Dharmshastra ka Itihas Part 5

Author(s): Pandurang V Kane
Publisher: Hindi Bhavan Lakhnou
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002793/1

Page #1
hindI samiti granthamAlA - 214 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa paMcama bhAga (adhyAya 26 se 37) mUla lekhaka bhArataratna, mahAmahopAdhyAya, DaoN. pANDuraGga* vAmana kANe anuvAdaka arjuna caube kAzyapa, ema.e. hindI samiti uttara pradeza zAsana rAjarSi puruSottamadAsa TaNDana hindI bhavana mahAtmA gAndhI mArga, lakhanaU

Page #2
hindI samiti granthamAlA- -214 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa paMcama bhAga (adhyAya 26 se 37 ) ( vibhinna dArzanika siddhAntoM ke prakAza meM dharmazAstra-racanA kA vivecana ) mUla lekhaka bhArataratna, mahAmahopAdhyAya, DaoN0 pANDuraGga vAmana kANe anuvAdaka arjuna caube kAzyapa, ema0 e0 hindI samiti uttara pradeza zAsana rAjarSi puruSottamadAsa TaNDana hindI bhavana mahAtmA gAndhI mArga, lakhanaU

Page #3
dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 5 prathama saMskaraNa isa bhAga kA mUlya aThAraha rupaye prakAzaka hindI samiti, uttara pradeza zAsana, lakhanaU mudraka khIDara presa, ilAhAbAda

Page #4
prakAzaka kI ora se dharma eka aisA vyApaka zabda hai jo sAmane Ate hI kisI jAti yA samAja kA itihAsa aura 'usake jIvana kI bhamikA prastata karane meM samartha hotA hai|'dhrm' zabda meM jAti vizeSa kI sabhyatA saMskRti, AcAra-vicAra, rahana-sahana, rIti-rivAja tathA jIvana praNAlI kI prakriyA aura nidarzana prastuta hotA hai / dharma kI paribhASA bhI hamAre dArzanikoM, cintakoM aura manISiyoM ne apane-apane samaya ke vicAra aura cintana ke pariNAma svarUpa bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM prastuta kI hai / 'dhAraNAd dharma ityAhuH' ke anusAra dharma jIvana kA mUlAdhAra hai| isI se manuSya ko preraNA aura prakAza upalabdha hotA hai| yahI dharma jIvana kI gatividhi aura pragati meM sahAyaka hotA hai / kahane kA artha yaha hai ki dharma vastuta: saMkucita nahIM, apitu vizada, mahAn aura udAtta bhAvanA se prakAzamAna hotA hai| saMsAra meM jitane bhI dharma haiM, unakA apanA mahattva aura svatva to hai hI kintu hindU dharma aura hindU jAti kI apanI vizeSa mahattA aura sattA rahI hai| hindU dharma anya sabhI dharmoM aura jAtiyoM kA samAdara aura sammAna karane meM sadaiva agraNI rahA hai| isI hindU dharma kI vibhinna vizeSatAoM tathA isake antargata upalabdha vibhinna zAkhAoM aura kSetroM kA vizada paricaya evaM saiddhAntika vivaraNa prastuta graMtha 'dharmazAstra kA itihAsa' meM aMkita karane kI ceSTA haI hai / isake sammAnya aura vidvAn racanAkAra bhArata-ratna pAMDuraMga vAmana kANe antarrASTrIya khyAti ke lekhaka tathA prAcya itihAsa aura sAhitya ke manISI rahe haiM / unhoMne saMskRta aura saMskRti ke sAhitya kA pragAr3ha adhyayana to kiyA hI, sAtha hI unakI sabase mahattvapUrNa sAdhanA aura sevA yaha hai ki hameM isa prakAra ke anamola aura mahattvapUrNa graMtha upalabdha hue| zrI kANe jaise mahArASTrIya vidvAnoM ke vidyA-vyasana aura niSThA kI prazaMsA karanI hI par3atI hai| aise vidvAnoM aura manISiyoM ke prati hama kRtajJa haiN| unakI ina kRtiyoM se jijJAsuoM aura AnevAlI pIr3hI ko preraNA aura prakAza milegA, hamArA yaha nizcita mata hai| hameM yaha kahane meM saMkoca nahIM ki 'dharmazAstra kA itihAsa' hamAre bhAratIya jIvana kA itihAsa hai aura isameM hama

Page #5
apane atIta kI gauravamayI gAthA aura niyAmaka sUtroM kA nirdeza aura sandeza prApta karate haiN| vidvAn lekhaka ne bar3e manoyoga aura zrama se isa grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai| ise eka taraha se hindU jAti kA vizvakoza kaheM to anyathA na hogA / isameM lekhaka ne dharma, dharmazAstra, jAti, varNa, unake kartavya, adhikAra, saMskAra, AcAra-vicAra, yajJa, dAna, pratiSThA, vyavahAra, tIrtha, vrata, kAla, muhUrta, dhArmika paramparAoM kI vibhinna dArzanika pRSThabhUmioM, vartamAna vaidhAnika paristhiti Adi kA vivecana karate hue sAmAjika paramparA tathA usakI upalabdhiyoM kA vistRta aura Avazyaka vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai / veda, upaniSad, smRti, purANa, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi granthoM se saMketa-sUtra aura sandarbha ekatra karanA kitanA kaThina hai, isakI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| vidvAn lekhaka ne isa mahAn grantha ko pA~ca khaNDoM meM sampUrNa kiyA hai| prastuta pustaka isI 'dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke pAMcaveM khaNDa kA uttarArSa hai| mUla grantha ke sAta vAlyUma haiM tathA isa hindI saMskaraNa ke pAMca bhaag| ina sabhI bhAgoM kI eka saMyukta anukramaNikA bhI hama alaga pustikA ke rUpa meM prastuta kreNge| yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki kAgaja kI maharghatA aura mudraNa, veSTana Adi kI daroM meM paryApta vRddhi ho jAne para bhI hamane isakA mUlya pahale mudrita mAgoM ke lagabhaga samAna hI rakhane kI ceSTA kI hai / hameM vizvAsa hai ki pracAra aura prasAra kI dRSTi se hamAre isa AyAsa kA svAgata aura samAdara kiyA jAyagA / hamArI yaha bhI satata ceSTA hogI ki bhaviSya meM bhI hama isa prakAra ke mahanIya grantha ucita mUlya para hI apane pAThakoM ko sulabha kara sakeM / hama eka bAra punaH hindI ke chAtroM, pAThakoM, adhyApakoM, jijJAsuoM aura vidvAnoM se, vizeSataHuna logoM se, jinheM bhArata aura bhAratIyatA ke prati vizeSa mamatva aura apanatva hai, yaha anurodha karanA cAheMge ki ve isa grantha kA avazya hI adhyayana kreN| isase unheM bahuta kucha prApta hogaa| isase adhika kucha kahA nahIM jA sakatA / hamArI abhilASA hai, yaha grantha pratyeka parivAra meM sulabha aura samAdata ho ! kAzInAtha upAdhyAya 'bhramara' nirjalA ekAdazI, saM0 2030 (1673 I.) saciva, rAjaSi puruSottamadAsa TaNDana hindI bhavana hindI samiti, uttara pradeza zAsana mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, lakhanaU SUNIL

Page #6
'vyavahAramayUkha' ke saMskaraNa ke lie sAmagrI saMkalita karate samaya mere dhyAna meM AyA ki jisa 'prakAra maiMne 'sAhityadarpaNa' ke saMskaraNa meM prAkkathana ke rUpa meM "alaMkAra sAhitya kA itihAsa" nAmaka eka prakaraNa likhA hai, usI paddhati para 'vyavahAramayUkha' meM bhI eka prakaraNa saMlagna kara dU~, jo nizcaya hI dharmazAstra ke bhAratIya chAtroM ke lie pUrNa lAbhaprada hogA / isa dRSTi se maiM jaise-jaise dharmazAstra kA adhyayana karatA gayA, mujhe aisA dIkha par3A ki sAmagrI atyanta vistRta evaM viziSTa hai, use eka saMkSipta paricaya meM Abaddha karane se usakA ucita nirUpaNa na ho sakegA / sAtha hI usakI pracuratA ke samucita parijJAna, sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke adhyayana, tulanAtmaka vidhizAstra tathA anya vividha zAstroM ke lie usakI jo mahattA hai, usakA bhI apekSita pratipAdana na ho sakegA / nidAna, maiMne yaha nizcaya kiyA ki svatantra rUpa se dharmazAstra kA eka itihAsa hI lipibaddha karU~ / sarvaprathama, maiMne yaha socA, eka jilda meM Adi kAla se aba taka ke dharmazAstra ke kAlakrama tathA vibhinna prakaraNoM se yukta aitihAsika vikAsa ke nirUpaNa se yaha viSaya pUrNa ho jAyagA / kintu dharmazAstra meM Ane vAle vividha viSayoM ke nirUpaNa ke binA yaha grantha sAMgopAMga nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / isa vicAra se isameM vaidika kAla se lekara Aja taka ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kA varNana Avazyaka ho gyaa| bhAratIya sAmAjika saMsthAnoM meM aura sAmAnyataH bhAratIya itihAsa meM jo krAntikArI parivartana hue haiM tathA bhAratIya janajIvana para unake jo prabhAva par3e haiM, ve bar3e gambhIra I yadyapi, ucca koTi ke vizvavidyAlaya ke vidvAnoM ne dharmazAstra ke viziSTa viSayoM para vivecana kA prazasta kArya kiyA hai, phira bhI, jahA~ taka maiM jAnatA hU~, kisI lekhaka ne dharmazAstra Aye hue samagra viSayoM ke vivecana kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| isa dRSTi se apane DhaMga kA yaha pahalA prayAsa mAnA jAyagA / ataH isa mahattvapUrNa kArya se yaha AzA kI jAtI hai ki isase pUrva ke prakAzanoM kI nyUnatAoM kA jJAna bhI sambhava ho skegaa| isa pustaka meM jo truTi, durUhatA aura adakSatA pratIta hotI haiM, unake lie lekhanakAla kI paristhiti evaM anya kAraNa adhika uttaradAyI haiN| ina bAtoM kI ora dhyAna dilAnA isalie Avazyaka hai ki isa svIkArokti se mitroM ko merI kaThinAiyoM kA jJAna ho jAne se unakA bhrama dUra hogA aura ve isa kArya kI pratikUla evaM kaTu AlocanA nahIM kareMge / anyathA, AlocakoM kA yaha sahaja adhikAra hai ki pratipAdya viSaya meM kI gayI azuddhiyoM aura saMkIrNatAoM kI kaTu se kaTu AlocanA kareM / AdyopAnta isa pustaka ke likhate samaya eka bar3A pralobhana yaha thA ki dharmazAstra meM vyAkhyAta prAcIna evaM madhya kAlIna bhAratIya rIti, paramparA evaM vizvAsoM kI anya jana samudAyoM aura dezoM kI rIti, paramparA tathA vizvAsoM se tulanA kI jAya / kintu maiMne yathAsaMbhava isa prakAra kI tulanA se dUra rahane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / phira bhI, kabhI-kabhI katipaya kAraNoM se mujhe aisI tulanAoM meM pravRtta honA par3A hai / adhikAMza lekhaka ( bhAratIya tathA yUropIya ) isa pravRtti ke haiM ki ve Aja kA bhArata jina kuprathAoM se AkrAnta hai, unakA pUrA uttaradAyitva jAtiprathA evaM dharmazAstra meM nirdiSTa jIvana-paddhati para DAla dete haiM, kintu isa vicAra se sarvathA sahamata honA bar3A kaThina hai / ataH maiMne yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki vizva ke pUre jana* prAkkathana

Page #7
samudAya kA svabhAva sAdhAraNata: eka jaisA hai aura usameM nihita supravRttiyA~ evaM duSpravRttiyA~ sabhI dezoM meM eka sI rahI haiN| kisI bhI sthAna-vizeSa meM ArambhakAlika AcAra pUrNa lAbhaprada rahate haiM, phira Age cala kara sampradAyoM meM unake durupayoga evaM vikRtiyA~ samAna rUpa meM sthAna grahaNa kara letI haiN| cAhe koI deza vizeSa ho yA samAja, ve kisI na kisI rUpa meM jAtiprathA yA usase bhinna prathA se Abaddha ra saMskRta granthoM se liye gaye uddharaNoM ke sambandha meM do zabda kaha denA Avazyaka hai| jo loga aMgrejI nahIM jAnate, unake lie ye uddharaNa isa pustaka meM diye gaye takoM kI bhAvanAoM ko samajhane meM eka sImA taka sahAyaka hoNge| isake atirikta bhAratavarSa meM ina uddharaNoM ke lie apekSita pustakoM ko sulabha karane vAle pustakAlayoM yA sAdhanoM kA bhI abhAva hai| uparyukta kAraNoM se sahasroM uddharaNa pAdaTippaNiyoM meM ullikhita hue haiN| adhikAMza uddharaNa prakAzita pustakoM se liye gaye haiM evaM bahuta thor3e se avataraNa pANDulipiyoM aura tAmralekhoM se uddhata haiN| zilAlekhoM tathA tAmrapatroM ke abhilekhoM ke avataraNoM ke sambandha meM bhI usI prakAra kA saMketa abhipreta hai| ina tathyoM se eka bAta aura pramANita hotI hai ki dharmazAstra meM vihita vidhiyoM se, jo kaI hajAra varSoM se janasamudAya dvArA Acarita huI haiM tathA zAsakoM dvArA vidhi ke rUpa meM svIkRta haI haiM, yaha nizcita hotA hai ki aise niyama paMDitammanya vidvAnoM yA kalpanAzAstriyoM dvArA saMkalita kAlpanika niyama mAtra nahIM rahe haiM / ve vyavahArya rahe haiN| jina pustakoM ke uddharaNa mujhe lagAtAra dene par3e haiM aura jinase maiM paryApta lAbhAnvita huA hU~, unameM se kucha granthoM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai / yathA-blUmaphIlDa kI 'vaidika anukramiNakA', prophesara maMkaDAnala aura kItha kI 'vaidika anukramaNikAe~', maiksamUlara dvArA sampAdita 'prAcya dharma pustakeM / ' isake atirikta maiM asAdhAraNa vidvAn DA0 jAlI ko smaraNa karatA hU~ jinakI pustaka ko maiMne apane sAmane Adarza ke rUpa meM rakhA hai| maiMne nimnalikhita pramukha paMDitoM kI kRtiyoM se bhI bahumUlya sahAyatA prApta kI hai, jo isa kSetra meM mujhase pahale kArya kara cuke haiM, jaise DA0 bulara, rAva sAhaba bI0 ena0 maMDalIka, prophesara hApakins, zrI ema0 ema0 cakravartI tathA zrI ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla / maiM 'vAI' ke paramahaMsa kevalAnanda svAmI ke satata sAhAyya aura nirdeza (vizeSata: zrauta bhAga) ke lie, panA ke zrI cintAmaNi dAtAra dvArA darza-paurNamAsa ke parAmarza aura zrauta bhAga ke anya adhyAyoM ke prati satarka karane lie, zrI kezava lakSmaNa ogale dvArA anukramaNikA bhAga para kArya karane ke lie aura tarkatIrtha raghunAtha zAstrI kokaje dvArA sampUrNa pustaka ko par3hakara sujhAva aura saMzodhana dene ke lie asAdhAraNa AbhAra mAnatA huuN| maiM 'iMDiyA Aphisa pustakAlaya' (laMdana) ke adhikAriyoM kA aura DA0 esa0 ke0 velvelkara, mahAmahopAdhyAya prophesara kuppusvAmI zAstrI, prophesara raMgasvAmI AyaMgara, prophesara pI0 pI0 ena0 zAstrI, DA0 bhavatoSa bhaTTAcArya, DA. AlsaDorpha, prophesara eca0 DI0 belaNakara, vilsana kAleja bambaI, kA bahuta hI kRtajJa hU~, jinhoMne mujhe apane adhikAra meM surakSita saMskRta kI pANDulipiyoM ke bahumUlya saMkalanoM ke avalokana kI hara saMbhava suvidhAe~ pradAna kii| vibhinna prakAra ke nirdezana meM sahAyatA ke lie maiM apane mitra samudAya tathA DA0 bI0 jI0 parAMjape, DA0 esa0 ke0 de, zrI pI0 ke0 gor3e aura zrI jI0 ena0 vaidya kA AbhAra mAnatA huuN| hara prakAra kI sahAyatA ke bAvajUda isa pustaka meM honevAlI nyUnatAoM, cyutiyoM aura upekSAoM se maiM pUrNa paricita huuN| ataH ina saba kamiyoM ke prati kRpAlu hone ke lie maiM vidvAnoM se prArthanA karatA huuN|* ___ ---pANDuraMga vAmana kANe * mUla prantha ke prathama sathA dvitIya khaNDa ke prAkkathanoM se sNklit|

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viSaya-sUcI ( paJcama khaNDa, adhyAya 26 se 37 taka ) adhyAya viSaya 26. tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra 27. nyAsa, mudrAe~, yantra, cakra, maNDala Adi 28. mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra 26. pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta vidhi vicAra 134, arthavAda 141 nArtha vicAra 147 30. dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsA siddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama pariziSTa-mImAMsA nyAyoM kI sUcI 31. dharmazAstra evaM sAMkhya 32. yoga evaM dharmazAstra 33. tarka evaM dharmazAstra 34. vizva vidyA 35. karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta 36. hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAe~ 37. bhAvI vRttiyA~ M pRSTha 1 64 87 117 174 211 224 246 303 314 346 387 414

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uddharaNa-saMketa agni0=agnipurANa gR0 10 yA gRhastha-gRhastharatnAkara a0 ve0 yA atharva0=atharvaveda gau0 yA go0 50 sU0 yA gautamadharma0 = gautamadharmasatra anu0 yA anuzAsana0= anuzAsana parva gau0 pi0 sU0 yA gautamapi0= gautamapitRmeghasUtra antyeSTi0-nArAyaNa kI antyeSTipaddhati caturvargaohemAdri kI caturvargacintAmaNi yA kevala hemAdri a0 ka0 dI0=antyakarmadIpaka chA0 upa0 yA chAndogya upa0=chAndogyopaniSad arthazAstra, kauTilya0-kauTilIya arthazAstra jImUta0-jImUtavAhana A0 gR0 sU0 yA ApastambagR0=ApastambagRhyasUtra | jai0 yA jaimini0=jaiminipUrvamImAMsAsUtra A0 50 sU0 yA Apastambadharma0 = ApastambadharmasUtra | jai0 upa0=jaiminIyopaniSad Apa0 ma0pA0 yA Apastambama0-ApastambamantrapATha jai0 nyA. mA0=jaiminIyanyAyamAlAvistara A0 zrI0 sU0 yA ApastambazrI0=ApastambazrautasUtra tANDya-tANDyamahAbrAhmaNa Azva0 gR0 sU0 yA AzvalAyanagR0=AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra tI0 ka. yA tI0 kalpa0 tIrthakalpataru Azva0 ga0 50 yA AzvalAyana ga0 pa0=AzvalAyana- tIrtha pra0 yA tI0 pra0=tIrthaprakAza gRhyapariziSTa tI0 ci0 yA tIrthaci0=vAcaspati kI tIrthacintAmaNi R0 yA Rg= Rgveda, RgvedasaMhitA te. A0 yA taittirIyA0=taittirIyAraNyaka ai0 A0 yA aitareya A0=aitareyAraNyaka tai0 u0 yA taittirIyopa0-taittirIyopaniSad ai0 brA0 yA aitareya brA0=aitareya brAhmaNa ta. brA0 taittirIya brAhmaNa ka0 u0 yA kaThopa0 kaThopaniSad tai0 saM0 taittirIya saMhitA kalivayaM-kalivaryavinirNaya tristhalI yAtri0 se0=maTTojikA tristhalI setu sArasaMgraha kalpa0 yA kalpataru, kR0 ka0=lakSmIdhara kA kRtyakalpataru | | tristhalI0-nArAyaNa bhaTTa kA tristhalIsetu kAtyA0 smR0 sA0 kAtyAyanasmRtisAroddhAra nArada0 yA nA0 smR0=nAradasmRti kA0 zrI0 sU0 yA kAtyAyanazrI0= kAtyAyanazrautasUtra nAradIya0 yA nArada0=nAradIyapurANa kAma0 yA kAmandaka=kAmandakIya nItisAra nIti vA0 yA nItivAkyA0-nItivAkyAmRta ko0 yA kauTilya0 yA kauTilIya0- kauTilIya arthazAstra nirNaya. yA ni0 si0=nirNayasindhu ko0=kauTilya kA arthazAstra (DaoN0 zAma zAstrI kA padya-padmapurANa saMskaraNa) parA0 mA0=parAzaramAdhavIya kau0 brA0 upa0 yA kauSItakibrA0 kauSItakibrAhmaNa | pANini yA pA0=pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI upaniSad pAra0 gR0 yA pAraskara gR0-pAraskaragRhyasUtra gaM0 ma0 yA gaMgAma0 yA gaMgAbhakti0= gaMgAbhaktitaraMgiNI | pU0 mI0 sU0 yA pUrva mI0=pUrvamImAMsAsUtra gaMgA vA. yA gaMgAvAkyA0-gaMgAvAkyAvalI prA0 ta0 yA prAyaH tatva0-prAyazcittatattva garama -garuDapurANa

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prA0 pra0 prAya0 pra0 yA prAyazcittapra 0 = prAyazcittaprakaraNa prAya0 prakA0 yA prA0 prakAza = prAyazcittaprakAza prAya0 vi0, prA0 vi0 yA prAyazcittavi0 prAyazcittaviveka prA0 ma0 yA prAya0 ma0 prAyazcittamayUkha prA0 sA0 yA prAya0 sA0= prAyazcitasAra bu0 bhU0 = budhabhUSaNa bR0 yA bRhaspati0 = bRhaspatismRti vR0 u0 yA bRha0 upa0 = bRhadAraNyakopaniSad bR0 saM0 yA bRhatsaM0 = bRhatsaMhitA bau0 gR0 sU0 yA baudhAyanagR0 = baudhAyanagRhyasUtra bau0 dha0 sU0 yA baudhA0 dha0 yA baudhAyanadharma0 = baudhAdharmasUtra bau0 zra0 sU0 yA baudhA0 zra0 sU0 == baudhAyana zrautasUtra 0, brahma0 yA brahmapu0= * brahmapurANa brahmANDa0=brahmANDapurANa bhavi0 pu0 yA bhaviSya 0 = bhaviSyapurANa matsya0= matsyapurANa ma0 pA0 yA mada0 pA0 madanapArijAta manu yA manu0 = manusmRti mAnava0 yA mAnavagRhya0 = mAnavagRhyasUtra mitA0 = mitAkSarA ( vijJAnezvarakRta yAjJavalkyasmRti kI TIkA ) mI0 kau0 yA mImAMsAkI 0 = mImAMsAkaustubha ( khaNDadeva) mevA0 yA medhAtithi = manusmRti para medhAtithi kI TIkA yA manusmRti ke TIkAkAra medhAtithi maitrI - upa0 = maithyupaniSad mai0 saM0 yA maitrAyaNI0= maitrAyaNI saMhitA ya0 dha0 saM0 yA yativarma0 yatidharma saMgraha pA0, yAjJa yA yAjJa0 yAjJavalkyasmRti rAja0 kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI rA0 60 kau0 yA rAja0 kau0 = rAjadharma kaustubha rA0 nI0 pra0 yA rAjanI0 pra0= mitra mizra kA rAja nIti - prakAza rAja0 20 yA rAjanItira = caNDezvara kA rAjanIti* ratnAkara vAja0 saM0 yA vAjasaneyI saM0 vAjasaneyI saMhitA vAyu0 = vi0 ci0 yA vivAdaci0= vAcaspati mizra kI vivAda = vAyupurANa cintAmaNi vi0 ra0 yA vivAdara0 = vivAdaratnAkara vizva0 yA vizvarUpa = yAjJavalkyasmRti kI vizvarUpa kRta TIkA viSNu 0 = viSNupurANa viSNu yA vi0 0 sU0 = viSNu dharmasUtra vI0 mi0 = vIramitrodaya vai0 smA0 yA vaikhAnasa 'vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra vyava0 ta0 yA vyavahAra0: * raghunandana kA vyavahAratattva vya0 ni0 yA vyavahArani0 == vyavahAranirNaya vya0 pra0 yA vyavahAra pra0 = mitra mizra kA vyavahAraprakAza vya0 ma0 yA vyavahArama0 = nIlakaNTha kA vyavahAramayUkha vya0 mA0 yA vyavahAramA0 jImUtavAhana kI vyavahAra mAtRkA vyava0 sA0 = vyavahArasAra = za0 brA0 yA zatapatha brA0 zatapathabrAhmaNa zAtAtapa-- zAtAtapasmRti zAM0 gR0 yA zAMkhAyanagR0 = zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra zAM0 brA0 yA zAMkhAyanabrA0 zAMkhAyanabrAhmaNa zAM0 zra0 sU0 yA zAMkhAyanazrauta 0 = zAMkhAyanazrautasUtra zAnti0 = zAntiparva zukra0 yA zukranIti0 zukranItisAra zu0 kau0 yA zuddhikau0 = zuddhikaumudI zu0 ka0 yA zuddhikalpa0 = zuddhikalpataru (zuddhi para) zu0 pra0 yA zuddhipra0 = zuddhiprakAza zUdrakama 0 = zUdrakamalAkara zrA0 ka0 la0 yA zrAddhakalpa 0 = zrAddhakalpalatA zrA0 kri0 kau0 yA zrAddhakriyA0= -zrAddhakriyAkaumudI

Page #11
zrA0pra0 yA zrAddhaprazrAddhaprakAza zrA0vi0 yA zrAddhavi0 zrAddhaviveka sa0 zrI0 sU0 yA satyA0 zrI0=satyASAr3hazrautasUtra sa0 vi0 yA sarasvatIvi0=sarasvatIvilAsa sA0 brA0 yA sAma0 brA0=sAmavidhAna brAhmaNa skanda yA skandapu0 skandapurANa smR0 ca0 yA smRtica0-smRticandrikA smR0 mu0 yA smRtimu0-smRtimuktAphala | saM0 ko0 yA saMskArako0=saMskArakaustubha saM0 pra0=saMskAraprakAza saM0 20 mA0 yA saMskArara0-saMskAraratnamAlA | hi0 gR0 yA hiraNya0 gR0=hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra aMgrejI nAmoM ke saMketa A. G. =e0 ji0 (eMzyeNTa jiyaoNgraphI Ava iNDiyA) Ain. A. =Aine akabarI (abula phajala kRta) A. I. R. = Ala iNDiyA riporTara A. S, R. = AAlaoNjikala sarve riporTa sa A. S. W. I. -AryAlaoNjikala sarve Ava vesTarna iNDiyA B. B. R. A. S. = bAmbe brAMca, raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI ___B. O. R. I. = bhaNDArakara orieNTala risarca iMsTITyUTa, pUnA ___C. I. I. = kArpasa iMskripzaMsa iNDikeram ____E. I. =epipraiphiyA iNDikA (epi0 iNDi0) I. A. = iNDiyana eNTikverI (iNDi0 aiNTi0) I. H. Q. = iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTaralI J. A. 0. s. =jarnala Ava di amerikana orieNTala sosAiTI J. A. S. B. = jarnala Ava di eziyATika sosAiTI Ava beMgAla J. B.O. R. S. -jarnala Ava di bihAra eNDa uDIsA risarca sosAiTI J. R. A. S. jarnala Ava di raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI (landana) 3. B.E. =saikreDa buka Ava di IsTa (maiksamUlara dvArA saMpAdita) -

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prasiddha evaM mahattvapUrNa granthoM tathA lekhakoM kA kAla-nirdhAraNa [inameM se bahutoM kA kAla sambhAvita, kalpanAtmaka evaM vicArAdhIna hai| _ [I0 pU0 = IsA ke pUrva ; I0 u0 = IsA ke uparAnta] 4000-1000 (I0 pU0) : yaha vaidika saMhitAoM, brAhmaNoM evaM upaniSadoM kA kAla hai| Rgveda, atharva veda evaM taittirIya saMhitA tathA taittirIya brAhmaNa kI kucha RcAe~ 4000 I0 pU0 ke bahuta pahale kI bhI ho sakatI haiM, aura kucha upaniSad (jinameM ve bhI haiM jinheM vidvAn loga atyanta prAcIna mAnate haiM)1000I0 pU0ke pazcAtkAlIna bhI ho sakatI hai| (kucha vidvAn prastuta lekhaka kI isa mAnyatA ko ki vaidika saMhitAe~ 4000 I0 pU0 prAcIna haiM, nahIM svIkAra krte|) 800-500 (I0 pU0) : yAska kI racanA, nirukt| 800-400 (I0 pU0) : pramukha zrautasUtra (yathA Apastamba, AzvalAyana, baudhAyana, kAtyAyana, satyASAr3ha Adi)evaM kucha gRhyasUtra (yathA Apastamba evaM aashvlaayn)| 600-300 (I0 pU0) : gautama, Apastamba, baudhAyana, vasiSTha ke dharmasUtra evaM pAraskara tathA kucha anya logoM ke gRhyasUtra / 600-300 (I0 pU0) : paannini| 500-200 (I0 pU0) : jaimini kA pUrvamImAMsAsUtra / 500-200 (I0 pU0) : bhgvdgiitaa| 300 (I0 pU0) : pANini ke sUtroM para vArtika likhane vAle vararuci kaatyaayn| 300 (I0 pU0) 100 (30 u0) : kauTilya kA arthazAstra (apekSAkRta pahalI sImA ke aaspaas)| 150 (I0 pU0) ... (I. 30) : pataJjali kA mahAbhASya (sambhavataH apekSAkRta prathama sImA ke aaspaas)|

Page #13
200 ( I0 pU0 ) 100 ( I0 u0 ) 100 - 300 ( I0 u0 ) 100 - 400 ( I0 u0 ) 100-300 ( I0 u0 ). 200-500 ( I0 u0 ) 200-500 ( I0 u0 ) 300-500 ( I0 u0 ) 300-600 ( I0 u0 ) 400-- 600 ( I0 u0 ) 500-- 550 ( I0 u0 ) 600-650 ( I0 u0 ) 650-- 665 ( I0 u0 ) 650-700 ( I0 u0 ) 600-600 ( I0 u0 ) 788 - 820 ( I0 u0 ) 800-850 ( I0 u0 ) 805- 600 ( I0 u0 ) 666 ( I0 u0 ) 1000 - - 1050 ( I0 u0 ) 1080 - 1100 ( I0 u0 ) 1080 - 1100 ( I0 u0 ) 1100 - 1130 ( I0 u0 ) 1100 - 1150 ( I0 u0 ) 1100-1150 ( I0 u0 ) 1100 - - 1130 ( I0 u0 ) 1114 - 1183 ( I0 u0 ) 1127- 1138 ( I0 u0 ) 1150-1160 ( I0 u0 ) 12 - : manusmRti / : yAjJavalkyasmRti / : viSNudharmasUtra / nAradasmRti | vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra / : jaimini ke pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke bhASyakAra zabara ( apekSAkRta pUrva samaya ke : AsapAsa ) / : vyavahAra Adi para bRhaspatismRti ( abhI taka isakI prati nahIM mila sakI hai / ) esa0 bI0 I0 ( jilda 33 ) meM vyavahAra ke aMza anUdita haiM aura pro0 raMgasvAmI AyaMgara ne dharma ke bahuta se viSaya saMgRhIta kiye haiM, jo gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIja dvArA prakAzita haiM / : : kucha vidyamAna purANa, yathA - vAyu0, viSNu0, mArkaNDeya0, matsya, kUrma0 / kAtyAyanasmRti ( abhI taka prApta nahIM ho sakI hai ) / : varAhamihira; paMcasiddhAntikA, bRhatsaMhitA, bRhajjAtaka Adi ke lekhaka / : kAdambarI evaM harSacarita ke lekhaka bANa | pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI para 'kAzikA' - vyAkhyAkAra vAmana -- jayAditya | : kumArila kA tantravArtika / : adhikAMza smRtiyA~, yathA-- parAzara, zaMkha, devala tathA kucha purANa, yathAagni0, garur3a 0 / : mahAn advaitavAdI dArzanika zaMkarAcArya | : yAjJavalkyasmRti ke TIkAkAra vizvarUpa | : manusmRti ke TIkAkAra medhAtithi 1 : varAhamihira ke bRhajjAtaka ke TIkAkAra utpala / : bahuta se granthoM ke lekhaka dhArezvara bhoja | : yAjJavalkyasmRti kI TIkA mitAkSarA ke lekhaka vijJAnezvara / manusmRti ke TIkAkAra govindarAja | : kalpataru yA kRtyakalpataru nAmaka vizAla dharmazAstra viSayaka nibandha ke lekhaka lakSmIdhara / : dAyabhAga, kAlaviveka evaM vyavahAramAtRkA ke lekhaka jImUtavAhana / : prAyazcittaprakaraNa evaM anya granthoM ke racayitA bhavadeva bhaTTa / aparArka, zilAhAra rAjA ne yAjJavalkyasmRti para eka TIkA likhI / : bhAskarAcArya, jo siddhAntaziromaNi ke, jisakA lIlAvatI eka aMza hai, : praNetA haiM / : somezvaradeva kA mAnasollAsa yA abhilaSitArthacintAmaNi / : kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI 1

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1150-1180 (I0 u0) 1150-~1200 1150-1300 (I0 u0) 1150 --1300 (I0 u0) 1200-1225 (I0 u0) 1175---1200 (I0 u0) 1260-1270 1200-1300 (I0 u0) 1275---1310 (I0 u0) 1300 - 1370 (I0 u0) 1300 --1380 (I0 u0) 1300--1380 (I0 u0) 1360--1360 (I0 u0) 1367-1448 (I0 u0) hAralatA evaM pitRdayitA ke praNetA aniruddha bhaTTa / zrIdhara kA smRtyrthsaar| manusmRti ke TIkAkAra kulluuk| gautama evaM ApastambadharmasUtroM tathA kucha gRhyasUtroM ke TIkAkAra haradatta / devaNNa bhaTTa kI smRticndrikaa| dhanaJjaya ke putra ,evaM brAhmaNasarvasva ke praNetA halAyudha / hemAdri kI cturvrgcintaamnni| varadarAja kA vyavahAranirNaya / pitabhakti, samayapradIpa evaM anya granthoM ke praNetA zrIdatta / gRhastharatnAkara, vivAdaratnAkara, kriyAratnAkara Adi ke racayitA cnnddeshvr| vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM ke bhASyoM ke saMgrahakartA sAyaNa / parAzarasmRti kI TIkA parAzaramAdhavIya tathA anya granthoM ke racayitA evaM sAyaNa ke bhAI maadhvaacaary| madanapAla evaM usake putra ke saMrakSaNa meM madanapArijAta evaM mahArNavaprakAza saMgRhIta kiye gye| gaMgAvAkyAvalI Adi granthoM ke praNetA vidyApati ke janma evaM maraNa kI tithiyaaN| dekhiye, iNDiyana aiNTIkverI (jilda 14, 10 160-161), jahA~ devasiMha ke putra zivasiMha dvArA vidyApati ko pradatta visapI nAmaka grAmadAna ke zilAlekha meM cAra tithiyoM kA vivaraNa upasthita kiyA gayA hai (yathA zaka 1321, saMvat 1455, la0 sa0 283 evaM san 807) / . yAjJavalkya kI TIkA dIpakalikA, prAyazcittaviveka, durgotsavaviveka evaM anya granthoM ke lekhaka zalapANi / vizAla nibandha dharmatattvakalAnidhi (zrAddha, vyavahAra Adi ke prakAzoM meM vibhAjita) ke lekhaka evaM nAgamalla ke putra pRthvIcandra / tantravArtika ke TIkAkAra somezvara kI nyaaysudhaa| misarU mizra kA vivAdacandra / nasiMha deva madarAjA dvArA saMgRhIta vizAla nibandha mdnrtn| zuddhiviveka, zrAddhaviveka Adi ke lekhaka rudrdhr| zuddhicintAmaNi, tIrthacintAmaNi Adi ke racayitA vAcaspati / daNDaviveka, gaMgAkRtyaviveka Adi ke racayitA vrssmaan| dalapati kA vyavahArasAra jo nRsiMhaprasAda kA eka bhAga hai| dalapati kA nRsiMhaprasAda, jisake bhAga haiM-zrAddhasAra, tIrthasAra, prAyazcittasAra aadi| 1375-1440 (I0 u0) 1375--1500 (I0 u0) 1400-1500 (I0 u0) 1400- 1450 (I0 u0) 1425-1450 (I0 u0) 1425-1460 1425-1460 (I0 u0) 1450--1500 (I0 u0) 1460-1512 (I0 u0) 1460-1515 (I0 u0)

Page #15
1500-- 1525 ( I0 u0 ) 1500 - 1540 ( I0 u0 ) u0 ) 1513 - 1580 ( I0 1520 - 1575 ( I0 u0 ) 1520 - 1586 (I0 u0 ) u0 ) 1560 - 1620 ( I0 1560 - 1630 ( I0 u0 ) 1610- 1640 ( I0 u0 ) 1610-- 1640 ( I0 u0 ) 1610-- 1645 ( I0 u0 ) 1650-1680 ( I0 u0 ) 1700 - 1740 (I0 u0 ) 1700 - 1750 ( I0 u0 ) 1760 ( I0 u0 ) 1730-- 1820 ( I0 u0 ) - 14 pratAparudradeva rAjA ke saMrakSaNa meM saMgRhIta sarasvatIvilAsa / : zuddhikaumudI, zrAddhakriyAkaumudI Adi ke praNetA govindAnanda | * : prayogaratna, antyeSTipaddhati, tristhalIsetu ke lekhaka nArAyaNa bhaTTa / : zrAddhatattva, tIrthatattva, zuddhitattva, prAyazcittatattva Adi tattvoM ke lekhaka raghunandana / : ToDaramala ke saMrakSaNa meM ToDarAnanda ne kaI saukhyoM meM zuddhi, tIrtha, prAyacitta, karmavipAka evaM anya 15 viSayoM para grantha likhe / dvaitanirNaya yA dharmadvaitanirNaya ke lekhaka zaMkara bhaTTa / : vaijayantI ( viSNudharmasUtra kI TIkA ) zrAddhakalpalatA, zuddhicandrikA evaM dattakamImAMsA ke lekhaka nanda paNDita | : nirNayasindhu tathA vivAdatANDava, zUdrakamalAkara Adi 20 granthoM ke lekhaka kamalAkara bhaTTa | : mitra mizra kA vIramitrodaya, jisake bhAga haiM, tIrthaprakAza, prAyazcittaprakAza, zrAddhaprakAza Adi / : prAyazcitta, zuddhi, zrAddha Adi viSayoM para 12 mayUkhoM meM (yathAnItimayUkha vyavahAramayUkha Adi) racita bhagavantamAskara ke lekhaka nIlakaNTha / : rAjadharmakaustubha ke praNetA anantadeva / vaidyanAtha kA smRtimuktAphala / tIrthenduzekhara, prAyazcittenduzekhara, zrAddhenduzekhara Adi lagabhaga 50 granthoM ke lekhaka nAgeza bhaTTa yA nAgojibhaTTa | : dharmasindhu ke lekhaka kAzInAtha upAdhyAya / : mitAkSarA para 'bAlambhaTTI' nAmaka TIkA ke lekhaka vAlambhaTTa /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa khaNDa 5 (uttarArdha) samiti

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adhyAya 26 tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra jaba hama isa grantha ke dvitIya khaNDa meM durgA pUjA ke viSaya meM par3ha rahe the to aisA kahA gayA thA ki yaha pUjA, jise zAkta pUjA ( durgA ko zakti ke rUpa meM bhI pUjA jAtA hai) bhI kahA jAtA hai, sAre bhAratavarSa mahattvapUrNa rahI hai, aura yaha bhI kahA gayA thA ki Age ke kisI khaNDa meM hama zaktivAda kI carcA kareMge / aba hama zAktoM evaM tantroM kI savistAra carcA kareMge / kyoMki inhoMne purANoM para kucha prabhAva DAlA aura pratyakSa rUpa se tathA purANoM ke dvArA madhyakAla kI bhAratIya dhArmika rItiyoM evaM vyavahAroM (AcAroM) ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| tantra viSaya para eka vizada sAhitya hai, kucha grantha prakAzita evaM kucha aprakAzita haiN| tInoM prakAra ke tantra haiM, bauddha, hindU evaM jaina / kucha tantroM kA dArzanika yA AdhyAtmika pahalU bhI hai, jisa para Arthara avAlona, bI0 bhaTTAcArya evaM kucha anya logoM ke adhyayanoM ke atirikta koI vizeSa adhyayana nahIM upasthita ho sakA hai / sAmAnyataH loga tantroM se tAtparya lagAte haiM zakti (kAlI devI) kI pUjA, mudrAe~, mantra, maNDala, paJca makAra, dakSiNa mArga, vAma mArga evaM aindrajAlika kriyAe~, jinake dvArA alaukika zaktiyA~ prApta kI jAtI haiM / yahA~ hama bahuta hI saMkSepa meM zaktivAda evaM tantra ke udgama ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta kareMge aura dekheMge ki kisa prakAra pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se purANoM ke dvArA tantra hindU dhArmika rItiyoM meM praviSTa hote rahe haiM / amarakoza ke anusAra tantra kA artha hai 'pramukha viSaya yA bhAga', 'siddhAnta' ( arthAt mata, tattva, vAda yA zAstra), karaghA ( kapar3A bunane kA eka yantra ) yA sAmagrI yA upakaraNa / kintu isase yaha nahIM patA calatA ki tantra kAryo kA koI vilakSaNa varga hai / ataH aisA anumAna nikAlanA doSapUrNa nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki amarakoza ke kAla meM to tantra-sambandhI granthoM kA praNayana nahIM huA thA, yA huA bhI rahA hogA to ve grantha abhI jana sAmAnya kI buddhi meM baiTha nahIM sake the / R0 (10 / 7116) meM 'tantra' zabda AyA hai, kintu vaha karaghA ke artha meM hI prayukta hai, aisA lagatA hai ' ' ye abodha vyakti nIce ( isa vizva meM ) nahIM calate ( ghUmate) aura na ucca loka meM hI ( ghUmate), na to ye vidvAn brAhmaNa haiM aura na soma nikAlane vAle purohita haiM; ye (duSTa prakAra kI bolI ) bolate haiM aura usa duSTa ( yA pApamaya ) bolI ke sAtha haloM evaM tantroM ko calAte haiM / ' atharvaveda ( 10 | 7|42 : 'tantrameke yuvatI virUpe abhyAkrAmaM vayata: SaNmayUkham ) evaM taittirIya brAhmaNa ( 225 5 / 3) ne isI artha meM 'tantra' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / pANini ( 5 / 2 / 70 ) ne 'tantraka' ( vaha vastra jo abhI -abhI karaghe se utArA gayA ho ) zabda 'tantra' 1. ime ye 5 rvADa na pAzcaranti na brAhmaNAso na sutekarAsaH / ta ete vAcamadhipadya pApayA sirIstantraM tanvate aprajajJayaH / R0 10 / 7116 | sAyaNa ne vyAkhyA kI hai-- sirI soriNo bhUtvA tantraM kRSilakSaNaM tanvate vistArayanti kurvantItyarthaH /

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2 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa se niSpanna mAnA hai| Apa0 zrI0 sUtra (1 / 15 / 1) ne tantra zabda 'kaI bhAgoM vAlI vidhi' ke artha meM prayukta kiyA hai| zAMkhAyana zrau0 ( 1 / 16 / 6 ) meM AyA hai ki vahI tantra hai jo eka bAra ho jAne para ( kiye jAne para ) bahuta-se anya karmoM kA upayoga siddha karatA hai / mahAbhASya ne pANini ( 4 / 2 / 60 ) evaM vArtika 'sarvasAderdvigozca laH' para 'sarvatantra: ' evaM 'dvitantraH' ko udAharaNoM ke rUpa meM liyA hai, jinakA tAtparya hai vaha, 'jisane sabhI tantroM ko par3ha liyA hai' yA 'jisane do tantroM kA adhyayana kiyA hai'; yahA~ para 'tantra' kA sambhavataH artha hai siddhAnta / yAjJa 0 1 / 228: 'tantraM vAvaizvadevikam' meM prayukta 'tantra' zabda usI artha meM hai jisameM zAMkhAyanazrautasUtra ne prayukta kiyA hai / kauTilya arthazAstra ke 15veM adhikaraNa kA nAma hai 'tantrayukti' (dekhie je0 o0 Ara0, madrAsa, jilda 4, 1630, pR0 82) jisakA artha hai kisI zAstra kI vyAkhyA ke mukhya niyama, vidhiyA~ yA siddhAnta / caraka ( siddhi - sthAna, adhyAya 12 / 40-45 ) ne bhI ' 36 tantrasya yuktayaH', evaM suzruta ( uttaratantra, adhyAya 65) ne 32 tantrayuktiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| bRhaspati, kAtyAyana evaM bhAgavata meM 'tantra' kA prayoga 'siddhAnta' yA 'zAstra' ke artha meM huA hai / zabara ne jaimini (11 / 1 / 1) ke bhASya meM kahA hai ki jaba koI kArya yA padArtha eka bAra ho jAtA hai to vaha bahuta-sI anya bAtoM yA viSayoM meM upayogI hotA hai aura ise tantra kahA jAtA hai / zaMkarAcArya ne vedAnta sUtra ke bhASya meM kaI sthAnoM para 'sAMkhya siddhAnta ko sAMkhya tantra tathA pUrvamImAMsA ko prathama tantra' kahA hai| (ve0 sU0 2 / 2 / 1, 2 / 1 / 1 evaM 2 / 4 / 6; ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 53 meM pUrvamImAMsA - sUtra ko prathama tantra kahA hai ) / kAlikApurANa ( 87 / 130 ) meM uzanA evaM bRhaspati ke rAjanIti viSayaka granthoM ko tantra kahA gayA hai aura viSNudharmottara purANa ko tantra kI saMjJA dI gayI hai ( 62 / 2 ) / ina sabhI uparyukta udAharaNoM meM kahIM bhI 'tantra' zabda kA madhyakAlIna vilakSaNa artha nahIM pAyA jAtA / tantra sAhitya ke artha meM prayukta 'tantra' zabda kA prayoga kaba pracalita huA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai aura yaha bhI nizcita karanA sambhava nahIM hai ki kina logoM ne sarvaprathama tantra- siddhAntoM evaM prayogoM ( vyavahAroM ) ko Arambha kiyA aura na yahI jAnanA sarala hai ki yaha saba sarvaprathama kahA~ huA / mahAmahopAdhyAya haraprasAda zAstrI isa bAta ko mAnane ko sannaddha the ki tantra ke siddhAnta evaM vyavahAra bhArata meM bAhara se Aye aura ve kubjikA mata eka zloka para vizeSa nirbhara rahe haiM, jisakA artha yaha hai -- 'sabhI sthAnoM para adhikAra karane ke lie bhArata ke 2. udita Aditya paurNamAsyAstantraM prakramayati prAgudayAdamAvAsyAyAH / Apa0 zra0 11151, jisa para, TIkAkAra kI TIkA hai 'aMgasamudAyastantram / tatprakramayati yajamAno'dhvaryuNA / ' 'tantralakSaNaM tat / ' zAMkhAyanazrautasUtra ( 1|16|6), jisa prakAra ki yaha TIkA hai -- 'yatsakRtkRtaM bahUnAmupakaroti tattantramityucyate / ' 3. Amnoya smRtitantre ca lokAcAre ca sUribhiH / zarIrAdhaM smRtA jAyA puNyApuNyaphale samA // bRhaspati, aparArka ( pR0 740), dAyabhAga 11 / 1 / 2 ( pR0 146), kullUka ( mana 6 / 187) dvArA uddhRta / 'Atmatantre tu yanoktaM tatkuryAtpAratantrikam / ' kAtyAyana se smRticandrikA ( pR0 5) dvArA uddhRta / tantraM sAtvatamAcaSTa naiSkarmyaM karmaNo yataH / bhAgavata 1 / 3 / 8 / yahA~ para 'paJcarAtra' ko sAtvatatantra kahA gayA hai / 'yatsakRtkRtaM bahUnAmupakaroti tattantramityucyate yathA bahUnAM brAhmaNAnAM madhye kRtaH pradIpaH / zabara kA bhASya (jaimini 11 / 4 / 1 ) / 4. iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTaralI (jilda 6, pR0 358 ) -- ' gaccha tvaM bhArate varSe adhikArAya sarvataH / pIThopapIThakSetreSu kuru sRSTimanekadhA // ' dekhie haraprasAda zAstrI kA kaeNTalaoNga, tAr3apatra pANDulipi, nepAla darabAra lAibrerI (kalakattA, 1605), bhUmikA pR0 86 yaha pANDulipi pazcAtkAlIna guptalipi meM hai, arthAt 7vIM zatI

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra varSa meM jAo aura pIThoM, upapIThoM evaM kSetroM meM aneka prakAra se isakI sRSTi kro|' sammAna ke sAtha hama usa vidvAna kI bAta kA virodha karate aura kahate haiM ki isa zloka se yaha nahIM spaSTa hotA ki bhArata meM tantra-siddhAntoM kA pracalana isa zloka ke uparAnta hI huaa| tantra siddhAntoM ke rahane para bhI usa vacana kA uccAraNa sambhava thA aura pIThoM evaM kSetroM kI ora jo nirdeza hai (zloka meM) vaha isa bAta kI puSTi-sI karatA hai ki unameM tantrasiddhAnta pracalita the| purANoM meM hameM bhaviSyavANI ke rUpa meM vahI prApta hotA hai jo bIta cukA rahatA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki kalAcAra evaM vAmAcAra aise kucha rahasyavAdI prayoga bAhya tattvoM se prabhAvita rahe hoM yA ve maulika rUpa se bAharI rahe hoN| kintu usa zloka para mahAmahopAdhyAya haraprasAda zAstrI ne jo nirbharatA pradarzita kI hai, vaha ise siddha karane ko kadApi upayukta nahIM hai| rudrayAmala (jIvAnanda dvArA sampAdita, 1862) meM atharvaveda (17vA~ paTala, cauthA zloka) kI prazasti AyI hai ki usameM sabhI devoM, sabhI prANiyoM (sthalacara, jalacara evaM nabhacara). sabhI RSiyoM, kAmavidyA evaM mahAvidyA kA nivAsa hai; zloka 10-17 meM rahasyamayI kuNDalinI kA varNana hai, 31 zlokoM meM yaugika prayogoM kA, 6 zlokoM meM zarIra ke cakroM kA ullekha hai, 51 se 53 taka ke zloko meM kAmarUpa, jAlandhara, pUrNagiri, uDDiyAna evaM kAlikA pIThoM Adi kA varNana hai| bAgacI ('sTaDIz2a ina tantra', pa0 45-55) tAntrika siddhAntoM meM bAhya tattvoM ke samAveza ke viSaya meM kucha pramANa upasthita karate haiN| rudrayAmala (17vA~ paTala, zloka 116-125) meM AyA hai ki mahAvidyA vasiSTha RSi ke samakSa prakaTa huI aura unase cIna deza evaM buddha ke yahA~ jAne ko kahA, buddha ne siddhi prApta karane ke lie vasiSTha ko kaula mArga evaM yoga ke prayogoM meM zikSita kiyA aura unheM pUrNa yogI hone kI sAdhanA ke lie paMca: makAroM ke upayoga kA nirdeza kiyA / isase prakaTa hai ki jaba rudrayAmala kA praNayana haA thA taba bhArata meM ko hai| DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya ne bhI yahI sammati dI hai / ' (dekhie 'buddhisTa isoTerijma' meM unakI bhUmikA, 50 43) / Arthara avAlona ne mahAnirvANatantra (tRtIya saMskaraNa, 1653, pR0 560) meM likhA hai ki tantra bhArata meM cAlDoA yA zakadvIpa se aayaa| mADarna rivyU (1634, pR0 150-156) meM pro0 ena0 ena0 caudharI ne yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki bhAratIya tantravAda kA mUla tibbata ke baoNna dharma meM pAyA jAtA hai| ve isa viSaya meM isa tibbatI paramparA meM vizvAsa karate haiM ki asaMga ne bhArata meM tantravAda claayaa| kintu yaha paramparA kevala tArAnAtha ke bauddhadharma ke itihAsa para nirbhara rahatI hai| lAmA tArAnAtha kA janma san 1573 I0 (kucha logoM ke mata se 1575 I0) meM huA thA aura unhoMne apanA itihAsa san 1608 meM pUrA kiyA, arthAt unhoMne asaMga ke lagabhaga 1200 varSoM ke uparAnta likhaa| pro0 caudharI ne Age ekajaTAsAdhana (sAdhanamAlA, saMkhyA 127, AryanAgArjunapAda TeSu uddhatamiti) ke anta meM likhita bAta para nirbhara kiyA hai| kintu yaha vAkya una ATha pANDalipiyoM meM, jinapara yaha saMskaraNa AdhArita hai, tIna pANDulipiyoM meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| pro0 caudharI ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki tantra meM garu kI sthiti na to vaidika hai aura na paurANika / yahA~ ve TipUrNa haiN| nirukta (24) meM vidyAsakta zvetAzvataropaniSad (6 / 18) ke vacana se guru kI sthiti spaSTa hai| guru kI paurANika sthiti ke viSaya meM dekhie liMgapurANa evaM devIbhAgavata (1111146), zvetAzva0 6 / 23 evaM agni purANa (362 / 6) / 5. yaH kulArthI siddhamantrI bhvedaacaarnirmlH| prApnoti sAdhanaM puNyaM vedAnAmapyagocaram // bauddhadeze'tharvavede mahAcIne sadA vraja // .... matkulajo maharSe tvaM mahAsiddho bhvissysi|...tto munivaraH zrutvA mahAvidyAsarasvatIm / jagAma cInabhUmau ca yatra buddhaH pratiSThati ||...buddh uvAca / vasiSTha zrRNu vakSyAmi kulamArgamanuttamam / yena vijJAna (sa?)

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pITha the, cIna yA tibbata meM tAntrika prayogoM kA pracalana thA aura aisA kahA jAtA hai ki buddha ne hI aise prayogoM kI zikSA dI hai, jo ki buddha kI udAtta zikSA ke prati eka kRtrima lekha evaM duSTa upahAsa-sA lagatA hai / aindrajAlika (mAyAvI) mantra atharvaveda meM bahuta saMkhyA meM pAye jAte haiM aura Rgveda meM kucha rahasyavAdI zabda yA vacana prayukta hue haiM; yathA-'vaSaT (R0 7667, 7 / 10017 Adi) evaM 'svAhA' zabda (R0 1 / 13 / 12, 5 / 5 / 11, 7 / 2 / 11) / nIMda lAne vAlA mantra Rgveda (7 / 555-8) meM AyA hai; ye mantra atharvaveda (4 / 5 / 6,5, 1, 3) meM bhI Aye haiM, aura sambhavata: yaha mantra purohita dvArA usa bhadra vyakti ke lie kahA jAtA hai jo anidrA se rugNa rahatA hai| kucha pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki yaha mantra premI dvArA apanI premikA ko gupta prema ke lie athavA corikAbheMTa ke lie prayukta hotA hai, kintu isameM kahIM bhI prema zabda kI gandha nahIM milatI hai| hama pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI bAta svIkAra nahIM kara skte| R0 (10 / 145) kA upayoga sauta ke virodha meM huA hai , jisakA prathama mantra yoM hai-'maiM isa oSadhi ko khodatA hU~, yaha atyanta zaktizAlI latA hai, jisake dvArA eka strI apanI sauta ko pIr3ita karatI hai, aura jisake dvArA vaha apane pati ko (kevala apane lie) prApta karatI hai| Rgveda meM bahudhA aise jAdUgaroM kA ullekha milatA hai jo adhikAMza meM anArya kahe gaye haiM aura unheM nRtadeva (jhUThe devoM kI pUjA karane vAle), ziznadeva (lampaTa, R0 7 / 21 / 5, 1066 / 3) kI saMjJAe~ prApta haiN| sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa hama vistAra meM yahA~ nahIM jA skeNge| tAntrika granthoM meM chaha krUra karmoM kA varNana hai, jinakA ullekha Age kiyA jaaygaa| vaidika kAla meM aisI kalpanA thI ki kucha duSTa loga, mAyA, mantra Adi se logoM evaM pazuoM ko mAra sakate haiM yA unheM bImAra kara sakate haiN| do sakta (71104 evaM 1087, donoM meM 25 mantra haiM) isa bAta ko siddha karane ke lie paryApta haiM ki RgvedIya loga abhicAra se Darate the| donoM prakAra ke sUktoM meM 'yAtudhAna' (jo abhicAra karatA hai) evaM 'rakSas' (duSTa AtmA) zabda Aye haiM , 'yAtu' zabda 'jAdU' (yA jAdU) hI hai jo bhAratIya bhASAoM meM prayukta hotA hai| pizAciyA~ (pizAciniyA~) bhI hotI thIM .(R0 1 / 133 / 5 : he indra , raktima evaM zaktizAlI pizAcI ko naSTa kara do aura sabhI duSTa AtmAoM ko mAra DAlo / ) yahA~ Rgveda se kucha mantra anuvAdita ho rahe haiM--'maiM (vasiSTha) Aja hI mara jAU~ yadi maiM abhicAra prayoga karane vAlA hoU~ yA yadi maiMne kisI vyakti ke jIvana ko jalA DAlA mAtreNa rudrarUpI bhavetkSaNAt ||...atH kulaM samAzritya sarvasiddhIzvaro bhava / mAsenAkarSaNaM siddhidvimAse vAkpatirbhavet / ... zaktiM binA zivo'zaktaH kimanye jaDabuddhayaH / ityuktvA buddharUpI ca kArayAmAsa sAdhanam // kuru vipra mahAzaktisevanaM madyasAdhanam |...mdiraasaadhnN kartuM jagAma kulamaNDale / madyaM mAMsaM tathA matsya mudrA maithunameva ca // punaH punaH sAdhayitvA pUrNayogI babhUva sH|| rudrayAmala, 17 vA paTala, zloka 121-123, 125, 135, 152-153, 157-158, 160-161 / 6. tantroM meM 'svAhA' zabda (mantroM meM) agni ko patnI ke artha meM bhI AyA hai| dekhie tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 7, jahA~ svAhA ko vahnijAyA, jvalanavallabhA evaM dviTha kahA gayA hai| aura dekhie zAradAtilaka (6 / 62-63) / 7. sastu mAtA sastu pitA sastu vA sastu vizpatiH / sasantu sarve jJAtayaH sastvayamabhito janaH // ya Aste pazca carati yazca pazyati no janaH / teSAM saM hanmo akSANi yathedaM hamyaM tathA |...prossttheshyaa vahyezayA nArIryAstalpazIvarIH / striyo yAH puNyagandhAstAH sarvAH svApayAmasi // R0 (7 // 55 // 5-8) /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra ho; vaha vyakti, jisane mujhe jhUThamUTha abhicAra karane vAlA kahA ho, apane dasa putroM se rahita ho jAye; jisane mujhe yAtudhAna kahA ho use indra bhayaMkara zastra se mAra DAle, yadyapi maiM vaisA nahIM hU~ aura vaha, jo svayaM 'rakSas' hai, apane ko pavitra ghoSita karatA hai ; jo atyanta duSTa hai, vaha sabhI prANiyoM se nimna (hIna yA nIca) ho jAya (R0 7 / 104 / 15-16); he marutagaNo, tuma logoM ke madhya vibhinna sthAnoM meM phaila jAo aura duSToM ko pakar3a lo aura ina rAkSasoM ko, jo pakSiyoM kA rUpa dhAraNa karake rAtri meM vicaraNa karate haiM aura yajJa ke samaya bhayaMkara vighna upasthita karate haiM, cUrNa-cUrNa kara do (vahI, mantra 18); he indra , una puruSoM ko-jo jAdU-TonA karate haiM, aura una nAriyoM ko (jAdUgaraniyoM ko), jo mAyA se nAza karatI haiM , mAra DAlo; jo mUrkha devoM ke pUjaka haiM, ve gardana kaTA kara mara jAya~, ve sUrya kA udaya na dekha sakeM (R0 7.104/24); he agni, yAtUdhAna ke carma ke TukaDe kara do, tumhArA nAzakArI vana uSNatA se use mAra DAle; he jAtavedA, usakI gA~ThoM ko chinna-bhinna kara do, isa chinna-bhinna (yAtudhAna) ko mAMsa kI icchA karane vAle mAMsAhArI pazu khA DAleM; he agni, tuma yAtudhAnoM ko apanI uSNatA se tathA rakSasoM ko apanI jvAla se cUra-cUra kara do aura mUradevoM (mUrkha devoM) ke pUjakoM kA nAza kara do, aura unakI ora, jo asutapa (manuSya ko khAne vAle) haiM, camakate hue unheM cUra-cUra kara do' (R0 1018715 evaM 14) / Apa0 gRhya sUtra (3 / 6 / 5-8) meM aisA ullikhita hai ki sauta dvArA prayukta paudhA pAThA kahalAtA hai aura pati para zAsana karane evaM sauta ko hAni pahu~cAne ke lie R0 (10 / 145) ko prayukta kiyA jAtA hai / R0 (11161) bahuta se viSayoM kA virodhI (nivAraka) eka mohanamantra hai| atharvaveda meM bahuta se sUkta 'zatrunAzana' ke zIrSaka vAle haiM , ythaa-2|12-24, 36, 4 / 3 evaM 40 5 / 8, 68, 65-67 evaM 134 / atharva0 (2011) ko 'katyA-dUSaNa' (abhicAra ke prabhAva ko dUra karane vAlA) kahA gayA hai| yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN| 'usake virodha meM, jo hameM ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhatA hai yA jise hama ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM, jAdU karo; jo zreSTha hai usa para zAsana karo aura jo samAna hai usase zreSTha ho jAo'; 'he soma, tuma use apane vajra se mukha meM mAro, jo hama logoM kI , jo kevala acchA hI bolate haiM, burAI karatA hai, aura vaha piTa kara bhAga jaaye|' zukranItisAra (4 / 2 / 36) meM aisA AyA hai ki tantra atharvaveda ke upaveda haiM (jI0 oNparTa dvArA sampAdita , 1882) / atharvaveda (3 / 25 evaM 6 / 130) meM aise sUkta haiM jo krama se eka puruSa evaM nArI dvArA apanI premikA evaM premI ko vaza meM karane ke lie prayukta hote haiM / atharva0 (2 / 30 evaM 31) meM aise mantra haiM jinake dvArA roga utpanna karane vAle kIr3e naSTa kiye jAte haiM tathA 5 // 36 pizAcoM ko naSTa karane ke lie hai| 'phaT' zabda vAjasaneyI saMhitA meM pAyA jAtA hai| Apa0 8. prati tamabhi cara yo'smAn dveSTi yaM vayaM dviSmaH / Apnuhi zreyAMsamati samaM krama // atharvaveda (2 // 113) yo naH soma suzaMsino duHzaMsa Adidezati / vaje NAsya mukhe jahi sa saMpiSTo apAyati // atharva0 (662); vividhopAsya mantrANAM prayogAH suvibhedtH| kathitAH sopasaMhArAstaddharmaniyamaizca SaT / atharvaNAM copavedastantrarUpaH sa eva hi // zukratItisAra (4 // 3 // 36) / 6. upari pratA bhaMgena hato'sau phaT prANAya tvA vyAnAya tvA / vAja0 saM0 (7 // 3) jisa para mahIdhara ko TIkA yoM hai-'upari Agatena bhaMgena Amana asAviti devadattAdinAmanirdezaH / asau dvaSo hato nihataH san phaT vizIrNo bhvtu|... svAhAkArasthAne phaDiti abhicAre pryujyte|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zrI0 sU0 meM 'phaTa' kA prayoga abhicAra (duSTa uddezya ko lekara mantroM ke prayoga) ke lie soma-DaNThaloM kI Ahuti ke silasile meM kiyA gayA hai| tantra granthoM meM devI-pUjA meM 'phaT' kA bahudhA prayoga huA hai| kintu atharvaveda se tantroM ke madhya meM kisI pratyakSa sAhacarya ko batAnA kaThina hai / zAntarakSita (705-762 I0) ke tattvasaMgraha ne buddha ko bhI jAdU ke prayogoM se sambandhita mAnA hai| isameM AyA hai-- 'sabhI vicakSaNa logoM dvArA yaha ghoSita hai ki yaha dharma hai jisase laukika samRddhi evaM paramocca tattva arthAt prApta hotI hai| pratyakSa pariNAma, yathA-buddhi, svAsthya, vibhutA (aizvarya) Adi buddha dvArA udghoSita mantroM, yoga Adi ke pAlana se utpanna hote haiN| kintu ghaTanA yA nirdezita vyakti ke eka sahasra varSa se adhika kAla pUrva kiye gaye saMdigdha kathana para nirvivAda vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| hA~, yaha bAta hai ki hama pAli ke pavitra granthoM meM buddha ke ziSyoM ke bIca jAdU kI zaktiyoM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM kahAniyA~ sunate haiM, yathA-usa bhAradvAja kI gAthA jo eka ati sugandhita candana ke bane pAtra ke lie havA meM uTha gaye / 11 mahAvagga (6 / 34 / 1, sai0 bu0 I0 , jilda 17, pR0 121) meM AyA hai ki eka upAsaka jisakA nAma meNDaka thA, alaukika zaktiyA~ rakhatA thA, usakI patnI, putra evaM patohU sabameM aisI zaktiyA~ thiiN| yahA~ para bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki tripiTaka yA kisI anya Arambhika bauddha likhita pramANa meM aisA nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para hama aisA siddha kareM ki buddha yA unake prathama ziSyoM kA sambandha mudrAoM, mantroM evaM maNDaloM se thA aura na yuvA~cvA~ga (hvenasA~ga) yA itsiga ne tantroM kI koI carcA hI kI hai, jaba ki unhoMne bauddha saMskRti ke rUpa meM maThoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| (dekhie DA0 De, nyU iNDiyana aiNTIkverI, jilda 1, pR0 1) / sAdhanamAlA (jilda 2, 68) kI bhUmikA meM DA0 bhaTTAcArya sAdhanamAlA ke pu0 334-335 para Aye hue 'sugatopadiSTam' evaM 'sugataiH' para nirbhara rahate haiM aura kahate haiM ki svayaM buddha ne kucha mantroM ko pravartita avazya kiyA hogaa| isa para do mahattvapUrNa virodha upasthita kiye jA sakate haiM, yathA--prathamata:, 'sugataiH' kA artha sadaiva buddha nahIM hotA, isakA artha 'buddha ke anuyAyI gaNa' bhI ho sakatA hai aura dvitIyataH, jisa prakAra hindU tantroM meM adhikAMza ziva evaM pArvatI ke bIca kathanopakathana haiM, usI prakAra 10. yato'bhyudayaniSpattiryato niHzreyasasya ca / sa dharma ucyate tAdRk sarvereva vicakSaNaH // taduktamantrayogAdiniyamAdvidhivatkRtAt / prajJArogyavibhutvAdi dRSTadharmopi jAyate // tattvasaMgraha (pR0 605); kamalazIla (zAntarakSita ke ziSya) neTIkA ko hai-'tena bhagavatoktazcAsau mantrayogAviniyamazceti vigrhH|yogH samAdhiH / Adizabdena mudraamnnddlaadiprigrhH|' prathama zloka vaizeSika sUtra (1761-2) para AdhRta sA lagatA hai, jo yoM hai-'athAto dharma vyaakhyaasyaamH| yato'bhyudayaniHzreyasasiddhiH sa dhrmH| abhyudaya zabda kaNAda ke sUtra ke TIkAkAroM dvArA kaI prakAra se vyAkhyAyita huA hai, kintu sAmAnyataH abhyudaya kA tAtparya hai 'sAMsArika sukha yA samRddhi', milAie bharata kA nATyazAstra--'vivAhaprasavAvAhapramodAbhyudayAdiSu / vinodakaraNaM caiva nRttametatprakIrtitam // ' adhyAya 41263 (gAyakavAr3a orieNTala siiriij')| kucha loga isakA artha svarga lagAte haiM, kyoMki niHzreyasa kA artha mokSa yA amRtatva hotA hai| 11. cullavagga (sai0 bu0 I0, jilda 20, pR0 78) meM puNDola bhAradvAja kI gAthA AyI hai| buddha ke ziSya bhAradvAja ne havA meM ur3akara, hAtha meM pAtra lekara rAjagRha nagara meM tIna bAra pradakSiNA kii| aisA AyA hai ki buddha ne apane ziSya ko ghur3akI dI aura pAtra ko tor3akara cUra-cUra kara dene kI AjJA dii|

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra pazcAtkAlIma lekhakoM ne itanA saralatApUrvaka kaha diyA hogA ki ve buddha ko uddhRta kara rahe haiN| ye virodha DA0 bhaTTAcArya dvArA uddhata kamalazIla ke vaktavyoM ke viSaya meM bhI upasthita kiye jA sakate haiM, kyoMki kamalazIla evaM unake guru buddha ke 1200 varSa uparAnta hue haiN| pahale hindU tantroM kA udbhava huA ki bauddha tantroM kA? isakA uttara denA kaThina hai| aisA lagatA hai ki donoM kA udbhava eka hI kAla meM huaa| dekhie I0 e0 peyane kRta 'di zAktaz2a' (pR. 70-74) jahA~ para matoM para vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai| sAdhanamAlA (yaha eka vajrayAnI kRti hai jisameM choTe-choTe 312 graMtha haiM jo DA0 bhaTTAcArya ke mata se tIsarI zatI se lekara 12vIM zatI taka praNIta hote 2vIM zatI taka praNIta hote rahe haiM) meM vajayAna ke cAra pITha (pramukha kendra) kahe gaye haiM, yathA--kAmAkhyA , sirihaTTa (yA zrIhaTTa), pUrNagiri evaM udd'ddiyaan|12 inameM prathama do krama se kAmAkhyA yA kAmarUpa (gauhATI se tIna mIla dUra) evaM silahaTa haiN| anya do sthAnoM ke viSaya meM mataikya nahIM hai| ma0 ma0 ha0 pra0 zAstrI ne uDDiyAna ko (jo adhikatara eka pITha ke rUpa meM varNita hai) ur3IsA kahA hai| unake putra DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya ke vicAra se yaha atyanta sambhava hai ki vajrayAna tantravAda uDDiyAna (buddhisTa isoTerijma), bhUmikA pR0 46) se hI prAdurbhUta huaa| DA0 bAgacI (sTaDIja ina di tantraja, pR0 37-40) ne acche tarkoM ke AdhAra para aisA kahA hai ki uDDiyAna svAta ghATI (bhArata ke pazcimottara bhAga meM) ke pAsa thaa| yahI bAta grosseTa ('ina di. phUTasTepsa Ava buddha', pR0 106-110) ne bhI kahI hai| bArhaspatyasUtra (epha0 DablU0 TaoNmasa dvArA sampAdita) ne ATha zAkta kSetroM ke nAma liye haiM (3 / 123-124) / sAdhanamAlA (jilda 2, pR0 78) kI bhUmikA meM DA0 bhaTTAcArya ne aisA mata vyakta kiyA hai ki hindU tantroM kA mUla bauddha tantroM meM pAyA jAtA hai| kintu vintaranitz2a (hisTrI Ava iNDiyana liTarecara, aMgrejI anuvAda, jilda 2, pR0 401) kA kathana hai ki DA0 bhaTTAcArya kA yaha mata tathyoM ke virodha meM par3atA hai| prastuta lekhaka vintaranitz2a ke isa mata kA samarthana karatA hai| yadyapi DA. bhaTTAcArya ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki bauddha dharma evaM jaina dharma ne Arambhika kAla meM hindu devoM kA sahArA liyA, taba bhI unhoMne (buddhisTa isoTerijma kI bhUmikA, pR0 147) kahA hai-"binA virodhAbhAsa ke bhaya ke aisI ghoSaNA karanA sambhava hai ki bauddhoM ne hI, sarvaprathama apane dharma meM tantravAda kA zrIgaNeza kiyA aura hindUoM ne unase Age calakara use udhAra liyaa|" prAcIna bhAratIyoM ko mAraNa-mohana 12. aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kucha tantra granthoM meM pAMca pITha ullikhita haiM (haraprasAda zAstrI ke matAnusAra, nepAla tAr3apatra evaM kAgada kI cunI huI kAgada ko pANDulipiyoM kA kaiTalaoNga, nepAla darabAra lAibrerI, kalakattA, 1605, 1605, pR0 80), yathA-oDiyAna (ur3IsA meM, haraprasAda zAstrI ke mata se), jAla (jalandara yA jAlandhara meM), pUrNa, mataMga (zrIzaila meM) evaM kAmAkhyA (AsAma meN)| ye pA~ca pITha ziva dvArA preSita grantha meM ullikhita haiM, ataH yaha nirvivAda kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa grantha ke pUrva tantravAda sampUrNa deza meM phaila cukA thaa| sAdhanamAlA (jilda 1, pR0 453 evaM 455) meM uDDiyAna, pUrNagiri, kAmAkhyA evaM sirihaTTa kA ullekha hai| kulacUr3AmaNitantra kTasa, jilda 4) ne chaThe paTala zloka 3-7 meM pAMca pIThoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA-uDDiyAna, kAma rUpa, kAmAkhyA, jAlandhara evaM pUrNagiri (dekhie tIsarA paTala bhI, 56-61) / iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTarala (jilva 11, 50 142-144) meM tarka diyA gayA hai ki uDiyAna evaM zAhore baMgAla meM haiM / devIbhAgavata (7 / 30 / 55-80) ne eka sau se adhika deviyoM ke kSetroM kA ullekha kiyA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa Adi ke udbhAvakoM ke rUpa meM mAnanA koI sammAna kI bAta nahIM hai| kintu vidvAnoM ko sammAna yA asammAna kI bhAvanA se dUra raha kara satya kI khoja karanI hotI hai| zrI vaillI pozina (iMsAiklopIDiyA Ava relijina eNDa ethiksa , jilda 12, pR0 163), vintaranitz2a evaM peyane (zAktana , pR0 73) ne DA0 bhaTTAcArya ke mata ke viruddha puSTa pramANa diye haiM, jinheM prastuta lekhaka svIkAra karatA hai / spaSTa hai ki saMskRta se saikar3oM grantha tibbatI evaM cInI bhASAoM meM anUdita hue / bhArata se hI tibbatiyoM evaM cIniyoM ne RNa liyA hai / dekhie pro0liyA~ga cI cAo kA nibandha 'cAinAja DeTa Tu iNDiyA' (vizvabhAratI kvArTaralI, jilda 2, 1624-25, pa0 251-261) jahA~ aisA kahA gayA hai ki san 67 se 786 I0 taka 24 hindU vidvAn cIna aaye| isake atirikta kazmIra se 13 vidvAn Aye aura san 265 se 760 I. taka jitane cInI paDhane ke lie bhArata gaye unakI saMkhyA 187 thI, jinameM 105 ke nAmoM kA patA cala gayA hai / isa viSaya meM hameM koI pramANa nahIM milatA ki tibbatI yA cInI granthoM kA anuvAda saMskRta meM huA ho| isake atirikta tIna mahAna cInI yAtriyoM ne bhArata meM bauddha tantroM ke adhyayana kI koI carcA nahIM kI hai| vATarsa (yavA~cvAMgsa Traivelsa ina iNDiyA, jilda 1, pR0 360) ne yAtrI ke jIvana kI eka kathA kahI hai ki jaba vaha ayodhyA se Age naukA se pUrva kI ora gaMgA meM jA rahA thA, ThagoM ne use lUTa liyA aura usakI bali devI durgA ko denI cAhI, kintu cInI yAtrI eka andhar3a se baca gayA aura ThagoM ne Dara kara use chor3a diyA aura usakA mAna-sammAna kiyaa| aura dekhie rene grauusseTa kRta 'ina di phUTasTepsa Ava buddha' (pR0. 133-135) : jahA~ isa ghaTanA kA ullekha hai| isase prakaTa hai ki 7vIM zatI ke pUrva bhArata meM tantra evaM zAkta pUjA pracalita thii| 650 I0 ke pUrva ke kisI bauddha tAntrika grantha kA ullekha nahIM milatA; guhyasamAjatantra evaM maJjuzrImUlakalpa aise grantha haiM, kiMtu unameM pazcAtkAlIna tattva pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki kalpanA evaM kAla donoM yaha batAte haiM ki hindU dharma para bauddha, tibbatI yA cInI tAntrika granthoM kA koI RNa nahIM hai| dekhie sara cArlsabela (1624) kRta 'tibbata pAsTa eNDa prajeNTa' (pR0 23, 25, 26), saradAra ke0 ema0 paNikkara kRta 'iNDiyA eNDa cAinA' (1957) pR0 70, ma0 ma0 DA0 satIzacandra kRta 'iNTroDakzana Ava di alphAbeTa ina tibbata' / antima grantha meM aisA vicAra prakaTa kiyA gayA hai ki tibbata meM magadha se sAtavIM zatI meM akSara Aye, jisase siddha hotA hai ki kazmIra meM pracalita bhAratIya akSaroM para AdhArita lipi tibbata meM sarvaprathama 640 I0 meM praviSTa huI, aura yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki tAntrika bauddha padmasambhava ko tibbatI rAjA ti-sona-de-tsona (746-786) ne zAntarakSita bodhisattva ke kahane para uDDiyAna se bulAyA aura tibbata meM rahane ko prerita kiyaa| buMjiyU najiyo ke 'keTAlaoNga Ava tripiTaka' (Aksa- phorDa, 1883), aipeNDiksa 2, pR0 445 saM0 155 se patA calatA hai ki amoghavajra ne 746 evaM 771 I0 ke bIca meM bahuta-se grantha anuvAdita kiye aura ve 774 I0 meM mara gaye aura unhIM ke prabhAva se cIna deza meM tantra siddhAnta kA pracalana haA / bANa ke granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bhArata meM 600 I0 ke pUrva madya evaM mAMsa ke sAtha caNDikA kI pUjA pracalita thI, zrIparvata tAntrika siddhiyoM ke lie prasiddha thA, zivasaMhitAe~ vidyamAna thIM, zmazAna meM eka karor3a bAra mantra-japa se siddhiyA~ prApta ho sakatI thIM tathA kRSNa pakSa kI amAvasyA japa evaM jAdU-Tone ke lie ucita tithi thii| ata: yaha atyanta sambhava hai ki zAkta yA tAntrika siddhAnta tibbata evaM cIna meM bhArata se hI gaye, na ki bhArata meM una donoM dezoM se aaye| pro0 pI0 vI0 bApaTa ('bauddha mata ke 2500 varSa', pR0 360-376) ne DA0 vI0 bhaTTAcArya kA anusaraNa kiyA hai aura yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki tibbatI tantravAda hindU tantravAda se prAcIna hai, kintu

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra unake tarka DA. bhaTTAcArya ke tarkoM ke samAna hI koI puSTa AdhAra nahIM rakhate / DA0 e0 esa0 altekara ne apane nibandha 'saMskRta liTarecara ina tibbata' (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI, jilda 35, pR0 54-66) meM vyakta kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra bauddha dharma sTrAMga-tsAna-gaimpo (637-663 I0) ke zAsana kAla meM tibbata meM praviSTa huA / kisa prakAra lagabhaga 750 I0 meM ur3IsA se padmasambhava evaM kazmIra se vairocana tibbata gaye tathA kisa prakAra lagabhaga 4500 pUstakeM tibbatI bhASA meM anavAdita hii| DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya ne itanA svIkAra kiyA hai ki bauddha tantra bAhya rUpa meM hindU tantra se bahuta kucha milatA-julatA hai (buddhisTa isoTerijma, bhUmikA, pR0 47), kintu unhoMne yaha vyakta kiyA hai ki viSayavastu, dArzanika siddhAntoM evaM dhArmika dRSTikoNoM meM donoM meM koI samAnatA nahIM hai| bauddha dharma hindu devoM meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA thA ata: vaha zakti yA zaktivAda kI carcA nahIM karatA / jisa prakAra hindU tantroM meM puruSatattva evaM strItattva krama se ziva evaM devI haiM, usI prakAra bauddhoM ne prajJA (jo strI hai) evaM upAya (puruSa) do tattva rakhe haiM , kintu yahA~ svarUpa ulaTA hai / unheM zUnyatA kI dhAraNA para ziva evaM devI yA zakti kI dhAraNAoM se sambandhita vicAra jamAne the hI / lakSya evaM sAdhana (yoga Adi) se sambandhita viSayavastu eka-sI hai, mantra, guru, maNDala Adi kI paddhati bhI eka hI hai| bauddha tantra-sampradAya ke atyanta mahattva evaM Arambhika grantha haiM prajJopAyavinizcayasiddhi evaM jJAnasiddhi , jo 8vIM zatI se jaba ki zaktivAda evaM tantravAda bhArata meM bhalI bhA~ti sudRDha ho cuke the, pahale ke nahIM haiN| __'zAkta' zabda kA artha hai zakti (jagat-zakti) kA bhakta yA puujk| aisA lagatA hai ki AThavIM zatI ke bahuta pahale se bhArata ke sabhI bhAgoM meM, vizeSata: baMgAla evaM AsAma meM zAkta sampradAya phaila cukA thaa| vibhinna nAmoM (yathA--tripurA, lohitA, SDAzikA , kAmezvarI) vAlI zakti isa vizva kI sampUrNa kriyA ke Adi tattva (bIja tattva) ke rUpa meM dhArita huI aura sAmAnyata: devI ke rUpa meM pUjita hotI hai| 'devImAhAtmya' zAktoM ke pramukha granthoM meM eka hai / zAkta sampradAya kI pramukha vizeSatAe~ ye haiM--deva yA iSTa eka hai aura vaha mA~ ke rUpa meM evaM saMhAra karane vAlI zakti ke rUpa meM hotI hai aura pUjA-sambandhI kriyAe~ kacha aisI haiM jo kabhI-kabhI bar3A ghRNita rUpa dhAraNa kara letI haiN| devI kI prazastiyA~ anya parANoM meM bhI haiM, yathA vAmana (18-16), devIbhAgavata (3 / 27), brahmANDa (jisameM 44 adhyAyoM meM lalitAmAhAtmya hai), matsya (13 / 24-54), jahA~ devI ke 108 nAma evaM usakI pUjA ke 108 sthAna ullikhita haiM), kUrma (1 / 12) / kUrma (1 / 12) meM devI ko mahAmahiSamardinI (68), anAhatA, kuNDalinI (128) durgA, kAtyAyanI, caNDI, bhadrakAlI (143 evaM 148) kahA gayA hai aura aisA vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki veda evaM smRtivirodhI zAstra, jo logoM meM prasiddha hue haiM, yathA-kApAla, bhairava, yAmala, vAma, Arhata, devI dvArA loka ko bhrama meM DAlane ke lie pravartita haiM aura ve kevala moha evaM ajJAna para AdhArita haiN| aura dekhie brahmapurANa (18148-52) jahA~ devI ke nAma Aye haiM aura aisA kahA gayA hai ki jaba devI kI pUjA madya, mAMsa evaM anya bhojya padArthoM se kI jAtI hai to ve prasanna hotI haiM aura manuSya kI manokAmanAeM pUrNa karatI haiM / bhadrakAlI apekSAkRta prAcIna nAma hai (dekhie zAMkhAyana gRhyasUtra (sai0 bu0 I0, jilda 26, pR0 86) / 13. kAlI ke rUpa meM devI ke dhyAnoM meM eka yoM hai--'zavArUDhAM mahAbhImAM ghoradaMSTrI hasanmukhIm / caturbhujAM khaDagamaNDavarAbhayakarAM zivAm / muNDamAlAdharAM devI lalajjihvAM digambarAm / evaM sacintayetkAlIM zmazAnAlayavAsinIm // zAktapramoda meM kAlItantra (veMkaTezvara presa sNskrnn)|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa tantroM evaM zAkta granthoM meM bahuta-sI bAteM samAna haiM, pramukha antara yaha hai ki zAkta sampradAya meM devI (yA zakti) ko paramocca zakti mAna kara pUjA jAtA hai, kintu tantroM (inameM bauddha evaM jaina donoM prakAra ke grantha sammilita haiM) meM kevala devI yA zakti kI pUjA taka hI sImA nahIM rakhI gayI hai, pratyuta vaha pUjA binA Izvara-sambandhI dhAraNA ke yA vedAntavAdI yA sAMkhyavAdI bhI ho sakatI hai| DaoN0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya (guhyasamAjatantra , pR0 34, sAdhanamAlA, jilda 2, pR0 16) kA kathana hai ki vAstavika tantra grantha ke lie zakti ke tattva kA honA paramAvazyaka hai| kintu yaha kathana kevala atikathana hai| vAyupurANa (104 // 16) ne zAkta ko chaha darzanoM ke antargata rakhA hai|4 / Rgveda meM bhI mahAna devoM kI zaktiyoM kA ullekha hai| kinta zakti yA zaktiyA~ paramAtmA kI hI haiM. vaha eka pRthaka sRSTi karane vAle tattva ke rUpa meM nahIM hai| kabhI-kabhI to zakti ko kavi, purohi mAna ke aMza rUpa meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai (yathA R0 1113 / 18, 1183 / 3, 4 / 22 / 8, 10 / 2515) / zakti zabda Rgveda meM eka darjana bAra ekavacana evaM bahuvacana meM 5 bAra indra ke sAtha (32 / 14, 5 // 316, 7 / 20 / 10, 10188 / 10), eka bAra azvinoM ke sAtha (R0 2 / 267), do bAra pitaroM ke sAtha (11106 / 3, 6756) evaM eka bAra sAmAnyata: devoM ke sAtha (10 / 88110, jinhoMne apanI zakti se agni utpanna kI hai) AyA hai| kahIM-kahIM 'zakti' ke sthAna para 'mAyA' zabda prayukta huA hai (R0 647 / 18) / 'zacI' zabda kaI bAra AyA hai ('zacIbhi:' 36 bAra evaM 'zacyA' 12 bAra) / 'zacIpati' Rgveda meM 16 bAra AyA hai jinameM eka bAra azvinIkumAroM ke lie AyA hai (R0 76715) / aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki Rgveda meM 'zacI' indra kI patnI kA dyotaka hai (jaisA Age calakara aisA vyakta ho gayA hai), kyoMki zacI adhika bAra bahuvacana meM hai aura azvinoM ko bhI eka bAra 'zacIpati' kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra 'zacIva:' 11 bAra AyA hai, jinameM 6 bAra yaha indra ke lie sambodhita hai, kintu yaha eka bAra agni ke lie (R0 3 / 21 // 4) prayukta hai aura eka bAra soma ke lie (R0 6876) / 'zakti' evaM 'zacI' ke sAtha jo vicAra lage haiM ve haiM-saSTi, rakSA, vIratA evaM audArya (udAratA) se sambandhita / R0 (1156 / 4) meM indra kI zakti ko 'devI taviSI' kahA gayA hai, kintu 'zacI' zabda usa padya meM nahIM AyA hai| vAk (vANI) kI zakti ke viSaya meM eka udAtta evaM utkRSTa stotra (R0 101125 nAmaka sUkta) hai, jahA~ para vAk ko rudroM, AdityoM, vasuoM evaM vizvedevoM se sambandhita hone ko kahA gayA hai aura mitra evaM varuNa, indra evaM agni, azvinoM, soma, tvaSTA, pUSA evaM bhaga ko Azraya dene ke lie udghoSita hai| vAk ko rudra ke lie dhanuSa tAnane ko kahA gayA hai, jisase ki brahma (stuti yA brahmA. nAmaka deva) kA nAzakArI zatru mArA jA sake / vAk sabhI lokoM meM virAjamAna hai, usakA zarIra svarga ko chUtA hai, vaha pRthivI evaM svarga se atIta hai aura vaha apanI mahattA se ati vizada yA vizAla hai| vAk (vANI) sArI zakti kA mUla tattva ho jAtI hai| nighaNTa (1 / 11) ke anusAra 'menA', 'gnA' evaM 'zacI' nAmaka tIna zabda una 57 zabdoM meM parigaNita haiM jinakA artha vAk hotA hai| tai0 saM0 (5 / 1 / 7 / 2) meM mAtrAe~ 'gnA' kahIM jAtI haiN| R0 (11164 / 41) meM vAk kA prahelikA-maya vivaraNa hai jo nirukta (11140) meM vizleSita hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki jisa prakAra pazcAtkAlIna sAhitya meM ziva se sambandhita hai, usI prakAra indrANI, varuNAnI, agnAyI, rodasI krama se indra, 14. brAhmaM zaivaM vaiSNavaM ca sauraM zAktaM tathArhatam / SaD darzanAni coktAni svabhAvaniyatAni ca / (104 / 16) //

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra varuNa, agni evaM marutoM se unakI patniyoM ke rUpa meM sambandhita haiN| 'maiM indrANI, varuNAnI evaM agnAyI ko apane kalyANa evaM soma pIne ke lie bulAtA hU~' (R0 1 / 22 / 12); 'devoM kI patniyA~ Ahuti ko grahaNa kareM, yathAindrANI, agnAyI, azvinoM kI jyoti (patnI), rodasI; varuNAnI (hamArI stuti) suneM; deviyA~ striyoM ke ucita kAla para Ahati grahaNa kareM' 15 / kintu itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye deviyA~ Rgveda meM bahuta gauNa mahattva rakhatI haiM, arthAt unakA kArya apradhAna hI hai| pazcAtkAlIna devI yA zakti se ina vaidika deviyoM kA koI pratyakSa sambandha nahIM hai| indrANI kA AhvAna rakSA ke lie kiyA gayA hai (R0 1022 / 12, 2 // 32 // 8, 514618, 1086 / 11-12) / R0 (514618) meM indrANI evaM anya tIna ko 'devapatnI' evaM 'gnA' kahA gayA hai| R0 (1 / 618) meM aisA AyA hai ki jaba indra ne rAkSasa ahi ko mArA to devapatniyoM, gnAoM ne pUjA kA gAna bunA (bnaayaa)| 'gnA' zabda R0 meM 20 bAra AyA hai, vaha saMjJA, karma, karaNa evaM adhikaraNa kArakoM meM AyA hai, aura patnI ke lie bhAropIya zabda hai / dekhie nirukta (3 / 21) jahA~ 'menA' evaM 'gnA' zabda Aye haiN| __kenopaniSad meM umA haimavatI (himavAn kI putrI) agni, vAyu evaM indra se brahma ke viSaya meM kahatI hai (3 / 12) / zvetAzvataropaniSad meM aisA AyA hai ki unhoMne (brAhmaNoM ne) dhyAna evaM yoga se saMpRkta hokara zakti ko dekhA, jo paramAtmA se pRthak nahIM thI tathA apane guNoM (sattva, raja evaM tama) se nigar3ha (avyakta, chipI) thii| isI upaniSad (68) meM meM brahma ko paramocca zakti vAlA kahA gayA hai 16 aura zaMkarAcArya ne vedAntasUtra (2 / 1 / 24) meM isa vacana ko uddhRta kiyA hai / ve0 sU0 (2 / 1 / 30) ke bhASya evaM sUtra meM brahma sarvazaktisampanna kahA gayA hai / aura dekhie zvetAzva0 (41) / nArAyaNopaniSad (21) meM durgA-devI kA AhvAna hai--'maiM jalatI huI, agni ke samAna varNavAlI, tapa se camakatI huI evaM dharma-karma phala dene vAlI devI durgA kI zaraNa meM hU~; he atyanta zaktivAlI devI, maiM tumhArI zakti ko praNAma karatA huuN| rAghavabhaTTa ne dRDhatApUrvaka kahA hai ki tantra sampradAya zruti para AdhRta hai, jaisA ki rAmapUrvottaratApanI 15. indrANImupa havaye varuNAnoM svstye| agnAyoM sompiitye| R0 1122 / 12; uta gnA vyantu devapatnIrindrANyagnAgyazvinI rAT / A rodasI varuNAnI zRNotu vyantu devIrya RturjanInAm // R0 (146 / 8) / sUryA, azvinoM kI patnI kahI gayo hai (R0 10858-6); yAska ne R0 (1468) ko vyAkhyA nirukta (12 / 46) meM kI hai aura rodasI ko rudra kI patnI kahA hai| R0 (5 // 56 // 8) meM AyA hai ki marutoM ke ratha para rodasI hai; R0 (261 / 4) meM aisA ullekha hai ki marutoM ko eka sundara strI hai| R0 (6 // 50 // 5) meM rodasI ko devI kahA gayA hai aura vaha marutoM se mizrita mAnI gayI hai / R0 (11167 / 4 evaM 6666) rodasI marutoM se sambandhita hai| 16. te dhyAnayogAnugatA apazyandevAtmazakti svaguNanigUDhAm / zvetAzva0 113; parAsya zaktivividhava zrayate svAbhAviko jJAnabalakriyA ca // zvetAzva0 68; sarvopetA ca taddarzanAt / vedAntasUtra 2 / 1 / 30, jisa para zaMkara ko TIkA hai-'ekasyApi brahmaNo vicitrazaktiyogAdupapadyate vicitro vikAraprapaJca iti|' kintu pazcAtkAlIna zAkta siddhAnta se yaha sarvathA bhinna hai / yahA~ para brahma vibhinna zaktiyoM vAlA kahA gayA hai, kintu zAktoM meM zakti strI tattva hai aura vaha paramatattva hai| yaha sambhava hai ki zakti ke isa vedAntasiddhAnta ne pazcAtkAlIna eka tattva vAlI tathA sarvatra chAyI rahane vAlI zakti kI udbhAvanA ko ho /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa evaM nRsiMhapUrvottaratApanI nAmaka upaniSadoM se vyakta hotA hai (vAmakezvara tantra para setubandha ; pR0 4) / isI prakAra bhAskarAcArya ne vAmakezvaratantra para apanI setubandha nAmaka TIkA meM kaI upaniSadoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo mahAtripurasundarI kI bhakti para vistAra ke sAtha ullekha karatI hai| unhoMne R0 (5 // 47 // 4) meM Aye hue 'catvAri Im' aMza meM 'kAdividyA' kA saMketa dekhA hai / kintu ye upaniSadeM, aisA lagatA hai, tantroM ko Alambana dene ke lie (kyoMki ve anAdRta ho cale the) praNIta huI aura unakA ullekha rAghavabhaTTa evaM bhAskarAcArya jaise madhyakAlIna lekhakoM ne hI kiyA hai| mahAbhArata meM durgA ko sambodhita do stotra haiM, yathA-virATaparva (adhyAya 6) meM yudhiSThira dvArA tathA dUsarA bhISma parva (adhyAya 23) meM arjuna dvArA, kintu ina donoM stotroM ko loga kSepaka mAnate haiM / 17 vizvavarmA ke gaMgAdhara zilAlekha (mAlava saM0 480-424 I0 ) meM mAtAoM evaM tantra kA ullekha hai / 18 bRhatsaMhitA (57156) ne mAtAoM ke daloM kA ullekha kiyA hai / vRddhahArItasmRti (11 / 143) meM AyA hai ki guhastha ko zava, bauddha skAnda evaM zAkta sampradAyoM ke sthaloM meM praveza nahIM karanA caahie| viSNupurANa (jo prAcIna vidyamAna purANoM meM eka hai) ne sampUrNa vizva ko viSNu kA vizva kahA hai aura viSNu ko parama brahma evaM zakti se samanvita mAnA hai / isa purANa ne durgA ke kucha nAma ginAye haiM, yathA--AryA, vedagarbhA, ambikA, bhadrA, bhadrakAlI, kSemadA, bhAgyadA aura anta meM kahA hai ki jaba durgA kI pUjA madya, mAMsa, vibhinna prakAra ke bhojana Adi se kI jAtI hai to vaha 17. je0 Ara0 e0 esa0 (1606, pR0 355-362) meM bI0 sI0 majUmadAra ne yaha pradarzita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki durgA ke ye do stotra mahAbhArata meM kSepaka mAtra haiM aura sambhavataH sambhalapura ke pAsa rahane vAle or3iyA bhASA bolane vAle anArya zUdroM ke AcAroM para AdhArita haiN| kintu ve bhUla jAte haiM ki anya AdhAroM ke atirikta kAlidAsa (400 I0 ke pazcAt ke nahIM) ne pArvatI ko apane katipaya granthoM meM umA, aparNA, khurgA, gaurI, bhavAnI evaM caNDI kahA hai aura ziva ke ardhanArIzvara rUpa kA ullekha kiyA hai / zAkuntala ke antima zloka meM kAlidAsa ne ziva ko 'parigatazaktiH' kahA hai, jisase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki unake kAla meM pazcAtkAlIna zakti-pUjA ke bIja upasthita the| ataH durgA-pUjA apane katipaya rUpoM meM 300 I. se kama-se-kama sau varSa purAnI hai| 18. mAtRNAM ca pramuditaghanAtyarthanidinInAM tantrodbhUtaprabalapavanodvatitAmbhonidhInAm / guptazilAlekha, saMkhyA 17, pR0 72 / bRhatsaMhitA (57356) meM mAtAoM kI pratimAoM ke viSaya meM niyamoM kI vyavasthA hai-- 'mAtR gaNaH kartavyaH svanAmadevAnurUpakRtacihnaH / ' viSNudharmottarapurANa (12226) meM bahuta-sI mAtAoM kA ullekha hai jinameM kAlI evaM mahAkAlI bhI haiM (phula milAkara 180 mAtAe~ haiN)| dekhie hAla kA grantha, I0 o0 jemsa (landana, 1656) likhita 'kalTa Ava di madara gaoNDeseja' jisake 66-124 taka ke pRSTha bhArata se sambandhita haiN| dekhie DA. karamabelkara kA nibandha 'matsyendranAtha eNDa hija yoginI kalTa' (iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTaralI, jilda 31. pR0 362-374, san 1635), jisameM yaha vyakta hai ki AdinAtha (svayaM ziva) matsyendranAtha ke guru the aura svayaM matsyendranAtha gorakSanAtha ke garu the| matsyendranAtha ko tibbata meM luipA kahA jAtA hai aura ve4 sidoM meM dekhie kaniMghama kI AryAlaoNjikala sarve riporTa, 6, jisameM bher3AghATa ke 64 yoginiyoM ke mandira kA ullekha hai| aura dekhie bI0 pI0 desAI kA nibandha 'tAntrika kalTa ina epigrAphsa' (le0 o0 Ara0 , madrAsa, jilda 16, 10 285-258) /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra " 13 prasanna hokara manuSyoM kI sabhI kAmanAe~ pUrNa karatI haiM / 19 bANabhaTTa kI kAdambarI meM ujjayinI se kucha dinoM ke mArga para avasthita caNDikA ke mandira kA eka lambA varNana hai, jahA~ para eka bUr3hA, dravir3a bhakta rahatA thA / isa varNana kI kucha bAteM yoM haiM 'pazuoM ke muNDoM kI AhutiyA~, vAhana ke rUpa meM siMha, mahiSAsura kI bali, pAzupatoM ke siddhAnta jo tAr3apatra para likhe choTe-choTe granthoM ke rUpa meM the, jinameM tantra, mantra, jAdU likhita the, durgA-stotra ( eka vastra khaNDa para likhita), mAtAoM ke jIrNa-zIrNa mandira, dravir3a bhakta kA varNana jo zrIparvata ke viSaya meM sahasroM kathAe~ jAnatA thA / ' bANa ne putra kI icchA rakhane vAlI rAnI vilAsavatI kI dhArmika kriyAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA- caNDikA ke mandira meM zayana karanA, jahA~ lagAtAra guggula jala rahA thA, rAhoM para amAvasyA kI rAtri meM snAna karanA, jahA~ jAdUgaroM dvArA aindrajAlika vRtta khiMce hue the, mAtAoM ke mandiroM meM jAnA, rakSAkaraMDa dhAraNa karanA jisake bhItara bhUrja patroM para pIle raMga se mantra likhe hue the; aura jaba prasava kA samaya sannikaTa A gayA to bistara ko bhA~ti-bhA~ti kI jar3I-bUTiyoM evaM yantroM (citra yA aMka) se zuddha kiyA gyaa| harSacarita ( 3 ) meM jAdU ke vRttAntoM evaM mAnava - valiyoM kI carcA huI hai| zaiva sAdhu bhairavAcArya ko ziva-saMhitAe~ smaraNa thIM, usane mahAkAlahRdaya nAmaka mahAmantra kA japa eka zmazAna meM eka karor3a bAra kiyA thaa| vaha usa mantra meM pUrNatA prApta karane ke lie puNyabhUti (samrAT harSa ke eka pUrva puruSa) kI sahAyatA cAhatA thA aura betAla ko harAnA cAhatA thA / anta meM vaha vidyAdhara kI sthiti ko prApta ho gayA aura nakSatramaNDala meM jyotirmAn ho gayA / harSacarita kI bhUmikA ke antima zloka meM harSa ko zleSAtmaka DhaMga se zrIparvata kahA gayA hai, jo zaraNAgatoM kI icchAoM ke anusAra sabhI siddhiyoM ko dene vAlA hai / bANa ke granthoM ke ye vivaraNa prakaTa karate haiM ki kisa prakAra 7vIM zatI ke bahuta pahale se mAMsa ke sAtha caNDI kI pUjA, mantroM ke zAkta yA tAntrika upakaraNa, siddhiyA~, maNDala evaM yantroM ne dhanI evaM daridra tathA bar3e evaM choTe sabhI prakAra ke bhAratIya logoM ke manoM ko abhibhUta kara rakhA rakhA thA / mAlatImAdhava (aMka 5) meM hama cAmuNDA ke lie mAnava bali kA dAruNa citra pAte haiM / usI nATaka meM saudAminI kA ullekha huA hai jisane zrIparvata para eka kApAlika ke vratoM (niyamoM) kA pAlana kiyA hai aura mantroM ke bala se alaukika zaktiyA~ prApta kI haiN| vanaparva ( 85 / 16 - 20 ) meM zrIparvata ko ziva evaM devI kA pavitra sthala kahA gayA hai| subandhu kI vAsavadattA meM zrI parvata ko 'sannihita mallikArjunaH' kahA gayA hai| Age calakara saMskRta evaM pAli sAhitya se uddharaNa dekara yaha pradarzita kiyA jAyegA ki kisa prakAra tAntrika prayogoM se dharma kA nAma kalaMkita kiyA gayA aura ghora anaitikatA ko bar3hAvA milA / tantroM kA sAhitya bahuta vizad hai (dekhie 'priMsipulsa Ava tantra' e0 evAlona dvArA sampAdita, bhAga 1, pR0 360-368 jahA~ tantroM kI eka lambI sUcI dI huI hai ) / hindU evaM bauddha lekhakoM ne tantra para bahuta se grantha likhe aura una granthoM meM bahuta se viSaya sammilita ho gaye / kucha rUpoM meM hindU evaM bauddha tantra samAna haiM, kintu viSayoM ke vivaraNa, dArzanika siddhAntoM evaM dhArmika tatvoM tathA prayogoM meM donoM eka-dUsare se 16. etatsarvamidaM vizvaM jagadetaccarAcaram / para brahmasvarUpasya viSNoH zaktisamanvitam // viSNupu0 (5 // 7/60); surAyAM sopahAraMzca bhakSyabhojyaMzca pUjitA / nRNAmazeSa kAmAstvaM prasannA sampradAsyasi // viSNu pu0 (5 // 1186) / yaha zloka brahmapurANa (181 / 52 ) meM bhI AyA hai aura pIche ke tInoM zlokoM jinameM durgA ke nAma Aye haiN| donoM meM pAye jAte haiM /

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14 dharmazAstra kA itihA~sa bhinna haiM / tantra grantha tibbata, maMgoliyA, cIna, jApAna, evaM dakSiNa-pUrva eziyA meM pracArita hue| bahuta se saMskRta tAntrika granthoM ke mUla rUpa Aja upalabdha nahIM haiM, kintu unake kucha tibbatI anuvAda upalabdha ho sake haiM20 / aisA kahA jAtA hai ki yadi ucita khoja kI jAya to tantra para 300 grantha prApta ho sakate haiM (dekhie DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya, zrI rAmavarmA iMsTIcyUTa Ava risarca, kocIna, jilda 10, pR0 81 ) / tantroM kI sAmAnya paribhASA denA kaThina hai / 'tantra' zabda bahudhA 'tan ( phailAnA, tAnanA) evaM '' ( bacAnA ) dhAtuoM se niSpanna mAnA jAtA hai| yaha bahuta se viSayoM ko, jinameM tattva evaM mantra bhI sammilita haiM, vistArita karatA hai aura rakSaNa detA hai; ataH ise 'tantra' kahA jAtA hai 21 / sabhI tantroM meM eka viSaya samAna rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai, yathA pA~ca makAra / bahudhA unameM dharma, darzana, andhavizvAsamaya siddhAnta, kriyAoM, rItiyoM, jyotiSa phalita jyotiSa, auSadhi evaM zakunoM (nimittoM) kA samAveza pAyA jAtA hai / bahuta sI bAtoM meM ve purANoM se milate-julate haiM / bauddhoM ne bauddhadharma ke bahuta-se vyaktiyoM kA devakaraNa kiyA aura kAlAntara meM gaNeza evaM sarasvatI jaise kucha hindU deva-deviyoM ko bhI le liyA / apekSAkRta pazcAtkAlIna granthoM meM tantroM ko tIna daloM meM bA~TA gayA hai- viSNukrAnta, rathakrAnta evaM azvatrAnta aura pratyeka meM 64 tantra sammilita haiM (dekhie tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 1, Arthara evAlona dvArA sampAdita, bhUmikA, pR0 2-4 ) / kintu ye saMkhyAe~ kalpanAtmaka sI lagatI haiM / kucha granthoM meM eka tantra do vargoM meM rakhA huA hai / kulArNava-tantra ( 3 / 6 - 7) ne 5 AmnAyoM (pUrva, pazcima, dakSiNa, uttara evaM Urdhva ) kI carcA kI hai jo mokSa ke mArga haiM / yahI bAta parazurAmakalpasUtra ( 1-2 ) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai 22 / isake atirikta tAntrika pUjaka bhI tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita haiM, yathA zaiva, zAkta evaM vaiSNava / bAgacI ( sTaDIja ina tantraja, pR0 3 ) kA kathana hai ki tAntrika sAhitya stotro ( jo tIna haiM), pITha evaM AmnAya meM vibhakta haiM / saundaryalaharI ne, jo kucha logoM ke mata se zaMkarAcAryakRta hai, 64 tantroM kI carcA kI hai ( 31 veM zloka meM AyA hai - 'catuSSaSTayA tantra: ' ), jo 20. zAkta siddhAntoM evaM prayogoM ke viSaya meM kucha jAnakArI dene ke lie nimnokta grantha avalokanIya haiM : Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara kRta 'vaiSNavijma, zaivijma Adi' (saMgrahIta grantha, jilda 4, pR0 203 - 210 ) ; sara jaoNna vuDraoNpha kRta 'zakti evaM zAkta' (1620 ); Arthara evAlona ( sara jaoNna vuDropha) kRta 'sarpeNTa pAvara'; I0 e0 peyane kRta 'di zAktaja' (AksaphorDa yUni0 presa, 1833 ) ; DA0 sudhendu kumAra dAsa kRta 'zakti aura DivAina pAvara' ( kalakattA yUni0 1645); DA0 pI0 sI0 cakravartI kRta 'DAkTrina Ava zakti ina iNDiyana liTarecara (1640 ) / dekhiye pro0 bAgacI kA 'sTaDIja ina tantraja' pR0 1-3 ( kambuja yA kamboDiyA meM lagabhaga 800 I0 ke cAra tAntrika bAtoM kA praveza, yathA -- zirazcheda, vinAzikha, sammoha evaM nayottara) tathA DA0 Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra kRta 'iMskripzaMsa phrAma kambuja' (kalakattA, 1853), pR0 362 - 373 - 374 evaM je0 Ara0 e0 esa0 ( 1650), pR0 163-65, jahA~ muslima malAyA meM zaktivAda ke avazeSoM kA ullekha hai / 21. tanoti vipulAnarthAn tattvamantrasamanvitAn / trANa ca kurute yasmAt tantrabhityabhidhIyate // 22. bhagavAn paramazivabhaTTAraka. bhagavatyA bhairavyA svAtmAbhinnayA pRSTaH pacabhirmukhaH paJcAmnAyAna paramArthasArabhUtAn praNinAya / parazurAmakalpasUtra ( 112 ) / kucha aise bhI grantha haiM jo pA~coM AmnAyoM ke mantroM evaM dhyAnoM kI carcA karate haiM, yathA-Dakana kAleja pANDulipi, saM0 364 (1882-83) /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra 15 saMsAra ko vimohita karane ke lie zaMkara dvArA ghoSita kiye gaye haiM 3 / bahuta-se hindU evaM bauddha tantroM kA prakAzana ho cukA hai ataH ava hameM yaha jJAta ho gayA hai ki tantroM kA kyA svarUpa hai| kucha hindU tantra ye haiM kalArNava, tantrasAra, nityotsava, parazarAma kalpasUtra, pArAnandasatra, prapaJcasAra, mantramahodadhi (mahIdhara kRta), mahAnirvANa tantra, rudrayAmala, vAmakezvaratantra, zAradAtilaka (lagabhaga 11 vIM zatI) / isake atirikta kazmIrI tantravAda ke abhinavagupta ke tantrAloka evaM mAlinI vijayavArtika aise tantra grantha bhI haiM, jo upayukta granthoM se kucha bhinna haiN| kucha prakAzita bauddha grantha ye haiM-advayavajrasaMgraha, AryamaJjuzrImUlakalpa, guhyasamAjatantra (sambhavataH 6 ThIM zatI), indrabhUti (717 I0) kI jJAnasiddhi, abhayAkara gupta kI niSpannayogAvali (11vIM zatI ke antima caraNa evaM 12vIM zatI ke prathama caraNa meM praNIta) anaMgavajra, (705 I.) kI prajJopAya vinizcayasiddhi, SaTcakranirUpaNa (1577 I0), sAdhanamAlA (jisameM tIsarI zatI se 12vIM zatI taka ke choTe-choTe 312 granthoM kA saMgraha hai) / DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya (guhyasamAjatantra kI bhUmikA pR0 38 ) ke mata se bauddha tantroM meM AryamaMjuzrImUlakalpa evaM guhyasamAjatantra sabase prAcIna hai (24) / Upara ke bahata - se grantha Arthara evAlona (sara jaoNna vujhaupha) dvArA evaM gAyakavAr3a oriyaNTala sIrIz2a dvArA prakAzita haiM / kucha 23. saundaryalaharI ko zaMkarAcAryakRta kahane ke lie jo sAkSya upasthita kiyA jAtA hai, vaha ThIka nahIM jaMcatA aura na usameM koI bala hI hai / haraprasAda zAstrI ke tADapatra-pANDulipi (nepAla darabAra lAibrerI, pR0 62) ke kaiTalaoNga meM tArArahasyavRttikA nAmaka eka tantra-saMgraha hai jo gaur3adeza ke zaMkarAcArya dvArA taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha bAta jAnanI cAhie ki usa advaitaguru zaMkarAcArya ke nAma para kisI pustaka ko thopane ke pUrva hameM sAvadhAnI baratanI cAhie / dekhie DI0 ena0 bosa kRta 'tantraja, deyara philaoNsaoNphI eNDa aikalTa sIkreTsa' (pR0 26-30), jahAM vArAhItantra meM ullikhita 64 tantroM ke nAma diye gaye haiN| dekhiye saundaryalaharI jisameM 64 tantroM ke nAma Aye haiN| aura dekhiye bAgacI (sTaDIja ina di tantraja, pRSTha 5) jinhoMne 8vIM zatI meM tathA usake pUrva ke prAmANika tantroM ke nAma diye haiN| abhinavagapta ke tantrAloka meM AyA hai ki 10,18 evaM 64 ke daloM meM zaivatantra hai 'dazASTAdazavasvaSTabhinnaM yacchAsanaM vibhoH| tatsAraM trikazAstraM hi tatsAraM mAlinImatam // 1118 (kAzmIra saMskRta sIrIja, jilda 22, pR0 35) / nityASoDazikArNava (vAmakezvaratantra kA eka bhAga) ne prathama vizrAma ke 13'se 22 taka zlokoM meM 64 tantroM ke nAma diye haiM, kintu isane tantroM meM 8 yAmaloM ko bhI parigaNita kara liyA hai, kintu DA0 bhaTTAcArya (buddhisTa isoTerijma, bhUmikA pR0 52) ne AgamoM evaM yAmaloM meM antara batAne kA prayatna kiyA hai aura yahI kArya unhoMne sAdhanamAlA (jilda 2, pR0 21-22) kI bhUmikA meM bhI kiyA hai| jJAnAnandagiri (tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 14) ke kaulAvalInirNaya ne bahuta se tantroM ke nAma diye haiM jinameM yAmaloM kA bhI ullekha hai / (12-14) aura ATha guruoM ke nAma bhI diye haiM (1962-63) / 24. DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya, (guhyasamAjatantra, bhUmikA, 34) ne yaha mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki sambhavataH gayasamAjatantra kA lekhaka asaMga hai, ataH vaha tIsarI yA cauthI zatI meM likhA gayA hogaa| kintu yaha bAta ThIka nahIM jNctii| silavaina levI dvArA sampAdita asaMgakRta mahAyAnasUtrAlaMkAra kI parimArjita saMskRta se guhyasamAja kI azuddha saMskRta se tulanA karane para patA calatA hai ki gahyasamAja asaMga kI kRti nahIM hai / guhyasamAja tIsarI yA cauthI satI kA grantha hai, aisA koI pramANa nahIM hai, hA~, vaha do yA adhika zatiyoM ke uparAnta kA ho sakatA hai / bAgacI (sTaDIja ina tantraja, pR0 41) ne sAdhanA saM0 156 ke lekhaka asaMga ko yogAcAra ke mahAn guru ke rUpa meM nahIM mAnA hai|

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16 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hindU tantroM meM upaniSadoM evaM gItA yA sAMkhya evaM yoga ke dArzanika siddhAntoM kI carcA bhI kI gayI hai| aura unake anusAra sabake lie antima lakSya mukti ( janmoM evaM maraNoM ke cakroM se chuTakArA) hI hai, kintu usakI prApti tantroM dvArA vyavasthita mArga se hI sambhava hai / prakAzita hindU tantroM kI saMkhyA adhika hai, ataH kucha hI tantroM, yathA --- kulArNava, pArAnandasUtra, prapaMcasAra, mahAnirvANatantra, vAmakezvaratantra, ( AnandAzrama saMskaraNa), zaktisaMgamatantra, zAradAtilaka, kI ora nirdeza kiyA jAyagA / bauddha tatvoM meM AryamaMjuzrImUlakalpa, guhyasamAjatantra, prajJopAyavinizcayasiddhi, jJAnasiddhi, sAdhanamAlA, sekoddezaTIkA kI ora saMketa kiyA jAyagA / bauddha tantroM meM adhikAMza kA uddezya hai buddhatva prApti ke lie yoga kriyAoM dvArA sarala mArga kA anusaraNa karanA tathA siddhiyoM (alaukika zaktiyoM) kI prApti karanA / dharmazAstra ke itihAsa meM bauddha tantroM ke viSaya meM vizeSa carcA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / hA~, tulanA ke lie kucha mahatvapUrNa bAtoM kI jAnakArI Avazyaka hai / hama yahA~ hindU tantroM para hI vizeSa dhyAna deMge / tAntrika saMskRti ke dArzanika pahaluoM kA adhyayana parazurAmakalpasUtra, vAmakezvaratantra, tantrarAja, kAzmIrI zaivAgama ke granthoM, bhAskarAcArya ke granthoM evaM bhAvanopaniSad meM kiyA jA sakatA hai / yaha antima grantha pazcAtkAlIna hai aura ise upaniSad hone kA sammAna diyA gayA hai, kyoMki isane bhAvanA para prakAza DAlA hai aura tantrarAjatantra ke vAsanApaTala kA niSkarSa upasthita kiyA hai / gautamIyatantra (Dakana kAleja pANDulipi, saM0 1120, 1886 - 1862 ) evaM kezava (jo nimbArka ke paravartI the) kI kramadIpikA, jisake sAtha govinda vidyAvinoda, ( caukhambA saM0 sIrIz2a ) kI TIkA bhI hai, Adi vaiSNava tantra haiM, jinake viSaya meM yahA~ sthAnAbhAva se saMketa nahIM kiyA jAyagA / dekhie agnipurANa (36 // 1-7 ) jahA~ 25 vaiSNava tantroM kA ullekha hai, viSNu pratimA ke pratiSThApana kI carcA hai tathA mAhezvaratantra Adi kA ullekha hai ( 26 / 16 - 20 ) / hindU tantra, jinameM ziva evaM pArvatI yA skanda yA bhairaba ke kathanopakathana haiM ( yathA dattAtreyatantra, Dakana kAleja pANDulipi, saM0 662, 1887 -61 ) yaha pradarzita karane kA prayAsa karate haiM, ki ve vedoM, AgamoM, smRtiyoM evaM purANoM para AdhArita haiM / ve yaha bhI kahate haiM ki mokSa kI prApti ke lie saralatara evaM kSiprasAdhya mArga bhI hai aura ve bahudhA vaidika vAkya bhI uddhRta karate haiM / udAharaNArtha, kulArNava meM ziva devI se kahate haiM 'maiMne (satya) jJAna kI mathAnI se vedoM evaM AgamoM ke mahAsAgara ko mathA hai| maiM inake sAratattva ko jAnatA thA aura maiMne kuladharma ko bAhara nikAlA hai, kolazAstra, vedavacanoM ke samAna prAmANika hai aura tarka dvArA ise samApta nahIM karanA cAhie 25 / ' isa tantra meM Age aisA AyA hai - jisane cAroM veda par3ha liye haiM, kintu 25. mathitvA jJAnadaNDena vedAgamamahArNavam / sArajJena mayA devi kuladharmaH samuddhRtaH // kalArNava (2010 ) ; parAnandasUtra (3|64)meN bhI sarvathA yahI AyA hai : 'mathitvA jJAnamanthena vedAgamamahArNavam / pArAnandamataM zuddhaM rasajJena // iti' ( pR0 7 ) ; 'kulazAstrANi sarvANi mayaivoktAni pArvati / pramANAni na sandeho na intavyAni hetubhiH / / devatAbhyaH pitRbhyazca madhuvAtA RtAyate / svAdiSThayA madiSThayA kSIraM sarpirmadhUdakam / hiraNyapAvAH khAdizca abadhanaM puruSaM pazum / dIkSAmupeyAdityAdyAH pramANaM zrutayaH priye // kulArNava (20136-141) / devatAbhyaH pitRbhyazca' vAyu pu0 (74 / 15) hai; 'madhuvAtA RtAyate R0 (1260 / 6) hai; 'svAdi.. SThayA' R0 (6 / 111) hai; kSIra.. vakam R0 (6 / 67 / 32) haiM; 'hiraNyapAvA:' R0 (686 / 43 ) haiM / bahuta-se vaidika saMketa itanI cAlAkI se cune hue haiM ki unase madya evaM mAMsa kI madhuratA prApta ho /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra kula dharmoM se anabhijJa hai, vaha cANDAla se bhI adhama hai, kintu vaha cANDAla, jo kuladharmoM ko jAnatA hai, brAhmaNa se ucca hai| yadi sabhI dharmoM, yathA yajJoM, tIrthayAtrAoM, evaM vratoM ko eka ora rakhA jAya tathA kuladharma ko dUsarI ora , to kaula (dharma) arthAt kuladharma bhArI (uttama) par3egA' (kulArNavatantra 2011 evaM 67, aura dekhie mahAnirvANatantra 4152, jahA~ sarvathA aise hI zabda Aye haiN)| ata: yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama kula athavA kauladharma ke artha ko jAna leN| guhya samAja tantra (18 vA paTala, pR0 152) meM ullikhita hai ki 'guhya' kA artha hai tIna -kAyA, vAk (vANI) evaM citta (mana) tathA 'samAja' kA artha hai 'mIlana' arthAt 'milan' (eka sAtha AnA) ; kula ke trikula, paMcakula yA 101 bheda haiM aura guhya kA artha hai vikl| devazaMkara ne pA~ca tatva ghoSita kiye haiM-madya, mAMsa, matsya, mudrA (hAtha evaM aMguliyoM kI mudrA yA yogI kI nArI sahAyikA) evaM maithuna, ye aise karma haiM jo vIra ke Asana kI prApti ke sAdhana haiM aura zakti kA mantra taba taka pUrNatA nahIM pradAna karatA, jaba taka kula ke prayogoM kA anusaraNa nahIM kiyA jaataa| ata: vyakti ko cAhie ki vaha kulAcAroM meM rata ho, jisake dvArA vaha zaktisAdhanA prApta karatA hai / madya, mAMsa, matsya, mudrA evaM maithuna-ye zakti-pUjA vidhi ke pAMca tatva kahe gaye haiM26 / eka anya sthAna para mahAnirvANatantra meM AyA hai ki jIva, prakRti, dik , kAla, AkAza, kSiti (pRthivI), jala, teja (agni) evaM vAyu-ye kula kahe jAte haiM, aura jaba ta ina sabhI ke prati brahmabuddhi se AcaraNa karatA hai to vaha kulAcAra kahalAtA hai, isase cAra puruSArthoM, dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa kI prApti hotI hai 27 / zaktisaMgamatantra meM AyA hai ki kula kA tAtparya kAlI ke upAsakoM (pUjA karane vAloM) se hai| kalArNava meM ullikhita hai-'kala kA artha hai gotra aura vaha zakti evaM ziva se udita hotA hai; vaha vyakti kaulika hai, jo yaha jAnatA hai ki mokSa kI prApti usase (arthAt zakti evaM ziva se) hogii| ziva akula kahalAtA hai, aura zakti ko kula kahate haiN| jo loga kala evaM akala kA dhyAna 26. vIrasAdhanakarmANi paJcatattvoditAni c| madyaM mAMsaM tathA matsyaM mudrA mathunameva ca / etAni paJca tattvAni svayA proktAni zaMkara / mahAnirvANa (1357) / sAdhaka ke tIna prakAra haiM / pazu, vIra evaM divya / dekhiye zaktisaMgamatantra, kAlIkhaNDa (621), mahAnirvANa (1151 evaM 55, 418-16), kaulAvalInirNaya (7186) / kulAcAraM vinA devi zaktimantro na siddhidaH / tasmAtkulAcArataH sAdhnayacchaktisAdhanam // madyaM mAMsaM tathA matsyaM madrA mathunameva / zaktipUjAvidhAvAdye paJcatattvaM prakIrtitama // mahAnirvANa (5 / 21-22) / 'Aye 'AdyA kA sambodhana hai jo ziva kI patnI zakti ke lie prayukta hai / kolAvalInirNaya meM AyA hai 'caNDikAM pUjayedyastu binA paJcamakArakaH / catvAri tasya nazyanti AyuvidyAyazo dhanam // madhaM mAMsaM...maithunameva ca |...mkaarpNckN devi devatAprItidAyakam // ...binApaMcopacAraM hi devIpUjAM karoti yaH / yoginInAM bhavedbhasyaH pApaM caiva pade pade / / (4124-28); isake atirikta kaulAvalInirNaya ke 2 // 101-105 pada atyanta prabhAvazAlI haiM : 'saMsthApya vAmabhAge tu zaktiM svAmiparAyaNAm / ...binA zaktyA tu yA pUjA viphalA nAtra saMzayaH / tasmAcchaktiyukto vIro bhavecca yatnapUrvakam / yA zaktiH sA mahAdevI hararUpastu sAdhakaH / anyonyacintanAccaiva devtvmpjaayte| .. zakti vinApi pUjAyAM nAdhikArI bhavettadA / 27. jIvaH prakRtitattvaM ca dikkAlAkAzameva ca kSityUprejovAyavazca kulamityabhidhIyate / brahmabuddhayA nivikalpameteSvAcaraNaM ca yat / kulAcAraH sa evAdye dharmakAmArthamokSadaH // mahAnirvANa (7567-68) 7 / 106-110 meM isa tantra ne madya, mAMsa, matsya, mudrA evaM maithuna nAmaka pA~ca tatvoM ko teja (agni), pavana, jala, pRthivI evaM viyat (AkAza) ke samAna kahA hai|

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15 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa karate haiM ve vijJa kaulika kahe jAte haiM 28 / guhyasamAja ( prathama paTala, pR0 6 ), zakti saMgama ( bhUmikA, pR0 8 ), tArAkhaMDa meM bahuta-sI paribhASAe~ dI huI haiM / kintu usI tantra meM dvagharthavAkya Aye haiM aura udghoSaNA huI hai - "zakti kula ke nAma se vikhyAta hai, usakI pUjA Adi varNita hai; use kulAcAra kahanA cAhie jo devoM ke lie bhI durlabha hai| kevala madya, mAMsa, matsya, mudrA evaM maithuna se kI gayI pUjA ko hI kulAcAra kahA jAtA hai" / pArAnandasUtra meM AyA hai ki paramAtmA eka hai, Izvara sAta haiM, yathA--brahmA, viSNu, ziva, sUrya, gaNeza, zakti evaM bhairava jIva asaMkhya haiM; mArga tIna haiM, yathA- dakSiNa, vAma evaM uttara, jinameM pratyeka apane pUrva vAle se uttama hai, dakSiNa mArga vaha hai jo veda, smRtiyoM evaM purANoM meM ghoSita hai; vAma mArga vedoM evaM AgamoM dvArA ghoSita hai, aura tIsarA mArga (uttara) vaha hotA hai, jise veda ke vacana evaM guru ghoSita karate haiM; guruvAkya, apane usa guru kA hotA hai, jo svayaM jIvanamukta hotA hai aura mantroM kI zikSA detA hai| sUtra meM Age AyA hai ki vAmAcAra do prakAra kA hotA hai, yathA madhyama evaM uttama uttama vaha hai jisakA sambandha madya, maithuna evaM mudrAoM se hai, aura madhyama vaha jisameM pA~coM, arthAt madya, mAMsa, matsya, mudrA evaM maithuna pAye jAte haiN| 29 1 yaha draSTavya hai ki svayaM tantroM ne pUjA meM paMcamakAroM ke prayoga ko vAmAcAra kahA hai, na ki unake kaTTara yoga pakSapAtiyoM ne, jaisA ki hInarica z2immara mahodaya ne kahA hai (di ArTa Ava iNDiyana eziyA, jilda 1, pRSTha 130 ) / pArAnandasUtra ( pR0 5, sUtra 12 - 16 ) kA kathana hai ki ziSya ko kisI 'guNavAn guru se dIkSA lenI par3atI hai, jo use mantra sikhAtA hai, jo apane mukha meM pAnI bharakara ziSya ke mukha meM DAlatA hai aura jise ziSya pItA huA mantra ko svIkAra karatA / yaha vidhi taba prayoga meM lAyI jAtI hai jaba ki guru brAhmaNa hotA hai / kintu guru kSatriya hotA hai to vaha kAna meM mantra sunAtA hai / tantrarAjatantra meM AyA hai ki guru ko 1, 2, 3, 4 yA 5 varSoM taka krama se cAroM varNoM evaM mizrita jAti vAloM ke guNoM evaM bhakti kI parIkSA lenI cAhie aura taba mantra denA cAhie, nahIM to guru evaM ziSya donoM kaSTa meM par3eMge (tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 8, 2037-38 ) / adhikAMza tantroM kA kathana hai ki guru evaM paMcamakAroM dvArA kI gayI pUjA dvArA prApta jJAna gupta rakhanA 28. zrIkAlyupasakA ye ca tatkulaM parikIrtitam / teSAM samUho devezi kulaM saMkIrtitaM mayA / zaktisaMgama, kAlIkhaNDa (332); madyaM mAsaM tathA matsyaM mudrA maithunameva ca / aibhireva kRtA pUjA kulAcAraH prakIrtitaH // zakti saMgama, tArAkhaNDa, 36 vA~ paTala, 18-20 zloka; kulaM gotraM samAkhyAta tacca zaktizivodbhavam / yena mokSa iti jJAnaM kaufor: sobhidhIyate // akulaM ziva ityuktaM kulaM zaktiH prakIrtitA / kulAkulAnisandhAnAnnipuNAH kaulikAH priye 1 kulArNava (17 / 26-27) / paJcamakAra zodhanavidhi ( Dakana kAleja pANDulipi saM0 664, 1861-65) meM AyA hai " madya... maithunameva ca / bhAgyahInA (naiH ? ) na labhyante makArAH paJca durlabhA / " 26. ekaH paramAtmA / IzvarA sapta / asaMkhyA jIvAH / brahmAviSNuzivasUrya gaNezazaktibhairavAzcezvarAH / pArAnande matetro mArgAH / dakSiNaH / vAmaH / uttaraH / tathaiva gAthAmudAharanti / dakSiNAduttama vAmaM vAmAduttaramuttamam / uttarAduttamaM kicinnaiva brahmANDamaNDale / vAmAcAro mudrAmaithunairyukto madhyamaH / pArAnanda sUtra ( gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIja pR0 1-3, 13) / milAiye kulArNavatantra (27-8) 'vaiSNavAduttamaM zaivaM zaivA da dakSiNamuttamam / dakSiNAduttamaM vAmaM vAmAt siddhAntamuttamam / siddhAntAduttamaM kaulaM kaulAtparataraM nahi // ' vAmAcAra' zabda sambhavataH isIliye prayukta hai ki isameM vAmA arthAt nArI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna detI hai athavA kyoMki yaha gupta rUpa se (jo ki vAma gati kahA jAyegA ) prayogita hotA thA / ataH ise vAmAcAra kahA gayA /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra cAhie, yadi usakA rahasya anya logoM ko jJAta ho jAya to naraka prApta hotA hai / dekhie parazurAmakalpasUtra (12) evaM zaktisaMgamatantra (tArA0 36 / 24-25) / dIkSA evaM mantra kI prApti ke uparAna guru ke AdezoM kA pAlana taba taka karate jAnA cAhie jaba taka use iSTa kA darzana na ho jAya / guru sabhI anya logoM se zreSTha hai, mantra guru se zreSTha hai, devatA mantra se zreSTha hai tathA paramAtmA devatA se zreSTha hai| siddhiyoM kI prApti ke lie ziSya dvArA sabhI prakAra se guru kI sevA kI jAnI cAhie / bhoga, svarga evaM apavarga (mokSa) kI prApti ke lie kevala bhakti hI eka mArga hai, aisA zruti kA kathana hai (dekhie pArAnanda0, pu06-7, sUtra 35, 38 evaM 56) / 'jIvanmukti' kA artha hai apane upAsya ke darzana kI prApti (svopAsya darzanaM jIvanmuktiH ) evaM 'vaha, jo jIvita rahate hue mukta hai, apane karmoM se lipta nahIM hotA, cAhe ve karma puNya vAle hoM, athavA pApa vAle' / ye siddhAnta kucha upaniSadoM meM kahe gaye una zabdoM se milate haiM jo brahmajJAnI ke lie prayukta haiN| jo brahma kA jJAna prApta kara letA hai, vaha puNya evaM pApa se rahita ho jAtA hai aura zarIra ko chor3akara brahmaloka meM pahu~ca jAtA hai| vaha lauTa kara nahIM AtA hai, arthAt vaha AvAgamana se mukta ho jAtA hai| isa sthiti ke lie prayAsa karanA caahie| na prApta ho gayA hai use bhakta ho jAnA caahie| jo Arta hai, jijJAsu hai, arthArthI (kisI kAmanA vAlA) hai tathA jJAnI hai, vaha bhadra hai, kintu jo paramAtmA ko jAnatA hai aura bhakta ho jAtA hai vaha paramAtmA ke loka ko pAtA hai, jaisA ki vaidika zabdoM meM AyA hai--'brahmajJAnI parama ko prApta hotA hai| isa ucca darzana kI pRSThabhUmi meM pArAnandasUtra ne svacchanda rUpa se vyavasthA. dI hai ki guru ko puSpAJjali se pUjana karake tathA agni meM kucha bhojyAnna DAlakara makAroM ko ekatra karanA cAhie, puna: devatA ke pUjAsthala meM AnA cAhie aura agni meM havi DAlanI cAhie tathA navaziSya ko madya pIne ke lie pAtra, madrA, vyaJjanoM ke sAtha bhojana evaM eka vezyA samarpita karanI caahie| isake uparAnta navaziSya jaba tIna makAroM (madya, mudrA evaM maithuna) ko grahaNa kara cuke to use kauladharma meM prazikSita karanA caahie| dekhie pArAnanda0 (pR0 15-16, sUtra 56-63) / isake uparAnta pArAnandasUtra navaziSya ko sikhAye jAne vAle kauladharmoM ko do pRSThoM (16-17) meM ullikhita karatA hai, jahA~ kI kucha mahattvapUrNa bAteM isa prakAra haiM--"navayuvatI vezyA (svecchA RtumatI) svayaM zakti kA avatAra hai, brahma hai; striyA~ devatA haiM, prANa haiM, aura (vizva ke) alaMkAra haiM; striyoM kI nindA nahIM karanI cAhie aura na una para krodha karanA caahie| isa prakAra vedo evaM tantroM meM diye hae ni devoM evaM guru kI pUjA karane ke uparAnta jaba vyakti devoM ko smaraNa karatA huA madya pItA hai yA vezyA ke sAtha maithuna karatA hai to vaha pApa karma nahIM krtaa| jo kevala apane ko Ananda dene ke lie madya pItA hai tathA anya makAra 30. svopAsyadarzanaM jIvanmuktiH jIvanmukto na karmabhilipyate puNyaH pAparvA / na sa punarAvartate / na sa bhUyaH saMsArasampadyate / tasmAttadarzane yatitavyam / jJAnI bhakto bhavet / ArtajijJAsvarthAthijJAnina udArAstatrezasya jJAnI bhakta evaM paramAtmalokaM prApnoti brahmavidApnoti paramiti zabdAt / pArAnanda (pR. 6, sUtra 3.8) 'naca punarAvartate' chA0 upa0 (8 / 15) ke anta meM AyA hai tathA 'brahmavidApnoti param' te0 upa0 (brahmAnandavallI) ke prArambha meM hI AyA hai| 'Ata...jJAnI bhakta evaM' gItA (7.16-17) se uddhata hai| 'caturvidhA bhajante. . .udArAH sarva evaite jJAnI tvAtmaiva me matam / " milAiye muNDakopaniSad (3 / 113) : 'tadA vidvAn puNyapApe vidhUya niraMjanaH paramaMsAmyamupaiti)' chA0 upa0 (8 / 13), mahAnirvANatantra (4122) : 'brahmajJAne samutpanne medhyAmedhya na vidyate' evaM 764 : 'brahma...ne kRtyAkRtyaM na vidyate // '

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20 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kA sevana karatA hai vaha bhayaMkara naraka meM giratA hai| jo zastrAnumodita niyamoM ke virodha meM jAkara manonukUla karma karatA hai vaha siddhi nahIM prApta karatA aura na svarga pAtA aura na parama lakSya (mokSa) kA adhikArI hotA hai / sAdhaka ko madya kA sevana utanA hI karanA cAhie ki usakI A~kheM nAcane na lageM aura usakA mana asthira na ho jAye; isase adhika pInA pazuvat vyavahAra hai|' pArAnandasUtra (pR0 70-71) ne tAntrikoM ke utsava kI vidhi kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| mantra yaha hai "IzvarAtman, tava dAsoham", jo kisI cANDAla ko bhI diyA jA sakatA hai yA cANDAla se prApta bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| Age bhI aisI vyavasthA hai ki vAma mArga ke anuyAyIgaNa sarvocca tIna makAroM ke viSaya meM nimnokta mantroM kA prayoga kara sakate haiM-'maiM yaha pavitra amRta le rahA hU~, jo saMsAra ke lie auSadha hai, jo eka aisA sAdhana hai jisase vaha pAza kaTatA hai jisase pazu (manuSya meM pAyA jAne vAlA bhAva) ba~dhA huA hai aura jo bhairava dvArA ghoSita haiM' (aisA madya lete samaya kahA jAtA hai); 'maiM isa mudrA ko grahaNa kara rahA hU~, jo paramAtmA kI ucchiSTa hai (arthAt jo sarvaprathama paramAtmA ko arpita huI thI), jo hRdaya kI pIr3AoM ko naSTa karatI hai, jo Ananda utpanna karatI hai, aura jo anya bhojya padArthoM se vivRddha hotI hai' (aisA mudrA ke samaya kahA jAtA hai); 'maiM isa divya navayuvatI ko, jisane madya pI liyA hai, grahaNa karatA hU~, jo hRdaya ko sadA Anandita karatI hai aura jo merI sAdhanA ko pUrNa karatI hai (yaha taba kahA jAtA hai jabaki lAyI gayI kaI nAriyoM meM eka ko grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai)| yahA~ para 'mudrA' kA artha 'hAtha evaM a~guliyoM kI mudrAe~' nahIM hai yahA~ vaha artha hai jisakA ullekha Age kiyA jAyegA / hindU tantra grantha do svarUpa prakaTa karate haiM-eka hai dArzanika evaM AdhyAtmika, aura dUsarA hai pracalita, vyAvahArika tathA adhika yA kama aindrajAlika, jo mantroM, mudrAoM, maNDaloM, nyAsoM, cakroM evaM yantroM para jo mAtra bhautika sAdhana haiM jinake dvArA dhyAna lagA kara parama zakti se tAdAtmya sthApita kiyA jAtA hai aura jo bhakta ko alaukika zaktiyA~ pradAna karate haiM / isakA nidarzana do AdarzabhUta tantroM, yathA zAradAtilaka evaM mahAnirvANatantra se kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi mahAnirvANatantra ne paMca makAroM ko upAsanA ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai, aura usane yaha bhI kahA hai ki yadi mahAna tantra ko loga samajha leM to vedoM, purANoM evaM zAstroM 31. svecchARtumatI zaktiH sAkSAd brahma na saMzayaH / tasmAttAM pUjayedbhaktyA vastrAlaMkArabhojanariti // striyo devAH striyaH prANA striya evaM hibhaSaNam / strINAM nindA na kartavyA na ca tAH krodhayedapi // iti / devAna gurunsamabhyarcya vedtntroktvrtmnaa| devaMsmaran piban madyaM vezyAMgacchanna doSabhAk // iti| sevedAtmasukhArtha yo madyAdikamazAstrataH / sa yAti narakaM ghoraM nAtra kAryA vicAraNA // yaH zAstravidhi...parAM gatim // iti / yAvanna calate dRSTiryAvanna calate manaH / tAvanpAnaM prakurvIta pazupAnamitaH param // iti / jIvanmuktaH pibedevamanyathA patito bhaveta // iti / parAnanda (pR0 16-17, sUtra 64, 65, 74-76, 80-81) bahuta-se tantroM meM striyoM kI prazaMsA meM atyukti kI gayI hai, yathA-- 'zaktisaMgamatantra, kAlIkhaNDa (3 // 142-144) evaM tArAkhaNDa (13 / 43-50); kaulAvalInirNaya (108) / 'striyo ...bhUSaNam' kI ardhAlI zaktisaMgamatantra, tArAkhaNDa (23 / 10) meM AyA hai / 'yaH zAstra...' vAlA zloka bhagavadgItA (16 / 23) hai / 'yAvanna...param' ko milAiye, kulArNavatantra (767-68) / kulArNava meM AyA hai ki prayatka nArI mahAn mAtA ke kula meM janma letI hai, ataH nArI ko eka puSpa se bhI kabhI nahIM pITanA caahie| bhale hI usane saikar3oM duSkarma kara DAle hoM, nAriyoM ke aparAdhoM evaM doSoM ko paravAha nahIM karanI cAhie, unake sadguNoM ko hI prasiddhi denI cAhie (11164-65) aura dekhiye kaulAvalInirNaya (10 / 66-66) /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra kI upayogitA kucha bhI nahIM raha jAtI, taba bhI usane 4 / 34-37 meM mahatvapUrNa dhAraNA upasthita kI hai ki paramezvara eka hai aura use sat cit evaM Ananda kahanA cAhie, vaha advitIya hai, guNAtIta hai aura usakA parijJAna vedAnta vacanoM se hI prApta ho sakatA hai| isameM puna: AyA hai ki sarvottama mantra hai--'om saccidekaM 'brahma' (3 / 14) / jo parama brahma kI upAsanA karatA hai use anya sAdhanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, isa mantra para ArUr3ha hokara vyakti brahma ho jAtA hai| kintu cauthe adhyAya meM mahAnirvANa tantra yaha kahakara Arambha karatA hai ki durgA paramAtmA kI parama prakRti hai, usake aneka nAma haiM / yathA--kAlI, bhuvanezvarI, bagalA, bhairavI, chinnamastakA; vaha sarasvatI, lakSmI evaM zakti hai, vaha apane bhaktoM kI kAmanA pUrti tathA rAkSasoM ke nAza ke lie vibhinna rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai| kaliyuga meM binA kulAcAroM ke anusaraNa kiye pUrNatA nahIM prApta kI jA sakatI, kyoMki kula ke AcAroM (vyavahAroM) se brahmajJAna prApta hotA hai aura brahmajJAnI jIvanmukta hotA hai| isake uparAnta devI kI mahAn stuti kI gayI hai (4 / 10), use Adi parama zakti (AdyAMparamA zavita) kahA gayA hai aura usase sabhI deva (yahA~ taka ki ziva bhI) apanI zaktiyA~ grahaNa karate haiM (kyoMki vaha parama zakti hai)| isa tantra meM eka vilakSaNa ukti bhI dI huI haisatya, tretA evaM dvApara yugoM meM madyasevana calatA thA, kaliyuga meM bhI vaisA hI karanA cAhie, kintu kula ke AcAra ke sAtha / jo vyakti satyavAdI yogI ko kula ke mArga (DhaMga) se zodhita paMca tattvoM (madya, mAMsa, Adi) arpita karatA hai vaha kali se bA~dhA nahIM jAtA, arthAt kaliyuga se use kaSTa nahIM miltaa2| isake uparAnta dasa akSaroM vAlA mantra udghoSita huA hai-- hrIM zrIM krI paramezvarI svAhA'33, jisake kevala zravaNa mAtra se vyakti jIvanma kta ho jAtA hai| isake uparAnta rahasyapUrNa bIjAkSaroM ke vibhinna milApoM se tathA paramezvarI evaM kAlikA ke sAtha saMyojana se 12 mantra upasthita kiye gaye haiM (5 / 18) / kintu ina mantroM se taba taka siddhi nahIM prApta ho pAtI jaba taka kulAcAra kA DhaMga na apanAyA jAya (arthAt madya, mAMsa Adi paMca tattvoM kA prayoga paramAvazyaka hai| isake uparAnta eka gAyatrI mantra kahA gayA hai (5 / 62-63) 'AdyAya vidmahe paramezvaryai dhImahi tannaH kAlI pracodayAta jise pratidina tIna bAra kahanA hotA thaa| prakRti, mahat, ahaMkAra Adi sAMkhya tattvoM ko zakti-pUjA meM samanvita kara diyA gayA hai aura 'haMsa: zuciSad' (R0 4 / 40 / 5) nAmaka vaidika mantra ko tAntrika bIja 'hrIM' (5 // 197) ke sAtha rakhA gayA hai / mAMsa ke pavitrIkaraNa ke lie yaha tantra nirdeza karatA hai (5 / 206-208) aura vahA~ R0 (1 / 22 / 20) ke 'tadviSNoH paramaM padam' kA prayoga hotA hai| matsya ke pavitrIkaraNa meM R0 (8156 / 12) ke 'tryambakam' kA prayoga 32. satyatretAdvApareSu, yathA madyAdisevanam / kalAvapi tathA kuryAt kulvaanusaartH||... kulamArgeNa tattvAni zodhitAni ca yogine / ye dadhuH satyavacase na hi tAn bAdhate kaliH / mahAnirvANa tantra 456 evaM 60 / / 33. tantra granthoM meM mantroM ke bIjoM ke akSara ghumA-phirA kara rahasyavAdI DhaMga se rakhe hue haiN| 'hrIM' ke prAthamika bIja ke viSaya meM eka udAharaNa yahA~ upasthita kiyA jA rahA hai| prANezastai jasArUr3ho bheruNDA vyomabindumAn / (mahAnirvANa 5 // 10); yahA~ para 'ha' prANeza hai, 'ra' tejasa hai, 'I' bheruNDA hai, anusvAra vyomabindu hai aura isa prakAra bIja 'hIM prApta hotA hai| isI prakAra nityASoDazikA0 (1 / 162-64) meM hrIM evaM kroM' kI vyAkhyA huI hai| hrIM evaM zrI krama se mAyA (yA bhuvanezvarI) evaM lakSmI ke bIja haiM / dekhiye mAtRkAnighaNTu (tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 1, 5-22, jahA~ 26-34 pRSThoM meM bIjanighaNTa hai, 35-45 pRSThoM meM mAtRkAnighaNTu hai, arthAt 'om' evaM 'a' se lekara 'kSa' ke akSaroM ke lie ) / pratyeka bIja mantra meM anusvAra bindu avazya rahegA, yathA hrI, zrI, krI Adi /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hotA hai (5 / 206-210) / mudrA ke lie 'tadviSNo paramaM0' evaM 'tadviprAso0' (R0 1 / 22 / 20-21) kA prayoga hotA hai aura vaha devI ko arpita hotI hai| mahAnirvANatantra (18 vIM zatI) kA praNayana taba huA thA jaba zaktivAda sa hotA thA aura usakI ghora nindA kI jAtI thI aura tabhI vaha maryAdA ke bhItara hai| isameM AyA hai ki kulIna striyoM ko madya kI kevala madya lenI cAhie na ki pInA cAhie, gRhastha sAdhaka ko kevala pA~ca pAtra madya grahaNa karanA cAhie, kyoMki adhika pIne se kulIna logoM kI siddhi kI hAni hotI hai aura utanA hI pInA cAhie ki A~kheM ghUmane na lageM aura mana asthira na ho jAya / maithuna ke viSaya meM likhA huA hai ki sAdhaka ko kevala usI nArI taka apane ko sImita rakhanA cAhie jisakA usane zakti ke rUpa meM varaNa kara liyA hai (6 / 14), yadi usakI patnI jIvita hai to use kisI anya kA sparza gandI bhAvanA se nahIM karanA cAhie, nahIM to vaha naraka meM pdd'egaa| tAntrika AcAroM ke sAtha-sAtha pRthak sammAna kI bhAvanA se utprerita ho kara mahAnirvANatantra ne AThaveM adhyAya meM varNAzramadharmoM, rAjA ke kartavyoM, sAmAnya bhatyoM ke kartavyoM ke viSaya meM bhI likhA hai aura vyavasthA dI hai36 ki sabhI vargoM ko apane varNa ke bhItara vivAha evaM bhojana karanA cAhie, kintu bhairavIcakra evaM tattvacakra ke sampAdana meM aisA nahIM hai (81150), kyoMki usa samaya sabhI vargoM ke loga uttama brAhmaNoM ke samAna haiM aura jAti-paMkti kA bhedabhAva evaM ucchiSTa (arthAt jUThA bhojana) Adi kA alagAva nahIM rhtaa| isameM aisI vyavasthA hai ki jaba taka sAdhaka brahma kA jJAna prApta na kara le use tattvacakra ke sampAdana meM saMlagna nahIM honA caahie| usa cakra meM tattvoM (madya, mAMsa Adi) kA saMgraha karake devI ke samakSa rakhanA cAhie, R0 (4140 / 5) kA 'haMsaH' mantra para par3hA jAnA cAhie, aura tattvoM kA paramAtmA ke samakSa samarpaNa 'brahmArpaNaM brahma havi:0' (bhagavadgItA 4 / 24 =mahAnirvANa0 8 / 214 ) ke sAtha honA cAhie aura sabhI sAdhakoM ko khAne-pIne meM saMlagna honA caahie| 34. alipAnaM kulastrINAM gandhasvIkAralakSam / sAdhakAnAM gRhasthAnAM paJcapAtraM prakIrtitam / atipAnAkulInAnAM siddhihAni prajAyate / yAvanne cAlayeda dRSTi yAvanna cAlayenmanaH / tAvatpAnaM prakurvIta pazupAnamataH param / / mahAnirvANa0 (6 / 164) / pAtra sonA yA cA~dI yA zIzA yA nAriyala kA ho sakatA hai kintu usameM pAMca tolakoM (toloM) se na adhika aura na tIna tolakoM se kama aTanA cAhiye : pAnapAtraM akurvIta na pnyctolkaadhikm| tolakatritayAnnayana svArNa rAjatameva ca / athavA kAcajanitaM nArikelodbhavaM ca vaa| mahAnirvANa 0 (6-187-188) / milAiye kaulAvalInirNaya (8 / 55-56) / 35. sthiteSu svIyadAreSu striyamanyAM na saMspRzet / duSTen cetasA vidvAnanyathA nArako bhaveta / mahAnirvANa tantra (8 / 40) / 36. saMprApte bhairavIcakre sarve varNA dvijottamAH / nivRtte bhairavIcakre sarve varNAH pRthak pRthak // nAmajAtivicArosti nocchiSTAdivivecanam / cakramadhye gatA vIrA mama rUpA nArAkhyayA // cakrAdvinisRtA sarve racasvavarNAzramoditAn / lokayAtrAprasiddhayartha kuryuH karma pRthak pRthak // mahAnirvANa (8 / 176-180, 167) pravRtte bhairavIcakre... pRthak' kaulAvalInirNaya (8 / 48-46) meM AyA hai / bhairavIcakra evaM tattvacakra krama se mahAnirvANa0 ke (8 / 154176) meM evaM (8 / 208-216) meM Aye haiN| ' 37. tato brAhmaNa manunA samarpya paramAtmane / brahmajJaiH sAdhakaH sArdhaM vidadhyAtpAnabhojanam // mahAnirvANa. (8 / 216) 'manu' adhikatara 'mantra' ke 'artha' meM prayukta huA hai, dekhiye kulArNava (12 / 18), vRddhahArItasmRti (6 / 161, 163) 'mantra' evaM 'manu' donoM eka hI dhAtu 'man' (socanA-vicAranA) se nikale haiN| brAhma-manu hai 'oM saccidekaM brhm|

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23 tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra 4veM adhyAya meM garbhAdhAna se lekara vivAha taka ke dasa saMskAroM kA tIna varSoM ke lie ullekha hai aura 6 saMskAra (upanayana ko chor3akara) zUdroM ke lie vyavasthita haiN| ina sabhI meM dharmasUtroM evaM smRtiyoM kI bhA~ti vaidika mantroM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| eka manoraMjaka vAta yaha hai ki yahA~ zava vivAha kA ullekha hai| zaiva vivAha ke do prakAra haiM, eka meM cakra ke niyamoM ke anusAra vivAha hotA hai aura dUsare meM jIvana bhara kA vivAha hotA hai| zaiva vivAha meM varNa evaM avasthA kI bAta nahIM uThatI; aura yadi kisI ke pAsa brAhma vivAha vAlI patnI se utpanna putra hoM aura zaiva vivAha se bhI putra hoM to pahale vAle hI uttarAdhikAra prApta karate haiM aura dUsare vAle kevala bhojana-vastra ke adhikArI hote haiM (6 / 261-264) / mahAnirvANatantra ke adhyAya 10, 11 evaM 12 meM zrAddhoM, prAyazcittoM evaM vyavahAra (kAnUna) kI carcA hai| aba hama 11 vIM zatI ke tantra-grantha zAradAtilaka kA ullekha kreNge| isameM 25 paTala evaM 4500 zloka haiN| isake Arambha meM kucha durbodha evaM Acchanna darzana hai| isameM AyA hai ki ziva nirguNa evaM saguNa donoM haiM, jinameM prathama prakRti se bhinna aura dUsarA prakRti se sambandhita hai| isake uparAnta isameM sRSTi ke vikAsa evaM abhivyakti kA nidarzana hai| saguNa paramezvara se, jo 'saccidAnandavibhava' kahA jAtA hai, zakti kA udbhava hotA hai 38 ; zakti se nAda (para) kI utpatti hotI hai, nAda se bindu (para) kA udbhava hotA hai, bindu tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai yathA--bindu (apara), nAda (apara) evaM bIja; prathama kA ziva se tAdAtmya hai, bIja zakti hai aura nAda donoM arthAt ziva evaM zakti kA sammilana hai| zakti lokoM kI sRSTi karatI hai, vaha zabda-brahma hai (1156) aura parAzakti (1 / 52) evaM paradevatA (1157) kahI jAtI hai / vaha AdhAracakra39 meM bijalI ke samAna camakatI hai| 38. zAradAtilaka ke vidvAn TIkAkAra rAghavabhaTTa ne, jinhoMne apanI TIkA banArasa (Adhunika vArANasI) meM vikrama saMvat 1550 (1464 I0) meM likhI, vyAkhyA kI hai ki sAMkhya paddhati se zakti ko prakRti vedAnta meM mAyA evaM zivatantroM meM zakti kahA gayA hai| 36. dekhiye SaTcakranirUpaNa (tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 2, Arthara evAlona dvArA sampAdita) zloka 446, dakSiNAmUrtisaMhitA (7 / 11-16) jahA~ cakroM kA ullekha hai / aura dekhiye 'sarpeNTa pAvara' (e0 evAlona dvArA sampAdita, 1653)jisameM SaTcakra nirUpaNa kA aMgrejI anuvAda hai, jisameM pleTa 1 meM 6 cakroM kI sthitiyA~ pradarzita haiM, ve padya bhI kahe jAte haiN| pleTa saM0 2 se 7 taka (pR0 356, 365, 370, 382, 362, 414) mUlAdhAra se AjJA ke cakroM ko unake raMgoM, daloM, akSaroM evaM devatAoM kI saMkhyA, Adi ke sAtha pradarzita karate hai haiM jo yogiyoM dvArA prayoga meM lAye jAte haiM / pRSTha 430 para AThavA~ pleTa 'sahasrAra' pradarzita karatA hai| dekhiye sI0 DablyU0 leDabITara kA grantha 'di cakraja' (AdhAra, 1627) jisameM lekhaka kA aisA kahanA hai ki ye cakra vaise hI haiM jaisA ki ve dekhane vAle ko dIkha par3ate haiM aura pRSTha 56 meM lekhaka ne kamala ke daloM ke raMgoM kI sUcI pradarzita ko hai jise leDabITara evaM unake mitroM ne nirIkSita kara rakhA hai aura jo SaTacakranirUpaNa, zivasaMhitA evaM garuDapurANa meM ullikhita hai / rudrayAmala (17 vA~ paTala , zloka 10) ne kuNDalI kA ullekha 'atharvavedacakrasthA kuNDalI paradevatA' ke samAna kiyA hai / zloka 21-24 meM AyA hai ki kuNDalinI mUlAdhAra cakra ko pAra karatI huI mastaka meM pahu~catI hai jahA~ sahasradala hote haiM aura jaba ziva se ekAkAra ho jAtA hai to sAdhaka vahA~ amRta pAna karatA hai| rudrayAmala (27 / 58-70) ne chaha cakroM, daloM ke sAtha sahasrAra aura pratyeka ke akSaroM kA varNana vistAra ke sAtha kiyA hai / yahA~ para eka sakhta sAvadhAnI avazya dI jAnI cAhie jisase ki koI kevala pustakoM ko par3hakara

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24 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa. zakti mAnava zarIra meM kuNDalinI kA rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai / zambhu se bindu ke rUpa meM krama se sadAziva, Iza, rudra, viSNu, brahmA udita hote haiM; avyakta bindu se krama se sAMkhya paddhati meM ullikhita mahat-tattva, ahaMkAra tathA anya tattva uddhRta hote haiM / zakti vibhu (sabhI sthAnoM meM rahane vAlI ) hai, taba bhI atyanta sUkSma se bhI sUkSma hai, vaha sarpa kI kuNDalI yA kuNDalinI ke samAna hai aura saMskRta varNamAlA ke 50 (a se kSa taka) akSaroM ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotI hai| Age kucha kahane ke pUrva aba hama 6 cakroM ke viSaya meM vivaraNa upasthita kareMge, kyoMki katipaya tantroM meM yaha eka mahatvapUrNa bhAga hai / mAnava zarIra meM, aisA kahA gayA hai, 6 cakra hote haiM, yathA-- AdhAra yA mUlAdhAra ( suSumnA ke AdhAra para), svAdhiSThAna (jananendriya ke pAsa ), maNipura (nAbhi ke pAsa), anAhata (hRdaya ke pAsa ), vizuddha (gale ke pAsa ) evaM AjJA ( bhauMhoM ke bIca meM ) / inake atirikta, mastaka ke ( lAlaTa ke) bhItara sahasradala ke bIjakoza ke rUpa meM brahmarandhra hai / cakroM ko bahudhA loga Adhunika zarIra-vijJAna dvArA pradarzita snAyuoM ke gucchoM ke samAna mAnate haiM, kintu bAta vAstava meM aisI hai nahIM / saMskRta granthoM meM jisa kuNDalinI evaM cakroM kA varNana hai ve sthUla deha se sambandhita nahIM haiM, pratyuta ve sUkSma deha meM avasthita hote haiN| dhAraNA yaha hai ki kuNDalinI zakti ( ' kuNDalinI' kA artha saMskRta meM sarpa hotA hai) mUlAdhAra cakra meM sarpa ke samAna kuNDalI mArakara soyI rahatI hai, use yoga ke sAdhanoM evaM gambhIra dhyAna se jagAnA hotA hai40 / zAradAtilaka ne sAdhaka se kuNDalinI para dhyAna karane ko cakroM para prayoga karanA Arambha na kara de aura na kuNDalinI hI jagAnA Arambha kara de| yaha saba yoga ke jJAtA ke nirdezoM ke anusAra hI kiyA jA sakatA hai, nahIM to bhayaMkara pariNAma bhugatane par3a sakate haiN| prANAyAma, dhAraNA kI Timaya vidhiyoM ke viSaya meM vAyupurANa (11137-60 ) meM AyA hai ki ajJAnI dvArA yogasAdhanA karane para bhayaMkara pariNAma utpanna ho sakate haiM, yathA-- buddhi-kSINatA, baharApana, gUMgApana, andhApana, smRtikSINatA, pahale bur3hautI kA Agamana evaM rog| ina doSoM ko dUra karane ke lie isa purANa ne auSadhiyA~ bhI batAyI haiN| 40. devIbhAgavata (11 / 1 / 43 ) meM AyA hai : 'AdhAre liMganAbhiprakaTitahRdaye tAlumUle lalATe dve patre SoDazAre dvidazadazadaladvAdazArdhe catuSke / nAsAnte bAlamadhye DaphakaThasahite kaNThadeze svarANAM haM kSaM tattvArthayuktaM sakaladalagataM varNarUpaM namAmi // ' jaba kuNDalinI sahasrAra meM pahuMcatI hai to usameM amRta bahane lagatA hai, yaha 47 veM zloka meM AyA hai : 'prakAzamAnAM prathame prayANe pratiprayANepyamRtAyamAnAm / antaH padavyAmanusaJcarantImAnandarUpAmabalAM prapadye // ' mUlonnibrabhujaMgarAjamahiSIM yAntIM suSamnAntaraM / bhittvAdhArasamUhamAzu vilasatsaurAminIsannibhAm // vyomAmbhojagatendu maNDalagalad divyAmRtaughasutAM sambhAvya svagRhaM gatAM punarimAM saJcintayetkuNDalIm // zAradA0 25 / 65; dekhiye vahI, 25 / 78 jahA~ para 6 cakroM ke raMgoM kA ullekha hai / zloka 65 meM mUla evaM svagRha kA artha hai mUlAdhAracakra aura bhujaMgarAjamahiSI kA artha hai kuNDalinI / dekhiye SaTcakranirUpaNa, zloka 53 jahA~ sahasrArapadma meM kuNDalinI para amRta-dhAra bahane kA ullekha hai / aura dekhiye mantramahodadhi (4116-25), jJAnArNavatantra ( 24/45-54), mahAnirvANatantra (5 / 113-115) jahA~ cakroM meM daloM kI saMkhyA, unake raMgoM, pratyeka ke akSaroM kA ullekha hai, aura jahA~ catroM kA pA~coM tattvoM evaM mana se tAdAtmya pradarzita hai / saundaryalaharI (zloka meM bhI AyA hai : 'mahIM mUlAdhAre... sahasrAre padma saha rahasi patyA virhse|' isameM bhI 6 cakroM ko 5 tatvoM evaM mana ke samAnAM kahA gayA hai| paMDita gopInAtha kavirAja ne 'sarasvatIbhavana sTaDIja' (jilda 2, pR083-82 ) meM gorakSanAtha ke matAnusAra cakra paddhati kA ullekha kiyA hai | rudrgraaml(36|6-168)ne kuNDalinI ke 1008 nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinameM pratyeka 'ka' akSara se Arambhita hai /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra 25 kahA hai, jo jaga jAne para suSumnA nAr3I (jo rIr3ha kI haDDI ke kendra meM hotI hai) dvArA mUlAdhAra cakra ko pAra karatI huI, 6 cakroM se hokara sahasrAra cakra meM ziva se mila jAtI hai aura punaH mUlAdhAra meM A jAtI hai / 6 cakroM meM pratyeka ke daloM kI kucha nizcita saMkhyA hotI hai, yathA 4, 6, 10, 12, 16 evaM 2 ( kula 50 dala) jo krama se mUlAdhAra, svAdhiSThAna, maNipUra, anAhata, vizuddha evaM AjJA ke lie vyavasthita haiM (dekhie rudrayAmala, 17 vA~ paTala, zloka 55-56 ) / varNamAlA ke akSara bhI 50 haiM ( a se kSa taka ) aura ve 6 cakroM ke daloM meM nirdhArita haiM, yathA--'ha' evaM 'kSa' AjJA ke lie, 16 svara gale meM vizuddha ke lie, 'ka' se 'Tha' taka ( kula 12 ) anAhata ke lie, 'Da' se 'pha' taka (kula 10) maNipura ke lie, 'ba' se 'la' taka ( kula 6) svAdhiSThAna ke lie tathA 'ba' se 'sa' taka ( kula 4) mUlAdhAra ke lie nirdhArita haiN| kucha tantroM meM 6 cakroM ke raMgoM kA bhI ullekha hai aura ve 5 tattvoM evaM mana ke sadRza kahe gaye haiN| yoga evaM tantra kI ye parikalpanAe~ prAcIna upaniSadsambandhI siddhAntoM ke vikAsa mAtra haiM 45 / akSaroM se zabda banate haiM, zabda mantroM kA nirmANa karate haiM aura mantra zakti ke avatAra hote haiN| isake uparAnta zAradAtilaka ne Asana, maNDapa, kuNDa, maNDala, pIThoM (z2ina para devoM kI pratimAe~ rakhI jAtI haiM), dIkSA, prANapratiSThA ( mUrtiyoM meM prANa DAlanA ), yajJiya agni kI utpatti kA ullekha kiyA hai| zAradAtilaka (1 / 106 evaM 5 / 81-61), varivasyArahasya ( 280 ), parazurAmakalpasUtra ( 114, 'SaT - triMzat tattvAni vizvam' ) tathA anya tAntrika evaM Agamika granthoM ne 36 tattvoM (jinameM sAMkhya ke tattva bhI sammilita haiM) kA ullekha kiyA hai / 7 veM adhyAya se 23 veM adhyAya taka vibhinna devoM ke mantroM, unake nirmANa, prayoga evaM pariNAmoM, abhiSekoM evaM mudrAoM kI carcA hai| 24 veM adhyAya meM mantroM evaM 25 veM meM yoga kA varNana hai / zAradAtilaka kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM kevala mantroM evaM mudrAoM kA hI ullekha hai, kadAcit hI kahIM anya makAroM kI carcA hai / govindacandra, raghunandana, kamalAkara, nIlakaNTha, mitramizra Adi madhyakAla ke dharmazAstrakAroM ne zAradAtilaka ko prAmANika tantra ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai| mahAmahopAdhyAya gopInAtha kavirAja ne eka vidvattApUrNa nibandha (jarnala Av di gaMgAnAtha jhA 41. upaniSadoM ke kAla se hI hRdaya kI upamA kamala se dI jAtI rahI hai aura aisA AyA hai : "hRdaya kI 101 nAr3iyA~ haiM, inameM eka lalATa meM praviSTa hotI hai; isake dvArA vyakti (jo mukta ho cukA hai) Upara uThatA huA amaratva ko prApta karatA hai"| dekhiye, 'atha yadidamasmin brahmapure daharaM puNDarIkaM vezma baharo'sminnantarAkAzastaminyadantastadanveSTavyaM tadbhAvaM vijijJAsitavyamiti / chA0 upa0 ( 81111 ) ; tadeSa zlokaH / zataM ant hRdayasya nADyastAsAM mUrdhAnamabhiniHsRtaikA / tayordhvamAyannamRtatvameti viSvaGkanyA utkramaNe bhavanti / chA0 upa0 (8 / 6 / 6) / kaThopa0 (6 / 16) meM bhI 'zataM caikA' vAlA zloka AyA hai| milAiye praznopa0 ( 36 ) jahA~ aisA hI vaktavya kiyA gayA hai| aura milAiye ve0 sU0 ( 3 / 2 / 7 ) 'tadabhAvo nADISu tacchU terAtmani ca' evaM 4 / 2 / 17; zaMkarAcArya ne ve0 sU0 (4/2/7 ) ke bhASya meM 'zataM caikA' ko uddhRta kiyA hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 33108-106) ne iDA, piMgalA, suSumnA evaM brahmarandhra kA ullekha kiyA hai aura rudrayAmala (6046) ne dasa nAr3iyoM kA ullekha kara ir3A Adi ko soma, sUrya evaM agni kahA hai| maMtryupaniSad ( 6 / 21 ) meM AyA hai : 'athAnyatrApyuktam / UrdhvagA nADI suSumnAkhyA prANasaMcAriNI tAtvantavicchinnA / kabhI-kabhI 'suSumNA' bhI likhA jAtA hai| bRha0 upa0 (2 / 1 / 16) ne 72000 nADiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo hRdaya se ubharakara purItat kI ora jAtI haiN| aura dekhiye yAjJa0 (3 / 108), jahA~ yahI bAta kahI gayI hai / 4

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa risarca iMsTIcyUTa, ilAhAbAda, jilda 3,5067-108) nAda, bindu evaM kalA para likhA hai aura bar3I tatparatA ke sAtha inakA tAtparya samajhAyA hai aura AzA kI hai ki unakA vizleSaNa ina zabdoM ke artha ko spaSTa kara degA (p0103)| phira bhI sambhavataH unakA vizleSaNa itanA spaSTa nahIM ho pAyA hai ki zabdoM kI vyAkhyA spaSTa ho ske| bahuta-se tantra paMca makAroM ko devI kI pUjA kA sAdhana mAnate haiM, jinake dvArA manuSya alaukika zaktiyA~ pAtA hai aura anta meM mukti kA adhikArI hotA hai| kulArNava meM AyA hai--'mahAtmA bhairava ne vyavasthA dI hai ki kauladarzana meM siddhi (pUrNatA) inhIM dravyoM se prApta hotI hai, jinake karane se sAmAnyajana pApa ke bhAgI hote haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki kaula darzana viSa ko viSa se mAratA hai, jaisA Adhunika homiyopaithI meM pAyA jAtA tantroM ko yaha bAta jJAta thI ki mukti ke lie paMca makAroM kI vyavasthA karate hue ve agni se khilavAr3a kara rahe haiN| svayaM kulArNava meM AyA hai (21117-116 evaM 122)--'yadi madya pIne mAtra se siddhi prApta ho jAtI hai to sabhI duSTa madyapoM ko siddhi prApta ho jAnI caahie| yadi mAMsa khA lene se hI pavitra lakSya kI prApti ho jAya to sabhI mAMsAhArI vyakti isa vizva meM pavitra ho jaayeN| yadi kevala nArI (zakti) ke sAtha saMbhoga karane se hI mokSa prApta hotA ho to saMsAra meM sabhI loga mukti pA jaaye| kulamArga kA anusaraNa karanA bar3A kaThina hai, yaha talavAra kI dhAra para calane se, vyAghra kI gardana para baiThane se tathA hAtha se sA~pa ko pakar3a lene se adhika bhayaMkara hai'| uparyukta bAtoM ke prAkkathana ke rUpa meM kulArNava meM AyA hai--'bahuta-se loga, jo paramparAgata jJAna se zUnya haiM aura truTipUrNa vicAroM se zAstra kA atikramaNa karate haiM (use apavitra karate haiM), ve apane khokhale jJAna kA sahArA lekara aisI kalpanA karate haiM ki kaulika siddhAnta aisA hai, vaisA hai' (2 / 116) / devIbhAgavata (1111125) meM AyA hai ki tantra kA vaha bhAga jo veda ke virodha meM nahIM par3atA, prAmANika hai, (vedAvirodhicet tantraM tat pramANaM na saMzaya:) isameM koI saMzaya nahIM hai| kintu jo aMza vedavirodhI hai, vaha aprAmANika hai| hindu tantroM evaM bauddha tantroM meM sAdhakoM ko lekara mahAn virodha rahA hai| zaktisaMgamatantra meM, jo atyanta pracalita evaM vizAla tantroM meM eka hai, aisA AyA hai ki bauddhoM va anya pASaNDiyoM ke nAza, vibhinna sampradAyoM ke virodhI mizraNa ko dUra karane, sacce siddhAnta kI sthApanA, brAhmaNoM kI rakSA tathA mantrazAstra kI siddhi ke lie devI AvirbhUta hotI haiN| isI prakAra bauddha tantroM ne bhI pratyuttara diyA hai| 42. yaireva patanaM dravyaH siddhistaireva coditaa| zrIkauladarzane cApi bhairaveNa mahAtmanA |kulaarnnv0 (5448); dekhiye jJAnasiddhi (bauddha tantra, 1 / 15): 'karmaNA yena vai sattvAH kalpakoTi-zatAnyapi / pacyante narake ghore tena yogI vimucyate // ' aura milAiye prajJopAya0 (bauddha, 5, pR0 23, zloka 24-25): 'janayitrI svasAraM ca svaputrI bhAgineyikAm / kAmayan tattvayogena laghu sidhyeta saadhkH||' (donoM grantha, 'TU vajayAna TekTsa, gAyakavAr3a orieNTala siiriij)| bAgacI (sTaDIja ina tantraja, pR0 36-37) ne pradarzita kiyA hai ki kucha tAntrika granthoM ke matAnusAra 'janayitrI', 'svasR' evaM 'bhAgineyo' zabda gUDhArthAtmaka haiM, unakA koI sAmAnya artha nahIM hai| kintu do vajayAna granthoM meM ye jisa saMdarbha meM prayukta hue haiM, usase yaha mAnanA kaThina hai ki ve kisI gar3ha yA alaukika yA pratIka rUpa meM prayukta haiN|

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra 27 saMkSepa meM bauddha tantroM, vizeSataH vajrayAna ke viSaya meM kucha zabda likha denA anAvazyaka na hogaa| yaha hamane bahuta pahale (gata adhyAya-24 meM) dekha liyA hai ki hInayAna yA mahAyAna donoM prakAra ke bauddhoM ke lie kucha kaThora niyamoM evaM rItiyoM kA pAlana Avazyaka thA, yathA paMcazIloM kA pAlana, buddha, dharma evaM saMgha kI zaraNa jAnA tathA (bhikSuoM ke lie) dazazIloM kA paaln| nirvANa kI prApti (vizeSataH mahAyAna, siddhAnta ke antargata) lambI avadhi yA katipaya janmoM ke uparAnta hotI hai| madya, mAMsa, matsya evaM striyA~ vajita thIM, sAmAnya loga, sambhavataH bhikSa bhI kaThora niyamoM evaM lakSya kI lambI avadhi ko johate-johate thaka gaye the| bauddha tantroM ne, vizeSata: guhyasamAja0 (vajrayAna sampradAya kA tantra grantha) ne eka sarala vidhi nikAlI, jisake dvArA thor3e samaya meM nirvANa, yahA~ taka ki buddhatva bhI,43 kevala eka hI jIvana meM prApta ho sakatA thA, aura yaha bhI dRDhatApUrvaka ghoSita kiyA ki bodhisattvoM evaM bauddhoM ne dharma kA Asana sarvakAmoM ke upasevana se hI prApta kiyA / 'vaja' zabda ke do artha hote haiM-'hIraka' (hIrA) evaM 'meghagarjana' (meghdhvni)| guhyasamAja meM prathama. artha mukhya rUpa se liyA gayA hai, kintu dUsarA artha bhI thor3A-bahuta liyA gayA hai| vana usa vastu kA dyotaka hai jo hIrA ke samAna kaThora ho| guhyasamAjatantra meM 'vajra' zabda akele yA sAmAsika rUpa meM saikar3oM bAra AyA hai| 'kAya' (zarIra), 'vAk' (vANI) evaM 'citta' (mana) 'trivajra' kahe gaye haiM (gahya0 pa031,35, 36, 43) / katipaya anya padArtha45bhI vajra kahe gaye haiM, yathA-zUnya (mAdhyamika sampradAya kA parama tattva), vijJAna (cetanA), jo yogAcAra sampradAya ke anusAra parama tattva hai tathA mahAsukha jise zAktoM ne jor3a diyA hai| zAktoM kI rahasyavAdI bhASA meM yaha puruSendriya bhI kahA gayA hai| yadyapi Arambhika bauddha niyama ahiMsA para bala dete the, kintu guhyasamAja ne kaI prakAra ke mAMsoM ke 43. tadihava janmani guhyasamAjAbhirato bodhisattvaH sarvatathAgatAM buddha iti saMkhyAM gacchati / guhyasa0 (pR0 144); dekhiye jJAnasiddhi (1 / 4) : 'ye tu sattvAH samArUDhAH sarvasaMkalpavarjitAH / te spRzanti parAM bodhi janmanIhava saadhkaaH|| aura dekhiye prajopAya0 (116) / 44. sarvakAmopabhogazca sevymaanrythecchtH| anena khalu yogena laghu buddhatvamApnuyAt // duSkarainiyamastI+ sevyamAno na sidhyati // ... buddhAzca bodhisattvAzca mantracaryAnacAriNaH / prAptA dharmAsanaM zreSThaM srvkaamopsevnH|| guhyasa0 (7 vA paTala, pR0 27) / 45. dekhiye vintaranitja kA grantha 'hisTrI Ava iNDiyana liTarecara' (jilda 1, pR0 388) jahA~ 'vaja' zabda ke kaI artha prakaTa kiye gaye haiN| yaha draSTavya hai ki jJAnasiddhi (2 / 11, bauddha grantha) meM AyA hai-'strIndriyaM ca yathA panaM vajja puMsendriyaM tthaa||' zUnyatA vaja kahalAtI hai kyoMki yaha 'dRDhasAramasau (saM?) shiirymcchedyaabhedylkssnnm| adAhi avinAzi ca zUnyatA vajamucyate // ' advayavajasaMgraha (gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIja , pR0 23, 37) / yaha kucha-kucha brahma evaM AtmA ke siddhAnta ke samAna hai, jo bhagavadgItA (2 / 23-25) meM pAyA jAtA hai (nainaM chindanti zastrANi, aadi)| jJAnasiddhi (pR0 76) ne vyAkhyA kI hai-'sarvasattveSu mahAkaruNA pramANAnugataM bodhicittaM vaja ityarthaH' arthAt 'vaja' evaM 'bodhicitta' (sambuddhatA yA sambodhi) samAnArthaka haiN| na dvayaM nAdvayaM zAntaM zivaM sarvatra saMsthitam / pratyAtmavedyamacalaM prajJopAyamanAkulam // prajJopAya0 (1120); prajJApAramitA sevyA sarvathA muktikaaNkssibhiH|... lalanArUpamAsthAya sarvatraiva vyvsthitaa| atortha vajanAthena proktA bAhyArtha sambhavA / / prajJopAya0 (222-23) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prayoga kI anumati de rakhI hai, yathA--hAthI, ghor3A, kutte kA mAMsa, yahA~ taka ki mAnava mAMsa bhI46 / Arambhika bauddha dharma ne satyatA evaM brahmacarya para bala diyA; vajrayAna ne, jo eka naye DhaMga kA virodha-prakAra thA, pazuoM kI hatyA, asatya bhASaNa, striyoM ke sAtha saMbhoga (yahA~ taka ki mAtA, bahana evaM putrI ke sAtha bhI) tathA paradravyagrahaNa kI anumati de dii| yaha thA vajamArga, jo sabhI bauddhoM ke lie siddhAnta-sA ghoSita thaa| vajrayAna-paddhati dvArA prApta sthiti kA ullekha 'prajJopAyaH' (1 / 20) meM huA hai--'yaha na to dvayatA hai aura na advayatA, yaha zAnta (zAnti se bharapUra) hai, ziva (kalyANamaya) hai, sarvatra pAyA jAne vAlA hai, apanI AtmA se hI jAnA jAne vAlA hai, acala hai, AkulatArahita hai, prajJA (jJAna) evaM upAya (karuNA ke sAtha karma) se paripUrNa hai / isameM punaH AyA hai (5|22-23)---'unke dvArA, jo mukti kI kAMkSA rakhate haiM tathA jJAna kI pUrNatA cAhate haiM, yaha sevita hone yogya hai| yaha jJAna kI siddhi lalanA (strI) ke rUpa meM sabhI sthAnoM meM avasthita hai| prajJA kA sambandha mahAsukha se hai (prajJopAya0, 1127)--'ananta sukha dene ke kAraNa yaha mahAsukha kahI jAtI hai, yaha sabhI prakAra se hitakara hai aura atyanta zreSTha hai, isase pUrNa sambodhi prApta hotI hai| yaha buddha jJAna, jo apanI antarAtmA dvArA hI jAnA jA sakatA hai, mahAsukha kahalAtA hai, kyoMki yaha sabhI AnandoM se utkRSTa hai (jJAnasiddhi / 'prajJA' zabda strIliMga hai ata: kucha vajrayAna-lekhakoM ne ise strI se saMyojita mAnA hai; kAmuka pratIkavAda evaM asugama samAnatAoM dvArA strI-sampradAya kA prAdurbhAva kiyA gyaa| DA0 eca0 vI0 guyenthara ne 'yuganaddha' nAmaka eka grantha prakAzita kiyA hai, jisameM tAntrika dRSTikoNa para AdhArita jIvana kI udghoSaNA kI gayI hai| DA0 guyenthara ne usa grantha (160 pRSThoM) meM yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki bauddha tAntrika loga jIvana ko sampUrNatA meM lAnA cAhate haiM, jo ki na to viSayoM ke prati Asakti hai aura na anAsakti aura na palAyana ; pratyuta hai jIvana ke kaThora satyoM ke prati pUrNa samajhautA / tantroM kA kAma-sambandhI svarUpa kevala darzana (zAstra) ke jJAnavAda evaM buddhivAda (tarka-vivekavAda) ke ekapakSIya svarUpa kA saMzodhana mAtra hai, kyoMki darzana pratidina ke jIvana kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karane meM samartha nahIM hai aura yuganaddha kA pratIka puMsatva evaM strItva sthUla satya evaM pratIkAtmaka satya tathA jJAna evaM mAnavatA kI pUrNa vyAkhyA 46. mAMsAhArAdikRtyArtha mahAmAMsaM prakalpayet / ... hastimAMsaM hayamAMsaM zvAnamAMsaM tathottamam / bhakSedAhArakRtyArtha na cAnyattu vibhakSayet / priyo bhavati buddhAnAM bodhisattvazca dhImatAm / anena khalu yogena laghu buddhatvamApnuyAt / guhyasamAja0 (chaThA paTala, pR0 26); dekhiye indrabhUti dvArA likhita jJAnasiddhi (1312-14), jahA~ aise hI pada Aye haiM-prANinazca tvayAghAtyA vaktavyaM ca mRSA vcH| adattaM ca tvayA grAhya sevanaM yoSitAmapi // 47. anena vajamArgeNa vaja sattvAn pracodayet / eSohi sarvabuddhAnAM samayaH parama zAzvataH // madhyasa0 (16 vA paTala, pR0 120); ye para dravyAbhiratA nityaM kAmaratAzca ye| ... mAtRbhaginI putrIzca kAmayedyastu saadhkH| sa siddhi vipulAM gacchet mahAyAnAnadharmatAm / guhyasa0 (5 vA paTala, pR0 20); 'sarvAGagakatsitAyAM vA na kuryAdavamAnanAm / striyaM sarvakulotpannAM pUjayeda vaja dhAriNIm // cANDAla kula sambhUtAM DombikA vA vizeSataH / jugupsitakulotpannAM sevayan siddhimApnuyAt / jJAnasiddhi (180 evaM 82) / aura dekhiye DA0 guyenthara (yuganaddha, pR0 106-106), jinhoMne isakI tathA isake samAna prajJopAya0 (125) ke kvana kI vyAkhyA kI hai / dekhiye DA0 esa0 bI0 dAsa-gupta kA prantha 'iNTroDakzana 1 tAntrika buddhijma', pR0 114 //

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra kara letA hai aura unakI vilakSaNa samarasatA kA dyotana karatA hai| yahA~ para isa grantha kA niSkarSa upasthita karanA evaM usakI AlocanA karanA sambhava nahIM hai| vajrayAna tantroM ke siddhAnta kA mUla yahA~ pAda-TippaNiyoM (saMkhyA 43, 44, 46 evaM 47) meM uddhRta hai| tarka yaha hai-ina tantroM ke anusAra pUrNatA kA pratyakSIkaraNa sabhI mAnavIya anubhUtiyoM meM atyanta AnandadAyaka anubhUti hai, aura manuSya kI anubhUti taba taka pUrNa nahIM ho sakatI aura kevala ekapakSIya rahegI jaba taka ki use strItva kI anubhUti na ho jAya arthAt strI ke sabhI kucha kI anubhUti na ho jAya / vaha apane kula ke sabhI strI-sadasyoM se strItva kI anubhUti prApta kara sakatA hai| ataH, jaisA ki DA0 guyenthara kA kathana hai, isa para Azcarya nahIM prakaTa karanA cAhie ki 'isa anubhUti meM agamyagAmI rUpa pAyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta DA0 guyenthara ne (pR0 106-112) bar3e vistAra ke sAtha apane mantavya kI vyAkhyA kI hai, jo prastuta lekhaka kI buddhi evaM sAmarthya ke pare kI bAta hai| DA0 guyenthara Aja ke manovaijJAnikoM, vizeSata: DA0 sigamaNDa phrAeDa kI atyAdhunika vicAradhArAoM se prabhAvita haiM aura yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa karate haiM ki AThavIM zatI ke bauddha lekhaka, yathA anaMgavana evaM indrabhUti, Aja ke citta-vizleSakoM kI bhA~ti mAnasika jIvana kI gaharAiyoM meM DUba cuke the aura mAnava-mana ke rahasyoM ko jAna sake the| thor3I dera ke lie yadi hama DA0 guyenthara kI kucha bAteM mAna bhI leM, yathA--dviliMgatA kA siddhAnta (puruSa evaM strI jAti kA eka vyakti meM honA),donoM (puruSa evaM strI) ke atyanta pragAr3ha sambandha ke lie maithuna-sadasyatA sarvotkRSTa abhivyakti hai, puruSa ke lie strI eka bhautika dravya evaM devI hai, taba bhI eka prazna anuttarita evaM avyAkhyAyita-sA raha jAtA hai, jo yaha hai-bauddha tAntrikoM ne sAdhaka ko isa bAta ke lie kyoM nahIM prerita kiyA ki ve apanI mAtA, bahana, patnI, putrI yA sAmAnya nArI ke rUpa meM eka strI ke saMvegoM, dRSTikoNoM evaM mUlya ko samajheM? yA una tAntrikoM ne lakSya kI prApti meM zIghratA ke lie bahudhA aura kolAhalapUrNa DhaMga se maithuna ko hI, aura vaha bhI agamyagAmI DhaMga vAle maithuna (yathA mAtA, bahana, putrI Adi ke sAtha) ko, kyoM ucita mAnA hai ? guhyasamAjatantra ne yoga kI kriyAoM dvArA buddhatva evaM siddhi kI prApti ke lie laghu evaM kSiprakArI vidhi batAyI hai| siddhiyAM do prakAra kI hotI haiM--sAmAnya (yathA adRzya ho jAnA)48, evaM uttama (yathA buddhatva kI prApti) / sAmAnya siddhiyoM kI prApti ke lie cAra sAdhana ullikhita haiM jo vaja-catuSka kahe gaye haiM / yaha vyavasthita hai ki uttama siddhi kI prApti yoga ke chaha aMgoM (pratyAhAra, dhyAna, prANAyAma, dhAraNA, anusmRti evaM samAdhi) se prApta jJAna ke amRta-pAna se hI ho sakatI hai| yaha avalokanIya hai ki yogasUtra meM ullikhita prathama tIna aMgoM, 48. antardhAnAdayaH siddhAH (siddhayaH) sAmAnyA iti kIrtitAH / siddhiruttamamityAhurbuddhvA buddhatvasAdhanam // caturvidhamupAyaM tu bodhi vajaNa vaNitam / ... sevAvidhAnaM prathama dvitIyamupasAdhanam / sAdhanaM tu tRtIyaM vai mahAsAdhanaM caturthakam // sAmAnyottamabhedena sevA tu dvividhA bhavet / vaja catuSkeNa sAmAnyamuttamaM jJAnAmRtena c| guhyasamAja0 16vA~ paTala , (pR0 162) / 46. uttame jJAnAmRte caiva kArya yoga SaDaGagataH / sevA SaDaGagayogena kRtvA sAdhanamuttamam / sAdhayedanyathA nava jAyate siddhirattamA / pratyAhArastathA dhyAnaM prANAyAmo'tha dhaarnnaa| anusmRtiH samAdhizca SaDaGagoyoga ucyte| guhyasamAja0 (pR0 163) / ye chaha aMga pR0 163-164 meM vyAkhyAyita hue haiN| anusmRti ko vyAkhyA yoM hai-'sthiraM tu vajamArgeNa sphArayIta svadhAtuSu / vibhAvya yadanusmRtyA tadAkAraM tu saMsmaret / anusmRtiriti yA pratibhAso'tra jaayte||' guhyasamAja0 (pR0 164) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 0 yathA yama, niyama evaM Asana ko chor3a diyA gayA hai aura eka navIna aMga 'anusmRti' jor3a diyA gayA hai| yama kisI prakAra grAhya nahIM thA kyoMki guhyasamAja kI dRSTi meM sAdhaka dvArA mAMsabhakSaNa, maithuna, asatya bhASaNa Adi kA prayoga anucita nahIM thA aura yogasUtra meM yama haiM-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ( bheMTa svIkAra na karanA) / niyama bhI agrAhya the, kyoMki pA~ca niyamoM (zauca, santoSa, tapa, svAdhyAya, IzvarapraNidhAna) meM svAdhyAya ( vedAdhyayana) evaM IzvarapraNidhAna ( Izvara ke prati bhakti yA Izvara kA cintana) bhI sammilita haiM jo bauddhadharma meM agrAhya hai / bahuta-se bauddha veda kI bhartsanA karate the aura paramAtmA ko nahIM mAnate the / guhyasamAja0 ne buddhatva zIghra prApta karane ke lie yoga kI kriyAoM kA samAveza kiyA hai| mAMsa evaM maithuna kI anumati ke pIche dhAraNA yaha thI ki yogI ko, jaba taka vaha buddhatva ke lakSya kI prApti nahIM kara letA tathA apane mAnasika jIvana kA vikAsa nahIM kara letA, taba taka, apane kArya-kalApoM ke prati udAsIna rahanA cAhie aura use sAre sAmAjika niyamoM evaM paramparAoM kI upekSA kara denI cAhie 51 / vajrayAna kI dUsarI navIna prakriyA thI mukti ke lie yoga dvArA zakti kI upAsanA kA upayoga / guhyasamAja0 meM AyA ki yadi chaha, mAsoM taka prayatna karane ke uparAnta bhI jJAna na prApta ho to sAdhaka ko yaha prayatna tIna bAra aura karanA cAhie, yadi aisA karane para bhI sambodhi na prApta ho to use haThayoga karanA cAhie aura taba vaha yoga dvArA satya jJAna kI prApti karegA / eka anya navIna prayoga thA pA~ca dhyAnI- buddhoM kA siddhAnta 52 / ye dhyAnI- buddha, buddha bhagavAn se prakaTa hue| ye una pA~ca skandhoM yA maulika tattvoM ke paricAyaka haiM, jinase yaha sRSTi banI huI hai aura inameM se pratyeka eka zakti se sambandhita hai / guhyasamAja kI zikSA yaha hai ki yadi mAnasika zakti evaM alaukika siddhiyA~ vikasita karanI haiM to jo loga apane lakSyoM kI pUrti ke lie yaugika kriyAe~ karate haiM unase striyoM kA sambandha avazya honA caahie| isa prakAra buddha kI 'vaha bhaviSyavANI pUrNa ho gayI, jo unhoMne apane priya ziSya Ananda se kahI thI ki yadi saMgha meM striyoM kA Agamana ho gayA to unakI paddhati kevala 500 varSoM taka hI calegI, nahIM to vaha eka sahasra varSoM taka calegI ( cullavaggA, 10 / 1 / 6, vinaya TekTsa jilda 3, sai0 bu0 I0, 20, pR0 325) / 1 50. ahiMsA-satya asteya - brahmacaryAparigrahA yamAH / zauca - santoSa- tapaH - svAdhyAya - Izvara prANidhAnAni niyamAH / yogasUtra ( 2230 - 31) // yoga ke ATha aMga ye haiM-yama-niyama- Asana-prANAyAma - pratyAhAra-dhAraNAdhyAna - samAdhayo'STAvaGgAni / yogasUtra ( 226 ) / 51. bhakSyAbhakSyavinirmuktaH peyApeyavivarjitaH / gamyAgamya vinirmukto bhavedyogI samAhitaH // jJAnasiddhi (1018 ) ; gamyAgamyAdisaMkalpaM nAtra kuryAt kadAcana / mAyopamAdiyogena bhoktavyaM sarvameva hi // vajropAya0 ( pR0 23, zloka 28 ) / 52. dekhiye DA0 bhaTTAcArya kI guhyasamAjatantra para bhUmikA ( pR0 16 ), evaM 'buddhisTa isoTerijma' kI bhUmikA ( pR0 32-33, 70, 80-81, 121, 128 - 130 ) jahA~ dhyAni buddhoM, unakI zaktiyoM, kuloM, kula ke artha Adi kA ullekha hai| buddhisTa isoTerijma ke pR0 32 para DA0 bhaTTAcArya ne likhA hai - 'hamane yaha pahale ullikhita kara rakhA hai ki bauddhadharma pahale ke brAhmaNadharma ke virodha meM eka abhigraha athavA cunautI thaa| aba yaha tAntrika bauddhadharma ko cunautI thI, buddha aura Arambhika bauddhadharma ke virodha meM / buddha dvArA sabhI prakAra ke sAMsArika sukha bhoga, yathA--madya, mAMsa, matsya, maithuna evaM tAmasika bhojana vajita the / pazcAtkAlIna tAntrikoM ne ina sabhI kA samAveza apane dharma meM kiyA aura unhoMne aura Age bar3ha kara aisI udghoSaNA kara dI ki binA inake mukti asambhava hai / -

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra 31 bu0 I0, yadi hama I0 pU0 483 ko buddha ke parinirvANa kI tithi mAna leM (jaisA bahuta se vidvAn mAnate haiM) yA I0 20 477 (jaisA e0 phAucara mAnate haiM) ko mAneM, to usase 500 varSa uparAnta hogI IsA ke uparAnta kI prathama zatI, aura yaha prakaTa hai ki usase eka yA do zatI uparAnta buddha kI zikSA kA bahuta kucha aMza mahAyAna evaM vajrayAna tantroM ke siddhAntoM se naSTa ho cukA thA / aisA durbhAgya rahA ki buddha kA 'dharma cakra pravartana' unake vajrayAnI anuyAyiyoM dvArA 'adharma cakra pravartana' meM parivartita kara diyA gayA / mahAparinibbAnasutta ( 5 / 23, 0 jilda 11, pR0 61) meM buddha ne apanI kaThora bAta kahI thI aura bhikSuoM ko bhikSuNiyoM se dUra rahane ke lie sAvadhAna kara diyA thA / unhoMne kahA thA -- 'unakI ora na dekho, yadi aisA karanA sambhava na ho to unase bAteM na karo aura yadi koI bhikSuNI bAta kara rahI ho to bahuta sAvadhAna rho'| buddha ne apane eka ziSya ko isalie ghur3aka diyA ki usane alaukika zaktiyA~ pradarzita kara dI thIM (cullavagga, , sai0 bu0 I0, jilda 20, pR0 78 ) / kintu gusamAja evaM anya bauddha tantroM ne aisI vyavasthA kara dI ki sAdhaka loga alaukika zaktiyA~ (siddhiyA~) rakhane lage, yathA----- anAvRSTi para vRSTi karAnA, zatru kI pratimA para jAdU kI kriyA karake use mAranA ( guhyasamAja 0, pR0, 84, 66) / isake atirikta guhyasamAja0 ko ati bhayaMkara evaM krUra chaha karma ( SaTkarmANi) jJAta the, yathA-zAMti ( roga evaM jAdU ko dUra karane kI kriyA), vazIkaraNa (striyoM, puruSoM yahA~ taka ki devoM ko vaza meM karanA ), stambhana ( dUsare kI gatiyoM evaM kriyAoM ko rokanA ), vidveSaNa ( do mitroM yA do aise vyaktiyoM meM, jo eka-dUsare ko pyAra karate haiM, zatrutA utpanna kara denA ), uccATana ( kisI vyakti yA zatru ko deza yA nagara yA gA~va se bhagAnA ) evaM mAraNa (prANiyoM ko mAranA yA na miTane vAlA ghAva kara denA) / guhyasamAja 0 ne ina chaha karmoM (vidveSaNa ke sthAna para AkarSaNa rakhA hai) kA ullekha krama se pR0 168, 165, 66, 87 ( AkarSaNa), 81 evaM 130 meM kiyA hai | dekhie sAdhanamAlA ( pR0 368- 366 ) jahA~ inake tathA inake maNDaloM evaM kAloM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / zAradAtilakatantra aise maryAdita grantha ne bhI ina chaha karmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ( 23 / 122), unakI paribhASA dI hai ( 23 / 123 - 125 ) aura likhA hai ki rati, vANI, ramA, jyeSThA, durgA evaM kAlI krama se ina karmoM ke devatA haiM, karmoM ke Arambha meM unakI pUjA honI cAhie / prAtaH se dasa ghaTikAoM kI chaha avadhiyA~ ina chaha karmoM ke lie ucita haiM tathA isI prakAra kucha Rtue~ bhI haiM ( 23 / 126 - 136 ) | yaha bar3e Azcarya kI bAta hai ki prapaJcasAra ( 2315 ) ne, jo advaita ke mahAn AcArya zaMkara dvArA praNIta samajhA jAtA hai, trailokyamohana nAmaka mantra kA vistAra ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai, jo uparyukta chaha krUra karmoM ke lie vyavasthita hai / hindU evaM bauddha donoM tantra guru kI mahattA evaM arhatAoM para prabhUta bala dete haiM 53 / bauddha tantroM meM guru ke prati atyanta Adara kA bhAva hai / jJAnasiddhi ( 136 - 12 ) ne arhatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA prajJoprAyavinizcayasiddhi (3 / 6 / 16) meM guru ke prati utkRSTa prazasti hai, ve buddha ke sadRza kahe gaye haiM, vibhu Adi padaviyA~ dI gayI haiN| lakSmIGakarAkRta advayasiddhi ( lagabhaga 726 I0 ) meM aisA AyA hai ki tIna lokoM meM AcArya se bar3hakara koI anya nahIM hai| lakSmIGakarA ne eka vilakSaNa siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai ki apane zarIra kI pUjA karanI cAhie, kyoMki usameM sabhI devoM kA nivAsa rahatA hai| bhAsarAnandanAtha ( arthAt bhAskararAya, dIkSA ke pUrva kA nAma ) 53. AcAryAtparataraM nAsti trailokyaM sacarAcare / yasya prasAdAtprApyante siddhayo'nekadhA budhaiH / sAdhanamAlA ( jilva 2, bhUmikA pU0 64-65) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke ziSya umAnandanAtha ke nityotsava meM guru bhAskararAya kI prazaMsA nimnokta atizayoktipUrNa DhaMga se huI hai54 'unheM isa pRthi / (bhUmaNDala) kA koI bhI aMza (yoga dRSTi ke kAraNa) adRSTa nahIM thA, koI bhI rAjA aisA nahIM thA jo unakA dAsa na rahA ho, unheM koI bhI zAstra ajJAta nahIM thA, adhika kyoM kahA jAya, unakA svarUpa svayaM parAzakti thI' / kintu jJAnasiddhi evaM kulArNava (13 / 128) ne aise guruoM se sAvadhAna kiyA hai jo dhanalobha se logoM ko dharma-zikSA dete haiM aura satya jAnane kA bahAnA karate haiN| kulArNava (ullAsa 12 evaM 13) ne guru kI arhatAoM evaM mahattA kA ullekha kiyA hai| aura dekhie zAradAtilaka (2 / 142-144 evaM 3 / 145-152), jahA~ tAntrika guru evaM ziSya kI arhatAoM kI carcA haiM55 / guru ko sabhI AgamoM, zAstroM ke tattvoM evaM artha ko jAnanA cAhie, usakA vacana amogha (jo satya ho) honA cAhie, use zAnta manavAlA honA cAhie, use veda evaM vedArtha meM pAraMgata honA cAhie, use yogamArgAnugAmI honA cAhie aura use devatA ke samAna kalyANakArI honA caahie| ziSya ko cAhie ki vaha mantroM, pUjA evaM rahasyoM ko gopanIya rakhe56 / ziSya apane guru ke caraNoM ko apane sira para rakhatA hai, apanA zarIra, dhana evaM jIvana guru ko samarpita kara detA hai| upaniSadoM ne bhI gUr3ha darzana kI prApti ke lie guru kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA hai| udAharaNArtha, kaThopaniSad57 meM AyA hai--'yaha jJAna tarka se nahIM prApta kiyA jA sakatA, yaha bhalIbhA~ti tabhI samajhA jA sakatA hai jaba ki kisI anya dvArA isakI vyAkhyA kI jaay| aura dekhie chA0 upa0 (463) / liMgapurANa58 Adi kA kathana hai ki guru ziva ke samAna hai aura zivabhakti evaM 54. yasyAdRSTo nai bhUmaNDalAMzo yasyAdAso vidyate na kSitIzaH / yasyAjJAtaM naiva zAstraM kimanya yasyAkAraH sA parA zaktireva // nityotsava kA Arambhika zloka 4 / DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya ne guhyasamAja0 (10 13) meM jo likhA hai usase patA calatA hai ki unhoMne isa zloka ko sarvathA galata samajhA hai kyoMki unhoMne anuvAda yoM kiyA hai--'parAzakti vaha hai jisako isa vistRta vizva kA koI aMza binA dekhA huA nahIM hai...' Adi / 55. sarvAgamAnAM sArajJaH sarvazAstrArthatattvavit / ... amoghavacanaH zAnto vedvedaarthpaargH| yogamArgAnusandhAyI devtaahRdynggmH| zAradA0 21142-144 / / 56. mantrapUjA rahasyAni yo gopayati srvdaa| zAradA0 (21151) / 57. naiSA tarkeNa matirApaneyA proktAnyanaiva sujJAnAya preSTha / kaTha0 (26) / 58. yo guruH sa zivaH prokto yaH zivaH sa guruH smRtH| yathA zivastathA vidyA yathA vidyA tathA guruH|| ziva vidyAgurostasmAd bhaktyA ca sadRzaM phlm| sarvadevamayo devi sarvazaktimayo hi sH| liMgapurANa (1185), 164-165 ); gururbrahmA guruviSNugurudevo mahezvaraH / gurureva paramaM brahma tasmai zrIguravenamaH // devIbhAgavata (11 / 1 / 46); brahmANDapurANa ke lalitopAkhyAna meM aisA AyA hai-'manuSyacarmaNA baddhaH sAkSAtparazivaH svayam / sacchiSyAnugrahArthAya gUDhaM paryaTati kssitau|| atrinetraH zivaH sAkSAdacaturbAhuracyutaH / acaturvadano brahmA zrIgaDaH kathitaH priye // ' (43 / 68-70) / ye zloka kulArNava meM bhI pAye jAte haiM aura donoM meM bahuta-se zloka eka-se haiN| kisane kisase uddha ta kiyA hai, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| zAradAtilaka (5 / 113-114) meM AyA haigAvidyAdevatAnAmaikyaM sambhAvayan dhiyaa| praNamed daNDavadbhUmau guruM taM devatAtmakam // tasya pAdAmbujadvaMdvaM nije mardhani yojayet / zarIramartha prANaM ca sarva tasmai nivedayet // prapaJcasAra ( 6 / 122 ) meM AyA hai-'garuNA samanagRhItaM mantraM sadyo jpecchtaavRtyaa| gurudevatAmanUnAmakyaM sambhAvayan dhiyA shissyH||

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra gurumakti ke phala samAna hote haiN| kulArNava (11 / 46) meM AyA hai ki guruoM, AgamoM, AmnAya, mantra evaM prayogoM kA krama jaba guru ke adharoM dvArA sunA jAtA hai to hitakara hotA hai, anyathA nhiiN| prapaJcasAra meM AyA hai'ziSya ko yaha mana meM vicAranA cAhie ki guru, devatA evaM mantra eka hI hai, aura use guru se prApta mantra ko eka sau bAra japanA caahie| vedAnta paddhati ko samajhane ke lie ucca jJAna evaM naitika upalabdhiyoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai aura yaha bahuta hI thor3e pratibhAzAlI vyaktiyoM dvArA samajhA bhI jA sakatA hai| aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki tantra aisI vidhi upasthita karate haiM jisake dvArA sAmAnya jJAna ke vyakti bhI lAbha uThA lete haiM, jisake dvArA cAkSuSa evaM zArIrika gatiyoM se AdhyAtmika anubhUti prApta ho sakatI hai tathA mantroM ke pATha, mudrAoM, nyAsa, maNDaloM, cakroM evaM yantroM se mukti-prApti meM zIghratA ho sakatI hai| tAntrika lekhakoM ne guru kI prazaMsA evaM Adara-bhakti meM bar3I atizayokti kI hai aura isa bhAvanA kI abhivyakti meM aisI bAteM kaha DAlI haiM jo ghRNAspada haiN| isa viSaya meM tArAbhaktisudhArNava (4, pu. 116) kA uddharaNa ullekhanIya hai / paJca makAroM ke viSaya meM tAntrika granthoM kI zikSA ne sabhI vargoM evaM jAtiyoM ke logoM, vizeSata: samAja ke nimnavargIya logoM meM asvAsthyakara evaM anaitika pravRttiyA~ utpanna kara dI hoNgii| 7vIM zatI se 12vIM taka ke lambe kAla meM hindU evaM bauddha tAntrikoM kA daura-daurA thaa| vajrayAna ke eka sampradAya meM guru loga nIle raMga kA vastra dhAraNa karate the| sammitiya zAkhA ke eka guru ke viSaya meM eka gAthA hai| garu mahodaya nIla paTa dhAraNa karake eka vezyA ke yahA~ gye| ve rAtri meM maTha ko lauTa kara nahIM aaye| jaba prAta:kAla unake ziSyoM ne nIlapaTa dhAraNa karane kA kAraNa jAnanA cAhA to guru mahArAja ne nIlapaTa ke AdhyAtmika mahattva ko smjhaayaa| tabhI se unake anayAyiyoM ne nIlapaTa dhAraNa karanA Arambha kara diyaa| unakI pustaka 'nIlapaTadarzana' meM aisA ullikhita hai-'kAmadeva' eka ratna haiM, vezyA eka ratna hai, madirA eka ratna hai, maiM ina tIna ratnoM ko namaskAra karatA hai; anya tathAkathita tIna ratna zIze kI maniyA~ mAtra haiN'| yaha jAnanA cAhie ki bhakta bauddhoM ke lie buddha, dharma evaM saMgha tIna ratna kahe gaye haiN| nIlapaTadarzana ke anuyAyIgaNa ina tIna ratnoM ko vyartha mAnate haiM, unheM kevala zIze kI guTikAe~ mAtra mAnate haiN| dekhie bhikSu rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA nibandha 'oNna vajrayAna aura mantrayAna' (je0 e0, jilda 225, 1634, pR0 216), jahA~ yaha gAthA dI huI hai| jhUThe guruoM ne logoM ko madya, mAMsa evaM nAriyoM ke sAhacarya kI sarala vidhi dvArA nirvANa prApti kI harI bATikA dikhA kara unako bhramita kara diyaa| isa lambe kAla meM bhAratIya sAhitya madya, mAMsa evaM maithuna se saMcAlita tAntrika pUjA kI bhartsanA evaM upahAsAtmaka AlocanAoM se paripUrNa hai| do-eka udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN| rAjazekhara (lagabhaga 600 I0) dvArA praNIta prAkRta nATaka 'karpUramaJjarI' kA eka pAtra bhairavAnanda hai, jo alaukika zakti vAlA kahA jAtA hai| usane (madavaza yA matavAlA hone kA nATya karate hue) kahA hai-'guru ke prasAda se hama loga mantroM yA tantroM yA dhyAna ke viSaya meM kucha bhI nahIM jaante| hama madya pIte haiM, mahilAoM ke sAtha ramaNa karate haiM taba bhI kulamArga meM saMlagna rahane ke kAraNa mokSa pAte haiN| eka ugra gaNikA dIkSita kI jAtI hai aura niyamAnukala patnI banAyI jAtI hai, madya piyA jAtA hai, mAMsa khAyA jAtA hai, bhojana bhikSA se prApta hotA hai, hama logoM kI zaiyA carma-khaNDa kI hai| yaha kauladharma kisako AkarSaka nahIM lagatA? 56. bhaginoM vAsutAM bhAA~ yo ddyaatkulyogine| madhumattAya devezi tasya puNyaM na gaNyate / tArAbhakti sudhArNava (4, pR0 116) dvArA uddhRta /

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24 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa viSNu evaM brahmA ke netRtva meM devatA loga bhI ghoSita karate haiM ki mokSa dhyAna, vedapATha evaM vaidika yajJoM se prApta hotA hai, kevala umA ke pati ne ise dekhA ( jAnA) ki mokSa kI prApti surArasapAna evaM nAriyoM ke sAtha saMbhoga karane se ho sakatI hai / yazastilakacampU (san 656 I0) ne zaivAgama ke dakSiNa evaM vAma mArgoM kI ora nirdeza karane ke uparAnta mahAkavi bhAsa kA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai - 'vyakti ko surA pInI cAhie, priyatamA ke mukha ko dekhanA cAhie, svabhAva se sundara aura jo avikRta na ho vaisA veSa dhAraNa karanA cAhie, vaha pinAkapANi (ziva) dIrghAyu hoM, jinhoMne mokSa kA aisA mArga ( sarvaprathama ) DhU~r3ha nikAlA '61 / kSemendra ( 11 vIM zatI ke tIsare caraNa meM) ke dazAvatAracarita meM eka zloka hai jo tAntrika guruoM evaM unake anuyAyiyoM ke karma para prakAza DAlatA hai 62 -- -' guruoM kI ghoSaNA hai ki eka hI pAtra se bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke zilpiyoM, yathA dhobiyoM, julAhoM, carmakAroM, kApAlikoM dvArA madya pIne se, cakrapUjA se, binA kisI vikalpa ke striyoM ke sAtha saMbhoga karane se tathA utsavoM se 60. maulika zloka ( 1122-24) prAkRta meM haiM / unake saMskRta rUpa yoM haiM : mantrANAM tantrANAM na kimapi jAne dhyAnaM ca no kimapi guruM prasArAt / madyaM pibAmo mahilAM ramAmo mokSaM ca yAmo kulamArgalagnAH // raNDA caNDA dIkSitA dharmadArA madyaM mAMsaM pIyate khAdyate ca / bhikSA bhojyaM carmakhaNDaM ca zayyA kaulo dharmo kasya nAbhAti ramyaH // bhukti bhaNanti haribrahma mukhA Apa devA dhyAnena vedayapaThanena RtukriyAbhiH ekena kevala mumAdayitena dRSTo mokSaH samaM suratakeli surArasaiH // yaha saMbhava hai ki bhairavAnanda dvayarthaka ho / pArAnandasUtra ne bahuta-se tAntrika guruoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinake nAma Ananda se anta hote haiM, yathA amRtAnanda ( pR0 54, 73 ), unmAdAnanva ( pR0 54, 72, 76), jJAnAnanda ( pR0 54, 73, 61), devAnanda ( pR0 44 ), parAnanda ( pR0 72, 617, jo pArAnanda sUtra ke lekhaka haiM), muktAnanda ( pR0 54 ), surAnanda ( pR0 54, 70, 72 ) / bahuta-se guruoM ke nAma meM 'bhairava' bhI AyA hai aura aise nAma pArAnandasUtra meM paryApta Aye haiM, yathA-AkAzabhairava (I bAra ), unmatta bhairava (17 bAra), kAla bhairava (11 bAra ) / pR0 66 meM bhairava nAma eka lekhaka kA bhI AyA hai| rAjazekhara ne ina tAntrika guruoM kA, jinhoMne makAroM kA samarthana kiyA hai, bar3A upahAsa kiyA hai / pArAnanda sUtra sambhavataH 600 evaM 1200 I0 ke bIca meM kabhI praNIta huA hogA ( bhUmikA, pR0 12 ) / parazurAmakalpasUtra aisA nAma dete haiM jisakA anta Ananda ( 1/40 ) meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki dIkSA ke uparAnta guru ziSya ko tre se ho / yahI bAta mahAnirvANa0 (10 / 182 ) meM bhI pAyI gayI hai| 61. imameva ca mArgamAzrityAbhASi bhAsena mahAkavinA / peyA surA priyatamA mukhamIkSyaNIyaM grAhyaH svabhAvalalito'vikRtazca veSaH / yenedamIdRzamadRzyata mokSa vartma dIrghAyurastu bhagavAn sa pinAkapANiH / yazastilakacampU ( pR0 151) / yaha pallava rAjA mahendravikramavarmana ke mattavilAsa prahasana kA sAtavA~ zloka hai jo kapAlI ke mukha se kahalAyA gayA hai| isase eka pahelI utpanna ho jAtI hai| yA to yazastilaka ke lekhaka ne lekhaka kA nAma ThIka se nahIM batAyA yA yaha zloka bhAsa ke kisI aise nATaka kA hai jo abhI upalabdha nahIM ho sakA hai aura use mattavilAsa prahasana ne jyoM-kA-tyoM uThA liyA hai, jo mAtra prahasana hone ke kAraNa koI gambhIra bAta nahIM thI / prastuta lekhaka dUsare mata ko aMgIkAra karatA hai / 62. cakrasthitau rajaka - vAyaka - carmakAra - kApAlika pramukha zilpibhireka pAtre | pAnena muktima vikalparatotsavena vRttena trotsavatA guravo varanti // dazAvatAracarita ( pR0 162 ) / cakrapUjA ke viSaya meM Age likhA jAyagA /

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35 tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra paripUrNa jIvana se mukti prApta hotI hai'| rAjataraMgiNI ( 12 vIM zatI) meM bhI tAntrikoM evaM unake karmoM kI ora saMketa milatA hai / 5 / 66 meM kalhaNa kA kathana hai 6 3 ki kazmIra ke rAjA avantivarmA ke zAsana kAla meM maT kallaTa aise siddha logoM ne (jo alaukika zaktiyA~ rakhate the, yathA aNimA) saMsAra ke kalyANa ke lie janma liyA thaa| kalhaNa ne eka acche rAjA yazaskara (636-648 I0) ke zAsana kA varNana karate hue likhA hai64 ki usake rAjya meM gRhiNiyA~ gurudIkSA ke kRtya meM devatAoM ke rUpa meM nahIM dIkha par3atI thIM, aura na apane patiyoM kI zIlazrI ( acche caritra) se dUra rahane ke lie apane sira ko hilAtI hI thIM / kazmIra kA rAjA kalaza (1063 - 1086 I0) amarakaNTha ke putra pramadakaNTha kA ziSya ho gayA thA / pramadakaNTha acchA brAhmaNa thA, kintu kalaza, jo svabhAva se 'duSTa thA, apane 'guru dvArA bure AcaraNoM meM lipta karA diyA gayA, aura vaha ( rAjA kalaza) acchI yA burI striyoM meM bheda nahIM karatA thA / isa viSaya meM kalhaNa ne likhA hai -- 'maiM isa ( kalaza ke ) guru kI gata vikalpatA kA kyA varNana karU~, jaba ki anya vikalpoM kA tyAga karake usane apanI putrI ke sAtha vyabhicAra kiyA ? '65 / isase spaSTa hai ki kazmIra meM 11 vIM zatI meM kucha aise tAntrika guru the, jo guhyasamAjatantra dvArA bauddha yogiyoM ke lie vyavasthita AcaraNoM kA akSarazaH pAlana karate the / kumArapAla ke uttarAdhikArI ajayadeva ke zAsana kAla meM yazapAla nAmaka 63. anugrahAya lokAnAM bhaTTa zrI kallaTAdayaH / avanti varmaNaH kAle siddhA bhuvamavAtaran // rAjata0 (5| 66) / avantivarmA ne san 855 se 883 I0 taka rAjya kiyaa| kAzmIrI zaivavAda meM kallaTa eka mahAn nAma se vikhyAta haiN| yaha draSTavya hai ki bauddhadharma kI vajrayAna - zAkhA meM 84 siddha puruSoM kA ullekha hai jo 7 vIM se 6 vIM taka hue the / dekhiye buddhisTa isoTerijma ( pR0 34) evaM bhikSu rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA nibandha 'di orIjina Ava vajrayAna eNDa di 84 siddhaz2a' (je0 e0, jilda 225, 1634, pR0 206 - 230) jahA~ pR0 220. meM 84 siddhoM kI eka lambI sUcI hai jisameM lUipA se bhalipA ke nAma, unakI jAtiyoM, sthitiyoM, utpattisthAna, unameM se 5vIM zatI ke Age ke kucha ke samakAlInoM ke nAma ke sAtha kahA gayA hai| dekhiye iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTaralI (jilda 31, pR0 kA 'matsyendranAtha eNDa hija yoginI kalTa' nAmaka lekha hai / 225 diye gaye haiM / matsyendranAtha ko 'lUipA 362 - 375 ) jahA~ DA0 karamabelkara 64. nAdRzyanta ca gehinyo gurudIkSotthadevatAH / kurvANA bhartRzIla zrI niSedhaM mUrdhadhUnanaiH // rAjata0 ( 6 / 12) / isase prakaTa hotA hai ki tAntrikoM meM liMga ke viSaya meM samAna bhAvanA ke kAraNa striyA~ tAntrika kRtyoM meM guru banAyI jAtI thiiN| dekhiye prANatoSiNI ( pR0 176), jahA~ para strI guru kI arhatAeM dI huI haiM, aura dekhie pR0 540, jahA~ guru kI patnI kI pUjA tathA apane adhikAra se guru ke rUpa meM pUjita hone vAlI strI kA ullekha hai / guru evaM usake pUrvajoM kI pUjA ziSyoM dvArA isa prakAra hotI thI mAno ve (ziSya) yajamAna hoN| jaba yajamAna (ziSya) loga guruoM ke rUpa meM pUjita striyoM ke patiyoM kI prazaMsA karate the to ve asahamati meM apanA sira hilAtI thIM, jisakA tAtparya yaha thA ki ve spaSTa rUpa se apane patiyoM ke caritra kI AlocanA karatI thiiN| kalhaNa kA kathana hai ki yazaskara ke zAsana kAla meM aisA nahIM hotA thA / yazaskara ne tAntrikoM ke AcAroM ko avazya banda karA diyA hogA aura striyoM ko guru banane kA avasara hI nahIM milatA rahA hogA / 65. gurorgatakikalpatvaM tasyAnyatkimivocyatAm / tyaktazakaH pravavRte svasutA suratepi yaH // rAjata 0 (7278) /

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36 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nATakakAra kI racanA moharAjaparAjaya meM pAtra 'kaula' hai jo apane isa siddhAnta kI ghoSaNA karatA hai ki vaha binA kisI manastApa ke pratidina mAMsa khAtA hai, madya pItA hai aura mana ko pUrI chUTa diye rahatA hai66 / aparArka ne eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki bahuta-se sampradAyoM ke bIca meM eka saMgati meM rahanA kaThina hai-- 'koI vyakti hRdaya se kaula ho sakatA hai, bAhya rUpa se vaha zaiva-sA pratIta ho sakatA hai aura vaha apane vAstavika AcaraNa meM vaidika kRtyoM kA anusaraNa kara sakatA hai| vyakti ko sAra grahaNa karake nArikelaphala kI bhA~ti rahanA cAhie'17 / lagatA hai ki ucca vidvAn evaM kavi tAntrika pUjA ke prati kucha anizcita bhAvanA rakhate the| mithilA ke mahAn kavi vidyApati apane bhaktiparaka gItoM se jahA~ vaiSNava haiM, vahIM unhoMne zaMvasarvasvasAra nAmaka grantha bhI likhA hai (ataH ve zaiva kahe jA sakate haiM), durgAbhaktitaraMgiNI bhI likhI hai (jo unheM zAkta bhI siddha karatI hai) aura likhA hai eka tAntrika grantha68 / vidyApati kI 'puruSaparIkSA kA prathama zloka 'Adizakti' kA AhvAna karatA hai| baMgAla evaM AsAma meM zAkta siddhAntoM kA bar3A prAbalya rahA hai aura aba bhI vahA~ kAlI-pUjA pracalita hai, kintu ballAlasena nAmaka vikhyAta baMgAlI rAjA ne apane dAna-sambandhI mahAn grantha 'dAnasAgara' meM devIpurANa ko kutsita samajha kara chor3a diyA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki paJca makAroM ke pravartaka tAntrika yA zAkta sampradAya ne bhagavAna yA paramAtmA ke usa bhayaMkara svarUpa kI avamAnanA kI jo mAnavoM evaM padArthoM ke bhAgyoM para zAsana karatA hai, jo kabhI-kabhI saccaritra logoM ko bhI bhISaNa dukhoM meM palane detA hai; sambhavataH isI se isa sampradAya ne paramparAgata naitika bhAvanA evaM sAmAjika sadAcaraNoM kI avajJA kara dI aura aisI AzA kI ki yaugika AcAroM se ucca mAnasika zaktiyA~ evaM Ananda kI prApti ho jaaygii| dekhie DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya kI bhUmikA (guhyasamAja0, pR0 22), jahA~ aisI hI 66. moharAjaparAjaya (gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIja, bar3audA) pR0 100 meM kaula kahatA hai : 'khAdyate mAMsamanudinaM poyate madyaM ca mukta saMkalpam / anivArita manaH prasara eSa dharmo mayA dRssttH|| (prAkRta zloka kA yaha saMskRta rUpa hai)| yaha nATaka 1172-1175 I0 meM likhA gayA thaa| 67. antaH kaulaM bahiH zaivaM lokAcAre tu vaidikama / sAramAdAya tiSThetta nArikela phalaM ythaa| aparAka (pR0 10) / nArikela phala ke tIna svarUpa haiM : pahalA bAharI kaThora koza, dUsarA vaha aMza jo koza ke bhItara komala evaM svAdayukta hotA hai aura tIsarA vaha aMza jo jala hotA hai| kulArNavatantra meM AyA hai : 'antaHkaulo bahiH zavo janamadhye tu vaiSNavaH / kaulaM sugopayedevi nArikela phalAmbuvat // (11183) / zavoM evaM zAktoM donoM kA sAmpradAyika cihna hai tripuNDa (pavitra vibhUti, athavA bhasma ko tIna samAnAntara rekhAe~, jo mastaka para eka A~kha se dUsarI A~kha taka aMgUThe evaM kaniSThikA ko chor3a anya tIna aMguliyoM se khIMcI jAtI haiN| dekhiye bRhajjAbAlopaniSad (4 / 10-11), devI bhAgavata (1111 / 17-23) / 68. dekhiye DI0 sI0 bhaTTAcAryakRta nibandha (jarnala Ava gaMgAnAtha jhA rIsarca iMsTIcyUTa, jilda 6, pR0 241-247) 'vidyApatisa varka oNna tantra' / puruSa parIkSA kA prathama zloka (darabhaMgA saMskaraNa, 1888) yaha hai'brahmapi yAM nauti nutaH sarANAM (surANAM ?) yAmacitopyarcayantIndUmauliH // yAM dhyAyatidhyAnagatopi viSNustAmAdizaktiM zirasA prapadye // ' / 66. nAnAveza dharAH kaulA: kulAcAreSu nizcalAH / sevante tvAM kulAcauranahi tAt bAdhate kliH|| mahAnirvANatantra (4 // 63) /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra 37 bhAvanA vyakta hai / sambhavataH eka anya pravRtti bhI rahI hogI / sAmAnya jana bauddha dharma kI ora AkRSTa hote cale jA rahe the / hindU tAntrika sampradAyoM ke pravartakoM ne unheM hindU-sImA ke antargata hI rahane denA caahaa| sAmAnya jana mAMsa-madirA kA prayoga karate haiM, unheM batAyA gayA ki yadi ve tAntrika guruoM evaM AcAroM kA anusaraNa kareMge to mAMsa evaM madya meM cUra rahane para bhI uccatara AdhyAtmika stara prApta kreNge| isake mUla meM dhAraNA yaha thI ki zakti hI saba kucha hai aura saba ke lie hai; bhoga kA parityAga Avazyaka nahIM hai, kyoMki manuSya devI yA ziva kA aMza hai / bhoga kA UrdhvAyana honA cAhie, basa itanA hI kaulazAstra meM paryApta hai| tAntrikoM ne saMyama evaM tapa ke yoga ke sthAna para bhoga kA yoga sthApita karanA cAhA / vAmamArga ke AcAroM meM pravRtta sAdhaka se yahI AzA kI jAtI hai ki vaha AtmA ke ahaMkAramaya tattvoM kA nAza kara degA 70 / mahAnirvANatantra tathA kucha anya tantroM ne kAmuka anaitikatA evaM saMkulatA ke jvAra ko bA~dhane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha, parazurAmakalpasUtra ke TIkAkAra rAmezvara kA kathana hai ki jo jitendriya nahIM hai use kaulamArga kA adhikAra nahIM hai ( pR0 153 ) / yaha mahAnirvANatantra ke isa kathana ke pratyakSa virodha meM par3atA hai ki brAhmaNoM se lekara aspRzya taka sabhI loga kaula AcAroM ke adhikArI haiM" / Ajakala ke kucha aise loga, jo tantravAda kA chadma rUpa se samarthana karate haiM, kahate haiM ki guhyasamAja meM jo nirdeza diye hue haiM, tathA vajrayAna ke anuyAyiyoM dvArA pAlita hone vAle jo niyama haiM, ve kevala una yogiyoM ke lie haiM jinhoMne yaugika pUrNatA kA kucha aMza prApta kara liyA hai / kintu spaSTa uttara yaha hai--' kintu kevala usa vyakti ko chor3akara ( jo sAdhanArata hai) kauna batA sakatA hai ki usane thor3I-bahuta AdhyAtmikatA prApta kara lI hai ? aura yadi yaha mAna bhI liyA jAya ki sAre nirdeza yogiyoM ke lie hI haiM to yahI bhArI-bharakama DhaMga evaM bhASA meM kahane kI kyA AvazyakatA par3I thI ki eka vajrayAnI yogI vaisA hI AcaraNa kare jise sAdhAraNa loga kadAcAra kahate haiM ?' prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna tantroM ke samarthakoM kI bAtoM kA uttara dene ke lie yaha ucita sthAna nahIM hai / kintu do eka bAtoM kA uttara de denA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki yadi unakI AlocanA nahIM kI gayI to logoM meM bhrAmaka dhAraNA utpanna ho sakatI hai / sara jaoNna vuDraupha ne 'priMsipulsa Ava tantra' ( bhAga 2, pR0 6) meM kahA hai ki mAMsa, matsya evaM madirA kA prayoga vaidika kAla meM sarvasAdhAraNa thA tathA mahAbhArata evaM purANoM meM ( yathA kAlikA, mArkaNDeya, karma Adi) madya, mAMsa evaM matsya ke sevana kI ora saMketa haiM / yaha kathana eka vizeSa samarthana hai aura gumarAha ( pathabhraSTa ) karane vAlA hai| prazna hai kyA vaha surA jo pratidina ke yA Avadhika yajJoM meM devoM ko arpita kI jAtI thI, Rgveda yA kisI anya veda meM Ahuti kahI gayI thI ? vaidika yuga meM madya kA jJAna thA yA usakA sevana hotA bhI rahA ho, kintu bAta vAstava meM yaha jAnane kI hai ki una dinoM soma evaM surA meM antara kiyA jAtA thA / dekhie zatapatha brAhmaNa ( 5 | 11528 : satyaM vai zrIjyotiH somo'nRtaM pApmA tamaH surA / ) : 'soma satya; zrI ( samRddhi ), jyoti (prakAza) hai tathA surA asatya, kaSTa evaM aMdhakAra hai / soma kA ullekha Rgveda meM saikar3oM bAra huA hai aura navA~ maNDala isakI prazasti ke lie hI surakSita-sA hai, aura soma devoM 70. yatrAsti bhogo na ca tatra mokSo yatrAsti mokSo na ca tatra bhogaH / zrI sundarI sevana tatparASAM bhogazca mokSazca karastha eva // kaularahasya se haMsavilAsa ( pR0 104) dvArA uddhata / 71. viprAdyantyajaparyantA dvipadA ye'tra bhUtale / te sarve'sminkulAcAre bhaveyuradhikAriNaH / mahAnirvANatantra (14 / 184) /

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x dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ko diyA jAtA thA, kintu Rgveda meM surA kA ullekha kevala chaha bAra huA hai aura yaha kahIM bhI spaSTa rUpa se nahIM ullikhita hai ki yaha devoM ko dhArmika rUpa meM arpita kI jAtI hai; balki varuNa ke eka stotra meM, surA ko pApamaya kahA gayA hai aura use krodha evaM jue ke samakakSa meM rakha diyA gayA hai ( R0 7786 / 6 : na svo dakSo varuNa dhrutiH sA surA manyuvibhIdako acittiH) / tantravAda ke samarthana ke utsAha meM Arthara evAlona ( sara jaoNna vuDroph) ne kucha sarala zabdoM kI bhrAmaka vyAkhyA vivekazUnyatA pradarzita kI hai / 'priMsipulsa Ava tantra' kI bhUmikA ( pR0 7) meM unhoMne R0 ( 1 / 166 / 7 ) ko uddhRta kiyA hai -- ' arcantyarka madirasya pIta ye' aura usakA anuvAda yoM kiyA hai -- ' madirA ( madya) pIne se pahale sUrya kI pUjA karate haiM / ' yahA~ maMdira ( madirA nahIM) zabda AyA hai, yaha vizeSaNa hai aura isakA artha hai 'Anandaprada' yA 'AhlAdaka' / 'madirA' zabda Rgveda meM kahIM bhI nahIM AyA hai, kintu vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM 'maMdira' zabda 16 bAra AyA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa (bahuta kama spaSTa vyaMjanA ke rUpa ) se yaha soma, indu, aMzu, rasa yA madhu kI vizeSatA batAtA hai / uparyukta mantrabhAga meM 'pahale' ke artha meM koI zabda nahIM AyA hai / isa aMza kA artha hai -- ve ( pUjA karane vAle yA masta loga) usa (indra) kI pUjA karate haiM jo stuti ke yogya hai ( aura marutoM kA eka mitra hai ) / jisase vaha AhalAdamaya (soma) ko pIne ke lie Aye / 'madirA' zabda ( madya ke artha meM ) vaidika kAla ke kisI bhI zuddha grantha meM nahIM AyA hai / yaha sarvaprathama mahAbhArata meM prayukta huA / kucha tantra samarthaka loga indra ke sammAna meM kI jAne vAlI sautrAmaNI dRSTi meM surA ke prayoga kI carcA karate haiM kiMtu paristhitiyA~ vilakSaNa haiN| sautrAmaNI bahuta se yajJoM meM eka hai aura isake sampAdana ke avasara virala hote the; isakA sampAdana rAjasUya ke anta meM hotA thA aura agnicayana ke anta meM bhI hotA thA jabaki purohita adhika soma pI lene ke kAraNa vamana kara detA thA / atyanta mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki sautrAmaNi meM havana kI gayI surA kA avazeSa yajJa meM rata purohita dvArA nahIM grahaNa kiyA jAtA thA, pratyuta eka brAhmaNa ko ise pIne ke lie zulka dekara bulAyA jAtA thA aura yadi koI brAhmaNa nahIM milatA thA to use cIMTiyoM ke DhUha para girA diyA jAtA thA / isa viSaya meM hamane isa grantha ke khaNDa ( jilda 2 ) meM par3ha liyA hai / kAThakasaMhitA meM eka manoraMjaka vaktavya AyA hai72 - "ataH eka apekSAkRta bUr3hA (jyeSTha) vyakti evaM eka kama avasthA vAlA vyakti, patohU, zvasura surA pIte haiM aura Apasa meM AlApa karate rahate haiM; vicArahInatA pApa hai; ata: eka brAhmaNa isa vicAra se surA nahIM pItA ki 'anyathA ( yadi maiM ise pIU~), maiM pApI ho jAU~gA'; ataH yaha kSatriya ke lie hai; brAhmaNa se aisA kahanA cAhie ki surA, yadi kSatriya dvArA pI jAya, to use hAni nahIM pahu~cAtI / " uparyukta vaktavyoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki na kevala purohita loga hI sautrAmaNi meM bhI surA pIne ko milate the, pratyuta kAThakasaMhitA ke kAla taka use pIne ke lie zulka para bhI brAhmaNa kA milanA kaThina thaa| vAjasaneyIsaMhitA ( 16 / 5 ) ne bhI sautrAmaNI kI ora hI saMketa kiyA hai, anya yajJoM kI bAta nahIM uThAyI hai| mantra yaha hai---'brahma kSatraM pavate teja indriyaM surayA somaH suta Asuto madAya', jisakA artha hai--'soma jaba surA se mizrita ho jAtA hai to kar3A peya ho jAtA hai aura usase nazA (mada ) ho jAtA hai / chando 72. tasmAjjyayAzca kanIyAMzca snuSA zvasurazca surAM potvA saha lAlapata Asate / pApmA va mAvyaM tasmAd brAhmaNaH surAM na pibati pApmanA netsaMsRjyA iti tadetat kSatriyAya brAhmaNaM bUyAnaM surA pItA hinasti / kAThakasaMhitA (12/12) /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra 36 gyopaniSad (5 / 1016) ne surApAna karane vAle ko paMca mahApApiyoM meM ginA hai| ata: sautrAmaNI ke surAdAna (havi) tathA devI ko madya dene ke upadeza meM (jisakI vyavasthA tantroM meM hai) koI sAmya nahIM hai / isa prakAra atharvaveda meM jAdU ke kRtyoM se sambandhita saMketa se bhI koI sahAyatA nahIM prApta ho sakatI / usa kAla se samAja bahuta Age A cukA thA aura manu (11 / 63) ne abhicAra (arthAt kisI ko mArane ke lie zyanayAga ke samAna jAdU kI kriyA) elaM mulakarma (jar3I-bUTiyoM tathA mantroM se kisI vyakti yA strI ko apane vaza meM karanA) ko upapAtaka ThaharA diyA thaa| mahAbhArata (udyogaparva, 5615) se sambandhita saMketa bhI bhrAmaka haiN| mahAbhArata-kAla meM madyasevana hotA thA kintu tantroM ke samAna dhArmika kRtya ke aMza ke rUpa meM nhiiN| isI prakAra tantroM meM madyasevana ke pakSa meM mArkaNDeya tathA anya purANoM kA jo havAlA diyA gayA hai vaha bhI vyartha hI hai, kyoMki purANoM ke ve aMza taba likhe gaye the yA kSepaka rUpa meM taba jor3e gaye jaba hindU samAja ke kucha aMzoM para tAntrika kriyAoM kA prabhAva pragAr3ha rUpa meM par3a cukA thaa| mahAvrata 74 meM maithuna kI ora jo saMketa kiyA gayA hai vaha atyanta jhAmaka evaM avivekapUrNa hai / kulArNava evaM guhyasamAja aise tantroM meM kevala sAdhaka ko alaukika zaktiyoM evaM ucca AdhyAtmika upalabdhiyoM ke lie maithana kA AcaraNa karanA par3atA thA kintu mahAvrata meM maithuna kA karma abhyAgatoM dvArA nirdezita hai (na ki yajamAna yA kisI purohita dvArA) aura vaha bhI kevala pratIkAtmaka hai na ki devI ko prasanna karane ke lie dhArmika kRtya ke rUpa meM svayaM sAdhaka dvArA kiye jAne vAle maMthana ke anarUpa hai| yahA~ taka ki pazcAtkAlIna sUdhAravAdI tantra grantha mahAnirvANatantra 8174-175) ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki una paMca tattvoM para, jinheM sAdhaka ekatra karatA hai (yathA-madya, mAMsa Adi) sau bAra 'AM, hrIM, koM, svAhA' nAmaka mantra kA pATha honA cAhie, sAdhaka ko yaha vicAra karanA cAhie ki pratyeka vastu brahma se utpanna hai, use A~kheM banda karanI cAhie aura una tattvoM ko kAlI ko samarpita karanA cAhie, aura phira svayaM khAnA-pInA caahie| ___alaukika zaktiyoM evaM mukti kI prApti ke lie makAroM kI vyavasthAoM se janatA saMkSubdha ho cukI thI aura tantroM kI avamAnanA Arambha ho gayI thI, ata: zaktisaMgamatantra (1555-1607 I0) aise pazcAtkAlIna hindU tantra granthoM ne pratIkAtmaka vyAkhyAe~ karanI Arambha kara diiN| unakA kathana hai ki madya, mudrA, maithuna Adi zabda sAmAnya artha meM nahIM prayukta haiM, pratyuta ve viziSTa gUr3ha artha meM prayukta haiM75 / udAharaNArtha, mudrA ke 73. tareSa zlokaH / steno hiraNasya surAM pibezca gurostalpamAvasanbrahmahA caMte patanti catvAraH paMcama, pUcAcaraMstairiti / chA0 upa0 (5 / 106) / 74. satra ke eka dina pUrva mahAyata hotA hai| dekhiye isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa (jilda) 2 / / 75. guDAkaraso devi mudrA tu prathamA matA / piNyAkaM lavaNaM devi dvitIyA parikIrtitA / lazunaM tittir3I caiva tRtIyA prikiirtitaa| godhUmamASasambhUtA sundarI ca caturthikA / zaktyAlApaH paMcamI syAtpaMcamudrAH prkiirtitaaH|| zaktisaGagama, tArAkhaNDa, 32, 13-15; dekhiye mahAnirvANatantra (66-10) jahA~ cAvala, jau, yA gehU~ kA ghI ke sAtha banA vyaMjana yA bhUnA huA anna mudrA kahA gayA hai / na madyaM mAdhavImA madyaM zaktirasodbhavam / suSumnA zaMkhinI mudrA unmanyanuttamaM rasaH / / ' sAmarasyAmRtollAsaM maithunaM ca sadAzivam / mahAkaNDalinI zaktistadyogArthaM mheshvri|... saMyogAmRtayogena kuNDalyutthAnakAraNAt / zaktisaMgama-tArAkhaNDa 32, 25-27, 32 / dekhiye 'zakti eNDa zAkta' (pR0 336-340) jahA~ para madya, mAMsa, matsya evaM mathuna kA yoginI

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kaI artha haiM, yathA--gur3a evaM sirakA kA mizraNa, yA namaka evaM khalI kA mizraNa yA lahasuna evaM imalI kA mizraNa yA gehUM evaM urda kA mizraNa; isI prakAra madya vaha nahIM hai jo mAghavI (mahuA) se banatA hai, pratyuta yaha hai kuNDalinI ke jagAne ke prayatna meM zakti kI AhlAdamaya anubhUti ( yA rasa) / yaha mAna liyA jA sakatA hai ki kucha tAntrika grantha evaM lekhaka manuSyoM ko tIna vargoM meM bA~Tate haiM, yathA -- pazu, vIra (ve jinhoMne AdhyAtmika anuzAsana ke mArga meM bar3I unnati kara lI hai) evaM divya ( jo devoM ke samAna haiM ) ina tIna vargoM ke lie tantra ke samarthaka loga pA~ca makAroM kI vibhinna vyAkhyAe~ karate haiM / DI0 ena0 bosa ne apane grantha 'tantraja' deyara philaoNsaphI eNDa oNkalTa sIkreTsa' ( pR0110 111 ) meM balapUrvaka kahA hai ki paMca makAroM ke vAstavika mahattva ko duSTa prakRti ke logoM ne jAnabUjha kara gandA kara DAlA hai; madya vaha amRtamaya dhArA hai jo mastiSka ke usa koza se phUTatI hai, jahA~ AtmA kA nivAsa hai, matsya kA artha hai prANocchvAsoM kA avadamana, mAMsa kA tAtparya haiM 'mauna vrata' tathA maithuna kA artha hai 'sRSTi evaM nAza ke karmoM para dhyAna' / tAntrika loga apane prayogoM ko atizayoktipUrNa ucca artha vAle zabdoM meM bA~dhane ke abhyAsI rahe haiM / paMcamakAroM ko paJca tattva, kuladravya yA kulatattva kahA gayA hai / maithuna ko sAmAnyata: paMcamatattva kahA jAtA hai, aura vaha nArI, jisake sAtha sambhoga kiyA jAtA hai yA jo tantrapUjA meM puruSa se sambandhita hotI hai, zakti ( dekhiye kulArNava 7 / 36-43 evaM mahAnirvANa0, 6 / 18-20 ) yA prakRti yA latA kahalAtI hai aura yaha viziSTa kRtya 'latAsAdhana' ( mahAnirvANa 1 / 52 ) kahA jAtA hai / madya ko torthavAri 'yA kAraNa (8 / 168 evaM 6 / 17 ) kahA jAtA hai / mahAnirvANatantra ne, jo eka sudhAravAdI grantha hai aura kucha bAtoM meM rAjA se madyapiyoM ko daNDita karane ko kahatA hai ( 11 / 113 - 121 ) surA kI prazaMsA meM kalama tor3a dI hai aura use dravamayItArA, jIvanirastArakAriNI, bhoga evaM mokSa kI mAtA tathA vipatti evaM roga ko nAza karane vAlI kahA hai ( 11 / 105 ) / zakti-pUjA ke lie paMca tattva anivArya haiM ( mahAnirvANatantra 5 / 21 - 24 evaM kulaarnnv05| 68 evaM 76 ) 76 | kucha tantroM meM aisA AyA hai ki tattvoM ke artha meM taba antara par3a jAtA hai jaba sambandhita vyakti tAmasika ( pazu prakAra kA sAdhaka ) hotA hai yA rAjasika (vIra prakAra kA sAdhaka ) hotA hai yA sAttvika 40 tantra (adhyAya 6 ) evaM AgamasAra ke anusAra divyabhAva ke rUpa meM alaukika artha diyA huA hai| yoginItantra kA eka zloka yaha hai : 'sahastAropari bindau kuNDalyA malenaM zive / maithunaM paramaM dravyaM yatInAM parikIrtitam // pazu varga ke logoM ke lie, jo zakti-pUjakoM kI nimna zreNI meM parigaNita haiM, tattvoM ke pratinidhi vibhinna prakAra ke haiM / kaulAvalInirNaya ( 5 / 113-123) ne kaI eka pratinidhiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA-- eka brAhmaNa madya ke sthAna para tAmrapAtra meM madhu, pItala ke pAtra meM gAya kA dUdha yA nAriyala kA pAnI rakha sakatA hai, mAMsa ke abhAva meM lahasuna evaM sirakA kA prayoga ho sakatA hai, matsya ke sthAna para bhaiMsa yA bheMr3a kA dUdha prayoga meM lAyA jA sakatA hai tathA maithuna ke sthAna para bhUne hue phala evaM jar3a-mUla prayoga meM lAye jA sakate haiM / ye vyAkhyAe~ ThIka nahIM ja~catIM aura inakI satyatA para sandeha utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai / 1 76. kuladravyaMbanA kuryAjjapayajJatapovratam / niSphalaM tadbhaveddevi bhasmanIva yathA hutam // ; mantrapUtaM kuladravyaM gurudevApitaM priye / ye pibanti janAsteSAM stanyapAnaM na vidyate / / kulArNava0 (5266 evaM 76 ) / 'stanyapAna na vidyate' kA artha hai ki vaha punaH nahIM janma letA / kulArNava0 (5 / 76 - 80) meM Adeza hai : 'surA zaktiH zivo mAMsaM --- tadbhoktA bhairava svayam / tayoraikyasamutpanna Anando mokSa ucyate // AnnadaM brahmaNo rUpaM tacca dehe vyavasthitam / tasyAbhivyaJjakaM madyaM yogibhistena pIyate // '

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra (viSya, vyakti jo zvetA ke samAna hotA hai ) / bahuta-se tantra-granthoM ke anusAra madya kA artha surA evaM usakA pratinidhi , yathA nAriyala kA jala yA koI peya padArtha; isakA artha vaha matta karane vAlA jJAna bhI hai jo moga-kriyAoM ke uparAnta prApta hotA hai| jisake dvArA sAdhaka bAhya saMsAra ke lie eka prakAra se saMjJA zunya ho jAtA hai| mAMsa vaha karma hai jisake dvArA sAdhaka apane evaM apane karma ko bhagavAna ziva ko samapita kara detA hai / matsya (jisake prathama bhAga 'mata' kA artha hotA hai 'merA') vaha mAnasa-sthiti hai jisake dvArA sAdhaka prANiyoM ke sukha evaM duHkha se sahAnubhUti rakhatA hai / maithuna mUlAdhAracakra meM zakti kuNDalinI (manuSya kI deha meM sthita nArI) meM tathA sahasrAracakra meM parama ziva kA mastiSka ke sarvocca kendra meM sammilana hai aura vaha sahasrAra se cUne vAle madhura-rasa kI dhAra hai| kucha logoM ke mata se vijayA yA bhaMga hI madya hai| mahAnirvANa 0 (81170 evaM 173) kA kathana hai ki madhu ke lie 'madhura-traya' evaM maithuna ke lie devI kI pratimA ke caraNoM kA dhyAna evaM vAMchita mantra kA japa rakhA jA sakatA hai / kaulAvalInirNaya (3 / 3) ne nirbhaya hokara kahA hai ki yadi vyakti vijayA (bhaMga) chAna (pI) kara dhyAna meM lagatA hai to vaha dhyAnamantra meM varNita devI ke AkAra kA sAkSAt darzana karatA hai / kaulajJAnanirNaya evaM bhAskararAya (lalitAsahasranAma kI TIkA meM) aise tantroM kA kathana hai ki jaba kuNDalinI yogI dvArA jagA lI jAtI hai aura vaha sahasrAra cakra meM praviSTa ho jAtI hai to vahA~ se (jahA~ bIjakoza meM candra kA nivAsa hai) amRta cUne lagatA hai, jo AlaMkArika rUpa se madya kahalAtA hai / kulArNava ne sarvaprathama udghoSa kiyA hai (1|105-107)--'mukti kA udaya na to vedAdhyayana se hotA aura na zAstroM ke adhyayana se; isakA udaya kevala ThIka jJAna se hotA hai, Azrama mokSa ke sAdhana nahIM aura na darzana hI aise haiM aura na zAstra hI; yaha jJAna hI kAraNa hai; guru dvArA diyA gayA jJAna hI mukti pradAna karatA hai, anya vidyAe~ mAtra hAsyAspada haiN| isake uparAnta vedAntI DhaMga se aisA kahA gayA hai (11111-112)-'do zabda (krama se) bandhana yA mukti kI ora le jAte haiM, yathA-(yaha) merA (hai) yA 'merA kucha bhI nahIM hai| vyakti yaha socakara ki 'yaha merA hai' bandhana meM par3atA hai aura jaba use isakA jJAna ho jAtA hai ki 'merA kucha bhI nahIM hai to vaha mukta ho jAtA hai| vahI ucita karma hai jisase vyakti bandhana meM nahIM par3atA, vahI vAstavika jJAna hai jo mukti pradAna karatA hai| ina ucca vicAroM ke uparAnta vahI tantra (2122-23 evaM 26) kaula siddhAnta para A jAtA hai / 'vaha vyakti jo yogI hai, (sAmAnyataH) jIvana kA upabhoga nahIM karatA, aura jo yoga nahIM jAnatA jIvana kA upabhoga karatA hai| kintu kaula siddhAnta meM yoga evaM bhoga donoM haiM, ataH yaha sabhI (siddhAntoM) meM zreSTha hai; kaula siddhAnta meM bhoga sIdhe DhaMga se yoga ho jAtA hai, jo (anya sAdhAraNa logoM kI dRSTi meM) pApa hai, vahI puNya ho jAtA hai, saMsAra mokSa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| jisakA mana ziva-pUjA, durgA-pUjA Adi ke mantroM se pavitra ho cukA hai use kaula jJAna prakAzita karatA hai|' kulArNava sAdhAraNa logoM ko do manoM vAlA lagatA hai| jahA~ eka sA~sa meM vaha madya pIne , mAMsa khAne kI bAta kaula siddhAnta ke anuyAyiyoM se kaha DAlatA hai , usI DhaMga se dUsare avasara para vaha makAroM kA DhiArtha upasthita karane lagatA hai (5|107-112)-muulaadhaar se brahmarandhra meM pahuMcane para kuNDalinI-zakti evaM buddhi (cit, ziva) ke rUpa meM candra ke sammilana kA Ananda ubharatA hai; mastaka ke hone vAle amRta ke svAda para dhyAna dene vAlA vyakti sudhA (amRta, madya) pItA hai; anya vyakti mAtra

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42 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa madyapIte haiM / jaba yoga kA abhyAsI 77 jJAna kI talavAra se acchA yA burA karma karane vAle pazu (ahaM) ko kATatA huA apane mana ko parama ( tattva ) meM lagA detA hai to vaha pala ( sarvocca, mAMsa) kA khAne vAlA kahA jAtA hai / yogI, jo apane mana se apanI katipaya indriyoM ko saMyamita karatA huA, unheM AtmA meM kendrita kara detA hai, 'matsyAzI' ho jAtA hai78, anya saba kevala prANiyoM ke hantA kahe jAte haiM / pazu ( varga ke ) vyakti kI zakti ( sAdhaka se sambandhita nArI) aprabuddha hotI hai; kintu kaulika kI zakti prabuddha hotI hai; jo aisI zakti ko sammAnita karatA hai vaha vAstavika rUpa meM zaktipUjaka hai / jaba vyakti parAzakti ( sarvocca zakti) evaM AtmA (ziva) ke sammilana se utpanna Ananda se paripUrNa ho jAtA hai to vahI maithuna kahalAtA hai; anya vyakti mAtra strIniSevaka haiM / lokasaryAdAviruddha tAntrika AcAroM ke samarthaka apekSAkRta adhika yA kama kulArNava kI bhA~ti hI paMcamakAroM ke viSaya meM vyAkhyAe~ evaM tarka upasthita karate haiN| udAharaNArtha, apane grantha 'priMsipulsa oNva tantra' ( bhAga 2 ) kI bhUmikA meM Arthara evAlona ( sara jaoNna vuDraupha) ne pArAnandasUtra ( pR0 17) meM prayukta 'pIne ' kI alaukika artha (gupta yA gUr3ha artha ) meM vyAkhyA kI hai -- ' bAra- bAra pIne para pRthivI para gira jAne para punaH uTha kara pI lene para punarjanma nahIM hotA 79 / unhoMne vyAkhyA kI hai -- ' isa prakAra jaga jAne para kuNDalinI mukti ke bRhad mArga meM praveza karatI hai, vaha mArga suSumnA snAyu hai aura sabhI kendroM ko eka ke uparAnta eka bedhatI sahasrAra meM pahu~ca jAtI hai aura punaH usI mArga se mUlAdhAra cakra ko lauTa AtI hai / isa prakAra ke sammilana se amRta dhAra kA pravAha hotA hai / sAdhaka use pItA hai aura parama sukha prApta karatA hai / yahI kulAmRta nAmaka madya hai jise AdhyAtmika stara vAlA sAdhaka pItA hai...|' AdhyAtmika varga ke sAdhaka ke viSaya meM tantra kA kathana hai--' pItvA pItvA vidyate / SaT cakra sAdhanA kI prathama avasthA meM sAdhaka bahuta dera taka apanI sA~sa roka kara zakti ke pratyeka kendra meM dhAraNA evaM dhyAna kA abhyAsa nahIM kara pAtA / vaha kuNDalinI ko suSumnA meM apane kumbhaka kI zakti se adhika dera taka nahIM rakha sakatA / ataH pariNAmataH use svagika amRta kA pAna karane ke uparAnta pRthivI para arthAt usa mUlAdhAra para utara 77. AmUlAdhAramAbrahmarandhaM gatvA punaH punaH / ciccandra kuNDalI zaktisAmarasya sukhodayaH // vyomapaMkajanisyandasudhApAnaratonaraH / sudhApAnamidaM proktamitare madyapAyinaH // puNyApuNya-pazuM hatvA jJAnakhaGgena yogavit / parelayaM nayeccittaM palAzI sa nigadyate // manasA cendriyagaNaM saMyamyAtmani yojayet / matsyAzI sa bhaveddevi zeSAH syuH prANihiMsakAH // aprabuddhA pazoH zaktiH prabuddhA kaulikasya ca / zaktiM tAM sevayedyastu sa bhavecchakti sevakaH // parAzaktyAtmamithunasaMyogAnandanirbharaH / ya Aste maithunaM tat syAdapare strIniSevakAH / / kulArNava0 (5 / 107-112 ) / cauthA tattva mudrA hai, kintu yaha zabda bahudhA sAdhaka se sambandhita zakti ke lie prayukta hotA hai| 78. palAzI kA artha hai 'pala ko khAne vAlA' yA 'pala kA Ananda lene vAlA' / pala artha hai 'mAMsa' / 'pala' 'para' (sarvocca) ke lie bhI prayukta hotA hai kyoMki 'ra' evaM 'la' uccAraNa-sthAna se eka hI haiM aura 'az' dhAtu, kA artha 'pahu~canA' evaM 'khAnA' donoM hotA hai / 'matsyAzI' kA zAbdika artha hai 'matsya' ko khAne vAlA', kintu alaufor vyAkhyA meM 'matsya' 'manas' (mana) + 'sya' ke lie hai jo 'saMyama' kA pratinidhitva karatA hai / 76. jIvanmuktaH piberevamanyathA patito bhavediti / punaH pItvA punaH pItvA patitvA dharaNI tale / utthAya ca punaH pItvA punarjanma na vidyate / / pArAnandasUtra ( pR0 17, sUtra 81-82 ) /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra par3anA hotA hai jo ki pRthivI tattva kA kendra hai / sAdhaka ko isakA abhyAsa bAra-bAra karanA hotA hai aura lagAtAra abhyAsa se hI punarjanma kA kAraNa arthAt vAsanA (icchA) dUra hotI hai|" yaha vyAkhyA ati gambhIra evaM utkRSTa rUpa se mAnasika hai| kintu kisI prakAra bhI pratIti meM baiThane vAlI nahIM hai| prastuta lekhaka yaha jAnanA cAhatA hai ki kitane tantra-lekhakoM evaM kitane tAntrikoM ne UrdhvAyana ke siddhAnta ko, jo 'tantraz2a aiz2a e ve oNva rIyalijezana' (AtmajJAna ke lie tantra-vidhi, kalcarala heriTeja oNva iNDiyA, jilda 4, pR0 233-235) meM ullikhita hai, paMcamakAroM ke Alambana kI vyAkhyA karake anubhava kiyA hai| prathama prazna yaha hai-'eka ati gambhIra evaM ucca Ananda kI avasthA ke varNana ke lie azlIla bhASA kA prayoga kyoM Avazyaka thA ? mAna liyA jAya ki vubhaupha ne madya kI jo vyAkhyA kI hai vaha ThIka hai, to matsya evaM mAMsa kI kyA vyAkhyA hogI? samarthakoM ne jo gUDhArtha 'matsyAzI' evaM 'mAMsAzI' ke viSaya meM diyA hai vaha bhUlabhUlaiyA mAtra hai, usase kucha artha spaSTa nahIM ho paataa| kulArNava0, pArAnanda-sUtra tathA katipaya anya granthoM ne sadaiva sAdhAraNa artha meM hI madya, mAMsa evaM matsya aise zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| kulArNava0 (2 / 126) ne manu (63 : surA vai malamannAnAM Adi) ko uddhRta kiyA hai / tIna prakAra kI surA banAne kI vidhi batAyI hai (5 // 15-21) aura kahatA hai ki madoM meM surA 12vA~ prakAra hai aura anya 11 prakAra ke mada (madya) panasa, aMgUra, khajUra, gannA Adi se banate haiM (5 / 26) / kulArNava ne kaula AcAra meM madya pIne ke DhaMga para prakAza DAlA hai (11 / 22-35) / isane mAMsa ke tIna prakAra batAye haiM-nabhacara jIvoM (pakSiyoM) ke , jalacara ke evaM sthalacara ke| svacchandatantra (kazmIrI zaivAgama para eka mahAn prAmANika grantha) meM AyA hai ki bhA~ti-bhAMti kI machaliyA~ evaM mAMsa tathA aise bhojana jo cUse jAte haiM evaM piye jAte haiM, ziva kI pratimA para car3hAye jAne cAhie aura isa viSaya meM kaMjUsI nahIM kI jAnI cAhie / pArAnandasUtra ke uddharaNa yaha bhalI bhA~ti prakaTa karate haiM ki madya, mAMsa evaM maithuna sAdhAraNa artha meM hI prayukta huye haiN| pArAnandasUtra (pR0 80-83) ne sAdhaka dvArA kiye jAne vAle mai thana kA aisA azlIla varNana kiyA hai ki yahA~ usakA udghATana karanA asambhava hai| devI-pUjA savistAra hotI thI, solaha upacAra kiye jAte the| to aisI sthiti meM madya, mAMsa evaM maithana ko devI-pajA ke lie anivArya kyoM mAnA gayA ? kulArNava evaM anya tantroM ne veda kI prazaMsA kI hai , vaidika mantroM kA prayoga kiyA hai tathA upaniSadoM evaM gItA ke vacana uddhRta kiye haiN| taba bhI duHkha kI bAta hai ki unhoMne isa bAta kA dhyAna nahIM rakhA ki sAmAnya janatA para unake kathanoM evaM AcAroM kA kyA prabhAva par3a sakatA hai| madhyakAla ke kucha aise kaula-sampradAya-sambandhI grantha haiM, jo madya pIne mAMsa khAne evaM maithuna karane kA varNana azlIla DhaMga se karate haiM aura devI-pUjA ke lie Avazyaka mAnate haiM aura balapUrvaka kahate haiM ki isase mukti milatI hai / kaularahasya (jisameM 100 zloka haiM) ke do zlokoM se patA cala jAyegA ki sAmAnya loga paMca makAroM ke viSaya meM kyA dhAraNA rakhate the / 80. nidhAya dhArAM vadane sudhAyAH zrIcakramabhyarcya kulakrameNa / AsvAdha madyaM pizitaM mRgAkSImAliMgya mokSa sudhiyo labhante / / AsvAdayantaH pizitasya khaNDama kaNDapUrNa ca sudhAM pibantaH / mRgakSaNAsaGgatamAcaranto bhuktiM ca muktiM ca vayaM vrjaamH|| kaularahasya (zloka 4 evaM 7; Dakana kAleja pANDulipi, saMkhyA 656, 1884-87; saMvat 1760=1734 I0 meM pratilipi bnii)| yaha nIlapaTadarzana ke siddhAnta se milAyA jA sakatA hai / dekhiye pAdaTippaNI saMkhyA 60 / bhaNDArakara orieNTala rIsarca iMsTIcyUTa (pUnA) meM eka pANDulipi (Dakana kAleja, saMkhyA

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prA0 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pro0 inirikha jimmara ne apanI pustaka 'ArTa Ava iNDiyana eziyA' (jilda 1, pR0 126-130) meM kucha vaktavya diye haiM jo vicAraNIya haiN| unhoMne jo kucha kahA hai vaha kalA-vizeSajJa evaM bhAratIyakalA ke itihAsakAra ke rUpa meM kahA hai| unakI dhAraNAe~ ur3IsA ke purI evaM anya mandiroM tathA bhArata ke anya sthAnoM meM pAye jAne vAle mandiroM para takSita tantra sambandhI pratimAoM para AdhArita haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki bhAratIya kalA ke pIche bhAratIya dhArmika evaM dArzanika jIvana hai| bhAratIya kalAkAroM ne bhautika jIvana kI sthala AvazyakatAoM para bhI dhyAna diyA hai| bhAratIyoM ne na kevala yoga para dhyAna diyA hai, pratyuta unhoMne bhoga evaM prema kI pUrNa anubhati ko bhI sthAna diyA hai| hindU evaM bauddha paramparAoM meM jo pratIka prApta hote haiM unase yaha vyakta hotA hai ki yoga evaM bhoga meM koI maulika Antarika virodha nahIM hai| yoga ke kaThora anuzAsanoM meM AdhyAtmika zikSaka evaM patha pradarzaka ke rUpa meM garu kA jo karma thA vaha bhaktoM evaM kAmuka sahakarmiyoM dvArA bhoga ke upakramoM meM grahaNa kara liyA gyaa| dIkSita evaM abhimantrita nArI zakti ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai aura dIkSita evaM abhimantrita puruSa ziva ke rUpa meM, aura donoM devI evaM deva ke ekazarIra yA ekamUrti ke rUpa meM apane bhItara parama mahattA kI anubhUti grahaNa karate haiN| hamane yaha pahale hI kaha diyA hai ki pro0 jimmara kI yaha dhAraNA truTipUrNa hai ki tAntrika kRtyoM ko yoga ke bhAratIya sAmpradAyikoM ne vAmamArga ke rUpa meM vidhivat avamAnanA (avajJA) dii| pro0 jimmara, yaha kahate hue bhI truTipUrNa haiM ki prathama zatI bhara tAntrika kRtya bhAratIya sahaja anubhUti ke AdhAra the| isa kathana kI puSTi ke lie koI pramANa nahIM hai| svayaM tAntrikoM ne pUjA meM paMcamakAroM kA prayoga vAmAcAra kahA hai| aba hama tAntrikoM kI do-eka vilakSaNa dhAraNAoM evaM AcAroM kA ullekha kreNge| 'AM, hIM, koM' nAmaka tIna bIjoM ke pATha tathA 'oM Ananda bhairavAya namaH' evaM 'oM Ananda bhairavyai namaH' ke japa se madrA ke dravya kI zuddhi kI jAtI thI 81 / mahAnirvANa evaM tantrarAjatantra meM AyA hai ki binA zuddhi82 164, 1861-1865) hai jisakA nAma hai paMcamakArazodhanavidhi, jisameM vaidika mantroM se mahAnirvANatantra kI bhAMti hI paMcamakAroM kI zuddhi kA ullekha hai / ___ 81. zuddhi binA madyapAnaM kevalaM viSabhakSaNam / cirarogI bhavenmantrI svalpAyumriyate'cirAt / / mahAnirvANa. (6.13) / sara jaoNna vuDraupha eka vicitra vyAkhyA upasthita karate haiM ki binA bhojana ke madya adhika hAni yA kaSTa utpanna karatA hai tathA mantra-japa evaM anya kRtyoM kA sampAdana, sAdhakoM ke vizvAsa ke anusAra, madya se utpanna zApa ko dUra karatA hai aura sAdhaka devI evaM ziva ke sammilana kA dhyAna madya meM karatA hai, kyoMki madya svayaM eka devatA hai| satyatretAdvApareSu yathA madyAdisevanam / kalAvapi tathA kuryAt kulavAnusArataH / / kulamArgeNa tattvAni zodhitAni ca yogine / ye dadhuH satyavacase nahi tAn bAdhate kliH| mahAnirvANa0 (4 / 56-60) / 82. kulArNava0 (17 / 25) ne 'vIra' ko paribhASA yoM ko hai : 'viitraagmdkleshkopmaatsrymohtH| rajastamoviduratvAdvIra itybhidhiiyte||' ina utkRSTa guNoM ko Avazyaka ke rahate hue bhI rudrayAmala (28 / 31-36) meM AyA hai ki vIra ko dUsare kI sundara patnI (yA apanI) kA sammAna karanA cAhie, jo AbhUSaNayukta ho, jisakI deha kAmuka rAgoM se vyApta ho aura jo madya se utphulla ho uThI ho-'atha vIro yajetkAntAM parakIyAmathApi baa|''mdnaanltptaanggiimaasvaanndvigrhaam / / ' Adi / mahAnirvANa0 (1157) ne sAdhakoM ko tIna zreNiyAM batAyI haiM-paza, vIra evaM divya, antima ko paribhASA yoM hai-'divyazca devatAprAyaH zuddhAntaHkaraNa sadA / dvandvA.

