che. kRtine aTThatA sparza karatuM paricayAtmaka avalAyana ke kRtinA sauthI vadhu sparzI gayelA a`Ane ja ajavALI ApatI samIkSA nahi paNa kRtinA pratyeka ghaTakane catI sarvAzleSI dI samIkSA ApavA tarapha ja emanI najara rahelI. ApaNA prabhAvavAdI vivecakreAmAM vizvanAtha A kAraNe saheja judA tarI Ave che. sarasvatIcaMdra' paranuM vyAkhyAna ('paMDitayuganu mahAkAvya') emanI rasikatA ane vidvattAnuM pramANa ApatI samIkSA che. tA 'zaivalinI' ane 'rAsataraMgiNI'nI samIkSAe mAM kheATAdakaranI sa`katAnI emaNe pUrI sahRdayatAthI paNa enA guNadoSone spaSTapaNe cIMdhI batAvIne vigate carcA karI che. munazInI AtmakathAne eka 'sanAtmaka AtmakathA' tarIke mUlavavAmAM emanI rasadazI` STinA ane 'karaNaghelA'nI, aitihAsika ane tulanAtmaka paddhatie karelI samIkSAmAM emanI AlAcanAtmaka dRSTinA paricaya maLe che. sarvAMgrAhitA ane vaizadya emanI kRtivivecanAnAM mukhya lakSaNA che. peAtAnA baheALA vAcananeA ane sateja smaraNuzaktine viniye emaNe tulanA karavAmAM ke peAtAnA matanA samana mATe karelA che ethI saMdarbho ane avataraNA paNa emanI samIkSAmAM-sAmAnyapaNe tA emanA samagra vivecanamAM - dhaNA meTA pramANamAM hAya che. peAtAnI vAtane vadhu spaSTa karavA, ene bhArapUrvaka kahevA mATe aneka lIlAnA sahAre paNa e letA heAya che. AthI emanA muddA vizada teA bane che, paNu anivAya na heAya tyAM paNa carcA lakhAtI hevAne kAraNe ghaNuM badhuM vizArNa thaI jAya che. emanAM pratipAdanAnuM suzliSTa rUpa kayAreka pUruM UdhaDatuM nathI. na sAhityanA svAdhyAya'(pUrvArdha) : haDasananA 'inTroDakazana Tu dha sTaDI oNpha liTarecara'ne AdhAre emaNe taiyAra karelA graMtha sAhityane svAdhyAya (1963) emanuM vilakSaNa prakAranuM vivecana che. mULa pustakanu zabdazaH bhASAMtara ke ene sArAnuvAda paNa ApavAne badale emAM pratipAti pAzcAtya vivecananA siddhAntAnuM, atratya sAhitya ane vivecanamAMthI dRSTAMtA ApI, gujarAtImAM svataMtra gaNAya evI Dhakhe nirUpaNu karatA eka viziSTa graMtha ApavAne emanA

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462 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 Azaya rahyo che. A kAmane paNa emaNe eka moTA ane mahattvAkAMkSI project tarIke ja svIkAreluM ane trIjA dAyakAnA aMtabhAgathI AraMbhI pUrI eka pacIzI enI pAchaLa emaNe ApelI. graMtha (ene pUrvArdha) prakAzita to thaye e pachI paMdareka varase. A prayAsamAM emane sAhityaniSTha parizrama ane emanI vyApaka abhyAsadaSTi jaNAI Ave che. gujarAtI uparAMta saMskRta ane aMgrejImAMthI emaNe TAMkelAM udAharaNothI emanI keTalIka carcAo avazyapaNe samRddha ane sAdhAra banI che. paraMtu, sAhityavicAraNanuM dahana ApatA, kaMIka aMze praveza mATenI prAthamika bhUmikArUpe lakhAyelA haDasanane A pustakamAM je keTalIka beMdhapAtra vicAraNA che ene vizvanAtha barAbara jhIlI zakyA nathI eTale mULa pustakanI tulanAe emanuM A kAma kaMIka phisuM paNa lAge che. vaLI, vizvanAthe je paddhati akhatyAra karI emAM paNa, eka svataMtra ane saLaMgasUtra vicAraNuM sAthe bIjI ja sAhityaparaMparAnI vicAraNuone sAMkaLavAthI AvatI maryAdAo paNa pravezI. zIla ane zilI, kalA khAtara kalA, sAhityaRNa AdinI haDasananI vicAraNAnI ane kavitAnA prakAranI carcAmAM dekhAI AvatI maryAdAone tathA vizvanAthanI vicAraNAnAM ciMtya sthAnone aniruddha brahmabhaTTe khUba spaSTatAthI cIMdhI ApyAM che.22 alabatta eka vidyAthI bhagya pustaka tarIke A graMthanuM mUlya jarUra che. caritra "vIra narmada : svIkArelA jIvanadhyeya mATe ane nibhI kasatyakathana mATe saMgharSane paNa netaravAna ane satata jhajhUmatA rahevAne vizvanAthane sva-bhAva, pitAnAmAM paDelI sarjakatAnA AviSkAranI emanI pracchanna jhaMkhanA ane narmadanA jIvana ane sAhitya pratyene emane Adara -e badhAne "vIra narmada (1933)nA lekhanamAM phALo hoya ema lAge che. eka caritragraMtha tarIke enuM Ayojana ja ghaNuM prabhAvaka ane prasannakara che. pratyeka prakaraNe narmadanI vyaktitva-rekhAo UpasatI jAya che ne enI pazcAdbhUmAM enA jamAnAnuM bahuraMgI phalaka paNa spaSTa thatuM jAya che, ane ema, eka jIvanavIra ddhA tarIkenAM, eka utsAhapUrNa ane AtmarAgI paNa sAhityaniSTha sarjaka tarIkenAM, eka vilakSaNa vicAraka ane sudhAraka tarIkenAM narmadanAM parimANa UghaDatAM jAya che. pratyeka prakaraNane nATayAmaka AraMbha, prasaMga-pAtrane pratyakSa karI ApatI citrAtmaka varNanarIti, gatipUrNa ane pravAhI abhivyakti jevAM zailIlakSaNothI caritrAlekhana rasAvaha ane vArtAtmaka banyuM che e enI moTI vizeSatA che. narmadanA jIvananI bAhya gatividhine

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pra. 11 ]. vizvanAtha bhaTTa L[ 463 nirUpavAnI sAthe lekhake enA AMtaravizvanI mathAmaNane paNa khUba kSamatApUrvaka nirUpI ApI che. narmadanA vyaktitvanI bhUla-sUma bhUmikAone samakSita paricaya karAvI enA saMdarbhamAM enA sAhityanuM mUlyAMkana paNa emaNe karyuM che, paraMtu mahadaze te narmadanA jIvananI mahattA -enuM prabhAvazALI vIratva-ja emAMthI Upase che, lekhakane Azaya paNa e ja rahyo che. vizvanAthanAM rasikatA ane kalpanAzakti, emanAM jhINAM nirIkSaNe tathA prasaMga-paristhitinI ane sAhityanI samucita samIkSA karavAnI dRSTi "vIra narmadane beMdhapAtra kRti batAve che. gujarAtInA caritrasAhityamAM te enuM sthAna mahatvanuM lekhAze ja, paNa vizvanAthanI samagra sAhitya-pravRttimAMya A pustaka emanuM mUlyavAna arpaNa gaNAya ema che. saMpAdana ane anuvAda saMpAdana : kArakidInA AraMbhe ja emaNe gujarAtI sAhityamAMthI uttama gadyanA namUnAonuM saMpAdana "gadyanavanIta' (19ra 6) ApeluM. e pachI narmadanI kavitAmAMthI ane "narmagadya' sivAyanA DAMDiyo', "kavicaritra', AtmakathA, pa Adi gadyamAMthI be uttama saMcaye "narmadanuM maMdiraH padyavibhAga' (1935) ane 'narmadanuM maMdiraH gadya-vibhAga" (1938) ApyA. "narmadanA paghamaMdiranI prastAvanA rUpe emaNe narmadanI kavitAnI noMdhapAtra samIkSA paNa ApI. gujarAtI nibaMdha sAhityanI uttama kRtionuM, nibaMdhakAronI lAkSaNiktAonuM vigatapUrNa avalekane karatA abhyAsapUrNa uddaghAta sAthenuM saMpAdana "nibaMdhamALA' (1940) vizvanAthanuM vizeSa mUlyavAna saMpAdana che. gujarAta vidyAsabhAnA nimaMtraNathI emaNe taiyAra karela "pAribhASika zabdakoza' (1930) paNa emanI saMniSTha sAhityasAdhanAnuM eka noMdhapAtra udAharaNa che. aMgrejI pAribhASika saMjJAonA vividha gujarAtI paryAnA samarthana mATe emaNe aneka vivecanagraMthamAMthI saMbaMdhita paryAyano viniyoga darzAvatAM avataraNe nedhyAM che emAM kezane pramANabhUta ane sAdhAra banAvavAnI sUjha ane sAmagrIsaMpAdananI jahematamAM emanI niSThA varatAya che. 1968mAM A graMtha raghuvIra caudharIne hAthe saMzodhita rUpa pAme che. ApaNe tyAM paribhASAnA kezanI che. A pustake ThIkaThIka pramANamAM pUrI che. anuvAdaH TesTaoNya emane priya sarjaka. emanI vArtAo ane navalakathA enA vizvanAthe karelA anuvAdo - "AvuM kema sUjhayuM?' (1928), "kathAvali' 1-2 (1932, 1935), "navo avatAra" 1thI 3 (1932-34), "lagnasukha' (1936) ityAdi khUba sughaDa ane svaccha che. kRtionA anuvAda ApIne aTakI javAne

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464] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 badale emaNe pratyekanI sauMdaryadarzI ane abhyAsa pUrNa samIkSAo ApI che ane ema TaoNlsTaoNyanA sAhitya pratye ruci jagADavAne sahRdaya vivecakane dharma paNa bajAvyuM che. "timiramAM teja" ("pUjA ane parIkSA') nAmanA eka lekhamAM emaNe TosTayanI jIvanadaSTi ane sAhityadaSTino paNa sarasa paricaya karAvyuM che. vizvanAthanI AvI vividha sAhityapravRttinA kendramAM te emanuM vivecanakArya ja raheluM che. sAhityanI "ekalakSI cirArAdhanAne Adarza najara sAme rAkhIne emaNe sAhityanuM avirata nididhyAsa na ja karyuM che ane satyapUta samatola vivecana ApyuM che enuM mUlya, emanA vivecananI keTalIka maryAdAo chatAM, eAchuM UtaratuM nathI. viSNuprasAda raNachoDalAla trivedI (1889) pAzcAtya sAhitya ane vivecananA UMDA parizIlanathI rasAyelI bhAvanAvAdI sauMdarya daSTino tatvavicAramAM, vizeSe to samakAlIna kRtionI prabhAvavAdI samIkSAomAM, uttama viniyoga karanAra tema ja saMskRta sAhityamImAMsAnA keTalAka ghaTakanuM navesara mUlyAMkana karanAra "abhijAtaruci ane vyutpattimativALA abhyAsI23 vivecaka tarIke viSNuprasAda trivedInI ApaNuM vivecanasAhityamAM eka viziSTa mudrA Upase che. emane janma 1899nI 4thI julAIe umareThamAM. pitAnI sarakArI nokarI ethI zikSaNa vividha sthaLe thayuM. naDiyAdamAMthI meTrika thaI 1916mAM amadAvAdanI gujarAta kolejamAM dAkhala thayA. tyAM AnaMdazaMkara dhruvanA adhyApane emanI abhyAsavRttine piSI. emanA vivecanakArya para tema emanI jIvanadRSTi para paNa AnaMdazaMkaranA UMDA saMskAra paDayA. 1920mAM saMskRta-aMgrejI sAthe bI.e.nI parIkSA prathama vargamAM pasAra karI gujarAta kolejamAM phelo ane keTaloka samaya adhyApaka rahyA. 1921thI nivRttiparyata suratanI kolejamAM adhyApana karyuM. tejasvI vivecaka ane vidyArthIvatsala adhyApaka tarIke ekadhArI rIte sAhitya ane zikSaNanI upAsanA te karatA rahyA che. lekhanakArakidInA AraMbhe, svAdhyAyanA phalarUpe thatA rahelA vivecanakAryanI sAthesAthe emaNe kavitA, vArtA. sarjanAtmaka nibaMdha jevI keTalIka racanAo paNa karelI. paraMtu, "bhAvanAsRSTi' (1924)mAM emaNe graMthastha karelAM AvAM bhAvanAraMgI ane vAgmitAyukta nibaMdha lakhANonuM, nAnAlAlanI pAMkhaDIo prakAranI racanAzailInA anusaraNa sivAya, koI vizeSa sarjanAtmaka rUpa baMdhAtuM

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pra. 11] viSNuprasAda trivedI [465 nathI. emanA vivecanemAM eka sadA vismita ane spadanazIla kavijIvane sparza satata varatAyA kare che ene taMtu AvAM prAraMbhika sarjanAtmaka lakhANamAM kaMIka aMze joI zakAya. vivecana prathama vivecanasaMgraha "vivecanA'(1939)thI ja emanI tAjagIpUrNa, sauMdaryadazI kRtisamIkSAo tathA sarjake paranA emanA mArmika abhyAso dhyAnapAtra banelAM. e pachI "parizIlana' (1949), "upAyana' (1961) ane "sAhityasaMsparza (1979)nA vivecanalekhemAM emanAM prauDha sauMdaryadaSTi, pariSkata ruci, tejasvI ane maulika vicAraNA ane UMDA tattvavicAranI pratIti karAvatI vivecana-sAdhanAne alAdaka paricaya maLI rahe che. 1946mAM ApelAM Thakkara vasanajI vyAkhyAnenA graMtha "arvAcIna ciMtanAtmaka gadya'(1950)mAM sudhAraka ane paMDitayuganI aneka dezIya vicAraNAnuM sarvekSaNamUlyAMkana che ane 1960mAM gujarAta yunivarsiTInA upakrame ApelAM vyAkhyAne "gavardhanarAma - ciMtakane sarjaka(1963)mAM govardhanarAmanA zaktivizeSonI marmadarza vicAraNuM che. A baMnemAM emanI sahRdayavRtti tathA paryeSaka dRSTinAM darzana thAya che. tatvavicAraH viSNuprasAdanI tatvavicAraNA kavitAkaLAnI vizeSatAne, sarjakanA AMtarika bhAvavizvanA rahasyadarzanane tathA kAvyanA bhAvana-AsvAdananI prakriyAne kendramAM rAkhIne cAlI che. enA saMdarbhe ja vivecanane svarUpa ane kArya pradeza aMge, vivecakanA kartavya vize, kAvyamUlya ane anubhAvanA vize temaja saMskRta kAvyamImAMsAnA keTalAka vibhAvo vize emanA pratibhAvAtmaka, kyAreka UhApoha janmAvanArA vicAro vyakta thatA rahyA che. uttama kRtionA parizIlanathI rUci ghaDAyelI hoya evI AMtarika sajajatA ja vivecaka mATe paryApta che, pachI te vivecakanuM akhaMDa vyaktitva vivecana-viSayathI sahaja phurI AnaMdaparyavasAyI, satyapratipAdaka ne sauSThavayukta vivecanamAM pragaTa thatuM rahe - evo vivecana vizene emane khyAla rahyo che. vivecana pAMDityabhArathI ladAyeluM nahi paNa kalAkRtinA sAkSAta anubhavane AnaMdathI dhabakatuM hoya e emane ISTa che. A Akhoya dRSTikoNa kautukarAgI vivecanane che. ethI, vizvanAtha bhaTTanI jema ke Akramaka abhinivezathI vivecanane sarjanathI paNa caDiyAtuM gaNAvavAnI hade e gayA nathI, tema chatAM vivecanane eka sarjanAtmaka AviSkAra lekhavA tarapha emane pakSapAta rahyo ja che. 24 gu. sA. 30

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gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (caM. 4 vivecananuM mUlya ane vivecakanA kartavyanI emanI carcAo kAvyanAM sauMdarya ane mUlyavattAnI tathA sarjananA bhAvana-AsvAdananI carcAone paNa haMmezAM sAMkaLatI rahI che. emAMthI kAvya ane vivecana aMgenA emanA keTalAka lAkSaNika vibhAvo spaSTa thatA rahyA che. "upAyana25mAMnA "vivecakane kAryapradeza", vivecananI pratiSThA', "anubhAvanA' jevA lekhomAM tathA "sAhityasaMsparza'mAMnAM kavitA ane vivecana vizenAM keTalAMka saMkSipta lakhANomAM emanI AvI vicAraNuM jovA maLe che. bhAvakanI - ane e rIte AkhIya prajAnI - rasavRttinA ghaDataramAM ane sAMskRtika mUlyabodhamAM emaNe vivecakanuM kartavya jevuM che. AthI kRtinI AsvAdamUlaka temaja atihAsika ane tulanAtmaka dRSTie AlocanA karavA uparAMta e kRtimAMnA jIvanarahasyane, kartAnA jIvanadarzanane cIMdhI ApavAnuM paNa emaNe vivecakane mATe Avazyaka lekhyuM che. - A ja kAraNe vivecakane e jIvanaphilasUpha ane kalAphilasUpha' paNa kahe che. AnA saMdarbhamAM, kAvyakRtimAM sarjakanA anubhavanI viziSTatAnI temaja uttama kavitAmAM Avazyaka darzanatatvanI emaNe taraphadArI karelI che- pahelAM anubhAvanAnA anuSaMge ane pachI "sAdhAraNIkaraNa ane "dvijottama kavitAjAti lekha dvArA karelA UhApohamAM. rItinI viziSTatAthI kAvyano vizeSa pratIta thAya che evA matano asvIkAra karI emaNe sarjakanA anubhava para bhAra mUkyo. emanI daSTie, dareka zuddha anubhava mUlataH viziSTa ja hoya che, sAmAnya ke sAdhAraNa e to buddhie tAravele padArtha che. eTale, kavinI aMgatatama ane maulika lAgaNI paNa AsvAdane viSaya banI zakatI hAI "viziSTane anubhava ja mUlyavAna che26 ema e kahe che. kAvyane prANa Ama kavinA anubhavavizeSamAM jotA viSNuprasAda kalAkRtinI saMdhaTanA ke saMvidhAnamAM pragaTatA kavikarmane paNa atyaMta gauNa lekhavAnI hade jAya che - saMvedananI AMtarasamRddhine ja e pradhAna gaNe che. A ja vicAraNA taMtu uttama kavitAmAM darzanatattvanI carcA sudhI laMbAyeluM che. ThAkore vicArapradhAna kavitAne "dvijottama gaNAvelI. viSNuprasAda enI sAme ciMtanapradhAna zabdanI himAyata kare che, kAraNa ke vicAra kavitAmAM bahArathI pravezela nahi paNa saMvedananA kSetramAM UgI AvatA hoya che ethI enI koTi ciMtananI che. AvI ciMtanapradhAna kavitA uttama. paNa "kavitAjAtimAM dvijottama gaNAvA lAyaka' kRti mATe te, eka DagaluM AgaLa jaI, satyanI jhAMkhI karAvatA darzanatatvane emaNe Avazyaka gayuM che. Ama chatAM, kAvyanA prathama sAkSAt anubhava tarIke te

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11 ]. viSNuprasAda trivedI [467 AnaMdAnubhavane ja e svIkAre che-e pachInI kSaNe ja uttama kRti darzanaparyavasAyI paNa bane. AvI AnupUvI svIkAravA pAchaLa emanI sauMdaryadarzI dRSTi ane ramaNIyatA mATe emane Agraha paDelAM che. "ramaNIyatA' saMjJA viSNuprasAdanA vivecanamAM vAraMvAra AvatI, emanI priya saMjJA che. kalAkRtinA sauMdaryAnubhavane te e ramaNIyatA kahe ja che paNa e uparAMta enA mUlyodhane paNa e emAM samAviSTa kare che. ne kalAkRtinI A ramaNIyatAne samajavAnuM dRSTibiMdu nirdhArI ApavAmAM vivecakanuM eka mahatvanuM kartavya e jue che. methya ArnalDa, kece, keliMgavuDa jevAnI vicAraNAne emanA para ThIkaThIka prabhAva hovAthI sarjakanI anubhUtivizeSamAM ane enI darzanazaktimAM emaNe ramaNIyatA joI che, kRtinI rUparacanAgata ramaNIyatA emane jhAjhI uddiSTa ne rahI hoya ema samajAya che. A ja kAraNe, A saMjJAnA upagamAM keTalAke aspaSTatA ane asaMgati paNa joyAM che. saMskRta kAvyamImAMsAnA keTalAka vibhAvanI emanI carcA paNa ghaNI neMdhapAtra che. zarUAtamAM to emaNe saMskRta kAvyazAstrane kAlagrasta gaNIne - ene purANuM kabUtarakhAnuM kahIne e tarapha udAsInatA ja dAkhavelI. pachI ene carcavA pravRtta thayA tyAre paNa emanuM dRSTibiMdu eka cikitsakanuM ja rahyuM che. saMskRta kAvyamImAMsAmAMnI rasasiddhAnta ane sAdhAraNakaraNanI AkhIya carcA AjanA sAhityane saMdarbhe emane aparyApta ane asaMtoSakAraka jaNAI che. emane lAge che ke, "Adhunika saMvilakSI kAvyone rasasiddhAntanI kasoTIe caDhAvavAmAM behUdApaNuM Ave che kAraNa ke "e dharaNe te ApaNe keTalAMka uttama kAvyamAM paNa kAI khAsa rasa jaDaze nahi27 sAdhAraNIkaraNa ke sarvagrahaNakSamatAnA khyAlamAM emane sarjakanA viziSTa vaiyaktika anubhavanI sUkSamatA, vizALatA ane lakAttaratAnuM mUlya barAbara na thatuM hoya ema lAge che. saMskRta sAhityamImAMsAnA AvA keTalAka saMketenI pheravicAraNA karI enI maryAdAo cIMdhI ApavAmAM ane pitAnI maulika vicAraNane e saMdarbhe viniyoga karavAmAM sureza joSI kahe che ema, "zAstraniSTa banavA karatAM satyaniSTha banavAnuM emaNe pasaMda karyuM che. 28 pravAhadazana AdiH "arvAcIna sAhitya ane vivecanamAM kautukarAga"nI emanI tapAsamAM, kalakattA sAhitya pariSadanA adhyakSIya pravacana("sAhityasaMsparzamAM graMthastha)mAM gujarAtI sAhityanA mukhya pravAhanuM vihaMgAvalekana karavAmAM tathA "arvAcIna ciMtanAtmaka gadya'mAM - ema vibhinna nimitte emaNe sAhityanuM pravAhadarzana karyuM che. hemacaMdrathI AraMbhI emanA samaya sudhInA samagra

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468 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [gra 4 vADmayanI gitividhanI emaNe je rUparekhA AMkI ApI che ene emanA lAkSaNika daSTikANunu eka vizeSa parimANu paNa sAMpaDeluM che. arvAcIna ciMtanAtmaka gadya'mAM narmada ane durgArAmanuM dha`ciMtana, prArthanAsamAjanA dharma zeAdhaka vicArapravAha, ramaNabhAInI nItikendrI dharma ane samAjavicAraNA, kAntanuM svIDanakhAgIya tattvaciMtana, manaHsukharAma AdinI vedAntI vicAradhArA tathA AnaMdazaMkaranI samAjamImAMsA ane tattvavicAra uparAMta navalarAmanuM vivecana ane narmadanA sAhityavicAra - evI anekavidha vicAraNAnA emaNe ApelA Alekha khUba mUlyavAna che. A vicArakAnAM lakhANAmAMthI puSkaLa udAharaNA ApI e aMge peAtAnA pratibhAvA ApavAnI paddhatie emaNe A AkhIya samRddha vicAraNAnA paricaya karAvyA che. joke, 'vivecanA'mAM geAvanarAmanI zailI' paranA me lekhAmAM emaNe pRthakkaraNAtmaka rIte zailInAM lakSaNA sphuTa karI ApyAM che e paddhati ahIM svIkArI heAta tA gadyavikAsanA paNa eka bahumUlya Alekha ahI maLata evI apekSA rahe che. paraMtu, ApaNe tyAM gadyavicAraNA jhAjhI thaI nathI evI sthitimAM emaneA A prayAsa, svayaM eka mAtabara vivecana heAvA uparAMta, aitihAsika dRSTie paNa ghaNuM! agatyanA Thare che. emaNe kheAlI ApelI A dizAmAM pachI AgaLa javA ApaNuM vivecana jhAjhuM pravRtta thayu' nathI. geAvardhanarAma ane 'sarasvatIcaMdra' vize emanuM ciMtana vivecanakArakirdInA AraMbhathI satata cAlatuM rahyuM che. 'geAvanarAma-ciMtaka ne sarjaka'mAM gAvardhanarAmanI dAnika vicAraNA ane sAkSarabhAvanAne tapAsavAnI sAthe emanA jIvanatattvavicAranA upalakSyamAM 'snehamudrA' ane 'sarasvatIcaMdra'mAMnA sarjakatvanuM ane geAvanarAmanI gadyazailInu` mUlyAMkana emaNe karyuM che. gAvanarAma vizenAM vivecanAmAM viSNuprasAdanI tattvadarzI tema sauMda grAhI vivecakazaktine khuba ja AdlAdaka paricaya maLe che. ze pratyakSa vivecana : viSNuprasAdanI vivecanAnA ThIkaThIka meTA bhAga graMthasamIkSAo rAke che. emanI vivecanazaktinA keTalAka sauthI vadhu lAkSaNika paNa A pratyakSa vivecanamAM pragaTelA che. emaNe lagabhaga ekadhArI rIte kRtisamIkSAnuM kAma karyuM... che. pUrva ane pazcimanI aneka uttama praziSTa kRtimAM avagAhana karIne keLavAyelAM emanAM ruci-dRSTinA viniyeAge gujarAtI kRtinI emanI samIkSAne khUba mArmika banAvI che; AthI keTalIka uttama samIkSAemAM tulanAtmaka STinuM piramANu paNa umerAyuM che. emanu` cittataMtra sUkSmasa`vedI ane sahRdaya che. eTale sAhityakRtinI AMtarika mUlyavattAne e pUrI abhyAsazIlatA

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pra. 11] viSNuprasAda trivedI [ 469 ane rasajJatAthI grahaNa kare che. emanAM keTalAMka nirIkSaNA AthI khUba ja vedhaka, marmALAM ane kRtinA rahasyapradezane udghATita karI ApanArAM banyAM che. vivecanamAM vivecakanI vyaktimattAnI mudrA aMkAvI joIe evA viSNuprasAdanA khyAla rahyo che. kRtinA AsvAdathI sahaja sphuraNa rUpe pragaTelA vivecananI emaNe taraphadArI karelI che, balake emAM ja vivecakanI dhanyatA ane vivecananI 'garavI pratiSThA' emaNe joyAM che. emanI graMthasamIkSAomAM AthI saMskAragrAhI aMze vizeSa che. ene kAraNe kRtinA sarvAzleSI mUlyAMkanane tAkavAne badale kRtinA peAtAne atyaMta gamI gayelA tattva vize rasalakSI dRSTie pratibhAva ApavA e haMmezAM udyukta thayelA jaNAya che. tAjagIpUrNa ane madyotaka nirIkSaNA ApatA emanA samIkSAlekhA AthI suzliSTa ke sugrathita hAtA nathI, kayAreka e aparyApta paNa lAge che. ghaNI samIkSAe emaNe kRtinA purAvacana rUpe lakhI heAvAthI e kevaLa paricayalakSI ane achaDatI paNa banI gayelI che. udAra ruci ane samabhAvazIla prakRtie emane ghaNI vAra sAmAnya kATinI kRti vize lakhavA paNa preryAM che. praziSTa kRtionuM emanuM parizIlana paNa ahIM jhAjhu lekhe lAgI zakatuM nathI. emanA AvA prayAseA, bhAvanAtattvanA AkarSaNunu tathA vivecakanI sAmAjika javAbadArInA khyAlanu ja pariNAma lekhAze. alabatta, lalitetara graMthAnI emanI samIkSAe payeSaNAtmaka ane sUkSma pRthakkaraNu ApanArI banI che. narasiharAvanA vivecana ane bhASAzAstra aMgenI emanI tapAsa AnA ujavala dRSTAMtarUpa che. ane viSNuprasAdanuM samagra vivecanakautukarAgI vivecanAnI vizeSatA sImAe vALu che. saMzliSTatAnA abhAva, vAgmitAmAM kayAreka khAvAI jatuM sAcuM mUlyAMkana, kRtinuM khaMDadarzana, tattvacarcAmAM paNa kayAMka pragaTI jatA ne emanI vicAraNAne ekapakSI banAvI jatA aaibhinaveza jevI maryAdAo emAM che tA abhijAta rucinI snigdhatA, UMDI sUjha ane mArmikatA, rasika sauMdaryadRSTi ane nirUpaNunI tAjI camaka enA vizeSA che. A vizeSAe emanI gadyazailInuM paNa eka viziSTa parimANu upasAvyuM che. viSNuprasAdamAMnA pracchanna kavi ane rasanna bhAvaka kRtinA pratibhAvAnI abhivyaktimAM ekasAthe pravRtta thayelA jaNAze. emanAM vAkayonA anvayeAnA viziSTa marADAmAM, enA lAkSaNika kAkumAM, emanA abhinivezAmAM pragaTa thatA bhAvakAmAM, 'anubhAvanA'ne a Mte pragaTa thaI che evI emanI kalpanAprANita AkAMkSAmAM - badhe ja ramaNIyatAnA A upAsakanI gadyazailInI vividha rasika

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470 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 chaTAo pratIta thAya che. te emanI ciMtanAtmaka ane paryeSaka prakRtine kAraNe e zailInI eka gauravapUrNa mudrA paNa pragaTe che. mUlyAMkanane kyAreka halAvI dete chatAM, samagrabhAve te emanI vivecanAne e eka spRhaNIya aMza che. DolararAya raMgIladAsa mAMkaDa (1902-1970) saMskRta kAvyazAstranA vidvAna, tavA-veSI vivecaka, prAcya vidyAnA abhyAsI saMzodhaka, ciMtaka kavi, svapnazIla ane dRSTimaMta keLavaNIkAra tathA kuzaLa saMcAlaka tarIke DolararAya bahuvidha pratibhA dharAve che. 1902nI 23mI jAnyuArIe karachamAM vAgaDa tAlukAnA jaMgImAM emane janma. prAthamika zikSaNa vatana jeDiyA(ji. jAmanagara)mAM meLavI, rAjakeTamAMthI 1920mAM maeNTrika thayA. ucca zikSaNanAM pahelAM be varSa jUnAgaDhanI bahAuddIna kolejamAM karyA. pachI, vyavasAyArthe karAMcImAM vasatA mAmAne tyAM rahI abhyAsa AgaLa calAvyo. karAMcInI DI. je. siMdha kaoNlejamAMthI saMskRtagujarAtI sAthe, 1924mAM muMbaI yunivarsiTInI bI.e.nI padavI meLavI e kolejamAM phele nimAyA. 1927mAM ema.e. thayA pachI e ja kolejamAM 1947 sudhI saMskRtanA prAdhyApaka rahyA. ahIM saMskRta uparAMta gujarAtInuM adhyApana paNa emaNe kareluM. abhyAsakALa daramyAna thoDAka vakhata karAMcImAM skUlanA zikSakanI kAmagIrI paNa bajAvelI. AraMbhathI ja keLavaNI vize eka UMco ane vyApaka-udAra khyAla. ethI karAMcImAMnA vasavATa daramyAna bahoLI samAjane AvarI letI aneka sAhityika-zaikSaNika ane anya sAmAjika pravRttio calAvI. ghaNI saMsthAo sAthe paNa e saMkaLAyelA rahelA. "nAgarika' ane "Urmi' jevAM sAmayikanA saMpAdana dvArA paNa AvI vyApaka sAMskRtika sevA emaNe karelI che. vallabhavidyAnagaramAM grAmavidyApITha zarU thavAnI hatI ene AkarSaNe emaNe karAMcI cheDI jUna 1947mAM tyAMnA vi. 5. mahAvidyAlayamAM gujarAtIne adhyApakanI kAmagIrI svIkArI - vacce thoDoka vakhata AcArya paNa rahyA. paraMtu, pitAnI kalpanA mujabanI grAmavidyApITha ahIM UbhI na thatI lAgatAM 1953mAM, pitAnA AdarzAnusAranI vidyApIThane AkAra ApavA, Arthika nukasAnane paNa avagaNane te aliyAbADA(ji. jAmanagara)mAM navA ja sthapAyelA darabAra gopALadAsa mahAvidyAlayamAM joDAyA. tyAga ane sevAnA pAyA para racAyelI A saMsthAne kamekrame vistArIne ene emaNe gaMgAjaLA vidyApIThanuM navuM rUpa ApyuM.

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pra. 11 ]. DelararAya mAMkaDa [471 pUre eka tapa emaNe emAM kAma karyuM ane 'vAnaprasthAzrama nahi paNa grAmaprasthAzramanA pitAnA saMkalpane caritArtha karyo. 196 thI 6 daramyAna aliyAbADAnA "haribhAI saMzodhana kendranA niyAmaka tarIke ane 1966thI, navI sthapAyelI saurASTra yunivarsiTInA kulapati pade rahyA. 197nI 29mI oNgasTe aliyAbADAmAM emanuM avasAna thayeluM. vivecana DolararAyanA vivecananuM pradhAna lakSaNa emanI tatvadarzitA che. keI paNa prakAranA vivecanamAM emanI daSTi tattvagrahaNa mATe pravRtta thaI kazoka maulika tAraNa para pahoMcatI hoya che-pachI e prAcyavidyAne koI jaTila muddo hoya ke kaI kRti vize vAta thatI hoya. bIju, pRthakkaraNa-vagAM karaNanI paddhatie emanuM vivecana cAlatuM hoya che. emAM pelA tattvadraSTA uparAMta emanAmAMnA zikSakanI hAjarI paNa varatAya che. A kAraNe emanAM lakhANe surekha ane vizada banI AvyAM che. trIju, emane sAhityavicAra vizALa sAMskRtika pariprekSyamAM thato hoya che. dharma, tattvajJAna, saMskRticiMtana, keLavaNImAM emanI rUci ane emanI UMDI gati sAhityavicAraNA para paNa prabhAva pADatAM rahyAM che. bhAratIya saMskRti ane samAjavyavasthAmAMnI emanI zraddhAne lIdhe emanA sAhityavicAramAM nItilakSI dRSTikoNa paNa umerAya che. saMskRta kAvyazAstrane kendramAM rAkhIne cAlelA emanA siddhAntavicAra, svarUpamImAMsA ane pratyakSa vivecanamAM tema ja saMzodhanalakSI abhyAsamAM emanAM A sau vivecaka-lakSaNo haMmezAM anusUta rahyAM che. saMskRta sAhityamImAMsAH lekhanapravRttinA AraMbhakALathI ja saMskRta sAhityamImAMsA ane prAcyavidyAnA UMDA, talasparzI abhyAsathI emanI sajajatA keLavAyelI hatI. "purAtattva" ane "kaumudI' jevAM gujarAtI tathA InDiyana hisTorikala kavArTalI", jarnala opha eNmbe eziyATika sosAyaTI, jarnala oNpha bhAMDArakara orienTala risarca insTiTayuTa' I. jevAM pratiSThita aMgrejI sAmayikomAM emanA lekha 1927 AsapAsathI prakAzita thavA mAMDelA. 1933mAM "alaMkArapravezikA (tathA e pachI 1936mAM "The Types of Sanskrit Drama') lakhyA pachI cheka 1943mAM emanuM prathama mahattvanuM pustaka "saMskRta nATayasAhityanA vikAsanI rUparekhA' prakAzita thAya che tyAre "gujarAtI, aMgrejI ke bIjI kaI bhASAmAM A viSayanuM eka svataMtra pustaka

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472 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [. 4 hajI sudhI lakhAyuM nathI, tethI A pustaka lakhavAmAM ane prasiddha karavAmAM kAI jAtanI kSamAyAcanAnI jarUra nathI' evI prastAvanA-neAMdhamAM pelI pU"sajjatAthI sthira thayelA AtmavizvAsa chatA thAya che. zuddha atihAsika daSTi'ne kendramAM rAkhIne A pustakamAM emaNe bharatAdi graMthakartAe, emanA mahattvanA graMthA tathA rUpakaprakAro, uparUpakeA, vastu, rasa, abhinaya Adi ghaTakAne nirUpatA siddhAntA -- evA vibhAgIkaraNathI nATayazAstranA vivaraNAtmaka paNa lAghavapUrNa paricaya karAvyA che. uparUpAnI vigatA darzAvatuM mAhitIpUrNa kASTaka, graMthaparicayanI sAthe enA prakAzanAdinI Avazyaka bAbatAnI nAMdha ane graMthasUcithI emaNe pustakanI upayogitA vadhArI che. A AkhA prayAsa emanI ceAkasAI ane tarkabaddha vicAraNAnI tathA emanA pAMDitya ane zikSakatvanI pratIti karAvanArA banyA che. = 1956mAM vaDAdarA yunivarsiTInA gujarAtI vibhAgamAM ApelAM vyAkhyAne sAhityamImAMsAnA be prazno'(1958)mAM rasAbhAsanA svarUpa ane alaMkAranI vyaMgyatAnI jhINI carcA che. mammaTe kevaLa vyaMgyapradhAnatvane uttama kAvyanA dhAraNa tarIke svIkAryu che enI sAme potAnA matabheda nirdezI, uttama kAvyamAM aucityanI anivAryatA darzAvI ApIne anaucitya e rasAbhAsanuM mULa che evu pratipAdana emaNe kayu` che. gujarAtI kavitAmAMthI paNa ghaNAM udAharaNA laI kAvyanA vibhinna ghaTAne saMdarbhe aucitya-anaucityanI khUba vizada carcA karI che. ane anaucityane lIdhe vyaMgya nahi paNa vyaMgyaneA AbhAsa ja maLatA heAya che ema darzAvIne, 'ApaNe vastune vastu tarIke ane AbhAsane AbhAsa tarIke jANI levA joIe'29 evuM khUba spaSTa tAraNa ApyuM che. emane nItivAdI daSTikrANu paNa aucitya vizenA emanA A khyAlamAM dekhAya che. alaMkAranI vyaMgyatA tapAsatAM alaMkAranA vyAvaka tattva tarIke kalpanAvyApAranI pratiSThA karIne emaNe kalpanAnA abhAvavALA alaMkArane alaMkAra ja na gaNavAnI himAyata karI che. A uparAMta 'kAvyavivecana'(1949 )mAMnA 'kAvyasvarUpa' ane dhvaninA prabhedeA' jevA lekhAmAM paNa emaNe saMskRta kAvyavicArane vizada rIte mUkI ApavAnI ane emAMthI mahattvanAM pratipAdanA nipajAvI ApavAnI dRSTi rAkhI che. Ama, A badhAmAM bhAratIya kAvyavicAraNAnA mULagAmI paricaya maLavAnI sAthe enI dyotaka samAlAcanA paNa prApta thAya che. kAvyaprakArAnI vicAraNA : arvAcIna kAvyaprakArAnA vIkaraNamAM

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pra. 11 ] DolararAya mAMkaDa [ 473 emanI AvI samAlAcaka dRSTinA sauthI vadhu noMdhapAtra viniyeAga thayA che. 1957-58mAM ApelAM Thakkara vasanajI mAdhavajI vyAkhyAnAnA graMtha gujarAtI kAvyaprakAra'(1964)mAM kAvyasvarUpone vargIkRta karavAmAM mukhyatve te saMskRta kAvyazAstranI vicAraNAne ja emaNe dhyAnamAM rAkhI che paraMtu arvAcIna kAvyaprakArAne tathA e aMgenI carcAne paNa samAvI letI vagI karaNanI punaHvyavasthA emaNe karI ApI che. A mujaba, kAvyaprakArAnA vI^karaNa aMgenA bhAratIya tema ja yurApIya siddhAntAnI tathA arvAcIna gujarAtI vivecananI bhUmikA cIne emaNe kAvyaprakArAne A rIte vI`kRta karyA che : (1) mAnavajIvana-nirUpaNanI dRSTie mahAkAvya, khaMDakAvya ane laghukAvya, (2) vastunA uddIpananI aMtastattvanI dRSTie rasadhvani, vastudhvani ane alaMkAradhvani tathA (3) vastunA AlaMbananI dRSTie AtmalakSI ane paralakSI. paurastya ane pAzcAtya vicAraNAmAMthI AdhAra laIne tathA saMskRta-gujarAtI kavitAmAMthI ghaNAM dRSTAntA laIne emaNe peAtAnI carcAne zAstrIya ceAkasAIvALI ane samRddha banAvI che. AkhyAnanI pratyakSatAne ane kathAnI parekSatAne zailIlakSaNNA tarIke dhaTAvIne emaNe AkhyAna ane padyavArtAne svataMtra kAvyaprakAra| gaNyA nathI tA arvAcIna vicArapradhAna, UrmipradhAna ane kalpanApradhAna prakArAne anukrame saMskRtanA vastudhvani, rasani ane alaMkAradhvani rUpe dhaTAvyA che. emAM vIrgIkaraNanu" eka vyApaka dRSTibiMdu emaNe svIkAyu" jaNAya che paraMtu AvA dRSTibiMdumAM ane mahAkAvya, khaMDakAvya ane laghukAvyanAM vyAvaka lakSaNA emaNe saMskRta kAvyavicArane ja mahada ze lakSamAM rAkhIne darzAvyAM che emAM saMskRta vivecanA taraphanA emanA spaSTa jhukAva tA dekhAya ja che. A uparAMta, kAvyanA vastugata bheda-prabhedAne darzAvatA vizleSaNanI paddhati akhatyAra karI hAvAthI emanA A prayAsamAM vI karaNanA siddhAntAnuM vidvattApUrNa ane zAstrIya rUpa Upase che eTaluM kAI kAvyaprakAranI racanAgata vizeSatAonu` rUpa Upasatu` nathI.30 A uparAMta 'naivedya'(1962)nA 'navalakathA ane navalikA' ane ekAMkI nATakA' e lekhAmAM te te sAhityasvarUpanI lAkSaNikatA cI` che. kRtionI samIkSA karatAM paNa emaNe enA svarUpa a`genA vicAro vyakta karelA che. siddhAntacarcA : saiddhAntika vivecanA DAlararAye sAmAnyapaNe teA anya vivecakAnI vicAraNAmAMthI UbhA thatA keTalAka praznonI carcA rUpe - vivecananA vivecana rUpe karI che. kAvyavivecana'mAM emanI AvI vivecanA maLe che.

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474 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ zradeg 4 vivecanamAM zAstrIya paribhASAnI ceAkasAInA emanA dRDha Agrahane saMdarbhe emaNe munazInA sAhityamAM saceATatA' lekhamAM ane khabaradAranA 'gujarAtI kavitAnI racanAkaLA' pustakamAM kaDhaMgI paribhASAne kAraNe AvI gayelAM aceAsatA, azAstrIyatA ane tattvanI gerasamajane spaSTapaNe nAMdhI ApyAM che ane e lakhANAnI kAI abhiniveza vinA paNa kaDaka AlecanA karI che. paribhASAnI ja carcA nimitte viSNuprasAdanA 'anubhAvanAzakti' aMgenA pratipAdanane! - ane siddhAntacarcAnA eka lekhamAM sAdhAraNIkaraNanI emanI vicAraNAne - paNa DAlararAye prativAda karyA che. muddemuddAne barAbara pakaDIne emaNe enuM tarkazuddha vizleSaNa karyuM che. DeAlararAya sarjakanA vizeSIbhUta nahi paNa sAdhAraNIkRta anubhavane Avazyaka lekhe che. bhAvananI kriyAmAM bhAvakanI sakriyatA ke kalpanApravRtti emane zakaya jaNAtI nathI kAraNa ke emanI dRSTie, kalAnubhavanI kSaNe te bhAvaka meAralInA saMgItathI nAcatA sApanI jema sakanI saMmeAhanazaktithI vaza thaI mUrchAvasthAmAM heAya che. A kSaNa vItI gayA pachI vivecaka e AkhAya kalAnubhava pharIthI pratyakSa karI zakatA heAya che. A punaranubhavanI zaktine bhAvayitrI pratibhA ke anubhAvanAzakti gaNI zakAya evuM emanuM maMtavya rahyu che.31 paraMtu, kalAkRtinA prathama mukAbalAnI kSaNe bhAvaka kalpanApravRtti nahiM ne kevaLa niSkriya - udAsIna hAya te| enA punaranubhavanuM zuM ane keTaluM mUlya evA prazna rahI jAya che. DAlararAyanI A tapUta vicAraNAmAM, A dRSTie, keTalAMka ciMtya sthAneA paNa rahI gayAM che. -- kAvyavivecana'mAM A uparAMta Urmijanya bhAvAbhAsa, AynInuM tattva, meTApha ane rUpaka jevA tatkAlIna sAhityavivecananA praznonI saMkSipta carcA che. emAM paNa emanI tattvagAmI, suraikha ane vizada vicAraNAnA paricaya maLe che. emanI ciMtanalakSI ane zAstrIya dRSTinA noMdhapAtra dRSTAnta rUpa 'vicArabaLA' ane ha. dhruvanI samagra vADmayasevAnI sUci' e e lakhANA ('naivedya') khUba viziSTa che. pahelA dI lekhamAM 20mI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM ApaNA sAhityamAM pradhAnapaNe viniyeAga pAmelAM vicArabaLAnI samartha vicAraNA che. sAMskRtika saMdarbhamAM karAvelA A pravAhadarzanane aMte emaNe, labdhapratiSTha lekhakeAnI vicAraNAmAM pazcimanI navI asarAnI utkaTatA gaLAI jaI prAcIna Arya bhAvanA ja prAdhAnya bhAgave che evuM pratipAdana karyuM che. DAlararAyane sAMskRtika saMdarbho dharAvatI vastugata vicAraNAnI phAvaTa sauthI vadhu che e paNa AvA lekhA siddha

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pra. 11] DolararAya mAMkaDa [475 kare che. ke. ha. dhruvanI jayaMtIne prasaMge emanI vADmayasevAnuM saravaiyuM ApavAnA ane emaNe pratipAdita karelA navA siddhAntonI tAravaNuM ApavAnA AzayathI DolararAye atyaMta parizrama ane pUrI zAstrIya paddhatie taiyAra karelI sUci lekhakanA graMze ane lekhonI yAdI AgaLa aTakavAne badale e pratyeka lakhANamAMnAM lekhakanAM nirIkSaNenA nirdezo paNa ApatI hovAthI emanI samagra vicAraNanA dehanarUpa ane bahumUlya banI che. ke. ha. dhruva vize saMzodhana karanArane mATe e ghaNuM taiyAra sAmagrInI garaja sAre ema che. A sUcithI ane emanA vivecanakAryane tapAsatA "pAMDityamaMDita rasikatA' nAmanA lekhathI ke. ha. dhruvanI sAhityasevAne eka vigatapUrNa ane adhikRta Alekha DolararAye Ape che. emaNe karele bhASAvicAra paNa ThIkaThIka nedhapAtra che. naivedyamAM A viSayanA traNacAra lekho che emAM "bhASA vizene eka sudIrgha lekha tathA "mUrdhanya ane mUrdhanyatara DanI carcA vadhu mahatvanAM lakhANe che. pahelA lekhamAM emaNe A sadInA pahelA cAra dAyakAnA, ziSTa lekhakanA bhASAprayogamAMthI namUnA laI enuM vizleSaNa karyuM che ane gujarAtInA zabdabhaMDoLa para saMskRtanA tathA enA vAkyaghaDatara para aMgrejInA saMskAro che evuM tAraNa kADhayuM che. emanA A lekhamAM keTalAMka sthAne carcAspada paNa che paraMtu zikSaNika dRSTibiMdune dhyAnamAM rAkhIne thayeluM AvuM jhINavaTabharyuM bhASAvizleSaNa ApaNe tyAMnA bhASAvicAramAM etihAsika mahatva avazya dharAve che. bIjA lekhamAM, bhASAvicAranA samagra saMdarbhane dhyAnamAM rAkhIne ane belAtI bhASAmAMthI daSTAnDe ApIne emaNe thaDakArAvALA ane thaDakArA vinAnA Da ne pRthaphakRta karI ApyA che. dhvanivicAranI daSTie Aje emanA A lekhanI sAme keTalAka prazno UbhA thAya paraMtu uccAraNa aMgenI AvI zAstrIya carcAnuM aitihAsika mUlya ochuM nathI ja. graMthasamIkSA: "naivedya' ane "kAvyavivecana'mAM emanI graMthasamIkSAo paNa maLe che. kRtio vizenI samIkSAone ghATa DolararAyamAM avalokanane badale abhyAsalekha jevo baMdhAto hoya che. AvA abhyAso mATe emaNe sAmAnyapaNe ziSTa kRtio ja pasaMda karI che ane ethI sAMskRtika pariprekSayamAM emAMthI uddabuddha thatA jIvanadarzanane tapAsavAmAM emanuM jhAjhuM lakSa rahyuM che. A dRSTie, "sarasvatIcaMdra' emane samasta samAjane nirUpatI sakalakathA lAge che, "zarvilakanI carcAmAM lekAyatamata vize te vistArathI vivaraNa Ape che ane "jhera to pIdhAM. che jANuM jANu'mAMnA pAtraghaTanAvikAsane maitrI, karuNA, upekSA ane muditAnA. upalayamAM carco ghaTAve che. emanI paddhati paNa kRtinA vastuvicAra, pAtrAlekhana,

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476 ] gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [caM. 4 rahasya Adi ghaTakanA muddAsara vivaraNanI rahe che. prAcInA', 'pArijAtava.nI carcAo A daSTie jovA jevI che. Ama kRtinA vicAradravyane tapAsavA-vizleSavA taraphanA jhukAvane lIdhe kalAkRti tarIkenA enA prabhAvanI ke ene racanAkaLAgata vizenI carcA karavAnuM rahI jAya che. "anubhAvanAzakti'nI carcAmAM emaNe kahelo te, "sarjakanI indrajALanA pAzamAMthI chUTyA pachI vivecakane punaranubhava" e "IndrajALa'nI keI AhalAdakatAne te nedhI Apata ja nathI, evo prazna AthI jAge che. Ama chatAM, kRtinA aMtastatvanA parIkSaNamAM jyAM enA sauMdarya mUlyane e cIdhI ApatA hoya che tyAM emanI rasajJatA varatI zakAtI hoya che. devayAnIne bhAvasaMkramaNanI carcAmAM A prasannakara anubhava thAya che. emaNe karelI keTalIka kAvyasamIkSAe kAvyanA guNa, rIti, alaMkAra evA vibhAgAnusAra vivaraNathI vilakSaNa bane che. emAM, alabatta, zrIdharANanA 'Aja mAro aparAdha che' kAvyane rasadazI paricaya anya sau vivaraNothI juduM paDI jatuM AsvAdya vivecana che. saMzodhanAtmaka lakhANe? prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya, itihAsa ane saMskRtimAMnI vizeSa rucine kAraNe DolararAye prAcyavidyAne paNa UMDo abhyAsa kare che ne enA phaLa rUpe emanI pAsethI The Yugapuranam' (1951), Puranic Chronology' (1952), 'Date of Reveda' (1952) jevA aMgrejI graMthe maLyA che jeNe emane bhAratabharamAM pratiSThA apAvI che. 'nevedya'mAMnA keTalAka gujarAtI lekhomAM paNa A adhyayanakSetranA emanA talasparzI jJAnane kaMIka paricaya maLe che. "anuzrutinuM yathAtathyamAM anuzrutine anaitihAsika ane azraya gaNIne enI avagaNanA karavAnA valaNane emaNe virodha karyo che ane satya hakIktAne prajAmAnase ApelA vilakSaNa rU5 tarIke anuzrutine svIkArI emAMthI to zodhavAnI himAyata emaNe karI che. to RvedamAMnAM uttara dhruvanAM varganene AdhAre AryonA uttara dhruvanA nivAsane pakSa emaNe "vedamAM uttara dhruva nAmanA lekhamAM khUba tArkika rIte rajU karyo che. "hALInuM mULa lekhamAM, prahUlAdanI AkhyAyikA te pAchaLathI umerAyelI, mULe te e pariNItAnA kalyANakArI vratane yajJa rUpe UjavAto utsava che e, aneka anuzrutio ane paurANika AdhArethI emaNe darzAvI ApyuM che. A uparAMta "kalika avatAra", "dAzarAjJa saMgrAma', 32 "surASTra ane Anarta 33 jevA lekhomAM paNa prAcyavidyA aMgenI emanI mULagAmI ane ghAtaka carcA maLe che. "anuzrutinuM yathAtathya ane vedamAM uttara dhruva" jevA, prativAdo rUpe lakhAyelA lekhamAM kyAMka carcAspada 2 TI mAM 34 e sivAya emanI carcA sAdhAra ane saMtulita rahI

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pra. 11] DolararAya mAMkaDa [ 477* che. maulika vicAraNAne matAgraha emanAmAM kayAreka dekhAya paNa asahiSNutA ke Abhiniveza kacAMya jaNAze nahi. svastha ane tattvadazI" parIkSakavRttinuM pravartIna emanAM vivecaneAnI tema emanAM A saMzAdhaneAnI paNa pradhAna lAkSaNikatA che. anya 'bhagavAnanI lIlA' (1948) : DAlararAyanI praziSTa rucinA eka lAkSaNika varbhAva anuSTupanI pANA tarasA jeTalI pa`ktiomAM vistarelA emanA kathAkAvya bhagavAnanI lIlA'mAM paNa thAya che. eka sAdhunI kRpAthI, snAna mATe nadImAM DUbakI mArIne nIkaLatAM sudhInI kSaNeAmAM eka brAhmaNa yuvakane bhagavAnanI akaLa lIlAnA anubhava thAya che evI, bALapaNamAM sAMbhaLelI eka adbhuta-rasika kathAne kavie anuSTupanA praziSTa-gaMbhIra layamAM satyajJAna ke brahmajJAnanA nirUpaNu mATe utArI che- e A kAvyanI vilakSaNatA che. jaLamAM DUbakI mArIne nIkaLatAM sudhImAM sudAmA janmAMtarane anubhava kare che e jANItI IzvaralIlAkathAnA jevA A kAvyanA kathAvastumAM camatkAranuM tattva kaMIka vadhu pramANamAM prava`tuM rahyuM che ethI pAtraghaTanAnu` kAI parimANu Upasatu nathI. uparAMta, vArtAnuM sAduM kautuka ane sAdhunI camatkAra-siddhi jeTalu dhyAna kheMce che eTalu', kavine abhipreta bhagavAnanI lIlA paNa kheMcatI nathI evuM upendra paMDayAnuM nirIkSaNa paNa sAcu che.35 kAvyabAnImAM kacAMka dekhAtA rAmAyaNa, raghuvaMza, mRcchakaTika, kAda...kharI AdinA abhivyaktigata saskArI kavine abhISTa paNa rahyA che paraMtu ethI sAmAnyataH saraLa, prAsAdika ane pravAhI rahetu. vaktavya avaruddha thayu che ne cha dAkhadha paNa zithila banyA che. A kAvya DAlararAyanA vi tarIkeneA kAI neAMdhapAtra unmeSa banatuM nathI - mAtra keTalAMka ramaNIya vanacitrA ane bhAve|cita upamAothI e kaIka AsvAdya rahe che. zikSaNa, dharmo, tattvajJAna - maulika-anUdita graMthA : A uparAMta, 'ekasUtrita zikSaNuyAjanA' (1950), 'RgvedamAM vaziSThanuM darzana' (1964), 'gItAnA muddhiyoga' (1969) Adi zikSaNu-dharma-tattvajJAnanI emanI maulika kRti che. A viSayeAmAM emaNe keTalAMka pustakA aMgrejImAM paNa lakhyAM che. emaNe karelA keTalAka noMdhapAtra anuvAdeAmAM saMskRta prahasana 'bhagavaddakIyam' (naivedya'mAM), dharma ane tattvajJAnanA graMthA 'rudrAdhyAya' (1929) ane 'zakrAdhyAya stAtra' (1929) tathA AztekaranA 'ejyukezana ina enthiyanTa inDiyA' parathI 'prAcIna bhAratamAM zikSaNa' (1965) Adine samAveza thAya che. A samAM, jJAnanAM vividha kSetrAmAM emanA satata cAlatA rahelA nididhyAsananeA prabhAvaka paricaya maLe che.

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gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 TIpa 1 vADmaya vimarza' (1963), pR. 126. 2 juo "gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada (28muM saMmelana) hevAla'mAMnuM pramukhanuM vyAkhyAna. 3 "akSarA', pR. 128. 4 juo vizvanAtha bhaTTanA vivecanasaMgraha "vivecanamukura'nuM arpaNa. 5 "vinAyakanI AtmakathA', pR. 232. 6 "gaMdhAkSata', pR. 207. 7 juo "mArI vivecanakArakidI lekha, mANeka ane akIka' pR. 161. 8 Gujarat And Its Literature' (1985), pR. 372. 9 vivecananuM vivecana', pR. 97. 10 "avalokana', pR. 410, 11 juo "zarvilaka'mAMnuM lekhakanuM nivedana "khulAso'. 12 graMthagarimA', pR. 207. 13 emanA A prakAranA lekhomAM vivecanamukuramAne A lekha kramamAM sauthI pahelA lakhAyelo che. 14 "sAhityasamIkSA', pR. 27. 15 jue nikaSarekhA'nuM nivedana. potAnA A matanA samarthanamAM emaNe D.H. Lawrancedi 'The touchstone is emotion, not reason...' e maMtavya tema ja "davanyAlakamAMthI paNa samarthane TAMkyAM che. 16 emanA vivecanasaMgrahanAM zISake paNa emanI A vibhAvanAnA saMketa rUpe ja emaNe jyAM che e bahu lAkSaNika che. 17 "pUjA ane parIkSAnuM nivedana, pR. 14. 18 juo "vivecanamukura'mAM vivecananI agatya lekhamAMnI emanI vicAraNA. 19 juo 'vivecanane Adaza' lekha viSe "DIka vigato', sAhityasamIkSA), pR. 327. 20 jue "pUjA ane parIkSAnuM arpaNa. 21 samakAlIna sAhityanuM vivecana hAtha na dharIne vizvanAthe vivecana aMgeno potAno "ekalakSI cirArAdhanane Adaza" pALe nathI evI meghANInI jAhera Takarano emaNe samakAlIna sAhityanA vivecananI muzkelIo batAvI uttara te vALyo (jue "vivecanamukura'ne 'samakAlIna sAhityanuM vivecana" lekha) paNa pachI saMkalpa sAthe emaNe eka project tarIke samakAlIna saja che ane emanI kRtionI vivecanA hAtha dharI. chellAM varSomAM emaNe pannAlAlanI kRtio vize paNa Avo eka project upADyAnuM aniruddha brahmabhaTTe noMdhyuM che. (juo "pUrvApara' pR. 115). 22 "anvIkSAmAM badhUpachAMvazailIno svAdhyAyagraMtha" e lekha. 23 sureza joSI, "kAvyacarcA' pR. 101. ra4 juoH "vivecanakRti paNa AnaMda niSpanna karatI hoya to e vivecanane sarjanAtmaka sAhityanI pratiSThA ApavAmAM doSa jaNAto nathI...vANInA upAdAna vaDe vyaktie karelI AnaMdaniSpAdaka vivecanakRtine lalita sAhityanuM gaurava ghaTe ema kahevAmAM bAdha nathI. vivecana paNa vyaktitvanA AviSkArane ucita mAga thaI zake che? - vivecananI pratiSThA", "upAyana', pR. 35. ra5 A paikInA keTalAka lekhe "parizIlana'mAMthI ahIM punarmudrita thayelA che paNa carcAnI sagavaDa khAtara, lakhANamAM badhe ja "upAyana'nA saMdarbho ApyA che. 26 "anubhAvana', 'upAyana', pR. 5. 27 "sAdhAraNIkaraNa", "upAyana', pR. 73. 28 "kAvyacarcA', pR. 95. ra9 "sAhityamImAMsAnA be prazno', pR. 20. 30 juo jayaMta koThArInI A aMgenI carcA, vivecananuM vivecana," pR 16. 31 juo "anubhAvanAzakita" lekha, "kAvyavivecana'. 32 svAdhyAya', pu. 2, aMka 3 (me '65). 33 "svAdhyAya 5, 6, aMka 3 (eprila 69). 34 enI carcA mATe juo narottama palANane lekha "zrI DolararAya mAMkaDanAM zeAdhakAryonI samIkSA", "zrI DolararAya mAMkaDa : jIvana ane sajana" e graMthamAM. 35 "maMgaLayAtrA', pR. 40.

