Jagatna Itihasnu Rekha Darshan Part 01

Author(s): Jawaharlal Nehru, Manibhai B Desai
Publisher: Navjivan Prakashan Mandir
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032708/1

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana lekhaka javAharalAla neharu

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50 javAharalAla neharu likhita jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jelamAMthI peAtAnI putrIne lakhelA vadhu patro jemAM tAne mATe itihAsanu rasaLatu khyAna Ave che. khaDa pahelA anuvAdaka maNibhAI bha. desAI ME navajIvana prakAzana maMdira amadAvAda

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mudraka ane prakArAka jIvaNajI DAhyAbhAI desAI navajIvana mudraNAlaya, kALupura, amadAvAda pahelI AvRtti, prata 2,500 nyuArI, 1945

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prakAzakanu nivedana paMDita javAharalAlajInA jagatanA tihAsanA graMtha lagabhaga 10 varSa upara aMgrejImAM bahAra paDayo hatA. 1939mAM tenI navI AvRtti iMgleMDamAM pragaTa thaI hatI. te uparathI tene gujarAtI anuvAda taiyAra karavAnuM kAma I. sa. 1940-1thI navajIvane hAtha upara lIdhuM hatuM, ane tenuM chApakAma paNa 1942mAM cAlu karyuM hatuM; paraMtu tyAM vacce sarakAre chApakhAnuM ja laI lIdhuM eTale te kAma lAcArIthI adhUruM rahyuM. sana 1944mAM chApakhAnuM pAchuM maLatAM, e tarata cAlu karavAmAM AvyuM ane te daLadAra graMthane pahelA khaDa atyAra sudhImAM taiyAra thaI zakayo, te A prasiddha karavAmAM Ave che. A agAu paMDitajInA * iMdune patrA ' prasiddha karyAM tyAre temAM jaNAvyA pramANe, A kAma kAMIka veLAsara thaI zakayuM tethI AnaMda thAya che. A pustakanA vAMcanArane bhalAmaNa che ke, jagatanA itihAsa para patrarUpe lakhAyelAM A prakaraNAnI prastAvanA rUpe iMdune patra' pustaka jo na vAMcyuM hAya te te avazya vAMce. : A pahelA khaMDamAM jagatanA itihAsa nepoliyananA avasAna sudhI Ave che. teTalAmAM e graMthanA lagabhaga aDadhA bhAga pUro thAya che, bAkInA bhAga khIjA khaMDarUpe have pachI pragaTa karavAmAM Avaze. ane AzA evI che ke, te rasika bhAgane mATe vAcakAne thoDAka mahinA karatAM vadhAre rAha jovI nahi paDe. badhAM sthAnAnA bhegA nirdeza karI zakAya e dRSTie sUcI khIjA khaMDane aMte ApavA dhArI che. jAnyuArI, 1945

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Amukha "jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana" kaTobara 1930thI oNgasTa 1973 vaccenAM traNa varasa daramyAna hiMdanI judI judI turaMgAmAM lakhAyuM hatuM. hiMdanA svAtaMtrya mATenI laDatamAM temaNe lIdhelA bhAga mATe tathA pitAnA deza-uparanA briTiza Adhipatya sAmenA temanA virodhane kAraNe temane karavAmAM AvelI sajA enA lekhaka e kALa daramyAna bhogavI rahyA hatA. - paMDita javAharalAla neharue temanA upara parANe ThekI besADavAmAM AvelA ArAmano athavA temanA zabdomAM kahIe to "navarAza ane taTastha vRtti"ne jagatanA ItihAsa viSe lakhavAmAM upayoga karyo. temaNe e pitAnI taraNa dIkarIne patronA rUpamAM lakhyuM hatuM. kArAvAsane lIdhe temanI vAraMvAra gerahAjarIne kAraNe pitAnI putrInA zikSaNa upara - dekharekha rAkhavAnI temane nahi jevI ja taka maLI hatI. 1934nA phebruArInI 12mI tArIkhe temanI pharIthI dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI ane "rAjadrohanA gunAne mATe temane be varasanI sajA karavAmAM AvI te pahelAM paMDita neharune TUMka samayane ArAma maLyuM hatuM te vakhate e patro ekatra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. jeo hAla AgrA tathA ayodhyAnA yukta prAMtanA sthAnika svarAja tathA jAhera sukhAkArI khAtAnA pradhAna che te temanAM bahena nA. vijayAlakSmI paMDita 1934nI sAlamAM ene "jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana, e nAmathI pustakAkAre prasiddha karavAnI vyavasthA karI hatI. prastuta pustakanuM e ucita nAma che. pustaka zuM che e viSe e sAre khyAla Ape che. e pustakanI hiMda mATenI AvRtti khalAsa thaI gaI che ane keTalAka samayathI e pustaka maLatuM nathI. Ama chatAMye hiMda bahAra e jhAjhuM gayuM nathI. 1936nI sAlamAM jelamAMthI temane chuTakAre thayuM tyAra pachI paMDita neharue jAhera jIvananI pitAthI pravRttio pharIthI zarU karI. e pachIne samaya temane mATe pravRtio ane javAbadArIothI bharele

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rahyo che ane durbhAgye e daramyAna temanA upara priyajananA viyeganuM duHkha paNa AvI paDayuM che. hiMdamAM ghaTanAone vikAsa tvarA ane tIvratAthI thaye che, yuropa tathA duniyAe mahA utpAta ane pracaMDa pheraphAre nihALyA che. prastuta pustakanA lekhaka saMskRtinA bhAvi mATenI rahasyathI bharelI mahAna ghaTanAonA prekSaka tema ja emAM bhAga bhajavanAra bane che; kema ke, paMDita neharu e jemanAmAM tIvra pravRtti tathA darzana ane tATasthane saMyoga thayo hoya evI virala vyaktiomAMnA eka che. yuropanA temanA pravAsa daramyAna pazcimanI duniyAnA sAMpratakALanA banAvIne temaNe sagI AMkhe nihALyA che. spena tathA cInamAM cAlI rahelI laData sAthe emane nikaTano saMparka che. prastuta graMtha ghaNI rIte navuM ja pustaka che. lekhaka pote ene pharIthI tapAsI gayA che, enA keTalAka bhAgo temaNe pharIthI lakhyA che ane e rIte 1938nI sAlanA aMta sudhInA banAvone emAM samAveza karavAmAM AvyA che. jo ke, A badhuM jelanI bahAra karavAmAM AvyuM che chatAMye mULa pustakanI vastumUlakatA emAM sacavAI rahI che. anubhava ane jJAnanI vRddhithI e samRddha banyuM che. "jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana" ghaTanAonuM kevaLa khyAna ja nathI. e rIte paNa e pustaka kImatI che. emAM zaMkA nathI. paraMtu e uparAMta te lekhakanA vyaktitvanuM pratibiMba che. temanI agAdha buddhimattA tathA temanA saMskAragrAhI mAnasane kAraNe ItihAsanuM A pustaka advitIya banyuM che. UgatA bALakane uddezIne lakhavAmAM AvelA patranuM svarUpa emAM jALavI rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. emAM saraLatA ane saTatA che; paraMtu enA viSayenuM nirUpaNa uparacoTiyuM jarAye nathI. emAM hakIkate yA te nirUpaNane vadhAre paDatAM saraLa svarUpe rajU karavAmAM AvyAM nathI. laMDana, me, 1939 kRSNa menana

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mULa AvRttinI prastAvanA A patra kyAre ane kyAM prasiddha thaze athavA te te kadIye prasiddha thaze ke kema enI mane khabara nathI, kema ke hiMda Aje vicitra prakArano deza banI gayo che ane koI paNa prakAranI AgAhI karavAnuM muzkela che. paraMtu ghaTanAo ane tema karatAM aNadhAryo reke te pahelAM, mane meka maLe che eTale, huM A lakhI rahyo chuM. - A aitihAsika patramALAne mATe kSamAyAcanA ane khulAso karavAnI jarUra che. A patrane sArghata vAMcavAnI jahemata uThAvanAra pAThakane kadAca e kSamAyAcanA ane khulAso maLI raheze. pAThakane khAsa karIne chelle patra vAMcavAnI bhalAmaNa karuM chuM ane A UrdhvamUlaadhaHzAkha duniyAmAM kadAca cheDethI ene AraMbha karavAnuM ThIka thaI paDaze. ( patra enI meLe vadhatA gayA che. e viSe kazI yojanA karavAmAM AvI nahotI, ane emanuM kada AvaDuM moTuM thaI jaze ene te mane khyAla sarakho paNa nahotuM. lagabhaga cha varasa upara, mArI dIkarI daza varasanI hatI tyAre A duniyAnA AraMbhakALa viSenI TUMka ane saraLa mAhitI ApatA keTalAka patre meM tene lakhyA hatA. e zarUAtanA 5 pachIthI pustakAkAre prasiddha karavAmAM AvyA hatA ane tene sAre AvakAra maLyA hatA. e patrane AgaLa calAvavAne vicAra mArA manamAM ghumyA karato hato paraMtu rAjakIya pravRttinA bhAre vyavasAyI jIvanane kAraNe eno amala thaI zakyo nahi. paraMtu kArAvAse mane e taka ApI ane meM te jhaDapI lIdhI. . kArAvAsanA phAyadAo che; ene kAraNe navarAza ane amuka pramANamAM taTasthatAnI vRtti maLI rahe che. paraMtu enA geraphAyadAo paNa ughADA che. kedIne joIe te pustaka ane saMdarbhagraMthe maLatA nathI, ane e saMjogomAM koI paNa viSaya paratve ane khAsa karIne ItihAsa viSe lakhavuM e bevakUphIbharyuM sAhasa gaNAya. mArI pAse saMkhyAbaMdha pustake AvyAM, paNa te badhAM mArI pAse rAkhI zakAya ema nahotuM. e te AvyAM ane gayAM. paraMtu, bAra varasa upara mArA asaMkhya dezabaMdhuo ane bhaginIonI sAthe meM mArI jelayAtrA zarU karI tyAre meM mArA vAMcavAmAM AvatA dareka pustakanI neMdha levAnI Teva pADI hatI. Ama mArI neMdhapothIonI saMkhyA vadhatI ja gaI ane meM lakhavuM zarU karyuM tyAre te mArI madade AvI. te zaka, bIjAM pustakee paNa mane ghaNuM sahAya karI. eca. jI.

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velsanI "AuTalAIna oNpha hisTarI" (ItihAsanI rUparekhA) emAMnuM eka anivArya pustaka che. paraMtu sArA saMdarbhagraMtho abhAva e sAcI khoTa hatI ane ene kAraNe keTalIka bAbate mAtra tene ullekha karIne ja cheDI devI paDI tathA amuka yugenuM khAna uparaTapake karIne saMtoSa mAna paDyo. e patra aMgata svarUpanA che. emAM ghaNuM ullekha bahu ja aMgata che ane te kevaLa mArI dIkarIne uddezIne ja karavAmAM AvyA hatA. enuM zuM karavuM enI mane samaja paDatI nathI, kema ke, sArI peThe jahemata uThAvyA vinA e kADhI nAkhI zakAya ema nathI. ethI karIne huM temane jemanA tema rahevA dauM chuM. - zArIrika niSkriyatAne pariNAme mANasa AtmanirIkSaNa karavAne prerAya che ane te judA judA manobhAvomAMthI pasAra thAya che. A patramALAmAM e badalAtA jatA manobhA sArI peThe tarI Ave che ane vidhyanirUpaNanI paddhati eka ItihAsakAranA jevI vastumUlaka nathI. ItihAsakAra hovAno mAro dA nathI. A patromAM taraNa vayanAM bALako mATenA prAthamika kakSAnA lakhANanuM tathA keTalIka vAra pukhta vayanAM mANasenA vicAranI carcAnuM behUdu mizraNa thayeluM che. emAM aneka bAbatanuM punarAvartana thayuM che. sAce ja, A patromAM rahelI khAmIo pArAvAra che. pAtaLA taMtuthI eka bIjA sAthe joDelAM e chIcharAM rekhAcitra che. mArI hakIkata ane vicAre meM tarehavAra pustakomAMthI meLavyAM che ane ajANapaNe emAM ghaNI bhUle AvI gaI haze. koI adhikArI itihAsakAra pAse e patra tapAsAvavAne mAro irAde hatuM, paraMtu huM je thaDe samaya jela bahAra rahyo te daramyAna evI geThavaNuM karavAno mane vakhata maLe nahi.' A pamAM ThekaThekANe meM mArA abhiprAye ghaNI vAra ugratAthI vyakta karyA che. huM mArA e abhiprAyane vaLagI rahuM chuM, paraMtu jyAre huM e patra lakhI rahyo hato tyAre paNa ItihAsa viSenI mArI daSTi dhIme dhIme badalAtI ja jatI hatI. Aje je mAre te pharIthI lakhavAnA hota to huM te judI rIte lakhata athavA te judI vastu upara bhAra mUkIne lakhata. paraMtu mAruM lakheluM phADI nAkhIne navesarathI lakhavuM huM zarU karI zakuM ema nathI. 1lI jAnyuArI, 1934 javAharalAla neharu

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anukramaNikA prakAzakanuM nivedana . Amukha mULa AvRttinI prastAvanA : varasagAMThane divase . 1. navA varasanI bheTa 2. itihAsane bodha 3. InkilAba jhiMdAbAda 4. eziyA ane yurepa . pa. prAcIna saMskRtio ane ApaNe vAra 6. grIsanA helana loko . 7. zrIsanAM nagararA 8. pazcima eziyAnAM sAmrAjya 9. jUnI paraMparAnAM baMdhana . . 10. prAcIna hiMdanuM grAma svarAjya . " 11. cInanA itihAsanAM eka hajAra varSa . 12. bhUtakALane sAda . . . 13. saMpatti kyAM jAya che ? 14. Izu pahelAMnI chaThThI sadInA dharmasaMpradAya ke 15. IrAna ane grIsa 16. zudhana grIsa . 17. vikhyAta vijetA paNa ghamaMDI yuvAna . 18. caMdragupta maurya ane kauTilyanuM arthazAstra 19. traNa mAsa! 20. arabI samudra 21. ArAmano eka mAsa ane svama samI yAtrA - 22. manuSyane jIvanasaMgrAma 23. vihaMgAvalokana 24. "devAnAMpraya azoka 'pa3 100 105