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra ke madya-sevana, viSa-sevana ke sadRza hai, jo vyakti aisA karatA hai vaha bahuta dinoM taka rugNa rahegA aura Ayu ke pUrva hI zIghra mara jAyegA / madya-sevana vaha bhI kara sakatA hai jise kucha pUrNatA prApta ho cukI hai aura vaha devI ke dhyAna meM DUbakara alaukika Ananda kI anubhUti kara letA hai, jaba vaha usa sthiti ke Upara adhivaH pItA hai to vaha pApI ho jAtA hai (aura dekhie kulArNava0 7 / 67-68, jahA~ para antima bAta kI ora saMketa hai)| ADambarahIna logoM ke dRSTikoNa se eka atyanta vidrohapUrNa kRtya hai cakra-pUjA (ghere meM hone vAlI pUjA) / barAbara saMkhyA meM puruSa evaM nArI, binA jAti-bheda ke, yahA~ taka ki sannikaTa rakta sambandhI jana bhI gapta rUpa se rAtri meM milate haiM aura eka vRtta meM baiThate haiM (dekhie kulAvalInirNaya, 876) / eka yantra (citra) ke rUpa meM devI citrita hotI haiN| cakra kA eka netA hotA hai| niyama aise the ki kevala vIra sthiti meM kuzala vyakti hI sammilita kiye jAte the 83 aura pazu bhAva vAle (sAdhAraNa jana loga jo apane pazutva para vijaya nahIM pA sake haiM) sarvathA tyAjya the| yaha kaise vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA thA ki 'cakra' ke netA meM ve uttama guNa vidyamAna haiM jo Upara ullikhita haiM aura vaha netA una guNoM se yukta logoM ko hI sammilita karegA? upasthita striyoM meM sabhI apanI-apanI kaMcukI ko eka pAtra (yA AdhAra yA sthAna) meM rakha detI thIM aura upasthita puruSoM meM pratyeka unameM se kisI eka ko usa rAtri ke lie cuna letA thA (arthAt pAtra meM se kaMcukI ko uThAkara usakI mAlakina ko cuna letA thaa)| isa cakra ke AcAra ne tAntrikoM ko avazya bhartsanA evaM nindA kA pAtra banAyA hogaa| isI se kulArNava0 84 ne apanI sammati dI hai ki cakrapUjA gupta rIti se honI cAhie / 'zrI cakra meM jo kucha bhalA yA burA hotA hai, use janatA meM kamI tIto vItarAgaH sarvabhUtasamaH kssmii|| (vahI 1155) / ina tIna bhAvoM ke viSaya meM tantra vibhinna mata rakhate haiN| kAlIvilAsatantra meM AyA hai ki divya prakAra ke loga kevala satyayuga evaM tretAyuga meM hote the, vIra prakAra ke loga kevala tretAyuga evaM dvApara yuga meM pAye jAte the, ye donoM kaliyuga meM nahIM hote haiM, kevala pazu-bhAva kaliyuga meM bacA raha gayA hai (6310 evaM 21) / 83. dekhie 'zakti evaM zAkta' (pR0 354); pharkuhara kA grantha 'AuTalAiMsa Ava di rilijiyasa liTarecara Ava iNDiyA (pR0 203); mahAnirvANatantra 8 / 204-216 / zrIcakra vRttAtaM zubhaM vA yadi vAzubham / kadAcinnaiva vaktavyamityAjJA paramezvari / / kuladharmAdikaM sarva sarvAvasthAsu srvdaa| gopayecca prayatnena jananIjAragarbhavat / vedazAstrapurANAni spaSTAni gaNikA iva / iyaM tu zAmbhavI vidyA guptA kulavadhUriva ||kulaarnnv0 (11176, 84, 85) / kinta mahAnirvANa (476-80) meM ziva dvArA kahalAyA gayA hai ki kaulika sAdhanA khule rUpa meM honI cAhie aura unhoMne anya tantroM meM jo yaha kahA hai ki kaulika dharma ko gopanIya rakhanA doSayukta nahIM hai, vaha aba, jaba ki kaliyuga prabala ho gayA hai, ThIka nahIM hai| 84. zeSatattvaM mahezAni nirvIyaM prabale klau| svakIyA kevalA jeyA srvdossvivjitaa|| athavAna svayasvAdi kasamaM prANavallabhe / kathitaM tatpratinidhau kusIdaM parikItitama // mahAnirvANa. (6 / 14-15) 'atra' kA artha hai 'zeSa tatva ke nivedana arthAt havya meM, zeSatattva kA artha hai pA~cavA~ tattva arthAt maithuna / TIkAkAra ne vyAkhyA hI hai kasIdaM raktacandanam' / zakti hone vAlI striyA~ tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita haiM, yathA--svIyA (apanI patnI), parakIyA (dUsare kI patnI) evaM sAdhAraNI (vaha strI jo vezyA ho)|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nahIM kahanA cAhie; yaha (paramAtmA kA) ana zAsana hai; cakra-pUjA kI ghaTanA kA ullekha kabhI bhI nahIM honA caahie|' 18 vIM zatI meM likhita sudhAravAdI mahAnirvANatantra kA kathana hai ki kaliyuga (jisameM loga sAmarthyahIna hote haiM aura pApamaya yaga kA prabhAva adhika hotA hai) meM pA~caveM tattva (maithuna) ke lie apanI patnI hI zakti ho sakatI hai, kyoMki usa sthiti meM koI aparAdha nahIM ho sakatA, yA usake sthAna para lAlacandana lepa kA prayoga ho sakatA hai| zrI acyutarAya modaka kRta 'avaidikadhikkRti' (avaidika prayogoM evaM AcAroM kI bhartsanA) meM paMcamakAroM ke sampradAya kI kaTu AlocanA kI gayI hai| dekhie tArAporevAlA kamemorezana, vAlyama (Dakana kAleja risarca iMsTIcyaTa, pa0 214-220) jahA~ acyutarAya modaka para nibandha hai| unakA grantha 1815 I0 meM praNIta huA thaa| svabhAvata: sAmAnya logoM ne, jo zakti, nAda, bindu Adi ke gahana evaM sUkSma darzana ko na to pasanda karate the aura na samajha sakate the, kautUhala evaM atispRhA ke sAtha tantroM dvArA vyAkhyAyita paMcamakAroM evaM mantroM, bIjoM, cakroM Adi dvArA kI jAne vAlI zakti-pUjA ke sarala mArga ko apanA liyA, aura kucha loga guruoM, zAktoM evaM tAntrikoM kA rUpa dhAraNa karake kAlAntara meM ati gahita ho gye| tantroM kA mArga, apane uccatara stara para, upAsanA yA bhakti kA thA, kintu yaha bahudhA jAdUgarI evaM anaitikatA ke garta meM gira jAyA karatA thaa| pUjita hone vAlI devI, paramezvarI, upAsaka ke lie tIna rUpoM vAlI thI, yathA-sthUla, sUkSma evaM praa| prathama rUpa meM devI hAthoM-pairoM AdivAlI hotI thI aura bhakta loga usakI pUjA hAthoM evaM A~khoM se karate the; dUsare rUpa meM acche guru se prApta mantra hote the jo zravaNa evaM vANI kI indriyoM dvArA grahaNa kiye jAte the; tIsare (parA) rUpa meM devI ko sAdhaka mana dvArA samajhatA thA aura vaha vibhu cetanA Adi ke rUpa meM varNita hotI thI (dekhie nityASoDazikA, 6 / 46-50) / kucha Adhunika lekhakoM ne sampUrNa tAntrika sAhitya ke prati anyAya kiyA hai aura use abhicAra Adi kA jAdU yA azlIlatApUrNa kahA hai| prastuta lekhaka una logoM ke samAna nahIM hai jo kisI bAta ko na samajha pAne para use truTipUrNa , asatya yA vyartha samajhate haiN| prastuta lekhaka isa bAta meM vizvAsa karatA hai ki kucha uccatara mana:sthiti vAle tAntrikoM tathA kucha tantra-granthoM kA uddezya thA yoga-kriyAoM dvArA AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kI prApti karanA, parama tattva kA jJAna prApta karanA (jise brahmA, viSNu, ziva yA devI ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai ) tathA mokSa kI prApti krnaa| prastuta lekhaka yaha jAnatA hai ki uparyukta bahuta-sI bAtoM kA AdhAra tathA kacha tantra-granthoM meM ullikhita jAdU-TonA kA Arambha yA srota, bahuta kama mAtrA meM hI, Rgveda, atharvaveda, sAmavidhAna brAhmaNa evaM anya vaidika granthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / bhale hI prastuta lekhaka ko, jisane bahuta-se tantroM pataMjali ke yogasatra ko bhASya evaM TIkAoM ke sAtha gambhIratA evaM sAvadhAnI ke sAtha par3hA hai. koI rahasya vAdI anubhUti nahIM huI hai, kintu yaha lekhaka yaha mAnane ko sannaddha nahIM hai ki paigambaroM, santoM, kaviyoM Adi ko rahasyavAdI darzana evaM anabhava nahIM prApta hae the| mAnava kI mAnasa zaktiyA~ vizada evaM ajJAta haiN| yaha bAta ThIka hai ki ka cha tAntrika granthoM ne sAmAnya sAmAjika jIvana ke niyamoM evaM paramparAoM (samAjadharma meM antara prakaTa kiyA hai, kintu tAntrika pUjA ke vicitra svarUpoM meM, jinameM jaba taka vaha calatI rahatI hai. jAti evaM liMga kA vibheda nahIM khar3A kiyA jAtA / yaha bAta bhI ThIka hai ki tantra-granthoM ne striyoM ko puruSoM ke samAna mAnA aura unheM ucca sthiti pradAna kii| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sabhI ke lie devI kI pUjA ko pratiSThita kara vaiSNavoM , zaivoM evaM anya logoM ko eka-dUsare ke virodha meM jAne evaM vivAda se bacAne ke lie eka hI maJca sthApita kiyaa| kintu isa viSaya meM adhika saphalatA nahIM prApta ho sakI aura vaiSNava

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra evaM zaiva Apasa meM lar3ate-jhagar3ate cale gaye aura svayaM tAntrika pA~ca vargoM meM ba~Ta gaye, yathA-zaiva, zAkta, vaiSNava, saura evaM gANapatya / Age calakara svayaM tAntrikoM ke bIca kAdimata, hAdimata Adi siddhAnta paraspara virodhI rUpa pakar3ate gye| jina bAtoM meM tAntrika grantha saMskRta ke anya dhArmika granthoM se bhinna haiM ve ye haiM :-alaukika athavA adbhuta zaktiyoM kI upalabdhiyoM kA prativacana 85, tAntrika sAdhanA dvArA bahuta hI zIghra parama tattva kI anubhUti prApta karanA (dekhie priMsipulsa Ava tantra, bhUmikA, pR0 14), vAJchita phaloM kI prApti ke lie paMcamakAroM dvArA devI kI pUjA para bala denA (mahAnirvANa 0 5 / 24, 'paMcatattva vihInAyAM pUjAyAM na phalodbhava' evaM mantroM, bIjoM (aise akSara jinakA artha sAmAnya loga nahIM samajhate), nyAsoM, mudrAoM, cakroM, yantroM tathA anya aisI bAtoM ko, lakSya kI prApti ke lie, mahattA denA / tantravAda kI bhartsanA ke mUla meM hai usakA madya, mAMsa, maithana Adi para bala denA, jinake dvArA devI kI pUjA ati prabhAvazAlI mAnI jAtI hai| usakI bhartsanA kA anya kAraNa hai vaha siddhAnta ki kevala mantra yA mantroM ke pATha se madya, mAMsa tathA anya tattva zaddha ho jAte haiM, devI ko samarpita kara dene se tathA una para dhyAna karane se ve grahaNa karane yogya ho jAte haiM, jabaki usI sAMsa meM yaha bAta bhI kahI jAtI hai ki madya evaM mAMsa kA grahaNa binA isa kRtya ke pApamaya hai| ye bAteM una logoM ko jo kaula nahIM haiM, virodha meM khar3A karatI haiN| bahudhA loga yaha samajhate haiM ki tantra kI zikSA sAmAnya logoM ko bhraSTa kara dene vAlI hai aura usameM kapaTa evaM chala kI vAsa (gandha) AtI hai| kucha tantroM ne aisI bAteM kahIM haiM jo atAntrikoM ko ucchRkhalatApUrNa jaMcatI haiM / kaulAvalinirNaya (4 / 15) meM AyA hai--'zAktoM ke hita meM sukha evaM mokSa ke lie pA~caveM tatva (maithuna) se bar3hakara koI anya tattva nahIM hai| kevala pA~caveM tattva (ke abhyAsa) se sAdhaka siddha ho jAtA hai| yadi vaha kevala pahale (arthAt madya) kA sevana karatA hai to vaha bhairava hotA hai, yadi vaha dUsare (arthAt mAMsa) kA sevana karatA hai to brahmA hotA hai. tIsare (matsya) se mahAbhairava hotA hai, cauthe (madrA) se vaha sAdhakoM meM zreSTha hotA hai'| isI tantra ne, Age punaH kahA hai--'sabhI striyA~ (zAkta) sAdhaka ke saMbhoga ke yogya hotI haiM, kevala garu kI patnI evaM una zAktoM kI, jo vIra avasthA ko prApta ho gaye rahate haiM, patniyoM ko chor3a kara; kintu jo loga 85. sara jaoNna vuDropha (priMsipulsa Ava tantra, bhAga 2, bhUmikA, pR0 12-14) kA kathana hai ki tAntrika prantha anya dhArmika granthoM se eka viSaya meM vibhinna haiM aura vaha hai isake kRtya ke vibhinna aMga, yathA-mantra, bIja, mudrAe~, yantra, bhUtazuddhi, aura kevala inhIM bAtoM ke kAraNa kisI grantha ko tAntrika grantha kahA gayA / aura dekhie I0 e0 peyana kRta 'zAktaja' (pR0 137) jahA~ aisA hI mata prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| sara jaoNna vuDraupha ne peyane ke grantha kI samIkSA (je0 Ara0 e0 esa0, 1635, 10 387) karate hue svayaM mAnA hai ki zAkta kRtya vizeSatA hai isakA mantra, indra-jAla sambandhI isake aMza aura isakA vaha bhAga jo gupta rahatA hai jahA~ yoga hotA hai vahA~ bhoga nahIM hotA, kintu zAkta siddhAnta meM vyakti yoga evaM bhoga donoM kI upalabdhi kara sakatA hai aura yahI usa siddhAnta ko spaSTa evaM gahana vizeSatA hai| yahA~ taka ki bauddha vajayAna tantroM ne bodhi (dekhiye guhyasamAja0, pR0 154, sAdhanamAlA, 1, pR0 225 evaM 2, pR0 421 evaM jJAnasiddhi 114 : ye tu sattvAH samArUDhAH srvsNklpvjitaaH| te spRzanti parAM bodhi janmanIhaiva sAdhakAH // ) kI prApti ko parama uddezya mAnA

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48 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa advaitAvasthA ko pahu~ce rahate haiM unake lie koI niyantraNa nahIM hai aura na koI vyavasthA hai / pavitra ke lie sabhI kucha pavitra hai| kevala vAsanA hI dUSaNa ke yogya hai 86 / isI saMdarbha meM usa granya ne niyama viruddha evaM kadAcAramaya saMbhoga ke viSaya meM kucha aise tuccha evaM azlIla tarka upasthita kiye haiM jinheM hama yahA~ nahIM likha skte| isa prakAra ke vaktavyoM ke lie anya tantra bhI kukhyAta haiM / udAharaNArtha, kAlIvilAsatantra (10 / 20-21) ne zAkta bhakta ko paranArI ke sAtha saMbhoga kI anumati dI hai, kintu aisI vyavasthA dI hai ki vIryapAta na hone pAye ; usane dRr3hatA ke sAtha yaha kahA hai ki yadi sAdhaka aisA kara pAtA hai to vaha sarvasiddhIzvara ho jAtA hai| bar3e Azcarya kI bAta to yaha hai ki isa grantha ke lekhaka ne aisI lajjAspada bAta zaMkara dvArA pArvatI se kahalAyI hai| madya ke viSaya meM usa grantha meM AyA hai--'jisa prakAra vaidika yajJoM meM brAhmaNoM ke lie somapAna kA vidhAna hai, usI prakAra, (kaula dharma ke AcAra ke anusAra) ucita kAloM meM madya sevana karanA caahie| kyoMki isase bhoga evaM mokSa donoM prApta hote haiM; kevala unake lie madya-sevana nipiddha hai jo phalArthI evaM ahaMkArI haiM, kintu jo ahaMkAra rahita haiM unake lie na to niSedha aura na vidhi / jo loga bharepAza nirmakta (antara karane ke pAza se rahita) haiM unheM mantrArtha ke smaraNa evaM mana ko sthira rakhane ke lie madyapAna karanA cAhie, kintu jo vyakti kevala sukha ke lie madya tathA anya tattvoM kA sevana karatA hai vaha pAtakI hai'| isa prakAra ke vaktavyoM se samAja avazya dUSita ho gayA hogA aura yadi tantroM ke virodha meM bAteM kahI jAtI rahI haiM to ve ThIka hI thiiN| yadi kabhI kisI eka vyakti ne alaukika zaktiyA~ prApta bhI kara lI aura AdhyAtmika rUpa se paryApta Upara uTha gayA to saikar3oM aise pathabhraSTa, chalI, kapaTI, kadAcArI evaM vyabhicArI, vyakti rahe hoMge jinhoMne abodha logoM, vizeSata: nAriyoM ko pathabhraSTa kara diyA hogaa| bahuta thor3e-se purANoM, yathA--devIpurANa, kAlikA, devImahAtmya ( mArkaNDeyapurANa meM ) ne hI devIpUjA meM madya, mAMsa evaM matsya aise kutsita makAroM ke prayoga kI carcA kI hai| chaThI evaM sAtavIM zatI ke uparAnta purANoM ne zAktoM evaM tAntrikoM kI viziSTa kRtya-saMskAra-sambandhI vizeSatAoM kA samAveza karanA Arambha kara diyA / aparArka ne devIpurANa 87 se uddharaNa dekara sthApaka (jo devI pratiSThA sampAdana karatA hai) 86. athAtaH saMpravakSyAmi paJcatattvavinirgayan / paJcamAtu paraM nAsti zAktAnAM sukhmokssyoH| kevalaH paJcamairava siddho bhavati saadhkH| kevalenAdyayogena sAdhako bhairavo bhavet / Adi-Adi, kaulAvalInirNaya 4115-16 garuvIravavastyaktvA ramyAH sarvAzca yossitH| etA vAH prayatnena sandigdhAnAM ca sarvadA // advaitAnAM ca katrApi niSedho naiva vidyte|... ata eva yadA yasya vAsanA kutsitA bhavet / tadA doSAya bhavati nAnyathA dUSaNaM kvacit / / kaulAvalInirNaya 8 / 221-222, 226; pavitraM sakalaM caiva vAsanA kutsitA bhavet / vahI, (173170) / dIkSitaH paranArISu yadi maithunamAcareta / na bindoH pAtanaM kArya kRte ca brahmahA bhavet / yadi na prapated binduH paranAroSa pArvati / sarvasiddhIzvaro bhUtvA vihared bhuumimnnddle|| kAlovilAsatantra (10 / 20-21) / 87. yadapi devIpurANe-vAmadakSiNavettA yo maatRvedaarthpaargH| sa bhavetsthApakaH zreSTho devInA-mAtarA (tRkA?) su c| paJcarAnnArthakuzalo mAtRtantravizAradaH / Adi-aparArka0 (pR0 16); isake uparAnta punaH matsya (265 / 1-5) se sthApaka ke guNoM ke viSaya meM uddharaNa AyA hai jisameM vAma, dakSiNa evaM tantra kI ora koI saMketa nahIM hai| yaha saba bhAgavata se liye gaye anya uddharaNa yaha batAte haiM ki matsya kA praNayana devIpurANa evaM bhAgavatapurANa se kaI zatiyoM pUrva ho cukA thaa|

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra kI arhatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA--use devI evaM mAtAoM kI pratimAoM kA sarvazreSTha sthApaka honA cAhie, use pUjA ke vAma (virodhI) evaM dakSiNamArgoM kA jJAna honA cAhie, use mAtRsambandhI veda kA pUrNa jJAna honA cAhie, use paMcarAtrArthoM meM pravINa honA cAhie aura mAtR-tantroM kA vizArada honA caahie| kAlikApurANa ke kaI adhyAyoM (54) meM mantroM, kavacoM, mudrAoM, nyAsoM Adi kA ullekha hai / bhAgavatapurANa evaM agni (372 / 34) 88 meM spaSTata: AyA hai ki devatAoM evaM viSNu kI pUjA tIna prakAra kI hotI hai-caivikI tAntrikI evaM mizra, jinameM prathama evaM tatIya tIna ucca vargoM ke lie evaM dvitIya zudroM ke lie hai| bhAgavatapurANa (11 / 3 / 47 evaM 46) ne tantroM meM ullikhita kezava-pUjA ko usake lie vyavasthita mAnA hai jo hRdaya kI granthi (gA~Tha yA kleza) dUra kara denA cAhatA hai 89 / isane bhI vaidikI evaM tAntrikI dIkSA (11111137) kA ullekha kiyA hai aura tAntrika vidhiyoM yathA--viSNu ke aMgoM, upAMgoM, AyudhoM evaM alaMkaraNoM kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai 10 / kucha purANoM evaM madhyakAlIna nibandhoM ne tAntrikoM ke maMtroM, japa, nyAsa, maNDala, cakra, yantra tathA anya samAna bAtoM kA upayoga kiyA hai| udAharaNoM dvArA ise hama Age ullikhita kreNge| 16 upacAroM aise sarala evaM sAmAnya viSaya meM varSakriyAkaumudI (pR0 156) evaM ekAdazItattva ne prapaMcasAratantra (6 / 41-42) se uddharaNa liyA hai| purANoM evaM kucha smRtiyoM ne sabhI uddezyoM kI pUrti ke lie 5, 6, 8, 12, 13 evaM adhika akSaroM ke mantroM kI vyavasthA kI hai| kucha mantra nIce pAdaTippaNI meM diye jA rahe haiM 11 / medhAtithi yA. 88. vaidikastAntriko mizrI viSNo trividho makhaH / trayANAmIpsite kavidhinA harimarcayet / agni (372 / 34) / 86. ya Azu hRdayagranthiM nijihIrSuH praatmnH| vidhinopacared devaM tantroktena ca kezavam / / labdhAnugraha AcAryAttana sndrshitaagmH| piNDaM vizodhya saMnyAsakRtarakSorcayeddharim / / bhAgavata (1 / 3 / 47 evaM 46) / yahA~ para 'piNDazodhana' mahAnirvANatantra (5163-105) aise tantroM meM vyavasthita 'bhUtazuddhi' ko ora nirdeza karatA hai jo pUjAprakAza (pR0 126-133) aise pazcAtkAlIna madhyakAlIna meM bhI A gayA hai| nyAsa bhI duSTatA se rakSA karane ke lie ullikhita hai| 60. tAntrikAH paricaryAyAM kevalasya zriyaH pteH| aMgopAMgAyudhAkalpaM kalpayanti yathava hi| bhAgavata (12 / 12) / 61. dekhiye zAradAtilaka (1173) jahA~ 5 yA isase adhika akSaroM ke mantroM kA ullekha hai / eka paJcAkSara mantra hai 'namaH zivAya' (liMgapurANa 1185); yahI chaha akSaroM vAlA mantra ho jAtA hai jaba 'om' pahale lagA diyA hai| chaha akSaroM vAle anya mantra haiM 'oM namo viSNave (vRddhahArItasmRti 6 / 2 / 3), oM namo harAya (hemAdri, vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 227), zrIrAmarAmarAmeti / 'khakholkAya mamaH' Aditya kA mantra hai (hemAdri dvArA bhaviSyapurANa se uddhRta, dekhiye vrata, 2, pR0 521) / kalpataru (vrata, 6 evaM 166) ne bhI isako uddhRta kiyA hai aura pR0 16 para nimbasaptamI meM ise mUlamantra kahA hai, jisakA varNana bhaviSya, brAhmaparva (adhyAya 215 evaM 216) se liyA gayA hai| ATha akSaroM vAle mantra ye haiM-oM namo nArAyaNAya (nAradapurANa 1 / 16 / 38-36, brahmapurANa 60 / 24, varAhapu0 120 / 7), oM namo vAsudevAya (vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra 4 / 12, narasiMhapu0 63 / 6, aparArka dvArA uddhRta, matsya pu0 102 / 4, smRticandrikA dvArA mUlamantra ke rUpa meM uddhRta, 1, pR0 182), 12 akSaroM vAlA eka mantra

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10 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mana kA kathana hai ki 'mantra' zabda kA pramukha artha hai Rgveda, yajurveda evaM sAmaveda kA koI aMza, jise ve loga; jinhoMne vedAdhyayana kara liyA hai, vaisA mAnate haiM aura 'agnaye svAhA' aisI abhivyaktiyA~, jo 'vaizvadeva' Adi kRtya meM hotI haiM, kevala gauNa artha meM, mantra ke rUpa meM, stuti ke lie prayukta hotI haiM ( medhAtithi, manu 3 / 121) / vaidika dhAraNA aisI rahI hai ki mantra meM mahAn zakti hotI hai aura usakA pATha vAMchita phala ke lie zuddha rUpa meM hI honA cAhie / jaba mantra kA pATha azuddha hotA hai arthAt jaba uccAraNa evaM akSara azuddha hotA hai yA usakA upayoga ayukta hotA hai to vaha zabda ke rUpa meM vajra ho jAtA hai aura yajamAna ko naSTa kara detA hai ( tai0 saM0 2 / 4 / 1 2 / 1 evaM zatapathabrA0 126|3|8 - 16 ) / vaidika mantra cAra prakAra ke haiM, yathA Rk (jo mAtrika hotA hai ), yajuS ( jo mAtrika nahIM bhI ho sakatA hai, kintu vAkya avazya hotA hai ), sAma ( jo gAyA jAtA hai) evaM nigada ( arthAt praiSa jisakA artha hai aise zabda jo eka vyakti dvArA dUsare ko koI karma karane ke lie sambodhita hote haiM, yathA 'srutaH sammRddhi, prokSanIrAsAdaya' ) / nigada svarUpa me yajuH hI hote haiM / kintu unameM mUla yajuH se antara yaha hotA hai ki ve ucca svara se par3he jAte haiM, kintu yajuH sAmAnyataH dhIme svara se kahe jAte haiN| sabase adhika pavitra mantra hai gAyatrI ( R0 3 / 62 / 10 ) / atharvaveda ne ise vedamAtA ( 167111 ) kahA hai / bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ( 5 / 14 ) meM gAyatrI kI bar3I sundara prazasti gAyI gayI hai / 'oM' pavitra akSara hai, brahma kA pratIka hai aura tantra bhASA meM bIja kahA jA sakatA hai| 'oM', 'phaT' evaM 'vaSaT' aise thor3e-se vaidika akSara haiM jinakA koI artha nahIM hai kintu ve tantra-bhASA meM bIja - mantra haiN| eka bIja nighaNTu (bIja mantroM kA koza) hai, jo 'tAntrika TekTsa' (jilda 1, pR0 28 - 26 ) meM mudrita hai, aura jisameM 'hrIM zrIM krIM, huM phaT ' aise bIja diye hue haiM aura unake pratIkoM kA ullekha hai / aitareya brAhmaNa ( 3 / 5 ) ) meM yaha lagabhaga bAraha bAra kahA gayA hai, yathA -- " jaba yaha rUpasamRddha ( rUpa meM paripUrNa) hotA hai to yajJa kI pUrNatA hai arthAt jaba sampAdita hote hue yajJa kI ora Rk mantra sIdhe DhaMga se saMketa karatA hai ( etadvai yajJasya samRddhaM yadrUpasamRddhaM yatkarma kriyamANa mRgabhivadati ) / nirukta ( 1 / 15 - 16 ) ne kautsa ke isa mata para ki mantroM kA koI artha nahIM hai (arthAt ve uddezyahIna haiM, unakA koI upayoga nahIM hai ), eka lambA nirUpaNa upasthita kiyA hai| isI prakAra kA eka lambA vivAda pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ( 1 / 2 / 31 ) meM bhI hai / jaiminI kA kathana hai ki veda meM prayukta zabdoM ke artha evaM logoM dvArA prayukta zabdoM ke artha meM koI antara nahIM hai aura zabara ne apane mAdhya (pU0 mI0 sU0 1 2 32 ) meM itanA jor3a diyA hai ki mantroM kA yajJoM meM prayoga kevala artha ko prakaTa karane ke lie hI hotA hai / vaidika mantra kyA haiM, yaha batAnA kaThina hai, aura jaisA ki zabara ne kahA hai, yaha sAmAnyata: samajhA jAtA hai ki ve zloka yA vacana mantra haiM jinheM vidvAn loga vaisA mAnate haiM / sampUrNa veda pA~ca vargoM meM vibhakta hai - vidhi ( AjJA dene vAle vacana, yathA- 'agnihotraM juhuyAt'), mantra, nAmadheya ( nAma, yathA- 'udbhidA yajate' meM 'udbhid' evaM 'vizvajitA yajate' meM 'vizvajit' aise nAma ), niSedha ( yathA - ' nAnRtaM vadet' arthAt jhUTha nahIM bolanA cAhie ) evaM arthavAda ( vyAkhyAtmaka yA prazaMsAtmaka vacana, yathA - vAyu eka devatA haiM, jo sabase adhika teja calate haiM) / nirukta ( 1 / 20 ) meM prAcIna mata kA ullekha hai ki RSiyoM yaha hai- oM namo bhagavate vAsudevAya (nAradapu0 1 16 38- 36, narasiMhapu0 7 / 43 ) ; teraha akSaroM kA eka mantra yaha hai - 'zrIrAmajayarAmajayajayarAmeti', 16 akSaroM kA eka mantra ye hai - 'gopIjanavallabhavaraNaM zaraNaM prapadye' (nArada 0256 / 44) evaM 'hrIM gauri rudradayite yogezvari huM phaT svAhA' (zAradAtilaka 666) /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra ko dharma kA prajJAtmaka pratyakSIkaraNa thA aura una logoM ne apane pazcAta Ane vAloM ko jinheM dharma kI prajJAtmaka anubhUti nahIM thI una mantroM kA preSaNa maukhika zikSA dvArA kiyA / RgvedIya kAla meM bhI aisA samajhA jAtA thA ki mantroM evaM stotroM se Ahata hokara devatA yajJoM meM AyeMge aura mantroM evaM stotroM ke pAThakoM ko rakSA, vIraputra, pazu, dhana-sampatti , vijaya evaM sabhI prakAra kI vastue~ pradAna kareMge (dekhie R0 11102 / 1-5, 2 / 24-15-16, 2 / 25 / 2, 3 / 31 / 14, 2017, 672 / 6, 107818,1011051) / hamane yaha bAta bahuta pahale dekha lI hai ki purANoM ne bahuta-se dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie svayaM apane mantra praNIta kiye the jo mahattvapUrNa haiM aura nirarthaka nahIM haiN| mantra tantrazAstra ke hRdaya evaM antarbhAga kahe jAte haiM, isI se kabhI-kabhI tantrazAstra ko mantrazAstra bhI kahA jAtA hai| prapaMcasAra evaM zAradAtilaka aise bAntrika granthoM meM jo siddhAnta hai, use saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai :--mAnava zarIra meM dasa nADiyA~ haiM, jinameM pramukha tIna haiM, yathA-iDA (bAyIM ora, bAyeM aNDakoSa se lekara bAyIM nAsikA taka), suSumnA (zarIra ke madhya meM rIDha kI nADI meM) evaM piMgalA (dAhinI ora, dAhine aNDakoSa se lekara dAhinI nAsikA tk)| kuNDalinI sarpa kI bhA~ti kuNDalI mAra kara mUlAdhAracakra meM sotI rahatI hai| yaha zabdabrahma kA rUpa hai| devI (zakti) kuNDalinI kA rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai, sabhI devatA devI meM nivAsa karate haiM aura sabhI mantra usake rUpa haiM (zAradAtilaka 1155-57) / yaha hamane dekha liyA hai ki jyoti ke samparka meM A jAne para kisa prakAra zakti cetana ho uThatI hai aura usameM sRSTi yA racanA karane kI icchA utpanna hotI hai aura taba vaha ghanIbhata ho jAtI hai aura bindu ke rUpa meM prakaTa raNatva ke dvArA bindu tIna bhAga meM ba~Ta jAtA hai, yathA-bIja, sakSma (arthAta nAda, jo bIja bindu hai) evaM para (arthAt vaha bindu jo kriyA bindu hai)| yaha antima, avyakta svara ke svabhAva vAlA hai aura RSiyoM dvArA zabdabrahma kahA jAtA hai (zAradAtilaka 1 / 11-12, prapaMcasAra 1141) / zabdabrahma sabhI padArthoM meM cetanA ke rUpa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai; yaha kuNDalinI ke rUpa meM sabhI jIvita mAnavoM kI deha meM sthita rahatA hai aura taba gadya-padya Adi ke akSaroM ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai aura vAyu dvArA kaNTha, tAla, dantoM Adi meM pahu~catA hai| isa prakAra se utpanna svara akSara kahe jAte haiM aura jaba ve likhe jAte haiM to varNa (varNamAlA ke akSara, mAtRkA, jo a se lekara kSa taka 50 haiM) kahe jAte haiN| mUlAdhAracakra se uThate hue svara kI utpatti kI uttejanA 'parA' (vAk) kahI jAtI hai, aura jaba yaha svAdhiSThAnacakra meM pahu~catI hai to pazyantI, hRdaya meM pahu~catI hai to madhyamA tathA mukha meM pahu~catI hai to vaikharI kahI jAtI hai| akSara evaM varNa donoM kuNDalinI hI haiM jo krama se vANI meM sphuTa evaM likhAvaTa meM dRzya yA cakSugrAhya hote haiN| sabhI mantra (kucha logoM ke mata se ve 6 karor3a haiM) varNamAlA ke varSoM se vikasita hue haiM aura tAntrika loga varNoM ko jIvita (cetana) svara-zaktiyA~ mAnate haiN| hrIM, zrI, krI ke samAna bIjamantra hI devatA ke rUpa ko dRzya banAte haiM (mahAnirvANatantra 5 // 18-16) / mantroM ko mAtra akSara yA zabda yA bhASA samajhanA anucita hai| ve vibhinna rUpa dhAraNa karate haiM, yathA--bIjamantra, kavaca , hRdaya Adi / hrIM (tribhuvanezvarI yA mAyA kA pratinidhitva karane vaalaa)| zrI (lakSmI kA pratinidhitva karane vAlA),krI (kAlI kA pratinidhitva karane vAlA) ke samAna bIjamantra sambhavata: bhASA nahIM kahe jA sakate, kyoMki unase logoM ke samakSa koI artha nahIM prakaTa ho paataa| ye devatA (sAdhaka yA pUjaka ke iSTadevatA) haiM, jo guNI guru dvArA dIkSA ke samaya sAdhaka ko diye jAte haiN| kevala pustakoM se unheM par3ha lene se koI lAbha nahIM hotaa| tantra-granthoM ke anusAra mantra-zakti kI svara-deha hai jo mantra ke mUla tAntrika draSTA kI vyaktitA se niHsRta svara-sphuraNoM se viddha hotI hai aura tAntrika

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa RSi dvArA pradatta-zakti ke amogha bhaNDAra se yukta hotI hai| ziSya meM usa zakti ko jagAne evaM mantra ke praNa prabhAva ko prApti ke lie guru kA sparza evaM sAdhaka (ziSya) kI kalpanA aura usakI icchA-zakti kI saMlagnatA Avazyaka hai| akSaroM dvArA utpanna svara zivazakti arthAt zabdabrahma ke rUpa haiN| isI antima se sampUrNa vizva svaroM (zabda) evaM padArthoM (artha) ke rUpa meM, jise svara yA zabda bodhita karate haiM, agrasara hotA hai| devatA, mantra evaM guru sAdhanA ke lie (vaha vidhi, jo siddhi kI ora le jAtI hai, jaisA ki tAntrika granthoM meM ullikhita haiM) Avazyaka haiM; sAdhaka (ziSya) ko apane mana meM yahI vicArate rahanA hotA hai ki ye tInoM abhinna haiN| mantra stuti yA prArthanA nahIM hai| prArthanA meM vyakti kinhIM zabdoM kA prayoga kara sakatA hai, kintu mantra meM nizcita akSaroM kA vidhAna hotA hai, inhIM akSaroM dvArA zakti sAdhaka ke samakSa apanI abhivyakti karatI hai| mantra aise zabdoM ke rUpa meM ho sakatA hai jinakA spaSTa artha hotA hai yA aise akSaroM se banA ho sakatA hai jo eka krama meM vyavasthita hote haiM aura adIkSita vyakti ke samakSa kucha bhI artha nahIM rkhte| isa zAstra ke kucha granthoM meM yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki vicAra meM sarjanA zakti hai aura pratyeka vyakti ziva hai aura apane ko vaha jitanA hI ziva ke anurUpa pAtA jAtA hai utanA hI vaha uccatara staroM meM pahu~catA jAtA hai| vicAra vAstavika haiM, udAra vicAra apanA kalyANa kareMge aura unakA bhI bhalA kareMge jo hamAre caturdik rahate haiM, anya logoM ke duSTa vicAra evaM kAMkSAe~ hameM kleza meM DAla sakatI haiN| tAntrika granthoM ke apane mantra haiM aura ve vaidika mantroM kA bhI prayoga karate haiN| udAharaNArtha, 'jAtavedase sunavAma' (R0 1661) jo agni ko sambodhita hai, durgA ke AhvAna ke lie prayukta huA hai; 'triyambakaM yajAmahe' (R0 7 / 56 / 12) jo rudra ko sambodhita hai, tantra-granthoM meM mRtyuMjayamantra yA mRta-saMjIvinImantra hai aura mana ko zuddha karane ke lie mahAnirvANa (81243) meM vyavasthita hai| isI prakAra gAyatrI mantra (R0 3 / 62 / 10) ko tAntrikoM ne apanA liyA hai| dekhie zAradAtilaka (21 / 1-8 evaM 16), prapaJcasAra (jisakA 30 vA adhyAya 'oM'. 'dhyAhatiyoM tathA gAyatrI evaM gAyatrI-sAdhana ke zabdoM kI vyAkhyA se hI bharA par3A hai)| mahAnirvANa ne vyavasthA dI hai ki vaidikI sandhyA ke sampAdana ke uparAnta tAntrikI sandhyA kI jAnI caahie| tAntrikI gAyatrI yaha hai'AdyAnIvidmahe, paramezvaryai dhImahi, tannaH kAlI prcodyaat| (mahAnirvANa za62-63) / zadra tAntrika : prayoga meM lA sakate the, kintu vaidika gAyatrI kA prayoga kama se 'oM' 'zrIM' evaM 'aiM' ke sAtha tInoM vargoM ke loga karate the| guru, mantra evaM devatA kI mahattA yoM ullikhita hai-'jo guru ko kevala manuSya mAnatA hai, mantra ko mAtra akSara samajhatA hai tathA pratimA ko kevala patthara samajhatA hai vaha naraka meM par3atA hai 12 / rudrayAmala meM AyA hai--'yadi ziva Rddha ho jAte haiM to, guru (ziSya kI) rakSA karatA hai, kintu jaba guru kruddha ho jAtA hai, koI nahIM (ziSya ko) bcaataa|' parazarAmakalpasUtra, jJAnArNavatantra, zAradAtilaka tathA adhikAMzata: sabhI tantra-granthoM kA kathana hai ki mantroM meM Azcaryajanaka evaM alaukika zaktiyA~ hotI haiN| tantrAnuyAyI apane guru kI zAkhA ke paramparAgata AcAroM ko vizvAsa ke sAtha mAnatA hai to use sabhI zaktiyA~ prApta ho jAtI haiN| mantroM ke dvArA vAJchita phaloM kI prApti ho jAtI hai| tantrazAstra kI prAmANikatA pramukhatayA zAstrAnuyAyiyoM ke vizvAsa para nirbhara rahatI hai| sAdhaka ko aisA anabhava 62. guromanuSya buddhi ca mantre cAkSarabuddhikam / pratimAsu zilAbuddhi kurvANo narakaM vrajate ||klaarnnv0 (12. 45), kaulAvalInirNaya (10 / 12-13); rudrayAmala (2065) meM AyA hai---'guruH pitA gururmAtA gururdevo gururgtiH| zive ruSTa gurustrAtA gurau ruSTe na kazcana / / ' aura dekhiye kulArNava0 (12146, yahA~ 'gururdevo mahezvaraH' pATha AyA hai)|

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra 52 karanA cAhie ki guru, mantra, devatA, usako AtmA, mana evaM prANocchvAsa sabhI eka haiM, tabhI vaha paramAtmA kA jJAna prApta kara sakegA / kucha tAntrika granthoM meM mantroM kI prazaMsA atizayoktipUrNa DhaMga se kI gayI hai, vizeSataH zrIvidyAmantra prabhUta mahattA gAyI gayI hai, yathA, jJAnArNava kA kathana hai- 'karor3oM vAjapeya evaM sahasroM azvamegha phala meM zrIvidyA ke uccAraNa mAtra ke barAbara nahIM ho sakate, isI prakAra karor3oM kapilA gAyoM kA dAna bhI zrIvidyA ke eka uccAraNa ke samAna nahIM hai (24 vA~ paTala, zloka 74-76 ) / dekhie agni purANa ( 125 / 51-55) jahA~ zatru ko mArane ke lie mantroM ke prayoga kI bAta * adhyAya 134 evaM 135 meM trailokyavijayavidyA evaM saMgrAmavijayavidyA kA ullekha hai / tantroM meM asaMkhya mantroM kA ullekha hai jo eka mantra ke vibhinna rUpoM ko vibhinna DhaMgoM se vyavasthita karake banAye gaye haiN| dekhie mahAnirvANa0 (5 / 10-13), jahA~ 'hrIM zrIM krIM paramezvari svAhA' nAmaka 10 akSaroM ke mantra ko kucha zabdoM ke mela tathA 'kAlike' lagA kara 12 mantroM ke rUpa meM rakha diyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM aisA ullekha huA hai ki karor3oM mantra haiM aura tantroM meM jitane mantra haiM ve sabhI mahAdevI ke mantra haiM ( mahAnirvANa 0 5 / 18 - 16 ) / 'mantra' zabda 'man' (socanA) evaM 'tra' yA 'trA' se niSpanna huA hai / yAska ke nirukta (7 / 12 ) meM yaha kevala 'man' se nikalA kahA gayA hai| kulArNava kA kathana hai ki mantra isIlie pukArA jAtA hai kyoMki yaha sabhI prakAra ke bhayoM se bacAtA hai, sAdhaka isake dvArA aparimita jyoti vAle evaM eka mAtra tattva paramAtmA para dhyAna lagA pAtA hai ( 17 / 54 ) / isI prakAra kI vyutpatti rAmapUrvatApanIyopaniSada ( 1312), prapaJcasAra (52) evaM anya tantroM meM dI huI hai| tAntrika granthoM meM mantroM ke vibhinna prakAra, yathA - kavaca, hRdaya, upahRdaya, netra, astra, rakSA Adi diye hue haiN| sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa hama inake udAharaNa yahA~ nahIM de sakeMge / dekhie brahmANDapurANa (3|33 ), mahAnirvANatantra ( 7 / 56 - 65), nAradapu0 (2 / 56, 48-50 ) / zAradAtilaka ne mantroM ko puruSa, strI evaM napusaMka rUpa meM bA~Ta diyA hai / puruSavAcI mantroM kA anta 'huM' evaM 'phaT ' se hotA hai, strIvAcI mantroM kA 'svAhA' se tathA napuMsaka kA 'namaH' se / 'R', 'R', 'lU' 'R' nAmaka svara napuMsaka haiM, zeSa svara napuMsaka nahIM haiM balki laghu evaM guru haiM (zAradAtilaka, 6 / 3 evaM rAghavabhaTTa kI TIkA ) / zAradA tilaka ne 17 adhyAyoM (adhyAya 7 se 23 taka) meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, bhuvanezvarI, tvaritA evaM anya - durgA, tripurA, gaNapati, candramA ke mantroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| bahuta se mantroM kA pATha sahasroM yA lAkhoM bAra kiyA jAtA thA, jisase ki pUrNa phala kI prApti ho ( zAradAtilaka 10 / 105 - 107 ) / yadyapi zAradAtilaka gambhIra grantha hai aura isameM vAmamArgI saMbhoga Adi kA ullekha nahIM hai tathApi isameM kucha mantra jAdUgarI ke evaM striyoM ko vaza meM karane ke haiM (6 / 103-104, 1076), yahA~ taka ki mantroM dvArA zatru-mRtyu kA bhI ullekha hai ( 11 / 60 - 124, 21 / 65, 22 / 1) / mantroM kI zakti ke viSaya meM bauddhatantra hindUtantra se pIche nahIM the / sAghanamAlA ( pR0 575 ) meM aisA AyA hai ki ucita vidhi apanAyI jAya to mantra dvArA sabhI kucha sampanna ho sakatA hai / udAharaNArtha, isameM 63. kimasya sAdhyaM mantrANAM yojitAnAM yathAvidhi / sAdhanamAlA (pu0 575 ) : oM AH hrIM huM ha~ haH ayaM mantrarAjo buddhatvaM dadAti kiM punaranyAH siddhayaH | vahI (pU0 270 ) ; yAtu kiM bahu vacanIyaM paramati durlabhaM buddhatvamapi teSAM pANitalAvalInabadarakaphalamivAvatiSThati / vahI ( pR0 62 ) / om calacala cilicili culuculu kulakula mulamula hahahahuM phaTphaTphaTphaT padmahaste svAhA dine dine paJcavArAn trisandhyamuccArayet / garvabhopi granthazatatrayaM gRhNAti / vahI (pU0 87 ) / saddharmapuNDarokasUtra (adhyAya 21, billiyothekA iNDikA sIrIja, DA0 nali

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54 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa AyA hai ki eka mantra, jo mantroM kA rAjA hai, buddhatva detA hai, anya siddhiyoM ke viSaya meM kahane kI AvazyakatA hI kyA hai ? dUsare mantra se ati durlabha buddhatva hAtha ke tala meM par3e badarIphala ke samAna hai, eka anya mantra ( jo nirarthaka zabdoM vAlA hai) yadi pA~ca bAra kahA jAya aura dina meM tIna bAra (prAta:, dopahara evaM sandhyA) to eka arthAt mUrkha bhI tIna sau granthoM kA jAnakAra ho jAya / bauddhatantra bhI mantroM ke lAkha bAra ke pATha kI vyavasthA karate haiM ( sAdhanamAlA, jilda 1, saMkhyA 165, pR0 326 evaM saMkhyA 108, pR0 221) 94 / kucha mantroM meM mahAyAna ke siddhAnta 'oM, phaT svAhA' ke sAtha pAye jAte haiM, yathA--- oM zUnyatA jJAnavajrasvabhAvAtmako'ham ' ( sAdhanamAlA, jilda 1, pR0 62 ) / prapaJcasAra meM, jo advaitI guru zaMkarAcArya dvArA likhita kahA jAtA hai, jisapara padmapAda kI nAkSa datta dvArA sampAdita, 1652 ) meM bhI bahuta-sI dhAraNiyA~ haiM ( tilasmI vAkya, kavaca yA rakSA-sambandhI tilasma), jinameM eka yaha hai ( pR0 267 ) - 'atha khalu bodhisattvo... imAni dhAraNImantrapadAni bhASate sma / tadyathA / jvale mahAjvale ukke tukke mukke aDe aDAviti nRttye iTTini viTTini... nRtyAvati svAhA' / 64. oM maNitAre huM / lakSajApenAryA agrata upatiSThati / yadicchati tatsarvaM dadAti / vinA maNDalakasnAnopavAsena kevalaM jApamAtreNa sidhyati sarvaM kAryaM ca sAdhayati / sAdhanamAlA ( jilda 1, pR0 221) / yahA~ AryA kA artha hai devI taaraa| bauddhoM meM atyanta prasiddha mantra hai 'oM maNiya huM', jahA~ para 'maNipadma' sambodhana meM hai aura sambhavataH tArA devI kI ora, jisake pAsa kamala ratna hai, saMketa hai| dekhiye DA0 epha0 DablyU0 TaoNmasa ( je0 Ara0 e0 esa0, 1606, pR0 464 ) / kabhI-kabhI isakA artha yoM lagAyA jAtA hai hai maNipadma ( jisake pAsa kamala ratna ho) Apa ko manaskAra' / jaba ye pRSTha presa meM mudrita ho rahe the to lekhaka ko eka grantha prApta huA, jo lAmA aMgArika govinda dvArA likhita hai aura jisakA nAma hai 'phAuNDezaMsa Ava tibeTana misTisijma' ( rAiDara eNDa kampanI, laNDana, 1656) / yaha grantha 'oM maNipadme hu~' nAmaka mahAn mantra kI gUDha (gupta yA alaukika ) zikSA para AdhArita hai| isa pAda- piTappaNI meM isa grantha kI samIkSA sambhava nahIM hai| lekhaka kA kathana hai ki mantra 'oM' maNipadme hUM' avalokitezvara ko samarpita hai ( mukhapRSTha para avalokitezvara kA eka citra bhI hai ) / mantra kI jo vyAkhyA isa grantha meM dI huI hai use kevala tibbatI bauddha vidvAn yA sAdhu ho svIkAra kara sakatA hai / pR0 27 para likhA huA hai ki tibbata meM mantra 'oM maNi peme hu~' kahA jAtA hai, aura pUrA mantra yoM hai--'oM... huM, hrIH ' ( pR0 230 ) / lekhaka isa bAta kA upahAsa karatA hai ki tantravAda hindUvAdI pratikriyA hai, jise Age cala kara bauddha sampradAyoM ne grahaNa kiyaa| lekhaka mahodaya mantra ke zabdoM kA alaukika artha batAte haiM / pR0 130 rapa ve likhate haiM -- 'o sArvabhaumikatA kI ora samutthAna hai, huM sArvabhaumikatA ( abhivyApitva ) kI sthitiyoM kA mAnava ke hRdaya kI gaharAI meM avaroha (utAra) haiN| pR0 131 para AyA hai--'oM ananta hai, kintu huM anta meM ananta hai ( niyata meM aniyata hai), kSaNika meM nitya ( zAzvata) hai' aadi-aadi| pR0 230 meM AyA hai- 'oM meM hama dharmakAya evaM sarvagata ( sArvalaukika ) deha ke rahasya kI anubhUti pAte haiM, maNi meM sambhogakAya kI, padma meM nirmANakAya kI anubhUti pAte haiM, huM meM hama tIna rahasyoM ke atyuttama deha ke saMyoga ke rUpa meM vajrakAya kI anubhUti karate haiN| hoH meM hama apane parivartita vyaktitva ko sampUrNatA ko amitAbha (buddha) kI sevA meM samarpita kara dete haiM' / pR0 256 meM AyA hai--' isa prakAra oM... hu~ apane meM mukti, prema ( sabake prati ) evaM antima AtmajJAna kI sundara vArtAe~ samAhita rakhatA haiN'| prastuta lekhaka ko balAt kahanA hI par3atA hai ki isa prakAra kI vyAkhyAoM se kisI, bhI mantra ke zabdoM se hama samAna artha nikAla sakate haiM /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra 55 tathokta TIkA hai, trailokyamohana nAmaka eka mantra hai15, jisake dvArA 6 krUra aindrajAlika karma kiye jAte haiM aura usameM eka yantra hai jisakI pUjA dvArA sAdhaka kisI nArI ko apanI ora khIMca lA sakatA hai| isa grantha meM vyAkaraNasambandhI kucha doSa bhI haiM jisase gambhIra sandeha utpanna hotA hai ki yaha kadAcit hI mahAn vidvAn zaMkarAcArya dvArA praNIta haA ho| isameM sandeha nahIM ki vidvAn rAghavabhaTTa ne zAradAtilaka kI TIkA meM mahAna AcArya zaMkara ko hI prapaMcasAra kA lekhaka mAnA hai, jaisA ki kucha anya pazcAtkAlIna lekhakoM ne kiyA hai| kintu yaha jAnanA cAhie ki lagabhaga 400 grantha advaita AcArya dvArA praNIta kahe gaye haiM aura rAghavabhaTTa AcArya se 7 zatiyoM ke uparAnta hue, ata: unakA kathana binA adhika bhArI sAkSya ke pUrNa vizvAsa ke sAtha grahaNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| tAntrika prakAra ke mantroM kI zakti ke siddhAnta se katipaya purANa bhI prabhAvita hue haiM / garuDapurANa (117, evaM 10) ne kucha ekAkSarAtmaka evaM nirarthaka mantroM kA prayoga kiyA hai, yathA-hrAM, kSaum, hrIM, huM, huH, zrIM, hrIM aura usameM (1123) AyA hai ki 'oM khakholkAya sUryamUrtaye namaH' / sUrya kA mUlamantra hai aura yaha eka Arambhika nibandha, yathA--kRtyakalpataru (vrata pR06) meM sUrya-pUjA ke lie prayukta huA hai| aura dekhie isI bAta ke lie, 'bhaviSyapurANa' (brAhmaparva 215 / 4) / bhaviSya (brAhma0 26 / 6-15) meM AyA hai ki 'gaM svAhA' gaNapati-pUjana kA mUlamantra hai, usameM hRdaya, zikhA, kavaca Adi ke lie mantroM kI vyavasthA hai aura gaNapati kI gAyatrI bhI hai| garuDapu0 (1138) meM cAmuNDA ke lie eka lambA gadya-mantra hai| aura dekhie agnipu0 (121315-17), adhyAya 133-135 evaM 307 96 / mahAzvetA nAmaka eka mantra kA ullekha bhaviSyapurANa meM huA hai jisakA varNana kRtyakalpataru (vrata, pR06) evaM ekAdazItattva (pR0 40) meM hai aura vaha mantra yaha hai-'hrAM hrIM saH' jisakA japa yadi upavAsa ke sAtha ravivAra ko kiyA jAya to vAJchita phala kI prApti hotI hai| pazcAtkAlIna nibandhoM ne zAradAtilaka (23171-76) meM diye hue prANapratiSThA-mantra kA prayoga kiyA hai| devapratiSThAtattva (pa0 506-507), divyatattva (pR0606-610), vyavahAramayUkha, (1086), nirNayasindha (40341.350) Adi ne zAradAtilaka se udadharaNa liyA hai| zAradAtilaka ne sambhavata: apane pUrva ke granthoM. yathA jayAkhyasaMhitA (paTala 20) evaM prapaMcasAratantra (35 / 1-6) kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| 65. maarnnoccaattndvessstmbhaakessnnkaaNkssinnH| bhajeyuH sarvamaivainaM mantraM trailokyamohanam // prapaMcasAra (23 / 5) / dekhiye zaktisaMgamatantra (8 / 102-105) evaM jayAkhyasaMhitA (26 vA paTala, zloka 24), agnipu0 (adhyAya 138) meM bhI 6 krUra karmoM kA ullekha hai| 66. gaM svAhA mUlamantroyaM praNavena smnvitH| gAM namo hRdayaM seyaM goM ziraH parikIrtitam / zikhAM ca gUM namo geyaM meM namaH kavacaM smRtam / gauM namo netramuddiSTaM gaH phaTa kaamaastrmucyte| bhaviSya (brAhma 269) / gAyatrI yaha hai-'mahAkAya vidmahe vakratuNDAya dhImahi / tanno dantiH pracodayAt // vahI (26315) / pArthive cASTahrIMkAraM madhye nAma ca dikSu ca / hrIM puTaM pArthive dikSu hrIM dikSa likhedvasUn / gorocanA-kuMkumena bhUrje vastre gale dhRtam / / zatravo vazamAyAnti, mantraNAnena ,nishcitm| agnipu0 (121115-17) / 67. tenAyaM mntrH| AM hrIM kroM yaM raM laM zaM SaM saM hoM haMsaH amuSya prANA iha praannaaH| amuSya jIva iha sthitH| amuSya sarvendriyANi / amuSya vAGamanazcakSuH zrotraghANaprANA ihAgatya sukhaM ciraM tiSThantu svaahaa| devapratiSThAtattva (pR0 506-507) / 'amuSya' pratimA vAle devatA ke lie AyA hai (yadi kisI devI kI pratimA baiThAyI jAtI hai to

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa madhyakAla ke nibandhoM dvArA tAntrika mantroM ke prayoga ke viSaya meM yahA~ aba sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa adhika nahIM likhA jA sakatA / vaidika mantroM evaM tAntrika mantroM kI antara sambandhI eka bAta yahA~ dI jA rahI hai / jaimini ( 112/32 ) ke mata se vaidika mantra mahattvapUrNa hotA hai, kintu tantroM ne aise mantroM ke japa kI bAta calAyI hai jo nirarthaka hote haiM, itanA hI nahIM ve ulaTe bhI par3he jA sakate haiM, yathA 'oM durge' ko 'geMduoM' par3hA jA sakatA hai / udAharaNArtha, kAlIvalItantra ( 22 / 21 ) meM AyA hai : 'geMdu oM tryakSaraM mantraM sarvakAmaphalapradam / mahAyAna bauddhadharma ke grantha saddharma puNDarIka (karna evaM bunyIm netrIm, 1612, sai0 bu0 I0, jilda 21, pR0 370 - 375 ) meM dhAraNIpadAni nAmaka mantra haiM / aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki mantra kevala hinduoM evaM bauddhoM kI hI vizeSatA hai / prAcIna kAla meM bahuta se loga aisA vizvAsa karate the ki zabdoM evaM akSaroM meM aindrajAlika zakti hotI hai aura isa vizvAsa ne Age bar3hakara aisA vizvAsa utpanna kiyA ki nirarthaka zabdoM evaM akSaroM meM bhI vahI bAta pAyI jA sakatI hai| prAcIna aMgrejoM, jarmanoM evaM kelTavAsiyoM meM bhI aisI bAta pAyI jAtI thI ( I0 je0 thaoNmasa, hisTrI Ava buddhisTa thaoNTa, 1653, pR0 186 ) / 56 vaidika evaM tAntrika mantroM kA japa purazcaraNa kahalAtA hai| purazcaraNa kA zAbdika artha hai pahale se sampAdana 18 / mahAnirvANatantra ( 776 - 85 ) meM purazcaraNa ( saMkSipta yA vistRta) ke kaI DhaMga pradarzita haiM / eka DhaMga ke anusAra kRSNa pakSa kI caturdazI yA maMgala yA zani ko pA~coM tattvoM ko ekatra karanA hotA hai, isake uparAnta devI kI pUjA hotI hai aura mahAnizA (ardharAtri ) meM ekAgra hokara 10 sahasra bAra mantra kA pATha karanA hotA hai / isake uparAnta pUjA karane vAle ko brahmabhaktoM ke lie bhojana kI vyavasthA karanI hotI hai aura taba vaha purazcaraNa kA sampAdaka kahA jAtA hai / dUsarA DhaMga yaha hai ki vyakti ko maMgala se Arambha kara pratidina mantra ko eka sahasra bAra japanA par3atA hai aura yaha krama use AgAmI maMgalavAra taka calAnA hotA hai aura isa prakAra use ATha sahasra bAra mantra japa karane para purazcaraNa kA sampAdaka kahA jAtA hai / kabhI-kabhI aisI vyavasthA kI jAtI hai ki 'zivAya namaH' yA 'o zivAya namaH' aise mantra 24 lAkha bAra kahe jAne cAhie aura sAdhaka ko agni meM pAyasa kI 24 sahasra AhutiyA~ denI hotI haiM, tabhI mantra pUrNa hotA hai aura sAdhaka kI abhIpsita detA hai / gAyatrI kA japa pratidina 1008 yA 108 yA 10 bAra karanA hotA hai / yaha purANa evaM dharmazAstra-granthoM ke anusAra hI hai| nAradapurANa ( 2057 / 54 ) meM AyA hai ki mantra kA japa 8, 28 yA 108 bAra honA cAhie / aura dekhie ekAdazI tattva ( pR056 ) / rAghavabhaTTa ne zAradAtilaka ( 16 / 56 ) ke bhASya meM sabhI mantroM meM prayukta hone vAle purazcaraNa kA ullekha kiyA hai / vAyavIya saMhitA ke anusAra mUlamantra kI vidhi ko ThIka karane ko purazcaraNa kahA jAtA hai / kulArNava meM AyA hai ki purazcaraNa ke pA~ca tattva haiM--iSTa devatA kI tIna bAra pUjA, japa, tarpaNa, homa evaM brahmamoja / rAghavabhaTTa ne bhI ( zAradA 0316 / 56 ) isakI vidhi kA ullekha kiyA hai / kaulAvalI nirNaya ( 14 vA~ 'amuSyAH' yA 'asyai' zabda rakha diye jAte haiN| tantrarAjatantra ( 13 / 62-68 ) ne prANapratiSThAvidyA ke lie amuSya se svAhA taka 40 akSaroM kA mantra banAyA hai jo tAntrika granthoM kI bhASA ke anurUpa hI hai / 68.mantra ke purazcaraNa ke kaI aMga hote haiM, yathA--dhyAna (devatA kI pratimA yA AkAra kA dhyAna karanA), pUjA, mantra japa, homa, tarpaNa, abhiSeka evaM brahmabhoja / saMkSipta purazcaraNa meM prathama tIna kA sampAdana hotA hai| tarpaNa kA artha hai devatA evaM pitaroM ko jala se tRpta karanA /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra paTala, zloka-75-260) meM eka bhayaMkara sAdhanA kA varNana hai, jisake dvArA eka hI rAtri meM sAdhaka ko mantrasiddhi prApta ho jAtI hai| rAtri meM eka pahara ke uparAnta zmazAna yA ekAnta sthAna meM jAya, eka cANDAla kA zava prApta kare yA usakA jo kisI vyakti dvArA talavAra se mArA gayA ho, yA sA~pa dvArA kATa liyA gayA ho yA raNakSetra meM koI navayuvaka mAra DAlA gayA ho, usakA zava prApta kare / use svaccha kare, usakI pUjA kare, durgA kI pUjA kare tathA 'oM durge durge rakSiNI svAhA' kA pATha kre| yadi sAdhaka bhayaMkara dRzyoM ko dekha kara Dara na jAya aura eka lambI paddhati kA anusaraNa kare, to vaha mantrasiddhi prApta kara letA hai| tArAmakti sudhArNava (taraMga 6, pR0 345) ne zavasAdhanavidhi kA varNana kiyA hai / aura dekhie kulacUr3AmaNitantra (tAntrika TekTsa , jilda 4,6 / 16-28) / rAghavabhaTTa ne eka vacana uddhRta karake kahA hai ki yadi sAdhaka devatArUpI apane guru ko santuSTa kara detA hai to use binA purazcaraNa ke bhI mantra kI siddhi prApta ho sakatI hai, purazcaraNa mantroM kA pradhAna bIja hai| jahA~ japa kI saMkhyA na dI huI ho, vahA~ mantra ko 8000 bAra kahanA caahie| rAghavabhaTTa ne yaha bhI uddhRta kiyA hai ki jisa prakAra rogagrasta vyakti sabhI karmoM ko nahIM kara pAtA hai usI prakAra purazcaraNa se hIna mantra kI bAta hai| agnipurANa, kulArNava0 evaM zAradAtilaka ne mantra ke purazcaraNa ke sthAnoM ke viSaya meM niyamoM kI vyavasthA kI hai| mantrasiddhi karane vAloM ke lie nimna sthAna, vyavasthita haiM-puNyakSetra, nadItIra, guhA (guphA), parvatamastaka, tIrthasthAna ke pAsa kA sthala, nadiyoM kA saMgama, pAvana vana evaM udyAna, belavRkSa ke tala meM, parvata kI DhAla, devatAyana (mandira), samudra-taTa, apanA ghara, yA aisA sthAna jahA~ mana prasanna ho jAya / dekhie kulArNava0 (15 / 20-24), zAradAtilaka (21138-140) evaM ahirbudhnya saMhitA (20152-5 ke dinoM meM bhojana ke viSaya meM bhI niyama bane haiM, yathA--(brahmacArI evaM yati ke lie) bhikSA mAMga kara, (vratoM ke lie ) haviSya bhojana, vihita zAka, phala, dUdha, kandamUla, yava kA sattU hai| mantramahodadhi (2526671) meM zAnti ke samaya tathA anya krUra kriyA-saMskAroM ke samaya ke haviSya bhojana ke viSaya meM niyama diye hae haiN| rAghavabhaTTa (16156) ne anya granthoM se purazcaraNa karane vAle sAdhaka ke lie kucha aura niyama bhI saMgrahIta kiye haiM, yathA maithuna, mAMsa, madya se dUra rahanA, nAriyoM evaM zUdroM se na bolanA, asatya na bolanA, indriyoM ko vAsanA se dUra rakhanA, prAta: se dopahara taka binA kisI rukAvaTa ke mantra-jApa ko karate jAnA aura pratidina aisA hI karate jaanaa| jayAkhyasaMhitA (16vA paTala, zloka 13-33) kA kathana hai ki purazcaraNa karane meM tIna varSoM taka sAdhaka ke samakSa, bhA~ti-bhA~ti kI vighna-bAdhAe~ AtI haiM, kintu yadi usake mana evaM karma para koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA to cauthe varSa se usake pAsa loga ziSya bana kara Ate haiN| usakI sevA karane lagate haiM aura apanA saba kucha samarpita kara dete haiM, sAta varSoM ke uparAnta usake pAsa ghamaNDI rAjA bhI anugraha evaM prasAda ke lie pahu~catA hai, nau varSoM ke uparAnta vaha alaukika anubhava prApta karane lagatA hai, yathA-AlAda, gambhIra svapna, madhura saMgIta evaM gandha11 tathA vaidika pATha kA anubhava hone lagatA hai, vaha kama khAtA hai, kama sotA hai kintu durbala nahIM 6. yogasUtra (3336) evaM usake bhASya meM AyA hai ki zaktiyoM ke vikasita ho jAne para yogI devI saMgIta sunane lagatA hai aura sugaMdhoM ko anubhUtiyA~ karane lagatA hai / epha0 yoTsa-brAuna (laNDana, 1630) ne

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hotaa| ye saba mantrasiddhi kI avasthA ke lakSaNa haiN| usI grantha meM aisA AyA hai ki sAdhaka ko ina lakSaNoM kA varNana guru ke atirikta anya logoM se nahIM karanA cAhie, yadi vaha anya logoM se sArI bAteM kaha detA hai to siddhiyAM samApta ho jAtI haiM (16 / 34-37) / isI saMhitA (15 / 186-188) meM aisA AyA hai ki svAhA, svadhA, phaT , huM evaM namaH kA prayoga kama se homa, piNDadAna, nAzakArI kAryoM, mitroM meM vidveSa utpanna karane evaM mokSa prApti ke lie lie hotA hai| sabhI tantra-grantha isa bAta para bala dekara kahate haiM ki kA mantra kA grahaNa guNI evaM yogya guru se honA cAhie aura mantra kI sAdhanA guru ke nirdezana meM taba taka honI cAhie jaba taka ki ziSya siddha na ho jAya / hamane Upara dekha.liyA hai ki aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA ki mantra AdhyAtmika evaM alaukika zaktiyA~ pradAna karate haiM aura sAdhaka ke pAsa sabhI vAMchita padArtha evaM mokSa lAte haiM / kulArNava0 (14 / 3-4 ) meM AyA hai-yaha zivasAdhana (ziva dvArA batAye gaye siddhAnta) meM udghoSita hai ki binA dIkSA ke mokSa nahIM prApta ho sakatA, binA AcArya ke dIkSA nahIM prApta ho sakatI tathA mantra taba taka phala nahIM de sakate jaba taka garu unake viSaya meM zikSA na de deM10 / karlANava0 meM pUna: AyA hai ki dIkSAvihIna ko na to siddhi milatI hai aura na sadgati / ataH vyakti sabhI prakAra ke prayatnoM se guru dvArA dIkSita honA cAhie / dIkSA saMskAra ho jAne para jAti sambandhI antara miTa jAtA hai, jaba zUdra evaM vipra dIkSita ho jAte haiM to zUdratA evaM vipratA kI samApti ho jAtI hai| aisA kahA gayA hai ki koI pustaka meM likhita mantra kA japa karanA Arambha kara de to use siddhi nahIM prApta ho sakatI aura pratyeka pada para hAni milegI / mahAnirvANa (2|14-15evN 20) meM aisA AyA hai ki satya evaM anya yugoM meM vaidika mantroM se vAMchita phaloM kI prApti hotI thI, kintu kaliyuga meM ve viSavihIna sarpa yA mRta sarpa ke samAna haiM, kaliyuga meM tantroM meM ghoSita mantra zIghra hI phala dete haiM aura japa evaM yajJoM aise sabhI karmoM meM unakA prayoga vihita hai| tantroM meM jo mArga batAyA gayA hai vaha kahIM aura nahIM pAyA jAtA, kevala usI se mokSa prApta hotA hai yA ihaloka yA paraloka meM sukha milatA hai| mahAnirvANa0 (3 / 14) kA kathana hai ki 'oM saccidekaM brahma' sarvazreSTha mantra hai, jo parama brahma kI 'baMgAla lAMsara' nAmaka grantha (pR0 246-247) meM varNana kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra vaha kakSa, jisameM ve aura unake amerikI mitra baiThe hue the eka yogo dvArA, jo kevala eka dhotI pahane huye thA, kamala ke itra ko mahaka se gayA, punaH galAba, kastarI, candana-gandha se paripUrNa ho gayA, yaha saba kevala eka choTe se ruI-gaccha se nikalA jisa para yogI ne eka AkAra bar3hA dene vAlA zIzA rakha diyA thaa| zvetAzva0 upa0 (2013) ne yoga-kriyA ko prabhAvazIlatA ke prathama lakSaNoM para vistAra ke sAtha prakAza DAlA hai-'laghutvamArogyamalolupatvaM varNaprasAdaH svarasauSThavaM ca / gandhaH zubho mUtrapurISamalyaM yogapravRtti pratharmA vadanti / ' 100. binA dIkSAM na mokSaH syAttaduktaM shivsaadhne| sA ca na syAdvinAcAryamityAcAryaparamparA // ... antareNoyadeSTAraM mantrAH syuniSphalA yataH / kulArNava0 (14 / 3-4) / devidIkSAvihInasya na siddhirna ca sadgatiH / tasmAtsarvaprayatnena guruNA dIkSito bhavet // gataM zUdrasya zUdratvaM viprasyApi ca viprtaa| dIkSAsaMskArasampanne jAtibhedo na vidyate // kulArNava0 (14 / 67 evaM 66) 101. pustakAllikhito mantrI yena sundari japyate / na tasya jAyate siddhirhAnireva pade pade / rAghavabhaTTa (zAradAtilaka 41) dvArA uddhRta /

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra upAsanA karate haiM unheM kisI anya sAdhanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, kevala isI mantra kI siddhi se AtmA brahma meM samAhita ho sakatA hai 102 / spaSTa hai---mokSa kaI lakSyoM meM eka lakSya thA / dUsarA lakSya thA alaukika yA rahasyavAdI zaktiyoM kI prApti / prapaJcasAra ne ATha siddhiyoM kI carcA kI hai aura kahA hai ki ATha siddhiyoM vAlA vyakti mukta kahA jAtA hai aura use yogI kI saMjJA milI hai 103 / siddhiyoM kA siddhAnta prAcIna hai aura usakA ullekha Apastamba-dharmasUtra ( 2 / 6 / 23 / 6-7 ) meM huA hai / yogasUtrabhASya meM ATha siddhiyoM ke nAma Aye haiM aura unakI vyAkhyA huI hai 104 / aNimA ( eka aNu ke samAna ho jAnA), laghimA (halakA hokara Upara uTha jAnA), mahimA ( parvata ke samAna vizAla yA AkAza ke samAna ho jAnA), prApti (sabhI padArthoM kA sannikaTa ho jAnA, yathA aMgulI se candramA ko chU denA ), prAkAmya ( kAmanA kA avarodha na honA, yathA pRthivI meM samA jAnA aura bAhara nikala kara aisA prakaTa honA mAno jala meM praveza huA thA), vazitva ( paMca tattvoM para svAmitva ), Izitva ( tattvoM ke nirmANa, samAhita hone yA saMgaThana para prabhutva) evaM yatra - kAmAvasAyitva ( apanI icchA ke anusAra vastuoM ko banA denA, yathA vyakti yaha kAmanA kara sakatA hai ki viSa kA prabhAva amRta ho, aura vaha vaisA ho jAyagA ) / jise ye ATha siddhiyA~ prApta ho jAtI haiM, vaha siddha kahalAtA hai| gItA ( 10 / 26 ) meM AyA hai ki kapila siddhoM meM eka siddha haiM ( siddhAnAM kapilo muniH) / yogasUtra (4 / 1 ) meM siddhiyoM ke pA~ca prakAra kahe gaye haiM-- janma, oSadhiyoM, mantroM, tapoM evaM samAdhi se utpanna hone vAlI ( janmauSadhi - mantra - tapaH - samAdhijAH siddhayaH) / mantroM se anya bAteM bhI prApta kI jAtI thIM, yathA -- SaT krUra karma tathA nArI ko kAmAsakta karanA / isase prakaTa hai ki kevala tAntrika hI nahIM, pratyuta ve loga bhI, jo yogAbhyAsa meM vizvAsa karate the, mantroM meM aisA vizvAsa karate the ki ve yogiyoM ko alaukika zakti dete haiN| yogasUtra meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki kucha siddhiyAM (yathA - 3137 meM) samAdhi meM avarodha utpanna karatI haiM aura ye siddhiyA~ kevala una logoM ke lie haiM jo tanmayAvasthA se vyutthita rahate haiM / yAjJavalkyasmRti ( 3 / 202-203 ) meM AyA hai ki antardhAna ho jAne, dUsare ke zarIra meM praveza kara jAne, thor3e kAla ke lie apanA zarIra chor3a dene, manonukUla padArtha kI utpatti kara dene kI zakti tathA anya zaktiyA~ yoga dvArA siddhi prApti kI paricAyaka haiM, jo loga yoga-siddhi kara lete haiM apane nAzavAn zarIra kA tyAga kara brahma meM amara ho jAte haiM / 102. parabrahmopAsakAnAM kinyaiH sAdhanAntaraiH / mantragrahaNamAtreNa dehI brahmamayo bhavet / mahAnirvANatantra ( 3 / 23-24) / mantra yoM hai : 'oM saccidekaM brahma' jisake pUrva vidyA, mAyA yA zrI ke lie krama se aiM, hrIM yA zrIM lagatA hai ( 3 / 35-37 ) / 103. aNimA mahimA ca tathA garimA laghimozitA vazitvaM ca / prAptiH prAkAmyaM cetyaiSTaizvaryANi yogayuktasya // aSTaizvarya sameto jIvanmuktaH pravakSyate yogI / prapaJcasAra ( 16 / 62-63) / Adhunika kAla meM havA meM halakA ho kara uTha jAne ke vyaktigata anubhava ke lie dekhie DA0 alekjeNDara kaeNnana kRta 'di inavijibula iMphlueMsa' (15vA~ mudraNa, 1635), adhyAya 2, pR0 36-41 / kalpataru (mokSakANDa, pR0 216-17) ne prAcIna lekhaka devala se eka lambA gadyavacana uddhata kiyA hai jisameM 8 siddhiyoM yA vibhUtiyoM (garimA ke sthAna para yatrakAmAvasAyitva AyA hai) kA ullekha hai / 104. vibhUtirbhUtiraizvaryamaNimAdikamaSTadhA / amarakoza; tato'NimAdiprAdurbhAvaH kAyasampaddhamanibhidhAtazca / yogasUtra (2044) ; janmauSadhi mantra - tapaH samAdhijAH siddhayaH / yogasUtra ( 41 ) / bhASya meM AyA hai 'mantrairAkAzagamanANimAdisiddhiH /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prapaJcasAra (5), zAradAtilaka (13 / 121-145) zaktisaMgamatantra (kAlIkhaNDa, 81102-106), mantramahodadhi (25 vIM taraMga) Adi tantra-granthoM meM 6 kaThora kriyAoM kA vizada ullekha hai| zAradA 141) ne mantroM ke 6 DhaMgoM yA saMgaThanoM kA zatra ke nAma ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai, yathA--granthana, vidarbha, sampUTa, rodhana, yoga evaM pallava / hama inakA ullekha nahIM kreNge| kintu aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki Arambhika pUrANa bhI jAduTonA se prabhAvita the| udAharaNArtha, matsyapurANa 05 meM AyA hai-'vidveSaNa (mitroM yA aise logoM meM jo ekadUsare se prema karate haiM) evaM abhicAra meM eka trikoNa kI vyavasthA honI cAhie, usameM aise purohitoM se homa karAnA cAhie jinhoMne lAla puSpa dhAraNa kiyA ho, lAla candana lagAyA ho, janeU ko nivIta DhaMga se dhAraNa kiyA ho, lAla pagar3I evaM lAla vastra dhAraNa kiyA ho, tIna pAtroM meM ekatra kiye hue kauoM ke tAje rakta se sanI samidhA honI cAhie, jise zyena (bAja) kI asthi (haDDI) pakar3e hue bAyeM hAtha se (kuNDa meM) DAlanA cAhie / purohitoM ko sira para bAla khule rakhane cAhie aura ripu (zatru) para vipatti girane kA dhyAna karanA cAhie, unheM 'durmitriyAstasmai santu' nAmaka yantra tathA 'hrIM' evaM 'phaTa' kA japa karanA cAhie tathA zyenayAga meM prayukta mantra ko chure para par3hakara usase zatru kI pratimUrti ko Tukar3e-Tukar3e kara denA cAhie aura agni meM pheMka denA caahie| yaha kriyA kevala isa loka meM phalaprada hotI hai, dUsare loka meM isase koI lAbha nahIM hotA, ata: jo loga ise kareM unheM zAnti kara lenI caahie|' matsya0 (63 / 136-148) meM nArI ko vaza meM karane evaM uccATana ke niyama meM bhI ullekha hai| yaha sambhava hai ki tAntrikoM evaM matsya0 donoM ne 6 prakAra ke jAdU kI kriyAoM ko brAhmaNa-granthoM evaM zrotasUtroM meM ullikhita zyenayAga se grahaNa kiyA ho| aura dekhie agni pu0 (adhyAya 138) / ahirbudhnyasaMhitA meM bhI, jo pramukhata: pAJcarAtra-viSayaka grantha hai, mantroM kI bharamAra hai| dekhie isake adhyAya 52 ke zloka 2-58 / isane mantroM ko sthUla, sUkSma evaM parama mAnA hai (adhyAya 51) / yaha draSTavya hai ki bauddha tantroM ne bhI katipaya upalabdhiyoM ke lie mArga-darzana kiyA hai| prema meM saphalatA-prApti se lekara nirvANa taka ke lie mantroM ke prayoga kI carcA hai| bauddha tantra-lekhakoM ne, vizeSata: vajrayAniyoM ne 84 siddhoM kI bAta calAyI hai, jinake nAma nepAla evaM tibbata meM Aja bhI sammAna ke sAtha liye jAte haiN|06| bauddhoM 105. vidveSaNe'bhicAre ca trikoNaM kuNDamiSyate / . . homaM kuryustato viprA raktamAlyAnulepanAH / nivItalohitoSNISA lohitAmbaradhAriNaH / navavAyasaraktADhya pAtratrayasamanvitAH / samidho vAmahastena shyenaasthiblsNyutaaH| hotavyA muktakezaMstu dhyAyadbhirazivaM ripau / durmitriyAstasmai santu tathA huM phaDitIti ca / zyenAbhicAramantreNa kSuraM samabhimantrya ca / pratirUpaM riyoHkRtvA kSureNa parikartayet / ripurUpasya zakalAnyathavAgnau vinikSipet / ... ihaiva phaladaM puMsAmetannAmutra zobhanam / tasmAcchAntikamevAtra kartavyaM bhuutimicchtaa|| matsya0 63 / 146-155 / tai0 saM0 (14 / 4 / 5) evaM ta0 brA0 (2 / 6 / 6 // 3) meM eka mantra hai-'sumitrA na Apa oSadhayaH dumitrAstasmai bhUyAsuryossmAn dveSTiyaM ca vayaM dviSmaH / zyena eka abhicAra (jAdU) kriyA kA nAma hai (dekhie jaimini 11415 evaM usa para zabara), aura somayAga kA eka pariSkRta rUpa hai aura zyena ke viSaya meM (yathA-zyenenAbhicaran yajeta) ye zabda Aye haiM : 'lohitoSNISA lohitavasanA nivItA RtvijaH pracaranti' (Apa0 zrI0 22 / 4 / 13 evaM 23) jo zabara dvArA jaimina (10 // 41) meM uddha ta hai| dekhie SaDviMza-brAhmaNa (3 / 8 / 2 evaM 22) jahA~ aise hI vacana Aye haiN| 106. dekhie DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya kRta 'iNTroDakzana Tu buddhisTa isoTerijma' (pR0 84, 66 evaM 126), jahA~ 84 siddhapuruSoM kI ora saMketa hai tathA 'kalcarala heriTeja Ava iNDiyA' (jilva 4, pR0 273-276), jahA~

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra 61 ne bhI ATha siddhiyoM kI carcA kI hai, kintu ve yogasUtra se bhinna haiM / sAdhanamAlA ( saMkhyA 172, pR0 350 ) meM ye nAma haiM---- khaDga ( vaha talavAra jisapara mantra phU~kA gayA ho, jise dhAraNa kara yoddhA lar3AI meM vijaya prApta karatA hai), aMjana ( vaha aMjana jisake prayoga se vyakti gupta dhana dekha letA hai), pAdalepa ( vaha lepa jise lagane para vyakti adRzya rUpa se vicaraNa kara sakatA hai), antardhAna ( dekhate-dekhate adRzya ho jAnA), rasarasAyana (sAdhAraNa dhAtu ko sonA banA denA yA amaratA ke lie rasAyana yA tejovardhana prApta karanA ), khecara ( AkAza meM ur3anA), bhUcara ( pRthivI para kahIM zIghratA se calA jAnA) tathA pAtAlasiddhi ( pRthivI ke bhItara DUbanA ) / bauddhoM ke pAsa dhana nahIM honA cAhie ataH unake pAsa dhana ke pIche eka lAlasA rahA karatI thI, ataH kucha mantroM dvArA unhoMne kalpanA kI ki kubera unheM akSaya sampatti de deMge / unhoMne aisI durAzA bhI kI ki mantroM ke dvArA hindU devatA unake cAkara ho jAyeMge / yathA apsarAe~ unheM ghere raheMgI, indra unake chatravAhaka hoMge, brahmA mantrI baneMge aura hari pratihArI / bauddha, zAstrArtha meM logoM ko 'harAnA cAhate the aura mantroM dvArA binA par3he zAstroM kA jJAna prApta karanA cAhate the ( sAghana0, saMkhyA 151, 155, 256 ) / ve rogoM ko acchA evaM dUra karanA tathA viSa kA mArjana karanA cAhate the / unhoMne aisI kalpanA kara rakhI thI ki ve mantroM ke bala se sarvajJatA evaM buddhatva prApta kara leMge / yaha hamane dekha liyA hai ki dIkSA ke uparAnta guru se mantra grahaNa kiyA jAtA thA / ataH dIkSA ke viSaya meM do-eka zabda Avazyaka haiN| dIkSA ke viSaya meM tAntrikoM ne koI nayI bAta nahIM pracalita kii| prAcIna vaidika samaya se hI upanayana se AdhyAtmika janma kA Arambha mAnA jAtA rahA hai aura kisI yajJa ke Arambha karane ke pUrva yajamAna ko pavitrIkaraNa kI kriyA karanI par3atI thI, kintu ye donoM kriyAe~ utanI vizada nahIM thIM jitanI ki tAntrika granthoM vAlI dIkSA / tai0 saM0 (6 / 1 / 1 - 3 evaM 7 458 ) meM dIkSA kA ullekha hai tathA aita0 brA0 ( 113 ) vaidika dIkSA kI mukhya bAteM yoM dI haiM- pavitra jala 'jayamAna kA snAna, makkhana se mukha evaM zarIra ke anya aMgoM kA lepa, A~khoM meM aJjana, adhvaryu dvArA sAta darbhoM vAle tIna gucchoM se do bAra yajamAna ke zarIra ko nAbhi ke Upara pavitra karanA aura taba nAbhi ke nIce mantroM se pavitra karanA, usake uparAnta viziSTa rUpa se nirmita maNDapa meM praveza, jisa prakAra bhrUNa ghirA rahatA hai usI prakAra vastra se zarIra ko Dha~kanA tathA kAle mRga carma se UparI aMga ko Dha~kanA / zatapathabrAhmaNa ( 3 / 2 / 1 / 16 evaM 22 ) meM dIkSA kA vizada ullekha hai, usameM yaha bhI AyA hai ki yajamAna taba taka ke lie eka devatA ho jAtA hai, mAno dIkSA yajamAna ke eka naye jIvana kA dyotaka hai ( 3 / 1 / 2110-21, 3 / 1 / 3-28) / atharvaveda (7/111 ) meM AyA hai -- 'mahAn satya, umra Rta, dIkSA, tapa, brahma, prArthanA evaM yajJa pRthivI ko dhAraNa karate hai 107 / pro0 pI0 sI0 bAgacI ne 'kalTa Ava vi buddhisTa siddhAcAryaja' (pu0 274) nAmaka lekha meM tibbatI paramrA ke AdhAra para 84 siddhoM ke nAma diye haiN| siddhoM kI paramparA Adhunika kAla taka calI AyI huI hai| dekhie e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 I0 (jilda 16, pR0 46-60 ) jahA~ para ratnagiri jile ke zrRMgArapura ke zivayogI nAmaka brAhmaNa varNana hai jo koMkaNa se baMgAla ke rAdhA nAmaka siddha ke pAsa gayA thaa| bar3I bhakti se bahuta dinoM taka usakI sevA kI aura svayaM siddha bana gayA / apanI janmabhUmi ko lauTa AyA aura eka maTha kA nirmANa kiyA / haThayogapradIpikA (115-8) meM AdinAtha (ziva), matsyendranAtha, gorakSanAtha, allamaprabhu Adi se lekara lagabhaga 30 mahAsiddhoM kA ullekha hai / 107. satyaM gRhavRtamugraM bIkSA tapo brahma yajJaH pRthivIM dhArayanti / atharva 0 ( 12011) /

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.. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kucha tantroM meM, yathA prapaMcasAra (5 evaM 6), kulArNava (14 / 36), zAradAtilaka (cauthA paTala), nityotsava (pR0 4-10), jJAnArNava (24 vA paTala), viSNusaMhitA (10), mahAnirvANa (10 / 112-116) evaM liMgapurANa (2 / 21) meM dIkSA kA vizada ullekha hai| nirNayasAgara presa ne satyAnandanAtha ke ziSya viSNubhaTTa ke grantha dIkSAprakAzikA kA prakAzana san 1635 meM kiyA jo zaka saMvat 1716 (= 1767 I0) meM praNIta huA thA / uparyukta sabhI granthoM meM 'dIkSA' ko 'dA' (denA) dhAtu evaM 'kSi' (nAza karanA) se niSpanna mAnA hai| kulArNava0 (17 / 51) meM AyA hai-'sajjana loga ise dIkSA kahate haiM kyoMki yaha divya bhAva pradAna karatI hai, sabhI pApoM kA kSaya karatI hai aura isa prakAra saMsAra ke baMdhana se mukti detI haiN| zAradAtilaka (42) meM AyA hai kyoMki yaha divyajJAna detI hai aura pApoM kA nAza karatI hai, ataH tAntrika guruoM dvArA yaha dIkSA kahalAtI hai| zaktisaMgamatantra (17 / 36-38) meM AyA hai ki dIkSA kA sarvottama kAla hai candra evaM sUrya kA grahaNakAla, kintu candra-grahaNa-kAla sarvottama hai| jaba mantra-dIkSA grahaNa meM dI jAtI hai to vAra, tithi, nakSatra, mAsa yA yoga yA karaNa kA vicAra nahIM hotA / kAlIvilAsatantra meM aisA kahA gayA hai ki yadi bhAgya se phAlguna ke kRSNa pakSa kI paMcamI ko svAtI nakSatra evaM zukravAra mila jAya to usa dina kI dIkSA se jo phala prApta hotA hai vaha eka karoDa sAmAnya dIkSAoM se nahIM prApta hotA (63-4) / aura dekhie nirNayasindha (pa067) jisane jJAnArNava ko uddhRta kara yaha kahA hai ki mantra-dIkSA candra-grahaNa yA usase sAta dina ke bhItara ho jAnI cAhie aura mukhya kAla sUrya-grahaNa hai| usane kAlottara ko uddhRta kara yaha kahA hai ki yadi dIkSA ke lie sUrya-grahaNa mila jAya to mAsa, tithi, vAra Adi kA vicAra nahIM karanA caahie| nirNayasindhu ne yoginItantra ko uddhRta kara candra-grahaNa meM dIkSA kI bhartsanA kI hai| dekhie anya bAtoM ke lie viTThalakRta muhUrtakalpadruma (pR0 64, zloka 6) / agnipurANa (adhyAya 27, 81-86 evaM 304) meM bhI dIkSA, tAntrika mantroM evaM kriyAoM ke viSaya meM ullekha hai, kintu sthAnAbhAva se hama use yahA~ nahIM de sakeMge / jJAnArNava0 (24145-53) meM AyA hai ki dIkSA ke samaya guru ko apane ziSya ko 6 cakroM (mUlAdhAra, svAdhiSThAna, maNipUra, anAhata, vizuddha evaM AjJA) ke sAtha pratyeka ke daloM kI saMkhyA, raMga tathA pratyeka ke akSaroM kA jJAna karA denA caahie| . pazcAtkAlIna dharmazAstra-granthoM ne mantra-dIkSA ke lie tantra-granthoM kA sahArA liyA hai| vIkSA evaM upadeza meM antara hai, kyoMki upadeza meM mantra-jJAna sUrya-candra-grahaNa meM, tIrthasthAna meM, siddhakSetra yA zivAlaya meM diyA jAtA hai| dekhie dharmasindhu (pR0 32), raghunandana (dIkSAtattva, jilda 2, pR0 645-656) / mahAnirvANa0 (10 / 201-202) meM AyA hai ki jaba ziSya zAkta, zava, vaiSNava, saura yA gANapatya ho to guru ko usI sampradAya kA honA cAhie, kintu kaula sabhI ke lie acchA guru hai| isa grantha (10 / 113) meM yaha bhI AyA hai ki kevala madya pIne se hI koI kaula nahIM ho jAtA, pratyuta vaha abhiSeka ke uparAnta vaisA hotA hai| zloka 113-163 meM abhiSeka kA vizada ullekha hai jo IsAiyoM ke bapatismA ke samAna lagatA hai| sarvaprathama abhiSeka ke eka dina pUrva gaNeza-pUjA kI jAtI hai, isake uparAnta ATha zaktiyoM (brAhmI Adi), lokapAloM evaM unake hathiyAroM kI pUjA hotI hai| isake uparAnta dUsare dina (arthAt abhiSeka ke dina) snAna ke uparAnta navaziSya pApa dUra karane ke lie tila evaM sonA kA dAna karatA hai aura abhiSeka ke sampAdana ke lie prArthanA ke sAtha guru ke pAsa jAtA hai| isake uparAnta guru vedI para sarvatobhadra maNDala kI racanA karatA hai, pA~coM tattvoM ko zuddha karatA hai, eka zama ghaTa rakhatA hai aura use madya se yA pavitra jala se bharatA hai| pramukha kriyA hai guru dvArA ziSya para brahmA, viSNu, ziva, mAtRkAoM, vibhinna zaktiyoM, avatAroM, devI ke vibhinna rUpoM, digpAloM, navagrahoM, nakSatroM, yogoM, vAroM, karaNoM, samadroM, pavitra nadiyoM, nAgoM, per3oM Adi kA AhvAna karake 21 mantroM ke sAtha (10 / 160-180) jala kA chir3a

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tAntrika siddhAnta evaM dharmazAstra kAva / isake uparAnta guru ziSya ko eka nayA nAma detA hai jisakA AnandanAtha se anta hotA hai| ziSya guru evaM anya upasthita kauloM kA sammAna karatA hai| yaha utsava (kRtya) 6, 7, 5, 3 rAtoM yA eka rAta taka calatA hai / dekhie tantrarAjatantra (2058-72), jJAnasiddhi (17) / aura dekhie 'sekoddezaTIkA' kI bhUmikA (mairiyo I0 karellI dvArA sampAdita eka bauddha tantra-grantha), jahA~ IsAiyoM ke bapatismA se milatA-julatA kRtya vaNita hai / ahirbudhnyasaMhitA (adhyAya 36) meM mahAbhiSeka kI vidhi varNita hai| mahAbhiSeka se sabhI roga dUra ho jAte haiM, sabhI zatru naSTa ho jAte haiM aura sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti hotI hai| dIkSA ke cAra prakAra haiM-kriyAvatI, varNamayI, kalAvatI evaM vedhamayI / vAstuyAga, maNDapa, kuNDoM evaM sthaNDila ke nirmANa ke viSaya meM vistRta niyama diye hue haiM, jinakA ullekha yahA~ nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai|

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adhyAya 27 nyAsa, mudrAe~, yantra, cakra, maNDala Adi tAntrika kRtyoM evaM pUjA ke mahattvapUrNa aMgoM meM eka hai nyAsa, jisakA tAtparya hai 'zarIra ke kucha aMgoM para avasthita hone ke lie kisI devatA yA devatAoM, mantroM kA mAnasika rUpa se AhvAna karanA, jisase zarIra pavitra ho jAya aura pUjA evaM dhyAna karane ke yogya ho jaay|' kucha granthoM, yathA---jayAkhyasaMhitA (paTala 11), prapaMcasAra (6), kulArNava (4 / 18) ne nyAsa ke kaI prakAroM kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai; zAradAtilaka (4 / 26-41 evaM // 5-7), mahAnirvANatantra (3 / 41-43 evaM 5 / 113-118) ne nyAsa kI katipaya koTiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| rAghavabhaTTa (zAradAtilaka, 426-41) ne nyAsa para kisI vizAla sAhitya se bahata-se uddharaNa de DAle haiN| nyAsa ke kucha prakAra ye haiM'-haMsanyAsa, praNavanyAsa, mAtRkAnyAsa, mantranyAsa, karanyAsa, aMganyAsa, pIThanyAsa / praNavanyAsa kI vyAkhyA yoM huI hai-'oM AM brahmaNe namaH', 'oM AM viSNave namaH'; isI prakAra anya nAmoM kI bhI vyAkhyA dI gayI hai (rAghavabhaTTa, zAradA0 2 / 58) / aMganyAsa yoM vyAkhyAyita hai--'oM hRdayAya namaH, oM zirase svAhA, oM zikhAyai vaSaT, oM kavacAya huM, oM netratrayAya (yA netradvayAya) vASaT, oM astrAya phaT' / katipaya purANoM meM bhI nyAsa-sambandhI vyavasthAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| garuDapurANa (1, adhyAya 26, 31, 32) ne aMganyAsa ko pUjA, japa evaM homa kA aMga mAnA hai| nAradIyapurANa (2 / 57 / 13-14), bhAgavata (6 / 8, lagabhaga 40 zloka), brahma (60 / 35-40) ne mantroM ke nyAsa ke lie 'oM namo nArAyaNAya', evaM 'oM viSNavenamaH' kI vyavasthA dI hai| kAlikApurANa (adhyAya 77) ne mAtRkAnyAsa kA ullekha kiyA hai| smRtimuktAphala (Ahnika, pR0 326-331) ne katipaya uddharaNa diye haiM, jinameM zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM para gAyatrI (R0 3 / 62 / 10) ke 24 akSaroM ke nyAsa, 24 akSaroM para kucha puSpoM ke raMgoM, kucha devatAoM evaM avatAroM se sambandhita bAtoM tathA zarIra ke aMgoM para gAyatrIpAdoM ke nyAsa kA varNana hai| brahmapurANa (60 / 35-36) meM 'oM namo nArAyaNAya' nAmaka mantra ke nyAsa kA ullekha hai, jo aMguliyoM evaM zarIra ke anya aMgoM para avasthita kiyA jAtA hai| usameM karanyAsa evaM aMganyAsa (2826) kA bhI ullekha hai| padma0 (617617-30) ne zarIra meM sira se lekara pA~va taka ke aMgoM para viSNu ke nAmoM ke nyAsa kA varNana kiyA hai| usameM (85 / 26) 'oM namo bhagavate vAsudevAya' ke mantra ke sAtha aMganyAsa evaM karanyAsa 1. rAghavabhaTTa ne haMsanyAsa ko yoM samajhAyA hai-haM puruSAtmane namaH, sa: prakRtyAtmane namaH, haMsaH prakRtipuruSAtmane namaH' (zAradA0 4 / 26); Atmano devatAbhAvapradAnAddevateti ca / padaM samastatantreSu vidvadbhiH smudiiritm|| hRdayazirasoH zikhAyAM kavacAkSyastreSu saha caturthISu / natyA hutyA ca vaSaD huM vauSaT phaTpadaiH SaDaGga vidhi // prapaMcasAra (6 / 5-6) / milAie zAradA0 (4131-35) evaM mahAnirvANa. (33142), jahA~ isI prakAra kI vyavasthAe~ dI huI haiN| 2. padma (6176 / 17-30) kA Arambha evaM anta nimnokta DhaMga se hotA hai : zikhAyAM zrIdharaM nyasyazikhAyaH zrIkaraM tyaa| hRzokezaM tu kezeSu mUni nArAyaNaM param // evaM nyAsavidhi kRtvA sAkSAnnArAyaNo bhavet / yAvanna vyAhare. tkicit tAvadviSNumayaH sthitaH //

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bhyAsa, mudrAe~, yantra, cakra, maNDala AMda kA ullekha hai| aura dekhie matsyapurANa (226 / 26) jahA~ 'oM, ke sAtha nyAsa meM mantroM ke prayoga kI bAta pAyo nAtI hai| karAMganyAsa evaM karanyAsa, jo gAyatrI se sambandhita hai, devIbhAgavata (11216-76-61) meM varNita haiM aura vahA~ spaSTa rUpa se sandhyA-pUjA ke aMga ke rUpa meM nyAsa kA nAma AyA hai| aura dekhie devIbhAgavata (1117 / 26. 38) evaM kAlikApurANa (53 / 36) / devIbhAgavata (7 // 40 / 6-8) ne vakSasthala, bhauhoM ke madhya ke sthala, sira ke samAna zarIrAMgoM para kucha akSaroM ke nyAsa kA ullekha kiyA hai / bRhadyogiyAjJavalkya (smRticandrikA, 1, pR0 168)' meM dAhine hAtha kI aMguliyoM evaM hathelI para krama se govinda, mahIdhara, hRSIkeza, trivikrama, viSNu, mAdhava ke nAmoM ke nyAsa kA ullekha hai, jise smRticandrikA ne yogi-yAjJavalkya se uddhRta kiyA hai aura jo Ajakala sandhyA-pUjA meM jyoM-kA-tyoM hotA hai| aura dekhie smRtica0 (1, pR0 145), aparArka (pR0 140), zAradAtilaka (525-8), rAghavamaTTa (zAradA0 // 4) tathA mahAnirvANa (5 / 176-178) / uparyukta vacanoM se vidita hotA hai ki nyAsa kI bAta tantra-granyoM se parANoM dvArA yogiyAjJavalkya, aparAka (12 vI zatI kA pUrvArdha) evaM smRticandrikA ke kaI zatiyoM pUrva grahaNa kI gayI thii| varSakriyAkaumudI (16 vIM zatI kA pUrvArdha) se prakaTa hai ki isake bahuta pahale garuDa evaM kAlikApurANoM meM nyAsa kI vyavasthAe~ thiiN| raghunandana ke devapratiSThAtattva (pR0 505) ne mAtRkAnyAsa evaM tattvanyAsa kA ullekha kiyA hai / vIramitrodaya ke pUjAprakAza mAmaka vibhAga meM mAtRkAnyAsa, aMganyAsa evaM gAyatrInyAsa kA krama se pa0 130, 131 evaM 132 para ullekha hai| isI grantha ke vibhAga bhaktiprakAza (pR0 88-86) meM mAtRkAnyAsa kA varNana hai / Ajakala kucha kaTTara loga nyAsa ke do prakAroM kA prayoga karate haiM, yathA-antarmAtakA, jisameM 'a' se 'kSa' taka ke akSaroM kA nyAsa hAthoM kI aMguliyoM, hAthoM kI hatheliyoM evaM UparI bhAgoM tathA anya zarIrAMgoM, yathA-galA, jananendriyoM, AdhAra-sthala, mauhoM ke madhya sthala (jahA~ 6 cakroM ke Asana haiM) para kiyA jAtA hai, tathA bahirmAtRkAnyAsa jisameM sabhI makSaroM (bhanusvAra ke sAtha) kA nyAsa sira se pAMva taka ke zarIrAMgoM para 'bhoM namaH mUni' Adi ke rUpoM meM hotA hai| 'nyAsa' zabda 'as' (sthApita karanA) evaM 'ni' se banA hai jisakA artha hai kisI meM yA kisI para rakhanA yA sthApita krnaa| kulArNava ne ise yoM samajhAyA hai 4-'nyAsa isalie kahA jAtA hai ki vahAM dharmapUrvaka upalabdha dhana rakhA yA sthApita hotA hai aura vaha bhI aise logoM ke sAtha jinake dvArA surakSA prApta hotI hai (ata: vakSa:sthala tathA anya zarIrAMgoM kA aMguliyoM ke poroM se tathA dAhine hAtha kI hathelI se mantroM ke sAtha sparza karane se sAdhaka yA pUjaka duSTa logoM ke bIca meM nirbhayatApUrvaka kAryazIla ho sakatA hai aura devatA ke samAna ho jAtA hai)| dekhie jayAkhya saMhitA (paTala 11, 1-3) / sara jaoNna vujhaupha ne nyAsa kI tulanA IsAI dharma meM kraoNsa ke cihna banAne se kI hai (71-77) tAntrika kriyA kA eka anya viziSTa viSaya hai mudrA / mudrA zabda ke kaI artha hote haiM jinameM cAra kA sambandha tAntrika prayogoM se hai| yaha yoga kI kriyAoM meM eka Asana hai, jisameM sampUrNa zarIra kAryazIla rahatA hai| yaha dhArmika pUjA ke aMga ke rUpa meM aMguliyoM evaM hAthoM kA pratIkAtmaka yA rahasyavAdI DhaMga hai jo eka-dUsare se 3. aMguSThe caiva govindaM tarjanyAM tu mahIdharam / madhyamAyAM hRSIkezamanAmikyAM trivikramam / kaniSThikyAM nyaseviSNu hastamadhye ca mAdhavam / smRtica0 (1, pR0 168) ne ise yogiyAjJavalkya kA mAnA hai / 4. nyAyopAjitavittAnAmaGageSu vinivezanAt / sarvarakSAkarAd devi nyAsa ityabhidhIyate // kulArNava0 (17456)

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa saMyukta karane se prakaTa hotA hai| mudrA paMcamakAroM meM cauthA bhakAra hai aura usakA tAtparya hai vibhinna prakAra ke anna jo ghRta se saMyukta hoM yA aise anna jo bhune hue hoN| mudrA kA cauthA artha hai vaha nArI jisase tAntrika yogI apane ko sambandhita karatA hai (prajJopAya0 5 / 24 evaM sekoddezaTIkA, pR. 56) / kulArNava ne ise 'muda' (moda, prasannatA) se evaM 'drAvaya' ('dru' kA hetuka) se niSpanna mAnA hai aura usane aisA kahA hai ki mudrAoM kA pradarzana (pUjA meM) honA cAhie aura ve isIlie prasiddha haiM ki unase devatA loga prasanna hote haiM aura unake mana dravIbhUta ho jAte haiM (ve pUjakoM para kRpA karate haiN)| kintu zAradAtilaka (23 / 106) ne ise 'mud' evaM 'rA' (denaa)| se vyutpanna mAnA hai aura isake mata se mudrA kA artha hai 'jo devoM ko Ananda detI hai| kucha anya vyutpattiyA~ bhI haiM (dekhie je0 o0 Ara0, bar3audA, jilda 6, pR0 13) / rAghavabhaTTa kA kathana hai ki a~gUThe se kaniSThikA taka ko aMguliyA~ paMca tattva ke samAna haiM arthAt ve krama se AkAza, vAyu, agni, salila evaM pRthivI haiM, unake sammilana se devatA prasanna evaM anugrahazIla hote haiM, aura ve upasthita hote haiM, vibhinna ucita mudrAoM kA prayoga pUjA, japa evaM dhyAna meM honA cAhie; mudrAoM kA prayoga una sabhI kRtyoM meM honA cAhie jo kisI viziSTa uddezya kI pUrti ke lie kiye jAte haiM, kyoMki unase devatA pUjaka ke pAsa upasthita hote haiM / aisA samajhA jAtA thA ki mudrAoM se pUjA karane vAle kA mana yoga bar3ha jAtA hai| sAtavIM zatI meM bhI aisA vizvAsa thA ki viSa ke prabhAva se mUcchita vyakti ko mudrAoM se punarjIvita kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaisA ki kAdambarI (uttara bhAga) se prakaTa hotA hai| varSakriyAkomudI meM aisA AyA hai ki jaba taka ucita mudrAeM na hoM japa, prANAyAma, deva-pUjA, yoga, dhyAna evaM Asana phalaprada nahIM hote| 'mudrA' zabda agastya kI patnI ke nAma lopAmudrA meM bhI AyA hai, jo Rgveda (1 / 1764) meM ullikhita hai (lopAmudrA vRSaNaM nI riNAti dhIramadhIrA dhayati zvasantam // ) / 'mudrA' zabda amarakoza meM nahIM AyA hai| 5. mudaM kurvanti devAnAM manAMsi drAvayanti ca / tasmAnmudrA iti khyAtA dazitavyAH kulezvari // kulArNava0 (17157) / mudaM kurvanti devAnAM rAkSasAndrAvayanti ca // viSNusaMhitA (743); AvAhanyAdikA mudrAH pravakSyAmi yathAkramam / yAviracitAbhistu mAdante sarvadevatAH / zAradA0 (233106) jisa prakAra rAghavabhaTTa kI TIkA hai 'rA dAne' / mudaM rAti dadAtIti mudreti nirvacanam |...at eva daddarzanena devatAharSotpattiH / svAGa pulyo hi paMcabhUtAtmikA aMguSThAdyA AkAzavAyvAgnisalilabhUrUpAstAsAM mithaH saMyogarUpa saMketAtkopi devatApraguNIbhAvapUrvako modaHsAnidhyakaro bhavati / taduttam / pRthivyAdIni bhUtAni kaniSThAdyA kramAnmatAH / teSAmanyonyasambhedaprakAraMstatprapaJcatA / ' yoginIhRdaya (1957) ne isa zabda kI vyutpatti kulArNava ke samAna kI hai| 6. arcane japakAle tu dhyAne kAmye ca karmaNi / tattanmudrA prayoktavyA devatAsaMnidhApakAH (pUjAprakAza dvArA uddhata, 10 123) / rAghavabhaTTa ne bhI zAradA0 (23 // 336) para uddhata kiyA hai--snAne cAvAhane caiva prAtiSThAyAM ca rkssnne| naivedye ca tathAnne ca tattatkarmaprakAzave / sthAne mudrAH prakartavyAH svalakSaNasaMyutAH // tAntrika lda 1, pR0 46, zloka 1-3) / mudrAbandhAddhyAnAdvA viSaprasuptasyotthApane kodazI yuktiH / kAdambarI, uttarabhAga (candrApIDa ko hRdayagati ruka jAne para zukanAsa dvArA tArApIDa ko sAntvanA dene vAlI vaktRtA) / milAie AryamaJjuzrImUlakalpa (pR0 366) : 'niviSopi bhavetkSipraM yo jantuviSamUcchitaH / catvAriMzati samAkhyAtA mu / zreSThA mahardhikA // varSakriyAkaumudI pR0 156 'mudrA vinA tu yajjApyaM prANAyAmaH murArcanam / yogo dhyAnAsane cApi niSphalAni tu bhairava' // yaha zloka kAlikApurANa (70 / 35) kA hai / mektantra (17422) meM AyA hai : 'mudrAbhirevatRpyanti na puSpAvika puujnaiH| mahApUjA kRtAtena yena mudrASTakaM kRtam //

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myAsa, mudrAe~, yantra, cakra, maNDala Adi . bAlI dvIpa vAsI bauddha evaM zaiva pujArI logoM dvArA mudrAoM ke prayoga ke viSaya meM misa TIrA Di klIna kA eka grantha hai, jisakI ora isa mahAgranya ke khaNDa-2 meM likhA jA cukA hai (dekhie aMgrejo saskaraga, jilda 2, pR0 . 320-321) / yahA~ hama thor3A vistAra ke sAtha usakA ullekha kreNge| - tantra, purANa evaM yoga ke granthoM meM mudrAoM kI saMkhyA, nAmoM evaM paribhASAoM ke viSaya meM bar3A matabheda hai| kucha udAharaNa nIce diye jA rahe haiM / tAntrika TekTsa (jilda 1, pR0 46-47) meM mudrAoM ke nAmoM evaM paribhASAoM kA eka nighaNTu (zabdakoza yA varNana) hai jisameM aisA kathita hai ki 6 mudrAe~ (AvAhanI Adi) adhika pracalita haiM (jo kisI bhI pUjA meM prayukta kI jAne yogya haiM) aura phira viSNu-pUjA sambandhI mudrAoM kA ullekha hai (kula 16, yathA-zaMkha, cakra, gadA, papa, veNu, zrIvatsa, kautsubha, vanamAlA, jJAna, vidyA, garur3a, nArasiMhI, vArAhI, hayagrIvI, dhanus, bANa, parazu, jaganmohinI, baam)| ziva kI, dasa mudrAe~ ye haiM-liMga, yoni, trizUla, akSamAlA, abhIti arthAt abhaya, mRga, asikA, khaTvAMga (gadA jisake sira para khopar3I ho), kapAla, DamarU / sUrya kI eka mudrA hai--padma / gaNeza ke lie mudrAe~ haiM, yathAdanta, pAza, aMkuza, avighna, pazu, laDDuka, bIjapUra (jaMbhIra nIbU yA ckotraa)| zAradAtilaka (23 / 106-114) ne kevala 6 mudrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura unakI paribhASAe~ dI haiM, viSNusaMhitA (7) ke anusAra mudrAe~ agaNita haiM (zloka 45) aura usane 30 ke nAmoM evaM paribhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA jJAnArNava0 (4) ne kama-se-kama 16 mudrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / jayAkhyasaMhitA (8vA~ paTala) meM 58 mudrAoM kI carcA hai| tAntrika granthoM (viSNusaMhitA, 7 / 44-45; mahAsaMhitA, jise rAghavabhaTTa ne zAradA0 ke zloka 23-114 kI TIkA meM uddhRta kiyA hai| smRtica0, 1, pR0 148) meM aisI vyavasthA dI huI hai ki mudrAoM kA sampAdana gupta rUpa se (vastra ke) bhItara honA cAhie na ki bahuta-se logoM ke samakSa, usakA ullekha kisI aura se nahIM karanA cAhie, nahIM to ve niSphala ho jAtI haiN| puNyAnandakRta kAmakalAvilAsa ne spaSTa rUpa se trikhaNDAmudrA kA nAma liyA hai aura 6 mudrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| dekhie nityASoDazikArNava (tIsarA vizrAma) jahA~ 10 mudrAoM kI carcA hai, yathA--trikhaNDA, sarvasaMkSobhakAriNI, sarvavidrAviNI, AkarSiNI, sarvAkezakarI, unmAdinI, mahAMkuzA, khecarI, bIjamudrA evaM yonimudraa| jJAnArNavatantra (4 / 31-47 evaM 51-56 tathA 1147-68) ne 30 se adhika mudrAoM ke nAma ginAye haiM, jinameM se katipaya nityASoDazikArNava ke nAmoMvAlI haiM, unakI paribhASAe~ bhI usI prakAra haiM aura bhAskararAya ne nityASoDazikArNava kI TIkA meM unheM uddhRta bhI kiyA hai| hama yahA~ zAradAtilaka (23 / 107-114) meM dI huI 6 mudrAoM kA ullekha kara rahe haiM -(1) AvAhanI, jisameM donoM hAtha jor3e jAte haiM, kintu bIca meM khokhalA 7. ye mudrAe~, mudrAlakSaNa anya meM varNita haiM (Dakana kAleja, pANDulipi saMkhyA 261, 1887-61) / inameM se kucha mudrAe~, jo kucha devatAoM ke viSaya meM haiM, viSNusaMhitA (7) evaM jJAnArNava0 (4) meM haiM / mudrAnighaNTa ne zakti, agni, tripurA evaM anya devoM ko mudrAoM ke nAma evaM paribhASAeM dI haiM / viSNu-pUjA meM prayukta hone vAlI mudrAe~, yathA-zaMkha, cakra, gadA, padma, kautsubha, zrIvatsa, vanamAlA, veNu Adi nAravatantra nAmaka anya meM ullikhita haiM jinheM varSakriyAkaumudI ne uddhata kiyA hai (pR0 154-156) / (8) samyak sampUritaH puSpa karAbhyAM kalpitoJjaliH / AvAhanI samAkhyAtA mudrA dezikasattamaH // madhomukhI katA saiva proktA sthApanakarmaNi / AzliSTamuSTiyugalA pronnatAGa guSThayugmakA // sannidhAne samRddiSTA mudreyaM

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zAstra kA itihAMsa hotA hai jisameM puSpa bhare rahate haiM; (2) sthApanI, isameM AvAhanI kA hI rUpa hotA hai, antara yaha hotA hai ki hAtha eka-dUsare ke Upara-nIce rahate haiM; (3) sannidhApanI mudrA meM donoM hAtha saTakara jur3e rahate haiM, kintu aMgUThe uThe rahate haiM, (4) sannirodhinI meM UparavAlI sthiti hotI hai, kintu donoM aMgUThe muSTi ke bhItara hote haiM; (5) sammukhIkaraNI meM donoM ba~dhI muSTikAe~ (muTThiyA~) uttAna (Upara kI ora ) hoM; (6) sakalIkRti meM devatA kI pratimA ke aMgoM se apane 6 aMgoM ke nyAsa kA nATya karanA hotA hai; (7) avaguNDanI meM aMguliyAM sIdhe banda karake hAtha ko nIcA karake pratimA ke cAroM ora ghumAyA jAtA hai; (8) dhenumudrA ( eka jaTila mudrA hai) meM dAhine hAtha kI kaniSThikA ko dAhinI anAmikA para dAhinI anAmikA meM lapeTa kara use bAyIM anAmikA meM lapeTa denA, bAyIM anAmikA ko bAyI madhyamA evaM bAyeM aMgUThe ke Upara rakhanA, punaH dAhinI madhyamA se lapeTa kara dAhinI tarjanI ke pAsa lAnA tathA dAhinI tarjanI ko bAyIM madhyamA se milAnA; (6) mahAmudrA meM donoM aMgUThoM ko lapeTA jAtA hai aura anya aMguliyA~ sIdhI rahatI haiM / yoga sambandhI kucha granthoM meM katipaya mudrAeM varNita haiM, yathA haThayogapradIpikA (316-23) ne dasa mudrAoM evaM gheraNDa saMhitA ( 311-3 ) ne 25 mudrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| zivasaMhitA ( 4 / 15-31) ne 10 mudrAoM ko uttama kahA hai| haThayoga meM eka mahattvapUrNa mudrA hai khecarImudrA, jo devIbhAgavata ( 11/66 62-65), zivasaMhitA (4131-33), gheraNDasaMhitA ( 3125-27), haThayogapradIpikA ( 3 / 32-53 ) meM varNita hai / kintu yaha varNana jJAnArNava 0 ( 15/61-63 ) evaM nityASoDazikAva ( 3 / 15-23 ) meM ullikhita khecarI ke varNana se bhinna hai / vajrolImudrA ( haThayogapradIpikA 3182-66 ) kA varNana yahA~ nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaha azlIla hai, aisA kahA huA hai| ki saMbhoga sambandhI kriyAoM ke hone para bhI yogI kI Ayu isa mudrA se bar3hatI hai| kucha purANoM meM mudrAoM kA vizada varNana | kAlikApurANa me 66 veM adhyAya meM aMganyAsa karanyAsa evaM 70 / 36-56 tathA 78 3-6 meM dhenumudrA, yonimudrA, mahAmudrA evaM khecarI mudrA kA ullekha hai / devIbhAgavata ( 11 / 16 / 68-102 ) ne gAyatrI japa ke samaya kI 24 mudrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| brahmapurANa (61 / 55 ) evaM nAradIyapurANa (2257155-56 ) ne viSNu-pUjA meM ATha mudrAoM kI vyavasthA dI hai' / dekhie agnipurANa tantravedibhiH / aMguSThagarbhiNI seva sannirodhe samIhitA // uttAno dvau kRto muSTI saMmukhIkaraNI smRtA / devatAge SaDaGgAnAM nyAsaH syAtsakalIkRtiH // savyahastakRtA muSTidarghAdhomukhatarjanI / avaguNThanamudreyamabhito bhrAmitA satI // anyonyAbhimukhAzliSTakaniSThAnAmikA punaH / tathA ca tarjanImadhyA dhenumudrA samIritA / amRtIkaraNaM kuryAttayA vezikasattamaH / anyonyaprathitAGguSThA prasArita karAGagulI // mahAmudeyamuditA paramIkaraNe budhaiH / prayojayedimA mudrA devatAyAgakarmANi // zAradA0 (23 / 107 - 114) ( 6 ) padma zaMkhazca zrIvatso gadA garuDa eva ca / cakrakhaGgazca zAGgaMca aSTo mudrAH prakIrtitAH / brahma (61 / 55), nAradIya ( 2 / 57 / 55-56) / yaha avalokanIya hai ki ye mudrAe~ tAntrika TekTsa ( jilda 1 ) meM varNita 16 viSNumudrAoM meM sammilita haiM / zrIvatsa ko chor3a kara ye sabhI pUjAprakAza ( pU0 124 - 125 ) meM saMjJApita evaM vyAkhyApita haiM / pUjAprakAza (50 136) meM vyavasthA dI huI hai ki viSNu pUjA meM AvAhana 'sahasrazIrSa' (R0 10 160 1 ) nAmaka mantra ke sAtha honA cAhie aura 14 mudrAe~ pradarzita honI cAhie, jo ye haiM : 'sahasrazIrje timantreNAvAhanaM kuryAt / tata AvAhanAvicaturvazamudrAH pradarzayet / sAzca AvAhanI sthApanI saMmulakaraNI sanniroSinI prasAdamudrA avaguNThanamudrA zaMkhacakragadApadmamusalakhaGgadhanurvANamudrAH /

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26 nyAsa, mudrAe~, yantra, cakra, maNDala Adi (adhyAya 26) jahA~ 7 zlokoM meM kucha mudrAoM kI ora saMketa haiN| kAlikApurANa ( 70132 ) meM kathita hai ki kula 108 mudrAe~ haiM, jinameM 55 sAmAnya pUjA tathA 53 viziSTa adasaroM, yathA sAmagriyoM ko ekatra karane, nATaka, nATana Adi meM prayukta hotI haiM / brahmANDapurANa (lalitopAkhyAna, adhyAya 42 ) ke bahuta-se zloka mudrAnighaNTu ( pR0 55-57, zloka 110-118) meM bhI pAye jAte haiM, kintu nRtya kI adhikAMza mudrAe~ viSNudharmottara meM pAyI jAtI haiM / adhyAya 32 meM isane gadya meM mudrAhasta nAmaka katipaya rahasya (gupta) mudrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, adhyAya 33 (1-124) meM eka sau sAmAnya mudrAoM se adhika kI carcA kI hai aura adhyAya ke anta meM unheM nRttazAstramudrAe~ (nATyazAstra sambandhI mudrAe~) kahA gayA hai| isase eka aise viSaya kA udghATana ho jAtA hai jisakI carcA yahA~ nahIM ho sakatI; yathA-kyA pUjA kI rahasyavAdI hastamudrAe~ bharata ke nATyazAstra ( adhyAya 4, 8 evaM 6 ) meM ullikhita karaNoM, recakoM evaM 32 aMgahAroM se niSpanna huI haiN| yaha draSTavya hai ki nATyazAstra (4 / 171 evaM 173 ) ne nRttahastoM kA ullekha kiyA hai|" pANini ( 4 | 3 | 110 111 ) ko zilAlI evaM kRzAzva ke naTasUtroM ke bAre meM jJAna thA / bharata ne abhinaya ( 816 - 10 ) ke cAra prakAra batAye haiM : AMgika, vAcika, AhArya evaM sAttvika / naveM adhyAya meM hAthoM evaM aMguliyoM ke lapeTa evaM sammilana ( saMyoga ) kA ullekha hai / muSTi kI paribhASA bhI dI huI hai ( 6 / 55) mudrAe~ AMgika abhinaya ke antargata AtI hai; aMgahAra karaNoM para nirbhara hote haiM tathA karaNa hAthoM evaM pA~voM ke vibhinna saMgaThanoM para AdhArita haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki hindU evaM bauddha tantra-granthoM meM pAyI jAne vAlI mudrAe~ prAcIna bhAratIya nRtya evaM nATaka meM varNita mudrAoM evaM zarIra- gatiyoM para AdhArita hoM aura unake hI vikasita rUpa hoM / unake atyanta Arambhika svarUpa nATya zAstra meM pAye jAte haiM tathA nATya sambandhI madhyakAlIna granthoM (ne yathA abhinayadarpaNa 1 ) bhI una para prakAza DAlA hai / Arya maJjuzrImUlakalpa ( pR0 380) ne 108 mudrAoM ke nAma aura artha diye haiM / pR0 376 meM aisA AyA hai ki mudrAoM evaM mantroM ke saMyoga se sabhI karmoM meM saphalatA milegI aura tithi, nakSatra evaM upavAsa kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM par3egI / viSNudharmottarapurANa meM nRtya - mudrAoM kI bar3I prazaMsA gAyI gayI hai, yathA 2 10. karaNairiha saMyuktA aMgahArAH prakalpitAH / eteSAmiha vakSyAmi hastapAdavikalpanam / nATyazAstra (4) 33-34 / nATyazAstra ( 4134- 55 ) meM varNita 108 aMgahAroM ke citra gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIja dvArA prakAzita nATyazAstra (jilba 1) meM haiM jo dakSiNa bhArata ke cidAmbaram ke naTarAja mandira ke gopuroM se liye gaye haiM / 11. dekhie abhinayadarpaNa (DA0 manamohana ghoSa dvArA sampAdita, 1657, pR0 47) jahA~ para hAthoM kI kucha mudrAe~ zaMkha, cakra, sampuTa, pAza, kUrma, matsya, varAha, garuDa, siMhamukha ke nAma se pukArI gayI haiM aura madrAnighaNTu (tAntrika TekTsa, evAlona dvArA sampAdita, jilda 1, pR0 46, zloka 5-7 evaM pR0 46-50, zloka 32 ) meM bhI varNita haiM, jo vaiSNava mudrAoM kI vyAkhyA karatA hai jinameM se kucha, yathA garuDa, nATyazAstra (6 / 201 ) meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiM / 12. IzvarANAM vilAsaM tu cArtAnAM duHkhanAzanam / mUDhAnAmupadezaM tat strINAM saubhAgyavardhanam / zAntikaM pauSTika kAmyaM vAsudevena nirmitam / viSNudharmottara 0 ( 3 / 34 / 30-31) /

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- dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM dhanikoM ke vilAsa haiM, Arta logoM kI cintA kI nAzaka haiM, mUoM ke lie upadeza haiM, striyoM ke saubhAgya kI vardhaka haiM, ve apazakunoM ko dUra karane, samRddhi ko bar3hAne evaM vAJchita padArthoM kI upalabdhi ke lie vAsudeva dvArA nirmita haiM / / - bauddhoM meM bhI mudrAoM kA prayoga thaa| mahAyAna zAkhA ke prArambhika granthoM meM AryamaJjuzrImUlakalpa (35 vA paTala, pR. 355-381) meM mudrAoM kA ullekha hai| pR0 380 para 108 kI saMkhyA dI huI hai| pRSTha 372 para abhayamudrA evaM varamudrA kA ullekha hai / ela0 eca0 vaiDDela ne 'di buddhijma Ava tibbata aura lAmAijma' (laNDana, 1865) meM lAmAoM dvArA tibbata meM prayukta 6 mudrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai (pR0 336. 337) / - iNDiyana eNTIkverI (jilda 26,1867, pR0 24-25) meM bargesa ne 6 bauddha mudrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai (jo vaiDDela se bhinna haiM), yathA--bhUmispRz yA bhUmisparza mudrA, zAkya buddha kI eka mudrA jo pRthivI ke sAkSya ke rUpa meM udghoSita hai; (2) dharmacakra mudrA (zikSA dene kI mudrA); (3) abhayamudrA (AzIrvAda dene kI mudrA) jisameM bAyA~ hAtha palthI para khulA rahatA hai, dAyA~ hAtha vakSasthala ke samakSa uThA rahatA hai, aMguliyA~ evaM aMgUThA Adhe phaile rahate haiM aura hathelI Age kI ora rahatI hai; (4) jJAnamudrA (dhyAna mudrA ? ) yA padmAsanamudrA (dhyAna karane kI mudrA); (5) vara yA varadamudrA, jisameM dAhinA hAtha ghuTane para jhukA rahatA hai, hathelI bAhara khulI rahatI hai mAno dAna kA pratIka ho; (6) lalitamudrA (aindrajAlika yA mohaka); (7) tarkamudrA (dAyA~ hAtha vakSasthala kI ora uThA huA aura thor3A sA AkuMcita); (8) zaraNamudrA (Azraya yA rakSA kI mudrA); (6) uttarabodhi mudrA (parama jJAna kI mudrA, jo bahudhA dharmacakra mudrA kI bhrAnti utpanna karatI jaina loga bhI mudrA-premI the| je0 o0 AI0 (bar3odA) ke khaNDa 6, (saM0 1, pR0 1-35) meM DA0 priyabala zAha ne do jaina granthoM para eka sundara nibandha likhA hai, jinameM eka hai mudrAvicAra, jisane 73 mudrAoM kA aura dUsarA hai mudrAvidhi, jisane 114 mudrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| . 'rAyala kAMkvesTa eNDa kalcarala mAigrezaMsa' kalakattA, 1655 nAmaka pustaka meM zrI sI0 zivarAmamati ne pa.0 43 para likhA hai ki cidambarama ke gopura meM jo hastoM evaM karaNoM ke rUpa milate haiM ve jAvA meM prambanana ke ziva mandira meM bhI pAye jAte haiM aura vahAM patAkA, tripatAka, ardhacandra, zikhara, kartarImukha, zuci aise karaNoM tathA aJjali, puSpapuTa aise hastoM kA aMkana hai / 'kaNTrIbyUzaMsa Tu di hisTrI Ava di iNDiyana DrAmA' (kalakattA, 1658) meM DA0 manamohana ghoSa ne aisA kahA hai ki (beyaoNna aMgakora thaoNma) ke ubhare hue nakSita (nakAze hue) citroM (AkRtiyoM) meM jo nRtya evaM nATaka ke svarUpa abhivyaMjita hote haiM aura jo Aja bhI kamboDiyA ke rAjagharAne meM nRtya ke bhAva Adi dekhane ko milate haiM, ve sabhI bhArata ke nATyazAstra meM varNita bhAva-mudrAoM se milate-julate haiM, yathA-aJjali, patAkA, ardhacandra , muSTi , candrakalA evaM kapota (pR0 63) / 13vIM zatI ke Age ke kucha saMskRta madhyakAlIna dharmazAstra-grantha mudrAoM para prakAza DAlate haiM / hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 1, pa0 246-247) ne mukula, paMkaja, niSThura evaM vyoma nAmaka mudrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| smRtica0 (13vIM zatI kA pUrvArdha) ne 24 mudrAoM ke nAma evaM paribhASAe~ dI haiM (1, pR0 146147) / ye nAma devIbhAgavata (11 / 16 / 68-102) meM bhI Aye haiN| pUjAprakAza (vIramitrodaya kA eka aMza) ne 32 madrAoM kI carcA kI hai jinameM se ATha, yathA-AvAhanI, sthApanI, sannidhApanI, saMrodhinI, prasAda, avaguNThana,

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bhyAsa mudrAe~, yantra, cakra, maNDala Adi sammukha evaM prArthanA, sabhI devoM kI pUjA meM prayukta hotI haiN| kucha kevala viSNu-pUjA ke lie kucha sUrya, lakSmI evaM dargA kI pUjA ke lie haiM aura antima do, yathA-aJjali evaM saMhAra, sabhI devoM ke lie prayakta hotI haiN| AdinakaprakAza (vIramitrodaya kA eka aMza) ne 24 mudrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo gAyatrI-japa ke samaya pradarzita hotI haiM aura ve devIbhA gavata (11 / 16 / 68-102) meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiM, kintu ve brahma se uddhRta mAnI gayI haiM 13 / 'brahma' zabda se kisa grantha kI ora saMketa hai, kahanA kaThina hai / mudrAoM kA pracalana sArvabhaumika nahIM thA / dharmasindhu evaM saMskAra-ratnamAlA se prakaTa hotA hai ki nyAsa evaM madrA kama-se-kama mahArASTra meM avaidika kahe jAte the14 / tAntrika pUjA kA eka aMga thA maNDala jo madhya evaM Adhunika kAloM meM kaTTara hinduoM dvArA prayukta hotA rahA hai| kintu aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki saMskRta-lekhakoM ne ise tAntrikoM se udhAra liyA hai / maNDala zabda vRtta yA caka ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| tai0 saM0 (5 / 3 / 6 / 2) meM vRttAkAra IMToM (maNDaleSTakA) kA ullekha hai; aura dekhi e zata0 brA0 (4 / 1 / 1 / 25) sUrya kA cakra yA maNDala pahiyA (cakra) kahA gayA hai (R0 4 / 2812, 22610) bRha0 upa0 (zaza2) meM AyA hai--'yaha Aditya vaha hai jise satya kahA gayA hai, aura sUrya ke maNDala meM puruSa kI ora saMketa bhI kiyA gayA hai (tadyatsatyamasau sa Adityo ya eva etasminmaNDale puruSo pazcAyaM dakSiNe'kSan puruSaH) / aura dekhie dahI, (2 / 3 / 3) / Age calakara vahI bedI para khIMcA gayA citra yA AkAra (sAmAnyataH vRttAkAra) bana gayA / Apastamba evaM kAtyAyana ke zulbasUtroM 13. varadAbhayamudre ca varadAbhayavat priye / jJAnArNavatantra (4 / 36); jayAkhyasaMhitA (81104-5) meM vara evaM abhaya ko paribhASA isa prakAra dI huI hai : suspaSTaM dakSiNaM hastaM svAtmanastu parAGamukham / parAGamukhaM lambamAnaM vAmapANi prakalpayet / kramAdvarA bhayAkhyaM tu idaM mudrAdvayaM dvija / vijJeyaM lokapAlanAmindrAdInAM samAsataH / dekhie bhUmisparza mudrA ke lie e0 kumArasvAmI kRta 'buddha eNDa di gaoNspela Ava buddha' (laNDana, 1616, pR0 262) jahA~ 18vIM zatI kA citra hai (yaha citra laMkA kA hai), aura dekhie pro0 grunaveDela kRta 'buddhisTa ArTa ina iNDiyA' zrI agnesa sI. gibbana dvArA anUdita , pR0 178, citra 126 / dekhie dharmacakra mudrA ke lie vahI kumArasvAmI kA grantha pR0 38 evaM 330 jahA~ krama se guptakAla evaM gandhAra (prathama yA dvitIya zatI) ke vitra haiN| aura dekhie DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya kA grantha 'buddhisTa AikaoNnaoNgrAphI' (pleTa 38) / dekhie e0 evAlona kRta 'sarpeNTa pAvara' (5vA saMskaraNa, 1653, pR0 480, 488) jahA~ siddhAsana meM yogImudrA kA tathA mahAmudrA kA krama se aMkana hai jo Aja bhI yogAbhyAsiyoM dvArA prayukta hotI haiN| aura dekhiye memvAyarsa Ava AryAlaoNjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA saM0 66, pleTa 13 (abhayamudrA ke lie) / 'buddhisTa ArTa ina iNDiyA (uparyukta) pR0 162 (maitraya kI abhaya mudrA ke lie jo svAta se prApta kiyA gayA hai) tathA vI0 e0 smitha likhita 'hisTrI Ava phAina ArTa ina iNDiyA eNDa sIlona' (saMskaraNa 1630), 'leTa 113, jahA~ jAvA se prApta abhaya mudrA kA citra hai / aura dekhie ena0 ke0 bhaTTasali kRta 'AikaoNnaoNgrAphI Ava baddhisTa eNDa brInikala skalpacarsa ina di DhAkA myUjiyama' (1626), pleTa 8, jahA~ buddha kI bhUmisparzamudrA kA aMkana hai, pleTa 20 evaM 21, jahA~ dAhine hAtha ko varada mudrAoM kA citra hai| 14. saMskAraratnamAlA (jo apekSAkRta eka Adhunika grantha hai) meM kathana hai (pR0 226) ki nyAsa avaidika hai : '.. etameke necchanti sa ha vidhiravaidika iti / '

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71 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM maNDala ke vargAgAra svarUpa kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai" / matsyapurANa meM katipaya vaktavyoM meM maNDaloM kI ora saMketa hai, jo pA~ca raMgoM ke cUrNo se banate the ( yathA 58 / 22 ) / isameM 12 yA 8 daloM vAle kamala kI ora bhI saMketa hai jo pIle yA lAlacandanalepa yA vibhinna raMgoM se khacita hote the (72/30; 62 / 15 ; 64 / 12-13; 74 / 6-6 jahA~ ATha daloM vAle kamala kA citra hai aura sUrya pUjA ke lie gheredAra gaDDhe kA ullekha hai)| vArAhamihira ne bRhatsaMhitA ( adhyAya 47 ) meM puSpasnAna nAmaka eka pavitra kriyA kA ullekha kiyA hai jisameM vibhinna raMgoM vAle cUrNoM se pavitra bhUmi para maNDala banAne kI ora saMketa hai, jisameM devatAoM, grahoM, nakSatroM Adi ke sthAna nirdhArita rahate the 16 / brahmapurANa (28|28 ) meM kamala - citra para sUrya ke AvAhana kA ullekha hai aura eka anya sthAna ( 61 / 1 - 3 ) para kamala ke rUpa meM maNDala para nArAyaNa kI pUjA kI ora saMketa haiM, jise raghunandana ne puruSottama-tattva ( pR0 566 ) meM uddhRta kiyA hai / harSacarita (7vIM zatI kA pUrvArdha) meM kaI raMgoM se khacita eka bar3e maNDala kA ullekha hai" aura dekhie varAhapurANa (66 6-11 ) jahA~ maNDala meM lakSmI evaM nArAyaNa kI pratimAoM yA citrAlekhanoM kI pUjA kI carcA hai / agnipurANa (adhyAya 320 ) meM ATha maNDaloM, sarvatobhadra Adi kA ullekha hai / zAradAtilaka ( 3 // 113-118, 131-134, 135-136, navanAbha maNDala), jJAnArNava0 (26 / 15 - 17) Adi meM kaI maNDaloM kA varNana hai / amarakoza (2, puravarga) ke matAnusAra sarvatobhadra rAjAoM evaM dhanikoM ke bhavana kA eka prakAra hai / zAradAtilaka ( 3 / 106 - 130 ) meM sarvatobhadra ke nirmANa kA vRhad ullekha hai aura aisA kahA gayA hai ki yaha sabhI prakAra kI pUjA meM prayukta hotA hai (maNDalaM sarvatobhadrametatsadhAraNaM smRtam / ) / isameM ( 3 / 122-124) AyA hai ki maNDala kA Alekhana pA~ca raMgoM ke cUrNoM se honA cAhie, yathA-- haldI ke cUrNa se pIlA, cAvala ke cUrNa se zveta, kusumbha cUrNaM se lAla, adhamune moTe annoM ke cUrNa se kAlA, jisa para dUdha chir3akA gayA ho, tathA bilva kI pattiyoM ke cUrNa se harA raMga / isI prakAra prapaMcasAra ( 5/64-65), agnipu0 (30 / 16-20 ) Adi meM raMgoM kA vidhAna hai / raghunandana ke vAstuyAgatattva ( pR0 416 ) meM zAradAtilaka ( 3 / 123-124 ) kA uddharaNa 15. caturamaM maNDalaM cikIrSan madhyAt koTyAM nipAtayet / pArzvataH parikRSNAtizayatRtIyena saha maNDalaM parilikhet / sA nityA maNDalam / yAvaddhIyate tAvadAgantu / maNDalaM caturastraM cikIrSan viSkambhaM paMcadazabhAgAn kRtvA dvAvaddharet / trayodazAvaziSyante sA nityA caturazramam / ApastambazulbasUtra ( 3 / 2 - 3 ) / milAie kAtyAyana kA zulbasUtra jo rAghavabhaTTa dvArA ( zAradAtilaka 3 / 57) uddhata hai| dekhie vibhUtibhUSaNa datta (kalakattA, 1632 ) likhita 'di sAiMsa Ava di zulba' (Arambhika hindU jyAmeTrI kA eka adhyayana ), pR0 140 / vaidika yajJoM meM tIna agni kuNDa the, yathA--gArhapatya, AhavanIya evaM dakSiNAgni aura ve krama se vRttAkAra, vargAkAra evaM ardhavRttAkAra hote the / aura ve sabhI kSetraphala meM barAbara hote the / Apastamba zulbasUtra meM kSetraphala nikAlane kI vidhi kI ora saMketa hai, kyoMki vaha una AkAroM ko barAbara (kSetraphala meM ) kahatA hai / 16. tasmin maNDalamAlikhya kalpayettatra medinIm / nAnAratnAkaravatoM sthAnAni vividhAni ca / varNavividhaH kRtvA hRdyargandha guNAnvitaH / yathAsvaM pUjayedvidvAngandhamAlyAnulepanaH / bRhatsaMhitA ( 47124) / yahA~ 'tasmina' se tAtparya hai 'bhUpradeza' / 17. mahAmaNDalemivAne kavarNarAgamAlikhantaM ... zivabalimiva dikSu vikSiyantaM (bhairavAcArya...) dadarza / harSacarita (3) /

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nyAsa, mudrAe~, yantra, cakra, maNDala Adi hai / jJAnArNavatantra (24 / 8-10 evaM 26 / 15-17) meM aisA AyA hai ki maNDala evaM cakra eka-dUsare ke samAnArthI haiM aura maNDala kA Alekhana eka maNDapa meM vedI para kuMkuma yA sindUra raMga ke cUrNa se 6 koNoM meM honA caahie| aura dekhie mahAnirvANatantra (10 / 137-138) / maNDala-kriyAoM kI cAra vizeSatAe~ haiM-maNDala, mantra, pUjA evaM mudraa| bauddha tantroM meM bhI maNDaloM kA prabhUta ullekha hai| maJjuzrImulakalpa meM maNDaloM ke Alekhana kI viziSTa vidhiyoM evaM ra~gane kI carcA kI gayI hai / guhyasamAjatantra meM bIca meM cakra vAle, 16 hAtha ke eka maNDala kA ulekha hai| dekhie pro0 jI0 TussI kA grantha 'iNDotibbetikA' (jilda 4, bhAga 1, roma 1641); jisameM maNDaloM kI tAlikAe~ dI huI haiM; e0 geTTI kRta 'di gaoNDsa Ava nArdarna buddhijma' (1608), pleTa 16, jahA~ nau tatvoM kA eka maNDala pradarzita hai ; 'aikTA oriaiNTAliyA Ava di orieNTala sosAiTIz2a Ava DenamArka, nArve Adi' meM erika hAI kRta 'kaNTrIbyUzaMsa Tu di sTaDI Ava maNDala eNDa mudrA' (pR0 57-61, jilda 23, saM0 1 evaM 2, 1658), jisameM anta meM lagabhaga 100 mudrAoM ke citra diye gaye haiM / baMgAla ke rAjA rAmapAla (1084-1130 I.) ke samakAlIna abhayaMkara gupta ke grantha niSpannayogAvali (gAyakavADa orieNTala sIrIz2a, bar3odA) meM 26 adhyAyoM meM 26 maNDaloM kA varNana hai, jahA~ pratyeka maNDala meM eka kendrIya devatA rahatA hai tathA bahuta-sI laghu bauddha divyAtmAoM kA, jo kabhI-kabhI saMkhyA meM eka sau bhI ho jAtI haiM, Alekhana hai / nirNayasAgara presa dvArA prakAzita 'Rgvedabrahmakarmasamuccaya' (chaThA saMskaraNa, bambaI, 1636) meM jo kRtyoM kA eka saMkalana hai, Arambha meM hI katipaya maNDaloM kA, yathA--sarvatobhadra, catuliMgatobhadra, prAsAda vAstuNDala, gahavAstumaNDala, grahadevatAmaNDala, hariharamaNDala, ekaliMgatobhadra ke citra haiM, jo raMgIna evaM sAde donoM rUpoM meM aMkita haiN| smatikaustubha ne dvAdazaliMgatobhadra harihara-maNDala kA, jisake bhItara sarvatobhadra bhI hai. ullekha kiyA hai| hama inakA varNana yahA~ nahIM kareMge / 'sarvatobhadra' kA zAbdika artha hai 'sabhI prakAroM se shbh'| yaha zubha citrakAvya-zAstra ke antargata bhI samAviSTa ho gayA / kAvyAdarza meM daNDI ne sarvatobhadra ke rUpa meM eka zloka kA udAharaNa diyA hai, jo 'citra-bandhoM' ke lie prayukta huA hai / daNDI se lagabhaga eka zatI parva ke kirAtArjunIya (15 / 25) meM sarvatobhadra kA udAharaNa AyA hai| 'ekTA orieNTAliyA' meM do tibbatI pANDulipiyoM ke viSayoM kI eka sundara vyAkhyA upasthita kI gayI hai| eka pANDalipi meM cAvala-maNDala hai jisameM vibhinna nAmoM meM 37 tattva prakaTa kiye gaye haiM aura isI meM mudrAoM ke 123 citra pradarzita haiN| tantra-pUjA kA eka anya viziSTa viSaya hai yantra (jyAmitIya AkRti), jo kabhI-kabhI cakra nAma se bhI vikhyAta hotA hai / yantra kA ullekha kucha purANoM meM bhI huA hai aura yatra-tatra Adhunika prayogoM meM bhI isakI carcA hotI hai| yaha dhAtu, patthara, kAgada yA kisI anya vastu para khodA huA yA takSita yA khIMcA haA yA raMgA huA hotA hai / yaha maNDala se milatA-julatA hai, antara yaha hai ki maNDala kA upayoga kisI devatA kI pUjA 18. prAhurardhabhramaM nAma zlokArdhabhramaNaM yadi / tadiSTaM sarvatobhadraM bhramaNaM yadi sarvataH // kAvyAdarza 3 // 50 / kirAtArjunIya (sarga 15, zloka 25) meM yoM AyA hai : sarvatobhadraH--devAkAninikAvAde vAhikAsvasvakAhi vA / kAkArabhabhare kAkA nisvabhavyavyabhasvani //

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM hotA hai kintu yantra kA upayoga kisI viziSTa devatA kI pUjA yA kisI viziSTa uddezya ke lie hotA hai| kulArNavatantra'9 meM AyA hai-'yantra kA vikAsa mantra se huA hai, aura ise mantra rUpI devatA kahA gayA hai, yantra para pUjita devatA sahasA prasanna ho jAtA hai (aura anugraha karatA hai), prema evaM krodha nAmaka doSoM se utpanna klezoM ko dUra karatA hai ataH ise yantra kahA jAtA hai| yadi yantroM meM paramAtmA pUjita ho to vaha prasanna ho jAtA hai| usI tantra meM puna: AyA hai ki 'yadi pUjA yantra ke binA kI jAya to devatA prasanna nahIM hotA / yahA~ para 'yantra' zabda 'yantra dhAtu se nikalA kahA gayA hai / eka anya sthAna para isI tantra meM AyA hai ki yantra isalie kahA jAtA hai ki yaha sadeva pUjaka ko yama (mRtyu ke devatA) tathA anya bhUtAdi se bacAtA hai| rAmaparvatApanI upaniSada 20 meM AyA hai--'yantra kI vyavasthA (yA nirmANa) devatA kA zarIra hai jo surakSA pradAna karatA hai|' kaulAvalInirNaya meM aisA kahA gayA hai ki binA yantra ke devatA kI pUjA, binA mAMsa ke tarpaNa, binA zakti (patnI yA koI anya nArI jo sAdhaka se sambandhita ho) ke madyapAna--ye sabhI niSphala hote haiM / kucha granthoM ne yantra-gAyatrI kI bhI kalpanA kara ddaalii|hai / 21 kta vacanoM se yaha vyakta hotA hai ki yantra vaha tattva thA jisake dvArA krodha, prema Adi ke kAraNa dolAyamAna mana kI gatiyoM para niyantraNa kiyA jAtA thA aura mana ko usa citra yA AkAra para lagAyA jAtA thA jisameM devatA ko pratiSThApita kiyA gayA rahatA thaa| isase manoyoga hotA thA, aura devatA kI mAnasika pratyabhijJA hotI thii| devatA evaM yantra kA antara vahI hai jo AtmA evaM deha meM hotA hai| tripurAtApanI upaniSad (2 / 3), prapaJcasAratantra (paTala 21 evaM 34), zAradAtilaka (7.53-63, 24), kAmakalAvikAsa (zloka 22, 26, 26, 30 evaM 33), nityASoDazikArNava (1331-43), nityotsava (pR0 6, 64-65), tantrarAjatantra (2 / 44-51, 8 / 30, 23), ahirbudhnyasaMhitA (adhyAya 23-26), mantramahodadhi (20 vIM taraMga), kaulajJAnanirNaya (10, jahA~ yantroM ko cakra kahA gayA hai), kaulAvalInirNaya (3 / 16. yantra mantramayaM proktaM devatA mntrruupinnii| mantre sA pUjitA devI sahasava prsiidti| kAma-krodhAdidoSottha sarvaduHkha niyantraNAt / yantramityAhuretasmin devaH proNAti pUjitaH // kulArNava0 (685-86), isakA prathama ardha zloka varSakriyAkaumudI (pR0 147) dvArA agastyasaMhitA se uddhata kiyA gayA hai: vinA yantreNa pUjA ced devatA na prasIdati (vahI, 10 / 106) / yamabhUtAdi sarvebhyo bhayebhyopi kulezvari / trAyate satataM caiva tasmAdyantramitIritam / (vahI, 17 / 61) / 'yantra' meM 'ya' yama tathA anya logoM ke lie prayukta hai, 'tra' ko 'tra' (yA 'trA') se niSpanna mAnA gayA hai| vinA yantraNa yA pUjA vinA mAMsena trpnnm| vinA zaktyA tu yatpAnaM tatsarva niSphalaM bhavet // kaulAvalInirNaya (8 / 41-42) / sAbhayasyAsya devasya vigraho yantrakalpanA / vinA yantreNa cetpUjA devatA na prasIdati // rAmapUrvatApanIyopaniSad (1 / 12) / 20. yaha avalokanIya hai ki antima ardhAMza vahI hai jo antima ardhAMza kulArNava kA hai (10.106) / dekhie hona-rAikha jimmara kRta grantha 'mIthsa eNDa simbalsa ina iNDiyana ArTa evaM sivilijezana' (pR0 140148), jahA~ yantra kI carcA hai| aura dekhie ahirbudhnyasaMhitA (adhyAya 36), jahA~ para sudarzanacakra ke nirmANa evaM pUjA kA varNana hai| 21. yantragAyatrI yaha hai--'yantrarAjAya vidmahe varapradAya dhImahi / tantro yantraM pracodayAt // mekatantra (33 // 13) /

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nyAsa, mudrAe~, yantra, cakra, maNDala Adi 75 105-135), merutantra ( 33vA~ prakAza, 562vA~ zloka ), mantra mahArNavatantra ( uttarakhaNDa, 11vIM taraMga) Adi meM yantroM kA ullekha hai / ina tAntrika granthoM meM yantra ke viSaya meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai usakA vivaraNa upasthita karanA yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai / padmapurANa (pAtAlakhaNDa, 76 / 1 ) meM AyA hai ki hari (viSNu) kI pUjA zAlagrAma-zilA para yA ratna para yA yantra, maNDala para yA pratimAoM meM ho sakatI hai, kevala mandiroM meM hI nahIM / ahirbudhnya0 (36, zloka 5-66 ) ne sudarzana yantra kI pUjA kI vidhi kA varNana kiyA hai jo rAjA dvArA yA kisI anya vyakti dvArA samRddhi ke lie kI jAtI hai / hama yahA~ para eka yantra yA cakra kA varNana kara rahe haiM / sabase pramukha evaM prasiddha hai zrIcakra jo do zlokoM (jo nIce pAda-TippaNI meM diye hue haiM) meM varNita hai aura usakI vyAkhyA nityASoDazikArNava (1 / 31-46 ) kI TIkA setubandha meM huI hai / 22 eka choTe se tribhuja meM eka bindu ke sAtha cakra khIMcA jAtA hai / vaha bindu zakti yA mUla prakRti kA dyotaka hai / tantroM para prakAzita granthoM meM zrIcakra raMgoM meM khIMcA gayA hai ( saundarya laharI, gaNeza eNDa kampanI, madrAsa, 1657), kintu anya tantroM meM sAde DhaMga se khIMcA gayA hai ( kAmakalAvilAsa, e0 evAlona dvArA sampAdita evaM gaNeza eNDa kampanI, madrAsa dvArA prakAzita, 1653) / kucha granthoM meM zrIcakra ke citra meM dvAra nahIM haiM ( e0 evAlona kRta 'priMsipulsa Ava tantra' kA mukhapRSTha ) kintu kahIM kahIM dvAra dikhAye gaye haiM ( saundarya laharI ) / kula 6 tribhuja hote haiM, jinameM pA~ca ke zIrSa koNa nIce laTake rahate haiM aura ye sabhI zakti ke dyotaka haiM, anya cAra tribhujoM (ziva ke dyotaka ) ke zIrSakoNa Upara hote haiN| sabase choTe tribhuja meM, jo nIce kI ora jhukA rahatA hai, bindu banA huA hotA hai / punaH dasa-dasa tribhujoM ke do dala hote haiM ( kucha granthoM meM nIle evaM lAla raMgoM meM pradarzita haiM ), phira 22. bindU-trikoNa vasukoNa-dazArayugma manvatranAgadalasaMyutaSoDazAram / vRttatrayaM ca dharaNI sadanatrayaM ca zrIcakrarAjamuditaM paradevatAyAH // Anandagiri ke zaMkaravijaya dvArA uddhRta ( pR0 255 ) / nityASoDazikA 0 (1 / 31 ) kI TIkA setubandha evaM yAmala ( sambhavataH rudrayAmala, jo Adya zaMkarAcArya dvArA praNIta kahA jAtA hai) evaM 'catubhiH zrIkaNThaH zivayuvatibhiH paJcabhirapi prabhinnAbhiH zambhornavabhirapi mUla prakRtibhiH / trayazcatvArizadvasuvalakalAzma - trivalaya- trirekhAbhiH sArdhaM tava bhavanakoNAH pariNatAH // saundaryalaharI ( zloka 11, gaNeza eNDa kampanI, madrAsa, 1657, lakSmIdharA nAmaka TIkA ke sAtha) meM kucha loga dUsare zloka meM catuzcatvAriMzat par3hate haiN| vasu kA artha hai 8, manu kA 14, nAga kA 8 evaM kalA kA 16 / isake varNana ke do rUpa haiM-- (1) bindu se Age (jise sRSTi-krama kahA jAtA hai) yA (2) bAharI rekhAoM se bindu kI ora (jise saMhArakrama kahA jAtA hai) / dekhie sara jaoNna vuDraupha kRta 'zakti eNDa zAkta' (tIsarA saMskaraNa, 1626, gaNeza eNDa kampanI, madrAsa dvArA prakAzita), pR0 366 para zrIcakra ke citra kI vyAkhyA dI huI hai / devIrahasya ( Dakana kAleja pANDa lipi, saM0 460, 1865-66 ) nAmaka tAntrika grantha ne 'bindutrikoNa ... devatAyAH' ko uddhRta kiyA hai, kintu isa cakra kA eka anya DhaMga se varNana karane vAle eka dUsare zloka ko bhI uddhata kiyA hai / vibhinna granthoM meM cakroM kA varNana vibhinna DhaMgoM se huA hai| udAharaNArtha, Dakana kAleja kI pANDulipi saM0 662 (18841887) ne kaulAgama ke anusAra durgA pUjA meM prayukta cakrabheda ko pA~ca cakroM ke rUpa meM mAnA hai, yathA-- rAjacakra, mahAcakra, devacakra, bIracakra evaM pazucakra ; kintu pANDulipi saM0 664 (1887 - 61 ) meM kucha anya cakra bhI diye gaye haiM, yathA-- akaDamacakra, RNadhanazodhanacakra, rAzicakra, nakSatracakra (kaMTaoNlaoNga, jilda 16, tantra, pR0 251) /

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76 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 8 dala vAle kamala (kabhI-kabhI lAla raMga meM ra~ge) hote haiM, 16 dala vAle kamala (nIle raMgoM meM) hote haiM, taba tIna vRtta hote haiM, taba cAra dvAroM vAlI tIna sImA-rekhAe~ hotI haiM, jinameM do yantra ke bAharI bhAgoM kI dyotaka hotI haiM aura 8 evaM 16 daloM ke kamala yantra ke bhItarI bhAga meM hote haiN| kula milAkara 43 koNa (kacha granthoM meM 44 ) hote haiN| sImA-rekhAoM ke bhItara kA cakra-bhAga bhUpura kahalAtA hai| yantra kI pUjA bahiryAga (zakti kI bAharI pUjA) kahalAtI hai / antaryAga meM mUlAdhAra se AjJAcakra taka ke cakroM dvArA jAgrata kuNDalinI ko le jAnA hotA hai aura taba use sahasrAra-cakra meM ziva se milAnA hotA hai / mUlAdhAra, svAdhiSThAna, maNipura, anAhata, vizuddha evaM AjJA nAmaka chaha cakroM ko pA~ca tattvoM evaM mana ke anurUpa mAnA gayA hai / yaha saundaryalaharI (zloka 6) meM varNita hai| bAiMga vidhi dvArA zakti-pUjaka zakti-pUjA meM kitanA Age bar3ha gaye haiM isakI jAnakArI lakSmIdhara kI TIkA ke eka vaktavya se ho sakatI hai, kyoMki lakSmIdhara saundaryalaharI ke sabase antima TIkAkAra haiM aura ve kaulikoM kI vidhiyoM se bhayAkrAnta the|23 nityASoDazikArNava kI TIkA setubandha ne bar3e bala ke sAtha kahA hai ki tripurasundarI kI pUjA upAsanA ke prakAra kI hai na ki bhakti ke prakAra kI, aura yaha upAsanA do DhaMga kI hai, eka meM devI ke mantra kA japa hotA hai aura dUsare meM yantra kI pUjA hotI hai (nityA0 1 / 125) / zloka 126-204 meM zrIcakra kI pUjA ke vibhinna viSayoM kA ullekha hai / nityASoDazikA0 tathA anya tantra granthoM kA kahanA hai ki tripurasundarI zrIcakra meM nivAsa karatI haiN|24 zAkta sAdhaka kA mahAn dhyeya hotA hai yantra, mantra, guru evaM tripurAdevI se tAdAtmya sthApita karanA / varSakriyAkaumudI (pR0 147) ne eka zloka uddhRta kara kahA hai ki mantroM se yantra-pUjA kA sampAdana honA cAhie, aura aisA karane para sAdhaka abhISTa kI prApti kara letA hai / / 25 __ zAradAtilaka jaise gambhIra grantha ne bhI duSTa uddezyoM kI pUrti ke lie yantroM ke Alekhana kI anumati dI hai| udAharaNArtha, 7 / 58-56 meM AyA hai ki zatru-nAza ke lie zmazAna se citA-vastra lekara usa para Agneya yantra banA kara zatru ke ghara ke pAsa gAr3a denA caahie| aura dekhie usI grantha meM 24 / 17-18 evaM 16-21, jahA~ zatrunAza ke lie do yantroM kA ullekha hai| prapaMcasAra (34 / 33) meM bhI eka yantra kA ullekha hai, jisake prayoga se strI sAdhaka ke pAsa pahu~ca jAtI hai / 23. tavAdhAra mUle saha samayayA lAsyaparayA navAtmAnaM manye navarasamahAtANDava naTam / ubhAbhyAmetAbhyAmudayavidhimuddizya dayayA sanAthAbhyAM jajJe janakajananImajjagadidam // saundaryalaharI, zloka 41 (pR0 181, gaNeza eNDa kampanI kA saMskaraNa , 1651) / lakSmIdhara ko TIkA meM isa prakAra AyA hai : 'ata eva kaulAstrikoNe bindu nityaM samarcayanti / ... zrIcakrasthitanavayonimadhyagatayoni bhUrjahemapaTTavastrapIThAdau likhitAM pUrvakaulAH pUjayanti / taruNyAH pratyakSayonimuttarakaulAH pUjayanti / ubhayaM yonidvayaM bAhyameva nAntaram / atasteSAmAdhAracakrameva pUjyam |...atr bahu vaktavyamasti tattu avaidikamArgatvAt smaraNArhamapi na bhvti|' 24. saMsthitAtra mahAcakre mhaatripursundrii| nityASoDazikA0 (1182); jJAttA svAtmA bhavejjJAnamadhyajJeyaM bahiH sthitam / zrIcakrapUjanaM teSAmekIkaraNamIritam // tantrarAjatantra (235 // 6); AsIna cakre sA tripurasundarIdevI / kAmezvarAMkanilaMyA kalayA candrasya kalpitottaMsA / / kAmakalAvilAsa (zloka 37) / 25. sarveSAmapi mantrANAM pUjA yantre prshsyte| yantra mantraM samArAdhya yadabhISTaM tadApnuyAt // va0 kri0 kau0 (pR0 140) /

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77 nyAsa, mudrAe~, yantra, cakra, maNDala Adi tantrarAjatantra (paTala 8, zloka 30-32) meM AyA hai ki sabhI vAJchita phaloM ko dene vAle yantroM ko sone, cA~dI, tAmra yA vastra yA bhUrjapatra para candanalepa, kapUra, kastUrI yA kuMkuma Adi se khacita kara sira para yA hAthoM para yA gale, kamara yA kalAI para bA~dha lenA cAhie yA kahIM rakhakara unakI pUjA karanI cAhie / dekhie prapaMcasAratantra (11 / 46) jahA~ aisI vyavasthAe~ dI huI haiN| tAntrika siddhAntoM evaM AcAroM se sambandhita isa adhyAya ke anta meM eka vicitra bAta kI carcA kara denA Avazyaka hai| sAyaNa-mAdhava bhAiyoM (14 vIM zatI) ne sarvadarzanasaMgraha nAmaka grantha meM 15 darzanoM kI carcA kI hai| kintu Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki ina logoM ne tantroM ke viSaya meM eka zabda bhI nahIM likhA hai, jaba ki unhoMne cArvAka-darzana evaM bauddha tathA jaina siddhAntoM para paryApta likhA hai| aisA mAnanA asambhava hai ki ina vidvAn do bhAiyoM ko tantra ke viSaya meM jJAna nahIM thaa| yadi kalpanA kA sahArA liyA jAya to aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki jina kAraNoM se baMgAla ke rAjA ballAlasena ne apane dAnasAgara meM devIpurANa ko chor3a diyA thA, unhIM kAraNoM se sambhavata: ina vidvAn bhAiyoM ne tantroM kI carcA nahIM kI, itanA hI nahIM; taba taka tantra-grantha samAja meM paryApta rUpa se arucikara ho cuke the aura vidvAn loga unakA virodha karane laga gaye the|

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gata prakaraNa kA pariziSTa yahA~ kucha aise prakAzita granthoM kA ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai, jinheM prastuta lekhaka ne tantroM ke viSaya meM likhane ke lie par3hA hai| saMskRta grantha saMskRta varNamAlA ke anusAra diye jA rahe haiM / bahuta saMkSepa meM lekhakoM, tithiyoM evaM saMskaraNoM kA ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai| advayavajasaMgraha : lekhaka advayavajra (11 vI zatI); isameM bauddha darzana sambandhI choTe-choTe 21 grantha haiM, eka mUlyavAn bhUmikA ke sAtha ma0 ma0 haraprasAda zAstrI ne isakA sampAdana kiyA hai| gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIz2a / Arya-maMjuzrImulakalpa : (trivendram saMskRta sIrIja meM tIna bhAgoM meM prakAzita); cauthI zatI se navIM zatI ke vibhinna kAloM kA vivaraNa / yaha bauddha graMtha hai aura tibbatI kaMgyara meM sammilita hai| isa adhyAya haiM, kintu cIna ke 10 vIM zatI ke anavAda meM kevala 28 adhyAya haiN| DA0 bI0 bhaTaTAcArya ne ise dUsarI zatI kA mAnA hai, kintu vintaranitja ne asahamati prakaTa kI hai (iNDiyana hisTaoN0 kvArTalI, jilda 6, p01)| jAyasavAla ne 'impIriyala hisTrI Ava iNDiyA' meM 53 paTalavisara meM 1003 zlokoM kA mAnA hai, jinameM 6-344 zloka buddha ke nirvANa taka ke jIvana para prakAza DAlate haiM aura vAstavika itihAsa 78 I0 se AThavIM zatI kA hai jo 345-680 zlokoM meM hai| IzAnazivagaradevapaddhati : lekhaka IzAnazivagurudeva mizra, cAra bhAga, yathA-sAmAnyapAda, mantrapAda, kriyApAda evaM yogapAda; isameM lagabhaga 18000 zloka haiM aura trivendram saM0 sI0 dvArA prakAzita hai / isameM gautamIya tantra, prapaMcasAra evaM bhojarAja kA ullekha hai| lagabhaga 1100 I0 ke AsapAsa yA kucha uparAnta praNIta / kAmakalAvilAsa : lekhaka puNyAnandanAtha, naTanAnandanAtha kI cidvallI nAmaka TIkA ke sAtha (kAzmIra saMskRta sIrIz2a); 55 zloka, anuvAda evaM TippaNI Arthara evAlona dvArA (gaNeza eNDa kampanI, madrAsa dvArA prakAzita, 1653), sarvaprathama tAntrika TekTsa (jilda 10 ) meM prkaashit| kAlacakatantra : bauddha, dekhie je0 e0 esa0 bI0, patra, jilda 28,1652, pR0 71-76; jahA~ vizvanAtha vandyopAdhyAya dvArA isa grantha kA vivaraNa diyA huA hai| kAlajJAnanirNaya : pro0 pI0 sI0 bAgacI dvArA sampAdita (kalakattA saM0 sI0; 1634); haraprasAda zAstrI ne pANDulipi ko vIM zatI kI mAnA hai, kintu pro0 bAgacI ne use 11 vIM zatI ke madhya meM mAnA hai| isake lekhaka kA nAma matsyendrapAda AyA hai, jise haThayogapradIpikA (115-6) ne mahAsiddhoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai| kAlavilAsatantra : 35 paTaloM meM Arthara evAlona dvArA sampAdita (tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 6, 1617) / 1020-21 meM isane pAradArya (parabhAryAlaMghana) kI anumati dI hai bazarte ki maithunakarma pUrNa na huA ho| isane (2011 meM) kAlikApurANa kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA (1512-13 meM) eka aisI bhASA meM mantra diyA hai jo asamI evaM pUrvI baMgAlI se milatI hai|

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myAsa, mudrAeM, yantra, cakra, maNDala Adi kulacUr3AmaNimantra :7 paTaloM evaM 430 zlokoM meM; Arthara evAlona dvArA (tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 4, 1615) sampAdita / 124-12 meM 64 tantroM ke nAma diye gaye haiM / kulArNavatantra : isameM 17 ullAsa evaM 2000 se adhika zloka haiN| yaha prasiddha grantha hai aura isake uddharaNa paryApta saMkhyA meM liye gaye haiM (tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 5, landana, 1617 meM prakAzita) / yaha prAcIna tantra hai jo sambhavata: 1000 I0 meM praNIta huA thA / anta meM aisA AyA hai ki yaha UrdhvAmnAya (5 AmnAyoM meM pA~cavA~) tantra hai aura 1 lAkha 25 sahasra zlokoM kA eka aMza hai| dekhie e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 13, pR0 206-211, jahA~ isa grantha, isake viSaya-vistAra para pro0 cintAharaNa cakravartI ne eka nibandha diyA hai| kaulAvalInirNaya : jJAnAnanda giri dvArA likhita; 21 ullAsoM meM; e0 evAlona dvArA sampAdita (tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 14); 112-14 meM aneka tantroM kA ullekha hai jinameM yAmaloM kI bhI carcA huI hai; 1962-63 meM 6 pUrvavartI guruoM ke nAma diye hue haiN| gaNapatitattva : prAcIna jAvA kI pANDulipi, DA0 (zrImatI) sudarzanA devI siMhala dvArA Alocita, sampAdita, vyAkhyAyita evaM anUdita (iNTaranezanala ekeDemI Av sAiMseja, nayI dillI, 1658, dvArA prakAzita); isameM mUlAdhAra evaM anya cakroM kA ullekha hai| cakroM kI sthitiyoM , raMgoM, yoga ke 6 aMgoM kA (yama, niyama, Asana ko chor3a diyA gayA hai aura tarka ko sammilita kara liyA gayA hai) vivecana hai| isameM niSkala se nAda kI, nAda se bindu kI utpatti, mantroM, bIjoM Adi kI carcA hai / guhyasamAjatatra yA tathAgata-guhyaka (bauddha) : yaha gAyakavAr3a saM0 sI0 meM prakAzita hai ; DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya ne ise cauthI zatI kA mAnA hai (bhUmikA, sAdhanamAlA, jilda 2, pR0 65) / kintu sambhavata: yaha 5vIM yA chaThI zatI kA hai / gorakSasiddhAntasaMgraha : yoga evaM tantra kA mizraNa hai| esa0 bI0 TekTsa (1625) meM prakAzita hai| vidgaganacandrikA : kAlidAsa dvArA likhita mAnA gayA hai| trivikrama tIrtha dvArA sampAdita (tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 20) / jayAlpasaMhitA : gAyakavAr3a saM0 sI0 meM prkaashit| yaha pAJcarAtra grantha hai| DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya ne ise 450 I0 kA mAnA hai| isameM yakSiNI-sAdhanA, cakrayantrasAdhanA, stambhana Adi tantra viSaya bhI haiN| jJAnasiddhi : lekhaka rAjA indrabhUti, jo anaMgavajra ke ziSya evaM guru padmasambhava ke pitA the; do vajrayAna grantha, gAyakavAr3a saM0 sI0 meM prakAzita; 717 I0 meM praNIta; vajrayAna siddhAntoM kA niSkarSa upasthita karatA hai| parNavatantra : AnandAzrama presa (pUnA) dvArA prakAzita; isameM 26 paTala evaM lagabhaga 2300 zloka haiN| tantrarAjatantra : tAntrika TekTsa (jilda 8 evaM 12) meM sampAdita (gaNeza eNDa kampanI, madrAsa, 1654), subhagAnandanAtha dvArA manoramA TIkA; isameM 36 adhyAya haiN| isameM kAdi mata kI carcA hai| tantrasAra : kRSNAnanda dvArA likhita; caukhambA saM0 sI0 dvArA prakAzita; 17 vIM zatI meM praNIta / tantrasAra : abhinavagupta dvArA likhita ; tantrAloka kA eka niSkarSa (saMkSipta rUpa); kAzmIra saM0 sI0 (1618) dvArA prakAzita; lagabhaga 11vIM zatI meM praNIta / tantrAbhidhAna : bIjanighaNTu evaM mudrAnighaNTu ke sAtha; e0 evAlona dvArA tAntrika TekTsa (jilda 1, 1613) meM sampAdita / jayAsaha

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FO dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 'santrAloka : abhinavagupta dvArA likhita; jayaratha nAmaka TIkA; kaI khaNDoM meM kAzmIra saM0 sI0 meM prakAzita ; lagabhaga 1000 I0 meM praNIta / tArAtantra : girIzacandra dvArA sampA0 gaur3a granthamAlA (saM0 1, 1613) dvArA prakAzita; 6 paTaloM evaM 150 zlokoM meM; isameM AyA hai ki buddha evaM vasiSTha prAcIna tAntrika muni haiN| isameM 'nAtha' se anta hone vAle 6 guruoM ke nAma Aye haiM; isane mahAcInAkhyatantra kA ullekha kiyA hai aura puruSa bhaktoM se kahA hai ki ve tArA ko apanA rakta deN| ... tArAbhaktisudhArNava : lekhaka narasiMha Thakkura, jo kAvyaprakAza kI TIkA pradIpa ke lekhaka govinda Thakkura meM pAMcaveM haiM / 1680 I0 meM praNIta; paMcAnana bhaTTAcArya dvArA sampAdita (tAntrika TekTsa 0); 11 taraMgoM evaM 435 pRSThoM meM tArA kI pUjA para eka vizAla grantha ; yahA~ tArA hIM hai, pratyuta vaha zakti se sambandhita 10 vidyAoM meM eka hai| zvI taraMga meM zavasAdhanA kRtya kA bhayaMkara varNana hai (pR0 345-351) / tArArahasya : brahmAnanda dvArA likhita ; jIvAnanda (1866) dvArA prakAzita ; isameM mahAcIna, nIlatantra, yoginItantra evaM rudrayAmala kA ullekha hai| tripurArahasya : lekhaka hArItAyana; zrInivAsa kI TIkA tAtparyadIpikA ke sAtha; esa0 bI0 sIrIja meM prakAzita; yaha hArItAyana dvArA nArada ko diyA gayA pravacana hai| isakA tArAkhaNDa vAlA aMza dArzanika hai| tripurAsArasamuccaya : nAgabhaTTa dvArA likhita; govindAcArya kI TIkA; jIvAnanda dvArA prakAzita (1867) / . dakSiNAmUrtisaMhitA : yaha zrIvidyopAsanA para hai; 65 paTala evaM 1700 zloka haiM; esa0 bI0 sIrIja meM prkaashit| . nityAyoDazikArNava : (vAmakezvaratantra kA eka aMza); bhAskararAya (1700-1750 I0) kI TIkA; AnandAzrama presa dvArA prakAzita (1644) / nityotsava : umAnandanAtha dvArA likhita; dIkSA ke pUrva umAnandanAtha kA nAma thA jagannAtha, jo mahArASTra brAhmaNa the aura taaura ke marAThA saradAra dvArA mAne-jAne jAte the; yaha parazurAmakalpasatra kA eka pUraka grantha hai; umAnandanAtha ke guru the bhAsurAnandanAtha (dIkSA ke pUrva bhAskararAya); yaha grantha kali saMvat 4846 ( rasANava-kari-vedamiteSu ) arthAt 1745 I0 meM praNIta huA / yaha sambhava hai ki 'arNava' zabda 4 ke sthAna para 7 ke lie prayukta huA ho (arthAt 4876=1775 ho sakatA hai); gAyakavAr3a saM0 sI0 (1623) meM prakAzita / ___ niSpannayogAvalI : baMgAla ke rAjA rAmapAla (1084-1130 I0) ke samakAlIna abhayAkaragupta dvArA praNIta / yaha bauddha grantha hai| isakA lekhaka vihAra ke vikramazilA nAmaka vizvavidyAlaya meM prAdhyApaka thA; isane 26 maNDaloM kA ullekha kiyA hai, pratyeka maNDala meM eka kendrIya devatA rahatA hai aura anya gauNa devatAoM kI saMkhyA adhika hotI hai, kahIM kahIM to 100 se adhika / pazcAtkAlIna bauddhadharma kA yaha eka mUlyavAn grantha hai, kyoMki isameM devatAoM evaM kRtya-vidhi kA ullekha hai / gAyaka0 saM0 sIrIja meM prakAzita (1641ii| parazurAmakalpasUtra : rAmezvara kI TIkA saubhAgyodaya ke sAtha; gAyaka0 saM0 sIrIja (1623) meM prakAzita; 1300 I0 se pUrva praNIta; mahAdeva ke mukhya ziSya evaM jamadagni ke putra parazurAma dvArA praNIta kahA gayA hai|

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myAsa, mudrAeM, yantra, cakra, maNDala Adi tigers : Arthara evAlona dvArA sampAdita (tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 2, 1613 ) pArAnanvasUtra : gAyaka0 saM0 sIrIja ( 1631) dvArA prakAzita ; jaisA ki DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya kA kathana hai, yaha 600 I0 ke pUrva kA nahIM hai / prajJopAyavinizvaya siddhi : tibbata meM prazaMsita evaM pUjya tathA 54 siddhoM meM eka anaMgavajra dvArA praNIta / bauddha vajrayAna grantha; gAyaka0 saM0 sI0 ( 1626) dvArA prakAzita ; DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya ke matAnusAra lagabhaga 750 I0 meM praNIta / prapaJcasAra : ( zaMkarAcArya dvArA likhita mAnA gayA hai) padmapAda kI vivaraNa nAmaka TIkA ke sAtha; tAntrika TekTsa (jilda 3) evaM nayA saMskaraNa ( jilda 18 - 16 ) san 1636 meM / 36 paTaloM meM / prANatoSiNI : rAmatoSaNa bhaTTAcArya dvArA saMgRhIta evaM jIvAnanda (kalakattA) dvArA prakAzita; yaha 1067 pRSThoM kA eka bRhad Adhunika grantha hai / brahmasaMhitA : jIva gosvAmI kI TIkA ke sAtha; vaiSNavoM ke lie, tAntrika TekTsa (jilda 15 ) meM prakA shit| 51 mantramahodadhi : mahIdhara dvArA praNIta; lekhaka kI TIkA; vi0 saM0 1645 (1588-86 I0 ) meM praNIta; jIvAnanda evaM veMkaTezvara presa dvArA prakAzita / mahAnirvANatantra : hariharAnanda bhAratI kI TIkA ke saath| yaha eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai, kintu paracAtkAlIna hai; isakA prakAzana kaI bAra huA hai; e0 evAlona dvArA sampA0 ( tAntrika TekTsa, jilda 13, 14 ullAsoM meM) / isa grantha meM gaNeza eNDa kampanI, madrAsa ( 1626) kA saMskaraNa upayoga meM lAyA gayA hai / 1653 I0 kA saMskaraNa kahIM-kahIM parivartita hai / zivAnanda kI TIkA; esa0 bI0 sIrIja mAtRkacitra viveka : svatantrAnandanAtha dvArA praNIta; ( 1634 ) meM prakAzita / mAhezvaratantra : 51 paTaloM evaM 3060 zlokoM meM hai (1 / 15 evaM 26 / 11), 25 vaiSNava tantroM ke nAma Aye haiM ( 26 / 16 - 20 ) ; bauddha tantra bhrAmaka haiM aura krUra karmoM ke lie haiM ( 26 / 21-22 ) / (cau0 saM0 sI0 ) ; isameM 64 tantroM kA ullekha isameM aisA mata prakAzita hai ki Rear : 32 adhyAyoM evaM 821 pRSThoM meM eka bRhad grantha ( 16000 zlokoM meM ); veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, 1608 I0 / yoginItantra : jIvAnanda dvArA prakAzita; ekAdazItattva ( pR0 58 ) meM raghunandana dvArA uddhRta / yogimIhRdaya: nityASoDazikArNava ke antima tIna adhyAyoM (6-8) ko isa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| yoginI hRdayadIpikA : puNyAnandanAtha ke ziSya, amRtAnandanAtha dvArA likhita ; esa0 bI0 sIrIja ( 1623 ) meM prakAzita; lagabhaga 10vIM yA 11vIM zatI meM likhita / yAmalatantra : jIvAnanda dvArA prakAzita (dvitIya saMskaraNa 1862 ) / 66 adhyAyoM evaM 6000 se adhika zlokoM meM eka bRhad grantha (anuSTupa chanda meM ); bhairavI dvArA mairava (ziva) ko sambodhita / savA lAkha zlokoM se paripUrNa kahA gayA hai ( Dakana kAleja, pANDulipi saM0 667 ( ! ), 1865 - 1602 ) | ghanadApurazcaraNavidhi ne kahA hai ki yaha rudrayAmala kA eka aMza hai ( iti rudrayAmala - sapAdalakSagrantho .. kiMkiNI-tantroktadhanadApurazcaraNavidhiH ) ; bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0 kaiTaoNlaoNga (jilda 16, pR0 247 ) / lalitAsaha nAma : bIjApura muslima rAjA ke maMtrI gambhIrarAya ke putra bhAskararAya kI TIkA saubhAgyabhAskara ke sAtha; saMvat 1785 ( = 1726 I0 ) meM likhita; nirNayasAgara presa meM prakAzita ( 1635) / 11

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82 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa varivasyArahasya:bhAskararAya (dIkSA ke uparAnta bhAsarAnandanAtha nAma vAle) dvArA likhita; svayaM lekhaka kI TIkA 'prkaash'| 1700 se 1750 I0 taka lekhaka kA kAla hai| adyAra meM prakAzita, 1634 / viSNusaMhitA :30 paTaloM meM, trivendram saM0 sI0 se prakAzita, 1625 / zaktisaMgamatantra : cAra bhAgoM meM, yathA--kAlI, tArA, sundarI evaM chinnamastA; 1505-1607 ke madhya praNIta / dekhie pUnA oriyaNTalisTa, jilda 21, pR0 47-46, (1530-1700 I. ke bIca) / zaktisUtra : sarasvatI bhavana sIrIz2a, jilda 10 (pR0 182-187); 113 sUtra; 16 sUtroM para TIkA; TIkA ne lekhaka kA nAma agastya diyA hai| sUtra meM jaimini evaM vyAsa ke nAma Aye haiN| zAktapramoda : (hAla kA grantha), zivahara ke pramukha (saradAra) zrI rAjadevanandana siMha dvArA saMkalita; veMkaTezvara presa dvArA prakAzita, 1951; isameM 17 tantra haiM, yathA-kAlItantra, SoDazI, bhuvanezvarI, chinnamastA, tripurAbhairavI, dhUmAvatI, bagalAmukhI, mAtaMgI, kamalAtmikA, kumArikA, balidAnakrama, durgA, ziva, gaNeza, sUrya, vissnn| zAradAtilaka : lakSmaNa-dezikendra (utpala ke ziSya); tantra para atyanta prasiddha granthoM meM eka / aupheTa (pR0 64) ne kaI TIkAoM ke nAma diye haiM, jinameM sarvottama hai rAghavabhaTTakRta padArthAdarza (saM0 1550 =1463-64 I0 meM praNIta) / rAghavabhaTTa mahArASTrI the aura godAvarI ke taTa para janasthAna (paMcavaTI) ke nivAsI the| kAzI saM0 sI0 evaM tAntrika TekTsa (jilda 16 evaM 17) dvArA prakAzita / zAradAtilaka kA praNayana lagabhaga 11vIM zatI meM huaa| raghunandana ne spaSTa rUpa se apane jyotiStattva (pR0 580) meM zAradAtilaka ke TIkAkAra rAghavabhaTTa kA nAma liyA hai| zrIcakrasambhAratantra : bauddha grantha; tibbatI pANDulipi, aMgrejI anuvAda, lAmA kAjI davA sandrupa dvArA; e0 evAlona dvArA tAntrika TekTsa (1616) meM sampAdita / zrIvidyAratlasatra : gauDapAda dvArA likhita kahA gayA hai; 101 satroM meM, vidyAraNya ke ziSya zaMkarAcArya kI TIkA; esa0 bI0 (sarasvatI bhavana) TekTsa sIrIja, banArasa (1624) meM paM0 gopInAtha kavirAja dvArA smpaadit| zyAmArahasya : pUrNAnanda dvArA praNIta; 16 adhyAyoM meM; jIvAnanda saMskaraNa; 16 vIM zatI / SaTvanirUpaNa : pUrNAnanda kRta; 85 zlokoM meM; tAntrika TekTsa (jilda 2); zaka saM0 1466 (= 1577-78 I0) meM pragIta / sanatkumAratantra : sanatkumAra evaM pulastya ke bIca saMvAda; 11 paTaloM evaM 375 zlokoM meM: jyeSThArAma mukundajI (baMbaI) dvArA 1605 I0 meM prakAzita / isameM yoga evaM tAntrika vidhi kA mizraNa hai aura 'klI, gauM' Adi tAntrika bIjoM meM kRSNapUjA kA vivaraNa bhI hai| sAdhanamAlA : gAyakavAr3a saM0 sI0 dvArA do khaNDoM meM prakAzita; DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya dvArA bhUmikA (khaNDa 2); 312 sAdhanAe~ haiM, adhikAMza ke praNetAoM ke nAma ajJAta haiM, ve sabhI tibbatI kaMgyUra haiN| DA. bhaTaTAcArya kA kathana hai ki sAdhanAe~ tIsarI zatI se 12 vIM zatI taka kI haiM / vintaranija isa bAta ko nahIM mAnate ki prajJApAramitAsAdhana asaMga dvArA praNIta hai (iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTaralI, jilda , pa0 5-6) / sAmrAjyalakSmI pIThikA : AkAzabhairava-mahAtantra kA eka aMza kahA gayA hai, taMjaura sarasvatI mahala sIrIja mArA prakAzita; 136 adhyAyoM meM, 30 adhyAyoM meM mantra, japa, homa kA ullekha hai, 31 ke Age se adhyAya rAjya ke vibhAgoM, rAjyAbhiSeka, utsavoM (navavarSa, rAmanavamI, navarAtra Adi) para prakAza DAlate haiN|

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nyAsa, mudrAe~, yantra, vakra, maNDala Adi saikozaTIkA : zrI naDapAda kRta bauddha grantha; gAyakavADa saM0 sI0 meM meriyo I0 karellI dvArA sampAdita evaM aMgrejI meM anUdita / saundaryalaharI : zaGkarAcArya dvArA praNIta kahI gayI hai; bahuta-sI TIkAe~ haiM; sara jaoNna vuDraupha dvArA sampAdita evaM adyAra se prakAzita (1637 ); 1657 kA saMskaraNa gaNeza eNDa kampanI, madrAsa dvArA tIna TIkAoM ke sAtha prakAzita | isakA eka saMskaraNa 100 zlokoM meM hai ( grantha, aMgrejI anuvAda, pro0 nArmana brAuna dvArA, hArvarDa yUnivarsiTI presa 1658 ) | (1637) dvArA prakAzita; lekhaka gujarAta haMsa vilAsa haMsa miTThU dvArA pragota; gAyakavAr3a saM0 sI0 meM vikrama saMvat 1764 ( = 1738 I0 ) meM phAlguna pUrNimA ko utpanna huA thA / yaha zuddha rUpa se tAMtrika grantha nahIM hai / tathApi kulArNava0 ( pR0 68-76), kaularahasya ( pR0 104), yoginItantra ( pR0 103), zAradAtilaka ( pR0 84-85, 105) jaise tAntrika granthoM kA uddharaNa detA hai / isameM kaI prakAra ke viSayoM kA ullekha yathA -- alaMkAra zAstra, kAma zAstra sambandhI bAteM Adi / T he vA tantra : DA0 DI0 ela0 snelagrova dvArA sampAdita evaM anUdita (AksaphorDa yUni0 presa 1656 ) ; do bhAgoM meM / yaha pustaka isa pariziSTa ke chapate-chapate prApta huI hai / yaha eka mUlyavAn tantra - sAhitya hai aura isakA sampAdana sundara DhaMga se huA hai / bhAga - 1 ( 1656 meM prakA0 ) meM bhUmikA ( pR0 1-46), aMgrejI anuvAda ( pR0 47 - 116), viSaya ( pR0 121 - 125 ), citra ( pR0 126-126), zabda - bhANDAra ( pR0 131-141), anukramaNikA ( pR0 142 - 160 ) ; bhAga - 2 meM saMskRta mUla evaM tibbatI mUla, jo nepAlI pANDulipi (pro0 TuccI dvArA pradatta ) para AdhRta hai; paMDita kAnha kRta yogaratnamAlA nAmaka TIkA, jo eka prAcIna baMgAlI pANDulipi se lI gayI hai / sampAdaka kA kathana hai ki hevajratantra 8vIM zatI ke anta meM vidyamAna thA aura advayavajrasaMgraha evaM sekoddezaTIkA ne isase uddharaNa liyA hai / sAdhanamAlA saM0 226 (Ara mmika do zloka ) vajra ( 2 / 8 / 6-7 ) hI hai| hevajratantra meM vajra kA AhvAna ( he vajra ) / bhAga - 1 ke pR0 11 para sampAdaka ne pUchA hai ki yogI loga apane ko bauddha kaise kahate haiM jaba ki ve yoginI ke AliMgana meM sambodhi kI anubhUti karate haiM ? bhAga-1 ke pR0 70 para jAlandhara, oDDiyAna evaM paurNagiri ko pITha kahA mayA hai aura anya upapIThoM, upakSetroM kA ullekha hai / hevajra meM 'zakti' kA ullekha nahIM huA hai, pratyuta usake sthAna para 'prajJA' hai| bhAga-2 (zloka 11 - 15, pR0 68 ) meM AyA hai ki kisa prakAra isa tantra ke anuyAyI 'mudrA' nAmaka nAriyoM se maithuna karate the aura siddhi prApta karate the / bhAga - 1 ke pR0 54 meM eka kRtya hai, jisake dvArA kisI navayuvatI ko vaza meM kiyA jAtA hai| bhAga-2, pR02 meM AyA hai-- 'haikAreNa mahAkaruNA vajra N prajJA ca bhaSyate / prajJopAmAtmakaM tantraM tanme nigaditaM zRNu / '

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gaNaza tantra sambandhI kucha mahattvapUrNa grantha evaM nibandha (1) mahAmahopAdhyAya haraprasAda zAstrI dvArA upasthApita nepAla kI darabAra lAibrerI meM tAr3apatra evaM kAgada kI pANDulipiyoM kI nAmAvalI (kaTaoNlaoNga), 1605 / (2) tArAnAtha kI 'hisTrI Ava buddhijma ina iNDiyA'; e0 zIphanara dvArA jarmana meM anuvAda (seNTa pITarsabarga, 1866) / iNDiyana aiNTikverI (jilda 4,101 evaM 361) meM isake kucha aMza aMgrejI meM haiM / (3) ela0 e0 vaDDela dvArA 'lAmAijma' (elena eNDa kampanI , landana , 1865) / (4) busTona kRta 'hisTrI Ava buddhijma ina iNDiyA eNDa tibbata', DA0 I0 ovaramilara dvArA anUdita / (5) eziyATika sosAiTI Ava baMgAla kI lAibrerI meM pANDulipiyoM kI varNanAtmaka nAmAvalI, jilda 8, isameM 862 pRSThoM meM 648 pANDulipiyoM kA varNana hai|| (6) bhANDArakara kRta 'vaiSNavijma, zaivijma Adi' (kalekTeDa varkasa, jilda 4, pR0 202-210, zAktoM para) / (7) Arthara evAlona dvArA mahAnirvANatantra kA anuvAda, bhUmikA evaM TIkA, 1613 / (8) tAntrika TekTsa , Arthara evAlona dvArA saMpAdita, jilda 1 se lekara 22 taka, bhUmikAeM, TippaNiyA~, vizleSaNa Adi / (6) sarpeNTa pAvara, e0 evAlona kRta (1614); isameM SaT-cakra-nirUpaNa evaM pAdukApaJcaka ke anuvAda haiM ; gaNeza eNDa kampanI, madrAsa dvArA, pAMcavAM saMskaraNa, 1653 / (10) 'priMsipulsa Ava tantra', e0 evAlona kRta; do bhAgoM meM (1614 evaM 1616); bhAga-2 meM lambI bhUmikA / (11) 'veva Ava blisa', AnandalaharI (saundaryalaharI ke 41 zloka) kA anuvAda evaM TippaNiyAM, sara jaoNna vuDaupha (Arthara evAlona kA nayA nAma) dvArA / (12) 'veva oNva byUTI, saundaryalaharI kA anuvAda (mUla evaM TIkAe~), gaNeza eNDa kampanI, madrAsa, 1657 / (13) 'cakraja' rAiTa revareNDa sI0 DablU0 leDabITara, adyAra, 1627, pleTa bhI haiM / (14) 'zivasaMhitA', zrIzacandra vidyArNava dvArA anuvAda / (15) 'tharTI mAinara upaniSadsa', ke0 nArAyaNasvAmI aiyyara dvArA anUdita / (16) 'misTIriasa kuNDalinI', DA0 vI0 jI0 rele (1627) dvArA / (17) 'zakti aura DivAina pAvara', DA0 sudhendu kumAra dAsa dvArA (kalakattA yUni0, 1634) / (18) pI0 sI0 bAgacI kI bhUmikA, kulArNavanirNaya (kalakattA saM0 sIrIja, 1634) / (16) 'tibbatana yoga eNDa sIkreTa DAkTrisa', DablU0 vAI0 ivAMsa-veMTz2a / AksaphorDa yUni0 presa (1935) / (20) 'sTaDIja ina tantraja', pI0 sI0 bAgacI kRta, kalakattA yUni0 (1636) / (21) DA0bI0 bhaTTAcArya kI bhUmikA, sAdhanamAlA, jilda 2 (gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sI orieNTala sIrIja), pR0 11-77; isI vidvAn kI do bhUmikAe~ : (1) guhyasamAjatantra (gAyakavAr3a ori0 sI0) evaM 'buddhisTa isoTerijma (AksaphorDa yUni0 presa, 1632) /

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65 tantra sambandhI kucha mahattvapUrNa pragya evaM nibandha (22) 'philaoNsaphI Ava tripurAtantra', ma0 ma0 gopInAtha kavirAja, sarasvatI bhavana sTaDIja, 1634, jilda pR0 85-68 / (23) 'sama AspekTsa Ava di philaoNsaphI Ava zAkta tantra', ma0 ma0 gopInAtha kavirAja, sarasvatI bhavana sTaDIja, 1638, jilda 10 pR0 21-27 / / (24) 'buddhisTa tantra liTarecara', pro0 esa0 ke0 de, nyU iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilda 1, pR0 1-23 / (25) 'inphlueMsa Ava tantraz2a oNna di tattvaz2a Ava raghunandana', pro0 Ara0 sI0 hajrA (iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTaralI, jilda 6, 1633, pR0 678-704 / (26) 'inpalueMsa Ava tantra ina smRtinibandhaja', pro0 Ara0 sI0 hajrA, e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 15, pR0 220-235 evaM jilda 16, pR0 203-211 / (27) 'di tAntrika DAviTrana Ava DivAina bAI-yUniTI', e0 ke0 kumArasvAmI, e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 16, pR0 173-183 / (28) 'kampereTiva eNDa kriTikala sTaDI Ava mantrazAstra', zrI mohanalAla bhagavAnadAsa jhaverI (1644) / (26) pro. cintAharaNa cakravartI ke nimnalikhita nibandha : 'eNTIkvero Ava tAntrikijma' (iNDi0 hisTaoN0 kvA0, jilda 6, pR0 114); 'kaNTrovarsI regADiMga di oNtharazipa Ava tantraja', pro0 ke0 bI0 pAThaka kamemorezana vAlyama, 10 210-220; 'e noTa oNna di eja eNDa oNtharazipa Ava di tantraja', jarnala eNDa prosIDigsa Ava di eziyATika sosAyaTI Ava beMgAla, nyU sIrIja, jilda 26 (1633), saM0 1, pR0 7176; 'AiDiyalsa Ava tantra rAiTsa', (iNDi0 hisTaoN0 kvA0, jilda 10,10468); 'zAkta phesTivalsa Ava beMgAla eNDa deyara eNTIkverI', (iNDi0 hisTaoN0 kvA0, jilda 27, 1651, pR0 255-260); 'eplikezana Ava vaidika mantraz2a ina tAntrika rAiTsa' (je0 e0 esa0 bI0 leTarsa, jilda 18, 1652, pR0 113-115; 'kAlI vazipa ina beMgAla', AdhAra lAibrerI buleTina, jilda 21, bhAga 3-4, pR0 266 (30) 'tantraja, deyara philaoNsaphI eNDa oNkalTa sIkreTsa', DI0 ena0 bosa (kalakattA, orieNTala' pabliziMga kmpnii)| (31) 'vajra eNDa di vajrasattva', DA0 esa0 bI0 dAsa gupta, 'iNDiyana kalcara', jilda 8, pR0 23-32 / (32) 'iNTroDakzana Tu tAntrika buddhijma', DA0 esa0 bI0 dAsa gupta (kalakattA, 1950) / (33) 'philaoNsaphIz2a Ava iNDiyA', henarikha z2immara (1651), pR0 560-602 / (34) 'di veda eNDa di tantra', zrI TI0 vI0 kapAlI zAstrI (madrAsa, 1951), pR0 1-255 / (35) 'yuganaddha' (jisakA zAbdika artha hai, virodhI tattvoM ke viSaya meM : 'eka-dUsare se ba~dhe hue yA jute hue', 'tAntrika vyU Ava lAipha,' DA. harabarTa bI0 guinthara, caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, banArasa, sTaDIja, jilda 3, 1652 / (36) 'kalcarala heriTeja Ava iNDiyA', jilda 4 meM nimnalikhita lekha-'ivalyUzana Ava di tantra', DA. pI0 sI0 bAgacI, pR0 211-226; 'tantra aiz2a e ve Ava rIyaliz2ezana', svAmI pratyagAtmAnanda, pR0 227-240; 'di spiriTa eNDa kalcara Ava di tantraja', pR0 241-251, zrI aTalavihArI ghoSa; 'zakti kalTa ina sAutha iNDiyA', zrI ke0 Ara0 veMkaTaramana, pR0 252-256; 'tAntrika kalcara emaMga

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86 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa di buddhisTsa', DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya, pR0 260-272; 'di kalTa Ava di buddhisTa siddhAcAryaja', pR0 273-276, zrI pI0 vI0 vApaTa / (37) 'lAiTa oNna di tantra', ema0 pI0 paNDita kRta (gaNeza eNDa kampanI, madrAsa 1657) / yaha choTI pustikA hai; 54 paSThoM meM; 55-71 paSTha meM kacha TippaNiyAM haiM jinameM lekhaka kI apanI koI bAta nahIM hai| isa grantha kA tIna-cauthAI bhAga baDoka(vizeSata'zakti evaM zAkta' se). zrI aravinda evaM zrI kapAlI zAstrI se udhAra liyA gayA hai| yatra-yatra bar3e sAhasa ke sAtha kucha aprAmANika bAteM dI huI haiM, yathA-'tAntrika vicAroM evaM kRtyoM ke mUla satyoM ke AdhAra para Aja ke hindU samAja kA DhAMcA khar3A hai (10 36) prastuta lekhaka aisI bhrAmaka dhAraNA kA ghora virodha karatA hai / yatra-yatra lekhaka ne tantra kI kucha bhrAnti pUrNa evaM anaitika bAtoM kI bhartsanA bhI kI hai, yathA 10 36 evaM 21 meN| (38) 'hisTrI Ava philaoNsaphI, IsTarna eNDa vesTarna', DA. esa. rAdhAkRSNana dvArA sampAdita, jilda 1, pR0 401-428; 'ekpojIzana Ava zAkta bIlIph', ma0 ma0 gopInAtha kavirAja (1653) / (36) 'yoga, immAraTailiTI eNDa phrIDama', misiyA eliyADe kRta, vilArDa TrAska dvArA phreMca se anUdita (rAuTaleja, kegana, paoNla, landana, 1658), pR0 200-273, jahA~ 'yoga eNDa tantrijma' para nibandha hai| (40) 'tibetana buka Ava di DeDa', DA0 DablU. vAI0 ivAMsa veMTz2a dvArA (tIsarA saMskaraNa, AvasaphorDa yUni0 presa, 1657) / (41) 'tibetana yoga', barnArDa bromez2a dvArA (dUsarA saMskaraNa, 1656, ekvairiyama presa) / isameM tibbatiyoM ke jAdU evaM dhArmika AcAroM kA ullekha hai aura una mantroM evaM prayogoM kI carcA hai jinase alaukika zaktiyA~ prApta hotI haiM /

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adhyAya 28 mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra yAjJavalkyasmRti meM AyA hai ki vidyA evaM dharma ke caudaha mUla (kAraNa yA hetu) haiM', yathA-purANa, nyAya, mImAMsA, dharmazAstra, aMga (chaha) evaM veda (caar)| kucha loga aisA hI zloka manu kA bhI kahate haiM, kintu vidyamAna manusmRti meM vaha nahIM miltaa| yahA~ 'mImAMsA' zabda ke udbhava evaM artha kA jJAna Avazyaka hai, yaha bhI jAnanA apekSita hai ki isa zAstra ke pramukha siddhAnta kyA haiM, itanA hI nahIM; hameM yaha bhI jAnanA cAhie ki vyAkhyA karane ke mahattvapUrNa niyama kyA haiM aura dharmazAstra ke viSayoM se sambandhita kauna-kauna-sI uktiyA~ haiN| hama yahA~ isa zAstra ke kucha mahattvapUrNa granthoM evaM unakI tithiyoM para bhI prakAza ddaaleNge| 'mImAMsA' zabda ati prAcIna hai| taM0 saM0 (73517 / 1) meM AyA hai-'brahmavAdI loga mImAMsA karate haiM (prazna para vicAra karate haiM ki eka miti (dina) tyAgI jAya yA nhiiN|' yahA~ 'mImAMsa' kA kriyA-rUpa kisI sandehAtmaka bAta ke viSaya meM vicAra-vimarza karane yA khojabIna karane ke tathA kisI nirNaya para pahu~ca jAne ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| aura bhI dekhie tai0 saM0 (6 / 2 / 6 / 4-5) jahA~ isI artha meM 'mImAMsanta' evaM 'mImAMseran' kA prayoga haA hai| katipaya sthAnoM para ta0 saM0 ne brahmavAdiyoM dvArA mImAMsA kiye jAne kA prazna uThAyA hai, kintu vahA~ 'mImAMsante' yA tatsambandhI zabda kA prayoga nahIM huA hai| dekhie tai0 saM0 2 / 5 / 37 (sAnnAgya ke devatA ke bAre meM), 55 // 3 / 2, 6 / 1 / 4 / 5, 6 / 1 / 5 / 3-5 / kAThakasaMhitA (8 / 12) ne chAnabIna karane ke lie eka sandehAtmaka 1. purANanyAyamImAMsA....ca caturdaza // yAjJa0 113 / bRhadyogiyAjJavalkya meM yoM AyA hai : purANatarkamImAMsA...catavaza (1213) / aparAka (pa06) ne viSNapurANa (3 / 6 / 27 % vAya. 6178) se uddhata kiyA hai| 'aMgAni vedAzcatvAro mImAMsA nyaayvistrH| purANaM dharmazAstraM ca vidyA etAzcaturdaza // ' ise pro0 TI0 Ara0 cintAmaNi ne mana kA vacana kahA hai (je0 o0 Ara0, madrAsa, jilda 11, pUraka pR0 1) / yaha bhaviSya purANa (brAhmaparva 2 / 6) meM bhI hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA aMgrejI saMskaraNa, jilda 1, pR0 112, pAda-TippaNI 168, jahA~ 14 vidyAoM ke lie auzanasadharmazAstra kA uddharaNa hai, aura dekhie vahI, jilda 3, pR0 10, TippaNI 17, jahA~ atirikta vidyAoM ke nAma haiM aura ve kula 18 kahIM gayI haiN| yAjJa0 kI sUcI meM Ayurveda, dhanurveda, gAndharvaveda evaM arthazAstra ke jor3ane se 18 vidyAe~ ho jAtI haiN| kAlidAsa ke pUrva bhI vidyAeM 14 thIM, dekhie raghuvaMza (5 / 21) : 'vittasya vidyAparisaMkhyayA me koTIzcatasro daza cAhareti / ' 2. utsRjyAM 3 notsRjyA 3 miti mImAMsante brahmavAdinastadvAharutsRjyameveti.... te0 saM0 (7 // 5 // 71); vyAvRtta devayajane yAjayed vyAvRrakAmaM yaM pAtre vA talpe vA mImAMseran... nainaM pAtre na talpe mImAMsante / taM 0 saM0 (6 / 2 / 6 / 4-5) / antima vAkya kA artha hai : 'anya logoM ke sAtha bhojana karane yogya hai yA vivAha se sambandha sthApita karane yogya hai, isa viSaya meM unheM koI sandeha nahIM hai|'

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bAta umArI hai kintu 'brahmavAdI kahate haiM aisA nahIM kahakara 'mImAMsante' kahA hai| atharvaveda (13) meM AyA hai'bahudhA logoM ne pRthak-pRthak mImAMsA karate hue usake karmoM ko isa pRthivI para nirIkSita kiyaa|' isa veda ne punaH eka sthAna (6 / 6 / 24) para 'mImAMsita' evaM 'mImAMsamAna' zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| zAMkhAyanabrAhmaNa (218) meM AyA hai-'ve mImAMsA karate haiM ki sUryodaya ke pazcAt yA pUrva homa karanA caahie|' te. bA. (3 / 10 / 6) ne 'mImAMsA' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa ne bhI kANva ke pAThAntara meM aisA kiyA hai (se0 bu0 I0, jilda 26, paad-ttippnnii-1)| chAndogyopaniSad (5 / 11 / 1) meM AyA hai ki pA~ca mahAzrotriya loga, jo mahAzAla (bar3e ghara vAle yA bar3I sampatti vAle) the aura prAcInazAla aupamanyava nAma se pukAre jAte the, tathA anya loga ekatra hue aura isa prazna para mImAMsA karane lage ki 'hama logoM kA AtmA kyA hai aura brahma kyA hai?' te0 upa0 (2 / 8) meM AyA hai-'yahI Ananda kI mImAMsA hai| donoM vacanoM meM 'mImAMsA' kA artha ucca dArzanika viSayoM para 'vicAra-vimarza karanA' (vicAraNa) hai| pANini (3 / 1 / 5-6) ne 'san' pratyaya ke sAtha sAta dhAtuoM ke nirmANa kI bAta kahI hai, jinameM eka hai 'mImAMsate' jo 'mAn' se banA hai, aura kAzikA ne itanA jor3akara kahA hai ki isakA artha hai 'jAnane kI icchA, arthAt chAnabIna evaM antima niSkarSa', sambhavata: usake kathana ke saMdarbha meM ye sUtra rahe haiM, yathA--'athAto dharma-jijJAsA evaM 'athAto brhm-jijnyaasaa'| uparyukta saMkSipta vivecana se prakaTa huA hogA ki upaniSadoM ke bahuta pahale se 'mImAMsA' zabda kA artha thA'kisI vivAda ke viSaya meM vicAra-vimarza karanA tathA usa viSaya meM koI nirNaya karanA yA niSkarSa upasthita krnaa|' vahI zabda eka nizcita artha meM prayukta hone lagA (yathA uparyukta yAjJa0 meM), arthAt dharma ke viSaya meM chAnabIna tathA vyAkhyAna evaM tarka dvArA sandehAtmaka viSayoM para nirNaya karanA / kucha dharmasUtra zuddha rUpa se mImAMsA kI uktiyoM evaM siddhAntoM se suparicaya prakaTa karate dRSTigocara hote haiN| udAharaNArtha, gautama (115) meM AyA hai-'tulyabalayorvikalpaH', arthAt 'jaba do tulya pramANa vAle granthoM meM virodha ho to vikalpa hotA hai| kevala ApastambadharmasUtra meM hI mImAMsA-sambandhI uktiyoM evaM siddhAntoM kA virala prayoga milatA hai, anya dharmasUtroM meM nahIM / isameM AyA hai--'AnumAnika AcAra (aise vaidika vacana para AdhArita, jo aba lupta ho cukA ho) se bhAvAtmaka (upasthita) vaidika vacana apekSAkRta adhika balavAna hotA hai / yaha jaimini (1 / 3. prAcInazAla aupamanyavaH ... te haite mahAzAlA mahAzrotriyAH sametya mImAMsAM cakru: ko na AtmA kiM brahmeti / chA0 (5 / 11 / 1); saiSAnandasya mImAMsA bhavati / ta0 upa0 (28) / 4. tulyabalayovikalpaH / gautama0 (115); milAie jaimini0 (12 / 3 / 10) : ekArthAstu vikalperan samuccaye hyAvRttiH syAtpradhAnasya; zabara ne vyAkhyA kI hai| ye tvekArthA ekakAryAste vikalperan yathA brohiyavau; dekhie zabara : 'tulyArthayohi tulyaviSayayovikalpo bhavati na naanaarthyoH|' (jaimini 10 / 6 / 33); milAie manu (2114) 'zrutidvayaM tu yatra syAttatra dharmAvubhau smRtau / ' zrutihi balIyasyAnumAnikAdAcArAt / Apa 0 dha0 1 / 1 / 4 / 8; milAie 'virodhe tvanapekSaM syAdasati pyanumAnam / ' jai0 1 // 3 // 3; vidyA pratyanadhyAyaH zrUyate na karmayoge mantrANAm / Apa0 50 1 / 4 / 12 / 6; milAie jai0 12 / 3 / 16 : 'vidyAM prati vidhAnAdvA sarvakAlaM prayogaH syAt ] karmArthatvAt prayogasya / ' ; yatra tu prItyupalabdhitaH pravRttirna tatra shaastrmsti| Apa0. dha0 1 / 4 / 12 / 11, milAie jai0 4.102 : 'yasmin prItiH puruSasya tasya lipsArthalakSaNA'vibhaktatvAta / '

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra 313) ke samAna hai--'yadi (spaSTa vaidika vacana evaM smRti vacana meM) virodha ho, to smRti kA tyAga honA cAhie, yadi virodha na ho to anumAna nikAlanA cAhie (ki smRtivacana kisI vaidika vacana para AdhArita hai)|' Apa0 meM AyA hai-'anadhyAya (vaidika adhyayana ko parvo Adi meM banda karane) ke niyama kevala vaidika taka hI prayukta hote haiM, yajJoM meM unake prayoga ke lie nhiiN|' sthAnAbhAva se hama Apa0 gha0 evaM jaimi yahIM samApta karate haiM / uparyukta bAtoM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki Apastamba ke kAla meM mImAMsA ke siddhAnta pracalita ho cake the aura unakA paryApta vikAsa bhI ho cukA thaa| Apastamba ne 'nyAyavitsamaya' (jo loga nyAya jAnate hai unakA siddhAnta) evaM 'nyAyavidaH' zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, jisase prakaTa hotA hai ki unhoMne kisI mImAMsAsambandhI grantha kI ora yA kisI aise lekhaka kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, jisane mImAMsA-sUtra likhA ho| Apa0 ghara evaM pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke vicAroM evaM zabdoM meM jo sAmya dIkhatA hai usase prakaTa hotA hai ki Apastamba ko yA to mImAMsAsUtra kA patA thA yA unake samakSa usakA koI Arambhika pAThAntara vidyamAna thaa| aisI bAta nahIM hai ki ye sabhI vacana pazcAtkAlIna kSepaka haiM, kyoMki una sabhI kI vyAkhyA haradatta ne kI hai|| kucha zrautasUtroM meM (yathA kAtyAyana0 meM) vaidika vacanoM kI vyAkhyA se sambandhita niyama haiM jo jaimini ke sUtroM se milate-julate haiM, kahIM-kahIM to zabda-vyavahAra jyoM-ke-tyoM haiN|' thor3e udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiM / milAie 5. yaha draSTavya hai ki pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke lekhakoM ko zaMkara ne bahudhA 'nyAyavidaH' kahA hai (vedAntasUtra 4 / 22); vizvarUpa Adi ne bhI yahI saMjJA dI hai| brahmasUtra (11111, pRSTha 5, caukhambA sIrIja) ko TIkA meM bhAskara kA kathana hai-yacchabda Aha tadasmAkaM pramANamiti hi nyaayvidH| ye zabda zabara ke haiM (pU0 mI0 sU0 3 / 2 / 36 ke bhASya meN)| vizvarUpa ko bAlakrIDA ne yAjJa0 (1158) ko TIkA karate hue kahA hai- tathA ca naiyAyikA: 'nahi vacanasyAtibhArostItyAhuH / ' milAie zabara (jaimini 21213) : 'kimiva vacanaM na kuryAt nAsti vvnsyaatibhaarH|' ataH yahA~ zabara naiyAyika kahe gaye haiN| bAlakrIDA ne yAjJa0 (1353) para kahA hai-'nyAyavidazca yAjJikAH / api vA sarvadharmaH syAt tannyAyatvAd vidhAnasya / ' yaha antima jaimini (1 // 3 // 16) haiN| ataH yahA~ jaimini ko nyAyavid evaM yAjika kahA gayA hai| aura dekhie bAlakIDA (yAjJa0 1187) / mAdhavAcArya ke jaimininyAyamAlAvistara meM AyA hai ki nyAya dharma ke nirNAyaka aura jaimini dvArA vyAkhyAyita adhikaraNa haiM, (jaiminiproktAni dharmanirNAyakAnya dhikaraNAni nyaayaaH)| zrautasUtroM ke lekhakoM ko bAlakrIDA (yAjJa0 1138) ne kevala yAjJika kahA hai 'sayA ca yAjJikAH vyavahAryA bhavanti ityaahuH|' yaha uddharaNa kAtyAyanazrautasUtra (22 / 4 / 27-28) kA hai / aura bhI, 'prAyazcitta vidhAnAca' nAmaka sUtra kA0 dhau0 (12 / 16) evaM pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 37) donoM meM hai aura kA0 zrau0 (1 / 86) pU0 mI0 sU0 (12 / 3 / 15) hI hai| itanA hI nahIM, kA0 dhau0 (11114-15) meM ve hI zabda haiM jo pU0 mI0 sU0 (33236-36) meM haiM, kintu donoM ke mata bhinna haiN| milAie pU0 mI0 sU0 (4 / 4 / 16-21) evaM kAtyA0 zrI0 (4 / 1 / 28-30 ) / R0 (168 / 1) evaM (11566) meM Aye hue 'vaizvAnara' zabda ke artha ke vivAda meM nirukta (721-23) ne 'AcAryo', prAcIna 'yAjJikoM' (jinhoMne vaizvAnara ko AkAza meM sUrya mAnA hai) evaM 'zAkapUNi' (jinhoMne use bhUmi kI agni mAnA hai) ke matoM kA prakAzana kiyA hai| nirukta ne yAjJikoM ke dRSTikoNa vyakta kiye haiM (5 // 11, 7 / 4, jahA~ yAjJikoM evaM naruyatoM meM mataikya nahIM hai; 626, jahA~ nairavatoM kA mata hai ki anumati evaM rAkA devatAoM kI patniyAM haiM, aura yAjJikoM kA mata hai ki ve pUrNamAsI ke nAma haiM); aura dekhie 1131 evaM 1142-43 / 12

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kAtyA0 (111 / 6-10 rathakAra ke bAre meM) evaM jai0 (67144); kAtyA0 (111 / 12-14) evaM jai0 (6 / 1151 evaM 6 / 8 / 20-22); kAtyA0 (111118-20) evaM jai0 (12 / 2 / 1-4); kAtyA0 (1 / 2 / 18-20) evaM jai0 (6 / 3 // 2-7, nitya karma ke viSaya meM, jo pUrNa phaladAyaka hote haiM, bhale hI kucha aMga na sampAdita hue hoM); kAtyA0 (1 / 3 / 1-3) evaM jai0 (1 / 135-40); kAtyA0 (13 / 28-30) evaM jai0 (6 / 6 / 3) / kahIM-kahIM kAtyAyana ne pUrvamImAMsAsUtra kA virodha kiyA hai, kintu bahudhA zabda eka-se Aye haiN| kAtyApana ke pANinIya vArtikoM evaM mahAbhASya se prakaTa hotA hai ki mImAMsA kI uktiyA~ evaM siddhAnta unase bahuta pahale vikasita ho cuke the| udAharaNArtha, vArtikoM meM mImAMsA ke ye zabda Aye haiM--prasajyapratiSedha' (vArtika 7, pANini 1 / 1 / 44 ; vArtika 5, pA0 1121; vA0 2, pA0 7 / 3 / 85), 'paryudAsa' (vA0 3, pA0 111 / 27), 'zAstrAtideza' (pA0 7 / 1 / 66 para vA0), 'niyama' evaM 'vidhi' meM antara (vA 1 evaM 2, pA0 313 / 163), 'prakaraNa' (vA0 4, pA0 6 / 2 / 143) / pataJjali kA mahAbhASya pU0 mI0 sU0 se paripUrNa hai| 'mImAMsaka' zabda AyA hai (bhASya, pA0 2 / 2 / 26) / mahAbhASya meM 'pA~ca pA~ca nakha vAle' pazu khAye jA sakate haiM (paJca paJcanakhA bhakSyAH...) vAlA prakhyAta udAharaNa AyA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki una pA~coM ke atirikta anyoM ko nahIM khAnA caahie| kintu pataJjali ne 'parisaMkhyA' zabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA hai, jaisA ki mImAMsA granthoM meM AyA hai| jaimini meM 'parisaMkhyA' AyA hai (7 / 3 / 22) / mahAbhASya ne (pA0 4 / 1 / 14, vArtika 5; evaM 4 / 1 / 63, vArtika 6) eka mUlyavAn sUcanA dI hai, yathA--yadi koI nArI kAzakRtsni dvArA vyAkhyAyita mImAMsA par3hatI hai to vaha brAhmaNa nArI 'kAzakRtsnA' kahI jaayegii| isase yaha pramANita ho jAtA hai ki pataMjali ke kAla meM kAzakRtsni 6. bhakSyaniyamenAbhakSyapratiSedho gamyate / paJca paJcanakhA bhakSyA ityukte gamyata etadato'nye'bhakSyA iti / mahAbhASya (kolahAna dvArA sampAdita, jilda 1, pR0 5) / milAie zabara, jai0 (10 / 7 / 28) : 'kintu parisaMkhyayA pratiSedhaH syAt / yathA paJca paJcanakhAzcAzalyaka iti zazAdInAM paJcAnAM kIrtanAdanyeSAM bhakSaNaM pratiSidhyata ityayamoM vAkyena gamyate / ' pA~ca pazu ye haiM-zalyakaH zvAvidho godhA zaza: kUrmazca paJcamaH // rAmAyaNa (117336); manu (5 // 18, yahA~ ina pA~ca pazuoM ke sAtha khaDga bhI jor3a diyA gayA hai)| dekhie yAjJa0 (11177, pAMca ke lie) gautamadharmasUtra (17 / 27) : 'paJcanakhAzca / zalyakazazazvAvidgodhAkhaDgakacchapAH' (abhakSyAH ) / 7. kAzakRtsninA proktA mImAMsA kAzakRtsnI, kAzakRtsnImadhIte kAzakRtsnA brAhmaNI / mahAbhASya (pA0 4 / 1 / 14) / kAzakRtsni kI mImAMsA meM yadi pUrvamImAMsA kA vivecana thA to yaha Azcarya hai ki pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke vidyamAna grantha meM isakI ora koI saMketa nahIM hai, jaba ki usameM (pUrvamImAMsAsUtra meM) jaimini ke atirikta 6 pUrvavartI mImAMsakoM ke nAma Aye haiM, yathA--Atreya, Alekhana (6 // 5 // 17), Azmarathya (635316), aitizAyana, kAmukAyana, kArNAjini, bAdarAyaNa, bAdari evaM lAvukAyana / DA0 umeza mizra ne ma0ma0 gaMgAnAtha jhA ke grantha 'pUrvamImAMsA ina iTsa sorseja' ke anta meM dI gayI granthAvalI meM bhUla se Adamarathya kA nAma chor3a diyA hai| pataJjali ne phAzakRtsni ko mImAMsA kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH I0 pU0 200 ke pUrva use rakhanA hI hogaa| yadi kAzakRtsni ne pUrvamImAMsA para likhA, jaisA ki atyanta sambhava hai, to aisA socanA sarvathA ThIka hai ki yadi upasthita pUrvamImAMsA kA praNayana I0 pU0 200 ke uparAnta evaM lagabhaga 200 I0 meM (jaisA ki jaikobI evaM kItha donoM mahodayoM ne likhA hai) huA, to kAzakRtsni kA nAma pU0 mI. sU0 meM avazya A jAnA :

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra 1 free eka mImAMsA grantha upasthita thA aura use brAhmaNa striyA~ par3hatI thiiN| yaha nahIM jJAta ho pAtA ki kAzakRtsni-mImAMsA kI viSayavastu kyA thI, vaha jaimini kI pUrvamImAMsA ke samAna thI yA uttaramImAMsA ( vedAntasUtra ) ke samAna thI, yA usameM mImAMsA evaM vedAnta donoM the, jinameM antima kA honA asambhava nahIM hai / vedAntasUtra ( 114 122) ne AcArya kAzakRtsna kA mata ullikhita kiyA hai, jise zaMkarAcArya ne antima niSkarSa evaM vedavihita mAnA hai| kAzakRtsna kA putra kAzakRtsni kahA gayA hogA ( pANini 4|1|65 ) / una mahattvapUrNa viSayoM para, jina para mImAMsA ke apane siddhAnta haiM, vArtikoM evaM pataJjali ne pUrNa vivecana upasthita kiyA hai / pANini ( 1/2/64 ) ke vArtika saM0 35 se 56 meM padoM (zabdoM) ke artha ( yA bhAva ) ke prazna para lambA vivecana hai ( sarUpANAmekazeSa ekavibhaktau), yathA - yaha AkRti hai yA vyakti hai ? vArtika saM0 35 meM aisA AyA hai ki vAjapyAyana ke mata se AkRti kisI pada kA bhAva hai, kintu vyADi ke anusAra ( vArtika 45 meM - dravyAbhidhAnaM vyADi : ) dravya ( yA vyakti) pada kA bhAva hai| mahAbhASya ne TippaNI kI hai ki pANini ne kucha aise sUtra ( yathA --- 112 / 58 jAtyAkhyAyAm Adi) race haiM jinameM unhoMne 'jAti' ko padoM ke artha meM liyA hai, kintu anya sUtroM meM ( yathA - 1 | 3 |64, sarUpANAm Adi) unhoMne 'dravya' ko zabdoM (padoM) ke artha meM liyA hai / yaha draSTavya hai ki jaimini (1 / 333, AkRtistu kriyArthatvAt ) ke mata se 'AkRti' zabdoM (padoM) kA bhAva hai / pANini (4/1/62 ) ke vArtika saM0 3 'sAmAnya codanAstu vizeSeSu' para pataMjali kA kathana hai ki kucha vastuoM evaM padArthoM ke sandarbha meM sAmAnya rUpa se ghoSita vidhiyA~ vizeSa vastuoM evaM padArthoM se hI sambandha rakhatI haiM (arthAt unhIM ke lie prayukta hotI haiM) aura unhoMne isa viSaya meM mImAMsA ke udAharaNa upasthita kiye haiM / vArtikakAra evaM pataJjali donoM ne 'codanA' kA prayoga pUrvamImAMsA vAle artha meM kiyA hai aura unhoMne aise udAharaNa diye haiM jo zAbara bhASya se milate-julate haiM / vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana se jina bahuta se uddezyoM kI pUrti hotI hai unameM 'Uha' eka hai ( jo pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke naveM adhyAya kA viSaya hai ) / pANini (1 / 4 / 3) para bhASya karate hue pataJjali ne mImAMsA kI bhASA kA vyavahAra kiyA hai- 'apUrva iva vidhirbhaviSyati na niyamaH / ' aisA pratIta hotA hai ki saMkarSakANDa Arambhika kAloM se hI upekSita-sA rahA hai| isake praNetA ke viSaya meM matamatAntara rahA hai / veGakaTanAtha kI nyAyaparizuddhi kA kathana hai ( iNDi0 hi0 kvA0, jilda 6, pR0 266 ) ki saMkarSakANDa ke praNetA the kAzakRtsna / zabara ke bhASya se prakaTa hotA hai ki unake samaya meM yaha kANDa vidyamAna thA aura vaha unakI dRSTi meM jaimini kRta thA / zaMkarAcArya ne apane bhASya ( ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 43 pradAnavadeva taduktam ) meM saMkarSa kA ullekha kiyA hai aura usase eka sUtra uddhRta kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki vaha vedAntasUtra ko jJAta thA aura aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki yaha jaimini kRta hai| aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki rAmAnuja ne bhI mAnA hai ki jaiminIya 16 adhyAyoM (12 adhyAyoM meM pUrvamImAMsA aura cAra adhyAyoM meM saMkarSa) meM thA / appayadIkSita ke kalpataruparimala (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 43 para TIkA) meM aisA AyA hai ki devatAoM para vicAra-vimarza ke lie saMkarSakANDa prArambha kiyA gayA aura yaha 12 adhyAyoM vAle pU0 mI0 sU0 kA pariziSTa hai / saMkarSakANDa kA dharmazAstra para koI prabhAva nahIM caahie| kintu yadi jaimini kAzakRtisna se pahale ke the yA unake samakAlIna the, to yaha sambhava hai ki pU0 mI0 sU0 meM unhoMne kAzakRtsna kA nAma na liyA ho ataH yadyapi mauna raha jAne se aisA tarka denA utanA ThIka evaM balazAlI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, tathApi yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vidyamAna pUrvamImAMsAsUtra kama-se-kama I0 pU0 200 ke pUrva hI praNIta huA hogA /

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62 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai, ataH hama isake viSaya meM kucha aura nahIM likheNge| isa viSaya meM dekhie paM0 vI0 e0 rAmasvAmI zAstrI kA nibandha (iNDi0 hi* kvA0, jilda 6, pR0 260-266), jahA~ saMkarSakANDa ko pU0 mI0 sU0 kA pariziSTa kahA gayA hai| madhyakAla ke pazcAtkAlIna lekhakoM ne mImAMsAzAstra ko vidyAsthAnoM meM (vedoM ke atirikta) atyanta mahattvapUrNa kahA hai, kyoMki yaha anya vaidika vacanoM ke artha ke viSaya meM utpanna sandehoM, bhrAmaka dhAraNAoM evaM abodhatA ko dUra karatA hai tathA anya vidyAsthAnoM ko apane artha spaSTa karane ke lie isakI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| kucha granthoM meM, yathA vedAntasUtra para rAmAnuja ke bhASya evaM prapaMcahRdaya meM, mImAMsAzAstra ko bIsa adhyAyoM vAlA kahA gayA hai aura sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki sampUrNa para bodhAyana dvArA praNIta kRtakoTi nAmaka eka bhASya thA, Age calakara upavarSa dvArA eka choTI TIkA praNIta huI, deva-svAmI ne 16 adhyAyoM para eka TIkA likhI aura bhavadAsa ne bhI jaimini para eka TIkA likhI, kintu zabara ne kevala prathama 12 adhyAyoM para hI TIkA likhI aura saMkarSa para kucha nahIM likhA / rAjarAja (666 I.) ke eka abhilekha (iDi0 hi0 kvA0, jilda 15, pR0 262263) meM AyA hai ki eka vidvAn brAhmaNa ko kucha bhUmi isalie dI gayI ki vaha cAra chAtroM ke rahane aura par3hane kA prabandha kare, usameM jina viSayoM ke paThana-pAThana kA ullekha hai, unameM bIsa adhyAyoM vAlI mImAMsA kI bhI carcA hai| ye bIsa adhyAya isa prakAra haiM, 12 adhyAya (jinameM tIsare, chaThe evaM dasaveM adhyAyo ko chor3akara pratyeka adhyAya 4 pAdoM meM, tIsarA, chaThA evaM dasavAM adhyAya 8 pAdoM meM vibhAjita hai, isa prakAra kula 6x4+348-60 pAdoM meM) jaimini ke haiM, 4 adhyAya saMkarSakANDa ke haiM aura zeSa 4 adhyAya vedAnta sUtra ke haiN| bAraha adhyAyoM ko bahudhA pUrvamImAMsA kahA jAtA hai, jo eka bRhad grantha hai, jisameM 615 yA lagabhaga eka sahasra adhikaraNa evaM lagabhaga 2700 sUtra haiM, jo vibhinna viSayoM para haiM aura aise niyamoM kA ullekha karate haiM jo vaidika vyAkhyA meM sahAyaka hote haiN| yAjJa0 (113) ne jisa mImAMsA kA ullekha kiyA hai, vaha sambhavata: 12 adhyAyoM vAlA jaimini kA grantha hai| bahuta-se lekhakoM ne, yathA-mAdhavAcArya ne pUrva evaM uttara nAmaka do mImAMsAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo 12 adhyAyoM meM haiM, jaimini dvArA likhita haiM tathA unameM vedAntasUtra ke cAra adhyAya haiN| zaMkarAcArya ne vidyamAna pUrvamImAMsA ko 'dvAdazalakSaNI' (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 26), 'prathama tantra' (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 25, 3 / 3 / 53 evaM 3 / 4 / 27), prathama kANDa' (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 1, 3 / 3 / 33, 3 / 3 / 44, 3 / 3 / 50), 'pramANalakSaNa' (ve0 sU0 3 / 4 / 42) kahA hai| eka sthAna (ve. sU0 3 / 3 / 53) para unhoMne pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke prathama pAda ko 'zAstrapramukha iva prathame pAde' kahA hai aura isase yahI vyakta kiyA hai ki ve pU0 mI0 sU0 evaM vedAntasUtra ko eka zAstra mAnate haiN| 8. prAtisvikAnekavAkyArthagatatattadajJAnasaMzayaviparyayavyudAsena pAramArthikArthasatattvasvarUpanirNayArtha samastarapyebhividyAsthAnarabhyarthyamAnatvAttebhyopi mImAMsAsya, vidyAsthAnaM garIyastaram / tathA yAhuH-caturdazasa vidyAsu mImAMsava griiysii| jaiminIyasUtrArthasaMgraha (RSiputra-paramezvara kRta, bhAga-1, pR0 2, trivendram saMskRta siiriij)| 6. ye pUrvottaramImAMse te vyAkhyAyAtisaMgrahAt / kRpAlamAdhavAcAryoM vedArtha vaSatumadyataH // Rgveda ko TIkA , Arambhika zloka 4 (pUnA sNskrnn)| kucha pANDulipiyoM meM 'mAdhavAcAryo' ke sthAna para 'sAyaNAcAryoM likhA hai|

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra upasthita pUrvamImAsAsUtra evaM vedAntasUtra (yA brahmasUtra) ke praNetA tathA unake pArasparika sambandha ke viSaya meM kucha ati kaThina evaM mata-matAntarapUrNa prazna uTha khar3e hue haiN| ina sabhI praznoM para yahA~ vicAra sambhava nahIM hai| prathama draSTavya bAta yaha hai ki yadyapi vedAntasUtroM kI saMkhyA pU0 mI0 sU0 kI saMkhyA kA 115 bhAga mAtra hai, tathApi vedAntasUtra meM vyaktigata saMketa adhika (arthAt 32) haiM aura pU0 mI0 sU0 meM apekSAkRta kama (arthAt 27) / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki vedAntasUtra meM jaimini kA nAma 11 bAra aura bAdarAyaNa kA 6 bAra AyA hai tathA pU0 mI0 sa0 ne donoM kA nAma kevala 5 bAra liyA hai| prazna uThatA hai-- kyA jaimini evaM bAdarAyaNa samakAlIna the ? yadi nahIM, to donoM meM kyA sambandha thA ? vidvAn loga sAmAnyata: yahI svIkAra karate haiM ki donoM samakAlIna nahIM the| sAmavidhAnabrAhmaNa meM eka prAcIna paramparA kI ora nirdeza hai, jisake anusAra jaimini pArAzarya vyAsa ke ziSya kahe gaye haiN| hamane isa khaNDa ke adhyAya 22 meM yaha par3ha liyA hai ki kisa prakAra purANoM ne yaha ghoSita kiyA hai ki vyAsa pArAzarya ne, jo kRSNa dvaipAyana bhI kahe jAte haiM, eka veda ko cAra meM gaThita kiyA aura krama se Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda evaM atharvaveda ko paila, vaizampAyana, jaimini evaM sumantu ko pddh'aayaa| mahAbhArata meM sumantu, jaimini, vaizampAyana evaM paila ko zuka (vyAsa ke putra) ke sAtha vyAsa kA ziSya kahA gayA hai (dekhie sabhA0 4 / 11, zAntiparva 328 / 26-27, 350 / 11-12) / AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra (3 / 4 / 4) meM tarpaNa ke silasile meM eka manoraMjaka kathana hai, yathA--'sumantu-jaimini-vaizamyApana-pala-satra-bhASya-bhArata-mahAbhAra kathana se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki IsA kI kaI zatiyoM pUrva se hI jaimini eka AdaraNIya nAma thA aura vaha sAmaveda se sambandhita thaa| vidvAnoM ne pU0 mI0 sU0 evaM vedAntasUtra meM Aye hue jaimini evaM bAdarAyaNa ke nAmoM evaM saMketoM kI jAMca kI hai| pro0 ke0 e0 nIlakaNTha zAstrI (iNDi0 eNTI0, jilda 50, pR0 167-174) ne eka cakita karane vAlI sthApanA dI hai ki jaimini nAma ke tIna vyakti the| TI0 Ara0 cintAmaNi (je0 o0 Ara0, madrAsa, jilda 11, saplimeNTa, 10 14) ne zAstrI se sahamati prakaTa kI hai| pU0 mI0 sa0 meM jaimini kA nAma pAMca bAra AyA hai (3 / 114, 6 / 3 / 4, 8 / 37, 62 / 36 evaM 12 / 17 / ) sAmAnya jJAna to yahI kahatA hai ki ye pAMca bAra Aye hue saMketa kevala eka hI vyakti ke viSaya meM hai|' yadi pU0 mI0 sU0 dvArA isake lekhaka ke atirikta do anya jaiminiyoM ke nAma ina pA~ca satroM meM liye gaye hote to spaSTa rUpa se yaha bAta kahI gayI hotii| pro0 zAstrI kA aisA kathana hai ki 6 / 3 / 4 meM ullikhita jaimini anya cAra sUtroM meM ullikhita jaimini se bhinna haiM, kyoMki zabara ne usameM jaimini ke lie 'AcArya' upAdhi kA prayoga nahIM kiyA hai, jaisA ki unhoMne 10. soyaM prAjApatyo vidhistamimaM prajApati haspataye bRhaspatirnAradAya nArado viSvaksenAya vizvakseno vyAsAya pArAzaryAya vyAsaH pArAzaryo jaminaye jaimimiH pauppiNDyAya pauSpiNDyaH pArAzaryAyaNAya pArAzaryAyaNo bAdarAyaNAya bAdarAyaNastANDizATyAyanimyAM tADizATyAyaninau bahanyaH.....Adi / sAmavidhAna brAhmaNa (anta meN)| nyA0 ra0 ne zlokavA0 (pratijJA-sUtra, zloka 23) para pUrvamImAMsA ko guru. paramparA ko yoM vyakta kiyA hai-- brhmaa-prjaapti-indr-aadity-vsisstth-praashr-kRssnndvaipaayn-jaimini| yukti. snehaprapUraNI (pR0 8, caukhambA sIrIja) ne do samAna gurukrama upasthita kiye haiM, jo sAmavidhAna brA0 se tathA eka dUsare se thor3A-sA antara rakhate haiN| vasiSTha taka guruparamparA vyAvahArika rUpa se vyartha-sI hai| yaha avalokanIya hai ki sAmavidhAna brAhmaNa meM jaimini ko vyAsa pArAzarya kA ziSya kahA gayA hai, jaba ki jaimini evaM bAdarAyaNa ke bIca meM do anya nAma A jAte haiN|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa anya cAra sUtroM meM kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, 6 / 3 / 4 meM jo bAta kahI gayI hai vaha pUrvapakSa mAtra hai aura anya cAra sUtroM meM jaimini kA dRSTikoNa mImAMsAsUtra kA siddhAnta hai| jina sUtroM meM jaimini ke nAma Aye haiM, ve kevala pA~ca haiM, jinameM zabara ne kevala cAra ke lie 'AcArya' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| kintu yaha eka bahuta hI halakA tarka hai ki cAra sUtroM vAle jaimini evaM eka sUtra vAle jaimini meM antara hai / 'AcArya' yA 'bhagavAn' jaise upAdhisUcaka zabdoM ke prayogoM ke viSaya meM lekhakoM ke vyavahAroM meM antara hai / kumArila ne jaimini ke lie 'AcArya' yA 'bhagavAn' kI upAdhi nahIM jor3I hai aura eka sthAna para to aisA likha diyA hai ( tantravArtika, pR0 865 ) ki jaimini asArabhUta sUtra likhate haiM / vedAntasUtra ke jina sUtroM meM jaimini ke nAma Aye haiM (yathA-- 112128, 1/2/31, 113131, 1/4/18, 312140, 3 / 4 / 2 3 4 118, 3 4 40, 4 / 3 / 12, 4 4 5, 4|4|11 ) unameM zaMkarAcArya ne 'AcArya' kI upAdhi jor3I hai ( kevala 3 | 4 |40 meM aisA nahIM ho sakA hai), yadyapi jaimini ke bahuta se prameya vedAntasUtra ke praNetA bAdarAyaNa ko evaM svayaM zaMkara ko mAnya nahIM haiM / 3 / 4 / 40 meM zaMkarAcArya ne jaimini evaM bAdarAyaNa donoM ke lie 'AcArya' kI upAdhi nahIM dI hai| isa viSaya meM aisA to kisI ne nahIM kahA hai ki 3|4|40 meM 'AcArya' zabda na Ane se usameM ullikhita bAdarAyaNa anya sUtroM meM ullikhita bAdarAyaNa se bhinna haiM / eka anya sthAna ( ve0 sU0 4 / 1 / 17 para) meM zaMkarAcArya kA kathana hai ki jaimini evaM bAdarAyaNa donoM isa bAta ko svIkAra karate haiM ki kAmya prakAra ke 'kucha karma brahmajJAna kI prApti meM kisI prakAra sahAyaka nahIM hote| isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki zaMkara ke mata se jaimini ne brahmavidyA ke udaya ke viSaya meM vicAra kiyA hai| dUsare tarka ke viSaya meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki 6 | 3 | 4 meM kisI bhI prakAra se pUrvapakSa nahIM prakaTa hotA / usI adhikaraNa meM pUrvapakSa prathama sUtra meM likhita hai, yathA- 'agnihotra yA darza - pUrNamAsa jaise kRtyoM ko sampAdita karane kA vahI adhikArI hai jo unheM pUrNatA evaM samagratA ke sAtha kara sake / ' dUsare sUtra meM siddhAnta kA dRSTikoNa vyakta hai, yathA - 'nitya karmoM meM yaha koI Avazyaka nahIM hai ki sabhI kRtya sampAdita kiye jaayeN|' eka tIsarA sUtra aisA kahatA hai ki smRti meM aisA ghoSita hai ki yadi mukhya kRtya sampAdita na kiyA jAya to yaha aparAdha hai, ataH mukhya kRtya aparihArya hai aura use avazya karanA caahie| isake uparAnta cauthA sUtra AtA hai jisameM jaimini kA nAma AyA hai| isa para zabara kA bhASya bahuta saMkSipta aura aspaSTa hai / ina sUtroM (6 / 3 / 1-7) para TupTIkA pRthak-pRthak bhASya nahIM upasthita karatI, aura vyAkhyA meM isane jaimini kA nAma chor3a diyA hai tathA isa adhikaraNa ke viSaya meM jo antima bAta kahI gayI hai vaha prastuta lekhaka dvArA upasthApita cauthe sUtra kI vyAkhyA ko aura bala detI hai / isa bAta meM kisI ko koI sandeha nahIM hai ki 5 se lekara 7 taka ke sUtra siddhAnta ke dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiN| isa vivAda meM vizeSa jAne kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki pU0 mI0 sU0 meM pA~ca bAra ullikhita jaimini eka hI vyakti hai aura jisane pUrva mImAMsA para likhA hai vaha upasthita pU0 mI0 sU0 ke lekhaka se bhinna vyakti hai / svayaM pro0 zAstrI yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki pA~ca saMketoM meM cAra meM, jahA~ jaimini spaSTa rUpa se aMkita haiM, unake vicAra siddhAnta ke vicAra haiM / pU0 mI0 sU0 ke 6 / 23 evaM 12 / 1 / 56 sUtra kucha viziSTa haiM / donoM viSayoM meM adhikaraNa kevala eka sUtra kA hai, jo siddhAntI dRSTikoNa hai aura vahA~ jaimini spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita haiM / pU0 mI0 sU0 ke sUtra 3|114 meM jaimini bAdari ( 3|1|3 ) se bhinna haiM aura adhikaraNa ko pUrNa karane ke lie do aura sUtra jor3a diye gaye haiM / pU0 mI0 sU0 ke 81317 meM jaimini kA vicAra bAdari ke sUtra 8|3|6 ke vicAra kA virodhI hai, vaha siddhAntI dRSTikoNa hai aura pU0 mI0 sU0 ke lekhaka ke dRSTikoNa ko vyakta karane ke lie koI pathaka satra bhI nahIM hai /

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra ve. sU0 (3 / 4 / 40) kI vyAkhyA meM zaMkarAcArya ne jo vaktavya diye haiM, unase prakaTa hotA hai ki ve bAdarAyaNa ko vedAntasUtra kA lekhaka mAnate haiM / ve0 sU0 (3 / 2 / 38-36) meM siddhAnta AyA hai ki karmoM kA phala Izvara dvArA diyA jAtA hai, kintu jaimini kA vicAra (dRSTikoNa) yaha hai ki karmoM kA phala dharma hotA hai (3 / 2 / 40) aura sUtra 3 / 2 / 41 meM aisA AyA hai ki bAdarAyaNa prathama bAta mAnate haiM, arthAt Izvara karmoM kA phala detA hai / yahA~ para bAdarAyaNa ko spaSTa rUpa se siddhAnta sUtra (3 / 2 / 38) kA poSaka mAnA gayA hai / zaMkarAcArya ne ve sU0 ke antima sUtra (4 / 4 / 22) meM jo bAteM kahI haiM unase spaSTa prakaTa hotA hai ki bAdarAyaNa sampUrNa vedAntasUtra ke praNetA the| isa viSaya meM hameM koI santoSajanaka uttara nahIM mila pAtA ki jaba 555 sUtroM ke praNetA bAdarAyaNa the to vedAntasUtra meM bAdarAyaNa ke nAma 6 bAra kyoM Aye haiM aura jaba 2700 sUtroM ke praNetA jaimini ke nAma se vikhyAta haiM to jaimini ke vicAra pAMca bAra kyoM vyakta haiM, jinameM cAra to aise haiM jo pU0 mI0 sU0 ke vikhyAta lekhaka ke vicAra se sarvathA milate haiM ? ina praznoM ke uttara meM kevala do siddhAnta kahe jA sakate haiM, yathA--eka to yaha ki isakI vyArayA nahIM ho sakatI aura dUsarA yaha ki do jaimini evaM do bAdarAyaNa the / vedAntasatra ke praNetA se sambandhita samasyA vikaTa hai| zaMkarAcArya ke samAna bhAskara kA kathana hai ki vedAntasatra ke praNetA bAdarAyaNa the / unhoMne ve0 sa0 kI TIkA kA Arambha bAdarAyaNa ko praNAma karake kiyA hai, kyoMki unake zabdoM meM bAdarAyaNa ne isa loka meM brahmasUtra ko bhejA, jo janma-bandhana se logoM ko mukta kara detA hai / zaMkarAcArya ke ziSya padmapAda kI paJcapAdikA meM bAdarAyaNa kA abhivAdana kiyA gayA hai (Arambhika dasarA zloka) / rAmAnaja ne virodhI vaktavya diye haiN| 'zrIbhASya' meM rAmAnaja ne sabhI madra paraSoM se kahA hai ki unheM pArAzarya ke amata-rUpI zabdoM kA pAna karanA cAhie, kintu ve sa0 (211242) ke bhASya meM unhoMne likhA hai ki bAdarAyaNa mahAbhArata ke praNetA the, jahA~ para pAJcarAtra-zAstra evaM ve0 sa0 kA vistAra ke sAtha vivecana kiyA gayA hai (zAntiparva, adhyAya 334-336) / kintu rAmAnuja ke garu ke guru yAmunAcArya ke mata se ve0 sU0 ke praNetA the bAdarAyaNa / zaMkarAcArya ke kahane para bhI unake vedAntasatra ke bhAgya kI prasiddha TIkA 'bhAmatI' ke racayitA vAcaspati mizra ne brahmasUtra ke lekhaka vedavyAsa kA abhivAdana kiyA hai| parAzaramAdhavIya ke do mata haiM--jilda 1, bhAga-1, pR0 52, 67; jilda 2, bhAga-2, pR0 3 evaM 275 meM ve sU0 ke praNetA bAdarAyaNa kahe gaye haiM, kintu kucha sthAnoM para vedAntasUtra ko vedavyAsasUtra kahA gayA hai (jilda 1. bhAga-1, pR0 56, 113) / ina vibhinna matoM se eka mahattvapUrNa prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA bAdarAyaNa , jo vedAntasUtra ke praNetA kahe jAte haiM, aura vedavyAsa eka hI vyavita haiM yA bhinna ? zaMkarAcArya ke bhASya se prakaTa hai ki ve ina donoM ko bhinna mAnate haiM / udAharaNArtha, ve0 sU0 (1 / 3 / 26 / ) para 11. ata eva ca nityatvam / ve0 sU0 (1 / 3 / 26); bhASya- 'vedavyAsazcaivameva smarati / yugAntentahitAn vedAnsetihAsAnmaharSayaH / lebhire tapasA pUrvamanujJAtA: svayambhuvA // ' iti / yaha zloka zAntiparva (210 / 16) meM AyA hai; smaranti ca / ve0 sU0 (2 / 3 / 47), bhASya- 'smaranti ca vyAsAdayo yathA jaivena duHkhena na paramAtmA duHkhAyata iti / tatra yaH paramAtmA hi sa nityo nirguNaH smRtH| na lipyate phalazcApi padmapatramivAmbhasA // karmAtmA tvAroposau momabandhaH sa ya jyate / sa saptadazakenApi rAzinA yujyate punaH' ili| ye donoM zAnti parva meM Aye haiM (352 / 14-15) /

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66 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa unhoMne vedavyAsa kA zloka vedAntasUtra ke isa samarthana meM uddhRta kiyA hai ki veda nitya hai / ve0 sU0 (2|3| 47) para isake samarthana meM ki yadyapi AtmA paramAtmA kA hI aMza hai tathApi paramAtmA AtmA dvArA pAye jAte hue kaSTa se dukhI nahIM hotA, zaMkarAcArya ne mahAbhArata se do daloka smRti ke samAna uddhRta kiye haiM / isase yaha prakaTa hai ki yadi vedAntasUtra ke praNetA evaM vedavyAsa eka hI vyakti hote to zaMkarAcArya udAharaNa rUpa meM vedavyAsa ke vacana uddhRta nahIM karate, yadi ve aisA karate bhI to yahI kahate ki isa lekhaka aisA eka sthAna para aura kahA hai, aadi| yahI tarka zaMkarAcArya kI AlocanAoM ke viSaya meM bhI diyA jA sakatA hai / yadi mahAn AcArya kA yahI mata thA ki vedAntasUtra ke lekhaka ve hI mahodaya the jinhoMne mahAbhArata evaM gItA kA praNayana kiyA hai to ve mahAbhArata evaM gItA se uddharaNa dekara ve0 sU0 ke tarka kA samarthana na karate / yadi yaha kahA jAya ki jaimini kevala eka hI the ( do nahIM, tIna kI bAta to dUra hai) to eka bar3I gambhIra samasyA uTha khar3I hotI hai / pU0 mI0 sU0 ( jisameM 2700 sUtra haiM) ke lekhaka ne apane dRSTikoNoM kI ora apane nAma se, aura vaha bhI kevala pA~ca bAra hI kyoM saMketa kiyA hai ? kucha TIkAkAroM ne aisA kahA hai ki pANini ne apane pUrvavartI lekhakoM ke nAma Adara vyakta karane ke lie ullikhita kiye haiM, to kyA yaha samajhA jAya ki jaimini ne bhI aisA kiyA hai ? yadi ve apanA nAma ho lenA cAhate the to kevala pA~ca hI bAra kyoM liyA ? spaSTa hai, unhoMne apane kisI pUrvavartI vyakti kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, jinakA nAma saMyoga se jaimini hI thA aura jinhoMne apane mata kisI grantha meM vyakta kiye the / vedAntasUtra meM 11 sUtra aise haiM jinameM jaimini ke dRSTikoNoM kI ora nirdeza kiyA gayA ythaa-1|2|28 evaM 31, 1/3/31, 1 / 4 / 18, 312140, 3 / 4 / 2 3 4 18, 3 4 | 40, 4 / 3 / 12, 4 / 4 / 5, 4|4|11| inameM 6 saMketa aise haiM (1 / 2 / 28, 1/2/31, 1|4|18, 4 | 3 | 12, 4/4/5, 4|4|11 ), jinake lie pU0 mI0 sU0 kA koI adhikaraNa yA putra nahIM dikhAyA jA sakatA / kintu 3 |2| 40 3 / 4 / 2, 3 / 4 / 18 nAmaka sUtra aise haiM jo pU0 mI0 sU0 ke vikhyAta siddhAnta haiM / ve0 sU0 1 / 3 / 31 pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 1 / 5 hai tathA 3 | 4 |40 meM jaimini ve0 sU0 se milate haiM / ataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki una jaimini ne, jo zuddha rUpa se vedAnta-sambandhI viSayoM para apane mata prakAzita karate haiM aura jinake dRSTikoNa pU0 mI0 sU0 meM nahIM pAye jAte, vedAnta para koI grantha likhA thA / vedAntasUtra ke sUtroM meM bAdarAyaNa ke nAma Aye haiM, yathA 1|3|26 evaM 33 ( eka hI adhikaraNa meM bAdarAyaNa jaimini ke virodha meM do bAra ullikhita haiM), 3 / 2 / 41, 3 / 4 / 1, 3418, 3|4|16, 4 | 3 | 15, 4 4 7, 4|4|12| yaha avalokanIya hai ki 4 / 3 / 15 ko chor3akara sabhI meM bAdarAyaNa ke mata jaimini se pRthak hai yA thor3A antara rakhate haiM ( 4 / 4 / 7 evaM 4 / 4 / 12 ) / pro0 nIlakaNTha zAstrI kA vicAra hai ki ve sabhI dRSTikoNa jo bAdarAyaNa ke kahe gaye haiM, vedAnta putra ke lekhaka ke hI mata haiM, jinhoMne apane lie prAcIna lekhakoM ke samAna anyapuruSa kA prayoga kiyA hai ( iNDi0 eNNTI0, jilda pR0 50, pR0 166 ) / isa vicAra se yaha nahIM jJAta ho pAtA ki vedAntasUtra ( jisameM 555 sUtra haiM) ke lekhaka kI hI sthiti ko dRDha karane ke lie bAdarAyaNa kA nAma 6 bAra lenA kyoM Avazyaka mAnA gayA ? yadi ve0 sU0 ke lekhaka evaM 6 bAra ullikhita bAdarAyaNa eka hI vyakti the to bAdarAyaNa kA nAma sAmAnyataH adhikaraNa ke anta meM AtA na ki madhya meM / udAharaNa vyakta karate haiM ki yadyapi bAdarAyaNa evaM ve0 sU0 ke lekhaka kA antima niSkarSaM eka hI hai, kintu bhASA evaM tarka bhinna haiM, vedAntasUtra meM ullikhita bAdarAyaNa prastuta vedAntasUtra ke lekhaka se pahale hue the aura unhoMne vedAnta para koI grantha likhA thA, jisakA samarthana vedAntasUtra apane tarkoM se karatA hai /

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra 67 sUtra para pANini ke kAla meM aise bhikSu hote the jo 'pArAzarya ke bhikSusUtra' yA 'karmanda ke bhikSusUtra ' kA adhyayana karate the aura 'pArAzariNaH' evaM 'karmandinaH' kahe jAte the / bhikSu saMnyAsa mArga kA dyotaka hai| ataH bhikSumeM saMnyAsa, usake samaya, niyama, antima lakSya Adi ke viSaya avazya rahe hoMge / vRhadAraNyakopaniSad ( 3 / 51 / evaM 4 / 4 / 22 ) ke anusAra ve loga jo brahma kI anubhUti vAle hote haiM, sabhI icchAoM kA parityAga kara dete haiM aura bhikSATana karate haiM / yahI bAta gautamadharmasUtra ( 3 / 2 / 10 - 13 ) meM bhI hai / karmanda ke bhikSusUtra ke viSaya meM abhI taka kucha nahIM jJAta ho sakA hai| kintu aisA kahanA sambhava hai ki pArAzarya dvArA ghoSita bhikSusUtra Aja ke brahmasUtra yA isake paravartI sUtra granthoM meM kisI ke samAna rahA hogA / saMnyAsAzrama pArAzarya ke sUtra ke viSaya meM yaha Arambhikatama saMketa hai / pANini kI tithi ke viSaya meM abhI mataikya nahIM hai / kintu koI bhI Adhunika vidvAn unheM I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI ke uparAnta kA nahIM maantaa| prastuta lekhaka unheM I0 pU0 5vIM yA chaThI zatI meM rakhatA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki pArAzarya kA bhikSusUtra I0 pU0 cauthI evaM 7vIM zatI ke bIca meM kabhI praNIta huA hogA / pANini ( 4|1|67 ) ke vArtika ( 1 ) se prakAza milatA hai ki vyAsa kA 'apatya' (putra) 'vaiyAsaki' ( zuka) kahalAtA thA ( jaisA ki mahAbhASya se patA calatA hai ) / pANini (4|1166, naDAdibhyaH phak ) ke anusAra 'bAdarAyaNa' zabda 'badara' (jo 76 zabdoM vAle naDAdi-gaNa kA eka zabda hai) se banA hai, 'bAdari' badara kA putra hai aura 'bAdarAyaNa' badara kA prapautra ( yA anuvartI puruSa uttarAdhikArI ) / kisI kAla meM 'vyAsa' evaM 'bAdarAyaNa' meM bhrama ho gayA aura vaha zuka, jo vArtika evaM mahAbhASya ke mata se vyAsa kA putra hai, 'bAdarAyaNi' ( vAdarAyaNa kA putra) kahalAne lagA, jaisA ki bhAgavatapurANa (120558, jahA~ zuka ko 'bhagavAn bAdarAyaNiH' kahA gayA hai) meM AyA hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vIM zatI ke uparAnta bAdarAyaNa ko bhramavaza vyAsa pArAzarya kahA jAne lagA / pUrvamImAMsAsUtra evaM brahmasUtra meM uddhRta bAdarAyaNa evaM jaimini ke matoM kI parIkSA Avazyaka hai| jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, bAdarAyaNa kevala 5 bAra pU0 mI0 sU0 meM ullikhita hue haiM / (1) pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 1 / 5 ) meM lekhaka kA kathana hai ki ve aura bAdarAyaNa veda kI nityatA evaM amoghatA meM vizvAsa karate haiM; (2) pU0 mI0 sU0 (5|2| 17|20 ) meM nakSatreSTi para vivecana huA hai| yajJa ke namUne meM nAriSTha nAmaka homa kiye jAte haiM; prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki namUne ke pariSkAroM meM jahA~ kucha upahoma kiye jAte haiM, vahA~ nAriSTha homoM kA sampAdana upahomoM ke pUrva honA cAhie yA uparAnta / siddhAnta kA dRSTikoNa yaha hai nAriSTa homa pahale kara diye jAte haiM / Atreya isa mata kA virodha karate haiM, kintu bAdarAyaNa isakA samarthana karate haiN| (3) pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 111 / 8 ) meM bAdarAyaNa kA mata prakAzita hai ki kevala puruSa hI nahIM, pratyuta nAriyA~ bhI RtuoM (vaidika yajJoM) meM bhAga le sakatI haiM, yahI mata siddhAnta kA bhI hai / ( 4 ) pU0 mI0 su0 (10 / 8 / 35-36) meM eka vizada adhikaraNa hai jisameM usa guruSa ke lie, jisane abhI taka somayajJa na kiyA ho, darza-pUrNa mAsa meM Agneya evaM aindrAgna puroDAzoM ke lie jo vacana Aye haiM unameM prazna AyA hai ki kyA ve usake lie kisI vidhi yA kevala anuvAda kI vyavasthA dete haiM ? isa prazna ke uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki bAdarAyaNa vidhi kI bAta karate haiM aura siddhAnta anuvAda kI ( 10|8|45 ) | ( 5 ) pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 11 / 1 / 54-67) meM eka lambA adhikaraNa AyA hai jisameM isa viSaya meM eka vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai ki darzapUrNamAsa meM Agneya Adi pramukha viSayoM meM AdhAra jaise aMgoM ko doharAyA jA sakatA hai yA kevala eka bAra kiyA jAtA hai / uparyukta pA~ca sthaloM se, jahA~ bAdarAyaNa ullikhita haiM, tIna bAteM spaSTa ho uThatI - pU0 mI0 13 sU0 kA

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68 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa lekhaka bAdarAyaNa ke dRSTikoNa se sahamata hai, kevala 1018 / 44 meM hI asahamati prakaTa kI gayI hai| pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 115) meM bAdarAyaNa kA mata vedAntasUtra (1 / 3 / 28-26) meM prakAzita matoM se milatA hai tathA pA~ca sthaloM meM cAra sthaloM ke mata yajJiya bAtoM se sambandhita haiM, jinake viSaya meM vedAntasUtra meM kucha bhI nahIM hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki vidyamAna pU0 mI0 sa0 ke lekhaka ke samakSa pUrva mImAMsA-sambandhI viSayoM para bAdarAyaNa dvArA likhita koI grantha thA aura yadi vidyamAna vedAntasUtra ke lekhaka bAdarAyaNa hote to unake dvArA likhita eka pUrvamImAMsAsambandhI grantha bhI rahA hotA, athavA eka anya bAdarAyaNa the jinhoMne kevala pUrvamImAMsA para hI likhA thaa| pu0 mI. sU0 meM jaimini ke prati pA~ca saMketoM kI ora pahale hI dhyAna AkRSTa kara diyA gayA hai aura usa sutra (6 / 3 / 4) kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA jA ca kA hai jisake AdhAra para pro0 zAstrI ne tIna jaiminiyoM kI bAta uThA dI hai, kintu hamane Upara isa bAta ko spaSTa kara diyA hai ki isa prakAra ke niSkarSa ke lie koI puSTa bhUmi nahIM hai| eka anya vikalpa upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai, yathA yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vidyamAna vedAntasUtra evaM pR0 mI0 sa0 ke samakSa jaimini evaM bAdarAyaNa ke grantha the hI nahIM, tathA jaimini evaM bAdarAyaNa ke viSaya meM jo saMketa milate haiM ve jaimini evaM bAdarAyaNa kI zAkhAoM athavA sampradAyoM meM pracalita matoM se sambandhita haiN| kintu yaha anumAna sambhava nahIM jctaa| vidyamAna vedAntasUtra evaM pU0 mI0 sU0 AryAvarta meM sabhI ke lie mAnya the aura yahA~ aisA nahIM lagatA ki donoM sampradAyoM kI maukhika paramparAe~ sampUrNa deza meM sabhI logoM ko jJAta honI hI cAhie thiiN| bahuta-sI bAtoM meM jahA~ bAdarAyaNa kA ullekha huA hai, vahA~ ve0 sU0 meM bahuta-sI vyAkhyAe~ jor3I gayI haiM aura anya bAtoM kA samAveza huA hai| yaha kahA jA cukA hai ki zaMkarAcArya, bhAskara evaM yAmana muni ne ve0 sa0 ko bAdarAyaNa likhita mAnA hai tathA vAcaspati Adi ne use byAsa pArAzarya vRta mAnA hai| 6 vIM zatI ke uparAnta vedavyAsa ko bAdarAyaNa kyoM kahA jAne lagA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| kucha anya sambandhita bAtoM kA ullekha bhI Avazyaka hai| gItA meM kSetra evaM kSetrajJa ke viSaya meM eka iloka eka samasyA khar3I kara detA hai| '2 gItA (13 / 12. RSibhirbahudhA gItaM chandobhivividhaiH pRthak / brahmasUtrapadaizcaiva hetumadbhivinizcitaH // gItA 13 / 4 / prathama ardhAlI vedoM evaM upaniSadoM ke vacanoM kI ora saMketa karatI hai tathA dUsarI brahmasUtrapadoM kI ora / sabhI TIkAkAroM ke anusAra 'brahmasUtrapadaizcaiva' kA sambandha 'gItaM' se avazya honA caahie| prastuta lekhaka kA kathana hai ki 'RSibhiH' ko 'chandobhiH' se sambandhita rakhanA Avazyaka hai, to isameM koI tarka nahIM hai ki vaha 'brahmasatrapadaH' se bhI kyoM na sambandhita mAnA jaay|' prathama ardhAlI meM do zabda karaNa kAraka meM haiM, yathA 'RSibhiH' evaM 'chandobhiH' / yadi hama 'RSibhiH' ko dUsarI ardhAlI meM mAne to hameM 'RSibhiH' evaM 'brahmasUtrapadaiH' ko usI bhAMti rakhA huA mAnanA pdd'egaa| prathama ardhAlI meM vedoM evaM upaniSadoM ke vacanoM tathA dUsarI ardhAlI ke tarkayukta evaM sunizcita vacanoM meM virodha bhI vyakta hai| taba to artha hogA ki RSiyoM ne kaI brahmasUtroM kA praNayana kiyA thaa| prastuta lekhaka kA mata hai ki gItA ne apane samaya ke kaI brahmasUtroM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai na ki vedAntasUtra kI or| yahA~ zaMkarAcArya ke atirikta anya TIkAkAra 'brahmasUtra' zabda se apane kAloM meM pracalita granthoM kI ora saMketa karate haiN| lokamAnya tilaka ne gItArahasya (pariziSTa bhAga-3, 1615 kA saMskaraNa) meM gItA evaM brahmasUtra ke sambandha para vivecana upasthita kiyA hai aura apanI eka tarkanA upasthita kI hai ki usa lekhaka ne jisane

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hair evaM dharmazAstra 4 ) meM aisA AyA hai- 'kSetra evaM kSetrajJa kA yaha vAstavika svarUpa RSiyoM dvArA vibhinna mantroM (chandoM) meM vibhinna DhaMgoM se tathA tarka-saMgata brahasUtrapadoM dvArA, jo nizcita niSkarSo taka pahu~cate haiM, pRthak-pRthak gAyA gayA hai|' yahA~ para gItA ne spaSTa rUpa se brahmasUtra kA ullekha kiyA hai| yadi koI brahmasUtra ( yA vedAntasUtra ) kA avalokana kare to patA calegA ki bahuta-se sUtroM meM smRti para nirbharatA prakaTa kI gayI hai, jisa (smRti) ko AcAryoM ne gItA hI mAnA hai / udAharaNArtha, ' smRtezca' ( ve0 sU0 1 26 ) para zaMkarAcArya ne smRtivacana ke rUpa meM gItA ( 18 61 evaM 13 / 2 ) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| isI prakAra 'api ca smaryate' (ve0 sU0 1 / 3 / 23 ) para zaMkarAcArya ne gItA ( 156 evaM 12 ) kA nirdeza diyA hai| aura dekhie ve0 sU0 (2 / 3 / 45) evaM gItA ( 15/7 ) ; ve0 sU0 (4|1|10 ) evaM gItA 6 / 11 tathA ve0 sU0 (4 / 2 / 21 ) evaM gItA ( 8 | 24-25) / ataH yadyapi brahmasUtra meM gItA kA ullekha spaSTa rUpa se nahIM huA hai, tathApi AcAryoM ne eka svara se yahI mAnA hai ki uparyukta sabhI sUtroM meM saMketa gItA kI ora hI hai, anyatra nahIM / ataH hama isI niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki gItA ne brahmasUtra kA ullekha kiyA hai jo usase (gItA se) pahale kA hai, kintu gItA ke vacana kucha vedAntasUtroM ke AdhAra kahe gaye haiM ataH gItA vedAntasUtra se prAcIna hai / yaha virodhAbhAsa hai / zaMkarAcArya ne isa virodhAbhAsa ko dekhA, isI kAraNa unhoMne 'brahmasUtrapadai: ' ko upaniSadoM ke padoM se sambandhita mAnA, jo brahma ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karate haiM (arthAt unhoMne 'sUtra' ko 'sUvaka' mAnA hai ) / kintu isa vyAkhyA meM kevala khIMcAtAnI hai aura ise anya TIkAkAroM ne svIkRta nahIM kiyA hai / isI se anya siddhAntoM kI AvazyakatA par3a gayI hai, yathA- donoM kA lekhaka eka hI hai, yA mahAbhArata tathA gItA meM samaya-samaya para Upara se bAteM jor3I jAtI rahIM aura jaba mahAbhArata kA antima saMskaraNa banA to brahmasUtra ke viSaya vAlA zloka gItA meM jor3a diyA gayA, athavA gItA ke samaya meM vidyamAna brahmasUtra ke atirikta anya grantha bhI the jo brahmasUtra kahalAte the / prastuta lekhaka ke vicAra meM yaha adhika sambhava ja~catA hai ki gItA ke sammukha brahmasUtra nAmaka kaI grantha the aura usane 13 / 4 meM unakI ora saMketa kiyA hai, usane bAdarAyaNa ke brahmasUtra kI ora saMketa nahIM kiyA hai / pU0 mI0 sU0 evaM ve0 sU0 meM ullikhita lekhakoM kI eka saMkSipta vyAkhyA Avazyaka hai| ina donoM granthoM ne jaimini evaM bAdarAyaNa ke atirikta kaI anya lekhakoM ke nAma liye haiM, jo nimnalikhita haiM Atreya - pU0 mI0 sU0 4 / 3 / 18, 5 / 2 / 18, 6 / 1 / 26 evaM ve0 sU0 3 | 4 | 44 ; Azmarathya - pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 5 / 16 evaM ve0 sU0 1 2 26, 1|4|20 ; kArSNAjini -- pU0 mI0 sU0 4 | 3 | 17, 6 / 7 / 35 evaM ve0 sU0 3 | 116; nAdari -- pU0 mI0 sU0 31 3 6 127, 836, 6 / 2 / 33 evaM ve0 sU0 1/2/30, 3|1|11, 4 / 3 / 7, 4|4|10 / brahmasUtra kA praNayana kiyA, maulika mahAbhArata evaM gItA kA navIna saMskaraNa upasthita kiyA tathA una donoM ko Aja vAlA ( upasthita) rUpa pradAna kiyA / kintu prastuta lekhaka ko yaha bAta mAnya nahIM hai / yaha avalokanIya hai ki pro0 Ara0 DI0 karmarkara ne 'brahmasUtrapadaiH' se sambandhita lokamAnya tilaka kI vyAkhyA nahIM ThIka samajhI hai| (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 3, pR0 73-76) aura kahA hai ki gItA ( 13 / 4 ) meM 'brahmasUtrapadaiH' zabda bAdarAyaNa ke sUtroM kI ora saMketa nahIM karatA, pratyuta vaha anya samAna granthoM kI ora nirdeza karatA hai / kintu pro0 karmarkara mahodaya isake Age aura kucha nahIM kahate

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pUrva mImAMsA sUtroM meM Alekhana (6 / 5 / 17), aitizAyana (3 / 2 / 44, 3 / 4 / 24, 6 / 1 / 6), kAmukAyana (11 / 1 / 58 evaM 63) evaM lAvukAyana (67 / 37) ke nAma Aye haiM, jo vedAnta sUtroM dvArA ullikhita nahIM hue haiN| dUsarI ora ve0 sU0 ne auDulomi (1 / 4 / 21, 3 / 4 / 45, 4 / 4 / 6) evaM kAzakRtsna (1 / 4 / 22) ke nAma liya haiM, jo pU0 mI0 sU0 meM nahIM Aye haiN| pU0 mI0 sU0 ne bahuta kama kucha AcAryoM kI ora 'eke' kahakara nirdeza kiyA hai (ythaa--1|1|27 evaM 6 / 3 / 4); ve0 sU0 meM 'eke' 146 evaM 18, 2 / 3 / 43, 3 / 2 / 2 evaM 13, 3 / 4 / 15, 4 / 2 / 13 meM tathA 'ekeSAm' 1 / 4 / 13, 4 / 1 / 17, 4 / 2 / 13 meM tathA 'anye' 3 / 3 / 27 meM Aye haiM aura ina sabhI saMketoM meM veda yA upaniSadoM ke sabhI pAThAntaroM kI ora nirdeza haiM, kintu 3 / 4 / 42 meM 'eke' 'AcAryoM kI ora tathA 3 / 3 / 53 meM eke' 'lokAyatikoM' kI ora saMketa karatA hai| vyAsa yA pArAzarya pUrvamImAMsAsUtra evaM vedAntasUtra meM nAma se vyakta nahIM haiN| bAdari ke viSaya meM vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| pU0 mI0 sU0 ne bAdarAyaNa evaM jaimini ko pA~ca bAra ullikhita kiyA hai, kintu usane evaM ve0 sU0 ne bAdari ko cAra bAra ullikhita kiyA hai| bAdari ne jaimini se do mahattvapUrNa bAtoM para virodha prakaTa kiyA hai, yathA--'zeSa' zabda ke artha athavA upalakSaNa ke viSaya meM tathA isa mahattvapUrNa dRSTikoNa upasthita karane meM ki zUdroM ko bhI agnihotra evaM anya vaidika kRtyoM ke sampAdana karane kA adhikAra hai| ve0 sU0 meM bAdari ko vaizvAnara kI upAsanA (chAndogyopaniSad 5 / 18 / 1-2) ke viSaya meM jaimini se virodha karate hue darzAyA gayA hai tathA 'sa enAn brahma gamayati' (chA0 upa0 4 / 15 / 5) para tathA ve0sa (4410) meM bAdari ko mukta AtmA ke viSaya meM jaimini ke virodha meM kahate hue prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| upayukta bAtoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki pU0 mI0 sU0 evaM ve0 sa0 ke samakSa bAdari kA koI grantha upasthita thA, jisameM pUrvamImAMsA tathA vedAnta-sambandhI bAteM likhita thIM / Alekhana evaM Azmarathya ko Apastambara kama-se-kama 16 bAra uddhata kiyA gayA hai aura yajJoM ke kRtyoM para unake matoM kA prakAzana kiyA gayA hai aura virodha bhI prakaTa kiyA gayA hai tathA Apa0 zrau0 sa0 meM kevala inhIM do lekhakoM kI bAtoM kI o yaha sambhava hai ki Atreya, Azmarathya evaM kArNAjini ne pUrvamImAMsA evaM vedAnta para kisI grantha yA granthoM kA praNayana kiyA ho aura auDalomi (ve0 sa0 dvArA tIna bAra uddhata) evaM kAzakRtsna ne vedAnta para grantha likhe hoN| ... uparyukta vivecana se yaha satyabhAsaka-sA pratIta hotA hai ki gItA (13 / 4) kA 'brahmasUtrapadaiH' zabda bAdari, auDalomi, Azmarathya evaM eka yA do anya lekhakoM ke sUtra-granthoM kI ora nirdeza karatA hai, na ki upasthita brahmasUtra kI or| aisA koI nahIM kaha sakatA ki bAdari evaM Atreya 'RSi' nahIM haiN| zabara ne Atreya ko muni kahA hai (pUrvamImAMsAsUtra, 6 / 1 / 26 kI vyAkhyA meN)| ismaraNIya hai ki jaimini, bAdari evaM bAdarAyaNa gotranAma haiM / vyAsa gotranAma nahIM hai aura pArAzarya parAzaroM ke dala ke tIna pravaroM meM eka pravara hai|' ___ Apa0 zrI0 sU0 (24 / 8 / 10, gArve dvArA sampAdita) evaM pravaramaJjarI (chentsalAva, maisUra, 1600, 50 61) ne bAdarAyaNa ko viSNuvRddha gotra kA eka upavarga (upadala) mAnA hai, kintu pravaramaJjarI ne pR0 38 para jaimini ko yAska, vAdhala, mauna evaM anyoM ke sAtha 'bhArgava-vaitahavya-sAvataseti' pravara vAlA mAnA hai tathA pR0 108 13. atha pArAzarANAM nyAyaH / vasiSTha-zAktya-pArAzaryeti / praashrvcchktivdvsisstthvditi| Apa0 zrI0 sU0 (2411016) /

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra 202 evaM 178 para bAdari ( yA vAdari) ko parAzaroM kA eka upavibhAga mAnA hai / ataH yaha sambhava thA ki katipaya vyakti zatiyoM ke uparAnta bhI jaimini yA bAdarAyaNa ke nAma grahaNa kara sakate the / zaMkarAcArya ke atyanta prasiddha ziSya surezvarAcArya kI 'naiSkarmyasiddhi' kI uktiyoM kA uttara denA bhI Avazyaka hai| surezvarAcArya kA kathana hai ki jaimini kA yaha mantavya nahIM hai ki veda ke sabhI vacana yajJiya kRtyoM se sambandhita haiM; yadi ve vAstava meM vaisA vizvAsa karate to unhoMne usa 'zArIrakasUtra' kA praNayana na kiyA hotA, jisakA Arambha 'athAto brahmajijJAsA' evaM 'janmAdyasya yataH' se hotA hai aura jisameM sabhI vedAntavacanoM ke artha ke viSaya meM khoja kI bAta pAyI jAtI hai, jisameM brahma ke rUpa kA spaSTa nirUpaNa hai aura hai gaMbhIra tarka ke sAtha apane zabda kA samarthana, kintu unhoMne zArIraka zAstra kA praNayana avazya kiyA / isa vacana ( ukti) kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaimini ne brahma ke jJAna evaM khoja para zArIraka sUtra nAmaka eka sUtra -grantha likhA, jisakA Arambha unhIM sUtroM se huA jo vidyamAna vedAntasUtra ke prathama do sUtra kahe jAte haiM / 14 karnala jaikaba ne naiSkarmyasiddhi ke prathama saMskaraNa kI bhUmikA ( pR0 3 ) meM aisA vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki naiSkarmyasiddhi ne jaimini ko vedAntadarzana kA lekhaka mAnA hai / kintu unakA kathana truTipUrNa hai, kyoMki surezvara ne jo kucha kahA hai vaha yahI hai ki jaimini ne karmamImAMsA para na kevala eka sUtra -grantha likhA pratyuta unhoMne brahmamImAMsA ke siddhAntoM para zArIraka sUtra nAmaka eka grantha bhI likhA, kintu unhoMne ( surezvara ta ) yaha nahIM kahA hai ki vedAntasUtra kA sampUrNa grantha jaimini dvArA likhita hai / DA0 belvAlkara ne (dekhie vedAnta darzana para gopAla vasu mallika lekcarsa, pR0 141-142) do siddhAnta pratipAdita kiye haiM, yathA---(1) chAndogyopaniSad evaM bRhadAraNyakopaniSad tathA anya upaniSadoM kI pratyeka zAkhA ke lie pRthak-pRthak brahma-sUtra likhita the, evaM ( 2 ) jaimini kA zArIraka sUtra isameM sammilita kara liyA gayA aura vaha vidyamAna brahmasUtra ke viSayoM meM pramukha sthAna rakhatA thA / kintu prastuta lekhaka ina donoM siddhAntoM kA virodha karatA hai | yahA~ para ati vistAra ke sAtha kucha kahA nahIM jA sakatA, kintu itanA kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki DA0 velvAlkara ke kathana ke pIche koI sAkSya nahIM hai / yadi 'janmAdyasya yataH' jaimini ( jo mahAbhArata evaM purANoM dvArA vizeSa rUpa se sAmavedI ghoSita haiM) kA hI eka sUtra hai to vaha sUtra bhASyakAroM dvArA taittirIyopaniSad ke vacana para AdhArita kyoM mAnA jAtA hai ? chAndogyopaniSad evaM bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM pratyeka, anya ATha upaniSadoM (dasa pramukha upaniSadoM meM) se vistAra meM dugunI haiM aura taittirIyopaniSad se 6 gunI bar3I haiM / ataH ye donoM upaniSadeM vidyamAna brahmasUtra meM adhika bAra carcA kA viSaya rahI haiN| dUsarA siddhAnta to mAtra anumAna hai| hameM isa bAta kI puSTi ke lie koI sAkSya nahIM prApta hotA ki vedAntasUtra kA pramukha bhAga jaimini ke zArIraka sUtra se uThAkara rakha liyA gayA hai, jabaki hameM vaha (jaimini kA zArIraka sUtra ) abhI taka prApta nahIM huA hai aura na usase koI anya sUtra ( Upara uddhRta do sUtroM ke atirikta ) kahIM kisI grantha meM uddhRta hue haiM / aba hama kucha una sUtroM kI carcA kareMge jinameM 'taduktam' zabda Aye haiN| kula ATha sUtroM meM ye zabda Aye 14. yato na jaiminerayamabhiprAya AmnAyaH sarva eva kriyArthaka iti / yadi hAyamabhiprAyo'bhaviSyad athAto brahma jijJAsA, janmAdyasya yataH - ityevamAdibrahma vastusvarUpamAtra yAthAtmyaprakAzanaparaM gambhIranyAyasandRbdhaM sarvavedAntArthamImAMsanaM zrImacchArIrakaM nAsUtra yiSyat asUtrayacca / tasmAjjaiminerevAyamabhiprAyo yathaiva vidhivAkyAnAM svArthamAtra prAmANyamevamekAtmyavAkyAnAmapyanadhigatavastuparicchedasAmyAditi / naiSkarmyasiddhi, pU0 54-55 ( zrI karnala jaikaba dvArA sampAdita, bI0 esa0 esa0 1606) /

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103 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa haiN| zaMkarAcArya kA kathana hai ki ve0 sU0 ( 1 / 3 / 21, 211 / 31, 2 / 1 / 31, 3 / 3 / 18 ) meM jahA~ 'taduktam' AyA hai vahA~ svayaM ve0 sU0 ke pUrvavartI sUtra kI ora hI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| ve0 sU0 ( 3 / 3 / 26, 3333, 3 / 3 / 50 evaM 3 / 4 / 42 ) meM zaMkarAcArya kA kathana hai ki ye sUtra krama se pU0 mI0 sU0 (10/8/15, 3138, 11 / 4 / 10 evaM 1 / 3 / 8-6 ) kI ora tathA ve0 sU0 ( 3 | 3 | 43 ) saMkarSakANDa kI ora saMketa karate haiM / anya AcArya zaMkarAcArya se tathA Apasa meM isa viSaya meM asahamati vyakta karate haiM / vallabhAcArya kA, jo bhAgavata ko veda ke samAna prAmANika mAnate haiM aura kahIM-kahIM veda se ati ucca ThaharAte haiM, kathana hai ki ve0 sU0 (3|3|33, 3|3|50 evaM 3 | 4 | 42 ) meM Aye 'taduktam' zabda bhAgavata purANa ke vacanoM kI ora saMketa karate haiM / ve0 sU0 ( 3 | 3 | 4 4 ) meM naa0 mI0 sU0 ( 3 | 3 | 14 ) ke zabdoM evaM siddhAntoM kI dhvani TapakatI hai / 15 ' taduktam' kA artha sAmAnyataH sabhI sthaloM para eka hI honA cAhie, arthAt ina zabdoM ko sadaiva pU0 mI0 sU0 yA ve0 sU0 kI ora hI saMketa karate hue samajhA jAnA cAhie / kintu ina vikalpoM meM kisI eka ko pUrNatayA svIkAra karane ke lie koI AcArya sannaddha nahIM hote / eka anya bAta bhI vicAraNIya hai ki vidyamAna pU0 mI0 sU0 meM 'taduktam' bahuta kama prayukta huA hai, jaisA ki 536 meM jahA~ yaha 5 / 1 / 16 kI ora saMketa karatA hai / | 16 pU0 mI0 sU0 ne yadyapi bAdarAyaNa ko pA~ca bAra ullikhita kiyA hai, tathApi yaha kahIM bhI ve0 sU0 dvArA prabhAvita huA dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / dUsarI ora na kevala ve0 sU0 ke kucha sUtroM meM 'taduktam' zabda pU0 mI0 sU0 kI ora saMketa karate hue dRSTigata hote haiM, pratyuta ve0 sU0 ne kucha pUrvamImAMsA ke zabdoM kA bahudhA prayoga kiyA hai, yathA -- arthavAda, prakaraNa, liMga, vidhi, zeSa, tathA zuddha rUpa se pUrvamImAMsA viSayoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, yathA -- 3 | 3 | 26 ( kuzAchandastutyupagAnavat), 3 / 3 / 33 ( aupasadavat ), 3 / 4 / 20 ( dhAraNavat ), 4|4|12 ( dvAdazAhavat ) / ataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vidya mAna vedAntasUtra adhika aMza meM pU0 mI0 sU0 kI pUrvakalpanA karatA hai aura pU0 mI0 sU0 kisI rUpa meM vedAntasUtra se prabhAvita hotA nahIM prakaTa hotA / aba prastuta lekhaka vyAsa, jaimini, bAdarAyaNa, pU0 mI0 sU0 evaM ve0 sU0 ke viSaya ke vibhinna sUtroM ko ekatra kara adholikhita niSkarSa nikAlane kA prayatna karatA hai- (1) mahAbhArata evaM kucha purANoM kA kathana hai ki jaimini pArAzarya vyAsa ke ziSya the / kintu yaha kathana jaimini ke lie sAmaveda- jJAna ke preSaNa ke sambandha meM hI hai aura ise usI viSaya taka sImita rakhanA cAhie (anya viSayoM se sambandhita nahIM karanA cAhie), jaisA ki mImAMsA kA siddhAnta " yAvadvacanaM vAcanikam" kahatA hai / hameM jaiminIya brAhmaNa, jaiminIya zrauta sUtra evaM gRhya sUtra kI upalabdhi huI hai / jaimini ko sAmaveda kA jJAna diyA gayA, aisI paramparA pracalita hai, jise truTipUrNa siddha karane ke lie hamAre pAsa koI pramANa nahIM hai / kintu isa paramparA ko 20 mI0 'sU0 evaM ve0 sU0 ke lekhakoM taka bar3hAne ke lie hamAre pAsa koI sAkSya nahIM hai / vallabhAcArya jaise pazcAtkAlIna madhyakAlika lekhakoM ne, jinheM itihAsa, kAlanirNaya Adi kA jJAna nahIM thA aura jo apane priya 15. milAie 'liMgabhUyastvAttaddhi balIyastadapi, ve0 sU0 ( 3 / 3 / 44) evaM 'zrutiliGgavAkyaprakaraNasthAnasamAkhyAnAM samavAye pAradaurbalyamarthaviprakarSAt', pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 3 / 3 / 14 ) / 16. ante vA taduktam / pU0 mI0 sU0 (5 / 3 / 6) / yaha 5 / 1 / 16 ( ante tu bAdarAyaNasteSAM pradhAnazabdatvAt ) kI ora nirdeza karatA hai / pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 2 / 2 ) meM 'taduktadoSam ' AyA hai jo pU0 mI0 sU0 (7 / 2 / 13 ) kI ora nirdeza karatA hai /

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra 103 lekhakoM evaM granthoM ko gaurava dene meM atizayokti kA sahArA lete haiM, sAmaveda ke viSaya kI paramparA ko pU0 mI0 sU0 evaM ve0 sU0 ke lekhakoM taka bar3hA diyA hai| uparyukta vivecana se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki prastuta pU0 mI0 sU0 prastuta ve0 sU0 se purAnA hai tathA pU0 mI0 sU0kA lekhaka ve0 sU0 ke lekhaka kA ziSya nahIM ho sktaa| madhyakAlIna lekhakoM ne isa bAta para dhyAna nahIM diyA ki jaimini evaM bAdarAyaNa gotranAma haiM, ve kevala vyaktinAma hI nahIM haiN| (2) pANini se yaha prakaTa hai ki unake pUrva pArAzarya evaM karmanda dvArA likhita do bhikSu-sUtra the| pataJjali ne kAzakRtsna dvArA likhita eka mImAMsA-grantha kA ullekha kiyA hai / ata: IsA se kaI zatiyoM pUrva hI bhikSuoM evaM mImAMsA para sUtra-grantha praNIta ho cuke the| (3) prastuta vedAntasUtra meM ullikhita jaimini ke matoM kI jA~ca se pratIta hotA hai ki jaimini ne vedAnta para bhI koI grantha likhA thaa| naiSkarmyasiddhi meM pAye gaye kucha ullekhoM se isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| isa bAta ko siddha karane ke lie koI pramANa upalabdha nahIM hotA ki ye jaimini bAdarAyaNa yA pArAzarya ke ziSya the| isake viparIta ve0 sU0 (3 / 4 / 40) meM 'jaiminerapi' nAmaka zabda prastuta ve0 sU0 ke lekhaka dvArA jaimini ke samarthana ke prati prakaTa kiye gaye AbhAra-pradarzana kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa karate haiN| prastuta ve0 sU0 kA lekhaka jaimini ke matoM ke prati viziSTa sammAna vyakta karatA hai, kyoMki usane anya AcAryoM (jinameM bAdarAyaNa bhI sammilita haiM) kI apekSA jaimini ke uddharaNa bahuta bAra diye haiN| aisA mAna lenA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki jaimini nAma ke do lekhaka the, jinameM eka ne pUrvamImAMsA evaM vedAnta jaise viSayoM para likhA thA aura dUsare ne prastuta (vidyamAna) pU0 mI0 sU0 kA praNayana kiyA thaa| vaha jaimini vidyamAna pU0 mI0 sU0 ke lekhaka jaimini se bhinna thaa| (4) yaha bAta ki pU0 mI0 sU0 ne bAdarAyaNa ko pA~ca bAra ullikhita kiyA hai, jinameM cAra bAra ke ullekha kevala yajJiya mAmaloM ke viSaya meM hI haiM, tathA yaha bAta ki ve0 sU0 ne vedAnta ke mAmaloM meM bAdarAyaNa kA ullekha nau vAra kiyA hai, yaha anumAna nikAlane ke lie hameM prerita karatI hai ki bAdarAyaNa ne koI aisA grantha avazya likhA thA jisameM pUrvamImAMsA evaM vedAnta ke viSaya the| vaha grantha upalabdha nahIM hai| yaha bAdarAyaNa usa bAdarAyaNa se bhinna hai jise zaMkarAcArya Adi ne prastuta ve0 sU0 kA lekhaka mAnA hai| ata: bAdarAyaNa nAma ke do lekhaka the| (5) zaMkarAcArya, bhAskara evaM anya Arambhika bhASyakAroM ke mata se prastuta ve0 sa0 ke praNetA bAdarAyaNa hI the| kintu 6 vIM zatI ke uparAnta bAdarAyaNa tathA vedavyAsa ke nAmoM meM bhrAnti utpanna ho gyii| . (6) jahA~ taka pUrvamImAMsAsUtra evaM vedAntasUtra kA sambandha hai, jaimini kevala do hI haiM (tIna nahIM, jaisA ki pro0 zAstrI kA kathana hai (iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilda 50, pR0 172) aura bAdarAyaNa bhI do haiN| yahA~ para hamArA pramukha sambandha kevala una pUrvamImAMsA-siddhAntoM evaM praNAlI se hai jinakA dharmazAstra ke granthoM para prabhAva par3A hai / yahA~ itanA kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki jaimini ke pazcAt sabhI pUrvamImAMsAgrantha smRtiyoM evaM dharmazAstra para nirbhara rahe haiN| do-eka udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN| pU0 mI0 sU0 (113) ne smRtiyoM kI prAmANikatA kI sImAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 7 / 6) ne 'dharmazAstra' zabda kA ullekha kiyA hai / pU0 mI0 sU0 spaSTa rUpa se apane prameyoM (siddhAntoM) ke samarthana meM smRti kA sahArA letA hai, ythaa--12|4|43 meM / pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 1 / 12) para zabara ne eka smRti-zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, jo sarvathA manu (81416) evaM Adiparva (82 / 23) kA zloka hai / zabara ne apane tarkoM kI vyAkhyA evaM samarthana meM bahudhA dharmasUtroM evaM smRtiyoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai, yathA-pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 1 / 10) para Apa?