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prakaraNa 12 ramaNalAla vasa`talAla desAI cUnIlAla vardhamAna zAha guNavaMtarAya AcArya ramaNalAla va. desAI (1892-1954) jIvana I. 1885mAM hindustAnamAM rASTrIya mahAsabhAnI sthApanA thaI cUkI hatI; dezane eka nAneA suzikSita varga rAjakIya sabhAnatApUrvaka saLavaLATa anubhavI rahyo hatA. samagra dezamAM zikSaNa, sAhitya, vijJAna, dharma ItyAdi kSetre bhAre parivatanA thaI rahyAM hatAM. teve samaye, I. 1892mAM, menI 12mI tArIkhe narmadA tIre AvelA zanAra gAmamAM ramaNalAlanA janma thayA. emanI prAthamika keLavaNI zinAramAM thaI. e pUrI karIne te mAdhyamika zikSaNa mATe vaDAdarA AvyA. emanA pitA vasaMtalAla desAI pragatizIla vicAra dharAvanArA ane dezabhakta' nAmanA eka sAptAhikanA sa`cAlaka hatA. ramaNulAlane nAnI vayathI vAcanane zAkha lAgyA ane abhyAsa daramyAna emanI kalama paNa saLavaLavA mAMDI. I. 1912mAM kailAsavatI sAthe temanuM lagna thayuM. e lagna temanI dAmpatyabhAvanAne miSTa karavAmAM mahattvane kALA ApyA che. gujarAtanA madhyamavarganA kuTuMbajIvananAM madhura citrA te AlekhI zakayA che tenuM prerakabaLa temanAM patnI kailAsavatI hatAM. ramaNalAla vaDAdarAnI kaeNAlejamAM dAkhala thayA. ucca abhyAsanA e samayamAM ramaNalAle vAcananI abhiruci sArI peThe vikasAvI, kaeNAlejanI carcAsabhAemAM paNa te utsAhathI bhAga letA. I. 1916mAM ema.e. thayA pachI thADAka vakhata temane zikSakanI nekarI karavI paDI. e pachI tarata te sarakArI nekarImAM joDAI gayA. temaNe sarakArI nekarImAM aneka gAmAneA tathA aneka prakAranAM kAmanA anubhava meLavyA. grAmajIvananA prazno paNa temaNe A samaya daramyAna vicAryuM te tenI cikitsA karI. ramaNulAla prakRtie zAMta, vinamra ane prAmANika hatA. temanAmAM UMcI sa`skAritA hatI ane vizALa vAcane temanI abhiruci keLavI hatI. emaNe I. 1915mAM gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadamAM (sUrata mukAme bhajavavA

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480 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [[caM. 4 mATe "saMyuktA' nATaka lakhyuM hatuM. e nATakathI emanI sAhityika pravRttine rItasarane AraMbha thayo ema kahI zakAya. e pachI "navagujarAta' sAmayika mATe temaNe I. 1924-25mAM Thaga' navalakathA pragaTa karavA mAMDI tyArathI temanI navalakathAlekhana-pravRtti zarU thaI. vIsamI sadInA trIjA dasakA daramyAna gAMdhIjIne prabhAva sArAya deza para paDyo hate. svAtaMtryaprApti mATe temaNe prajAjIvanamAM preraNuM phUkI hatI. A deza utsAhane hiloLe caDayo hato. ramaNalAle paNa gAMdhIjInI satyAgrahanI. bhAvanAne nIDaratApUrvaka puraskAra karyo ane navalakathAomAM e bhAvanAne pragaTa karI. gujarAtanI prajAnuM zaurya temane sparzI gayuM. temaNe gAMdhIyuganA gujarAtanAM bhAvanAzIla citro navalakathAomAM AlekhIne prajAjIvanane porasa caDAvyuM. A samaya daramyAna sAmyavAda, gAMdhIvicAradhArA vagerene tema ja samAjanA samakAlIna praznone paNa temaNe sAre evo abhyAsa karI lIdhuM hatuM. arthazAstra, ItihAsa, samAjazAstra e temanA rasanA viSayo hatA. I. 1927mAM temanAM patnI kailAsavatInuM avasAna thayuM. ramaNalAlanA jIvanamAM A kaparo AghAta hate. paNa dhairyapUrvaka emaNe emanI vedanA aMtaramAM samAvI. sarakArI nokarImAMthI nivRtta thayA pachI paNa temanI samAja ane sAhityakSetre pravRtti cAlatI rahI. emanA vyaktitvanA keTalAka guNane kAraNe aMgata mitramaMDaLamAM te "navAba' nAme oLakhAtA ane kuTuMbamAM "bhAIsAhebanA vahAlasoyA nAmathI temane sahu bolAvatA. ramaNalAlanuM jIvana sAduM ane saraLa hatuM. I. 194ramAM temane vanapraveza UjavAyo. tA. 20-9-1954nA roja temanuM avasAna thayuM. sAhityasarjana navalakathAoH gujarAtI navalakathAkSetre I. 1915thI 1925nA samayagALAmAM munazIe emanI aitihAsika ane sAmAjika navalakathAothI gujarAtanI prajAne mugdha karI dIdhI hatI. paNa emanI navalakathAlekhanapravRtti deDheka dAyakA sudhI thaMbhI gaI te samaye ramaNalAle "jayaMta' navalakathA pragaTa karIne navalakathAkSetre sasaMkoca praveza karyo. munazInI navalakathApravRtti thaMbhI gaI hatI te daramyAna ramaNalAle lokalADIlA vArtAkAra athavA to yugamUrti vArtAkAra tarIkenI khyAti prApta karI lIdhI. munazInI navalakathAonI gujarAtabharamAM mohinI prasarI cUkelI hatI. te samaye gujarAtI prajAnI vArtAbhUkhane rUDI pere saMtoSIne eka agraNI navalakathAkAra tarIke pragaTa thavAnuM kArya temane mATe muzkela hatuM. tema chatAM ramaNalAle yugacitro AlekhIne, ziSTa mRpremanI bharama ghaTanAo

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pra. 12] ramaNalAla desAI [ 491 cItarIne ane vizeSe karIne gujarAtanA madhyama varganAM kuTu kheAnI saMskAramAdhurI vyakta karIne leAkahRdayamAM prabaLa AkarSaNa jamAvyuM. vIsamI sadInA ceAthA dasakAmAM tA ramaNulAlanI navalakathAnuM vAcana e ziSTatAnuM jANe ke pramANapatra banI gayuM. ramaNalAlanI prathama navalakathA 'jayaMta' 1925mAM pragaTa thaI, joke 'Thaga' enI pahelAM lakhAI hatI, paNa prakAzamAM te meADethI AvI. 'jayaMta' e emanI nabaLI kRti che ane temaNe te sasakrAya ...Ite khvIta' prasiddha thavA dIdhelI (bIjI AvRttinI prastAvanA). e navalakathA leAkarajaka banI zake te mATe temaNe temAM bhedabharama, jhapAjhapI, Aga-khUnanA prayAseAnI ghaTanAo, bhedIma`DaLa evI dhaNI badhI sAmagrI kheMcI dIdhI che. ramaNulAlanA citta para jAsUsI kathAnA prakhaLa sauMskArA hAya e banavAjoga che. emanI 'Thaga', 'ba'sarI' jevI navalakathA enI zAkha pUraze. ane emanI anya sAmAjika navalakathAomAM paNa bheda-prapaMca ane rahasyanAM tattvA eka ke bIjI rIte pragaTa thayA vagara rahetAM nathI. 'jayaMta'-- mAM saMkalanAnI kacAza teA che ja, paNa emaNe je prakAranI ghaTanAe emAM vavI che te gujarAtI samAjanA saMdarbhamAM bhAgye ja pratItikara lAge tevI che. tema chatAM prathama kRtimAM emanI vArtAkalAnAM keTalAMka lakSaNeA pragaTa thAya che te vadhukalAtmakarUpe pachInI navalakathAmAM jovA maLe che. 'Thaga' navalakathA AsUsI prakAramAM gaNavI ja yogya lekhAya. emAM paNa bhAMyarAM, bhedI pAtro, rahasyamaya vAtAvaraNa, prapa McA evuM ghaNuM badhuM che. paNa lekhake Thaga lokone bhAvanAvAdI kalpIne temane vIsamI sadInA ApaNA dezanA viplavavAdI maDaLAnA sabhyA jevA kalpIne vAstavikatAnA sImADA ullaMghyA che. lekhake itihAsanI temAM avagaNanA karIne prAkRtajanAne tatkALa prasanna kare tevA thArasa pIrasyA che. sAmAnya vAcakAne rAmAnsanI sRSTimAM laI javAne! A tarIkeA karaNagheleA' navalakathAthI cAlatA AvyeA che. paNa ramaNulAla tarata ja A prakAranA sastA maneAraMjaka kathAmALakhAmAMthI bahAra nIkaLIne 'zirISa' (1927), kokilA' (1928) jevI ziSTa vArtArasika samAjane saheje AkaSI zake tevI navalakathA racavA mAMDe che, ane ceAthA dasakAmAM tA te 'divyacakSu' (1932), 'pUrNimA' (1932), 'bhArelA agni' (1935) jevI kalAnA ucca namUnArUpa navalakathAe pragaTa karIne gujarAtanuM navalakathAkSetra sara karI le che. premabhAvanA : ramaNalAlanI navalakathAone atyaMta leAkapriya banAvavAmAM gu. sA. 31

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482] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ ca. 4 betraNa vastuoe mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo che. eka te emanI lagabhaga dareka katimAM ziSTa, miSTa mulAyama premanI madhura kathA gUMthAyelI hoya che. vArtA atihAsika hoya ke satyAgrahanI caLavaLanI heya paNa emAM premacitra UpasI AvyA vinA rahetuM nathI. bhArele agnimAM gautama ane kalyANInA premanI kathAne taMtu aitihAsika ghaTanAnI vacce paNa dhyAna kheMcyA vinA rahetuM nathI. divyacakSu'mAM asahakAranI laDatanA prasaMgonI vacamAM aruNa ane raMjananA premanI citrAvalI UpasI Ave che. ramaNalAlanI navalakathAomAM premaghaTanAnuM nirUpaNa vaividhyabharyuM nathI e temanA para navalarAma trivedI ane vizvanAtha bhaTTa jevA vivecakone AkSepa che ane e AkSepa khoTa nathI. emanI pahelI navalakathA 'jayaMtIthI zarU karIne tyAra pachInI ghaNu navalakathAomAM lekhake eka strI ane be puruSa athavA eka puruSa ane be strI vacce prematrikeNu jUja pheraphAra sAthe nirUpe dekhAya che. "jayaMta'mAM jayaMta sAthe dakSA ane snA e baMne bahene premamAM che, "kokilA'mAM jagadIza paraNele che chatAM bIjI eka strI - vijayA - tenA premane jhaMkhe che. "snehayajJamAM kirITanA prema mATe mInAkSI ane camelI vacce spardhA che. "divyacakSu'mAM aruNane meLavavA mATe raMjana ane puSpA Atura che. "jayaMta'mAM dakSA IrSyAbharyA jhanUnathI enI nAnI bahena snAne charAthI mAravA jAya che. paNa jayaMtanA Akasimaka pravezathI chevaTe AkhI ghaTanAne navo ja vaLAMka maLe che ane dakSA nAnI tarapheNamAM jayaMtanA mArgamAMthI khasI jAya che. alabatta A prakAranI ghaTanA gujarAtI samAjamAM keTalI saMbhavita te eka vicAravA jevo prazna khare. 'kilA'mAM kusuma sAthe lagna karavA IcchanArA be umedavAra che. paraMtu kusuma ramezane pasaMda kare che, ane manahara bIjI yuvatI sAthe lagna karI patnInuM nAma kusuma rAkhIne saMtoSa mAne che. niSphaLa premI athavA premikA potAnA gata premanuM koIka saMbhAraNuM sAcavavA mAge evI ghaTanAnuM nirUpaNa karavAnuM ramaNalAlane rucikara lAge che. "divyacakSu'mAM puSpo enI sakhI raMjanane, aruNa pAche soMpI de che; paNa enuM paheluM bALaka janme te pitAne mATe mAgI le che. ramaNalAlanI navalakathAomAM premIo mATe premane mArga bhale niSphaTaka nathI hete tathApi emane e mArgamAM ati dAruNa kaSTa veThavAnAM AvatAM nathI. premI pAtronI tripuTI vacce saMgharSa moTe bhAge AchopAtaLA ja rahe che. ramaNalAlane premI pAtro pArAvAra vipatti veThe evuM kadAca iSTa nathI. munazInI navalakathAomAM te pAtrone premaprApti mATe sIdhA AkarAM caDhANa caDavAnAM Ave che. premIo potAnA premapAtra mATe jhUre che, ribAya che, raheMsAya che ane premane

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pra. 12 ) ramaNalAla desAI [483 khAtara mRtyu paNa svIkAre che. ramaNalAlanI Rjusaumya prakRti emanI navalakathAnAM pAtrone mATe thoDIka muzkelI pachI premano mArga AsAna karI Ape che. tema chatAM ramaNalAlanI navalakathAomAM premanuM nirUpaNa sastu ane nIcI kakSAnuM nathI. emanA premanirUpaNamAM eka prakAranuM AbhijAtya ane saMskAritA pragaTe che. gujarAtanA madhyama varganA kuTuMbanI mAdhurI temAM phare che. e prema mRdu, ziSTa ane kartavyaparAyaNa che ane temAM tyAganI bhAvanA che. "pUrNimA" jevI gaNikAjIvanane lagatI navalakathAmAM paNa gaNikA rAjezvarInA premamAM kyAMya bIbhatsatA, AchakalAI ke cAMcalya nathI. enA premamAM paNa ziSTatA ne saMskAritAnI phorama che. "zirISa'mAM zirISa ane sohiNanA dAmpatyamAM AraMbhe the DuMka cAMcalya varatAya che, emanAM jIvanamAM paraspara gerasamajamAMthI saheja saMgharSa thAya che. baMne viyoga veThatAM jagatanI pAThazALAmAM ghaDAya che. ane pharI emanA dAmpatyamAM zuddha, madhura ne saMskArI uDe prema morI UThe che. bhArelo agni ane "divyacakSu'mAM tyAgamaya premanuM manohara nirUpaNa che. gautamane jhaMkhanArI kalyANane prema gautamanA utkarSa mAM, enI jIvanabhAvanAnA vikAsamAM ja rAce che. gautamanA zreya mATe e pitAnA sukhane jatuM kare che. enA premamAM mAtAmAM zizu pratye hoya tevI ugyatA che, UMDANa che. bhautika premasukhane to te bhAgye ja vicAra kare che. "divyacakSu'mAM raMjanane prema paNa evo ja nisvArtha ane AtmabhogamAM rAcanAro che. "kekilA'mAM to jagadIza pratye kokilAne prema akhUTa che. kokilAnA samagra astitvamAM jagadIza chavAI gayo che. ene AnaMda pati mATe svArpaNamAM che. kokilAnA pAtra dvArA lekhake gujarAtI nArInI premamAdhurIne sarasa abhivyakta karI che. gujarAtanA gRhajIvananAM - dAmpatyapremanAM AvAM abhijAtayukta, svaccha, surekha, raLiyAmaNuM ane guNAnurAgI daSTivALAM citro kadAca pahelI vAra vipula saMkhyAmAM ramaNalAlanI navalakathAomAM maLe che. e citrone ramaNalAlanI bhAvanAne sparza thayo che. gujarAtanA nArIjIvananAM zIla ane zAlInatAne temaNe aMtaranI praphullatAthI vyakta karyA che. kokilAnA niHsvArtha vizuddha ane utkaTa patipremane navalakathAnA khalanAyaka jevA jugalakizora uphe nAthabAvA upara paNa prabaLa prabhAva paDe che. e pitAnI patnI pratyenI premazaMkAmAMthI mukta thAya che ane ApaghAtane mArgethI pAchA vaLe che. ramaNalAlanI premamAdhurI temanI ghaNuM badhI navalakathAomAM pragaTa thAya che. jagadIzanI uktiomAM prema viSenI bhAvanA pragaTa thAya che: "e zaratI prema e bajAra cIja che. kiMmata ApI mAla levA jevuM thAya che. patnI tamane prema Ape te ja tame ene sAro prema ApI zake te emAM maravApaNuM kyAM rahyuM ?

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484] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ 2*. 4 kAMI paNa maLavAnuM na heAya ane tame marI zake! tA ja tame premI ! bAkI tA sauMdaryanI gujarImAM UbhelA sAdAgara ! tamane koI sagavaDa Ape eTale tame sAmI sagavaDa Ape|; tamane kAI AnaMda Ape eTale tame sAmeA Anada Ape; ane kadAca kAI tamane peAtAnA jAna Ape tA tame sAme jAna Ape. paNa e badhAmAM tamane prathama kAMI maLavu joIe ja ! nahi ?' ('kokilA', 1969, pR. 220-221.) samagra navalakathAmAM premanI uccatAnA aMzA kalAtmaka rIte pragaTa thayA che. samakAlIna samAjacatrA : ramaNalAlanI navalakathAe tatkAlIna samAjamAM ati lAkapriya thavAnuM eka kAraNa e che ke temaNe samakAlIna samAjanI eSaNAAkAMkSAonAM citrA temAM AlekhyAM che. ramaNalAla gAMdhIjInA pratyakSa sa MparkamAM AvelA niha. paNa gAMdhIjIe dezane beThA karavA mATe je parama puruSArtha karyo ane svataMtratA mATe satyAgrahanu... AMdAlana calAvyuM. tenAthI te, khIndra aneka kavie-lekhakAnI jema rAmAMcita thayA hatA. mulakI khAtAmAM ramaNalAlanI sarakArI neAkarI hatI. e sarakArI nAkarI karatAM karatAM paNa temaNe gujarAtanI navajAgRtinAM spardhAnA jhIlyAM ane emanI navalakathAomAM te pragaTa karyAM.... 'zirISa'nI khIjI AvRttinI prastAvanAmAM temaNe nAMdheluM : 'gujarAtane mATe mane pakSapAta che. ane tene lIdhe mane dekhAtA tenA sauMdaaMze| AlekhavAnuM mane dhaNuM game che. e vRttinA eka pariNAma rUpa mArI navalakathAe che.' 'divyacakSu'nI prathama AvRttimAM paNa temaNe e ja vAta noMdhatAM lakhyuM che : 'alabatta, gujarAtI jIvana mane dhaNuM game che, temAM thatA pheraphArAnuM avaleAkana karavAmAM mane AnaMda thAya che. ane tenAM jUnAMnavAM rasasthAne ne sparza karavA mane ATlAdaka thaI paDe che. gUra jIvanamAM rasa levAnA mArA AchApAtaLA prayatnAmAMthI mArI vArtAonA janma che.' ramaNulAlane 'yugamUrti vArtAkAra'nuM biruda A kAraNe ja maLyuM che. emanI ghaNI badhI, khAsa karIne ceAthA dasakAnI navalakathAemAM temaNe utsAhapUrvaka gujarAtanA hele caDelA jIvananAM, gujarAtI prajAnA zUra jIvananAM maneAhara citro AlekhyAM che. temAMya 'divyacakSu' emanI yugabhaktine vizeSapaNe rajU karatI sama navalakathA che. divyacakSu : 1931nI sAlamAM e prathama vAra pragaTa thaI tyAre gAMdhIjInI satyAgrahanI laDatanI AbAhavA cArekAra hatI. gujarAtanA prajAjIvanamAM gAMdhIjInI preraNAthI navacetanAneA saMcAra thaI rahyo hatA. ramaNulAla tenA pratyakSa sAkSI hatA. temaNe 'vyicakSu'mAM e yuganI hele caDelI yuvAnInuM ane bhAvanAnI

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pra. 12 ] ramaNalAla desAI [ 485 UchaLatI bharatInuM samartha pratibiMba jhIlyu, ane yugabhaktinA kalAtmaka pratidheASa pADayo. navalakathAne nAyaka aruNa zrImaMta pitAnA putra che; eka pIDha ne bujhu netA janArdananI preraNAthI te svAtaMtryanI laDatamAM joDAya che. ahiMsAmAM tene zraddhA nathI, paNa vArtAkAre dhIme dhIme aneka hRdayaspazI ghaTanAomAMthI pasAra karAvIne tene AMtaravikAsa kalAtmaka rIte darzAvyeA che. 'divyacakSu' vastugU thaNI tema ja pAtracitraNa tathA yugacitranI dRSTie temanI uttama navalakathA che. emAM temaNe rASTrIya utthAna mATe cAlI rahelI jAgRti, aspRzyatAnivAraNa, satyAgraha ityAdi aneka pravRttie sAMkaLI lIdhI che, ane gAMdhIyugamAM leAkaheyane spazI rahelAM ahiMsA, satyAgraha, dezaprema, vizvabaMdhutva vagere jIvanamUlyAnA puraskAra karyAM che. emaNe e navalakathAnI bhUmikA tarIke yogya rIte ja satyAgraha pravRttine samaya pasaMda karyo che, ane e samayanuM surekha, akRtrima vAtAvaraNa upasAvyuM che. emAM aruNu ane raMjanAnI kathAnA mukhya pravAha che. rASTrIya AMdolananI bhUmikA para ba Mne pAtrone AMtaravikAsa vArtAkAre kuzaLatApUrvaka nirUpyA che. aruNe AMkha gumAvI e aMtima ghaTanA karuNa che kharI, paNu aruNa jevA bhAvanAzALI vIra yuvAna AMkhA gumAvavAne kAraNe samagra jIvana hArI bese, ane ApaghAta karavA prayatna kare e karuNatA ja vedhaka che. paNa vArtAkAre navalakathAnA aMta karuNa-maMgala ANyA che. vArtAkAranI ruci mahadaMze navalakathAne sukhAMta banAvavA pratyenI che. kalAnA bhAge paNa . e kathAne sukhAMta banAvavA prerAtA heAya tenuM kaeNAkilA' jevI navalakathAmAM sahaja uDDAharaNa jaDaze. 'divyacakSu'mAM aruNunAM cakSu gayAM e karuNAMtamAM lekhake maMgalatAnA tAMtaNA saphaLatApUrvaka gUMthI lIdheA che. AraMbhamAM cAMcalya pragaTa karatI, phUlaphaTAka lAgatI raMjanA paNa aruNa pratyenA premane kAraNe ane janArdananI preraNAthI dezasevAnI pravRttimAM bhAga le che ane vArtAkAre enI vIratA, tyAgavRtti, snehabhAva ityAdinA vikAsa ane vividha anubhavAmAMthI pasAra karAvIne darzAvyA che. aruNa aMdha bane che ane ra MjananuM smaraNa karyA kare che te joIne puSpA pAchI aruNunI sAMpaNI raMjanane kare che ane rajata aruNune AtmahatyAnA prayAsa niSphaLa karI tenAmAM navuM cetana pragaTAve che; tenI preraNA ane sAcA arthamAM sahadharmacAriNI banI rahe che. vArtAkAre nAyakanAyikAnI AMtarayAtrAnA vikAsanI maneAhara tasavIra A kRtimAM AlekhI che. A navalakathAmAM tema ja temanI anya navalakathAomAM paNa patipatnI vaccenA sabhyabhAva temaNe nirUpyA che. patipatnI vacce svAmIsevakane bhAva kadI temane AkarSI zakayo nathI. ane ethI ja emanAM gujarAtanA saMskArI kuTuMbanAM svaccha, svastha madhura dAMpatyanAM

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486] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa | [ , 4 citro ApaNane maLe che. jagadIza-keDikalA, zirISa-rohiNI, aruNa-raMjanA e badhAM ja yugale emanA sumadhura dAmpatyathI vAcakone AkarSI rahe che. divyacakSu'mAM rAjakIya praznanI sAthe ja rASTrIya utthAna mATe mahattvane evo aspRzyatAnivAraNane prazna temaNe vaNI lIdhuM che. aruNa ane raMjananI mukhya kathA sAthe janArdana-suzIlAnA premanI, lagnapUrve suzIlAne mAtRtvanI, janArdana-suzIlA vacce lagnamAM sAmAjika aMtarAyanI ane janArdananA pazcAtApanI ane e pazcAttApamAMthI pragaTatI tenI dezasevAnI laganInI kathAne gauNa pravAha bhaLyo che. suzIlAnA navajAta zizune aMtyajavAsamAM dhanA bhagatanA hAthe UcharavAnuM Ave che; ane dhanA bhagatanA pAtra dvArA vArtAkAre aspRzyatAnA praznanI chaNAvaTa karI che. dhanA bhagata A kathAnuM maMgalapAtra che. emanI IzvarazraddhA ane jIvanaphilasUphI emanA vyaktitvane barAbara upasAvI Ape che. vArtAkAre gauNa pAtronI vyaktigata vizeSatA paNa kuzaLatAthI tAravI ApI che. dharmacusta, AkhAbolA dhanasukhalAla, sarakArI adhikArIne putra kaMdarpa, mejisTreTa rahIma, pazcimI DhabachabamAM rAcanArA kRSNakAnta e badhAM ja pAtronA citraNamAM vArtAkAranI kalA dIpI nIkaLI che. A navalakathAnAM lagabhaga badhAM pAtro aMgrejI satanata sAmenI satyAgrahanI laDatane potapotAnA AgavA daSTikoNathI jue che, mApe che paNa aMte emAMnAM lagabhaga badhAM pAtro dezanI samagra paristhitine navA prakAzamAM jatAM thAya che ane emanAM hRdayaparivartana thAya che. divyacakSu'mAM hAsyarasanI noMdha vinA enI vivecanA apUratI gaNAya. ramaNalAlamAM sargika vinodazakti che. emane hAsyarasa bahudhA vArtApravAhanI vacamAM verAyelI vicArakaNikAomAM pragaTa thato rahe che. lekhakanI avalokanazaktinI e kaNikAo ghAtaka che. "pUrNimA' jevI navalakathAmAM emanI samAja-samIkSA avAranavAra vakrokti rUpe pragaTatI dekhAya che. emAM emaNe AlekheluM rAja zeThanuM ThaThThAcitra emanAmAM rahelI hAsyakAra tarIkenI zaktino paricaya saheje karAvI de che. vArtAkAra emanI navalakathAnA nAyakane moTe bhAge dhUnI ane vyavahArazanya cItare che. ane emanI vyavahArazanyatAnI mIThI mArmika majAka karavA mATe ghaNI vAra temanA aMgata mitranuM pAtra hoya che. "pUrNimA'mAM avinAza bilakula vyavahArazanya ane bhAvanAghele che. ene mitra rajanIkAMta ene bhadraMbhadrapaNAnI majAka uDAvyA ja kare che. kekilAmAM jagadIzanI vyavahArazUnyatAnI jugalakizora mazkarI uDAve che. "divyacakSu'mAM te vArtAkAre rItasara hAsyarasa nipanna karavA mATe sAkSara vilananuM pAtra kayuM che. enI raMjana pratyenI vevalAI, vAtacItamAM cAvaLAI, enI dAMbhikatA e badhAne vArtAkAre kaTAkSanA saphaLa nizAna

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pra. 12] ramaNalAla desAI [ 487 banAvyAM che. vilAyana dvArA lekhake samakAlIna sAkSarAnA ADaMbaranI ThekaDI karI che. vileAcananuM pAtra mukhya kathApravAhamAM samarasa banIne eka navuM parimANu umere che. ramaNalAlanA vinAnI vizeSatA e che ke e svaccha ane naravA hAya che. sahu krAI mANI zake evA te nirdoSa ane mIThA haiAya che. alabatta emanI uttaravayamAM lakhAyelI 'pralaya' jevI navalakathAmAM vArtAkAranA vineda AkarA kaTAkSaprahAranuM rUpa dharIne Ave che. vArtAkAranI gulAkhI hAsyavRtti kaTutAbharI nukaMtecInImAM palaTAI gayelI dekhAya che. grAmalakSmI : gAMdhIyuganu eka sama` kalAtmaka citra jo divyacakSu'mAM che tA khIju e ja yuganuM vizALa phalaka para AlekhAyeluM citra lekhakanI 'grAmalakSmI' (cAra bhAga, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937)mAM maLe che. gAMdhIjIe grAmeAhAra vinA rASTrAddhAra zakaya nathI e vAta leAkeAne ThasAvI hatI ane saMkhyAbaMdha kA karI gAMdhIjInI preraNAthI gAmaDAMmAM daTAI gayA hatA. ramaNulAle azvinamAM evA kAryakara kalpyA che ane gAMdhIjIne! grAmeAhAranA Adarza enA pratyakSa kA dvArA siddha thatA batAvyA che. lAkakalyANa mATe grAmasevA UbhA karavAnI kalpanA prathama vAra 'sarasvatIcaMdra' navalakathAmAM geAvardhanarAme karI. paNa sarasvatIcaMdra kalyANagrAmane! mAtra nakaro! karIne aTakI gayA. rASTranA utthAna mATe e yeAjanAnI dizA sAcI hatI. paNa sarasvatIcaMdranI vAta mAtra uttama bhAvanArUpe ja pragaTa thaI. enI yAjanAnA amala thaI zakayo nahi. gAMdhIyugamAM seA maNu vicAra karatAM paNa ratIbhAra AcaraNanA -- sakriyatAne mahimA thaye ane navalakathAomAM paNa pAtrA mAtra vicAraka banI na rahetAM racanAtmaka kAryamAM pravRtta thatAM dekhAvA mAMDayAM. 'grAmalakSmI'mAM enjiniyara banIne nekarI vinA nAsIpAsa thayelA azvina peAtAne gAmaDe pAche! AvyA ane gheADAka mAnasika saMdharSa pachI grAmalakSmInI preraNAthI grAmeAdhAranA kAryoMmAM lAgI gayA, grAme dvArA vizALa kAryakama siddha thatA darzAvavA mATe navalakathAne ekAda bhAga paryApta thayA nahi, grAmasamAjanI saMkhyAbaMdha samasyAonI chaNuAvaTa karavA mATe ane grAmAdvAra mATe sarakArI ke gAMdhIcIMdhye rAha ke sAmyavAda e praznanI vigate carcA thaI zake te hetuthI lekhake 'grAmalakSmI'nA cAra bhAga prakaTa karyA. ramaNalAlanI e mahattvAkAMkSI navalakathA che paNu kathAnuM mukhya vaktavya sudI ane aprastuta carcAomAM rALAI gayuM che. vArtAkAra pAte paNa A kSati aMge sabhAna che. ethI 'grAmalakSmI'nA ceAthA bhAganI prastAvanAmAM (I. 1937) e adezA vyakta kare che 'grAmalakSmI' jevI lakhANabharI navalakathAnAM tattve cUMthAI gayAM hAya

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488 ] gujarAtI sAhityaneA itihAsa [ca. 4 - - e zakaya che. atizaya lakhANu e ja eka kalAvirodhI tattva banI jAya, duniyAmAM vipula kadanI navalakathA nathI lakhAI ema nathI. vistAra e navalakathAmAM deSa ja che ema paNa nathI. kathAmAM laMbANu Avazyaka balake anivArya che ke nahiM ane lakhANa kalAtattvAne aLapAvI de che kema e agatyanA prazna che. grAmalakSmI'nI kathA vize lekhakanA aMdezA * bhaya sAcA che - khAsa karIne cothA bhAganI bAbatamAM. e aMtima khaMDa gAMdhIvAda ane sAmyavAdanI carcAethI khacita thaI gayA che. vArtAkAranI je eka meATI maryAdA, vArtApravAhane avarodhIne peAtAnAM nirIkSaNA makhalakapaNe veravAnI, te ahIM parAkASThAe paheAMcI che. vArtAkAra peAtAnI kRtimAM jIvana vize ke jagata vize peAtAnAM maMtavyA ke samIkSAe mUke te sAme bhAgye ja vAMdhA laI zakAya. kAI paNa kalAkRti lekhakanA jIvana--jagata vizenAM mUlyeAthI rahita hAI zake nahi. sAhityamAM jIvanamImAMsA pragaTayA vinA rahetI nathI. alabatta sarjakanA e adhikAra mAnya rAkhyA pachI prazna e mImAMsA pragaTa karavAnI paddhati bAbata UbhA thAya che. aucityanI dRSTie ja ene vicAra thavA ghaTe. ramaNalAlanI navalakathAmAM ghaTanA ane nirIkSaNA ekasAthe ja cAlyA kare che, emaNe vArtAnI vacamAM verI mUkelAM suvAkayonuM 'suvarNaraja' nAme daLadAra pustaka paNa sa pAdita thayu che. eTale ramaNalAlanAM suvAkayo ane jIvananarIkSaNA lekapriya nIvaDacAM nathI ema tA nahi kahI zakAya. lekhakanA emAM jIvana vizenA vizALa anubhava ane itihAsa, arthazAstra, rAjakAraNa, samAjazAstra, nItizAstranA svAdhyAya chalakAya che. emanI nirIkSaNuzaktine paNa temAM paricaya thAya che. emanI A samIkSAe keTalIka vAra emanA suMdara gadyanA paNa AsvAda karAve che. emAMnI vineAvRtti tA ghaNA badhA vAcAne prasanna karI zakI che ane emAMnI vakrokti paNa AsvAdya heAya che. TUMkAM sUtrAtmaka vAkayo dvArA keTalIka vAra lekhaka sAMprata yuganA prazno para vedhaka prakAza nAkhe che. ramaNalAlanI navalakathAmAM kAreka uttama vicAraNA AsvAdya bane che kharI paNa dareka ghaTanA vize paNa te peAtAnuM maMtavya ApavAmAM udAratAthI' pravarte che tyAre buddhizALI vAcakane tA trAsa ja thAya che. ghaNI vAra emanAM vidhAnA ativyAptinA doSavALAM heAya che ane lekhakanA vicAraka tarIkenA stara vize paNa vicAra Ave che. keTalIka vAra tA emanI navalakathAomAM pAnAM bharIne AvI vicAraNAo pragaTa thaI che ane grAmalakSmI' navalakathAne hAni paheAMcADavAmAM emanI nibaMdhAtmaka vicAraNAone meATA phALA che.

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pra. 12 ] ramaNalAla desAI [ 489 'grAmalakSmI'mAM vArtAkAra aMtima dhyeya nizcita karI rAkhIne ja ghaTanAone gaNatarIpUrvaka Alekhe che ane pAtrA paNa temanA saMdezavAhaka jevAM banI rahe che. azvinane vArtAkAre AdarzI grAmasevaka manAvavAnA maneratha sevyA che. eTale grAmeAdvAranI sava pravRttimAM netAgIrI enA hAthamAM ja rahe tevI ceAjanA temane karavI paDI che. Adarza grAmasevakanI hesiyatathI te brahmacaryanA saMkalpa paNa kare che! tema chatAM samagra kathAmAM tenu N mahAna samAjasevaka tarIkenuM kAThu pragaTatuM nathI. enAM kArya vArtAkArathI prerAtAM haiAya tema lAgyA kare che. AzcaryanI vAta te e che ke AvA mahAna kAryakramamAM azvinanA mArgamAM kAI bhAre saMgha AvatA nathI. ene ghaNA badhAne sahakAra anAyAse ja maLI rahe che. ane lekhakanI yeAjanA mujaba grAmeAhAranuM svapna azvina dvArA AsAnIthI siddha thaI jAya che. azvinanA mukhya pAtra karatAM tA maherunuM pAtra vizeSa AkarSIka ane pratItikara lAge che. azvinane peAtAnA gAmamAM praveza thaye| tyArathI ja maherune tene paricaya thAya che. ane e pachI sAghata te azvinanA kAryamAM sahabhAgI bane che. paNa enAM kAryamAMthI enA vyaktitvanI khAsiyatA barAbara pakaDI zakAya che. anya navalakathAomAM vArtAkAre yAjgyA che tevA prematrikANu ahIM paNa yojavA prayatna karyAM che. paNa AtrikAmAMthI kAI sa dharyAM udbhavatA nathI. tArA chevaTe sthUla premamAMthI mukta thaI deDhApabhAga vinAnA sUkSma premanI AkheAhavAmAM taravA mAMDe che, 'grAmalakSmI'mAM vArtAkArane sahuthI bhAre muzkelI te| bhASAnI che. grAmapradezanuM vAstavika vAtAvaraNa pratyakSa karAvavA mATe grAmapradezanI taLapadI kheAlI Avazyaka gaNAya. te mUDI aa lekhaka pAse che nahi. pAtrAcita eTalI vinA ane grAmajIvananA tahevArA-vahevArAnA RtucakrAnA nirUpaNu vinA tema ja grAmajIvanamAM paDelI saMkucitatA, IrSyA, dveSa ane anya badIonA citraNa vinA A navalakathAmAM yathAyita vAtAvaraNu sarAtuM dekhAtu nathI. vArtAkAre gAMdhIjInA proAdhelA grAme hAranA kAryakramane khUba utsAhapUrvaka A daLadAra navalakathAmAM nirUpyA che. paNa vArtAkalA sAthe lekhakanI e vizenI bhAvanAnA viniyAga thaI zakayo nathI e spaSTa che. 'pUrNimA' navalakathA viSayanI dRSTie temanI anya sAmAjika navalakathAe karatAM judI tarI Ave che. temaNe emAM gaNikAonA praznanI chaNAvaTa karI che. lekhake A navalakathA pragaTa karatAM prastAvanAmAM emAMnA viSaya-vastune kAraNe khUba saMkAya anubhavyA che. lekhakane e sAca arthahIna che. sAhitya mATe kAI paNa viSaya sabhya ke asabhya che ja nahi, kalA nItinirapekSa che. kAI paNa viSaya

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490]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa ciM . 4 kalAkRti rUpe pragaTa thaI zakyo hoya te basa che. vArtAkAre pasaMda karela viSaya sAce ja navIna ane AkarSaka che. ane emanuM zubha prayojana e che ke "patitAo pratye jagatanI sahAnubhUti khullI rIte pradarzita thavA lAgI che. ane temanA uddhAra mATe kaI kaI prayatna paNa thaI rahyA che. evI sahAnubhUti alpAMze paNa vadhe e uddezathI "pUrNimAnA viSayanI pasaMdagI meM karI che." (pahelI AvRttinI prastAvanA, 1932). vArtAkAre kathAviSaya navo - vaNakheDAyelo pasaMda karyo che. paNa temanI nirUpaNarIti agAunI navalakathAomAM che tevI ja rUDha che. kathAnAyakane kaMI ne kaMI laganI athavA dhUna hoya che. hRdayanAthane vyAyAmanI laganI hatI, gautamane yuddhanI laganI hatI. aruNane dezabhaktine nAda lAgyo hato, azvinane grAmalakSmInI sthApanA karavI hatI. avinAzane patitoddhAranI dhUna che. alabatta enI A dhUna pAchaLa rAjezvarInA sauMdaryanuM AkarSaNa keTaluM ane gaNikAonA uddhAra mATenI bhAvanA keTalI te mAnasazAstrIya tapAsano viSaya banI zake. ramaNalAlanI aneka navalakathAomAM saMkalanA zithila ane keTalIka ghaTanAo apratItikara lAge che. e samayanAM sAmayikomAM e dhArAvAhI rUpe pragaTa thatI hatI. ane tarata pustakarUpe prasiddha thatI hatI. eTale emane pharI e joI javAne samaya rahe nahoto evuM kAraNa temaNe pote paNa "snehayajJa'nI prastAvanAmAM noMdhyuM che. "pUrNimA paNa A deSathI mukta nathI. eka te avinAza jevo ucca kuTuMbane nabIra enA mitra rajanIkAnta sAthe gaNikAvAsamAM jAya ane tyAMnA cokIdAra habIba sAthe mArAmArI thAya, charAbAjI thAya evI ghaTanA jhaTa gaLe Utare tevI nathI. paNa ethI vizeSa moTI vAta to e che ke padmanAbha jevo kuzaLa vakIla rAjezvarI pitAnI ja bhANeja che te ghaTanAthI cheka sudhI aMdhArAmAM rahe ane rAjezvarIne rakhAta tarIke rAkhavA taiyAra thaI jAya e kene saMbhavita lAge ? A navalakathAmAM vyaktisvAtaMtraya ane rUDhicusta samAja vacce tIvra saMgharSanI zakyatAo hatI. avinAzane rUDha samAja sAme paDakAra pheMkate ane tenI sAme Takkara jhIlata batAvI zakAya evI sAmagrI A kathAvastumAM hatI. paNa lekhakane pitAnA kathAnAyake jhaMjhAvAta sAme che, viSama paristhitione sajanDa pratikAra kare, kaSTa veThe, evuM kadAca ISTa nathI. emanA hadayanAtha, azvina, zirISa, avinAza e badhA e rIte suMvALA jaNAya che. avinAzanAM mAtApitA zarUmAM virodha kare che paNa pachI puchAne vaza varte che. ane sAmAjika gharSaNa DuMka thAya che kharuM paNa avinAza AsAnIthI emAMthI mukta thaI jAya che. rAjezvarIne pAtracitraNamAM lekhakanuM kauzala dhyAna kheMcI rahe che. khAsa te ene saMyamI vartAva ane enI

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pra. 12] ramaNalAla desAI [ 491 zAlInatA smaraNIya che. tene lekhake gaNikA ka9pI che, paNa nathI enAmAM laghutAgraMthi ke nathI gaNikAnA jIvanamAM jovA maLatI azlIlatA - bIbhatsatA. lekhake najAkatathI enA aMtaranI zrI pragaTa karI che. gaNikA vizenI A navalakathAmAM temaNe ghaTanAone AlekhanamAM ke gaNikAonAM varNanamAM kayAMya surucine bhaMga thavA dIdhuM nathI. taduparAMta sAmAjika aniSTa para emanI marmALI vivecanA paNa vicArapreraka che. khAsa karIne rajanIkAMtanA pAtra dvArA temaNe e prajana saphaLa rIte pAra pADayuM che. rAjA zeTha jevA samAjanA daMbhI, badamAzanuM pAtra emanA kaTAkSanuM sAruM nizAna bane che. "pUNimA'mAM lekhakanI kaTAkSakalAne khIlavAne sAre avakAza maLyo che. vAcakenuM kutUhala sAvaeNta jALavavA mATe temaNe zivanAtha zAstrInuM rahasyamaya pAtra racyuM che. vAcakenA manoraMjana mATe te emanI Thaga', "jayaMta', jevI AraMbhanI navalakathAothI ja ekAda bhedI pAtra javAnI tarakIba ajamAvatA rahyA che. "jayaMta, zirISa', "snehayajJa" ane bIjI aneka navalakathAomAM temanI A rIti jovA maLe che. paNa keTalIka vAra e pAtranA vartana-vahevAranI rIta athavA e pAtranI AsapAsa vIMTaLAyeluM rahasyanuM jALuM pratItikara banavAne badale temanI vArtAkalAne hAni pahoMcADe che. jema ke "bhArelo agni'mAM rudradatta jevA eka gujarAtI brAhmaNanA jIvananI AsapAsa temaNe je paDade ra che, temane eka krAMtikArI senApati tarIke kazyA che, paradeza sAthe temanA chUpA saMbaMdhe sUcavyA che ane aMte e badhAmAMthI nivRtta thaI gAMdhIjInI philasUphI uccAre che ne Acare che, - A badhuM sattAvananA saMgrAmane saMdarbha jotAM susaMgata nathI lAgatuM. kokilA'mAM jugalakizoranuM pAtra kuzaLatAthI cItarAyuM che. tema chatAM e ja pAtra razmi, jugalakizora ane nAthabAvA ema traNa rUpe pragaTe che. ane e rIte bhedanuM vAtAvaraNa lekhaka upajAvavA mAge che, paNa te vAstavika nathI lAgatuM. pUrNimA'mAM zivanAtha zAstrI evuM bhedI pAtra che. padmanAbha vakIlanI bahena nArAyaNane e saMskRta zIkhavatAM tenA premamAM lubdha banI tene ziyaLa bhaMga kare che ane pachI pazcAttApathI pIDAIne dUra tIrthadhAmamAM cAlyA jAya che. nArAyaNI emanI pratIkSA karIne thAkIne chevaTe gaNikAno vyavasAya svIkAre che. varSo pachI zivanAtha pazcAttApathI punita thaIne nArAyaNa sAthe lagna karavA Icche che. paNa tene gaNikA thaI gayelI joI lagna mATe anicchA vyakta kare che ane roSe bharAyelI nArAyaNInI lAta pAme che. emanA A pUrvajIvana para aMdhArapaTa che. paNa aMte e pote ja rAjezvarInA pitA che te rahasya chatuM thAya che. ane emanI preraNA ane sahAyathI ja, ane alabatta nArAyaNanA UlaTabharyA sahakArathI avinAzanuM rAjezvarI sAthenuM lagna zakya bane che. " pUrNimA" eka praznakathA che

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492] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 ane sAmAjika samasyAne kendramAM rAkhIne vArtAkAre lekaraMjana mATe ThIkaThIka sAmagrI emAM pIrasI dIdhI che. pUrNimA" emanI anya navalakathAo jeTalI ja rasaprada banI zakI che. ramaNalAlanI aneka navalakathAomAM bhArele agni (I. 1935) kaMIka navI tarAha pragaTa kare che. ramaNalAle emanI A navalakathAmAM aDhArase sattAvananA saMgrAmanI bhUmikA lIdhI che. e saMgrAmamAM ApaNA dezanA navayuvAnoe kevI khumArI, zaravIratA ane kheladilI dAkhavyAM teno preraka citAra che. gautama ane maMgaLa pAMDenAM pAtronI kartavyaniSThA ane rASTrabhakti vAcakane sparzI jAya tevI rIte nirUpAI che. aMgreja saradArane kALAo pratye tiraskAra, emanI johukamI, emanuM hicakArApaNuM ityAdinAM rasika citro te emAM che ja; paraMtu lekhake aMgrejonI zistabhAvanA ane nIDaratAne paNa biradAvI che. A samagra saMgrAma dezI sainyanA AgevAnImAM ekabIjA pratye avizvAsa, tema ja svArtha ane kusaMpane kAraNe aMte kevo niSphaLa nIvaDyo tene citAra AkarSaka che. aMgreja ane bhAratanA sainikone saMgrAmanI vacamAM vArtAkAre samagra vizvane ahiMsA, zastrasaMnyAsa ane strI sanmAnanAM mUlyonuM ubodhana karatA rudradattanuM pAtra upasAvyuM che. ahiMsAnI bhAvanA bhAratamAM yugajUnI che, paraMtu rAjakAraNamAM ahiMsA ane zastrasaMnyAsa vagere mUlya mahaddaaMze vIsamI sadImAM vikasyAM. gAMdhIjIe satyAgraha ane ahiMsAne vyApaka prayoga dakSiNa AphrikAmAM ane pachI bhAratamAM vIsamI sadImAM karyo. rudradattanuM pAtra vArtAkAre gAMdhIjIne namUnA para racyuM hoya ema jaNAI Ave che. paNa emaNe je samayagALe navalakathAnI bhUmikArUpe pasaMda karyo che te samayagALAmAM rudradattanI bhAvanAo ane emanAM yuddha vizenAM maMtavya ajugatAM lAge che. vArtAkAranI bhAvanAzIlatA emane A asaMbhavitatA tarapha kheMcI gaI che. A saMgrAmamAM gujarAtanI prajA khAsa saMDovAI nahatI tema chatAM gujarAtane emaNe saMgrAmanA eka mahattvanA mathaka tarIke varNavIne radattane krAntivIronA AcArya pade sthApyo che. emAM etihAsika ghaTanAo pratye temaNe ajugatI chUTa lIdhI che evI TIkA khoTI nathI. "bhArele agni mAtra yuddhanI ramyagAthA nathI. e navalakathAmAM rudradattanI pautrI tarIke AzramamAM UcharatI vAcharaDA jevI kalyANa ane gautama sAthenA tenA anunayanI karuNamadhura kathA hadayasparzI che. kalyANa enA gautama pratyenA premamAM je udAtta bhAvanA dAkhave che, gautamane e je rIte zaurya mATe prere che te kalyANanA samagra vyaktitvane jhaLahaLAvI mUke che. vArtAkAre gautama-kalyANanA premane sukhAMta batAvyA

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pra. 12] ramaNalAla desAI [493 nathI te kalAdaSTie yogya che. yaMbaka, dhUsI, pAdarI jensana vagere gauNa pAtronAM caritranI rekhAo paNa vArtAkAre barAbara pragaTa karI che. samagra navalakathA emAMnI asAdhAraNa ane hRdayasparzI ghaTanAone kAraNe, cittamAM smaraNIya banI rahe tevAM vividha prakRtinAM pAtrothI, tema ja saceTa bhAvanAbharyA saMvAdane kAraNe ane emAMnA preraka dRSTikoNathI AsvAda banI rahe che. ramaNalAlanI navalakathAkalAne cothA dAyakAmAM madhyAha tapatuM hatuM. gujarAtamAM e samaye jANe e ekamAtra navalakathAkAra hoya tevI lokapriyatA temaNe prApta karI lIdhI hatI. ramaNalAlanI navalakathAo ekasAthe kapriya ane kalAtmaka banI rahI che temanI sarjaka tarIkenI saphaLatA gaNAya. paNa e pachInI navalakathAomAM vArtAkAranI kalA osaratI jaNAya che. temaNe temanI aitihAsika navalakathA "kSitija' (I. 1941)mAM emanI priya ahiMsAbhAvanA be hajAra varSa pUrve paNa kevI puraskAra pAmatI hatI tene citAra Ape che. e sthaLakALanI je kaMI alpa-aitihAsika mAhitI lekhake ekatra karI tene bhUmikArUpe laIne vArtAkAre Arya ane nAga saMskRti vaccenA saMgharSanI ane samanvayanI tema ja vidadharma ane bauddha dharma vaccenI TakarAmaNa varNavI che. paNa vArtAne deha a5sattva banI rahyo che. vArtAkArane addabhuta nirUpavAne zekha ahIM ThIka poSAya che, paNa ethI navalakathA romAnsanA sImADA tarapha kheMcAI jatI lAge che. vArtAnAM pAtronuM valaNa paNa arvAcInatAnA aNasArA ApanAruM che. ulUpI ke kAMcanajadhA prAcInayuganI strIone badale arvAcIna nArI hovAnI chApa pADe che. ane sahuthI vizeSa vAta te, sundarame neMdhI che tema, e che ke vArtAkAra emanI priya. ahiMsAnI bhAvanA mAtra gAMdhIyuganI nahi paNa TheTha vedakALathI Arya prajAnI ISTabhAvanA rahelI che ema jaNAvI tene bacAva karavA prerAyA che. dhAro ke e bhAvanAnI hayAtI A ja rUpamAM hoya te paNa kathAmAM tenI je rItanI abhivyakti che te cAlu jamAnAnA zAMtivAdI mAsa jevI vizeSa lAge che. ane vaLI yuddha mAtra anAryalIlA" tathA "sarjanamAM saMhAra na hoya" e dRSTi Arya saMskRtinA jIvanadarzana sAthe keTalI anukULa che te paNa vicAravAnuM che." (gujarAta. sAhitya sabhAnI kAryavAhI sane 1941-42, pR. 75) ramaNalAle "bhArelA agnimAM sattAvananA saMgrAmamAM rudradattanA pAtra dvArA ahiMsAnA prabhAvanI vAta pragaTa karI hatI. emanI e ja bhAvanAghelachA kSitija'mAM temane pharI ItihAsavirodha tarapha kheMcI gaI che, taduparAMta lekhaka

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494] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa A navalakathAmAM premaprasaMgamAM vadhu sthUlatAmAM saryA che te hakIkata paNa noMdhavI ghaTe. 1940 pachI ramaNalAlanI bhAvanAmAM tema ja kalAmAM oTa varatAya che. temaNe gAMdhIjInI rAhabarI nIce gujarAtanuM - dezanuM ujajvaLa, maMgala bhAvi kapeluM te kapane jANe ke khaMDita thaI hoya ane temanAmAM nirAzA ane vakratA vyApI gaI hoya tevuM temanI uttaravayanI aneka navalakathAo vAMcatAM mAlUma paDe che. chAyAna' (1941), jhaMjhAvAta (1948) ane temanI chelI "pralaya' navalakathAmAM tenAM udAharaNa maLaze. alabatta emanI bhAvanAnI uSmA "zobhanA" (I. 1939) navalakathAthI ja thIjavA mAMDatI dekhAya che. e navalakathAmAM gujarAtanuM yauvana kevuM vyartha banI gayuM che ane yuvAno sinemA tema ja phezananA prabhAva nIce AvIne kevA pataMgavRttinA banI gayA che, zikSaNanA prayogo kevA daSTivihIna che ane tenA kevA svArtha paTu ane daMbhI che te vakratApUrvaka darzAvavA tarapha ja temanuM valaNa rahyuM lAge che. emanI prasaMga AlekhavAnI rIta paNa ahIM nIrasa ane ekadhArI rIte vAraMvAra ajamAyazane kAraNe lapaTI paDI gaI hoya tevI lAge che. lekhakanI kaTAkSarIti paNa dhAra vinAnI banI gaI che. "chAyAna' (1941)mAM sAmAjika jIvananI adyatana ghaTanAonuM nirUpaNa che. paNa "divyacakSu'mAM je sAMprata samAjanI ghaTanAonuM tAjagIbharyuM citra maLatuM hatuM tene ahIM abhAva varatAya che. vArtAkAre haDatAle ke kemI ramakhANenAM citro ApIne tenI pAchaLa kAma karatA lekamAnasanuM pRthakkaraNa karyuM che te temanI abhyAsadaSTinuM nidarzaka che. tema chatAM samagra kathA kalAkRti banI zakatI nathI. tenuM kAraNa ghaTanAo vartamAnapatranA hevAla jevI banI gaI che. lekhaka emAM asAdhAraNatA ke camatkAratA ANI zakyA nathI, ane bIju ke temAM pAtro dhUMdhaLAM AlekhAyAM che. koI pAtranuM vyaktitva spaSTapaNe UpasatuM nathI. taduparAMta ramaNalAla ahIM vArtAkAra maTIne TIkAkAra tarIke pravartatA lAge che. sundarame yogya rIte ja TIkA karI cheH "kalAkRti karatAMye lekhakanA pitAnA mAnasanA pragaTIkaraNa tarIke A kRti khAsa mahatvanI che. (gujarAta sAhitya sabhAnI kAryavAhI, 1941-42, pR. 79) ramaNalAlanI bhAvanAsRSTi bIjA vizvayuddha daramyAna ane te pachI dezamAM vadhatI jatI hiMsA, lAMcaruzavata, sattArI ityAdine kAraNe khaMDita thaI cUkI hatI. ane "bhanA', 'jhaMjhAvAta" ke "chAyAnaTamAM temanA cittanI nirAzA vakratApUrvaka pragaTa thaI hatI. paNa "pratya'(1950)mAM to vArtAkAranuM citta sAva

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pra. 12] ramaNalAla desAI [ 45 nirAzAvAdamAM phaMgoLAyuM hoya tema samagra mAnavajAtanuM nakhkhoda kApI nAkhe che. mAnavajAtamAMthI temanI zraddhA ja UDI gaI hoya tema "pralayamAM temane jANe zApa varase che. bIjA vizvayuddha pachI bhArata sudharaze, mANasa kaMIka padArtha pATha zIkhaze ane svAtaMtryaprApti pachI bhArata paNa gAMdhIjInA cIdhelA mArge jaze evI lekhakanI maMgala bhAvanA hatI. paNa dezamAM aMdhadhUdhI ane rAjakAraNanI hIna khaTapaTa ane bhaSTAcAra joIne tema ja samagra duniyAmAM mANasanI AMdhaLI zastradeTa ane sazakta samRddha dezonI ekabIjAne ghAtakI rIte bhayAnaka zastrothI rahe sIne khatama karI nAkhavAnI vRtti-pravRtti joIne vArtAkArane mAnavajAtanuM bhAvi bheMkAra bhAse che. ane emanA cittamAM e bheMkAra aMgenI vRttimAMthI "pralaya' navalakathA AkAra pAme che. prastAvanAmAM lekhakanI AgAhI che ke je Dhabe Ajano jIvanapravAha vahI rahyo che e Dhaba jotAM mAnavapralaya bahu dUra dekhAtuM nathI. (prastAvanA, pR. 8). vArtAkAre IsunA be hajAra pAMcanA varSano samaya kayo che. e daramyAna 1975 thI 1980 sudhInA samayagALAmAM trIjI mahAbhayaMkara vizvayuddha khelAI cUkyuM che. e pachI mAnavajAtamAM je doSa rahyA che temAM paNa vijJAnadharI ane mutsaddI dharInI be chAvaNIo ekabIjAnI sAthe. spardhA khele che ane chevaTe prakRtinAM paribaLo AgaLa e paNa asahAya bane che. mutsaddI dharIne netA DArliMga enA zatrunA hAthe charAne ghA pAmI mota pAme che, vijJAnadharIne netA caMdrahAsa paNa tenuM vimAna agnimAM paDavAthI maraNa pAme che. ane pRthvI parathI manuSyajAtanI hastI nAbUda thaI jAya che. lekhaka jaNe ke roSa ane vedanAnA bhAra nIce aMtima uddagAra kare che: "IsunA varSa be hajAra ane pAMca cha pachI sane, saMvata, hijarI ane zaka helavAI gayAM." (pR.319). Ama samagra mAnavajAtanA pralaya" sAthe navalakathAne aMta Ave che. lekhake be hajAranI sAla pachIno samayagALe A navalakathAmAM bhUmikA rUpe lIdhe che ane trIjA vizvayuddha I. 1975 thI 1980mAM laDAI cUkyuM che. eTale temane vaijJAnika ghaTanAonuM vijJAne sarjelA camatkAronuM Alekhana karavAnuM Ave che. paNa vaijJAnika zALAnA nirUpaNa mATe vArtAkAramAM vijJAnanA abhyAsathI AvatI sajajatA ke kalpanA nathI. eTale emaNe vaijJAnika saMzodhanane kAraNe je camatkAraka sagavaDo ne sAdhane UbhAM thayAM tenAM varNanAmAM tukkA ja calAvyA che. dAkhalA tarIke caMdrahAsa vimAnamAM besIne caMdraloka sudhI pahoMcI zake che, ane caMdrakiraNamAMthI saMjIvanI laI Ave che. vaijJAnika josephanA dimAgamAMthI Urmione nAza karI nAkhavA mATe be sajIne zAraDI mUkIne khoparIne karavA mAMDe che. vArtAkAre mAnavajAtanA bhAvi vize je nirUpaNa karyuM che temAM paNa temanA taraMge ja che. temanI

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496] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 ItihAsadRSTi khetI karI che. dAkhalA tarIke I. 1960mAM hiMdamAM bhAre ramakhANe phATI nIkaLavAnI kalpanA karI hatI. raziyA ane cIna amerikA sAthe athaDI paDayAM tevI ghaTanA ka9pI hatI. sane I. 1975mAM trIjuM vizvayuddha karyuM hatuM. samagra navalathA saMkalanAnI dRSTie te vizaMkhala che ja, paNa bhaviSyakALa mATenI navalakathA racanAra pAse je UMDI dRSTi, abhyAsa ane ucca ka95nAzakti joIe tene AmAM sadaMtara abhAva varatAya che. ne vArtAkArane ugra bhAva navalakathAmAM vAraMvAra puNyaprakoparUpe pragaTI nIkaLe che ane e saMyama paNa cUkI jatA dekhAya che. eka ja udAharaNa TAMkIe? gAMdhInA mRtyu pachI "ahiMsA' zabda te lagabhaga adazya thaI gayo hato. rAjya meLavAya bhale ahiMsAthI ! paradezI rAjasattAne dUra karI zakAya bhale ahiMsAthI! paraMtu rAjya karI zakAya - ahi sAthI nahi ja ! Ama ahiMsAnA praNetAnI chAMye moTAI meLavI sattAnI saMgItakhurazI - musical chair upara cITakI beThelA rASTraDahoLu pradhAnoe gAMdhI khUnI goDasene phAMsIe caDhAvI, bApakAra jAherAta karI ahiMsAne arabI samudramAM DubADI dIdhI hatI. AzramomAM besI cAvaLuM cibAvaluM belI AMkhe phADI ke baMdha karI prArthanAmAM paDelAM "bApunAM beghalAMnuM hiMsA viruddhanuM TiTiyA mAtra TharAva karI ThaMDuM paDI gayuM." (pR. 234). vArtAkAranI kaTutA A navalakathAmAM parAkASThAe te pahoMcI ja che. paNa e kaTutA pAchaLa emanI racanAtmaka draSTi nathI, mAtra zApavAnuM ja emanI kalamamAMthI pragaTe che e kaThe che. mAnavajAta enAM apalakSaNe nahi cheDe to e chevaTe AtmavinAza ja notaraze e cetavaNuM alabatta sAcI che. paNa emaNe je rIte "pralaya" nirUpyo che te rIta pAchaLa vArtAkAranuM tAraNya nathI. temanA Akrozayukta mAnasane ja vizeSa paricaya A navalakathAmAM thAya che, | gadyaH ramaNalAlanI aneka navalakathAo emAMnAM ghaTanAonA AkarSaka nirUpaNathI, manahara caritracitraNathI, samAjanAM tema ja gRhajIvananAM madhura-preraka citrAthI vizALa vAcakavargane satkAra pAmI zakI che. ramaNalAlanI navalakathAomAM vipulapaNe verAyelI vicArakaNikAoe paNa ghaNA vAcakone AkarSI che. ramaNalAlanA gadyamAM emanA vyaktitvamAM che tevI kumAza, madhuratA ane saMskAritA varatAya che. keTalIka vAra emanI nAnI nAnI uktio paNa mAdhurya, lAghava ane cAturyane kAraNe cittamAM aMkita thaI jatI hoya che. vineda ane kaTAkSamAM temanuM gadya khIlI UThe che. "divyacakSu'mAM aruNa AMkhe gumAvI bese che te ane te pachInA prasaMgomAM tema ja "bhArelo agnimAM rudradattanA mRtyunA prasaMganirUpaNamAM

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pra. 12] ramaNalAla desAI [497 temanuM gadya hRdayasparzI banyuM che. tema chatAM gujarAtanA samartha gadyakAronI hareLamAM ramaNalAla sthAna pAmI zake nahi. munazInA gadyamAM je vega, taravarATa ane sAmarthya che te ramaNalAlamAM nathI, medhANunA gadyamAM varatAtuM jemAM paNa temanA gadyamAM nathI. ramaNalAlanuM gadya aneka vAra, khAsa karIne e vArtAnI vacamAM prave-- zIne vividha viSaye ke prasaMge para TIkATippaNuM ApavA adhIra thaI bese che tyAre te sAhityane kazA camakAra vinAnuM sAmAnya ane kyAreka te kSullaka banI rahe che. keTalIka vAra prAsAnuprAsane sahAro laI e sAmAnya vicArane camatkAraka rIte raju karavA AyAsa kare che tyAre temanA gadyanI kRtrimatA tarata chatI thaI jAya che. pralaya' navalakathAmAMthI eka udAharaNa noMdhIeH "duniyAnuM bhAre kamanasIba che ke icchA nahi chatAM kadI kadI netAone paNa satyavaza thavuM paDe che. pachI e netA saurASTrano siMha haya, mahArASTrane mugaTa heya, gujarAtanuM gaurava hoya, baMgALane bahAdura heAya, paMjAbano pArthiva heya, madrAsane mahAmaNi hoya ke, bihArane bajaramuSTi hAya " (cethI AvRtti, I. 1969, pR. 30) upasaMhAra : ramaNalAlanI navalakathAkalAnI A carcA pachI aMte eTaluM kahI zakAya ke emanI ghaNI badhI navalakathAomAM vastune vaNATa zithila che. ane keTalIka vAra kRtinA pUrvArdha ane uttarArdha vacce pramANabhAna paNa te jALavI zakyA nathI. aneka vAra pAtranA pUrvajIvanane vigate AlekhavA jatAM temane aMtabhAganA varNanamAM utAvaLa karavI paDI hoya ne kathAvastunA taMta kyAMka adhdhara laTakatA rahI gayA hoya tema banyuM che. "jayaMta', "hRdayanAtha', "grAmalakSmI', pralaya" e sarva A rIte jotAM emanI kalAkacAza darzAvanArI navalakathAo che. itihAsanA prekSaNavALI "Thaga" athavA te "bhArelA agni jevI navalakathAmAM temaNe ItihAsanI hakIkato pratye durlakSa karI, itihAsavirodha notaryo che. mAnanI hatyAmAM rAcanArA ThagamaMDaLane temaNe siddhAMtaniSTha ane dezanI svataMtratA mATe jhUjhanArA rAjakIya krAntikArI maMDaLa jevAM darzAvavA prayatna karyo che. bhAre. agnimAM 1857nA saMgrAmamAM temaNe svAtaMtrya prema, zastrasaMnyAsa, strI-dakSiNya, jevA arvAcIna vicAre ane gAMdhIjInI jIvanaphilasUphInAM uccAraNe radradattanA mukhe karAvyAM che. vArtAkAranI bhAvanAghelachA temane ahIM atArkikatA sudhI cI gaI che. Ama ramaNalAlanI navalakathAomAM emanI kalAnI aneka maryAdAo che. emanuM gadya paNa prANavAna nahi tema chatAM ramaNalAlanI navalakathAo, sAMpratayuganAM citro ane ziSTa rasika kathAviSayane kAraNe gujarAtanI prajAne kAmaNa karI zakI e ramaNalAlanI vArtAkAra tarIkenI saphaLatA che. gu. sA. 32

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498] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa ciM. 4 nATake ramaNalAle emanA sAhityajIvananI kArakirdIne AraMbha "saMyuktA' nATaka lakhIne karelo. emane raMgabhUmi mATeno rasa jIvaMta hatA. raMgabhUminA vikAsa mATe temaNe ucca abhilASAo paNa sevI hatI. emaNe e bhAvanAnuM varNana emanI AtmakathAmAM karyuM che: "sane 1915nI sAlamAM "saMyuktA' nATaka lakhyuM ane bhajavyuM tyAre manamAM abhilASAo jAgelI kharI ke nATaka lakhI, avetana kalAkAre dvArA tene bhajavI-bhajavAtI raMgabhUmimAM parivartana lAvavuM. tyAre ane Aja paNa mane raMgabhUminI zakti upara ghaNe ja bhAre vizvAsa hato ane che. kalAnI daSTie emAM ghaNI zakyatAo rahelI meM nihALI che. vaitanika nATaka kaMpanIonAM nATake meM khUba joyelAM ane temanI khUbI-khAmI paNa meM khUba vicArelI. khAmIo dUra karI khUbIo vikasAvI pazcimanI raMgabhUminI kakSAe gujarAtI raMgabhUmi Ave evI abhilASAe pazcimI naTanaTIonAM jIvanacaritra meM ThIkaThIka vAMcelAM; raMgabhUmi-thiyeTara tathA production Ajana aMgenA pustakane paNa joI gayela; jUnAM navAM nATake paNa huM ThIkaThIka vAMcI gayelo; ane raMgabhUminA vikAsa mATe kAMI kAMI vicAro ane kalpanAo karI rAkhelAM." ("madhyAhanAM mRgajaLa'; prathama AvRtti, I. 1956, pR. 271) ramaNalAle raMgabhUmi vize pratyakSa tema ja parokSa evI ThIkaThIka jANakArI meLavI hatI. "saMyuktA' nATake emanAmAM nATayalekhanapravRtti mATe utsAha paNa jagAvya; ane "navalakathAo lakhavAnI prabaLa saMjogo UbhA thayA na hatA te kadAca huM nATakazelIne ja vaLagI rahyo heta." - ema lekhake "aMjanI' nATakanI prastAvanAmAM noMdhyuM che (AvRtti bIja, I. 1939, pR. 8). lekhakane nATayapravRtti mATe prabaLa utsAha ane raMgabhUmi vizenI emanI samajadArI prazasya hovA chatAM nATayasarjana e samartha pratibhAnI apekSA rAkhatI eka judI ja vastu che. ramaNalAla nATayasarjanamAM niSphaLa ja rahyA che e niHsaMzaya che. emanuM "saMyuktA nATaka (1923) bhale eka jamAnAmAM ThIkaThIka bhajavAyuM hoya te paNa vastusaMkalanAnI zithilatA, pAtranirUpaNanI kacAza, saMgharSanA vikAsane abhAva, dIrdha ane vAraMvAra nIrasa lAge tevA saMvAda -evI maryAdAo emAM tarata varatAya che. AkarSaka atihAsika kathAvastune lekhaka kalAtmaka nATayarUpa ApI zakyA nathI. emanuM e pachInuM nATaka "zaMkitahadaya' (1925) emAMnA sAghaMta hAsyarasane kAraNe lokapriya banyuM hoya tathApi e nATakanuM gaMbhIra vastu hAsyarasanA atirekamAM kathaLI gayuM che. nATakanAM pAtro kRtrima lAge che. kavi nhAnAlAlanAM nATakanAM pAtronI jema bhAvanAnAM uccAraNa karI javAnI kAmagIrI temane

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zra. 12] ramaNalAla desAI [ 499 bhAge Ave che. saMkalanA zithila che ane ghaTanAe apratItikara lAge che. anaMtarAya rAvaLanA zabdomAM, "enAM vastu tathA saMkalanA adeSa nathI. mukhya vastu thA.. ane kAryAM vega dhImeA che.' ('sAhityavihAra', I. 1946, pR. 207) 'aMjanI' (1938)mAM paNa emanAM agAunAM nATakanA doSa pragaTa che. pharI anaMtarAyanuM eka mahaMtavya TAMkIe tAH "AvezabharyA saMvAda, dila dhaDakAvatA banAve, rasika zRMgAranAM dRzyA, 'kaeNAmika' nAmathI dhadhAdArI raMgabhUmine mAnItuM thaI paDeluM hAsyatattva ane gItA emanAM nATakonAM mukhya lakSaNA te aMga khanI gayAM che." (ejana, pR. 206) nATakamAM gItAnI AvazyakatA mATe temaja svagatAkti aMge ramaNalAla AgrahI che. emanAM nATakAmAM e baMne agA vipulapaNe pragaTa thatAM dekhAya che. 'aMjanI'nI prastAvanAmAM temaNe nAMdhyuM che : nATakamAM yeAgya saMgItanI gU thaNI, asides ane soliloquy--svagatanI racanA, ane praveza dvArA yAAtA samaya saMkalanAnA upayogamAM huM mAnuM chuM. - pazcimanI racanA ane tenA bhaNakArA samI kaMIka suMdara gujarAtI nATaka racanAe pratye khUba sadbhAva dharAvatA heAvA chatAM ane pazcimanA kalAkArA paNa e racanAe va gaNe che ema manAtu heAya tA te bhUla che.' (pR. 9) 'parI ane rAjakumAra' (I. 1938), 'tapa ane rUpa' (I. 1950), 'uzkerAyelA AtmA' (I. 1954) tathA khIjA keTalAka ekAMkIsaMgrahe! paNa temaNe prasiddha karyA che. ekAMkIne te suzliTa AkRtimAM bAMdhI zakayA nathI. jema TUMkI vArtAmAM tema ekAMkImAM paNa emanI bAMdhaNI zithila ja rahe che. vaktavyane kalAtmaka rIte rajU karavAnI temanI azakti vArtAmAM tema ja ekAMkImAM tarata najare caDe che. emane vistArathI ja vAta rajU karavAnu phAve che. lAghavanA guNane abhAva temanI lagabhaga badhI ja kRtiomAM dekhAya che. temanAM keTalAMka ekAMkI rUpaka tarIke pratIta thAya che. keTalAMkamAM sAmAjika kaTAkSa che. ekAMkImAM paNa gItA mUkavAnI paddhati temaNe apanAvI che. 'parI ane rAjakumAra' te| saMgItarUpaka jevuM banI rahe che. emanAM ekAMkI ghaNuMkharuM saMvAdeAthI AgaLa vadhatAM nathI. emAM soMgharSanA tattva para temanI khAsa najara ja na heAya tevI chApa UThe che. keTalAMka ekAMkImAM tA vastukhIja (theme) paNa nATayakSama nathI lAgatuM. alabatta emanI vinedavRttine kAraNe emanAM keTalAMka ekAMkI AsvAdya bane che. uzkerAyelA AtmA' e sAdyaMta vinAda pIrasatuM sarasa ekAMkI che. kavinI temAM sArI viDaMbanA che. kuMvarajI desAI' ane 'lAlA paTelanI lAyakharI' pracAramAM sarI paDatI racanAo che. A uparAMta 'puSpAnI sRSTimAM' (1952), 'kavida'na' (1957), baiju bAvarA' (1959), 'videhI' (1960) jevI nATayakRtie paNa emaNe ApI che.