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186 25. azokanA samayanI duniyA . 114 26. cIna ane hana vaze . 118 ra7. roma viruddha baLeja . 123 28. romanuM prajAtaMtra sAmrAjya bane che 129 29. dakSiNa hiMdanuM prabhutva . : 135 30. sarahada uparanuM kuzAna sAmrAjya . 140 9. Izu ane khristI dharma . . 32. ramanuM sAmrAjya . 151 33. remana sAmrAjyanA bhAgalA paDI jAya che ane Akhare te nAmazeSa thAya che 157 34. samasta jagatanA eka sArvabhauma rAjyanI kalpanA 163 35. pArthiyA ane sAsAnI 36. dakSiNa hiMdanI vasAhate - 171 37. guptavaMzanA samayane hiMdu sAmrAjyavAda - 177 38. huNa lekanuM hiMdamAM Agamana . 183 39. videzI bajAro para hiMdane kAbU 40. deze ane saMskRtienI caDatI-paDatI, 41. taMgavaMzanA amala daramyAna cInanI jAhojalAlI . 42. sena ane dAI nipuna : 43. harSavardhana ane hyuenasAMga ja. dakSiNa hiMdanA aneka rAjAo, laDavaiyAo ane eka mahApuruSa 218 5. madhyakAlIna hiMda 225 46. bhavya aMgAra ane zrIvijaya . 230 47. roma pharIthI aMdhakAramAM DUbe che . * 237 48 islAmane udaya . 246 49. spenathI maMgoliyA sudhInI AranI vijayakUca 253 50. hArUnala razIda ane bagadAda . 259 51. uttara hiMdustAna -harSathI mahamUda gajhanI sudhI . para. yuropanA deze nirmANa thavA lAge che 274 53. yurepanI phyuDala athavA sAmAnta samAjavyavasthA 54. cIna gepa jAtione pazcima tarapha dhakele che . 55. zaguna amalanuM jApAna . 294 56. mAnavInI kheja 57. Izu pachInA pahelA sahasrAbdane aMta . 58. eziyA ane yuropanuM punarAvalokana . . . 311 59. amerikAnI mAyA saMskRti . 266 281 288 298 303

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60. mAhata - e - dRDA viSe ka'Ika ww 61. kAraDAbA ane greneDA 62. jhaMDA 63. kaMjheDAnA samayanuM yurepa 64. yurApanAM zaheranA uca 65. hiMda upara aghAneAnI caDAI 66. dilhInA gulAma bAdazAhe 67. caMgIjhakhAM eziyA tathA yuropane dhrujAve che. 68. duniyA para magAlAnuM prabhutva 69. mahAna pravAsI mArkA peAlA . 11 70. rAmana carcA laDAyaka svarUpa dhAraNa kare che 71. adhikAravAda sAmenI laData 72. madhyayuganA aMta 73. dariyAI mArgonI zeSa 74., magAla sAmrAjyanuM bhAMgI paDavuM 75. hiMdanA eka vikaTa praznanA ukela 76. dakSiNa hiMdanAM rAjyA 7. vijayanagara 78. maleziyAnAM e sAmrAjgyA -- majjApahita ane malAmA 79. yuropa pUrva eziyAne AhiyAM karavA mAMDe che 80. cInamAM zAMti ane samRddhine yuga 81. jApAna peAtAnAM dvAra bhIDI de che 82. yuropamAM sakSeAbha . . 83. 'renesAMsa ' athavA navajIvanano yuga 84. preMTesTaMTa khaMDa ane kheDUtanuM yuddha 85. soLamI tathA sattaramI sadImAM yuropamAM ApakhudI 86. nedharalaeNna nuM svAtaMtrya yuddha 87. iMglaMDa peAtAnA rAjAne ziraccheda kare che 88. khAkhara 89. akabara 90. meAgala sAmrAjyanI paDatI ane nAza 91. zIkha ane marAThA 9ra. hiMdumAM aMgrejonA peAtAnA harIphA uparanA vijaya 93. cInanA mahAna macu rAjA 94. cInanA samrATanA iMglaMDanA rAnna upara patra 95. aDhAramI sadInA yurepamAM navA ane jUnA vicArAnuM yuddha 1 323 326 334 341 50 358 366 372 380 387 394 400 404 412 420 427 436. 442 447 455 460 468 475 481 487 494 502 511 520 528 58 547 554 563 500 57

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12 96. mahAna parivartanane Are UbheluM yuropa 97. praca'Da trAnA uddaya 98. iMglaMDamAM audyogika krAMtinA AraMbha 99. amerikA iMgleMDathI chUTuM paDI naya che 100, khAstiyanuM patana 101. phrAMsanI krAMti 102. krAMti ane prati-krAMti . 103. sarakAranA rAha 104. nepoliyana 105. nepeliyana viSe vizeSa 584 593 601 610 619 69 639 50 656 6

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana

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varasagAMThane divase senTrala prijhana, nenI 26 kabara, 1930 IndirA priyadarzinIne teramI varasagAMThane divase tArI varasagAMThane divase hamezAM tane bhAtabhAtanI bheTasogAte ane zubhecchAo maLatI rahe che. Aje paNa aMtaranI zubhecchAo te tane bharapUra mekaluM chuM, paNa nainI jelamAMthI huM tane bheTa zI mokalI zakuM? mArI bheTe bahu skUla ke nakkara padArthonI te na ja hoI zake. te te koI bhalI parI tane Ape evI sUkSma, hRdaya ane AtmAnI bheTe ja hoI zake, ane turaMganI UMcI UMcI dIvAle paNa e bheTane te thoDI ja rokI zakavAnI hatI ? yArI beTI! upadeza ApavAnuM ke DAhIDamarI salAho ApavAne mane keTale badhe aNagamo che e tuM jANe che. jyAre jyAre mane ema karavAnuM mana thaI Ave che tyAre tyAre eka "doDhaDAhyA mANasa'nI vAMcelI vAta mane hamezAM yAda Ave che. keka divasa, jemAM e vAta Ave che te pustaka tuM pite paNa vAMcaze. terase varasa pUrve eka mahAna pathika jJAna ane vidyAnI zodhamAM cIna dezathI hinda AvyuM hatuM. tenI jJAnanI tarasa evI te UMDI hatI ke bhAre jokhama kheDI tathA pAra vinAnI viTaMbaNAo veThIne, uttaranAM raNe ane parvate vaTAvate te ahIM AvyuM hatuM. tenuM nAma hatuM zuM ena tsAMga. jAte abhyAsa karavAmAM ane bIjAone zikSaNa ApavAmAM teNe hindamAM ane khAsa karIne, AjanuM paTanA, je te samaye pATalIputranA nAmathI oLakhAtuM hatuM, te nagara pAse AvelI nAlaMdanI mahAna vidyApIThamAM ghaNAM varSo gALyAM hatAM. huM ena tsAMga bhAre vidvAna thayo ane tene (baiddha) "zAstrapAraMgata'nI upAdhi ApavAmAM AvI hatI. hindabharamAM * IsavI sana pramANe indirAnI varasagAMTha 19mI navembare Ave che. paNa vikrama saMvata anusAra te 26mI ekabare UjavavAmAM AvI hatI.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pravAsa karIne A mahAna dezamAM te jamAnAmAM vasatA lokono teNe abhyAsa karyo hato. pachIthI teNe pitAnA e pravAsa viSe eka pustaka lakhyuM. e pustakamAM ja pelA "deDhaDAhyA mANasanI vAta Ave che. e "deDhaDAhyo" hate dakSiNa hindano. hAla bihAramAM jyAM AgaLa bhAgalapura zahera che tenI AsapAsa kyAMka te samaye kasuvarNa nAmanuM nagara hatuM. e nagaramAM pele deDhaDAhyo Avyo. e pustakamAM lakhyuM che ke, te pitAnI keDe ane peTanI pharate tAMbAnuM pataruM paherato ane mAthA upara saLagatI mazAla rAkho. hAthamAM daMDa dhAraNa karI, A vicitra veze, bhArekhama cAlathI ne garvathI AsapAsanA pradezamAM te pharate hate. Avo vicitra veza kema karyo che, ema kaI tene pUchatuM to te kahe ke, "mArAmAM eTaluM badhuM DahApaNuM bhareluM che ke je huM mArI keDe ane peTanI pharate tAMbAnuM pataruM na paheruM te e phATI jAya! vaLI mArI AsapAsa ajJAnanA aMdhakAramAM vasatA leke upara mane dayA Ave che tethI karIne huM mAthA upara mazAla rAkhIne mane pAkI khAtarI che ke vadhAre paDatA DahApaNuthI kadIye mAruM peTa phATavAne bhaya nathI, eTale tAMbAnuM pataruM ke bakhatara paheravAnI mAre jarUra nathI. vaLI, mArI je kaMI akkala che te mArA peTamAM te nathI ja rahetI. game te ThekANe e vasatI ho, paNa emAM vadhArA mATe hajI pUrata avakAza che, ane kadIye ene mATe jagyA ghaTavAne saMbhava nathI. mAruM DahApaNa je ATaluM badhuM maryAdita heya te pachI DahApaNudAra hevAne DALa rAkhIne bIjAone huM kevI rIte DAhIDamarI zIkha ApI zakuM ? AthI, huM te hamezAM mAnato AvyuM chuM ke, sAcuM zuM ane khoTuM zuM, zuM karavuM ghaTe ane zuM na karavuM ghaTe, e zodhI kADhavAne zreSTha upAya upadeza Apavo e nathI paNa tenI carcA karavI e che. e carcAmAMthI ghaNI vAra satyano aMza jaDI Ave che. mane to tArI joDe vAta karavI bahu game che ane ApaNe ghaNI vastuo viSe carcA paNa karI che. paNa ApaNI duniyA atizaya vizALa che ane enI pAra bIjI adbhuta ane gahana duniyA paNa rahelI che, eTale huM ena tsAMganI vArtAnA deDhaDAhyA ane gumAnI AdamInI peThe ApaNe koIe ema na mAnI levuM joIe ke zIkhavA jevuM badhuM ApaNe zIkhI paravAryA chIe ane bahu DahApaNadAra thaI

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varasagAMThane divase gayAM chIe. ane ApaNe bahu DahApaNadAra na thaI jaIe e ja eka rIte ThIka che. kAraNa ke evA "bahu DAhyA" leke - je evA loko hoya te - temane kazuM vadhAre zIkhavAnuM bAkI rahyuM nathI e jANIne duHkhI thatA haze. vaLI navI navI vastuo zIkhavAne ane zedhavAne AnaMda to teo gumAve ja che. A navuM navuM zIkhavAnuM ane zedhavAnuM parAkrama ApaNAmAMthI jenI IcchA hoya te karI . eTale, mArAthI upadezanuM DahApaNa te na ja DahoLAya; te pachI, mAre karavuM zuM ? patrathI kaMI vAtacItanI garaja te na ja sare! bahu bahu te enAthI eka pakSanI rajUAta thAya. eTale, huM je kaMI kahuM te tane upadeza jevuM lAge te tene tuM kaDavI goLI samAna gaNIza nahi. ene tuM jANe ApaNe sAcesAca vAtacIta karI rahyAM chIe ane tAre vicAravA mATe meM kaMI sUcana karyuM che ema mAnI leje. itihAsanA graMthomAM prajAjIvananA mahAna yugo viSe, mahAna puruSa tathA strIo viSe tathA temaNe karelAM mahAna kAryo viSe teM vAMcyuM che. keTalIka vAra svapnamAM ke kalpanAmAM ApaNe e purAtana jamAnAmAM jaI pahoMcIe chIe ane asalanAM e vIra puruSa ane vIrAMganAonI jema vIratAbharyA kAryo karatAM ApaNane kalpIe chIe. teM pahelavahelI "jIna da Arka'nI vAta vAMcI tyAre tenAthI tuM keTalI badhI mugdha thaI gaI hatI, ane kaMIka tenA jevI thavAnI tane mahecchA thaI AvI hatI te yAda che ? sAmAnya strIpuruSo ghaNuMkharuM parAkramI nathI hotAM. temane potAnAM bharaNapoSaNane, chokarAMTheyAne tathA gharakhaTalAnI ane evI bIjI upAdhiono vicAra karavAno hoya che. paraMtu evo samaya paNa Ave che ke jyAre koI eka samagra prajA ekAda mahAna dhyeya viSe zraddhAvAna banI jAya che. e prasaMge sAmAnya bhalAMbhaLAM strIpuruSo paNa parAkramI banI jAya che ane te vakhatane temane itihAsa dilane halAvanAre ane yugapravartaka bane che. mahAna netAomAM kaMIka evuM tattva hoya che, je samagra prajAne preraNuM Ape che ane tenI pAse mahAna kAryo karAve che. tuM janmI te varasa eTale I. sa. 1917, itihAsanuM eka yAdagAra varasa hatuM. e varasamAM dInadu:khI pratye prema ane hamadardIthI UbharAtA te eka mahAna netAe pitAnI prajA pAse ItihAsane pAne gauravazALI

Page #19
jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane ciraMjIva prakaraNa lakhAvyuM. tuM janmI te ja mAsamAM lenIne raziyA ane sAIberiyAnI sUrata badalI nAkhanAra mahAna krAMtine AraMbha karyo. Aje hiMdamAM paNa dInaduHkhI pratye premathI UbharAtA ane temane sahAya karavAne talasatA bIjA eka mahAna lekanAyake ApaNI prajAne evA bhagIratha puruSArtha ane umadA balidAnane pathe prerI che ke jethI te pharIthI AjhAda bane, ane garIba, bhUkhe maratAM tathA pIDita uparane bejo dUra thAya. bApujI te Aje jelamAM paDyA che paraMtu temanA pagAmanA jAdue hiMdanAM karaDe naranArInAM hRdayamAM praveza karyo che ane strI, purUSa tathA bALake paNa pitAnAM baMdhane teDIne bhAratanI AjhAdInAM sainike banyAM che. hiMdamAM Aje ApaNe ItihAsa nirmANa karI rahyAM chIe. A ghaTanA ApaNuM najara AgaLa banatI ApaNe joI rahyAM chIe ane e mahAna kAryamAM ApaNe paNa kaMIka bhAga bhajavIe chIe e ApaNuM ahobhAgya che. A mahAna AMdelanamAM ApaNe ze phALe ApIzuM ? emAM ApaNe ze bhAga bhajavIzuM? ApaNe mAthe ze bhAga bhajavavAne Avaze e te huM na kahI zakuM. e game te he, paNa eTaluM yAda rAkhIe ke ApaNe evuM kazuM na karIe ke je ApaNuM dhyeyane eba lagADe athavA te ApaNA rASTrane badanAma kare. je ApaNe bhAratanA sipAI banavuM hoya te ApaNe bhAratanI Ijajata ane gauravanA rakhavALa banavuM ghaTe. bhAratanAM gaurava ane ijjata e te ApaNane saipAyeluM eka pavitra TrasTa che. ema bane ke, ApaNe zuM karavuM ghaTe e bAbatamAM ghaNI vAra ApaNe zaMkA ke vimAsaNamAM paDI jaIe. kharuM zuM ane khoTuM zuM ene nirNaya karavo e sahela vAta nathI. evI zaMkA ke vimAsaNane prasaMge ajamAvavA mATe tene eka nAnI sarakhI sAmAnya kasoTI huM jaNAvI rAkhuM. kadAca e tane madadagAra nIvaDe. koI vastu kadIye gupta rIte karIza nahi; temaja je kaMI tane chupAvI rAkhavAnI IcchA thAya te paNa karIza nahi. kAraNake kaI paNa vAta chupAvavAnI tane IcchA thAya ene artha e ke tuM Darapoka che. ane Dara te bUrI cIja che. bahAdura banaje, eTale bIjuM badhuM te enI pAchaLa pAchaLa avazya AvavAnuM. je tuM bahAdura haze te tuM kadIye DaranAra nathI ane jenI tane nAmezI lAge evuM kazuMye tuM karaze nahi. bApujInA netRtva nIcenI AjhAdInI ApaNI mahAna laDatamAM guptatA ke cerIchUpIne sthAna