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104 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dharmasUtra ( 26 / 13 / 11), pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 1 / 15 ) para vyAkhyA karate hue zabara ne likhA hai ki smRtiyoM meM varNita kanyA - vikraya ziSToM dvArA amAnya ThaharAyA gayA hai / 17 uparyukta prameya ke samarthana meM anya udAharaNa denA Avazyaka nahIM hai / aura dekhie je0 bI0 bI0 Ara0 e0 esa0 jilda 26 (olDa sIrIz2a, 1624, pR0 83 - 68 ) evaM vahI nyU sIrIja, jilda 1 evaM 2 (1625, pR0 65-102 ) / aba hama pUrva mImAMsAsUtra para hI carcA kareMge / pratyeka zAstra ke viSaya meM cAra anubandha ( anivArya tattva ) ThaharAye gaye haiM / yathA -- viSaya (jisakA vivecana kiyA jAtA hai), prayojana, sambandha ( prayojana se zAstra kA sambandha ) evaM adhikArI ( vaha vyakti jo zAstrAdhyayana ke lie yogya yA samartha ho ) / 18 zlokavArtika meM AyA hai -- ' jaba taka kisI zAstra yA karma kA prayojana ghoSita nahIM hotA taba taka use koI grahaNa nahIM karatA' ( na to par3hatA yA karatA hai ) / 19 ataH pU0 mI0 sU0 kA prathama sUtra viSaya ko upasthita karatA hai aura zAstra kA prayojana vyakta karatA hai / 20 usa sUtra kA kathana hai--'aba yahA~ se dharma ko jijJAsA evaM vicAra karanA cAhie / isa zAstra kA prayojana se sambandha sAdhya tathA sAdhana kA hai, arthAt yaha zAstra dharmajJAna kI prApti kA sAdhana hai / ata: jaisA ki zAstradIpikA (pU0 mI0 sU0 para) kA kathana hai, isa zAstra kA uparyukta viSaya hai dharma, vedArtha nahIM ( tasmAd dharma ityeva zAstraviSayo na vedArtha iti ) / adhikArI vahI hai jisane veda kA yA isake eka aMza kA adhyayana zurU se kiyA ho; pU0 mI0 sU0 ke chaThe adhyAya meM isakA vizada varNana hai / ( 17. vikrayo hi zrUyate zatamatirathaM duhitRmate dadyAt, 'smataM ca zrutiviruddhaM vikrayaM nAnumanyante' (pU0 mI0 sU0 (26 / 13 / 11) jahA~ prathama vAkya AyA hai aura dekhie manu pU0 mI0 sU0 (6818 ) para zabara ne 'yathaiva smRtiH dharme kurvIteti ca / evamidamapi smaryaMta eva, anyatarApAye'nyAM kurvIteti' uddhRta kiyA hai| Apa0 dha0 (2|5|11| 12-13 ) meM do sUtra Aye haiM, yathA- 'dharmaprajA kurvIta' evaM 'anyata... kurvIta' ( thor3A sA antara hai ) / 18. pUrvamImAMsA ke viSaya meM cAra anubandha saMkSipta rUpa meM yoM haiM - 'zAstre dharmAdiviSayaH, tadavabodhaH prayojanaM trairvANako'dhikArI, viSayaviSayibhAvAdayaH sambandhAH / ' 16. sarvasyaiva hi zAstrasya karmaNo vApi kasyacit / yAvatprayojanaM noktaM tAvattatkena gRhyate // zlokavA0 ( pratijJAsUtra ) 12, bAlakrIDA (yAjJa0 111, pR0 - 2) dvArA uddhRta / 20. athAto dharmajijJAsA sUtramAdyamidaM kRtam / dharmAkhyaM viSayaM vaktuM mImAMsAyAH prayojanam // zlokavArtika ( pratijJAsUtra ) 11 / atha kA artha hai Anantarya arthAt guru se vedAdhyayana ke uparAnta, jo pahale hI ho cukA hai| zAstradIpikA meM AyA hai ( pR0 12 ) - tatsiddhamadhyayanAdanantaraM dharmajijJAsA kartavyeti / sA catuvidhA dharmasvarUpa pramANa-sAdhana - phalaiH / pratijJAsUtra ke zloka 18 para nyAyaratnAkara kI TIkA yoM hai--'yoyaM pUrvoktena prayojanena saha zAstrasya sAdhyasAdhana- sambandhaH sa eva zAstrArambhahetuH / isa prasiddha kathana se milAie: 'prayojanamanuddizya na mando'pi pravartate' (zlokavA0, sambandhAkSepaparihAra, zloka 55 ) / prAbhAkara sampradAya ke lekhaka gaNa kahate haiM ki pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 1 / 2) meM 'dharma' zabda kA artha hai 'vedArtha' / dekhie bRhatI para RjuvimalApaJjikA ( pR0 20 ) - 'codanAsUtreNa codanAlakSaNaH kAryarUpa eva vedArtha:, na siddharUpa iti prtijnyaatm| tadanena bhASyeNa vyAkhyAyate / dharmazabdazca vedArthamAtraparaH / ' , ArSe gomithunam - iti' ( 6 / 1 / 10 ) para evaM 6 / 1 / 15 para) zabara / dekhie Apa0 dha0 sU0 3153) jahA~ 'ArSe gomithunaM zulkam' AyA hai / nAticaritavyeti, dharmaprajAsampanna dAre nAnyAM

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra mImAMsAsUtra yaha nahIM batAtA ki artha jAnane ke pUrva kitanA vedAdhyayana kiyA jAnA caahie| isa viSaya meM smatiyAM prakAza DAlatI haiN| gautama (2151-52) ne kaI vikalpa diye haiM yathA-eka veda ke lie 12 varSa yA dAra vedoM meM pratyeka ke lie 12 varSa athavA jaba taka eka veda kaNThastha na ho jAya / manu0 (3 / 1-2) meM aisI hI bAteM haiM, yathA--guru ke caraNoM meM 36 varSoM taka vedAdhyayana karanA cAhie yA 18 varSoM taka yA 6 varSoM taka athavA jaba taka veda smRtipaTala para aMkita na ho jAya / isa prakAra tIna vedoM yA eka veda par3hane kA vikalpa diyA huA hai, yAjJa0 (1 / 36) meM AyA hai ki vedAdhyayanakAla pratyeka veda ke lie 12 varSoM kA hotA hai , yA 5 varSoM kA yA kucha RSiyoM ke mata se utane kAla taka jaba taka ki chAtra eka veda yA usase adhika smaraNa na kara le| kintu ye nirdeza bahuta-se brAhmaNoM, kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke lie kevala dhvaniyA~ yA zabda mAtra rahe hoNge| itanA hI nahIM, mImAMsA kA kathana hai ki tInoM vargoM ke vyakti ko na kevala vedAdhyayana karanA cAhie, pratyuta use usakA artha bhI samajhanA caahie| pU0 mI0 sU0 (11111) para zabara kA kathana hai ki zraddhAspada yAjJika loga aisA ghoSita nahIM karate ki kevala vedAdhyayana mAtra se arthAt kevala veda ko smaraNa kara lene se phala kI prApti hotI hai, jahA~ aisA vacana AyA hai ki veda smaraNa kara lene se jo phala milatA hai vahA~ aisA kathana arthavAda (arthAta kevala vedAdhyayana kI prazaMsA) mAtra hai| dekhie taittirIyAraNyaka (2 / 15) 21, jahA~ aisA AyA hai-'jo jo yajJa ke viSaya meM vaidika vacana kA smaraNa karatA hai, usakA phala yaha hai ki mAno vaha yajJa hI kara rahA ho, aura vaha agni, vAyu, sUrya se sAyujya prApta kara letA hai|' taM0 upa0 (116) ne svAdhyAya (veda ko dhAraNa karanA) evaM pravacana (veda ko par3hAnA yA usakI vyAkhyA karanA) ko sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa kahA hai aura do RSiyoM ke matoM kA udghATana karane ke uparAnta nAka maudgalya kA mata diyA hai ki svAdhyAya evaM pravacana ati mahattvapUrNa haiM aura unako apanAnA cAhie tathA unake lie prayatna karanA cAhie; yadyapi Rta, satya, dama, zama, agnihotra, Atithya Adi unake sAtha jor3e jA sakate haiM, kyoMki ye donoM tapa kahe jAte haiN| pU0 mI0 sU0 (3 / 8 / 18) meM AyA hai (jJAte ca vAcanaM na hyavidAna vihito'sti) ki kevala vahI vyakti jo veda jAnatA hai yajJoM ke sampAdana kA adhikArI hai| zabara ne eka prazna uThAyA hai ki vaidika yajJa karane ke yogya hone ke lie kisI vyakti ko kitanA veda jAnanA cAhie aura svayaM uttara diyA hai ki use utanA veda smaraNa honA cAhie jisase vaha apane saMkalpita yajJa ko pUrNa kara sake / isI sUtra para tantravArtika ne itanA jor3A hai ki brahmacarya kAla meM sampUrNa veda kA adhyayana karanA cAhie, kintu yadi koI sampUrNa veda ko smaraNa karane meM asamartha ho, kintu kisI prakAra agnihotra evaM darzapUrNamAsa ke aMza ko smaraNa kara letA hai to aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki use ina donoM ke sampAdana kA adhikAra nahIM hai / veda ko smRti meM dhAraNa karanA aura usake artha ko jAnanA bahuta bar3A kArya thaa| bahuta-se vaidika maMtra tIna prakAra ke prayoga vAle hote the, yathA--yajJoM ke lie (adhiyajJa), devoM ke lie (adhidaivata yA adhidaiva) evaM adhyAtma ke lie arthAt AdhyAtmika yA tAttvika artha ke lie| dekhie nirNayasAgara presa saMskaraNa kA 3 / 12 (jahA~ R0 11164 / 21 adhidaivata evaM adhyAtma DhaMga se vyAkhyAyita 21. tasmAtsvAdhAyodhyetavyo yaM yaM RtumadhIte tema tenAsyeSTaM bhavatyagnervAyorAdityasya sAyujyaM gacchati / te0 A0 (2 / 15); RtaM ca svAdhyAyapravacane ca . . .satyamiti satyavacA raathiitrH| tapa iti taponityaH pauruziSTiH svAdhyAyapravacane eveti nAko maudgalyaH / taddhi tapaH taddhi tapaH / te0 upa0 (16) /

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166 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai), 10 / 26 (jahA~ R0 1018212 adhidaivata evaM adhyAtma DhaMga se nirUpita hai), 1114 (jahA~ R0 10 / 8 / 3 adhiyajJa evaM adhidaivata DhaMga se vyAkhyAyita haiM), 12 / 37 (jahA~ vAjasaMhitA 34 / 55 adhidaivata evaM adhyAtma DhaMga se nirUpita haiM); 12 / 38 (jahA~ atharva0 10816 adhidaivata evaM adhyAtma DhaMga se vyAkhyAyita haiN| manu (1 / 23) evaM vedAMgajyotiSa kA kathana hai ki tIna vedoM ke mantra agni, vAyu evaM sUrya se yajJoM ke sampAdana ke lie liye gaye the / vizvarUpa (yAjJa. 1151) ne 'vedaM vratAni vA pAraM nItvA' kI vyAkhyA veda ko smRtipaTala meM dhArita karane evaM usake artha ko pUrNarUpeNa samajhane ke artha meM kI hai na ki kevala smRtipaTala meM dhArita karane ke artha meM / dakSa kA kathana hai ki vedAbhyAsa (vedAdhyayana) meM pA~ca bAteM hotI haiM, yathA-- vevasvIkaraNa (pahale smRtipaTala para dhAraNa karanA arthAt yAda kara lenA), vicAra (usa para vicAra karanA); abhyasana (bAra-bAra duharAnA), japa evaM dAna (ziSya ko usakA jJAna denA) / 22 ina AdarzoM kA pAlana thor3e-se loga hI kara pAte haiM, adhika brAhmaNa loga sAmAnyata: eka veda yA usake kisI eka aMza ko hI smaraNa kara pAte the / sabhI darzanoM meM pUrvamImAMsAzAstra atyanta vizada hai / 23 zAstra vahI hai jo nitya zabdoM (veda) dvArA yA manuSyoM dvArA praNIta granthoM ke rUpa meM (mAnavIya) karmoM (pravRttiyoM) evaM saMyamanoM (nivRttiyoM) kA niyamana karatA hai aura unheM ghoSita karatA hai / 24 pU0 mI0 meM 2700 sUtra tathA 600 se adhika adhikaraNa (jo vicAraNIya viSayoM ke niSkarSa yA nyAya kahalAte haiM) pAye jAte haiM / kucha sUtra bAra-bAra Aye haiM, yathA--'liMgadarzanAcca' (yaha 30 bAra AyA hai) evaM 'tathA cAnyArthadarzanam' (jo 24 bAra AyA hai / adhikaraNa meM pA~ca viSaya hote haiM viSaya, vizaya (sandeha), saMgIta, pUrvapakSa evaM siddhAnta (antima nirnny)|25 sUtra ko alpAkSara (kama akSaroM vAlA arthAta saMkSipta), asaMdigdha (artha meM spaSTa), sAra vAlA (jisakA kucha sAra ho); vizvatomukha (arthAt sabhI dizAoM vAlA, jisakA prayoga vizada ho) astobhavAlA (arthAt binA vyavadhAna 22. vedasya pAranayanamarthato granthatazca svIkaraNa na granthata eva / vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 1151) / vedasvIkaraNaM pUrva vicAro'bhyasanaM japaH / taddAnaM caiva ziSyebhyo vedAbhyAso hi paJcadhA // dakSasmati (2 / 34) mitAkSarA dvArA binA nAma liye yAjJa0 (3 / 310) ko vyAkhyA meM uddhRta, aparArka (pR0 126, yAjJa0 16) / 23. darzana bahuta se haiM, jaisA ki mAdhavAcArya ke sarvadarzana saMgraha se prakaTa hai, kintu zAstrasammata evaM prasiddha darzana 6 haiM aura ve jor3e meM vikhyAta haiM, yathA-nyAya evaM vaizeSika, sAMkhya evaM yoga, pUrva mImAMsA evaM uttrmiimaaNsaa| iNDiyana eNTIkverI (jilda 45, pR0, 1-6 evaM 17-26) meM aisA kathita hai ki sarvadarzanasaMgraha mAdhavAcArya dvArA, jo Age calakara vidyAraNya ho gaye, nahIM likhA gayA hai| pratyuta vaha sAyaNa ke putra tathA mAdhavAcArya ke bhatIje dvArA likhA gayA thaa| 24. pravRttirvA nivRttirvA nityena kRtakena vA / zAsanAcddhaMsanAccaiva zAstramityabhidhIyate // bhAmatI (ve0 sU0 11113 para) jo parA0 mA0 (2 / 2, pR0 288) dvArA purANa se uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| prathama arthAlI zlokavAtika (zabda pariccheda, zloka 4) hai|| 25. viSayo vizayazcaivapUrvapakSastathottaram / nirNayazceti paJcAMga zAstradhikaraNaM smRtama // tithitattva (pa062) rAmakRSNa kI adhikaraNakaumudI evaM sarvadarzanakaumadI (pR0 86) dvArA uddhata / kucha logoM ne 'nirNazceti siddhAnta' aisA par3hA hai / mAdhavAcArya aise logoM ne pAMcoM ko yoM kahA hai:-viSaya, vizaya (yA sandeha), saGagati, pUrvapakSa evaM siddhAnta /

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra yA rukAvaTa vAlA) tathA anavadya (doSarahita) honA caahie| 26 bhASya vaha hai jo sUtra ke artha ko vaise vAkyoM meM rakhatA hai jo sUtra ke zabdoM ke anugAmI hote haiM aura jo (bhASya) svayaM apane se kucha jor3atA hai (sUtra ke viSaya kI vyAkhyA yA nirUpaNa ke lie) / vArtika vaha hai jo yaha batAtA hai ki sUtra meM kyA ullikhita hai yA kyA chUTa gayA hai yA kyA ThIka se nahIM kahA gayA hai| rAjazekhara kI kAvyamImAMsA (adhyAya 2) meM sUtra, bhASya, vRtti, TIkA, kArikA Adi kI paribhASAe~ dI gayI haiM / pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ne prathama sUtra meM ghoSita kiyA hai ki vyakti ko vedAdhyayana karanA caahie| isake uparAnta usameM AyA hai ki jaba vyakti aisA kara le to use dharma ke prati jijJAsA karanI cAhie / isalie dUsare sUtra meM dharma kI paribhASA hI dI gayI hai ki vaha eka aisA kArya hai jo manuSya kA sabase adhika hita karanevAlA hai, vaha eka prabodhakArI (vaidika) vacana se vizeSatA ko prApta hai' / zabara ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki 'codanA' zabda kA artha hai vaha vAkya jo vyakti ko koI kArya karane ke lie prerita karatA hai yA prabodhita karatA hai| ata: isase prakaTa hotA hai ki dharma ke viSaya meM jJAna (pramANa) ke sAdhana vaidika vAkya haiM aura usakA yaha tAtparya bhI hai ki codanA dvArA jo kucha viziSTatA ko prApta hotA hai yA prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai vaha dharma hai arthAt usase dharma kA svarUpa prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai / 'artha' zabda dvArA ve karma pRthaka kiye jAte haiM (dharma se unakA pRthakatva) prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai jo veda meM ullakhita to hote haiM, kintu usake karane se burA phala prApta hotA hai, yathA--aisA vAkya 'jo vyakti (kisI ko hAni pahu~cAne ke lie) abhicAra karatA hai vaha zyenayAga kara sakatA hai| yaha dharma nahIM hai, adharma hai, kyoMki jAdU ko pApamaya kaha kara ghRNita mAnA gayA hai| yaha vaidika vAkya yaha nahIM kahatA ki hiMsA karanI cAhie, yaha kevala itanA hI kahatA hai ki zyanayAga se pIr3A hotI hai, ata: yadi koI pIr3A denA cAhe yA hiMsA karanA cAhe to zyena usakA sAdhana hai|27 dalokavArtika meM AyA hai ki 'codanA' 'upadeza' evaM 'vidhi' zabda bhASyakAra zabara ke anusAra paryAya haiN| 'vidhi' zabda kA artha bahudhA zAstracodanA yA zAstrAjJA ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai, kintu sAmAnya sammASaNa 26. alpAkSarama sandigdhaM sAkhadvizvatomukham / astatobhamanavadya ca sUtraM sUtravido viduH (padmapAda ko paJcapAdikA, pR0 82, brahmANDa 2 // 33 // 58, vAyu0 56 // 142, yuktidIpikA, pR0 3 jahA~ 'aratobhaM' ko 'apunaruktaM' kahA gayA hai)| paJcapAdikA ne ise paurANika zloka ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai aura vaktavya diyA hai-'sarvatomukhamiti nAnArthatAmoha' aura TIkA meM AyA hai : 'artha katvAdeka' vAkyamiti nyAyasya sUtrAnyaviSayatvAt na vAkya bhedH'| 27. tasmAccodanAlakSaNo'rthaH zreyaskaraH: ...ya eva zreyaskaraH sa dharma shbdenocyte'| ubhayamiha codanayA lakSyate artho'narthazceti / ko'rthaH, yo niHzreyasAya jyotissttomaadiH| ko'narthaH, yaH pratyavAyAya zyeno vajA iSurityevamAdiH / tatra anartho dharma ukto mA bhUditi arthagrahaNam / kathaM punarasAvanarthaH / hiMsA hi sA hiMsA ca pratiSiddheti / ... naiva zyenAdayaH kartavyA vijJAyante / yo hisitumicchet tasyAyamabhyupAya iti teSAmupadezaH / hi zyenenAbhicaran yajeta iti hi samAmananti, na 'abhicaritavyam' iti / zabara (zaza2, anta meM) / dekhie pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 4 / 5 evaM 3 / 8 / 36-38) jahA~ zyenayAga kA ullekha hai jo jyotiSToma kA pariSkRta rUpa hai aura dekhie iSuyAga ke lie pU0. mI0 sU0 (7 / 1 / 13-16, jahA~ 7 / 1 / 13 para zabara ne Apa0 zrau0 (227-18, samAnamitaracchyenena) ko uddhata kiyA hai|

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105 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM zAstrAjJA yA zAsana kI AjJA kA artha hotA hai kisI vyakti ko kucha karane se roknaa|' ata: 'codanA' yA 'vidhi' zabda kA prayoga yahA~ para 'anazAsana' yA upadeza ke artha meM haA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa dharma kA tAtparya hai aisA dhArmika karma (yAga) jo sarvocca hita sAdhane vAlA ho| R0 (10-60-16) meM yajJa ko prathama (yA prAcIna) dharma (yajJena yajJamayajanta devAstAni dharmANi prathamAnyAsan) kahA gayA hai aura zabara ne pU0 mI0 sa0 (12) ke bhASya meM isa siddhAnta ke pratipAdana meM isako uddhata kiyA hai ki dharma kA artha hai 'yAga' / vedAMgajyotiSa (zloka 3, vedA hi yajJArthamabhipravRttAH) meM AyA hai ki vedoM kA pravartana yajJa ke lie huA kSarA (yAjJa. 21135) evaM dAyatattva (40172) vyavahAramayakha (10 157) aise madhyakAlIna granthoM ne eka aisA zloka uddhata kiyA hai jo devala yA kAtyAyana kA kahA jAtA hai, jisameM AyA hai ki sArI sampatti yajJoM ke lie utpanna kI gayI hai. ata: usakA vyaya dharma ke upayogoM meM honA cAhie na ki nAriyoM, mUoM evaM adhArmikoM ke lie / 28 zabara ne dUsare sUtra kA paricaya yaha kahakara diyA hai ki dharma kyA hai (arthAt dharma kA svarUpa kyA hai), isake lakSaNa kyA haiM / isakI prApti ke sAdhana kyA haiM, isakI prApti ke truTipUrNa sAdhana kyA haiM aura isase kyA prApta hotA hai (arthAt isake jJAna se kyA lAbha yA phala milatA hai) aura puna: uttara diyA hai ki dUsare sUtra ne prathama do kI (arthAt dharma ke svarUpa evaM lakSaNoM kI) vyAkhyA kI hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki 'codanAe~' (vaidika prabodhaka vacana) dharma ke viSaya meM pramANa (jJAna ke sAdhana) haiM aura vaidika vacanoM dvArA jo vyavasthita hotA hai vaha dharma (dharmasvarUpa) hai| veda evaM pUrvamImAMsA zAstra ke sAtha dharma kA sambandha spaSTa evaM saMkSipta DhaMga se kumArila ke eka zloka se prakaTa ho jAtA hai2 / 'jaba dharma ke samyak jJAna ke lie vivecana calatA rahatA hai to isa prakAra ke jJAna ke lie veda eka sAdhana hotA hai, vidhi ke viSaya meM mImAMsA pUrNa sUcanA pradAna kregii| jisa prakAra acchI dRSTi rahane para bhI binA prakAza ke kucha nahIM jAnA jA sakatA. usI prakAra binA pu0 mI0 sa0 kI vidhiyoM ko jAne vyakti dharma kA samyaka jJAna nahIM prApta kara sakatA / isake uparAnta jaimini jJAna (pramANa) ke sAdhanoM kI jA~ca karate haiM aura dhoSita karate haiM ki 'zabda' (arthAt veda) ke atirikta dharma ke viSaya meM jJAna kA koI anya sAdhana nahIM hai ; dharma kA pratyakSIkaraNa nahIM ho sakatA / vaha pratyakSa nahIM hai / anya sabhI pramANa pratyakSa para AdhArita haiM ata: unase dharma kI paribhASA khyA nahIM kI jA sktii| kumArila ke anusAra pramANa 6 hai-pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna, zabda, arthApatti evaM abhAva / prabhAkara ne antima (arthAt abhAva) ko pramANa nahIM mAnA hai| pa0 mI0 sa0 ke bAraha adhyAyoM ke viSaya yoM haiM--(1) pramANa (jJAna ke sAdhana); (2) bheda (6 kAraNa jinake AdhAra para dhArmika kRtya eka-dUsare se pRthak mAne jAte haiM aura kucha pramukha tathA kucha sahAyaka 28. yajJArtha vihitaM vRttaM tasmAttad viniyojayet / sthAneSu dharmajuSTeSu na strImUrkha vimiSu // mitApArA (yAjJa0 21135) ne isa siddhAnta kA ghora virodha kiyA hai| 26. dharme pramIyamANe hi vedena krnnaatmnaa| itikartavyatAbhAgaM mImAMsA pUrayiSyati / / kumArila ko bRhaTTIkA, tantrarahasya (gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIja, 1656, 50 36) dvArA uddht| isa zloka kA paricaya adholikhita zabdoM dvArA diyA gayA hai : 'vedakyArthasaMzaye sati tannirNayaupayikanyAyanibandhanaM hi zAstraM miimaaNsaa|... sA ca karaNIbhUtasya bedasyetikartavyatA / yathA cakSuSa AlokaH / yathA vAnumAnasya vyAptismANam / yathA vopamAnasya sAdRzyam / yanA vA arthApattaH sndehaapttiH|'

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra 106 mAne jAte haiM) ; (3) zeSa (zeSa kA artha hai adhIna yA jo dUsare ke adhIna hotA hai vaha zeSI kahalAtA hai yA jo dUsare kA sahAyaka hotA hai), isakA prayoga kaise hotA hai, tathA zruti , liMga, vAkya, prakaraNa , sthAna evaM samAkhyA kI pArasparika zakti; (4) prayukti (jo aparihArya ho aura jo kartA ke anta:karaNa para nirbhara ho, arthAt jo kratvartha ho aura puruSArtha ho); (5) krama (zruti Adi para krama ke nizcaya ke siddhAnta); (6) adhikAra (yAga karane ke adhikArI vyakti); (7) sAmAnyAtideza (Adarza yAga ke viSayoM kA usake pariSkAroM yA parimArjanoM taka phailAva); (8) vizeSAti deza (pRthak-pRthak kRtyoM ke bhinna bhAgoM yA viSayoM kA vistAra); (6) Uha (mantroM tathA saMskAroM kA abhiyojana); (10) bAdha (Adarza yAgoM ke parimArjanoM meM kucha viSayoM ko chor3a denA); (11) tantra bahuta-se karmoM yA vyaktiyoM ke lie eka viSaya kI upayogitA evaM paryAptatA); (12) prasaMga (prayoga kA vistAra) / prathama adhyAya ke cAra padoM meM cAra viSaya kramaza: vivecita haiM, yathAvidhi (prabodhaka vAkya yA vacana), arthavAda (prazasAtmaka vyAkhyAtmaka vacana jinameM maMtra bhI haiM), smRtiyA~ (jinameM lokAcAra evaM prayoga bhI sammilita haiM) evaM nAma (kRtyoM ke nAma yathA-udbhid, citraa)| yahA~ para adhyAyoM kA vivecana vizeSa Avazyaka nahIM hai| zabara ne sabhI adhyAyoM ke niSkarSa upasthita kiye haiN|30 svayaM pU0 mI0 sU0 eka ati vistRta grantha hai, Upara se isakA AkAra TIkAoM se tathA TIkAoM kI TIkAoM se bahuta bar3ha gayA hai| zabara ke pUrva eka TIkAkAra the, jinheM zavara ne vRttikAra kI saMjJA dI hai' 30. prathame'dhyAya pramANalakSaNaM vRttam / tatra vidhyarthavAdamantrasmatayasttattvato nirNItAH / guNavidhinAmadheyaM priikssitm| sandigbhAnAmarthAnAM vAkyazeSAdarthAccAdhyavasAnamuktam / zabara (2 / 11 ke Arambha meM) / tantravAtika ne Upara ke 'tattvata' ko isa prakAra vyAkhyAyita kiyA hai : 'vidhyAditattva nirNotiH pramANenaiva sthitaa| samasto hi prathamaH pAdaracodanAsUtraparikaraH / ... zrutimUlatvaM vijJAnasya smRtiprAmANya tattvam / nAmadheyasya codmaantrgttvaatprmaagtvm| sandigbhanirNaya vAkyazeSasAmarthyayoH prAmANyamityevaM samastamadhyAyaM prmaannlkssnnmaacksste|' pU0 mI0 sU0 bAraha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / ataH ise dvAdazalakSaNI bhI kahA gayA hai| 31 'zabda kyA hai, ke viSaya meM zabara ne spaSTa rUpa se (bhagavAn) upavarSa (2115 kI vyAkhyA meM) kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu rAmAnuja kA kathana hai ki bodhAyana ne pU0 mI0 sU0 evaM ve0 sU0 para eka bhASya likhA thaa| vRttikAra, upavarSa evaM bodhAyana ke viSaya meM matamatAntara haiN| dekhie ma0 ma0 pro0 kuppusvAmI (tRtIya akhila bhAratIya orieNTala kAMphresa, pR0 465-468) evaM paM0 vI0 e0 ramAsvAmI (iNDi0 hi0 kvA0, jilda 10, pR0 431-433), jinhoMne vRttikAra evaM upavarSa ke paricaya para vicAra kiyA hai / DA0 esa0 ke0 AyaMgara (maNimekalAI ina iTsa hisTaoNrika seTiMga, pR0 186) evaM prastuta lekhaka (je0 bI0 bI0 Ara0 e0 esa0, 1621, pR0 83-68) kA mata hai ki vRttikAra evaM upavarSa pRthak-pRthak vyakti haiN| ma0 ma0 kuppusvAmI kA mata hai ki bodhAyana evaM upavarSa eka hI haiN| zaMkarAcArya ne sammAna ke sAtha upavarSa kA nAma do bAra liyA hai (bhagavAn kahA hai, ve0 sU0 113 / 28 evaM 3 / 3 / 53 para) kintu kahIM bhI bodhAyana kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| jisako vizada TIkA ke viSaya meM rAmAnuja ne ve0 sU0 ke bhASya meM ullekha kiyA hai| dekhie bodhAyana evaM upavarSa para jarnala Ava iNDiyana hisTrI, madrAsa, jilda 7, pR0 7, pR0 107-115 evaM bI0 e0 ramAsvAmI zAstrI (bhUmikA tattvabindu,pa.0 14-18, 1636) / aura dekhie iNDi0 hi0 kvA0 (jilda 10, pR0 431-452) jahA~ pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke vRttikAroM para eka lekha hai|

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110 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa aura katipaya sthaloM para unheM sammAnapUrvaka uddhRta kiyA hai ( yathA -- 2 / 1 / 32 evaM 32, 2/2/26, 2 / 3 / 16, 3 / 1 / 6 para 'atra bhagavAn vRttikAraH kahA hai; kahIM-kahIM yathA 8|1|1 para 'vRttikAraiH bahuvacana meM AyA hai ) / pU0 mI0 sU0 1 1 3 - 5, 20133 / evaM 7 226 kI TIkA meM zabara ne vRttikAra se asahamati prakaTa kI hai / pU0 mI0 sU0 kI sabase prAcIna vidyamAna TIkA zabara kA bhASya hai / zabara ne pU0 mI0 sU0 ke viSayoM se tathA kucha anya viSayoM se sambandhita bahuta se zloka uddhRta kiye haiM / pU0 mI0 sU0 para uddhRta zloka 2 / 1 / 32, 2 / 1 / 33, 2 / 2 / 1, 4 / 3 / 3, 4 / 4 / 21, 4 / 4 / 24 Adi para pAye jAte haiM / ye sabhI zloka zabara dvArA pU0 mI0 sU0 kI kisI TIkA yA usa para likhe gaye kisI grantha se uddhRta hue haiM, jinameM do-eka sambhavataH kisI zrautasUtra se liye gaye haiM aura do-eka svayaM unake dvArA praNIta haiM / pU0 mI0 sU0 para bahuta-sI TIkAe~ 10vIM tathA usake pazcAt kI zatiyoM ke lekhakoM kI haiM aura ve Aja bhI vidyamAna haiM, jinameM 22 kA ullekha ma0 ma0 gopInAtha kavirAja ne kiyA hai ( sarasvatIbhavana sTaDIja, jilda 6, pR0 166) / zabara ke bhASya para katipaya TIkAe~ haiM, jaisA ki zlokavArtika se prakaTa hai / kumArila ke pUrva kI praNIta TIkAe~ Aja upalabdha nahIM haiM / kumArila ne zabara ke bhASya ( pU0 mI0 sU0 111 / ) para zlokavArtika likhA jisameM 4000 zloka haiM tathA 1 / 2 para pU0 mI0 sU0 ke tIsare adhyAya ke anta taka eka vizada tantravArtika likhA hai aura pU0 mI0 sU0 (adhyAya 4 - 12) para Tup-TIkA likhI hai (jo chiTa-puTa TippaNI ke rUpa meM hai na ki lagAtAra calane vAlI TIkA ) / aisA kahA jAtA hai ki kumArila ne pU0 mI0 sU0 para do anya TIkAe~ bhI likhI haiM ; yathA--' madhyamaTIkA' evaM bRhaTTIkA / nyAyaratnAkara ne bRhaTTIkA kA ullekha kiyA hai, tantravArtika para nyAyasudhA ne isase kaI zloka uddhRta kiye haiM tathA RSiputra paramezvara ke jaiminIya sUtrArthaM saMgraha ne bRhaTTIkA ko kaI bAra uddhRta kiyA hai / zlokavArtika para do TIkAe~ aba taka prakAzita huI haiM, yathA-- pArthasArathi kA nyAyaratnAkara evaM sucArita mizra kI kAzikA / tantravArtika ke aMgrejI anuvAda meM ma0 ma0 DA0 gaMgAnAtha jhA ne usa kI ATha TIkAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM nyAyasudhA yA somezvara kA rANaka bar3I vizada hai, anya TIkAe~ abhI pANDulipiyoM ke rUpa meM hI haiM / TupTIkA kI kaI TIkAe~ haiM jo abhI aprakAzita haiM / pArthasArathi mizra ke tantraratna meM pU0 mI0 sU0 ke kucha adhyAyoM ke viSayoM para carcA hai / zabara ke bhASya para prabhAkara no 'bRhatI' nAmaka eka TIkA likhI hai, tarkapAda ( pU0 mI0 sU 111 ) para usakA kucha aMza zAlikanAtha mizra kI RjuvimalApaJcikA kI TIkA ke sAtha paM0 esa0 ke0 ramAnAtha zAstrI dvArA sampAdita tathA madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya dvArA prakAzita huA hai ( 1634) / pArthasArathi kI zAstradIpikA pU0 mI0 sU0 para koI niyamita TIkA nahIM hai, kintu yaha usa para eka ati mahattvapUrNa grantha hai aura kumArila ke matoM ko svIkAra karatA hai / eka anya ati upayogI grantha hai mAdhavAcAryakRta jaiminIya nyAya mAlA-vistAra ( AnandAzrama presa, pUnA), jo pU0 mI0 sU0 ke padya meM niSkarSa upasthita karatA hai; usameM gadya meM AlocanA bhI hai aura prabhAkara (zAlikanAtha Adi dvArA 'guru' nAma se ghoSita ) kA kumArila se antara prakaTa kiyA gayA hai / zAlikanAtha ne svatantra rUpa se prakaraNapaJcikA nAmaka grantha likhA hai / prabhAkara ke sampradAya kA eka anya grantha bhI hai jo bhavanAtha yA bhavadeva likhita hai aura navaviveka nAma se prasiddha hai ( paM0 esa0 ke0 ramAnAtha zAstrI dvArA sampAdita tathA madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya dvArA prakAzita, 1637 ) / vyavahAra para likhita madanaratnapradIpa dvArA bhavanAtha prazaMsita haiM aura prabhAkara ke siddhAnta rUpI kamala ke sUrya kahe gaye haiM / rAmAnujAcArya kA tantra rahasya, jo lagabhaga 1750 I0 meM praNIta huA hai, prabhAkara sampradAya kA antima mahatvapUrNa

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra 116 grantha hai aura yaha prabhAkara ke granthoM evaM una para zAlikanAtha kI TIkAoM ke viSaya meM upayogI bAteM batAtA hai| prabodha candrodaya (aMka 2) ne guru, kumArila (yA tautAtita), zAlikanAtha evaM vAcaspati kA ullekha karane ke uparAnta mahodadhi evaM mahAvratI ( mahAvratA kI kRti) kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo nayaviveka dvArA varNita haiM (pR0 271 evaM 273) / prabhAkara evaM kumArila meM bahuta sI bAtoM ko lekara vaibhinnya hai32 pU0 mI0 sU0 ke prathama sUtra se hI donoM ke vivAda kA Arambha ho jAtA hai33 / zAlikanAtha ne prakaraNapaJcikA meM kaI sthAnoM para prabhAkara ko garu kahA hai| kamArila bhaTaTa evaM prabhAkara ke pArasparika kAla kI sthiti ke viSaya meM kaI mata pAye jAte haiM / dekhie ma0 ma0 gaMgAnAtha jhA kRta 'prabhAkara sampradAya' (1611), e0 bI0 kItha kI 'karmamImAMsA' (1621) dvitIya akhila bhAratIya oriyaNTala kAnphreMsa (pR0 408-412) evaM tRtIya akhila bhAratIya orieNTala kAnphreMsa (pR0 474-481) tathA je0 o0 Ara0 (madrAsa, jilda 1, pR0 131-144 evaM 203-210) / pro0 kuppusvAmI ne hI donoM kAnphreMsoM kA vivaraNa prakAzita kiyA hai| prazna yaha upasthita hai ki zAlikanAtha prabhAkara ke eka sAkSAta ziSya the yA unake pazcAtkAlIna anayAyI mAtra the / kaI bAtoM ke AdhAra para prastuta lekhaka ke mata se zAlikanAtha prabhAkara ke sIdhe ziSya se lagate haiM / zAlikanAtha ne na kevala 'prabhAkara guru' kahA hai, pratyuta eka 32. dekhie banArasa hindU yUnivasiTI kA jarnala (jilda 2, pR0 306--325), jahA~ prabhAkara evaM kumArila bhaTTa ke antaroM ko saMskRta meM ekatra kiyA gayA hai, vizeSataH pR0 331-335 jahA~ antaroM kI tAlikA upasthita kI gayI hai| aura dekhie paM0 vI0 e0 ramAsvAmI zAstrI dvArA tattvabindu para upasthita bhUmikA (1636, pR0 3740), jahA~ donoM ke kucha mahattvapUrNa antara vyakta haiN| 33. bhaTTa arthAt kumArila bhaTTa sampradAya ke anusAra pU0 mI0 sU0 (11111) kA viSayavAkya' zatapaya (11 // 5 // 6) meM 'svAdhyAyo'dhyatavyaH' tathA taittirIya AraNyaka (2 // 15 // 1) meM 'etasmAtsvAdhyAyo'dhyetavyo yaM yaM RtumadhIte tena senAsyaSTaM bhavatIti' hai| prabhAkara sampradAya ke anusAra viSaya-vAkya hai-'aSTavaSaM brAhmaNamupanayIta tamadhyApayota', jisase prakaTa hotA hai ki vedAdhyayana upanayana ke uparAnta vidyArthI ko par3hAne kI vidhi kA eka aMga mAtra hai| viSayavAkya (svAdhyAyo'dhyetavyaH) ke virodha meM prabhAkara sampradAya kA virodha yaha hai ki isameM eka dekhA huA phala hai aura jaba jAnA huA (dekhA huA) phala pAyA jAtA hai to yaha kahanA ki binA dekhA huA phala hai, anucita hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha ko jilda 3, pR0 837, jahA~ zabara tathA anya logoM ke katipaya vacana isa kathana ke viSaya meM udAhRta haiN| ekAdazItattva (1.0 88-86, mantra para) ne pU0 mI0 sU0 (3 / 2 / 1) ko uddhRta karane ke uparAnta yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai-'iti dRSTArthasampattau nAdRSTamiha kalpyate iti'| prastuta lekhaka ko yaha 'nahIM jJAta ho sakA hai ki kisa vaidika grantha se 'aSTavarSa.....payota' grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha dRSTikoNa ki isa vacana meM veda ke adhyApana kI vidhi hai kevala mana (21140, 312) evaM gautama (1 / 1011) ke vacanoM se anumAna nikAlA gayA hai| prakaraNapaJcikA (pR06) ne ise mAnA haiH 'kaH punarAcAryakaraNavidhiH 'upanIya....pracakSate' (manu 2 / 140) iti smaraNAnumitaH / isa mata se upanayana kevala adhyApana vidhi kA eka aMga hai| padmapAda (gavarnameNTa orieNTala sIrIja, madrAsa, 1658, do TIkAe~ bhI sAtha prakAzita haiM) ko paJcapAvikA ke pRSTha 225 para isa viSayavAkya ('aSTavarSa.. payota') ko kaTu AlocanA dI huI hai|

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113 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sthAna para unakA kathana hai 'hamAre muru ise sahana nahIM karate' / 4 zAlikanAtha ne apanI prakaraNapaMcikA meM zlokavArtika ke kaI zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| maNDana mizra ne pUrva mImAMsA para kaI grantha likhe haiM, yathA-vidhi-viveka (vAcaspati kI nyAyakaNikA ke sAtha banArasa meM prakAzita), bhAvanAviveka (umbeka kI TIkA ke sAtha / sarasvatI bhavana sIrIz2a meM sampAdita ), vibhramaviveka evaM mImAMsAnukramaNI (caukhambhA saMskRta siiriij)| zAstradIpikA (pU0 mI0 sU0 2 / 1 / 1) ne ka mArila ke zlokoM para maNDana kI vyAkhyA uddhRta kI hai / 35 ata: maNDana yA to kumArila ke pazcAt hue yA kumArila ke samakAlIna, kintu avasthA meM choTe the aura lagabhaga 660 I0 se 710 I0 ke AsapAsa hue| isake atirikta zAntarakSita ne apane tattvasaMgraha (gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIja) meM kumArila kI kArikAoM kI AlocanA kaI bAra kI hai aura usake ziSya kamalazIla ne kumArila kA nAma kaI bAra liyA hai| zAntarakSita ne na to prabhAkara kA nAma liyA hai aura na unheM uddhRta hI kiyA hai| unakA kAla 705-762 I0 hai| ataH kumArila ko lagabhaga 650-700 I0 meM avazya rakhA jA sakatA hai| zAlikanAtha ne zlokavArtika evaM maNDana ke granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH unheM hama 750-800 ke bIca meM kahIM rakha sakate haiM / yadi zAlikanAtha prabhAkara ke sIdhe ziSya rahe hoMge to prabhAkara (jo zAntarakSita ko ajJAta the) yA to kumArila ke samakAlIna (arthAt hama unheM 700-760 ke bIca meM yA thor3A bAda meM kahIM rakha sakate haiM) yA kumArila ke pazcAt rakha sakate haiN| prabhAkara ke viSaya meM aisI paramparA hai ki ve kumArila ke ziSya the| bahuta-sI paramparAe~ (yathA vikramAditya ke samaya ke navaratna) yoM hI uTha khar3I hotI haiM, kintu hameM unakA tiraskAra nahIM kara denA cAhie, pratyuta unakI jA~ca karanI caahie| eka samaya prabhAkara ko ati mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta thaa| vikramAditya SaSTha (1068 I0) ke gaMDaka zilAlekha meM lakkiguNDI nAmaka sthAna para prabhAkara ke siddhAnta ko par3hAne ke lie eka pAThazAlA kI sthApanA kA ullekha hai| (epiphiyA iNDikA, jilda 15, pa0348) / isa ullekha tathA mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 2114) meM pAye gaye nirdeza se patA calatA hai ki pramAkara sampradAya kA 11 vIM zatI meM paryApta prabhAva thaa| vizeSataH karnATaka evaM mahArASTra dezoM meM / madanapArijAta ne (jo 1360-1360 meM likhita uttara bhAratIya grantha hai) guru kA eka AdhA zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| smRticandrikA (vyavahAra, pR0 257), vIramitrodaya (vyavahAra, pR0 523) Adi ne bhavanAtha ke nayaniveka (prabhAkara sampradAya kA antima utkRSTa grantha) kA ullekha kiyA hai| dhIre-dhIre prabhAkara 34. yacca vahvISu, jvAlAsvekativatinISu jvAlAtvaM sAmAnya pratyabhijJAgocaraH kazcidiSyatetadapi gururasmAkaM na mRSyati / prakaraNa0 (pR0 31) / yadi ve pazcAtkAlIna anuyAyI mAtra hote aura ziSya na hote to kevala 'guruna mRSyati' hI kahate / 35. zAstradIpikA (pU0 mI0 sU0 2 / 1 / 2) meM AyA hai: 'uktaM hyetadAcAryaH' / dhAtvartha vyatirekeNa... gmyte||' yaha tantravAtika (pR0 382) meM pAyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta zAstradIpikA punaH kahatI hai, vivRtaM caitanmaNDanena 'kathyamAnAdrUpa... bhAvanA ki praduSyati / / ' yaha bhAvanAviveka meM pAyA jAtA hai (pR0 80, thor3A-sA antara hai)| bhAvanAviveka (pR.61) meM AyA hai tathA kramavatornityaM'... pratIyate' / yaha tantravAtika (pR0 381) meM AyA hai| tukha hai ki ma0 ma0 gaMgAnAtha jhA (pUrvamImAMsA kI bhUmikA, pR0 21) ne bahuta hI durbala AdhAra para (zAstradIpikA ke zabdoM para) yaha kaha diyA hai ki maNDana ne tantravArtika para eka TIkA likhI hai|

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra 113 sU0 sampradAya kI prasiddhi kama ho gayI aura kumArila kA bhaTTa sampradAya kaI zatiyoM taka mahattvapUrNa banA rhaa| prastuta lekhaka kA mata hai ki prabhAkara kumArila ke pazcAt hue haiM, kintu yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki unhoMne kisa vyakti se apane vilakSaNa dRSTikoNa grahaNa kiye athavA ye dRSTikoNa unake apane the ( yaha dUsarI bAta adhika ThIka lagatI hai) / paM0 ke0 esa0 ramAsvAmI zAstrI (tantra rahasya kI bhUmikA, 1656 ) ne kahA hai ki prabhAkara sampradAya ke vicAra bAdari ke haiN| isa vidvAna ne koI viziSTa tarka nahIM upasthita kiyA hai aura na koI pramANa hI upasthita kiyA hai ki bAdari ke siddhAnta bhartR mitra ke mata se milate the / bhartR mitra ne T0 mI0 sU0 kI aisI vyAkhyA kI hai jo IzvaravAdI vahI jAtI hai| mImAMsA ke viSayoM para bAdari ke mata kevala cAra bAra pU0 mI0 meM * uddhRta haiM ( yathA 3|1| 3 meM kauna se viSaya zeSa haiM; 6 / 1 / 27 meM, vaidika yajJa zUdroM dvArA bhI sampAdita ho sakate haiM; 8|3|6 meM kevala zuddha yajJiya viSaya; 6 / 3 / 33 meM, sAmaveda ke gAyana kI vidhi ke viSaya meM) / ina sabhI sthaloM para kahIM bhI bhartR mitra ke IzvaravAdI mata yA prabhAkara ke siddhAntoM kA koI sambandha nahIM hai / kumArila ke pazcAt mImAMsA ke siddhAntoM para yA pU0 mI0 sU0 ke viSayoM para bahuta-sI TIkAe~, TIkAoM para TIkAe~ evaM sAra-grantha praNIta hue / gata pacAsa-sATha varSoM meM Aja ke vidyamAna khaNDita yA pUrNa granthoM ke, unake Arambhika lekhakoM ke tathA unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke viSaya meM bahuta se kaThina evaM pecIde prazna uTha khar3e hue haiM aura ina sabhI bAtoM ke viSaya meM bahuta-se nibandha likhe gaye haiM / prastuta lekhaka ne unameM adhikAMza IT avalokana kara liyA hai, yadi una sabhI granthoM kA ullekha tathA una para vivecana upasthita kiyA jAya to eka pRthak grantha likhane kI AvazyakatA par3a jaayegii| hama aisA yahA~ nahIM kara skte| sAdRzya sthApana tathA sambandhajJAna ke viSaya meM kucha praznoM kA uttara yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai / (1) kyA prabhAkara kumArila ke ziSya the ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki isa viSaya meM hameM koI puSTa pramANa nahIM prApta hotA, kevala paramparA kA ullekha mAtra milatA hai, kintu prabhAkara nizcita rUpa se kumArila ke pazcAt hue the 1 ( 2 ) kyA zAlikanAtha prabhAkara ke sAkSAt ziSya the ? hA~ / ( 3 ) kyA maNDana mizra kumArila ke ziSya the ? spaSTa uttara ke lie hamAre pAsa koI puSTa pramANa nahIM hai, kintu svayaM maNDana ne apane bhAvanAviveka meM kumArila kA eka zloka vyAkhyA yitakiyA hai aura tantravArtika se eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| vidhiviveka meM bhI, jise maNDana ne bhAvanAviveka ke uparAnta likhA, unhoMne tantravArtika se uddharaNa liyA hai| isI vidhiviveka meM unhoMne zlokavArtika ko uddhRta kiyA hai| maNDana ne prabhAkara kI bRhatI se apane vidhiviveka meM uddharaNa diyA hai / ataH maNDana, yadi kumArila ke ziSya nahIM the, to unake pazcAt hue the yA unake samakAlIna, kintu avasthA meM choTe the / (4) kyA maNDana evaM umbeka eka hI haiM ? nhiiN| umbeka ne maNDana ke bhAvanAviveka para eka TIkA likhI jisameM pR0 17 evaM 76 para unhoMne isake kaI bhASAntaroM kA ullekha kiyA hai / yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki svayaM lekhaka apane grantha para vibhinna bhASAntaroM kA ullekha karegA aura unakI vyAkhyA upasthita kregaa| yadi donoM eka hote to aisI bAta na hotI / ( 5 ) kyA maNDana evaM vizvarUpa eka hI haiM ? nahIM / (6) kyA vizvarUpa evaM surezvara eka hI haiM ? hA~ / jaba vizvarUpa saMnyAsI ho gaye to unhoMne apanA nAma surezvara rakha liyA / 15

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (7) kyA umbeka evaM bhavabhUti eka hI haiM ? aisA samajhane ke lie hamAre pAsa koI pramANa nahIM hai, kintu yaha sambhava hai ki donoM eka hI hoM / 4 (8) kyA umbeka kumArila ke ziSya the ? hA~ / (6) kyA surezvara zaMkarAcArya ke ziSya the ? hA~ / uparokta praznoM evaM uttaroM ke AdhAra para hama nIce pU0 mI0 ke lekhakoM kA kAlakrama upasthita kara rahe haiM, yathA - kumArila, prabhAkara, maNDana, umbeka, zAlikanAtha / ye loga 650 I0 evaM 750 I0 ke bIca hue the aura unameM kumArila sabase pahale hue the, prabhAkara ( jinhoMne kirAtArjunIya ( 2130 ) ko do bAra uddhRta kiyA hai) evaM maNDana donoM samakAlIna the yA maNDana prabhAkara se avasthA meM choTe the / vRhadAraNyakopaniSad evaM taittirIyopaniSad para zaMkara ke bhASya para surezvara ke vArtika ke Arambhika evaM antima zloka isa viSaya meM koI sandeha nahIM chor3ate ki surezvara zaMkara ke ziSya the / prastuta lekhaka ke lekha (je0 bI0 bI0 Ara0 e0 esa0 pR0 286 - 263 ) evaM pro0 kuppusvAmI ke maNDana evaM surezvara se sambandhita lekha se ( e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 18, pR0 121 - 157 ) prakaTa hotA hai ki maNDana evaM surezvara eka hI vyakti nahIM haiN| aba hama nIce pUrvamImAMsA se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa granthoM evaM lekhakoM kI kAla - tithiyoM kA ullekha kreNge| ina tithiyoM meM bahuta-sI kevala anumAna para AdhArita haiN| jaiminikA pUrvamImAMsAsUtra : I0 pU0 400 se I0 pU0 200 / vRttikAra: zabara dvArA uddhRta vRttikAra ke viSaya meM kaI virodhI mata haiM / zAstradIpikA meM pArthasArathI ne likhA hai ki ve upavarSa haiN| zabara ne vRttikAra ko bar3I zraddhA se ullikhita kiyA hai, kintu kaI sthAnoM para unhoMne unase apanA matabheda bhI prakaTa kiyA hai| donoM mImAMsAoM para likhI gayI kRtakoTI nAmaka eka bRhad TIkA paJcahRdaya dvArA bodhAyana dvArA likhI kahI gayI hai / yaha avalokanIya hai ki pU0 mI0 sU0 para likhe gaye kisI Arambhika grantha dvArA bodhAyana kA nAma nahIM liyA gayA hai aura na zaMkara ne hI unakA nAma liyA hai, yadyapi unhoMne upavarSa kA nAma do bAra liyA hai / yadyapi rAmAnujAcArya ne brahmasUtra para likhe gaye, zrIbhASya ke Arambhika zabdoM dvArA brahmasUtra para bodhAyana dvArA praNIta eka vizAla TIkA kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne aisA nahIM likhA hai ki bodhAyana ne pU0 mI0 sU0 para koI TIkA likhI hai| prastuta lekhaka yaha mAnane ko sarvathA sannaddha nahIM hai ki zabara dvArA itanI bAra ullikhita vRttikAra upavarSa hI haiM / zabara ne pU0 mI0 sU0 (11113-5 ) para TIkA karate hue vRttikAra kI vibhinna vyAkhAoM kA ullekha vistAra ke sAtha kiyA hai aura usI bIca meM upavarSa ke mata kA bhI udghATana kiyA hai| zabara ne donoM ko, aisA pratIta hotA hai, alaga-alaga mAnA hai / yaha bAta ki tantravArtika ne upavarSa evaM vRttikAra ko eka hI mAnA hai, siddha nahIM hai / svayaM kumArila se hameM jJAta hai ki zabara se pUrva evaM pazcAt pU0 mI0 sU0 para kaI vRttiyA~ likhI gayI thIM / ataH yaha sambhava hai ki kumArila ne upavarSa ko vRttikAra samajha liyA ho ( 2 / 3 / 16), yadyapi zabara- bhASya ke anya sthaloM para ullikhita vRttikAra vibhinna vyakti ho sakate haiM / upavarSa : I0 pU0 100 evaM I0 pazcAt 100 ke bIca meM / bhavadAsa : zlokavArtika ( pratijJAsUtra, zloka 63 ) ne inakA nAma liyA hai aura nyAyaratnAkara kI vyAkhyA ke anusAra aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhavadAsa zabara se pUrva hue the / inakA kAla 100 I0 evaM 200 I0 ke madhya hai /

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mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra zabara : 200 evaM 400 I0 ke bIca meM (sambhavata: 200 I0 ke AsapAsa) / tantravAtika (2 / 3 / 23, 2 / 3 / 27 evaM 3 / 4131) se prakaTa hotA hai ki bhASyakArAntara nAmaka eka anya vyakti thA jo zabara se pUrva huA thaa| tantravArtika (3 / 4 / 12) evaM TupaTIkA (635410) se patA calatA hai ki kumArila ne kahIM-kahIM vRttikAra zabda zabara ke lie bhI prayukta kiyA hai| bhamitra : zlokavArtika ke 10 veM zloka para nayaratnAkara kA kathana hai ki bharta mitra ne mImAMsA ko IzvaravAdI mAnA hai| umbeka ke kathanAnusAra (tAtparyaTIkA, pR0 3) usakA grantha tattvazuddhi kahalAtA thaa| kAla 400 evaM 600 I0 ke bIca meN| kamArila bhaTaTa: lagabhaga 650-700 ke bIca meN| prabhAkara : zabara ke bhASya para bRhatI ke lekhaka / kAla 675-725 I0 ke bIca meN| maNDana : kamArila ke ziSya yA unase choTI avasthA ke unhIM ke samakAlIna / pUrvamImAMsA evaM vedAnta donoM para likhA / vidhiviveka (pR0 106) meM bRhatI ko uddhRta kiyA hai| inake anya grantha haiM-bhAvanAviveka, vibhramaviveka evaM mImAMsAnukramaNikA / kAla, 680-720 I0 ke bIca meM khiiN| aura dekhie e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, (jilda 18, pR0 121-157, pro0 kuppusvAmI zAstrI), je0 AI0 eca0 (jilda 15, e. e0 320-326) / umbeka : kumArila ke ziSya , kumArila ke zlokavArtika evaM maNDana ke bhAvanAviveka ke ttiikaakaar| sAmAnyata: umbeka ko loga nATakakAra bhavabhUti mAnate haiN| kAla-700-750 I. ke bIca meN| zAlikanAtha : prabhAkara ke ziSya, prabhAkara ke grantha bRhatI para RjuvimalA nAmaka TIkA ke lekhaka tathA prakaraNapaMJcikA nAmaka eka svatantra grantha ke praNetA / yaha mahattvapUrNa hai ki bRhatI kI TIkA RjuvimalA meM unhoMne zlovArtikaM kA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai aura kumArila ko bar3e sammAna ke sAtha (yadA hurtikakAramizrA:) ullikhita kiyA hai| kAla, 710-770 I0 ke madhya meM khiiN| surezvara : (saMnyAsI hone ke pUrva vizvarUpa kahe jAte the) / zaMkarAcArya ke ziSya / kAla, 800-840 I. ke madhya meM khiiN| vAvaspati mizra : sabhI zAstroM para prasiddha granthoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai| maNDana ke vidhiviveka para nyAya. kaNikA evaM zaMkara bhASya para mAmatI ke lekhaka / kAla, 820-600 I0 ke bIca meN| pArthasArathi miSa: zAstradIpikA (nirNaya sAgara presa, 1615), nyAyaratnAkara (zlokavArtika kI TIkA), tantraratna (puTIkA kI TIkA) evaM nyAyaratnamAlA (gAyakavAr3a saMskRta sIrIja meM rAmAnujAcArya ke nAyaka ratna kI TIkA ke sAtha prakAzita) ke lekhaka kA kAla, 600-1100 I0 ke bIca meM khiiN| pArthasArathi ke pazcAt ke anya lekhakoM ke viSaya meM hama saMkSepa meM yoM kaha sakate haiM-sucAritamidha, zlokavArtika para kAzikA nAmaka TIkA ke lekhaka; bhavanAtha yA bhavadeva, nayaviveka (madrAsa yUnivarsiTI saMskRta sIrIja, ravideva kI TIkA vivekatattva ke sAtha) ke lekhaka, kAla, 1050-1150 I0; somezvara, mAdhava ke putra, nyAyazuddhi yA rANaka (tantravArtika para eka vistRta TIkA) ke lekhaka, kAla, 1200 I. ke lagabhaga, murArimizra, jo mImAMsA ke tIsare sampradAya murArestRtIyaH panthAH) ke saMsthApaka kahe jAte haiM, tripAdInItinayana evaM aMgatvanirukti ke lekhaka, kAla,1150-1220 ke bIca; mAdhavAcArya, jaiminIya-nyAyamAlA vistara ke lekhaka, kAla , 1267 1386; appaya dIkSita, vidhirasAyana ke lekhaka, vibhinna zAstroM para lagabhaga 100 yA 108 granthoM ke lekhaka, 1520-1563 ke madhya hue the, aisA kahA jAtA hai, kucha loga inheM 1554-1626 kI tithi dete haiN| logAkSi

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhAskara, artha saMgraha ke lekhaka; zaMkara bhaTTa, mImAMsA bAlaprakAza ke lekhaka, kAla 1550-1620 I0 ; Apadeva, anantadeva ke putra, mAMsA nyAyaprakAza ke praNetA, kAla 1610-1680 I0 / rr khaDave : mATTadIpikA evaM 'bhATTa rahasya' ke sAtha bhATTa kautsubha ke lekhaka, kAla, 1600 - 1665 I0 / bhaTTa yA vizvezvara bhaTTa : dinakara bhaTTa ke putra, bhATTacitAmaNi ke lekhaka, 1620 - 1660 I0 / rAmAnujAvArtha: tantra rahasya ke lekhaka, prabhAkara sampradAya evaM nAyakaratna pArthasArathi kI nyAyaratnamAlA kI TIkA se sambandhita, kAla, lagabhaga, 1500 - 1575 I0 / mImAMsakoza (saMskRta meM ) : pUrvamImAMsA para eka atyanta vidvattApUrNa sarvazAstrIya grantha, jise svAmI kevalAnanda sarasvatI ne likhA hai / ise mahArASTra pradeza ke satArA jile meM vAI nAmaka sthAna meM prajJA pAThazAlA maNDala ne prakAzita karAyA hai| ve loga jo pUrvamImAMsA sUtra para Age anusaMdhAna kArya karanA cAhate haiM, unakI suvidhA ke lie hama nIce kucha granthoM evaM nibandhoM kI sUcI de rahe haiM / ma0 ma0 gaMgAnAtha jhA ne zabarabhASya ( 30 jildoM meM, gAyakavAr3a saMskRta sIrIja ), tantravArtika evaM zlokavArtika (bibliyothekA iNDikA, kalakattA 1600 ) ke aMgrejI anuvAda kiye haiN| tathA unake kucha nibandha mI haiN| kucha anya mahattvapUrNa grantha evaM nibandha nimnokta haiM maiksamUlara kA grantha 'siksa sisTamsa Av iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI, 1866 I0 ma0 ma0 gaMgAnAtha jhA kRta pUrvamImAMsA kA prabhAkara sampradAya (aMgrejI meM), 1611; e0 bI0 kItha kRta karmamImAMsA, 1621; pro0 dAsagupta kI iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI (jilda 1, pR0 367 - 405 ) 1622; prastuta lekhaka kA nibandha ( e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0 jilda 6, pR0 7-40, 1625 ); pro0 ema0 hiriyannA kA grantha 'AuTalAiMsa Ava iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI', 1632; paM0 vI0 e0 ramAsvAmI zAstrI dvArA vAcaspati mizra ke tattvabindu ke saMskaraNa para pUrvamImAMsA zAstra sambandhI laghu aitihAsika nibandha, 1636; DA0 rAdhAkRSNan kRta 'iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI 1641 ; pro0 sI0 kunhanarAjAkR ta ( zlokavArtika para umbeka kI TIkA tAtparyaTIkA para ) bhUmikA, 1640 ; gaMgAnAtha jhA kRta 'pUrvamImAMsA ina iTsa sorseja, 1646), jisameM DA0 umeza mizra ne eka samIkSAtmaka pratha-puTI jor3a dI hai; DA0 DI0 bI0 garge kRta 'sAiTezaMsa ina zabarabhASya', 1652; paM0 ke0 esa0 rAmasvAmI zAstrI kI rAmAnujAcArya ke tantra rahasya para bhUmikA, 1656; pro0 jI0 vI0 devasthalI kA 'mImAMsA - di vAkya zAstra Ava ezeMTa iNDiyA', 1656 zrI naTarAja aiyyara kRta mImAMsA jUrisaprUDeMsa (jhA risarca insTIcyUTa, prayAga ) /

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adhyAya 29 pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta isa adhyAya meM hama pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha viziSTa maulika siddhAntoM ko, kucha saMketoM evaM una para racI gayI kucha TippaNiyoM ke sAtha upasthita kreNge| yathAsthAna hama prabhAkara evaM unake anuyAyiyoM ke matoM kI ora bhI nirdeza karate rheNge| (1) veda nitya, svayaMbhU evaM apauruSeya hai aura amogha hai : yahI pUrvamImAMsA siddhAnta kA hRdaya yA sAra hai| dekhie pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 1127-32) evaM zabara (1 / 1 / 5) tathA zlokavArtika (vyAkyAdhikaraNa, zloka 366368) / ' saMkSipta rUpa se tarka yoM hai-veda Aja bhI par3hA jAtA hai aura prAcInakAla meM bhI guruoM se par3hA jAtA thA, isa viSaya meM koI pramANa nahIM milatA ki kisane isakA praNayana kiyA yA kisane ise sarvaprathama par3hA / yadi aisA kahA jAya ki isa prakAra kA tarka mahAbhArata ke viSaya meM bhI diyA jA sakatA hai, to uttara yaha hai ki loga yaha jAnate haiM ki vyAsa ne ise likhA hai| isI prakAra smRtiyoM evaM purANoM meM jo yaha kahA gayA hai ki prajApati ne veda kA praNayana kiyA, to yaha kevala arthavAdamAtra hai jo kisI sAkSya yA pratyakSa para AdhRta nahIM hai, aura vaha kevala veda kI prAmANikatA ko sthApita karane ke lie hI hai| yadi zabda evaM artha kA sambandha nitya hai aura vaha kisI vyakti dvArA utpanna nahIM hai to vahI tarka veda ke viSaya meM bhI hai| yaha mata naiyAyikoM ke mata se bhinna hai| naiyAyikoM kA kathana hai ki veda kA praNetA Izvara hai| yaha mata bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (2 / 4110) para AdhRta zaMkarAcArya dvArA ve0 sU0 (1 / 113, zAstrayonitvAt) kI vyAkhyA se bhI bhinna hai| manu0 (1 / 21, jisameM AyA hai ki brahmA ne veda ke zabdoM se sabake kartavyoM evaM nAmoM kI utpatti kI hai) meM aisA kahA lagatA hai ki veda svayaMbhU hai| isI prakAra mahAbhASya (vArtika 3, pANini 4 / 3 / 101, 'tena proktam') meM AyA hai ki vedoM kA praNayana kisI 1. pU0 mI0 sU0 (11115) para zabara ne TIkA ko hai-'tasmAnmanyAmahe kenApi puraSeNa zabdAnAmarthaH saha sambandhaM kRtvA saMvyavahA~ vevA praNItA iti / ividAnI mucyate / apauruSeyatvAtsambandhasya siddhimiti / kathaM punaridamavagamyate'pauruSeya eva sambandha iti / puruSasya sambandharabhAvAt / kathaM sambandho nAsti / pratyakSasya pramANAsyAbhAvAt tatpUrvakatvAcvetareSAm'; vedasyAdhyayanaM sarva gurvadhyayanapUrvakam / vedAdhyayanavAcyatvAdadhunAdhyayana yathA // bhAratepi bhavedevaM kartR smRtyA tu vAdhyate / vedepi tatsmRtiryAtu sArthavAda nibndhnaa||paarmpryenn kartAraM nAdhyetAraM smaranti hi / zlokavAtikavAkyAdhikaraNa zloka-366-368; prakaraNapaJcikA (pR0 140) meM TippaNI hai : 'kathaM punarapauruSeyatvaM vedAnAM / puruSasya karturasmaraNAt ... kAThakAdisamAkhyApi na ka sadbhAvamupakalpayitumalam / pravacanenApi tadupapatta': / jaba tarka rUpa meM kahA jAya to yoM kathana upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai : 'vedAH apauruSeyAH, asmaryamANakata krvaat| yannavaM tanavaM yathA mahAbhArata rghuvNshaadi|' zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 113 / 26, ataeva ca nispastham) ne apane bhASya kA Arambha yoM kiyA hai : 'svatantrasya karturasmaraNAdibhiH sthite vevasya nityatve / ' ,

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11 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke dvArA nahIM huA, pratyuta ve nitya haiM, veda kA artha nitya hai, kintu akSaroM kI vyavasthA nitya nahIM hai, isI se kAThaka, kAlApaka, paippalAdaka Adi kaI vibhinna vaidika saMpradAya haiN| smRtiyA~ bhI kabhI-kabhI kahatI haiM ki veda kA koI lekhaka nahIM hai, brahmA ise smaraNa rakhate haiM aura manu mI vibhinna kalpoM meM dharma ko smRti meM dhAraNa karate haiM (parAzarasmRti 1 / 21 ) / pU0 mI0 sU0 (111128, anityadarzanAcca) meM veda kI nityatA ke virodhI kucha aise vacana hamAre samakSa rakhe gaye haiM, yathA 'babara prAvAhaNi ( pravAhaNa ke putra) ne aisI icchA kI' ( tai0 saM0 7|1|10/2) evaM 'kusuruvinda auddAlaka ne icchA kI' ( tai0 saM0 7 2 2 1 ) jinameM prAvAhaNi evaM auddAlaki ( uddAlaka ke putra) ke nAma Aye haiM, jo maraNazIla haiM, ata: ve arthAt virodhI, tarka rakhate haiM ki ina maraNazIla logoM ke pUrva veda nahIM thA, ataH vaha nitya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isakA uttara pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 1 |1| 31, paraMtu zrutisAmAnyam' ) meM yaha hai ki aise udAharaNoM kI vyAkhyA vibhinna DhaMga se honI cAhie, yathA -- 'babara' eka aisA zabda hai jo artha kA anusArI hai / arthAt usake sAtha calane vAlA hai, aura isakA artha hai marmara dhvani karane vAlA tathA 'prAvAhaNi' ( pra + vAhya) kA artha hai vAyu / yaha draSTavya hai ki jaimini evaM yAska kI kaI zatiyoM pUrva 'aitihAsika' nAmaka vaidika vyAkhyAtAoM kA sampradAya thA / udAharaNArtha, R0 10168 5 evaM 7 meM RSTiSeNa ke putra devApi evaM zantanu kI ora nirdeza hai| yAska ( nirukta 2 / 10 ) ne 'tatra - itihAsamAcakSate' nAmaka zabdoM ke sAtha kahA hai ki devApi evaM zantanu kuru vaMza ke bhAI the tathA choTA bhAI zantanu bar3e bhAI ke adhikAroM ko dabA kara rAjA banAyA gayA aura ye zabda unhIM kI ora nirdeza karate haiM / R0 (10 / 10 ) meM yama evaM yamI ke bIca kathanopakathana hai aura nirukta (5/2 ) meM isake 8veM padma kI ora saMketa hai / jo loga veda ko nitya mAnate haiM ve aisI vyAkhyA upasthita kareMge ki yama kA artha hai Aditya evaM yamIkA rAtri / R0 ( 3 / 33 ) meM RSi vizvAmitra evaM nadiyoM meM eka saMvAda hai / nirukta (2 / 5-27) ne 5-6 evaM 10 padyoM kA artha aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki vizvAmitra rAjA kuzika ke putra the 1 donoM azvinoM ke viSaya meM nirukta ( 1211 ) ne kaI mata diye haiM, yathA - ve svargaM evaM pRthivI haiM yA dina evaM rAta haiM yA sUrya evaM candra haiM aura kahA hai ki aitihAsikoM ke matAnusAra ve aise rAjA the jinhoMne dhanasampatti ekatra kI thI / sambhavataH nairukta loga Apasa meM eka mata nahIM rakhate the aura unhoMne aisI vyAkhyA kI ki donoM azvin, vibhinna prAkRtika rUpoM ke paricAyaka the / vRtra ke viSaya meM, jo R0 ( 1 / 32 / 11 ) meM AyA hai, nairuktoM kA kathana hai ki ( nirukta 2 / 16 ) isa zabda kA artha hai 'vAdala', kintu aitihAsika logoM ke anusAra vaha (vRtra) eka asura thA, jo tvaSTA kA putra thA / R0 (1 / 105 ) ke 16 padyoM (jisake 18 padyoM meM "vittaM me asya rAdasI" nAmaka Teka AyI hai, meM nirukta (46) kA kathana hai ki yaha sUkta usa trita dvArA racA gayA thA jo kUpa meM pheMka diyA gayA thaa| R0 ( 7 / 33 / 11 ) meM urvazI evaM vasiSTha (maitrA - varuNa) kA, jo urvazI se utpanna hue the, ullekha hai aura nirukta ( 5 / 13 - 14 ) ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki urvazI apsarA thI / R0 (10/65) meM aila purUravA evaM uvaMzI ke bIca kathanopakathana hai / kintu nairuktoM evaM aitihAsikoM kI vyAkhyA usa kathA ke viSaya meM nahIM AyI hai / sambhavataH nairukta loga urvazI ko 'bijalI' ke tathA purUravA ko garjana karate vAyu ke artha meM lete haiN| R0 (10 / 108) meM saramA ( indra ko kutiyA ) evaM paNiyoM ke bIca saMvAda hai / nirukta (11 / 25) meM vyAkhyA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki isameM eka AkhyAna ( kahAnI ) hai, yathA- indra dvArA bhejI gayI

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta saramA nAmaka kutiyA evaM paNiyoM (jo asura the) ke bIca bAtacIta huI thii| ina sabhI uparyukta kathAnakoM meM naruktoM ke anusAra prAkRtika svarUpoM kI ora nirdeza hai, kintu aitihAsikoM ke anusAra inameM aitihAsika AdhAra hai / yadyapi nirukta dvArA yaha spaSTa rUpa se nahIM vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki aitihAsika loga veda ko nitya nahIM mAnate, kintu unakI (aitihAsikoM kI) vyAkhyAoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki ve loga veda kI nityatA ke siddhAnta ko nahIM maante| (2) zabda evaM artha kA sambandha nitya hai : yaha zabara (11115) dvArA vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA hai ki koI aisA vyakti nahIM hai jo zabda evaM artha ke sambandha ko samajhAne meM samartha ho sakA ho / dekhie pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 1 / 6-23) aura zabara kA bhASya; zlokavArtika (444 zloka Aye haiM) evaM prakaraNapaJcikA (pR. 133-140) / isa prazna para ki 'go' ke samAna koI zabda kyA vyakta karatA hai, pU0 mI0 sU0 ne uttara diyA hai ki eka koI bhI zabda 'AkRti' (yA jAti) arthAt sArvajanIna yA eka viziSTa varga kA dyotaka hai| saMkSepa meM, mImAMsakoM kA kathana hai ki zabda, artha evaM donoM kA sambandha nitya hai| dekhie pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 3 / 30-35) / (3) AramA : pU0 mI0 sU0 ne kisI bhI sUtra meM AtmA ke astitva ke viSaya meM koI bAta spaSTa rUpa meM nahIM likhI hai / zaMkarAcArya ne ve0 sU0 (3 / 3 / 53) kI vyAkhyA meM isa bAta kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki bhASyakAra zabara ne AtmA ke astitva ke viSaya meM udghoSa kiyA hai tathA zraddheya upavarSa ne pUrvamImAMsA kI apanI vyAkhyA meM yaha kahakara ki ve zArIrika (arthAt vedAntasUtra) ke viSaya meM vivecana karate samaya isa viSaya meM vicAra kareMge, isa prazna para vicAra karane se apane ko roka diyA hai / sambhavata: AtmA-sambandhI vaktavya ke abhAva meM kucha logoM ne pUrvamImAMsA ko anIzvaravAdI kaha DAlA hai| kumArila ne abhiyoga lagAyA hai ki yadyapi mImAMsA anIzvaravAdI nahIM hai tathApi kucha logoM ne ise lokAyata 3 kaha DAlA hai, aura isI se 2. sUtra (pU0 mI0 sU0 11115) meM kaI niSkarSa nihita haiN| prathama yaha hai-'autpattikaH (nityaH) zabdasya arthena sambandhaH dUsarA hai-'tasya, jJAnamupadezaH (upadeza, isako, arthAt dharma ko jAnane kA sAdhana hai); yahAM jJAna kA artha hai 'jJAyate yena' (zlokavArtika, autpattika sUtra, zloka); dUsarA aMza hai- 'avyatirekazcArthe'nupalabdha (jo pratyakSa nahIM hai usake lie yaha avyatireka hai, amodha yA nizcita hai); tatpramANamanapekSatvAt, arthAt vaivika AjJA jJAna kA eka ucita sAdhana hai kyoMki yaha svatantra hai| bAdarAyaNasya (yahI bAdarAyaNa kA bhI mata hai)| 'zabda kyA hai ?' kA uttara vibhinna lekhakoM ne vibhinna DhaMgoM se diyA hai| zraddhAspada upavarSa kA kathana hai ki 'gau!' aise zabda meM akSara hI zabda ke dyotaka haiM (dekhie zabara, 11135 evaM zaMkara, ve0 sU0 23 / 28) / anya mata yaha hai ki akSara 'sphoTa' ko vyakta karate haiM aura sphoTa ho artha kA paricAyaka hotA hai| isa viSaya para yahAM vicAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 3. prAyeNeva hi mImAMsA loke lokAyatI kRtaa| tAmAstika pathe kartumayaM yatraH kRto myaa|| zloka vA0 (zloka 10) / nyAyaratnAkara ne TippaNI dI hai ki bhartR mitra ne mImAMsA ke viSaya meM kaI truTimaya siddhAnta pratipAdita kiye haiM yathA-Avazyaka karmoM yA niSiddha karmoM ke sampAdana se vAJchita yA avAJchita phaloM kI prApti nahIM hotii| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kI jilda 3, pR0-46-47, TippaNI 57 evaM jilda 2, pR0 358-356 jahA~ lokAyitoM evaM nAstikoM kA ullekha hai| lokAyata kA artha samaya-samaya para badalatA rahatA hai| kauTilya (12) ne lokAyata ko sAMkhyayoga ke sAtha AnvIkSikI ke antargata rakhA hai| pANini ko 'lokAyata' kA jJAna paa| unake sUtra (412160) meM 'RtUkthAdisUtrAntAk hai aura ukyAdigaNa meM lokAyata dvitIya zabda hai| isa

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120 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa unhoMne apane zlokavArtika meM yaha pradarzita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki yaha mImAMsA AtmA evaM paraloka meM vizvAsa rakhatI hai| AtmAe~ aneka haiM, nitya, vibhu evaM zarIra se bhinna haiM, ve jJAna evaM mana se bhI bhinna haiN| AtmA kA nivAsa zarIra meM hotA hai, vaha kartA evaM moktA hai, vaha zuddha cetanA ke svarUpa vAlA hai aura svasaMvedya (svayaM apane se jAne yogya) hai| ' yadyapi pU0 mI0 sU0 ne sIce DhaMga se AtmA ke astitva kI carcA nahIM kI hai, kintu kucha aise saMketa milate haiM, jinake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pU0 mI0 sa0 ne upalakSita DhaMga se AtmA ke astitva meM vizvAsa kiyA hai| bahuta se dhArmika kRtyoM ke sampAdana kA phala hotA hai svarga aura pU0 mI. sU0 ne katipaya vaidika vacanoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai jahA~ para kRtyoM kA phala svarga kahA gayA hai (udAharaNArtha, adhikaraNa 317 / 18-20, 'zAstraphalaM prayoktari' jo 'agnihotraM jahuyAtsvargakAma:' aise vacanoM kA artha batAtA hai)| zabara (11115) ne AtmA ko zarIra se bhinna mAnA hai| zlokavArtika ne isa viSaya meM 148 zloka diye haiM aura tantravAtika ne bhI saMkSepa meM isa para vicAra kiyA hai (pU0 mI0 sU0 21115) / zlokavArtika (AtmavAda, zloka 148) meM eka manorama zloka hai :--'bhASyakAra (zabara) ne nAstikatA kA uttara dene ke lie yahA~ sUtra para kAzikA ne 'lokAyatika:' kA ullekha kiyA hai| kama-se-kama 6ThI zatI ke pUrva taka laukAyatika zabda usa vyakti ke lie prayukta hone lagA thA jo AtmA ko zarIra se pRthak nahIM mAnate the| kAdambarI meM yoM AyA hai : 'lokA. yatikavidyaye vAdharmaruceH' / zaMkarAcArya ne ve0 sU0 (3 / 3 / 54) meM kahA hai ki lokayatika loga cAra tattvoM (pRthivI, jala, agni evaM vAyu) ke atirikta kisI anya siddhAnta ko nahIM maante| dekhie pro0 dAsagupta kA prantha, 'iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI, jilva 3, pR0 512-533 evaM DA0 DablyU0 rUbena kRta 'lokAyata (balina 1654) / chAndogyopaniSad (818) se prakaTa hotA hai ki asura virocana ke mata se zarIra se pRthaka koI AtmA nahIM hai aura zarIra hI AtmA hai| abhI hAla meM (san 1656 I0) zrI devaprasAda caTTopAdhyAya ne 'lokAyata' nAmaka grantha likhA hai jisameM vistAra ke sAtha prAcIna bhAratIya bhautikavAda para adhyayana upasthita kiyA gayA hai| 4. ityAha nAstikya nirAkariSNurAtmAstitA bhASyakRdatraM yuktyA / daDhatvametadviSayasya bodhaH prayAti vedAntanivagena // zlokavA0 (AtmavAda, 148) / AtmA ke svasaMvedya hone ke viSaya meM zabara kA kathana hai: 'svasaMvedyaH sa bhavati , nAsAvanyana zakyate draSTa kathamasau nidizyateti / yathA ca kazciccakSamAna svara na ca zaknotyanyasmaM jAtyandhAya tannidarzayitum / na ca tanna zakyate nidarzayitumityetAvatA nAratItyavagamyate aura ve bRhadAraNyakopaniSada ke kucha vacanoM para nirbhara karate haiM, ythaa-36|| 26, 4 / 5 / 15 (agRhyo na hi gRhyate) 4 / 3 / 6 (AtmavAsya jyotirbhvti)| zlokavAtika meM, 'AtmAstitA' evaM 'nAstikya' zabda eka-dUsare ko sannidhi meM rakhe hue haiM, ataH isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki kumArila ke mata se nAstika mukhya rUpa se vaha hai jo AtmA ke astitva meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| pANini meM eka sUtra hai 'asti nAsti diSTe matiH ' (4 / 4 / 60) jisa para mahAbhASya meM TIkA hai : 'astItyasyamatirAstikaH / nAstItyasya matirnAstikaH' kAzikA meM vyAkhyA hai : 'paraloko'stIti yasya matirasti sa AstikaH tadviparIto nAstikaH' / ataH mukhya rUpa se nAstika kA artha hai 'vaha vyakti jo AtmA ke astitva meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhatA hai (pariNAmataH vaha bhautika loka ke atirikta kisI anya loka meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa)| tantravArtika ( pR0 402-404, 2 / 115 ) meM AtmA ke viSaya meM aisA kahA gayA hai: 'tatranityaH sannAtmA zarIrAbhyantaravartI (nANumAtraH, na zarIraparimitaH), sarvagataH, AtmanAtAtve tvadoSaH, sarvagatatvAtsiddhayAtmano nishcltvm|

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 121 (arthAta, bhASya-vacanoM meM) takaM dvArA AtmA ke astitva ko sthApita kiyA hai| isa viSaya meM (arthAt AtmA ke astitva ke viSaya meM) vedAnta ke vacanoM dvArA bodha (jJAna) susthira evaM cirasthAyI ho jAtA hai / ' padmapurANa (6 / 263 / 74-76) meM AyA hai ki jaimini ne eka vizAla kintu nirarthaka zAstra banAyA hai jisameM devatA ke anastitva kA vivecana pAyA jAtA hai|" (4) Izvara evaM yajJoM meM devatAgaNa : zabara kI sthiti yoM hai-vedoM kA praNayana Izvara dvArA nahIM haA hai aura na zabda evaM artha kA sambandha hI Izvara dvArA nirmita kiyA gayA hai| prakaraNapaJcikA ne bhI akhila vizva ke lie kisI sraSTA kI AvazyakatA nahIM samajhI hai| kumArila kI bAta bhI vilakSaNa evaM Azcaryajanaka hai| unhoMne zlokavArtika meM kahA hai ki yaha siddha karanA kaThina hai ki Izvara ne dharmAdharma , unakI prApti ke sAdhanoM, zabdArthoM ke sambandhoM evaM veda ke sAtha sarvaprathama isa saMsAra kI saSTi kii| isa prakAra aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne spaSTarUpa se sarvocca zakti yA Izvara ke astitva ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA hai , pratyuta aisI zakti yA Izvara ke prati anabhijJatA mAtra prakaTa kI hai| itanA hote hue bhI unhoMne zlokavAtika kA Aramma ziva-stati ke nAkara kA kathana hai ki yaha daloka yajJa kA devakaraNa mAtra hai| kintu vaisI sthiti meM kamArila para dvaidhImAva yA kapaTa kA lAMchana laga jaaygaa| aisA kahanA acchA hogA ki kisI grantha ke Arambha karane meM maMgala vacana kahane kI paripATI ko kumArila amAnya nahIM kara ske| pavitra agni meM Ahati DAlane ke saMdarbha meM devatA se sambandhita prazna para vicAra karane se Azcaryajanaka pariNAma prApta hote haiN| jaimini (8 // 1 // 32-34) ke mata se yajJa meM 'havi' pradhAna hai aura devatA gauNa, aura jaba ivi evaM devatA ke cunAva kI bAta upasthita ho to antima nirNaya ke lie hameM havi para nirbhara rahanA hogaa| tarka yaha hai ki veda devatA ko yajJiya kRtya se sambandhita kara detA hai, yathA 'santAna ke icchuka vyakti ko 11 ghaTazakaloM para pakAyA gayA havi indra evaM agni ke lie denA cAhie, taba indra use santAna detA hai (tai0 saM0 2 / 2 / 01) itanA hote hue bhI phala kI prApti yajJa se hI hotI hai na ki devoM se (yahA~ para indra evaM agni se) aura aise zabda ki 'indra evaM agni yajamAna ko santAna dete haiM, kevala stuti rUpAtmaka haiN| isa viSaya meM pra0 mI0 sU0 (16-10) ati mahatvapUrNa hai| zabara ne vaidika vacana uddhRta kiye haiM, yathA- R0 1014711, 333015, 81178 (jahA~ indra ke dAhine hAtha, makkA, gale, peTa evaM bAhaoM kA ullekha hai), sh65|10, 8774 (jahA~ indra ko apane peTa meM sabhI khAdya padArthoM ke rakha lene evaM 30 pAtroM meM mare somarasa ko pI lene kI carcA hai), 832 / 22 evaM 1018610 (jahA~ indra ko loka, svarga, pathivI, jaloM, parvatoM kA rAjA kahA gayA hai| zabara ne yaha saba uddhata karake TippaNI kI hai ki ye saba arthavAda mAtra haiM, yadyapi aisA lagatA hai ki devoM ko zarIra prApta haiM aura ve khAte-pIte haiN| zAstradIpikA meM tarka AyA hai ki yadi devatA ko zarIra hotA aura ve khAte-pIte evaM prasanna hote to ve anitya ho jAte aura unakA veda meM, jo svayaM nitya hai, isa prakAra kA ullekha na hotaa| Age aura kahA gayA hai ki sImita buddhi vAle loga veda-vacanoM ko bhalI bhAMti na jAnane ke kAraNa bhrAmaka bAteM karate haiN| zabara (10|4|23)ne TippaNI kI hai ki isa viSaya meM katipaya mata haiM ki devatA kyA haiM jinheM sUktoM meM sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai (yathA R0 1164) yA jinheM veda dvArA havi dene kA nirdeza hai (yathA-ATha ghaTazakaloM para pakA 5. vedArthavanmahAzAstraM mAyayA yadavaidikam / mayaMva rakSyate devi jagatAM nAzakAraNAt / dvijanmanA jaimininA pUrva veda (ceda ?) mapArthakam / nirIzvareNa vAdena kRtaM zAstraM mahattaram / / padmapurANa (6 / 263 / 74-76) /

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122 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kara agni ko havi denA cAhie ) ; devatA yoM hI yajJa se nahIM sambandhita ho jAtA, pratyuta kisI havi ke sandarbha meM prayukta zabda se vaha sambandhita hotA hai / aura jahA~ veda ke nirdeza ke anusAra agni ko havi diyA jAtA hai vahA~ agni ke anya paryAya zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, yathA - zuci, pAvaka, dhUmaketu, kRzAnu, vaizvAnara yA zANDilya / ataH devatA zabdoM kA hI viSaya hai, jaisA ki zabara kA mata hai / prakaraNapaJcikA kA bhI kathana hai ki isake viSaya meM koI pramANa nahIM hai ki yAga aisA sAdhana hai jisake dvArA devatA ko prasanna kiyA jAtA hai, yadi aisA kahA jAya ki yAga meM devatA kI pUjA hotI hai, to yaha kevala lAkSaNika prayoga mAtra hai / isase aura pUrvavartI siddhAnta se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki pU0 mI0 sU0, zabara evaM kumArila ne isa bAta ko asvIkAra kara diyA hai ki veda Izvara kA zabda hai yA dhArmika kRtyoM ke phala Izvara ke anugraha se prApta hote haiM / isI se padmapurANa ( 6 | 263 / 74 - 76 ) ne jaimini ko nirIzvaravAdI kahA hai / yadi veda yaha kahatA hai ki 'svarga kI icchA karane vAle ko yAga karanA cAhie' to isase tIna AkAMkSAe~ utpanna hotI haiM / prathama AkAMkSA hai- kyA prApta karanA hai ? isakA uttara hai 'svarga' jo yAga kA phala yA uddezya hai / dUsarI AkAMkSA hai-kina sAdhanoM se? jo prathama hai, jise prApta karanA hai, vaha 'yaja' dhAtu se prApta hotA hai / tIsarI AkAMkSA hai-kauna sI vidhi hai yA kisa vidhi se ? aura ise pavitra agniyoM kI saMsthApanA se tathA una kRtyoM dvArA, jo vacana ke saMdarbha meM ullikhita haiM, prApta kiyA jAtA hai, vacana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki phala yA uddezya ( svarga ) yAga se prApta hotA hai devatA se / I ( svargakAmo yajate ) / isa ( utpanna hotA hai ) na ki yajJoM meM devatAoM ke viSaya meM pazcAtkAlIna lekhaka ina vicAroM ko nahIM apanA sake / veMkaTanAtha ( yA veMkaTadezika, 1266 - 19366 I0) ne 'sezvaramImAMsA' nAmaka grantha likhA, jisameM unhoMne bhaTTa evaM prabhAkara donoM sampradAyoM kI AlocanA kI hai aura kaTTara rAmAnujI vaiSNava hone ke kAraNa unhoMne donoM mImAMsAoM kA samanvaya upasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura zabara, kumArila, zAlikanAtha Adi ke sammilita sAkSya ke virodha meM yajJoM ke sampAdana se utpanna phala ke dAtA ke rUpa meM Izvara ko mAnA hai / dekhie DA0 rAdhAkRSNana kI 'iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI' jilda 2 ( pR0 424 - 426), jahA~ pUrvamImAMsA ke matAnusAra Izvara evaM loka para vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai / (5) akhila vizva kI na to vAstavika sRSTi hotI hai aura na vinAza : AdhArabhUta tattva yA aMga to Ate-jAte rahate haiM kintu vizva kA na to Arambha hai aura na ant| sRSTi evaM pralaya kA varNana to deva ( bhAgya yA niyati) kI zakti evaM mAnava prayatna kI nissAratA pradarzita karane kA sAdhana mAtra hai aura vedavihita kartavyoM ko karane ke lie udbodhana mAtra hai| binA kisI mAnava prayAsa ke loka utpanna ho sakatA hai aura sabhI prayAsoM ke rahate hue bhI isakA ( loka kA) vilayana bhI ho sakatA hai| vizva vAstavika aura sadA rahA hai tathA sabhI samayoM meM calatA rahegA / dekhie zlokavArtika ( 5 / 112 - 117 ), prakaraNapaJcikA ( pR0 137 - 140 ) evaM nyAyaratnAkara / zlokavArtika meM yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai - 'yaha nizcita rUpa se mAna lenA cAhie ki ye saba (loka 6. taramAdadyavadevAtra sargapralayakalpanA / samastakSayajanmabhyAM na sidhyatya pramANikA / / sarvajJavanniSedhyA ca aSTuH sadbhAvakalpanAM / / tasmAt prAgapi sarve'mI sraSTurAsan padAdayaH / syAttatpUrvakatA cAsya caitanyAvasmavAdivat // evaM ye yuktibhiH prAhusteSAM durlabhamuttaram / anveSyo vyavahAroyamanAdirvedavAdibhiH // zlokavA0 ( sambandhAkSepa0 zloka

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gantier ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 123 Adi) sraSTA ke pUrva se hI upasthita the, aura phira bhI jisa prakAra hamalogoM ke pUrva veda kA astitva thA, usI prakAra veda ke pUrva buddhimAna hone ke kAraNa sraSTA kA honA ( anumAna dvArA) siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki sRSTi evaM pralaya ke viSaya meM mImAMsA kA dRSTikoNa mahAbhArata evaM gItA ( 1018 ) dRSTikoNa se mitra hai ( ahaM sarvasya prabhAvo mattaH sarvaM pravartate ) / ( 6 ) apUrva kA siddhAnta : veda meM AyA hai ki svargecchuka ko yajJa karanA caahie| kintu svarga kI phalaprApti bahuta dinoM ke uparAnta hotI hai aura yajJa thor3e kAla meM hI samApta ho jAtA hai / ataH yajJa (kAraNa) evaM svarga (phala) yA uddezya ke bIca koI sIdhA sambandha nahIM rahatA / veda kI AjJA se yaha mAna lenA cAhie ki manuSya ke yajJa sampAdana sambandhI karma evaM phala ke bIca koI jor3ane vAlI kar3I hai| isake pUrva ki yajJa meM pramukha evaM gauNa karma kiye jAyeM, manuSyoM ke pAsa svarga ke lie koI sAmarthyaM nahIM hai aura yajJa bhI svarga ko utpanna karane meM asamartha haiN| kisI yajJa meM pramukha evaM gauNa karma jaba sampAdita hote haiM to ve asamarthatA ko dUra karate haiM aura svarga ke lie kisI zakti kI utpatti karate haiN| aisA sabhI ko avazya mAna lenA caahie| yadi aisI samarthatA na pAyI jAya to eka aMgIkAra na kiye jAne vAlA niSkarSa utpanna hogA ki karmoM kA sampAdana evaM unakA asampAdana eka hI stara para haiN| yaha samarthatA yA zakti jo yA to manuSya (kartA) meM hotI hai yA sampAdita yajJa - se utpanna hotI hai, zAstra meM apUrva nAma se ghoSita hai| yaha satya hai ki isa samarthatA kI siddhi pratyakSa jJAna se nahIM ho sakatI, kevala zrutArthApatti' se hI ise hama siddha kara sakate haiN| jaba hamase koI yaha kahatA hai ki eka moTA vyakti dina meM nahIM khAtA hai to hameM yaha mAna lenA hotA hai ki vaha rAtri meM avazya khAtA hogaa| imI prakAra, veda sUkSma zakti kI prApti hotI hai, yadyapi svargaphala ko utpanna karane kA kAraNa hai| rUpa meM mAna sakate haiM / mImAMsaka loga yajJa evaM svarga donoM ko lAtA hai; hameM yaha mAna lenA hai ki yajJa se hameM svayaM yajJa kucha kAla ke uparAnta svayaM samApta ho jAtA hai aura yaha zakti aura hama use yajamAna ke AtmA meM avasthita yA eka adRzya prabhAva ke yaha nahIM svIkAra karate ki dhArmika karmoM ke phala Izvara dvArA diye jAte haiM / ve0 sU0 ( 3 |2| 40 ) kA kathana hai| ki yaha jaimini kA dRSTikoNa hai (dharma jaiminirata eSa) aura yaha bAdarAyaNa, zaMkara evaM mAmatI ke isa mata kA virodhI hai ki Izvara hI phala dene vAlA hai| prakaraNapaJcikA ( pR0 186 ) ke mata se adRzya zakti kartA nahIM hai| pratyuta vaha svayaM karma se sUkSma rUpa meM utpanna hotI hai / mAghavAcArya dvArA darzapUrNamAsa yajJa ke viSaya meM apUrva ke cAra prakAra kahe gaye haiM (apUrva ke anya upa prakAra bhI kahe gaye haiM) / bhAvanA yaha hai ki pratyeka kRtya eka apUrva kI utpatti karatA hai aura kRtya ke pratyeka aMga kA eka apUrva hotA hai jo sampUrNa kRtya ke apUrva kA choTA rUpa hotA hai / tantravArtika ne apUrva nAma kI vyAkhyA kI hai / yajJa-sampAdana ke pUrva adRzya zakti kA astitva nahIM thA, isakA prAkaTya yajJa sampAdana ke uparAnta hI eka navIna zakti ke rUpa meM hotA hai, ataH isakA artha kevala yaugika hai / 113-117) / buddha ko sarvajJa kahA gayA thA, jaisA ki amarakoza meM AyA hai : 'sarvajJa sugato buddhoM' Adi / nyAyaratnAkara meM zloka 113-114 para TippaNI huI hai : 'yathA ca buddhAdeH sarvajJatvaM puruSatvAdasmadAdivanniSiddham, evaM prajApaterapi sraStvaM niSedhyamityAha sarvajJavaditi / tena vaM vaprabhAvakathanArthIyaM sRSTipralayavAdaH / samasta puruSakArAbhAva'pi sRSTikAle devavazenaiva sarvaM pravartate, pralayakAle ca satyapi puruSakAre devoparamAdevoparamiti tasmAddharmAnuSThAna eva yatitavyamityetatparaM sRSTipralaya vacanamiti / nyA0 Ta0 ( zlokavAtika, sambandhakSepapari0, zloka 112 ) /

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124 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yadi koI aisI dhAraNA banAtA hai ki apUrva koI aisI zakti hai jo kisI yajJakartA meM nivAsa karane ke nimitta AtI hai, to usakI yaha dhAraNA una arvAcIna lekhakoM kI bhAMti hai jo aisA vizvAsa karate haiM ki vAstavika pUjA kevala punIta samajhe jAne vAle zabdoM kA bAra-bAra kahanA nahIM hai, pratyata yaha UrdhvagAmI gati hai yA pUjaka kI AdhyAtmika zakti kI tIvratA kI vRddhi kA dyotaka hai (dekhie DabalyU0 jemsa kA grantha 'verAiTIz2a Ava rilijiesa ekspIrieMsa', pR0 467) / / (7) svataH prAmANya : yaha pahale hI kahA jA cakA hai pramANa chaha haiM (kintu prabhAkara ke anasAra kevala pAMca haiM) / pUrvamImAMsA kA kathana hai ki sabhI pratyakSa apane meM svAbhAvika rUpa se sapramANa athavA siddha haiM, unheM apanI prAmANikatA siddha karane ke lie bAhya sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3atI , kintu pratyakSa kI aprAmANikatA (parata:) bAhya rUpa se yaha pradarzita kara sthApita hotI hai ki pratyakSa utpanna kAne vAle aMga meM doSa thA yA Age cala kara yaha kahakara ki eka viziSTa pratyakSa bhrAmaka thA, use sthApita kiyA jAtA hai| prabhAkara aura Age bar3ha jAte haiM aura mata prakAzita karate haiM ki pratyeka anubhava sapramANa hotA hai aura koI bhI anubhava bhrAmaka yA mithyA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| (8) svarga : jaimini, zabara evaM kumArila dvArA vyakta svarga sambandhI vicAra veda evaM purANoM meM ullikhita vicAra se bhinna haiN| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa (jilda) 4, pR0 165-167 evaM 168-171 jahA~ para vaidika sAhitya, mahAkAvyoM evaM purANoM meM ullikhita svarga se sambandhita sukha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| sthAnAbhAva se hama yahA~ para bahuta hI saMkSepa meM kheNge| Rgveda (113 / 7-11) meM RSi ne soma se prArthanA kI hai ki vaha unheM usa amara loka meM rakha de jahA~ nirantara prakAza rahatA hai, jahA~ sabhI icchAoM kI pUrti ho jAtI hai, jahA~ para vibhinna koTiyoM ke Ananda kI upalabdhi hotI hai| svarga ko aisA sthAna mAnA gayA hai jahA~ para yuddha lar3ane ke uparAnta vIra logoM ke jIvAtmA jAte haiM (R0 6 / 46 / 12) / R0 (10 / 15412-4) meM AtmA se kahA gayA hai ki vaha una logoM se jAkara mila jAya jo mahAn tapoM se ajayya ho gaye haiM, jo yuddha meM mara gaye haiM, jinhoMne sahasroM gAyoM kA dAna kiyA hai, jinhoMne sadAcAra kA jIvana bitAyA hai aura jo vijJa RSi the| atharvaveda (4134 / 2 evaM 5-6) meM AyA hai ki svarga meM bahuta-sI nAriyA~ haiM, khAne ke lie bahuta-se paudhe, vibhinna prakAra ke puSpa haiM, vahA~ ghRta, madhu, surA, dUdha, dahI kI nadiyA~ haiM aura cAroM ora kamala ke sarovara haiM / zatapatha brAhmaNa (1417 / 1 / 32-33) meM AyA hai ki svarga kA Ananda, pRthivI ke Ananda kA saugunA hotA hai| dekhie mekaDonela kA grantha 'vedika maithaoNlaoNjI' (pR0 167-168) evaM e0 bI0 kItha kA grantha 'rilijana eNDa philAsaoNphI Ava di veda' Adi (pR0 403-406, 1624) / yahA~ taka ki upaniSadoM ne bhI svarga ke Ananda kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA-chA0 upa0 (815 // 3) ne brahmA ke loka meM do jhIloM, soma kI bauchAra karate hue azvattha vRkSa evaM aparAjitA nAmaka brahmA kI nagarI kA ullekha kiyA hai; kauzItaki upa0 (113 evaM 4) ne ise bar3hAyA hai aura itanA jor3a diyA hai ki jo loga svarga meM pahu~cate haiM unake svAgata meM pA~ca sau apsarAe~ AtI haiM, jinameM eka sau ke hAthoM meM jayamAla, eka sau ke pAsa aMjana, eka sau ke pAsa sugaMdhiyA~, eka sau ke pAsa vastra tathA eka sau ke pAsa phala rahate haiM / kAlidAsa aise kaviyoM ne yuddha meM mRta vIra ke AtmA ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki jaba vaha svarga meM pahu~catA hai to usake pAsa apsarAe~ AtI haiM (raghuvaMza 7 / 51 : vAmAMgasaMsavatasurAMgana: svaM nRtyatkabandhaM samare ddrsh')| purANoM ne svarga ke Ananda kA bar3A sundara varNana kiyA hai / dekhie brahmapurANa (225 / 6), padma0 (2165 / 2-5), mArkaNDeya (10163-65), jinhoMne nandana vana, apsarAoM ke samUhoM se yukta vimAnoM, sone ke AsanoM, vistaroM, cintAmAvoM, sabhI sukhoM Adi kA vizada ullekha kiyA hai| zabara ne pU0 mI0 sU0 (6111)

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 125 para likhate hue svarga sambandhI do pracalita matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai; eka hai-vaha svarga hai jo vyakti ko Ananda detA hai, yathA rezamI vastra, candana, SoDaziyA~ ; dUsarA hai-svarga vaha hai jahA~ na uSNatA hai, na jAr3A hai, na bhUkha hai, na pyAsa hai, na asantoSa hai aura na thakAvaTa hai| zabara evaM kumArila kA kathana hai ki svargaviSayaka pracalita dhAraNA aprAmANika hai, mahAbhArata evaM purANa manuSyakRta haiM, ata: unakI bAteM avicAraNIya haiM tathA svarga sambandhI vaidika nirUpaNa kevala prazaMsA ke lie arthavAda hai| pU0 mI0 sU0 (4 / 3 / 15) meM AyA hai ki svarga sabhI dhArmika kRtyoM (yathA-vizvajita) kA phala hai jisake lie vacanoM dvArA koI spaSTa phala ghoSita nahIM hai| zabara kA kathana hai : 'sukha hI svarga hai aura use sabhI khojate haiN'| eka prAcIna zloka meM AyA hai-vaha sukha-sthiti jisameM dukha na milA ho, aura jo Age dukha se na grasita hone vAlA ho, jo abhilASA karane para prApta ho jAya, vahI 'svara' (svarga) zabda se saMjJAyita hotA hai|' medhAtithi ne TippaNI kI hai ki smRtiyA~ kabhI-kabhI ghoSita karatI haiM ki eka gAya ke dAna se sabhI phaloM kI prApti hotI hai aura pApoM se chuTakArA mila jAtA hai, isakA pariNAma yaha ho jAtA hai ki mahAn dhArmika kRtyoM tathA halake-phulake kRtyoM ke phala eka-se samajha liye jAte haiM, kintu yaha soca lenA cAhie ki phala avadhi ko lekara bhinna-bhinna hote haiM; nahIM to koI bhI mahAn evaM kaThina kRtyoM kA sampAdana nahIM kregaa| kucha vaidika kRtyoM se aise phala prApta hote haiM jo svarga se bhinna hote haiN| udAharaNArtha, tai0 saM0 (2 / 4 / 6 / 1) meM AyA hai-'jo adhika pazuoM kI kAmanA rakhatA hai use citrA nAmaka yajJa karanA cAhie' yA jo eka grAma kA netA bananA cAhatA hai use 'saMgrahaNI' nAmaka iSTi karanI cAhie (tai0 saM0 2 / 3 / 6 / 2) / zabara kA kathana hai ki veda aisA nahIM kahate ki isa prakAra ke yajJoM se isa jIvana meM phala nahIM prApta ho sktaa| isa para TupTIkA (pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 1 / 1) ne eka sundara TippaNI kI hai| abhilaSita vastuoM (putra-janma Adi) kI prApti ke lie veda meM jo upAya ghoSita hai vaha isa yA usa loka meM avazya phaladAyaka hogaa| yadi kisI vyakti ne pUrva 7. sa svargaH syAtsarvAnpratyaviziSTatvAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 (4 / 3 / 15); zabara kA kathana hai : 'sarve hi puruSAH svargakAyAH kuta etat / prItihi svargaH sarvazca prIti praarthyte|' svarga sAdhya hai aura yAga sAdhana hai jaisA ki pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 2 / 4) ko TupTIkA meM AyA hai| yanna duHkhena sambhinnaM na ca prastamanantaram / abhilAyopanItaM ca tatsukhaM svaHpadAspadam / / vAcaspati kI sAMsyakaumudI (pR0 45, caukhambhA sIrIja) dvArA tathA udyogaparva (33 / 72) para nIlakaNTha dvArA uddhRta / kucha logoM ne isa zloka ko viSNupurANa kA mAnA hai| prakaraNapaJcikA (pR0102-103) meM isa zloka kI dhvani prApta hotI hai : 'jyotiSTomena svargakAmo yajetatyavamAdi samAmnAyaM sakaladuHkhasambhedarahitAbhilASopanItadIrghatarasukhasAdhanatvenArthavAdaiH stUyamAnaM karma dRshyte|... tathA ca yAvattAvatsukhasAdhane svargazabdaM na prayujate kintu sAtizayaprItijanake / medhAtithi (manu 487 jahA~ narakoM kI saMkhyA 21 kahI gayI hai) ne TippaNI dI hai : 'narakazabdo niratizayaduHkhavacanaH / ekaviMzati saMkhyA arthvaadH| prakAzita viSNupurANa (2 / 6 / 46) meM AyA hai: 'manaH prItikaraH svargo narakastadviparyayaH / narakasvargasaMjJe va puNyapApe dvijottama // 8. smRtyantara sarvaphalatA pApapramocanArthatApi godAnasya zrutA yAvatAmalpopakarANAM mahopakAraH phalasAmyamucyate teSAM lokavatparimANataH phlvishesso'vgntvyH| prApyate tadeva phalaM na tu cirakAlam / AvAcyo hyayaM nyaayH| paNalabhyaM hi tatprAtaH kIgAti bazabhiH palaiH-iti samAnaphalatve mahAprayAsAnarthakyaM prApnoti / meSA0 (manu 365) /

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126 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa janma meM duSkRtya kiye hoM to use una pApoM ke prabhAvoM se nipaTanA par3egA aura jaba taka vaha pApaprabhAvoM meM rahatA hai taba taka yajJoM se utpanna phala sthagita rahate haiM / kintu jaba pApoM ke prabhAva bahuta kama raha jAte haiM to vyakti isI jIvana meM kAmya kRtyoM ke phala prApta karane lagatA hai / veda-vacana kevala itanA kahate haiM ki kRtya sampAdana kA phala avazya milatA hai, kintu ve yaha nahIM kahate ki phala ( kRtya sampAdana ke uparAnta) turaMta mila jAte haiM / ataH ( phala prApti ke kAla ke viSaya meM ) koI nizcitatA nahIM hai / kintu svarga kA upabhoga ( isI jIvana meM sampAdita kRtyoM ke phala ke rUpa meM) paraloka meM hI hotA hai / svarga niratizaya prIti ( arthAt Ananda ) hai aura karma ke anurUpa hI usakI prApti hotI hai, kintu isakA upabhoga isa janma meM nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki manuSya isa loka meM pratyeka kSaNa meM sukha evaM dukha kA anubhava karatA rahatA hai / pratyeka sukha jyotiSToma se hI nahIM prApta hotA aura pratyeka vyakti jyotiSToma karatA bhI nahIM / kintu kucha sukha manuSya ko prApta hotA hI hai| ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai / niratizaya sukha ke anubhava ke lie dUsare zarIra kI kalpanA karanI hI hai, kyoMki koI anya tarkasaMgata vyAkhyA nahIM mila paatii| vaha niratizaya sukha (prIti) vyakti ke pAsa taba taka nahIM AtI jaba taka ki vaha jItA rahatA hai, ataH svarga kA upabhoga dUsare jIvana meM hI hotA hai / " (6) mokSa : pU0 mI0 sU0, zabara evaM prabhAkara ne mokSa ke viSaya meM nahIM likhA hai / kumArila evaM prakaraNa - paJcikA ne isa para vicAra kiyA hai| donoM meM AyA hai ki mokSa kI prApti ho jAne para punaH zarIra dhAraNa nahIM hotA / zlokavArtika meM AyA hai-- 'jo mokSa prApta karanA cAhatA hai use niSiddha karma nahIM karanA cAhie aura na kAya (yathA santAna, ghana Adi ke lie kiyA jAne vAlA) karma hI karanA cAhie, use nitya ( yathA agnihotra ) evaM naimittika ( snAna, japa, dAna jo vizeSa parva, grahaNa Adi meM kiyA jAtA hai) karma karana cAhie jisase una pApoM se chuTakArA ho jo ina karmoM ke na karane se ekatra hote hai; yadi vyakti nitya evaM naimittika karmoM ke phaloM kI kAmanA nahIM karatA to ve use prApta nahIM hoMge, kyoMki aise phala kevala unhIM ko prApta hote haiM jo unheM cAhate haiM / pUrva jIvana ke karmoM ke phaloM kA nivAraNa usa janma meM bhogane se hotA hai jisameM mokSa kI khoja kI jAtI hai / yaha mata zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 4 | 3 | 14 ) kI dhAraNA se mela nahIM khAtA, kyoMki zaMkarAcArya ne aisA kahA hai ki binA Atma-jJAna ke mokSa kI prApti nahIM hotI ( zveta0 upa0 3 / 8 ) / usI sUtra ke apane bhASya 1 6. putrAdIni kAmayamAnasyopAyo vidhIyate / upAye ca kRte niyatamupeyena bhavitavyam / tadA pUrvajanmanyazubhaM kRtm| taccAnubhAvyaM tasmAtpUrvajanmakRtamanubhUyate / tatra yadi janmAntarakRto'dharmaH prakSINastata ihaiva janmani phalam / athAkSINastatastena vaddhasAdhakaM phalamutkRSyate / phalaM bhavatItyetAvati vidhizabdo'sti na tvanantaratve tasmAdaniyamaH / svargastu janmAntara eva / sa hi niratizayA prItiH karmAnurUpA ceti na zakyeha janmanyanubhavitum / yato'smi~lloke kSaNe kSaNa sukhaduHkhe anubhavanti / na ca protimAtraM jyotiSTomaphalam / prANimAtrasya ca sA vidyate na ca prANimAtraM jyotiSTomaM kroti| tasmAtsvAbhAvikyasau / dehAntaraM tu niratizayaprItyanubhavanAyAnyathAnupapattyA kalpyate / taccAmRtasya na bhavatItyato janmAntare svargaH / TupTokA (4) 328) | yaha draSTavya hai ki yahA~ para proti ( sukha-kSaNa) evaM niratizayatrIti meM antara darzAyA gayA hai| ipTokA (6 / 1 / 1) meM AyA hai ki siddhAnta mata ke anusAra svarga kA artha hai| 'prIti' kintu pUrvapakSa meM AyA hai ki svarga una vastuoM ke sAdhanoM kA dyotana karatA hai jinase prIti (yA sukha) utpanna hotI hai, kintu donoM aisA nahIM kahate ki svarga koI sthAna hai, 'ekasya prItiH svargazabdavAcyA aparasya prItimad dravyam / viziSTo deza ubhayorapyavAcyaH TapTIkA (pU0 mI0 sU0, 6 / 1 / 1) /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 127 meM unhoMne, aisA pratIta hotA hai, kumArila ke mata kI AlocanA kI hai| kumArila ke anusAra Atma-jJAna ke viSaya, meM upaniSadoM kI uktiyA~ kevala arthavAda haiM, kyoMki ve kartA ko yaha jJAna detI haiM ki vaha AtmavAn hai aura AtmA kI kucha vizeSatAeM haiN| kintu zaMkara kA kathana hai (ve0 sU0 1 / 1 / 1) ki pUrva mImAMsA evaM brahma-mImAMsA meM phala, jijJAsA kA viSaya evaM vaidika prabodhanavAkya (codanA) bhinna haiN| kucha smRtiyoM ne isa bAta kI khillI ur3AyI hai ki kevala AtmajJAna se mokSa kI prApti ho jaaygii| udAharaNArtha, bRhadyogiyAjJavalkya (6 / 26 evaM 34) meM AyA hai ki 'jJAna evaM karma donoM se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / aisA kahanA ki kevala jJAna mokSa kI ora le jAyagA, pramAda kA pratIka hai tathA zarIrazrama ke bhaya se abodha loga karma karanA nahIM caahte| pUrvamImAMsA ke Arambhika evaM pramukha lekhakoM ke siddhAnta vicitra evaM cakita karane vAle haiM / veda kI amaratA (nityatA) evaM svayaMbhUtA ke viSaya meM unake tarka bhramajanaka haiM aura anya prAcIna bhAratIya siddhAntoM dvArA bhI aMgIkRta nahIM ho sake haiN| prabhAkara evaM kumArila donoM ne apane siddhAnta ke antargata Izvara ko phaladAtA yA prArthanA se prasanna hokara manuSya kI niyati kA zAsana karane vAle ke rUpa meM koI sthAna nahIM prApta hai| ve spaSTa rUpa se Izvara ke astitva ko asvIkAra to nahIM karate, kintu ve vaidika uvitayoM meM varNita devatAoM evaM Izvara ko gauNa sthAna dete haiM yA vyAvahArika rUpa se unheM na-kucha samajhate haiM / ve yajJa ko Izvara kI sthiti taka uThA dete haiM aura unake yajJa-sambandhI siddhAnta eka prakAra se vyAvasAyika-se11 haiM, yathA-vyakti ko itane karma karane cAhie, purohitoM ko dAna denA cAhie, havi denA cAhie, kucha sadAcAra ke niyamoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie, (yathA, mAMsa na khAnA, kevala dUdha pI kara jInA) kyoMki aisA karane se binA Izvara kI madhyasthatA ke phala kI prApti ho jAtI hai| dhArmika saMvegoM (bhakti Adi) ke prati koI preraNA nahIM hai, kisI sarvajJa kI carcA nahIM hai, na to koI sraSTA hai aura na loka kI sRSTi / pUrvamImAMsA ne nissandeha jIvana meM manuSya ke kartavyoM (evaM adhikAroM) para bala diyA hai| anya darzanoM ne vizeSa rUpa se isa saMsAra se mukta ho jAne tathA mRtyUparAnta manuSya kI pane ko adhika sambandhita rakhA hai| pu0 mI0 sa0, zabara evaM kamArila ne vaidika vacanoM ke vivaraNa yA prati mahattvapUrNa yogadAna kiye haiN| zabara ke bhASya meM lagabhaga 7 sahana udadharaNa haiM, jinameM kaI sau kI pahacAna abhI taka nahIM ho sakI hai| inameM se kama-se-kama eka sahasra tai0 saM0 evaM tai0 brA0 se liye gaye haiN| lagabhaga 12 adhikaraNoM kA sambandha adhriguESa se hai| kucha adhikaraNa to praiSa meM prayukta kucha zabdoM kI vyAkhyA 10. jJAnaM pradhAnaM na tu karmahInaM karma pradhAnaM na tu buddhihInam / tasmAd dvayoreva bhaveta siddhiokapakSo vihagaH prayAti // parijAnAbhavenuktiretadAlasyalakSaNam / kAyaklezabhayAccaiva karmacecchantyapaNDitA // bRhadyogiyA0 (26, 34. kRtyakalpa dvArA uddhRta, pR0 146) / 11. Izvara se vyAvasAyika vyavahAra ke lie dekhie mantra 'dehi me dadAmite ni me dhehi ni te dadhe / nihAraminni me harA nihAra ni harAmi te| ta0 saM0 (1 / 8 / 4 / 1-2), vA0 saM0 3 / 50); milAie atharvaveda (3 / 15 / 6) / 12. dekhie tai0 saM0 (2|256)jhaaN darzapUrNamAsa meM saMlagna vyakti ke viSaya meM ullekha hai : tasyatavrataM. nAnataM vadena mAMsamaznIyAnna striyamupeyAnnAsya palpUlanena vAsaH palpUlayeyuH' evaM tai0 saM0 (6 / 2 / / 2-3) jahAM payaH, pavAgaH evaM AbhikSA kA prayoga krama se brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya ke lie ucita bhojana kahA gayA hai| jaimini (4 // 3 // 8-6) meM ghoSita kiyA hai ki yaha phatavartha (Avazyaka) hai| dekhie isa mahAnanya kA khaNDa 2, pR0 11361140 jahAM agniSToma yajJa ke lie dIkSita vyakti ke lie niyamoM kA ullekha hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 120 se sambandhita haiM (dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2, pR0 1121 evaM pAda-TippaNI 2504 ) / zabara evaM kumArila ne AtmA ke viSaya meM jo dhAraNAe~ vyakta kI haiM unase pUvamImAMsA ko dArzanika mahatva prApta ho sakA hai| vaidika evaM vaidikottara vivaraNa athavA vyAkaraNa ke nimitta zabara kI denoM ke viSaya meM vizad adhyayana ke lie dekhie DA0 es0 vI0 garge kA grantha 'sAigrezaMsa ina zabara- bhASya ( pR0 140 213, pUnA, 1652 ) / isa siddhAnta se ki veda nitya hai aura sarvocca pramANa vAlA hai, katipaya avAJchita pravRttiyA~ uTa khar3I huI haiN| naye siddhAntoM ke pravartaka bar3I kaThinAI se yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kara baiThate haiM ki unake siddhAntoM ke pIche vaidika pramANa haiM / udAharaNArtha, ve0 sU ke 1 / 1 / 5- 18 sUtra yaha batAte hai ki upaniSadeM pradhAna ko vizva kA kAraNa nahIM mAnatIM, jaisA ki sAMkhya loga kalpanA karate haiM / zaMkarAcArya ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki sAMsyoM ne vedAnta vacanoM ko apane siddhAntoM ke anurUpa vyAkhyAyita kara DAlA hai aura isI se unake tarka kA khaNDana unheM ve0 sU0 (111 / 5-18) meM karanA pdd'aa| hamane yaha bahuta pahale dekha liyA hai ki kisa prakAra zAkta pUjA ke anuyAyiyoM ne R0 (5|47 4 : catvAra iM vibhrati Adi-Adi ) kI vyAkhyA apane zAvata siddhAntoM kI puSTi meM kara DAlI hai aura upaniSad nAma se udghoSita karake apane granthoM ko mAnyatA dene kA prayAsa kiyA hai, yathA-- bhAvanopaniSad | zabara ne apane pU0 mI0 sU0 ke bhASya meM yaha kahA hai ki vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM ne apane samarthana meM bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ( 4 | 5 | 13 : vijJAnaghana ivaitebhyo bhUtebhyaH samutthAya tAnyevAnuvinazyati na pretya saMjJArita) kI bAteM rakha dI haiM / atyanta cakita karane vAle udAharaNoM meM eka hai AnandatIrtha (jo madhvAcArya bhI kahalAte haiM) dvArA upasthApita R0 (1 / 141 / 1 - 3 ) kI vyAkhyA / AnandatIrtha ne 'mahAbhArata- tAtparya nirNaya' meM apane ko vAyu kA tIsarA avatAra mAnA hai, (do anya avatAra haiM, hanUmAna evaM bhImasena) aura yaha kahane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki R0 (1 / 141 / 1-3) ina tIna avatAroM kI ora saMketa karatA hai / 'madhvaH' evaM 'mAtarizvA' zabda (jinakA artha hai vAyu deva) R0 ( 1 / 141 / 3 ) meM prayukta haiN| itanA hI isa bAta ko kahane ke lie paryApta thA ki dvaita siddhAnta ke pravartaka madhva Rgveda meM ullikhita haiN| yadi veda meM bhImasena (jo paramparA se dI huI mahAbhArata kI tithi ke anusAra lagabhaga 5000 varSa pUrva hue) kA saMketa hai aura madhva kA ( jo lagabhaga 700 varSa pUrva hue the) ullekha hai to veda nitya kaise kahA jAyagA aura svayaM madhvAcArya veda kI anityatA ke pratyuttara meM kyA kaheMge ? spaSTa hai, veda ina tithiyoM ke uparAnta praNIta huA hogA ! yaha tarka ki yaha saMketa kisI pUrva kalpa kA hai, nahIM Thahara sakatA, kyoMki vaha kalpa, manvantara evaM mahAyuga jinameM mIma evaM madhvAcArya hue tathA arvAcIna kAla abhI eka hI haiN| dvApara ( jisameM bhImasena the) ke anta meM koI pralaya nahIM huA, pratyuta usI samaya kaliyuga Arambha ho gyaa| mahAbhArata kA yuddha dvApara evaM kali (Adi parva 2 / 13 ) ke bIca meM huA tathA yuddha ke samaya kaliyuga kA Arambha hone vAlA thA ( vanaparvaetat kaliyuge nAmAcirAdmad pravartate, evaM zalya0 60 / 25: prAptaM kaliyugaM viddhi ) / isI prakAra ke svatvapratipAdana ke kAraNa appaya dIkSita aise prasiddha lekhakoM ne unakI bhartsanA kI hai / appaya dIkSita ne abhiyoga lagAyA hai ki madhvAcArya ne apane siddhAnta ke samarthana meM kapaTa- racanA dvArA vaidika evaM anya vacanoM kA uddharaNa diyA hai| dekhie iNDiyana eNTIkverI ( jilda 62, pR0 186) jahA~ para zrI veMkaTasubviyAha ne 30 se adhika aise granthoM ke nAma diye haiM, jinheM madhva ne ullikhita kiyA hai, kintu ve grantha vAstava meM kahIM nahIM pAye jAte / ma0 ma0 cinnasvAmI ne, jinhoMne appaya ke grantha ko 60 zlokoM meM sampAdita kiyA hai, jisameM 'madhvamatavidhvaMsana' nAmaka appaya kI TIkA bhI hai aura svayaM unakI TippaNI bhI hai, pR0 4 para 36 ajJAta granthoM tathA sUtroM kA ullekha kiyA hai jahA~ para ve appaya dvArA udAhRta hue haiN| yaha draSTavya hai ki zaMkara evaM rAmAnuja aise mahAn AcAryoM ne apane granthoM meM yaha kahIM bhI nahIM likhA ki ve kisI devatA ke avatAra the / yadi kinhIM ne kucha kahA to ve unake ziSya loga the / 1

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 126 yaha sthApita karane ke uparAnta ki veda nitya aura svayaMmbhU hai, mImAMsakoM ne apane vaidagdhya, tarka-zakti evaM yukti kA khulakara kiyA hai / unakA apanA eka vizeSa tarka hai jisake dvArA ve na kevala veda-vacanoM kI vyAkhyA karate haiM pratyuta ve smRtiyoM evaM dharmazAstra - sambandhI madhyakAlIna granthoM (jinameM vyavahAra athavA kAnUna, vidhi Adi sammilita haiM) kA nirUpaNa upasthita karate haiN| jaisA ki kolabruka ne, jo ki atyanta samyak evaM ucita vicAra rakhane vAle pAzcAtya saMskRta vidvAnoM meM parigaNita hote haiM, Aja se 140 varSa pUrva kahA hai ki mImAMsA para jo vimarza hue haiM ve vyAvahArika (kAnUnI ) praznoM se sAdRzya rakhate haiM, aura vAstava meM hindU kAnUna (vyavahAra) logoM ke dharma se sanA huA hai, usI prakAra kA tarka saba bAtoM meM prayukta hotA hai| mImAMsA kA tarka kAnUna ( vyavahAra) kA tarka hai; vaha laukika evaM dhArmika anuzAsanoM (adhyAdezoM) kI vyAkhyA kA niyama hai / pratyeka viSaya kI jA~ca hotI hai aura vaha nizcita kI jAtI hai aura isa prakAra ke nirNIta viSayoM se hI siddhAnta ekatra kiye jAte haiM / una sabakA suvyavasthita DhaMga vyavahAra (kAnUna) kA darzana hai, aura isI kA sacamuca, mImAMsA meM prayAsa kiyA gayA hai (phuTakara nibandha, jilda 1, pR0 316-317, madrAsa, 1837 I0 ) / vaidika sAmagrI kA prathama vibhAjana mantra evaM brAhmaNa rUpa meM hai / hamane yaha pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki ve hI mantra kahe jAte haiM jo usa rUpa meM vidvAnoM dvArA svIkRta haiN| pU0 mI0 sU0 (2 / 1 / 31-32 ) meM vyavasthA hai ki mantra vaha hai jo kevala dRr3hatA pUrvaka kahatA hai ( utsAha dene vAlA nahIM hai) yA ( vahI bAta dUsare DhaMga se) 've mantra haiM jo usa nAma se isalie pukAre jAte haiM kyoMki ve kucha dRr3hatApUrvaka kahate haiM / zabara ( pU0 mI0 sU0 1 / 4 / 1 ) ne kahA hai ki mantra vaha hai jo yajJa kI vidhi ke samaya yajamAna ko vyavasthita bAta kA smaraNa dilAtA hai yA use spaSTa karatA hai, yathA- 'maiM kuza ghAsa ( ko agra bhAga ) kATatA hU~ jahA~ devatA kA nivAsa hai / yaha mantra kA eka sAmAnya varNana huA, na ki usakI samyak paribhASA / kevala yajJoM meM uccAraNa se hI mantra upayogI nahIM hote, pratyuta vAstava meM ve abhidhAyaka hote haiM (arthAt kyA kiyA jAnA cAhie yA kyA kiyA jA rahA hai usako smaraNa dilAne vAle ) / zabara kI TippaNI hai ki kevala lakSaNa se hI mantroM kI abhijJatA hotI hai na ki mantroM kI kucha vizeSatAoM ke varNana se, jaisA ki vRttikAra ne kiyA yathA -- kucha lou 'asi' ( tU hai) se anta karate haiM yA 'tyA' se jaisA ki tai0 saM0 (1|1|1) ke 'iSe tvA' meM hai, prArthanA yA AkAMkSA se ( yathA ta0 saM0 1 / 6 / 6 / 1 meM 'AyurdhA asi ) yA prazaMsA se (agnirmUrdhA divaH, tai0 saM0 4 4 | 4 ) | zabara ne darzAyA hai ki 'asi' evaM 'tvA' mantroM ke madhya meM bhI pAye jAte haiM, anya vizeSatAe~, yathA-- AzIrvacana evaM prazaMsA brAhmaNoM meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| mImAMsA - bAla - prakAza meM AyA hai ki mantroM ke eka sau prakAra haiM aura yadi hama caudaha vaidika chandoM evaM unake upa-vibhAjanoM ko bhI sammilita kareM, kevala Rk mantroM (RcAoM) kI 273 vibhinna koTiyA~ prApta ho jAyeMgI ( pR0 66-67 ) / kacha aise vacana haiM jo mantra kahe jAte haiM (yathA'vasantAya kapiMjalAnAlabhate', vAja0 saM0 24/20 ) jo na kevala dRDhatApUrvaka kahe gaye haiM pratyuta yAga kI vidhi se sambandhita haiM ( yathA azvamedha se, vAja0 saM0 24 / 20 ) / mantroM ko tIna zIrSakoM meM bA~TA gayA hai, yathA -- Rk, sAma evaM yajuH / inakI paribhASA pU0 mI0 sU0 (211135-37 ) meM kI huI hai / 'R' nAma una mantroM ke lie prayukta hai jo mAtrAyukta pAdoM meM (bahudhA) artha ke AdhAra para vibhAjita haiM / 'sAma' una vaidika mantroM kA nAma hai jo gAye jAte haiM / 13. teSAmRgyatrArthavazena pAdavyavasthA / gotiS sAmAsyA / zeSe yajH zabdaH / pU0 mI0 sU0 (2 / 1 / 3537) / 'agnimIle purohitaM ' (011111 ) meM prathama pAda meM pUrNabhAva hai, kintu 'agniH pUrvebhiRSibhirIDyo 17

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa evaM 6 / 2 / 1-2 ) meM aisA sthApita hai ki mantra- vacana 14 'sAma' nahIM kahe isa nAma se pukAre jAte haiM, vaha gIti kriyA hai jo gAyaka dvArA bhItarI abhivyakta hotI hai aura saMgItamaya prabhAva utpanna karane ke lie gAyaka ko karanA par3atA hai, unameM kucha bhAgoM ko idhara-udhara karanA hotA hai, chor3a denA hotA hai, bAra-bAra duharAnA hotA hai yA kahIM-kahIM unameM roka lagAnI par3atI hai aura stoma 15 denA hotA hai / 7 / 2 / 1-21 meM pU0 mI0 sU0 ne yaha sthApita kiyA hai ki 'rathantara sAma' evaM 'bRhatsAma' zabda kevala gIti kI ora nirdeza karate haiM, ve RcA yA usa mUla vacana kI ora jo saMgItamaya banA diyA gayA hai koI saMketa nahIM karate / 'yajuH' ve mantra haiM jo na to 'Rk' haiM aura na 'saam'| eka anya zabda hai 'nigada' jo kucha aise mantroM ke lie prayukta hotA hai jo nirdeza rUpa meM anya logoM ko sambodhita haiM, yathA-- agnIdagnIn vihara', 'prokSaNIrAsAdaya', 'idhmAbahirUpasAdaya', aura jo ucca svara se kahe jAte haiN| ye 'yaju: ( arthAt gadya meM) haiM, kevala eka antara yaha hai ki ve ucca svara se kahe jAte haiM (ataH jinase kahA jA rahA hai ve suna sakeM) 1 kintu anya sAmAnya 'yaju:' dhIre kahe jAte haiN| dekhie pU0 mI0 sU0 (221 / 38-45) jahA~ nigadoM para vivecana hai aura maitrAyaNIsaMhitA ( 3 / 6 / 5 ) jahA~ 'uccairRcA kriyata uccaiH sAmopAMzu yajuSA' AyA hai / mantra evaM brAhmaNa mila kara veda kahe jAte haiM / pU0 mI0 sU0 (2|1|33 ) meM AyA hai ki veda ke se aMza jo mantra nahIM haiM aura na mantra kahe jA sakate haiM, brAhmaNa haiN| zabara ne TippaNI kI hai ki vRttikAra 110 pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 7 / 12 / 1- 21 jAte, kintu kevala gIti vAle prayatna se vibhinna svaroM ke rUpa meM RcA ke akSaroM ko pariSkRta nUtanata (R0 1 / 1 / 2) meM bhAva (artha) prathama pAda meM pUrNa nahIM ho sakA hai / ataH paribhASA kevala 'pAdavyavasthA' hai tathA 'ardhavazena' kevala vASTatika hai, jaisA ki zabara ne kahA hai : 'yato nArthaM vazeneti vRttAdivazavyAvRtyarthaM, ki sahi anuvAda eSa pradarzanArthaH / ... tasmAdyatra pAdakRtA vyavasthA sA Rgiti / ' 14. tasmAdgItayaH sAmAni na pragItAni mantravAkyAni / zabara ( pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 2 / 2 ) ; sAmavede sahasraM gItyupAyAH / ... gItirnAma kriyA / sA AmyAntaraprayatnajanitasvaravizeSANAmabhivyaJjikA / sA sAmazabdAbhilapyA / sA niyataparimANA / Rci ca gIyate / zabara (pU0 mo0 sU0 6 / 2 / 26 ) / 'sarve dezAntare' vArtika para prathama Anhika meM mahAbhAdhya kA kathana hai: catvAro vedAH sAMgaNaH sarahasyA bahudhA vibhinnA ekazatamadhvaryuzAkhAH sahasravartyA sAmaveda ekaviMzatighA bAhavRcyaM navadhAtharvaNo veda / yahA~ para sAmaveda ke lie 'zAkhA' nahIM prayukta huA hai pratyuta 'vartman ' ( DhaMga) zabda kA prayoga huA hai / jaisA ki zabara ne spaSTa kahA hai ki sAmaveda meM eka sahasra gItyupAya haiM, ataH sahasravarmA kA artha hai 'sahasragItyupAyavAn' aura 'sahasravama' ko 'sahasrazAkhaH' kahanA ThIka nahIM hai, jaisA ki bahuta se vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai| viSNupurANa (3 / 6) ne sAmaveda ke pAThAntaroM kA bhrAmaka vivaraNa upasthita kiyA hai, zloka 3 evaM 6 meM krama se 1000 saMhitAoM (sukarmA dvArA udbhAvita ) evaM 24 saMhitAoM (hiraNyanAbha ke ziSya dvArA udbhAvita ) kA ullekha hai / 15. gAnoM meM jo Upara se jor3A jAtA hai use stobha kahate haiM, yathA hAu, hAi, I, U, hum Adi / dekhie chAndogyopaniSad (1 / 1311-3) jahA~ 'ham' ko 13 vA~ stobha kahA gayA hai ( use parama brahma bhI kaha diyA gayA hai) aura anya 12 stobhoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, yathA-hAu, hAi, U0 Adi / dekhie jai0 (6236, adhikaM ca vivarNaM ca jaiminaH stobhazabdavAt) / 16. zeSe brAhmaNazabdaH / pU0 mI0 sU0 (211133); 'mantrAzca brAhmaNaM ca vedaH / tatra mantralakSaNa ukte parizeSasiddhatvAt brAhmaNalakSaNamavacanIyaM mantralakSaNavacanenaiva siddham / zabara |

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 131 ne chAtroM ko brAhmaNa-bhAga kI jAnakArI pradAna karane ke lie kucha aisI vizeSatAe~ pradarzita kI haiM jo brAhmaNabhAga meM pAyI jAtI haiM, yathA ve aMza jinameM 'iti' yA 'itvAha' kathA vArtA, kisI Adeza ke kAraNa, vyutpatti, bhartsanA, prazaMsA, AzaMkA, Adeza, udAharaNa (jahA~ kisI anya ne vahI kArya kiyA hai ), pUrva yugoM meM huI ghaTanAe~, mUla ko dekhakara ( usa para vicAra karane ke uparAnta) artha meM parivartana karanA Adi Aye rahate haiN| zabara ne do aise zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jinameM brAhmaNa- vacanoM kI vizeSatAoM ko dasa zIrSakoM meM rakhA gayA hai aura unhoMne yaha pradarzita kiyA hai ki yaha saba kevala dRSTAnta-sambandhI haiM aura vRttikAra dvArA ullikhita vizeSatAe~ mantroM meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiM, yathA 'iti' (RR0 10 / 1161), 'ityAha' (R0 7141 // 2), 'AkhyAyikA' (R0 1 / 116 / 3), 'hetu' arthAt kAraNa ( |2| 4 ) / kevala Rgveda meM 10 sahasra se adhika mantra pAye jAte haiN| sabhI vaidika kRtyoM meM eka-tihAI se adhika prayoga meM nahIM lAye jAte / zeSa kA prayoga japa meM hotA hai / isake atirikta anya vedoM ke bhI sahasroM mantra haiM / ataH mantra kI koI aupacArika paribhASA nahIM kI jAtI hai aura kevala itanA hI kahanA paryApta mAnA jAtA hai ki mantra ve haiM jo usa rUpa meM vidvAnoM dvArA mAnya ThaharAye gaye haiN| 0 1 ina mantroM ke pratyeka veda ke sAtha brAhmaNoM kA saMyojana huA hai, yathA-- aitareya evaM kauSItaki brAhmaNa Rgveda ke haiM, taittirIya kRSNa yajurveda kA hai, zatapatha zukla yajurveda kA hai, tANDya sAmaveda kA tathA gopatha yajurveda kA hai / brAhmaNoM meM bhAropIya bhASAoM ke sabase prAcIna jJAta gadya ke rUpa meM pAye jAte haiM, yadyapi gadya ke sUtra (niyama ), jo sambhavata: brAhmaNoM ke gadyoM se prAcIna haiM, kRSNa evaM zukla yajurveda saMhitAoM meM pAye jAte haiM / yajJoM, dhArmika kRtyoM evaM purohitoM ke viSaya meM jAnakArI dene meM ve pramukha upakaraNa mAne jAte haiM / unameM dhArmika kRtyoM evaM yajJoM ko batAne ke lie bahuta-sI kathA-vArtAe~, kiMvadantiyA~ Adi pAyI jAtI haiN| unameM devoM evaM asuroM ke yuddhoM kA ullekha hai aura unameM zabda vyutpattiyA~ pAyI jAtI haiM / unake viSayoM ko hama do koTiyoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM, yathA-vidhiyAM (aise vacana jo Adezayukta evaM upadezAtmaka haiM) evaM arthavAda ( vyAkhyAtmaka vacana ) / arthavAdoM ke viSaya kSetra evaM uddezya ke viSaya meM Age likhA jAyagA / kintu eka bAta draSTavya hai ki mImAMsaka loga yaha kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM karate ki veda kA koI bhI aMza yahA~ taka ki alpa se alpa aMza bhI, vyartha yA nirarthaka hai / aba hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki mImAMsaka loga kisa prakAra veda kI bAtoM para vicAra karate haiN| Aja kA vidyamAna vaidika sAhitya ati vizAla evaM vibhinna prakAra kA hai| jaba eka bAra yaha mAnya ho jAtA hai ki 17. hetunirvacanaM nindA prazaMsA saMzayo vidhiH / parakriyA purAkalpo vyavadhAraNakalpanA / upamAnaM darzate tu viSayo brAhmaNasya tu / etat syAt sarvaveveSu niyataM vidhilakSaNam || zabara dvArA 2 / 1 / 33 para uddhRta / tantravArtika ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki yahA~ para vidhilakSaNa meM 'vidhi' zabda kA artha hai braahmnn| 'vyavadhAraNakalpanA' ke viSaya meM isakA kathana hai, 'yatrAnyathArthaH pratibhAtaH paurvAparyAlocanena vyavadhAyaM anyathA kalpyate sA vyavadhAraNakalpanA tadyathA pratigRhNIyAditi zrutaM pratigrAhyediti kalpayiSyate / 'parakRti' evaM purAkalpaH ke viSaya meM kathana yoM hai : 'ekapuruSakartRkamupAkhyAnaM parakRtiH bahukatRka purAkalpa:' / brahmANDapurANa (2 / 34 / 63-64 ) ne vyAkhyA kI hai : 'anyasyAnyasya ktiryA budhaiH sotA purAkRtiH / yo tyantaparokSArthaH sa purAkalpa ucyate // ' 18. svAdhyAya paThyamAneSu yeSu vArtika ( pR0 mI0 sU0, 2 / 1 / 34) / magnapadaM smRtam / te mantrA nAbhidhAnaM hi mantrANAM lakSaNaM sthitam // tantra

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(328 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa veda svayaMbhU hai aura isakA praNayana kisI mAnava yA divya zakti dvArA nahIM huA hai, isakA koI bhI bhAga spaSTa rUpa se amogha ho jAtA hai arthAta prAmANikatA meM askhalanazIla ho jAtA hai| veda dharma kI jAnakArI kA eka mAtra sAdhana hai, ata: mImAMsakoM ko yaha mAnya ho gayA ki jo kacha veda kahatA hai vaha prAmANika hai| kintu bahata-se vaidika vacana eka-dUsare ke virodha meM par3a jAte haiM aura sAmAnya anubhava ke viparIta par3a jAte haiM / ina kaThinAiyoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie kucha vismayAvaha udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiM / tai0 saM0 (5 / 27) evaM maitrAyaNI saM0 meM AyA hai ki khAlI pathivI. AkAza evaM a agni-vedikA nahIM banAnI caahie| AkAza yA antarikSa meM koI bhI vedikA nahIM banA sakatA. jo asambhava hai use veda amAnya ThaharAtA hai, ata: yaha niSedha prathama daSTi meM arthahIna-sA lagatA hai| tai0 1015) meM AyA hai ki purNAhati dene se yajamAna sabhI vAJchita vastae~ prApta karatA hai| yadi sabhI vastue~ pradAna kara detI hai to agnihotra Adi kI kriyAe~ karane se kyA lAbha ? kyA veda aisA samajhatA hai? veda meM vyaktiyoM ke viSaya meM AkhyAna evaM anazratiyAM pAyI jAtI haiM. yathA-tai0 saM0 ne babara prAvAhaNi kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo eka prabhAvazAlI vavatA bananA cAhatA thA aura usakI icchA kI pUrti ke lie usane paJcarAtra nAmaka yajJa kiyA aura apanI vAJchita bAta prApta bhI kii| ata: isa babara ke uparAnta veda kI racanA mAnI jAyagI aura isa prakAra veda kA nityatva samApta ho jAyagA / ata: zabara kA kahanA hai ki vaha kathA jo kamI ghaTita nahIM huI thI, kevala stuti yA prazaMsA ke lie kaha dI gayI hai / isa prakAra kA kathana isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki yaha mAtra eka bahAnA hai, vAstava meM isa prakAra kI vyAkhyA veda ke yahA~ para eka aisI gAthA kahI gayI hai jo kabhI ghaTI nahIM aura vaha bhI veda ke kisI Adeza ko bar3hAvA dene ke lie| yadi loga yaha jAna leM ki yaha gAthA asatya hai (jaisA ki zabara ne vyAkhyA kI hai) to ve usa kRtya ko sampAdita na karanA caaheNge| isa viSaya meM eka saccI kathA adhika upayukta hotii| tantravArtika ne zabara kI vyAkhyA se utpanna kaThinAI ko dUra karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| 16. zabdapramANakA vayaM yacchanda Aha tadasmAkaM pramANam / zabara (pU0 mI0 sU0 3 / 2 / 36) / vArtika 6 (prathama Ahnika) para mahAbhASya meM bhI ye hI zabda Aye haiN| 20. na pRthivyAmagnizcetavyo nattirikSa na divi-ityaahuH| amRtaM vahiraNyamamRte vA etadagnizcIyate / mai0 saM0 (3 / 2 / 6) / dekhie pU0 mI0 sU0 (12215 evaM 18) evaM vyavahAramayUkha (pR0 202, jo kahatA hai ki yaha 'niSedhAnuvAdamAtram' hai) / isakA jo tAtparya hai vaha yaha hai ki jisa prakAra vAyu yA AkAza meM agnicayana kabhI nahIM dekhA gayA hai usI prakAra khAlI pRthivI para bhI vaha ajJAta hai aura isakA sampAdana pRthivI para sone kA eka khaNDa rakha kara honA caahie| yaha sone kI stuti (prazaMsA) mAtra hai| kAtyAyanazrautasUtra (4 / 10 / 5) ko TIkA dvArA pUrNAhuti kI vyAkhyA hai : 'pUrNayA cA Ahuti' / babara prAvAAhaNirakAmayata vAcaH pravaditA syAmiti sa etaM paJcarAtramAharat tenAyajata tato vai sa vAcaH pravaditA'bhavat / ya evaM vidvAn paJcarAtreNayajatepravaditaiva vAco bhavatyatho enaM vAcaspatirityAhuH / te 0 saM0 (7 / 1 / 10 / 2-3) / prAvAhaNi kA artha hai 'pravAhaNa kA putra' / dekhie pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 2 / 6 evaM 18) / zabara ne TIkA ko hai : asadvRttAntAnvAkhyAnaM stutyarthena prazaMsAyA gamyamAnatvAt' (112 / 10), jisapara tantravAtika kI TippaNI hai : evaM vedepividhinA tAvatphalamavagamitamarthavAdAstvasatyenanAmaprarocayantu na tadgate, satyAsatyatve kiMcit dUSayataH pravartanamAtropakAritvAt / tasmAdupAkhyAnAsatyatvamatantram / ' tantravA0 (10210) /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 13 kabhI-kabhI veda ko tIna bhAgoM meM bAMTA jAtA hai, yathA-vidhi, arthavAda evaM mantra, udbhida evaM vizvajit ke samAna yAgoM ke nAma vidhi ke antargata rakhe gaye haiN| zlokavArtika ne apane antima daloka meM isa vidhA vibhAjana kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| dharma kyA hai, arthAt kyA karanA cAhie tathA kyA nahIM karanA cAhie, isake viSaya meM yadyapi veda hI ucita jJAna kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai, kintu veda ke vibhinna bhAga dharma ke ucita jJAna se jIve DhaMga se nahIM sambandhita haiN| veda kA adhikAMza mukhya bhAga se madhyastha bhAva se hI sambandhita hai / eka sthAna para zabara ne bar3e saMkSipta kintu spaSTa DhaMga se vaidika vacanoM kI tIna koTiyoM kI paribhASA kI hai aura dRSTAnta de kara samajhAyA hai| veda ko pAMca bhAgoM meM bhI bA~TA gayA hai, yathA-vidhi, arthavAva, mantra, nAmadheya evaM pratiSedha / ina pA~coM ke viSaya meM Upara ullekha ho cukA hai| yahA~ para inake viSaya meM kucha vistAra se kahA jAyagA / vidhi eka aisA Adeza hai jo arthavAn hai, kyoMki isake sAtha eka viSaya saMyujya rahatA hai jisakA (upayogI) uddezya hotA hai aura vidhi aisI vastu kI vyavasthA karatI hai jo kisI anya pramANa se sthApita nahIM hotii| svayaM zabara ne vidhi ke artha ke viSaya meM kaI sthaloM para varNana kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha, 'svarga kI icchA rakhane vAle ko agnihotra karanA cAhie' nAmaka Adeza meM homa karane kI vyavasthA hai jo kisI anya Adeza (zAsana) dvArA vyavasthita nahIM hai aura usakA lAbhakara uddezya hai / isakA artha hai ki agnihotra dvArA svarga kI prApti karanI caahie| kintu jahA~ koI kRtya dUsare prakAra se sthApita hotA hai, vaisI sthiti meM usake sAtha koI sahAyaka Adeza lagA diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra 'dahI ke sAtha Ahati dI jAnI cAhie' nAmaka vAkya meM homa kI vyavasthA 'svarga kI icchA karane vAle ko agnihotra karanA cAhie' nAmaka zabdoM meM pahale se ho cukI rahatI hai to vaisI sthiti meM kevala usake saMdarbha meM dahI kI Ahuti dene 21. iti pramANatvamidaM prasiddhaM yuktyeha dharma prati codanAyAH / ataH paraM tu pravibhajya vedaM tredhA tato vakSyati yasya yorthaH / mImAMsA bAlaprakAza (zaMkarabhaTTa kRta) dvArA uddhRta (pR. 7); isa para nyAyaratnAkara meM AyA hai, 'tena siddhapi codanAprAmANye tataH paraM vidhyarthavAdamantrAtmanA vedaM tredhA vibhajyatatstutyAdiprayojanapratipAdanena kRtsnasya vedasya tanmUlayozca smRtyAcArayordharmam prati prAmANyamuparitane pAdatraye pratipAdayiSyata iti samastodhyAyaH pramANalakSaNaM, naiveha samAptamiti / ' pUrvapakSasUtra 'ukt samAmnAyaMdamayaM tasmAt sarvaM tadartha syAt' (pU0 mI0 sU0 1241) para zabara kA kathana hai : 'kazcidasya (vedasya) bhAgovidhiryo'viditamathaM vedayati, yathA somena yajeteti / kazcidarthavAdo yaH prarocayan vidhi stauti yathA vAyurve kSepiSThA devatA iti / kazcinmantro yo vihitamartha prayogakAle prakAzayati yathA bahidevasadanaM dAmi-ityevamAdiH / ayaM arthaH yasya saH idamarthaH tasya bhAvaH aidamathyam / samAmnAya kA artha hai veda / 'ukta' pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 112 / 1 ) kI ora saMketa karatA hai ( amnAyasya kriyArthatvAta ...) / 22. zAstradIpikA ne pU0 mI0 sa0 (1|4|1)pr kahA hai : 'tatra codanava sAkSAtpramANam / arthavAdamantrasmatinAmadheyAni taccheSatvena tanmUlatvena ca pramANaM bhavantIti dharmapramiteriti kartavyatAsthAne niyataMnipatanti / ' (pR0 54) / yaha bAta ki vidhi kA artha hai 'vaha jo pahale se yA kisI anya srota se na jJAta ho pUrvapakSasUtra (1 / 2 / 26) se prakaTa hotI hai / 'aviditavedanaM ca vidhirityucyate'; ajJAtasya hi jJApanaM vidhiH / zabara (10 / 3 / 20); 1 / 4 / 8 para yoM kahA gayA hai : 'yadyajJAtastato vidhiH yadi jJAtastatonuvAdaH |...n hyAkhyAtamantareNa kRtyaM vA nAmazabdArtha vyAparo vidhIyate / '

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kA Adeza hai, jahA~ artha yaha hai ki 'dahI dvArA Ahuti dI jAnI cAhie / ' dekhie TupTIkA (pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 3 / 17) evaM ema0 ena0 pI0 pu. 17, bhaNDArakara orieNTala rIsarca iMsTITyUTa saMskaraNa 23 / vidhi-vicAra vaidika vacanoM meM vidhiyoM kA saMcayana veda kA sAra hai aura vaha kaI viziSTa kRtyoM kI ora nirdeza karatA hai / vidhi meM kendrIya tattva hai kriyA yA kriyAtmaka rUpa, jisakI vyAkhyA hama Age kreNge| prazna yaha hai koI kisI vidhi ko pahacAne kaise ? zabara ne eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai jise ve loga jo zabdoM evaM vAkyoM ke arthoM ko jAnate haiM, paramparApUrvaka udghoSita karate haiM, yathA-sabhI vedoM meM vidhi ke sthira evaM nizciA cihna hote haiM kucha zabda, yathA-'ise vyakti avazya karegA', 'ise karanA cAhie', 'ise avazya karanA cAhie, 'aisA honA cAhie' / 'ise aisA honA cAhie'24 / isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki vidhi sAmAnyata: vidhi liGa dvArA prakaTa kI jAtI hai, tathA vartamAna kAla meM koI kriyA sAmAnya rUpa se vidhi nahIM pradarzita krtii| kintu kabhI-kabhI kisI vacana se vartamAnakAla meM bhI vidhi kI jhalaka mila jAtI hai| udAharaNArtha, mahApitRpakSa meM eka vaidika vacana AyA hai-'pitRyajJa meM camasa ke daNDa (DA~DI) ke nIce samidhA rakhakara anusaraNa karanA cAhie, devoM ke lie kRtya karane vAlA daNDa ke Upara samidhA rakhatA hai| ise vidhi ke rUpa meM 23. yatra tu karma prakArAntareNa prAptaM tatra taduddezena guNamAtravidhAnam / yathA 'vaghnA juhuyAt' ityatra homasya 'agnihotraM juhuyAt / ityanena prAptatvAt homIddezena dadhimAtravidhAnam, badhnA homaM bhAvayet iti / mo0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 17) / 24. evaMhi padavAkyArthanyAyavidaH zlokamAmananti / kuryAt kriyeta kartavyaM bhavetsyAditi paJcamam / etatsyAtsarvavedeSu niyataM vidhilakSaNam // zabara (pU0 mI0 sU0 4 // 3 // 3) / 25. viSTagatAgnihotre mahApitRyajJe vA dhUyate / adhastAtsamiSaM dhArayannanudravedupari hi devebhyodhArayati / pU0 mI0 sU0 (3 // 4 // 6) para tantravArtika dvArA uddhata (zabara gata pAMca sUtroM ke sAtha ise bhI chor3a diyA hai); taduparAnta Age AyA hai, 'mitrye home'dhastAt ugdaNDasya smiddhaaryitvyaa|' daive ca punarupariSTAditi / viSitve cavamAdInAmuktaH kalpanAprakAraH / tasmAdvidhiriti // ' 50 86 / yaha draSTavya hai ki smRticandrikA (1, pu072-73) ne isa paivika vacana kA ullekha kiyA hai, usane mAmA kI putrI se vivAha ke yA apane cAcA kI putrI se vivAha ke aucitya ke viSaya meM apane vivecana meM zatapatha (18316) ko uddhRta karate hue bhI ise uddhata kiyA hai| zatapatha kA vacana yoM hai : 'tatsAtsamAnAdeva puruSAdattA cAdyazca jAyate ivaM hi caturtha puruSe tRtIya saMgacchAmahe iti viravaM dIvyamAnA jAtyA Asate' (jahA~ kriyAe~ vartamAna kAla meM hoM aura vidhi liMga meM na ho, taba bhI smRticandrikA kA kathana hai ki yaha kevala anuvAda nahIM hai, kintu isase vidhi kA nirmANa ho jAtA hai) / aura dekhie parA0 mASa0 (112, pR0 66-67) jahA~ aisA hI vaktavya diyA gayA hai| aisA niyama-sA thA ki 'hiM (jo kAraNa kI ora saMketa karatA hai) yA 'vai' (usakI ora saMketa karatA hai jo bhalIbhAMti jJAta hai) aise zabdoM kA prayoga sAmAnyataH kisI vidhi meM prayukta nahIM hote / dekhie zabara (pU0 mau0 sU0 33141): 'naca vivIyamAne vaizamdo bhavati prasiddhavacano hyeSa dRSTaH, na straMNAni sasyAni santi-iti yathA / ' ma Adi 0 (1065 / 15) meM bhI AyA hai|

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta liyA gayA hai na ki kevala arthavAda ke rUpa meN| eka anya dRSTAnta rAtrisatroM (somayajJa, jo sampAdana meM 12 dinoM se adhika samaya lete haiM) se sambandhita hai / rAtrisatroM ke saMdarbha meM eka vacana yoM hai-'jo loga rAtrisatra karate haiM ve sthairya (prasiddhi, nAma) prApta karate haiM, unheM brahma-teja prApta hotA hai aura ve bhojana prApta karate haiN|' yaha rAtrisatroM ke sampAdana kI kevala prazaMsA yA stuti (arthavAda) kI bhA~ti lagatA hai, kintu vAstava meM yaha vidhi hai jo uparyakta vacana meM varNita rAtrisatra ke phala se sambandhita hai aura niyama ke apavAda ko vyakta karatI hai ki yadi vaidika vacanoM kA koI phala ullikhita na ho to kisI kRtya kA phala svarga hotA hai / yahI bAta mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 226) meM prayukta huI hai jahA~ aisA AyA hai ki ajJAna meM kiyA gayA pApa prAyazcittoM se dUra ho jAtA hai| sAmAnyata: pApamaya karma kA nAza Izvara dvArA diye gaye daNDa dvArA hI hotA hai, kintu yAjJavalkya ne eka viziSTa niyama de diyA hai / medhAtithi ne manu0 (540, jahA~ yaha AyA hai ki pazu-pakSI evaM auSadhiyA~ jo yajJoM meM arpita hotI haiM, ucca gati para pahuMca jAtI haiM) kI bAta kahakara yaha ghoSita kiyA hai ki yaha mAtra arthavAda hai aura rAtrisatra ke dRSTAnta dvArA isase koI vidhi nahIM kalpita kI jA sakatI / dekhie parA0 mAdha0 (11, pR0 146) jahA~ aisA AyA hai ki sthiratA (prasiddhi) kI icchA rakhane vAle ke lie rAtrisatra ke viSaya meM diye hue vacana se adhikAravidhi kI bAta kalpita kara lI gayI hai| ekAdazItattva meM raghunandana ne pU0 mI0 sU0 (413317-16) kI vyAkhyA kI hai aura isa nyAya kA dRSTAnta diyA hai| vedoM kA anusaraNa karake smRtiyoM ne bhI katipaya vidhiyoM kI vyavasthA kI hai aura kriyAoM ko vidhi liMga meM yA 'yat', tavyat' Adi ke sAtha rakha kara vidhi-rUpa pradarzita kiye haiN| udAharaNArtha, manu (4 // 25, 'agnihotraM ca juhuyAta' evaM 11153 'caritavyamatoH) ne do DhaMga ke dRSTAnta diye haiN| kaI dRSTikoNoM se vidhi kaI prakAra se vibhAjita kI gayI hai| eka vibhAjana meM cAra koTiyAM haiM, yathA-utpattividhi (maulika niyama yA Adeza yA vidhi) viniyogavidhi (prayoga meM lAyI jAne vAlI), prayogavidhi (sampAdana) evaM adhikAravidhi (niyojyatA) / utpattividhi vaha hai jo sAmAnya tathA kRtya ke rUpa ko darzAtI hai, yathA-'agnihotraM juhoti' (vaha agnihotra Ahuti detA hai) meM viniyogavidhi vaha hai jo kisI gauNa athavA sahakArI viSaya ko mukhya kRtya se sambaddha kara detI hai, yathA-'daghnAjuhoti' (vaha dahI ke sAtha Ahuti detA hai) meM aura isakA varNana pU0 mI0 sU0 ke tIsare adhyAya meM huA hai| prayogavidhi vaha hai jo kisI kRtya ke vibhinna aMzoM ke krama ko nirdhArita karatI hai aura zIvratA ho tathA derI na ho, isakA nirdeza karatI hai, yadyapi bahudhA. yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahI nahIM jAtI pratyuta upalakSita mAtra hotI hai / isakA varNana pU0 mI0 sU0 ke cauthe evaM pA~caveM adhyAya meM huA hai / adhikAravidhi (arhatA yA yogyatA) vaha hai jo kisI karma ke phala ke svAmitva kI ora saMketa karatI hai, yathA-'svargakAmo yajeta' (jo svarga kI icchA rakhatA hai use yAga karanA cAhie) aura vaha pU0 mI0 sU0 ke 6The adhyAya kA viSaya hai| .. 26. mI0 nyA0 pra0 meM adholikhita paribhASAeM dI huI haiM : 'tatsiddhaM vidhiH prayojanakantamaprAptA visstte| tatra karmasvarUpamAtrabodhako vidhivatpattiviSiH, yathA-agnihotraM juhotIti / aMgapradhAnasambandhaboSako viSiviniyogavidhiH, yathA-panA juhotIti / ... prayogaprAzubhAvabodhako vidhiH pryogvidhiH| sa caGgivAkyakatAmApatraH prdhaanvidhirev|... phalasvAmmaboSako vidhiraSikAravidhiH / phalasvAmyaM ca karmajanyaphalabhoktRtvam / sa ca yajeta

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa eka anya vidhi-vibhAjana hai, yathA-- apUrvavidhi ( sarvathA nayA Adeza jo pahale se 'svargakAmo yajeta aisA vyavasthita na ho), niyamavidhi ( niyAmaka Adeza ), yathA-- ' vrIhIn avahanti' 'vaha cAvala ko kUTatA hai yA nikAlatA hai, evaM parisaMkhyAvidhi ( jaba do vikalpa hote haiM to unameM eka kA nivAraNa hotA hai, ataH do vikalpoM meM eka ke nivAraNa kI vidhi ) / tantravArtika ne ina tInoM kI paribhASA eka zloka meM kI hai / yajJa ke lie aisI bhUmi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, jo sapATa yA ubar3a-khAbar3a ( U~cI-nIcI ) ho sakatI hai / yahA~ para do vikalpa haiM, jo eka hI samaya kAryAnvita nahIM ho sakate ( arthAt eka vyakti samatala tathA U~cI-nIcI bhUmi para eka hI samaya yajJa nahIM kara sakatA ) / ataH 'same deze yajeta' (arthAt sama bhUmi para yajJa karanA cAhie ) eka niyama huA (arthAt yajJa - sampAdana samatala bhUmi para hI hogA, aisA niyantraNa laga gayA aura niyama bana gayA ) jisake dvArA viSama bhUmi para yajJa-sampAdana amAnya ThaharA diyA gyaa| 'pA~ca paMcanakha vAle paS makSya haiM, yaha parisaMkhyA hai / yaha vAkya koI vidhi nahIM hai, kyoMki mAMsa khAnA manuSya kI bhUkha dvArA pahale se hI sthApita hai / yaha niyama bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki koI vyakti eka samaya meM pA~ca nakha vAle pazuoM evaM anya pazuoM ko bhI khA sakatA hai| yaha parisaMkhyA hai, kyoMki pA~ca nakha vAle pA~ca pazuoM ke atirikta anya pazuoM ke bhakSaNa ko manA kiyA gayA hai / rUpa meM yaha vAkya eka vidhi hai ( kyoMki isane 'bhakSyAH' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo vidhipratyaya meM hai, kintu artha ke rUpa meM yaha eka niyantraNa hai, 'arthAt paMca nakha vAle pA~ca pazuoM ke atirikta anya pazuoM ke mAMsa bhakSaNa para niyantraNa hai / 'parisaMkhyA' zabda pU0 mI0 sU0 (10|7| 4 evaM 7 ) meM AyA hai aura zabara ne isameM tIna doSa dekhe haiM / 76, dharmazAstra ke lekhakoM ne niyama evaM parisaMkhyA ke siddhAnta kA bahudhA prayoga kiyA hai / medhAtithi ( manu0 3 / 45, RtukAlAbhigAmI syAt ) ne niyama evaM parisaMkhyA para eka lambI TippaNI kI hai, tantravArtika ke eka zloka ko uddhRta kiyA hai aura paMcanakha vAle pAMca pazuoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai / mitAkSarA ( yAjJa0 1| tasmin yugmAs saMvizeta) arthAt rajasvalA hone se cauthI rAtri ke uparAnta 16vIM taka pratyeka sama rAtri meM pati ko patnI ke pAsa jAnA cAhie) ne isa viSaya para lambA vivecana upasthita kiyA hai ki yaha vidhi hai yA niyama hai yA parisaMkhyA hai ; punaH yAja0 ( 1186 ) meM bhI vahI bAta AyI hai / mitAkSarA ne tInoM kI vyAkhyA gadya meM kI hai, udAharaNa diye haiM aura kahA hai ki kucha logoM ke vicAra se yahA~ kevala parisaMkhyA hotI hai, kintu mAruci, vizvarUpa Adi ( mitAkSarA bhI sammilita hai ) ne mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki yAjJa0 1 / 76 evaM 1 / 81 meM kevala niyamavidhi hai / Apa0 gha0 sU0 ( 1 / 1 / 17) ne bhI yAjJa0 ( 176 evaM 81 ) ke viSaya kA ullekha kiyA hai aura haradatta kA kathana hai ki yaha niyama hai, kintu anya ise parisaMkhyA kahate haiM, kintu yaha kisI prakAra eka zuddha vidhi nahIM hai / gautama ( 52 ) para haradatta kI TippaNI hai ki AcArya (arthAt haradatta) ke mata se kevala parisaMkhyA hai ( sUtra yaha hai -- sarvatra vA pratisiddhavarjam ) / milAie yAjJa0 ( 1 / 81 : yathAkAmI bhavedvApi ), jisa para mitAkSarA ne balapUrvaka kahA hai ki gautama evaM yAjJa0 donoM meM eka 116 svargakAma ityevaM rUpaH / ' Azva0 gR0 (1 / 2 / 1 ) meM vyavasthA hai : 'sAyaM prAtaH siddhasya haviSyasya juhuyAt / ' yahA~ para 'juhuyAt' utpattividhi hai 'siddhasya haviSyasya viniyogavidhi hogI / arthasaMgraha ne prayogavidhi kI eka anya paribhASA dI hai, yathA- 'aMgAnAM kramabodhako vidhi prayogavidhirityapi lakSaNam' ( pR0 11), arthAt prayogavidhi vaha hai jo pramukha karma meM vibhinna aMgoM ke krama kA bodha karAtI hai /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta vyAvartaka niyama hai| gautama ne vyavasthA dI hai ki brAhmaNa ko tIna ucca vargoM ke yahA~ bhojana karanA cAhie aura unase dAna grahaNa karanA caahie| haradatta ne ina do niyamoM ko parisaMkhyAvidhi kahA hai| Apa0 gha. sU0 (2) ne vivAha ke uparAnta pati evaM patnI ke lie acAra-niyama banAye haiM, prathama yaha hai-'do bAra (prAtaH evaM sAyaM) bhojana karanA cAhie / haradatta ne ise parisaMkhyA kahA hai aura artha lagAyA hai ki tIsarI bAra bhojana karanA manA hai (kintu ve dina meM do bAra khA sakate haiM aura nahIM bhI khA sakate haiM), kintu anya logoM ne ise niyama mAnA hai, arthAt 'unheM dina meM do bAra avazya khAnA caahie|' niyamavidhiyA~ tIna prakAra kI hotI haiM, yathA-ve jo pratinidhiyoM se sambandhita haiM, ve jo pratipatti (antima karma yA yajJoM meM prayukta kucha vastuoM kI antima pariNati) se sambandhita haiM tathA ve jo ina donoM ke atirikta anya viSayoM se sambandhita haiN| tANDyabrAhmaNa meM AyA hai ki 'yadi soma ke paudhe na prApta hoM to pUtIkoM se rasa nikAlA jA sakatA hai' (jaimini (3 / 6 / 40 evaM 6 / 3 / 13-17) ne isa viSaya para vicAra kiyA hai aura jaimini evaM zabara ne vyavasthA dI hai ki yadi soma upalabdha na ho to yajamAna usake sthAna para pUtIkA kA upayoga kara sakatA hai, anya kisI kA nahIM, bhale hI vaha soma se adhika hI kyoM na milatAjulatA ho / pratipatti zabda jaimini dvArA kaI sUtroM meM prayukta huA hai (dekhie 4 / 2 / 11, 15, 16, 22) / jyotiSToma meM antima snAna (avabhRtha) ke samaya jala meM soma se saMlagna sabhI pAtroM (soma nikAlane ke uparAnta bacA huA aMza arthAt chUcha, patthara, lakar3I ke do taste tathA sadoM ke bIca meM udumbara kA stambha) ko pheMka denA pratipattikama kahA jAtA hai (pU0 mI0 sU0 4 / 2 / 22) / yaha paribhASA dharmazAstra granthoM meM prayukta hotI hai| man0 (3 / 262-263) meM kahA hai ki pake hue cAvala ke tIna piNDoM meM se, jo tIna pUrva puruSoM ko diye jAte haiM, yajamAna kI putrecchuka patnI ko bIca vAlA (jo pitAmaha ke lie hotA hai) khA lenA cAhie aura devala ne vyavasthA dI hai ki piNDa yA to brAhmaNa ko de diye jAne cAhie yA bakarI yA gAya ko khilA denA cAhie yA agni athavA jala meM DAla denA caahie| aparArka0 (yAjJa0 11256) evaM smRticandrikA (2, pR0 486) ke anusAra piNDoM ko yahI pratipatti hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 4, pR0 480-481 / pratipatti zabda arthakarma kA virodhI hai| udAharaNArtha tai0 saM0 meM hama par3hate haiM 'soma paudhe ko lAne ke uparAnta vaha daNDa ko maitrAvaruNa purohita ke hAtha meM detA hai| yahA~ para dIkSA ke samaya daNDa sarvaprathama yajamAna ko diyA gayA thA jo aba maitrAvaruNa ko diyA jA rahA hai jise vaha kaI prakAra se upayoga meM lAyegA, yatha:-vaha a~dhere meM usakI sahAyatA se cala sakatA hai, jala meM praveza kara sakatA hai, gAyoM ko roka sakatA hai, sA~poM ko pAsa Ane se roka sakatA hai aura vaha svayaM usa para apanA bhAra de sakatA hai yA usake sahAre cala-phira yA kUda-phAMda sakatA hai / ata: yaha pratipatti se bhinna hai jisameM vastu antima rUpa se pheMka dI jAtI hai aura puna: usakA koI upayoga nahIM hotaa| isakA ullekha pU0 mI0 sU0 (4 / 2 / 16-18) meM huA hai / yaha (daNDa kA diya" jAnA) arthakarma hai aura pratipatti karma ke virodha meM par3a jAtA hai| isakA ullekha tai0 saM0 (6 / 1 / 4 / 2) meM huA hai (krIte semi maMtrAvaruNAya daNDa 27. yadi somaM na vindeyuH pUtIkAnabhiSuNuyuyadi na pUtIkAnarjunAni ca / tANDya (23) / niyamArthAguNadhuti / pU0 mI0 mU0 316040; niyamArthaH kvcidvidhiH| pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 3 / 16); jisa para zabara kI TippaNI yoM hai : 'somAbhAve bahuSu sadRSeSa prApteSa niyamaH kriyate / pUtikA abhiSotavyA iti / tasmAtpratinidhi mupAdAya prayogaH kartavya iti / '

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138 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prayacchati ) / pratipatti kA dUsarA udAharaNa hai cAtvAla para kRSNa hariNa ke sIMga ko pheMkanA ( tai0 saM0 6 / 1 / 318 evaM pU0 mI0 sU0 4 / 2 / 16 ) / pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 11/2/66 - 68 ) ne arthakarma kA eka dRSTAnta diyA hai / mara jAne para yajamAna ko usakI yajJiya sAmagriyoM evaM pAtroM ke sAtha jalAnA upakaraNoM yA pAtroM kA pratipatti karma kahA jAtA hai ( tai0 saM0 11682 - 3 evaM pU0 mI0 sU0 11 / 3 / 34 ) / manu0 (5 / 167 ) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki yadi kisI AhitAgni kI patnI usake pUrva hI mara jAtI hai to vaha pati dvArA sthApita pavitra agni se hI yajJiya upakaraNoM ke sAtha jalAyI jAtI hai| niyama ke tIsare prakAra ke udAharaNa ke lie dekhie Apa dha0 sU0 (1 / 11 / 31 / 1 ) jahA~ AyA hai-- 'pUrva mukha karake bhojana karanA cAhie ( yaha niyama pratinidhi evaM pratipatti se sambandhita nahIM hai ) / vyakti kisI dizA meM bhojana kara sakatA hai kintu yaha niyama kevala pUrva meM hI khAne ko kahatA hai | yahA~ pratinidhi yA pratipatti kA prazna nahIM uThatA hai / vidhiyA~ vartha ( kRtya ke lie) evaM puruSArtha ( puruSa ke lie ) rUpoM meM bhI vibhAjita haiM' / ye 'prayukti' se sambandhita haiM / 'prayukti' ko preraNAtmaka zakti kahate haiM, jo pU0 mI0 sU0 ke cauthe adhyAya kA viSaya hai / pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 4 / 1 / 2 ) meM puruSa rtha kI paribhASA hai aura zabara ne usa sUtra kI tIna vyAkhyAe~ upasthita kI haiM, jinameM eka hai- 'puruSArtha vaha viSaya hai jisake karane para manuSya ko sukha prApta hotA hai, kyoMki sukha ko prApta karane kI icchA se ise jAnA jAtA hai aura puruSArtha ( manuSya kA uddezya ) sukha se bhinna nahIM hai'| isa aspaSTa evaM asundara paribhASA se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki puruSArtha ( manuSya kA uddezya ) sukha se bhinna nahIM hai'| isa aspaSTa evaM asundara paribhASA se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki puruSArthaM vahI hai jise sukha ke phala kI prApti ke lie sAdhAraNata: vyakti apanAtA hai; kintu kratvartha vaha hai jo puruSArtha kI pUrti meM sahAyaka hotA hai aura svayaM sIdhe taura kartA ko koI phala nahIM detA / darzapUrNa mAsa aise sabhI pramukha yajJa puruSArtha ke antargata sammilita haiM, kintu Rvartha ke antargata ve sabhI sahAyaka kRtya rakhe jAte haiM jo pramukha kRtya ko pUrNa karane ke upayoga meM Ate haiM, yathApA~ca pradhAna jo darzapUrNa mAsa ke lie sahAyaka hai Rtvartha haiM aura svayaM darzapUrNamAsa puruSArtha hai 28 / isa antara kI mahattA isameM hai ki jo kratvartha hai yadi usakA anusaraNa na kiyA jAya to svayaM kRtya doSapUrNa raha jAtA hai, kintu jo puruSArtha hai yadi usakA anusaraNa na kiyA jAya to svayaM vyakti aparAdhI yA pAtakI ho jAtA kintu anuSThAna yA kRtya doSapUrNa nahIM hotA / pU0 mI0 sU0 (4|1/2 ) kI tIna vyAkhyAoM kA eka varga zabara dvArA yoM upasthita kiyA gayA hai - brAhmaNa ko dAna-grahaNa se dhana kamAnA cAhie, kSatriya ko vijayadvArA tathA vaizya ko kRSi Adi se ( dekhie, gautama, 10 / 40-42, manu 10 / 76 - 76) / ye niyamoM ke samAna lagate haiM / yadi dhana prApti kratvartha ho, aura yadi koI zAstra vihita sAdhanoM ke atirikta anya sAdhanoM se dhana prApta karatA hai aura usa dhana se yajJa karatA hai to svayaM yajJa pUrNa ho jAyagA aura vAJchita phala nahIM degA / kintu yadi dhana kI prApti puruSArthaM se huI ho to cAhe jisa sAdhana se usakI prApti huI ho usase kiyA gayA yajJa dopapUrNa nahIM kahA jAyegA / mitAkSarA ( yAjJa0 2 / 114 ) ne guru prabhAkara kI eka ukti uddhRta kI hai jo dAyabhAga (yAjJa0 2 / 67) dvArA bhI uddhRta hai, kintu nAma nahIM 28. taM0 saM0 (3:6 / 1 / 1) ne darzapUrNa mAsa ke pramukha haviSyoM ke pUrvAbhAsa ke rUpa meM pA~ca prayAjoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA---'samivo yajati, tanUnapAtaM yajati, ir3o yajati, barhiyaMjati, svAhAkAraM yajati' / ye kRtyoM ke yA devatAoM ke nAma haiM, isa viSaya meM mataikya nahIM hai /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 136 diyA huA hai| kintu smRtica0 (2, pR0 257-58), madanaratna (vyavahAra, pR0 324-325) evaM vyavahAraprakAza (10 420) ne nyAyaviveka se aisA hI vacana uddhRta kiyA hai| vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 21144) ne bhI kahA hai ki dhana kA prApti ke viSaya ke niyama puruSArtha hai| dhana ekatra karanA svAbhAvika hai| dhana prApti zAstra para nahIM nirbhara hai| isake atirikta, yaha sabhI ko jJAta hai ki dhana jaba kamAyA jAtA hai to vaha prAptakartA ko sukha detA hai| ata: dhana puruSArtha hai aura yajJa , jo dhana dvArA sampAdita hote haiM ve bhI puruSArtha haiN| sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki sabhI aMga (sahAyaka kRtya) kratvartha haiM aura sabhI pramukha kRtya (yathA darzapUrNamAsa, somayAga) puruSArtha hai; aura ve sabhI vacana, jo kRtyoM ke phaloM kI vyavasthA karate haiM, puruSArtha haiN| kucha udAharaNa diye jA sakate haiN| zAMkhAyanabrAhmaNa (6 / 6) meM aisA kahakara ki yajamAna ko kucha vrata karane cAhie, aisI vyavasthA kI gayI hai ki yajamAna ko sUryodaya evaM sUryAsta nahIM dekhanA cAhie / zabara ne ina vratoM ko 'prajApativratAni' kahA hai aura inheM puruSArtha ghoSita kiyA hai, jisakA artha yaha hai ki yajamAna ko sUryodaya evaM sUryAsta na dekhane kA praNa karanA caahie| Rtvartha evaM puruSArtha ke antara ko dharmazAstrIya raMga mila cukA hai| udAharaNArtha, ya.jJa0 (1353) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki usa lar3akI se vivAha karanA cAhie jo rogarahita ho, bhAI vAlI ho aura dUsare gotra yA pravara vAlI ho| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 1153) ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki yadi lar3akI sapiNDa ho yA eka hI gotra yA pravara vAlI ho to patnI hone kI usakI sthiti kI bAta hI nahIM uThatI 1 (svayaM vivAha hI avaidha hotA hai), kintu vaha kanyA jo rogagrasta hotI hai, vivAha ho jAne para patnI ho jAtI hai, kevala eka hI phala yaha hotA hai ki vaha bImAra rahatI hai (jo duHkha evaM cintA kA kAraNa hai) / kullaka (manu0 317) ne zabara ke isa siddhAnta kI ora saMketa kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki usa kuTumba kI kanyA se vivAha nahIM karanA cAhie, jisameM rAjaroga (tapedika), apasmAra (mirgo), caraka evaM kuSTha ke samAna roga hoN| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 2 / 80) ne eka uddharaNa diyA hai'vijJa vyakti ko usa lar3akI se vivAha nahIM karanA cAhie, jisako bhAI, pitA na ho, kyoMki vaha putrikA (vaha kanyA jo putra rUpa meM niyukta hotI hai) ho sakatI hai| yahA~ para niSedha vaisA hI hai jo kisI vikalAMga lar3akI ke sAtha vivAha karane ke viSaya meM hotA hai arthAt yaha eka jJAta (pratyakSa) uddezya hai / ataH vivAha vaidha hogA arthAt niSedha puruSArtha hai| manu (168) meM AyA hai-'vaha dattaka putra hai jise mAtA yA pitA vipatti Adi kI sthitiyoM meM jala ke sAtha detA hai / mitAkSarA ne yAjJa0 (2 / 130) kI vyAkhyA meM isa zloka ko uddhRta kara kahA hai ki yahA~ para 'Apad' (vipatti) zabda viziSTa rUpa se ullikhita hai, jaba 'Apad' na ho to kisI anya vyakti ko apanA putra goda ke rUpa meM nahIM denA cAhie; yaha niSedha kevala dene vAle ko prabhAvita karatA hai (na ki goda lene vAlI kriyA ko), arthAt yaha niSedha puruSArtha hai, Rtvartha nahIM / yaha draSTavya hai ki vyavahAramayUkha ne ise 26. sapiNDA-samAnagotrA-samAnapravarAsu-bhAryAtvameva notpadyate rogiNyAdiSu tu bhAryAtve utpanne'pi dRSTavirodha eva / mitA0 (yAjJa0 1153); isakA Azaya yaha hai ki sapiNDa, sagotra yA sapravara lar3akI ke vivAha ke virodha meM jo vyavasthA hai vaha Rtvartha hai, kintu rogagrasta lar3akI ke sAtha vivAha karane kI vyavasthA kevala puruSArtha hai| 30. ApadgrahaNAdanApadi na deyaH / dAturayaM pratiSedhaH mitA0 (yAjJa0 2 / 130); vyavahAramayUkha (pu0107) ne virodha kiyA hai : 'ayaM niSedho dAtureva puruSArthaH, na Rtvartha iti vijJAnezvaraH / tanna / asya vAkyAdadRSTArthatayA RtvarthAvagamAt / '

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140 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nahIM mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki niSeva hI svayaM hai / sAmAnya rUpa se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve vyavasthAe~, jo adRSTayA paraloka sambandhI phala vAlI haiM, vartha hotI haiM, kintu ve ( vyavasthAe~) jo sAkSAta phaladAyinI hotI haiM, puruSArtha kahalAtI haiN| Age kucha aura kahane ke pUrva hameM 'yajeta' zabda kA vizleSaNa kara lenA Avazyaka hai / yaha zabda vaidika vAkyoM meM prayukta hai, yathA- 'svargakAmo yajeta' (jo svarga kI kAmanA kare use yajJa karanA cAhie ) / 'yajeta' zabda meM do aMza haiM, yathA- 'yaja' dhAtu tathA pratyaya / pratyaya ke bhI do aMza haiM, yathA - AkhyAtatva ( sAmAnya kriyA rUpa ) evaM liGatva (AjJA yA Adeza rUpa ) / AkhyAtatva ko dasoM lakAroM meM pAyA jAtA hai kintu liGatva kevala AjJA hI pAyA jAtA hai| donoM kevala bhAvanA ko vyakta karate haiM / bhAvanA kA zAbdika artha hai kisI bhAvaka kI kriyA ( vyApAra-vizeSa ) jo phala kI anukUlatA kA kAraNa hai / yaha bhAvanA do prakAra kI hotI hai, yathA- zAbdI bhAvanA evaM ArthI bhAvanA ( mImAMsA nyAyaprakAza pR0 4 - 6 ) / yaha hamane bahuta pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki vidhiyA~ veda ke marma kI paricAyaka haiM / bhAvanA kA siddhAnta vidhiyoM kA hRdaya hai ataH yaha mImAMsA ke atyanta mahattvapUrNa siddhAntoM meM parigaNita hai / sAmAnya jIvana meM jaba koI kisI se kahatA hai- 'yaha tumhAre dvArA kiyA jAnA cAhie, to kucha karane ke lie protsAhana yA preraNA ( uttejana) kisI vyakti se prApta hotA hai / kintu mImAMsA ke mata se veda kA na to koI mAnava aura na koI divya praNetA hai / ataH vaidika vidhi meM zabda ke icchArthaka yA AjJAtmaka rUpa se hI protsAhana ( uttejana yA preraNA) kA udaya hotA hai, usa AjJA ke pIche na to koI mAnava hai aura na koI divya zakti yA vyakti hai; ata: isI se bhAvanA ko 'zAbdI' ( arthAt svayaM zabda para AghRta, na ki kisI vyakti kI icchA yA AjJA yA nirdeza para AdhRta ) kahA gayA hai| ataH zAbdI bhAvanA kA artha hai kisI karttA ( yahA~ para veda kA zabda) kI koI viziSTa kriyA jo kisI vyakti dvArA utpAdita hotI hai; aura yaha usa aMza yA tattva se abhivyakta hotI hai, jise hama icchArthaka kahate haiM / yaha zAbdI isalie kahI jAtI hai, kyoMki yaha 'zabdaniSTha' (veda ke zabda meM kendrita ) hai na ki 'puruSaniSTha' (kisI vyakti meM kendrita ) / zAbdI bhAvanA meM tIna tattva pAye jAte haiM, yathA(1) kiyA ke lie kartA kA protsAhana hotA hai, (2) AjJA yA zAsana hI kAraNa hotA hai tathA ( 3 ) arthavAda vacanoM se udghoSita aucitya dvArA vidhi yA rIti kI prApti hotI hai / zAbdI bhAvanA se ArthI bhAvanA kA uda hotA hai| ArthI bhAvanA (jo artha yA phala kI khoja karatI hai) meM bhI tIna tattva pAye jAte haiM, yathA - ( 1 ) svarga hI phala hai, jisakI prApti karanI hotI hai, (2) kAraNa yA sAdhana yA nimitta hai 'yAga', (3) yAga kI bhI eka vidhi yA DhaMga ( itikarttavyatA) hotA hai / yaha sabhI pU0 mI0 sU0 (21111 ), zabara ke bhASya evaM tantravArtika ke katipaya zlokoM para AdhRta hai| yaha pUrA vivecana hameM apUrva ke artha kI ora le jAtA hai / yAga alpa samaya kA hotA hai, kintu svarga vyakti kI mRtyu ke uparAnta prApta hotA hai, jo yAga (yajJa) ke sampAdana ke varSoM uparAnta ho sakatA hai| to aisI sthiti meM yAga evaM svarga ( kAraNa evaM phala) meM kauna-sI jor3ane vAlI kar3I hai ? yaha kar3I yAga dvArA utpanna kI huI zakti hai jo svarga kI utpatti karatI hai / saMkSepa meM abhiprAya yaha hai- donoM arthAt dhAtu evaM pratyaya milakara pratyaya ( Agama) kA artha prakaTa karate haiM, aura isameM bhAvanA pramukha tattva hai, ataH yaha pratyaya kA hI artha dyotita karatI hai / bhAvazabda bahuta hai " " / 31. bhAvArthAH karmazabdAstebhyaH kriyA pratIyeteSa hayarthI vidhIyate / pU0 mI0 sU0 (21111 ); zAstradIpikA para likhI gayI mayUkhamAlikA meM isakI vyAkhyA yoM hai-- bhAvArthAH bhAvanAprayojanakAH ye karmazabdAH dhAtavaste

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 141 yathA-yajati, juhoti, dadAti, dogdhi, pinaSTi / ye sabhI do prakAra vAle haiM, yathA--pradhAna evaM guNabhUta / ve bhAva, zabda, jinase kisI dhArmika kRtya ke lie koI dravya nahIM utpanna hotA yA upayukta banAyA jAtA, pradhAna karma ke dyotaka hote haiM (yathA-prayAja), kintu ve bhAvazabda, jinase dravya utpanna hotA hai yA dravya upayukta banAyA jAtA hai, guNabhUta kahalAte haiM (yathA -cAvala ko kUTanA, yAjJiya stambha banAne ke lie lakar3I chIlanA yA sruva ko svaccha krnaa)| kriyApadoM ke do rUpa haiM- (1) ve, jinakA rUpa kevala yaha batAtA hai ki kartA kA astitva hai, yathA- 'asti, bhavati , vidyate'; (2) ve rUpa , jo na kevala kartA ke astitva ko batAte haiM, pratyuta unase yaha bhI prakaTa hotA hai ki kRtya ke sAtha phala bhI hai, yathA-'yajati' (yAgaM karoti), 'dadAti' (dAnaM karoti), 'pacati' (pAkaM karoti), 'gacchati' (gamanaM kroti)| ina viSayoM meM 'karoti' kA bhAva chipA rahatA hai| jaimini (pU0 mI0 sU0 2 / 114) ne zabdoM ko do koTiyoM meM bA~TA hai --nAmAni (saMjJAe~) evaM karmazabdA: (kriyAe~) prathama ke antargata zabara ne sarvanAmoM evaM vizeSaNoM ko parigaNita kiyA hai| dUsarI koTi ko 'AkhyAta' kahA gayA hai| zabara (2 / 1 / 3) ne 'nAmAni' kA anvaya 'dravya-guNazabdAH' ke artha meM kiyA hai aura TippaNI kI hai ki sUtra (2 / 1 / 3) meM 'nAmAni' zabda 'dravyaguNazabdA:' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai / zabara kA kathana hai ki dhAtvartha meM dharmoM ke lie koI AkAMkSA nahIM hotI / kintu pratyayArtha meM vidhi ke lie (itikartavyatA) kI AkAMkSA hotI hai arthavAda aba hama vaidika vacanoM (uktiyoM) ke dUsare bar3e vibhAjana arthAt arthavAdoM kA vivecana upasthita kareMge / inakA nirUpaNa pU0 mI0 sU0 ke prathama adhyAya ke dUsare pAda meM huA hai| bahuta-se vaidika vacana haiM, yathA-'vaha garaja uThA (usane rodana kiyA) ata: vaha rudra kahalAyA'. (ta0 saM0 2 / 11), 'prajApati ne svayaM apanA mAMsa kATA' (tai0 saM0 2 / 1 / 1 / 4), 'yajJiya bhUmi meM pahu~ca jAne ke uparAnta bhI devoM ko dizAoM kA jJAna nahIM huA' (ta0 saM0 6 / 1 / 5 / 1), 'koI yaha nahIM jAnatA ki koI paraloka meM rahatA hai ki nahIM' (tai0 saM0 6 / 1 / 1 / 1), 'pRthivI para yA antarikSa meM yA svarga meM agnivedikA kA cayana nahIM honA cAhie (tai0 saM0 527 / 1) / virodha bhyo'pUrva pratIyate eSa hi dhAtvarthaH padazrutyA bhAvanAkaraNatvena vidhIyate / 'karmazabdAH' kA artha hai karmapratipAdakAH / kaH punarbhAvaH kete punarbhAvazandA iti / yajati dadAti juhotyevamAdAyaH / ... yajetetyevamAdayaH sAkADakSA yajata kiM kena kathamiti svargakAma ityetena prayojanena nirAkADakSAH / shbr| abhidhAbhAvanAmAhuranyAmeva liMgAdayaH / arthAtmabhAvanA tvanyA sarvAkhyAteSa gamyate / tantravArtika (pR0 378); zAstre tu sarvatra pratyayArtho bhAvaneti vyavahAraH / tatrAyabhiprAyaH / pratyArtha saha brUtaH prakRtipratyayau sdaa| prAdhAnyAdbhAvanA tena prtyyaartho'vdhaaryte| tantravA0 (10 380) / pANini (3 / 1167) ke vArtika (2) para mahAbhASya meM eka notivAkya (kahAvata) hai : 'prakRtipratyayau pratyayArtha sahabrUtaH' aura zabara ne ise AcAryopadezaH kahA hai (3 / 4 / 13, pR0 622) / pANini ne kAloM evaM kriyApada kI avasthA batAne vAle padoM ke lie viziSTa pAribhASika nAma diye haiM aura artha ko vyakta karanevAle zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM kiyA hai, yathA vartamAnakAla, atItakAla yA bhvissytkaal| ve 'la' se Arambha hote haiM ataH lakAra kahe jAte haiM / ve isa prakAra haiM-laT (vartamAna), leTa (vaidika kriyA kA saMzayArthaka rUpa), liT (parokSa liTa), luGa , laDA (anadyatanabhUta), li, loTa, luT, laT, laGa / bhAvArthAH karmandAH kI pratidhvani nirukti (111) bhAvapradhAnamAkhyAtam meM hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kartA kahatA hai-'tumane svayaM ghoSita kiyA hai ki dhArmika kRtyoM kA sampAdana veda kA uddezya hai' (pU0 mI0 sU0 1 / 12) / uparyukta evaM anya samAna vacana dhArmika karmoM ke viSaya meM kisI uddezya kI pUrti nahIM karate, ata: ve nirarthaka haiM aura anitya haiM (kisI nitya viSaya kI ora saMketa nahIM krte)| isakA uttara yaha hai ki ye vacana veda ke udbodhana yukta vacanoM (vidhivAkyoM) ke sAtha ekarUpatA ke bhAva se sambandhita haiM aura udbodhanakArI vacanoM kI mahattA prakaTa karane kA upayoga siddha karate haiN| zabara ne (1 / 27) eka vacana uddhRta kiyA hai, 'jo samRddhi kA icchuka hai use vAyu ke sammAna meM zveta pazu kI bali denI cAhie; vAyu teja calane vAlA devatA hai, vaha vAyu ke anurUpa bhAga ke sAtha usake pAsa daur3atA hai; vaha (vAyu) yajamAna ko samRddhi ke pAsa le jAtA hai / ye sabhI zabda eka pUrNa vacana banAte haiN| prathama aMza 'vyAyavyaM.. .bhUtikAmaH' spaSTata: eka vidhi hai, jaisA ki 'Alabheta' zabda se prakaTa hotA hai| bAda vAlA aMza kevala mahattA ke gAna ke lie eka arthavAda mAtra hai| loga jAnate haiM ki vAya kSipra gati se calatA hai / ata: 'vAyurve...Adi' kevala vahI duharAtA hai jo logoM ko pahale se jJAta hai (arthAt yaha eka anuvAda hai)| 102 ke sUtra 16-25 meM pU0 mI0 sU0 ne kucha aise vacanoM para vicAra kiyA hai jo vidhiyoM-se lagate haiM kintu ve arthavAda ke rUpa meM ghoSita haiN| udAharaNArtha, (ta0 saM0 2111116) 'yajJiya stambha udumbara kI lakar3I kA honA cAhie; udumbara kASTha vAstava meM zakti (bhojana yA sAra) hai; pazu zakti haiM; isa zaktizAlI (rasayukta) stambha ke dvArA vaha (yajamAna) 'zavita kI prApti ke lie' pazuprApti karatA hai| virodha karane vAlA kahatA hai ki yaha eka phalavidhi (phala ke viSaya meM eka AjJA-vacana) hai, kyoMki 'UrjA'varuddhaya' zabdoM meM uddezya (prayojana) hai aura zlAghA (yA prazaMsA yA stuti) ke lie koI zabda nahIM hai| isakA uttara yaha hai ki kevala zlAghA (prazaMsA yA stuti) hI hai| veda meM kucha aise vacana haiM jahA~ 'hi' ke samAna zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai, jisakA artha hai 'kyoMki' / yathA'agni meM Ahuti sUpa se denI cAhie, kyoMki isI se anna taiyAra kiyA jAtA hai' (le0 prA0 116 // 5) 33 / 32. AmnAyasya kriyArthatvAdAnayaMkyamatadarthAnAM tasmAnityamucyate (pUrvapakSa) / vidhinA tvekavAvayasvAstutyarthena vidhInAM syuH / pU0 mI0 sU0 (12211 evaM 7) / 11217 ko vyAkhyA meM nimokta vacana uddhata hai 'vAyavyaM zvetamAlabheta bhUtikAmaH / vApUrva kSepiSThA devatA vAyumeva svena bhAgadheyenopadhAvati / sa evaMnaM bhUti gamayati' / yaha arthavAda (vAyurva kSepiSThA devatA) 'vAyavya... labheta' Adi kI vidhi kA zeSa hai| yaha te0 saM0 (2 / 11 / 1) meM AyA hai / (1 / 2 / 10) para bhASya (guNavAvastu) una vacanoM kI ora saMketa karatA hai jinake ve tIna vacana, jo 12 / 1 meM udAhRta haiM, arthavAda haiN| udAharaNArtha, so'rododyadarodIttadrasya vratvam' nAmaka vacana bahiSi rajataM na deyaM (tai0 saM0 1351 / 1-2) kA eka arthavAda hai| yaha arthavAda (so'rodIt Adi ) 'bahiSi rajataM na deyam' ke pratiSedha kA zeSa hai / sUtra meM 'anitya' zabda jAnabUjha kara prayukta kiyA gayA hai / veda nitya hai, ataH vaha pramANa hai / ataH ve vacana jo kisI dhArmika kRtya kI ora nirdeza nahIM karate usa aMza se pathaka haiM jo kRtyoM se sambandhita hai aura anitya arthAt apramANa hai| 33. heturvA syAdarthavattvopapattibhyAm / stutistu zabdapUrvatvAdacodanA ca tasya / pU0 mI0 sU0 112 // 26-27; aya te hetuvanni gadAH zUrpaNa juhoti tena hAnnaM kriyata ityevamAdayaH / teSu sandehaH / kiM stutisteSAM kAryanuta heturiti / asmatpale punaH zUrpa stUpaye / tena hyannaM kriyata iti vRttAntAnvAkhyAnaM na ca vRttAntajJApamAya kiM tahirocanAyava / tasmAdetuvannigadasyApi stutideva kAryamiti / zabara (112 / 30) / varuNaprayAsa (jo

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAMta 143 aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki yaha tathA ve vacana, jinameM hetu yA kAraNa diyA huA hai, arthavAda ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiye jAya yA kevala AjJA ke lie hetu batAne vAle ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiye jAyeM / vyavasthita niSkarSa to yaha hai ki ve stutimUlaka haiN| yadi dUsarA mata svIkAra kiyA jAya (yathA-zruti vidhi ke lie kAraNa detI hai) to sruva tathA anya pAtra bhI Ahuti ke lie mAnya ThaharAye jAyeM (na kevala sUpa hI), kyoMki ve bhI bhojana banAne meM prayukta hote haiN| raghunandana naM malamAsatattva (pR.0 760) meM isa uvita kA AdhAra liyA hai aura laghu-hArIta kI ora saMketa karate hue isakI vyAkhyA kI hai 'cakravat parivarteta sUryaH kAlavazAd ytH'| aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki sabhI arthavAdoM kA uddezya stuti hI hai| 'vaha lepayuvata Dhele rakhatA hai, ghRta sacamuca dIptimAna hai' (tai0 brA0 3 / 2 / 5 // 12) meM usa vastu ke prati eka sandeha yaha utpanna hai jisase Dhele lepita hote haiN| vaha sandeha vacana ke zeSAMza se dUra hotA hai, arthAt vaha padArtha ghRta hai jisase Dele lepita hote haiN| arthavAda ke tIna prakAra haiM, yathA-guNavAda, anuvAda evaM bhUtArthavAda / jaba koI arthavAda visI sAmAnya anubhava ke viparIta par3atA hai to vaha lAkSaNika hotA hai; jaba koI bAta jJAna ke kisI anya sAdhana se spaSTa rUpa se nizcita hotI hai aura kisI mUla grantha yA vacana kA viSaya ho jAtI hai to vaha 'anuvAda' kahalAtI hai aura jaba koI mUla anya pramANoM ke virodha meM nahIM par3atA yA nizcita rUpa se nirUpita nahIM ho pAtA to vaha 'bhUtArthavAda' (kisI nirNIta tathya yA atIta ghaTanA kA kathana ) kahalAtA hai| prathama prakAra kA udAharaNa yaha hai-'dina meM eka cAturmAsya hai) meM karambhapAtroM (aise pAtra jinameM bhUsI se rahita yava thor3A bhUna kara rakhe gaye hoM aura sAtha meM dahI Adi ho) kA homa dene ke lie sUpa (zarma) kA prayoga juhu ke sthAna para hotA hai| pU0 mI0 sU0 kI sthiti evaM mAnyatA yaha hai ki veda jo kucha ghoSita karatA hai vaha prAmANika hai| veda kI uktiyoM ke lie tarpha evaM kAraNa dene kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| apanI ghoSaNA ke lie yaha kAraNa kI bAta calA sakatA hai| kintu isakI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| bhATacintAmaNi meM AyA hai : "anena vedavihite'rthe hetvapekSA nAstIti pArthasArathipratipAditAnapekSatvaM hetuvAvasyeti sUcitam / uktaM tra 'na hi vedenocyamAnaM hetumapekSate' iti // ' isa hetuvanigadAdhikaraNa ko vistRta vyAkhyA ke lie dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3 (pR0 676-77), pAda-TippaNI 1277) / vahA~ vasiSTha (15 // 3-4) ke niyama (na tvekaM putraM dadyAt pratigRhaNIyAdvA sa hi santAnAya pUrveSoma) kI vyAkhyA hai| yahA~ para pahalA eka vidhi hai, kyoMki 'dadyAt' evaM 'pratigRhaNIyAt' donoM icchArthaka kAla-vRtti meM haiM, aura bAda vAlA hetvArthaka hone ke kAraNa arthavAda hai (kyoMki putra kI mahattA gAyI gayo hai)| 34. nirukta (1116) ne uditAnuvAda ke viSaya meM kahA hai, sa bhavati / virodhe guNavAdaH syAdanuvAdo'vadhArite / bhatArthavAdastaddhAnAdarthavAdastridhA mataH / mI0 bA0 pra0 (pR0 4) dvArA uddhata / anuvAdo'vadhArita ityarodAharaNaM tu nRsiMhAzramaruktam / agnihimasya bheSajamiti / tatsvAdhyAyAdhyayanabaMdhuryAd vaicittyAdvA / mo0 bA0 pra0 (pR0 48) / yaha draSTavya hai ki madhusUdana sarasvatI ne prasthAnabheda, arthasaMgraha (pR0 25 thiboTa) meM tathA ma0 ma0 mA (pUrvamImAMsA ina iTsa sorseja, pR0 201) ne isI vacana ko anuvAda ke rUpa meM uddhata kiyA hai| anuvAda kI eka anullaMdhya paribhASA yaha hai 'sa nAmAnuvAdo bhavati yo'tyntsmaanaarthtvenaavdhaaryte|' (tantravAtika, pR0 611, 2 / 4 / 13 ko vyAkhyA meM) / medhAtithi (manu0 2|227-mtsy0 21 / 22) me yaha kahate hue ki koI vyakti sau varSoM meM bhI bacce ke janma evaM pAlana-poSaNa meM mAtA-pitA jo kaSTa sahana karate haiM unakA pratidAna nahIM de sakatA, aisA mata diyA hai ki yaha bhUtArthanuvAda hai| madhusUdana sarasvatI ne prasthAna

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kevala agni-dhUmra dikhAI par3atA hai, jvAlA nahIM (te0 saM0 2 / 1 / 2 / 10) / agni evaM dhUmra donoM dina evaM rAtri meM dekhe jAte haiM / isa kathana kA tAtparya yaha hai ki dina meM agni kA prakAza utanA nahIM hotA jitanA ki rAtri meM (dina meM dUra se utanA nahIM dikhAI par3atA jitanA rAtri meM) / ___ 'agni hima (jAr3A) kA bheSaja (auSadha) hai|' (vAja0 saM0 23 / 10 evaM tai0 saM0 7 / 4 / 1812) 'yaha kucha logoM dvArA anuvAda kA udAharaNa mAnA jAtA hai' mI0 bA0 pra0 (pR. 48) ne isameM isa bAta para doSa dikhAyA hai ki yaha eka prasiddha mantra hai aura vAkya racanA ke vicAra se kisI vidhi kA koI aMza nahIM hai aura siMhAzrama dvArA yaha vedAdhyayana ke abhAva yA anavadhAnatA ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| eka ucita dRSTAnta yaha hai : 'vAyu sabase adhika zIghragAmI devatA hai' ( vAyurve kSapiSThA devatA , tai0 saM0 2 / 11 / 1) / 'prajApati ne svayaM apanA mAMsa kATa liyA' ko kucha logoM ne bhUtArthavAda kA dRSTAnta mAnA hai, kintu mI0 bA0 pra0 ne ise amAnya ThaharAyA hai aura 'yanna duHkhena sambhinnam' ko udAhRta kiyA hai| kRSNayajvaza kI 'mImAMsA paribhASA' ne arthavAda ke cAra prakAra batAye haiM, yatha -nindA, stuti, parakRti (kisI anya mahAna vyakti dvArA kiyA gayA huA karma) tathA purAkalpa (jo atIta yugoM meM ghaTita huA ho3 / devala kA kathana hai ki RSiyoM ne pahalI bAra kI truTi ke lie prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA kI hai, bheda evaM artha saMgraha (pa0 26) meM 'indro vatrAya vajamudayacchat' ko bhUtArthavAda ke daSTAnta ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai aura aryasaMgraha ne ise (pramANAntaravirodha-tatprAptirahitArtha bodhako vAdo bhatArthavAdaH' ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai| jaba tai0 saM0 (1744 yA shaa||3) meM 'yajamAnaH prastaraH' yA 'yajamAnaH yapaH' AyA hai to isakA zAbdika artha hamAre pratyakSa ke virodha meM par3atA hai, ataH vAkya kA artha lAkSaNika rUpa meM lenA hogA (yathA jaba ki eka laDakA 'agni' kahA jAtA hai), ataH yaha gaNavAda hai, arthAta 'yajamAnaH yapa kA artha hai 'vaha yUpa yA stambha ke samAna (sIvA) khar3A hotA hai aura camakatA dIkhatA hai / jaba koI kathana (vidhi ke rUpa meM nahIM) na to anuvAda hotA hai aura na guNavAda to vaha vidyamAnavAda yA bhUtArthavAda kahalatA hai / yaha zabara dvArA pR0 mI0 sa0 (1423) evaM zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sa0 113 // 33) dvArA sundara DhaMga se vyAkhyAyita huA hai| ina vacanoM kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI jAnI cAhie ki pratyakSa anabhava evaM anya pramANoM meM virodha na ho aura vaha kitI vidhi ko (jo pahale se vyakta ho) stuti ke rUpa meM ho / dekhie bhAmatI' 'na ca Adityo vai yapa iti vAkyamAdityasya yaparavapratipAdana parama, api tu yprtutiprm'| jisa gaNa para bala diyA gayA hai, vaha hai tejasvitA (camaka), kyoMki yapa para ghata lagAyA haA rahatA hai| 35. sa (arthavAdaH) ca catuvidhaH nindA-prazaMsA-parakRti-purAkalpabhedAt / ... pareNamahatA puraSeNedaM karma kRtamiti pratipAdakorthavAdaH parakRtiH -yathA agnirvA prakAmayata--ityAdiH / parapravaktRkArthAdipratipAdakaH purA. kalpaH"-yathA tamazapaddhiyA dhiyA tvA vadhyAsuH--ityAdiH / mo0 pari0 (pR. 27-28) / medhAtithi ne manu0 (21151, jahA~ AGgirasa ne apane pitaroM ko paThAyA aura unheM 'putrakAH' kahA) kI vyAkhyA meM TippaNI dI hai-'pUrvasya pitRvavRttividherarthavAdothaM parakRtinAmA' / vAyupurANa (56 / 134-137) ne vidhi, stuti, nindA, parakRti evaM purAkalpa kI paribhASAe~ dI haiN| nyAyasUtra (2 / 1165) meM inhIM ko arthavAda ke cAra tattvoM ke mAma se ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| parakRtipurAkalpaM ca manuSyadharmaH syAdarthAya hyanukIrtanam / . . . arthavAdo vA vidhizeSatvAttasmAnityAnuvAdaH syAt / 30 mI0 sU0 (67 / 26 evaM 30) / usa zunaHzeSa kI kahAnI, jise

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 145 dUsarI bAra ke lie dUne prAyazcitta kI, tIsarI bAra ke lie tigune prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA kI hai, kintu cauthI bAra kI truTi ke lie koI vyavasthA nahIM dI hai| bhavadeva ke prAyazcitta grantha meM AyA hai ki isa kathana ko jyoM kA tyoM nahIM grahaNa karanA cAhie, yaha kevala nindArthavAda hai| svayaM pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 7 / 26 evaM 30) meM kahA gayA hai ki parakRti evaM purAkalpa arthavAda haiN| vyavahAramayUkha (1060) ne devala kA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai-'pitA kI mRtyu ke uparAnta putroM ko paitRka dhana bA~Ta lenA cAhie, kyoMki jaba taka pitA nirdoSa rUpa se jIvita hai, unheM svAmitva nahIM prApta hotaa|' yahA~ para zloka ke pUrvAdhaM ne vibhAjana kA kAla batAyA hai (yaha vidhi hai) / usakA uttarArgha arthavAda mAtra hai jo vidhi kI prazaMsA hai aura usakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaba taka pitA jIvita rahatA hai, putra svatantra nahIM rhte| aisA nahIM hai ki unheM paitRka sampatti meM adhikAra yA svAmitva nahIM rhtaa| smRtiyoM meM bhI arthavAda pAye jAte haiN| udAharaNArtha, medhAtithi ne man (5156 : na mAMsa bhakSaNe doSaH) para TIkA karate hue likhA hai ki 5 / 28 se 156 ke do yA tIna ilokoM ko chor3a kara anya sabhI arthavAda haiN| medhAtithi ne manusmRti meM katipaya anya sthAnoM para kucha vidhiyoM evaM bahuta se arthavAdoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha, man0 (2 / 117) meM abhivAdana ke viSaya meM eka vidhi hai kintu 20118-121 ke zlokoM meM isake viSaya meM arthavAda hai| mana 0 (2 / 165) meM tIna ucca vargoM ke lie vedAdhyayana ke lie eka vidhi kI vyavasthA hai; kintu jaba man 0 (1011) ne puna: yaha kahA hai ki tIna varNoM ko vedAdhyayana karanA cAhie to yaha anuvAda mAtra hai| medhAtithi ne manu0 (6 / 135) meM TippaNI kI hai ki manu ke bahuta se dalokoM meM arthavAda haiN| vasiSTadharmasUtra evaM viSNudharmottara meM aisI vyavasthA dI huI hai ki paMcagavya evaM kuzodaka (vaha jala jisameM kuza DAlA huA ho) tathA ahorAtra ke upavAsa se zvapAka bhI zuddha ho jAtA hai / zvapAka ko aspRzyoM meM atyanta hIna mAnA jAtA thA aura vaha cANDAla kI vRttiyAM karatA aura usake lie usI prakAra ke niyama the (mana / 1051-56) kintu vasiSTha-viSNu0 ke ukta zloka ko jyoM-kA-tyoM nahIM mAnanA cAhie / kyoMki cANDAla ko koI vastu spRzya nahIM banA sktii| ata: aisA kathana paJcagavya evaM upavAsa ke zuddhi prabhAvoM kI stuti meM kahA gayA arthavAda mAtra hI hai| isakA parijJAna ho gayA hogA ki pratyeka vaidika vacana vidhi ke svarUpa vAlA (AjJAtmaka yA upadezAtmaka) nahIM hai| bahuta-se aise vacana haiM jo vidhi ke prazaMsAsUcaka haiM, kisI niSiddha karma ke bhartsanAsUcaka haiM, atIta meM sampAdita vidhi ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM haiM yA kisI vyavasthita viziSTa karma ke lie saralatApUrvaka samajhAye jAne vAle tarka ke dyotaka haiN| ye prazaMsAtmaka, bhartsanAtmaka evaM udAharaNAtmaka vacana anAvazyaka evaM anupayogI nahIM samajhe jAne vAhie, pratyuta vidhisUcaka vacanoM ke sAtha unake pUraka ke rUpa meM mAnya hone caahie| isa arthavAda sambandhI siddhAnta ke kAraNa baidika vacanoM ke bahuta se aMza vyartha evaM amAnya hone se baca gaye haiN| usake pitA ne harizcandra ke putra ke hAtha beca diyA aura varuNa ko bali dene ke lie use mAra DAlane ko go taiyAra the , vAstava meM, arthavAda ke parakRti prakAra kA udAharaNa hai, dekhie manu0 (10 / 105) jahA~ yaha thA vaNita hai| 36. gomUtraM gomayaM kSIraM daSi, sapiH kuzodakam / ekarAtropavAsaca vapAkamapi zodhayet / vasiSTha0 (27 // 1) evaM viSNudharmottara 0 (2242231-32) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa garuDapurANa meM aisA AyA hai-'gAndhArI ko, jisane dazamIyukta ekAdazI ke dina upavAsa kiyA thA, apane sau putroM se hAtha dhonA par3A; ataH dazamIyukta ekAdazI kA parityAga karanA caahie|' yahA~ para pUrvArdha mAtra nindAnuvAda hai (arthAt 'taM parikarjayet' ke bhAvAtmaka niyama kA sIdhA samarthana karatA hai), kyoMki aisI mAnyatA hai ki 'vacana meM nindA bhartsanA mAtra ke lie nahIM hai, pratyuta jo bhartsanA yogya hai usake virodha kI vyavasthA ke lie hai| isa vyAkhyA ke lie dekhie kRtyaratnAkara (pR0 635) / mI0 bA0 pra0 (pR0 50-58) ne arthavAdoM ke 38 prakAroM para prakAza DAlA hai| sthAnAbhAva se una para vicAra nahIM kiyA jaayegaa| veda kA adhikAMza arthavAdoM se paripUrNa hai, vizeSata: brAhmaNa-grantha / arthavAda ke viSaya meM tantravArtika ne eka sAmAnya ullekha kiyA hai ki ve arthavAda vacana jo vidhi vacanoM ke uparAnta Ate haiM, nirbala Taharate haiM, kintu jo vidhiyoM ke pUrva Ate haiM ve balavAna hote haiN| vaidika vacanoM kI tRtIya zreNI meM varga yA koTi meM mantroM kI parigaNanA hotI hai| hamane inake viSaya meM pahale hI par3ha liyA hai| kucha mantroM meM Adeza bhI haiM, yathA R0 (10 / 117 / 5 : 'paNIyAdinAdhamAnAyatavyAn arthAt baliSTha logoM ko cAhie ki jo bhikSA mAMgatA hai, ve usako avazya dhana deM) evaM vAja0 saM0 (24120, 'vasantAya kapi jlaanaalbhte')| kintu sAmAnyataH mantra kevala vyaktakAraka yA pratipAdanakAraka hote haiM aura aisI bAtoM kI ora dhyAna le jAte haiM jo vidhi-vAkyoM se vyavasthita karmoM ke sAtha sambandhita hotI haiN| tantravAtika' ne TippaNI kI hai ki yaha nizcita rUpa se samajhA jA cukA hai ki ve dhArmika kRtya, jo aise mantroM ke sAtha kiye jAte haiM, jo aisI bAtoM kA dhyAna dilAte haiM, samRddhi kI ora le jAte haiM (yA svarga kI prApti karAte haiM) pATakagaNa ko yaha vidita ho jAyegA ki kisaprakAra pUrvamImAMsA ke siddhAnta ne mantroM ko gauNa rUpa de rakhA hai aura yajJa sambandhI bAtoM meM unase niSkriya sahayoga liyA hai, Rgveda meM utkRSTa stutiyA~ (prArthanAe~) pAyI jAtI haiM, kintu mImAMsA-siddhAnta meM sabase uttama sthAna brAhmaNa mUla-vacanoM ko prApta hai aura inhIM brAhmaNa-vacanoM meM adhikAMza vidhiyoM saMgrahIta haiN| yaha hamane bahuta pahale dekha liyA hai ki RgvedIya mantra Izvara-bhakti se paripUrNa haiM aura unameM pApa-svIkRti evaM pazcAttApa ke uparAnta Izvara ko sambodhita prArthanAe~ pAyI jAtI haiM (dekhie R0 7 / 86 / 4-6) / R0 sUkta (3 / 36) meM niHzreyasa kI bhAvanA kA bAhulya hai aura isa sUkta ke dUsare mantra meM AyA hai--'yaha prArthanA (dhI:) prAcInakAla meM svarga meM utpanna huI, utkaTatA ke sAtha pavitra goSThI meM gAyI gayI, zuddha evaM maMgalamaya vastra se AveSTita huI hai, yaha hamArI hai, prAcIna hai aura pUrva-puruSoM se vaMzAnugata rUpa meM prApta huI hai / vaidika vacanoM kA cauthA varga (zreNI yA koTi), jo dharma se sambandhita hai, 'nAmadheya' (yajJoM ke vyaktivAcaka nAma) kahalAtA hai| udAharaNArtha isa prakAra ke vacana haiM, 'udbhid ke sAtha yajJa karanA cAhie' (tANDya brAhmaNa 1672-3), 'pazu ke icchuka ko citrA ke sAtha yajJa karanA cAhie' (tai0 saM0 2 / 416) / aba prazna yaha hai ki kyA ina vacanoM meM jo kucha vyavasthita huA hai vaha kisI kRtya meM Ahuti diyA jAne vAlA padArtha yA dravya hai (yathA-- 37. ye hi vidhyuddezAtparastAdarthavAdA dhUyante teSAmasti daurblym| ye purastAcchyante te mukhyatvAda balIyAMso bhavanti / tantravArtika (3 / 3 / 2) / 38. zabara ne pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 2 / 32) para TIkA karate hue likhA hai : 'arthapratyAyanArthameva yo mantrIccAraNam / yajJAna prakAzanameva prayojanam / mantrareSa smRtvA kRtaM karmAbhyudayakAri bhavatItyavadhAryate / talavA. (2 / 1 / 31, pR0 433) /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 147 danA juhoti) yA vaha yajJa kA nAma hai| koI bhI padArtha 'udbhid' ke sadaza prasiddha nahIM hai (yathA dadhi eka vikhyAta padArtha hai)| citrA strIliMga kA bodhaka vaha pazu hai jo citakabarA hotA hai / yadi yaha guNa vidhi hai 'citra yA yajet' to yahA~ vAkyabheda nAmaka doSa hogA (do vidhiyoM ko batAne lie eka vAkya ko tor3anA) arthAt Adeza yaha hogA ki eka mAdA-pazu kI (na ki nara-pazu kI) bali hogI aura dUsarI vyavasthA yaha hogI ki usakA raMga citakabarA hogaa| ata: udbhida, citrA, balabhid, abhijit, vizvajit (kaussiitkibraa02|14) evaM agnihotra (pU0 bhI0 sU0 11414), vAjapeya (pU0 mI0 sU0 1 / 4 / 6-8), vaizvadeva (pU0 mI0 sU0 1 / 4 / 13-16) kRtyoM ke nAma haiM na ki padArtha haiN| isI prakAra 'zyanenAmicaran yajeta' (zatru kI mRtyu ke lie koI vyakti abhicAra karatA huA 'zyena' nAmaka yAga kara sakatA hai) meM vahI bAta hai| yahAM para 'zyena' eka yAga kA nAma hai, kyoMki yAga zatru para usI prakAra TUTa par3atA hai aura use dhara dabocatA hai jisa prakAra zyena (bAja) pakSI apane AkheTa (magayA) para TUTatA hai aura use pakar3a letA hai| (SaDviMza brA0 3185113) / bAta yaha hai ki ina nAmoM kA upayoga, jo kucha vyavasthita kiyA gayA hai usake artha ke viziSTIkaraNa ke lie kiyA gayA hai| 'svAdhyAyo'dhyetavyaH' nAmaka vaidika vacana usa vedAdhyayana kI vyavasthA detA hai jisameM yajJoM ke nAmadhayoM ke sAtha sabhI aMga pAye jAte haiM aura hama pratyakSa dekhate haiM ki isa prakAra kI vaidika vidhiyoM meM, yathA 'citrayA yajeta pazukAmaH' meM citrA yaha nAma vidhi kA eka bhAga yA aMga hai| ata: nAmadheya puruSArtha bhI hai aura veda ke anya bhAgoM ke samAna hI prAmANika hai (dekhie, jaimini 21 para shaastrdiipikaa)| Upara varNita vAkya meM 'yAga' kI vyavasthA uddezya ke rUpa meM phala ke sAtha kI gayI hai, kyoMki yaha dUsare rUpa se vyavasthita nahIM hai| yajJa ke lie eka sAmAnya AjJA yA Adeza kI vyavasthA nahIM kI gayI hai, ata: yajJa ke eka viziSTa prakAra kI vyavasthA kara dI gayI hai| yadi koI 'udbhid' zabda se kisI vyavasthita viziSTa prakAra ko jAnanA cAhatA hai, to yaha jJAta hai ki yaha udbhid nAyaka yajJa hai| dharmazAstra lekhaka 'udbhid nyAya' nAmaka ukti kA prayoga 'upanayana' ke lie bhI karate haiM, jisakA artha hai "(lar3ake ko) AcArya (veda ke adhyApaka) ke pAsa le jaanaa'| saMskAraprakAza ne aisA hI kahA hai| nArtha-vicAra vaidika vacanoM kA pAMcavAM bhAga yA varga (yA koTi yA zreNI) 'pratiSedha' (niSedha) hai| pratiSedhoM se manuSya ke una uddezyoM kI pUrti hotI hai jinase vaha avAJchita phala utpanna karane vAle karmoM se bacatA hai athavA apanI rakSA 36. tatropanayanazabdaH karmanAmadheyam / tattva yaugikamabhivanyAyAt / yogazca bhAvavyutpatyA karaNavyutpatyA vetyAha bhAruciH / sa yathA / upa samIpe AcAryAdInAM baTornayanaM prApaNamupapanayanam / samIpa prAcAryAdInA nIyate baTuna sadupanayanamiti vA / saMskAraprakAza (pR. 334) / 40. anarthahetukarmaNaH sakAzAtpuruSasya nivRttikaratvena niSedhAnAM puruSArthAnubandhitvam / tathA hi| yathA viSayaH pravartanAmabhidaSataH svapravartakatvanirvAhArtha vidheyasya yAgAdeH zreyaHsAdhanatvamAkSipantaH puruSaM tatra pravartayanti, evaM na kalaja bhakSayedityAdayo niSedhAapi nivartanAmabhidadhataHsvanivartakatvanirvAhArtha niSedhasya kalaJjabhakSaNAderanarthahetutvamAkSipantaH puruSaM tato nivartayanti / mo0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 248-246) / kucha loga pravartanAm ke sthAna para 'preraNAM' par3hate haiM / donoM kA artha eka hI hai / Apa0 10 sU0 (1151726) ne kalaJja, palANDa evaM parArIka kA bhakSaNa niSedha kiyA hai| haradatta ne 'kalaja' ko raktalazanam' kahA hai| kintu kalpataru (niyata kAla, pR0 280) me ise lazunavizeSa mAnA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa karatA hai| jisa prakAra vidhiyA~, jo hameM prerita karatI haiM yA kucha karane ke lie udvejita karatI haiM, apane preraNAsmaka guNa ko prakaTa karane ke hetu aisA nirdeza karatI haiM ki vaha viSaya, jo vyavasthita hotA hai, yathA koI yajJa, kisI bAMchita phala kI prApti kA sAdhana hai aura isalie ve vyakti ko usake sampAdana ke lie prerita karatI haiN| usI prakAra aise pratiSedha, yathA-'kalaJja nahIM khAnA cAhie' yA 'jhUTha nahIM bolanA cAhie' (ta0 saM0 2 / 5 / 6), usa pratikAraka kI ora saMketa karate haiM aura apane niSedhAtmaka guNa ke prabhAva ko prakaTa karane ke lie nirdeza karate haiM ki niSedha kI jAne vAlI bAta se, yathA--'kalaja khAnA' yA 'jhUTha bolanA' avAMchita phala kI prApti hogI ata: manuSya ko usase dUra rahanA caahie| 'na' kisI kriyA, saMjJA yA vizeSaNa ke pUrva laga sakatA hai aura kucha udAharaNoM meM 'na' 'a' ho jAtA hai (yathA 'abrAhmaNa', adharma) yA 'ana' ho jAtA hai jaba vaha kisI svadAdi zabda ke pUrva lagatA hai| (yathA-'anartha', 'anussnn')| pANini ne 'na' para kaI sUtra likhe haiM aura spaSTa rUpa se 'pratiSedha' ko 'na' ke arthoM meM sammilita kiyA hai (dekhie pANini 2 / 2 / 6, 6 / 2 / 155 Adi) / 'na' chaha prakAra ke arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai / 'na' kA prathama artha hai 'abhAva' / kintu yaha artha sabhI viSayoM ke anukUla nahIM pdd'egaa| jaba koI kahatA hai'abrAhmaNa ko lAo to isakA artha 'abhAva' nahIM hai, kyoMki yadi vahI artha hotA to koI abhAva vAlA brAhmaNa nahIM lA sakatA aura kisI ko bhI nahIM lA sakatA yA miTTI kA DhelA lA degA, jo ina zabdoM ko kahane vAle kA Azaya nahIM siddha kara sakatA / ata: aisA sunane para eka vyakti jo brAhmaNa nahIM hai, kintu brAhmaNa ke samAna hai (yathA kSatriya) lAyA jAyegA / ata: isa udAharaNa meM 'abrAhmaNa' kA artha (sAdRzya) vaha vyakti hai jo brAhmaNa ke atirikta koI anya hai| 'na' jisake sAtha lagA rahatA hai usakA virodhI artha bhI detA hai| yaha Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki vAkya meM kriyA mukhya bhAga hai aura kriyA rUpa meM anta meM jo zabda lagA hotA hai, vahI pramukha bhAga hotA hai| ata: 'kalaJja nahIM khAnA cAhie' (kalaJja na bhakSayet ) meM 'na' makSayet ke sAtha sambandhita samajhA jAnA cAhie / vidhi meM (yA vidhi ko sunane para) isakA pratyakSa hotA hai ki vAkya mAno sunane vAle ko sakriya hone ke lie prerita karatA hai| jaba 'na' icchArthaka rUpa meM lagA rahatA hai to yaha preraNA kA ulaTA tAtparya detA hai (arthAt nirvatana=kisI vastu se dUra rhnaa)| eka vidhi meM se jisa phala ko koI samajhatA hai to vaha svarga hai ('yajeta svargakAma:'), kintu niSedha meM phala anartha-nivRtti pAyA jAtA hai| eka vidhi meM vahI adhikArya hai jo svarga kI kAmanA karatA hai, niSedha meM vahI adhikArI hai jo anartha se DaratA hai aura avAMchita se dUra haTatA hai| ata: ina vivecanoM se prakaTa hai ki AjJA evaM niSedha artha eka-dUsare se sarvathA bhinna haiN| kintu jaba kriyA ke sAtha 'na' baiThAne meM koI kaThinAI hotI hai to vaha dhAtu ke artha ke sAtha baiThA diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra kaThinAiyA~ do prakAra kI hotI haiM / prathama kaThinAI yA bAdhA taba hotI hai jaba sampUrNa vAkya 'usake 41. tatsAdRzyamabhAvazca tadanyatvaM tdlptaa| aprAzastyaM virodhazca nArthAH SaT prkiirtitaaH|| mI0 nyA0 pra0 bhATTAlaMkAra nAmaka TIkA (pR0 430) meM uddhRta / abrAhmaNa kA artha hai brAhmaNAdanya (arthAt naJa kA yahAM artha hai tadanyatva) evaM adharma kA artha hai dharmavirodhi, jaisA ki zlokavArtika (apohavAda, zloka 23) meM AyA hai : 'nAmadhAtvarthayogI ca navanA prtissedhkH| vadato'brAhmaNAdharmAvanyamAtravirodhinau / ' pANini (3 / 1 / 12) ke vAtika 4 para mahAbhApya meM AyA hai : 'nazivayuvatamanyasadRzAdhikaraNe tathA hyartha gatiH' aura vyAkhyA hai : abrAhmaNamAnayatyuSato (kta? ) brAhmaNasadRza anIyate nAsau lopTamAnIya kRtI bhavati /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta vrata haiM se Arambha kiyA jAtA hai, yA jahA~ niSedha kA artha lagA rahatA hai to koI vikalpa uTha khar3A hotA hai / vAkyoM meM ina do bAdhakoM ke viSaya meM, jahA~ 'na' AtA hai, hama 'paryadAsa' (apavAda yA vyAvati yA niSedha) kI sahAyatA lete haiM / prajApativratoM (jo puraSArtha haiM, jaisA ki pU0 mI0 sa0 43113 ne nizcita kiyA hai| ke viSaya meM vAkya kA Arambha 'usake vrata haiM' se hotA hai aura puna: vAkya AtA hai, 'use sUryodaya yA sUryAsta nahIM dekhanA cAhie' (kauSItaki brA0 6 / 6)4 / vrata kA artha hai koI mAnasika karma, kisI viziSTa karma ko na karane kA saMkalpa, jisakA artha hai 'use isa prakAra karma karane ke lie saMkalpa lenA cAhie jisase vaha sUryodaya yA saryAsta na dekha sake aura usa para ArUDha rhe|vaastv meM yaha niyama (niyantraNa) hai| isa vAkya kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki use sUrya kI ora kabhI nahIM dekhanA cAhie (sUrya ko dekhane para koI niSedha nahIM hai) pratyuta yaha kevala sUryodaya evaM sUryAsta ko dekhane ko manA karatA hai. ata: yaha kevala apavAda yA niSedha hai aura vaha vyakti jo isa niyama (niyantraNa) ko mAnatA hai, phala pAtA hai, kintu kalaja ke bhakSaNa ke viSaya meM pUrNarUpeNa niSedha hai| 42. ato liGatvAMzena nA sambadhyate / tasya sarvApekSayA prAdhAnyAt / nAzcaiva svabhAvo yatsvasambandhipratipakSabodhakatvam / ... tadiha liMDarthastAva avartanA / atastena sambadhyamAno natra pravartanApratipakSaM nivartanAM gamayati / atazca sarvatra niSedheSu nivartanaiva vaakyaarthH| evaM ca vidhiniSedhayobhinnArthatvaM siddhaM bhavati / yathAhaH / antaraM yAdRzaM loke brahmahatyAzvamedhayoH / dRzyate tAdRrgavedaM vidhAna pratiSedhayoH // iti / tathA.. .sarvathApi tu na: prAdhAnyAtpratyayenAnvayaH / yadA tu tadanvaye kiJcidbAdhakaM tadAgatyA dhAtvarthenAnvayaH / tacca bAdhakaM dvividham / tasya vratamityayakramo vikalpa prasaktizca / tena ca bAdhakadvayena naJyukteSu vAkyeSu paryudAsAzrayaNaM bhavati / tadabhAve niSedha eva / paryudAsaH saHvijJeyoH yatrottarapatena nana / pratiSedhaH saH vijJeyaH kriyayAH saha yatra nnyH|| itica tolakSaNam / tatra-nekSatodyatamAdityam--ityAdau paryudAsAzrayaNam, tasya vratamityupakramAt / tathAhi vratazabdena kartavyortha ucyate / mo0 nyA0 pra0 (pR. 250-253) / tantravArtika para nyAyasudhA (yA rANaka) ne pa0 201 para 'antaraM...SedhayoH' ko uddhata kiyA hai aura use kumArila ko bRhaTTIkA kA mAnA hai aura phala Adi pAMca bAtoM ko, jinameM vidhi evaM niSedha eka-dUsare se vibhinna haiM, vyAkhyA kI hai| uttarapada eka mImAMsA-sambandhI pAribhASika zabda hai aura vaha kriyA rUpa meM Ane vAlI antima nivRtti hai tathA pUrvapada meM pada to rahatA hai kintu antima nivRtti yA samApti nahIM hotii| vidhiH pravartamAno hi zreyaHsiddhaya prvrtte| pratiSedhaH punaH pApAnivartayati bhedataH / tantravA0 (pU0 mI0 sU0 3 / 4 / 13, pa0 611) / - 43. yuktaM yatprajApati vrateSu zAstrANAmarthavattvena puruSArtho vidhIyate / tatra niyamaH krtvytyopdishyte|... tasya vratamiti prakRtya prajApativratAni smaamnaataani| vratamiti ca mAnasaM krmocyte| idaM na kariSyAmIti yaH saMkalpaH / katamattavatam / nodyantamAdityamIkSateti / yathA tadIkSaNaM na bhavati tathA mAnaso vyApAraH kartavyaH / tasya ca pAlanam / tatra tsmaatpurussaartho'stiityvgntyvym| ...na hi kljhN| bhakSayan pratiSedha vidhi nAtikAmati / iha punarAdityaM pazyannAtikAmati vidhim / na hi tasya darzanaM pratiSiddham / niymsttropdissttH| yastaM niyama karoti sa phalenaH smbdhyte| iha tu pratiSidhyate kljaati| zabara (pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 2 / 20) / kauSItaki bA0 (66) yA zA0 bA0 meM hama aisA pAte haiM : 'tasya vrata mudyantamevaina, nekSetAstaM yattaM ceti / manu0 (437) meM bhI aisI hI vyavasthA hai 'nekSatoyantamAdityaM nAstaM yAntaM kadAcana / dekhie anuzAsanaparva (104118), basiSTha (12 / 10, jahAM snAtaka vratoM kA ullekha bhI hai), viSNudharmasUtra (71 / 17-18) /

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150 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 'paryudAsa' (apavAda) vahI hai jahA~ dUsare zabda ke sAtha (arthAt kisI kriyA kI dhAtu ke sAtha yA kisI bhinna zabda, yathA-saMjJA ke sAtha) abhAvAtmaka rUpa AtA hai| 'niSedha' vahA~ hotA hai jahA~ para kriyA ke sAtha abhAvAtmaka rUpa pAyA jAtA hai| dharmazAstra-granthoM meM 'na' kI bahudhA aisI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai ki yaha paryudAsa (apavAda yA manA karane kI eka vyavasthA ) hai / yAjJa0 (1 / 126-166) meM snAtaka ke kartavyoM vAle pariccheda meM 'na' kA bahudhA ullekha huA hai| mitAkSarA ne yAjJa0 (11126) kI vyAkhyA meM likhA hai ki jahA~ kahIM 'na' AyA hai vaha paryudAsa kA dyotaka hai (sarvatrApi asmin snAtakaprakaraNe natra,- zabdaH pratyeka paryudAsArtha iva) / hama eka udAharaNa leM, yAjJa0 (1 / 32) meM AyA hai ki jo bAta dukhadAyaka ho use anAvazyaka yA akAraNa kisI (puruSa yA nArI) se nahIM kahanA caahie| isase yaha nahIM prakaTa hotA ki jo bAta duHkhadAyaka ho use nahIM kahanA cAhie, kevala usa sthiti meM use nahIM kahanA cAhie jaba ki usake lie koI kAraNa yA avasara na ho| truTi karane vAle apane putra yA mitra yA sambandhI se dukhadAyaka bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| 'putravAn vyakti ko kucha tithiyoM para upavAsa nahIM karanA cAhie' isa prakAra kI bAta kI vyAkhyA meM aparArka (pR. 206-207) ne do prasiddha zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jinase 'paryudAsa' evaM 'pratiSedha' kA antara spaSTa hotA hai| una zlokoM ke pUrvA isa prakAra haiM-'pradhAnatvaM vidhau yatra pratiSedhepradhAnatA (paryudAsaH...nA ) / / aprAdhAnya vidhau yatra pratiSedhe pradhAnatA / prsjyprti....naa|| jaba 'na' kA prayoga kisI vAkya meM hotA hai to vaha yA to pratiSedha hotA hai yA paryudAsa yA arthavAda hotA hai| ina tInoM kA antara spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA caahie| darzapUrNamAsa meM do AjyabhAga aMga haiM (pU0 mI0 sU0 4 / 4 / 30) tathA kahA gayA hai ki do AjyamAga darzapUrNamAsa yajJa kI A~kheM haiM / isa sambandha meM veda kA kathana hai ki kisI pazuyajJa meM yA somayajJa meM ina donoM kA sampAdana nahIM hotaa|' prazna yaha hai- 'kyA yaha pratiSedha hai yA paryudAsa hai yA arthavAda hai ?' pratiSedha tabhI hotA hai jaba jo Age hone vAlA hotA hai usake pratiSedha kI sambhAvanA hotI hai| darzapUrNamAsa meM AjyabhAgoM kI vyavasthA rahatI hai ata: somayajJa meM ina donoM kI AvazyakatA kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai aura koI vAstavika pratiSedha bhI nahIM hai; aura na paryudAsa hI hai, kyoMki yadi yaha paryudAsa hotA to koI ucita sambandha na hogA, kyoMki paryadAsa meM yaha kahanA paDegA : 'darzapUrNamAsa meM AjyabhAga hote haiM, somayajJa meM nahIM, jo ki anargala hai| ata: 'na to pazau karoti na some' nAmaka zabdoM meM arthavAda hai| zuddha pratiSedha tabhI hotA hai jabaki pahale vyavasthA ho aura bAda ko varjana ho| isa viSaya meM eka prasiddha udAharaNa SoDazI (SoDazin) pAtra kA hai| samAna rUpa se prAmANika do vaidika vAkya haiM-"vaha atirAtra meM 'SoDazI' pAtra grahaNa 44. cakSuSI vA ete yazasya yadAjyabhAgau yajati cakSuSI eva tadyajJasya pratidadhAti / te0 saM0 (2 / 6 / 21) / 45. ziSTvA tu pratiSedhaH syAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 (108 / 6) / zabara ne vyAkhyA kI hai: 'yathA nAtirAne gRhNAti SoDazinamiti / na tatra zakyaM vaktuM paryudAsa iti / sambandha eva hi na syAt / atirAtrajitAti rAtre gRha NAti SoDazinamiti / nApikasya cidarthavAdatvena sambhavati / ... yatra punaranyA vacanavyaktirasti vAkyasya tatra na vikalpo bhavati / evameSo'STadoSo'pi yabIhiyavavAkyayoH / vikalpa Azritastatra gatiranyA na vidyate / vrIhizAstrapravRttau hi yavazAstreNa kRSyate / zrotA tatra pravRttopi vrIhizAstreNa kRssyte| tantravAtika (1 / 3 / 3 para, pR0 175)) / aura dekhie prAptipUrvo hi pratiSedho bhvti| zabara (pU0 mI0 suu07-3| 20 evaM // 3223 pr)|

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta karatA hai" evaM "vaha atirAtra meM 'SoDazI' pAtra nahIM grahaNa karatA hai"| isa paraspara virodhI bAta meM vikalpa kI anumati hai| isI prakAra eka vaidika vAkya hai-'vrIhibhiyajeta yavairvA' ( vaha dhAnoM se yA jo se yajJa kare ) / ataH, uparyukta donoM udAharaNoM meM jahA~ do uktiyA~ paraspara viruddha haiM, vahAM vikalpa ke sahAre ke atirikta koI anya gati nahIM hai| kintu vikalpa meM ATha doSa pAye jAte haiN| isI kAraNa vikalpa kA parihAra (tyAga) karanA cAhie, aura yathAsambhava paryadAsa yA arthavAda ko grahaNa karanA cAhie, kyoMki vikalpa kA Azraya lene se kisI eka ukti ko aprAmANika mAnanA hogaa| zabara evaM tantravArtika ne aisI vyavasthA dI hai ki vahIM vikalpa kA Azraya lenA cAhie jahA~ koI anya mArga na ho| pU0 mI0 sU0 ne vyavasthA dI hai ki vahIM vikalpa grahaNa karanA cAhie jahA~ eka hI viSaya meM eka hI artha vAle aneka prAmANika vacana kahe gaye hoN| ___eka anya zabda hai nityAnuvAda jisakI vyAkhyA ho jAnI caahie| yaha zabda, Apa0 gha0 sU0 (2 / 6 / 14 / 13) meM AyA hai| yaha jaimini (2 / 4 / 26, 4 / 115, 617 / 30, 7 / 4 / 5, 816, 1136, 10 / 2 / 38 meM) bahadhA AyA hai aura zabara ne usase bhI adhika bAra isakA prayoga kiyA hai| zabara ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki jaba vaidika vacana spaSTa rUpa se kisI aisI bAta kA pratiSedha karate haiM jisake ghaTane kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM hotI to aisI sthiti meM nityAnuvAda hotA hai (yathA-agnicayana khAlI bhUmi yA AkAza yA svarga meM nahIM honA caahie)| isI bAta ko TupTIkA ne dUsare DhaMga se kahA hai-'jaba pratiSedha arthavAda ho jAtA hai to vaha nityAnuvAda kahalAtA hai| vikalpoM ko tIna koTiyoM meM bA~TA gayA hai, yathA-(1) aise vikalpa jinake pIche tarka upasthita kiyA jAya, (2) jo vyakta (spaSTa) zabdoM ke kAraNa prakaTa hoM tathA (3) jo kartA kI icchA para Azrita hoN| prathama kA udAharaNa 'yavaibrIhibhirvA yajeta' (cAvala ke annoM yA jau ke annoM se yajJa karanA cAhie) meM pAyA jAtA hai| dUsare prakAra ke vikalpoM ke lie dekhie man (3 / 267) jahA~ yaha AyA hai ki jaba tila yA cAvala yA yava yA mASa kI dAla yA jala yA phala evaM mUla se tarpaNa kiyA jAtA hai to pitara loga santuSTa hote haiN| vyakti kI icchA para Azrita vikalpa kA udAharaNa jAbAlopaniSad / 7 meM pAyA jAtA hai-'brahmacarya samApta kara gRhastha honA cAhie, gRhastha hone ke uparAnta (vAnaprastha Azrama meM jAnA cAhie aura vanI hone ke uparAnta saMnyAsI (yA parivrATa) honA cAhie; yA dUsarI vidhi ke anusAra brahmacarya kI samApti, yA gRhastha hone, yA banI hone ke uparAnta koI saMnyAsI ho sakatA hai| isa kathana kA antima bhAga AzramoM ke viSaya meM vikalpa upasthita karatA hai / gautama (3 / 1) meM AyA hai-'kucha RSiyoM ne usake (brahmacArI ke lie AzramoM ke viSaya meM vilkapa rakha diyA hai| jaba yAjJa0 (1 / 14) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki brAhmaNa lar3ake kA upanayana garbhAdhAna yA janma ke uparAnta AThaveM varSa meM ho sakatA hai, to yahA~ pitA kI icchA para vikalpa nirbhara hotA hai| 46. asati prasaGge pratiSedho nityAnuvAdaH / zabara (1 / 2 / 18 para); yathArthavAdatvena pratiSedhastatra nityAnuvAvo bhavati / TupaTIkA (7 / 3 / 21); 64136 (paro nityAnuvAdaH syAt) para zabara ne vyAkhyA dI hai : 'nityametamartha santamanuvadati' / 47. brahmacarya parisamApya gRhI bhavet / gRhI bhUtvA vanI bhavet / dhanI bhUtvA pravrajet / yadi vetarathA brahmacaryAdeva pravajeda gRhAdvA bnaayaa| jAbAlopa0 4 / ise zaMkarAcArya ne brahmasUtra (3 / 4 / 20) ke bhASya meM nimnalikhita TippaNI ke sAtha uddhRta kiyA hai : 'anapekSyava jAbAla zrutimAzramAntara vidhAyinImayamAcaryeNa vicAraH prvtitH'|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa man (47) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki dvija ko utanA anna ekatra karanA cAhie ki eka kaMDAla (koThilA) mara jAya (arthAt jo eka varSa taka cale), yA eka kumbhI (6 mAsoM ke lie) yA utanA ikaTThA karanA cAhie ki tIna dinoM taka cale, yA kala kI bhI cintA nahIM karanI cAhie / ye cAra vikalpa haiM aura taba manu (418) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki gahastha dvija ko ina cAroM meM eka vikalpa grahaNa kahanA cAhie, kintu pratyeka Age vAlA apane pIche vAle se phala tathA paraloka sambandhI pUNya ke viSaya meM uttama hai| vikalpa yA to vyavasthita (kisI eka prakAra kI avasthAoM taka sImita yA niyantrita rahane vAlA) ho yA avyavasthita (aniyantrita) / Apa0 gha0 sa0 (2 / 2 / 3 / 16) meM AyA hai. 8 'vyakti ko aupAsana agni yA rasoI kI agni meM prathama 6 mantroM ke sAtha apane hAtha se bali denI caahie'| haradAta ne TIkA kI eka vyavasthita (sImita) vikalpa hai', arthAt jinhoMne aupAsana agni (gRhAgni) rakha chor3I ho unheM pratidina bali denI cAhie kintu sAdhAraNa rasoI kI agni meM kevala ve hI loga bali chor3eM jinakI patnI mara gayI ho| mana0 (3182) meM AyA hai ki vyakti ko pratidina anna, jala, dugdha Adi se zrAddha karanA caahie| yahA~ para vyavasthita vikalpa hai| kyoMki sarvaprathama anna kI vyavasthA hai aura taba usake abhAva meM dUdha, phaloM evaM maloM kI aura punaH inake abhAva meM jala kI vyavasthA hai| jaba manu (465) aisA kahate haiM ki 'zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA ko yA bhAdrapada kI pUrNimA ko upAkarma kRtya karake brAhmaNa ko sAr3he cAra mAsoM taka parizramapUrvaka veda kA adhyayana karanA cAhie' to meghAtithi ne ise vyavasthita vikalpa mAnA hai, arthAt sAmavediyoM ko bhAdrapada kI pUrNimA ko tathA RgvediyoM evaM yajurvediyoM ko zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA ko upAkarma karanA cAhie / dekhie mitakSarA (yAjJa0 12254) jahA~ mAtA ke sapiNDana ke viSaya meM carcA hai aura paraspara virodhI uktiyoM ko krama se rakhA gayA hai| jaba gautama (3 / 21) ne kahA hai ki saMnyAsI ko apanA sira pUrNarUpeNa muMDA lenA cAhie yA kevala zikhA rakha lenI cAhie, to yahA~ para vyakti kI icchA para AdhArita vikalpa hai| gautama (2151-53), Apa0 dha0 sU0 (1 / 2 / 11), manu (3 / 1) ne vedAdhyayana ke brahmacarya kI 48, 36, 24,12, 3 varSoM kI avadhi dI hai| yahA~ vidyArthI kI icchA evaM samarthatA para vikalpa nirbhara hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki vyavasthita vikalpa meM ATha prakAra ke doSa nahIM pAye jAte aura na ve vahIM pAye jAte haiM jahA~ vikalpa kisI vyakti kI icchA para nirbhara hotA hai yA jahA~ vikalpa spaSTa vacanoM dvArA vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| ATha prakAra ke doSa kevala tarka dvArA upasthita vikalpa meM hI pAye jAte haiN| ___ mImAMsA bAlaprakAza (pR0 153-165) ne vikalpoM ke vibhAjanoM evaM upavibhAjanoM kI eka lambI sUcI dI hai| pataMjali ke matAnusAra zAstra kA mantavya hI hai nizcita vyavasthA upasthita karanA 18 aura isIlie sabhI zAstrIya grantha vikalpoM ko nyUnAtinyUna saMkhyA taka lAne kA prayAsa karate haiM aura spaSTa paraspara virodhI uktiyoM ke lie pRthak evaM nizcita viSaya vyavasthA karate haiN| kabhI-kabhI vikalpa itane adhika ho jAte haiM ki TIkAkAra loga unake lie pRthak kSetra-vyavasthA denA chor3a dete haiM, yathA-mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 22) ne kSatriyoM, 48. na iyavyavasthAkAriNA zAstreNa bhavitavyam / zAstrato hi nAma vyvsthaa| mahAbhASya, vArtika 4 (tathA cAnavasthA) pANini (6311135) para ; evamanakoccAvacAzaucakalpA darzitAH / teSAM loke samAcArAbhAvAnnAtIva vyavasthA pradarzanamupayogIti nAtra vyavasthA prdryte| mitA0 (yAna0 3 / 22) /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta vaizyoM evaM zUdroM ke lie parAzara, zAtAtapa, vasiSTha evaM atri se janma evaM maraNa ke Azauca ke viSaya meM paraspara virodhI vacana uddhRta karane ke uparAnta unheM eka krama meM rakhane kA prayAsa hI chor3a diyA hai, kyoMki yaha saba vyartha hai aura loga ina vacanoM ko vyavahAra meM nahIM lAte / / ___ do anya zabdoM kI vyAkhyA kI AvazyakatA hai| ve haiM, 'ArAdupakAraka' evaM 'snniptyopkaark'| pU0 mI0 sU0 ke tIsare adhyAya meM lekhaka ne zeSa evaM usakI paribhASA kA ullekha kiyA hai aura isakI vyAkhyA kI hai ki kauna-sI bAte zeSa hotI haiM aura kauna-sI zeSI (shossin)| kumArila ne zeSa zabda kI pA~ca paribhASAe~ kI haiN| unameM cAra kA tyAga kiyA hai aura eka ko svIkAra kiyA hai, yathA-zeSa vaha hai jo dUsare kA uddezya pUrA karatA hai|' zabara kA kathana hai ki jo dUsare kI sahAyatA karatA hai vaha zeSa kahalAtA hai aura dUsarA zeSI kahalAtA hai| vAdari ke anusAra zeSa kI tIna koTiyA~ haiM, yathA--dravya (vaise padArtha jo yajJa ke lie haiM yathA dhAna), guNa (yathA, lAla raMga kI gAya, jo kraya kiye jAne vAle soma kA mUlya hai), saMskAra (aise karma jinase zuddha karane kI kriyA kI jAtI hai, yathA mUsala evaM okhalI se annoM ko kUTanA, jisase puroDAza banAyA jA ske)| jaimini kA kathana hai ki yAga evaM yAga ke phala ke samAna kartA ke saMndarbha meM karma (kRtya) zeSa haiM aura yAga ke saMdarbha meM kartA zeSa hai| vAdari ke mata se dravya, gaNa evaM saMskAra sadaiva zeSa haiM, kintu sthirIkRta niSkarSa ke anusAra yAga, phala evaM puruSa (kartA) vibhinna avasthAoM meM yA to zeSa hoMge yA shessii| eka lambe vivecana ke uparAnta tantravArtika ne niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki dravya, guNa evaM saMskAra yAga ke saMdarbha meM sadaiva zeSa hote haiM, yadyapi svayaM apane tatvoM ke saMdarbha meM ve zeSI ho sakate haiM, kintu jahA~ taka phala, yAga evaM kartA (puruSa) kA prazna hai, ve eka dUsare ke saMdarbha meM zeSa evaM zeSI donoM haiN| udAharaNArtha, darzapUrNamAsa yAga meM 'bahuta se viSaya haiM, yathA(yajJa ke lie) dhAna ko muThThiyoM se nikAlanA, una para jala chir3akanA, unheM cUrNa karanA; isake uparAnta Ajya (ghRta) ke saMdarbha meM kucha viziSTa kRtya kiye jAte haiM, yathA-do kuzoM se use zuddha karanA, use galAnA, pallava lAnA, gAyoM ko carAgAha meM prasthAna karAnA aadi| ye sahAyaka kRtya do prakAra ke hote haiM, (1) jo pahale se ho cuke rahate haiM, (2) jo karmoM ke rUpa vAle hote haiM / prathama meM dravya, saMkhyA Adi kA bodha hotA hai, ve jo karmoM ke rUpa ke haiM, ve do prakAra ke hote haiM, yathA-sannipatyopakAraka evaM ArAdupakAraka / paurNamAsa kRtya meM prayAjoM. AdhAroM evaM AjyabhAgoM ke samAna sahAyaka kRtya pAye jAte haiM aura ye ArAdupakAraka kahe jAte haiN| sannipatyopakArakoM ko sAmavAyika yA AzrayikarmANi bhI kahA jAtA hai aura ve haiM anna ko cUrNa karanA, prokSaNa aadi'| ArAdupakAraka aise vyavasthita kRtya haiM jo dravyoM ke viSaya meM kucha nahIM karate aura ve sIdhe taura se pramukha kRtya ke aMga mAne jAte haiN| inase yajJa meM diye jAne vAle dravya ke saMskAra (alaMkaraNa yA yogya banAnA yA zuddha karanA) se koI sambandha nahIM hai| ye usa paramApUrva ko utpanna karate haiM jo sampUrNa kRtya ke phala ko dene vAlA hotA hai| ve svayaM apane lie eka gauNa apUrva kI utpatti karate haiN| ve pramukha kRtya ke pratyakSa aMga hote haiM aura sannipatyopakArakoM se bhinna haiM, kyoMki sannipratyopakAraka saMskAraka (zuddhatA yA yogyatA lAne vAle ) hote haiN| sannipatyopakAraka ArAdupakArakoM se apekSAkRta adhika zaktizAlI hote haiM aura isIlie tantravArtika ne prastAvita kiyA hai ki jahA~ kisI kRtya meM koI kArya sannipatyopakAraka yA sAmavAyika hotA hai, vahA~ use ArAdupakAraka kahanA ucita nahIM hai| yaha jAnane yogya hai ki pro0 kItha ne 'karmamImAMsA' nAmaka apane grantha meM (pR0 88) ina donoM kA artha ulaTa diyA hai| mahAmahopAdhyAya jhA ke 'prabhAkara skUla' nAmaka grantha meM (pR0 181) sannipatyopakAraka kI vyAkhyA aspaSTa hai| ekAdazItattva (pR067) ne ekAdazI meM ghRta, dugdha, madhu ke sthAna para prayukta hone vAle pratinidhiyoM (yathA dugdhacUrNa, dahI evaM gur3a) kA vivecana karate hue vyAkhyA kI hai ki 'prayAjoM' (jinase 20

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154 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa adRzya evaM AdhyAtmika phala kI prApti hotI hai) ke samAna vyavasthita kriyA ke sthAna para koI pratinidhi nahIM hotA, kyoMki jo adRzya phala utpanna karane vAlA hotA hai vaha ArAdupakAraka kahalAtA hai, kintu cAvala ke dhAnoM (jinase puroDAza banAyA jAtA hai) ke sthAna para kisI pratinidhi kA prayoga ho sakatA hai, kyoMki cAvala ke anna (dhAna) sannipatyopakAraka hote haiM aura dRzya uddezya lekara calane vAle hote haiM, yathA puroDAza bnaanaa| vedAnta-sUtra (4 / 1 / 16) ke bhASya meM zaMkarAcArya ne kahA hai ki brahmajJAna prApta karane vAle vyakti dvArA Avazyaka vaidika kRtyoM (yathA, agnihotra) kA sampAdana, ArAdupakAraka ke rUpa meM sahAyaka hotA hai| pUrvamImAMsA ne vyAkhyA ke lie veda evaM smatiyoM ke atirikta loka yA lokavata (sAmAnya kI uktiyoM) kA bhI Azraya liyA hai / udAharaNArtha, 112 / 20, 1 / 2 / 26, 2 / 1 / 12 (lokavat), 416 ('tathA ca loka bhUteSu' arthAt 'lokepi'), 6 / 2 / 16 (loke karmANi vedavattato'dhipuruSajJAnam ), 6 / 5 / 34 (na bhaktitvAdezA hi loke), 6 / 8 / 26 (yAJcatrayaNamavidyamAne lokavat), 17 / 4 / 11 (liMgahetutvAdaliMge laukika syAt), 8 / 2 / 22 (payovAtatpradhAnatvAllokavaddhanastadarthatvAt) yaha dRSTAnta detA hai ki dUdha jamAne ke lie thor3A dahI paryApta hai; 88 / 6 (na laukikAnAm Adi, yahA~ laukika kA artha hai 'lokAnAm'); 10 / 3 / 44 (zabdArthazcApi lokavat), 10 / 3 / 51, 10 / 6 / 8, 10766 (lokavat, zabara ne kahA hai : 'yathA matsyAn na payasA samaznIyAt), 11 / 1 / 23, 26, 62 / svayaM zabara ne apane bhASya (pU0 mI0 sU0 3 / 4 / 13, evaM 'varNyamAne laukikanyAmAnugataH sUtrArtho varNituM, bhaviSyati', pR0 626) meM 'laukikanyAya' kA prayoga kiyA hai| jaimini ne prathama adhyAya ke prathama pAda meM dharma ke viSaya meM veda ke nityasvayaMbhU evaM nitAnta prAmANika svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai aura jJAna ke sAdhanoM tathA zabdoM evaM arthoM ke pArasparika nitya svarUpa para bhI vivecana upasthita kiyA hai / prathama adhyAya ke dvitIya pAda meM unhoMne udghoSaNA kI hai ki ve arthavAda, jo veda ke adhikAMza bhAga ke rUpa meM haiM, una vidhiyoM kI prazaMsA ke nimitta upasthita kiye gaye haiM, jinake sAtha ve sambadhita haiM aura unheM vyartha nahIM samajhanA caahie| unhoMne isakI udghoSaNA bhI kI hai ki mantroM (jo veda ke aMga haiM) kA eka uddezya hai, aura vaha hai sampAdita kRtyoM ke artha kA mana meM puna: pratyAvAhana / unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai ki 'catvAri zRMgA' 45 (R0 4158 / 3) aise mantra rUpaka ke rUpa meM yAga kI stuti meM haiM, 'jarbharI turpharIt' 46. 'catvAri zRMgA' ke viSaya meM virodha evaM uddharaNa pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 2 / 31) meM uThAye gaye haiM aura unakA uttara 112 / 32-35 meM diyA gayA hai| pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 2 / 38) meM 'catvAri zRMgA' ke zloka kA nirUpaNa hai| isa zloka kI vyAkhyA nirukta (13 / 7), pataJjali ke mahAbhASya, zabara, kumArila (tantravAtika, pR0 155-156), durgA evaM sAyaNa dvArA kI gayI hai| ina vyAkhyAoM meM bar3A vibheda hai, '(kumArila bhI zabara se isa viSaya meM bahuta bhinnatA rakhate haiM) / jarI turpharIt AzvinoM kI upAdhiyA~ haiM aura unakI vyAkhyA nirukta (13 // 5) meM huI hai| kANukA (nirukta 5110), kokaTa tathA anya zabda nirakta (6 / 32) meM vyAkhyAyita hue haiN| yAska kA kathana hai : 'kokaTa vaha deza hai, jahA~ anArya rahate haiN| kintu tantravArtika (pR0 158) ne sarvaprathama ise eka deza ke artha meM mAnA aura nizcita kiyA ki eka deza nitya hai| isake uparAnta kumArila ne prastAvita kiyA hai ki 'kokaTa' kA artha hai 'muSTi-bandha', pramagaNDa kA artha hai, 'adhika byAja khAne vAlA' tathA 'necA-zAkham' kA artha hai 'napuMsaka vyakti' / zabara ne pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 2 / 41, pR0 156-157) para likhA hai : 'vidyamAnopyarthaH prmaadaalsyaadibhinoNpilnyte| nigamaniruktavyAkaraNavazena dhAtutIrthaH kalpa

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta (R0 10 / 106 / 6) yA 'indraH somasya kANukA' (R0 8 / 774) aise mantroM meM kucha zabdoM kA artha (jisake viSaya meM aisA tarka kiyA jAtA hai ki unakA koI artha nahIM hai) nirukta evaM vyAkaraNa kI sahAyatA se, vAstava meM, jAnA jA sakatA hai, 'kIkaTa', 'nacAzArava' evaM pramagaNDa aise kucha zabda, jinase krama se eka deza, eka nagara evaM eka rAjA kI ora saMketa milatA hai aura isIlie ve mantra (R0 3153 / 14) ko anitya sUcita karate haiM, eka anya prakAra se vyAkhyAyita ho sakate haiN| isa prakAra veda kA koI aMza anarthaka yA anitya nahIM hai| mImAMsaka loga veda ke zabdoM evaM vAkyoM ke anArthakya ko dUra karane meM bar3e saceSTa rahate haiN| prathama adhyAya ke tRtIya pAda meM jaimini ne smRtiyoM, ziSTa logoM ke vyavahAroM, sadAcAroM, vedAMgoM Adi kI prAmANikatA ke viSaya meM vivecana kiyA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaimini dvArA sUtroM ke praNayana ke pUrva smRtiyA~ mahattva ko prApta kara cakI thIM, tathA dharma ke srota ke rUpa meM ziSToM ke AcAra svIkRta ho cuke the| gautama, Apastamba, tathA anya logoM ke dharmasUtroM ne aisI ghoSaNA kara dI thI ki veda, smRtiyA~, vedajJoM ke vyavahAra dharma ke mUla haiM / ataH zAntiparva (137 / 23, 135 / 22 citrA saMskaraNa) ne dharmazAstroM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura anuzAsana parva (45 // 17) ne yama ke dharmazAstra se gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiN| ata: jaimini ko isa bAta para vicAra karanA par3A ki smRtiyA~ evaM ziSTAcAra dharma ke viSaya meM pramANa haiM ki nahIM, aura yadi haiM to kisa sImA taka / yadi smRtiyA~ aprAmANika mAna lI jAtI to veda kI prAmANikatA para koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA; kintu pU0 mI0 sU0 ke prathama sUtra ne svIkAra kiyA ki vaha grantha (pU0 mI0 sU0) dharma kI vizeSatAoM ke prazna para vicAra karegA, isIlie smRtiyoM kA, jo dharmazAstra ke nAma se vikhyAta thIM, (manu 2010), sambandha dharma ke nirUpaNa ke sAtha lagAyA gyaa| isake atirikta pU0 mI0 sU0 ke 67 / 6 se prakaTa hotA hai ki jaimini ko dharmazAstroM ke viSaya meM jAnakArI thI, kyoMki unhoMne aisI vyavasthA dI hai ki vizvajit yajJa meM krtaa| kisI zUdra ko isa bAta para dAna kA viSaya nahIM banA sakatA ki vaha (arthAt zUdra ) dharmazAstra ke AdezoM ke AdhAra para ucca jAti ke kisI vyakti kI sevA karatA hai / upaniSadoM meM bhI (yathA tai0 upa0 1 / 11), guru ziSya ke yitavyaH / yathA sRNyeva jarI turpharIt ityevamAdInyazvinorabhidhAnAni dvivacanAntAni lakSyante / ' 'sRSyeva jarI turpharIta R0 (10 / 106 / 6) meM AyA hai| 'nigama.. .kalpayitavya' zabara bhASya (pU0 mI0 sU0 13.10) meM bhI AyA hai| tantravAtika (pR0 256, 1 // 3 // 24 para) meM aisA AyA hai : 'kAtsnyapi vyAkaraNasya nirukte honalakSaNAH prayogA bahavo yadvad brAhmaNo brvnnaaditi'| nirukta (1115) meM 'tadidaM vidyAsthAnaM vyAkaraNasya kAya'm' nAmaka zabda Aye haiN| dekhie tantravArtika (pa0 268-266) jahA~ nirukta kI ora saMketa kiye gaye haiN| pU0 mI0 sU0 (1111124) meM zabara ne bhAvapradhAnamAkhyAtaM (nirukta 111) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| 50. vedo dharmamUlaM tadvidAM ca smRtishiile| gautama (12); dharmajJasamayaH pramANaM veTAzca / Apa0 gha0 sU0 (1 / 1 / 1 / 2-3) / tasya ca vyavahAro vedo dharma zAstrANyaGagAnyupavedAH purANam / gautama (11116), jisake viSaya meM haradatta ne vyAkhyA kI hai : 'tasya rAjJaH vyavahAro lokamaryAdA sthApanam / dekhie manu0 (216) evaM yAjJa0 (17) / 51. zUdrasya dharmazAstratvAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 (676): vizvajityeva sandihyate / kiM paricAraka: zUdro deyo neti| ...evaM prApte brUmaH / zUdrazca na deya itynvaadeshH| kutaH dharmazAstratvAt dharma zAsanopanatatvA. tsy| dekhie manu0 (10 / 123) evaM gautama (11157-56) /

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156 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vedAdhyayana ke uparAnta usase kahatA hai ki jaba kabhI. use vyavasthita kRtyoM ke viSaya meM sandeha ho yA ucita AcAra ke viSaya meM sandeha ho to vaha apane deza ke aise brAhmaNoM ke AcAroM kA anugamana kare, jo suvicAraNA ke uparAnta kArya karate haiM, jo karttavyazIla haiM, jo dUsaroM se prabhAvita hokara koI anya kArya nahIM karate, jo caritra meM kaThora nahIM haiM aura apane kartavyapAlana meM saceSTa rahate haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki sadAcAra dharma kA eka srota hai| jaimini ne 'smRti' zabda kA prayoga kaI sUtroM meM granthoM ke artha meM kiyA hai, 6 / 8 / 23 meM Apa0 gR0 sU0 ke zabda pAye jAte haiM / zabara ne 'smRti' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai aura smarati' evaM 'smaranti' ko eka darjana se adhika bAra prayukta kiyA hai| nimnalikhita vacana draSTavya haiM / pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 3 / 2) para zabara kA kathana hai--'pramANaM smRti:52, pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 3 / 3) para unhoMne tIna smRti-niyama diye haiM, jinameM do vidyAmAna smRtiyoM meM pAye jAte haiN| pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 1 / 5), meM jahA~ pazu Adi hIna prANiyoM kI carcA hai aura aisA prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki aise pazuoM ko vaidika kRtyoM ke lie adhikAra hai ki nahIM, to zabara ne isa prakAra ke adhikAra ko nahIM mAnA hai, kyoMki ve vedAdhyayana nahIM karate aura na smRti zAstra hI jAnate (jaisA ki manuSya loga jAnate) haiN| pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 2 / 21-22) para (jahA~ yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki kyA ve smArta niyama, yathA-guru kA anugamana karanA cAhie, AjJApAlana karanA cAhie, unheM praNAma karanA cAhie, vRddha vyakti kA sammAna uTakara karanA cAhie, una baccoM ke lie bhI prayukta hote haiM, jinakA upanayana na huA ho) zabara kA kathana hai ki smRti veda ke samAna hai (vedatulyA hi smRtiH, vaidikA iva padArthA smaryanta ityaktam) / 6 / 8 / 23 para zabara ne eka zloka ko smRti kahakara uddhRta kiyA hai, (smaranti-teSu kAleSu dvaivaani-iti)| 6 / 7 / 31 para unakA kathana hai ki smRti ne gandharvo ko eka sahasra varSoM taka jIvita rahate likhA hai| 6 / 1 / 20 para zavara kA kathana hai ki smati ke anusAra strI ke pAsa sampatti nahIM hotI, kintu zruti ke anusAra sampatti para usakA svatva rahatA hai| 6 / 2 / 2 para zabara ne kahA hai-'naiSA smRtiH pramANamaM dRSTamUlA hyeSA'; 10 / 1 / 36 para zabara kA vacana hai ki zipTa logoM ke vyavahAra se smRti kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai aura smRti se zruti vacana kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| 10 / 1 / 42 para zabara kA kathana hai ki smRti vyavahAra se adhika zaktizAlI hai| 10 / 3 / 47 para zabara kI ukti hai--'eka smRti 52. aSTAcatvAriMzadvarSANi veda brahmacaryacaraNaM jAtaputraH kRSNakezo'gnInAdadhIta ityanena viruddham / krItarAjako'bhojyAnna iti tasmAdagnISomIya saMsthite yajamAnasya gRhe'zitavyamityanena viruddham / zabara 1 / 3 / 2 pr| bau0 dha0 sU0 (1 / 2 / 1) meM AyA hai : 'aSTAcatvAriMzadvarSANi vedabrahmacaryam' / Apa0 dha0 sU0 (1 / 6 / 18 / 16 evaM 23) meM 'sNghaannmbhojym'| dIkSito'krItarAjakaH / manu0 (1086) ne ghor3oM evaM aise pazuoM ke vikraya ko manA kiyA hai jo ekazapha hote haiM, kintu taM0 saM0 (2 / 3 / 12 / 1) ne yaha kaha kara ki varuNa usako pakar3a letA hai jo azva ke dAna ko grahaNa karatA hai, vyAvahArika rUpa se usakI varjanA kara dI hai| Rgveda ne azvoM ke dAtAoM kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai, ythaa-10|10|7|2 'uccA divi dakSiNAvanto asthurye azvadAH sahate sUryeNa' / 'pUrva mImAMsA ina iTsa sorsa' ke pR0 226 para gaMgAnAtha jhA ne aisA anuvAda diyA hai : "siMhoM, ghor3oM Adi ko dAna meM denA, svIkAra karanA evaM kraya karanA yA vikraya krnaa...'| kesarina (kesarI) kA artha hai siMha, aura vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM isakA artha hai, 'ayAla vAlA' aura siMha ko vizeSatA prakaTa karatA hai| DA0 jhA kA yaha anuvAda azuddha hai| dekhie isa mahAprantha kA khaNDa 2, 50 850, pAda-TippaNI 1647 /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta hai ki 'ghor3A nahIM becanA caahie'| eka sthAna para zabara ne 'pramANe smRtI' ke sthAna para 'pramANAyAM smRto' zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai aura tantravAtika ne bar3A kaSTa karake yaha pradarzita karanA cAhA hai ki zabara kI yaha truTi kisI prakAra 1 / 3 / 3 para ThIka hai / baudhAyana dharmasUtra (1 / 1 / 16-26) ne dakSiNa bhArata meM vyavahRta pA~ca AcaraNoM tathA uttara bhArata ke pA~ca AcaraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki yadi dakSiNa yA uttara vAle apane se viparIta AcaraNoM kA vyavahAra kareMge to ve pApI kahe jaayeNge| virodhI kahatA hai53 ki smRtiyoM kA parityAga kara denA cAhie, kyoMki ve manuSyoM dvArA praNIta haiM (arthAt ve pauruSeya haiM, apauruSeya nahIM, jaisA ki veda hai) aura manuSya loga bahudhA bhramita evaM vismaraNazIla hote haiN| virodhI kA yahI pramukha AdhAra hai| isakA uttara yoM hai ki smRti kI vyavasthAoM ke lie veda meM aise vacana pAye jAte haiM jo smRti ke kucha niyamoM kI ora nirdeza dete haiM, yathA-aSTakA zrAddha smRtiyoM ke bahuta pahale se pracalita thA aura vaha vaidika mantra 'yAM janAH pratinandanti' meM sAMketika rUpa se upasthita hai| guru kI AjJA ke pAlana evaM yAtriyoM ke lie jalAzaya kI vyavasthA karane ke vyavahAroM meM jAnA huA uddezya (arthAt anya logoM ke liye upakAra) hai| veda meM bhI 'prapA' (R0 641) zabda AyA hai, 'dhanvannIva prapA asi' arthAta he agni, tuma marusthala meM prapA ke samAna ho'| isa bAta para tathA Age Ane vAle sUtroM ke viSaya meM tantravArtika ne vizada rUpa se likhA hai aura bhASyakAra se kaI sthAnoM para bhinna mata prakaTa kiyA hai, unake doSa ko batAyA hai aura vivecana ke lie anya viSaya upasthita kiye haiN| smRtivyavasthAoM ke lie do siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana huA hai, jinake lie vaidika saMketoM kA patA calAnA asambhavasA hai| tantravAtika (1431 para, pR0 164) ne prathamataH kahA hai ki 'smRti, kI vyavasthAe~ (athavA niyama yA Adeza) vismRta vaidika zAkhAoM para AdhRta ho sakatI haiM, yA (dvitIyataH) ve Aja ke prastuta (vidyamAna), vaidika aMzoM para AdhRta ho sakatI haiN| yadi koI yaha pUche, 've kyoM nahIM pAyI jAtIM' ?' to kumArila ne uttara diyA hai-'veda kI bahuta-sI zAkhAe~ (bahuta-se dezoM meM) bikharI par3I haiM, manuSya loga pramAdI haiM, vacana veda ke vibhinna prakaraNoM meM par3e hue haiN| inhIM kAraNoM se una vacanoM ko batAyA nahIM jA sakatA jina para smRtiyA~ AdhArita haiM 54 / 53. dharmasyamUlatvAdazabdamanapekSaM syAt / api vA kartR sAmAnyAt pramANamanumAnaM syAt / / 3 / 1-2 // 'kartR sAmAnyAt' kI vyAkhyA bhASyakAra ne yoM ko hai: 'katR sAmAnyAstsmRti-vaidikapadArthayoH, 'arthAt ve loga jo vaidika kRtya karate haiM aura sAtha hI sAtha smRti kI vyavasthAoM kA pAlana karate haiM, eka-se haiM; ve vaisA kabhI na karate yadi unameM aisA vizvAsa na hotA ki smRti-vyavasthAe~ vaidika pramANa para AdhArita haiM; yadyapi pratyeka viSaya meM vaidika vacanoM ko spaSTa rUpa se yA upalakSita rUpa batA denA sambhava nahIM hai| medhAtithi ne manu0 (26) para ise spaSTa rUpa se likhA hai aura apane grantha smRtiviveka se nimnalikhita zloka uddhata kiyA hai : 'prAmANyakAraNaM mukhyaM vedavibhiH parigrahaH / taduktaM katR sAmAnyAdanumAnaM zrutIH prati / / rekhAMkita zabda pU0 mI0 sU0 (11302) se liye gaye haiN| manusmRti (27) meM AyA hai : 'yaH kazcitkasyaciddharmo manunA parikIrtitaH / sa sarvobhihito vedesarvajJAnamayo hi sH||' meghAtithi, govindarAja evaM anya TIkAkAroM ne 'saH' ko veda ke lie mAnA hai, kintu kallUka ne ise manu ke lie prayukta samajhA hai| dekhie isa mahAgraMtha kA khaNDa 3, pR0 828, pAda-TippaNI 1612 jahA~ ina zabdoM kA anya artha upasthita kiyA gayA hai| 54. tena varaM...pralInazrutyanumAnameva.... / yadvA vidymaanshaakhaagtshrutimuultvmevaastu| kathamanupalabdhiriti ceducyate--zAkhAnAM viprakIrNatvAtpuruSANAM pramAdataH / nAnA prakaraNasthatvAt smRtermUlaM na dRzyate // tantravArtika