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500]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 ramaNalAlanI samagra nATyapravRttine khyAla karatAM samajAya che ke e A prakArane kheDavAmAM saphaLa thayA nathI. emanuM eka paNa nATaka kalAdaSTie dhyAnapAtra banatuM nathI. emanAM nATake eTale raMgabhUmi para bhajavAtAM nATakanI ziSTa AvRtti. vArtAo navalakathAkSetre nAmanA meLavanArA ramaNalAle prasaMgopAtta TUMkI vArtAne klAprakAra paNa kheDyo che. vIsamI sadInA cethA dasakAmAM emanI navalakathA-lekhanapravRtti vegathI cAlI rahI hatI te daramyAna, emanA ja zabda noMdhIe te H kaI kaI vakhata TUMkI vArtAo lakhavAne prasaMga mATe Avata- khAsa karIne koI mAsikanA taMtrInI mAgaNI hoya tyAre." ("jhAkaLa', I. 1932, prastAvanA). navalakathAnuM mAdhyama temane vizALa paTa para yugacitro AlekhavA mATe sAruM mAphaka AvI gayuM hatuM. paNa TUMkI vArtAne nAjuka prakAra temane anukULa nIvaDyo nathI. emanI pAse viSayanuM vaividhya AkarSaka che. paNa viSayane kalAkRtine ghATa ApavAmAM te bhAgye ja saphaLa thayA che. kathApravAhane avarodhIne vicAro ThAlavavAnI paddhati temanI navalakathAomAM paNa kaThatI hatI. vArtAmAM te te asahya bane che. "dIvaDI' (I. 1951) jevA vArtAsaMgrahamAM temanI A vRttinuM prAbalya. tarata dhyAna kheMce che. emanA prAraMbhane be vArtAsaMgraha "jhAkaLa' (I. 1932) ane paMkaja' (I. 1935)mAM temanI saMvidhAnazaktinAM sArAM udAharaNa paNa maLe che. "Araba paheregIra ("jhAkaLa')mAM mRtyu pAmelA zeThanA bALaputra pratye ArabanI vaphAdArInuM manahara Alekhana che. e ja saMgrahamAM "prabhune daravAna, "satInI daherI', "pitarAI ItyAdi temanI nIvaDelI vArtAo che. "prabhune daravAnamAM tapasvInA jJAna karatAM maMdiranA abudha dvArapALa lakSamaNanI bhakti caDiyAtI che te vAta temaNe camatkArika ghaTanAnuM Alekhana karIne samajAvI che. "satInI daherImAM saMjogavazAta vikhUTA paDelA be premIonI ekabIjA mATenI laganI ane samarpaNanI kathA che. "pitarAImAM be pitarAIo vaccenA kalahamAM paNa aMte kulInatA kevI pragaTI nIkaLe che tenI rasika kathA che. paMkaja' vArtAsaMgrahamAM paNa kharI mA kalAtmaka vastugUMthaNIne kAraNe tema ja AkarSaka camatkRtine kAraNe AsvAdya banI che. bALa kusumAyudhanI mUMjhavaNane ane sAvakI mAnAM saMvedanane rasaprada citAra lekhaka A vArtAmAM ApI zakyA che. "punarmilanamAM dAmpatyakalaha pachI paMdareka varSe Akasmika mAMdagI daramyAna vinodarAya ane temanI patnI ramAnuM punarmilana sarajAya che ane temane navo saMsAra zarU thAya che.

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pra. 12 ] ramaNalAla desAI [501 jema navalakathAomAM tema vArtAomAM paNa ramaNalAle gujarAtanA saMskArI gRhajIvananAM ujajavaLa-madhura citra AlekhyAM che. kyAreka prasanna dAmpatyamAM ahaM ke gerasamajanuM buMda paDI jAya che, dAmpatyakalaha racAya che. paNa e kalahane tIvra banAvavAnuM lekhakane ISTa nathI. AchIpAtaLA saMdharSa pachI daMpatIjIvanamAM keI ne keI nimitte samAdhAnanI bhUmikA racAya che - ane vaLI temanuM dAmpatya prasannatAthI ane premanA navIna tejathI jhaLakI UThe che. ramaNalAlanI prakRtine vArtAlekhananA AraMbhakALathI ja cerI-lUMTa-uThAugIrIne kAraNe racAtA bhedabharamavALI athavA bhUtapretanI rahasyamaya vArtAo racavAnuM game che. "Thaga' ane "baMsarI' jevI navalakathAo te bhedabharamanI AsapAsa ja gUMthAyelI che. emanI anya navalakathAomAM paNa koI ne kAI rUpe rahasyamayatA Ave che. emanI vArtAo paNa emanA A prakAranuM Alekhana karavAnA zokhathI mukta nathI. paNa ramaNalAlanI A prakAranI vArtAo ghaTanAnI apratItikaratAnI ane dhUMdhaLIpaNanI chApa upasAve che. "jhAkaLa'mAM "parivartananI TUMkI vArtA joIe te lekhake temAM avinAzane eka jabarA uThAvagIra tarIke varNavyo che. keI yuvatInI AMgaLImAMthI e vaTI seravI le che te samajI zakAya, paNa mabalaka jhaverAtanI corIo te kevI rIte kare che te adhyAhAra ja rahe che. "bhUta" ("jhAkaLa') athavA caMdA jevI vArtAmAM lekhake bhUtapretanA camatkAranuM nirUpaNa karyuM che. paNa mRtajIvanI vAsanA rahI javAthI tenI avagati thAya che ane bhUtapretanI yoni te dhAraNa kare che e pracalita mAnyatAthI lekhaka AgaLa vadhatA nathI. ane bhUtanA camatkArane paNa kalAghATa ApavAne badale abhutarasanI ghaTanA varNavIne ja lekhaka saMtoSa mAne che. ramaNalAlanI vinodavRtti emanI navalakathAomAM - jema ke divyacakSu'mAM kavi vimocananA ThaThThAcitra dvArA ane samAja, rAjakAraNa, dharma vizenAM kaTAkSabharyA nirIkSaNemAM jhaLakI UThI che. TUMkI vArtAmAM paNa temaNe lekhaka ane kavione vArtAnAyaka banAvI temanI prAkRtatAne pragaTa karavA prayatna karyA che. paNa emane kaTAkSa barAbara khIlatA nathI ane vArtAnuM kAThuM paNa baMdhAtuM nathI. ghoDesavAra" ("jhAkaLa')mAM temaNe hAsyarasika kathA racavAne sabhAna prayAsa karyo che, paNa emAM nirUpelI ghaTanA kRtrima lAge che. prayojana pahelethI nakkI karIne e prayajana pAra pADavA mATe vArtAkAra sabhAnapaNe ghaTanAo racI hoya tevI chApa saMgrahAnI saMkhyAbaMdha vArtAomAM Upase che. prasaMgone tAlamela emanI aneka vArtAmAM jovA maLaze. "hIrAnI

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502] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa camaka' e emanA chellA vArtAsaMgrahamAM (I. 1953) je vArtA parathI temaNe saMgrahanuM zIrSaka heryuM che te vArtA tapAsIe to temAM zAhajAda auraMgajheba custa IslAmadhamI hAI vyasanane kadara virodhI che. eka sAdhune te tenA bhAMganA vyasana mATe phiTakAre che. sAdhu tene A ghamaMDa joI bhaviSyavANI uccAre che ke e zAhajAde paNa eka divasa vyasanamAM pachaDAze. e pachI auraMgajheba sUbA tarIke khAnadeza jAya che. hIrA nAmanI dAsI sAthe premasaMbaMdhamAM Ave che ane e dAsI auraMgajhebanA premanA pArakhA mATe tene zarAba pIvAnI vinaMtI kare che. DIka AnAkAnI pachI auraMgajheba zarAba pIvA tatpara bane che. sAdhunI bhaviSyavANI sAcI pADavA mATe ja A prasaMga goThavAyo hoya tevI tarata chApa paDe che. "hIrAnI camakI saMgrahamAM kadAca emanI vadhAremAM vadhAre apakava kRtio che. ramaNalAle nava jeTalA vArtAsaMgraho ApyA che. upara nirdezelA saMgraha uparAMta "rasabiMdu' (1942), "kAMcana ane gera' (1949), "dIvaDI' (1951), bhAgyacaka' (1952), "satI ane svarga' (1953) ane "dhabakatAM haiyAM' (1954) emanA anya vArtAsaMgrahe che. paNa samagrapaNe jotAM ucca koTinA vArtAkAra tarIke kaI khAsa kalAguNa te dAkhavI zakatA nathI tenI pratIti thAya che. pitAnuM vaktavya saghana rIte sacoTatAthI kahevAnI emane phAvaTa ja nathI. emane TUMkI vArtA jeva, lAghavanI ane sacoTatAnI saheje apekSA rAkhato nAjuka kalAprakAra anukULa na nIvaDe te svAbhAvika che. kavitApravRtti ramaNalAlanI kavitAracanApravRttinA phaLarUpe "nihArikA' (I. 1935) ane zamaNAM (I. 1958) e be kAvyasaMgraha pragaTa thayA che. emAM mahadaMze emanAM nATaka ke navalakathAnAM pAtro mukhe gavAyelAM gIte che. "nihArikA' mAM "buddhane gRhatyAga', "jaliyAvAlA bAga" ane bIjI thoDIka che debaddha racanAo maLe che. paNa emAM khAsa daivata dekhAtuM nathI. ramaNalAle narasiMharAva, nhAnAlAla, kalApI jevA kavionI prabaLa asara jhIlI che ane emanI chAyA A kAvyomAM saheje varatAya che. AtmakathAlekhana "gaIkAla' (I. 1950) ane "madhyAdananAM mRgajaLa" (I. 1956) e be temanAM AtmakathAnAM pustaka che. prathama bhAgamAM temaNe potAnA janmathI mAMDIne pite maeNTrikanI parIkSA pasAra karI teTalA samayagALAne (I. 1892thI 1908) hevAla che. bIjA bhAgamAM emanA kolejakALathI mAMDIne I. 1931mAM te

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pra. 12] ramaNalAla desAI [503 nAyabasUbA tarIke navasArImAM rahyA tyAM sudhInI vigata che. ramaNalAlanA jIvanamAM keI asAdhAraNa vaLAMke nathI. mukhyatve emanuM jIvana zAMta ane sthirapaNe vahyuM che. eTale A AtmakathAtmaka pustakamAM vAcakone AkarSaka lAge, preraka nIvaDe tevI keI viziSTa ghaTanAo nathI. AtmakathA-lekhanamAM lekhaka saheje saMkocazIla rahyA che. potAnA saMsargamAM AvelI keTalIka vyaktione pitAnI "AtmakathAthI mAThuM lAgI na jAya tenI kALajI paNa temaNe lIdhI che. emanI AtmakathAmAM kathArasa jhAjhera nathI. emanAM maMtavyo, nirIkSaNo ja pustakane moTA bhAga roke che. temanA samRddha sAhityajIvanamAMthI temaNe mAtra thoDIka chUTaka ghaTanAo AlekhIne ja saMtoSa mAne che. "gaIkAla' karatAM "madhyAhananAM mRgajaLa'ne bhAga pramANamAM ThIka rocaka bane che. paraMtu ekaMdare temaNe sAmAjika ane thoDuMka rAjakIya avalokana, vivecana - ane te paNa vizaMkhala - ApavAmAM ja AtmakathAlekhananI sArthakatA joI che. eTale emanI A kRti kalAnA aMze pragaTa karavAne badale mahadaMze itihAsa ke samAjazAstranA aMze pragaTa karatA graMtha jevI banI gaI che. anya kRtio jIvana ane sAhitya bhAga 1 ane 2 (anukrame I. 1936 ane 1938)mAM ramaNalAla eka sArA, sAcA nibaMdhakAra tarIke pratIta thAya che. sAhitya vizenI temanI vicAraNAo pAchaLa emane petAne lekhaka tarIkene anubhava ane ziSTa sAhityano abhyAsa baMne hovAthI emanA nibaMdhe vicArasamRddha banyA che. temanI zailI AkarSaka ane rocaka che. "apsarA' (bhAga 1 thI 5 anukrame I. 1943 1946, 1948, 1948 ane 1949)mAM temane gaNikAjIvana vizene UMDo abhyAsa aneka daSTibiMduthI thayelo jovA maLe che. "pUrNimA' navalakathA nimitta A abhyAsa karavAne temane meke maLelo. gulAba ane kaMTaka(I. 1948)mAM temanI kaTAkSakalAnA camakArA che. ramaNalAlanI gulAbI hAsyavRttine sukhada paricaya "pUrNimA", "divyacakSu' jevI aneka navalakathAomAM thAya che. paraMtu svataMtratA prApta thayA pachI samagra vizvamAM ane bhAratamAM je yuddhakherI, bhraSTAcAra, lAMca-ruzavata, daMbha ityAdi aniSTa chAtI kADhIne mahAlavA lAgyAM te joIne temaNe pArAvAra akaLAmaNa ane nirAzAne anubhava karyo ane temAMthI vakratA AvI. "pralaya" jevI navalakathA enuM khAsuM udAharaNa che. emanI aneka svAtaMttara kRtiomAM emanI kaTAkSakalA baLapUrvaka pragaTa thAya che. "gulAba ane kaMTakamAM emanA vedhaka kaTAkSane paricaya karAve tevI prasaMgopAra verAyelI vicAraNAo che. pAvAgaDha' (1920) jevI pravAsakathA ApanAra

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504 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ca 4 ramaNalAle 'mahArANA pratApa' (1919), 'nAnA phaDanavIsa' (1922) Adi jIvanacitro ane 'bhAratIya sa`skRti' (1954) jevA itihAsagraMtha paNa Apela che. 'sAhitya ane ciMtana' (1952), 'kalAbhAvanA' (1962) paNa emanA e viSayanA abhyAsane rajU karatAM pustaka che. ramaNalAle nATayalekhanathI peAtAnI sAhityika kArakidInA AraMbha karI, TUMkI vArtA, kAvya, nibaMdha, vivecana, AtmakathA, caritra ema aneka sAhityaprakAra prasaMgApAtta kheDayA. paraMtu navalakathAkAra tarIke emaNe je saphaLatA--leAkapriyatA prApta karI tenI tulanAmAM anya sAhityasvarUpAnA kheDANathI maLelI saphaLatA alpa che. ramaNalAlanuM gujarAtI sAhityakSetre smaraNIya a`Nu navalakathAo dvArA ja che. cUnIlAla vadhu mAna zAha (1887-1966) vIsamI sadInAM sAThathI paNu vadhu varSanA vizALa samayapaTa para cUnIlAla vamAna zAhanI navalakathAlekhanapravRtti prasarI rahI che. AraMbhanI kArakirdImAM temaNe hiMdI, marAThI, aMgrejI vagere bhASAomAMthI navalakathAo anuvAda ke rUpAMtara rUpe gujarAtImAM pragaTa karI. Thakkura nArAyaNa visanajInI navalakathAe rasapUrNAMka gujarAtamAM vaheMcAtI hatI. e samaye cUnIlAla zAhe paNa navalakathAlekhananI pravRtti rasapUrvaka svIkArI. temaNe aitihAsika tema ja sAmAjika ane prakAranI navalakathA lakhavAne kasama ajamAvyeA che. 'karma yAgI rAjezvara', 'ekalavIra', 'sAmanAthanuM zivaliMga' (1913), 'avaMtInAtha', 'rUpamatI' (1941) vagere temanI bahujanasamAjamAM prazaMsA pAmelI navalakathAo che. 'nagna satya' (bhAga 1-2), 'vikAsa', 'jigara ane amI', eka mALAnAM traNa pu khI' (bhAga 1-2) e temanI sAmAjika navalakathAo che. kaMTakachAyA patha' e dADhasA karatAMya vadhu varSanI gujarAtanI sAMskRtika paristhitinA citAra ApavA mathatI temanI mahattvAkAMkSI navalakathA che. . cUnIlAlamAM lekhaka tarIke eka prakAranI svasthatA che, sayama che; keTalIka vAra tA UrminI bAbatamAM TADhA lAge evI svasthatA te dAkhave che. itihAsadRSTi dharAvanArA A lekhaka aitihAsika ghaTanAonAM aticitraNa karatA nathI. ghaTanAenu emanuM Alekhana vAcakane pravAhamAM dhasaDI jAya evuM vegavAna hetu nathI. tema chatAM vAcakanA rasa jALavI zake teTalI kaLA te avazya dAkhave che. e saMsAranA anubhavI che, bahuzruta che. eTale emanI vicArasamRddhi thArasane

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pra. 12] cUnIlAla zAha [ 505 bhoge paNa navalakathAmAM pragaTayA vinA rahetI nathI. emanI kRtiomAM AyAsa ane vicArabhAra varatAya che. emanI aitihAsika navalakathAomAM ekalavIra' emAMnI TekanIkane kAraNe dhyAnapAtra banI hatI. pATaNanAM khaMDiyeremAM kAIka bhoMyarAmAMthA potAne hastaprata maLI hAya ane tene pe|te anuvAda rajU karatA heAya evI rIte temaNe jayaMta. siMha solaMkInI ApavItI pragaTa karI che. pATaNanI kIti ceAmera prasAravAnI kathAnAyaka jayaMtasiMhanI tamannA ane tenAM parAkramanuM citra e kathAnA AkarSaka aMza che. ane vadhu AkarSIka banAvavA mATe vArtAkAre jayaMtasiMha sAthe kaLI ane bhavAnI e e yuvatIonu premAkaNu prayojyuM che. A prematrikANunI kathA rasabharI banI che. jayasi Mhane gujarAtanI pratiSThAnI punaHprApti mATe satata preranArI 'bhAvanA' dvArA vArtAkAre rASTrIya asmitAnI arvAcIna bhAvanA rajU karI che. cUnIlAla zAhanI vArtAkalAnuM sAmarthya pragaTe che 'rUpamatI'mAM. bAjha bahAdura ane rUpamatInA premakissAne vArtAkAre aitihAsika daSTie pUratA cakAsyA pachI kalpanAbaLe tene kalAtmaka ghATa ApyA che; bAjha bahAduranuM vidhamI kanyA rUpamatI pratyenuM prathama ANu, temanA premanA vikAsa ane premane karuNa aMjAma e sanA AlekhanamAM lekhakanI sarjakatA rUDI rIte pratIta thAya che. premanI tIvratAnuM Alekhana karavAmAM paNa lekhake kalAsaMyama jALavyA che. asiddha premanuM gaurava temaNe kalAtmaka rIte pragaTa karyu che. alabatta rAjaprapaMcanA citraNamAM lekhakanI kalama phissI paDe che. e zeA kathAmAM nIrasa bane che. paNa samagrapaNe jotAM UrmithI sabhara ghaTanAothI samRddha rUpamatInA gauravabharyA AtmasamarpaNane rajU karatI A navalakathA lekhakane yaza Ape tevI che. lekhakanI sAmAjika kRtie paNa vipula sakhyAmAM prApta che. A prakAranI navalakathAomAM vArtAkAra saphaLa kathAkArane badale vicAraka athavA samAjasudhAraka tarIke vadhu Upase che. 'vikAsa'mAM strIjAtinI parAdhInatA, temanuM puruSo dvArA zASaNa, strIjAgRti vagere prazno vividha strIpAtrA dvArA vArtAkAre carcyA che. paNa pAtrA e carcA mATe ja prayojAyAM heAya tevI chApa paDe che. kAI pAtra lekhakanuM sarjakatva pragaTa kare tevuM nathI. alabatta vArtAkAra pAse vicArasamRddhi sArI che paNa enA viniyeAga saphaLa rIte thaI zakayo nathI. eka mALAnAM traNa pu khI'mAM paNa jUnI ane navI peDhI vaccenA vicArabheda, lagnajIvananI samasyA vagere

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506] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 praznonI chaNAvaTa che. paNa vicAramAM koI navIna tAjagIbharyo abhigama dekhAto nathI ane kathA saMkalananI dRSTie zithila che. jigara ane amI'mAM vArtAkAranI prakRtinuM eka pracchanna pAsuM-romaeNnTika valaNa - pragaTa thAya che. emaNe e navalakathAne eka satyaghaTanAtmaka kathA tarIke gaNAvI hatI. e kathAnAM pAtrone jovA-jANavAnuM e samaye prajAmAM bhAre kautuka jAgyuM hatuM ane emAMnI keTalIka dharmaviSayaka carcAoe UhApoha paNa jagAvyo hato. lekhakanI eka mahAkAya navalakathA "kaMTakachAyo paMthamAM I. 1813nA agaNetarA kALathI mAMDIne I. 1947mAM bhAratane svAtaMtryaprApti thaI tyAM sudhInI ghaTanAo nirUpAI che. gujarAtanA sAMskRtika ItihAsanI rekhAo temAM kramabaddha rIte maLe che. paraMtu kathA ane ItihAsa e bene subhaga samanvaya emAM thayo nathI. vArtAkAre lagabhaga 140 varSane samaya A kRtimAM AvarI levA prayatna karyo che. emaNe laMga moTI mArI che paNa kathAne ke mahattvanI atihAsika ghaTanAne yogya nyAya te ApI zakyA nathI. lekhakanI sarjakatAnI emAM bhAgye ja pratIti thAya che. cUnIlAla zAha navalakathAkAra ane vArtAkAra hovA uparAMta eka jAgrata patrakAra paNa hatA. "prajAbaMdhu' sAptAhikamAM temaNe eka niSThAvAna patrakAra tarIkenI pratIti karAvI hatI. samakAlIna kRtionAM vivecana "prajAbaMdhu'mAM niyamita pragaTatAM rahyAM ene yaza temane ghaTe che. sAhityapriyInA takhallusathI emaNe graMthasamIkSAo lakhI hatI ane sAhityanI carcAo karI hatI. guNavaMtarAya AcArya (1900-1965) vIsamI sadIne cothA ane pAMcamA dAyakAmAM vipula saMkhyAmAM raMjanalakSI navalakathAo pragaTa karanAra guNavaMtarAya AcArya vizeSe karIne emanI "dariyAlAla' (1938) navalakathAne kAraNe smaraNIya che. emanI navalakathAomAM vizALa janasamUhane AkarSI rAkhanAra koI tatva heAya te te kathArasa che. romAnsane anubhava karAve tevI AkarSaka, kokapreraka ane camatkArika ghaTanAonA sabaLa Alekhana dvArA sAmAnya vArtAsika samAjanuM te mana harI le che. paristhitionA nATayAmaka ane camatkAraka nirUpaNamAM kyAreka te munazInI lagolaga pahoMcI jAya che. kArI kitAba' (1935) jevI sAmAjika athavA te "dariyAlAla" ke "jaLasamAdhi (1939) jevI romAMcaka kRtiomAM emanI A zaktine paricaya thaze. tema chatAM mahadaMze emanI kalama munazInI raMgadarzitAnA phikkA anukaraNamAM phasAI paDatI

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pra. 12] guNavaMtarAya AcAya [ 507 -- jaNAya che. sthUla-bhautika ghaTanAonuM bharapaTTe Alekhana, e ja emanI zakti ne e ja emanI maryAdA. emanI kalame kAI cirasmaraNIya pAtra sarajAyuM nathI.. 'dariyAlAla' jevI emanI leAkAdara pAmelI navalakathAmAM paNa kathAnAyaka rAmajI dariyAmAM ane AphrikAnAM jaMgalAmAM sAhaseA dhaNAM kare che, ane kAkanI jema ene paNa sadAya saphaLatAnuM varadAna che. paraMtu A pAtranI paNa kAI sacoTa mudrA UpasatI nathI. guNavaMtarAyanAM pAtrA emaNe siddha karavA tAkelAM prayeAjana. mATe sarjAyAM haiAya tevAM - emanI bhAvanAonAM vAhaka che, 'dariyAlAla'mAM vArtAkAre gulAmInI prathAnI nAbUdInuM prayAjana tAkayuM che, ane rAmajI e prayeAjana siddha karavA mATe ja lekhake sarjyo hAya tevI chApa paDe che. enA prayatnAmAM avarodha Ave tApaNu e saphaLa thaze ja enI vAcakane khAtarI hAya che. AphrikAnA jaMgalamAM tyAMnI prathAnA ma kheAja kheA deva samakSa rAmajInA li dharavAnI ghaTanA bane che ane ene DarAvavA tyAMnA vatanIe bhayaMkara ramatA - prayAga kare che tyAre paNa rAmajI avicala rahe che. ene A AphatamAMthI mukti maLavAnI gaLAlaga khAtarI hAya tevA tenA vartAva jaNAya che. e AkhI ghaTanA nATakI athavA atira Mjita lAge che. keTalIka vAra guNuvaMtarAyanI navalakathAe philmI skripTa jevI asara pedA kare che. tenI pAchaLa paNa ghaTanAonuM AvuM sanasanATIbharyuM atiraMgI citraNa javAbadAra che. prayAjana sidda karavAnA utsAhamAM vArtAkAra ghaTanA pratItikara nIvaDaze ke nahi tene paNa khyAla rAkhatA nathI. emaNe kalpelA amuka nizcita dhyeya tarapha ja ghaTanAonI ane pAtrAnI gati heAya che. drinArAyaNuM'mAM paNa enI pratIti thaze. 'gArakha AyA' (1934) e sAmAjika navalakathAmAM paNa vArtAkAre gArakhamaghyendra jevAM prAcIna daMtakathAnAM pAtrAne Adhunika sAmAjika prazno dAmpatyanA praznonI carcA mATe otaryA che. eTale svAbhAvika rIte ja e pAtrA lekhakanAM pracAramAdhyama banI rahe che. gArakhamahendra vize varSothI praznanA cittamAM amuka saMskArA dRDha thaI gayA heAya tyAre emanA mukhe praznamAM temane mATenA e saMskArane dhakko vAge tevI carcA rajU karavI anucita lAge che. Avu anaucitya temanAmAM vAra vAra dekhAya che. - AcAryanI navalakathAomAM ghaTanAonI bharamAra che, paNa dhabakatuM jIvana bahu ochuM dekhAya che. 'dariyAlAla' ane 'jaLasamAdhi' e temanI dariyAI navala thAe che. gujarAtamAM dariyA vizenI kathA lakhanAra bhAgye ja koI vArtAkAra che. guNavaMtarAya e rIte navA pradeza navA viSaya nirUpe che. paraMtu dariyAI navalakathAmAM paNa jIvana pragaTatuM nathI. 'dariyAlAla'mAM saheje dariyAI jIvana vize

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508 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [gna'. 4 apekSA rahe, paraMtu ghaTanAnAM sthaLa mukhyatve AphrikAnAM jaMgalA bane che. alabatta e jaMgalAnAM vana-citrAlekhanamAM temanI zakti sArI evI khIlI UThI che. niveditA'mAM paNa niveditA tyaktAnI sthitimAM dakSiNa bhAratanA jaMgalamAM zikSaNasaMskAranI pravRtti karavA jAya che -- tyAMnA pradezanA vArtAkAra sarasa citAra ApI zakayA che. paNa 'dariyAlAla' ke 'jaLasamAdhi'mAM e dariyAI jIvananA hRdya sparzI karAvI zakayA nathI. dariyAlAla'mAM kathAnAyaka rAmajI cAMciyA sAthe dariyAI yuddha kheDe che te varNana kRtrima lAge che. dariyAlAla' pachInI 'jaLasamAdhi' navalakathAmAM pazu viSaya AkarSIka heAvA chatAM tenI rajUAta nirmULa lAge che. kathAnAyaka kAnajI mAlama nAmanA dariyAkheDu vAsdA DI gAmAne hiMda AvavAnA mArgo batAve che e mukhya vastunI AsapAsa tenI cAMciyAgIrInI daMtakathAo tema ja khIjI keTalIka kalpita ghaTanA vArtAkAre nirUpI che. paNa dariyAI sAhasA--dariyAI jIvana e saM asarakAraka lAgatAM nathI. AyAne dariyAI jIvanane pratyakSa anubhava kadAca nahi heAvAthI A kRtrimatA athavA avAstavikatA temanAM varSoMnAmAM pravezI gaI che. AcAryaMmAM dariyAI jIvananI dilacaspI bhale hAya, paNa 'sukAnI' jevA navalakathAkAre devA dhAMdhala' navalakathAmAM dariyAI jIvanane je sAkSAtkAra karAvyA che tevA AcArya emanI A prakAranI navalakathAomAM karAvI zakayA nathI. sAmAjika navalakathAomAM paNa AcAryanI nabaLI vastusaMkalanA, apratItikara pAtracitraNuM, nATakI DhabanA saMvAdo, pracArAtmakatA vagere lakSaNA dhyAna kheMcI rahe che. 'niveditA'mAM emaNe tyaktA nArInA bacAvanu, enI surakSAnuM prayAjana tAkayuM che, paraMtu e nItiedhamAM ane pracArakatAmAM aTavAI paDayA che. 'hAjI kAsama tArI vIjaLI', 'dezadIvAna', 'karAla kALa jAge', 'sAma siMha khIaAlA', 'bhale ugA bhANa', 'ratnAkara mahArAja' vagere aneka navalakathAe AyAye ApI che. emanI 'sakkarabAra', 'harArI', 'sarapharAza', 'saragAsa' jevI dariyAI sAhasakathA jANItI paNa thaI hatI. AcAye gujarAtanA sela ka yuganI bhUmikA laIne tema ja vijayanagaranA suvarNayuganI bhUmikA laIne paNa saMkhyAbadha navalakathAo racI che. emanI aitihAsika navalakathAemAM itihAsa sAthe te ghaNI chUTachATa laIne paNa kathAne AsvAdya kalAkRti banAvI zakayA nathI tenA raMja rahe che. AcAye 'akhAvana' (1957), 'mA'rarAja', 'allAbelI' (1946) jevAM nATakA paNa lakhyAM che. temAM temanA keAI vizeSa varatAtA nathI.

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prakaraNa 13 dhUmaketu gaurIzakara gAvadhanarAma jozI [I. 1892-1965] jIvana saurASTranA vIrapura(jalArAma bhagatanu)mAM janma, tA. 12-12-1892.. dhUmaketunA zaizavakALa daramiyAna surAjI ThAkAranuM vIrapura A samAjanA eka abhedya killArUpa hatuM. dhUmaketu mATe vIrapura sa MskAratI banI rahyuM. saurASTranA grAmavistAramAM dhUmaketune uchera thayA. bacapaNu ane kizArAvasthA daramiyAna samAjanA sAmAnya ane pachAta gaNAtA staranI aneka vyaktienA saMparkamAM te AvyA hatA. dhUmaketunI TUMkI vArtAomAM gAMdhIjInA prabhAvathI svataMtra rIte je dInajanA ane svamAnI tema ja saMskArasapanna grAmajaneAnAM citrA Ave che tenAM khIja emano bAlyasRSTimAM rahelAM jaNAze. 'jIvanapatha'mAM dhUmaketu lakhe che : pelA laMgaDA, bhUtAvaLanI AkhI sRSTi rajU karatA rAjapUta, enI sAme vAtamAM tAla purAvatI khAMTanI vidhavA bAI seAmala, pelI tAtI DeAzI, bakAlI narasai luvANA, sumarA, pIMjArA, khAMTa, kALI, rAvaLiyA, mIra, kAraDiyA rajapUta, bharavADa, maeNksima gAkIe peAtAnI jIvanasa MsmaraNAMjalimAM je paDeAzIomAM peAte vasyA hatA emane saMbhAryAM, evA A haMMmezanu... lAvIne haMmeza khAI janArA, nIcalAmAM nIcalA tharanA mArA pADAzIomAMthI, aneka tA Aja divasa sudhI sAthe cAlyA AvyA che' (pR. 9). sAmAnya prajAjIvana vizenAM jIvaMta nirIkSaNA dhUmaketunI vArtAomAM vAMcavA maLe che. e nirIkSaNNAnA mULa srota lekhakanI kizArAvasthAmAMthI vahetA jaNAze : ane pachI nIkaLuM AkhuM gAma pharavA... leTa mAgatAM mAgatAM gharagharanA je anubhava maLyA, raheNIkaraNI, rItabhAta, vezasAvaTa, bairAMnAM NukAM, . . . mArmika vinAda, zRMgAragauSTi, niMdAgauSTi, guptagauSTi -- kayAMka rakhArImAM deravaTuM vALyuM hAya. eTale dhaNI khATalAmAM nAnakaDA cheAkarA sUtA heAya te bairuM meTuM, dUdhanA mAgharaNAnI ramajhaTa kheAlAvatuM heAya, kayAMka mArapITa cAlatI haiAya, kayAMka roTalA ghaDAtA haiAya...' ('jIvanapatha', pR. 171). - dhUmaketune bAlyAvasthAthI vAcananA zAkha hatA. 'narmagadya'nA itihAsa

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510] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa ca'. 4 vibhAganAM pRSThanA vAcane emane ghaNI preraNA ApI hatI, jhaveracaMda medhANIe 'narmAMdanA vIrAe siMceluM zizuhRdaya' evA ucita zIrSIka heThaLa na gadyanA itihAsavibhAganA vAcane dhUmaketumAM prerelA prabhAvane vavyA che. bacapaNuthI itihAsa aMgenAM pustakA vAMcavAnI dhUmaketune vizeSa ruci hatI. bhaviSyamAM aitihAsika navalakathAonA meATA phalaka upara thanAra lekhananA sa`skAra kadAca A rIte zaizava avasthA daramiyAna nakhAyA haro. dhUmaketue kizArAvasthAnuM smaraNa A rIte noMdhyuM che: gujarAtI sAhityamAM kAI pustaka te vakhata sudhInuM chapAyeluM evuM rahyuM nahi ke je meM vAMcyuM na heAya, khAsa karIne atihAsika navalakathAonuM" ('jIvanapatha', pR. 168; I. 1907 AsapAsanI paristhitinA ahIM nirdeza che). zrImannathurAma zarmAnA khIlakhAnA AzramanA sa`panna dakSiNAmUrti pustakAlayanA dhUmaketue pUrA kasa kADhayo hatA. jIvarAja jozI pAse sAMbhaLelI vArtAoe bALaka dhUmaketunI supta sarjanazaktine sa"kArI hatI. kudaratI sauMdarya nihALavAnA saMskAra dhUmaketunA sarjaka citte jhIlelA che. vIrapurathI jetapura sudhInA A cAra gAunA rastAe mane jeTale kalpanArasa pAyeA che eTalA bhAgye ja khIjA kAI rastAe pAyA haze' (e ja, pR. 133). lekhaka tarIke khyAti maLI te pahelAM dhUmaketue ghaNA kalamavyAyAma karI lIdhA hatA. khIlakhAnA zrImannathurAma AzramamAM 'huM tA rAta paDe ne mArA kAmamAM cATuM. kAIne khabara na paDe ema meM tA lagabhaga traNathI cAra hAra kAgaLa -- phUlsaSpanA pA kAgaLa ---- e vakhate lakhI nAkhyA ! A vyAyAme mane lakhANa karavAnI -- ghaNuM lakhI zakavAnI Teva ApI' (e ja, pR. 176), dhUmaketunA sudI, susaMvAdI ane lekhanapravRtti mATe pASaka nIvaDela dAMpatyajIvananA prAraMbha I. 1910mAM kAzIbahena joDenA lagnathI thayA. I. 1914mAM pArakhaMdara hAIskUlamAMthI dhUmaketu maeNTrikamAM pAsa thaIne jUnAgaDhanI bahAuddIna kaeNAlejamAM AgaLa abhyAsa mATe dAkhala thayA. I. 1916mAM Ana MdazaMkara dhruvanA 'vasanta'mAM dhUmaketunA lekhA chapAvA lAgyA hatA. I. 1920mAM vidyArthIkALanuM sIdhu* caDhANu pUru karI, agrejI ane saMskRta viSaya sAthe muMbaI yunivarsiTInA khI.e. thaI, pahelAM gAMDala rAjyanI relave oNphisamAM tathA tyAra bAda gAMDalanI hAIskUlamAM I. 1923 sudhI dhUmaketue kAmagIrI khAvI. I. 1923mAM maLeluM' nAme emanI pAchaLathI khuba jANItI banelI TUMkI vArtA 'posTa oNphisa' 'sAhitya' sAmayikamAM prasiddha thayelI. 1926mAM "taNakhA' maMDaLa-1 vArtAsaMgraha pragaTa thayA. dhUmaketunI pahelI sAmAjika navalakathA

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pra. 13 ] dhUmaketu [511 'pRthvIza' 1923mAM ane pahelI aitihAsika navalakathA 'caulAdevI' 1940mAM pragaTa thaI hatI. I. 1923thI tee amadAvAdamAM sthira thayA. pahelAM te zeTha aMbAlAla sArAbhAInI dhI rITrITa' ba galAnI khAnagI zALAmAM zikSaka tarIke joDAyA. tyAra bAda 1925thI sara cInubhAI khaireteTanI 'zAMtiku Mja' baMgalAnI khAnagI zALAmAM zikSaka tarIke nAkarInuM sthaLAMtara karyuM ane tyAM nekarImAM sthira thayA. A khAnagI zALA sAthe dara unALe bhAratanAM judAMjudAM sthaLAe pravAsa karavAnuM dhUmaketune banyuM hatuM. e pravAsanA anubhavA emanI TUMkI vArtAnA lekhanamAM kacAreka kAcI sAmagrIrUpa banI rahetA. raNajitarAma suvarNa caMdrakanA dhUmaketue I. 1935mAM asvIkAra karyo. I. 1948thI 1953 sudhInAM pAMca varSanA gALAmAM thayelA uttama sarjanalekhe AtmakathA 'jIvanapa'tha' (1953) mATe emane nada suvaNuMcaMdraka maLyo hatA. 1944mAM vaDAdarA mukAme maLela gujarAtI sAhitya pariSadanA 15mA adhivezanamAM sAhityavibhAganA pramukha banyA. 1953mAM gUrjara graMtharatna kAryAlaye emanA SaSTipUrti samAraMbha yAjgyA hatA. 1957-58mAM bhAratanI sAhitya akAdamInA gujarAtI bhASAnA salAhakAra kheAmAM kAmagIrI bajAvI. raziyA javA mATe 1958mAM maLelA AmaMtraNane emaNe savinaya asvIkAra karyAM hatA. meATA bhAganA samaya vAcana ane lekhanapravRttimAM vitAvatA A ekalavihArI lekhakanuM mRtyu I. 1965nI 11mI mArce thayuM. sAhityasarjana arvAcIna gujarAtanA eka sukIrtita lekhaka dhUmaketue gadyasAhityanAM dhaNAM svarUpe upara hAtha ajamAvyA che. TUMkI vArtA, navalakathA, nATaka, AtmakathA, jIvanakathA, pravAsa, jIvana tema ja sAhitya vize vicAraNA rajU karatA nibadhA, nibaMdhikA, bALakA ane prauDhA mATenI bahusaMkhya racanA sAhityakAra dhUmaketunI bahumukhI pratibhAnA nirdeza kare che. paraMtu dhUmaketunI kIrtidA racanA emanI TUMkI vArtAone yeAgya rIte ja gaNavAmAM Ave che. meATe bhAge gAMdhIyuga daramiyAna emanI kRtio racAI ane pragaTa thaI. paraMtu dhUmaketune gAMdhIprabhAvanA lekhaka kahI zakAze nahi. Ama chatAM, gAMdhIjIe prakhAdhelI unnata jIvanabhAvanAAthI teo vimukha tA naheAtA rahyA. dezanI AjhAdI prApta thaI e pachInA gALAmAM dhUmaketue ThIka pramANamAM lakhyu che. anusvAtaMtryakALanA Adhunika

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512 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [2' 4 (modern) lekhakAnA eka samakAlIna sarjIka dhUmaketu kharA, paraMtu svAtaMtryAttara sAhityapravAha sAthe svAbhAvika rIte ja emanuM keAI anusa MdhAna nathI jaNAtuM. DhakIvArtAo kRtio : (1) taNukhA maMDaLa paheluM (1926), (2) taNakhA maMDaLa khIju (1928), (3) taNakhA maMDaLa trIju` (1932), (4) 'avazeSa' (1932), (5) pradIpa (1933), (6) taNakhA maMDaLa ceAthu' (1936), (7) mallikA ane bIjI vArtA (1937), (8) tribheTA (1938), (9) AkAzadIpa (1947), (10) parizeSa (1949), (11) anAmikA (1949), (12) vanachAyA (1949), (13) pratibiMba (1951), (14) vanarekhA (1952), (15) jaladIpa (1953), (16) vanakuMja (1954), (17) vanaveNu (1956), (18) maMgaladIpa (1957), (19) candrarekhA (1959), (20) nikuMja (1960), (21) sAMdhyaraMga (1961), (22) sAMdhyateja (1962), (23) vasaMtakuMja (1964), (24) chellA jhabakArA (1964). dhUmaketunI koSTha vArtAo' (1958), dhUmaketunAM vArtAratnA' (1966) vagere emanI cUMTelI vArtAonAM saMpAdanA paNa pragaTa thayAM che. dhUmaketunI TUMkI vArtAne malayAnila, dhanasukhalAla mahetA ane kanaiyAlAla munazI pachInA gujarAtI TUMkI vArtAnA sAhityanuM paheluM sakAcabhedaka baLa gaNI zakAya. dhUmaketu pUrvenI gujarAtI TUMkI vArtAnI pramANamAM sImita sRSTimAM mATe bhAge zaheranA zikSita samAjanuM jIvana AlekhAtuM hatu' ane emAM paNa bhAvanI tIvratA naheAtI. paristhiti, pAtra ane kathAvastunuM mAtabara vaicitrya dhUmaketunI vArtAsRSTie ANyuM. emanI pUrve vArtAnAM pAtrA zaheranA zikSita samudAyanA eka maryAdita phalakamAMthI mATe bhAge AvatAM hatAM. dhUmaketunI vArtAomAM e phalakanA apUrva kahI zakAya evA vistAra siddha thayA. gAmaDAMomAM, nagaranA kaMgAla lattAmAM ane azikSita kahevAtA mAnavasamudAyamAM zAka ke premanuM saMvedana anubhavI zake evAM nara-nAra vasI zake e pUdhUmaketukALanA vArtAkArAne mana, vijayarAya vaidya batAvyuM che ema, lagabhaga kalpanAtIta bAbata hatI. dhUmaketue TUMkI vArtAnA phalakane viSayanI dRSTie apUrva vizALatA apI. prAcIna, madhyakAlIna tathA arvAcInakALane sparzatI ane kayAreka tA bhAvi jagatamAM DAkiyuM karavA mathatI ('kavitAnA punarjanma' jevI) TreMkI vArtAe emaNe racI. gujarAtanA nAnA gAmaDAthI mAMDIne himAlayanI gAda sudhInI vaividhyasabhara pazcAdbhUmikAvALI vArtAe dhUmaketue racI che. emanI

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pra. 13] dhUmaketu [ pa13 vArtAomAM pragaTa thatA viSaya ane vAtAvaraNanA vaiviSe 'taNakhA'kALamAM herata jagavI hatI. TUMkI vArtAnA AjanA vikAsane tabakake A bAbata keIne kadAca sAmAnya bhAse, paraMtu gujarAtI TUMkI vArtAnA "pUrvataNakhAkALa" mATe vArtA lekhananAM navAM kSetrane kheDatI ane sara karatI A navaprasthAnakArI ghaTanA hatI. gujarAtI TUMkI vArtAnI keDIne rAjamArganuM svarUpa ApavAnuM agatyanuM kArya bajavanAra sarjakamAM dhUmaketu mokhare hatA. dhUmaketunI TUMkI vArtAonAM pAtro je pachAta ane daridra mAnavasamAjane emane pratyakSa paricaya che emAMthI ghaNI vAra AvatAM hoya che. emanI ghaNuM vArtAo gAmaDAnI bhUmikAmAMthI sarajAI hoya che. raziyAnI 1917 nI kAnti ane gAMdhIjInI daridranArAyaNanI tema ja prAmAbhimukhatAnI bhAvanA gujarAtI lekhakemAM dalitaprema tathA grAmaprIti preravAmAM keTaleka aMze nimittabhUta banI e pahelAMya jIvananA sAva nIcalA kahI zakAya evA staranA pratyakSa saMparkane kAraNe sarjaka dhUmaketumAM saccAI bharela dInajavAtsalya ane grAmaprIti salpharatAM anubhavI zakAya che. gAMdhIjInI ke samAjavAdI vicAradhArAthI bhIMjAIne nahi, paNa sarjaka tarIkenI eka ApajarUriyAtathI prerAIne pIDita varga taraphanuM sahAnubhUtinuM - mAnava hamadardInuM valaNa dhUmaketue gujarAtI TUMkI vArtAmAM svAbhAvika rIte sarva prathama pragaTAvyuM. dhUmaketunA AvA valaNane pAchaLathI gAMdhIjInI vicAradhArAnI puSTi, alabatta, maLI hovI joIe. dhUmaketue emanI TUMkI vArtAomAM darzAvyuM ke manuSyanAM prema, viSAda, vAtsalya ityAdi viSayaka saMvedanene manuSyanA sAmAjika mobhA sAthe kAMI levAdevA nathI. Arthika dRSTie pramANamAM sukhI ane kAMIka sAmAjika mobho dharAvatA eka zikSita pesTa mAstaramAM je vAtsalyabhInuM pitRhadaya. dhabakI rahyuM che te ja premakemiLa pitRhadaya samAjathI kAMIka tiraskRta evA eka azikSita garIba zikArI alI DosAmAM paNa dhabakI rahyuM che. sAmAjika ke. Arthika bAhya AvaraNone bhedIne pelA sanAtana manuSyanA hRdayadhabakArane dhUmaketunI vArtAoe pragaTAve che. dhUmaketu pUrvenI vArtAonuM gadya keTalIka vAra phika , lapaTuM ane enImika" lAgatuM hatuM. dhUmaketue emAM lekabelInI lasalasatI lAlIne saMcAra karI gujarAtI gadyane navuM ja parimANa bakyuM. e gadya narI saralatAnI zobhA pragaTAvI, zake che, kavitAnI kumAza dhAraNa karIne mane hara AlaMkArikatAmAM sarI zake che, gu. sA. 33

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514]. gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ 2, 4 prasaMge ojasvI banIne manuSyanA rAgA veganA phUMphADAone jhIlI zake che ane manuSyanI vidhavidha bhAva-mudrAone anunaya banIne saphaLatApUrvaka aMkita karI zake che, te prasaMge lakavANanI sugaMdha ane abhivyaMjakatAneya pragaTAvI zake che. mAnava-hRdayanAM nAjuka saMvedanane, enI najAkata na naMdavAya e rIte, vANInA pAtramAM teo grahI zake che. iMdriyagrAhI sauMdarya dharAvatAM dhUmaketunI vArtAonAM sAkSAtkAraka varNanenI havA vAcakane epAsathI vIMTaLAI vaLe che. mAtra AMtarasAmagrInI daSTie nahi, abhivyaktinI daSTie paNa dhUmaketuo emanA e kALamAM navI siddhi prApta karI hatI. TUMkI vArtAnA sAhityasvarUpanI daSTie emanI vArtAomAM aprastuta keTaluMka dekhAze. Ama chatAM, TUMkI vArtAnA svarUpanuM hArda pAmI jaIne vArtA-sajana karanAra ApaNuM pahelA sarjaka dhUmaketu hatA, ema svIkAravuM rahyuM. abhivyaktinI daSTie emanI varNanakalA ane emanuM gadya ApaNuM dhyAna kheMce che. sAhityasarjana pAchaLa sAhityakAranI eka abhilASA svabhASAne adhikAra abhivyatikSama banAvavAnI hoya che. bhASAnA nihita sauMdarya ane zaktine anAcchAdita karavAnuM sAhityakAranuM je eka kartavya heya te dhUmaketue ene rUDI pere banAvyuM che. AjanA vivecanamAM sarjake bhASAnuM navavidhAna karyuM che ke kema, evo prazna ThIkaThIka vAra puchAya che. dhUmaketue emanA kALamAM gujarAtI vArtAsAhityanI bhASA samRddhinI kSitijene vistRta karavAne prayAsa AraMbhya hatA. gujarAtI bhASAnA kAThAne emaNe majabUta banAvyuM, gujarAtI bhASAnI guMjAyaza emaNe vadhArI ApI, enI kALajIpUrvaka noMdha levAnI atyAre jarUra che. kavitA veDAmAM saryA vinA gadyane kavitAnI sarahade laI javAnA prayogane prathama aNasAra manahara bhAvasRSTimAM vihAra karAvatI dhUmaketunI vArtAonA gadyamAMthI maLI zakaze. e ja rIte, TUMkI vArtAne aMte anapekSita AMcake ApIne ene sAva judA bhAvasaMdarbhamAM mUkI ApavAnI - aNadhAryA aMtathI vArtAne camatkRti ApavAnI paddhatinuM sUcana dhUmaketunI "eka TUMkI musApharImAMthI maLI zakaze. romaeNnTika prakRtinA A vArtAkAranI sRSTimAM atIndriya tattvanuM nirUpaNa thayuM che. paraMtu emanI vArtAone kendrabhUta viSaya che aneka svarUpamAM vistaratA. mAnavaprema. vArtA kahevAnI dhUmaketu pAse eka naisargika chaTA che. kyAreka te vArtA jANe pratyakSa rIte kahI saMbhaLAvAtI na hoya, e raNakAra emAMthI jAgyA kare che. vArtAmAMthI belacAlanA lahekAone pakaDI zakAya che. vakatRtvanuM ojasa paNa

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pra. 13] dhUmaketu [ pa15 emAMthI kavacita pragaTe che. A daSTie "rajapUtANuM' vArtAnuM zravaNa karavA jevuM che. prAcIna tathA madhyakALanI vArtAonI cAlI AvatI kaLAnI DhabanI kRtio, TUMkI vArtAne kalevaramAM DhALI, gujarAtane dhUmaketue pahelI vAra ApI che. ApaNuM parApUrvathI cAlI AvatI vArtAkalAnuM anusaMdhAna dhUmaketunI navalikAomAM dekhAze. sAthosAtha, surekha vastusaMkalanavALI arvAcIna svarUpanI sughaDa TUMkI vArtAo paNa dhUmaketue vipula pramANamAM racI che. dhUmaketunI sArI vArtAo sisRkSAnA naisargika AvegapUrvaka lakhAyelI che evo anubhava vAcakane spaSTa rIte thaI zake che. romenTika prakRtinA kalAkAra dhUmaketunI vArtAo moTe bhAge lAgaNatattvanA prAdhAnyavALI. emanI vArtAomAM dhUnI kalAkAre, masta premIo ane khyAlamasta AdamIonAM pAtracitraNe ghaNAM maLaze. navA parivartita jamAnA sAthe meLa na besADI zakanArAM pAtro, buddhithI vicAranArAM nahi, paNa lAgaNIthI vicaranArAM pAtro ane khuvAra thaI jAya tyAM sudhI pitAnI dhUnane vaLagI rahevAmAM sukha mAnanArAM, dunyavI rItarasamethI para evAM pAtronI emanI vArtAsRSTimAM kamInA nathI. "vyavahArane miSTa karatI, jIvananI pakaDamAM viziSTa sAmarthya batAvatI", ApaNuM jIvanamAM jhaDapI gatie vidAya laI rahelI gujarAtanA jIvananI talapadIya saMskAritAne tathA Adhunika sabhyatAnA raMgarogAna caDaDyA vinAnI ApaNuM jIvananI asaliyatane kavitAmAM je nhAnAlAla mUrta kare che, te navalikAsRSTimAM dhUmaketu-meghANuM. ApaNuM ekavidha banatA jatA jIvanamAMthI vilIna thatI jatI taLapadI renaka dhUmaketune eka priya vArtAviSaya banI rahe che. dhUmaketunI eka sabaLa TUMkI vArtA "strIhadaya' tathA gopAla', "enI samajaNa", "satyanuM darzana ItyAdi udAharaNarUpe ahIM yAda Avaze. dharatI sAthe jemanI nALa haju kapAI nathI evAM pAtro tarapha dhUmaketu birAdarInI sahaja evI lAgaNI anubhave che. nAdAra avasthAmAM jUnA kharcALa saMgItazokhane vaLagI rahevAmAM hAMsala zuM ? jamInadAranI mRtyutithie Arthika badalAnI AzA sivAya gAyana-vAdana karavAmAM aMdha gayAne prApti zuM ? ("enI samajaNa" vArtA). zA mATe dhanA bhagate khuvArInI jANa chatAM jarIpurANa banelI ghaDAgADIne vaLagI rahevuM joIe? ("satyanuM darzana vArtA). zA kAraNe hA rabArI enAM DhoraDhAMkharane jIvane bhege vaLagI rahe che? ("gapAla'). kevaLa buddhinI dRSTie vicArIe te emAM mUrkhAI nahi to gheluM avyavahArupaNuM lAge. paraMtu jIvananI cIlAcAlu vyAvahArikatA ke dhULa naphATAnI gaNatarIe cAlanArAM A pAtro nathI. pahelI vaphAdArI pitAnI lAgaNataMtra pratye, jIvanamAM svIkArelA

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516] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 Adarza pratye. jIvanamAM potAnA anokhe cIle "kaMTakanA yAramAM" cAlavAmAM ane ema karatAM ujharaDAvAmAM emane AnaMda che. je samAjamAM ane je jIvanakALamAM emanAM mULa naMkhAyAM che te samAja tathA kALa naSTaprAya thaI rahyo hoya tyAre paNa ene vaLagI rahevAmAM e pAtra jIvana sArthakyane anubhava kare che. jIvanamAM saphaLatA ane sukha vize anU mApadaMDa dharAvanArAM AvAM pAtronAM Alekhane sArAM thayAM che. TUMkI vArtA kSaNArdhanI lIlA che. evI eka nAnI paLanI ramata samI. vArtAo che "savAra ane sAMja', "tilakA', "trikeNa, vagere. TUMkI vArtA jIvananA marmasthAnane eka ghaDImAM ja pratyakSa karAvI zake che, evA dhUmaketunA kathanane sArtha karatI, mAnavasvabhAvamAM vAtavAtamAM AvatAM parivartano Alekha ApatI ('biMdu, "nArIne parAjaya, "eka nAnI paLa" vagere) ane narI saraLatAnI suMdaratA dharAvatI A kRtio che. sAMprata kathAsAhityamAM je vAraMvAra vArtA-viSya bane che te rasahIna jaDa ekavidhatAmAM saratI jatI Adhunika yaMtrasabhyatA ane mazInI jIvananA bhaNakArA dhUmaketu ghaNuM vahelerA sAMbhaLI zakyA hatA, enI pratIti "bhaiyAdAdA' tathA "kavitAne punarjanma' jevI vArtAo karAve che. TUMkI vArtAmAM AraMbhane kApe kaI rIte mUkavo enI dhUmaketune sahaja sUjha che. kRtinI zarUAtamAM ja je khoTuM vetarAI jAya te vArtAne chevaTa sudhI neThe paDe nahi te dekhItuM che. prasaMgonA madhyapravAhamAM vAcakane sIdhesIdhA ja mUkI detI zarUAta kaI rIte karavI, vArtAne madhyabhAgamAM kaI rIte bahelAvavI ane aMtima ceTa zI rIte mAravI enA eka sarasa udAharaNa jevI vArtA che premAvatI. pAtronAM virodhI vyaktinAM tulyabaLa parimANo dhUmaketu emAM UbhAM karI zakyA che. Ama to karuNa e dhUmaketune priya rasa lAge che, paNa yathAprasaMga bIbhatsarasanirUpaNamAMya emane siddhi maLyA vinA rahetI nathI tenI (tejasvI premAvatInA) maDadAla patinA varNana dvArA ApaNane pratIti thAya che. premAvatI'mAM satata gALAgALI karatA, jaDabAtoDa bolakaNuM, rophIlA, barachaTa vyavahAravALA phojadAranuM vaiziSTaya (individuality) jALavatuM varga sUcaka (typical) pAtra ApaNuM dhyAna kheMce che. A phojadAra premAvatI vize je kAMI bole che te agya che ane agya che mATe ja pAtrasaMgata jaNAya che. AvA zaktizALI vArtAlekhakanA sarjananI keTalIka gaMbhIra koTinI maryAdAo dekhAyA vinA rahetI nathI. hakIkatamAM emanA sarjanamAM uccAratAne krama satata jaNAyA kare che. emanI vArtAonuM vAcana jema prazaMsAnA tema nirAzAnA

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pra. 13] dhUmaketu [pa17 udgAre jANe ke ekI sAthe pragaTAve che. dhUmaketunA vArtAsarjanamAM lagolaga jovA maLatI zikharacI siddhio ane khINanIcI maryAdAo vAcakane vimAsaNamAM mUkI de e viziSTa anubhava karAvI jAya che. jIvanane teo lagabhaga sthiticusta khAnAMomAM vaheMcI de che. prAcIna saMskRti viruddha Adhunika sabhyatA, zIlasaMskArasaMpanna jUnI peDhI viruddha naThera bejavAbadAra navI peDhI, jaDa hRdayahIna amaladAra (maiyAdAdA' vArtAne kaDavI teya sAcI pharaja bajAvate juvAna aphasara) viruddha rasamaya caitanyanA pratIka samA bhaiyAdAdA. paraMtu jIvana Ama sadguNa-durguNa, UjaLuM kALuM, jUnuM navuM evA jaDa ne cokakasa vibhAgamAM kAMI vaheMcAyeluM che kharuM ? e prazna khuzIthI pUchI zakAya. dhUmaketue kula 24 vArtAsaMgrahamAM 500 jeTalI TUMkI vArtAo ApI che. prAraMbhanI vArtAomAM dekhAtAM nAvInya ane rasanA camatkArane bAda karatAM pAchaLanI moTA bhAganI vArtAomAM vArtAkAra tarIkenI potAnI rIDhI banI gayelI laDhaNonuM nIrasa punarAvartana dhUmaketu karyA kare che. pariNAme samagra rIte jotAM emanAM pAtra prasaMgo lagabhaga samAna bIbAMomAM judAM judAM lebala nIce DhaLAcelAM najare paDaze. je vizeSa pAtra upara sAhityakAranI sarjakazaktinI "sarca lAITa pheMkAtI hoya te pAtranI (AjubAjunAM pAtrothI alaga paDatI) koI vizeSatA vArtAmAM racAvI joIe. pAtranI AgavI vaiyaktikatA (particular essence) lekhake racI ApavI joIe. eka phreMca kalAmarma TUMkI vArtAnuM sarjana karavA mathatA pAsAMne salAha ApatAM kahelAM kImatI vacane ahIM yAda Avaze: "eka ja zabdathI mane samajAva ke amuka gADIe joDAyelo ghaDo bIjA pacAsa gheDAthI kyAM ane zI rIte jude paDe che ?" dhUmaketu pAse pAtrasarjananI AvI kaLA, ekaMdare jotAM, alpa pramANamAM che. dhUmaketunI pAtrasRSTinI bahurUpatA vAstavikatAe sAMkaDI sImAmAM baMdhAI gayelI lAge che. TUMkI vArtAnA AraMbhabiMdu tarIke teo ghaNI vAra pAtrane letA lAgatA nathI. paraMtu amuka vicArane letA jaNAya che. vicAranA ramakaDAne pachI pAtranA khAmAM teo bhare che. pariNAme vArtA pUrI thAya tyAre vAcakanA hAthamAM zeSa rahI jAya che vicAranAM nirjIva ramakaDAM. ane pAtranuM pAtratva pratIta thavuM te karANe rahI jAya che. ahIM prazna thAya ? pAtrAdhAre vicAra ke vicArAdhAre pAtra? javAba spaSTa hovo joIe. kharekhara to lekhakane sarva prathama pAtra spharavuM joIe. e pAtra dvArA lekhaka pitAne koI priya vicAra rajU karyA vinA na ja rahI zake ema hoya to kalAtmaka rIte ne pAtra pitAnuM mAuthapIsa che evI chApa

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518 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [gra, 4 paDacA vinA che. rajU karatA, paraMtu dhUmaketumAM tA vicArAdhAre pAtrane UMdhA krama ghaNI vAra dekhAya che. naravI mA`ika vinedavRtti dAkhavatI 'eka TUMkI musApharI' tathA 'hatA tyAM ne tyAM' jevI hAsyarasika vArtAe dhUmaketue ApI che. mAnavacAritranI nabaLAImAMthI janmatu, paraMtu e duLatAo pratye samabhAvazIla smita preratu hAsya dhUmaketue prastuta kRtimAM relAvyuM che. e ja dhUmaketu, huM paNa vitada karI zakuM chuM, evI kaMIka sabhAna maneAvRttithI prerAIne hAsya janmAvavAne niSphaLa prayAsa karatI 'pAra pena' jevI vArtA lakhe ke pachI arucikara ane sAva sthULa hAsya janmAvatI (hAsyane pragaTAvavA mATe lekhakane eka sthaLe gAyanI pAchaLa dhaNakhUTane doDAvavA paDayo che!) eka vicitra anubhava' jevI vArtA jyAre race tyAre khuda vAcakane eka vicitratara anubhava thAya emAM zuM AzcaryuM ? dhUmaketunI TUMkI vArtAomAM jIvana taraphanA samyak diNu nathI anubhavAtA. zahera-gAmaDuM, jUnI peDhI--navI peDhI, UjaLuM tathA kALuM, evA lagabhaga sthiticusta khAnAMomAM te jIvanane vaheMcI detA jaNAya che. jIvana taraphanA emanA pratibhAvA lagabhaga pUrvanizcita prakAranA (set responses) jaNAze. vArtAkAra tarIke peAtAnI laDhaNAnuM, sarjaka tarIkenI pAchaLanI tadrAvasthA daramiyAna, dhUmaketu nIrasa punarAvartana karyA kare che. vAkapalaDhaNA, prasaMgo, pAtrA ane lAgaNIonAM dhUmaketunAM nirUpaNAmAM AvAM yAMtrika punarAvartane dekhAze emanI dhaNI vArtAe saka tarIkenI adamya sisakSAvRttimAMthI pragaTatI haiAya evuM jaNAtuM nathI. emAM vArtAkalA uparanI lekhakanI AmelI hatheATI dekhAya che. paraMtu paripAkamAM nirjIvatA varatAya che. emanI vArtAe kayAreka lUkhI ahevAlAtmaka rItimAM sarI paDe che. vAcakanI buddhizakti upara emane AchA bharIsA haze ke kema, lekhaka emanI vArtAomAM kazuM vyaMjita rahevA detA nathI, vArtAnI vacce vacce kaeNAmenTarI karyAM kare che ane vArtAomAMthI badhu... vALIjhUDIne vAcakanA lAbhAthe vAcakanA hAthamAM sUtrAtmaka vicArasaMbhAranuM -- jIvanadarzananu` eka alaga paDIkuM paDAvI de che, "le bhAI, letA jA, tane khapa lAgaze"-e Dhakhe.... khuda prasaMgeA ane pAtrAne teo keTalIka vAra kema khAlavA nahi detA heAya ? kalAkAra tarIkenuM tATasthya vIsarIne vArtAnI vacce sUtreAccAraNA karavA mATe teo kema dhasI AvatA haze ? vArtAne aMte "iti siddham " (Q. E. D.) karavAtA Agraha zA mATe sevatA haze? kRtine chevADe sAmAjika rAgadeganuM nivAraNa karatuM priskripzana kema coMTADI besatA haze ? evA evA prazno jAgrata vAcakeAne avazya thavAnA.

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pra. 13] dhUmaketu [519TUMkI vArtAnuM sarjana vAcakanI rucine vikAsa sUcave che. vAcakanI vikasita ruci upara dhUmaketune e che vizvAsa haze ke kema, iMgitanI jarUra hoya. tyAM vArtAnI vacce dhasI AvIne lekhaka saMbhASaNa ApI bese che. sundarama pUche che ema, kRtinA, saudaryadarzananA koyaDAne ATale saraLa banAvI devAya kharo. ke? "ka95nAnI mUrtio', 'janAM smaraNenuM eka pAnuM' jevI vArtAomAM pAtro ke prasaMgane ApameLe bolavA devAne badale khuda lekhaka pAtro ane prasaMge vatI, sarjakane chAjatI dUratA ane paralakSitAne vIsarI besIne jyAre bolavA lAge che tyAre vAcaka tarIke kahevAnuM mana thAyaH rahe vArtAkAra, tamArI vArtAne bolavA de; ene huM kholavA de. "navalikA, e vize kAMIka' nAme lekhamAM dhUmaketue eka vivecakano Avo Hd 21527 : "The writer may say what he must, but he must not say what he may", TUMkI vArtAmAM kahevA jevuM lekhake badhuM ja kahevuM joIe, paraMtu binajarUrI kazuM ja kahI na zakAya, evuM dhUmaketu jANe che ane chatAM "jAnAmi dharma na ca me pravRttiH' -evo ghATa emanI nirarthaka maMdathI. lacI paDatI "vAta gaI, sugaMdha rahI gaI che. kRtione thayele dekhAze. dhUmaketunI ghaNI kRtiomAM - are pesTa ophisa jevI sArI vArtAmAMye- kATachAMTane avakAza rahI jatA dekhAya che. prasaMgane vArtAmAM sthAna avazya che, paNa prasaMge e vArtAo nathI, evuM vivecaka dhUmaketu lakhe che ane chatAMya asaranI ekatA na pragaTAvatI, prasaMgone sAva Dhagale vALI detI vArtA "mArAM ghara' lakhavAmAM lekhaka dhUmaketune kazo bAdha naDyo nathI. Ama vivecaka dhUmaketu ane lekhaka dhUmaketu parasparane tALI detA hoya evuM sarvatra jaNAtuM nathI. - TUMkI vArtAomAM lAgaNInirUpaNanI atizayatA, e dhUmaketunI vArtAkAra tarIke eka anya prasiddha maryAdA. goLa nAkhe gaLyuM thAya, evI vRttithI prerAIne to dhUmaketu lAgaNIne vadhu paDatA gherA raMga reDI besatA nahi hoya ne ? paraMtu lAgaNanA nirUpaNamAM te, sundarame anyatra mArmika rIte darzAvyuM che ema, zakunanA goLanI eka kAMkarI ja mane mIThuM karavA mATe pUratI thAya. vaLI, dhUmaketunI "jIvananuM prabhAta" ke "pRthvI ane svarga' jevI anyathA AsvAdya kRtio vAMcatI veLAe ApaNe vArtAo vAMcI rahyA chIe ke vivAdAspada ciMtanavALA nibaMdho, e vahema rahyA kare che. nibaMdhane jANe TUMkI vArtAnuM mAruM na paherAvI dIdhuM hoya, evuM dhUmaketumAM ghaNe sthaLe lAgyA kare che. emanI AvI vArtAo sabhAna mUlyaprajananI khIMTIe laTakatI banI jAya che. dhUmaketunI AvI

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para0 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 TUMkI vArtAomAM Beautiful non-sense kahI zakAya evI sAmagrI paNa ThIkaThIka pramANamAM maLe che. dhUmaketunA sarjanamAM A rIte lagalaga jovA maLatI zikharaUMcI siddhio ane khINanIcI khAmIo vAcakane vimAsaNamAM mUkI jAya che, eka viziSTa anubhava karAvI jAya che. bahelAvI zakAya evI dhUmaketunI vArtAo kayAreka mAtra ahevAlAtmaka koTinI banI jAya che ("mAchImAranuM gIta'). ahevAlAtmakatAnA bhAra nIce vArtA dabAya che, zuSka bane che. zuM banI rahyuM che enuM varNana lekhaka kare che, paNa prasaMgane kharekhara banata dekhADatA nathI. rasanuM varNana kare che, paNa rasano camatkAra sajI zakatA nathI ('hRdaya ane prema'). dhUmaketunI sArI kahI zakAya evI vArtAomAM paNa aprastutane bAje varatAyA vinA rahetuM nathI. TUMkI vArtAnA deha upara jAmelA A vadhArAnA medane kAraNe samagra kRtimAM kRtine anubhava ethI thaI zakato nathI. jIvananA uttarakALamAM dhUmaketunI vArtAkAra tarIkenI laDhaNa ja navazikSita ke alpazikSita prauDha tathA kizorone apIla kare tevI ghaDAI gayelI varatAya che, eTale sudhI ke navazikSita mATe bedhaka prasaMgakathAo racavAmAM rata thaI cUkelA dhUmaketu prasaMgakathA (tale) ane TUMkI vArtA (short story) varacene bheda ja lagabhaga bhUlI beThelA lAge che. TUMkI vArtAnA vAghA nIce rajU thayelI A kRtio kharekhara te sAdI sIdhI dAdAjInI vAto jevI prasaMgakathAo jaNAya che. chUTAchavAyA prasaMgone ekatvanI koI asara upasAvyA vinA varNanAtmaka Dhabe rajU karI jatI kRtione TUMkI vArtAnuM nAmAbhidhAna kaI rIte ApI zakAya? prasaMgene vArtAmAM sthAna avazya che, paNa prasaMge e vArtAo nathI, ema dhUmaketue ja anyatra nevuM che ne! jIvananA uttarakALamAM TUMkI vArtA lekhakanA baddhamate uccAravAnuM mAdhyama banatI lAge che. kRtine aMte saravALo karIne vArtAne sAra ApavAnI peravI lekhaka lagabhaga karI bese che, paraMtu emAM saravALe vArtAkalAnI bAdabAkI thaI jatI varatAze. jIvananI UMDI zraddhAnI vAtane paNa lekhaka sAva sapATI parathI sparze che. vAta UMDA saMvedananI heya, paNa vArtAne aMte evuM kaI saMvedana jAgatuM jaNAtuM nathI. vArtAne aMte nAnA ze DaMkha-taNakho mUkI javAnI A kRtiomAM kSamatA nathI. dhUmaketunA aMtima vArtAsaMgraha "chele jhabakAre"mAM rasane keAI camatkAra nahi maLe ane nahi maLe pAtrasarjananI kazI vazekAI. prasaMgajamAvaTanI koI nizAnI nahi maLe ane nahi maLe gadyanI koI riddhi.