Page #20
varasagAMThane divase nathI e te tuM jANe che. ApaNe kazuM ja chupAvavAnuM nathI. ApaNe je kaMI karIe ke bolIe ethI ApaNe DaratAM nathI. ApaNe te dhoLe divase chaDecaka kArya karIe chIe. e ja rIte ApaNe khAnagI vyavahAramAM paNa guptatAthI ke corIchUpIthI nahi paNa chaDecaka kArya karavuM joIe. ekAnta ApaNe bhale sevIe, sevavuM paNa joIe. paNu guptatA ane ekAnta sAva nirALI vastuo che. beTI! A rIte vartaze te tuM tejasvI kanyA banaze ane game tevA saMjogomAM paNa nirbhaya, svastha ane zAna rahI zakaze. tane bahu lAMbe patra lakhI nAkhe. paNa hajI te tane keTaluM badhuM kahevAnI mane UlaTa che! e badhuM eka patramAM te kema samAya ? meM upara kahyuM tema, ApaNuM dezamAM AjhAdI mATe cAlI rahelI mahAna laDatanI sAkSI banI e tAruM ahobhAgya che. vaLI eka atizaya bahAdura ane adbhuta strI tArI mAtA che e paNa tAruM mahad bhAgya che. ane jyAre tuM kaMI zaMkA ke vimAsaNamAM paDe athavA kaMI muzkelImAM AvI paDe e samaye tArI mA karatAM bIje kaI vadhAre sAro mitra tane maLanAra nathI. beTI, have huM tArI rajA lauM chuM, ane AzA rAkhuM chuM ke bhAratanI sevAmAM tuM eka bahAdura sainika bane. tane mArA premabharyA AzIrvAda che.

Page #21
navA varasanI bheTa 1 jAnyuArI, 1931 be varasa pahelAM jyAre tuM masUrImAM ane huM allAhAbAdamAM hatA tyAre meM tane je patro lakhyA hatA te tane yAda che? te vakhate teM mane kahyuM hatuM ke e patre tane khUba gamyA hatA. ethI karIne mane ghaNI vAra vicAra thayAM kare che ke, e patramALA cAlu rAkhIne ApaNI duniyA viSe tane kaMIka vizeSa kahevAno prayatna kema na karuM ? paNa ema karatAM huM jarA acakAyA karato hato. duniyAnA bhUtakALanA ItihAsa viSe, temAM thaI gayelAM mahAna naranArIo viSe tathA temaNe karelAM parAkrama viSe jANavuM e ghaNuM rasadAyaka che. itihAsa vAMco e ThIka che, paNa ItihAsa ghaDavAmAM bhAga le e to vaLI ethIye vizeSa rasaprada ane AphlAdaka che. ane e te tuM jANe che ke ApaNuM dezamAM Aje itihAsa ghaDAI rahyo che. hiMdane bhUtakALa ati ati purANo, ane prAcInatAnA dhUmasamAM lupta thayela che. jethI ApaNane duHkha thAya ane glAni Upaje evA yuge paNa temAM AvI gayA che; ethI ApaNe zaramAIe chIe ane duHkhI thaIe chIe. paraMtu ekaMdare jotAM ApaNe bhUtakALa ujajavaLa che ane te mATe ApaNe jarUra abhimAna laIe ane tenA vicArathI AnaMda anubhavI zakIe. paNa bhUtakALa viSe vicAra karavAnI hamaNAM ApaNane pharasada nathI. Aje te, ApaNe ghaDI rahyAM chIe te bhaviSyakALa tathA ApaNe badhe samaya ane zakti rekI rahyo che te vartamAnakALa ja ApaNA manane bharI rahela che. nainI jelamAM, mAre je kaMI vAMcavuM ke lakhavuM hoya te mATe mane joIe teTale samaya maLe che. paNa mAruM mana te bhamatuM ja rahe che ane huM bahAra cAlI rahelI ApaNI mahAna laDatane, emAM bIjAM je bhAga laI rahyAM che tene tathA temanI joDe huM hota to huM pote zuM karata ene vicAra karyA karuM chuM. vartamAna ane bhaviSyanA vicAramAM

Page #22
navA varasanI bheTa huM eTale badhe nimagna thaI jAuM chuM ke bhUtakALane vicAra karavAnI mane phurasada nathI rahetI. paNa mane lAgyA kare che ke, ema karavuM e barAbara nathI. bahAranA kAryamAM huM bhAga na laI zake ema hoya te pachI mAre enI ciMtA zAne karavI joIe ? paNa tane lakhavAnuM mekUpha rAkhavAnuM kharuM kAraNa te bIjuM ja che. tane e kAnamAM kahI dauM? tane zIkhavavA jeTaluM badhuM ja huM jANuM chuM ke kema enI have mane zaMkA paDavA lAgI che! tuM eTalI jhaDapathI maTI thatI jAya che, ane eTalI samajaNI banatI jAya che ke zALAmAM, kaoNlejamAM ke te pachI huM je kaMI zIkhyo chuM te tane bhaNAvavA mATe adhUruM lAge che - kaMI nahi te, e badhuM tane vAsI thaI gayeluM lAge. thaDA vakhata pachI ema paNa bane ke mArI zikSikA banIne ghaNI navI vastuo tuM ja mane zIkhave. tArI chellI varasagAMThane vakhate lakhelA patramAM meM tane jaNAvyuM hatuM tema, vadhAre paDatI akkalane kAraNe peTa phATI na jAya eTalA mATe tenI pharate tAMbAnuM pataruM vIMTALIne pharatA pelA doDhaDAhyA jevo te huM nathI ja. tuM masUrI hatI tyAre duniyAnA AraMbhakALa viSe tane lakhavuM saheluM hatuM. kAraNa, e samaya viSe ApaNane je kaMI jJAna che e aspaSTa ane anizcita che. paraMtu e atizaya prAcIna kALa vaTAvIne dhIre dhIre mAnavaItihAsane AraMbha thAya che, ane pRthvInA judA judA bhAgomAM mANasa pitAnI citravicitra yAtrA zarU kare che. ane keTalIka vAra DahApaNabharI tathA ghaNI vAra gAMDapaNa ane bevakUphIbharI manuSyanI e jIvanayAtrAnuM nirUpaNa karavuM saheluM nathI. pustakonI sahAyathI e prayAsa thaI zake khare, paraMtu nanI jelamAM kaMI pustakAlaya nathI. eTale mane bhaya rahe che ke, mArI ghaNIye IcchA hovA chatAM jagatanA itihAsano saLaMga hevAla huM tane ApI zakIza nahi. chokarA chokarIo mAtra eka ja dezane ItihAsa zIkhe, ane temAM paNa ghaNI vAra te teo keTalIka tArIkhe ane thoDI hakIkate gokhI kADhe, e mane jarAye pasaMda nathI. itihAsa e te eka saLaMgasUtra ane akhaMDa vastu che; eTale duniyAnA itara bhAgamAM zuM banyuM hatuM enAthI mAhitagAra na hoIe te ApaNe koI eka dezane ItihAsa paNa barAbara na samajI zakIe. huM umeda rAkhuM chuM ke Ama saMkucita dRSTithI kevaLa eka be deza pUratuM ja nahi paNa AkhI duniyAnuM avalokana karIne

Page #23
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vyApaka dRSTithI tuM itihAsa zIkhaze. tuM hamezAM eTaluM yAda rAkhajo ke, duniyAnI judI judI prajAomAM ApaNe dhArI laIe chIe teTalI badhI bhinnatA ke taphAvata nathI. nakazAo ke nakazApothIo judA judA dezane ApaNane bhinna bhinna raMgamAM darzAve che. bezaka, prajAe ekabIjathI bhinna che kharI paNa temanAmAM paraspara sAmya paNa ghaNuM ja che. A vastu ApaNe barAbara lakSamAM rAkhavI joIe ane nakazAonA raMgathI ke rASTronI sarahadathI ApaNe bheLavAI javuM joIe nahi. huM tAre mATe mane managamatuM ItihAsanuM pustaka te na lakhI zakuM. e mATe tAre bIjA pustakane Azare levo joIze. paraMtu bhUtakALa viSe, bhUtakALamAM thaI gayelA leke viSe ane je lekee duniyAnI raMgabhUmi upara mahatvano bhAga bhajavyo che temane viSe huM tane vakhatevakhata lakhate rahIza. mArA patramAM tane rasa paDaze athavA te te tArI jijJAsA jAgrata karaze ke kema e huM nathI jANate. are, e patro tane kyAre maLaze athavA kadIye maLaze ke kema enI paNa mane khabara nathI ! ekabIjAthI ATalAM badhAM najIka hovA chatAM ApaNe ekamekathI ATalAM badhAM dUra chIe e keTaluM vicitra! tuM masUrI hatI tyAre mArAthI seMkaDe mAIla dUra hatI. chatAM te vakhate marajI paDe eTalI vakhata huM tane lakhI zakatA hatA ane tane maLavAnI IcchA prabaLa thaI Ave tyAre huM tArI pAse pahoMcI jaI zakata. paNa Aje te ApaNe jamanA nadIne sAmasAme kAMThe chIe-ApaNe ekabIjAthI ATalAM badhAM najIka chIe - chatAMye nainI jelanI UMcI dIvAle ApaNane saMpUrNapaNe vikhUTAM rAkhe che. dara pakhavADiye huM eka patra lakhI zakuM ane bahArathI eka patra meLavI zakuM tathA eka vAra pacIsa miniTanI mulAkAta laI zakuM. eka rIte A baMdhane paNa ThIka che. saheje maLatI vastunI kiMmata ApaNane bahu rahetI nathI. ane have huM ema paNa mAnate thaye chuM ke ceDA samayane kArAvAsa paNa mANasanI keLavaNIne mATe AvakAralAyaka che. sadbhAgye Aje ApaNA dezamAM hajArenI saMkhyAmAM leke A keLavaNI pAmI rahyA che! maLaze tyAre tane A patra gamaze ke kema e huM na kahI zakuM. paNa meM te mArA ja manaraMjanane khAtara e patro lakhavAnuM nakkI karyuM che. e patre tane mArI atizaya samIpa lAvI mUke che ane jANe

Page #24
navA varasanI bheTa tArI joDe vAte karate na houM ema mane ghaDIbhara lAge che! mane tArA vicAro ghaNI vAra Ave che paNa Aje te tuM mArA manamAMthI khasatI ja nathI. Aje navA varasane divasa che. vahelI savAre pathArImAM paDyAM paDyAM tArAone nihALatAM vItI gayelA mahattvapUrNa varSane, tenAM AzAnirAzA, kleza ane AnaMdane tathA temAM thayelAM mahAna ane vIratAbharyA kAryone huM vicAra karI rahyo hato. reDA jelanI koTaDImAM beThelA ane pitAnA jAduthI ApaNuM vRddha dezane pharIthI taruNa ane sazakta banAvanAra bApujIne vicAra mane AvyuM. ApaNe dAduno* ane bIjAone vicAra paNa mane Ave. paNa khAsa karIne te tArI mAne ane tAre vicAra mane AvyuM. savAre pAchaLathI mane khabara paDI ke tArI mAne giraphatAra karI jelamAM laI gayA che. e khabara mAre mATe navA varasanI eka AnaMdadAyaka bheTa hatI. ghaNuM divasathI e vAtanI ApaNe vATa jotAM hatAM. ane mane khAtarI che ke have tArI mA pUrepUrI prasanna ane saMtuSTa thaI haze. paraMtu tene have ekaluM ekaluM lAgatuM haze. dara pakhavADiye tuM mAne maLaje tathA mane maLaje ane baMnenA saMdezA ekabIjAne pahoMcADaje. paNa huM to kalama ane kAgaLa laIne besIza ane tAre vicAra karyA karIza. ane pachI te cupacApa mArI samIpa Avaze ane ApaNe ghaNI ghaNI vAta karIzuM. ApaNe bhUtakALanAM svamAM sevIzuM ane bhaviSyane bhUtakALa karatAM vadhAre mahAna banAvavAnA upAyo zodhIzuM. eTale, navA varasane divase ApaNe evo saMkalpa karIe ke e varasa jUnuM thaIne pUruM thAya tyAM sudhImAM bhaviSyamAM ApaNAM ujajvaLa svamone ApaNe vartamAnanI najadIka lAvIzuM ane hiMdanA purANuM itihAsamAM eka tejasvI prakaraNa umerIzuM. * indirAnA dAdA, paMDita motIlAla neharu.