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa __ ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 4 / 12 / 10) se patA calatA hai ki usake bahuta pahale se aisI dhAraNA ghara kara gayI thI ki bahuta se vaidika vacana naSTa ho cuke haiM yA aba upalabdha nahIM haiM / aisA AyA hai- 'kRtyoM kI udghoSaNA brAhmaNa granthoM meM huI hai, kintu vAstavika zabda (brAhmaNa vacanoM ke zabda ) vilIna ho gaye haiM aura kRtyoM ke sampAdana se (prayoga se) hI unakA anumAna lagAyA jAtA hai / isa siddhAnta para nirbhara rahanA ki smRtiyA~ una vaidika vacanoM para AdhRta haiM jo naSTa ho cuke haiM (yA aba nahIM milate) Apattigrasta hai, kyoMki isI tarka para bauddhoM ke samAna anya pASaNDI apane siddhAntoM ke lie pramANa upasthita kara sakate haiM / isI se kumArila ne eka anya siddhAnta rakhA hai jo yoM hai-- 'smRtiyoM kA AdhAra aise vacana haiM jo Aja ke vaidika vacanoM meM nahIM pAye jAte, kyoMki vaidika zAkhAe~ caturdika, bikharI par3I haiN| hamane smRtiyoM ke viSaya meM ve sArI bAteM jo mImAMsakoM ke matoM para AdhRta haiM, isa mahAgrantha ke tRtIya khaNDa (jilda) meM nirUpita kara dI haiM / ata: kevala thor3e se udAharaNa evaM niSkarSa yahA~ ullikhita kiye jA rahe haiN| svayaM zabara ne prastAvita kiyA hai ki pU0 mI0 sU0 1 / 3 / 4 ko eka pRthaka adhikaraNa honA cAhie, aura eka mahatvapUrNa ukti unhoMne kahI hai-'jahA~ para kisI kArya ke lie koI dRSTa artha pAyA jA sake to kisI ko vahA~ adRSTa artha yA vaidika vacana kA anumAna nahIM lagAnA cAhie / zabara dvArA pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 // 3 // 3-4) ke nirUpaNa ko zAstra dIpikA ne bar3e spaSTa evaM pariSkRta DhaMga se yoM rakhA hai-ve smRti niyama jo zruti-niyama ke virodha meM Ate haiM aura aisI smRti-vyavasthAeM jinameM spaSTa rUpa se laukika artha pradarzita ho, na to prAmANika hote haiM aura na Avazyaka , kintu smRti ke zeSa vacana prAmANika hote haiN| yaha siddhAnta Apa0 gha0 sU0 (1 / 4 / 10 / 12) ke usa siddhAnta se purAnA hai, jo yoM hai-'jahA~ vyakti prIti ( Ananda ) ke lobha se (arthAt vaisA karane para Ananda kA anubhava karane se) kArya karate haiM vahA~ zAstra nahIM pAyA jaataa'| kumArila zabara se isa viSaya meM mela nahIM khAte / unakA kathana hai ki dRSTa evaM adRSTa yA AdhyAtmika artha bahudhA eka-dUsare se dustara rUpa se mizrita hote haiN| dhAna (cAvala) para se bhUsI nikAlanA eka dRSTa uddezya yA artha rakhatA hai, kyoMki vaisA karane se cAvala bhalI bhA~ti ubala jAyegA aura pakA huA cAvala yajJa meM Ahuti kA kAma kregaa| isa kArya meM eka dRSTa artha hai aura taba bhI yaha kArya veda dvArA vyavasthita hai| bahuta hI AkarSaka evaM tIkhe zabdoM se yukta tathA anukUla vacana dvArA, sarvapriya dRSTikoNa se paripUrNa tathA aise DhaMga se kathita ki duSTa ko bhI usakA priya mile, kumArila ne saMskRta ke sabhI granthoM kI jA~ca kI hai aura veda se unake sambandha evaM sAmAnya bhautika anubhava se tulanA karake unakI upayogitA kI parIkSA kI hai| yahA~ para kevala thor3e-se vAkya diye jaayeNge| ata: unhoMne vyavasthA dI hai ki sabhI smRtiyA~ apanI upayogitA kI dRSTi se prAmANika (1131, pR0 164) / ise vizvarUpa ne yAjJa0 (117, pR0 14) kI TIkA meM binA nAma diye ucata kiyA 55. brAhmaNoktA vidhayasteSAmutsannAH pAThAH pryogaadnumiiynte| yatra prItyupalabdhitaH pravRttirna tatra zAstramasti / Apa0 dha0 sU0 (1 / 4 / 12 / 10-11) / 56. yadi tu pralonazAkhAmUlatA kalpyeta / tatastAsAM buddhAdismRtInAmapi tadvArA prAmANyaM prsjyte| tantravArtika (11361, pR0 163) /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 156 haiM / smRtiyoM ke ve aMza jo dharmaM evaM mokSa se sambandhita haiM unakA mUla veda meM hai arthAt ve vedamUlaka haiM, kintu ve aMza jo artha evaM kAma se sambandhita haiM ve kevala laukika vyavahAroM para AvRta haiN| yahI niyama itihAsa ( mahAbhArata ) evaM purANoM ke stutimUlaka vacanoM ke lie bhI prayukta hotA hai, itihAsa evaM purANa smRti ke nAma se hI vikhyAta haiN| ina donoM meM jo ghaTanAe~ evaM gAthAe~ haiM unheM arthavAda samajhanA cAhie / isake uparAnta kumArila ne pRthivI ke vibhAgoM evaM rAja-vaMzoM ( ye donoM purANoM ke viSaya haiM) ke vivaraNoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai aura unake abhiprAyoM para prakAza DAlA hai / 6 vedAMga (vyAkaraNa, chanda, zabda, jyotiSa Adi ) Rtvartha evaM puruSArtha ke rUpa meM upayogI haiM, tathA mImAMsA evaM nyAya kI sthApanA pratyakSa evaM anumAna ke sAdhanoM se utpanna laukika anubhava se huI hai; tathA mImAMsAzAstra meM tarkoM kA jo vizada saMgraha pAyA jAtA hai vaha eka vyakti ke bUte kI bAta nahIM hai / veda kI vyAkhyA meM nyAya kI AvazyakatA ke lie ve manu0 ( 123105-106) para nirbhara rahate haiM / kumArila yaha svIkAra karane ko sannaddha haiM ki una dArzanika siddhAntoM ko, jinameM pradhAna evaM puruSa (sAMkhya meM) ko yA parama tattva yA paramANuoM ( vaizeSika meM ) ko mAnA gayA hai, aisA samajha lenA cAhie ki ve vizva kI sarjanA evaM vinAza kI gutthI ko sulajhAne meM samartha haiM tathA unheM aisA jAna lenA cAhie ki mantroM evaM arthavAdoM se utpanna jJAna ke kAraNa jo kucha sthUla yA sUkSma darzita hai vaha kAraNoM evaM kAryoM meM vibhAjita hai / inakA mantavya hai phala evaM kAraNa ke rUpa meM svarga evaM yoga ke antara ko vikhyAta kara denA / sRSTi evaM vinAza ke nirUpaNa kA mantavya hai bhAgya evaM mAnavIya prayatna ke bIca sthita antara ko spaSTa kara denA / kumArila aura Age bar3hate haiM aura yahA~ taka mAnane ko sannaddha haiM ki bauddhoM ke vaidharmika siddhAnta, yathA - ' kevala vijJAna kA astitva hai aura pratyeka vastu nitya pravAha meM hai aura koI ( nitya athavA amara ) AtmA nahIM hai, jo upaniSadoM ke arthavAda vacanoM se udbhUta hue haiM, logoM ko aindriyaka Ananda kI atyadhika anurakti se dUra rahane kI preraNA dete haiM aura apane DhaMga se upayogI evaM prAmANika haiN| kumArila antara ko spaSTa karate hue yaha niSkarSa upasthita karate haiM ki ve smRtiyA~ ( yA unake ve aMza ), jinameM aisA vyakta hai ki phala kI prApti isa jIvana meM sambhavataH nahIM hogI, tathA ve aMza jahA~ yaha vyakta hai ki phala mRtyu ke uparAnta prApta hogA, veda para AdhRta haiM, aisA anumAna nikAlA jA sakatA hai| kintu vRzcika vidyA ( mantra se vicchU ke viSa ko dUra karane kI vidyA) ke samAna ve grantha, jo dRSTa viSayoM kA nirUpaNa karate haiM usI prakAra prAmANika haiM, kyoMki phala kA pratyakSa anubhava usI prakAra DaMka mAre gaye anya vyaktiyoM se prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai57 / madhyakAla ke dharmazAstra-grantha veda para AdhRta smRtiyoM tathA pratyakSAnubhavoM evaM uddezyoM (mantavyoM) ke antara ke isa vivecana kI carcA karate haiN| udAharaNArtha, kalpataru ( brahmacAri kANDa, pR0 30) evaM aparArka ( pR0 626627) ne bhaviSyapurANa ( brAhmaparva, adhyAya 181, 22-31) se zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jo smRtiyoM ke viSayoM ko pA~ca zreNiyoM meM bA~Tate haiM aura usa vibhAjana ko udAharaNoM se spaSTa karate haiM / smRti ca0 (2, pR0 24) ne inameM se do ko uddhRta kiyA hai aura mitramizva ke paribhASAprakAza ( pR0 16 ) ne sabhI ko uddhRta kiyA hai / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3, pR0 840, pAda-TippaNI 1634, jahA~ ye sabhI zloka diye gaye haiM / 57. vijJAnamAtra - kSaNabhaGga-narAtmyAdivAdAnAmapyuniSadarthavAdaprabhavatvaM viSayeSvAtyaktikaM rAgaM nivartayitumityupapannaM sarveSAM prAmANyam / sarvatra ca yatra kAlAntaraMphalArthatvAdidAnImanubhavAsambhavastatra zrutimUlatA / sAnvRSTikaphale tu vRzcikavidyAdau puruSAntare vyavahAradarzanAdeva prAmANyamiti viveka siddhiH / tantravA0 ( pR0 168, 1 / 3 / 2 para) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kumArila (tantravArtika, pR0 164-166) kA kathana hai ki zabara dvArA 1 / 3 / 3 para uddhRta vacana veda ke virodha meM nahIM par3ate aura 1 / 3 / 3-4 ke antargata jo viSaya vivecita huA hai vaha sAMkhya, yoga, pAzupata, pAJcarAtra evaM zAkyoM ke sampradAyoM ke dharma ke viSayoM kI prAmANikatA prakaTa karatA hai, kumArila ke anusAra ye sabhI tIna vedoM ke bAhara kI bAteM haiM aura unheM aprAmANika mAna kara chor3a denA cAhie, yadyapi unameM kucha aise viSaya pAye jAte haiM, yayA-ahiMsA, satyatA, Atma-saMyama, dAna evaM karuNA, jo zruti evaM smRti ke anakala haiN| uparyukta bAtoM se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki kumArila bauddhoM dvArA upasthApita evaM aparihArya sadguNoM se paricita the, kintu ve unase kaI bAtoM meM antara rakhate the| ve yaha mAnane ko sannaddha the ki bauddha granthoM kA kucha mulya hai aura unhoMne isakI zikSA nahIM dI ki ve grantha jalA diye yA naSTa kara diye yA jAya~ / ataH yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki ve bauddha granthoM se ghRNA nahIM karate the aura na bauddhoM ko satAne ke pakSapAtI the, jaisA ki tArAnAtha ne likhA hai|| zabara ne pU0 mI0 113 ke sUtra 5-7 kI vyAkhyA meM kahA hai ki ye sUtra kucha viziSTa dhArmika karmoM se sambandhita haiM, yathA--Acamana (jaba koI kisI kRtya ke madhya meM chIMka detA hai), tabhI sabhI karmoM meM janeU (yajJopavIta) dhAraNa karanA tathA dakSiNa hasta kA pryog| virodhI kA kathana hai ki kisI dhArmika kRtya meM gauNa vAtoM ke zIghrasampAdana tathA krama meM ina karmoM se avarodha upasthita ho jAtA hai| zavara ne sthApanA kI hai ki isa prakAra ke virodha meM koI tathya yA bala nahIM haiN| kumArila kA kathana hai ki ina tIna udAharaNoM meM zavara kI ukti ThIka nahIM hai| unhoMne tInoM sUtroM ko do adhikaraNoM meM rakhA hai| sUtra 5 evaM 6 meM kumArila avaidika ke anusAra aisI bAteM pAyI jAtI haiM jo buddha tathA anya sampradAyoM ke pravartakoM ke siddhAntoM se sambandhita haiM, yathA-maThoM evaM udyAnoM kA nirmANa, vairAgya para bala denA, dhyAna kA lagAtAra abhyAsa, ahiMsA, satyavacana, indriya-nigraha, dAna, dayA-jo aisI bAteM haiM jo veda dvArA bhI vyavasthita kI gayI haiM, ziSToM ke vicAroM ke virodha meM nahIM par3atI haiM aura na vedajJoM meM kisI vidveSa-bhAvanA kI utpatti karatI aura isI kAraNa avaidika siddhAntoM ke ve aMza prAmANika mAne jAne cAhie / kumArila dvArA isa dhAraNA kA isa TippaNI ke sAtha pratikAra kiyA gayA hai ki kevala 14 (cAra veda, 6 vedAMga, purANa, nyAya, mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra) yA 18 (caudaha meM cAra upavedoM ko jor3a kara) vidyAe~ vaidika ziSToM dvArA dharma ke mAmaloM meM prAmANika mAnI gayI haiM tathA bauddhoM evaM anya sampradAyoM ke grantha unameM sammilita nahIM haiM58 / kumArila ne eka udAharaNa diyA hai, yathA--dUdha, yadyapi svayaM pavitra evaM upayogI hotA hai, kintu jaba vaha kutte ke carma meM bhara diyA jAtA hai to anupayogI evaM apavitra ho uThatA hai| kumArila ke mata se pU0 mI0 113 kA sUtra 7 svayaM eka adhikaraNa hai aura vaha sadAcAra (ziSToM ke AcAroM evaM vyavahAroM ) kI prAmANikatA se sambandhita hai| tantravArtika meM unhoMne apanI dhAraNA vyakta kI hai ki kevala ve prayoga yA vyavahAra prAmANika haiM jo spaSTa vaidika vacanoM ke virodha meM nahIM par3ate, jo ziSToM dvArA isa vizvAsa se vyavahRta hote haiM ki ve saddharma (yA sadAcaraNa) haiM aura unake lie koI dRSTa artha (yathA-icchAoM kI tapti yA Ananda yA sampatti kI upalabdhi) kI bAta nahIM kahI jaatii| ve hI vyakti ziSTa kahe jAte haiM jo spaSTa rUpa se vedavihita dhArmika kRtyoM evaM kartavyoM kA sampAdana karate haiN| ve AcaraNa (prayoga yA vyavahAra), jo paramparA se cale A rahe haiM aura ziSToM dvArA isa dhAraNA ke sAtha vyavahRta hote rahe haiM ki ve dharma ke aMga haiM, dharma 58. dekhie yAjJa0 (13) jahA~ 14 vidyAoM kA ullekha hai / cAra upaveda haiM-Ayurveda, dhanurveda, gAndharvaveda evaM arthazAstra /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 161 ke samAna kahe jAte haiM aura svarga kI upalabdhi karAne vAle haiN| tantravArtika ne TippaNI kI hai ki AcaraNa kevala prAmANika nahIM ho jAte ki unake lie koI dRSTa artha kI dhAraNA nahIM hai; pratyuta ve vaise isalie haiM ki unheM ziSTa loga dharma ke bhAga ke rUpa meM vyavahRta karate haiN| bahuta se karma, yathA-- kRSi, naukarI yA vyApAra, jo sampattiprApti ke sAdhana haiM tathA Ananda dAyaka karma, yathA-svAdiSTa bhojana karanA, madyapAna karanA, komala bistara para sonA, sundara makAna yA udyAna kI upalabdhi, jinameM sabhI AryoM evaM mlecchoM meM pAye jAte haiM, logoM dvArA dharma kA bhAga nahIM kahe jAte aura aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki kucha karma, ziSToM dvArA dharma kahe jAte haiM ataH unake sabhI karma dharma kahe jAyeMge / kumArila ne isa parAmarza ko uddhRta kiyA hai ki vyakti ko usa mArga kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie jisase usake pitA, pitAmaha evaM anya pUrvapuruSa gaye the aura yadi vaha mArga acchA ho aura jisa para calane se usakI koI hAni na ho / 59 man zruti (veda), smRti evaM sadAcAra ( ziSToM dvArA vyavahRta AcAra jaisA ki manu0 12 106 meM usakI vyAkhyA upasthita kI gayI hai) ke tulanAtmaka bala ke viSaya meM gUr3ha prazna uTha khar3e hote haiN| mitAkSarA ne yAjJa0 ( 117, jahA~ dharmaM ke pA~ca srotoM kA ullekha haiM, yathA-- zruti, smRti, sadAcAra evaM do anya) kI vyAkhyA meM eka sAmAnya niyama yaha diyA hai ki virodha kI sthiti meM pahale vAlA apane se Age vAle se apekSAkRta adhika balazAlI hotA hai / manu0 (1 / 12 ) meM AyA hai ki jo loga dharma jAnanA cAhate haiM unake lie zruti sarvottama pramANa hai / ata: zruti evaM smRti ke vizeSa meM pahale vAlA arthAt zruti vAlA pramANa mAnya hotA hai| isa spaSTa niyama ke viSaya meM bhI kucha apavAda hote haiM, jinakA ullekha Age kiyA jaayegaa| kintu jahA~ do smRtiyoM kI bAtoM meM virodha hotA hai vahA~ SoDazI - nyAya evaM gautama (115: 'tulya-bala virodhe vikalpa ) ke zabdoM ke anusAra sAmAnya niyama vikalpa ko mAna lenA hai| dharmazAstra ke bahuta se grantha I0 pU0 500 ke bahuta pahale praNIta ho cuke the, kyoMki gautama ( 2117 ) na . evaM 'AcAryA:' ( 3 / 35 evaM 4 / 18 meM ) kA ullekha kiyA hai aura Apa0 gha0 sU0 ( 1|6| 16 / 2-12) ne isa viSaya meM ki kisakA bhojana grahaNa kiyA jAya, kama se kama 6 lekhakoM kI sammatiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| manu0 (3|16) ne usa brAhmaNa kI sthiti ke viSaya meM, jo zUdra nArI se vivAha karatA hai, yA jise usa strI se putra yA baccA utpanna hotA hai, cAra RSiyoM dvArA pradarzita tIna mata diye haiM / smRtiyoM ke virodha ke viSaya meM eka prasiddha udAharaNa hai, man0 (3|13), bau0 gha0 sU0 ( 1/8/2), viSNudharmasUtra ( 24 11 - 4 ) vasiSTa ( 1 / 25 ), pAra0 gRhyasUtra ( 1 / 4) kA niyama, jo anuloma vivAha kI anumati detA hai aura brAhmaNa ko zUdra nArI se vivAha karane kI anumati pradAna karatA hai / yAjJa0 (1 / 56-57) una logoM kI isa bAta ko nahIM mAnate jo yaha kahate haiM ki tIna ucca varNoM ke loga zUdra nArI se vivAha kara sakate haiN| pazcAtkAlIna smRtikAroM evaM nibandhakAroM ko yaha kahanA cAhie thA ki isa siddhAnta virodha meM vikalpa kA sahArA lenA caahie| kintu ve aisA nahIM khte| isa prakAra kI spaSTa virodhI sthitiyoM se haTane ke lie ve bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke upAya DhUMr3ha lete haiN| prathama upAya bRhaspati ( lagabhaga 500 I0) ne yaha nikAlA ki aisI sthitiyoM meM manusmRti kA sthAna sarvocca hai, kyoMki yaha vedoM kA 56. yenAsya pitaro yAtA yena yAtAH pitAmahAH / tena yAyAtsatAM mAgaM tena gacchannariSyate // manu0 (4) 178), tantravArtika ( pR0 211 ) dvArA uddhRta, jahA~ kumArila ne yoM jor3A hai : 'deSAM tu pitra. dibhire vArtho nAcaritaH smRtyantarapratiSiddhazca te taM parihantyeva / aparihanto vA svajanaH dibhiH harihIyate / dekhie isa para meghAtithi evaM mitA kI TIkAe~ / 21

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vAstavika mata prakAzita karatI hai aura vaha smRti jo manu ke kathana kI virodhI hai, prazaMsA kA pAtra nahIM hotii| kintu yaha samAdhAna santoSaprada nahIM thA ata: anya upAyoM kA Azraya liyA gyaa| eka upAya thA svayaM manusmRti evaM anya granthoM meM jo pahale hI niyama rUpa meM ghoSita thA, usakA virodha karate hue vacanoM ko rakha denaa| do udAharaNa diye jA sakate haiM / man (3 / 137), jisakA ullekha Upara ho cukA hai) ke virodha meM vidyamAna manu (3 / 14-16) ke zloka pAye jAte haiM jo una tIna ucca vargoM ke logoM kI bhartsanA karate haiM, jo zUdra nArI se vivAha karate haiN| manu ne niyoga kI prathA kI anumati de dI thI (656-62 meM), kintu Aja kI manusmRti (64-68) ne isakI ghora nindA kI hai| ye virodhI uktiyA~ bRhaspati ko jJAta thI, kyoMki unhoMne spaSTa kahA hai ki manu ne niyoga kI anumati dI hai aura svayaM ve use amAnya ThaharAte haiM aura kAraNa batAte haiM, yayA-prAcIna yugoM (kRta evaM tretA) meM loga tapa karate the aura jJAnavAna the| kintu dvApara evaM kali yugoM meM manuSya atIta yugoM ke logoM dvArA prApta zakti kho cuke haiM aura isI kAraNa niyoga vajita hai| svayaM yAjJavalkya ne prastAvita kiyA hai (2 / 21) ki jaba do smRtiyoM meM virodha ho to gurujanoM (avasthA meM bar3e logoM) ke vyavahAroM para AdhRta tarka apekSAkRta adhika balazAlI hotA hai| nArada meM aisA hI niyama diyA huA hai|' eka anya upAya thA yaha udghoSita karanA ki dharma kA svarUpa cAra yugoM meM alaga-alaga thA tathA kRta, tretA, dvApara evaM kali yugoM meM dharmoM kA pravartana krama se manu, gotama zekha-likhita evaM parAzara dvArA huaa|12 isase bhI sabhI kaThinAiyoM kA samAdhAna nahIM prApta ho sakA, kyoMki madhyakAlIna TIkAkAroM evaM nibandhakAroM ko patA calA ki parAzara dvArA jo AjJApita thA (brAhmaNa ko apane dAsa, gopAla, nAI, kulamitra evaM adhiparA arthAt jo kheta ko jotatA-botatA hai aura AdhA bhAga detA hai, aise zUdroM ke yahA~ bhojana karane kI anumati thI tathA kucha paristhitiyoM meM striyoM ko punarvivAha kI anumati hai)| 60. vedArthopanibandhRtvAta prAmANyaM tu manusmRtau / manvartha viparItA yA smRti: sA na prshryte| baharapati, pAja0 (2 / 21) kI vyAkhyA meM aparArka (50 628) dvArA tathA manu0 (11) kI vyAkhyA meM kullUka dvArA uddht| manu0 (217) ne yaha adhikAra vyakta kiyA hai ki unhoMne dharma para jo kucha kahA hai vaha veda meM ghoSita hai| manusmati meM bahudhA veda ke vahIM zabda Aye haiM / yathA 31 evaM R0 (1060 / 12), 22 evaM vAja0 saM0 (40 / 2), 68 (jAyA ke viSaya meM) evaM aita0 prA0 ( 33 // 1, 7vIM gAthA ), 632 evaM aita0 prA0 (33-3, cauthI gaathaa)| 61, ukto niyogo manunA niSiddhaH svayameva tu / yugakramAdazapayoyaM kartumanya vidhAnataH // bRhaspati kura lUka dvArA manu0 (68) para udadhRta / aura dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3, pR0 866-867 pAda-TippaNI, 1682-83, jahA~ para yAjJa 2021 ke kaI pAThAntara evaM vyAkhyAe~ dI huI haiM / milAie 'dharmazAstra virodhe tu yuktiyukto vidhiH smRtH|' nAradasmRti (1140) / 62. anye kRtayuge dharmAstretAyAM dvApare'pare / anye kaliyuge nRNAM yughnaasaanuruuptH|| manu0 (1 // 85) / yahI zloka zAntiparva (232 / 27, citrAo saMskaraNa , 224 / 26) evaM parAzarasmRti (1 / 227, jahA~ garUpAnusArataH AyA hai) meM bhI AyA hai; kRte tu mAnavo dharmastratAyAM gautamaH smRtaH. dvApare zaMkha likhitaH kalo pArAzaraH smRtaH / / parAzarasmRti (1124 (smRti ca0 dvArA uddhata , 1, pR0 11) /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta vaha logoM dvArA amAnya ho gayA hai| smRtiyoM ke virodha kI sthitiyoM meM eka anya upAya gomila dvArA upasthita kiyA gayA hai, yathA-jahA~ para smRti-vAkyoM meM virodha ho vahA~ bahumata kI bAta mAnI jAnI cAhie / 14 jaisA Upara kahA jA cukA hai, smRtiyoM kA praNayana I0 pU0 500 ke pUrva ho cukA thA aura unakA saMkalana lagabhaga 600 yA 1000 I0 taka hotA rahA, arthAt unakA praNayana-kAla lagabhaga 1500 varSoM kA hai, yAjJa0 (114-5) ne apane ko jor3akara 16 smatiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA prathama khaNDa, jahA~ vibhinna granthoM dvArA vaNita vibhinna smRtiyoM kI saMkhyA kA ullekha huA hai| yadi adhika nahIM to kama-se-kama sau smRtiyoM ke nAma batAye jA sakate haiN| 1500 varSoM kI isa lambI avadhi meM bhAratIya janatA kI dhArmika evaM sAmAjika bhAvanAoM, unake AcAroM evaM vyavahAroM meM mahAna parivartana hue hoNge| bauddhadharma uThA, bar3hA aura bhArata se vilapta ho gayA, jAti-prayA bhojyAbhojya, vivAha evaM sAmAjika vyavahAra meM kaThora evaM dar3ha ho gayI; vaidika kRtya, pUjita devagaNa evaM bhASA mahAna parivartanoM ke cakkara meM par3a gayI, pazu-yajJa, jo kabhI-kabhI kiye jAte the, aba utane upayogI evaM phaladAyaka nahIM mAne jaate| ata: dhArmika sAhitya kA naye AdarzoM ke anarUpa pariSkAra honA Avazyaka thA, yahI nahIM, nayI pUjA evaM naye pUjakoM ke lie dhArmika sAhitya ko svayaM DhalanA pdd'aa| samaya-samaya para bhAvanAoM, vizvAsoM, pUjA evaM vyavahAroM meM jo parivartana dRSTi gocara hue unheM smRtiyAM apane meM bA~dhatI rahIM aura isI se bahuta-se virovoM kI sRSTi ho gyii| isI se, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki 10vIM evaM Age kI zatiyoM ke vidvAn logoM ne kucha AcAroM evaM vyavahAroM ko, jo pahale AjJApita the kaliyuga meM hAnikAraka btaayaa| eka siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA gayA ki bar3e-bar3e RSiyoM ne kaliyuga ke Arambha ke samaya ekatra hokara aisI ghoSaNA kI ki kucha kRtya, AcAra evaM vyavahAra, jo pahale AjJApita the, kaliyuga meM vajita hone caahie| kaliyuga meM niSiddha evaM vajita karmoM (jo lagabhaga 55 kI saMkhyA meM haiM) ko 'kalivarya' kahA jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM hamane isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa tIna meM vistAra ke sAtha par3ha liyA hai| medhAtithi ke bhASya (manu. 6112) se yaha prakaTa hai ki unake kAla (6 vIM zatI) ke bahuta pahale se bahuta-se lekhakoM ne (madhuparka Adi meM) gobadha, niyoga, sabase bar3e pUtra ko adhika riktha dene kI prathA kI bhartsanA kara dI thI aura yaha mata prakAzita kara diyA thA ki ye vyavahAra evaM AcAra kevala atIta kAla meM hI kArya rUpa meM pariNata hote the| kalivayaM ke viSaya para kucha gambhIra vivecanA Avazyaka hai| tIna kalivayaM ye haiM-niyoga, jyotiSToma meM avabhRtha ke uparAnta anubandhyA gau kI Ahuti evaM jyeSTha putra ko paitRka sampatti kA adhikAMza dene para niSedha / ye tInoM veda dvArA vyavasthita the yA AjJApita the| R0 (1040 / 2) se prakaTa hotA hai ki pati ke AdhyAtmika 63. daas-naapit-gopaal-kulmitraadhNsaarinnH| ete zUdraSu bhojyAnA yazcAtmAnaM nivedayet // parAzarasmRti (11 / 21) / milAie yAjJa0 (13166) jahA~ lagabhaga aise hI zabda haiM evaM 'svadAso nApito gopaH kumbhakAraH kRrSAbalaH brAhmaNarapi bhojyAnA paJcate shuudryonyH|| devala, aparArka (epa0 245, yAjJa0 11168 para) dvArA una ta / naSTe mate pravRjite klIve ca patite ptau| paJcasvApatsu nArINAM patiranyo vidhIyate // parAzara smRti 4 / 30, jisa para parAzaramAdhavIya (231, 50 53) ne TippaNI kI hai : 'ayaM ca punaruddhAho yugaantrvissyH| 64. virodhe yatra vAkyAnAM prAmANyaM tatra bhUyasAm / gobhilasmRti, malamAsatattva(pR0 767)dvArA uddhRt|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa utthAna evaM kalyANa ke lie vivavA devara se saMbhoga karake putra utpanna karatI thii| tai0 saM0, (3 ) meM do virotrI vacana haiM--'mana ne apanI sampatti ko apane putroM meM bAMTa diyA' (binA kisI antara ke) tathA 'ataH ve jyeSTha putra ko paitRka sampatti dete haiM' (ta0 saM0 2 / 5 / 27) / isa antima vacana meM yaha tarka diyA jA sakatA hai ki jaba do vaidika vacanoM meM virodha hai to vikalpa kA Azraya liyA jA sakatA hai| kintu bahuta prAcInakAla se sampUrNa sampatti yA adhikAMza baDe pUtra ko dene para pratibandha thaa| Apastamba ne donoM vaidika vacanoM ko udadhata kiyA hai aura mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki putroM meM barAbara vibhAjana ucita niyama hai aura TippaNI kI hai ki jyeSTha putra ko sampUrNa sampatti yA adhikAMza denA zAstroM ke viruddha hai| una karmoM meM jo kali meM varjita haiM kintu veda ke kAla meM vyavahRta the (tIna kA ullekha Upara ho cukA hai) kucha nimnalikhita haiM-(1) satroM ke lie dIkSA lenA (satra aise yajJa the jo 12 dinoM yA 12 varSoM yA aura adhika varSoM taka calate the aura kevala brAhmaNoM dvArA kiye jAte the),jaimini ne 6 / 6 / 16-32 meM tathA anya sthAnoM para isakA ullekha evaM varNana kiyA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki zabara evaM kamArila ne satroM ko kalivayaM ke rUpa meM nahIM ullikhita kiyA hai| isI se kama-se-kama 8vIM zatI taka yaha sAmAnyata: vaNita kalivoM meM parigaNita nahIM thaa| (2) gAya yA baila kI hatyA / vaidika yaga meM katipaya avasaroM para aisI hatyA hotI thii| jyoM-jyoM mAMsa-bhakSaNa burA samajhA jAne lagA gAya kI bali ko loga ati bhatsanA kI dRSTi se dekhane lage aura madhya-kAla ke kalivarNya-sambandhI granthoM ne isako kevala vayoM kI sUcI meM rakha diyA hai, vAstava meM, yaha unase kaI zatiyoM pahale se kalivayaM thaa| (3) sautrAmaNI yajJa meM surA ke pyAloM kA Ananda / jaimini, zabara evaM kumArila kI TupTIkA ne isakA varNana kiyA hai aura zabara evaM kumArila donoM ne isameM surApUrNa pyAloM kI AhutiyoM kI carcA kI hai| ata: yaha kRtya kumArila ke kAla ke uparAnta kalivayaM mAnA gayA hogaa| (4) vara (dUlhe), atithi evaM pitaroM ke sammAna meM vaidika mantroM ke sAtha pazu-bali / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2, pR0 542-546 jahA~ madhuparka kA ullekha hai, jisameM (aita. bA. ke anusAra) bala yA gAya kI bali hotI thii| mana 0 (541-44) ne madhuparka, yajJoM evaM pitaroM ke piNDa-dAna yA zrAddha ke kRtyoM tathA devoM ke lie yajJoM meM pazuoM kI bali kI anumati dI hai aura isa bAta para bala dekara ghoSaNA kI hai ki veda kI vyavasthA ke anusAra pazu-bali hiMsA nahIM hai, pratyuta vaha ahiMsA hai / yAjJa0 (11258-260) ne pitaroM kI santuSTi ke lie yajJiya bhojana (cAvala yA tila), bhA~ti-bhAMti kI machaliyoM evaM katipaya pazuoM ke mAMsa kI AhatiyoM ke kAla kI avadhiyoM kI vyavasthA kI hai| mitAkSarA ko yaha kahanA par3A hai ki yadyapi yAjJavalkya se spaSTa hai ki zrAddha meM yajJiya bhojana (cAvala Adi), mAMsa evaM madhu kI AhutiyA~ sabhI vargoM ke lie vyava 65. ko vo zayatrA vidhaveva devaraM mayaM na yoSA kRNute sadhastha aa|| R0 (1040 / 2) / prAcIna kAla ko niyoga-prathA ke vivaraNa ke lie dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2, pR0 566-607 / kucha loga isa zloka meM punarvivAha kI gaMdha pAte haiM na ki niyoga kI, kintu vAstava meM bAta aisI nahIM hai| manu0 (65) kA kathana hai ki mantroM meM vivAha ke sambandha meM niyoga kA ullekha nahIM hai aura na punarvivAha ko hI carcA vivAha vidhi meM huI hai| kintu gautama tathA kucha anya sUtrakAra aura yahAM taka ki yAja (168-66) bhI niyoga kI vidhi Avi ke viSaya meM vyavasthAeM dete haiN| sabhI lekhaka vidhavA ke punarvivAha kI vidhi ke viSaya meM pUrNarUpeNa mauna haiN| ataH yaha kahA jAnA cAhie ki R0 (1040 / 2) ko prAcIna RSiyoM ne niyoga kI prapA ke rUpa meM jo mAnyatA pradAna kI hai, vaha ThIka hai|

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 165 sthita kI gayI haiM, tathApi (usake kAla meM) pulastya dvArA sthApita niyama kA pAlana honA cAhie; yathAbrAhmaNoM dvArA muni ke yogya bhojana (arthAt cAvala) , kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM dvArA mAMsa tathA zUdroM dvArA madha (yAjJa0 11260-261 para mitAkSarA kI ttiikaa)| pUrvamInAMsA ke anusAra veda nitya hai, svayambhU hai aura hai paramocca prmaannvaalaa| yaha nahIM samajha meM AtA ki RSiyoM ko kaliyuga ke prArambha meM, kisa prakAra adhikAra prApta ho sakA ki unhoMne vedavihita athavA veda dvArA vyavasthita kRtyoM ko vajita kara diyaa| lagatA hai, yaha eka mAnasa sRSTi mAtra hai jisake dvArA logoM ke vicAroM evaM vyavahAroM ke parivartanoM ko dharma kA rUpa diyA jA skaa| ucita to yaha thA, aura isI meM ImAnadArI thI ki dharmazAstrakAra nirbhIka hokara yaha kahate ki parivartita dazAoM evaM pariveza ke kAraNa veda evaM prAcIna smRtiyoM kI bAtoM evaM zabdoM ko aba vaha mAnyatA nahIM milanI cAhie aura unakA anusaraNa nahIM karanA caahie| aisA kahanaM meM na to koI navInatA pradarzita karanI thI aura na koI krAntikArI kadama hI uThAnA thA, kyoMki svayaM mnu| evaM yAjJavalkya ne vyavasthA dI hai ki vyakti ko vaha nahIM karanA cAhie yA usakA parityAga kara denA cAhie jo pahale dharma hone ke kAraNa karaNIya thA kintu aba logoM ke lie ghRNAspada ho gayA hai, duHkhadAyaka hai tathA svarga kI prApti kI ora nahIM le jaataa| 66. parityajedarthakAmo yo syAtA dharmajitau / dharma cApya sukhodakaM lokavikruTameva ca // manu0 (4 / 176) viSNupurANa (33217) meM 'dharmapIDAkarau nRpa' evaM vidviSTa0' AyA hai| karmaNA manasA vAcA yatnAd dharma samAcaret / asvayaM lokavidviSTaM dharnAmapyAcarenna tu|| yAjJa0 (11156 ), dekhie, viSNudharmasUtra ( 71 / 17-21 ): (pariharata) dharmaviradI cArthakAmo lokavidviSTaM ca dhAryamapi / bRhannAradIyapu0 (1 / 24 / 12) meM AyA hai : "karmaNA manasA...carena tu; sarvalokaviruddhaM ca dharmamapyAcarena tu| kUrma0 (1 / 2 / 54); mitA0 (yAjJa0 2 / 117) meM AyA hai : 'viSamovibhAgaH zAstradRSTastathApi lokevidviSTatvAnnAnuSTheyaH' punaH mitA0 (yAjJa0 1156) meM AyA hai 'dhamyaM vihitamapi lokavidviSTaM lokAbhizastijananaM madhuparka gobadhAdikaM nAcaret yasmAdasvaryamagnISomIyavasvargasAdhanaM na bhavati' / aura dekhie mitA0 (yAjJa0 38) jahA~ cauthI, pAMcavIM, chaThI, yA satavIM pIr3hI ke sapiNDoM ke Azauca ke vibhinna dinoM ke bAre meM carcA hai aura eka smRti dvArA sthApita aisI vyavasthA kI ora saMketa hai jise chor3a denA cAhie 'tadvigItatvAnnAdaraNIyam / yadyapyavigItaM tathApi mdhuprkaanggpshvaalmbhnvllokvivisstttvaanussttheym|' smRtica0 (1, 10 71) kA kathana hai, 'nabUmaH zAstrato ne pariNeyeti kintu lokaviruddhatvAt / yacca dharnAmapi lokaviruddha tnnaanussttheym| yaduktaM manunA-asvayaM; varAhamihiropi lokAcArastAvarAdau vicintyo deza deze yA sthitiH saiva kAryA' // zatapathabrAhmaNa (3 / 4 / 1-2) meM AyA hai : 'tasmai (somAya') etadyayA rAkSe vA brAhmaNAya vA mahokSaM mahAjaM vA pacettadaha mAnuSaM havirdevAnAmevamasmA etadAtithyaM kroti|' zatapatha ke samAna hI vasiSTha dharmasUtra (48) evaM yAjJa0 (11106) meM vyavasthA hai| madhyakAlIna lekhaka isa vyavahAra kA samarthana nahIM kara ske| vizvarUpa kA kathana hai ki bala yA bakarI tabhI kATI jAtI hai jabaki atithi isa prakAra kI icchA prakaTa karatA hai| kalpataru (niyatakAla, pR0 160) vasiSTha evaM yAjJa0 ko uddhRta kara TippaNI detA hai : 'bhatra gRhAgatazrotriya tRptyartha govadhaH kartavya iti pratIyate tathApi kaliyuge nAyaM dharmaH kintu yugAntare,' kintu mitA0 meM vyAkhyA dI hai: "upakalpayet, bhavadaryamayasmAbhiH parikalpita iti satprItyartha na tu bAmApa vyApalAya nA, asthamba...tu' iti missepaacc|"

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yahA~ taka svayaM mitAkSarA ne ina donoM smRtiyoM kI bAta mAna lI hai aura spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki yadyapi zAstroM meM sampatti kA vibhAjana asamAna thA, kintu usa niyama kA anusaraNa nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki aba loga use ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM / yaha draSTavya hai ki yAjJa0 evaM anya logoM dvArA prayukta zabda hai 'lokavidviSTa' yA 'lokavikRSTa' (logoM dvArA garhita yA nindita) na ki 'ziSTa-vidviSTa' , dhAraNA yaha hai ki cAhe kaTTara vidvAn loga (paNDita) isa bAta para bala deM ki logoM ko veda evaM smRtiyoM dvArA ghoSita dharma kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie, kantu jana-sAdhAraNa ko cAhie ki ve una AcAroM kA parityAga kara deM jinheM ve garhita evaM kutsita samajhate haiM / yaha dhAraNA una aitihAsika tathyoM kI ora saMketa karatI hai ki AcaraNoM evaM vyavahAroM kA kAlAntara meM parivartana hotA hai aura jana-sAvAraNa vedavihita bAtoM ko bhI chor3a detA hai| smRtiyoM kI to bAta hI nirAlI hotI hai| isa prazna kA uttara ki loga jaba mAmA kI putrI se vivAha kara lete haiM to apanI mAtA kI bahana yA mAtA kI bahana kI putrI se vivAha kyoM nahIM karate, smRticandrikA ne isa prakAra diyA hai-'hama aisA nahIM kahate ki zAstra ke mata se usa lar3akI kA vaisA vivAha nahIM ho sakatA, pratyuta hama yaha kahate haiM ki loga isa prakAra ke vivAha ko ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM aura isa viSaya meM isane yAjJa0 (1 / 156) kA uddharaNa diyA hai (bhramavaza yaha uddharaNa manu kA kaha diyA gayA hai)| Adhunika kAla meM jaba dhArmika yA sAmAjika vyavahAroM meM kisI parivartana kA nirdeza kiyA jAtA hai to ve paNDita, jo apane ko sanAtanI kahate haiM, aisA ghoSita karate haiM ki nirdezita parivartana zAstroM ke viruddha hai, matamatAntara kA nipaTArA mImAMsA ke niyamoM ke anusAra honA cAhie, sabhI smRtiyoM kI bAtoM evaM anya saddhAntoM ko isa prakAra rakhanA cAhie ki samanvaya sthApita ho sake tathA aitihAsika AdhAra hameM ucita nirNaya nahIM dete, isIlie hameM una para AdhRta nahIM honA cAhie / ina sabhI vidvAnoM kA vivecana yahA~ para saMkSepa meM kiyA gayA hai| yaha pradarzita kiyA jA cukA hai ki vaidika kAla se lekara aba taka kisa prakAra dhArmika vicAroM, pUjA evaM AcaraNoM-vyavahAroM meM mahAn parivartana ho cuke haiM, kisa prakAra gautama, Apastamba, manu0 se lekara Age kI smRtiyoM meM itane pArasparika matabheda pAye gaye haiM ki bahuta pahale hI, arthAt mahAbhArata ke kAla meM hI vyAsa ko aisA kahanA par3A ki 'tarka asthira hai, veda eka-dUsare ke virodha meM mata rakhate haiN| koI aisA muni nahIM hai jisakA mata (sabhI dvArA) prAmANika samajhA jAya / dharma ke viSaya meM jo satya vA tattva hai vaha guhA meM chipA huA hai (arthAt use bhalI prakAra nahIM jAnA jA sakatA) aura tabhI vahI mArga anusaraNa karane yogya hai jo adhika se adhika logoM dvArA anusarita hotA hai| ___mImAMsA bhI bahudhA hameM nizcita niSkarSoM kI ora nahIM le jAtI, jaisA ki hama dekha cuke haiM, zabara, kumArila, prabhAkara aise mImAMsaka katipaya viSayoM para paraspara virodhI mata rakhate haiM aura yaha bhI Age pradarzita 67. tarko'pratiSThaH zrutayo vibhinnA nako muniryasya mataM pramANam / dharmasya tattvaM nihitaM guhAyAM mahAjano yena gataH sa pnthaaH| vanaparva (313 / 117, ykssprshn)| kintu yaha zloka citrAo saMskaraNa ke vanaparva (adhyAya 267) meM nahIM pAyA jAtA, yadyapi vahA~ anya katipaya prazna evaM uttara milate haiN| 'mahA...panthAH' kA artha yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki anusaraNa karane yogya mArga vaha hai jisake anusAra mahAn vyakti calatA hai (yA calate haiN)| banatA yA logoM ke samUha ke artha meM 'mahAjana' zabda kA prayoga zaMkarAcArya ne bedAntasUtra (4127) meM kiyA hai, ythaa-'evmiympyutkaantirmhaajngtvaanukiiy'te'| For Private & Personal

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta kiyA jAyagA ki svayaM mahAn mImAMsakoM ne smRtiyoM ke sarala vacanoM kI vyAkhyA meM virodhI niSkarSa sthApita kara diye haiN| hamAre dhArmika evaM sAmAjika vicAroM ke lambe itihAsa meM parivartana eka parama satya rahA hai aura ve loga, jo aitihAsika tathya kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa karate haiM, yahI kahanA cAhate haiM ki smatiyA~ mAnava lekhakoM dvArA lagabhaga 1500 se 2000 varSoM kI avadhi meM likhI gayIM aura una para tatkAlIna dhArmika evaM sAmAjika pariveza kA prabhAva avazya par3A, unake bahuta-se siddhAnta isa prakAra niyojita nahIM ho sakate ki unase koI eka aviruddha yA sthira AcAra-saMhitA bana sake, ve siddhAnta sabhI hinduoM dvArA sadA ke lie sAmAnya nahIM ho sakate , bIsavIM zatI meM hamArI janatA vaise parivartanoM ko pratiSThita karane ke lie svatantra hai, jo Aja ke parivartita vAtAvaraNa meM yA to Avazyaka haiM yA samAhita ho cuke haiM aura yaha vidhi manu, yAjJavalkya tathA mitAkSarA evaM kalpataru aise madhya kAlIna dharmazAstrakAroM dvArA AjJApita bhI rahI hai / kintu yaha bAta spaSTa kara denI hai ki kevala parivartana ke nAma para hI AcAroM evaM siddhAntoM meM parivartana nahIM kara denA cAhie, pratyuta parivartana ke pIche sAmAnya logoM ke bhAva evaM AvazyakatAoM kA honA nitAnta Avazyaka hai aura sAtha hI sAtha una stambhoM ko akSuNNa rakhanA cAhie jina para sahasroM varSa se samAja AdhRta rahA hai| yaha bhI jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki mImAMsA ke niyamoM kA sambandha yajJa sambandhI kRtyoM evaM unase sambandhita anya viSayoM para vaidika vacanoM kI vyAkhyA se hai; yajJa sambandhI evaM dhArmika kRtyoM ke vyavahAroM se unakA bahuta kama sambandha rahA hai / 8 mImAMsAsUtra ne aisA kahIM nahIM kahA hai ki smRtiyoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie eka hI prakAra ke niyamoM kA prayoga honA cAhie / pratyuta, dUsarI ora svayaM pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 3 / 3-4 evaM 7) smRtiyoM evaM AcAra-vyavahAroM ke viSaya meM guNadoSa vivecaka haiM / veda evaM smRtiyoM meM maulika yA tAtvika antara pAyA jAtA hai / veda svayambhU, nitya evaM parama pramANa hai, kintu smRtiyA~ pauruSeya (mAnavakRta) evaM upalakSita ayavA udbhUta pramANa vAlI haiN| (ve una vaidika vacanoM para AdhRta haiM, jinakA adhikAMza Aja upalabdha nahIM hai), unakI saMkhyA bahuta bar3I hai, ve Apasa meM itanI virodhI haiM ki mitAkSarA ke samAna prasiddha granyoM evaM lekhakoM ne vibhinna matoM ke samanvaya ke prayAsa ko chor3a diyA hai aura yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki kucha smRtiyAM pUrva kalpa yA yuga kI haiM (aise samAja ke lie likhita hai jo sahasroM, lAkhoM varSa purAnA hai / (pU0 mI0 sU0 kA eka prasiddha kathana hai : 'sarvazAkhApratyayanyAya'69 yA 'zAkhAntarAdhikaraNanyAya' (2 / 4 / 68. dekhie nirNasindha (pR0 126) evaM hemAdri (kAla, pR0 144), jahAM dharmazAstra ne vratoM evaM utsavoM ke viSaya meM mImAMsA ke niyamoM ke prayoga ko amAnya ThaharAyA hai| aura dekhie smRticandrikA (1 / 24) evaM parAzaramAdhavIya (122, pR0 83) jahA~ hArIta kI bAta ko ora saMketa hai jo striyoM ke upanayana kI bAta uThAte haiM, vahIM kucha asuvidhAjanaka smRti-vacanoM ke silasile meM prAcIna kalpoM evaM yugoM ko ora bhI saMketa kiyA gayA hai / parAzaramAdhavIya (1, bhAga 2, pR0 67) ne manu0 (3 / 13) kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai jahA~ eka brAhmaNa ko zUdrA strI se vivAha karane kI chUTa dI gayI hai, kintu manu0 (3314) ne punaH isakA niSedha kiyA hai| aura dekhie 'yugAdi tithiyoM ke viSaya meM matamatAntara, kRtyaratnAkara (pR0 541-42) / 66. ekaMvA saMyogarUpacovanAtyAvizeSAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 (246); zabara kA kathana hai 'sarvazAkhApratyayaM sarvabrAhmaNApratyayaM cakaM karma' (jaimini 246) pR0 635-636); tantravArtika meM AyA hai: 'ekasyA

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 8-33) / veda ke vibhinna pAThAntaroM evaM unase sambaddha brAhmaNoM meM eka hI kRtya varNita hai aura vaha kucha aura vistAroM ke sAtha saMvardhita hai jo kucha pAThAntaroM meM pAye jAte haiM aura kucha meM nhiiN| jaimini evaM zabara kI sthApanA hai ki veda evaM brAhmaNoM kI sabhI zAkhAe~ eka hI dala se sambandhita haiM tathA agnihotra evaM jyotiSToma aise kucha kRtya sabhI vaidika pAThAntaroM meM eka hI samAna haiM, yadyapi yatra-tatra vistAra meM kucha antara avazya hai aura yahI ucita niSkarSa hai / kyoMki sabhI pAThAntaroM meM vahI nAma (jyotiSToma Adi) pAyA jAtA hai, ata: kRtya kA phala eka hI hai, yajJa kI sAmagriyA~ evaM devatA samAna haiM aura vidhi vAkya bhI eka se hI haiN| yahI bAta ati prAcIna kAla se smatiyoM meM pAyI jAtI rhii| vizvarUpa, medhAtithi, mitAkSarA. aparArka tathA anya TIkAkAroM ne ise smRtiyoM ke viSaya meM bhI kahA hai aura vyavasthA dI hai ki jahAM smatiyoM meM virova ho vahA~ vikalpa kA Azraya lenA cAhie kintu anya bAtoM meM anya vistAra bar3hA diye jAne caahie| kintu vikalpa meM ATha doSa pAye jAte haiM ata: kisI viSaya para sabhI smRtiyoM ke vacana isa prakAra vyAkhyAyita kiye jAte haiM ki koI virodha khar3A hIna ho yA mA~ti-bhauMti ke upayoM se kisI vikalpa kA sahArA lene kI sthiti hI na utpanna hone pAtI thI, yathA 'viSaya-vyavasthA', 'dUsare kalpa yA yuga kI ora saMketa kara denA' Adi / udAharaNArtha, vikalpa sambandhI prasiddha udAharaNa (atirAtra meM SoDazI pAtra ko grahaNa karanA yA na karanA) ke viSaya meM mitAkSaroM meM AyA hai ki yaha mAna lenA ucita hai ki yadi yaha karanA sambhava hai to use grahaNa karanA cAhie, yA yaha mAna lenA cAhie ki SoDazI pAtra (pyAle) ko atirAtra meM grahaNa karane se svarga prApti meM zIghratA hotI hai| sabhI smatiyoM ko eka zAstra mAna lene kA pariNAma yaha huA ki bahuta se sarala kRtya ati vistAroM ke kAraNa kartA ke lie jaTila, phaSTakAraka evaM bojhila ho gaye / kintu kabhI-kabhI isa siddhAnta kA prayoga Avazyaka bhI hai / udAharaNArtha, yAjJa0 (1 / 135) meM AyA hai ki snAtaka ko sUrya kI ora (ne kSetArkam) nahIM dekhanA cAhie, isakA artha hogA sUrya kI ora tAkanA samI kAloM meM niSiddha hai, kintu yAjJa0 kA Adeza man0 (4137) ke Adeza ke sAtha par3hA jAnA cAhie, jo vyakti ko saryodaya yA sUryAsta ke samaya yA grahaNa ke samaya yA jala kI chAyA meM yA jaba madhyAhna ho sUrya kA darzana nahIM karanA cAhie / ata: niyama mana dvArA kahA huA samajhA jaayegaa| mapi zAkhAyAM brAhmaNAnekatvepi tadeva phrmetybhipraayH| tadyathodgAtRRNAM paMcaviMza-SaDviMza-brAhmaNayorkotiSTomadvAdazAho // ' milAie sarvavedAntapratyayaM codanAdya vizeSAt / ve0 sU0 (33331) / 70. dekhie vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 114-5) : 'na tAvadAmnAyo dharmazAstrabhedapratipAdakaH, na ca tatprabhavo nyAyaH / apitu zrautAnAM kRtsnopasaMhArAt tatpUrvakatvAccatathaivAtrApi prApnoti / ' ; dekhie medhAtithi (manu0 2 / 26); eva. manyeSvapi vikalpa AzrayaNIyaH, avirodhiSu samuccayaH / zAkhAntarAdhikaraNanyAyena sarvasmRtipratyayatvAtkarmaNaH / ' mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 325); dekhie aparArka (pR0 1053), smRticandrikA (1, pR0 5), madanapArijAta (pR. 11,61), zuddhitattva (pR0 378-380), jalAzayotsargatattva (pR0 523) / mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 114-5) ne vyavasthA dI hai :-'eteSAM (dharmazAstrANAM) pratyeka prAmANyapi sAkAMkSANAmAkAMkSAparipUraNamanyataH kriyate virodhe viklpH'| 71. na ca SoDazigrahaNAgrahaNavadviSamayodapi vikalpopapattiriti vAcyaM, yatastatrApi sati sambhave grahaNameveti yuktaM kalpayitum / yadvA SoDazigrahaNAnugRhItenAtirAtreNa kSipraM svargAdisiddhiratizAyitasya dhA svargasyati kalpanIyam / mitA0 (yAjJa0 3 / 243) /

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta smRtiyoM kI prAmANikatA ke viSaya meM carcA karate hue jaimini, vizeSata: kumArila ke vedAMga sambandhI kathana para dhyAna denA upayogI hogA / zikSA (svara yA dhvanividyA) ke viSaya meM kumArila kA kathana hai ki usa grantha meM svaroccAraNa meM prayukta aMgoM ke tathA vaidika uccAraNoM ke niyamoM ke viSaya meM jo vRttAnta hai vaha mantroM ke samyak pATha ke lie upayogI hai| kalpasUtroM ke viSaya meM jaimini ne eka pRthak adhikaraNa (1 / 3 / 11-14) rakha diyA hai| 2 zabara ne mAzaka, hAstika evaM kauNDinyaka kalpasUtroM ke nAma liye haiM aura tantravArtika ne kalpa (zrauta yajJoM kI vidhi-kriyA) evaM kalpasUtroM meM antara prakaTa kiyA hai aura nAma lekara ATha kI saMkhyA batAyI hai / kugArila ne pU0 mI0 sU0 ke ina (1 / 3 / 11-14) sUtroM kI vyAkhyA kaI prakAra se kI hai, prathamataH kalpasUtroM kI prAmANikatA kI ora saMketa karake (jaisA ki zabara ne kiyA hai), dvitIyata: sabhI vedAMgoM ke saMdarbha meM, tathA tRtIyata: buddha tathA anya logoM kI smRtiyoM kI ora saMketa karake / bauddha granthoM ne apane ko smRti kahA hai, jaisA ki manusmRti (12 / 65) se prakaTa hai 3 : 've smRtiyAM jo veda ke bAhara haiM, tathA jo anya mrAmaka siddhAnta haiM, ve sabhI niSphala haiM, kyoMki ve tama se AvRta (tamomUla) haiM, arthAt ajJAna se paripUrNa haiN|' aba hama yahA~ kumArila ke matAnusAra vedAMgoM ke viSaya meM kucha bAteM kheNge| zabara evaM kamArila ke anasAra vyAkaraNa kA nirUpaNa jaimini ke 113 / 24-26 sUtroM meM huA hai| tantravArtika meM kumArila ne svayaM pANini, kAtyAyana (vArtika ke lekhaka) evaM pataJjali (mahAbhASya ke lekhaka) ke viruddha bahuta-sI bAteM kahI haiM, jinameM kucha ati manoraMjaka haiM, kintu hama yahAM para sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa unakA ullekha nahIM kara skeNge| kumArila kA kathana hai ki vyAkaraNa kA samyak viSaya hai yaha nizcita karanA ki kauna-se zabda zuddha haiM aura kauna se azuddha / yaha manoraMjaka DhaMga se draSTavya hai ki vyAkaraNa ke virodha meM pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke do sUtra ati kaTu haiM (811 / 18 evaM 6 / 3 / 18) / ___yAska kA nirukta, jo veda ke 6 aMgoM meM eka hai, eka vizAla grantha hai aura usameM zabdoM kI vyutpatti, bhASA-utpatti-zAstra tathA vedoM ke saikar3oM mantroM kI vyAkhyAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| jaimini ko nirukta ke katipaya niSkarSa mAnya haiM / nirukta kA kathana hai ki binA isakI sahAyatA ke veda kA artha nahIM jAnA jA sakatA / isakA apanA eka viziSTa uddezya hai, yaha vyAkaraNa kA pUraka hai| nirukta ne vistAra ke sAtha kautsa ke isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai ki vaidika mantroM kA koI artha (yA uddezya) nahIM hai aura bala dekara kahA hai ki veda ke mantroM kA artha yA uddezya hai, kyoMki unake zabda vahI haiM jo bAtacIta meM prayukta hote haiM aura brAhmaNa-vacana 72. ke punaH kalpAH kAni sUtrANi ucynte| siddharUpaH prayogo yaH karmaNAmanugabhyate / te kalpA lakSaNArthAni sUtrANoti pracakSate // kalpanAddhi prayogANAM kalpo'nuSThAnasAdhanam / sUtraM tu sUcanAtteSAM svayaM kalpyaprayogakam // kalpAH paThitasiddhA hi prayogANAM pratiRtu / tantravAtika (113 / 11 para, prayogazAstramiti cet), pR0 226 / pramukha antara yaha hai ki pratyeka vaidika yajJa ke lie kalpa kevala vidhi kI vyavasthA batAte yA rakhate haiM jo jyoM-kI-tyoM maukhika rUpa se calI jAtI hai, kintu kalpasUtroM meM, yathA AzvalAyana, baijavApi, brAhmAyaNa, lATyAyana evaM kAtyAyana meM saMjJAe~, paribhASAe~, sAmAnya niyama, apavAda, vyAkhyAe~ Adi pAyI jAtI haiN| 73. yA vebabAhapAH smRtayo yAzca kAzca kudRssttyH| sarvAstA niSphalA jJeyAstamomUlA hi tAH smRtaaH|| manusmRti (12165) / 22

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke anusAra jaba Rk-padya yA yajus-vidhi sampAdita hote hue kRtya kI ora saMketa karatI hai to yajJa ko pUrNa rUpa prApta hotA hai| jaimini (1 / 2 / 4 evaM 1 / 3 / 30) kA kathana hai ki mantra arthayukta haiM aura vaidika zabda tathA saMskRta ke pracalita zabda vahI haiM aura unake dvArA nirdezita zabda bhI eka-se haiM (una udAharaNoM ko chor3akara jinameM vaidika akSaroM para svara-bheda yA dabAva DAlane se antara par3a gayA hai ) / zabara ke bhASya kA prathama vAkya bhI yahI kahatA hai| jaimini ne kriyAoM evaM saMjJAoM ke saMketoM ke viSaya meM nirukta kI bAta mAna lI hai / zabara ne bahudhA nirukta ke zabdoM ko uddhata kiyA hai yA spaSTa rUpa se unakI ora saMketa kiyA hai / yajJoM meM devatAoM ke svabhAva evaM kAryoM ke viSaya meM jaimini ne nirukta kI bAta ko mAnyatA dI hai| kumArila ne eka sAmAnya TippaNI kI hai ki sabhI vedAMga evaM dharmazAstra smRti ke antargata A jAte haiN|74 aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaimini ne smRtiyoM ko koI vizeSa mahattA nahIM pradAna kI hai, kyoMki 615 (yA 1000) adhikaraNoM meM kevala lagabhaga eka darjana bAra smRtiyoM kI ora saMketa milatA hai, yathA 1 / 3 / 1-2, 1 / 3 / 3-4, 113 / 11-14, 113 / 24-26, 6 / 2 / 21-22, 6 / 2 / 30, 6 / 8 / 23-24, 71 / 10, 621-2, 12 / 4143 / kintu zabara ne isase adhika bAra smRtiyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, ythaa--6|1|5 evaM 13, 6 / 116-6 / hamArA sambandha yahA~ para jaimini evaM zabara tathA kumArila jaise Arambhika TIkAkAroM ke smRti viSayaka saMketoM se hai / jaimini kI sthApita dhAraNA yaha hai ki veda evaM smRti ke virodha meM smRti ko chor3a denA cAhie aura yadi koI virodha na ho to aisA samajhA jAnA cAhie ki smRti vaidika vacana para AghRta hai| isase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yadi smRtiyoM kI vyavasthAe~ veda ke virodha meM nahIM par3atIM to ve veda para AdhArita haiM / smRtiyoM ne aSTakA zrAddhoM, jalAzayoM ke utkhanana, guru kI AjJAoM ke pAlana ke lie vyavasthAe~ dI haiN| ye bAteM prAmANika haiM, kyoMki ye kisI vaidika vacana ke virodha meM nahIM pdd'tii| svayaM smRtiyoM ne aisA kahA hai ki ve veda para AdhArita haiM / dekhie gautama (11 / 16) aura mana (217) meM AyA hai-'manu dvArA kisI vyakti ke lie jo dharma udghoSita huA hai, vaha veda meM (bahuta pahale) hI kahA jA cukA hai, kyoMki veda meM sabhI jJAna hai / ' smRtiyoM evaM vyavahAroM ke sambandha meM eka mahattvapUrNa prazna uThatA hai, yathA--yadi smRtiyoM evaM ziSToM ke AcAroM evaM vyavahAroM meM virodha ho to kise pramANa mAnA jAya ? kumArila kA kathana hai ki yadi ziSToM ke vyavahAra veda evaM smRti meM AjJApita bAta ke virodha meM na par3eM to unheM prAmANika mAnanA cAhie, kintu yadi veda, smRti evaM ziSTAcAra meM virodha ho to unakI prAmANikatA samApta ho jaayegii|75 kumArila ne Age kahA hai ki smRti ziSTAcAra se apekSAkRta adhika prAmANika hai kyoMki vaha sIdhe DhaMga se veda para AdhArita hai, kintu vyavahAroM ke viSaya meM aisA anumAna lagAnA par3egA ki ziSToM ne apane AcAra ko kisI smRti 74. smRtitvaM tvaGgAnAM dharmasUtrANAM cAviziSTam / tantravArtika (pR0 285, 1 / 3 / 27 pr)| 75. ziSTaM yAvaccha tismRtyostena yanna virudhyate / tacchiSTAcaraNaM dharme pramANatvena gamyate // yadi ziSTasya kopaH syAdvirudhyeta prmaanntaa| tadakopAttu nAcArapramANatvaM virudhyate // tantravAtika (1138 para, pa0 216); punaH pR0 220 para aisA AyA hai : 'ubhayoH zrutimUlatvaM na smRtyAcarayoH samam / sapratyayapraNItA hi smRtiH sopnibndhnaa|| tathA zrutyanumAnaM hi nirvighnamupajAyate / AcArAttu smRti jJAtvA zrutivijJAyate ttH| tena dravyantaritaM tasya prAmANyaM viprakRSyate ||''prtyy' kA artha hai 'jJAnaM vizvAso vA' (yathA, manu Adi RSi haiN)|

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 171 para AvRta rakhA hogA, jo (smRti) svayaM kisI veda-vacana para avazya AghRta rahI hogI, arthAt vyavahAra smRtiyoM kI apekSA veda se eka sIr3hI pIche hai| itanA hI nahIM, yaha vidita hai ki smRtiyA~ aise logoM dvArA praNIta huI haiM jo vedajJa the / kintu vyavahAroM evaM AcAroM ke mUla saMdigdha evaM anizcita haiM / yadyapi yaha eka saiddhAntika niyama hai, jo vasiSTha ( 115 ), mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 17 evaM 2 / 117 ), kullUka ( mana 2 / 10 ) jaise dharmazAstra granthoM tathA granthakAroM dvArA mAnya rahA hai, tathApi ati prAcIna kAla se hI smRtiyoM ke virodha meM AcAra (vyavahAra) pracalita rahe haiM (yathA -- mAmA kI putrI se vivAha karma manu evaM anya prAmANika smRtiyoM dvArA tiraskRta thA ) / vyavahAramayUkha ( pR0 68 ) kA aisA kathana hai ki purANoM meM kucha aise AcAra Ate haiM jo smRti virodhI haiM / kacahariyoM ne aisA nirNaya kiyA hai ki paramparA se calA AyA huA AcAra sarvottama kAnUna (vyavahAra) hai ( AcAraH paramo dharmaH, manu 1 / 108, jaisA ki sara viliyama joMsa ne anUdita kiyA hai) / mana ( 2110) kA kathana hai ki veda evaM smRti ko sabhI bAtoM ke lie tarka para nahIM kasanA cAhie, kyoMki dharma donoM se nikala kara prakAzita huA / manu ne puna: kahA hai ki una viSayoM meM jahA~ viziSTa vyavasthAe~ nahIM haiM, ve brAhmaNa, jinhoMne vedAMgoM, mImAMsA, purANoM Adi sahAyaka zAstroM ke sAtha veda kA adhyayana kiyA hai, jo kucha kahate haiM vahI dharma hai / privI kauMsila dvArA aisI ghoSaNA kI gayI hai ki 'hindU kAnUna ke antargata vyavahAra yA AcAra dvArA sthApita sAkSya likhita kAnUna se bar3hakara hai / ati prAcIna kAla se loka - rItiyA~ ( prayoga yA pracalita vyavahAra ) evaM AcAra prAmANika mAne gaye haiM / yathA gautama (11 / 20 ) meM AyA hai -- 'dezoM, jAtiyoM evaM kuloM ke vyavahAra pramANa haiM, jaba ki ve vaidika vacanoM ke virodha meM nahIM par3ate haiM / ' manu ( 11118 ) kA kathana hai ki unhoMne apane zAstra meM dezoM, jAtiyoM, kuloM, pASaNDoM evaM saMghoM kI paramparAgata rItiyoM evaM AcAroM kA samAveza kiyA hai / kucha viSayoM meM Adhunika vidhAyikA saMsthA lokarItiyoM evaM paramparAnugata vyavahAroM ko sarvocca prAmANikatA pradAna karatI hai / kucha kaviyoM kI samIkSA meM Upara hamane dekha liyA hai ki kisa prakAra bahuta se kRtya, jo kalivarjya - sambandhI granthoM meM varjita haiM, vaidika kAloM meM prayukta hote the yA vaidika vacanoM dvArA vyavasthita the / 76 kumArila ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki ahicchatra evaM mathurA kI brAhmaNa nAriyA~ bhI, unake samaya meM, surApAna karatI haiM ; uttara bhArata ke brAhmaNa ayAla vAle ghor3oM (nIla gAya ), khaccaroM, U~ToM, do pA~toM meM dA~ta vAle pazuoM ke vikraya evaM dAna meM saMlagna rahate haiM aura apanI patniyoM, baccoM evaM mitroM ke sAtha eka hI pAtra meM khAte haiM; dakSiNI brAhmaNa mAmA kI putrI se vivAha karate haiM aura vaidala ( sIMka yA khamAcI se banI maciyA yA mor3hA ) para baiThakara bhojana karate haiM; donoM (uttarI evaM dakSiNI brAhmaNa ) mitroM yA sambandhiyoM dvArA khA lene para ( pAtroM meM rakhA ) yA unase (khAte samaya ) chuA huA pakA bhojana khA lete haiM; ve tamolI (pAna vAle) kI dUkAna para pAna ke patte, 76. tantravArtika ke isa kathana ke lie dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3, pR0 848 ( pAda-TippaNI 1645 ) ; mAmA kI putrI ke vivAha ke viSaya meM vibhinna matoM ke lie dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2, pR0 458-463 ; eka hI pAtra meM patnI evaM baccoM ke sAtha bhojana karane ke viSaya meM dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2, pR0 765 / ghor3oM evaM aise pazuoM ke dAna ke viSaya meM, jinake dA~ta do paMktiyoM meM hote haiM, dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2, pU0 181 evaM jaimini ( 3 / 4 / 28-31) /

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172 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa supArI, katthA ko eka meM mor3akara khA lete haiM, pAna khAne ke anta meM Acamana nahIM karate haiM; dhobiyoM dvArA dhoye gaye evaM gadahoM para lAye gaye kapar3oM ko pahanate haiM; mahApAtakiyoM ke saMsparza kA parityAga nahIM karate; vyakti, jAti, kula ke lie vyavasthita dharma kI sUkSma AjJAoM ke spaSTa virodha meM jAne vAle bahuta se pramANa milate haiM jo zruti evaM smRti ke sarvathA pratikUla haiM aura unake pIche dRSTa artha hai tathA isa prakAra kI azuddha ( mizrita ) rItiyoM evaM vyavahAroM ko sadAcAra dvArA vyavasthita dharma kahanA sambhava nahIM hai / pUrvamImAMsA - sampradAya ke matAnusAra vaidhAnika AcAroM ke lie nimnalikhita bAteM atyAvazyaka haiM, yathA-- unheM prAcIna avazya honA cAhie, unheM zruti yA smRti ke spaSTa vacanoM ke virodha meM nahIM honA cAhie, unake pIche ziSToM kI mAnyatA honI cAhie, unakA pAlana antaHkaraNa se honA cAhie, unake pIche koI dRSTArtha nahIM honA cAhie aura na unheM anaitika honA caahie| dekhie isa viSaya ke vistRta nirUpaNa ke lie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3, pR0 853 - 855 / AcAroM evaM vyavahAroM athavA loka-rItiyoM kI mAnyatA ke viSaya meM dharmazAstra ke granthoM ne jo sAmAnya niyama banAye haiM ve pUrvamImAMsA ke niyamoM kI paddhati para hI haiM / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3, pR0 871-884 | kintu vaidika vacanoM evaM smRtiyoM se kramazaH vicalana hotA rahA, jaisA ki hamane Upara dekha liyA hai / 77 kumArila ke matAnusAra mahAn puruSoM dvArA kiye gaye sabhI karma sadAcAra nahIM kahe jA sakate, vizeSataH ve karma jo lobhavaza kiye gaye hoM yA kisI kSudra vRtti ke vazIbhUta hokara kiye gaye hoM; aise karmoM ko dharma kI saMjJA nahIM dI jAnI cAhie / gautama, Apa0 dha0 sU0 evaM bhAgavata purANa kA kathana hai ki mahAn vyakti bhI sAhasa evaM dharmavyatikrama karate pAye gaye haiM / kintu ve mahAn tapoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa pApa ke bhAgI nahIM ho sake (ve vyatikramoM ke prabhAvoM se mukta ho gaye), kintu pazcAtkAlIna loga una udAharaNoM kA pAlana karate hue aura usI mArga para calate hue pApa ke bhAgI ho jAte haiM / kumArila ne isa prakAra ke bAraha doSoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, unakI vyAkhyA kI hai aura kahA hai ki inake mUla meM krodha yA anya vAsanAe~ haiM, una doSapUrNa karmoM ke kartA unheM dharma kI saMjJA nahIM dete aura na Adhunika kAla ke loga aise karmoM ko sadAcAra hI mAnate / ye bAraha udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM- prajApati jinhoMne svayaM apanI putrI ( uSA, jaisA ki kumArila ne vyAkhyA kI hai) ko kAmuka dRSTi se dekhA; drani jo ahalyA ke jAra ( upapati, premI) ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiM ( kumArila kI vyAkhyA ke anusAra ahalyA 'rAtri' kA dyotaka hai); vasiSTha ne rAkSasa dvArA apane sau putroM kI hatyA ke uparAnta AtmahatyA karanI cAhI; vizvAmitra ne usa trizaMku kA paurohitya kiyA, jo zApa se cANDAla ho gayA thA; nahuSa, jisane indra kI sthiti prApta karane para, indra kI patnI zacI ko prApta karanA cAhA aura ajagara banA DAlA gayA; purUravA, jo urvazI se bichur3a jAne para mara jAnA cAhatA thA ( phAMsI lagAkara yA laTaka kara ) ; kRSNa dvaipAyana, jinhoMne brahmacArI rahakara bhI apane sahodara bhAI vicitravIrya kI vidhavAoM se putra utpanna kiye; bhISma, jinhoMne avivAhita rahane para bhI azvamedha yajJa kiye; dhatarASTra, jinhoMne janmAndha hone para bhI aise yajJa kiye, 77. dRSTo dharmavyatikramaH sAhasaM ca mahatAm / avAdaurbalyAt / gautama ( 113 - 4 ), dRSTo dharmavyatikramaH sAhasaM 'ca pUrveSAm / teSAM tejovizeSeNa pratyavAyo na vidyate / tadanvIkSya prayuJjAnaH sodatyavaraH / Apa0 Sa0 sU0 (2 / 6 / 1317-6); dekhie bhAgavata ( 10, pUrvArdha 33 / 30) : dharmavyatikramaro dRSTa IzvarANAM ca sAhasam / tejIyasAM na doSAya vahneH sarvabhujo yathA / manu0 (6 / 71 ) kA kathana hai ki prANAyAma evaM anya prayogoM se indriyoM evaM mana kI azuddhatA dUra ho jAtI hai //

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pUrvamImAMsA ke kucha maulika siddhAnta 173 jinheM andhe loga niyamAnukala nahIM kara sakate (jaimini, 6 / 1 / 42); pAMcoM pANDavoM ne eka hI nArI (draupadI) se vivAha kiyA; yudhiSThira ne vAkyachala se apane guru droNa kI mRtyu karAyI; kRSNa evaM arjuna mahAbhArata meM madya piye hue varNita haiM (ubhau madhvAsavakSIbau dRSTau me kezavArjunau, udyogaparva 5635) aura unhoMne apane mAmA kI putriyoM se vivAha kiyA thA; rAma ne sItA kI svarNa-pratimA banAkara azvamedha yajJa kiyA thA / kumArila ne ina katipaya doSoM ke mArjana ke silasile meM jo tarka diye haiM ve unakI mahAn vidagdhatA ko pradazita karate haiM, kahIM to unhoMne tapoM kI carcA kI hai (yathA, vizvAmitra ke udAharaNa meM) aura kahIM para udAharaNa ko hI bhrAmaka ThaharAyA hai (yathA, subhadrA ke viSaya meM jo kRSNa kI bahina kahI gayI haiM) / 8 dekhie vistAra ke lie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3, pa0 845-848 / eka manoraMjaka adhikaraNa hai holAkAdhikaraNa (jaimini 1 / 3 / 15-23) / aisA kahA gayA hai ki holAkA kA prayoga pUrvadezIya logoM dvArA, AhnInaibuka kA dAkSiNAtyoM tathA udRSamayajJa kA prayoga uttara vAloM dvArA honA cAhie / sthApita niSkarSa to yaha hai ki isa prakAra ke anuSThAna yA kRtya sabhI ke lie haiM (kevala pUrva yA dakSiNa yA uttara vAloM ke hI lie nahIM) , yadi ve pUrva vAloM yA dakSiNa vAloM ke lie upayukta haiM to koI tarka nahIM hai ki ve uttara vAloM ke lie upayukta nahIM haiN| vaidika vidhiyoM ke viSaya meM sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki ve sabhI AryoM dvArA prayukta ho sakatI haiM, isake lie ki uparyukta anuSThAnoM ke lie koI niyantrita vaidika vanana hai ; koI samIcIna tarka nahIM dikhAI pdd'taa| isa bAta para pUrva vivecana ke lie dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3, pR0 851-853 / dAyabhAga (yAjJa0 2 / 40 evaM 6 / 22-23) ne isa dRSTAnta kI ora saMketa viyA hai| dharmazAstra ke lekhakoM dvArA holAkAdhikaraNa-nyAya kA bahudhA ullekha huA hai| vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 1153) ne siddhAntasUtra ko uddhata kiyA hai-'api vAsarvadharmaH tannyAyatvAd vidhAnasya' (jaimini 1 / 3 / 16) aura yaha jor3A yadi koI bAta kucha logoM ke lie upayukta mAnI jAtI hai to vaha sabhI logoM ke lie upayukta hai| isa adhikaraNa ke vAstavika artha ke viSaya meM madhyakAlIna lekhakoM meM mataikya nahIM hai / dAyabhAga (yAjJa0 2 / 42) meM AyA hai ki pUrvarda deza ke logoM dvArA holAkA ke prayoga se jisa zruti kI ora saMketa milatA hai vaha mAtra 'sAmAnya zruti' hai ki holikA kRtya kiye jAne cAhie / dUsarI ora zUlapANi ke prAyazcitta viveka kI TIkA meM govindAnanda ne kahA hai ki holAkAdhikaraNa se itanA hI patA calatA hai ki isa vyavahAra (prayoga) se yaha zruti prakaTa hotI hai ki 'prAcya logoM ko holAkA kA prayoga karanA cAhie', kintu yaha sAmAnya rUpa meM yoM hai-'kisI deza kA AcAra usa deza ke logoM dvArA pAlita honA caahie|" 18. Adiparva (216 / 18, citrAva saMskaraNa 216318) ne subhadrA ke viSaya meM spaSTa kahA hai-'duhitA basudevasa: vAsudevasya ca svsaa|' khaNDadeva ke mImAMsAkaustubha meM AyA hai : 'evamarjunasya mAtulakanyakAyAH subhadrAyAH pariNa ye'pi subhadrAyA vasudevakanyAtvasya sAkSAt kvacidapyabhavaNAt / ' (pR0 48, caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, 1624) / yaha eka aisA udAharaNa hai jo isa bAta kA dyotaka hai ki kabhI-kabhI kaTTara saMskRta-lekhaka apane siddhAntoM kI rakSA meM kacha vicitra bAtoM kA Azraya le baiThate haiN| - 76. tasmAdyasmAdevAcArAt smRtivAkyAvA yA zrutiravazyaM kalpanIyA tayaiva tadgatasyAcArAMzasya smRtipadasya copapatterna tatrAdhikakalpaneti holaakaadhikrnnsyaarthH| dAyabhAga (2142); prAcyahoM lAkA kartavyeti vizeSazrutirna kalpyate kiMtu dezadharmaH kartavya iti sAmAnyata eva, anyathA dezAntare bhAcArAntarAt zrutyantarakalpanAgauravaM smAditi hojaakaadhikrnnyaayH| battvApakaumudI (prAyazcitravibeka, pR0 142) /

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adhyAya 30 dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama vaidika vAkyoM (vacanoM, vaktavyoM athavA mUlapaMktiyoM) kI vyAkhyA ke lie pUrvamImAMsA ne apanI eka viziSTa paddhati evaM siddhAntoM kA udbhava kiyA hai / aba hama una siddhAntoM evaM niyamoM kA ullekha kareMge, unakI vyAkhyA upasthita kareMge aura yaha dekheMge ki dharmazAstra ke lekhakoM ne apanI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie kisa prakAra unakA prayoga kiyA hai| mImAMsA-siddhAnta aura vyAkhyA ke niyama kaI daloM meM vibhAjita haiN| kucha aise niyama haiM jo kevala vaidika yajJoM evaM unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke vistAroM se sambandhita haiN| isa kSetra meM sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa niyama yaha hai ki kevala vidhiyA~ hI prAmANika hotI haiM aura unhIM ko mAnyatA kI zakti prApta hai, arthavAda vahIM taka pramANa haiM jahA~ ve vidhiyoM ke sAtha eka pUrNa vAkya-racanA pradAna karate haiM tathA vidhiyoM kI prazaMsA meM prayukta hote haiM (pU0 mI0 sU0 11217) / vidhiyA~ evaM arthavAda kramAnugata vivecita nahIM haiM, pratyuta ve pU0 mI0 sU0 ke katipaya adhyAyoM meM vikIrNa haiM / udAharaNArtha, arthavAdoM kA varNana prathamata: 1 / 2 / 1-18 (arthavAdAdhikaraNa) meM huA hai, kintu bahuta-se anya sthAnoM meM unake viSaya meM vivecana huA hai, ythaa--3|4|1-6, 3 / 4 / 10, 3 / 4 / 11, 4 / 3 / 1-3, 6 / 7 / 26-27, 10815, 1087 evaM 8 meN| yaha bAta nahIM bhUlanI cAhie ki mImAMsA kA sambandha kisI rAjA yA kisI sArvabhauma lokanItika sabhA dvArA sthApita vidhAna se nahIM hai| yaha dharma (arthAt dhArmika kRtya evaM unase sambandhita viSaya) kA samyak jJAna dene kI bAta karatI hai aura jJAna kI prApti kA sAdhana svayaM veda hai tathA mImAMsA kA pramukha uddezya hai vaidika yajJoM kI prakriyA (itikartavyatA) tathA usake katipaya sahAyaka evaM mukhya viSayoM ko vyavasthita krnaa|' niyama-vyavasthA kI vyAkhyA evaM vyAkhyA ke mImAMsA-niyamoM ke bIca bahata bar3A antara pAyA jAtA hai| prathama bAta yaha hai ki niyama to manuSya-kRta hote haiM, ve niyAmaka yA vyavasthApaka kI icchA ko prakaTa karate haiM, unake uddezya adhikAMza meM sAMsArika athavA vyAvahArika hote haiM, unakA sudhAra ho sakatA hai yA ve vilupta kiye jA sakate haiM aura apane kartA ke Azaya ke anusAra vyAkhyAyita ho sakate haiN| kintu mImAMsA kA sambandha veda 1. dharma pramIyamANe tu vedena kAraNAtmanA / itikartavyatAmAgaM mImAMsA pUrayiSyati // zAstradIpikA para yuktisnehaprapUraNI (pR0 36, devanAtha kI adhikaraNakaumudI (pR0 3) evaM tantrarahasya dvArA uddht| svayaM pU0 mo0 sU0 (3 / 3 / 11) meM 'itikartavyatA' zabda AyA hai (asaMyukta prakaraNAditikartavyatArthitvAt) / isake pUrvavartI sUtra (bhUyastvenobhayazruti) para zabara ne TippaNI kI hai-'ye ca bhUyAM so guNAH setikartavyatA)' tathA pU0 mI0 sU0 (11 / 2 / 8, aGagAni tu vidhAnatvAtpradhAnenopadizyaraMstasmAtsyAdekadezatvam) para zabara ne vyAkhyA kI hai : 'vidhAnaM kalpa itikrtvytetyrthH|'

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 175 se hai jo nitya hai, svayambhU hai, jo dhArmika viSayoM kI vivecanA karatA hai, jisakA sudhAra nahIM ho sakatA aura na jo vilupta ho sakatA hai aura jo vaidika zabdoM ke Azaya ke anusAra hI vyAkhyAyita hotA hai| ata: yadyapi pUrvamImAMsA dvArA vikasita vaidika vacanoM kI vyAkhyA ke kucha niyama maiksavela ke 'iNTara preTezana Ava sTaicyUTsa' jaise granthoM meM vikasita niyama-vyavasthAoM kI vyAkhyA ke niyamoM se milate-julate haiN| tathApi prastuta lekhaka vistAra ke sAtha isa vivecana meM nahIM par3egA aura na mImAMsA-niyamoM tathA maiksavela ke niyamoM kI samAnatA ke pradarzana meM lgegaa| Aja se lagabhaga 55 varSa pUrva san 1606 meM 'Taigora laoN lekcarsa' meM zrI kizorI lAla sarakAra ne isa prakAra kA kArya kiyA thaa| una dinoM Adhunika vidvAnoM dvArA mImAMsA kA adhyayana apanI Arambhika avasthA meM thA, ata: apane pUrvavartI lekhaka kI mAnyatAoM ke virodha meM kucha kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| kintu itanA kahe binA rahA nahIM jAtA ki usa vidvAn ne bharasaka yahI kahane kA prayatna kiyA ki jaimini ke vyAkhyA-sambandhI niyama kisI bhI prakAra maiksavela dvArA sthApita niyamoM se heya nahIM haiM aura donoM meM bahuta sAmya hai| aisA karane ke lie zrI sarakAra bahuta khIMcAtAnI karate haiM aura jaTila vyAkhyAe~ upasthita karate haiN| kahIM-kahIM to aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki unhoMne jaimini evaM zabara ko ThIka se samajhA bhI nahIM hai| 2 isa grantha meM hamArA sambandha kevala pUrvamImAMsA ke una siddhAnto evaM vyAkhyA-sambandhI una niyamoM se hai jo dharmazAstra ko prabhAvita karate haiN| hamane yaha bahuta pahale dekha liyA hai ki mImAMsA ke kitane siddhAnta evaM kitanI pAribhASika abhivyaktiyA~ dharmazAstra ko prabhAvita karatI haiN| aba hama vyAkhyA ke niyamoM kA vivecana upasthita kreNge| prathama niyama yaha hai ki veda kA koI bhI bhAga (yahA~ taka ki eka zabda bhI) anarthaka (arthahIna yA uddezyahIna) nahIM hai| isI se veda kA adhikAMza vidhiyoM kI prazaMsA meM arthavAda ke rUpa meM vivecita haA hai| yaha bAta Upara kahI jA cukI hai (gata adhyaay)| pU0 mI0 sU0 meM vidhiyoM ko ati saMmAna diye jAne ke phalasvarUpa tathA arthavAdoM (jo kevala prazaMsA ke nimitta Ate haiM) aura mantroM (kevala abhidhAyaka ke rUpa meM) ko gauNa rUpa dene ke kAraNa brAhmaNagranthoM kA thor3A-sA aMza paramocca pramANa vAlA ko gayA hai, jaba ki brAhmaNoM evaM saMhitAoM kA bahulAMza, jisameM mantra saMgrahIta haiM, gauNa mahattA vAlA raha gayA hai yA kucha bhI mahattApUrNa nahIM raha pAyA hai| vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se vyAkhyA-sambandhI mImAMsA-niyama kaI zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita ho jAte haiN| kucha to sAmAnya haiM aura kucha viziSTa / jaba bahuta-se mUla vacana eka hI viSaya se sambandhita bAtoM kI vyavasthA karate hae eka-dUsare ke virodha meM par3a jAte haiM aura zruti, liMga, vAkya, prakaraNa, sthAna evaM samAkhyA (3 / 3 / 14) ke prayoga ko sAdhana mAna lete haiM to kucha niyamoM ko viziSTa vidhi se saMlagna ho jAnA par3atA hai, tathA kucha niyama aise haiM jinakA sambandha adhikAra, atideza, Uha, bAdha, tantra evaM prasaMga se rahatA hai| sAmAnya niyamoM ke kucha udAharaNa diye jA rahe haiN| kevala vidhiyA~ hI viziSTa Avazyaka pramANa vAlI hotI haiM tathA arthavAda tabhI prAmANika hote haiM jaba vidhiyoM ke sAtha vAkya-racanA kI pUrNatA ghoSita karate haiN| yaha eka sAmAnya niyama hai| vidhiyoM, niyama-vidhiyoM evaM parisaMkhyA-vidhi ke antara ko pradarzita karane vAle niyama sAmAnya hote haiN| 2. isa viSaya meM dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3, 10841-842 /

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176 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mImAMsA-niyama aisA hai ki jaba kisI vacana ke kisI aMza ke artha ke viSaya meM koI sandeha ho to usa vacana ke zeSa bhAgoM para nirbhara rahakara usakA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai / dekhie tai0 brA0 (3 / 2 / 5 / 12) vAlA udAharaNa, yathA--'aktA: zarkarA upadadhAti, tejo vai dhRtam / ' 'vaha lepita kaMkar3a rakhatA hai, vAstava meM dhI dIptimAn hai|' kisa vastu se kaMkar3a para lepa lagAyA jAtA hai ? isa sandeha kA nirAkaraNa vAkya ke zeSa aMga se ho jAtA hai, vaha ghI hai, jisase kaMkar3a para lepa lagAyA jAtA hai (pU0 mI0 sU0 1 / 4 / 24) / mImAMsA vaidika vacanoM meM matabheda (yA virodha) uThAne kA ghora virodha karatI hai, isI se jaba koI aura cArA nahIM raha jAtA tabhI vaha vikalpa kI anumati pradAna karatI hai| dekhie gata adhyAya meM vikalpa-sambandhI vivecana / eka dUsarA sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki ekavacana meM bahuvacana sannihita rahatA hai| mImAMsA meM ise 'grahaikatvanyAya' (pU0 mI0 'sU0 3 / 1 / 13-15) kahA jAtA hai / jyotiSToma yajJa meM devatAoM ko soma se pUrNa katipaya graha (pAtra yA kaTore yA pyAle) diye jAte haiM aura tIna savanoM (prAtaH, madhyAhna, sAyaM soma se rasa nikAlane) para piye jAte haiM / zruti meM AyA hai-'dazApavitraNa grahaM sammASTi' arthAt sapheda Una se bane jhAr3ana se yA zodhanI se vaha graha ko poMchatA hai (svaccha karatA hai)|' darzapUrNamAsa meM aisA kahA gayA hai--'vaha puroDAza (paroThA yA roTa yA roTI) ke caturdik eka agnikASTha yA aMgAra yA mazAla (ulkA) le jAtA hai / ' aba prazna yaha hai ki kyA eka hI graha (kyoMki 'graha' zabda AyA hai) svaccha karanA hai tathA kyA eka hI puroDAza ke cAroM ora mazAla le jAnA hai yA kaI grahoM tathA puroDAzoM se matalaba hai ? sthApita niSkarSa to yaha hai ki sabhI pAtroM (pyAloM) ko svaccha karanA hai tathA sabhI puroDAzoM ke caturdika aMgAra ghumAnA hai| yahA~ ekavacana para hI nahIM ArUDha rahanA hai| isI se kumArila tathA anya logoM dvArAeka sAmAnya niyama nikAlA gayA hai ki anuvAdya yA uddizyamAna ke vizeSaNa kI ora, jisake viSaya meM pahale se hI kucha (vidheya) kahA jAtA hai, saMketa nahIM kiyA jAtA aura na usa para ArUDha rahA jAtA hai| dharmazAstra granthoM meM isa bAta para nirbhara rahA jAtA hai / yAjJa0 (2 / 121) meM AyA hai ki pitAmaha dvArA prApta bhUmi, sampatti (cA~dI, sonA Adi) Adi para pitA evaM putra kA barAbara bhAga hotA hai| yahA~ pitAmaha' zabda para hI nahIM AruDha rahanA hai, vahI niyama prapitAmaha dvArA prApta bhUmi evaM sampatti para bhI lAgU hotA hai, jaisA ki vyavahAramayakha meM AyA hai / isI prakAra nArada-smRti (16 // 37) meM AyA hai-'apRthak bhAiyoM kI dhArmika pUjA (triyA-varma) samAna 3. sandigdheSa vAkyazeSAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 4 / 24) / viSayavAkya yaha hai :--'aktAH zarkarA upadadhAti tejo va ghRtam' (ta0 brA0 3 / 2 / 5 / 12) / milAie maiksavela (pR. 26); 'pratyeka vAkya ke zabdoM ko vyAkhyA isa prakAra honI cAhie ki ve anya vyavasthAoM kI saMgati meM baiTha jAyeM / ' 4. dekhie maiksavela (1653 kA 10vA saMskaraNa), pR0 346 jahA~ puMlliga zabdoM meM strIliMga tathA ekabacana meM bahuvacana tathA inake viparIta rUpa kI ora nirdeza hai| 5. 3 / 4 / 22 para TupTIkA kI TippaNI isa prakAra hai-'uddizyamAnasya vizeSeNamavivakSitamiti sthitameva' evaM 10 / 3 / 36 para TippaNI yoM hai-'uddizyamAnasya ca saMkhyA na vivakSyate grahasyeva / ' 6. vyavahAramamUkha meM A~yA hai--'vastutastu pitAmahapadamavivakSitam / anyathA prapitAmahAdyupAtte sadRzasvAmyasyAbhAvaprasakteH / anuvAdyavizeSaNatvAcca' (pR0 26) / 'anuvAdya' kA artha vahI hai jo uddizyamAna yA uddezya (viSaya yA kartA jisake bAre meM kucha arthAt vidheya kahA jAtA hai) kA hai / 'atra avibhaktAnAmityevoddezyasamarpakam / bhrAtRNAmiti tu tadvizeSaNatvAdavivakSitam' (vya0 ma0, pR0 132) / medhAtithi (mana 2026) ne kahA hai-'ma ca

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsA siddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama hotI hai, kintu pRthak (vibhAjita) ho jAne para dhArmika pUjA bhI pRthak-pRthak hone lagatI hai| yahA~ para 'apRthak vyaktiyoM' mukhya viSaya hai, evaM 'bhAiyoM' zabda vizeSaNa yA upAdhi rUpa meM hai, jisa para ArUDha hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, ata: yahI niyama alaga na hae pitAmaha, pitA, putroM, cAcAoM evaM bhatIjoM ke viSaya meM bhI lAga hotA hai| medhAtithi (manu 2 / 26) ne isa nyAya kA ullekha kiyA hai / yahI niyama kucha mAmaloM meM (arthAt kahIM-kahIM) liMga ke lie bhI prayukta hotA hai, arthAt puruSoM kA dyotaka zabda striyoM ko bhI apane meM sammilita karatA hai| udAharaNArtha, yAjJa0 (2 / 182) evaM nArada (8 / 40) ne dAsa ke viSaya meM kucha niyamoM kI vyavasthA kI hai| vyavahAramayUkha kA kathana hai ki ina vacanoM meM mulliga (puMstva) para hI sImita nahIM rahanA hai, niyama striyoM (dAsiyoM) ke lie bhI hai|' ina niyamoM ke apavAda bhI haiM / 'grahoM' (pyAloM) ke viSaya kA niyama 'camasoM' (camacoM) ke lie prayukta nahIM hotA hai (pU0 mI0 sU0 3 / 1 / 16-17) / yaha niyama ki kisI vidhi meM, kisI viSaya kA vizeSaNa zAbdika artha meM nahIM liyA jAnA cAhie aura na usa para bala hI diyA jAnA cAhie, anya bAtoM ke lie bhI prayukta hotA hai| kucha gambhIra abhiyogoM meM 'divya'-sampAdana ke viSaya meM kalpataru (vyavahAra para, pR0 210-211) evaM vyavahAramayUkha (pR0 45-46) ne kAlikApurANa se tIna zloka uddhata kiye haiM aura isa ukti (vacana yA nyAya kA kathana) kA prayoga vyavahAramayUkha dvArA ina zabdoM meM huA hai-'paradArarUpaM vizeSaNamavivakSitamabhizAparayAnuvAdyatvAt' (dekhie vya0 ma0, pR0 83-84) / kintu 'pazumAlabhate' meM, jahA~ 'yAga' ke viSaya kI vidhi hai, aisA avazya samajhA jAnA cAhie ki jo vyavasthita huA hai, vaha yAga hai jisameM puMsa (nara) pazu kI bali kI vyavasthA hai, isIlie eka hI pazu (aura vaha bhI nara pazu) kI bali dI jAtI hai| yadyapi veda ne 'svargakAmo yajeta' (svarga kI icchA karane vAle ko yajJa karanA cAhie) meM puMlliga kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu jaimini (6 / 1 / 6-16) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki yahA~ striyA~ bhI sammilita haiM aura unheM bhI yAga karane kA adhikAra hai| jaimini ne Age vyavasthA dI hai ki pati evaM patnI ko eka sAtha dhArmika kartavya karanA cAhie. (6 / 1 / 17-21), kintu unhoMne aisA kaha diyA hai ki jahA~ zruti ne kucha viSayoM ko kevala yajamAna (puruSakartA) dvArA kiye jAne kI vyavasthA dI hai, vahA~ kevala puruSa hI vaisA karegA, kyoMki mantroM ke jJAna meM patnI pati ke samAna nahIM hotI aura vaha ajJAnI bhI hotI hai, isIlie, usako unhIM karmoM ko karane kI chUTa hai, jahA~ spaSTa rUpa se vyavasthA hai, yathA---ghRta kI ora dekhanA, brahmacarya-pAlana Adi (6 / 1 / 24) 'tasyA yAvaduktamAzI pradhAne liGagasaMkhyAdi vizeSaNaM vivakSyate, grahaM samASrTIti satyapyekavacane sarve grahAH sNmRjynte|' zlokavAtika ne uddezya ko yoM paribhASita kiyA hai-'yadvatayogaH prAthamyamityAdyuddezyalakSaNam / tadvattamevakArazca syAdupAdeyalakSaNam // vadatyartha svazaktyA ca zabdo vaktranapekSayA // anumAnapari0, zloka 106-110 / 7. asmin prakaraNe dAsapadagata puMstvasyAvivakSitatvAd dAsyAmapyeSa sarvo vidhi yH| vya0 ma0 (10 210) / dekhie vyavahAramamUkha (vIramitrodaya kA bhAga, pR0 322) / 6 / 1 / 6 para zabara ne ('pazumAlabheta') ke viSaya meM TippaNI kI hai:--'idaM tu pazutvaM yAgasya vizeSaNatvena shruuyte| tatra pazutvasya yAgasya ca sambandho na drvyyaagyoH|' yathA pazutvaM yAga sambaddhamevaM puMstvamekatvaM c| soyamanekavizeSaNaviziSTo yAgaH zrayate / sa yathAbhratyeva krtvyH| upAdeyatvena coditatvAt / ' pR0 1356 / / ___. tasmAtphalArthinI satI smRtimapramANIkRtya dravyaM parigRhNIyAdya jeta ceti / zabara (pU0 mI0 sa0 6 / 1 / 13 pr)|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa brhmcrymtulytvaat')|' patnI snAna karatI hai aura aise karma karatI hai, yathA--aJjana lagAnA, Acamana karanA aura jaba taka prAtaHkAlIna yA sAyaMkAlIna agnihotra calatA rahatA hai, mauna dhAraNa karanA / darzapUrNamAsa tathA anya yajJoM meM use yoktra (maMja ke trisUtra) se apanI kaTi ko mekhalA ke rUpa meM bA~dhe rahanA par3atA hai / use mantra ke sAtha pAtra meM ghRta ko dekhanA par3atA hai aura vaha mantra hai 'mahInAM payosyoSadhInAM raso'si adabdhena tvA cakSapAdhvekSe saprajAstvAya' arthAt 'Apa gauoM ke dUdha haiM, auSadhiyoM ke rasa haiM, acchI santAna kI prApti ke lie maiM ninimeSa dRSTi se dekha rahI hU~' (tai0 saM0 2 / 10 / 3) / isake pUrva ki pati pavitra agniyoM ko sthApita kare, patnI ko apane pitA yA pati se yajJoM meM kahe jAne vAle mantroM ko sIkha lenA cAhie (dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2, pR0 1041, paad-ttippnnii)| kramaza: vaidika yajJoM meM patnI kI mahattA samApta ho gayI aura vaha mAtra darzaka raha gayI, vaha yajamAna (apane pati) evaM purohita dvArA kiye jAne vAle sabhI kRtyoM ko kevala ghaNToM dekhatI rahatI hai| vaidika yajJoM ke viSaya meM striyoM ke adhikAroM para uparyukta pratibandhoM ke rahate hue bhI smRtiyoM ne striyoM ke lie kucha niyama banA diye haiM, kintu vahA~ vacana puMlliga meM rakhA gayA hai / udAharaNArtha, manu,0 (11163) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki kisI brAhmaNa , kSatriya evaM vaizya ko surApAna nahIM karanA cAhie / mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 256) ke matAnusAra yaha niSedha tIna ucca vargoM ke sadasyoM kI patniyoM ke lie bhI hai| pU0 mI0 sU0 meM AyA hai ki vidhivAkya meM kisI zabda ke liMga evaM vacana para kucha viSayoM meM dhyAna denA cAhie aura usa para ArUDha bhI honA caahie| udAharaNArtha, pU0 mI0 sU0 (4 / 1 / 11-16) meM aisA sthApita hai ki jyotiSTom meM bali diyA jAne vAlA agniSomIya pazu eka hI hai jaisA ki 'yo dIkSito yad agniSomIyaM pazumAla bhati (jo vyakti dIkSA le cukA hai aura agni evaM soma ko pazu kI bali detA hai) nAmaka vacana se spaSTa hai / azvamedha ke prasaMga meM jo ye zabda Aye haiM--'vasantAya kapijalAnAlabhate grISmAya kalaviGakAna. . .' (vaha vasanta Rtu ke lie kapijaloM kI bali detA hai) vahA~ bali diye jAne vAle kapiJjala pakSI kevala tIna haiM (eka yA do nahIM aura na tIna se adhik)| isI prakAra isa ukti 6. tasmAssavaM yajamAnena karttavyam / Ahatya vihitaM palyA ca / TupTIkA (6 // 1 // 24 para, pR0 1376) / 10. kAtyAyanazrautasUtra (4 / 13) kI TIkA meM paddhati kI TippaNI yoM hai : 'upavezana-vyatiriktaM patnI kimapi na karotIti sampradAyaH / tacca sAdhutaram / vidvattayA pumAneva kuryaadvidussiitraa| vedAdhyayanazUnyatvAt / pratiSiddhaM hi tatstriyaH // ' zAstradIpikA (6 / 1 / 24) 11. 'vasantAya kapiJjalAnAlabhate grISmAya kalaviGakAn...Adi; yaha vAja0 saM0 (24 / 20) evaM maMtrA0 saM0 (3 // 14 // 1) meM AyA hai| ise pU0 mI0 sU0 (1131 // 31-46) meM kapiJjalanyAya kahA jAtA hai| 'kapiJjAlAna' meM bahuvacana hai aura kama-se-kama tIna kapiJjaloM kI vyavasthA hai| sahasroM kapijaloM kI bali se adhika phala nahIM prApta hogA, kyoMki kevala eka hI vyavasthA dI huI hai na ki katipaya anya saMkhyAoM kI vyvsthaa| zAstradIpikA meM AyA hai : 'yo hi trInAlabhate yazca sahasraM tayorubhayorapi bhutvsmpaadnmvishissttm|... nivRttavyApAra ca vidhau, na hisyAditi niSedha zAstraM pravartata ityadhikAnAlambhaH / isakI ora parAzaramAdhavIya (1 / 2 / 281) meM saMketa hai, yathA 'prANAyAmairiti bahuvacanasya kapiJjanyAyena tritve paryavasAnAt tribhiH prANAyAmaH zudhyati ityrthH|' milAie pU0 mI0 sU0 (411111); 'tathA ca ligam' pU0 mI0 sU0 (411 / 17) / te0 saM0 (2 / 1 / 2 / 5) meM yaha vacana hai : 'vasante prAtarAgneyI kRSNanIvImAlabheta grISme madhyandine saMhitAmantrI zaraya.

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsA siddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama meM--'vaha vasanta meM agni ko prAta:kAla kAlI gardana vAlA pakSI, grISma meM madhyAhna (dopahara) kAla meM kaI ra go vAlA pakSI, zarada meM bahaspati ko zveta raMga kA pakSI detA hai, mAdA pakSI kI ora saMketa hai, kyoMki usake uparAnta 've garbhavatI ho jAtI haiM' (bhiNAyo bhavanti) zabda A jAte haiN| dharmazAstra grantha bahudhA kahate hai ki bahuta-se vacanoM meM prayukta puMlliga zabdoM meM striyA~ mammilita nahIM haiN| udaharaNArtha, agnipurANa (175 // 56-61) ne sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI vratoM meM mAnya niyamoM kI carcA karate hue vyavasthA dI hai ki vrata karane vAle vyakti ko snAna karanA cAhie, vratamUtiyoM (vratA vAle devatAoM kI mUrtiyoM) kI pUjA karanI cAhie, grata ke uparAnta japa evaM homa karanA cAhie, aura sAmarthya ke anusAra dAna karanA cAhie tathA 24, 12, 5 yA kevala 3 viproM ko bhojana denA cAhie / nirNayasindhu (pR. 24) ne ise pRthvIcandra se uddhRta kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki yahA~ kevala pulliga zabda 'viprAH' AyA hai, ata: kevala brAhmaNoM ko hI bhojana denA cAhie na ki striyoM ko bhI / 2 isa niyama ke virodha meM hemAdri 13 ne padA0 ko uddhRta karate hue likhA hai--'yadi koI nArI garbhavatI ho, abhI-abhI jananakriyA huI ho (saurI meM ho), yA bImAra ho yA azuddha ho gayI ho, to use kisI anya vyakti dvArA vrata karA lenA cAhie, aura jaba vaha zuddha ho jAya to usa vrata ko svayaM bhI kara sakatI hai|' isa para nirNayagindhu kA kathana hai ki yaha niyama puruSoM ke lie bhI lAgU hotA hai, jaba ki ve azuddha ho jAte haiM, kyoMki yahA~ para liga para AruDha rahanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| zabdoM evaM vAkyoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie mImAMsA ne niyamoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| sarvaprathama zabda-sambandhI kucha niyamoM ke dRSTAnta diye jA rahe haiM--(1) zabara ne apane bhApya ke prathama vAkya meM hI yaha siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai ki jaimini ke sUtroM evaM veda ke zabdoM ko yathAsambhava usI artha meM lenA cAhie jisameM ve sAmAnyata: pracalita AnAra yA prayoga meM samajhe jAte haiM, na ki unheM gauNa yA pAribhASika artha ke rUpa meM samajhanA caahie| yahI niyama jaimini dvArA (3 / 2 / 1-2) 'devoM ke nivAsa sthAna ke lie maiM 'bahis' ko kATatA hai' nAmaka mantra meM prayukta 'vahis' zabda ke artha ke sambandha meM pratipAdita huA hai| yahA~ para niSkarSa yaha hai ki 'bahis' zabda ko hama pramukha artha meM, arthAt 'eka muTThI kuza ke artha meM lenA cAhie, na ki isa gauNa artha ke rUpa meM ki yaha kuza hai yA koI anya prakAra kI ghAsa hai| zabara ne nimna likhita niSkarSa upasthita kiyA haikisI zabda ke mukhya evaM gauNa arthoM meM prastuta kArya ke silasile meM mukhya artha ko hI grahaNa karanA ucita parAnhe zvetAM bArhaspatyAm' evaM tai0 saM0 (2 / 1 / 2 / 6) meM aisA AyA hai--'gabhiNayo bhavanti, indriyaM vai garbha indriyamevAsmin dadhati / ' 12. pRthvIcandrodaye'gnipurANe-snAAtvAvratavatA sarvavrateSu vrtmuurtyH| pUjyAH suvarNamapyAdyAH....vratAnte dAnameva ca / catuviza...paJca vA traya eva c| viprA bhojyA yathAzakti tebhyo dadyAcca dakSiNAm / atra viprA iti pulliMganirdezAt pumAMsa eva bhojyAH, na tu striyaH / evaM sahasrabhojanAdAvapi / visa vinA'yuktatvAt / ni0 si0 (pa0 24) / isane zabara ke bhASya (pU0 mI0 sU0 3 / 3 / 17 evaM 16) para bhI nirbhara kiyA hai| 13. tathA hemAdrau paajhe| garbhiNI sUtikAdizca kumArI vAtha roginnii| yadAH zuddhA tadAnyena kArayat prayatA svayam / iti puMsopyeSa vidhiH, liGagasyAvivakSitatvAt / ni0 si0 (pR0 28) /

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180 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai|' zabara ne puna: kahA hai (1 / 3 / 30) ki veda evaM pracalita prayoga meM zabda eka-se haiM aura unake artha bhI eka-se hI haiM / 14 vaidika agniyoM kI sthApanA ke viSaya meM tai0 brA0 (1 / 114) evaM Apa0 zrI0 sU0 (5 / 3 / 18) ne tInoM vargoM ke logoM ke lie vibhinna RtuoM kI vyavasthA kI hai aura Upara se jor3a diyA hai ki rathakAra ko varSA Rtu meM vaidika agniyA~ rakhanI cAhie / aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA ina vacanoM meM prayukta zabda 'rathakAra' usa jAti ke kisI sadasya kA dyotaka hai (arthAt kyA use laukika artha meM liyA jAya) yA yaha usa vyakti kA dyotaka hai jo kisI bhI varNa kA ho kintu vaha rathoM kA nirmANa karatA hai (pAribhASika artha meM) sthApita niSkarSa yaha hai ki laukika artha hI grahaNa karanA cAhie, vyatpatti malaka athavA pAribhASika artha nahIM (pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 1144-50) / rathakAra ke viSaya meM AdhAra (vaidika agniyoM kI sthApanA) kA mantra hai 'RbhUNAM tvA' (tai0 brA0 1 / 1 / 4 / 8) / yadyapi rathakAra tIna ucca varNoM kA vyakti nahIM thA, kintu vaha usa mantra kA ucAraNa kara sakatA thA, kyoMki zruti ne spaSTa rUpa se usake lie vyavasthA kI hai kintu vaha upanayana saMskAra nahIM kara sakatA thaa| pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 1 / 50) ne tai0 brA0 evaM Apa0 zrautasatra meM ullikhita 'rathakAra' ko jAti kA dyotaka mAnA hai jise saudhanvana kahA jAtA hai jo na to zadra hai aura na tIna ucca vargoM meM parigaNita hai, pratyuta vaha unase thor3A heya hai / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2, pR0 45-46 / saMskArakaustubha (pR0 168) ne tarka upasthita kiyA hai ki yadi eka bAra hindU-vidhavA ko goda lene kA adhikAra de diyA gayA to kevala yaha tathya ki vaha sAmAnya rUpa se vaidika mantroM ke uccAraNa kI adhikArI nahIM hai, use usa adhikAra se vaMcita nahIM kara sakatA aura aisI dhAraNA rakhanA sambhava hai, jaisA rathakAra ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai| arthAt vaha kisI bacce ko goda lete samaya kisI viziSTa veda mantra kA uccAraNa kara sakatI hai / tai0 saM0 (4 / 5 / 4 / 2) ne katipaya zilpiyoM athavA karmakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA--takSa, rathakAra, kulAla, karmAra Adi / atharvaveda (3 / 5 / 6) evaM vAja0 saM0 (30 / 6 'medhAya rathakAraM dhairyAya takSANam') se prakaTa hotA hai ki una dinoM samAja meM rathakAra kI sthiti acchI thii| zabda ko usake usa artha kI chAyA (yA saMdarbha) meM samajhanA cAhie jo upasthita yA prastuta kriyA ke samIcIna ho / udAharaNArtha, zruti kA kathana hai-'vaha sruva se kATatA hai, vaha cAkU se kATatA hai, vaha hAtha se kATatA hai' (sabhI sthAnoM meM kriyA 'avadyati' hI hai| prazna yaha hai--kyA sabhI prakAra ke havipadArtha cAhe ve tarala hoM yA adrava (kaThora yA kar3e), yA ve mAMsa ke rUpa meM haiM yA anya 'dravyoM ke rUpa meM, kyA srava se hI kATe jAya~ ? yA vyakti ko usa havi (dravya) ke anurUpa hI kisI yantra kA upayoga karanA cAhie ? yathA--ghRta pAtra se sruva dvArA nikAlA aura diyA jAtA hai, mAMsa cAkU se kATA jatAA hai aura taba agni meM DAlA jAtA hai tathA kaThina yA moTI vastue~ (yathA-samidhA) hAtha dvArA agni meM DAlI jAtI haiN| niSkarSa yaha hai ki havi ke prakAra ke anurUpa hI usakA pradAna kiyA jAtA hai / ise hI 'sAmarthyAdhikaraNa' (pU0 mI0 sU0 1 / 4 / 25) kahA jAtA hai / 15 vyavahAramayUkha ne pitAmaha dvArA vyavasthita divyoM kI 14. ya eva laukikAH zabdAsta eva vaidikAsta evaMSAmA iti / zabara (113 / 30) . 15. arthAdvA kalpanaikadezatvAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 4 / 25); zabara ne uddhRta kiyA hai : 'sraveNAvati, svadhitinAvadyati hastenAyadyati, iti zrUyate / ki nuveNAvadAtavyaM sarvasya dravasya saMhatasya mAMsasya ca / tathA svadhitinA

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsA siddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama te carcA karate hue uparyukta vacana kA sahArA liyA hai aura kahA hai- 'ghRta, pake cAvala evaM samidhA Adi ke sAtha cAroM dizAoM meM homa karanA cAhie' aura ghoSita kiyA ki 'ghRta kA homa sravA se, havi (pake cAvala Adi kA ) kA homa srucI ( eka cammaca ) se tathA samidhA kA ( dAhine hAtha se homa karanA cAhie, kyoMki ye sAdhana unake (ghRta, havi evaM samidhA ke lie upayukta haiN| vyavahAramayUkha ne aisA kahate hue raghunandana kI AlocanA kI hai, kyoMki raghunandana ne dAyatattva meM aisI vyavasthA dI hai ki ina tInoM kA homa eka sAtha honA cAhie, pRthaka-pRthaka nahIM / tai0 saM0 ( 116/8/2 ) meM varNita dasa pakSiya upakaraNoM ke lie bhI yahI niyama prayukta hotA hai, yathA-- sphuya ( lakar3I kI talavAra ), ghaTazakala ( tavA ) Adi / yahA~ para pUrvapakSa yaha hai ki yajJa meM kisI uddezya ke lie inameM se koI bhI pAtra prayukta ho sakatA hai; sthApita niSkarSa yaha hai ( pU0 mI0 sU0 3 / 1 / 11 evaM 4 / 1 / 7 - 10 ) ki dasa upakaraNoM kA ullekha kevala anuvAda hai aura yaha varNana pUrvapakSa ke kathana ke anusAra nahIM samajhA jAnA cAhie, pratyuta inameM se pratyeka kA upayoga usI uddezya se honA cAhie jisake lie vaidika vacanoM meM vyavasthA hai (yathA--- ghaTazakala para puroDAza pakAyA jAtA hai), okhalI meM mUsala se cAvala kUTA jAtA hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2, pR0 685 pAda-TippaNI 2233, jahA~ dasa upakaraNoM (yajJapAtroM yA yajJAyudhoM Adi kA ullekha hai / 6 7 eka hI vAkya meM eka hI zabda kA prayoga do arthoM meM nahIM honA cAhie, arthAt mukhya evaM gauNa donoM arthoM meM prayoga nahIM honA cAhie / dAyabhAga ( 3 / 26-30, pR0 67 ) ne isa ukti kA sahArA liyA hai| jaba bhAI (eka hI mA~ ke putra) ba~TavArA karate haiM to yAjJa0 ( 2 / 123 ) aisI smRtiyoM ne vyavasthA dI hai ki mA~ ko bhI putra ke barAbara hI bhAga milatA hai / isa para dAyabhAga ne TippaNI kI hai ki 'mAtA' zabda (yAjJa0 2 / 123 ) Adi meM kA mukhya rUpa se artha hai - jananI ( janma dene vAlI ), isa smRti - niyama kA sambandha vimAtA se nahIM hai, kyoMki eka hI vAkya meM eka hI zabda mukhya evaM gauNa artha meM prayukta nahIM hotA / kintu itanA kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki sabhI dharmazAstra grantha isa niyama ko nahIM mAnate / aparArka ( pR0 730) ne yAjJa0 hastena ca uta sarveSamArthato vyavasthA / ' pUrvapakSa yaha hai : ('avizeSAbhidhAnAdavyavastheti / ' niSkarSa yaha hai : 'arthAdvA kalpanA, sAmarthya tkalpaneti sruveNAvadyedyathA zaknuyAt tathA yasya zaknuyAt tasya ceti / AkhyAtazabdAnAmarthaM bravatAM zaktiH sahakAriNI / evaM cedyathAzakti vyavasthA bhavitumarhati / tathA aJjalinAM saktUna pradAvye juhoti iti / ' yaha antima tai0 saM0 ( 3 / 3 / 8 ) se uddhRta hai| dekhie vya0 ma0 ( pR0 54) jahA~ prastuta lekhaka ne isa ukti kI vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| uparyukta vacana para zAstradIpikA ne yaha TippaNI dI hai : 'tasmAcchaktisahAyo vidhireva yathA sAmarthyaM vidheyaM vyavasthApayati / ' 16. 0 saM0 (1 / 6 / 8 / 2 - 3 ) meM AyA hai : yo vaM dazayajJAyudhAni veda mukhatosya yajJaH kalpate spyazca kapAlAni cAgnihotrahavaNI ca zUrpa ca kRSNAjinaM ca zamyA colUkhalaM ca musalaM ca dRSaccolA caitAni ve dazayajJAyudhAni / ' zeSa bAteM dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA saMkSipta anuvAda bhAga 1, pR0 513, pAd- TippaNI / 17. anyAyazcAnekArthatvam / zabara ( 3 / 2 / 1 evaM 7 / 3 / 3 ) ; na hyekasya zabdasyAnekArthatA satyAM gatau nyAyyA | zabara ( 8 / 3 / 22 ) / dekhie zabara ( 6 | 4|18 ) para bhI / zaMkarAcArya ne apane bhASya (brahmasUtra 204 | 3) meM isa niyama ko ati spaSTa DhaMga se rakhA hai : 'na hyekasminprakaraNe ekasmizca vAkye ekaH zabdaH sakRtaccarito bahubhiH sambadhyamAnaH kvacinmukhyaH kvacid gauNa tatyadhyavasAtuM zakyam / vairUpyaprasaMgAt /

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162 dharmazAla kA itihAsa . (2 / 123, piturUvaM vibhajatAM mAtApyazaM samaM hareta) kI TIkA meM likhate hue vyAsa kI ukti ke AdhAra para 'mAtA' zabda ke antargata 'vimAtA' ko bhI rakhA hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 21135) ne rikya kI pratibandhanIyatA kI carcA karate hae patnI, pUtriyoM, mAtA-pitA, bhAiyoM, unake pUtroM ke Rma ko upasthita kiyA hai aura vyavasthA dI hai ki sarvaprathama sahodara bhAI dAya pAte haiM, unake abhAva meM sautele bhAI loga, unake abhAva meM bhAI ke putra / vyavahAramayUkha (pR0 142) isase mataikya nahIM rakhatA aura kahatA hai ki 'bhrAtA' zabda kA mukhya artha hai sautelA bhAI, isakA gauNa artha hI bhAI' hai ; eka hI vAkya meM eka hI zabda ko do arthoM meM prayukta nahIM karanA cAhie, ata: sahodara bhAI ke abhAva meM usakA putra hI dAya pAtA hai (na ki sautelA bhAI, jaisA ki mitAkSarA meM AyA hai) / zabda kA mukhya artha 'amidhA' se prApta hotA hai, gauNa artha 'lakSaNA' se aura kabhI-kabhI tIsarA artha vyaJjanA se prApta hotA hai / 18 ye hI eka zabda kI tIna vRttiyA~ (kriyAe~ athavA karma) kahI jAtI haiN| zabdoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie nirNIta niyamoM meM eka pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 3 / 8-6) meM pAyA jAtA hai| zabara ne zabdoM ke tIna dRSTAnta diye haiM, yathA-nyavoM se banA cara, sUara (varAha) ke carma se banI pAdukAe~ tathA vetasa se banI cttaaii| yava, varAha evaM vetasa zabda kacha logoM dvArA zrama se 'priya' (pippalI), kauA evaM jambU (kAlI vaira) ke artha meM liye jAte haiN| prathama dRSTi meM lagatA hai ki ina zabdoM ko donoM meM se kisI bhI artha meM prayukta kiyA jA sakatA hai| siddhAnta yaha hai ki ina zabdoM ko usI artha meM prayoga karanA cAhie jisa artha meM veda (yA zAstra) yA ziSTa loga unheM prayukta karate haiM, arthAt jahA~ zabdoM ke kaI artha hoM vahA~ vidvAn Arya logoM ke prayoga kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie / 19 kumArila ne bahuta-ro dRSTAntoM ke 18. tantravArtika (pR0 354, 1 / 4 / 12 para) ke anusAra lakSaNA evaM gauNI meM thor3A-sA antara dekhie 'abhidheyAvinAbhate prtiitirlkssnnssyte| lakSyamANa garyogAdavattariSTA ta gauNatA / vanitvalakSitA ngglyaadigmyte| tena mANava ke buddhiH sraadRshyaadupjaayte|| 'gaMgAyAM ghoSaH' lakSaNA hai (gaMgAtIre ghoSaH), hai (agnirmANavakaH (lar3akA agni hai) gauNIvRtti kA udAharaNa hai (ubhayaniSTha guNa kI prApti, arthAt donoM meM kisI eka guNa kA astitva) gauNI lakSaNa kA eka prakAra mAtra hai| lakSaNA kA bahudhA prayoga hotA rahatA hai| lar3ake meM agni ke kucha guNa vidyamAna rahate haiM, yathA ati piMgala raMga, Adi, ataH yahA para 'agni' lAkSaNika DhaMga se lar3ake lie bhI prayukta huA hai| 16. teSvadarzanAdvirodhasya samA vipratipattiHsyAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 (1138); yavamayazcaruH vArAhI upAnahau, vaitase kaTe prAjApatyAn saJcinoti iti yavavarAhavetasazabdAna samAmananti / tatra keciddIrghazakeSu yavazabdaM prayuJjate kecitpriyaGaguSu / varAha zabda-kecitsUkare kecitkRSNa zakunau / vetasazabdaM kecidvaJjulake kecijjambvAm / zabara / siddhAntasUtra yoM hai : 'zAstrasthA vA tanimittatvAta / pU0 mI0 sU0 (1336); zabara ne vyAkhyA kI hai : 'yaH zAstrasthAnAM sa zabdArthaH ke zAstrasthAH, ziSTAH teSAmavicchinnA smRti: zabdeSu vedeSa c| bhAmatI (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 52) ne isa para nirbhara kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki bhArata meM AryoM ke madhya jo artha diyA jAtA hai vahI AndhroM ke madhya bhI (zabda ke lie) rahatA hai (yathA 'rAjana zabda evaM usakA artha) / 'polu' zabda ke viSaya meM gautama (1122) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki kSatriya yA vaizya brahmacArI ko azvattha (pIpala) yA pIla vRkSa kA daNDa grahaNa karanA cAhie (azvatthapailavo zeSe), kintu manu0 (2045) ne vaizya brahmacArI ke lie pola yA yA udumbara vRkSa ke daNDa kI vyavasthA kI hai| amarakoza meM AyA hai ki pIlu kA artha vRkSa evaM hAthI donoM hai|

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afare se sambandhita mImAMsA siddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama samAna zabara ke isa siddhAnta ko bhI amAnya ThaharAyA hai aura do anya vyAkhyAe~ upasthita kI haiM, yathA-sUtroM se vyakta hai ki 'pIlu' zabda kA artha hai vRkSa, aura mleccha loga isakA prayoga hAthI ke artha meM karate haiM / smRtiyoM meM isa zabda kA artha hai 'vRkSa' aura vahI mAnya honA cAhie / yahA~ para 'zAstrasthA:' kA artha hai 'zAstra arthAt smRti meM zabda kA mAnA gayA artha / ' kumArila ne ina sUtroM meM jo anya artha dekhA hai vaha hai smRti evaM AcAra kI tulanAtmaka zakti athavA sAmarthya | 'zrAddha' zabda ke mukhya artha ke prazna para vizvarUpa ne yAjJa0 ( 11225 ) kI vyAkhyA meM isa adhikaraNa kA Azraya liyA hai aura kahA hai ki zrAddha 'piNDadAna' ( pitaroM ko bhAta ke piNDa denA ) hai na ki brAhmaNoM ko bhojana denA / parAzaramAdhavIya ne 'ADhaka' yA 'droNa' kI tola vAle cAvala ke pake bhojana ke viSaya meM parAzarasmRti kI ora saMketa kiyA hai aura isa bAta kI carcA kI hai ki vaha kisa prakAra kauoM dvArA coMca mAre jAne, kuttoM dvArA sparza kara liye jAne tathA gadahoM dvArA saMgha liye jAne para apavitra ho jAtA hai aura vyavasthA dI hai ki ADhaka evaM droNa kI tola zAstroM meM varNita bAtoM ke AdhAra para lI jAnI cAhie, na ki mlecchoM meM pracalita tola ke AdhAra para / zabdoM ke viSaya meM eka anya niyama (pU0 mI0 sU0 1|3|10 ) yaha hai ki una zabdoM ko jo mUlataH videzI haiM, kintu saMskRta meM pracalita ho gaye haiM, usI artha meM samajhA jAnA cAhie jisakA pracalana videzI bhASA meM pAyA jAtA hai, unakI vyutpatti ke lie hameM nirukta evaM vyAkaraNa kA Azraya nahIM lenA cAhie / zabara ne aise cAra zabdoM ke udAharaNa diye haiM, yathA-- pika ( kokila), nema (AdhA ), tAmarasa ( kamala) evaM sata ( vRttAkAra kASThapAtra ) / ' zabdoM ke viSaya meM eka anya niyama yaha hai ki jahA~ katipaya vizeSatAoM se sambandhita koI eka dravya kisI sampAdita hone vAle karma se sambandhita hotA hai, to vahA~ una sabhI vizeSatAoM ko usI dravya se sambandhita samajhA jAnA cAhie (pU0 mI0 sU0 3|1|12 ) / tai0 saM0 (6 / 1 / 1 / 6-7 ) meM vyavasthA dI huI hai -- ' vaha lAla raMga vAlI tathA pIlI A~kha vAlI eka varSIyA bachiyA (vatsatarI yA vatsA) ke dvArA soma kA kraya karatA / yahA~ para 'piMgAkSI' evaM 'ekahAyanI' do zabdoM se vyutpattimUlaka artha 'TapakatA hai, donoM eka prakAra ke kAraka meM haiM aura eka hI padArtha ( dravya) kI ora ( yahA~ eka varSa vAlI bachiyA ) nirdeza karate haiM / 20 kintu 'aruNayA' (lAla raMga vAlI ) zabda eka sandeha utpanna karatA hai jo yaha hai- kyA ise vAkya 20. arthakatve dravyaguNayoraM kakarmyAnniyamaH syAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 3|1|12 ) ; jyotiSTome RyaM prakRtya zrUyate / aruNayA piGgAkSyaikahAyanyA somaM krINAti / iti / tatra sandehaH / kimaruNimAM kRtsne prakaraNe nivizetota Rye evaika hAyanyAmiti' / zabara / 'aruNayA krINAti' nAmaka vAkya tai0 saM0 (6 / 1 / 1 / 6-7 ) kA hai| zabara ne isa para eka lambA vivAda kiyA hai| tantravArtika ( pU0 mI0 sU0 22226) meM AyA hai : 'prAptakarmaNi nAneko vidhAtu zakyate 'guNaH | aprApte tu vidhIyante bahavo pyekayatnataH // pR0 485 ( mI0 nyA0 pra0 dvArA uddhRta, pR0 36, abhayaMkara saMskaraNa) / udAharaNArtha, zrAddha kI vyavasthA eka vidhi ke rUpa meM hai, kintu yadi koI zrAddha ke viSaya meM kucha bAteM vyavasthita karanA cAhatA hai to pratyeka bAta ke lie pRthak-pRthak vidhiyoM kI AvazyakatA par3egI, yathA'gayAyAM zrAddhaM dadyAt ' kutaye zrAddhaM dadyAt / kintu jahA~ pahale se hI kisI guNa ( gauNa yA sahAyaka bAta) kI yavasthA ke lie koI vidhi nahIM hai, vahA~ para eka mukhya vidhi hogI jisameM katipaya guNoM kA samAveza hogA. jaisA ki pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 11416) meM likhita hai /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM prayukta anya do zabdoM se pRthaka rakhA jAya aura kisI lAla padArtha, yathA--eka vastra-khaNDa ke artha meM liyA jAya, yA ise kriyA (kraya karatA hai) se sambandhita kiyA jAya aura isa prakAra yaha krama se gauNa ho jAya aura eka varSIyA bachiyA kI ora saMketa kre| yaha antima pakSa hI sthApita niSkarSa hai| soma kA Rya kisa prakAra kiyA jAya, isakA patA kisI anya ukti se nahIM cala paataa| ata: isa prakAra ke mAmale meM eka hI vyavasthA meM kaI sahakAriyoM kI bAta calAyI jA sakatI hai| yadi 'aruNayA' zabda se yaha jhalakatA hai ki vaha kisI lAla padArtha kI ora saMketa karatA hai to yaha vAkya do vidhiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAyagA --(1) 'lAla vastra-khaNDa ke sAtha kharIdanA cAhie' evaM 'eka varSa vAlI piMgAkSI (ekahAyanI) ke dvArA kharIdanA caahie|' kintu yaha 'vAkyabheda' nAmaka doSa kahA jAyagA / yaha nyAya madanapArijAta (pR0 88-86) dvArA vyAkhyApita ho cukA hai aura aparArka ne (pR0 1030) meM bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (4 / 4 / 21 'tametaM vedAnuvacanena brAhmaNA vividiSTanti') ke zabdoM ke samyaka artha kI vyAkhyA meM isakA upayoga kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki jaba sarvottama uddezya eka ho kintu sahAyaka (gauNa) tattva vibhinna hoM to vibhinna tattvoM ko eka meM milA denA cAhie / zabdoM ke viSaya meM eka anya niyama hai jise niSAdasthapatinyAya (pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 1151-52) kahA jAtA hai| aisA AyA hai ki vaha iSTi, jisameM bhAta kA havana rudra ke lie hotA hai, niSAdasthapati ke dvArA sampAdita hotA hai| 'niSAda' usa vyakti ko kahate haiM jisakA pitA brAhmaNa ho, kintu mAtA zUdra (manu0 1018) / vaha tIna ucca vargoM meM parigaNita nahIM hotaa| 'sthapati' kA artha hai 'makhiyA yA netaa'| aba prazna uThatA hai, kyA isa sAmAsika zabda kA artha hai 'aisA niSAda jo mukhya (mukhiyA) hai' (yaha karmadhAraya samAsa hai), yA isakA artha hai 'niSAdoM kA zAsaka' jo svayaM niSAda nahIM bhI ho sakatA hai, pratyuta kSatriya bhI ho sakatA hai (arthAta SaSThI tatpuruSa samAsa ho sakatA hai, yathA--niSAdAnAM sthptiH)| niSkarSa yaha hai ki karmadhAraya tatpuruSa kI apekSA adhika zaktizAlI ThaharatA hai, kyoMki prathama sthiti meM donoM zabda kriyA se sIdhe DhaMga se sambandhita haiM (niSAdazcAsau sthapatizca, taM yAjayet ) / vyavahAramayUkha ne isa ukti kA upayoga kiyA hai| zaunaka smRti ne zUdra ko goda lene kA adhikAra diyA hai, kintu zuddhiviveka ke lekhaka rudradhara aise logoM ne kahA hai ki goda lene meM mantroM ke sAtha homa karanA hotA hai aura zUdra vaidika mantroM kA pATha nahIM kara sakatA, ata: vaha goda nahIM le sktaa| isa para vyavahAramayUkha ne uttara diyA hai ki zaunakasmRti dvArA goda lene ke adhikAra kI sthApanA ke uparAnta kevala itanA hI zeSa raha jAtA hai ki vaha kisI brAhmaNa dvArA homa karA le| vedAntasUtra (1 / 3 / 15) ke zAkarabhASya kI TIkA mAmatI ne chAndogyopaniSad (8 / 3 / 2) meM prayukta 'brahmaloka' ke artha ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki yahA~ niSAda sthapatinyAya prayukta hai, ata: 'brahmaloka' kA artha hai 'lakSya ke rUpa meM brahma' na ki 'brahma kA lok'| manu0 (11 / 54) ne pA~ca mahApAtakoM meM' 'gurvaGganAgamaH' (guru-patnI ke sAtha maithuna) ko bhI ginA hai| TIkAkAroM ne isa zabda ke artha ke viSaya meM vibhinna mata diye haiN| prAyazcittaprakaraNa meM bhavadeva ne niSAdasthapatinyAya ke AdhAra para isa zabda meM karmadhAraya samAsa (guru: yA gurvI cAsau aMganA ca) mAnA hai, jisakA artha huA apanI mAtA; kintu anya logoM ne isameM tatpuruSa samAsa par3hA hai yathA--'guroH yA gurUNAm aMganA' (jisameM vimAtA, bar3e bhAI kI patnI, garu kI patnI Adi sammilita haiN)| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3, pR0 23-25, jahA~ isa para vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai| prabhAkara kA kathana hai ki koI zabda pRthaka rUpa se arthAnvita nahIM hotA, kintu jaba ve kisI vAkya meM ekadUsare ke sAtha samanvita hote haiM to, arthAnvita athavA arthayukta ho uThate haiN| isI se ve aura unake anuyAyI

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 185 'anvitAbhidhAnavAdI' kahe gaye haiM / kintu kumArila evaM unake anuyAyIgaNa yaha kahate haiM ki zabdoM ke apaneapane pRthak artha hote haiM aura jaba ve kisI vAkya meM saMyukta hote haiM to pahale se bhinna artha vAle ho jAte haiN| kumArila tathA unake anuyAyiyoM ko 'abhihitAnvayavAdI' kahA jAtA hai / prastuta lekhaka ne sAhityadarpaNa (1, 2, 10) kI TippaNI (pR0 86-88) meM ina do saMjJAoM kI vyAkhyA upasthita kI hai (dekhie san 1656 vAlA sNskrnn)| aba hama vAkya kI vyAkhyA kreNge| Rgveda evaM sAmaveda chandobaddha haiM, ata: sAmAnya DhaMga se unameM vAkya ke rUpa meM kyA hai, yaha jAnanA kaTina nahIM hai| kintu kRSNa yajurveda kA adhikAMza gadya meM hai| ata: pU0 mI0 sa0 (2 / 1 / 46) ne vAkya kI paribhASA kI hai ki jaba kaI zabda kisI eka prayojana (uddezya) kI pUrti karate haiM, kintu yadi una zabdoM meM eka yA kucha zabda zeSa zabdoM se pRthak kara diye jAyeM, to Age ke zabda (arthAt zeSa zabda ) apUrNa raha jAte haiM aura prayojana (uddezya) kI pUrti nahIM kara pAte aura pRthak kiye gaye zabdoM kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava karate haiM, ata: ve sabhI zabda eka vAkya banAte haiN| isakA udAharaNa eka mantra hai--'devasya tvA savituH prasave'zvinorbAhubhyAM pUSNo hastAbhyAmagnaye juSTaM nirvapAmi' (tai0 saM0 1.1 / 4 / 2 : maiM tumheM, jo agni ko priya hai, deva savitA kI AjJA se, azvinoM kI vAhuoM se, pUSA ke hAthoM se nirvApa detA hU~ arthAt arpaNa karatA 3)21 yaha eka vAkya hai, jisakA prayojana hai nirvaap| vAkya kI anya paribhASAoM ke lie dekhie sAhityadarpaNa (2 / 1) para prastuta lekhaka kI TippaNiyA~ (pa0 34) / artha ke bodha ke sAtha eka vAkya meM zabdoM ko rakhane ke lie 'AkAMkSA', 'yogyatA' evaM 'sannidhi' kI, vizeSata: AkAMkSA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| udAharaNArtha, 'zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sa043)kA kathana hai ki AkAMkSA ke vinA isakA vodha yA pratyakSa nahIM ho pAtA ki zabda vAkya banAte haiN| 'ekavAkyatA' zabda vedAntasUtra (3 / 4 / 24) meM AyA hai aura batAtA hai ki AkAMkSA do rUpoM vAlI hotI hai, yathA--vyAkaraNa vAlI evaM mAnasa (arthAt vyAkaraNajanya evaM mnovaijnyaanik)| kisI zabda ko sunakara yA par3ha kara sunane vAlA yA par3hane vAlA kisI pUrNa abhiprAya (bodha) kI prApti ke lie kisI anya vicAra yA zabda ko jAnane kI icchA rakhatA hai| jaba kaI eka vAkya, jinameM pratyeka apane bhAva ko vyakta karatA hai. eka-sAtha A 21. arthakatvAdekaM vAkyaM sAkAMkSaM cedvibhAge syaat| pU0 mI0 sU0 (2 / 1 / 46); atra prazliSTapaThiteSu yajuHSu kathamavagamyeta, iyadekaM yajuriti / yAvatA padasamUhenejyate tAvAnpadsamUha eka yajuH / kiyatA cejyate / yAvatA vidyAyA upakAraH prakAzyate tAvata / vaktavyAd vaakymityucyte| tasmAdekArthaH padasamUho vAkyaM yadi ca vibhajyamAnaM sAkAGkSaM padaM bhavati / kimadAharaNaM devasya tvA savituH prasavaM iti| shbr| mantra yaha hai : 'devasya tvA savituH prasave'zvinorbAhubhyAM pUSNo hastAbhyAmagnaye juSTaM nirvapAmi (tai0 saM0 204 / 2; kAThaka0 114) aura 'devasya. . .nirvapAmi' taka eka vAkya hai / aura dekhie zabara (1 / 2 / 25 para, yathA-tadbhUtAnAM kriyArthena samAmnAyo'rthasya tantrimittatvAt ) / donoM sUtroM meM 'artha' zabda kA artha hai prayojana / nyAyasudhA ne 'artha' zabda ko 'abhidheya' (abhiprAya, bhAva Adi) ke rUpa meM liyA hai, jisase ki sUtra ko aura vyApakatA prApta ho, kintu zabara meM ise yajarveda ke vacanoM taka hI sImita rakhA hai aura pratipAdita kiyA hai ki 'artha' prayojana kA dyotaka hai| aura dekhie 'thAvanti padAnyeka prayojanamabhinivartayanti tAvantyekaM vAkyam / zabara (pU0 mI0 sU0 2 / 2 / 27, pR0 560) / kAtyAyana zrautasUtra (1 / 3 / 2) meM aisA hI sUtra AyA hai, yathA-'teSAM vAkyaM niraakaangkssm'| TIkA ne 'teSAM' ko 'yajuSAm' ke rUpa meM liyA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa upasthita hote haiM aura aisA samajhate haiM ki unameM se koI eka mukhya hai tathA anya gauNa, to ve vAkya racanA karate haiN| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki vAkya ke do prakAra hote haiM, vAkya tathA mahAvAkya, jaisA ki sAhityadarpaNa ne kahA hai| vAkya kI paribhASA evaM usake bhASya se prakaTa hotA hai ki vAkya ke nirmANa ke lie tIna dazAoM kI apekSA hotI hai---(1) bahuta-se uccarita yA likhita zabda hone cAhie (padasamUha), (2) zabdoM ko paraspara AkAMkSA rakhanI cAhie (arthAta jaba padasamUha se eka pada yA zabda haTA liyA jAya to pUrNa bodha nahIM ho pAtA), (3) sabhI zabdoM kA eka hI prayojana honA cAhie, athavA yoM kahA jA sakatA hai ki sabhI ko eka-sAtha eka hI bodha denA cAhie (arthaMkatva, jaisA eka anya mata ke anusAra kahA gayA hai)| vAkya banAne ke lie zabdoM ko eka sannidhi meM AnA paramAvazyaka nahIM hai| yahA~ taka ki yadi kucha zabda madhyastha rUpa meM A jAyeM to bhI vAkya bana sakatA hai| kintu yaha tabhI sambhava hai jaba zabdoM ke bIca AkAMkSA ho| dekhie zabara (pU0 mI0 sU0 4 / 3 / 11) / kisI mantra ke vibhinna bhAgoM ko, jinase vibhinna prayojana siddha hote haiM, vibhinna vAkyoM ke artha meM grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNArtha, tai0 brA0 (31715) meM AyA hai--(he puroDAza) maiM, tumhAre lie ramya Asana (sadana) banAtA hU~, maiM ise ghRta kI dhArA se bahuta sundara banAtA hU~; prasanna hokara usa para baiThe, amRta meM sthApita ho jAo, he cAvala ke yajJiya tttv|' yahA~ do vAkya haiM, jinameM prathama kA sambandha hai Asana ke nirmANa se aura dUsare kA puroDAza ko Asana para rakhane se| isI prakAra isa vAkya meM 'maiM tumheM (he palAza kI zAkhA) bhojana ke lie (kATatA hU~), maiM tumheM zakti ke lie (dhotA yA ragar3atA) hU~, do bhinna vAkya haiM, jo eka-dUsare se svatantra haiN| aura dekhie zatapatha brAhmaNa (117 / 1 / 2) / mImAMsA evaM dharmazAstra meM vAkyabheda ke siddhAnta kA atyadhika mahattva hai| vAkyabheda kA zAbdika artha hai 'vAkyoM kA pRthak-pRthak ho jaanaa'| jaba vAkya samAna rUpa se svatantra hote haiM aura jaba koI vAkya apane ko pUrNa karane ke lie kisI anya vAkya ke zabdoM kI AkAMkSA nahIM rakhatA to una vAkyoM ko pRthak-pRthak mAnA jAtA hai| yaha 'vAkyabheda' kA eka abhiprAya (artha yA bhAva) hai| vAkyabheda kA dUsarA aura bahuta adhika prayukta artha isa prakAra hai--vAkyabheda kA antahita siddhAnta yaha hai ki eka hI vacana meM do vibhinna (pRthak-pRthak ) vidhiyoM kI vyavasthA nahIM ho sakatI, yA jaba koI bAta vyavasthita ho gayI rahatI hai aura usake uparAnta katipaya gauNa bAteM vyavasthita hotI haiM, to sabhI gauNa bAtoM ko eka hI vAkya meM vyavasthita karanA doSapUrNa kahA jAtA hai aura usI ko vAkyabheda (vAkyaracanA ke vicAra se vAkya kA bheda) kahate haiN| tai0 saM0 meM eka vacana hai--'yajJiya yapa udumbara vRkSa kA honA cAhie, udumbara Urja hai, pazu Urja hai; vaha usake (yajamAna ke lie Urja (udumbarayUpa) ke dvArA Urja kI prApti ke lie Urja (pazu) prApta karatA hai|' yaha eka vAkya-racanA-prakAra hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki kisI yajJa meM udumbara-yUpa ke prayoga ke lie koI vidhi hai aura phala ke lie bhI koI vidhi hai, yathA Urja (arthAt pazu) kI prApti, to isase vAkyabheda kI utpatti hogii| ata: vAkya meM do vidhiyA~ nahIM hotI, pratyata eka vidhi evaM eka arthavAda (stuti) hotA hai (zabara, pU0 mI0 sU0 112 / 25) / zaMkarAcArya ne vedAnta satra (313157) kI vyAkhyA meM kahA hai-'eka hIdaM vAkyaM vaizvAnaravidyAviSayaM pauSiryAlocanAta pratIyate....ekavAkya. tAvagatau satyAM vaakybhed--klpnsyaanyaayytvaat| vAkyabheda kI dhAraNA ke prathama svarUpa ke saMdarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai| vAkyabheda ke dUsare abhiprAya meM antahita bhAvanA yaha hai---yadi koI kArya yA dravya yA gauNa bAta kisI vidhi kA viSaya ho aura yadi usa kArya (yA dravya Adi) ke sambandha meM kucha anya bAteM (karma, dravya Adi) eka hI vAkya meM vyavasthita hoM to vahA~ vAkyabheda hogA (arthAt kisI vidhi kA jo viSaya rahA hai usake sambandha meM anya

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama bAtoM ke lie pRthaka vidhi kI vyavasthA karanI hogii)| dUsarI ora, yadi eka hI vAkya meM katipaya gauNa viSayoM ke sAtha koI karma, dravya yA gaNa vyavasthita ho to vahA~ koI vAkyabheda kA doSa na hogA, arthAt eka hI vAkyaM meM, cAhe vaha kitanA bhI lambA kyoM na ho yA usameM bahuta-se viSaya hoM, yadi vahA~ eka hI vidhi hai to koI doSa nahIM hotaa| 'bhUtikAma (bhUti arthAt samRddhi ke icchuka ) ko cAhie ki vaha vAyu ke lie zveta pazu kI bali de' nAmaka bAkya meM yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki pahale phala ke rUpa meM bhUti (aizvarya yA samRddhi) ke lie koI vidhi honI cAhie, to do vidhiyA~ utpanna ho jAyegI aura vAkyabheda uTha khar3A hogA, kintu yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki vidhi kA sambandha kevala zveta paza ke arpaNa se hai aura usake uparAnta jo AtA hai, yathA 'vAyavai kSepiSThA... mati gamayati' vaha kevala arthavAda (pahale kahI gayI vidhi kI stuti) hai to vahA~ vAkyabheda nahIM hogaa| vAkyabheda tabhI uTha khar3A hotA hai jaba eka hI vAkya meM eka se adhika vidhiyA~ mAna lI jAtI haiN| 22 vAkyabheda ke siddhAnta ke prakAzanArtha kucha dapTAnta diye jA rahe haiN| eka sarala dRSTAnta yaha hai---'grahaM smmaasstti'| yadi isakA eka artha yaha lagAyA jAya ki 'use pyAle ko svaccha karanA hai aura sAtha-hI-sAtha yaha bhI artha lagAyA jAya ki kevala eka hI pyAlA svaccha karanA hai, to yahA~ vAkyabheda ho jaaygaa| isIlie yaha taya kiyA gayA ki 'graha' meM jo eka vacana hai usa para dhyAna na diyA jAya, pratyuta sabhI grahoM (pyAloM) ke svaccha karane kI bAta para ArUr3ha rahanA cAhie, nahIM to do vidhiyA~ uTha khar3I hoMgI, yathA-'graha sammajyAt' evaM 'ekameva sammajyAt' / zabara ne pU0 mI0 sU0 (1 / 3 / 3) para eka zruti uddhata kI hai----'putravAn evaM kAle keza vAle ko vaidika agniyA~ prajvalita karanI caahie'| zrutivacanoM dvArA agnyAdhAna kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai, yathA tai0 brA0 (1 / 1 / 2 / 6), zatapatha brAhmaNa (2 / 1 / 2) / ata: uparyukta vacana ne kevala kucha sahAyaka viSayoM kI vyavasthA isake lie kI hai| eka vyakti kAle kezoM ke sAtha putrahIna bhI ho sakatA hai yA putravAn vyakti zveta kezoM vAlA ho sakatA hai| ata: yadi vaha vAkya donoM guNoM kI vyavasthA karane vAlA samajhA jAya (arthAt putravAn honA tathA kAle keza vAlA honA) to eka hI vAkya meM do vidhiyA~ spaSTa lakSita ho uThegI, arthAta vahA~ vAkyabheda uTha khar3A hogA, jisakA parityAga Avazyaka hai| ata: isa vAkya ko kisI nizcita avasthA ko batAne vAlA samajhA jAnA cAhie, arthAt use (vyakti ko) agnyAdhAna ke samaya bAlaka nahIM honA cAhie, pratyuta aisI avasthA kA honA cAhie ki use putra utpanna ho sake, aura na use bahuta bUr3hA (java keza zveta ho jAte haiM) honA cAhie / arthAt use agnyAdhAna ke kAla meM na to ati bAlaka aura na ati bUr3hA honA cAhie / 'jAtaputraH' evaM 'kRSNakezaH' meM lakSaNA bhI mAnI jAtI hai, aura lakSaNA zabda-doSoM meM ginI jAtI hai kintu vAkyabheda vAkyadoSoM meM ginA jAtA hai| ata: lakSaNA tathA vAkyabheda kI tulanA meM lakSaNA ko grahaNa karanA caahie| vyavahAramayUkha (pR0 115) ne mana ( / 142) ko uddhRta kiyA hai-'jo putra goda rUpa meM de diyA jAtA hai use kula kA nAma (gotra) nahIM prApta hogA aura na vaha apane vAstavika pitA kA riktha hI prApta kara sakegA; piNDa (jo mRta puruSoM ko diyA jAtA hai) kulanAma evaM riktha kA anusaraNa karatA hai| jo apane putra ko goda ke lie de detA hai usakI svadhA (jahA~ taka usa putra kA sambandha hai) samApta ho jAtI hai|' uparyukta vacana (putravAn kRSNakeza vyakti...) tathA vedikA ke saMdarbha meM yajJiya yUpa ke sthAna ke sambandha meM eka anya ukti (dekhie pU0 mI0 sU0 3 / 7 / 13-14) ko 22. bahavo'pi hyA yugapadekena sambandhyante / na ca tAvatA vAkyaM bhidyte| anekavidhito hi vAkyabheda uktH| tantravArtika (pR0 551, pU0 mI0 sU0 2 / 2 / 26 pr)|

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188 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa uddhRta karake vyavahAramayUkha ne mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki manu dvArA prayukta gotra, riktha, piNDa evaM svadhA zabdoM para hI bala nahIM denA cAhie aura na unheM zAbdika artha meM hI lenA cAhie, pratyuta aisA samajhanA cAhie ki manu ke iloka meM lakSaNA hai; usameM una sabhI pariNAmoM kI ora saMketa hai jo vAstavika pitA ke viSaya meM piNDa se sambandhita haiM, tathA manu ne usa sampatti ke viSaya meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA hai jise putra dUsare kula meM goda liye jAne ke pUrva grahaNa kiye rahatA hai| vAkyabheda ke viSaya meM eka anya udAharaNa punarmilana-sambandhI vyavahAra (kAnana) se liyA jA sakatA hai| mitA0, dAyabhAga evaM smRtica0 (vyavahAra0 pR0 302) ne bRhaspati kI ukti 23 uddhRta kI hai--'vaha vyakti, jo eka bAra apane pitA, bhAI yA cAcA se pRthak ho jAne ke uparAnta puna: sneha ke kAraNa unake (yA unameM kisI ke sAtha ) sAtha rahane lagatA hai, vaha unake (yA usake) sAtha saMsRSTa (phira se milA huA) kahA jAtA hai|' mitAkSarA ke mata se saMsRSTatA kevala pitA, bhAI evaM cAcA ke sAtha hI sambhava hai, anya se nahIM, kyoMki bRhaspati kI uvita meM koI anya nahIM ullikhita hai| kintu vyavahAramayUkha ne isa sImA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki saMsapTatA athavA punarmilana una sabhI ke yA unameM kisI ke bhI sAtha sambhava hai jinhoMne vibhAjana meM bhAga liyA hai aura pitA, bhAI evaM cAcA, ye tInoM kebala udAharaNa ke lie ullikhita haiM / arthAt yahA~ lakSaNA hai) eka vyakti kevala inhIM tIna vyaktiyoM (pitA, bhAI evaM cAcA) se alaga nahIM ho sakatA, pratyata vaha apane pitAmaha, pitAmaha ke pautra, apane cAcA ke pUtra tathA katipaya anya logoM se bhI alaga ho sakatA hai| ata: mitAkSarA ne bRhaspati kI ukti ko jisa rUpa meM nirmita mAnA hai vaha vAkyabheda ke doSa se pUrNa hai, kyoMki usa vyAkhyA se do pRthak upapattiyA~ (prameya) uTha khar3e hote haiM, yathA-(1) usa vyakti ko saMsRpTa (punarmilana ko prApta huA) kahA jAtA hai jo vibhakta ho jAne (alaga ho jAne) ke uparAnta puna: usake sAtha saMsthita rahatA hai jisase vaha pahale alaga ho gayA thA, (2) kevala pitA, bhAI yA cAcA se hI punaH milA jA sakatA hai| ata: isa prakAra eka vAkya meM do ethaka evaM spaSTa prameya A upasthita hote haiN| ata: lakSaNA kA Azraya lenA cAhie, yathA-tIna ullikhita vyakti usa vyakti-varga ke haiM jinase eka vyakti alaga ho sakA thA kintu vaha eka samaya unake sAtha rahatA thaa| vIramitrodaya (vyavahAra) Adi ne vyavahAramayakha ke mata kA samarthana kiyA hai / smRticandrikA kI vyavasthA hai ki eka vyakti kI mRtyu ke uparAnta jaba usake putra vaTavArA karate haiM to mAtA ko bhI, yadi sampatti (sampadA, rivatha , dAya, vibhava yA bhUmi) bahuta lambI-caur3I yA adhika na ho, to pratyeka putra ke samAna aMza prApta hotA hai, kintu yadi sampadA bahuta adhika ho to use utanA milanA cAhie jo usakI jIvikA ke lie Avazyaka hai| kintu (yAjJa0 2 / 123 evaM anya smRtiyoM ne 'samaM aMzam' aise zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai|) madanaratta ne (vyavahAra para) usa mata kI AlocanA kI hai aura use doSayakta vyavasthA kI saMjJA dI hai , kyoMki vibhakta hone vAlI sampadA ke adhika yA kama hone vAlI sthiti ke anusAra 'sama aMzam' (barAbara aMza yA bhAga) se sambandhita artha ke bAre meM do vibhinna vidhiyA~ uTha khar3I ho jaayeNgii| 23. vibhaktaM dhanaM punarmizrIkRtaM saMsRSTaM tadasyAstIti saMsRSTI / saMsRStvaM ca na yena kenApi kintu pitrA bhrAtrA pitRvyeNa vA / yathAha bRhaspatiH / vibhakto yaH punaH pitrA bhAtrA vaikatra saMsthitaH / pitRvyeNAtha vA prItyA sa tatsaMsRSTa ucyate // mitA0 (yAjJa 2 / 138) / dAyabhAga (12 vA~ adhyAya) ne bRhaspati ko uddhRta kara Ti-paNI dI hai : 'parigaNita vyatirikteSu saMsargakRto vizeSo nAdaraNIyaH parigaNanAnarthakyAt / '

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 186 vAkyoM ke viSaya meM eka anya siddhAnta hai jise 'anuSaMga' kahA jAtA hai| anuSaMga meM zabda, zabda-samUha yA vAkya kI eka vAkya se dUsare vAkya taka yA anya vAkyoM taka anavatti (bar3hAva) pAyI jAtI hai, jaba ve bAnaya eka hI koTi yA prakAra ke ho| yaha anuSaMga kI eka koTi hai| dUsarI koTi vahA~ lakSita hotI hai jahA~ para do yA adhika vAkyoM meM pratyeka apane meM svata: pUrNa lagatA hai, kintu antima vAkya meM kucha aise zabda pAye jAte haiM jinheM pUrvavartI vAkyoM meM bhI prayukta mAna lenA par3atA hai| isako 'anu kapa' bhI kahA jAtA hai| jyotipToma ke tIna upasadoM meM prathama upasad agni ke sammAna meM hai, jisameM mantra isa prakAra hai-- 'yA te agne ayAzayA tanarvapiSThA gahvareSThograM vaco pAvadhI tveSaM vaco'pAvadhI ravAhA', anya do upasadoM meM do mantra yoM haiM.---'yA te agne rAjAzayA' evaM 'yA te anne harAzayA' jo apUrNa haiM, aura vAkyoM ko pUrNa karane ke liA paraka zabdoM kI apakSA rakhate haiN|24 niSkarSa yaha hai ki 'vaSiSThA...svAhA' nAmaka zabdoM ko prathama vAkya se usameM milAnA paDegA, na ki pracalita bhASA ke koI anya zabda manacAhe DhaMga se grahaNa kiye jAyeMge / tai0 saM0 (1 / 21112) kA eka anya vacana yoM hai--'citpatistvA punAtu, vAkyatistvA punAtu, devastvA savitA punAtvacchidreNa pavitreNa vasoH sUryasya razmibhiH / ' yahA~ para prathama do pada-samUha (vAkya) prathama dRSTi meM pUrNa-se lagate haiM, kintu jaba hama antima vAkya para dRSTipAta karate haiM , jahA~ para 'punAtu' zabda anya zabdoM dvArA vizeSa rUpa se gaTita hai, to hama haThAt anubhava karate haiM ki prathama do vAkya bhI 'acchidreNa. . . razmibhiH' se sambandhita kiye jAne cAhie, aura tabhI ve pUrNa ho skeNge| mitAkSarA evaM madanaratna ne phira se mile hue (saMsRSTa) kI mRtyu ke uparAnta usake dhana ke uttarAdhikAra ke viSaya meM jo anuSaMga siddhAnta prayukta kiyA hai , usa para vyavahAramayUkha ne eka lambA vivecana upasthita kiyA hai / yAjJa0 (2 / 135-136) ne putrahIna vyakti kI mRtyu ke uparAnta usake dhana ke bhAgiyoM kA karma nirdhArita kiyA hai / yAjJa0 (21137) meM vAnaprastha, saMnyAsI evaM naipTika brahmacArI kI sampati ke ba~TavAre kI carcA hai / mitA0 kA kathana hai ki yAjJa0 (2 / 138) meM jo 'saMsRSTinastu saMsRSTi' daloka AyA hai vaha yAjJa0 (2 / 135-136 ) kA apavAda hai aura usakA puna: kathana hai ki jo putrahIna maratA hai' (pautra yA prapautra) meM par3he hue zabda yAjJa0 (2 / 136) se lekara yAjJa0 (2 / 138 ) ke pUrva bhI Ane cAhie (arthAt 'svaryAtasyAputrasya' nAmaka zabdoM kA anuSaga honA cAhie) / kintu vyavahAramayUkha ise nahIM mAnatA aura kahatA hai ki anuSaMga ke siddhAnta ke prayoga ke lie koI tarka nahIM hai aura isIlie saMsRSTa dvArA chor3e gaye dhana ke uttarAdhikAra ke bAre meM vyavahAramayUkha ne jo krama pratipAdita kiyA hai vaha mitAkSarA ke siddhAnta se bhinna hai| jo loga isa viSaya meM vistAra se par3hanA cAhate haiM ve dekheM, vyavahAramayUkha (pUnA, 1626) para TippaNiyA~ (pR0 265-275) 24. anuSaGagaNe vAkya samAptiH sarveSu tulyayogitvAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 (2 / 1 / 48); yA te agne ayAzayA tanUrvaSiSThA gahvareSThograM vaco'pAvadhI tveSaM vaco'pAvadhIM svAhA, yA te agne rajAzayA, yA te agne harAzayA iti / atra sndehH| tanurvaSiSTheti ki sarveSvanuSaktavyAmAhosvillaukiko vAkyazeSaH kartavya iti| mantroM ke lie dekhie tai0 saM0 (112 / 11 / 2) evaM vAja0 saM0 (28) / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUlakhaNDa 2, pR0 1151, pAda-TippaNI 2562 / vAja saM0 evaM zatapathabrAhmaNa (3 / 4 / 4 / 23-25) ne 'ayaHzayA', 'rajaHzayA, evaM 'harizayA' pAThAntara diyA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jaba katipaya vAkyoM ke bIca vibhinna prakAra (koTi) ke zabda A jAte haiM to anuSaMga kA siddhAnta lAgU nahIM hotaa| udAharaNArtha, jaba arpita kiyA jAne vAlA pazu mArA jAtA hai to eka lambI ukti kahI jAtI hai jisameM ye zabda Ate haiM--'saM te prANo vAyunA gacchantaM saM yajatrairaGgAni , saM yajJapatirAziSA' Adi (tumhAre aMga pUjanIya devatAoM se jur3a jAyeM, aura yajamAna AziSa se saMyukta ho jAye. . . ) / yahA~ para pahalA vAkya tIsare vAkya se usa vAkya dvArA pRthaka kiyA gayA hai jisameM do zabda bahuvacana meM haiM aura pahale evaM tIsare vAkya ke do zabda ekavacana meM haiM; ata: prathama vAkya ke zabdoM kA dUsare vAkya meM koI anuSaMga nahIM hai aura tIsare vAkya ke artha ko pUrNa karane ke lie pracalita bhASA ke kisI sAmAnya zabda kA upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai (kintu prathama vAkya ke zabdoM kA nahIM ) / veda ne bahuta se karmoM kI vyavasthA kI hai, yathA-yAga kA sampAdana , agni meM havi DAlanA , dAna denA, gAya duhanA, ghata pighalAnA Adi / kintu ye sabhI karma eka hI koTi ke nahIM haiM, kucha to pradha aura kucha guNabhata (yA shkaarii)|25 vaise karma, jo 'prayAja' aise zabdoM se darzita hote haiM, jinase alaMkRta nahIM kiyA jAtA yA yogya nahIM banAyA jAtA yA utpanna nahIM kiyA jAtA, ve pradhAna kahe jAte haiM, kintu jo karma koI dravya utpanna karate haiM, use yogya banAte haiM (yathA dhAna kUTakara cAvala nikAlanA) ve gaNabhata kahe jAte haiN| karmoM ko punaH kaI koTiyoM meM bA~TA gayA hai. yathA--nitya, naimittika, kAmya, athavA Rtvartha evaM puruSArtha / isa para hamane gata adhyAya meM hI vicAra kara liyA hai| karmoM kI bhinnatA evaM abhinnatA kI jA~ca ke 6 sAdhana haiM-yathA (1) zabdAntara (bhinna zabda , jaise--yajati , juhoti, dadAti, arthAt yAga, homa evaM dAna bhinna karma haiM); (2) abhyAsa (duharAnA),26 jaisA ki 'samidho jayati tanUnapAtaM yajati' Adi (0sN02|6|11-2) meM, jahA~ para 'yajati' zabda pA~ca bAra duharAyA gayA hai aura isIlie pA~ca prakAra ke karma vyavasthita kiye gaye haiM; (3) saMkhyA jaisA ki 'vaha prajApati ke lie 17 pazuoM kI bali detA hai (ta. vA0 131413)' jo spaSTata: 17 karma haiM; (4) gaNa (sahakArI vistAra, yathA 'java tapta dugdha meM dahI DAlA jAtA hai to vaha 'AmikSA' ho jAtA hai jo vaizvadevoM ko arpita kiyA jAtA hai aura vaha drava padArtha jo vAjiyoM ko diyA jAtA hai, vAjina kahA jAtA hai' nAmaka vacana meM devatA yA dravya , AmikSA evaM 25. tAni dvaidhaM guNa prdhaanbhuutaani| yaivyaM na cikIrghyate tAni pradhAnabhUtAni dravyasya guNabhUtatvAt / yastu dravyaM cikIrNyate guNastatra pratIyeta tasya dravyapradhAnatvAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 (2 / 16-8) / 26. tadiha SaDvidhaH karmabhedo vakSyate-zabdAntara, abhyAsaH, saMkhyA, guNaH, prakriyA, nAmadheyamiti |...tdetnnaanaakrmlkssmitydhyaaymaacksste...| zabara (pU0 mI0 sU0 2 / 1 / 1: 'bhAvArthAH karmazabdAstebhyaH kriyA pratIyetaiSa hyartho vidhiiyte|')| ye sabhI pU0 mI0 sU0 meM varNita haiM, ythaa-2|2|17, 2 / 2 / 2 (abhyAsa), 2 / 2 / 21 (saMkhyA), 2 / 2 / 23 (guNa), 2 / 2 / 22 (nAmadheya yA saMjJA), tathA 2 / 3 / 24 (prakaraNa yA prakriyA) / zabara ne inako eka krama meM ullikhita kiyA hai, kintu pU0 mI0 sU0 ne thor3I bhinnatA ke sAtha inakA ullekha kiyA hai| parAzara (1138,) ne kahA hai ki vyakti ko 6 karmoM para dhyAna denA cAhie, yathA-snAna, sandhyA Adi para aura unhoMne zabdAntara para nirbhara karake yaha sthApita kiyA hai ki 6 vibhinna karma hote haiM ki sabhI eka meM smaahit|

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAMta evaM nayakhyA ke niyama vAjina, ye donoM do spaSTa arpaNa haiM) 27; (5) prakaraNa (saMdarbha) / 'agnihotra karanA cAhie' (ta0 saM0 11561) meM agnihotra ke ahnika sampAdana kI vidhi pAyI jAtI hai| kuNDapAyinAmayana meM aisA AyA hai-'vaha eka mAsa taka agnihotra karatA hai|' yaha vacana dUsare saMdarbha meM AtA hai (jaba ki pahalA darzapUrNamAsa ke saMdarbha meM ta: yaha vAkya (arthAt kaNDapAyinAmayana vAlA) Ahnika agnihotra se bhinna karma hai| (6) saMjJA (arthAta T) bhI karmoM kA antara batAtI hai, kyoMki ve (karma) utpattivAkya (maulika vyavasthA) meM prakaTa hote haiM / karmoM kI bhinnatA prakaTa karane kA yaha DhaMga hemAdri, kAlanirNaya evaM nirNayasindhu dvArA prayukta huA hai. isI DhaMga dvArA unhoMne isa viSaya meM nirNaya kiyA hai ki janmASTamI vrata evaM jayantIvrata eka hI vrata hai yA bhinna vrata haiN| hamane yaha dekha liyA hai ki vidhiyoM ke cAra prakAra haiM, jinameM eka hai viniyoga vidhi, jo kisI pramakha dhArmika karma evaM usake aMgoM ke sambandha para prakAza DAlatI hai| pramakha karma ko zeSI yA aMgI kahA jAtA hai| yaha bAta pU0 mI0 sU0 ke tIsare adhyAya meM ullikhita hai| pU0 mI0 sU0 ne sarvaprathama 'zeSa' kI paribhASA kI hai aura batAyA hai ki yaha aisA kyoM kahA jAtA hai aura ise dhArmika karmoM meM kyoM prayakta kiyA jAtA hai ; itanA hI nahIM, vahA~ yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki zeSa aura zeSI ke sambandha ko nizcita karane ke sAdhana kyA hote haiM aura una sAdhanoM kI tulanAtmaka zakti ko kaise jAnA jA sakatA hai| aba hama aMga evaM aMgI ke kucha dRSTAnta upasthita karate haiN| bIhIn prokSati' (cAvaloM para jala chir3akatA hai) meM prokSaNa (chir3akanA) cAvaloM kA aMga hai (arthAt vaha cAvala ke sambandha meM gauNa sambandha rakhatA hai), jaisA ki karmakAraka (vrIhIn ) se prakaTa hai| prokSaNa se apUrva phala kI prApti meM sahAyatA milatI hai, kyoMki cAvaloM para binA jala chir3akane se yadi yAga kiyA jAya to apUrva kI prApti nahIM hogii| dUsarA dRSTAnta hai- "vaha Rta kI lagAma pakar3a lI' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha ghor3e kI razanA (lagAma) pakar3atA hai"|28 yahA~ para 'razanAma' meM karmakAraka dvArA pradarzita hai ki mantra kA sthAna gauNa hai, vaha azva kI razanA kA aMga hai, kyoMki lagAma pakaDate samaya usakA uccAraNa (mantra kA uccAraNa) lagAma meM eka saMskAra kA prabhAva chor3a jAtA hai tathA (lagAma kA) pakar3anA ghor3e kI lagAma kA eka aMga hai| (jo karmakAraka meM hai)| yaha usI prakAra hai jaisA ki prokSaNa cAvala ke annoM kA aMga hai| 27. tapte payasi dadhyAnayati sA, vaizvadevyAmikSA vAjimyo vaajinm| ; zabara ne (4 / 1 / 23 para) ise uddhRta kiyA hai aura kahA hai : 'AmikSAyAM dadhipayasI vidyate na vaajine| ... vAjine tiktakaTuko rsH|' vaizva devI eka taddhita hai aura usakA artha hai vizvadevA, devatA, asyAH, jo pANini ke sUtra 4 / 2 / 24 (sAsyadevatA) ke anusAra banA hai| vaajinaamikssaaruupgunnbhedaadvaajindrvykNkrmaantrm| AmikSAdravyakaM ca karmAntaramiti cintitam / vAjinaM nAmAmikSotpattiziSTamudakam / AmikSA nAma payodadhi mizraNa janitaM dRDhAkAraM dravyam / sarvadarzanakaumudI (50 100, trivandaram saMskRta siiriij')| zaMkarAcArya ne bedAntasUtra (3 / 3 / 1) meM ise ullikhita kiyA hai| te0 prA0 (1 / 6 / 2 / 5) meM AyA hai : 'vaizvadevyAmikSA bhvti| vaizvadevyo vai prajAH |...vaajinmaanyti / ' AmikSA tapta dUdha meM bahI DAlane kA prayojaka hai, kintu vAjina prayojaka nahIM hai, kyoMki AmikSA kI utpatti meM vaha svayaM prakaTa ho jAtA hai| 28. 'imAmagRbhNan razAnAMmRtasya ityazvAbhidhAnImAdatte':-yaha ta0 saM0 (5 // 1 // 2 // 1) meM AyA hai| - 'imAmagRbhNana razAnAmRtasya' nAmaka zabda tai0 saM0 (4 / 1 / 2 / 1) ke mantra kA eka-cauthAI hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki 'zeSa' kA artha hai 'jo dUsare ke prayojana ko siddha karatA hai| aura yaha usa dUsare kA zeSa hai ( pU0 mI0 sU0 3 / 1 / 2 : 'zepaH parArthatvAt ' ) tathA bAdari ( 3|1|3 ) ke anusAra 'una dravyoM, guNoM (yathA kisI gAya kA lAla raMga evaM saMskAroM (jo kisI vyakti yA vastu ko yAga yA kisI anya uddezya ke lie yogya banAte haiM) ke lie 'zepa' zabda sadaiva prayukta hotA hai, kintu jaimini ( 314-6 ) ke mata se dhArmika kRtya phala yA pariNAma ke lie zeSa haiM, phala dhArmika kRtya karane vAle ke lie zeSa hai tathA kartA kucha karmoM ke lie zeSa hai| dharmazAstra-granthoM meM 'zeSa' zabda bahudhA AyA hai / udAhara NArtha, mitA ne yAjJa0 (2 / 118 - 116) kI TIkA karate hue kahA hai ki 198veM zloka kA pUrvArdha pUre prakaraNa kA zeSa (aMga ) [ hai ( arthAt vaha zloka ke zeSa arthAt bace aMza ke prayojana ko siddha karatA hai ) / isakA pariNAma ( yadi mitAkSarA kI bAta mAna lI jAya ) yaha hai ki yadi kisI dAyAda yA rikthodhikArI ko kisI anugRhIta mitra se, jise kula sampadA ke vyaya se AbhArI kiyA gayA thA, bheMTa prApta ho, yadi kisI sadasya ke zvasura se, jise usa sadasya kI vadhU ke lie kula sampatti kA kucha bhAga diyA gayA thA, koI dAna prApta ho, yA koI DUbI huI sampatti kisI sadasya dvArA anya paitRka sampatti se prApta kI gayI yA yadi kisI sadasya ne kula sampatti dvArA vidyAdhyayana karane ke uparAnta vidyAjJAna dvArA kucha lAbha pAyA, to isa prakAra kI sampadAe~ sabhI sadasyoM meM avazya vibhAjina honI cAhie | kintu mitAkSarA ke isa dRSTikoNa ko dAyabhAga ( 6 | 118 ) evaM vizvarUpa aise granthoM evaM lekhakoM ne amAnya ThaharAyA hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa-3 ke pR0 576 - 580 / viniyoga vidhiyoM ke samvandha meM prAya: yaha nirNaya nahIM ho pAtA ki unameM kauna pramukha haiM, kauna guNabhUta athavA sahakArI haiN| isI prakAra kabhI-kabhI virodha upasthita ho jAtA hai yA sandeha utpanna ho jAtA hai| ina saba bAtoM ko nizcita karane ke lie pUrva mImAMsA sUtra ne 6 prakAra ke sAdhanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA -- zruti (sIdhe DhaMga ke vaidika vaktavya yA vacana), liMga ( apratyakSa saMketa ), vAkya vAkya racanA sambandhI sambandha ) prakaraNa ( saMdarbha ), sthAna ( sthAna yA anukrama) evaM samAkhyA ( saMjJA yA nAma ) / jaba inameM se kaI eka sAtha ho jAte haiM aura eka hI viSaya kI ora nirdeza karate haiM to pratyeka Ane vAlA apane pUrva vAle se durbala hotA hai, kyoMki pratyeka Age Ane vAlA apane se pIche vAle se apekSAkRta artha ke saMbaMdha se adhika dUra hotA hai / pU0mI0 sU0 ( 3 / 3 / 14 ) ko 'valAbalAdhikaraNa' kahA jAtA hai / 35 26. saMskAro nAma sabhavati yasmiJjAte padArtho bhavati yogyaH kasyacidarthasya / tenApi kriyAyAM kartavyAyA prayojanamiti sopi parArthaH / zabara ( pU0 mI0 sU0 3 / 1 / 3 ) ; tathA saMskAropyava intyAdi ryA gasAdhana puroDAzAdi nivRttaye coditAM vrIhyAdInAM svarUpeNAyogyatvAdavahatAnAM yogyatvamAyAdayanutpattyaivAGgaM bhavatIti / tantravA0 ( pR0 660 ) / 30. atra ca pitRdravyAvirodhena yatkacitsvayamarjitatamiti sarvazeSaH / tathA pitRdravyAvirodhenetyastha sarvazeSatvAdeva pitRdravyAvirodhena pratigraha labdhamapi vibhajanIyam / mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 2 / 118 - 116 ) / 31. zrutiliMgavAkyaprakaraNasthAnasamAkhyAnAM samavAye pAradaurbalyamarthaviprakarSAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 3 / 3 / 14) meM samavAya kA artha hai ekArthopanipAta / tantravArtika meM AyA hai : 'samAnaviSayatvaM hi samavAyo'bhidhIyate' aura usameM jor3A gayA hai : 'na hyekatra sambhavamAtraM samavAyaH kiM tahiviSayakatvam' ( pR0 822) evaM tasmAdvirodha viSayameva samavAyagrahaNam (10 823 ) ; durbalasya bhAvaH daurbalyam arasya daurbalyaM paradaurbalyaM tadeva pAra daurbalyam; viprakarSa kA tAtparya hai vilamba; zAstradIpikA ne isa sUtra para TippaNI dI hai : 'idAnIM zrutyAdInAmeka viSaya samavAyena virodhe sati balAbalaM vicAryate / ' -

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 163 jahA~ zruti evaM liMga donoM meM virodha ho jAtA hai, usakA udAharaNa isa vacana meM pAyA jAtA hai--'aindrI RcA ke sAtha ( vaha padya jo indra ko sambodhita hai) use gArhapatya agni kI stuti karanI cAhie / aindrI padya yaha hai -- 'nivezana: saMgamano vasUmAM... indrona tasthau samare pathInAm' ( tai saM0 4 | 2|5|4) / yahA~ para sandeha isa bAta ko lekara uThatA hai ki indra ko sambodhita padya ke sAtha indra kI stuti kI jAya (jaisA ki 'aindrayA' zabda se prakaTa hotA hai) yA gArhapatya agni kI (jaisA ki ukti meM pratyakSa rUpa se AyA hai) yA icchAnusAra indra yA gArhapatya meM kisI kI stuti kI jAya / 32 niSkarSa yaha hai ki zruti ( pratyakSa zrUyamANa kathana yA vacana) liMga kI apekSA adhika balazAlI hotA hai / 'gArhapatyam upatiSThate' zabdoM ko sunane para lagatA hai, hamako gArhapatya kI pUjA ke lie veda dvArA pratyakSa rUpa se nirdeza mila rahA hai / 'aindrayA' zabda karaNa kAraka meM hai, ( yathA 'dadhnA juhoti' arthAt dahI se homa karatA hai ) ata: vaha kevala guNa batAtA hai ki jo mantra kahA jAyegA vaha indra ko sambodhita hai aura yahA~ koI anya zabda aisA nahIM hai jo yaha spaSTa rUpa se batalAye ki indra kI stuti karanI hai| zabara ( pU0 mI0 sU0 3 / 214 ) ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki gArhapatya meM indra kI kucha vizeSatAe~ (guNa) pAyI jAtI haiM, ataH rUpaka ke rUpa meM use indra kahA jA sakatA hai (jaise ki hama vIra puruSa ko siMha kaha dete haiM), kyoMki gArhapatya indra kI bhA~ti yajJa karane kA eka sAdhana hai yA gArhapatya 'ind' dhAtu ke arthavaza indra kahA jA sakatA hai aura usakA artha Izvara yA svAmI ho sakatA hai | 33 ina chaha sAdhanoM meM pratyeka apane anusArI sAdhanoM ke virodha meM par3a sakatA hai / ataH zruti ke liMga, vAkya, prakaraNa, sthAna yA samAkhyA se virodha ke pAMca prakAra ho sakate haiM / liMga-sambandhI virodha kI carcA Upara ho cukI hai| liMga evaM vAkya meM virodha ke cAra prakAra hoMge, yA tIna sAdhanoM meM pratyeka ke sAtha virodha 32. nivezanaH saMgamano vasUnAmityandrayA gArhapatyamupatiSThate / maMtrA0 saM0 (30214 ) | yaha mantra jayana AyA hai / kucha logoM ke mata se ( yathA -- bhAmatI, vedAntasUtra, 3 / 3 / 25 ) aindrI mantra yaha hai ' kadAcana starIrasi nendra sarasi dAzuSe / (R0 85117 evaM bAja0 saM0 8 / 2 ) / isakA prayoga agnihotra ( mahopasthAna) meM hotA hai / pU0 mI0 sU0 ( 3 / 3 / 14 ) meM 'zruti' evaM 'liMga' zabda kA pAribhASika artha kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnyataH zruti kA artha hotA hai veda yA veda-vacana (mUla) / kintu yahA~ para zruti evaM liMga kA artha krama se 'nirapekSo ravaH zrutiH' evaM 'zabdasAmarthyaM liMgam', arthAt vaidika zabda yA ukti (vacana) jo svatantra ( nirapekSa) hotI hai ( arthAt jisake lie kisI madhyavartI pada kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3atI) evaM liMga kA tAtparya hai zabdoM kI abhivyaMjanA-zakti / ye donoM paribhASAe~ arthasaMgraha meM dI huI haiM- 'yattAvacchandasyArthamabhidhAtuM, sAmarthyaM talliMgam yadarthasyAbhidhAnaM zabdasya zravaNamAtrAdevAgamyate sa zrutyAvagamyate / zravaNaM zrutiH / zabara ( 3 / 3 / 13, pR0 825 ) ; milAie pANini 'karturIpsitatamaM karma' ( 124146), 'karta. karaNayostRtIyA' (2 / 3 / 18 ) / 'aindradhA' zabda tRtIyA (karaNa kAraka ) meM hai ataH vaha 'karaNa' kA artha yA bhAva prakaTa karatA hai, kintu gArhapatya karma kAraka meM hai ataH yaha haThAt prakaTa karatA hai ki yaha upasthAna meM pradhAna hai| 33. guNAdvApyabhidhAnaM syAtsambandhasyAzAstra hetutvAt / ( 50 mI0 sU0 3 / 204 ) ; zabara, 'bhavati hi guNAda-yabhidhAnam / yathA siMho devadattaH iti / evamihApyanindre gArhapatya indrazabdo bhaviSyati / asti cAsyendrasAdRzyam / yathaivendro yajJasAdhanamevaM gArhapatyopi / athavendateraizvarya-karmaNa indro bhavati / bhavati ca gArhapatyasyApi svasmin kArya Izvaratvam |'; dekhie bhAmatI ( ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 25 pr)| 25

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{ed dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hogA / isI prakAra vAkya kA prakaraNa tathA anya do sAdhanoM se virodha ho sakatA hai, prakaraNa kA sthAna yA samAkhyA se tathA sthAna kA samAkhyA se virodha ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki chaha sAdhanoM ke apane meM 15 prakAra ke virodha ho sakate haiM / ina chaha sAdhanoM meM pratyeka ke apane pUrvavartI sAdhanoM ke virodha para hameM dhyAna nahIM denA cAhie, kyoMki aisA kahanA ki liMga zruti ke virodha meM par3atA hai, vaisA hI hai jaisA ki yaha kahanA ki zruti liMga ke virodha meM par3atI hai / sthAnAbhAva se isa prakaraNa ko hama yahIM chor3ate haiM, kyoMki ina sabhI prakAra ke 15 virodha- dRSTAntoM ko veda evaM dharmazAstra granthoM se udAharaNa dekara samajhAne meM eka lambA AkhyAna upasthita ho jAyagA / dharmazAstra grantha balAbala nAmaka adhikaraNa (pU0 mI0 sU0 3 | 3|14 ) kA bahudhA prayoga karate haiM / udAharaNArtha, parAzaramAdhavIya (111, pR0 268 - 266) ne eka zruti-vacana uddhRta kiyA hai ki pratyeka vyakti ko sAyaMkAlIna Ahnika sandhyA varuNa ko sambodhita mantroM ke sAtha Aditya-pUjA ke rUpa meM karanI cAhie tathA TippaNI kI hai ki vAruNIbhiH' (aindrayA ke samAna) kevala liMga hai kintu 'AdityamupasthAya' zruti ( pratyakSa vacana ) hai, isalie sAyaMkAla meM varuNa ko sambodhita mantroM ke sAtha sUrya (Aditya) kI pUjA kI jAnI cAhie, aura apane kathana kI puSTi ke lie 'aindrayA gArhapatyam upatiSThate' ke dRSTAnta kI ora saMketa kiyA hai / 34 pU0 mI0 sU0 ke cauthe adhyAya meM mukhyataH prayojya evaM prayojaka tathA kratvartha evaM puruSArtha ke viSaya kA vivecana pAyA jAtA hai / Rtvartha evaM puruSArtha ke viSaya meM hamane pahale hI gata adhyAya meM par3ha liyA hai| prathama do ke kucha udAharaNa prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM / prayAjoM ko Rtvartha ghoSita kiyA gayA / ataH Rtu (yajJa) prayAjoM kA prayojaka ( preraNAtmaka zakti ) hai / phala ( yathA svarga Adi) ko yAga ( arthAt puruSArtha kriyA) kA prayojaka kahA jAtA hai / vahI prayojaka hotA hai jisake lie vyakti vaidika stutivacana dvArA kucha sampAdita karatA hai| vAkya yoM hai-- 'svarga kI prApti ke lie darzapUrNamAsa yajJa karanA cAhie' ataH phala (svarga Adi) ko darzapUrNamAsa-yAga kA prayojaka kahA jAyagA / 34 dUdha meM dahI milAne kI vyavasthA se vyakti ko AmikSA utpanna karane kI preraNA milatI hai na ki vAjina banAne kI / kyoMki vAjina to AmikSA kI utpatti para svataH utpanna hotA hai / ataH AmikSA, jo vaizvadevayAga meM havi hotI hai, vaizvadevayAga kA prayojaka hai kintu vAjina yAga ko dUdha meM dahI DAlane kA prayojaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA ( pU0 mI0 sU0 4 / 1 / 22 - 24 ) / pariNAma yaha hotA hai, yadi saMyoga se AmikSA naSTa ho jAya to havi (AmikSA) kI prApti ke lie dahI ko 34. vAruNIbhistathAdityamupasthAya pradakSiNam / yadyapi vAruNIbhirvaruNasyopasthAnaM liMgabalAt prAptaM tathApi zruteH prAbalyAt tathA liMgaM bAdhitvA AdityopasthAne eva viniyujyate / parA0 mA0 (1 / 1, pR0 268-266) / parAzara0 ne 'imaM me varuNa' (R0 1 / 25 / 16-20 ) ko bAruNI mantroM ke rUpa meM liyA hai| 35. milAie zabara ( pU0 mI0 sU0 4 / 1 / 1 : athAtaH kratvarthapuruSArthayo jijJAsA) : 'yApi prayojakAprayojakaphalavidhyarthavAdA liMgapradhAna cintA sApi RtvarthapuruSArthajijJAsaiva / katham / aMgaM kratvarthaH pradhAnaM puruSArthaH / phalavidhiH puruSArthaH, arthavAdaH kratvarthaH / prayojakaH kazcitpuruSArtho'prayojakaH RtvarthaH / tasmAtkratvarthapuruSArthayo jijJAseti sUcitam * Rtave yaH sa RtvarthaH, puruSAya yaH sa puruSArthaH /

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyArayA ke niyama 165 punaH tapta dUdha meM DAlanA hogA, kintu yadi vAjina (jo prayojaka nahIM hai) naSTa ho jAya to dahI ko punaH tapta dUdha meM DAlane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| 'puruSArtha' karmoM ke udAharaNa gata adhyAya (26) meM diye jA cuke haiM, yathA-prajApativrata / pUrva-mImAMsAsatra ke cauthe adhyAya meM (dUsare pAda meM) pratipattikarma evaM arthakarma ke katipaya dRSTAnta upasthita kiye gaye haiN| bahuta se aise dravya, prasAdhana ( saMskAra ) evaM sahakArI karma hote haiM jinake sAtha phala sambandhita rahatA hai| udAharaNArtha , aisA kahA gayA hai (le0 saM0 3 / 7 / 5 / 2 meM) 'jisakI juhu parNa (palAza) kI lakar3I kI banI hotI hai, vaha apane viSaya meM koI burA athavA hAniprada zabda nahIM sunatA' ; 'yaha ki vaha (apanI A~khoM meM) aJjana lagAtA hai, vaha apane zatru kI A~kha ko hAni pahuMcAtA hai' (tai0 saM0 6 / 1 / 115); 'yaha ki vaha prayAjoM pAdana karatA hai, vaha, sacamuca yajJa kA kavaca hai|' pU0 mI0 sa0 ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki dravyoM, prasAdhanoM (saMskAroM) evaM sahAyaka karmoM se sambandhita phala viSayaka vacana, vAstava meM phaloM kI vidhiyA~ nahIM haiM, pratyuta ve kevala arthavAda haiM, kyoMki ve sabhI pradhAna Rtu ke uddezya kI pUrti karate haiM / yaha cauthA adhyAya (tIsarA pAda) yaha nizcita karatA hai ki yadyapi vizvajit yajJa ke sampAdana ke lie zruti (veda) dvArA koI phala spaSTa rUpa se ghoSita nahIM hai, tathApi vizvajit yajJa meM (jaisA una yajJoM meM hotA hai, jahA~ phala spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita nahIM hai) phala svarga kI prApti hai|38 vizvajita vaha vilakSaNa yajJa hai jisameM yajamAna apanA saba kucha dAna kara detA hai ('vizvajiti sarvasvaM ddaati')| jaimini ne isake viSaya meM caudaha adhikaraNa banAye haiM , kucha manoraMjaka prameya ye haiM-yajamAna apane sambandhiyoM (yathA pitA yA mAtA) kA dAna nahIM kara sakatA, vaha kevala usI va jisakA vaha svAmI hotA hai; yahA~ taka ki samrATa apane sampUrNa sAmrAjya kA dAna nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki anya vyakti bhami para adhikAra rakhate haiM aura rAjA logoM kI rakSA karatA hai aura kevala bhami kI upaja ke kisI aMza kA adhikArI hotA hai| yajamAna azvoM kA dAna nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki zruti ne spaSTa rUpa se vizvajit meM ghor3oM ke dAna ko amAnya ThaharAyA hai / yajamAna kevala usI sampatti kA dAna kara sakatA hai jo yajJa meM dakSiNA dene ke samaya usakI apanI ho, na ki usa sampatti kA jo bhaviSya meM usakI hone vAlI ho| vaha zudra bhI jo yajamAna kI sevA karatA hai (mana ke matAnusAra sevA karanA usakA dharma hai) dAna meM nahIM diyA jA sktaa| kevala usI ko vizvajit yajJa karane kA adhikAra hai jisake pAsa 120 yA isase adhika gAyeM hoN| 36. tasmAdAbhikSA prayoktrI vAjinamaprayojakamiti / zabara (3 / 1 / 23) / yadyubhayaM prayojakaM vAjina naSTe punastapte payasi dadhyAnetavyam / atha vAjinamaprayojakaM naSTe vAjine lopo dadhyAnayanasya / zabara (4 / 1 / 24) / 37. dravyasaMskArakarmasu parArthatvAtphalazrutirarthavAdaH syAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 (4 / 3 / 10); zabara ne tIna vacana uddhRta kiye haiM--'yasya parNamayo juhUrbhavati na sa pApaM zlokaM zRNoti (dravya), yadAGakte...cakSureva bhAtRvyasya vaDate (saMskAra), yatprayAjAnayAjA ijyante varma vA etadyajJasya kriyate (krm)| 38. sa svargaH syAtsarvAnpratyaviziSTatvAt / pU0 mI0 sU0 (4 / 3 / 15) / sarvAn kA artha hai sarvapuruSAn / zabara ne vyAkhyA kI hai--'sarve hi puruSAH svrgkaamaaH| kuta etat / protihi svrgH| sarvazca proti prArthayate / ; medhAtithi (manu 212) ne isakI ora saMketa kiyA hai| dekhie parA0 mA0 (111, pR0 148) / viSNupurANa (2 / 6 / 46) meM AyA hai-'manaHprItikaro svargo nrkstdvipryyH| narakasvargasaMjJe vai puNyapApe dvijottama //

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pU0 mI0 sU0 ke pAMcaveM adhyAya meM krama kA vivecana hai| krama vaha hai jisake anusAra kisI yajJa ke vibhinna bhAga yA kRtya kramAnusAra Ate haiM / vidhiyA~ kisI yajJa meM kaI karmoM ke sampAdana ke viSaya meM batAtI haiM, ye sadA yaha nahIM batAtIM ki ve karma (pradhAna yA gaNabhata) kisa krama meM kiye jaayeNge| unakA krama yajamAna kI icchA para nirbhara nahIM rhtaa| kisI yajJa ke kRtyoM ke krama ko nizcita karane ke lie chaha sAdhanoM para nirbhara honA par3atA hai, yathA--zruti, artha (uddezya, yogyatA), pATha (zAbdika vacana), pravRtti (Arambha ), kANDa (vacana athavA mala vacana kA sthAna), mukhya / kisI sUtra meM dIkSA saMbaMdhI vaidika vacana ke anusAra adhvarya gahapati (yajamAna) kA dIkSA-sampAdana karane ke pazcAt brahmA purohita kI dIkSA karatA hai aura phira udgAtA Adi kI dIkSA karatA hai / yahA~ para vaidika bacana ne pratyakSa rUpa se krama kI vyavasthA kI hai, yathA--yajamAna (yajJa karane vAle) kI dIkSA ke uparAnta brahmA, taba udgAtA Adi kI dIkSA hotI hai| 'samidho yajati tananapAtaM yajati' Adi meM vAkyoM kA krama hI vibhinna yAgoM ke sampAdana ke krama ko nizcita karatA hai (pU0 mI0 sa0 5 / 1 / 4) / veda sarvaprathama agnihotra kI bAta karatA hai aura taba yavAga (lapasI) pakAne kI bAta uThAtA hai| yahA~ para agnihotra ko prama meM prApta hai aura usake uparAnta yavAga pakAne ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| kintu jaba taka apita kiyA jAne vAlA padArtha bana na jAya agnihotra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ata: yahA~ para pAThakrama ko chor3a denA par3egA aura arthakrama (uddezya tathA yathAyogyatA dvArA ghoSita krama) kA ana saraNa karanA hogA, arthAt sarvaprathama yavAga banAnI hogI aura taba agnihotra kiyA jaaygaa| yaha eka aisA udAharaNa hai jo yaha pradarzita karatA hai ki arthatrama pATanama se apekSAkRta adhika zaktizAlI hotA hai (pU0 mI0 sU0 (5 / 4 / 1) / parAzarasmRti meM aisI vyavasthA dI huI hai ki pratidina sandhyA (prAta:kAlIna upAsanA), snAna, japa (pavitra vacanoM kA mana hI mana pATha), homa, vedAdhyayana, devatA-pUjana, vaizvadeva tathA Atithya karane cAhie / parAzaramAdhavIya kA kathana hai40 ki pATha ke trAma sthAna para yathAyogyatA (kyA ucita hai) kA anasaraNa karanA cAhie, ata: prathama snAna honA cAhie aura taba sandhyA / smRticandrikA ne vRddhamanu ko uddhRta kara kahA hai ki putrahIna pavitra vidhavA ko mRta pati ke lie piNDa denA cAhie aura usakI sampadA grahaNa karanI cAhie / yahA~ para aisA mAnanA ucita hai ki vaha pahale usakI (pati kI) sampadA grahaNa kara le aura taba usake zrAddhoM ko kre| vAjapeya meM aisA vacana AyA hai ki yama 36. agnihotraM juhotIti pUrvamAmnAtam, odanaM pacatIti pazcAt / asambhavAt pUrvamodanaH paktavyaH / zabara (5 // 1 // 3) / aura dekhie zabara (5 / 4 / 1 pr)| 40. sandhyA snAnaM japo homo devatAtithipUjanam / AtithyaM vaizyadevaM ca SaT karmANi dine dine // parAzarasmRti (1136) / dekhie parA0 mA0 (112 / 18), jahA~ AyA hai--"sandhyAsnAnamityatra yavAgUpAkanyAyena snAnasya prAthamyaM vyaakhyeym|... 'yavAgvAgnihotraM juhoti yavAguM ca pacati' iti zrUyate / ... yavAgvA iti tRtIyayA zrutyA homasAdhanatvAvagamAdasati ca dravye homaniSpatterarthAd yavAgUpAkaH pUrvabhAvIti siddhAntaH / evamatrApi snAnasya zuddhihetutvAcchuddhasyaiva sandhyAvandanAdhikAritvAtsnAnaM pUrvabhAvIti draSTavyam / vRddha-mana--aputrA zayanaM bhartuH pAlayantI vrate sthitaa| patnyeva dadyAttatpiNDaM kRtsnamaMzaM lameta ca // aura TippaNI bhI kI gayI hai--'uttarArdhe tvarthakrameNa pAThakramabAdho draSTavyaH / ttshcaaymrthH| uktalakSaNA patnyeva bhatraMzaM kRtsnaM labheta pazcAtpiNDaM dadyAt / na punastasyAM satyAM bhAtrAdiriti / smRtica0 (2, pR0 261) /

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 167 mAna ko prajApati ke lie yUpa (yajJiya khuMTA, jisameM bA~dhakara bali dI jAtI hai) meM 17 pazu bA~dhane cAhie (le0 prA0 1 / 3 / 4 / 2-3) / isakI bhI vyavasthA hai ki 17 pazuoM meM pratyeka ke sAtha kaI saMskAra kiye jAna cAhie, yathA--prokSaNa (pavitra jala chir3akanA), upAkaraNa (pAsa lAnA) / ina 17 pazuoM meM kisI se bhI kAryArambha ho sakatA hai, arthAt kisI ke sAtha prathama saMskAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu kisI pazu ke sAtha Aramma kara diye jAne para anya saMskAra bhI usI ke sAtha ho jAne cAhie; arthAt saMskAroM kA krama kisI pazu para Arambha kiye jAne se nizcita kiyA jAtA hai| kANDa yA sthAna kA dRSTAnta nimnalikhita hai| jyotipToma eka Adarza yajJa (prakRti) hai, jisakA sAdyaska eka vikRti hai / sAdyaska ke viSaya meM veda dvArA yaha vyavasthA dI huI hai ki sabhI pazaoM kI bali savanIya stara para eka sAtha honI caahie| jyotiSToma meM tIna pazuoM kI bali dI jAtI hai, yathA--prAtaHkAla 'agniSomIya', madhyAhna meM 'savanIya' evaM sAyaMkAla 'anabandhya' / sAdyaskra eka vikRti hai, ye sabhI bali isameM sampAdita hotI haiM; kintu isa viSaya ke viziSTa bacana ne vyavasthA dI hai ki tInoM kI bali eka sAtha savanIya stara para honI caahie| kintu yaha (tInoM kA sAtha kiyA jAnA) asambhava hai isIlie yahI kiyA jA sakatA hai ki ina tInoM kA sampAdana eka ke uparAnta eka ke rUpa meM hI kiyA jA sakatA hai (na ki dina ke vibhinna kAloM meM) / prathama daSTi meM aisA lagegA ki agnIpomIya paza kA sthAna sarvaprathama hogA, kintu aisA nahIM hai, kyoMki sAdyaskrayAga meM savanIya stara para eka ke uparAnta eka bali ke krama meM sarvaprathama savanIya paza kI bali hogI (agnISomIya kI nahIM) aura usake uparAnta agnIpomIya kI aura usake turanta uparAnta anabandhya kI yA antima do kI bali kisI bhI krama meM ho sakatI hai| mukhya (prathama yA pradhAna) dvArA nizcita anukrama kA eka udAharaNa yoM hai--'do sArasvata haviyAM dI jAne vAlI haiM, vAstava meM yaha divya mithuna (jor3A) hai| yaha eka zrutivacana hai| sarasvatI evaM sArasvata kI AhutiyoM ke viSaya meM savistAra varNana milatA hai| sandeha yoM upasthita hotA hai kyA nArI devatA ko dI jAne vAlI AhutiyA~ pahale hotI haiM yA ve sarvaprathama puruSa devatA ko dI jAne vAlI AhutiyAM haiM ? prathama dRSTi meM to aisA lagatA hai ki pahale kisake lie prathamatA dI jAya, isa viSaya meM zAstra maka hai, ata: jo jaisA cAhe kare / 41. sArasvatau bhavata etadvai daivyaM mithunaM daivyamevAsmai mithunaM madhyato dadhAti puSTaye prjnnaay| te0 saM0 (2 / 4 / 6 / 1-2) / yaha citrAyAga ke sambandha meM ullikhita hai, jisameM sAta gauNa AhutiyA~ vyavasthita haiM, jinameM do sArasvata kahalAtI haiN| 'sArasvatI' kA artha hai 'sarasvatIdevatAkaH sarasvadevatAkazcetyubhI saarsvtau|' pU0 mI0 sU0 meM AyA hai-mulyakrameNa vAMgAnAM tadarthatvAt' (5 / 1 / 14) / yAjJavalkya (2 / 135) ne putrahIna vyakti kI mRtyu ke uparAnta usakI patnI, putrI evaM mAtA-pitA (pitarau) ko usakA uttarAdhikArI mAnA hai| mAna lIjie koI vyakti apane pitA evaM mAtA ke jIte hI mara jAtA hai to aisI sthiti meM kisako uttarAdhikAra milegA? kyA mAtA ko pitA se varIyatA milegI yA pitA ko mAtA se, yA donoM ko sampatti kA barAbara bhAga milegA ? mitAkSarA ne mAtA ko varIyatA dI hai, smRticandrikA ne 'sArasvatau bhavataH' ke udAharaNa kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai aura donoM meM kisako pramukhatA dI jAya, isake viSaya meM sammati dI hai ki bRhaviSNu jaisI smRtiyoM ke anusAra sarvaprathama pitA ko adhikAra prApta hotA hai| dAyabhAga ne mAtA kI apekSA pitA ko varIyatA pradAna kI hai aura vyavahAraprakAza (pR0 524), madanaratna (pR0 364) jaise katipaya granthoM ne bhI aisA hI kahA hai| dekhie smRtibandrikA (2, pR0 267) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nizcita niSkarSa yaha hai ki vistAra ke viSaya kA krama yAjyAnuvAkyA mantroM se taya kiyA jAya / ye 'pra No devI sarasvatI' (tai0 saM0 118 / 22 / 1, R0, 66114) nAmaka zabdoM meM nArI devatA ke bAre meM sarvaprathama ullikhita haiN| ataH niSkarSa yaha hai ki vistAra meM bhI nArI devatA vAlI AhatiyA~ pahale honI caahie| pu0 mI0 sa0 (531116) meM yaha nirNIta haA hai ki mantroM dvArA upasthita krama ko brAhmaNa granthoM meM varNita krama kI apekSA varIyatA pradAna kI jAnI caahie| darzapUrNamAsa yajJa meM Agneya, upAMza eva agnIpomIya anya yajJa samAhita haiN| tai0 saM0 (2 // 5 // 2 // 3) meM agnISomIya yajJa kA ullekha pahale huA hai aura tai0 saM0 Agneya kA ullekha huA hai| kintu ye brAhmaNa-grantha kahe jAte haiM. yadyapi aba ve saMhitA-vacanoM meM ullikhita haiM, kyoMki unhoMne vidhi kI vyavasthA dI hai| kintu mantrapATha meM Agneya mantra 'agnimardhA' 315711) sarvaprathama AyA hai aura usake uparAnta 'agnISomA savedasA' (tai0 brA0 31572) AyA hai| ata: Agneya kA sampAdana pahale honA cAhie aura usake uparAnta agnISomIya kaa| yadi katipaya karmoM yA vastuoM dvArA bahuta se devatAoM kA Atithya karanA ho, yA yadi bahuta se yupa (yajJiya stambha yA khUTe) hoM, yathA---ekAdazinI pazubali meM, jina para ajana se lekara parivyANa (mekhalA yA karadhanI se ghenA) taka ke saMskAra kiye jAte haiM, to kyA aMjana se lekara parivyANa taka ke sAre saMskAra prathama yapa para aura usake uparAnta unhIM saMskAroM ko dUsare yapa para karake usI krama se anya sabhI yapoM ke sAtha aisA karanA cAhie, yA sabhI yUpoM para eka-eka karake aMjana lagA denA cAhie aura anya saMskAra sabhI yapoM para ekake uparAnta eka karake kara dene cAhie aura isa prakAra antima saMskAra parivyANa kA sampAdana sabhI yapoM para eka ke uparAnta eka karake karanA caahie| prathama DhaMga ko 'kANDAnusamaya' evaM dUsare ko 'padArthAnasamaya' kahA jAtA hai|42 jaimini ne (5 / 2 / 7-6) evaM (5 / 2 / 1-3) meM krama se prathama evaM dvitIya DhaMga kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUlakhaNDa 2, pR0 736-740, pR0 1132, pAda-TippaNI 2528 tathA 441-42, pAda-TippaNI 687 / yAjJa0 (0232 : 'apasavyaM tataH kRtvA') para mitAkSarA kI TippaNI hai ki zrAddhakartA vaizvadeva brAhmaNoM ke lie kANDAnusamaya DhaMga apanAtA hai, arthAt pahale paira dhone ke lie jala detA hai, taba Acamana ke lie jala detA hai, taba Asana, candana, puSpa Adi detA hai, taba vaha apane dAhine kaMdhe para yajJopavIta (janeU) dhAraNa karatA hai aura pitrya brAhmaNoM ko upacAroM kA arpaNa karatA hai| pUrvamImAMsA sUtra kA chaThA adhyAya ati manoraMjaka hai| isameM yajJakartA kI arhatAoM evaM usake adhikAra ke prazna ke vibhinna svarUpoM kA vivecana hai| yaha lambA adhyAya hai jisameM tIsare evaM dasaveM ATha pAda haiN| dharmazAstra ke granthoM para isa adhyAya ke katipaya siddhAntoM kA bar3A prabhA vaidika yajJoM meM sammilita hone meM striyoM kA adhikAra, usI viSaya meM zUdroM kA adhikAra, rathakAra-nyAya, niSAda 42. jaimini (02 / 1-3) para pArthasArathi kA kathana hai--'prathamaM sarveSAM kRtvA tato dvitIyaH kartavyaH / evaM darzapUrNamAsAdiSvanekapradhAnasamavAye padArthAnusamaya eva nyAyyo na kANDAnusamaya iti sthitam / ' zAstradIpikA(pa0 421);..... gArgyanArAyaNa ne (AzvalAyanagRhya sUtra za2417 para) vyAkhyA kI hai-tatra nAma sarveSAM varaNakrameNa viSTaraM dattvA tataH pAdyaM ttoy'miti| kANDAnusamayo nAma ekasyaiva viSTarAdigonivedanAntaM samApya tato'nyasya sarvaM tato'nyasyeti / vya0 ma0 (pR0 66) ne 'tulA' nAmaka divya meM devatAoM ko pUjA meM padArthAnusamaya kI carcA kI hai|

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama dasthapati-nyAya Adi kA, aura hamane inakA pahale hI ullekha bhI kara diyA hai| jaimini na pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 1 / 1-3) meM prAthamikI ke rUpa meM sthApanA kI hai ki isa prakAra ke vacanoM meM, yathA-'svargakAmI ko darzapUrNamAsa yA jyotiSToga yajJa karanA cAhie,' veda ne svarga kI icchA karane vAle ke lie yAga kI vyavasthA kI hai, arthAt svarga ko pradhAna tattva kahA gayA hai aura yAga ko sahakArI yA gauNa sthAna diyA gayA hai, jisase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki vaidika vacana ne yajJakartA kI vizeSatAoM kA ullekha kiyA (vyavasthA kI) hai / TupTIkA kA kathana hai ki adhikArI svAmI hai jo sabhI karmoM (yAga) ke Upara avasthita hai / eka apekSAkRta adhika vistRta paribhASAe~ dI gayI haiM-'adhikArI vaha hai (arthI) jo kisI phala kI AzA karatA hai (yathA svarga yA sukha kI), (samartha) jo vyavasthita karma ke sampAdana kI samarthatA rakhatA hai, jo vidvAna hotA hai aura jo zruti dvArA yajJa karane ke lie amAnya nahIM ThaharAyA gayA hai|' choTe-choTe jIva bhI sara va kI kAmanA karate haiM; ata: unheM 'vyavasthita karma ke sampAdana kI samarthatA' Adi zabdoM dvArA alaga kara diyA gayA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki koI vyakti pUrNarUpeNa abodha ho, isIlie 'vidvAn' zabda jor3A gayA hai| zUdra bhI sukha (Ananda) kI kAmanA kara sakatA hai, samartha ho sakatA hai aura vidvAn ho sakatA hai, kintu use "zudra yajJa ke yogya nahIM hai" isa vaidika vacana dvArA alaga kara diyA gayA hai| pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 1 / 36-40) meM yaha nizcita kiyA gayA hai ki tIna ucca vargoM meM pratyeka ko vaidika yajJoM ke sampAdana kA adhikAra hai| eka vyakti eka bAra dhanahIna ho sakatA hai, kintu Age calakara vaha vividha sAdhanoM se dhana ekatra kara sakatA hai| usI prakAra 6 / 1141 meM aisA AyA hai ki jo kisI aMgavikalatA se saMkula hai (usakA koI aMga vyAdhigrasta yA anupayogI ho gayA hai) vaha dhanahIna vyakti ke samAna hI hai, arthAt aise vyakti ko, yadi vaha apanI aMga-durbalatA ko dUra kara le to vaidika yajJoM ke sampAdana kA adhikAra hai| 6 / 1142 meM yaha bhI vyavasthA dI huI hai ki yadi doSa janmajAta hai yA use acchA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA to aise doSa se grasta rahane vAle ko vaidika yajJoM ke sampAdana kA adhikAra nahIM hai| isI ke AdhAra para riktha evaM rikthA dhikAra se sambandhita prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna hindU vyavahAra (kAnUna) nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| dekhie yAjJa0 (2 / 140), manu (201) evaM nArada (dAyabhAga, zloka 21-22) / yAjJa0 (2 / 140) meM ghoSita hai ki napuMsaka, jAtibhraSTa evaM usakA putra, la~gar3A, pAgala, mUrkha, aMdhA tathA asAdhya 43. tasmAtsvargakAmasya yAgakarmopadezaH syaat| ataH svargaH pradhAnataH karma guNataH iti svargakAmamadhikRtya yajeteti vacanamityadhikAralakSaNamidaM siddham / zabara (pU0 mI0 sU0 6 // 1 // 3); adhikArIti karmaNAmuparibhAvenAvasthitaH svAmItyarthaH / TupaTIkA (usI para); artho samartho vidvAn shaastrennaapryudstodhikaarii| sarvadarzanakaumudI (pR0 103) / zabara evaM kumArila ne vibhinna sthAnoM para jo kucha kahA hai usakA sAra-saMkSepa sarvadarzanakaumudI ne eka hI sthAna para de diyA hai, yathA-'na caitadasti tiryagAdInAmapyadhikAra iti / kasya thi| yaH samarthaH kRtsnaM karmAbhinirvartayitum / na devAnAM devatAntarAbhAvAt / na hyAtmAnamuddizya tyAgaH smbhvti| tyAga evAsI na syAt / ... api ca tiryaJco na kAlAntaraphalenArthinaH / AsannaM hi te kaamynte|...n caite (tiryaJcaH) bedamadhIyate nApi smRtizAstrANi / nApyanyebhyo'va gacchanti / tasmAnna vidanti dharmam / avidvAsaH kathamanutiSTheyuH / zabara (pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 115) / zUdro manuSyANAmazvaH pazUnAM tasmAttau bhUtasaMkrAmiNAvazvazca zUdrazca / tasmAcchUdro yjnye'nvkluptH| tai0 saM0 (7 / 1 / 1 / 6) / sAyaNa ne 'anavakluptaH' ko 'yajJe pravartituM na yogyaH' ke artha meM liyA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa roga se pIr3ita rahane vAlA vyakti (rivatha kA) bhAga nahIM pAtA, vaha kevala jIvikA kA adhikArI hai / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA malakhaNDa 3, pR0610-612 / mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 21140) meM AyA hai ki ayogyatA kI bAteM puruSoM evaM nAriyoM para samAna rUpa se lAga hotI haiN| kintu abhI kacha varSa pUrva (san 1656 meM) hindu uttarAdhikAra vyavahAra (kAnana, saM0 32) dvArA ayogyatA kI sabhI dhArAeM samApta kara dI gayIM, aba koI bhI doSa yA zarIra-vikalatA ke AdhAra para rikthAdhikAra se vaMcita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kevala unhIM bAtoM para pratibandha hai jo isa vyavahAra (kAnuna) ke antargata (28 vA~ prakaraNa ) haiN| chaTha adhyAya ke bahata-se sUtra 'pratinidhi' ke viSaya meM vivecana upasthita karate haiN| ina satroM kA vivecana isa mahAgrantha ke mUla khaNDa 2 pR0 684, 1110, 1203, khaNDa 3, pR0 471, 637, 653, 654 (jahA~ satyApAda zrautasatra 3 kA ullekha samAna niyamoM ke kAraNa kiyA gayA hai) meM ho cakA hai| kacha udAharaNa yahA~ ulTigvita ho rahe haiN| prathama niyama yaha hai ki yadi Ahati ke lie veda dvArA ghoSita padArtha naSTa ho jAya aura vaha Ahuti nitya (Avazyaka ) ho yA usa kAmya kRtya ke lie ho jisakA Arambha ho cukA ho to dUsare padArtha dvArA pratinidhitva karAyA jA sakatA hai / yathA-vrIhi (cAvala) yA yava ke sthAna para nIvAra kA pratinidhitva ho sakatA hai (6 / 3 / 13-17) / kacha bAtoM meM vaidika vacanoM ne prayoga meM lAyI jAne vAlI vastu ke sthAna para pratinidhi kI chaTa de dI hai, yathA---'yadi yajamAna ko soma kA paudhA na mile to vaha pUtIkA-DaNTala ko prayoga meM lA sakatA hai aura usake rasa se karma-sampAdana kara sakatA hai| virodhI tarka upasthita karatA hai ki veda ne spaSTa rUpa me soma ke pratinidhitva ke lie pUtIkA kI vyavasthA kara dI hai, ata: jahA~ veda sarvathA mauna hai vahA~ aisA samajhanA cAhie ki veda ne vahA~ pratinidhi kI vyavasthA nahIM kI hai| siddhAnta yaha hai ki pratinidhi ke rUpa meM pUtIkA kI vyavasthA eka pratiSedhAtmaka niyama hai, arthAt yadyapi soma se milate-julate bahuta-se paudhe prApta ho sakate haiM, kintu pratiSedha yA niyantraNa yaha hai ki kevala pUtIkA se hI pratinidhitva karanA caahie| aisI vyavasthA dI gayI hai (3 / 6 / 37, 21)ki jahA~ nIvAra jaise pratinidhiyoM kA prayoga hotA hai, vahA~ jala chir3akanA, Ukhala evaM masala se carNa banAnA (cAvala yA yava ko kaTa kara cUrNa banAnA) Adi sahAyaka karma bhI una para kiye jAte haiN| cAvala ke prayoga meM mantra spaSTa rUpa se kahatA hai ki kevala anna kI (bhUsI se rahita cAvala kI) Ahuti hotI hai| 'nIvArANAM metha' (pU0 mI0 sa0 6 / 3 / 1-2) ke rUpa meM Uha (anukalana) kiyA jAtA hai / 44 kintu kucha bAtoM meM pratinidhi kI bAta nahIM utthtii| usa devatA kA, jisake lie havi kI vyavasthA rahatI hai, pratinidhitva kisI anya dvArA nahIM hotA, yathA 'AgneyopTAkapAla:' kA parivartana 'aindroSTAkapAlaH' ke rUpa meM nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki vaisI sthiti meM kRtya kA uddezya hI samApta ho jaayegaa| isI prakAra jaba aisA vacana AyA hai ki 'vaha AhavanIya agni meM Ahati DAlatA hai' to vahA~ gArhapatya agni dvArA pratinidhitva nahIM kiyA jA sakatA; eka vyavasthita mantra ke sthAna para anya mantra nahIM rakhA jA sakatA aura na 'samidho yajati' Adi prayAjoM ke lie anya kRtyoM kI vyavasthA ho sakatI hai|45 veda ne varaka, kodrava evaM mASa kA prayoga yajJoM ke lie vajita ThaharAyA hai| yadi koI vyakti Tivaza mASa bhanna ko mudga anna samajha kara kisI aise yajJa meM prayoga karatA hai jisameM ubale mudga kI Ahuti dene kI vyavasthA 44. asti tu prakRtau brohiligo mantraH-syonaM te sadanaM... pratitiSTha vIhINAM medhaM sumanasyamAna iti / zabara (6 // 3 // 1) / yaha te0 prA0 (77 / 5 / 2-3) meM pAyA jAtA hai| medha kA artha hai sArabhUta / 45. na devtaagnishbdkriymnyaarthsNyogaat| pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 // 3 // 18) / ,

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 201 hai, to vaisI sthiti meM vaha manovAMchita kRtya sampAdita karatA huA nahIM samajhA jAyegA, kyoMki jo ayogya rUpa meM varjita hai vaha pratinidhi nahIM ho sktaa|46 uparyavata nyAya para mitAkSarA ne yAjJa0 (2 / 126, jahA~ aisA AyA hai ki yadi saMyukta kauTumbika dhana ko kucha sadasya dabA lete haiM yA chipA lete haiM aura isa prakAra apane lie usako rakha lete haiM, to vaha prApta kiye jAne para, vibhAjana ke uparAnta bhI, barAbara bhAgoM meM bA~Ta diyA jAnA cAhie) kI TIkA karate hue AdhAra rakhA hai aura mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki isa zloka se saMyukta dhana ko chipA rakhane ke pApa se yaha kaha kara chuTakArA nahIM prApta ho sakatA ki vaha (chipAne vAlA) bhI eka svAmI thaa| mitAkSarA ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki jisa prakAra koI yajamAna truTivaza mASa ko mudga samajha kara Ahuti dene se yajJa ke phala se vaJcita ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra saMyukta parivAra ke dhana ko chipA lene vAlA vyakti aparAdhI ho jAtA hai / vyavahAraprakAza (pR0 555) evaM aparArka (pR0 732) ne bhI yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA hai, kintu dAyabhAga (12 / 11-13) evaM vyavahAraratnAkara (pR0 526) ne isa mata kA virodha kiyA hai (dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 3, pR0 636) / prAyazcittatattva (pR0 482) ne isa nyAya para eka vistRta TippaNI kI hai| eka dUsarA niyama yaha hai ki yajJakartA kA koI pratinidhi nahIM ho sakatA (6 / 3 / 21), kyoMki aisI vyavasthA (ja0 3 / 7 / 18-20) hai ki kRtya kA phala svAmI ko prApta hotA hai, bhale hI vaha prArambha karane ke uparAnta sabhI kucha apane purohita (jo kRtya karane ke lie niyukta rahatA hai) para chor3a de, isa viSaya meM eka apavAda hai jo satroM (jai06|3|22) se sambandhita hai, jinameM bahuta-se vyakti eka sAtha kartA evaM purohita ke rUpa meM saMlagna rahate haiN| eka mahattvapUrNa adhikaraNa hai 6 / 7 / 31-40 / 'vizvasRjAmayanam' nAmaka eka satra hotA hai jo 1000 saMvatsaroM taka calane vAlA hotA hai / tai0 brA0 (1 / 3 / 7 / 7 evaM 1 / 3 / 6 / 2 : 'zatAyuH puruSaH'), kArNAjini evaM lAvukAyana ke matoM kI ora saMketa karane ke uparAnta jaimini ne bar3e bala ke sAtha isa niSkarSa kI sthApanA kI hai ki saMvatsara kA yahA~ artha hai divasa / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mala khaNDa 2, pR0 1246, pAda-TippaNI, jahA~ mahAbhASya ke kathana kI ora nirdeza kiyA gayA hai ki yAjJika loga isa prakAra ke satroM kI carcA karate hue prAcIna RSiyoM dvArA calAyI huI paramparAoM kA hI anusaraNa karate haiM / medhAtithi (manu0 1184: 'vedoktamAyurmAnAm') ne eka lambI TippaNI meM jaimini ke dRSTikoNa kI carcA kI hai aura 'zatAyurvaM puruSaH' evaM 'zataminnu zarado anti devAH' (R0 11866) kA uddharaNa diyA hai tathA anya vyAkhyAtAoM ke mata diye haiM / kAtyAyanazrautasUtra (1 / 6 / 1727) ne isa viSaya kA vivecana vistAra ke sAtha kiyA hai, bhAradvAja, kArNAjini evaM laugAkSi kI vyAkhyAoM kI vibhinnatA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai tathA anta meM yaha mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki saMvatsara kA artha hai 'divs'| 46. pratiSiddhaM cAvizeSeNa hi taccha tiH| 6 / 3 / 20; pratiSiddhaM ca na pratinihitavyamiti / avizeSeNa hotaducyate-na yajJArhA mASA varakA kodravAzceti / shbr| sUtra kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai: 'pratiSiddhaM bhASAdikaM na pratinidheyaM yasmAt avizeSeNa yazasambandhamAtre nissedhshrutiH| tai0 saM0 (5 // 181) meM 'amedhyA vai mASAH' AyA hai| aura dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 3, pR0 637 evaM pAda-TippaNI 1206 jahA~ jaimini kA sUtra evaM mitAkSarA kA uddharaNa diyA huA hai| 26

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke prathama 6 adhyAyoM meM darzapUrNamAsa jaise kRtyoM kI vidhi kA, jisake vistAra kA spaSTIkaraNa veda dvArA huA hai, vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sAtaveM adhyAya meM isakA vivecana hai ki kyA vikRtiyoM (ve yajJa jo Adarza yajJoM ke pariSkRta yA sahAyaka rUpa haiM) meM prakRti yA pradhAna yajJa jor3e jAyeMge aura yadi aisA ho to kauna-se aura kitane jor3e jAyeMge / sAtaveM adhyAya meM aindrAgna evaM anya yajJoM meM vistAra aura unake sAmAnya sthAnAntaraNa ( arthAt sAmAnya rUpa meM atideza) kA vivecana pAyA jAtA hai| atideza vaha vidhi yA praNAlI hai jisake dvArA kisI kRtya ke sambandha meM vyavasthita vistAroM ko usa kRtya ke Age le jAyA jAtA hai aura dUsare meM lagAyA jAtA hai ( sthAnAntaraNa kiyA jAtA hai) / zabara ne kisI prAcIna lekhaka kA eka zloka uddhRta kara atideza kI paribhASA kI hai| vaha yajJa, jisake vistAroM ko sthAnAntarita kiyA jAtA hai, prakRti (Adarza, namUnA yA mUla rUpa ) kahalAtA hai tathA vaha yajJa jisameM vaisA sthAnAntaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vikRti kahalAtA hai / atideza kI vyavasthA vacana ( vaidika vAkya ) yA nAma se kI jA sakatI hai / ( prathama ke do prakAra hote haiM, yathA-- pratyakSa vaktavya dvArA yA anumAnita vidhi se) udAharaNArthaM, 'iSu' nAmaka indrajAla sambandhI yajJa ke viSaya meM kucha vistAroM kA ullekha karane ke uparAnta vacana kahatA hai ki zeSAMza vaisA hI hai jaisA ki zyena meM hai / 47 anumAnika vacana kA eka udAharaNa hai darzapUrNamAsa meM Agneya ke vistAroM kA sauyaM yajJa taka atideza, kyoMki donoM eka-dUsare se bhalI-bhA~ti sambandhita haiM aura kyoMki 'sauryayAga' (pU0 mI0 sU0 7 / 4 / 1 ) ke bAre meM vacana dvArA koI vistAra vyavasthita nahIM hai / nAma ke bhI do prakAra haiM--kRtya kA nAma evaM saMskAra kA nAma / kuNDapAyinAmayana meM vyavasthita mAsAgnihotra ( dekhie pU0 mI0 sU0 2 / 3 / 24 ) nitya agnihotra se bhinna hai (yathA 'yAvajjIvamagnihotraM juhuyAt' meM), kintu 'agnihotra' nAma donoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, ataH sAmAnya agnihotra ke vistAra ( yathA - go duhanA, dahI yA dUdha kA arpaNa, khadirasamidhA Adi) mAsAgnihotra ( jai0 7 / 3 / 1 - 4 ) meM atidezita ho sakate haiM / saMskAra nAma ke atideza kA udAharaNa jaimini (7|3|12-15 ) meM hai / varuNapraghAsa ( jo cAturmAsyoM meM eka hai) meM avabhRtha ( snAna) kI vyavasthA hai, kintu usameM vistAra nahIM jor3e gaye haiM ataH Avazyaka vistAra somayAga ke avabhRtha ke bAre meM diye gaye niyamoM se grahaNa kiye jA sakate haiM / 202 smRtiyoM evaM nibandhoM ne bahudhA atideza kA Azraya liyA hai| udAharaNArthaM, yAjJa0 ( 1 / 236 evaM 242 ) ne agnaukaraNa evaM pArvaNazrAddha meM piNDadAna ke viSaya meM piNDapitRyajJa kI vidhi ko vistRta kara diyA hai / parAzarasmRti ( 7 / 18-16) ne rajasvalA nArI ko prathama dina meM cANDAlI, dUsare dina meM brahmaghAtino evaM tIsare dina meM rajakI ( dhobina ) kahA hai| parAzaramAghavIya ne isa para TippaNI kI hai ki ina nAmoM se pukAre jAne kA tAtparyaM yaha hai ki ina dinoM meM usa nArI se saMbhoga karane para vahI pApa lagatA hai jo kisI ucca varNa ke puruSa dvArA cANDAlI Adi se saMbhoga karane se lagatA hai / AThaveM adhyAya meM atideza ke viziSTa udAharaNa diye gaye haiM / darzapUrNamAsa sabhI iSTiyoM48 kI prakRti hai tathA 'darzapUrNa mAssAbhyAM yajeta' ko vidhyAdi kahA jAtA hai aura vidhyanta darzapUrNamAsa kI samasta pUrI vidhi hai| 47. astISurnAma ekAhaH / aparaH zyenaH / tau dvAvapyAbhicArikau tatreSau kAMzciddharmAnvidhAyAha samAnamitaracchaneneti / zabara ( 7|1|13) / 'samA.. neva' Apa0 zrau0 sU0 (227118 ) kA hai| 48. suvidhA ke lie vaidika yajJoM ko tIna koTiyoM meM bahudhA vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai, yathA-iSTi (jinameM dUdha, ghRta, cAvala, jo tathA anya annoM kI Ahuti dI jAtI hai), pazu evaM soma / soma ko punaH ekAha

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dharma zAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 203 (kevala darzapUrNa mAssAmA yajeta ke atirikta), jaisA ki puroDAza (roTI) Adi kI Ahuti ke viSaya meM brAhmaNoM meM ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| saurya nAmaka vikRtiyAga meM "jo vaidika jJAna kA prakAza prApta karanA cAhatA hai use sUrya ko mAta denA cAhie" yaha vAkya vidhyAdi hai, kintu yahA~ kucha bhI vistAra nahIM upasthita kiyA gayA hai / feat far kI apekSA-sI lagatI hai, yadyapi yajJoM ke viSaya meM katipaya vidhyanta pAye jAte haiM, tathApi 'nirvapati' nAmaka viziSTa zabda darzapUrNamAsa ( jisameM nirvApi pAyA jAtA hai) kI vidhi kA dyotaka hai, aura isa prakAra hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki Agneya ( darzapUrNamAsa meM prathamakRtya) ke samAna hI saurya caru kI Ahuti hotI hai / sabhI anya iSTiyoM meM prakRti kI sabhI bAteM tathaiva kI jAtI haiM / ekAha evaM dvAdazAha nAmaka somayajJoM meM jyotiSToma prakRti hai aura isakI sabhI bAteM somayajJoM ke sabhI pariSkRta rUpoM (vikRtiyoM) meM sampAdita kI jAtI haiM, yathA atirAtra meM / una sabhI yajJoM meM jinameM pazubali hotI hai, agniSomIya prakRti hai, jisakI bAteM pazuyAgoM kI sabhI vikRtiyoM meM sampAdita kI jAtI haiN| dvAdazAha ke do prakAra haiM, ahIna evaM satra aura vaha dvirAtra, trirAtra se lekara zatarAtra taka ke sabhI ahIna yajJoM kI prakRti hai; aura satra kI koTi vAlA dvAdazAha sabhI satroM kA eka namUnA (Adarza) hai / AdityAnAmayana ke samAna sabhI yAgoM kI prakRti gavAmayana hai / darvIhoma na to yajJoM kI prakRtiyA~ haiM aura na vikRtiyA~ / AThaveM adhyAya meM yahI saba varNita haiN| naveM adhyAya meM Uha kA vivecana hai / atideza ke siddhAnta ke prayoga ke silasile meM mantroM, sAmagAnoM evaM saMskAroM ke viSaya meM kucha parivartanoM evaM UhoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai / sAdhAraNataH Uha zabda kA artha hotA hai tarka yA vicAraNA, kintu pU0 mI0 sU0 meM isakA viziSTa artha hotA hai / Agneya prakRti hai jisameM nirvApa (Ahuti ) "maiM agni ko vahI arpita karatA hU~ jo unheM priya hai" ina zabdoM ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai| sauryayAga meM, jo Agneya kI vikRti hai, nirvApa (Ahuti ) " jo sUrya ko priya hai vahI maiM unheM arpita karatA hU~" zabdoM ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai / vAjapeya meM hama par3hate haiM- "vaha satraha pAtroM meM nirvApa annoM ko pakA kara bRhaspati ko arpita karatA hai / " vAjapeya darzapUrNamAsa kA eka pariSkRta rUpa hai jisameM cAvala ke kaNa jala ke sAtha chir3ake jAte haiM; ataH chir3akanA nIvAra annoM para bhI kiyA jAtA hai ( pU0 mI0 sU0 6 |2| 40 ) jyotiSToma yajJa ke dUsare dina subrahmaNya purohita dvArA indra ko sambodhita subrahmaNyA prArthanA kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, jo yoM hai-- 'indra Agaccha, hariva Agaccha, medhAtithemeSa / ' agniSTut yajJa meM bhI agni ko sambodhita sutrahmaNyA-nigada hai / pATha karane meM 'indra' ke sthAna para 'agne' zabda rakha liyA jAtA hai, kintu usake Age ke zabda, yathA - 'hariva Agaccha' parivartita nahIM kiye jAte aura unakA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, kyoMki ve vaisI upAdhiyA~ haiN| jo agni ke lie bhI kahI jAtI haiM ( pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 1 / 42-44 ) / mImAMsakoM ne jo siddhAnta nikAlA hai, vaha ( jo kevala eka dina taka cale, yathA - agniSToma ), ahIna ( jo eka se adhika aura adhika se adhika 12 dinoM taka cale) evaM satra (jo 12 dinoM se adhika eka varSa yA usase bhI adhika kAla taka cale ) koTiyoM meM bA~TA gayA | zabara ( pR0 mI0 sU0 4 / 4 / 20 ) ne cAra mahAyajJoM kI carcA kI hai, yathA-- agnihotra, darzapUrNamAsa, jyoti - SToma, piNDapitRyajJa / gautamadharmasUtra ( 8118 ) ke anusAra sAta somayajJa hote haiM / ina zrauta kRtyoM ke atirikta gRhyasUtroM meM anya kRtyoM kA ullekha hai jo guhyAgni meM kiye jAte haiN| dekhie isa mahAprantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, bhAga 2, pR0 163-164 /

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204 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yaha hai ki jaba mUla mantra ke zabda pariSkRta (vikRti) yAga taka nahIM bar3hAye jAte to Uha kA Azraya liyA jAtA hai, anyathA nhiiN| kintu zabara ne TippaNI kI hai ki yAjJika loga Uha kA sampAdana kara lete haiM (upayukta parivartanoM ke sAtha apane anukUla banA lete haiM), arthAt ve aisA pATha karate haiM-'agne Agaccha rohitAzva bRhdbhaano...|' yaha jJAtavya hai ki pU0 mI0 sU0 (2 / 1 / 34) evaM zabara ke anusAra Uhita (anukUlita) mantra mantra nahIM hotA, kyoMki kevala ve hI mantra kahe jAte haiM jinheM vidvAn loga svIkAra karate haiN| darzapUrNamAsa meM jaba purohita cAra muTThI cAvala nikAlatA hai aura use sUpa meM rakhatA hai to vaha tIna muTThI cAvala para mantra par3hatA hai jisakA zAbdika artha hai-'savitA ke Adeza para azvinoM ke bAhuoM se tathA pUSA ke hAthoM se maiM tumheM agni ke lie, jise tuma priya ho, nikAlatA huuN|' pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 1 / 36-37) kA kathana hai ki savitA, pUSA evaM azvina zabdoM ko, darzapUrNamAsa ke pariSkAroM ke lie, jahA~ deva arthAt pUjA ke devatA agni na hoM, Uha dvArA parivartita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| zabara ne savitA, azvina evaM pUSA ke lie khIMcAtAnI karake artha kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki ye zabda nirvApa prakAzana ke lie prayakta haiN| eka anya manoraMjaka udAharaNa hai, jahA~ uha nahIM pAyA jaataa| darzapUrNamAsa meM eka praiSa (nirdeza athavA Adeza) hai-chir3akane ke lie jala rakho, samidhA evaM kuza rakho, sucI evaM srava ko svaccha karo, (yajamAna kI) patnI ko mekhalA pahanA do aura ghRta ke sAtha bAhara A jaao|' mAna lIjie yajamAna kI do yA tIna patniyA~ hoM, taba bhI ekavacana (patnIm) kA hI prayoga hotA hai na ki dvivacana yA bahuvacana kA (pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 3 / 20 evaM 6 / 3 / 21) / dharmazAstra ke granthoM ne Uha kA prayoga kiyA hai| viSNudharmasUtra (758) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki mantra ke Uha ke dvArA eka hI DhaMga se nAnA evaM usake do pUrva puruSoM kA zrAddha karanA caahie| pUrva puruSoM ke lie mantra yoM hai-'zundhantAM pitaraH' (Apa0 zrau0 sU0 11713) jisakA parivartana 'zundhantAM mAtAmahAH' ke rUpa meM ho jAtA hai| dekhie mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 11254) / ____ jaba yajJa meM pakA cAvala diyA jAtA hai to mantra yoM hotA hai--'syonaM. . .nIhINAM medhaH sumanasyamAnaH' (te. brA0 31715) / jaba pakA cAvala naSTa ho jAtA hai yA nahIM prApta hotA aura nIvAra anna kA prayoga usake sthAna para hotA hai to 'nIvArANAM medha' aisA Uha nahIM hotA, pratyuta 'bIhINAM medha' zabda jyoM-ke-tyoM rakhe jAte haiM (pU0 mI0 s06|3|23-26), kyoMki, jaisA ki pU0 mI0 sU0 (6 / 3 / 27) meM kahA gayA hai (sAmAnyaM taccikIrSA hi), nIvAra kA prayoga vrIhi kI samAnatA ke kAraNa hI kiyA jAtA hai| veM adhyAya ke tIsare evaM cauthe pAdoM meM pazubandha meM hotA dvArA par3he jAne vAle adhaga-preSa ke viSaya meM bAraha adhikaraNa haiN| dekhie, isa viSaya meM isa mahAgrantha kA mUlakhaNDa, 2, pR0 1121, pAda-TippaNI 2504, jahA~ yaha praiSa diyA huA hai| vahA~ para kucha zabdoM ke lie Uha kI vyavasthA hai aura pU0 mI0 sU0 ne usa saMdarbha meM kucha aparicita evaM kaThina zabdoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai| pU0 mI0 sU0 kA dasavA~ adhyAya sabase bar3A hai| isameM ATha pAda evaM 577 sUtra haiM (arthAt sampUrNa sUtroM kA eka-pA~cavA~ bhaag)| tIsare adhyAya meM 363 sUtra tathA 6The adhyAya meM kula 346 sUtra haiM aura donoM adhyAyoM meM pRthaka-pRthak 8 pAda haiN| dasaveM adhyAya meM bAdha evaM abhyuccaya yA samuccaya (bAdha kA viparItArthaka) kA vivecana ha hai ki prakRtiyAga (Adarza yA namUna ke yajJa) kI bAta vikRti meM jyoM-kI-tyoM le lI jAnI caahie| kintu kucha udAharaNoM meM vikRti-yAga kA bhinna nAma hai, kucha saMskAra (zuddha karane yA sajAne Adi ke katya evaM kacha dravya jo prakRti meM prayakta hote haiM, vikRti meM prayakta nahIM ho sakate. kyoMki spaSTa zabdoM meM niSedha diyA huA hai, yA kyoMki inase koI upayoga nahIM siddha hotA aura ve nirarthaka hote haiN| zabara kA kahanA hai ki bAdha tabhI upasthita hotA hai jaba kisI viziSTa kAraNa se koI vicAra yA jJAna, jo nizcita-sA rahatA hai, mithyA mAna liyA jAtA hai, aura abhyuccaya (jor3a yA milAva) usa samaya upasthita hotA hai jaba yaha

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 205 jJAta rahatA hai ki kucha bAteM vikRti meM jor3I jAnI haiM kintu usake sAtha yaha bhI jJAta rahatA hai ki kucha aisI bAteM bhI haiM jo vikRti ke lie atirikta rUpa se jor3I jaayeNgii| maitrAyaNIsahitA (2 / 2 / 2) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki lambI Ayu ke icchuka vyakti ko cAhie ki vaha ghRta meM garama karake eka sau kRSNaloM (cAvala ke dAne ke rUpa meM sone ke Tukar3oM) kA dAna kare / kintu yahA~ para koI avaghAta (anna kI bhasI chaDAnA athavA alaga karanA) nahIM hotA (arthAt masala se okhalI meM kUTane kA kArya nahIM kiyA jAtA) / kyoMki yahA~ para anna ke dAne ke rUpa meM sone ke Tukar3e haiM, jina para koI chilakA yA bhUsI nahIM hotI jise alaga karane ke lie kUTane kA karma kiyA jAya (pU0 mI0 sU0 10 / 1 / 1-3) / isI prakAra upastaraNa ( kuza bichAnA ) evaM abhidhAraNa (usake pazcAt hI ghRta dAranA) ke kRtya bhI nahIM kiye jAte, kyoMki prakRtiyajJa meM ye kRtya Ahuti ko madhura gandha dene ke lie kiye jAte haiM (10 / 2 / 3-11) / cAvala ke caru ko pakAyA jAtA hai (arthAt agni kI uSNatA use dI jAtI hai), usI prakAra sone ke Tukar3oM ko ghata meM uSNa kiyA jAtA hai (10 / 2 / 1-2) / sone ke TakaDoM ko ganne ke TavaDoM kI bhAMti casanA hotA hai (10 / 2 / 13-16), kyoMki ve khAye nahIM jA sakate, jaba ki prakRtiyajJa (Adarza yajJa ) meM iDA evaM prAzitra ko vAstava meM khAyA jAtA hai| dayena jaise indrajAla ke kRtya meM pathivI para beta (yA bAMsa kI banI caTAI) bichAyA jAtA hai, kaza nahIM (jaisA ki Adarza yajJa meM kiyA jAtA hai)| yaha bAdha viziSTa vacana ke kAraNa upasthita hotA hai| vaidika yajJoM meM sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki purohitoM kA canAva hotA hai aura anta meM unheM dakSiNA dI jAtI hai, kintu satra apavAda hote haiM, kyoMki satroM meM sabhI purohita evaM yajamAna hote haiN| yahA~ para varaNa (cunAva) ke bAdha kA kAraNa yaha hai ki anya yajJoM meM yajamAna evaM purohita pathaka-pRthaka hote haiM aura purohito ko dakSiNA ke lie niyukta kiyA jAtA hai| vahA~ para pUrohitoM ke varaNa evaM niyukti ke lie spaSTa uddezya hai| kintu satra meM jahA~ sabhI loga yajamAna evaM purohita hote haiM, purohitavaraNa (RtvigvaraNa) kA kRtya karane kA koI spaSTa uddezya nahIM hotA / samuccaya kA eka udAharaNa diyA jA sakatA hai| vAjapeya (jo pu0 mI0 sa0 3 / 7 / 50-51 ke mAra jyotiSToma kA eka rUpa hai) meM satraha pazuoM kI bali hotI hai / Adarza (prakRti) yajJa (arthAta jyotipToma) meM bhI kucha viziSTa pazuoM kI bali hotI hai / prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki yahA~ prakRti-yAga meM vyavasthita pazuoM kA koI bAdha hai yA koI samuccaya / niSkarSa yaha hai ki yahA~ samuccaya hai (10 / 4 / 6), kyoMki tai0 vA0 meM eka aisA vacana AyA hai--'brahmavAdI pUchate haiM, "vAjapeya meM sabhI yajJiya kRtya kyoM kiye jAte haiM ?" use aisA uttara denA cAhie-'pazuoM dvArA, arthAt vaha agni ko eka pazu kI bali detA hai, isase vaha agniSToma dhAraNa karatA hai, vaha ukthya dhAraNa karatA hai. . . / ' isase prakaTa hotA hai ki vaha satraha pazaoM ke atirikta anya pazuoM kI bhI bali karatA hai| dekhie mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 243) evaM tantravAtika (pR0 mI0 sU0 3 / 3 / 14) dasaveM adhyAya meM dakSiNA ke viSaya meM bhI vivecana hai, jo mahattvapUrNa hai| 10 / 2 / 22-28 meM aisA nizcita kiyA gayA hai ki dakSiNA kisI adRSTa uddezya ke lie nahIM dI jAyagI, pratyuta vaha yajJoM meM vyavasthita kRtyoM sadana ke lie niyakta purohitoM ko dI jaayegii| 3 / 8 / 1-2 meM aisA nizcita kiyA gayA hai ki yajamAna (svAmI) yajJoM ke lie purohitoM ko rakhe, kevala usI karma ke lie aisA nahIM kare jisake lie spaSTa rUpa se vaidika vacana haiM (yathA--tai0 saM0 5 / 2 / 8 / 2 meM) / 1013 / 36 meM tANDya brA0 (16 / 1 / 10-11) se uddhata karake dakSiNA ke viSayoM ko upasthita kiyA gayA hai| aisA kahA gayA hai ki 'dvAdazazataM dakSiNA' kA artha hai ki gAyoM kI saMkhyA 112 honI cAhie (10 / 3 / 36,46),10 / 3 / 50 meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki yajamAna ko svayaM dakSiNA

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa denI cAhie aura 1013355 meM bA~Tane kI vidhi kA ullekha hai / pramukha purohita cAra haiM , yathA-hotA, adhvaryu, udgAtA evaM brahmA aura ina sabhI cAroM ke tIna-tIna sahAyaka hote haiM, jo nIce pAda-TippaNI meM likhita haiM / 49 mAna lIjie 100 gAyeM bA~TanI haiM / cAra daloM meM pratyeka ko 114 arthAt 25 gAyeM mileNgii| hotA ko 12 tathA anya tIna sahAyakoM ko krama se 6, 4 evaM 3 gAya mileMgI arthAt ve krama se pramakha kA 112, 113 evaM 114 bhAga paayge| yahI DhaMga anya tIna daloM ke lie bhI hogaa| prathama dRSTi meM yahI bAta jhalakatI hai ki saba ko samAna milanA cAhie, kyoMki zruti kA kathana hai ki sabako samAna milanA cAhie, kintu yahA~ aisI bAta nahIM hai, yahA~ aisI vyavasthA kI gayI hai ki dakSiNA kArya kI gurutA ke anusAra dI jaaye| nizcita niSkarSa yaha hai ki donoM dRSTikoNa grAhya nahIM haiM, vAstava meM dakSiNA vibhAjana adhinaH, tRtIyinaH evaM pAdinaH ke artha ke anusAra honA cAhie, jaisA ki zruti meM prayukta hai| mana0 (8 / 210) ne uparyukta vibhAjana-praNAlI kA ullekha kiyA hai aura vaidika yajJoM meM praya vidhi ko gaha-nirmANa Adi jaise kRtya ke lie bhI upayukta ThaharAyA hai|50 yadyapi sUtra (samaM syAdazrutitvAt) kevala parvapakSa hai aura gAyoM ke vibhAjana meM mAnya nahIM huA hai, kintu madhyakAlIna dharmazAstra-lekhakoM ne isa siddhAnta ko mAnA hai| dekhie smRticandrikA (1, pR0 152, 2, 285, 2, 404), kullUka (manu0 3 / 1, jahA~ 36 varSoM ko tInoM vedazAkhAoM ke adhyayana ke lie barAbara-barAbara bAMTA gayA hai), madanaratna (vyavahAra pR0 202), vyavahAraprakAza (pR0 443 evaM 548) / gyArahaveM adhyAya meM tantra kA vivecana hai| tantra meM una viSayoM kA samAveza hotA hai jahA~ eka kRtya kaI kRtyoM evaM karmoM ke uddezya kI pUrti karatA hai|51 udAharaNArtha, tIna yAga haiM, yathA-agni ke lie ATha ___46. hotA maitrAvaruNo'cchAvAko grAvastut, adhvaryaH pratiprasthAtA neSTonnetA, brahmA brAhmaNAcchaMsI AgnIdhaH potA, udgAtA prastotA pratihartA subrahmaNyaH-iti / pramukha cAra purohitoM ke nAma samUhoM ke Arambha meM haiN| pratyeka pramukha ke uparAnta tIna sahAyakoM ke nAma Aye haiN| pramukha purohitoM ke turata pazcAt Ane vAle sahAyakoM ko adhinaH kahA jAtA hai (arthAt ve pramukha purohitoM kA AdhA pAte haiM, ye cAroM haiM-maitrAvaruNa, pratiprasthAtA, brAhmaNAcchaMsI evaM prstotaa)| pratyeka dala meM tIsare sthAna vAle sahAyaka purohita tRtIyinaH kahe jAte haiM (arthAt ve pramukha ke aMza kA tihAI pAte haiM, aura ve haiM, acchAvAka, neSTA, AgnIdhaH evaM prtihrtaa)| pratyeka dala meM antima sahAyaka pAdinaH kahe jAte haiM aura pramukha ke aMza kA cauthAI pAte haiM, aura ve haiM-prAvastut, unnetA, potA evaM subrahmaNya / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa, 2, pR0 1188-1186, evaM khaNDa, 3, pR0 466 / 50. sarveSAmadhino mukhyaastdrdhenaadhino'pre|... anena vidhiyogena kartavyAMzaprakalpanA // manu0 (8 / 210. 211); etattattadaMzaparikalpanavidhAnaM tasya dvAdazazataM dakSiNeti RtusambandhamAtreNa vihitAyAM na tu RtvigvizeSasambandhitvena vihitAyAm / azvaM dadyAnividAM zastre iti tatpratipAdakazrutivirodhApatteH / madanaratna (vyavahAra), pu0 202-203 / madanaratna (pR0 204) ne aura jor3A hai : 'pazubandhAdau viSama-vibhAgo nokta iti tatra sAmyena dkssinnaavibhaagH|' yadi kula 112 gAyeM hoM, to cAra vargoM (hotRvarga, adhvaryuvarga, udvAtavarga evaM brahmavarga) meM pratyeka varga ko 28 gAyeM mileMgI taba hotRvarga ke aMza ko 25 meM vibhAjita karanA hogA aura hotA 25 bhAgoM meM 12 pAyegA aura usake sahAyaka krama se 6, 4 evaM 3 pAyeMge, arthAt isa varga meM 28 gAyoM meM aMza lagabhaga krama se 13, 6, 5, 4 hoNge| 51. yatsakRtkRtaM bahUnAmupakaroti tat tantramityucyate yayA bahUnAM brAhmaNAnAM madhye kRtaH prdiipH| yastvAvRttyopakaroti sa aavaapH| yathA teSAmeva, brAhmaNAnAmanulepanam / zlokamapyubAharanti-sAdhAraNaM bhavettanvaM parArthe tva

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 207 zakaloM para pakAyA gayA puroDAza, indra ke lie dahI, tathA indra ke lie dUdha, prayAjoM kA eka sampAdana ina tInoM ke sampAdana kA kArya kara detA hai (11 / 115-16 evaM 11 / 1 / 26-37) / AdhAna (agniyoM kI sthApanA) kA kRtya kevala eka bAra hotA hai, yaha pratyeka iSTi, pazuyAga yA somayAga meM bAra-bAra nahIM kiyA jAtA (11 / 3 / 2); zrauta kRtyoM ke pAtroM kA nirmANa kevala eka bAra hotA hai aura ve yajamAna ke mRtyuparyanta kAma Ate haiM (1103 / 34-42) / 12 ye sabhI bAteM tantra kahI jAtI haiM / sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki kisI eka kRtya meM sabhI pramukha bAtoM ke viSaya meM (yathA--darzapUrNamAsa meM Agneya evaM anya bAtoM ke viSaya meM) sthAna, kAla evaM kartA eka hI hotA hai (11 / 2 / 1) aura ve sabhI aMgoM ke lie samAna hote haiM; kintu aMgoM ke viSaya meM sthAna, kAla evaM yajamAna spaSTa vacanoM (AdezoM) ke kAraNa vibhinna ho sakate haiN| yadi sabhI sahAyaka yajJoM se samanvita rUpa meM phala kI prApti hotI hai to sahAyaka aMgoM kA sampAdana eka bAra hI kiyA jAtA hai na ki alaga-alaga; yahI tantra hai| kintu yadi phala kI prApti sahAyaka yajJoM se pRthak-pRthak hotI hai to sabhI sahAyaka aMgoM kA sampAdana pRthak-pRthak honA caahie| ise AvApa (vikendrIkaraNa yA vistaraNa yA phailAva yA chitarA denA) kahate haiM / darzapUrNamAsa meM vAstava meM yajJoM ke do dala hote haiM, eka kA nAma hai darza (amAvasyA para) aura dUsarA hai pUrNamAsa / 53 ina saba ke lie jo sahAyaka kRtya haiM, ve adhikAMza meM eka-samAna hI haiN| taba mI donoM daloM meM ve bAra-bAra kiye jAte haiM, aura isakA makhya kAraNa yaha hai ki donoM kA sampAdana eka pakSa se dUra do tithiyoM meM hotA hai, yadyapi donoM mila kara eka yajJa ke dyotaka hote haiM aura unase eka hI phala kI prApti hotI hai / dekhie pU0 mI0 sU0 (11 / 2 / 12-18) jahA~ AvApa kA udAharaNa hai| ____ aveSTi eka aisA yajJa hai jo rAjasUya nAmaka yajJa kA eka bhAga hai aura rAjasUya kA sampAdana kevala kSatriyoM dvArA hotA hai / yaha eka svatantra yajJa bhI hai jo tIna ucca vargoM meM kisI bhI dvArA sampAdita ho sakatA hai / yaha rAjasUya kA koI bhAga nahIM hai aura usase bhinna bhI hai, yadyapi yaha saca hai ki rAjasUya prayojakaH / evameva prasaMgaH syAdvidyamAne svake vidhau // zabara (pU0 mI0 sU0 11 / 131) / aura dekhie pataJjali kA mahAbhASya (vAtika 4) / 52. yajJAyudhAni dhAryeran pratipattividhAnAdRjISavat / pU0 mI0 sU0 11 // 3 // 34 / vaidika vacana yoM hai : 'AhitAgnimagnibhirdahanti yajJapAtrazca / ' basa yajJAyudhoM kA ullekha tai0 saM0 (1 / 6 / 8 / 2-3, sphyazca kapAlAni ca Adi) meM haA hai| inake evaM yajJoM meM prayukta anya pAtroM ke lie dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 185, pAda-TippaNI 2233 / aura dekhie pU0 mI0 sU0 (11 / 3 / 43-45) jahA~ aisA ullekha hai ki agnyAdheya ke dina se hI yajJapAtroM ko rakhanA cAhie aura yajamAna (yAjJika, AhitAgni) kI mRtyu ke uparAnta unheM usake zava para rakha denA cAhie, isa kriyA ko pAtroM evaM pavitra agniyoM kA pratipattikarma kahA jAtA hai / 53. 122 / 15 para zabara kA kathana hai : 'api vA na tantrabhaGgAni syuH| kutaH karmapRthaktvAt / teSAM ca tantravidhAnAta / karmANi tAvadetAni bhinnAni anyaH paurNamAsaH samudAyonya aamaavaasyH| evaM sarvatra / teSAM ca deshkaalbhedH| paurNamAsyAM paurNamAsyA yajetetyevamAdiH saMgAnAM ca teSAM tatra tatra dezakAlavidhiH / ... tasmAtpaurNamAsyaMgAnAM paurnnmaasiikaalH| amaavaasyaaNgaanaammaavaasyaakaalH| tatra gRhyate vishessH| vizeSagrahaNAd bhedH|'

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208 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke varNana ke bIca meM isake viSaya kI ukti A jAtI hai / 14 Azvina ke zukla pakSa kI prathamA se navamI taka ke navarAtra ke viSaya meM nirNayasindhu ne isakA AdhAra liyA hai| kaI mata haiM, yathA--- devIpUjA 6 dinoM taka yA aSTamI yA navamI tithi ko kI jAtI hai / kAlikApurANa ne Azvina ke zukla pakSa kI aSTamI yA navamI para kI jAne vAlI devIpUjA ke viSaya meM eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, aura nirNayasindhu ne ise aSTamI yA navamI para kI jAne vAlI eka pRthaka pUjA kI bhAMti mAnA hai aura sampUrNa navarAtra se ise pRthak ThaharAyA hai / isI adhikaraNa meM jahA~ para pUrvapakSa meM aisA prastAvita hai ki rAjA kisI bhI varNa kA koI bhI ho sakatA hai jo kisI sthAna para rAjya karatA hai tathA deza evaM usake nagaroM kI rakSA karatA hai, vahIM para siddhAnta ( pU0 mI0 sU0 evaM zabara ) yaha kahatA hai ki 'rAjA' zabda eka jAti arthAt kSatriya kA dyotaka hai aura isa ora kaI pazcAtkAlIna dharmazAstra granthoM ne saMketa kiyA hai, yathA-- rAjadharma kaustubha ( pR0 5 ) | vyavahAraprakAza ne isa adhikaraNa kI ora saMketa kiyA hai aura nArada ke isa zloka kI vyAkhyA kI hai-'jo vyakti saMnyAsAzrama se cyuta hotA hai vaha rAjA kA dAsa ho jAtA hai' aura ise isa bAta para ghaTAyA hai ki kSatriya ke dharma se cyuta vyakti vaizya rAjA kA dAsa ho jAtA hai, yadyapi 'rAjA' zabda apane mukhya artha meM 'kSatriya' kA dyotaka hotA hai kintu gauNa artha arthAt lakSaNA meM isakA artha hai vaha vyakti jo prajA kI rakSA karatA hai / parAzaramAdhavIya ne isa adhikaraNa kI carcA vistAra se kI hai ( 1,1, pR0 446455 ) | yaha draSTavya hai ki Arambhika granthoM meM 'rAjA' kA jo artha 'kSatriya' thA Age cala kara kisI bhI jAti ke usa vyakti kA dyotaka ho gayA jo apane dvArA zAsita deza ke logoM kI rakSA karatA hai| yaha parivartana tantravArtika ( 3 / 5 / 26 ) meM saMkSipta rUpa se vyAkhyAyita huA hai / i bArahaveM adhyAya meM prasaMga, vikalpa jaise viSayoM kI carcA hai / prasaMga taba hotA hai jaba eka sthAna meM kiyA gayA karma kisI dUsare sthAna meM sahAyaka hotA hai, yathA jaba kisI bhavana meM dIpaka jalAyA jAtA hai to vaha janamArga ko bhI prakAzita kara detA hai / 55 agniSomIya pazuyajJa meM pazupuroDAza (bali diye hue pazu ke mAMsa kI roTI) kA arpaNa kiyA jAtA hai aura isa prakAra ke zabda kahe jAte haiM-- 'agni evaM soma ko pazu kA mAMsa arpita karane ke uparAnta vaha gyAraha kapAloM para pakAyA gayA pazupuroDAza agni evaM soma ko detA hai / ' yahA~ para prazna yaha hai ki kyA isake lie pazupuroDAza dete samaya punaH prayAja Adi kiye jAyeM yA mAMsa diye jAne ke kRtya paryApta haiM / nizcita niSkarSa yaha hai ki pazu-mAMsa diye jAne ke samaya ke kRtya pazupuroDAza ke lie bhI mAnya hote haiN| aisI paristhitiyoM meM deza (sthAna), kAla evaM mana eka hI prakAra ke mAne jAte haiM / isa niSkarSa ko prAyazcittaviveka ne bhI ThIka mAnA hai| pazupuroDAza kI samAnatA ke AdhAra para usane vibhinna yA abhinna gambhIra pAtakoM ke lie 12 varSoM vAle prAyazcitta ko paryApta mAnA 54. aveSTau yajJasaMyogAttratupradhAnamucyate / pU0 mI0 sU0 (2 / 3 / 3 ) ; asti rAjasUyaH, rAjA rAjasUyena yajeteti / taM prakRtyAmananti--aveSTiM nAmeSTim / Agneyo'STAkapAlo hiraNyaM dakSiNA ityevamAdi / tAM prakRtya vidhIyate / yadi brAhmaNo yajeta bArhaspatyaM madhye nidhAyAhRtimAhutiM hutvAbhidhArayeta / yadi rAjanya aindraM yadi vaizyo vaizvadevam -- iti / zabara; 'yadi brAhmaNo... vaizvadevam' ke lie dekhie Apa0 zra0 ( 18 / 21 / 11) / 'aveSTa yajJasaMyogAt' nAmaka sUtra kI vyAkhyA mUla grantha ke isI sthala para dekhie / 55. anyatra kRtasyAnyatrApi prasaktiH prasaGgaH / yathA pradIpasya prAsAde kRtasya rAjamArgethyAlokakaraNam / zabara ( pU0 mI0 sU0 12 / 1 / 1 ) /

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 206 hai| alaga se prAyazcitta karane kI AvazyakatA ko amAnya ThaharAyA hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 4, pR0 88-61 jahA~ para brahmahatyA ke lie 12 varSoM ke prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| vikalpa kA ullekha hamane gata adhyAya meM hI kara diyA hai| ina paSThoM ke uparyakta vivecana se itanA avazya prakaTa ho gayA hogA ki mImAMsA ke pramakha siddhAnta kyA haiM aura vyAkhyA-sambandhI niyama kisa prakAra ke haiN| mImAMsA ne Apastambadharmasatra se lekara madhyakAla ke smRtitattva, nirNayasindhu, vyavahAramayUkha jaise granthoM ko prabhAvita kiyA aura isa prakAra do sahasra varSoM se adhika kAla taka dharmazAstra granthoM ko anaraMjita rkhaa| yadi hama mImAMsA viSayaka pAribhASika zabdoM, siddhAntoM evaM viSayoM kA vizada varNana upasthita kareM to lagabhaga eka sahasra pRSThoM meM saba kucha likhA jA sakegA, ataH hama yahA~ para bahuta hI saMkSepa meM likha rahe haiN| dharmazAstrakAroM ko mImAMsA ke niyamoM ne prabhUta sahAyatA dI hai| kintu aisA nahIM samajhA jAnA cAhie ki mImAMsA ke niyamoM kA prayoga sarala hai yA ina niyamoM dvArA vidvAn loga sadA nizcita niSkarSoM taka pahuMca jAte haiN| prAbhAkara evaM bhATTa nAmaka sampradAyoM ke atirikta bahuta-sI aisI paristhitiyAM utpanna ho jAtI haiM jo mImAMsA ke niSkarSoM kI upayogitA evaM nizcitatA ke virodha meM uTha khar3I ho jAtI haiN| svayaM kucha sUtroM ke kaI pAThAntara milate haiM, ythaa-1|2|6 para tantravAtika (pR0 123) ke pAThAntara haiM, aura 112 / 14 para usI grantha (pR0 128-126) ke anusAra do pAThAntara haiN| zabara ne 214117 (vAkyAsamavAyAta) satra ko chor3a diyA hai aura tantravArtika (10 865-867) kA kathana hai ki zabara ne 314 ke uparAnta 6 satra choDa diye haiN| zabara ne bahadhA "vattikAra" nAmaka apane eka pUrvavartI kA sammAna ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai, kintu unase kaI bAtoM meM matabheda bhI prakaTa kiyA hai (ythaa-11|3-5 para); 2 / 1 / 32,33 evaM 8 / 1 / 2 sUtroM vAlI bAtoM ko amAnya ThaharAyA hai aura kucha sUtroM kI anya vyAkhyAe~ upasthita kI haiM (yathA 113147 / 4 / 13, 811 / 36) / kabhI-kabhI zabara ne do yA adhika sUtroM ko eka adhikaraNa mAna liyA hai yA vikalpa se unameM se kisI eka ko pRthak adhikaraNa mAnakara vyAkhyA kI hai (yathA 10313-4, 2 / 2 / 23-24) / unhoMne eka hI sUtra kI do yA adhika vyAkhyAe~ kI haiM (yathA 41102) / unhoMne eka hI adhikaraNa kI do yA adhika vyAkhyAe~ upasthita kI haiM, ythaa-4|3|27-28: 83414. 15; 6 / 11; 6 / 2-3; 6 / 1 / 34-35; 62 / 1-2, 6 / 2 / 21-24, 6 / 25-28, cAra vyAkhyAe~; 10 // 2 // 30-31, tIna vyAkhyAe~; 103 / 1-2, tIna vyAkhyAe~; 10 / 4 / 1-2, tIna vyaakhyaaeN| 'vizaye prAyadarzanAta' (2 // 3 / 16) ke viSaya meM zabara svayaM nahIM samajha pAte ki sUtrakAra kA saMzaya kyA hai yA sUtrakAra mahodaya kyA upasthita karanA cAhate haiM yA vRttikAra mahodaya kyA kahanA cAhate haiM aura kyA zaMkA utpanna hotI hai| isake atirikta zabara evaM kumArila kucha adhikaraNoM ke viSayoM ke bAre meM matabhada rakhate haiM, yathA sh2| 3-4, 1315-7, 1318-6, 1 / 3 / 11-14 meN| kumArila ne jaimini ko 'bhagavAn' evaM 'AcArya' kI upAdhiyoM dvArA sammAna pUrvaka sambodhita nahIM kiyA hai aura kahIM-kahIM aisA kahA hai ki jaimini ne yahA~ para bhrAmaka truTipUrNa evaM anucita sUtra likhA hai (pR0 1241, 4 / 2 / 27 ke viSaya meM carcA karate sa kumArila ne bahudhA zabara ke bhASya kI AlocanA kI hai aura kaI sthaloM para TippaNI kI hai ki bhASya ayukta hai , ata: tyAjya hai, nirarthaka yA asambaddha hai, yathA-pR0 165, 302 (upekSitavya), 313 (asambaddha), 314, 662, 710, 731, 683 (asambaddha), 650, 653, 1060-61 (bahavo doSAH), 17 / 4, 1680, 2004, 2163, 2204 / pUrvamImAMsAsUtra dvArA upasthApita siddhAntoM ko sArvabhauma yuktisaMgatatA evaM upayogitA ke viSaya meM gambhIra zaMkA utpanna karane kI eka anya paristhiti para bhI vicAra karanA caahie| bahuta sI bAtoM para

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31. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mImAMsA ke bar3e-se-bar3e vidyArthI bhI vibhinna niSkarSoM para pahu~cate haiM / kucha vicitra udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiM / vasiSTha ke sUtra (1525-na strI putraM dadyAt pratigRhNIyAd vA anyatrAnujJAnAdbhartuH) kI vyAkhyA ko liyA jAya / 'koI strI binA pati kI AjJA ke na to goda ke lie putra de sakatI hai aura na le sakatI hai|' isakI vyAkhyA cAra prakAra se kI gayI hai / hindU vidhavA dvArA goda liye jAne ke viSaya meM granthoM evaM lekhakoM ne vibhinna vyAkhyAe~ upasthita kI haiN| dattakamImAMsA kA kathana hai ki koI vidhavA goda nahIM le sakatI, kyoMki pati kI mRtyu ho jAne se usakI anumati prApta nahIM kI jA sktii| maithila granthakAra vAcaspati ne yahI bAta dUsare DhaMga se kahI hai| vasiSTha kA kathana hai ki goda lene vAle ko gRha ke madhya meM vyAhRtiyoM ke sAtha homa karake usI ko goda lenA cAhie jo adUrabAndhava ho, saMnikRSTa ho aura dUra na rahatA ho, aura kyoMki striyA~ vaidika mantroM ke sAtha homa nahIM kara sakatIM ataeva vidhavA ke sahita sabhI striyoM ko goda lene kA adhikAra nahIM hai|56 kintu baMgAla meM aisA mAnya thA ki goda ke samaya pati kI anumati kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, vAstavika goda lene ke bahuta pahale hI anumati lI jA sakatI hai / madrAsa meM aisA mAnya thA ki "kevala pati kI anumati se hI" vAkya kevala dArTAntika hai aura isalie zvazura ke sambandhI logoM yA pati ke sambandhI logoM kI anumati yA AjJA vidhavA ko goda lene ke yogya banA detI hai| vyavahAramayakha, nirNayasindha evaM saMskArakaustubha kA kathana hai ki pati kI anamati usI strI ke lie Avazyaka hai jisakA pati jIvita ho / yadi pati ne goda lene ke lie manA na kiyA ho to strI ko goda lene kA adhikAra hai / isa viSaya meM vizada vivecana ke lie dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA malakhaNDa 3, 10668-674 / aba to san 1656 ke kAnUna ne ina sabhI prAcIna niyamoM ko samApta kara diyA hai| mitAkSarA evaM dAyabhAga donoM mImAMsA ke siddhAntoM se ota-prota haiM, kintu donoM katipaya bAtoM meM eka-dUsare se bhinna mata upasthita karate haiM, jinameM kucha yoM haiM-(1) mitAkSarA kA kathana hai ki uttarAdhikAra yA svAmitva janma se hI utpanna hotA hai, kintu dAyabhAga ise amAnya ThaharAtA hai aura kahatA hai ki isakA Arambha pUrva svAmI kI mRtyu yA vibhAjana se hotA hai; (2) dAyabhAga ke anusAra uttarAdhikAra ke lie uttama adhikAra dhArmika prabhAva se utpanna hotA hai, kintu mitAkSarA ke anusAra rakta-sambandha kI sannikaTatA hI ise nizcita karatI hai; (3) dAyabhAga ke anusAra saMyukta parivAra ke sadasya sampatti para alaga-alaga adhikAra rakhate haiM aura vibhAjana ke pUrva use beca sakate haiM, kinta aura vibhAjana ke pUrva use beca sakate haiM, kintu mitAkSarA isake virodha meM hai| (4) dAyamAma ke anusAra saMyukta parivAra meM bhI vidhavA pati kI mRtyu ke uparAnta santAnarahita hone para pati ke bhAga ko pA jAtI hai| kintu mitAkSarA ne ise amAnya ThaharAyA hai| yAjJa0 (1 / 81) ke samAna anya vacanoM ke viSaya meM bhI kaI mata-matAntara pAye jAte haiM (vidhi hai yA niyama hai yA parisaMkhyA hai)| vyavahAramayakha evaM raghunandana meM matabhinnya pAyA jAtA hai, jaba ki donoM ghora mImAMsaka haiN| 'mAta' zabda kI vyAkhyA meM aparArka evaM dAyabhAga meM pramata antara hai| isI prakAra anya mata-matAntara bhI haiM / 56. ata eva vasiSThaH / na strI putra... bhartuH-iti / anena vidhavAyA bhatranujJAnAsambhavAdanadhikAro gmyte| ...ki ca vyAhRtibhirtutvA adUrabAndhavaM saMnikRSTameva pratigRhNIyAt-iti samAnakartRkatAbodhakaktvApratyayazravaNAt homakartureva pratigrahasiddheH strINAM homAnadhikAratvAt parigrahAnadhikAraH-iti vAcaspatiH / dattakamImAMsA (pR0 16 evaM 22-23) /

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adhyAya 30 kA pariziSTa yadi hama pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke bahu- pracalita nyAyoM ko eka sthAna para saMgRhIta kara deM to pUrvamImAMsAsUtra evaM dharmazAstra ke pAThakoM ko suvidhA prApta hogI / hama yahA~ pU0 mI0 sU0, zabara, kumArila, pArtha sArathi, pataJjali ke mahAbhASya, zaMkarAcArya ke vedAnta sUtrabhASya, zaMkarAcArya para bhAmatI Adi dvArA diye gaye saMketoM evaM nirdezoM kA sahArA leMge / vizeSataH kumArila ne tantravArtika meM nyAyoM kA prabhUta upayoga kiyA hai, yathA-pR0 415 (jaimini 2 / 118 ) para unhoMne pA~ca vibhinna nyAyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / isa mahAgrantha ke katipaya khaNDoM meM nyAyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ para ullikhita nyAyoM meM bahuta-se karnala jaikaba dvArA prakAzita 'laukikanyAyAJjali' (tIna bhAgoM meM) meM pAye jAte haiM / kahIM-kahIM jaikaba kI vyAkhyAe~ zuddha evaM santoSa - janaka nahIM haiM, kintu hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki unhoMne Aja se lagabhaga AdhI zatAbdI pUrva yaha saba likhA thA / agnihotranyAya --- jai0 (6 / 2 / 23 - 26 ) ; dekhie zaMkara, ve0 sU0 ( aMgaguNavirodhanyAya - jai0 (12 / 2 / 25 ) ; dekhie zabara evaM mI0 nyA0 pra0 ( pR0 166 ) | aMgabhUyastve phalabhUyastvam -- zabara ( jai0 10 / 6 / 62 evaM 11 / 1 / 15 ) / aMgAMginyAya - jai0 (2 / 2 / 3-8) / 3 | 4 | 32 ) para | aMgAnAM pradhAnopakArarUpakakAryArthatvam -- jai0 ( 11 / 1 / 5-10) aNurapi vizeSo'dhyavasAyakaraH - dekhie vya0 pra0 ( pR0 525) evaM vya0 ma0 ( pR0 143 ) | adhikAranyAya - jai0 (6 / 1 / 1 - 3 evaM 4 - 5, zAstra kevala mAnavoM ke lie hai ) / aura dekhie ve0 sU0 (1 / 3 / 26-33), jahA~ zaMkara (1 / 3 / 26 para) ne kahA hai ki zabara ke zabdoM kA brahmavidyA meM koI upayoga nahIM hai / 'atrAhuH / sa eva | zabdasyArtho yaH prakArAntareNa na (1 / 3 / 17 ) para ( prasiddhezca ) | ananyalabhyaH zabdArthaH -- mI0 nyA0 pra0 ( pR0 62 ) : labhyate / ananya... thaM iti nyAyAt / dekhie bhAmatI ve0 sU0 anuSaMganyAya - jai0 (2|1|48 ) ; dekhie smRtica0 antaraMgabahiraMgayorantaraMga balIyaH - dekhie zabara (jai0 kA kathana hai- 'asiddhaM bahiraMgamantaraMge / ' andhaparamparAnyAya-- tantravArtika ( 0 1 / 3 / 27, pR0 282 evaM 3 | 3|14, pR0 858), meghAtithi ( manu 1015 ), zaMkara (ve0 sU0 2 / 2 / 30 ) | anyAyazcAnekArthatvam - zabara (jai0 2 / 1 / 12, pR0 410 5 / 4 / 14, pR0 1340, 6 / 1 / 22, pR0 1366, 7|3|3,pR0 1550 ) ; tantravA0 (2|4|10, pR0 636), bhAmatI ( ve0 sU0 1|3|17 ) ; dekhie madanapA0 ( pR0 366 ) / (zrAddha, pR0 381 ) evaM vya0 ma0 ( pR0 147 ) / 12/2/27 ) ; mahAbhASya ( pA0 1|1|4, 1/1/5 )

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa apacchedanyAya---zabara (jai0 6 / 5 / 46 - 50) ne isakI paribhASA kI hai--' saMyuktasya hi pRthagbhAvo'pacchedaH' evaM vya0 pra0 ( pR0 535) / yaha zabda jai0 (6 / 5 / 56 ) meM AyA hai| aprApte zAstramarthavat - yaha jai0 (6 / 2 / 18) kA aMza hai aura isakA artha hai 'vidhinA tAvattadeva vidheyaM yat prakArAntareNAprAptam / ' mI0 nyA0 pra0 ( pR0 222 ) / abhimarzananyAya-- jai0 ( 3 / 7 / 8 - 10 ) ; vyava0 pra0 ( pR0 535) / abhyAsAdhikaraNa --- jai0 (22/2), jahA~ tai0 saM0 (2 / 6 / 1 / 1 - 2 ) meM pAye gaye pA~ca prayAjoM kI ora saMketa hai / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 1057 / abhyuditeSTinyAya-- jai0 (6 / 5 / 1-6 ) ; mitA0 ( yAjJa0 evaM usa para TippaNI, pR0 277 - 276) tathA mAmatI ( ve0 sU0 aruNAnyAya yA aruNAdhikaraNa -- jai0 (3|1|12), tai0 saM0 dekhie aparArka ( pR0 1030, yAjJa0 3 / 205), mada0 pA0 ( pR0 arko cenmadhu vindeta kimarthaM parvataM vrajet--5 -- zabara ( jai0 11214 ) ne uttarArdha ko isa prakAra uddhRta kiyA hai--'iSTasyArthasya saMsiddho ko vidvAn yatnamAcaret / ' unhoMne arka ko eka paudhA mAnA hai; aura dekhie tantravArtika ( pR0 111), vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 3 / 243, prathama ardhAlI ); zaMkara ( ve0 sU0 3 | 4 | 3 ) ne pUrvArdha bhAga ko nyAya mAnA hai / 212 3 / 253), vyava0 ma0 ( pR0 151-152 3 / 3 / 7 ) / (6|1| 6 | 7 - aruNayA piMgAkSyA krINAti ) ; 88-86) / ardhakukkuTopAka --- yaha 'ardhajaratIya' hI hai / dekhie tantravA0 ( pR0 720 je0 3 / 1 / 13 ) / isakA arthaM yoM hai--' yaha pUrNa virodhAbhAsa hai ki koI AdhI murgI ko bhojana ke lie pakAye tathA AdhI ko aNDA dene ke lie rakha chor3e / ' ardhajaratIya - dekhie mahAbhASya ( vArtika 5, pANini 4 / 1078, --- ardha jaratyA kAmayate'rdhaM neti), zAMkarabhASya ( ve0 sU0 11218 - - yathAzAstraM tarhi zAstrIyorthaH pratipattavyo na tatrArdhajaratIyaM labhyam ), parA0 mA0 (211; pR0 702 ) / aghavaizasa -- ardhajaratIyanyAya se milatA-julatA hai| dekhie tantravA0 ( pR0 170, 174, 180, 261 ) ; zAMkarabhASya (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 18 ), vaizasa kA artha hai 'nAza, Tukar3oM meM vibhAjita kara denA, saMgharSa yA virodha / ' kumArasambhava ( 4 | 31 ) meM isakA zAbdika artha hai ardhamantarvedi minotyarthaM bahirvedi - dekhie zabara ( jai0 3 / 7 / 14 ), tantravA0 ( pR0 1083 - 84 ) ; vya0 ma0 dvArA uddhRta ( pR0 115, 146 ) / avayavaprasiddheH samudAyaprasiddhirbalIyasI- - zabara ( jai0 6 / 7 / 22), jahA~ azvakarNa ( eka per3a kA nAma) kA udAharaNa diyA huA hai, jisakI pattiyA~ ghor3e ke kAnoM kI bhA~ti hotI haiM, tantravA0 (jai0 114|11 ) / aveSTayadhikaraNanyAya - jai0 (2 / 3 / 3 evaM 11 |4|10 ) / zAMkarabhASya ( ve0 sU0 3 | 3|50 ) / azvAbhidhAnInyAya - ' imAmagRbhNan razanAmRtasye tyazvAbhidhAnImAdatte - 0 saM0 (5 / 1 / 211 ) evaM tai0 saM0 (4) 1 |2| 1 ) kA mantra ; mI0 nyA0 pra0 ( pR0 80 ) meM vyAkhyAyita; arthasaMgraha ( pR0 5 ) / azvakarNanyAya-- TupTIkA (jai0 4 / 4 / 1, pR0 1270 ) / yaha isalie kahA gayA hai ki rAjasUya meM parAmparAnugata artha hI liyA jAnA cAhie na ki zAbdika / AkAzamuSTihanananyAya-- tantravA0 ( jai0 1|3|12, pR0 236, 'yastantUnanupAdAya turImAtraparigrahAt / paTaM katu samIheta sa hanyAd vyoma muSTibhi: // ', zAMkarabhASya ( ve0 sU0 2 / 1 / 18 ) /

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 213 AlyAtAnAmartha avatAM zaktiH sahakAriNI-zabara (jai0 1 / 4 / 25), arthasaMgraha (pR0 16, jahA~ yaha nyAya kahA gayA hai), zlokavArtika (codanAsUtra, zloka 47, pR0 56), tantravA0 (jai0 2 / 1 / 1, pR0 378--zaktaya: sarvabhAvAnAM nAnuyojyAH svabhAvataH / tena nAnA vadantyarthAn prakRtipratyayAdayaH // ) / AgantUnAmante nivezaH--zabara (jai0 5 / 3 / 4 evaM 101 / 1); zAMkarabhASya (ve. sU0 4 / 3 / 3); tithisattva (pR0 63) evaM vya0 ma0 (pR0 143) / AnantaryamakAraNam-dekhie Age, 'yasya yenArthasambandha / ' dekhie sUtra 'AnantaryamacodanA' (jai0 3 / 1 / 24, evaM 14 / 3 / 11 jisakA eka aMza yaha hai-'arthato hyasamarthAnAmAnantaryepyasambandhaH / ' AtyaMdhikaraNanyAya-jai0 (4 / 4 / 22); tai0 brA0 (37117-8) meM AyA hai : 'yasyobhayaM havirAtimAcchedaindraM paJcazarAvamodanaM nirvpet|' yahA~ para 'ubhaya' zabda avivakSita hai aura vidhi kA koI bhAga nahIM hai / uddizyamAnasya (yA uddezyagata) vizeSaNama vivakSitam-TupTIkA (ja0 6 / 4 / 22, pR0 1438, 7 / 1 / 2, pR0 1526, 6 / 1 / 1, pR0 1636, 10 / 3 / 36, pR0 1882, 'uddizyamAnasya ca saMkhyA na vivakSyate grahasyeva' ; vya0 ma0 (pR0 45-46, 60, 132, 210 evaM vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 3 / 250; 'na ca lakSyamANasya vizeSaNaM vivakSitamiti nyaayH')| - udbhidadhikaraNa-jai0 (1 / 4 / 1-2), udbhid, citrA, agnihotra yAgoM ke nAma (guNavidhi nahIM) haiM aura pramANa haiN| dekhie mAmato (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 17) / upasaMhAranyAya-jai0 (3 / 1 / 26-27); upasaMhAro nAma sAmAnyata: prAptasya vizeSa saMkocarUpo vyApAravizeSo vidheH / mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 261); dekhie mitA0 (yAjJa0 11256); nirNayasindhu (pR0 37 evaM 71); vya0 ma0 (pR0 111), prastuta lekhaka kI TippaNI, vya0 ma0 (pR0 176) / RtuliMganyAya--yaha Adiparva (1 / 36), zAntiparva (210 / 17) ke isa zloka kI ora saMketa karatA hai-'yathAvRtuliMgAni nAnArUpANi paryaye / dRzyante tAni tAnyeva yathA bhAvA yugAdiSu // ' dekhie tantravA0 (jai0 1 / 3 / 7, pR0 202) evaM zAMkarabhASya (ve0 sU0 1 / 3 / 30) jahA~ yaha zloka uddhRta hai / yaha vAyupurANa (665), viSNupurANa (115 // 61) evaM mArkaNDeya0 (45 / 43-44) hai| ekavAkyatAnyAya-jai0 (2 / 1146) / aura dekhie ma0 ma0 gaM0 jhA kRta 'pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ina iTsa sorseja' (pR0 162-163 / vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 3 / 248) ne isa nyAya ko udAhRta kiyA hai| 'ekavAkyatA' zabda ve0 sU0 (3 / 4 / 24) meM AyA hai| ekahAyanonyAya-tantravA0 (2 / 1 / 12, pR0 415) dvArA ullikhita / yaha 'aruNAnyAya' ke samAna hI hai| ekArthAstu vikalperan--yaha jai0 (12 / 3 / 10) kA aMza hai| dekhie mitA0 (yAjJa0 3 / 257) jahA~ aisA kahA gayA hai-'ekArthAnAmeva vikalpo vrIhiyavayoriva na ca dnnddtpsorekaarthtvm|' aindronyAya--dekhie maitrA0 saM0 (3 / 2 / 4); bhAmatI (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 25); pU0 mI0 sU0 (3 / 3 / 14); zabara (3 / 3 / 13) / auvamedhinyAya-yadi kisI vyakti kA nAma audameghi hai to acAnaka aisA bhAna hotA hai ki vaha aise vyakti kA putra hai jisakA nAma udamegha hai| dekhie zabara (jai0 3 / 5 / 26, pR0 1003 evaM 2 / 3 / 3, pR0 580) evaM tantravA0 (pR0 580) / audumbarAdhikaraNa-jai0 (1 / 2 / 16-25) jahA~ tai0 saM0 (2 / 1 / 1 / 6) kA uddharaNa hai, yathA--audumbaro yUpo bhavati, Urga vA udumbara Urka pazavaH' , tantravA0 (pR0 352), mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 134)) /

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214 parmazAstra kA itihAsa kapAlanyAya yA kapAlAdhikaraNanyAya-jai0 (10 / 5 / 1), malamAsatattva (pR0 776) meM isakI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| kapiJjalanyAya-jai0 (11 / 1 / 38-46); dekhie tantravA0 (pR0 415, jai0 2 / 1 / 12 para, evaM pR0 1004, jai0 3 / 5 / 26 para, jahA~ aisA AyA hai-'kapijalavacca trINyeva bahutvazrutiravasthApyate'); parA0 mA0 (1 / 2, pR0 281) / ___ kambalanirNejananyAya-zabara (ja0 2 / 2 / 25, pR0 545, nirNejanaM hya bhayaM karoti kambalazuddhi pAdayozca nirmltaam)| karmabhUyastvAtphalabhUyastvam-dekhie smRtica0 (2, pR0 264) evaM parA0 mA0 (131, pR0 25, karmAdhikyAtphalAdhikyamiti nyAyasamAzrayAt) / ___ kalajanyAya-zabara (jai0 6 / 2 / 16-20 ne 'na kalaMjaM bhakSayitavyam' para kahA hai ki yaha spaSTa rUpa se pratiSedha hai na ki paryudAsa / dekhie mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 248-246) evaM tithitattva (pR0 6) / kAMsyabhojinyAya--yaha pU0 mI0 sU0 (12 / 2 / 34) meM AyA hai (adhikazca guNaH sAdhAraNe'virodhAtkAMsyamojivadamukhye'pi); zabara ne yoM vyAkhyA kI hai--'ziSyasya kAMsyapAtrabhojitvaniyamaH, upAdhyAyasya na niyamaH / yadi tayorekasminpAtre bhojanamApadyate, amukhyasyApi ziSyasya dharmo niyamyeta mA bhUddharmalopa iti|' kAkadantaparIkSAnyAya-dekhie TupTIkA (pR0 1388, jai0 6 / 2 / 1) / kucha kriyAe~, yathA-gadahe ke carma ke bAloM yA kaue ke dA~toM ko ginanA nirarthaka evaM anupayogI hai| kAkAkSigolakanyAya-dekhie tantravA0 (pR0 168, ja0 1 / 37); medhAtithi (manu 8 / 1), vya0 pra0 (pR0 534, vya0 ma0 (pR0 65) / kANDAnusamaya-zabara (jai0 5 / 2 / 3, pR0 1310-11) / aura dekhie Age 'padArthAnusamaya' / kAraNAnuvidhAyikAryanyAya--tantravA0 (pR0 245, jai0 113 / 46) / kAraNa ke guNa kArya meM pAye jAte haiN| kuNDapAyinAmayananyAya-jai0 (7 / 3 / 1-4) / dekhie Apa0 zrI0 (23 / 10 / 6) / / kuzakAzAvalambananyAya-tantravA0 (pR0 268 , jai0 1 / 3 / 24) / 'kuza' darbha hai aura kAza ghAsa vAlA paudhA hai jisake phUla zveta hote haiM / ye itane durbala hote haiM ki kisI ko unakA avalambana yA sahArA nahIM prApta ho sktaa| ataH rUpaka rUpa meM isakA artha hai 'durbala yA vyartha toM kA sahArA lenaa|' dekhie vyava0 pra0 (pR0 527) / kRtvAcintAnyAya--vicAra karane ke lie kevala anumAnajanya bAta kA sahArA lenA / yaha zabarabhASya meM bahudhA AyA hai, yathA--jai0 (6 / 8 / 43, pR0 1522, kRtvA cintAyA: prayojanaM vaktavyam'); aura dekhie vahI, 11 / 3 / 16, pR0 2175, 12 / 2 / 11, pR0 2242; dekhie tantravA0 (pR0 287, jai0 1 / 3 / 27, evaM pR0 860, jai0 3|4|1--ystu bhASyakAreNopanyAsaH kRtaH sa kRtvaacintaanyaayen)| kaimutikanyAya-yaha 'kimata' se niSpanna huA hai aura prayukta huA hai, yathA kAdambarI meM 'garbhezvaratva... zaktitvaM ceti mahatIyaM khalvanarthaparamparA, sarvAvinayAnAmevaikamapyeSAmAyatanaM kimuta samavAyaH / ' dekhie vya0 ma0 (pR0 241) evaM prastuta lekhaka kI TippaNI vya0 ma0 (pR0 416) / sAmeSTinyAya-jai0 (6 / 4 / 17-20) / yadi darzapUrNamAsa meM arpita hone vAlA puroDAza thor3A jala jAya taba na jale hue aMza se kRtya kA sampAdana karanA cAhie, kintu jaba sampUrNa puroDAza jala jAya to prAyazcitta kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| dekhie mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 243) /

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215 dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama khalekapotanyAya--AbAlavRddha sabhI prakAra ke kapotoM (kabUtaroM) kA eka sAtha utrnaa| dekhie zabara (ja0 11 / 1 / 16, pR0 2111), mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR. 65) / gArhapatyanyAya--yaha 'aindrInyAya' ke samAna hI hai / dekhie zabara (je0 3 / 2 / 3) evaM arthasaMgraha (pR0 6) / guNakAmAdhikaraNa-jai0 (2 / 2 / 25-26); yaha 'daghnendriyakAmasya juhuyAt' (tai0 brA0 2 / 1 / 26) para AdhArita hai aura artha hai 'dadhikaraNatvenendriyaM bhAvayet / ' dekhie mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 42-43 evaM 36-36 / guNamukhyavyatikramanyAya--yaha jai0 (3 / 3 / 6) kA eka aMza hai (guNamukhyavyatikrame tadarthatvAnmukhyena vedasaMyogaH) / dekhie tantravA0 (pR0 810); zAMkarabhASya (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 33) / guNalope ca mukhyasya--yaha hai jai0 (10 / 2 / 63) / yahA~ para kriyA 'syAt (yA bhavati)' kA lopa hai| gobalovardanyAya-'gAva AnIyantAm balIvardAzca' isa vAkya meM 'balIvAzca' kA pRthak ullekha isalie huA hai ki gAyoM kI apekSA baila adhika durdAnta hote haiM aura unakA vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA hai (vAstava meM 'gAvaH' ke antargata 'balIvardAzca' A jAte haiN)| yaha nyAya dharmazAstra granthoM meM bahudhA prayukta huA hai / dekhie mitA0 (yAjJa0 36312-313), smRtica0 (vyavahAra, pR0 66, 67, 102, 166, 280, 300), kullUka (manu 8128), vya0 ma0 (pR0 2) / gauNamukhyayormukhya kAryasaMpratyayaH --dekhie zabara (ja0 3 / 2 / 1) / isa nyAya ko 'mukhyagauNayoH . . .saMpratyayaH' bhI kahA jAtA hai| zAMkarabhASya (ve0 sU0 4 / 3 / 12) ne isakA dRSTAnta diyA hai| mukhya evaM gauNa ko prathama artha aura dvitIya artha meM prayukta kiyA jAtA hai / dekhie mahAbhASya (vArtika 1, pANini 1 / 1 / 15 evaM vArtika 4, pA0 6 / 3 / 46) / grahaikatvanyAya-ja0 (3 / 1 / 13-15); yaha tai0 saM0 (3 / 2 / 2 / 3) ke 'dazApavitreNa grahaM samASTi' para AdhArita hai / caturdhAkaraNanyAya-0 (3 / 1 / 26-27) 1 dekhie mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 261); arthasaMgraha (pR0 24) / - chatrinyAya-dekhie zabara (jai0 1 / 4 / 23, yathA chatriNo gacchantItyekena chatriNA sarve lakSyante) ; tantravA0 (1 / 4 / 13, pR0 347); TupTIkA (jai0 4 / 4 / 1, pR0 1270 evaM 7 / 3 / 7, pR0 1552); zAMkarabhASya (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 34) ne ise RtaM pibantau (kaThopa0 3 / 1) kI vyAkhyA meM prayukta kiyA hai| jatilayavAgvA juhuyAt--yaha vidhi kI bhA~ti pratIta hotA hai, kintu yaha kevala payohoma kI prazaMsA meM arthavAda mAtra hai / vaidika vacana tai0 saM0 (5 / 4 / 3 / 2) meM hai aura jai0 (10817) isa para vicAra karate haiN| bhAmatI (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 18) ne isakA Azraya liyA hai| jAteSTinyAya-jai0 (4 / 3 / 38-36); tai0 saM0 (2 / 2 / 5 / 3) 'vaizvAnaraM dvAdazakapAlaM nirvapet, puDhe jaate|' yadyapi kRtya kA sampAdaka pitA hotA hai, parantu phala utpanna putra ko prApta hotA hai| dekhie mitA0 (yAjJa0 2056 evaM 3 / 220); prAya0 vi0 (pR0 18); vya0 pra0 (pR0 253-54) evaM datta0 mI0 (pR0 135) / juhUnyAya-jai0 (4131) / yaha tai0 saM0 (3 / 7 / 2) ke 'yasya parNamayI juhUrbhavati na sa pApaM zlokaM zaNoti' ke samAna anya vacanoM para AdhArita hai| ye vacana phalavidhi nahIM hote, pratyuta arthavAda hote haiM / takrakauNDinyanyAya yA brAhmaNakauNDinyanyAya-dekhie tantravA0 (pR0 860, dadhi brAhmaNebhyo dIyatAM takaM kauNDinyAya); zlokavA0 (vanavAda, zloka 15) / yadi kevala 'dadhi...dIyatA', kahA jAya to 'kauNDinya brAhmaNa hai' isalie usameM sammilita mAnA jAyagA, kintu yadi sampUrNa vAkya kahA jAyagA to vaha prathama aMza meM sammilita

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nahIM mAnA jaaygaa| mahAbhASya ne ise bahudhA udAhRta kiyA hai, yathA-vArtika 4, pA0 6 / 1 / 2, vArtika 1, pA0 1 / 1147, vArtika 2, pA0 6 / 2 / 1 / aura dekhie mitA0 (yAjJa0 3 / 257) / tatprakhyanyAya-0 (1 / 4 / 4) 'tatprakhyaM cAnyazAstram', jisakA artha hai 'tasya guNasya prakhyaM prAparka anyazAstraM yatra bhavati / ' tai0 saM0 (115461) meM hama par3hate haiM 'agnihotraM juhoti svargakAmaH / ' yahA~ para agnihotra nAma (nAmadheya) hai eka kRtya kA (agnaye hotraM homo yasmin) na ki guNavidhi / dekhie mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 64), dharmadvaitanirNaya (pR0 3), arthasaMgraha (pR0 4 evaM 20) / tavyapadezanyAya-jai0 (11415) / udAharaNa hai 'zyenenAbhicaran yajeta / ' yahA~ para 'zyena' zabda kA prayoga 'zyena' nAmaka kRtya ke lie hai, kintu yaha kRtya phurtI meM zyena (bAja) se milatA-julatA hai / dekhie mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 238), tena vyapadeza: upamAnam / tadanyathAnupattyeti yAvat / daNDApUpanyAya yA daNDApUpikanIti-dharmazAstra granthoM meM isakA bahudhA prayoga hotA hai| dekhie vizvarUpa, (yAjJa0 1 / 147 evaM 3 / 257); mitA0 (yAjJa0 2 / 126); smRtica0 (vyavahAra, pR0 142, 146, 242, 246, 283, 266, 301, 315, 326 ; dAyabhAga (10 / 30), dAyatattva (pR0 170) / vya0 ma0 (pR0 131) / daNDApUpikanIti ke lie dekhie alaMkArasarvasva, arthApatti (pR0 166) evaM usa para kI TIkA jayaratha / davihomanyAya-jai0 (8 / 4 / 1); tantravA0 (pR0 115, ja0 112 / 7 para); mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 146) / sAmAsika prayoga meM 'homa' mukhya (pradhAna) zabda hai aura 'davi' apradhAna (upasarjana) zabda hai| ata: kRtya kA nAma davihoma hai| dazaharAnyAya-dekhie bhavadeva kA prAyazcittaprakaraNa (pR0 18); prAya0 vi0 (pR0 81); zuddhitattva (pR0 240-241) / jyeSTha ke zukla pakSa kI dazamI tithi ko eka vrata hotA hai, jisakA nAma dazaharA hai / kyoMki yaha dasa pApoM ko dUra karatA hai| nyAya yaha kahatA hai ki kucha bAtoM meM eka ke sampAdana mAtra se kaI phaloM kI prApti hotI hai| ___ dRSTaM prayojanamutsRjya na zakyamadRSTaM kalpayitum / dRSTe phale adRSTaphalakalpanA anyAyyA / dRSTa sati adRssttklpnaa'nyaayyaa| dRSTa saMbhavatyadRSTasyAnyAyyatvam / dekhie zabara (jai06|3|3, pR0 1745, 10 / 2 / 23, pR0 1835 evaM 10 / 2 / 34, pR0 1838); mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 201; ekAdazItattva (pR0 86); bhAmatI (ve0 sU0 3 / 3 / 14) / . dehalodIpanyAya--dehalI para rakhA dIpaka ghara ke bhItara evaM bAhara donoM ora prakAza karatA hai / yaha nimnalikhita 'prasAdadIpanyAya' ke samAna hI hai| 'pradIpavat' jai0 (11 / 1 / 61) meM AyA hai; dekhie zabara (jai0 11 / 1 / 61), vya0 ma0 (pR0 146), jahA~ yAjJa0 (2 / 136) kI vyAkhyA meM isa nyAya kI ora saMketa hai / dvayoH praNayantinyAya-jai0 (7 / 3 / 16-25); mitA0 (yAjJa0 2 / 135); dAyabhAga (1115 / 16, pR0 164) evaM vya0 pra0 (pR0 500-502 evaM 535) / dhenukizoranyAya-jai0 (7 / 4 / 7, jahA~ 'yathA dhenuH kizoreNa' AyA hai); zabara ne isakI spaSTa vyAkhyA kI hai| 'dhenu' kA sAmAnya artha hotA hai 'gAya', kintu 'kizora' kA artha hai bacher3A (ghor3e kA baccA, azvazAvaka), ata: 'kRSNakizorA dhenuH' meM 'dhenu' kA artha hai 'azvA' (ghodd'ii)|

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 217 ma to pazo karoti na some - jai0 ( 1018 5 evaM 12 / 117) / yahA~ 'to' 'AjyabhAgoM' kI ora saMketa karatA hai; dekhie vyavahArasAra ( pR0 231, nRsiMhaprasAda kA aMza ) ; da0 mI0 ( pR0 182 ) / na vidhau paraH zabdArtha : - isakA artha yaha hai ki aisA mAnane kI anumati nahIM hai ki kisI vidhivAkya meM prayukta koI zabda apane sIdhe artha se koI anya bhinna artha rakhatA / mAmatI ( ve0 sU0 1 / 1 / 1, pR0 10 ) kI vyAkhyA meM kalpataru ne vyAkhyA kI hai- 'vidhAyake zabde paro lakSyaH zabdArtho na bhavati ; dekhie zabara ( jai0 4|4|16, jahA~ aisA AyA hai - 'anuvAde ca lakSaNA nyAyyA na vidhau ) aura dekhie zabara (jai0 4 / 1 / 18, jahA~ 10 yajJAyudhoM (pAtroM) ko, jo tai0 saM0 1/6/8/2 - 3 meM ullikhita haiM, anuvAda kahA gayA hai vidhi nahIM / dekhie parA0 mA0 ( 12, pR0 268 ) evaM mada0 pA0 ( pR0 372) evaM datta0 mI0 ( pR0 180 ) / naSTAzvadagdharathanyAya - dekhie zabara ( jaM0 21111, pR0 376 ) ; tantravA0 ( jai0 11217, 3 / 3 / 11, pR0 818) / yaha prAcIna nyAya hai / vArtika ( 16, pANini 1|1|50 ) yaha hai - 'saMprayogo vA naSTAzvadagdha rathavat / ' mahAbhASya ne vyAkhyA kI hai- 'tavAzvo naSTo mamApi ratho dagdhaH, ubhau saMprayujyAvahai iti / ' megha tithi ( manu 5 / 51 ) evaM mAmatI ( 1|1|4, pR0 108 ) ne isakA ullekha kiyA hai / isameM 'itaretaropakArakatva' kI bhAvanA pAyI jAtI hai / na hi nindA nindyaM nindituM prayujyate, api tu vidheyaM stotum - dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 581 evaM khaNDa 5, pR066 jahA~ zabara evaM tantravA0 ke vacana uddhRta haiN| mitA0 (yAjJa0 3 / 221) / na hyekasya zabdasyAnekArthatA satyAM gatau nyAyyA-- dekhie zabara (jai0 8 3 22 evaM 6 / 4 / 18 ) evaM Upara varNita 'anyAyazcAne kAryatvam' nAmaka nyAya / nAgRhItavizeSaNAnyAya-- ise bahudhA 'nAgRhItavizeSaNA vizeSye buddhimatpadyate' (zabara, jai0 7 / 2 / 23 meM ) ke rUpa meM yA 'na hyapratIte vizeSaNe viziSTaM kecana pratyetumarhanti' (zabara, jai0 113133) ke rUpa meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai / dekhie tantravA0 ( pR0 304, 326, 616), ekA0 tattva ( pR0 15 ); zuddhitattva ( pR0 313 ), vya0 ma0 ( pR0 86 ) / nAsti vacanasyAtibhAraH - zabara evaM dharmazAstra-granthoM meM yaha nyAya vibhinna rUpoM meM varNita hai, kintu sabhI sthaloM para artha eka hI hai, yathA- 'pavitra vacana ke lie kucha bhI ati bhArI (bojha, arthAt vyavasthA dene meM asambhava ) nahIM hai / ' dekhie zabara (jai0 2 / 2127 kimiva hi vacanaM na kuryAnnAsti... bhAra) yA jai0 (312/3, 10 / 5 / 11 ) yA jai0 (6 / 1 / 44, jahA~ aisA AyA hai-'na hi vacanasya kiMcidalabhyaM nAma'); zaMkarAcArya ( ve0 sU0 3 | 3 | 41 evaM 3 / 4 / 32) | vizvarUpa ( yAjJa0 1158 ) ; mitA0 ( yAjJa0 3 / 268 ) ; parA0 mA0 (211, pR0 202 evaM 22, pu0 64) / nimittagataM vizeSaNamavivakSitam - yaha 'ArtyadhikaraNanyAya ke samAna hI hai| dekhie vizvarUpa ( yAjJa0 3 / 212) / nimittAvRttau naimittikAvRttiH -- jai0 (6 2027 28 evaM 26 ) | ( bhinne juhoti skanne juhoti' aise vacana vAstava meM aisI vyavasthA dete haiM ki jaba kabhI 'TUTa jAnA' aisA nimitta A upasthita hotA hai to vaisI sthiti meM nayA homa kiyA jAtA hai| dekhie meghA 0 ( manu 6 / 220, etadrudrAstathA... ) evaM mitA 0 . ( yAjJa0 1 / 81 ) niSAdasthapatinyAya - jai0 (6 / 1 / 51-52 ) / parA0 mA0 ( 111, pR0 46 ) ; prAya0 vi0 ( pR0 132 ) ; vya0 ma0 ( pR0 112 ) / 28.