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pra. 13 ] dhUmaketu [ para1 lekhaka rIDhAM sUtroccAraNA kare che tyAre kalAkAraneA nahi, pracArakaneA avAja kAne athaDAya che. emanI vArtAonA viSaye paNa jarIpurANA : mAbApa sArAM, cheAkarAM naThArAM; vilIna thatA jUnA jamAnA 'e mANasA gayA, e raMgata gaI, e raMga gayA'. badalAtI jatI 'havA'nA ullekhA tA abakhe paDI jAya te hrada sudhInA maLaze. - vArtAkAra tarIkenI uttarArdhanI kArakirdImAM dhUmaketue keTalIya prAcIna tathA madhyakAlIna kathAe rajU karelI che. AvI parApUrvathI cAlI AvatI kathAone TUMkI vArtAnA ghATamAM DhALavAnI dhUmaketunI eka vizeSatA che. paraMtu ahIM rajU thayelI daMtakathAo-itihAsakathAo vAMcatAM te ema chApa paDe ke, maulika sarjakatattvanI oTa anubhavatA lekhaka emanI ma`prANu banelI sisakSAne bahAranA dhakkAe ApavA mATe prAcIna kathAonA taiyAra masAleA khacI khuTAmaNa tarIke vAparI rahyA che. ... vIsI daramiyAna gujarAtI navalikAnA gaganane 'taNakhA' vaDe ajavALanAra dhUmaketunA astAcaLa bhaNIne AvA nisteja chelle jhabakArA' nihALatI veLAe viSAdane anubhava thAya che. 'taNakhA'nA racanAra dhUmaketu tA enA e ja che, paNa peAtAnAmAMnA sarjananAM pelAM jUnAM saphaLa Ayudhe| hAjara hAvA chatAM, kAme arjuna lUTiyA, evA sAhityasarjananA aparAa kALamAM dhUmaketune! ghATa thayelA dIse che. A rIte dhUmaketunAM vArtAratnAnI prabhA kayAreka nirmaLa rIte camake che, tA kayAreka lalita sAhityetara vyavadhAne thI rajoTAIne e jhAMkhI paDe che. Ama chatAM, gujarAtI TUMkI vArtAnA mALakhAmAM prANa pUranAra, AMkele kAI mA na hatA evI sthitimAM gujarAtI TUMkI vArtA mATe eka rAjamA AMkI ApanAra, keTalIka smaraNIya vArtAonA sarjana dvArA gujarAtane vArtAva tuM" karanAra, gujarAtane bhAratanA vArtAsAhityanA nakazA upara sagaurava mUkI ApanAra ane gujarAtI gadyane abhivyaktinI navI kSamatAe pragaTAvI ApIne hADetuM banAvanAra dhUmaketunuM vArtAkAra tarIkenuM mUlya, rasadaSTi tema ja aitihAsika daSTinuM sathA khaMDana karIe teA ja AchuM AMkI zakAya ema che, navalakathAo dhUmaketue ceAvIsa TUMkI vArtAnA saMgrahe| uparAMta sAta sAmAjika navalakathA 'pRthvIza' 1923, 'rAjamuguTa' 1924, 'rudrazaraNu(mallikA)' 1937, 'ajitA' 1939, 'parAjaya' 1939, 'jIvananAM khaMDera' 1963 ane ma`jhila

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para2] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ caM. 4 nahIM kinArA' 1964 lakhI che. cAlukya navalakathAvalinI tathA guptayuga navalakathAvalinI atihAsika kRtio emaNe racI che. caulAdevI 1940, "rAjasaMnyAsI 1942, "karNAvatI' 1942, "rAjakanyA 1943, "jayasiMha siddharAja' traNa bhAgamAM anukrame 1945, 1946 ane 1948, gurjarezvara kumArapALa' 1949, "rAjarSi kumArapALa' 1950, "nAyikAdevI' 1951, "rAya karaNaghelo' 1952, "ajita bhImadeva 1953, "AmrapAlI' 1954, "nagara vaizAlI 1954, "magadhapati' 1955, "mahAamAtya cANakya' 1955, "caMdragupta maurya' 1956, "samrATa caMdragupta' 1957, "priyadarzI azoka' 1958, "priyadarzI samrATa azoka 1958, "magadha senApati puSyamitra' 1959, "caulAdevI" (saMkSipta) 1960, "kumAradevI 1960, "gurjarapati mULarAjadeva" be bhAgamAM 1961, parAdhIna gujarAta" 1962, "caMdragupta maurya (saMkSipta) 1963, "bhAratasamrATa samudragupta" be bhAgamAM anukrame 1963, 1964, "dhruvadevI" 1966. Ama jumale batrIsa navalakathAo lakhI, jemAMnI sAta sAmAjika ane pacIsa aitihAsika che. etihAsika navalakathAo lakhavA mATenuM dhUmaketunuM AkarSaNa A kRtisaMkhyA mAraphata pragaTa thAya che. dhUmaketunI navalakathAonI saMkhyA TUMkI vArtAonA saMgrahane mukAbale moTI che. joke navalakathAracanAnI sarakhAmaNIe TUMkI vArtAnA lekhanamAMthI sarjaka tarIkeno yaza dhUmaketu vizeSa raLyA che. upara nedhela kRtisaMkhyAMka uparathI vArtAkAra dhUmaketunI racanAonA vaipulya ane sAtatyane ApaNane khyAla Ave che. sAmAjika navalakathAo dhUmaketue vAcakanA manoraMjana mATe navalakathAo lakhI che. paNa dhUmaketune mana ahI keI sastuM manaraMjana abhipreta nathI. "parAjayanI prastAvanAmAM dhUmaketu lakhe che: "mane raMjana karanArI vastuomAM navalakathAnI gaNatarI thAya che. paNa manoraMjana karanArAM ramakaDAM mAtra ramakaDAMrUpe rahI zake che...." manaraMjananA eka ramakaDA tarIke navalakathAlekhanane emaNe svIkAryuM nahotuM. vAcakanA raMjana athe navalakathA lakhAI che e vAta sAcI. paraMtu e raMjana dvArA vAcakanA vyaktitvanuM ghaDatara karavAno dhUmaketuno IrAdo hato. sAhityanA AnaMda pAse bIjA saghaLA AnaMda lUlaka lAge, kema ke sAhitya dvArA prApta thato AnaMda samarthane. - zaktizALIne AnaMda che, evo dhUmaketune abhiprAya hato. "rAjamuguTa" ane "pRthvIza" navalakathAo dvArA sAmAjika navalakathAnA lekhananA kSetre dhUmaketue praveza karyo. samakAlIna paribaLonI asara emanI

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pra. 13 ] dhUmaketu [ 523 sAmAjika navalakathAo upara varatAya che. AjhAdI pahelAMnAM dezI rajavADAMomAM prajAkIya jAgRti AvatI jatI hatI; prajAkIya caLavaLA zarU thaI hatI. gAMdhIjInI sarvavyApaka pratibhAnA saMsparzanA anubhava badhe thatA hatA. bhAratanA anya vistArAmAM tema ja dezI rajavADAMomAM svAtaMtryanI bhAvanAnuM sphuraNa thayuM hatuM.. gAmaDAnuM navAtthAna karavAnI tamannA, dalitasamabhAva jevI vRttie vyApaka banatI jatI hatI, dhUmaketunI sAmAjika navalakathAomAM AvAM samakAlIna sphuraNA pragaTayAM che. AvAM samakAlIna sphuraNeA ja pragaTAvavAM eve| navalakathAkAra dhUmaketunA uddeza nathI. 'parAjaya' ane 'ajitA'mAM praNayanuM Alekhana mahattvanuM sthAna dharAve che. dhUmaketunI sAmAjika navalakathAenAM pAtromAM Adarza mATenI dhUna jovAmaLe che. Adarza niSThA pragaTa karavAnI bAbatamAM dhUmaketunAM pAtronuM sAmya ramaNulAlanI dhyeyaniSTha pAtrasRSTi sAthe jAya che. ajitA'nA ajita, 'parAjaya'nA abhaya ane 'rudrazaraNu'nA avanIza AdaniSTha pAtro che. navalarAma trivedI A saMdarbha'mAM lakhe cheH ... dhUmaketunAM zrImaMta pAtro nirmAlya heAya che. paNa rakhaDu, nijAnaMdamAM masta ane muzkelIothI gherAyelAM emanAM garIbAImAM UcharelAM pAtro svamAna ane sattvanI kAI ajaba khumArI batAve che... dhUmaketunAM ghara bALIne tIratha karavA nIkaLI paDe tevAM pAtro judAM paDI Ave che. jhINAmAM jhINI dareka bAbatamAM hisAba mUkanAra gujarAtIone A kheparavA bAdazAhe ane AtmAnA amIra...aneAkhA ja lAge che. sAmAjika navalakathAnAM keTalAMka pAtro bhUtakALamAM sukhasAhekhI mANatAM cItarAyAM che. paraMtu vamAnamAM emane garIkhI bhAgavavAnI Ave che. joke, garIkhIthI e pAtro hataprabha thaI jatAM nathI. AvuM pAtranirUpaNu 'maMjhila nahi. kinArA', 'ajitA' ane parAjaya'mAM jovA maLe che. AthI UlaTI rIte kayAreka pAtro bhUtakALamAM garIba heAya ane vamAnamAM dhanADhaya ane evu' Alekhana paNa thayuM che. 'ajitA'nA jayasukhalAla, 'maMjhila nahi kinArA'nA IzvaracaMdra enAM udAharaNA che. zrImaMtAImAMthI garIbAI ane garIbAImAMthI zrImaMtAI, evI tarAha dhUmaketunI sAmAjika navalakathAomAM gAThavAI gaI che. sAmAjika navalakathAomAM garIbAI-zrIma'tAInI jema praNayatrikANu paNa dArAyele jovA maLaze. praNayatrikANunAM udAharaNA 'parAjaya', 'ajitA' ane 'rudrazaraNu'mAM maLaze. gAmaDAnuM zAMta sAduM jIvana jIvavAnI tamannA dhUmaketunI navalakathAmAM keTalIka vAra vyakta thAya cheH kAI vakhata ene vicAra AvI jatA...A badhI kaDAkUTa

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para4] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca. 4 karavA karatAM, nirAMte AvA nAnA gAmaDAmAM sthira thaI, ekAda jIvanasa gArthinI zeAdhI kADhI, ahI` ja ekAda bheMsa rAkhI, nAnIsarakhI dhIradhAra karI, AsapAsanAM gAmaDAMomAM oLakhANu pichANu vadhArI, AvaDe tevuM vaiduM karI, ghara baMdhAvI, thADuM svaccha phaLI rAkhI, ceDAM jhADa rApI jIvanavATikA racI kADhI hAya te| zuM khAtuM?' ('parAjaya', pR. 29). AvA dRSTibiMdumAM lekhakanA a'gata abhiprAya pragaTa thayA che ema tAravI batAvavuM muzkela che. chatAM ema lAge che ke dhUmaketunI jIvana mATenI aMgata mahecchA uparanAM vAkayomAM kadAca pragaTa thaI hoya. zikSitA, DaoNkaTarA, vakIla, ijanerA, amaladAro, samAjanA upalA tharanA le, ityAdi tarapha vArtAkAranA hradayanI sahAnubhUti heAya evuM jaNAtuM nathI. AjanI keLavaNI tarapha dhUmaketunI kaTAkSaSTi jaNAya che : ApaNI keLavaNIe je tvarAthI pAsenA gAmaDAnuM astitva bhulAvyuM che, te tvarAthI pelA gRhasthe javAba Apyo' ('parAjya', pR. 190). sAmAjika navalakathAomAM vAstavika jIvananirUpaNa karavAne dhUmaketunA prayAsa heAya che. grAmajIvananuM citraNa karatI vakhate gAmaDAnAM verajhera tarapha vArtAkAra AMgaLI cIMdhI batAve che. dezI rajavADAnI khaTapaTathI te mAhitagAra che. navalakathAmAM vAstavikatAnA nirUpaNanI sAthe dhUmaketu peAtAne priya evI AdarzaniSThAne vIsaratA nathI. vAcanakSama zailImAM A navalakathAe racAI che. aitihAsika navalakathAo dhUmaketunA cittamAM kazeAravayathI ja itihAsanI vAtA sAMbhaLavA ane vAMcavAnuM AkaNa jAmeluM hatuM. lekhananI kArakidInA AraMbhamAM ja dhUmaketue 'siddharAja jayasiMha' ane 'kumArapALa' jevA aitihAsika viSaya uparanA nikhadhA lakhyA hatA, temAM itihAsa paratvenA emanA cittaneA jheka jovA maLe che. A nibaMdha vAMcIne munazIe dhUmaketune patramAM lakheluM: tamArA kumArapALa ane siddharAjanA niba Mdhoe mAruM dhyAna kheceluM. mane lAgelu` ke mArI peThe ja vicAra karanArA eka mANasa che kharA.' ItihAsa mATenA AvA AkaSa~NunA khIjamAMthI aitihAsika navalakathAnu eka vRkSa pAchaLathI racAyu. aitihAsika navalakathAnA lekhanamAMthI munazIne maLelA yazane kAraNe dhUmaketunA cittamAM evI kRti racavAnA saLavaLATa kadAca jAgyA hAya. dhUmaketunI prakRti eka rAmaeNnTika sarjakanI. AvI prakRtine kAraNe jvala'ta bhUtakALamAMthI kathAkhIja laIne aitihAsika kRti racavAnuM dhUmaketune dila thayuM... hAya te paNa saMbhavita gaNAya. parataMtra dezanA lekhakane svamAna ane

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pra. 13] dhUmaketu [para5: AtmagauravanI prasthApanA arthe jAjvalyamAna itihAsa tarapha vaLavAnuM dila thAya e svAbhAvika lAge che. itihAsanI prApya hakIkatone zakya teTalA pramANamAM vaphAdAra rahIne aitihAsika navalakathAo lakhavAnuM dhUmaketunuM valaNa che. aitihAsika tathyane kALajIpUrvaka bhegAM karavAnI cIvaTa dhUmaketumAM dekhAya che. sAre evo zrama uThAvIne caulukya ane guptayugane lagatI navalakathAonAM sAdhano dhUmaketuo ekaThAM karyA che. munazInI navalakathAomAM "itihAsa" ane "kathA" e bemAM kathA taraphano. jhukAva vizeSa jovA maLe che, dhUmaketune kathA racavI che, paNa e kathAnuM aitihAsikapaNuM jALavavAnI munazIne mukAbale dhUmaketumAM vizeSa khevanA che. sAhityakRti tarIke konI aitihAsika navalakathAo caDiyAtI H munazInI ke dhUmaketunI ? e prazna puchAya te sahaja rIte javAba maLavAno ke munazInI aitihAsika navalakathAomAM dhUmaketunI e prakAranI kRtionI tulanAe sAhityaguNa. vizeSa che. Ama chatAM, ItihAsa pratye vaphAdArI jALavavAnI tamannA, AgaLa noMdhyuM tema, dhUmaketumAM vadhAre che. aitihAsika navalakathAnA lekhanamAM munazIe. pADela cIle dhUmaketu AgaLa vadhyA che; dhUmaketue aitihAsika navalakathAnA lekhanane kSetre maulika pradAna karyuM nathI. aitihAsika navalakathAomAM ItihAsa ane kathAne zo saMbaMdha hovo joIe, e prazna ApaNuM vivecanasAhityamAM ThIkaThIka carcA che. dhUmaketu A saMdarbhamAM kahe che: "khIcaDImAM jevuM mIThuM, tevuM navalakathAmAM ItihAsatattva mAnavuMH tethI vizeSa nahi ane ochuMye nahi." ItihAsatattvanuM mahattva spaSTa rIte svIkArIne navalakathAlekhananA bIja ghaTakanI agatya vize paNa dhUmaketu sAthosAtha nirdeza karI le che. bhUtakALanA khAtaramAMthI vartamAnanI bhayane kasavALI banAvavAne dhUmaketune IrAdo che. AvA hetuthI prerAIne dhUmaketue aitihAsika navalakathAnA lekhana mATe be kALa pasaMda karyA jaNAya cheH gujarAtanA itihAsane suvarNakALa gaNute solaMkIyuga ane bhAratanA ItihAsane e ja tabakako guptayuga, caulukya navalakathAvalimAM gujarAtanA aikya ane ezvarya mATenI khevanA ane guptayuga, graMthAvalimAM samagra bhArata dezanI ekatA ane AbAdI mATenI vArtAkAranI mahecchA pragaTa thaI che. dezanI bhUtakALanI bhavyatAne vartamAnakALamAM mUrtimaMta karavAne vArtAkArane manabhAva jaNAya che.

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para6] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 navalakathAnuM eka prakaraNa pUruM thatuM hoya tyAM koI navA prasaMganuM bIja dhUmaketu nAkhe che. e rIte vAcakanI jijJAsAne jAgrata rAkhI, vArtAnA derane AgaLa laMbAvavAnI dhUmaketunI AvI paddhatine paricaya emanI sAmAjika tathA etihAsika ubhaya prakAranI navalakathAomAM thAya che. vAcakanI prAthamika kakSAnI kutUhalavRttine jAgrata rAkhavAnI dhUmaketunI A paddhati sAmAnya keTanI lAge che. vAcakanA kutUhalane jAgrata rAkhavA mATe dhUmaketu kaI keyaDo ke bhedabharamanI vAta paNa kathAvastumAM gUthI letA hoya che. gupta rastAone thato upayoga, pAnuM chupAI javuM, chupAIne bhedabharama pAmI javuM ityAdi tarakIbathI navalakathAmAM jAsUsI vArtAnuM vAtAvaraNa lekhaka janmAve che. prAthamika kakSAnI rucivALA vAcakanI dhULa jijJAsAvRttine saMtoSavAnI nemathI A navalakathAo lakhAI hoya tevI chApa paDyA vinA rahetI nathI. lekhakanI evI nema na hoya to paNa navalakathAkalAnuM UMcuM nizAna teo sara karI zakyA nathI, evuM lAge che. lagabhaga sarakhA prakAranA prasaMgenuM punarAvartana e dhUmaketunI navalakathAenI eka maryAdA che. AvA punarAvartanane kAraNe kathAvastunuM pota pAMkhuM paDI jAya che. pAtralakSaNonuM varNana lekhaka ThIka ThIka pramANamAM kare che. tethI pAtranA pratyakSa vyavahAramAMthI pAtralakSaNe UpasI Ave evI AkAMkSA saMtoSAtI nathI. A muddAne anulakSamAM rAmaprasAda zukala nedha kare cheH "avaMtInAtha'mAM siddharAjanA paraduHkhabhaMjanapaNAnuM zabdacitra vadhu pramANamAM che. enA vartanamAMthI ja e pratyakSa thAya evA prasaMge yojAyA nathI (1948-49nuM graMthastha vADamaya, pR. 24). pAtranirUpaNanI govardhanarAmanI varNanAtmaka paddhatine dhUmaketu ThIkaThIka Azraya le che. pAtranirUpaNamAM koI vakhata pramANabhAna cUkI javAya che. "ajita bhImadevanA "caulAnuM nRtya" e prakaraNamAM caulAnI mudrAo, caraNagati, nayanAbhinaya ityAdimAM lekhakanI kalpanA sAmarthyanuM pramANa ghaNuM vadhI jAya che. e prakaraNa vAMcatAM ApaNane avazya ema thaI Ave che ke ATaluM badhuM na karyuM hata te ThIka thAta (1953-54nuM graMthastha vADmaya, pR. 89, rAmaprasAda bakSI). dhUmaketunI atihAsika navalakathAonAM pAtronAM lakSaNenI eka paddhati baMdhAI gaI che. udAharaNa tarIke, A navalakathAnA saradAra ane rAjAe yuddhavIra hoya che. paraMtu e yuddhavIro moTe bhAge emane maMtrIonI buddhi vaDe ja doravAya che. mutsaddIgIrInA dAvapeca khelatA maMtrIonI sahAya vinA kSatriya saradAro ane rAjavIonA yuddhavIrapaNunI kaI visAta nathI, evI chApa paDe che. atihAsika navalakathAmAM yuddha Ave ane rAjakhaTapaTa Ave. rAjakhaTapaTanA ustAda maMtrI

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pra. 13] dhUmaketu [ 527 hAya che. matrIe Ave eTale emAM mukhyamatrIpada pAmavA mATenI spardhA Ave ja. Ane pariNAme dhUmaketunI navalakathAomAM ekavidhatA Ave che. khAdya dRSTie judIjudI navalakathAmAM vividha prasaMgeA banatA dekhAya che, paraMtu vaividhyanuM A eka maheAru che. e mahAru' haThAvI letAM ekavidhatAneA mukhavaTA UpasI Ave che. dhUmaketunI ekaladekila navalakathA vAcanakSama lAge. paraMtu badhI navalakathAone sAmaTI jotAM ekasUrApaNAnI chApa UThayA vinA rahetI nathI. udAharaNa tarIke, mahAmAtyanuM pAtra eka khIbAmAMthI ghaDAyelu varatAya che. caulukaya navalakathAvalinA dAmAdara, sAMta, muMjAla ane udayana tathA guptayuga navalakathAmALAnA vakAra, cANukaca, rAdhAgupta, pataMjali ane hariSaNa : A badhAnAM nAmeA` judAM che, paNa e sarvAM dhaDAyA che eka samAna AmyulA anusAra. te rAjakhaTapaTa khele che. emanI rAjakhaTapaTa sTorma ina e TI-kapa' jevI kayAreka lAge che. emanI pAse UcI kaniSThA che. kAsiddhi mATe mArga vacce AvatAM vighnA dUra karavAnI nizcayAtmakatA emanI pAse che. peAtAnA lakSyane siddha karavA mATe game tevuM sAdhana vAparatAM A maMtrIe khacakAtA nathI. dAmeAdara maMtrI kahe cheH mAruM dhruvapad tA pATaNanI mahattA che. e je vaDe thAya te zubha; e je vaDe vaNuse te azubha ('karNAvatI', pR. 191). dhUmaketunI navalakathAomAM--khAsa karIne guptayuga navalakathAvalimAM-- rAjakhImArInA prasa Mge| Ave che. rAjakhImArI Ave eTale bhiSagnarA paNa pravezavAnA. ekAda natikA ane tenA premamAM paDela kAI rAjakumAra ke kaLAkAra AvavAnA. nakImAM caulA ane AmrapAlInAM pAtrA jANItAM banyAM che. dhUmaketunAM strIpAtrA puruSapAtrA karatAM adhika tejasvI batAvAyAM che--sAmAjika tathA aitihAsika bhaya prakAranI navalakathAomAM. mahAamAtya cANakaya' jevI aitihAsika navalakathAmAM eka kadama AgaLa jaIne dhUmaketu nArI sainyanu nirUpaNa kare che. emAM zRMgAradevIne nArI sainyanI 'adhipatinI' batAvavAmAM AvI che. dhUmaketunI thAnI nAyikAe lalitakalA mATe abhiruci dharAvatI hAya che. teo kalAsvAminI paNu hAya che. kalA uparanA nAyikAnA svAmitvane kAraNe nAyakanA hradayamAM prema janmatA kayAreka darzAvavAmAM Ave che. AmrapAlI'mAM biMbisAra AmrapAlInA premamAM paDe che ane ajita bhImadeva'nA bhIma caulAnA premamAM paDe che. emAM kAraNabhUta vAta nAyikAnuM kalA uparanuM svAmitva hAya che.

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528 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [2*. 4 dhUmaketunI aitihAsika kathAomAM viSakanyAo Ave che, pakSIo ane prANIo Ave che; sAdhusaMnyAsIe paNa Ave che. vArtAmAM bhedabharama Ubhe karavA mATe sAdhunuM pAtra prayojatuM dekhAya che. kacAreka atiprAkRta (suparanecarala) Alekhana paNa thavAnAM. praNayanirUpaNu tA hAya ja. vaLI sAmAjika navalakathA hAya tA praNayatrikA paNa jovA maLavAnA. pAcitraNamAM pAtra vize badhuM vigate kahevAnA lekhakane zAkha che. vAcakanI kalpanAzakti upara pAtralAkSaNikatA gheADIghaNI vyaMjita rahe tevI rIte cheADI devAnuM lekhakane pasaMda nathI. saraLa prAsAdika vANImAM dhUmaketu vanA kare che. saMkSipta nahi, paNa vistRta varNanA rajU karavAnI dhUmaketune phAvaTa che. vAta rajU karatI vakhate jarUra karatAM vadhu mANu nAkhavAnI vArtAkArane Adata che. ethI navalakathAnI kriyA maMda paDI jAya che. rAyakaraNagheleA' navalakathAnuM vAcana vAcakane thakave evuM che. e hakIkatathI dhUmaketue cetavA jevuM che", evI anaMtarAya rAvaLe ApelI cetavaNI sAcI lAge che. ('samAleAcanA', pR. 113). dhUmaketu, joke, navalakathA lekhananA aMta sudhI cetalA" heAya evuM jaNAtuM nathI. vanA karatI vakhate zakacAzakayatAne khyAla lekhaka kayAreka vIsarI jAya che. priyadarzI azAka'mAM kAdavakIcaDa pAtharIne, rAteArAta kRtrima jaMgala UbhAM karIne, kAI tarapha agnibhaDAra khaDakIne pratispardhInA sainyane AgaLa vadhatuM aTakAvavAnuM varNana Ave che, temAM atizayoktinA gherA raMga vadhAre ane yathAtAnI mAtrA ochI jaNAze. dhUmaketunI kathAemAM vicArabiMdue rajU thayA karatAM aAya che. A vicArabiMdue pAtranI maneAbhUmikAmAM pragaTelAM heAya evuM jaNAtuM nathI. pAtranA avAjarUpe nahi, paNa lekhakanA avAjarUpe A vicArabiMdue rajU thayAM che, tene eka maryAdA gaNI zakAya. AvAM vicArabiMdue vArtAnA samagra pravAhamAM samarasa thaI gayelAM heAya evuM anubhavAtuM nathI. (ananvaya alaMkArathI yitavyane uThAva ApavAnI dhUmaketunI rIta lAMbe gALe cavAI gayelI lAge che.) binajarUrI prastArane kAraNe navalakathAnA dehamAM AvatI zithilatA, prasaMge ane pAtrAnA thatA punarAvanane kAraNe janmatI ekavidhatA, kathAvikAsanI asamatAla ti jevI dhUmaketunI kathanakalAnI maryAdAo jANItI banI che. navalikAkAra tarIke dhUmaketune jeTalA yaza prApta thayeA che teTalA navalakathAkAra tarIke prApta thayeA nathI. Ama chatAM, suvAcyatA e dhUmaketunI navalakathAonA dhyAna kheMce teve guNu che. A leAkapriya navalakathAe UMcI sAhityika guNavattAnI kATie paheAMcI

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pra. 13] dhUmaketu A [para9 zakI nathI. paNa e kRtioe taMdurasta manaraMjana pUruM pADyuM che te vAta nakkI. ujajavala bhAvanAo ane UMcI AdarzamayatA dhUmaketunI navalakathAonuM- vizeSe etihAsika kathAonuM eka lakSaNa banI rahe che. caulAdevI' pAtrAlekhana ane vArtArasanI AkarSakatAnI dRSTie dhyAna kheMce evI kRti banI che. navalakathAmAM prakRtidarzana karAvatAM kartAnI kalama jhaLake che. ane keAI vAra lakhANa kAvyakoTi sudhI pahoMce che. "avaMtInAtha siddharAja'-3mAM dhUmaketue eka siddhahasta vArtAkAranI Dhabe tyAga bhaTTanI upakathAne mukhya vastumAMthI svata:kalita thatI batAvI che (1948-49nuM graMthastha vADamaya). guptayuganI navalakathAomAM "AmrapAlI', "mahAamAtya cANakya' ityAdi prasiddha thayelI che. samrATa azoka aMge racelI be kathAomAM azokano kaliMgavijaya, tyAra pachI ene thatA pazcAttApa jevA prasaMge asarakAraka rIte rajU thayA che. guptayuga navalakathAvalinA nAnAmoTA prasaMgomAM "ItihAsa-sAmagrI niyojavAnI zakti dekhAya che." gujarAtI navalakathAnA itihAsamAM dhUmaketunuM kaI viziSTa arpaNa nathI. ucca AzayovALI vAcanakSama navalakathAo ApI janAra lekhaka tarIke dhUmaketune ullekha, alabatta, thatA raheze. lalitetara sAhitya lokazikSaka dhUmaketu: vArtAkAra tarIke dhUmaketu prasiddha che. jo ke, dhUmaketue lagabhaga badhAM ja gadyasvarUpa para hAtha ajamAvyo che. ThaMDI kuratA ane bIjAM nATako' (1942)mAM dhUmaketue spaSTa rIte hetulakSI kahI zakAya tevI nATayakRtio ApI che. "ItihAsanI tejamUtio-1, 2 (1953, 1959), "jIvanaghaDataranI vAta", "jAtakakathAo', bALanATake, lekarAmAyaNa, mahAbhAratanI kathAo' (1960), 'upaniSadakathAo (1950) ItyAdi bahusaMkhya kRtio lekabhogya zailImAM dhUmaketue racI che. bAlasAhitya ane prauDhasAhityanI A racanAo lekazikSaNa ApavAnA irAdAe thayelI che. bALake, navazikSita ane alpazikSita kI mATe upayogI bane tevuM ziSTasAhitya racavAnI sevA lokazikSaka dhUmaketue bajAvI che. "gItAMjali' (1957) anuvAda, paghareNu, "rajakaNuM, "jalabiMdu', meghabiMdu vagere aneka kRtio emaNe ApI che. jibrAnanuM jIvanadazanaH "jibrAnanI jIvanavANa' (1949), "jibrAnanuM jIvanasvapna' (1958), "jibrAnanuM jIvanadarzana' (1961), "jibrAnanAM jIvanamauktike' (1979) e cAra pustake mAraphata khalila jibrAnanA jIvanavicArane gu. sA. 34

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530 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ tha. 4 dhUmaketue gujarAtane paricaya karAvyo che. kizAralAla mazarUvALAe 'vidAya veLAe' ('The Prophet') ApIne gujarAtanuM dhyAna khalila jibrAna pratye paheluM kheMceluM. jibrAnanuM bhAvanAraMgyu. ciMtana dhUmaketunA mAnasane jace evu che. huM lakhatA hatA, paNu lakhANa mane lakhI rahyuM hatuM.' e te dhUmaketunuM eka priya jibrAnakathana hatuM. muktavihAra karatuM, kAI phrikAmAM na baMdhAtuM, rasika dRSTAMtAthI zobhatuM, sUtrAtmaka uktiovALu` khalila jibrAnanuM Urmirati ciMtanasAhitya mugadha rasika' vAyakAne bhAve tevuM che. [jibrAna aMgenAM dhUmaketunAM pustakAmAM eka ne eka kathananAM kayAMka punarAvata nA thAya che. 'jibrAnanI jIvanavANI'mAM 'yApAtra prazna' vize je kathana thayu che te ja kathana 'jibrAnanI jIvanavATikA'mAM thADA zabdAMtare thayelu che (pR. 127), (pR. 21). AvuM nabaLuM 'eDiTaMga' dhUmaketunI uttara avasthAnAM lakhANAmAM jovA maLe che.] hAsyarasanI kRti : hAsyarasanI niLadhikAe lakhavAnA hetu dhyAna samakSa rAkhI dhUmaketue 'pAnagAkhI' (1942) Apela che. navalarAma ja, triveDIe 'pAnASThI'nA 'gujarAtanuM hAsya' nAme Amukha lakhelA che. gujarAtanA hAsyalekhakAnI sRSTimAM dhUmaketune e AmukhamAM AvakAra apAyA che. paNa emAM dhUmaketunI 'pAnagaiAkhI'nI hAsyakRtienI lAkSaNikatAe vize eka zabda kahevAyA nathI, kadAca evA zabda kahI zakAya tevA navalarAma mATe avakAza nahi hAya. dhUmaketune naisargika hAsyavRtti varelI nathI. 'pAnagoSThI'mAM hAsyanA spaMda anubhavI zakAtA nathI. hAsya janmAvavA mATe dhUmaketune ghaNuM kaSTa uThAvavuM paDe che. ane Ama chatAM, e kaSTa hAsyapariNAmadAyI nIvaDatuM nathI. huM paNa vinAda karI zakuM chu" evI kAMIka sabhAna maneAvRttithI prerAIne hAsya janmAvavAnA dhUmaketu niSphaLa prayAsa kare che. hAsyarasanI kRtio savAnA udyama dhUmaketue zA mATe karyAM haze enuM 'pAnageASThI'nA vAcana bAda ApaNane Azcarya rahe che. pravAsavarNana : 'pagaDhaDI'(1940)mAM I. 1926 ane enI AsapAsanAM varSo daramiyAna lakhAyelAM pravAsavarNanA samAvAyAM che. I. 1926nA gALA eTale dhUmaketunA lekhaka tarIkenA AraMbhakALa, paraMtu e AraMbhakALa daramiyAna TUMkI vArtAnA kSetre emaNe je tejalasATA AMkI ApyA che tenI sAthe sarakhAmaNI karI zakAya evuM vittavALuM sana 'pagadaMDI'mAM prApta thatuM nathI. himAlayanA pradezamAM lekhake paribhramaNA karelAM che. e paribhramaNeAmAMthI hRdayapalaTA' jevI TUMkI vArtA janmI che. romaeNnTika skUlanA eka sarjIka dhUmaketunI vArtAomAM dekhAtI gokuLiyA

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pra. 13 ] dhUmaketu [ 531 gAmanI kalpanAnuM mULa kadAca A pagadaMDImAM raheluM che. "lIlI nAghera'nI vADIenuM A varNana eka udAharaNa tarIke vAMcoH "Thera Thera AMbAnA jhADa nIce chokarAM ramatAM hoyaH reTa para duhA lalakArAtA hAyaH mora ne koyala bolI rahyAM hAyaH ne cAsaTiyAmAMthI tAjI tAjI sugaMdhI cAlI AvatI hoya. . . bane tarapha gheghUra jhADavAM mUkI rahyAM hAya . . ." ("pagadaMDI', 3jI AvRtti, pR. 36). A varNana khoTuM che ema nahi, paraMtu hAlanI yaMtrodyogapradhAna ane vistaratI jatI zaherI sabhyatAnI vacce e khUba dUranA bhUtakALanuM kavesAI varNana lAge to navAI nahi. dhUmaketunAM pravAsavarNane kyAMka zALA-kaeNlejanA varNananI kakSAnAM jaNAya che: "pRthivI mAtAe nIlI sADI dhAraNa karI hoya tema taLATInAM sarva sthAne vRkSothI bharapUra dekhAtAM hatAM (pR. 104). khIlelAM puSpo para bhramara guMjArava karI rahyo che, pakSIo nirbhaya banI kudaratanAM gahana ane gaMbhIra sutro paDhI rahyAM che, sthaLe sthaLe navInatA bharI che (pR. 107). "saurASTranI suMdarI pagathI mAthA sudhI nIlI sADI oDhI bharanidrAmAM paDI hoya......" (pR. 113). kAkAsAheba kAlelakara, sundarama, candravadana ityAdinAM pravAsavarNanenI sarakhAmaNImAM "pagadaMDI'nAM varNane kaI zikhAu lekhake lakhyAM hoya te kakSAnAM jaNAya che. jIvanavicAraNaH gujarAta, gujarAtI bhASA, grAmajIvana, grAmapunarracanA, keLavaNI, patrakAratva, nATyakalA ityAdi vizenA dhUmaketunA nibaMdha ane laghunibaMdho jIvanavicAraNA (1970)mAM saMgharAyA che. jIvanavicAraNAnA AmukhamAM anaMtarAya rAvaLe (1) talasparzI zAstrIya paryAlocaka ane (2) samAjazreyAthI ciMtanarasika vacceno bheda pADIne dhUmaketune talasparzI zAstrIya paryAlocaka tarIke nahi, paraMtu samAjahitaciMtA haiye dharanAra eka ciMtanarasika lekhaka tarIke oLakhAvela che. dhUmaketunA vicAro sAthe sahamata thaI zakAya ke na thaI zakAya, e vicAranI dhUmaketu pUratI prAmANikatA vize matabheda rahe tema nathI. dhUmaketunA vicAronA UMDANathI agara to e vicAronI sugrathita rajUAtathI vAcaka kadAca prabhAvita na thAya. paraMtu "jIvanavicAraNuM' vAMcatI vakhate eka "raMgadazI prakRtinA sAhityakAranA satsaMgane anubhava to evA AzaMkita vAcakane paNa thavAne. Adhunika samAjajIvananA prazno dhUmaketu kayAreka itihAsadRSTi rAkhI vicAre che. jIvanane aneka biMduoe sparzavAne dhUmaketune udyama che. AjanI keLavaNImAM vicArajIvanane pratyakSa AcArajIvana sAthe kevo viccheda racAya che tenI

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pa32] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa ci . 4 vAta dhUmaketu mArmika rIte kahe che. AjanI keLavaNI kriyArahita jJAna ApI rahI che ene lekhakane aphasosa che. joke, jJAnarahita kriyAnA teo himAyatI nathI. jJAna ane kriyAno samanvaya temane iSTa che. dhUmaketu vicArasaraNImAM ghaNI vAra samanvaya(suvarNamadhya)nA puraskartA jaNAya che. gAmaDAmAM pUrvanI jaDatA ghara karI rahI che. zaheromAM pazcimanI dhamAla. A bannenI vacce zI rIte saMvAda thAya e ApaNA jIvanane pahelo prazna che (pR. 34).1 buddhi ane bhAvanA "kharI rIte ekabIjAnAM virodhI nahi, paNa pUraka to che" (pR. 172). gAMdhIjInA jamAnAmAM dhUmaketue lekhanakArya kareluM. gAMdhIjI tarapha lekhakane Adara che. ahiMsAne dhUmaketu hiMdu saMskRtinuM "aNameluM puSpa" gaNe che. Ama chatAM, dhUmaketune gAMdhIvAdI vicArasaraNanA lekhaka gaNI zakAya nahi gAMdhIvicArasaraNImAM reMTiyAnuM AgavuM mahattva che. dhUmaketune reTiyAne virodha nathI. paraMtu sarjaka hovAnA nAte jIvanamAM reMTiyo vattA raMgabhUmi(AnaMdavinoda)nA mahatvane teo umerI Ape che. "jIvanavicAraNanA nibaMdha svarUpanI daSTie sugrathita nathI jatA. kyAMka daSTibiMdu mArmika rIte pragaTa thayuM hoya ema anubhavAya, vaLI kyAMka Thosa vicArasAmagrInI ochapa varatAya. pustakanAM cArasoeka pAnanA daLanA pramANamAM vicArasaMprApti ochI thAya, kema ke dhUmaketunI paddhati patharATapUrvaka daSTibiMdu rajU karavAnI che.3 sAhityavicAraNAH dhUmaketue sAhityavivecaka thavAne keAI sabhAna prayatna karyo hoya evuM jaNAtuM nathI. gujarAtI, saMskRta ane aMgrejI sAhityanuM vizALa parizIlana dharAvanAra, anekavidha sAhityasvarUpanuM kheDANa karanAra dhUmaketu jevA prathitayaza sarjaka sAhityavivecana tarapha sahaja rIte vaLyA che. kavitAne jIvananAM sarva duHkhadardInA zAmaka tattva (cure-all) tarIke lekhaka oLakhAve che. dhUmaketunI sAhityavicAraNAmAM tIvra jIvanalakSitA rahelI che. lokajIvana-samUhajIvana-samAjajIvana sAthe sAhityanuM anusaMdhAna kaI rIte thaI zake tathA samAjajIvanane sAhitya taMdurasta ane dayeyagAmI kaI rIte banAvI zake tenI vicAraNA dhUmaketue sArI peThe karI che. - TUMkI vArtAnA eka prekiTasiMga ArTisTa' tarIke TUMkI vArtAnA svarUpa aMge gaSaNa emaNe karI che. TUMkI vArtA aMgenA gujarAtI sAhityavivecanane pAyo dhUmaketu tathA dvirephe nAkhI Ape che. TUMkI vArtA vize gujarAtamAM Aje svIkRta thayelA keTalAka vicAronAM bIja dhUmaketunA navalikAvivecanamAM joI zakAze. navalikAnA nAmamAMthI UThata vani navalanuM e TUMkAveluM svarUpa hoya evo

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pra. 13 ] dhUmaketu [533 AbhAsa Ubho kare che. e AbhAsane dUra karavAnuM kartavya dhUmaketue banAvyuM che. navalikAvicAra jevo "sAhityavicAraNane eka noMdhapAtra vibhAga "arthane che. mahA-AcArya AnaMdazaMkara dhruva', "kavivara hAnAlAla" ane "ApaNuM divya gAyaka meghANI" e vibhAganA hadayanA bhAvasparzavALA sArA aMjalilekha che, jyAre e ja vibhAganA ramaNalAla desAI vizenA "manahara zailIkAra' nAme laghu lekhanI dhUmaketu thoDI gapasapa karI aTakI jatA hoya, viSayanA marmane sparzavAnuM bAkI rAkhatA hoya, evI chApa paDe che. dhUmaketunI sAhityavicAraNuM eka svairavihAranI chApa UbhI kare che. jIvanavicAraNAnI jema sAhityavicAraNA' (1969)ne nibaMdhanI mAMDaNuM vyavasthita nathI. dhUmaketunAM sAhityaviSayaka lakhANamAM chUTAchavAyA skUliMga maLI Ave. paNa e phuliMgane ghATa baMdhAtuM nathI. sAhityakAra dhUmaketunI romaeNnTika prakRti tarapha AMgaLI cIMdhI ApaNuM vivecakee vicAraka ane sAhityasamIkSaka dhUmaketunI maryAdAne tapAsavAnuM valaNa rAkhyuM che. romaeNnTika skUlanA A vArtAkAramAM vivecakane Avazyaka evI tAlIma ane sajjatA...apekSavI e kAMIka vadhAre paDatuM che ema noMdhIne ramaNalAla jozIe paNa vivecaka dhUmaketunI maryAdAo aMge khulAso Apyo che ('dhUmaketunI bhAvasRSTi', pR. 149). dhUmaketue emarsananuM eka kathana TAMkayuM che : "What is the hardest task in the world? To think. duniyAnuM kaThinatama kArya vicAra karavAnuM che "jIvanavicAraNa, pR. 335). A vicAranA anusaMdhAnamAM ema kahI zakAze ke, "jIvanavicAraNA" tathA "sAhityavicAraNA'nA nibaMdho dhUmaketunI "vicAraNAnI puSTi ke pUrti ke durastI karI ApavAnI yA tene paDakAravAnI vicArottejanA" vAcakane pUrI pADe che. A arthamAM baMne dhyAnapAtra pustake gaNAya. jIvanacaritra kalikAlasarvajJa hemacaMdrAcAryanuM jIvanacaritra dhUmaketue lakhyuM che. dhUmaketunI saMkhyAbaMdha caulukya navalakathAonA sagaDa A jIvanacaritra taiyAra karavAmAM emaNe upayogamAM lIdhelI abhyAsa sAmagrI sudhI jAya che. vizvanAtha ma. bhaTTa-likhita jIvanacaritra "vIra narmadAnI kakSAnI kRti "zrI hemacaMdrAcArya (1939) banI zakI nathI. A jIvanacaritranuM eka AnuSagika mahatva aitihAsika navalakathAonA lekhana tarapha dhUmaketune dorI javAmAM raheluM che. "zrI hemacaMdrAcArya rasika rIte lakhAyuM che. vArtAkAra dhUmaketunI nirUpaNa kalAne lAbha A caritrakRtine sAMpaDayo che. hemacaMdrAcAryanA jIvananA prasaMgene dhUmaketue uThAvadAra zailImAM AlekhyA che. dhUmaketunA vAcanaphalakanI sAkSI pUratAM saMskRta ane aMgrejI bhASAnAM avataraNa, pAdadho vagere prasaMganirUpaNanI vacce

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pa34] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 AvyAM kare che. joke, AvI avataraNasAmagrI samagra jIvanacaritra sAthe samarasa thaI jatI hoya evI chApa paDatI nathI. hemacaMdrAcAryanA jIvanakArya vize saMzodhana mAgI letA keTalAka praznone dhUmaketue noMdhyA che. paNa ene ema nedhIne ja choDI dIdhA che. e vize saMzodhanAtmaka abhigama emaNe sevya nathI. Atmacaritra: I. 1892thI 1926 sudhInA kALanI dhUmaketunI AtmakathA jIvanapaMtha' (1949) ane jIvanaraMga' (1956) nAme be bhAgamAM rajU thaI che. e kALanA jamAnAno dhabakAra emAM jhilAyo che. I. 1926 pachInA gALAne jIvanasva" tathA "jIvanadarzana" nAme bIjA be graMthamAM AvarI levAne lekhakane irAde hatuM, je phaLIbhUta thaI zakyo nahi. vidyAthI dhUmaketu tathA lekhaka dhUmaketunI ghaDatarakathA "jIvanapaMthatathA "jIvanaraMga'mAM mukhyatve rajU thayelI che. AtmakathAnA A baMne bhAge suvAcya che. kyAMka Truth is sometimes stranger than fictionne anubhava thAya e prakAranA prasaMgo vAMcavA maLe che. - dhUmaketunI vArtAomAM UtaratA gaNAtA varganA mANasonuM citraNa maherabAnI dAkhala' nahi, paNa eka naisargika sahAnubhUtithI, svAbhAvika rIte, vArtAnA mahattvanAM pAtro lekhe karavAmAM Ave che. enuM kAraNa sAmyavAda agara gAMdhIvAdanA prabhAvamAM zodhavAnI jarUra nathI. evI mAnavasRSTi vacce dhUmaketu UcharyA che e pAyAnuM kAraNa che. "pelo laMgaDe, bhUtAvaLanI AkhI sRSTi rajU karatA rAjapUta, enI sAthe vAtamAM tAla purAvatI khAMTanI vidhavA bAI somala, pelI tetI DozI, bakAlI nararsa luvANa, sumarA, pIMjArA, khAMTa, kALI, rAvaLiyA, mIra, kAraDiyA rajapUta, bharavADa: eNkisama gokae pitAnI jIvanasmaraNAMjalimAM je paDozIemAM pote vacce hate emane saMbhAryA che, evA A haMmezanuM lAvIne haMmeza khAI janArA, nIcalAmAM nIcalA tharanA mArA pADozIomAMthI aneka te Aja divasa sudhI sAthe cAlyA AvyA che (pR. 9, pra. A ). lekhake nAnapaNamAM khUba rakhaDapaTTI karI che, ene kAraNe bhAtabhAtanA anubhavo maLyA. vIrapurathI jetapura sudhI page cAlIne roja bhaNavA jAya (AvavA-javAne soLa mAIla thAya). "vIrapurathI jetapura sudhInA cAra gAunA rastAe mane jeTale kalpanArasa pAye che teTale bhAgye ja bIjA koI rastAe pAye haze. (pR. 133). vArtArasane pahele caTake lagADyo lekhakanI mAtAe. reTiyo kAMtatAM kAMtatAM dhUmaketune ghaNI vArtAo kahelI. vIrapuranI AryasamAjI riyAsata vIrapura darabAramAM jIvarAja jozI atyaMta rasika Dhabe vArtAonuM kathana kare. e vArtA oe bALaka dhUmaketumAM "supta paDela vArtArasa jagADo." vIrapuramAM nimAyela heDamAstara nUramahammada phumakInAM patnI mariyama bIbI AgaLa dhUmaketue saMkhyAbaMdha

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pra. 13] dhUmaketu [535 vArtAo vAMcI hatI. emAMthI dhUmaketune sAhityarasa jAgyo. cauda-paMdara varSanI vaya sudhImAM "gujarAtI sAhityamAM koI pustaka te vakhata sudhInuM chapAyeluM evuM rahyuM nahi ke je meM vAMcyuM na hoya. khAsa karIne atihAsika navalakathAonuM, ema kalApInI Dhabe dhUmaketu pitAnI vAcanakephiyata noMdhe che (pR. 168). bIlakhAnA zrImannathurAma zarmAnA AnaMdAzramanA pustakAlayamAM thayeluM vAcana paNa dhUmaketunI lekhaka tarIkenI kArakirdImAM preraka nIvaDayuM che. pahelavaheluM lakhavAnuM tyAM zarU thayuM. dhUmaketunI gadyazailInA ghaDatara pAchaLa sudIrgha parizrama rahelo che. vArtAkAra tarIkenI kArakirdInA AraMbhamanA divasomAM goMDalamAM roja savAre cAra vAgye UThIne dhUmaketu lakhavA mATe besI jAya, ghAsaleTiyA phAnasanA ajavALe. e rIte seMkaDo pAnAMo lakhAyAM. AraMbhanA e divasenuM lagabhaga doDha hajAra pRthyanuM vaNuchANuM lakhANa thayuM haze. vArtAkAra tarIke dhUmaketunI siddhione vicAra karatI vakhate A AkarI tAlImane vIsaravAnI nathI. vyakti ane lekhaka dhUmaketunA ghaDataranI ghaNI rasika ane lekhakane samajavAmAM mArgadarzaka nIvaDe evI hakIkata AtmasthAnA baMne bhAgomAM seMdhAyelI che. tatkAlIna jamAnAne raMga, nikhAlasa satyakathana ane rasALa zailIne kAraNe dhUmaketunI AtmakathA dhyAnapAtra banI che. je rIte dhUmaketunA lalita sAhitya vibhAgamAM emanI TUMkI vArtAone agrasthAne mUkI zakAya, te rIte lalitetara sAhityasarjanamAM jIvanapaMtha ane jIvanaraMgane mokharAnuM sthAna ApI zakAya. 1. "pRthvI ane svargamAM vArtAne lekhaka calaNanA sikkAo ane chApelI neTanA vidhI jaNAya che: "navI noTee mANasane jevA mANasAI vinAnA banAvyA che evA bIjI koI vastuo banAvyA nahi hoya! Ano upAya che ? sikkAne nAza karo. vastuvinimayanI prathA calALAne badale juvAra lyo ne kapAsane badale vastra . dhIne badale dUdha Apo ne dUdha mATe chAza lyo" (pR. 377). Adhunika kALanA saMkula jIvanamAM (mANasane potAnI vizeSa nipuNatA pramANe jyAre kAmagIrI bajAvavAnuM banatuM jAya che tyAre) dhUmaketunI yojanA keTale aMze svIkArya ane vyavahAya gaNI zakAya? 2. zahera tathA gAmaDAnA jIvananAM sArAM tane samanvaya karavAnuM lekhakane abhimata che. paraMtu A avataraNane tarkasaMgata artha jaDatA ane dhamAla vacce saMvAda sAdhavAne thAya che. gAmaDAnA susta jIvanamAM ISTa pravRttisaMcAra thAya ane dhamAlathI bharelA zaherI jIvanamAM zAMtino anubhava thAya evuM lekhakaabhipreta maMtavya emanAM vAkyomAMthI phalita thatuM nathI. 3. nibaMdhanI nIce prakAzanasAla ApI nathI. enI sAla noMdhI hota to lekhakajIvanane kayA tabakke A kRtio lakhAI che tene abhyAsIone aMdAja maLI zakta.

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prakaraNa 14 jhaveracaMda meghANI (I. 1896-1947) jIvana "huM pahADanuM bALaka chuM"--pitAne pahADanA bALaka tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM gaurava anubhavanAra jhaveracaMda meghANIne janma 28-8-1896 nA divase saurASTranA pAMcAla pradezanA coTIlA gAme vaNika kuTuMbamAM thaye hato. temanA vaDavAonuM vatana garakAMThAnuM gAmaDuM lekhAtuM bhAyANInuM bagasarA. temanA pitA kALidAsa kAThiyAvADa ejansI polIsanA eka nAnA darajjAnA amaladAra hatA. pitAnI vAraMvAra badalI thatI hovAthI temane zikSaNakALa sagAMvahAlAMne tyAM rAjakoTa, bagasarA, amarelI vagere sthaLoe vItyA hatA. mAtra vaeNkezanane samaya kuTuMba sAthe gALavAno lahAvo maLato. A gALAmAM temanA pahADanA saMskAra thoDA thoDAyA pilAtA rahyA kAraNa ke pitAnA nivAsanAM coka, dAThA, camAraDI, lAkhApAdara vagere thANAM gIramAM, pahADamAM ke nadInerAMvALI vAMkI ne vikarALa jagyAo upara sthapAyelAM hatAM. sAhityakAra meghANane poSaka nIvaDanAra soraThanI vanaprakRti ane janaprakRtinA saMskAra A rIte jhilAyA. zALAjIvana daramiyAna kalApInAM kAvya darda sabhara kaMThe gAIne mitramAM "vilApI' tarIke paMkAyA. 1912mAM maeNTrikanI parIkSA pasAra karI. 1916mAM aMgrejI-saMskRta sAthe bI.e. thayA. bhAvanagaranI sanAtanadharma hAIskUlamAM khaMDasamayanA zikSaka tarIke nokarI svIkArIne ema.e.ne abhyAsa karavAnuM vicAryuM. paraMtu moTAbhAInI mAMdagIne kAraNe e abhyAsa rajhaLato mUkIne temane kalakattA javuM paDayuM ane tyAM ja jIvaNalAlana eNlyuminiyamanA kArakhAnAmAM aMgata maMtrI tarIke joDAyA. baMgALI bhASA-sAhityane paricaya keLavavAnI taka ApoApa maLI AvI. vyavasAya aMge traNeka mAsa vilAyata paNa jaI AvyA. pAchA AvyA pachI be varasa kArakhAnAmAM rahyA paNa jIvane jaMpa vaLe nahi. sAhityajIvanano - umAzaMkara jozI umere che tema saurA no paNa - dunivAra sAda temane vatanamAM pAchA bolAvatA hatA. eka murabbI mitrane patramAM lakhyuM, "aMdhAruM thatuM jAya che. godhUlino vakhata thaI gayo. vagaDAmAMthI pazuo pAchAM Ave che. enA kaMThanI TokarIne gaMbhIra avAja kAne paDe che. maMdiramAM jhAlara vAgavA lAgI. huM paNa ekAda be mAsamAM pAcho AvuM chuM. dharAIne AvuM chuM jIvananI A gadhUline samaye - aMdhakAra ne prakAzanI

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pra. 14] jhaveracaMda meghANI [ 537 mArAmArIne vakhate, mAro govALa mane belAvI rahyo che. huM raste nahi bhUluM. enA sAdane huM oLakhuM chuM. huM baMdhahIna nathI ema kahevA deje."1 patrane aMte vatanamAM pAchA vaLavAne umaLake ane adhIrAI pragaTa karanAra vilakSaNa sahI karI "li. huM AvuM chuM." nigUDha vatanasAdanA derAyA kalakattAnI ujajavaLa kArakidI mUkI bagasarA pAchA AvelA meghANa DAka samaya dizAzUnya banI gayA. khetI, vepAra, zikSakanI nokarI-zuM pasaMda karavuM tenI gaDamathalamAM paDayA. gaDamathalanA A gALAmAM temanA bhAvi jIvananI rekhA AMkanArI traNa mahatvanI ghaTanAo banI. eka, nAnapaNathI ja temanA para vAtsalyabhAva rAkhanAra haDALAnA sAhityarasika darabAra vAjasUravALAne paricaya tAje thayo. vAjasUravALA temanI ThAvakI bAnImAM jUnI lekakathAo kahetA tema ja khAsa temane mATe zodhAvI zedhAvIne vArtAkAra, rAvaLA, cAraNene haDALA teDAvatA. darabAranI putrIo kAThI lagnagIto gAI saMbhaLAvatI. Ama lokasAhityane pAke raMga caDyo. bIjuM, jetapuranA bhadra kuTuMbanI kanyA damayaMtIbahena sAthe lagnagraMthithI joDAyA. trIju, vaDIla mitra gulAbacaMdabhAInA kuTuMba sAthe navadaMpatIe saurASTranAM bhinnabhinna sthaLono pravAsa karyo. A pravAsanA pariNAme motInI DhagalIo', "amararasanI pyAlI, ane "rAne pikAra" lekha lakhAyo. jIvananI keAI dhanya kSaNe temaNe "corAne pikAra' nava mAsa pUrve ja nIkaLelA sAptAhika saurASTra para mokalI Apyo. te lekhathI prabhAvita thaIne taMtrI amRtalAle temane rANapura teDAvIne saurASTranA taMtrImaMDaLamAM sthAna ApyuM. 1922mAM dizAzUnya meghANane pitAne yogya dizA sAMpaDI gaI. "saurASTranA upakrame temanI sAhityika kArakidI vikasI. TAgoranI kathA e kAhinI'nuM temanuM rUpAMtara ane temanuM prathama pustaka "DozImAnI vAto'ya pragaTa thayAM. pravAsane mATe mokaLAza maLatAM saptAhanA traNa divase zukra, zani, ravimAM TheraThera bhaTakIne bhegI karelI lokasAhityanI sAmagrImAMthI "saurASTranI rasadhAra' vagerene ghATa ghaDAyo. 'misarane muktisaMgrAma', "haMgerIne tAraNahAra', "saLagatuM AyarlenDa vagere pustikAo lakhAI. 1926mAM patrakAratvane kAvAdAvAthI kaMTALIne thoDoka samaya nivRtti lIdhI. 1928mAM lokasAhityanA saMzodhana mATe "raNajitarAma suvarNacaMdraka prApta thaye. 1930mAM satyAgrahanA prathama saMgrAmamAM joDAvAnA pAyA vagaranA Aropasara be virasanI kedanI sajA pAmyA. 1932mAM rAjakIya kAraNosara "saurASTra baMdha thatAM

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538] gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [caM. 4 mitroe maLIne sAhitya ane ItihAsanuM sAptAhika "phUlachAba' zarU karyuM. paraMtu thoDA samaya bAda "phUlachAba'ne rAjakIya raMge raMgavAnuM nakkI thatAM temAMthI te khasI gayA. 1933mAM temanAM patnIe agnisnAna karyuM. saurASTra choDIne muMbaI gayA. tyAM amRtalAlanA janmabhUminA sAhityika kalama "kalama ane kitAba'nuM saMpAdana saMbhALyuM. 1934mAM nepALanAM vidhavA sannArI citrAdevI sAthe lagna karyA. 1936mAM "phUlachAba baMdha paDe tevI sthiti sarjAtAM saurASTra jaIne tene dora hAthamAM lIdhuM ane 1945 sudhI tenuM saMcAlana saMbhALyuM. 1943mAM "Thakkara vasanajI mAdhavajI vyAkhyAnamALA'nA upakrame zrotAothI chalakAtA sabhAgRhamAM sAhityanuM samAlocana" e viSaya para pAMca vyAkhyAna ApyAM. 1946mAM "mANasAInA dIvA' mATe "mahIDA pAritoSika meLavyuM. e ja varSe rAjakoTa sAhitya pariSadanA sAhitya vibhAganA pramukhanuM sthAna zobhAvyuM. 1947mAM beTAdamAM 9mI mArcanI rAte pacAsa varSanI vaye hRdaya baMdha paDavAthI avasAna thayuM. AyuSyanI ardhazatAbdInI prathama pacIsI sAhityasarjanakSetre lagabhaga niSkriya ja rahI che. bIjI pacIsImAM temaNe lokasAhityanuM saMpAdana, kavitA, TUMkI vArtA, navalakathA, vivecana vagere vividha viSayone AvarI letA 88 graMtha racyA. temanA sAhityane ghaDanArAM mukhya paribaLo pAMca cheH lekasAhitya, soraThI samAjajIvana, gAMdhIprerita yugacetanA, patrakAratva ane parabhASAnA sAhityane paricaya. meghANInI kiMcita sarjakatA A paribaLo sAthenA sumeLathI A kAlakhaMDanA sAhityamAM meghANI sAhityanI eka nokhI bhAta upasAve che. ApaNe temanA A sAhityapradAnanuM viSayavAra vihaMgAvalokana karIeH sAhitya lokasAhityanuM saMpAdana | meghANIne je avAja bolAvatA hatA te je kevaLa sAhityane ja avAja heta to temane saurASTrane kheLa pAchA pharavAnI jarUra ja na paData. kalakattAmAM beThAM beThAM ja te sAhityasarjana karI zakyA hota. paraMtu temane je sAhitya belAvatuM hatuM te eka viziSTa prakAranuM sAhitya - soraThI sAhitya--hatuM. temanI bhItaranI bhayamAM temane potAne paNa akaLa rIte jUnA rasanAM jharaNAM vahyA karatAM hatAM. darabAra vAjasUravALAe pANakaLAnI jema e jharaNa tarapha dhyAna devuM ane meghANIne svadharma samajAI gayo. lokasAhityanuM sevana, saMzodhana, saMpAdana, samAlocana e temanuM jIvanakArya banyuM. temanI kalama kavitA, navalikA, navalakathA, vivecana vagere aneka sAhityaprakAromAM viharI hovA chatAM gujarAtI sAhityamAM

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pra. 14] jhaveracaMda meghANI [pa39 temanuM ciraMjIva arpaNa to lokasAhityane kSetre ja gaNAze. umAzaMkara jozI paranA patromAM te lakhe che ke, "mAre paNa bIjI koI pratiSThA joItI nathI. lokasAhityanI eka ja kalagI basa che ne ene vindicate karavA mATe mArI pAse ghaNuM che." "mAruM itara lekhana jarUra jarUra bhale bhUMsAI jAo. (ne bhUMsAIja jaze te !) huM phakta ekalI lokasAhityanuM nAma laIne Ubho rahIza. emAM rahelI nAnama paNa mane mArI potAnI lAgaze."3 meghANInAM A vidhAnanI yathArthatA svayaMsiddha che. lokasAhityanA kSetre meghANInI pratiSThAnuM kAraNa e nathI ke atyAra sudhI vaNakheDAyelA A kSetrane teo pahelI vakhata kheDe che. lekasAhityanuM samAlocanInA trIjA vyAkhyAnamAM temaNe pote ja potAnA purogAmIo tarIke dalapataphArbasa, narmada, mahIpatarAma, pArasI saMpAdaka pha, ba, kInakeIDa vagerenI neMdha lIdhI ja che. arvAcIna yuganA AraMbhakALathI ja lokasAhityanAM paDa UkalatAM AvatAM hatAM. chatAMya sAcA prAraMbhakAra te meghANI ja gaNAvAne pAtra che kAraNa ke temanA purogAmIonuM mULabhUta kAryakSetra lokasAhitya na hatuM, keTalAka te ziSTasAhitya taraphathI yathAvakAza lekasAhitya tarapha vaLyA hatA, jyAre meghANInuM mULabhUta kAryakSetra ja lokasAhitya che. sAhitya ja temane AMgaLI jhAlIne ziSTa-sAhitya tarapha dorI jAya che. temanA purogAmIonI jema te lokasAhityanI ekAda zAkhA para achaDatI najara pheravavAne badale tenI zAkhA-prazAkhAone phephasI vaLe che. meghANIe apUrva lagana ane dhagazathI lekasAhityanA saMzodhanane potAnI sarva zakti arpaNa karI dIdhI. eTale ja to Ajeya ApaNane meghANI ane lekasAhitya jANe ke abhine lAge che. "saurASTranI rasadhAra-1nI prastAvanA darzAve che tema prAMtapreme, kahe ke prAMtIya abhimAne, meghANIne sAhityanA saMpAdana tarapha vALyA. paraMtu je A kArya mAtra abhimAnanA AvezanA kSaNika UbharA heThaLa ja zarU thayuM hota to UbharAnI jema ja zamI jAta. hakIkata to e che ke lokasAhityanuM sevana karatAM karatAM temaNe saurASTranA AtmAne pichAnya hato. saurASTranI vilupta thatI jatI taLapadI saMskAritA jokasAhityamAM jhilAI hatI. saurASTranI samagra saMrakAritAne te nahi paNa lokasAhityamAM nItarelA tenA arkane jALavI zakAya tema hatA. A arkane jALavavAnI AvazyakatA paNa hatI kAraNa ke vartamAna yugane temAMthI ja preraNA maLI zake tema hatI. lokasAhityanA paricaye temane e pratIti paNa karAvI hatI ke narasiMharAva ane munazI jevA unnatabhra sAhityakAro mAne che tevuM asaMskArI

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540 ]. gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [caM. 4 A sAhitya nathI. temaNe udAharaNa ApI ApIne vAraMvAra e vAtanuM samarthana karyuM che ke lekasAhitya paNa ziSTasAhityanI haroLamAM besavAnuM adhikArI che. zeraDImAM rasa karatAM chetarAMnuM pramANa vizeSa hovA chatAM sAkara karatAM tenI judI ja lijajata che tema lekasAhityane paNa pitAnI ora lijajata che. lokasAhitya pratyenI samAjanI sUga dUra karIne lokasAhityanA kasuMbAne gharagharanuM pINuM banAva vAne temane mane ratha hatA. sAhityanuM saMpAdana aneka dRSTikoNathI thaI zake. paraMtu A kAma kaI a9pasAdhana ekaladokala vyaktinuM nahi paNa sAdhanasaMpanna saMsthAnuM che. meghANIe saMpAdanamAM mukhyatve sAhityika ane gauNapaNe sAmAjika dRSTikoNanI mayAdAmAM rahIne ja kAma karavAnuM svIkAryuM che. temanA ja zabdomAM joIe to "lokavANImAM mAre pradhAna rasa ulAsalakSI che. huM temAMthI zodhana karuM chuM rasAlAsaka saundaryanuM. kaI paNa lalita vAyanuM sarvopari sAphalya enI rasallAsitAmAM raheluM che."4 sAhitya daSTie te "kerI cUMdaDI' jevI padAvalimAMnA kerI" jevA zabdanI vyaMjanA pArakhe che. "tArI mAnetInI UThI AMkha" jevI paMktimAMnA rasasthAna para AMgaLI mUke che, kathAgItanuM saMvidhAna tapAse che, gItanA DhALavaividhyanI ane vratakathAone kyAreka gajagatie to kyAreka kuraMgagatie cAlatA gadyanI layalIlAnI noMdha le che. pAThabhedone paNa temaNe A dRSTie tapAsyA che. lokasAhityanA mane pAmavA mATe mAtra zabdazuddhi ke pAThazuddhi ja nahi paNa sumeLa, susaMgatatA ane saMgheDAutAra paripUrNa ghATane paNa te Avazyaka mAne che ane khUTatAM tavonI khaMtIlI zodha kare che. temanAM saMpAdanamAM sAhityika abhigamanI jema sAmAjika abhigama paNa sakriya che. ApaNe sAmAjika ItihAsanAM pagalAM temaNe lekasAhityamAM jayAM che. kathAo, vratakathAo, lagnagIto, khAyaNAM vagere ApaNA samAjajIvana para kevo prakAza pAthare che tenAM sUcane saMpAdita graMthanI prastAvanAmAM che. seraThanI vividha kemane ItihAsa paNa temaNe ukelyo che. soraThI lokasAhityane temaNe gujarAtanA anya pradezanA lokasAhityanI sAthe, mAravADI, marAThI, paMjAbI, baMgALI vagere bhaginIbhASAonA lekasAhityanI sAthe tema ja paradezI lokasAhityanI sAthe tulanAtmaka dRSTie tapAsIne temanAM sAmyasAmyanI sAhityika ane sAmAjika dhoraNe vivecanA paNa karI che. ApaNAM kathAgIta ane yuropiyana baeNlaDamAM samAna lakSaNo vikase che. tyAM sArA-mAThAM belaDane kasavAnA niyamo nakkI thayelA che. ApaNe tyAM evA niyama na hovAthI ApaNAM kathAgItAne yuropIya belaDanI kasoTIe paNa caDhAvI joyAM che.