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tihAsanA Adha 5 jAnyuArI, 1931 beTI ! huM tane zuM lakhuM ane kyAMthI AraMbha karuM? jyAre jyAre huM bhUtakALanA vicAra karuM chuM tyAre tyAre mArA manamAM asaMkhya citrA khaDAM thAya che. emAMnAM keTalAMka khIjA` citronA karatAM vadhAre vakhata TakI rahe che. e citrA mane priya che ane temanA vicAromAM huM magna thaI jAuM chuM. bhUtakALanA banAvAnA Aje banatA banAvA sAthe bilakula ajANapaNe mukAbalo karuM chuM ane temAMthI mAro mArga zodhavAne mATe mAdha tAravavAnA prayAsa karu chuM. paraMtu kAI paNa jAtanA krama ke vyavasthita goThavaNa vinAnI citrAnI gaeNlarInI peThe mANasanuM mana paNa asaMbaddha vicAro ane avyavasthita citrAthI bharelA eka vicitra zaMbhumeLA ja che. chatAM emAM badhA deSa ApaNA naye hAya. ApaNAmAMnA keTalAka loko itihAsanA banAvAno krama potAnA manamAM jarUra vadhAre sArI rIte goThavI zakatA haze. paNa keTalIka vAra te banAvA paNa evA ajaba prakAranA hoya che ke temane kAI paNa yojanAmAM goThavavAnuM muzkela hoya che. mane lAge che ke, dhIre dhIre paNa nizcita rIte duniyAe vI rIte pragati sAdhI, AdikALanA sAdA jIvaja MtunI jagyAe vadhAre vikAsa pAmelAM prANI kevI rIte pedA thayAM ane chevaTe prANIzreSTha mAnavIne kevI rIte udbhava thayo temaja potAnI buddhinA prabhAvathI bIjA prANIo upara teNe Adhipatya kevI rIte meLavyuM, e badhuM itihAse ApaNane zIkhavavuM joIe, ema meM tane eka vAra lakhI jaNAvyuM che. jaMgalI avasthAmAMthI manuSye saMskRtine sAdhelA vikAsa e itihAsanA viSaya manAyA che. sahakArathI, eTale ke samUhamAM haLImaLIne eka sAthe kArya karavAnA khyAla kevI rIte vikasyA tathA samagra janatAnA hitane arthe ApasamAM haLImaLIne kArya karavAnuM ApaNuM dhyeya zA mATe hovuM joI e, e badhuM tane samajAvavA meM

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13 itihAsane baMdha mArA keTalAka patromAM koziza karI che. paraMtu keTalIka vAra, itihAsanA lAMbA gALAo para najara pheravatAM, A dhyeyanI kaMI bhAre pragati thaI hoya, athavA te mANasa vadhAre sabhya thayA hoya ke teNe vadhAre pragati karI hoya, ema mAnavuM muzkela thaI paDe che. Aje te duniyAmAM paraspara sahakArane ThIka ThIka abhAva mAlUma paDe che. ane eka deza athavA prajA svArthane khAtara bIjI prajA upara AkramaNa karI rahI che ne tene pIDI rahI che tema ja eka mANasa tenA jevA ja bIjA mANasane cUsI rahyo che. je lAkho varasanI pragati pachI ApaNe ATalA badhA pachAta ane apUrNa chIe, te samajI ane DAhyA mANasanI piThe vartavAnuM zIkhatAM ApaNane keTaluM badhuM samaya lAgaze? prAcIna itihAsanA keTalAka yuga viSe vAMcatAM te badhA ApaNuM vartamAna yuga karatAM vadhAre sArA temaja vadhAre sabhya ane saMskArI paNa lAge che, ane e joIne ApaNI duniyA pragati karI rahI che ke pAchaLa paDatI jAya che evI vimAsaNamAM ApaNe paDI jaIe chIe. bezaka, bhUtakALamAM ApaNA dezamAM ujajavaLa yuga AvI gayA che. e yugo ApaNA vartamAna yuga karatAM dareka rIte atizaya caDiyAtA hatA. e kharuM che ke hiMda, cIna, misara, grIsa vagere dezamAM ane bIje paNa bhUtakALamAM ujjavaLa yugo AvI gayA che tathA temAMnA ghaNuMkharA deza paTakAIne pAchaLa paNa paDyA che. paNa ethIye ApaNe hiMmata na hAravI joIe. A duniyA eTalI vizALa che ke koI eka dezanI theDA samaya mATenI caDatI paDatIthI temAM ekaMdare bhAre pharaka paDatuM nathI. AjakAla ghaNuM lake arvAcIna saMskRtinI mahattA ane vijJAnanI camatkRtio viSe moTI moTI baDAze hAMke che. bezaka, vijJAne bhAre camatkAra karyA che ane moTA moTA vijJAnIo ApaNuM atyaMta Adarane pAtra che. paNa e baDAza hAMkanArAo te kavacita ja mahAna hoya che. ane ghaNI bAbatamAM mANasa itara prANIothI vizeSa AgaLa vadhyo nathI e hamezAM yAda rahe e jarUranuM che. evo ghaNo saMbhava che ke keTalIka bAbatomAM keTalAMka prANuo Ajeye mANasa karatAM caDiyAtAM haze. saMbhava che ke A vAta bevakUphIbharelI lAge. pUrI samaja vagaranA loko ene hasI kADhe paNa kharA. paNa hamaNuM te meTaraliMkanAM "mAkhInuM jIvana", "UdhaInuM jIvana" ane

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14 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kIDInuM jIvana vagere pustaka vAMcyAM che. e jaMtuonI sAmAjika vyavasthA ane saMgaThana joIne tane tAjubI thaI haze. A jaMtuone ApaNe sauthI halakI keTInA cha mAnIe chIe ane temane tuccha gaNI kADhIe chIe. paraMtu A jatuo samUhanA hitane khAtara sahakAra ane balidAnanI kaLA manuSya karatAM vadhAre sArI rIte zIkhyAM che. UdhaI viSe tathA pitAnA sajAtI mATe tenA tyAga viSe meM vAMcyuM tyArathI e jaMtu pratye mArA manamAM Adara pedA thaye che. samAjanA hitane arthe paraspara sahakAra ane pitAnuM balidAna e je saMskRtinI kasoTI hoya te ApaNe kahI zakIe ke UdhaI ane kIDI e rIte mANasathI caDiyAtAM che. ApaNA eka purANA saMskRta graMthamAM eka zleka che: tyajedekaM kulasyArthe prAmasyArthe kulaM tyajet / / prAmaM janapadasyArthe hyAtmArthe pRthivIM tyajet // ene bhAvArtha A cheH kuTuMbane khAtara vyaktine, gAmane khAtara kuTuMbane, dezane khAtara gAmane ane AtmAne khAtara samagra jagatane tyAga karavo joIe. AtmA zI vastu che enuM bahu thoDA mANasane jJAna hoya che. dareka jaNa ene pitapatAne judo judo artha kare che. paraMtu A saMskRta zleka je bodha Ape che te vizALa hitane khAtara balidAna ApavA ane sAhAcavRttithI jIvavAne ja bodha che. ApaNe hiMdanA leke lAMbA samaya sudhI sAcI mahattA prApta karavAne A rAjamArga bhUlyA hatA tethI ApaNI adhogati thaI che. paraMtu pharIthI ApaNane e vastunI jhAMkhI thavA lAgI che ane Akho deza jAgrata thaI gayuM che. puruSa ane strIo tathA chokarA chokarIo kaI paNa prakAranAM kaSTa ke duHkhanI paravA karyA vinA hiMdanI unnatine mATe hasate e AgekUca karatAM Aje jovA maLe che e keTaluM adbhuta che ! Ama e badhAM khuza thAya ane harakhAya e barAbara che, kAraNa ke mahAna dhyeyanI siddhimAM phALo ApavAne AnaMda temane lAdhyo che. balidAnane AnaMda te bhAgyazALIe ja mANe che. Aje ApaNe hiMdane AjhAda karavAne mathI rahyAM chIe. e udAtta dhyeya che, paraMtu samagra manuSyajAtanuM hita e tethIye vadhAre udAtta dhyeya che. ApaNI laData e duHkha ane yAtanAone aMta ANavAnI manuSyajAtanI mahAna laDatane ja eka bhAga che ema ApaNe mAnIe chIe eTale duniyAnI

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15 itihAsane bedha pragatimAM ApaNe paNa kiMcita phALo ApI rahyAM chIe e AnaMda ApaNe laI zakIe. daramyAna tuM AnaMdabhavanamAM ane mA malAkA jelamAM beThI che ane huM ahIM nainI jelamAM chuM. keTalIka vAra ApaNane ekabIjAnI kheTa atizaya sAle che, nahi vA? paraMtu ApaNe traNe jaNuM ekaThAM thaIzuM e divasane vicAra karatI raheje. huM te e divasanI rAha jete rahIza ane e vicAra mArI glAni dUra karI mArA hRdayane praphullita karaze.

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InkilAba jhiMdAbAda 7 jAnyuArI, 1931 | priyadarzinI - darzane priya, paNa jyAre darzana durlabha hoya tyAre adhikatara priya! Aje huM tane patra lakhavA beThe chuM tyAM dUrathI saMbhaLAtI meghagarjanA jevA gaMbhIra avAje mAre kAne athaDAya che. e avAje zAnA haze e huM prathama te na kaLI zakyo. paNa temane raNake paricita hatA ane mArA aMtaramAM temane pratidhvani Ute jaNAya. dhIre dhIre te avAjo najIka AvatA lAgyA, temane dhvani vadhate jAte jaNa ane paLavAramAM te te zAnA avAje che tenI zaMkA na rahI. InkilAba jhiMdAbAda !" "InkilAba jhiMdAbAda ! nA jemabharyA pikArathI AkhI jela gAjI UThI, ane e sAMbhaLIne ame badhA rAjI thayA. jela bahAra amArI samIpa ApaNI laDatane jayazeSa pukAranAra e leka nagaravAsI strIpuruSa hatAM ke pachI gAmaDAnA kheDUta hatA tenI mane khabara nathI. vaLI e pikAro prasaMga nimitte hatA enI paNa mane Aje khabara nathI. paraMtu, e pikAra karanArAo cAhe te che, temaNe amane pratsAhita karyA ane ame amArI badhI zubhecchAo sahita temanA abhinaMdanano mUka javAba vALe. paNa "InkilAba jhiMdAbAdane pikAra ApaNe zA mATe karIe chIe? ApaNe kAMti ane parivartana zA mATe mAgIe chIe ? alabata, hiMda Aje bhAre parivartana mAgI rahyuM che. paraMtu ApaNe badhAM cAhIe chIe e bhAre parivartana thayA pachI ane hiMda AjhAda thayA pachI paNa ApaNe hAthapaga joDIne ArAmathI besI zakIe nahi. jagatanI koI paNa sajIva vastu aparivartanazIla ke sthira rahI zakatI ja nathI. prakRtimAtra roja raja ane kSaNe kSaNe badalAtI rahe che; mAtra nirjIva vastuo ja vikAsa pAmatI nathI ane nigreSTa paDI rahe che. tAjuM pANI te vahetuM ja bhaluM; ApaNe tene rokI rAkhIe te te baMdhiyAra thaIne durgaMdha mAre che. vyakti ane prajAnA jIvananuM paNa

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' inkilAba jhiMdAbA ema ja che. ApaNe icchatAM hoIe ke na icchatAM hoIe topaNa divase divase ApaNe vRddha thavAnAM. nAnI bALakI meTI kanyA bane che, moTI kanyA praDha strI bane che ane aMte te vRddha thAya che. ApaNe A pheraphArone anukULa thavuM joIe. paraMtu evAye keTalAka leke che ke jeo duniyA badalAtI rahe che e vAta svIkAratA ja nathI. teo pitAnA manane tALAcIthI baMdha rAkhe che ane navA vicArone temAM pesavA detA nathI. vicAra karavAnA khyAlathI teo jeTalA bhaDake che teTalA bIjA kazAthI bhaDakatA nathI. enuM pariNAma zuM Ave? temanA AvA valaNa chatAye duniyA te AgaLa vadhatI ja rahe che ane evA loko badalAtI paristhitine anukULa thatA nathI tethI duniyAmAM vakhatovakhata bhISaNa utpAto phATI nIkaLe che. eka cALIsa varasa pUrve thayelA mahAna phreMca viplava athavA te tera varasa pUrve thayelA raziyana viplava jevI bhAre kAMtio thAya che. evI ja rIte ApaNA dezamAM ApaNe paNa Aje krAMtinI vacce UbhAM chIe. bezaka, ApaNe svAtaMtrya mAgIe chIe e te kharuM ja, paraMtu ethIye vizeSa ApaNane te joIe che. ApaNe te badhAM baMdhiyAra khAbociyAM sApha karI sarvatra svaccha pANIne pravAha vahevaDAve che. ApaNe ApaNuM dezamAMthI duHkha, dAridya tathA gaMdakI dUra karavAM che. vaLI asaMkhya lokonAM manamAMthI, temane vicAra karatA aTakAvatAM ane ApaNuM mahAna kAryamAM sahakAra ApatAM retAM jALAMo paNa banI zake teTalAM ApaNe sApha karavAM che. ApaNI sAme e bhagIratha kArya paDeluM che, eTale ema paNa bane ke te pAra paDatAM vakhata lAge. kaMI nahi te, ApaNe e kAryane jorathI dhakko mArI AgaLa vega te ApIe ja-InkilAba jhiMdAbAda! ApaNe krAMtinA dvAra sudhI AvI pahoMcyAM chIe. bhAvI kevuM haze te ApaNe kahI zakIe ema nathI. paraMtu vartamAna kALamAM ApaNI mahenatanuM pUratuM vaLatara ApaNane maLI gayuM che. hiMdanI strIonuM ja kArya te jo; ApaNI laDatamAM teo kevA gauravathI sauthI mokhare kuca karI rahI che! namra hovA chatAM bahAdura ane adama, teo bIjAone kevuM mArgadarzana karI rahI che! ApaNe bahAdura ane svarUpavAna strIone DhAMkI rAkhate tathA temane ane ApaNuM dezane mATe zAparUpa padato Aje kyAM che? gata jamAnAnA avazeSe jyAM

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna rAkhavAmAM Ave che evAM saMgrahasthAnAnI abharAI upara te tvarA ane cupakIdIthI peAtAne dharatuM sthAna nathI laI rahyo? baccAMne, chokarAchokarIone ane temanI vAnarasenA, tathA bAla ane bAlikAsabhAne paNa jo. emAMnAM ghaNAMnAM mAtapitAe kadAca Darapoka kAyaranI peThe athavA to gulAmonI peThe AcaraNa karyuM haze. paNa ApaNI peDhInAM bALakA kadIye kAyaratA athavA te gulAmInI kharadAsa karanAra nathI e viSe krANu zaMkA karI zake ema che? Ama parivartananuM cakra kratuM ja rahe che. je nIce hatAM te upara Ave che ane jeo upara hatAM te nIce jAya che. ApaNA dezamAM paNa e cakra pharatuM thaI jAya e mATe samaya AvI pahoMcyA che. ane A vakhate ApaNe ene evA to dhakko Apyo che ke have kAI paNa enI gati khALI zakavAnuM nathI. InkilAba jhiMdAbAda ! 18