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parmazAstra kA itihAsa nyAyasAmya-ni0 si0 (pR0 67) kA kathana hai ki sUryagrahaNa para zrAddha karane ke niyama candragrahaNa pAle zrAddha ke lie prayukta hote haiN| paMkaprakSAlananyAya-yaha nimnalikhita zlokAdhaM se vyakta hai-'prakSAlanAddhi paddhakasya dUrAdasparzanaM varam' jo vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 11210) dvArA 'tathA ca laukikAH' nAmaka zabdoM dvArA prastAvita kiyA gayA hai| yaha zlokArdha vanaparva (1 / 46) kA hai, jisameM zreyo na sparzan nRNAm' aisA pATAntara hai aura dUsarA ardha bhAga yaha hai--'dharmArtha yasya vittehA varaM tasya niriihtaa|' zAMkarabhASya ne ise uddhRta kiyA hai (ve0 sU0 3 / 2 / 22) / padArthaprAbalyAdhikaraNa-jai0 (1 / 3 / 5-7) evaM zabara (jai0 1137) / padArthAnasamaya-jai0 (5 / 2 / 1-2) evaM 'kANDAnasamaya' (dekhie uupr)| paramatamapratiSiddhamanumataM bhavati-'mauna se svIkRti prakaTa hotI hai ke samAna yaha hai| dekhie datta0 mI0 (pR0 82) evaM zAMkarabhASya (ve0 sa0 2 / 4 / 12) / parNamayonyAya-jai0 (3 / 6 / 1-8); 'yasya parNamayI jahabhavati na sa pApaM zlokaM zRNoti' aise vacana te0 saM0 (3 / 5 / 7 / 2) meM Aye haiM, kintu kisI viSaya kI ora koI saMketa nahIM hai| unakA prayoga kevala vikRtiyoM ke lie huA hai| dekhie mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 117) evaM bhAmatI (ve0 sU0, 11114, pR0 123-124) / pazanyAya-ja0 (4 / 1 / 11) evaM TpaTIkA (pR0 1203-5, vaidika vacana--'yo dIkSito yadagnISomIyaM pazumAlamate) / ekatva evaM puMstva donoM para bala denA cAhie, aisA balapUrvaka kahA gayA hai| pazaparoDAzanyAya-0 (12 / 1 / 1-6); dekhie prAyazcittaprakaraNa (bhavadevakRta, pR0 20); prAya0 vi0 (pR0 85) evaM govindAnanda kI tttvaarthkaumudii| piSTapeSaNanyAya-zabara (j06|2|3, 12 / 2 / 16); tantravA0 (1 / 2 / 31, pR0 147) / piSTapeSaNa kA artha hai use pIsanA jo pahale se hI pIsA jA cukA hai, ata: anAvazyaka rUpa se tarkoM ko duhraanaa| paSThAkoTanyAya--'pITha ko ghumAkara bAra-bAra pRthivI para par3e padArthoM meM pratyeka ko dekhanA / ' dekhie zabara (jai0 2 / 1 / 32) evaM tantravA0 (pR0 434); mitA0 (yAjJa0 3 / 216) / prakRtipratyayau pratyayArtha saha brUta-dekhie zabara (ja0 3 / 4 / 12, pR0 622 evaM 1111 / 22, pR0 2013); tantravA0 (jai0 2 / 1 / 1, pR0 380, 3 / 1 / 12, pR0 674, 3 / 4 / 12, pR0602, 3 / 7 / 10, pR0 1080) / mahAbhASya (vArtika 2, pA0 3 / 1167) / pratinidhinyAya-jai0 (6 / 3 / 13-17), smRtigha0 (zrAddha, pR0 460) / isakA artha hai 'zrutadravyApacAre dravyAntaraM pratinidhAya prayoga: krtvyH|' pratinimittaM naimittikazAstramAvartate-dekhie nyAya 'nimittAvRttau' Adi Upara; mitA0 (yAjJa0 3 / 263264 evaM 288 / pratipadAdhikaraNa-mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 47) / jai0 (2 / 11) ke prathama bhAga ko zabara aisA kahate haiM aura dUsarA bhAga 'bhAvArthAdhikaraNa' kahA jAtA hai| pratipradhAnaM guNAvRttiH-zabara (jai0 3 / 3 / 14, pR0 844); parA0 mA0 (11, pR0 361) / prathamAtikame kAraNAbhAvAt-jai0 (10 / 5 / 1 evaM 6), jisa para zabara kA kathana hai-'ye kramavanta Aragdha'dhyAste prathamAnupakramitathyAH') tantramA0 (30 3 / 2 / 20, pR0772 evaM 3 / 4 / 51, pR0688), dhya0 ma0 (pR013)|

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 216 pradhAnamallanibarhaNanyAya-'pradhAna malla ko harA denA', bhAvanA yaha hai ki yadi pradhAna malla harA diyA gayA to usase kama zakti vAle pratiyogI hAre hue samajhe jAne cAhie / zAMkarabhASya (ve0 sU0 1 / 4 / 28 evaM 2 / 1 / 12) / pradhAnasya coddizyamAnasya vizeSaNamavivakSitam-dekhie TupuTIkA (jai0 7 / 1 / 2, pR0 1526) / prayojanamanuddizya na mandopi pravartate-dekhie zlokavA0 (sambandhAkSepa0, zloka 55, pR0 653) / prastarapraharaNanyAya-jai0 (3 / 2 / 11-15), darzapUrNamAsa meM nirdeza karate hue 'sUktavAkena prastaraM praharati', arthAt purohita sUktavAka mantra ke sAtha, jo isa prakAra eka aMga ho jAtA hai, prastara (kuzoM kA eka gucchA) ko agni meM DAlatA hai| prAsAdadIpanyAya-'dehalIdIpanyAya' ke samAna / zabara (jai0 12 / 1 / 1 evaM 3) / prayaMgavanyAya-dekhie tantravA0 (jai0 2 / 1 / 12, pR0 415) / yaha zabara (jai0 1138) ke 'tatra kecid dIrghazUkeSu yava-zabda prayuJjate kecitpriyaGaguSu' kI ora saMketa karatA hai| __phalavatsaMnidhAvaphalaM tadaMgam-0 (4 / 4 / 34, jo eka lambA sUtra hai) meM hameM ye zabda milate haiM-'tatpunarmukhyalakSaNaM yatphalavattvaM tatsaMnidhAvasaMyuktaM tadaMgaM syAt / ' dekhie zabara (jai0 4 / 4 / 16); kullUka (manu 2 / 101102) ne isakA prayoga kiyA hai; zAMkarabhASya (ve0 sU0 2 / 1 / 14) / bahiAya-jai0 (3 / 2 / 1) / zabara ne 'bahirdevasadanaM dAmi' (maiM devatA ke nivAsa ke lie bahi kATatA hU~) kA uddharaNa diyA hai aura kahA hai ki mukhya bhAva lenA cAhie na ki gauNa (samAnatA ke AdhAra para anya arth)| brAhmaNakauNDinyanyAya-dekhie 'taRkauNDinyanyAya' / mitA0 (yAjJa0 3 / 257) / brAhmaNaparivAjakanyAya-zabara (jai0 2.1143) ne likhA hai-'ito brAhmaNA bhojyantAmita: parivrAjakA iti|' bhAmatI (ve0 sU0 3 / 1 / 11) kA kathana hai ki yaha nyAya 'gobalIvardanyAya' sA hI hai| zAMkarabhASya (ve. sU0 1 / 4 / 16, 2 / 3 / 15 evaM 3 / 1111) / subodhinI (yAjJa0 266) / brAhmaNavasiSThanyAya-medhA0 (manu 7 / 35) / 'vasiSTha' kA artha brAhmaNa bhI hai, kintu unakA varNana pRthaka se ho sakatA hai, kyoMki ve tapa karane vAloM meM viziSTa the, arthAt unake tapa mahAn the| bhAvArthAdhikaraNa-0 (2 / 1 / 1), mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 128) / bhUtabhavyasamuccAraNanyAya yA bhUtabhavyasamuccAraNe bhUtaM bhavyAyopadizyate-zabara ne isakA bahudhA prayoga kiyA hai, yathA jai0 (2 / 1 / 4, 34140, 4 / 1 / 18, 6 / 1 / 1, 616 / TupTIkA (jai0 4 / 1 / 18) ne vyAkhyA kI hai'bhUtaM dravyaM bhavyAM kriyAM nivartayatIti kriyAto'dRSTam / ' vya0 ma0 (pR0 111) / bhUyasAnyAya yA bhUyasAM syAtsadharmatvam-0 (12 / 2 / 22) ke 'vipratiSiddhadharmANAM samavAye bhUyasAM syAt sadharmatvam' para AdhRta hai| jaba kaI kRtyoM kA milA-julA (mizrita) yajJa hotA hai aura usake kaI vistAroM meM virodha upasthita ho jAtA hai to vaisI sthiti meM jo vidhi apanAyI jAtI hai vaha aisI hotI hai ki vistAra adhika-seadhika saMkhyA meM sabhI meM pAye jaayeN| dekhie smRtica0 (zrAddha, pR0 468), vya0 ni0 (pR 202) / mASamudganyAya-0 (6 / 3 / 20) / niyama aisA hai ki jaba kisI yajJa ke lie vyavasthita padArtha na prApta ho sake to koI anya samAna padArtha kAma meM lAyA jA sakatA hai (soma ke lie pUtIkA, zabara, jai0 6 / 3 / 14); kintu jo padArtha spaSTa rUpa se niSiddha rahatA hai, usako pratinidhi ke rUpa meM nahIM grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA, bhale hI vaha vyavasthita padArtha ke anurUpa hI kyoM na ho| yadi mudga na prApta ho sake to mASa kA prayoga nahIM ho sakatA,

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220 dharmazAstra ko itihAsa kyoMki tai0 saM0 (51 / 8 / 1) dvArA mASa-anna yajJa ke lie niSiddha ThaharAyA gayA hai| dekhie mitA. (yAjJa0 21126); dAyabhAga (13 / 16); prAyaH tattva (pR0 482), vyava0 pra0 (pR0 555) / mithaH-sambandhanyAya-yaha 'vAtraghnInyAya' ke samAna hai (jai0 3 / 1 / 23) / miyo-sambandhanyAya-jai0 (3 / 1 / 22) evaM zabara (usI para); madanapArijAta (pR0 86) / eka guNavAkya kisI anya guNavAkya kA sahAyaka nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki donoM pradhAna uddezya ke sahAyaka hote haiM aura donoM barAbara sthiti ke hote haiN| do kRtya haiM-agnyAdheya evaM pavamAna AhutiyA~ aura aisA kahA gayA hai ki inameM se eka dUsare ke adhIna hai| donoM eka hI uddezya kI pUrti karate haiM, arthAt donoM darzapUrNamAsa evaM anya yajJoM meM prayukta hote haiN| aisA vaidika vacana hai ki varaNa evaM vaikaMkata lakar3I ke pAtra yajJoM ke yogya hote haiM, kintu varaNa kA pAtra homa meM prayukta nahIM hotA, kintu vaikaMkata kA pAtra prayukta hotA hai / donoM prakAra ke pAtra yajJoM ke lie sahAyaka hote haiM, kintu vaidika vacana meM varaNa kA homa meM niSedha eka sAmAnya bAta hai / ata: donoM meM eka, dUsare ke adhIna nahIM hai| isI se vaikaMkata ke pAtra una yajJoM meM prayukta hote haiM jinameM homa Avazyaka hai, kintu ina yajJoM meM vareNa ke pAtra prayukta nahIM hote| mukhyagauNayozca mukhya saMpratyayaH-zabara (jai0 3 / 2 / 1) / dekhie Upara 'goNamukhyayozca... / mukhyApacAre (yA murayAlAbhe) pratinidhiH zAstrArtha:-jai0 (6 / 3 / 13-17), tithitattva (pR0 13), datta0 mI0 (pR0 206) yathAzaktinyAya-0 (6 / 3 / 1-7) / dharmadvaitanirNaya (pR0 105); ekA0 tatva (pR0 18, 26) / yavavarAhAdhikaraNa-jai0 (1 / 3 / 6) / yazcobhayoH pakSayordoSo na tamekazcodyo bhavati yA 'yascobha. . . . nAsAveka pakSaM nivartayati' yA 'yazco. . . nAsAvekasya vAcyaH'-dekhie zabara (jai0 8 / 3 / 7 evaM 14, 10 / 3 / 25, pR0 1816) / yasya yenArthasambandha iti nyAyAt--yaha 'yasya yenAbhisambandho dUrasthenApi tasya saH / arthato hyasamarthAnAmAnantaryamakAraNam // ' kA eka aMza hai| nyAyasudhA (pR0 1076) ne ise tantravArtika (3 / 1 / 27) para TIkA karate hue vRddha-zloka kahakara uddhRta kiyA hai; tantravA0 (pR0 744) meM AyA hai-'yasya sambandha... iti nyAyAt' / yaha nyAya rAjanIti-viSayaka granthoM meM bhI prayukta huA hai / vyaktiviveka-vyAkhyA (pR0 36) abhinava-bhAratI dvArA nATyazAstra meM uddhRta ('tatha.pi yasya yenArthasambandha ityarthakrama Adartavyo na zabda iti' ) / yAvadvacanaM vAcanikam-dekhie zabara (jai0 5 / 4 / 11, yAva...kaM na tatra nyAyaH kramate, evaM 5 / 3 / 12 yAva... kaM na sadRzamupasaMkra.ma.ti) 1 ma.danA yaha hai-'kisI adhikArI vacana ke viSaya meM kevala utanA hI svIkAra karanA cAhie jo prayukta zabdoM se vyakta ho aura use samAnatA ke AdhAra para anya viSayoM meM prayukta nahIM mAnanA caahie|' dekhie tantravA0 (jai0 3 / 5 / 16); bhAmatI (ve0 sU0 4 / 1 / 1 evaM 4 / 3 / 4); medhA0 (manu 10 / 127) / yugapattidvayavirodhanyAya--kisI vidhi meM eka hI zabda eka hI kAla meM mukhya evaM gauNa donoM arthoM meM prayukta nahIM ho sakatA / dekhie jai0 3 / 2 / 1 evaM zabara; vya0 ma0 (pR0 62); dAyabhAga (3 / 30, pR0 67) / yogasiddhayadhikaraNa-jai0 (4 / 3 / 27-28) / jyotiSToma sabhI phaloM ko eka-sAtha hI nahIM prakaTa karatA, pratyuta eka-ke-pazcAt-eka prakaTa karatA hai| yaha zabda sUtra 28 meM AyA hai aura 'yogasiddhi' zabda kA artha hai 'paryAya', jaisA ki zabara kA kathana hai| dekhie medhA0 (manu 11 / 220); zuddhitattva (pR0 236), prAya0 vi0 (pR0 78) evaM bhavadevakRta prAya0 prakaraNa (pR0. 18) /

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita mImAMsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 221 rathakArAdhikaraNanyAya-0 (6 / 1 / 44-50); mau0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 113) evaM parA0 mA0 (111, pR0 48) / rAtrisatranyAya-jai0 (4 / 3 / 17-16); datta0 mI0 (pR. 207); mAmatI (zAMkarabhASya, ve0 sU0 1 / 1 / 4) / rUDhiyogamapaharati-isakA artha yaha hai ki vyutpattimUlaka artha kI apekSA rUDhigata artha ko adhika mAnyatA denI cAhie, yathA "raya kAra' (jai0 6 / 1 / 44) ke viSaya meN| dekhie parA0 mA0 (111, pR0 300) / isake virodha meM eka dUsarA nyAya grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, yathA-'yogasambhave paribhASAyA ayuktatvAt', jo mitA0 (yAjJa. 2 / 143) dvArA strIdhana ke artha ke viSaya meM prayukta kiyA gayA hai| mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 112-113) / revatyadhikaraNanyAya-jai0 (2 / 2 / 27) evaM mI0 nyA0 pra0 (pR0 40-42) / lakSaNA hyadRSTakalpanAyA jyAyasI-dekhie zabara (jai0 111, pR0 7 evaM 114 / 2, pR0 324) / va!nyAya-jai0 (3 / 8 / 25-27) / darzapUrNa mAsa meM adhvaryu purohita pATha karatA hai-'mamAgne varcI vihavedhvastu' (mai0 saM0 11415) / phala yajamAna ko milatA hai na ki adhvaryu ko, kyoMki adhvaryu dakSiNA para kArya karatA hai| vAjapeyanyAya-jai0 (11416-8) / 'vAjapeyena svArAjyakAmo yajeta' nAmaka vAkya meM 'vAjapeya' eka yAga kA nAma hai, vaha kisI yajJa ke viSaya meM kucha aura nahIM btaataa| mitA0 (yAjJa0 1181) / vAnInyAya--jai0 (3 / 1 / 23) / tai0 saM0 (215 / 2 / 5) meM aisA AyA hai ki vAghnI mantroM kA vAcana pUrNamAsI para tathA vRdhanvatI mantroM kA amAvAsyA para honA caahie| ye donoM una yajJoM ke lie vyavasthita haiM jinameM do anuvAkyAoM ke vAcana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| darza yA paurNamAsa kRtya para kevala eka anuvAkyA hotI hai, ata: ye donoM darzapUrNamAsa meM prayukta nahIM ho skte| kintu do anuvAkyAoM kA prayoga AjyabhAgoM meM (jo darzapUrNamAsa kI sahAyaka AhutiyA~ hote haiM), huA hai, aisA prasiddha hai| ataH 'vAtraghnI' evaM 'vRdhanvatI' anuvAkyAe~ kevala AjyabhAgoM se sambandhita haiM na ki pramukha kRtya se / vidhivagnigadAdhikaraNa--dekhie dAyabhAga (yAjJa0 2 / 30, sthAvaraM dvipadaM...na vikrayaH), jisane TippaNI kI hai-'krtvypdmvshymtraadhyaahaarym'| yaha eka vidhi hai, yadyapi utsAha vyakta karane ke lie koI anya zabda nahIM hai| vizvajinyAya-jai0 (4 / 3 / 15-16) / jahAM kisI yajJa ke lie koI phala spaSTa rUpa se vyavasthita na ho vahA~ 'svarga' ko phala samajhanA caahie| yaha vizvajit yajJa ke lie hai, jisameM yajJakata apanI sampUrNa sampatti kA dAna kara detA hai / medhA0 (manu0 2 / 2); parA0 mA0 (1 / 1, pR0 148); ekA0 tattva (10 23) / vidhau lakSaNA anyAyyA--dekhie zabara (jai0 1 / 2 / 26 evaM 414116) / dekhie Upara 'na vidhau paraH zabdArthaH / ' malamAsatattva (pR0 760) / vazvadevanyAya--jai0 (1 / 4 / 13-16) / cAturmAsyoM ke cAra paryoM meM vaizvadeva prathama parva hai| yaha nAmadheya hai na ki guNavidhi / datta0 mI0 (pR0 236) ne isakA prayoga kiyA hai| vaizvAnarAdhikaraNanyAya-dekhie 'jAteSTinyAya' / zAkhAntaranyAya-0 (2 / 4 / 8-33) / yaha Age likhita 'sarvazAkhApratyayanyAya' hI hai| zrutilakSaNAvizaye ca zrutiyA'yyA ma lakSaNA-vAbara (jai0 4 / 1 / 23, 4 / 1146 evaM 4 / 2 / 30) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa SoDazinyAya - jai0 (101836) / 'atirAtre SoDazinaM gRhNAti' tathA 'nAtirAtre gRhNAti, arthasaMgraha (10 24) / saMyogapRthaktvanyAya -- jai0 ( 4 | 3 |5-7 ) / meghA0 ( manu0 2 / 107 ) ; parA0 mA0 ( 11, pR0 60 ) ; prAya0 tattva ( pR0 474 ) ; ekA0 tattva ( pR0 26- 30 ) ; tithitattva ( pR0 44 ) ; ni0 si0 ( pR0 84 ) / sakRtkRte kRtaH zAstrArthaH - zabara ( jaM0 11 / 1 / 28 evaM 12|3 | 10 ) ; ekA0 tattva ( pR0 32 ), udvAhatattva ( pR0 133 ) ; mahAbhASya ( vArtika 4, pA0 4 / 1184 ) / isa nyAya kA prayoga sImita hotA hai aura bahudhA 'nimittAvRttau . . . ' nAmaka nyAya prayukta hotA hai / sakRcchrataH zabdastamevArthaM gamayati- dAyabhAga ( 3 / 26- 30, pR0 67 ); mada0 pA0 ( pR0 366 ) / 222 samaM syAdazrutitvAt yaha jai0 (1013 53 55 ) kA pUrvapakSasUtra hai / yaha bahudhA prayoga meM lAyA jAtA hai, kintu jaba asamAna vibhAjana hotA hai to viziSTa vyavasthA kara dI jAtI hai| mitA0 ( yAjJa0 2 / 265), dAyabhAga (48, pR0 80, strIdhana vibhAga ); smRtica0 (2, pR0 152 evaM 285), kullUka ( manu 3 | 1, samaM syAdazrutitvAditi nyAyena prati dvAdazavarSANi vratAcaraNam ) ; parA0 mA0 ( 112, pR0 362 ) ; madanaratna, ( vya0, pR0 204 ) / saptadaza sAmidhenInyAya - jai0 (36 6 ) | 'saptadaza sAmidhenIranubrUyAt' aise aitareya brAhmaNa (111 ) ke saMmAna vacana jo kisI viziSTa yajJa meM prayukta hue binA Aye haiM, kevala vikRtiyoM ke lie hI prayukta hote haiM, prakRti ke lie nahIM / mitA0 ( yAjJa0 1 256 ) / sarvaparidAnAdhikaraNa - jai0 (3|4|17 ), jo tai0 saM0 (226 / 10 / 1-2 ) para AdhRta hai / tai0 saM0 kI yaha ukti brAhmaNa ko dhamakAne yA mAra DAlane ko manA karatI hai / prAya0 tattva ( pR0 476 ) ; prAya0 vi0 ( pR0 6) / aparArka ( pR0 1053 ) ; sarvazaktyadhikaraNatyAya - dekhie 'yathAzaktinyAya evaM ekA0 tattva ( 10 18, 26 ) 1 sarvazAkhApratyaya nyAya --- jai0 (2 / 4 / 8-33 ) | mitA0 ( yAjJa0 3 | 325 ) : smRtica0 ( 1, pR0 5); madanapArijAta ( pR0 11 evaM 61 ); zuddhitattva ( pR0 378, 380 ) / sAmAnyavizeSanyAya --- zabara (jai0 7 / 3 / 16, bAdhyate ca sAmAnyaM vizeSeNa) evaM tantravA0 ( pR0 1030, jai0 3 / 616, 'tatra nAma vizeSeNa sAmAnyasya nirAkriyA / pratyakSo yatra sambandho vizeSeNa pratIyate / tulyapramANako hi vizeSo bAghako bhavati na durbalapramANakaH', evaM pU0 1120 ) ; smRticandrikA ( vyava0, pR0 142, 266, 381) evaM parA0 mA0 (1, pu0 233 ) | (1 / 4 / 25 ) | sAmarthyAdhikaraNa -- jai0 sArasvatau bhavataH - jai0 (5 / 1 / 74 ) ; dekhie smRtica0 ( vya0, pR0 267 ) : subodhinI ( pitarau, pR0 72 ), pR0 183 ) / sArthakyanyAya - jai0 (11211 evaM 7 ) ; zabara (jai0 22226 evaM 3|1|18, AnarthakyAttadaMgeSu ) / anarthaka kA artha hai 'arthahIna' yA 'uddezyahIna' / suvarNadhAraNanyAya-- jai0 ( 3 | 4 | 20 - 24 ) / tai0 brA0 (2|2|4| 6 ) meM eka vacana hai jo kisI viziSTa yajJa se sambandhita nahIM hai, yathA-' - 'suvarNaM hiraNyaM dhAryam' (camakIlA sonA pahananA cAhie ) / yaha puruSadharma hai na ki sarvaprakaraNadharma / mitA0 ( yAjJa0 2 / 135 - 136 ) | yaha sabhI sampatti yajJa ke lie hai' nAmaka mAnyatA ke virodha meM eka tarka hai /

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dharmazAstra se sambandhita maumAsAsiddhAnta evaM vyAkhyA ke niyama 223 sUktavAkyanyAya-dekhie jai0 (3 / 2 / 16-16 aura 'prastarapraharaNanyAya', jahA~ sUktavAka evaM prassara kA artha diyA huA hai / ina sUtroM meM yaha sthApita kiyA gayA hai ki sampUrNa sUktavAka paurNamAsa-iSTi evaM darza-iSTi meM nahIM kahA jAnA cAhie, kintu kevala utanA hI jo ina donoM iSTiyoM ke devoM se krama se sambandhita hai| sthAlIyulAkanyAya-'sthAlIpulAka' zabda jai0 (74 / 12) meM AyA hai| zabara (jai0 8 / 1 / 11) evaM tantravA0 (ja0 3 / 5 / 16, pR0 668) / mahAbhASya ko yaha jJAta thA, (yathA vArtika 15, pA0 7 / 2 / 1) / zAMkarabhASya (ve0 sa0 2 / 1 / 34 evaM 3 / 3 / 53) / svargakAmAdhikaraNa-jai0 (6 / 1 / 1-3) / hetumannigadAdhikaraNa-jai0 (1 / 2 / 26-30) / vizvarUpa (yAjJa0 3 / 263); malamAsatattva (pR0 760) / holAkAdhikaraNa-jaimini (1 / 3 / 15-23) /

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adhyAya 31 dharmazAstra evaM sAMkhya sAMkhya prasiddha chaha darzanoM meM eka darzana hai / zaMkarAcArya ne vedAntasUtra ( 2/2/17 ) ke zArIraka bhASya meM kahA hai ki vedavid manu Adi ne kucha sImA taka apane granthoM meM sAMkhya ke siddhAnta ko grahaNa kiyA hai| vizeSata: yaha siddhAnta ke usa aMza para nirbhara hai, jahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki kArya pahale se hI kAraNa meM upasthita rahatA hai / isI prakAra ve0 sU0 ( 1 | 4 | 28) kI vyAkhyA meM unhoMne kahA hai ki sUtrakAra evaM svayaM unhoMne sAMkhya siddhAntoM ke khaNDana meM bar3A parizrama kiyA hai (unhoMne paramANukAraNavAda ke siddhAnta kA isa prakAra khaNDana nahIM kiyA hai ), kyoMki sAMkhya siddhAnta vedAntavAda ke pAsa A jAtA hai aura kAraNa evaM kArya ke ananyabhAva ke dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra kara letA hai, tathA devala jaise kucha dharmasUtrakAroM ne apane granthoM meM isakA Azraya liyA hai / ve0 sU0 (21113 ) kI vyAkhyA meM zaMkara ne TippaNI kI hai ki yadyapi bahuta sI smRtiyoM ne AdhyAtmika bAtoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, kintu sabase adhika udyoga sAMkhya evaM yoga ke siddhAntoM ke khaNDana meM hI lagAyA gayA hai, kyoMki manuSya ke parama lakSya kI prApti ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM donoM siddhAnta vizva meM prasiddha haiM, tathA unheM ziSToM (AdaraNIya evaM vidvAn logoM) ne svIkAra kiyA hai aura unake pakSa meM vaidika saMketa nilate haiM (yathA zvetAzvataropaniSad - 'tatkAraNaM sAMkhyayogAbhipannam ' 6 / 13 ) | yaha Age vyakta kiyA jAyagA ki mana evaM devala ne kucha sAMkhya siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana bhI kiyA hai aura unakA AdhAra bhI liyA hai| sAMkhya siddhAnta ke udgama evaM vikAsa ke viSaya meM kucha zabda likha denA anAvazyaka nahIM mAnA jAyagA / sAMkhya ke udgama kI samasyA bhAratIya darzana kI kaThinatama samasyAoM meM eka hai| sAMkhya siddhAnta para bahutase grantha evaM nibandha likhe gaye haiM / vaha Arambhika sAMkhya zikSA kyA thI, jise IzvarakRSNa ne 'sAMkhyakArikA' 1. pradhAnakAraNavAdo vedavidbhirapi kaizcinmanvAdibhiH satkAryatvAdyaMzopajIvanAbhiprAyeNopanibaddhaH / ayaM tu paramANu kAraNavAdo na kaizcidapi ziSTaiH kenacidapyaMzena parigRhIta ityatyantamevAnAdaraNIyo vedavAdibhiH / zaMkara (ve0 sU0 2 / 2 / 17 - aparigrahAccAtyantamanapekSA ); "IkSatena zabdam" ityArabhya pradhAnakAraNavAdaH sUtrareva punaH punarAzaGakya nirAkRtaH, tasya hi pakSasyopodvalakAni kAnicilliGagAbhAsAni vedAnteSvApAtena mandamatInpratibhAntIti / sa ca kArya kAraNAnanyatvAbhyupagamAtpratyAsanno vedAntavAdasya / devalaprabhRtibhizca kazciddharmasUtrakAraH svagrantheSvAzritastena tatpratiSedhe yatno'tIva kRto nANvAdikAraNavAdapratiSedhe / zAGkarabhASya ( ve0 sU0 114 | 28 ) | 2. jo loga sAMkhya meM abhiruci rakhate haiM ve nimnalikhita granthoM evaM nibandhoM ko par3ha sakate haiN| phiTja eDavarDa hAla kA 'iNTroDakzana Tu sAMkhya-pravacana-bhASya' (bibliyothikA iNDikA sIrIja, 1856 ) ; 'sAMkhyakArikA' jisa para jaoNna DevIja ne TippaNI kI hai, jisakA unhoMne anuvAda kiyA hai tathA kapila ke siddhAnta ko samajhAyA hai| (1881 meM sarvaprathama prakAzita, dUsarA saMskaraNa 1657, kalakattA) : ricarDa gAve kA 'DAI sAMkhya philaoNsaoNphI',

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dharmazAstra evaM sAMkhya 225 meM sudhArA? isake viSaya meM sAmAnya rUpa se svIkRta koI sammati nahIM dI jA sakatI / san 546 I. meM paramArtha dvArA, jo Arambha meM bhAradvAja gotra ke brAhmaNa the aura phira ujjayinI meM zramaNa ho gaye the, sAMkhyakArikA kA anuvAda evaM TIkA cInI bhASA meM karAyI gayI (dekhie bI0 I0 epha0 I0 o0, 1604, pR0 60) / zaMkarAcArya ne ve* sU0 (1 / 4 / 11) meM sAMkhyakArikA ke tIsare zloka kA sampUrNa aMza tathA ve0 sa0 (11418) meM isakA eka cauthAI aMza uddhRta kiyA hai| kintu sAMkhya siddhAnta ne, aisA pratIta hotA hai, kaI avasthAoM meM praveza kiyaa| cInI srotoM se patA calatA hai ki isake aThAraha sampradAya the (dekhie jAnsana kA 'arlI sAMkhya' jahA~ bI0I0 epha0 I0 o0, 1604,10 58 se udvaraNa liyA gayA hai)| la dvArA viracita sAMkhyasUtra yA sAMkhyapravacanasUtra bhI pracalita hai| isakI do TIkAe~ prakAzita huI haiM, yathA--aniruddha kRta evaM vedAntI mahAdeva kI TIkA ke kucha bhAga (bibliyothikA iNDikA sIrIja, 1881, meM gArve dvArA sampAdita) / yaha san 1440 I0 meM praNIta huA, jaisA ki zrI gArve evaM phiz2a-eDavarDa hAla dvArA kahA gayA hai| isakA eka anya saMskaraNa hai jisameM 23 satra haiM aura jise 'tattvasamAsa' nAma diyA gayA hai| tattvasamAsa kI eka TIkA 'kramadIpikA' hai jo caukhambA saMskRta sIrIz2a dvArA prakAzita hai| caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja ne kucha anya saMkSipta pazcAtkAlIna grantha prakAzita kiye haiM, jinheM yahA~ sthAnAbhAva se hama nahIM de pA rahe haiM / sAMkhyakArikA para bahuta-sI TIkAe~ prakAzita huI haiM / atyanta Arambhika TIkA sambhavataH paramArtha kRta anuvAda ke rUpa meM hai jo san 546 I0 meM cInI bhASA meM prakAzita huI thii| isakA saMskRta rUpAntara vidvAn paM0 aiyasvAmI zAstrI dvArA kiyA gayA hai aura vaha zrI veMkaTezvara orieNTala sIrIz2a dvArA eka mUlyavAn bhUmikA ke sAtha san 1644 I0 meM prakAzita huA hai| sAMkhyakArikA kI dUsarI TIkA 'mATharavRtti' caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja dvArA san 1622 I0 meM prakAzita huI thii| DA0 velavAlkara (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, khaNDa 5, pR0 133-161) ne mATharavRtti para eka atyanta vidvattApUrNa lambA nibandha likhA hai aura kahA hai ki mATharavRtti hI vaha mUla TIkA hai jisakA cInI anuvAda paramArtha ne kiyA thA, jisameM kAlAntara meM bahuta-sI 1864, vijJAnabhikSu, ke 'sAMkhya-pravacana-bhASya' ke saMskaraNa para unakI bhUmikA (hAravarDa orieNTala sIrIz2a); pro0 maiksamUlara kRta 'siksa sisTemsa Ava philaoNsaoNphI' (1603 kA saMskaraNa, pR0 216-330); pAla Duzena kRta 'vI philaoNsaoNphI Ava dI upaniSadsa' (e0 es geDena dvArA anUdita , 1606, pR0 236-255); pro0 e. bI0 kItha kRta 'sAMkhya sisTema' (1624); I0 eca0 jAMsTana kRta 'arlo sAMkhya' (raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI Ava greTa briTena, 1637); dAsagupta kRta 'iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI', khaNDa 1, pR0 208-273 (1922); DA0 rAdhAkRSNan kRta 'iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI' khaNDa-2, pR0 248-335 (1627) evaM 'philaoNsaoNphI, IsTarna eNDa vesTarna', khaNDa-1, pR0 242-257; pro0 e0 bI0 kItha kRta 'relijana eNDa philaoNsaoNphI Ava di veda eNDa upaniSadsa', khaNDa-2, pR0 535-551; DA0 DablU0 rUbena kRta 'biganiMga Ava epika sAMkhya' (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, khaNDa 37, 1656, pR0 174-186); zrI jayadeva yogendra kRta 'sAMkhya ina di mokSaparva' (jarnala Ava bAmbe yUnivasiTI, 1657, khaNDa-26, nyU sIrIja, ArTa sa nambara, pR0 123-141; zrI vI0 ema0 bedakara kRta 'sTaDIja ina sAMkhya, paJcazikha eNDa caraka' (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, khaNDa-38, pR0 140147) evaM 'sTaDIja ina sAMkhya, di TIciga Ava paJcazikha ina di mahAbhArata' (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, khaNDa 38, pR0 233-244). / 26

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221 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa anya bAteM bhI samAviSTa ho gayI thiiN| DA0 velavAlkara kA yaha bhI kathana hai ki gaur3apAda kI TIkA mATharavRtti kA hI saMkSipta rUpAntara hai (pR0 148) / mATharavRtti ko san 450 I. ke uparAnta nahIM rakhA jA sakatA (10 155) aura IzvarakRSNa ko hama san 250 I0 ke pazcAt kA nahIM mAna sakate (pR0 168) / pro0 e0 bI0 kItha ne apane grantha 'sAMkhya sisTema' (pR0 51) meM kahA hai ki IzvarakRSNa san 325 I0 ke pazcAt nahIM rakhe jA sakate / eka anya Arambhika TIkA hai yuktidIpikA, jisake lekhaka kA nAma ajJAta hai aura vaha zrI pulinavihArI cakravartI dvArA kevala eka hastalipi prati se sampAdita kI gayI hai (kalakattA saMskRta sIrIja, san 1638 I0) / yaha eka ati mUlyavAn TIkA hai jo bar3I buddhimattA ke sAtha kevala eka prati ke AdhAra para hI sampAdita kI gayI hai, yadyapi isameM yatra-tatra sthala-maMga bhI pAyA jAtA hai / isa TIkA meM bahuta-se uddharaNa evaM vivAdAtmaka vivecana pAye jAte haiM, bahuta-se aise AcAryoM ke nAma Aye haiM jinake vicAra eka-dUsare se bhinna haiM aura yatra-tatra unake vicAra katipaya viSayoM para dRSTAntasvarUpa uddhata kiye gaye haiN| udAharaNArtha, dekhie nIce 'vindhyavAsI' / isameM kucha aise AcAryoM ke nAma Aye haiM jo kisI anya sAMkhya grantha meM ullikhita nahIM haiN| paJcAdhikaraNa nAmaka AcArya kA nAma bahudhA AyA hai (pR0 6, 108, 114, 132, 144, 147, 148, jahA~ para paJcAdhikaraNa kI do AryAeM ullikhita haiM) / eka anya AcArya kA nAma hai paurika (pR0 166 evaM 175), jinhoMne eka Azcaryajanaka dRSTikoNa upasthita kiyA hai ki pratyeka puruSa ke lie eka pRthak pradhAna hotA hai| pataJjali kA ullekha bahudhA huA hai, yathA pR0 32 (yahA~ ahaMkAra ke astitva ko unhoMne asvIkAra kiyA hai), 108, 132 (12 karaNa haiM na ki 13, jaisA ki sAMkhyakArikA ne 32veM zloka meM kahA hai), 145, 146, 175 / vArSagaNA: (bahuvacana meM) kA ullekha pR0 36, 67, 65, 102, 145, 170 para huA hai / vArSagaNa kA ullekha pR. 6 evaM 108 para, vArSagaNavIra kA pR0 72, 108, 175 para (inheM pR0 72 para bhagavAn kahA gayA hai) tathA vRSagaNavIra kA pR0 103 (sambhavata: isa zabda kA artha hai vRSagaNa kA putra) para huA hai , aura ye sabhI vArSagaNoM ke dRSTikoNa kI ora nirdeza karate haiM / paJcazikha (pR0 31, bahuvacana meM, pR0 61, 175) kA ullekha hai aura eka vacana kA, jo vyAsabhASya (yogasUtra 114) dvArA uddhRta hai aura jise vAcaspati ne paJcazikha dvArA likhita mAnA hai, uddharaNa yuktidIpikA dvArA diyA gayA hai aura pR0 41 para use zAstra kahA gayA hai| pR0 113 evaM 126 se prakaTa hotA hai ki TIkA kA lekhaka vedAntI thaa| yaha sambhava hai ki unakA kAla 500 evaM 700 I0 ke bIca kahIM rahA ho, kyoMki unhoMne (pa0 36 para) diGanAga kI pratyakSa-sambandhI paribhASA ko uddhRta kiyA hai aura vAcaspati tathA sAMkhya ke ne unakA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / gaur3apAda ne sAMkhyakArikA para eka TIkA likhI, kiMtu kevala 66 zlokoM para hI, jaisA ki caukhambA sIrIja meM prakAzita huA hai / prasiddha lekhaka vAcaspati mizra kRta sAMkhyatattvakaumudI, caukhambA saM0 sI0 meM san 1616 I0 meM prakAzita huii| jayamaMgalA nAmaka TIkA (jo zaMkarAcArya dvArA likhita kahI gayI hai) kalakattA meM sana 1633 meM zrI eca0 zarmA dvArA prakAzita huI, jisakI saMkSipta kintu manoraMjaka bhUmikA priMsipala gopInAtha kavirAja ne likhI hai (dekhie iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTaralI, jilda 5, pR0 417-431) / isameM zrI eca0 zarmA ne yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki sAMkhyakArikA kI TIkA jayamaMgalA vAcaspati 3. pratipuruSamanyat pradhAnaM zarIrAdyartha karoti / teSAM ca mAhAtmyazarIrapradhAnaM yadA pravartate tade. tarANyapi, tannivRttau ca teSAmapi nivRttiriti paurikaH sAMkhyAcAryoM manyate / yukti0, pR0 166 /

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dharmazAstra evaM sAMkhya 227 mizra se purAnI hai / vijJAnabhikSu ne lagabhaga 1550 I0 meM sAMkhyapravacanasUtra para eka bhASya likhA / sUtrakAra evaM vijJAnabhikSu ne yaha asambhava mAnyatA sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki sAMkhya siddhAnta kI bAteM IzvaravAdI siddhAnta yA advaita vedAnta ke virodha meM nahIM par3atI haiM / mATharavRtti (sAMkhyakArikA 71 ) ne kucha aise AcAryoM ke nAma liye haiM jo paJcazikha evaM IzvarakRSNa ke bIca meM hue the, yathA - bhArgava, ulUka ( kauzika ? ), vAlmIki, hArIta, devala Adi, kintu jayamaMgalA ne paJcazikha ke uparAnta sAMkhya ke AcAryoM meM garga evaM gautama ko ullikhita kiyA hai ( dekhie paM0 aiyasvAmI ke saMskaraNa kI TippaNI 1, pR0 66) / paramArtha (paM0 aiyasvAmI ke saMskaraNa kA pR0 68 ) ke cInI saMskaraNa se udghArita saMskRta TIkA kA kathana hai ki paJcazikha ke uparAnta AcAryoM evaM ziSyoM kI paramparA isa prakAra hai - paJcazikha - gArgya-ulUka - vArSagaNa - IzvarakRSNa / isase spaSTa hai ki kama-se-kama pA~ca yA chaha AcArya paMcazikha evaM IzvarakRSNa ke bIca meM hue / yuktidIpikA ke eka sthala-maMga se yukta vacana se prakaTa hotA hai ki kama-se-kama dasa vyakti paMcazikha evaM IzvarakRSNa ke bIca meM hue the / yadi yaha svIkAra kara liyA jAya aura yadi IzvarakRSNa ko 250 I0 pradAna kI jAya to paMkhazikha ko I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI ke uparAnta kisI bhI dazA meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA, pratyuta ve isase bhI prAcIna ho sakate haiM / 'tena ca bahudhA kRtaM tantram' (sAMkhyakArikA 70 ) para yuktidIpikA ne bhagavAn paMcazikha ko 'dazama kumAra' (prajApati ? kA dasavA~ putra ) kahA hai aura aisA udghoSita kiyA hai ki unhoMne zAstra kI vyAkhyA bahutoM se kI, yathA janaka evaM vasiSTha se, aura isa prakAra paJcazikha ko zAntiparva ( 308 / 24 - 26 ) meM ullikhita paMcazikha ke samAna mAnA hai / vAcaspati mizra ne yogasUtrabhASya ( 2 / 23 ) kI apanI TIkA meM sAMkhya lekhakoM ke 'darzana' evaM 'adarzana' sambandhI prazna para ATha vaikalpika dRSTikoNa upasthita kiye haiM aura TippaNI kI hai ki ina ATha vikalpoM meM cauthA sAMkhya zAstra kA vAstavika siddhAnta hai / lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatAbdI se sAMkhyakArikA sAMkhya siddhAnta para eka prAmANika grantha mAnI jAtI rahI hai| sAMkhyakArikA meM AyA hai ki yaha pavitra zAstra kapila muni dvArA Asuri ko nirUpita kiyA gayA, jinhoMne ise paJcazikha ko diyA aura paJcazikha ne ise anya kaI ziSyoM ko diyA aura yaha AcAryoM evaM ziSyoM kI paramparA meM IzvarakRSNa ke pAsa AyA, jinhoMne ise AryA zlokoM meM saMkSipta kiyA / " yahA~ para kapila muni ko sAMkhya siddhAnta kA prathama udghoSaka kahA gayA hai / 4. asya tu zAstrasya bhagavato'gre pravRttatvAt na zAstrAntaravat vaMzaH zakyo varSa sahasrairapyAkhyAtum / saMkSepeNa tu dvAva... ( chUTa gayA hai) hArIta bAddha li- kaMrAta - paurika - RSabhezvara - paJcAdhikaraNa - pataMjali - vArSagaNyakauNDinya - mUkAvikaziSyaparamparayAgataM.. ... yukti0 pU0 175 / 5. etatpavitramayaM munirAsuraye'nukampayA pradadau / Asurirapi paJcazikhAya tena ca bahudhA kRtaM tantram / / ziSyaparamparayAgatamIzvarakRSNena caitadAryAbhiH / saMkSiptamAryamatinA samyagvijJAya siddhAntam // sAM0 kA0 ( 70-71) / yaha braSTavya hai ki gaur3apAda ne kevala 66 zlokoM kI TIkA kI hai aura ina donoM tathA Age ke eka anya zloka ko chor3a diyA hai, jo yoM hai-- 'saptatyAM kila ye'rthAste'rthAH kRtsnasya SaSTitantrasya / AkhyAyikA virahitAH paravAdavivajitAzcApi // ' jisakA tAtparya yaha hai ki ( paMcazikha ke) sampUrNa SaSTitantra ke sabhI viSaya (sAMkhyakArikA ke ) sattara zlokoM meM pAye jAte haiM, kevala udAharaNasvarUpa dI gayI kahAniyA~ evaM anya mata-matAntara chor3a diye gaye haiM / sAMkhyakArikA ko sAMkhyasaptati evaM cInI bhASA meM 'suvarNasaptati' kahA gayA hai|

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229 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa : Age kucha aura kahane ke pUrva sAMkhya kI maulika dhAraNAoM para prakAza DAla denA Avazyaka hai / atyanta maulika dhAraNA yaha hai ki ananta kAla se hI eka-dUsare se bhinna do sattAe~ pAyI jAtI haiM, yathA-prakRti, jise pradhAna evaM avyakta bhI kahA jAtA hai tathA puruSa (AtmA, jnyaataa)| dUsarI maulika dhAraNA yaha hai ki puruSa aneka haiM / eka anya atyanta viziSTa dhAraNA hai tIna guNa (tattva), yathA--sattva (prakAza, buddhimAn), raja (kriyAzIla, zaktizAlI evaM prabhaviSNu) evaM tama (andhakAra, pramAdI, bhaddA, DhaMkane vaalaa)| pradhAna yA prakRti yA avyakta kA nirmANa tIna guNoM se hotA hai, ata: vaha triguNAtmaka kahA jAtA hai (sattvarajastamasAM sAmyAvasthA, arthAt jaba sattva, raja evaM tama samarasa hote haiM taba vaha triguNAtmaka hotA hai)| sAMkhya ne sabhI bhautika (sthUla) evaM mAnasa sUkSma tattvoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai / atyanta nimnakoTi kA tattva hai bhArI abhedya padArtha tathA sthala evaM jar3a vRttiyA~, jo tamas kahI jAtI haiM (guru, bhArI, varaNaka evaM DhaMkane vAlI) / punaH eka aisA tattva hai jo sthUla evaM sUkSya vizva meM nirantara parivartana kA dyotaka hai| ise rajas kahA jAtA hai (cala, parivartanazIla evaM upaSTambhaka, uttejaka) / tIsarA padArtha yA tattva hai cetanA se udbhUta bhinna-kriyA-prakAra jisase jJAna evaM anubhUti utpanna hotI hai, ise sattva kahA jAtA hai (laghu, prakAza, jo sthUla evaM kevala bhautika padArthoM ke virodha meM hotA hai, prakAzaka, prakAzamAna jo tamas kA virodhI hotA hai) / ye tInoM tattva vibhinna anupAtoM meM mila kara isa vikasita vizva kA nirmANa karate haiN| kaI dRSTikoNoM se inheM guNa kI saMjJA dI gayI hai, ye vizeSatAe~ haiM, ve mAno rassiyA~ haiM, jo puruSa ko saMsAra se bAMdhatI haiN| isa vizva kA AdhAra guNoM meM nihita hai| pradhAna guNoM se bhinna nahIM hai / pratyuta vaha vikAsa Arambha hone ke pUrva ke bIja yA maula (Adi) padArtha kA nAma hai| prakRti ko anAdi evaM ananta kahA gayA hai, ataH sAMkhya siddhAnta ne sraSTA ke rUpa meM Izvara kI kalpanA nahIM kI aura Izvara ko anAvazyaka yA vyartha mAnA hai / sAMkhya ne vizva ke vikAsa se sambandhita jo siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai vaha Adhunika vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta ke samAna hI vyAvahArika rUpa se tarkasaMgata lagatA hai| sambhavataH vizva ke udgama, mAnava kI prakRti evaM sthUla jagata se usake sambandha tathA mAnava kI bhAvI niyati ke praznoM ke uttara meM sAMkhya siddhAnta sabase prAcIna prayAsa hai jo kevala tarka para hI AdhRta hai / unnIsavIM zatI meM mana evaM prakRti ko bhinna tattva mAnA gayA aura paramANuoM ko avibhAjya ThaharAyA gyaa| Adhunika bhautika zAstriyoM ne tattva ko zakti ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diyA hai, kintu isa antima zakti kA svarUpa 6. sattvaM laghu prakAzakamiSTamapaSTambhakaM calaM ca rajaH / guru varaNakameva tamaH pradIpavaccArthato vRttiH|| sAM0 kA0 (13) / 'guNa' isalie kahe jAte haiM ki ve kaI gunA bar3hate jAte haiM (guNayantIti) aura vastuoM ko vikasita karate haiN| milAie 'mohAtmakaM tamasteSAM raja eSAM prvrtkm| prakAzabahulatvAcca sattvaM jyAya ihocyte||' vanaparva (212 / 4) evaM gItA (14 // 5-18), jahA~ para tIna guNoM para vivecana hai, vizeSataH yaha-'sattvaM rajastama iti guNAH prakRtisambhavAH (35); tatra sattvaM nirmalatvAt prakAzakamanAmayam / sukhasaGagena badhnAti jJAnasaGagena cAnagha // ' zloka 6; rajo rAgAtmakaM viddhi tRSNAsaGagasamudbhavam / zloka 7 / ve0 sU0 (2|2|10)pr zaMkarAcArya kA kathana hai ki vedAntasUtra ke kAla meM sAMkhya siddhAnta ne paraspara virodhI bAteM kahIM-'parasparaviruddhazcAyaM sAMkhyAnAmabhyupagamaH / kvacitsaptendriyANyanukrAmanti kvacidekAdaza / tathA kcacinmahatastanmAtrasargamupadizanti kvacidahaGakArAt / tathA kvacittrINyantaHkaraNAni varNayanti kvacidekamiti / ' sAta indriyA~ ye haiM-dharma, pA~ca karmeMdriyoM evaM mana; tIna antaHkaraNa ye haiM-buddhi, bhahaMkAra evaM mana / eka antaHkaraNa hai buddhi|

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dharmazAstra evaM sAMkhya 226 abhI ajJAta evaM rahasyAtmaka hai / sAMkhya siddhAnta ke antargata puruSa yA prakRti yA donoM koI dhArmika uddezya nahIM upasthita karate, arthAt unake pIche koI dhArmika pahalU nahIM hai| puruSa kaise prakRti ke caMgula meM pha~sa jAtA hai, isa viSaya meM koI nizcita evaM vizvasanIya uttara nahIM mila paataa| sAMkhya siddhAnta kevala itanA hI batAtA hai ki vivekahInatA ke kAraNa puruSa kisI prakAra caMgula meM pha~sa jAtA hai / vedAntasUtra ne pradhAna ko 112 / 16 meM smArta kahA hai aura 1 / 4 / 1 meM use AnumAnika kahA hai / prakRti se mahAn (buddhi, cetanA) kI utpatti hotI hai, jisase ahaMkAra utpanna ho jAtA hai, ahaMkAra se eka ora pA~ca tanmAtrAoM (sUkSma tattvoM, yathA-- zabda, sparza, gandha, rasa evaM rUpa) evaM dUsarI ora mana evaM dasa indriyoM (jJAnendriyoM) kI utpatti hotI hai / pA~ca tanmAtrAoM se pA~ca mahAn tattvoM (pRthivI, jala, tejas, vAyu evaM AkAza) kI utpatti hotI hai| ye hI 24 tattva haiM aura puruSa 25vA~ tattva hai / pradhAna puruSa se bhinna hai, vaha puruSa ke uddezya kI pUrti karatA hai (puruSa niSkriya evaM sAkSI hotA hai); puruSa prakRti ke mUla tattvoM se bhinna hai, vaha bhoktA hai (kartA nhiiN)| sAMkhya Izvara kI apekSA nahIM karatA / ' prakRti evaM puruSa isIlie eka sAtha hote haiM ki puruSa usakI kriyA dekhe ; yaha usI prakAra hai jaisA ki hama eka aMdhe evaM la~gar3e ko pAte haiM (aMdhA vyakti la~gar3e ko apane kaMdhe para le jA sakatA hai, la~gar3A vyakti mArga dikhAtA calatA hai aura isa prakAra donoM samanvita prayatna se apane lakSya taka pahu~ca jAte haiN| jaba puruSa apane evaM gaNoM (jo prakRti meM nihita hote haiM) ke bIca kA antara jAna letA hai to use mukti mila jAtI hai / 'deg sAMkhya evaM yoga donoM isa bAhya saMsAra ko vAstavika mAnate haiM / donoM ne AtmA kI anekatA (puraSoM) kI kalpanA kI hai, donoM ke anusAra ye AtmA nitya evaM 7. ve0 sU0 (1 / 4 / 11) meM bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (4 / 4 / 17) ke 'yasmin paJca paJcajanA' ko uddhRta karane ke uparAnta pUrvapakSa ko isa prakAra rakhA gayA hai--tathA paJcaviMzatisaMkhyayA yAvantaH saMkhyayA AkAMkSyante tAvantyeva ca tattvAni sAMkhyaH saMkhyAyante--'mUlaprakRtiravikRtimahadAdyAH prakRtivikRtayaH sapta / SoDazakazca vikAro na prakRti vikRtiH purussH||' yaha antima zloka sAM0 kA0 3 hai| 8. sAMkhya-pravacanasUtra (1162-63) meM AyA hai 'IzvarAsiddhaH, muktabaddhayoranyatarAbhAvAnna ttsiddhiH|' 6. puruSasya darzanArtha kavalyAya tathA pradhAnasya / paMgvandhavadubhayorapi saMyogastatkRtaH sargaH // sAM0 kA. (21) / yuktidIpikA (pR.0 2, zloka 10-12) evaM apanI TIkA sAMkhyatattvakaumudI meM uddhRta rAjavAtika ke anusAra SaSTitantra meM jo 60 viSaya vivecita haiM ve ye haiN-prdhaanaastitvmektvmrthvttvmthaanytaa| pArAyaM ca tathA'nakyaM viyogo yoga eva ca // zeSavRttirakartRtvaM maulikArthAH smRtA daza / viparyayaH paJcavidhastathoktA nava tussttyH|| karaNAnAmasAmarthya maSTAviMzatidhA matam / iti SaSTiH padArthAnAmaSTabhiH saha siddhibhiH|| sAMkhyatattvakaumudI (gaMgAnAtha jhA dvArA sampAdita, bambaI, 1866) / dekhie sAM0 kA0 (47) jahA~ 'pradhAnAsti0...' Adi meM varNita 10 ke atirikta 50 viSayoM kA ullekha hai| ahirbudhnyasaMhitA (12 / 20-26) ne sAMkhyatantra ke 60 viSayoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu unameM evaM vAcaspati dvArA uddhata rAjavAtika meM ullikhita viSayoM meM antara hai| 10. dharmeNa gamanamUrdhvaM gamanamadhastAd bhavatyadharmeNa / jJAnena cApavagoM viparyayAdiSyate bndhH|| sAM0 kA. (44); milAie gItA (14 / 18) 'UvaM gacchanti...', zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 1 / 4 / 4) ne kahA hai-'neyatvena ca sAMsyaH pradhAnaM smaryate guNapuruSAntaramAnAkaivalyamiti badbhiH / '

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230 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa aparivartanazIla haiM / yaha antima mata sAMkhya evaM advaita vedAnta ke viziSTa antaroM meM eka hai / hama yahA~ para ina saba bAtoM ke vizada vivecana meM nahIM pdd'eNge| sAMkhya kA eka anya siddhAnta hai satkAryavAda, arthAt kArya pahale se hI kAraNa meM vidyamAna rahatA hai, yaha abhAva se nahIM utpanna hotA (sAM0 kaa06)| milAie chAndogyopaniSad (6 / 2 / 2 kathamasata: sajjAyeta) evaM gItA (2 / 16, nAsato vidyate bhAvaH) / sAMkhyakArikA kI tithi nizcita karanA eka kaThina samasyA hai| paramArtha ne kArikA evaM usakI TIkA ko cInI bhASA meM lagabhaga 546 I0 meM anUdita kiyA thA, ata: kArikA ko hama 250-300 I0 ke pazcAt nahIM rakha sakate / yaha isase kaI zatiyoM pUrva kI ho sakatI hai / kumArila ke zlokavAttika kI TIkA meM umbeka ne mAdhava nAmaka lekhaka kA ullekha 'sAMkhyanAyaka' ke rUpa meM kiyA hai tathA yuvAM cvA~ga ne bhI mAdhava nAmaka eka sAMkhya-AcArya kA ullekha kiyA hai / DA0 rAghavana ne apanI 'sarUpa bhAratI' (pR0 162-164) meM darzAyA hai ki mAdhava sAMkhya kA eka vidhvaMsaka Alocaka thA, vAstava meM zuddha pATha hai--'sAMkhyanAzaka-mAdhava' na ki 'sAMkhyanAyaka-mAdhava' tathA ve sambhavataH diGanAga evaM dharmakIti ke pUrva hue the (arthAt 500 I0 ke puurv)| zaMkarAcArya (dekhie isa adhyAya kI pAda-TippaNI 1) kA kathana hai ki kucha upaniSad-vacanoM se aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki mAno ve sAMkhya siddhAnta ko spaSTa rUpa se mAnate haiM / hama yahA~ kucha aise upaniSad-vacanoM ko, jo yA to sAMkhya siddhAntoM ko DhaMka lete haiM yA sAMkhya siddhAnta ke anusAra pAribhASika artha vAle haiM, uddhata karate haiN|'' atharvaveda (10 / 8 / 43) kA eka vacana avalokanIya hai-'brahmavid usa yakSa ko jAnate haiM, jo AtmA-yukta hai, jo nava dvAra vAle kamala (zarIra) meM tIna guNoM se DhaMkA huA nivAsa karatA hai|' ise zvetAzvataropaniSad (3 / 18) evaM gItA (5 / 13 navadvAre pure dehI) se milAyA jA sakatA hai| muNDakopaniSad (2 / 1 / 3) ne kahA hai-'usase prANa, mana, sabhI indriyoM, paJca tattvoM evaM AkAza, vAyu, jyoti (teja), jala evaM pRthivI kA janma huA hai|' kaThopaniSad ne indriyoM ke padArthoM, mana, buddhi, mahAn, avyakta, puruSa kA 11. puNDarIkaM navadvAraM tribhirguNebhirAvRtam / tasminyadyakSamAtmanyat tadvai brahmavido viduH|| atharvaveda (10 / 8 / 43) / yahA~ 'yakSa' kA kyA artha hai, kahanA kaThina hai| yaha zabda Rgveda (13 // 13, 5 // 10 // 4, 16115) meM bhI AyA hai, jahA~ sAyaNa ne vibhinna artha kiye haiN| etasmAjjAyate prANo manaH sarvandriyANi ca / khaM vAyujyotirApaH pRthivI vizvasya dhAriNI // muNDakopaniSad, (2 / 113); indriyebhyaH parA hyA arthebhyazca paraM mnH| manasastu parA buddhirbuddharAtmA mhaanprH|| mahataH paramavyaktamavyaktAtpuruSaH prH| puruSAnna paraM kiMcitsA kASThA sA parA gtiH|| kaThopaniSad (3310-11) / kucha halake antaroM ke sAtha ye bAteM bRhadyogiyAjJavalkyasmati ( 184-186) meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| ve0 sU0 (1 / 4 / 1) meM sAMkhya virodhI isa kaTha-vacana para nirbhara rahatA hai, kyoMki isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki sAMkhya siddhAnta veda para Adhata haiN| milAie bhagavadgItA (3 / 42-43) / zAMkarabhASya (ve. sU0, 12 / 12) ne ullekha kiyA hai--'dvA suparNA sayujA sakhAyA samAnaM vRkSaM pariSasvajAte / tayorekaH pippalaM svAdatyanaznannanyo'bhicAkazIti // muNDaka0 (3 / 1 / 1)' zvetAzvataropa0 (4 / 6) evaM R0 (13164 / 20), phira kahA hai-'apara Aha / vA suparNA-iti / neyamRgasyAdhikaraNasya siddhAntaM bhajate paMDagirahasyabrAhmaNenAnyathA vyAkhyAtatvAt / tayorekaH pippalaM svAdattIti sattvam, anaznannanyo...abhipazyati jastAveto sttvkssetrjnyau|' yaha 'DhA suparNA nAmaka mantra be0 sU0 (333334) kA viSaya hai|

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parmazAstra evaM sAMsya 21 ullekha kiyA hai, jo kramazaH ucca koTi kI ora bar3hate jAte haiM / yaha sAMkhya ke samAna hI hai, kintu eka apavAda hai-yathA upaniSad ne ahaMkAra kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai aura buddhi evaM mahAn ko bhinna mAnA hai, kintu sAMkhya ne unheM abhinna rakhA hai / ataH spaSTa hai ki ina donoM upaniSadoM meM vikAsa kA vahI siddhAnta hai jo sAMkhya dvArA bhI pratipAdita hai, antara kevala yaha hai ki upaniSadoM ne eka parama sraSTA (jo akhila brahmANDa kA vidhAtA hai) kI kalpanA kI hai, jise sAMkhya ne chor3a diyA hai aura kevala vikAsazIla koTi kI ora hI saMketa kara mauna dhAraNa kara liyA hai / zaMkarAcArya ne ve0 sU0 (1 / 2 / 12) meM 'dvA suparNA sayujA' (jo muNDakopaniSad 3 / 111 evaM zvetAzvataropaniSad 3 / 1 evaM R0 11164 / 20 meM pAyA jAtA hai) kA uddharaNa diyA hai aura isakI vyAkhyA ise 'jIva' evaM 'paramAtmA' kahakara kI hai / AcArya ne isake uparAnta apane kisI pUrvavartI ke tarka kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo panIrahasya-brAhmaNa para nirbhara rahate haiM, jahA~ mantra ke uttarArdha kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI gayI hai mAno usameM sattva (buddhi) evaM kSetrajJa (AtmA) kI ora saMketa ho| isase kucha loga isa mantra meM sAMkhya vicAroM ko par3hate haiM / kaThopaniSad (3 / 4) meM AyA hai ki AtmA kA bhoktA ke rUpa meM varNana AtmA ke usa saMyoga (sammilana) kA phala hai jo indriyoM evaM mana ke sAtha hotA hai| zvetAzvataropaniSad (6 / 13) meM spaSTa rUpa se sAMkhya evaM yoga kI ora saMketa AyA hai aura usakA kathana hai ki 'usa kAraNa ke parijJAna para jo sAMkhya evaM yoga ke adhyayana dvArA prApta kiyA jAtA hai, vaha (vyakti) sabhI bandhanoM se chuTakArA pA letA hai / 12 yaha upaniSad una zabdoM se bharI par3I hai jo bahudhA sAMkhya siddhAnta dvArA prayukta hue haiM, yathA--'avyakta' (118); 'guNa' (517 'sa vizvarUpastriguNaH, evaM 6 / 2, 4 evaM 16); 'jJa' (5 / 2, 6 / 17); 'prakRti' (mAyAM tu prakRti vidyAt 4 / 10); 'puruSa' (1 / 2, 3 / 12, 13, 47); 'pradhAna' (1 / 10, 6 / 10 evaM 16); "liMga' (1 / 13, 6 / 6) / zvetAzva0 (6 / 11) ne eka Izvara ko isa prakAra kahA hai-'sAkSI cetA kevalo nirguNazca / ' sAMkhya ne Izvara ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai aura usakI upAdhiyA~ 'puruSa' ke lie rakha dI haiM / 'puruSa' to sAMkhya ke anusAra kevala niSkriya sAkSI hai, zuddha buddha hai aura vaha guNoM se aprabhAvita hai| praznopaniSad (418) ne pA~ca tattvoM evaM unakI mAtrAoM (pRthivI ca pRthivImAtrA ca. . . ), dasa indriyoM evaM unake padArthoM, mana, buddhi, ahaMkAra Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai / prakRti evaM tIna guNoM ke saMbaMdha meM apane siddhAMta ke lie sAMkhya loga 'ajAmekAm' (zvetAzva0 4 / 5) 13 12. nityo nityAnAM cetanazcetanAnAmeko bahUnAM yo vidadhAti kAmAn / tatkAraNaM sAMkhyayogAdhigamyaM jJAtvA devaM mucyate sarvapAzaiH // zvetAzva0 (4 / 13) / isakA prathama ardhAMza kaTho0 (130) meM AyA hai| zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 2 // 1 // 3) ne TippaNI kI hai-'yattu darzanamuktaM tatkAraNaM sAMkhyayogAbhipannam iti, vaidikameva tattvajJAnaM dhyAnaM ca sAMkhyayogazabdAbhyAmabhilapyate pratyAsatterityavagantavyam / ' milAie gItA (13 / 16 evaM 21) prakRtiM puruSaM caiva ... jahAM puruSa , prakRti evaM guNa ke sambandha kA ullekha hai / 'sAkSI' zabda kI vyAkhyA pANini dvArA isa prakAra kI gayI hai--'sAkSAdSTari saMjJAyAm' (5 / 2 / 26) / 'kaivalya' zabda, jo sAMkhya kA paramArtha hai, 'kevala' (jo zvetAzvataropaniSad 1111 evaM 6 / 11 meM AyA hai ) se niSpanna huA hai aura usakA artha hai 'kevalasya bhaavH'| 13. ajAmekAM lohitazuklakRSNAM bahvIH prajAH sRjamAnAM sarUpAH / ajoyako juSamANo'nuzete jahAtyenAM bhuktabhogAmajo'nyaH // zvetAzva0 upa0 (45) / yaha mantra AlaMkArika DhaMga se prakRti, puruSa evaM guNoM

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232 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mantra kA Azaya lete haiM (dekhie zAMkarabhASya, ve0 sa0 11418) / isa mantra kA artha yaha hai-'eka ajA (ajanmA) hai jo lAla, zveta evaM kRSNa raMga se paripUrNa hai, kintu jo eka-dUsare se milatI-julatI bahuta-sI santAneM utpanna karatI hai| eka aja (binA janma vAlA) hai, jo usake Azraya meM rahatA hai (arthAt use pyAra karatA hai), usake pArzva meM sotA hai| eka anya bhI hai, jo use, Ananda pAne ke uparAnta, chor3a detA hai|' isI prakAra, sAMkhyavAdiyoM kA kathana hai ki sAMkhya siddhAnta ke pravartaka kapila zvetAzvataropaniSad (2) meM ullikhita haiM--'yaha vahI hai, jo Arambha meM, kapila muni kA, jaba ve utpanna hue, vicAroM se lAlana-pAlana karatA hai, aura jaba ve utpanna hote rahate haiM, unheM dekhatA hai| yadi koI zvetAzvataropaniSad ke bahuta-se vacanoM para dhyAna de, ythaa-3|4, 4 / 12 evaM 6 / 18 para, to use yahI mAnanA par3egA ki RSi kapila (arthAt lohita muni), hiraNyagarbha (sone ke zizu) hI haiM, jinheM prathama sRSTi (hiraNyagarbhaH samavartatAgre, R0 10 / 12111) kahA jAtA hai|4 ve0 sU0 (2 / 11) para zaMkarAcArya kahate haiM ki kevala 'kapila' zabda ke A jAne se hI yaha nahIM samajha lenA cAhie ki ve hI sAMkhya ke pravartaka the, kyoMki eka anya kapila bhI the jo vAsudeva kahe jAte the, jinhoMne apanI kruddha dRSTi se sagara ke putroM ko bhasma kara diyA thA / '5 zaMkarAcArya itanA mAnane ko sannaddha haiM ki sAMkhya eva yoga donoM una bAtoM meM vaidika sImA ke antargata A jAte haiM, jo veda ke virodha meM nahIM pdd'tiiN| paJca tatvoM (mahAbhUtAni) kA ullekha aita. upa0 (33), prazna0 (44) meM tathA inakI pA~ca vizeSatAoM (guNoM) kA ullekha kaThopaniSad (3 / 15) meM huA hai / ke viSaya meM ( sAMkhya-virodhI ke mata ke anusAra ) batAtA hai / 'ajA' evaM 'aja' kA sAdhAraNa artha hai 'bakarI' evaM 'bakarA' / ina zabdoM kA yaha bhI artha hai jisane janma nahIM grahaNa kiyA hai, arthAt 'ajanmA' ataH 'ajA' prakRti ke lie tathA 'aja' puruSa ke lie hai, ye donoM sAMkhya ke anusAra nitya haiN| 'lohita' (lAla) 'raja' ke lie, 'zakla' (zveta) 'sattvaguNa' (jo 'prakAzaka' hai) ke lie tathA 'kRSNa' (kAlA) 'tama' ke lie prayukta huA hai| prakRti se bahuta se padArtha udbhUta hote haiN| mantra kA dUsarA ardhAMza usa AtmA kI ora saMketa karatA hai jo aMdhakAra se DhaMkA huA hai ataH vaha bandhana meM rahatA hai, kintu vaha vyakti jo guNoM evaM puruSa ke antara ko samajha letA hai prakRti ko chor3a detA hai, arthAt mokSa pA letA hai| isa zloka meM eka prakRti (yahA~ para 'ajA' arthAt bakarI ke rUpa meM varNita) se bahuta se puruSoM 'ajoM' arthAt bakaroM ke sambandhoM kA ullekha hai| ye tInoM raMga vAstava meM, krama se tIna tattvoM, arthAt teja, jala evaM anna (arthAt pRthivI) ke lie prayukta haiN| dekhie chAndogyopaniSad (6|3|1)-'ydgne rohitaM rUpaM tejasastadrUpaM yacchuklaM tadapAM yatkRSNa tadannasya' / 14. yA tu zrutiH kapilasya jJAnAtizayaM pradarzayantI pradarzitA na tayA zrutiviruddhamapi kApilaM mataM zraddhAtuM zakyaM kapilamiti zrutisAmAnyamAnatvAt / anyasya ca kapilasya sagaraputrANAM pratapturvAsudevanAmnaH smaraNAt / bhASya (ve0 sU0 21111); yena tvaMzena na virudhyete teneSTameva sAMkhyayogasmRtyoH sAvakAzatvam / zaMkarAcArya (ve. sU0 (2013) / 15. viSNupurANa (4 / 4 / 12) meM kapila ko bhagavAn puruSottama kA eka aMza kahA gayA hai| kapila ne sagara ke una 60 sahasra putroM ko, jinhoMne unake pAsa carate hue azvamedha ke ghor3e ko unake dvArA curAyA gayA samajha liyA thA, bhasma kara diyA thA (4 / 4 / 16-23) / vAsudeva kapila ke lie dekhie vanaparva (107 / 3133, citrazAlA saMskaraNa) jahA~ AyA hai-'tataH buddho mahArAja kapilo munisattamaH / vAsudeveti yaM prAhuH kapilaM munipuMgavam // .. dadAha sumahAtejA mandabuddhIn sa sAgarAn / yaha kathA vanaparva (477-18) meM bhI AyI hai|

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dharmazAstra evaM sAMsya 233 'sAMkhya' zabda kA ullekha zvetAzva0 upa0 meM huA hai, kaTha evaM muNDaka ke kucha siddhAnta sAMkhya siddhAnta se milate haiM tathA zvetAzvataropaniSad ne bahuta se aise zabda prayukta kiye haiM jo sAMkhya-sambandhI grathoM meM Aye haiM, ataH prazna uTha khar3A hotA hai ki upaniSadoM se sAMkhya kA kyA sambandha hai ? isa viSaya meM tIna dRSTikoNa haiM--(1) upaniSad evaM sAMkhya ke vicAra samAnAntara rUpa meM vikasita hue, (2) sAMkhya ne upaniSadoM ke vicAroM ko bIja rUpa meM grahaNa kara unheM vistRta kiyA, (3) kucha upaniSadoM ne sAMkhya se udhAra liyA / sthAnAbhAva se ina praznoM kA vivecana yahA~ nahIM kiyA jaaygaa| prastuta lekhaka kI dhAraNA hai ki sAMkhya ne upaniSadoM ke vicAroM para apane ko AdhArita kiyA hai| prAcIna upaniSadeM, yathA bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, chAndogyopaniSad Adi sAMkhyasiddhAntoM evaM praNAlI ke kucha bhI aMza pradarzita nahIM karatIM, kintu kaTha, muNDaka, zvetAzvatara, prazna (jo chAndogya, bRhadAraNyaka se apekSAkRta pazcAtkAlIna haiM) meM sAMkhya ke saMketa mila jAte haiM / zuddha rUpa se kevala sAMkhyasiddhAnta-sambandhI grantha yA lekhaka IsA se kucha zatiyoM pUrva bhI nahIM pAye jAte, jaba ki pramukha upaniSadeM (zvetAzvatara ko lekara lagabhaga bAraha) I0 pU0 300 ke uparAnta nahIM rakhI jA sktiiN| ve0 sU0 (1 / 4 / 8 evaM 2 / 3 / 22) ne zvetAzvataropaniSad ko bhI 'zruti' ke antargata rakhA hai| ina saba bAtoM se spaSTa hai ki upaniSadeM sAMkhya se apekSAkRta adhika prAcIna haiM / gArbe ('DAI sAMkhya philaoNsaphI, pR0 3) ne kahA hai ki apane lambe itihAsa meM sAMkhya ne apane maulika siddhAntoM meM koI parivartana yA pariSkAra nahIM dekhaa| kintu jaikobI isase sahamata nahIM haiM, unakA kathana hai ki sAMkhya kA udbhava samAna sAMskRtika evaM dArzanika bhANDAra se huA / olDenabarga kA kathana hai ki sAMkhya kA udgama kaThopaniSad evaM zvetAzvataropaniSad meM pAyA jAtA hai aura unakI yaha bhI dhAraNA hai ki maulika sAMkhya eka svatantra vikAsa hai (DAI le he Dara upaniSadena aNDa DAI aMphrAMje Desa buddhijmasa', 1615, pa0 206) / sAMkhya evaM yoga kauTilya ko bhI jJAta the (sAMkhyaM yogo lokAyataM cetyAnvIkSikI, arthazAstra, 1 / 2, pR06) / ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki dArzanika sampradAya ke rUpa meM sAMkhya kA Arambha kama-se-kama IsA pUrva cauthI zatI ke pUrva ho cukA thaa| sAMkhya siddhAnta ke udgama ke viSaya meM jAnakArI ke lie aba hama saMskRta ke granthoM kA avalokana kreNge| sarvaprathama hama mahAbhArata ko utthaayeNge| ___ zAntiparva 16 ke bahuta se vacanoM meM sAMkhya ke kucha siddhAnta, pAribhASika zabda evaM vyakti dRSTigocara hote haiN| isa prakAra ke bahuta se sthala haiM, ata: hama kucha hI dRSTAnta upasthita kareMge / 2033 adhyAya meM eka catura ziSya evaM usake AcArya kI bAtacIta pAyI jAtI hai| Arambha isa bAta se hotA hai ki vAsadeva hI yaha saba haiM (vAsudevaH sarvamidam ) / isake uparAnta bAta bar3hatI hai-'jisa prakAra eka dIpaka se sahasroM dIpaka agrasarita ho sakate haiM, usI prakAra prakRti asaMkhya vastue~ utpanna karatI hai, kintu aisA karane se vaha (AkAra meM ) kama nahIM ho jAtI; avyakta (prakRti) kI kriyA se buddhi sphurita hotI hai aura (buddhi se) ahaMkAra kI udbhUti hotI hai, aura ahaMkAra se AkAza nikalatA hai, jisase vAyu uTatA hai aura taba teja, jala evaM pathivI meM pratyeka kI isake pUrvavartI se utpatti hotI hai| ye ATha mUla prakRtiyA~ haiM, aura sampUrNa vizva inameM kendrita 16. isa prakaraNa meM zAntiparva ke vacana hama bhaNDArakara orieNTala risarca iMsTIcyUTa dvArA prakAzita mahAbhArata se ubta kreNge| kintu anya parvo ke vacana citrazAlA presa ke saMskaraNa se liye jAyeMge /

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dharmazAstra ko itihAsa hai' (24-26) / isake uparAnta jJAna ke pA~ca aMgoM arthAt paJca jJAnendriyoM (karNa, carma, cakSu, jihvA evaM nAsikA) evaM paJca karmendriyoM (hAtha, paira Adi), jJAnendriyoM ke paJca viSayoM (zabda, sparza Adi) evaM 163 mana (jo vibha hai) kA ullekha huA hai (zloka 27-31) / isake pazcAt adhyAya meM puruSa (AtmA) kA ullekha hai, jo nava dvAra vAle nagara kA nivAsI hai aura amara evaM avinAzI hai8, jo sabhI jIvoM meM dIpaka ke samAna dedIpyamAna hai, cAhe vaha bar3A ho yA chottaa| 204 veM adhyAya meM vahI kathanopakathana Age calatA hai aura prathama zloka meM AyA hai ki sabhI bhUtoM kI udbhUti avyakta se hotI hai aura ve puna: avyakta meM hI samA jAte haiN| isameM kSetra (zarIra, deha) evaM kSetrajJa (zloka 14) kI ora saMketa hai aura anta meM niSkarSa rUpa meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra agni-dagdha bIja nahIM jamate, AtmA una klezoM se, jo samyaka jJAna kI agni se jala jAte haiM, puna: sambandhita nahIM hotA / 19 adhyAya 105 meM 22-23 zloka tIna guNoM kI vizeSatA batAte haiM / adhyAya 206 meM AyA hai ki jaba jIva krodha, lobha, bhaya, darpa ko saMyamita kara letA hai to vaha paramAtmA, arthAt viSNu meM, jo avyakta rUpa hai, samAhita ho jAtA hai / adhyAya 207 meM una upAyoM kA ullekha hai jinake dvArA parama lakSya kI prApti kI jA sakatI hai aura brahmacarya ko prathama upAya mAnA gayA hai| ina adhyAyoM meM jo siddhAnta kahe gaye haiM aura jinameM kucha sAMkhyakArikA ke anurUpa haiM, ve vedAnta ke parabrahma kI saMgati meM baiTha jAte haiM, kintu maulika sAMkhya meM to parabrahma kI bAta hI nahIM utthtii| zaMkarAcArya ne ve0 sU0 (2 / 2 / 37) ke bhASya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki kucha aise dArzanika the jinhoMne sAMkhya evaM yoga ke siddhAntoM ko apanA liyA thA, paramezvara kI kalpanA kara lI thI aura aisI dhAraNA rakhate the ki tInoM, arthAta pradhAna, puruSa evaM Izvara eka-dUsare se bhinna haiN| ataH mahAbhArata meM jo sAMkhya kI ora saMketa milate haiM, sambhavata: ve una dArzanika siddhAntoM se sambandhita haiM jinameM tInoM, arthAt prakRti, puruSa evaM paramAtmA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA thA, jinase usa pazcAtkAlIna sAMkhya siddhAnta kI uti haI jisane vizva ke parama zAsaka kI dhAraNA ko tyAga diyaa| zAnti parva ke nArAyaNIya prakaraNa meM sAMkhya, yoga, pAJcarAtra, vedoM evaM pAzupata ko 'jJAnAni' evaM 'nAnAmatAni' (vibhinna dRSTikoNa) kI saMjJA dI gayI hai aura kapila 17. mUlaprakRtayo'STau tA jagadetAsvavasthitam / jJAnendriyANyataH paJca paJca krmendriyaannypi| viSayA paJca caikaM ca vikAre SoDazaM manaH // zloka 26-27 / milAie sAMkhyakArikA (3) / 18. navadvAraM puraM puNyametarbhAvaH samanvitam / vyApya zete mahAnAtmA tasmAtpuruSa ucyate // zAntiparva (203 / 35) / milAie bhagavadgItA. 'navadvAre pure dehI naiva kurvan na kArayan / ' 'puruSa' zabda sAmAnyataH isa prakAra vyutpanna kiyA jAtA hai, 'puri zete iti puruSaH', dekhie nirukta (1 / 13): yathA cApi pratItArthAni syustathaitAnyAcakSIran puruSaM purizaya ityAcakSIran; kintu 2 / 3 meM isane isakI tIna vyutpattiyAM dI haiM 'puruSaH puriSAdaH purizaya pUrayatervA' (prathama hai sad arthAt baiThanA dhAtu se utpanna, puri+ss)| 'puri zete' se vyutpanna zabda baha0 upa0 (2 / 4 / 18) meM AyA hai 'sa vA ayaM puruSaH sarvAsu pUrSu purishyH|' 'navadvAre pure dehI ' zvetAzva0 (3 // 18) meM AyA hai| 16. yogasUtra meM 'kleza' eka pAribhASika zabda hai jahA~ yaha adhikatara AyA hai, yathA-024, 212 evaM 3, 2 // 12, 4 / 28 evaM 30 / yogasUtra (2 // 3) meM pA~ca klezoM ko isa prakAra batAyA gayA hai--'avidyAasmitA-rAga-dveSa-abhinivezAH kleshaaH|' ve logoM ko taMga karate haiM, ataH kleza kahe jAte haiM (klizyanti puruSam) /

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dharmazAstra evaM sAMkhya 235 ko, jo paramarSi kahe gaye haiM, sAMkhya kA pravartaka mAnA gayA hai| adhyAya 264 (zloka 26-46) meM sAMkhya ke 25 tattvoM kA ullekha hai, yathA prakRti yA avyakta, mahat, ahaMkAra, ahaMkAra se utpanna paJcatattva (ina AThoM ko prakRtiyA~ kahA gayA hai) evaM 16 vikAra (zloka 26) / inheM kSetra kahA jAtA hai, AtmA ko 25vA~ tattva kahA gayA hai aura use kSetrajJa evaM puruSa kI saMjJA milI hai (zloka 37, 'avyakte pure zete puruSazceti kthyte')| Izvara yA brahma ke viSaya meM isa adhyAya meM kucha nahIM AyA hai / zAntiparva ke adhyAya 211-212 (jinameM kula 100 zloka haiM) meM mithilA ke rAjA janaka (jo yahA~ 'janadeva' kahe gaye haiM) dvArA paJcazikha se jJAna grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai| paJcazikha sampUrNa vizva kA bhramaNa karate hue mithilA pahu~ce the| paJcazikha ko Asuri kA prathama evaM sarvazreSTa ziSya kahA gayA hai aura aisA ullekha huA hai ki unhoMne paJcasrotoM para20 eka sahasra varSoM taka satra kA sampAdana kiyA thA / ve kapilA nAmnI brAhmaNI se utpanna hue the aura isI se unheM kApileya (zloka 13-15) kahA gayA hai| janaka ke darabAra meM eka sahasra AcArya rahate the jo vibhinna sampradAyoM ke dRSTikoNoM ko upasthita karate the / zloka meM AyA hai ki paJcazikha ne paramarSi kapila evaM prajApati ke samAna prakaTa hokara logoM ko Azcarya meM DAla diyA aura apane tarkoM se saikar3oM AcAryoM ko bhramita kara diyA (zloka 17) / Age calakara janaka ne una AcAryoM ko chor3a diyA aura paMcazikha kA anusaraNa kiyA (zloka 18) / jAti yA kRtyoM evaM sabhI kucha ke viSaya meM unhoMne janaka ke mana meM vitRSNA utpanna kara dI aura unake samakSa sAMkhya dvArA udghoSita paramamokSa kI vyAkhyA upasthita kii| adhyAya 212 meM paJcazikha ne pA~ca tattvoM, pA~ca jJAnendriyoM, pA~ca karmendriyoM, mana (zloka 7-22) tathA sAttvika, rAjasa evaM tAmasa bhAvoM ke liMgoM (zloka 25-28) kI udghoSaNA kI hai tathA varNana kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra AtmA ko khojane vAlA vyakti Ananda evaM kleza ke bandhanoM se mukta hotA hai aura jarA tathA matyu ke bhaya ke Upara uThakara amaratva ko prApta karatA hai| ye donoM adhyAya spaSTa rUpa se tAratamya ke sAtha siddhAnta upasthita nahIM karate aura aise zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiM jo 25 tattvoM kI saMgati meM baiTha nahIM paate| adhyAya 212 (zloka 12) meM 'ekAkSara brahma ko katipaya rUpoM kA dhAraNakartA' kahA gayA hai| udAharaNArtha, 'puruSAvasthamavyaktam' kA kyA artha hai, kahanA kaThina hai| ina zabdoM se yahI artha nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki paJcazikha ne usa avyakta (arthAt pradhAna) ke bAre meM (janaka ko) jJAna diyA, jo puruSa para nirbhara hai (arthAt jo puruSa ke saMyoga se kriyAzIla hotA hai) aura vaha puruSa parama satya hai| isameM puna: kahA gayA hai ki paJcazikha iSTiyoM evaM satroM ke sampAdana se utpanna jJAna meM pUrNa ho gaye, tapoM dvArA unhoMne Izvara kA sAkSAtkAra pAyA, kSetra tathA kSetra ke bIca ke antara kA parijJAna kiyA tathA oma ke pratIka ke rUpa meM brahma kI anubhUti prApta kii| ataH zAntiparva ke ina adhyAyoM meM paJcazikha kA jo siddhAnta prakaTa huA hai, 20. paJcasrota sambhavataH 'paJcanada' (paMjAba ko pA~ca nadiyA~) haiN| isa saMskaraNa meM zAntiparva ne adhyAya 211 meM eka zloka chor3a diyA hai-'paJcasrotasi niSNAtaH pnycraatrvishaardH| paJcajJaH paJcakRt paJcaguNaH paJcazikhaH smRtH|| yahA~ paJcazikha ko paJcarAtra (vaiSNava) ke siddhAntoM meM niSNAta mAnA gayA hai, ve kApileya kahe gaye haiM ataH sambhavataH unakI mAtA kA nAma kapilA thaa| 21. taM samAsInamAgamya maNDalaM kApilaM mahat / puruSAvasthamavyaktaM paramArthaM nyabodhayat // iSTisatreNa saMsiddho bhUyazca tapasA muniH / kSetrakSetrajJayoyaktiM bubudhe devadarzana // yattadekAkSaraM brahma nAnArUpaM prdRshyte| zAnti0

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236 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vaha vAstava meM advaita hai, jisa para pazcAtkAlIna sAMkhya ke kucha samAna siddhAnta baiThA diye gaye haiM, jisase sRSTi Adi kI vyAkhyA kI jA sake / 22 zAntiparva (306 / 56-66, citrazAlA presa saMskaraNa-318158-62) meM vizvAvasu yAjJavalkya se kahate haiM ki unhoMne 25 tattvoM ke bAre meM jaigISavya, asita-devala, vArSagaNya (parAzara gotra ke), bhRgu paJcazikha, kapila, zuka, gotama, ASTiSeNa, garga, nArada, Asuri pulastya, sanatkumAra, zukra evaM kazyapa se sunA hai / punaH 336 / 65 (citrazAlA saM0 318167) meM AyA hai ki yAjJavalkya ne sAMkhya evaM yoga donoM para pUrNa rUpa se adhikAra prApta kara liyA thaa| zAntiparva (306 / 4, citrazAlA saM0) meM AyA hai ki sAMkhya evaM yoga donoM eka haiM / 23 ___mahAbhArata meM paJcazikha kA bahudhA ullekha huA hai| zAntiparva (307 vA~ adhyAya, kula 14 zloka) meM yudhiSThira ne bhISma se pUchA hai ki kisa prakAra koI jarA yA mRtyu ke Upara uTha sakatA hai, kyA tapoM dvArA yA kRtyoM dvArA yA vaidika adhyayana dvArA yA rasAyana prayogoM ke dvArA koI inake Upara uTha sakatA hai ? bhISma (211111-13) / 'puruSAvasthaM' kA vigraha karanA cAhie (jisase ki isakA kucha artha nikala sake), yathA 'puruSe avasthA' (avasthAnaM yasya) yA 'puruSe avatiSThate iti' / 'maNDalaM kApilaM mahat' kA artha sarvathA spaSTa nahIM ho pAtA, kintu ahirbudhnyasaMhitA (12 / 18-26) ke vacanoM se aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki kapila ke sAMkhyatantra ke siddhAnta do maNDaloM meM vibhAjita the, yathA prAkRta evaM baiMkRta aura donoM meM krama se 32 evaM 28 viSaya the| 'sAMkhyarUpeNa saMkalpo vaiSNavaH kpilaadRssH| udito yAdazaH pUrva tAdRzaM zaNu me'khilam // SaSTibhedaM smRtaM tantraM sAMkhyaM nAma mhaamune| prAkRtaM vaikRtaM ceti maNDale ve smaastH||' TIkAkAra arjuna mizra ne ise yoM samajhA hai--'kapila kA mahAna siddhAnta unake (paJcazikha ke) pAsa prakAza ke puJja ke rUpa meM AyA aura unako parama satya kA artha btaayaa| kintu yaha bahuta khIMcAtAnI vAlA artha hai / 'nyabodhayat' ke kartA ke tathA 'samAsInam' (kisakI ora saMketa karatA hai ? ) ke viSaya meM zaMkA hai| prastuta lekhaka ko aisA jaMcatA hai ki artha yoM honA cAhie--'paMcazikha unake (janaka ke) pAsa Aye aura unheM mahAn kApila maNDala kA jJAna diyA, jo sabase bar3A satya hai, avyakta hai...Adi / ' saMskRta vAkya ke niyama ke anusAra 'Agamya' eva 'nyabodhayat' kA kartA eka hI (arthAt paJcazikha) honA caahie| 'samAsIna' janaka kI ora saMketa karatA hai| milAie 'ekAkSaraM paraM brahma' (manu 2 / 83) evaM 'omityekAkSaraM brahma vyAharan mAmanusmaran' (gItA 8 / 13) / adhyAya 211 kA zloka 13 yaha hai-AsurimaNDale tasmin pratipede tdvyym|' (avyaya ekAkSara-brahma kI ora saMketa karatA hai) / ataH maNDala kA artha yoM kiyA jAnA cAhie-siddhAMtoM kA vaha vatta yA maNDala jo sarvaprathama kapila dvArA vivecita huaa| 22. paJcazikha ne janaka ko jo jJAna diyA, usakI sthiti zAntiparva meM isa prakAra vyakta hai (212 / 50-51)-'na khalu mama tuSo'pi dahyate'tra svayamidamAha kila sma bhUmipAlaH / idamamatapadaM videharAjaH svayamiha paJcazikhena bhASyamANaH // ' milAie zAnti0 (171156) anantaM bata meM vittaM yasya me nAsti kiJcana / mithilAyAM pradIptAyAM na me dahyati kiJcana // dhammapada 200, uttarAdhyayana sUtra (14) 'suhaM vasAmo jIvAmo jesi motthi kiMcaNa / mihilAe DajhamANIe na me Damai kiMcaNa // ' imAM tu yo veda vimokSabuddhimAtmAnamavicchati cApramattaH / na lipyate karmaphalaraniSTaH patraM bisasyeva jalena siktam // zAnti0 (212 / 44) / 23. yadeva yogAH pazyanti tarasAMkhyairapi dRshyte| ekaM sAMkhyaM ca yogaM ca yaH pazyati sa pazyati // .

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dharmazAstra evaM sAMsya 237 ne janaka evaM bhikSu paJcazikha ke saMvAda kA udAharaNa diyA hai| paJcazikha kA uttara hai ki ina donoM se chuTakArA koI nahIM pA sakatA; yaha mArga meM logoM ke milana sA hai (arthAt kSaNika hai)| kisI ne svarga yA naraka nahIM dekhA hai, apanA kartavya hai vedoM ke AdezoM kA ullaMghana na karanA, dAna evaM yajJa krnaa| isa adhyAya meM sAMkhya siddhAnta kI ora koI viziSTa saMketa nahIM hai, yadyapi paJcazikha ke mata diye gaye haiN| adhyAya 308 (kula 161 zloka haiM, kintu kevala 30 zlokoM meM paJcazikha ke siddhAnta kA ullekha hai) meM yadhiSThira ne prazna kiyA hai'kisa vyakti ne binA gRhasthAzrama chor3e mokSa prApta kiyA hai ?' isa para bhISma ne uttara diyA hai jo janaka (dharmadhvaja) evaM bhikSukI sulabhA ke saMvAda ke rUpa meM hai / janaka vedajJa the, mokSazAstra evaM rAjadharma meM pAraMgata the, unhoMne apanI indriyoM para saMyama rakhA thA aura ve pRthivI ke zAsaka the / sulabhA ne saMnyAsiyoM se rAjA janaka ke sadAcAra kI bAteM suna rakhI thIM, ata: usameM satya kI jAnakArI kI pyAsa thii| usane yogabala se apanA bhikSukI rUpa chor3a diyA aura eka atyanta sundara nArI kA rUpa dhAraNa kara janaka se milI / janaka ne use batAyA ki ve pArAzarya gotra ke vRddha bhikSu paJcazikha ke ziSya haiM, jo varSARtu meM unake sAtha cAra mAsa rahe aura unheM (janaka ko) sAMkhya, yoga evaM nIti-zAstra ina mokSa ke tIna svarUpoM ke bAre meM batAyA, kintu zAsaka-pada chor3ane ke lie koI bAta nahIM khii| janaka ne kahA--'sabhI prakAra kI viSayAsakti ko tyAga kara tathA paramottama pada para sthita ( zAsaka ) rahakara maiM mokSa ke tIna mArgoM kA anusaraNa karatA hU~, isa mokSa kA sarvocca niyama hai 'viSayAsakti se mukti, viSayAsakti kA abhAva samyak jJAna se hotA hai, jisake dvArA vyakti (saMsAra ke) bandhana se chaTakArA pAtA hai|' janaka ne Age prakaTa kiyA hai ki usa bhikSa dvArA, jo apanI zikhA ke kAraNa paJcazikha kahe jAte haiM, jJAna prApta karane ke kAraNa ve sabhI viSayoM se makta haiM, yadyapi ve apane rAjya kA zAsana karate jA rahe haiM, ve isa prakAra anya saMnyAsiyoM se pRthak haiN| isake uparAnta janaka ne (308 / 38-41) mokSa ke tIna prakAroM kA eka anya artha kiyA hai jo paJcazikha dvArA unheM prApta huA thA, yathA--(1) lokottara jJAna evaM sarvatyAga, (2) karmoM ke prati jJAnaniSThA evaM (3) jJAna tathA karma kA samuccaya, aura aisA kahA gayA hai ki jo isa tIsare mArga kA anusaraNa karate haiM ve gRhasthoM se kaI rUpoM meM milate-jalate haiN| janaka ne apanA daSTikoNa yoM upasthita kiyA hai--kASAyadhAraNa, sira-maNDana, kamaNDala kA prayoga kevala bAharI cihna haiM, ye mokSa kI ora nahIM le jAte, mokSa kevala akiJcanatA se nahIM prApta hotA, dhana-prApti se hI bandhana nahIM hotA, yaha jJAna hI hai jisake dvArA mukti prApta hotI hai, cAhe pAsa meM dhana rahe yA na rahe / 24 zloka 40 se prakaTa hotA hai ki paJcazikha ne mokSaniSThA ke tIsare prakAra (jJAna-karma-samuccaya) para bala diyA hai aura janaka ne ise hI svIkAra kiyA hai| 308 veM adhyAya kA zeSAMza janaka dvArA sulabhA para lagAye gaye abhiyoga tathA janaka ke virodha meM diye gaye sulabhA ke marmaghAtI vAkya-bANoM se sambandhita hai / 25 anta meM vaha 24. kASAyadhAraNaM mauNDayaM triviSTabdhaH kamaNDaluH / liGagAnyatyarthametAni na mokSAyeti me mtiH||... AkiJcanye na mokSo'sti kaiJcanye nAsti bandhanam / kaJcanye cetare caiva jantunina mucyate // zAnti0 (308 / 47 evaM 50) / 'akiJcana' kA artha hotA hai vaha jisake pAsa kucha bhI na ho evaM AkaiJcanya kA artha hai 'akiJcana hone kI sthiti|' 25. kucha pratyuttara nIce diye jAte haiM--'yadyAtmani parasmizca samatAmadhyavasyasi / atha mAM kAsi kasyati kimrthmnupRcchsi| ... sarvaH sve sve gRhe rAjA sarvaH sve sve gRhe gRhI / nigrahAnugrahau kurvastulyo janaka

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238 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kahatI hai-'Apane avazya paJcazikha se mokSa ke sampUrNa siddhAnta ko, usakI prApti ke sAdhanoM ke sAtha, una upaniSadoM ke vAkyoM ke sAtha jo usakI vyAkhyA karate haiM yA (dhyAna ke) sahAyakoM ke sAtha aura nizcita niSkarSoM ke sAtha suna liyA hai|' uparyukta antima vacana spaSTa rUpa se mokSa ke viSaya meM upaniSadoM kI ora saMketa karatA hai aura pUrvavartI bAteM janaka ke sambandha meM viSayAsakti se chuTakAre kI ora saMketa karatI haiM (308137, muktsNg)| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (3 / 1) meM videha ke rAjA janaka dvArA sampAdita yajJa kA ullekha hai| rAjA janaka ne upasthita brAhmaNoM ke madhya yaha ghoSaNA kI thI ki maiM usa brAhmaNa ko, jo atyanta gambhIra rUpa se vidvAna aura brahmiSTa hogA, eka sahasra gAyeM duuNgaa| yAjJavalkya ne apane ziSya ko yaha AjJA dI ki vaha gAyoM ko hA~ka le cale, isa para eka vidvattApUrNa praznottara-vimarza uTha khar3A huA, jisameM kruddha brAhmaNoM evaM eka nArI ne bhAga liyA aura praznoM kI bauchAra yAjJavalkya ko sahanI pdd'ii| praznakartA the-azvala (janaka ke purohita) jAratkArava ArtabhAga, bhujya, lAhyAyani, uSasta cAkrAyaNa, kahor3a kauSItakeya, gArgI vAcaknavI, uddAlaka AruNi, vidagdha zAkalya (3 / 16, jisakA anta 'vijJAnamAnandaM brahma' ke sAtha huA hai)| bRha0 upa (4 / 2) meM aisA AyA hai ki janaka yAjJavalkya ke pAsa gaye, zraddhA se unake samakSa jhuke aura prArthanA kI--mujhe sikhAie / yAjJavalkya ne unase kahA--'Apane vedAdhyayana kiyA hai, AcAryoM ne Apake samakSa upaniSadoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai, kintu jaba Apa isa zarIra kA tyAga kareMge, to kahA~ jAyeMge?' janaka ne kahA ki ve isa prazna kA uttara nahIM jAnate aura RSi se prArthanA ki ve unheM isa viSaya meM prakAza deN| isake uparAnta eka lambA vivecana cala par3A hai (ba0 u0 412...) jisameM prasiddha vacana 'sa eSa neti netyAtmA agRhyo na hi gRhyate. . .asaGagaNo na hi sajjate. . .abhayaM vai janaka prAptosi' (4 / 2 / 4) AyA hai| prastuta lekhaka ko aisA lagatA hai ki kisI vyakti ne sAMkhya siddhAntoM ke pracAra ke lie zAntiparva meM una sAMkhya-sambandhI vacanoM kA samAveza kara diyA jinameM janaka ke guru ke rUpa meM yAjJavalkya ke sthAna para paJcazikha ko rakha diyA gayA hai| uparyakta vivecanoM se yaha prakaTa ho jAtA hai ki zAntiparva ke adhyAyoM meM jo sAMsya sambandhI mata prakAzita haiM. ve sAMkhya ke mala se mela nahIM khAte, itanA hI nahIM, paJcazikha ke mata jo adhyAya 211-212 zita haiM ve 308veM adhyAya ke matoM se bhinna haiM / adhyAya 308 meM jJAna-karmasamuccaya hI parcA ke rUpa meM prakAzita hai, jaba ki hama jAnate haiM ki sAMkhya mukti ke lie kevala jJAna ko pradhAnatA detA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki ina adhyAyoM meM paJcazikha ke kisI grantha kI ora saMketa nahIM hai, ve kevala ghUmane vAle saMnyAsI ke rUpa meM varNita haiM jinake apane kucha viziSTa mata haiN| prastuta lekhaka ko pratIta hotA hai ki zAntiparva ke lekhaka mahodaya ke samakSa koI grantha nahIM thA, pratyuta unhoMne paramparA se AyI huI yaha bAta suna rakhI thI ki paJcazikha eka bar3e sAMkhya pracAraka the| pro0 kItha kA mata hai ki zAntiparva kA paJcazikha vaha paJcazikha nahIM hai jo SaSTitantra kA lekhaka hai (sAMkhya sisTema, pRSTa 48) / raajbhiH|| 308 / 126-27, 147 / nanu nAma tvayA mokSaH kRtsnaH paJcazikhAccha tH| sopAyaH sopaniSadaH jopAsaGagaH sanizcayaH // 308 / 163 / TIkAkAra nIlakaNTha ne vyAkhyA kI hai-upAsaGago dhyAnAr3AgAni pmaadiini|

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dharmazAstra evaM sAMsya zAntiparva meM kucha anya adhyAya bhI haiM jahA~ para sAMkhya siddhAntoM evaM tatsambandhI pArima Sika zabdoM kA ullekha huA hai, kintu ve vAsudeva yA paramAtmA kI ora saMketa karate haiN| udAharaNArtha, adhyAya 340 (zloka 23, 24, 26-27, 64-65) meM nArada se svayaM bhagavAn ne sAMkhya ke kucha siddhAntoM kA vivecana kiyA hai, yathA 24 tattva evaM puruSa (25vA~ tattva), tInoM guNa, puruSa (jo kSetrajJa evaM bhoktA hai), AcArya (jo sAMkhya ke viSaya meM nizcita niSkarSoM taka pahu~ca gaye haiM) loga use Izvara kahate haiM jo sUrya ke maNDala meM kapila ke samAna hai, vaha hiraNyagarbha, jo veda meM prazaMsita hai aura yogazAstra kA praNetA hai, 'maiM' hI huuN| na-kevala zAntiparva meM pratyuta mahAbhArata ke anya paryoM meM bhI sAMkhya siddhAnta kA vivecana huA hai| udAharaNArtha, Azvamedhika (35147-48) ne sattva, raja evaM tama kA AtmaguNoM ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai aura unake santulana kI carcA kI hai| isI adhyAya meM, anyatra 24 tattvoM kA ullekha hai, yathA-avyakta, mahAn, ahaMkAra Adi tathA tInoM guNoM kI carcA hai| Asuri kA ullekha sAMkhyakArikA dvArA kapila ke ziSya ke rUpa meM huA hai, yogasUtra-bhASya (1225) evaM zAntiparva (adhyAya 306) meM bhI inakI carcA uddharaNoM meM huI hai| kintu inake dvArA likhita koI grantha nahIM hai aura kisI lekhaka ne inakA koI uddharaNa bhI nahIM diyA hai (kevala eka jaina lekhaka haribhadra ne inakA eka zloka udadhata kiyA hai)| kapila kiMvadantIpUrNa evaM purANakathAtmaka vyakti haiN| Rgveda (10 / 27 / 16) meM kapila dasa aMgirasoM meM parigaNita haiN| kapila-sambandhI bhrAmaka gAthAoM ke lie dekhie sAMkhya-pravacana-bhASya para hAla kI bhUmikA (pa0 14) / mahAbhArata-sambandhI saMketoM ko hamane pahale hI dekha liyA hai| vanaparva (221 / 26) meM kapila ko sAMkhyayoga kA pravartaka kahA gayA hai, paramarSi kI upAdhi dI gayI hai aura agni kA avatAra mAnA gayA hai| matsyapurANa (102 / 17-18) meM AyA hai ki brahmA ke sAta putroM, yathA--sanaka, sananda, sanAtana, kapila, Asuri, vor3ha evaM paJcazikha ko jala-tarpaNa karanA cAhie / vAmana-purANa (6070) ne kapila (sAMkhya ke jJAtA ke rUpa meM), voDha, Asuri, paJcazikha (yogayukta ke rUpa meM) kA ullekha kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki sanatkumAra brahmA ke pAsa yogavidyA sIkhane ke lie gaye / kAtyAyana ke snAnasUtra (kaNDikA 3) meM, jo pAraskaragRhyasUtra se sambandhita hai, nirdiSTa kevala ye hI aise sAta vyakti haiM jinheM RSiyoM ke sAtha tarpaNa kiyA jAtA hai| bhAgavatapurANa (113 / 10) meM kapila ko viSNa kA pA~cavA~ avatAra kahA gayA hai, unheM siddheza kI upAdhi dI gayI hai tathA Asuri kA sAMkhya-zikSaka kahA gayA hai (usa sAMkhya kI zikSA dene vAlA kahA gayA hai jo aba samaya ke phera se purAnA par3a gayA) / gItA (10 / 26, siddhAnAM kapilo maniH) ne kapila ko eka muni tathA siddhoM meM sarvazreSTha mAnA hai| sAMkhyakArikA ne unheM eka mani ke rUpa meM mAnA hai| kUrmapurANa (21717) ne gItA kI hI bAta kahI hai| 26. manuSyAstarpayed bhaktyA brhmputraanussiiNstthaa| sanakazca sanandazca tRtIyazca sanAtanaH // kapilazcAsari. zcaiva voDhuH pnycshikhstthaa| sarve te tRptimAyAntu maddattenAmbunA sadA // matsya0 (102 / 17-18) / brahmANDa purANa (4 / 2 / 272-274) ne brahmA ke ina sAta putroM kA ullekha kiyA hai kintu bhinna krama se| vAmanapurANa (6066-70) ne sAtoM putroM ko isa krama meM rakhA hai--sanatkumAra, sanAtana, sanaka, sanandana, kapila, voDha evaM Ari aura anta meM paJcazikha ko jor3a diyA gayA hai| bRhadyogiyAjJavalkyasmRti (7166) meM ye sAtoM brahmA ke mAnava putra kahe gaye haiN|

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240 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (2 / 6 / 3 evaM 6 / 5 / 2-3) meM, jisameM AcAryoM evaM ziSyoM kI sUciyoM meM antara pAyA jAtA hai, Asuri ko prathama sUcI meM bharadvAja kA ziSya tathA dUsarI sUcI meM yAjJavalkya kA ziSya kahA gayA hai| pratyeka sUcI meM brahmA ke uparAnta kama-se-kama 60 AcAryoM ke nAma Aye haiN| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki ina sUciyoM meM sacAI kitanI hai yaha kahanA kaThina hai, dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki donoM sUciyoM meM ullikhita Asuri ko kapila kA hI ziSya kahanA kahA~ taka ThIka hogaa| sAMkhya siddhAnta meM paJcazikha kA eka mahattvapUrNa nAma hai| usa siddhAnta ke viSaya meM unakA kramabaddha grantha hai SaSTitantra / sAMkhyakArikA (70 evaM 72) ne isa grantha kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa grantha meM 60 viSayoM evaM 60 sahasra gAthAoM kI carcA hai / 27 yogasUtrabhASya (4 / 13) meM eka aise zloka kA uddharaNa hai jo vAcaspati dvArA SaSTitantra kA kahA gayA hai| prastuta lekhaka ko pro0 kItha kI yaha mAnyatA svIkArya nahIM hai ki sAMkhyakArikA (72) meM paSTitantra kI ora jo saMketa hai vaha kisI grantha kI ora nahIM hai, pratyayuta vaha 60 viSayoM vAle eka darzana kI ora hai| AryA 72 kI eka saMskRta TIkA thI, jo san 546 I0 meM cInI bhASA meM anUdita kI gayI, jisameM yaha kahA gayA ki grantha meM 60 gAthAe~ thIM28, kintu bhAmatI (vAcaspatikRta ve0 sU0 2 / 1 / 3 kI TIkA) ne ise vArSagaNya kA mAnA hai| yaha vAcaspati kI truTi ho sakatI hai, yA yaha sambhava hai ki unhoMne paJcazikha evaM vArSagaNya ko eka hI vyakti samajhA ho--pahalA 'pukArU' nAma tathA dUsarA gotra nAma ho / yogasUtra (1 / 4 / 25, 36; 2 / 5 / 6, 13, 17, 18, 20; 3 / 13 evaM 41; 4|13-tthaa ca zAstrAnuzAsanaM 'guNAnAm...) meM gadyAtmaka vacana Aye haiM jinheM vAcaspati ne paJcazikha ke mAnA hai| sAMkhyakArikA (2) kI TIkA meM vAcaspati ne paJcazikhAcArya ke mata uddhata kiye haiN| yogasUtrabhASya (1 / 25) kI TIkA meM eka sUtra uddhR ta hai jise vAcaspati ne paJcazikha kA mAnA hai aura usa sUtra meM kapila ko 'AdividvAn' (sAMkhya ke prathama AcArya) evaM 'paramaSi' kahA gayA hai aura aisA AyA hai ki kapila ne Asuri ko tantra evaM sAMkhya-siddhAnta kA jJAna diyaa| zAntiparva (adhyAya 306) meM vizvAvasu gandharva tathA yAjJavalkya kA jo saMvAda AyA hai usameM una muniyoM kI sUcI dI huI hai jinase vizvAvasu ne bahuta kucha jJAna grahaNa kiyA, kintu vizvAvasu ne yAjJavalkya se sAMkhya evaM yoga kI vyAkhyA ke lie prArthanA kI hai| yAjJavalkya batAte haiM ki prakRti ko pradhAna bhI kahate haiM, jise 25veM (arthAt puruSa) kA jJAna nahIM hotA aura 26vA~ (arthAt paramAtmA) bhI hotA hai| usa sUcI meM nimnalikhita nAma Aye hai-jaigISavya, asita, devala, parAzara gotra ke vArSagaNya, bhikSu paJcazikha, kapila, zuka, gautama, ASTiSeNa, gArgya, nArada, Asuri, pulastya, sanatkumAra, zukra, kazyapa ke pitaa| ye muni tithi-krama se nahIM rakhe gaye haiM aura katipaya muni sAMkhya evaM yoga ke viSaya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhate haiN| yaha hama pahale hI dekha cuke haiM ki paJcazikha parAzara gotra ke the aura uparyukta sUcI meM vArSagaNya mahodaya bhI usI gotra ke kahe gaye haiN| vAcaspati ne sAMkhya 27. ayaM paJcazikhaH SaSTisahasragAthAtmakaM vipulaM tantramuktavAn / 50 aiyasvAmI kA saMskaraNa, pR0 17; SaSTipadArthA yasmin zAstre tantryante vyutpAdyante tatSaSTi tantram / maattrvRtti|| 28. lagatA hai, yahA~ para 'gAthA' kA artha hai, '12 akSaroM kA eka dala' yA 'eka ikAI ke rUpa meM mAtrAoM ko eka nizcita sNkhyaa|' paMcazikha ke jo uddharaNa milate haiM, ve adhikAMza meM gadya meM haiM, kevala yogasUtrabhASya (4 / 13) vAlA padya meM hai aura sA~khya-sUtra vAle bhAvA-gaNeza jaise pazcAtkAlIna TIkAkAra hI paMcazikha ke zloka uddhata karate haiN|

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dharmazAstra evaM sAMsya 241 phArikA (47) kI TIkA meM likhA hai ki vArSagaNya ke matAnusAra avidyA ke pAMca svarUpa haiM / 2. yogasUtrabhASya ne 3 / 53 para vArSagaNya ke eka sUtra ko uddhRta kiyA hai| yaha Upara dikhAyA jA cukA hai ki cInI bhASA se jo TIkA phira se saMskRta meM likhI gayI hai, usameM vArSagaNya ko paJcazikha ke uparAnta tathA IzvarakRSNa ke pUrva kA AcArya kahA gayA hai| ata: paJcazikha evaM vArSagaNya ko eka hI vyakti mAnanA kaThina hai| na kevala zAntiparva ne hI sAMkhyakArikA ke siddhAntoM se sambandhita siddhAntoM para vicAra-vimarza upasthita kiyA hai, pratyuta bhagavadgItA ne bhI aisA kiyA hai| kucha uddharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN| gItA (1315) meM AyA hai-'mahAbhUtAnyahaMkAro buddhiravyavatameva ca / indriyANi dazaikaM ca paJca cendriyagocarAH // ' isameM 24 tattvoM kA varNana hai, aura puruSa ko chor3a diyA gayA hai tathA paJca tanmAtrAoM ke sthAna para paJca tattvoM kA ullekha huA hai| aura dekhie (13|16-20)-'prkRti puruSaM caiva viDyanAdI ubhAvapi / vikArA~zca guNAMzcaiva viddhi prakRtisambhavAn // kAryakAraNakartRtve hetuH prakRtirucyate / puruSaH sukhaduHkhAnAM bhoktRtve heturucyate // 14 // 5-6 'sattvaM rajas tama iti guNAH prakRtisambhavAH...'; 74 'bhUmirApo'nalo vAyuH khaM mano buddhireva ca / ahaMkAra itIyaM me bhinnA prakRtiraSTadhA // 7 / 13, 2 / 28 / ' gItA (7 / 6 evaM 8) ne bala dekara kahA hai ki paramAtmA usa sampUrNa vizva kA mUla hai jo Age cala kara usameM samAhita ho jAtA hai| yahA~ gItA sAMkhya se spaSTa rUpa se alaga khar3I ho jAtI hai| gItA ne spaSTa rUpa se 'sAMkhya-kRtAtta' (siddhAnta) kA ullekha kiyA hai (18 / 13), jisakA artha yaha hotA hai ki taba taka sAMkhya ne eka siddhAnta kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA thA, kintu kisI aise grantha kI ora koI spaSTa saMketa nahIM hai, jaisA ki hama veda yA vedAnta (15 / 15 meM) yA brahmasUtra (13 / 4) ke viSaya meM pAte haiM / 10 - takakusu (bI0 I0 epha0 I0 o0, 1604, pR0 48) evaM kItha (sAMkhya sisTema, pR073-76) ne vindhyavAsa yA vindhyavAsI ko IzvarakRSNa ke hI samAna mAnA hai| manuSya kI mRtyu ke uparAnta AtivAhika zarIra ke nAstitva ke viSaya meM unake vicAra ko kumArila ne vyakta kiyA hai / 31 DA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya (je0 AI0 26. paJca viparyayabhedA bhavantyazaktizcaH karaNavaikalyAt / sAM0 kArikA (47); 'avidyA-asmitArAga-dveSa-abhinivezAH ...paJca vipryyvishessaaH| ...paJcaparvA avidyetyAha bhagavAn vArSagaNyaH / sAM0 tattvakaumudI (vAcaspatikRta); azvaghoSa kRta buddhacarita (12 // 33) meM AyA hai : 'ityavidyA hi vidvAMsaH paJcaparvA samIhate / tamo mohaM mahAmohaM tAmisradvayameva ca // zvetAzva0 upa0 (115) meM bhI 'paJcAzadbhadA paJcaparvAmadhImaH ' AyA hai| karmapurANa (2 / 2 / 126) meM aisA AyA hai ki kapila ne jaigISavya evaM paJcazikha donoM ko par3hAyA hai| aisA kahanA kaThina hai ki isa purANa ke samakSa koI prAcIna paramparA isa viSaya meM thI athavA nhiiN| ___30. hamane pahale hI pAMca siddhAntoM (kRtAnta-paJcaka) kA ullekha kara diyA hai, yathA-sAMkhya, yoga, paJcarAtra, zaMva evaM pAzupata / 31. antarAbhavadehastu niSiddho vindhyvaasinaa| tadastitve pramANaM hi na kiMcidavagamyate // zlokavAtika, AtmavAda (62, 10 704) jisa para nyAyaratnAkara nAmaka TIkA yoM hai-'yadapi AtivAhikaM nAma zarIraM pUrvotaradehayorantarAle jJAnasantAnasandhAraNArtha kalpyate tadapi vindhyavAsinA nirAkRtamityAdi / ' kamalazIla ne sAMkhya evaM usake satkAryavAda kI AlocanA karate hue "vindhyavAsI' (jisakA eka artha yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki vaha vyakti jo vindhya parvata kI jaMgalI jAti kA ho) zabda kI jo rudrila ke lie prayukta hai, khillI ur3AyI hai-'yadeva vadhi tat kSIraM yatkSIraM sahadhIti c| vadatA rudrilenaiva khyApitA vindhyvaasitaa||'

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242 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ec0, khaNDa 6, pR0 36-46) ne vindhyavAsa evaM Izvara kRSNa kI samAnarUpatA ke prazna para vicAra kiyA hai| prastuta lekhaka unake mata ko mAnatA hai, kintu yaha bAta nahIM svIkAra karatA ki vindhyavAsa IzvarakRSNa se pUrva hue the| zrI bhaTTAcArya ne IzvarakRSNa ko 330-360 I0 kA mAnA hai| kintu isake lie koI zaktizAlI sAkSya nahIM hai| takakusu ne vindhyavAsa ko vRSagaNa kA ziSya kahA hai (je0 Ara0 e0 es, 1605, pR0 47) aura paramArtha ke mata se vRSagaNa evaM vindhyavAsa buddha ke nirvANa ke 10 zatiyoM uparAnta hue the| kamalazIla (tattva-saMgraha, pR0 22) se prakaTa hotA hai ki vindhyavAsa kA eka nAma rudila bhI thaa| abhinavagupta kI abhinavabhAratI ne donoM meM bheda kiyA hai, ataH yaha sambhava hai ki vindhyavAsa ne IzvarakRSNa ke uparAnta sAMkhya siddhAnta ko kevala sudhaaraa| rAjamArtaNDa meM bhojadeva (yogasUtra 4 / 22, dRSTidRzyoparaktaM cittaM sarvArtham) ne vindhyavAsI kA eka gadyAMza uddhRta kiyA hai| IzvarakRSNa ne sAMkhyakArikA ke atirikta koI anya grantha likhA hai, isake viSaya meM hameM koI sAkSya nahIM prApta hotA, ata: vindhyavAsI ko IzvarakRSNa se pRthak vyakti mAnanA cAhie, jaisA ki bhojadeva kA kathana hai| yuktidIpikA ne vindhyavAsI ke matoM kA kaI bAra ullekha kiyA hai, ata: ve sAMkhyakArikA ke lekhaka IzvarakRSNa se bhinna vyakti the| dekhie pR0 4, 108, 144 evaM 148 / isa grantha meM aisA AyA hai ki AcArya (sAMkhyakArikA ke lekhaka) ne jijJAsA' evaM zAstra ke anya tattvoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA, kintu vindhyavAsa jaise anya AcAryoM ne unakA ullekha apane granthoM meM kiyA hai / pR0 144. 145 kI TIkA kA kathana hai ki vindhyavAsI ke anusAra indriyA~ 'vibhu' (cAroM ora vistRta arthAt phailI huI) haiM, vindhyavAsI ne sUkSma zarIra kA astitva nahIM mAnA , kintu IzvarakRSNa ne indriyoM ko vibhu nahIM mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki sUkSma zarIra hotA hai| yuktidIpikA (pR0 144) kA kathana hai ki pataJjali ne sUkSma zarIra kI kalpanA kI hai| aba hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki darzana ke eka siddhAnta ko 'sAMkhya' zabda se kyoM dyotita kiyA gayA / 'sAMkhya' kA artha hai 'saMkhyA', ataH yaha gaNanA hai| sAMkhya siddhAnta na 25 tattvoM kI gaNanA kI hai tathA paJcazikha ke SaSTitantra ne 60 viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai, sambhavataH isI se isa darzana ko sAMkhya kahA gayA hai| zvetAzvataropaniSad (14) saMkhyAoM se paripUrNa hai / 3 zvetA0 upa0 kA 115 mantra 'paJca' zabda sAta bAra prayukta karatA hai aura usameM 'paJcAzadbhedAm' 'zatArim' ke samAna hI hai| aura dekhie (6 // 3) / isa artha meM sAMkhya kA tAtparya 32. nATyazAstra (22188-86, gAyakavADa orieNTala sIrIja, khaNDa 3, pR0 184, manasastrividho bhAvaH) meM abhinavagupta ne isa prakAra kahA hai-'kApiladRzi tu vindhyavAsino manasa eva IzvarakRSNAdimate manaHzabdenAtra buddhiH / ' medhA0 (manu 1155) ne kahA hai-'kazcidiSyate astyanyadantarAbhavaM zarIraM ysyeymutkraantiH| ...sAMkhyA api kecinnAntarAbhavamicchanti vindhyavAsaprabhRtayaH / ' dekhie sAM0 kA0 ( 36-41 ), jahA~ antarAbhava zarIra kA ullekha hai| 33. tamekama trivRtaM SoDazAntaM zartAdhAraM vizatipratyarAbhiH / aSTakaiH SaDabhivizvarUpakapAzaM trimArgabhedaM dvinimittakamoham // zvetAzvataropaniSad (1 / 4) / zatArdhAraM kA artha hai 'jisameM 50 tIliyAM hoN|' sAM0 kA0 (46-47) ne buddhisarga ke 50 bhedoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| ATha maulika tattva haiM, yathA--prakRti, mahata, ahaMkAra evaM pA~ca tanmAtrAeM / 'sAMkhyaM sakhyAtmakatvAcca kpilaadibhirucyte|' matsya0 (3 / 26) / aura dekhie zAnti0 (26441) /

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dharmazAstra evaM sAMsya 243 hai vaha dArzanika paddhati jisameM 25 tattvoM (prakRti, puruSa evaM anya) kI dhAraNA hai| isI artha meM yaha zabda eka bAra gItA (18 / 13 sAMkhye kRtAnte proktAni...) meM bhI prayukta huA hai| matsya0 ne bhI sAMkhya ke isa svarUpa para bala diyA hai| amarakoza ke anusAra 'saMkhyA' kA eka anya artha bhI hai (carcA saMkhyA vicAraNA), yathA-bauddhika jA~ca yA vicAra karanA; aura 'sAMkhya' zabda kI vyutpatti isase kI jA sakatI hai 'bauddhika jA~ca yA vicAraNA kI paddhati', isakA paMlliga meM dArzanika artha hai, 'tadadhIte tadveda' (pA0 4 / 2 / 46), jisakA artha hai, 'sAMkhyaM veda' ('saMkhyA samyag buddhivaidikI tayA vartante iti sAMkhyAH' bhAmatI, ve0 sU0 bhASya, 2 / 113) / bhAmatI ne dUsare artha meM ise prayukta kiyA hai| sAmAnya artha meM sAMkhya kA artha hai 'tattvavijJAna' (antima tattva kA jJAna, jisameM vedAnta bhI sammilita hai) yA 'vaha vyakti jo antima tattva ko jAnatA hai|' 'sAMkhya' zabda kA prayoga bhagavadgItA meM bahudhA tattvavijJAna (2 / 36, 15, 13 / 24) evaM tattvajJAnI (33, 25) ke artha meM huA hai| kucha ati prAcIna saMskRta granthoM meM kArikA ke sAMkhyasiddhAntoM ke samAna kucha tattvoM kA ullekha milatA hai| azvaghoSa ke buddhacarita (adhyaay--13|17) meM arAr3a evaM gautama (bhAvI buddha) kI bAtacIta meM prakRti, pA~ca tattvoM, ahaMkAra, buddhi, indriyoM, jJAna ke padArthoM Adi kA ullekha hai| yadyapi tattvoM kA ullekha huA hai kintu sAMkhya ke siddhAntoM se anya bAteM mela nahIM khaatiiN| carakasaMhitA (zArIrasthAna, adhyAya 1, zloka 17, 36, 63-66) meM kucha aise siddhAnta haiM jo sAMkhyakArikA kI paddhati se mela khAte haiM aura zloka 151 ne yogiyoM evaM sAMkhyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| makta AtmA ko brahma meM vilIna hote batAyA gayA hai| ata: vaha kaTha evaM zvetAzva0 upaniSadoM ke darzana ke samAna-sA hai| suzrutasaMhitA (zArIrasthAna, adhyAya 1, 3, 4-6, 8-6) ne sAMkhya para prakAza DAlA hai aura vaha buddhacarita evaM carakasaMhitA kI apekSA sAMkhya siddhAnta ke bahuta sannikaTa hai|4| hamane isa adhyAya ke Aramma meM hI dekha liyA hai ki manu Adi ke granthoM meM pradhAna ke siddhAnta kI ora saMketa mila jAtA hai| manu (1 / 15) ne sRSTi kI carcA karate hue mahAn, tIna guNoM, pA~ca indriyoM evaM unake padArthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| manu (1 / 27) ne pA~ca tattvoM kI pA~ca tanmAtrAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| manusmRti (12 / 24) meM sattva, raja evaM tama kA ullekha hai, aura dekhie 12 / 26, 26, 30-38, 12 / 40, manu meM AyA hai ki jo sattvaguNI hote haiM ve deva ho jAte haiM, jo rajoguNI hote haiM ve mAnava ho jAte haiM tathA jo tamoguNI hote haiM ve hIna pazu ho 34. sarvabhUtAnAM kAraNamakAraNaM sattvarajastamolakSaNamaSTarUpamakhilasya jagataH sambhavaheturavyaktaM nAma / tadekaM bahUnAM kSetrajJAnAmadhiSThAnaM samudra ivaudakAnAM bhAvAnAm / suzruta0 113; tasmAdavyaktAnmahAnutpadyate talliGga eva talliGgAcca mahatastallakSaNa evAhaDakAra utpadyate sa trividho vaikArikastaijaso bhUtAdiriti / suzruta 124 tatra buddhIndriyANi zabdAdayo viSayAH karmendriyANAM vacanAdAnAnandavisargaviharaNAni / suzruta 115; avyaktaM mahAnahaMkAraH paJca tanmAtrANi cetyaSTau prakRtayaH, zeSAzca SoDaza vikArAH // 6; tatra sarva evAce tana eSa vargaH puruSaH paJcavizatitamaH kAryakAraNasaMyuktazcetayitA bhavati / satyapyacaitanye pradhAnasya puruSaH kaivalyArtha pravRttimupavizanti kSIrAvIzcAtra hetuunudaahrnti| 18 milAie sAM0 kA0 (57) 'vatsavivRddhinimittaM kSIrasya yathA pravRttiramasya / puruSavimokSAnimittaM tathA pravRttiH pradhAnasya // '

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244 dharmazAtra kA itihAsa jAte haiM / 35 manu (12 / 50) ne mahAn evaM avyakta kA ullekha kiyA hai / yAjJa0 (361-62) ne jJAnendriyoM ke pAMca padArthoM, pAMca jJAnendriyoM, pAMca karmendriyoM evaM mana (kula 16) kA ullekha kiyA hai| ina 16 ko ahaMkAra, buddhi, pA~ca tattvoM, kSetrajJa evaM Izvara ke sAtha yAjJa0 (3 / 177-178) meM ullikhita kiyA gayA hai tathA buddhi ko avyakta se, ahaMkAra ko buddhi se, tanmAtrAoM ko ahaMkAra se utpanna mAnA gayA hai aura isI prakAra pA~ca tattvoM ke pAMca guNoM (zabda, sparza Adi) kI tathA tIna guNoM kI carcA hai| isa adhyAya ke Arambha meM hamane dekha liyA hai ki zaMkarAcArya ke matAnusAra dharma ke sUtrakAra devala ne sAMkhya paddhati ko svIkAra kiyA hai| isa para hama yahA~ para saMkSepa meM vivecana upasthita kreNge| aparArka (yAjJa0 3 / 106) ne devala se eka lambA uddharaNa liyA hai, jo yaha kahane ke uparAnta ki mAnava jIvana ke do lakSya (puruSArtha) haiM, yathA abhyudaya evaM niHzreyasa tathA niHzreyasa meM sAMkhya evaM yoga kA samAveza hai, sAMkhya kI paribhASA karatA hai ki sAMkhya meM 25 tattva pAye jAte haiM tathA yoga meM mana ko indriyoM ke padArthoM se pRthak khIMcakara vAMchita lakSya para sthira karanA hotA hai| devala ne puna: kahA hai ki donoM kA phala apavarga hI hai, jisakA tAtparya hai janma evaM maraNa ke duHkhoM se pUrNa mukti / usa uddharaNa meM punaH Age AyA hai ki prAcIna muniyoM dvArA sAMkhya evaM yoga ke viSarya meM yuktisaMgata evaM paramparAnugata vizAla evaM gambhIra tantra praNIta kiye gaye haiM / sAMkhyoM meM ye tattva pAye jAte haiM, yathA-mUla prakRti; sAta koTiyAM jo prakRtiyA~ evaM vikRtiyAM donoM haiM; pAMca tanmAtrAe~; 16 vikAra; pA~ca jJAnendriyA~, pAMca karmedriyAM, pAMca indriya-padArtha, pA~ca tattva; 13 karaNa, jinameM tIna to antaHkaraNa haiM; pA~ca prakAra ke viparyaya; 28 prakAra kI azakti; 6 prakAra kI tuSTi ; ATha prakArakI siddhiyA~ ; isa prakAra kula 50 pratyayabheda haiM aura dasa maulika tattva haiM, yathA-astitva aadi| ___ lakSmIdhara kA nibandha kRtyakalpataru bhI , jo 12vIM zatI ke prathama caraNa meM praNIta huA hai, devala ke dharmasUtra se uddharaNa detA hai jo aparArka ke uddharaNa se bahuta kucha milatA hai| aparArka evaM kRtyakalpataru (mokSakANDa) ne sAMkhya paddhati para yama ke uddharaNa liye haiN| yama ne 25 tattvoM ke ullekha ke uparAnta puruSottama ko 26vA tattva mAnA hai / purANoM meM sAMkhya siddhAntoM para lambe-lambe vivecana pAye jAte haiN| udAharaNArtha, viSNupurANa (1 / 2 / 1623, 25-62, 6 / 4 / 13-15, 17, 32-40) meM sAMkhya siddhAntoM kA ullekha hai jise kRtyakalpataru (mokSakANDa, pR0 102-108) ne uddhRta kiyA hai| kintu isa purANa meM paramAtmA (yahA~ viSNu) ko saba tattvoM kA Azraya mAnA gayA hai| aura dekhie viSNupurANa (1 / 2 / 22-23, 28-26; 6 / 4 / 36-40) / bahuta se purANoM ne sAMkhya siddhAntoM kI vizada vyAkhyA upasthita kI hai| kintu sthAnAbhAva se hama unakI carcA yahA~ nahIM kara skeNge| matsya0 (3 / 14-26) prakRti, guNoM evaM 25 tattvoM se Arambha karatA hai aura kahatA hai ki brahmA, viSNu evaM mahezvara haiM to eka kintu ve guNoM kI kriyA ke kAraNa pRthak prakaTa hue| anta meM niSkarSa diyA gayA hai ki sAMkhya kA udghoSa kapila Adi ne kiyaa| aura dekhie brahmapurANa (1-33-35, 33 / 3-4, 242, 60-70, 76-75), padmapurANa (pAtAlakhaNDa 85 / 11-18, sRSTikhaNDa, 2 / 88 35. buderutpattiravyaktAttatohaDakArasambhavaH / tanmAtrAdInyahaMkArAdekottaraguNAni ca // yAjJa0 (376); milAie sattvaM zAma tamo'jJAnaM rAgadveSau rajaH smRtam / manu0 (12 / 26) evaM sI0 kA0 (13) tathA gItA (14 // 6-8) evaM yAjJa0 (3 // 137-140) /

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dharmazAstra evaM sAMsya 245 103), kUrmapurANa (1 / 4 / 13-35; 2 / 721-26), mArkaNDeyapurANa (42 / 32-62), brahmANDapurANa (4 / 3 / 3746, 2 / 32 / 71-76), bhAgavatapurANa (pro0 dAsagupta kI iNDiyana philaoNsaphI, khaNDa 4, pR0 24-48 evaM zrI siddhezvara bhaTTAcArya, je0 bI0 Ara0 es, 1650, pR0 6-50) ke skandha 3 kA a0 26; varAhapurANa (bibliyothikA iNDikA, 1863) Adi / kavi kAlidAsa evaM bANa ne bhI sAMkhya siddhAMtoM evaM zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha, kumArasambhava (2 / 4, raghuvaMza (10 / 38, 8 / 21), kAdambarI (prathama shlok)| tantra bhI sAMkhya siddhAntoM se prabhAvita haiM / dekhie zAradAtilaka / jaba zAntiparva (260 / 103-104 =3010108-106, citrazAlA presa saMskaraNa) yaha udghoSa karatA hai ki vedoM, sAMkhya, yoga, vibhinna purANoM, vizada itihAsoM, arthazAstra meM jo kucha jJAna pAyA jAtA hai tathA isa vizva meM jo kucha jJAna hai vaha sAMkhya se niSpanna hai, to yaha kevala darpokti mAtra nahIM hai / sAMkhya siddhAnta ke vikAsa evaM isake svarUpoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke lie dekhie DA0 bahanana kA grantha 'yoga' (adhyAya 4, pR0 63-61) /

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adhyAya 32 yoga evaM dharmazAstra upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata, bhagavadgItA tathA purANoM meM sAMkhya evaM yoga kA ullekha eka sAtha huA hai, aura unakA pArasparika sambandha bhI ina granthoM meM samAna hI rahA hai / zvetAzva0 upa0 ( 6 / 13), vanaparva ( 2 / 15), zAntiparva ( 228 28, 286 / 1, 306/65, 308 / 25, 326 / 100, 3360661, anuzAsanaparva (14 323), bhagavadgItA (5 / 4-5 ), padmapurANa ( pAtAlakhaNDa, 85 / 11 ) meM donoM eka sAtha ullikhita haiM / 1 yadyapi sAMkhya ne vizva vikAsa ke vibhinna rUpoM ke sambandha meM vivecana karane vAle sabhI granthoM ko prabhAvita kiyA hai, kintu ise bhArata meM utanA sammAna evaM Adara na prApta ho sakA, jitanA yoga ko milA athavA aba bhI milatA hai / yoga zabda 'yuj ' ( jor3anA yA milAnA, rudhAdi varga kI dhAtu) se niSpanna huA hai / yoga ke bIja Rgveda meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| Rgveda ( 581 / 1 ) meM AyA -- ' vijJaloga, purohita evaM yajamAna apane manoM ko kendrita karate haiM aura prArthanAoM ko vijJa, mahAn ( savitA ) meM ve lagAte haiM, jo sabhI prArthanAoM ko jAnane vAlA hai| eka anya vaidika mantra bhI mana ke lagAne kI bAta karatA hai / 'yoga' zabda kaI arthoM meM Rgveda meM prayukta huA hai / sAyaNa ne kaI vacanoM meM 'yoga' kA artha 'jo pahale se prApta na ho use prApta karanA' ke rUpa meM (R0 1152) liyA hai / R0 (1 / 18 / 7) meM sadasaspati (agni) deva se yajamAnoM kI prArthanAoM (yA vicAroM) meM virAjamAna rahane ko kahA gayA hai| R0 ( 1 / 34 / 6 ) meM isakA tAtparya hai 'yuga yA juA meM lagAnA' (kadA yogo vAjino rAsabhasya yena yajJaM nAsatyopayAthaH) / 'yoga' zabda bahudhA 'kSema' ke sAtha (R0 7754 / 3, 7 / 86 / 8 meM pRthak rUpa se ) AyA hai yA sAmAsika rUpa meM ( R0 10 / 1655, yogakSemaM va AdAyAhaM bhUyAsamuttamaH) / prayukta huA hai / Rgveda meM prayukta 'yoga' zabda ke artha tathA kucha upaniSadoM evaM uttama saMskRta -granthoM meM prayukta 'yoga' ke artha meM bahuta lambe kAla kI dUrI par3a jAtI hai / R0 (10 / 136 / 2 - 3 ) meM vAtarazana ke putroM, muniyoM kI carcA hai, jo gande evaM piMgala vastra dhAraNa karate the aura kahate the ki 'hama apane jIvana ke DhaMga se ati AhlAdita haiM, usI prakAra prasanna haiM jaise ki muni loga vAyuoM kA Azraya lete haiM, he maraNazIla logo, tuma kevala hamAre zarIra ko dekhate ho / ' yaha prakaTa karatA hai ki ati prAcIna kAla meM 'kucha loga tapa karate the, ve apane vastroM kI cintA nahIM karate the aura aisA socA karate the ki unakA AtmA meM vilIna ho jAyagA ( arthAt AtmA arUpa hai aura adRzya hotA hai ) / R0 (8117/14 ) meM indra ko muniyoM kA mitra kahA gayA hai aura muni ko pratyeka devatA kA mitra kahA gayA hai ( 10 / 136 / 4 ) / kintu 'yatiyoM' kI sthiti kucha pRthaka thI / 'yati' zabda Rgveda meM kaI bAra AyA hai, kintu adhikAMza meM vaha zabda 'saMnyAsI' se bhI vAyu 1. paJcaviMzatitattvAni tulyAnyubhayataH samam / yoge sAMkhyepi ca tathA vizeSAMstatra me zRNu // zAnti0 (228/28 - 236 / 26, citrazAlA ) /

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 247 koI sambandha nahIM rkhtaa| R0 (81316) meM brahmA purohita kA kathana hai-'jisake dvArA yatiyoM se bhagu ko dhana diyA gayA, aura jisake dvArA tumane praskaNva kI sahAyatA (yA rakSA) kii|' yahA~ para indra yatiyoM ke virodha meM hai| R0 (8 / 6 / 18) meM RSi kA kathana hai-'he vIra indra, yatiyoM evaM bhRguoM meM, jinhoMne tumhArI prArthanA kI hai, kevala merI hI prArthanA suno|' yahA~ sAyaNa ne vyAkhyA kI hai-'yataya: aMgirasaH / ' jo bhI ho, yahA~ yati loga indra ke bhakta kI bhAMti pradarzita haiN| kintu anya saMhitAoM meM aisA kahA gayA hai ki indra ne yatiyoM ko bher3iyoM yA vRkoM ke lie pheMka diyaa| Age calakara 'yati' zabda ke artha meM parivartana ho gyaa| ina saMhitA-vacanoM meM 'yati' loga vaidika kRtyoM ke vidveSI-se lagate haiM, kintu unhoMne kyA kiyA, jisake kAraNa indra ko unakI hatyA karane vAlA kahA gayA, yaha spaSTa nahIM ho paataa| atharvaveda (2 / 5 / 3) meM indra ko vRtra kA vaisA hI ghAtaka kahA gayA hai jaisA ki yatiyoM kaa| kucha upaniSadeM aisA prakaTa karatI haiM ki 'yati' aise vyakti the jinhoMne sAMsArika karma chor3a diye the, jo yogAbhyAsa karate the aura AtmajJAna ke lie prayAsa karate the tathA brahmajJAnI hote the| dekhie isa viSaya meM muNDakopaniSad (3 / 115, yaM pazyanti yatayaH kSINadoSAH, evaM 3 / 2 / 6, saMnyAsa yogAdyatayaH zuddhasattvAH) / hAvara (DAI anje Dara yoga-praiksise, 1622, 10 11) ke samAna kucha logoM kA kathana hai ki atharvaveda (maNDala 15) meM varNita vrAtya loga kSatriya jAti ke AnandI jIva the aura yogiyoM ke pUrvabhAvI the| kucha upaniSadoM meM 'yoga' zabda usI artha meM prayukta huA hai jaisA vaha yogasUtra meM prayukta hai / kaTopaniSad (2 / 12) meM aisA AyA hai2 'vijJa loga yoga dvArA paramAtmA kA dhyAna karake tathA mana ko antarAtmA meM sthira karake Ananda evaM cintA se mukta ho jAte haiM' (adhyAtmayogAdhigamena) / vahI upaniSad kahatI hai ki 6 / 2 meM varNita sthiti ko hI yoga kahate haiM, kyoMki usameM indriyA~ (tathA mana evaM buddhi) sthira evaM saMyamita rahatI haiN| kaThopaniSad (6 / 18) meM AyA hai ki naciketA ne yama dvArA pravartita yogavidhi evaM vidyA ko jAnakara brahmajJAna prApta kiyaa| 'yoga' zabda tai0 upa0 (2 / 4) meM bhI AyA hai, jahA~ vijJAnamaya AtmA ke viSaya meM kahate hue yoga ko isakA AtmA kahA gayA hai (jisakA vAstavika artha saMdigdha hai)| aura dekhie zvetAzvataropaniSad (2 / 2 evaM 4 / 13) / praznopaniSad (5 // 5-6) ne 'om' kI tIna mAtraoM (a, u, m ) kA ullekha kiyA hai| zvetAzva0 upa0 (1 / 3) meM 'dhyAnayoga' zabda AyA hai| zvetAzva0 upa0 (2813) meM 'Asana' evaM 'prANAyAma kA ullekha hai tathA saphala yogAbhyAsa ke lakSaNa prakaTa kiye gaye haiN| chAndogyopaniSad (8 / 15) ne sambhavataH 'pratyAhAra' (yadyapi yaha zabda prayukta nahIM huA hai) kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai, yathA--'Atmani sarvendriyANi pratiSThApya' (sabhI indriyoM ko AtmA meM pratiSThApita krke)| pratIta hotA hai, ba0 upa0' (1 / 5 / 23) ne prANAyAma kI ora saMketa kiyA hai--(tasmAdekameva vrataM caret prANyAccaiva apA 2. tAM yogamiti manyate sthirAmindriyadhAraNAm / kaThopaniSad (6 / 2); mRtyuproktAM naciketo'tha labdhvA vidyAmetAM yogavidhi ca kRtsnam / brahmaprApto virajo'bhUdvimRtyu ranyonyevaM yo vidadhAtmameva // kaTha0 6 / 18 / isa antima meM mahattvapUrNa zabda haiM 'kRtsnaM yogavidhim', bhAvanA yaha hai ki kaThopaniSad ke kAla taka yoga kA pUrNa vikAsa ho cukA thA, kintu usa upaniSad ne ise vistAra se ullikhita nahIM kiyaa| Age yaha bhI draSTavya hai ki 'etAM vidyA' 'brahmavidyA' kI ora nirdeza karatA hai aura 'yogavidhi' pRthak rUpa se, sambhavataH brahmajJAna-prApti ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM varNita hai|

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248 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nyAcca) 'use eka vrata karanA cAhie, yathA sA~sa lenA evaM sA~sa chor3anA / ' vedAntasUtra ( 21113 ) meM AyA hai ki sAMkhya siddhAnta ko harAne ke lie prayukta tarka dvArA yoga bhI harA diyA gayA hai ( etena yoga: pratyuktaH) / zaMkarAcArya dvArA upasthApita sAMkhya-yoga sambandhI dhAraNA pahale hI vyakta kara dI gayI hai ( gata adhyAya meM ) / unhoMne pUrvapakSa meM yaha vyakta kiyA hai ki veda ne samyak jJAna ke lie yoga ko eka sAdhana mAnA hai ( vR0 upa0 2 / 4 / 5 ) / unhoMne puna: kahA hai ki zvetAzva0 upa0 meM yoga kI vyAkhyA vistAra se huI hai, jisameM sarvaprathama ( yogAbhyAsa ke lie ) ucita Asana kA ullekha hai, yathA - zarIra ko sIdhA rakhakara tIna sthAnoM ko U~cA rakhanA, yathA chAtI, gale evaM sira ko (218) / zaMkarAcArya ke ina zabdoM se ki yogazAstra meM bhI yoga ko samyak jJAna kA sAdhana batAyA gayA hai, yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki unake samakSa yogazAstra kA grantha thA, jisameM 'atha... yoga : ' zabda Aye the, kintu unhoMne 'yogasUtra' zabda kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, ataH sambhavataH unhoMne yogasUtra kI ora saMketa nahIM kiyA hai / yadi kalpanA karane kI chUTa dI jAya to yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki sambhavataH zaMkarAcArya' na' 'yogazAstra' zabda se yAjJavalkya dvArA likhe gaye tathAkathita yogazAstra ( yAjJa0 smRti 3 / 110, yogazAstraM ca matproktaM ) kI bAta kahI hai| zaMkarAcArya ( ve0 sU0 2 / 1 / 3 ) ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki yoga kA eka bhAga unheM mAnya hai, kintu anya bhAgoM kA veda se virodha hai | muNDakopaniSad ( 22226) ne zaMkarAcArya ke mata se 'omiti dhyAyatha AtmAnam' zabdoM meM 'samAdhi' kI vyavasthA dI hai / upaniSadoM meM 'muni' evaM 'yati' zabdoM kA eka hI artha hai, yathA bR0 upa0 4 / 4 / 22 ) meM AyA hai -- ' isa AtmA ke jJAna ke uparAnta vyakti muni ho jAtA hai, kintu muNDakopaniSad ( 3 / 1 / 5 ) meM AyA hai-'satya, tapa, samyak jJAna tathA sabhI samayoM meM brahmacarya vrata se isa AtmA kI anubhUti hotI hai, AtmA isa zarIra ke bhItara (antaH meM ) ( prakAza ke samAna ) nivAsa karatA hai, vaha pavitra hai, use kevala pavitra muni hI jAnate haiM / kaThopaniSad ( 3 / 13 ) meM AyA hai ki vijJa vyakti ko mana meM vANI ( vANI evaM mana, jaisA ki mUla meM AyA hai) ko saMyamita karanA cAhie, use mahAn AtmA ke bhItara jJAna ko rakhanA cAhie, aura jo zAnta hai usa mahAna ko AtmA ke bhItara rakhanA caahie| isa prakAra upaniSadeM 'yoga' zabda kA na kevala prayoga ( 3. etameva viditvA munirbhavati / etameva pravrAjino lokamicchantaH pravrAjanti / bRha0 upa0 (4/4/22 ) ; dekhie kaTha0 (4115 ) - 'yathodakaM . munavijAnata AtmA bhavati gautama / ' kauSItaki - upa0 (2 / 15) meM 'pari vA vrajet' AyA hai / anya upaniSadoM meM 'parivrAjaka' zabda nahIM AyA hai / pANini ke kAla meM yaha zabda sabako jJAta thA, yathA---' maskara -maskariNau veNuparivrAjakayoH' (6 / 1 / 154), jisameM aisA kahA gayA ki 'maskara' kA artha hai bA~sa kA daNDa (DaNDA) aura 'maskarin' kA parivrAjaka / mahAbhASya ne TIkA ko hai ki 'maskarin' ko vaisA isalie nahIM kahA jAtA ki vaha apane hAtha meM bA~sa kA daNDa lekara calatA hai, pratyuta isalie ki vaha logoM ko upadeza detA hai ki ve apane vAMchita padArthoM kI prApti ke lie kriyAe~ na kareM, logoM ke lie nizcalatA apekSAkRta acchI hai-'mA kRta karmANi mA kRta karmANi zAntirvaH zreyasItyAhA to maskarI parivrAjaka: / ' kAmakrodhaviyuktAnAM yatInAM yatacetasAm / abhito brahmanirvANaM vartate viditAtmanAm // gItA ( 5 / 26 ) ; yacchedvAGmanasI prAjJastadyacchejjJAna Atmani / jJAnamAtmani mahati niyacchetadyacchecchAnta Atmani // kaTha0 ( 3 / 13 ) / zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 114 | ne vyAkhyA kI hai-- 'vAcaM manasi saMyacched vAgAdivAhyendriyavyApAramutsRjya manomAtreNAvatiSThet / ' ve 'manasI' ko 'manasi' ke samAna ArSaprayoga mAnate haiM /

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 246 karatI hai, pratyuta yoga ke kucha staroM evaM usakI paddhati kI bhI vyavasthA karatI hai, jinake dvArA paramAtmA kI anubhUti hotI hai| aDyAra se zrI e0 mahAdeva zAstrI (1920) dvArA lagabhaga 20 yoga-upaniSadoM kA prakAzana huA hai, kintu unakA tithi-krama bahuta hI anizcita hai aura unameM adhikAMza mahAbhArata, mana aura sambhavataH yogasUtra ke pazcAt praNIta huI haiM, ataH hama una para kucha nahIM likheMge / unakI ora bahuta hI kama saMketa kiyA jAyagA / pANini ne 'yama' evaM 'niyama' (jo yoga ke do aMga haiM ) do zabdoM , yoga evaM 'yogin' ko 'yuj' dhAtu se 'ghinuN' (arthAt in) pratyaya ke sAtha niSpanna mAnA hai|'' ApastambadharmasUtra (118 / 23 / 3-6) ne eka zloka uddhata kiyA hai, jisakA artha yoM hai-isa jIvana meM doSoM kA sampUrNa nAza yoga se hotA hai, vijJa vyakti una doSoM kA jo sabhI prANiyoM ko hAni pahu~cAte haiM, maloccheda karake zAnti (mokSa) kI prApti karate haiN| isa dharmasatra ne 15 doSoM kA ullekha kiyA hai. yathA krodha, kAma, loma, kapaTa Adi, jinakA nAza yoga se hotA hai / usameM ina doSoM ke virodhI guNoM kA bhI ullekha hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki I0 pU0 cauthI yA pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM mana ko anuzAsita karane ke lie yoga nAma kA anuzAsana paryApta rUpa se vikasita ho cukA thaa| ve0sU0 (2 / 113) se jhalakatA hai ki sUtrakAra ke samakSa yoga-siddhAntoM kA eka varga upasthita thA, jinameM kucha sAMkhya ke anurUpa the| sUtrakAra ko 'samAdhi' kA jJAna thA (ve0 sU0 2 // 3 // 36) / itanA hI nahIM, ve0 sU0 (4 / 2 / 21) ne yogiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura sAMkhya evaM yoga ko smAtaM (zrauta nahIM) rUpa meM pRthak mAnA hai| zaMkarAcArya ne ve0 sU0 (1 / 3 / 33) kI TIkA meM yogasUtra (2044-svAdhyAyAdiSTadevatAsaMprayogaH ) ko uddhRta kiyA hai aura ve0 sU0 (2 / 4 / 12) meM sambhavataH unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai ki yogasUtra vedAntasUtra ke pahale praNIta huaa| unhoMne usa sUtra kI dUsarI vyAkhyA meM yogasUtra (116) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| 4. yoga-upaniSadeM pazcAtkAlIna kRtiyAM haiN| isa para saMkSepa meM yahAM kahA jA rahA hai / gorakSazataka ke zloka 10-14 (jo AdhAra evaM svAdhiSThAna cakroM kA varNana karate haiM) dhyAnabindu0 (zloka 43-47) evaM yogacUr3AmaNi (zloka 4-6) meM thor3e antara ke sAtha pAye jAte haiN| prANAyAma ke varNana meM zANDilya upaniSad ne 'tadete zlokA bhavanti' ke sAtha kucha aise zloka uddhRta kiye haiM, jinameM kucha gorakSazataka meM pAye jAte haiN| yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki zANDilya ne gorakSazataka se udhAra liyA hai, kintu aisA sambhava hai| yoga kI vibhinna zAkhAoM para sabhI prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna grantha abhI taka upalabdha nahIM ho sake haiM aura isalie isa bAta kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai ki zADilya evaM anya yoga upaniSadoM ne kisI aise prAcIna grantha se uddharaNa liye hoM jo abhI taka prakAza meM nahIM A sakA hai| 5. yamaH samupaniviSu ca pA0 (3 / 3 / 63); eSu anupasarge ca yamerap vA / . . . niyamaH niyAmaH / yamaH yAmaH / si0 ko0 / 'yAma' kA artha hai prahara (pUre dina kA 1/8 bhAga), jaba ki 'yama' kA artha hai 'niyantraNa' 'yamyate cittaM anena / ' pANini (3 / 2 / 142) para kAzikA kI TippaNI hai--'yuja samAdhau divAdiH / yujira yoge rudhAdiH / dvayorapi grahaNam /

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250 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa eka mahattvapUrNa prazna upasthita hotA hai--kyA vedAntasUtra ke lekhaka ne yogasUtra kI ora saMketa kiyA hai ? prastuta lekhaka kA mata hai ki aisI bAta nahIM hai| kintu vedAntasUtra ne yoga ke siddhAntoM kI ora avazya saMketa kiyA hai, jo kaTha, muNDaka, zvetAzvatara evaM anya upaniSadoM ke pUrva vikasita ho cuke the / zAntiparva meM ullikhita hai ki sAMkhya ke vaktA paramarSi (sabase bar3e RSi) kapila the, hiraNyagarbha yoga ke prAcIna jJAtA the, koI anya ise jAnane vAlA nahIM thA; apAntaratamA vedAcArya the jinheM kucha loga prAcInagarbha RSi kahate the| gata adhyAya meM kahA gayA hai ki sAMkhya, yoga, vedAraNyaka evaM paJcarAtra eka haiM aura eka-dUsare ke aMga haiN| zAnti0 (326 / 65) meM hiraNyagarbha ko yogazAstra se sambandhita kahA gayA hai| anuzAsana0 (14:323, jahA~ upamanyu ne mahAdeva se kahA hai) meM sanatkumAra ko yoga kA usI prakAra pravartaka kahA gayA hai jisa prakAra kapila ko sAMkhya kaa| ahirbudhnyasaMhitA (12 / 32-3) meM AyA hai ki hiraNyagarbha ne sarvaprathama do yoga saMhitAoM kI vyAkhyA kI, jinameM eka kA nAma thA 'nirodhayoga' tathA dUsarI kA karmayoga; nirodhayoga ko punaH 12 bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA thaa| mAmatI ne ve0 sU0 (2 / 7 / 3) para likhA hai ki isa sUtra ne hiraNyagarbha evaM pataJjali ke yogazAstra kI prAmANikatA ko pUrNarUpeNa samApta nahIM kiyA hai| viSNupurANa ne sambhavata: hiraNyagarbha ke do zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| vAcaspati ne apanI TIkA (yogasUtra 111) meM kahA hai ki yogI-yAjJavalkya ne hiraNyagarbha ko yoga kA udghoSaka mAnA hai| vAcaspati ne pataJjali ke yogasUtra ko yoga yAjJavalkya-smRti se pazcAtkAlIna mAnA hai / ataH yaha prAyaH nizcita-sA hai ki ve0 sU0 ne usa yoga-paddhati ke, jo zAntiparva ko vidita thI, siddhAntoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| - zalyaparva (adhyAya 50) meM mahAn bhikSu yogI jaigISavya kI tathA sArasvata-tIrtha para raha rahe asita nAmaka gRhastha kI gAthA kahI gayI hai| zAntiparva (adhyAya 222, citrazAlA 226) meM jaMgISavya evaM asita ke bIca saMyoga ke viSaya meM eka lambA saMvAda pAyA jAtA hai, jisakA eka zloka yahA~ uddhRta kiyA jAtA hai-'nindAprazaMse cAtyartha na vadanti pArasya ye| na ca nindAprazaMsAbhyAM vitriyante kadAcana', jisakA artha hai 'yogI loga anya logoM kI nindA evaM prazaMsA ke rUpa meM bAtacIta nahIM karate aura na anya logoM dvArA kI gayI nindA evaM prazaMsA se unake mana kabhI prabhAvita hI hote haiN|' usI adhyAya meM jaigISavya ko aise vyakti ke rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA gayA hai jo na to kabhI krodhI hotA aura na kabhI AhlAdita hotA hai| varAhapurANa (4 / 14) meM AyA hai ki kapila evaM yogirAja jaigISavya rAjA azvazirA ke pAsa, jinhoMne azvamedha ke uparAnta avabhRtha snAna kara liyA thA, Aye aura 6. sAMkhyaM yogaM ... nAnA matAni vai // sAMsyasya vaktA kapilaH paramaSiH sa ucyate / hiraNya garbho yogasya vettA ( vaktA ) nAnyaH purAtanaH // apAntaratamAzcava vedAcAryaH sa ucyte| prAcInagarbha tamaSi pravadantIha kecana // zAnti0 (337156-61, citrazAlA presa saMskaraNa 34664-65) / aura dekhie 'sAMsyaM yogaH paJcarAtraM vedAraNyakameva ca // jJAnAnyetAni brahmarSe lokeSu pracaranti hi ||shaanti0 (337 / 1); evamekaM sAMkhyayogaM vedAraNyakameva ca ||prspraanggaanyetaani paJcarAtraM ca kthyte| eSa ekAntinAM dharmo naaraaynnpraatmkH|| zAnti0 (336576, citrazAlA saMskaraNa 348 / 81-82) / sambhavataH 'vedAraNyaka' bRhadAraNyaka evaM chAndogya upaniSadoM kI ora saMketa karatA hai, jinameM 'nididhyAsa', jIva evaM brahma kI abhinnatA, yathA-'tattvamasi' jaise bacana Aye haiN| vAyupurANa meM paramarSi kI paribhASA yoM dI huI hai-'nivRttisamakAlaM tu buddhayA'vyaktamRSiH svayam / paraM hi RSate yasmAtparamarSistataH smRtaH // (56-60), dekhie yahI iloka brahmANDa0 (3 // 32 // 86) meN| (7) sanatkamAro yogAnAM sAMkhyAnAM kapilo hyasi / anuzAsana0 (14 // 323) /

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 251 krama se viSNu evaM garur3a ke rUpoM meM parivartita ho gaye / yaha draSTavya hai ki yogasUtra (2055) ke bhASya ne katipaya mata prakAzita kiye haiM, kintu jaMgISavya ke mata ko pramukhatA dI hai| yo0 sU0 (3 / 18) ke bhASya ne AvaTya evaM jaMgISavya ke saMvAda kA ullekha kiyA hai aura vahAM jaigISavya kA mata prakAzita kiyA gayA hai ki kaivalya ke dRSTikoNa se santoSa kA sukha bhI duHkha hI hai, yadyapi indriyavAsanAoM kI tulanA meM santoSa sukha hI kahA jA sakatA hai| buddhacarita (adhyAya 12) meM AyA hai ki jaba gautama (bhAvI buddha) arADa nAmaka dArzanika ke pAsa pahu~ce to unhoMne gautama se mokSa-sambandhI apanI bhAvanA kA ullekha kiyA aura jaigISavya, janaka evaM vRddha-parAzara ko una vyaktiyoM meM ullikhita kiyA jo usa mArga kI sahAyatA se mukta ho cuke the| __uparyukta uktiyoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki jaMgISavya IsA ke bahuta pUrva hI yoga ke eka mahAn AcArya ho cuke the aura sambhavataH unhoMne yoga para koI grantha likhA jo abhI anupalabdha hai| __ yogasUtra (sampUrNa kA kucha aMza), pAtaMjala bhASya evaM vAcaspati kI TIkA ke bahuta-se aMgrejI anuvAda prakAzita ho cuke haiM, yathA-DA. rAjendralAla mitra dvArA, jisameM mUla evaM rAjamArtaNDa nAmaka TIkA hai (bibliyothikA iNDikA, 1883); svAmI vivekAnanda kA rAjayoga (khaNDa 1, 1646), jisameM anuvAda evaM sUtroM kI vyAkhyA hai; DA0 gaMgAnAtha jhA (bambaI, 1607); rAmaprasAda (pANini Aphisa, ilAhAbAda, 1610); pro0 je0 eca0 buDsa (hArvarDa orieNTala sIrIja, 1614); jerAlDAina kosTarakRta 'yoga eNDa vesTarna sAikolaoNjI (landana, 1634); purohita svAmIkRta anuvAda (DablU 0 bI0 yITsa kI bhUmikA, phebara eNDa phebara, landana, 1637); jisameM siddhAsana, baddhapadmAsana, pazcimottAnAsana, bhujaGagAsana, viparItakaraNI evaM matsyendrAsana ke citra diye hue haiM; kRSNajI kezava kolhaTakara kRta 'bhAratIya mAnasa-zAstra' yA 'pAtaJjala-yoga-darzana' (prakAzaka-ke0 bI0 dhavale, bambaI, 1651), jo eka vistRta grantha hai (1051 pRSThoM meN)| yoga para likhe gaye bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya lekhakoM ke granthoM kI saMkhyA bahuta adhika hai / unameM bahuta-se prastuta lekhaka dvArA par3he nahIM jA sake haiN| kucha paThita granthoM kI sUcI nIce dI jA rahI hai| rAjayoga (vivekAnanda ke granthoM kA pUrNa saMgraha, 1646, mAyAvatI, khaNDa 1, pU0 116-313); DablU haoNpkinsa kRta 'yoga TekanIka ina di greTa epika' (je0 e0 o0 es, khaNDa 22, 1601, pR0 333-376), pro0 esa0 en0 dAsagupta kRta 'yoga aija e philaoNsaoNphI eNDa rilijana' (landana, 1624) evaM 'yoga philaoNsaoNphI' (kalakattA yUni0, 1630); DA0 je. Dabla0 hAvara kRta 'DAI AnphrAMja Dara yogapraiksisa ima alTena iNDIna' (sTuTagArTa, 1922); evaM 'ura yoga alsa holvega naca Dena iNDIzcena kvelena Dargastelta' (sTuTagArTa, 1632), yaha eka bar3I sAvadhAnI se likhA gayA kramabaddha grantha hai; DA. rAdhAkRSNana kRta 'iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI (khaNDa 2, pR0 336-373, landana, 1631); DA0 je0 jI0 rele kRta 'di misTiriesa kuNDalinI (tArAporavAlA eNDa saMsa, bambaI, 1627); pheliksa guyota kRta 'yoga, di sAisa Ava heltha' (aMgrejI anuvAda, landana 1637, jisameM haThayoga ke siddhAnta pratipAdita haiM), DA0 ke0 TI0 behanana kRta 'yoga, e sAiNTiphika ivaluezana' (maikmilana eNDa kampanI, nyUyArka, 1637); DablU0 vAI0 ivAMsaveMTja kRta' 'TibeTana yoga eNDa sikreTa DaoNkTrina' (AksaphorDa, 1627); pAla braNTanakRta 'e sarca ina sIkreTa iNDiyA' 6. bhagavAjagISavya uvAca / viSayasukhApekSayavedamanuttam santoSasukhamuktam / kaivalya sukhApekSayA duHkhameva / bhASya (yo0 sU0 3 / 18) / santoSa pAMca niyamoM meM eka hai (yo0 sU0 2 / 32) / yo sU0 (2 / 42) meM AyA hai-santoSAvanuttamaH sukhalAbhaH /

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252 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ( landana, 1647); pAla Tuksena kRta 'di rilijaMsa Ava iNDiyA' (kopena haigena, 1646 ) ; 'barnArDa bUmeja kRta 'TibeTana yoga' ; elena DainIlU kRta 'yoga di methaDa Ava rI-iNTIgrezana' (landana, 1646 ) ; DablU0 jI0 ivAMsa- veTja kRta 'di TibereTana buka Ava di greTa libarezana' (AksaphorDa, 1654 ) ; DA0 rAdhAkRSNana evaM sI0 e0 mUra kRta 'sorsa buka Ava iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI'; mesiyA iliyAde kRta 'yoga, immaoNrTaliTI eNDa phIDama' ( landana 1658 ); pro0 esa0 es. gosvAmI kRta 'haThayoga, aina eDavAMsDa methaDa Ava phijikala aijUkezana eNDa kaoNseNTrezana' (ela0 ena0 phAulara, landana 1656 ); maunI sAdhu kRta 'kaoNsTrezana' (landana, 1656 ) ; e0 koyeslara kRta 'di loTasa eNDa di raoNbaoNTa' ( landana, 1660 ) / pataJjali ke yogasUtra ke bahuta-se saMskaraNa chapa haiM, jinameM vyAsa kA bhASya evaM vAcaspati kI TIkA (tattvavaizAradI) bhI sammilita hai / prastuta lekhaka sUtra ke kevala do yA tIna saMskaraNoM evaM TIkAoM kI hI carcA karegA, jinameM eka hai paM0 rAjArAma zAstrI boDasa kRta saMskaraNa ( nirNayasAgara presa meM sundara DhaMga se mudrita ) aura dUsarA hai AnandAzrama saMskaraNa, jisameM vAcaspati aura rAjA bhoja kI TIkAe~ haiM / kAzI saMskRta sIrIja meM yogasUtra kA prakAzana 6 TIkAoM ke sAtha huA hai, yathA-- bhojarAja kRta rAjamArtaNDa, bhAvA-gaNeza kRta pradIpikA, nAgoji bhaTTakRta vRtti, rAmAnandayatikRta maNiprabhA, ananta devakRta candrikA evaM sadAzivendra sarasvatIkRta yogasudhAkara / anya darzanoM ke sUtroM kI apekSA yogasUtra ati saMkSipta hai / yaha cAra pAdoM meM vibhAjita hai, yathA -- samAdhi, sAdhanA, vibhUti evaM kaivalya / isameM kula 165 sUtra ( 51+ 55 + 55 + 34 ) haiM / DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne 'iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI ( khaNDa 2, 1631, pR0 341-348 ) meM mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki yogasUtra kA lekhaka 300 I0 ke pazcAt kA nahIM ho sakatA / pro0 esa0 en dAsagupta ne 'hisTrI Ava iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI' (khaNDa 1,pR0 226-238) meM donoM pataJjaliyoM ko eka mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki yogasUtra kA lekhaka I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI meM huaa| jaikobI evaM unakI bAta ko svIkAra karane vAle kItha kA kathana hai ki yogasUtra ( 1 / 40) 9 kA vacana 'yogI kA svAmitva paramANu se lekara mahattattva taka vistRta hotA hai' Aja ke vizva ke paramANu-siddhAnta kI ora saMketa karatA hai| yaha eka aisA udAharaNa hai jo yaha siddha karatA hai ki pazcima ke bar3e bar3e lekhaka bhI sIdhe-sAde zabdoM meM pazcAtkAlIna siddhAntoM kI gandha pAte haiM, jisake phalasvarUpa ve prAcIna granthoM ko pazcAtkAlIna racita kaha dete haiM / upaniSadoM na e AtmA ko aNu se bhI mahAn kahA hai, aura yahI bAta mahAbhArata ne bhI usI zabdAvalI meM kahI hai| pramANa nahIM hai ki yogasUtra ne usI aNu-siddhAnta kI ora saMketa kiyA hai jise gayA hai aura na hI kahA jA sakatA ki isane upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata ke hameM usa Arambhika paramparA para bhI vicAra karanA hai jo bhojadeva kI TIkA (san 1055 I0 ke pazcAt bhI choTA kahA hai aura use mahAn se yaha samajhane ke lie koI pratItyAtmaka vaizeSika siddhAnta meM pratipAdita kiyA zabdoM kA anvaya mAtra kiyA hai / 8. aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAnAtmAsya jantornihito guhAyAm / kaThopaniSad (2020), zve0 upa0 ( 3 / 20 ) ; 'aNoraNIyo mahato mahattaraM tadAtmanA pazyati yukta AtmavAn / zAntiparva ( 232/33 ) ; yogasUtra (1140) -- 'paramANu paramamahattvAnto'sya vazIkAraH / zabdAnAmanuzAsanaM vidadhatA pAtaJjale kurvatA, vRtti rAjamRgAMkasaMjJakamapi vyAtanvatA vaidyake / vAkcetovapuSAM malaH phaNibhRtAM bhartreva yenoddhRtastasya zrIraNaraMga mallanupatervAco jayantyujjvalAH // yogasUtra para rAjamArtaNDa nAmaka vRtti kA pA~cavAM bhUmikA- zloka /

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 253 kI nahIM) meM varNita hai tathA carakasaMhitA kI TIkA ( lagabhaga 1060 I0 ) cakrapANi meM ullikhita hai ki pataJjali (jo zeSa ke avatAra kahe jAte haiM) vyAkaraNa, yoga evaM auSadhi para grantha likhe / 10 hama yahA~ para donoM pataJjaliyoM kI samAnurUpatA evaM donoM kI tithiyoM ke praznoM para prakAza nahIM DAla sakate, kyoMki vaha viSayAntara ho jAyagA / vAstava meM donoM ko pRthak-pRthak siddha karane ke lie abhI taka supuSTa pramANa upasthita nahIM kiye jA sake haiN| caraka ke grantha kA sudhAra pataJjali dvArA huA ki nahIM, yaha abhI saMdehAtmaka hai / zAntiparva meM cikitsA ke pravartaka kRSNAtreya kahe gaye haiM na ki caraka yA pataJjali / carakasaMhitA ne adhyAyoM ke Arambha meM 'iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH' likhA hai / caraka (1 / 1 / 23 ) meM likhita hai ki muni bharadvAja ne indra se Ayurveda kA adhyayana kiyaa| unake ziSya the punarvasu Atreya, jinake chaha ziSya the, yathA-agniveza, bheDa, jAtukarNa, parAzara, hArIta evaM kezarapANi / sarvaprathama agniveza ne Ayurveda para eka grantha likhA aura use Atreya ko sunAyA, aisA hI bheDa Adi ne bhI kiyaa| carakasaMhitA (1 / 11 / 75 ) ke 'triSaNIya' nAmaka adhyAya meM kRSNAtreya ke tama vizeSataH varNita haiM / ataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kRSNAtreya una Atreya se bhinna haiM jo caraka ke adhyAyoM meM zraddhApUrvaka ullikhita haiM / " " yahA~ taka ki azvaghoSa ke buddhacarita meM Atreya ko vaidyaka zAstra kA prathama pravartaka kahA gayA hai / 12 pataJjali ne yoga evaM vyAkaraNa para grantha likhe, yaha eka paramparA hai jo bhartRhari ke vAkyapadIya se apekSAkRta purAnI hai| isa bAta ko tarka dvArA siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa grantha ne apane prathama vibhAga ( brahmakANDa) meM likhA hai ki kAya, vANI evaM buddhi meM jo mala (doSa) upasthita hote haiM ve vaidyaka ( cikitsA), vyAkaraNa (lakSaNa) evaM adhyAtma-zAstra dvArA dUra kiye jA sakate haiN| isake uparAnta isane mahAbhASya kI prazaMsA meM likhA hai'alabdhagAdha gAmbhIryAduttAna iva sauSThavAt' (vAkyapadIya 2 / 485), jisa para TIkAkAra ne TippaNI kI hai ki brahmatatus ke zloka meM mahAbhASya kA lekhaka prazaMsita hai aura dUsare zloka meM svayaM bhASya kI prazaMsA / isase prakaTa hotA hai ki TIkAkAra ke mata se vAkyadIya ne vaidyaka, vyAkaraNa evaM adhyAtma ( arthAt yoga ) zAstroM ko pataJjali dvArA likhita mAnA hai / 10. pAtaJjala - mahAbhASya carakapratisaMskRtaiH / manovAkkAyadoSANAM hartre'hipataye namaH // caraka kI TIkA kA Arambhika zloka / isI prakAra kA dUsarA zloka hai-- yogena cittasya padena vAcA malaM zarIrasya ca vaidyakena / yospAkarottaM pravaraM munInAM pataJjaliM prAJjalirAnato'smi // vijJAnabhikSu ke yoga vArtika meM ullikhita / 11. vedavidveda bhagavAn vedAGgAni bRhaspatiH / bhArgavo nItizAstraM ca jagAda jagato hitam // gAndhavaM nArado vedaM bharadvAjo dhanurgraham / devarSi caritaMgArgyaH kRSNAtreyazcikitsitam / nyAyatantrANyanekAni taistairuktAni vAdibhiH // zAnti0 (203 / 18 - 20, citrazAlA 210 / 20- 22 ) / 12. cikitsitaM yacca cakAra nAtriH pazcAttadAtreya RSirjagAda // buddhacarita ( 1150 ) / azvaghoSa ko IsA ke pazcAt dUsarI zatI kA mAnA jAtA hai / 13. kAyavAgbuddhiviSayA ye malAH samavasthitAH / cikitsA -lakSaNAdhyAtmazAstrasteSAM vizuddhayaH // vAkyapadIya (1 / 148); alabdhagAdhe gAmbhIryAdutAna iva sauSThavAt / vAkyapadIya ( 20485 ) ; tadevaM brahmakANDe 'kAyavAgbuddhiviSayA ye malAH - ityAdizlokena bhASyakAraprazaMsA uktA, iha caiva bhASyaprazaMseti zAstrasya zAstrakartuzca TIkAkutA mahatoparvANatA / helArAja kI TIkA /

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vita haiN| 254 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yadi yaha mAnA jAya ki yogasUtra evaM mahAbhASya ke lekhaka bhinna vyakti haiM, to yaha mAnane ke lie hamAre pAsa koI spaSTa tarka nahIM hai ki yogasUtra ke lekhaka kI tithi IsA ke pazcAt dUsarI yA tIsarI zatI ke uparAnta kI hai| yogasUtra kI tithi kI jAnakArI ke lie vyAsa ke yogabhASya kI tithi adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| kintu yogabhASya kI tithi kA prazna bhI vivAdAspada hai| yogabhASya ke racayitA vyAsa mahAbhArata ke vyAsa se vAcaspati mizra jaise Arambhika TIkAkAroM ke matAnusAra yogasUtra ke lekhaka pataJjali kahe gaye haiN| una pataJjali ke kAla aura pANini-vyAkaraNa ke vArtikalekhaka evaM usa para likhe gaye mahAbhASya lekhaka pataJjali kI samAnurUpatA ke viSaya meM mahattvapUrNa prazna uThate haiN| vaiyAkaraNa pataJjali sAmAnyataH I0 pU0 lagabhaga 150 meM vartamAna kahe jAte haiM / isI se yogasUtra kI tithi ke lie samAnurUpatA kA prazna mahattvapUrNa ho jAtA hai| kucha vidvAn, yathApro0 bI0 lAivikha, DA0 hAvara evaM pro0 dAsagupta donoM pataJjaliyoM ko eka hI mAnate haiM, kintu kucha anya vidvAn, yathA-jaikobI, kItha, vuDsa, renau isa mata ke viruddha haiN| pro0 renau (iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTaralI, jilda 16, pR. 586-561) ne isa prazna para vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se prakAza DAlA hai aura kahA hai ki 'pratyAhAra', 'upasarga', 'pratyaya' ke samAna yogasUtra meM kucha aise zabda haiM jo mahAbhASya dvArA nirdhArita arthoM se bhinna haiM / kintu donoM granthoM ke viSaya bhinna haiM, eka hI prakAra ke zabda vibhinna artha rakha sakate haiN| isI prakAra pro0 renau vyAkaraNa-sambandhI niyamoM ke ullaMghana kI bAta bhI kahate haiM (yogasUtra 1134 meM), jaba ki mahAbhASya ke pataJjali pANini ke niyamoM ke paripAlana meM bar3e kaThora haiM (svayaM pANini ne kahIM-kahIM apane niyamoM kA pAlana nahIM kiyA hai, yathA-114155 evaM 2 / 2 / 15) / kintu bAta aisI nahIM hai / pataJjali ne bhI 'avyavikanyAya' ke sthAna para 'aviravika nyAya' prayoga kiyA hai, jisake lie unakI AlocanA kI gayI hai| aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki yogasUtra ne hI sarvaprathama yoga ke paribhASika zabdoM ko nizcita kara diyA thaa| yoga ke pAribhASika zabda upaniSad-kAla se hI vikasita ho rahe the aura pataJjali ne unheM unhIM arthoM meM prayukta kiyA jo kaI zatiyoM se prayoga meM cale A rahe the / pro0 reno ne yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki yogasUtra mahAbhASya se kaI zatiyoM uparAnta likhA gyaa| jaikobI ne yogasUtra ko pA~cavIM zatI kI racanA mAnA hai (je0 e0 o0 es0, jilda 31, pR0 1-26) aura gArve ke anusaraNa meM aisA socA hai ki vyAsabhASya sambhavataH 7vIM zatI meM praNIta haa| jvAlAprasAda ne jaikobI kI AlocanA kI hai (je0 Ara0 e0 esa0, 1630, pR0 365-375) / prastuta lekhaka renau evaM jaikobI ke matoM ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| yogamASya kI tithi kA yogasatra kI tithi se gaharA sambandha hai| yogabhASya se patA calatA hai ki nagara paryApta sAhityika kriyAe~ evaM pratikriyAe~ haI thiiN| isane yogasatra (2155 evaM 3318) para jaigISavya kA ullekha kiyA hai, aura jaMgISavya kA mahAbhArata meM mahattvapUrNa ullekha hai, jaisA ki hamane isI adhyAya meM pahale hI dekha liyA hai| aura dekhie usa asita devala kA vattAnta, jisake sAtha jaigISavya, bhikSa evaM yoga meM dakSa ke rUpa meM varSoM se (zalya-parva, adhyAya 50) / yaha avalokanIya hai ki eka hI sUtra kI kaI vyAkhyAe~ bhASya meM pAyI jAtI haiM (yathA 2155 pr)| yogasUtra meM vivecita katipaya viSayoM para zlokoM evaM kArikAoM ko yogabhASya ne uddhRta kiyA hai, yathA-1128.48: 215, 28 (vivekakhyAti ke 6 kAraNa), 2 / 32, 3 / 6, 3315 (aparidRSTa koTi ke sAta cittadharmoM pr)| isake atirikta bhASya meM katipaya gadyAtmaka uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM, jinameM bahuta-se vAcaspati dvArA paJcazikha-kRta kahe gaye haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki yogasUtra evaM bhASya meM kaI zatiyoM kA antara hai| bhASya ne yogasUtra (2 / 42) para 'tathA coktam' ke sAtha eka zloka uddhRta, kiyA hai, jo zAnti-parva ke eka zloka (171151, 177151 citrazAlA presa) se milatA hai / yaha asambhava-sA pratIta hotA hai ki koI lekhaka apane kisI prastAva ke samarthana meM apane kisI anya grantha se tarka upasthita kre| isake atirikta yogabhASya (yo0 sa0 MhA

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 255 1 / 28) ne eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai jo viSNupurANa (6 / 6 / 2) kA hai / vidyamAna purANoM meM viSNupurANa Arambhika purANoM meM parigaNita hai aura vaha tIsarI zatI ke Asa-pAsa kI racanA kahA jA sakatA hai, isake pazcAt nhiiN| ata: yogabhASya, jo mahAbhArata evaM viSNupurANa ko uddhRta karatA hai, cauthI zatI kI racanA kahA jA sakatA hai| isI se yogasUtra ko hama dUsarI yA tIsarI zatI ke pazcAt kA nahIM mAna skte| yadyapi prastuta lekhaka ke mata se vaha yoga, jisakA khaNDana ve0 sU0 (2 / 1 / 3) meM huA hai, yogasUtra kA nahIM hai, pratyuta vaha zAntiparva vAlA hai, tathApi yogasUtra kA kAla I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI ke pUrva rakhanA saMbhava nahIM hai| na-kevala kucha upaniSadoM ne yoga kI paddhati evaM vyavahAroM (AcaraNoM) para prakAza DAlA hai, pratyuta mahAbhArata ne bhI yoga-sambandhI viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| yahA~ kucha udAharaNa upasthita kiye jAte haiM / zAnti0 (adhyAya 232, 241 citrazAlA presa saMskaraNa) meM aisA AyA hai ki yoga ke mArga meM kAma, krodha, lobha, bhaya evaM svapna (nidrA) pA~ca doSa pAye jAte haiN| isake uparAnta usameM ina doSoM ke zamana ke upAya bhI batAye gaye haiN| isa adhyAya meM eka mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha kahI gayI hai ki hIna varNa kA puruSa yA nArI bhI dharmAnukUla AcaraNa karane se isa mArga (yoga) ke dvArA parama lakSya kI prApti kara sakatA hai (zAnti0 232 // 32) / isI adhyAya meM (zloka 25) yogAbhyAsa ke lie yogI ke nivAsa kA ullekha hai, aise parvata evaM guphAe~, jahA~ koI na rahatA ho, mandira, sUne ghara, jisase ki ekAgratA sthApita ho ske| yogI ko apanI prazaMsA yA nindA karane vAloM ko samAna dRSTi se dekhanA cAhie aura kisI para acchA yA burA prabhAva DAlane kA prayAsa nahIM karanA caahie| zAnti ke adhyAya 286 (zloka 37) ne 'dhAraNA' kA ullekha kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki vaha yogI, jisane AdhyAtmika zakti prApta kara lI hai, apane ko sahasroM zarIroM meM sthAnAntarita kara sakatA hai aura una zarIroM ke mAdhyama se isa vizva meM mamaNa kara sakatA hai, aura yaha yoga-mArga vijJa brAhmaNoM ke lie bhI durgama hai, isa para koI saralatApUrvaka nahIM cala sakatA; koI vyakti chure kI tIkSNa dhAra para bhale hI khar3A ho jAya kintu yoga-dharma ke anusAra calanA unake lie, jinakA AtmA pavitra nahIM hai, kaThina hai|5 zAntiparva (304 / 1) meM aisA AyA hai ki sAMkhya ke samAna koI 14. yogadoSAn samucchiya paJca yAn kavayo viduH| kAmaM krodhaM ca lobhaM ca bhayaM svapnaM ca pnycmm|| krodhaM zamena jayati kAmaM saMkalpavarjanAt / sattvasaMvedanAddhIro nidrAmucchettumarhati // apramAdAd bhayaM jahyAllobhaM prajJopasevanAt / zAnti0 (232 / 4-7) / zAnti0 (286, 301 citrazAlA) meM bhISma evaM yudhiSThira kA saMvAda hai jisameM pAMca doSa kucha bhinna DhaMga se rakhe gaye haiM, yathA-rAgaM mohaM tathA snehaM kAmaM krodhaM ca kevalam / yogAcchittvAdito doSAnpaJcaitAna prApnuvanti tat // (zloka 11) / 260veM adhyAya meM pAMca doSa yoM haiMkAmakrodhau bhayaM nidrA paJcamaH zvAsa ucyte| ete doSAH zarIreSu dRzyante sarvadehinAm // una para niyantraNa karane ke upAya vaise hI haiM jaise adhyAya 232 meM, kintu zvAsa ke viSaya meM aisA AyA hai-'chindanti paJcamaM zvAsa ladhvAhAratayA nRpa' (55) / milAie Apa0 dha0 sU0 (1 / 8 / 23 // 3-6) / 15. AtmanAM ca sahasrANi bahUni bharatarSabha / yogI kuryAbalaM prApya taizca sarvemahI caret // zAnti (28626) / zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sa0 1 / 3 / 27) ne ise smRtivAkya samajhakara uddhata kiyA hai aura TippaNI ko hai 'smRtirapi... evaM jAtIyakA prAptANimAdyaizvaryANAM yoginAmapi yugapadanekazarIrayogaM darzayati / ' durgastveSa mataH panthA brAhmaNAnAM vipazcitAm / na kazcid vrajati hyasmin kSemeNa bharatarSabha // sustheyaM kSuradhArAsu nizitAsu mahIpate / dhAraNAsu tu yogasya duHstheyamakRtAtmabhiH // zAnti0 286050 evaM 54 / milAie 'kSurasya dhArA nizitA kuratyayA durga pathastat kavayo vadanti / ' kaThopa0 (3 / 14) /

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251 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jJAna nahIM hai aura yoga ke samAna koI AdhyAtmika zakti nahIM hai| isane punaH kahA hai ki yoga ATha prakAra (zloka 7) kA hotA hai; aura zloka 6 meM dhAraNA evaM prANAyAma kA ullekha hai| Azvamedhikaparva (16 / 17) meM sambhavata: pratyAhAra kI ora saMketa hai| bhagavadgItA evaM yogasUtra meM vilakSaNa samAnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai|17 udAharaNArtha, yogasUtra meM yoga kI paribhASA hai ki cittavRtti kA nirodha hI yoga hai| milAie gItA (6 / 20) / gItA yogI ko aparigrahI banane ke lie bala detI hai (6 / 10) aura yogasUtra (2 / 30) meM aparigraha pA~ca yamoM meM parigaNita hai| isI prakAra vaha Asana yA sthAna, jahA~ yogI ko abhyAsa karanA hotA hai, sthira aura ArAmadAyaka honA cAhie (yogasUtra), yahI bAta gItA bistAra se kahatI hai / 8 / 12 meM gItA ne yogadhAraNA kA ullekha kiyA hai / gItA 6 / 25 meM AyA hai ki mana vAstava meM asthira hotA hai, use saMyamita karanA bar3A kaThina hai, kintu abhyAsa evaM vairAgya se use niyantraNa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| yahI bAta yogasUtra (1112) ne bhI kahI hai aura inhIM do sAdhanoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| gItA (5 / 4-6) kA kathana hai ki ajJa loga hI sAMkhya evaM yoga ko bhinna mAnate haiM, kintu jo inameM se kisI eka kA Azraya letA hai vaha donoM dvArA udghATita phala kI prApti karatA hai, aura jo donoM ko samAna samajhatA hai, vaha satyAvalokana karatA hai / yahAM para 'sAMkhya' kA artha hai 'saMnyAsa' aura 'yoga' kA artha hai 'karmayoga' / pataJjali ke yogasUtra ne kahIM bhI vizva ke vikAsa kI yojanA para spaSTa rUpa se prakAza nahIM DAlA hai| kintu isameM paryApta sAmagrI hai, jisake AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki yaha sAMkhya-paddhati ke kucha siddhAntoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, yathA-pradhAna kA siddhAnta, tIna guNa evaM unakI vizeSatAe~, AtmA kA svarUpa evaM kaivalya (antima mukti meM AtmA kI sthiti)| yaha bAta yogasUtra ke kucha nirdezoM se sthApita kI jA sakatI hai| yo0 sU0 (3 / 48) ne indriyoM ke nirodha se utpanna hue phaloM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM eka hai pradhAnajaya (vizva ke prathama kAraNa pradhAna kA jItanA, jaisA ki sAMkhya ne kahA hai) / yogasUtra ne kahIM bhI pradhAna evaM isake vikAsa yA udbhava kI carcA nahIM kI hai |at: aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki sAMkhya ne pradhAna ke viSaya meM jo kahA hai, yoga use jyoM-kA-tyoM svIkAra kara letA hai / 8 AtmA ke viSaya meM yogasUtra kA kathana hai-'zuddha cetana 16. milAie 'svaviSayAsaMprayoge cittasvarUpAnukAra ivendriyANAM pratyAhAraH / ' yogasUtra (2054); aura dekhie zAnti0 232|13-'mnsshcendriyaannaaN ca kRtvakAyyaM smaahitH| prAgnAtrApararAtreSu dhArayanmana AtmanA / 17. yogshcittvRttinirodhH| yogasUtra (22); milAie giitaa--(6|20) yatroparamate cittaM niruddhaM yogasevayA; sthirasukhamAsanam / yogasUtra (2046); milAie gItA 6 / 11-12 zucau deze pratiSThApya sthirmaasnmaatmnH| nAtyucchritaM nAtinIcaM cailAjinakuzottaram // ... samaM kAyazirogrIvaM dhArayannacalaM sthiraH / asaMzayaM mahAbAho mano dunigrahaM calam / abhyAsena tu kaunteya vairAgyeNa ca gRhyate // gItA 6 / 35; milAie 'abhyAsavairAgyAbhyAM tnnirodhH|' yogasUtra 1 / 12 / 18. tato manojavitvaM vikaraNAbhAvaH pradhAnajayazca / yo0 sU0 (3 / 48) / ye tIna pUrNatAeM haiN| 'pradhAnajaya' ke viSaya meM vyAsabhASya yoM hai-sarvaprakRtivikAravazitvaM... prdhaanjyH| iti etAstisraH siddhayo madhupratIkA ucyante / '

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 257 sAmarthya ke rUpa meM draSTA ( puruSa ) pAyA jAtA hai" aura yadyapi vaha zuddha hai ( arthAt parivartanahIna, yA doSarahita ) tathApi pratIta hotA hai mAno vaha sabhI anubhUtiyoM kA draSTA hai ( jo kevala buddhi se hI sambhava hai ) / ' sattva, raja evaM tama nAmaka tIna guNoM kI vizeSatAe~ spaSTa evaM saMkSipta DhaMga se yogasUtra evaM sAM0 kA0 (13) meM dI huI haiM / 20 aisA kahA gayA hai--' jo dRzya hai vaha prakAza ( sattva), kriyA ( raja) evaM sthiti arthAt pramAda yA Alasya ( tama) ke rUpa meM hai, yahI tattvoM evaM indriyoM kA sAra hai aura isakA astitva AtmA ko anubhava pradAna karane evaM mukti prApta karane ke uddezya se hai / ' guNoM kA bahudhA ullekha huA hai, yathA yo0 sU0 (1)16, 4 / 13, 32, 34 ) evaM sattvaguNa ( yo0 sU0 2441, 3 / 35, 46 evaM 55 ) / yo0 sU0 ne tIna pramANoM kI bAta uThAyI hai ( 17 ), kintu unakI paribhASA nahIM kI gayI, sAMkhyakArikA ( 4 - 6 ) ne tInoM kA ullekha kiyA hai evaM paribhASAe~ kI haiN| ve donoM AtmA kI anekatA ko svIkAra karate haiN| yaha draSTavya hai ki vyAsabhASya ( yogasUtra ) meM sAMkhya-siddhAntoM kI bharamAra hai aura usameM vAcaspati ke anusAra paJcazikha kA ullekha bAraha bAra tathA SaSTitatra kA ullekha eka bAra huA hai / yadyapi yoga ne sAMkhya ke kucha maulika siddhAntoM ko svIkAra kara liyA hai, tathApi donoM meM kucha antara bhI hai / sAMkhyA meM Izvara ko sthAna nahIM prApta hai, kintu yoga meM Izvara ke astitva kI bAta pAyI jAtI hai (yo0 sU0 1123 - 26 ), yadyapi vaha kevala gauNa rUpa meM hI pratiSThApita hai aura sambhavataH yaha kevala sarvasAdhAraNa ke vizvAsa para hI AdhArita hai, kyoMki yogasUtra ne kahIM bhI spaSTa rUpa se yaha nahIM kahA hai ki Izvara vizva kA sraSTA hai; vaha jo kucha kahatA hai vaha yaha hai ki usameM sarvocca sarvajJatA pAyI jAtI hai / vaha Adi RSiyoM kA AcArya hai aura 'om' ke japa evaM usa para dhyAna lagAne se yogI AtmA ke satya svarUpa kA jJAna prApta karatA hai| sAMkhya evaM yoga donoM meM paramArtha hai kaivalya (sAM0 kA0 64, 68 evaM yogasUtra 3 50, 55 evaM 434 ), kintu sAMkhya samyak jJAna ke atirikta kisI anya anuzAsana kI vyavasthA nahIM karatA, arthAt vaha AdhyAtmika evaM bauddhika hai / kintu yoga ne isa viSaya meM eka vizada mAnasa anuzAsana kI vyavasthA kI hai, kevala jJAna kI apekSA abhyAsa evaM prayAsa ko adhika mahattva evaM pradhAnatA dI hai tathA prANAyAma evaM dhyAna para vizeSa bala diyA hai / sAMkhya ne AtmA uddhAra evaM janma se chuTakArA (mukti) pAne ke lie puruSa evaM prakRti ( yA guNa) evaM donoM ke antara ko bhalI bhAMti samajha lenA paryApta mAnA hai, kintu yoga, dUsarI ora, kevala isa dArzanika sarala mAnasika sthiti taka pahu~ca jAne para hI santoSa nahIM karatA, pratyuta vaha icchA evaM saMvegoM ke kramabaddha prazikSaNa evaM saMyamana para bala detA hai / sAMkhya evaM yoga donoM meM pratyeka AtmA nitya hai aura vyakti kI niyati hai prakRti evaM usake vibhinna svarUpoM se mukti pAnA tathA sadaiva vahI ( arthAt zuddha svarUpa meM) banA rahanA / yahIM 16. draSTA dRzimAtraH zuddho'pi pratyayAnupazyaH / yo0 sU0 (2 / 20 ) ; vyAsabhASya meM AyA hai - ' pratyayAnupazyo yataH pratyayaM bauddhamanupazyati / tamanupazyannatadAtmApi tadAtmaka iva pratyavabhAsate / ' milAie sAMkhyakArikA ( 16 ) -- tasmAcca viparyAsAtsiddhaM sAkSitvamasya puruSasya / kaivalyaM mAdhyasthaM draSTRtvamakarta bhAvazca // 20. prakAza - kriyA-sthitizIlaM bhUtendriyAtmakaM bhogApavargArthaM dRzyam / yo0 sU0 ( 2018 ) ; prakAzIlaM sattvaM kriyAzIlaM rajaH sthitizIlaM tama iti / ete guNAH pradhAnazabdavAcyA bhavanti / etad dRzyamityucyate / vyAsabhASya, milAie sAM0 kA0 (13) sattvaM laghu ... / 33

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa para donoM advaita vedAnta se pRthak haiN| advaita vedAnta ke anusAra AtmA kI antima niyati hai usI eka brahma meM samAhita yA nimagna ho jAnA / / eka anya bAta para vicAra karanA hai| yAjJavalkyasmRti meM yAjJavalkya ne kahA hai ki hRdaya meM dIpaka ke samAna prakAzita hote hue AtmA kI anubhUti kI jAnI cAhie, isa anubhUti se AtmA kA punarjanma nahIM hotaa| yAjJavalkya ne itanA aura jor3a diyA hai ki yoga kI prApti ke lie manaSya ko vaha AraNyaka21 samajhanA cAhie jise 'maiMne sUrya se prApta kiyA, tathA mere dvArA udghoSita yogazAstra samajhanA caahie|' karmapurANa meM AyA hai ki yAjJavalkya ne yogazAstra kA praNayana kiyA aura aisA karane ke lie unheM bhagavAn hara ke dvArA Adeza prApta huA thaa| viSNupurANa (4 / 4 / 107) meM ullikhita hai ki hiraNyanAbha ne jaimini ke ziSya tathA mahAn yogIzvara yAjJavalkya se yoga kA jJAna prApta kiyaa| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (2 / 4) meM yAjJavalkya apanI patnI maitreyI (jo amaratva kI ora unmukha thI tathA jise bhautikatA se kisI prakAra kA la gAva athavA moha nahIM thA) se yahI kahate haiM ki ve use amaratva ke mArga kI vyAkhyA batAyeMge aura prathama vAkya meM hI ve usase 'nididhyAsa' (arthAt dhyAna) prApta karane evaM abhyAsa karane kI bAta batAte haiM aura unake prathama vyAkhyAna kA prathama bhAga isa prakAra smaraNIya zabdoM ke sAtha pUrA hotA hai-'AtmA vA are draSTavyaH zrotavyo mantavyo nididhyAsitavyaH' (bR0 upa0 2 / 4 / 5) / yAjJavalkya dvArA praNIta yogazAstra ke grantha kA kyA tAtparya hai, yaha abhI vivAdAspada hI hai| yAjJavalkyasmati ke atirikta tIna anya grantha haiM, jo yAjJavalkya se sambandhita haiM, yatha vRddha-yAjJavalkya, yoga-yAjJavalkya evaM bRhad-yogi-yAjJavalkya / antima grantha meM mahAn yogI yAjJavalkya, gArmI tathA anya muniyoM evaM vidvAn brAhmaNoM ke bIca huI bAtacIta kA vivaraNa hai| yAjJavalkya ne jo kucha brahmA se prApta kiyA hai athavA par3hA hai, use sunAyA hai| zUlapANi kI dIpakalikA (yAjJa0 3 / 110 para) meM kahA gayA hai ki 'yogazAstra' 'yogi-yAjJavalkya' hI hai| kintu yaha bAta abhI saMdigdha hai| sthAnAbhAva se ha nahIM kaha skeNge| vAstava meM, 'yogi-yAjJavalkya' usa granthakAra kA grantha nahIM ho sakatA jisane bahadAraNya yogazAstra (jaisA ki yAjJa0 3 / 110 meM varNita hai) tathA yAjJavalkyasmRti kA praNayana kiyA hai / bR0 upa0 (2 / 4 / 1 evaM 4|51-yaajnyvlkysy dve bhArye babhUvatuma treyI ca kAtyAyanI ca) meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se AyA hai ki yAjJavalkya kI do patniyA~ thIM, jinameM eka thI maitreyI, jisakA jhakAva darzana athavA adhyAtma-zAstra kI ora thA aura dUsarI thI kAtyAyanI, jo sAMsArika moha meM saMlagna thii| maitreyI amaratva kI prApti ke jJAna ke pIche par3I huI thI aura vaha jitane prazna pUchatI hai una sabhI meM vaha yAjJavalkya ko 'bhagavAn' kahatI hai 21. jJeyaM cAraNyakamahaM yadAdityAdavAptavAn / yogazAstraM ca matproktaM zeyaM yogamabhIpsatA ||yaajny0 (3 / 110); yAjJavalkyo mahAyogI dRSTvAtra tapasA haram / cakAra tanniyogena kAyazAstramanuttamam // kUrma0 (1 // 25 // 44) / ehyAssva vyAkhyAsyAmi te vyAcakSANasya tu me nididhyAsasveti |...aatmaa vA are draSTavyaH zrotavyo mantavyo nididhyAsitavyaH / baha0 upa0 (2 / 2 / 4-5) / milAie bR0 upa0 (4 / 5 / 5-6), ve0 sU0 (4 / 1 / 1), chA0 upa0 (871): 'ya AtmApahatapApmA...so'nveSTavyaH sa vijijnyaasitvyH|' yaha sambhava hai ki yAjJa0 (33110) eka prArambhika kSepaka ho / kintu vizvarUpa se calakara Age ke sabhI TIkAkAra isa uddharaNa ko saccA mAnate Aye haiM, ise yAjJa0 smR0 kA eka abhinna evaM zuddha aMga mAna lenA hogA, jaba taka ki isake virodha meM koI anya sAkSya na mila jaay|

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 256 (vR0 upa0 2 / 4 / 3 / 13, 4 / 5 / 4,14) , kahIM bhI kevala 'yAjJavalkya' nAma nahIM sambodhita huA hai| dUsarI ora bRha0 upa0 meM gArgI ko vAnavanavI (3 / 6 / 1, 3 / 811 evaM 12) kahA gayA hai, vaha yAjJavalkya kI patnI nahIM hai, pratyuta vaha eka pragalbha evaM bauddhika nArI hai jise hama janaka kI rAjasabhA meM upasthita azvala, AtaMbhAga, bhujya lAhyAyani, upasta cAkrAyaNa, kahor3a ke samAna hI jijJAsu nAriyoM meM ginate haiN| gArgI ne anya logoM ke samAna hI yAjJavalkya ke brahmiSTha hone ke adhikAra para virodha prakaTa kiyA thaa| bR0 upa0 (3 / 6 / 1) meM AyA hai ki jaba gArgI apanI vitarkanA ko aura Age bar3hA le jAtI hai to yAjJavalkya usakI bhartsanA karate haiM aura kahate haiM ki yadi vaha usI prakAra tarka kA Azraya letI calI jAyegI to usakA sira bhramita ho jaayegaa| anya praznakartA yAjJavalkya ko binA bhagavAn kI upAdhi ke pukArate haiM aura gArgI bhI aisA hI kahatI hai (bR0 upa0 3 / 6 / 1, 3 / 8 / 2-6) / yAjJavalkyasmRti (3 / 110) evaM bR0 upa0 ke anusAra yogazAstra evaM smRti donoM eka hI vyakti kI kRtiyA~ haiM ( usa yAjJavalkya kI, jisakI do patniyA~ thIM, maitreyI evaM kAtyAyanI) aura usa vyakti kI jisake sAtha gArgI vAcaknavI kA dArzanika zAstrArtha haA thaa| yoga-yAjJa0 ke sampAdaka zrI pI0 sI0 dIvAnajI ne gArgI ko yAjJavalkya kI patnI kahA hai|22 bR0 upa0 ne kevala do patniyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu aba prazna uThatA hai kyA yAjJavalkya kI tIna patniyA~ thI? zrI pI0 sI0 dIvAnajI ne isa bhArI prazna ko kucha halakA kara diyA hai aura kahA hai ki gArgI kA eka anya nAma maMtreyI bhI thaa| hamArA sambandha yahA~ para yoga-siddhAnta se nahIM hai, pratyuta isa prazna se hai ki kyA hama usa grantha ko, jo yAjJavalkya kA likhA huA kahA gayA hai aura jisameM gArgI ko prAcIna yAjJavalkya kI patnI kahA gayA hai (jaba ki upaniSada use kevala eka pragalbha yA vAcAla nArI ke rUpa meM prakaTa karatI hai), usI yAjJavalkya kA likhA haA mAne jisane bR0 upa0 meM brahmavidyA kI udghoSaNA kI hai aura jo yAjJavalkyasmRti kA bhI praNetA kahA gayA hai, athavA nahIM ? yaha eka aisI sthiti hai jo yoga-yAjJavalkya (jisakI ora zrI dIvAnjI ne saMketa kiyA hai) ko mAtra managaDhanta siddha karatI hai| yadi samAnarUpatA kI vAstavikatA thI to zloka meM binA kisI mAtrA bhAva ke 'maitreyyAkhyA mahAbhAgA' par3hA jA sakatA thaa| ata: yaha mAnanA sambhava nahIM jaMcatA ki yoga-yAjJavalkya vahI yogazAstra hai jise yAjJavalkya ne apane nAma vAlI smRti ke pUrva racA thA / kucha anya bAteM bhI kahI jA sakatI haiN| zrI dIvAnajI dvArA sampAdita grantha ne tantroM (5 // 10) evaM tAntrikoM (8 / 4 evaM 25) kA ullekha kiyA hai / kintu yAjJavalkyasmRti ne ina donoM kA kahIM bhI koI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai pratyuta usameM kahIM bhI tAntrika zabdoM yA praNAlI kA ullekha nahIM haA hai| ata: zrI dIvAnajI dvArA sampAdita yoga 22. yogayAjJa0 (116-7) meM AyA hai-tamevaM guNasampannaM nArINAmuttamA vadhUH / maitreyI ca mahAbhAgA gArgI ca brahmavidvarA // sabhAmadhyagatA ceyamRSINAmugnatejasAm / praNamya daNDavad bhUmau gAryetad vAkyamabravIt // yahA~ do 'ca' draSTavya haiM, jo sAmAnyataH yaha vyakta kareMge ki maitreyo evaM gArgI bhinna haiN| aisA tarka kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yAjJavalkya se par3ha lene ke uparAnta (bR0 upa0 meM jaisA AyA hai) maitreyI vahA~ (sabhA meM) upasthita thI, kintu vAda-vivAda meM koI bhAga nahIM liyA, kevala gArgI ne hI praznoM kI bauchAra kI thii| adhyAya 1 ke zloka 6 meM maitreyI ke lie 'uttamA vadhUH' tathA gArgI ke lie 'mahAbhAgA' evaM brahmavidvarA' kA prayoga huA hai| kintu 1143 evaM 415 meM gArgo ko yAjJa0 ko bhAryA kahA gayA hai aura use "priye' (47) evaM varArohe' Adi zabdoM se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai|

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260 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yAjJavalkya, yAjJa0 smati ke praNayana ke bahuta kAla uparAnta, sambhavata: 8vIM zatI meM yA aura calakara jaba ki tAntrika kriyAe~ evaM grantha prakAza meM A cake the likhA gayA hogaa| eka anya bAta bhI vicAraNIya hai| yAjJavalkyasmRti evaM yoga-yAjJavalkya (dIvAnajI dvArA sampAdita) meM dasa yamoM evaM dasa niyamoM kA ullekha hai, kintu donoM grantha nAmollekha meM eka dUsare se mela nahIM khAte, jaisA ki pAdaTippaNI se patA cala jAyagA / 23 vibhinna granthoM meM yamoM evaM niyamoM kI saMkhyA meM antara pAyA jAtA hai, kintu yadi yAjJaH smR0 evaM yogayAjJa0 ke lekhaka eka hI haiM to ina dasa nAmoM meM koI antara nahIM pAyA jAnA cAhie thaa| ata: yAjJa0 smR0 evaM yoga-yAza0 ke granthakAra alaga-alaga haiM / hameM isake lie koI pramANa nahIM prApta hotA ki yoga-yAjJavalkya 8vIM yA 6vIM zatI ke pUrva hue the| zrI dIvAnajI dvArA 'bRhadyogi-yAjJavalkya evaM yoga-yAjJavalkya ke viSaya meM eka nibandha prastuta kiyA gayA hai (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0. jilda 34.1153. pa01-26; bhamikA-yoga-yAjJa0, je0bI0bI0 Ara0 e0 em0, jilda 38 evaM 36, pR0 103-106) aura svAmI kuvalayAnanda ne usa nibandha kA uttara diyA hai (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 37, 1657, pR0 257-286; yogamImAMsA , jilda 7, saM0 2, pRthak rUpa se prakAzita 1658) / viSayAntara ho jAne ke bhaya se anya mata-matAntara yahA~ nahIM diye jA rahe haiN| zrI dIvAnajI tathA svAmI kuvalayAnanda ke matoM meM gaharA matabheda hai| zvetAzvataropaniSad ke bhASya meM, jo zaMkarAcArya kA kahA jAtA hai24, sAr3he cAra zloka yogi-yAjJaH se uddhata haiM, jinameM koI bhI bRhadyogi-yAjJa0 yA yoga-yAjJa0 meM nahIM pAyA jAtA / zvetAzvataropaniSad (216) kI vyAkhyA meM bhASya ne yoga para 26 zloka uddhRta kiye haiM, kintu vahA~ na to kisI grantha kA aura na kisI granthakAra kA nAmollekha huA hai| zrI dIvAnajI ke saMskaraNa meM eka bhI zloka pUrNarUpeNa uddhRta nahIM hai, unhoMne 5 yA 6 zloka yoga-yAjJa0 se uddha ta kiye haiM tathA bR0 upa0 (8 / 32) kA eka zloka bhASya meM uddhata hai / yaha jJAtavya hai ki aparArka evaM smRticandrikA ne kula milAkara lagabhaga 100 zloka yogI (yA yoga)-yAjJavalkya se uddha ta kiye haiM jo kevala bahadyogi-yAjJavalkya meM pAye jAte haiM, kintu yoga-yAjJavalkya meM nahIM / kRtyakalpataru (kevala mokSakANDa hI) ne lagabhaga 70 zloka yogi-yAjJa0 se liye haiM jo bRhadyogi-yAjJa0 ke adhyAya 2, 8, 6 23. brahmacarya dayA zAntirdAnaM satyamakalkatA / ahiMsA steyamAdhurye damazceti yamAH smRtAH // snAnaM maunopvaasejyaasvaadhyaayopsthnigrhaaH| niyamA guruzuzrUSA zaucAkrodhapramAdatAH // yAjJa0 3 / 312-313; milAie ahiMsA satyamasteyaM brahmacarya dayArjavam / kSamA dhRtimitAhAraH zaucaM tvete yamA daza // tapaH santoSa AstikyaM dAnamIzvarapUjanam / siddhAntazravaNaM caiva hrImatizca japo vratam / ete tu niyamAH proktAstAMzca sarvAn pRthak pRthak // yogayAjJa0 (1150-51) / donoM meM viziSTa antara yoM hai yAjJa0 smR0 meM 'zauca' niyama hai jaba ki vahI yogayAjJa0 meM yama hai| anya antara apane Apa spaSTa haiN| 24. yaha bhASya zaMkarAcArya kA hai ; isa viSaya meM gaharA sandeha hai| brahmasUtra ke vizada bhASya meM zaMkarAcArya kisI purANa se nAma lekara koI uddharaNa nahIM dete, pratyuta 'iti purANe' kahakara kucha zlokoM kA udAharaNa dete haiN| kintu zvetAzvataropaniSad ke bhASya meM, kevala 76 mudrita pRSThoM meM 30 zloka brahmapurANa se, 30 zloka viSNupurANa se, lagabhaga 12 zloka liMgapurANa se tathA lagabhaga 6 zloka zivadharmottarapurANa se uddhata kiye gaye haiN| ,

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra evaM 11 meM pAye jAte haiM / zrI dIvAnajI apane sampAdita yoga-yAjJa0 meM uparyukta tInoM nibandhoM meM uddhata zloka nahIM dikhA sake haiN| zrI bhavatoSa bhaTaTAcArya ne apane nibandha (jarnala Ava gaMgAnAtha jhA risarca iMsTIcyUTa, jilda 15, 1658 I0, pR0 135-140) meM yaha darzAyA hai ki baMgAla ke rAjA ballAlasena (11581176 I0) ne apane dAnasAgara meM bahadyogi-yAjJa0 se bahuta-se uddharaNa liye haiM / lagatA hai, vizvarUpa (navIM zatI ke pUrvArdha meM) ne bahadyogi-yAjJa0 kA AdhA zloka uddhata kiyA hai ('prabhUte vidyamAne tu udake sumanohare' ) aura kahA hai ki yaha grantha yAjJavalkyasmati ke lekhaka dvArA praNIta hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki bahadyogiyAjJa0 bahuta prAcIna grantha hai aura vaha sAtavIM zatI ke pazcAt kA nahIM ho sakatA, jaba ki yogi-yAjJa0 hai aura use 8vIM yA vIM zatI meM rakha sakate haiN| prastuta lekhaka yaha mAnane ko sannaddha nahIM hai ki baDhadyogi-yAjJavalkya vahI yogazAstra hai jisakA ullekha yAjJavalkyasmati (3 / 110) meM yAjJavalkya ke yogazAstra ke rUpa meM huA hai, kyoMki usameM yoga-sambandhI sAmagrI utanI bhI nahIM hai jitanI ki smRti meM pAyI jAtI hai| yogavAsiSTa eka vizada grantha hai / isameM 32000 zloka (32 akSara kA anaSTapa) haiM / yaha nirNayasAgara presa dvArA do khaNDoM meM Anandabodha kI TIkA ke sAtha prakAzita haA hai| yaha eka samanvayavAdI grantha hai / 25 isameM anAsakti para gItA ke siddhAntoM, kazmIra ke trika paddhati ke siddhAntoM, advaita vedAnta Adi kA vivecana hai| isameM samaya-samaya para mizraNa hotA gayA hai| isake kAla evaM dArzanika mahattva para mata-matAntara haiN| prastuta lekhaka ke mata se yaha grantha 11vIM evaM 12vIM zatiyoM ke bIca meM kabhI likhA gayA hogA / 26 aba hama saMkSepa meM yogasUtra kI pramukha bAtoM kA ullekha kareMge / hama kevala atyanta mahattvapUrNa evaM upayogI viSayoM kA hI ullekha kareMge / yoga ko cittavRttiyoM kA nirodha kahA gayA hai, arthAt mana (citta) kI caMcalatAoM yA kriyAoM para svAmitva sthApana (niyantraNa) yA unako haTAnA (yo0 sU0--'yogazcittavRttinirodha:' 1 / 2) / ise vyAsa ne kucha kAla ke lie 'samAdhi' mAnA hai| mana kI vibhinna bhUmiyA~ pA~ca haiM, yathA--kSipta, mugdha (yA mUDha), vikSipta, ekAgra evaM niruddha / isI silasile meM svAmI kuvalayAnanda ke eka nibandha (yogamImAMsA, jilda 6, saMkhyA 4) kI ora saMketa kara denA Avazyaka hai / vyAsa Adi bhASyakAroM ne pAtaJjala-yogasUtra 3 / 2 ko isa prakAra par3hA hai--'sarvArthataikAgratayoH kSayodayau cittasya samAdhipariNAmaH / ' kintu svAmIjI ne ise azuddha mAnakara 25. yogavAsiSTha meM yoga para koI silasilevAra Alekhana nahIM hai, kevala yatra-tatra yoga para kucha TippaNiyA~ mAtra haiN| udAharaNArtha-upazamaprakaraNa (78 / 4) meM AyA hai-dvau kramau cittanAzasya yogo zAnaM ca rAghava / yogastavRttirodho hi jJAnaM samyagavekSaNam // 26. dekhie DA0 Atreya kA nibandha 'philaoNsaphI Ava yogavAsiSTha' (thiyosaoNphika pabliziMga hAusa, aDyAra, 1636), DA0 Atreya ke anusAra yogavAsiSTha 6ThI zatI kA hai| aura dekhie pro0 esa0 pI0 bhaTTAcArya (i0 hisTaoN0 kvArTarlo, jilda 24, pR0 201-212); DA0 DI0 sI0 sarakAra (vahI, jilda 25, pR0 132-134) Adi /

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262 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yoM par3hA hai27 'sarvArthatakArthayoH . . .' / unake anusAra bhUmiyA~ 6 haiM, aura chaThI bhUmi hai 'ekaarth'| isa bAta para gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra karanA hai| Azcarya to yaha hai ki isa kaThinAI para yogasUtra ke bhASyakAra vyAsa ne bhI dhyAna nahIM diyA / ata: niSkarSa para pahuMcane ke lie sAvadhAnI kI parama AvazyakatA hai| isa sUtra ne yoga ke lakSya kA ullekha kiyA hai, arthAt AtmA, jo draSTA hai, taba (jaba ki citta kI vRttiyA~ niyantrita rahatI haiM) apane rUpa meM avasthita hotA hai, java ki sAmAnya jIvana meM AtmA citta kI caJcalatAoM ke rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai / vRttiyA~ pA~ca haiM28, jinameM kucha kleza nAmaka bAdhAoM se abhibhUta rahatI haiM aura kucha isa prakAra bAdhita yA abhibhUta nahIM hotIM / jo bAdhita hotI haiM , una para svAmitva sthApita karanA hotA hai yA unheM haTAnA hotA hai aura anya vRttiyoM ko, jo isa prakAra bAdhita yA abhibhUta nahIM rahatIM, svIkAra karanA hotA hai / pA~ca vRttiyA~ isa prakAra haiM--pramANa (zuddha jJAna ke sAdhana), viparyaya (truTipUrNa dhAraNAe~), vikalpa, nidrA29 evaM smRti / pramANa tIna haiM--pratyakSa, anumAna evaM Agama (zAbdika sAkSya) / vRttiyoM para adhikAra 27. yogazcittavRttinirodhaH / tadA draSTuH svarUpe'vasthAnam / vRttisaaruupymitrtr| yo0 sU0 (12-4) / kucha anya granthoM dvArA upasthApita yoga-paribhASAoM ko bhI jAna lenA Avazyaka hai| viSayebhyo nivAbhiprete'rthe manaso'vasthApanaM yogaH / devala-dharmasUtra; vRttihInaM manaH kRtvA kSetrajhaM (jaH 5 // 1) paramAtmani / ekIkRtya vimucyeta yogoyaM mukhya ucyate // dakSasmRti (7.15); AtmaprayatnasApekSA viziSTA yA manogatiH / tasyA brahmaNi saMyogo yoga ityabhidhIyate // viSNupurANa (61731) / ina tInoM paribhASAoM ko aparArka (yAjJa0 33106, pR0 686) evaM kRtyakalpa0 (mokSa para pR0 165) ne uddha ta kiyA hai| svayaM aparArka ne kahA hai-'jIvaparamAtmanorabhedavijJAnaM viSayAntarAsambhinnaM yogH|' 28. vRttayaH paJcatayyaH klissttaaklissttaaH| pramANaviparyayavikalpanidrAsmatayaH / pratyakSAnumAnAgamAH pramANAni / ... abhAvapratyayAlambanA vRttinidrA / anubhUtaviSayAsaMpramoSaH smRtiH / yo0 saM0 125-7 evaM 10-11 / kleza (arthAt bAdhAe~ yA skAvarTa) pA~ca haiM-avidyA-asmitA-rAga-dveSa-abhinivezAH klezAH (yogasUtra 2 // 3) / isa para bhASya isa prakAra hai-seyaM paJcaparvA bhavatyavidyA avidyAsmitA. . . . nivezAH klezA iti| eta eva svasaMjJAbhistamo moho mahAmohastAmisro'ndhatAmila iti / avidyA ke pA~ca svarUpa haiM, yathA-avidyA Adi jo krama se moha. . . Adi kahe jAte haiN| vAcaspati ne ina pA~coM kI vyAkhyA kI hai| asmitA ke viSaya meM unakA kathana yoM hai-'yoginAmaSTasvaNimAdikeSvazvaryeSvazreyaHsu bhayobuddhiraSTavidho mohaH pUrvasmAjjaghanyaH / sa cAsmitocyate / buddhacarita (12 / 33) meM ye bhAvanAe~ pAyI jAtI haiM-ityavidyA hi vidvAMsaH paJcaparvA samIhate / tamo mohaM mahAmohaM tAmistradvayameva ca // vibhinna prakAra ke duHkhoM meM nimajjita manuSyoM ko ve kaSTa dete haiM isI lie unheM kleza kahA jAtA hai / 'avidyAdayaH klezAH kliznanti khalvamI puruSa sAMsArika vividhaduHkhaprahAreNeti' vAcaspati (yogasUtra 1124) / 26. yogabhASya (yogasUtra 1310) ke anusAra nidrA eka viziSTa bhAvAtmaka anubhUti (pratyaya) hai, yaha kevala mana kI kriyAoM athavA caJcala gatiyoM kA abhAva mAtra nahIM hai, kyoMki jaba vyakti nidrA se jAgatA hai to vaha socatA hai--'maiM bhalI bhAMti soyA huuN| merA mana prasanna hai aura merI cetanA yA jJAna ko spaSTa karatA hai|' isa prakAra kA socanA yA vicAranA sambhava nahIM hotA yadi (nidrA ke samaya) isa prakAra ke bhAva ke kAraNa kI anubhUti na hotI / jisa prakAra samAdhi meM vyakti ko anya vicAroM (yathA-mAmaka dhAraNAoM

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 263 prApta karane ke sAdhana haiM abhyAsa evaM vairAgya (jo eka sAtha kiye jAte haiM); abhyAsa vaha yatna hai jisake dvArA vRttiyoM para niyantraNa karake mana ko dIrghakAla ke lie nirantara evaM icchApUrvaka zAntimaya pravAha diyA jAtA hai aura dUsarA vairAgya hai jo dekhe hue padArthoM (yathA nArI, bhojana, peya, ucca pada Adi) para svAmitva-sthApana kI cetanA (arthAt unakI tRSNA se chuTakArA pAnA) tathA una padArthoM (yathA-svarga, vaidehya, prakRtilayatva Adi) se virakti kI bhAvanA hai / 30 vairAgya ke do prakAra haiM-apara (yo0 sU0 1 / 15) evaM para (yo0 sU0 1 / 6) / para arthAt ucca koTi ke vairAgya meM yogI (jo sva evaM guNoM ke bheda ko jAnatA hai) na kevala indriya-padArthoM se utpanna tRSNA se mukta hotA, pratyuta vaha guNoM se bhI mukta ho jAtA hai aura usa bAdhArahita cetanA ke stara ko prApta karatA hai jo yogI ko yaha anubhUti detA hai ki jo prApta karanA thA maiMne use prApta kara liyA hai, jinheM naSTa karanA thA una klezoM (avidyA Adi) ko maiMne naSTa kara diyA hai, janmoM evaM maraNoM kI zrRMkhalA kATa DAlI hai / bhASya meM AyA hai-'jJAna kI parAkASThA vairAgya hai aura isase apRthak rUpa se kaivalya sambandhita hai' (jJAnasya parAkASThA vairAgyam / etasyaiva hi nAntarIyakaM kaivalyamiti) / vAcaspati kA kathana hai ki isa antima ko 'dharmamedhasamAdhi (yo0 sU0 4 / 26) kahA jAtA hai / prathama pAda ke sUtra 17 evaM 18 samprajJAta samAdhi (saceta dhyAna) yA sAlambanasamAdhi, asamprajJAta samAdhi (vaha dhyAna, jisameM sthUla evaM sUkSma padArthoM kI cetanA na ho) kA ullekha karate haiM / inameM prathama ke cAra prakAra haiM, yathA-savitakaM (zAlagrAma yA caturbhuja bhagavAn Adi sthUla vastu para dhyAna jamAnA yA usakI anubhUti karanA), savicAra (jisameM sUkSma padArtho, yathA tanmAtrAoM Adi kA vicAra ho), sAnanda (jisameM sattva se pUrNa mana kA vicAra ho, ise Ananda kI samAdhi kahA jAtA hai) evaM sAsmitArUpa (jisameM kevala vyaktitA kA hI jJAna ho , arthAt jisameM jJAtA hI pratyakSa kA padArtha hotA hai)|31 ina cAra prakAroM se Adi) para svAmitva-sthApana karanA hotA hai usI prakAra yogI ko samAdhi-prApti meM bAdhA ke rUpa meM nidrA para bhI niyantraNa karanA hotA hai| 30. abhyAsavairAgyAbhyAM tanirodhaH / tatra sthitau ytno'bhyaasH| sa tu dIrghakAlanairantaryasatkArAsevito dRDhabhUmiH / dRSTAnubhavikaviSayavitRSNasya vazIkArasaMjJA vairAgyam / tatparaM puruSasyAterguNavatRSNyam / yogasUtra (1 // 12-16) / 1 / 15 para bhASya kA kathana hai-'striyonnapAnamaizvaryamiti dRSTaviSaye viraktasya svargavaidehyaprakRtilayatvaprAptAvAnuzravikavitRSNasya divyAdivyaviSayasaMprayoge'pi cittasya viSayadoSadarzinaH prasaMkhyAtabalAdanAbhogAtmikA heyopAdeyazUnyA vazIkArasaMjJA vairAgyam / ' vAcaspati ne vyAkhyA kI hai-'anuzravo vedastato'dhigatA AnuzravikAH svargAdayaH / ... na vaitRSNyamAnaM vairAgyam api tu divyAdivyaviSayasaMprayoge'pi cittasyAnAbhogAtmikA / 'dRSTa' evaM 'Anuzravika' zabdoM ke lie dekhie sAM0 kA0 (2)-dRSTavadAnuzravikaH sa hyvishuddhikssyaatishyyuktH| tadviparItaH zreyAn vyaktAvyaktajavijJAnAt // bhASya kA 116 para yaha kathana hai--'tadvayaM vairAgyam / tatra yaduttaraM tajjJAnaprasAdamAtram / ... jJAnasyaiva parAkASThA vairaagym| etasyaiva hi nAntarIyakaM kaivalyamiti / ' vairAgya ke dUsare prakAra meM kevala abAdhita evaM zAntimaya cetanA kA jJAna (kisI bhI prakAra ke padArtha se asambaddha) pAyA jAtA hai aura usake sAtha kaivalya (jo yoga kA lakSya hai) avibhakta rUpa se sambandhita rahatA hai| 31. vitarkavicArAnandAsmitAnugamAt saMprajJAtaH / virAmapratyayAbhyAsapUrvaH sNskaarshesso'nyH| yogasUtra (1 // 17-18) / ina donoM ko sabIja evaM nirboja yA sAlambana evaM nirAlambana yA savikalpa evaM nirvikalpa samAdhi kahA

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa asaMprajJAta samAdhi kI udbhUti hotI hai jo vRttiyoM kI samApti ke pariNAma kI dyotaka hai / isa sthiti kA nirantara abhyAsa hotA rahatA hai aura mana meM kevala halakI praticchAyAe~ AtI rahatI haiN| prathama pAda ke sUtra 1651 meM samAdhi ke vibhinna prakAroM, prApti ke vibhinna rUpoM, yoga paddhati meM Izvara kI sthiti, yoga-sAdhana ke nau antarAyoM (vighnoM) tathA unake sAtha calane vAle anya sahayogiyoM, bAdhAoM ko dUra karane ke sAdhanoM, yathA--eka devatA para hI dhyAna lagAnA, pavitra logoM ke prati mitratA, dayA, Ananda kI utpatti tathA apavitra logoM ke prati udAsInatA Adi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| pAtaJjalasUtra (1 / 16-23) meM asaMprajJAta samAdhi ke lie yogiyoM ko nau koTiyoM meM bAMTA gayA hai. jina para hama yahA~ vicAra nahIM kareMge / yogasUtra (1123-28) meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki Izvara kI bhakti dvArA bhI samAdhi evaM mukti (samAdhi kA pariNAma) prApta kI jA sakatI hai| 32 Izvara eka viziSTa puruSa hai, jAtA hai / 1118 para bhASya meM AyA hai tadabhyAsapUrvakaM hi cittaM nirAlambanamabhAvaprAptamiva bhavatItyeSa nirbojaH smaadhiH| za2 parabhASya meM yoM AyA hai-sa nirboja samAdhiH / na tatra kicitsaMprajJAyata ityasaMprajJAtaH / dvividhaH sa yogazcittavRttinirodha iti / asmitA pA~ca klezoM meM eka hai aura avidyA ko zeSa cAra klezoM kA AdhAra kahA gayA hai| (24) aura 216 meM isakI paribhASA yoM hai-'asmitA draSTA (arthAt vyakti yA AtmA) evaM dekhane ke yantra (arthAt buddhi) ko samAnurUpatA hai|' yaha kucha vilakSaNa-sA hai ki asmitA ko samAdhi kA eka prakAra kahA gayA hai / sambhavataH yahA~ para 'asmitA' kA artha hai 'maiM hU~' ko arthAt vyaktitA kI cetnaa| yaha avalokanIya hai ki bauddha granthoM meM saMprajJAtasamAdhi ke cAra prakAroM ke samAnAntara vicAra pAye jAte haiM (majhimanikAla, jilda 1, pR0 21-22, (Trekanara saMskaraNa, 1988) / 32. IzvarapraNidhAnAdvA / klezakarmavipAkAzayaraparAmRSTaH puruSavizeSa IzvaraH / tatra niratizayaM sarvajJatvabIjam / sa pUrveSAmapi guruH kAlenAnavacchedAt / tasya vAcakaH praNavaH / tajjapastadarthabhAvanam / tataH pratyakcetanA. dhigamo'pyantarAyAbhAvazca / yogasUtra (1123-26) / vyAsabhASya dvArA 'IzvarapraNidhAna' kI vyAkhyA do prakAra se kI gayI hai-(1) bhakti-vizeSa (1 / 23 para) evaM (2) paramaguru ko sabhI kriyAoM kA arpaNa yA sabhI kriyAoM (karmoM) ke phaloM kA tyAga athavA saMnyAsa (IzvarapraNidhAnaM sarvakriyANAM paramagurAvarpaNaM tatphalasaMnyAso vA, 21 ko TIkA meN)| bhAvAgaNezavRtti ne isa para brahmArpaNa ke artha ke lie kUrmapurANa uddha ta kiyA hai 'nAhaM kartA sarvamevaitad brahmaiva kurute tthaa| etad brahmArpaNaM proktamRSibhistattvadazibhiH // ' yogasUtra (1 / 22-23 evaM 2045) kA kathana hai ki Izvarabhakti dvArA samAdhi kI prApti zIghA ho sakatI hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki bRhadyogiyAjJavalkya (lonAvAlA, kaivalyadhAma dvArA prakAzita) ne, aisA pratIta hotA hai, yogasUtra ke 124, 28-26 ko zruti ke rUpa meM nimnalikhita zlokoM meM rakhA hai-klezakarmavipAkaizca vAsanAbhistathaiva c| aparAmaSTamevAha puruSaM hIzvaraM shrutiH|| vAcyo yajJezvaraH (vAcyaH sa Izvara ?) prokto vAcakaH praNavaH smRtaH / vAcakena tu vijJAto bAcya eva prasIdati // tadartha praNavaM japyaM dhyAtavyaM satataM budhaH / IzvaraH puruSAkhyastu tenopAstuH prasIdati // bahyogi0 (2 / 43-45) / yogasUtra (1228) kI vyAkhyA meM bhASya ne yoM kahA hai-'tadasya yoginaH praNavaM japataH praNavArtha ca bhAvayatazcittamekAgraM sampadyate / ' tathA vAcaspati ne 'bhAvanam' kA artha 'punaH punazcitte nivezanam' ke rUpa meM kiyA hai / 'om' kI prazaMsA ke viSaya meM dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 301-302, jahA~ 'japa' (dhIre-dhIre yA kevala mana meM kahanA) kA ullekha hai; aura dekhie manu (2185-87), viSNudharmasUtra

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 265 vaha klezoM, karma (acche yA bure) yA karma-pariNAmoM, tRSNAoM se achUtA hai| usameM sarvajJatA (jo anya logoM meM thor3I-sI hotI hai) asIma hotI hai| vaha kAla se ghirA nahIM hai, vaha prAcIna guruoM kA bhI AcArya hai| usakA vAcaka praNava (om ) hai| usa om ke japa karane aura usake artha para nirantara rUpa se mAvanA karane se ekAgratA kI prApti hotI hai| Izvara-bhakti se yogI AtmA ke svarUpa kA samyaka jJAna evaM mana ko caJcala karane vAle antarAyoM (bAdhAoM) kA abhAva pAtA hai (1 / 26) / ye bAdhAe~ yA antarAya 6 haiM, yathA-roga, Alasya, mrama Adi, aura inheM yogamala evaM yogapratipakSa (yogazatru) kahA jAtA hai| ina antarAyoM se pIr3A, mAnasika kaSTa, zarIrakampana, zvAsa-prazvAsa kI aniyamitatA kI utpatti hotI hai (1931) / ina antarAyoM evaM unake sAtha calanevAle tatvoM ko, jo samAdhi ke lie zatru-svarUpa haiM, kaI prakAroM evaM DhaMgoM se rokA jA sakatA hai, yathA-Izvara yA kisI anya devatA kA dhyAna karane se, mitratA, karuNA, prasannatA evaM udAsInatA dvArA, jo krama se prasanna yA duHkhita, acche evaM bure (1933) ke prati pradarzita kI jAtI hai, yA prANAyAma dvaaraa| jaba citta ekAgra ho jAtA hai to saMprajJAta samAdhi ke cAra prakAroM (yathA savitarka Adi, 1 / 17) kA udaya hotA hai| saMprajJAta samAdhi ke antima prakAra (sAsmitArUpa) se jisa jJAna kI udbhUti hotI hai vaha zAstra yA anumAna se prApta jJAna se adhika zreSTha hai, aura isa samAdhi meM jo praticchAyA banatI hai vaha anya praticchAyAoM ke viparIta hotI hai aura jaba yaha antima anubhUti bhI samApta ho jAtI hai yA damita ho jAtI hai to nirbIja samAdhi (asaMprajJAta samAdhi) kI udati hotI hai / isa antima sthiti meM svayaM mana apanA kArya banda kara detA / aura yogI kA AtmA svayaM meM (nija svarUpa meM) nivAsa karane lagatA hai, apane prakAza se hI prakAzita ho uThatA hai aura zuddha, kevala (sabase pRthaka) evaM mukta kahalAtA hai / IzvarapraNidhAna Izvara se sAkSAtkAra nahIM karAtA, pratyuta yaha AtmA ko isa yogya banAtA hai ki vaha Izvara ke samAna ho jAya / yogasUtra meM Izvara kI bhakti ke viSaya meM bahuta kama ullekha huA hai| yogasUtra kA prathama pAda samAdhi evaM mukti ke vivecana ke sAtha samApta hotA hai, arthAta yaha usa vyakti ke lie, jo dhyAna meM saphala hotA hai, yoga kA varNana karatA hai| dvitIya pAda usa vyakti ke lie, jisakA mana dhyAna meM prayukta nahIM hotA, pratyuta caMcala rahatA hai, vimohita rahatA hai yA vyutthita (saMkSubdha yA vikSipta) rahatA hai, aura jo vidhi ko sIkhane kI icchA rakhatA hai, eka praNAlI (vidhi) upasthita karatA hai / yaha pAda Aja ke bhAratIya evaM pazcimI vidyArthiyoM ke lie cAra pAdoM meM atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai aura isane dharmazAstra ke granthoM ko adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai| yoga kI maulika bhAvanA yaha hai ki AtmA vAstavika, nitya evaM zuddha hotA hai, kintu yaha bhautika vizva meM Asakta rahatA hai aura yadyapi yaha nitya hai tathApi anitya arthAt nAzavAn padArthoM ke pIche par3A (55 // 16), vasiSTha (266) / aura dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 686 / mANDakyopaniSad ne, jisameM zaMkarAcArya ke anusAra bedAnta kA sAratattva pAyA jAtA hai (vedAntArthasArasaMgrahabhUta), 'om' kA vivecana kiyA hai| upaniSadoM meM evaM unake pUrva 'om' akhila vizva evaM indriyAtIta brahma kA pratIka thA aura usakA AdhyAtmika upayoga hotA thaa| yoga ne isakA prayoga upaniSadoM se liyA aura ise dhyAna ke manovijJAna kA sAdhana banAyA / milAie mANDUkyopaniSad (2|2|4)--'prnnvo dhanuH zaro hyAtmA brahma tallakSyamucyate / apramattena veddhavyaM zarabattanmayo bhavet // ' 33. tasmin (citte) nivRtte puruSaH svarUpamAtrapratiSTho'taH zuvaH kevalo mukta ityucyte| bhASya (yo0 sU0 1151-tasyApi nirodhe sarva nirodhAgniryojaH smaadhiH)|

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256 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa rahatA hai| pataJjali eka mahAn manovaijJAnika the| lakSya sthApita (avidyA evaM guNoM se AtmA ko pRthak rakhakara kaivalya prApta karanA tathA AtmA ke apane zuddha svabhAva kI prApti) ho jAne ke uparAnta yogasUtra usa lakSya kI prApti ke lie eka dRDha anuzAsana kI vyavasthA karatA hai| phrAyaDa jaise Adhunika manovaijJAnikoM kI sthApanAoM evaM pataJjali kI dhAraNAoM meM do maulika antara haiN|74 pahalI bAta yaha hai ki pataJjali bandhana se mukta AtmA kI mukti evaM svatantratA para sampUrNa bala dete haiM, sAmAnya saMvegoM evaM icchA ko prazikSita karane ke sAdhanoM evaM katipaya Arambhika upakramoM yA paripATiyoM ke rUpa meM mana kI kriyAoM ke nigraha kI vyavasthA batalAte haiM, kintu katipaya Adhunika manovaijJAnika isa prakAra ke mAnasa damana kI bhartsanA karate haiN| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki pataJjali karma evaM AvAgamana ke siddhAnta (2 / 12-15) meM pUrNa vizvAsa karate haiM aura mata prakAzita karate haiM ki aise satkarma bhI, jo sukha evaM Ananda se paripUrNa bhAvI jIvana kI utpatti karate haiM, sadbuddha logoM ke lie kaSTakAraka haiM, kintu Adhunika manovaijJAnika katipaya maulika pravRttiyoM kI carcA karate haiM aura unake vAstavika rUpa ke vivecana meM ekamata nahIM ho pAte, ve karma evaM AvAgamana ke siddhAnta para vicAra nahIM karate aura na unake evaM sahaja mala pravattiyoM ke sambandha para hI prakAza DAlate haiN| yadi AtmA kI pUrva-sthiti nahIM hotI, jaisA ki IsAI evaM anya loga vizvAsa karate haiM, to mAnavIya mUla pravRttiyoM kA udaya * kaise hotA hai ? isa prazna kA samIcIna evaM santoSaprada uttara Aja taka nahIM prApta ho sakA hai| dvitIya pAda ke prathama sUtra kA kathana hai ki kriyAyoga yA aisI kriyAe~ yA abhyAsa, jo yoga kI prApti ke lie Avazyaka haiM, ye haiM tapa35, svAdhyAya evaM IzvarapraNidhAna (Izvara-bhakti) jo kAryarUpa meM pariNata 34. phrAyaDa ne kAma (mithuna)-sambandhI zakti ko "libiDoM kI saMjJA dI hai| yuMga ne, jo eka samaya phrAyaDa ke ziSya the, apanA virodha prakaTa kiyA hai aura usa zakti ko sabhI mAnasika, mAnasa-daihika yA kriyAtmaka zakti ke lie prayukta mAnA hai| 'iDipasa kAmpleksa' (putra kA mAtA para evaM putrI kA pitA para asAdhAraNa prema) ke siddhAnta ko phrAyaDa-praNAlI kA kendra-bindu mAnA jAtA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Age calakara phrAyaDa ne apane 'iDipasa kAmpleksa' ko parimArjita kiyA, aura yadyapi unhoMne aisI parikalpanA kI ki iDipasa kAmpleksa sabhI zizuoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, kintu unheM yaha svIkAra karanA par3A ki svAbhAvika vikAsa meM yaha kAmpleksa (granthi yA gAMTha) Age ke Arambhika bacapana meM samApta ho jAtA hai| dekhie viliyama maikDUgala kRta 'ena AuTa lAina Ava aibanaoNrmala sAikaoNlojI' (landana, 1652 kA saMskaraNa, pR0 418) / pro0 je0 bI0 vATasana ne 'biheviyarijma' kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai, jo mana yA mAnasa AcaraNoM, jhukAvoM evaM vRttiyoM ke astitva ko amAnya ThaharAtA hai| isa mata ke anusAra manovijJAna kA viSaya 'mana' nahIM hai pratyuta vaha mAnava prANI kA AcaraNa yA triyAe~ hai| isa mata ke anusAra mUla pravRttiyoM (iMsTikTsa) kI dhAraNA, jisa para adhikAMza manovaijJAnika mAnasa vyAkhyAe~ upasthita karate haiM , nirarthaka siddha ho jAtI hai / 35. tapaHsvAdhyAyezvarapraNidhAnAni kriyAyogaH / samAdhibhAvanArthaH klezatanakaraNArthazca / avidyAsmitA. rAgadveSAbhinivezAH klezAH / yogasUtra (2 / 1-3) / dharmazAstra-granthoM tathA anya granthoM meM 'tapa' kI katipaya paribhASAe~ dI huI haiN| 'tapas' zabda eka darjana se adhika bAra Rgveda meM prayukta huA hai| dekhie R0 (6 // 5 // 4, 8 / 566, 860 / 16, 10 / 16 / 4, 1087 / 14) jahA~ sabhI sthAnoM para 'tapas' zabda kA artha uSNatA ho sakatA hai| kintu R0 10 / 1064, 10 / 154 / 2, 4 (pitRn tapasvataH), 5(RSIn tapasvataH), 10 / 18331, 10 / 1601 meM

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 267 kiye jAne para samAdhi kI utpatti karate haiM, una klezoM ko kama karate haiM jo avidyA (ajJAna, jisase anya cAroM kI utpatti hotI hai), asmitA (vyaktitva kA bhAva), rAga (vAsanAoM ke prati moha), dveSa (jo krodhapUrvaka pIr3A evaM usake kAraNoM meM pAyA jAtA hai) evaM abhiniveza (jIne kI icchA yA jIvana se cipakanA) ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM / vyAsabhASya meM tapa kI vyAkhyA (yo0 sU0 2 // 32) dvandvoM ko saha lene ke rUpa meM huI hai, yathA-bhUkha evaM pyAsa, zIta evaM uSNa, khar3A rahanA evaM baiThA rahanA; sthANu (thUnhI) kI bhA~ti sthira rahanA (saMketoM dvArA bhI mana meM uThatI bhAvanAoM ko na vyakta karanA), deha kI sthiratA (sarvathA mauna rahanA) tathA kRccha, cAndrAyaNa evaM sAntapana jaise vrata bhI tapa meM parigaNita hote haiN| vyAsabhASya ne 'svAdhyAya' kI vyAkhyA kI hai aura kahA hai ki yaha om evaM anya pavitra vacanoM kA japa 'tapas' kA artha hai 'tapasyA, vairAgya yA daihika saMyama / ' tapasA ye'nAdhRSyAstapasA ye svaryayuH / tapo ye cakrira mahastAMzcidevApi gacchatAt / R0 10 // 154 / 2 (yaha mRta vyakti ke AtmA ko sambodhita hai)-'jo tapoM ke kAraNa duSpradharSa (adhRSya, arthAt jina para AkramaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA) haiM, jo tapoM ke kAraNa svarga ko gaye aura jinhoMne mahAn tapa kiye unheM milA do / ' anya jJAta logoM kI apekSA bhAratIyoM meM hI sarvaprathama tapa para itanA bala diyA gayA / R0 (10 / 160 / 1) meM AyA hai ki ucita (nyAyya) evaM satya tathA sUrya evaM candra aura vizva tapoM se hI utpanna hue haiM / R0 (10 / 1064) meM saptarSiyoM ko tapasyA ke lie baiThe hue kahA gayA hai| R0 (10 / 136 / 2) meM muniyoM ko lambI-lambI jaTA vAle evaM gande pIta vastra pahane mArgoM para calate hue vyakta kiyA gayA hai / zatapathabrAhmaNa (6 / 1 / 1 / 13) evaM aitareyabrAhmaNa (116 / 4) meM aisA vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki yajJa ke samAna tapa saba kucha pradAna kregaa| upaniSadoM (yathA-tai0 upa0 335'tapasA brahma vijijJAsasva', bRhaH upa0 4 / 4 / 22.) ne balapUrvaka kahA hai ki tapa brahmajJAna ke sAdhanoM meM eka sAdhana hai| chAndogyopaniSad (2 / 23) ne tapa ko tIna dharmaskandhoM meM dUsarA sthAna diyA hai / ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 2 / 21) meM aisA kahA gayA hai ki vaidika vidyArthiyoM ke lie jo kaThora vrata yA niyama vyavasthita kiye gaye haiM, ve tapa kahe jAte haiM (niyameSu tpHshbdH)| gautamadharmasUtra (16 / 15) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki kAma-sambandhI zuddhatA, satyatA dina meM tIna bAra bAra snAna, gIlA vastra-dhAraNa, yajJiya bhUmi para zayana evaM upavAsa tapa kahe jAte haiM, manu0 (1070) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki yadi vyavasthita niyamoM ke anusAra evaM sAta vyAhRtiyoM evaM praNava ke sAtha tIna prANAyAma sampAdita kiye jAyaM to ve sabhI brAhmaNoM ke lie sarvottama tapa haiN| manu0 (111234-244) meM tapoM kI bar3I sundara stuti kI gayI hai, zloka 238 meM AyA hai-'tapa dvArA sabhI kucha sampAdita ho sakatA hai, kyoMki tapa meM durjeya zakti pAyI jAtI hai| yAjJa0 (11168-202) ne bhI tapa kI prabhUta mahattA gAyI hai| jaimini (pU0 mI0 sa0 338) meM 'upavAsa ke lie 'tapasa' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI tapa kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai, dekhie-vanaparva 256 / 13 / 17, zAnti0 5012 (devoM evaM muniyoM ne tapa dvArA apanA sthAna prApta kiyA) / anuzAsana (122 // 5-11) / zAnti0 (76 / 18) meM yoM AyA hai-'ahiMsA satyavacanamAnazaMsyaM vamo ghRNA / etattapo vidurdhIrA na zarIrasya zoSaNam // yahA~ para mahAbhArata ke sabhI zloka citrazAlA presa ke saMskaraNa se liye gaye haiN| yogiyoM se 'ajapA japa' karane ko kahA gayA hai, arthAt jaba ve bhItara sAMsa lete haiM to 'soha' dhvani hotI hai aura jaba ve sA~sa bAhara karate haiM to 'haMsaH' dhvani, tathA mizrita zabda haiM 'sohaM haMsaH' arthAt 'maiM vaha haMsa (nitya AtmA) huuN|' milAie bRhadyogiyAjJavalkya (20115)-'haMsaM turya paraM brahma / '

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yA mokSazAstroM kA adhyayana hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (113517) meM svAdhyAya kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai aura 'svAdhyAyo'dhyetavyaH' (veda kA adhyayana karanA cAhie) jaise zabdoM kA prayoga bahudhA huA hai| 'om' una pratIkoM meM atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai jinake dvArA brahma kI upAsanA kI jAtI hai| dekhie chAndogyopaniSad (1 / 1 / 1 'omityedakSaramudgIthamupAsIta'), ta0 upa0 (118 'omiti brahma omitIdaM sarvam), muNDakopaniSad (2 / 2 / 4 'praNavo dhanaH zaro hyAtmA brahma tallakSyamucyate', arthAt 'om dhanuSa hai, AtmA tIra hai, brahma lakSya hai), prazna upa0 (5 / 5 'ya: punaretaM trimANomityetenaivAkSareNa paraM puruSamabhidhyAyIta) / yogasUtra ne om kI yaha mahattA upaniSadoM se lI hai| anitya ko nitya, azuddha ko zuddha, kleza (pIr3A) ko Ananda evaM anAtmA ko AtmA samajhanA avidyA hai| jaba draSTA ko dekhane ke yantra ke anurUpa (yathA mana evaM indriyoM ke anurUpa) samajhA jAtA hai to asmitA (arthAt vyaktitA kI anubhUti) hotI hai| abhiniveza (jIvana se cipake rahanA) kA artha hai aisI kAMkSA yA IhA (kyA maiM jInA nahIM cAhatA, kyA maiM jItA rahU~gA?) jo apanI zakti se hI bar3hatI rahatI hai aura vidvAnoM meM bhI usI rUpa se sthApita rahatI hai| IzvarapraNidhAna kI vyAkhyA Upara ho cukI hai| yogasUtra (2 / 11 evaM 12) kA kathana hai ki klezoM kI sUkSma dazAe~ (arthAt avidyA evaM asmitA) hotI haiM aura vRttiyoM ke rUpa meM (mana kI caMcalatA, rAga, dveSa evaM abhiniveza) sthUla pariNAma hote haiM; sUkSma dazAoM se chuTakArA vAstavika jJAna se pariNAma dhyAna se niyantrita hote haiN| karma kA saJcita saMgrahaNa pAMca klezoM se utpanna hotA unakA bhoga dRSTa janma (vartamAna janma) evaM adRSTa janma (arthAt bhaviSya) meM hotA hai| jaba taka jar3a (mala arthAt kleza) vidyamAna rahatI hai saMcita karma tIna rUpoM meM prakaTa hotA hai, arthAt janma, jIvana (lambA yA choTA) evaM bhoga ke rUpa meM, aura ye tInoM rUpa acche yA bure karmoM ke anusAra krama se Ananda yA krodha kI utpatti karate haiN| yogasUtra meM AyA hai ki yogazAstra meM cikitsAzAstra kI bhA~ti cAra vyUha (svarUpa) hote haiM, yathA-saMsAra (janmoM evaM punarAgamana kA cakra). saMsAra kA kAraNa. saMsAra se makti. makti darzana, vAstavikatA meM pahuMca athavA truTipUrNa jJAna se rahita puruSa evaM prakRti meM antarbheda krnaa)| 77 yogasUtra 36. svAdhyAyaH praNavAdipavitrANAM japo mokSazAstrAdhyayanaM vA / yogasUtra (231) / gautamadharmasUtra (16 // 12%=baudhAyanadharmasUtra 331010, vasiSTha0 226) ne upaniSadoM, vedAnta evaM kucha vaidika vacanoM ko pavitra vacana (yA vAkya) kI saMjJA dI hai jinake japa se vyakti pApoM kA prAyazcitta karatA hai / vasiSThadharmasUtra (28 / 10-15= viSNudharmasUtra 56, gadya meM zaMkhasmRti 10 / 12 evaM adhyAya 11) ne sabhI vedoM ke pavitra vacanoM (pavitrANi) ko ullikhita kiyA hai / 'praNava' zabda titira yasahitA (3 / 2 / 6 / 5-6) meM AyA hai'udgItha evodgAtRNAmacaH praNava upayazaMsinAm', jise zabara (pU0 mI0 sU0 37 // 42) ne uddhRta kiyA hai| 37. yathA cikitsAzAstra caturvyaham-rogo rogaheturArogyaM bhaiSajyamiti, evamidamapi zAstraM caturmyahameva tadyathA-saMsAraH saMsArahetuH mokSaH mokSopAyaH iti / tatra duHkhabahulaH saMsAro heyaH / pradhAnapuruSayoH saMyogo heyahetuH saMyogasyAtyantiko nivRttirhAnam / hAnopAyaH samyagdarzanam / yogabhASya (yo0 sU0 2015 pr)| heyaM duHkhamanAgatam / draSTadRzyayoH saMyogo heyhetuH| ... tasya heturavidyA / tadabhAvAtsaMyogAbhAvo hAnaM tad dRzaH kaivalyam / vivekalyAtiraviplavA haanopaayH| yogasatra (2116, 17, 24-25) / milAie buddha ke cAra Arya satya-daHkha, duHkhasamudaya, duHkhanirodha, duHkhanirodhagAminI paTipadA, dekhie mahAvagga (1 / 6 / 16-22) / vAcaspati ke anusAra 'viplava' kA artha hai mibhyAmAna /

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 266 (2 / 16 - 27) meM ina cAroM kA ullekha hai aura inakI paribhASA meM diye gaye kucha zabdoM kA artha bhI batAyA gayA hai| sUtra 28 meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba yoga ke aMgoM ke abhyAsa se azuddhiyA~ dUra hotI jAtI haiM to jJAna camakane lagatA hai aura isa prakAra kramazaH antarbheda karane kI zakti pUrNatA prApta kara letI hai| isake uparAnta 26 sUtra meM yoga ke ATha aMgoM kA ullekha hai, yathA -- yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA, dhyAna evaM samAdhi | 3 vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra ne yoga ke ATha aMgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / dvitIya pAda ke zeSa sUtra (30 se 55 taka ) yamoM evaM niyamoM, unakI vyAkhyAoM, AsanoM, prANAyAma evaM pratyAhAra kA ullekha karate haiM / zAnti0 (304 / 7=316 | 7, citrazAlA presa saMskaraNa) ne yoga ko 'aSTaguNita' yA 'aSTaguNI' kahA hai| yoga ke ATha aMgoM meM prathama pA~ca apratyakSa rUpa se samAdhi ke lie upayogI haiM, kyoMki ve samAdhi-virodhI (yathAhiMsA, asatya Adi ) vRttiyoM ko dUra bhagAte haiM aura yoga ke bahiraMga sAdhana kahe jAte haiM / kintu dhAraNA, dhyAna evaM samAdhi yoga ke antaraMga sAdhana kahe jAte haiM ( yogasUtra 37, ' trayamantaraMga pUrvebhyaH ' ) / antima tIna kA vivecana tRtIya pAda meM huA hai / dharmazAstra ke granthoM meM dvitIya pAda ke inhIM sUtroM para bala diyA gayA hai| ataH ina bAtoM para kucha adhika likhanA Avazyaka hai / kucha granthoM (yathA-- gorakSasaMhitA) meM yoga ke kevala chaha aMgoM kA ullekha hai, vahA~ yama evaM niyama yA kucha anya chor3a diye gaye haiM / yahI bAta maitrAyaNI upa0 (6 / 18 ), dhyAnabindu upa0, atrismRti ( 1116 ), dakSa0 ( 7 / 34), skandapurANa ( kAzIkhaNDa, 41 / 56 ) evaM bauddhoM meM pAyI jAtI hai / manu0 ( 4 | 204 ) meM AyA 38. yogAMgAnuSThAnAdazuddhikSayaM jJAnadIptirAvivekasyAteH / yama-niyamAsana-prANAyAma pratyAhAra-dhAraNAdhyAna - samAdhayoSTAvaMgAni // yo0 sU0 (2 / 28 - 26 ) / 2 / 26 para bhASya yoM hai- 'teSAm (yogAMgAnAm ) anuSThAnAt paJcaparvaNo viparyayasyAzuddhirUpasya kSayo nAzaH / yathA yathA ca sAdhanAnyanuSThIyante tathA tathA tanutvamazuddhirApadyate yathA yathA ca kSIyate tathA tathA kSayakramAnurodhinI jJAnasyApi dIptirvardhate / sA khalveSA vivRddhiH prakarSamanu bhavatyAvivekakhyAte:, AguNapuruSasvarUpavijJAnAdityarthaH / ' yogasUtra ( 23 ) meM ullikhita pA~ca kleza hI viparyaya kahe jAte haiM / yaha vilakSaNa bAta hai ki kRtyakalpa 0 ( mokSakANDa, pU0 167) evaM aparArka 0 ( pR0 1022) dvArA ATha aMga 'yama. samAdhayoSTAvaMgAni' mahAbhArata se uddhRta kiye gaye haiM / vaikhAnasasmAsUtra ( 8110) ne yogiyoM ko, unake abhyAsoM evaM saMyamoM ke anusAra, tIna zreNiyoM meM bAMTA hai, yathA- sAraMga, ekArthya evaM visaraga, jinameM pratyeka punaH kaI koTiyoM meM bA~Te gaye haiM / usameM punaH AyA hai ki 'anirodhaka' nAmaka yogI prANAyAma nahIM karate, 'mAgaMga' nAmaka yogI kebala prANAyAma karate haiM, zeSa tathA 'vimAgaMga' nAmaka yogI sabhI ATha aMgoM kA abhyAsa karate haiM, kintu ve Izvara kA dhyAna nahIM bhI karate / maulika zabda ye haiM-- 'ye vimArgagAsteSAM yamaniyama. tyaSTAMgaM kalpayanto dhyeyamapyanyathA kurvanti / ' antima aMza kA artha karanA kaThina hai / sambhavataH isa vAkya meM kucha aisI koTi ke yogiyoM kA ullekha hai jo Izvara kA dhyAna nahIM karate aura aisA vizvAsa karate haiM ki binA Izvara kA dhyAna kiye ve kaivalya (mukti) prApta kara sakate haiM / 36. tathA tatprayogakalpaH / prANAyAmaH pratyAhAro dhyAnaM dhAraNA tarkaH samAdhiH SaDaMga ityucyate yogaH / maitrA0 u0 (218) / atrismRti (6 / 6 ) evaM dakSasmRti ne bhI aisA hI ullekha kiyA hai / 'AsanaM prANasaMrodhaH pratyAhArazca dhAraNA / dhyAnaM samAdhiretAni yogAMgAni bhavanti SaT // ' dhyAnabindu upa0 ( zloka 41, aDyAra saMskaraNa), gorakSazataka ( 14 ) evaM skandapu0 ( kAzIkhaNDa 41 / 56 ) / aparArka (yAjJa0 3 / 110 pU0 660 ) ne . eka +

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270 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai-'vijJa vyakti ko sadaiva yamoM kA bhI pAlana karanA cAhie, kevala niyamoM kA hI pAlana nahIM honA cAhie; jo vyakti kevala niyamoM kA pAlana karatA hai aura yamoM kA nahIM, vaha pApa karatA hai (arthAt naraka meM par3atA hai)|' isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki niyama vajita haiM, pratyuta yaha kahA gayA hai ki yama niyamoM se apekSAkRta adhika mahattvapUrNa haiM / zAnti0 (326 / 15= 336 / 16 citrazAlA presa saMskaraNa) meM 'yama' evaM 'niyama' donoM kA ullekha huA hai| kucha smRtiyA~ unheM yoga ke aMgoM ke rUpa meM chor3a detI haiM, kyoMki ve manu0 yAjJa0 Adi dvArA sAmAnyata: sabhI logoM ke lie vyavasthita kiye gaye haiN| manu yamoM evaM niyamoM ko ginAte nahIM, kintu yAjJa0 ne dasa yamoM evaM dasa niyamoM kA ullekha kiyA hai (yAjJa0 3 / 312-313) / dekhie Upara pAda-TippaNI 23 / yogasUtra ke pA~ca yama ye haiM-ahiMsA, satya, asteya (na curAnA, arthAt jo zAstravihita na ho use dUsaroM se na lenA), brahmacarya (anya jJAnendriyoM ke sAtha jananendriya para niyantraNa rakhanA) evaM aparigraha (zarIra kI rakSA ke lie jitanA Avazyaka ho usase adhika kisI anya se na prApta krnaa)| jaba ye jAti, deza, kAla evaM avasaroM kI cintA (paravAha) na karake kiye jAte haiM (arthAt abhyAsa yA prayoga meM lAye jAte haiM) to ye yogI ke lie mahAvrata kahe jAte haiN| jaisA ki mana kA kathana hai, yamoM kA pAlana sabako karanA hai, kintu kacha apavAda bhI haiN| yamoM kA pAlana vrata hai kintu unakA kaThora pAlana (binA kisI apavAda ke) mahAvrata kahalAtA hai, jise yogI loga sabhI dazAoM meM binA kisI apavAda ke karate haiN| yamoM evaM niyamoM kA pAlana kaivalya / makti kI prApti ke lie pahalA sopAna hai, kyoMki jaba taka AtmA sabhI prakAra kI kAmajanita evaM ahaMbhAvI icchAoM se dUra hozaddha nahIM ho pAtA taba taka vaha usa divya yA AdhyAtmika jIvana ko nahIM prApta kara sakatA jisakI yoga kI uccatara dazA meM AvazyakatA hotI hai| isakA kyA tAtparya hai, ise hama adholikhita DhaMga se samajha sakate haiM-sAmAnya logoM ke lie ina bAtoM meM smRtiyA~ kUcha chUTa detI haiM / udAharaNArtha, kSatriya kA kartavya hai yuddha karanA aura manu (7/87, 86) ne isI se vyavasthA dI hai ki kSatriya ko yuddhasthala se bhAga nahIM AnA cAhie aura ve kSatriya jo donoM pakSoM meM lar3AI karate haiM aura aisA karate hue mara jAte haiM, ve svarga meM pahu~cate haiM / aura dekhie yAjJa0 (1 / 324) / ata: kSatriya ke lie hiMsA kI anumati hai, kintu yadi koI kSatriya yoga kA anusaraNa karanA cAhatA hai to use hiMsA kA parityAga karanA par3atA hai| isI prakAra smRtiyoM ne pA~ca avasaroM para asatya-bhASaNa kSamya ThaharAyA hai (gautama 23 / 26, vasiSTha 16 / 36, Adiparva 82 / 16, zAnti0 34125 evaM 165 / 30, aura dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 3, pR0 353 evaM pAda-TippaNiyA~ 536 evaM 537) / manu (41138) ne sAmAnya logoM ke lie eka chUTa dI hai-'apriya satya nahIM bolanA cAhie' (na brUyAt stympriym)| kintu jo yoga ke anuzAsana meM AtA hai use sadA satya bolanA cAhie, kevala eka apavAda yaha hai ki satya bolane se prANiyoM kA nAza na ho| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 312) meM AyA hai ki vivAha pakkA karAne meM asatya bhASaNa (jo smatiyoM dvArA kSamya mAnA gayA hai) kA tyAga karanA cAhie, tathA vratadhArI vyakti ko cAhie ki vaha putra yA ziSya ko daNDita na kre| yAjJa0 (1176) evaM manu ( 41128 ) meM AyA hai ki vaha smRti ko uddhata karate hue yoga ke 6 aMga (yama, niyama evaM Asana chor3a diye gaye haiM aura tarka jor3a diyA gayA hai) diye haiN| bRhadyogiyAjJavalkya (2035) evaM liMgapurANa (188-6) ne ATha aMgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / aparArka0 (pR0660) ne vyAkhyA ko hai-'tato manobuddhiparityAgenAtmani vimrshstrkH|' vAyupurANa (10 / 76) ne pA~ca ke nAma diye haiM-prANAyAma, dhyAna, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA evaM smaraNa /