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pra. 14] jhaveracaMda meghANI [541 lekasAhityanA saMpAdananI pitAnI sajatA vize meghANI kahe che ke, "huM mane potAne dharatInuM dhAvaNa dhAvela tema ja yunivarsiTInA khoLAmAM UcharI moTA thayele mAnuM chuM, kema ke lekasAhitya pratye mane abhimukha karI lokasAhityanAM mUlyAMkana zIkhavanAra paNa mane yunivarsiTImAMthI maLelI keLavaNuM che e mArI mAnyatA che. tulanAtmaka abhyAsadaSTi ane satyAnveSaNanI sAna ApaNane vidyAlayamAMthI maLe che; ApaNI Urmi ane Asakti bhale janmagata hoya. Urmi ane Asakti ekalAM nakAmAM che. emanI vidyutacetanAne je vidyApIThe dIdhelI vivekabuddhi sAthe joDIe te ja satyanI yAtrA karI zakAya che."5 paraMtu meghANInA abhigamamAM jeTaluM Urmitatva jaNAya che teTalI zAstrIya vivekabuddhi jaNAtI nathI. meghANInA saMpAdanamAM rahelA zAstrIyatAnA abhAva vize te samaye ja phariyAda UThI hatI. AvI phariyAdane meghANIno zo javAba hato te temane umAzaMkara jozI paranA eka patramAMthI jANavA maLe che, ".Revival mATe meM rasamAga lIdhe to vidvAne kaheze ke AmAM zAstrIyatA nathI.....paNa pAMcaso gIta duhA, ATalAM bhajana ne ATalAM cAraNuM kAvya ne enAmAM rasa mUkatI bIjI cekabaMdha prasAdIone beja kheMcanArane azAstrIya kahIne kADhI nAMkhe zo lAbha che? ne ema huM gaNuIne itihAsamAMthI kAMkarA-kastara jevo nIkaLI jAuM toye zo aphasosa che? paNa huM mArI pAse jIvanatattva che tene kyAM laI jauM te kaI kaheze ?" vyAkaraNa vastune barAbara na jANI zake te temane khyAla paNa avAranavAra pragaTa thato rahyo che. tema chatAM temaNe e nikhAlasa ekarAra te kare ja che ke, "A pustakamAM paDeluM tamAma lekhana zuddha zAstrIya na kahevAya. paNa lekasAhityanA viSaya para jemane udyama karavo hoya temane khapanI asala sAmagrI meM temAM ekaThI karI mUkI che."8 potAnA saMpAdanakAryanuM mUlya temaNe "ekaThI karelI sAmagrIthI vizeSa AkayuM nathI. saMpAdanakAryamAM meghANInI ghaNI UNapa che te vAta sAcI, paraMtu zAstrIya kSetre prAraMbhakAranI pAsethI ApaNe pUrNatAnI apekSA na ja rAkhI zakIe. temane ekale hAthe aneka kSetre kAma karavAnuM hatuM. temAMya patrakAratvanA dhaMdhAthI khIle baMdhAyAM baMdhAyAM gaLe paDelI rassI jeTale kuMDALe bhamavA de teTaluM ja bhamI zakAya tema hatuM. samayanI jema sAdhano paNa TAMcAM hatAM. sahAya hatA nahi. savetana sahAyaka mATenI temanI mAMga paNa saMtoSAI jANI nathI. A prakAranA kAryathI aparicita janatAmAM paNa koIka bhaDaka hatI. keTalAkanA manamAM evIya AzaMkA hatI ke pitAnI AgavI mUDI paDIe caDhIne majhiyArI banI jaze te pitAne

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542] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ graM. 4 bhAva nahi puchAya. meghANInA saMpAdanamAM deASa jotAM pahelAM prAraMbhakAra tarIkenI keTalIka chUTachATa mUkavI ja rahI. joke medhANIne keTalIka svabhAvagata maryAdAo naDI che tenI noMdha ApaNe levI joIe. temanI ullekhanIya maryAdA cheH lAkakathAenI yathAtatha rajUAtane badale sarjakatAneA gADha spa, atizaya ra`garAgabharI zailI, Urmila abhigama ane mizanarI Aveza. A kSetre medhANInI maryAdAonI game teTalI kaDaka noMdha laIe tApaNa temanA kAryanuM mUlya enDru thAya tema nathI. temanI nAnama paNa meTapa banI jAya tevuM kImatI temanu arpaNa che. meghANIne prApta thayelA 'jIvanatattvaneA vArasA ApaNane 16 kathAsaMgraheA, 10 gItasaMgraheA ane 5 vivecanagraMtha rUpe maLyA che. 1923thI 1927nA gALAmAM pragaTa thayelA saurASTranI rasadhAra'nA pAMca bhAgomAM sAraDI janasamAjanAM vera ane premanI, baMdhutA ane dhikkAranI, dagA ane dilAvarInI, yuddhanI ne dAstAnI, dAruNu, karuNa, bhISaNu ane kAmaLa lAgaNIonI sAeka vArtAo graMthastha thaI che. tulanAtmaka abhyAsa mATe siMdhI ane baMgALI kathAone paNa sthAna ApyuM che. A kathAonI yathAtatha rajUAta karavAne badale Alekhana-maMDananI vividha rItie ajamAvIne raMgadIzailImAM punaHsarjana karyuM che. 1920thI 1929 sudhImAM pragaTa thayelA sAraThI bahAravaTiyA'nA traNa bhAgamAM teo jene prasaMgavIra -- paripUrNa vIra nahi -- tarIke oLakhAve che tevA vIra rAmavALA, jogIdAsa khumANu, bhImeA jata. cAMparAja vALA, vAlA nAmeArI, mULu mANeka vagere bahAravaTiyAnI kathAo che. A kathAne kevaLa kaMThastha sAhitya para AdhAra rAkhIne ekaThI karI nathI paNa tenI dastAvejI mUlyavattA mATe zrRtihAsagrantheA, bahAravaTiyAnA sAgarItA, peAlIsakhAtAnA adhikArIo vagerenI pAsethI maLelI mAhitIne! paNa AdhAra lIdheA che. tema chatAM tenI rasabharI rajUAta mATe prApta mAhitI para kalpanAnA varakha caDhAvavAnuM emaNe anivArya mAnyuM che. saMpAdakanuM mULabhUta kartavya varakha caDhAvavAnuM nahi paNa caDhayo hoya tA UtaraDI levAnu che te vAta temane samajAI nathI ke gamI nathI. kaMkAvaTI'(1927-28)nA be bhAgamAM kula 46 vratakathAo che. vratakathAenA saMpAdana pAchaLaneA temane hetu jUnA Adarzo ane bhAvanAenI jALavaNInA che. bahujanasamAjane narI parIkathAnI meAhaka sRSTine paricaya maLI rahe te tenuM AnuSaMgika phaLa che. pravezakeA kaMThastha vratasAhitya' ane zAstravratA ane lekavratA'mAM dviSayaka abhyAsapUrNa mAhitI che. sAraThI gItakathAo'(1931)mAM 'mehAujaLI', 'zeNI-vijANuM' vagere karuNAnta premakathAo che. (tenI

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pra. 14]. jhaveracaMda meghANI [543 prastAvanA "pahADonI godamAM lekhakanA jIvananI keTalIka aMgata mAhitI ane gadyakathAthI gItakathAne judI pADanArI racanArItinI lAkSaNiktAonI samaja mATe upayogI che.) "dAdAjInI vAto' (1927, jenI navI AvRttimAM DozImAnI vAto' paNa sAMkaLI levAmAM AvI che.) ane "raMga che bAroTa' (1945)mAM bAlabhAgya kathAo che. "seraThI saMto (1928) ane "purAtana jyota' (1938) binasAMpradAyika lokasaMtenI jIvanakathAnA saMgrahe che. raDhiyALI rAta'(1925, 26, 27, 42)nA cAra bhAgamAM have te gujarAtabharamAM pracalita thayelAM lekagIte saMpAdita karyA che. tenI sAthe kramazaH pahelo paricaya, lokasRSTi', "lekagItanuM baMdhAraNuM', ane "sarvanI raDhiyALI rAta' e AsvAdamUlaka ane mAhitIsabhara pravezake joDAyelA che. trIjA bhAganA pravezakamAMnuM vargIkaraNa bhUlabhareluM lAge che. "rAsaDA"nI jUjavI jAtemAM "kathAgItA'nI sAthe jAtajAtanAM UrmigItane paNa samAveza karyo che te ucita nathI. cUMdaDI'(1928-29)nA be bhAgamAM lagnagItone saMcaya che. hAlaraDAM (1928), RtugItA' (1929), "seraThI saMtavANI' (1947), sarahyA duhA (1947) zIrSakamAM sUcavAyelA viSayane lagatA saMgrahe che. lokasAhityaH dharatInuM dhAvaNa'(1939, 1944)nA be khaMDomAM uparyukta graMthonA pravezake, anya saMpAdakanA graMthonI prastAvanAo ane vyAkhyAnene samAvI levAmAM AvyAM che. "rA. bA. kamaLAzaMkara smAraka vyAkhyAnamALA'nA upakrame Apela vyAkhyAna lokasAhityaH pagadaMDIne paMtha' nAme graMthasthA thayuM che; temAM lokasAhityanI, prAcInakALathI ziSTasAhityanA dhorImArganI samAMtara cAlI AvatI pagadaMDI tarIke oLakha ApI che. vidyAvistAra vyAkhyAnamALA nA upakrame Apela vyAkhyAna "cAraNe ane cAraNI sAhitya (graMthastha : 1943)mAM cAraNujAti ane cAraNI sAhityanI lAkSaNikatAone paricaya ApavAmAM Ave che. 1941-4ranI Thakkara vasanajI mAdhavajI vyAkhyAnamALA'nA upakrame 1943mAM muMbaImAM ApelAM pAMca vyAkhyAne 1946mAM lokasAhityanuM samAlocana nAme graMthastha karavAmAM AvyAM che. prathama vyAkhyAna "kazyabhASAnA sAhityasImADAmAM narasiMharAvanAM vidhAnane nimitta banAvIne, kazyabhASAnA sAhityane aitihAsika pariprekSyamAM mUkIne, prAMtaprAMtanA lokasAhityane tulanAtmaka abhyAsa rajU karyo che. bIjA vyAkhyAna "gujarAtanuM lekasAhitya pragaTAvanArAM saMskArabaLe'mAM lokasAhityane janma ApanArI taLapadI seraThI saMskAritAne paricaya Apyo che. trIjA vyAkhyAna keDI pADanArAomAM gurjara lokasAhityanA

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544 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ zra'. 4 anveSaNa-vivecananA itihAsa che. cothA vyAkhyAna svataMtra ane sajIvana srota'mAM jUnA ane navA zisAhityanI racanArItinI oLakha che. pAMcamA vyAkhyAna satAmukhI ullAsa'mAM vividha sarjanaprakAronuM saMkalanAbaddha digdarzana che. meghANInI leAsAhitya vizenI pAkaTavayanI saLaMgasUtra vicAraNA A graMthamAM maLatI hai|vAthI tenuM adakeru mUlya che. A graMthamAM e paNa joI zakAya che ke AdithI aMta sudhI leAkasAhitya paratvenA temanA abhigama Urmi janma ja rahyo che. kavitA seraThanA pahADI pradezamAM UcharelA bALakanA cAra citte mANelI duhAseAraThAnI ramajhaTa, zALAjIvanamAM kalApInI UrjA chalakAtI kavitAnuM AkarSaNa, baMgALanivAsa daramiyAna bAula-bhajanA ane ravIndrakavitAneA paricaya, sAra pAchA pharyA pachI leAkasAhityane saghana samAgama -- A kAvyasaMskArAthI kavi medhANIne| mAnapiMDa badhAyA. bAra varasanI vaye cimanAjInI dAnavIratAnI prazastirUpe temaNe prathama padyaracanA karI. 1916mAM nUtanavarSAbhinaMdana nimitte zikhariNI chaMdanI traNa kaDI racI, zikhariNInA prathama prayatnanI sughaDatA eTalu tA cekasa darzAve che ke jo teo dAbaddha padyaracanAnA mArge niSThApUrvaka AgaLa vadhyA heAta tAye kavi tarIke pAchA teA na ja paDayA heAta. paraMtu temaNe eka navI ja keDI pakaDI. gAMdhIyuganI kAvyapravRtti vize vicAratAM umAzaMkara jozIe nAMdhyuM che ke, 'navI kavitA kAyitavya paratve mahAtmA gAMdhIjI ane AyeAjana paratve pre. ThAkAra ema be bhinna prakAranI vyaktionA khabhA upara caDhIne cAlI rahI che. 9 meghANInI kavitA kathiyatavya paratve te gAMdhIjIneA TekA le che paraMtu Ayojana paratve baLavaMtarAyanA AdhAra cheDI daIne leAkasAhitya ane cAraNIsAhityane khabhe caDavAnuM pasaMda kare che. pravAhI padyamAM racAtI vicArapradhAna kavitAnI vacce meghANInI samUhabhAgya geyaracanAonA raNake judA tarI Ave che. meghANInI leAkapriyatA ane kaviyaza jenA para nirbhara che te kAvyagraMtha 'yugavaMdanA' (1935) pragaTa thayA te pUrve temanI betraNa kAvyapustikA pragaTa thaI cUkI hatI. 'veNInAM phUla' (1923) ane 'killAla' (1930) mATe temane premabharyAM pakSapAta paNa hatA ane peAtAnAM kAvyAnI mulavaNI vakhate tenI noMdha levAvI joIe tevA temane! AgraDa paNa hatA. veNInAM phUla' e temaneA prathama gItasaMgraha, prathama AvRttimAMnAM batrIsa

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5. 14] jhaveraca'da meghANI [ 545 gItAmAM navI AvRttiveLAe dasa navAM gItA umerAtAM gItanI saMkhyA khetALIse paheAMce che. AmAMnAM keTalAMka gItAmAM baMgALI, aMgrejI, jApAnI kavitAnI chAyA jhilAI che. lAkagItAnA laya, kayAreka tA mukhaDAM, upADI laIne A gItA racyAM che. leAkagItAnA manameAhaka laya ane sarala-sugama padAvalinA kalevaramAM navayuganA prANa pUrIte, leAkagItAmAM jovA maLatI dAtaNu, nAvaNu, bhAjana vagere jevI punaruktio ane arucikara grAmyacitrA TALIne, leAkagItAnI harALamAM besI zake tevAM navAM bAlakizAra-srIbhAgya gItA racI ApavAnI temane DhAMza che. kaTApakaMTha parivartana pAmIne leAkagItAmAM palaTAI jAya, ekanI maTIne anekanI saMpatti banI jAya, temAM ja tenI sArthakatA temane jaNAI che. joke tema banI zakayuM nathI. A 42 gItAmAMthI bALakenI svapnasRSTine AkAratuM 'dAdAjInA dezamAM', kizAra mAnasane vIrarasanA pAne caDhAve tevu. talavArane vArasadAra', cAraNI chaTAmAM vIrabALA hIrabAInA kisso kahetA rAsaDA 'cAraNakanyA', ravIndranAthanA kAvya parathI rUpAMtirata, maratA bALakanI vedanA rajU karatuM karuNagIta 'Avajo vahAlI bA' vagere kRtie kaMIka surekha UtarI AvI che. dariyA'nAM 'riyA DAle re mAjhamarAtanA' e lahillAlabharyA upADa ane 'jhalaka jhalaka re jaLamAchalI/ jhaLake jANe vIramArAnI AMkha re' e utprekSA AsvAdya che. AvAM virala sthAneAne bAda karatAM meATA bhAganI racanA eka yA khIA kAraNe kathaLI gayelI. jovA maLe che. saMgrahanA prathama gIta 'veNInAM phUla'nI 'bAgabagIcAnA rApa nathI e'nI/UgatA mAre ghera' ke mADhaDAM nA makADaje bApu !' jevI pa`ktiomAMnI bhAInI kSamAyAcanA eka ja gharanAM cheAru kizAra bhAI-bahenanA saMdarbhamAM anucita lAge che. prAsa khAtara AvelA saMskRta zabda cUla' zizukheAlImAM ataDA paDI jAya che. nIMdarabharI'nI 'nIMdarabharI re gulAle bharI/khe'nIbAnI AMkhaDI nIMdarabharI re!' e layamadhura dhruvakaDI manane khecena kheMce tyAM tA khIjI kaDImAM ja aMkAzI hIMcakAnI heADI karI'mAM AkAzarUpI hIMcakArUpI heADInA kilaSTa rUpakamAM gIta gU`cavAI jAya che. lAkagItanI lagAlaga cAlavA mAgatA medhANI tenAthI ghaNA dUra sarI gayA che. kALuDA raMga', 'lIleA raMga', 'pILA raMga', 'rAtA raMga' e cAra raMgakAvyA kaDIe kaDIe vismayane anubhava karAve tevI kalpanAnI camatkRti vagaranI raMgAnI yAdI ApIne aTakI jAya che. temAMya dareka gItamAM vhAlA raMganA virAdhamAM a Mte AvatI 'hAM re eka davalA che/mAnavInAM melAM kALAnA kALuDA raga !' jevI kheAdhaka pa`kti kavine abhipreta parAkASThAnI ceTanA anubhava gu. sA. 35

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54 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca. 4 karAvavAne badale kalezanA anubhava karAve che. vIraDA', 'gAmaDAMnA visAmA', 'AbhanA dIvaDA', 'AbhanAM metI', 'AbhanAM phUle', 'AbhanA caMdaravA' vagere gItA paNa cAru kalpanAne abhAve yAMtrika racanArItimAM jakaDAI gayAM che. killAla' e 'veNInAM phUla'nA sagAtra gItasaMgraha che. sa Mvardhita AvRttimAMnAM 25mAMnAM keTalAMka gIte bAlabhAgya che. teA keTalAMka bhAviSayaka che. bALaka ane mAtA vacceneA UrmisaMbaMdha tenA kendramAM che. 'cUMdaDI', 'hAle galUDAM ramADavA jI re', 'zivAjInuM hAlaraDu', 'ASADhI sAMja' vagere gItA lekakaMThe vasI gayAM che. 'seANalAM sUMdhA', 'rAtI baMkheALa bhavAnI', 'rAtAM mAtAM ne rAme rAme suMvALAM /hAya mIThAM gAlamasUriyAM re' vagere paMkti indriyasaMtarpaka banI che. 'verI sAme laDazu'/mA kAje marazu' ('pApA pagalI')nI kheAdhakatA, 'nIMdara joDe saMvAda'nuM dInajanavAtsalya, sAlAM H mRtyunAM'mAMnI amaMgalatA, sAMja namatI hatI, namatI hatI jANe haiyAnI vAsanA viramatI'tI' ('rAta paDatI hatI')nI virakti AvuM ghaNu badhu killola'nI AkheAhavAne upakAraka nathI. sAta svata Mtra ane ATha parataMtra ema paMdara saMgrAmagItAnA saMgraha 'siMdhuDA' (1930)ne pAchaLathI vikherI nAkhIne temAMnAM gItA anugAmI saMgraheAmAM samAvI lIdhAM che, yugavaMdanA'meghANIne rASTrIya zAyara'nuM biruda apAvanAra lokapriya kAvyagraMtha che. medhANI gAMdhIyuganA ekamAtra evA kavi che jenI racanA paMDitayuganA kalApI ane nhAnAlAlanI jema leAkahradaya ane leka sudhI paheAMcI hAya. medhANInI A lAkapriyatA pAchaLa temanI yuga-ArAdhanA rahelI che. graMthanI prastAvanAmAM 'yugavaMdanA' zIkanA artha samajAvatAM te lakhe che ke <... kAI ciraMjIvI kAvyatattvathI prerAyela nahi paNa cAlu kALanAM ja khaLAe sphurAvelAM samayajIvI gItA AmAM pradhAna sthAne che. eTale A yugane ja arpaNa thayela 'jalithI adhika mahimAne e na mAgI zake tevAM che.' (pR. 6) meghANIe je nizAna tAkayuM che te vIMdhavAmAM temane mahadaze saphaLatA maLI che paraMtu kAvyAne sAcA arthamAM 'kAvyo' banavu hAya tA kaMIka vizeSa apekSA rahe che. rASTragIta banavA mAgatI kavitAe vadhumAM vadhu kalAnirmANu peAtAnAmAM UtareluM batAvavuM joze '10 e kalAdharmAM temaNe kaLyA che paNa pALyA nathI. tethI ja saMgrahanAM kula 78 kAvyeAmAMthI kaseATIe caDhAvavAnuM mana thAya tevI jUja kRtie ja maLe che. 'yugavaMdanA'nAM kAvyo pAMca khAmAM vaheMcAyAM che. prathama khaMDa 'yugavaMdanA'mAM

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pra. 14 ] jhaveracaMda meghANI [ 547 rASTrabhaktinAM 24 kAvyA che (jhAkaLanuM biMdu' A khaMDamAM AgaMtuka lAge che.) muktiAMdolananI bhUmikAmAM A kAvyA UgyAM che, vIra ane karuNa tenA mukhya rasA che. mukhyatve leAkalayA ane cAraNI chaTAo upayAAyAM che. cAraNI chaTA vIrarasane upakAraka nIvaDI che paNa karuNane kheAlakA banAvIne rALI nAkhe che. A kha'DanI meATA bhAganI racanAone leAkapriyatA maLI che. A lAkapriya racanAomAM kavitAnI jhalaka ahIMtahI. varatAya che paNa suvAMga kAvyakRtio maLatI nathI. medhANInI kAvyabhAvanAnA paryAyarUpa banI gayela zIrSIka dharAvatuM saMgrahanuM prathama gIta 'kasu bInA raga' joIe : 'lAgyA kasuMbIne| raMga rAja; mane lAgyA kasu'khIne raMga' e phI layathI A gIta UpaDe che. kendrIya bhAva, laya ane dhoLAM dhAvaNu kerI dhArAe dhArAe / pAmyA kasuMbInA raMga' jevI sendriya pa`ktione AdhAre pAMca aMtarA sudhI tA TakI rahe che paNa chaThThA aMtarAthI te kavinI pakaDamAMthI chaTakI jAya che. kasuMbInA raMga dvArA kavine je bhAvanA abhipreta che tenI sAthe pIDitanI AMsuDAdhAra-hAhAkAre / relyA kasuMbInA raMga' ane dharatInAM bhUkhyAM kaMgAlAne gAle chalakAyA kasuMbInA raMga' paktionA meLa maLe tema nathI. yugadharmathI prerAyelA kavie game tema karIne A kaDIe ahIM ceoMTADI dIdhI che. temanA khInna leAkapriya kAvya taruNeAnuM maneArAjya'nI prathama kaDI yuvAneAnA tana-mananI khumArIne anurUpa thanaganatAM gheADAM ane AbhavIMjhatI guruDapAMkhanAM pratIkAne kAraNe ceTadAra banI che. basa, temanI zakti ahIM ja kharacAI gaI che. kAvya eka muktakathI AgaLa vadhatuM nathI. cAra gAMdhIkAnyAmAMthI vizeSa vakhaNAyelu., rASTrIya zAyara'nuM biruda apAvavAmAM nimittarUpa chellA kaTArI' gAMdhIjInA maneAmaMthanane AbAda jhIlatuM heAvA chatAM vAcALatAne kAraNe prAsaMgikatAnA starathI upara UMcakAtuM nathI. 'phUlamALa'nI upADanI kaDImAMnI smazAnamAM '|pAtAM' rUkhaDAMnI ane aMtamAMnI paherIne paLyA pAMkhaNe he| jI'nI 'pAMkhaNe' zabdanI 'AyanI' karuNane ucita uThAva Ape che. kANu gAze'nI sragdharAnI saphAIdAra pa`kti zI rIte giyA A ajagara sarIkhe! supta tAtiMga deza ?'nI ajagara'nI upamA bhAratanI vizALatA ane AlasyavRtti bannene ekasAthe pragaTa karatI hAvAthI yAdagAra bane tevI che. aitarAdA vAyarA UThe'tuM vegIlu" citra 'bhUriyAM lahUriyAMnI AMdhI urADatA / huhukAra svare, kALa, UThA !' AMkha ane kAna bannene satape` che. jhaMDAva`dana'mAM bhAvanAnA jeTalA

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pa48 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa | (caM. 4 jhaLakATa che teTaluM cUMTAyeluM kavitva nathI. "UThe'mAM zaMgAramizrita vIranI nhAnAvAlIya cAla temane phAvI nathI. kAvyagata bhAva ke bhAvanAne kavitAnI kakSA sudhI pahoMcADavAnI dhIraja ane zaktino abhAva varatAI Ave che. bIjA khaMDa pIDitadarzananAM soLa kAvyonI bhUmikA sUcita gIta "kavi, tane kema game ?"mAM joI zakAya cheH "ahorAta karoDa garIbonA prANa dhanikane hAtha rame- tyAre hAya re hAya, kavi ! tane pRthvI ne pANI taNAM zeNe gIta game !" A jIvanadaSTi temane kodALIvALo', "kedInuM kalpAMta', bIDIo vALanArInuM gIta', "dUdhavALo Ave", "hAlaraDuM' vagere garIbenAM gIte lakhavA prere che. garIbenAM lahiyALa AMsumAM kalama bALIne lakhAyelAM AvAM gIte kavitAnI zAhIthI vaMcita rahI gayAM che. yugadharmanI sAthe kavikarma meLa meLavavAne paDakAra te saphaLatApUrvaka jhIlI zakyA nathI. A pracArapradhAna kAvyomAMthI ghaNa re bole ne--" temAMnAM taLapadAM pratIkane kAraNe ane sUcita dIThI sAMtAlanI nArI AchI sarala rekhAone kAraNe judAM tarI Ave che. 'kAla jAge'mAM AkhA gItamAM patharAyelAM "AnAM Avartana bhAvane bulaMda banAve che. trIjA khaMDa "kathAgItAmAM eka kathAkAvya ane bAkInA sAta kathAgIte che. dharatI mAge che bhega" sivAyanAM badhAM ja kAvya rUpAMtarita ke sUcita che. sauthI vizeSa prasiddhi pAmeluM koIne lADakavAyo' misisa lAsTanA "samabaDI'jha DArliMga' parathI ApaNane lezamAtra parAyuM na lAge tevI kalAthI racAyeluM uttama kathAgIta che. marAThI sAkhInA lalita-gabhIra layamAM kaDIe kaDIe citra UpasatAM Ave che. AchApAtaLA kathAtaMtumAM parovAyelAM citronI ToTala IphekaTa'mAMthI karuNa niSpanna thAya che. vastusaMkalananI A kalAsUjha prazasya che. sUnA samadaranI pALe" paNa kalAsUjha darzAvatuM kathAgIta che. tenI khUbIonI noMdha caMdrakAnta TopIvALAe lekaraMgane kavi'mAM lIdhI che.11 "abhisAra ravIndraprerita che. ravIndranAthanI pratibhAne sparza pAmelI sAmagrI upalabdha hovA chatAM ane gujarAtI khaMDakAvyanI kAnta-dIdhI paraMparA hovA chatAM temAMthI suvaDakhaMDakAvya kaMDArAyuM nathI. rUpameLa vRttonAM baMdha ane pasaMdagI bane nirbaLa che. senAnAvaDI" paNa ravIndranAthanA "sonAra tarI'nA AdhAre racAyeluM rUpakagarbha kathAgIta che. baMgALI bhASAmAM liMgabheda na hovAthI rUpAMtaramAM mULamAMnA nAyakane sthAne nAyikA ka9pavAmAM AvI che. jANakArI pachI paNa nArI pAtra ja yogya lAgavAthI pitAne Alekhanane ja vaLagI rahyA che. vIra baMde karuNa nahi, karuNAbhAsI bane che.

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pra. 14] jhaveracaMda meghANI [549 cothA khaMDa "AtmasaMvedana'nAM 13 ane pAMcamA khaMDa "premalaharIonAM 17 kAvyomAM sAmAjika bhAvane badale aMgata saMvedana tarapha vaLe che. sAmAjika viSayamAM lokasAhitya-cAraNI sAhityanA saMskAravALI bAnIe ThIka kAma ApyuM hatuM. paraMtu aMgata bhAvonA gAna mATe navI bAnI upajAvavAnI AvazyaktA UbhI thaI hatI, je te upajAvI zakyA nathI. "vikvaMbhara'nA duhA lekasAhityanA sAkSAparicaya vagarane koI kasabI kavi race tenA karatAM paNa moLA che. be kAvyamAM rUpameLa vRtto paNa ajamAvI joyAM che, temAMya "nA, nA, tathApi tujane huM vilupta mAnuM nA, nA, tathApi tuja pe muja prema e che !" ("taddare-tantike') jevI paMktio spaSTa darzAve che ke te kalApIthI dUra jaI zakyA nathI. samakAlIna kAvyarUpe ane kAvyabAnI taraphanA sadaMtara durlakSanuM ja A pariNAma jaNAya che. lokabAnInI pasaMdagImAM paNa teo mukhyatve kaDhALo ane cAraNI chaTA para mUkyA che. ekabe zabdo ke ekAda be paMktinA lasarakAthI aMtaramarmane anAyAsa abhivyaMjita karavAnI jokasAhityanI kaLa temane hAtha lAgI nathI. "ekatA' (1940) 47 kAvya saMgraha che. A saMgrahamAM temaNe AtmanirIkSaNa" nAme pravezaka mUkyo che. A pravezakamAM temanI kAvyabhAvanAnI rUparekhA ane prastuta saMgrahamAM temanI jIvanadaSTimAM AvelA parivartananI neMdha hovAthI te mahatvane bane che. kavitAmAM vyakta karatAM avyakta ja vadhu mahattvanuM che ema kahIne temaNe vyaMjanAne mahimA svIkAryo che. pIDitAnAM kAvyomAM pIDakene dajhADatA kaTAkSonA ugra dezane badale AkharI kalyANakArI uddagAro ja temane yogya lAge che. aphasosanI vAta e che ke "ekatAronAM kAvyomAM vyaMjanAne badale TheraThera abhidhA ja jovA maLe che. zuM ugra deza ke zuM kalyANakArI ugArene vyavahAranI bhUmi parathI UMcakIne kavitAnI kakSA sudhI laI javAnI kalAdaSTi temanI pAse nathI. saMgrahanAM 47 kAvyamAMthI temane vadhu prANapriya lAgelAM cha kAvyamAMthI mAtra cAra "zabdanA sodAgarane', 'takadIrane triphanArI", "garaja kone ?" ane "varSA ja kAvya tarIke zobhI zake tevAM che, bAkInAM ghaNAM gIta "kAvya" nAmane pAtra lAgatAM nathI. kAvyadaSTie nahi te bhAvadaSTie sArAsArane viveka hovA chatAM kAvyo graMthastha karatI veLAe tene upayoga karyo nathI, nahitara temane pitAne ja bhASaNiyA, dUSita ke kaluSita lAgelAM "garIboddhAranI cAlAkIo', "mane vecazo mA', 'na dhaNiyAtI nathI" vagerene temaNe saMgrahamAM samAveza na karyo hata bApunAM pAraNAM' (1943) meghANInAM gAMdhIjIviSayaka kAvyane samuccaya

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550]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 che. "ravIndravINA' (1944) ravIndranAthanA kAvyasaMgraha "saMcayitA'nAM kAvyo parathI racAyelAM 66 kAvyone saMgraha che. meghANI A kAvyamAM zabdazaH anuvAdane mArge cAlyA nathI. kyAreka temaNe taLabhUmine anurUpa rUpAMtara karyuM che te kayAreka mULamAMthI preraNA meLavIne anusarjana karyuM che. rUpAMtara-anusarjanamAM temaNe soraThI lekaDhALo, rUpameLa vRtta ane kyAreka gadyane paNa prayoga karyo che. abhisAra', "sonAnAvaDI', "jAgeluM jharaNa', 'be paMkhI' vagere "ravIndravINAnAM jANatAM kAvyo che. umAzaMkara jozIe "ravIndravINA'nAM kAvya mATe eka mArmika vidhAna karyuM che. "meghANInI lAkSaNika zailI "ravIndravINAMmAM DhAkAnI malamalane seraDI lebaDInA navA AkarSaka svarUpe rajU kare che je A vidhAnamAM bhoLAbhAI paTelane lAgyuM che tema "ravIndravINAnAM rUpAMtaronuM yathArtha mUlyAMkana na hoya toye rUpAMtaranI prakriyAne yathArtha paricaya to maLI rahe che ja. meghANI gAMdhIprerita dezabhAvanAthI taraboLa bhIMjAyelA kavi che. keziyA sudhI kavitAne pahoMcADavAnI gAMdhIjInI bhAvanAnI nikaTatama je kaI kavi hoya te te meghANuM che. lokasAhitya mATenA svayaMbhU prema ane gAMdhIjIe jagAvelI yugacetanAnA AviSkArarUpa temanI kavitAmAM no raNake saMbhaLAyo. A raNake jeTale yugadharmane AbhArI che eTale kavikarmane paNa AbhArI hota te "yugavaMdanA' ApaNu kAvyasAhityanuM eka viziSTa paribaLa banI raheta. kavitAne janatAne avAja banAvavAnI eka mahattvanI prakriyA meghANae zarU karI hatI paraMtu kavipratibhAnI ochapane kAraNe temanI kavitAnI apIla a8 5jIvI nIvaDI ane temaNe AdarelI kAvyaprakriyA DeDa-eNnDa'vALA sAiDaTrekamAM sthagita thaI gaI. navalikA meghANI "saurASTramAM joDAyA te pahelAM bAlasAmayika bAlamitra'mAM sTarijha oNpha plAnTa lAIpha' ane "Terijha oNpha enimala lAIpha" e be aMgrejI pustakamAMnA sIdhA kathelA viSayo parathI vArtArUpe lakhAyelAM "bhamarA), gokaLagAvI, varasAdanAM TIpAM vagere lakhANe pragaTa thayAM hatAM. "saurASTramAM joDAyA tyAre lekakathAo DozImAnI vAte'nI ane TAgoranI "kathA o kAhinI' nAmanI padabaMdha kathAo parathI rUpAMtarita "kurabAnInI kathAo'nI hastaprato taiyAra thaI gaI hatI. vArtAlekhanane A temane prathama tabakako. bIjA tabakkAmAM saurASTranI rasadhAra', soraThI bahAravaTiyA, kaMkAvaTI vagerenI lokakathAonA punaHkathana dvArA temanI kalama vArtAlekhana mATe barAbara paLeTAI. tyAra pachI trIjA tabakkAmAM maulika vArtAonuM sarjana zarU thayuM. 1931mAM "kizoranI vahu' nAme prathama maulika

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. pra. 14 ] jhaveracaMda meghANI [551 vArtA lakhI. 1931thI 1935nA gALAmAM lakhAyelI vArtAonA cAra saMgraheA pragaTa thayA : 'citAnA aMgArA' khaMDa 1-2, 'ApaNA uMbaramAM' ane dhUpachAyA', A saMgraheAnI navI AvRtti pragaTa karavAne badale temAM navI vArtAo umerIne meghANInI navalikAo'(1931, 1935)nA be khaMDa pragaTa karyAM, tyAra pachI lakhAyelI vArtAone trIjo khaMDa 'vilApana ane khIjI vAtA' (1946)nA nAme pragaTa thayA. A uparAMta temanA khInna pAMca vArtAsaMgrahe| paNa pragaTa thayA che. temanI pAsethI ApaNane kula ATha vArtAsaMgraheA ane savAseA jeTalI vArtAo maLe che. TUMkI vArtAnA kSetre temanuM mukhya arpaNa meghANInI navalikAo'nA traNa kha`DamAMnI qara vArtAo che. A vArtAemAM saMvidhAnanuM khAsa vaividhya jovA maLatuM nathI. 'vahu ane dhADA', bemAMthI kANu sAcuM !', 'hu'', padabhraSTa' vageremAM Atmakathanane, 'allAmiyAMnI TAMka'mAM bhANarItinI ektine, 'mArA bAlubhAI', 'bhale gADI meADI thaI', 'dhUMdhA gAra', 'krUDa vArtA' vageremAM kaTAkSanI tiya k zailInA, 'vahu ane gheADA'mAM e be pAtrAnI sahe|pasthitine --racanArItinA AvA keTalAka prayogA temaNe karyA che kharA paNuM te sapATI paranA heAvAthI temanI sa`vidhAna-kalAnuM kAI navuM parimANa pragaTatuM nathI. eka hAra ne eka svarUpeAmAM navalikAne ramADavAnA temanA umaLakAnA lAbha racAyelI vArtAAne maLyA nathI.14 dhUmaketue pADelA cIlA para ja te ekadhArA AgaLa vadhyA che. samAjanAM avidagdha pAtronI sabaLAI ane vidrugdha pAtronI nabaLAI vAraMvAra vArtAne viSaya banI che. keTalIka vArtAmAM te| A e prakAranAM pAtronA nidhAna dvArA temanA taphAvata gherA raMge upasAvavAnI prayukti temaNe apanAvI che. caMdrabhAlanAM bhAbhI', 'khemAMthI krANu sAcuM ?', 'khAlIe raMga bagADayo', 'badamAza', 'padabhraSTa' vagere temanI A prakAranI vArtA che. asaphaLa lagnajIvana e temanA khIjo priya viSaya che. A prakAranI vArtAmAM mATe bhAge pati ke sAsariyAMnA atyAcAranA bhAga banelI patnIenI vedanA kendrasthAne che. vahu ane gheADA', 'meAralIdhara paraNyo', 'cAMdI'nI nAyikAe cAMdInA rAgathI pIDAtA patinI patnIe che. kizeAranI vahu' kSayanI jIvaleNa khImArIne| bhAga manelI meATA gharanI vahuvAru ane camananI vahu' mardAnagI vagaranA patinI patnI che. jayamananuM rasajIvana'nI ramA premavevalA patinI ghelachAnA bhAga banI che. 'kalAdharI'nA dAmpatyajIvananI asaphaLatAnuM kAraNa patine haDadhUta karanArI patnInI kalApriyatA che. ramAne zuM sUjhayuM ?'nI ramA ane

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para] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ zra. 4 'allAmiyAMnI TAMka'nI aMjanI saMskArI ane sukumAra jIvanasAthIne badale hI-maeNnane, dhruva-maeNnane jhaMkhatI vilakSaNa svabhAvanI nAyikAe che. bhUrAInA dvAra parathI' ane 'sadAziva TapAlI' viSama saMjogAmAM ekakhIjAnI dUkamAM TakI rahenArAM 6'patInAM karuNa-madhura dAMpatyacitrAne uThAva Ape che. meghANInI keTalIka vArtAonA kendramAM sIdhuM samAjadarzana raheluM che. maMchAnI suvAvaDa' ane 'kezunA bApanuM kAraja' cIlecAlu sAmAjika kurivAjone bhega banelAM pAtrAnI ane anaMtanI bahena', 'lADakA raMDApeA' ane 'leAkAcAranA dAnava sAme' kurivAjonA dRDha maneAbaLathI sAmaneA karanArAM pAtrAnI vArtAo che. A vArtAomAM vArtAkArane badale pracAraka meghANInA caherA dekhAya che. kAnajI zeThanuM kAMdhu' ane 'ThAkara lekhAM leze' samAjanAM sthApita hitA dvArA thatA zANune viSaya banAve che. gAMdhIyugamAM kahevAtA samAjasudhArakeAnA eka va UbhA thayA hatA. meghANIe AvA sudhArAne kaTAkSanI najare joyA che. 'zAradA paraNI gaI'nA sudhArAvIra rAjezvarabhAI, hu'nA parapIDanamAM AnaMda mANanArA rAjezvarabhAI, 'padabhraSTa'nA sevAnA nAme mevA jamanArA rAjendrabhAI A prakAranA sudhArakeA che. 'kaDeDATa' ane 'mAro vAMka nathI'mAM vizvayuddhanA othAra nIce caMpAtA grAmajIvananI gU gaLAmaNu rajU thaI che. 'vilApana', 'sadubA', 'meM tamArA veza paheryA', 'mADI, huM kezave|', 'zikAra', bharatA juvAnanA mAMethI', garAsa mATe' vagere daMtakathAtmaka ke satyaghaTanAtmaka vArtA che, temAM mahadaMze 'rasadhAra'nI nirUpaNazailInA paDaghA saMbhaLAya che. vilApana'nA nAyakanA pitAnI uktimAMnA gadyalaya AsvAdya che. 'dhUpachAyA'nI temanI prastAvanA darzAve che ke vismaya ane tATasthya e vArtAkAranAM lakSaNA che te vAta temane barAbara samajAI che. mAnavamananA keTalAka ma para temanI najara TharI che. namAyA bALakane peTanA mAnIne premathI jheranArAM caMdrabhAlanAM gaMdAMgeAkharAM mitrapatnI jhabakabhAbhI; 'sAcA pyAranI AgamAM pApanI khAka thAya che: bALaka IzvaranuM che : ne duniyA jhakha mAre che' pArasI dAktaranA A ugArAmAMthI preraNA meLavIne patnI savitA ane tenA putra para premathI laLI paDanArA bheALA-udAra kALu; pahelAM kuTu khIonA ane pachI gAmale keAnA anyAyane bhAga banIne DAkaNa tarIke paMkAyelAM ApakramI ane ApamatIlAM pAnAra DeAzI; 'isakuM dhyAna rakhanA' e eka vAkaya para vArI jaIne peAtAne soMpAyelI nArIne mATe aDadhA-aDadhA thaI janAra 'badamAza' paThANu alArakhA; madiranA rakSaNa khAtara musalamAna dharmane aMgIkAra karIne AtmavilApana sAdhanAra citArA haradAsa,

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pra. 14] jhaveracaMda meghANI [ 553 sudhArAnA atyAcArane ThaMDI tAkAtathI veThanArA dulA zeTha vagere pAtronA jIvanamarmAne temaNe pArakhyA che. jo kalAkAranA tATasthyapUrvaka ucita saMdarbho yeAjIne temane AkAra ApyA heAta tA temAMthI keTalIka ghATIlI vArtAo sarjAI hAta. paraMtu pAte jene dAhyaluM mAne che tevA kalAtATasthyanA abhAvane kAraNe ke racanAzaithilyane kAraNe vArtAonA ghATa barAbara ghaDAtA nathI ke khaMDita thAya che. 'jela AphsinI mArI'(1934)mAM jelanI sajA pAmelA gunegArA ane temanAM svajaneAnA jIvananAM keTalAMka dasyA jela oNphisanI bArInI najare jhilAyAM che. jo A khArI nirUpita dRsyAnI taTastha sAkSI banI hAta tA jelajIvananAM karuNa dRsyAnuM vAstavika citra sAMpaData, paraMtu te satata kaTAkSa ane vyAjastutinA Azaro letuM mArbiDa pAtra banI jAya che, tethI citro karuNa ke karuNA banavAne badale maeNlADrAmaeNTika ane kRtrima banI gayAM che. tiraskRta jIvanane badale phrAMsInA phaMdAne vadhAre pasaMda karavA yogya mAnanAra phAMdALA bhIla, mAtA sAthenI mulAkAtamAM lAgaNInA apUrvAM saMyama dAkhavatA klabahAdura 5 jAkhI, Atmastha yAgI jevA anavarakhAM paThANu, phAMsI pAmelA putranI lAza mATe jelarane bhAI-bApA karatI hIrajInI mAtA vagere pAtro ThIka UpasI AvyAM che. ahIM svataMtra navalikAo nahi paNa citronI hAramALA ja maLe che. mahIDA pAritASika vijetA kRti mANasAInA dIvA'(1945)mAM medhANIe lokasevaka ravizaMkara mahArAjanA maDhe sAMbhaLelI temanA jIvananI... anubhavakathA AlekhI che. tenuM dastAvejI mUlya jaLavAI rahe mATe kheAlacAlanA laya-lahekA ane kathanazailI mahArAjanAM ja rAkhyAM che, tema chatAM meghANInI kalamanA camakArA varatAyA vagara rahetA nathI. mahIkAMThAnA dhArALA, bAraiyA, pATaNavADiyA vagere gunegAra gaNAtI kAmeAnA mANasAnA jIvanamAM TamaTamatA mANasAInA dIvAnI A kathAo che. anyAyanA bhAga banIne bahAravaTe caDelA meAtI bAraiyA, harAyA DhAra jevA kheADiyA, bALaka jevA niSpApa cAra gAkaLa, cArIne prabhudatta kartAvya mAnanArA phUlA vAveceA, kALAM karatUtAnI paraMparA sarjanArA bAbara deve, cerIne dhikkAranArAM jI'khA vagerenAM vyakticitro ke prasaMgacitro mahArAjanA sevAkAryanA taMtumAM parAvAyAM che. niHsvArtha leAkasevaka tarIkenuM mahArAjanuM vyaktitva paNa surekha aMkAyuM che. 'mANasAInA dIvA'nI kathAe paNa prasa Mgacitro ApI aTakI jAya che, navalikAne AkAra dhAraNa karatI nathI. pratimAo' (1934) ane 'palakArA' (1935)mAM videzI calacitrA parathI rUpAMtarita 15 vArtAonA samAveza thayA che. dRzya-zrAvya mAdhyama dvArA

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554] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 rajU thayelI kacakaDAnI kathAone zabdadeha ApavAnuM meghANInuM kauzala prazaMsanIya che. Akhare', 'e Avaze, 'AtmAne asura', 'mAstara sAheba" vagere vArtAo sArI sarjAI che. navalikA tarIke thoDIka prastArI lAge, paNa nirarthaka laMbANa ahIM nathI; kahe ke lAMbI TUMkI vArtAone AkAra te dhAraNa kare che. kalAtATastha paNa A vArtAomAM sauthI vizeSa jaLavAyuM che. meghANInA gadyamAM varatAte raMgarAgane thazeDo ahIM javalle ja jovA maLe che. je maulika vArtAkAra meghANIe 'pratimAo-palakArA'nA rUpAMtarakArane gurupade sthApyA heta te temane ghaNuM zIkhavA maLyuM hota tema mAnavAnuM mana thAya che. dariyApAranA bahAravaTiyA eNTana vulphanA pustaka "dha AuTalejha oNpha meMDane Dejha'nI satyaghaTanAtmaka vArtAo parathI rUpAMtarita eka bahAravaTiyaNa ane traNa bahAravaTiyAnI kathAone saMgraha che. A vArtAo soraThI bahAravaTiyA'nI paraMparAmAM goThavAya tevI che. paraMtu A meghANIe kareluM saMpAdana nahi paNa rUpAMtara hovAthI tenI ahIM noMdha lIdhI che. temanA ekamAtra nATikA-saMgraha 'vaMThelAM' (1934) vize paNa ahIM ja vAta karI laIe. saMgrahamAMnI ekAdhika davALI traNa ekAMkI nATikAomAMnI eka jayamananuM rasachavana" e ja nAmanI navalikAnuM nATayarUpAMtara che. "vaMThelAM samAjasudhArAnI vedI para anaMta ane tenI patnI kaMcane ApelA balidAnanI sAmAnya kakSAnI ane yazodharA" strI-uddhAra mATe balidAna ApanAra yazodharAnI nATyakakSA sudhI na pahoMcatI karuNAMta nATikAo che. A kSetre meghANInuM koI noMdhapAtra arpaNa jovA maLatuM nathI. navalakathAo 1932mAM "phUlachAba'nuM prakAzana zarU thatAM tenA bheTapustaka tarIke navalakathA ApavAno nirNaya levAyo. A nirNaye meghANInI kalamane navalakathA tarapha vALI. temaNe kula 13 navalakathAo racI che. A teramAMthI nava navalakathAo svataMtra ane cAra parataMtra che. A parataMtra navalakathAone anUdita ke rUpAMtarita kahevAne badale paraprerita kahevI ja vadhAre yaMgya che kAraNa ke temAM temaNe mULa kRtine zabdazaH anuvAda ke taLabhUmine anurUpa rUpAMtara ApavAne badale tenAM vastu, pAtra ke paristhitimAMthI preraNA meLavIne navesarathI ja mAMDaNa karI che. temanI maulika ane paraprerita navalakathAomAM koI tAvika taphAvata na hovAthI temane eka ja paMgatamAM besADIne vicAraNA thaI zake tema che. vihaMgAvalokananI saraLatA khAtara A navalakathAonuM vastusaMkalanAnI daSTie vagIkaraNa karIe te eka praznapradhAna,

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[555 pra. 14] jhaveracaMda meghANI traNa caritralakSI, cha samAjalakSI ane traNa ghaTanApradhAna navalakathAo maLe che. meghANInI prathama navalakathA "satyanI zodhamAM' (1932) apTana siMphalerakRta "semyuala dha sIkara'nA AdhAre lakhAI che. mULa kRti eka kalAkRti nathI evI pratIti hevA chatAM tenA para pasaMdagI utArI tenuM kAraNa temAM samAjavAdI vicArasaMbhAra che. roTale raLavA mATe lakSmInagaramAM AvI caDele kheDu yuvAna zAmaLa bhadravarganI naThoratAnA keTalAka anubhavone lIdhe satyanI zodhamAM nIkaLe che. tenI satyazodhananI pravRtti samAjanA ziSTa varga mATe paDakArarUpa nIvaDe che. kathAne aMte kAntikArI lekanetA tarIke polIsadamanane bhoga banele zAmaLa lohItaraboLa hAlatamAM jovA maLe che. eka grAmINa yuvaka zAmaLanuM lekanetAmAM thatuM parivartana tene gajanI ane TUMkA samayagALAnI dRSTie asvAbhAvika lAge che. vargavigrahanI samasyAne AlekhavA mathatI A navalakathA lekhakanA pragaTa pUrvagrahane kAraNe praznapradhAna banavAne badale pracArapradhAna banI gaI che. meghANInI traNa caritralakSI navalakathAomAMnI eka "niraMjana' (1936) temanI prathama maulika navalakathA che. gAmaDAgAmanA zikSaka pitA pAse vinaya-vivekanA pATha paDhele niraMjana kolejamitra sunIlAnI preraNAthI kRtrima vinamratA tyAgIne pitAnuM sarva pragaTAvavAmAM keTaleka aMze saphaLa thAya che. paNa sunIlAnI samakSa ja te hataprabha banI jAya che-A mukhya kathAtaMtu che. niraMjananI DAbA jamaNuM Adhunika jIvananA ane grAmajIvananA pravAha vahe che. navalakathAne aMte, mAtApitAnA dAmpatyajIvanathI prabhAvita ane osarAmakAkAnAM vANIvicArathI prerita niraMjana jamaNI bAjue mUkI jAya che. siMhaNa jevI sunIlAnA mohamAMthI mukta thaIne ardha zikSita sayunA svIkAramAM samAdhAna zodhe che. aitihAsika saMdarbhamAM A navalakathAnI keTalIka vizeSatAo dhyAna kheMce che. kathAnirUpaNamAM lekhakanI kalama niraMjanane pagale pagale AgaLa vadhe che. ghaTanAo karatAM ghaTanAonA niraMjananA mana para jhilAtA AghAta-pratyAghAta ja - vadhAre mahattvanA hovAthI gujarAtI navalasAhityamAM caritralakSI navalakathAne prathama phaNago ahIM jovA maLe che. eka kelejiyana yuvAnanAM pitAnI kArarkidI ghaDavA mATenAM mane maMthane ane mathAmaNe ApaNI navalakathAmAM pahelI vAra prAdhAnya pAme che. yuvAnonA sajAtIya snehAkarSaNanuM citra niSedhamuktinI navI dizA ughADe che. niraMjanamAM bIja rUpe keTalIka kSamatA paDelI hovA chatAM nirbaLa prasaMgajanA ane asaMgata tathA bIbAMDhALa pAtrAlekhanane kAraNe te veDaphAI jatI jaNAya che. hola keInanI dha mAsTara oNpha maeNna' parathI racAyelI "aparAdhI' (1938)nA

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556 ] gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ zra'. 4 kendrasthAne nyAyAdhIza zivarAjanuM aparAdhI mAnasa che. peAtAnI sAthenA ja avaidha saMbaMdhathI janmelA bALakanI hatyA mATe gunegAra TharelI gabharu kheDu kanyA ajavALAnA khaTalA tenI samakSa ja AvI paDatAM te prabaLa cittasaMgharSa anubhave che, ajavALInuM mauna, nirdoSa rAmabhAI pratyenI mitra tarIkenI kavyabhAvanA ane sarasvatI mATenA prema tenA saMghane jalada banAve che. nAyakanI kharAkharInI kSaNa ekaMdare saphaLa rIte jhaDapAI hAvAthI temanI paraprerita kRtimAM te agrasthAnanI adhikArI hare che. apTana sakleranI ja khIjI kRti 'lavjha pilapripeija'ne 'bIDelAM dvAra (1939)mAM DhALI che. viSama saMjogAmAM mukAyelA bhAvanAbhakta kalAkAra ajitanI potAnuM pAta jALavavAnI mathAmaNanI AsapAsa prasaMge! gU thAya che. lekhaka jene sa` prasa MgeAnA mera sameA gaNe che te patnInA puruSamatrA sAthenA skvera praNayasahacAranA ekarAraneA prasaMga 'prAMtIya saMsAra'nI AkheADavAmAM asvAbhAvika lAge che. A navalakathAneA sIdhe| sArAnuvAda ja lekhakane vadhAre yArI Apata. vasuMdharAnAM vahAlAM davalAM' (1937) temanI prathama samAjalakSI navalakathA che. vikTara hyugAnI dha lAphiMga maeNna'mAMnI madArI, hADaTTo bALaka ane AMdhaLI chekarInI pAtratrapuTI lekhakanA manamAM ramatI trAjavaDAM trAkAvA trAjavaDAM''paktinI sAthe saMkaLAIne parAI na lAge tevI rIte navA avatAre seAraThanI dharatI para UtarI AvI che. naThAra mAnavAtane badale prANIe sAthe AtmIyatA anubhavatA madArInI anAtha bALakA mATenI vatsalatA tenA vyaktitvane AkarSaka uThAva Ape che. vasadharAnAM vahAlAMdavalAM pAtrA tATasthyanA abhAvane lIdhe vyatyaya pAmIne lekhakanAM davalAM-vahAlAM pAtrA banI gayAM che ! seraThanA samAjajIvanane sparzatI traNa maulika navalakathAe sAraTha, tArAM vahetAM pANI' (1937), 'vevizALa' (1939) ane 'tulasIkayArA' (1940) temanI leArkApraya nIvaDelI kIrtidA kRti che. 'vahetAM pANI' ogaNIsamI sadInA asta ane vIsamI sadInA ughADanA samayagALAnA sArahI jIvananI vAtAvaraNapradhAna janakathA che. te ApaNI prathama prAdezika navalakathAnuM mAna meLave che. a Mgata jIvananA anubhave ane tatkAlIna vAstavika vyaktie tathA ghaTanAenA AdhAre tenuM kAThu ghaDAyuM che. dAdA-dauhitra mahIpatarAma-pinAkInA pAtaLA kathAta MtumAM dIpaDeA cIranArA rUkhaDa zeTha, temanI jogamAyA jevI patnI sipAraNuM, bahAravaTe caDele lakhamaNa paTagara ane tenA sAthIdAro, surendradeva,

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x. 14] jhaveracaMda meghANI [ 557 devubA, puSpA vagere pAtrAnI kathA parAvAI che. kathAnA kendrasthAne nAyaka-nAyikA nahi paNa samagra janasamAja hAvAthI arUDha saMkalanAnI chApa Upase che. paraMtu chUTAchavAyA prasaMgAmAMthI, eka saphaLa navalakathA mATe lekhaka peAte ja jene Avazyaka mAne che tevI "akhaMDarUpI vaNATanI viziSTa bhAta racAtI nathI.15 vevizALa' dhanika banI kheThelA kuTu`banI kanyAnA garIba ghare thayelA vevizALamAMthI UbhI thatI samasyAnI sAmAjika kathA che. peAtAnA nAnAbhAInI putrI suzIlAnu sukhalAla sAthe thayeluM vevizALa tADI nAkhavAnA ca'pakazeThanA petarAne, sukhalAla ane tenA kuTuMba pratye suzIlAne samabhAva, sukhalAle peAtAnA paga upara UMbhA rahevAnI keLavelI lAyakAta, bhadrika bhAbhunA zAMta prabhAva ane AkhAmAlA khuzAlanI vyavahArakuzaLatA kevI rIte niSphaLa banAve che tenI kathA rasaprada rIte kahevAI che. sapATa pAtrAlekhana ane apratItikara prasa`gayeAjanAnI kSati heAvA chatAM temanI anya navalakathAone mukAbale vevizALa' vadhAre sugrathita kRti lAge che. tulasIkayArA' adhyApaka vIrasRtanA parivAranI kathA che. kaMcana sAthe vIratanuM khIjI vAranuM lagna karAvI ApanAra vilakSaNlR lagnadaSTi dharAvatA bhAskara kaMcanane unmArge caDAve che. tenuM A pagaluM vIrasutanA kuTuMbane hacamacAvI nAkhe che. kathAnA aMtamAM, AMdhaLA heAvAnA DhoMga karatA mAmA jyeSThArAmanI pAkI vyavahAradaSTi, seAmezvaranI udAratA ane vidhavA bhAbhI bhadrAnI sahRdayatA, kAI ajJAta vyakti sAthenA avaidha sabadhathI sagarbhA banelI ka Mcanane kuTuMbamAM samAvI le che. jUnI peDhInI saMskAritAne lekhake A rIte aMjila ApI che. vIrasRta-ka McananuM caritracitraNa susaMgata nathI. bhAskarane lekhake saMkula banAvavAne prayatna karyo che. paNa te mATenI manevaijJAnika bhUmikA sudRDha nathI. keTalAka prasa`geA kAkatAlIya nyAye yeAjAyA che. 'prabhu padhAryA' (1943) navI bhAta pADatuM vastu laIne AvatI samAja lakSI navalakathA che. gujara-khamI prajAnA sa`skAra-sapane AlekhatI A vArtA brahmadezanI bhUmimAM raipAI che. lekhakane hetu mukhyatve brahmI prajAnu samAjacitra rajU karavAnA hAvAthI kathAtattva pAMkhuM che. barmAnI nArIpradhAna samAjaracanA, . lagnaprathA, gurjara-brahmI AMtaralagna, utsava, nRtyo, hullaDA, dhArmika-rAjakIya AMdolanA, phU'gIonuM varcas, hiMdI vepArIonI zANuMkherI vagere prasaMgeAnI hAramALA khamI` samAjanI tAsIra darzAve che. judAMjudAM pAtrAnI

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558 ] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ca. 4 je jhalaka AlekhAI che temAM brahmI nArI-pAtrA vizeSa uDhAvadAra banyAM che. DhA-venA DaoN. nautamanA pitA sAthenA praNayasaMbaMdhane vyaMjita rAkhavAmAM lekhakanI kavacit ja pragaTatI kalAsUjha varatAya che. 1940-50nA samayagALAnI sAmAjika samasyAone AvaravA mAgatI 'kALacakra' (1947) temanI apUrNa navalakathA che. meghANInI traNeya prasaMgapradhAna navalakathAonI bhUmikA aitihAsika che, "keTalIka aitihAsika mAhitI ane 'jorAratA' tathA 'bhUcaramArI'nA leAkavRttAMta para AdhArita 'samarAMgaNa' (1938) gujarAtanA chellA sulatAna mujhaphphara trIjAnA rAjyaamalanA samayagALAnI kathA che. mujhanI lAcArI, rajapUta rAjAe paranA tenA AMdhaLA vizvAsa, keTalAka rAjAe karelA vizvAsadhAta, bhUcaramArInA yuddhamAM parAjaya, dhrALane pAdara tenI AtmahatyA vagere ghaTanAone mAtA-putra jomAMbAI-nAgaDAjInA viyAga ane vezapalaTA, nAgaDAjIrAjulanI praNayakathA, nAgaDAnA karuNa aMta, sarANiyAnI putrInI alaukika zakti, keTalIka camatkArika ghaTanAo vagere leAkakathAnI sAmagrI sAthe sAMkaLI levAmAM AvI che, pariNAme kRtinI samagra chApa atihAsika navalakathAne badale phulAvelI leAkakathA jevI paDe che. rA' gagAjaLayA' (1939) paMdaramI sadInA jUnAgaDhanA rA' mAMDalikanA samayanI kathA kahe che. rAja gagAjaLathI snAna karavAnA niyamane lIdhe mAMDalikamAMthI gaMgAjaLayA banelA rA'. aMte muslima dharma aMgIkAra kare che, eka sadAtmAnA A adhaHpatanamAM meghANIne yAgya rIte ja eka TrejeDInI zakacatA jaNAI; paraMtu kathAnAyakanA cittavyApAra para mITa mAMDIne temAMthI kalAkRti kAMtI kADhavAne badale temaNe mULa kathAnA krAthaLAmAM hamIrajI gAhilanI bhIlapatnI ane putranA vRttAnta. cAraNAnuM trAguM, vAvAjA ane bhUthAMnI camatkAraka ghaTanAe, narasiha-ratanamAmInI daMtakathAo vagere sAmagrI game tema lavIne eka kaDha geA AkAra UbhA karyA che. vastusakalanA eTalI badhI zithila che ke navI AvRttiveLAe prakaraNAne krama badalavAnI jarUra jaNAI ane badalI paNa zakAyA. medhANInI A nirbaLatama navalakathA che. gujarAtanA jaya" (1939, 42) khaMDa 1-2. vikramanI teramI sa'vatsarInI chellI pacIsImAM gujarAtanA punaruddhAra mATe thayelA prayatnAnI navalakathA che. 'vastupAla-tejapAla prabaMdha' tema ja anya prabA, rAsAo ane nATakAmAMthI vINelI sAmagrImAMthI A navalakathA ghaDAI che. dhALakAnA rANA

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pra. 14] jhaveracaMda meghANI | 559 lavaNuprasAda, viradhavala ane vIramadeva-vIsaLadevanI traNa peDhIne AvarI letI anekakendrI navalakathAne nAyaka vaNikamaMtrI vastupAla ane nAyikA tejapAlanI patnI anupamAdevI lAge che. meghANInI A pUrvenI be prasaMgapradhAna, etihAsika navalakathAo lekakathAnI dhATIe lakhAI che. jyAre A navalakathA ApaNe tyAM munazI-dhUmaketunI aitihAsika navalakathAonI je paripATI UbhI thaI che temAM goThavAI jAya tevI che. kathAnAyaka tarIke sarvazaktimAna ane sarvajJa maMtrI. ekAda bhAvanAzALI nArIpAtra, jAsUsInA ATApATA, yuddhamAM vijaya, prakaraNe prakaraNe prAdhAnya bhegavatAM pAtronAM parAkrama, praNayanAM caTakAM, ApaNI etihAsika navalakathAonI A badhI sAmagrI ahIM mojUda che. meghANI munazI-dhUmaketu jevuM vastusaMkalana, caritracitraNa ke vAtAvaraNa sarjananuM kauzala dAkhavI zakya nathI. meghANInI navalakathAo gavardhanarAma, munazI, desAInA hAthe vikasatA AvatA navalasAhityamAM prAdezikatAne navo raMga umere che. gujarAtane jaya ane "prabhupadhAryA ne bAda karatAM bAkI badhI ja navalakathAonI lIlAbhUmi seraThI samAjajIvana che. (temAMya "prabhu padhAryAnAM bhAratIya pAtro te mULa seraThanAM ja vatanI che.) jema bIje tema ahIM paNa, soraThanI taLapadI barachaTa saMskAritAnI sAmenA pallAmAM bhadravarganI navI cIkaNa sabhyatAne mUkIne pahelA pahalAne namatuM. darzAvavAne lekhakane aparokSa upakrama rahyo che. Ama karavA jatAM kyAreka jUnAMnavAM jIvanamUlya mATenA rAga-dveSe ghero raMga paNa pakaDayo che. jAtIyajIvana paratve meghANIne abhigama udAra rahyo che. eka yA bIjA prakAranA jAtIya AvegathI kheMcAyelAM niraMjana, bhAskara, puSpA, kaMcana, teju, prabhA vagerene temaNe haMmezAM samabhAvathI cItaryA che. meghANIe kavitAnI jema navalakathAne "yugavaMdanA' mATe upayoga nathI karyo te vigata paNa noMdhapAtra che. vArtA kahevI, vArtA sArI rIte kahevI ne vArtA ja kahevI'ne medhANI vArtA kAranI pahelI ane chellI pharaja mAne che.16 A Adarzane sArthaka kare tevI daDhabaMdha navalakathAo te ApI zakyA nathI. viSayAMtare, TIkATippaNo, samajUtIo, kaTAkSanA kAMkarA avAranavAra kheMce che. temanI navalakathAo ghaNuM kharuM samayanA takAdA nIce patrakAranI cAlatI kalame lakhAyelI hovAthI tene manana karIne maThAravAne avakAza temane maLyo lAgato nathI. navalakathAne sarjakanI viziSTa kalAdaSTinuM pariNAma mAnavAne badale lokakathAnI jema lekhaka ane lekenuM sahiyAruM sarjana gaNavAne lIdhe temanI dhArAvAhI navalakathAomAM teo kyAreka vAcakonAM sUcane paNa anusaryA che.