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eziyA ane yuropa 8 jAnyuArI, 1931 mArA AgalA patramAM meM jaNAvyuM che ke dareka vastu niraMtara badalAtI rahe che. kharekhara, itihAsa e pheraphAronuM khAna nahi te bIjuM zuM che? ane bhUtakALamAM bahu jUja pheraphAra thayo hota te itihAsa lakhavAnuM vastu paNa bahu alpa hota. zALA ke kolejomAM ApaNane ItihAsane nAme je bhaNAvavAmAM Ave che temAM itihAsa jevuM bahu ochuM hoya che. bIjAonI vAta te huM nathI jANatuM, paNa mAre viSe te kahI zakuM ke zALAmAM huM nahi je ja ItihAsa zIkhe chuM. thaDe, are, nahi je hiMdane itihAsa ane jarAtarA IMglaMDane itihAsa huM zIkhe. ane je kaMI hiMdane itihAsa huM zIkhyuM hatuM te meTe bhAge khoTo ane vikRta hate. ApaNA deza tarapha tucchakArathI jonArAoe te lakheluM hatuM. bIjA dezanA ItihAsa viSe te mAruM jJAna bahu ja aspaSTa hatuM. koleja cheDaDyA pachI ja meM kaMIka sAco itihAsa vAMcyo. sadbhAgye, mArA je nivAsoe mAruM itihAsanuM jJAna sudhAravAnI taka mane ApI che. mArA AgaLanA keTalAka patromAM hiMdanI prAcIna saMskRti viSe, draviDa leke viSe tathA AryonA Agamana viSe meM tane lakhyuM hatuM. AryonA Agamana pahelAMnA kALa viSe meM bahu lakhyuM nathI kAraNake e viSe huM jhAjhuM jANato nathI. paraMtu tene e jANIne AnaMda thaze ke chellAM thoDAM varasamAM hiMdamAM atizaya prAcIna kALanI saMskRtinA avazeSo zodhI kADhavAmAM AvyA che. hiMdanA vAyavya khUNAmAM mehana- jo-daDe nAmanA sthaLanI AsapAsa e jaDI AvyA che. tyAM AgaLa lagabhaga pAMca hajAra varasa pUrvenA A avazeSe khodI kADhavAmAM AvyA che. ane prAcIna kALanAM misaranAM mamIonA jevAM mamIo paNa tyAM jaDI AvyAM che! jarA vicAra te kara! e badhuM hajAre varSa purANuM ane AryonA Agamana pUrvenA ghaNA lAMbA kALanuM che. te samaye yurepa te kevaLa gIca araNya haze.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana yuropa Aje baLavAna ane sattAdhArI che, ane tenA leAkeA potAne jagatamAM sAthI sudharelA ane saMskArI mAne che. eziyA temaja tenA leAkA tarapha te tiraskAranI najare jue che ane tyAM jaIne je kaMI hAtha Ave te badhuM pacAvI pADe che. paNa jamAnA kavA palaTAI gayA che! cAla, ApaNe eziyA ane yuropa upara dhyAnapUrvaka najara karI jaIe. nakazApothI dhADa ane eziyAnA mahAna khaMDane coMTI rahelA nAnakaDA yureApane jo. e to mAtra eziyAnA dehanA ja eka nAnakaDA avayava jevA dekhAya che. jyAre tuM itihAsa vAMcaze tyAre tane mAlUma paDaze ke ghaNA lAMbA kALa sudhI duniyA para eziyAnuM prabhutva hatuM. eziyAvAsI prajAonAMTALAM samudranAM meAjAnI jema yuropanI bhUmi para pharI vaLyAM ane tenA mulakA temaNe jItI lIdhA. temaNe yurepane urjAkyoye kharo ane tene saMskArI paNa banAvyA. Arya, zaka, dRNa, araba, magAla ane turka, e badhI prajAe eziyAnA kAI ne kAI bhAgamAMthI nIkaLIne eziyA temaja yuropamAM pharI vaLI. eziyAe e badhI prajAne jANe tIDanAM ToLAMnI jema agaNita saMkhyAmAM pedA karI. kharekhara, lAMbA kALa sudhI yuropa eziyAnI vasAhata jevA rahyo che ane tenI ghaNIkharI prajAe eziyAnI tenA upara caDAI karanArI prajAnI ja sati che. sva mahAkAya rAkSasanI jema eziyA nakazAnA eka cheDAthI bIjA cheDA sudhI ADA paDelA che. yuropa tA nAnakaDA che. paNa ene artha e nathI ke eziyA tenA kadane kAraNe ja mahAna che, athavA to yuropa nAnA che eTale bahu lakSa ApavAne pAtra nathI. kada e mANasanI ke dezanI mahattA AMkavAnI atizaya kSullaka kasoTI che. ApaNe e paNa sArI rIte jANIe chIe ke yuropa sAthI nAne khaMDa hovA chatAM Aje mahAna che. ApaNe e paNa jANIe chIe ke tenA ghaNA dezomAM itihAsanA tejasvI yugA AvI gayA che. e deze|e mahAna vijJAnazAstrIe pedA karyAM che. temaNe potAnI zodhakhoLAthI mAnavI saMskRtine khUba AgaLa vadhArI che ane karoDA strIpuruSanAM jIvananA mejo haLavA karyAM che. e dezomAM moTA moTA sAkSara, philasUfA, kaLAkAro, saMgItazAstrI ane kavIre paNa thaI gayA che. yurezapanI mahattAne svIkAra na karavA e to narI mUrkhAI kahevAya.

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eziyA ane yuropa paraMtu eziyAnI mahattAne visAravI e paNa eTaluM ja mUrkhAI bharyuM che. yuropanI AjanI bhabhakathI ApaNe aMjAI jaIe ane ApaNe bhUtakALa bhUlI jaIe e saMbhava rahe che. paNa ApaNe e yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke, bIjA koI manuSya karatAM athavA bIjI kaI vastu karatAM duniyA upara adhika prabhAva pADanAra mahAna vicArake - badhA mukhya dharmonA pravartake - te eziyAe pedA karyA che. Aje pracalita mukhya dharmomAM saithI purANe hiMdudharma te alabata hiMdamAM ja ubhA che. e ja rIte cIna, jApAna, brahmadeza, tibeTa ane silenamAM Aje cAlate hiMdudharmane sahedara mahAna baiddha dharma paNa hiMdamAM ja utpanna thayo che. yahUdI lokone dharma ane khristI dharma paNa eziyAnA dharmo che, kAraNa ke temanuM ugamasthAna eziyAne pazcima kinAre AvelA pelesTAInamAM hatuM. pArasIone jarathostI dharma IrAnamAM ubhavya; ane e te tuM jANe che ke islAmanA pegaMbara mahaMmada sAheba arabastAnanA makakA zaheramAM janmyA hatA. kRSNa, jarathuSTa, Isu, mahaMmada tathA cInanA mahAna philasupha kanphaziyasa ane lAose - Ama eziyAnA mahAna tatvaciMtakonAM nAmothI pAnAMnAM pAnAM bharI zakAya ema che. eziyAmAM thaI gayelA mahAna karmavIronAM nAmathI paNa keTalAMye pAna bharI zakAya. bhUtakALamAM ApaNe A purANe khaMDa keTale mahAna ane prANavAna ho e bIjI aneka rIte huM tane batAvI zakuM ema chuM. paraMtu jamAne kevo badalAI gayo che ! ane vaLI Aje ApaNI najara AgaLa te pharI pAcho badalAI rahyo che. ItihAsamAM keTalIka vAra atizaya tvarita gati ane utpAtanA yuge AvI jAya che e kharuM, paraMtu sAmAnya rIte te sadIonI gaNatarIthI maMda gatie pitAnuM kArya karyo jAya che. Aje eziyAmAM te tvarita gatithI AgaLa vadhe che ane e parANe khaMDa lAMbI nidrAmAMthI jAgrata thayo che. samagra duniyAnI mITa Aje enA upara maMDAI rahI che. kAraNa saine khabara che ke bhaviSyamAM duniyAnA itihAsamAM eziyA mahattvano bhAga bhajavanAra che.

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prAcIna saMskRtio ane ApaNe vAraso 9 jAnyuArI, 1931 bhArata" nAmanuM hiMdI vartamAnapatra je aThavADiyAmAM be divasa amane bahAranI duniyAnA khabara Ape che temAM gaI kAle meM vAMcyuM ke, malAka jelamAM tArI mA pratye egya vartAva rAkhavAmAM Avate nathI; ane tene laine jelamAM moklavAnI che. e khabara vAMcIne huM jarA khinna thayA ane ciMtA karavA lAge. banavAjoga che ke e patramAM AvelI aphavA sAcI na hoya. paNa AvI jAtanI zaMkA UbhI thAya e paNa sAruM nathI. pitAnI jAta uparanI taklIpha ke duHkha sahevAM bahu sahela che. ethI te darekane phAyado thAya, kAraNake nahi te ApaNe sAva namAlA banI jaIe. paraMtu jeo ApaNuM priya svajane che, ane khAsa karIne jyAre ApaNe temane mATe kazuMye karI zakavAnI sthitimAM na hoIe, tyAre te temanI viTaMbaNAno khyAla kaSTadAyaka thaI paDe che. eTale "bhArata" patre mArA manamAM pedA karelI zaMkAe mane tArI mA viSe ciMtAtura karI mUkyo. te bahAdura che ane tenuM hRdaya siMhaNanA jevuM aDaga che, paraMtu zarIre te durbaLa che, ane tenuM zarIra vadhAre durbaLa bane e mane gamatuM nathI. ApaNuM hRdaya game eTaluM daDha hoya, paNa ApaNuM zarIra hArI jAya te ApaNe zuM karI zakavAnAM hatAM ? koI paNa kArya ApaNe sArI rIte karavA mAgatAM hoIe te ApaNuM zarIra pUrepUrAM taMdurasta ane sazakta hovAM joIe. mAne lakhana mokalavAmAM AvanAra che e paNa eka rIte ThIka ja che. tyAM AgaLa tene vadhAre sagavaDa maLaze. lakhane jelamAM tene sabata paNa maLI raheze. ghaNuM karIne mulAkAmAM te te ekalI ja che. chatAMye, te mArAthI bahu dUra nahotI - amArI jelathI mAtra cArapAMca mAIlane aMtare ja hatI e khyAla bahu ja AnaMdajanaka hate. paNa e bevakUphIbharele khyAla che. vacamAM be jelanI UMcI dIvAle ADI paDI hoya tyAM pAMca mAIla ke pAMca mAIla sarakhA ja che.

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prAcIna saMskRtie ane ApaNe vAraso dAdu allAhAbAda pAchA AvyA che ane temanI tabiyata sudhArA upara che e jANIne Aje mane bahu AnaMda thaye. vaLI te tArI mAne maLavAne malAkA jelamAM gayA hatA e jANIne paNa huM bahu rAjI thaye. kadAca, nasIbAge AvatI kAle mAre tamane badhAne maLavAnuM thAya, kemake kAle mAre "mulAkAtane divasa che. jelamAM e mulAkAtakA dina" meTA parva jevo manAya che. lagabhaga be mAsathI meM dadune joyA nathI. AzA rAkhuM chuM ke huM temane maLIza ane temanI tabiyata kharekhara sudharI che enI jAte khAtarI karI zakIza. ane atizaya lAMbA pakhavADiyA pachI huM tane maLIza tyAre tuM mane tArI ane tArI mAnI khabara te Apaze ja. are! paNa A zuM? huM tane prAcIna ItihAsa viSe lakhavA beThe hatuM, paNa tene badale bevakUphIbharI vAte lakhI rahyo chuM. have ApaNe ghaDIbhara vartamAnane bhUlI javAnI koziza karIe ane bethI traNa hajAra varSa pahelAMnA kALamAM pahoMcI jaIe. misara viSe ane krITanA prAcIna nagara nisAsa viSe huM mArA AgaLanA patromAM thoDuMka lakhI cUkyo chuM. meM tane e paNa jaNAvyuM hatuM ke A be dezomAM temaja jene ApaNe IrAka athavA mesopoTemiyAne nAme oLakhIe chIe te dezamAM ane cIna, grIsa tathA hiMdamAM purANuM saMskRtio udbhavI hatI. e badhAmAM grIsanI saMskRtine udaya kaMIka pAchaLathI thaye. eTale ke, prAcInatAnI daSTie hiMdanI saMskRti misara, cIna ane IrAkanI saMskRti jeTalI purANI che. ane prAcIna grIsanI saMskRti paNa emane mukAbale te Adhunika gaNAya. A prAcIna saMskRtionA zA hAla thayA ? nasAsa khatama thaI gayuM. ene lupta thayAne paNa traNa hajAra varasa thaI gayAM. grIsanI navI saMskRtinA loke AvyA temaNe tene nAza karyo. hajAre varasanI ujajvaLa kArakirdI pachI misaranI purANI saMskRti paNa nAza pAmI. bhavya pirAmIDe ane sleiksa, mahAna maMdira ane mamIe, tathA evI bIjI vastuonA avazeSo sivAya tenI bIjI kazI nizAnI rahI nathI. misara deza te Aje paNa che ane pahelAMnI jema nAIla nadI paNa temAM thaIne vahe che tathA bIjA dezanI jema temAM paNa puruSe tathA strIo vase che. paraMtu AjanA misaravAsIo sAthe temanA dezanI ( purANI saMskRtine joDanAra eke kaDI Aje mojUda nathI. IrAka ane

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24 | jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana IrAna-e dezamAM keTakeTalAM sAmrAjya phAlyAM tyAM ane eka pachI eka vismRtimAM lupta thaI gayAM! emAMnAM sauthI purANAM sAmrAjya bAbileniyA, esIriyA ane khADyiAnAM hatAM. bAbilena ane ninevA temanAM mahAna nagara hatAM. bAIbalane "jUne karAra" e nagaranI prajAnA hevAlothI bharapUra che. e pachInA kALamAM paNa itihAsanI e prAcIna bhUmimAM bIjAM sAmrAjya phAlyAMlyAM ane laya pAmyAM. eNrebiyana nAITasanI jAduI nagarI bagadAda paNa ahIM ja AvI hatI. paraMtu sAmrAjya UbhAM thAya che ane nAza pAme che tema ja meTA meTA rAjAo ane pratApImAM pratApI samrAToye mAtra alpa kALa mATe ja A jagatanI raMgabhUmi upara damAmathI vicare che. paNa saMskRtio cirakALa Take che. joke IrAka ane IrAnanI prAcIna saMskRtio prAcIna misaranI saMskRtinI mAphaka sadaMtara nAza pAmI che. prAcIna kALamAM grIsa kharekhara mahAna hatuM. Aje paNa leke tenI kIrtigAthA vAMcI Azcaryacakita thAya che. tenI ArasanI pratimAonuM sauMdarya joIne ApaNe AzcaryamAM garakAva thaI jaIe chIe. tenA purANA sAhityanA je avazeSo Aje maLe che te ApaNe bhaktibhAva ane AzcaryathI vAMcIe chIe. keTalIka rIte, arvAcIna yurepa prAcIna grIsanuM saMtAna che ema kahevAmAM Ave che te yogya ja che. grIsanA AcAravicAranI yuropa upara eTalI bhAre asara thaI che. paraMtu grIsanI e mahattA Aje kyAM che? e purANI saMskRti lupta thayA pachI aneka yuge vItI gayA ane tenI jagyAe navA AcAravicAra dAkhala thayA che. bAkI Aje te yurepanA agni khUNAmAM grIsa nAmano eka nAnuM sarakhe deza mAtra rahyuM che. misara, nesAsa, IrAka ane grIsa e badhAM nAza pAmyAM che. - bAbilena ane ninevAnI jema temanI purANI saMskRtio paNa nAza pAmI che. te pachI A purANI saMskRtinA bIjA be prAcIna sAthIonA zA hAla thayA ? hindu ane cInanI zI sthiti che ? bIjA dezonI jema temAM paNa eka pachI eka sAmrAjya UbhAM thayAM ane nAza pAmyAM. ahIM paNa AkramaNa thayAM ane vizALa pAyA upara vinAza ane lUMTaphATa ityAdi thayAM. sadIo sudhI eka rAjavaMze rAjya karyuM ane pachI tenI jagyA bIjA rAjavaMze lIdhI. bIjA dezonI jema hinda ane cInamAM paNa A badhuM banyuM. paraMtu hinda ane cIna