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 271 gRhastha jo mAsika dharma ke uparAnta kucha viziSTa dinoM meM apanI patnI ke pAsa jAtA hai aura parva ke dinoM meM aisA nahIM karatA (dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 3, pAda-TippaNI 1425), use brahmacarya vrata kA pAlaka kahanA cAhie, kintu jaba vaha yogamArga para ArUDha hotA hai to use yaha chUTa chor3a denI hogI aura sabhI prakAra kI nAriyoM se, yahA~ taka ki apanI patnI se bhI, sabhI prakAra ke sambandha chor3a dene hoMge / isa bAta para liMgapurANa ne bahuta bala diyA hai / 40 yuktidIpikA ne, jo sAMkhyakArikA kI eka prAcInatama TIkA hai, ullikhita kiyA hai ki yama pA~ca haiM, kintu usane 'aparigraha' ke sthAna para 'akalkatA' (duSTatA athavA vakra vyavahAra kA abhAva) rakhA hai| viSNu pu0 (6 / 7 / 36-37) ne pA~ca yamoM evaM pA~ca niyamoM kA vaisA hI ullekha kiyA hai, kintu 'IzvarapraNidhAna' ke sthAna para 'parabrahma meM saMlagna mana' ko rakhA hai (kurvIta brahmaNi tathA parasmin pravaNaM mnH)| yogasUtra (2 / 32) ke anusAra pA~ca niyama ye haiM-zauca (zuddhatA), santoSa, tapa, svAdhyAya (vedAdhyayana) evaM IzvarapraNidhAna (Izvara-bhakti yA apane sabhI karmoM kA Izvara ko samarpaNa) / inameM tIna, yathAtapasyA, svAdhyAya evaM IzvarapraNidhAna ko kriyAyoga kahA jAtA hai, jaisA ki yogasUtra (2 / 1) meM ullikhita hai| kartavya kI vastugata paribhASA karanA atyanta kaThina hai, kintu Atmagata AdhAra para isakI paribhASA kI jA sakatI hai| kartavyoM para bala dene kA uddezya yaha hai ki vyakti choTI-choTI icchAoM se Upara uThe aura uccatara vyaktitva ko prakAzita kare / ye kartavya yA niyama adhika yA kama upaniSadoM para AdhRta haiM, dekhie chAndogyopaniSad (3 / 17 / 4) jahA~ tapa, ahiMsA, satyabhASaNa, dAna evaM Arjava yajamAna dvArA prApta kiye jAne vAle zIla-guNa kahe gaye haiM / aura dekhie bRha0 upa0 (5 / 2 / 3) jahA~ sabhI logoM ko dama (Atma-nigraha), dAna, dayA apane meM utpanna karane ko kahA gayA hai / uparyukta vivecana se prakaTa hotA hai ki yogasUtra dvArA vyavasthita yama aise kartavya haiM jo niSedha ke rUpa meM haiM, yathA-kisI ko kaSTa na do, jhUTha na bolo, kisI ko lUTo nahIM, (dAna grahaNa na karo) tathA niyama aise kartavya haiM jinakA sambandha aise vyakti se hai jisane yogamArga kA anusaraNa kara liyA ho, aura ve bhAvAtmaka rUpa meM pratipAdita haiM, yathA-zuddha raho, santuSTa raho, tapa meM lage raho, vedoM kA adhyayana karate raho aura Izvara-bhakta bno| amarakoza1 ke anusAra yama nitya karma haiM aura ve zarIrasAdhanApekSa (zarIra dvArA kiye jAnevAle) haiM, kintu niyama aise haiM jo anitya haiM (arthAt pratidina yA nirantara na kiye jAne vAle) aura ve zarIra se bAhara ke sAdhanoM para Azrita haiM (yathA jala aadi)| zauca ke do prakAra haiM-bAhya (jala, miTTI, paMcagavya, pavitra bhojana Adi dvArA prabhAvita zarIra kA), evaM Abhyantara (Antarika yA mAnasika) / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 651-52 evaM mUla khaNDa 4, pR0 310-311 / manu0 (5 / 106) kA eka zloka avalokanIya hai-sabhI zaucoM meM vaha sarvottama hai jo artha se sambandhita hai (anucita sAdhanoM se dUra rahakara tathA dUsaroM ko vaJcita na karake dhana kI kAmanA karanI cAhie), vaha vyakti 'zuci' (pavitra) hai jo artha ke mAmale meM pavitra ho, vaha nahIM jo miTTI yA jala se 40. karmaNA manasA vAcA sarvAvasthAsu sarvadA / sarvatra maithunatyAgaM brahmacarya pracakSate // kUrma0 (2 / 2 / 18), yogiyAjJavalkya (1 / 55); aMgArasadRzI nArI ghRtakumbhasamaH pumAn / tasmAnnAroSu saMsarga dUrataH parivarjayet // liMgapu0 (shaa23)| 41. zarIrasAdhanApekSaM nityaM yatkarma tadyamaH / niyamastu sa yatkarmAnityamAgantusAdhanam // amarakoza (dvitIya kANDa, brahmavarga) / kSIrasvAmI ne yogasUtra kI paribhASAe~ uddhata kI haiM aura vyAkhyA kI hai-'Agantu bAhyaM mujjalAvi sAdhanaM yatreti, ata eva kRtrimakarma niyamaH / '

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272 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pavitra kiyA gayA ho|'42 dvitIya pAda ke sUtra 33-34 meM AyA hai ki jaba yogAbhyAsI viparIta vicAroM se Akramita ho jAya (yathA-jisane merI hAni kI hai, maiM use mAra DAlUMgA, meM asatya bhASaNa karUMgA, maiM dUsare kA dhana le lUMgA, maiM dUsare kI patnI ke sAtha balAtkAra karU~gA) to use dRDhapratijJa ho jAnA cAhie aura mana meM ina vicAroM ke viparIta vicAroM kI utpatti karanI cAhie aura aise duSkarmoM ke pariNAmoM para vicAra karanA cAhie, yathA-aise karmoM se asIma duHkha milatA hai aura yaha samyak jJAna ke abhAva kA paricAyaka hai| yama evaM niyama yoga ke abhilASI ke lie Arambhika AcAra-zAstra kI bAteM haiM, jinakA pAlana paramAvazyaka hai aura mana evaM yAjJavalkya ke anusAra inake kucha bhAga kA pAlana sabhI logoM ko karanA caahie| dvitIya pAda ke sUtra 35-45 meM katipaya yamoM evaM niyamoM ke nirantara pAlana ke pariNAma rakhe gaye haiM, yathA--jaba abhilASI ahiMsA meM dRDhasthita ho jAtA hai to sabhI prANI (mAnava evaM pazu) usakI upasthiti meM vaira kA tyAga kara dete haiM / 43 jaba yoga kA abhilASI asatyabhASaNa se dUra rahane ke abhyAsa meM dRDha ho jAtA hai to usakI bANI bar3I prabhAvazAlI ho jAtI hai aura vaha jo kucha kisI se kahatA hai, loga use mAna lete haiN| (yathA yadi vaha kisI se kahe 'tuma pavitra yA sAdhuvRtti vAle bano' yA 'tumheM svarga kI prApti ho jAya' to vaha vyakti sAdhuvRtti vAlA ho jAtA hai yA svarga prApti karatA hai)| yadi vaha cauyaM karma se sarvathA dUra haTa jAtA hai to sabhI ratna, sabhI dizAoM se Akara, usakA caraNa-cumbana karate haiM (arthAt vaha bhale hI dhana yA sAdhanoM ke pIche na par3e, kintu dhana-sampatti apane-Apa usake pAsa calI AtI hai)| jaba yogI brahmacarya meM dRDha rUpa se pratiSThita ho jAtA hai to use zakti-lAbha hotA hai (jisake dvArA vaha aNimA kI zakti bhI pA letA hai) aura jaba vaha 42. sarveSAmeva zaucAnAmarthazaucaM paraM smRtam / yorthe zucihi sa zucirna madvArizuciH zuciH // manusmRti (1106); viSNudharmasUtra (22 / 86) meM bhI yahI bAta hai, kintu vahAM 'artha' ke sthAna para 'anna' hai| viSNudharmottara0 (3 / 275 // 13) meM AyA hai-'tasmAddhi sarvazaucAnAM manaHzaucaM paraM smRtam / ' milAie 'AhArazuddhau sattvazuddhiH (chAndogyopaniSad 7 / 26 / 2) evaM 'AhAra ... zuddhirityAcAryAH' (aparArka dvArA yAjJa0 11154 kI vyAkhyA meM hArItadharmasUtra se uddhRta ) / 43. ahiMsApratiSThAyAM tatsaMnidhau vairatyAgaH / yogasUtra (2035); vAcaspati kA kathana hai-'zAzvatikavirodhA apyazva-mahiSa-mUSaka-mArjArAhi-nakulAdayo'pi bhagavataH pratiSThitAhiMsasya saMnidhAnAttaccittAnukAriNo vairaM tyajanti / ' saMskRta ke kaviyoM ne muniyoM ke AzramoM ke isa svarUpa kA manohara varNana kiyA hai| dekhie kAdambarI (parvabhAga jahAM jAbAli ke Azrama kA varNana hai)-'asya bhagavataH prasAdAdevopazAntavaramapagatamatsaraM tapovanam / aho prabhAvo mahAtmAnAm / atra hi zAzvatikamapahAya virodhamupazAntAtmAnastiryaJco'pi tapovanasukhamanubhavanti / tathAhi eSa... vizati zikhinaH kalApamAtapAhato niHshNkmhiH| ayamutsRjya mAtaraM...prakSaratkSIradhAramApibati kuraMgazAvakaH siMhIstanam / ' 44. dekhie chA0 upa0 (8 / 2 / 10) 'yaM yamantamabhikAmo bhavati yaM kAmaM kAmayate so'sya saMkalpAdeva samuttiSThati tena sampanno mhiiyte|' brahmacaryapratiSThAyAM viirylaabhH| yogasUtra (2 / 38); 1220 meM yoM AyA hai-- 'zraddhAvIryasmRtisamAdhiprajJApUrvaka itareSAm / ' aparigrahasthairye janmakathaMtAsambodhaH / yogasUtra 2 / 36, 'kathaMtA' kA artha hai "kiNprkaartaa|'

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 273 isameM pUrNatA prApta kara letA hai to vaha yoga-jJAna evaM yoga ke aMgoM ko apane ziSyoM meM sthAnAntarita karane ke yogya ho jAtA hai| yogasUtra (120) meM aisA AyA hai ki asaMprajJAta-samAdhi tabhI AtI hai jaba yogI meM vizvAsa, vIrya (zakti) evaM anya guNa pAye jAte haiN| yogI yA brahmajJAna ke anveSaka ke lie mana, vacana evaM karma kI pavitratA para bahuta bala diyA gayA hai ('mANDU ky03|115-'styen labhyastapasA hyeSa AtmA samyagjJAnena brahmacaryeNa nitym')| vAstava meM bAta yaha hai ki yadi yogI pUrNatayA pavitra evaM indriyanigrahI hai to vaha samAdhi ke antima dhyeya evaM kaivalya ke pAsa pahuMcane meM zIghratA karatA hai aura binA jitendriya hue rAjayoga kA abhyAsa vyartha evaM bhayaMkara hai| jo loga brahmacarya kI mahattA ko vizeSa rUpa se jAnanA cAhate haiM unheM mahAtmA gAndhI likhita 'selpha-resTreNTa vasaMsa selpha-iNDaljeMsa' (tRtIya saMskaraNa, 1628, vizeSata: anukramaNikA-1, pR0 137-138, jahA~ zrI DablU0 ela0 hare kA nibandha bhI hai) kA adhyayana karanA caahie| jaba yogI dRDha rUpa se aparigraha meM pratiSThita ho jAtA hai to usameM apane atIta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSya ke jIvanoM ke jJAna kI icchA jAgatI hai (aura unase use prakAza prApta hotA hai)| apane zarIra ko svaccha evaM zuddha kara lene ke uparAnta yogI apane zarIra se moha chor3a detA hai aura anya logoM ke saMsparza kA tyAga kara detA hai| mana kI zuddhatA ke anya pariNAma haiM sattvaguNa kI zucitA (arthAt usa para raja evaM tama kA pramAva nahIM par3atA), indriyoM para adhikAra evaM AtmA ke parijJAna ke lie samarthatA kI praapti| santoSa se parama sukha milatA hai| tapa se zarIra kI pUrNatA kI prApti hotI hai (aNimA ke samAna gupta zaktiyoM kI upalabdhi hotI hai) aura usase kleza evaM pApa naSTa ho jAne ke uparAnta jJAnendriyoM kI pUrNatA prApta hotI hai| lagAtAra vedAdhyayana ('om' ke japa Adi) se apane manacAhe devatA kI anubhUti hone lagatI hai| Izvara kI bhakti se samAdhi meM pUrNatA prApta hotI hai| aba hama Asana kA adhyayana kreNge| yogasUtra meM isakI paribhASA dI huI hai-'Asana vaha hai jo sthira ho aura sarala ho' (sthirasukhamAsanam 2 / 46) / Asana vaha hai jo kuza ghAsa se AvRta ho, usa para mRgacarma yA vastra bichA ho, jaisA ki gItA (6 / 11) meM ullikhita hai| yaha bAhya Asana hai / kintu yoga meM Asana zArIrika avasthiti kA dyotaka hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki yogasUtra una AsanoM ko, jo haThayogapradIpikA evaM haThayoga-sambandhI anya granthoM meM ullikhita haiM, spaSTa rUpa se vyavasthita nahIM karatA aura usameM AyA hai ki ye Asana pAtaJjala yoga ke abhyAsa ke lie Avazyaka nahIM haiM, pratyuta koI bhI Asana jo sarala ho, sthira ho evaM sukhada ho, yogI ke lie paryApta hai| yogasUtra yahA~ para zvetAzvataropaniSad (2 / 8 evaM 10) kA anusaraNa karatA hai na ki kisI haThayoga-sambandhI grantha kA (yadi vaha yogasUtra ke kAla meM upasthita rahA ho)| Upara varNita Asana kI prApti ke lie yogI ko apane zarIra kI svAbhAvika gatiyoM ko DhIlA kara lenA hogA (prayatnazaithilya) aura mana ko brahma meM kendrita kara lenA hogaa| Asana para pUrNa svAmitva-sthApana ke phalasvarUpa vaha dvandvoM (uSNatA evaM zIta, bhUkha evaM pyAsa Adi) se vimohita nahIM hotaa| jo loga AsanoM ke viSaya meM viziSTa jAnakArI prApta karanA cAhate haiM ve pUnA ke pAsa lonAvAlA ke kaivalyadhAma ke zrI kuvalayAnanda dvArA praNIta evaM prakAzita grantha 'Asansa' par3ha sakate haiN| yaha grantha kula 188 pRSThoM meM hai, isameM 81 citra (vibhinna AsanoM ke 78 citra evaM nauli ke 3 citra) haiN| dakSasmRti (7.5) meM padmAsana kA ullekha hai aura lagatA hai yAjJa0 (3 / 168) ne bhI isakI ora saMketa kiyA hai| DA0 ke0 TI0 behanAna ne apane grantha 'yoga, e sAiNTiphika ivailuezana' meM katipaya AsanoM ke 16 citra diye haiN| yadyapi yogasUtra ne kisI Asana kA nAma nahIM liyA hai tathApi vyAsabhASya ne inake nAma liye haiM aura usake 'Adi' zabda se kucha anya AsanoM

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274 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kI dhvani milatI hai|45 raghuvaMza (13 / 52) meM vIrAsana kA ullekha hai, zaMkarAcArya (vedAntasUtra 4 / 1 / 10 para) ne kahA hai ki padmakAsana evaM anya viziSTa AsanoM kA udghoSa yogazAstra meM huA hai| zaMkarAcArya ke matAnusAra ve0 sU0 (4 / 1 / 7-10) ne gItA (6 / 11) meM ullikhita Asana kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| usane zArIrika kriyAoM kI zithilAvasthA evaM zarIrAvasthiti ko 'dhyAyatIva pRthivI' (chAndogyopaniSad 7 / 6 / 1) nAmaka zabdo dvArA vyakta kiyA hai| haThayogapradIpikA (1 / 17) ke anusAra Asana haThayoga kA prathama aMga hai| ziva ne 84 AsanoM kI carcA kI hai, jinameM siddha, padma, siMha evaM bhadra nAmaka cAra Asana atyanta Avazyaka (sArabhRta) haiM, aura isane siddhAsana ko sarvazreSTha Asana mAnA hai aura usakA varNana kiyA hai (1135) / haThayogapradIpikA ne 1116-55 meM 15 AsanoM ke nAma liye haiM aura unakA varNana kiyA hai| dhyAnabindu upa0 kA kathana hai ki AsanoM kI saMkhyA lambI hai, kintu usane kevala cAra ke nAma liye haiM aura unheM hI atyanta mahattvapUrNa mAnA hai| zivasaMhitA (3 / 100) evaM gheraNDasaMhitA (211) meM AyA hai ki Asana 84 haiM, kintu gorakSazataka kA kathana hai ki Asana utane haiM, jitanI jIvita jAtiyA~ haiM, aura ve sabhI ziva ko jJAta haiM, kintu 84 lAkha AsanoM meM ziva ne kevala 84 ko cunA hai jinameM siddhAsana evaM padmAsana sarvottama haiM (115-6) / _ 'yoga' zabda kA prayoga vistRta artha meM kaI mAmaloM meM hotA hai| bhagavadgItA meM, jo svayaM yogazAstra hai aura jisakA pratyeka adhyAya yoga kahA jAtA hai, yaha bAta pAyI jAtI hai, vizeSata: usa vidhi yA vidhiyoM ke viSaya meM jisase yA jinake dvArA parama brahma se tAdAtmya bar3hAyA jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha, gItA meM aise prayoga hue haiM, yathAabhyAsayoga (818, 12 / 6), karmayoga (3 / 3 evaM 7), jJAnayoga (3 / 3), bhaktiyoga (14 / 26) / kucha anya granthoM meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| kucha pAzcAtya lekhakoM ne yoga ke kaI prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA--mantrayoga, jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga, karmayoga, rAjayoga evaM htthyog| dekhie eph0 yITsa-brAuna kRta 'baMgAla laiMsara' (1630, paM0 284), Ara0 sI0 omana kRta 'di misTiks aiseTiksa eNDa seNTsa Ava iNDiyA' (1605 kA saMskaraNa, pR0 172), jerAlDAina kaoNsTara kRta 'yoga eNDa vesTarna sAikaoNlaoNjI' (pR0 10), ailena DanIlo kA grantha (pR0 83, jahA~ mantrayoga, layayoga, kuNDalinIyoga Adi kA ullekha hai)| kucha pazcAtkAlIna grantha, yathAyogatattvopaniSada evaM zivasaMhitA (56) ne mantrayoga, haThayoga, layayoga evaM rAjayoga nAmaka cAra yogoM kI carcA kI hai| ina 45. tadyathA padmAsanaM vIrAsanaM bhadrAsanaM svastikaM daNDAsanaM sopAzrayaM paryakaM krauJcaniSadanaM hastiniSadanamuSTraniSadanaM samasaMsthAnaM sthirasukhaM yathAsukhaM cetyevamAdIni / bhASya (yogasUtra 2 / 346 pr)| krauJcaniSadana evaM usake Age ke do AsanoM ke viSaya meM vAcaspati kA kathana hai-'krauJcAdInAM niSaNNAnAM saMsthAnadarzanAt prtyetvyaani|' sopAzrayaM (kisI pIThopadhAna ke sahAre) 'yogapaTTakayogAt sopAzrayam' (vaacspti)| epi0 iNDikA (jilda 21, pR0 260) meM rASTrakUTa rAjA khoTiMga ke kolAgallu zilAlekha (zaka saMvat 186, pharavarI 17, san 667 I0) meM daNDAsana evaM 'lohAsanI' nAmaka AsanoM kA ullekha hai| yoga kA prabhAva samAja meM itanA adhika thA ki bahuta-se zilAlekhoM meM yoga paddhatiyoM kA ullekha hai| 46. yogo hi bahudhA brahman bhidyate vyvhaartH| mantrayogo layazcaiva haThosau raajyojkH|| mAtRkAdiyutaM mantraM dvAdazAbdaM tu yo japet / krameNa labhate jJAnamaNimAdiguNAnvitam // alpabuddhirimaM yogaM sevate sAdhakAdhamaH // layayogazcittalayaH koTizaH prikiirtitH| gacchaMstiSThan svapan bhujan dhyAyaniSkalamIzvaram // sa eva layayogaH syAta.... aadi| yogatattvopaniSad (16021-23) /

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 275 sabhI yogoM meM pataJjali kI hI praNAlI pracalita hai, kintu pratyeka meM yoga ke kisI viziSTa svarUpa kA hI nidarzana hai| vAstava meM yoga kI kevala do pramukha praNAliyA~ haiM, eka vaha jo yogasUtra dvArA pratipAdita hai aura jisakA bhASya vyAsa ne kiyA hai aura dUsarI praNAlI vaha hai jo gorakSazataka tathA svAtmArAmayogI kI haThayogapradIpikA meM (jisa para brahmAnanda dvArA jyotsnA nAmaka TIkA hai) meM varNita hai| saMkSepa meM donoM yogapraNAliyoM meM yaha antara hai ki jahA~ pAtaJjala yoga cittAnuzAsana para hI sArA prayAsa lagAtA hai, vahA~ haThayoga kA pramukha sambandha hai zarIra, usake svAsthya, zuddhatA evaM rogarahitatA se| isa tathya kA udghATana isI se ho jAtA hai ki jahA~ pataJjali ne Asana kI paribhASA kisI aisI zarIrAvasthiti se kI hai jo 'sthirasukha' (sthira evaM sarala athavA sukhakara) ho, vahA~ haThayoga-sambandhI grantha bahuta-se AsanoM kA ullekha karate haiM, yathA-mayUrAsana, kukkuTAsana, siddhAsana Adi, jinase rogoM kA nivAraNa hotA hai (1 / 31) aura isa prakAra kula 84 Asana haiN| itanA hI nahIM, haThayoga ne kucha kriyAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, yathA-neti (nAsA-mArga nirmala karanA), dhauti (AmAzaya svaccha karanA), vasti (yaugika enimA)evaM nauli (peTa kI nalikA hilAnA), jinake viSaya meM pataJjali mauna haiN|48 yadi ucita nirdezana evaM dharya ke sAtha haThayoga 47. svAtmArAma yogI kRta haThayogapradIpikA kA aMgrejI anuvAda zrI zrInivAsa AyaMgara dvArA huA hai (thiyosaoNphikala pabliziMga hAusa, madrAsa, tIsarA saMskaraNa, 1646) / prantha kA nAma haThapradIpikA hai, jaisA ki 'haThapradIpikA dhatte svAtmArAmaH kRpAkaraH' (133) se prakaTa hotA hai| pratyeka 'upadeza' ke antima tathA brahmAnanda kRta 'haThapradIpikA-jyotsnA' ke prathama zloka se bhI yahI bAta jhalakatI hai| TIkA ke anusAra 'ha' evaM '' kA artha krama se sUrya evaM candra hai aura ve krama se dakSiNa evaM vAma nAsikA-zvAsa ke dyotaka haiN| zivasaMhitA kA anuvAda rAyabahAdura zrIcandra vidyArNava dvArA (pANini oNphisa, dUsarA saMskaraNa, 1623) tathA gheraNDasaMhitA kA anuvAda zrIcandra vasu dvArA haA hai (bambaI, 1866) / 48. haThayoga ko 6 kriyAe~ ye haiM-dhautirbastistathA netistrATaka naulikaM tthaa| kapAlabhAtizcatAni SaT karmANi prcksste||h0 yo0 pra0 (2 / 22) / yogamImAMsA nAmaka jarnala ke khaNDa 2, pR0 170-177 meM dhauti, khaDa 1, pR0 101-104 meM basti, khaNDa 1, pR0 25-26 evaM khaNDa 4, pR0 320-24 meM nauli kA tathA zrI kuvalayAnanda kRta 'prANAyAma' nAmaka pustikA (bhAga 1, pR0 76-100) meM kapAlabhAti kA varNana hai| neti meM mAsikA ko svaccha kiyA jAtA hai| trATaka meM jaba taka AMsU na girane lageM taba taka kisI ati sUkSma lakSya (padArtha) para AMkhoM ko binA palaka girAye rakhA jAtA hai (nirIkSenizcalavRzA sUkSmalakSyaM smaahitH| azrusampAtaparyantamAcAryastrATakaM smRtam ||h0 yo0 pra0 (2 // 31) / trATaka ke kaI prakAra haiM, yathA-nakSatratrATaka, sUryatrATaka, AvarzatrATaka, bhUmadhyatrA0, nAsAgratrA0 / jisake netra durbala hoM, use trATaka nahIM karanA cAhie, kevala pravINa vyakti ke nirdezana meM hI aisA karanA caahie| ekAgratA evaM dhyAna ke lie trATaka eka Arambhika AvazyakatA hai| jo loga haThayoga ke viSaya meM abhiruci rakhate haiM, unheM theyosa barnArDa kA grantha 'haThayoga, di riporTa Ava e parasanala ekspIrieMsa (kolambiyA yUnivasiTI presa, nyUyArka, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1645) par3hanA caahie| theyoja barnArDa mahodaya ne sampUrNa bhArata kI yAtrA kI, apane guru kI AjJA se unhIM ke sAtha rAMcI meM nivAsa karate rahe aura unakI AjJA se timbata bhI gye| unake prantha meM 36 citra haiM, jinameM 28 AsanoM ke citra haiM, 7, 26-27 mahAmadrA, bajolimusA evaM pAziNImadrA ke citra haiM, 32veM evaM 33veM citra meM uDDIyAna-bandha ke prathama evaM dvitIya svarUpa haiM, 34 mai 36 baje citra bolI-yamamA, naulI-bhAmA evaM baurI-pakSiA ke citra haiN| haThayogapradIpikA (3 // 6-7) meM vasa

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kA abhyAsa kiyA jAya to vyakti na kevala svastha, zaktizAlI, zuddha evaM sakriya bana jAtA hai, pratyuta vaha Antarika zakti evaM sukha pAtA hai| haThayoga kI paddhati se tIna pariNAma prakaTa hote haiM-(1) rogoM evaM mana kI avyavasthAoM ho jAnA, (2) siddhiyoM kI prApti jisase (3) rAjayoga evaM kaivalya kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai| svayaM haThayogapradIpikA meM kahA gayA hai ki haThayoga kA udghoSa rAjayoga ke lie hI huA hai, arthAt rAjayoga hI haThayoga kA pramukha phala hai na ki siddhiyA~ aura rAjayoga se kaivalya kI upalabdhi hotI hai| haThayogapradIpikA ne pataJjali kI bhA~ti ATha aMgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, kintu isameM yama 10 haiM, jinameM halakA bhojana karanA pramukha hai aura niyamoM meM ahiMsA prathama sthAna rakhatI hai| ATha aMgoM ke atirikta isameM vizeSataH mahAmudrA, khecarI, jAlandhara, uDDIyAna tathA mUlabandha, vajrolI, amarolI evaM sahajolI kA ullekha hai (1 / 26-27) / haThayogapradIpikA (1 / 58) ke anusAra haThayoga kA Arambha AdinAtha (arthAt ziva) se huaa| isane matsyendranAtha, gorakSanAtha se lekara Age ke 35 mahAsiddhoM ke nAma liye haiN| jJAnadeva kI bhagavadgItA-sambandhI TIkA jJAnezvarI ne anta meM garuparamparA kA ullekha yoM kiyA hai-AdinAtha , matsyendranAtha, gorakSanAtha, gahinInAtha, nivRttinAtha, jJAnade haThayoga evaM pAtaJjalayoga ke granthoM meM anya bheda bhI pAye jAte haiM / gorakSazataka evaM haThayogapradIpikA ke anusAra Asana evaM prANAyAma kA pramukha uddezya hai kaNDalinI (vyakti kI mArmika zakti jo ke mala meM sarpa ke samAna kaNDalI yA geMDara lagAye rahatI hai) ko jagAnA tathA use katipaya cakroM se pAra karAnA tathA saSamnA nADI ko brahmadvAra taka le jAnA, jaba ki yogasatra cakroM evaM nAr3iyoM kI kadAcit hI carcA karatA hai| bahuta-se loga kuNDalinI para likhe gaye granthoM ke AdhAra para kuNDalinI jagAne kA prayAsa kara baiThate haiN| yaha eka bhayaMkara prayoga hai| zrI purohita svAmI ne apane grantha 'ephoripamsa Ava yoga' meM likhA hai ki kuNDalinI kA jAgaraNa eka bhayaMkara anu madrAmoM ke nAma Aye haiN| sara paoNla vyaksa likhita 'di yoga Ava heltha, yUtha evaM jvaoNya' hAla kA likhA eka grantha hai jo pAzcAtya logoM ke lie yoga para likhA gayA hai (kaisela, laMdana, 1660) / yaha ati upayogI grantha hai, isameM lagabhaga 70 atIva sandara citra haiM aura vyaktigata abhyAsa ke AdhAra para atyanta sAvadhAnI se yaha likhA gayA hai| lekhaka varSoM taka senA meM sainikoM ke samakSa yogAbhyAsa kI upayogitA para bhASaNa kiyA karate the| 46. kevalaM rAjayogAya htthvidyopdishyte| haTha0 (112), jisa para jyotsnA kI TippaNI hai-'rAjavidyA eva mukhyaM phalaM na siddhyH| rAnayogadvArA kaMvalma phlm|' bahuta-se siddhoM, yathA-matsyendranAma, zAbarAnanda, bhairava, gorakSa Adi kA ullekha karane ke uparAnta haThayogapradIpikA (18) ne yoM anta kiyA hai-'ityAdayo mahAsidA haThayoga-prabhAvataH / ' 50. yogasUtra ne nAbhicakra (yaha kevala nAbhi hai, jisakA AkAra vRttavat hai) evaM kUrmanAr3I kA krama se 3 / 26 evaM 331 meM ullekha kiyA hai| dekhie gorakSazataka (zloka 10-23, 54-67) jahA~ cakroM, nAr3iyoM, brahmadvAra Adi kA ullekha hai| haThayogapradIpikA (3) meM kuNDalinI ke jAgaraNa kA ullekha hai| gorakSazataka kA mUla evaM anuvAda DablU0 jI0 bigsa kRta 'gorakhanAtha eNDa di kanaphaTAsa' (pR0 284-304) meM hai jo abhI hAla meM svAmI kuvalayAnanda dvArA anuvAda evaM TippaNI ke sAtha prakAzita huA hai (1656) / DA. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne 'nAtha sampradAya' (1950)nAmaka eka anya likhA hai| DA0 mohanasiMha ne bhI 'gorakhanAtha eNDa meDovala hindU misTisijma' nAmaka eka grantha likhA hai| yadi jJAnezvarI meM ullikhita guruparamparA ko ThIka mAnA jAya to gorakhanAtha lagabhaga 1100 I0 meM yA isase kucha hI kAla pazcAt hue the| aura dekhie zrI Ara0 sI0 dhere kRta parAThI grantha 'gorakSanAma kI jIvanI evaM ziSyoM kI paramparA' (pR. 224) /

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 277 mUti hai, prathama dina meM, jaba kuNDalinI kA jAgaraNa ho gayA to aisA pratIta hotA thA ki mAno sampUrNa zarIra agni meM ho, aura unhoMne samajhA ki maiM mara rahA hU~, aura ve tIna mAsoM meM kaI mana dUdha evaM ghRta pI gaye aura do nimbavRkSoM kI sArI pattiyAM khA gaye / nADiyoM evaM tantroM ke siddhAnta kA bIja (mUla) kaThopaniSad (6 / 16) evaM chAndogyopaniSad (8 / 6 / 6) ke eka mantra meM pAyA jAtA hai-'hRdaya kI 101 nAr3iyAM haiM, unameM se eka mastaka meM praveza karatI hai, isake dvArA koI Upara car3hakara amaratA kI upalabdhi karatA hai; anya nAr3iyA~ vibhinna dizAoM kI ora jAne kA kArya karatI haiN|' prazna upa0 (3 / 6-7) meM AyA hai ki 101 nAr3iyoM meM pratyeka meM 72 upanAr3iyA~ haiM, jinameM puna: 1000 aura (sUkSma) nAr3iyA~ hotI haiN| dekhie muNDaka upa0 (2 / 2 / 6) / chAndogyopaniSad (8 / 6 / 1) meM AyA hai ki hRdaya kI nAr3iyoM meM eka sUkSma padArtha hotA hai jisakA raMga bhUrA, zveta, nIla, pIta yA lAla hotA hai / sambhavataH yahI piGgalA nAmaka nAr3I ke viSaya kI carcA kA mUla hai| maitrAyaNI upa0 (6 / 21) ne suSumnA nAr3I kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo Upara ko jAtI hai| viSNupurANa (6 / 7 / 36) ne madrAsana kA ullekha kiyA hai, jise vAcaspati ne uddhRta kiyA hai| anya purANoM meM vAyu (11113), mArkaNDeya (36 / 28), kUrma (2 / 11 / 43), liMga (1 / 8186), gArur3a (1 / 238 / 11) ne svastika, padma evaM ardhAsana nAmaka tIna AsanoM kI carcA kI hai| viSNudharmottara-purANa (3 / 283 // 6) ne svastika, sarvatobhadra, kamala (padma) evaM paryaka nAmaka AsanoM ko dhyAna ke lie vyavasthita kiyA hai / bhAgavata0 (3 / 2818) ne Asana-sambandhI gItA (6 / 11) ke zabdoM (zucau deze pratiSThApya) kA prayoga kiyA hai| AsanoM ke do prakAra haiM, jinameM eka prANAyAma, dhyAna evaM ekAgratA ke lie upayogI hai, yathA--padma, siddha evaM svastika / AsanoM kA dUsarA prakAra zArIrika rogoM ke nivAraNa evaM svAsthya ke lie upayogI hotA hai| kintu inameM adhikAMza meM vibhinna zArIrika AyAsoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai aura ina AsanoM dvArA upasthApita antima zarIra-dazA gambhIra dhyAna ko asambhava nahIM to kaThina avazya banA detI hai| dekhie zIrSAsana, sarvAMgAsana, halAsana, viparItakaraNI, mayUrAsana / tejobindu upaniSad (1 / 23) kA kathana hai ki vahI Asana (ucita) Asana hai jo brahma meM nirantara dhyAna lagAnA sambhava karatA hai; anya Asana kevala kaThinAI utpanna karate haiN| aisA nahIM socanA cAhie ki usa vyakti ko, jo uccatara yoga-anuzAsana ke pIche par3A huA hai, AsanoM meM kucha samaya denA cAhie, kyoMki tabhI vaha Age ke yoga-stara ko prApta kara skegaa| vAstava meM AsanoM kA prArambhika uddezya hai rogoM kA nivAraNa karanA evaM svastha zArIrika saMskAra kI prApti krnaa| yadi koI yogI apekSAkRta svastha zarIra vAlA hai to vaha prANAyAma evaM anya aMgoM kA abhyAsa kara sakatA hai| AsanoM ke atirikta yogAbhyAsI ko apanI nAka ke agramAga para (ghATaka) apalaka dekhate rahanA hotA hai (gItA, 6 / 13) / / yogI ko kyA khAnA cAhie, kyA nahIM khAnA cAhie tathA use kahAM para yogAbhyAsa karanA cAhie, isa viSaya meM bahuta-se niyama pratipAdita kiye gaye haiN| zAntiparva' meM AyA hai ki yogI ko cAvala ke choTe-choTe kaNa 51. kaNAnAM bhakSaNe yuktaH piNyAkasya ca bhkssnne| snehAnA varjane yukto yogI balamApnuyAt // bhujAno yAvakaM rUkSa vIrghakAlamarindama / ekArAmo vizuddhAtmA yogI balamavApnuyAt // pakSAn mAsAnatazcaitAn saJcAzca guhaaNstthaa| apaH pItvA payomithA yogI balamavApnuyAt // zAnti0 (286 / 43-45, 300 / 43-45 citrazAlA presa sNskrnn)| aura dekhie mArkaNDeya 0 (36 / 48-50), brahmapurANa (234-7-6), kUrma0 (2|1147-52),sknb0 (kAzIkhaNDa 41165-66), hiMgapu0 (11876-84), nahIM yogAbhyAsa ke lie bajita sthAnoM kA ullekha hai|

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278 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pakAkara yA piNyAka (khalI) khAnA cAhie, tailayukta padArthoM kA sevana nahIM karanA cAhie, yadi vaha yAvaka (arthAt kulmASa yA jau kA daliyA) para hI rahe taba bhI balavAn rahegA; use jala evaM dUdha milAkara pInA cAhie aura gaphAoM meM nivAsa karanA caahie| mArkaNDeya (kRtyakalpataru, 10 167-177, mokSa khaNDa) meM AyA hai-yogI ko sUne sthaloM, vanoM, guhAoM meM dhyAna kA abhyAsa karanA cAhie; kolAhalapUrNa sthAnoM meM, agni evaM jala ke pAsa, purAnI gozAlAoM meM, caurAhoM meM, sUkhI pattiyoM ke DhUha ke pAsa, nadI ke taTa para, zmazAna meM, jahAM reMgane vAle jIvoM kA nivAsa ho, bhayaMkara sthAnoM meM, kUpa ke pAsa, caitya (jahA~ citA lagAyI gayI ho) yA dImaka ke chUha para yogAbhyAsa nahIM karanA caahie|' usI purANa meM yaha bhI AyA hai ki use taba yogAbhyAsa nahIM karanA cAhie jaba peTa meM vAyu ho yA vaha bhUkhA ho yA thakA-mA~dA ho yA jaba mana se avyavasthita ho yA jaba adhika zIta yA uSNa ho, tIkSNa vAyu-vega ho| devaladharmasUtra meM vyavasthA hai ki yogI ko yogAbhyAsa devatAyatana (mandira), khAlI ghara, girikandarA, nadI-pulina (nadI kI bAlakA-bhUmi), guphAoM yA vanoM tathA bhayarahita pavitra evaM zuddha sthala meM karanA caahie|52 haThayogapradIpikA (1 / 61) meM bhakSyAbhakSya kA ullekha hai| gorakSazataka meM vyavasthA hai ki yogI ko kaTa, amla, lavaNa yakta bhojana kA tyAga karanA cAhie, use kevala dugdha bhojana para rahanA caahie| gItA meM AyA hai-'jo adhika khAtA hai, yA pUrNa upavAsa karatA hai, vaha yoga meM saphala nahIM ho sakatA, yoga usake kaSTa ko dUra karatA hai, jo ucita bhojana-vyAyAma karatA hai|' chAndogyopaniSad (7 / 26 / 2) meM, jahA~ sanatkumAra nArada ko vAstavika tattva ke viSaya meM upadeza karate haiM, AyA hai ki AhAra kI zuddhatA se mana kI zuddhatA AtI hai (AhArazuddho sttvshuddhiH)| aura dekhie aparArka (yAjJa0 11154, pR0 221) / prANAyAma yoga kA vaha aMga hai jo Arambhika kAloM se hI dharmazAstra ke granthoM meM AtA rahA hai| zAbdika rUpa meM isakA artha hai 'prANa kA niyantraNa yA viraam|' isake anya paryAya haiM 'prANasaMyama' (yAjJa. 1222) evaM 'prANasaMrodha' / mahattvapUrNa vivAdavastu hai-'prANa' kA abhiprAya kyA hai ? yaha zabda 'an' ( sAMsa lenA) ghAtu se niSpanna hai aura 'pra' upasarga pahale jor3a diyA gayA hai, yathA-pra+an / yaha kriyA evaM isake rUpa Rgveda meM Aye haiM (1110115,10 / 12113,10 / 12 / 4) / Rgveda meM kaI sthAnoM para 'prANa' kA artha kevala 'sA~sa lenA' hai, ythaa1166|1, 3153 / 21 evaM 1066 / 6 meN| R0 (1060 / 13 'prANAdvAyurajAyata') meM aisA AyA hai ki AdipuruSa ke prANa se vAyu (havA) prakaTa huii| Rgveda meM 'asu' zabda bhI 'prANa' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai (11113 // 16 // 'udhIdhvaM jIvo asuna AgAt' evaM 1 / 164 / 4) / 'prANana' (zvAsa) evaM 'jIvana' donoM R0 (1 / 48 / 10, jo uSA ko sambodhita hai) meM Aye haiM / sambhavataH R0 (10 / 18602) meM 'apAna' kI ora nirdeza hai, yathA-'antazcarati rocanAsya praannaadpaantii|' taittirIya saMhitA (1 / 6 / 3 / 3) meM prANoM ke pAMca prakAra jor3e meM Alikhita 52. devatAyatanazUnyAgAragirikandaranadIpulinaguhAkhyAnAmanyatame zucau nirAbAdhe vibhakte... manasA taccittanaM dhyAnam / devala (kRtyakalpa0, mokSa, pR0 181) / milAie zvetAzvataropaniSad (2 / 10) / 53. kaTvAlalavaNatyAgI kssiirbhojnmaacret| gorakSazataka ( 50); kaTvamlatIkSNalavaNoSNarItazAkasauvIratalatilasarSapamadyamatsyAn / AjAdimAsaMdadhitakrakulatthakolapiNyAkahiGagulazanAthamapathyamAhaH // godhUmazAliyavaSASTikazobhanAghnaM kSIrAjyakhaNDanavanItasitAmadhUni / zuMThIpaTolakaphalAdikapaMcazAkaM mud gAvi divyamuvakaM ca yamondrapamyam // puSTaM sumadhuraM snigdhaM gavyaM pAtuprapoSaNam / manobhilaSitaM yogyaM mogI bhojanamAcaret // ha. yo0pra0 (61164-65) /

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 276 haiN| tai0 saM0 (11762) meM 'prANa', 'apAna' evaM 'vyAna' nAmaka tIna zabda prayukta hue haiN| atharvaveda (8111) meM 'prANAH' evaM 'apAnAH' ko bahuvacana meM prayukta kiyA gayA hai| ina donoM ke atirikta 'asu', 'prANa' evaM 'AyuH' (8113) kA bhI prayoga huA hai| sambhavataH ina pA~coM kA artha 'jIvana' (prANa) hI hai| upaniSadoM meM prANa sabhI jIvoM kI pramukha zakti kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai aura brahma kA pratinidhi yA pratIka ho jAtA hai| dekhie bR0 upa0 (1 / 6 / 3 prANo vA amRtaM nAmarUpe satyaM tAbhyAm ayaM prANazcannaH), bR0 upa0 (115 / 23) meM jahA~ eka zloka uddhRta hai ki sUrya prANa se udita hotA hai aura prANa meM hI asta ho jAtA hai, aisA AyA hai-'tasmAdekameva vrataM caret, prANyAccavApAnyAcca, nenmA pApmA mRtyurApnavaditi', 'arthAt isalie vyakti ko eka hI vrata lenA cAhie, use ucchvAsa evaM niHzvAsa isa (bhayapUrNa) vicAra ke sAtha lenA cAhie ki duSTa mRtyu mujhe pakar3a legii|' yahI hameM prANAyAma kI mahattA kA siddhAnta dRSTigocara ho jAtA hai| chAndogyopaniSad (5 // 18-24) meM kahA gayA hai ki bhojana ke samaya prANa, vyAna, apAna, samAna evaM udAna ko pA~ca AhutiyA~ dI jAnI cAhie (yathA-'prANAya svAhA' Adi) aura jo vyakti agnihotra evaM AhutiyoM kA saccA artha jAnatA hai vaha sabhI lokoM, jIvoM evaM AtmAoM meM ise karatA hai| Aja bhI bhojana ke pUrva brAhmaNa loga ina AhutiyoM kA kRtya karate haiM, kevala pAMca ke krama meM antara par3a gayA hai| praznopaniSad (2013) meM AyA hai-'yaha saba jo tInoM lokoM meM pratiSThApita hai, prANa ke adhikAra ke antargata hai|' chAndogyopaniSad (4 / 3 / 3) meM bhI prANa ke pAMca nAma liye gaye haiM jo zarIra ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM avasthita hone ke kAraNa prANa, apAna, vyAna, samAna evaM udAna kahe jAte haiN| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki IsA kI zatI ke bahuta pUrva se hI pAMca prANoM kI kriyA ke antara kA parijJAna logoM ko ho gayA thaa| isa grantha meM upaniSadoM kI prANa-sambandhI vyAkhyA evaM vizada vivecana meM jAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai| 'prANa' evaM 'apAna' ke artha ke viSaya meM eka vivAda calatA rahA hai| kailaNDa, kItha, DyUmANTa Adi ke matAnusAra prAcIna vaidika sAhitya meM prANa kA artha yA 'niHzvAsa' (arthAt sAMsa nikAlanA)evaM apAna kA 'ucchavAsa' (sAMsa lenA), jo Age calakara sudhArA gayA / dUsarI ora adhikAMzataH sabhI TIkAkAroM, lekhakoM tathA jI0 Dabla. brAuna, eDagarTana Adi ne isakA ulaTA pratipAdita kiyA hai / prastuta lekhaka dUsare mata kA samarthana karatA hai , arthAta 'prANa' kA artha thA aura aba bhI hai 'sA~sa lenA' tathA 'apAna' kA artha hai 'peTa kI vAyu' (jo bAhara nikalatI hai)| sabhI vidvAn isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki saMskRta sAhitya meM 'prANa' evaM 'apAna' ke artha ye hI the| virodhI mata kevala itanA hI kahatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM (prAcIna vaidika kAla meM) hI 'prANa' evaM 'apAna' ke artha the krama se 'nizvAsa' (sAMsa nikAlanA) evaM 'ucchvAsa' (sA~sa lenA) / jahA~ taka sambhava ho hameM aisA jAnane kA prayatna karanA cAhie ki upaniSadoM ke vacana hamAre artha kA hI samarthana karate haiN| praznopaniSad (jo eka prAcIna upaniSad hai, kintu atyanta prAcIna upaniSadoM meM nahIM hai) meM eka ati manorama evaM nizcayAtmaka vacana AyA hai-"jisa prakAra rAjA apane karmacAriyoM kI niyukti yaha kahakara karatA hai ki tuma loga ina grAmoM 54. prANApAnau me pAhi samAnavyAno me pA[dAnavyAnau meM pAhi / tai0 saM0 (116 // 3 // 3) / isa para sAyaNa ne apanI TIkA meM spaSTa evaM manorama TippaNI kI hai-eka eva vAyuH zarIragatasthAnabhedAt kAryabhedAcca praannaadinaambhibhidyte| sthAnabhevaH kshciduktH| hRdi prANo gude'pAnaH samAno nAbhisaMsthitaH / udAnaH kaNThadezastho vyAnaH sarvazarIragaH // iti| ucchavAsa-nizvAsau praannvyaapaarH| mlmuutryordhHpaatnmpaanvyaapaarH| bhuktasyAnarasasya zarIre sAmyena nayanaM smaannnyaapaarH| udgArahikkAvizvAnanyApAraH / kRtsnAsu zarIranAgeSu myApya prANApAnabatyoH sandhi

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280 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke zAsanAdhikArI bano, usI prakAra yaha prANa anya prANoM kA pRthak-pRthak kAryakSetra nirdhArita karatA hai / apAna ko pAyu (gudA) evaM upastha (jananendriya) ke aMgoM meM niyojita karatA hai, prANa mukha evaM nAsikA se praveza karake apane ko (rAjA ke samAna) A~khoM evaM kAnoM meM pratiSThApita karatA hai, samAna ko madhya meM (arthAt prANa evaM apAna ke kAryakSetra ke bIca meM) arthAt nAbhi meM (pratiSThApita karatA hai), kyoMki yahI (samAna hI) hai jo diye hue (agni meM arthAt AmAzaya meM) bhojana ko samAna rUpa se (sabhI zarIra-mAgoM meM) le jAtA hai / "55 kailaNDa, DyumANTa Adi, jo 'prANa' zabda ko prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya meM 'niHzvAsa' (sAMsa bAhara nikAlanA) ke artha meM prayukta mAnate haiM, ve mukhyata: zaMkarAcArya kI usa vyAkhyA kA Azraya lete haiM jo unhoMne chAndogyopaniSad (1 / 3 / 3) para kI hai / ve loga zAMkara bhASya (chA0 upa0 1 / 3 / 3) ke 'antarAkarSati vAyum' ko zvAsa lene (ucchvAsa) ke artha meM lete haiM; kintu usakA artha yoM bhI ho sakatA hai-'vaha zarIra ke bhItara vAyu khIMcatA hai' (zarIra kA bhItara kA artha hai peTa meM), aura adhika mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki kalaNDa, DyUmANTa Adi ne zaMkarAcArya ke zabdoM kA jo artha lagAyA hai vaha svayaM zaMkarAcArya kI upaniSad sambandhI anya vyAsyAoM se mela nahIM khAtA, yathA-bR0 upa0 (135 // 3, 3 / 4 / 1), chA0 upa0 (3 / 13 / 1-6), kaTha0 (13), prazna0 (314-5) / zAMkara bhASya (bR. upa0 115 // 3) meM AyA hai'-'prANa hRdaya kI kriyA hai jo mukha evaM nAsikA meM saJcAlita hotI hai aura vaha isa nAma se isalie pukArA jAtA hai kyoMki isakA 'praNayana' hotA hai (arthAt yaha Age bar3hAyA jAtA hai); apAna adhovRtti (nIce jAne vAlI kriyA) hai, jo nAbhi se Arambha hotA hai aura isalie aisA kahA jAtA hai ki yaha 'mala-mUtra' bAhara karatA hai / ' kevala zaMkarAcArya ne hI nahIM, pratyuta unake pUrvavartI devala ke dharmasUtra ne bhI aisI hI vyAkhyA kI hai| kAle zarIrasya balapradAnaM vyaanvyaapaarH| isake uparAnta sAyaNa ne chAndogyopaniSad (1 / 33) kA sahArA liyA hai-'yadva prANiti sa prANaH yadapAniti so'pAnaH / atha yaH prANApAnayoH sandhiH sa vyAnaH / yo vyAnaH sA vAk / aura dekhie tai0 saM0 (3 / 4 / 1 / 3-4) evaM praznopaniSad (3 / 4-5) / 55. yathA samADevAdhikRtAn viniyuDavate / etAn grAmAnetAn prAmAnadhitiSThasveti / evamevaSa prANa itarAn prANAn pRthak pRthageva sNnidhtte| pAyUpasthe'pAnam / cakSuHzrotre mukhanAsikAbhyAM prANaH svayaM prAtiSThate madhye tu smaanH| eSa hyetaddhatamannaM samaM nayati / praznopaniSad (3 / 4-5) / 56. chA0 upa0 (1||3||3)pr zaMkarAcArya ne vyAkhyA kI hai :-yadvai puruSaH prANiti mukhanAsikAbhyAM vAyaM bahiniHsArayati sa prANAkhyo vaayovRttivishessH| yadapAnityapazvasiti tAnyA-mevAntarAkarSati vAyuMsA'pAnAkhyA vRttiH; aura dekhie zAMkarabhASya (ve0 sU0 2|4|12-pnycvRttirmnovd vyapadizyate)-'prANaH praagvRttirucchvaasaadikrmaa| apAnorvAgvRttinizvAsAdikarmA / vyAnastayoH sandhau vartamAno viiryvtkrmhetuH| udAna UrdhvavRttirutkrAntyAdihetuH / samAnaH samaM sarveSvaGgaSu yonnarasAnnayatIti / ' gItA (4 / 26) meM AyA hai-'apAne juhvati prANaM prANe'pAnaM tthaapre| prANApAnagatI ruddhvA prANAyAmaparAyaNAH // ' yahA~ donoM zabda viziSTa artha meM prayukta haiN| 57. atha prANa uccate / prANo mukhanAsikAsaJcAryA hRdayavRttiH prnnynaatpraannH| apanayanAnmatrapurISAderapAno'dhovRttiH AnAbhisthAnaH ' (bR. upa0 11 // 3 ke bhASya meN)| prazna0 (3.5) ke bhASya meM 'apAna' kI vyAkhyA yoM hai : 'apAnamAtmabhedaM matrapurISAdyapanayanaM kurvastiSThati sNnidhtte|' kaThopa0 (5 // 3) ke 'Udhya prANamunnayatyapAnaM pratyagasyati' para bhASya yoM hai-UdhvaM hRdayAtprANaM prANavRtti vAyumunnayatyUyaM gamayati tathA apAnaM pratyagadho asyati ,,

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 281 yogapaddhati meM, jo upaniSadoM para AghRta hai, prANa kA artha kevala sAMsa hI nahIM hai, pratyuta aura kucha hai| yaha jIvanI zakti evaM una zaktiyoM kA dyotaka hai jo zarIra meM vANI, A~kha, kAna evaM mana meM tathA vizva meM vibhinna rUpoM meM vidyamAna haiM / isakI atyanta pratyakSIkaraNayogya abhivyaJjanA mAnavIya phephar3oM kI gati meM parilakSita hotI hai / yogasUtra ne yogAbhyAsI ke samakSa yaha siddhAnta rakhA hai ki zarIra meM prANa ke vaijJAnika saMyamana se yogI mAnava-cetanA evaM vAhya vizva meM sAmAnyataH na dikhAI par3ane vAlI zakti para adhikAra pA sakatA hai| pramukha upaniSadoM meM prANAyAma zabda nahIM aataa|50 sUtroM meM isakA prayoga huA hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 5 / 12 / 14-15) meM AyA hai ki yadi gRhastha sUryodaya ke samaya sotA rahe / use usa dina (rAtri taka) vrata rakhanA evaM mauna rahanA cAhie / usameM aisA bhI AyA hai ki kucha AcAryoM ke kathanAnusAra use prAyazcittasvarUpa prANAyAma taba taka karate rahanA cAhie jaba taka ki vaha thaka na jAya / gautamadharmasUtra (1161) meM AyA hai ki jaba chAtra apane guru ke samakSa vidyAdhyayana ke lie baiTha jAya aura usake tathA guru ke bIca se kuttoM, so, mer3hakoM, billiyoM ke atirikta yadi koI anya pazu pAra kara jAya to ziSya ko tIna prANAyAma karane cAhie aura (prAyazcittasvarUpa) thor3A ghI khA lenA caahie| isI prakAra usameM (23 // 6 evaM 22) punaH AyA hai ki yadi use kisI aise vyakti ke mukha se, jisane madya pI rakhI hai, gandha mila jA to use (prAyazcittasvarUpa) tIna prANAyAma karane cAhie aura ghRtaprAzana karanA cAhie aura yadi vaidika vidyArthI kisI azuci (cANDAla Adi) ko dekha le to use eka prANAyAma karake sUrya kI ora dekhanA cAhie / isI prakAra baudhAyanadharmasUtra (4014-11) ne katipaya doSoM ke lie prANAyAmoM kI vyavasthA dI hai| uparyukta udAharaNoM se yaha vyakta hotA hai ki sUtroM (IsA se kaI zatiyoM pUrva) ke kAla meM prANAyAma kI dhAraNA kA itanA vikAsa ho cukA thA ki samAja dvArA bhartsanA kiye jAne vAle karmoM ke lie dhArmika kRtyoM evaM prAyazcittoM ke rUpa meM prANAyAma kA upayoga hone lagA thaa| una dinoM prANAyAma eka dhArmika kRtya-sA thA na ki yoga ke ATha aMgoM meM usakI parigaNanA hotI thii| vaidika sAhitya meM pA~ca prANa parigaNita the, kintu purANoM tathA anya madhyakAlIna granthoM meM vibhinna nAmoM vAle pAMca anya prANa sammilita kara liye gaye / kSipati yaH iti vAkyazeSaH / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki bhASya meM 'prANa' kA artha hai 'sAMsa lenA yA kaNTha kI sAMsa, aura 'apAna' kA artha hai 'peTa kI vAya yA havA ko bAhara krnaa|' tatra UdhvaM nAbhegato recanocchvAsakSaraNodgarakarmA prANaH / agho nAbharutsargAnandakarmA'pAnaH / devala (kRtyakalpataru dvArA uddhata, mokSakANDa, pR0 170) / vanaparva (213|7-citrshaalaa presa saMskaraNa) meM AyA hai-'bastimUlaM gudaM caiva pAvakaM samupAzritaH / vahan mUtraM puroSa bApyapAnaH parivartate // ' 58. eka zloka meM dasa prAcIna evaM mukhya upaniSadeM isa prakAra ullikhita haiM-'zi-kena-kaTha-prazna-muNDa. mANDUkya-tittiri / aitareyaM ca chAndogyaM bRhadAraNyakaM tathA // ' 56. prANo'pAmaH samAnazca udAmo dhyAna eva ca / nAgaH kUrmastu kRkalo devadatto dhanaJjayaH // udgAre nAga AkhyAtaH karma ummIlane tu saH / kRkalaH kSutakArye ca devadatto vijAbhaNe // dhanaJjayo mahAghoSaH sarvagaH sa matepi hi / iti yo vazavAyUnAM prANAyAmena sidhyati // liMgapurANa (1861, 65-66) / milAie yogayAjJavalya (4164. 71, bhI dIvAmanI sArA sampAdita) kahA~ rasa vAyumoM evaM unakI kriyAoM kA ullekha hai| vanaparva (212 / 15

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa aba hama yaha dekheM ki yogasUtra ne kisa prakAra prANAyAma kI paribhASA aura usakI vyAkhyA kI hai / jaba Asana kI sthiratA kI upalabdhi ho jAya to zvAsa lene evaM chor3ane kI gati meM jo virAma ( viccheda) hotA hai use prANAyAma kahate haiM ( zvAsaprazvAsayorgativicchedaH prANAyAmaH) / bhASya ne 'zvAsa' kA artha yoM lagAyA hai - 'usa vAyu ko bhItara khIMcanA jo zarIra ke bAhara rahatI hai' aura 'prazvAsa' kA artha yoM lagAyA hai- 'koSTha yA chAtI kI vAyu ko bAhara pheMkanA (bAhyasya vAyorAcamanaM zvAsaH kauSThasya vAyoniHsAraNaM prazvAsaH ) / ina donoM kA abhAva prANAyAma hai ( tayorgativiccheda: ubhayAbhAva: prANAyAmaH / bhASya 2 / 46 para ) / isase prakaTa hai ki prANAyAma meM mukhya tattva hai zvAsa evaM prazvAsa kA abhAva, jise yoga ke granthoM meM kumbhaka kahA gayA hai| Age ke sUtra meM AyA hai ki prANAyAma ( gativiccheda) ke tIna prakAra haiM- bAhya Abhyantara evaM stambha / tAtparya yaha hai ki kumbhaka (zvAsa rokanA yA viccheda yA virAma) bAhara se vAyu khIMcane para bhI kiyA jAtA hai ( prathama prakAra ) yA bhItara kI vAyu bAhara chor3a dene para bhI kiyA jAtA hai (dvitIya prakAra ) yA jaba sAmAnya dazA ho ( arthAt na to bAhara se vAyu khIMcI jAya, aura na bhItara kI vAyu bAhara pheMkI jAya ) taba virAma kiyA jAya ( tRtIya prakAra ) / kAloM yA mAtrAoM yA saMkhyAoM ke anusAra ina prakAroM meM pratyeka ko niyamita kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaba virAma 36 mAtrAoM taka hotA hai to prANAyAma mRdu kahalAtA hai, jaba 72 mAtrAoM taka kiyA jAtA hai to use madhyama tathA jaba 108 mAtrAoM taka hotA hai to tIvra kahA jAtA hai / jaba prANAyAma bahuta dinoM, pakSoM evaM mAsoM taka kiyA jAtA hai to use dIrghaM kahA jAtA hai, jaba use bar3I dakSatA se kiyA jAtA hai to vaha sUkSma kahalAtA hai / 201 prANAyAma ke viSaya meM hameM yogasUtra ( 1 / 34 ) para bhI dhyAna denA cAhie (pracchardanavidhAraNAbhyAM vA prANasya ) / isa sUtra meM AyA hai ki mana kI abAdhita zAnti ke lie eka upAya hai sA~sa ko bAhara karanA evaM rokanA / isa sUtra evaM isake mASya se prakaTa hotA hai ki vidhAraNa (kumbhaka -- zvAsa ko roka rakhanA) prANAyAma hai / " prANAyAma kI vyAkhyA ke silasile meM deza, kAla evaM saMkhyA kI vyAkhyA bhI Avazyaka hai / sAmAnyataH eka svastha vikasita vyakti 4 sekaNDoM meM eka bAra zvAsa letA aura chor3a detA hai ( arthAt 1 minaTa meM 15 bAra yA dina rAtri meM 21600 bAra ) / recaka kI gati ko mApane ke lie ruI kA eka aMza yA eka patalA sUta nAsikA chidroM se kucha dUrI para rakha diyA jAtA hai aura vaha nAka ke zvAsa se jitanI dUra ur3a jAtA hai yA jahA~ jAkara ruka jAtA hai usa dUrI ko a~gulI kI caur3AI se nApa liyA jAtA hai / jahA~ taka kAla kA prazna hai, kaI kAla ikAiyA~ varNita haiM, kyoMki una prAcIna kAloM meM koI vaijJAnika yantra nahIM thaa| eka bAra palaka girane ( nimeSa) meM jo samaya lagatA hai vaha eka svara ke uccAraNa meM lagatA hai, aura use mAtrA kahA jAtA hai / apane hAtha se ghuTane ko tIna bAra chUne tathA a~gUThe evaM tarjanI ko chUne meM jo samaya bIta jAtA hai use bhI mAtrA kahA jAtA / anya kAla-ikAiyoM kI carcA hama yahA~ chor3a de rahe haiN| sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki recaka evaM pUraka donoM vahantyannarasAn nA~Dyo dazaprANapracoditA: ) ne bhI dasa prANoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| dekhie DA0 vrajendranAtha sIla kA grantha 'di paoNjiTiva sAiMsa Ava di aizyeNTa hindUja' (lAMgabhaiMsa, grIna, 1615, pR0 228 - 231) jahA~ ina dasa prANoM kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai / 60. pracchardanavidhAraNAbhyAM vA prANasya / yo0 sU0 ( 1134 ); koSThasya vAyornAsikApuTAbhyAM prayatnavizeSAd vamanaM pracchardanaM vidhAraNaM prANAyAmastAbhyAM vA manasaH sthiti sampAdayet / bhASya /

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra ko ekavidha evaM zAntipUrvaka honA cAhie, aura pUraka meM recaka kA AdhA kAla (samaya) laganA caahie| pUraka, recaka evaM kambhaka kI avadhi ke viSaya meM tIna mata haiM. yathA-1:4:2 yA 1:2:2 ke anapAta meM yA tInoM meM samAna / purANoM ne prANAyAma ke lie vibhinna mAtrAe~ nirdhArita kI haiM, yathA-mArkaNDeya (36 / 13, 14) meM AyA hai ki laghu (bhASya meM mRdu) meM 12 mAtrAe~ haiM. madhyama meM isakI dUnI tathA uttarIya (bhASya meM tIvra) meM 12 mAtrAoM kA tigunA / garuDapurANa (11226 / 14-15) ne krama se 10, 20, 30 mAtrAeM nirdhArita kI haiM aura kUrmapurANa ne mArkaNDeya kI bAta mAna lI hai / mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 200-201) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki prANAyAma kI tIna koTiyAM haiM-adhama (15 mAtrAe~), madhyama (30 mAtrAeM) evaM uttama (45 maatraaeN)| liMgapurANa (1281 47-48) ne nIca udghAta, madhyama udghAta evaM mukhya ke lie krama se 12, 24 evaM 36 mAtrAoM kA kAla mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki tInoM kA spaSTa pariNAma hai krama se prasveda AnA , kampana honA evaM utthAna honA (prasAdakampanotthAnajanakazca yathAkramam) / milAie mArkaNDeya0 (36 / 16) jisameM AyA hai ki inameM prANAyAma kI vibhinna mAtrAo ke anusAra krama se pravINatA prApta karanI cAhie (prathamena jayet svedaM madhyamena ca vepathum / viSAdaM hi tRtIyena jayaghoSAn anukramAt // ) yaha draSTavya hai ki pataJjali evaM vyAsabhASya ne pUraka, recaka evaM kumbhaka nAmaka vikhyAta zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM kiyA hai, pratyuta zvAsa, prazvAsa evaM gativiccheda zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai|' itanA hI nahIM, pata jali evaM vyAsa ne prANAyAma meM om, gAyatrI yA vyAhRtiyoM ke japa ke viSaya meM kucha nahIM kahA hai, jaisA ki smRtiyoM evaM pazcAtkAlIna yA madhyakAlIna granthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| eka tIsarI bAta para vicAra karanA hai ki kucha anya pazcAtkAlIna granthoM meM recaka, pUraka evaM kumbhaka ko prANAyAma ke tIna prakAroM meM ginA gayA hai aura yogasUtra meM prANAyAma ke cAra prakAra haiM jinameM tIna kI vyAkhyA yogasUtra 2150 meM tathA cauthe kI 2151 meM huI hai| 'recaka', 'pUraka' evaM 'kuMbhaka' zabdoM ko paryApta prAcIna mAnA jAnA cAhie / inakA ullekha evaM paribhASA devaladharmasatra meM hai, jaisA ki zaMkarAcArya kA kathana hai (dekhie gata adhyAya 21 kI prathama paad-ttippnnii)|12 61. tasminsati zvAsaprazvAsayorgativicchedaH prANAyAmaH / bAhyAbhyantarastambhavRttirdezakAlasaMkhyAbhiH paridRSTo dIrghasUkSmaH / bAhyAnyantaraviSayApekSI cturthH| yo0 sU0 (2146-51); satyAsanajaye bAhyasya vAyorAcamanaM zvAsaH koSThasya vAyoniHsAraNaM prazvAsaH tayorgativicchedaH ubhayAbhAvaH prANAyAmaH / bhASya (246 pr)| 'vRtti' zabda kA sambandha bAhA, Abhyantara evaM stambha se honA cAhie / yahA~ para kumbhaka, jo recaka ke uparAnta hotA hai, bAhyatti hai aura vaha jo pUraka ke uparAnta hotA hai, AbhyantaravRtti kahalAtA hai / jaba na to recaka hotA hai aura na pUraka taba stambhavRtti kahalAtI hai / dekhie zrI kuvalayAnanda kRta yogamImAMsA (khaNDa 6, pR0 44-54, 129-145, 225-257) / 62. devala / trividhaH prANAyAmaH / kumbho recanaM pUraNamiti / nizvAsanirodhaH kumbhaH / ajananiHzvAso recanam / nizvAsAdhmAnaM pUraNamiti / sa punarakadvitribhirudvAtaH (udghAtaH) mRdumandastIkSNo vA bhavati / prANApAnavyAnodAnasamAnAnAM sakRdudgamanaM mUrdhAnamA hatya nivRttizcodvAtaH ( raatH)| kRtyakalpa0 ( mokSakANDa, 50 170) evaM aparArka (pR0 1023) / milAie vyAsabhASya 'saMkhyAbhiH paridRSTA etAvadbhiH zvAsaprazvAsaH prathama udghAtastaMha nigRhItaspatAvadbhidvitIya udghAtaH / evaM tRtIyaH / evaMmaduravaM madhya evaM tIvra iti saMkhyAparidRSTaH / yogasUtra (2050) pr| rAjamArtaNDa meM vyAkhyA kI gayI hai : 'udghAto mAma mAbhimUlAtpreritasya vAyoH zirasyabhi

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24 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bRhadyogiyAjJavalkya evaM vAcaspati ne inakA ullekha kiyA hai| viSNupurANa (5 / 10 / 14) na zarad Rtu ke kAvyAtmaka varNana meM zleSa ke rUpa meM inakA ullekha kiyA hai| prANAyAma karane ke vibhinna DhaMga batalAye gaye haiN| sarala DhaMgoM meM eka yaha hai-aMgaThe se dAhinA nAsikA-chidra banda kara leM, bAyeM nAsikA-chidra se apanI zakti bhara sAMsa khIMca leM; isake uparAnta dAhine nAsikA-chidra se sAMsa bAhara pheMke; pUnaH dAhine nAsikA-chidra se sAMsa leM aura bAyeM nAsikA-chidra se sAMsa bAhara pheNke| ise kama-se-kama tIna bAra kreN| ise pratidina do bAra abhyAsa meM vizeSata: prAtaHkAla snAna karane ke uparAnta yA sandhyAkAla yA cAra bAra (sUryodaya ke pUrva, madhyAhna ke samaya, sandhyAkAla aura ardharAtri meM) / Arambha meM kumbhaka nahIM karanA caahie| pUraka evaM recaka meM kucha abhyAsa ho jAne ke uparAnta kumbhaka ko recaka ke pazcAt karanA caahie| pUraka ke uparAnta kumbhaka kA abhyAsa bar3I sAvadhAnI se karanA cAhie aura kisI dakSa guru ke nirdezana meM hI aisA karanA caahie| ___ manusmRti meM prANAyAma kI mahattA gAyI gayI hai-'eka brAhmaNa ke lie niyamoM ke anusAra evaM vyAhRtiyoM tathA praNava ke sAtha kiye gaye tIna prANAyAma parama tapa ke samAna haiN| jisa prakAra dhAtuoM ke galAne se unake mala jala jAte haiM, usI prakAra indriyoM ke doSa prANa (vAyu) ke nigraha se miTa jAte haiM / vyakti ko prANAyAmoM dvArA doSoM ko, dhAraNA dvArA pApoM ko miTAnA cAhie tathA pratyAhAra dvArA saMsargoM ko dUra karanA cAhie tathA krodha, lobha, IrSyA Adi doSoM ko (brahma kA) dhyAna karake miTAnA cAhie' (manusmRti 670-72) / aura dekhie bRhadyogiyAjJa0 (8 / 26, 30, 32), zaMkhasmRti (7 // 13), vAyupurANa (10 / 63), bhAgavata0 (3 / 28), mArkaNDeyapu0 (36 / 10) / yogasUtra (2 / 52-53) meM AyA hai ki prANAyAma ke abhyAsa se prakAza ke AvaraNa (arthAt kleza) kSaya ko prApta hote haiM aura yogI kA mana dhAraNA karane ke yogya ho jAtA hai (tata: kSIyate prakAzAvaraNam / hananam / vibhinna lekhakoM ne vibhinna DhaMgoM se isa zabda kI vyAkhyA kI hai| dekhie yogamImAMsA (khaNDa 2, bhAga 3, 10 225-234) / kabhI-kabhI pUraka, recaka evaM kumbhaka ko tIna prANAyAma bhI kahA jAtA hai, aura kabhI-kabhI ina tInoM ko milAkara eka prANAyAma kahA gayA hai| inameM pratyeka punaH madu, manda (yA madhyama) evaM tIvra kahA gayA hai / dekhie bRhadyogiyAjJavalvaya (87)-'trividhaM kecidicchanti tathA ca navadhA pre| mRdu madhyAdhimAtratyAdeTakakaM trividhaM bhavet // ' dekhie viSNudharmottara (3|28011)-reckN pUrakaM caiva kumbhakaM ca tathA dvijAH / ekasyavastho vijJeyaH prANAyAmo mhaaphlH|| recaka-pUraka-kumbhakeSvasti zvAsaprazvAsayogativiccheca iti prANAyAmasAmAnyalakSaNametaditi / tathAhi / yatra bAhyo vAyurAcamyAntardhAryate pUrake tatrAsti shvaas-prshvaasyogtivicchedH| yatrApi koSThapa vAyuvirecya bahi yaMte tatrAsti zvAsaprazvAsayorgativicchedaH / evaM kumbhakepoti / vAcaspati (yogasUtra 2050 para); pUraka : kumbhakazcavarecakastadanantaram / prANAyAmaritradhA jJeyaH kanIyo mdhymottmH|| pUrakaH kumbhako recyaH prANAyAma strilakSaNaH / grahayogiyAna0 (8610) / kumbhaka kA nAma isalie par3A hai kyoMki isameM malapUrNa kumbha (ghar3A) se samAnatA hai (jala kumbha meM sthira rahatA hai)| rAjamArtaNDa meM vyAkhyA hai 'tasmiJjalamiva kumbha nizcalatayA prANA avasthApyante iti kumbhakaH / ' dekhie pANini (5 // 3 // 67), 'pratikRtau ca', ivA kan syAt samudAyena cetsaMjJA gamyate / ataH kumbhaka kA artha hai 'kumbha iva kumbhakaH, kumbhasavRzasya saMjJA / ' 63. prANAyAma ivAmbhobhiH sarasAM kRtapUrakaH / mabhyasyate'nu divasaM reckaakumbhkaadibhiH|| viSNupu0 (5 // 2014)

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra dhAraNAsu ca yogyatA manasaH / ) gorakSazataka (54) meM AyA hai-'yogI sadA Asana se rogoM ko miTAtA hai, prANAyAma se pAtakoM ko kATatA hai tathA pratyAhAra se manovikAra dUra karatA hai / 14 smRtiyoM meM AyA hai ki pAtakoM ko dUra karane meM prANAyAmoM se sahAyatA prApta hotI hai / dekhie manu (11 / 248 = vasiSTha 26 / 4), baudhAyanadharmasUtra (1 / 31) evaM zaMkhasmRti (12 / 18-16), jahA~ yaha AyA hai ki yadi vyAhRtiyoM evaM praNava (om ) ke sAtha pratidina 16 prANAyAma kiye jAyeM to eka mAsa meM brahmahatyA ke pApa se bhI chuTakArA mila jAtA hai / manu (111166 evaM 201) meM AyA hai ki eka prANAyAma kara lene se halake-phulake doSa dUra ho jAte haiM yA gave yA UMTa kI savArI karane kA doSa dUra ho jAtA hai yA kuttA, siyAra, azva, U~Ta, saara yA mAnava ke kATane se utpanna azuddhi dUra ho jAtI hai / yAjJa0 (3 / 305) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki eka sau prANAyAma kara lene se sabhI pApoM, upapAtakoM tathA aise pApoM se, jinake lie kisI prAyazcitta kI koI vyavasthA nahIM hai, chuTakArA mila jAtA hai| manu (2183== vasiSTha 1015) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (55 / 82) meM AyA hai'eka akSara (om) parabrahma (kA pratinidhi) hai tathA prANAyAma parama tapa hai|' yaha draSTavya hai ki jainoM ke mahAn AcArya hemacandra ne prANAyAmoM kI bhartsanA kI hai aura kahA hai ki unase mana ko ArAma nahIM prApta hotaa| pUraka, kumbhaka evaM recaka meM parizrama hotA hai aura prANAyAma se mukti meM rukAvaTa AtI hai| dekhie hemacandra kA yogazAstra (6ThA prakAza, zloka 4-5, jaina granthamAlA, sarata, saMvat 1665 meM prakAzita) / pUraka ke uparAnta kumbhaka karane se nAr3iyoM, hRdaya evaM phephar3oM para dabAva par3atA hai aura asAvadhAnI tathA zIghratA se aisA abhyAsa karane se ina zarIrAMgoM ko aisI hAni prApta ho jA sakatI hai jo kabhI miTAyI nahIM jA sktii| jo loga phephar3oM evaM hRdaya ke rogI haiM unheM apane se hI prANAyAma nahIM Arambha kara denA pAhie, pratyuta unheM kisI dakSa vyakti se parAmarza le lenA caahie| bahuta pahale svAmI vivekAnanda ne yoga ke vidyArthiyoM se yaha kahA hai ki unheM yaha jAna lena cAhie ki guru se sIdhA samparka sthApita karake hI ve yogAbhyAsa kreN| kucha apavAda ho sakate haiM, kintu binA guru ke yoga kA jJAna prApta karanA acchA nahIM hai| yogasatra meM kula 165 sUtra haiM, jinameM kevala 5 sUtra (2 / 46-53) prANAyAma-sambandhI haiM, aura ye 5 sUtra bhI sAmAnya rUpa vAle hI haiM / isase prakaTa hotA hai ki pataJjali ne yaha cAhA hai ki yogI kevala ina satroM ko paDhakara yA sunakara hI prANAyAma kA abhyAsa na Arambha kara de, pratyuta kisI pravINa evaM dakSa yogI ke nirdeza meM hI aisA kare / yaha draSTavya hai ki pataJjali ne prANAyAma ke lie yaha nahIM vyakta kiyA hai ki usake sAtha oma yA gAyatrI kA mauna yA manda japa ho| kintu smRtiyoM ne sandhyAvandana ke bIca meM pratidina prANAyAma kI vyavasthA dI hai| yAjJa0 (1 / 22) meM AyA hai ki tIna ucca vargoM ke logoM ko pratidina snAna karanA cAhie, mantroM (R0 1061-3), Apo hiSThA Adi) ke sAtha mArjana karanA cAhie, prANAyAma karanA cAhie, sarya kI paMjA evaM gAyatrI kA japa (R0 3 / 62 / 10) karanA cAhie, prANAyAma meM vyAhRtiyoM ke sAtha gAyatrI kA tIna bAra japa karanA cAhie, pratyeka gAyatrI pATha ke pUrva om aura uparAnta ziras honA cAhie / yAjJa* dvArA 64. Asanena rujo hanti prANAyAmena pAtakam / vikAraM mAnasaM yogI pratyAhAreNa sarvadA // goramazataka (54) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vyavasthita prANAyAma Ajakala prAtaH evaM sAyaM kAla kI saMdhyA meM kiyA jAtA hai / om yA mantra ke mauna japa ke sAtha prANAyAma sagarbha yA sabIja kahalAtA hai| binA om evaM mantra ke jo prANAyAma hotA hai use agarbha yA abIja kahA jAtA hai| sabIja donoM meM adhika acchA mAnA gayA hai / zAnti0 (3046=3166-10 citrazAlA saMskaraNa) ne saguNa evaM nirguNa prANAyAma kA ullekha kiyA hai| yogabhASya (yogasUtra 2152) ne eka uddharaNa diyA hai-'prANAyAma se bar3hakara koI tapa nahIM hai, isase maloM kI vizuddhi hotI hai aura jJAna kI dIpti camaka uThatI hai' (tapo na paraM prANAya mAttato vizuddhirmalAnAM dIptizca jnyaansy)| haThayogapradIpikA (2 / 44) ne prANAyAma ke ATha prakAra batalAye haiN| do atyanta mahattvapUrNa, yathAujjAyo evaM bhastrikA kA varNana zrI kuvalayAnanda ne apanI pustaka 'prANAyAma' ke adhyAya 4 (pR0 67-68) evaM adhyAya 6 (pR0 101-115) meM kiyA hai aura anya chaha, yathA-sUryabhedana, zItkArI, zItalo, bhrAmarI, murchA evaM plAvinI kA ullekha usa pustaka ke bhAga 2 meM huA hai / haThayogapradIpikA (2 / 48-70) ne ina ATha prANAyAmoM kA vistRta varNana upasthita kiyA hai / hama yahA~ para sthAnAbhAva se unakA ullekha nahIM kreNge| DA0 rele ne apane grantha 'misTiriesa kuNDalinI' meM svayaMsaMcAlita snAyu-maNDala kA citra khIMcA hai, jo pAzcAtya zarIra-vijJAna ke anurUpa hai| usI citra meM unhoMne 6 cakra bhI pradarzita kiye haiM aura unake sthAna bhI batalAye haiN| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sahasrAracakra bhI banAyA hai| unhoMne pratipAdita kiyA hai ki kuNDalinI dAhinI 'baMgasa' snAyu hai, jo unakI maulika dhAraNA hai / unakI pustaka bar3I manorama hai aura u hone yogAbhyAsa se sambandhita eka vizada kSetra kI khoja kI hai| unhoMne pAzcAtya zarIra-vijJAna kA gambhIratA se adhyayana kiyA hai, kintu bhUmikA meM unhoMne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki bhAratIya yogAbhyAsa-sambandhI unakI vyAkhyAe~ sambhAvita nirdeza mAtra haiN| kintu yaha avalokanIya hai ki sara jaoNna vuDraupha mahodaya ne, jinhoMne bhAratIya yoga evaM tantra granthoM kA gambhIra adhyayana kiyA hai aura jinhoMne DA0 rele ke grantha para prAkya spaSTa kaha diyA hai ki DA0 rele kI kuNDalinI-sambandhI sthApanA unako svIkArya nahIM ho sakatI / Da.. uDIpha kA kathana hai ki kuNDalinI koI snAyu nahIM hai aura na koI zArIrika yA mAnasika padArtha hI hai, pratyata vaha donoM ke lie eka AdhAra mAtra hai| zrI kuvalayAnanda ne DA0 rele kI pustaka kI carcA karate hae (prANAyAma. bhAga 1 pR0 57) yaha likhA hai ki DA0 rele ne prayogazAlA meM koI prayoga nahIM kiyA aura na unhoMne yoga ke vidyAthiyoM se parAmarza hI grahaNa kiyA, ata: unakI bAteM sandigdha haiM / zrI kuvalayAnanda ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki svAmI vivekAnanda ke rAjayoga-sambandhI bhASaNa bhI DA0 rele ke grantha meM pAye jAne vAle doSoM se khAlI nahIM haiN| svAmI kuvalayAnanda (pR0 121-126) ne svAsthya, phephar3oM ko svastha kriyAoM, pAcana-sambandhI aMgoM, hRdaya, plIhA, vRkka Adi kI svastha kriyAoM ke lie prANAyAma ko bahuta upayogI ThaharAyA hai| unake mata se prANAyAma kA AdhyAtmika mahattva bahuta bar3A hai| pratyAhAra kI paribhASA yogasUtra 2 / 54 meM huI hai 15 - 'jaba indriyoM kA apane viSayoM se saMyoga yA samparka nahIM hotA (arthAt ve unase pRthak kara lI jAtI haiM yA lauTA lI jAtI haiM, kyoMki mana kA nirodha 65. svaviSayAsaMprayoge cittasvarUpAnukAra ivendriyANAM pratyAhAraH / tataH paramA vazyatendriyANAm / yo0 sU (2154-55) / 'pratyAhAra' zabda prati+A+ha se banA hai / rAjamArtaNa meM vyAkhyA hai-'indriyANi viSayebhyaH pratIpamAnIyantesminniti prtyaahaarH|' pratyAhAra kA zAbdika artha hai 'pIche le AnA, lauTA laanaa|' bhASya meM vyAkhyA

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yoga evaM dharmazAlA 197 ho cukA hai) aura isa prakAra ve svayaM citta (mana) ke anurUpa ho uThatI haiM, taba pratyAhAra hotA hai| jaba citta, yogI dvArA niruddha kara liye jAne para, indriya-viSayoM, yathA--svara (zabda), sparza, rUpa, rasa (svAda) evaM gandha se saMyukta nahIM rahatA aura jJAnendriyA~ bhI usase pRthak ho jAtI haiM (yA asambandhita ho jAtI haiM) to indriyA~ svayaM citta ke anurUpa ho uThatI haiM (isI se sUtra meM 'anukAra iva' zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai)| isa (asaMprayoga) se indriyoM para pUrNa adhikAra prApta ho jAtA hai / bhAvanA yaha hai ki indriyaviSayoM se citta ko haTAne para indriyA~ bhI unake saMyoga se haTa jAtI haiN| jaba citta ekAgra ho jAtA hai to indriyA~ citta ke sAtha hI viSayoM (arthAt padArthoM) kA parijJAna nahIM karatIM / pratyAhAra citta kI bAhya kriyAoM (bahirgAmI gatiyoM) kA nirodha hai aura indriyoM ke dAsatva se ise svatantra karanA hai| zAnti0 (188 / 5-7=165 / 6-7 citrazAlA) meM bhI aisA AyA hai| viSNupurANa (5 / 10 / 14) ne pratyAhAra kI ora saMketa kiyA hai (indriyANIndriyArthebhya: pratyAhAra ivAha rat', arthAt jisa prakAra pratyAhAra indriyoM ko unake viSayoM se dUra haTAtA hai usI prakAra zarada ne jaloM kI malinatA dUra kara dI) / 66 vAcaspati ne viSNupurANa se do zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jinameM yogasUtra ke hI viziSTa zabda prayukta haiM, sambhavata: isa purANa ne yogasUtra se hI AdhAra liyA hai| devaladharmasUtra ne pratyAhAra kI vyAkhyA kI hai--'jaba mana apane aNutva (sUkSmatva), cApalya, lAghava (vicArazUnyatA) yA apanI zakti ke phalasvarUpa yogabhraSTa ho jAtA hai to use (citta yA mana ko) punaH AtmA kI ora lAkara usameM (AtmA meM) pratiSThApita karanA hI pratyAhAra hai|' kUrmapurANa (2 / 11 / 38) ne isakI paribhASA yoM kI hai-'pratyAhAra una indriyoM kA nigraha hai jo svabhAvata: indriyaviSayoM se AkRSTa ho uTatI haiM / '67 dekhie zAnti0 (232 / 13) / haivaSayasaMprayogAbhAve cittasvarUpAnukAra iveti cittanirodhe rittadaniruddhanIndriyANi netarendriyajayavadupAyAntaramapekSante / yathA madhukararAjaM makSikA utpatantamanUtpatanti nivizantamanu nivizante tadriyANi cittanirodhe niruddhAnItyeSa prtyaahaarH|' madhukararAja evaM madhu nikAlane vAlI makSikAoM kA udAharaNa praznopaniSad (2 / 4) meM bhI AyA hai-'tadyathA makSikA madhukararAjAnamurakAmantaM sarvA evotkrAmante tarimazca pratiSThamAne sarvA eva prAtiSThante / evaM vAmanazcakSuHzrotraM c|' yaha sUtra kaI prakAra se vivecita huA hai, kintu bhASya ne jaigISadhya ke mata kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| 66. zabdAdiSvanuSaktAni nigRhyAkSANi yogavit / kuryAccittAnukArINi pratyAhAraparAyaNaH // vakSyatA paramA tena jAyate nizcalAtmanAm / indriyANAmavazyastairna yogI yogsaadhkH|| viSNupu0 (67 / 43-44); kRtyakalpa0 (mokSakANDa, pR0 173) evaM aparArka (pR0 1025) ne bhI ise uddhata kiyA hai / mArkaNDeya pu0 (3641, kalakattA saMskaraNa, 36041-42, baiMka0 saMskaraNa) meM AyA hai-'zabdAdimyo'nivRttAni yadakSANi yatAtmabhiH / pratyAhiyante yogena pratyAhArastataH smRtaH // kRtyakalpa0 (mokSakANDa, pR0 173) / 67. aNutvAccApalyAllAghavAbadvalavattvAdvA yogamaSTasya manasaH punaH pratyAnIyArthe yojanaM pratyAhAraH / devala (kRtyakalpa0 mokSa0, pR0 173); aparAkaM (pR0 1025) ne ise hArIta kA mAnA hai / indriyANAM vicaratAM viSayeSu svabhAvataH / nigrahaH procyate sadbhiH pratyAhArastu sattama / kUrmapurANa (2 // 11 // 38) / skanda0, kAzIkhaNDa (411101); indriyANAM hi caratAM viSayeSu yadRcchayA / yatpratyAharaNaM yuktyA pratyAhAraH sa ucyate // 'yuktyA kA artha hai "viSayadoSadarzanena /

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varmazAstra kA itihAsa yogasUtra kA tRtIya pAda vibhUti-pAda (vaha pAda jo yogI kI alaukika zaktiyoM kA vivecana karatA hai) kahalAtA hai / 'vibhUti' zabda praznopaniSad (54) meM AyA hai aura vahAM kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti dvimAtra om kA dhyAna karatA hai vaha candraloka meM jAtA hai, jahAM vaha vibhUti kA Ananda letA hai aura puna: isa pRthivI para calA AtA hai| yahA~ 'vibhUti' zabda kA artha sambhavata: samRddhimaya jIvana hai| tRtIya pAda meM sarvaprathama yoga ke ATha aMgoM meM antima tIna kA vivecana hai| ATha aMgoM meM prathama pAMca ko bahiraMga (saMprajJAta samAdhi ke parokSa sahAyaka) kahA jAtA hai aura antima tIna ko antaraMga (kintu ye mI nirvIja yoga ke sana meM bahiraMga kahe jAte haiN| kyoMki nirbIja yoga ina tInoM arthAt dhAraNA Adi ke abhAva meM bhI sthApita ho sakatA hai) kahA jAtA hai| ye tInoM haiM-dhAraNA, dhyAna evaM samAdhi aura jaba ina tonoM kA abhyAsa eka hI viSaya yA padArtha para kiyA jAtA hai to inheM saMyama kahA jAtA hai jo yogazAstra kA eka pAribhASika zabda hai| kaI prakAra ke saMyama ke pariNAma hI vibhUtiyA~ haiM / tRtIya pAda meM 16 se 52 taka ke adhikAMza sUtroM meM pataJjali ne ina tIna zabdoM ke sthAna para 'saMyama' zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| dhAraNA, dhyAna evaM samAdhi yoga ke antaraMga aMga haiM aura ve eka-ke pazcAt eka Ane vAlI avasthAe haiM, pUrvavartI ke pazcAt uttaravartI aMga AtA hai| kisI eka sthala yA bindu yA padArtha para citta ko bAMdhanA dhAraNA hai (dezabandhazcittasya dhaarnnaa)| bhASya meM vyAkhyA huI hai ki citta ko zarIra ke kucha viziSTa aMgoM para lagAnA cAhie, yathA nAbhicakra, hRdaya-puNDarIka (kamala), sira, jyoti (AMkha meM), nAsikA kA agrabhAga, jIma kA agrabhAga Adi tathA use (citta ko) bAhya vastuoM (yathA--devoM kI vibhinna AkRtiyoM athavA pratIkoM) para lagAnA cAhie / isa avasthA meM citta ko sthira rUpa se varaNa kI huI vastu para yogAbhyAsa karane vAle kI icchA-zakti dvArA nizcita kiye hue kAla taka lagAnA cAhie / isa avasthA meM tIna tattva haiM, yathA-- kartA, viSaya evaM dhAraNA kI kriyA / dUsarI avasthA hai dhyAna, jisa para hama thor3I dera ke pazcAta vivecana upasthita kreNge| mArkaNDeyapurANa (36 / 44-45=36 / 44-45 kalakattA saMskaraNa) ne yogI ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM para kI gayI ina dhAraNAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo pataJjali dvArA prayukta bahuvacanAnta dhAraNAoM (dhAraNAsu ca yogyatA manasaH, yogasUtra 2 / 53) kA mAno samarthana kiyA hai / Azvamedhikaparva (1637) evaM zAntiparva 68. dezabandhazcittasya dhAraNA / tatra pratyayakatAnatA dhyAnam / yogasUtra (3 / 1-2); isa para bhASya isa prakAra hai-nAbhicakre hRdayapuNDarIke mUdhiH jyotiSi nAsikAgre jihvAna ityevamAdiSu dezeSu bAhye vA viSaye cittasya vattimAtreNa bandha iti dhAraNA / tasmindeze dhyeyAlambanasya pratyayasyakatAnatA sadRzaH pravAhaH pratyayAntareNAparAmaSTo dhyAnama / liMgapu0 (1 / 8 / 42-43) meM yogasUtra ke zabdoM kI pratidhvani hai-'cittasya dhAraNA proktA sthAnabandhaH smaastH|..ttrkcitttaa dhyAnaM pratyayAntaravajitam / upaniSadoM ne hRdaya ko kamala (puNDarIka) kahA hai (dekhie chA0 up08|1|1 ve0 sU0 123314-21 para zaMkarAcArya kA bhASya-dahara uttarebhya... Adi) / 'jyotiSi' sambhavataH A~kha ke puruSa kI ora athavA apane hRdayastha bhagavAna kI ora saMketa karatA hai (chAndogya0 874 yA 615 // 1- eSo'kSiNi puruSo dRzyata eSa Atmeti hovAca) / vAcaspati ne 'bAhye yA viSaya' kI vyAkhyA viSNupurANa (6777-82) ke katipaya zlokoM ko uddhRta kara ke kI hai, jahA~ viSNu ke rUpa ke dhyAna karane kA ullekha hai; viSNu ke svarUpa kI yoM carcA hai-sadaya mukha, kamala ke samAna A~kheM, kAnoM meM kuNDala, chAtI para zrIvatsa ratnAbhUSaNa, cAra yA ATha lambe-lambe hAtha, pIta vastra, hAthoM meM zaMkha, dhana evaM gvaa|

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 286 (18818 - 12 - 16528 citrazAlA saMskaraNa ) meM bhI aisA AyA hai / yAjJavalkyasmRti ( 3 / 168 - 201) ne saMkSepa meM hI Asana se lekara dhAraNA evaM dhyAna taka ke aMgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA- 'yogI ko na adhika ucca aura na adhika nIce Asana para virAjamAna hokara, apane pA~voM ko uttAna karake donoM jA~ghoM para rakhakara evaM bAyIM hathelI ( jo uttAna dAhine pA~va para rakhI huI hai) para dUsarI ( dAyIM ) hathelI ( jo uttAna hai) ko rakhakara, mukha ko thor3A Upara rakhakara evaM zarIra ko chAtI se milAkara, A~kheM banda karake, raja evaM tama se chuTakArA pAkara, UparI evaM nicalI dantapaMktiyoM ko pRthak-pRthak rakhakara, jihvA ko tAlu meM saTAkara, zarIra meM kisI prakAra kA kampana na lAkara ( arthAt zarIra ko nizcala rakhakara ), mukha ko banda kara, indriyoM ko viSayoM se dUra rakhakara, do prakAra kA yA tIna prakAra kA 24 yA 36 mAtrAoM vAlA prANAyAma karanA cAhie, usa prabhu kI, jo hRdaya meM dIpa ke samAna sthita hai, cintA karanI cAhie ( arthAt dhyAna karanA cAhie ) tathA usa prabhu meM dhAraNA ke rUpa meM citta ko lagAnA ( TikAnA ) caahie|' devala kA kathana hai ki zarIra, indriyoM, mana, buddhi evaM AtmA kA nirodha karanA hI dhAraNA hai ( aparAkaM pR0 1025 evaM kRtyakalpa0, mokSa0, pR0 174 dvArA uddhRta ) / jisakI cintanA kI jAya usa viSaya ke parijJAna kI ekAgratA ( nirantara pravAha athavA calate rahane vAlI sthiti) hI, jisameM kisI anya bhAvanA yA parijJAna kA abhAva ho dhyAna hai / upaniSadoM ne dhyAna para bala diyA hai, yathA -- mANDUkyopaniSad ( 226 ) meM AyA hai - 'om ke rUpa meM AtmA kA dhyAna karo; bR0 upa0 (214 ) meM prasiddha vacana hai-- 'AtmA draSTavya ( dekhe jAne yogya) hai, zrotavya ( sune jAne yogya) hai, mantavya ( samajhA jAne vAlA) evaM nididhyAsitavya (jisakI cintanA kI jAya ) hai / ' chA0 upa0 / ( 7 / 6 / 2 ) meM dhyAna zabda 'eka hI viSaya para sabhI vicAroM ko kendrita karane' ke artha meM prayukta hai / 9 zvetAzvataropaniSad ( 1 3 ) evaM gItA ( 18 / 52 ) ne dhyAnayoga kA ullekha kiyA hai / aura dekhie zAnti0 ( 188|13 = 165 | 13-18 citrazAlA ), devaladharma sUtra ( kRtyakalpa0, mokSa0, pR0 181), viSNupurANa (6 | 7161,' vAcaspati, kRtakalpa0, mokSa0 pR0 175) / aparArka ( pR0 1025-27 ) ne viSNudharmasUtra ke adhyAya 67 se uddharaNa diyA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki yogI ko usa sarvajJa, vibhu evaM sarvazaktimAn prabhu kA dhyAna karanA cAhie, jo tInoM guNoM ( sattva, raja evaM tama) se hIna hai, 24 tattvoM ke Upara hai, jo indriyAtIta hai aura yadi vaha eka bAra rUpahIna prabhu para dhyAna lagAne meM asamartha ho to use kramazaH pRthivI evaM anya tattvoM, mana, buddhi, AtmA, avyakta se Upara uThanA cAhie; yadi vaha itanA bhI na kara sake to use usa vyakti kA dhyAna karanA cAhie jo usake hRdaya (kamala) meM dIpa ke samAna hai; yadi yaha asambhava ho to use usa vAsudeva kA dhyAna karanA cAhie jisakI chAtI ( vakSa ) para vanamAlA hai, jisake hAthoM meM zaMkha, cakra, gadA evaM padma haiM / viSNudharmasUtra ne itanA 66. AtmA vAre draSTavyaH zrotavyo mantavyo nididhyAsitavyaH / bRha0 upa0 (2|4|5); omityevaM dhyAyatha AtmAnam / muNDaka0 (22246) / ni ke sAtha dhyai milakara nididhyAsitavya banA hai / chA0 upa0 (7 / 6 / 2 ) meM AyA hai --dhyAnaM vAva cittAd bhUyaH / dhyAyatIva pRthivI dhyAyantIva devamanuSyAH, tasmAdya iha manuSyANAM mahattAM prApnuvanti dhyAnApAdAMzA ivaiva te bhavanti / .. dhyAnamupAssveti / pRthivI usI prakAra gatihIna hai jisa prakAra gambhIra dhyAna meM eka yogI nizcala ( gatihIna) rahatA hai, aura isI se aisA kahA gayA hai : 'pRthivI mAno dhyAna meM magna hai|' 37

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260 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa aura jor3a diyA hai ki vaha (yogI) jisakA dhyAna karatA hai usakI upalabdhi karatA hai, aura yahI dhyAna kA rahasya hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki dhyAna yA to saguNa hotA hai yA nirguNa, jaisA ki padmapurANa ke 4484/80 - 86 (nirguNa) evaM 4 / 84 / 88 - 66 ( saguNa) meM AyA hai, yA sAkAra evaM nirAkAra hotA hai, jaisA ki padmapurANa (2 / 80 / 70, 70 - 78 ) meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai / aura dekhie viSNupurANa (6 / 7 / 78- 60 ), skanda0 (kAzIkhaNDa 41 / 16), narasiMhapurANa (17111 - 28, 26 / 17 ) ; kRtyakalpataru, mokSa0 ( pR0 161 - 162 ); zaMkhasmRti (7/16) / dhyAna kI avasthA meM kevala kartA (yogI) evaM viSaya ( dhyAna ke viSaya) meM dvaidha pAyA jAtA hai, viSaya para mana ko bA~dhane ke prayAsa kI cetanatA nahIM pAyI jAtI, jaisA ki dhAraNA meM hotA hai / samAdhi vaha avasthA hai jisameM kevala dhyeya hI prakAzita rahatA hai aura dhyAna, aisA pratIta hotA hai, svayaM zUnya ho gayA hai, kyoMki usa sthiti meM dhyAna kA dhyeya se pRthak koI jJAna yA bhAsa nahIM rahatA / 70 samAdhi meM dhyAna usa sthiti taka pahu~ca jAtA hai ki kevala dhyeya kI pratIti hone lagatI hai aura dhyAnakartA ko dhyAna karane kI bhAvanA kI cetanatA nahIM rahatI, kyoMki dhyeya pUrNarUpa se dhyAnakartA ko apane meM vilIna kara letA hai / yogI dhyeya se isa prakAra ghula-mila jAtA hai ki use isakA bhAsa hI nahIM hotA ki vaha kisI vastu yA viSaya para soca rahA hai yA dhyAna de rahA hai / 'svarUpazUnyamiva ' ( yogasUtra 3 | 3 ) kA yahI tAtparya. hai / samAdhi meM dhyAnakartA evaM dhyeya, vyakti evaM paramAtmA pUrNatayA eka ho jAte haiM aura dhyeya se dhyAnakartA kI pRthak bhAvanA kA lopa ho jAtA hai / 'samAdhi' zabda prAcIna upaniSadoM meM kahIM bhI ullikhita nahIM hai, kevala maitrAyaNI upaniSad meM isakA ullekha hai ( 2 / 18 ) / gItA | ( 2153 - 54 ), vanaparva ( 3|11 ) evaM zAntiparva ( 165116 - 20, citrazAlA ) meM yaha zabda AyA hai / viSNupurANa (6 / 7162 ) meM kahA gayA hai ki vahI samAdhi kahalAtI hai jaba mana dhyAna ke phalasvarUpa usake ( paramAtmA ke ) vAstavika svarUpa ko dhArita kara letA hai aura jisameM (dhyeya, dhyAnakarma evaM dhyAnakartA ke ) pRthak bhAsa kA abhAva ho jAtA hai / 71 saMprajJAta samAdhi meM 70. tadevArtha mAtra nirbhAsaM svarUpazUnyamiva samAdhiH / trayamekatra saMyamaH / tadapi bahiraMgaM nirbIjasya / yogasUtra ( 33, 4, 8 ) / dhyAnameva dhyeyAkAranirbhAsaM pratyayAtmakena svarUpeNa zUnyamiva yavA bhavati dhyeyasvabhAvAvezAt tadA samAdhirityucyate / tadetad dhAraNA-dhyAna-samAdhitrayamekatra saMyamaH / ekaviSayANi trINi sAdhanAni saMyama ityucyate / tadasya trayasya tAntrikI paribhASA saMyama iti / tadapyantaraMga sAdhanatrayaM nirvojasya yayogasya bahiraMgaM bhavati / kasmAt, tadabhAve bhAvAt / 1 / 7 yogasudhAkara, 16 asaMprajJAta / rAjamArtaNDa ne 'samAdhi' zabda kI vyAkhyA kI hai-- 'samyagAdhIyate ekAgrIkriyate vikSepAn parihRtya mano yatra sa samAdhiH / yogasUtra ( 33 ) para sadAzivendra sarasvatI ke yogasudhAkara ( pR0 118 ) meM saMprajJAta evaM asaMprajJAta samAdhi kA antara isa prakAra samajhAyA gayA hai-- 'brahmAkAramanovRttipravAho'haMkRti vinA / saMprajJAtasamAdhiH syAt dhyAnAbhyAsaprakarSataH // iti / .... paravairAgyapUrvakaM nirodhaprayatnena tasyApi nirodhe sarvavRttinirodhAnnirbIjaH samAdhirbhavati / taduktam / manaso vRttizUnyasya brahmAkAratayA sthitiH / yA'saMprajJAtanAmAsau samAdhirabhidhIyate // ityeSa vibhAgo draSTavyaH / 71. tasyaiva kalpanAhInaM svarUpagrahaNaM hi yat / manasA dhyAnaniSpAdyaM samAdhiH so'bhidhIyate // viSNupu0 (67/62); vAcaspati, kRtyakalpa0 (mokSa0 pR0 175) evaM aparArka ( pR0 1026, jisane vyAkhyA kI hai-'tasya brahmaNaH kalpanAhInaM dhyeyaM dhyAnaM dhyAteti bhedapratyaya rahitaM... Adi) ne uddhRta kiyA hai| liMgapurANa ( 118144 ) meM AyA hai--'cidbhAsamarthamAtrasya dehazUnyamiva sthitam / samAdhiH sarvahetuzca prANAyAma iti sthitaH // '

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 261 2 ye tInoM (dhAraNA, dhyAna evaM samAdhi ) pratyakSa sahAyaka haiM, kintu asaMprajJAta samAdhi meM parokSa rUpa se sahAyaka haiM, kyoMki yaha inake abhAva meM bhI ho jAtI hai| haThayogapradIpikA (47) meM AyA hai - - ' samAdhi vaha kahalAtI hai jabaki jIvAtmA evaM paramAtmA meM aikya sthApita ho jAtA hai aura sabhI saMkalpoM kA lopa ho jAtA hai / ' sabIja evaM nirbIja samAdhi savikalpa evaM nirvikalpa samAdhi ke sadRza hI hai, jaisA ki vedAntasAra dvArA paribhASita hai / saMprajJAta samAdhi kI cAra koTiyA~ haiM, yathA--savitarka, nirvitarka, savicAra evaM nivicAra / dekhie isa adhyAya kI pAda-TippaNI saM0 31 'gau' zabda ke dvArA nirdezita 'gau' nAmaka vastu evaM dhAraNA yA bhAvanA (jJAna) ki 'yaha go haiM, vAstava meM tIna pRthak viSaya haiM, kintu unakA mizrita bhAsa hotA hai / yadi koI yogI kisI viSaya para ekAgra hotA hai aura usakI buddhi ina uparyukta tIna bAtoM se saceta hai to yaha savitarka samAdhi kahI jAyagI ( yogasUtra 1142 ) / anya prakAroM ke lie dekhie pAda-TippaNI 31 evaM nIce / asaMprajJAta samAdhi meM yogI ke andara antima sattA udita hotI hai, prakRti use kisI bhI prakAra se prabhAvita nahIM karatI, usakA AtmA svayaM apane meM sthita rahatA hai aura vyaktitva ke viSaya meM saceta bhI nahIM rahatA aura na Ananda kI hI anubhUti karatA hai, saba kucha cit yA citzakti hotI hai aura kucha nahIM / hama yahA~ para samAdhi kI vibhinna avasthAoM kA vizada vivecana nahIM kareMge, kyoMki hamArA sambandha hai dharmazAstra para hone vAle yoga ke prabhAva se, na ki yoga sambandhI vistRta vivecana se / gorakSazataka meM samAdhi kI antima avasthA kA varNana isa prakAra hai-'samAdhi meM samAyukta yogI ko gandha, rasa, rUpa, sparza yA svara kA bhAsa nahIM hotA aura na use apane eva anyoM meM koI antara dIkhatA hai; brahmavit loga ise nirmala, nizcala, nitya, niSkriya, nirguNa, vizAla vyoma ke samAna vistRta, vijJAna evaM Ananda samajhate haiM; yogavit parama pada meM usa nitya advayatA ko prApta hotA hai, jaisA ki dugdha meM dugdha, ghRta meM ghRta evaM agni meM agni DAlane se aikya hotA hai / '73 yaha draSTavya hai ki dhAraNA, dhyAna evaM samAdhi meM jo pramukha bala lagAyA jAtA hai vaha mAnasika hai / bAhya dazAe~ abhyAsa meM avazya sahAyaka hotI haiM, kintu haiM ve gauNa hI / jaisA ki hamane Upara dekha liyA hai, zauca, santoSa, tapa, brahmacarya, kucha sarala Asana, vairAgya, bhojana ke viSaya meM usake guNa evaM mAtrA sambandhI roka--ye saba mukhya bAhya yA zArIrika dazAe~ haiM / dhAraNA, dhyAna evaM samAdhi ke abhyAsa ke sAtha yogI kucha alaukika zaktiyoM (vibhUtiyoM) kA vikAsa kara sakatA hai, jinakI use upekSA karanI hotI hai, kyoMki ve dhyeya kI prApti meM rukAvaTeM utpanna karatI haiM ( yogasUtra 3 / 36 ) / aisA pataJjali kA kathana hai, kintu adhikAMza yogiyoM kI dRSTi meM siddhiyA~ yoga ke mahattvapUrNa aMga haiM aura yogasUtra ke 165 sUtroM meM 35 sUtra ( 3 / 16 - 50 ) siddhiyoM 72. tatsamaM ca dvayoraikyaM jIvAtmaparamAtmanoH / pranaSTa sarvasaMkalpaH samAdhiH so'bhidhIyate // ha0 yo0 pra0 (4 / 7 ) / aura dekhie skanda0 ( kAzIkhaNDa, 47 / 127), jahA~ yahI bAta dI gayI hai / 73. na gandhaM na rasaM rUpaM na sparza na ca niHsvanam / AtmAnaM na paraM vetti yogI yuktaH samAdhinA // nirmalaM nizcalaM nityaM niSkriyaM nirguNaM mahat / vyoma vijJAnamAnandaM brahma brahmavido viduH // dugdhe kSIraM ghRte sapiragnau vahnirivApitaH / advayatvaM vrajennityaM yogavitparame pade // gorakSazataka ( zloka 67, 66 - 100 ) / prathama zloka haThayoga - pradIpikA (4 / 108) meM bhI hai| milAie zvetAzvataropaniSad ( 6 / 16) 'niSkalaM niSkriyaM'; kaThopaniSad ( 3 / 15 ) : azabdamasparzamarUpamavyayaM ; vijJAnamAnandaM brahma, vRha0 upa0 (326 28 ) evaM zvetAzva0 upa0 ( 1 1 15 ) : tileSu tailaM... cAgniH' evaM 'dugdhe kSIraM... Adi / '

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262 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke ullekha meM lage haiM, to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki siddhiyAM yoga ke mahattvapUrNa aMga avazya haiN| vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra meM AyA hai ki yogI logoM ke bIca se acAnaka adRzya ho sakatA hai, bahuta dUra kI vastuoM ko dekha sakatA hai tathA bahuta dUra kA svara suna sakatA hai| yogasatra ke pAda 3 meM ullikhita sabhI saMyamoM ke pariNAmoM kA ullekha anAvazyaka hai| udAharaNasvarUpa kacha diye jA rahe haiN| hAthI kI zakti para saMyama karane se vyakti hAthI kI zakti prApta kara sakatA hai (3124). sUrya para saMyama karane se sAta lokoM kA jJAna ho sakatA hai (3 / 26), candra ke saMyama se tAroM kI vyavasthA kA jJAna ho sakatA hai (3 / 27), nAbhicakra ke saMyama se zarIra kI vyavasthA (3 / 26 yathA tIna doSa--vAta, pitta evaM kapha tathA sAta dhAtue~-carma, rakta, mAMsa, snAyuoM, asthiyoM, majjA evaM vIrya) kA jJAna ho sakatA hai| sthUla, svarUpa, sUkSma (tanmAtrAe~), anvaya evaM paJcabhatoM ke saMyama se tattvoM para jaya hotI hai aura isa jaya se aNimA Adi siddhiyoM kA udaya hotA hai aura zarIra meM siddhi kI upalabdhi hotI hai |(ythaa-pRthivii apane kaThora pASANa-khaNDoM se yogI ko bhItara jAne se roka nahIM sakatI, agni jalA nahIM sakatI aadi-aadi)| 411 meM pataJjali kA kathana hai ki siddhiyA~ pA~ca rUpoM meM udita hotI haiM, yathA--(1)kacha zarIroM meM janma lene (yathA pakSI ke rUpa meM janma lekara, jo AkAza meM bahuta U~cAI taka jA sakatA hai), (2) kucha oSadhiyoM ke prayoga se, (3) kucha mantroM ke japa se, (4) tapa se (jo niyamoM meM eka hai) tathA (5) samAdhi dvArA, jinameM pratyeka apane pUrvavartI se zreSTha hai / 75 74. sthUlasvarUpasUkSmAnvayArthavattvasaMyamAr bhuuttvjyH| tato'NimAdiprAdurbhAvaH kAyasampattaddharmAnabhidhAtazca / rUpalAvaNyabalavajasaMhananatvAni kaaysmpt| yogasUtra (3 / 44-46) / 'svarUpa' meM pA~ca tattvoM ke guNa pAye jAte haiM aura usakI vyAkhyA pRthivI kI kaThoratA, jala kI dravatA (rasatA), agni kI uSNatA, vAyu kI gatizIlatA tathA AkAza kI vibhutA se kI gayI hai| tattvoM kA cauthA rUpa 'anvaya' khyAti (prakAza), kriyA evaM sthiti ke guNoM kA dyotaka hai| bhASya meM AyA hai-'anvayino guNAH prakAzapravRttisthitirUpatayA sarvatravAnvayitvena smuplbhynte|' dekhie yogasUtra (2 / 18) : 'prakAzakriyAsthitizIlaM bhUtendriyAtmakaM bhogApavargAthaM dRzyam / ' 'prakAza', 'kriyA' evaM 'sthiti' krama se sattva, raja evaM tama nAmaka guNoM ke dyotaka haiN| aura dekhie sAMkhyakArikA (13) / pAMcavA 'arthavattva' pA~ca tattvoM meM pAyA jAtA hai aura anubhUti evaM AtmA kI upalabdhi meM upayogI hotA hai| 'vajasaMhananatva' vaja ke samAna zarIra kI kaThoratA kI prApti, 'vajasya iva saMhananaM saMhatiH ssya, tasya bhAvaH vajasaMhananatvam / ' bhASya ne 'taddharmAnabhighAtazca' ko isa prakAra samajhAyA hai--'pRthvI mUrtyA na niruNaddhi yoginaH zarIrAditriyAM, zilAmapyanuvizatIti / nApaH snidhAH kledayanti / nAgniruSNo dahati... aadi|' 75. janmauSadhimantratapaHsamAdhijAH siddhyH| yogasUtra (4 / 1) / arnesTa vuDa ('yoga', 1656, peMguina pranthamAlA) ne laghimA ke viSaya meM (pR0 104) likhA hai--'mujhe smaraNa hai, eka bUr3hA yogI pArzvazAyI rUpa meM yA leTe hue khulI bhUmi para lagabhaga 6 phuTa Upara uTha gayA aura usI rUpa meM AdhA ghaNTA rukA rahA aura darzaka loga usake aura bhUmi ke bIca meM apanI char3iyA~ Ara-pAra karate rhe|' vuDa ne Age ladhimA kA eka aura udAharaNa diyA hai, jise sikkima kI rAjakumArI ne apanI A~khoM se dekhA thaa| e0 koyesTalara ne apane grantha 'di loTasa eNDa di raoNbaoNTa' (landana, 1660, pR0 114) meM likhA hai ki unheM zrI vuDa kA udAharaNa sandehapUrNa lagatA hai, kyoMki vuDa ne nizcita tithi evaM sthAna kI sUcanA nahIM dI hai| unhoMne yaha bala dekara kahA hai ki laghimA para koI bhI prayoga

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 263 isa khaNDa ke adhyAya 26 meM siddhiyoM kA ullekha huA hai| devaladharmasUtra ne siddhiyoM para eka lambI TippaNI kI hai, jisakA uddharaNa kalpataru (mokSa0, pR0 216-217) dvArA diyA gayA hai| yAjJa0 (3 / 202-203) ne yogasiddhi ke kucha viziSTa lakSaNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA--antardhAna honA, pUrva jIvana kI bAtoM ko smaraNa kara lenA, sundara rUpa dhAraNa kara lenA, atIta evaM bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM evaM dUra ke viSayoM ko dekha lene kI samarthatA prApta kara lenA, dUra para kyA kahA jA rahA hai use jAna lenA, apane zarIra ko chor3akara anya ke zarIra meM praveza kara jAnA, apane mana ke anurUpa binA kisI sAdhana evaM upakaraNa ke vastu kI saSTi kara lenaa| tantra vAle adhyAya meM hamane mantroM ke viSaya meM vizada rUpa se par3ha liyA hai| dekhie isa khaNDa kA adhyAya 26 / mantroM ke viSaya meM do siddhAnta haiM, jinameM eka hai kampana siddhAnta (vAibrezana thyorI), arthAt mantra ke zabda maulika praNetA evaM prayogakartA kI kucha zaktiyoM se abhibhUta rahate haiM aura jaba mantra kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai to kucha ajJAta kampana uTha khar3e hote haiM jinase usa uddezya kI pUrti hotI hai jisake lie vaha mantra kahA jAtA hai| dUsarA siddhAnta yaha hai ki mantra prAcIna kAla se kisI mahAna mani ke antaHkaraNa se nirgata hokara AyA rahatA hai, nirdeza karane kI isakI zakti mahAna hotI hai| kintu prastuta lekhaka ke mata se mantra kI vAstavika zakti use uccAraNa karane vAle vyakti ke jJAna, usakI pratikriyAzIlatA evaM usakI AdhyAtmika zakti para nirbhara rahatI hai| isa viSaya meM koI vaijJAnika prayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai aura vibhinna grantha vibhinna DhaMgoM se uparyukta siddhAntoM meM kisI eka ko atizayokti ke sAtha mahattva dete haiN| sabhI kucha mAtra kalpanA yA vitarkanA hai| vAstava meM, dUsare siddhAnta para adhika bala diyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki isameM mAnava-manovijJAna kI spaSTa jhalaka hai| pahale siddhAnta ke viSaya meM utanA aticAra (asIma mAhAtmya) bar3ha gayA ki prasiddha mantra 'om maNipadme hum' (jo avalokitezvara devatA kA hai) bahuta lAbhakArI mAnA jAne lagA, jaba ki use kisI vastu para likhakara aura kisI cakra (pahiyA) para saTA kara saikar3oM bAra ghumAyA jAye ! dUsare siddhAnta se guru evaM dIkSA kI mahattA bar3ha gayI, aura isa viSaya meM bhI aticAra kA mahattva adhika ho gyaa| kintu isa siddhAnta meM eka viziSTa bAta yaha pAyI jAne lagI ki ziSya ko tadanurUpa yogyatA ke lie prayatnazIla honA par3A , arthAt use guru ke prati zraddhA pravAhita karanI par3I, use AdhyAtmika bAtoM meM abhiruci lenI pdd'ii| zAstroM ke siddhAntoM kA jJAna prApta karanA par3A tathA guru kI dI huI zikSA meM abhyAsamagna honA pdd'aa| guru evaM ziSya ke sambandha meM viziSTa jAnakArI ke lie dekhie zivasaMhitA (3 / 10-16) / tithi evaM sthAna ke sAtha nahIM prakAzita huA hai| DA0 alekjeNDara kainana ne apanI pustaka 'di inavijibala iMphlueMsa (1635, pR0 36-41) meM laghimA para eka vyaktigata anubhava kA ullekha kiyA hai| patA nahIM zrI e. koyesTalara mahodaya isa kathana se paricita haiM yA nhiiN| 76. devaladharmasUtra kI lambI TippaNI kA kacha aMza yoM hai-'aNimA mahimA laghimA prAptiH prAkAmyamIzitvaM vazitvaM yatrakAmAvasAyitvaM cASTAvaizvaryaguNAH / teSAmaNimA mahimA laghimA trayaH shaariiraaH|| prAptyAdayaH pnycndriyaaH|... zarIrAzugAmitvaM lghimaa| tenAtidUrasthAnapi kSaNenAsAdayati / vizvaviSayAvApti praaptiH| prAptyA sarvapratyakSadarzI bhvti| ... apratihataizvaryamIzitvam / Izitvena daivtaanypitishete|... yatrakAmAvasAyitvaM trividhama-chAyAvezaH, avadhyAnAvezaH, aMgapraveza iti| yat parasya aMgapravezamAtreNa cittaM vazIkaroti sa chAyAvezaH / yad dUrasthAnAmapi anudhyAyana cittAdhiSThAnaM so'vdhyaanaaveshH| yatsajIvasyobhiste (?) jIvasya vA zarIrAnupravezanaM so'GgapravezaH; antardhAnaM smRtiH kAntidRSTiH zrotrajJatA tthaa| nijaM zarIramutsRjya parakAyapravezanam / arthAnAM chandataH sRSTiryogasiddhezca lakSaNam // yajJi0 (3 / 202-203) /

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224 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yogasUtra ke cauthe pAda meM kaivalya kA vivecana hai-vaha yogI jo samAdhi taka kI sArI anuzAsana sambandhI kriyAe~ kara cukA hai aura puruSa evaM guNoM (sattva, raja evaM tama) ke antara ko bhalI bhA~ti samajha gayA hai, tInoM guNoM ke prabhAva se chuTakArA pA jAtA hai, kyoMki ve (guNa) AtmA ke uddezya kI pUrti karake pradhAna (prakRti) meM samAhita ho jAte haiN| yahI kaivalya hai athavA yahI (kaivalya) usa cetanA kA dyotaka hai jo svayaM upasthita rahatI hai (aura yahA~ taka ki sattvaguNa se bhI sambandhita nahIM rhtii)|77 yahI sthiti yogasUtra (2 / 25) meM bhI varNita hai; usameM AyA hai ki jaba avidyA antarbheda (vivekajJAna) karane se dUra ho jAtI hai to jIvAtmA (jo pratyakSIkaraNa karane vAlA hai) guNoM ke samparka meM nahIM AtA, yahI sthiti kaivalya kI hai|78 yogasUtra (4 / 34) meM kaivalya do dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para samajhAyA gayA hai| jaba koI puruSa guNoM (jinase prakRti banI rahatI hai) dvArA kisI prakAra prabhAvita honA banda kara detA hai, kyoMki vaha pUrNatayA vRttihIna ho gayA rahatA hai, to prakRti, jahA~ taka puruSa kA sambandha hai, taTastha (kevala) ho jAtI hai| jaba puruSa ko pUrNa jJAna ho jAtA hai aura vaha guNoM se prabhAvita honA banda kara detA hai to vaha 'citizakti' (kevala cetanatA) raha jAtA hai aura kevala baca rahatA hai arthAt taTastha ho jAtA haiM, yahI kaivalya ke viSaya meM dUsarA dRSTikoNa hai| kaivalya yA mokSa kI sthiti meM hama usake lie kisI Ananda yA paramasukha (sukhAtizaya yA praharSa) kA nirdeza nahIM kara sakate, kintu hama kevala itanA kaha sakate haiM ki vaha citizakti (kevala yA mAtra cetanatA) kI avasthA meM hai| upaniSadoM ne ghoSaNA kI hai ki aisI avasthA meM muktAtmA meM na to sukha kI aura na duHkha kI hI anubhUti pAyI jAtI, aise AtmA ko sukha yA isakA virodhI bhAva sparza taka nahIM karatA, kyoMki vaha usa sthiti meM pahuMca gayA rahatA hai jahA~ usakA zarIra se koI sambandha (ruci yA lagAva) nahIM rhtaa| yoga kA Adarza hai jIvana-mukta ho jAnA (arthAt jIvana evaM vyaktitva ko tyAga denA; isa vizva ke lie mara jAnA, bhale hI zarIra kucha kAla taka calatA rhe)| ___ yoga ke ATha aMgoM kA adhika yA kama varNana kaI purANoM meM huA hai| dekhie agnipu0 (adhyAya 214-215 evaM 372-76); bhaagvt0| (3 / 28); kUrma0 (2 / 11); narasiMha0 (61 / 3-13, kalpataru, mokSa0 pR0 164. 165 meM uddhRta); matsya 0 (adhyAya 52); mArkaNDeya0 (adhyAya 36-40, veMka0 saMskaraNa evaM 36-43 kalakattA saMskaraNa, isameM lagabhaga 250 zloka haiM, jinameM bahuta-se kRtyakalpatarU, mokSa0 meM, aparArka Adi dvArA uddhRta haiM); liGaga0; 77. puruSArthazUnyAnAM guNAnAM pratiprasavaH kaivalyaM svarUpapratiSThA vA citizaktiriti / yogasUtra (4 / 34); bhASya hai--'kRtabhogApavargANAM puruSArthazUnyAnAM yaH pratiprasavaH kAryakAraNAtmakAnAM guNAnAM tatkaivalyaM, svarUpapratiSThA punarbuddhisattvAnabhisambandhAtpuruSasya citizaktireva kevalA, tasyAH sadA tathaivAvasthAyAM kaivalyamiti / ' vAcaspati ne 'pratiprasavaH' kA artha 'svakAraNe pradhAne layaH' lagAyA hai| 78. tasya heturavidyA / tadabhAvAtsaMyogAbhAvo hAnaM tadRzaH kaivalyam / yo0 sU0 (2 / 24-25) / tasyAdarzanasyAbhAvAd buddhipuruSasaMyogAbhAva Atyantiko bandhanoparama ityarthaH / etaddhAnam / tadRzaH puruSasyAmizrIbhAvaH punarasaMyogo guNarityarthaH / duHkhakAraNanivRttau duHkhoparamo hAnaM tadA svarUpapratiSThaH puruSa ityuktam / bhASya / kaivalya kA artha hai 'ekAkitA', arthAt svayaM akelA rhnaa| 76. azarIraM vAva santaM na priyApriye spRshtH| chA0 upa0 (8 / 12 / 1); adhyAtmayogAdhigamena devaM matvA dhIro harSazoko jahAti / kaTha0 (2 / 12) / vedAntasUtra kA (4 / 4 / 2 muktaH pratijJAnAt) chA0 upa0 (8 / 12 / 1) para Adhuta hai|

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 265 (118); vAyu0 (adhyAya 10-15); viSNu0 (6 // 7, jo vicAra evaM zabdoM meM yogasUtra ke samAna hai); viSNudharmottara0 (3 / 280-284); skanda0 (kAzIkhaNDa, adhyAya 41) / zrI jerAlDina kaoNsTara mahodaya ne apane grantha 'yoga eNDa vesTarna sAikaoNlaoNjI' (AksaphorDa yUnivarsiTI presa, 1634) meM yoga kI prazaMsA kI hai jo paThanIya hai| unhoMne likhA hai--'mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ve vicAra, jina para yoga AdhRta hai, mAnava ke lie sArvabhauma rUpa meM satya haiM aura yogasUtra meM itanI sAmagrI hai jisakA hameM patA calAnA cAhie aura upayoga karanA cAhie (pR0 244)'. . . 'merA to yaha kahanA hai ki pUrva meM yoga kA jo anusaraNa kiyA jAtA hai vaha mAnasika vikAsa kI vyAvahArika praNAlI evaM vizleSaNAtmaka zAntikara arthAta roga nivAraka hai. vaha sAmAnya vizvavidyAlayIya pAThayakrama kI apekSA adhika vyAvahArika hai evaM vAstavika jIvana se kahIM adhika sambandhita hai| mujhe isakI pratIti evaM vizvAsa hai ki pataJjali ke yogasUtra meM sacamuca aisI khyApanA hai jise arvAcIna kAla ke ati vikasita evaM pravINa manazcikitsaka bar3I niSThA ke sAtha khojane meM saMlagna haiM (pR0 245) / ' DA0 behanana kI pustaka 'yoga, eka vaijJAnika mUlyAMkana' kA antima adhyAya bar3A mahatvapUrNa evaM manorama hai| unhoMne yoga ke katipaya svarUpoM kA mUlyAMkana kiyA hai jo svayaM apane para kiye gaye prayogoM para AdhRta hai| DA0 behanana ne lonAvAlA (pUnA) ke svAmI kuvalayAnanda ke nirdezana meM eka varSa bitAyA aura svayaM prANAyAma meM ve tIna varSoM taka saMlagna rhe| yahA~ sthAnAbhAva se hama unake mUlyAMkana kI sabhI bAtoM ko nahIM rakha sakate, kintu unake kucha niSkarSoM ko binA diye raha bhI nahIM skte| unheM isakI anubhUti huI hai ki yogAbhyAsa se citta (mana) antarmukha ho jAtA hai aura bAhya saMsAra se vaha taTastha ho jAtA hai (pR0 232) / unheM patA calA hai ki sambhavataH prANAyAma se aisI vizrAma-sthiti AtI hai ki mana antarmukhatA kI ora unmukha ho jAtA hai (pa0 234) / sAmAnya rUpa se sA~sa lene kI prakriyA kI tulanA karane ke pazcAt unheM patA calA hai ki ujjAyI meM AksIjana kI vRddhi 24.5%, bhastrikA meM 18.5% evaM kapAlabhAti meM 12% huii| nAsikA ke agra bhAga para animiSa rUpa se dhyAna lagAne se mana kI caMcala vRttiyoM kA nirodha hotA hai (pR0 242) / yaugika abhyAsoM se saMvegAtmaka sthiratA AtI hai| DA0 behanana ne lagabhaga Adhe darjana se adhika yogAbhyAsiyoM ko bahuta sannikaTa se dekhA, unake jIvana kA avalokana kiyA aura anta meM yahI niSkarSa nikAlA ki unhoMne apane jIvana meM jitane logoM ko dekhA hai unameM ye yogAbhyAsI hI atyanta sukhI vyakti haiM jinakI prasanna mudrA saMparkIya ho uThatI hai arthAt anya logoM meM phaila jAtI hai (pR0 245) / ___ DA0 pI0 e0 sorokina ne, jo hArvarDa yUnivarsiTI meM haiM aura Aja ke mahAn samAja-zAstriyoM meM parigaNita haiM, eka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa nibandha ('yoga eNDa maisa TrAMsphigarezana') bhAratIya vidyA bhavana ke jarnala (navambara, 1658, pR0 111-120) meM prakAzita kiyA hai, jisakA prathama vAkya yoM hai--'yoga kI praNAliyoM evaM vidhiyoM, vizeSata: rAjayoga kI praNAliyoM evaM vidhiyoM meM Aja ke manovizleSaNa, mAnasa cikitsA zAstra, mAnasa nATaya, naitika zikSA evaM caritra-zikSA kI adhikAMza sabhI sAragarbhita praNAliyA~ evaM vidhiyA~ samAhita ho jAtI haiN|' yogAbhyAsa meM saMlagna vyakti ke guNoM kI abhivyakti se yaha prakaTa ho jAtA hai ki vaha kramazaH AdhyAtmika staroM meM vikasita hone meM saphalatA prApta karatA jA rahA hai| zvetAzvataropaniSad (2 / 11) meM yogAbhyAsa ke prathama anukUla lakSaNa isa prakAra vyakta kiye gaye haiM--'laghutva arthAt zarIra kA halakApana, Arogya, alolupatA (lomahInatA), zarIra ke raMga kA prasAra yA dIpti (camaka), svara-sauSThava, zubha yA sukhada zarIra-gandha, mUtra evaM mala kI

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266 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa alpatA / 50 sarvathA ye hI zabda vAyupurANa evaM mArkaNDeyapurANoM meM Aye / mArkaNDeyapurANa meM kucha aura bhI kahA hai- 'loga yogI kI cAhanA yA use pasanda karate haiM aura usake pIche usake guNoM kI prazaMsA karate haiM, sabhI pazu usase bhaya nahIM rakhate; vaha ati zIta yA uSNa se prabhAvita nahIM hotA aura na kisI se bhaya rakhatA hai, isase prakaTa hotA hai ki yoga meM siddhi A rahI hai|' vAyupurANa meM AyA hai ki 'yadi yogAbhyAsI pRthivI yA apane ko mAno agni meM jalatA dekhe aura yadi vaha apane ko sabhI bhUtoM (yA sabhI prANiyoM) meM praveza karatA dekhe to use samajhanA cAhie ki yoga meM siddhi (saphalatA) upasthita hai' (11 / 64, kRtyakalpa, mokSa0, pR0 211) / mArkaNDeyapurANa (38 / 26 ) evaM viSNupurANa (2 / 13 ) meM vistAra ke sAtha yogI-caryA ( yogI ke vyavahAra yA AcaraNa yA caritra ) kA ullekha hai / yahA~ para sabhI bAteM nahIM dI jA sakatIM, kevala do mahattvapUrNa zlokoM kA artha diyA jA rahA hai| mArkaNDeyapurANa 1 meM AyA hai manuSyoM meM (sAmAnyataH ) mAna evaM apamAna prIti evaM udvega ( kleza ) utpanna karate haiM; kintu ye donoM yogI meM viparIta arthavAle hote haiM aura usake lie siddhikAraka siddha hote haiM; ye krama se viSa evaM amRta kahe jAte haiM; apamAna yogI ke lie amRta hai aura mAna viSa / ' viSNupurANa ne bala diyA hai ki yogI ko aisA vyavahAra karanA cAhie ki loga usakA apamAna kareM aura usakA saMga na kreN| manusmRti ( 6 / 28 - 85 ) ne saMnyAsiyoM ke kartavyoM kA vivecana kiyA hai jinameM kucha yogiyoM ke lie bhI saTIka baiThate haiM / manu (6 / 65) ne yoga ke sAdhanoM dvArA paramAtmA kI sUkSmatA kI jAnakArI ke lie saMnyAsiyoM ko prabodhita kiyA hai aura dUsare sthAna ( 6 / 73) para unase dhyAnayoga ke abhyAsa kI bAta kahI hai| aura dekhie yAjJa0 (3) 56-67 ) | zAntiparva ( 264 / 14-17 = 306 / 14-17 citrazAlA ) meM AyA hai ki yoga kI vidhi evaM vidhAnoM (niyamoM ) ko jAnane vAle usI ko yogI kahate haiM jo mana se indriyoM ko sthira kara detA hai, buddhi se apane mana ko nizcala banA detA hai, pASANa kI bhA~ti aDiga ho jAtA hai, sthANu ( per3a ke tane) kI bhA~ti akampita ho jAtA hai tathA parvata kI bhA~ti gatihIna ( nizcala ) evaM zaktizAlI hotA hai| samajhadAra ( vijJa ) loga usI ko yukta (yogI) kahate haiM jo na sunatA hai, na gandha letA hai, na svAda letA hai, na dekhatA hai aura na sparza karatA hai; jisake mana meM (parivartanazIla) saMkalpa nahIM uThate haiM, jo kisI bhI vastu ko apanI nahIM kahatA, jo bAhya jagat kI vastuoM ko nahIM pahacAnatA, arthAt jo mAno kATha ke samAna haiM, aura jisane AtmA ke vAstavika evaM maulika rUpa kI abhijJatA prApta kara lI hai / devaladharmasUtra ( kalpataru, mokSaprakaraNa, pR0 60-61 ) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki ahaMkAra evaM mamatva ke phalasvarUpa sabhI prANI bandhana meM A jAte haiM, kintu jo inase mukta hai vaha mukta hai| 80. laghutvamArogya malolupatva varNaprasAdaH svarasauSThavaM ca / gandhaH zabho mUtrapurISamalpaM yogapravRtti prathamAM vadanti // zvetAzvataropaniSad (2011) ; vAyu0 ( 11 / 63 ) ; mArkaNDeya0 : ( 36 / 63 - 36 / 63, kalakattA saMskaraNa) / aura dekhie kRtakalpa0 (mokSa0, pR0 211 ) / 81. mAnApamAnau yAvetau prItyudvegakarau nRNAm / tAveva viparItArthI yoginaH siddhikArakau // mAnApamAno yAvetau tAvevAhuviSAmRte / apamAno'mRtaM tatra mAnastu viSamaM viSam // mArka0 (38/2-3 ) ; milAie viSNupurANa (2 / 13 / 42-43 ) saMmAnanA parAM hAni yogaH karute... / ' 82. iyaM mameti yatsvAmyamAtmano'rtheSu manyate / ajAnaMstadanityatvaM mamatvamiti tadviduH // ahamityabhimAnena yaH kriyAsu pravartate / kAryakAraNayuktAsu tadahaMkAralakSaNam // ahaMkAramamatvAbhyAM badhyante sarvadehinaH / saMsAraviniyoge tAbhyAM muktasya (muktastu ? ) mucyate // devala ( kalpataru, mokSa0, pR0 60-61 ) /

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 267 zatAbdiyoM se bhArata meM saMnyAsiyoM evaM yogiyoM kI atyanta sammAnapUrvaka pUjA hotI rahI hai| zrAddha ke avasara para yogI ko viziSTa rUpa se Amantrita karane kI paramparA rahI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki eka yogI saikar3oM evaM sahasroM brAhmaNoM ke samAna hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 4, pR0 388, 368-366 / kucha paristhitiyoM meM jaba dharma ke viSaya meM zaMkA utpanna ho jAtI thI to vivAdagrasta viSaya kA nirNaya dasa vidvAn brAhmaNoM yA kama se kama tIna brAhmaNoM kI pariSad para chor3a diyA jAtA thA, kintu eka vyakti bhI pariSad kA kArya kara sakatA thA yadi vaha vedajJa ho tathA dharma ko jAnane vAlA ho (manu 12 / 108-113) / kintu yAjJa0 (16) Adi ne kahA hai ki cAra vedajJa evaM dharmazAstrajJa yA usI prakAra ke tIna yA kevala eka, jo AdhyAtmika viSayoM ke jAnakAroM meM sarvazreSTha ho, pariSad kA kArya kara sakatA hai aura vaha jo ghoSita karegA vaha AcaraNa karane (dharma) kI saccI vidhi hogii| isa viSaya meM dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khasDa 2, pR0 666 / bhagavadgItA meM AyA hai-'yogI (jo vAstava meM karmayogI hai aura jisane karmaphala bhagavAn ko samarpita kara diye haiM) tapa karane vAloM (vrata Adi yA haThayoga karane vAloM) se uttama hotA hai, vaha unase bhI uttama hotA hai jo dArzanika jJAna (sAMkhya Adi) para adhikAra rakhate haiM, aura vaha unase bhI uttama hotA hai jo vaidika kRtya (svarga prApta karane ke lie) karate haiM, ata: he arjuna, vaise yogI bano, jo karma karatA hai (kyoMki aisA karanA usakA dharma hai, kartavya hai aura jo kiye gaye karmoM ke phaloM ke pIche nahIM rhtaa)| manu (12 / 83) kA kathana hai-'vedAdhyayana, tapa, satya jJAna (brahma ke viSaya meM) indriya-nigraha, ahiMsA, gurusevA ye niHzreyasa (arthAt mokSa) ke sarvocca sAdhana haiN|' zloka 85 meM punaH AyA hai--'ina chaha sAdhanoM meM AtmA kA satya jJAna sarvottama hai, yaha sabhI vidyAoM kA siramaura hai, kyoMki isake dvArA amaratA (mokSa) kI prApti hotI hai|' yAjJavalkya smRti (118) ne yoga ko vedAnta ke abhinna bhAga ke rUpa meM sarvocca sthAna diyA hai aura kahA hai ki yoga dvArA Atmadarzana sarvocca dharma hai (ayaM tu paramo dharmo yad yogenAtmadarzanam) / isI smRti meM puna: AyA hai--'vedAdhyayana, yajJa, brahmacarya, tapa, dama (indriya-nigraha), zraddhA, upavAsa evaM svAtantrya (sAMsArika viSayoM se dUra rahanA) AtmajJAna ke hetu haiN|'83 yaha draSTavya hai ki ina hetuoM meM kucha yama, niyama evaM pratyAhAra ke antargata A jAte haiN| dakSasmRti ne dRDhatApUrvaka kahA hai--'vaha deza, jahA~ aisA yogI rahatA hai jo yoga meM pAraMgata hai aura dhyAna karane vAlA hai, pavitra ho jAtA hai; to usake bandhuoM ke viSaya meM kyA kahanA hai !' (arthAt ve avazya hI pavitra ho jAyeMge ) / 4 yogasUtra kaThina haiM aura yogAbhyAsa kI katipaya avasthAoM kI pUrNa vyAkhyA nahIM upasthita krte| ve saMkSipta TippaNI ke rUpa meM haiM, mAno yaha nirdeza karate haiM ki loga utsuka hokara yogAbhyAsoM kI jAnakArI ke lie kisI samartha guru ke caraNoM meM jaayeN| kucha udAharaNa diye jA sakate haiM, yathA-yogasUtra (2050) ne tIna prANAyAmoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai jaba ki 2 / 51 ne eka cauthA prakAra bhI ullikhita kiyA hai (bAhyAbhyantara viSayAkSepI caturthaH) / isa cauthe prakAra kI koI vyAkhyA nahIM hai| 4 / 1 meM pataJjali ne eka sAtha hI janma, oSadhi, mantra, tapa 53. vedAnuvacanaM yajJo brahmacayaM tapo dmH| zraddhopavAsaH svAtantryamAtmano jnyaanhetvH|| yAjJa0 (3 / 163); milAie bRha0 upa0 (44122) / 24. yasminveze baserogI dhyAyI yogvickssnnH| so'pi dezo bhavettataH kiM punastasya bAndhavAH // dakSasmRti (445) /

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268 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa evaM samAdhi se utpanna siddhiyoM ko lAkara rakha diyA hai| oSadhi se utpanna siddhi tathA samAdhi se utpanna siddhi meM mahAn antara hai| pataJjali kA kathana hai ki 'om' Izvara kA pratIka hai aura isake japa se aura isake artha para dhyAna dene se ekAgratA kI udbhUti hotI hai, kintu isakI koI vyAkhyA nahIM hai ki om Izvara kI abhivyakti kisa prakAra hai aura na om kI mahattA ke viSaya meM upaniSadoM kI ora koI saMketa hI hai aura na yahI batAyA gayA hai ki japa kisa prakAra kiyA jaay| sambhavataH yaha usa ati prAcIna paramparA kA dyotaka hai ki AdhyAtmika jJAna gupta rakhanA cAhie, sabhI prakAra ke logoM ko isakI zikSA nahIM dI jAnI cAhie, kevala usI ziSya ko isakA jJAna denA cAhie jisameM kucha viziSTa guNa hoN| hamane isa khaNDa ke adhyAya 26 meM upaniSadoM ke uddharaNoM se vyakta kara diyA hai ki kisa prakAra gUDha jJAna kevala kisI guru dvArA hI ziSya ko diyA jAnA cAhie / yAjJavalkya evaM ArtabhAga ke saMvAda (bRha0 upa0 3 / 2 / 13) meM aisA AyA hai ki jaba AtaMbhAga ne yAjJavalkya se yaha kahane ke uparAnta ki 'mRtyu ke uparAnta vyakti kI vANI agni meM calI jAtI hai, usakI sA~sa vAya meM praviSTa ho jAtI hai| A~kheM sarya meM vilIna ho jAtI haiM, zarIra pathivI meM samAviSTa ho jAtA hai. yaha pUchA ki 'taba vyakti kahA~ baca rahatA hai, to yAjJavalkya ne uttara diyA--'merA hAtha pakar3o, isa viSaya meM kevala hama donoM hI kisI samAdhAna para pahu~ceM, kintu yahA~ isa bhIr3a meM nhiiN| taba donoM eka ora gaye aura eka-dUsare se bAteM karate rhe| isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki mRtyu ke uparAnta kyA hotA hai usakA vivecana sarvasAdhAraNa ke madhya meM karanA ucita nahIM samajhA jAtA thaa| chAndogyopaniSad (3 / 2 / 5) meM AyA hai-'ataH pitA usa brahma-siddhAnta ko apane jyeSTha patra se yA kisI yogya ziSya se kaha sakatA hai, kisI anya se nahIM, cAhe koI use samadroM se ghirI evaM dhana se pUrNa pathivI hI kyoM na de de, kyoMki yaha siddhAnta usase bhI adhika mUlyavAna hai|' baha0 upa0 (6 / 3 / 12) meM AyA hai-'isa (brahma) ke viSaya meM kisI anya se jo apanA putra yA ziSya nahIM hai, nahIM bolanA cAhie / ' aura dekhie zvetAzvataropaniSada (6 / 22) evaM maMtrA0 upa0 (6 / 26) / zAntiparva (246 / 16-18, citrazAlA saMskaraNa) meM kahA gayA hai ki AdhyAtmika jJAna apane pyAre putra evaM AjJAkArI ziSya ko denA cAhie, usa vyakti ko nahIM jisakA citta zAnta yA saMyamita na ho, usako bhI nahIM jo IrSyAla hai, duSTa prakRti kA hai, cagalakhora hai yA tarkazAstra-dagdha (tarkatA karane vAlA, bAla kI khAla nikAlane vAlA) hai| haThayogapradIpikA meM AyA hai--siddhi prApta karane kI icchA vAle yogI ko haThavidyA gopanIya rakhanI cAhie; jaba yaha gopya (gopanIya) rahatI hai to vIryavatI (zaktizAlI) rahatI hai, kintu jaba prakAzita ho jAtI hai to nirvarya arthAt durbala (prabhAvahIna) ho jAtI hai| guru dvArA upadezita mArga se hI isakA abhyAsa kiyA jAnA caahie|'84 yaha bAta prAcIna kAla meM na kevala gaDha yA alaukika jJAna ke viSaya meM lAgU thI, pratyuta anya vidyAlayIna vidyAdhyayana ke viSaya meM bhI pracalita thii| nirukta (213) meM AyA hai ki isakA adhyApana usako nahIM honA cAhie jo vyAkaraNa na jAnatA ho, usako bhI nahIM jo jJAna ke lie guru ke pAsa nahIM jAtA, yA jo zAstra kI mahattA nahIM jAnatA, kyoMki abodha (ajJAnI) vyakti jJAna ke viSaya meM dRSTa icchA rakhatA hai; aura nirukta (2 / 4) ne isa viSaya meM vidyAsUkta nAmaka cAra mantra uddhRta kiye haiN| bhagavadgItA 85. tadidaM nAprazAntAya nAdAntAyAtapasvine / nAsayakAyAnajave na cAniviSTakAriNe / na tarkazAstra dagdhAya tathaiva pizunAya ca // zAnti0 (246 / 16-18 citrazAlA sNskrnn)| 'asUyakAyAnajave' zabdoM meM nirukta (24) meM Aye 'vidyA ha vai....asUkAyAnajave... Adi' kI pratidhvani milatI hai / haThavidyA paraM gopyA yoginA siddhimicchtaa| bhavedvIryavatI guptA nirvArthA tu prakAzitA // gurUpadiSTamArgeNa yogameva samabhyaset / ha0 yo0 pra0 (1111,.

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra 26 meM zrI kRSNa ne bhaktiyoga ke jJAna ko atyanta gopanIya mAnA hai (62), 17163 meM jo jJAna arjuna ko diyA gayA hai vaha sabhI gupta jJAnoM se adhika gupta (gopanIya) mAnA gayA hai tathA 18 / 64-65 meM kRSNa ne arjuna se apane atyanta gopya zabdoM ko sunane ke lie kahA hai-'citta ko mujhameM lagAo, mere bhakta bano, mere lie yajJa karo, mere samakSa sASTAMga praNata ho; tuma mere pAsa Aoge, maiM tumase satya pratijJA karatA hU~, kyoMki tuma mere priya ho|' yaha vacana 6634 se lekara puna: duharAyA gayA hai| 15 veM adhyAya ke anta meM yaha kahA gayA hai--he niraparAdhI, yaha atyanta gopya (gupta) siddhAnta mere dvArA tumhAre lie ghoSita kiyA gayA hai|' isa viSaya meM yahA~ vivAda nahIM uThAyA jA sakatA ki yoga kA mArga ucita yA sambhAvya (sAdhya, sukara yA karaNIya) hai yA nhiiN| kintu sahasroM varSoM taka bhAratavarSa meM mahAna vyaktiyoM ne yoga ke mArga kA anusaraNa kiyA hai, jisase ve yoga dvArA avidyA se AtmA kI svatantratA ke evaM janma-maraNa ke bandhana se mukta hone ke vAJchita lakSya ko prApta kara sake the / zAntiparva (28650 evaM 54) ke yuga meM bhI yogamArga kaThina thA aura yaha chure kI dhAra para calanA thA; jinakA AtmA zuddha nahIM ho sakA ve dhAraNAoM ke abhyAsa ko kaThina evaM kaSTaprada samajhate the / kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza (8 / 16-24) meM rAjA raghu dvArA kiye gaye yogAbhyAsa kA sundara varNana upasthita kiyA hai / kAlidAsa ne (816 meM) saMnyAsI raghu ke apavarga prApti ke lakSya kI ora saMketa kiyA hai aura usakI tulanA mahodaya (abhyudaya yA bhoga) se kI hai| ye donoM zabda yogasUtra (2018, 'prakAzamogApavargAthaM dRzyam') meM Aye haiN| kAlidAsa ne dhAraNA kA ullekha kiyA hai (8118) unhoMne praNidhAna-abhyAsa evaM paJcaprANoM para svAmitva-sthApana kA ullekha kiyA hai (raghuvaMza 7 / 21, yogasUtra 348 'pradhAnajaya') tathA yogavidhi ko paramAtmadarzana kA sAdhana mAnA hai (raghu0 8122, yAjJa0 118) / / rAjayoga ne prakRti (yA advaitavAda kI mAyA) se mukti ko parama lakSya mAnA hai aura isane isa para bala diyA hai ki hama indriya-sukha evaM avidyAmUlaka jIvana kA tyAga kara deM / mukti kA artha hai vedAntiyoM ke lie brahma meM lIna ho jAnA yA kaivalya (zuddha yoga ke anusAra yaha jIvAtmA kA janma-maraNa evaM prakRti se pRthak ho jAnA yA chuTakArA pA lenA hai)| asaMkhya nara-nAriyoM ke lie pAtaJjala yoga yA advaita vedAnta kA mArga evaM antima lakSya durladhya evaM aprApya hai, jaisA ki svayaM gItA ne kahA hai-'jinakA citta avyakta para lagA hai ve apekSAkRta (una logoM kI apekSA jo kisI vyaktigata deva kI pUjA karate haiM) adhika bhArI kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karate haiM, kyoMki zarIradhArI prANiyoM dvArA avyakta ke lakSya taka pahuMcanA bar3A kaThina hai|' karmayoga (zAstravihita acche karmoM kA binA phala kI icchA ke sampAdana) kA evaM bhaktiyoga (jahA~ Izvara ke prati gambhIra bhakti evaM Atma-samarpaNa hotA hai) kA mArga sAmAnya mAnava prANiyoM ke lie, apekSAkRta adhika yogya lagatA hai / gItA ke adhyAya 13 meM (zloka 13-17) Izvara sambandhI sarvottama varNana haiM (use sarvAtirikta evaM antaHstha rUpa meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai) aura zloka 18 meM itanA jor3a diyA gayA hai ki jo Izvara kA bhakta ise samajhatA hai vaha Izvara kI upalabdhi karatA hai| jo loga zrI aravinda ghoSa, unake pAMDicerI sthita Azrama evaM unake vizAla sAhitya se paricita hoMge, ve isa bAta se Azcarya prakaTa kara sakate haiM ki prastuta lekhaka ne yoga evaM dharmazAstra para isake prabhAva se sambandhita isa bhAga meM zrI aravinda (jo apane ziSyoM evaM prazaMsakoM dvArA mahAyogI kahe jAte haiM) ke viSaya meM kucha bhI ullekha nahIM kiyaa| kAraNa spaSTa hai / pahalI bAta yaha hai ki zrI aravinda ne yoga se sambandhita dharmazAstra ke viSaya meM kadAcit hI kucha kahA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki zrI aravinda ne svayaM svIkAra kiyA hai ki unheM kisI. 'guru se sparza' nahIM prApta huA hai, unheM bhItara se hI sparza prApta huA aura unhoMne yogAbhyAsa kiyaa|

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300 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa unheM gvAliyara ke zrI lele se kucha sahAyatA prApta huI, ve jaba pAMDicerI meM Aye, unheM bhItara se sAdhanA karane kA eka kAryakrama prApta huA, unheM anya logoM ko sahAyatA dene meM koI adhika saphalatA nahIM prApta ho sakI aura jaba mAtA (mIrA ricarDa) san 1620 meM Azrama meM AyIM, unheM inakI sahAyatA se anya logoM ko sahAyatA dene kI vidhi kA patA claa| eka anya bAta yaha hai ki ve yoga para likhane vAle bahuta se camatkArI saMskRta lekhakoM kI zikSAoM ko asvIkAra karate haiM, yathA yogI ko nAriyoM se dUra rahanA cAhie (kUrmapurANa 2 / 11 / 18, yogiyAjJavalkya 1155, liMgapurANa 1 / 8 / 23), jaba ki unake carita-lekhaka zrI divAkara kA kathana hai ki aravinda Azrama kI sthApanA 24 navambara, san 1626 meM huI aura mAtAjI (madara) para hI usakA sampUrNa bhAra taba se aba taka rahA hai aura zrI aravinda ne taba se sabhI prakAra ke samparka tor3a diye aura unase kevala madara ke dvArA samparka sthApita ho sakatA thA (pR0 257) / isa bAta meM zrI aravinda ne eka pRthak hI nayI rIti nikAlI aura prastuta lekhaka tathA anya sAmAnya logoM kI dRSTi meM unhoMne isa prakAra prAcIna yoga dvArA calAye gaye mArga kA ullaMghana kiyA aura 'murArestRtIyaH panthAH' nAmaka vikhyAta ukti ke samAna bana gye| - zrI aravinda rahasyavAdI haiM, rahasyavAdiyoM kI anubhUtiyA~ vilakSaNa hotI haiM aura unakI apanI, sAmAnya zabdoM evaM vANI kI paddhati se ve una logoM para vyakta nahIM kI jA sakatIM, jo isa prakAra kI anumatiyoM se paricita nahIM haiN| zrI aravinda navambara san 1626 se apanI mahAsamAdhi kI tithi 5 disambara, san 1950 taka ekAntasevI bane rahe, varSa meM ve kevala cAra dina darzana dete the, yathA-agasta 15 (janma-dina), navambara 24 (unake zabdoM meM unakI vijaya kA dina); pharavarI 21 (madara kA janma dina) evaM apraila 24 : (vaha dina jaba madara Azrama meM padhArI thIM) (dekhie zrI divAkara kRta 'lAipha Ava mahAyogI, pR0 265) / aravindajI pAMDicerI meM 40 varSoM taka rahe / unakA Azrama samanvita yoga kI zikSA kA eka kendra bana gayA aura unake lie ghara bana gayA jo vAstavika jIvana evaM prakAza kI khoja meM the aura unakI zikSAoM se abhiprerita nara-nAriyoM ke lie eka tIrthasthAna bana gayA / _agasta 15, san 1647 ko jaba bhArata svatantra ho gayA (vaha tithi unakI janmatithi bhI thI) to unhoMne eka lambA vaktavya prakAzita kiyA, jisameM unakI yuvAvasthA ke sapane vyakta kiye gaye the aura kahA gayA thA ki aba ve saphala ho rahe haiM athavA saphalatA ke mArga para agrasara ho rahe haiN| unhoMne kahA--'mere sapanoM meM prathama thA krAntikArI Andolana jo eka svatantra evaM saMyukta bhArata kA nirmANa karegA / dUsarA sapanA yaha thA ki eziyA ke loga mukta hoMge aura eziyA mAnava-saMskRti ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yoga degaa| tIsarA sapanA yaha thA ki eka vizva-saMgha kA nirmANa hogA jo sampUrNa mAnava-samAja ke lie apekSAkRta sundara, prakAzamaya evaM bhadra jIvana kA bAhya AdhAra siddha hogaa| koI viplava khar3A ho sakatA hai, vaha virodha khar3A kara sakatA hai aura jo kucha ho rahA hai use vinaSTa bhI kara sakatA hai kintu taba bhI antima pariNAma nizcita hai| ekatA prakRti kI AvazyakatA hai aura hai eka avazyambhAvI gati / eka anya sapanA thA, vizva ke lie bhArata dvArA AdhyAtmika upahAra, jisakA Arambha ho cukA hai| bhAratIya AdhyAtmikatA kA yUropa evaM amerikA meM praveza satata unmeSazAlI gati se ho rahA hai| antima sapanA thA vikAsa meM eka caraNa-cApa jo mAnava ko ucca se uccatara cetanA kI ora le jAyegA aura una samasyAoM kA samAdhAna upasthita kara degA jinhoMne unheM taba se vyAmohita evaM parezAna kara rakhA thA jaba se unhoMne vyaktigata pUrNatA evaM pUrNa samAja ke viSaya meM cintana karanA evaM sapanA dekhanA Arambha kiyA thA / yahA~ bhI, yadi vikAsa honA hI hai, kyoMki ise AtmA evaM Antarika

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yoga evaM dharmazAstra cetanatA ke vikAsa ke dvArA Age bar3hanA hI hai, Arambha bhArata se hI ho sakatA hai aura, yadyapi kSetra ko sArvabhauma honA hI hai, kendrIya krAnti yahIM pAyI jA sakatI hai|' niHsandeha Upara kI saMvegAtmaka evaM lalita zabdoM meM kahI gayI bAteM bhAratIyoM ke lie garva karane yogya haiM, kintu yaha sambhava hai ki zrI aravinda kI ye garvoktiyA~ adhikAMza abhAratIya janatA ko hAsyAspada laga sakatI haiN| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki bhArata 13vIM zatI se lagabhaga sAta zatiyoM taka bAhya vijetA logoM se padAkrAnta hotA rahA aura usakA mAnamardana hotA rahA (kintu kucha bhAgoM meM alpakAla ke lie bhAratIya rAjya avazya saMsthApita the, yathA vijayanagara sAmrAjya yA marAThoM ke antargata lagabhaga 150 varSoM taka tathA paMjAba meM lagabhaga 50 varSoM taka mahArAja raNajIta siMha kA rAjya) / aba bhAratIya pAThaka svayaM isakA patA lagAyeM ki prathama sapane ko chor3akara (bhAratIya svatantratA 6) zrI aravinda ke anya kauna-se sapane pUre hue| kyA svatantratA kI prApti ke itane varSoM ke uparAnta bhArata AdhyAtmikatA ke kSetra meM koI vikAsa kara sakA hai ? kyA sAmAnya janatA ke mana meM isa prakAra kI bhAvanA ghara kara sakI hai? kyA vibhinna jAtiyoM evaM rASTroM ke bIca bhAvanAtmaka ekatA kA koI cihna dRSTigocara ho rahA hai? kyA nikaTa bhaviSya meM isakI koI AzA hai ? yA saMpUrNa saMsAra vinAza ke kagAra para khar3A hai ? __ zrI aravinda ne mAnava jAti kI ekatA kI sthApanA ke lie Antarika ekatA evaM uddezya para bala diyA hai| unake matAnusAra yaha abhiruciyoM ke bAhya sammilana se sambhava nahIM hai| 24 varSoM taka zrI aravinda ne bAhya jagata se apane ko khIMca liyA thA aura varSa meM kevala cAra bAra logoM ko darzana dete the| unhoMne granthoM ke praNayana ke atirikta mAnava jAti kI ekatA ke lie kyA kiyA, yaha spaSTa nahIM ho pAtA aura na una nara-nAriyoM meM, jo unake netRtva meM pAMDicerI meM ekatra hue, kisI ne mahattva kA koI pada suzobhita kiyA aura na apane guru dvArA pradarzita mArga para zaktizAlI DhaMga se saphalatApUrvaka calane kA prayatna hI kiyA aura na Aja koI apane guru ke usa kArya ko kara rahA hai, jisakA unhoMne svapna dekhA thA aura jo Aja bhI anArambhita evaM apUrNa par3A huA hai / apanI sAdhanA ke viSaya meM zrI aravinda ne likhA hai-'maiMne apanA yoga san 1604 meM Arambha kiyA / merI sAdhanA granthoM para AdhRta nahIM thI, vaha una vyaktigata anubhUtiyoM para AdhRta thI jo antara se umar3a kara mere caturdik chA gayIM. . . yaha tathya hai ki maiM jela meM vivekAnanda kI vANI eka pakSa taka nirantara sunatA rahA' (pR0 131, zrI divAkara dvArA likhita 'mahAyogI kA jiivn-crit')| zrI aravinda ne apane bhAI vArIndra ko 7 apraila, 1620 meM eka patra likhA thA, jisameM unhoMne prAcIna yogoM ke mukhya doSoM ko batAyA thaa| unake anusAra 'prAcIna yoga meM kevala mana, buddhi evaM AtmA kI bAta thI, loga mAnasika dharAtala para hI AdhyAtmika anubhUti prApta karake santuSTa ho jAte the| unake mata se mana kevala AMzika jJAna hI prApta kara sakatA hai, yaha kevala aMzoM kA hI parijJAna kara sakatA hai na ki sampUrNa kA / mana kevala samAdhi, mokSa yA nirvANa dvArA hI asIma evaM sampUrNa vAstavikatA kA jJAna prApta kara sakatA hai, kisI anya sAdhana se nahIM / hA~, kucha loga isa prakAra kA mokSa avazya prApta karate haiM jise kevala andha mArga yA dvAra kahA jA sakatA hai| to isakI kyA upayogitA hai ? kintu bhagavAn mAnava ko isa yogya 86. svatantratA-prApti ke uparAnta saMyukta bhArata kI kalpanA TUTa-phUTa kara chinna-bhinna ho gyii| deza kA vibhAjana ho gyaa| pAkistAna eka nayA rASTra bana gayA jo nirantara bhArata ke lie zira-pIr3A banA huA hai| .

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302 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 1 / yoga ke banAnA cAhatA hai ki mAnava use isI jIvana meM, vyakti evaM sampUrNa samAja ke bhItara jAna le prAcIna siddhAnta AdhyAtmikatA evaM jIvana meM saMzleSaNa evaM ekatA lA na ske| unhoMne jagat ko mAyA yA bhagavAn kI kSaNabhaMgura lIlA kahakara chor3a diyA aura isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki jIvana se zakti evaM Azraya kI parisamApti ho gayI aura bhArata kA adha: patana ho gayA / ' uparyukta zabdoM meM zrI aravinda apane saMzliSTa yoga evaM prAcIna tathA madhyakAlIna bhAratIyoM ke yoga ke antara ko batAte haiM / yoga ke isa siddhAnta meM koI navIna bAta nahIM hai| gItA meM yahI bAta yugoM pUrva kaha dI gayI hai, yathA-gItA 5 / 15 'ajJAnenAvRtam', 'utsIdeyurime lokA:' ( gItA 2 / 24-25, 2247, 338, 16, 6 / 27, 18 / 45-46, ye saba isI para bala dete haiM ki niSkAma karma hI bhagavAna kI pUjA hai ) / zrI aravinda ko apanI icchA ke anusAra kucha ziSyoM ko isa kArya meM lagA denA cAhie thA / pAtaJjala yoga ne 'mAyA' zabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA hai aura na usameM yahI kahA gayA hai ki yaha jagat Izvara kI lIlA hai / vedAntasUtra ne hI eka virodha ko dUra karane ke rUpa meM aisA kahA thA ( 211133, 'lokavattu lIlAkaivalyam) / pAtaJjala yoga meM Izvara kA saMsAra-sRSTi se koI sambandha nahIM hai, pratyuta isane avidyA kI carcA kI hai jisase jIvAtmA jakar3A rahatA hai ( yogasUtra 23 - 5 evaM 24 ) na ki Izvara yA paramAtmA / itanA hI nahIM, svayaM zrI aravinda ke prazna para pratiprazna kiyA jA sakatA hai - 'saMzliSTa yoga, mana, pramana evaM atimana kI AvazyakatA yA upayogitA kyA hai ?' kyA koI kama se kama kevala Adhe darjana zrI aravinda ke anuyAyiyoM kI ora saMketa kara sakatA hai, jinhoMne unake siddhAnta yA saMkalpoM ke anusAra deza evaM mAnava samAja ke punaruddhAra ke lie apanI zaktiyA~ lagAyI hoM ? isa viSaya meM kucha aura kahanA yahA~ samIcIna nahIM hai / zrI aravinda ke kaI grantha haiM jo AkAra evaM prakAra meM vizada evaM vistRta haiN| unake granthoM kI tAlikA ke lie dekhie zrI divAkara kA grantha 'mahAyogI' ( pR0 267- 266 ) / prastuta lekhaka ne unake nimnalikhita grantha par3he haiM, yathA- 'yoga eNDa iTsa AbjekTasa' ( 1638, jisameM yaha darzAyA gayA hai ki adhyAtma yoga haThayoga evaM rAjayoga se apekSAkRta ucca hai), 'di madara' (1637), 'eseja oNva di gItA' (pA~cavA~ saMskaraNa, 1646), 'di siMthesisa Ava yoga' (1648), jisameM yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga evaM karmayoga nAmaka tInoM mArgoM kA samanvaya ho sakatA hai, 'di prAblema Ava rIbartha' (Azrama dvArA prakAzita, 1652); 'phAuNDezansa Ava iNDiyana kalcara' (kaI nibandha haiM, jinakA sudhAra svayaM aravinda ne kiyA hai, nyUyArka, 1653), 'lAipha DivAina' (maulika tIna khaNDoM meM, kintu aba 1272 pRSThoM meM prakAzita, aravinda iNTaranezanala yUnivarsiTI seNTara, pAMDicerI, 1655 ) / prastuta lekhaka ne antima pustaka kA prathama khaNDa hI par3hA hai / kintu sAmAnya logoM kI buddhi ina granthoM ko par3hane evaM samajhane meM asamartha hai / 'lAipha DivAina' ke zabda, zabda - vinyAsa evaM bhAva bar3e gUr3ha evaM alaukika artha vAle haiM, jinheM prastuta lekhaka jaise sAmAnya jana samajha sakane meM asamartha haiM / prastuta lekhaka ke mata se 'phAuNDezaMsa oNva iNDiyana kalcara' unakI sarvazreSTha pustaka hai jise usane par3ha liyA hai| pro0 Ara0 DI0 rAnADe ne 'bhagavadgItA aija e philaoNsaoNphI oNva gaoNDa rIyalAijezana' (nAgapura, 1656, pR0 163-976) meM zrI aravinda ke grantha 'eseja Ana di gItA' kI jA~ca kI hai aura kaI sthaloM para apanA matabheda prakaTa kiyA hai| zrI aravinda ke darzana kI bRhat jAnakArI ke lie dekhie DA0 haridAsa caudharI evaM DaoN0 phreDarika spIgelabarga dvArA sampAdita grantha 'iNTIgrala philaoNsaoNphI Ava aravinda' (elena evaM anvina, 1660), jisameM bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya lekhakoM ke 30 nibandha saMgRhIta haiM / pR0 32 para 'mAiNDa ' ( mana ) evaM suparamAiNDa ( atimana ) kI vyAkhyA upasthita kI gayI hai /

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adhyAya 33 tarka evaM dharmazAstra yAjJavalkyasmRti (13) ne nyAya (tarkazAstra)' ko caudaha vidyAoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai aura use dharma ke jJAna kA eka sAdhana mAnA hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 para bhASya) ne nyAya ko 'takavidyA' kI saMjJA dI hai aura kahA hai ki caudaha vidyAe~ dharma ke hetu (sAdhana) haiN| nyAyasUtra evaM vaizeSika sUtra donoM ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki donoM darzanoM ke padArthoM ke samyak jJAna se niHzreyasa kI udbhUti hotI hai| 'taka' zabda ke Arambhika prayogoM meM eka prayoga kaThopaniSad (26) kA bhI hai--'(AtmA kA) yaha jJAna (kevala) taka se hI nahIM prApta kiyA jA sakatA, isake pUrva ke mantra meM AyA hai ki AtmA sUkSma se bhI sUkSmatara hai aura kevala anumAna yA taka se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA ('aNIyAn hyatarkayamaNupramANAt') / aura dekhie zabda 'mantravyaH' ('AtmA vA are draSTavyaH zrotravyo mantavyaH', bR0 upa0 2 / 415 evaM 4 / 26) jise bhASya (ve0 sU0 13102) meM virodhI ne evaM zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 2 / 114) ne tarka ke artha meM liyA hai| maitrA0 upa0 (2018) ne tarka ko yoga ke aMgoM meM sammilita kiyA hai (prANAyAmaH pratyAhAro dhyAnaM dhAraNA tarkaH samAdhiH SaDaMga ityucyate yogH|) aura usameM yaha bhI AyA hai ki vANI, mana evaM prANa ke nirodha se vyakti tarka kI sahAyatA se brahma ko dekhatA hai (6 / 20) / gautamadharmasUtra (2 / 23-24) meM AyA hai ---'nyAya kI prApti ke lie taka eka upAya (sAdhana) hai' (nyAyAdhigame tarko'bhyupAyaH / tenAmyUhya yathAsthAnaM gmyet)| yakSa ne yudhiSThira se jitane prazna pUche haiM, unameM eka yaha hai-'tarka asthira hotA hai, vaha apratiSTha hai, usase niSkarSa nahIM prApta hote, vaidika vacana (Apasa meM) eka-dUsare se bhinna haiM (unameM antara hai), koI aisA muni nahIM hai jisakI sammati (anya logoM yA muniyoM dvArA prAmANika mAnI jAya; dharma kA tattva gahA meM par3A haA hai (vaha aMdhakAra se Avata hai aura spaSTatA evaM sugamatA se nahIM jAnA jA sakatA). vahI mArga hai (jisake dvArA agrasara honA cAhie) jisake dvArA adhikAMza loga caleM' (vanaparva 313 / 117, citrazAlA presa saMskaraNa-tarko'pratiSThaH zrutayo vibhinnAH nako muniryasya mataM pramANam / dharmasya tattvaM nihitaM guhAyAM mahAjano yena gataH sa pnthaaH||)| upasaMhAra ke anta meM manusmRti meM AyA 1. purANanyAyamImAMsAdharmazAstrAMgamizritAH / vedAH sthAnAni vidyAnAM dharmasya ca caturdaza // yAjJa0 (133) kucha loga 'purANatarkamImAMsA...' aisA par3hate haiN| 2. athAto dharma vyAkhyAsyAmaH / yato'bhyudayaniHzreyasasiddhiH sa dharmaH / dravyaguNakarmasAmAnyavizeSasamavAyAnAM padArthAnAM sAdhayaMbaMdhAbhyAM tattvajJAnaM niHzreyasahetuH / vaizeSikasUtra (13122 evaM 4); pramANaprameyasaMzayaprayojanadRSTAnta-siddhAntAvayavatarka-nirNayavAdajJAnavitaNDAhetvAbhAsacchalajAtinigrahasthAnAnAM tatvajJAnAniHzreyasAdhigamaH / nyAyasUtra (11111) / niHzreyasa ('acatura0', eka lambA sUtra) zabda pANini evaM kauSItakyupaniSad (2 / 14 evaM 332) meM AyA hai|

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304 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai-'jo vyakti zuddha dharma jAnanA cAhatA hai use ina tInoM kA avazya jJAna honA cAhie-pratyakSa, anumAna evaM vibhinna paramparAoM para AdhRta zAstra; kevala vahI vyakti dharma jAnatA hai jo ArSa vacana (arthAt muniyoM ke vacana yA veda), (smRtiyoM meM varNita) dharmopadeza ko usa tarka ke sAtha vicAratA hai jo veda evaM zAstroM ke virodha meM nahIM par3atA hai (12 / 105) / ' saMskRta ke adhikAMza kaTTara lekhakoM kA tarka ke viSaya meM yahI kathana hai / yadi koI kevala tarka para hI nirbhara rahe to pariNAma anizcita evaM viplavakArI hogaa| pratyeka siddhAntavAdI yahI kahatA hai ki usakA siddhAnta tarka para Adhata hai, kintu sAmAnya logoM ke lie mahattvapUrNa praznoM ke viSaya meM tarka para Adhata uttara vibhinna prakAra se vyAmoha meM DAlane vAle hote haiN| vibhinna vAtAvaraNoM meM pale hue vibhinna anubhavoM vAle vicAraka vibhinna tarka rakhate haiM aura yahA~ taka ki vibhinna naitika vidhAnoM kA udghoSa kara DAlate haiN| sAmAnya vyakti kisakA anusaraNa kare ? veda evaM smRtiyA~ sahasra varSoM se cale Aye hue, mahAn evaM svArtharahita muniyoM dvArA anubhUta evaM nirNIta tathA jIvana ke sabhI kSetroM se sambandhita AcaraNa sambandhI siddhAntoM se paripUrNa haiM, arthAt unameM bahuta-se vijJa logoM ke anubhava evaM tarka pAye jAte haiN| ata: yadi Aja koI vyakti yaha kahatA hai ki tarka ke AdhAra para vaha veda-virodhI mata rakhatA hai to adhikAMza loga usa akele eka vyakti kI bAteM, jo katipaya prAcIna RSiyoM dvArA prakAzita matoM ke virodha meM par3atI haiM, mAnane ko kisI prakAra sannaddha nahIM ho skte| isa bAta ko aura bar3hAkara kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| bahuta-se aise praznoM ke viSaya meM, yathA-kyA paramAtmA kA astitva hai, kyA koI parama buddhi hai jo isa vizva kA nirdezana kara rahI hai, kyA AtmA kA astitva hai, mara jAne ke uparAnta manuSya kA bhaviSya kyA hai ; ati vijJa logoM ne ati vibhinna uttara diye haiN| ina praznoM ke aise uttara jo sabako yA adhikAMza logoM ko svIkArya hoM, kevala tarka se hI nahIM diye jA skte| yadyapi yahI zAstrasammata sthiti hai, kintu samaya-samaya para vaidika AcAra janamata ke kAraNa tyAga diye gaye haiN| svayaM smatikAroM ne aisI vyavasthA dI hai ki zAstrIya vacanoM ke andhAnukaraNa se dharma kI hAni hotI hai aura jaba smRtiyoM kI vyavasthAoM meM virodha upasthita ho jAya to tarka kA Azraya lenA cAhie tathA lokamata evaM lokAcAroM para vicAra karanA caahie| isa viSaya meM dekhie isa khaNDa kA adhyAya 26 evaM isa mahAgrantha ke mUla khaNDa 3 ke pR0 866-868 / mahAbhArata meM AyA hai-- 'acintya viSayoM ke samAdhAna meM tarka kA sahArA nahIM lenA caahie|' bhUkha se pIr3ita muni vizvAmitra (jo eka kutte kI pUMcha khAnA cAhate the) evaM cANDAla ke bIca huI vArtA ke silasile meM mahAbhArata meM AyA hai---'ata: dharma evaM adharma ke viSaya meM vijJa vyakti ko, jisakA AtmA pavitra ho, apanI buddhi para Azraya lekara kArya karanA caahie| kintu aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki zaMkarAcArya evaM anya mahAna bhAratIya lekhakoM ne tarka kA Azraya lenA sarvathA chor3a diyA thaa| unake kahane kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki yadi niSkarSa sIdhe veda evaM smRti-vacanoM ke virodha meM par3ate hoM to kevala eka yA do vyaktiyoM ke tarka kA anasaraNa nahIM karanA caahie| zaMkarAcArya ne apanI sthiti spaSTa rUpa se vyakta kara dI hai (ve0 sa0 2 / 1 / 1 evaM 11) / jainoM evaM bauddhoM ke vizvAsa dharmaviruddha the, kyoMki ve veda tathA anya pavitra paramparAoM kI prAmANikatA svIkAra nahIM karate the, yadyapi ve hindU 3. I0 pI0 mArgana ne 'disa AI bilIva' (landana 1653) ke 50 60 meM pizela kA eka vacana uddhata kiyA hai-'hRdaya ke apane tarka haiM jinheM tarka nahIM samajha paataa|' 4. acintyAH khalu ye bhAvA na tAMstarkeNa yojayet / prakRtibhyaH paraM yacca tadacintyasya lakSaNam // bhISmaparva (zaMkarAcArya, ve0 sU0 2 / 1 / 6, smRti ke rUpa meM uddhRta) / yaha matsyapurANa (113 / 6), papapurANa (Adi 3312), brahmANDa0 (2 / 13 / 7-8) meM bhI AyA hai| 'prakRti' kA artha hai bhautika kAraNa /

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tarka evaM dharmazAstra 305 AcAroM kA vyavahAra karate the aura hinduoM ke yahA~ vivAha saMbandha karate the| kintu itanA hone para bhI vizvAsoM, rItiyoM aura paramparAoM meM bahuta adhika virodha kI sambhAvanA thii| kucha upaniSadoM kI pravRttiyoM ke avagAhana se ise samajhAyA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNArtha, muNDakopaniSad (1 / 1 / 4-5) ne vidyA ko parA evaM aparA nAmaka do koTiyoM meM bA~TA hai, aparA ke antargata cAra vedoM, chaha aMgoM ko sammilita kiyA hai aura parA (sarvottama) ke antargata usa vidyA ko, jisake mAdhyama se anazvara brahma kI prApti ho sakatI hai| chA0 upa0 (7 / 1 / 1-5) meM AyA ki jaba nArada sanatkumAra ke pAsa sIkhane ke lie gaye to sanatkumAra ne jo kucha par3hA thA unase kaha diyA, yathA-- cAroM veda, itihAsa-purANa evaM anya vidyAe~; sanatkumAra ne yaha bhI batalAyA ki unhoMne jo kucha par3hA hai vaha kevala mAma mAtra hai aura Age unhoMne vaha batAyA jo saba kucha se uttama hai| muNDaka0 (1 / 2 / 7) ne yajJoM ko phUTe hue (chidrayukta) pAtroM ke samAna mAnA hai / yaha atyanta Azcaryajanaka hai ki chA0 upa0 (1 / 12 / 2-5) ne pA~ca purohitoM evaM yajamAna ke eka-dUsare ke sparza karane kI vidhi kI tathA sadas' se 'cAtvAla' taka, jahA~ bahiSpavamAna mantra kA gAyana hotA rahatA hai, unake reMgakara jAne kI tulanA kuttoM kI usa paMkti (katAra) se kI hai jisameM kuttoM ne eka dUsare kI pUMcha apane muMha se pakar3a rakhI ho / dekhie purohitoM ke mauna rUpa se reMgane vAlI bAta ke lie tANDya brAhmaNa (6716-12) evaM Apa0 zrau0 sU0 (12-17 / 1-4) Adi / aisI bAta hai, taba bhI upaniSadeM vedAnta kahI jAtI haiM aura vaidika dharma evaM sAhitya ke sarvottama 'anta' ke rUpa meM dhArmika grantha mAnI jAtI haiN| adhikAMza upaniSa vaidika saMhitAoM ko prAmANika mAnatI haiN| udAharaNArtha, ba0 upa0 (1 / 4 / 10) evaM aitareya upa0 (215) ne R0 (41261 evaM 4 / 27 / 1) ko krama se uddhata kiyA hai; bRha0 upa0 (2 / 5 / 16-17) ne R0 6.2 evaM 13117122) ko tathA usI (2 / 5 / 16) ne puna: R0 (6 / 47 / 18) ko uddhRta kiyA hai; kaThopaniSad (416) sarvathA atharvaveda (10 / 8 / 16) hai, prazna0 (1 / 11) R0 (1 / 164 / 12) hai| muNDakopaniSad (3 / 2 / 10) meM AyA hai ki zrotriyoM (vedajJoM) ko brahmavidyA kA jJAna diyA jAnA caahie| isa viSaya meM upaniSadeM adhikArabheda nAmaka siddhAnta para nirbhara haiN| . prAcInatama dArzanika samasyAoM meM eka hai vizvAsa (Aptavacana yA pramANa) evaM tarka kI samasyA, aura prAcIna kAla se hI donoM meM nirantara saMgharSa calatA A rahA hai| adhikAMza loga kisI pramANa kA Azraya lete haiM yA usa para nirbhara rahate haiM athavA kisI aise vyakti para vizvAsa karate haiM jo unase apekSAkRta ucca hotA hai| adhikAMza logoM ke lie yaha prAmANikatA (vizvAsa kI bhAvanA) athavA vaha 'kucha' jo unase adhika mahattvapUrNa hai zrutiprakAza (aiza-unmeSa) evaM Izvara hai| Izvara ke astitva, AtmA ke astitva, svatantra icchA evaM nizcitatAvAda, AcAra-sambandhI sAmAnya siddhAnta, bhautika zarIra kI mRtyu ke uparAnta antima niyati Adi nigUDha praznoM ke viSaya meM svayaM tarkanApUrNa DhaMga se socane ke lie unake pAsa na to itanA avakAza hI hai, na pravRtti hI hai aura na hai usa prakAra kI bauddhika yogytaa| sAmAjika viSayoM meM mAnava-nirNaya bahadhA pracalita rUDhiyoM evaM durAgrahoM se AvRta hote haiM / aise praznoM para jo dhArmika kahe jAte haiM (aura bhArata meM dhArmika viSayoM kA kSetra sadA vizada rahA hai) nirvyAja vivecana binA krodha evaM amarSa athavA vidveSa utpanna kaye adhikAMza meM asambhava hotA hai / talAka, santati-nirodha aise naitika prazna paramparAnugata dhArmika uktiyoM (rUDhiyoM) kI sthiti meM A jAte haiM aura jaba una para koI khulA vivecana Arambha ho jAtA hai to krodhAgni utpanna ho jAtI hai| Aja ke bahuta-se lokatAntrika dezoM meM tArkika vivecana sabase anta meM AtA hai aura bar3e-bar3e mahattvapUrNa praznoM kA nirNaya dala-vizeSa kI Asakti yA vyakti-vizeSa ke prati pakSapAta yA zakti-prApti ke prati lolupatA tathA vyaktigata vRddhi ke prati moha ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna bhArata meM buddhivAdI (tArkika) evaM anastitvavAdI nahIM the /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vAstava katipaya buddhivAdI sadA pAye jAte rahe haiN| isa viSaya meM dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 358 - 356, TippaNI 875 evaM khaNDa 3, pR0 46-475 TippaNI 57 ( lokAyata evaM unake mata Adi / . bahuta-se buddhivAdiyoM kI dhAraNA hai ki Izvara ke astitva ke viSaya meM koI pramANa nahIM hai, ve AtmA ke viSaya meM bhI aisI hI vAraNA rakhate haiM, ve amaratA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate aura na yahI svIkAra karate ki isa vizva manuSya kI buddhi se bar3hakara koI anya ucca buddhi hai, ve ise nahIM mAnate ki isa vizva ke pIche koI viziSTa uddezya yA prayojana hai, unakA vizvAsa hai ki sabhI dharmoM meM kucha-na-kucha satya hai jo atyadhika bhrama se yukta hai / buddhivAdiyoM (tarkavAdiyoM) kA kathana hai ki unheM isa bAta ko siddha karane ke lie vivaza nahIM karanA cAhie ki Izvara nahIM hai (jo ki eka asvIkArArthaka yA abhAvAtmaka prastAva hai ), pratyuta astitvavAdiyoM ko hI yaha siddha karanA hai ki Izvara hai arthAt usakA astitva hai aura vaha sarvazaktimAn evaM sarvajJa hai ( jo eka bhAvAtmaka prastAva athavA prameya yA pratijJA hai ) / unakA kathana hai ki Izvara ko krodha, prema yA karuNA nAmaka guNoM se yukta karanA Izvara ke sarvazaktitva ko nirvivAda rUpa se samApta kara denA hai / isa vizva meM durAcAra kI jo samasyA virAjamAna hai, vaha buddhivAdiyoM kI dRSTi meM, Izvara ko acchA, dayAlu, sarvajJa evaM sarvazaktimAn mAnane ke mArga meM eka bAdhA hai / nAstitvavAdI ( athavA buddhivAdI) astitvavAdI ke sAtha sambhavataH yaha mAna leM ki manuSya eka sattA ke rUpa meM apane se ucca usa sattA para nirbhara rahatA hai jo use mArga-nirdezana dene meM tathA AjJA athavA nirdezana ke ullaMghana para daNDa dene meM samartha hai| buddhivAdI athavA tarkavAdI kA dRSTikoNa hai ki mAnava kisI prakAra ke aise samudAya yA aise samAja meM rahatA hai yA sattA rakhatA hai jo usase apekSAkRta adhika mahAn hai / yaha dRSTikoNa isa bAta kI ora saMketa karatA hai ki Izvara-pUjA ke sthAna para mAnava-samudAya yA saMyukta mAnava-zakti kI pUjA honI cAhie / Izvara ke sthAna para kisa mAnava samudAya ko rakhA jAya ? kyA yaha sampUrNa mAnava samAja ( jisameM manuSyoM kI saMkhyA Aja lagabhaga tIna araba taka hai ) hogA yA isake kucha bar3e yA choTe dala ? Aja spaSTa rUpa se do dala haiM jinameM vicAradhArA-sambandhI saMgharSa hai, yathA-- sAmyavAdI dala (guTa) jisake netA rUsa evaM cIna haiM, tathA pU~jIvAdI dala jisakA netA amerikA hai / iMglaiNDa tathA yUropa ke kucha anya deza tathA eka tIsarA dala, jo tathAkathita taTastha dezoM kA dala kahA jAtA hai, jisameM bhArata bhI eka hai, aura jo abhI utanA suvyavasthita nahIM hai, ina donoM daloM meM kisI meM sammilita nahIM haiM / vartamAna kAla meM sAmyavAda sacamuca eka prakAra kI pUjA hai, arthAt Izvara-pUjA ke sthAna para manuSya yA manuSyoM kI pUjA hai / yaha bAta svIkArya hogI ki sambhavataH vartamAna rUsa kI janatA bhautika AvazyakatAoM ke viSaya meM jAroM ke kAla ke prajAjanoM se kahIM adhika samRddha evaM uttama jIvana bitA rahI hai| janatA meM sAmyavAda ke prati bhakti hai / kintu yaha bhakti vAstava se adhika dikhAvaTI hai, zIghra ( kSipra ) lAbhoM kI AzA para yA avilamba daNDa ke bhaya para AdhRta hai tathA zikSA evaM vAtAvaraNa para rAjya ke kaThora niyantraNa kA pratiphala yA pariNAma hai / nimnokta zabdoM meM sAmyavAdiyoM kA nArA bar3A AkarSaka hai-- "vizva ke zramiko ! saMyukta hoo, 306 5. lokAyata yA laukyAyatika ke lie dekhie jayarAzibhaTTa kRta 'tattvopaplavasiMha' nAmaka grantha ( gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIz2a, bar3odA) / 'lokAyata' zabda ' ukthAdi gaNa' meM AyA hai ( pANini 4 / 260, 'RtUkthAdisUtrAntAT Thak' ) / dekhie DA0 dakSiNAraJjana zAstrI kRta 'zArTa hisTrI Ava iNDiyana meTiriyalijma' (kalakattA, dvitIya saMskayaNa, 1657 ) /

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tarka evaM dharmazAstra 307 tumheM zRMkhalAoM ke atirikta kucha nahIM khonA hai|" kucha anya dhyAnAkarSaka zabda ye haiM-"kRSaka-zramikoM kI adhinAyakatA yA ananya shaasn|" kintu vAstava meM, yaha tAnAzAhI kRSaka-zramikoM para sAmyavAdI dala kI tAnAzAhI ke rUpa meM pariNata hotI hai| bhautika kalyANa prApti ke badale meM sAmAnya janatA apanI kaI svatantratAoM kA vinimaya karatI hai (arthAt bhautika kalyANa kI vedI para kaI svatantratAoM kI AhutiyA~ detI hai), yathA-- apane viSaya meM socane kI svatantratA, bolane kI svatantratA, bAhya dezoM ke logoM se milane-julane kI svatantratA, apanI jIvana-vRttiyoM (pezoM) ke cunAva kI svatantratA aadi| isa viSaya meM sAmyavAdI loga kucha bhI gupta nahIM rakhate ki ve sampUrNa vizva ko sAmyavAda ke antargata lAnA cAhate haiN| ataeva ve udghoSaNA karate haiM ki ve sampUrNa saMsAra ke sAmAnya naroM evaM nAriyoM ke trAtA yA uddhAraka haiM, aura unheM koI AkrAnta nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki ve pUMjIvAda yA upanivezavAda Adi ke bandhana se logoM ko mukta karanA cAhate haiN| unake mata meM unmattatA, asahiSNutA yA anya ke prati vidveSa kI bhAvanA pAyI jAtI hai| Izvara vihIna samAja ke viSaya meM eka mAtra prayoga vizAla paimAne para rUsa meM huA hai, kintu yaha bAhya logoM kI dRSTi meM sukhada evaM saphala nahIM siddha huA hai| soviyata rUsa ke bar3e-bar3e netAoM (jinameM kucha ko unake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne hatyAre kI upAdhi dI hai) ke citroM kA sArvabhauma pradarzana spaSTa rUpa se IzvaravihIna samAja meM bhI pUjA kI AvazyakatA kI udghoSaNA karatA hai / tAnAzAhoM ne na kevala sampatti kI utpatti ke sAdhanoM kA rASTrIyakaraNa kiyA hai, pratyuta deza ke sampUrNa 'zrama' (lebara) ke sAtha aisA kiyA hai| tAnAzAhoM ne apane ko Izvara ke sthAna para pratiSThApita kiyA hai aura apane prajAjanoM ke zarIroM evaM manoM para bhI pUrNa niyantraNa sthApita karanA cAhA hai| rUsI sAmyavAdiyoM kA aisA vizvAsa hai ki unakA deza isa pRthivI para svarga hai aura unakA kahanA hai ki logoM ko unake zabdoM ko, binA jA~ca-par3atAla kiye tathA vastusthiti kA svayaM paricaya prApta kiya, jyoM-kA-tyoM avazya mAna lenA caahie| sAmyavAdiyoM kI itihAsa, arthazAstra evaM vijJAna-sambandhI vicAradhArAe~ unakI apanI haiN| kisI ko isa viSaya meM kisI prakAra kA prazna uThAne kA adhikAra nahIM hai| jUDAvAda (yahUdiyoM kA dharma), IsAI dharma evaM islAma (sabhI eka Izvara meM evaM eka grantha meM vizvAsa karate haiM) ke anuyAyiyoM ne apane siddhAntoM evaM AcAroM ko phailAne ke lie zatiyoM taka raktaraJjita yuddhoM evaM hatyAoM kA Azraya lene meM kisI prakAra kI hicaka nahIM pradarzita kii| jo loga hindU dharma evaM bauddha dharma kI paramparAoM meM pale hue haiM unakI dRSTi meM yaha vyavahAra athavA isa prakAra kA dhArmika Aveza Akasmika kSobha utpanna karane vAlA hai| yadi buddhivAdI athavA anIzvaravAdI loga Izvara-pUjA ke sthAna para mAnava-samAja ke dala sthApita karate haiM yA pUjA evaM zAsana ke lie aise daloM ke netAoM ko pratiSThApita karate haiM to isameM sandeha nahIM ki svayaM mAnavatA hI vilupta ho jaaygii| yaha mAnate hue bhI ki tathAkathita buddhivAdiyoM ko hama sarvazaktimAn evaM sarvajJa Izvara ke astiva ko siddha karane ke viSaya meM santuSTa nahIM kara sakate, prastuta lekhaka aisA anubhava karatA hai ki adhikAMza samAjoM ke lie, jinameM karor3oM-karor3a mAnava rahate haiM, Izvara evaM AtmA meM vizvAsa karanA, apekSAkRta acchA hai| adhikAMza loga Izvara ke bhaya se sadAcAra evaM acchAiyoM kI ora jhukate haiM, kyoMki unakA anta:karaNa unheM kosatA rahatA hai, unheM loka-lajjA rahatI hai aura unheM rAjya ke rAjA se daNDa milane kA bhaya lagA rahatA hai| jo loga Izvara-bhaya, sadAcAra kA patha evaM dUsarI bAta arthAt antaHkaraNa (Izvara dvArA manuSya meM DAlI huI Antarika zakti) kI bAta chor3a dete haiM , unheM tIsarA (arthAt loka-lajjA kA bhAva) bhI chor3a denA hotA hai aura isa prakAra ve sukhavAdI (apane hI lie sabase adhika sukha kI bhAvanA-heDonijma) ho uTate haiN| aise loga 'adhika se adhika logoM kA adhika se adhika lAbha ho' vAle siddhAnta yA kalpanA dvArA kisI Adarza samAja ke viSaya meM

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 308 socane lagate haiM / hindU dharma evaM sabhI ucca dharmoM ke AdarzoM evaM siddhAntoM ke samakSa kevala dharmanirapekSa yA bhautika sukha ke hI pIche par3A rahanA asaMgata-sA hai| buddhivAda una svIkRta pakSoM ko, jinheM vijJAna suvidhAjanaka evaM upayogI mAnatA hai, svIkAra kara letA hai / yadyapi ye svIkRta pakSa (svayaMsiddha pramANa ) kucha sImAoM taka bhalI bhA~ti calate haiM, kintu yaha avazya kahA jAnA cAhie ki ye sImAe~ bahuta sa~karI hotI haiN| vijJAna kA uddezya hai sAmAnya niyamoM evaM vidhAnoM ko sthApita karanA / ina niyamoM se hama kevala prakRti ke AcaraNa yA vyavahAra se paricita ho pAte haiM aura yaha jAna pAte haiM ki kisa prakAra mAnava prAkRtika zaktiyoM kA upayoga mAnavIya uddezyoM kI pUrti meM kara sakatA hai / kintu vijJAna yaha nahIM batA pAtA ki una uddezyoM (dhyeyoM) ko kyA honA caahie| vijJAna naitika vRttivihIna vidyA hai, isakA naitikatA evaM AdhyAtmikatA se koI sambandha nahIM hai / buddhivAda, aisA lagatA hai, mAnava mana ke bahuta se aise anubhavoM ko niyantrita karatA hai, jo Aja ke vijJAna ke yantroM ke Upara kI gatiyA~ haiM / jaba vaijJAnika praNAliyoM kA prayoga sAmAjika adhyayanoM meM bhI prayukta hotA hai to aisA pratIta hotA hai, ve jIvana ke mUlyoM ke viSaya meM kisI prakAra ke jJAna kI vRddhi karane meM pUrNatayA asamartha haiM / buddhivAda isa para bala detA hai ki hamAre sabhI vizvAsa spaSTa evaM nizcita bhUmiyoM para AdhRta hoM aura vaha isa bAta para vizvAsa karatA hai ki Adhunika vaijJAnika praNAlI hI eka mAtra praNAlI hai jisake dvArA sabhI prakAra ke jJAna kI upalabdhi ho sakatI hai / kintu manuSyoM meM bahuta-sI upacetana evaM atArkika (abuddhivAdI ) vRttiyA~, vizvAsa evaM prajJAe~ hotI haiM jinheM ve apekSAkRta adhika satya mAnate haiM aura unheM buddhivAdI staroM kI apekSA adhika ucca samajhate haiM (dekhie DablU0 jemsa kRta 'vairAiTIja Ava rilijiesa eksapIrieMsa', pR0 74 san 1620 kA saMskaraNa) / pratyeka pIr3hI ke cintaka netAoM kA yaha prayAsa honA cAhie ki ve paramparA evaM rUDhi meM jo atyAvazyaka evaM guru hai ( paramparAoM kI amoghatA meM binA vizvAsa kiye ) usakA patA calAyeM aura aise tarkayukta mata yA vyavasthAe~ deM jo paramparA ke sAra tattvoM ke sAtha, Adhunika cintana, paristhitiyoM evaM vAtAvaraNa kI AvazyakatAoM evaM pRcchAoM kI pUrti kara sakeM / Adhunika buddhivAda ke viSaya meM kucha aura kahanA yahA~ Avazyaka nahIM hai / hamane isa grantha meM bahudhA isa tathya kI ora saMketa kara diyA hai ki lagabhaga do sahasra varSoM taka hamAre prAcIna lekhakoM evaM manusmRti (12 105-106) jaisI anya smRtiyoM ne dharma ke anveSaNa meM tarka ko sthAna diyA hai (svayaM kumArila ne usa para vizvAsa kiyA hai), virodhI matoM ke prati sahiSNutA pradarzita kI hai aura dhArmika kRtyoM, dArzanika matoM, sAmAjika rItiyoM evaM AcAroM meM parivartana kiye haiM aura aisA karane meM kahIM bhI kisI prakAra kI hatyAe~ yA anAcAra nahIM kiye gaye haiM / koI vyakti eka IzvaravAdI ho sakatA hai yA bahudevatAvAdI ho sakatA hai| yA mUrtipUjaka ho sakatA hai, astitvavAdI, nAstitvavAdI yA donoM ke bIca meM ho sakatA hai, yA nirguNa brahma ko mAnane vAlA AdarzavAdI dArzanika ho sakatA hai taba bhI vaha, yadi veda tathA sAmAjika prayogoM ke prati eka sAmAnya jhukAva rakhatA ho to vaha pUrNa hindU kahA jAyagA / isa prakAra kI sahiSNutA jo saikar3oM sahasroM varSoM se hamArI bhAratIya janatA ne pradarzita kI hai vaha anyatra durlabha evaM acintya rahI hai| pAzcAtya lekhaka jahA~ eka ora dhArmika dRSTikoNoM evaM vyavahAroM meM hamArI sahiSNutA kI prazaMsA karate haiM, vahIM bhojana, vivAha Adi meM jAti-sambandhI niyamoM ke pAlana kI khillI bhI ur3Ate haiM / kintu jAti dhArmika hone kI apekSA sAmAjika adhika hai, ataH jisa prakAra pAzcAtya dezoM meM AcAra-sambandhI niyamoM (yathA 13 kI saMkhyA aura saibbatha para kArya karane, thiyeTara jAne, tAza khelane tathA calane ke atirikta anya zArIrika vyAyAmoM ke viruddha niyama ) kA pAlana sAzaMka hotA rahA hai, usI prakAra bhArata meM jAti-sambandhI niyamoM ke prati vyavahAra hotA rahA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jAti-niyamoM ke bhaMga karane para doSI ko apanI jAti ke bandhu bAndhavoM kI sabhA (paMcAyata) meM apanI truTi mAnanI par3atI thI, jAti ko

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tarka evaM dharmazAstra 306 yA grAma-mandira ko daNDa rUpa meM kucha denA hotA thA, taba kahIM use apanI jAti kI suvidhAe~ prApta ho sakatI thIM / IsAiyoM ke carce thor3I-sI bhI mArga bhraSTatA ke prati bahuta hI asahiSNu rahe haiM (vizeSata: dhArmika viSayoM evaM viziSTa kAloM meM) ataH yUropa meM apane matoM ke prati durAgraha prakaTa karane kI pravRtti evaM buddhivAda para vizeSa bala diyA gayA / sarakAroM ne prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se zikSA para niyantraNa karake apanI prajA ke matoM ko jidhara cAhA ghumAyA, aisA karane meM unhoMne granthoM para adhikAra kiyA aura una logoM ko yAtanAe~ dIM jinhoMne unakI mAnyatAoM ke viruddha mata vyakta kiye | roma ke carca ne aisI anabhISTa pustakoM kI sUcI banavAyI jo varjita thIM, tathA eka sUcI banavAyI jisameM abhISTa granthoM ke ve vacana saMgRhIta the jo varjita TaharA diye gaye the / isa viSaya meM pAzcAtya dhArmika itihAsa bar3A krUra evaM kaThora citra upasthita karatA hai / dekhie lekI kA grantha 'hisTrI Ava di rAiz2a eNDa iMphlueMsa Ava rezanalijma ina yUropa', ArcIbAlDa rAbarTasana kRta 'rezanalijma ina thyorI eNDa praikTisa' ( vATsa eNDa ko0 dvArA prakAzita, 1654 ) evaM hyU TI0 aiMsana phaoNseTa kRta 'di phlema eNDa lAiTa' ( landana, 1658 ) / ina granthoM meM aisI bAtoM kA pUrNa vivecana hai / lekI ne batAyA hai ki kisa prakAra jApAna se IsAI dharma, spena se proTesTeNTavAda, phrAMsa se hUjenaoNTsa tathA iMglaiNDa se adhikAMza kaitholikoM kA mUloccheda ho gayA / jesuiToM ne isa siddhAnta kA kAryAnvayana kiyA ki dhyeya ke anusAra hI sAdhana calate haiM / unakA dhyeya thA 'Izvara kA mahattara gaurava' jisakA unake lie artha thA romana kaitholikavAda ke anusAra manuSyoM evaM rAjyoM kA dhArmika parivartana, sAdhana the mArakATa evaM yuddha ke lie nijadharmAvalambiyoM ko ubhAranA / gaililio ko jyotiSa meM koparnikasa ke siddhAnta ke anusaraNa ke kAraNa yAtanA dI gyii| sUrya pRthivI ke caturdika ghUmatA hai yA pRthivI sUrya ke isase dharma ke lie vizeSa antara nahIM hotA / isI viSaya meM eka bAta yaha batA dI jAya ki bhArata meM 'AryabhaTa ( san 476 I0 meM janma) ne yaha ghoSita kiyA ki nakSatra pRthivI ke caturdik cakkara nahIM 'kATate pratyuta pRthivI hI apane cAroM ora ghUmatI hai aura ise samajhAne ke lie eka calatI huI nAva meM baiThe hue puruSa kA udAharaNa diyA, jise aisA bhAsa hotA hai ki taTa para sthita padArtha hI pIche kI ora daur3ate dRSTigocara hote haiN| varAhamihira kI paJcasiddhAntikA ( 1316 ) meM isa mata kA ullekha hai aura ise tyAga diyA gayA hai, kintu isalie nahIM ki yaha vedaviruddha hai, pratyuta isa tarka para ki yadi yaha mata ThIka hotA to cIla Adi pakSI, jo AkAza meM itanI dUra ur3ate rahate haiM, apane ghoMsaloM meM puna: saphalatApUrvaka nahIM A sakate the / unheM yaha nahIM jJAta thA ki pRthivI ke sAtha vAyumaNDala bhI calatA rahatA hai / yaha bAta gaeNlilio se 1100 varSa pahale kI hai aura hamAre pAsa koI aisA pramANa nahIM hai ki AryabhaTa ko apane matoM ke kAraNa koI pIr3A uThAnI par3I / dekhie DablU0 I0 klArka kRta 'AryabhaTIyam' ( cikAgo, 1630), pR0 64 / jaisA ki ArcIbAlDa raoNbarTasana ne apane grantha meM likhA hai, yUropa meM tArkika ( athavA bauddhika ) krAnti kA itihAsa bahuta bar3I sImA taka una matoM ke mAnane evaM unheM prasArita karane ke adhikAra ke yuddha kA itihAsa hai, jo kucha kAlAvadhi taka apracalita rahe haiM, aura yUropa meM dhArmika sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa paramparAgata dhArmika vizvAsoM ke nAza ke sAtha-sAtha calatA rahA hai| eka hI viSaya para tarka kaI yugoM meM kaI prakAra ke niSkarSo ko upasthita karatA hai aura kabhI-kabhI eka hI yuga meM jo kisI eka dala vizeSa ko tarkayukta lagatA hai, anya dala ke logoM ko 6. anulomagatinau sthaH pazyatyacalaM vilomAgaM yadvat / acalAni bhAnti tadvatsamapazcimagAni laMkAyAm // ArmabhaTIya ( golapAda, zloka 6) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vahI atArkika evaM anucita-sA pratIta hotA hai| dekhie raoNbarTa vijez2a kRta 'TesTAmeNTa Ava byUTI' (buka 1, paMktiyA~ 465-470), jahA~ jo ucita athavA tarkasaMgata hai usa para likhA gayA hai| karor3oM logoM ne phaloM ko pRthivI para Tapakate hue dekhA thA kintu yaha nyUTana kI hI prajJA evaM tarka thA jisake dvArA unhoMne AkarSaNa ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kara diyaa| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (11533) ne saMzaya (athavA sandeha) ko mana kI eka ucita vRtti kahA hai, yathA-- 'kAma: saMkalpo vicikitsA zraddhAzraddhAdhutiradhRti hIIMrbhIretyetat sarvaM mana eva', arthAt icchA, saMkalpa, saMdeha, zraddhA, azraddhA, dhairya (sthiratA), adhairya, lajjA, samajha (dhI) evaM bhaya-ye sabhI mana ke svarUpa haiN| Rgveda (2 / 12 / 5) ne bhI indra ke viSaya meM saMzaya karane vAloM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai ('utemaahunessostiityenm')| kaThopaniSad meM naciketA kA kathana hai-"jaba manaSya mara jAtA hai, vahA~ sandeha hai, kucha loga kahate haiM, 'vaha (AtmA) rahatA hai', anya loga kahate haiM, 'vaha rahanA samApta kara detA hai", isa prakAra kahakara naciketA yama se prArthanA karate haiM ki ve (yama) usake tIsare varadAna ke rUpa meM isI sandeha ko dUra kreN| DekArTa kA kathana hai ki kevala eka hI satya sandehAtIta hai, yathA 'kaoNgito irgo sama', arthAta 'maiM vicAra karatA hU~, ata: maiM huuN|' 18vIM evaM 15vIM zatiyoM meM, jahA~ taka vicArazIla vyaktiyoM kA sambandha hai, yUropa meM tarka evaM vikAsa ke prati asIma zraddhA pAyI jAtI thiiN| kintu do mahAyuddhoM ke (vizeSata: dvitIya ke) kAraNa evaM unake pariNAmoM ke phalasvarUpa do zaktizAlI sAmyavAdI dezoM ke abhyutthAna ne tarka evaM AcAra-zAstra dvArA nirdezita vikAsa ke prati zraddhA ko dhakkA pahu~cAyA hai, vyakti kI pratiSThA (athavA mAhAtmya) evaM samAnatA ke prati zraddhAbhAvanA kA hrAsa huA hai aura usa para katipaya kSetroM se AkramaNa ho rahA hai aura isa mata ko ki zakti se adhikAra kI utpatti hotI hai yA zakti hI adhikAra hai, pradhAnatA milatI jA rahI hai| upaniSadoM kA kathana hai ki satya vedAntavAdI dhAraNA ke lie naitikatA kI sannaddhatA Avazyaka hai| bRha0 upa0 meM AyA hai-'ata: jo zAnti kI prApti, indriya-nigraha, viSaya vAsanAoM se dUra haTa jAne, sabhI prakAra ke dvandvoM (zIta evaM uSNatA Adi) ko saha lene ke uparAnta ise (AtmA ko) jAnatA hai, vaha AtmA meM AtmA dekhatA hai, sabhI vastuoM ko AtmA samajhatA hai|' kaThopaniSad (2 / 24) kA kathana hai-'jisane duSkarma karanA nahIM chor3A hai, jo zAnta nahIM hai, jisane apane mana ko ekAgra nahIM kiyA hai aura na use zAnta hI kiyA hai, vaha satya jJAna se AtmA kA parijJAna nahIM kara sktaa|' praznopaniSad (1 / 16) meM AyA hai-'jo kuTilatA, asatya evaM vaJcanApUrNa AcaraNa se mukta haiM ve brahma ke pavitra loka kI prApti karate haiM / ' zvetAzvataropaniSad (6 / 22) meM AyA hai--'yaha atyanta nigUr3ha vedAnta jJAna usa vyakti ko nahIM diyA jAnA cAhie jisakA mana azAnta hai athavA jo apanA putra yA ziSya nahIM hai|' 'tattvamasi' arthAt 'vaha tuma ho' nAmaka mantra pratyeka vyakti ko yaha batAtA hai ki vaha sabhI manuSyoM meM AtmA ko dekhe yA jaisA ki gItA (6 / 26-30) meM kahA gayA hai--'jo yogayukta hai aura AtmA ko hI saba kucha samajhatA hai aura pratyeka vastu ko AtmA meM avasthita mAnatA hai, paramAtmA se vichur3a nahIM sakatA aura na paramAtmA hI use chor3a sakate haiN|' chAndogyopaniSad (3 / 16 / 1) meM manuSya ko pratIka rUpa meM yajJa mAnA gayA hai aura ( 3 / 17 / 4 meM) aisA AyA hai ki tapa, dAna, Arjava ( akuTilatA ), ahiMsA evaM satya dakSiNA hai| uparyukta udAharaNoM se yaha vyakta hotA hai ki vedAnta apane sarvottama rUpa meM vyaktiyoM ko zuddha naitikatA kA atyuttama Azraya pradAna karatA hai| isI zikSA ke kAraNa bahuta-se muniyoM ne AzramoM meM ina guNoM kI upalabdhi kI aura prAcIna kAla meM rAjAoM evaM sAmAnya logoM dvArA pUjita hue the, kintu madhya kAla meM aise muniyoM kI kamI / -

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tarka evaM dharmazAstra ho gayI aura sAmAnya janatA paramparAnugata rItiyoM, lokAcAroM evaM jAti se ba~dhI rahI, bahuta kama logoM ne sabhI logoM ko unakI sAmAnya AvazyakatAoM kI sarakSA ke lie ekatA ke satra meM bA~dhane, ke kaThina prayatna kiye; aura itane mahAna evaM utkRSTa dArzanika siddhAntoM ke rahate hae bhI hamAre deza ne adhikAMza janatA meM adhamatA, dAridraya evaM krUra AkrAmakoM dvArA rAjanItika prabhutva-sthApana dekhA ! kaI zatiyoM se hamAre itihAsa meM vedoM ke Upara nirbharatA tathA aisA vizvAsa evaM tarka pAyA jAtA rahA hai ki jo kucha atIta meM thA vaha sarvottama thA, tathA atIta ke prati eka vilakSaNa mohakatA kI bhAvanA hamameM bharatI rahI hai| hamArA AdarzavAkya 'vedoM kI ora nahIM honA cAhie, pratyuta vaha 'vedoM ke sAtha Age kI ora' honA caahie| veda tathA Apta vacana ko mUlya dete hue hameM vicAra-svAtantrya kI bhartsanA kabhI bhI nahIM karanI caahie| __ beMthama, jemsa mila evaM jaoNna sTuarTa mila jaise kucha pAzcAtya buddhivAdiyoM ne 'upayogitAvAda' (yUTiliTeriyanijma) kA siddhAnta pracArita kiyA hai, jo saMkSepa meM yaha hai ki karmoM kI jA~ca unake pariNAmoM se kI jAnI cAhie aura ve usI anapAta meM ThIka haiM jisa anapAta meM ve adhika-se-adhika logoM ko adhika-se-adhika sUkha dete haiN| isa siddhAnta meM bar3e-bar3e doSa haiM, jinameM sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa yaha hai ki yaha vAstava meM, naitika siddhAnta nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha yaha nahIM batAtA ki manuSya yA samAja ko kyA honA caahie| dharma apane anuyAyiyoM ko batAte haiM ki unheM kyA karanA cAhie aura kyA nahIM karanA caahie| yaha patA nahIM cala pAtA ki adhika-se-adhika loga kisa bAta ko acchI yA sukhada mAnate haiN| eka vyakti kI dRSTi meM jo adhikatama logoM ke lie adhikatama acchA hai vaha anya logoM ko svIkArya nahIM bhI ho sktaa| yahI eka anya kaThinAI hai| isake atirikta eka bAta yaha bhI hai ki bahuta-se loga anya logoM ke sukha ke lie kucha bhI nahIM krte| isa siddhAnta dvArA naitika, rAjanItika evaM arthazAstrIya karma aspaSTa evaM saMkula ho uThate haiM / vyavahAra meM yaha siddhAnta, sukha para bala diye jAne ke kAraNa, sukhavAda evaM bhautika padArthoM meM lavalIna ho jAne kI chUTa dene lagA hai| prastuta lekhaka vicAra-svAtantrya kA virodha nahIM karatA, kintu vaha jisa bAta kA virodhI hai, vAda kI baddhamUlatA, jisane karor3oM sAmAnya nara-nAriyoM ko vizvAsarahita banA diyA hai aura unheM nAstitvavAdI evaM anAtmavAdI banAtI jA rahI hai| buddhivAdI evaM upayogitAvAdI loga sAmAnya logoM ke lie AcAra ke mUlyoM evaM siddhAntoM ke viSaya meM kucha kahate hI nhiiN| yadi Izvara evaM AtmA kA niSkAsana karanA hI hai to unheM isake sthAna para apekSAkRta koI adhika mUlyavAn evaM upayogI tattva rakhanA cAhie thA jisake lie Aja kI nayI pIDhI kucha karatI aura apanA utsarga krtii| yadyapi hama aisA nahIM kaha sakate ki dhArmika evaM sAmAjika viSayoM ke antima jJAna kI bAteM veda meM yA prAcIna RSiyoM evaM lekhakoM ke granthoM meM pAyI jAtI haiM, kintu Aja ke vijJa vyakti yaha nirNaya dene ke pUrva hicakeMge ki Izvara evaM amara AtmA vAle siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karane ke virodha meM hameM koI nArA uThAnA caahie| gItA ne adhikAMza logoM ko sAvadhAna kiyA hai (3|26)---'jnyaanii (yA vidvAna) logoM ko una abodha logoM ke manoM ko, jo (AcaraNa dvArA viziSTa) karmoM meM lipta haiM, astavyasta nahIM karanA caahie| prabuddha vyakti ko svayaM eka yogI ke samAna sabhI karma karate hue anya logoM ko sabhI karma karane ke lie pravRtta karanA caahie|' he 7. Ajakala bhI ramaNa maharSi (aruNAcala ke muni, 1876-1650) jaise muni pAye jAte haiM jinameM advaita vedAnta ko saccI lagana hai / zrI Arthara oNsabaoNrna ne 'ramana maharSi eNDa di pAtha Ava selpha nAleja' (rAiDara eNDa ko0, 1654) nAmaka manorama grantha likhA hai|

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312 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa donoM mahAyuddhoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa, jinameM avarNanIya anAcAra evaM asabhya kRtya atyadhika par3he-likhe logoM evaM aise dezoM dvArA jinameM loga IsAI dharmAvalambI rahe haiM, sampAdita kiye gaye, eka prakAra kI virAga athavA jugupsA kI bhAvanA utpanna huI, aura katipaya mahAn vyakti isa viSaya meM tarkanA karane lage haiM ki yaha saba dhArmika vizvAsa ke abhAva ke kAraNa huA hai aura ve yahI cAhate haiM ki mAnava samAja punaH dharma kI ora jhuke| kintu samasyAsambandhI kaThinAI to yaha hai ki Aja ke yaga meM kauna-se dhArmika vizvAsa evaM vyavahAra logoM meM bhare jAya~ aura loga mAne tathA prayoga meM laayeN| prastuta lekhaka kI dRSTi meM vizva ke rogoM ko dUra karane ke lie dharma kabhI bhI rAmabANa nahIM siddha ho sakatA / Aja ke zikSita mAnava-samudAya meM bahuta-se loga katipaya pracalita dhArmika siddhAntoM evaM prayogoM tathA unake bauddhika yA prAmANika granthoM se asantuSTa haiM / prazna ke samAdhAna meM kaThinAI to yaha hai ki dharma yA vizvAsa meM kaisI bAtoM kA samAveza honA cAhie jo Aja ke adhikAMza logoM yA sabhI acche logoM yA par3he-likhe Adhunika bauddhika logoM ke mana meM utara skeN| vibhinna yugoM meM vibhinna sadAcAroM evaM guNoM (yathAmaThavAsa yA saMsAratyAga yA AraNyakavRtti, dAna, vinamratA yA anahaMkAra, dezabhakti, samAja-sevA yA loka hitecchA) ko vizeSa mahattva diyA jAtA rahA hai / yUropIya dezoM meM deza-bhakti ke guNa evaM rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa IsAI dharma kI zikSA ke phalasvarUpa nahIM huA, pratyuta vaha yUropa ke rAjanItika evaM arthazAstrIya itihAsa meM kinhIM anya kAraNoM se huaa| vAstava meM, sadAcAra evaM zAlInatA-sambandhI katipaya guNa haiM, yathA-dhArmika, vIratA-sambandhI, suzIlatA-sambandhI Adi / yUropa evaM amerikA ke logoM ne gata cAra zatiyoM meM mahAtmA IsA masIha dvArA 'parvata para diye gaye upadezoM' se sambandhita sadAcAroM athavA zIla-guNoM ko havA meM pheMka diyA aura atula sampatti evaM samRddhi kA arjana kiyaa| unhoMne apane upanivezoM kA vistAra kiyA, vahA~ ke logoM kA zoSaNa kiyA, pichar3I jAtiyoM ko pada dalita kiyA, pazuoM kI bhA~ti manuSyoM kA AkheTa kiyA, unheM dAsatA kI ber3iyoM meM kasA, cAroM ora pratidvandvitA ke nAre lagAye, mAno ve Izvara kI pUjA ke lie sadupadeza kara rahe hoM ! ' do mahAyuddhoM kI AhutiyoM ke uparAnta bahuta se cintaka, na-kevala dhArmika loga, pratyuta ve loga bhI jo prazAsana meM ucca padoM para AsIna haiM, naitika jJAna kI zikSA kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava karate haiM aura cAhate haiM ki logoM meM anuzAsana, niHsvArtha bhAvanA Adi sadguNoM kA udreka ho aura loga jIvana ke sat padArthoM ke ba~TavAre meM eka-dUsare se sahayoga kreN| isa prakAra ke sadAcAroM parabRha0 upa0 (5 / 2 / 1-3) meM bahuta bala diyA gayA hai / 8. dekhie livarapula ke lArDa rasela kRta 'skaoNreja Ava di svastika', jahA~ para (pR0 171) unhoMne haoNsa ke aMgIkRta vaktavya ko prakAzita kiyA hai ki Aztrivija meM kama se kama 30 lAkha vyakti mAre gaye, jinameM 25,00,000 gaisa cembara se mAre gaye the| pR0 250 meM lekhaka ne TippaNI kI hai ki jarmanoM dvArA 50 lAkha se adhika yUropIya yahUdiyoM kI hatyA vizva-itihAsa meM sabase bar3I hatyA evaM nikRSTa aparAdha hai| 6. ArcIbAlDa raoNdarTasana ne 'rezanalijma ina thyorI eNDa praikTisa' (vATsa eNDa ko0, landana, 1654) meM kahA hai (pR0 41) ki IsA ke dharma-sambandhI naitika guNa prayoga meM kabhI nahIM lAye gaye haiM aura jo samAja 'mAuNTa ke sarmana' (upadeza) para AdhRta hogA, vaha eka mAsa taka bhI nahIM cala sakatA / apane grantha 'kAisTa' (landana, 1636) meM zrI DablU0 Ara0 maithyUja ne pR0 76 para pro0 hvAiTaheDa ke mata ke sAtha sahamati prakaTa kI hai ki yadi parvata para diye gaye sarmana (IsA-upadeza) ke siddhAntoM ko, jaisA ki zabdoM dvArA samajhA jAtA hai,

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tarka evaM dharmazAstra bhArata meM samrATa azoka ne I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI meM brAhmaNa dharma evaM bauddha dharma ke lie apane anuzAsanoM dvArA sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA kI zikSA dI hai (dekhie isI khaNDa ke adhyAya 25 ko)| azoka ne kisI dharma-vizeSa ke siddhAntoM kI carcA nahIM kI hai, pratyuta unhoMne apane ko apane prajAjanoM kA pitA mAna kara unake lie aisI naitikatA kI vyavasthA kI hai jo vyAvahArika hai aura sabako svIkArya ho sakatI hai, yathA-sahiSNutA, mAnavatA, bhikSuoM evaM daridroM ko dAna tathA mUka pazuoM ke prati karuNA kI bhaavnaa| Age cala kara, yaha pradarzita karanA atyanta Avazyaka thA ki tarka dvArA upasthita siddhAnta veda dvArA sthApita siddhAnta yA vacana ke sIdhe virodha meM na pdd'eN| yahA~ eka hI udAharaNa paryApta hai--yadyapi upaniSad aise vacanoM dvArA, yathA---'ahaM brahmAsmi' (chA0 upa0 3 / 14 / 1), 'tattvamasi' (chA0 upa0 6 / 87) advaita kI abhivyakti karate haiM, kintu madhvAcArya bhI apanA dvaita siddhAnta pratipAdita kara sake aura unhoMne apanI tarkanA se uparyukta vacanoM kI vyAkhyA kI, aura apane ko hI veda kA saccA vyAkhyAtA kahA tathA advaita siddhAnta ko pracchanna bauddha dharma kI saMjJA dekara usakA tiraskAra kiyA / kintu aisA karane meM kisI pakSa ko koI yAtanAe~ nahIM sahanI pdd'ii| yAjJavalkya (2 / 162) ne vaNika samudAyoM (videzI vyApAriyoM) , pASaNDiyoM (anya dharmiyoM) tathA unake jIvana-nirvAha ke DhaMgoM kI surakSA ke lie rAjA ko uttaradAyI ThaharAyA hai| vibhinna prakAra ke dhArmika rUpoM evaM unake AcAroM tathA eka-dUsare ke sarvathA viruddha dArzanika siddhAntoM ke prati sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA se eka durbalatA bhI AtI gayI hai, yathA--isase dhArmika vizvAsoM, rItiyoM evaM dArzanika matoM meM asaMkhya rUpa-bhedoM kI sRSTi hotI gayI hai, kaI prakAra ke doSa utpanna ho gaye haiM jinameM kucha to atyanta garhita evaM asvastha haiN| kAryAnvita kiyA jAye to isakA tAtparya hogA sabhyatA kI acAnaka mRtyu| apane grantha 'aikvijiTiva sosAiTI' (1621) meM zrI sI0 eca0 TaoNnI ne dRr3hatApUrvaka yaha kahA hai ki IsAI dharma meM jo IsAIpana thA vaha lagabhaga 17vIM zatI ke uparAnta samApta ho gayA hai (pR0 12-13) / 40

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adhyAya 34 vizva-vidyA Izvara ke astitva ke viSaya meM sabhI dharmazAstrakAroM kI sahamati hai| Izvara ke astitva ke viSaya meM tarka athavA pramANa upasthita karane ke kAya meM kadAcit hI koI abhiruci unakI ora se prakaTa kI gayI ho| IsAI dharmAvalambiyoM ne saikar3oM varSoM taka Izvara ke astitva ke sambandha meM bahuta-se tarka upasthita kiye haiN| viliyama jemsa ne apane grantha 'vairAiTIja Ava rilijiyasa ekspIrieMsa' (pR0 437) meM una tarkoM ko saMkSipta DhaMga se rakhA hai| isa vyavasthita vizva ko dekhakara vizvavidyA-sambandhI prathama tarka yaha upasthita hotA hai ki isakA prathama kAraNa Izvara hai, jisako kama-se-kama itanI pUrNatA avazya prApta hai jitanI isa vizva meM vidyamAna hai| hetu-vidyA-viSayaka tarka yaha hai ki svayaM prakRti ke pIche eka uddezya yA hetu yA abhiprAya hai, jisake AdhAra para aisI parikalpanA sArthaka hai ki prathama kAraNa (arthAt Izvara) avazya hI eka nirmANakArI buddhi yA mana hai| taba anya tarka bhI A upasthita hote haiM, yathA 'naitika tarka' (natika kAnUna athavA naitika vyavasthA ke pIche koI-na-koI kAnUna yA vyavahAra kA praNetA athavA vyavasthA dene vAlA avazya hotA hai), 'eksa kAMseMsU jeNTiyama kA tarka (arthAt sAre saMsAra meM Izvara ke viSaya meM vizvAsa phailA huA hai, aura yaha bAta yoM hI nahIM hai, isameM kucha vajana hai arthAt isakA kucha artha honA caahie)|' 1. aura dekhie DablU0 epha0 vesTAvekRta 'oNbsesaMsa eNDa kanvikzaMsa Ava di hyUmana iNTe lephTa' (blaMkI eNDa saMsa, 1638) jisameM jemsa kI cAra bAtoM meM eka pA~cavIM bAta jor3a dI gayI hai, yathA-sattvavidyA-sambandhI tarka (ANTaoNlaoNjikala AmeNTa-Izvara ke viSaya meM bhAvanA yA dhAraNA Izvara ke astitva ko Avazyaka banA detI hai), 50378-80 / viliyama jemsa ne, 'pregmaiTijma' (pR0 106, 1610 saMskaraNa) meM likhA hai ki Izvara ke astitva ke viSaya meM pramANa yA sAkSya vyaktigata Antarika anubhUti meM pAyA jAtA hai| zrI vesTAve (pR0 374) ne spaSTa uttara diyA hai ki Izvara ke astitva ke viSaya meM koI pramANa nahIM hai, kintu (pR0 387) unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai ki uddezya (prayojana yA abhiprAya yA artha) sambandhI tarka se eka sambhAvanA kI atyanta U~cI mAtrA uTha khar3I hotI hai aura unhoMne vizvAsa kiyA hai ki yaha vizva koI daivayoga ghaTanA mAtra nahIM hai, jaisA ki kucha dArzanikoM ne vizvAsa prakaTa kiyA hai| Izvara ke astitva ke lie upasthita uddezya kA tarka vikAsavAdI siddhAnta dvArA khaNDita ho cukA hai| yadi pratyeka vastu ke pIche koI kAraNa hai to, aisA tarka upasthita kiyA jAtA hai ki Izvara ke pIche bhI to koI kAraNa honA caahie| aura yaha kucha logoM dvArA upasthita kiyA jAtA hai ki isa kalpanA ke pIche koI tarka nahIM hai ki vizva kA koI Arambha bhI thaa| kumArila aise mImAMsakoM ne aisA mata :prakAzita kiyA hai| eca0 jI0 velsa ne apane grantha 'yU kANTa bI TU keyaraphula' (laNDana 1642, pR0 282) meM mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki Izvara ke . sarvajJatva, sarvavizvavyApakatva evaM sarvazaktitva se sambandhita vicAra kA avazya tyAga ho jAnA cAhie, kyoMki ye, unake mata se, asaMgata sthApanAeM haiN| dUsarI ora DA0 eph0 DablU0 joMsa ne apane grantha 'DijAina evaM parapaja' (laNDana,

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vizva-vidyA 315 upaniSadoM ne parama brahma ko bhUtoM (jIvoM yA tattvoM yA donoM) kA' sraSTA, poSaka evaM saMhAraka mAnA hai| udAharaNArtha, taittirIyopaniSad (3 / 1, bhRgu apane pitA varuNa dvArA upadezita kiye gaye haiM) meM AyA hai 2-'yaha jAnane kI icchA karo ki kisase sabhI bhUta utpanna hote haiM, utpanna ho jAne ke uparAnta kisake dvArA ve jIte haiM. (pAlita-poSita) hote haiM tathA kisameM ve punaH lauTa jAte haiM aura usameM samA jAte haiM; vaha brahma hai|' yaha vaha AdhArabhUta vacana hai jisa para ve0 sU0 (11112, 'janmAdyasya yata:') AdhRta hai| isakA artha hai 'jisase isa (vizva) kA janma (saSTi, jIvana evaM vilayana) hotA hai' (vahI brahma hai)| taittirIyopaniSad (2 / 1) meM puna: AyA hai--'isa AtmA se AkAza nikalA, AkAza se vAyu, vAyu se agni, agni se jala, jala se pRthivI, pRthivI se oSadhiyA~ (vRkSa-paudhe),auSadhiyoM se bhojana tathA bhojana se mnussy|' chAndogyopaniSad (3 / 14 / 1) meM bhI AyA hai -'yaha sabhI, vAstava meM, brahma hai| manuSya ko, mana kA niyantraNa karake usa (vizva) para, usase utpanna hotA huA samajha kara, usI meM (brahma meM) samApta hue tathA sA~sa lete hue, dhyAna karanA caahie|' yaha ve0 sU0 (112 / 1, sarvatra prasiddhopadezAt) kA AdhAra hai| yahA~ brahma kI tIna upAdhiyA~ haiM : vizva kA sraSTA, pAlaka evaM sNhaark| bAdarAyaNa ke vedAntasUtra meM Age AyA hai ki brahma ke satya jJAna ke lie zAstra hI upakaraNa haiM (zAstrayonitvAt, ve0 sU0 1 / 1 / 3) / isake virodha meM ki veda kA sambandha kRtyoM (kriyA-saMskAroM) se hai, isake kucha bhAga kevala kriyAoM kI prazaMsA ke lie haiM, vaidika mantra yajJakartA ko kevala yajJa ke katipaya aMgoM kA smaraNa dilAte haiM, ata: vedAnta vacanoM kA yA to koI uddezya hI nahIM hai yA adhika-se-adhika ve yajJakartA ke AtmA ke viSaya meM sacanA de dete haiM yA pUjita hone vAle devatA ke bAre meM batalA dete haiM; vedAntasUtra (1 / 1 / 4, tattu samanvayAt) dvArA uttara diyA jAtA hai, jisakA artha yaha hai ki vedAnta vacana isa viSaya meM svIkAra karate haiM ki unakA tAtparya hai usa brahma kI sthApanA karanA jo ve0 sU0 (1 / 1 / 2) meM isa vizva ke sraSTA, pAlaka evaM saMhArakartA ke rUpa meM parikalpita hai aura jisakA svarUpa vaisA hai aura jo sarvajJa evaM sarvazaktimAna hai| 1642) meM mata upasthita kiyA hai ki bahuta-se loga isa vizvAsa ko chor3a rahe haiM ki yaha vizva eka vyavasthita astitva hai aura bahuta-se logoM ne mAnava-jIvana ke uddezya ke vizvAsa ko tyAga diyA hai (pR0 13) / prayojanavAdI athavA uddezyavAdI tarka usa vyakti ke vizvAsa ko zaktizAlI banA sakatA hai, jo Izvara meM pahale se vizvAsa karatA hai, kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha usa vyakti meM, jo vaisA mata nahIM rakhatA, arthAt jo Izvara meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA, Izvara ke prati vizvAsa nahIM utpanna kara sktaa| ebela joMsa ne apane grantha 'ina sarca Ava Traya' (1645) meM kahA hai ki Izvara ke astitva ke viSaya meM jo tIna pramukha tarka upasthita kiye jAte haiM ve haiM-vizvavidyAviSayaka (kaoNsmolaoNjikala), hetuvidyAviSayaka (TeliyolaoNjikala) evaM sattvavidyAviSayaka (oNnnttoNloNjikl)| 2. yato vA imAni bhUtAni jAyante yena jAtAni jIvanti yatprayantyabhisaMvizanti tad vijijJAsasva / tad brahmeti / / te0 upa0 (331) / 3. sarva khalvidaM brahma tajjalAniti zAnta upAsIta / chA0 upa0 (3 / 14 / 1) / brahma ke lie prayukta 'tajjalAn' zabda vilakSaNa hai| zaMkarAcArya ne ise isa prakAra samajhAyA hai : 'tajjalAviti / tasmAd brahmaNo jAtaM tejovannAdikrameNa sarvam / atastajjam / tathA tenaiva jananakrameNa pratilomatayA tasminneva brahmaNi lIyate tadAtmatayA zilaSyate iti tallam / tathA tasminneva sthitikAle aniti prANiti ceSTate iti / aura dekhie chA0 upa0 (11) : sarvANi havA imAni bhUtAnyAkAzAdeva samutpadyanta AkAzaM pratyastaM yantyAkAzo devebhyo jyAyAn / AkAzaH parAyaNam /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vedAnta ke udghoSakoM ke manoM meM prayojana athavA uddezya-sambandhI tarka upasthita thA, yaha isa bAta se prakaTa hai ki vedAntasUtra (2 / 2 / 1, 'senAnUpapattazca nAnumAnam') ne ise asvIkAra kiyA hai ki sAMkhya ke pradhAna (jise acetana kahA gayA hai) se vizva kA kAraNa samajhA jA sakatA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki zaMkarAcArya ke mata se jo sRSTi-sambandhI vistRta vivecana jo upaniSadoM meM pAyA jAtA hai use jyoM-kA-tyoM nahIM grahaNa karanA cAhie, usa para AdhRta koI viziSTa uddezya nahIM prApta hotA aura na aisA uddezya zrati (veda) dvArA hI vyavasthita kiyA gayA hai, kintu una sabhI vivecanoM athavA vaktavyoM kA tAtparya hai brahmajJAna kI ora bar3hanA tathA brahma se jagat kI abhinnatA ghoSita krnaa|" ati Arambhika kAloM se dArzanika loga 'prathama siddhAnta' arthAt mUlatattva yA bIja tattva ke jo ki vizva meM antarastha haiM tathA usa siddhAnta ke, jisake anusAra Izvara sraSTA evaM sarvottama (parama) kahA jAtA hai, bIca dolAyamAna rahe haiN| Rgveda evaM upaniSadeM, prathama siddhAnta kI kalpanA karatI sI pratIta hotI haiM, jisake anusAra parama tattva jaba vizva kI sRSTi karatA hai, usI meM praveza kara jAtA hai (tai0 upa0 2 / 6, 'tat sRSTvA tadevAnuprAvizat'; chA0 upa0 6 / 2 / 1, 6 / 3 / 2; bRha0 upa 1 / 4 / 10) / ve bhI Izvara ko vizva kA zAsana karate hue prakaTa karatI haiM (antaryAmI, yathA-bR0 upa0 3 / 7, kauSItaki upa0 318) / una dinoM paramANu-siddhAnta nahIM thaa| Arambhika yUnAnI vicAra bhI inhIM do siddhAntoM ke bIca dolAyamAna thaa| Age calakara vizva-vidyA kA siddhAnta pracArita huA jisameM aNuoM kA vizeSa mahattva thA, jo DemaoNkriTasa (mRtyu I0 pU0 370) dvArA, viliyama jemsa ke matAnusAra, udghoSita huA thA tathA lukeTiyasa dvArA vyAkhyAyita huA thaa| bhArata meM bhI vaizeSikoM ne eka siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA jisake anusAra vizva paramANuoM kA puJja hai| kaNAda yA kaNabhaka (jo kaNoM, arthAt atyanta sakSma padArthoM ko khAtA hai arthAt una ke vicAra para jItA hai) ko vaizeSika siddhAnta kA pravartaka kahA jAtA hai| kaNAda ne spaSTa rUpa se Izvara ke bAre meM kucha nahIM khaa| kintu nyAya-vaizeSika ke pazcAtkAlIna lekhakoM ne Izvara evaM paramANaoM ko eka meM milA diyaa| tarkadIpikA (106) ne isa siddhAnta ko isa prakAra rakhA hai--jaba Izvara saSTi karanA cAhatA hai to paramANaoM meM triyA utpanna ho jAtI hai, do paramANu mila jAte haiM, vyaNuka (dyad ) kI utpatti hotI hai, vyaNuka kI utpatti tIna vyaNukoM se hotI hai aura anta meM yaha bar3I pRthivI utpanna ho jAtI hai ; sRSTa padArthoM ko jaba Izvara samApta kara denA cAhatA hai to paramANuoM meM kriyA utpanna ho jAtI hai| paramANu nitya haiM aura saMkhyA meM ananta haiN| 4. ato racanAnupayattezca heto cetanaM jagatkAraNamanumAtavyaM bhavati / zAMkarabhASya (ve0 sU0 2 / 2 / 1) / 5. vaidika vacanoM meM pAyI jAne vAlI vizva-vidyA ke viSaya meM nimnalikhita grantha par3he jA sakate haiM : eca Dabla0 vAlisa kRta 'kaoNsmaoNlaoNjI Ava di Rgveda' (1887); mekDaoNnela kRta 'vedika mAitholaoNjI (pR0 8-15); e0 esa0 geDena dvArA anUdita philaoNsaoNphI Ava di upaniSadsa' (1606, pR0 180-253); e0 bI0 kRta 'rilijana eNDa philaoNsaoNphI Ava di veda eNDa di upaniSadsa' (pR0 570-584) / abhI hAla meM milTana ke0 myUnija ne 'thyorIja Ava di yUnivarsa' nAmaka grantha prakAzita karAyA hai (phrI presa, gleko, 1657) jisameM bebiloniyA se lekara sabhI dezoM tathA Aja ke vijJAna meM pAyI jAne vAlI vizva-vidyAoM kA ullekha hai| kintu bhAratIya sAmagrI se koI lAbha nahIM liyA gayA hai| 6. Izvarasya cikirSAvazAtparamANuSu kriyA jaayte| tataH paramANudvaya saMyoge sati vyaNukamutpadyate tribhiduurynnukstrynnukm| evaM caturaprakAdikrameNa mahatI pRthivii...vaayu-rutpdyte|... evamutpannasya kAryadravyasya sajihIrSAvazAt paramANuSu kriyaa| tarkadIpikA (pR06, athalye kA dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1618) /

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vizva-vidyA yadyapi dharmazAstrakAroM ne eka mata se sArvabhauma rUpa se Izvara ke astitva ke viSaya meM apanI svIkRti dI thI, tathApi Izvara ke nAmoM, svarUpa evaM upAdhiyoM ke viSaya meM vibhinna mata the| aisI hI bAta pazcima meM bhI thii| adhikAMza logoM ne yahI mAnA ki Izvara eka hai, usake barAbara koI anya nahIM, vaha AdhyAtmika (daihika nahIM, yadyapi bahuta-se logoM ne use ziva yA viSNu yA devI ke rUpa meM pUjA), nirvikAra (nirvikalpa, aparivartanIya), sarvagata (sarvAtmaka, sarvavyApI), sarvajJa, sarvazaktimAn, sraSTA, pUta, sat evaM nyAyakartA Adi hai| Izvara ke vizvAsa ke viSaya meM kaThina prazna uThate haiN| do-eka kA ullekha yahA~ kiyA jA rahA hai kyA Izvara pUrNarUpa se, jaisA kahA gayA hai, vaisA hI sarvajJa hai, arthAt vaha jo cAhe kara sakatA hai yA kucha bAteM vaha nahIM bhI kara sakatA hai ? dUsarA prazna yoM hai-'kyA usake atirikta jitanI vastue~ haiM ve saba usake dvArA nirmita huI haiM yA kucha aisI bhI vastue~ haiM jo Izvara ke samAna hI carama yA ananta haiM ? sabhI dharma kaThinAiyoM se Apanna haiM ataH dharma vizvAsa para hI AdhRta hai| yadyapi Rgveda vibhinna devoM (yathA-agni, indra, mitra, varuNa, soma) ke kRtyoM evaM stutiyoM se paripUrNa hai, tathApi isameM kucha aise stotra evaM mantra haiM jo yaha prakaTa karate haiM ki 'maulika siddhAnta' arthAt mUla tattva yA bIja tattva kevala eka hI hai, jo apane meM se hI vizva kI sRSTi karatA hai, usameM praviSTa hotA hai aura use prerita karatA hai| R0 (1 / 164146) meM RSi ne kahA hai-'vijJa eka ko (siddhAnta yA 'priMsipula' arthAt mUla tattva yA bIja tattva ko) kaI nAmoM se kahate haiM, ve use agni, yama, mAtarizvA (vAyu deva) ke nAma se pukArate haiN|' yaha koI akelA mantra nahIM hai| isI ke samAna kaI anya mantra bhI haiN| udAharaNArtha, Rgveda (8158 / 2, vAlakhilya stotroM meM eka) meM AyA hai-'eka hI agni kaI sthAnoM meM prajjvalita hotI hai, eka hI sUrya sampUrNa saMsAra meM camakatA hai, eka hI uSA sampUrNa vizva ke Upara jyotita hotI hai aura eka hI (mUla tattva yA AtmA) yaha saba huA (arthAt eka hI se itane prakaTa huye)|' R0 (10 / 60 / 2) meM aisA ghoSita hai : 'jo ho cukA hai, aura jisakA bhaviSya meM astitva hogA (donoM) yaha sampUrNa vizva, vAstava meM, kevala puruSa hai|' R0 (2 / 113-7) meM agni ko indra, viSNu, brahmA, varuNa, mitra, AryamA, tvaSTA, rudra, draviNodA, savitA evaM bhaga kahA gayA hai| ye sabhI zloka yaha sthApita karate haiM ki antatogatvA yaha anekatA kevala zabdoM kA khela hai, kevala nAma hai ('vAcArambhaNaM vikAro nAmadheyam', jaisA ki chA0 upa0 6 / 114 meM AyA hai) tathA ekatA hI kevala vAstavikatA hai aura aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki upaniSadoM kI mUla zikSA kA bIja Rgveda meM vidyamAna hai| Rgveda ke dasaveM maNDala (10 / 72, 10 / 81 evaM 82, 10 / 60; 10 / 121; 10 / 126) meM vizva kI utpatti ke viSaya meM kaI stotra haiN| sthAnAbhAva se hama sabakA uddharaNa nahIM de pAyeMge, kevala kucha mahatvapUrNa vacana hI ulli 7. prasiddha vaijJAnika evaM sAhityakAra zrI jIMsa ne apane grantha 'misTIriyasa yunivarsa' (kaimbrija, 1631) meM kahA hai ki pazcima meM isa vizva kA nirmAtA (vidhAyaka) eka zuddha gaNitajJa ke samAna prakaTa hotA hai' (pR0 134) / AiMsTIna ne, jo Adhunika kAla ke sabase bar3e vaijJAnika kahe jAte rahe haiM, nyUyaoNrka ke rabbI ec esa0 golDasTIna (jisane tAra se pUchA thA : 'kyA Apa Izvara meM vizvAsa karate haiM ?) ko lauTate tAra se uttara diyA thA ki 'maiM spinojA ke Izvara meM vizvAsa karatA hU~, jo apane ko padArthoM kI samarasatA meM abhivyakta karatA hai, usa Izvara meM nahIM jo manuSyoM ke karmoM kI niyati se apanA sambandha rakhatA hai| apane grantha 'AuTa Ava mAI leTara iyarsa' meM unhoMne mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki vijJAna evaM dharma kA pramukha saMgharSa vyaktigata Izvara kI dhAraNA se sambandhita hai| aura dekhie, I0 Dabla0 mArTina dvArA sampAdita viskAuNTa saimuyala kA bhASaNa 'ina sarca Ava phetha' (pR0 78), jahAM vizva evaM Izvara ke sambandha ke viSaya meM cAra mata prakAzita kiye gaye haiN|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa khita kiye jaayeNge| 1072 kA pramukha prayojana hai, 'ATha AdityoM ke janma kA ullekha krnaa|' R0 (1072 / 2) meM AyA hai ki brahmaNasyuti ne zilpI (jo bhAthI se kAma karatA hai, yathA lohakAra) kI bhA~ti devoM ko janma diyA aura devoM ke pUrva kAloM meM asat se sat kI utpatti huii|' R0 (10 / 72 / 4-5 evaM 8) meM aisA AyA hai ki dakSa kI utpatti aditi se huI aura aditi kI dakSa se, aura deva usa (aditi) se utpanna huye aura aditi se ATha putra utpanna hue / 1081 evaM 82 nAmaka do sUtra vizvakarmA kI carcA karate haiM, jisane logoM kI sRSTi kii| 10 / 8112 evaM 4 meM prazna Aye haiM : 'AdhAra (jisase usane vizva racA) kyA thA? sAmagrI (jisase usane pRthivI banAyI) kyA thI? vaha vana evaM vRkSa kyA thA jisase svarga evaM pRthivI kA takSaNa huA?' tIsare zloka meM eka Izvara kA varNana yoM hai : 'vaha eka Izvara jo cAroM ora dekhatA hai, jisakA mukha sabhI dizAoM meM ghumA huA hai, jisake hAtha evaM para sabhI sthAnoM meM haiM, jo svarga evaM pRthivI ko banAte hue apane (donoM) hAthoM se usI prakAra Age bhejate haiM, jisa prakAra bhAthiyoM evaM paMkhoM se bhejA jAtA hai (jisa prakAra eka pakSI saMcArita hotA hai yA Age bar3hAyA jAtA hai)|' Rgveda kA yaha stotra (1060, jisameM 16 zloka haiM) bahuta prasiddha hai aura puruSasUkta kahalAtA hai / isameM sahasroM ziroM, netroM evaM pairoM vAle puruSa (jise sAyaNa ne Adi puruSa kahA hai) ke rUpa meM parama sraSTA kI kalpanA kI gayI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jo kucha astitva meM A cukA hai aura jo kucha Ane vAlA hai vaha puruSa hai| puruSa se virATa kI utpatti huI, virAT se (jise dUsarA puruSa kaha sakate haiM) usa puruSa (hiraNyagarbha) kI udbhUti huii| jise devoM ne eka pratIkAtmakayajJa ke rUpa meM havi (Ahuti yA pazu) dI, jisameM vasanta, grISma evaM zarad tIna Rtue~ krama se ghRta, IMdhana evaM havi hai| sambhavataH yaha sUkta usa samaya praNIta huA thA jaba, pratIta hotA hai, yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa ho gayA thA (jaisA zata0 brA0 5 / 2 / 4 / 7, 6 / 1 / 1 / 3 evaM ta0 saM0 7 / 4 / 2 / 1 meM) AyA hai ki yajJa yA tapa ke binA kucha bhI upalabdha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa sUkta meM puna: AyA hai ki usa AdiyajJa se sabhI pazu (ghor3e gAya Adi), cAroM varNa, sUrya, candra, agni, indra, veda, svarga evaM pRthivI kI utpatti huii| atharvaveda (166) meM bhI aise 16 mantra haiM / prathama pandraha puruSasUkta ke samAna haiM, kintu mantra -kramoM meM antara haiM, aura kucha zabdoM meM bhI antara hai| vAjasaneya saMhitA (31) meM puruSasUkta ke sabhI mantra haiM, pratyuta pA~ca anya mantra evaM eka gadyAMza bhI anta meM 8. brahmaNaspatiretAM saM kAra ivAdhayat / devAnAM pUye yuge'saptaH sadajAyata // R0 (1072 / 2) yahA~ para 'asat' ko 'avikasita' (avyakta) ke artha meM lenA cAhie na ki 'jisakA astitva na ho ke artha meN| bRha0 upa. (11417) kA kathana hai : 'yaha saba taba (sRSTi ke prArambha hone ke pUrva) avikasita (avyakta) thA aura yaha nAma evaM rUpa meM vikasita (vyakta huaa)|' isI prakAra tai0 upa0 (217) meM aisA kahA gayA hai-'asadvA idamana AsIt tato vai sdjaayt|' kintu chA0 upa0 (6 / 3 / 1-3) meM dRDhatApUrvaka kahA gayA hai-"Arambha meM kevala vahI thA, jo sat thA, kevala vahI jisakA koI dUsarA nahIM thA; kucha loga kahate haiM 'Arambha meMkevala vahI thA, jo asat thA, jisase sat niSpanna huA;' kintu yaha kaise ho sakatA thA, kisa prakAra sat (jo hai) asat (jo nahIM hai) se utpanna ho sakatA thA? yaha sat hI thA jo Arambha meM thA, jisake samAna koI dUsarA nahIM thaa| isane vicArA : 'kyA maiM aneka ho sakatA hU~, kyA maiM utpanna kara sakatA hU~;' isane agni... Adi utpanna kii|" zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 11415) ne tai0 upa0 (27) ke 'asad vA idamana AsIt' evaM chA0 upa0 (3 // 16 // 1) ke 'asadevaramana AsIt' kI ora saMketa kiyA hai aura isa bAta ko samajhAyA hai ki ina vacanoM meM asat kA kyA artha hai, yathA-'nAmarUpavyAkRtavastuviSayaH prAyeNa sacchabdaH prasiddha iti tadvyAkaraNAbhAvApekSayA prAgutpattaH sadeva brhmaasdivaasiivityupcryte|'

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vizva-vidyA sammilita kara liyA gayA hai| R0 (10 / 12111) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki Arambha meM hiraNyagarbha (sone ke eka aNDa) kI utpatti huI; aura 10veM mantra meM usakI tulanA prajApati se kI gayI hai tathA 8veM evaM 10veM mantra ghoSita karate haiM ki usake dvArA jaloM kI utpatti haI jinase hiraNyagarbha (sone kA aNDa) niSpanna haA, jo svayaM prajApati thaa| Rgveda kA 10 / 125 sUkta vAk ke mukha se kahA gayA hai jisameM vAk ko zakti ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai jo devoM se bhI U~cI hai aura nirmANa karane vAlI hai / ATha mantroM meM tIna kA anuvAda nIce diyA jAtA hai-'maiM rudroM evaM vasuoM tathA AdityoM evaM vizvadevoM ke sAtha ghUmatI hU~; maiM donoM mitra evaM varuNa, indra evaM agni tathA donoM azvinoM ko Azraya detI huuN| maiM rudra kA dhanu brahma (pavitra stuti) se ghRNA karane vAle zatru ko mArane ke lie tAnatI huuN| maiM manuSyoM meM yuddha bhar3akAtI huuN| maiMne dyAvA (svarga) evaM pRthivI meM praveza kiyaa| maiM sabhI lokoM ko utpanna karatI huI vAyu ke samAna calatI huuN| maiM dyAvA (svarga) ke Upara hU~ evaM pRthivI ke Upara huuN| apanI mahattA (zakti) se maiM aisI ho sakI huuN|' yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki RSi ne yahA~ kevala sAmAnya vANI yA bhASA kI hI ora saMketa nahIM kiyA hai, pratyuta usa dhAraNA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai jisake anusAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki zabda meM nirmANAtmaka zakti hai aura vaha Izvara ke sAtha eka hai yA brahma dvArA uccarita vicAra hai| Rgveda ke dasaveM maNDala kA 126 vA~ sUkta (jo Arambhika zabdoM ke kAraNa 'nAsadIya sUkta' kahalAtA hai) eka vilakSaNa sUkta hai| isake bahuta-se mantra aba bhI nigUr3ha evaM kliSTa haiM, jinakA artha nikAlane meM prasiddha vidvAnoM ke dAMta khaTTe ho gaye haiN|'' isa sUkta meM mUla tattva (bIja tattva yA 'pharsTa priMsipala') ko koI saMjJA nahIM dI gayI 6. hiraNyagarbhaH samavartatAne bhUtasya jAtaH patireka AsIt / R0 (10 / 12111) / tai0 saM0 (25 // 12) meM AyA hai : 'hiraNyagarbhaH samavartatAgre ityAdhAramAdhArayati prajApati hiraNyagarbhaH prajApateranu ruuptvaay|' ya AtmadA baladA yasya vizva upAsate praziSaM yasya devAH / yasya chAyAmRtaM yasya mRtyuH kasmai devAya haviSA vidhema ||R0 (10. 12102) : 'vaha jIvana evaM bala detA hai, jisakI AjJAeM sabhI devoM dvArA sammAnita hotI haiM, jisakI chAyA amaratA hai aura mRtyu bhI; yaha kauna deva hai jisakI pUjA hama anya AhutiyoM se karate haiM (yA hama kisa deva ko haviyoM ke sAtha pUjA deM ?) / 10. nAsadAsIno sadAsIttadAnoM nAsIdraso no vyomA paro yat / kimAvarIvaH kuhakasya zarmannabhaH kimAsIdgahanaM gabhIram // na mRtyurAsIdamRtaM na tahi na rAtryA ahna AsIt prketH| AnIdavAtaM svadhayA tadekaM tasmAddhAnyanna paraH kiM ca nAsa // tama AsIttamasA gulU hamanepraketaM salilaM sarvamA idm|... kAmastadagne samavartatAdhi manaso retAH prathamaM yadAsIt / ... ko zraddhA veda ka iha pravocat kuta AjAtA kuta iyaM visRSTiH / ... iyaM visRSTiryata AbabhUva yadi vA dadhe yadi vA na / yo asyAdhyakSaH parame vyoman so aMga veda yadi vA na veda // R0 (10 / 12631-7) zatapathabrAhmaNa (1015 / 3 / 1-2) ne isa sUkta kI ora eka manorama saMketa kiyA hai-neva vA idamagre'sadAsIneva) sadA sIt / AsIdiva vA ivamane nevAsIttaddha tanmana evAsa / tasmAdetadRSiNAbhyanUktam / nAsadAsIno sadAsIttadAnImiti neva hi sanmano nevAsat tadidaM manaH sRSTamAvirabubhUSat / isa brAhmaNa ne yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki yaha (vizva) na to pahale asat thA aura na sat aura isane Age kahA hai-'prArambha meM yaha (vizva), jaisA ki isakA astitva thA, nahIM thaa| usa samaya kevala mana thA aura vaha mana mAno na to sat thA aura na asat / ' yaha driSyavya hai ki bhAgavatapurANa (2 / 6 / 32-36) ne bhagavAn ke viSaya kahA hai ki ve guhya satya kI ora saMketa karate haiM / isakA 32vA~ zloka Rgveda (1312631) kA smaraNa dilAtA hai-'ahamevAsamevAne nAnyadyatsadasatparam / pazcAdahaM yadetacca yovaziSyeta sosmyaham / / '

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 320 hai aura na use sraSTA ( yA nirmANakartA) hI kahA gayA hai, kevala use 'tadekam' kahA gayA hai, jaisA ki upaniSadoM meM AyA hai (chA0 upa0 6 / 1 / 1 - 2, 'tattvamasi' yA 'ekamevAdvitIyam') / mahattvapUrNa evaM apekSAkRta spaSTa mantra yahA~ anUdita kiye jA rahe haiM--'usa samaya na to asat (jo nahIM hai, arthAt jisakA anastitva hai ) thA aura na sat ( jo hai, arthAt jisakA astitva hai); na AkAza thA aura na svarga jo bahuta dUra hai; vaha kyA thA jisane sabako AvRta kara rakhA thA? vaha kahA~ aura kisake Azraya meM thA ? kyA gambhIra evaM gahana ( atalasparzI) jala thA ? ; ( 2 ) mRtyu nahIM thI, ataH kucha bhI amara nahIM thA; rAtri evaM dina meM koI cetanA ( antara) nahIM thI; vAyu nahIM thI, apane svabhAva (zakti) se hI loga sA~sa lete the, vAstava meM, usake atirikta kucha bhI nahIM thA; ( 4 ) icchA (kAma) prakaTa huI, vaha mana kA prathama pravAha ( bIja, santati ) thA ; ( 5 ) ( jaba yaha sRSTi prakaTa huI to ) ise sIdhe DhaMga se ( spaSTa yA sarala DhaMga se) kauna jAnatA hai, aura kauna isakI udghoSaNA kara sakatA hai ki yaha ( vahA~ para ) kahA~ se AyI ? ; (6) jisase yaha sRSTi huI, cAhe usane ise banAyA yA nahIM banAyA, aura sarvocca ( parama ) vyoma meN| isakA sarvocca adhyakSa hai, kyA vaha vAstava meM jAnatA hai yA vaha bhI nahIM jAnatA hai ? ' ke yaha avalokanIya hai ki isa sUkta ke RSi ne, jo kavi evaM dArzanika thA, udghoSita kiyA ki vaha eka thA, jo sabhI devoM, dazAoM evaM sImAoM se Upara thA; usane (RSi ne ) vizva kI sRSTi ke pUrva kI sthiti ke viSaya meM apanI dhAraNA vyakta kI hai| rAtri evaM dina, mRtyu evaM amaratA dvandva kahe jAte haiM / inakA astitva tabhI hotA hai jaba sRSTi ho gayI rahatI hai aura isI se RSi ne kahA hai- 'na to mRtyu thI aura na koI amaratA ( thI ) / ' yaha sUkta yaha nahIM kahatA ki pahale asat thA aura usase sat kI udbhUti huI / isake kahane kA abhiprAya yahI hai ki kevala vahI akelA sA~sa letA thA, dvandva, sat ( astitva) evaM asat (anastitva ) kA astitva hI nahIM thA / isa sUkta anuvAdoM evaM TippaNiyoM ke lie dekhie maiksamUlara kRta 'hisTrI Ava aiMzyeNTa saMskRta liTarecara' (1856), pR0 536-566 evaM 'siksa sisTemsa Ava iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI' (1616 kA saMskaraNa), pR0 46-52, DA0 rAdhAkRSNana kRta 'iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI' (1623, khaNDa 1 ) pR0 100 104 / pro0 viTanI ( prosIDiMgsa Ava amerikana orieNTala sosAiTI, khaNDa 11, pR0 61 ) ne apanI viziSTa atyuddhata praNAlI meM TippaNI kI hai ki isa sUk viSaya meM jo prazaMsA-sUtra gAye gaye haiM ve unheM bahuta bure lagate haiM / DyUsana ne TviTanI ke kutsAtmaka lekha ke bahuta dinoM ke uparAnta likhA hai- 'apanI utkRSTa saralatA evaM dArzanika dRSTi kI mahattA meM, sambhavataH yaha prAcIna kAla ke darzana-zAstra kA atyanta prazaMsanIya evaM zlAghya aMza hai,' 'koI anuvAda isake mUla aMza kI sundaratA ke barAbara nahIM A sakatA' (dekhie blUmaphIlDa kRta 'di rilijina Ava di veda', pR0 234, 1608 kA saMskaraNa) || aura dekhie kIthakRta 'rilijina eNDa philaoNsaoNphI Ava di veda eNDa upaniSadsa' ( khaNDa 2, pR0 435-436) / Rgveda ke kaI vacanoM meM vibhinna deva sraSTA ke rUpa meM varNita haiM / deva prajApati ne, aisA kahA gayA hai, svarga evaM pRthivI kI racanA kI, jo caur3I, gaharI aura sundara DhaMga se nirmita hai aura unheM apanI zakti dvArA binA kisI Azraya ke Age bar3hA diyA hai athAt unheM gati dI hai (dekhie R0 4 / 56 / 3 ) / indra ne sUrya evaM uSA ko banAyA, aisA kahA gayA hai (R0 2 / 12 / 7) aura usane svarga ko binA sthANu (thUnhI) ke Azraya ke TikA rakhA hai, aura use Azraya diyA hai aura pRthivI ko phailA diyA hai (R0 2 / 15 / 2) / uparyukta sUkta usa kAla kI dhAraNA hai jaba vizva ke udbhava ke viSaya meM koI sAmAnya DhaMga se svIkRta siddhAnta nirUpita nahIM ho sakatA thA / kintu itanA to spaSTa ho hai ki atyanta prAcIna kAla meM, kama se kama kucha vaidika RSiyoM ne isa siddhAnta kI sthApanA kara lI thI ki kevala eka hI 'priMsipula' yA 'spiriTa' (AtmA yA mUla

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vika-vidyA 321 tattva yA bIja tattva) thA, jo vibhinna nAmoM se pukArA jAtA thA aura usane vizva kI racanA karanI cAhI aura use apane meM se hI rcaa| uparyukta sUkta ke mantroM ke atirikta, jinheM sRSTisUkta kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai, Rgveda meM katipaya devoM dvArA dyAvA (svarga) evaM pRthivI kI racanA yA Azraya tathA anya padArthoM kI racanA ke viSaya meM nirdeza athavA saMketa milate haiM / " R0 (10 / 8614) meM indra ko svarga evaM pRthivI se sabhI dizAoM meM vaisA hI nirmANa karane vAlA kahA gayA hai jaisA ki dhurI pahiyoM ke sAtha karatI hai| R0 (1315414) meM viSNu ke viSaya meM AyA hai ki ve akele hI tInoM ko, yathA pRthivI, svarga (evaM antarikSa) tathA sabhI lokoM ko Azraya (sahArA) dete haiM (yA sa~bhAlate haiN)| mitra ke bAre meM aisA AyA hai ki vaha svarga evaM pRthivI ko sa~bhAlatA hai (R0 3 / 561) tathA sabhI devoM ko Alambana detA hai (R0 31568) / brahmaNaspati (stuti ke pati yA svAmI, bRhaspati) ke viSaya meM aisA AyA hai ki usane lohakAra kI bhAMti devoM ko janma diyA.... devoM ke Adi kAla meM sat kI utpatti asat se huii|12 R0 (647 / 4) meM soma ke lie AyA hai ki usane pRthivI kI caur3AI, svarga kI banAyI tathA vistRta antarikSa ko sNbhaalaa| R0 (2140, jo soma evaM pUSA ko sammilita rUpa se sambodhita hai) meM aisA AyA hai ki unameM eka (soma) ne sabhI lokoM (bhuvanoM) ko utpanna kiyA aura dUsarA (arthAt pUSA, sarya) sampUrNa vizva ke kAmoM ko dekhatA yA unakA nirIkSaNa karatA jAtA hai (mantra 5) / Rgveda (717813) meM uSAoM (bahuvacana) ko sarya, yajJa evaM agni kI sraSTA kahA gayA hai| yaha kevala lAkSaNika hai, kyoMki pratyeka uSA ke uparAnta sUrya udita hotA hai, yajJiya agni prajvalita kI jAtI hai tathA yajJa kiyA jAtA hai| R0 (1962) meM agni ko manaSyoM kA pitA (pUrvaja) kaha (2 // 352) meM (apAM napAta, jaloM kA pautra arthAta agni) agni ko sabhI lokoM kA sraSTA kahA gayA hai / Rgveda meM dyAvA-pRthivI (svarga evaM pRthivI, yugma devoM ke rUpa meM) ke lie 6 sUkta haiM, yathA-11156-160, 185, 4156, 6170 evaM 7163, aura unheM rodasI' evaM 'bahineM' (R0 1 / 1855) kahA gayA hai| unheM devoM ke janaka-jananI kahA gayA hai (R0 81678, 10 / 217) / ___'antarikSa (vAyumaNDalIya kSetra) zabda Rgveda meM kama-se kama eka sau bAra AyA hai| kabhI-kabhI 'tisraH pRthvI:' jaise zabda-vinyAsa Ate haiM, jinakA artha hai pRthivI ke sahita tIna loka (R0 113418), aura kahIMkahIM nIce vAlI, bIca vAlI evaM sabase Upara vAlI pRthivI kI carcA hai (yad indrAgnI avayasyAM pRthivyAM madhyamasyAM paramasyAM uta sthaH / R0 1 / 108 / 6), jisakA artha hai pRthivI, antarikSa evaM svarga / antarikSa ko bahudhA 'rajas' (vaha kSetra, jahA~ dhUla ho, kuhA ho aura jahA~ bAdala hoM) kahA gayA hai (R0 1135 / 2 evaM 6) / 11. ya u tridhAtu pRthivImuta cAmeko dAdhAra bhuvanAni vishvaa| R0 1154 / 4 / 'tridhAtu' zabda Rgveda meM kama-se-kama do darjana bAra prayukta huA hai, kintu isakA artha spaSTa nahIM ho sakA hai| R0 (8140 / 12) meM AyA hai-'tridhAtunA zarmaNa pAtamasmAn' (tIna prakAra kI rakSA se hamArI rakSA karo), kintu 'tridhAtu' rakSA kyA hai, kahanA kaThina hai| 12. brahmaNaspatiretA... samajAyata / R0 (1072 / 2) / prathama matra (devAnAM nu vayaM jAnA pravocAma vipanyayA) meM 'etA' zabda 'jAnA' (janmAni) kI ora saMketa karatA hai / 'sat' evaM 'asat' ke artha ke lie dekhie pAva-TippaNI /

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322 vazAla kA itihAsa R0 (1 // 35 // 6) meM aisA AyA hai--'tIna dyo' haiM (arthAt svarga, antarikSa evaM pRthivI); ze (arthAt svarga evaM pRthivI) savitA kI goda meM haiM aura eka (arthAt antarikSa) yamaloka meM hai| RSi ne R0 (10 // 85 / 15) meM vyAkhyA kI hai--'maiMne do mArgoM ke viSaya meM sunA hai, yathA-pitaroM evaM devoM kA mArga tathA manaSyoM kA bhI; sampUrNa loka jo ghUmatA hai usa (kSetra) meM pahu~catA hai jo pitA (svarga) evaM mAtA (pRthivI) ke bIca meM hai|' varuNa ke bAre meM kahA gayA hai ki usane antarikSa ko vanoM para , sUrya ko svaga para tathA soma ko parvatoM para bichA (phailA) diyA (R0 5 / 852) / Rgveda ke kAla meM bhI svarga evaM pRthivI ke bIca kI dUrI ke viSaya meM kalpanA Arambha ho gayI thii| R0 (1115515) meM kavi kA vacana hai ki viSNu ke tIsa pada (arthAt svarga) taka pahu~cane kA sAhasa koI nahIM karatA, yahA~ taka ki pakSI bhI, jo paMkhoM para ur3ate haiM / aitareya brAhmaNa (7|7|yaa 2 17) meM pRthivI evaM sUrya ke bIca kI dUrI eka azva ke lie eka sahasra dinoM kI kahI gayI hai| taittirIya saMhitA meM prajApati ko bahudhA devoM evaM asuroM (3 / 3 / 7 1) kI sRSTi karate hue, yajJoM (11661) kA nirmANa karate hue, manuSyoM (2 / 1 / 21) ko banAte hue, pazuoM (1 / 567) kI racanA karate hae tathA prajA utpanna karane kI icchA karate hae aura usake lie taya karate hae (310101) ullikhita kiyA gayA hai / usameM (5 / 6 / 4 / 2) AyA hai ki yaha saba Arambha meM jala thA, eka samudra--aura prajApati vAyu banakara kamaladala para kSipra gati se taira rahe the / saSTi para atharvaveda meM bhI kacha sakta Aye haiN| kintu ve vAmbahala haiM, punaruktiyoM se paripUrNa haiM aura unameM uparyukta RgvedIya gambhIratA, dArzanikatA evaM saMkSiptatA nahIM pAyI jAtI / 10 kANDa ke 7veM evaM 83 sUktoM meM isane skambha ko AdhAra rUpa meM rakhA hai aura use prajApati ke anurUpa samajhA hai aura sabhI lokoM ke srapTA evaM AzrayadAtA ke rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA hai, jisameM sabhI 33 deva pAye jAte haiM ; isane pUchA hai-'parama ucca, parama nIca evaM madhyama prakAroM meM, jinheM prajApati ne racA, skambha ne kitanA praveza kiyA; vaha kitanA hai jisameM vaha (skambha) nahIM pahu~cA?' R0 (86 / 46) meM yajJa ke lie nirmita soma ko skambha kahA gayA hai| atharvaveda ke 10veM kANDa ke 8veM sUkta ko jyeSTa-brahma (parama yA sabase bar3e brahma) vAlA sakta kahA gayA hai / isase do mantra uddhRta kiye jA rahe haiM-'usa jyeSTha brahma ko praNAma jo saba para, cAhe vaha utpanna ho cukA hai yA utpanna hone vAlA hai, zAsana karatA hai, aura svarga usI kA, kevala usI kA hai| ye donoM, svarga evaM pRthivI skambha dvArA sa~bhAle gaye haiM; yaha saba jo AtmA vAlA hai, jo sAMsa letA hai evaM palaka girAtA-uThAtA hai, vaha skambha hai|' skambha kA zAbdika artha hai 'Azraya' yA 'stambha' (khambhA) / isakA kriyArUpa 'skamnAti R0 (10 / 6 / 3) meM AyA hai aura 'skambha' zabda bhI kaI bAra AyA hai, kintu sraSTA yA nirmAtA ke rUpa meM nahIM / aura dekhie atharvaveda (108 / 2 evaM 1017, jisameM 44 mantra haiN)|4 atharvaveda 13. sahalamanUyaM svargakAmasya sahasrAvIne kA itaH svargo lokaH / ai0 brA0 (7 vA a0, 7vA khaNDa yA dvitIya paJcikA 17) / 14. yasmin stabdhvA prajApatirlokAnsarvAn adhArayat / skambhaM taM hi katamaH svideva saH // yatparamavama pacca madhmamaM prajApatiH sasRje vizvarUpam / kiyatA skambhaH praviveza tatra yanna prAvizatkiyattad babhUva // yasya trayastrizada

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vizva-vidyA 323 kA 102, jisameM 33 mantra haiM, brahmaprakAzana sUkta kahA jAtA hai / eka se unnIsa mantroM taka bahuta-se prazna pUche gaye haiM / 20, 22 evaM 24veM mantroM meM prazna pUche gaye haiM aura 21, 23 evaM 25veM meM uttara diye gaye haiM / eka prazna evaM eka uttara yahA~ upasthita kiyA jA rahA hai- ' kisake dvArA pRthivI banAyI gayI (yA vyavasthita huI ) ? kisake dvArA yaha U~cA svarga rakhA gayA ? kisake dvArA AkAza Upara vyasta rekhA dvaya rUpa meM evaM vibhinna dizAoM meM rakhA gayA ?' 'brahma ne pRthivI banAyI, brahma hI svarga hai jo Upara rakhA huA hai, yahI brahma AkAza hai jo Upara, eka-dUsare ko kATatI huI do rekhAoM ke rUpa meM evaM vibhinna dizAoM meM hai / ' atharvaveda (1018) kA mantra 27 zvetAzvataropaniSad ( 4 | 3 ) ke samAna hI hai, jisameM sraSTA ko yuvA evaM bUr3he, puruSa evaM nArI tathA lar3akA evaM lar3akI ke anurUpa kahA gayA hai / atharvaveda ( 1018) meM katipaya anya devoM kA ullekha hai, kintu unheM parama tattva meM samAhita mAnA gayA / atharvaveda (62, isameM 25 mantra haiM) meM kAma ko devatAtulya mAnA gayA hai; prathama 18 meM zatruoM ko bhagAne ke lie kAma kI stuti kI gayI hai, aura 16 se 24 taka ke sabhI mantroM ke antima caraNa meM 'tasmai te kAma nama it kRNomi' (he kAma, maiM tumheM praNAma karatA hU~) AyA hai| ina 6 mantroM meM aisI ghoSaNA hai ki kAma sarvaprathama prakaTa huA, vaha svarga, pRthivI, jaloM, agni, dizAoM, sabhI palaka girAne vAle prANiyoM aura samudra se bar3A hai, kAma ke pAsa na to devagaNa, na pitara loga aura na manuSya hI pahu~ca sake, dAta, agni, sUrya evaM candra kAma ke pAsa nahIM pahu~cate / atharvaveda ke 1650 nAmaka sUkta meM kAma ko 5 mantra sambodhita haiM, aura kAma ko Arambha meM utpanna hone vAlA kahA gayA hai| tathA yaha bhI ki vaha mana kA prathama pravAha thA / 15 atharvaveda meM (11 / 4, kula 26 mantra ) 'prANa' ko sambodhita kiyA gayA hai gayA hai / prathama mantra isa prakAra hai--' usa prANa ko praNAma, jisake zAsana ke vaha sabakA svAmI hai aura usameM sabhI kucha sthApita hai / ' mantra 12 meM aisA prANa hI nirdezana karane vAlI zakti hai, prANa kI saba upAsanA karate haiM, prANa hai aura ve (RSi) use prajApati kahate haiM / ' aura use sarvazaktimAn mAnA antargata yaha saba (vizva) hai; AyA hai- 'prANa virATa hai, vAstava meM sUrya evaM candramA 16 kANDa ke sUkta 53 evaM 54 meM atharvaveda ne kAla ko mUla tattva (pharsTa priMsipala ) kahA hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai| tIna mantroM kA anuvAda isa prakAra hai- 'tapa kAla meM avasthita hai, kAla meM hI jyeSTha bevA aGga sarve smaahitaaH| skambhaM taM brUhi katamaH svideva saH // atharvaveda (10/777, 8, 13); keleyaM bhUmivihitA kena caurasarA hitA / kenedamUrdhvaM tiryak cAntarikSaM vyaco hitam // brahmaNA bhUmivihitA brahma dhauruttarA hitA / brahmavamUrdhvaM tiryakcAntarikSaM vyaco hitam // atharvaveda ( 10 / 2 / 24-25) / 15. kAmasta samavartata manaso retaH prathamaM yadAsIt / sa kAmaH kAmena bRhatA suyonI rAyaspoSaM yajamAnAya hi // atharvaveda ( 16 5201) / 'manaso retaH' ke lie milAie R0 (10 / 126/4), jo Upara pAda-TippaNI 10 meM uddhRta hai / prANAya namo yasya sarvamidaM vaze / yo bhUtaH sarvasyezvaro yasminsarvaM pratiSThitam / prANo virAT prANo beSTrI prANaM sarva upAsate / prANo ha sUryazcandramAH prANamAhuH prajApatim // atharvaveda ( 11 |4| 1 evaM 12 ) ; kAle tapaH kAle jyeSThaM kAle brahma samAhitam / kAlo ha sarvasyezvaro yaH pitAsItprajApateH // kAlaH prajA asRjata kAlo agre prajApatim / svayambhUH kazyapaH kAlAttapaH kAlAdajAyata / atharva 0 ( 16 | 538 evaM 10 ); kAlAvApaH samabhavan kAlAbU brahma tapo vizaH / kAlenoveti sUryaH kAle ni vizate punaH // atharva 0 ( 1625411) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa brahma hai; kAla sabakA Izvara hai, vahI prajApati kA pitA hai ; kAla ne prajA ko sRSTi kI , Arambha meM kAla ne prajApati ko utpanna kiyA; svayambhU (brahmA), kazyapa evaM tapa kAla se hI udbhUta hue; kAla se jala, brahma, tapa evaM dizAeM utpanna huI; kAla ke kAraNa sUryodaya hotA hai aura vaha usI meM (rAtri meM) samA jAtA hai|' zatapatha brAhmaNa ne katipaya sthAnoM para sRSTi ke viSaya meM kahA hai| isameM (6311) AyA hai-'yahA~ para Arambha meM asat thA', punaH dRDhatApUrvaka kahA hai ki asat hI RSi thA, aura prANa-vAyu thA; isake uparAnta kalpanA kI gayI hai ki jinhoMne kAmanA kI,-'maiM aura ho jAU~, merI santAneM hoM / unhoMne parizrama kiyA aura thaka jAne para unhoMne sarvaprathama 'brahma' evaM tIna vidyAe~ (tInoM veda) utpanna kIM; una prajApati ne vAk (jo vizva hai) se jala utpanna kiyA; ve (prajApati) tInoM vedoM ke sAtha jala meM praviSTa ho game aura taba usameM se hiraNyagarbha (sone kA aNDa) nikalA; unhoMne usakA sparza kiyA, taba pRthivI utpanna huI. . ..' zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 / 1 / 6 / 1) meM AyA hai-'Arambha meM yaha jala thA, kevala eka samudra / jaloM ne kAmanA kI hameM santati kI prApti kaise hogI ? 'unhoMne parizrama kiyA, tapa kiye; jaba ve aisA kara rahe the to hiraNyagarbha kI utpatti huI, jo lagabhaga eka varSa taka tairatA rahA, eka varSa kI avadhi meM eka puruSa, prajApati upanna hue; unhoMne vaha aNDa phor3A, unhoMne apane mukha (kI sAMsa) se devoM kI sRSTi kI; unhoMne agni, indra, soma kI utpanni kI' . . .Adi-Adi / zatapatha brAhmaNa (11 / 2 / 3 / 12) meM punaH AyA hai-'Arambha meM yaha (vizva) brahma thA, isane devoM, agni, vAyu, sUrya kI racanA kI'; isake uparAnta nAma-rUpa kI ora saMketa milatA hai jisake dvArA vaha lokoM meM utaratA hai aura aisA kahA gayA hai-'ye donoM (nAma-rUpa) brahma kI bar3I abhivyaktiyA~ haiN|' hiraNyagarbha vAlI anuzruti Rgveda (10 / 126 / 3 evaM 10 / 121 / 1 hiraNyagarbha: samavartatAgre) se chaandogy:(3|16|1-2) meM vikasita huI hai--'Arambha meM yaha vizva asat (AvRta)thA, yaha sat huA (anAvRta hone lagA), isane janma liyA (isane rUpa dhAraNa kiyA); taba eka aNDa banA, do ardhAzoM meM eka cA~dI kA thA aura dUsarA sone kA; cA~dI vAlA ardhAMza yaha pRthivI hai aura sone vAlA svarga hai / ' yahI manusmRti meM bhI AyA hai, jisakA ullekha hama Age kareMge / zatapatha brAhmaNa (10 / 4 / 2 / 22-23) meM kahA gayA hai ki prajApati ne Rgveda ko isa prakAra vyavasthita kiyA ki isake akSaroM kI saMkhyA 12,000 bRhatI mAtrAoM (pratyeka bRhatI meM 36 akSara hote haiM) meM ho gyii| taittirIya brAhmaNa meM AyA hai-'prajApati ne devoM evaM asuroM kI sRSTi kI (2 / 2 / 3), kintu unhoMne indra ko nahIM banAyA; devoM ne unase kahA-'hamAre lie indra kI utpatti kareM'; jisa prakAra hamane tapa se Apa ko utpanna kiyA usI prakAra Apa indra ko utpanna kareM; unhoMne tapa kiyA aura indra ko apane meM (apane hRdaya meM nivAsa karate) dekhA, unhoMne kahA 'utpanna ho jAie' / ' te0 prA0 (2 / 26 / 1) meM AyA hai'6-'Arambha meM yaha vizva kucha bhI nahIM thaa| na svarga thA, na pRthivI aura na antrikss| usa asat ne 16. idaM vA agre naiva kiMcanAsIt / na dhaurAsIt / na pRthivii| nAntarikSama / tadasadeva san mano'kuruta syAmiti (te0 prA0 (2 / 2 / 61) / brahma devAnajanayat, brahma vizvamidaM jagat / brahmaNA kSatraM nirmitam / brahma brAhmaNA aatmnaa| antarasminnime lokAH / brahmaiva bhUtAnAM jyeSTham / tena korhati spadhitum / brahmadevAstrayastriMzat / brahmabhinna prjaaptii| brahmanha vizvA bhUtAni / nAvIvAntaH samAhitA ||te. bA0 (22886-10) /