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560 ]. gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [caM. 4 medhANInI saphaLa pAtrasRSTimAM zrIpatarAma mAstara, osarAma TAMgAvALA, suzIlA, bhAbhu, sukhalAlanA pitA, bhadrAbhAbhI, mahIpatarAma, sipAraNa, madArI, teja vagereno samAveza thAya che. A badhAM ja pAtra taLapadA seraThI samAjanAM sarala vyaktitva dharAvanArAM pAtro che. A parathI eka vAta jaNAI Ave che ke temane eka rage kheMcAtAM saraLa pAtronuM citraNa ja vadhAre phAve che. niraMjana, sunIlA, kaMcana, bhAskara, prabhA, ajita vagere saMkula svabhAvanAM pAtronA citraNamAM temanI kalama lathaDatI cAle che. taLapadA samAjanAM saraLa lAgatAM mAnavIone paNa pitAnI ghaDabhAMga hoya che te vAta, pannAlAlanI jema, temane samajAI nathI. soraThI janajIvanane aMtaramane avagata karIne utAravAnuM temane sUjhayuM nathI. navalakathAnI sRSTimAM ja pAtranA daledala UghaDI AvatA pugalamAM rasa levAne badale amuka pAtronA vyavahArane sAmAjika vyaktio sAthe tALA meLavIne ke maLI jatAM saMtoSa anubhavyo che tethI ja kavacita pAtro ubhaDaka rahI javA pAmyo che. prakIrNa meghANIe rItasaranI AtmakathA lakhI nathI paNa temanA aMgata jIvananI keTalIka mAhitI temanA ja zabdomAM keTalAMka lakhANomAMthI maLI rahe che. "soraThI gItakathAo'nI prastAvanA temanA prAraMbhanA jIvana para ane ektAro" tathA verAnamAM'nI prastAvanAmAM temanAM manovalaNo para ThIka prakAza pAthare che. parakammA (1946) ane "cheluM prayANa (1947)mAM temaNe potAnA priya viSaya lekasAhityanI zodhanakathA ApI che. temAM teo pote jene "keyanAM chaDiyA kahe che tevA vArtAsAhityanA veraNacheraNa prasaMge, duhAo, chUTaka vAkyo ane zabdaprayogonAM rasALa zailImAM thayelAM TAMcaNe graMthastha thayAM che. lokasAhityanA saMzodhana mATenI temanI khaMta ane khAMkhatanAM temAM darzana thAya che. li. snehAdhIna jhaveracaMda' (1948) temanA kauTuMbika ane sAhityika jIvanamAM DekiyuM karavAnI taka ApatA 176 cUMTelA patronuM maraNottara prakAzana che. saurASTranAM khaMDeromAM (1928) ane "soraThane tIre tIre' (1933) soraThanA itihAsa, bhUgoLa, sAhitya ane jIvananA paricAyaka pravAsagraMtho che. verAnamAM, (1939) paribhramaNa (1944-47)nA traNa khaMDa ane sAMbelAnA sUra (1944) e pAMca temanA lekhasaMgrahe che. "verAnamAMmAM paradezI sAhityakAra ane sAhityakRtio parathI upajAvelAM karuNa ne kaTAkSamizrita mAnavatAraMgI rekhAcitro che. "paribhramaNamAM moTe bhAge "janmabhUminI

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pra. 14] jhaveracaMda meghANI [ 561 kaTAra kalama ane kitAba'mAM prasiddha thayelA sAhitya ane jIvanaviSayaka lekhA che. temanA vivecanalekhAmAM dezaparadezanA kalAkArA-sAhityakAra ane temanI kRtionA paricaye ; 'pragativAda' jevAM AMdelanA pratyenA temanA pratibhA ve; gurjara sAhityakAro viSenI noMdheA; sAta gujarAtI navalakathAe, sAta gujarAtI kAvyasaMgrahA ane paMdara gujarAtI navalikAsaMgraheAnI samIkSA ane sAhityanI sImArekhAne sparzatA praznonI vicAraNAne samAveza thAya che. meghANInuM vivecana tAttvika dRSTie nahi paNa sAmAnya vAcakane peAtAnA rasAsvAdanA bhAgIdAra banAvavAnA ane leAkarucine sAhityAbhimukha banAvavAnA AzayathI thayuM che. 'sAMkhelAnA sUra' (1944) 'zANA'nA upanAmathI lakhAyelA kaTAkSapradhAna lekhAne saMgraha che. A uparAMta temaNe eziyAnu` kalaMka', 'haMgerIneA tAraNahAra' vagere dI itihAsalekhA ane naravIra lAlAjI', 'ThakkarabApA', 'dayAnaMda sarasvatI' vagerenAM laghu jIvanacaritronI pa...dareka pustikAo prakAzita karI che. patrakAratva e medhANInA jIvana ane sAhityanuM eka anivAyaM aMga che. 1922mAM 'saurASTra'mAM joDAyA tyArathI mAMDIne 1945mAM 'phUlachAba'mAMthI nivRtta thayA tyAM sudhI, TreMkA samayagALAne bAda karatAM, te vRttapatro sAthe saphLAyelA rahyA hatA. patrakAratvanA verAnathI te kayAreka akaLAyA hovA chatAM tene anivAya jIvanadharma mAnIne sAhityadIvI'nA teje e yAtrAmAM UlaTabhera AgaLa vadhye gayA hatA. A leAkapremI sAhityakAra mATe patrakAratva jIvana ane sAhityane joDanArI setubaMdha ja banI gayuM hatu. eka bAju patrakAratvane temaNe sAhityaraMgI tAra' ApyA tA khIjI bAju sAhityakSetre leAkeA sudhI paheAMcavAnI patrakAranI vRtti-daSTinI maryAdA ApameLe svIkArI lIdhI. temanu saMpAdana-sarjana-vivecana vRttapatrAne upakrame ja thayuM che. temanI rAmaeNnTika gadyaTAmAM paNa patrakAratvanA raMga bhaLelA che. vi. ma. bhaTTe tA temane patrakArI jamAtanA sAhityakAra' tarIke ja oLakhAvyA che. 17 sAhityika kArakirdInI zarUAtathI te aMta sudhI anuvAda-anusarjananI temanI pravRtti cAlu rahI che. te A pravRttine maulika sarjana jeTalI ja mUlyavAna mAne che. khalake, e benI vacce kAI tAttvika bhedarekhA hAya ema paNa te mAnatA nathI. saMpAdana, kavitA, navalakathA, navalikA A dareka kSetre temaNe rUpAMtarA-anusarjanA ApyAM che, jenI ApaNe yathAsthAne taiAMdha lIdhI ja che. mULa kRtinI lagAlaga cAlanArA anuvAdya temaNe mAtra nATakanA kSetre ja ApyA che. temaNe dvijendralAla rAyanAM nATakA parathI 'rANA pratApa' (1923) tathA 'zAhajahAM' gu. sA. 36

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562]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 (19ra7) ane ravIndranAthanA padyanATaka parathI "rAjA-rANI' (1926) ema traNa baMgALI nATakanA anuvAda ApyA che. "rANA pratApa nAyakanAM Teka, saMdharSa, jaya-parAjayanuM tathA "zAhajahAM nAyakanA aMtima divasonI vyathAnuM Alekhana karatAM nATake che. jeindralAle mULamAM vAparelA saMskRta tatsama zabdane sthAne anuvAdamAM prayojita arabI-phArasI ke taLapadA zabdo maMgalayugIna vAtAvaraNane vizeSa upakAraka che. joke "rANA pratApa'mAM vaparAyela "navalakathA' jevA zabda te yuganA vAtAvaraNane anurUpa nathI. ravIndranAthanuM "rAjA e rAnI" jAlaMdharanA rAjA vikramadevanA rANu sumitrA mATenA ekAMtika preme janmAvelI karuNa paristhitinuM nATaka che. anuvAdaka prastAvanAmAM noMdhe che tema sagapAMga te nahi paNa mahadaMze payAramAM lakhAyelA A nATakane temaNe gadyamAM utAryuM che. baMgALI gItAnA gujarAtI lokalayomAM, kavacita saMvardhita, bhAvAnuvAda ApyA che. e ki upadrava !", "Ami zizu !', "nindAvAkya", "saMbhASaNane sthAne kramazaH "A zo gajaba"huM nA gIgale !', "khaNakhoda', "sAmaiyAM', vagerenA prayogamAM anuvAdakanI sUjha pragaTa thAya che. traNe nATakane anuvAda sUjhavALA hovAthI saMtoSakAraka che. meghANIne mATe abhivyaktinuM mukhya vAhana gadya ja rahyuM che. temaNe sAdyanta romenTika gadya chaTA apanAvI che. romenTika gadya gujarAtI sAhitya mATe navAInI vAta nathI paNa temAM bhaLelo lokasAhityane raMga ane tene maLe soraThI vANIne maraDa te meghANInuM AgavuM pradAna che. mAtra saMvAdamAM ja nahi, kathana-varNanamAM paNa temaNe lokabolIne baheLe upayoga karyo. soraThI zabdaprayogo, rUDhiprayoga, alaMkAra-TA, laya-lahekAne kAraNe gujarAtI gadyano eka navo raMga UghaDayo. kathAsAhityamAM lekabolInA sarjanAtmaka upagathI anugAmI vArtAkAro maDiyApannAlAla vagerenA jAnapadI kathAsAhitya mATe eka navI keDI paDI. meghANInA A vipula kahI zakAya tevA vADmaya-sarjanamAMthI kALanI cALaNImAM caLAtAM caLAtAM, umAzaMkara jozI kahe che tema, "lekasAhitya, zezava ane kaumAranAM thoDAMka svataMtra gItA, atihAsika mahattvanAM rASTrIya gIta, cAreka vArtAo ane beeka navalakathAo bacaze."18 je kaMI bacaze te gujarAtanI bhAvi sAhityarasika peDhIone A soraThI sAhityakAranI lAkSaNika adAne paricaya jarUra ApI raheze.

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pra. 14] jhaveracaMda meghANI [563 TIpa 1 "meghANI graMtha-1 saM. umAzaMkara jozI, (1971) pR. 1. 2 li. nehAdhIna jhaveracaMda' (1948) pR. 176. 3 e ja, pR. 177. 4 lokasAhityanuM samAlocana' (1946) pR. 197. 5 lokasAhitya: dharatInuM dhAvaNa khaMDa 1 (1971), prastAvanA, pR. 5-6. 6 naM. 2 pramANe, pR. 176. 7 "lokasAhitya: dharatInuM dhAvaNa khaMDa 2 (1972), pR. ra7ra. 8 e ja, khaMDa 1, pR. 9. 9 "zailI ane svarUpa', umAzaMkara jozI, (1960) pR. 216 -17. 10 paribhramaNa khaMDa 1 (1946), pR. 36. 11 "jhaveracaMda meghANI" (saM. aniruddha brahmabhaTTaH 1968), pR. 113-114. 12 "kavinI sAdhanA', umAzaMkara jozI, pR. 121. 13 naM. 11 pramANe, pR. 128, 130. 14 naM. 2 pramANe, pR. 169. 15 "bIDelAM dvAranuM anukathana, pR. 262-63 vAratAomAM, khAsa karIne "mahAna vAratA"mAM, je vizALa lIlAbhUmi para ramaNa karatAM pAtro-ghaTanAonuM eka kendrastha kathAprasaMganI coyapharatuM gUMthaNu joIe, aneka tANAvANAnA Taka chUTaka trAgAnI gUMthaNI sAthe UThata akhaMDarUpI vaNATa joIe, te emAM nathI." 16 meghANa graMthAvalI' (1975) khaMDa-1; "vizALa" navalakathAnI prastAvanA pR. 15. 17 nikaSarekhA', vizvanAtha ma. bhaTTa, (1945) pR. 168. 18 naM. 1 pramANe, pR. 17.

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[1] sAmAnya 1 aMjAriyA, hiMmatalAla 2 jhaverI, kRSNalAla 3 jhaverI, manasukhalAla 4 ThAkara, dhIrubhAI 5 derAsarI, DAhyAbhAI huM pATheka, jayanta 7 pAThaka, rAmanArAyaNa 8 pArekha, hIrAlAla 9 mahetA, hIrA ka. 10 munazI, kanaiyAlAla 11 trivedI, navalarAma 12 trivedI, viSNuprasAda 13 vaidya, vijayarAya 14 'sundaram' 15 'gujarAtImAM gadyasvarUpa ane vikAsa' 16 graMtha ane graMthakAra' 17 graMtha ane graMthakAra' saMdarbha sUci 'sAhityapravezikA' (1922, 1951), gujarAtI sAhityanA mArgasUcaka ane vadhu mAgasUcaka staMbhA' (1958). hisTarI oNpha gujarAtI liTarecara' (a.) (1978). arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanI vikAsarekhA' (1972). sAThInA sAhityanuM digdarzana'(1911, 1969) 'Adhunika kavitApravAha' (1963). arvAcIna kAvyasAhityanAM vaheNe|' (1938, 1970). arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzIna' khaMDa 1, 2, 3 (1935, 1936, 1937). 'ApaNuM vivecanasAhitya' (1939). 'gujarAta eNnDa iTsa liTarecara' (aM.) (1935), 'samAjasudhArAnuM rekhAdarzIna' (1934). arvAcIna cintanAtmaka gadya' (1950). gujarAtI sAhityanI rUparekhA' (1943, 1949); sAhityane vizvakASa yAne sAhityapriyanA sAthI'-1 (1967) 'arvAcIna kavitA' (1946), sapAnA pra. vile pArale sAhityasabhA (1967). pustaka 1 thI 8 (1930thI 1937) saM hIrAlAla pArekha. pustaka 9 (1937thI 1941) pra. va" 1944 sa'. cUnIlAla zAha, bacubhAI rAvata, ke. kA. zAstrI.

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saMdarbhasUci [ 565 18 "graMtha ane graMthakAra' 19 graMtha ane graMthakAra' pustaka 10 (1942thI 1950), pra. varSa 1952 saM. dhIrubhAI ThAkara ane iMdravadana kA. dave. pustaka 11 (1951thI 1960) pra. varSa 1966 saM. pItAMbara paTela ane cimanalAla trivedI, naM. 16thI 19nA pra. gujarAta vidyAsabhA, amadAvAda gujarAta darzana-sAhitya 1, 2, (1972) saM. bhogIlAla gAMdhI, baMsIdhara gAMdhI, prakAza na. zAha, pra. saradAra paTela yunivarsiTI 20 "jJAnagaMgetrI" graMtha zreNa-10, 11 [2] prakaraNavAra prakaraNa 1 kavi, nhAnAlAla bhaTTa, vizvanAtha kavIzvara dalapatarAma -1, 2 (pUrvArdha ane uttarAdha) 3 (1933, 1934) (5) 1940 (u.), 1941. "pUjana ane parIkSA'(pUrvArdha : 1862)mAMne paMDitayuga" e lekha gaMdhAkSata' (1949)mAM "arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanAM prerakabaLe' lekha; "sAhityaniSa(1958)mAM "adhI sadInuM saravaiyuM lekha. rAvaLa, anaMtarAya prakaraNa 2 gADIta, jayaMta jozI, umAzaMkara jhaverI, manasukhalAla ThAkAra, balavantarAya trivedI, navalarAma, "hAnAlAla' (1977); "hAnAlAlanuM apadyAgadya' (1976). abhiruci' (1958); "zailI ane svarUpa (1960); "zaradapUnama kAvyanuM saMdhaTana" saMskRti' oNgasTa, 1963. hAnAlAla' (1967). vividha vyAkhyAne" gura7 2, vibhAga 1 (1948) keTalAMka vivecano' (1934); "navAM vivecane' (1941). vivecanA' (1938, 1964); "parizIlana' (1949). kavi nhAnAlAlanAM bhAvapradhAna nATako' (1963). trivedI, viSNuprasAda dave, IzvaralAla

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566] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa diveTiyA, narasiMharAva mane mukura 1; 2 (1936 bI. A.) desAI, ramaNalAla gujarAtanuM ghaDatara' (1945). dhruva, AnandazaMkara sAhityavicAra' (1941, 1947). parIkha, bAlacandra rasadraSTA kavIzvara' (1958); "mAMgalyadraSTA mahAkavi' (1968). pAThaka, rAmanArAyaNa kAvyanI zakti' (1939); "AlocanA" (1944); kAvyasamuccaya" bhAga 2 (1924). maNiyAra, umedabhAI nAnAlAla' (saM.) (1977). rAvaLa, anaMtarAya "sAhityavihAra' (1946); "gaMdhAkSata' (1949); sAhityaviveka' (1958); "sAhityaniSa" (1958); "samAlocanA' (1966); graMthastha vAya' (1967); "unsIlana' (1974). vaigha, vijayarAya jUI ane takI' (1939); "nIlama ane pikharAja' (1962). zAha, dhanavanta kavizrI nhAnAlAlanI kavitAmAM jIvanadarzana" (1977). uparAMta [1] sAmAnyamAMthI ne. 14 tema ja saMpAdita graMthe ? (1) kaumudI' vaimAsika rU. 3, aM. 4,1927: hAnAvAla suvarNa mahotsava aMka. (2) "kavizrI nhAnAlAla smAraka graMtha', rAja kumAra kailaja, rAjakoTa. (3) "nhAnAlAla smAraka aMka strIjIvana, mArca 1946. (4) nhAnAlAla zatAbdI graMtha, gujarAta yunivarsiTI. (5) "hAnAlAla adhyayanagraMthI, bahAuddIna T koleja, jUnAgaDha (1977). (6) "graMthane "hAnAlAla janmazatAbdI aMka jUna 1977. (7) "kavilekIne "hAnAlAla zatAbdI vizeSAMka me-jUna 1977. (8) mahAkavi nhAnAlAla smAraka TrasTa prakAzita karelAM nhAnAlAla-jayantI vyAkhyAne.

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prakaraNa 3 jhaverI, manasukhalAla trivedI, navalarAma trivedI, viSNuprasAda desAI, jahAMgIra dhruva, AnaMdazaMkara pAThaka, rAmanArAyaNa bakSI, rAmaprasAda bhaTTa, vizvanAtha rAvaLa, anaMtarAya vaidya, vijayarAya kavi, nhAnAlAla jozI, umAzaMkara sada sUci uparAMta saMpAdita prathA : jhaverI, manasukhalAla trivedI, navalarAma paramAra, takhtasiMha zeADA vivecanalekhA' (1944). 'keTalAMka vivecaneA' (1934), 1939nuM graMthastha vADmaya' (1939); 'vivecanA' (1939; 1964); 'parizIlana' (1949); 'upAyana' (1961). 'camakArA' (1931), prastAvanA. sAhityavicAra' (1941). arvAcIna gujarAtI kAvyasAhitya' (1933). 'vAGamayavimarza'' (1970 khI. A.) 'vivecanamukura' (1939). 'sAhityavihAra' (1946), [567 'jUI ane ketakI' (1963). (1) 'kiva khabaradAra kaeNnAtsava abhina`dana graMtha' (1931); (2) kavizrI a. phaeN. khabaradAra smAraka graMtha' (nave. 1961); (3) 'vIsamI sadI'neA khabaradAra aMka (nave. 1931); (4) 'sAhitya' mAsikaneA khabaradAra kaEAtsava aMka (nave. 1931); (5) gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada patrikA' (jUna-- julAI 1947); () 'vasaMta" mAsika (mAdha sa, 1981) vagere. * 'ApaNAM sAkSararatne'-1 (1934); 2 (1935). hRdayamAM paDelI chaSmIe' (1977), 'citrAMkana' (1974), byuTalAMka vivecana' (1934, 1944). 'akSaraleAkanI yAtrA'(1980),

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56 ] pAThaka, rAmanArAyaNa rAvaLa, anaMtarAya rAvaLa, anaMtarAya ane anya (sa.) vaidya, vijayarAya gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa 'kAvyanI zakti' (1939). 'sAhityanikaSa' (1958), prakaraNa 4 umaravADiyA, baTubhAI kAThArI, dineza, ThAkara, lAbhazaMkara cokasI, maheza uparAMta [1] sAmAnyamAMthI naM. 3, 4, 13, 14, tema ja 'kavilAka' mA -eprila 1977; 'lalitaneA lalakAra' (1951) sAthe joDelA zaMkaralAla zAstrI ane manasukhalAla jhaverInA lekheA; zayadA smRti pustikA (1968); 'gulajhAre zAyarI' (1961) vagere. dhruva, AnaMdazaMkara paDayA, caMdrazaMkara pAka, rAmanArAyaNa bhaTTa, upendra bhaTTa, caM. 4 vizvanAtha kavizrI kheATAdakara zatAbdI adhyayanagraMtha' (1971) 'jUI ane ketakI' (1939); 'mANeka ane akIka' (1967) caudharI, raghuvIra ane zarmA, rAdhezyAma 'gujarAtI navalakathA' (1972). jozI. umAzaMkara jozI, raviza kara hRdayamAM paDelI khIe' (1977). 'raviti' (1980). jhaverI, manasukhalAla kanaiyAlAla munazI' (veArA : 1970); kanaiyAlAla munazI' (kumakuma : 1978). 'keTalAMka vivecane'; (1934, 1944) 'navAM trivedI, navalarAma trivedI, viSNuprasAda 'darzI ka' diveTiyA, narasiMharAva kIrtidAne kamaLanA patrA' (1938). 'Inara lAIpha' (1965). 'gujarAtI nATayasAhityanA udbhava ane vikAsa' (1965). vivecaneA' (1941). vivecanA' (1964), vAgIzvarInAM kaphUleA' (1963). 'maneAmukura' graMtha 3 (1937), 'sAhityavicAra' (1941). caMdrazaMkaranAM gadyaratna' (1966). 'sAhityavimarza' (1939); AlAyanA' (1944); 'sAhityAleAka' (1954) ane 'Akalana' (1964). caritrasAhitya : svarUpa ane vikAsa'(1966), 'sAhityasamIkSA' (1937); 'vivecanamukura' (1939).

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saMdarbhasUci 569] mahetA, candrakAnta kathAvizeSa' (1970). rAvaLa, anaMtarAya sAhityavihAra' (1946); "gaMdhAkSata' (1949); graMthastha vADmaya' (1967); "samAlocanA (1966). vaidya, vijayarAya jaI ane ketakI' (1939); "nIlama ane pokharAja' (1962). vyAsa, jayaMta munazInI aitihAsika navalakathAo' (1978). zarmA, rAdhezyAma vAcanA' (1972). zAha, cUnIlAla vardhamAna vidyAvistAra vyAkhyAnamALA' (1952)mAM gujarAtImAM aitihAsika navalakathA lekha. zukala, rAmacaMdra gujarAtI sAhitya enuM manana ane vivecana" (1936). sundaram "avalekanA' (1965). uparAMta, "munazI : hijha mAInDa eNnDa ArTa' (saM.) prakaraNa 5 umaravADiyA, baTubhAI kIrtidAne kamaLanA patro' (1938). kavi, nhAnAlAla "ApaNuM sAkSararatno--ra (1935). koThArI, jayaMta anuSaMga' (1978); "nibaMdha ane gujarAtI nibaMdha (saM.) 1976; "TUMkIvArtA ane gujarAtI TUMkIvArtA (saM.) 1977 ane "ekAMkI ane gujarAtI ekAMkI (saM.) 1980. koThArI, bhAIlAla vivecanasaMcaya' (1959). cekasI, maheza gujarAtI nATayasAhityano uddabhava ane vikAsa' (1965). jozI, umAzaMkara hRdayamAM paDelI chabIo' (1977). jhaverI, manasukhalAla, gujarAtI sAhityanuM rekhAdarzana(1953) zAha, ramaNabhAI ThAkara, dhIrubhAI rasa ane ruci(1963); vikSepa" (1973) taMtrI, maNibhAI nAraNajI gujarAtI navalakathAnuM sAhitya' (1911). trivedI, viSNuprasAda vivecanA' (1939, 1964) darajI, pravINa nibaMdha-svarUpa ane vikAsa' (1975); spaMda' (1976); "pratyagra' (1978).

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caM. 4 570 ] klAla, jayanti dave, IzvaralAla kAyA lAkaDAnI mAyA lUgaDAnI' (1963). 'sAhityagASThi' (1971), 'sAhityakasabha' (1973). desAI, mInu paDayA, caMdrazaMkara pAThaka, naMdakumAra caMdraza karanAM gadyaratnA' (1966), ekAMkI - svarUpa ane sAhitya' (1956). 'sAhityavimarza' (1939). pAka, rAmanArAyaNa bakSI, rAmaprasAda ane anya (sa.) 'vAGamayavihAra' (zrI jyeAtIndra dave SaSTipUrtiabhinaMdana graMtha)mAM rAmaprasAda bakSInA jayotIndra vize, ane jayAtIndra davenA anya sAhityasaja kA vizenA lekhA caritra sAhitya : svarUpa ane vikAsa' (1966). 'nikaSarekhA' (1945), 'ekAMkI - svarUpa ane vikAsa' (1977). 'anuraNana' (1973); 'kathAvizeSa' (1970). 'ArAmakhurazIethI' (1945). 'sAhityaviveka' (1958); 'sAhityanikaSa' (1958); 'samIkSA' (1962); 'samAlayanA' (1966); graMthastha vADmaya' (1967). 'saurabha' (1979). bhaTTa, upendra bhaTTa, vizvanAtha bhAvasAra, maphata mahetA, candrakAnta mahetA, dhanasukhalAla rAvaLa, ane tarAya vALaMda, nareAttama vaidya, vijayarAya gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa zAstrI, durgAza Mkara ane anya (saM.) 'sAhityaparAmarza' (1945). zAstrI, za'karalAla 'sAhityane AvArethI' (1939) zukala, rAmacaMdra 'jUI ane ketakI' (1939); 'mANeka ane akIka' (1967). gu. sA. maMDaLa, rAM dera. jUnI ragabhUminA lekhaka cekasI, maheza ThAkara, bharatakumAra ThAkara, jazavanta * uparAMta, nAzAdakRta 'musalamAne! ane gura sAhitya' (1935); ane bAnavAmRta 'muslimeAe gujarAtI bhASAnI bAvelI sevA'pra, muslima gujarAtI sAhitya enu` manana ane vivecana' (1936). 'gujarAtI nATacasAhityanA udbhava ane vikAsa' (1965). DAhyAbhAI dheALazAjI - eka adhyayana' (1978). 'nATayazikSaNanAM mULatattvA' (1956); 'abhi

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saMdarbhasUci [571. nayakaLA'; "jayazaMkara suMdarInI digdarzanakaLA vagere. ThAkara, dhIrubhAI pratibhAva' (1972). DosA, prAgajI 'takhate bole che' (1978). darajI, pravINa carvaNuM' (1976). dalAla, jaryAnti "kAyA lAkaDAnI mAyA lUgaDAnI' (1963). nAyaka, sureza gujarAtI raMgabhUminA zilpI bApulAla nAyaka' (1980). parIkha, rasikalAla AkAzabhASita' (1974). mahetA, dhanasukhalAla gujarAtI binadhaMdhAdArI raMgabhUmine ItihAsa" (1956). mAstara, dharmendra dhaMdhAdArI gujarAtI raMgabhUminAM nATakonAM gItA' (1976). rAvaLa, anaMtarAya sAhityavihAra' (1946); tAratamya (1971)uparAMta "gujarAtI nATyazatAbdI mahotsava smAraka graMtha' (1952); kavizrI prabhulAlanI AtmakathA; kavizrI raghunAtha brahmabhaTTanI AtmakathA; amRta jAnInI AtmakathA; jayazaMkara suMdarInI AtmakathA; De. DI. jI. vyAsanA lekhe; "gujarAtI nATaya'nA aMke; "nATaka' pAkSikanA aMkA; ekaso pacIsa varSanA mahensamAM pragaTa thayela muMbaI, surata, vaDodarA, amadAvAda, visanagara, mahesANA, rAjakoTa vagerenI utsava samitionAM suveniyare; DAhyAbhAI dhoLazAjInAM nATaka sAthe joDAyelI jayati dalAlanI prastAvanAo; mojamajhA' tathA "citrapaTa'nA aMke, ramaNIkalAla jayacaMda dalAlanI doravaNa nIce pragaTa thayelAM phUlacaMda zAhanAM nATake. prakaraNa 6 kRpAlAnI, AcArya gAMdhIjI : jIvana ane vicAra, (anuvAda : 1973) desAI, mahAdeva "mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI" 1thI 17. desAI, zAMtilAla gAMdhIjI -eka adhyayana' (1952). paTela, cI. nA. gAMdhIjInI sAhityasAdhanA ane bIjA lekhe' (1978); TrejiDI : sAhityamAM ane jIvanamAM" (1978). parIkha, rasikalAla buddhiprakAza' (okaTo. 1974)mAM "sAhityakAra gAMdhIjI e lekha.

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ci gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa . 4 572] pAThaka, rAmanArAyaNa Akalana' (1964). pAThaka, hIrAbahena vikati' (1974). pArekha, nagInadAsa svAdhyAya ane samIkSA' (1969) uparAMta buddhiprakAza' nave-Dise. 1968; Dise. 1969; phebru. tema ja mArca 1970; "vidyApITha' Dise. 1978; "samaparNa 16 phebru. 1969mAMnA le. medI, ramaNa gAMdhIjInuM sAhitya' (1971). rAvaLa, anaMtarAya tAratamya' (1971); "unsIlana' (1974). sundarama sAhityaciMtana' (1978); "samarcanA" (1978) uparAMta, "saMskRtine vizeSAMka varSa 2, aMka 3. prakaraNa 7 gAMdhI, mohanadAsa 'hiMda svarAja' (1969). jozI, umAzaMkara ane anya (saM.) "kAlelakara adhyayanagraMtha' (1961). jozI, umAzaMkara "zailI ane svarUpa' (1960); "pratizabda' (1967). jhaverI, manasukhalAla ghaDA vivecanalekhe' (1944); "dRSTikoNa (1978). desAI, maganabhAI "rAjA rAmamohana rAyathI gAMdhIjI' (1957). paTela, jayaMtIbhAI kAkA kAlelakara jIvana ane sAhitya' (1974). paTela, maganabhAI gAMdhIjInuM dharmadarzana' (1972). paTela, maNibhAI 'mahAtmA gAMdhInI keLavaNunI philasUphI' (1959). pAThaka, rAmanArAyaNa sAhityavimarza (1939); "sAhityaloka (1954); "Akalana' (1964). mahetA, candrakAnta kAkA kAlelakara' (1980). rAvaLa, anaMtarAya "samAlocanA' (1966). prakaraNa 8 jozI, umAzaMkara abhiruci' (1959). jhaverI, manasukhalAla "abhigama" (1966); "daSTikaNi' (1978).

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paTela, cI, nA. parIkha, narahara pAThaka, rAmanArAyaNu balasArA, ketakI rAvaLa, ane tarAya yAjJika, amRtalAla prakaraNa 9 kAlelakara, kAkAsAheba kAThArI, jayaMta jozI, umAzaMkara mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha uparAMta, gujarAta 'ciddhASa' (1971). uparAMta 'mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI' bhAga-2,3; 'buddhiprakAza' jAnyuArI 1950 nA aMka ThAkara, dhIrubhAI dave, IzvaralAla paTela, geApALadAsa ane kalAthI, mukulabhAI (sa....) brokara, gulAkhadAsa mahetA, candrakAnta rAvaLa, anaMtarAya sadabhasUci vALaMda, narAttama vyAsa, harIza - 'abhikrama' (1975). zreyAthInI sAdhanA' (1953). 'sAhityavimarza' (1939). zrI kizAralAla mazarUvALA--eka adhyayana" (1970), sAhityanikaSa' (1958). [ 573 gAMdhIparivAranA jyeAti rA' (1975). 'anuSa'ga' (1978), hRdayamAM paDelI chakhIe' (1977). 'prajJAcakSu 5. sukhalAlajI' (1977); vidyAsabhAnuM prakAzana : paMDita sukhalAlajI : paricaya tathA aMjali' (1967). 'vikSepa' (1973) 'anubhAvita' (1979). keLavaNIkAranuM pAta ane pratibhA' (1959), rUpasRSTimAM' (1962). 'anuraNana' (1973), 'sAhityaviveka' (1958); 'samAlAyanA' (1966). 'ApaNA jayotidharA' (1980). mahAtmA gAMdhInA gujarAtI sAhitya pura prabhAva' (1979). 'muni jinavijayajI' (1978). sAMDesarA, bhogIlAla uparAMta, 'kumAra' 1976 phebru; 'milApa' 1976 aMka 317; graMtha' phebru 1976, oNgasTa 76; phrAsa' 1974 pu. 39, aMka 4.

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574] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 prakaraNa 10 kAlANuM, kAntilAla rAmanArAyaNa vi. pAThakaH vADamaya pratibhA' (1981). kAThArI, jayaMta vivecananuM vivecana' (1973). jozI, umAzaMkara pratizabda' (1967); "hRdayamAM paDelI chabI e" (1977). joSI, sureza gujarAtI kavitAne AsvAda' (1971). jhaverI, manasukhalAla "paryeSaNA' (1953); "abhigama' (1966) ThAkara, dhIrubhAI sAMprata sAhitya' (1968). ThAkara, baLavaMtarAya "ApaNI kavitAsamRddhi' (1971); "navIna kavitA vize vyAkhyAno' (1964). trivedI, viSNuprasAda parizIlana' (1949). darajI, pravINa nibaMdhaH svarU5 ane vikAsa' (1975). dhruva, AnaMdazaMkara, digdarzana' (1941). parIkha, rasikalAla purovacana ane vivecana' (1965). pAThaka, jayaMta rAmanArAyaNa vi. pAThakaH sarjaka ane vivecaka (1970). pAThaka, hIrA kAvyabhAvana' (1969); "vikRti' (1974). bakSI, rAmaprasAda vAmayavimarza(1970). bUca, hasita anvaya' (1969); "tadbhava' (1976). beTAI, suMdarajI "suvarNamegha' (1964). brahmabhaTTa, aniruddha "anvIkSA' (1970). mAMkaDa, DolararAya kAvyavivecana' (1949). meghANa, jhaveracaMda "paribhramaNa-2, 3 (1947). rAvaLa, anaMtarAya "samAlocanA' (1966); "graMthastha vADmaya (1967); "upacaya' (1971) zeTha, caMdrakAnta rAmanArAyaNa vi. pAThaka' (1979) sundaram "avalokanA' (1965); "samarcanA' (1978). uparAMta [1] sAmAnyamAMthI 4, 6, 8, 20; gujarAta sAhitya sabhA kAryavAhI-1934, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1945, 1956, 1961, 1964, 1966; sAmayika : "udgAra" nave. 1979; kavileka' jAnyu. 1976; "kumAra" sapTe. 1955; "kesUDA" 1957; "kaumudI' caitra saM. 1981, mAgha

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saMdasUci [575 1983, kArtika-Si saM. 1985, julAI 1931, jAnyu. 1934; "graMtha oNgasTa 1965; "graMthAgAra' phebru-mArca 1956; "navacetana eNka. 1955, nave. 1955, me 1957; paraba" phebru. 1981, mArca 1981; "prasthAna' bhAdrapada saM. 2011, bhAdra. Aso saM. 2012; "buddhiprakAza' nave.-Dise. 1949 oNgasTa 1953, sapTe. 1955, eprila 1956; "rekhA' julAI 194ra, eprila 1945; "zAradA' mArca 1931; "saMskRti eka. 1955, me 1956. prakaraNa 11. koThArI, jayaMta vivecananuM vivecana' (1976). jozI, ramaNalAla viniyoga' (1977). joSI, sureza kAvyacarcA' (1971). jhAlA, gaurIprasAda akSarA' (1976). ThAkara, dhIrubhAI rasa ane ruci' (1963). darajI, pravINa nibaMdha : svarUpa ane vikAsa" (1975). dave, vrajarAya vagere (saM.) upAyanazrI vi. 2. trivedI SaSTipUrti abhi naMdana graMtha' (1961). dezI, hasamukha pariprekSA' (1974). pAThaka, rAmanArAyaNa sAhityavimarza' (1939). pArekha, madhusUdana AvirbhAva' (1973). brahmabhaTTa, aniruddha anvIkSA' (1970); "pUrvApara' (1976). bhaTTa, gaurIbhAI (pra) maMgaLayAtrA" sa8 DolararAya mAMkaDa smRti graMtha (1971). maDiyA, cUnIlAla graMthagarimA' (1961). rAvaLa, anaMtarAya gaMdhAkSata' (1949); "samAcanA' (1966) graMthastha vADamaya (1967); rAvaLa, anaMtarAya, dave Izvara- DolararAya mAMkaDa: jIvana ane sarjana (eka lAla, paMDyA, upendra samIkSA)' (1976). sundaram avalokana' (1966). A uparAMta "etad jUna 1980; "gujarAta sAhityasabhAnI kAryavAhI 1934, 1938, 1939, 1939-40, 1946-47, 1949-50, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1964; "graMtha" jAnyu, Dise. 1964, phebru. 1966, julAI 1968, jUna 1974, jAnyu. 1977, eprila 1978; buddhiprakAza" nave. 1974; jAnyu. 1977; saMskRti' sapTe. 1970, me 1974; "svAdhyAya okaTe. 1963, aikaTe. 1971

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576] prakaraNa 12 adhvaryuM, viAda ane jAnI, kanubhAI kAThArI, dineza ane ThAkara, lAbhazaMkara gAMdhI, sI. eca. ceAkasI, maheza caudharI, raghuvIra ane zarmA, rAdhezyAma jozI, umAza kara joSI, sureza trivedI, navalarAma dAzI, hasamukha paDayA, upendra pAka, jaya ta pAThaka, rAmanArAyaNa brokara, gulAbadAsa bhaTTa, vizvanAtha miDayA, cUnIlAla mahetA, candrakAnta mahetA, dIpaka rAvaLa, anaMtarAya vaidya, vijayarAya sundaram gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa [ca 4 'bhAyAlAka' (1965). 'Inara lAIpha' (1965). gujarAtI navalakathAmAM rASTrIya asmitA' (1973), 'gujarAtI nATayasAhityanA udbhava ane vikAsa' (1965). 'gujarAtI navalakathA' (1972). 'abhiruci' (1959); 'hRdayamAM paDelI khIe' (1977). kathApakathana' (1969). keTalAMka vivecane' (1934, 1944). 'ramaNulAla va. desAI : vyaktitva ane vAD maya' bhAga 1, 2 (1963). 'avakhAdha' (1976); 'pratikhedha' (1980). 'AlAka' (1966). sAhityavimarza' (1939). 'rUpasRSTimAM' (1962). 'vivecanamukura' (1939). 'kathAlAka' (1968). 'kathAvizeSa' (1970). 'ramaNalAla va. desAI' (1980); 'kathAvaleAkana' (1978). 'sAhityavihAra' (1946); 'samIkSA' (1962); 'samAlAcanA' (1966); graMthastha vADmaya' (1967). nIlama ane peAkharAja' (1962). 'avaleAkanA' (1965). vasa...talAla desAI abhinaMdana graMtha' (1942); gujarAta sAhityasabhAnI kAryavAhI 1939-40, 1941-42, 1946-47. uparAMta, zrI ramaNulAla

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saMdarbhasUci [57 77 prakaraNa 13 "uzanas mUlyAMkano' (1979) jADejA, dilAvarasiMha pratidhvani' (1972) jozI, umAzaMkara zelI ane svarUpa' (1860) jhaverI, manasukhalAla gheDA vivecanalekho' (1944), paryuM paNa (1952), abhigama (1966) ThAkara, dhIrubhAI "rasa ane ruci' (1963) dave, IzvaralAla TuMkI vArtA-zilpa ane sarjana (1967); sAhityagoSThi' (1971) paTela, bhoLAbhAI "adhunA (1973) pAThaka, jayaMta Aleka (1966); "bhAvayitrI' (1974), rameza zukala sAthe TUMkI vArtA svarUpa ane sAhitya pAThaka, rAmanArAyaNa sAhityavimarza' (1939), "sAhityAka' (1954; 73), "Akalana' (1964) maDiyA, cUnIlAla vArtAvimarza' (1961), mahetA, prakAza "anvIti' (1978) rAvaLa, anaMtarAya graMthastha vADamaya' (1967) "tAratamya" (1971), dhUmaketunAM vArtAronI prastAvanA zarmA, rAdhezyAma, ojhA, dhUmaketunI bhAvasRSTi' (1973) maphata (saM.) zukala, rAmacaMdra navalikAsaMgraha 1-2 (saM.); gujarAtI sAhitya enuM manana ane vivecana' (1936) sundarama "avalekanA" (1965) uparAMta, dhUmaketu SaSTipUrti aMka; dhUmaketu smRti aMka" (strIjIvana); "gujarAta. sAhityasabhAnI kAryavAhI 1933-34, 1936-37, 1937-38 1948-49, 1953-54; "sAhitya" 1924, 25, 27; "saMskRti' na. 1961; "graMtha phebru. 1966; prakaraNa 14 zI, umAzaMkara (saM.) "meghANI graMtha 1; 2' (1971) jozI, umAzaMkara hRdayamAM paDelI chabIo' (1977) gu. sA. 37

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39] Thakkara, kapilabhAI ThAkara, dhIrubhAI, caMdaravAkara puSkara, ejhA dhanavaMta dave, I. meA. (saM.) desAI, maganabhAI paramAra, jayamalla ane varmA niraMjana (sa.) paDathA, upendra pAThaka, jayaMta ane paTela, jayaMta gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa brahmabhaTTa, aniruddha (saM) bhaTTa, vizvanAtha rAvaLa, ane tarAya "suMdaram' 'jhaveracaMda medhANI' (jIvanakathA : 1981) 'meghANI smAraka vyAkhyAnA' 'mi-jhaveracaMda medhANI smRtisthya ka' 'vivekAMjali' (1960) 'jhaveracaMda meghANI' [ca. 4 'pratikhAdha' (1980) jhaveracaMda medhANI : jIvana ane sAhitya' (1968) 'jhaveracaMda meghANI' (1968) nikaSarekhA' (1945) 'samAlocanA' (1966); graMthastha vADmaya' (1967) avaleAkanA' (1965)

Page #588
"akkalanA duzmana' 217 'akSayarAja'25ra "akSarA' 478 akhA 105, 223, 224, 409 "akhA bhakta ane tenI kavitA'223 akhAvana' 508 acalAyatana' 63 'ajakhakumArI' 243 'ajavilApa' 143 zabdasUci 'ajAtazatru' 251 'ajAmila' 213 ajAmila-AkhyAna' 246 'ajita-ajitA' 56, 59, 60, 63, 65, 70 "ajita bhImadeva' 522, 126, para7 'ajitA' para1, 523 aDadhe raste' 157, 191, 192 aDAlA tArA pApaTalAla 199 200 "adala' jumA khabaradAra aradezara 'adhikArI' 25ra 'adhUrAM lagna' 253 'adhUrI AzA' 255 "adhUrA saMsAra' 250 'adhyAtmavicAraNA' 362 adhyApaka kezavalAla 253-254 adhyApakanI noMdha : 1 ane 2'407 'adhyApanakaLA' 386 adhvaryuM rAmacandra 152 'ana gabhadrA athavA vallabhIpuranA vinAza' 214-215 'ana gabhasma' 235 'anaMtakaLA' 365 anaMtA 202 'anAmikA' 512 'anArakalI' (trApajakarakRta) 253 'anArakalI' (brahmabhaTTa raghunAthakRta) 251 'anArakkI athavA aparAdhI akabara' 214 anAnAM aDapalAM ane khIjA prakA lekhA' 224-225 'anAsaktiyAga' 2071, 284, 302, 303 anIti ke nIti' 253 'anukramaNi rAmAyaNu' 132 'anupama kyA' 215 'anubhavabiMdu' 238 'anubhavikA' 102 'anTu dhisa lAsTa' 260, 205 'anvIkSA' 478 aparAdhI' 555-556 'apasarA ke cUDela '236 'apsarA' (bhAga 1thI 5) 503 abajonAM baMdhana'249 abdula jabbAra amIna' 236 abdula rahemANu 371 abdula latIpha 236 abhayadevasUri 361

Page #589
180] | gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa (caM. 4 154, 404, 406, 408, 413, 416 "arvAcIna gujarAtanuM rekhAdarzana' 226 arvAcIna gujarAtanuM sAMskRtika darzana" 449 abhijJAna zAkuntala" 2, 18, 22, 71, 81, 85, 142, 242, 323 "abhidharma 391 abhinayakalA' 3 "abhinava mahAbhArata 399 amara AzA' 250 amarakeza" 117, amaracha dIvAna" 254 amaramiyAM "malika 236 amaravela' 56, 64, 72-73, 76 amarasiMha rAThoDa' 253 amara hAka 253 amI' 207 amIya nimAI carita' 127 "ame badhAM 26, 209, 210 "aruNodaya 252 "arebiyana nAiTsa' 426 "artha' (paTela caturabhAI zaMkarabhAI kRta) 130 acaMTa 362 arthazAstra (kauTilyakRta) 171, 371 "arthazAstranI paribhASA" 389 "arthazAstrapravezikA' 388-389 ardhamAgadhI keza" 234 "ardha zatAbdInA anubhavanela 78, 80, 82, 100 "adhI sadInuM aMkadarzana' 389 arvAcIna kavitA' 100, 153, 154 : "arvAcIna kAvyasAhityanAM vaheNA arvAcIna ciMtanAtmaka gadya' 465, 467, 468 . alaMkArapravezikA' 471 "alAbelI 508 alArakhiyA hAjI mahamada zivajI 5, 140, 153, 188 alpAtmAnuM AtmapurANuM 206 "avalokanA' 436, 478 avazeSa" 512 avaMtInAtha 504 avAranavAra 337 avibhakta AtmA' 161, 182 187, 188 "azoka 251 aze jarathuSTranI gAthAo para na prakAza" 112 azrudhArA" 236 "azrumatI' 242 asAdhAraNa anubhava ane bIjI vAto', 209 a.sau. kumArI' 202 ahamada azarapha 236 "ahalyAbAI (dvivedI prabhulAlakRta) 252 ahalyAbAI' ('pAgalakata) 250 ahiMsAnI tAlIma' 396 ahiMsAvivecana' 35ra-353, 359

Page #590
zabdaza akala TaoNmsa kaeNbina' 220 aMgrejI ane sAMskRtika svarAjya' 387 'ajanI' 498, 499 a'jali' 124, 125 aMjAriyA hiMmatalAla ga. 153, 433 437 'aMtaranAM amI' 147 aMtyaja sAdhu na da'375 'adha'254 adhAranA sImADA' 390 aMdhArI galI' 248 'aMbaDacaritra' 235 a`baracarakhA' 389 aMbANI pe|paTalAla 100 aMbuja' 147 ADilsa oNpha dha kiMga' 51 AI phIlA dha mahAtmA' 195 'AivenhA' (bhAga 1-2) 220 'Akalana' 338, 306 'AkAzadIpa' 512 'AkAzanAM puSpA'.212 'AkAzanAM phUla' 149 AkAzabhASita' 455 "AcAya Ana deza karabhAi' 231 AcAya girAzakara 1. 238 AcArya guNava'tarAya 506-508 AcArya vallabhajI hai. 152 AcArya zrI praphullacaMdra rAya'394 AcArya harinArAyaNu gi. necara' 238 'AjanI duniyA' 252 [51 AjJAMkita' 182, 183-184 'ATaluM tA jANajo' 393 'AtamanAM mUla' 367 'AtamavANI' 253 Atithya' 439 AtmakathA' (gAMdhIkRta) 4, 259, 270, 271, 280, 284, 28, 292-301, 302 AtmakathA' (mahetA suma takRta) 237 AtmakathA' (yAjJika IMdulAlakRta bhA. 1 thI 5) 217 'AtmakathAnaka' 218 AtmaracanA athavA AzramI keLavaNI' 386 'AtmazipanI keLavaNI' 193 AtmasaMyamanuM rAjya' 141 AtmAnA adhikAra bhAgavatuM strItattva' 143 AtmAgAra' 125 Athamate ajavALe' 209 Adarza dRSTAntamALA' (bhA. 1-2) 218 AdivacA'(bhA. 1-2) 160, 193, 196 AnaMdakAvyamahAdadhi" (bhA. 1 thI8) 235 'AnaMdamImAMsA' (parIkha ra. che. kRta) 454 'Ana'damImAMsA' (pAThaka rA. vi.kRta) 432 Ana'dalaharI' 247 'AnaMdAzrama' 215

Page #591
182] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa ApaNuM uMbaramAM papa1 "AvuM kema sUjhayuM ? 463 ApaNA dezamAM ApaNuM rAjya 387 AzAnirAzA' 217 ApaNAM sAkSararatna" (bhA. 1-2) "AzcaryakAraka bhulavaNa 203 21, 100 "Azramane ullu' jue mazarUvALA ApaNI saMskRtinAM keTalAMka vaheNe ki. gha. 226 AzramaprArthanA 385 ApaNuM parama yaMtra" 387 AzramabhajanAvali" 153 ApaNuM vivecanasAhitya' 154 AMkaDAzAstranAM mULatara' 392 ApaNe dharma 406, 408 AMdhaLAnuM gADuM 385 ApavIta' (kasabI dharmAnaMdakRta) ItihAsanI amRtAkSarI' 91 391 itihAsanI tejamUrtio' (bhA. 1-2) "ApavItI' (bUca veNulAlakRta) 218 528 AbarUdAra" 254 itihAsaH svarUpa ane paddhati' 456 . Abu' 234 Ineka AIna' 48 "AmrapAlI' para2, 527, 529 i-TreDakazana Tu dha sTaDI oNpha liTarecara AratInA dIvA 255 461 ArAma khurazIethI' 209 imsana 10, 201, 202, 4pa1 'iliyaDa pa1, 384 ArAmagAha 238 ArogyanI cAvI' 271, 305, 306, "islAmane suvarNayuga" 394 IMglAMDanuM vahANavaTuM' 238 307 "ArogyamaMjarI' 384 igliza rAjabaMdhAraNa" 16 ArnalDa eDavina 259 iglenDanI saMskArayAtrA" 231 ArnalDa maeNthya 93, 408, 460, iMglenDane itihAsa' 213 IdirA' 148 467 "AryapaMcAmRta" 149 IdirAnI ApavItI' 398 AryavidyA vyAkhyAnamALA' 432, iMdukumAra' 5, 6, 15, 16, 17, 436 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, AryavidhavA" rara0 32, 36, 37,40,41, 46, 47, Atma 6 50, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, "AlecanA' 406, 407 63, 4, 6, 67, 68, 69, Alekara 477 73, 6, 89, 92, 100 AvasathI viThThalarAya kezvara 134 iMdukumAra' (aMka 1) 6, 15, 16,

Page #592
zathi 20, 24, 25, 27, 29, 32, upaniSapaMcaka' 18, 22, 86 41, 46, 47, 26, 57, 59, upaniSadakathAo pa29 61, 68, 89, 92, 100 upaniSadati 142 IMdukumAra' (aMka 2) 40,56, 67 upaniSadanI vAto" 231 IdukumAra' (aMka 3) 56, 60, 67, upaniSadanuM tattvajJAna' 396 68, 69 upAdhyAya jayasAgara 369 'iMdrajitavadhakAvya" 9 upAdhyAya yazavijaya 362 iMdrajI jayakRSNa 238 upAdhyAya zAMticaMdra 368 iMdrajI bhagavAnalAla 2 "upAyana" 154, 465, 46 ka. 478 'Iza-upaniSada 386 upAsakadazA' 372 Izu khrista' 343, 356, 359 umara khayyAma 9, 140, 153, 222 Izucarita 384 umaravADiyA baTubhAI lAlabhAI 200IzunuM balidAna" 367 201, 204, 244, 441 Izu bhAgavata' 366 umAdevaDI" 242 IzopaniSada' 367 umAsvAti 362 Isu khristanuM jIvana" 238 umizra gujarAtI koza' 237 uktiratnAkara' 371 urvazI-purUravA' 247 uktivyakti prakaraNa 371 ukA' 215 "ugamaNe deza' 324 uzkerAyele AtmA' 499 ughADI AMkhe' 2para uSA' 19, 20, 37, 73-74, 98 uttamalAla trivedInI gariddhi 441 uSAkAnta" 213 uttaragItA 144 uSAkumArI 251 uttararAmacarita' 2, 136, 323 UgatI juvAnI 444, 455 uttarAdhyayanasUtra' 396 UDatAM pAna" 447 uttarApathanI yAtrA" 367 UdhaInuM jIvana 354 utarAyana" 128, 154 UrabhaMga' kara7 udayaprabhAta' 247 "UrmimALA' 141 udayabhANuM 242 UrmilAnuM svapna ane bIjAM kAvyo" udezI cAMpazI viThThaladAsa 25-253 142 udabodhana" 80, 100 UMdhiyuM" 208 udyotanasUri 225 damAM vasiSThanuM darzana' 477 unmattaroghava', 15ra dabaMhitA 235

Page #593
584] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 RtugItA" 543 RtuvarNana 148 RtusaMhAra" 124, 151 eka abaLA" 252 eka krAntikAranI AtmakathA' (bhA. 1-2) 449 eka gurjara AtmAnI ghaDataraDyA' juo "ardha zatAbdInA anubhava bela" eka ja bhUla' 243 ektAro" 549, 560 eka dharmayuddha' 375, 376 "eka pipaTanI yAtrA' 388 eka bALakanI jhAMkhI 399 eka mALAnAM traNa paMkhI' 504, 505 ekalavIra' 504, 505 ekalo jAne re 399 eka satyavIranI kathA' 275 ekasUtrita zikSaNajanA' 477 ekasapAnazana oNpha InDiyA" 142 ejyukezana Ina ensiyanTa InDiyA' - 477 enjiniyara govardhanarAma DAhyAbhAI 125 enTa le 16 ebrahAma liMkana 397) ema. e. banAke karyu merI miTTI kharAba kI?" 142 emarsana pa33 emAM zuM?' 248 erebiyana nAITrasa" 235 elimenTasa oNpha dha sAyansa oNpha lengaveja' 228 eliyaTa TI. esa. 10 eTivana veriyara 380 eziyAnuM kalaMka' pa61 "eMzI divasamAM pRthvI pradakSiNa' 390 aitihAsika saMzodhana 225 'okhAharaNuM' 245 eja ane agara' 26, 37, 47, 48-49, 65, 95 o bhagata" juo khabaradAra . pha. 105 ojhA AzArAma 241 ojhA ucharaMgarAya kezavarAma 126 ojhA kAzIrAma bhAIzaMkara "premI 144 ojhA gaNapatarAya va. 244 ojhA candrakAnta maMgaLajI 133 ojhA jagannAtha ha. 152. ojhA bAbubhAI 225 ojhA maMgaLajI ha. 234 ojhA 2. u. 244 ojhA vAghajI AzArAma 245, 251 ojhA zAntilAla sA. 152 otarAtI dIvAle' 318-318 aithelo" 203 eNna kompromAIjha' 353, 373, 379 la ijha vela dheTa enDasa vela 203 eliyA jezI' juo ThArI jaga jIvanadAsa trikamajI 206

Page #594
zabdasUzci AliyA jozIne akhADA' (bhA. 1 -2) 206 kacchanI rasadhAra' 239 kacchanA itihAsa' 239 kathA A kAhinI' 537 "kathAkusumAMjali' 394 kathAratnAza' 234 'kathAvali' (bhA. 1-2) 463 'kathAvihAra' 229 'kathAsaritA' (pAThaka rA. vi.) 437 "kathAsaritA' (bakSI rAmaprasAda) 440 'kathAsaritsAgara' 437 kanaka kesarI' 247 -kanakatArA' 254 kanyAdAna' 248 kanyAne patrA'393 khIra 88, 97 'kamalAkumArI' 216 "karaNadhelA' 10, 174, 461, 481 'karaNaghelA' (mUlANIkRta) 243 "karaNI tevI bharaNI'397 karabalAI sAdika 236 karasanadAsa mULajI 78 'kaDiyA'393 karAla kALa jage' 508 "kariyAvara' 247 "karIma mahaMmadanAM kAvyA ane lekhA' 123 "karuNurasa' 437-438, 440 karkazA para kAbU 203 'bhAra' 427 -karNAmRtaprabhA' 371 'karNAvatI' pa22, 527 zruta vyane 5the' 247 kartavyabhAna' 236 'karma grantha' (bhA. 1 thI 4) 362, 'karma yAgI rAjezvara' 504 ka-vipAka' 140 'kalacitrA' 203 kalAkAranI sa`skArayAtrA' 218 'kalAne caraNe' 237 kalApI 1, 2, 9, 13, 15, 17, 22, 24, 28, 83, 102, 105, 111, 114, 117, 123, 126, 130, 132, 133, 135, 138, 139, 143, 144, 143, 147, 149, 211, 502, 535, 536, 546, 549 'kalApI' 232 kalApInA 144 padmA' 211 'kalApInA kekArava' 13 kalApIne viraha' 82 [585 'kalAbhAvanA' 504 kalAma dire' 230 'kalikA' 102, 103, 106, 110 111 kalekaTeDa varDsa oNpha mahAtmA gAMdhI' (graMtha 48, 55, 57, 62, 64) 308 'kalpanAkusumeA' 200 'kalpasUtra' 234 'kalyANu jeThA bakSInuM jIvanavRttAMta' 217 'kalyANurAya' 243 'kalyANikA' 102, 107

Page #595
586] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa 145, 146, 148, 149, 224, 404 kaMthAriyA sI. ela. upara kaMsavadha' (ojhA vAghajI AzArAma kRta) 245 kaMsavadha' (bhaTTa harizaMkarakRta) 203 kAkAnI zazI' 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 190,408, kalelinI' 116, 118 kavi kizora 255 kavi kAlidAsa bhagavAnadAsa 148 kavi gaurIzaMkara 255 kavicaritra 463 kavitAkalApa" 253 kavitApraveza 123 kavi tribhuvanalAla kAzIlAla 133 kavidarzana' 499 kavi dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI juo : dalapatarAma kavinI sAdhanA' pa63 kavi nhAnAlAla dalapatarAma juo : nhAnAlAla kavi manahara 255 jina 254 kaviravi' 146 kavivaranI pratibhA ane kurukSetranuM mahAkAvya' 100 kavi zrI nhAnAlAla smAraka grantha" 406 kavi-sAkSara vacce 127 kavIzvara jugalakizora 244 "kavIzvara dalapatarAma" 18, 22, 77- 79, 87, 100 kavIzvara dalapatarAma (bhA. 2) 100 kavIzvara dalapatarAma (bhA. 3) 100 kahAnajI dharmasiMha 153, 244 kaMkAvaTI' (bhA. 1-2) 542, 550 "kaMTakathA paMtha' pa04, pa06 kaMthAriyA bALAzaMkara 2, 9, 15, kAgaDAnI najare 349, 355 kAga dulAbhAI bhAyAbhAI 149-150 kAgavANI" 150 kAjI hasamukhalAla 238 kAThiyAvADanI junI vArtAo" 140 kAThiyAvADanI daMtakathAo" 200 kAThiyAvADanI lekavArtAo' 140, 229 kAThiyAvADI' juo dave narabherAma prANazaMkara 203 kAThiyAvADI sAhitya' 153 kAdambarI' 2 kAdarI mehabUbamiyAM 236 kAnta' 2, 4, 6, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 77, 82, 88, 81, 99, 102, 105, 111, 114, 117, 124, 126, 130, 132, 135, 147, 147, 149, 207, 210, 242, 246, 404, 409, 420, 422, 433, 439, 468, 477, 548 kAntA" 9

Page #596
zabdasUci kAntivijayajI 368, 369 kApaDiyA sAkaralAla ma. 215 kAbarAjI kekhuzare 203, 241, 242 kAmadAra kezavalAla 238 kAmadAra merArajI mathurAdAsa 140 kArAvAsanI kahANI' 232 kArpenTara eDavarDa 277 kArlAila 93 kAlANI kAntilAla 406, 418, 424 kAlidAsa 17, 55, 81, 85, 117, 124, 151, 238, 377, 409 kAlivAhana' 25ra kAlelakara adhyayanagrantha' 338 kAlelakara dattAtreya bAlakRSNa 4, 5, 6, 7, 46, 114, 309-338, 354, 379, 385, 409, 531 kAlelakaranA lekhA' (bhA. 1-2) 334 kAlelakara satIza dattAtreya 337 kAvyakalikA' 147 'kAvyakaLA' 227 'kAvyakaLA ane dhruvAkhyAna' 147 'kAvyakusumAkara' 215 'kAvyakusumAMjali'227 'ka,vyakaustubha' 15 kAvyagaMga : vidyAthI vilAsa' 122 kAvyacarcA' 478 'kAvyajharaNAM' 147 'kAvyatattvavicAra' 406, 433 kAvyanavanIta te naLAkhyAna' 233 kAvyanimajjana' 153 kAvyanI zakti' 406, 432, 435 [587 kAvyaparicaya' (bhA. 1-2) 406, 408, 433 kAvyaparizIlana' 406 'kAvyaprakAza'(ullAsa 1 thI 6) 406, 432, 456 kAvyaprakAzakhaMDana' 456 kAvyamA' 117, 153 kAvyamAM zabda'435 kAvyarasikA' 102, 103, 104, 107 kAvyavineAda' 153 kAvyavilAsa' 142 kAvyavivecana' 436, 472, 473, 474, 475, 478 kAvyazAstra' 432 'kAvyasamuccaya' (bhA. 1-2) 406, 433 kAvyasAhityamImAMsA' 208, 232 kAvyAsudhAkara' 153 kAvyAdarza' 456 'kAvyAnuzAsana' 456 'kAvyAmRta' 140 kAvyA pradIpa' 141 kAvyAvinda' 133 'kAsmalana' jue : paDayA 2. huM. 129 kAsmalananAM kAvyo' 129 kAzyapa zivanadana 448 'kALacakra' 558 kAMcana ane geru' 502 kAMTAvALA maTubhAI haragovinda 5, 222- 223 kAMTAvALA haragovindadAsa 222-223

Page #597
127 598] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 "kAMtaNuvidyA 388 'kulIna kanyA' 250 kiraNAvali' 130 'kulInanI kanyA' 132 killela" 544, 546 "kulIna vidhavA' 382 kizArIlAla zarmA, juo umaravADiyA "kuvalayamAlA" 225 baTubhAI 201 kusuma 135 kIkAbhAI parabhudAsa 23ma kusumakaLIo" 133 kIsa 9, 268 "kusumakaMTaka athavA ramaNuM ke rAkSasI ? katha 235 215 kanakeIDa 539 "kusumakAnta' 215 kIrtanikA 101, 102, 107 kusumagura7 148 kIrtikelAsa" 247 kusumamALA' 15 kIrtidAne kamaLanA patro' 201 kusumAkara' juo: je zIpurA zaM, che. kumAradevI' (dhUmaketu'kRta) para kumAradevI' (munazI lIlAvatIkRta) kusumAMjali (diveTiyA bhImarAvakRta) 220 141 kumAranAM strIratno' 217 "kusumAMjali' (paTela maganabhAI caturakumArapAlapratibodha' 368 bhAIkRta) 141 "kumArapALa' 252 "kuLakathAo366 kumArapA 397 kuMja' 135 "kumArasaMbhava" 151 kuMjabALA" 243 kumArikA' 143 kuMjalIlA" 143 kumudakumArI' 21pa kaMjaveNu 147 "kurabAnInI kathAo' papa0 kuMvarabAInuM mAmeruM' (desAI ma. prakurukSetra 18, 22, 26, 31, 40, saMpAdita) 388 43, 44, 47, 50-53,54, 55, kuMvarabAInuM mAmeruM' (premAnaMda ane 57, 1, 2, 86, 87, 89, narasiMhakRta saMpAdakaH desAI ma. pra.) 93, 98 388 kurezI nijhAmuddIna 236 kRpalAnI AcArya 388 kulapatijha leTarsa 195 kRpArasake" 368 kulapatinA patra" 196 kRSNakathA" 236 kulAMgAra ane bIjI kRtio" 405, "kRSNakumArI" 143 4ra7, 432 kRNamizra 15ra

Page #598
zabdasRSi [589kRSNamUrti 235 * kalAsakumArI 215 kRSNAvatAra' (khaMDa 1 thI 8) 158, "kekilanikuMje 133 163, 178-179, 181 kilA' (desAI ra. vakRta) 481keIna hola 555 482, 483, 484, 485, 486keTalAka lekha" 193 491 keTalAka saMvAda' 253 kokilA' (mUlANuM mULazaMkarakRta) 243keTalAMka kAvyo' (bhAga 1) 17, 20, koThArI jagajIvana trikamajI 206 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, koThArI jagajIvana mA. 215 29, 31, 35, 36, 38, 91 koThArI jayanta 446, 478 keTalAMka kAvyo' (bhAga 2) 14, 20, keThArI viThThaladAsa maganalAla 38824, 25, 26, 29, 35, 36, 389 38, 9, 100 kenana DeIla Arthara 209 keTalAMka kAvyo' (bhAga 3) 35, 36, konI mahattA ?' ('pAgalakRta) 25" 38, 47 kenI mahattA" (prAMtIjavAlA manavI) keTalAMka vivecane' 231 248 ketakInAM pu' 232 kAne vAMka?' 5, 157, 158, 163, kedAranAthajI 341, 342, 346, 347 164, 165, 183 "kedInAM kAvya" 236 komeDI opha era 203 kenepaniSada' 388 kerI kitAba' pa06 kelakara 216 kaeNlarija 9 kezavalAla dalapatarAma 244 kelAbAne kArage" 248 "kesara kizera" 242 keliMgavuDa 467 kesariyAM 124, 125 kolejakanyA" 129 kesarIsiMha paramAre" 245 lejiyana" (kavi jAmanakRta) 248 keLavaNInA pAyA 340, 342, 344 kaeNlejiyana' (diveTiyA bhegIndrarAva kRta) -345, 351, 323, 356, 357, 213 kosaMbI dharmAnaMda 381, 406, 432 359 keLavaNu vaDe krAnti' (bhA. 1-2) kauTilya 171, 371, 432 kauTuMbika arthazAstra' 383 388 keLavaNIvikAsa' 345-346, 355, kaumudI-mitrAnaMda' 234 358 kauzika-AkhyAna' 385 keLavaNIviveka 345-346 krAntinI jvAlA" 130