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prAcIna saMskRti ane ApaNe vArase 5 sivAya bIje kyAMye saMskRtinI paraMparA akhaMDita cAlu rahI nahi. bhAre parivartane, vigraha ane AkramaNa thavA chatAMye A baMne dezamAM prAcIna saMskRtionI dhArA akhalita vahetI rahI che. e kharuM che ke, e baMne dezo temanI prAcIna mahattAthI Aje keTalAye nIce paDyA che tathA temanI prAcIna saMskRtio jamAnAothI ekaThI thayelI dhULa ane gaMdakInA thara nIce DhaMkAI gaI che. chatAye e saMskRtio jIvanta che ane Aje paNa hiMdanI prAcIna saMskRtinA pAyA upara hiMdIonI jIvanapraNAlI racAyelI che. duniyAmAM Aje navIna paristhiti pedA thaI che, ane AgaboTa, relave tathA meTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMoe jagatanI zikala badalI nAkhI che. ema paNa bane ke e badhuM hiMdanI sUrata paNa badalI nAkhe. e pheraphAranI zarUAta paNa thaI cUkI che. paraMtu TheTha ItihAsanA AraMbhakALathI mAMDIne aneka lAMbA yugo vaTAvI Aja sudhI cAlu rahelI hindanI saMskRti ane sudhArAnA lAMbA vistAra ane akhaMDa paraMparA viSe vicAra kare e atizaya rasadAyaka che ane adbhuta AnaMda Ape che. eka rIte ApaNe hindanAM A hajAra varasanA vAraso chIe. je deza pAchaLathI brahmAvarta, AryAvarta, bhAratavarSa ane hindustAna nAmathI oLakhAvAne hate tenAM hariyALAM medAnomAM vAyavya sarahadanA pahADenA ghATomAMthI AvanAra prAcIna lekanA ApaNe sIdhA vaMzajo hoIe e saMbhavita che. parvatanA ghATamAMthI pitAnAM dhaNuM sAthe pasAra thaIne nIcenI ajANI bhUmimAM pravezatAM tuM temane kalpanAmAM nathI joI zakatI ? e bahAdura ane sAhasanI bhAvanAthI UbharAtA lakee pariNAmanI paravA rAkhyA vinA AgaLa vadhavAnI hAma bhIDI. ema karatAM temaNe maraNanI darakAra na karI ane tene hasate meMe bheTayA. paraMtu jIvana upara temane prema hatuM ane teo jANatA hatA ke jIvanane AnaMda anubhavavAno ekamAtra upAya nirbhaya banI parAjaya tathA Apatti viSe beparavA rahevuM e che. kAraNake parAjaya ane Apattine nirbhaya lekethI dUra rahevAne svabhAva che. AgekUca karatA karatA, samudra tarapha bhavya gatithI vahetI bhagavatI bhAgIrathInA kAMThA sudhI acAnaka AvI pahoMcelA ApaNuM e dUranA pUrvajone vicAra kara. gaMgAnA e navadarzanathI teone AnaMda keTale UbharAI gaye haze ! tene praNipAta karIne pitAnI samRddha ane surIlI vANImAM temaNe tenI stuti gAIemAM Azcarya pAmavA jevuM zuM che?

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdama e badhA yugenA ApaNe vArase chIe e vicAra kharekhara ApaNane Azcaryacakti kare che. paNa ethI ApaNe garviSa na banavuM joIe. kAraNake, e yuganI sArI temaja mAThI baMne vastuonA ApaNe vArasa chIe. ane hindanA ApaNA vartamAna vArasAmAM evI DhagalAbaMdha bhUMDI vastuo che jene lIdhe duniyAmAM ApaNe pAchaLa paDyA chIe, ane ApaNuM mahAna deza garIbAImAM AvI paDyo che, tathA te parAyA lekanA hAthamAM ramakaDA samAna banI gayuM che. paraMtu e sthiti lAMbA kALa sudhI nahi nabhAvI levAne have ApaNe nizcaya karI lIdhuM che.

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grIsanA helana loko 10 jAnyuArI, 1931 tamArAmAMthI koI paNa Aje mArI mulAkAte na AvyuM. pariNAme mulAkAtane divasa" sUne gaye. e eka moTI nirAzA maLI. paraMtu mulAkAta mekUpha rAkhavAne ApavAmAM AvelA kAraNathI te huM ciMtAtura thayo. mane kahevAmAM AvyuM ke tame mulAkAte na AvyAM tenuM kAraNa e che ke, dAdunI tabiyata ThIka nathI. ethI vizeSa mane kaMI khabara na paDI. khera, mulAkAta Aje thavAnI nathI enI mane khabara paDI eTale huM kAMtavA beThe. mane anubhava thayo che ke, kAMtavuM tathA pATI vaNavI e AnaMdajanaka ane zAMtidAyaka kAryo che. eTale huM te kahuM chuM ke kaMI vimAsaNamAM paDe tyAre basa kAMte ! mArA AgalA patramAM ApaNe yuropa ane eziyAnI tulanA karI hatI. have ApaNe prAcIna yurepa tarapha jarA najara karIe. bhUmadhya samudranI AsapAsanA dezanA pradezane ja lAMbA samaya sudhI yurepa mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. te samayanA yurepanA uttaranA deze viSe ApaNI pAse kazIye mAhitI nathI. bhUmadhya samudranI AsapAsa vasatA leke ema mAnatA ke jarmanI, phrAMsa ane IMglaMDamAM jaMgalI ane asabhya jAtio vase che. ema ja mAnI levAmAM Ave che ke te samaye saMskRti bhUmadhya samudranA pUrva bhAganA pradezamAM ja maryAdita hatI. e te tane khabara che ke, misara (alabatta e AphrikAmAM che, nahi ke yurepamAM) ane nosAsa e be deze pahelavahelA AgaLa vadhyA. dhIre dhIre Arya loko eziyAmAMthI pazcima tarapha khasavA maMDyA ane temaNe grIsa tathA tenI AsapAsanA deza upara AkramaNa karyuM. jemane Aje ApaNe prAcIna grIka lake tarIke oLakhIe chIe ane jemanI ApaNe tArIpha karIe chIe te A grIka Aryo ja hatA. huM dhAruM chuM ke AraMbhamAM kadAca emanA pahelAM je Aryo hiMdustAna pahoMcyA hatA temanAthI A Aryo bahu bhinna nahotA. paraMtu vakhata

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18 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jatAM temanAmAM pheraphAra thavA lAgyA ane dhIre dhIre AryonI e baMne zAkhAo ekabIjathI vadhu ne vadhu judI paDatI gaI. hiMdanA A upara temanAthIye purANI hiMdanI draviDa saMskRtinI bhAre asara paDI hatI. mehana-jo-daDe AgaLa je saMskRtinA avazeSe Aje ApaNane maLI Ave che tenI paNa temanA upara kadAca asara paDI heya. Arya ane draviDa lekee ekabIjA pAse paraspara ghaNI Apale karI ane e rIte AkhA hiMda mATe sahiyArI saMskRti racI. e ja pramANe, Aryo grIsamAM AvyA tyAre, tyAM vikaselI nAsAsanI purANI saMskRtinI paNa grIka Aryo upara asara paDI hevI joIe. enI asara temanA upara paDI hatI kharI, paraMtu temaNe nasAsa tathA tenI saMskRtinAM bAhya aMgene nAza karyo ane tenAM khaMDiyere upara pitAnI navI saMskRti racI. ApaNe e dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke e prAcIna samayanA grIka ane hiMdI Aryo khaDatala ane jabarA laDavaiyA hatA. teo vIryavAna hovAthI temaNe pitAnA mArgamAM AvanAra suMvALA ane vadhAre saMskRta lekane pitAmAM samAvI dIdhA athavA temane nAza karyo. IsunA janma pahelAM lagabhaga eka hajAra varasa upara nesAsa nAza pAmyuM; ane navA grIka lekae grIsa ane tenI AsapAsa AvelA beTamAM vasavATa karyo. samudramArge teo eziyAmAIneranA pazcima kinAre gayA, dakSiNa iTAlI ane sisilI gayA tathA cheka kAMsanI dakSiNa sarahada upara paNa pahoMcyA. phAMsamAM temaNe mAraselsa vasAvyuM. paraMtu temanA gayA pahelAM tyAM AgaLa ghaNuM karIne phiniziyana lekenuM thANuM hatuM. tane yAda haze ke phiniziyana leke eziyAmAInoranA samartha dariye kheDanAra leka hatA. teo vepAranI zedhamAM dUra dUranA pradezamAM jatA. prAcIna samayamAM, IgleMDa jaMgalI avasthAmAM hatuM tyAre, teo tyAM sudhI paNa pahoMcyA hatA. jibrAlTaranI sAmudradhunImAM thaIne temanI lAMbI dariyAI saphara jokhamothI bharelI thaI paDI hovI joIe. grIsanI bhUmi upara eNthensa, spA, thIjha ane karintha vagere vikhyAta nagare UbhAM thayAM. grIka, athavA temane temanA asala nAmathI oLakhavA heya te, helana lekanA AraMbhakALanI hakIkata "iliyaDa" ane "DesI' nAmanAM be prakhyAta mahAkAvyamAM maLI Ave che. e

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' grIsanA helana loke bane mahAkAvya viSe tuM zeDuM ghaNuM jANe che. keTalIka rIte rAmAyaNuM ane mahAbhAratanAM ApaNAM mahAkAvyane e maLatAM Ave che. hemara nAmanA aMdha kavie te lakhelAM manAya che. khUbasUrata helananuM perIsa pitAnI nagarI TroyamAM kevI rIte haraNa karI gayo tathA tene pAchI meLavavA grIsanA rAjAo ane saradAree TAyane kevI rIte ghere ghAlyo tenI vAta iliyaDamAM Ave che. DesImAM Troyane gherAmAMthI pAchA pharatAM oDisiyasa athavA yulisisanAM bhramaNAnI vAta Ave che. yanuM nagara eziyAmAInoramAM dariyAkinArA najIka hatuM. Aje tenuM nAmanizAna paNa nathI ane keTalAye jamAnAothI te nAza pAmyuM che; paraMtu eka kavinI pratibhAe tene amara karI dIdhuM che. helana athavA grIka leko jhaDapathI pitAnuM TUMkuM paNa tejasvI vana prApta karI rahyA hatA te ja arasAmAM, pAchaLathI grIsane jItanAra ane tenI jagyA lenAra bIjI sattAne dhIre dhIre udaya thaI rahyo hato e nihALavuM atizaya kautukabhareluM che. lagabhaga e ja arasAmAM remanI sthApanA thaI hatI ema manAya che. hajI sadIo sudhI te duniyAnI raMgabhUmi upara kaze mahattvano bhAga bhajavavAnuM nahotuM. paraMtu je keTalIye sadIo sudhI samasta yuropa upara prabhutva bhogavavAnuM hatuM ane jene "jagatanI svAminI" ane "amara nagarInuM birUda maLavAnuM hatuM te mahAna nagaranI sthApanAne ullekha karavo ghaTe che. romanI sthApanA viSe tathA jemane eka mAdA varae upADI jaIne ucheryA hatA te romanA sthApaka remasa ane remyulasa viSe citravicitra vAte pracalita che. kadAca tuM e vAta jANatI haze. - rama sthapAyuM te arasAmAM athavA kaMIka te pahelAM purANI duniyAnuM bIjuM eka nagara sthapAyuM. enuM nAma kArbeja. AphrikAnA uttara kinArA upara phiniziyana lokoe te sthApyuM hatuM. te baLavAna dariyAI sattA banyuM ane tenI tathA rema vacce tIvra harIphAI jAgI ane ghaNI laDAIo thaI. chevaTe rema jItyuM ane teNe kAryejane samULage nAza karyo. Ajane patra pUre karatA pahelAM ApaNe pelesTAIna tarapha jarA najara karI jaIe. alabatta, pelesTAIna yuropamAM nathI AvyuM, temaja tenuM aitihAsika mahatva paNa bahu nathI. paraMtu ghaNuM lekane tenA prAcIna ItihAsamAM rasa che, kAraNake te ItihAsa bAIbalanA

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3. jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdana 'jUnA karAra 'mAM AvelA che. e pradezamAM vasatA yahUdI lAkrAnAM keTalAMka gAtrAnI tathA bAkhilAna, eNsIriyA ane misara vagere tenI ane bAjunA baLavAna paDeAzIo taraphathI temane veThavI paDelI musIbatAnI kathA emAM che. e kathA yahUdI tathA khristI dharmanA sAhityanA eka bhAga banI na hota to bahu ochA lokAne enI jANa thAta. nAsAsaneA nAza thayA te arasAmAM paeNlesTAInanA IsarAyala nAmanA pradezamAM sAla rAjA rAjya karatA hatA. te pachI DeviDa ane pachI potAnA DahApaNa mATe prakhyAta thayelA sAlAmana Avyo. A traNa nAmAnA ullekha meM eTalA mATe karyAM che ke emane viSe te kaIka sAMbhaLyuM haze athavA vAMcyuM haze.