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mana kI sRSTi 'maiM aisA ho jAU~' isa vicAra ke sAtha kii|' usI brAhmaNa (216213) ne punaH kahA hai'prajApati ne veda kI sahAyatA se 'sat' evaM 'asat' do rUpa banAye / ' tai0 brA0 (2181816-10) ne puroDAza kI puronuvAkyA evaM yAjyA tathA havi kI puronuvAkyA ko isa prakAra ullikhita kiyA hai-'brahma ne devoM evaM isa vizva ko utpanna kiyA; brahma se kSatriyoM kI utpatti huI aura brahma ne apane rUpa se brAhmaNoM ko utpanna kiyA; (yAjya) 'ye loka brahma ke bhItara rahate haiM / usI prakAra yaha sArA loka isameM nivAsa karatA hai| brahma sabhI bhUtoM meM sarvottama hai; isase kauna spardhA karatA hai, brahma 33 devoM ke rUpa meM hai aura sabhI bhUta (prANI) isameM usI prakAra haiM jaise kisI nAva meM / ' kauSItaki brAhmaNa meM prajApati ke viSaya meM saMkSipta iMgita haiM / isameM (631) AyA hai-'prajApati ne santati kI kAmanA se tapa kiyA, ve jaba isa prakAra tapasyA kara rahe the to pA~ca, yathA--agni, vAyu, Aditya, candra evaM uSA kI utpatti huI'; punaH (6 / 10) AyA hai-'prajApati ne tapa kiyA, tapa karane ke uparAnta unhoMne prANa se yaha vizva (pRthivI), apAna se yaha antarikSa tathA vyAna se sAmane kA loka (svarga) banAyA; isake uparAnta unhoMne pRthivI, antarikSa evaM svarga se krama se agni, vAyu evaM Aditya kI racanA kI, aura unhoMne agni se Rgveda kI RcAe~, vAyu se yajurveda ke vacana tathA Aditya se sAma ke vacana utpanna kiye|' punaH (13 // 1) aisA AyA hai-'prajApati hI vAstava meM yajJa hai, jisameM sabhI kAma (icchAe~ yA kAmanAe~), sabhI amRtatva (amaratA) kendrita haiM / ' punaH (28 / 1) usameM aisA AyA hai-'prajApati ne yajJa kI sarjanA kI, devoM ne yajJa ke dvArA, jaba isakI utpatti huI, pUjA kI aura isake dvArA sabhI icchita padArthoM kI upalabdhi kI / ' veda ke brAhmaNoM kA pradhAna dhyeya evaM uddezya hai vibhinna yajJoM se sambandhita kriyA-saMskAroM ke kRtyoM evaM aMzoM kI vyavasthA upasthita karanA, unake udbhava se sambandhita kathA-vArtAoM, kiMvadantiyoM Adi ko upasthita karanA tathA bahuta se yajJoM ke sampAdana para katipaya puraskAroM athavA phaloM kI svIkRti denA / granthoM meM prajApati atyanta mahattvapUrNa evaM pramukha ho gaye haiM / prajApati kA ullekha Rgveda meM bahuta hI kama huA hai| R0 (415312) meM savitA ko prajApati, R0 (56) meM soma ko prajApati kahA gayA hai| R0 (101854) ke vivAhasUkta meM prajApati kA AhvAna santAna dene ke lie kiyA gayA hai| R0 (10 / 1664) meM gauoM ke lie prajApati kA AhvAna kiyA gayA hai| R0 (10 / 18431) meM vivAhita nArI ke garbhAdhAna ke lie anya devoM evaM deviyoM ke sAtha prajApati kA bhI AhvAna kiyA gayA hai / aitareyabrAhmaNa meM gAthA AyI hai ki vRtra ko mArane ke uparAnta jaba indra prajApati ke sthAna para ucca evaM sammAnita honA cAhate the to prajApati ne pUchA (yadi tuma bar3e honA cAhate ho to) 'maiM kyA hoU~gA?' (kohamiti) aura isI kAraNa prajApati ko 'ka' kI saMjJA milI / 18 17. prajApati yajJastasminsarve kAmAH sarvamamRtatvam / kauSI0 bA. (13 / 1); prajApatihaM yajJaM sasRje tena ha sRSTena devA Ijire tena heSTvA sarvAnkAmAnApuH / vahI (28 / 1, liNDanara kA saMskaraNa, jenA, 1885) / 18. Rgveda ke 101121 meM vaM mantra kA antima caraNa yoM hai-"kasma devAya haviSA vidhema" (arthAt kisa devatA ko hama havi deNge?)| isake uparAnta basavA mantra evaM antima mantra prajApati ko isa prakAra samboSita karatA hai-'Apake atirikta koI anya devatA aisA nahIM hai jisane ina sabhI sRSTiyoM ko parivRti kara rakhI ho

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa aitareya brAhmaNa meM AyA hai ki prajApati ne apane ko bar3hAne ( vistRta karane) aura adhika hone ke lie tapa karane ke uparAnta tIna lokoM kI racanA kI, yathA- pRthivI, antarikSa evaM svarga, jinase tIna jyotiyA~ prakaTa huI--agni, vAyu evaM Aditya, jinase tIna vedoM kI utpanna huI. Adi-Adi / vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki AtmA ke viSaya meM sAmAnya pracalita vizvAsa yaha thA ki acche karmoM ke kAraNa vaha svarga meM pahu~catA hai, amara ho jAtA hai aura bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke AnandoM evaM sukhoM kA upabhoga karatA hai / dekhie R0 (61 1137 - 11, 1/12554-6), atharva 0 ( 4 / 34 / 2 evaM 5, 6 / 12013) / eka vyakti dvArA anya vyakti ke prati kRta duSkarmoM evaM hAniprada karmoM ke pratikAra evaM niSkRti kI dhAraNA una dinoM vidyamAna thI / udAharaNArtha, zatapathabrAhmaNa ( 12|6|1|1) meM AyA hai-- 'vyakti jo kucha isa loka meM khAtA hai, usa vastu dvArA vaha dUsare loka meM svayaM khAyA jAtA hai / ' aura dekhie zata0 brA0 ( 11 / 6 / 1) | kintu jaba hama upaniSadoM ke yuga meM pahu~cate haiM to sampUrNa bauddhika vAtAvaraNa hI parivartita dRSTigocara hotA hai / upaniSadeM bahudhA kahatI haiM ki kevala AtmA hI vAstavika (tatva) hai, anya kucha nahIM aura AtmA ko hI hama isa prakAra ullikhita kara sakate haiM (athavA usakI carcA kara sakate haiM ) - 'neti neti' ( arthAt yaha nahIM - yaha nahIM ), arthAt AtmA ko nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| yahI vedAnta kA prathama evaM pramukha svarUpa hai / kintu isa ucca AdhyAtmika dhAraNA evaM sAmAnya logoM ke vicAroM ke bIca saMgharSa upasthita ho gayA aura sAmAnya logoM ne yahI samajhA ki vAstavika vizva sraSTA se pRthaka avasthita hai| apekSAkRta adhika ucca dArzanika manasviyoM ne sAmAnya logoM ke lie vizva kI vAstavikatA kI bAta mAna lI / ve yaha kahane ko sannaddha the ki vizva kA astitva hotA hai; kintu vastutaH vaha kucha nahIM hai, balki vizva meM AtmA samAyA huA hai| upaniSadoM ne yaha batAyA ki yaha vizva dRgviSaya hai athavA gocara hone vAlA hai, mithyA nahIM hai aura na 'na kucha' hai, kintu vizva ke pIche AtmA hai / yaha vedAnta kA dvitIya svarUpa hai, arthAt vedAnta ke anusAra vizva mUla tattva brahma se vikasita huA hai / upaniSadoM ne saguNa brahma evaM nirguNa brahma meM antara batAyA, saguNa brahma meM prArthanA, upAsanA tathA vyavahAra kA sthAna hai / apekSAkRta adhika ucca cintana ne yaha bhI dRDhatApUrvaka kahA ki pAramArthika satya yaha hai ki brahma eka hai, vizva meM pratyeka vastu ( yathA -- manuSya, pazu, nirjIva padArtha) brahma hai ( 'sarvaM khalvidaM brahma', chA0 upa0 3 14 11, ahaM brahmAsmIti tasmAt tatsarvamabhavat' bR0 upa0 1 / 4 / 10 ) / aitareyopaniSad ne ati dRDhatApUrvaka kahA hai ki mUla tattva se manuSyoM, pazuoM, acala jIvoM kA tAdAtmya hai / 19 329 ( itanI sRSTiyoM para chA gayA ho) / ' sambhavataH isI kAraNa 'kasmai' (jo prathama 6 mantroM meM pAyA jAtA hai) se prajApati ko 'ka' kahA jAne lagA / 16. AtmA vA idameka evAgra AsonnAnyatkiMcana miSat / sa IkSata lokAnnu sRjA iti / sa imA~llokAnasRjatAmbho marIcIrmaramApaH / sa IkSata ime nu lokAH / lokapAlAnnu sRjA iti / so addbhya eva puruSaM samuddha, tyAmUrcchayat / . . . sa IkSata kathaM nvidaM mahate syAditi / sa IkSata katareNa prapadyA iti / sa etameva sInAnaM vidAryatayA dvArA prApadyata / ai0 upa0 (111-3, 113 / 11-12 ) / yaha vacana ve0 sU0 ( 3 / 3 / 16 ) meM vivecita huA hai, vahAM aisI sthApanA hai ki 'AtmA' zabda 'paramAtmA' ke lie tathA 'ambha', 'marIcI', 'mara' evaM 'Apa' krama se svarga, antarikSa, pRthivI evaM pRthivI ke nIce jala ke lie prayukta haiN|

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vizva-vidyA tattvoM ke viSaya meM bR0 upa0 (3 / 7 / 2-23) meM eka lambI ukti AyI hai 20, jisameM yAjJavalkya ne uddAlaka AruNi se eka ati utkRSTa siddhAnta kahA hai| yathA-yaha AtmA pRthivI tathA anya tattvoM meM nivAsa karatA pAyA jAtA hai, jise ve (tattva) nahIM jAnate, jisakI (AtmA kI) deha pRthivI evaM tattva haiM, jo pRthivI ke antara evaM anyoM dvArA zAsana karatA hai, yaha AtmA tumhArA (merA evaM anyoM kA) hai, Antarika zAsaka hai aura amara hai| isa ukti kA antima aMza yoM hai-'Antarika zAsaka adRSTa hai, kintu dekhatA rahatA hai, azruta hai kintu sunatA rahatA hai, amata ( apratyakSa ) hai kintu pratyakSIkaraNa karatA rahatA hai, ajJAta (avijJAta) hai kintu jAnatA rahatA hai, usake atirikta koI anya dekhane vAlA (draSTA) nahIM hai, usake atirikta koI anya sunanevAlA (zrotA) nahIM hai , usake atirikta koI anya parijJAna yA pratyakSIkaraNa karane vAlA (mantA) nahIM hai| usake atirikta koI anya jAnane vAlA (vijJAtA) nahIM hai / yahI AtmA, antaryAmI evaM amRta (amara) hai| anya kacha kleza (Artam ) hai|' yaha sampUrNa bhAga, jise antaryAmI brAhmaNa kahA jAtA hai, va. upa0 (215) meM vaNita madhuvidyA ke samAna hI hai| sraSTA ke rUpa meM brahma-sambandhI sAmAnya dhAraNA kA upaniSadoM ke cintakoM dvArA sampUrNa tyAga nahIM kiyA gayA, yadyapi aisA ghoSita kiyA gayA ki aisI dhAraNA avidyA (vAstavika tattva ke prati ajJAna) ke kAraNa hai| sraSTA ke rUpa meM avadhArita brahma Izvara (deha vAlA Izvara yA bhagavAn) kahalAyA, yadyapi pUjaka ko yaha avazya jJAta honA cAhie ki brahma sAratatva rUpa meM vyaktitva (zArIrika rUpatva) kI dazAoM evaM sImAoM se Upara hai| yahI IzvaravAda yA AstisyavAda hai jo tIna astitvoM ko svIkAra karatA hai-vAstavika vizva, paramAtmA (sRSTi karane vAlA AtmA) evaM AtmA (jIva) jo paramAtmA para avalambita hai / kintu upaniSadoM kA vAstavika cintana brahma evaM AtmA tathA bhautika vizva kI antarahInatA meM kendrita hai, arthAt ina tInoM meM tAdAtmya hai| yaha vicAra (cintanA) ki brahma vibhinna AtmAoM evaM bhautika vizva meM praviSTa ho gayA, dedAnta kA tIsarA svarUpa hai / vedAntasUtra (2 / 3143) kI vyAkhyA meM zaMkarAcArya ne atharvaveda vAle brahmasUkta21 20. yaH pathivyAM tiSThan pRthivyA akharo yaM pRthivI na veda yasya pRthivI zarIraM yaH pRthivImantaro yamayatyeSa ta AtmAntaryAbhyamRtaH / . . . adRSTo draSyA'zrutaH zrotA'mato mantA'vijJAto. vijJAtA / ... eva ta AtmA'ntaryAmyamRtaH / ato'nyadAtam / vRha upa0 (33713 evaM 23) / pilAie isa antima se bRha0 uca (3 / 412) 'katamo yAjJaghalvaya sntirH| na dRSTepTAraM padayaH.. eSa ta AtmA santiraH / atonpadAlam' ; evaM 33 / 2 / aita0 upa0 (32) meM 17 zabda aise haiM jo pradhAna (arthAH dAhA) ke nAma kahe gaye haiN| aita0 upa0 (3.3) yoM hai-'eSa brahmA, eSa indraH, eSa prajApatiH, ete sarve devAH, imAni ca paJca mahAbhUtAni pRthivI vAyurAkAza Apo jyotISi, etAnImAni ca kSudramizrANIva bIjAnIrANi cetarANi cANDa jAni ca jarAyujAni svedajAni cobhijjAni cAzvA gAva: pura yatkiMce prANi jaMgamaM ca patatri ca yacca sthAvara sarva tatpazAne prazAne pratiSThitama / prajJAnetrI lokH| prajJA prtisstthaa| prajJAnaM brhm|' yaha puruSasapata (1060 / 6, 8, 10) vAle vicAra kA mAno tArkika niSkarSa hai| 21. eke zAkhino dAzaktidAdibhAvaM brahaNa AmanantyAparvaNikA grahmasUkte brahma dAzA brahma dAsA brahmaveme ityaadinaa|...iti hogajanlUdAharaNena sarveSAmekanAmaspakRtakAryakaraNahaMghAtapraviSTAnAM jIvAnAM brahmatvamAha / tathAnyatrApi brahma prakriyAyAmevAyamarthaH prapaJcyate / tvaM strI tvaM pumAnasi tvaM kumAra uta vA kumaarii| tyaM jIrNo daNDena vaJcasi tvaM jAto navasi vishvtomukhH|| iti / yaha antima atharva0 (108 / 20) evaM zve. upa0 (4 // 3) meM hai|

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bhArata kA tihAsa se tathA zvetAzvataropaniSad se aise vacana uddhRta kiye haiM jo yaha abhivyakta karate haiM ki brahma kA tAdAtmya machuvoM evaM dAsoM, juAriyoM, puraSoM evaM nAriyoM, lar3akoM evaM lar3akiyoM tathA lakar3I ke sahAre calate hue bUDhoM taka se hai| yaha vizvAsa ki eka hI AtmA sampUrNa vizva ko, pASANa, kITa-pataMgoM, pazuoM se lekara manuSya taka ko anuprANita karatA hai, eka aisI unmeSazAlI dhAraNA hai jo isa bAta kI ora iMgita karatI hai ki sabhI jIva bhAI-bhAI haiM aura sraSTA kI khoja kara rahe haiN| yaha vizvAsa sAdhAraNa vizvAsa nahIM hai| Aja ke vizva meM, jo ahaMkAra evaM svArthabhAvanA se paripUrNa hai, jahA~ pratyeka vyakti apanI vyaktigata samRddhi kI unnati meM lagA huA hai, yaha dhAraNA evaM vizvAsa madhura evaM santoSaprada hai| dekhie Duizena kRta 'di philaoNsaoNphI Ava di upaniSadsa' (e0 esa 0 geDena dvArA anUdita, 1606, iDinabaro meM prakAzita) evaM je0 raoNyasakRta di valDaM eNDa di iNDiviDuala' (vizeSataH pR0 156-157) / upaniSadeM sRSTi evaM mUla tattva ke rUpa se sambandhita siddhAntoM se paripUrNa haiN| sRSTi ke viSaya meM kucha vacana diye jA rahe haiN| ba. upa0 (1413-4,7) meM saSTi para maulika evaM mahattvapUrNa vacana hai, jisakA eka aMza yaha hai'Aramma meM puruSa ke rUpa meM kevala yahI AtmA thA; use (akelA hone ke kAraNa) Ananda na milA; use eka anya (sAthI) kI kAmanA huI; vaha AliMgana meM baddha eka puruSa evaM nArI ke phailAva meM A gayA; usane isI AtmA ko do bhAgoM meM alaga-alaga ho jAne diyA jo pati evaM patnI bana gaye; inase manuSya utpanna hue aura usa (puruSa) ne cIMTiyoM taka ke choTe-choTe jIva utpanna kiye ; yaha (vizva) taba avikasita (yA anAvRta nahIM) thA, taba yaha nAmoM evaM rUpoM meM vikasita huA; vaha (AtmA) usameM a~gulI ke poroM taka usa prakAra praviSTa ho gayA, jisa prakAra churA AveSTana (koSa) meM chipA rahatA hai yA sabako Azraya dene vAlI (agni) kASTha meM nahIM dikhAI pdd'tii|' isa vacana meM sRSTi-sambandhI pracalita dhAraNA uThAyI gayI hai aura vaha eka vAstavika tattva AtmA se sambandhita rakhI gayI hai aura isa siddhAnta para bala diyA gayA hai ki isa vastu-jagat ke mAyAjAla meM eka mAtra vAstavikatA AtmA hI hai| chA0 upa0 (7 / 1011) meM AyA hai--'yaha pRthivI, ye madhya meM sthita kSetra yA sthala, svarga , deva evaM manuSya , pazu evaM pakSIgaNa, ghAsa evaM oSadhiyA~ tathA kIToM, pataMgoM (titaliyoM), cIMTiyoM se saMyukta anya pazu-kucha nahIM haiM pratyuta ve adrava rUpa meM jala hI haiN|' chA0 upa0 (6 / 2 / 3-4 evaM 6 / 3 / 2-3) meM AyA hai-'Arambha meM kevala sat hI thA, kevala eka, jisake sAtha koI dUsarA nahIM, usane vicArA, 'maiM bahuta hoU~gA, maiM santati prApta karU~gA', usane teja utpanna kiyA, teja se jaloM kI utpatti huI, jala se bhojana (anna); usa devatA ne saMkalpa kiyA, 'maiM ina tIna devoM (agni, jala evaM anna) meM isa jIvita AtmA ke sAtha praveza karU~gA aura nAma evaM rUpa ko anAvRta karU~gA (kholNgaa)|' yahA~ para tIna tattvoM, teja, jala evaM pRthivI (anna kI utpatti paudhoM se hotI hai aura paudhe pRthivI se prasphuTita hote haiM) kI ora iMgita hai| aisA nahIM socanA cAhie ki kevala tIna hI tattvoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| vAstava meM ye tInoM atyanta prakaTa evaM spaSTa the, anya do, yathA-vAyu evaM AkAza ko, jo eMta0 upa0 evaM ta0 upa0 meM ullikhita haiM, antahita rUpa meM mAna lenA hogaa| aita. upa0 (dekhie Upara pAda-TippaNI 20) meM AyA hai-"Arambha meM yahA~ para kevala AtmA thA, koI anya aisA nahIM thA jo gatizIla ho (arthAt jo A~kheM kholatA yA banda karatA ho); usane vicArA, 'maiM lokoM kI sRSTi kruuNgaa|' usane ina lokoM kI racanA kI, ambha (svarga ke Upara jala), marIci ('kiraNe) vAyumaNDIya kSetra, mRtyu, jl|" upaniSad aura Age kahatI hai-usane lokoM ke rakSakoM kI racanA kI aura unake lie bhojana kI AkAMkSA kii| taba usane vicArA-'yaha DhA~cA (AveSTana) mujhase pRthak kaise raha sakatA hai ? taba usane punaH socA-'maiM kisa DhaMga se yA kisa mArga se isameM praveza karUM?' isake uparAnta aisA AyA hai ki usane sira ko kholA aura usa dvAra se praviSTa ho gyaa| tai0 upa (2 / 6) meM kathita hai--"usane (AtmA ne) kAmanA kI

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vizva-vidyA 325 'maiM adhika ho jAtA, maiM santati prApta karanA cAhatA hU~;' tapa karake usane yaha (vizva), jo kucha hai, utpanna kiyA; ise utpanna karake vaha isI meM praviSTa ho gyaa|" usameM (27) puna: AyA hai--'Arambha meM yaha 'asat' (AvRta) thA, isake uparAnta yaha 'sat' (vyakta yA vikasita) huA, isane apane ko anAvRta kiyaa|' yahI vedAntasUtra (1 / 4 / 26) kA AdhAra hai (AtmakRteH pariNAmAt), jo yaha sthApita karatA hai ki brahma sRSTi kA kartA evaM karma donoM hai| isI upaniSad (2 / 1) ne AtmA se AkAza kI, AkAza se vAyu kI, vAyu se agni kI, agni se jala kI tathA jala se pRthivI kI racanA kI bAta kahI hai| yahA~ para pA~ca tattvoM kA ullekha hai na ki chAndogyopaniSad kI bhA~ti kevala tIna kA, jaisA ki abhI Upara nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai| aitareyopaniSad (3 / 3) ne pA~ca tattvoM ke nAma li haiM aura unheM 'mahAbhUtAni' kI saMjJA dI hai (yadyapi vahA~ para sAmAnya krama nahIM rakhA gayA hai)| praznopaniSad (6 / 4, zvetAzvataropaniSad (2012), kaThopaniSad (3 / 15) ne bhI pA~ca tattvoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kaThopaniSad (3 / 15) meM pAMca tattvoM (AkAza, vAyu, agni, jala, pRthivI) ke nAma hai aura sAtha-hI-sAtha unake viziSTa guNoM (krama se zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa evaM gandha) ke nAma bhI diye gaye haiN| hamane yaha pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki bhUta (jIva) brahma se nikalate haiM aura usI meM samAhita ho jAte haiM (dekhie, te0 upa0 3 / 1, pAda-TippaNI 2, evaM chA0 upa0 3 / 14 / 1, pAda-TippaNI 3) / pralaya kA krama sRSTi kA pratiloma (ulaTA) hai| yaha vedAntasUtra (2 / 3 / 14) meM ullikhita hai ('viparyayeNa tu kramo'ta upapadyate ca') / zaMkarAcArya ne apane bhASya meM isake pakSa meM zAntiparva kA eka zloka uddhata kiyA hai| 22 isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 3 ke mUla pRSTha 885-866 meM hamane yugoM, mahAyugoM, manvantaroM evaM kalpoM ke viSaya meM par3ha liyA hai| khaNDa 5 ke adhyAya 16 meM bhI (mUla pR0 686-662) isa viSaya meM adhyayana kiyA gayA hai / vizva ke vilayana ko pralaya kahA jAtA hai, jo cAra prakAra kA hotA hai, yathA-nitya (jo janma lete haiM unameM bahutoM kA pratidina maranA), naimittika (jaba brahmA kA eka dina samApta hotA hai aura vizva kA pralaya ho jAtA hai), prAkRtika (jaba pratyeka vastu prakRti meM samApta ho jAtI hai) tathA Atyantika (mokSa, satya jJAna ke uparAnta jaba AtmA paramAtmA meM samAhita ho jAtA hai ) / naimittika pralaya brahmA ke eka dina ke uparAnta hotA hai aura brahmA kA eka dina barAbara hotA hai 1000 mahAyugoM ke| prAkRtika pralaya meM prakRti ke sAtha pratyeka vastu paramAtmA meM lIna ho jAtI hai| gItA (8117-18) meM AyA hai aura manu (1173) meM bhI isakA ullekha hai ki brahmA kA eka dina eka sahasra yugoM ke barAbara hotA hai aura brahmA kI rAtri kI avadhi bhI itanI hI lambI hotI hai; yaha bhI AyA hai ki brahmA ke dina ke Arambha meM sabhI vyakta vastue~ avyakta (mUla tattva) se prasphuTita hotI haiM aura brahmA kI rAtri ke Agamana para ve sabhI usI avyakta meM samA jAtI haiN| prastuta lekhaka anya dharmoM ke zAstroM meM pAye jAne vAle vizva-vidyA-sambandhI siddhAntoM ke vivecana meM nahIM par3anA cAhatA; kucha pAzcAtya lekhakoM ke tatsambandhI granthoM kI ora iMgita kara denA hI paryApta hogA / zrI rene 22. smRtAyapyutpattikramaviparyayeNevApyayastatra tatra pradarzitaH--'jagatpratiSThA devarSe pRthivyapsu pralIyate / jyotivyApaH pralIyante jyotiryAyau pralIyate // ityAdau / yaha zloka zAntiparva (340 / 26-32628) kA hai / agale tIna zloka isa prakAra haiM-khe vAyuH pralayaM yAti manasyAkAzameva ca / mano hi paramaM bhUtaM tadavyakte pralIyate // avyaktaM puruSa brahman niSkriye saMpralIyate / nAsti tasmAtparataraM puruSAdvai sanAtanAt // nityaM hi nAsti jagati bhUtaM sthAvarajaMgamam / Rte tamekaM puruSaM vAsudevaM sanAtanam //

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa grauseTa ne apane grantha 'di sama Ava hisTrI' evaM 'ina di phUTasTepsa Ava buddha' meM bhAratIya vizva-vidyA tathA anya bAtoM kI carcA kI hai| unakA grantha 'sivilijezana Ava di IsTa' bhI isa silasile meM paThanIya hai / aura dekhie jerAlDa harDa kRta 'iz2a gaoNDa eviDeNTa' , jisameM saMskRta vAlI vizva-vidyA ko sarvazreSTha kahA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM dodhAraNAe~ sAtha-sAtha bahatI haiN| pahalI hai vaha ucca AdhyAtmika dhAraNA jisake anusAra vAstava meM brahma ke bAhara koI vizva nahIM hai, arthAt kevala brahma hI brahma hai, jo nirguNa hai| dUsarI hai vaha lokaprasiddha evaM prayogasiddha dhAraNA jisake anusAra eka daihika Izvara hai jo sRSTi karatA hai, aura saguNa brahma kahalAtA hai aura eka vAstavika vizva bhI hai| prazna upa0 (52) meM AyA hai ki 'om' para (sarvocca) brahma evaM apara (dUsarA, adhastha) brahma donoM hai| zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 1 / 1 / 12, Anandamayo'bhyAsAt) kA kathana hai ki upaniSadoM meM brahma kA ullekha do prakAra kA hai, prathama vaha hai jisake anusAra brahma kI kaI upAdhiyA~ haiM, yathA--usakA nAma hai, rUpa hai, usane padArthoM kI sRSTi kI hai aura vaha pUjita hotA hai, tathA dUsarA vaha hai jisake anusAra brahma guNarahita athavA nirguNa hai (jisakA parijJAna rahasyavAdI DhaMga se hotA hai) / dUsare prakAra (nirupAdhika yA nirguNa brahma) ke lie zaMkarAcArya ne katipaya vacanoM ke udAharaNa diye haiM, yathA--bR0 upa0 (4 / 5 / 15, 3 / 6 / 26 = 4 / 4 / 22, 3 / 818); chA0 upa0 (7 / 24 / 1); zvetAzvataropaniSad (6 / 16) / anya vacana haiM bR0 upa0 (4 / 4 / 16 neha nAnAsti kiMcana), kaTha upa0 (4 / 10-11, mRtyoH sa mRtyumApnoti ya iha nAneva pshyti)| upaniSad arthAt vedAnta kA cauthA svarUpa hai zarIra kI mRtyu ke uparAnta AtmA kI niyati tathA anya bAteM, jo usake sAtha calatI haiM (arthAt AcAra-zAstra evaM paraloka-sambandhI baateN)| uparyukta vacana yaha batAte haiM ki brahma kA varNana karanA asambhava hai, arthAt brahma varNanAtIta hai, hama kevala vahI kaha sakate haiM jo vaha nahIM hai| zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 3 / 2 / 17) ne bASkali evaM bAdhva ke saMvAda kA udAharaNa diyA hai, jahA~ bAdhva ne mauna rahakara brahma kI viziSTatA prakaTa kI hai| bASkali ne kahA,-'mahodaya, mujhe brahma ke viSaya meM batAye;' taba bAdhva mauna raha gaye; jaba vASkali ne dUsarI evaM tIsarI bAra bhI pUchA to bAdhva ne uttara diyA,--'hama vAstava meM kaha rahe the ; kintu tuma samajha nahIM rahe ho; yaha AtmA upazAnta hai (binA kisI kriyA vaalaa)|' zaMkarAcArya ne para-brahma evaM apara-brahma (daihika Izvara) meM antara batAyA hai :--'jahAM nAmoM evaM rUpoM se, jo avidyA se utpanna hote haiM, brahma ke sambandha ko chor3a diyA jAtA hai (arthAt usa sambandha ko ThIka nahIM mAnA jAtA athavA usakA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai) aura brahma ko abhAvAtmaka DhaMga se, yathA asthUla Adi zabdoM se vyakta kiyA jAtA hai to vahA~ 'para brahma' hai (arthAt usakA artha hai para brahma), kintu jahA~ aise vacana haiM, yathA--'vaha manomaya hai, prANarUpa hai, zarIrarUpa hai, prakAza rUpa hai, jisake vicAra satya haiM, jisakA svabhAva AkAza ke samAna (saba sthAnoM meM upasthita) hai, jo saba kucha kI sRSTi karatA hai... Adi,' vahA~ brahma kA ullekha upAsanA ke lie hai aura vaha apara brahma hai . 23. kiM punaH paraM brahma kimprmiti| ucyate / yatrAvidyAkRtanAmarUpAdivizeSapratiSedhAdasthUlAdizabdabrahmopadizyate tatparam / tadeva yatra nAmarUpAdivizeSeNa kenacidviziSTamupAsanAyopadizyate 'manomayaH prANazarIro bhArUpaH' (chA0 upa0 331412) ityAdizabdaistadaparam / bhASya (ve0 sU0 4 / 3 / 14) / evamekamapi brahmApekSitopAdhisambandhaM nirastopAdhisambandhaM copAsyatvena jJeyatvena ca vedAnteSUpadizyata iti / zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 111112) / yaha draSTavya hai ki yAjJavalkya ko brahma-sambandhI vyAkhyA meM 'neti neti' zabda cAra bAra Aye haiM (ba0 upa0 4 / 2 / 4, 4 / 4 / 22, 4 / 5 / 15, 3 / 6 / 26) / para brahma ko deza, kAla evaM kAraNa-niyama se atIta mAnA gayA hai|

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vizva-vidhA vizva kI saSTi evaM pralaya kA varNana tabhI sayuktika kahA jAyagA jaba vaha vyAvahArika kSetra para Adhata ho| advaita vedAnta meM sattA ke tIna prakAra haiM, yathA-pAramArthikI (sarvocca, parama, kevala vahI), vyAvahAriko (vyAvahArika jIvana vAlI) evaM prAtibhAsiko (avaastv)| inameM prathama (arthAt pAramArthi kI sattA) parA vidyA viSayaka hai jisase yaha prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai ki AtmA kA hI kevala astitva hai, vizva usI AtmA meM nivAsa karatA hai| aura isase Upara kisI anya vastu kI yathArthatA yA satyatA nahIM hai / isa ucca AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa se, vAstava meM na to koI sa STi hai aura na pralaya, jIvAtmA vAstava meM bandhana meM nahIM hai, ata: koI mukta nahIM hotA (mukta hone kI bAta hI nahIM utttii)| dUsare prakAra kI sattA (arthAt vyAvahArikI sattA) kevala vyAvahArika hai, prayoga-siddha hai; vizva kI sRSTi evaM pralaya ke tathA jIvAtmA evaM usake bandhana, AvAgamana evaM antima mukti ke siddhAnta kevala aparA vidyA ke lie yuktisaMgata (athavA sayuktika) haiN| adhikAMza dharma tIna prakAra kI sattAoM kI parikalpanA karate hai, yathA-Izvara, jIvAtmA evaM bAhya saMsAra / ye tInoM satya haiM kintu eka nizcita sImA taka hI (kevala tabhI taka, jaba taka vyakti ahaMkAravaza apanI sattA svIkAra karatA hai), kintu ye tInoM antima sattA ke dyotaka nahIM haiN| kintu isa nimna stara vAlI sattA meM bhI vaha vyakti jo gambhIra nidrA meM rahatA hai ( kucha dera ke lie) satya sattA meM lIna ho jAtA hai, jaisA chA0 upa0 (6 / 8 / 1, yatratat puruSaH svapiti nAma satA somya tadA sampanno bhavati) meM kahA gayA hai| tIsarI sattA (prAtibhAsikI sattA) svapna kI avasthA kI dyotaka hai| svapna meM sukha, duHkha evaM durdazA kI anumati hotI hai aura ina mAnasika sthitiyoM kA sambandha svapna meM dikhAI par3ane vAle dRzyoM se hotA hai, jo svapna ke calate samaya taka vAstavika lagate haiM, kintu jaba vyakti jaga jAtA hai to ye sabhI dRzya adRzya ho jAte haiM / vizva kI sRSTi ke varNanoM meM kevala yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai ki kAraNa evaM kArya meM koI bheda nahIM hai aura ve sabhI brahma ke viSaya meM saccA jJAna karAte haiM / zaMkarAcArya ne yahI tarka anya AtmAoM ke viSaya meM bhI diyA hai (ve0 sU0 2 / 3 / 30) jise hama Age ke adhyAya meM uddhata kreNge| upaniSadoM meM jo sRSTa athavA racita hai usake viSaya meM tathA sRSTa vastuo ke krama ke viSaya meM spaSTa virodha pAyA jAtA hai / 24 bR0 upa0 (5 / 51) meM AyA hai-'Arambha meM kevala jala the; jaloM ne satya kI racanA kI, jo brahma hai, brahma ne prajApati ko banAyA, jisane devoM kI sRSTi kii|' chA0 upa0 (6 / 2 / 3) meM prathama sRSTi (racanA) ke rUpa meM jo spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita hai, vaha hai teja aura AkAza kA to koI ullekha hI nahIM hai| kintu te0 24. yaha draSTavya hai ki upaniSadoM meM vizva-utpatti-sambandhI dhAraNA bahuta prAcIna hai, usake lie koI nizcita tithi nahIM dI jA sakatI, jaisA ki bAibila-sambandhI zAstrIya tithi-krama nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai (4004 I0 pU0) / dekhie prigila-paTisana kRta 'AiDiyA Ava gaoNDa' (1617 kA saMskaraNa, pR0 268) / eca0 DI0 eNthaoNnI kRta 'sAiMsa eNDa iTsa baikagrAuNDa (maikamilana, 1648, pR0 2) meM AyA hai ki ArmAgha ke pradhAna pAdarI jemsa uzzara ne 17vIM zatI meM 'eMglikana carca' meM I0 pU0 4004 nAmaka varSa nizcita kiyA, arthAt saSTi I0 pU0 4004 varSa pahale huii| madhyakAlIna IsAI siddhAnta yaha hai ki sRSTi kevala Izvara ke astitva meM eka ghaTanA mAtra hai aura mAnava Izvara kI pratimUrti ke anurUpa hI banA hai aura Izvara kI sA~sa se hI mAnava jIvita prANI banA (jenesisa 1127 evaM 27) / manuSya ke viSaya meM IsAI evaM vedAnta-siddhAntoM meM eka anya mahattvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki jahA~ IsAI siddhAnta ke anusAra manuSya kA garbhAdhAna evaM janma pApa kI dazA meM hotA hai, vahIM vedAnta ke anasAra mAnava AtmA divya hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa upa0 (211) meM AkAza ko prathama racita mAnA gayA hai aura usake uparAnta vAyu (AkAza se utpanna) evaM agni -(vAyu se utpanna) ko mAnA gayA hai / isI prakAra chA0 upa0 (4 / 2) meM, jahA~ teja, jala evaM anna (arthAt pRthivI) kI racanA kA spaSTa ullekha hai, vAyu (jo tai0 upa0 211 meM varNita hai) kI racanA ke viSaya meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA gayA hai| tattvoM kI sRSTi evaM unake krama ke viSaya meM ve0 sU0 (2 / 3 / 1-11) meM vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 2 / 3 / 6 para bhASya) kA uttara yaha hai ki chA0 upa0 meM pAye jAne vAle zrutivacana kA sambandha kevala teja aise tattvoM kI saSTi se hai, isakA koI anya uddezya nahIM hai / yaha aisA nahIM pradarzita karanA cAhatA ki te. upa0 meM AkAza kI sRSTi truTipUrNa hai aura isalie tyAjya hai| - sRSTi ke viSaya meM carcA karate hue eka prazna uTha khar3A hotA hai ki kyA jIvAtmA bhI pRthivI, vRkSoM evaM latA-gulmoM kI bhAMti eka sRSTi hai| upaniSadoM ne isa viSaya meM vistAra se kahA hai| yahA~ bhI hameM do prakAra ke vacanoM para dhyAna denA hogaa| prathama prakAra ke aise vacana haiM jo yaha kahate haiM ki vibhinna AtmA para-brahma se udbhUta hote haiN| kucha vacana pAda-TippaNI meM uddhRta kiye jA rahe haiN|25 bR0 upa0 meM AyA hai jisa prakAra agni se choTI-choTI cinagAriyAM chUTatI haiM usI prakAra isa AtmA se sabhI prANa, sabhI loka, sabhI deva evaM jIva udbhUta hote haiN|' muNDakopaniSad ne bhI yahI vicAra isa prakAra bar3hAkara kahA hai-'jisa prakAra bhalI bhA~ti jalAyI gayI agni se usake svabhAva vAle sahasroM sphuliMga (cinagAriyA~) phUTate haiM, usI prakAra isa akSara (anAzavAn) se vibhinna jIvita prANI nikalate haiM, aura vahIM lauTa Ate haiN|' yAjJavalkya-smRti meM bhI agni evaM sphuliMga vAlA udAharaNa ullikhita hai| kaThopaniSad meM eka apekSAkRta adhika ucita udAharaNa pAyA jAtA hai-'jisa prakAra eka zuddha jala dUsare zuddha jala meM DAle jAne para eka samAna ho jAtA (pRthak-pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sakatA) hai usI prakAra vijJa kA AtmA bhI (para brahma se aparicchedya yA alakSya) ho jAtA hai / dvitIya prakAra ke aise upaniSad-vacana haiM jo spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki jIvAtmA ajanmA hai, amaraNazIla hai, vaha koI sRSTi nahIM hai, para brahma jIvAtmA rUpa meM hI praveza karatA hai, para brahma evaM jIvAtmA meM koI bheda nahIM hai / inameM se kucha vacana dekhie nIce pAda-TippaNI meN| zaMkarAcArya (ve0 sU0 2 / 3 / 17) ne ina vacanoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai aura inake AdhAra para do prameya upasthita 25. yathAgneH kSudrA visphuliMgA vyuccarantyevamevAsmAdAtmanaH sarve prANAH sarve lokAH sarve devAH sarvANi bhUtAni myuccaranti / bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (2 / 1 / 20); yathA sudIptAtpAvakAdvisphuliMgAH sahasrazaH prabhavante sruupaaH| tathAkSarAdvividhAH somya bhAvAH prajAyante tatra caivApiyanti // muNDakopaniSad (2 / 131) / milAie kauSotakyupaniSad 'yathAgne+lataH sarvA dizo visphuliMgA vipratiSTheranevamevaMtasmAdAtmAnaH prANA yathA yatanaM viprtisstthnte| prAgebhyo devA devebhyo lokA:' (4 / 18) evaM maMtrI0 (6 / 26 evaM 31) jisameM aisA hI zloka AyA hai| yAjJa0 (3 / 67) meM aisA AyA hai-'niHsaranti yathA loha piNDAttaptatsphuliMgakAH / sakAzAdAtmanastadvadAtmAnaH prabhavanti hiH // ; yathovarka zuddha zuddhamAsiktaM tAdRgeva bhavati / evaM muvijAnata AtmA bhavati gautama // kaThopaniSad (4 / 15) / 26. jIvApetaM vAva kiledaM miyate na jIvo miyata iti / chA0 upa0 (6 // 11 // 3); sa vA eSa mahAnaja AtmA'jaro'maro'mRto'bhayo brhm| bR0 upa (4 / 4 / 25); na jAyate miyate vA vipazcit... 'ajo nityaH zAzvato'yaM purANo na hanyate hanyamAne shriire| kaThopaniSad (2018); tatsRSTvA tadevAnuprAvizat / ta0 upa0 (216); anena jIvenAtmanAnupravizya nAmarUpe vyAkaravANi / chA0 upa0 (6 // 3 // 2); sa eSa iha praviSTa A nakhAgnebhyaH / bRha0 (1 / 4 / 7); tattvamasi (chA0 upa0 687); ahaM brahmAsmi (bR0 upa0 1 / 4 / 10); ayamAtmA brahma srvaanubhuuH| bR0 upa0 (215-16) /

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vizva-vidhA kiye haiM, yathA (1) jIvAtmA ajanmA hai tathA (2) yaha zrutivacanoM ke AdhAra para nitya hai (nAtmAzrutenityatvAcca tAbhyaH) / yaha para brahma kisa prakAra bahusaMkhyaka vizva meM phailatA hai aura vibhu rUpa meM samAhita rahatA hai, yaha eka bar3A rahasya hai, jise hama udAharaNoM se samajhA sakate haiN| kucha aise vacanoM ko, jinameM jIvAtmAoM kI sRSTi evaM pralaya kA ullekha-sA pratIta hotA hai, hama una upAdhiyoM kI ora iMgita karate hue samajha sakate haiM jinase AtmA prabhAvita ho jAtA hai| maitreyI ko samajhAte hue yAjJavalkya ne antima niSkarSa nikAlA hai aura isa prakAra kA uttara diyA hai-'yaha AtmA avinAzI evaM akSaya hai, kintu (jaba koI mRtyu kI bAta karatA hai to usakA tAtparya yaha hai ki) AtmA kA bhautika padArthoM se'koI sambandha nahIM hotaa|'27 yahI bAta zAntiparva (180 / 26-28 = 187 / 27-26, citrazAlA saMskaraNa) evaM gItA (2 / 20, 21, 24, 25) meM bhI kahI gayI hai / 28 / kevala thor3e hI loga sarvocca AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa ko samajha sakate haiN| koTi-koTi logoM ke lie prayogasiddha dRSTikoNa hI baca rahatA hai, aura unhIM ke lie upaniSad-vacana daihika-Izvara, kriyA-saMskAra evaM yajJoM kI vyavasthA dete haiN| aise loga prakAza kI sIr3hI ke prathama caraNa para hI avasthita haiM aura Izvara ke viSaya meM alpAMza hii| jAnate haiM ; upari-varNita logoM kI apekSA thor3e se anya loga haiM, jo Izvara kI pUjA karate hai, use khojate haiM aura anta meM isakI anubhUti karate haiM ki Izvara antaHstha evaM sarvottama hai; bahuta thor3e logoM kI eka tIsarI koTi bhI hai, jisameM bar3e-bar3e RSi-muni, AdhyAtmika viziSTa loga haiM, yathA zaMkarAcArya jaise viziSTa loga, jo zuddha advaitavAda ke zikhara para pahu~ca pAte haiM, jo ahaMkAra kA tyAga kara dete haiM, jo para brahma se saMyukta ho jAne kI pUrNa avasthA meM haiM aura ve aisA nahIM kaha sakate aura na unheM aisA kahanA hI cAhie ki jIvAtmA evaM bhautika saMsAra avAstavika (mAyA) haiN| bAdarAyaNa (ve0 sU0 2 / 2 / 26, 'vaidhAcca na svapnAdivat') evaM zaMkarAcArya donoM isa bAta meM ekamata haiM ki sAmAnya bhautika saMsAra svapnoM se pUrNatayA bhinna hai aura jAgrat avasthA ke prabhAva meM sthita padArthoM se pRthak nahIM hai| isa prazna ke rahate hue bhI ki kyA mAyA zabda (ve0 sU0 3 / 2 / 3 meM prayukta-'mAyAmAtra tu. .. ) bAdarAyaNa dvArA usI artha meM prayukta hai jise zaMkarAcArya ne samajhA hai, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki kaThopaniSad (2 / 4 / 2), praznopaniSad (1 / 16), chAndogyopaniSad (8 / 3 / 1-2) ke vacana tathA bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (1 / 3 / 28) kI prArthanA ('asato mA sad gamaya. . . ') se bar3I saralatApUrvaka mAyA ke siddhAnta kA nirdeza mila jAtA hai aura vaha eka buddhiyukta vikAsa kA dyotaka hai / ata: adhikAMza meM sabhI manuSyoM ke lie hI ucita hai ki ve vizva ko mAyA na kheN| yadi jIvAtmA evaM saMsAra avAstavika haiM taba to usa vyakti dvArA jo mAyAvAda ko svIkAra nahIM karatA, aisA tarka kiyA jA sakatA hai ki mAyAvAdI aisI zikSA de rahA hai ki avAstavika AtmA ko avAstavika saMsAra se chuTakArA prApta karanA hai aura prApta karanA 27. avinAzI vA are AtmAnucchittidharmA mAtrAsaMsargastvasya bhavati / bRha0 upa0 (4 / 5 / 14) / yaha zaMkarAcArya dvArA (ve0 sU0 2 / 3 / 17) uddhRta hai| 28. na jIvanAzo'sti hi dehabhedai mithyaitadAhumata itybuddhaaH| jIvastu dehAntaritaH prayAti 'dazArdhavAsya zarIrabhedaH // evaM sarveSa bhateSa gaDhazcarati saMvRtaH / dRzyate tvagrayayA buddhyA sUkSmayA tattvadarzibhiH / / taM pUrvApararASa taM bdhH| ladhvAhA~ro vizuddhAtmA pazyatyAtmAnamAtmani // zAnti0 (180 / 26-2.8 187 / 27-26. citrshaalaa)| 'vazAdha' kA artha hai pAMca evaM dazArdhatA kA abhiprAya hai 'paJcatva' / 'na jIvanAzosti' ko milAie chAra upa0 (6|11|3)-jiivaapetN .... iti (dekhie Upara pAda-TippaNI.26) tathA kaThopaniSad (3312) /

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dharmazAstrakA itihAsa hai use jise vaha mokSa kahatA hai aura vaha bhI aise sAdhanoM dvArA jo svayaM avAstavika haiM (yathA upaniSad kA adhyayana), ata: mokSa svayaM avAstavika hai| kisa prakAra eka hI sattA bahuta ho jAtI hai aura apane ko satata parivartanazIla bhautika loka ke rUpa meM abhivyakta karatI hai, vAstava meM yaha eka avyAkhyeya evaM durbodha rahasya hai| kintu isase hama loga yaha kahane kA adhikAra nahIM pA jAte ki yaha jagat avAstavika yA svapna hai| bahuta thor3e se atyanta ucca dArzanika loga hI aisA kaha sakate haiM ki jo vAstavika hai vaha hai eka, parama, kevala eka, anya saba kucha usa kevala kA AbhAsa yA chAyA mAtra hai| sAmAnya loga aisA kaha sakate haiM ki ina dArzanikoM ne jo vyAkhyAe~ upasthita kI haiM ve unheM santoSa nahIM de pAtIM aura unakI samajha ke bAhara kI haiN| jaba isa para bala denA hotA hai ki saMsAra ke pIche kyA sattA hai, to usa para brahma kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu jaba usa eka sattA kA anya AtmAoM evaM bhautika saMsAra ke sambandha meM ullekha kiyA jAtA hai to daihika Izvara kI carcA ho uThatI hai / jaba vedAntasUtra (2 / 1 / 14) yaha kahatA hai ki yaha loka brahma se anvita (pRthak nahIM) hai, to isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki donoM abhinna haiN| pratyuta usakA artha yaha hai ki AtmAoM evaM loka brahma se pUrNatayA bhinna nahIM haiN| jaba aisA kahA jAtA hai ki brahma kI nabhati se mokSa kI prApti hotI hai to loka ke nAza kA prazna nahIM uThatA, pratyuta bAta yaha hai ki usa viSaya meM jo mithyA bhAvanA yA jhukAva hai, vaha dUra ho gayA hai yA kisI satya bhAvanA dvArA haTA diyA gayA ramita (sImita yA niyata) saMsAra kisa prakAra aparimita yA asIma se utpanna hotA hai, yaha eka rahasya hai, jisake lie zaMkarAcArya 'mAyA' zabda kA prayoga karate haiN| kintu ve isa viSaya meM asaMdigdha haiM ki jaba taka vyakti eka AtmA kI anubhUti karatA hai, sabhI dhArmika evaM sAMsArika jIvana-gatiyA~ (vAstavika yA avAstavika) binA kisI bAdhA ke calatI rahatI haiM / zaMkarAcArya dvArA pratipAdita mAyA kA siddhAnta vedAnta na tattvoM meM eka hai jinheM logoM ne atyanta mithyApUrNa DhaMga se samajhA hai / yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki bahuta se dArzanika ruci vAle hindU isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana nahIM karate ki yaha jagat mithyA hai; advaitavAdI loga jo kucha kahate haiM vaha yahI hai ki saMsAra vaisA vAstavika nahIM hai jaisA brahma hai / zaMkarAcArya ne apanI sthiti vyakta kI hai (ve0 sU0 2 / 1 / 14) / unakA kahanA hai ki apane vibhinna antarbhedoM ke sAtha yaha saMsAra dIkhatA hai, kintu isakA koI anya AdhAra honA cAhie, jahA~ yaha avasthita ho sake; vahI koI anya AdhAra para brahma hai / donoM kA sambandha avyAkhyeya (jisakI vyAkhyA na kI jA sake) hai, isIse ise mAyA kahate haiN| isa rIti se zaMkarAcArya nirIzvaravAdI bhI kahe jAte haiM , jaba ki anya dhArmika dArzanika vizva evaM paramAtmA ke sambandha meM sAmAnya rUpa se mAnya evaM tAkika siddhAnta ko rakhane meM siddhAntoM kI ayathArthatA yA apanI asahAyatA ko svIkAra karane ko sannaddha nahIM hote| vismRta karanA cAhie ki hamAre zAstroM ke anusAra mAnava-jIvana ke cAra dhyeya (puruSArtha ) haiM-dharma (jo ucita yA ThIka ho usI ko karane kA naitika jIvana), artha (sampatti ekatra karane kA jIvana yA nyAya para AdhRta Arthika jIvana), kAma (nirdoSa AnandoM evaM ucita kAmanAoM ke upabhoga kA jIvana) evaM mokSa (mukti) / yaha antima dhyeya (lakSya) sarvottama hai aura yaha bahuta hI thor3e logoM dvArA prApta kiyA jAtA hai| ise parama puruSArtha kahA jAtA hai / Rgveda (11868) meM bhI RSi ne zArIrika svAsthya, sukha evaM zata varSoM ke jIvana ke lie prArthanA kI hai--'he devagaNa, hama loga kalyANa (bhadra) ke zabdoM ko sanane ke yogya hoM (arthAt hama loga mRtyu taka baharepana se grasita na hoM), apanI A~khoM se sundara dRzyoM ko dekhate raheM,

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vizva-vidyA tumhArI stuti karane meM saMlagna evaM zaktizAlI aMgoM evaM zarIroM ko dhAraNa karate hue hama Izvara dvArA sthira kiye hue (lambe) jIvana ko bhogeM (100, 116 yA 120 varSa) / 29 aura bhI dekhie R0 (7 / 66 / 16) / manusmati ne mAnava-jIvana ke kaI dhyeyoM kI ora iMgita karane ke uparAnta anta meM apanA niSkarSa upasthita kiyA hai (2 / 224); usake anusAra sabhI manuSyoM ke lie tIna lakSya (puruSArtha) haiM-dharma, artha evaM kAma; usane nimnalikhita zabdoM meM samaya se pahale hI saMnyAsa lene kI vRtti kI bhartsanA kI hai| (6|36-37)'shaastroN meM vyavasthita vedoM ke adhyayana ke uparAnta, putroM kI utpatti evaM apanI yogyatA ke anusAra yajJoM ke sampAdana ke uparAnta vyakti ko mokSa meM mana lagAnA cAhie; yadi vyakti binA ina kartavyoM ko kiye hI mokSa kI kAmanA karatA hai to vaha naraka meM giratA hai|' manu ne isa bAta para bala diyA hai ki vyakti ko saMsAra tyAgane arthAt saMnyAsa lene ke pUrva apane kartavyoM (tInoM RNoM ko cukAnA) kA pAlana avazya karanA cAhie (jaisA ki tai0 saM0 (6 / 3 / 10 / 5) meM ullikhita hai) / strI-puruSa-sambandhI jIvana tathA anya Ananda jo sadAcAra ke virodha meM nahIM par3ate, manu evaM anya zAstroM dvArA garhita nahIM ThaharAye gaye haiM aura bhagavadgItA (7 / 11) meM svayaM bhagavAn kRSNa ne apane ko kAma ke samAna mAnA hai, jo sAdhuvRtta athavA sadAcAra ke virodha meM nahIM ho / sAmAnya mAnava-jIvana ke tIna lakSyoM meM koI bhI aisI bAta nahIM hai jo Azcarya kI utpatti kare / gItA ne sakriya jIvana kA guNagAna kiyA hai, aura svakartavyapAlana ko pUjA ThaharAyA hai (3 / 8, 16, 20, 25; 4 / 18, 18165-66) / cauthA lakSya (puruSArtha) arthAt mokSa prathama tInoM ke virodha meM par3atA hai / jaba vyakti apane kartavyoM kA pAlana kara letA hai to prathama dhyeya use mokSa prApta karane ke yogya banAte haiN| cauthA puruSArtha (dhyeya) arthAt mokSa kevala thor3e hI vyaktiyoM dvArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| upaniSadoM meM jo siddhAnta pratipAdita hai vaha yaha hai ki AtmA (jo pratyeka vastu meM sattA rUpa meM virAjamAna hai) ke viSaya meM satya jJAna kI taiyArI ke rUpa meM vedAdhyayana, yajJa, dAna, tapa evaM upavAsa Avazyaka haiM (bR0 upa0 4 / 4 / 22) / upaniSadoM meM bahudhA ye zabda "brahma veda brahmava bhavati" (yathA muNDakopaniSad 3 / 26) Aye haiM, jinase yaha bhrAnti nahIM honI cAhie ki kevala brahma kA jJAna (granthoM yA guru se prApta) hI paryApta hai / 'vid' (jAnanA) zabda kA prayoga huA hai, kintu upaniSadoM ne yaha dRDhatApUrvaka pratipAdita kiyA hai ki anubhUti hone ke pUrva aliptatA kA jIvana, zAnti, Atma-nigraha Adi kA honA Avazyaka hai| uda ba0 upa0 (4 / 4 / 23) meM yAjJavalkya ne janaka se kahA hai-"ataH jo ise jAnatA hai, duSkarma (pApa) usa para vijaya nahIM pAtA, vaha sabhI pApoM ko jIta letA hai aura isa prakAra pAparahita ho jAtA hai, raja (kAmanAoM) se dUra ho jAtA hai , saMdeharahita ho jAtA hai, vaha sacce artha meM (satya) brAhmaNa ho jAtA hai| yahI brahma-loka hai / he rAjA, tuma usa loka meM pahu~cane yogya banA diye gaye ho| aisA yAjJavalkya ne khaa|" isa ukti meM tIna avasthAoM para bala diyA gayA hai, yathA--(1) brahma ke viSaya meM (evaM vid) zAbdika yA maukhika jJAna, (2) vyakti zAnta evaM dAnta Adi ho jAtA hai, evaM (3) vaha parama brahma se apanI evaM saMsAra kI abhinnatA kI anubhUti kara letA hai / 26. bhadraM karNebhiH zaNuyAma devA bhadraM pazyemAkSabhiryajatrAH / sthiraraDagastuSTuvAMsastanUbhivyazema devahitaM ydaayuH|| vAja0 saM0 (25 / 21) / 10

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa isI prakAra muNDakopaniSad (1 / 2 / 12-13)30 meM bhI vyavasthA hai-'karmoM dvArA saMgRhIta (upalabdha yA prApta kiye hue) lokoM kI parIkSA karake brAhmaNa ko isa prakAra ke nirveda meM AnA cAhie ki kriyAoM (jo asthira haiM) dvArA avinAzI nahIM prApta ho sakatA; viziSTa rUpa se usako samajhane ke lie use samidhA lekara usa guru ke pAsa pahu~canA cAhie jo vidvAn ho aura pUrNatayA brahma meM nivAsa karatA ho; vijJa (guru) usI ke samakSa brahmavidyA kA udghoSa karatA hai jo isa prakAra ucita DhaMga se (guru ke pAsa) AtA hai, aura jisakA mana zAnta hai (arthAt ahaMkAra Adi se vicalita nahIM hotaa)| jisakA mana aba indriya-viSayoM ke pIche nahIM bhAgatA, usake dvArA ziSya usa akSara puruSa ko jaanegaa|' yahA~ para 'parIkSya' zabda yaha pradarzita karatA hai ki brahmavidyA kI upalabdhi kevala usI ko ho sakatI hai jo indriya-sukhoM se thaka cukA ho, arthAt jisameM aba saMsAra se virAga utpanna ho gayA ho| aisA Age kahA gayA hai (kaThopaniSad 6 / 14 evaM bRha0 upa0 4 / 417) ki jaba vyakti una sabhI vAsanAoM se mukta ho jAtA hai jo manuSya ke hRdaya meM cipakI rahatI haiM, to vaha amara ho jAtA hai aura isI jIvana meM brahma kI upalabdhi kara letA hai / 3 / aura dekhie bRha0 upa0 (4 / 4 / 6) jahA~ usake bAre meM AyA hai jo kAmanA nahIM karatA, jo kAmanA na karate hue sabhI kAmanAoM se mukta hai, jo isakI anubhUti karatA hai ki use kevala AtmA kI kAmanA hai aura isa prakAra (isa kAmanA se) sArI kAmanAoM kI upalabdhi kara letA hai , jIvanocchvAsa anya ucca lokoM (svarga Adi) kI ora nahIM jAtA, kyoMki vaha (vAstava meM) brahma ho jAne ke kAraNa brahma meM hI lIna ho jAtA hai kaThopaniSad (2 / 24) meM AyA hai-'jisane kadAcaraNa nahIM chor3A hai, jisakA mana zAnta nahIM hai, jo dhyAna nahIM lagAtA, vaha kevala jJAna kI sahAyatA se AtmA kI anubhUti nahIM kara sktaa|' upaniSadoM ke siddhAnta ke anusAra aisA pratIta hotA hai, vyakti jaba satkarma karatA hai to usase jo acche phala haiM unheM bhogane ke lie vaha naye janma prApta karatA jAtA hai aura isa prakAra mokSa vilambita ho jAtA hai / ata: saMnyAsiyoM kA karmoM evaM phaloM se pUrNa virAga le lenA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jaba taka deha jIvita hai taba taka use sampatti, santati evaM uccatara lokoM kI kAmanAe~ chor3anI par3atI haiM aura bhikSA para hI nirbhara rahanA par3atA hai / saMnyAsiyoM ke lie koI anya AcAra-saMhitA yahA~ vyavasthita nahIM hai, ataH yaha mAnanA par3egA ki upaniSadoM ne kevala yahI zikSA saMnyAsiyoM ke lie upayukta ThaharAyI hai| anya vacanoM se bhI yahI dRSTikoNa jhalakatA hai| aisA AyA hai ki mukta loga sukRta (satkarma evaM unake phala) evaM duSkRta (asatkarma evaM unake phala) ke Upara hote haiN| chAndogyopaniSad (8 / 4 / 1) 32 meM AyA hai--'yaha AtmA setu hai jisase ye loka 30. parIkSya lokAnkarmacitAn brAhmaNo nirvedamAyAnAstyakRtaH kRtena / tadvijJAnAthaM sa gurumevAbhigacchet samitpANiH zrotriyaM brahmaniSTham / tasmai sa vidvAnu pasannAya samyak prazAntacittAya zamAnvitAya / yenAkSaraM puruSaM veva satyaM provAca tAM tattvato brahma vidyAm // muNDakopa0 (112 / 12-13); nAvirato duciratAnAzAnto naasmaahitH| nAzAntamA naso vApi prajJAnenanamApnuyAt // kaThopa0 (2024) / 31. yadA sarve pramucyante kAmA ye'sya hRdi shritaaH| atha mo'mato bhavatyatra brahma samaznute // kaThopa0 (4 / 14) evaM bRha0 upa0 (4417) / 32. atha ya AtmA sa setuvidhRtireSAM lokAnAmasambhedAya / nainaM setumahorAtre tarato na jarA na mRtyunaM zoko na sukRtaM na duSkRtam / sarve pApmAno 'to nivartante / apahatapApmA hyeSa brhmlokH| chA0 upa0 (8 / 4 / 1); sa eSa visukRto viduSkRto brahma vidvAnbrahmavAbhipreti / kauSI0 upa0 (14) /

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vizva-vidyA 337 dUra-dUra par3a jAte haiM, aura eka-dUsare se vyAmohita nahIM ho pAte, dina evaM rAtri isake Upara nahIM ho pAte (nahIM taira pAte), aura na jarA na mRtyu, na zoka aura na sukRta evaM duSkRta hI (isake Upara ho pAte); sabhI duSkRta athavA pApamaya karma isase dUra bhAga jAte haiM, kyoMki brahmaloka sabhI pApamaya kRtyoM se mukta hai|' isI prakAra kauSItaki upa0 (1 / 4) meM bhI AyA hai-'acche karmoM evaM bure karmoM se yukta hone para yaha brahmajJAnI brahma kI ora bar3hatA hai' (brahma se eka ho jAtA hai yA brahma meM samAhita ho jAtA hai athavA brahmalIna ho jAtA hai)| uparyukta vacanoM se prakaTa hai ki upaniSadoM ke anusAra saMnyAsI ko kevala jIne ke lie, jaba taka zarIra calatA rahatA hai, chor3akara sabhI prakAra ke karmoM kA pUrNatayA tyAga karanA hotA hai| jAbAlopaniSad (4 : 'yadahareva virajettadahareva pravajet') meM AyA hai-'jisa dina virAga ho jAya usI dina saMnyAsI (parivrAjaka, ghUmane vAlA saMnyAsI) ho jAnA caahie| isase prakaTa hai ki kevala jJAna hI nahIM, pratyuta sAMsArika jIvana se virAga ho jAnA bhI saMnyAsa grahaNa ke lie Avazyaka hai / aura dekhie kaThopaniSad (2 / 24) / praznopaniSad (1 / 16) meM dRDhatApUrvaka kahA gayA hai ki 'kevala unhIM ke pAsa brahma kA pavitra loka AtA hai, jinameM vakratA nahIM hotI, jhUTha nahIM hotI aura mAyA yA dvaidhIbhAva nahIM hotaa|'33 upaniSadeM kabhI-kabhI kahatI haiM ki 'jo brahma ko jAnatA hai vaha svayaM brahma ho jAtA hai' (muNDakopa0 2 / 3 / 6), kintu ve hI punaH kahatI haiM (maNDakopa0 1 / 2 / 12-13) ki brahmajJAna ke atirikta mahAna naitika evaM Atmika upalabdhiyA~ Avazyaka haiN| ___ saMskRta-sAhitya meM mokSa ke lie katipaya zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai / amarakoza ne mukti, kavalya, nirvANa, bhayas, niHzreyas, amRta, mokSa evaM bhapavarga ko eka dUsare kA paryAya mAnA hai| upaniSad evaM gItA ne bahudhA mukti, mokSa evaM amRta (yA amRtatva) kA prayoga kiyA hai / kaI dRSTikoNoM se unhoMne mokSa kI avasthA kA ullekha kiyA hai / mAnava meM vAsanAoM ke prati gambhIra pipAsA evaM tRSNA hotI hai aura vaha janmoM evaM maraNoM ke cakra meM pisatA rahatA hai, ataH jaba AtmA ina sabase chuTakArA pA letA hai aura brahma kI anubhUti kara letA hai to aisA kahA jAtA hai ki yaha amara ho gayA hai yA isane amaratA prApta kara lI hai| dekhie bR0 upa0 (6 / 417 evaM 14, 5 / 15-17, 'vidyayAmRtamaznute') chA0 upa0 (2 / 23 / 2, jo brahmajJAna ko bhalI bhAMti jAnatA hai vaha amaratA prApta karatA hai), kaThopa0 (6 / 2 evaM 6), zve0 upa0 (4 / 17 evaM 20, 31, 10,13), gItA (12 / 13, 14 / 20) / 'mukti' evaM 'mokSa' donoM 'muc' (svatantra ho jAnA) dhAtu se nikale haiM aura muc ke kriyArUpa bahudhA 'amaratA' ke sAtha prayukta hote haiM, yathA-kaThopa0 (6 / 8, yaM jJAtvA mucyate janturamRtatvaM ca gacchati evaM 14), bR0 upa0 (4 / 47), zve0 upa0 (138 evaM 4 / 16, jJAtvA devaM mucyate srvpaashaiH)| 'mokSa' zabda kA prayoga zve0 upa0 (4 / 16) evaM gItA (5 / 28, 726, 1830) hai / niHzreyasa (mokSa, isase bar3hakara anya kucha nahIM) kA prayoga kauSItaki upa0 (32). gItA (12) meM huA hai / zreyas zabda kA artha hai 'usase apekSAkRta acchA' aura isakA prayoga upaniSa upa0 1111 evaM chA0 upa0 4 / 6 / 5) evaM gItA (27,31, 3 / 35, 18 / 47 Adi) meM huA hai, kintu kaThopaniSada (21 evaM 2 'zreyas' jisakA pratiloma hai 'preyas' arthAt Ananda) meM isakA artha hai 'niHzreyasa (mukti) / 33. nAvirato khuzcaritAnnAzAnto naasmaahitH| nAzAntamAnaso vApi prajJAnenanamApnuyAt // kaThopa0 (2124); teSAmasau virajo brahmaloko na yeSa jihmamannataM na mAyA ceti / praznopa0 (1116) /

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338 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pANini ( 5 / 4 / 77, ne 'niHzreyasa' zabda ko una pacIsa zabdoM meM ginA hai jo aniyamita kahe jAte haiM aura mahAbhASya ne isakI vyAkhyA kI hai 'nizcitaM zreyaH' | kaivalya zabda kA prayoga upaniSadoM meM nahIM huA hai, kintu 'kevala:' ( arthAt guNoM se rahita, zuddha cetanA ke rUpa meM pRthak ) kA prayoga zve0 upa0 (4 / 18 evaM 6 |11 -- sAkSI cetA kevalo nirguNazca ) meM huA hai / nirmANa zabda gItA ( 6 15, vaha yogI, jisane mana para adhikAra kara liyA hai, aura sadA yogAbhyAsa karatA rahatA hai, mujhameM avasthita zAnti pAtA hai, vahI sarvocca nirvANa hai) meM AyA hai; gItA (2 / 72 evaM 5 / 24-25) meM 'brahmanirvANam' AyA hai jisakA artha hai 'brahma meM paramasukha '' apavarga kA prayoga kevala maMtrI upa0 (6 / 30 ) meM huA hai aura nyAyadarzana ke prathama sUtra dvArA yaha lakSya ke rUpa meM nirdhArita hai / yaha draSTavya hai ki vizvavidyA, upaniSadoM meM yA pazcAtkAlIna granthoM meM, bhUkendrIya siddhAnta para AdhRta hai aura isakA adhikAMza meM sambandha hai -- -- sAmAnya rUpa meM (binA kisI vistRta ullekha ke ) pRthivI, tattvoM, sUrya, candra, grahoM evaM nakSatroM se / manusmRti meM sRSTi sambandhI kaI siddhAnta haiM / 1 / 5-16 meM prathama siddhAnta pAyA jAtA hai- yaha vizva andhakAra ke rUpa meM avasthita thA, ajJAta thA, aura thA spaSTa saMketoM se rahita, tarkahIna, na jAnane yogya, mAno gambhIra nidrA meM nimagna ho / isake uparAnta deva svayambhU durnivAra zaktiyoM ke sAtha andhakAra ko haTAte hue tathA mahAn tattvoM ke sAtha ina sabhI ko spaSTa karate hue prakaTa hue; ve apanI icchA se hI camaka uThe; unhoMne vibhinna prakAra kI vastuoM ko apane zarIra se utpanna karane kI icchA se tathA socane ( sRSTi karane kI bhAvanA karane) ke uparAnta sarvaprathama jala kI utpatti kI aura usameM apanA bIja lagAyA / vaha bIja sone kA eka aNDA (hiraNyagarbha ) bana gayA, jo dIpti meM sUrya ke samAna thA, aura usa aNDe meM ve brahmA ke rUpa meM utpanna hue, jo sampUrNa saMsAra ke pUrvaja rUpa meM the / ve nArAyaNa kahe jAte haiM / 34 kyoMki jala ( bahuvacana meM prayukta ) jo nArA ( nara kI santAneM ) kahe jAte haiM, unake nivAsa kA prathama sthala bane / usa prathama kAraNa se, jo abhI vyakta nahIM thA, jo na to sat kahA jA sakatA aura na asat, eka puruSa utpanna huA, jise loga brahmA kahate haiM / usa aNDe meM vaha devI zakti eka varSa taka nivAsa karatI rahI; unhoMne usa viSaya meM socane-vicArane ke uparAnta usa aNDe ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara diyA; ina donoM meM se unhoMne svarga evaM pRthivI kA nirmANa kiyA, ina donoM ke bIca meM antarikSa, ATha dizAe~ evaM jaloM kA nivAsa ( arthAt samudra ) banAyA / unhoMne apane meM se mana ko nikAlA ( banAyA ) jo na to sat hai aura na asat mana se ahaMkAra ( Atma- cetanA) evaM 34. Apo nArA iti proktA Apo vai narasUnavaH / tA yadasyAyanaM pUrvaM tena nArAyaNaH smRtaH // manu ( 1110 ), zAntiparva ( 342 40 citrazAlA saMskaraNa) meM isakI prathama ardhAlI hai aura dUsarI ardhAlI yoM hai- 'ayanaM tatpUrvamato nArAyaNo hyayam / ' viSNu pu0 (1, 4 / 5-6 ), brahmANDa pu0 ( 11515 - 6 ), kUrma pu0 ( 1 / 6 / 4 - 5 ) ; imaM codAharantyatra zlokaM nArAyaNaM prati / Apo mArA. sUnavaH / ayanaM tasya tAH pUrva.. smRtaH // yaha spaSTa hai ki donoM purAnoM ne kisI eka grantha se udhAra liyA hai, jo sambhavataH manusmRti hI hai| mArkaNDeya pu0 (44/4-5 ) meM viSNu pu0 ke hI zloka haiM, yathA-imaM codA0 evaM Apo... sUnavaH / tAsu zete sa yasmAcca tena nArAyaNaH smRtaH // barAha pu0 (2 / 25-26) meM viSNu pu0 (1 / 4 / 5 - 6 ) ke samAna hI pAyA jAtA hai| brahma pu0 ( 1138-36) meM AyA hai : 'Apo nArA... sUnavaH / ayanaM tasya tA... smRtaH //

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vizvavidyA 336 'mahat-AtmAn', sabhI utpanna vastue~ tIna guNoM ke sammilana se banIM, pA~ca jJAnendriyAM banIM jo indriya-viSayoM kA pratyakSIkaraNa karatI haiM / unhoMne 6 (ahaMkAra evaM pA~ca tanmAtrAoM) ke sUkSma bhAgoM ko milAkara aura apane aMzoM ke sammizraNa se sabhI jIvoM ko banAyA, pA~ca tattva sabhI jIvoM ke DhA~ce ke nirmAtA meM praveza kara gaye / isa siddhAnta meM R0 (10 / 126 ke vizeSata: 1-3 mantra), zata0 prA0 (11 / 1 / 6 / 1) evaM chAndogyopa0 (3 / 16 / 1-2, hiraNyagarbha ke viSaya vAlI) evaM sAMkhya siddhAnta kI (tattva evaM guNa, yadyapi mahata, evaM paMca tattvoM ke krama meM samAnatA nahIM hai) bAtoM kA samAveza hai| manusmRti ke 121 meM hiraNyagarbha ne saSTi ke Arambha meM veda ke zabdoM dvArA samI racita jIvoM ko nAma diye tathA unakI viziSTa kriyAe~ evaM avasthAe~ (paristhitiyA~) nirdhArita kii| isa viSaya meM manusmRti ne eka zruti vacana kA anusaraNa kiyA hai, yathA R06|62|1, jise zaMkarAcArya ne (ve0 sU0 1 / 3 / 28) uddhRta kiyA hai| sRSTi-sambandhI dUsarA siddhAnta manusmRti (1 / 32-41) meM yoM AyA hai brahmA ne apane zarIra ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA, eka ardhAMza puruSa ke rUpa meM aura dUsarA nArI ke rUpa meN| nArI ke rUpa se unhoMne virATa kI sRSTi kI, jisane tapa kiyA aura eka puruSa utpanna kiyA jo svayaM manu (jisane manusmRti kA udghoSa kiyA hai) thaa| manu ne sRSTi kI kAmanA se jIvoM kI sRSTi kI, sarvaprathama unhoMne, dasa RSiyoM ko prajApatiyoM ke rUpa meM banAyA jinhoMne sAta RSiyoM, devoM, devoM kI koTiyoM, mahAn RSiyoM, yakSoM, rAkSasoM, gandharvo, apsarAoM, so, pakSiyoM, pitaroM kI zreNiyoM (vargoM), bijalI, meghoM, bar3e-choTe nakSatroM, bandaroM, machaliyoM, hariNoM, gAyoM, manudhyoM, siMhoM, kIToM, makSikAoM, acala padArthoM Adi kI racanA kii| yaha varNana R0 ke puruSasUkta (R0 1060) se, vizeSata: 5 evaM 8-10 RcAoM se prabhAvita hai| sRSTi-sambandhI tIsarA siddhAnta manusmRti (1174-78) meM saMkSipta rUpa se AyA hai / nidrA se jAgane para brahmA ne apane mana ko raphA (arthAt niyukta kiyA), jisane brahmA se prerita hokara AkAza banAyA, jisakA vilakSaNa guNa hai svr| usa AkAza ne apane ko parimArjita karake vAyu kI racanA kI jisakA guNa hai sparza / vAyu me dedIpyamAna (bhAsvat) prakAza kA udaya huA, jisase jala kI utpatti huii| jala se pRthivI kI utpatti huI jisanA viziSTa guNa hai gandha / yaha siddhAnta sAMkhya siddhAnta kA parimArjana hai, jisake anusAra (sAMkhyakArikA 25) pAMca tattva ahaMkAra se udbhUta hote haiN| yahAM brahmA (jinakA sAMkhya siddhAnta meM koI sthAna nahIM hai) ko baiThA diyA gayA hai| eka hI viSaya para manusmRti ne kaI virodhI mata pratipAdita kiye haiN| udAharaNArdha milAie mAMsa-prayoga para manu (5 / 27-46) evaM mana, (548-56); mana (3 / 13) evaM manu (3 / 14-16) jahA~ brAhmaNa dvArA zUdra nArI se vivAha kI bAta kI ora iMgita hai, manu ( 656-62 ) evaM manu ( 6 / 64-68 ) jahA~ para niyoga-prathA kI carcA hai| mahAbhArata meM (vizeSataH zAntiparva meM) sRSTi-sambandhI bAtoM kA bahudhA ullekha huA hai| yahAM para sabhI bAteM nahIM dI jA sktiiN| kucha kA ullekha ho rahA hai / zAntiparva (175 / 11-21 = 182 / 11-21, citrazAlA saMskaraNa) meM AyA hai ki avyakta se sabhI jIvoM kA janma huaa| unhoMne sarvaprathama 'mahAn' (jise AkAza bhI kahA jAtA hai) kI racanA kI, AkAza se jala utpanna huA, jala se agni evaM vAyu kI utpatti huI, ina donoM ke mizraNa se, pRthivI bnii| taba svayambhU ne eka kamala banAyA, jisase brahmA udita hue, jinheM ahaMkAra kahA jAtA hai aura unhoMne sampUrNa vizva ko rcaa| adhyAya 176 (citrazAlA kA 183) meM AyA hai ki brahmA ne sarvaprathama jala banAyA, jala se vAyu uThI, jala evaM vAyu ke mizraNa se agni kI utpatti huI aura agni, vAyu evaM AkAza ke sammilana se pRthivI bnii| adhyAya 177 (184, citrazAlA saMskaraNa) meM vyAkhyA hai ki mahAbhUta (mahAn tattva)

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340 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pAMca haiM, yathA-vAyu, AkAza, agni, jala evaM pRthivI; inhIM se sabhI jIva bane haiM, pA~ca indriyA~ hai, jJAnendriyoM ke pAMca padArtha yA viSaya haiM aura pAMca guNa haiM--zabda, sparza, rUpa (raMga), rasa (svAda) evaM gandha; isake uparAnta inake katipaya upa-bhAgoM kA ullekha hai| adhyAya 178 (= 186, citrazAlA) meM pA~ca prANoM evaM unake kArya-kSetroM kA varNana hai| adhyAya 176-180 (=186-187, citrazAlA) meM 'jIva' kI carcA hai aura anta meM kahA gayA hai ki zarIra (deha) nAzavAn hai, AtmA eka deha se dUsarI deha meM jAtA hai aura yoga dvArA vyakti paramAtmA meM AtmA ko dekha sakatA hai| adhyAya 200 (-207 citrazAlA) meM AyA hai ki puruSottama ne pAMca tattva nirmita kiye, ve jaloM para leTa gaye, unakI nAbhi se sUrya ke samAna dedIpyamAna eka kamala nikalA, jisase brahmA prakaTa hue jinhoMne apane mana se sAta putra utpanna kiye, yathA-dakSa, marIci, atri, aMgirA, pulastya, pulaha evaM Rtu / dakSa kI kaI putriyA~ thIM (sabase bar3I thI diti), ina putriyoM se daityoM, AdityoM, anya devoM, kAla evaM isake bhAgoM, pRthivI, cAra varNoM, sabhI prakAra ke manuSyoM, AndhroM, pulindoM, zabaroM evaM anyoM kI utpatti dakSiNApatha meM tathA uttarApatha meM yonoM (yavanoM), kAmbojoM, gAndhAroM, kirAtoM, barbaroM Adi kI utpatti huii| adhyAya 224 (231 citra0) meM kahA gayA hai ki Arambha meM brahma thA, jo anAdi evaM ananta hai tathA bodhagamya nahIM hai aura vaha nimeSa se lekara yugoM taka evaM unakI vizeSatAoM taka kAla kA vibhAjana karane vAlA hai / yahIM para ve zloka Ate haiM jo manusmRti (1165-67, 66-70, 75-77, 81-83, 85-86) ke samAna haiN| yaha batAnA kaThina hai ki kisane kisakA anukaraNa kiyA hai, kyoMki manusmRti (10 / 44) ne bhI pauNDrakoM, AMdroM, dravir3oM, kAmbojoM, yavanoM, zakoM, pAradoM, palavoM, cInoM, kirAtoM, daradoM evaM khazoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo maulika rUpa meM kSatriyoM ke upa vibhAjana yA upajAtiyAM (kSatriya jAtayaH) the, kintu aba brAhmaNoM se sabhI prakAra ke samparka TUTa jAne tathA dhArmika saMskAroM (yathA, upanayana Adi) ke banda ho jAne ke kAraNa zUdroM kI zreNI meM parigaNita ho gaye haiM / zAnti0 ke adhyAya 311 meM sRSTi kA ullekha sAMkhya ke pAribhASika zabdoM meM huA hai, kevala brahmA ko rakha diyA gayA hai| brahmA (jo mahAn kahe gaye haiM) hiraNyagarbha meM utpanna hue, ve aNDa ke bhItara eka varSa taka rahe, isake uparAnta unhoMne aNDa ke do bhAgoM (svarga evaM pRthivI) meM antarikSa kI racanA kI, ahaMkAra se paJca tattvoM kI utpatti huI, isake uparAnta unake pA~ca guNa ullikhita haiN| Azvamedhika parva (adhyAya 40-42) zAnti0 (adhyAya 311) ke samAna hai aura usameM sRSTi-krama yoM hai--avyakta-mahat-ahaMkAra-paJcatattva / antara kevala yahI hai ki zloka 2 meM mahAn ko viSNu, zambhu, buddhi ke nAma se kahA gayA hai aura bahuta se unake paryAyavAcI zabda A gaye haiN| ___yAjJavalkyasmRti (3 / 67-70) meM aisA ullikhita hai ki eka AtmA se bahuta-se AtmA usI prakAra nikalate haiM jisa prakAra eka prajjvalita lauhapiNDa se sphuliMga phUTate haiM aura ajanmA evaM avinAzI AtmA deha ke samparka meM hai| sRSTi ke Arambha meM paramAtmA paJca tattvoM kI racanA karatA hai, yathA-AkAza, vAya, teja, jala evaM pRthivI, jinameM Age Ane vAlA pratyeka tattva guNoM kA Adhikya grahaNa karatA jAtA hai, (paramAtmA) jaba jIvAtmA ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai to vaha (apane zarIra ke lie) ye hI tattva grahaNa karatA hai| isake uparAnta smRti garbhAdhAna, bhrUNa Adi kA ullekha karatI hai, mAnava-zarIra meM sthita asthiyoM, snAyuoM, mAMsapeziyoM kI saMkhyA batAtI hai aura dhoSita karatI hai ki sampUrNa vizva paramAtmA se hI prakaTa hotA hai tathA jIvAtmA tattvoM se hI prakaTa hotA hai (arthAt usakA zarIra inhIM tattvoM se banA huA hai)| AtmA anAdi hai, ajanmA hai, kintu yaha zarIra ke ghaniSTha saMparka meM AtA hai jo asatya bhAvanAoM, sRSNAoM evaM dveSoM se prabhAvita karmoM ke kAraNa hai (3 / 125) / katipaya rUpa dhAraNa karane vAle mUla tattva paramAtmA ke katipaya bhAgoM (mukha, bAhuoM, jAMghoM, pAMvoM Adi) se krama se cAroM vargoM, pRthivI, svarga, prANoM, dizAbhoM, vAyu, agni, candra (mana se), sUrya (usakI A~khoM se), AkAza tathA

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vizva-vidhA 341 sampUrNa cala evaM acala vizva kI utpatti hotI hai (3 / 126-128) / yahA~ para puruSasUkta (R0 1060 / 1 evaM 12-14) kA pUrNa anusaraNa hai| purANoM ne vizva-vidyA evaM vizva-vivaraNa-sambandhI siddhAntoM ke viSaya meM sahasroM zlokoM kI racanA kI hai / yahA~ hama bahuta saMkSepa meM katipaya ati prAcIna purANoM, yathA--matsya, vAyu, brahmANDa, viSNu evaM mArkaNDeya se vivaraNa upasthita kreNge| purANoM meM pA~ca viSayoM para carcA hotI hai, yathA--sarga (sRSTi), pratisarga (puna: sRSTi evaM pralaya), vaMza (rAjakuloM kA ullekha), manvantara (kAla kI vizada avadhiyA~) tathA vaMzAnucarita (sUrya, candravaMzI tathA anya vaMzI kuloM kA itihaas)| isa prakAra bahuta se purANa vizada rUpa meM sRSTi kA ullekha karate haiN| yahA~ hama thor3e-se ati prasiddha evaM vilakSaNa siddhAntoM evaM vacanoM kA ullekha kara sakeMge / matsyapurANa ne sRSTi ke viSaya meM manusmRti ke sadRza hI ullekha kiyA hai aura usake bahuta-se zloka sarvathA anurUpa haiM yA vahI haiN| matsya0 (2 / 27) meM AyA hai-Arambha meM sarvaprathama nArAyaNa hI prakaTa hue aura vividha rUpI vizva ke nirmANa kI kAmanA rakhane ke kAraNa unhoMne apane zarIra se jaloM kI utpatti kI, unameM bIja DAlA aura eka sone kA aNDA prakaTa huA; usa aNDe ke bhItara sUrya prakaTa huA jo sUrya evaM brahmA kahalAyA usane usa aNDe ke do bhAgoM ko svarga evaM pRthivI ke rUpoM meM pariNata kiyA aura una donoM ke bIca sabhI dizAe~ banAyIM tathA AkAza bnaayaa| isake uparAnta meru evaM anya parvatoM tathA sAta samudroM (lavaNa, Ikha ke rasa Adi vAle samudroM) kA nirmANa huaa| nArAyaNa prajApati bana gaye, jinhoMne devoM evaM asuroM sahita yaha vizva bnaayaa| matsya0 ke tRtIya adhyAya ne vedoM, purANoM evaM vidyAoM ko unake adharoM se nikalA huA kahA hai aura kahA hai ki unhoMne apane mana se marIci, atri Adi dasa RSi utpanna kiye (3 / 5-8) / isake uparAnta matsya0 ne sAMkhya siddhAntasambandhI vizva-racanA kA ullekha kiyA hai (3 / 14-26) aura usameM AyA hai : guNa tIna haiM, yathA--sattva, raja evaM tama aura unake santulana kI sthiti prakRti kahalAtI hai, jise kucha loga pradhAna kahate haiM, anya loga avyakta kahate haiM yaha pradhAna suSTi karatA hai / tIna guNoM se brahmA, viSNu evaM mahezvara prakaTa hue / pradhAna se mahAn kA udaya haA, mahAn se ahaMkAra kI utpatti huI aura taba pAMca jJAnendriyoM evaM pA~ca karmendriyoM kI uti haI aura mana eka gyArahavIM indriya banA aura pAMca tanmAtrAeM (sUkSma tattva) bniiN| AkAza kI utpatti zabda nAmaka tanmAtrA se huI, AkAza se vAyu, vAyu se teja tathA teja se jala kI utpatti huI, aura jala se pRthivI banI aura puruSa 25vA tatva hai| isake uparAnta matsya0 (3 / 30-44) eka vilakSaNa gAthA kahatA hai ki brahmA ne apane meM se eka strI (zatarUpA, sAvitrI, sarasvatI, gAyatrI yA brahmANI nAma se pukArI jAne vAlI) kI racanA kI, aura usase mohita ho gaye aura eka lambe samaya ke uparAnta usase eka putra prApta kiyA jisakA nAma thA manu (svAyambhuva nAmaka), eka anya putra bhI huA, jisakA nAma thA virAT / isake uparAnta brahmA ne apane putroM se logoM ko utpanna karane ke lie khaa| matsya0 ne adhyAya 4 meM kahA hai ki brahmA ko zatarUpA se sAta putra utpanna hue, yathA marIci Adi (zloka 25-26, jo 3 / 5-8 ke virodha meM A jAte haiM); usane svAyambhuva manu ke do putroM tathA unake vaMzajoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| pA~caveM adhyAya ke uparAnta kucha adhyAya dakSa, kazyapa, diti ke vaMzajoM kI tathA pRthu ke rAjyAbhiSeka, sUrya evaM candra ke kuloM tathA pitaroM ke vibhinna vargoM kI carcA karate haiN| vAyupurANa ne sRSTi-viSayaka bAtoM para pA~ca adhyAya (4-6) likhe haiM, jinameM 600 se adhika zloka haiN| adhyAya 4 (zloka 22-61) meM sAMkhya siddhAnta ke anusAra pradhAna, mahat, ahaMkAra, tanmAtrA kA ullekha hai aura usake sAtha hiraNyagarbha siddhAnta jor3a diyA gayA hai (zloka 66 tathA Age) / adhyAya 6 meM lagatA hai

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342 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa puruSasUkta (R0 1060 / 1-2) kI ora iMgita hai (zloka 2-3); usameM aisI vyAkhyA hai ki nArAyaNa kA nAma isalie par3A hai ki ve jaloM para leTate haiM; isameM kUrma avatAra kI ora saMketa hai, sRSTi ke nau prakAroM kA ullekha hai / isameM eka nayA siddhAnta yaha AyA hai ki brahmA ne Arambha meM manu se utpanna putroM tathA sanandana evaM sanaka kI racanA kI (6 / 65) / adhyAya 7 meM phira se huI sRSTi kI ora saMketa hai / adhyAya 8 meM (jisameM 168 zloka haiM) yugoM, unakI avadhiyoM, 8 devayoniyoM, pazuoM, mAtrAoM (chandoM) Adi tathA brahmA ke vibhinna putroM kI carcA hai| brahmANDapurANa (1 ke adhyAya 3-5) meM hiraNyagarbha ke prakaTa hone tathA vibhinna prakAra kI sRSTiyoM (racanAoM) kA ullekha hai / cauthe adhyAya meM pradhAnA, evaM guNoM kA ullekha hai aura aisA AyA hai ki pradhAna meM pAye jAne vAle guNoM ke asamAna mizraNa se sRSTi hotI hai| usameM brahmA ke manasa putroM kA bhI ullekha hai / isa purANa ke anuSaMgapAda (dvitIya pariccheda) ke adhyAya 8 evaM 11 meM devoM, pitaroM, manuSyoM evaM mahAn RSiyoM, bhRgu Adi kI sRSTi kI carcA hai / brahmapurANa ke prathama tIna adhyAya (jinameM lagabhaga 240 zloka haiM) sRSTi kA ullekha karate haiM / prathama adhyAya (zloka 34 tathA isake Age ke zloka) meM brahmA ko bhUtoM kA sraSTA evaM nArAyaNa kA bhakta kahA gayA hai, isameM Age AyA hai ki mahat se ahaMkAra kA udaya huA aura ahaMkAra se pAMca tattvoM kI utpatti huI / matsyapu0 ke samAna brahmapu0 (1 / 37-41) bhI manu (1 / 5-13) kA anusaraNa karatA hai| isameM marIci, atri Adi saptarSiyoM kI jo sapta 'brAhmaNaH' the, utpatti kA ullekha hai tathA sAdhyoM, devoM, Rgveda evaM anya vedoM, pakSiyoM evaM sabhI prakAra ke jIvoM kI sRSTi kI bhI carcA hai| isameM (1153) AyA hai ki viSNu ne virAja kI sRSTi kI, jisane puruSa kI racanA kI (yaha puruSasUkta, R0 10 / 6015 para AdhRta hai) aura puruSa ne logoM ko utpanna kiyA / adhyAya 2 meM AyA hai ki puruSa ne zatarUpA se vivAha kiyA, isa puruSa ko svAyaMbhuva manu kahA jAtA hai| puruSa (svAyambhuva manu ) evaM zatarUpA ko vIra nAmaka putra utpanna huaa| vIra ke do putra the-priyavrata evaM uttAnapAda / isake uparAnta inake vaMzajoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM dakSa kI 50 putriyA~ thIM, jinameM 10 dharma ko, 13 kazyapa ko evaM 27 (nakSatra) rAjA soma ko vyAhI gyiiN| tIsare adhyAya meM devoM evaM asuroM kI racanA kA ullekha hai| viSNupurANa ke prathama aMza ke adhyAya 2,4,6,evaM 7 meM sRSTi ke kaI prakAroM kA ullekha hai| adhyAya 2 kA Arambha viSNu se hotA hai aura aisA AyA hai ki pradhAna evaM puruSa usake rUpa haiM aura zloka 34-50 meM sAMkhya siddhAnta kI savistAra carcA hai aura zloka 54 meM mahat evaM anya tattvoM dvArA hiraNyagarbha (sone kA aNDA) kI racanA kA ullekha hai / adhyAya 3 meM AyA hai ki kisa prakAra brahma ne, jo guNarahita hai, bodhagamya nahIM hai, zuddha hai, niSkalaMka hai, sRSTi kI, aura isakA uttara diyA huA hai ki sabhI padArthoM meM kucha svAbhAvika zaktiyA~ haiM, jo bodhagamya nahIM haiM, ata: brahma meM vizva kI sRSTi karane kI zakti hai| adhyAya 5 meM nau prakAra kI sRSTiyoM, yathA--mahat, tanmAtrAoM, bhUtoM (tattvoM), vaikArika (arthAt aindriyaka), mukhya (arthAt acala padArtha), nimnazreNI ke pazuoM, UrdhvaretoM (daivI jIvoM), mAnavoM, kumAroM (arthAt sanatkumAra Adi) kA ullekha hai| mArkaNDeyapurANa ke adhyAya 42 meM pradhAna, mahat, ahaMkAra, tanmAtrAoM kI sRSTi kA ullekha hai, kintu brahmA dvArA hI inakI sRSTi kahI gayI hai / adhyAya 44 meM viSNupu0 kI bhA~ti 6 sRSTiyoM kI carcA hai| abhyAya

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vizva-vidyA 45,46 evaM 47 meM devoM, pitaroM, mAnavoM, cAra varNoM, pazuoM, pakSiyoM, vRkSoM, gulmoM Adi kI racanA kA varNana hai / isameM anya purANoM ke vacana uddhRta haiM, jinheM sthAnAbhAva se nahIM diyA jA rahA hai / 35 upaniSadoM meM bhaugolika bAteM bahuta kama haiM aura ve himAlaya evaM vindhya ke madhya ke bhUmikSetra se hI sambandhita haiM (kauSItakyupaniSad 2013 ne do parvatoM kA, jo uttara evaM dakSiNa meM haiM, ullekha kiyA hai, vRha upa0 1 / 1 / 1-2 ne pUrvI evaM pazcimI samudroM kI ora iMgita kiyA hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai) / sundara evaM bhavya azva sindhu deza se lAye jAte the (bR. upa0 6:113), gAndhAra deza (chA0 upa0 6 / 14 / 2) kA sambhavata: patA thA aura vaha upaniSad ke praNayana-sthala se kucha dUrI para thaa| madra deza kA ullekha bR0 upa0 (3 / 3 / 17 evaM 3 / 7 / 1) meM huA hai| videha ke rAjA janaka the, jinakI rAjasabhA meM kuru, paJcAlla se brAhmaNa Ate the aura yAjJavalkya se zAstrArtha karate the (bRha0 upa0 3 / 1 / 1) / kAzI (vArANasI) ke rAjA ajAtazatru ne bAlAki gArgya kA garva cUra kara diyA (bRhadeg upa0 2 / 1 / 1 evaM kauSItaki upa0 4 / 1 / 1) / kauSItaki upa0 (4 / 1 / 1) ne to vaza, uzInara, kuru, paJcAla evaM videha kA ullekha kiyA hai| kuru kA ullekha chA0 upa0 (1 / 10 / 1, 4 / 17 / 10) meM huA hai| paJcAla kI carcA bhI chA0 upa0 (5 / 3 / 1) evaM bR0 upa0 (6 / 2 / 1) meM huI hai / kekaya (sudUra uttara-pazcima) ke rAjA azvapati ne brAhmaNoM ko vaizvAnara-vidyA kA jJAna diyaa| purANoM ne jagat kA vivaraNa vizada rUpa se diyA hai, arthAt unameM dvIpoM (pRthivI ke bhAgoM), varSoM, parvatoM, samudroM, nadiyoM, unake pAsa ke dezoM evaM unake vistAra, sUrya, candra evaM nakSatroM kI gatiyoM, yugoM, manvantaroM evaM kalpoM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / 7 dharmazAstra-granthoM ne isa viSaya meM purANoM kA AdhAra 35. bahuta-se purANoM ne eka hI prakAra ke zloka diye haiN| udAharaNasvarUpa thor3e-se zloka yahA~ diye jA rahe hai--acyaSataM kAraNaM yattatpradhAnamRSisattamaH / procyate prakRtiH sUkSmA nityaM sadasadAtmakam // ... triguNaM tajjagadyoniranAdiprabhavAtyayam |...vedvdaavido vidvanniyatA brhmvaadinH| paThanti caitamevArtha pradhAnapratipAdakam // nAho na rAtrina nabho na bhUmi sottamo jyotirabhUcca nAnyat / zrotrAdibuddhayAnuphlanyamekaM prAdhAnikaM brahma pumAMstadAsIt / / viSNoH svarUpAtparatodite dve rUpe pradhAnaM puruSazca vipra / viSNu pu0 (1 / 2 / 16, 21-24); brahmANDa pu0 (113 / 1-6) 'avyaktakAraNaM... dAtmakam / pradhAnaM prakRtiM caiva ymaahustttvcintkaaH||; vAyu pu0 (4.17) meM AyA hai-'avyaktaM kAraNaM yattu nityaM sadasadAtmakam / pradhAnaM ... tattvacintakAH // brahma pu0 (1333) meM AyA hai-'avyaktaM...tmakam / pradhAnaM puruSastasmAnirmame vishvmiishvrH|| mArkaNDeya pu0, adhyAya 42 // 36-52 evaM 56-63 sarvathA viSNu pu0 (112 // 34-46, 51-55) ke samAna hI hai| 36. purANoM meM prAcIna bhArata ke samaya kA jo bhaugolika ullekha milatA hai usa para atyanta pUrNa evaM kramabaddha grantha hai zrI DablU kirphela kRta 'DAI kaoNsmograiphI Dara iNDara' (baoNna, 1620, pR0 401)jisameM citra bhI upasthita kiye gaye haiN| usa grantha meM paurANika bAteM pR0 1-177 meM haiM, bauddha pR0 178-207 meM tathA jaina pR0 208-236 meN| itanA hI nahIM, pratyuta eka nAma-tAlikA bhI anukramaNikA (pR0 340-401) meM dI huI hai| 37. dvIpoM ke viSaya meM RSiyoM ne sUta se jo prazna kiye haiM, ve adhikAMza purANoM meM ullikhita haiM-- 'RSayaH UcuH / kati dvIpAH samudrA vA parvatA vA kati prbho| kiyanti caiva varSANi teSu nadyazca kAH smRtAH //

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344 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa liyA hai / jambUdvIpa kama se kama I0 pU0 300 meM jJAta thA, jaisA ki azoka ke zilAlekha (rUpanAtha prastara lekha) se patA calatA hai / 'dvIpa' zabda Rgveda (1 / 166 / 3 evaM 7 / 2014, 'vi dvIpAni (pApatan ) meM bhI AyA hai / pANini ( 6 |3|67 ) ne ise 'dvi' evaM 'Apa' se niSpakSa mAnA hai / hama yahA~ para kevala saMkSipta varNana upasthita kareMge / matsyapurANa ( 113 / 4-5 ) ne kahA hai ki sahasroM dvIpa haiM, kintu sabakA varNana sambhava nahIM hai, ataH kevala sAta dvIpoM kA varNana upasthita kiyA jAyagA / 38 isa purANa ke adhyAya 121-123 meM sAta dvIpa ye haiM - jambUdvIpa, zakadvIpa, kuza, kauJca, zAlmali, gomedaka evaM puSkara, jinameM pratyeka Age vAlA apane se pIche vAle se dugunA hai, pratyeka samudra se AvRta hai, 'pratyeka meM sAta varSa, sAta pramukha parvata evaM sAta mukhya nadiyA~ haiN| sAta dvIpoM ko gherane vAle sAta samudra krama se saba lavaNa (namakIna) jala, dugdha, ghRta ( galA huA), dadhi, surA, Ikharasa evaM zuddha jala se paripUrNa haiM / 3 vibhinna purANoM meM nAma krama vibhinna haiM, yathA viSNu pu0 1 (2 / 1 / 12-14, 2025) evaM brahma pu0 ( 18 / 11 ) ne unheM plakSa, zAlmali, kuza, krauJca, zaka evaM puSkara nAma se abhihita kiyA hai / vAyu pu0 ( 33 / 11-14), kUrma pu0 ( 1245 / 3), mArkaNDeya pu0 (50 / 18-20 ) ne ina sAtoM ko usI krama meM rakhA hai / kalpa, manvantara, yuga se sambandhita purANa- vRttAnta hama isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 3 evaM isa khaNDa ( arthAt 5) meM vistArapUrvaka par3ha cuke haiN| ina viSayoM para purANoM meM sahasroM zloka pAye jAte haiM / viSNupu0 (2 / 2 / 13 - 24 ) ne nimnokta varSa ginAye haiM-- bhArata ( saba meM prathama ) kimpuruSa, hari, ramyaka, hiraNmaya, uttara- kuru, ilAvRta evaM ketumAla | vAmana pu0 ( 13 / 2-5 ) ne bhI yahI ullikhita kiyA hai, kintu ramyaka ke sthAna para campaka rakhA hai / viSNu pu0 (2 / 1 / 16 - 17) meM AyA hai ki nAbhi, kimpuruSa, harivarSa, ilAvRta, ramya, hiraNvAn, kuru, bhadrAzva, ketumAla nau rAjA the, jo AgnIdhra ke putra, priyavrata ke pautra, svAyabhuva manu ke prapautra the / AgnIdha ke nau putroM ko diye gaye varSoM ke nAma krama se yoM haiM --himA (arthAt bhArata), hemakUTa, naiSadha, ilAvRta, nIlAcala, zveta, zRMgavAn, meru ke pUrva meM eka varSa, gandhamAdana / ataH rAjAoM mahAbhUmipramANaM ca lokAlokastathaiva ca / paryAptiparimANaM ca gatizcandrArkayostathA // etad bravIhi naH sarva vistareNa yathArthavit / tvaduktametatsakalaM zrotumicchAmahe vayam // sUta uvAca / dvIpabhedasahasrANi sapta cAntargatAni ca / na zakyante krameNeha vaktu N vai sakalaM jagat / sapteva tu pravakSyAmi candrAdityagrahaiH saha // matsya 0 ( 11301-5), vAyu0 (134 / 1-3, 6-7 ), brahmANDa0 (2 / 1552-3, 5-6 ), mArkaNDeya0 (51 / 1-3) / 38. dvIpa sAmAnyataH sAta kI saMkhyA meM parigaNita hote rahe haiM, parantu kabhI-kabhI ve 18 bhI kahe gaye haiM, yathA vAyu pu0 ( 1 / 15) meM -- ' aSTAdaza samudrasya dvIpAnaznAt purUravAH ' tathA kAlidAsa ( raghuvaMza 6 / 38 ) : 'aSTAdazadvIpa -nikhAtayUpaH / dvIpa ko yahA~ para 'mahAdvIpoM' (kaNTIneNTsa) ke artha meM na lekara kevala 'dvIpa' (AilaiNDa) ke hI artha meM lenA sambhava lagatA hai / pANini ( 4 | 3 | 10 ) ke 'dvIpAdanusamudrama yajJa' se patA calatA hai ki 'dvIpa samudra-taTa ke pAsa ke AilaiNDa ( dvIpa) ke lie prayukta huA hai| dekhie zazibhUSaNa caudhurI kA lekha 'nAina dvIpaca Ava bhAratavarSa' (iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilva 56, pR0 204 - 208 evaM 224-226) / 36. ete dvIpAH samudrastu sapta saptabhirAvRtAH / lavaNekSusurAsapibaMdhidugdhajalaM: samam // viSNu pu0 ( 22226), brahmapu0 ( 18/12), mArka0 (5117), lavaNe ... dadhikSIrajalAdibhiH / dvigadvigaNaiva dvayA sarvataH pariveSTitAH // )

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vizva-vidyA ke evaM varSoM ke nAmoM meM sandigdhatA pAyI jAtI hai| vAyupu0 (30 / 38-40) meM putroM ke ye hI nAma Aye haiM aura 33 / 41-45 meM unhIM varSoM kA ullekha hai, kevala bhadrAzva ke sthAna para mAlyavat nAma AyA hai / vAyupurANa (45 / 75-81) meM aisA AyA hai ki bhAratavarSa samudra ke uttara aura himAlaya ke dakSiNa meM hai aura manu ko bharata kahA gayA kyoMki unhoMne apanI prajA arthAt yA loka kA bharaNa kiyA aura isI se isa varSa ko bhArata kahA gyaa| yahI bAta brahmaNDapu0 (2 / 16 / 7) meN| bhI hai / vAyupu0 ne svayaM virodhI bAta likhI hai ( 33 / 50-52 ) ki nAbhi kA putra RSabha thA, jisakA putra thA bharata, jisake nAma para bhAratavarSa nAma par3A / yahI bAta brahmANDapu0 (2 / 14 / 60-62) meM bhI hai / vAyupu0 (66 / 134 ) meM yaha bhI AyA hai ki duSyanta evaM zakuntalA se bharata utpanna hue aura unake nAma para bhArata par3A / bhArata 40. uttaraM yatsamadrasya himAdrezcaiva dakSiNam / varSa tadabhArataM nAma bhAratI yatra saMtatiH // navayojanasAhalo vistArazca dvijottamAH / karmabhamiriyaM svargamapavarga ca gacchatAm // mahendro'malayaH sadyaH zaktimAnakSaparvataH / vindhyazca pAriyAtrazca saptAtra kulaparvatAH // viSNupu0 (2 // 3 // 1-3), brahmapu0 (1631-3); dekhie agni0 (118 / 1-3, jahAM RkSaparvata ke sthAna para hemaparvata AyA hai), mArkaNDeyapu0 (54110-11), brahmANDa0 (2016-5 evaM 18-16) / yaha draSTavya hai ki pANini ne spaSTa rUpa se ina parvatoM meM kevala 'himavat' (4 / 4 / 112) kA nAma liyA hai jaba ki unheM kiMzulukagiri aise anya parvatoM ke nAma vidita the (6 / 3 / 117) / atrApi bhArataM zreSThaM jambUdvIpaM mahAmune / yato hi karmabhUreSA yatonyA bhogabhUmayaH // brahma0 (16323), viSNupu0 (2 / 3 / 22), isa zloka ke uparAnta donoM meM kaI iloka eka samAna haiN| bhISmaparva (6 / 11) meM 'mahendro...' nAmaka zloka hai, kintu vahA~ 'RkSavAn' nAma AyA hai, kintu adhyAya 6 (zloka 4-5) meM kevala 6 parvatoM ke hI nAma Aye haiN| 41. viSNapu0 (2 // 1 // 32) kI vAyupu0 (33350-52) se sahamati hai / zAkuntala (aMka 7) meM kAlidAsa ne eka pAtra se kahalavAyA hai ki zakuntalA kA putra, jo kaNva ke Azrama meM sarvadamana kahA jAtA thA, bharata ke nAma se prasiddha hogA (ihAyaM sattvAnAM prasabhadamanAtsarvadamanaH punaryAsyatyAkhyAM bharata iti lokasya maraNAt) / yaha sambhava hai ki kAlidAsa ke kAla taka zakuntalA kA putra bhAratavarSa ke nAma se sambandhita nahIM thA, anyathA kavi ko eka anya bhaviSyavANI karane meM ki usake nAma se eka varSa bhI sambandhita hogA, kauna rukAvaTa thii| pANini ne 'prAcyoM' evaM 'bharatoM' (2 // 4 // 66 evaM 4 / 2 / 113) kA ullekha kiyA hai| bharata loga prAcIna the aura unakA Rgveda (3 // 33 // 11-22) meM kaI bAra ullekha huA hai / bharatoM ko 'grAma' arthAt eka dala yA saMgha ke rUpa meM bhI kahA gayA hai jisane 'vipAz' evaM zutudri (Adhunika vyAsa evaM satalaja) ke saMgama ko pAra kiyA thA (3 / 2312), bharatoM ne gharSaNa se agni utpanna kI thI (3 // 53 // 12, jahAM para aisA AyA hai ki vizvAmitra kI stuti ne bhArata-jana kI rakSA kI thii)| bahuta-se mantroM meM agni ko 'bhArata' kahA gayA hai (R0 2171 evaM 5, 4 / 2 / 4, 6 / 16 / 16 evaM 45) aitareyabrAhmaNa (3616) meM aisA AyA hai ki dIrghatamA mAmateya ne bharata dauSpanti (dauSyanti) ko aindra mahAbhiSeka 'dvArA mukuTa diyA (rAjA banAyA) aura usake uparAnta bharata ne cAroM ora rAjya jItA, kaI azvamedha kiye / isake uparAnta pA~ca aise zloka uddhata haiM jo yaha batAte haiM ki bharata ne masnAra deza meM asaMkhya hAthiyoM kA dAna kiyA, unhoMne yamunA evaM gaMgA ke taTa para yajJa kiye / antima zloka (pA~cavA~) meM AyA hai : 'mahAkarma bharatasya na pUrve nApare jnaaH|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa varSa ke sAta pramukha parvata haiM--mahendra, malaya, sahya, zaktimat, RkSaparvata, vindhya evaM paariyaatr| purANoM kA kathana hai ki jambUdvIpa meM bhArata sarvazreSTha varSa hai (brahma0 16 / 23-24, viSNapu0 3 / 3 / 22, brahmANDapu0 2 / 16 / 17) / kacha purANoM meM bhArata ke viSaya meM sundara prazastiyA~ haiM (brahma0 2712 / 6 evaM 66-76, viSNupa0 2 / 3 / 23-26) / kucha purANoM meM bhAratavarSa ke bhAgoM ke nAma Aye haiM, yathA--indradvIpa, kazeru, tAmraparNa, gabhastimat, gadvIpa. sahaya, gAdharva, vAruNa, aura navA~ 1000 yojana uttara se dakSiNa taka lambA hai. jisake pUrva meM kirAta loga, pazcima meM yavana loga tathA madhya meM cAra vargoM ke loga rahate haiM / yaha draSTavya hai ki yadyapi bhAratavarSa jambUdvIpa kA eka bha.ga mAtra hai kintu nava bha.goM meM kucha indradvIpa evaM nAgaDhIma ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| eka anya mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki matsya0 (114 / 10), vAyu0 (45 / 81), vAmana0 (13 / 11) evaM brahmANDa0 (2 / 16 / 11) ne veM dvIpa ko kumAra kahA hai yA gaMgA ke srota-sthala se kumArikI taka vistRta mAnA hai| ataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhAratavarSa kA 6vA~ bha ga Aja kA bhAratavarSa hai aura anya ATha bhAga, aisA lagatA. hai, ve deza tathA dvIpa haiM jo Aja ke bhArata ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM par3ate haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki prArambhika granthoM ne bhAratavarSa ko Aja ke bhArata kI sImA taka hI sImita samajhA, kintu jaba bhAratIya saMskRti dakSiNapUrva eziyA meM phaila gayI to bhAratavarSa ke antargata sampUrNa bhArata evaM sudura bhArata bhI sammilita ho gyaa| zavara (bhASya, jaiminI 10 / 1 / 35) ne vyakta kiyA hai ki himavat se kumArI aMtarIpa taka bhadra logoM kI bhASA eka-sI hai (prasiddhazca sthAlyAM caruzabda: A himavata: A ca kumArIbhayaH prayujyamAnodRSTaH) / aura dekhie vahI bhASya (jai0 10 / 1142) jahA~ vaise hI zabda prayukta haiN| himAcchAdita parvatoM kA jJAna Rgveda ke RSiyoM ko bhI thA (10312114, yasyame himavanto mahitvA yasya samudraM rasayA sahAhu) / 'yasya' kA saMketa hiraNyagarbha kI ora hai / atharvaveda (5 / 4 / 2 evaM 8) ne himavat ko ekavacana meM prayukta kiyA hai / parvata (bahuvacana meM) kaI bAra Aye haiM (R0 113717, 256 / 4) / mahAbhArata, zabara, purANoM evaM bRhatsaMhitA se prakaTa hai ki prAcIna bhArata ke logoM ne apanI saMskRti ko bhAratavarSa se samanvita mAnA, arthAta unhoMne deza evaM saMskRti ko na ki jAti evaM saMskRti ko eka maanaa| brahmapurANa evaM mArkaNDeyapurANa ne bhArata ko Aja ke bhArata ke rUpa meM hI citrita kiyA hai, kyoMki isakI sImA ke viSaya meM aisA AyA hai ki uttara meM himAlaya hai aura tIna ora samudra hai / aura dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 11-16 evaM 1718 / 42 divaM martya iva hastAbhyAM nodApuH pnycmaanvaaH||' dekhie zatapathabrAhmaNa (1335 / 4 / 11-13), jahA~ aisA AyA hai ki bharata dauSpanti zakuntalA se utpanna hue the, vahIM unake viSaya meM cAra gAthAe~ Ayo haiN| jinameM tIna to jyoM-ko-tyoM aitareyabrAhmaNa vAlI haiM, aura aisA AyA hai ki unhoMne vahI mahattA evaM kIrti kamAyo jo bharatoM ko usake kAloM meM prApta huI thii| atharvaveda ne bahudhA 'himavat' kI carcA kI hai (yathA // 2 // 8, 16 // 3631 meM) aura aisA kahA gayA hai ki kuSTha oSadhi (paudhA) uttara meM pAyA jAtA hai aura vaha himavat se pUrva kI ora le jAyA jAtA hai , aura aisA AyA hai (atharva0 6 / 24 / 1 evaM 3) ki sabhI nadiyA~ himavat se nikalatI haiM aura sindhu meM milatI haiM / mahAbhApya (pANini 2 / 4 / 66) ne TippaNI dI hai ki bharata loga pUrva ko chor3a kara kinhIM anya dezoM meM nahIM pAye jAte / 42. dakSiNAparato yasya pUrve caiva mahodadhiH / himavAnuttareNAsya kArmukasya yathA guNaH / tadetadbhArataM varSa sarvabIjaM dvijottamAH / brahmapu0 27 / 65-66, mArkaNDeyapurANa (54156) /

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vizva-vidyA 347 vAyupu0 ne lagabhaga 1000 zloka (adhyAya 36-46) bhuvanavinyAsa (vizva-saMgaThana) ke viSaya meM, brahmapu0 ne (adhyAya 18-21) usI viSaya meM (arthAt bhuvanakoSa ke viSaya meM), matsyapu0 (adhyAya 114) ne bhuvanakoSa ke viSaya meM likhe haiM tathA karmapu0 (1140) ne bhuvanavinyAsa para likhA hai tathA dvIpoM evaM varSoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna dezoM kA ullekha viSNupu0 (2 / 3 / 15-18) vAyupu0 (45 / 106-136), brAhmANDapu0 (2 / 16 / 40-68), matsyapu0 (114134-56), mArkaNDeyapu0 (54), padmapu. (Adi 6 / 34-56), vAmanapu0 (13 // 36 tathA Age ke zloka) meM huA hai / 43 bhISmaparva (adhyAya 6) meM bhI dezoM evaM logoM kA ullekha hai / bRhatsaMhitA ke nakSatrakUrmAdhyAya (14 / 1-33) meM bhAratavarSa ke madhya meM sthita kaI dezoM ke nAma Aye haiM aura isakI AThoM dizAoM meM sthita dezoM ke nAma bhI Aye haiN| Rgveda meM bahuta-sI nadiyoM ke nAma Aye haiN| (R0 10 / 7535-6) meM gaMgA se kubhA (kAbula nadI) gomatI, krumu (Adhunika kurrama) taka kI 18 yA 16 nadiyoM ke nAma Aye haiN| ikkIsa nadiyoM (tIna daloM meM vibhAjita tathA pratyeka dala meM sAta) kI ora saMketa milate haiM (R0 10 / 6418, 1075 / 1 evaM / R0 (1132 / 12 evaM 10110418) meM sAta sindhuoM kA ullekha hai| aura dekhie (R0 2 / 12 / 12,4 / 28 / 1, 10 / 43 / 3) / nadiyoM ko mukhya-mukhya parvatoM se nikalI kahA gayA hai, dekhie isa viSaya meM matsyapu0 (114 / 20-33), kUrmapu0 (1 / 47 / 28-36), brahmANDa pu0 (2 / 16 / 24-36), vAmanapu0 (13 / 20-35 evaM 3416-8), brahmapu0 (1610-14 evaM 27 / 25-40) padmapu0 (Adi khaNDa, 6 / 10-32) / anuzAsanaparva (165 / 16-26) meM bhI bahuta-sI nadiyoM kA ullekha hai| 43. pANini meM janapadoM evaM anya bhaugolika AMkar3oM ke lie dekhie jarnala (uttara pradeza ko hisTaoNrikala sosAiTI, jilda 16, pR0 10-51, DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla) evaM iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI, jilda 21, pR0 267-314 jahA~ purANoM meM ullikhita dezoM kA vyaurA upasthita kiyA gayA hai, aura dekhie DA0 DI0 sI0 sarakAra kRta 'TeksTa Ava di purANika lisTa Ava pipulsa' (iNDi0 hisTaoN0 kvA0, jilda 16, pR0 267-314) / pANini se aisA lagatA hai ki ve sampUrNa bhArata se avagata the, sudUra uttara-pazcima se kaliMga taka tathA azmaka (ajantA evaM paiThAna ke AsapAsa kA kSetra) evaM Adhunika kaccha taka, kyoMki unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se ye nAma liye haiM, yathA-gAndhAra (4 / 1 / 166), suvAstu (4 / 2 / 77, Adhunika svAta), kamboja (4 / 1 / 175) evaM takSazilA (4 / 3 / 63), sindhu (4 / 3 / 63), zalAtura (4 // 3 // 64, jahA~ para pANini kA janma huA thA, jisake kAraNa bhAmaha aise 'pazcAtkAlIna lekhakoM ne unheM zalAturIya kahA hai), sauvIra (4 / 1 / 148), kaccha (4 / 2 / 133), magadha, kaliMga, sUramAsa (sUrmA ghATI) (4 / 1 / 170), azmaka / (4 / 11173) / dekhie kAniGaghama kRta 'ezyaNTa jiyaoNgraphI' Ava iNDiyA' (1872), nandalAla De kRta 'di jiyophikala DikzanarI Ava aiMzyeNTa eNDa meDivala iNDiyA (1627), surendranAtha majumadAra kRta 'bibliyogrephI Ava aiMzyaNTa jiyaoNgrephI oNva iNDiyA' (iNDiyana aiMTIkverI, jilda 48, 1616, pR0 15-23) evaM tIrthoM ko tAlikA', jo isI mahAgrantha se saMlagna hai (hindI saMkSipta saMskaraNa ke khaNDa 2 meM prakAzita

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34 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa purANoM meM pAtAloM kI saMkhyA bahudhA sAta mAnI gayI hai, kintu unake nAmoM meM kucha antara pAyA jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie vAyupu0 (50 / 11-12), brahmapu0 (2 / 2-3 evaM 54120 tathA Age ke zloka), brahmANDapu0 (2 / 20110 tathA Age ke zloka), kUrmapu0 (1 / 44 / 15-25) evaM viSNupu0 (2 / 5 / 2-3) / yogasUtra (3 / 25, kahIM-kahIM 26 kI saMkhyA AyI hai; 'bhuvanajJAnaM sUrye saMyamAt') ke vyAsabhASya meM sAta lokoM (bhUr, bhuvaH, svaH, mahaH, jana, tapaH evaM satya) 44, sAta narakoM (avIci Adi), sAta pAtAloM sAta dIpoM ke sAta pRthivI, pRthivI ke madhya meM meru ke sAtha sAta parvatoM, varSoM, sAta dvIpoM, yathA--jambu, zaka, kuza, krauMca, zAlmali, gomegha (gomedhaka nahIM, jaisA ki mudrita purANoM meM pAyA jAtA hai) evaM puSkara, sAta samadroM, devoM kI vATikAoM, unake sabhA-bhavana (jisakA nAma sudharmA thA, nagara kA nAma thA sudarzana, prAsAda kA mAma thA vaijayanta), mahendraloka, prajApatya loka, janaloka, tapa:loka evaM satya lokoM meM devoM ke daloM kA saMkSipta kintu bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa ullekha hai / inameM se bahuta-sI bAteM purANoM meM varNita bAtoM se milatI-julatI haiM / isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki cauthI zatI ke bahuta pahale se hI purANoM meM pAye jAnevAle jagat-sambandhI vivaraNa logoM meM vikhyAta ho gaye the| 44. tIna yA sAta vyAhRtiyoM ke lie prayukta zabda lokoM ke dyotaka mAne jAte haiM / dekhie tai0 brA0 (2|2|4|3)-'etaa vai vyAhRtaya ime lokAH' evaM tai0 upa0 (115)-bhUriti vA ayaM lokaH / bhuva ityantarikSam / suvarityasau lokH| maha ityaadityH| Adityena vAva sarve lokA mhiiynte|| kUrmapurANa (1 / 4401-4) ne mahaH se satya taka ke lokoM kA ullekha kiyA hai|

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adhyAya 35 karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta bhAratIya dharma evaM darzana ke atyanta maulika siddhAntoM meM parigaNita hai / yaha usa prazna ke samAdhAna kA prayAsa hai jo sabhI vicArazIla vyaktiyoM ke mana meM uThA karatA hai, yathA zarIra kI mRtyu ke uparAnta manuSya kA kyA hotA hai ? isa siddhAnta ne sahasroM varSoM taka athavA kama-se-kama upaniSadoM ke kAla se sampUrNa bhAratIya cintana evaM sabhI hinduoM, jainoM evaM bauddhoM ko prabhAvita kara rakhA hai / yaha eka vizAla viSaya hai aura gata kucha dazakoM se pazcima ke lekhakoM ke manoM ko isane AkRSTa kara rakhA hai / punaHzarIra dhAraNa para pazcima meM aba eka bRhat sAhitya kI racanA ho cukI hai / prAcIna aitihAsika kAloM meM bahuta-se deza punarjanma meM vizvAsa karate the / heroDoTasa kA kathana hai ki kucha yUnAniyoM ne ( jinake nAma use jJAta the, kintu usane unheM gupta rakhA) usa siddhAnta kA prayoga apanA samajha kara kiyA, kintu sarvaprathama misra deza ke nivAsiyoM ne aisA kahA aura vizvAsa kiyA ki mAnava AtmA amara hai aura zarIra kI mRtyu ho jAne para yaha kisI anya jIvita vastu meM, jo janma lene vAlI hotI thI, praveza kara jAtA hai / lagatA hai, paithAgorasa ne isa para vizvAsa kiyA hai kintu usane isa vizvAsa ko bhArata se grahaNa kiyA, isa viSaya meM vibhinna mata prakAzita hue haiN| pro0 e0 bI0 kItha (je0 Ara0 e0esa0 1608, pR0 566 - 606 ) ne eka lambe vivecana ke uparAnta aisA mata prakAzita kiyA hai i paithAgorasa ne yaha siddhAnta bhArata se udhAra nahIM liyA / viSayAntara ho jAne ke bhaya se prastuta lekhaka isa viSaya meM apanA mata nahIM rakhanA cAhatA / hApkisa evaM maikDonela ne paithAgorasa ke Upara par3ane vAle bhAratIya prabhAva ko svIkAra kiyA hai kintu olDenabarga evaM kItha ne nahIM / kevala paithAgorasa ne hI nahIM, pratyuta empIDaoNkilsa ( jisane yahA~ taka kahA thA ki vaha pahale lar3akA, lar3akI, jhAr3I, pakSI evaM machalI thA ) evaM pleTo ne AtmA ke pUrvajanma evaM uttara- janma meM vizvAsa kiyA hai| dekhie kenetha vAkara kA grantha 'di sarkila Ava lAipha' (jisameM unhoMne likhA hai ki IsA masIha ke kAla meM punarjanma kA siddhAnta bhArata meM bhalIbhAMti vikhyAta thA, pR0 63 ) tathA gapha kRta 'philaoNsaoNphI Ava upaniSad' (landana, 1882), pR0 26-31 / gapha ne pratipAdita kiyA hai ki upaniSadoM ke pUrva vaidika sAhitya meM punarjanma kI bAta nahIM pAyI jAtI ataH hinduoM ne isa siddhAnta ko bhAratIya AdivAsiyoM se grahaNa kiyA hogA / dekhie isI viSaya meM jI0 DablyU0 brAuna kA mata 'sTaDIz2a ina oNnara Ava blUmaphIlDa' nAmaka grantha meM ( pR0 76-88) / yaha atyanta nirmUla kalpanA hai, isake pIche koI pramANa nahIM hai / yadi punarjanma kA siddhAnta misravAsiyoM tathA anya AdijAtiyoM meM pAyA jA sakatA hai to aisI kalpanA ke lie koI tarka nahIM hai ki isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana svayaM bhAratIyoM ne nahIM kiyA, vizeSataH jaba isa vizva meM kahIM bhI itanA vistRta karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta nahIM pAyA jAtA jitanA ki saMskRta sAhitya meM vidyamAna hai / ataH gapha evaM brAuna kI ( jisane yahA~ taka likha DAlA hai ki yoga, sAMkhya evaM upaniSad zabda dravir3a bhASA ke zabdoM

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350 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke AdhAra para bane haiM) kalpanAe~ evaM anumAna nirAdhAra evaM nirmUlya haiN| vidvAnoM, vizeSataH pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ko pUrva ke viSaya meM likhate samaya mallinAtha ke 'nAmUlaM likhyate kiJcit' nAmaka zabdoM ko smaraNa rakhanA cAhie / prastuta lekhaka anumAnoM ke viruddha nahIM hai, kintu unake pIche koI tathya evaM pramANa avazya honA cAhie / maya to isakA rahatA hai ki pahale ke vidvAnoM ke anumAna Age ke lekhakoM ke lie yuktisaMga niSkarSa se lagane lagate haiM / vAstava meM hameM bhArI-bharakama nAmoM ke raubadAba se apanI rakSA karanI cAhie, binA kisI jA~ca ke vizvAsa nahIM kara lenA cAhie, jaisA ki vidvAn lekhaka evaM vicAraka ekTana ne likhA hai / isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 4 ke mUla pRSTha 38-40 meM karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta para saMkSepa meM kucha likhA jA cukA hai ( pApoM evaM unake prAyazcittoM Adi ke viSaya meM carcA karate samaya ) / kintu vistAra Age ke lie chor3a diyA gayA thA / isa adhyAya meM hama isa siddhAnta ke udgama evaM vikAsa ke lie vaidika sAhitya kI jA~ca kareMge aura dekheMge ki Age cala kara isameM kyA saMzodhana, parivartana evaM virodha upasthita kiye gaye aura Adhunika kAla meM isake virodha meM kyA tarka upasthita kiye jAte haiM / yaha mahattvapUrNa bAta hai ki yadyapi katipaya darzanoM (yathA-sAMkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika, pUrvamImAMsA evaM vedAnta ) ne eka-dUsare ke siddhAntoM kI kar3I AlocanAe~ kI haiM, kintu unhoMne karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko eka svara se svIkAra kiyA hai, kevala bhautikavAdiyoM ( yathA cArvAka ) ne ise amAnya ThaharAyA hai / bauddhoM evaM jainoM ne ise apane DhaMga se apanA liyA hai ( jaba ki ve vaidika evaM smRti sAhitya ke bahuta-se viSayoM se asahamata haiM ) | karma evaM punarjanma -sambandhI sabhI vizvAsoM ke sAtha kucha sambhAvanAe~ evaM UhApoha calate haiM, yathA-- - ( 1 ) manuSya kA eka AtmA hotA hai, jo nitya aura bhautika zarIra se pRthaka hai, (2) anya jIvoM yathA-- pazuoM, oSadhiyoM (paudhoM) evaM sambhava nirjIva padArthoM meM bhI Atmatattva hotA hai, (3) manuSya evaM nimnastara ke pazuoM kA AtmA eka bhautika zarIra se dUsare meM praviSTa ho jA sakatA hai, (4) AtmA karma karane vAlA evaM duHkha sahane vAlA hotA hai / hamane isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 4 ke mUla pR0 154 - 171 meM vistAra ke sAtha dekha liyA hai ki kisa prakAra svarga evaM naraka kI bhAvanAe~ vaidika kAla se Age taka calIM aura kisa prakAra karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta se ve parimArjita huI / 'karma' zabda Rgveda meM 40 bAra se adhika prayukta huA hai / kahIM-kahIM isakA artha hai 'parAkrama' yA 'vIra kArya', yathA R0 ( 1 / 22 / 16, viSNu ke karma (parAkrama) kA nirIkSaNa karo), prazaMsA ke yogya usake ( indra ke ) prAcIna karmoM kI ghoSaNA apane zabdoM (yA zlokoM) se karo (R0 1 / 61 / 13) 1 aura dekhie R0 ( 1 62 6, 1101 4 10 54 4 10 / 131 / 4 ) / Rgveda ke kucha sthaloM para 'karma' kA artha hai 'dhArmika kRtya' (yajJa, dAna Adi), yathA 'deva loga isa kavi ke sabhI karmoM ko svIkAra karate ( yA cAhate ) haiM, jo tumheM stuti detA hai ( tumhArI vandanA karatA hai) yaha R0 (1 / 148/2 ) hai / aura dekhie R0 (8|36|7, 1. asya prabrUhi pUrvyANi turasya karmANi navya ukthaiH R0 ( 1061 / 13 ) ; tabu prayakSatamasya karma dasmasya cArutamamasti daMsaH / upahvare yaduparA apinvana madhvarNaso nadyazcatasraH // R0 ( 1162 / 6 ) ; yuvaM surAmazvinA namucAvAsure sacA / vipipAnA zubhaspatI indraM karmasvAvatam // R0 (1 / 131 / 1 ) .. 2. juSanta vizvAnyasya karmopastutiM bharamANasya kAro: / R0 ( 1 / 148 / 2 ) : zyAvAzvasya sunva

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta 351 3 66 / 11) / prAcIna kAla meM svarga aisA sthala mAnA jAtA thA, jahA~ adhika se adhika karmoM ke phala kA Ananda liyA jAtA hai / isa loka ke phala ( yathA --- sampatti, vIra putroM ) ke lie stuti niHsandeha kI jAtI thI, kintu amRtatva evaM svarga ke Ananda ko sarvAdhika mUlya diyA jAtA thA / R0 (10 / 16 / 4 ) meM agni se prArthanA kI gayI hai ki vaha mRta ko una logoM ke loka meM le jAye jinhoMne acche karma kiye haiM ( tAbhirvanaM sukRtAM ulokam ) / 'sukRtAM lokam' zabda atharvaveda ( 3 / 28/6, 18 | 2|71 ) evaM vAja0 saM0 ( 18 / 52 ) meM bhI Aye haiM / R0 (6 / 113 / 7-10 ) meM vaha yajamAna jo indra ko soma arpaNa karatA hai, prArthanA karatA hai ki vaha svarga meM amara rUpa meM rakha diyA jAya, jahA~ ananta prakAza rahatA hai, vivasvAna ke putra yama rAjA haiM, jahA~ Ananda evaM AhlAda hai aura jahA~ kAmanAe~ aura unakI pUrti hai / amaratva ke lie sabhI devoM kI stutiyA~ kI gayI haiM, yathA agni kI (R0 111347, 4/58/1, 554/10, 6 / 7 / 4 ), marutoM kI ( R0 5 / 55/4 ), mitra evaM varuNa kI ( R0 5/63/2), vizvedevoM kI ( R0 10 525 evaM 10 / 62 / 1 ), soma kI ( 1 61 1, 6 / 64 / 4, 6 / 108 / 3 ) / kintu duSkRtya karane vAloM ke bhAgya ke lie Rgveda meM kucha nahIM kahA gayA hai / brAhmaNa-granthoM meM satkarmoM ke phaloM evaM duSkarmoM ke pratikAra ke viSaya meM paryApta varNana milatA hai / zata0 brA0 ( 126111 ) meM pratikAra kI bhAvanA vyakta kI gayI hai| yahI bAta mAMsa bhakSaNa ke viSaya meM manu evaM viSNudharmasUtra meM kahI gayI hai, jisase aisA abhivyakta hai -- "vaha jIva jisakA mAMsa maiM yahA~ khAtA hU~, dUsare loka meM mujhe khAyegA, vijJa loga 'mAMsa' zabda ke mUla yA udbhava ke viSaya meM aisA ghoSita karate haiM / " zatapathabrAhmaNa ( 11 / 6 / 1 / 3-6 ) meM eka vilakSaNa kathA AyI hai| bhRgu se, jo apanI vidyA ke kAraNa garvIle ho gaye the aura apane ko pitA se bhI adhika vidvAn samajhate the, usake pitA varuNa ne cAroM dizAoM meM pUrva se uttara taka jAne ko kahA aura lauTa Ane para dekhI huI sabhI ghaTanAoM kA vivaraNa maaNgaa| sabhI dizAoM meM bhRgu ko bhayaMkara dRzya dekhane ko mile, pUrva meM unhoMne logoM ko eka-dUsare ko chinna-bhinna karate dekhA, eka-eka kara hAtha ukhAr3ate yaha kahate sunA, 'yaha tumhAre lie, yaha mere lie|' unhoMne kahA, 'yaha bhayaMkara haiN|' una logoM ne kahA, 'ina logoM ne hamAre sAtha sAmane ke loka meM kiyA, ataH hama loga pratikAra meM aisA kara rahe haiN|' taba unhoMne uttara meM dekhA ki cillAte evaM rote hue logoM dvArA cillAte evaM rote hue loga pITe jA rahe haiN| jaba unhoMne kahA, 'yaha to bhISma ( bhayaMkara yA bhISaNa ) hai' to una logoM ne uttara diyA, 'ina logoM ne hamAre sAtha aisA hI... yaha pratikAra hai|' yaha eka lambI gAthA hai, jisakA varNana yahA~ anAvazyaka hai / yaha kathA sambhavataH 'jaise ko taisA' vAlI kahAvata caritArtha karatI hai / itanA to spaSTa hai ki zatapathabrAhmaNa ke kAla taka yaha dhAraNA ba~dha cukI thI ki jo vyakti eka jIvana meM duSkRtya karatA hai vaha dUsare jIvana meM usI vyakti dvArA, jisakA anabhala vaha kiye rahatA hai, duSkRtya kA uttara athavA pratikAra pAtA hai / zata0 brA0 evaM tai0 brA0 ne kaI bAra 'punarmutyu' (bAra-bAra maranA, arthAt bAra-bAra janma lenA evaM maranA ) ko jIta lene athavA usako dUra kara tastathA zRNu yathA zRNoratreH karmANi kRNvataH / R0 (8136/7 ) ; yahI punaH 8|37|7 meM AyA hai ( sunvataH ke sthAna para rebhataH AyA hai); tvayA hi naH pitaraH soma pUrve karmANi cakruH pavamAna dhIrAH R0 (6066 / 11) / 3. etasmAdvai yajJAtpuruSo jAyate / sa yadbhavA asmi~lloke puruSo'nnamatti tadenamamuSmi~lloke pratyatti zatapatha (12 / 6 / 1 / 1 ) ; mAMsa bhakSayitAmutra yasya mAMsa mihAdbhayam / etanmAMsasya mAMsatvaM pravadanti manISiNaH / / manu ( 555), viSNudharmasUtra ( 5178 ); 'mAM' kA artha hai mujhako evaM 'saH' kA artha 'vaha jIva' aura mAMsa zabda (jisameM donoM mile haiM) kA artha vaha hai jo Upara kahA gayA hai /

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352 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dene kI bAta kahI hai / zata0 brA0 (10|4| 4 ) meM AyA hai ki deva loga amara ho gaye, kyoMki unhoMne prajApati kI sammati se agni cayana kA ucita sampAdana kiyA, yathA --- 360 gherane vAlI IMToM, 360 yajuSmatI IMToM, tathA una para 36 aura IMToM tathA 10,800 lokampUNA IMToM se use sampAdita kiyA / ( 10/4/4/6 ) meM AyA hai- 'jo vyakti vidyA dvArA tathA pavitra karmoM dvArA amara honA cAhatA hai, vaha isa zarIra se pRthak hone para amara ho jAyegA' aura ! punaH (10|4|4|10 ) meM AyA hai 'jo vyakti ise jAnate haiM yA jo yaha pavitra karma karate haiM, ve punaH marane ke uparAnta isa jIvana meM Ate haiM aura jIvana meM Ane ke uparAnta amara jIvana prApta karate haiM; kintu ve loga jo ise nahIM jAnate yA isa pavitra karma kA sampAdana nahIM karate, marane para punarjIvana prApta karate haiM aura ve mRtyu kA bhojana bArabAra banate haiM / '4 tai0 brA0 ( 3 / 2 / 8) meM naciketA kI gAthA kahI gayI hai jo kaThopaniSad se milatI hai (kucha mantra donoM meM samAna haiM / ) tai0 brA0 meM AyA hai ki mRtyu ne naciketA ko tIna varadAna diye, jinameM tIsarA kaTopaniSad se bhinna hai / vaha tIsarA varadAna yaha hai - " maiM punarmRtyu' kisa prakAra dUra karU~, isakI mujhase ghoSaNA kro|" mRtyu ne usase nAciketa agni ghoSita kA upadeza kiyA, jisase naciketA punarmRtyu ko dUra kara skaa| aura dekhie kauSIki brA0 (2511 ) evaM bR0 upa0 (1127, 152, 3 / 2 / 10 evaM 3 / 3 / 2 ) | duSkRtyoM ke pratikAra kI prAcIna bhAvanA se hI sambhavataH acche karmoM kI yaha bhAvanA uTha khar3I huI ki inako ( arthAt satkarmoM ko ) duSkarmoM ke virodha meM rakhA jAya aura donoM ko mAno tarAjU meM tolA jAya / zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 / 2|7|33 ) meM AyA hai--'aba yaha tarAjU hai, arthAt vedI kA dAhinA pArzva | vaha vedI kA dAhinA pArzva chUkara baiTha jAya, kyoMki, vAstava meM, ve use sAmane ke loka meM tarAjU para baiThAte haiM, aura donoM meM jo Upara uTha jAyegA vaha usI kA anusaraNa karegA, cAhe vaha acchA yA burA / jo koI ise jAnatA hai vaha isa tarAjU para isa loka meM batA hai aura sAmane ke loka meM arthAt Age ke yA paraloka meM baiThane se chuTakArA pA jAtA hai, kyoMki yaha satkarma hI hai jo Upara uThatA hai burA karma nahIM / " zatapatha isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca gayA thA ki manuSya kI icchA ( aura usI ke anurUpa usakA kAryaM) para hI yaha nirbhara hai ki use mRtyu ke uparAnta kauna-sA loka prApta hogA / usameM kathita hai - 'use brahma samajha kara satya kA hI dhyAna karanA caahie| aba yaha puruSa (manuSya) hI adhikatara icchA hai aura apanI icchA ke anusAra hI jaba vaha isa loka se calegA to sAmane ke ( arthAt Age ke ) loka meM bhI vaisI icchA rakhegA / ' zatapathabrAhmaNa (10 / 1 / 5 / 4 ) meM eka vicitra vacana AyA hai jisakA sambandha yajJoM se utpanna una zaktiyoM se hai jo ki sAmane ke ( Age arthAt paraloka) loka meM prakaTa hotI hai| isameM AyA hai ki jo vyakti niyamita rUpa 4. te ya evametadvidurye vai tatkarma kurvate mRtvA punaH sambhavanti te sambhavanta evAmRtatvamabhi sambhavanyatha ya evaM na vidurye vai tatkarma na kurvate mRtvA punaH sambhavanti ta etasyaivAnaM punaH punarbhavanti / zatapathabrA0 ( 10 4 / 3 / 10 ) / 5. atha haiSaiva tulA yadakSiNo vedyantaH sa yatsAdhu karoti tadantarvedyatha yadasAdhu tadbahirvedi / tasmAddakSiNaM vedyantamadhispRzyevAsIta / tulAyAM ha vA 'muSmi~lloka Adadhati yataradyasyati tadanveSyati yadi sAdhu vA'sAdhu veti / atha ya evaM vedAsminhaiva loke tulAmArohatya muSmi~lloke tulAdhAnaM mucyate / sAdhukRtyA haivAsya yacchati na pApakRtyA / zatapathabrAhmaNa ( 11 / 2 / 7 / 33 ) | yahA~ para vedi ke dAhine pArzva ke kinAre ko tulA kA daNDa kahA gayA hai|

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta 353 se agnihotra karatA hai vaha paraloka meM prAtaH evaM sAyaM bhojana karatA hai, darza evaM pUrNamAsa ko karane vAlA pratyeka pakSa meM bhojana karatA hai; cAturmAsyoM (RtuoM vAle yajJa) ko karane vAlA sAmane ke lokoM meM prati cAra mAsoM ke uparAnta bhojana karatA hai; pazu-yajJa karane vAlA pratyeka 6 mAsoM para khAtA hai; soma yajJa karane vAlA eka varSa ke uparAnta bhojana karatA hai; agnicayana vedikA kA nirmANa karane vAlA pratyeka sI varSoM para icchA ke anusAra khAtA hai yA eka bAra khA lene para khAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM samajhatA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa isa niSkarSa para pahuMcA thA ki pratyeka vyakti apane mana ke anusAra nirmita loka meM janma letA hai| usane yaha dRr3hatApUrvaka vyakta kiyA hai ki jo devoM ke lie yajJa karatA hai vaha usa loka ko nahIM prApta karatA hai jise AtmA ke lie yajJa karane vAlA pAtA hai aura AtmA ke lie yajJa karane vAlA vyakti apane zarIra se, pApa se, usI prakAra mukti pAtA hai jisa prakAra sarpa apane keMcula se pAtA hai (11 / 2 / 6 / 13-14) / yaha mAna lenA hogA ki karma evaM punarjanma siddhAnta sambandhI spaSTa vaktavya kA Rgveda meM abhAva hai| Rgveda kA 733 eka mahattvapUrNa sUkta hai| prathama 6 mantroM meM vasiSTha ne apane putroM ke viSaya meM kahA hai| 10-14 svayaM vasiSTha ke lie prayukta haiM jo yA to unake putroM dvArA kathita haiM yA eka anya mata se indra ke sAtha huI bAtacIta kA eka aMza haiM / ye mantra devatAkhyAna yukta haiM, rahasyavAdI haiM aura vyAkhyA ke lie ati kaThina / 10 veM mantra meM vasiSTha ke janma kI ora iMgita hai jaba ki mitra evaM varuNa ne unheM vidyut ke atitetra ke pAsa pahu~cate hue dekhA, aura aisA kahA gayA hai ki agastya unheM (vasiSTha ko) logoM ke pAsa le Aye / yahA~ para 'eka janma' se jJAta hotA hai ki isa sUkta meM vasiSTha ke anya janma kI ora bhI saMketa hai / 11veM mantra meM vasiSTha ko urvazI se utpanna mitra evaM varuNa kA putra kahA gayA hai aura aisA AyA hai ki sabhI devoM ne unheM eka puSkara (antarikSa yA kamala) meM rkhaa| 12vA mantra lAkSaNika evaM rahasyavAdI hone ke kAraNa mahattvapUrNa hai, kyoMki yama dvArA phailAye gaye vastra ko bunane kI icchA karate hue vasiSTha urvazI se utpanna ho gye| 13veM zloka meM AyA hai ki donoM (mitra evaM varuNa) ne bIja ko eka ghar3e meM DAla diyA, jisake madhya se agastya nikale aura vasiSTha bhI utpanna hue| 14vA~ mantra pratRdoM ko sambodhita hai aura unase kahA gayA hai ki ve vasiSTha ke sammAna meM laga jAyeM jo unake pAsa yajJa (karAne) ke lie aayeNge| yaha, aisA pratIta hotA hai, variSTha kA dUsarA janma hai| pro0 Ara0 DI0 rAnADe ne apane grantha 'kAMsTrakTiva sarva Ava di upaniSadika philaoNsaoNphI' (pR0 145-146) meM Rgveda ke kucha mantroM para nirbhara ho kara yaha kahane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki vaidika RSiyoM ne punarjanma kI ora saMketa kiyA hai (pR0 147) / kintu pro0 rAnADe ne (usI pRSTha para) svayaM yaha mAnA hai ki Rgveda ke adhikAMza mAga meM punarjanma kI bhAvanA kA sarvathA abha.va hai| sthAnAbhAva se hama unake tarkoM kI jA~ca yahA~ nahIM kara paayeNge| pUrNa jAnakArI ke lie dekhie mUla grantha, pR0 1537-1548 / zrI je. esa0 karandIkara ne (pUnA-nivAsI, jo lokamAnya tilaka ke kaTTara ziSya haiM) apane grantha 'gItAtattva maJjarI, (marAThI meM, 1647) meM yaha darzAyA hai ki punarjanma kA siddhAnta vaidika saMhitAoM meM pAyA jAtA hai aura isa viSaya meM unhoMne RgvedIya cAra RcAoM (1011418, 10 / 16 / 3 evaM 5 tathA 10113516, kA Azraya liyA hai| kintu unako dhAraNA nirmUla hai| unhoMne RcAoM kA jo artha lagAyA hai, vaha ThIka nahIM hai| vizeSa taka evaM vivecana ke lie dekhie isa grantha kA mUla pR0 1542 se pR0 1544 (khaNDa 5) / ta0 saM0 (2 / 6 / 10 / 2) meM eka manorama vacana AyA hai-'jo vyakti kisI brAhmaNa ko dhamakI detA hai vaha isake lie eka sau varSoM taka prAyazcitta karegA, jo use pITatA hai vaha eka sahasra, varSoM taka (prAyazcitta karegA), jo brAhmaNa kA rakta girAyegA vaha utane varSoM taka apane pitaroM ke loka ko nahIM jAnegA jitane miTTI ke kaNa

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dharmakA rakta se sanakara eka piNDa ke rUpa meM bana jAyeMge / ataH vyakti na to brAhmaNa ko dhamakI de na poTe aura na usake zarIra se rakta girane de, kyoMki vaisA karane se utanA hI pApa hotA hai|' isa vacana se aisA nahIM pratIta hotA hai ki isa vacana ke praNayana ke kAla taka kevala pitRloka kI bhAvanA hI bana sakI thI, jaisA ki DyUzana ne apane grantha 'philaoNsaoNphI Ava upaniSad' ( pR0 325) meM likhA hai / vAstava meM, Rgveda meM devayAna evaM pitRyANa kI kalpanA prabala ho cukI thI / Rgveda ke anusAra adhika loga yama ke rAjya pitRloka meM jAyeMge, kevala thor3e se devayAna dvArA devoM ke loka meM jaayeNge| yaha vacana isa viSaya meM adhika mahattvapUrNa hai ki eka ati ghAtaka pApa ke phalasvarUpa pApI ko eka sahasra varSoM taka yA kaI sahasroM varSoM taka duHkha bhoganA par3atA thA, ataH use kaI jIvanoM taka janma lenA par3atA thA, kyoMki mAnava kI Ayu sau varSa hotI hai (R0 10 1619 / 4 = atharva 0 3 / 11 / 4 ; R0 1186 | 6 = vAja0 saM0 25 / 22 ) / uparyukta vacana ke AdhAra para gautamadharmasUtra ne vyavasthA dI hai ki krodha meM Akara brAhmaNa ko dhamakI dene se sau varSo taka svarga kA dvAra avaruddha ho jAyegA ( yA naraka meM jAnA hogA), use pITane se eka sahasra varSoM taka tathA usake zarIra se rakta nikAlane para utane varSoM taka svarga-dvAra avaruddha rahegA jitane miTTI ke kaNoM se eka raktaraMjita piNDa bana jaayegaa| manu (11 / 206-7 ) ne ise yoM samajhA hai ki brAhmaNa ke viruddha kiye gaye duSkarmoM se abhiyogI ko krama se 100, 1000 yA sahasroM varSoM taka naraka meM rahanA par3egA / manuSya apane karmoM evaM AcaraNa se apanA bhaviSya banAtA hai, isa siddhAnta kI zikSA bRha0 upa0 (4/4/5-7 ) meM milatI hai -"jo jaisA AcaraNa karatA hai, vaha vaisA hI hogA, acche karmoM vAlA acchA (janma) pAyegA, duSkarmoM vAlA burA (janma) pAyegA ; puNya karmoM se puNya (pavitra) hotA hai| duSkarmoM se burA / yahA~ ve kahate haiM'manuSya kAmamaya hai, usakI jaisI kAmanA hogI vaisI hI usakI icchA-zakti hogI, usakI jaisI icchA hogI vaisA hI usakA karma hogA, aura jo kucha karma vaha karatA hai vaisA hI vaha hogA vaisA hI phala vaha prApta karegA / " isa para eka zloka AyA hai- 'jisa kisI se manuSya kA mana evaM sUkSma deha saMlagna rahatA hai usI ke pAsa apane kama ke phaloM ke sAtha vaha jAtA hai, aura jo kucha karma vaha isa loka meM karatA hai usakA phala prApta karane ke uparAnta vaha puna: usa loka se (jahA~ vaha phala prApti ke kAraNa kucha kAla ke lie gayA thA), karmaloka meM A jAtA hai; itanI bAta usa vyakti ke lie hai jo kAmayamAna ( arthAt jo kAmanAoM yA icchAoM meM DUbA huA hai) hai; aba akAmayamAna ke viSaya meM; jo vyakti kAmarahita hai, niSkAma hai, jisake kAma zAnta ho gaye haiM, jo svayaM AtmakAma (svayaM apanI icchA ) hai usake prANa kahIM aura nahIM jAte, vaha svayaM brahma hone ke kAraNa brahmalIna ho jAtA hai| isa bAta para eka zloka hai- "jaba manuSya ke hRdaya meM sthita sabhI kAma dUra ho jAte haiM, to vaha jo martya hai, amRta ho jAtA hai, yahIM isI zarIra meM vaha brahma kI prApti kara letA hai / " uparyukta vacana meM krama yoM hai kAma, icchA Na Jiu Fa 6. sa vA ayamAtmA brahma vijJAnamayo manomaya iti / yathAkArI yathAcArI tathA bhavati sAdhukArI sAdhurbhavati pApakArI pAyo bhavati puNyaH puNyena karmaNA bhavati pApaH pApena / atho khalvAhuH / kAmamaya evAyaM puruSa iti / sa yathAkAmo bhavati tattraturbhavati yatkraturbhavati tatkarma kurute yatkarma kurute tadabhisampadyate / tadeva zloko bhavati / tadeva saktaH saha karmaNeti liGaga mano yatra niktamasya / prApyAntaM karmaNastasya yatkiMceha karotyayama / tasmAllokAtpunaretyasmai lokAya karmaNe / iti nu kAmayamAnaH / athA kAmayamAno "tho'kAmo niSkAma AptakAma AtmakAmo na tasya prANA utkrAmanti brahmaiva sanbrahmApyeti / tadeSa zloko bhavati / yadA sarve pramucyante kAmA ye'sya hRdi sthitAH / atha martyo'mRto bhavatyatra brahma samanute // 20 pa0 (4/4/5-7 ) + ...

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta ' evaM karma / isa viSaya meM dekhie DyUzana (philaoNsaoNphI Ava di upaniSadsa, pR0 348) evaM jerAlDa harDa ('ija gaoNDa eviDeNTa', pR0 34) kI bhAvabhInI TippaNiyA~ / - upayukta vacana ke pahale evaM uparAnta kaI udAharaNa Aye haiM, jinameM do yahA~ diye jA rahe haiM, jisase yaha bAta vyakta ho jAyagI ki AtmA kisa prakAra eka zarIra se dUsare zarIra meM jAtA hai| jisa prakAra eka jhinagA ghAsa ke eka aMkura ke pora para pahu~cane ke uparAnta dUsare aMkura ke pAsa pahu~cane kI gati karatA hai, usakI ora apane ko khIMca letA hai aura usa para apane ko avasthita kara letA hai, usI prakAra yaha (jIva kA) AtmA mRtyu para apane zarIra ko tyAga kara, avidyA ko haTAtA huA, dUsare zarIra kI ora pahu~catA huA usakI ora apane ko khIMca letA hai aura usI meM apane ko avasthita kara letA hai' (bR0 upa0 4 / 4 / 3) / dUsarA udAharaNa yaha hai-'jisa prakAra sarpa kA keMcula pipIlikA ke TUha para marA huA evaM pheMkA huA rahatA hai, usI prakAra yaha zarIra par3A raha jAtA hai aura taba AtmA, zarIra rahita, amarAtmA ho jAtA hai aura kevala brahma hotA hai| - yaha sampUrNa vacana (bR. upa0 4 / 4 / 5-7) sabase mukhya, prAcIna evaM spaSTa vacana hai aura upaniSadoM meM pAye jAne vAle punarjanma ke siddhAnta para prabhUta prakAza DAlatA hai| isI prakAra ke anya vacana bhI haiM / yAjJavalkya evaM ArtabhAga kI kathA ke anta meM (jahA~ yAjJavalkya ne ArtabhAga se ekAnta meM mRtyu ke uparAnta hone vAlI avasthA ke viSaya meM bAteM kI haiM) upaniSada meM AyA hai.---'unhoMne jo kahA vaha kevala karma thA, unhoMne jisakI prazaMsA kI, vaha karma hI hai| vyakti acche karmo se acchA hotA hai aura duSkarmoM se burA hotA hai' (bR. upa0 3 / 3 / 13) / ye donoM aise maulika vacana haiM jo punarjanma ke siddhAnta ke AdhAra meM par3e tarka evaM uddezya kI vyAkhyA upasthita karate haiN| uparyukta donoM uktiyoM kA sArAMza yaha hai ki isa jIvana meM kiye gaye karma evaM AcAraNa manuSya ke bhAvI jIvana kA nirmANa karane vAle hote haiM aura vartamAna jIvana manuSya dvArA atIta jIvana yA jIvanoM meM kiye gaye karmoM yA vyavahAra kA phala hai| kintu karma evaM AcaraNa (vyavahAra) manuSya kI icchA (saMkalpa) para nirbhara rahate haiM aura yaha saMkalpa (yA icchA) kAmanAoM ke kAraNa hI jAgatA hai| manuSya kI kaI kAmanAe~ ho sakatI haiM, vaha unameM kucha ko dabA sakatA hai, kintu kucha kAmanAoM kI niSpatti athavA siddhi ke lie vaha saMkalpa le sakatA hai| ataH kAmanAe~ (athavA kevala 'kAma') saMkalpa (yA icchA), karmoM evaM AcaraNa kA AdhAra (mUla yA jar3a) hai aura antatogatvA vahI janmoM evaM maraNoM ke cakra (jise saMsAra kahA jAtA hai) ke mUla meM bhI hai| isI se zaMkarAcArya ne 'yadA sarve pramucyante kAmA' (vR0 upa0 4 / 57) kA anusaraNa karate hue kahA hai--'kAmo mUlaM saMsArasya' arthAt kAma saMsAra kA mUla hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6 / 2) meM eka anya mahattvapUrNa vacana hai / vahau AruNi ke putra zvetaketu ke bAre meM eka kathA AyI hai| zvetaketu apanI vidyA ke ghamaNDa meM cUra paJcAloM ke sabhA-bhavana meM Aye aura vahA~ para naukaroM dvArA sevA pAte hue pravAhaNa jaivali (eka kSatriya yA rAjakamAra) ko dekhaa| zvetaketu ko dekha lene para rAjakumAra ne unase pUchA-'kyA Apane apane pitA se zikSA pAyI hai ?' jaba zvetaketu ne 'hA~' kahA to rAjakumAra ne unase pA~ca prazna kiye ; yathA-(1) kyA Apa yaha jAnate haiM ki jaba manuSya yahA~ se jAte haiM to ve kisa prakAra vibhinna dizAoM ko jAte haiM ? ; (2) kyA Apa yaha jAnate haiM ki ve kisa prakAra yahA~ lauTa Ate haiM ? ; (3) kyA Apa yaha jAnate haiM ki sAmane vAlA loka kisa prakAra bahuta logoM dvArA bAra-bAra jAne para bhI bhara nahIM pAtA?; (4) kyA Apa yaha jAnate haiM ki kisa kRtya kI Ahuti para jala mAnava vANI se yukta ho jAte haiM, uTha par3ate haiM aura bola uThate haiM ?; (5) kyA Apa devayAna evaM pitRyANa nAmaka mArgoM kI pahu~ca ko jAnate haiM ? (arthAt kyA Apa una karmoM ko

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ha dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jAnate haiM jinake dvArA manuSya devayAna evaM pitRyANa nAmaka mArgoM meM jA sakate ?), kyoMki hamane eka RSi ko yaha kahate sunA hai - 'maiMne manuSyoM ke lie do mArgoM kI bAta sunI hai, jinameM eka pitaroM kI ora jAtA hai aura dUsarA devoM kI ora inhIM donoM mArgoM para sArA saMsAra jo kucha bhI pitA (AkAza) evaM mAtA ( pRthivI) ke bIca rahatA hai, calatA hai / " ina sabhI praznoM ke viSaya meM zvetaketu ne kahA ki ve kucha nahIM jAnate / rAjakumAra ne Atithya diyA, kintu zvetaketu daur3a kara apane pitA ke pAsa gaye aura yaha jAnanA cAhA ki kaise unhoMne kaha diyA thA ki unhoMne saba kucha par3hA diyA hai, jaba ki eka rAjanya dvArA pUche gaye pA~ca praznoM meM eka kA bhI uttara nahIM diyA jA skaa| unake pitA ne kahA ki unhoMne saba kucha, jo unheM jJAta thA, par3hA diyA thA, ve svayaM ina praznoM kA uttara nahIM jAnate / ve rAjakumAra ke pAsa gaye, jisane unheM dAna se sammAnita kiyaa| AruNi ko dhana nahIM cAhie thA, unhoMne praznoM kA uttara caahaa| rAjakumAra ne kahA- 'ziSya ke rUpa meM Aie / AruNi (gautama) ne kahA ki ve ziSya ke rUpa meM hI Aye haiN| rAjakumAra ne kahA ki jo vidyA meM par3hAU~gA vaha kisI brAhmaNa pAsa isake pUrva nahIM thI / " isake uparAnta unhoMne ( rAjanya yA kSatriya athavA rAjakumAra ne ) zvetaketu ko pA~coM praznoM kA uttara saMkSepa meM diyA jo isa prakAra hai--pAMca agniyA~ ( lAkSaNika rUpa meM) haiM, svarga, varSA ke deva, pRthivI, puruSa evaM nArI aura pA~ca AhutiyA~ haiM - zraddhA, soma (candra), varSA, anna evaM biij| yaha cauthe prazna kA uttara huaa| pahale evaM pA~caveM praznoM kA uttara isa vaktavya meM hai-- 'kucha loga devoM ke mArga se, kucha loga pitaroM ke mArga se jAte haiM kintu anya ( yathA -- kIr3e-makor3e, makSiyoM Adi) logoM ke lie koI mArga nahIM hai (ve kevala jIte haiM aura mara jAte haiM ) / dekhie bR0 upa0 ( 6 / 2 / 15-16 ) / dUsare evaM tIsare praznoM kA uttara usI prakAra hai, yathA--jo loga pitRyANa se jAte haiM ve isa pRthivI para lauTa Ate haiM aura jo brahma ke pAsa jAte haiM ve lauTa kara nahIM Ate, isI se vaha loka bhara nahIM pAtA / chA0 upa0 (51312) meM ye prazna kucha bhinna rUpa se pUche gaye haiM- (1) kyA Apa jAnate haiM ki yahA~ se loga kisa sthAna ko jAte haiM ? ; (2) ve kaise lauTate haiM ? ; (3) kyA Apa jAnate haiM ki devoM kA mArga evaM pitaroM kA mArga kahA~ alaga-alaga hotA hai ? ; ( 4 ) loka bhara kyoM nahIM jAtA ? ; (5) pA~cavIM Ahuti meM jala ko manuSya kyoM kahA jAtA hai ? inake uttara bRha0 upa0 evaM chA0 upa0 meM eka-se nahIM haiM, yadyapi ve paryApta rUpa meM eka dUsare se milate-julate haiN| agni ke pA~ca aMga haiM, IMdhana, chA0 upa0 (5 / 10 / 4 - 6 ) evaM bRha0 upa0 (6 / 26 - 13 ) dhUma, jvAlA, jalate koyale (aMgAre) evaM sphuliMga | meM agniyAM eka hI haiM, kintu unake aMgoM meM thor3A 7. devayAna evaM pitRyANa ke viSaya meM jo prazna bRha0 upa0 (6 2 2 ) meM pUchA gayA hai usakA rUpa yoM hai : vettho devayAnasya vA pathaH pratipadaM pitRyANasya vA / yatkRtvA devayAnaM vA panthAnaM pratipadyante pitRyANaM vA / api hi na RServacaH zrutama-de sRtI azRNavaM pitRRNAmahaM devAnAmuta martyAnAm / tAbhyAmidaM vizvamejatsameti yadantarA pitaraM mAtaraM ca / iti / 'dvai sutI' nAmaka pada R0 (1088 / 15) evaM tai0 grA0 (1 / 4 / 2 - 3 ) meM pAyA jAtA hai / dyauH (svarga) evaM pRthivI ko krama se pitA evaM mAtA kahA gayA hai (R0 1 / 164 / 31 evaM 1 / 161 / 6 ) / 8. isa vidyA ko 'paJcAgnividyA' kahA jAtA hai| isa upaniSada meM 'rAjanya' zabda rAjakumAra ke lie prayukta huA hai, jisakA artha hai, kevala kSatriya, jaisA ki puruSasUkta, (10/60 / 12) meM AyA hai, na ki 'rAjA' /

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta antara hai; milAie, udAharaNArtha, bRha0 upa0 (6 / 2111 ) evaM chA0 upa0 (5 / 3 / 6) chA0 upa0 meM prathama prazna ke uttara meM donoM mArgoM kA ullekha hai / dUsare prazna kA uttara chA0 upa0 (521018) meM hai / candra taka pahu~cane para mArga pRthak-pRthak ho jAte haiM / ( tIsare prazna kA uttara ), jaisA ki chA0 upa0 (5 / 10 / 2 evaM 4-5 ) meM AyA hai / cauthe prazna kA uttara chA0 upa0 ( 501018 ) meM hai / pA~caveM prazna kA uttara 'paMcAgnividyA' kI ukti dvArA diyA gayA hai / Age kucha aura kahane ke pUrva isa viSaya meM kucha likha denA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai ki zarIra ke marane ke uparAnta kyA hotA hai athavA kyA sambhava ho sakatA hai / isa viSaya meM tIna sambhAvanAe~ haiM, yathA(1) sampUrNa vilopa, (2) svarga yA naraka meM ananta pratikAra ( badalA, arthAt phala bhoganA ), evaM ( 3 ) punarjanma | loga AtmA kI amaratA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate ve prathama mata kA pratipAdana karate haiM / prAcIna bhArata meM bhI, kaThopaniSad (1 / 20 ) ne pramANa diyA hai, kucha loga mRtyUparAnta AtmA ke atijIvana ( jIte raha jAne) meM zaMkAe~ rakhate the / jo loga atijIvana ( saravAivala ) meM vizvAsa nahIM karate ve anya praznoM se vyAmohita athavA cintita nahIM hote / ataH mRtyu ke uparAnta vAlA ati jIvana- sambandhI prazna sabase mahatvapUrNa hai arthAt kyA bhautika zarIra kI mRtyu ke uparAnta vyakti (yA usakA AtmA yA usakA koI apanApana ) kA koI cihna bacA rahatA hai ? zvetAzvataropaniSad kA prathama mantra cAra samasyAe~ upasthita karatA hai-- ( 1 ) kyA brahma hI kAraNa hai ? ; (2) hama kahA~ se Ate haiM ? ; (3) hameM kauna pAlatA hai ? tathA ( 4 ) hama kahA~ jA rahe haiM ? jo loga Izvara svarga evaM naraka meM vizvAsa karate haiM unameM bahuta se loga AtmA ke pUrvAstitva meM vizvAsa nahIM karate, ve kevala uttarAstitva (pazcAt vAle astitva ) meM vizvAsa karate haiN| ve aisA vizvAsa karate haiM ki yadi vyakti isa jIvana meM sadAcArI hai to use svarga meM Ananda kA ananta jIvana prApta hogA, aura jo pApamaya jIvana bitAtA hai vaha mRtyu ke uparAnta naraka meM sadA ke lie nivAsa karegA / bAibila evaM kurAna meM vizvAsa karane vAle aisA vizvAsa karate haiM, aura unakI dRSTi meM sukRta ( sAdhutA, dharmAcaraNa yA sadAcAra ) kevala Izvara kI icchA ke prati zraddhA rakhane meM hai (jaisA ki bAibila yA kurAna meM 'ilahAma' yA antaHpreraNA ke rUpa meM vyakta hai) / bahuta kama loga prathama sambhAvanA, arthAt sampUrNa nAza ( vilopa) vAle siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiM, kyoMki isase manuSya kI kAmanAoM se virodha uTha khar3A hotA hai, kyoMki vyakti socatA hai ki usane isa jIvana meM jo kucha mAnasika evaM AdhyAtmika rUpa meM kamAyA hai vaha binA kucha cihna chor3e sarvathA vilupta nahIM ho sktaa| dUsarI sambhAvanA ananta puNyaphala yA pApaphala bhogane kI ora iMgita karatI hai, aura isameM bahuta loga vizvAsa nahIM karate, vizeSataH jaba ve socate haiM ki jIvana to alpa hotA hai aura .. 6. chA0 upa0 (551014 ) : 'AkAzAccandramasameSa somo rAjA taddevAnAmannaM taM devA bhakSanti evaM bR0 upa0 (6 / 2 / 16 ) : 'te candraM prApyAnaM bhavanti tAMstatra devA: bhakSayanti / ve0 sU0 (31117) meM inakA vivecana hai ( bhAktaM vAnAtmavittvAttathAhi darzayati ), usameM AyA hai ki zabdoM (deva unheM khAte haiM, 'bhakSayanti ) ko zAbdika artha meM nahIM lenA cAhie pratyuta lAkSaNika artha meM / vAstava meM, kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki devoM ko unakA sAtha yajJa karate haiM, kyoMki chA0 upa0 (31811 ) meM svayaM AyA hai ki deva loga na to khAte haiM aura na pIte haiM, kintu ve amRta kI dekha kara avazya santuSTa hote haiM / " acchA lagatA hai jo loga

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158 fare kA itihAsa usI meM kiye gaye satkarmoM yA duSkarmoM ke lie svarga yA naraka meM ananta vAsa karanA par3atA hai| ataH apekSAkRta adhika loga tIsarI sambhAvanA meM vizvAsa karate haiM, kyoMki isameM bhautika mRtyu ke uparAnta kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM evaM kinhIM vAtAvaraNoM meM AtmA ke satata astitva kA saMketa milatA hai / uparyukta upaniSad - vacana yaha pradarzita karane ke lie paryApta hai ki punarjanma kA siddhAnta kisa prakAra upaniSad - kAla meM apanA rUpa dhAraNa kara rahA thaa| Rgveda meM devayAna evaM pitRyAna nAmaka do mArga vidita the aura yaha bhI jJAta thA ki svarga meM Ananda evaM AhlAda prApta hote haiM, kintu Rgveda se yaha nahIM jJAta ho pAtA ki svarga ke AnandoM kI kyA avadhi thI aura na vahA~ punarjanma sambandhI siddhAnta ke viSaya meM koI spaSTa evaM nizcita ukti hI milatI hai / brAhmaNa granthoM meM donoM mArgoM kI ora bahudhA saMketa kiyA gayA hai aura isa dhAraNA kI ora bhI nirdeza milatA hai ki manuSya ko kaI bAra maranA hogA (punarjanma ); kintu tathApi satkarmoM evaM duSkarmoM para AdhArita punarjanma ke viSaya meM koI spaSTa evaM nizcita siddhAnta nahIM milatA / atyanta spaSTa (aura sambhavataH atyanta Arambhika ) vaktavya vRha0 upa0 ke do vacanoM ( 3 / 3 / 13 evaM 4 | 4|57) meM hai jo punarjanma ke siddhAnta ke udgama para prakAza DAlate haiM / ye donoM vacana yAjJavalkya se sambandhita haiM aura unhoMne hI dRr3hatApUrvaka kahA hai ki apane karmoM ke phalasvarUpa hI manuSya naye janma grahaNa karatA hai| ina donoM vacanoM meM devayAna evaM pitRyANa kA koI ullekha nahIM hai / kintu bRha0 upa0 (6 / 2116) evaM chA0 upa0 (5 / 10) ne punarjanma ke do mArgoM kI carcA kI hai aura unake lie jo kIToM evaM makkhiyoM ke rUpa meM janma lete haiM, tIsare sthAna kI bAta kahI hai| yaha do mArgoM vAle siddhAnta ke Age kA mArga hai, kyoMki isameM eka aura mArga jor3a diyA gayA hai| eka anya antara bhI pAyA jAtA hai / chAndogyopaniSad (5 / 1015 ) meM AyA hai ki vaise loga, jo yajJa karate haiM, jana-kalyANa kA kArya karate haiM tathA dAna dete haiM, candraloka jAte haiM aura jaba unake satkarmo ke phala samApta ho jAte haiM to ve usI mArga se lauTa Ate haiM jisase ve candraloka gaye the (arthAt candra se AkAza, taba vAyu, dhUmra, kuharA, bAdala evaM varSA ke mArga se lauTate haiM) aura punaH kisI mAtA ke peTa se janma lete haiN| isase vidita hotA hai ki jo loga yajJa Adi karate haiM unheM do pratikAra ( badale ) milate haiM, yathA -- bahuta kAla taka candraloka meM nivAsa tathA isa pRthivI para punarjanma | jo prANoM kA Ayatana hai, amRta hai, bhaya chA0 upa0 kI bhAMti prazna u0 meM bhI vahI siddhAnta AyA hai, kintu yahA~ sUryaloka ke nivAsa kI bhI bAta AyI hai yathA-- "saMvatsara vAstava meM prajApati kA hai, isake do mArga haiM--dakSiNI evaM uttarI / jo loga yajJa evaM jana ke kArya ko Avazyaka samajha kara sampAdita karate haiM ve candra ko hI apane bhAvI loka ke rUpa meM pAsa karate haiM, aura ve hI isa loka ko phira lauTa Ate haiN| ataH jo RSi santAna kI kAmanA rakhate haiM dakSiNI mArga ko apanAte haiM / jo RSi tapa, brahmacarya, zraddhA evaM jJAna ke dvArA AtmA kA jJAna prApta kara lete haiM ve uttarI mArga se sUrya kI ora jAte haiM, se mukta hai, yaha sarvocca evaM antima lakSya hai / yahA~ se ve lauTate nahIM, yahA~ anya padArthoM ke lie nirodha hai | isa para eka zloka hai ( R0 1 / 164 / 12 ) - "kucha loga use pA~ca pA~voM vAle ( pA~ca RtuoM ), bAraha rUpoM vAlA ( 12 mahInoM) pitA kahate haiM, sarvocca svarga meM varSA kA dAtA kahate haiM, anya loga kahate haiM ki RSi nIce ke ardha bhAga meM sAta pahiyoM vAle (ghor3oM yA sUrya kI kiraNoM) evaM chaha tIliyoM (aroM) vAle ratha meM rakhA jAtA hai / " Rgveda kA yaha mantra sambhavataH una do mArgoM ke lie uddhRta kiyA gayA hai jo pratIka ke rUpa meM varSa ke do bhAgoM ko batAte haiM / RRgveda ke isa mantra kA prathama ardha bhAga sUrya kI ora saMketa karatA hai jo ki svarga ke sarvocca ardhabhAga meM avasthita hai aura sambhavataH dUsarA ardhamAga svarga ke usa bhAga ko batAtA

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karma evaM punarjanma kA sidAnta hai jonIce hai aura usameM chaH tIliyA~ haiM arthAt dakSiNAyana ke 6mAsa haiM) DayUzana (philaoNsaoNphI bhAva di upaniSadsa, pR0 338) ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki R0 (13164 / 12) kA do mArgoM se koI sambandha nahIM hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki Rgveda ke isa mantra ke pUrva (1 / 164 / 11) Rta (varSa yA sUrya) ke pahiye ko dvAdazAra (12 aroM yA tIliyoM vAlA yA 12 mahInoM vAlA) kahA gayA hai, ataH jaba SaDare (chaha aroM yA tIliyoM vAlA) kA ullekha R0 (1 / 164 / 12) meM huA hai to yaha 6 mahInoM kA dyotaka ho sakatA hai / kauSItaki upa0 (1 / 2-3) ne devayAna evaM pitRyANa kA ullekha to kiyA hai kintu kIr3oM-makor3oM, pakSiyoM Adi ke tIsare sthala kA nahIM, pratyuta aisA kahA hai ki kIr3e-makor3e Adi usI mArga se lauTate haiM jisa mArga se manuSya / bRha0 upa0 evaM chA0 u0 ne candraloka ko aisA sthala mAnA hai jahA~ se do mArga pRthaka-pRthaka ho jAte haiM, kintu kauSItaki upa0 ne apane ullekha meM devayAna ke mArga ke vizrAma-sthaloM (sTezanoM) ko pitayANa-mArga ke pratilomoM ke rUpa meM rakha diyA hai| kauSItaki upa0 ne candra taka ke sabhI Arambhika vizrAma-sthaloM ko chor3a diyA hai aura sabhI punarjanma lete hue jIvoM kA candra taka jAnA kahA hai| anya antara bhI haiM, jinheM hama yahA~ nahIM de rahe haiN| yuzana mahodaya (philaoNsaoNphI Ava di upaniSadA, pR0 318) ne likhA hai ki RgvaMda (10188 / 15) meM ullikhita do mArga dina evaM rAtri ke dyotaka hai, kintu bAta vAstava meM aisI nahIM hai| pitRyANa mArga kA ullekha R0 (10 / 2 / 7) meM huA hai (agni pitRvANa mArga ko bhalI-bhAMti jAnatI hai), aura bhI 'he matya, anya mArga se jAo, jo tumhArA hai aura devayAna se bhinna hai' (R0 10 / 1811) / ye donoM maMtra spaSTa rUpa se siddha karate haiM ki RgvedIya RSiyoM ko devayAna evaM pitRyANa ke mArgoM kA jJAna avazya thaa| ata: R0 (1088115) meM varNita donoM mArga devayAna evaM pitRyANa haiM na ki dina evaM rAtri jaisA ki Dyuzana mahodaya ne likhA hai| dekhie zatapathabrAhmaNa (12 / 8 / 1 / 21 evaM 1 / 6 / 3 / 1-2) / devayAna kabhI-kabhI Rgveda meM bahuvacana meM prayakta huA hai, ythaa--3|58|5, 7 / 3818, 7 / 76 / 2, 1015135, 10 / 68111 / R0 (10 / 15 / 8) meM aisA AyA hai ki yama ne RSi ke pUrvapuruSoM ke sAtha AhutiyoM kA Ananda liyA aura R0 (1115414) meM yama se prArthanA kI gayI hai ki ve sadAcArI evaM tapasvI pitaroM meM sammilita ho jaayeN| zata0 prA0 (1318115) meM AyA hai ki pitaroM kA dvAra dakSiNa meM hai aura dovoM evaM manuSyoM kA uttara meM (zata0 brA0 1125117 evaM 12 / 4 / 2 / 15) / atharvaveda (15 / 12 / 5) ne devayAna evaM pitRyANa mArgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kauSItaki upa0 (1) ne AruNi ke putra zvetaketu ko citra gAAyaNi dvArA par3hAyI gayI paJcAgnividyA ke bhAga ke rUpa meM do bhAgoM ke siddhAnta ko nigUDha DhaMga se vyakta kiyA hai| hama ise sthAnAmAva se yahIM chor3ate haiM, kevala eka ukti ko mahatvapUrNa samajha kara uddhRta kiyA jA rahA hai-'usane (citra ne kahA ki ve sabhI jo yahA~ se prasthAna karate haiM, candra ko jAte haiN| zukla pakSa (pUrva pakSa) unake prANoM se ApyAyita ho jAtA (bar3ha jAtA) hai, kRSNa pakSa meM candra unheM puna: janma lene ke lie bheja detA hai| saca hai, candra hI svagika loka kA dvAra hai / yadi koI candra ko nahIM apanAtA hai (arthAt yahA~ ke jIvana se asantuSTa hai), candra use mukta kara detA hai / kintu yadi koI asantuSTa nahIM hai to candra use varSA ke rUpa meM yahA~ bheja detA hai aura apane karmoM evaM jJAna ke anusAra vaha yahA~ punaH kITa, pataMga, pakSI, vyAghra siMha yA machalI yA sarpa yA manaSya yA kisI anya ke rUpa meM vibhinna sthAnoM meM janma letA hai' (12) / punaH (113) meM devayAna kA ullekha hai, aura (1 / 4) meM aisA AyA hai--'satkarmoM evaM duSkarmoM se mukta ho kara vaha jo brahmavid hai, kevala brahma kI ora bar3hatA hai|'

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eer kA itihAsa kaThopaniSad (5 / 6-7 ) meM naciketA ko yama ne brahmavidyA kA rahasya batAyA hai aura yaha bhI batAyA hai ki mRtyu ke uparAnta AtmA kA kyA ho jAtA hai-- kucha loga daihika astitva ke lie mAtA ke garbhAzaya meM cale jAte haiM aura anya loga apane karmoM evaM vidyA ke anusAra vRkSoM kI thUnhiyoM ( syANuoM) meM parivartita ho jAte haiM / 3.60 bR0 upa0 (6 / 2 / 15-16) evaM chA0 upa0 (5/3 | 10 Adi) meM devayAna evaM pitRyANa mArgoM se jAne vAle logoM kA ullekha hai / sarvaprathama hama bR0 upa0 ko uddhRta karate haiM - 'aise loga jo (gRhastha bhI ) ise ( paJcAgni dyA) jAnate haiM aura ve loga jo ( AzramavAsI evaM saMnyAsI) vana meM zraddhA ke sAtha satya ( brahma yA hiraNyagarbha ) kI upAsanA karate haiM aci (prakAza) ko jAte haiM, arci se dina ( ahan ) ko, dina se pUrNa hote hue pakSa ( zukla pakSa ) ko, ApUrvamANapakSa ( pUrNa hote hue pakSa ) se chaha mAsoM meM jAte haiM, jisa avadhi meM sUrya uttara meM gatizIla ho jAtA hai / una chaha mAsoM se devaloka meM jAte haiM, devaloka se sUrya ko jAte haiM aura sUrya se vidyut ko jAte haiM / jaba ve vidyut ke sthala ko pahu~ca jAte haiM to ( brahmA ke ) mana se utpanna puruSa unake pAsa AtA hai aura unheM brahmA ke lokoM ko le jAtA hai, ina lokoM meM ucca pada prApta karake ve yugoM taka rahate haiM aura unake lie ( isa saMsAra meM punaH ) lauTanA nahIM hotA / kintu ve loga jo yajJa, dAna evaM tapa dvArA lokoM para vijaya prApta karate haiM, dhUma (mArga) ko jAte haiM, ghUma se rAtri ko rAtri se kRSNapakSa ko, kRSNapakSa se chaha mAsoM ko jAte haiM jinameM sUrya dakSiNAyana hotA hai, ina mAsoM se pitaroM ke loka meM jAte haiM, pitRloka se candra loka ko jAte haiM aura candra taka pahu~ca jAne para ve anna ho jAte haiM aura taba devagaNa unheM usI prakAra khAte haiM jisa prakAra yajJa karane vAle rAjA soma ko khAte haiM (yaha yajJa ke anu: sAra bar3hatA yA ghaTatA hai ) / kintu jaba yaha ( pRthivI para kiye karmoM kA phala ) samApta ho jAtA hai ve AkAza ko lauTa Ate haiM, AkAza se vAyu, vAyu se varSA aura varSA se pRthivI para cale Ate haiM; pRthivI para pahucane para ve anna (bhojana) ho jAte haiM / taba ve punaH agni meM, jo manuSya kahalAtI hai, DAle jAte / isase ( arthAt manuSya se ) ve agni meM jo nArI kahalAtI hai, janma lete haiN| ye loga lokoM kI prApti ke lie (yajJa Adi dvArA) udyoga karate hue isa loka meM bAra-bAra Ate haiN| ve loga, jo ina donoM mArgoM se aparicita haiM, kIToM, pataMgoM, pakSiyoM evaM mavikhayoM ke rUpa meM janma lete haiM / ' gaye chA0 upa0 (5 / 10 / 1-2) meM bRha0 upa0 (6 / 2 / 15 ) ke hI zabda adhikAMza meM Aye haiM / kahIM-kahIM kucha antara pAyA jAtA hai / sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ antaroM para prakAza nahIM DAlA jA rahA hai / bhaviSya jIvana ko rUpa dene vAle AcaraNoM se sambandhita atyanta mahattvapUrNa vacanoM meM eka hai chA0 upa0 kA 5 / 10 / 7-8 jo yoM hai-- 'jinake AcaraNa ramaNIya rahe haiM ve zIghra hI ramaNIya yoni prApta kareMge, yathA brahmaNa yoni yA kSatriya yoni yA vaizyayoni / kintu jinake AcaraNa kapUya ( bure) rahe haiM ve zIghra hI kapUya yoni prApta kareMge, yathA zvayoni, sUkarayoni yA cANDAlayoni / jo ina kSetroM meM se kisI mArga kA anusaraNa nahIM karate ve aise kSudra jIva banate haiM, jo satata lauTate A rahe haiM aura unake bhAgya ( niyati) ko hama yoM kaha sakate haiM-- 'jInA evaM maranA' / unakA tIsarA sthala hai / (una donoM mArgoM se bhinna ) / ataH sAmane kA loka pUrNa nahIM hotA ataH isa saMsAra se jugupsA utpanna hotI hai / yaha draSTavya hai ki bhagavadgItA (8/23-27) ne bhI do mArgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM eka vaha hai jisake dvArA jAne se yogI isa loka meM lauTa kara nahIM AtA aura dUsarA vaha hai jisake dvArA jAne para use puna: yahA~ lauTa AnA par3atA hai / inheM zukla evaM kRSNa gati ( 8/26 ) tathA sRti (8/27 ) kahA gayA hai /

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta 361 prathama hai agni, prakAza ( jyoti ), dina mAsa kA zukla pakSa evaM sUrya kA uttarAyaNa mArga; ve loga, jinhoMne brahma kI anubhUti kara lI hai, isa loka se jAte samaya brahmaloka kI yAtrA karate haiM / dUsarA mArga hai dhUma, rAtri, kRSNapakSa, sUrya ke 6 mAsoM kA dakSiNAyana mArga; yogI usa mArga se candra- prakAza ko prApta kara punaH isa loka meM lauTa AtA hai / zAntiparva ( 26 / 8 - 10, citrazAlA saMskaraNa) ne uttarAyaNa evaM dakSiNAyana mArgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM dUsare kI upalabdhi dAnoM, vedAdhyayana evaM yajJoM se hotI hai (jaisA vR0 u06 |2| 16 evaM chA0 u0 5 1018 meM varNita hai ) / yAjJavalkyasmRti ( 3 / 167 ) ne bhI ina mArgo kI ora iMgita kiyA hai, aura dekhie yAjJa0 ( 3 / 165 - 166 ) / vedAnta sUtra ne bahudhA punarjanma ke siddhAnta kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, kintu sthAnAbhAva se hama sabhI bAtoM kA ullekha nahIM kara skte| thor3e hI sUtroM kI vyAkhyA yahA~ upasthita kI jAyagI / ve0 sU0 ke tIna sUtra ( 2 / 1 / 34-36) 1 10 punarjanma ke siddhAnta ke viSaya meM bar3e mahattvapUrNa haiN| virodhI kahatA hai- 'yaha kahanA ki Izvara saMsAra kA kAraNa hai, yuktisaMgata nahIM ja~catA, kyoMki yadi aisA hai to Izvara para vyavahAra vaiSamya evaM atyAcAra kA abhiyoga laga jAyegA / ve kucha aise logoM ko utpanna karate haiM jo ( devoM Adi kI bhA~ti ) atyanta Ananda kA upabhoga karate haiM / kucha aise logoM ko utpanna karate haiM jo ( atyanta klezayukta jIvana bitAte haiM tathA kucha aise logoM ko utpanna karate haiM jo haiM arthAt Ananda kA alpAMza mAtra pAte haiM / ataH Izvara para aisA abhiyoga lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki ve dveSa evaM prema kI bhAvanAoM se ( sAmAnya logoM kI bhA~ti ) paripUrNa haiM / Izvara bhI kleza utpanna karatA hai| aura anta meM saba ko naSTa kara detA hai| isa prakAra kA bar3A atyAcAra duSTa logoM kI dRSTi meM bhI ghRNAspada hai|' isa para uttara yoM hai - 'yadi Izvara ne saMsAra meM vaiSamya kI racanA kevala apane mana se kI hotI tathA kisI anya bAta para vicAra na kiyA hotA to nissandeha una para asamAna vyavahAra evaM atyAcAra ke do abhiyoga lagAye jAte / kintu Izvara ne sadAcAra nAmaka vRtti ko bhI dRSTi meM rakhA hai| Izvara kI sthiti ko hama varSA kI sthiti se tulanA karake dekheM / varSA samAna rUpa se kheta para hotI hai kintu aMkura samAna rUpa se nahIM nikalate, koI choTA hotA hai, koI bar3A, koI uttama hotA hai, koI nikRSTa, yaha saba bIja kI vizeSatA para nirbhara hotA hai / Izvara pazuoM, manuSyoM evaM devoM kI racanA kA eka mAtra kAraNa jo viSamatA dRSTigocara ho rahI hai vaha hai vibhinna jIvoM kI apanI-apanI viziSTa vRttiyA~ evaM zaktiyA~ / ' karma evaM punarjanma ke viSaya meM ati prAcIna kAla se hI logoM kA mana prabhAvita thA / ApastambadharmasUtra ( 2 / 1 / 2 / 2-3, 5-6 ) meM AyA hai - 'vibhinna vargoM ke loga apane vyavasthita kartavyoM ke sampAdana se sarvocca evaM aparimita sukha kA bhoga karate haiM / ( svarga meM sukha bhogane ke uparAnta ) karmaphala zeSa hone ke kAraNa ve lauTa Ate haiM aura yathocita jAti (yA kula), rUpa, varNa, bala, buddhi, prajJA, sampatti ke sAtha janma lete haiM, dharmAnuSThAna ( kartavya pAlana) kA lAbha uThAte haiM aura yaha saba Ananda meM pariNata hotA hai jo cakra ke samAna donoM lokoM meM hotA hai / yahI niyama duSkRtya karane para bhI lAgU hotA hai / sone kA cora evaM brahmahatyArA apanI 10. vaiSamyanai ghRSye na sApekSatvAt tathAhi darzayati / na karmAvibhAgAditi cennAnAditvAt / upapadyate cApyupalabhyate ca / ve0 sU0 (2 / 1 / 34-36 ) | 46 mAravAhI pazuoM kI bhA~ti ) bIca kI sthiti prApta karate

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362 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jAti ke anusAra brAhmaNa, kSatriya yA vaizya ke anusAra kucha avadhi taka naraka kI yAtanAeM sahakara krama se cANDAla polkasa yA vaiNa banatA hai ( kA janma pAtA hai) / ' yahI bAta gautamadharmasUtra (11 / 26 - 30 ) meM bhI AyI hai / karma kA siddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki pratyeka acchA yA burA karma viziSTa prakAra kA pariNAma upasthita karatA hai jisase koI baca nahIM sakatA / isa bhautika saMsAra meM kArya-kAraNa kA eka sArvabhauma niyama hai| karma kA siddhAnta isa niyama ko mAnasika evaM naitika dharAtala para bhI lA detA hai / karma kA siddhAnta koI yAntrika kAnUna nahIM hai, yaha eka prakAra se naitika evaM AdhyAtmika AvazyakatA hai / isameM sandeha nahIM ki yaha siddhAnta vaijJAnika nahIM hai, kintu ise kevala kAlpanika kaha kara hI hama nahIM tyAga skte| yadi karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta na hotA to hama isa loka ko aniyantrita mAnate aura yaha samajhate ki sraSTA logoM ke karmoM kI cintA nahIM karatA hai aura manamAne DhaMga se logoM ko puraskAra Adi detA hai / vAstava meM karma siddhAnta tIna bAtoM para bala detA hai- ( 1 ) yaha vartamAna astitva ko atIta astitva athavA astitvoM meM kiye gaye karmoM kA phala mAnatA hai; eka prakAra kA prAyazcitta mAnatA hai, (2) bure karma kA nAza satkarma se nahIM ho sakatA, duSkarmoM kA bhoga to bhoganA hI hai, (3) duSkarma ke lie jo daNDa hotA hai vaha vyaktigata evaM svayaM hone vAlA hotA hai / yahA~ para saMyoga evaM bhAgya kI bAta hI nahIM utthtii| karma siddhAnta se hI hama punarjanma ke siddhAnta para pahu~cate haiM / eka vyakti ke karmoM ke phala acAnaka yA vartamAna jIvana meM nahIM bhI ghaTita ho skte| Adiparva evaM mana meM AyA hai - 'duSkarma apanA phala gau (jo khA lene ke pazcAt hI paryApta dUdha de detI hai) ke samAna turanta hI nahIM upasthita kara detA, kintu dhIre-dhIre vaha apane kartA kI jar3a ko hI kutara DAlatA hai / atIta astitvoM meM kiye gaye karma vartamAna astitva ke rUpa ko nirdhArita evaM nizcita karate haiM aura vartamAna astitva ke karma pUrva janmoM (astitvoM) ke zeSa karmoM ke sAtha bhAvI astitva kA rUpa nirdhArita karate haiM / yahI saMkSepa meM, punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA AdhAra hai / isameM jo parivartana hue haiM unase sambandhita vacanoM, uktiyoM evaM pracalita dRSTikoNoM para hama Age vicAra kareMge / bhautika zarIra kI mRtyu ke uparAnta kyA hotA hai, isa viSaya meM jitane anumAna haiM unameM hI punarjanma kA bhI siddhAnta hai jo anya anumAnoM ke samAna hI tArkika hai / sampUrNa nAza vAle siddhAnta ke anumAna se ( jo anastitvavAdiyoM dvArA ghoSita hai ) to yaha adhika santoSajanaka hai| itanA hI nahIM, svarga yA naraka meM karmoM ke pratikAra ke rUpa meM ananta kAla taka rahane vAle siddhAnta se bhI yaha siddhAnta apekSAkRta adhika santoSajanaka hai| adhikAMza dharmoM ke netA evaM pravartaka loga aisA vizvAsa karate haiM ki Izvara unake sAtha hai aura unhoMne 16vIM zatI taka apane dharmoM ke bAhara koI bhalA (vyakti yA ghaTanA) nahIM dekhA hai| upaniSadoM evaM gItA kA hindU dharma hI eka aisA dharma evaM darzana hai jisane sahasroM varSa pahale aisA udghoSa kiyA ki satkarmoM vAlA vyakti hI bhagavAn ke atyadhika sannikaTa hai aura duSkarmoM vAlA vyakti bhagavAna ke anugraha evaM saMga ko nahIM pA sakatA / vedAntasUtra ( 3|1) ne chA0 upa0 evaM bR0 upa0 meM pAye jAne vAle paJcAgnividyA-sambandhI vacanoM kI jA~ca kI hai| zaMkara ke bhASya meM pAye jAne vAle vizada vivecana ko yahA~ upasthita karanA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH kucha mahattvapUrNa antima niSkarSa hI yahA~ upasthita kiye jA rahe haiM - yaha AtmA (vyakti kA AtmA) eka 11. nAdharmazcarito loke sadyaH ( 80 2 evaM manu ( 4 / 172 ) / phalati gauriva / zanairAvartamAnastu karturmUlAni kRntati / Adiparva

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta zarIra se dUsare zarIra meM jAtA huA sUkSma tattvoM (bhUtasUkSma) ke sAtha athavA unase ghirA huA calatA hai; chA0 upa0 (5 / 6 / 1) meM ullikhita AhutiyoM kI carcA 'Apa:' ke rUpa meM huI hai, kyoMki mAnava-zarIra annarasa, rakta Adi ke rUpa meM drava padArthoM se paripUrNa hai; kyoMki agnihotra Adi pavitra kRtya mRtyu ke uparAnta naye zarIra ke kAraNa banate haiM aura una kRtyoM meM jo mukhya padArtha (yathA-soma rasa, ghRta, dugdha) prayukta hote haiM ve sabhI mukhyataH drava hI haiN| usa ukti yA vaktavya meM ki "jo yajJAdi karate haiM ve pitRyANa mArga se candraloka jAte haiM aura zrAddha eka havya ke rUpa meM arpita hotA hai jisameM se soma, jo devoM kA bhojana hai, nikalatA hai', 'devoM kA bhojana' nAmaka zabda lAkSaNika rUpa meM prayukta hae haiM (na ki sAkSAt bhojana karane ke artha meM) / yajJa, jana-kalyANa karma, dAna, Adi karane vAloM kA AtmA candra ke pAsa pahu~cane evaM apane satkarmI ke phaloM (jo candra meM arthAt candraloka meM hI bhoge jA sakate haiM) ko bhogane ke uparAnta usI mArga se lauTatA hai, jisa mArga se gayA thA, kintu vizrAma-sthala yahA~ ulaTe par3a jAte haiM, jisase karmoM ke phala, jo kevala isa pRthivI para hI bhoge jA sakate haiM, bhoge jA sakeM / '2 isa dRSTikoNa ke antargata do bAteM haiM- (1) isa jIvana se Upara eka jIvana (jisakI ora Rgveda meM bahudhA nirdeza milatA hai) tathA punjnm| itanA hI nahIM, isa dRSTikoNa se acche karmoM ke phalasvarUpa do pariNAma bhI prakaTa hote haiM--svarga ke bhoga tathA punaH bhautika sAdhanoM evaM sAMskRtika vAtAvaraNoM se yukta punarjanma kI sthiti, jaisA hama gautamadharmasUtra (11126) evaM gItA (6 / 37-45) meM pAte haiM / isI ke sAtha yaha bhI jAna lenA hai ki duSkarmoM ke lie do daNDa haiM, naraka kI yAtanAe~ aura unake uparAnta ghaNita nimna stara kA jIvana / ve0 sa0 (3 / 1 / 13-17) ne Age vyAkhyA kI hai ki sabhI manuSya candraloka nahIM jAte, kintu kevala ve hI loga jAte haiM, jo yajJa Adi karate haiM, jo loga yajJoM yA jana-kalyANa ke kAryoM ko nahIM sampAdita karate, ve duSkarmoM ke doSI haiM aura naraka (jo ve0 sa0 3 / 1 / 15 ke mata se sAta haiM) kI yAtanAoM ko bhogane ke lie yamaloka jAte haiM aura usake uparAnta isa pathivI para lauTa Ate haiN| jo zraddhA evaM tapa ke mArga kA anusaraNa karate haiM ve devayAna mArga (chA0 upa0 ||10||1evN maNDaka upa0 zarA11) se jAte haiM. aura jo yajJa. dAna karmoM kA sampAdana karate haiM ve pitayANa mArga (chA0 up05|10|3 evaM muNDaka up012|10) se jAte haiM, aura jo ina donoM meM kisI bhI mArga kA anasaraNa nahIM karate ve tIsare sthala ko jAte haiM aura kIToM, pataMgoM Adi ke rUpa meM janma lete haiM (chA0 upa0 // 1018) / kauSItaki upa0 ke (12) jaise zrativacana meM jo yaha AyA hai ki jo yahA~ se prasthAna karate haiM ve sabhI candraloka jAte haiM, usameM 've sabhI' zabda unake lie prayukta haiM jinheM candra ke yahA~ jAne kA adhikAra.(yogyatA yA samarthatA ) hai| eka zabda hai 'saMsAra', jo vedAnta evaM dharma zAstra sambandhI pazcAtkAlIna granthoM meM bahadhA kintu upaniSadoM meM bahuta kama prayukta huA hai| isakA artha hai 'janmoM evaM mRtyuoM ke cakra meM aanaa-jaanaa'| kaThopaniSad (37) meM AyA hai-'jo vyakti avijJAnavAn (binA samajha kA) hai, amanaska (mana ko saMyamita nahIM rakhatA hai) hai, jo sadA azuci (azuddha yA apavitra) hai, use vaha sarvocca-pada nahIM prApta hotA aura saMsAra (janma evaM maraNa) meM AtA 12. kRtAtyaye'nuzayavAna dRSTasmRtibhyAM yarthatamanevaM c| ve0 sU0 (3 / 18) / zaGakarAcArya ne 'anuzaya' zabda kA artha batAyA hai : 'AmuSmikaphale karmajAte upabhukte'vaziSTamaihikaphalaM karmAntarajAtamanuzayastadvanto'yarohantIti / ' 'anuzaya' kA yahA~ para artha hai 'avazeSa, bacA huaa'| milAiye meghadUta (30): 'svalpIbhate sacaritaphale svagiNAM gAM gatAnAM zeSaiH puNyaha tamiva divaH kAntimatkhaNDamekam // ' yaha vedAnta sUtra (31) ke siddhAnta para AdhRta eka bahuta hI sundara utprekSA hai| ,

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dharmazAstra ko itihAsa jAtA (gujaratA) hai / 13 zvetAzvataropaniSad ( 6 / 16 ) ne paramAtmA ke viSaya meM yoM likhA hai-'vaha vizva kI racanA karane vAlA, vizva ko jAnane vAlA, Atmayoni (svayaM janma lene vAlA), jJAtA, kAlakAla (kAla ko naSTa karane vAlA); sabhI guNoM se yukta, sarvavidya (sarvajJa), pradhAna tathA kSetroM (vyaktigata AtmAoM) evaM guNoM (sattva, raja, tama) kA svAmI hai aura saMsAra se mokSa dene, usakI sthiti evaM bandhana kA hetu (kAraNa) hai|' maMtrAyaNI upaniSada (1) kA kathana hai-'jaba saMsAra kA aisA svarUpa hai to (AnandoM ke) bhoga se kyA lAbha ?' muktikA upaniSara (2137) kA kathana hai-'mana saMsAra rUpI vRkSa kI jar3a ke rUpa meM avasthita hai|' 'saMsAra' zabda ve0 sa0 (4 / 2 / 8) meM bhI bhAyA hai| pItA ne isakA prayoga kaI bAra kiyA hai (ythaa-6|3, 127 aadi)| manusmRti ne bhI 'saMsAra' zabda kA prayoga kaI bAra kiyA hai (yathA-11117 meM tathA kaI bAra 12 veM adhyAya meM) / sata, raja evaM tama nAmaka tIna guNoM kI vizeSatAoM kA varNana karane (manu0 12 / 26-26) tathA unake prabhAvoM para prakAza DAlane (manu0 12 / 30 / 38) ke uparAnta manu ne kahA hai ki jinameM sattva, raja evaM tama kI pradhAnatA hotI hai ve krama se deva, mAnava evaM nimna zreNI ke jIva hote haiN| manu ne punaH logoM ko nIca, madhyama evaM uttama zreNiyoM meM bAMTA hai (12 / 40-50) / manu ne 'saMsAra' ko bahuvacana meM (12 // 52, 54, 70) tathA 'gati' yA 'yoni' ke artha meM prayukta kiyA hai| vizeSa rUpa se dekhie manu (6140-60) jahA~ saMsAra kA ullekha hai, saMnyAsa dharma kI carcA hai, naraka-yAtanAoM, rogoM, vyAdhiyoM nAdi kA varNana hai| zrI saMjana mahodaya ne apane grantha 'DaoNgmA Ava rIinkAranezana' ke pa010 para kahA hai ki manu ke anusAra pratyeka jIva dasa sahasra lakSoM kI saMkhyA meM astitva grahaNa karatA hai| kintu yaha ukti pUrNatayA prAmaka evaM truTipUrNa hai| manu kA itanA hI kahanA hai ki mokSa ke lie icchuka saMnyAsI ko isa sambhAvanA para socanA cAhie ki kucha mAtmA lAkhoM janmoM meM paribhramaNa kara sakate haiN| yAjJa0 (3|166)ne janmoM ke ghere meM Ane-jAne ke nartha meM 'saMsarati' kriyA kA prayoga kiyA hai aura kahA hai-'kucha logoM dvArA kiye gaye karmoM kA vipAka mRtyu ke uparAnta hI utpanna hotA hai (arthAt anya zarIroM meM) yA isI jIvana meM hotA hai (yathA kArIrI yajJa ke viSaya meM) tathA kucha logoM ke viSaya meM isa loka meM yA paraloka meM (arthAt yaha koI zAstrIya niyama nahIM hai ki karmoM kA vipAka yA phala unake sampAdana ke uparAnta zIghra hI pratiphalita ho jAtA hai)| yAjJa0 (3 / 133, 162) meM eka sundara paka AyA hai--jisa prakAra eka abhinetA vibhinna abhinaya karane ke lie vibhinna raMgoM kA prayoga karatA hai usI prakAra yaha AtmA vibhinna karmoM ke anusAra vibhinna rUpoM (choTA, kubar3A Adi) evaM zarIroM ko dhAraNa karatA hai / '4 yAjJa0 ( 3 / 140 ) meM svayaM 'saMsAra' zabda prayukta huA hai| zAntiparva (205 / 6; citrazAlA saMskaraNa =168 / 11-12) meM AyA hai--'isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki isa jIvana meM sukha se kahIM adhika duHkha hai|' purANa bahudhA kahate haiM ki saMsAra anitya hai, duHkhoM evaM ciMtAoM se paripUrNa hai aura kelA ke pAtoM ke samAna 13. yastvavijJAnavAnbhavatyamanaska sadA'zuci / na sa tatpadamApnoti saMsAraM cAdhigacchati // kaThopaniSada (37); 'tatpadaM' kA saMketa kaTho0 (2 / 15-16) kI ora hai| zvetAzvataropaniSad meM AyA hai: 'sa vizvakRdvizvavidAtmayonirjaH kAlakAloguNI sarvavidyaH / pradhAna kSetrajJapatirguNezaH saMsAramokSasthitibandha hetuH (6 / 16) / 14. vipAkaH karmaNAM pretya keSAMcidiha jAyate / iha vAmutra vaikeSAM bhAvastatra prayojanam // yathA hi bharato varNavarNayatyAtmanastanum / nAnArUpANi kurvANastathAtmA karmajArastanUH ||yaajny0 (3 // 133, 162) / 'nAnArUpANi kurvANaH ko hama 'bharataH' ke sAtha bhI le sakate haiN| 'bharata' kA artha hai abhinetaa|

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta kSaNabhaMgura (arthAt zIghra hI jhakoroM se phaTa kara jIrNa-zIrNa ho jAne vAlA hai) / dekhie brahmapurANa (1781176 saMsAre... anitye duHkhabahule kdliidlsNnibhe)| isa atyadhika karmavAdI siddhAnta ke kAraNa Age calakara bhAratIya jIvana meM bhAgyavAda kA siddhAnta pratipAdita hone lagA aura bahuta-se loga prabhArI, AlasI evaM karmajarU siddha hone lge| svayaM santoM ne karma ke siddhAnta ko bahuta bar3hAvA diyaa| santa tukArAma kA kathana hai ki sukha to rAI ke samAna hai aura duHkha pahAr3a hai| upaniSadoM meM AtmA ke punarjanma-sambandhI uparyukta vivecana prAmANika haiM aura ve saMsArAvasthA yA vyavahArAvasthA se sambandhita haiM, kintu advaita (muNDaka 1 / 115-6 kI parA vidyA yA bR0 upa0 2 / 3 / 5-6 ke amUrta brahma) ke sarvocca AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa se vicAra karane para yaha dharAzAyI ho jAtA hai, kyoMki AtmA paramabrahma se abhinna hai / zaMkarAcArya ne vedAntasUtra (2 / 3 / 30) kI vyAkhyA meM isa bAta para bala diyA hai / unakA kathana hai15--'jaba taka yaha AtmA saMsArI hai aura jaba taka yaha samyak darzana se (pUrNazAna se) saMsArikatA se dUra nahIM hotA taba taka AtmA evaM buddhi se sambandha (saMyoga) nahIM TUTa sktaa| jaba taka baddhi ke sAtha, AtmA kA yaha sambandha calatA rahatA hai taba taka jIva saMsArikatA se lipta banA rahatA hai| kintu satya to yaha hai ki jIva kI svayaM apanI koI sattA nahIM hai, jo hai vaha kevala buddhi kI upAdhi se parikalpita sambandha mAtra hai| kyoMki, jaba hama vedAnta ke artha ke nirUpaNa meM lagate haiM to hameM usa sarvajJa Izvara ke atirikta, jisakA svarUpa hI nitya mukti (svatantratA) hai, koI anya buddhimAn dhAtu (dravya yA padArtha) dRSTigocara nahIM hotii|' isake uparAnta zaMkarAcArya ne kucha vacana uddhRta kiye haiM (yathA-bR0 upa0 247, 3 / 7 / 23, chA0 upa0 6 / 116, 6187) aura kahA hai ki isa prakAra ke saikar3oM vacana haiM / zaMkarAcArya kA kathana hai ki svayaM bAdarAyaNa ne, jo vedAntasUtra ke praNetA haiM, sarvocca vedAntavAdI dRSTikoNa se tathA vyavahArAvasthA (yA saMsArAvasthA) ke dRSTikoNa se kucha sUtroM kI racanA kI hai| nimnokta sUtroM meM vedAntasUtrakAra bAdarAyaNa ne jIva evaM paramAtmA meM antara spaSTa kiyA hai, yathA-11111617, 1 / 1 / 21, 22 / 20, 11315, 211121-23, 2 / 3 / 21, 2 / 3 / 41, 2 / 3 / 43, aadi| kintu 111 / 33, 2 / 1 / 14 evaM 4 / 13 vyakta karate haiM ki donoM (jIvAtmA evaM paramAtmA) meM abhinnatA hai|16 15. yAvadAtmabhAvitvAcca na doSastaddarzanAt / ve0 sU0 (2 / 3 / 30); yAvadayamAtmA saMsArI bhavati yAvadasya samyagdarzanena saMsAritvaM na nivartate tAvadasya buddha yA saMyogo na zAmyati / yAvadeva cAyaM buddhayupAdhisambandhastAvajjIvasya jIvatvaM saMsAritvaM ca paramArthastastu na jIvo nAma buddhaghupAdhisambandhaparikalpitasvarUpavyatirekeNAsti / na hi nityamuktasvarUpAtsarvajJAdIzvarAdanyazcetano dhAtuddhitIyo vedAntArthanirUpaNAyAmupalabhyate / nAnyotosti draSTA zrotA mantA vijJAtA (bR0 3 / 7 / 23), nAnyadato'sti braSTa zrota mantu vijJAta (chA0 687), tattvamasi (chA0, 6 / 1 / 6), ahaM, brahmAsmi (bR0 1 // 7) ityAdizratizatebhyaH |...api ca mithyAjJAnapuraHsaro'yamAtmano buddhayupAdhisambandhaH / na ca mithyAjJAnasva samyagjJAnAdanyatra nivRttirastItyato yAvad brahmAtmatAnavabodhastAvayaM buddhayupAdhi sambandho na zAmyati / zAGakarabhASya / isI prakAra ve0 sU0 (1 / 115 ) para zADakarabhASya kA kathana hai : 'satyaM, nezvarAdanyaH saMsArI, tathApi dehAdisaMghAtopAdhisambandha iSyata eva, ghaTakarakagirigahAdhupAdhi sambandha hava vyomnH|' 6. tdnnytvbhaarmbhshbdaadibhyH| ve0 sa0 (2014); sUtrakAropi paramArthAbhiprAyeNa tadanananyasvamityAha vyavahArAbhiprAyeNa tu syAllokava diti mahAsamudra sthAnIyatAM brahmaNaH kathayati / apratyAkhyAyava

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parmazAla kA itihAsa punarjanma kA siddhAnta yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki pratyeka jIvana pUrva astitva yA astitvoM (jIvanoM) ke karmoM kA pariNAma yA pratiphala hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki yadi hama atIta kI ora bar3he aura bahuta dUra taka nikala jAyeM to koI astitva yA janma prathama nahIM ho sktaa| isI se vedAntasUtra ko yaha ghoSaNA karanI par3I ki (2 / 1 / 35, 'na karmAvibhAgAditi cennAnAditvAta') saMsAra anAdi (ArambhahIna) hai / kintu yaha upaniSadoM ke kaI vacanoM ke viruddha par3a jAtA hai, jo sRSTi ke viSaya meM ullekha karate hue pUrve' yA 'agre' yA 'Arambha meM' nAmaka zabdoM kA prayoga karatI haiM (chA0 upa0 6 / 2 / 1, bR0 upa0 14, 1 / 10 evaM 17, 5 / / 1, ta0 upa0 271) / isa virodha ko dUra karane ke lie kalpoM kI dhAraNA ke anusAra pralaya ke uparAnta vAra-bAra vizva kI racanA kI dhAraNA upasthita kI gayI, jisakA artha yaha hai ki brahma dvArA racita vizva eka kalpa taka calatA hai, jisake uparAnta vaha brahma meM vilIna ho jAtA hai| dekhie, zAntiparva (231 / 26-32-224 / 28-31 citrazAlA saMskaraNa) / gItA (8117-16) meM AyA hai ki brahmA kA eka dina eka sahasra yugoM ke barAbara hotA hai (cAra yugoM kA eka mahAyuga hotA hai) aura brahmA kI rAtri kI avadhi bhI itanI hI lambI hai| brahmA ke dina ke Agamana para prakRti se sabhI padArtha utpanna ho jAte haiM, aura rAtri ke Agamana para ve sabhI prakRti meM samA jAte haiN| dekhie bhagavadgItA (7) : 'kalpa ke anta meM sabhI tattva (jIva) usa prakRti meM, jisakA maiM adhiSThAtA hU~, cale jAte haiM; kintu jaba dUsarA kalpa Arambha hotA hai maiM unheM prakaTa kara detA hU~ / ' tarka yaha hai--jisa prakAra hama yaha nahIM nizcita kara sakate ki pahale kauna haA bIja yA aMkarita hone vAlI oSadhi (paudhA) / usI prakAra yaha kahanA asambhava hai ki pahale kauna AtA hai, zarIra yA karma, kyoMki binA karma ke koI zarIra nahIM aura na binA zarIra ke koI krm| chA0 upa0 (51312) meM AyA hai-'usa prANI (devatA) ne, jisane agni, jala evaM pRthivI kI utpatti kI, socA--isa jIvAtmA ke sAtha maiM ina tInoM jIvoM (agni, jala evaM pathivI) meM praveza karU~gA aura taba nAmoM evaM rUpoM ko vikasita kruuNgaa|' isase prakaTa hotA hai ki saSTi ke samaya jIva (AtmA) kA astitva thA, jisase yaha saMketa milatA hai ki saMsAra ArambhahIna (anAdi) hai / Rgveda (10 / 160 / 3) ne spaSTa kahA hai-"dhAtA yathApUrvamakalpayata' arthAt vidhAtA ne pahale kI bhA~ti vyavasthita kiyA (yA rcaa)|" isI prakAra gItA (15 // 3) meM AyA hai'isa (saMsAra ke vRkSa) kA vAstavika rUpa isa prakAra nahIM jAnA jAtA, aura na isakA anta na Adi aura na AdhAra hI jAnA jAtA hai; zaktizAlI anAsakti se dRr3hatA se jar3IbhUta isa azvattha (pippala) vRkSa ko kATa kara usa sthala kI khoja kI jAnI cAhie jisase ve loga, jo vahA~ pahu~ca gaye haiM, nahIM lauTate / ' bhagavadgItA (6 / 37-45) ne dRDhatApUrvaka kahA hai ki yoga ke mArga meM vyakti dvArA zraddhA se kiyA gayA vyavasAya vyartha nahIM jAtA, bhale hI use pUrNatA zIghra prApta na ho ske| zrI kRSNa ne (6 / 40 aura Age ke kAryaprapaJcapariNAmaprakriyAM cAzrayati saguNeSUpAsananeSUpayokSyata iti / zAGakarabhASya ne anta meM likhA hai| dhe0 sU0 (2 / 1 / 13) meM AyA hai : 'bhoktraapttervibhaagshcetsyaallokvt'| 17. brahmA kA eka dina eka sahasra mahAyugoM ke barAbara hotA hai aura ise hI 'kalpa' kahA jAtA hai| kalpa, manvantara, mahAyuga evaM yuga ke lie dekhie' isI khaNDa kA adhyAya 16 / prAcIna upaniSadoM ne kalpoM Adi ke siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA nahIM kI hai|

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta 367 zloka meM ) kahA hai ki aisA vyakti jo pUrNatA prApti meM asaphala ho jAtA hai, kisI bure anta ko nahIM prApta hotA, pratyuta vaha sadAcArI logoM ke lokoM ko jAtA hai aura vahA~ para bahuta varSoM taka nivAsa karatA hai, samRddha evaM pavitra logoM ke gharoM meM janma letA hai yA vijJa yogiyoM ke kula meM janma letA hai jahA~ para vaha apane atIta astitvoM ke mAnasika cihnoM ko punaH prApta karatA hai / vaha pUrNatA kI prApti ke lie punaH udyogazIla hotA hai aura apane pUrva jIvanoM meM kiye gaye abhyAsoM ( ke phalasvarUpa ) anivArya rUpa se Age bar3hatA hai aura sabhI pApoM se mukta ho kara evaM bahuta se jIvanoM dvArA apane ko pUrNa karatA huA parama tattva (lakSya, brahmapada) ko prApta karatA hai| gItA ( 4/5 ) meM zrIkRSNa kahate haiM- 'mere bahuta-se jIvana haiM jo bIta cuke haiM, aura tumhAre bhii| maiM una sabhI ko jAnatA hU~, kintu tuma nahIM jAnate / ' kaI sthaloM para gItA ne punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko sparza kiyA hai ( yathA -- 2112-13 evaM 22-27, 458-6, 716, 86, 15-16, 6 / 21) / vanaparva ke adhyAya 30-32 ( citrazAlA saMskaraNa) meM draupadI evaM yudhiSThira meM eka vArtAlApa huA hai / yudhiSThira ne kauravoM ke sAtha dyUta khela kara sArA rAjya kho diyA thA aura vana meM bar3e kaSTa se jIvanayApana kara rahe the / draupadI ko isa bAta kA bar3A Azcarya thA ki yudhiSThira aise satyavAdI, udAra, Rju evaM madhura vyakti kisa prakAra chUta aise nikRSTa kArya meM saMlagna hue (30116) aura bhagavAna sabhI jIvoM ke sAtha mAtA-pitA-sA samAna vyavahAra nahIM karatA / draupadI ko yaha jAna kara bar3A Azcarya huA ki sadAcArI sammAnita vyakti duHkha uThA rahe haiM aura durAcArI evaM asammAnita loga AnandapUrvaka jIvana-yApana kara rahe haiM / ataH usane socA ki bhagavAn sAmAnya manuSya kI bhA~ti zIghrakopI yA caNDasvabhAva vAle haiM (30 / 38-36) / usane kahA - ' mAnava prANI bhagavAn kI icchA ke AdhAra para hI abodha tathA sukha evaM duHkha para niyantraNa rakha sakane ke kAraNa svarga yA naraka meM jAte haiM / isa para yudhiSThira ne draupadI ko cetAvanI dI ki tuma nAstika logoM kI bhA~ti bAteM kara rahI ho / unhoMne kahA ki maiMne koI karma isalie nahIM kiyA ki usakA puraskAra mile, maiMne dAna diyA, yajJa kiye, kintu isalie ki unheM sampAdita karanA apanA kartavya maanaa| unhoMne draupadI se anIzvaravAdI vyavahAra se dUra rahane ko kahA aura kahA ki vaha apanI bhAvanAoM se bhagavAn kA anAdara kara rahI hai / isa para draupadI kI buddhi lauTI aura usane kSamA yAcanA kara kahA ki duHkhita hone ke kAraNa hI maiMne vaisI anIzvaravAdI bAta kahI, vAstava meM, bhagavAn kA bahuta Adara evaM sammAna karatI hU~ / isake uparAnta draupadI ne usa viSaya para vicAra-vimarSa karanA Arambha kiyA, jise loga diSTa (bhAgya) yA haTha ( saMyoga ) yA svabhAva kahate haiM aura anta meM yahI niSkarSa nikAlA ki vyakti jo kucha prApta karatA hai vaha pUrva janmoM ke karmoM kA phala hai / 8 yahAM para puruSakAra (mAnavIya udyoga yA vyavasAya) tathA deva para kucha likhane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / isa viSaya meM hama isa mahAgrantha ke mUla khaNDa 3, pR0 168- 170 evaM pAda TippaNI 214 - 216 meM par3ha cuke haiM, jahA~ prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna lekhakoM ke vibhinna matoM kA vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai / 18. tathaiva haThadurbuddhiH zaktaH karmaNyakarmakRt / AsIta na ciraM diha yaH kazcidarthaM prApnoti pUruSaH / ta haTheneti manyante sa hi yatno na svabhAvAtkarmaNastathA / yAni prApnoti puruSastatphalaM pUrvakarmaNAm // vanaparva ne 'haThavAvika' kA artha yoM kiyA kiyA hai: prAgjanmAbhAvAvakR tamevopasthAsyatIti vadan cArvAkaH / ' jIvedanAtha iva durbalaH / akasmAkasyacit // evaM hayAcca devAcca (32 / 15 - 16, 20) nIlakaNTha

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa anuzAsanaparva ke prathama adhyAya meM gautamI, usake putra kI sarpa-daMza se mRtyu, AkheTaka se gautamI kA vArtAlApa tathA kAla kI bAteM varNita haiM, jo karma siddhAnta para prakAza DAlatI haiN| gautamI ko citta-saMyama prApta thaa| usake putra ko eka sarpa ne kATa liyA aura vaha mara gyaa| eka zikArI (AkheTaka) ne usa sarpa ko bA~dhakara gautamI ke samakSa rakha diyA aura kahA ki maiM usa sarpa ko mAra DAlaMgA, kyoMki usane eka abodha bacce ko kATa liyA hai| isa para gautamI ne use manA kiyA aura samajhAyA ki sarpa ko mAra DAlane se baccA lauTa kara nahIM A sktaa| taba kAla vahA~ AyA aura usane vyAkhyA upasthita kI-'jisa prakAra kumhAra miTTI ke khaNDa se jo cAhatA hai use banAtA hai usI prakAra manuSya apane dvArA kiye gaye karmoM kA phala pAtA hai| bacce kI mRtyu ke mUla meM haiM usake pUrva jIvana ke karmoM ke prtiphl|' isa bAta ko gautamIne mAnA aura kahA ki usakA pUtra apane atIta jIvana ke karmoM ke kAraNa marA aura usakI mRtyu se use jo zoka prApta huA hai vaha svayaM usake (gautamI ke) pUrva jIvana ke karmoM kA pratiphala hai / 19 aura dekhie isa viSaya meM virATaparva ( 20 / 14 ), anuzAsanaparva (7 / 22 padmapurANa 2181147-'yathA dhenu sahasreSu vatso vindati mAtaram / evamAtyakRtaM karma kartAramanu gacchati // ), Azvamedhika parva (1811), zAntiparva (316 / 25 evaM 35=citrazAlA saM0 326 / 25, 35) / ___karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta se hindU samAja pUrNatayA prabhAvita ho utthaa| saMskRta ke mahAn kaviyoM ne bhI isa viSaya meM saMketa kiye haiN| raghuvaMza (11 / 22) meM AyA hai ki jaba rAma vAmana ke Azrama meM pahu~ce to (kAlidAsa ne TippaNI kI hai) ve mana se asthira ho gaye, vAmana ke rUpa meM apane karmoM kA smaraNa nahIM kara ske| zAkuntala (aMka 5) meM kavi ne TippaNI kI hai.-'jaba koI vyakti sundara dRzya dekha kara, madhura vacana suna kara, AnandoM se ghire rahane para bhI asthira (du:khI) ho jAtA hai, to vAstava meM bAta yaha hai ki acintya rUpa se usake mana meM atIta jIvanoM ke pyAra evaM mitratA ke citra khica Ate haiN|' sAtaveM aMka meM jaba zakuntalA evaM duSyanta kA pUnarmilana ho jAtA hai to zakuntalA apane pati ke pUrvatyAga (yA tiraskAra) kI ora saMketa karatI huI kahatI hai--'avazya hI usa samaya mere (pUrva jIvana ke) duSkRtyoM meM sukRtyoM ko bAdhita kiyA aura ve svayaM pratiphalita hue| aura dekhie raghuvaMza (14 / 62 evaM 66) evaM meghadUta (30) / - karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta para svabhAvataH bahuta-se prazna uTha khar3e hote haiN| eka prazna ko yogasUtra (2013) ke bhASyakAra vyAsa ne vivecita kiyA hai| yogasUtra (213) meM pA~ca klezoM (avidyA Adi) kA ullekha hai aura aisA AyA hai (2 / 13) ki ye kleza janma, jIvana (lambA yA choTA), anubhUti-prakAra ke dvArA karmoM ke vipAka kI ora le jAte haiM arthAt karmoM kA phala upasthita karate haiN| yogasUtra (47) ke anusAra karma ke cAra prakAra haiM, yathA-1. kRSNa (duSTa logoM meM pAye jAne vAle),2. zuklakRSNa (jo bAhya sAdhanoM se kiye jAte haiM aura unase kisI kI hAni yA kisI kA lAbha hotA hai), 3. zukla (aise logoM ke karma jo tapa karate haiM, svAdhyAya meM lIna rahate haiM tathA dhyAna karate haiM, aura isa prakAra ke bAhya kAraNoM yA sAdhanoM se nahIM sampanna hote aura inase kisI kI hAni yA hiMsA nahIM hotI), 4. azuklAkRSNa (na to zukla aura na kRSNa, jo saMnyAsiyoM meM pAye jAte haiM, jinake kleza dUra ho gaye rahate haiM, aura jinake zarIra aba antima rahate haiM arthAt isake uparAnta ve janma nahIM lete) / ina 16. yathA mRtpiNDataH kartA kurute yadyadicchati / evamAtmakRtaM karma mAnavaH pratipadyate / naiva kAlo na bhujago na mRtyuriha kAraNam / svakarmabhirayaM bAlaH kAlena nidhanaM gataH / mayA ca tatkRtaM karma yenArya meM mRtaH sutaH / yAtu kAlastathA mRtyurmuJcArjunaka pannagam / anuzAsanaparva (1 / 74, 78-76) /

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta cAroM meM kevala yogI ke karma zukla hote haiM, kyoMki vaha karmoM ke phaloM kA tyAga kiye rahatA hai aura vaha akRSNa karma karatA hai, arthAt bure karma karatA hI nhiiN| 'yogasUtra (2013) ke bhASya ne cAra prazna uThAye haiM, yathA-(1) kyA eka karma eka janma kA kAraNa hotA hai ?, yA (2) kyA eka karma kaI janmoM kA kAraNa hotA hai ?, (3) kyA eka se adhika karma roeka se adhika janma hote haiM ?, (4) kyA eka se adhika karma se eka janma hotA hai ? bhASyakAra ne prathama tIna praznoM kA virodha kiyA hai aura cauthe ko svIkAra kiyA hai, arthAt kaI karmoM se eka janma hotA hai| zAntigarva (203133-34-280 / 33-34 citrazAlA saMskaraNa) ne AtmA ke chaha raMga batAye haiM, yathAkRSNa, dhumra, nIla, rayata, pota, evaM zakla aura inheM eka-dUsare ke Upara rakhA hai, yathA kRSNa ko sabase barA kahA hai aura gAya ko sarvottama / glo36-46 meM ina prakAroM kA vistRta ullekha hai| hamAre vartamAna jIvana kI katipaya samasyAoM para punarjanma ke siddhAnta se prakAza par3atA hai| sarvathA anajAna dovyAmitAbhI durAre se milate haiM to unameM mitratA evaM vaira kI bhAvanA kyoM umar3a par3atI hai? eka kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki rAmbhavata: pUrva jIvana meM ve eka-dUsare ke mitra yA vairI rahe haiN| vizva meM dekhane meM AtA hai ki kucha loga binA kisI yogyatA ke Anandopabhoga karate haiM aura kucha aise loga, jo sabhI prakAroM se yogya haiM, athavA jinhAna tyAga evaM tapasyA kA jIvana bitAyA hai, bar3e kaSTa meM rahate haiN| isa dazA para karma evaM punarjanma kA prabhUta prakAza DAlatA hai / hama vizva meM chAyI viSamatA ko dekhakara vikala ho uTate haiM, itanA hI nahIM, hamArI nyAyapriya bhAvanA evaM sundara vyavahAra karane kI kSamatA para dhakkA pahu~ca sakatA hai, kintu jaba hama isa siddhAnta para manana karate haiM to santoSa mila jAtA hai| isa anumAna evaM vizvAsa se ki sabhI mAnavIya prayatnoM evaM AcaraNoM kA ucita phala evaM daNDa prApta hogA, hamAre vartamAna jIvana ko mahattvapUrNa gurutA prApta ho jAtI hai aura hama isa jIvana meM manana gavA karane ke ThiAnaprANimahote haiM aura karmo, atyAcAroM evaM pApamaya jIvana se dUra rahane kA prayatna karate haiN| mAnavoM meM dekhe jAne vAle sana-kha-gavandhI vaiSamya para to yaha siddhAnta prakAza DAlatA hI hai, sAthahI-nAtha hA gara bhautika kalyANa evaM asvastha zArIrika dazAoM kI pArasparika vibhinnatAoM ko bhI samajhane meM samartha ho jAte haiN| Aja ke nimna meM agaravRttiyoM kA rAjya kyoM hai? isa bhayaMkara evaM mahAna prazna para bhI hameM karma evaM panarjanma ke siddhAnta se prakAza prApta hotA hai| kucha logoM meM jo vilakSaNa buddhi, yogyatA evaM samarthatA dekhane meM AtI hai jisake phalasvarUpa ye gaNita, vijJAna, saMgIta tathA anya lalita kalAoM meM vizeSa yogyatA pradarzita kara saMsAra ko cakita kara dete haiM, urAke mUla meM kyA hai ? sambhavataH karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta se isa mahattvapUrNa prazna para prakAza paDatA hai| yadi samyaka DhaMga se vicAra kiyA jAya to yaha siddhAnta nirAzAvAdI yA bhAgyavAdI nahIM hai. pratyata yaha isa jIvana meM pUrNa rUpa se mAnavIya udyoga karane para bala detA hai| hama dekheMge ki kitane dharmazAstra-grantha yA unane sambandhita grantha evaM vicAra puruSakAra (udyoga) para bala dete haiM aura kucha logoM dvArA pratipAdita daiva yA svabhAva yA kAla (samaya) yA ina sabhI ke sammizraNa se sambandhita vicAroM (yathA--isI jIvana meM karmoM ke phala milate haiM) ke virodha meM mata prakAzita karate haiN| kabhI-kabhI eka bahuta daridra vyakti rAjA ho jAtA hai aura apanI pratibhA evaM yogyatA se logoM ko cakita kara detA hai| yaha saba kyA hai ? kucha loga rAI se parvata ho jAte haiM aura kacha loga parvata se rAI / sambhavataH ina saba ke mUla meM pUrva janma ke karma evaM saMskAra haiN| vizva ke udgama evaM anya samAna samasyAoM ke viSaya meM upaniSadakAla se hI katipaya mata prakAzita hote rahe haiN| zvetAzvataropaniSad (1 / 1) meM prazna Aye haiM-'kyA brahma hI kAraNa hai ? hama kahA~ se janma lete haiM ? kisake dvArA hama jIvita rahate haiM ? hama kahA~ jA rahe haiM ?, he brahmavid, hameM batAo, kisake niyantraNa ke bhItara hama sukha yA duHkha kI anubhUti karate haiM ?' Age ke padya meM AyA hai-'kyA kAla yA svabhAva yA AvazyakatA yA saMyoga

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370 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yA tattvoM ko hama kAraNa mAne yA use jo puruSa (kahalAtA ) hai? yaha unake eka sAtha mila jAne kA bhI pariNAma nahIM hai, kyoMki svayaM AtmA ko sukha evaM duHkha para apanA adhikAra nahIM hai| tIsare mantra ke uttarArdha meM AyA hai-'vaha akelA hI ina kAraNoM, arthAt-kAla, AtmA Adi para niyantraNa rakhatA hai|' yAjJa0 (1350) ne vAJchita evaM avAJchita pariNAmoM ke kAraNoM ke prazna ke viSaya meM pA~ca mata rakhe haiM, yathA --kancha loga deva ko, kacha loga svabhAva ko, kucha loga kAla ko, kucha loga puruSakAra (mAnava udyoga) ko tathA kucha loga ina sabhI ke sammilita rUpa ko kAraNa mAnate haiN| kintu yAjJa0 (1 / 346, 351) kA svayaM apanA mata hai ki acche yA bure pariNAmoM ke kAraNa haiM deva evaM puruSakAra, jinameM prathama to pUrva janmoM (astitvoM) kA pariNAma hai aura aba pratiphalita ho rahA hai| zAntiparva (238 / 4-5=230 / 4-5 citrazAlA saMskaraNa) ne tIna matoM kI ora iMgita kiyA hai, yathA--puruSakAra yA deva yA svabhAva, kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai, isakA apanA mata yaha hai ki deva evaM svabhAva mila kara pratiphala upasthita karate haiN| matsyapurANa (221 / 8) ke mata se deva evaM kAla mila kara karmoM kA phala dete haiN| brahmANDapUrANa (2 / 8 / 61-62) ne tIna matoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, yathA--deva, puruSakAra evaM svabhAva, kintu usakA apanA mata yaha hai ki deva evaM puruSakAra milakara karmoM kA phala upasthita karate haiN| karma ko tIna daloM meM rakhA gayA hai, yathA--saJcita, prArabdha evaM kriyamANa (yA saJcIyamAna) / prathama karma atIta astitvoM ke karmoM kA yogaphala hai, jisake pratiphaloM kI anamati abhI nahIM kI jA sakI hai| parArabdha karma vaha hai jo isa vartamAna jIvana ke Arambha hone ke pUrva maJcita karmoM meM sabase prabala thA, aura jise aisA parikalpita kiyA gayA hai ki usI ke AdhAra para vartamAna jIvana nizcita hotA hai| isa vartamAna jIvana meM vyakti jo kucha saMgRhIta karatA hai vahI kriyamANa (yA saJcIyamAna, ekatra hotA huA) karma hai| Age Ane vAlA jIvana (astitva) saJcita evaM kriyamANa ke sammilita karmoM meM atyanta prabala (yA kara logoM ke mata se sabase Arambhika) karma dvArA nirdhArita evaM nizcita hotA hai| karma vibhinna prakAra ke hote haiM aura vibhinna prakAra ke pratiphala upasthita karate haiM (sAttvika karmoM se svarga, rAjasika karmoM se pRthivI yA antarikSa tathA tAmasika karmoM se yAtanAoM ke sthala prApta hote haiN)| isI prakAra astitva (janma yA zarIra) bhI vibhinna hote haiM aura zarIra se Atma hai ataH vibhinna AtmA nAnArUpa vAle hote haiN| eka virodha upasthita kiyA jAtA hai ki sabhI naitika mUlyoM kA AdhAra icchA-svAtantrya hai aura yadi manuSya ke atIta jIvanoM ke karma se vartamAna jIvana nizcita hotA hai to vartamAna jIvana kevala karma kI zakti ke hAtha meM eka khilaunA mAtra hai aura vyakti ke lie itanI chUTa nahIM rahatI ki vaha vahI kara sake jise vaha sarvottama samajhatA hai| manaSya ke icchA-svAtantrya kA prazna atyanta pecIdA hai aura isa para prAcIna kAla se hI mahAna cintakoM ne socA-vicArA hai aura vibhinna mata prakAzita kiye haiM aura Aja taka hameM koI santoSajanaka uttara nahIM mila sakA hai| isa viSaya meM pATaka kacha granthoM kA avalokana kara sakate haiM, yathA-- raizaDala kRta 'thyorI Ava gaDa eNDa ivila' (jilda 2, pa0302-355, san 1607), vargasA~ kRta 'TAima eNDa phrI 20. dekhie padmapAda kI vijJAnadIpikA (zloka 5 evaM 8), 'karmaNA phalavaicitryAdvaicitryaM janmanAmiha / dehavaicitryato jIve vaicitryaM bhAsate tathA // saMJcitaM cIyamAnaM ca prArabdhaM karma tatphalam / krameNAvRttireteSAM pUrva balavato'pivA' // TIkA meM AyA hai : 'saJcitAnAM zubhAzubhakarmaNAM madhye yasya pUrvakAlikatvaM tasya pUrva praarmbhH| tatsamAptau tadanantarajAtasthaivaM vA krameNAmAvRttiH / api ca saJcitakarmarNA madhye paurvAparyamanapekSya yasya karmaNo balavattaratvaM tasyaiva pUrva prArambhaH / For Private & Personal use only.