Page #599
105 190] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa ci. 4 koce 454, 467 kheDUtane zikArI' 385 kau cAleMTe 235 khetInI jamIna' 375 kacavadha" 215 gaI kAla" pa02, 503 kalAnta kavi' 110, 148 "gaganarAja' 380 kalAnta kavi ke kalAnta kavi ? 224 "gajara' 133 'kalAnta kokila' 148 "gajalastAna 153 kalArka reTa eca. 63 "gajena-mauktiko" 130, 238 kivalara-kUca Arthara 444 "gajhale raMjUra' 132 kSatravijaya" 251 gaTe juoH geIthe kSitija' 493-94 gaDhavI piMgaLazIbhAI 150 kSemAnaMda bhaTTa' juo khabaradAra a.pha. gaNapati 233 gaNAtrA vallabhadAsa bhagavAnajI 133 kSemenadra 407, 411 gaNatrA vasanajI dayALajI "vasaMta' 192 khajenAnI zodhamAM 300 gata zatakanuM sAhitya" 446 khabaradAra aradezara pharAmajI 4, 6, 98, gadyakuruma" 232. 101-115, 145, 153, 154, gamanalAla hIrAlAla "pupa" 255 225, 416, 420, 422, 461, garavI gujarAta" 253 474 "garIba kanyA" 250 khabaradAra smAraka grantha" 112, 114 garIbanAM AMsu' upara khayarunnisA "salimA' 236 garva khaMDana" 215 khare nArAyaNa me. 153 galagoTA" 128 khalila jibrAna 353, pa29, 530 gavasI mohammada jamIludIna ra36 khaMDakAvya' 122 gaMgAdAsa duArakAdAsa 255 aMdheDiyA jadurAya durlabhajI 208, gaMgAlaharI" 144, 15ra 21 gaMdhAkSata' 478 "khaMbhAtane ItihAsa' 233 gAjhI kAsama 236 "khAdIbhakta cunIbhAI 386 gADagIla kAkAsAheba 215 khAna imAmakhAna kasarakhAna 236 gAmoSThi 388 khAMDekara vi. sa. 215. gAmaDAnuM svarAja' 217 khuDakhuDiyA usamAna bacala 236 gAmaDAmAM jaIne zuM karavuM ?" 337 khuzkI ane tarI 448 gAmaDAMnI svacchatA' 389

Page #600
zabdasUci gAllI mArI ghara ghara Aya' 386 -gAMdhI kahAna cakra 148-149 gAMdhI cimanalAla bhogIlAla 'vivitsu' [51 gAMdhIjI ane sAmyavAda' 352 'gAMdhIjInA sahavAsamAM' (bhA. 1-2) 129 gAMdhI janmazatAbdI maheAtsava grantha' 217 gAMdhIjI 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11,20, 21, 22, 46, 81, 103, 104, 128, 130, 133, 138, 143, 147, 155, 160, 161, 185, 190, 194, 195, 213, 223, 227, 253, 255, 256-308, 311, 312, 313, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 333, 334, 337, 338, 340, 342, 346, 348, 349, 352, 358, 360 363, 364, 369, 373, 374, 376, 380, 381, 385, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 401, 404, 409, 410, 415, 420, 429, 431, 434, 445, 450, 458, 480, 485, 487, 488, 489, 491, 494, 45, 496, 497, 509, 111, 513, 123, 132, 534, 138, 544, 546, 547, 549, 550, 55ra "gAMdhIjI' 385 gAMdhIjI ane majUra pravRtti' 398 399 gAMdhIjI ane rASTrIya pravRtti' 398 217 gAMdhIjInAM saMsmaraNA' 367 gAMdhIjInI dakSiNa AphrikAnI laData' (bhA. 1thI 5) 393 gAMdhIjInI nivArI' 392 gAMdhIjInI sAdhanA' 392 gAMdhIjInuM gItAzikSaNa' 302 'gAMdhIjInuM dharmAMna' 338 gAMdhIjInA akSaradeha' 271, 293 gAMdhIjInA akSaradeha' (grantha 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 34) 308 gAMdhIjIne jIvanamA' 387 gAMdhIjI sAthe aThavADiyuM' 396 gAMdhI jeThAlAla 349 gAMdhIdIkSA' 398 gAMdhI devadAsa 374, 381 gAMdhIparivAranA jyeAti'- 337 gAMdhI prabhudAsa chaganalAla 395 'gAMdhoJApu' 102 gAMdhIbApunA pavADA' 102, 103, 106 gAMdhI manubahena 399 'gAMdhIvicAradeAhana' 348, 356 giradharalAla harakIzanadAsa 244 gIjhA 208 'gItagovinda' 2, 49, 152 'gItama'jarI' (bhA. 1-2) 28 'gItalaharI'153

Page #601
gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa 52] gItasaMgIta' 148 gItA amRtasAgara' 152 gItAdarzona' 396 'gItAdharma'332 gItAdhvani' 353, 359 gItAniSkarSa' 230 'gItAnuM... prasthAna' 388 gItAnA prabaMdha' 388 gItAnA buddhiyoga' 477 gItAbAdha' 302, 308 gItAmaMthana' 348, 356, 359 gItAsAra' 332 'gItAMjali' 147, 152, 1989, pa29 'gujarAta eNnDa iTsa liTarecara' 108, 194 'gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekhA' (bhA. 1thI 3) 238 gujarAtanA jyeAti rA' 193 'gujarAtanAM tIsthAnA' 225 'gujarAtanI asmitA' 193 'gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA' 195 'gujarAtanI gunA' 247 'gujarAtanI bhUgALa' 87 gujarAtanI rAjadhAnIe' 456 gujarAtanI leAkamAtAe' 398 'gujarAtanu' gaurava' 215 'gujarAtanuM... pATanagara : amadAvAda' 233 gujarAtanuM vahANavaTu" 233 gujarAtanA itihAsa' (bhA. 1-2) 236 'gujarAtanA jaya' (bhA. 1-2) 558 559 [ca. 4 'gujarAtanA tapasvI' 20, 21, 102 gujarAtanA nAtha' 158, 163, 166, 167, 168, 149, 170, 174, 175, 195, 196 gujarAtane madhyakAlIna rAjapUta iti hAsa' 225 'gujarAtanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa' (graMtha 1 thI 6) 457 'gujarAtane sAMskRtika itihAsa' (bhA. 1thI 4) 233 'gujarAta varnAkayulara itihAsa' 77, 78 seAsAyaTIne gujarAta sAhityasabhAnI kAryavAhI' (sane 1941-42) 493, 494 'gujarAtI kavitA' (varSa 1thI 4) 386 'gujarAtI kavitAnI racanAkaLA' 109, 113, 416, 474 'gujarAtI kAvyaprakArA' 473 'gujarAtI jUnAM gItA' 153 'gujarAtI navalakathAnuM sAhitya' 234 gujarAtI piMgala : navI daSTie' 404, 406, 435, 436 'gujarAtI bhASA ane sAhitya' (bhAga 1) 441 'gujarAtI bhASAnI utkrAnti' 372 'gujarAtI laeNngveja eNnDa liTarecara' 440-441 'gujarAtI zabdA-ciMtAmaNi za' 235 gujarAtI sAhityanAM svarUpe|' 233 gujarAtI sAhityanI rUparekhA' 115, 154, 445446

Page #602
saMdarbhasUci "gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada (28muM gelDana TrejharI" 0 saMmelana) hevAla 478 golDasmitha 15ra, 204, 228 gujarAtI heLIsaMgraha' 153 gelDasmithanI musApharI" 1para gune ane garIbAI 397 gavardhanarAmaH ciMtaka ane sarjaka" gupta pAMDava" 15ra 465, 468 "guru goviMdasiMha" 147 gavardhanarAmanI manananedha" 439, gurucaritra' 309 441 gurudakSiNA" 80, 100 gavardhanarAmanuM jIvanacaritra 216 gurudevanAM gIta' 386 govardhanarAmanuM manorAjya' 439 gurumahimA' 150 gAvAlaNI ane bIjI vAta" 199 gurjarapati mULarAja deva" (bhA. 1-2) goviMdagamana 406, 433 pa22 gosAI nArAyaNabhAratI upara "gurjara vArtAvaibhavaH 3H sAmAjika gohela surasiMhajI takhtasiMhajI : kathAo' 406, 433 juo: "kalApI" gurjarezvara kumArapALa' parara gaLamaToLa zarmA: juo "malayAnila" gulajhAre zAyarI" 145 198 gulAba' 242 goLavALA ramaNalAla raNachoDalAla 122 gulAbasiMha 220 gorInAM gIto' 128 gulAmagIrIne vijaya' 220 gaurIzaMkara AzArAma vairATI 247, "gRhadIpikA' 219 2para goIye 10,56, 57, 140 graMtha ane graMthakAra' 226 gokuLagItA" 116 graMthagarimA' 478 gokhale araviMda 215 "graMthastha vAya' (1948-49) parada pakAvyo" 153 "graMthastha vADmaya' (1953-54) 1ra6. gApikA' 40, pa6, 57, 60,62, graMthastha vAlmaya' (1967) 436 63, 64, 5, 66, 67, 93 "grAmapunarghaTanA" 386 gAyaTenAM jIvanasUtro" 232 "grAmabhajanamaMDaLI' 386 gerakSAkalpataru' 394 "grAmaracanA 398 "gorakha AyA" pa07 "grAmalakSmI' (bhA. 1thI 4) 18-- rAbAdalacaritra 371 488, 497 geka mekisama 509, 534 grAmavidyApIThanI bhUmikA 386 galAbasiMha' 203 "grAmasevAnA dasa kAryakramo' 286 gu. sA. 38

Page #603
594] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 grega ricarDa 396 caMdraramaNu" 203 grejyueTa 248 caMdrakamAM 390 grejha eNleja' 15ra caMdrazekhara nATaka 206 "ghaTakarpara' 151 caMdrahAsa 245 dhaDatara ane caNatara' 384 caMdroktikA" 148 "ghanazyAma vyAsa" juo munazI ka.mA. cAIkA yAtrA" 133 158 "cANakyanIti athavA cacca vadhI "ghara-upayogI vaidaka saMgraha' 1:0 214 gharamAM monTIsorI 387 "cAraNe ane cAraNI sAhitya" 543 ghelI guNiyala" 2para cAraNiyA hAsama hIrajI 135 gheDA motIlAla ra. 235 "cAra tIrthakara' 363 ghoSa aravinda juo "zrI aravinda' "cAra yogInI vArtA 144 ghoSa zazikumAra 127 cAra saMnyAsI 215 "cakerIprabodhacandrAMtikA ane prema- cArvAka 362 nimajajana" 145 "cAlagADI' (eTI-nAnI) 385"cakravatI azoka 216 386 cakravatI gurjare" 195 cAlu jamAnAne citAra 212 caTTopAdhyAya zaradacaMdra 375, 376 cAMparAja hADa' 245 caNIbAra" 385 ci. caMdanane 337 caturabhAI goviMdabhAI 151 citA" 145 caturavijayajI 234, 368 citAnA aMgArA (khaMDa 1-2) caturvedI che. sItArAma 406 5, 551 "candrarekhA' 512 'citradarzane' 20, 28 candrAnanA' 200 'citrasena gAMdharva" 245 "camakArA' 154 citrAMgadA' 63, 375 caMDALa cokaDI' 209 'citrAMgadA ane vidAya abhizApa caMdaravAkara puSkara 8 375, 383 caMdragupta" 247 ciSa' 345, 359 caMdragupta maurya para ciMtana ane puruSArthamAM samanvaya caMdragupta maurya (saMkSipta) para 336 caMdrabAvanI' 150 ciMtananAM puSpo' 230 caMdrabhAgA' 247 cInane avAja' 396

Page #604
saMdarbhasUci pi95 cuDelane vase' 215 ja5' 388 cuMbana ane bIjI vAto' 406, 432 jamazeda 203 cUnIlAla amathAzA 244 jaya citaDa 253 "cUMdaDI' (bhA. 1-2) 543 jayadeva 46, 69 cekhova 10, 396, 397 jayabhAratI" 145 ceTarajI sunItikumAra 371 "jayarAja' 243 bacatanyakumAra203 jayarAzi 36ra caitanyakumArI' 243 jayazaMkara suMdarI" 246, 399 ceksI nAjukalAla 218 jaya sAhitya' 449 kheravAli 215 jayasiMha siddharAja' (bhA. 1thI 3) caudharI raghuvIra 463 para2, 526, para9 "caulAdevI 511, para2, pa29 jaya somanAtha 156, 159, 163, caulAdevI' (saMkSipta) parara 166, 170-173, 174, 176, denuzAsana 417 196 chAyAnaTa" 494 jayaMta' 480, 481, 482, 491, chIe te ja ThIka' 182, 185, 186, 497 187, 191 jayaMtavijayajI 234 chelluM prayANuM 560 "jayaMtI vyAkhyAne" 232 chela jhabakAro' 512, para0, 521 jayAkuMvara" 218 "chelo pAvApati' 129 jayA-jayaMta' 5, 17, 20, 26, 36, jagajIvanarAma bhavAnIzaMkara 15ra 37, 30, 40, 6-4, 68"jagatakAdaMbarIomAM sarasvatIcaMdranuM 70, 73, 95, 100, 126 sthAna" 18, 81 "jarmana jAsUsanI AtmakathA" 147 jaladIpa" 15ra jagatanA araNyamAM 212 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAzana' 397 jalabiMdu para jagatanI dharmazALAmAM 212 "jahAMgIra-sUrajahAM 16, 40, 56, "jagatreraNA 39, 40, 56, 57, pa7, 6, 62, 4, 5, 60 59, 3, 4, 5, 70 "jaLasamAdhi 506, 507, 508 jagadeva paramAra" 245 jaMjIrane jhaNakAre 253 jaDiyA kAzIbahena bahecaradAsa 149 jAgIradAra' 250 janasvabhAva" 237 jAgIradAra cheTAlAla DA. 208-209 janmadAtA 248 jAgRtimALA' 143

Page #605
pa96 ] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 jAtakakathAo' (trivedI harabhAIkRta) jIvananAM jharaNAM (bhA. 1-2) 392 386 jIvananAM vaheNe" 451 jAtakakathAo' (dhUmaketu'kRta) para jIvananI vATethI" 220 jAtakakathAsaMgraha 391 jIvananuM paroDha 395 jAtIya vikRtinAM mULa" 386 jIvanane AnaMda' 314-315, 334 jAte majUrI karanArAone 395 jIvanapaMtha 500, 510, 511, jAtrALu" juo: pAThaka rA. vi. 403 534-535 jAnI aMbAlAla bu. 4, 157, 158, jIvanapAtheya" 399 223-224, 226 jIvanapakAra' 399 jAnI durlabhajI rA. 152 jIvanapradIpa' 332, 338 jAnI lAlajI vIrezvara 15ra jIvanabhAratI' 334-336, 338 jAmana" jue : bhATiyA jamanAdAsa "jIvanaraMga" pa34-535 me. 247 jIvanalIlA' 317-318 jAlaMdhara AkhyAna' 230 jIvanavikAsa" 332-334, 338 jigara ane amI 504, pa06 'jIvanavicAraNA pa31, 532, 533 jinaprabhasUri 371 jIvanavyavasthA" 311 jinabhadrasUri 369 jIvanazaidhana" 342, 346-348, jinAgamakathAsaMgraha' 372 350, 356, 357, 359 "jibrAnanAM jIvanamauktike' para9 jIvanasaMgrAma" 399, "jibrAnanI jIvanavATikA' pa30 jIvanasaMdeza" 235 jibrAnanI jIvanavANI para9, 530 jIvanasaMbhAraNuM 219 jibrAnanuM jIvanadarzana para jIvanasaMskRti 328-330 jibrAnanuM jIvanasvapna" pa29 jIvanasiddhi 235 jIvatA tahevAro' 337 jIvanasaurabha 390 jIvatI juliyeTa' 232 jIvanasvana' 534 jIvana ane sAhitya' (bhA. 1-2) 503 "jIvantaprakAza" 125 jIvanaghaDatara" 389 jugalakizArI' 243 jIvanaghaDataranI vAto" pa29 junnarakara baLavaMtarAya 151 jIvanaciMtana' 330-332 juliyasa sIjhara" 203 jIvanadarzana' pa34 "juvAnInI vAto" 126 "jIvana dvArA zikSaNa 389 jUI ane ketakI" 154, 444 "jIvananAM khaMDera' para jUnI mUDI" 367

Page #606
saMdarbhasUci [597 jekila ane hAIDa' 388 jozIpurA zaMbhuprasAda chelazaMkara "kusumAjela oNphisanI bArI" 153 kara" 127 jela DAyarI" 385 joSI sureza ha. 467, 478 jesalameranI citrasamRddhi 234 jJAtAdharmakathA 372 jaina ItihAsanI jhalaka 371 jJAnabindu 362 jaina etihAsika gurjara kAvyasaMcaya jJAnabhakti athavA viSNupadazataka 148 jJAnasudhA' 219 jyAre sUryodaya thaze 149 jena kAvyasaMgraha 235 tiraNu" 145 jaina gurjara kavio" 235 jyotipuMja" 15 jaina citra kalpadruma 235 " nA" 213 jene tarkabhASA" 362 javalaMta vALA 255 jaina darzana' 234 vALAo" 236 jaina dharmane prANa 363 jharaNAM TADhAM ane UnAM 207 "jena saMvAdo" 238 jhaveracaMda meghANa pa63 joTe ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva 232-233 jhaverI kRSNalAla me. 216 'joDaNIkoza 5 jhaverI caMdulAla dalasukharAma 255 jozI umAzaMkara 4, 88, 406, 406, jhaverI jIvaNacaMda sAkaracaMda 235 407, 409, 427,433, 435, jhaverI manasukhalAla maganalAla 135, 439, 45, 536, 539, 541, 206, 420 544, 550, 562, 563 jhaverIlAla dalasukharAma 244 jezI kalyANarAya nathubhAI 238 jhaverI hIrAcaMda ka. 200 jozI khaTAu vallabha 244 jhaMjhAvAta' 494 jezI gaurIzaMkara govardhanarAma juoH jhaMDu bhaTTajInuM jIvanacarita' 225 dhUmaketu' jhAkaLa 500, 501 jezI chaganalAla 398 jhAlA gaurIprasAda 440 jhera to pIdhAM che jANI jANuM 47 5. jozI prabodha 256 'TahukAra" 143 jozI prANazaMkara se. 389 hIkA" 128 jezI bAlakRSNa cU. 399 TAgora ravIndranAtha 19, 63, 85, 88, jozI bha. lA. 244 96, 97, 120, 12, 1ra7, jozI ramaNalAla 441, 533 132, 143, 176, 202, 215, jozI ravizaMkara 238, 406 228,30, 238, 267, 310,

Page #607
pa98]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [caM. 4 311, 327, 328, 333, 336, DAuDana 82 36 0, 374, 375, 376, 378, "DAkaghara' 63, 126 429, 434, 537, 544, 545, Dikansa cArlsa 347 548, 550, 562 Dikinsa 396 Tu dha nezansa" 230 DiTekiTava bahAdura zeraloka homsa 29 'TUMkI vArtAo-3 147 DejharTa vileja' upara Tenisana 9, 17, 18, 30, 36, 38, DeDANavAlA mullAM nUrabhAI 236 48, 51, 93, 97 DemejaDa guDajha 204 miMga opha dha eN 203 'DiM. madhurikA" 182, 185 TopIvAlA candrakAnta 548 . mane herane dardI 204 Tomsana phrAnsisa 107, 110 DeTana yojanA 386 TosTaya 213, 235, 237, 238, Dolsa hAusa 202 260, 275, 327, 354, 355, DosANu lamIbahena go. 239 396, 4para, 463, 464 'DosImAnI vAte 537, 543 Thakkara kapila 5, 149 1mA eNlekajhAMDara juo "dUmAM ThakkarabApA 340, 561 eNlekajhAMDara" Thakura nArAyaNa visanajI ra03, 213- DhIMgalI 202 215, 504 tajAela tilakA 238 Thaga" 480,481,41, 497, 501 taNakhAmaMDaLa" (paheluM) 408, 510, ThaMDI kUratA ane bIjAM nATake' para 512 ThaMDe pahore 211 taNakhAmaMDaLa" (bIju) 512 ThAkara nArAyaNalAla 2. 133 taNakhAmaMDaLa" (trIju) 408 ThAkura paMDita omakAranAtha 238 taNakhAmaMDaLa" (cothuM) 51ra ThAkura ravIndranAtha juo TAgora ravIndranAtha tavAkhyAna" 234 ThAkora balavaMtarAya kalyANarAya 3, 6, tatvArthasUtra' 362 10, 41, 46, 82, 92, 99, taravAMjali" 130 105, 106, 114, 130, 147, to paplavasiMha' 362, 456 244, 401, 406, 407, 409, tathAgata' 386 420, 423, 46 6, 544 tanA ratilAla nA. 203, 239 ThAkara bAburAva ga. 204 tapa ane rU5 499 ThAkera vaikuMThalAla zrI. 238 tapasvinI' (bhA. 1thI 3) 163, 164, ThebA mahamada gagubhAI 236 165, 166

Page #608
sagnala sUci tAvana 125 'tara gamALA' 129 'taraMgAvali' 122 'taruNInA taraMga kivA citADanu sau '236 'tapaNu' 170, 182, 187, 188, 189 'talavAranI dhAre'248 'tavArIkhanI tejachAyA' 218 taMtrakathA' 394 taMtrI maNibhAI 234 'taMbUrAnA tAra' 140 'tAtI talavAre' 253 tArApeAravAlA eraca jahAMgIra 153 'tArAsuMdarI'242 'tAruNyamAM pravezatI kanyAne patrA' 375 tAleyArakhAna AvAkhAnu ja. 204 tApIdAsa 233 tApIdAsakRta abhimanyu AkhyAna ane abhimanyunuM leAkasAhitya' 233 'timiramAM prabhA' 354, 359 'timi'gala' 449 'tilAttamA' 233 'tulasIkayArA' 556, 557 tejachAyA' 149 tyAre karIzuM zuM?'355, 393 'traNa vArtAo'375 travADI chaganalAla manasukharAma 145- 146 travADI hai. sI. ra44 trApajakara paramANuMda maNizaMkara 253, 254 [ 59 tripAThI gAvardhanarAma mAdhavarAma 1, 2, 3, 5, 17, 22, 28, 38, 41, 27, 74, 81, 82, 85, 96, 97, 111, 143, 155, 162, 194, 213, 21, 227, 281, 282, 327, 383, 409, 415, 423, 439, 440, 455, 460, 468, 487, para6, 559 tripAThI cimanalAla dAmeAdaradAsa 'kuMja" 144 tripAThI dhanazaMkara ha. 215 tripAThI manaHsukharAma sU`rAma 227, 468 tripAThI maNibhAI dAmeAdaradAsa 144 'tribhuvinAdinI' 133 'tribheTA' pa1ra triyArAja' 245 trivikrama'245 trivedI atisukhaza kara kamaLAzaMkara 207-208, 232 trivedI uttamalAla 4, 157, 441 trivedI kamaLAzaMkara prANazaMkara 207, 208, 404, 543 trivedI cimanalAla zi. 406, 418 trivedI cImanalAla 255 triveDI tribhuvana premazaMkara 'mastakavi" 82, 84, 140 trivedI naTavaralAla ugrezvara 147 trivedI navalarAma jagannAtha 231 232, 482, 123, 130 trivedI prANajIvana tri. 1para trivedI maNilAla tribhuvana 'pAgala

Page #609
gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa 600 ] 247, 249-250, 254, 255 trivedI ratilAla meAhanalAla 231 'trivedI vAcanamALA' 208 trivedI viSNuprasAda 2, 4, 106, 107, 108, 111, 154, 420, 458, 464-470, 474 trivedI haragAviMda premaza kara 140 trivedI harabhAI durlabhajI 238, 386-387 "trIjuM sukha' 206 gheDAM AMsu theADAM phUla' 399 gheADAMka adanA' 231 gheADAMka chuTTAM phUla' 207 thaiDAM rasadane'- 160 thAre 327 'thrI maskeTiyarsa' 215, 397 dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahane ca. 4 daragAhavAlA saiyada imAmuddIna 236 'daridracArudatta' 4para 'daridranArAyaNu' 508 dariyApAranA bahAravaTiyA' 554 'dariyAlAla' 506, 500, 508 dariyAvanI mIThI lahara' 447 'darpaNunA TukaDA' 231 darzana ane ciMtana' (bhA. 1-2) itihAsa' (bhA. 1-2) 4, 271, 284, 285, 28-292, 308, 394 "dakSiNa AphrikAmAM gAMdhIjInu gamana ane punarramana' 392 "dagAbAja' 215 'dagAbAja dAsta' 250 datta azvinIkumAra 230 krutta ramezacaMdra 127, 219 dayAnaMda sarasvatI' pa61 dayArAma 41, 49, 80, 81, 82, 97, 194, 218, 409, 416 'dayArAmanuM jIvanacaritra' 229 dayArAma-rasasudhA' 229 dayAzaMkara vasanajI 242 361, 363 'darzanikA' 102, 103, 106, 107, 108-110, 111 dalavADI pUjalAla 6 'dalapatakAvya' 78 dalapata piM'gaLa' 416, 417 dalapatarAma 2, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 28, 41, 44, 45, 78, 81, 82, 94, 95, 97, 101, 102, 104, 108, 109, 115-117, 161-124, 141-143, 145, 149, 224, 229, 240, 242,244, 412, 422, 460, 239 'dalapatrAmanI vAtA' 390 lAla IzakAka 236 dalAla caMdulAla bhagubhAI 392-393 dalAla cimanalAla DAhyAbhAI 225, 369 lAla jayaMti 424 dalAla ramaNIkalAla ja, 235 dalAla rAjendra sA. 215 dave kanubahena 218

Page #610
[ 601 saMdarbhasUci dave jugatarAma cImanalAla 7, 385 diveTiyA caitanyabALA 407 dave tIndra ha. 105, 204-206, diveTiyA narasiMharAva bhoLAnAtha 210 2, 3, 9, 15, 17, 22, 24, dave durgAnAtha ge. 244 , 28, 82, 102, 105, 115, dave durgArAma maMchArAma 468 118, 122, 126, 130, 132, dave narabhezaMkara prANajIvana 203 141, 143, 158, 21, 222, dave narmadAzaMkara lAlazaMkara juo: 225, 381, 409, 437, 440, narmada 469, 502, 539, 543 dave maMjulAla jamanArAma 126, 15ra diveTiyA bhImarAva bhoLAnAtha 2, 41, dave mehanalAla pArvatIzaMkara 227, 124, 141, 148, 244 232 diveTiyA bhogIndrarAva 5, 213 dave raNachoDabhAI udayarAma 2, 240- diveTiyA bheLAnAtha sArAbhAI 2, 6, 242, 244 148 dave zivazaMkara tulajAzaMkara 148 diveTiyA mAdhavarAva bA. 215 * dave sAkaralAla a. 235 diveTiyA satyendrarAva bhImarAva 141 dave hiMmatalAla rAmacaMdra mahAzaMkara diveTiyA harasiddhabhAI 234 juo : svAmI AnaMda "divyacakSu 481-487, 494, 496, dazavaikAlika sUtra 396 501, 503 dAudabhAI "becena 236 dIkSita prasannavadana 235 dAkhalI mahaMmada Arepha "sevaka" 236 "dInadayALa" 247 dANI amRtalAla 117 dIpamALA' 384 dAdAjInI vAto' 543 dIvaDI" 500, pa02 dAdI zatazAI 113 dIvAnajI prahalAdajI caM. 203 dAdhIca mahAvIraprasAda zivadattarAya 133 dukALa" 217 dAmANu harajI lavajI juoH "zayadA' "duHkhane visAmo' (56 bhAga) 237 dAlacIvaDAnI dasa vArtAo' 228 dUmA eNlekajhAnDara 10, 173-176, dAMpatyastotram 28, 37 215, 397. digdarzana' 406, 408, 433 rakALa jayendrarAya bhagavAnalAla 207, dilanAM dAna 250 208 'dilhInI sulatAnAH rajhiyA begama "daSTAntakathAo' 384 215 daSTiparivartana' 449 dilhImAM gAMdhIjI" (bhA. 1-2) 399 devarasa 398

Page #611
602] gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa devayAnI' 245 132 devaLadevI" 141 desAI maNilAla IcchArAma 235 devAzrayI sUryarAma 218 desAI maNilAla khaMDubhAI 132 devIcaMdraguptam " 187 desAI manubhAI jazavaMtarAya 148 devI saMketa" upara desAI mahAdeva haribhAI 5, 337, devIstuti" 15ra 353, 366, 37ra-383, 323, devendra 362 402, 430 devo dhAdhala 508 desAI ramaNalAla vasaMtalAla 103, devone khullo patra' 211 213, 244, 460, 479-504, dezakIrtana" 130, 147 533, 559 dezadIvAna 508 desAI ramaNIka 239 dezadezanI vAto" 238 desAI rAmaprasAda 218 dezapAMDe pAMDuraMga 338, 388 desAI lallubhAI nAraNajI 15ra dezabaMdhunuM caritra' 218 desAI vAlajI goviMdajI 394 'dezInAmamAlA' 37ra desAI sorAbajI maM. 237 dezI zabdasaMgraha' 372 desAI hariprasAda vra. 237-238 dezadIpaka' (divedI prabhulAlakRta) rApara dezadIpaka' ("verATIkRta) 247 desAI hajhumatI dhIrajalAla 134 deDhaDahApaNane sAgara" 211 desAI aMbAlAla ge. 204 desAI IcchArAma sUryarAma 214 deDha sadIne Arthika ItihAsa 389 desAI kumArapALa 150 dezI becaradAsa jIvarAja 36 0, 361, desAI kezavalAla che. 235, 244 371-372 desAI goviMdabhAI 218 dezI maNilAla 218 desAI caMdulAla maNilAla 143-144 dozI maNilAla na. 235 desAI jahAMgIra mA. 154 draupadInAM cIra' 394 desAI dIpakabA 122 draupadIsvayaMvara' (ojhA vAghajI desAI naTavarasiMha ba. 151 AzArAmakRta) 245 desAI praphulla kAntilAla 25-255 driaupadI svayaMvara (zrIpAlaracita) 394 desAI prANalAla kIrapArAma 200 dvArikApralaya' 26, 40, 47, 50, 87, desAI maganabhAI prabhudAsa 387-388 desAI maNibhAI bhagavAnajI 397 "dvirepha' juoH pAThaka rA. vi. desAI maNibhAI haribhAI "masta maNi" "dvirephanI kizora vArtA 407 91

Page #612
saMdarbha sUci [603 dvirephanI vAto' (bhA. 1thI 3) 405, "dha sAgA eNpha InDiyana kalcara' 195. 424-4ra7, 455 dha sTeTa' 16 dvivedI prabhulAla dayArAma 241, 248, dha sTorI oNva IvAna dha phUla" 274 251-252, 254, 255 dhAmI mohanalAla cunIlAla 134 dvivedI maNilAla ja. 238 dhAlA jerAja ahamada 15ra dvivedI maNilAla nabhubhAI 1, 2, 3, "dhI InDiyana thiyeTara 238 6, 15, 41, 126, 145, 240, dhIkhate jvALAmukhI' 215 242, 246, 3ra7, 415 dhIraja' 133 dha alI Aryana ina gujarAta' 185 dhIrajanAM kAvya" 133 dha lerI ghaMTa vaoNjha gurjara deza 195 dhIrajalAla cimanalAla 204 dha TrAvelara' 152 dhanapAla 372 dhI lAITa zAinsa ina DArkanesa 354 dha propheTa' 353 dhabakatAM haiyAM" pa02 dhUpachAyA 551--papara dha mAsTara opha maeNna' 555 dhUmaketu' 8, 244, 409, 4ra7, dhammapada 372, 391, 406, 432 444, 500-535, 551, pa5 : dharatInI AratI' 367 dhUmaketunAM vArtArane pa1ra dharatInuM lUNa' 365 dhUmaketunI bhAvasRSTi' 533 dharatIne mathALe" 390 dhUmaketunI zreSTha vArtAo' 51ra dha rilijyana oNpha jarathustra' 228 dhUmrasera' 210 dharmakIrti 362 dhoLakiyA nathuzaMkara u. 153 dharmacakraparivartana" 301 dhoLazAjI DAhyAbhAI 240-243 dharmanAM pado' 372 255 dharmaniSThA' 148 kuM gaTulAla 238 dharmanI bhUmikA" 207 dhruva AnandazaMkara bApubhAI 1, 2, dharmane jaya" 236 3, 5, 83, 102, 103, 110"dharma pradIpa" 234 153, 154, 327, 377, 383, dharmavIra' 243 401, 404, 406, 407,408, dharmAlyudayamahAkAvya" 234 415, 430, 433, 439,464. dharmodaya' 336-338 468, 510, 533 dharmonuM milana" 396 dhruva kezava harSada 2, 3, 81, 82 dha leIka oNpha pAmsa" 218 113, 383, 416, 420, 474

Page #613
-604] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa 475 narasiMha mahetA" 245 dhruva durlabha zyAma 237 "narasiMhayuganA kavio193 dhruvadevI para "narasiMharAvanI rAjanIzI" 381, "dhruvasvAminIdevI" 182, 187 441 dhruva hari harSada 2, 6, 15, 41, narasaiye-bhakta harine 193 102, 103, 115, 117, 132 narelA haradAna 150 dhvajAropaNa athavA bAraDolIne narmagadya' 46 3, 509, 510 dhanuSyaTaMkAra" 128 narmada 1, 2, 5, 6, 22, 35, 41, vanyAleka" 455, 478 50, 70, 81, 95, 10, 103, nagada sa" 248 104, 109, 114, 115, 132, nagarakara du. vi. 244 148, 224, 229, 240, 242, nagara vaizAlI para 244, 273, 409, 447, 460, "nagna satya" (bhA. 1-2) 504 465, 463, 468, 510, 511, nagharoLa" 367 539 najaraH lAMbI ane TUMkI" 206 narmadaH arvAcIna gadyapadyano AdyanajhIra 153 praNetA' 406, 409, 435 nadI saiyada abu jhaphara 236 narmadaH arvAcInomAM Adya' 193 nanAmiyAM rasUlamiyAM 15ra narmadanuM maMdiraH gadyavibhAga 463 nabhovihAra' 406, 413, 414, narmadanuM maMdiraH padyavibhAga' 463 435 narmadAzaMkara kavi" 404, 406 nayagAMdhI jayarAmadAsa je. 239 navagIta" 229 -nayacaMdrasUri 371 navajIvana" (pAdarAkara ma. makRta) nayananAM nIra' 236 123 nayyara suzIlA 397 'navajIvana" ("vairATIkRta) 247 narakesarIrAva zaMbhunAtha' juo : 'navajIvana-vikAsavArtA 397 khabaradAra a. pha. 'Ta navI vAto' 211 narapati 228 navalagranthAvali 393 naravIra lAlAjI 561 navalagranthAvali' (tAraNa) 146 narasihanuM jIvana" 129 navalarAmabhAI 82, 100 narasiha mahetA 41, 58, 69, 71, navalazA hIrajI 247 88, 97, 223, 324, 234, navalAM darzana ane bIjA lekho' 366 406, 433 "navavalarI" 130

Page #614
navAba sArAbhAI 235 'navA yuganI vArtA' 220 'navAM gItA' (bhA. 1-2) 124 'navAM vivecanA' 231 navI garabAvaLI' 124 'navIna yuga'251 'navIna suMdara catura strIvilAsa manahara' 153 'navu ne jUnu" 248 'navA avatAra' (bhA. 1thI 3) 463 navA saMsAra' 145 nasIba pheravavAnI kaLA' 220-221 naLAkhyAna 408-409 'naLAkhyAna' (desAI ma. pra.saMpAdita) 388 na danikA' 102, 105, 107 naMdazaMkara jIvanacitra' 216 nAkara 224 nAkaracarita' 223 nAgaradAsa amarajI 151 'nAgAnanda'235 nAcIja Adama 236 'nAjuka savArI' 447 'nATacarasa' 437-438 'nATaviveka' 209 'nATayazAstra' 5, 451, 455 saMdarbha sUci 'nAdarUpa' 238 nAnajIANI karamAlI rahImabhAI 236 nAnajIANI muhammadahusena balasAravI 237 'nAnasena' 390 'nAnA phaDanavIsa' 503 [ 605. nAnAmiyAM rasUlamiyAM 236 nAnAsAheba athavA svadharma mATe prANApaNu' 214 nAmAnAM tattvA' 349. nAyaka amRta kezava 142 nAyaka bApulAla 246-247 nAyaka vasaMta 255 'nArada'jue kAMTAvALA maTubhAI 222 'nArIku'ja'219 nArIgauravanA kavi' 33 nAhaTA bhavaralAla 371 nikaSarekhA' 457, 478, 563 nikuMja' 512 nikAlasa nikakSmI' 397 'nijakuMja' 143 nijAmuddIna nUruddIna 237 nijamuddIna pIrasAheba 1para 'nityaneA AcAra' 406, 432 'nipuNucaMdra'249 'nibadha ane gujarAtI nibaMdha' 436 'nibaMdhamAlA' 463 'nira'jana' 555 'nirguNu' 135 'nigrantha sauMpradAya' 362 'nirjhariNI' 116, 118 nirbhIya bhImavyAyAma? 152 'nivRttivinAda' 207 nivApAMjali' 388 niveditA' 508 nizItha' 439 nihArikA' 502

Page #615
F06 ] nIti ane dharma : keTalIka prAcIna vArtAo' 396 nItivicAra' 237 nItizataka' 152 nItizAstra' 208 gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa nIlakaMThe mahIpatarAma rUparAma 2, 539 nIlakaMTha ramaNabhAI mahIpatarAma 2, 3, 5, 6, 82, 209, 211, 218, 240, 242, 246, 409, 443, 468 nIlakaMTha vidyAgaurI ramaNabhAI 218 219, 336 'nIlanenI' 235 nIlama ane peAkharAja' 447 'nIlamaNi'245 -'nUtanazrI' 135 nUre sukhana' 236 nRtyaratnAza'(bhA. 1-2) 456 'nRsiMhasAra' 386 nRsi'hAcAya 1, 'nepaseka'204 'naipeAliyana' 250 neharu javAharalAla 267, 374, 375, 378, 379, 397 neharu meAtIlAla 374 naivedya' 473, 474, 475, 477 neAIsa vilaRsi365 nautamalAla sAhityavilAsI' 254 'nyAyanAM vera' rapara nyAyavijayajI 234 nyAyAvatAra' 362 -nyAyI nareza' 250 caM. 4 nhAnA nhAnA rAsa' (bhA. 1thI 3) 20, 24, 26, 28, 39 nhAnAlAla 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12-100, 12, 105, 106, 111, 112, 113, 111, 120, 123 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 143, 147, 149, 207, 220, 221, 238, 244, 249, 250, 336, 353, 404, 409, 430, 444, 446, 464, 498, 502, 515, 133, 546, 548 nhAnAlAla kavinI jIvanaSTi' 446 'nhAnAlAla zatAbdI grantha' 100 nhAnAlAla zatAbdI smRti vizeSAMka' (graMtha') 100 '-nhAnAlAla suvarNamahAtsava aMka' (kaumudI) 100 nhAnAlAla smAraka grantha' 433 'pagadaMDI' 530-531 pacAsa dharmasa vAdA' 31 pacIsase varSa pUrvenuM hiMdustAna'214 paTela ibrAhIma dAdAbhAI 'ekAra' 212 paTela khatrI ibrAhIma 234 paTela geApAladAsa jIvAbhAI 396-397 paTela gAviMda ha. 125 paTela caturabhAI umadabhAI 135 paTela caturabhAI zaMkarabhAI 130 paTela caMdulAla 399 paTela jIvAbhAI a. 135 paTela DAhyAbhAI la. 122, 200

Page #616
saMdarbhasUci [ 607 paTela narasiMhabhAI I. 235 paraNu pa29 paTela nAgaradAsa 15ra pavinI" 148 paTela nAgaradAsa I. 130, 238 padminI athavA bhasmIbhUta citro' 214 paTela nehAnAlAla dalapatarAma 134 padyaracanAnI aitihAsika AlecanA paTela pannAlAla 8, 478, 560, 3, 416 562 "panukAvya" 148 paTela becaralAla trikamajI "vihArI uparakamA" 560 134 parabhavanI prIta' 253 paTela bhoLAbhAI 50 parama sakhA mRtyu 332 paTela maganabhAI caturabhAI 141-142 paramAra amaracaMda 153 paTela maganabhAI je, 338 paramAra kizanasiMha vRddhisiMha juoH paTela maganalAla zaM. 237 muni jinavijayajI paTela maNibahena valabhabhAI 399 paramAratha-sAra 153 paTela rAvajIbhAI maNibhAI 276, paramAra dezaLajI 128-128, 154 301-392 parazurAmavijaya" 237 paTela vallabhabhAI jhaverabhAI 375, parAjaya" para1, para2, para3, para4 307, 379, 308, 399402, parAdhIna gujarAta" parara 429 paribhramaNa (bhA. 1thI 3) 436, paTela zivAbhAI gokaLabhAI 389 560, 563 paTTaNa prabhAzaMkara da. 149 parizIlana' 465, 478 paThANa abdula satArakhAna 237 parizeSa 512 paDadA pAchaLa" 202 parihAsa" 232 paDI paToLe bhAta" 253 parI ane rAjakumAra' 499 paDhiyAra amRtalAla suMdarajI 43, 46, parIkha narahari dvArakAdAsa 337, 341, 77, 220-221 345, 366, 373, 375, 378, pataMjali 71 381, 386, 393, 402, 406, 'patinA vAMke' 250 433 'patradUta" 14 parIkha rasikalAla choTAlAla 4, 53, pathapradIpa" 154 100, 362, 372, 406, 403, pathikanAM puSpa" 230 406, 420, 432, 450-4pa7 pathikanI saMskArayAtrAo' 231 paropakArI puruSa ane daMbhIdAsanuM 'paddha ane poyaNuM 398 rAjInAmuM 204

Page #617
608 ] 389 gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa (caM. 4 parvatasiMha hamIrasiMha 244 paMDyA caMdrazaMkara narmadAzaMkara 4, 157, parvamahimA" 398 227-228 paSaNa' 436 paMDayA narmadAzaMkara bAlAzaMkara 1ra7, palakArA" papa3-554 palANa narottama 478 paMDayA navalarAma lakSmIrAma 2, 81, pavitra munI 204 146, 240, 242, 383, 409, paheluM pAnuM 449 422, 448, 468 pahelo kalAla para paMDyA nAgaradAsa revAzaMkara 140 paMkaja' 500 paMDayA bulAkhIrAma raNachoDa 132 paMcataMtra' 394 paMDayA manasukharAma kAzIrAma 132 "paMcadaMDa' 228, 234 paMDayA mArtaDa 375 paMcadaMDa ne bIja kAvyo" 233 paMDayA yazavaMta savAIlAla 202-203, paMcAkhyAna" 234 244 "paMcAmRta' .153 paMDayA raMjitalAla harilAla kAzmalana paMcAla govardhana 406, 43ra 129 paMcoLI hiMmatalAla jagannAtha 135 paMDathI zaMkaralAla maganalAla paMDita aMbAlAla 253 ("maNikAnta') 123 paMDita IzvaracaMdra vidyAsAgaranuM jIvana- paMDyA zAMtikumAra 134 caritra" 218 pAIa-12chI-nAmamAlA" 372 paMDita gurudatta vidyAthInuM jIvana- pAIa-samahaSNa' 360 caritra" 227 pAunDa ejharA 10 paMDita jagannAtha 9,412 pAgala" juoH trivedI maNilAla tri. paMDita bhagavAnalAla idrajInuM jIvana- pAgala haranAtha 127, 398 carita' 225-226 "pATaNanI prabhutA" 158, 163, 166, paMDita zivaprasAda da. 218 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, paMDita sukhalAlajI 4, 339, 360- 174, 175 -363, 368, 372, 450, 456 pAThakajI caMdrikA 149 paMDayA upendra che. 477 pAThakajI janArdana 244 paMDayA kamaLAzaMkara 398 pAThakajI jayamanabahena 148 paMDayA kAntilAla cha. 4, 157, 216 pAThakajI mezacaMdra janArdana 208, paMDayA kRpAzaMkara jhINubhAI 148 232 paMDyA gajendra lAlazaMkara 129 pAThaka prabhAzaMkara janmazaMkara 149

Page #618
pAThaka prANujIvana vizvanAtha 201 pAThaka rAmanArAyaNa vizvanAtha 4, 5, sadabha sUci 103, 104, 108, 154, 202, 313, 327, 338, 346, 391, 34, 401-436, 450, 451, 45, 459, 532 pAThaka vizvanAtha sadArAma 152, 401 pAThaka hIrAbahena 114, 154, 304, 403, 406, 419, 427, 433 'pAThasaMcaya'393 pAta jala yogasUtra' 362 pAtALapraveza' 390 pAdarAkara maNilAla meAhanalAla 123, 134 pAnagASThi' 530 "pAnadAnI' 234 pApanI dazA' 237 pAyAnI keLavaNInA prayoga' 389 pArasanA sparze' 447 pArasI lagnagItA-garabA' 152 pArijAta' 476 paribhASika zabdakAza' 463 pArekha nagInadAsa 356, 404, 406, 422, 432 pArekha bhImajI harajIvana 'suzIla' 238 pArekha hIrAlAla tri. 22} 'pArevAM' 229 pAOtI pariNaya' 151 pAli pAThAvali' 370 pArlseva 9 pAvAgaDha' 503 pAMkhaDIe' (gAMdhI ci. meAkRta) gu. sA. 39 [F09 129 pAMkhaDIe' (nhAnAlAlakRta) 22, 76-77, 464 'pAMkhaDIe' ('zayadA'kRta) 145 'pAMca premakathAo' 227 pAMDavaguptanivAsa' 152 piMgaLapraveza' 406, 419 pIDAgrasta prapheisara' 182, 186 pIrajAdA saiyada sadaruddIna 236 pIra hajarata saiyada pIra mazAyakha kAsi mazAha 235 'puNyakathA' 56, 57, 66, 67 puNyavijayajI 234 'putrasameAvaDI' 182, 188 'punarjanma' 245 'puraMdara-parAjaya' 158, 182, 187, 188 "purANuvivecana" 225 purANI aMbAlAla bAlakRSNe 6, 230-- -231 purANI cheTAlAla bAlakRSNa 230 'purANInA patrA' 231 'purAtana jyAta' 543 'purAtana prakhaMdhasaMgraha' 371 puruSottamadAsa trikamadAsa 244 puruSAttama vizrAma mAvajI 215 'purAvayana ane vivecana' 436, 455 purAhita narmadAzaMkara bhe. 235 pulAmA ane khIjAM kAvyo' 122, 143 'puSpasena-puSpAvatI' 242 puSpAMjali' 130

Page #619
610] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 puSponI sRSTimAM 499 "pratApapAMDava" 309 'puMDalika' 254 "pratApalakSmI" 243 pUjA ane parIkSA' 458, 459, pratibiMba 512 464, 478 pratimAo pa53-554 'pUjAriNuM' 63 pradIpa' 512 pUjArIne pagale 212 prabaMdha keza" 371 pUrNayuga" 231 "prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi 371 pUNimA 481,483, 486, 489- "prabodhacaMdrodaya" 15ra 492, 503 prabodhabatrIzI' 228 pUrva AphrikAmAM 3ra 6 "prabodhabatrIzI athavA mAMDayuM baMdhArApUrvaraMga' 337 nAM ukhANuM" 229 pUrvApara' 478 prabhAcaMdrAcArya 371 'pUrvAlApa' 4, 406, 408, 409, prabhAtanA raMga' 447 420, 433 "prabhAtane tapasvI' ane "kuTadIkSA pRthivIvallabha 158, 163, 169 12, 105 170 "prabhAvakaryArita' 371 "pRthurAjarAsA9, 141 prabhAskara janArdana hAnAbhAI 126, pRthvIrAja cauhANa 2para 128 "pRthvIrAja rAThoDa' 245 prabhucaraNe 124 peTalIkara Izvara 5, 8, 213 prabhu padhAryA 557-558, 559 pereDAIjha lesTa' 51. "prabhuprasAdI" 147 peMDase zrI. nA. 215 pramANamImAMsA' 362 paDhAmaNuM 133 pramANazAstrapravezikA" 394 poyaNuM 207 prilaya 487, 494-47, 503, parasa-sikaMdara" 243 pravINasAgara" 15 paurANika nATake' 170, 178, 182, "pravezikA" 388 187-181 "prasAda 130 hyArelAla 397 "prasUnAMjali" 126 prakAzikA' 102, 105, 153 prastAvamALA' 100 "prajJAcakSunAM prajJAbiMdu' 44 'pralAda 385 praNayamaMjarI" 123 prAkRta kathAsaMgraha 370 praNavabhAratI" 238 prAkRta mArgopadezikA' 372

Page #620
saMdara [611 prAkRta vyAkaraNa 372 premaprabhAva" 199 prAcIna kavio ane emanI kRtio premabhakti' juo nhAnAlAla 239 premabhakti bhajanAvali 28 prAcIna gujarAtanA itihAsa mATenI "premalIlA' (bhA. 1) 229 sAdhanasAmagrI' 370 premavijaya' 251 'prAcIna gujarAtI deH eka aiti. premavilAsI juoH maNilAla harahAsika AlocanA 404, 406, goviMda, 412, 414, 416, 435 premazatasahI' 148 prAcIna jina lekhasaMgraha' (bhA. 1-2) premasakhI' juoH premAnaMdasvAmI 368 premAnaMda 54, 55, 81, 84, 129, prAcIna piMgala navI daSTie 417 222, 23, 24, 233, 408, "prAcIna bauddhakathAo' 396 406, 415 prAcIna bhAratamAM zikSaNa" 477 premAnaMdakRta raNayajJa ane vajiyAta prAcIna zIlakathAo" 396 raNajaga" 233 prAcIna sAhitya 439, 476 premAnaMdanAM traNa AkhyAna prANacikitsA 128 premAnaMdasvAmI 35 prAyazcitta' ra04 emAMjali 130 prAsaMgika pratisAdI 337 "prema" juoH ojhA kAzIrAma prAMtIjavAlA "manasvI juoH bhaTTa bhAIzaMkara cimanabhAI pro. gheDe kezava kavenuM caritra 219 "priyakAnta' 12 mithiyasa anabAunDa pa7 priyadarzikA" 15ra prauDhazikSaNa 388 priyadarzI azoka para2, pa28 pleTe 202, 345, 411 priyadarzI samrATa azAka para2 leTenuM Adarza nagara 202 premakaLA" 243 phaIbAkAkI" 208 premakuMja' 20, 56, 57, 63, 64, pharsTa DisTilara 451 65, 66, 67, 69 phAusTa' pa7, 112 "premagIta" 130 phArasI-arabI zabdakeza" 237 premanAM jharaNuM 132 phArUkI amaramiyAM ha. 237 premanuM mUlya 45ra phArbasaH juo phormsa eN. ki. premane zikAra" 236 phArbasacaritra" 77 premapaMtha' (bhA. 1thI 10) 384 phizara lUI 396

Page #621
612) gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [caM. 4 phUlakaNuM 134 bAjIrAva pezvA" (trApajakarakRta) 253 phUlapAMdaDI' 82, 238 bAjIrAva pezvA ('pAgala'kRta) 250 phUlavADI 131, 133 bANa 439 phaeNnsI phAraso' 211 bANakavi 151 phorama" 219 bAdarAyaNa" 105 pharamalaharI' (bhA. 1 thI 12) 238 bAnavA ImAmazAha lA. 236 phormsa elekjhAMDara kinaleka 78, 539 bApunA AgAkhAna mahelamAM ekavIsa divasa" 37 phAnsa AnAtola 459 kroIDa 11, 184 bApunA patro - 8: zrI nAraNadAsa phalorensa nAiTiMgelanuM jIvanacaritra gAMdhIne (bhA. 1) 308 219 bApunA patro - 5 ku. premAbahena kaMTakane 308 bakSI rAmaprasAda premazaMkara 106, 154, 437-441, para6 bApunI AzramI keLavaNI 389 bakSI hiMmatarAya ka. 217-218 bApunI chAyAmAM' 387 badhekA gijubhAI bhagavAnajI 7, 384- bApunI jhAMkhI" 337 385, 386, 387, 401, 430 "bApu-mArI mA' 399 baraphIvAlA zAntA 82, 153 bAppA rAvaLa" 247 barka 373 bAyarana 9, 1para bajesa perI 354 bAraDolInA kheDUta" 303 barnDa raselanI sAmAjika philasUphI' bAraDolI satyAgrahane ItihAsa" 375 212 376, 377, 378 bave ga. go. 153 bArisTara" 243 balavaMtasiMha 397 bAroTa cUnIlAla puruSottama 394 balasArI ketakI 359 bAlakanI mAgaNI ne haTha 387 baLadeva harikRSNa 151 bAlacarita' 427 baLelI rassI 248 bAlacaMdra 15ra baMgakesarI' 384 bAlacAritrya 387 "baMgabhaMga" 217 bAlazikSA' 371 baMgALane navAba' 250 bAlasamrATa' 254 baMsarI" 481, 501 bALakAvyamALA' 134 "bAIbala" 72, 259, 266 bALakAvyo' 45, 100 bAge behasta" 203 bALakanA gAMdhIjI 385

Page #622
bALakAnAM ramakaDAM' 387 bALakAne vArtA kema kaheze| ?' 390 bALakAnA pAkAra' 392 'bALagItAvalI' 124, 125 bALavADI' (bhA. 1thI 3) 147 bALavArtAnI veNIo' 387 brAuniMga 10 'binadhaMdhAdArI raMgabhUmine itihAsa' 209 saMdarbhasUci biralA 3897 'bilvama gaLa' 245 bihAranI keAmI AgamAM' 399 bihAra pachI dilhI' 399 khIDelAM dvAra' 556, 563 buddha ane mahAvIra' 343, 356 'buddhucarita' (AClDa eDavinakRta) 259 'buddhucarita' (kAsa...khI dharmAna dakRta) 381 'buddhacaritra' (dozI maNilAlakRta) 218 'jIhnacaritrAmRta' 394 'buhRdeva'2 51 'buddhadharma ane saMdha' 391 buddha dhairya caMdra 153 'muddalIlA' 391 'muddalIlAsArasaMgraha' 391 buddhinuM bajAra' 211 'buddhiprakAza-lekhasaMgraha' (bhA. 1-2) [ 613 khUca hirarAya bhagavaMtarAya 216 khUca hIrAlAla jAdavarAya 148 'aha45' 234 'bRhapiMgala' 225, 405, 406, 417, 418, 435, 436 'bRhadbhajanasAgara' 153 'bRhad vyAkaraNu'208 meIna 235 bekAra' jue : paTela i. dA. 'me kharAba jaNa' 182, 183, 184 me khudAI khidamatagAra' 375 kheja hATa 1 khetAja bAdazAha' 394 me dezagItA' 124 'medhArI talavAra' 215 be navalakathA' 39 6 e naLAkhyAna' 229 me nATakA' 239 khenAne vIrapasalI' 143 baeNnkara zakaralAla 399 baiju bAvarA' 499 khAjhavela 380 mAjhAMke (mAjhAMkiTa) 408 khATAdakara dAmeAdara khuzAladAsa 4, 35, 98, 102, 115-123, 124, 130, 131, 133, 13, 143, 144, 460, 41 khATAdakaranAM kAvyeA' 232 khATAdakaranI kAvyasaritA' 154 232 buddhisTa inDiyA' 232 khUca gajendra gulAbarAya 130 khUca janmazaMkara mahAzaMkara juo : 'lalita' khUca veNIlAla 7. 218 khATAdakara zatAbdI graMtha' 117, 118 khADANA 215 bodhisattva' 381

Page #623
14] gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [ , 4 bArakara 216 bhagavAnanI lIlA' 477 berisada satyAgraha 399, "bhagavAna parazurAma" 163, 178 bela kAgaLa" 254 bhagavAna buddha' 367 bauddha guphAo 230 bhagavAna mahAvIranA daza upAsake' 37ra bauddhasaMghane paricaya" 391 bhagavAna mahAvIranI dharmakathAo' 372 baudhAyana 186 ke "bhagnapAdukA' 163, 166, 173-174 brahmacaryAzrama 182, 184, 185 bhajanAmRta" 148 brahmabhaTTa aniruddha 465, 478, 563 bhajanikA" 12, 107 brahmabhaTTa jIvaNalAla 255 bhaTTa amRtalAla nAnakezvara 122, 143 brahmabhaTTa maganalAla bA. 153 bhaTTa kilAbhAI ghanazyAma 136, 151brahmabhaTTa radhunAthabhAI "rasakavi" 248, 152 250-241 bhaTTa khImajI va. 153 brahmadezane pravAsa 324 bhaTTa girajAzaMkara ma. 200 brAhmadhama" 238 bhaTTa caMdrazaMkara maNizaMkara 239 bUka sTArDa 82 bhaTTa cimanabhAI 248 brekara gulAbadAsa 210 bhaTTa cUnIbhAI 401 bhakta prahUlAda 253 bhaTTa jayarAzi 456 bhakta suradAsa" 246 bhaTTa jayaMtakumAra ma. 218 bhaktivijaya" 309 bhaTTa dAmodara ja. 153 bhaktivijaya' (zukala nathurAma suMdarajI- bhaTTa de. . ra11 kRta) 245 bhaTTa dhIrajalAla a. 200 bhaktiga" 230 bhaTTa nAnAbhAI 7, 383-384, 386, bhagatarAja" 24ra bhagavatIsUtra" 372, 396 bhaTTa nRsiMhaprasAda kAlidAsa juoH bhagavadajajukIyama" kara7, 468, 477 bhaTTa nAnAbhAI bhagavadgItAH eka abhinava daSTibiMdu bhaTTa puruSottama jogIbhAI 122 389 bhaTTa puruSottama zi. 218 bhagavadgItA eNnDa maeNDarna lAIpha' 195 bhaTTa bhogIlAla ma. 15ra bhagavadgItAjati" 142 bhaTTa maNizaMkara ratnajI juoH kAnta bhagavadgomaMDalakeza" 399 bhaTTa mahAzaMkara lallubhAI 148 bhagavAna kauTilya' 163, 166, 170 bhaTTa muni kumAra maNizaMkara 210-111 -171, 172, 176, 183 bhaTTa mULazaMkara mehanalAla 367, 389 ( 401

Page #624
sadabhasaci [615 bhaTTa rAmaprasAda 255 bhaTTa rAmaprasAda ha. 255 bhaTTa revAzaMkara 151 bhaTTa lallubhAI nAnAbhAI 146-147 bhaTTa vijaya 255 bhaTTa vijayazaMkara 255 bhaTTa vizvanAtha maganalAla 4, 110, 118, 154, 41, 457-464, 478, 482, 533, 561, pa63 bhaTTa zaMkaralAla 15ra bhaTTa sAmezvara 456 bhaTTa haragoviMda kAnajI 132 bhaTTa harikRSNa ba. 153 bhaTTa hariprasAda gau. juo : mastaphakIra bhaTTa harizaMkara mA. 203 bhaTTa hemubhAI 255 bhadra' juoH dalAla caMdulAla bhagubhAI bhadrakALI athavA pAvAgaDhane pralaya' 214 "bhadrabhadra' 2, 3, 5, 210 "bhadvAbhAminI' 203 "bhayane bheda 386 bharata ("nATayazAstrakAra) 9, 56, 451, 455, 472 bharadariye 145 bharUcA hAzima yusupha - "jhAra rAMderI 236 bhartuhari 15ra, 245 bhale ugA bhANuM 508 bhavAnIzaMkara narasiMharAma 244 bhAIzaMkara nAnAbhAI 244 bhAgyacakra' pa02 bhAgyadaya 243 bhAgyodaya bhUmikA-1 148 bhAjIvAlA rUstama che. 153 bhATiyA jamanAdAsa morArajI jAmana" 247, 248, 254 bhaNidAsa 106 bhAyANu harivallabha 371, 417 bhAratadurdazA nATaka' 142 bhAratanA sarpo 398 "bhAratanA saMtapuruSo" 218 bhAratanAM strIro " (bhA. 1thI 3) 218 "bhAratane TaMkAra" 6, 12, 103, 107, 109, 154 "bhArata bhAratI" 145 bhAratasamrATa samudragupta para "bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhanakalA" 234 "bhAratIya tatvajJAnanI rUparekhA 396 bhAratIya tatvavidyA' 361 bhAratIya purAtattva" 371 bhAratIya saMskAro ane tenuM gujarAtamAM avataraNa" 226 bhAratIya saMskRti" 504 bhAratIya saMskRtine ujJAtA 336 bhArelA agni ja81, 482, 483, 492, 493, 496, 497 bhAlaNa 224, 229, 234 "bhAlaNa 229 bhAlaNa, uddhava ane bhIma' ra29 bhAvanAsRSTi' 464 bhAviprAbalya" 251 bhAvi samAjaracanAnI dizAmAM 397 bhAvINa 216

Page #625
616. gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa [caM. 4 bhAve vinAbA 6, 337, 352, "madanamaMdira 202 391 "madAlasA' (ojhA vAghajI AzArAmabhAsa 3, 151, 4ra7, 451 kRta) 245 bhAskara kavi 15ra "madAlasA" (paTela goviMda hakRta) bhikSu akhaMDAnaMda 237 125 bhikSu bAbA' 248 madrAsavAlA abdula latIpha hAjI bhIma 223, 233 husena 236 bhISma pitAmaha 245 madhubaMsarI" 248 "bhIMtapatra dvArA lekazikSaNa 390 "madhubaMsI" 133 bhUtabaMgalo" 236 "madhurAM gItA' 200 bhUdAna ane sarvodaya' 390 madhyama piMgaLa' 406, 418, 419 "bhUlane bhoga" 248 madhyama-vyAga 15ra "bhUlArAma" juo pAThaka rA. vi. 403 madhyAhnanAM mRgajaLa" 498512-503 bhUSaNa vI. ema. 406 mananavihAra' 407 bhojarAja" 24ra manapasaMda nibaMdho 449 "bhramara 135, 147 "manurAja' 103, 112-113 magadhapati para manasmRti 235 magadhasenApati puSyamitra parara. "mane mukura' 3 majamudAra prItamalAla 134 "mane vihAra' 405, 430-431 majamudAra maMjulAla raNachoDalAla 233 mammaTa 9, 407, 456, 47ra majhadhAra' 389 maradanA ghA" 247 maDiyA cunIlAla 8, 453, para marcanTa oNpha venisa 427 maDhaDAkara-nAgara" juoH paMDayA nAgara- malabArInAM kAvyaratane 113 dAsa revAzaMkara 140 malabArI baherAmajI 101, 111 maNikAnta juo paMDayA zaMkaralAla malayAnila" 198-199, 512 maganalAla 123 maleriyA' 388 maNikAnta kAvyamALA123 mallikA' 200 maNimahatsavanA sAhityabola mallikA ane bIjI vAto 512 (bhA. 1-2) 80, 100 mazarUvALA kizoralAla gha. 4, 5, 6, maNilAla haragoviMda premavilAsI', 7, 86, 313, 337, 339-359, 366, 380, 387, 530 masyagaMdhA ane bIjAM nATako' 201 mastakavi' juoH tribhuvana premazaMkara 132

Page #626
saMdarbhasUci [617 mastaphakIra" 208, 210 mahArANA pratApa 504, mastaphakIranI mastI 210 "mahArANI mayaNallA athavA guja. "mastaphakIrane hAsyabhaMDAra" 210 rAtanI mAtA' 214 "mahata" 147 mahAvIravANu 37ra mahamadaalI "Ajijha 236. mahAvIrasvAmIne aMtima upadeza mahamada sAdika 212-13 396 mahAgujarAtane mahAkavi" 124, 125 mahAvIrasvAmIne AcAradharma' 396 "mahAtmA gAMdhI 396 mahAvIrasvAmIne saMyamadharma 396 mahAtmA gAMdhIjInA keTalAka jIvana- "mahAzvetA-kAdaMbarI' (zAha phUlacaMda prasaMge 392 jhaveracaMdakRta) 246 "mahAtmA gAMdhIjInuM jIvana' 200 "mahAkatA kAdaMbarI' (zukala nathurAma mahAtmA gAMdhI pUrNAhuti' (1thI 4) suMdarachakRta) 245 307 mahAsatI anasUyA' 246 mahAtmAjInI chAyAmAM 397 mahimnastotram 15ra "mahAtmA bhISma' 253 mahilAonI mahAkathAo" 238 mahAtmA mULadAsa" 254 "mahIpAladeva" 229 mahAtmA zekha sAdInuM caritra 236 mahetA kalyANajI viThThalabhAI 147"mahAdajI side 250 148, 153 mahAdevabhAInI DAyarI" (bhAga 1 thI mahetA kaMcanalAla vAsudeva juoH 17) 375, 392, 394 malayAnila' "mahAdevabhAInuM pUrvacarita' 393 mahetA kauzikarAma vi. 218 mahAna nepoliyana 128 mahetA gaganavihArI lalubhAI 211"mahAna musAphara" 300 212 "mahAbhArata" 50, 71, 149, 178, mahetA gokuLadAsa ku. 200 (323, 383, 384, 408 mahetA candravadana cI. 70, 185, "mahAbhArata" (esa. rAdhAkRSNana kRta) - 186, 187, 191, 231 396 mahetA jayasukhalAla kRSNalAla 140, "mahAbhAratanI kathAo' para9 212-213 mahAbhAratanI samAlocanA' 227 mahetA jIvanalAla amarazI 235 mahArAja thayA pahelAM 390 mahetA dhanasukhalAla kRSNalAla 198, mahArAja muMja' 253 199, 205, 206, 209-210, mahArAja ravizaMkara 398, 553 512