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grIsanAM nagararAjyo 15 jAnyuArI, 1931 mArA AgalA patramAM meM grIka athavA helana ke viSe kaMIka kahyuM hatuM. pharIthI ApaNe temanA tarapha najara karIe ane te kevA hatA te samajavA prayAsa karIe. je lokone athavA je vastuone ApaNe kadI paNa bhALyAM na hoya tene tAdaza ane sAce khyAla Avo bahu muzkela che. vartamAna paristhiti ane jIvanavyavahArathI ApaNe eTalAM badhAM TevAI gayAM chIe ke taddana judA prakAranI duniyAnI kalpanA ApaNe bhAgye ja karI zakIe. ane purANI duniyA - pachI te grIsa, cIna ke hiMda game tyAMnI he - vartamAna duniyAthI sAva nirALI hatI. eTale, te jamAnAnA leke kevA hatA e viSe ApaNe bahu te temanAM pustake, imArata ane bIjA avazeSAnI sahAyathI mAtra kalpanA ja karI zakIe. - grIsa viSe eka hakIkta bahu rasadAyaka che. ApaNane tarata dekhAI Ave che ke grIka lokone moTAM moTAM rAjya ke sAmrAjya pasaMda nahatAM. temane nAnAM nAnAM nagararAjya ja pasaMda hatAM. eTale ke, temanuM pratyeka nagara eka svataMtra rAjya hatuM. vaLI e badhAM nAnAM nAnAM nagararAjya prajAtaMtra hatAM. dareka rAjyanI madhyamAM zahera hatuM ane tenI AsapAsa khetare hatAM jemAMthI zaherane mATe kherAkanI cIjo AvatI. prajAtaMtramAM rAjA nathI hota e te tuM jANe che. grIsanAM A nagararAjyomAM rAjAo nahotA. zaheranA dhanika prajAjane tene rAjyakArabhAra calAvatA. tyAM AgaLa sAmAnya prajAjanane te rAjyavahIvaTamAM kaze ja avAja nahote. vaLI tyAM ghaNA gulAme paNa hatA. temane rAjyamAM kaze paNa adhikAra nahe. strIone paNa kazA hako nahotA. eTale ke nagararAjyanI vastInA thoDA bhAgane ja nAgarikanA haka hatA ane rAjakAjanA jAhera prazno upara mAtra temane ja mata ApavAno adhikAra hate. e nAgarikone mATe mata ApavAnuM kArya muzkela nahotuM, kAraNa ke e badhA zaheramAM kaI eka

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32 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna jagyAe ekaThA thaI zakatA hatA. Ama banI zakatuM tenuM kAraNa e ke eka ja rAjyanI hakUmata nIcenA te pradeza vizALa nahAtA paNa eka nAnakaDuM nagararAjya hatuM. AkhA hiMdanA badhA matadAro athavA mAtra baMgALa ke AgrA jevA moTA prAMtanA matadArA eka jagyAe ekaThA maLyA hAya evI kalpanA tuM karI jo! ema banavuM ja bilakula zakya nathI. pAchaLanA vakhatamAM khIjA dezAmAM A muzkelI UbhI thaI hatI. paraMtu ' pratinidhitvavALI sarakAra 'nI yAjanAthI enA ukela karavAmAM Avyo. ene artha e ke, kAI paNa praznanA nirNaya karavAne samagra dezanA badhA matadAro ekaThA maLavAne badale te peAtAnA * pratinidhie ' cUMTI kADhe che. pachI e pratinidhie ekaThA maLe che ane dezane lagatA jAhera praznonA vicAra kare che tathA tene mATe kAyadAo ghaDe che. A rIte sAmAnya matadAra dezanA rAjyavahIvaTamAM parAkSa rIte mada kare che ema manAya che. ' paraMtu grIsane evI pratinidhitvavALI sarakAranI vAta sAthe kA sabadha nahAtA. grIse teA nagararAjyathI moTuM rAjya na banAvIne A muzkela savAlane TALyo. huM AgaLa kahI gayA chuM te pramANe, zrIka leAkA joke AkhA grIsa upara tathA dakSiNa iTAlI, sisilI ane bhUmadhya samudranA kAMThA upara AvelA bIjA pradezAmAM phelAyA hatA chatAMye temaNe sAmrAjya sthApavAne ke e badhAM sthAne eka rAjata MtranI hakUmata nIce ANI temanA upara potAnI sattA jamAvavAnA prayatna karyAM nahi. jyAM jyAM gayA tyAM temaNe potAnuM alaga nagararAjya ja sthApyuM. tuM joze ke prAcIna kALamAM hiMdamAM paNa grIsanAM nagararAjye jevAM nAnAM nAnAM prajAta MtrA hatAM. paraMtu teo jhAjho kALa na TakacAM ane meTAM rAjyAmAM samAI gayAM. Ama chatAMye dhRNA lAMbA kALa sudhI ApaNI grAma paMcAyatA bhAre sattAvAna hatI. saMbhava che ke, prAcIna AryAM jyAM gayA tyAM temanI prathama sphuraNA te| nAnAM nAnAM nagararAjye sthApavAnI ja haze. paraMtu je je dezeAmAM jaI teo vasyA temAMnA NAkharA dezanI bhAgolika paristhiti ane tyAMnI jUnI saMskRtinA saMparkane laIne dhIre dhIre temanI e kalpanA temane cheDI devI paDI haze. khAsa karIne IrAnamAM te ApaNe meTAM meTAM sAmrAjyeA UbhAM thayelAM joI e chIe. hiMdamAM paNa moTAM rAjyo UbhAM thavAnuM ja valaNa hatuM. paraMtu eka itihAsaprasiddha grIsavAsIe

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cIsanAM nagararAjya AkhI duniyA jItavAne ApaNI jANamAne pahelavahele prayAsa karyo tyAM lagInA lAMbA kALa sudhI grIsamAM te nagararAjya ja TakyAM. e puruSanuM nAma mahAna sikaMdara. ene viSe huM pachIthI thoDuM kahIza. Ama grIka lekee pitAnAM nAnAM nAnAM nagararAjyo ekatra karIne eka moTuM rAjya athavA prajAtaMtra sthApavAnuM svIkAryuM nahi. e rAje ekabIjAthI aLagAM ane svataMtra rahyAM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa teo ekabIjA sAthe niraMtara vahyA karatAM. temanI vacce hamezAM bhAre rasAkasI cAlyAM karatI ane ghaNI vAra te yuddhamAM pariNamatI. chatAye e badhAM nagararAjyone ekasUtre sAMkaLI rAkhanAra ghaNI samAnatAo paNa hatI. temanI bhASA eka hatI, saMskRti eka hatI ane dharma paNa eka hato. temane e dharma aneka deva-devIone mAnate hato ane temanI purANakathAo hiMduonI prAcIna purANakathAo jevI suMdara ane vaividhyabharI hatI. teo saMdaryanA pUjArI hatA. temaNe banAvelI Arasa ane paththaranI thoDIka mUrtio Aje paNa mejUda che. e mUtionuM saMdarya adbhuta che. teo zarIrane taMdurasta tathA suMdara banAvavAnuM pasaMda karatA ane te mATe ramata ane harIphAIo jatA. grIsamAM olimpasa nAmanA sthaLe vakhate vakhata moTA pAyA upara A ramate thatI ane tyAM AgaLa samagra grIsanA loke ekaThA thatA. Aje paNa ramAtI limpika ramate viSe teM sAMbhaLyuM haze. elimpasa AgaLa ramAtI grIsanI purANI ramatonA nAma uparathI A nAma paDeluM che ane judA judA dezo vacce ramAtI ramata ane harIphAIone e ApavAmAM AvyuM che. Ama grIsanAM nagararAjyo ekabIjAthI aLagAM rahetAM. temanI ramatane prasaMge e badhAM ekatra thatAM ane te sivAya vAraMvAra paraspara laDyA karatAM. Ama chatAM bahArathI moTuM jokhama AvI paDe tyAre tene sAmane karavAne teo ekatra thatAM. A jokhama te IrAnanI grIsa paranI caDAI. e viSe huM AgaLa kahIza.

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8 pazcima eziyAnAM sAmrAjyo 13 jAnyuArI, 1931 kAle tamArAM badhAMnI mulAkAta thaI e sAru thayuM. paraMtu dAdune joI ne to huM saDaka thaI gayo. te mane dhaNA azakta ane bImAra jaNAyA. emanI barAbara saMbhALa rAkhajo ane emane karI pAchA sazakta ane nIre banAvajo. TUMkI mulAkAtamAM mANasa vAta paNa zI karI zake? A pA lakhIne mulAkAta ane vAtacItanI UNapane pUrI karavA huM kAziza karuM chuM. paNa patrA mulAkAta ke vAtacItanI nahi jevI ja garaja sArI zake - ane e rIte kaMI lAMbA vakhata sudhI mana manAvI zakAtuM nathI ! chatAMye kAIka vAra mana manAvavAnI ramata paNa ThIka thaI paDe che. - " C cAle, ApaNe pAchAM prAcIna kALamAM pahoMcI jaIe, chellAM ApaNe prAcIna grIka lokeAtI vAta karatAM hatAM. e arasAmAM bIjA dezeAnI zI sthiti hatI? yuropanA bIjA deza viSe ApaNe bahu takalIph levAnI jarUra nathI. temane viSe ApaNane, athavA kahA ke mane, jANavA jevI bahu mAhitI nathI. dhaNuMkharu, e samaye yuropanA uttaranA pradezAnI ApyAhavA badalAtI jatI hatI ane pariNAme tyAM khacIta navI paristhiti upasthita thaI hovI joIe. tane kadAca yAda haze ke ghaNA ghaNA lAMbA samaya pahelAM uttara yuropa ane uttara eziyAnA pradezAmAM atizaya ThaMDI paDatI hatI. e samaya * himayuga ' kahevAtA. te kALamAM cheka madhya yuropa sudhI moTI moTI himanadIo vahetI hatI. ghaNuM karIne e samaye tyAM AgaLa manuSyanI hastI nahAtI. paNa kadAca tenI hastI hoya topaNa te mANasa karatAM janAvarane vadhAre maLato haze. tane navAI lAgaze ke, e samaye tyAM himanadIo hatI e Aje ApaNe kevI rIte kahI zakIe chIe. alabatta, kAI pustakamAM tA e viSe noMdha na ja hAI zake. kAraNake te samaye pustakA ke pustakanA lekhA hatA ja nahi. paNa huM dhAruM chuM ke kudaratarUpI pustakane te tuM nahi ja bhUlI gaI hAya. tenAM khaDakA ane

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pazcima eziyAnAM sAmrAjyA pa zilAo upara potAno ItihAsa lakhI rAkhavAnI kudaratane AvaData che; ane jenI icchA hAya te e itihAsa tyAM AgaLathI vAMcI zake che. e eka prakAranI AtmakathA eTale ke, potAnI jAtanuM vRttAnta che. have, A himanadIone potAnA astitvanI khAsa prakAranI nizAnIo mUkatA javAnI khAsiyata che. eka vakhata e nizAnIe oLakhatAM zIkhyA pachI temAM bhUla thavAnA saMbhava ocho rahe che. ane jo e nizAnIonA abhyAsa karavA hoya to tAre kevaLa himAlaya, Apsa athavA khIjA kAI sthaLanI himanadI pAse pahoMcavuM joIe. Alpsa parvatamAM ' mAunTa blaeNMka 'nI AsapAsanI himanadI te pote paNa joI che. paNa te vakhate, kadAca kAI e tane tenI khAsa nizAnIo batAvI nahi hoya. kAzmIra temaja himAlayanA pradezamAM puSkaLa manahara himanadIo che. ApaNI sAthI pAsenI himanadI piMDArI himanadI che. te alamADAthI eka avADiyAnI majala upara AvelI che. huM cheka nAnA hatA tArA karatAM paNa nAnA -- tyAre eka vAra tyAM gayA hatA. Aje paNa tenuM dRzya mane Akheba yAda che. itihAsa ane bhUtakALane choDIne huM to himanadIo ane piMDArInI vAta para caDI gayA! mana manAvavAnI ramatanuM e pariNAma che. banI zake to, jANe tuM ahIM mArI pAse eDI hoya e rIte huM vAta karavA mAgu chuM. ane ema karatAM ApaNe kAI kAI vAra himanadIo ane evI khIjI vastuonA pravAse avazya jaI caDavAnAM. -- * meM himayuga nA ullekha karyAM e kAraNe ApaNe himanadIonI carcA upara caDI gayAM. madhya yuropa ane iMglaMDa sudhI himanadIo vahetI hatI ema ApaNe eTalA uparathI kahI zakIe chIe ke e pradezeAmAM hajIye himanadInI khAsa prakAranI nizAnIo jovAmAM Ave che. A nizAnIo jUnA khaDakA upara maLI Ave che. e uparathI ApaNe dhArIe chIe ke te samaye uttara ane madhya yuropamAM satra atizaya ThaMDI paDatI hovI joIe. vakhata jatAM AkheAhavA garama thatI gaI ane himanadIe kSINa thatI gaI. bhUstarazAstrI, eTale ke pRthvInA itihAsanA abhyAsa karanAra leke, ApaNane kahe che ke ThaMDInA meAjA pachI tyAM garamInuM menuM AvyuM hatuM. e samaye yuropamAM AjanA karatAM paNa vadhAre garamI paDatI hatI. A garamIne kAraNe yuropamAM gIca jaMgalA UgI nIkaLyAM. -------------- --

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36 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Arya leke pharatA pharatA madhya yuropamAM paNa pahoMcyA hatA. e samaye temaNe tyAM AgaLa kaMI oMdhapAtra kArya karyuM hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. eTale hAla turata te ghaDIbhara ApaNe temane cheDI daI zakIe. grIsa ane bhUmadhya samudranA kinArAnA pradezanA sudharelA leke madhya ane uttara yurepanA lekene ghaNuMkharuM asaMskArI ane jaMgalI gaNutA ane temane "barbara' kahetA. paNa A barbare" pitAnAM gAme ane jaMgalamAM naravuM ane laDAyaka jIvana gujAratA hatA ane dakSiNanAM vadhAre sudharelAM rAjyo upara tUTI paDI temane uthalAvI nAkhavAnA divasa mATenI ajANapaNe taiyArI karI rahyA hatA. paNa e te ghaNA lAMbA kALa pachI banyuM ane hAla ApaNe AgaLathI te vAta kADhavAnI jarUra nathI. uttara yurepa viSe ApaNe nahi jevuM ja jANIe chIe e kharuM, paraMtu bIjA moTA moTA khaDe ane dezanA vizALa pradeza viSe te ApaNe kazuM jANatA nathI. amerikA kolaMbase zodhI kADhyo ema kahevAya che. paraMtu atyAre ApaNane mAhitI maLe che te pramANe, ene artha e nathI ke kolaMbasa game te pahelAM amerikAmAM sudharelA leke vasatA nahotA. e game tema che, paNa je samayanI ApaNe vAta karIe chIe te prAcIna kALanA amerikA viSe ApaNe kazuM jANatAM nathI. te ja pramANe misara ane bhUmadhya samudranA kAMThAnA pradeza sivAyanA AphrikA khaMDa viSe paNa ApaNe kazuM jANatAM nathI. A samaye ghaNuM karIne misaramAM tenI mahAna ane prAcIna saMskRtinI paDatI dazA zarU thaI cUkI hatI. Ama chatAM paNa te samaye misara bahu AgaLa vadhe deza hate. have ApaNe eziyAmAM zuM banI rahyuM hatuM te jovuM joIe. tuM jANe che ke ahIM prAcIna saMskRtinAM traNa kendro hatAM. meseTemiyA, hiMda ane cIna. e prAcIna samayamAM paNa mesepiTemiyA, IrAna ane eziyAmAInaramAM eka pachI eka sAmrAjya AvyAM ane gayAM. ahIMyAM ja esIriyA, mIDiyA, bAbileniyA ane pachIthI IrAnanuM sAmrAjya thayuM. e sAmrAjya ekabIjA joDe kevI rIte laDyAM athavA thoDA samaya mATe ekabIjAne paDakhe sulehazAMtithI rahyAM ke eka bIjAno nAza karyo, e badhI vigatemAM ApaNe UtaravAnI jarUra nathI. paraMtu grIsanAM