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta vila" viskAuNTa saimuela kRta 'bilIpha eNDa aikzana' (pR0 303-320) tathA ema0 DeviDsana kRta 'phrI vila' (laNDana, 1648) / jahA~ taka bhAratIya karma-siddhAnta kA prazna hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai, icchA-svAtantrya kI bAta isa jIvana (astitva) meM acche karma karane ke lie, naitika jIvana bitAne ke lie evaM zlAghArha karma karane ke lie parikalpita kI gayI hai, kintu isa prakAra ke karma Adi isa jIvana kI paristhitiyoM (vAtAvaraNoM) kI sImAoM para nirbhara rahate haiN| mahattvapUrNa kriyAzIla vizvAsa yaha hai ki vyakti ko icchA-svAtantrya prApta hai ki vaha isa jIvana meM apane bhAvI jIvana (astitva)ko ilAghAI karmoM dvArA koI rUpa dene meM svatantra hai / yahI zAntiparva (2803 =26113 citrazAlA saMskaraNa) kA sandeza hai / 21 gItA meM zrI kRSNa ne eka lambe vivecana ke uparAnta arjuna ko yaha chUTa de dI ki 'jo cAhe so karo' (18163, 'yathecchasi tathA kuru') / gItA (6 / 30) kA kathana hai---'yadi koI bhraSTacarita vAlA vyakti bhI avibhakta zraddhA se merI pUjA karatA hai, use sadAcArI avazya kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki usane dRr3ha pratijJA kara lI hai| isI prakAra gItA (615) ne vyavasthA dI hai-'vyakti svayaM apane ko Upara uThAye, vaha apane ko nIce na girAye, kyoMki kevala AtmA hI usakA saccA mitra hai aura kevala AtmA hI usakA zatra hai| prAcIna bhAratIya siddhAnta ke anusAra donoM, arthAt prArabdhavAda (agranirUpita-nirdeza athavA daivavAda) evaM icchA-svAtantryavAda ko svIkAra karanA sambhava hai, prathama ke anusAra vyakti kisI viziSTa vAtAvaraNa meM janma letA hai aura dUsare ke anusAra vyakti kA isa jIvana (vartamAna astitva ) ke karmoM se sambandha hai| prArabdhavAda (daivavAda)ke anasAra vyakti kA kisI viziSTa vAtAvaraNa meM janma lenA nizcita rahatA hai aura icchA-svAtantryavAda ke anusAra vyakti apane upasthita jIvana ke karmoM ke prati svatantra rahatA hai| bhagavadgItA (635-6) to pApI ke lie bhI AzA baMdhAtI hai ki sudhAra karane ke lie derI kI cintA nahIM karanI cAhie arthAt derI ho jAne para bhI sudhAra kA Arambha kiyA jA sakatA hai aura puna: kahA hai (2 / 40) ki sadAcAra kA alpAMza bhI mahAna bhaya se vyakti kI rakSA karatA hai aura vyavasAya (udyoga yA prayAsa) kabhI naSTa nahIM hotaa| yadyapi gItA kA sAmAnya jhukAva icchA-svAtantrya ke siddhAnta kI ora hI hai tathApi kucha aisI uktiyA~ bhI haiM jinameM pUrvanirdhAraNavAda (prArabdhavAda, arthAt vaha siddhAnta jisake anusAra saba kucha pahale se hI nizcita rahatA hai-isa jIvana meM kyA hogA, yaha pahale se hI nizcita hai) kI jhalaka milatI hai| yathA, 'prakRtijanya guNoM ke phalasvarUpa pratyeka vyakti ko asahAya rUpa se karma karane par3ate haiM' (3|33)--"htthvaaditaa ke kAraNa tuma socate ho, 'maiM yuddha nahIM karU~gA', tumhArI yaha pratijJA vyartha hai; tumhArA svabhAva tumheM vaisA karane ko bAdhya karegA; tuma apane svabhAva se utpanna karmoM se hI vivaza hokara asahAya rUpa meM vaha kArya karoge jise tuma karanA nahIM cAhate ho (18156-60) / ' yaha svIkAra karanA hI par3egA ki bacapana ke vAtAvaraNa ke viSaya meM icchA kI svatantratA kI bAta hI nahIM uThatI / rAmAyaNa ne isa vizvAsa ko vyakta kiyA hai ki vartamAna jIvana kI cintA yA duHkha atIta jIvana yA jIvanoM meM kiye gaye aise hI karmoM kA pariNAma hai| jaba kaikeyI dvArA varadAna mAMgane para rAjA dazaratha ne rAma ko vanavAsa de diyA to rAma kI mAtA kauzalyA rotI huI kahatI haiM---'maiM vizvAsa karatI hU~ ki maiMne pUrva janma meM bahutase logoM ko unake putroM se dUra kara diyA hogA yA jIvita prANiyoM ko hAni kI hogI (yA unheM mAra DAlA 21. Ayurna sulabhaM labdhvA nAyakarSed vizAMpate / utkarSArtha prayatate naraH puNyena karmaNA // zAnti0 280 // 3 (26113, citrshaalaa)| w

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372 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hogA), isI se yaha duHkha mujha para ghaharA par3A hai', 'maiM binA sandeha ke aisA mAnatI hU~ ki maiMne pUrva jIvana meM, una gauoM (yA mAtAoM) ke stanoM ko kATa diyA hogA jinake bachar3e apanI mA~ kA dUdha pInA cAhate the / ' purANoM ne bhI acche evaM bure karmoM kI mahattA para bala diyA hai| unake kathanAnusAra acche yA bure karmoM kA phala bhoganA hI par3atA hai, jaba taka phaloM kA nAza nahIM ho jaataa| saikar3oM jIvanoM ke uparAnta bhI karma kA nAza nahIM hotA / 22 padma pu0 (281248 evaM 64 / 118 ) meM AyA hai - 'binA karmaphala bhoge karma kA nAza nahIM hotA; atIta jIvanoM ke karma se utpanna bandhana ko koI haTA nahIM sakatA'; isameM punaH AyA hai- 'manuSya apane karmoM dvArA devatA bana sakatA hai, yA mAnava bana sakatA hai, pazu yA pakSI yA kSudra jIva yA sthAvara (vRkSa yA pASANa -khaNDa) bana sakatA hai; apanI zakti yA santAna ke utpatti se koI vyakti pUrva janmoM meM kiye gaye karmo prabhAvoM ko dUra nahIM kara sakatA / 23 upaniSadoM meM varNita punarjanma kI bhAvanA buddha ke kAla meM sArvabhauma rUpa dhAraNa kara cukI thI / buddha ne nitya vyaktitva yA AtmA kI bAta ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA thA / koI AdhyAtmika dArzanika nahIM the, ve cAhate the ki mAnavatA abodhatA ( ajJAna ) evaM duHkha se mukti pA sake aura use nirvANa prApta ho jAye, isI se unhoMne AtmA kI nityatA ko asvIkAra karate hue bhI punarjanma kA siddhAnta grahaNa kiyA thaa| isI silasile meM eka mahatvapUrNa prazna para vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai, yathA- kyA vedAntavAdI vicAroM ke maulika udbhAvaka kSatriya the, brAhmaNa nahIM ? isa viSaya meM eka saMkSipta vivecana isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 2 ( pR0 105 - 107 ) meM ho cukA hai / DyUzana (Daisa sisTema Desa vedAnta, 1883, pR0 1816, evaM philaoNsaoNphI Ava di upaniSad, pR0 18-16, geDena dvArA aMgrejI meM anUdita ) evaM DA0 Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara (vaiSNavijma eNDa zaiviz2ma, pR0 6) ne mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki kSatriya loga hI vedAntavAdI siddhAntoM ke maulika udbhAvaka the| DyUzana mahodaya mukhyataH 6 uktiyoM evaM DA bhaNDArakara kevala do uktiyoM ( chA0 upa0 5 / 3 evaM 11 ) para nirbhara hote haiM / DyUzana mahodaya kA yaha bhI kathana hai ( philaoN0 upa pR0 16) ki yaha niSkarSa pUrNa nizcita nahIM hai / usameM kevala adhika sambhAvanA mAtra hai / isa mata ke virodha meM bArtha ( rilijiensa Ava iNDiyA, pR0 65), haoNpkinsa ( ethiksa Ava iNDiyA 1624, pR0 22. avazyameva bhoktavyaM kRtaM karma zubhAzubham / nAbhuktaM kSIyate karma hyapi janmazataiH priya / / nAradIyapurANa ( uttara bhAga 26 / 18 ) / 'nAbhuktaM kSIyate karma' kA uddharaNa zAMkarabhASya kI TIkA bhAvatI ( ve0 sU0 4 / 1 / 13 ) meM AyA hai / 23. upabhogAdRte tasya nAza eva na vidyate / prApatanaM bandhanaM ( bandhakaM ? ) karma konyathA katurmarhati // padma0 (281248 evaM 64 / 118 ) ; devatvamatha mAnuSyaM pazUnAM pakSiNAM tathA / tiryatvaM sthAvaratvaM ca yAti jantuH svakarmabhiH // pUrvadehakRtaM karma na kazcitpuruSo bhuvi / balena prajayA vApi samarthaH kartumanyathA / / padma0 ( 2264 / 13, 15 ) / prathama padma0 (28143 ) meM bhI AyA hai / aura dekhiye R0 (54) 10 ), 'prajAbhiragne amRtatvamazyAma' evaM manu ( 6137 ) -- 'putreNa lokAJjayati pautreNAnantyamaznute' / padma0 ke anusAra ye vacana mAtra prazaMsAtmaka haiM / na tu bhogA puNyaM pApaM vA karma mAnavam / parityajati bhogAcca puNyApuNye nibodha me / mArkaNDeya ( 14 / 17 ) ; yAdRzaM vapate bIjaM kSetre tu kRSikArakaH / bhunakti tAdRzaM vatsa phalameva na saMzayaH / / yAdRzaM kriyate karma tAdRzaM paribhujyate / vinAza hetu, karmAsya sarve karmavazA vayam // padma0 (264 / 7-8 ) /

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta 373 63), maikDonela evaM kItha (vaidika iNDiyA, jilda 2, pR0 206) evaM Taksena (di rilijiensa Ava iNDiyA, kopenahegena, 1646, pR0 88) ne apane vicAra vyakta kiye haiN| DyUzana mahodaya ne to yahA~ taka kahA hai (pR. 16)--'atmA-sambandhI yaha zikSA unase (brAhmaNoM se) jAnabUjha kara pRthaka rakhI gayI thI, aura yaha kSatriyoM kI choTI maNDalI meM hI dI jAtI thii| hama yahA~ isa mata kI parIkSA kreNge| prAcIna upaniSadoM ke pramukha evaM mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta do haiM, yathA--(1) jIvAtmA evaM parama brahma ko abhinnatA evaM (2) vyakti ke kartavyoM evaM AcaraNa para AtmA ke AvAgamana (punarjanma) kA nirbhara honaa| ina donoM siddhAntoM ko yAjJavalkya ne rAjA janaka ko batAyA hai (bR. upa0 4 / 4 / 4-7 tathA anya vacana jo nIce diye jA rahe haiN)| DyUzana ne aupaniSadika bAtoM meM ina bAtoM ko sabase ati gambhIra satya evaM zreSTha kahA hai| isake atirikta yAjJavalkya ke zabda, jo ba0 upa0 (3 / 2 / 13 'jo acchA karatA hai, vaha acchA janma pAtA hai'; 41415 : 'jo acchA karatA hai, vaha acchA janma pAtA hai, jo burA karatA hai, vaha burA janma pAtA hai . . . jo pavitra kArya Adi.. karatA hai vaha pavitra ho jAtA hai') meM pAye jAte haiM, unheM svayaM DyUzana mahodaya ne punarjanma sambandhI siddhAnta ke viSaya meM sabase adhika prAcIna mAnA hai| isake sAtha svayaM Dyazana mahodaya kI ukti se siddha ho jAtA hai ki upaniSadoM ke do pramukha maulika siddhAntoM kA udghoSa brAhmaNa yAjJavalkya dvArA kiyA gayA thA, jinhoMne usI upaniSad (bR. upa0 2 / 4 / 1-14) meM apanI patnI maitreyI se AtmA evaM tattvoM Adi kA brahma se tAdAtmya batAyA hai (idaM sarva ydymaatmaa)| itanA hI nahIM, ina siddhAntoM kI zikSA dene vAle anya zikSaka bhI the / udAharaNArtha, uddAlaka AruNi ne vistAra ke sAtha apane putra zvetaketu ko 'tattvamAsi' (chA0 upa0 618-16) kA artha samajhAyA hai / aba hama una udAharaNoM kI jA~ca kareMge jina para DyUzana mahodaya ne apane niSkarSa Adhata kiye haiN| chA0 upa0 (5 / 11 / 1) meM eka kathA AyI hai| pAMca aise gahastha, jo veda ke mahAna pAThaka the, Apasa meM mile aura 'AtmA' tathA 'brahma' ke viSaya meM unhoMne carcA kii| unhoMne uhAlaka AruNi ke pAsa, jo 'vaizvAnara' nAmataH AtmA ke viSaya meM jAnate the, jAne ko socaa| jaba ve unake yahAM pahuMce to uddAlaka AruNi ne kahA ki meM svayaM sabhI kucha kI vyAkhyA nahIM kara sakU~gA ataH tuma logoM ko azvapati kaikeya (kekaya deza ke rAjA) ke pAsa jAnA cAhie, jo vaizvAnara nAmaka AtmA kI jAnakArI rakhate haiN| uddAlaka ke sAtha ve sabhI gRhastha azvapati kaikeya ke pAsa pahu~ce / jinhoMne dUsare dina prazna kA uttara dene ko khaa| dUsare dina be chaha vyakti samidhA lekara rAjA ke pAsa pahuMce / azvapati kaikeya ne anya Arambhika kRtyoM ko sthagita kara diyA aura unase pUchA ki unameM pratyeka kisakA dhyAna karatA hai| jaba saba ne dhyAna ke AdhAra, yathA-svarga, Aditya, vAyu, AkAza evaM pRthivI (isakA nAma uddAlaka ne liyA) kI bAta batalA dI to rAjA ne batAyA ki ye sabhI vaizvAnara ke aMza (bhAga) haiM aura unhoMne unase agnihotra ke sampAdana kI ucita vidhi bhI batalA dii| do bAta vicAraNIya haiM / eka to yaha ki yahA~ para uddAlaka AruNi ko vAstavika 'vaizvAnaravidyA' meM anabhijJa kahA gayA hai, kintu dUsare hI pariccheda (chA0 upa0 6 / 817.....) meM unheM 'tattvamasi' nAmaka zreSTha siddhAnta kA vyAkhyAtA (zikSaka) kahA gayA hai| sambhavataH ye donoM uddAlaka eka hI nahIM haiM, haiM yA yaha kathA hI kapolakalpita hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki azvapati kaikeya ne jo kucha sikhAyA vaha vaizvAnara ke viSaya meM thA. na ki brahmavidyA (jIvAtmA evaM parama brahma ke tAdAtmya) ke viSaya meN| yAska ke kAla ke pUrva se hI vaizvAnara ke viSaya meM kaI mata the, jinakA ullekha bahudhA Rgveda (115216, 11681) meM huA hai| nirukta (21-23) ne tIna vibhinna mata uddhRta kiye haiM, yathA-vaizvAnara vidyut hai, yA Aditya hai

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74 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yA laukika agni hai / chA0 upa0 (5 / 18 / 2 ) ne niSkarSa nikAlA hai ( 5 / 16 - 24 ) aura use pA~ca prANoM kI AhutiyoM (prANAya svAhA, apAnAya svAhA.. ) kI paMkti meM rakhA hai / ve0 sU0 ( 112 / 24-32 ) meM bhI isakI carcA hai aura yahI niSkarSa hai ki isakA artha hai paramAtmA, na ki jIvAtmA yA agni ( eka tattva ke rUpa meM) yA jaTharAnala | upa0 2 / 1) kahI hai / gArgya bAlAki rAjA ne isa bAta ke lie eka sahasra (arthAt janaka hI dAtA tathA brahma kI isake uparAnta DyUzana mahodaya ne gArgya bAlAki kI gAthA ( bR0 ne kAzI ke rAjA ajAtazatru ko brahma kI vyAkhyA sunAnI cAhI aura gaue~ dene kI bAta kahI aura yaha bhI kahA ki loga 'janaka, janaka' vyAkhyA sunane vAle haiM) kA udghoSa kara daur3ate haiM / bAlAki ne brahmadhyAna ke lie bAraha padArthoM kI carcA kI, kintu rAjA ne uttara diyA ki maiM yaha saba pahale se hI jAnatA hU~ aura yaha bhI kahA ki brahma ina padArtho se bhinna hai aura use Apake ( arthAt bAlAki ke ) kahane ke anusAra samajhA nahIM jA sakatA / isa para bAlAki mauna raha gaye aura ziSya ho jAnA caahaa| taba AjAtazatru ne kahA- yaha to pratiloma hai ki brAhmaNa brahmajJAnartha kSatriya ke pAsa ziSya hone ke lie jAya / aisA kaha kara rAjA ne bAlAki kA hAtha pakar3a liyA aura apane Asana se uTha par3e / isa gAthA kI kucha bAteM draSTavya haiN| isase yaha nahIM prakaTa hotA ki brAhmaNa jAti brahmavidyA ko nahIM jAnatI thI aura na yahI vyakta hotA ki isakA jJAna kevala kSatriyoM ko hI thA dUsarI ora janaka kA viziSTa ullekha huA hai ki ve gauoM ke dAtA haiM aura brahmavidyA ko sunane ke lie tatpara rahate haiM tathA loga unase gaue~ prApta karane evaM brahmavidyA kA jJAna dene ke lie unake yahA~ jAyA karate haiM / hameM bR0 upa0 (3 / 1) se vidita hai ki videha ke rAjA janaka ne eka sahasra gaue~ dI thI aura jaba yAjJavalkya ne unako le liyA to rAjA janaka kI sabhA meM baiThe katipaya logoM yathA azvala ( rAjA ke hotA purohita), ArtabhAga, gArgI, uddAlaka ANi vidagdha zAkalya ne unase kaI prazna pUche / aura dekhie bR0 u0 (4|4| 7- - janaka ne yAjJavalkya ko eka sahasra gAyeM dI haiM ) 4/4/23 - - janaka yAjJavalkya ko videha kA rAjya tathA apane ko dAsa ke rUpa meM dete haiM / ataH bAlAki kI gAthA se yadi koI bAta vyakta kI jA sakatI hai| to vaha yaha hai ki janaka aise kSatriya ne brahmavidyA kI zikSA grahaNa kara lI thI kintu bAlAki ko jo brAhmaNa thA, isakA jJAna na thA ( yadyapi usane aisA kaha rakhA thA ki mujhe yaha jJAta hai) aura usako kAzI ke rAjA ajAtazatru se isakA jJAna prApta huA tathA ajAtazatru ne aisA kahA ki brAhmaNa kSatriya kA ziSya nahIM hotA / sabhI brAhmaNa brahmavidyA meM niSNAta nahIM ho sakate the, kSatriyoM kI to bAta hI dUsarI hai (arthAt unameM to ine-gine hI brahmavida ho sakate the) / ataH DyUzana mahodaya truTipUrNa sAmAnyIkaraNa karane ( vyApaka siddhAnta banAne) ke aparAdhI haiM / yaha draSTavya hai ki isa kathA meM kAzI ke rAjA ajAtazatru aisA nahIM kahate ki yaha vidyA pahale brAhmaNoM ko nahIM jJAta thI (jaisA ki pravAhaNa jaivali ne kahA thA ), pratyuta unhoMne Azcarya prakaTa kiyA ki eka brAhmaNa unake pAsa yaha vidyA grahaNa karane ko AyA hai / yahI kathAnaka kauSItaki upa0 (4 / 1-16 ) meM unhIM zabdoM meM AyA hai / yahA~ bAlAki ne apane dhyAna ke viSayoM ke bAre meM 16 vyAkhyAe~ kI haiM / aura dekhie ve0 sU0 (1 / 4 / 16-18 ) / bR0 upa0 (211 ) evaM kau0 upa0 ( 4 ) meM punarjanma ke viSaya meM kucha nahIM hai, ina donoM uktiyoM meM kevala itanA hI vyakta hai ki AtmA se sabhI prANa, sabhI loka, sabhI deva evaM sabhI tattva niSpanna hote haiM (bR0 upa0 2 / 2 / 20 ) | yaha vaisA hI hai jaisA ki ba0 upa0 (4 / 4 / 7) evaM chA0 upa0 (4 / 1-16) meM AyA hai ( aitadAtmyam idaM sarva.... tattvamasi ) |

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta 375 yaha bar3e Azcarya kI bAta hai ki DyUzana mahodaya ne sanatkumAra evaM nArada ke saMvAda ko apane isa tarka kI siddhi ke lie prayukta kiyA hai ki kSatriya loga hI vedAnta ke mahAn siddhAntoM ke maulika udbhAvaka the| unhoMne chA0 upa0 ( 7 ) kA sahArA liyA hai, jahA~ AyA hai ki nArada sanatkumAra ke pAsa gaye aura prArthanA kI- 'mahodaya, mujhe par3hAie / sanatkumAra ne unase kahA - ' batAie, Apa kitanA jAnate haiM, taba maiM batAU~gA ki usake Age kyA hai| nArada ne batAyA ( chA0 upa0 7 / 1-2 ) ki maiMne cAra vedoM, itihAsa-purANa kA adhyayana kara liyA hai aura unhoMne vidyAoM kI sUcI upasthita kI jisameM devavidyA, brahmavidyA, kSatravidyA, nakSatravidyA sammilita thIM / nArada ne svIkAra kiyA ki mujhe kevala mantra hI jJAta haiM, AtmA ke bAre meM nahIM jAnatA / unhoMne kahA, 'maiMne Apa ke samAna logoM se sunA hai ki Atmavid duHkha ko jIta letA hai| maiM duHkha meM haiM, bhagavan, duHkha se pAra hone meM merI sahAyatA avazya kareM / ' sanatkumAra ne kahA, 'Apane jo kucha par3hA hai, vaha nAma mAtra hai, kucha nAma se bar3ha kara bhI hai / sanatkumAra ne nAma se bar3hakara vANI para dhyAna karane ko uttama kahA aura zikSA dI ki mana vANI se uttama hai aura Age bahuta-sI bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA jo apane pUrvavartI se uttama haiM, aura isa prakAra ve 'bhUmana' ( paramAtmA) kucha kI udbhUti hotI hai / anta meM ( chA0 upa0 7 / 26 / 2) AyA haisaba kucha dikhAyA, jisake doSa jar3a se naSTa ho gaye haiM aura jo avidyA ke skanda kahate haiM / kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisase sabhI bhagavAn sanatkumAra ne nArada ko Upara hai; use loga ( sanatkumAra ) uparyukta lambe vacana meM aisA kahIM bhI nahIM AyA hai ki sanatkumAra evaM nArada brAhmaNa the yA kSatriya / saMskRta sAhitya meM skanda ko yuddha kA devatA ( gItA, 10 / 24, senAnInAmahaM skandaH ) kahA gayA hai aura vanaparva ( 22/22-23 ) meM use devoM kI senAoM kA senApati kahA gayA hai tathA zAntiparva ( 275 = 267) citrazAlA saMskaraNa) meM AyA hai ki loka kI utpatti evaM pralaya ke jJAna kI prApti ke lie nArada devala ke pAsa gaye / isase DyUzana mahodaya khaTa se isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca jAte haiM ki sanatkumAra kSatriya the aura nArada brAhmaNa | mahAbhArata, manusmRti evaM purANoM meM unheM varNa yA jAti ke Upara ardha daivika RSi kahA gayA hai / gItA (10 / 13 ) ne nArada ko devarSi kahA hai, vAyupurANa ne parvata evaM nArada ko kazyapa ke putroM ke rUpa meM tathA devarSiyoM meM ginA hai ( 61185 ) / manusmRti (1 / 25 ) ne nArada ko prathama dasa prajApatiyoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai| brahma pu0 ( 1 / 46-47) ne skanda evaM sanatkumAra ko brahmA kA putra kahA hai / nAradIya pu0 ( pUrva bhAga 23) ne sanaka, sanandana, sanatkumAra evaM sanAtana ko brahmA kA mAnasa putra kahA hai aura sanatkumAra ko brahmavAdI kahA hai, jinhoMne nArada ko sabhI dharmoM kA jJAna diyA thaa| vAmana pu0 (60168-66 ) ne ina cAroM ko dharma evaM ahiMsA kA putra tathA yoga zAstra kA vyAkhyAtA kahA hai / ina sabhI bAtoM se bar3ha kara kUrma pu0 ( 117120-21 ) meM AyA hai ki ye cAroM Rtu ke sAtha vipra ( brAhmaNa ), yogI evaM brahmA ke mAnasa putra haiM / sanatkumAra ko zAbdika yA lAkSaNika rUpa se skanda kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki unhoMne avidyA ko usI prakAra AkramaNa karake jIta liyA jisa prakAra skanda devatA ne asuroM kI senAoM ko parAsta kiyA thA / 24 24. agre sasarja va brahmA mAnasAnAtmanaH smaan| sanakaM sanAtanaM caiva tathaiva ca sanandanam / RtuM sanatkamAraM ca pUrvameva prajApatiH / paJcaite yogino viprAH paraM vairAgyamAzritAH / / kUrmapu0 ( 1 | 7|16:21) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa chA0 upa0 (18) meM ullekha hai ki bhArata ke kisI bhAga meM (jisakI carcA nahIM huI hai) tIna vyakti, yathA--zilaka zAlAvatya, caikitAyana dAlbhya evaM pravAhaNa jaivali, aise vyakti the jo udgItha (arthAt om) ke gaDha artha meM niSNAta the| ve udgItha para vicAra karane ke lie baiTha gye| prathama do (jo brAhmaNa the) ne eka-dUsare se praznottara kiyaa| isa para pravAhaNa jaivali ne unheM batAyA ki ve aise viSayoM ke bAre meM uttara de rahe haiM jo nitya nahIM haiN| isake uparAnta pravAhaNa jaivali ne unase kahA ki isa vizva kA mala AkAza hai, prANiyoM kI utpatti AkAza se huI hai aura prANI punaH vahIM lauTa jAyeMge, tathA yaha AkAza udgItha hai jo ucca se uccatara hai aura ananta ....Adi hai| DyUzana ne apane siddhAnta kI puSTi ke lie isa vacana kA bhI sahArA liyA hai| upaniSadoM meM udgIthavidyA katipaya upAsanAoM meM parigaNita hai| ataH jo bAta prakaTa hotI hai, vaha yaha hai ki pravAhaNa jaivali ko vaha vidyAjJAta thI aura kisI sthAna (jisakA nAmollekha nahIM huA hai) ke do brAhmaNoM ko vaha ajJAta thii| isa siddhAnta kI, jo brAhmaNoM ko tAdAtmya (brahmAdvaitavAda) ke kendrIya siddhAnta se anabhijJa ThaharAtA hai, parIkSA karake use ThIka mAnanA sambhava nahIM hai| isI sandarbha meM (chA0 upa0 1 / 6 / 3) pravAhaNa jaivali ne ullekha kiyA hai ki atidhanyA gaunaka ne udarazANDilya ko udgItha-vidyA kA jJAna diyA thaa| Dyazana ne binA koI pramANa upasthita kiye vaha diyA hai ki yahA~ bhI brAhmaNa ne kSatriya se zikSA grahaNa kii| ve sambhavata: yaha bAta bhala gaye ki zaunaka' evaM 'zANDilya' donoM brAhmaNa nAma haiN| yaha tathya yaha siddha karatA hai ki apane siddhAnta kI puSTi meM AtantAvaza eka gambhIra vidvAn bhI kisa prakAra truTiyA~ kara sakatA hai| unhoMne svayaM likhA hai ki zaunaka ne, jo vAhANa (atidhanvA nAmaka) thA, eka anya brAhmaNa (udarazANDilya) ko usa vidyA meM zikSita kiyaa| isake atirikta, udgItha vidyA katipaya upAsanAoM meM eka upAsanA hai aura pravAhaNa ne jo par3hAyA hai vaha yaha hai ki sabhI bhUta (prANI) AkAza se utpanna hote haiM aura usI meM punaH samAhita ho jAte haiM, jisakA.abhiprAya yaha hai ki AkAza brahma kI ora saketa karatA hai, jaisA ki ve0 sa0 (111 / 22) bhI kahatA hai| milAie yaha siddhAnta tai0 upa0 (316, jo ve0 sU0 11 // AdhAra hai) Adi se| itanA hI nahIM, chA0 upa0 ke isa vacana meM punarjanma ke viSaya meM kucha bhI nahIM hai| Dyazana evaM bhaNDArakara ke matoM kA AdhAra hai paJcAgnividyA ke viSaya meM pravAhaNa jaivali evaM zvetaketu kA saMvAda (ba0 up06|2 evaM chA0 upa0 5 // 3-10) tathA azvapati kekeya evaM DahAlaka AruNi ke bIca vaizvAnara viSaya meM huI vArtA (chA0 up05|124)| dUsarI vArtA ke viSaya meM hama Upara par3ha cuke haiN| prathama vArtA vAlA prasaMga bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai jise logoM ne ThIka se samajhA nahIM hai| zvetaketu evaM usake pitA AruNi ga gnividyA batAne ke pUrva pravAhaNa jaivali ne kahA hai (chA0 upa0 5|317)---'tumhaare pUrva yaha vidyA brAhmaNoM ke pAsa nahIM gayI ; ataH sabhI lokoM meM adhikAra (zAsana) kevala kSatriya jAti ke pAsa hI raha sakA hai / ' bR0 upa0 ke vacana meM zabda Aye haiM--'Aja ke pUrva yaha vidyA kisI brAhmaNa meM nahIM pAyI jAtI thI, kintu maiM tumheM ise batAU~gA, kyoMki kauna vyakti tumheM nahIM batAyegA jo mujhe isa prakAra sambodhita karate ho| (arthAt 'maiM Apa ke pAsa ziSyarUpa meM upasthita huA huuN)|' kauSItaki upa0 (1) meM devayAna evaM pitRyANa kA siddhAnta citra gAryAyaNi dvArA AruNi (evaM usake putra zvetaketu) ko batalAyA gayA hai, kintu yaha kathana ki kevala kSatriya hI isa siddhAnta ke udbhAvaka evaM jAnakAra the, vahA~ nahIM AyA hai aura gAryAyaNi brAhmaNa adhyApaka ke sadRza pratIta hote haiN| prazna yaha hai-"chAndogya evaM bRhadAraNyaka upaniSadoM ke uparyukta vacanoM meM isa vidyA' kA kyA tAtparya hai ?" upaniSadoM (vizeSata: chAndogya evaM bRhadAraNyaka) meM vaise puruSoM ke lie, jo brahmavidyA ke mArga para adhika dUra nahIM jA sake haiM, brahma kI upAsanA ke lie katipaya vidyAoM kI vistRta carcA huI hai, yathA--udgIthavidyA (chA0 upa0 118-6, bRha0 upa0 113), daharavidyA (chA0 8 / 1 / 1-2, bR0 upa0 113, ve0 sU0 1 / 3 / 14-21), madhuvidyA (upa0 chA0

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta 377 3 / 1 / 1, ba0 upa0 2 / 5 / 1-15), saMvargavidyA (chA0 4 / 3) / isI prakAra paJcAgnividyA bhI eka upAsanA hai| DyUzana Adi ne ise svIkAra kiyA hai ki jIvAtmA evaM paramAtmA kI ekAtmatA evaM karmoM tathA AcaraNa para AdhRta AtmA ke punarjanma ke viSaya meM mahAn evaM maulika vacana yAjJavalkya dvArA kahe gaye haiM jo bR0 upa0 meM pAye jAte haiN| paJcAgni vidyA kA sambandha punarjanma ke kevala eka pakSa se hai, aura vaha pakSa hai vaha mArga jisakA anusaraNa ve loga karate haiM jo grAma meM rahate hue yajJa, jana-kalyANa-kArya evaM dAna karate rahate haiN| pA~ca agniyoM evaM pA~ca AhutiyoM kA sambandha kevala pitRyANa mArga se hai| isameM usa gati yA dazA kI gUr3ha, evaM ardha bhautika vyAkhyA pAyI jAtI hai jisake dvArA vyakti isa pathivI para bAra-bAra janma lete haiN| adhika-se-adhika yahI tarka upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki kacha kSatriya rAjAoM yA sAmantoM ne pavitra logoM dvArA candra loka se panaH pathivI loka para Ane kI vidhi para kisI gaDha yA AdhyAtmika vyAkhyA karane kA adhikAra prApta kara liyA hogaa| isa viSaya meM spaSTa rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki pravAhaNa jaivali kisI deza ke rAjA the yA mAtra eka kSatriya (rAjanya, bR0 upa0 6 / 2 / 3 evaM chA0 upa0 5 / 3 / 5), kintu itanA spaSTa rUpa se kahA huA hai ki azvapati kekaya rAjya (bhArata ke uttara-pazcima meM sthita) ke rAjA the, jaba ki jIvAtmA evaM paramAtmA kI ekAtmatA evaM AtmA kI amaratA ke maulika udaghoSaka the yAjJavalkya, jo videha (mithilA, bihAra pradeza) ke nivAsI the jo kekaya se kama-se-kama eka sahasra mIla dUra thaa| yAjJavalkya kA darzana kekaya aise sudUra deza meM eka lambe kAla ke uparAnta hI pahu~cA hogaa| yadi yaha bAta taka ke lie mAna bhI lI jAya ki azvapati ke samAna kucha zAsaka aise the jinhoMne sarvaprathama pavitra yAjJikoM (yajJa karane vAloM) ke sanmukha punarjanma ke mArga kI vyAkhyA upasthita kI, taba bhI DyUzana mahodaya kI sthApanA kisI prakAra bhI upayukta puSTa pramANoM ke samakSa nahIM tthhrtii| (prakRta viSaya kI carcA aba puna: Arambha hotI hai|) upaniSadoM ne eka aisA kaThora niyama banAyA hai ki sabhI prakAra ke acche yA bure karmoM ke phala bhogane hI par3ate haiM aura vyakti ke karmoM evaM AcaraNa se hI Age ke jIvana nirdhArita evaM nizcita hote haiN| kintu upaniSadoM ke kucha vacanoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki unhoMne isa viSaya meM kucha apavAda chor3a rakhe haiN| eka apavAda yaha hai ki jaba koI vyakti brahma kI anubhUti kara letA hai, usake sabhI acche yA bure karma jo brahmAnubhUti ke uparAnta yA bhautika deha ke marane ke pUrva kiye gaye hoM, koI pariNAma nahIM upasthita krte| chA0 upa0 (6 / 1413) meM satyakAma jAbAla ne apane ziSya upakosala se kahA hai-'jisa prakAra jala kamaladala se nahIM cipaka sakatA, usI prakAra jo brahma ko jAnatA hai usameM duSkarma nahIM lagA raha sktaa|' chA0 upa0 (512413) meM pUna: AyA hai-'jisa prakAra iSIkA--tUla ke sUtra agni meM bhasma ho jAte haiM usI prakAra vaizvAnara (brahma) ke abhiprAya ko jAnane vAle agnihotrI vyakti ke bure karma bhasma ho jAte haiN|' ba0 upa0 (414122) meM AyA hai-'jo ina donoM ko jAnatA hai usako ye abhibhUta nahIM karate, cAhe vaha bhale hI kahe ki kisI kAraNavaza usane burA karma kiyA yA kisI kAraNavaza acchA karma kiyA; vaha ina donoM ko pAra kara jAtA hai; use kiyA huA athavA na kiyA huA, koI bhI karma nahIM tpaataa|' muNDakopaniSad (2 / 2 / 8) ne vyavasthA dI hai-'jaba koI vyakti sarvocca (kAraNa) ko dekha letA hai (usakI anubhUti kara letA hai) aura nimnatama (kArya) bhI jAna letA hai to usake karma naSTa ho jAte haiN| kintu yaha unhIM karmoM ke lie satya hai jo brahmAnubhUti ke pUrva kiye gaye the 25. yathA puSkarapalAza Apo na zliSyanta iti / chA0 upa0 (4 / 14 / 3); tadyatheSIkAtUlamagnau protaM pradUyetavaM hAsya sarve pApmAnaH pradUyate ya etadevaM vidvAnagnihotraM juhoti / chA0 upa0 (5 / 24 / 3); etamu haivate na tarata 48

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa tathA unake lie jo anubhUti kI prApti ke uparAnta zarIra dvArA kiye gye| kintu vaha vyakti usa prArabdha karma ko khaNDita nahIM kara sakatA jisane use vaha janma diyA jisameM usane brahmAnubhUti kI prApti kii| bhAvanA yaha hai ki ve karma, jinake phalasvarUpa vyakti ko vartamAna svarUpa prApta haA nta bhoge jAne cAhie, isake uparAnta hI vyakti bhautika zarIra ke bandhana se mukta hotA hai| chA0 upa0 26 kA kathana hai ki usa vyakti ke lie, jisane kisI guru se paramAtmA kA satya jJAna prApta kara liyA hai, kevala taba taka kI derI hai jaba taka vaha isa zarIra se makta nahIM ho jAtA, tabhI vaha pUrNa ho pAtA hai| ve0 sa0 (4 / 1 / 13-15) meM ina sabhI vacanoM kA AdhAra liyA gayA hai aura zaMkarAcArya ne unake uddezya kI saMkSipta kintu suspaSTa vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| gItA (4 / 37) meM bhI AyA hai ki jJAna kI agni se sabhI karma bhasma ho jAte haiM / yahA~ para 'karma' kA tAtparya hai saJcita evaM saJcIyamAna na ki parArabdha karma / vidyA kI prApti evaM zarIrapAta ke bIca ke karmoM ke viSaya meM zaMkarAcArya ne dhanuSa se chuTe hae tIra kA udAharaNa diyA hai, jo Arambhika vega kI samApti para ho sakatA hai| kucha granthoM meM aisA AyA hai ki jaba isa jIvana meM kiye gaye zubha evaM azubha karma apanI parAkASThA ko prApta ho jAte haiM to unake phala imI jIvana meM prApta ho jAte haiM [vijJAnadIpikA, 10] / upaniSad-siddhAnta yaha hai ki vyakti ko acche yA bure karmoM kA phala avazya bhoganA caahie| kintu kabhIkabhI koI duSkarma anajAna meM bhI ho jAtA hai, yathA acAnaka hAtha kI bandUka se golI chUTa jAya aura koI vyakti mara jAya yA burI taraha se ghAyala ho jAya / isa vAta ko lekara dharmasUtroM evaM sma tiyoM meM eka vivecana uTha khar3A huA thA aura Age calakara prAyazcitta kA vidhAna banAyA gyaa| vaidika kAla se hI dhArmika kRtyoM ke hote samaya kisI prakAra kI aniyamitatAoM evaM durghaTanAoM ke rakSArtha tathA dunimittoM yA vyaktigata ApattiyoM (yathA kutte kA kATanA Adi) ke lie kacha kRtya sampAdita kiye jAte rahe haiN| ina viSayoM meM kevala vyaktigata pavitratA tathA kisI Apatti se rakSA pAnA hI uddezya hai, yahA~ pApa-sambandhI koI prazna nahIM hai| gautamadharmasatra meM isa viSaya meM iti / ataH pApamakaravamiti / ataH kalyANamakaravamiti / ubhe u haiveSa ete tarati / nanaM kRtAkRte tapataH / bRha0 upa0 (4 / 4 / 22); kSIyante cAsya karmANi tasmindRSTe parAvare / muNDaka upa0 (2 / 218); evamevehAcAryavAna puruSo ved| tasya tAvadeva ciraM yAvanna vimokSye 'tha saMpatsya iti / chA0 upa0 (6 / 14 / 2) / 26. tadadhigama uttarapUrvAdhayorazleSavinAzau tadvyapadezAt / itarasyApyevamasaMzleSaH pAte tu / anArabdhakArye eva tu pUrve tadavadheH / vedAntasUtra (4 / 1 / 13-15); zAMkarabhASya : 'brahmAdhigame satyuttarapUrvayoraghayorazleSavinAzau bhavataH uttarasyAzleSaH, pUrvasya vinAzaH itarasyApi puNyasya karmaNaH evamaghavadasaMzleSo vinAzazca jJAnavato bhavataH / avazyambhAvinI viduSaH zarIrapAte muktirityvdhaaryte|' ba0 upa0 (1 / 4 / 10) para zAMkarabhASya meM AyA hai : 'yAvaccharIrapAtastAvatphalopabhogAMgatayA viparItapratyayaM rAgAdidoSaM ca tAvanmAtramAkSipatyeva / mukteSuvatpravRttaphalatvAttaddhe. tukasya krmnnH| tena na tasya nirvatikI vidyaa| avirodhaat|... jJAnotpatteH prAgavaM tatkAlajanmAntarasaMcitAnAM ca karmaNAmapravattaphalAnAM vinAzaH siddho bhvti|' padmapAda kI vijJAnadIpikA meM AyA hai-'ubhayonito nAzo bhogAprArabdhakarmaNaH' (zloka 6)|ttiikaakaar kA kathana hai : "jJAna ke do prakAra haiM, yathA--parokSa evaM aprokss| prathama kA svarUpa yoM hai : 'brahma kA astitva hai aura majhe usakI upAsanA avazya karanI caahie|' dvitIya kA svarUpa isa prakAra hai : 'brahma satyaM jgnmithyaa| atohamapi brahmavetyAkArakaM yajjJAnaM tadaparokSam / aparokSajAnaM tAvatprArabdhatarakarmanAzakam / evaM cAtra jJAnamaparokSameva / tasmAdubhayoH saJcitasaJcIyamAna yoH karmaNo zo nojlopH'|"

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta eka vivecana hai, jo sambhavataH isa prakAra ke atyanta Arambhika pApa evaM prAyazcitta-sambandhI vyAkhyA hai| gautama kA kathana hai ki pApoM ke zamana ke lie prAyazcittoM ke viSaya meM do mata haiM, jinameM eka yaha hai ki pApoM ke lie prAyazcitta nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie, kyoMki jaba taka unake phaloM ko bhoga nahIM liyA jAtA, unakA nAza nahIM hotA; aura dUsarA mata yaha hai ki prAyazcitta kiyA jAnA cAhie, kyoMki isa viSaya meM vaidika vacana upalabdha haiM, yathA'puna:stoma nAmaka yajJa karane ke pazcAta vyakti soma yajJa karane ke yogya ho sakatA hai (arthAta vaha sabhI prakAra ke yajJa kara sakatA hai)', 'vrAtyastoma karane ke pazcAta vyakti vaidika yajJoM ke sampAdana ke yogya ho jAtA hai', 'jo azvamedha karatA hai vaha sabhI pApoM, yahA~ taka ki brahma hatyA ko bhI lA~gha jAtA hai / 27 kucha logoM kA aisA mata thA ki kevala ve pApa prAyazcittoM se dUra hote haiM jo anajAna meM ho jAte haiM, kintu kucha loga aisA dRSTikoNa rakhate the ki ve pApa bhI prAyazcittoM se zamita hote haiM jinheM jAnabUjha kara kiyA jAtA hai, kyoMki isa viSaya meM vaidika saMketa prApta hote haiM (manu 11 / 45) / 28 isa viSaya meM hamane isa mahAgrantha ke mUla) khaNDa 4 pR0 1-178 meM vistAra ke sAtha par3ha liyA hai| pApoM ke phalasvarUpa punarjanma pAne ke viSaya meM pAThakoM kA dhyAna nimnalikhita granthoM kI ora AkRSTa kiyA jA rahA hai-manusmRti (12 // 54-66), yAjJavalkya smRti (3 / 131, 135-136, 207-215), viSNudharmasUtra (adhyAya 44), avismRti (4 / 5-14, 17-44), mArkaNDeyapurANa (15 / 1-41), brahmapurANa (217 / 37-110), garuDapurANa (pretakANDa, 2 / 60-88, jahA~ yAjJa0 3 / 206-215 jyoM-kA-tyoM rakha diyA gayA hai), mitAkSarA 3 / 216), madanapArijAta (pR0 701-702), parAzaramAdhavIya (khaNDa 2, bhAga 2, pR0 246, 256, 263 266) / sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa isa viSaya meM hama vistAra se vivecana nahIM upasthita kareMge, kevala thor3e-se udAharaNa prastuta kiye jaayeNge| manu (12654-66, jinase bahuta-sI bAtoM meM yAjJa0 3 / 206-208 kI sahamati hai) meM AyA hai-- 'mahApAtakI loga bahuta varSoM taka bhayaMkara narakoM meM raha kara nimnalikhita janma prApta karate haiM / brahmahatyArA kuttA, sUara, gadhA, U~Ta, kauA (yA baila), bakarI, bher3a, hariNa, pakSI, cANDAla evaM pukkasa ke janmA ko pAra karatA hai; surA pIne vAlA brAhmaNa kIToM, makor3oM, pataMgoM, mala khAne vAle pakSiyoM, mAMsabhakSI pazuoM ke vibhinna janmoM ko pAtA hai| brAhmaNa ke sone kI corI karane vAlA brAhmaNa makar3oM, soM, chipakaliyA, jalacaroM, nAzaka nizAcaroM kI yoniyoM meM sahasroM bAra janma letA hai| garu ke paryaka ko apavitra karane vAlA (guru-patnI ke sAtha saMbhoga karane vAlA) ghAsoM, gulmoM, latAoM, mAMsabhakSI pazuoM, phaNidharoM tathA vyAghra aise krUra pazuoM kI yoniyoM meM saikar3oM bAra janma letA hai / jo vyakti logoM ko mArA-pITA karate haiM ve kaccA mAMsa khAne vAloM kI yoni meM janma lete haiM, jo vyakti niSiddha bhojana karate haiM, ve kITa hote haiM; jo corI karate haiM, ve aise jIva banate haiM jo apanI jAti ke jIvoM ko khA DAlate haiM, yathA machalI; jo loga hIna jAti 27. tatra prAyazcittaM kuryAnna kuryAditi mImAMsante / na kuryAdityAhuH / na hi karma kSIyata iti / kuryAdityaparam / punaH stomeneSTvA punaH savanamAyAntIti vijnyaayte| vAtyastomaizceSTvA / tarati sarva pApmAnaM tarati brahmahatyAM yo'zvamedhena yajate / agniSTutA'bhizasyamAnaM yAjayediti ca / gau0 dha0 sU0 (16 / 3-10) / dekhie vasiSThadharmasUtra (2213-7), te0 saM0 (5 / 3 / 12 / 2) evaM zatapathabrAhmaNa (12 / 3 / 1 / 1) / 28. anabhisandhikRte praayshcittmpraadhe| abhisandhikRtepyeke / vasiSTha (2011-2) /

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380 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kI nAriyoM se saMbhoga karate haiM, ve preta hote haiM, jo vyakti bahiSkRta logoM ke sAtha kucha viziSTa avadhi taka raha letA hai, jo dUsaroM kI patniyoM ke sAtha saMbhoga karatA hai, jo brAhmaNa kI sampatti (sonA ke atirikta) ko chIna letA hai, vaha brahmarAkSasa hotA hai| jo vyakti lobhavaza ratnoM, motiyoM, mUMgoM yA kisI anya prakAra ke bahumUlya pattharoM ko curAtA hai, vaha svarNakAroM ke bIca janmatA hai; anna curAne para brAhmaNa cUhA hotA hai, kAMsA curAne para vyakti haMsa pakSI hotA hai, dUsare ko jala se vaMcita karane para vyakti plava nAmaka pakSI hotA hai, madhu curAne para DaMka mArane vAlA jIva hotA hai, mIThA rasa (Ikha Adi kA) curAne para kuttA hotA hai / mAMsa curAne para cIla hotA hai, tela curAne para tailapaka (talacaTTA) kIr3A, namaka curAne para jhillI jIva tathA dahI curAne para balAkA (bagalA) pakSI hotA hai; rezama, sana-vastra, kapAsa-vastra curAne para krama se tItara, meDhaka evaM krauMca pakSI kA janma milatA hai; gau curAne para godhA, coTA curAne para vAgguda (camagAdar3a? ) pakSI, sugaMdha curAne para gaMdhamSaka (cha dara), pattiyoM vAle zAka curAne para mora, bhAMti-bhA~ti ke pakvAnna curAne para zalya (sAhI) tathA binA pakA bhojana curAne para zalya (yA jhAr3I meM rahane vAlA jIva vizeSa) kA janma milatA hai / agni curAne para bagalA (baka), bartanoM ke curAne para hAr3A, raMgIna vastra curAne para cakravAka pakSI, hiraNa yA hAthI curAne para bher3iyA, ghor3A curAne para bAgha, phaloM evaM kanda-mUloM ke curAne para bandara, nArI curAne para bhAlU , pIne vAlA pAnI curAne para cAtaka, savArI (yAna) curAne para U~Ta, pAlatU pazu curAne para bakarA kA janma prApta hotA hai| jo vyakti kisI anya kI koI sampatti balapUrvaka chIna letA hai yA jo usa yajJiya sAmagrI ko, jisakA koI aMza abhI yajJa meM nahIM lagA hai, khA letA hai to vaha nimna zreNI kA pazu hotA hai; jo nAriyA~ uparyukta prakAra kI corI karatI haiM, ve bhI pAtakI hotI haiM aura ve Upara vaNita jIvoM kI patniyoM ke rUpa meM janma grahaNa karatI haiN| jaba eka bAra prAyazcittoM ke siddhAnta dvArA upaniSadoM meM vaNita karma-siddhAnta DhIlA kara diyA gayA to Arambhika kAloM meM bhI pApoM ke pariNAmoM ko dUra karane ke aneka prAyazcitta-mArga vyavasthita ho gye| gautama29ne aparAdhapUrNa kamoM ke prabhAvoM ke zamana ke lie pA~ca sAdhana batAye haiM, yathA--japa, tapa, homa, upavAsa evaM dAna / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa--4, jahA~ pR0 44-51 meM japa, 10 42-43 meM tapa, pR0 4344 meM homa, pa0 51-52 meM dAna tathA pR0 52-54 meM upavAsa para vizeSa rUpa se likhA haA hai| yahA~ kacha likhanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| kintu kucha viziSTa parimArjanoM evaM sAdhanoM kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa karanA Avazyaka hai| zUdroM evaM pratiloma jAtiyoM ke sadasyoM ko vedAdhyayana kI anumati nahIM thI, ata: madhyakAlIna granthoM, vizeSataH pUrANoM ne yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki kRSNa ke nAma kA smaraNa sabhI prAyazcittoM evaM tapoM se uttama hai aura yadi koI vyakti prAtaH, madhyAhna, sAyaM, rAtri yA anya kAloM meM nArAyaNa kA smaraNa karatA hai usake sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM (viSNupurANa 2 / 6 / 36 evaM 41, brahmapurANa 22 / 36, jo prAyazcittaviveka pR0 31 26. tasya niSkrayaNAni japastato homa upavAso dAnam / gau0 dha0 sU0 (16 / 11) / 16312 meM gautama ne vaidika vacanoM kI eka lambI sUcI dI hai, jinake pATha se vyakti pApoM se mukta hotA hai / manu (11 / 246-250) ne kucha vaidika sUkta tathA mantra nirdhArita kiye haiM jinake japa se brahmahatyA, surApAna, sone kI corI, gurutalpa-gamana (guru kI patnI ke sAtha saMbhoga) tathA anya bar3e yA halake pApa naSTa ho jAte haiN| manu (11 / 256-260) me aghamarSaNa sUkta (R0 10 / 160 / 1-3) ke japa kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai, kyoMki usase sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiN| ,

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta aparArka0 pR0 1232 tathA prAyazcittatatva pR0 524 meM uddhRta haiN)| pApoM kI mukti ke lie anya sAdhana bhI the, yathA-tIrthayAtrA / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 4, pR0 55-56 evaM pR0 552-580 / eka anya sAdhana thA prANAyAma-abhyAsa (dekhie vahI, pR0 42) / atyanta Arambhika kAla meM bhI sabake samakSa pApa-nivedana karanA pApamocana kA eka sAdhana mAnA jAtA thaa| varuNa-pradyAsa nAmaka cAturmAsya yajJa meM patnI ko usake dvArA spaSTa pratyakSa rUpa se yA parokSa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karane para ki usakA kisI premI se zarIra-sambandha thA, pavitra mAna liyA jAtA thA aura use pavitra kRtyoM meM bhAga lene kI anumati mila jAtI thI / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2, pR0 575-576 evaM pR0 1068 / aura dekhie ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 6 / 24 / 15, 1 / 10 / 28 / 16 evaM 1 / 10 / 2631) / brahmacArI ko saMbhoga karane ke pApa ke mocanArtha sAta gharoM meM bhikSA mA~gate samaya apane duSkRtya kI ghoSaNA karanI par3atIthI (gautama0 23 / 18; manu 113122) / ___ anutApa-manu (12 / 227 evaM 230) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki koI bhI pApI logoM ke samakSa pApa-nivedana karane se, anutApa karane se, tapoM dvArA, vaidika vacanoM ke japa dvArA tathA (yadi vaha tapa na kara sake to) dAna dvArA pApa ke pratiphaloM se mukta ho jAtA hai| vyakti pApa karane ke uparAnta anutApa karane se pApamukta ho jAtA hai aura jaba 'maiM aisA aba kabhI na karU~gA' isa prakAra pratijJA karatA hai to vaha pavitra ho jAtA hai| viSNupurANa (2 / 6 / 40) meM AyA hai ki yadi pApa karane ke uparAnta vyakti anutApa (pazcAttApa yA paritApa) karatA hai to sabase bar3A prAyazcitta hai harismaraNa / uparyukta kathana vaidika vacanoM tathA dharmazAstra-granthoM ke vaktavyoM evaM vyavasthAoM se yaha prakaTa hai ki hinduoM ke karma-siddhAnta meM pApa-nivedana kI vyavasthA thii| ataH skATalaiNDa ke pAdarI maikanikola kRta 'iNDiyana thIijma' pa0 223 meM likhita yaha vaktavya ki hinduoM ke karma-siddhAnta meM anutApa ko koI sthAna nahIM hai, sarvathA asatya evaM bhrAmaka hai| vAstava meM, hinduoM meM IsAiyoM ke samAna sastA 'kanphezana' (pApa kI svIkArokti) nahIM hai, pratyuta unameM naraka kI yAtanAoM evaM duHkhadAyI janmoM kI bAteM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| pazcAtkAlIna paurANika lekhaka bahuta sImA taka IsAiyoM kI sAmAnya mAnyatA ke sannikaTa A gaye the aura harismaraNa se apane ko pApa-makta samajhane lge| IsAiyoM meM aisA vizvAsa hai ki IsAmasIha ko pApamocaka samajha kara pApanivedana karake pApa se chuTakArA prApta ho sakatA hai| Azcarya hai, maiknikola mahodaya prasaMgocita vacanoM evaM paurANika bAtoM ko bhI par3ha lenA bhUla gaye aura eka asatya evaM bhrAmaka vaktavya de baiThe / maiknikola mahodaya ne apanA grantha 'iNDiyana thIijma' san 1615 meM likhA thaa| unake bahuta pahale se hI bahuta-se pAzcAtya lekhakoM ne, jo IsAI dharma ke vAtAvaraNa meM pale the, aisA vyakta kiyA ki mRtyu ke pazcAt mAnava kI niyati ke viSaya meM prAcIna bhAratIya siddhAnta usI viSaya para kahI gayI bAibila kI bhAvanAoM se apekSAkRta bahuta acche haiM aura adhika svIkAra karane yogya haiM / hama yahA~ kevala do-tIna udAharaNoM se hI santoSa kreNge| abaeNrI mahodaya ne apane grantha 'eziyATika joMsa' (pR0 37) meM arlaspeMsara ko likhe gaye sara viliyama joMsa ke eka patra kA uddharaNa diyA hai-'maiM hindU nahIM hU~, kintu maiM bhaviSya jIvana se sambandhita hinduoM ke siddhAnta ko IsAiyoM dvArA ananta daNDoM se sambandhita mAnya dhAraNAoM se apekSAkRta adhika bauddhika, adhika pavitra tathA logoM ko duSkarma se dUra rakhane meM adhika samartha mAnatA huuN|' lovesa Dikisana ne apane grantha 'rilijiena eNDa immaurailiTI' (DeNTa eNDa saMsa, 1611, pR0 74) meM likhA hai-'vAstava meM, yaha santoSaprada bhAvanA hai ki hamArI vartamAna samarthatAe~ hamAre gata jIvana ke kAryoM dvArA nirdhArita hotI haiM aura hamAre vartamAna karma punaH hamAre bhAvI caritra ko nizcita kreNge|' ovena raTara ne, jo 'di skelsa

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32 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa Ava karma' (laNDana, 1625) ke lekhaka haiM, likhA hai ki IsAI dharma ne una bauddhika evaM naitika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karane meM asaphalatA vyakta kI hai jinase vartamAna saMsAra kI viSamatAoM meM rahane vAle loga grasta haiN| unhoMne yaha likhA hai ki karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta para likhane ke sAta varSa pUrva hamane usakA adhyayana kiyA thA, ata: jo kucha unhoMne likhA hai vaha unakA vyaktigata vaktavya hai na ki karma para eka lekha mAtra hai (pR0 12-13) / jinhoMne isa siddhAnta ke virodha meM likhA hai unhoMne yaha svIkAra karate huye ki upaniSad kA yaha siddhAnta yadyapi ati prAcIna hai aura vizva meM nyAya evaM anyAya ke sambandha meM eka ati gambhIra vivecana hai, likhA hai ki yaha (karma-siddhAnta) eka durbala evaM kaThinAiyoM se paripUrNa siddhAnta hai| yahA~ para eka prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ve kauna-se dharma evaM darzana-sambandhI siddhAnta haiM jo kaThinAiyoM se paripUrNa nahIM haiM ? hama IsA ke dharma ko udAharaNasvarUpa le sakate haiM / jo IsAI nahIM haiM / (aura bahuta se Adhunika IsAI bhI) unakI dRSTi meM maulika pApa kA siddhAnta, binA vapatismA liye hue zizuoM kI naraka-daNDa-sambandhI bhAvanA, pUrvanizcitavAda, jo isa bAta para AdhRta hai ki Izvara sarvajJa hai, sarvazaktimAna svarga evaM pRthivI kA sraSTA hai, vicitra-sA evaM doSapUrNa lgegaa| ela0TI0 hAbahAusa ne 'maoNralsa ina ivalyazana' (bhAga 2, 1606) meM pradarzita kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra Izvara vAle sabhI siddhAnta vizeSataH IsAI dharma, kaThinAiyoM se paripUrNa haiM / aisA kahanA ki IsAmasIha kA dharma vilakSaNa hai, isa dharma ke mAnane vAle loga viziSTa haiM / Izvara ko anyAyI siddha karanA hogA aura isIlie pro0 TAyanabI (krizciyAniTI emaMga di rilijiyasa Ava di varlDa, AksaphorDa yuni0 presa, 1658) aise lekhakoM ne aisA socanA evaM Agraha karanA Arambha kara diyA hai ki IsAI dharma ko isa prakAra ke vizvAsoM se nirmukta ho jAnA cAhie (pR0 13 evaM 65) / karma kA siddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki eka vyakti ke acche yA bare karma dUsare meM sthAnAntarita nahIM ho sakate aura na koI vyakti kisI anya ke pApoM ko bhoga sakatA hai| kintu Rgveda meM aise vizvAsa ke saMketa haiM ki Izvara pitAoM ke pApoM ke kAraNa unake putroM ko daNDita kara sakatA hai / R0 (71865) meM vasiSTha varuNa se prArthanA karate haiM-'hama logoM se hamAre pitAoM ke ullaMghanoM ko dUra kara dIjie, aura una sabako bhI jo hamane svayaM apane zarIra meM kiye haiM', 'hama loga anya logoM dvArA kiye gaye pApoM se duHkhI na hoM aura na hama loga vaha kareM jisake lie Apa daNDita karate haiM' (yaha vizvedeva ko sambodhita hai) / zAntiparva (276315 evaM 21=260 / 16 evaM 22, citrazAlA saMskaraNa) meM AyA hai-'cAra prakAra se yathA--A~kha, mana, vacana evaM karma se vyakti jo kucha karatA hai , vaha vaisA hI phala pAtA hai / dUsare dvArA kiye gaye acche yA bure karmoM ke phala ko anya vyakti nahIM bhogatA, vyakti vahI pAtA hai jo svayaM karatA hai| aura dekhie zAntiparva (153 / 38 evaM 41) / isa siddhAnta kA parimArjana bahuta pahale hI ho gayA / gautamadharmasUtra (11 / 6-11) meM AyA hai ki rAjA ko zAstra ke anukUla varNoM evaM AzramoM kI rakSA karanI cAhie, yadi ve kartavyapAlana se vicalita hoM to unheM kartavyapAlana meM saceSTa rakhanA cAhie kyoMki rAjA ko unake dvArA kiye gaye dharma kA aMza prApta hotA hai / manu (81304-305, 308) ne kahA hai ki vaha rAjA, jo prajA kI rakSA karatA hai, prajA ke AdhyAtmika puNya kA chaThA bhAga pAtA hai, yadi vaha prajAjanoM kI rakSA nahIM karatA to vaha unake pApa kA chaThA bhAga pAtA hai| aura dekhie manu (6 / 301) / kAlidAsa ne zakuntalA meM yahI bAta kahI hai / 30 manu 30. sarvato dharmaSaDbhAgo rAjJo bhavati rakSataH / adharmAdapi SaDbhAgo bhavatyasyahyarakSataH // manu (8 / 304); milAie zAkuntala (2014) 'yaduttiSThati varNebhyo nRpANAM kSayi tatphalam / tapASaDbhAgamakSayaM vadatyAraNyakA hi naH //

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta 383 (8 / 316) meM AyA hai ki yadi cora rAjA ke pAsa AtA hai, pApa-nivedana karatA hai aura rAjA se kahatA hai ki vaha use bhArI DaNDe yA hathiyAra se mAre aura rAjA use mAratA hai yA chor3a detA hai to cora pApa se mukta ho jAtA hai, kintu yadi rAjA use daNDita nahIM karatA to vaha cora ke samAna aparAdhI siddha hotA hai| aura dekhie vasiSTha (16146 evaM 2041) / manu (3 / 100) meM AyA hai ki yadi usa vyakti ke ghara meM jo pavitra evaM sAdA jIvana vyatIta karatA hai, kheta meM par3e anna ko bIna kara apanI jIvikA calAtA hai aura pAMca agniyoM meM homa karatA hai, koI atithi binA sammAna pAye nivAsa karatA hai to usakA sArA pUNya atithi kA ho jAtA hai| aura dekhie isa viSaya meM zAnti0 viSNudharmasUtra tathA katipaya purANa / " yaha saba sambhavataH arthavAda hai, arthAt kevala gRhasthoM ko atithi satkAra ke lie protsAhana denA mAtra hai / sAkSya dene vAle ko nyAyAdhIza ne isa prakAra samajhAyA hai-'tumane jo kucha sukRta saikar3oM jIvanoM meM kiye hoMge ve sabhI usa pakSa ko mila jAyeMge jo tumhAre asatya sAkSya se hAra jAyeMge, (yAjJa0 275) / mitAkSarA evaM aparArka ne kahA hai ki yaha saba kevala DarAne ke lie hai| (phira bhI asatya bhASaNa kA pApa to hogA hii| aura dekhie manu (8160), evaM 12 / 81) / bhagavadgItA ne, isa bAta ke rahate hue bhI ki vAstavikatA ke jJAna (tattvajJAna) se sabhI karmoM ke naSTa ho jAte haiM. anta meM Izvara-bhakti para bala diyA hai, saba kacha bhagavAna ke caraNoM meM arpita kara dene ko kahA hai-'sabhI vibhinna mArgoM ko chor3akara merI hI zaraNa meM Ao; cintA na karo, maiM tumheM sabhI pApoM ke pratiphaloM se mukta kara dUMgA / 32 pati evaM patnI ke viSaya meM dharmazAstra-granthoM meM bahuta kucha hai| kintu vahA~ jo kucha kahA gayA hai use jyoM-kA-tyoM nahIM grahaNa karanA cAhie / manu (5 / 1 / 64-166) ne kahA hai-'pati se jhUThA vyavahAra karake (kisI anya ke sAtha vyabhicAra karake) patnI isa jIvana meM nindita to hotI hI hai, vaha (mRtyu ke uparAnta) lomaDI ho jAtI hai aura (kor3ha aise) bhayaMkara rogoM se grasita hotI hai / vaha strI, jo vicAra, vANI evaM karma para saMyama rakhatI hai, jo apane pati ke prati asatya nahIM hotI, vaha apane pati ke sAtha (svarga meM) rahatI hai. aura pativratA nArI kahalAtI hai| mana, vacana evaM karma meM saMyamita nArI apane AcaraNa dvArA isa jIvana meM sarvocca yaza kamAtI hai aura paraloka meM pati ke sAtha, nivAsa karatI hai|' dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2. pa0567-568, jahA~ pativratA ke viSaya meM ullekha hai / eka zloka 'isa prakAra hai-'jisa prakAra madArI sarpa ko bila se balapUrvaka bAhara nikAla letA hai, usI prakAra pativratA nArI yamadUta se apane pati kA jIvana khIMca letI hai aura pati ke sAtha paraloka jAtI hai|' yaha bhI eka arthavAda hai, kintu sambhavataH yaha una kAloM kI pracalita bhAvanAoM kI ora saMketa hai / 31. atithiryasya bhagnAzo gRhAtpratinivartate / sa tasmai duSkRtaM dattvA puNyamAdAya gacchati / / zAntiparva (184 / 12, citrazAlA saMskaraNa); viSNudharmasUtra (67 / 33), viSNupurANa (3 / 6 / 15 evaM 3 / 2 / 68); varAhapurANa (170 / 46) / ___32. sarvadharmAnparityajya mAmekaM zaraNaM vraja / ahaM tvAM sarvapApebhyo mokSayiSyAmi mA zucaH / bhagavadgItA (18163) / yahA~ dharma kA artha mArga hai jisake dvArA vyakti apane lakSya taka jAtA hai| bahuta-se mArgoM ko ora zAntiparva (342 / 10-16-354 / 10-160 citrazAlA) meM saMketa hai, yathA--mokSadharma, yajJadharma, rAjadharma, ahiMsAdharma / usa adhyAya meM antima zloka yoM hai-'evaM bhuvidhairlokdhrmdvaarairnaavRtH| mamApi matirAvignAmeghalekheva vaayunaa||'

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364 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mahAbhArata meM AyA hai ki yadi pApa ke pratiphala kartA ke jIvana meM nahIM dekhe jAte to ve putroM evaM pautroM meM avazya prakaTa ho hoNge| yaha bhI arthavAda hI hai| ___ manu (81318 vasiSTha 16445) meM aisA AyA hai ki (corI aise) pApamaya karma ke lie rAjA dvArA daNDita ho jAne para vyakti pApamukta ho jAtA hai aura vaha pavitra ho kara usI prakAra svarga jAtA hai jisa prakAra acche karma vAle vyakti (rAjabhiH kRtadaNDAstu kRtvA pApAni mAnavAH / nirmalAH svargamAyAnti santaH sukRtino yathA // ) / karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA zrAddha-siddhAnta se mela baiThAnA bar3A kaThina hai / zrAddha meM zrAddhakartA ke tIna pUrvapuruSoM ko piNDa diye jAte haiM / isa viSaya meM hamane isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 4 (pa.0 335-336) meM par3ha liyA hai / pitaroM ko piNDadAna dene kI prathA vedakAlIna hai aura sambhavataH vaha vedoM se bhI prAcIna hai tathA karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta pazcAtkAlIna hai / sAmAnya loga zrAddha ke siddhAnta ko nahIM chor3anA cAhate the aura isI se donoM kA pracalana sAtha-sAtha calatA rahA hai| upaniSadoM evaM unakI TIkAoM, vedAntasUtroM evaM bhASyoM tathA bhagavadgItA ke atirikta karma evaM punajanma se sambandhita bahuta hI kama anya grantha haiN| tulanAtmaka DhaMga se paryApta prAcIna grantha hai padyapAda (sambhavataH zaMkarAcArya ke ananya ziSya) kRta vijJAnadIpikA, jisameM kula 71 zloka haiM aura jisakA sampAdana ma0 ma0 DA0 umeza mizra ne kiyA hai (1640) / isa grantha meM saJcIyamAna karma kI tulanA kheta meM khar3e annoM se kI gayI hai, saJcita karma kI ghara meM rakhe annoM se tathA prArabdha karma kI tulanA peTa meM par3e annoM se kI gayI hai| peTa meM par3A bhojana paca jAtA hai, kintu isameM kucha samaya lagatA hai / saJcita evaM saMcIyamAna karma kA nAza samyak jJAna se hotA hai| kintu prArabdha karma kA nAza kucha kAla taka usake phaloM ke bhogane ke uparAnta hI hotA hai| isa pustaka ne isa para bala diyA hai ki vairAgya se hI tattva kA saccA jJAna hotA hai, vAsanAoM kA nAza hotA hai, karma tathA punarjanma kI samApti hotI hai / eka anya grantha hai bhaTa vAmadeva kRta janma-maraNa vicAra, jo kevala 25 pRSThoM meM prakAzita hai| yaha kazmIra ke zaiva sampradAya se sambandhita hai| isameM AyA hai ki ziva kI tIna zaktiyA~ haiM-citzakti (jo prakAza yA cetanA ke samAna hai), svAtantrya (icchA-svAtantrya) evaM aanndshkti| chaha kaJcuka (AvaraNa yA myAna) haiM-mAyA, kalA, zaddha vidyA, rAga, kAla evaM niyantraNa / jaba zarIra kA yantra Ta jAtA hai, to cetanA prANana (sA~sa) para avarodha karake AtivAhika (sakSma) zarIra dvArA dUsare zarIra meM le jAyI jAtI hai| AtivAhika (sUkSma zarIra) mRta zarIra evaM AgAmI bhautika zarIra ke bIca eka dvAra yA yAna kA kArya karatA hai / isa grantha meM anya bAteM bhI haiM, jinheM sthAnAbhAva se hama yahA~ nahIM de pA rahe haiM / isameM AyA hai ki Izvara kI kRpA se manuSya pavitra hotA hai tathA dIkSA evaM anya sAdhanoM se vaha vAstavikatA kA parijJAna karatA hai aura ziva ke pAsa pahuMcatA hai| isameM aisA kathita hai ki sabhI manuSya mukti nahIM pAte, kintu ve, jo dIkSA, mandiroM evaM satyajJAna ko ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM, naraka meM par3ate haiN| karma ke prakAroM evaM unake prabhAvoM ko dUra karane ke viSaya meM bahuta hI kama vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 33. nAdharmazcarito... kRntati // puDheSa vA naptRSu vA na cedAtmani pazyati / phalatyeva dhruvaM pApaM gurumuktamivodare // Adi (80 / 2-3) / aura dekhie zAntiparva (136122-137 / 16) : 'pApaM karma kRtaM kiJcidyapi tasmina na dRzyate / nRpate tasya putreSu pautreSvapi ca naptaSu //

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karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta 385 eka anya grantha hai acyutarAya moDaka likhita (1816 I0) 'prArabdhadhvAnta saMhati' (arthAt prArabdha ke viSaya meM andhakAra yA ajJAna kA nAza) / DA0 eca0 jI0 narahari (nyU iNDiyana aiNTIkverI, jilda 5, pR0 115-118) ne isa grantha kI pANDulipi, tithi evaM viSayAnukramaNikA upasthita kI hai / acyutarAya ke anusAra grantha kA artha hai 'prArabdha-vAda-dhvAntasaMhRti' arthAt 'prArabdha siddhAnta ke dvArA utpanna andhakAra kA nAza / ' unhoMne isa bhAvanA kI AlocanA kI hai ki garbhAdhAna se lekara mRtyuparyanta taka ke sabhI mAnavIya karma kevala atIta jIvana ke karmoM dvArA prazAsita hote haiM / unakA kathana hai ki sabhI mAnavIya kriyAoM ke mUla meM prArabdha, saMskAra (upacetana yA avyakta vRttiyA~) evaM prayatna (mAnavIya prayatna) pAye jAte haiN| unakA kathana hai ki dehapAta ke uparAnta paramezvara dvArA prerita saJcita puNya evaM pApa phala denA Arambha kara dete haiM aura unameM jo puNyaM (acchA karma ) yA pApa (burA karma) yA donoM jo atyanta prabala hotA hai yathocita zarIra kA Arambha kara detA hai| jaba mitha (acche evaM bure karma milakara) karma atyanta prabala hote haiM to vyakti brAhmaNa jAti meM janma letA hai. jaba pApa karma atyanta prabala hotA hai to tiryaka yoni meM tathA jaba puNya karma atyanta prabala hotA hai to devatva prApta karatA hai| Ayu sau varSa kI ho sakatI hai| bhoga hai anukUla evaM pratikUla anubhUti / sukha ke tIna prakAra haiM--prAtibhAsika, vyAvahArika tathA prAtibhAsika ke kAraNa vyaavhaarik| sumya punaH ramya yA priya ho sakatA hai| ramya evaM priya eka-dUsare ke paryAya nahIM haiM, kyoMki sonA sanyAsI ko ramya (mundara) laga sakatA hai, kintu yaha usake lie priya (yA pyArA) nahIM hai| punaH priya ke tIna prakAra aura sukha ke tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiM, jinheM sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| aba tA ke sukha laukikakArya (sAmAnya) haiM, kintu anya sukha bhI haiM, yathA-vaidika, pratIkopAsanA, AhArya (mAna liyA gayA) evaM vaasnaatmk| vAsanAtmaka sukha ke tIna prakAra haiM-sAttvika, rAjasa evaM tAmasa / isI prakAra duHkha ke bhI prakAra batAye gaye haiM, jinakA varNana yahAM nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai / anya bAtoM kA ullekha bhI nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| bahuta-se vidvAnoM ne karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta ke virodha meM bAteM kahIM haiM / aba hama bahuta hI saMkSepa meM una virodhoM kI jA~ca kreNge| prathama virodha hai prigila-paTisana kA (AiDiyA Ava immaoNrTaliTI, AksaphorDa, 1622), pUrva jIvana kI koI smRti nahIM hotI, binA smaraNa ke amaratA vyartha hai / aisA hI virodha misa lilI DUgala (dekhie 'immaoNrTaliTI'), kainana sTrITara Adi ne bhI upasthita kiyA hai| isakA uttara kaI prakAra se diyA jA sakatA hai| kyA koI vyakti apane jIvana ke prathama do varSoM kI bAteM smaraNa kara letA hai ? yaha bhI vidita hai ki ati vRddhAvasthA meM loga apane pautroM ke nAma taka ThIka se smaraNa nahIM kara pAte, apane gata jIvana meM dasa varSa pUrva vyakti ne kyA-kyA kiyA, vAstava meM, ye sArI bAteM smaraNa meM nahIM A paatiiN| sacamuca, yaha kAruNika bAta hai ki hameM atIta jIvanoM kI sudhi nahIM ho pAtI / yadi atIta jIvanoM kI sArI bAteM smaraNa hone lageM to hamArA mana vyAmoha meM par3a jAya / karma gurutvAkarSaNa ke niyama ke samAna eka sArvabhauma kAnUna hai, jo sampUrNa vizva meM parivyApta hai| gurutvAkarSaNa ko loga sahasroM varSoM se nahIM jAnate the| kintu vaha niyama pahale se hI vidyamAna thaa| bahuta se loga apane atIta jIvanoM ko sa. kI bAta kahate rahe haiN| lAlA dezabandhu gupta, paM0 nekIrAma zarmA evaM tArAcanda mAthura ne zAntidevI kI kahAnI para prakAza DAlA hai| zAntidevI ko apanA pUrva jIvana smaraNa ho AyA thaa| 'thiyosophisTa maMthalI' (janavarI 1625) meM bahuta-sI gAthAe~ dI huI haiM, jinameM atIta jIvanoM ke smaraNa ho Ane kI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| zrImatI enI beseNTa evaM zrI leDabITara ne 'di lAvaja Ava alasIona (adyAra,1624) I0 pU0 70,000

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366 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa se I0 pU0 624 taka ke 48 jIvanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jinameM kucha ke citra bhI haiM jo pUrva jIvana se sambandhita haiM / eka anya virodha hai, jisakA sambandha hai anuvAMzikatA ( vaMzAnukrama) se | mAtA-pitA evaM santAnoM meM daihika evaM mAnasika samAnurUpatA pAyI jAtI hai| isa bAta kA uttara hama kaise de sakate haiM ? eka aisA uttara diyA jA sakatA hai ki AtmA, jise janma lenA rahatA hai, apanI sthiti ke anukUla mAtA-pitA kI santAna hotA hai / kintu bacce apane mAtA-pitA ke sarvathA anurUpa nahIM hote / unameM vyaktigata antara to pAyA jAtA hI hai / karma yaha nahIM spaSTa kara pAtA ki vyakti mAtA-pitA se kyA prApta karatA hai, kintu vaha itanA to batA pAtA hai ki vyakti apane pUrva jIvana se kyA prApta karatA hai / eka virodha yaha hai ki isa karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karane se loga mAnavIya duHkha ke prati nirmama ho jAyeMge aura kisI duHkhita vyakti ko sahAyatA denA nahIM cAheMge aura soceMge ki duHkha ho pUrva janmoM kA phala hai aura duHkhita vyakti ko isa prakAra kA duHkha bhoganA hI caahie| kintu vAstava meM. aisI nahIM hai| ati prArambhika vaidika kAla se hI loga dAna evaM karuNA-pradarzana ke guNoM kI prazaMsA karate rahe haiN| Rgveda (10 / 11716 ) meM AyA hai -- ' jo vyakti kevala apane lie khAnA pakAtA hai aura kevala akelA hI khAtA hai, vaha pApa karatA hai' (kevalAdyo bhavati kevalAdI ) / bR0 upa0 (5|213 ) ne sabhI logoM ke lie tIna karttavya nirdhArita kiye haiM-- Atma-saMyama, dAna evaM dayA / yadi samartha vyakti kisI kI sahAyatA nahIM karatA hai to vaha karttavyacyuta kahA jAyagA / yaha sambhava hai ki duHkha uThAne vyakti ke karma kA phala hI aisA rahA ho ki vaha sahAyatA karane vAloM kI kRpA pAyegA / vAle rahI hai / prazna uThatA eka anya virodha nimnokta hai / pRthivI kI jana-saMkhyA bar3hatI jA 'atirikta jIva kahA~ se Ate jA rahe haiM ? dekhie isa viSaya meM je0 I0 saMjana kI pustaka 'DoramA Ava rIinkAranezana' ( pR0 81 ) evaM balauTa kA mata ( ' TrAMsamAigrezana Ava solsa' ) / katipaya prANiyoM kI jAtiyA~ samApta ho gayI haiM aura bahuta se jIva samApta hote jA rahe haiM, yathA- siMha / jo loga karma-siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karate haiM, aisA kaha sakate haiM, ki jo jIva pazuoM ke rUpa meM the aba mAnavoM ke svarUpa meM A rahe haiM, kyoMki unake bure karma, jinake phalasvarUpa ve nikRSTa koTiyoM meM vicaraNa kara rahe the, aba naSTa ho rahe haiM / kucha purANa aisA kahate haiM ki jo vyakti ati pApI hotA hai vaha nimnatara avasthAoM ko prApta hogA vAyupurANa ( 14 / 34 - 37 ) meM AyA hai ki vaha pahale pazu hogA, taba hiraNa, usake uparAnta pakSI, taba reMgane vAlA kITa aura isake uparAnta jaMgama ( vRkSa yA pASANa ) / thiyosophisTa tathA Ajakala ke kucha anya vidvAna aisA kahate haiM ki eka bAra manuSya ho jAne para pratyAvartana nahIM hotA, arthAt pratIpagamana ( pIche lauTanA) nahIM hotA / kintu kaThopaniSad (526 - 7 ) meM spaSTa AyA hai ki mRtyu ke uparAnta kucha loga vRkSa ke tane ho jAte haiM aura kucha loga vibhinna zarIra rUpa dhAraNa karate haiM, aura yaha saba unake karmoM evaM jJAna para nirbhara hotA hai / aura dekhie chA0 upa0 (5510 - 7), manu ( 1226, 12 / 62-68), yAjJa ( 3 / 213 - 215 = manu 12 / 53 - 56 ) evaM yogasUtra ( 2 / 13 ) / uparyukta sabhI pramANoM ko hama kevala arthavAda kahakara chor3a nahIM sakate, arthAt aisA nahIM samajha sakate ki ve kevala pApiyoM ko DarAne-dhamakAne ke lie kahe gaye haiM / DA0 rAdhAkRSNan (aina AiDiyalisTa vyU Ava lAipha, sana 1632 kA saMskaraNa) ne nirdeza diyA hai ki yaha sambhava hai ki pazuoM ke rUpa meM punarjanma kI bAta una logoM ke viSaya meM eka lAkSaNika prayoga hai jo mAnavarUpa meM pAzavika guNoM vAle hote haiM ( pR0 262) /

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adhyAya 36 hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA ko maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAe~ aba hama isa pariccheda meM dharmazAstra ke itihAsa ke gata pRSThoM meM vikhare sUtroM ko ekatra kara hindU (bhAratIya) saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI maulika evaM pramukha viziSTatAoM para prakAza ddaaleNge| bhArata kI mahAn nadI sindhu ke pazcima evaM pUrva ke nivAsiyoM evaM bhUmi kSetra ko phArasa ke samrAT dArA (522-486 I0 pU0) evaM je varseja (486-465 I0 pU0) ' ne hindU ('hidu' ke rUpa meM) ke nAma se pukArA hai aura yUnAniyoM ne isI kSetra ke logoM ko 'iNDoI' kahA, jisase 'iNDiyana' zabda bana gayA hai| apane itihAsa (loyeba granthamAlA) meM heroDoTasa ne kahA hai ki bhAratIyoM ke uparAnta (grantha 5, vAkya-samUha 3, khaNDa-3, pR0 5) saMsAra meM zresiyoM kA rASTra sabase bar3A thA aura bhAratIya loga phArasa sAmrAjya ke bIsaveM prAnta ke nivAsI the aura kara ke rUpa meM 360 TaileNTa diyA karate the| kevala Rgveda meM 'sindha' zabda ekavacana evaM bahavacana donoM meM do sau se adhika bAra prayukta huA hai| ekavacana meM 'sindhu' kI apekSA 'sindhavaH' (bahuvacana) evaM sapta sindhUn' bahudhA AyA hai| indra ko kaI bAra aisA kahA gayA hai ki usane sAta sindhuoM ko bahane ke lie chor3a diyA hai (R0 1132 / 12, 2 / 12 / 12, 4 / 28 / 1, 8166 / 1, 10 // 43 // 3) / ina vacanoM meM sindhu nadI evaM usakI sahAyaka nadiyoM (yA sambhavataH isake sAta mukhoM) kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| Rgveda ke bahuta-se vacana, jahA~ eka vacana kA prayoga huA hai, kevala sindhu nadI kI ora iMgita karate haiM (R0 2 / 15 / 6, 4 / 30 / 12, 5 / 4 / 6 aadi)| R0 (2 / 15 / 6) meM ullikhita hai ki indra ne sindhu ko uttara meM bahane diyaa| yaha bAta himAlaya se nikala kara bahane vAlI nadI ke prathama aMza kI ora saMketa karatI hai, jahA~ sindhu uttaravAhinI hai| pANini ne 'sindhu' zabda kA prayoga deza ke artha meM kiyA hai (413163, jahA~ 'saindhava' kA artha hai vaha vyakti yA jisake pUrva puruSa loga sindhu deza meM rahate hoN)| AryAvarta kI ghaTatI-bar3hatI sImAoM ke viSaya meM dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mala khaNDa 2, 10 11-16, tathA khaNDa 5. pR0 1525 yA gata adhyAya 34 / khAravela ke hAthIgumphA abhilekha meM bhI 'bhAratavarSa' zabda AyA hai| azoka 1. dekhie DA0 DI0 sI0 sarakAra dvArA sampAdita 'selekTa iMskripzaMsa' (saMkhyA 4, pR0 10 evaM saMkhyA 5, 50 12) jisameM dAraya-uza (Deriyusa yA dArA) ke abhilekha 'nakza-e-rustama' evaM kSayArza (jarseja) ke abhilekha 'pasipolisa' kA ullekha hai| hamAre deza ke kucha bhU-bhAgoM meM Aja bhI saMskRta 'sa' kA 'ha' meM parivartana ho jAyA prAcIna pArasI zAstra veNDiDADa (saikreDabuka Ava di IsTa, khaNDa-4, 102) ne solaha bhU-khaNDoM (kSetroM) kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM 6 nAmoM kA patA cala gayA hai, 15 ve kA nAma hai hapta hindu (sapta sindh)| 2. dekhie epophiyA iNDikA, jilda 20,pR.0 71-86 / hAthIgumphA abhilekha kI tithi ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM gaharA matabheva rahA hai| DA0 jAyasavAla ke anusAra isakI tithi I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI kA prathama ardha hai| kinta DA0 ena0 ena0 ghoSa ne ise I0 pU0 prathama zatI kA antima caraNa mAnA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ne eka abhilekha meM apane rAjya ko jambUdvIpa nAma se pukArA hai| Aja bhI dhArmika kRtyoM meM saMkalpa ke samaya bahutase prAntoM (yathA mahArASTra, uttara pradeza Adi) meM 'jambUdvIpe bhAratavarSe bauddhAvatAre....' yA jambU dvIpe bhAratakhaMDe, AryAvarte...' bolA jAtA hai| isI se apane deza ko hameM bhAratavarSa kahanA cAhie jo atyanta prAcIna hai| aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki hamArI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA ke pIche atIta yugoM meM eka bhaugolika pRSThabhUmi rahI hai| bhAratIya saMvidhAna kI prathama dhArA meM 'bhArata' zabda AyA hai| kintu videziyoM evaM hamAre kucha lekhakoM ne 'hindU' evaM 'iNDiyana' zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai aura hamAre deza ko hindustAna (hindusthAna) yA iNDiyA kahA hai| Aja adhika pracalita nAma haiM bhArata, bhAratavarSa, iNDiyA evaM hindustaan| saMskRti' evaM 'sabhyatA' nAmaka zabdoM kA prayoga bahuta vidvAnoM dvArA samAnArthaka rUpa meM huA hai, kintu kucha loga inheM eka-dUsare se pRthak mAnate haiN| vidvAnoM ne saMskRti (kalcara) evaM sabhyatA (siviliz2ezana)kI kaI paribhASAeM kI haiM, kintu hama unake cakkara meM nahIM pdd'eNge| pATaka nimnalikhita vidvAnoM kI pustakeM par3ha sakate haiM-DA. TIlara (primiTiva kalcara, bhAga 1, pR0 1 mare, laNDana, 1871), maithyU ArnAlDa (kalcara eNDa enArkI, 1866), pro0 pI0 e0 sorokina (sozala eNDa kalcarala DAyanaumiksa, 1657) pro0 iDagarTana ('DaoNmineNTa AiDiyAz2a ina di phArmezana Ava iNDiyana kalcara', amerikana, orieNTala, sosAiTI, jilda 62, 1642, pR0 151-156), pro0 TvAyanbI ('siviliz2ezana oNna TrAyala', 1648), 'rIkaMsIDarezaMsa', jilda 12, pR0 76-77), ArcIbAlDa (rezanalijma ina thyorI eNDa praikTisa, laNDana, 1654, pR0 62) / yadi donoM zabdoM meM koI antara kiyA jAya to saMskRti' ko 'sabhyatA' arthAt 'kalcara' ko 'sivilijezana' se acchA mAnanA, caahie| sabhyatA (siviliz2ezana) kA prayoga badhA sAmAjika vikAsa ke ati ucca stara ke lie hotA hai aura Adima avasthA ke samAjoM ke lie 'kalcara zabda kA prayoga hotA hai, yathA--primiTiva klcr| loga 'primiTiva kalcara' kA prayoga karate haiM, kintu 'primiTiva siviliz2ezana' kA nahIM / mAnava itihAsa ke gata 6000 varSoM meM katipaya saMskRtiyA~ evaM sabhyatAeM uThIM evaM girii| speMglara ne, jo sainika athavA phaujI vyakti rahe haiM aura jinhoMne abauddhikatA kA pradarzana kiyA hai, dharma, naitikatA evaM rAjanItizAstra ko tilAJjali de dI hai aura bar3I nirdayatA ke sAtha tIsa sabhyatAoM evaM saMskRtiyoM kI, jA~ca kI hai aura mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki unameM adhikAMza (7 yA 8 ko chor3a kara sabhI) ne eka samAna daMga apanAyA hai, yathA-- unhoMne janma liyA, ve bar3hIM, avanati ko prApta huI aura mara gayIM aura eka bAra samApta huI to punaH uTha na skiiN| pro0 TavAyanbI ne, jo IsAI haiM, phaujI nahIM haiM, apane grantha 'sTaDI Ava hisTrI' meM speMglara ke pratikula niSkarSa nikAle haiM, yathA-saMskRti evaM samAjoM meM bacapana, vivRddhi (paripakvatA), vArdhakya evaM nAza ke stara pAye jAte haiN| unhoMne apane grantha 'sTaDI Ava hisTrI' ke khaNDa 6, pR0 758 meM 16 sabhyatAoM kI sUcI dI hai , jisameM unakI abhivyakti evaM adhaHpatana tathA unake vikAsa-krama ko varSoM meM rakha diyA gayA hai| unhoMne 'iNDika' sabhyatA 3. DA0 jI0 esa0 ghurye kA grantha 'kalcara eNDa sosAiTI' (bambaI yUnivarsiTI prakAzana, 1647) eka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| isameM unhoMne 'kalcara' evaM 'siviliz2ezana' para mahattvapUrNa vicAra prakaTa kiye haiM aura imarsana, oNrnAlDa, mole, hvAiTaheDa, rasela, lAskI, velsa Adi ke dRSTikoNoM kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| aura dekhie pro0 naoNzaoNpa kRta 'mITiMga Ava IsTa eNDa vesTa' (1646) evaM pro0 sorokina kRta 'sozala philaoNsaoNphIz2a ina aina eja Ava krAisisa' (laNDana, 1652) /

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hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAe~ 386 kA Arambha I0 pU0 1375 se mAnA hai, adhaHpatana I0 pU0 725 meM mAnA hai tathA 'hindU sabhyatA' kA Arambha 775 I0 se mAnA hai tathA adhaHpatana 1975 I0 se / yaha mata atyanta Apattijanaka hai| unhoMne 'iNDika' tathA 'hindU' sabhyatAoM meM jo antara batAyA hai tathA jo tithiyA~ upasthita kI haiM ve unakI apanI icchA para nirbhara haiM, unake pIche koI pramANa nahIM haiN| hindU sabhyatA 1175 I0 meM kyoM samApta ho gayI, isakA uttara nahIM mila pAtA aura na yahI patA calatA hai ki I0 pU0 725 evaM 775 I0 ke madhya bhAratIya sabhyatA kA kyA svarUpa evaM nAma hai / dUsarI ora janma lene, bar3hane, vivRddhi yA paripakvatA ko prApta hone tathA nAza ho jAne ke pIche jo rUpaka hai use anya vidvAn 'sabhyatAoM' ke lie anupayukta ThaharAte haiM / je0 jI0 De beDasa ne 'phyUcara Ava di besTa' ( laNDana, 1653 ) meM kahA hai ki sabhyatAe~ na to janma letI haiM aura na maratI haiM, pratyuta ve parivartita hotI haiM yA samAhita ho jAtI haiM ( pR0 60 ) / aura dekhie pro0 sorokina kRta 'sozala eNDa kalcarala DAyanaoNmiksa' ( pR0 627 ), leyonArDa vUlpha kRta 'kvaika, kvaika' ( pR0 136 - 160 ) / zrI e0 ela0 kroyabara ne apane grantha 'sTAila eNDa sivilijezena' ( nyUyArka, 1657) meM pro0 sorokina se sahamati tathA speMgalara evaM TvAyanbI se asahamati prakaTa kI hai aura kahA hai-- 'sabhyatAoM kA adhyayana satya rUpa se vaijJAnika yA vidvattApUrNa taba taka nahIM ho sakatA jaba taka unameM se saMkaTa, nAza, saMhAra, vilayana evaM niyati ke viSaya meM hama apane saMvegAtmaka sambandha ko nahIM tyAgeMge / isa vizva meM jitanI saMskRtiyA~ evaM sabhyatAe~ utpanna evaM vikasita huI unameM kevala do ( bhAratIya evaM cInI) hI aisI haiM jo pArasIkoM (phArasa vAloM), yUnAniyoM, sithiyanoM, hUNoM, turkoM ke bAra-bAra ke bAhya AkramaNoM tathA Antarika saMgharSo evaM saMsobhoM ke rahate hue bhI cAra sahasra (yadi aura adhika nahIM) varSoM se aba taka jIvita rahI haiM aura apanI paramparAe~ akSuNNa rakha sakI haiN| bhArata ne ina sabhI bAhya AkrAmakoM ko AtmasAt kara liyA aura bahuta se yUnAniyoM, zakoM evaM anya bAhya logoM ko bhAratIya AdhyAtmika vicAradhArA kA poSaka banA liyA aura unake lie bhAratIya sAmAjika racanA meM eka sthAna nirdhArita kara diyA / ( isa viSaya meM hama Age bhI likheMge ) / itanA hI nahIM, bhArata ne apane sAhitya, dharma, kalA evaM saMskRti kA pracAra evaM prasAra AkramaNoM athavA dezoM ko jIta kara apane meM milAkara nahIM kiyA, pratyuta yaha kArya usane zAntipriya sAdhanoM dvArA kiyA, yathA-- zikSA, saMskRta granthoM ke anuvAda evaM prabodha (saMzayaccheda athavA zaMkA nivRtti) dvArA aura isa prakAra zrIlaMkA ( sIlona ), brahmA (baramA), sumAtrA, malAyA, jAvA, bAlI, borniyo, cIna, tibbata, jApAna, maMgoliyA evaM koriyA meM apanI sAMskRtika evaM sabhyatA-sambandhI anupreraNAe~ bhara diiN| " bAlI kA 4. dekhie pro0 sorokina kRta 'sozala eNDa kalcarala DAyanaimiksa' ( pR0 667) evaM DA0 rAdhAkRSNana kRta 'rilijina eNDa sosAiTI' (1647, pR0 101 ) / 5. 'sudUra bhArata' ('phardara iNDiyA' evaM 'greTara iNDiyA') meM arthAt dakSiNa-pUrvI eziyA evaM cIna meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke prasAra ke viSaya meM eka bar3A sAhitya utpanna ho gayA hai aura aba bhI katipaya vidvAn grantha evaM nibandha likhate hI jA rahe haiN| kucha granthoM evaM nibandhoM ke nAma yahA~ upasthita kiye jA rahe haiM, yathA-- DA0 Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra kRta 'aiMzyeNTa iNDiyana kaoNlonIja' ( khaNDa 1 evaM 2); zrI eca0 jI0 kvAricha velsa kRta 'TUarDasa aMgakora' (jisameM 42 citra haiM, 1637) evaM 'mekiMga Ava greTara iNDiyA' (laNDana, 1651, isameM eka acchI grantha-sUcI bhI hai); pro0 ke0 e0 nIlakAnta zAstrI kRta 'zrI vijaya' (1646, jisameM san 683 I0 se lagabhaga 14vIM zatI

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sundara dvIpa aba bhI hindU hai, usameM cAroM vargoM ke loga haiM, unake purohita ko peNDaDa (paNDita) kahA jAtA hai, pUjA ke jala ko toya (dekhie esa levI kRta 'saMskRta TeksTsa phrAma bAlI') kahA jAtA hai aura purohita aba bhI gAyatrI kA eka caraNa 'bhargo devasya dhImahi' kahate haiM aura azuddha rUpa meM yajJopavIta kA mantra (yajJopavItaM paramaM pavitram . . .) kahate haiM / ya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kA isa prakAra saikar3oM zatiyoM taka calA jAnA eka Avaryajanaka bAta hai| bhava ho sakA? isake uttara meM hameM isa bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA se sambandhita maulika vicAra-dhAraNAoM, malyoM evaM vizeSatAoM kI vyAkhyA karanI hogI, una para vicAra karanA hogaa| bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kA apanA viziSTa vyaktitva hai, use kevala hama yUropIya mApadaNDoM se nahIM jAna skte| tiyoM meM kacha dezoM ke logoM ko isakA abhimAna evaM garva rahA hai ki ve anya dezoM ke logoM se zreSTha haiM aura apane ko pracArita evaM prasArita karane ke lie unhoMne apane ko adhikRta kara liyA / jaba briTiza sAmrAjya ati vizAla ho gayA aura itanA vistRta ho gayA ki usameM sUrya kabhI bhI asta nahIM hotA thA to briTiza sAmrAjyavAdiyoM ne sadambha evaM sAdhikAra aisA pracAra karanA Arambha kiyA ki ve avikasita evaM pichar3e logoM ke sudhAra evaM kalyANa ke lie 'zveta manuSya kA bhAra' ('hvAiTa maisa barDena') Dho rahe haiM (jaba ki briTiza sAmrAjyavAdI apane zAsita bhAratIyoM ko upanivezavAdI nItiyoM ke phalasvarUpa cUsa rahe the aura unheM daridra banA rahe the)| dUsarI ora rUsa sAdhikAra garjanA kara rahA hai ki vaha jana-sAdhAraNa ko 'paMjIvAda ke zikaje' se chur3AyegA aura isa pRthivI para hI svarga utAregA / hiTalara se zAsita jarmanoM ne aisA vizvAsa jatAyA thA ki ve zreSTha noraDika jAti ke haiM aura ve 'sAmyavAda ke zikaje' se saMsAra kI rakSA kreNge| isa prakAra kA abhibhAva kevala pazcima taka hI sImita nahIM thaa| Ajakala kucha bhAratIyoM ne bhI sAdhikAra ghoSaNA kI hai ki AdhyAtmikatA kA astitva kevala yadi kahIM hai to vaha bhArata meM hai| nissandeha aisA kahanA samIcIna hI hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA mahAn AdhyAtmika mUlyoM para Adhata hai| kintu aisA kahanA pUrNatayA asatya hai ki anya dezoM ke logoM meM AdhyAtmikatA nahIM pAyI jAtI / hama itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki hindUvAda ke lie AdhyAtmikatA apekSAkRta adhika maulika rahI hai aura yaha hinduoM meM apekSAkRta adhika phailI huI hai aura anya dezoM meM isa mAtrA meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| manusmRti meM AyA hai ki kevala ve lokAcAra athavA prayoga (pracalita AcAra), jo vizeSataH brahmAvarta, kurukSetra tathA matsya, paJcAla evaM zUrasena dezoM ke vargoM evaM jAtiyoM meM paramparAnugata pracalita rahe haiM, sadAcAra kahe jAte haiM (2 / 17-16) aura inhIM dezoM ke brAhmaNoM se isa pRthivI ke logoM ko apane kartavyoM kI dhAraNA karanI cAhie athavA zikSA lenI cAhie / isa taka ke abhilekha bhI diye hue haiM); zrI deve groseTa kRta 'sivilijezaMsa Ava di IsTa' (phreMca se anuvAda katharina e. philipsa dvArA, 246 citra, khaNDa 2, bhArata, sudUra bhArata evaM malAyA ke bAre meM, pa0 1-343 tk)| 'bhArata para cIna kA RNa' (cAinAz2a DeTa Tu iNDiyA) ke lie dekhie pro0 liyAMga ci cAo ke nibandha vizvabhAratI kvArTaralI, khaNDa 2, pR0 251-261, jahA~ aisA diyA huA hai ki AThavIM zatI se jo bhAratIya vidvAna cIna gaye unakI saMkhyA caubIsa thI aura jo cInI san 265 I0 se 760 I0 taka gaye unakI saMkhyA 187 thI (jinameM 105 nAma nizcita-se haiM) aura dekhiepro0pI0sI0 bAgacI kRta 'iNDiyA eNDa cAinA' (hinda kitAbsa, 1650) vizeSataH adhyAya 2 evaM 3 /

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hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAeM 361 prakAra manusmati ne madhyadeza (unake dvArA paribhASita) ke kSetroM evaM AryAvarta ko pRthak kara rakhA hai (2 / 21-22) kacha samaya se kacha loga R0 (6 / 63 / 5-6) meM ullikhita 'kRNvanto vizvamAryam' para nirbhara hokara aisA pratipAdita karane lage haiM ki veda ne hamAre deza ko sAre saMsAra ko Arya banAne ke lie niyukta kiyA hai kintu isa prakAra ke abhimAna ke lie yahA~ koI sthAna nahIM hai| ye zabda indra ke lie somarasa arpaNa ke lie prayakta hae haiN| inakA artha yoM hai-'ye soma-tarpaNa, jo piMgala varNa ke haiM (soma paudhe se nikAle hue haiM), indra (kI zakti) ko bar3hAte haiM, jaloM ko (AkAza) se girAte hue indra ke pAsa Ane vAle virodhI logoM ko naSTa karate haiM, sabhI (sampUrNa vAtAvaraNa) ko sundara banAte hue ve apane ucita kSetra meM pahu~cate haiN|' yahA~ para vaidika logoM dvArA sampUrNa vizva ko Arya banAne kI ceSTA kI ora koI bhI nirdeza nahIM hai| yahA~ para koI bhI aisA saMdeza nahIM hai jise Adhunika bhAratIya loga anya logoM ko de sakeM yA usakA prasAra kara mke| svayaM moma paudhA vaidika kAla meM hI lapta ho gayA aura usake pratinidhi kI AvazyakatA par3a gyii| bhArata meM sambhavataH kaI zatiyoM se kadAcit hI koI vaidika yajJa kiyA gayA ho aura yadi yajJa sampAdita hA bhI hoM to unameM somayajJoM kI saMkhyA bahata hI kama rahI hogii| gata do mahAyuddhoM ke uparAnta vizva ke AkAza meM yuddha ke bAdala umar3a-ghumar3a rahe haiM aura aba vicArakoM ne aNa-yaddha se saMkala ho jAne kI sambhAvanA para vicAra karake yahI udghoSita kiyA hai ki binA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke punarjAgaraNa ke, binA nyAyasaMgata jIvanayApana ke, binA dalita logoM ke prati karuNA-dRSTi phere tathA binA mAnava meM bhrAtabhAvanA kI sthApanA kiye vizva kA kalyANa nahIM hai aura na mAnava sabhyatA kI rakSA kI jA sakatI hai / yadyapi hamAre prAcIna RSiyoM evaM vidhAna nirdhArakoM ne AdhyAtmika mUlyoM para bahuta vala diyA hai. tathApi adhikAMza loga tathA hamAre tathAkathita netAgaNa zatiyoM se ina mUlyoM ke abhAva se grasita rahe haiM aura aba bhI haiM / hameM Atma-nirIkSaNa karanA cAhie / kevala pUrva gaurava kI gAthA gAne se kArya nahIM hone kA / hameM aba masthira mana se vicAra karanA aura vAstavikatA kA parijJAna karanA hai| kyA kAraNa thA ki 13vIM zatI ke uparAnta hamane apanI svatantratA kho dI ? isI sandarbha meM hama kucha prazna rakhate haiM (1) hindU loga AkrAmakoM se, yathA--pArasIkoM, yUnAniyoM, sithiyanoM, turko, aMgrejoM se tulanA meM hIna kyoM siddha ho gaye, jaba ve saMkhyA meM adhika the aura bahuta-se AkrAmaka unake sAhasa se prabhAvita the aura bhAratIya sainikoM kI mRtya-sambandhI upekSA se paricita the ? (2) hindU loga kaI zatiyoM taka sampUrNa bhArata ko eka satra meM kyoM nahIM bA~dha kara rakha sake athavA ve ekachatra rAjya kI sthApanA karake eka sthira vyavasthita rAjya kyoM nahIM banA sake ? (3) unhoMne bhArata meM sthita prAkRtika sAmagriyoM kA sadupayoga karake vastu-nirmANa, vyApAra evaM audyogika kSetra meM vikAsa kyoM nahIM kiyA ? hameM isa viSaya meM eka bar3e paimAne para apanI jA~ca karanI cAhie aura patA lagAnA cAhie ki hamAre adhaHpatana ke kyA kAraNa the aura apane doSoM ko dUra karanA cAhie jisase zatiyoM ke uparAnta prApta kI haI svatantratA kI rakSA hama prANapaNa se kara skeN| aMgrejoM ke zAsana ke pUrva bhArata meM rAjanItika ekatA kabhI nahIM thii| bhAratIya rAjAoM evaM rAjakumAroM ke madhya sadaiva yuddha evaM 6. indraM vardhanto apturaH kRNvanto vizvamAryam / apaghnanto arAvNaH // sutA anu svamA rajo'bhyarSanti banavaH / indraM gacchanta indavaH ||R0 (63-5-6) / milAie isI sUkta kA caudahavA~ zloka 'ete dhAmAnyAryA zukrA Rtasya dhaaryaa| vAjaM gomantamakSaran / 'dhAmAnyAryA' kA artha hai (devoM ke) 'sundara yA bhadra nivAsa sthAna yA sundara vidhiyaaN|'

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362 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa saMgharSa calA karate the, kyoMki udAharaNArtha marAThoM ne baMgAla para AkramaNa kiyA thA, ata: jaba briTizoM dvArA marAThe parAjita kiye gaye to baMgAliyoM ne harSa manAyA / 16vIM zatI ke dvitIya caraNa ke pUrva hamameM rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA nahIM ke barAbara thI, hama bhAratIyoM meM bhAratIyoM ke prati bhAvAkula hone kI koI mAnasika, sAmAjika athavA rAjanItika paramparA nahIM thI / isa adhyAya meM hama rAjanItika tathA anya kSetroM meM bhArata ke adha.. patana ke kAraNoM kI jA~ca vizada rUpa se nahIM kara sakeMge, kintu kucha bAtoM kI ora saMketa kara denA viSayAntara nahIM hogaa| hindU dharma meM bahuta-se siddhAntoM evaM dhArmika vicAradhArAoM kA saMgama pAyA jAtA hai, yathA-vaidika kriyA-saMskAra, vedAntavAdI vicAra, vaiSNavavAda, zaivavAda, zaktivAda tathA anya Adya sampradAya, jo bauddhika evaM AdhyAtmika upalabdhiyoM kI bar3I-bar3I viSamatAoM ke sAtha vibhinna samudAyoM evaM vibhinna prakAra ke manaSyoM kI AvazyakatAoM ke anusAra abhivyakti pAte rahe haiM tathA phUlate-phalate rahe haiN| bahuta hI kama bAtoM ne hinduoM ko eka satra meM bA~dha rakhA hai, yathA--karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta, vizAla evaM zreSTha saMskRta sAhitya, jisane RmazaH kSetrIya bhASAoM ko samaddha banA diyA hai, dhArmika viSayoM meM sabhI logoM dvArA vedoM meM aTa vizvAsa, yadyapi bahuta hI kama loga aise rahe haiM jinhoMne vedoM kA adhyayana kiyA athavA unheM samajhA, himAlaya se kamArI antarIpa taka bhogaulika ekatA, jisa para purANoM ne bala diyA hai tathA mAnasarovara evaM badarInAtha se lekara rAmezvara taka tIrthasthAnoM kI dhArmika yAtrAe~ / ye tattva sabhI hinduoM ko ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dha sakane meM utane samartha nahIM ho ske| AcAryoM evaM santoM meM paraloka kI sAdhanA tathA vedAntavAda ke prati atyadhika moha thA; unhoMne logoM ke pArasparika kartavyoM kI ora, vargoM tathA samAja ke prati kartavyoM kI mahattA para utanA yA usase adhika bala nahIM diyA, jisakA duHkhada pariNAma yaha huA ki adhikAMza meM loga, cAhe ve yogya hoM yA na hoM, paraloka sAdhanArata ho gaye aura sadAcAra ke sAtha laukika kartavyoM yA mUlyoM ke saJcayana meM sakriya na ho ske| ekatA ke abhAva evaM adhaHpatana kA eka anya kAraNa thA vaha vicAra-vaiSamya jo isa prakAra parilakSita thA--eka ora to mahAn vicAraka isakA upadeza karate the ki sampUrNa vizva eka hai aura dUsarI ora samAja meM hIna jAtiyoM evaM aspRzya logoM ke prati unakA vyavahAra kucha aura hI thA, unheM chUnA apavitra kArya mAnA jAtA thA, jo sacamuca eka vicitra virodhAbhAsa thA-eka ora vaha ucca AdhyAtmika vicAra ki sampUrNa vizva eka hai aura dUsarI ora samAja kA eka vizada aMga azpRsya mAna liyA gayA! jana samudAya kI zikSA ke dhyAna kA abhAva thA tathA ucca jAtiyoM ke loga isa bAta kI cintA hI nahIM karate the ki kauna rAjya kara rahA hai, jaba taka unake jIvana kI zAMti na bhaMga ho jaay| mahAn dezabhakta evaM krAntikArI sAvarakara ne una sAta zRMkhalAoM athavA pAzoM kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai jinase hindu samAja zatiyoM se baddha rahA hai, aura ve isa prakAra haiM-(1) aspRzyatA; bhAMti-bhA~ti ke niSedha (varjanAe~), yathA ---(2) samudra-yAtrA, (3) saikar3oM jAtiyoM evaM upajAtiyoM meM pArasparika bhojana, (4) antarjAtIya vivAha, (5) kucha jAtiyoM dvArA vedAdhyayana; (6) kucha viziSTa vRttiyoM kA niSedha evaM (7) bala, kapaTa se tathA abodhatA ke kAraNa dusare dharmoM meM le liye gaye hinduoM ko phira se hinduoM meM milA lene kA nissedh| hamAre sAMskRtika itihAsa kI kacha madhyagata vizeSatAe~ eka sthAna para ullikhita kI jA sakatI haiN| prathama bAta yaha hai ki vaidika kAla se lekara Aja taka eka aTUTa dhArmika paramparA calI AyI hai| sabhI brAhmaNoM tathA adhikAMza kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM dvArA dhArmika kriyA-saMskAroM evaM utsavoM meM vaidika mantroM kA prayoga aba bhI kiyA jA rahA hai / vaidika devoM ko hama pUrNatayA nahIM bhUla sake haiN| sabhI kRtyoM ke Arambha

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hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA ko maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAeM meM aba bhI agni sthApita kI jAtI hai; Aja viSNa (jo indra, agni yA varuNa kI bhA~ti bahadhA adhika prazaMsita nahIM haiN| kintu R0 1 / 22 / 16-21, 1415411-6, 11155 // 1-6,64661-8 meM prazaMsita haiM; indra evaM viSNu donoM R0 766 / 1-7 meM prazaMsita haiM tathA atharvaveda 7 / 27 / 4-6 meM pUjita haiM) evaM ziva (Rgveda ke rudra, jo pahale se bahuta aMzoM meM parivartita haiM, tathA pUjya haiM R0 2 / 116, 2 / 33 / 6, 1062|6-jhaaN ziva nAma AyA hai kI makhya devoM ke rUpa meM pUjA kI jAtI hai| bhArata ke bahata-se bhAgoM meM brAhmaNa loga prAtaH evaM sAyaM kI pUjA meM aba bhI krama se mitra (R0 356) evaM varuNa (R0 125) ke mantroM kA pATha karate haiN| dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki bhArata vizAla deza hai (rUsa ko chor3akara sampUrNa yUropa ke samAna) kintu sampUrNa bhami-bhAga para eka rAjanItika sattA kabhI bhI nahIM sthApita ho sakI (sambhavata: alpakAla ke lie azoka kI rAjanItika sattA ke atirikta) / samrATa yA cakravartI ke ekachatra rAjya kA Adarza to thA, kintu yadi kisI rAjA ne Atma-samarpaNa kara diyA, usane vijayI samrAT kI zakti ko svIkAra kara liyA tathA kucha kara de diyA to samrATa ne apane sAmrAjya ke antargata anya zAsakoM ke rAjyoM ke kArya-kalApoM kI koI cintA nahIM kii| isI se bAhya AkrAmakoM ke virodha meM koI saMyukta morcA nahIM sthApita ho sakA, kAnUnoM athavA vidhi-vidhAnoM, lokAcAroM tathA vyavahAroM meM koI ekarUpatA nahIM pradarzita kI jA sakI aura rAjAoM tathA rAjakumAroM meM bahudhA yuddha huA karate the / tIsarI vizeSatA yaha rahI hai ki saMskRtiyoM se sambandhita koI bhI gambhIra saMgharSa nahIM huA / vibhinna vicAradhArAoM evaM vizvAsoM ke viSaya meM sahiSNutA virAjamAna thI aura anekatA meM ekatA sthApita karane kI nirantara anukUlatA vidyamAna thii| yaha jAnakara apAra du:kha hotA hai ki jahA~ 11vIM zatI se Age baDe-baDe vidvAna vrata, dAna evaM zrAddha para sahasroM paSThoM meM granthoM ke praNayana meM lIna the (jaisA ki vidvAna mantrI hemAdri ne kiyA thA) yA tarkazAstra vedAnta, sAhitya-zAstra Adi anya mArmika viSayoM ke Upara sAdhikAra grantha-praNayana, TIkA-mImAMsA Adi karate the, vahA~ eka bhI aisA vidvAna nahIM utpanna haA jo alabarUnI ke samAna Age AtA aura mahamada gajanI kI vijaya tathA bhArata kI parAjaya para prakAza DAlatA aura una doSoM evaM durbalatAoM ko dUra karane kA prayatna karatA jinake phalasvarUpa bhArata ko bAhya AkrAmakoM ke samakSa sadaiva muMha kI khAnI pdd'ii| hinduoM kI parAjaya ke anya kAraNa bhI the / saMsAra meM 15vIM zatI se Age vijJAna evaM prAvidhika kSetroM meM jo anusandhAna kArya evaM AviSkAra hae unameM hamAre vidvAnoM ne koI bhI sahayoga nahIM kiyaa| zAhajI ne videziyoM se AgneyAstra khriide| na to unhoMne aura na unake mahAn putra zivAjI ne hI, jinhoMne marAThA sAmrAjya sthApita kiyA, koI aisI phaikTarI kholI jahA~ AgneyAstroM tathA goliyoM Adi kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA / isI prakAra hamAre dezavAsiyoM ne zaktizAlI nau-senA ke mahattva ko bhI nahIM smjhaa| yadi hinduoM yA unake zAsakoM ke pAsa nau-senA rahI hotI to purtagAla vAloM, phrAMsIsiyoM evaM aMgrejoM kI AkAMkSAoM para tupArapAta ho gayA hotaa| aba hama hindu saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI mahattvapUrNa vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAleMge / (1) Rgveda ke kAla se aba taka calI AyI huI atyanta vilakSaNa dhAraNA yaha rahI hai ki mUla tatva eka hai, bhale hI loga use indra, mitra, varuNa, agni Adi kisI nAma se kyoM na prajita kareM (Rgveda 2164 146, 815811, 10 // 1262) / mahAbhArata, purANa, saMskRta kAvya ke kAla evaM madhya-kAla meM jabaki viSNu, ziva yA zakti se sambandhita bahuta se sampradAya ze, sabhI hinduoM meM yaha antazcetanA thI ki Izvara eka hai, jisake kaI nAma haiN| dekhie vanaparva (3676-77), zAntiparva (343 / 131), brahmapurANa (162 / 51), viSNupurANa (5 / 18 / 50), harivaMza (viSNupurANa 25 // 31), kumArasambhava (7144) / 50

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (2) uparyukta dhAraNA se eka mahAn sahiSNutA kI udbhUti huI / hindU dharma ne sabhI kAloM meM. vicArasvAtantrya evaM upAsanA - svAtantrya kI bhAvanAoM kI pUjA kii| isa viSaya meM hamane isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 2 mUla pRSTha 388, pAda-TippaNI 628 evaM khaNDa 5, mUla pR0 670-71, 1011-1018 meM vistAra ke sAtha vivecana upasthita kiyA hai| dekhie gItA ( 7 / 21 - 22 evaM 6 / 23 ) / saMsAra meM kucha dharmoM ne svadharma-virodhiyoM ko, cAhe ve vAstava meM rahe hoM yA una para zaMkA mAtra rahI ho, kitanI yAtanAe~ dI haiM, isase vizva itihAsa ke panne bhare par3e haiM / hindU dharma meM isa prakAra kI asahiSNutA kA pUrNa abhAva hai / hindU vAda yA hindU dharma kisI sthira dhArmika pakSa se ba~dhA nahIM hai aura na yaha kisI eka grantha yA pravartaka ke rUpa meM kisI paigambara ko mAnatA hai / vAstava meM, vyakti ko Izvara - bhIru honA cAhie; satya vizvAsoM kI bAta alaga hai, jo bAta atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai, vaha hai naitika AcaraNa evaM sAmAjika vyavahAra | hindU loga kisI anya dharma kI satyatA ko asvIkAra nahIM karate aura na kisI anya vyakti kI dhArmika anubhUti ko hI tyAjya samajhate haiM / eka zloka' aisA hai jo bhAratIya dhArmika vizAlatA evaM udAratA kI ora sAre saMsAra kA citta AkRSTa karatA hai aura dhArmika vizvAsoM evaM pUjA-upAsanA ke prati sAmAnya hindU bhAvanA kA dyotaka hai| zloka kA artha yoM hai :- 'jo hari trailokyanAtha haiM jinako zaiva loga ziva ke rUpa meM pUjate haiM, vedAntI loga brahma ke rUpa meM, bauddha loga buddha ke rUpa meM, pramANapaTu ( jJAna ke sAdhana meM pravINa yA dakSa ) ( naiyAyika loga kartA ke rUpa meM, jaina zAsana meM lIna ( jainadharma ko mAnane vAle) loga arhat ke rUpa meM aura mImAMsaka loga karma (yajJa) ke rUpa meM pUjate haiM, tumheM ve vAJchita phala pradAna kareM / mahAn tarkazAstrI udayana ne bhI, jinhoMne lakSaNAvalI zaka saMvat 606 (684 I0 ) meM likhI, apanI nyAyakusumAJjali (18) meM vahI bAta likhI hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sahiSNutA hindUdharma kA sAratatva hai aura anIzvaravAdI ( nAstika ) ke sAtha bhI vinoda hI kiyA jAtA hai, na ki use kisI prakAra kI yAtanA dI jAtI hai / 364 7. bAibila sambandhI arthAta IsAmasIha ke dharmAvalambiyoM ko asahiSNutA kI jAnakArI ke lie dekhie jeramiha (268-6), kolosiyaMsa (218) evaM galeziyaMsa ( 117 - 6) / 8. yaM zaivAH samupAsate ziva iti brahmeti vedAntino bauddhA buddha iti pramANapaTavaH karteti naiyAyikA: arhannityatha jainazAsanaratAH karmeti mImAMsakAH so'yaM vo vidadhAtu vAJchitaphalaM trailokyanAtho hariH / / - subhASitaratnabhANDAgAra (nirNayasAgara presa saMskaraNa, 1635, pU0 5 zloka 27 ) nyAyakusumAJjali ( 12 ) meM isa prakAra AyA hai -- svargApavargayormArga mAmananti manISiNaH / yadupAstimasAvatra paramAtmA nirUpyate // iha yadyapi ye kamapi puruSArthamarthayamAnAH zuddhabuddhasvabhAva ityaupaniSadAH / Adi vidvAna siddha iti kApilAH / klezakarmavipAkAzayairayAmRSTo nirmANakAyamadhiSThAya (sampradAya pradyotako'nugrAhakazceti pAtaJjalA: lokavedaviruddherapi nirlepaH svatantrazceti mahApAzupatAH / ziva iti zaivAH / puruSottama iti vaiSNavAH / pitAmaha iti paurANikAH / yajJapuruSa iti yAjJikAH / nirAvaraNa iti digambarAH / upAsyatvena dezita iti mImAMsakAH / yAvadukrupapanna iti naiyAyikAH / loka vyavahArasiddha iti cArvAkAH / kiMbahunA, kAravo'pi yaM vizvakarmetyupAsate / /

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hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA ko maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAe~ (3) isa siddhAnta para vizvAsa karate hue ki sAra tattva eka hai yA paramezvara eka hai, upaniSadoM ke RSiyoM ne niSkarSa nikAlA ki jIvAtmA usa tattva se abhinna hai| bAhulya (yA anekatA) kevala avAstava hai aura yahA~ taka ki machuA loga (machalI mArane vAle), dAsa, juArI loga tathA nirjIva padArtha sabhI isase abhinna haiN| yaha vedAnta-siddhAnta hindU dharma kI atyanta mahattvapUrNa viziSTatAoM meM eka hai aura mAnava ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM bhArata kI eka utkRSTa dena hai, yadyapi anya dezoM meM bhI kucha dArzanikoM dvArA upasthita isa siddhAnta ke kacha aMza bikhare hae milate haiN| aneka se eka evaM eka se aneka hI vedAnta-siddhAnta kA kendrabinda yA antarbhAga hai| isa viSaya meM hamane adhyAya 34 meM vistAra ke sAtha par3ha liyA hai| yaropa meM darzana kA adhyayana svayaM apane meM lakSya hai| prAcIna bhArata meM anekatA meM ekatA kI bhAvanA ko zikSA evaM samAjazAstra kA AdhAra mAnA gayA aura aisA vizvAsa kiyA gayA hai ki vyakti ke jIvana meM isa ekatA kI anamati hI parama svatantratA (mokSa) hai| upaniSadoM kI zikSA eka sArvabhauma siddhAnta hai jise sabhI loga, jo acchI icchA rakhate haiM, svIkAra kara sakate haiN| bacapana se cAhe jisa prakAra ke dharma-pravAha meM vyakti rahA hai vaha isa siddhAnta ke anusAra mAnasa rUpa se calane para dharmacyuta nahIM ho sktaa| vyakti kA AtmA paramAtmA athavA brahma se bhinna nahIM hai, yaha niSkarSa eka mahAn niSkarSa hai aura sabhI prakAra ke udbuddha logoM meM vilakSaNa utsa marane vAlA hai| bahuta-se udAharaNa upasthita kiye jA sakate haiM, kintu yahA~ kevala do paryApta hoNge| muNDakopaniSad (3 / 218) meM ghoSita hai--"jisa prakAra nadiyA~ (samudra kI ora) bahatI huI, apane nAmoM evaM rUpoM ko chor3atI huI, samudra meM samAhita ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra vaha vyakti jo anubhUti kara letA hai (jAnatA hai) nAma evaM rUpa se svatantra hokara usa divya vyakti ko prApta karatA hai jo uccatara se uccatama hai|" yahI bAta gadya meM praznopaniSada (55) meM kahI gayI hai| kaThopaniSad (4115) meM AyA hai-"jisa prakAra zuddha jala zuddha jala meM DAla diye jAne para vahI rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai, usI prakAra usa RSi kA AtmA, jisane tattvAna bhUti kara lI hai, sAkSAt paramAtmA ho jAtA hai|" dekhie DyUzana kA vaktavya (je0 bI0 bI0 Ara0 e0 esa0, saMkhyA 18, 1863, 20 vA~ lekha, pR0 330-340), ve0, sU0 (2|3|43-brhm dAzA brahma dAsA brahmame kitavA ut)| yahA~ itanA hI paryApta hai| vedAnta apane satya rUpa meM naitikatA ke lie sarvocca Azraya hai aura usakA sabase bar3A AdhAra hai, janma evaM maraNa ke duHkha meM sabase bar3A santoSa hai...| (4) AdhyAtmika evaM dhArmika rUpa se pratyeka vyakti para tIna RNa hote haiM, yathA- deva-RNa, RSi RNa evaM pit-Rnn| ati prAcIna vaidika kAloM se hI yaha dhAraNA bhAratIya saMskRti kI maulika dhAraNAoM meM parigaNita rahI hai| prAcIna vidyA ke adhyayana, yajJa-sampAdana evaM pUtrotpatti se vyakti krama se RSi-RNa, devaRNa evaM pitR-RNa se mukta hotA hai| isa viSaya meM hamane isa mahAgrantha ke mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 270, 425, 560-61, 676, khaNDa 3, pR0 416 meM vistAra se par3ha liyA hai / ina tIna RNoM meM mahAbhArata eka cauthA RNa jor3a detA hai, yathA-manuSya RNa, jo acchAI arthAt logoM ke prati kiye gaye acche vyavahAroM se cukAyA jAtA hai| yaha siddhAnta kevala brAhmaNoM taka hI nahIM sImita hai, pratyata tInoM ucca varNoM ko tInoM RNoM se mukta honA Avazyaka hai (jaimini 6 / 2 / 31) / tai0 saM0 meM 'brAhmaNa' zabda kevala udAharaNa ke lie hai, vAstava meM sabhI vargoM ke lie tInoM RNoM se mukta honA unakA mahAna karttavya hai| (5) puruSArtha kI dhAraNA mAnavIya prayAsa (manuSya ke udyoga) ke dhyeyoM athavA lakSyoM kI dyotaka hai| puruSArtha cAra haiM,--dharma (sadAcAra), artha (arthazAstra, rAjanIti-zAstra evaM nAgarika zAstra), kAma (Anandamoga evaM saundaryazAstra), mokSa (AtmA dvArA apane vAstavika svabhAva kI anubhUti tathA hIna

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366 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa icchAoM tathA dhyeyoM ke bandhana se svatantratA ) / mokSa ko paramapuruSArtha kahA gayA hai aura anya tInoM ko trivarga kI saMjJA milI hai| dharma kI dhAraNA bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai aura isa para ati prAcIna kAla se hI bala diyA gayA hai / yaha una siddhAntoM kI ora iMgita karatI hai jinheM vyaktiyoM ko jIvana bhara tathA sAmAjika sambandhoM meM apane AcaraNoM meM utAranA par3atA hai| hamane puruSArthoM para vistAra ke sAtha isa mahAgrantha ke mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 2 - 11, khaNDa 3, pR0 8-10 evaM 236 - 241 meM par3ha liyA hai / ata: bahuta hI saMkSepa meM kucha bAteM yahA~ kahI jA skeNgii| hamane isa khaNDa ke Arambhika pRSToM meM dekha liyA hai ki Rgveda meM tIna zabda Aye haiM, yathA - Rta ( jagatsambandhI vyavasthA ), vrata (ve niyama yA anuzAsana jo devoM dvArA vyavasthita hue haiM ) tathA dharma (dhArmika kRtya yA yajJa yA sthira siddhAnta ) / ina tInoM meM Rta zabda lupta-sA ho gayA ( pRSThabhUmi meM par3a gayA) aura usake sthAna para satya zabda A gayA aura dharma zabda sabako sparza karane vAlI dhAraNA kA dyotaka ho gayA tathA vrata kevala pavitra saMkalpoM evaM AcAra-sambandhI niyamoM taka sImita raha gayA / samApavartana ke samaya guru ziSya se kahatA thA - 'satyaM vada, dharmaM cara' ( tai0 upa0 1 / 11) / bR0 upa0 ( 1 | 4 | 14 ) ne satya ko dharma ke barAbara mAnA hai / saMsAra kI anyatama evaM bhadratama prArthanAoM meM eka hai--' asatya se satya kI ora le calo, andhakAra se prakAza kI ora tathA mRtyu se amaratA kI ora' ( vR0 upa0 1 / 3 / 28 ) / isI upaniSad (5 / 2 / 3) ne dama (Atma-saMyama), dAna evaM dayA nAmaka tIna pradhAna sukRtoM athavA guNoM kA mAhAtmya gAyA hai / chA0 upa0 (510) ne eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai- 'jo sonA curAtA hai, jo surApAna karatA hai, jo guru ke palaMga kA apamAna karatA hai ( arthAt guru-patnI ke sAtha saMbhoga karatA hai) tathA jo brAhmaNa kI hatyA karatA hai - ve cAroM naraka meM girate haiM, aura pA~cavA~ vaha jo aise logoM ke saMsarga meM rahatA hai|' yaha draSTavya hai ki isa prAcIna zloka meM bAibila meM ullikhita dasa anuzAsanoM (Tena kamANDameNTsa) meM se kucha pAye jAte haiM / upaniSadoM ke kAla meM dharma kI dhAraNA sarvocca sthAna grahaNa karane lagI / vR0 upa0 (124 | 14 ) meM kathita hai - 'dharma se ucca koI anya nahIM hai|' tai0 AraNyaka (10 / 63 ) meM AyA hai- 'dharma sampUrNa vizva kA Azraya ( AdhAra yA zaraNa) hai / ' mahAbhArata evaM manu ne bAra-bAra dharma ke ucca mUlya kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai / " mahAbhArata ne mAnA hai ki cAroM puruSArthoM se sambandhita pratyeka vastu isameM avasthita hai, isameM jo unake viSaya meM nahIM hai, vaha anyatra nahIM hai / udyogaparva meM AyA hai - yaha sabhI jIvoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai ataH dharma kahalAtA hai|' vanaparva evaM manu donoM meM udghoSaNA hai- 'jaba dharma kA hanana (ullaMghana ) hotA hai to vaha hananakartA ko mAra DAlatA hai, jaba isakI rakSA hotI hai to yaha manuSya kI rakSA 6. dharmo vizvasya jagataH pratiSThA / loke dharmiSThaM prajA upasarpanti / dharmeNa pApamapanudati dharme sarvaM pratiSThitaM tasmAddhamaM paramaM vadanti / tai0 A0 (10 / 63), mahAnArAyaNopaniSada; dharme cArthe: ca kAme ca mokSe ca bharatarSabha / yadihAsti tadanyatra yannehAsti nA tatkvacit / / Adi parva (62 / 53 svargArohaNaparva 5 / 50 ); aura dekhi e Adi parva (62 / 23); dhAraNAddharma ityAhudharmo dhArayate prajAH / udyoga0 (86 / 67, 1376 ) ; dharma evahato dharmo hanti rakSati rakSitaH / tasmAddharmo na hantavyo mA no dharmo hato'vadhIt / manu ( 8 / 15) / vanaparva ( 313 / 128 ) bhI vahI hai, kevala tIsarA pAdayoM hai : 'tasmAddharma na tyajAsi; Urdhva bAhuvizaimyeSa nacakaricchuNoti mAm / dharmAdarthazcakAmazcasa kimarthaM na sevyate / / na jAtu kAmAnna bhayAnna lobhAddharma jahyAjjIvitasyApi hetoH / nityo dharmaH sukhaduHkhatvanitye jIvo nityo heturasya tvanityaH / / svargArohaNaparva (5 / 62-63) /

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hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAeM karatA hai, ata: dharma kA hanana (ullaMghana) kabhI nahIM honA cAhie, nahIM to dharma hameM naSTa kara degaa|' vyAsa ne mahAbhArata kA anta eka pavitra prArthanA (yA apIla) ke sAtha kiyA hai--'maiM hAtha Upara uThA kara ucca svara se kahatA hai, kintu koI nahIM sunatA hai; dharma se artha evaM kAma (sabhI kAmanAoM) kI utpatti hotI hai, dharma kA Azraya kyoM nahIM liyA jA rahA hai| dharma kA tyAga kisI vAJchita uddezya se nahIM karanA na bhaya se. na lobha se aura na jIvana ke lie hI isakA tyAga karanA caahie| dharma nitya hai, sakha evaM duHkha anitya haiM, jIvAtmA nitya hai, kintu ve hetu yA paristhitiyA~ (jinake phalasvarUpa yaha kAryazIla hotA hai) anitya haiN|' mahAbhArata meM AyA hai ki tIna (dharma, artha evaM kAma) sabhI ke lie haiM, dharma tInoM meM zreSTha hai, artha bIca meM AtA hai aura kAma sabase nIcA hai, isalie jaba inameM se kisI kA virodha hotA hai to dharma kA anusaraNa karanA cAhie aura anya do ko chor3a denA caahie| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki artha evaM kAma donoM dharma ke adhIna haiM aura tInoM (dharma, artha evaM kAma) AdhyAtmika lakSya (arthAt mokSa) ke adhIna haiN| hamAre zAstra sabake lie saMnyAsa kI vyavasthA nahIM dete, kintu unhoMne mUlyoM kI eka sopAna-paddhati nirdhArita kI hai| manu (4 / 3 evaM 15) ne vyavasthA dI hai--'vyakti ko apane (lakSyoM) varNa Adi kI sthiti ke ana kala hI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie tathA binA kisI kI hAni kiye artha saMgraha karanA caahie| kisI ko atyadhika viSayAsakta hokara tathA zAstra dvArA garhita kahe hue karmoM dvArA dhana-saMgraha nahIM karanA cAhie aura jaba usake pAsa paryApta dhana hai, taba bhI aisA nahIM karanA cAhie aura na pApI logoM se dhana prApta karanA cAhie, taba bhI nahIM jabaki vaha bar3I kaSTamaya avasthA meM par3A huA ho|' aura dekhie Apa0 dha0 sU0 (2 / 8 / 20 / 22-23), gau0 dha0 sU0 (6 / 46-47), yAjJa0 (1 / 115) evaM bhagavadgItA (7 / 11) / kintu kauTilya ke arthazAstra (117) meM AyA hai-'artha tIna puraSArthoM meM pramukha hai, kintu kauTilya ne bhI kahA hai ki viSayoM kA upabhoga isa prakAra karanA cAhie ki manuSya dharma evaM artha ke virodha meM na par3a jAya aura na Anandarahita hokara hI jIvana yApana karanA caahie| anuzAsana parva (3 / 18-16) meM AyA hai ki dharma, artha evaM kAma mAnavajIvana ke tIna puraskAra (phala) haiM, inake lie prayatna karanA cAhie, kintu isa prakAra ki dharma ke sAtha virodha na upasthita ho jAya / manu (5256) ne ghoSaNA kI hai ki mAMsa khAnA, madya pInA evaM maithuna karanA svayaM pApamaya nahIM haiM, kyoMki sabhI prANI inakI ora jhuke hue haiM, kintu inase dUra rahane se bar3e-bar3e puNya (uttama phala) prApta hote haiM (aura isI se zAstra inakI nivRtti yA saMyama para bala dete haiN)| aura dekhie araNyakANDa (30) evaM svargArohaNa (5 // 62) / ___Ajakala jaba kucha sudhAroM kI carcA hone lagatI hai to anudAravAdI athavA rUr3hivAdI yA navavidveSI loga aisA tarka upasthita karate haiM ki hamArA dharma 'sanAtana dharma hai' 10, ataH isameM kisI 10. 'sanAtana dharma' ke atyanta prAcIna prayogoM meM eka prayoga mAdhavavarmana ke khAnapura patraka meM hai (epi0 i0, jilda 27, pR0 312) / isa patraka ke sampAdaka DA0 vI0vI0 mirAzI kA kathana hai ki yaha lekha lagabhaga chaThI zatI kA hai| 'sanAtanadharma' zabda yoM AyA hai : 'yajanayAjanAdhyayanAdhyApanadAnapratigrahAyA (ya?) zrutismRtivihita sanAtanadharmakarmaniratAya... Adi' / eka anya prAcIna prayoga hai brahmANDapurANa (2 / 33 / 37-38) : adrohazcApyalobhazca tapo bhUtadayA damaH / brahmacarya tathA satyamanukrozaH kSamA dhRtiH| sanAtanasya dharmasya mUlametadudAhRtama / / 'sanAtana dharma' zabda 'prAcIna prayoga jo aba pracalita na ho' ke artha meM Adiparva (122 // 18, citrazAlA saMskaraNa) meM AyA tathA

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chuMda dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prakAra kA sudhAra nahIM kiyA jAnA caahie| kintu 'sanAtana dharma' zabdoM se yaha artha nahIM nikAlanA cAhie ki dharmaM (niyama) sadaiva sthira rahatA hai aura vaha nirvikAra evaM nitya hai / una zabdoM kA artha yahI hai ki hamArI saMskRti ati prAcIna hai aura isake pIche eka lambI paramparA hai, kintu ve yaha nahIM kahate ki dharma meM parivartana kI guMjAiza nahIM hai / vAstava meM dhAraNAoM, vizvAsoM evaM lokAcAroM (prayogoM) meM parivartana prAcInakAla se lekara madhyakAla taka vividha upAyoM dvArA hue haiN| kucha parivartanoM kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA jA rahA hai| ati prAcIna kAla meM veda hI saba kucha thA, kintu upaniSadoM meM yaha dhAraNA parivartita ho gayI; yathA-muNDakopaniSad (1 / 1 / 5 ) ne cAroM vedoM ko aparA vidyA ke antargata rakhA hai aura parabrahma ke jJAna ko parA vidyA mAnA hai / chA0 upa0 (711 / 4 ) meM cAroM veda evaM jJAna kI anya zAkhAe~ sanatkumAra (jinake pAsa nArada zikSA lene gaye the ) dvArA kevala nAma kahI gayI haiN| prArambhika vaidika kAla meM yajJoM kA sampAdana atyanta mahattvapUrNa dhArmika kRtya mAnA jAtA thA, kintu muNDakopaniSad ne yajJoM ko chidrayukta naukAoM kI saMjJA dI hai aura una logoM ko, jo unheM zreSTha kahate haiM, mUrkha kahA hai| aura dekhie dRSTikoNoM tathA mAnyatAoM meM antara par3a jAne ke viSaya meM isa mahAgrantha ke prastuta khaNDa kA adhyAya 26, jahA~ anuloma vivAhoM, kalivarjyo Adi kI vistRta carcA huI hai / manu yAjJavalkya, viSNudharmasUtra, viSNupurANa tathA anya purANoM meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki jaba dharma logoM ke lie arucikara ho jAya tathA kaSTa utpanna kare to usakA pAlana nahIM honA cAhie, pratyuta use chor3a denA cAhie / zAntiparva | ( 78032 ) meM spaSTa rUpa se AyA hai ki jo kabhI ( kisI yuga meM) adharma thA vaha kabhI dharma ho sakatA hai, dharma evaM adharma donoM kAla evaM deza kI sImAoM se Abaddha haiM / " " kAma ko bhI nahIM tyAgA gayA thA, jaisA ki kAmasUtra ( 1 / 4 ) se vyakta hai / bharata kA nATyazAstra, jo 5000 zlokoM kA vizAla grantha hai, nRtya, saMgIta, nATya Adi lalita kalAoM para ati sundara prakAza DAlatA hai aura vyakta karatA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM kAmajanita kalAoM se sambandhita viSayoM meM logoM kI kitanI abhiruci thI / dharma, artha evaM kAma tIna puruSArthoM se sambandhita bhAratIya vicAra yaha thA - apanA kartavya karo, pralobhanoM meM na par3o, kartavya ke lie kartavya karo ( gItA 2/47, 3 / 16 ), dUsare ke sAtha vaisA hI vyavahAra karo jaisA tuma apane lie cAhate ho ( gItA 6 / 32, anuzAsanaparva 1138 - 6, zAntiparva 256/20 = 251 / 16 citrazAlA ), dhana kamAo kintu usase dharma kA virodha na ho aura na kisI kI hAni ho, pavitra brahmacarya kA jIvana bitAo aura saundarya sambandhI AnandoM kA upabhoga karo / tInoM puruSArthoM meM nihita vicAroM kA yahI niSkarSa hai / kahIM para pramukha dharmazAstra-granthoM meM vAstavika nirAzAvAda kI jhalaka nahIM milatI, kintu mahAbhArata meM yatra-tatra jhalaka mila jAtI hai| dharmazAstra-grantha jIvana ko jIne yogya ThaharAte haiM jaba ki sAre karma dharmAnukUla hote raheM / manu ( 12188 - 86 ) ne kahA hai ki veda dvArA vyavasthita karma ( AcaraNa yA kArya) ke do prakAra haiM, yathA- pravRtta evaM nivRtta, jinameM prathama se isa loka meM Ananda evaM mRtyu ke uparAnta svarga prApta hotA hai aura dUsare se niHzreyasa (mokSa) kI prApti hotI hai, jisameM brahma kI anubhUti ke uparAnta sabhI prakAra kI abhi kacha 'kartavya jo bahuta pahale mAna liyA ho' ke artha meM rAmAyaNa ( ayodhyAkANDa, 16 26, 21046 Adi) meM prayukta huA hai| 11. bhavatyadharmo dharmo hi dharmAdharmAvubhAvapi / kAraNAdezakAlasya dezakAlaH satA dRzaH / / zAntiparva ( 78/0 32) /

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hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAe~ kAMkSAoM evaM IhAoM kA pUrNa abhAva ho jAtA hai| anuzAsanaparva (146 / 76-80) ne dharma ko pravRttilakSaNa (jisameM nirantara kAryazIlatA pAyI jAtI hai) tathA nivRtti lakSaNa ( jisameM laukika kriyAoM evaM abhikAMkSAoM yA kAmanAoM kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai) nAmaka do bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai| jisameM dUsare kA anusaraNa mokSa ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| anazAsanaparva ne kucha vyAvahArika evaM zabhakara niyama banAye haiM, yathA-manaSya ko apanI samarthatA ke anasAra sadA dAna dete rahanA cAhie, sadA yajJa karate rahanA cAhie aura samaddhi ke lie kRtya karate rahanA cAhie / ucita sampatti kA saMgrahaNa karanA cAhie aura isa prakAra arthAt sacAI (ImAnadArI) se prApta dhana ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karanA cAhie-saMgRhIta dhana ke ekatihAI se dharma evaM artha kI prApti karanI cAhie, eka tihAI kA vyaya kAma ke lie honA cAhie (arthAt pavitra kAma-sambandhI jIvana evaM dharmavihita anya AnandoM meM lagAnA cAhie) tathA eka tihAI ko aura bar3hAnA caahie| manu (766 evaM 101) ne bhI isI prakAra ke niyama rAjA ke lie nirdhArita kiye haiN| aura dekhie anuzAsana parva (144 / 10-25) / ye vyavasthAe~ sAmAnya janoM ke lie banAyI gayI haiN| rAmAyaNa ne eka pracalita zloka uddhRta kiyA hai ki manuSya asIma du:kha ko bhogane ke lie nahIM garhita kiyA jAtA, pratyuta yadi vaha jIvita rahe, usake pAsa sau varSoM ke uparAnta bhI Ananda AtA hai|12 cauthA puruSArtha mokSa bahuta hI kama logoM dvArA prApta kiyA jAtA hai| yaha dhanuSa nahIM hai jise pratyeka vyakti yA koI bhI apane kandhe se laTakA le| yaha chure kI dhAra ke samAna bahuta hI kaThina mArga hai (kaThopaniSad 3314), yaha bhakti mArga kI apekSA bahuta kaThina mArga hai ( bhagavadgItA 1215 ) / upaniSadoM dvArA pratipAdita mokSa kA siddhAnta yaha hai-mAnava svabhAva vAstava meM divya hai, mAnava ke lie Izvaratva kI jAnakArI prApta karanA tathA usase tAdAtmya sthApita karanA sambhava hai, yahI mAnava kA antima lakSya honA cAhie, isakI prApti apane udyogoM evaM prayAsoM se hI sambhava hotI hai, kintu isakI prApti kA mArga atyanta kaTina hai, isake lie ahaMkAra, svArthaparatA evaM sAMsArika viSayAsakti se vimukha honA par3atA hai| isake atirikta eka anya kaTinAI bhI hai| mokSa sambandhI dhAraNA vibhinna sampradAyoM, yathA-nyAya, sAMkhya, vedAnta Adi dvArA vibhinna DhaMgoM se vyakta kI gayI hai| yahA~ taka ki svayaM vedAnta meM mokSa sambandhI dhAraNA ke viSaya meM vibhinna AcArya vibhinna mata pratipAdita karate haiN| kucha ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki makti kI cAra avasthAe~ haiM; yathA-sAlokya (prabhu ke loka meM sthAna), sAmIpya (sannikaTatA), sArUpya (prabhu kA hI svarUpa dhAraNa karanA) evaM sAyujya (samAhita ho jAnA) / 13 ina para vizeSa varNana yahA~ nahIM hogaa| 12. kalyANI bata gAtheyaM laukikI pratibhAti me| eti jIvantamAnando naraM varSazatAdapi / / -sundarakANDa (3416) 13. te0 saM0 (5 / 7 / 17) meM AyA hai-etAsAmeva devatAnAM sAyujyatAM gcchti| kintu yaha mokSa kI dhAraNA se sarvathA bhinna hai| sAyujya, sArUpya evaM salokatA zabda ai0 brA0 (2024) meM bhI ullikhita hue haiN| sAyujya evaM salokatA bR0 upa0 (1 / 3 / 22) meM prayukta hue haiN| salokatA, sASTitA (vahI sukha) evaM sAyujya chA0 upa0 (2 / 20 / 2) meM Aye haiN| sUtasaMhitA (muktikhaNDa, 3 / 28) ne bhI mokSa kI ina avasthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 'sAyujya' zabda sayuj (eka meM saMlagna yA saMyukta) se niSpanna huA hai| 'sayujaH vAjAn' (eka meM jute azva) R0

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Yoo dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ke anusAra dharma vibhinna vargoM meM vibhAjita huA hai| eka vibhAjana ke anusAra dharma ke do prakAra haiM-zrauta (vedoM para AdhRta) evaM smArta ( smRtiyoM para AdhRta ), eka anya apekSAkRta adhika vyApaka vibhAjana ke anusAra dharma ke cha: prakAra haiM-(1) varNa dharma (varSoM ke karttavya evaM adhikAra), (2) Azrama dharma (AzramoM ke viSaya meM niyama), (3) varNAzrama dharma (aise niyama jo kisI eka varNa ke vyakti ke kisI viziSTa Azrama se sambandhita hoM, yathA brAhmaNa brahmacArI ko palAza daNDa dhAraNa karanA cAhie), (4) guNadharma ( kisI pada para AsIna vyakti ke lie niyama, yathA rAjA se sambandhita niyama ), (5) naimittika dharma (kisI viziSTa avasara para kiye jAne vAle kRtyoM se sambandhita niyama Adi, yathA grahaNa para yA prAyazcitta sambandhI) tathA (6) sAmAnya dharma (aise kartavya jo sabake lie hoN)| isa vivecana se hama hindU saMskRti kI eka anya vizeSatA kI ora pahu~cate haiM, yathA-varNa evaM jAtiyA~ / (6) varNa evaM jAtiyA~ / varNoM kI utpatti, vibhAjana, jAti-prathA, cAroM varSoM ke kartavyoM evaM adhikAroM ke vistAra ke sAtha isa mahAgrantha ke mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 16-164 meM par3ha liyA hai / yaha pradarzita kiyA gayA hai ki 'varNa' zabda (jisakA artha hai raMga) Rgveda meM Aryo evaM dAsoM ke lie prayukta huA hai aura Arya evaM dAsa eka-dUsare ke virodhI do pRthak dala the| Rgveda meM brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya zabda prayukta haiM kintu 'varNa' zabda spaSTa rUpa se inake lie nahIM prayukta huA hai| 'vaizya' evaM 'zUdra', zabda Rgveda meM puruSasUkta (R0 1060 / 12) ko chor3akara kahIM bhI nahIM Aye haiM kintu vahA~ bhI inake saMdarbha meM 'varNa' zabda nahIM prayukta huA hai| bahuta se Adhunika vidvAna puruSasUkta ko pazcAtkAlIna kSepaka mAnate haiM / yaha satya pratIta hotA hai ki puruSasakta ke praNayana ke samaya samAja cAra daloM meM vibhakta thA, yathA-ba raka, vidvAna loga, purohita), kSatriya (zAsaka evaM yoddhAgaNa), vaizya (sAdhAraNa loga, jo kRSi evaM zilpa meM lage hue the) evaM zUdra (jo bhRtya the yA dAsakarma karate the) / isa prakAra kA vibhAjana asvAbhAvika nahIM hai aura Aja bhI aisA vibhAjana bahata se dezoM meM vidyamAna hai| iMglaiNDa meM abhijAta kaTamba haiM, madhyama zreNI ke loga haiM tathA miloM evaM phaikTariyoM meM kAma karane vAle loga haiN| ve Avazyaka rUpa se janma se aise nahIM haiM, kintu adhikAMza meM usI prakAra haiN| hamane dekha liyA hai ki yAjJavalkya smati ke kAla taka brAhmaNoM tathA anya vargoM ke bIca antavivAha pracalita thA (dekhie adhyAya 26), jise isane ThIka nahIM samajhA hai aura tIna ucca vargoM ko zUdrA se vivAha karane ko manA kiyA hai / hamAre pAsa koI aisA pramANa nahIM hai jo yaha siddha kara sake ki vaidika yuga meM cAroM vargoM ke bIca antavivAha yA antarbhojana nahIM hotA thaa| vAja0 saM0 (30 / 6-13), kAThaka saM0 (17 / 13), ta0 brA0 (3 / 4 / 2-3) meM takSA, rathakAra, kulAla, karmAra, niSAda sUta Adi zilpakAroM kA ullekha huA hai, kintu yaha nahIM patA cala pAtA ki ve ina granthoM ke kAla meM jAtiyoM ke rUpa meM bana gaye the ki nhiiN| atharvaveda (31516-7) meM rathakAra, kAra evaM sUta kA ullekha hai| yaha sambhava hai ki chA0 upa0 (5 / 10 / 7) ke kAla taka cANDAla loga (kuttoM evaM sUaroM kI bhA~ti) aspRzya ho gaye the aura paulkasa (3 / 30 / 11) meM bhI prayukta hai tathA 'sayujA' (arthAta saya jau) zabda R0 (11164 / 20) meM AyA hai| sAyaNa kI puruSArthasudhAnidhi (madrAsa gavarnameNTa orieNTala mainaskripTa sIrIja, zrI candrazekharana dvArA sampAdita, 1655) ke mokSa skandha (2 / 2-3) meM isa prakAra AyA hai-'muktirnAnA vidhA proktA sAmujyAdiprabhedataH / tatra sAyujyarUpAyA mukteH sAkSAttu kAraNapam / samyagjJAnaM na karmoktaM nAnayozca samuccayaH / karmaNaiva hi sidhyanti puMsAmanyAzca muktyH||

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hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAe~ 401 loga cANDAla ke samAna hI the (bR. upa0 4 / 3 / 22) / yAjJavalkya evaM parAzara (dUsarI se chaThI zatI taka) ke kAloM meM brAhmaNa jina zUdroM ke ghara meM bhojana kara sakatA thA ve ye haiM-apanA dAsa, gorakhiyA (gAya carAne vAlA yA caravAhA), nAI tathA adhiyarA (aisA AsAmI jo apanI bhUmi jotatA-botA ho aura AdhA bhAga detA ho)| varNa kevala cAra the pAMca nahIM (mana 1014, anuzAsanaparva, 48130) / Aja taka aspRzya logoM ko bahudhA loga paJcama kahate haiM, jo smRti-prayoga ke viruddha hai / vaidika sAhitya meM 'jAti' zabda apane Aja ke artha meM kadAcit hI prayukta huA ho, kintu nirukta (12 / 13) evaM pANini (5 / 4 / 6 yathA 'brAhmaNajAtIya' jisakA artha hai jo jAti se brAhmaNa ho) meM yaha zabda AyA hai| kabhI-kabhI 'jAti' evaM 'varNa' zabdoM meM smRtiyoM (yAjJa0 2 / 66, 260 ) dvArA bheda kiyA gayA hai, kintu prAcIna kAla se hI 'jAti' zabda bhrAmaka rUpa meM 'varNa' ke artha meM prayukta hotA rahA hai| manu (10 / 31) meM 'varNa' zabda kA prayoga varNasaMkaroM ke artha meM kiyA hai aura isI prakAra, ulaTe rUpa meM 'jAti' zabda 'varNa' ke artha meM manusmati (83177, 685-86, 10141) meM prayukta huA hai| nya dezoM meM, ya -phArasa, roma evaM jApAna meM bhI eka prakAra kI jAti-prathA kA pracalana thA, jo samApta ho gayA, kintu vaha bhAratIya jAti-prathA kI jaTilatA ko nahIM prApta ho sakA thaa| ___ Aja bhArata meM sahasroM jAtiyA~ evaM upajAtiyA~ haiN| ve kisa prakAra utpanna ho gayIM, yaha eka abhedya samasyA hai| zeriMga ne apane grantha 'hindU TrAibsa eNDa kAsTsa' (1881, jilda 3, pR0 231) meM yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai ki yaha (brAhmaNoM dvArA kiyA gayA) AviSkAra hai| kisa prakAra eka itanI vizAla prathA thor3e se brAhmaNoM dvArA lAkhoM vyaktiyoM ke Upara lAdI gayI, yaha samajha meM nahIM AtA, jaba ki brAhmaNoM ke hAtha meM koI zArIrika evaM rAjanItika zakti nahIM thI ! usa pAdarI mahodaya ke mana meM yaha bAta nahIM AyI, bar3A Azcarya hai| vizeSata: IsAI dharma pracAraka aisI ho truTipUrNa evaM bhrAmaka dhAraNAoM ko lekara moTe-moTe grantha likha DAlate the| zeriMga mahodaya kA grantha 16 zatI ke tIsare caraNa meM praNIta huA thaa| yaha bhalI bhA~ti vidita hai ki kama-se-kama I0 pU0 chaThI zatI se Age mArata para pArasIkoM (pArasiyoM), kAmbojoM4 , yUnAniyoM, sithiyanoM ( sAmAnyataH zaka logoM ) ke AkramaNa hote rahe tathA pAradoM, palavoM, cInoM, kirAtoM, daradoM evaM khazoM kA bhArata meM AnA jArI rhaa| manu (10 / 43-4) ne inake tathA pauNDakoM, or3oM (ur3IsAvAsiyoM), dravir3oM kA ullekha karate hue likhA hai ki ye mUlataH kSatriya the, kintu upanayana aise saMskAroM se vihIna hone ke kAraNa unakA brAhmaNoM se saMsarga TUTa gayA thaa| manu (10145) ke samaya meM kucha mizrita jAtiyA~ thIM jo mleccha boliyA~ evaM Arya bhASAe~ bolatI thIM, kintu dasyuoM (zUdroM) meM parigaNita thiiN| gautamadharmasUtra (111417), manu (1015-40), yAjJa0 (1160-65) Adi ne kahA hai ki vibhinna vargoM ke puruSoM evaM nAriyoM ke vivAhoM 14. atri-smRti (32, gadya) ne ina bAhya jAtiyoM evaM logoM meM kucha kA ullekha kiyA hai| dekhie anuzAsanaparva (33|21-23)-'shkaa yavana-kAmbojA: kSatriyajAtayaH / vRSalatvaM parigatA brAhmaNAnAM aadrshnaat..|' evaM vahI (35 / 17-18) / mahAbhASya (pANini (2 / 4 / 10) ne zaka evaM yavana ko zUdroM meM parigaNita kiyA hai azoka ne apane prastarAbhilekha saM05 evaM 13 meM yonoM yonarAja evaM kAmbojoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo usake sAmrAjya kI sImAoM para rahate the| e0 ema0 TI0 jaiksana ne iNDiyana aiNTIkverI (1610, pR0 77) meM likhA hai-'hindU sabhyatA kI AkarSaka zakti ne , jisane musalamAnoM evaM yUropavAsiyoM ko chor3a kara sabhI bAhya AkrAmakoM ko apane meM khapA liyA, madhya eziyA ke khAnAbadozoM (yAyAvara jAtiyoM) ko sabhya banA diyA, yahA~ taka ki jaMgalI turko ke bala atyanta zaktizAlI rAjapUta rAjagharAne ke sadasyoM meM pariNata ho gye|

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402 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa evaM sammilanoM se mizrita jAtiyoM kI utpatti huI aura Aga vibhinna vargoM evaM jAtiyoM ke puruSoM evaM nAriyoM ke vivAhoM evaM sammilanoM se vibhinna jAtiyoM evaM upajAtiyoM kI udbhUti huii| isI ko varNa saMkara yA kevala saMkara kahA gayA aura isI ke viSaya meM arjuna ne zaMkA prakaTa kI (gItA 1141-42) aura isI ke virodha meM bhagavadgItA (3 / 24-25) ne kar3A AkSepa prakaTa kiyA hai| gautama (dharmasUtra 813) ne kahA hai ki (jAtiyoM evaM upajAtiyoM kI) samRddhi, (vargoM kI) rakSA evaM zuddhatA (asaMkaratA) rAjA evaM vidvAn brAhmaNoM para nirbhara rahatI hai| rAjA sirI pulumAyI (epi0 iM0, jilda 8, pR0 60, lagabhaga 130 I0) ke nAsika lekha meM rAjA kI prazaMsA kI gayI hai ki usane varNasaMkaratA ko roka diyA hai| prAcIna kAla meM bhI varNasaMkaratA prakaTa ho gayI thI, vanaparva (180 / 31-33) meM yudhiSThira ne kahA hai-- 'vargoM ke astavyasta mizraNa ke kAraNa kisI vyakti kI jAti kA patA calAnA kaThina ho gayA hai; sabhI loga sabhI prakAra kI nAriyoM se santAna utpanna karate haiM; ataH vijJa loga caritra ko hI pramukha evaM vAMchita vastu mAnate haiN|' varNoM kI maulika yojanA svAbhAvika thI aura vaha usa kArya para Adhuta thI jise vyakti sampUrNa samAja ke lie karatA thaa| yaha janma para AdhRta nahIM thii| vaidika kAla meM kevala varga the, Adhunika artha meM jAtiyA~ nhiiN| maulika varNa-vyavasthA meM usa samaya ke samAja ke lie eka aisI sthApanA thI jisameM kisI pratidvandvitA-sambandhI samAnatA kI prApti kA prayAsa nahIM thA, pratyata usameM sabhI daloM athavA vargoM kI abhiruci athavA svArtha samAna thaa| smatiyoM meM bhI, jaba ki bahuta-sI jAtiyA~ utpanna ho cukI thIM, adhikAroM evaM suvidhAoM kI apekSA kartavyoM para hI sabase adhika bala diyA jAtA thA, tathA ucca naitika caritra evaM vyakti ke prayAsa kA mUlya adhika mAnA jAtA thaa| isI se gItA (4 / 13) meM kahA gayA hai ki cAra varNoM kI vyavasthA guNoM (sattva, raja evaM tama) evaM karmoM ke AdhAra para kI gayI hai aura punaH (18 / 42-44) AyA hai ki mana kI zAnti (nirmalatA), Atma-saMyama, tapa, zuddhatA, dhairya (sahanazIlatA), Arjava (saralatA athavA RjutA),jJAna (AdhyAtmika jJAna), sabhI prakAroM kA jJAna, vizvAsa (yA Izvara meM zraddhA)-- ye saba brAhmaNa ke svAbhAvika karma (kartavya) haiM ; vIratA, krodha (Aveza), zakti, sthiratA, samarthatA, yuddha se na bhAganA, dayA evaM zAsana--ye saba kSatriya ke kartavya haiM; kRSi, pazapAlana, vyApAra evaM vANijya -ye saba vaizya ke svAbhAvika kartavya haiM; sevA ke rUpa kA kArya zUdra kA svAbhAvika kartavya hai| gItA ke ina zabdoM ko hama Adhunika sahasroM jAtiyoM evaM upajAtiyoM ke samarthana meM prayukta nahIM kara skte| yadi janma ko hI pramakha evaM eka mAtra AdhAra mAnA gayA hotA to gItA ke zabda (4 / 13) 'jAti-karma vibhAgazaH' (yA janma-karma) hote na ki 'guNakarma vibhaagshH'| yaha draSTavya hai ki brAhmaNoM ke lie jo nau karma rakhe gaye haiM unameM kahIM bhI janma para bala nahIM diyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata ke kAla meM kaThora jAti-vyavasthA ke virodha meM koI bar3I krAnti yA upadrava yA AlocanA avazya huI hogii| mahAbhArata meM bahudhA varNoM evaM jAtiyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai (dekhie vanaparva adhyAya 180, virATa parva 50 / 4-7, udyogaparva 23 / 26, 40 / 25-26, zAntiparva 188 / 10-14, anuzAsana parva adhyAya 143) / kucha vacana yahA~ uddhRta kiye jA rahe haiM / zAntiparva (188 / 10) meM AyA hai-'vargoM meM koI vAstavika antarbheda nahIM hai, (kyoMki), sampUrNa vizva brahma kA hai, kyoMki yaha Arambha meM brahmA dvArA sRSTa huA thA, aura isameM (manuSyoM ke) vibhinna prakAra ke karmoM ke kAraNa varNoM kI vyavasthA thI, zAntiparva (18614 evaM 8) meM punaH kahA gayA hai-'vaha vyakti brAhmaNa kahalAtA hai jisameM satyatA, udAratA, vidveSa kA abhAva, krUratA kA abhAva, lajjA (burA karma karane para niyantraNa), karuNA evaM tapasvI kA jIvana pAyA jAye; yadi ye lakSaNa kisI zUdra meM dikhAI par3a jAyaM aura kisI brAhmaNa meM unakA abhAva ho to zUdra zUdra nahIM hai (use zUdra nahIM samajhA jAnA cAhie) aura vaha brAhmaNa brAhmaNa nahIM hai| milAie vanaparva (216114-15), dhammapada (363) / jina dinoM vaiSNavoM tathA anya logoM meM jhagar3e cala rahe the aura ve apanI

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hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAeM 403 caramAvasthA ko pahuMca gaye the taba bhAgavatapurANa (7 / 6 / 10) meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha cANDAla jo viSNu kA bhakta hai usa brAhmaNa se uttama hai jo viSNu kA bhakta nahIM hai| cAroM vargoM meM pratyeka ke sadasyoM ko jo kucha viziSTa guNa prApta hone cAhie unameM naitika guNoM ko dharmazAstra ke granthoM meM sabase adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| manu (10 / 63), yAjJa0 (1122) gautamadharmasUtra (8 / 23-25), matsyapurANa ( 52 / 8-10 ) ne sabhI vargoM ke lie AcAroM evaM guNoM kI vyavasthA kara dI hai, yathA--ahiMsA, satya, asteya, zauca (zuddhatA), indriya nigraha / dekhie mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 sh22)| vistRta adhyayana ke lie dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa-2, pR010-11| brAhmaNoM ke samakSa bar3e ucca Adarza rakha diye gaye the| unheM kartavya ke rUpa meM veda evaM vedAMgoM kA adhyayana karanA par3atA thA, unheM yajJa-sampAdana karanA par3atA thA, dAna denA par3atA thA aura unakI jIvikA ke ucita sAdhana kevala tIna the-veda evaM zAstroM kI zikSA denA, yajJoM meM paurohitya kA kArya karanA evaM dhArmika tathA anya dAna grahaNa karanA / vedAdhyayana kitanA kaThina kArya thA, isakA parijJAna isI se ho sakatA hai ki eka veda kA jJAtA tathA kamase-kama eka veda ko sampUrNa kaNThastha kara lene vAlA brAhmaNa bar3A vidvAn ginA jAtA thaa| mAna lIjie koI brAhmaNa Rgveda kA vidyArthI hai to use Rgveda ke dasa sahana se adhika mantroM, usake pada-pATha, kramapATha, brAhmaNa, (sAmAnyataH aitareya), chaha vedAMgoM (yathA--AzvalAyana kA kalpa sUtra, pANini kA vyAkaraNa jisameM lagabhaga 4000 sUtra haiM, nirukta jo 12 adhyAyoM meM hai, chanda, zikSA evaM jyotiSa) ko kaNThastha karanA par3atA thaa| chaha vedAMgoM meM prathama tIna bahuta lambe evaM gUDha (duryodha) grantha haiM / binA artha samajhe itane lambe sAhitya ko smaraNa rakhanA par3atA thaa| isa zatI ke Arambha meM isa prakAra ke lagabhaga sahasroM brAhmaNa the, aura Aja bhI isa prakAra ke saikar3oM brAhmaNa haiN| unheM binA zalka liye veda kA adhyApana karanA par3atA thA (vedAdhyApana karane para zulka-grahaNa pApa samajhA jAtA thA aura Aja bhI aisA hI hai) / zikSA ke anta meM ve diye jAne para kucha grahaNa kara sakate the| yajJoM meM paurohitya kArya se paryApta dakSiNA mila jAtI thii| kintu sabhI brAhmaNa purohita nahIM hote the, ve yadi cAheM to ho sakate the, kintu isake lie vidvattA anivArya thii| bahuta-se brAhmaNa zrAddha-karma meM purohita honA svIkAra nahIM karate (kama-se-kama manuSya kI mRtyu ke uparAnta tIna varSoM tk)| pANini (5 / 271) meM 'brAhmaNaka' (vaha deza yA prAnta jahA~ brAhmaNa AyudhajIvI hote the) kI vyutpatti batAyI hai aura kauTilya (62) ne bhI brAhmaNoM kI senA kI carcA kI hai| brAhmaNoM kI Aya kA tIsarA srota thA yogya supAtra evaM pAparahita vyakti se dhArmika dAnoM kA grahaNa / vipattiyoM meM brAhmaNa anya vRti sakate the. kinta isa viSaya meM bhI bahata-se niSedha the| brAhmaNoM ke samakSa daridratA kA jIvana, sAdA jIvana evaM ucca vicAra kA Adarza thA, ve dhana ke lobhI nahIM the| unheM apane aura Arya samAja ke mUlya ko bar3hAne kI avazyakatA para bala denA par3atA thA, ve prAcIna sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke adhyayana, rakSaNa, prasAraNa evaM vRddhi meM lage rahate the / yahI unake jIvana kA pramukha Adarza thaa| rAjA, dhanika loga, sAmAnya jana bhI vidvAn brAhmaNoM ko bhUmi-dAna evaM gRha-dAna kiyA karate the aura isa prakAra dAna-karma bar3A puNyakAraka mAnA jAtA thaa| dekhie isa viSaya meM isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 113 / brAhmaNa loga zatiyoM se cale Aye hue itane samRddha evaM vizAla sAhitya ke saMrakSaka the, unase aisI AzA kI jAtI thI ki ve nita-nava-nUtana bar3hate hue sAhitya kI bhI rakSA kareM aura use samyak DhaMga se auroM meM bA~TeM tathA sampUrNa sAhitya kA pracAra kreN| yadyapi sabhI brAhmaNa itane bar3e Adarza taka nahIM pahuMca pAte the, kintu taba brAhmaNoM kI bahuta bar3I saMkhyA isa mahAna kArya meM saMlagna thii| inhIM logoM ke kAraNa sampUrNa brAhmaNa-samAja ko itanA bar3A mAhAtmya prApta huaa| prAcIna evaM madhya kAla meM bahuta-se loga apane pUrvajoM kI vRttiyA~ karate the| manu (84-8) ne rAjA ke pada kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai aura kahA hai ki rAjA meM ATha devoM (yathA-indra, agni, varuNa, sUrya, candra, kubera, yama evaM vAyu) kA astitva pAyA jAtA hai aura rAjA nara rUpa meM mahAn devatva kA rUpa hai| rAjA

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404 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kA pada AnuvaMzika thaa| kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara brAhmaNa kabhI bhI zAsaka nahIM bane / kSatriya evaM zUdra avazya rAjA bne| isI se eka sAmAnyIkaraNa cala par3A ki kisI dala yA kuTumba meM janma hone se usa dala-vizeSa yA kuTumba ke guNoM kI prApti ho jAtI hai| brAhmaNa adhyApaka the, kintu vetana nahIM pAte the, bulAye jAne para paurohitya kA kArya karate the aura dakSiNA pAte the, kintu lagAtAra usake milane kI koI sunizcitatA yA gAraMTI nahIM thii| brAhmaNoM kA koI dhArmika saMgaThana nahIM thA, jaisA ki IsAiyoM meM dekhA jAtA hai, yathA--Arkavizapa, vizapa, purohita, DIkana Adi / bauddhoM evaM IsAiyoM kI bhA~ti unake maTha nahIM the| ve gRhastha the, unheM putra utpanna karane par3ate the aura unheM isa prakAra zikSA denI par3atI thI ki ve bhI unhIM ke samAna vidvAn hoM aura apanI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA ke adhyayana, saMvardhana, rakSaNa evaM prasAraNa meM dattacitta hoM tathA apane samAja ke mAhAtmya ko akSuNNa rakhe rheN| kintu aba jAti-prathA evaM varNa-vyavasthA samApta-sI ho rahI hai / loga nAma mAtra ke brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya yA zUdra haiN| kAnUna dvArA bhI bahuta-se doSa dUra kiye jA rahe haiN| kintu ho kyA rahA hai ? purAnI jAtiyoM ke sthAna para nayI jAtiyA~ na utpanna ho jAyeM, isakA mahAn Dara utpanna ho gayA hai| kahIM mantriyoM, naukarazAhI vAloM, vyAvasAyika lakSapatiyoM, zaktizAlI manuSyoM kI pRthak-pRthak jAtiyA~ na bana jaayeN| aisA hone kI apekSA to hamArI prAcIna jAti-prathA hI acchI kahI jaayegii| vAstava meM, rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA ke udreka ke sAtha, niHzulka zikSA tathA sArvabhauma suvidhAoM Adi ke dvArA hama jAti-prathA ke doSoM ko dUra kara sakate haiN| janatA ke bIca bacapana se rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA ko jagAnA parama Avazyaka hai| pUre rASTra ke lie eka zikSA-vidhAna honA cAhie, ni:zulka evaM anivArya zikSA kI vyavasthA honI caahie| jAtivAda ko kevala gAlI dene se kAma nahIM calegA, netA loga svayaM hIna svArthavRttiyoM ke Upara uTheMge tabhI Adarza maya sthiti kI utpatti hogii| sArvabhauma Arambhika evaM mAdhyamika zikSA, antarjAtIya-vivAha tathA saMskRti viSayaka pramukha tatvoM ke prati baddhamUlatA (yadyapi isa viSaya meM kucha antarbheda to rahegA hI) se hI jAtiyoM kA vinAza ho sakatA hai| isake lie, ucca caritra vAle, kartavyazIla evaM utsarga karane kI pravRtti vAle vyaktiyoM kI paryApta saMkhyA kI AvazyakatA paDegI, kyoMki aise vyakti hI nirapekSa hokara jAti-praya galI pravRttiyoM ko dUra kara sakate haiN| yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki ucca AdhyAtmika jIvana evaM mokSa se zUdra loga vaJcita the| yaha satya hai ki pUrvamImAMsA ne zUdroM ke lie vedAdhyayana evaM yajJa-sampAdana varjita ThaharA diyA thA (6 / 1 / 26) / kintu una Arambhika kAloM meM bhI RSi bAdari aise logoM ne pratipAdana kiyA thA ki zUdra bhI vedAdhyayana evaM yajJa-sampAdana kara sakate haiM (pU0 mI0 sU0 6 / 1 / 27) / yaha draSTavya hai ki zUdra loga AdhyAtmika jIvana se vaJcita nahIM the, ve mahAbhArata (jisameM mokSa-sambandhI sahasroM zloka haiM) ke adhyayana se, jise vyAsa ne dayA karake nAriyoM evaM zUdroM ke kalyANa ke lie likhA thA, jo apane ko dharmazAstra, arthazAstra evaM mokSazAstra ke nAma se pukAratA hai (Adiparva 62 / 23), jaisA ki bhAgavatapurANa (1 / 4 / 25) ne udghoSita kiyA hai, mokSa kI prApti kara sakate the| eka bAta nirNIta thI ki zUdra vedAdhyayana se mokSa prApti nahIM kara sakate the| zaMkarAcArya (ve. sU0 1 // 3 // 38) ne vyakta kiyA hai ki vidura (Adiparva 63 / 66-67 evaM 114, 106 / 24-28, udyogaparva 4115) evaM dharmavyAdha (vanaparva 207) aise zUdra brahmavidyAvid the aura aisA kahanA asambhava hai ki ve mokSa prApta karane ke yogya nahIM the| yaha draSTavya hai ki vaidika kAla meM bhI rathakAra (jo tIna ucca jAtiyoM meM parigaNita nahIM thA) ko vaidika agni pratiSThApita karane kI anumati thI aura vaha homa ke lie vaidika mantroM kA pATha kara sakatA thA tathA niSAda ko (jo tIna ucca vargoM meM nahIM thA) rudra ke lie vaidika mantroM ke sAtha iSTi karane kI anumati prApta thii| isase spaSTa hai ki sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM ke bahuta pahale vaidika yajJoM kA pracAra kucha zUdroM meM bhI thaa| bhAgavatapurANa (7 / 6 / 10) yaha mAnane ko sannada hai ki viSNu bhakta janma se cANDAla, usa brAhmaNa se jo viSNu bhakta nahIM hai, uttama hai /

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hindU saMskRti evaM sampatA kI maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAe~ jAti prathA ke antardhAna yA tirohita ho jAne kA ( yaha jaba bhI sambhava ho sake ) yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki hindU dharma meM jo kucha hai aura jo kucha sahasroM varSoM se pUjita evaM zlAghya rahA hai athavA jisake lie yaha itanI zatiyoM taka avasthita rahA hai vaha saba tirohita ho jAyagA / hameM apane adhaHpatana ke mUla meM kevala jAti prathA ko yA ise hI maulika kAraNa samajha kara lagAtAra eka hI svarAlApa nahIM karate rahanA caahie| musalamAnoM meM koI jAti prathA nahIM hai taba bhI bahuta se aise musalamAnI deza haiN| jo aba bhI pichar3e hue haiN| cIna, jApAna evaM dakSiNa-pUrvI eziyA ke dezo meM hamAre deza kI bhAMti jAti prathA nahIM hai tathApi prathama do deza Aja se sau varSa pUrva pichar3e hue the aura dakSiNa-pUrvI eziyA ke bahuta-se deza eka bahuta choTe deza hAlaiNDa ke (jisakI jana-saMkhyA Aja bhI kevala savA karor3a hai) adhIna the / san 1818 I0 se jaba aMgrejoM na dakSiNa para apanA adhikAra jamAyA, lagabhaga 130 varSoM taka jo bhI bhArata meM rAjakIya zakti vidyamAna thI vaha lagabhaga 600 choTI-choTI riyAsatoM meM vibhakta thI, jinameM kSatriyoM evaM anya logoM kA Adhipatya thA, una 600 riyAsatoM para lagabhaga eka darjana se adhika brAhmaNoM kA Adhipatya nahIM thA / jo kucha bhI vyApAra evaM vANijya thA athavA jo kucha aMgrejoM ne bhAratIyoM ko isa viSaya meM anumati de rakhI thI, vaha pArasiyoM, bhaTiyoM, baniyoM mAravAr3iyoM, jainoM evaM liMgAyatoM taka hI sImita thA, brAhmaNoM ko vyApAra evaM vANijya meM koI bhAga prApta na thA / tilaka aise brAhmaNa rAjanItijJoM na e hI svadezI kA nArA bulanda kiyaa| baMgAla tathA usake sannikaTa ke anya bhUmi-bhAgoM ko. jahA~ lArDa kArnavAlisa dvArA jamIndArI prathA pracalita kI gayI thI, chor3akara sabhI sthAnoM meM kRSi tathA lena-dena adhikAMzataH abrAhmaNa logoM meM pAyA jAtA thA / zatiyoM taka adhaHpatana ke garta meM jo hama par3ate gaye usakA eka pramukha kAraNa thA hamameM (cAhe hama ucca hoM yA nIca) kucha viziSTa guNoM evaM vicAradhArAoM kA abhAva / ataH aba hameM jAti prathA ko hI lekara bAra-bAra apane adhaHpatana ke kAraNa ke lie apane ko aparAdhI nahIM siddha karate rahanA cAhie, pratyuta isake doSoM ko dUra karane ke lie kaTibaddha ho jAnA cAhie aura kartavya ke lie kartavya karane kI pravRtti, ucca udyoga, ucca naitika caritra, rASTrIyatA, svatantratA evaM nyAya aise sadguNoM ko apane meM utpanna karanA cAhie / (7) Azrama - hamArI saMskRti kI eka vizeSatA hai Azrama paddhati, jo IsA ke pUrva kaI zatiyoM taka samAja meM vidyamAna thI / vaidika saMhitAoM yA brAhmaNoM meM 'Azrama' zabda nahIM AtA / zvetAzvataropaniSad ( 6 / 21 ) meM 'atyAzramibhyaH' zabda AyA hai jisase vyakta hotA hai ki 'Azrama' zabda una dinoM pracalita thA / eka vyApaka zabda, jisameM bahuta sArI bAteM samanvita hotI haiM, tabhI bana pAtA hai jaba usake anya sahayogI aMga kaI zatiyoM taka pracalita ho gaye rahate haiN| 'zrAddha' zabda prAcIna vaidika vacanoM meM nahIM pAyA jAtA, yadyapi piNDapitRyajJa (agnihotrI dvArA pratyeka amAvAsyA para kiyA jAne vAlA), mahApitRyajJa (sAkamedha nAmaka cAturmAsya kRtya meM sampAdita hone vAlA) evaM aSTakA kRtya (ye sabhI pitaroM ke sammAna meM kiye jAte haiM), Arambhika vaidika sAhitya meM bhalI bhA~ti vidita the / isI prakAra kucha Azrama nizcita rUpa se Rgveda ke kAla meM jJAta the| sUtra sAhitya ke kAla ke bahuta pahale se AzramoM kI saMkhyA cAra thI, yathA brahmacarya, gArhasthya, vAnaprasthya yA vaikhAnasa ( gautama 3 / 2 ), saMnyAsa yA mauna yA parivrAjya yA pravrajyA yA bhikSu ( gautama 32 ) 14 AzramoM kA varNana isa mahAgrantha ke mUla khaNDa 2 ke pRSTha 346 15. catvAra AzramA gArhasthyamAcAryakulaM maunaM vAnaprasthyamiti / Apa0 gha0 sU0 (2/6/2111 ), zaMkarAcArya dvArA ve0 sU0 (3|1|47 ) ke bhAdhya meM uddhata / 4

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406 fare kA itihAsa 382, 416-426, 616-626 tathA 630-675 meM vistAra ke sAtha huA hai / Rgveda ( 6 48; 107, 126, 17 / 15, 24 / 10 - sabhI meM sau varSa jo zIta Rtu se dyotita hote the) ke kAla se hI manuSya kI Ayu sau varSoM kI mAnI jAtI thI (R0 7 101 / 6, 10 / 16113 evaM 4, yahA~ 'zarad' zabda kA ullekha huA hai ) / yaha koI nahIM kaha sakatA thA ki manuSya kaba taka jIvita rahegA, ataH yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA thA ki pratyeka vibhAga (Azrama ) 25 varSoM kA thA, ataH isakA yahI tAtparya thA ki yadi vyakti lambI Ayu taka jIvita rahe to vaha cAroM avasthAoM (AzramoM) ko pAra kara sakatA thaa| 'brahmacArI' zabda R0 (10 / 10616) evaM tai0 saM0 (6 / 3 / 10 / 11 ) meM AyA hai, 'brahmacarya' zabda tai0 saM0 (6|3|10|5) evaM tai0 brA0 ( 3 / 10 / 11 ) meM prayukta huA hai / R0 (6053 / 2 ) meM 'gRhapati' zabda AyA hai jisakA artha hai gRhastha / indra ko muniyoM kA mitra kahA gayA hai (R0 8 17/14 ) tathA yatiyoM ke bAre meM AyA hai ki unhoMne indra kI stuti kI (R0 826 / 18 ) / kaThopaniSad ( 4 / 15) meM prayukta 'muni' zabda saMnyAsI kA dyotaka hai / bR0 upa0 ( 4 / 4 / 22 ) meM AyA hai ki paramAtmA vizva kA prabhu hai, brAhmaNa loga use vedAdhyayana, yajJa-sampAdana, dAna, tapa, upavAsa se jAnane kA prayAsa karate haiM aura usa brahma ko jAnane ke uparAnta vyakti muni ho jAtA hai tathA isa avasthA ko cAhane vAlA kevala bhramaNa karane vAlA ( saMnyAsI) hI usameM AtA hai ( arthAt vahI isa Azrama meM AtA hai) / yahA~ para tapa karane vAloM ko pravrajyA se pahale hI rakhA gayA hai| aura dekhie chA0 upa0 (2 / 23 / 1 ) jahA~ dharma kI tIna zAkhAoM kA ullekha hai, ina tIna zAkhAoM ko tIna AzramoM kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai tathA 'jo brahma meM susthira rUpa se avasthita hai, vaha amaratA prApta karatA hai' ko cauthe Azrama kA dyotaka mAnA jA sakatA hai / vAnaprasthya evaM saMnyAsa ke niyamoM meM bahuta samAnatA hai, antara kevala thor3I sI bAtoM meM hI hai / bR0 upa0 (2 / 4 / 1 evaM 4|5|2 ) meM jahA~ 'pravrajiSyana' zabda kA prayoga 'udyAsyan' (2 / 4 / 1) ke lie huA hai, usase prakaTa hotA hai ki yAjJavalkya gRhastha hone ke uparAnta saMnyAsI (parivrAjaka ) ho gaye / Age cala kara kalivarjya karmoM meM vAnaprastha kA Azrama mI sammilita kara liyA gayA / dekhie sabhI prakAra ke vistRta adhyayana ke lie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 420, 424-425, 640-41 tathA prastuta mUla khaNDa kA pR0 1026-27 / saMnyAsAzrama yA yati kA Azrama atyanta samAdRta thA, kyoMki isase mokSa kI prApti hotI thI / isakA phala yaha huA ki bahuta se loga, jo isa Azrama arthAt saMnyAsI hone ke lie sarvathA ayogya hote the, isameM praviSTa ho jAte the aura unameM sabhI bAhya lakSaNa, yathA- geruA vastra dhAraNa karanA, sira muMr3A lenA, tIna daNDa vAraNa karanA evaM kamaNDalu dhAraNa karanA, pAye jAte the / aise logoM kI mahAbhArata meM bhartsanA kI gayI hai (zAnti parva 308 / 47=320 / 47 citrazAlA saMskaraNa) / yAjJa0 ( 3 / 58) meM AyA hai ki saMnyAsI ko sabhI prANiyoM ke lie acchA honA cAhie, zAnta rahanA cAhie, tIna daNDa dhAraNa karane cAhie, kamaNDalu ( jala - pAtra ) rakhanA cAhie aura bhikSA ke lie hI grAma meM praveza karanA cAhie / kucha logoM ne 'tridaNDI' ko 'tIna daNDa' dhAraNa karane vAle ke artha meM liyA hai, kintu manu ( 12 / 10 ) evaM dakSa 7 / 30 ) ke ke anusAra tridaNDI vaha hai jo tIna prakAra kA saMyama rakhatA hai, yathA vANI, mana evaM zarIra kA saMyama / saMnyAsI kA samAja meM bar3A Adara thA aura yadi dharma sambandhI koI samasyA hotI thI to kevala eka saMnyAsI pariSad kA kArya kara sakatA thA aura usakA nirNaya ucita ThaharAyA jAtA thA / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 666 / itanA hI nahIM, zrAddha meM bhojana karane ke lie bhI yati ko bulAne para bar3A bala diyA gayA hai ( dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 4, pR0 388, 366) / bRhajjAtaka (adhyAya 15 ) meM AyA hai ki yadi eka hI rAzi meM cAra yA adhika zaktizAlI grahoM ke yoga meM vibhinna prakAra ke saMnyAsI utpanna hoM to una cAra (

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hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA ko maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAeM yA adhika grahoM meM yadi krama se maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, candra, zukra, zani yA sUrya prabala hoMge to usa kuNDalI vAlA vyakti krama se bauddha, AjIvaka, mikSu (vaidika saMnyAsI), vRddha (kApAlika ), caraka, nirgrantha (jana saMnyAsI) yA vaha saMnyAsI hotA hai jo vana meM utpanna hone vAle kanda-mUla-phaloM para nirvAha karatA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki varAhamihira (chaThI zatI) ke bahuta pahale se bhArata meM saMnyAsiyoM ke kaI prakAra prasiddha ho cuke the| varNa-paddhati ne sampUrNa samAja ko kaI daloM meM bA~Ta diyA thA aura usakA sambandha pUre jana-samudAya se thA. kintu Azrama-siddhAnta samAja ke sadasyoM ko sambodhita thA aura unake samakSa eka aisA mApadaNDa thA jisake anasAra ve apane jIvana ko vyavasthita krama meM rakha sakate the aura yaha jAna sakate the ki vibhinna lakSyoM ke lie kisa prakAra kI taiyAriyA~ karanI haiN| Dyazana ne apane grantha 'philaoNsaoNphI Ava di upaniSadasa' (aMgrejI anuvAda, 160610 367) meM Azrama-siddhAnta ke viSaya meM likhA hai-'mAnava-samAja ke itihAsa kI itanI adhika upalabdhi nahIM hai ki vaha isa vicAra (Azrama vyavasthA) kI utkRSTatA ke pAsa A sake (arthAta isakI zreSThatA ko prApta kara ske)|' (8) karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta-hindU dharma evaM darzana se sambandhita jitane maulika siddhAnta haiM unameM karma evaM punarjanma kA siddhAnta bhI apanA viziSTa mahattva rakhatA hai| yaha bahuta-sI bAtoM meM vilakSaNa hai, vizeSataH isa bAta meM ki Arambhika kAla se hI isakA apanA viziSTa sAhitya nirantara gati se calatA evaM bar3hatA hai| isa viSaya meM hamane vizada rUpa se gata adhyAya meM par3ha liyA hai| yahA~ para kucha aura kahanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| (E) ahiMsA kA siddhAnta-isa viSaya meM upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata, dharmazAstroM evaM purANoM meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai use hamane isa mahAgrantha ke mUlakhaNDa 2, pR. 10 evaM prastuta khaNDa ke mUla pR0 644-647 meM likha diyA hai| kucha bAteM saMkSepa meM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| Rgveda meM Rtu evaM yajJa zabda saikar3oM bAra prayavata hae haiN| donoM meM antara isa prakAra prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai ki 'yajJa' zabda baDe sAmAnya DhaMga se bhI prayukta hotA rahA hai (isake antargata mana 3170 dvArA vyavasthita pratidina ke pA~ca dhArmika kRtya bhI sammilita haiM), kintu Rtu kA sambandha somayAga aise pavitra vaidika yajJoM se hai| pANini (4 / 3 / 68) ne donoM ko pRthak-pRthak ullikhita kiyA hai aura yahI bAta gItA (6 / 16, ahaM RturahaM yajJa:) meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| ina yajJoM meM pazu kI bali hotI thI, kintu sabhI yajJoM meM nahIM / kramaza: yaha RgvedIya kAla meM bhI socA jAne lagA ki agni kI pUjA samidhA se kI jA sakatI hai, yA pake bhojana se yA ghRta se yA vedAdhyayana se yA praNAmoM se yA kisI pavitra yajJa se kI jA sakatI hai| isa viSaya meM ye sabhI barAbara haiM aura aise upAsaka ko (zatruoM se yuddha karane ke lie) teja calane vAle ghor3oM kA puraskAra milatA hai, gaurava milatA hai aura use kisI prakAra kI devI yA mAnavI vipatti kA sAmanA nahIM karanA par3atA hai (R0 81165-6) / kucha brAhmaNa-granthoM kI uktiyA~ bhI isI prakAra kI haiN| aitareya brA0 (66) meM AyA hai- 'jo puroDAza se yajJa karatA hai vaha pazuoM ke medha (yajJa) ke samAna hI yajJa karatA hai / 16 ta0 brA0 ( 3 / 3 / 3 ) meM AyA hai ki vana ke yajJiya pazu agni ke caturdika ghumA diye jAne ke uparAnta ahiMsA ke vicAra se chor3a 16.sarveSAM vA eSa pazamAM medhana yajate yaH puroDAzana yjte|ai0braa0(66); paryagnivRtAnAraNyAnatsajayahiMsAyaM / se0 prA0 (3 // 6 // 3 // 3) /

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400 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa diye jAte haiN| DA0 e0 sviTz2ara ne apane grantha 'iNDiyana thaoNTa eNDa iTsa DevalapameNTa' (zrImatI rasela dvArA aMgrejI meM anadita, 1636) meM bar3e prayAsa ke sAtha apanI dhAraNA ke anasAra 'bhAratIya vicAra ke 'loka evaM abhAvAtmaka jIvana' evaM IsAI dharma ke 'loka evaM bhAvAtmaka jIvana' meM antarbheda prakaTa kiyA hai aura viSayAntara ke rUpa meM TippaNI kI hai (pR0 80)-'ahiMsA sambandhI dhArmika anuzAsana karuNA kI bhAvanA kA udreka nahIM hai, pratyuta yaha vyakti ko adUSita rakhane kI bhAvanA se utpanna huA hai|' vidvAn lekhaka ne katipaya bAtoM para dhyAna nahIM diyA hai:--(1) ahiMsA ke viSaya meM chAndogyopaniSad evaM anya uktiyoM meM pAye jAne vAle zauca ke viSaya meM eka zabda bhI nahIM kahA gayA hai| (2) kisI vyakti ko pIr3A na dene ke bAre meM jo vyavasthA dI huI hai (chAndogyopaniSad ) usake pUrva hI aisA AyA hai-'AtmA meM apanI sabhI indriyoM ko kendrita krke|' isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jo yaha jAnatA hai aura isakI anubhUti karatA hai ki sabhI kucha brahma hai, use anyoM ko pIr3A nahIM denI cAhie, kyoMki ve sabhI brahma haiM, yaha zauca yA dUSaNa ke AdhAra para nahIM hai / mahAbhArata evaM smRtiyoM meM, jo upaniSadoM se bahuta dUra ke grantha nahIM haiM, ahiMsA evaM zauca (pavitratA) pRthak-pRthaka rUpa se sabhI vargoM ke lie anya kartavyoM (dharmoM) ke sAtha ullikhita haiM / gautamadharmasUtra (8 / 23-24) ne sabhI dvijoM ke lie ATha guNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA-sabhI jIvoM ke prati karuNA, sahiSNutA, vidveSa rahitatA, (apane prati) atyadhika hAni kA abhAva, pavitra kArya-sampAdana, kRpaNatA kA abhAva tathA asantoSa kA abhAva / aura dekhie matsyapurANa (52 / 8-10), avismRti (34-41) / manu (046=viSNudharmasUtra 51166) meM vyavasthA hai-'jo jIvita prANiyoM ko piMjar3e meM rakhanA yA mAranA yA pIr3A pahu~cAnA nahIM cAhatA, vaha sarvocca (ananta) sukha pAtA hai|' zauca bAhya (zArIrika) evaM Antarika (mAnasika) donoM hotA hai| manu (5 // 106) ne spaSTa likhA hai ki jo rupaye-paise ke viSayoM meM pavitra hai vaha vAstava meM pavitra hai, kintu vaha nahIM jo apane ko miTTI yA jala se svaccha karatA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki zAntiparva (156 / 4-5=162 / 4-5 citrazAlA saMskaraNa) meM satya ko divya rUpa diyA gayA hai aura use prAcIna dharma evaM svayaM brahma kahA gayA hai aura puna: iloka 7-6 meM satya ko teraha rUpoM meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai, yathA- tyAga, samatA, dama (indriya-saMyama), kSamA, ho (apane karmoM ke viSaya meM abhimAna prakaTa karane meM lajjA kA anubhava karanA), anasUyA (vidveSa kA abhAva), dayA...aura anta meM terahavAM satya kA prakAra hai ahiNsaa| va jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kI pUrNa zikSA dI gayI hai aura use kAryAnvita kiyA gayA hai| kiMtu isa viSaya meM buddha kA vicAra samanvayavAdI hai| jaba pazu kA hanana prastuta vyakti ke upayogArtha na kiyA gayA ho athavA usake Atithya ke lie na kiyA gayA ho to buddha aise mAMsa ke khA lene meM koI Apatti nahIM mAnate the| (10) tIna mArga--karmayoga, bhaktiyoga evaM jJAnamArgaH-ina tIna mArgoM ke viSaya meM hamane isa khaNDa ke adhyAya 24 evaM 32 meM savistAra par3ha liyA hai| bhagavadgItA ne aura Age bar3hakara eka siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai jise niSkAma karmayoga kahA jAtA hai, jisakI vyAkhyA isa khaNDa ke adhyAya 24 meM ho cukI hai| binA phala kI AkAMkSA kiye apane karttavya ko karate jAnA Izvara kI pUjA hai| (11) adhikAra-bheda-ati prAcIna kAla se isa bAta kI parakha kara lI gayI thI ki dharmika upAsanA evaM dArzanika siddhAntoM ke viSayoM meM manuSyoM ke bIca vibhinna zreNiyA~ pAyI jAtI haiN| sabhI loga gUr3ha evaM dujJeya AdhyAtmika siddhAntoM ko samajha lene evaM upAsanA kI ucca praNAliyoM kA anusaraNa karane meM samartha nahIM hote| dekhie isa khaNDa kA adhyAya 24 evaM 32 / gUr3ha dArzanika bAtoM ko samajha lene meM saba loga samartha nahIM / pAte, ataH upaniSadoM meM isa prakAra kI vijJaptiyA~ prakAzita hotI rahI haiM ki brahmajJAna sabako

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406 hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAe~ / na diyA jAya aura use gupta rakhA jAya / dekhie isa khaNDa kA adhyAya 26 evaM chAndogyopaniSad (3/2/5, isa khaNDa kA adhyAya 32), zvetAzvataropaniSad ( 6 / 22), kaThopaniSad ( 3 / 17 ), bRha0 upa0 ( 3 / 2 / 13, yAjJavalkya evaM ArtabhAga ne brahma ke viSaya meM sabake samakSa vivecana nahIM kiyA) / 'upaniSad' zabda kA artha hI 'gupta siddhAnta' ho gayA ( tai0 upa0 26 evaM 3 | 10 ) / anya prAcIna dezoM meM bhI gUr3ha siddhAntoM ko gupta rakhane kI paramparA thI ( dekhie seNTa mArka 4|11 34-35 ) / haThayogapradIpikA ( 1|11 ) meM bhI isI prakAra kI vyavasthAe~ pAyI jAtI haiM (adhyAya 32) 17 Adhunika kAla meM bahuta-se lekhaka mUrtipUjakoM kI bhartsanA karate haiM / isa viSaya meM dekhie isa khaNDa kA adhyAya 24 / gaNeza yA kAlI yA sarasvatI yA lakSmI kI mUrtiyoM ke pUjaka pUjA yA utsava ke uparAnta una mUrtiyoM ko jala ( nadI, tAlAba, puSkariNI Adi) meM pravAhita kara dete haiM / isase spaSTa hai ki pUjaka loga kASTha yA miTTI kI vastu kI pUjA nahIM karate, pratyuta unake mana meM bhagavAna yA kisI devatA ke prati eka saMvegAtmaka bhAvanA hotI hai, jo usa vastu meM kucha samaya ke lie pratiSThApita rahatI hai / yadi jana sAdhAraNa se prazna kiyA jAya to yahI uttara milegA ki 'paramAtmA sabhI sthAna meM haiM, tuma meM haiM, mujha meM haiM aura kASTha kI mUrti meM haiM' - 'hamameM tumameM, khaDga khambha meM, sabameM vyApaka rAma' eka purAnI kahAvata hai / nRsiMha purANa (62 / 5-6, aparArka dvArA yAjJa0 1 / 101 kI TIkA meM uddhRta, pR0 140 ) meM AyA hai ki muniyoM ke anusAra hari kI pUjA 6 prakAra se kI jA sakatI hai, yathA - jala meM, agni meM, apane hRdaya meM, sUrya maNDala meM, vedikA para 18 yA mUrti meM / viSNudharmottarapurANa ko yaha bAta jJAta thI ki mUrti-pUjA kA pracalana bahuta kAla uparAnta kaliyuga meM huA hai ( 3063 / 5-7 evaM 20 ) / yUropa meM bahuta-se IsAiyoM ke dharma meM mUrti pUjA dekhI jAtI hai 19 / prastuta lekhaka ne apanI A~khoM se dekhA hai ki yUropa ke bahuta se carcA meM maDonnA evaM santoM kI mUrtiyA~ rakhI rahatI haiM, jinakI pUjA kI jAtI hai aura jinake samakSa prArthanAe~ kI jAtI haiN| ataH yadi yaha kahA jAya ki yUropa ke bahuta se isAI mUrti pUjaka haiM, to ise koI asatya nahIM siddha kara sktaa| cArvAka ko chor3a kara sabhI darzanoM ko lagabhaga satya ke sannikaTa samajhA gayA hai| sabhI ke mithyA tathA kisI eka ke satya hone kI bAta hI nahIM uThatI / (12) vizAla saMskRta sAhitya - bhArata ne kama-se-kama tIna sahasra varSoM ke bhItara talasparzI vizAla saMskRta sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA / sAhitya ke vividha rUpoM kA jisa prakAra saMvardhana bhArata meM huA hai, vaisA saMsAra ke kisI bhI deza meM sambhava nahIM ho sakA hai| jIvana kA koI bhI aMza aisA nahIM hai, jisa para saMskRta 17. haThavidyA paraM gopyA yoginA siddhimicchatA / bhavedvIryavatI guptA nirvAryA tu prakAzitA / / haThayogapradIpikA ( 1|11 ) 18. apsvagnau hRdaye sUrye sthaNDile pratimAsu ca / SaTsvateSu hareH samyagarcanaM munibhiH smRtam // agnau kriyAvatAM devo... yoginAM hRdaye hariH // nRsiMhapurANa (62 / 5-6 ) | dekhie smRticandrikA (Ahnika, pR0 168, gharpure dvArA sampAdita) jisameM isI viSaya meM hArIta evaM marIci kI smRtiyoM ke zloka uddhRta haiN| dekhie viSNudharmottara purANa ( 3 / 63 / 5-7 evaM 20 ) / 16. dekhie sara cArlsa iliyaTa kRta 'hindUijma eNDa buddhijma' (khaNDa-1), jahA~ isI prakAra kA dRSTikoNa vyakta kiyA gayA hai / aura dekhie viliyama jemsa kRta 'verAiTIja Ava rilijiesa eksapIrieMsa ' ( pR0 525 - 527 ) evaM sara Alivara laoNja kRta 'maina eNDa di yUnivarsa' ( laNDana, 1608, pR0 246 - 247 ) / 52

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410 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM kucha likhA na gayA ho / yaha vizAla saMskRta sAhitya apanI bahuta-sI vyApaka evaM mArmika pravRttiyoM ke sAtha tibbata, cIna, jAvA Adi dezoM meM calA gayA thaa| bhArata ne apane sAhitya se musalamAnoM evaM yUropa vAloM ke prabuddha saMsAra ko prabhAvita kiyaa| bhArata vizva kA gaNita -guru hai| dazamalava-paddhati, jisa para Adhunika gaNita Adhuta hai, bhArata kI dena hai| bhArata kI AkhyAyikAoM (prabandha-kalpanAoM) evaM veda masalamAnoM evaM yUropa vAloM ko prabhAvita kiyA / dekhie isa viSaya meM viNTaranitsa kRta 'sama prAblemsa Ava iNDiyana liTarecara (rIDarazipa lekcarsa, kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya, pR0 56-81), jahA~ unhoMne padicama ke 'Upara paDe saMskRta sAhitya ke prabhAva kA mArmika ullekha kiyA hai| saMskRta sAhitya kA jo adhyayana yaropavAsiyoM dvArA 18 vIM zatI ke anta meM tathA 16vIM zatI meM huA usase kaI vijJAnoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI nIMva par3I, yathA bhASA-zAstra, tulanAtmaka dharma-vijJAna, vicAra-vijJAna evaM prAcIna AkhyAyikA-vijJAna aadi| vebara, maiksamUlara, viNTaranitz2a, kItha, ema0 kRSNamAcAriyara aise vidvAnoM dvArA likhita saMskRta sAhitya ke katipaya itihAsa haiM, jo vizAla saMskRta sAhitya para prabhUta prakAza DAlate haiN| bhArata ne apane evaM sAre saMsAra ke lie eka aisA vizAla sAhitya rakha chor3A hai, jisake sabase mahattvapUrNa evaM ucca bhAga kA pramukha Azaya yaha hai ki vyakti ko indriyoM ko saMyamita karane tathA naitikatA evaM AdhyAtmikatA kI ucca se ucca bhUmikA taka pahu~cane kA prayAsa kabhI nahIM chor3anA caahie| saMskRta sAhitya kI prazaMsA meM eca0 eca0 govena ne apane grantha 'e hisTrI Ava iNDiyana liTarecara' (1631, pR0 8) meM jo kucha likhA hai usa kI . ukti paThanIya hai :-'bhAratIya sAhitya kA eka yathArtha satya mUlya (lakSya) hai, jise kAla kI dUrI naSTa nahIM kara sktii| punItatA, vividhatA evaM ajasratA meM koI bhI anya sAhitya isakI tulanA meM khar3A nahIM ho sakatA, yaha nizcita hai ki koI bhI isase bar3ha kara nahIM hai| pavitratA meM koI anya (dhArmika) zAstra, yahA~ taka ki bAibila bhI, veda se usakI ajasratA (lagAtAra calate jAne) yA sAmAnya svIkRti meM, sktaa|' unhoMne bhAratIya sAhitya kI vividhatA evaM usake mahattvapUrNa ajasra pravAha kI bhI vivecanA kI hai| pariniSThita saMskRta vANI sarvaprathama kama-se-kama I0 pU0 500 meM puSpita huI / pANini ne kama-se-kama apane ina pUrvavartiyoM ke nAma liye haiM aura unake sUtra 4 / 3 / 87 evaM 88 spaSTa rUpa se vyaJjita karate haiM ki pANini kAla ke pUrva paryApta mAtrA meM avaidika sAhitya samRddha ho gayA thaa| (13) yoga-isake viSaya meM eka lambA adhyAya likhA jA cukA hai / dekhie isa khaNDa kA adhyAya 32 / akhila vizva meM yoga ke samAna kadAcit hI koI anya mAnasika evaM naitika anuzAsana itane sandara DhaMga se Alocita aura bahu vistRta paddhati vAlA rahA ho| masiyA iliyADa ne apane grantha 'yoga, immaoNTailiTI eMDa phrIDama' (viliyama Ara0 Traiska dvArA anUdita, 1658, pR0 356) meM likhA hai-'yoga bhAratIya mana kI viziSTa mAtrA kA dyotaka hai' yaha AdhyAtmika parikalpanAoM evaM rUDhibaddha kriyA-saMskAra vidhi kI pratikriyA hai| pAzcAtya mana, jo Arthika samRddhi ke Adhikya kA anubhava kara cukA hai aura Ajakala ke saMkaToM evaM mAnasika saMkSobhoM se AkrAnta hai, yoga evaM vedAnta aise dArzanika siddhAnta kI ora adhika-se adhika jhaka rahA hai| Ajakala kala logoM para unmAda-sA chA gayA hai aura ve yoga sambandhI vividha granthoM ko par3hA-par3hA kara kacha vilaNakSatA kI prApti ke pIche par3a gaye haiM / bahuta-sI pustakeM prakAzita huI haiM aura hotI jA rahI hai| inameM se kucha aisI pustakeM haiM jo sacce vyaktiyoM dvArA likhita haiM, kintu unameM vyAvahArika anubhUti, yoga-sambandhI vyaktigata anubhava yA rahasyavAdI anubhUti kA bar3A bhArI abhAva pAyA jAtA hai / kacha aisI pustakeM haiM jo aise logoM dvArA liAkhata haiM jo yoga ke pIche pAgala bane logoM kI bhAvanA se lAbha uThAte

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411 hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA ko maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAeM haiM aura sastI khyAti kamAte haiM / krisTophara IzaravuDa dvArA sampAdita 'vedAnta phAra di vesTarna varlDa (elena eNDa anvina, laNDana, 1648 ) meM prasiddha lekhaka AlDaasa haksale ne rahasyavAda evaM yoga kI pustakoM ke bAhulya se logoM ko sAvadhAna kiyA hai ( pR0 376 ) (14) darzana - hamAre darzana ke adhikAMza kA kendrIya bindu chA0 upa0 (6 / 1 ) meM pAyA jAtA hai, jahA~ uddAlaka ne apane abhimAnI putra zvetaketu se kahA hai- 'kyA tumane usa zikSA ke bAre meM pUchA hai jisake dvArA vyakti vaha sunatA hai jo sunA nahIM jA sakatA, jisake dvArA vaha pratyakSIkRta kiyA jAtA hai jisakA pratyakSIkaraNa nahIM ho sakatA tathA vaha jAnA jAtA hai jo nahIM jAnA jA sakatA; ' aura jaba zvetaketu ne usa zikSA ke bAre meM pUchA to uddAlaka ne usakI lambI vyAkhyA kI ( 6 / 1 - 16) aura anta meM ina zabdoM meM niSkarSa nikAlA - 'tattvamasi' (tuma vaha AtmA ho ) / bhAratIya darzana bahumukhI hai aura usakI fare zAkhAoM meM jo jJAna bharA par3A hai vaha saMsAra ke kisI bhI prAcIna deza meM nahIM pAyA jAtA / 'sarva darzana saMgraha' meM advaita siddhAnta ke atirikta pandraha vibhinna dArzanika siddhAnta saMkSipta rUpa se vivecita haiM / mukhya darzana chaha haiM-- sAMkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika, pUrva mImAMsA evaM uttara mImAMsA ( yA vedAnta ), jinake fare meM hamane prastuta khaNDa ke katipaya adhyAyoM ( 28-33 ) meM par3ha liyA hai, aura dekha liyA hai ki unakA dharmazAstra se kyA sambandha hai / bhAratIya darzana ke viziSTa rUpa ye haiM - yaha AdhyAtmikatA para vizeSa dhyAna detA hai, ise jIvana meM utAranA hai na ki kevala vivecana mAtra karanA hai, yaha vAstavika tattva kI khoja karatA hai, isake lie eka naitika bhUmikA anivArya hai, satya kI khoja ke lie tarka kA vistRta rUpa se Azraya liyA jAtA hai tathA paramparA evaM pramANa ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai / cArvAka ke atirikta sabhI darzanoM kA sambandha mokSa ( jisake kaI nAma haiM, yathA- mokSa, kaivalya, nirvANa, amRtatva, niHzreyasa, apavarga) se hai aura sabhI ( cArvAka ko chor3akara) karma evaM punarjanma meM vizvAsa karate haiM / bhAratIya darzana ke viSaya meM yahA~ para kucha aura likhanA Avazyaka nahIM hai / (15) kalAeM, sthApatya, takSaNa, citrakArI -- ina viSayoM para bahuta-se grantha likhe gaye haiN| bhArata ke prAcIna smArakoM meM jo atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM unameM sA~cI ke stUpa, ajantA kI guphAoM kI citrakArI, elorA kA kailAsa mandira evaM koNArka kA mandira atyanta prabhAvazAlI haiM / kucha purANoM meM ina viSayoM kA ullekha huA hai / matsyapurANa ( 252 / 2 - 4 ) ne vAstuzAstra ke 18 vyAkhyAtAoM ke nAma liye haiM, yathA-bhRgu, atri, vasiSTha, vizvakarmA, maya, nArada, nagnajit, vizAlAkSa, purandara, brahmA, kumAra, nandIza, zaunaka, garga, vAsudeva, aniruddha, zukra evaM bRhaspati / adhyAya 253 - 257 meM prAsAdoM evaM bhavanoM ke nirmANa tathA adhyAya 258 - 263 meM deva pratimAoM ke nirmANa kA vivecana / aura dekhie vAyupurANa ( 81108, jahA~ rAjadhAnI ke nirmANa kA ullekha hai ), agnipurANa (adhyAya 42, 104106) / viSNudharmottara kA tIsarA pariccheda citrasUtra kahalAtA hai, kyoMki nRtya pramukha kalA hai aura citra kalA usa para AdhRta hai / kahA gayA hai ki citrakalA sabhI kalAoM meM zreSTha hai ( 3 / 33 / 38), vaha ghara kI sarvocca zubha vastu hai tathA jo niyama citrakalA meM prayukta hote haiM ve dhAtuoM, pASANa evaM kASTha kI mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa meM bhI upayogI hote haiM / ( 3 / 43 / 31 - 32 ) / aura dekhie adhyAya 36-43 ( citrakalA), 4485 ( mUrti nirmANa ) tathA adhyAya 86 ( gRha nirmANa ) / varAhamihira ( 500 - 550 I0 ) dvArA praNIta bRhasaMhitA (ma0 ma0 sudhAkara dvivedI dvArA sampAdita, 1865 ) meM rAjA, pramukha rAjakumAra evaM anya logoM ke prAsAdoM, bhavanoM evaM gharoM ke nirmANa kA ullekha hai / adhyAya 52 meM deva mandiroM, adhyAya 53 meM deva-pratimAoM,

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412 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa adhyAya 57 meM rAma, viSNu, brahmA, indra, ziva, buddha, jina, sUrya, liMga, mAtA devI, yama kI mUrtiyoM tathA adhyAya 68 meM pA~ca prakAra ke manuSyoM, yathA-haMsa, zaza, rucaka, bhadra evaM mAlavya kI mUrtiyoM tathA unake zArIrika rUpoM kA vivecana hai / aise anya grantha bhI haiM, yathA--bhoja kA yuktikalpataru, somezvara kI abhilaSitArthacintAmaNi (anya nAma mAnasollAsa), zilparatna (trivendram saMskRta sIrIja ) evaM mayamata (trivendrama saMskRta siiriij)| bhAratIya kalA kI apanI vizeSatAe~ haiN| prAcIna citrakAriyA~ ajantA kI guphAoM, gvAliyara kI bAghaguphAoM evaM zrIlaMkA meM sigiriya kI guphAoM meM pAyI jAtI haiM / sthAnAbhAva se hama bhAratIya kalA, vizeSataH citrakArI evaM takSaNa-zilpa ke viSaya meM kacha vizeSa nahIM likha skeNge| vAstukalA, mUrtinirmANa kalA, citrakalA Adi ke viSaya meM bahuta se grantha prakAzita haiM, kucha ke nAma nIce diye jAte haiM - (1) I0 bI0 haivela kRta 'iNDiyana skalpacara eNDa peMTiMga (laNDana, 1608) / (2) vI0 e0 smitha kRta 'hisTrI Ava phAina ArTa ina iNDiyA eNDa sIlona' 1611 / (3) e0 phAucara kRta 'biganiMgsa Ava buddhisTa ArTa' (1617) / (4) Ananda ke0 kumArasvAmI kRta 'hisTrI Ava iNDiyana eNDa iNDoneziyana ArTa' (1627) (5) auMdha ke pramukha zAsaka bAlAsAhaba panta pratinidhi kRta 'elorA' (6) jemsa phargyusana kRta 'hisTrI Ava iNDiyana eNDa IsTarna ArkITekcara' khaNDa 1 evaM 2, laNDana 1610 (7) TI0 e0 gopInAtha rAva kRta 'ailimeNTsa Av hindU ikonographI', khaNDa 1 evaM 2, madrAsa (1614, 1616) / (8) DA. misakaimizca kRta 'di ArTa Ava iNDiyA' (skalpacara, peMTiMga, ArkITekcara), laNDana, phaiDana presa, 1654 / (6) DA0 misa nizca 'iNDiyana skalpacara' (1933) / (10) rene proseTa kRta 'di sivilijezana Ava di IsTa' jilda 2 (innddiyaa)| (11) e0 vI0 TI0 azyara kRta 'iNDiyana ArkITekcara', tIna khaNDoM meM (madrAsa) / (12) Ananda ke0 kumArasvAmI kRta 'elimeNTsa Ava buddhisTa AikonographI' evaM 'DAMsa Ava shiv|' (13) DI0 vI0 tAraporavAlA eNDa saMsa dvArA prakAzita 'iNDiyana ArkITekcara' / (14) beMjAmina rolaNDa kRta 'di ArTa eNDa ArkITekcara Ava iDiyA' (buddhisTa, hindU, jaina), 1656 / 15) hInarikha jimmara kRta 'mithsa eNDa simbalsa Ava iNDiyana ArTa eNDa sivilijezana' / alphreDa navarapha kRta 'immaoNrTala iNDiyA', 1656 / 10 goTja kRta 'phAiva thAujeNDa iyarsa Ava iNDiyana ArTa', 1656 / sara jaoNna mArzala kRta 'baddhisTa ArTa Ava gAndhAra', khaNDa 1, membAyarsa Ava AAlaoNjikala DipArTameNTa Ava pAkistAna, 1660, 'TaiksilA' tIna khaNDoM meM, 'gAiDa Tu TaikzilA' 1660 (cauthA sNskrnn)| dakSiNa bhArata kI vAstukalA evaM mUrtikalA kI apanI vizeSatAe~ haiM / tatsambandhI kucha viziSTa grantha ye haiM--- jI0 je0 Dubeila kRta 'viDiyana ArkITekcara', 1617, sI0 zivarAmamUrti kRta 'mahAbalipuram', bI0 sI0 gAMgulI kRta 'ArTa Ava pllvj'|' saMgIta para bhI kucha grantha haiM, yathA-e0 eca0 phaoNksa sTaiMgve kRta 'myUjika Ava hindusthAna' (1614, AksaphorDa), ailena Denilo kRta 'nArdarna iNDiyana myUz2ika' / khaNDa 1 evaM 2 (laNDana, 1646, 1654), eca0 e0 pople

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hindU saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI maulika evaM mukhya vizeSatAe~ 413 kRta 'di myUjika Ava iNDiyA' (kalakattA, 1650), o0 gosvAmI kRta 'di sTorI, Ava iNDiyana myUz2ika (bambaI, 1657 ), jo0 ec0 rAnADe kRta 'hindustAnI myUz2ika eNDa AuTalAina Ava iTsa phiz2iksa eNDa estheTiksa' (pUnA, 1651) / bhAratIya vAstukalA evaM mUrtikalA sambandhI pratIkavAda jAvA, bAlI tathA iNDoneziyA ke anya bhU-bhAgoM meM phailaa| isa viSaya meM bahuta-se grantha likhe gaye haiM, yathA --- pAla musa kRta 'barAbudora', jI0 gorera kRta 'bAlI eNDa aiMgkora, kuAriza velsa kRta 'Tuasa aiMgkora' tathA DablyU. eph0sTaTarahIma kRta 'iNDiyana iMphluenseja ina bAlInIz2a ArTa' ( laNDana, 1635 ) / bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kI kucha anya vizeSatAoM para bhI prakAza DAlA jA sakatA thA, kintu sUcI lambI ho cukI hai aura jo kucha kahA jA cukA hai, paryApta hai / yaha nahIM pradarzita kiyA gayA hai ki kisI anya saMskRti meM itanI vizeSatAe~ nahIM haiM / kintu itanA to kahane kA adhikAra hai hI ki koI anya saMskRti aisI nahIM haiM jisameM - itanI vizeSatAe~ aba bhI pAyI jAtI hoM, yA atIta meM pAyI gayI hoN| kucha anupama vizeSatAe~ to aisI haiM -- manuSya nimna koTi ke prANiyoM evaM nirjIva padArthoM meM samAhita rahane vAle eka tattva se sambandhita vedAnta kI adbhuta evaM sundara dhAraNA, dhArmika evaM dArzanika dRSTikoNoM meM vibheda rahate hue bhI sabhI yugoM meM mahAn sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA tathA satya evaM ahiMsA para bala denA / ye adbhuta sthApanAe~ haiM aura anyatra nahIM pAyI jAtIM /

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adhyAya 27 bhAvI vRttiyA~ san 1757 meM plAsI ke yuddha ke uparAnta baMgAla, bihAra evaM ur3IsA kA zAsana jisa para aMgrejoM kA dabAva mAtra san 1765 se hI par3a rahA thA, sIdhe aMgrejI Adhipatya ke antargata A gayA / san 1898 meM jaba bAjIrAva pezavA dvitIya parAjita hokara vRttibhogI ( peMzanayApatA ) ho gayA to aMgrejoM kA prabhutva sampUrNa bhArata meM ho gayA, kevala paMjAba abhI svatantra thA, kintu vaha bhI san 1845 meM aMgrejI rAjya meM milA liyA gyaa| aMgrejoM ne bhArata ko san 1647 meM chor3a diyaa| isa prakAra aMgrejoM ne bhArata ke adhika bhAga para 180 varSoM taka, paMjAba ko chor3akara sampUrNa bhArata para lagabhaga 130 varSoM taka tathA paMjAba para lagabhaga 100 varSoM taka rAjya kiyA / ina avadhiyoM meM hindU-samAja para briTiza Adhipatya kA prabhAva atyadhika pdd'aa| zArIrika, mAnasika evaM naitika kSetroM meM hindU-samAja videzI prabhAva se AkrAnta ho utthaa| briTiza rAjya ke ina varSo meM jo parivartana prakaTa hue ve isake pUrva kI kaI zatiyoM ke parivartanoM se kahIM adhika evaM kaI gune bar3e the / aMgrejI rAjya ke Agamana ke sAtha sampUrNa bhArata meM eka naye prakAra kA zAsana sthApita huA, pAzcAtya DhaMga ke nyAyAlaya sthApita hue, sabhI bhAratIyoM para samAna rUpa se eka hI prakAra ke vyavahAra ( kAnUna ) vyavasthita kiye gaye, Adhunika vyaktivAdI svAtantrya kI bhAvanA kA praveza huA, nagaroM evaM bar3I-bar3I bastiyoM meM pAzcAtya jIvana ke DhaMga nikharane lage, eka aisI zikSA-vyavasthA sthApita huI jisane sabhI bhAratIyoM ko samabhUmi para rakha diyA, samAcAra-patroM, AvAgamana ke vikasita acche sAdhanoM, Adhunika vijJAna, aMgrejI sAhitya tathA kalAoM Adi ke adhyayana Adi ne eka naye jIvana kI chaTA upasthita kI / I isa adhyAya meM hama uparyukta parivartanoM ke viSaya meM kucha likhane kA uddezya nahIM rkhte| bahuta hI saMkSepa meM hama kevala una prabhAvoM kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kareMge jo Adhunika vijJAna evaM naye vicAroM, bhAratIya lokatAntrika saMvidhAna, dharma nirapekSa rAjya kI bhAvanA, samAjavAdI samAja ke DhA~ce, Arthika yojanA, vidhAna nirmANa, janasaMkhyA kI vRddhi evaM usako rokane ke sAdhanoM ke phalasvarUpa hindU samAja tathA isake prAcIna Adarzo evaM jIvana-mUlyoM para par3a rahe haiM yA par3a sakate haiM / kintu uparyukta viSayoM para prakAza DAlane ke pUrva hama ati saMkSepa meM una bAtoM kA ullekha kareMge jo svatantratA kI prApti ke pUrva briTiza bhArata meM ghaTI thiiN| lArDa ripana ne san 1882 meM sthAnIya zAsana kI nIMva DAlI, jisake phalasvarUpa nagaroM evaM janapadoM meM krama se nagarapAlikAoM evaM sthAnIya nikAyoM kI sthApanA ho skii| isa prakAra san 1765 ke lagabhaga 120 varSoM ke uparAnta, jaba briTiza rAjya kI sthApanA sarvaprathama bhArata ke adhikAMza bhAgoM meM ho cukI thI, aMgrejoM ne aisA socA ki zAsita logoM ko apane (amahattva - pUrNa evaM halake-phulake ) kAryoM ko sa~bhAlane kA avasara diyA jAya / taba taka briTiza logoM kI upanivezavAditA apanI carama sImA taka pahu~ca gayI thI / aMgreja loga bhArata se kapAsa jaisA kaccA mAla iMgalaiNDa bhejane lage aura usase mainacesTara Adi sthAnoM meM vastue~ taiyAra karake punaH bhArata meM hI khapAne lge| aMgreja nirmAtAoM ke

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bhAvI vRttiyA~ 415 pakSa meM bahata-se kAnana banAye gaye the| aMgreja vyApArI bhArata meM bane rezamI evaM satI kapar3oM ko nahIM beca sakate the| isa prakAra lagabhaga eka zatI se adhika kAla taka bhArata kA rakta cUsA jAtA rahA aura baha saMsAra ke atyanta daridra dezoM meM parigaNita hone lgaa| dAdAbhAI naurojI ne apane grantha 'pAvarTI eNDa an-briTiza rUla ina iNDiyA' (laNDana, 1601, 675 pRSThoM) meM isa viSaya para bar3I yogyatA se prakAza DAla hai / aMgrejoM ke upanivezI rAjya ke pramukha tattva ye the---pUrNa rAjanItika adhInatA, pramukha Arthika kriyAzIlatA videziyoM ke hAthoM meM thI, bhArata meM videzI pUMjI kA hI prayoga hotA thA, kucha viSayoM meM, yathA-relave Adi meM bhArata meM aMgrejI zAsakoM dvArA videzI pUMjI ke lAbha evaM byAja ke bAre meM pratibhUti (gAraNTI) thI, bhAratIyoM se ugAhe gaye karoM se hI usakA bhugatAna hotA thA, bar3e-bar3e vyavasAyoM kI bAgaDora videziyoM ke hAthoM meM thI tathA unase kevala videziyoM kA hI lAbha hotA thA evaM bhArata kI bhUmi evaM janatA briTena ke uddezyoM kI pUrti ke lie mAno eka yantra thii| atyadhika dAridrya evaM kleza kA mUlya cukAne ke phalasvarUpa bhArata ko zAnti evaM rAjanItika ekatA prApta huii| spaSTa hai , Aja ke bhArata kI bahuta-sI Arthika samasyAoM kA mUla briTena kI bhayaMkara upanivezika nItiyoM meM hI pAyA jAtA hai / lagabhaga eka zatI se adhika kAla taka bhAratIya zAsana kI senA aMgreja adhikAriyoM dvArA prazAsita thii| bIsavIM zatI meM lagabhaga sAta sahasra adhikArI (lepiTaneNTa , kaipTena, mejara, karnala) the, jinameM eka bhI bhAratIya prathama mahAyaddha taka "kiMga kamIzana' nahIM pA skaa| phira kucha vyakti prativarSa iMgalaiNDa meM prazikSaNa ke lie bheje jAne lge| 'iNDiyana sivila sarvisa' (AI0 sI0 esa0) kI parIkSA iMgalaiNDa meM hotI thI. yadyapi sana 1863 meM hI 'hAusa Ava kAmaMsa' (iMgalaiNDa kI lokasabhA) ne aisA prastAvita kara diyA thA ki tatsaMbaMdhI parIkSAe~ eka-sAtha iMgalaiNDa evaM bhArata meM hoN| 16 vIM zatI ke antima caraNa meM bahuta hI thoDe loga isa svargotpanna naukarI kI parIkSA meM baiThane ke lie iMgalaiNDa jAte the aura apane ko usa yogya siddha karane meM samartha hote the| kalakTara, janapada ke nyAyAdhIza, pulisa adhIkSaka, meDikala Aphisara adhikAMza meM sabhI briTiza the / kAlejoM meM sabhI prophesara tathA yahA~ taka ki kucha skUloM ke heDamAsTara bhI aMgreja hI hote the| skaloM kI pustakeM DI0 pI0 AI0 dvArA nirdhArita hotI thIM, aura aise uccAdhikArI videzI hI hote the / jaba aMgrejoM ne san 1947 meM bhArata chor3A to una dinoM prAyamarI zikSA bhI thor3e hI baccoM ko dI jAtI thii| ina bAtoM kI ora jo saMketa kiyA jA rahA hai vaha isalie ki hama loga Apasa meM ekatA ke sAtha rheN| aisA na ho ki hamAre gRha-kalaha se tathA pArasparika IrSyA evaM virodhI tattvoM ke phalasvarUpa kucha bAhya tattva punaH zaktizAlI ho jAye aura hamArI svatantratA para AghAta phuNce| hameM apane vairI par3osiyoM se sadeva satarka rahanA hai| mola ne sana 1906 meM yaha udaghoSita kiyA ki bhArata meM lokanItika vyavasthA na sthApita kI jAya aura usane musalamAnoM ke lie pRthaka nirvAcana kI paddhati nikAla kara hindU-muslima ke saMgharSa ko Age bddh'aayaa| kintu mANTegyU ne morle kI sthApanA kA virodha kiyA aura aisA udghoSa kiyA kibriTiza zAsana kI icchA hai ki bhArata kramaza: briTiza sAmrAjya ke bhItara niyamAna modita zAsana kA anabhava karatA huA svAyatta saMsthAoM kA vikAsa kre| isI prakAra kaI prakAra ke virodhI evaM antavirodhI prayatna calate bne| mANTe gyU dvArA sthApita dvaidha zAsana, raulaTa kAnUna, paMjAva kI azAnti, janarala DAyara ke atyAcAra evaM jaliyA~vAlA bAga kI durdharSa ghaTanAe~ jinameM sarakArI AMkar3oM ke anusAra 300 vyakti mAre gaye tathA 1200 ghAyala hae, DAyara ko balavaza avakAza denA tathA usake aMgreja pakSapAtiyoM dvArA usako 30 sahana pauNDoM kI seMTa

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa Adi kriyAe~ bhAratIya svatantratA ke saMgrAma kI balivedI para hone vAle yajJoM kI mahAn AhutiyA~ evaM virodhI ghaTanAe~ haiN| ____ lArDa mekAle ne apane 'minaTa oNna iNDiyana eDUkezana' meM aMgrejI mAdhyama dvArA zikSA kI vyavasthA kI vakAlata kii| usane likhA hai :--'hameM isa samaya eka aise varga kI sthApanA karanI hai, jo hamAre aura una karor3oM logoM ke bIca meM, jina para hama zAsana karate haiM, vyAkhyAtA kA kAma kareM, yaha aise logoM kA varga ho jo janma evaM raMga se to bhAratIya hoM, kintu pravRtti , sammati, naitikatA evaM prajJA meM aMgrejIyata rakhate hoN| phalataH sabhI viSayoM ko iMgaliza ke mAdhyama se par3hane meM samaya evaM udyogoM kA vyartha kSaya hotA rahA, yahA~ taka ki saMskRta bhI usI mAdhyama se par3hAyI jAtI rahI hai| isa prakAra kI praNAlI ke apanAne se adhyayana-adhyApana meM samAnupAta kI sthApanA nahIM ho pAtI thI, vijJAna evaM prAvidhika jJAna kA adhyayana nAma mAtra ko ho pAyA aura par3he-likhe logoM tathA apar3ha logoM ke bIca eka lambI-caur3I khAI khuda gyii| isa praNAlI ne pAzcAtya saMskRti ko gaurava pradAna kara diyA aura bhAratIyoM ko apanI saMskRti ko par3hane evaM mUlyAMkana karane kI ora pravRtta nahIM kiyaa| par3he-likhe loga, vizeSataH aMgrejI zikSA ke Arambhika kAla meM, pAzcAtya saMsthAoM ke prati atizayoktipUrNa sammAna kI bhAvanA rakhate the aura apanI dhArmika evaM sAmAjika praNAliyoM kI bhartsanA kiyA karate the| briTiza rAjya ne bhAratIya zikSA (vizeSata: ucca zikSA) meM udAsInatA pradarzita kii| sAre bhArata ke lie san 1857 meM kevala tIna vizvavidyAlaya (bambaI, kalakattA, evaM madrAsa) sthApita kiye gaye aura ve bhI kevala parIkSA lene vAle vizvavidyAlaya mAtra the| kucha varSoM pUrva taka eka bhAratIya darzana meM ema0 e0 parIkSA to uttIrNa karatA thA, kintu use bhAratIya darzana nahIM par3hAyA jAtA thA ! kintu itanA saba hone para bhI aMgrejI zikSA kI praNAlI ne sarakAra evaM IsAiyoM ke prayatnoM evaM icchAoM ke viruddha pariNAma prastuta kiye| IsAI pAdariyoM ko kucha bhI saphalatA nahIM prApta huI, bahuta thor3e-se aura ve bhI hIna jAti ke loga, IsAI bana ske| sarakAra ko bhI yaha vidita ho gayA ki iMgaliza sAhitya ke adhyayana se, yathA-barka, speMsara, mila Adi kI kRtiyoM ke adhyayana se par3he-likhe logoM ke mana meM rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA ghara karane lagI, ata: unheM apanI adhama rAjanItika sthiti ke viSaya meM parijJAna hone lgaa| kramazaH rAjanItika udvega uThane lgaa| aMgrejoM ne lokamAnya tilaka ko 'di phAdara Ava iNDiyana aresTa' ('bhAratIya azAnti kA janaka') khaa| san 1620 meM tilaka kA dehAvasAna ho gayA / kintu aba sArA bhAra mahAtmA gAMdhI kI ora jhuka gayA, jinhoMne rAjanItika zakti evaM tajjanita svatantratA ke lie vidroha karate hue satyAgraha kI praNAlI apnaayii| 1. dekhie 'minaTa Ana iNDiyana aiDUkezana ke sAtha mekAle ke bhASaNa (jI0 ema0 yaMga dvArA sampAdita, AksaphorDa yUnivarsiTI presa, 1652)! pR0 355-361 para minaTa hai| pR0 346 para nimnalikhita vaktavya hai : 'maiMne yahA~ evaM apane deza meM una logoM se bAteM kI haiM, jo pUrvI bhASAoM ke jJAtA hone ke kAraNa prasiddha haiN| unameM eka bhI aisA nahIM milA jisane yaha na svIkAra kiyA ho ki kisI eka acche yUropIya pustakAlaya kI kevala eka AlamArI meM jitanI pustakeM pAyI jAtI haiM ve bhArata evaM araba ke sampUrNa sAhitya ke barAbara haiN|' Upara diyA huA uddharaNa pR0 356 para hai /

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bhAvI vRttiyAM 417 san 1616 se 1647 taka ke bhAratIya svatantratA-saMgrAma kI ghaTanAoM kA varNana yahA~ anAvazyaka hai| bhArata ke do Tukar3e ho gaye / aMgreja yahA~ se cale gye| dharma ke AdhAra para deza kA vibhAjana bar3A bhayaMkara siddha huaa| lAkhoM hindU-muslima mara gaye, lAkhoM ke ghara-vAra luTa gaye, lAkhoM nirvAsita ho gaye, unakI karor3oM kI sampatti luTa gyii| pAramparika kalaha apanI sImA ko pAra kara gayA / pariNAmata: Aja bhArata evaM pAkistAna do pRthaka-pRthaka deza haiN| bhArata ke lambe itihAsa meM sattA parivartana kI yaha adbhuta ghaTanA thii| eka lambe sAmrAjya ko pArasparika parAmarza se, binA kisI yuddha ke yA binA rakta bahAye, chor3a denA sampUrNa gaMsAra meM eka vilakSaNa evaM abhUtapUrva ghaTanA hai| greTa briTena ke rAjA kA sandeza, jo vAyasarAya lArDa mAuNTabeTana dvArA saMvidhAna sabhA ke sadasyoM ke samakSa par3hA gayA thA, bahuta hI bhadra evaM anukUla zabdoM se vijar3ita thA -"anumodana (mantraNA) dvArA zakti kA hastAntaraNa usa mahAn lokanItika Adarza kA paripAlana hai, jisake Upara briTiza evaM bhAratIya janatA sarvaso bhAvena nyochAvara hai|" rAjA ke isa sandeza kA uttara DA0 rAjendra prasAda ne utanI hI sandara evaM bhadra bhASA meM diyA thA-'jahA~ hamArI yaha upalabdhi hamAre ati mahAn klezoM evaM balidAnoM kA pariNAma hai, vahIM yaha saMsAra kI zaktiyoM evaM ghaTanAoM kA pariNAma bhI hai, aura anta meM, jo kisI anya tattva se kisI bhI dazA meM kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai, yaha briTiza jAti kI aitihAsika paramparAoM evaM lokanItika AdarzoM kA, samApana (nippatti) evaM paripAlana bhI hai' (dekhie, vI0 pI0 menana kRta 'TrAMsphara Ava pAvara ina iNDiyA', orieNTa lAMgamaisa, 1657. pR0 415) / bhAratIya svatantratA kA kAnUna (vidhAna) 2 briTiza pAliyAmeNTa dvArA pArita kiyA gayA aura 18 julAI 1647 ko ise rAjakIya svIkRti milii| kaivineTa mizana (jisameM paithika lAreMsa, sTaiphorDa kripsa evaM e0 vI0 alekjeNDara nAmaka tIna briTiza maMtrI, sammilita the) dvArA eka saMvidhAna sabhA (kAMsTIcaeNTa asembalI ) kI sthApanA kI gayI thI, jisakI prathama baiThaka disambara san 1646 meM huii| isakI anya baiThaka agasta san 1947 meM huI aura usameM svatantra bhArata ke vidhAna banAne kA nirNaya liyA gayA / isa sabhA kA kAryado varSoM se adhika kAla taka calatA rahA aura 26 janavarI 1950 ko isake dvArA pArita vidhAna kAryAnvita huaa| isa vidhAna meM 365 dhArAe~ haiM aura 6 pariziSTa haiM (15 dhArAe~ tatkSaNa kAryAnvita ho cukI thIM (dekhie dhArA saMkhyA 364) / svatantratA ke uparAnta Adhunika bhArata evaM isake netAoM kI kucha upalabdhiyA~ ati saMkSepa meM nimnalikhita haiN| (1) eka aise vyApaka lokanItika vidhAna kI utpatti, jisake dvArA bhASaNa evaM upAsanA kI svatantratA tathA prakAzana kI svatantratA prApta hai, alpasaMkhyakoM ke adhikAroM kI surakSA hai, vyavahAra (kAnana) kI dRSTi meM sabhI barAbara haiM, striyoM kI sthiti meM samAnatA prApta hai aura nyAya vyavasthA ko svAdhInatA prApta hai; (2) aspRzyatA kA uccheda (dhArA 17); (3) binA kisI prakAra ke yuddha ke bhArata meM rAjanItika ekatA kI sthApanA , jisameM 500 se Upara bhAratIya riyAsatoM kA ekIkaraNa haA. (ina riyA 2. dekhie 'TrAMsphara Ava pAvara ina iNDiyA'; pariziSTa saMkhyA 11 meM 1647 kA bhAratIya svatantratA kA kAnUna hai (pR0 516-532) aura pariziSTa saMkhyA 12 meM bhAratIya svatantratA kI bila para kAMgresa kI TippaNiyA~ haiM jinake sAtha dinAMka julAI 3, 1647 ko neharU dvArA kiye gaye sudhAra bhI haiM, jina para unhoMne apane hastAkSara bhI jar3a diye haiN|

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418 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa satoM ne bhArata ke kSetraphala kA 113 bhAga ghera rakhA thA, inakI janasaMkhyA bhArata kI janasaMkhyA kI 1 / 4 thI, dekhie vI0 pI0 menana kRta 'sTorI Ava di iNTIgrezana Ava sTeTsa'); (4) bhArata kA 15 pradezoM evaM 6 saMghIya rAjyoM meM vibhAjana kiyA gayA, yaha vibhAjana adhikAMzata: bhASA evaM prazAsana kI suvidhA ko dRSTi meM rakha kara kiyA gayA; (5) vayaska matAdhikAra ke AdhAra para aba taka pA~ca cunAva ho cuke haiM, pratyeka vyakti (puruSa yA nArI) ko, jo 21 varSa kA hai, vidhAna dvArA yA kisI kAnana dvArA jo ayogya nahIM ThaharAyA gayA hai, loka-sabhA evaM pradezoM kI vidhAna sabhAoM ke canAva meM mata dene kA adhikAra prApta hai; (6) samAjavAdI DhaMga ke samAja kA nirmANa apanA uddezya hai (dhArA 38, 36); (7) cAra paMcavarSIya yojanAe~ kAryAnvita ho cukI haiM aura cauthI prakAzita ho rahI hai (pariziSTa saM07, sUcI 3, viSaya 20 ke antrgt)| saMvidhAna ke virodha meM kucha AlocanAe~ kI jA sakatI haiN| pahalI bAta yaha hai ki yaha bahuta bar3A hai, bahuvistRta hai aura bahuta-se sUtroM evaM srotoM se prApta vyavasthAoM kA eka sammizraNa hai| iMglaiNDa, AyaralaiNDa tathA anya yUropIya dezoM ke saMvidhAnoM se bahuta-sI vyavasthAeM le lI gayI haiM san 1635 ke bhAratIya kAnUna kI kucha vyavasthAe~ bhI le lI gayI haiN| inameM se kucha bAtoM ko chor3A jA sakatA thA aura sAmAnya vyavahAroM dvArA unheM kAryAnvita kiyA jA sakatA thaa| vistRta hone para bhI isameM bahuta-sI bAteM chUTa gayI haiN| rAjanItika daloM, vyAvasAyika nigamoM, dharmoM evaM rAjya ke sambandha ke viSaya meM koI spaSTa bAta nahIM kahI gayI hai| hamArI paramparAoM se hamAre saMvidhAna kA koI sambandha nahIM hai / dharmasatra evaM smRtiyA~ varNoM evaM AzramoM ke dharmoM (kartavyoM) se Arambhita hotI hai| svayaM prathama pradhAnamaMtrI sva. paM. javAharalAla neharU ne 'AjAda memoriela lekcarsa', 'iNDiyA Tu-De evaM TumAro' (1656, 50 45) meM kahA hai-'hama sabhI Aja adhikAroM evaM svatvoM ke viSaya meM bAta karate haiM aura unakI mAMga karate haiM, kintu prAcIna dharma kI zikSA karttavyoM evaM upakAroM ke viSaya meM thii| adhikAra to kiye gaye kartavyoM kA anasaraNa karate haiN|' abhAgyavaza hamAre saMvidhAna meM isa vicAra kA abhAva hai| bhArata ke jIvana meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa bAta hai janatA dvArA zakti kI prApti, jo na kevala rAjanItika hai, pratyuta vaha sAmAjika, Arthika, bauddhika evaM naitika bhI hai| saMvidhAna ne jana-sAdhAraNa meM eka bhAvanA kA udreka kara diyA hai ki unheM mAno kevala adhikAra prApta hai aura kartavyoM se unakA koI sambandha nahIM hai aura ve apane gharoM evaM cAya-kAphI kI dukAnoM meM baiThakara jo bhAvanAe~ banAte haiM, arthAta apane adhikAroM kA jo citra khIMcate haiM, unheM kAnana kA rUpa milanA cAhie, unheM kAnUna kI zakti prApta honI cAhie aura honA cAhie una viSayoM meM pUrNa nyAya / bhAratIya saMvidhAna meM deza ke prati yA logoM ke prati pAlanIya kalevyoM ke viSaya meM koI adhyAya nahIM hai| 16vIM dhArA ne sAta prakAra kI svatantratAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM eka nirmANa / upadhArA (4) ne rAjyoM ko loka vyavasthA yA naitikatA ke hita meM logoM para niyantraNa sthApita karane ke lie kAnUna banAne kI chUTa dI hai| saMvidhAna banAne vAle yaha vAta bhUla gaye ki kabhI aisA 3. prathama mahAyuddha taka greTa briTena meM nAriyoM ko matAdhikAra nahIM prApta thA aura Aja taka bhI sviTaz2aralaiNDa meM nAriyoM ko yaha adhikAra nahIM prApta ho sakA hai (dekhie jyArja soloveya-cika kRta 'sviTajara laNDa ina paspekTiva', pR0 31, san 1654 meM prkaashit)|

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bhAvI vRttiyA~ 4 samaya upasthita ho sakatA hai jaba deza kA sArA kArya hI Thappa ho jAye / aisA hote-hote bacA bhii| relave, DAka evaM tAra vibhAga kI jo deza vyApI har3atAla huI, usase logoM kI A~kheM khula gayIM / saMghoM ke nirmANa tathA har3atAla para roka lagAne kI bAta para udAharaNa ke lie eka prayoga ke rUpa meM saMvidhAna nirmAtAoM ko socanA cAhie thA / eka anya AlocanA yaha hai ki isameM aba taka bahuta-se sudhAra ho cuke haiN| san 1650 se aba taka kama-se-kama 28 sudhAra ho cuke haiM, jabaki saMyukta rAjya amerikA meM 170 varSoM ke bhItara kevala 22 sudhAra kiye gaye haiN| prathama sudhAra Der3ha varSa ke bhItara hI kiyA gayA, jisake phalasvarUpa lagabhaga 12 dhArAoM para prabhAva par3A, jinameM tIna to aisI haiM jo maulika adhikAroM se sambandhita haiM, yathA - 15, 16 evaM 31 / lagabhaga DhAI varSoM taka saMvidhAna ke nirmANa ke viSaya meM vicAra-vinimaya hotA rahA taba bhI Der3ha varSoM ke bhItara hI maulika adhikAroM ke viSaya meM parivartana karanA par3A ! isase to 'maulika adhikAra' zabdoM kA artha samajhane meM gar3abar3I utpanna ho sakatI hai / 31vIM dhArA meM jo sudhAra huA hai usake anusAra yadi kisI kI sampatti anivArya rUpa se le lI jAya to usakI kSati pUrti ke viSaya meM vaha kisI nyAyAlaya meM dAvA nahIM kara sktaa| yaha vyaktigata sampatti para eka gambhIra AkramaNa hai aura isameM apaharaNa evaM svecchAcAritA kI gandha milatI hai| lokasabhA meM nirdiSTa saMkhyA (korama) 50 kI hai, yadi 50 sadasya upasthita hoM aura unameM, mAna lIjiye, 26 sadasya yaha taya kara deM ki kisI vyakti kI katipaya sampattiyoM kI anivArya prApti ke lie nizcita dhana nirdhArita kiyA jAye jo sambhavata: bahuta hI kama ho, to usa vyakti ko nyAya kA Azraya lene kA adhikAra nahIM hai / eka anya AlocanA hai ki vizvavidyAlayoM ko sUcI saM0 2 (pariziSTa 7, rAjya sUcI saM0 11 ) meM rakha diyA gayA hai, jabaki unheM samavartI ( kaoNn- kareNTa ) sUcI meM rakhanA cAhie thA / zrama-sambandhI vyAvasAyika evaM prAvidhika ( vizeSa kalA yA vijJAna sambandhI ) prazikSaNa ko kaoNna- kareNTa sUcI (saM0 25) meM rakhA gayA hai| kyA vizvavidyAlayI zikSA zrama prazikSaNa ke samAna sAre deza ke lie mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai? kevala 62 se 66 (sUcI saM0 1, kendrIya sUcI ) taka ke viSaya kendrIya prazAsana ke antargata haiM / banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya, alIgar3ha muslima vizvavidyAlaya, dillI vizvavidyAlaya evaM zAnti niketana ko kyoM kendrIya prazAsana ke antargata rakhA gayA hai ? kyA anya vizvavidyAlaya samavartI (kaoNna - kareNTa ) sUcI meM nahIM rakhe jA sakate the ? AThaveM pariziSTa meM bhArata kI caudaha bhASAoM ko rASTrIya bhASA kahA gayA hai, kintu dhArA 343 (1) meM hindI ko saMgha kI bhASA ghoSita kiyA gayA hai aura dhArA 343 ko upadhArA 2 meM aMgrejI ko 15 varSo taka sahagAminI bhASA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura upadhArA 3 meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki san 1665 ke uparAnta bhI lokasabhA aMgrejI ko usa rUpa meM rakha sakatI hai / bhArata kI rASTra-bhASA kI samasyA kA abhI zAntimaya samAdhAna nahIM prApta ho sakA hai| sabhI prabuddha nAgarikoM meM rASTrIya ekatA kI bhAvanA evaM Adarza bharane ke lie eka bar3e paimAne para kAryakrama nirdhArita kiyA jAnA caahie| usa kAryakrama 4. pAThakoM ko jJAta hai ki san 1664-65 meM hindI ke prazna ko lekara dakSiNa meM bar3e paimAne para upadrava khar3e kiye gaye / dravir3a munetra kajagama nAmaka rAjanItika dala ke logoM ne rAjanItika cAleM caloM, jana-sAdhAraNa ko ubhAr3A, julUsa nikAle, baseM, TrakeM evaM relagAr3iyA~ jalA ddaaliiN| itanA hI nahIM, 3-4 vyaktiyoM ne bahakAve meM Akara apane ko jalA bhI ddaalaa| isa prakAra hindI rASTra-bhASA ko lekara dhana-jana kI hAni huii| ina rAjanItika

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420 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM bhArata ke atIta, hamArI samAna abhiruciyoM, samAna bhavipya, saMskRta meM pAye jAne vAle jJAna evaM vicAra ke tattvoM, kSetrIya bhASAoM tathA yagoM se calI AyI sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA kA samAveza honA caahie| Arambhika pAThazAlAoM se hI bhArata kI sAMskRtika ekatA se sambandhita maulika bAtoM kA adhyayana-adhyApana Arambha kara denA cAhie, jisase baccoM meM rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA kA udreka ho| pratyeka nAgarika ke mana meM aisI dhAraNA ba~dha jAnI cAhie ki hama sadA se eka deza ke nAgarika rahe haiM, videziyoM ne sadA se isa deza ko eka mAnA hai, hama sabhI sadA se bhArata ke vizAla jJAna evaM AdhyAtmika saMskRti ke adhikArI rahe haiM, hameM isa saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa evaM saMvardhana meM prANa-praNa se laga jAnA cAhie / yaha kArya 14 varSoM taka niHzulka evaM anivArya zikSA dvArA sampAdita kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMvidhAna ne sAtaveM pariziSTa meM jo viSaya rakhe haiM aura unakA saMgha, rAjya evaM samavartI (kaoNnakareNTa) sUciyoM meM jisa prakAra vibhAjana huA hai, vaha truTipUrNa hai| udAharaNArtha, mAdaka peya padArtho kA uttA utsAdana, nirmANa, prApti, kraya evaM vikraya rAjya kI sUcI meM haiM (rAjya sUcI, macI-2 meM AThavAM vissy)| isakA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki kucha rAjyoM meM mAdaka peya padArthoM para pratibandha hai to kahIM pUrNa chaTa hai / isase hamAre caritra para bar3A burA prabhAva par3A hai / kahIM-kahIM dhana-vaddhi ke lie prativandha haTA liye gaye haiN| aisI sthiti azobhanIya hai| cAhie to yaha thA ki ise hama maMgha kI macI meM rakhate aura deza ke nAgarikoM ke caritra-nirmANa ke lie Avazyaka niyama-prativandha banAte / uparyukta vAtoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki hamArA saMvidhAna jo do varSoM ke suvicAra meM nirmita haA aura jisake nirmANa meM diggaja buddhizAlI logoM kA sAhAyya prApta thA, kaI bAtoM meM asaMtoSaprada hai| hamArA janatantra lokanItika hai| likana ne lokanIti kI jo paribhASA kI hai, vaha atyanta prasiddha hai, yathA-'vaha zAsana jo loka kA hai, loka dvArA hotA hai tathA loka ke lie hotA hai| ye tInoM vAta, yathA loka (janatA yA prajA yA dezavAsiyoM) kA zAsana, loka (janatA yA prajA yA dezavAmiyoM) dvArA zAmana tathA loka (janatA yA prajA yA dezavAsiyoM ) ke lie zAsana, eka samyaka lokanIti meM pAyI jAtI haiN| yUnAna ke nagara-rAjyoM meM sabhI vayaska nAgarika (una dAsoM ko chor3a kara jo nAgarikoM se kahIM adhika the) eka sthAna para ekatra ho sakate the, vAda-vivAda meM bhAga le makate the tathA vidhi-vidhAna ke nirmANa meM sakriya sahayoga de sakate the / kintu yaha bAta vahA~ asambhava hai jahA~ eka vizAla deza meM karoDA matadAtA nAgarika phaile hoM / ata: likana mahodaya kI paribhASA ke eka aMza para pAnI phira gayA / karoDoM vyakti apane para zAsana nahIM kara sakate, yaha eka asambhAvanA hai| ve kevala kacha logoM ko apane zAsaka ke rUpa meM cuna sakate haiN| prAcIna kAla meM jaba sattA rAjA ke hAtha meM rahatI thI to gajA uttarAdhikAra ke dvArA yA vijaya ke dvArA yA virodhiyoM ke muNDa (sira) phor3a kara zAsaka ho pAtA thaa| kintu lokanIti meM zAsaka yA zAmaka loga muNDa ginakara cunA jAtA hai yA cune jAte haiN| DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ne apane grantha 'kalkin aura di phyUcara Ava siviliz2ezana' (cauthA saMskaraNa, 1656) meM likhA hai--'vAstava meM, lokanIti kAryarUpa meM kisI deza ko usake upadravoM ke kAraNa aMgrejI ko sahagAminI bhASA ke rUpa meM anizcita kAla ke lie mAna liyA gayA hai| dakSiNa ke kucha mana phire logoM kI bhA~ti baMgAla ke kucha logoM ne bhI upadrava kiye the, kintu aba saMvidhAna meM sudhAra ho jAne se upadrava meM narmI A gayI hai (ruupaantrkaar)|

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bhAvI vRttiyA~ 42 yogyatama vyaktiyoM dvArA zAsita hone kA avasara bahuta kama detI hai / jo thor3e-se vicAravAn hote haiM una para vizAla janatA ke mata chA jAte haiM / hameM mAnava-vyApAroM ko calAne ke lie vailaTa vaoNksa kI lATarI se apekSAkRta koI adhika acchA DhaMga apanAne kA prayAsa karanA cAhie ( pR0 20-22 ) / rene guinaoNna ne apane grantha 'krAisisa Ava di mADarna varlDa' (Arthara AsvaoNna dvArA anUdita, laNDana, 1632) meM likhA hai- 'kAnUna kA nirmANa bahumata dvArA parikalpita kiyA gayA hai, kintu jisa bAta para loga dhyAna nahIM dete vaha yaha hai ki yaha mata ( arthAt bahuta se logoM kA mata ) bar3I saralatA se prApta kiyA jAtA hai yA parimArjita ho sakatA hai, arthAt mata ko hama banA sakate haiM / bahumata meM adhikatara ayogya loga hote haiM aura unakI saMkhyA una logoM kI apekSA bahuta hotI hai, jo viSaya ke pUrNa jJAna ke uparAnta hI apanI sammati de sakate haiM ( pR0 108 ) / uparyukta zabda yUropa ke una dezoM ke viSaya meM haiM jahA~ para kaI dazAbdiyoM se par3he-likhe ( sAkSara ) logoM kI saMkhyA eka prakAra se zata-pratizata hai| lokatantrIya vyavasthA kA tAtparya hai ki matadAtA vibhinna daloM kI nItiyoM evaM kAryakramoM se bhalI bhA~ti paricita haiM aura unhIM ke anusAra matadAna karate haiM / yaha vyavasthA pahale se hI mAna letI hai ki deza meM zikSA hai, nAgarika loga buddhimAna haiM, ve vidhi-vidhAnoM kA sammAna karate haiM, unameM sahiSNutA hai, kama-se-kama apane dezavAsiyoM ke prati unameM bhrAtR-bhAva pAyA jAtA hai aura samAja meM adhika yA kama ekarUpatA pAyI jAtI hai / kintu jaba, jaisA ki Aja ke bhArata meM pAyA jAtA hai, adhika saMkhyA meM loga apar3ha hote haiM to sthiti bhayaMkara ho uThatI hai| acche dinoM kI AzA meM hameM Aja kI sthiti ko saha lenA cAhie, yadyapi bahuta-se videzI apanI asahiSNutA kA pradarzana kara hamArI lokanItika vyavasthA kI khillI ur3Ate haiM / " san 1661 kI jana-saMkhyA ke AMkar3oM se pratIta hotA hai ki san 1651 meM par3he-likhoM kI jana-saMkhyA, jo 16.6% thI aba vaha 23.7% ho gayI hai| DIna iMja ne apane grantha 'krizciyana ethiksa' ( 1630 ) meM usa iMgalaiNDa kI rAjanIti ke viSaya meM TippaNI kI hai, jahA~ ke matadAtA adhikAMzataH sAkSara haiM- 'hamArI rAjanIti itanI bhraSTAcAra-saMkula hai ki bahuta se loga tAnAzAhI kA svAgata kareMge / ' bleyara vaoNlesa ne apane grantha 'kaoNrapzana ina vAziMgaTana' (golAMja, laNDana, 1660 ) meM likhA hai ki saMyukta rAjya amerikA kI sthiti vilakSaNa hai, vahA~ para ImAnadAra athavA saccA vyakti jisake hAtha meM zakti hai vaha apane ko bhayaMkara naitika saMkIrNAvasthA meM pAtA hai, eka ora usake samakSa janatA ke prati uttaradAyittva hai aura use ImAnadArI baratanI hai to dUsarI ora use apane mitroM evaM sahayogiyoM ke prati vafAdArI ( vizvAsabhA janatA) pradarzita karanI hai| hamAre deza kI dazA ke viSaya meM na kucha kahanA hI ucita hai| hamAre mantriyoM evaM rAjyakarmacAriyoM ke samakSa usI prakAra kI viSama avasthAe~ haiM, vizeSataH jaba ki paramiToM evaM lAiseMsoM ko bA~Tane ke lie bahuta se niyama evaM vyavasthAe~ vidyamAna haiM ! rAjya-nIti ke sUcaka siddhAnta ( athavA tattva) dhArA 30 se 51 meM likhita haiM aura dhArA 27 meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki unakA kAryAnvaya kisI nyAyAdhikaraNa dvArA nahIM honA cAhie, kintu ve deza ke zAsana meM maulika / dhArA 45 meM aisA vyavasthita hai ki rAjya saMvidhAna lAgU ho jAne ke dasa varSoM ke bhItara 14 varSa kI avasthA 5. e0 koyesTalara ne apane grantha 'loTasa eNDa raoNbaoNTa' ( laNDana, 1660) meM likhA hai : 'bhArata meM DemaoNkresI ( lokanIti ) kevala nAma kI hai, ise bApUkresI (bApUvAda) kahanA adhika ThIka hogA' ( pR0 156 ) / lekhaka mahodaya khillI ur3Ate hue bApU (mahAtmA gAndhI) ke prabhAva kI ora saMketa karate haiM, kyoMki Arambhika dinoM meM loga kAMgresa ko na kaha kara gAMdhI jI ko voTa dete the !

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422 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa taka ke baccoM ke lie niHzulka evaM anivArya zikSA kI vyavasthA karane kA prayAsa kregaa| Aja 15 varSoM se adhika kI avadhi samApta ho gayI aura aisI vyavasthA ko gandha nahIM mila pA rahI hai| do-eka rAjyoM meM kanyAoM ke viSaya meM niHzulka zikSA kI vyavasthA huI hai, kintu anivArya zikSA abhI khaTAI meM par3I huI hai| cauthI paMcavarSIya yojanA cala rahI hai, isake pUrva tIna paMcavarSIya yojanAeM kAryAnvita huIM, jinameM araboM kI dhana-rAzi svAhA ho gayI, Age pA~cavIM paMcavarSIya yojanA lAgU hone jA rahI hai, kintu zikSA ko abhI vaha mahattva nahIM prApta ho pA rahA hai jo isake lie upAdeya hai| abhI 11 varSa taka ke lie ni:zulka evaM anivArya zikSA kI vyavasthA nahIM ho pA rahI hai, 14 varSa taka kI bAta to abhI bahuta dUra hai| paMcavarSIya yojanAoM meM anumAna se adhika dhana-rAzi laga rahI hai, jisase zikSA-sambandhI prativacana kI pUrti nahIM ho paatii| jaba dhana-rAzi kI kamI kI pUrti nahIM ho pAtI to sarvaprathama zikSA-yojanA kI hI hatyA kI jAtI hai| duHkha kI bAta hai ki svatantratA ke uparAnta bhI usa janatA kI zikSA kI samucita vyavasthA nahIM ho pA rahI hai jo mata dene vAlI hai aura parokSa rUpa se zAsaka hone vAlI hai ! dekheM, hamAre yojanA-nAyaka isa mahAn kamI kI pUrti kaba kara pAte haiN| yaha draSTavya hai ki rAjya nIti ke nidezaka siddhAnta (yA tattva) janatA ke jIvana-stara ko Upara uThAne ke lie Arthika praNAlI meM katipaya vyavasthAeM upasthita karane kI bAteM uThAte haiM (dekhie dhArA 43, 47 Adi), arthAta logoM ke bhautika padArthoM evaM upAdAnoM para bahuta adhika bala diyA gayA hai| lagatA hai ki bhautika unnati evaM samRddhi ke uparAnta rAjya ko aura kucha nahIM sampAdita karanA hai| kyA hI acchA huA hotA yadi usI prakAra naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI prApti ke lie bhI bala diyA gayA hotaa| saMvidhAna meM aisA likhita honA cAhie thA ki rAjya ko logoM meM ucca naitikatA, Atma-saMyama, sahakAritA, uttaradAyitva-vahana, karuNA evaM ucca prayAsa karane kI bhAvanAoM ke vikAsa ke lie sAdhana ekatra karane caahie| mAnava kaI pakSoM vAlA prANI hai| kevala bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hI paryApta nahIM hai| manuSya meM bauddhika, AdhyAtmika, sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika AkAkSAeM bhI kI hotI haiN| bhaviSya kA sAmAjika evaM Arthika svarUpa hamArI paramparAoM ke sarvottama aMza para AdhArita honA cAhie, aura vaha hai dharma kA niyama, arthAt ve kartavya jo sabake lie samAna haiM aura jo mana yAjJa0 (11122) dvArA udghoSita haiN| dharma nirapekSa rAjya kA abhiprAya yaha nahIM honA cAhie aura na aisA hai ki rAjya Izvara vihIna ho yA usakA sambandha naitika evaM AdhyAtmika jIvana-mUlyoM se nahIM hai| hamAre prathama pradhAnamantrI sva0 paM0 neharU ne isa bAta para bala diyA hai--'dharma Avazyaka ho yA na ho, hamAre jIvana meM kucha tattva ke lie tathA hameM eka-sA bA~dha rakhane ke lie kisI ucita Adarza meM hamArA vizvAsa honA parama Avazyaka hai| apane Ahnika jIvanoM kI bhautika evaM zArIrika mA~goM ke Upara hameM uddezya kA (dekhie Tu-De eNDa TumAro, pR06)| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki adhikAMza puruSoM evaM nAriyoM ke lie dharma hI eka aisA tattva hai jo ucita AdarzoM ko upasthita karatA hai| liMkana mahodaya dvArA upasthita loka nIti kI paribhASA meM tIsarA sUtra hai 'loka (janatA yA prajA yA dezavAsiyoM) ke lie,' (zAsana), jisakA artha hai zAsana sabhI logoM kI bhalAI para dhyAna de, na ki kisI viziSTa varga yA sampradAya kA hI dhyAna rakhe / Adhunika lokanIti pArTiyoM arthAt daloM para nirbhara rahatI hai aura use bahumata ke nirNayoM ke anusAra kAryazIla honA par3atA hai| aisA bahudhA hotA hai ki kaI daloM kI upasthiti ke kAraNa kisI eka dala ko saba daloM ko milA kara unase adhika mata nahIM prApta ho paate| aisA ho sakatA hai ki eka dala ko diye gaye matoM kA 40% mile aura anya daloM ke (jo vicAradhArAoM meM eka-dUsare se bhinna haiM) krama se 25%; 20% evaM 15% mile| aisI sthiti meM 40% mata pAne vAlA dala rAjya karatA hai, kintu use janatA kA

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bhAvo vRttiyA~ 420 bahamata nahIM prApta rahatA hai| dalIya paddhati se sAmAnyataH zakti ke lie saMgharSa uTha khar3A hotA hai aura janatA kA naitika stara gira jAtA hai, vizeSata: usa deza meM jahA~ janatA kA kevala ; bhAga (puruSa evaM strI donoM) kevala, apanI kSetrIya bhASA meM ligva-par3ha sakatA hai| prastuta lekhaka aisA nahIM mAnatA ki nirakSaratA kA artha buddhi kA abhAva hai| kintu jaba taka vyakti svayaM nahIM par3ha pAtA aura apane par3e hue para soca-vicAra nahIM kara pAtA, vaha kadAcita hI usa viSaya ke pakSa yA vipakSa meM acchI prakAra se nirNaya le sake, jo matadAtAoM ke samakSa yojanA yA kisI nIti ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA jAtA hai| kAnana aMgrejI meM likhe jAte haiN| loka-sabhA meM adhikAMza vaktA aMgrejI meM bhASaNa karate haiM (kevala thor3e-se loga hindI meM bolate haiM) aura jaTila kAnUna yoM hI bahumata se, yA jaisA avasara rahA, sarvasammati se pArita ho jAte haiN| jo deza atyanta kama zAsita hotA hai vaha atyuttama rUpa se zAsita hotA hai / loka-sabhA meM kAnanoM kI bAr3ha dekhane meM AtI hai| san 1950 se 1656 ke bIca kevala sAta varSoM meM 450 kAnUna loka-sabhA meM pArita hue| inameM se kucha kAnUna hinduoM ko unake kombika sambandhoM evaM anya svarUpoM meM mArmika rUpa se prabhAvita karate haiN| kucha udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN| hindU putrIkaraNa (dattaka) kAnUna to prAcIna hindU siddhAntoM se bahuta Age calA gyaa| prAcIna kAla meM do siddhAnta the, yathA--AdhyAtmika kalyANa evaM hita ke lie kevala lar3akA hI apanAyA jAtA hai, jo avasthA evaM anya bAtoM meM putra ke samAna ho| striyA~ goda nahIM lI jA sakatI thIM, kevala vidhavA apane pati ke AdhyAtmika lAbha ke lie kisI ko goda le sakatI thii| ye siddhAnta aba havA meM ur3A diye gaye haiN| eka bAta ullekhanIya hai / hindU vyavahAra (kAnUna) ko prabhAvita karane vAle kucha kAnUnoM dvArA lokAcAroM ko dhatA batA diyA gayA hai, dekhie, hindU vivAha kAnUna (1655 kA 25 vA~ kAnUna, vibhAga 4), hindU uttarAdhikAra kAnUna (1656 kA 30 vA~ kAnUna, vibhAga 4 kA 1) / 1656 ke 78 veM kAnUna hindU putrIkaraNa evaM bharaNa (pAlana-popaNa) kAnUna dvArA vyavasthA dI gayI hai ki goda liyA jAne vAlA vyakti 15 varSa se adhika kA nahIM honA cAhie aura goda liye jAne vAle vyakti evaM goda lene vAlI strI tathA goda lI jAne vAlI lar3akI evaM goda lene vAle puruSa meM 21 varSoM kA antara honA caahie| isa viSaya meM dekhie vibhAga 10, viSaya 4 tathA vibhAga 11, viSaya 4 / kintu vibhAga 10 meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki lokAcAra ke viruddha aisA nahIM honA caahie| yaha Azcarya hai aura samajha meM nahIM AtA ki isa mAmale meM lokAcAra ko kyoM mAnyatA de dI gayI hai jaba ki anya viSayoM (mAmaloM) meM lokAcAroM para koI dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA hai| san 1655 ke 25 veM kAnUna (hindU vivAha kAnUna) ne bar3e-bar3e parivartana kara diye haiM, jinake viSaya meM adhikAMza hindU kucha bhI nahIM jaante| isa kAnuna ke pUrva eka hindU siddhAntataH (kintu vyavahArata: bahuta kama) do yA adhika nAriyoM se vivAha kara sakatA thA aura anuloma vivAha (eka ucca varNa ke puruSa kA kisI hIna varNa kI nArI se vivAha) kucha ucca nyAyAlayoM dvArA (yathA-ilAhAbAda evaM madrAsa) avaidha mAnA jAtA thaa| kintu aba 1655 ke kAnana dvArA vivAha eka patnItva kA dyotaka ho gayA (aba eka puruSa eka se adhika strI ke sAtha vivAha nahIM kara sakatA) aura kisI jAti kA vyakti kisI bhI jAti kI nArI se vivAha kara sakatA hai tathA hindU, sikha, bauddha yA jaina dharmoM ke vyaktiyoM ke vivAha aba vaidha mAna liye jAte haiN| jina dinoM yaha kAnana bana rahA thA, kacha logoM ne eka strI vivAha kAnana dvArA masalamAnoM (jo karAna ke anasAra eka sAtha cAra nAriyoM ko patnI ke rUpa meM rakha sakate haiM) ko bhI bA~dhanA cAhA kintu unakI bAta isase kATa dI gayI ki aisA karane se musalamAna nArAz2a ho sakate haiM / anya vyavasthAe~, yathA vivAha ke viSaya meM bauddha, jaina evaM sikha hindU haiM, jahA~ eka ora saba ko eka sAtha le jAne vAlI haiM, vahIM ve apar3ha logoM ke mana meM dvidhA utpanna karane vAlI haiM aura antatogatvA unase hindU-samAja meM chinna-bhinnatA utpanna ho jAne kI sambhAvanA hai| kaTTara loga (arthAt rUr3hivAdI) isa prakAra ke mizra vivAhoM ko ghRNA kI dRSTi se

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424 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dekhate haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki rUr3hivAdI loga abodha logoM ke sAtha milakara isa nayI vyavasthA ko ukhAr3a pheNkeN| kintu yaha tabhI sambhava ho sakatA hai jabaki gAMdhI-yuga ke ujjvala vyaktitva dhIre-dhIre kama ho jaayeNge| hindU-samAja kI mahattvapUrNa vizeSatAoM meM eka hai saMyukta parivAra kA pracalana jo sahasroM varSoM se calA A rahA hai| yaha pracalana mitAkSarA koTi kA hai jo vaMgAla (jahA~ dAyabhAga kA pracalana hai) ko chor3akara sAre bhArata meM pAyA jAtA hai / saMyukta parivAra praNAlI kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki parivAra (kuTumba) ke sabhI sadasya samAMzI (rikthAdhikArI) hote haiM, arthAt yadi kaTamba kA koI sadasya mara jAtA hai to usakA Tamba kA koI sadasya mara jAtA hai to usakA dhana sabhI sadasyoM, jinameM usakA putra bhI sammilita hai (yadi koI ho to) ko prApta ho jAtA hai, striyoM ko kuTumba kI sampatti meM koI adhikAra nahIM hotA, unheM kevala vivAha ke vyaya evaM bharaNa-poSaNa kA adhikAra prApta hotA hai, saMyukta parivAra kA koI bhI vyakti icchApatra (yahA~ taka ki pitA bhI nahIM) yA vikrI yA bandhaka dvArA saMyukta 'sampatti hastAntarita nahIM kara sakatA, kevala kuTumba kI paramparA ke anusAra kucha AvazyakatAoM ke lie kucha chUTa mila sakatI hai| bAhya AkramaNoM evaM kuzAsanoM ke rahate hue bhI kaI zatiyoM taka saMyukta parivAra paddhati evaM jAti prathA ne hI hindU samAja ko vicchinna hone se bacA rakhA thaa| hindU uttarAdhikAra kAnUna (san 1956 kA 30vA~) ne mitAkSarA saMyukta parivAra meM do atikramaNakArI parivartana kara diye haiN| kAnUna ke 30veM vibhAga kI vyAkhyA ne yaha vyavasthA dI hai ki koI bhI puruSa sadasya apane icchApatra dvArA rikthAdhikAra ko samApta kara sakatA hai| yaha eka bahuta bar3A parivartana hai| dUsarA parivartana vibhAga 6 meM saMkSepataH isa prakAra hai| yadi mitAkSarA paddhati vAlA koI samAMzI isa kAnUna ke lAgU ho jAne ke uparAnta mara jAtA hai aura usako koI putra nahIM hai, kevala eka putrI hai yA kisI mRta putra kI putrI hai yA kisI mata putrI kI putrI hai to usakI sampatti kisI anya samAMzI (yA rikthAdhikArI) ko nahIM prApta hogI, pratyata uparyukta vaMzajoM ko hogI aura unako vahI aMza prApta hogA jo vibhAjana hone para usa vyakti ko marane ke pUrva miltaa| isa kAnUna ke pUrva uparyakta ullikhita vyaktiyoM ko yadi vyavita putrahIna mara jAtA to koI aMza na prApta hotaa| ina do parivartanoM ke phalasvarUpa mitAkSarA paddhati kevala khokhalI raha gayI hai| jaba yaha kAnana pArita ho rahA thA to kucha logoM ne vaktavya diyA ki mitAkSarA paddhati ko sarvathA samApta kara denA cAhie, kintu vaisA nahIM nda kAnana meM isa prakAra ke parivartanoM se striyoM ke prati udAratA kA pradarzana kiyA gayA hai| kintu kucha viSayoM meM, aisA lagatA hai, mAno vidhAyakoM ne badalA (pratihiMsA) liyA hai| sthAnAbhAva se kevala eka udAharaNa upasthita kiyA jA rahA hai| hindU uttarAdhikAra kAnana ke vibhAga 8 evaM uttarAdhikAriyoM ke pariziSTa varga 1 evaM 2 ke antargata yadi koI sampattivAna vyakti kevala mAtA evaM pitA ko chor3a kara mara jAtA hai (arthAt yadi usake putra na hoM, na patnI ho aura na koI anya vyakti hoM) to mAtA ko usakI (putra kI) sArI sampatti mila jAtI hai aura pitA ko ka cha bhI nahIM, kyoMki mAtA varga 1 ke antargata rakhI gayI hai aura pitA varga 2 ke antargata aura vibhAga 83 (ka evaM kha) meM niyama aisA hai ki varga 2 ke uttarAdhikArI tabhI adhikAra pAte haiM jaba varga 1 meM koI zeSa na ho| yAjJa0 (2 / 135) ke anusAra putrahIna vyakti ke mara jAne para krama se vidhavA, taba putrI, usake uparAnta putrI kA putra (yA jitane putra hoM sabhI), usake uparAnta pitaroM (mAtA evaM pitA donoM, dvivacana kA prayoga huA hai) uttarAdhikAra prApta karate haiN| kucha TIkAkAroM ke matAnusAra mAtA ko pitA kI apekSA varIyatA dI jAnI cAhie, kintu kacha loga pitA ko varIyatA dete haiM aura kacha loga donoM ko samAna rUpa se uttarAdhikArI ghoSita karate haiN| rAjyasabhA (kIsila Ava sTeTsa) meM pitA ko mAtA ke sAtha hI varga 1 meM rakhA gayA / kintu loka-sabhA meM mAtA ko varga 1 meM tathA pitA ko varga 2 meM rakhA gyaa| saMvidhAna kI dhArA 15 meM liMga, dharma evaM jAti Adi ke AdhAra para bheda karanA niSiddha mAnA gayA hai| mAtA evaM pitA meM jo antara yahA~ prakaTa hai, vaha liMga

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bhAvI vRttiyA~ 421 bheda hI to hai ! sambhavataH vidhAyaka logoM ne isa prakAra ke antara dvArA zatiyoM se cale Aye hae strI-sambandhI anyAya kI kSatipUrti karanI cAhI hai| san 1656 kA hindU uttarAdhikAra kAnUna maslima kAnUna se bhI Age bar3ha gayA hai, kyoMki isane pariziSTa varga 1 meM 12 prakAra ke vyaktiyoM ko rakhA hai jo eka-sAtha hI uttarAdhikAra prApta karate haiN| kucha udAharaNa aise haiM jahA~ mRta vyakti kI sampadA ko pAne vAle varga 1 ke vyakti 20 yA isase bhI adhika hote haiM, yathA mRta ke 5 putra, 5 kanyAe~ tathA pahale se mRta putroM evaM putriyoM kI saMtAneM / sambhavata: saMsAra meM koI anya deza aisA nahIM hai, jahA~ kisI ke marane para itane vyakti eka sAtha hI uttarAdhikArI ho utthe| isakA pariNAma yaha hogA ki sampatti ke bahuta se Ta kar3e ho jAyeMge aura lagAtAra jhagar3e evaM mukaddame meM lage rheNge| isase daridratA kA vibhAjana (baMTavArA) hotA jaaygaa| san 1656 ke pUrva hindU kAnUna ke antargata striyoM ko puraSoM se uttarAdhikAra ke rUpa meM sAmAnyataH eka sImita sampatti (arthAta kevala jIvana bhara ke lie) prApta hotI thii| udAharaNArtha, yadi koI vyakti apanI patnI evaM eka bhAI yA bhatIje (bhAI ke putra) ko chor3akara mara jAye (aura usakA koI putra na ho) to usakI sampatti usakI patnI ko jIvana-kAla ke lie mila jAtI thI aura usakI mRtyu ke uparAnta sampatti mRta vyakti ke bhAI (yadi jIvita ho to) ko yA usake pUtroM Adi ko mila jAtI thii| kintu aba (san 1656 ke uparAnta) vidhavA ko usa sampatti para pUrNa adhikAra prApta ho gayA hai arthAta aba vaha use beca sakatI hai, usakA dAna kara sakatI hai yA usake lie icchA-patra banA sakatI hai| dekhie 1656 ke hindU uttarAdhikAra kAnUna kA vibhAga 14 / itanA hI nahIM, yaha vibhAga una vidhavAoM ko jo 1656 ke pUrva sImita rUpa meM uttarAdhikAriNI huI thIM gatakAlasApekSa pUrNa adhikAra detA hai / ise yoM samajhie, mAna lIjie koI vyakti san 1650 meM mara gayA aura usake pIche usakI vidhavA evaM bhAI bace haiN| aisI sthiti meM vidhavA ko sImita rUpa se uttarAdhikAra prApta hogA arthAt vaha apane pati kI sampatti ko na to beca sakatI hai aura na kimI ko de sakatI hai, aura yadi vaha 1956 ke pUrva mara gayI hotI to usake mRta pati ke bhAI ko uttarAdhikAra prApta ho jaataa| kintu mAna lIjie jaba 1656 kA kAnUna pArita huA vaha jIvita hai aura mRta pati kI sampati para usakA adhikAra prApta hai| kAnUna ke pArita ho jAne para usakA adhikAra acAnaka vistata ho jAtA hai| aba vaha usa sampatti ko kisI ko de sakatI hai yA icchA-patra dvArA apane bhAI ko hI de sakatI hai yA use sarvathA vaJcita kara sakatI hai| striyoM kA yaha sthAnAdhikAra pratihiMsA kI bhAvanA se ota-prota hai| abhI sAmAnya janatA isa viSaya meM vizeSa nahIM jaantii| kintu Age calakara bhayaMkara vivAda khar3e ho sakate haiN| aise logoM ko kuTumba kI sampatti prApta ho sakatI hai| jinase usa kuTumba ke loga bhArI lar3AI ThAna sakate haiM, kyoMki kuTumba kI sampatti ke prati sadasyoM kA svAbhAvika moha hotA hai aura jaba mRta vyakti kI vidhavA naye kAnUna ke anusAra apane pati kI sampatti ko kuTumba meM hI kisI sadasya ko na dekara kisI bAharI vyakti ko beca detI hai, yA dAna de detI hai yA use icchA-patra de detI hai to kuTumba ke sadasyoM ko bahuta burA laga sakatA hai aura pAThaka kalpanA kara sakate haiM ki kisa prakAra ke bhami-yaddha janma le sakate haiN| sana 1954 se lekara san 1656 taka jitane kAnana pArita hue haiM aura unase jo bAteM samAja meM AyIM, yathA- ekastrI-vivAha ko mAnyatA prApta haI, aneka patnInatA daNDita mAnI gayI, lar3akiyoM evaM lar3akoM ke lie vivAha karane kI avasthA krama se 15 evaM 18 mAnI gayI, puruSoM evaM patniyoM, donoM ko samAna niyamoM ke AdhAra para vivAhoccheda (talAka) kA adhikAra diyA gayA, putrI evaM usakI saMtAnoM ko uttarAdhikAra kA pUrNa adhikAra diyA gayA, pati yA vidhavA donoM ko, mRta vyakti dvArA pahale se hI putrIkaraNa na kara lene para bhI, putra yA putrI ko goda lene kA adhikAra de diyA gayA-unase striyoM kI sthiti meM bar3e-bar3e parivartana ho gaye haiM aura ye parivartana svatantratA-prApti ke uparAnta sabhI kAnUna sambandhI parivartanoM kI apekSA adhika prabhAvazAlI bana gaye haiN|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kucha rAjyoM ne bhUmi kA sImA nirdhAraNa kiyA hai| sUkhI (binA siMcAI kI ) yA siMcAI vAlI bhUmi ke AdhAra para vyakti ko katipaya ekar3a se adhika bhUmi rakhane kA adhikAra nahIM diyA gayA hai / abhI yaha sthiti sabhI rAjyoM meM nahIM sthApita kI jA sakI hai| kintu isa prakAra ke kAnUna ko loga pakSapAtapUrNa ThaharAte haiM, kyoMki sAmAnya janatA kI dRSTi meM bhUmi sambandhI sImA nirdhAraNa to sthApita kara diyA gayA hai, kintu bar3e-bar3a e udyogapatiyoM kI anya prakAra kI sampattiyoM kA sImA nirdhAraNa abhI nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jo sacamuca anyAyapUrNa evaM pakSapAtapUrNa hai| tarka yaha diyA jAtA hai ki bar3e-bar3e, seTha sAhUkAroM Adi ko Aya - kara tathA anya kara dene par3ate haiM, kintu kRSi karane vAle kahate haiM ki ve bhI kara dete haiM aura maha~gI se sAmAnoM ke mUlya bahuta U~ce uTha gaye haiM / 426 hamAre saMvidhAna kI dhArA 47 meM aisI vyavasthA kI gayI hai ki rAjya logoM ko pauSTika padArtha kI upalabdhi karAye, logoM ke sAmAnya jIvana stara ko Upara uThAye logoM kA svAsthya sudhAre aura aise padArthoM, dravyoM evaM vastuoM kA prayoga niSiddha kare jo svAsthya ke lie hAnikara haiN| kucha rAjyoM ne mAdaka dravyoM evaM padArthoM ke sevana ke virodha meM kAnUna nahIM banAye aura na koI yojanAe~ hI upasthita kIM, kyoMki aisA karane se rAjya kI Aya para do prakAra se prabhAva par3atA thA, yathA- mAdaka vastuoM para lagAye gaye kara kI hAni tathA logoM ko mAdaka dravyoM ke nirmANa se rokane ke lie eka lambe karmacArI dala kI sthApanA kA vyaya / dhArA 45 ke anusAra caudaha varSoM taka niHzulka evaM anivArya zikSA kI vyavasthA to nahIM kI gayI, kintu kucha rAjyoM meM dhArA 47 ko pUrNarUpeNa kAryAnvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA / sAre bhArata meM madya niSedha kA kAnUna nahIM apanAyA gayA / kahIM eka pApa aparAdha hai to vahI dUsare rAjya meM pAlita vyavasthA hai ! eka nagara meM loga naze meM jhUma rahe haiM to dUsare sthAna meM logoM ke hAthoM meM hathakar3I hai / sambhavata: niSedhAjJA nikAlane vAle mAnava manovijJAna kI eka pramukha bAta bhUla jAte haiN| jaba kisI vastu kA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai aura vaha bahuta kama mAtrA meM prApta hone lagatI to loga kAnUna tor3a kara use prApta karanA cAhate haiM / aisI sthiti meM atyanta gande sthAnoM meM banAye gaye mAdaka dravyoM kA gupta vyApAra calane lagatA hai aura jAnate hue bhI loga pulisa ko samAcAra nahIM dete, kyoMki unheM isakA Dara rahatA hai ki sevana karane vAle evaM banAne vAle loga unakI hatyA kara deMge / mAdaka dravyoM ke vyavahAra para niSedha lagAne se bhayaMkara pari NAma upasthita hue haiN| ghur3adaur3a evaM dAva~bAjI para pratibandha nahIM hai, kyoMki aisA karane se dhanika loga sarakAra se ruSTa ho jAyeMge / madyapAna evaM dyUta vedakAla se hI aparAdha evaM pApa mAnA jAtA rahA hai (R0 7 86 / 6)) / ataH logoM meM isa prakAra ke durAcaraNoM ko rokane ke lie madhyama mArga apanAnA cAhie aura kramazaH pIne ke AcaraNoM meM kamI kA upadeza karate rahanA cAhie, nahIM to damana karane se atyanta bhayaMkara durguNoM ke utpanna ho jAne kA bhaya hai / daheja prathA ke virodha meM san 1661 meM eka kAnUna banA jo vAstava meM, eka prakAra se vyartha hai / jahA~ rupaye ke lena-dena ko aparAdha mAnA gayA hai, vahIM bheMTa, alaMkAra, vastra Adi ko vaidha mAnA gayA nAma para sahasroM rupaye daheja ke rUpa meM liye diye jA rahe (1665 meM) cAra varSa ho gaye, kintu koI bhI mukaddamA / isakA pariNAma sAmane hai / bheMTa aura dAna ke aura vyavasthA jyoM-kI-tyoM banI par3I hai / Aja adAlata meM nahIM AyA / bahuta hI saMkSepa meM saMvidhAna se sambandhita katipaya bAtoM para Upara prakAza DAlA gayA hai / deza kI Arthika evaM sAmAjika unnati ke lie paJcavarSIya yojanAe~ lAgU kI gayI haiM / unnati evaM vikAsa ke lie hamane jo lambI-lambI yojanAe~ banAyI haiM, unake kAryAnvayana meM videzI pU~jI lagAyI gayI hai / hama para katipaya dezoM

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bhAvI vRttiyA~ kA bhArI RNa lada cukA hai| ina yojanAoM kI jA~ca hama sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ nahIM kara skeNge| hamArI varta. mAna lokanItika sarakAra lokanItika samAjavAda (DemaoNkreTika sozalijma) kI sthApanA meM lagI hai| kacha loga isakI saphalatA meM zaMkA prakaTa karate haiN| kucha loga aisI vicAradhArA prakaTa karate haiM ki binA sarvatantra svatantravAda (ToTailiTeriyanijma) ke saccA samAjavAda sthApita nahIM ho sktaa| cAhe jo ho, sthAnAbhAva se ina bAtoM para hama yahA~ vicAra nahIM upasthita kreNge| hitakArI rAjya (velapheyara sTeTa) kI kalpanA kI gayI hai aura usake lie samAja ke samAjavAdI DhA~ce kA Adarza sAmane rakhA gayA hai| aise samAja kI kalpanA kI gayI hai jisameM sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjanItika nyAya kI vyavasthA ho aura rASTrIya jIvana kI sabhI saMsthAe~ nyAyayukta vyavasthA se grathita evaM gaThita hoN| hitakArI yA kalyANakArI rAjya siddhAntata: 'sarvodaya' ( sabakA udaya arthAt sabakI samRddhi) kA uddezya sammukha rakhatA hai / abhI kucha kAla pahale taka prajA ke prati rAjya ke pramukha karttavya the-deza kA zAsana, deza evaM isakI samadra-sImAoM kI bAhya AkramaNoM se rakSA karanA, niyama evaM vyavasthA kI rakSA karanA tathA Arambhika evaM ucca zikSA kI vyavasthA krnaa| hamAre saMvidhAna ke nirmAtAoM evaM netAoM kI abhikAMkSA rahI hai hitakArI rAjya kI sthApanA karanA, abhiyojita Arthika vyavasthA ke AdhAra para deza meM samAjavAdI DhA~ce kI sAmAjika evaM Arthika vyavasthA upasthita karanA / Aja bahuta-se mahatvapUrNa vyavasAya rAjya ke lie surakSita haiM aura sarakAra ne katipaya vastuoM ke nirmANa, unake mUlya nirdhAraNa Adi para apanA adhikAra sthApita kara liyA hai| isane rAjya vyApAra nigama (sTeTa TreDiMga kAraporezana) sthApita kara DAlA hai| bar3I-bar3I yojanAoM ko calAne ke lie rAjya ne bar3e-bar3e kara lagAne kI vyavasthA kara DAlI hai| inakama Taiksa (1622 kA kAnana jo puna: 1661 meM sudhArA gayA aura jisameM samaya par3ane para bar3e-bar3e parivartana hote rahate haiM) ke atirikta hamArI lokanItika sarakAra ne eka-ke-uparAnta cAra kAnUna pArita kara DAle haiM, yathA-isTeTa DyUTI aikTa (1653), veltha Taiksa (1957), ekspeNDIcara Taiksa (1957) evaM giphTa Taiksa (1658) / ina TaiksoM ke vivecana meM jAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / ina TaiksoM ke kAraNa Aja kI sarakAra ko 'nayI niraMkazavAdI' sarakAra kahA jAtA hai| hitakArI yA kalyANakArI rAjya ke nAma para hamAre netAoM dvArA sampUrNa zakti naukarazAhI zAsana ke rUpa meM pariNata kI jA rahI hai| sthAnAbhAva se hama isa viSaya para adhika nahIM likheNge| yojanAoM para apAra sampatti vyaya kI jA rahI hai, jisake kAraNa maha~gAI bar3hatI jA rahI hai aura bekArI kI samasyA druta vega se deza ke sira para car3hI A rahI hai| sara DabalyU bevarija mahodaya ne apanI pustaka 'pilara Ava sekyoriTI' (1944) meM una pAMca rAkSasoM ke nAma liye haiM jinase mAnavatA ko yuddha karanA hai, yathA-kamI, roga, ajJAna, gandagI evaM bekaarii| yaha antima 'aisA hai jisase hameM sabase pahale lar3anA hai| hamAre saMvidhAna kI dhArA 41 meM kAma karane, zikSA pAne kA adhikAra hai evaM bekArI kI dazA meM, vArdhakya meM, bImArI meM tathA kucha anya bAtoM meM hameM rAjya-sahAyatA kA bhI adhikAra prApta hai| sabako pUrNa 6. 'sarvodaya' kA Adarza nimnalikhita vikhyAta zloka se bhinna nahIM hai : 'sarve'tra sukhinaH santu sarve santu virAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcid duHkhamApnuyAt // jisakA kertha yoM hai : 'yahA~ (isa loka meM) sabhI sukhI hoM, sabhI rogoM se mukta hoM / sabhI samRddhi ko dekheM (prApta hoveM) aura koI dukha na pAye // '

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa rUpa se naukarI denA sarala nahIM hai| rAjya ko cAhie ki vaha bekArI kI samasyA kA hala upasthita kare, vaha na kevala sAhityika zikSA kA prabandha kare, pratyuta vaha vyAvasAyika evaM prAvidhika prazikSaNa ke kArya ko kaI gane vega se bddhaaye| ina bAtoM para hama yahA~ adhika nahIM likha sakeMge / aba hama hindU samAja evaM dharma ke sadhAra evaM punarvyavasthA para vicAra kareMge / pUrtagAlI 15vIM zatI ke anta meM yahA~ Aye aura unhoMne bhArata ke pazcimI taTa para kucha bhumi prApta kara lii| kintu dhArmika atyAcAra evaM asahiSNutA ke kAraNa unhoMne hindU samAja para koI adhika prabhAva nahIM ddaalaa| kintu aMgrejoM ke sAtha bAta dUsarI thI, ve to vyApAra, dhana evaM zakti ke icchuka the| san 1765 se aMgrejoM kA jo prabhAva jamA aura bhArata ke adhika bhAgoM para unakA jo Adhipatya sthApita huA, usase bhAratIya kramazaH aMgrejI sAhitya evaM Adhunika vijJAna ke samparka meM Ane lge| Adhunika kAla meM sarvaprathama sudhAraka the rAjA rAmamohana rAya (1772-1833), jo baMgAlI the| unhoMne san 1828 meM brahma-samAja kI sthApanA kii| bhAratIya samAja evaM dharma meM sudhAra kI vyavasthA karane vAloM meM, kacha viziSTa nAma ye haiM-devendranAtha ThAkara (1817-1605) kezavacandra sena (1838-1884), Izvaracandra vidyAsAgara, dayAnanda sarasvatI (18241883, jinhoMne sana 1877 meM Arya samAja kI sthApanA kI aura kevala vedoM ko hI pramANa mAnA), rAmakRSNa paramahaMsa (1834-1886) evaM unake mahAn ziSya svAmI vivekAnanda (1863-1602, jinhoMne vedAnta ke pracAra ke lie rAmakRSNa mizana kI sthApanA kI aura daridroM kI sahAyatA ke lie mizana dvArA eka mahAna abhiyAna calAyA), mahAdeva govinda rAnADe (1842-1601, jo bambaI ke prArthanA-samAja se ghaniSTa rUpa se sambandhita the), Agarakara , phule, ravIndranAtha ThAkura (1861-1641), gAndhIjI (1866-1648), DA0 karve (jinhoMne san 1616 meM nAriyoM kA vizvavidyAlaya sthApita kiyaa)| isa viSaya meM adhika jAnakArI ke lie dekhie esa0 naTarAjana kRta 'e seMcurI Ava sozala riphArma ' (eziyA pabliziMga hAusa, bambaI), jI0 ena0 phahara kRta 'mADarna rilijiesa mUvameNTsa ina iNDiyA' (maikmilana, 1617), DablyU0 TI0 DI0 varya kRta 'sorseja Ava iNDiyana TreDizana' (nyUyArka 1658, pR0 604-646) / ___Ajakala bhArata meM vicAroM kI bAr3ha A gayI hai aura bhA~ti-bhA~ti kI vicAradhArAoM kA udgAra ho rahA hai| Aja ke bahuta-se-dezavAsI apane dharma se preraNA nahIM grahaNa karate / yaha dharma kA doSa nahIM hai, yaha hamAre pUrvavartI logoM evaM hamArA doSa hai ki hamane apanI saMskRti evaM dharma ke sAratattva ko sabake samakSa prakaTa nahIM kiyA aura aMdhavizvAsoM evaM bhrAmaka avadhAraNAoM se utpanna anAvazyaka tattvoM ko pRthak karake pramukha sAra-tattvoM para bala nahIM diyaa| Aja ke sAmAnya jana prAcIna rUr3higata vizvAsoM evaM Adhanika vaijJAnika jJAna ke bIca pAye jAne vAle vibhedoM se vyAmohita se ho gaye haiN| isakA du:khada pariNAma yaha huA hai ki sadAcAra ke paramparAgata jIvana-mUlya vicchinna hote jA rahe haiM aura katipaya vicAradhArAe~ hameM bA~dhatI jA rahI haiM, purAne pAza TUTa rahe haiM aura naye pAzoM se hama ba~dhate jA rahe haiN| Aja dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika bAtoM para bahuta-sI spaSTa vivecita dhAraNAe~ upasthita ho gayI haiN| samAja kA eka varga apane ko sanAtanI kahatA hai aura vizvAsa rakhatA hai ki paramparAnugata sadAcAra-saMhitA kI sthApanA hamAre vicArazIla RSiyoM-muniyoM dvArA huI hai aura Aja ke adhakacarI buddhi vAle logoM ko kisI prakAra kA parivartana karane kA sAhasa nahIM karanA caahie| eka anya varga (sanAtaniyoM se sambaddha) aisA hai. jisake logoM ne Aja ke jIva-vijJAna evaM una zAstroM kA adhyayana kiyA jo manaSya jAti kI unnati se sambandhita hai| aise logoM kA kathana hai ki hamArI paramparAe~ evaM rUr3hiyA~, jo jAti vyavasthA evaM vivAha sambandhI pratirodhAtmaka niyamoM para

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426 bhAvI vRttiyA~ AdhRta haiM, atyanta vaijJAnika haiM aura unameM kisI bhI prakAra ke parivartana kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, pratyuta parivartana karane se bhayaMkara pariNAmoM kI utpatti ho sakatI hai| eka anya varga bhI hai, jisake loga kahate haiM: 'hamAre sAtha kyoM jhagar3A karate ho ? kAla svayaM Avazyaka parivartanoM ko lAyegA / ' kucha aise loga bhI haiM jo dUsarI sImA taka jAte haiM aura saMsAra meM devI yA AdhyAtmika tattvoM evaM jIvana-mUlyoM ke astitva ko asvIkAra karate haiM / kucha loga vAJchita parivartanoM ke lie niyamoM ke nirmANa kI AvazyakatA para bala dete haiN| kucha loga kahate haiM ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke Avazyaka mUlyoM ko nIMva ke rUpa meM le lIjie aura usa para Aja ke kAla kI AvazyakatAoM ke anusAra DhA~cA khar3A kiijie|' hindU dharma sadaiva vikasatA AyA hai aura paramparAoM meM sadaiva parivartana hote rahe haiN| dekhie isa viSaya meM isa khaNDa ke adhyAya 26 evaM 33 / jo parivartana hote rahe ve kisI vidhAyikA-sabhA dvArA nahIM hote the, pratyuta unake pIche TIkAkAroM evaM nibandha lekhakoM ke grantha evaM vaktavya hote the, jinake phalasvarUpa bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM vidhi-vidhAnoM, lokAcAroM, prayogoM, dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika matoM ke vividha svarUpa prakaTa ho gaye / aMgrejoM ke Agamana kepUrva bhArata vividha rAjyoM meM ba~TA thA aura koI aisI vidhAyikA sattA nahIM thI jo sampUrNa deza ke lie eka samAna vyavahAra ( kAnUna ) sthApita kara ske| prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna dharmazAstra lekhakoM kA mata thA ki rAjA ko varNoM evaM AzramoM se sambandhita zAstrIya vidhiyoM ke virodha meM jAne kA adhikAra nahIM hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 3 ( pR0 68 - 101 ) / vyavahAroM evaM vizvAsoM ke viSaya meM parivartana sadaiva hote rahe, kintu ye parivartana vidvAn bhASyakAroM dvArA hI udbhUta ho pAte the, kyoMki ve samAja meM baiTha gaye parivartanoM kA ullekha kara unheM zAstrIya rUpa de dete the| Aja spaSTataH samAja meM tIna varga pAye jAte haiM - ( 1 ) sanAtanI loga yA aise loga jo parivartana nahIM cAhate, (2) kaTTara sudhAravAdI yathA mUrti-pUjA virodhI Adi tathA (3) samanvayavAdI, jo prAcIna evaM navIna bAtoM kA samAveza cAhate haiM / aba prazna yaha hai ki prAcIna prayogoM athavA AcAroM meM kinako surakSita ( yA pAlita) karanA cAhie yA kinako haTA denA cAhie tathA kina naye AdarzoM evaM jIvana-mUlyoM ko apanA lenA cAhie / jIvana-mUlyoM ke viSaya meM yahA~ para sthAnAbhAva se adhika nahIM kahA jA sakatA / mUlyoM (lakSyoM) kA nirdhAraNa adhikAMzataH vAtAvaraNa janya hotA hai| abhI eka yA do zatI pUrva dAsatA yA jAtIya vaiSamya evaM garva, phaikTariyoM meM choTIchoTI avasthA vAle baccoM ko pasIne se lathapatha dekhanA mAno IsAI dezoM meM naitika taTasthatA kA dyotaka thA / kintu Aja una dezoM meM kucha loga ise sAmAnyataH ghRNita evaM anaitika mAnate haiN| kisI kAla meM pazu yajJoM ko bar3I mahattA prApta thI aura use paraloka sambandhI mahAn lakSya kA rUpa diyA jAtA thA / kintu upaniSadkAla meM ahiMsA ko pramukha mahattva diyA gayA / phira bhI hamArI saMskRti ke kucha aise viziSTa mUlya haiM, jo tIna sahasra varSo se Aja taka cale Aye haiM, yathA- isakI cetanA ki sampUrNa loka ananta, nitya tattva (parama brahma) kI abhivyakti hai, indriya nigraha, dAna evaM dayA / Aja kA yuga lokanItika hai aura lokanIti ke mahattvapUrNa mUlya haiM - nyAya, svatantratA, samAnatA evaM bhAtRbhAva / kintu abhAgyavaza una lokanAyakoM meM jo Aja lokanIti kA jaya ghoSa karate haiM, bahuta se aise haiM jo svArtha evaM IrSyA kI muTThI meM haiN| lArDa aikTana ne likhA hai - " sabhI prakAra kI sattA vyakti ko bhraSTa karatI hai, pUrNa evaM aniyaMtrita sattA vyakti ko pUrI taraha bhraSTa kara detI hai / " kauTilya ne do sahasra varSoM se adhika pahale kahA ki zakti mana ko matta kara detI hai / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 3 ( pR0 114, jahA~ pAda-TippaNI 151 meM uddharaNa diye hue haiM ) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ... Aja ke bahuta-se yuvA logoM meM kadAcit hI aisI bAta pAyI jAtI ho jisake lie ve utsarga ke sAtha prayatna kareM, ata: unake samakSa koI bhI Adarza nahIM hai| hameM sAmAnya janoM puruSoM evaM nAriyoM meM dhArmika bhAvanA kA saMrakSaNa karanA hI hai aura vijJAna tathA sAmAnya jJAna ke mArga meM ror3oM ko kramaza: dUra karanA hai| hamAre prAcIna dharma ke siddhAnta doSI nahIM haiM, pratyuta hameM Adhunika hindU samAja ko phira se gaThita evaM vyavasthita karanA hai, vizeSata: jabaki Aja hamAre deza meM lokanItika janatantra sthApita hai| mahAna Arthika viSamatA ke bIca samAnatA rakhane ke lie bahata varSoM taka hamAre netAoM ko mahAna prayAsa karane haiM, zaktizAlI daloM evaM sAmAjika sampradAyoM se hameM svatantratA kI rakSA karanI hai, durjanoM evaM khaloM ke nAyakoM se lokanIti ko bacAnA hai tathA dhanika logoM ke prabhutva se bhI apane janatantra kI rakSA karanI hai| hameM apane deza kI vilakSaNa evaM dAruNa kaThinAiyoM se vimukha nahIM honA hai| hameM A~kheM kholakara isa vistRta evaM ati vizAla bhArata kI jAnakArI prApta karanI hai / Adhunika bhArata meM ATha pramukha dharma haiM (hindU, bauddha, jaina, sikha, muslima, pArasI, IsAI evaM yahUdiyoM kA dharma); kucha aisI jAtiyA~ haiM, jinake apane viziSTa Adima AcAra haiM; vibhinna rAjya haiM jo 14 vibhinna bhASAoM para AdhRta haiM, 6 saMghIya pradeza haiM aura lagabhaga 200 parigaNita boliyA~ haiN| inase pUrNa prAdezika svatantra sattA aura sAMskRtika pRthakatva kI saMbhAvanA ho sakatI hai| bhAratavAsiyoM meM mahAn viSamatAe~ bhI haiM, eka ora Adima jAtiyA~ evaM aise loga haiM jo aspRzya kahe jAte rahe haiM aura dUsarI ora ati par3he-likhe loga haiM aura ina donoM ke bIca meM azikSita logoM kI vaha vizAla saMkhyA hai jo pUre deza kI jana-saMkhyA kI lagabhaga 77 pratizata hai| bAhya logoM dvArA zatiyoM taka vijita hone ke uparAnta hamAre deza ne svatantratA pAyI hai| spaSTa hai, yaha saba hameM bar3I gaMbhIratA se socane ke lie evaM kAryarata rahane ke lie udvelita karatA hai| hameM hindU dharma ke AdhArabhUta siddhAnta nahIM chor3ane haiM, kintu nayI evaM jaTila dazAoM se saMgharSa karane ke lie hameM unakA navInIkaraNa karanA hogA aura eka parivartita sAmAjika vyavasthA kA nirmANa karanA hogA / pratyeka vyakti yahI kahatA hai ki hamameM rASTrIya ekatAnubhava ke lie bhAvAtmaka ekatA kI parama AvazyakatA hai aura isa uddezya kI pUrti ke lie kucha logoM ne nirdeza kiyA hai, jAti-prathA ko ukhAr3a pheNknaa| yadi jAti-prathA koI vibhAvyamAna athavA sparzavedya (spRzya yA prakaTa) vastu ho to use sukaratA evaM zIghratA se tor3A jA sakatA hai| kintu bAta vAstava meM vaisA nahIM hai| kAnUna dvArA hama ise naSTa nahIM kara sakate / lagAtAra bahuta dinoM ke prayAsoM ke phalasvarUpa hRdaya parivartana se hI yaha sambhava ho sakatA hai, kevala lambI-lambI evaM cikanIcupar3I bAtoM se kucha nahIM hogA / jAti-prathA, saMyukta parivAra paddhati evaM uttarAdhikAra evaM rikthAdhikAra ke niyama kevala hinduoM kI apanI vizeSatAe~ haiM aura ve sAmAjika viSaya haiM na ki dhaarmik| hamAre saMvidhAna ne ina sabhI ko sparza kara liyA hai| ye tInoM viSaya vAstava meM sAmAjika haiM, yadi ye dhArmika hote to saMvidhAna inheM chU nahIM sakatA thaa| jaisA ki hamane dekha liyA hai, saMvidhAna ne aspRzyatA kA nAza kara diyA, hindU-vivAha-kAnU varodhoM ko dUra kara diyA hai, aba vibhinna jAtiyoM ke loga eka-dUsare se vivAha kara sakate haiM aura aba eka hindU kisI bhI hindU (bauddhoM, jainoM evaM sikhoM sahita) se vivAha-sambandha sthApita kara sakatA hai, kevala sapiNDatA evaM niSiddha pIr3hiyoM para dhyAna denA hotA hai| jaisA ki hamane Upara dekha liyA hai, hindU

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bhAvI vRttiyA~ uttarAdhikAra kAnUna ne saMyukta parivAra-paddhati kA nAza kara diyA hai, yadyapi spaSTata: kAnUna dvArA isakA vighaTana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| Aja hameM na kevala jAti-prathA ke virodha meM AkSepa yA vAktANDava pradarzita karane haiM aura sabhI bhAratIyoM kI bhAvAtmaka ekatA ke lie prayatna karane haiM, pratyuta hameM eka aisI AcAra-saMhitA kA nirmANa karanA hai jo hamameM dina-prati-dina ke AcaraNoM meM tadviSayaka sacetatA lAye / hama yahA~ para AcAra-saMhitA ke vistRta vivecana meM nahIM par3a sakate, kyoMki, usake lie eka pRthak grantha kI AvazyakatA pdd'egii| kucha Avazyaka pratyakSa nirdeza evaM prastAva rakhe jA sakate haiM jinake AdhAra para kucha yogya lekhaka grantha upasthita kara sakate haiN| hamameM vicAroM kA manthana honA caahie| yaha sambhava hai ki Arambha meM dAruNa evaM mahAna kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3e, jaisA ki devoM evaM asuro dvArA kiye gaye samudra-manthana meM karanA par3A thA kintu samudrama.thana ke uparAnta viSa ke sAtha amRta bhI utpanna hotA hI hai| hameM apanI kaThinAiyoM ke samAdhAna meM nirAzA nahIM pradarzita karanI hai| nirAzA kA artha hai nAza evaM . matyu / zaniyoM se hamAre deza kI jo dazA rahI hai usase hameM sAhasa nahIM chor3anA hai| hameM gata tIna sahasra varSoM kI apanI vilakSaNa upalabdhiyoM para dhyAna denA hai aura dharmazAstroM ke prAcIna RSiyoM kI nimnalikhita sammatiyoM ko smaraNa rakhanA hai| manu (4 / 127) meM AyA hai * -"gata asaphalatAoM ke kAraNa apane ko gahita nahIM karanA cAhie, mRtyuparyanta samRddhi kI AkAMkSA karanI cAhie aura use durlabha nahIM samajhanA caahie|" aisA hI yAjJavalkya (11153) ne bhI kahA hai-'kisI vidvAna brAhmaNa , sarpa, kSatriya evaM apane ko gahita nahIM samajhanA caahie| (ina logoM kI avamAnanA nahIM karanI cAhie), mRtya paryanta samaddhi (zrI) kI AkAMkSA karanI cAhie aura kisI ke marma ko sparza nahIM karanA cAhie (arthAt kisI ke karmoM yA chidroM kA upahAsa nahIM karanA caahie|) " hama apane pUrva puruSoM kI upalabdhiyoM para garva karate haiN| yadi hama apane deza ke uccatama vikAsa ke lie svArtha kI bhAvanA evaM yaza kI prApti kI icchA se rahita hokara varSoM taka ekatA ke sAtha prayatna karate raheM to koI kAraNa nahIM hai ki hamArA deza bhI saMsAra meM anya dezoM se Age na bar3ha jAye yA kama se kama unake samakakSa meM na A jaaye| IzopaniSad (2, vAja0 saM0 46012) meM sAmAnya janoM ke lie aisA Adeza hai--'isa loka meM zAstra dvArA vihita) karmoM ko karate hue vyakti ko sau varSoM taka jIne kI AkAMkSA karanI caahie|' aitareya brAhmaNa (33 / 3) ne zunaHzepa kI gAthA meM kahA hai ki logoM ko sadA kartavya karate rahanA cAhie aura isa para bala diyA hai ki jo karma nahIM karatA hai, usake pAsa zrI (samRddhi) nahIM AtI hai (nAnAzrAntAya shriiraastiiti)| svayaM Rgveda (4 / 33 / 11) meM AyA hai ki deva loga unase mitratA nahIM karate jo apane ko karma karake thakA nahIM DAlate (na Rte zrAntastha sakhyAya devaaH)| bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kA mukhya uddezya thA anya dezoM evaM logoM para sainika evaM rAjanItika zakti kI prApti na karanA, isane bhAratIyoM ko AkramaNAtmaka evaM surakSAtmaka udyogoM ke prati udAsIna rakhA aura dhana kI prApti ke lie vizAla parimANa meM saMghoM ke nirmANa ke lie bhI logoM ko utsAhita nahIM kiyaa| kintu Aja hameM vAstavikatA se mukha nahIM mor3anA hai| Aja vizva meM pratidvandvitA kA sAmrAjya hai, caturdika saMgharSa-hI-saMgharSa dRSTigocara 7. nAtmAnamavama yeta puurvaabhirsmRddhibhiH| A mRtyoH zriyamavicchennainAM manyeta durlabhAm // manu0 (41137); viprAhikSatriyAtmAno nAvajJeyAH kadAcana / A mRtyoH zriyamAkAMkSenna kaMcinmarmANi spRzeta // yAjJa0 (13153) / .

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432 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ho rahe haiM / hameM eka ora apanI saMskRti ke amara siddhAntoM ko nahIM chor3anA hai, kintu yaha bhI socanA hai ki hamAre dezavAsI sAMsArika sukha kI upalabdhi meM pratidvandvitA meM pIche bhI na par3a jaayeN| hamAre deza meM bahudhA kucha loga bahuta alpa avasthA meM hI vairAgya dhAraNa kara lete haiM aura yaha sthiti Aja bhI hai, udhara pAzcAtya dezoM meM atyanta kAryazIlatA se logoM ne kucha zatiyoM ke bhItara apAra sampatti ekatra kara DAlI hai| ata: jaba Aja hamAre netA hamAre samAja ko navIna rUpa denA cAhate haiM to unheM aise guNoM kI upalabdhi karanI cAhie, jinake dvArA ve sthitaprajJa (pUrNarUpeNa vikasita yA Adarzamaya AtmA) ho jAyeM (bhagavadgItA 2155-68) yA bhagavAn ke vyakti (vahI 13 / 1318) ho jaayeN| hamAre prAcIna dharma evaM darzana ke AdhAra para hI sAmAjika sudhAroM evaM rAjanIti ke upadeza hone caahie| yadi hamAre deza ke adhika loga evaM hamAre netA dharma evaM AdhyAtmikatA ko chor3a deMge to sama hai ki hama loga AdhyAtmika jIvana evaM sAmAjika utthAna ko kho baittheNge| isa viSaya meM yahA~ adhika kahanA sambhava nahIM hai| dekhie, gata adhyAya-33 / ati prAcIna kAla se hI bhArata ke sabhI dharmoM ne (bauddha evaM jaina ko chor3a kara) eka tattva arthAta paramAtmA para tathA AtmA kI amaratA para vizvAsa kiyaa| vijJAna evaM usake camatkAroM ke kAraNa kucha loga dambha evaM ahaMkAra meM A gaye haiM aura paramAtmA kI bhAvanA kA upahAsa karate haiN| kintu unheM jAnanA cAhie ki vijJAna kevala gauNa kAraNoM para hI prakAza DAlatA hai, vaha manuSya kI antima pariNati evaM kAraNa ke viSaya meM mUka hI rahatA hai / yaha jIvana ke uddezya para prakAza nahIM DAla sakatA aura na yaha naitika mUlyoM ke viSaya meM hI kacha batA sakatA hai| Aja kI aura Ane vAlI pIr3hiyoM ko aise vAtAvaraNa meM prazikSita karanA hai jahA~ AdhyAtmika jIvana, satya-prema, bhrAtRbhAvanA, zAnti-prema evaM dalita ke prati karuNA evaM sahAnubhUti Adi parama punIta guNoM ko sabhI loga prApta karane kA udyoga kreN| bhArata ke karor3oM logoM ke lie thoDe-se zabdoM meM AcaraNa-saMhitA upasthita karanA atyanta kaTina hai| kintu unake lie jo sImita DhaMga se zikSita haiM aura vyasta jIvana bitAte haiM, udAharaNasvarUpa kacha nirdeza diye jA rahe haiN| anya jAtiyoM ke sparza se utpanna apavitratA tathA kucha logoM kI chAyA se udbhUta apunItatA kI bhAvanA kA parityAga honA caahie| svAmI vivekAnanda ne krodha meM Akara kahA thA--"Aja ke bhArata kA dharma hai 'mujhe na sparza kareM" (varka sa, khaNDa 5, pa0 152) / prAcInatA para AdhArita paramparAoM evaM rUr3hiyoM kI jAMca tarka evaM vijJAna ke AdhAra para kI jAnI caahie| vizva ke mUla, grahaNoM ke kAraNa, Adi ke bAre meM jo paurANika gAthAe~ haiM unheM Aja ke vaijJAnika jJAna ke prakAza meM tyAga denA cAhie aura aba unheM Aja kI dhamika bAtoM se sarvathA haTA denA cAhie, aba unheM kevala kapola kalpita hI mAnanA cAhie / bahuta se kristAna (IsAI) evaM hindU-musalamAna aisA vizvAsa karate haiM ki svarga Upara hai aura naraka nIce / kintu bhASyakAra zabara ne prathama zatI meM aisA udghoSa kara diyA ki svarga koI sthala nahIM hai| ata: Aja ke logoM ke lie prAcIna saMskRta granthoM meM ullikhita svarga evaM naraka se sambandhita dhAraNAe~ vizvAsa kI bAteM nahIM ho sktiiN| Adhunika vijJAna, pAzcAtya sAhitya evaM vicAradhArA ne mUlyoM, dhyeyoM evaM saMsthAgata dhAraNAoM ke mukha ko mor3a diyA hai| prAcIna vizvAsa TUTa rahe haiM aura naye ghara kara rahe haiN| prAcIna DhA~ce girakara cUra-cUra ho rahe haiM aura naye Adarza khar3e hote jA rahe haiN| kintu ho cAhe jo, hameM samAja ko isa prakAra niyamita karanA hai ki kuTumba eka sAmAjika ikAI ke rUpa meM avasthita rahe, pratyeka bacce ko, vaha cAhe jisa varga yA jAti kA ho, zikSA ke kSetra meM samAna avasara prApta ho, manuSya kA Ahnika karma daivI karma evaM pUjA kI saMjJA pAye tathA dhana-sambandhI viSamatAe~ dUra ho jaayeN| svAmI vivekAnanda ne bahuta pahale kahA hai-'abodha bhAratIya, daridra evaM hIna bhAratIya, brAhmaNa bhAratIya nIca jAti kA bhAratIya merA bhAI hai|' "duharAo evaM rAta-dina prArthanA karo-'he gaurIza, mujhe manuSya banA

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433 bhAvI vRttiyAM do," (DablyU0 TI0 DI0 bArI dvArA 'sorseja Ava iNDiyana TreDizana' meM uddhRta, nyU yArka, 1658, pR0 656 ) | dekhie atharvaveda (12 / 1 / 45) jahA~ sabhI manuSyoM ke, jinakI mAtA pRthivI hai, sArvabhauma bhrAtRtva ke viSaya meM ukti hai| dharmazAstra ke itihAsa ke antima khaNDa kI parisamApti kaThopaniSad evaM ravIndranAtha ThAkura kI gItAJjali ke uddharaNa se kI jA rahI hai uttiSThata jAgrata prApya varAzibodhaka / surasya dhArA nizitA duratyA durgapathastatkavayo vadanti // ( 3 | 14 ) "uTho, jAgo tathA zreSTha (guruoM) ko prApta kara (satya ko ) samajho chure kI tIkSNa dhAra ko pAra karanA kaThina hai; isI prakAra vijJajana kahate haiM ki (AtmAnubhUti kA) mArga bar3A kaThina hai|" jahA~ mana nirbhaya ho aura sira U~cA ho; jahA~ jJAna svatantra hai; jahA~ vizva saMkIrNa gharelU dIvAroM se vibhinna Tukar3oM meM na ba~Ta gayA ho; jahA~ zabda satya kI gaharAI se prasphuTita hote haiM; jahA~ zrAntihIna prayAsa apane bAhuoM ko pUrNatA kI ora bar3hAte haiM; jahA~ tarka kI nirmala dhArA mRta AcaraNa kI nirjana marubhUmi kI bAlukA meM apanA patha bhUla na gayI ho; jahA~ para tumhAre dvArA mana satata vizAla hote hue vicAra evaM karma kI ora le jAyA jAtA haiusI svatantratA ke svarga meM, he pitA, merA deza jage ! 55

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