Page #627
mahetA 618]. gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa mahetA narasiMha juoH narasiMha "maMgalasUtra" 123, 134 maMgaLaprabhAta" ra71 mahetA narmadAzaMkara de. 3 maMgaLayAtrA" 478 mahetA naMdazaMkara tulajAzaMkara 2, 213, "maMjhila nahi kinArA para1-para2, 216 mahetA phirojazAha ru. 204 "maMdAkinI 126 mahetA babalabhAI 390-391 "mA" 230 mahetA bharatarAma bhA. 235 mAgha 59. mahetA madhurikA 153 mANasAInA dIvA' 538, papa3 mahetA manahararAma harihararAma 237 mANeka ane akIka 447, 478 mahetA mAnazaMkara pItAMbaradAsa 237 mANeka karasanadAsa 404 mahetA mehanalAla dalIcaMda 235 "mAtRbhUmi 236 mahetA mohanalAla prasAdarAya 11, "mA te mA" 145 15ra mAdhavaketa" 215 mahetA raNajitarAma vAvAbhAI 4, mAdhavanidAna' 398 38, 80, 135, 147, 147, mAdhavAnalakAmakaMdalA" 233 198, 209, 221, 511, 537 "mAdhavIkaMkaNa athavA zAhajahAnanA chellA mahetA ramaNIka kizanalAla 133 divaso' 214 mahetA ramaNukarAya a. 235 "mAnava arthazAstra' 394 mahetA valabhajI bhANajI 147 mAnavatAne verI 367 mahetA vinAyaka naMdazaMkara 216 "mAnavatAnA saMskAro' 390 mahetA zAradAbahena sumaMta 219 "mAnavatAnAM jharaNuM 398 mahetA zAMtizaMkara va. 133 "mAnavI khaMDiyero" 337, 354 mahetA satyendraprasAda sAM. 215 "mAnasiMha' 243 mahetA sumaMta 237 "mAmeruM' (premAnaMdaracita) 129, 409 mahetA haMsAbahena 203 mAmeruM' (mAMkaDa bha. la.saMpAdita) mahetA hIrA ka. juoH pAThaka 127 hIrAbahena "mAyA" 217 mahetA hIrAlAla da. 133 mAyAnA raMga' 25ra "maherunisA' 222 "mAyA mahendra 250 "maMgaladIpa' 512 "mAyAmohinI' 215 maMgalavijayajI 234 mAyAvijaya nATaka' 143

Page #628
mAraphatiyA tulasIdAsa 240 mAraphatiyA nagInadAsa 240, 242 bhA'rarAja' 508 mArA zubha vicArA' 148 mArI kamaLA ane khIjI vAtA' 162 mArI nakathA' (dave jugatarAmanI) 386 'mArI jIvanakathA' (neharu javAharalAlanI) 375, 378, 379 mArI jIvanakathA' (rAjendraprasAdanI) soMdasUci 395 mArI jIvanasmRti' 218 mArI nedhapeAthI' 206 mArI binajavAbadArI kahANI' 191, 192 mArI vIsa vArtA' 235 'mArI hakIkata' 463 mArI hajanI musApharI' 236 'mAruM gAmaDuM' 390 'mAru... jIvanavRtta' 362 mArA cInanA pravAsa' 398 mArA deza' 247 mAka kArla 11, 277, 352 mArTinA 16, 38 'mAlatImAdhava'2 'mAlatImAdhava' (zAha phUlacaMda jhaveracaMdakRta) 246 'mAlavaketu' 203 mAlavapati mu'ja' 2para mAlAdevI ane bIjuM nATakA' 201 mAvaLa kara gaNeza vAsudeva 3892, 398 'mAzI-bhANeja' 392 [619 mAstara karIma mahaMmada 123 mAstara laheMgA abdullAha 236 mAMkaDa DAlararAya 2. 423, 470- 478 mAMkaDa bhagavAnalAla lakSmIza'kara 127 mAMkaDa mu. 244 mAMDaliyA yu* 236 mAMDavIkara bALakarAma naM. 1para mAMDUkaca upaniSada' 388 'mitra' jue paTTaNI prabhAzaMkara 6. milTana 51 mizra dhruve ka 362 misarA muktisaMgrAma' 537 'mInaLa-muMjAla'247 mIrAM 55, 69, 71, 81, 83, 88, 97, 234 mIrAMbAI' 246 mIrAMbAI: eka manana' 233 'mukula' 135 'mukulavINA' 148 'mukta hAsya' 210 'muktinA rAsa' 149 'mudrApratApa' 246 'mudrArAkSasa' 2, 171 munazI kanaiyAlAla mANekalAla 5, 10, 74, 104, 108, 155-1897, 204, 219, 221, 244, 296 406, 409, 445, 461, 474, 480, 497, 506, 512, 524, 525, 539, 559 munazI nijhAmuddIna 255 'munazInI navalikAo' 162

Page #629
gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa 120 ] munazI lIlAvatI 160, 161, 191, 219--220 "munazI sUktisaMcaya' 406, 433 munazI saiyada hAmIdamiyAM DAsAmiyAM 236 muni jinavijayajI 4, 360, 367- 371, 372, 450 muni puNyavijayajI 368 munizrI kreTAlAlajI 133 muni saMtalAlajI 399 musase hAlI' 236 'musalamAneAnI caDatIpaDatInA itihAsa' 236 "musAphara' jue nAyaka amRta kezava muhammada kAjhima 237 muhammada kAsima 237 'mustuphAvAdI' 236 'mu...baImAMnA maheAtsava' 80, 100 'mRcchakaTika' 452, 477 'hulA' 213 'mUrakharAja ane tenA bhAIe' 275 mUlANI mULazaMkara 243, 247, 251, 255 'mUsikAra' jue parIkha rasikalAla che. "mULarAja sAlakI' 243 mULazaMkara rAmajI 152 meIna 16 bheMkaDAnela 227 maikaSa~tha'203 "naeNkaeNAla ke gAMdhIjI ?' 387 'medhadUta' 2, 19, 20, 28, 81, 85, 124, 133, 134, 136, 146, [ca, 4 151 'meghabiM'du' para9 medhamAlinI' 249 meghasaMdeza' 133 'meghANI grantha 1' 563 'medhANI granthAvalI' 563 'meghANInI navalikAo' (khaMDa 1thI3) 551-553 meghANI jhaveracaMda 5, 8, 131, 139, 149, 150, 221, 244, 4rara, 430, 460, 478, 497, 110, 515, 133, 536-563 mejhara phAra mejhara' 203 meTaraliMka 204, 29, 354 'mekaralikanA nibaMdhe'209 menAM gujarI' 4para, 453454 meriDatha jaoNrja 110 merutu MgAcArya 371 mevADanA guhilA' 237 mevADanA cAMda' 243 'meAgala saMdhyA' 215 meAleA mahArAja'253 'meTAlAla' jue : khabaradAra a. k meATI bhAbhI' 145 meDaka tArAbahena 387 meAtane haMphAvanArA' 365 meAdI pratArAya 99 meAdI ramaNIkalAla 3para meAdI rAmalAla cUnIlAla 4, 229-230 mopAsAM 10, 517 meAmina me|hammada sI. 236 mAle na 353, 373, 375, 379

Page #630
sada mAhammadazAhanuM TreMku jIvana' 236 meAhaMmada husena 'rAMderI' 236-237 'mAhinI' 213 mAhitIcaMdra' 241 maulAnA amula kalAma AjhAda' 376 maulAnA pIra meTAmiyAM saiyada 236 myunisipala ilekazana' 242 'yajJasa deza' 390 yamunAguNAda' 140 yuroDA Azrama' 217 yazAvijayajI 372 yAjJika indulAla kanaiyAlAla 217, 402, 430, 433 yAjJika jhaverIlAla 244 yAnika lapatirAma du. 152 yAjJika ramaNulAla 4. 238 'yugaprabhAva'2para 'yugalagIta' 143 'yugava'nA' 544, 546-549, 550, 559 'yugAntara' 398 yurapa-eziyAnA sAhityamAMne lakSmavAda (symbolism)' 126 yurApanA sudhArAnA itihAsa' 208 yeAgatattva' 128 Agadarzana' 362 yeAga pataMjali' 247 ceAgavAsiSTha' 396 ceAgavi'zikA' 362 'AgasUtro' 71 rakta karabI' 63 sUci rakhaDavAnA AnaMda' 315-317 rakhe bhUlatA' 248 'raghuva'za' 151, 427, 477 racanAtmaka kAryakrama' 271, 305, 306 'rajakaNa' para9 raDhiyALI rAta' (bhA. 1thI4) 543 'raNakesarI' 250 'raNuga nA'253 'raNugItA' 43, 44 raNajitarAmanA nibaMdhA' 221 'raNajitasiMha' 247 raNanA rAsa' 114-125 'raNurasiyAMnA rAsa' 131 'raNavIrasiMha'- 215 [ 621. 'raNusa'grAma' ('pAgala'kRta) 250 'raNasaMgrAma' (yAjJika iMdulAlakRta) 217 ratnacaMdrasvAmI 234 'ratnaparIkSA'371 ratnAkara mahArAja' 508 'ramaNukAvya'122 ramaNIkavijayajI 234 'ramA-raNajita' 245 'ravivinuM upasthAna ane tapaNu'336 'vidyuti' 238 ravizaMkara mahArAja' 390 'ravIndravINA' 550 'ravIndrasaurabha' 336 'raziyAnuM ghaDatara' 390 rasaga'gA' 234 rasagItA' 201 'rasajIvana' 202 'rasajharaNAM' 213

Page #631
(caM. 4 622] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa rasanA rasa" 248 rAjasUtronI tripuTI' 67, 75 "rasanAM caTakAM 212 rAjahaMsa" 246 rasanidhi 135 raMga avadhUta 15ra rasabiMdu para raMga che bAroTa 543 rasamaMjarI" 142, 143 raMganAthI vagIkaraNa 395 rasAMjali 130 riganAthI sUcIkaraNa 395 rasikanAM kAvyo' 134 raMjUra bhAnunaMda prANajIvanadAsa 132 "rasikamaNi" 243 rAjA e rAnI' para "rasikavalabha' 234 rAjAjI juo: rAjagopAlAcArI "rasUle arabI 236 cakravatI rasela baTTenDa 212 rAjAdhirAja' 158, 163, 166, rarikana 260, 275, 327, 396 167, 168, 168, 170, 172, raMgataraMga" (bhA. 1thI6) 206 175, 196 "rAIne parvata 3, 5, 9, 240, rAjA-rANI" pa62 243, 408, 413, 451 rAjA rAmamohanarAya" 237 rA' gaMgAjaLiyo' 558 rAjA rAmamohanarAyathI gAMdhIjI-hiMdanA, rAjakanyA" para2 itihAsanI samIkSA' 387 rAjagopAlAcArI cakravatI 380, rAje 409 385, 397 rANakadevI 245 rAjataraMga" 245 rANA amarasiMha 247 rAjaputAnAnAM dezI rAjyo" 215 rANe pratApa" pa61, 562 rAjabIja 243 rAtarANa 149 "rAjamuguTa' para1, 522 rAdhAkRSNana sarvapalI 361, 396 rAjaga" 128 rAma ane kRSNa 343, 356, 357, rAjaramata' 248 359 rAjarSi kumArapALa" parara rAmacarita 397 "rAjarSi bharata 20, 56, 64, 66 rAmacaritamAnasa' 258, 284 rAjazekharasUri 371 rAmacaMdrAcArya upara rAjasaMnyAsI para rAmanI kathA" 129 "rAjasiddhAnta' 371 rAmamohanarAya jasavaMtarAya 122 rAjasiha 245 rAmavijaya" 309 rAjasiha-vimaLadevI 245 "rAmaviga" 242

Page #632
: - 50 saMdabhaSi : [23 rAmasiMha mAnasiMha 244 rASTrIya gakhAvalI" 144 "ra" mahIpAla" 247 "rASTrIya gIta yAne dezabhaktinAM kAvya rAmAyaNa' 6, 8, 71, 125, 129, 132 132, 149, 151, 237, 3ra3, "rASTrIya rAsakuMja' 123 383, 384, 396, 408, 477 rASTrIya rAsamaMdira 123 'rAmAyaNa" ("varATIkRta) 247 rAsa" 124, 125 rAmAyaNanuM rahasya" 233 rAsa aMjali 201 rAmAyaNane rasAtmaka sAra" 132 barAsakaTerI" 134 "rA' mAMDalika' 250 rAsakuMja' 82 rAya karaNaghelo' para2, para8 rA'kaumudI 132 rAyacurA gokuladAsa dvArakAdAsa 229 rAjacaMdrikA (bhA. 1-2) 102 rAyacurAnI rasIlI vArtAo" 228 rAsataraMgiNuM 116, 118, 122, "rAyaNuM (bhA. 1-2) 385 461 rAsanalinI' 124, 125 rAya dvijendralAla pa61, 562 rAsanaMdinI" 126 rAyapaseNiyasRtta' 37ra rAsanikuMja' 132 rAvaNamaMdodarI saMvAda' 229 rAsapAMkhaDI" 129 rAvaNavadha" 245 rAsapadma" 132 rAvata bacubhAI 400. rAsapuja' 134 rAvaLa anaMtarAya ma. 102, 119, rAsabatrIzI" 123 120, 153, 154, 232, 420, 432, 443, 499, pa28, pa31 rAsamaMjarI' (ojhA kAzIrAma bhAIrAvaLa chaganalAla vi. 148 zaMkarakRta) 144 rAvaLa jagubhAI mohanalAla 134 rAsamaMjarI' (zeTha kezava ha.kRta) 124, 125 rAvaLa ravizaMkara ma. 218 rAsamaMdira' 229 rAvaLa zaMkaraprasAda chaganalAla 152, rAsamAlikA" 134 228-229 rAsamALA" 78, 177 rA. vi. pA. nI patradhArA' 407 rAsaramaNu" 134 "rASTragIta" (buddha dhairyacaMdrasaMpAdita) 153 rAsarasikA 134 rASTragIta' (yAjJika IdulAlasaMpAdita) rAsavarNana 116 217 rAsasaritA' (bhA. 1) 134 rASTrikA 15, 107, 109 rAhatI badranijhAmI 236

Page #633
624] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ caM. 4 risAra pola 143, 230 125 ratidarpaNa" 153 lagnagItamaNimALA' 123 rubAIyAta" 140, 153, 222 lagnabaMdhana" 248 ruddazaraNa (malikA) para1, para3 "lagnasukha' 463 "rudrAdhyAya' 477 laghukAvyabatrIzI" 133 rUDhibaMdhana" 250 'laghu cANakya nItisaMgraha 15ra "rUpakumArI" 250 latIpha ibrAhIma 130, 236 rU5nartana" 149 lalita" 4, 115, 124, 126, "rUpamatI' 504, 505 135-140 rUpalIlA" 127 lalita tvasimala" 148 rUpalekhA' 127 lalitanAM kAvyo' 82, 136 rUpiyAnuM jhADa 45ra lalitanAM bIjAM kAvyo' 136 "rUperI rAjahaMsa 215 lalitane lalakAra" 136 rekhAcitro ane bIjA lekho' rara0 lavakuza" 255 retInI roTalI 206 lajha piscimeja' 556 raeNzaTaeNla 208 lAIpha opha dhI vhAITa eNnTa' 354 "roga, yoga ane praga' 206 lA korTe misisa 548 rajansa 459 "lAkSAgRha 342 romAM rolAM 126 lA piemI da ravIndranAtha TAgora remi eNnDa juliyaTa' 427 126 lakSAdhipati ramaNa" 242 lA mijharebala 39,0 397 lakSmInArAyaNa 251 "lAlakhAMnI luccAI 245 lakSmInA lebhe 250 lAlazaMkara hariprasAda 15ra lakSmInI sADI ane bIjI vArtAo li. snehAdhIna jhaveracaMda 560, 563 200. 'liMkana 397 lakhA bhagata" juo khabaradAra a. lIlAMsUkAM pAna' 446-447 pha, 105 lekhasaMgraha" (bhA. 1-2) 228 lakhA bhagatanA chApA" 105 leTarsa phrema jaoNna cAInAmena 396 lakhegItA' 105 leDI oNpha dha leIka' 141 lagnagIta' (pAdarAkara ma. mokRta) 'lenDaranA kAlpanika saMvAda' (bhA. 1-2 123 227 lagnagIta' (zeTha kezava hakRta) 124, lokagItA 367

Page #634
saMdarbhasUci [625 lekajIvana" 337 vanecara' juo AcArya ha. gi. 238 lepathI" 386 "varakanyA' 253 kalekabhAgavata 384 varaghoDo" 217 lekabhArata" 384 varatiyA gaNezarAma 15ra kalekamAtA' 317 vajhavartha 9, 15ra, 285 "lokavArtAnuM sAhitya" 233 "vartamAna" juo pAThaka rA. vi. 428 lekarahasya" 147 varmA jayakRSNa nAgaradAsa 200 lekarAmAyaNuM 384 varmAnI vividha vArtAo 200 sAhityaH dharatInuM dhAvaNuM (khaMDa) "valabhIpati' 247 1-2) 543, 563 vakalarAya ThaThThAkhora' juo: khabaradAra lokasAhityanuM samAlocana' 538, a. pha. 105 539, 543, 563 "vallabha" 133 lekasAhityaH pagadaMDIne paMtha 543 valabhakAvya" 147 loTavALA raNachoDalAla 217 vallabha (bhaTTa) 106 ledhiyA sulemAna zAha 236, 237 valabhanuM jIvana 129 le pAmudrA (khaMDa 1-4) 163, 178, "vallabhAcArya 86 182, 189-190 vazI aMbelAla ka. 200 le maharSiNa 163, 178 vasaMta" juo gaNAtrA vasanajI dayALajI lorensa 450 'vasaMtakuMja' 512 lehInI asara" 250 vasaMtaprabhA" 243 lehIne vepAra 215 vasaMtavivedI' juo desAI caMdulAla maNilAla vakIla jeThAbhAI 151 vajiye 233 vasaMtavihAra' 132 "vaDIlenA vAMke' 2para vasaMtsava" 5, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, vaDodarAne vaDale" 136 31, 32, 33, 37, 46, 47, vaDodarAmAM cAlIza varSa 2018 48, 63, 73, 81, 88, 91 vaNATapraveza" 389 vasudevahiMDI" 234 vana ja' 512 "vasuMdharAnAM vahAlAM davalAM 556 vanachAyA 512 vastupAla-tejapAlaprabaMdha' 558 vanarekhA" 512 "valAM 554 "vanaveNu" 112 vA mayavimarza' 154, 438-439, gu. sA. 40 478 V

Page #635
gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa 66 ] vAcanapaTa' 390 'vArtAnuM vana' 201 'vAdamahANu va' 361 vAdaLI' (mahetA vallabhajI bhANajIkRta) 147 vAdaLI' ('vallabha'kRta) 133 vAmA 406, 432 'vArasadAra' 250 'vArtAnu` zAstra' (khaMDa 1-2) 385 vAlA nAmeArI' 254 vAlmIki 237 vAlmIkinuM Adarza na' 231 vAvAzeThanu'. svAtaMtrya' 158, 182, 183, 124 vAha re sai vAha" 182, 186 vAMcatAM AvaDI gayuM 390 vAMcavA jevI vArtA' 390 vikAsa' 504, 506 'vikRtabuddhinA vivAha' 235 vikramacaritra' 243 'vikrameAzIya' 3, 151 vicAramAdhurI' (sA. 1) 406, 408, [ graM. 4 vidyAthI enuM mAnasa' 386 vidyAthI grISmapravRtti' 387 vidyAvAridhi bhAravi' 251, 2para vidyAvijayajI mahArAja 234 'vivruti' 304, 436 viThAMsa geApALarAva gajAnana 215 vidyAMsa bhAskararAva 216 vidhavA' 143 'vidhavAvivAhanibaMdha' 144 'vidhinA lekha' 254 vinAyakanI AtmakathA' 448, 478 'vineAdakAnta'ju vaidya vijayarAya 433 'vijayakamaLA' 242 vijayakesarasUrijI 234 vijayadhasUri 370, 372 'viSayAvijaya'242 'vijJaptitriveNI' 369 vidAya veLAe' 353, 359, 530 vidUrane| bhAva' 140 videhI' 499 'vidyArthinIne patrA' 337 447 'vitAdazAstra' 211 vivipana' 215 vibhAkara nRsiMha bhagavAnadAsa 157, 248-249 'vibhUtivijaya' 245 'viyAgI' 1para 'virahAdbAra' 122 'virAjavahu' 375 'vilasu' 142, 148 vilAyatI vilAsamAM phezanabAI' 215 'vilAsapaMthe' 250 'vilAsikA' 102, 105, 107, 153 vilApana ane khIjI vAtA' 551 'vivAhasa gIta' 142, 143 vivAhasaMskAra' 237 'vivitsu' jue gAMdhI ci. mA. 129 'vividhatIrthaMka5' 371 'vivekadhIragaNi 369

Page #636
[627 saMdarbhasUci vivekAnaMda 128, 247, 310, 327 "vIrapUjana 247 328, 333, 373 vIramatI' (ojhA vAghajI AzArAmavivekAMjali" 388 kRta) 245 vivecananuM vivecana 478 vIra ramaNI" ("pAgala kRta) 250 vivecanamukura 154, 457, 459, vIra ramaNa" ("vairATIkRta) 247 478 vIra vallabhabhAI 375 vivecanA 154, 436, 465, 468 vIra vikramAditya" 242 vizAkhadatta 187 vIra hamIra" 247 vizeSa kAvyo' 405, 419 varahAka 253 vizvagItA' 22, 36, 40, 5, 60, vIrAMganAnI vAto 199 64, 67, 69-72, 76, 89, "vIsamI sadI' (kavi jAmanakRta) 248 93, 408 vulpha egTana pa54 "vizvadharma' 246 vRddha cANakayanuM bhASAMtara' 15ra vizvasaMhitA' 384 veNInAM phUla" pa44, 546 vizvAmitra 245 veNugIta" 143 "viSapAna" 205 veNuvihAra' 39, 40, 40-50, vihAravarNana" 234 vihAriNu" 113, 126 vedatAtparya edhinI" 148 vihArI' juo : paTela che. tri. veda mULajI durlabhajI 143 134 vedavAdaDhAtrizikA 36ra vINavihAra" (bhA. 1-2) 126 venisane vepArI' 203 "vINavelI 242 "veranI vasUlAta" 5, 156, 157, vItaka vAto" 223 158, 163, 164, 165, 172, vImAvALA IzvaralAla 15ra 174, 175 vImAvALA naTavaralAla 235 verAna jIvana' 398 vIra abhimanyu' 253 verAnamAM pa60 "vIra jagaDuzA" 253 vevizALa" papa6, 557, 563 vIra durgAdAsa" 247 vaidika kAlanuM bhAratIya yuddha athavA vIra narmada' 462-463, 533 vazarAdi vigraha' 237 "vIranAM vera" 258 vaidika pAThAvali 456 vIranI vAto' (bhAga 1 thI 3) 199 videhIvijaya' 142 vIrapasalI 124-125 vaidya prabhulAla 218

Page #637
phara]. vaidya bhadramukha 449 vaidya manubhAI pra. 406 vaidya vijayarAya kalyANarAya 4, 105, 107, 110, 111, 115, 154, 430, 441-450, 458, 512 vaidya zaMkaralAla kuMvarajI 151 vaibhavanA mAha' 25ra bairATI' juo : gaurIza kara AzArAma gujarAtI sAhityanA itihAsa 247 vaizAlInI vanitA' 203 vaiSNava anaMtaprasAda 135, 136 vaiSNavadharmanA sa MkSipta itihAsa'225 'vaiSNuvI be|Dazatra'thA' 18, 22, 39, 86 vAziMgTana nUkara TI. 333 vyAkhyAprajJapti' 372, 396 vyApArI bhUMgALa' 392 vyAsa ('mahAbhArata'kAra) 10, 55, 409 vyAsa kRSNazaMkara aM. 399 vyAsa jayazaMkara vAghajI 255 vyAsajInI vArtAo' 229 vyAsa tribhuvana gaurIza kara 124, 125 vyAsa 6. ga. 244 vyAsa narabherAma 255 vyAsa popaTalAla 254 vyAsa maNilAla ba. 229 vyAsa meAtIlAla cheoTAlAla 148 vyAsa lalitAzaMkara lAbhazaMkara 255 vyAvihAra' 130 vrajavihArI' 135 zakuMtalAnuM sa'bhAraNuM' 85 'zakuMtalA rasadarzana' 201 zakrAdhyAyastAtra' 477 'zatakatraya' (bhartRharikRta) 152 zatruMjayatIrtha dhAraka prabaMdha' 369 zayakha gulAmarasUla 237 'zayadA' 144-145, 213 'zaratanA gheADA' 202, 203 'zaradasamIkSA' 406, 408 'zaradinI' 126 zarIph sAleha muhammada 237 'zarIravikAsa' 386 [gra 4 zarmAjI giridhara 152, 153 zarmA narasiMha 153 zarmA mahArANIzaMkara aMbAzaMkara 132 zarmA zrIkRSNa 146, 147 zarmA sItArAma jesiMgabhAI 126 zarvilaka' 452, 475, 478 zazikalA ane caurapaMcAzikA' 152 'zazikaLA' 146 zahIdInA saMdeza' 217 zaMkarasa'gItAvali' 132 zaMkarAcAya " 25ra zakita hRdaya' 498 za'kuka 408 zaMbhAjI' 250 'zaMbhumeLA'25ra 'zAkuntala' jue 'abhijJAna zAkuntala 'zAkuntala' (dheALazAjI DAhyAbhAIkRta) 242 'zAkuntala' (mUlANI mULazaMkarakRta) 243 'zANA' juA medhANI jhaveracaMda zAmaLa 102, 104, 221, 223,

Page #638
saMdarbhasUci " [ kara 224, 257 zAmaLanuM vArtAsAhitya" 232 zAradAprasAda varmA juo : tannA ratilAla nA. 238 zAlivAhana' 25ra zAstrI kezavarAma kA. 4, 407 zAstrI durgAzaMkara kevaLarAma 4, 225, 226 zAstrI vrajalAla 2, 234 zAstrI zaMkaralAla 135, 139, 234, 255 zAstrI zrInivAsa 268 zAstrI sukhezvara 244 zAstrI hariprasAda 457 zAha amRta ema. 153 zAha ke. TI. 244 zAha cUnIlAla vardhamAna pa04-506 "zAhajahAM pa61, 562 zAhajI' 250 zAha jeThAlAla go. 234 zAha dhIrajalAla Te. 238 zAha naTavaralAla 151 zAha naMdalAla nakubhAI 255 zAha pipaTalAla pu. 238 zAha piTalAla pUMjAbhAI 15ra "zAha praNIta lAlasiha-sAvitrI nATaka athavA svayaMvaravidhithI sukhI daMpatInuM caritra 116 zAha priyabALA 456 zAha phUlacaMda jhaveracaMda 246 zAha bApAlAla ga. 238 zAha bhA. ga. 244 zAha mAvajI dAmajI 238 zAha mULajIbhAI pItAMbaradAsa 131 132 zAha ramaNalAla nA. 238 zAha zAMtilAla me, 244 zAhanazAha akabarazAha' 16, 36, 40, 44, 56, 57, 60, 2, 64, 67, 68, 86, 93 zAMDilagetrI kezavarAma 148 zikArakAvya" 140 zikSakanuM kartavya 142 zikSaNa ane saMskRti 398 zikSaNanA mArA anubhavo 389 zikSApatrI" 18, 22, 86 "zirISa' 481, 483, 484, 191 zirUrakara vibhAvarI 215 ziva tanamanazaMkara lA. 152 zivalIlAmRta" 309 zivAjI ane je bunisA 140 zivAjI ne aphajhalakhAnanuM kaMdayuddha 237 zivAjIne vAghanakha" 215 zizu ane sakhI" 156, 101, 19ra, 196 ziheranI hakIkata211 zukratAraka" 448 zukala ema. ena. 203 zukala caMdrazaMkara prANazaMkara 376, 395-396 zukala nAbahena 149, 204 zukala nathurAma suMdarajI 245 zukala pathu ha. 82, 238 zukala bhAIzaMkara kuberajI 142-143

Page #639
30] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa (caM. 4 zukala yazavaMta 368 zaivalinI' 116, 118, 114, 461 zukala rAmaprasAda para zepanahAura 439, 454 zukala zivazaMkara prANazaMkara 397- zo barnADa 354, 389 398 zebhanA 494 zaka 45ra zobhArAmanI saradArI" 217 zuMgAratriveNI 15ra "zramane prasAda' 390 "zRMgArazataka' 15ra "zravaNakumAra" 2para zRMgI RSi" 251 zravaNupitRbhakti nATaka 257 zekasapiyara 10, 17, 55, 57, 70, zrIaravinda 6, 7, 128, 157, 203, 204, 215, 384, 399, 164, 231, 310, 327, 328, 4ra7, 428 333, 429 zeTha amRtalAla 7, 217 zrI aravindanuM kAvyadarzana' 231 zeTha kezava ha. 82, 84, 124-125, zrI kizoralAla mazarUvALA : eka 128 adhyayana" 353, 359 zeTha tribhuvanadAsa ja. 218 zrI kuMbhanAthanuM zivAlaya" 149 zeTha mohanalAla a. 15ra zrIkRSNa 148 zeTha lIlAvatI juoH munazI lIlAvatI zrIkRSNa caitanya" (bhA. 1) 127, 399 zetaraMjanA dAva 248 zrIkRSNabhajanasaMgraha" 144 zeraloka homsanAM sAhasakarmo 209 zrIkRSNaratnaprabhA" 151 zrIjI IrAnazAhane pavADo' 102, zelata cUnIlAla rA. 153 103, 106 zelata vAsudeva rAmacaMdra 131, 133 "zrI DolararAya mAMkaDa: jIvana ane sarjana' 478 zelI 8, 10, 26, 27, 93, 299 zrIdhara 229 zeSa" juoH pAThaka rA. vi. zrIdhara" jue : khabaradAra a, pha. zeSanAM kAvyo' 405, 418, 420 105 ( 432, 455 zrIdharANu kRSNalAla 244, 476 zeSa vivecane" 231 zrI netramaNibhAIne' 337 zeSAdri juo: khabaradAra a. pha. zrIpAla 368 105 "zrIbhagavatIsAra" 396 zailI ane svarUpa" 100, 53 zrImadbhagavadgItA' 18, 20, 24, zaivadharmane saMkSipta ItihAsa" 225 28, 38, 45, 86, 235, 259, zeriDana 204

Page #640
saMdarbhasUci [ 631 260, 263, 26 8, 302, 303, satI tArala' 554 , 323, 3ra3, 329, 330, 332, "satI padminI' 242 348, 353, 388 "satI pArvatI 242 zrImad bhagavadgItA (hAnAlAlano "satI vatsalA' upara anuvAda) 18, 20, 24, 45, 86 "satI saMgItAvalI" 132 zrImad bhAgavata' 38, 71, 72, 134, "satI saMyuktA' 242 383, 396 "sattAne mada' (dvivedI prabhulAlakRta) 25 zrImad rAjacaMdra 260, 387 "sattAne mada' (vairATIkRta) 247 zrImadhupata kAvya" 146, 147 "satya" 237 zrI mahAvIrakathA' 396 satyanA prayoge' juo: "AtmakathA" "zrImaMtAIne zekha" 248 satyanI zodhamAM 555 zrImoTA 399 satyaprakAza" rUpara zrI rAjacaMdra jIvanayAtrA" 397 "satyamaya jIvana" 353, 359 zrIrAmakathA' 394 satyAgrahagItA" 133 zrIrAmakathAmRta" 125 - satyAgrahanI maryAdA 323, 375, 379 zrI zAMtidevAcAryakata badhicaryAvatAra' satyAgrahanI mImAMsA' 387 391 satyAgrahanI saptapadI' 387 zrI sayAjIyazabAvanI" 144 satyAgrahAzramano itihAsa 271, 305, zrI harSadeva" 56, 68, 86 306 zrI hemacaMdracArya' pa33-534 satyAgrahI gerisana 394 zreyAthInI sAdhanA' 341, 359, 393 satyAthI devendra 142 tabhAnuM 215 "sadayavatsakathA" 233 saIyada ibarAhIma "muhiba 15ra sadara (saddha) hakIma mahamada usamAna 236 sakkarabAra 508 sannArIone be bela 143 sajI le zRMgAra" 394 "sanmatitaka' 361 sajajana keNu (dvivedI prabhulAlakRta) saphAImAM khudAI 380 252 sabarasiyuM" 208 sajajana keNuM" ("pAgalakRta) 250 sama AspekaTsa oNpha hisTrI oNpha "satI anasUyA 245 jeresTinijhama" 228 satI ane svarga 502 samadarza AcArya haribhadra 362 satI aMjanI' 254 samayane oLakho 234 "satI UjaLI' 250 samaya sAthe" 25

Page #641
632] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa (caM. 4 samarakesarI' 252 164, 220, 397,408, 409, samarAMgaNu" papa8 413, 455, 456, 465, 468, samAja" 127 475, 487 "samAjadarpaNa" 237 "sarasvatIcaMdra' (brahmabhaTTa raghunAthabhAI "samAjanA kaMTaka" 247 kRta) 251 samAjazuddhi yA vyavahArazuddhi 392 "sarasvatIcaMdranAM samaNu" 143 "samAdhimAga 391 "sarasvatIcaMdranuM rAjakAraNa" 238 "samAlocanA 435, para8 "sarasvatIcaMdrane mahimA-enI pAtra"samitpANi 230 sRSTimAM 455 "samIsAMjane upadeza 396 "saritAthI sAgara' 397 samudragupta" (dvivedI prabhulAlakRta) upara sarovaranI suMdarI 141 "samudragupta ('pAgala kRta) 250 samasa" 100 samUhajIvana ane chAtrAlaye 389 sarvodaya' ra75 samULI krAnti' 342, 350-3para, 'sarvodayanI vAta' (bhA. 1thI 5) 390 355, 356, 358, 359 sarvodayanI saravANI" 398 samULI krAnti ane bIjA lekho' 358, sarvodayavicAraNa" 366 359 sarvodaya samAjanI jhAMkhI' 383 "samrATa caMdragupta" para "samrATa harSa 253 sahajAnaMdasvAmI 343, 344, 359 sahAyavRtti 393 saragesa 578 "saLagatuM AyarlaeNnDa' pa37 sarajanahAra" 250 "saLagate saMsAra" 250 "saradAra-bA" 242 "saMketa 456 saradAra vallabhAI" (bhA. 1-2) 303 "saMgatanAM phaLa" 243 saradAra vallabhabhAInAM bhASaNa' 398 saMgItagItA" 15ra "saradAra vallabhabhAI paTelanA lekho 399 saMgItavani 132 "sarapharoza" 508 "saMgIta lIlAvatI' 253, 254 sara vasaMtakumAra 250 "saMgItAMjali' (bhA. 1thI 6) 238 sara vi.dA. ThAkarazInuM jIvanacaritra saMgrAmasiMha 371 238 saMghamitrA" 46, 56 sarasvatIcaMdra' 5, 6, 13, 15, 17, saMghavI sukhalAlajI saMghajI juo : 18, 66, 7, 70, 82, 95, paMDita sukhalAlajI

Page #642
saMghavI hiralAla dvrA. 153 sauMcaya' 220 'sa'ciyatA' 550 'saMjaya' jue H parIkha ra. che|. 4para sa AnA jahAMgIra elajI 204, 224-225 'saMta tukArAmanI vANI' 353 'saMta phrAnsisa' 375 "saMtalIlAmRta' 309 'sAMtAnAnA vAMke' 252 "satAnA anuja' 3} "satAnA kALA' 367 'sa' dezarAsaka' 371 'sa'dezikA' 102, 107, 110 sayyAstavanAMjali' 132 sa'paTa DuMgarazI dha. 238 sa'patti mATe' 25ra sakheAdhana' 80, 100 'saMyuktA' 480, 498 sada sUci 'saMyuktAkhyAna' 129 'savAdamAlA' 235 'savAdasaMcaya' 200 'saMvAdI sUra' 248 "saMsAra' 204 saMsAra ane dharma' 348-350, 355, 356, 359 sasAra eka nATaka 201 'saMsAracitra' 248 'saMsAracitrA' 200 'sa sAradaNu' 127 'sauMsArama thana' 80, 100 'saMsAramAM svarga' 220 [ 633 'saMsArayAtrA' 248 'saMsAralIlA' (kAMTAvALA maTubhAIkRta) 223 saMsAralIlA' ('pAgala'kRta) 250 sa'sArikA' 102 'sa'skAralakSmI' 254 'saMskRta nATaka' 235 'saMskRta nATaka sAhitya' 455 saMskRta nATacasAhityanA vikAsanI rUparekhA' 471 'saMskRta sAhityaneA itihAsa'227 'sAkI' 123 'sAgara' 132, 144 'sAgaranAM meAtI' 255 sAgarapati' 25ra 'sAgarasamrATa' 390 sAcAM meAtI 1' 148 'sAcu` sva' 220 'sAcA sajajana' 250 sAdIka abdularahIma 236 sAdIka mahamada 236 sAdIka melavI gulAma meAhamada 236 sAdI kasaratanA dasa dAva' 87 'sAdhanA' 230 'sAdhucarita trivedIsAheba' 388 'sApa' 398 sAmaMtasiMha bIheAlA' 508 'sAmAjika nATako' 182, 184, 186 'sAme pAra' 2para 'sArathi' 22, 74-76, 93, 98 sAreAdI marajI 236 'sArtha joDaNIkAza' 387, 457

Page #643
634] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa ciM. 4 sAvarakara vinAyaka 215 sAhityAka 406, 435 "sAvitrI" (dvivedI prabhulAlakRta) 25 "sAhityasvAda' 407 "sAvitrI (zrIaraviMdakata) 231 sAMgANI dAmu 255 "sAvitraguMjana" (bhA. 1-2) 231 sAMDesarA bhogIlAla 4 "sAhasikonI sRSTi" 390 sAMdhyagIta" 113 "sAhitya ane ciMtana 504 "sAMdhyateja' 512 sAhityakalA' 227 "sAMdhyaraMga" 512 sAhityakuMja" 127 sAMbelAnA sUra 560, 561 "sAhityadarzana 443 sAMbhararAja' para "sAhityadraSTAne" 234 siddhahemazabdAnuzAsanama' 234 sAhityanI pAMkhe' 230 siddhArtha buddha' 249 sAhityane evArethI 234 siddhicaMdra 456 "sirAjuddaulA" 2para sAhityane caraNe 237 silekazansa phoma avestA eNnDa eNlDa sAhityane svAdhyAya (pUrvArdha) 461, paziyana' 228 462 "silekazansa ma kalAsikala gujarAtI sAhityapriya" juoH zAha cu. va. "sAhityapriya sAthI 1' 449 liTarecara' 228 sAhityamaMthana 81, 100, 444 sivilijhezana, Irjha kojha eNnDa kaoNra' 277 "sAhityamAM sArvabhema jIvana' 336 sAhityamImAMsAnA be prazno" 472, siMkalera apTana 555, 556 siMdhuDo' 546 478 "siMhAsanabatrIzI' ra24 sAhityavicAra' 153, 154, 406, "sITa oNpha othoriTI 100 433 sAhityavicAraNuM 533 sItA" 143 "sAhityavida 207 sItAvanavAsa 135, 136 sAhityavimarza' 406, 435, 436 sItAsvayaMvara' 245 "sAhityavihAra' 153, 499 sItAharaNuM 395 sAhityasamIkSA' 154, 457, 459, sIdIkI mehaMmada mIThA 236 sIdIkI rajhIyuddIna abbAsamiyAM 236 478 "sAhityasaMsparza' 465, 466, 467 sIdhAM caDhANa 157, 158, 101 192 "sAhitya sopAna (bhA. 1thI3) 406 sIkhelIna' 203

Page #644
saMdarbhasUci [ 635. surIzvara ana samrATa' 234 sureyA ema. e. 15ra sureyA kulasuma 15ra "sUryakumArI251 "sulabhA 215 suvarNanI bhAyA" 355 suvarNaraja' 488 suvAsinI' 200 suzIla" juoH pArekha bhImajI hara jIvana 238 suMdaragaNi 371 suMdarapuranI zALAne pahele kalAka 386 sIlI 142 sukanyA sAvitrI' 246 sukAnI 508 "sukhamanI' (desAI maganabhAI pra.) 388 "sukhamanI" (bakSI rAmaprasAda) 440 sukhI ke dukhI ? 253 sukhI saMsAra" 250 sutariyA raMgIladAsa 235 "suttanipAta" 391 sudAmAcarita' 409 sudAmAcarita : kavi premAnaMda ane nara- siMhakRta' 388 sudAmAcarita' (jAnI aMbAlAla-saMpA dita) 224 sudAmAcarita' (desAI maganabhAI saMpAdita) 388 sudAmAcaritra' (majamudAra maMjulAla saMpAdita) 233 sudAmAjInA kedArA' 388 "sudhAcaMdra 249 "sudhAhAsinI' 219 subedhaka kAvyasaMgraha 116 "subodhacaMdrikA' 146 subhadrAdevI juo H krojha cAloTe 235 subhadrAharaNa" (premAnaMdanuM) 224 "subhadrAharaNa" (dhaLazAjIkRta) 242 "subhASitaratnabhAMDAgAra" 117 sumati sI. 147 "sumanasaMcaya" 215 surata jillA sarvodaya yojanA 386 suradAsa 69 "surasAgaranI suMdarI 215 "suMdarama 5, 6, 88, 98, 12, 104, 105, 108, 109, 118, 121, 125, 153, 154, 404, 409, 416, 419, 420, 430, 439, 451, 493, 519, 531 "suMdararAma tripAThI juoH umaravADiyA baTubhAI 201 suMdaravana' 394 suMdaraveNuM 243 "sUcIkaraNa 395 "sUtaputra karNa 384 sUtrakRtAMgasUtra' 396 sUtrAvalI" 230 seInarsabarI 4pa9 setalavADa vimaLAgaurI mau. 220 semyuala dha sikara" papapa "sevikA' (pUrvArdha) 149 saiyada ajhImuddIna "munAdI' 236 sokreTIsa 275

Page #645
636] sTIvanasana laI 388 gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa [ca. 4 soNalAM 149 "saurASTranI rasadhAra (bhA. 1thI 5) "so daSTAMtika deharA' 101, 102 126, 537, pa39, 542, 550, senAne sUraja' 2para papara senerI jALa" 248 "saurASTrane maMtrIzvara' 448 "manAtha" 233 zkeTa velTara 10, 215, 220 somanAthanuM zivaliMga' 504 - sTaDI oNpha rilijiyanI 100 manAthazataka' 143 sTaDIjha ina gujarAtI liTarecara" 224 semapurA revAzaMkara 218 sTaDIjha ina lenDa revanyu enDa semaprabhAcArya 369 Ikanemikasa" 142 semANI bA. 2. 244 semezvara 371 sTorIjha oNpha enimala lAIpha 550 seraTha, tArAM vahetAM pANI pa60 sTerIjha oNpha plAnTa lAIpha" papa0 seraThane tIre tIre 560 stavanamaMjarI" 122 seraThane siMha 253 "strIgatAvali 153 seraThabAvanI 150 "strI puruSamaryAdA' 348-349, 350 seraThiyA duhA 543 strIzakti' 143 seraThI gItakathAo 542, 560 snehamaMjarI" 149 soraThI bahAravaTiyA" (bhA. 1thI 3) "snehamaMdira 255 542, 550, 554. snehamudrA" (ge. mA. trikRta) 5, soraThI vIrAMganAnI vArtAo rara8 15, 7, 95, 13, 439, soraThI saMtavANI 543 seraThI saMto 543 snehamudrA' (brahmabhaTTa raghunAthabhAIkRta) seraDI siha' 250 251 sarojha opha varTara" 140 "snehayajJa' 482, 490, 49 "sneharazmi 5, 404 - selaMkI merI semyuala 200 snehavirahapaMcadazI' rarara saubhAgyakaMkaNu" 254 snehasaritA' 249 saubhAgyavAna" 250 snehasaMgIta" 124, 125 saubhAgyasuMdarI' (mUlANuM mULazaMkarakRta) 243 snehasaMbhrama' 182, 186 saubhAgyasuMdarI' (zukla nathurAma suMdarajI snehasudhA' 250 kRta) 246 "hAMkura' 227 saurASTranAM khaMDeromAM pa6 0 spinagarna 459

Page #646
'smaraNama'jarI' 251 'smaraNamukura'3 'smaraNayAtrA' 336, 337, 338 'smRti' 451 smRti ane darzana' 231 smRtikuMja' 132 'smRtisaMvedana' 253 'srotasvinI' 116, 118 'svadeza'215 'svadezagItAmRta' 153 svadezagItAvali'124-125 svaderAgItA' 126 svadezI dharma' 337 svadezI hilacAla' 142 svapnadraSTA' 157, 163, 164, 165, 166 'svapnavasaMta' 127 saMdarbha sUci svapnavibhAvarI' 127 svapnasiddhinI zeAdhamAM' 161, 191, 192 'svayaMvara'- 247 svarAjanAM gItA' 153 svarAjya eTale zuM ?' 387 svarAjyakIna'147 svarUpaviveka' 143 'svanI kUMcI' 220 svargA khAne' 220 svarganI saDaka' 220 svarganI sIDI' 220 svAdhyAya' 238 svAminI' 130 svAmI AnaMda 310, 322, 337, [ 637 357, 363-367, 385, 380 svAmI rAmatIrthanuM jIvanacaritra' 337 svAmI vivekAnaMda' (bhA. 4-5) 127 svinaba 102 'svairavihAra' (bhA. 1-2) 405, 428 430, 435, 436 svairavihArI' jue pAThaka rA. vi. 403 hajharata mAhammada sAhebanuM jIvanacaritra 236 heDasana 461, 42 hamIda lAkhA 23} 'hamIra mahAkAvya' 371 'hararAya dvivedI'juo : umaravADiyA TubhAI 201 'harArI' pa8 harigIta ane khIjAM kAvyA' 133 hirajana sa MtA' 399 haridarzana' 40, 49-50 haribhadrasUri 362, 369 harilAla gAMdhI 392 harivaMza'224 rivijaya' 309 harizcaMdrAkhyAna' 257 'harisaMhitA' 18, 22, 40, 47, 53-16, 61, 62, 7, 87, 93, 98, 100 harisa`hitA'nAM upaniSado 398 harihara dIvAnA' 254 'hastameLApa' 253 haLapati-mukti' 386 huMgerInA tAraNahAra' 537, 561.

Page #647
[ , 638] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa "haMsAdeva" 247 14 haMsAvatI vikramacaritra 229 hiMdI-gujarAtI keza' 388 "hAImATe 204 hiMdI rASTrIya koMgresane itihAsa" hAjI kAsama tArI vIjaLI 508 (bhA. 1-2) 200 hAjI gulAmaalI hAjI IsamAIla hiMdI saMskRti' 391 rahamAnI" 236 hiMdu jIvanadarzana' 396 hAtamatAI" 144 hiMdudharmanI AkhyAyikAo' 384 hAphIjha 9 hiMdusaMsAracitra' 147 hAmI 15ra 'hiMdustAnamAM strIonuM sAmAjika hAramALA ane tene lekhaka' 216 sthAna" 219 hADI themasa 63 hIpa khumANa" 250 hAlaraDAM 543 hIravijayasUri 369 hAlI upara hIrAnI camaka 501-02 hAsyakuMja' 212 hIrAlAla umiyAzaMkara 15ra "hAsyamaMdira" 218 hudA valImohamada nAnajI 236 hAsyavilAsa' 210 hunnarasiha mahetA" juo: khabaradAra hitepadeza" 244 a, pha, 105 himAlayane pravAsa" 312-324 huM, saralA ane mitramaMDaLa" 209 himAMzuvijayajI 234 hU vaka elana 354 hiriyANuM 396 hRdayakallola 149 hiMda ane briTAniyA' 6 'hRdayakuMja' (guccha 1, 2) 144 'hiMdane javAhara' 397 "hadayakuMjanAM puSpa" 147 'hiMdanA saradAra 392 "hRdayataraMga" 122 hiMdanAM vidyApITha" 231 hRdayadhvani (nAda 1thI 4) 125 hiMdanI aMgreja vepArazAhI - I. sa. hRdayanAthe' 497 1600thI 1800" 387 hRdayanI rasadhAra 211 hiMdanI hAlata 148 hadayapuSpAMjali 139 hiMda-briTanane nANuvyavahAra' 397 hRdayabaMsI" 147 'hiMda mAtA" 250 hRdayamaMthana" (mahetA. ka. vikRta) 148 'hiMda sarakAranI zikSaNajanA 388 hRdayamaMthana" (zukala zi. prAkRta) 398 'hiMda svarAja' , 271, 234, 276, hRdayaraMga' (bhAga 3) 142 ra77-281, 293, 324, 338, haMdagAra' 144

Page #648
saMdarbhasUci phi39 'hatubiMdu' 362 210, 211, 441, 449, 50, hemacaMdrAcArya 362, 372, 412, 417, 471 445, 456, 467, 533, 534 gujarAta" 11, 158, 160, 196, "hemacaMdrAcArya' (dezI becaradAsakRta) 204,211, 222, 403, 441, 450 372 gujarAtI" 11, 15, 142, 158, hemaratana 371 199, 223, 235 hemleTa 203 gujarAtI nATa" 432 helana kelara 388 gujarAtI paMca" 214 haiyAnAM heta' 250 "guNasuMdarI' 200, 211 hothala padamaNuM 247, 2para graMtha 100 hopakinsa 10 candra 15, 117 hAmara 51 cetana 149, 201, 441, 450 hArA ma. ba. 244 janmabhUmi pa38, 560 'hArIsamudAya" 153 jaya svadezI 238 herI saMgraha 153 jarnala oNpha eNmbe eziyATika sesAhyugo vikaTara 213, 397 yaTI' 471 ' sAmayike jarnala opha bhAMDArakara orienTala risarca insTiTayUTa' 471 "akhaMDa AnaMda' 221, 251 jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka' 369 "Ayuveda vijJAna 225 "jJAnasudhA' 6, 11, 12, 17, 23, "Arya prakAza" 158 81, 144 IsTa eNnDa vesTa" 140 DAMDi447, 463 InDipenDanTa' 374 dezabhakta' 479 InDiyana opiniyana' 271-277 navagujarAta' 480 InDiyana hisTorikala kavArTaralI' 471 navacetana" 222, 2para Urmi 11, 470 'navajIvana' 4, 7, 11, 81, 266, karakesarI" 238 271, 283, 285, 286, 292, kavitA" (aniyatakAlika) 400 364, 374, 385 kaviloka 400 'navajIvana ane satya" 217 kAThiyAvADa TAImsa" 136 nAgarika" 470 "kumAra" 11, 211, 218, 400 nUtana gujarAta" 217 keLavaNuM 238 paTelabaMdhu" 147 kaumudI' 11, 100, 111, 129, purAtatva 402, 432, 45, 471

Page #649
230 640] gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa caM. 4 "prajAbaMdhu" 11, 214, 506 154, 160, 198, 208, 222, prabuddha bhArata' 309 prasthAna" 11, 100, 202, 211, zarada 203 403, 407, 424, 429,433, 'zAradA" 229 434, 450 zikSaNa ane sAhitya' 387, 388 phUlachAba" 11, 538, 554, 561 zikSaNapatrikA' 387 phense sabhA saimAsika" 11 "samarpaNa" 196 bAlamitra 550 satyAgraha 387 buddhiprakAza" 11, 78, 144, 208, samAcaka' 157, 323 225, 226, 432, 435 saMskRti" 11, 338 be ghaDI moja' 145, 213 "sAbaramatI' 402 bombe kronikala' 212 sAhitya 5, 11, 135, 154, 222, "brahmavAdina 309 223, 510 "bhArata" 238 sAMja vartamAna" 199, 238 bhAratIbhUSaNa" 145 "sudarzana' (umaravADiyA baTubhAInuM) 201 bhAratIya vidyA 370 "sudarzana' (dvivedI maNilAlanuM) 15, bhArgava 158 140, 141, 148, 149 "mAnasI" 11, 441, 42, 450 suvarNamALA' 215 "muMbaI samAcAra" 153, 217 suMdarI subodha 5, 11, 144, 198 meMDarna rivyu 403 saurASTra 7, 11, 238, 537, 550, yaMga InDiyA" 217, 271, 283, 561 293, 364, 374 strIhitopadeza' 210 "yugadharma 11, 211, 217, 402, 403, svadezavatsala" 15 407, 4ra4, 43ra-433, 450 'svAdhyAya" 478 rASTramata' 310 harijana" 271, 305, 341, 342, rekhA" 436 352, 358, 359, 387 rohiNI 442 harijanabaMdhu 305, 341, 342, saMta" 5, 11, 115, 208, 510 358, 387 "vArtAvAridhi' 198 harijanasevaka' 305, 341, 342, "vinoda 149, 201 358, 387 vINa 203 hindravijaya" 144 "vIsamI sadI' 5, 11, 140, 153, 017

Page #650
sa'dasUci aMgrejI zabdasUci "Advanced Studies in Indian Logic and Metaphysics" 362 "A Rightous Struggle" 376 Clark Barret H. 100 "Clouds" 127 "Date of Rigveda" 476 "Dynasts" 63 "Gandhiji in Indian Villages" 376 "Gospel of Selfless Action or The Gita according to Gandhi" 376 "Gujarat And Its Literature" 194, 478 gu. sA. 41 [41 "Indian Philosophy" 361 Lawrance D. H. 478 "Pastoral Poems" 147 "Puranik Chronology" 476 "The Eclipse of Faith" 376 "The Prophet" 530 "The Silken Tassel" 111 "The Story of Bardoli" 376 "The Types of Sanskrit Drama" 471 "The Yugapuranam" 476 "Unworthy of Wardha" 376 "With Gandhiji in Ceylon" 376 "Zarthushtra" 111

Page #651
zuddhipatraka pRSTha paMkti zuddha 59 31 tyAra pachInA 63 25 "jagapreraNA 6pa 8 kavi keTalo 65 22 paNa pAtronI 70 27 bhUmikAne e nATakamAM mUkI kavie 73 6-7 noMdhapAtra gaNAvAnA 76 12 sAthe potAnI kalpanAne paNa "pRSTha paMkti zuddha 2 23 Adine 5 21 "vIsamI sadI 11 8 para vadhato gayelo phrAIDaprerita 13 veLAe 17 8 sumadhura 21 19 pagAramAMthI 26 2 "vasaMtotsavanI 26 45 e zilI, keTalAMka 29 15 emanI AtmalakSitAmAM 31 3 saMdhikA 31 18 paMktimAMnI 31 2122 "zazIrAja'nA candronA 34 13 puNyanuM gAna 35 10 keTalAMka kAvyo'nuM 35 15 prabhA zuM 35 16 jIvananI 43 18 sajaja niHzatAthI 46 5 peDhIne teNe 46 8 "IndukumAra 46 10 gAMdhIjInAM 47 26 "harisaMhitA 50 2;3 kAvya lAlitya; baMnemAM 53 20 kavie emAM pa6 13 nATakamAM 59 2 emanAM nATakanI 59 30 Adine sacoTa 78 14 e banyuM 78 24 dalapatarAmane "prajAnA 78 9 AsvAdya 81 23 pustaka anya 84 2 aNasaMtoSAyelI rahelI 85 27 che. emAMnA 87 28 che temAM 89 1 nArIjIvananA 89 25 )ne cALe 90 3 prakAzanuM 90 5 indri 90 31; 32 sudra; potAnAM 91 7 saundarya ne 94 15 kAvyApakarSakAraka 96 17 kavi-AvRtti 99 3 laDAvAtuM 99 4 antahita 99 20 jovAtAM thavAM joIe.

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zuddhipatraka pRSTha pati zuddha 106 17 khabaradAranA rAsamAM 106 21 sAhelaDI 108 2 A ciMtanakAvyamAM 108 17 ubhayanA paMtha nyArA 113 1 vividhatA 113 13 vyAkhyAna 115 2 patro 115 12 kAvyagraMtha darzanikA 128 10 jIvananiSThAnA 129 27 (1896-1973) 132 19 paMDyA 147 18 kuMjaveNu 1para chellI kAvyonA 157 6 Apatti 163 2 "zAmaLazAne vivAha 166 29 dvArA sattAne 171 32 zivarAzi 172 12 "rAjAdhirAja'mAM 175 8 sAhityamAM 202 chellI ekAMkIone 215 27 kapAsI (1886) 228 28 saMskRta 234 6 "gujarAtI navalakathAnuM sAhitya' (1911) 235 15 kRtio 235 20 (1896-1955) 237 28 mAM AlekhanAra ane 239 20 gAyanavAdana 240 29 dalapatarAma, 264 22-23 gAMdhIjI atyaMta duHkhI hRdaye mAnavatAnI eka jata laIne ne AkhalI pRSTha pati zuddha javA mATe kalakattA pahoMcyA hatA. 277 14 hapate 279 10 tema nathI... 286 28 pariprekSyamAM 308 8 e ja, pa. 309 4 (I.sa. 1885-1981 317 25 "jIvanalIlA' e 338 8 1890nA 341 26 satyAgrahamAM 348 21 che" 348 24 gUDhane 355 3 madhyavatI vicAra 355 4 vistRtIkaraNa 364 29 mulavaNIone 365 21 phUTatI 366 28 AnaMdanA 390 12 (1910-1981) 404 4 21-8-1955 413 19 zAMta rasamAM 414 7 tarIke 414 32 mAmikamAM mArmika 417 23 "gujarAtI piMgala 425 21 "sUradAsa 427 31 be harijana 431 27 mATe sAhitya 431 29 ghaDavAmAMye 436 2 "vikruti" 438 5 vyaMgyanA 442 29-30 patrakAratve emanI 448 18 vyaktitvanuM

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644]. | gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa [ . 4 pRSTha paMkti zuddha pRSTha paMkti zuddha 453 2 avarodhatI 494 12 ane netAo 455 13 dhyAnapAtra 495 6 bhraSTAcAra 456 1 paricayalakSI 509 24 chaNakA 462 19 nibhaka satyakathana 509 25 gAragoSThi, niMdA goSThi, 464 7 nididhyAsana karyuM che | guptagoSThi- 468 18 sarjaka'mAM 509 28 pR. 141, I. 1979) 474 16 kalpanApravRtta 535 8 AraMbhanA 477 2 abhiniveza 537 24 mekaLA maLatA 477 6 AvirbhAva 540 2 besavAne 477 7 paNa thaye che pa42 8 jIvanatatvane 481 17 vadhu kalAtmaka rUpe 548 1-ra nahAnAlAlIya 485,48612, 21; 1 | raMjana pa56 21 vasuMdharAnAM 486 31 vimocananuM 558 25 kaDhaMge 487 1; 2 vimocana; vimocananuM 560 28 "verAnamAM' (1935) 49ra 28 vAcharaDI pa63 10 "vAratAomAM,

Page #654
pariSada-prakAzita gujarAtI sAhityane ItihAsa saMpAdaka umAzaMkara jozI anaMtarAya rAvaLa yazavanta zukala sahAyaka saMpAdaka cimanalAla trivedI graMtha 1 (pra. varSa 1973) pahelA graMthamAM gujarAtanI bhaulika ane rAjakIya-sAMskRtika bhUmikA, gujarAtI bhASAne vikAsa ane sAhityika pUrvaparaMparA uparAMta I. sa. 115thI 1450 sudhInA gujarAtI sAhityanA prAcInakALane AvarI levAmAM AvyuM che. emAM e samayanA rAsa, phAgu, bAramAsI, chApa, vivAhalu, chaMda, laukika kathA, rUpakagranthi, mAtRkA Adi sAhityaprakArane paricaya ane emanA vikAsanuM vigate nirUpaNa thayuM che. e kAlakhaMDanA gadyaprakArone paNa A graMthamAM sadaSTAMta pari caya karAvavAmAM Avyo che. pRSTha saMkhyA 337] aprAca kiM. rU. 4-00

Page #655
graMtha 2 (pra. varSa 1976) bIjA graMthamAM I. sa. 145thI 1850 sudhInA gujarAtI sAhityanA madhyakALane AvarI levAmAM Ave che. emAM narasiMha, mIrAM, akho, premAnaMda, zAmaLa, dayArAma Adi pramukha kavio vize savistara Alekhana thayuM che. madhyakAlIna sAhityanAM paribaLo tathA sAhityaprakAre, jainasAhitya, prabaMdha-sAhitya, phAgu sAhityaAdibhaktiyuganI kavitA, jJAnamArgI kavitA, AkhyAna-kavitA, kathApravAha-lekavArtA, padakavitA-svAminArAyaNa saMpradAyanI kavitA ane gadyasAhityano ItihAsa paNa emAM svataMtra prakaraNamAM Apyo che. taduparAMta pArasI kavio, lekasAhitya, bhavAI, kyA prakRtio thAghaTake temaja madhyakAlIna baMdha vizenAM paNa vistRta pariziSTa ApavAmAM AvyAM che. pRSTha saMkhyA 860), [kiM. rU. 32-5 graMtha 3 (pra. varSa 1978) trIjA graMthathI arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanA ItihAsa-lekhanane AraMbha thAya che. arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityanAM paribaLe nirUpatI "bhUmikA' pachI A graMthamAM dalapatarAma, narmada, naMdazaMkara, navalarAma, govardhanarAma, bAlAzaMkara, maNilAla, narasiMharAva, kAnta, ramaNabhAI nIlakaMTha, AnaMdazaMkara, balavantarAya, kalApI Adi ApaNuM pramukha sAhityakAro tathA A samayAvadhinA anya kavio ane gadyalekhakenA pradAnane AlekhavAmAM AvyuM che. dalapatarAmathI kalApI sudhInA sAhityakAro A graMthamAM AvarI levAmAM AvyA che. pRSTha saMkhyA 660). [kiM. rU. 17-00

Page #656
graMtha 4 (pra. varSa 1981) cothA graMthamAM kavi nhAnAlAlathI AraMbhI jhaveracaMda meghANI sudhIne arvAcIna gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa AlekhavAmAM AvyuM che. AraMbhamAM A samayAvadhinAM paribaLe nirUpatI bhUmikA ApIne emAM nhAnAlAla, khabaradAra-beTAdakara lalita Adi kavio, kanaiyAlAla munazI, vArtA-navalakathAnibaMdha-caritra vivecana-saMzodhana-jUnI raMgabhUmi va. kSetre arpaNa karanAra gadyalekhake, gAMdhIjI, kAkAsAheba kAlelakara, mazarUvALA, paM. sukhalAlajI-2vAmI AnaMda-muni jinavijayajI-mahAdevabhAI desAI Adi nibaMdha-caritra-saMzAdhanasaMpAdana keLavaNI bAlasAhitya, anuvAda Adi aneka kSetromAM pradAna karanAra gadyalekhake, rAmanArAyaNa pAThaka, rAmaprasAda-vijayarAya-rasikalAla-vizvanAtha-viSNuprasAdanDolararAya e cha sAkSara, ramaNalAla desAInca. va. zAha-guNavaMtarAya e traNa navalakathAlekhake, dhUmaketu ane jhaveracaMda meghANInA arpaNane AvarI levAmAM AvyuM che. pRSTha saMkhyA : 648] kiM. rU32-50 pratyeka graMthamAM prakaraNavAra saMdarbhanI sUci ane savistara zaka sUci gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada : amadAvAda-9

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pariSadanAM navAM prakAzanA AnaMdavardhananA vivicAra : saMpAdaka : nagInadAsa pArekha mULa pATha sAthe, kAvyazAstrIya carcAnA virala graMtha vIkSA ane nirIkSA : lekhaka : nagInadAsa pArekha saiddhAntika ane kRtiniSTha vivecananuM mUlyavAna pustaka kAvyamaya : 1 (madhyakAlIna) pRSTha : 128, DemI, mUlya : rU. 40-00 kAvyasaMcaya : 2 (arvAcIna) pRSTha : 316, DemI, mUlya : rU. 30-00 sa, anaMtarAya rAvaLa, hIrAbahena pAThaka saM. dhIrubhAI ThAkara, trajalAla dave pRSTha 278, DemI, mUlya : rU. 25-00 pRSTha 298, DemI, mUlya : rU. 25-00 kAvyasa`caya : 3 (arvAcIna-adyatana) saM. ramaNulAla jozI, jayanta pAThaka pRSTha 202, DemI, mUlya : rU. 25-00 pUrva vAhinI : lekhikA : jyoti thAnakI bhaginI niveditAnuM jIvanacaritra, rasaLatI zailIe pRSTha 246, DemI, mUlya : rU. 18-00 urdU sAhitya ane gujarAta : saMpAdaka : raghuvIra caudharI urdU ane gujarAtI sAhitya vize, sAMskRtika AdAnapradAna vize rasaprada lekho, nIvaDelI gajhalA tema ja urdU saMmelananA hevAla ane tasavIrI sAthe. pRSTha 222, DemI, mUlya : 25-00 leAkasAhitya : saMpAdakA : prabhAzaMkara teraiyA, narAttama palANu abhyAsapUrNa prastAvanA, sa'zeAdhana lekha ane rasaprada lAkagItA sAthe pRSTha 98, DemI, mUlya : 12-00 prakAzana vibhAga : gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada pariSada bhavana, TAImsa oNpha inDiyA pAchaLa, amadAvAda-9 phonaH 77947

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pariSadanAM prakAzane gujarAtI sAhityano ItihAsa graMtha-1 aprApya gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa graMtha-2 32-50 gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa graMtha-3 17-0 8 gujarAtI sAhityane itihAsa graMtha-4 32-50 saM', umAzaMkara jozI, anaMtarAya rAvaLa, yazavanta zuklA | sahAyaka sa', cimanalAla trivedI sAhitya ane patrakAratva saM', kumArapALa desAI 15-00 sAhitya-vivecana ane tatvajJAna saM. rasika zAha 05-00 suvarNa mahotsava jayaMtakRSNa harikRSNa dave 09-00 Adivayane ane bIjI vyAkhyAne kanaiyAlAla munazI 20-00 mIsaranuM prAcIna sAhitya caMdrazaMkara zukala 10-00 narmada citrAvali Alekhana : ravizaMkara rAvaLa, kanu desAI 10-00 narmada zatAbdI-graMtha saM. jatIndra dave, vijayarAya vaidya ane anya 32 -50 haima sArasvata satra 31-50 atiha, 'zAdhana durgAzaMkara zAstrI 17-25 premAnaMdanAM traNa bAkhyAna saM'. ke. kA. zAstrI, caitanyabALA diveTiyA 2700 kAvya-vicAra saM'. nagInadAsa pArekha 17--00 uttamalAla trivedInI gadyariddhi saM'. rAmaprasAda bakSI, ramaNalAla jozI 10-75 sAhitya-AsvAda | saM. hIrAbena pAThaka, cimanalAla trivedI 09-00 pragatinA paMthe mRNAlinI desAI 12-00 TrejiDI : sAhityamAM ne jIvanamAM cI, nA, paTela 18-00 paMcataMtra bhegIlAla sAMDesarA 19-25 pariSada pramukhanAM bhASaNe H 1-2 bhAga-1 :-48-00 bhAga-2 : para-00 bhAratIya saMskArI ane tenuM gujarAtamAM avataraNa durgAzaMkara zAstrI aprApya prakAzya gadyasaMcaya : 1-2 gujarAtI navalikA : 1-2 gujarAtI ekAMkI | gujarAtI bA- * pariSadanA AjIvana sabhyone tamAma prakAzane 25, vaLa vaLataranI yojanA, varadI ane maphata sUci mATe lakhe prakAzana vibhAga gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada bhavana, TAImsa oNpha inDiyA pAchaLa, Azrama mA kAna : 77947