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pazcima eziyAnAM sAmrAjyA 37 nagararAjye ane pazcima eziyAnAM sAmrAjyA vaccenA taphAvata tane mAlUma paDaze. dhaNA prAcIna samayathI e dezAmAM moTAM moTAM rAjye sAmrAjyeA mATe ja AkarSaNa hoya ema jaNAya che. kadAca e temanI vadhAre purANI sa MskRtine lIdhe hoya athavA to enAM khIjA kAraNA paNa hAvAne sabhava che. krIsasanI eka nAmamAM kadAca tane rasa paDaze. e nAma krIsasanuM che. ene viSe te jarUra kaMIka sAMbhaLyuM haze. krIsasanA jeTalA dhanika ' e aMgrejI bhASAmAM bahu jANItI kahevata thaI gaI che. vArtAo paNa te vAMcI haze tathA te kevA dhanika ane abhimAnI hatA ane tenA gavanuM kevI rIte khaMDana thayuM hatuM e viSe paNa te vAMcyuM haze. krIsasa jyAM AgaLa Aje eziyAmAInara che tyAM eziyAnA pazcima kinArA upara AvelA lIDiyA nAmanA dezanA rAjA hatA. e deza dariyAkAMThe AvelA hovAthI dhaNuM karIne tyAM AgaLa khUba pramANamAM vepAra cAlatA hatA. tenA samayamAM IrAnanuM sAmrAjya sAIrasa rAjAnA amala taLe vadhatuM ane baLavAna thatuM jatuM hatuM. sAIrasa ane krIsasa vacce laDAI thaI ane temAM sAIrase krIsasane harAvyA. hirADeTasa nAmanA grIka itihAsalekhake tenA parAjayanI tathA du:khamAM AvI paDacA pachI abhimAnI krIsasamAM samaja ane DahApaNa kevI rIte AvyAM tenI vAta lakhI che. sAIrasanuM sAmrAjya ghaNuM moTuM hatuM ane dhaNuM karIne pUmAM hiMdu sudhI vistareluM hatuM. paraMtu enA darAyasa nAmanA eka vaMzajanuM sAmrAjya tA ethIye vizALa hatuM. misara, madhya eziyAnA thADA bhAga ane siMdhu nadI najIkanA hiMdanA thADA pradezane paNa temAM samAveza thatA hatA. evuM kahevAya che ke hiMdanA prAMtamAMthI khaMDaNI tarIke sAnAnI rajatA mATA jathA tenA upara mAlavAmAM AvatA hatA. te kALamAM sIMdhu nadInI najadIka sAnAnI raja maLatI hovI joIe. Aje tA tyAM AgaLa e maLatI nathI ane e pradeza ghaNAkharA verAna che. AmehavAmAM kevA pheraphAro thayA kare che te A uparathI jaNAya che. jyAre tuM itihAsa vAMcaze ane prAcIna kALanI paristhiti viSe vicAra karaze tathA vartamAna paristhiti sAthe tene mukAbale karaze tyAre madhya eziyAmAM thayeluM parivartana tane sAthI vadhAre rasaprada lAgaze. asaMkhya jAti ane strIpuruSanAM TALeToLAM e pradezamAMthI nIkaLIne

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana dUra dUranA khaMDamAM jaIne vasyAM. bhUtakALamAM, muMbaI ke kalakattAthI paNa ghaNuM meTAM ane yurepanAM AjanAM mahAna pATanagaranI barAbarI karI zake evAM pracaMDa, samRddha ane gIca vasatIvALAM zahere e bhUmimAM hatAM. e zaheramAM ThekaThekANe hariyALI jamIne ane bAgabagIcAo hatA tathA tyAMnI AbohavA paNa bahu garama nahi ane bahu ThaMDI nahi evI mAphakasaranI ane AphlAdaka hatI. A paristhiti bhUtakALamAM hatI. paNa Aje sadIo thayAM e pradeza verAna, ujjaDa ane lagabhaga raNa jevo banI gayo che. bhUtakALanAM keTalAMka nagare hajI paNa tyAM jema tema TakI rahyAM che kharAM. samarakaMda ane bukhArA - mAtra emanAM nAme paNa ApaNuM manamAM aneka smaraNe UbhAM kare che, paNa Aje te te temanA purANuM svarUpanA mAtra paDachAyA ja che. paNa vaLI pAcho huM AgaLanI vAta karavA lAge. je prAcIna samayanI ApaNe vAta karI rahyAM chIe te kALe te nahotuM samarakaMda ke nahotuM bukhArA. e te pAchaLathI AvavAnAM hatAM. bhAvie hajI temane pitAnA paDadA pAchaLa saMtADI rAkhyAM hatAM. ane madhya eziyAnI mahattA ane paDatI e to hajI bhaviSyanI vAta hatI.

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jAnI paraMparAnAM baMdhana . 14 jAnyuArI, 1931 jelamAM meM keTalIka vicitra Teva keLavI che. savAramAM vahelA UThavAnI - uSaHkALa karatAM paNa vahelA UThavAnI Teva temAMnI eka che. gayA unALAthI meM e Teva pADI che kAraNake uSAnuM Agamana ane je rIte te tArAone dhIre dhIre bUjhavI nAkhe che te nihALavAnuM mane gamyuM. uSA pahelAMnI cAMdanI ane tenuM divasamAM thatuM parivartana teM kadIye nihALyuM che kharuM? A cAMdanI ane uSA vaccenI rasAkasI ane temAM hamezAM thatI uSAno vijaya meM ghaNI vAra nihALyAM che. e vicitra prakAranA jhAMkhA prakAzamAM, thoDI vAra sudhI te, e cAMdanI che ke zarU thatA divasanuM ajavALuM che te kahevuM muzkela thaI paDe che. paNa pachI paLavAramAM e viSe zaMkA rahetI nathI ane divasa zarU thAya che tathA jhAMkho paDele caMdra hArIne harIphAImAMthI nivRtta thAya che. mArI e Teva pramANe, hajIye AkAzamAM tArA camakI rahyA hatA tyAre huM UDyo. uSAnA Agamana pahelAM vAtAvaraNamAM kaMIka vicitra vastu vyApI rahe che te uparathI koI paNa mANasa kalpI zake ke prabhAtanI taiyArI che. ane huM vAMcavA beThe tevAmAM dUrathI AvatA ane vadhatA jatA avAjee prAtaHkALanI zAMtino bhaMga karyo. mane yAda AvyuM ke Aje saMkrAMti eTale ke mAghameLAne prathama divasa che ane jamanA tathA aNachAtI sarasvatI paNa jyAM gaMgAne maLe che evuM mAnavAmAM Ave che te triveNu saMgama AgaLa hajAronI saMkhyAmAM yAtrALuo snAna karavAne jaI rahyA che. cAlatA cAlatA teo bhajana gAtA hatA ane "gaMgA mAtAnI jaya" pikAratA hatA. nainI jelanI dIvAla oLaMgIne e pikAra mArA kAna sudhI pahoMcyA. e avAje sAMbhaLatAM sAMbhaLatAM hajAronI saMkhyAmAM temane nadI tarapha AkarSatI ane thoDA samaya mATe temanAM duHkha ane kaMgAliyata bhulAvI detI zraddhAnI zaktine mane vicAra Avyo. mane e paNa vicAra Avyo ke keTalIye sadIothI yAtrALuo

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Ama prativarSa triveNI tarapha AvatA rahyA haze! manuSya janme che ane mare che, rAjya ane sAmrAjya thaDe kALa prabhutva bhagave che ane pAchAM bhUtakALamAM adazya thaI jAya che, paraMtu jUnI paraMparA te jIvaMta ja rahe che ane eka peDhI pachI bIjI peDhI uttarottara tene vaza vartatI rahe che. paraMparAmAM ghaNuM sAruM tattva paNa hoya che paraMtu keTalIka vAra te bhayAnaka bajArUpa ke baMdhanarUpa banI jAya che ane ApaNI pragati muzkela karI mUke che. dUranA jhAMkhA bhUtakALa sAthe ApaNane jaDatI atUTa sAMkaLa viSe vicAra kare tathA terase varasa upara lakhAyelAM - te samaye paNa e meLe prAcIna paraMparArUpe ja hate - e meLAnAM varNana vAMcavAM e adbhuta anubhava che. ApaNane bhUtakALa sAthe jeDatI ghaNI kaDIo ApaNe sAcavI rAkhavI paDaze paraMtu sAthe sAthe ApaNuM pragatine rokanAra rUDhi ke paraMparAnAM baMdhanone ApaNe teDavAM paNa paDaze. mArA chellA traNa patromAM 3000 ke 2500 varSa pUrve duniyA kevI hatI tene citAra rajU karavAnI huM koziza karI rahyo hato. emAM meM tArIkhe nathI jaNAvI. tArIkha mane pasaMda nathI ane e bAbatamAM tane paNa huM bahu herAna karavA mAgatA nathI. A prAcIna samayamAM banelA banAvo viSe cokkasa tArIkho jANavI paNa muzkela che. ApaNuM manamAM ghaTanAono krama barAbara sAcavavAmAM sahAyarUpa nIvaDe eTalA khAtara have pachI kaI kaI vakhata tArIkhe ApavAnI ane te yAda rAkhavAnI jarUra paDaze kharI. atyAre te ApaNe purANI duniyAno citAra Ubho karavAnI ja koziza karIe chIe. ApaNe grIsa, bhUmadhya samudranA kinArA uparanA deza, misara, eziyAmAInara ane IrAnanI kaMIka jhAMkhI karI. have pAchAM ApaNe ApaNuM deza tarapha AvIe. hiMdanA prAcIna itihAsano abhyAsa karavAmAM ApaNane eka moTI muzkelI naDe che. ahIMnA prAcIna Aryoe - aMgrejImAM jemane InDe -Aryana kahevAmAM Ave che - ItihAsa lakhavA tarapha lakSa ApyuM nahotuM. ghaNI bAbatamAM teo kevA samartha hatA te ApaNe AgaLanA patromAM joI gayAM chIe. veda, upaniSada, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata ane enA jevA bIjA graMthe temaNe sarajyA che. mahA samartha puruSa ja evA graMtha lakhI zake. A ane evA bIjA graMtha prAcIna itihAsanA adhyayanamAM ApaNane sahAya kare che. e prathe

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jUnI paraMparAnAM baMdhana ApaNA pUrvajonI rItabhAta, rivAjo, AcAravicAra temaja temanI vicArasRSTi ane jIvanavyavahAra viSe mAhitI Ape che. paraMtu temane ApaNe sAcA ItihAsanA graMthe na kahI zakIe. bahu pAchaLanA samayanA itihAsane, paraMtu saMskRta bhASAmAM lakhAyele kharekhara ItihAsano graMtha rAjataraMgiNI che. emAM kAzmIrane ItihAsa che. kalhaNe e graMtha lakhe che. tuM e jANIne rAjI thaze ke jema huM tane A patro lakhuM chuM tema tArA raNajita* phuA kAzmIranA A mahAna ItihAsano saMskRtamAMthI anuvAda kare che. temaNe lagabhaga aDadhe anuvAda te karI paNa nAkhe che. e bahu moTo graMtha che. anuvAda pUre thaze ane chapAIne bahAra paDaze tyAre ApaNe badhAM te utsukatAthI vAMcIzuM, kAraNake kamanasIbe ApaNe ghaNuMkharAM te graMtha mULa saMskRtamAM vAMcavA jeTaluM saMskRta nathI jANatAM. e bahu sundara pustaka che eTalA khAtara ja nahi, paNa bhUtakALa viSe ane khAsa karIne kAzmIra viSe e ApaNane ghaNI mAhitI Ape che e mATe paNa ApaNe e pustaka vAMcIzuM. e te tane khabara che ke kAzmIra ApaNuM purANuM vatana che. Aryo hiMdamAM dAkhala thayA te pahelAM hiMdu saMskArI thaI cUkyuM hato. kharekhara, vAyavya khUNAmAM AvelA mohana--daDonA avazeSo uparathI Aje ema cokkasa lAge che ke AryonA Agamana pUrve, ghaNuM lAMbA samayathI e pradezamAM mahAna saMskRti mojUda hatI. paraMtu e. viSe Aje paNa ApaNane bahu mAhitI nathI. saMbhava che ke thoDAM varasomAM ApaNuM purAtattvavettAo tyAM AgaLanI zodhakhoLa pUrI karaze tyAre ApaNane e viSe vadhAre jANavAnuM maLaze. joke e spaSTa che ke, A sivAya paNa dakSiNa hiMdamAM temaja saMbhava che ke uttara hiMdamAM paNa e samaye draviDa lekanI samRddha saMskRti hatI. temanI bhASAo ghaNI prAcIna che ane temanuM sAhitya bahu suMdara che. e bhASAo AryonI bhASA saMtanI putrIo nathI. e badhI bhASAo dakSiNa hiMdamAM, aMgreja sarakAre karelA hiMdanA prAMtavAra vibhAga mujaba muMbaI ane madrAsa prAMtamAM hajI paNa pracalita che. temanAM nAma tAmila, telugu, kAnaDI ane malayAlama che. A badhI bhASAo Aje paNa belAya che. kadAca tane khabara haze ke, rASTrIya * zrI. raNajita paMDita javAharalAlanA banevI thAya. te te samaye temanI joDe nainI jelamAM hatA.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mahAsabhAe briTiza sarakAranI peThe nahi paNa bhASA pramANe hiMdanA bhAga pADyA che. A rIta vadhAre sArI che, kAraNake ethI eka ja jAtanA, eka ja bhASA khelatA ane dhaNuMkharuM eka ja prakAranA rItarivAjo ane AcAravicAravALA leAkAnA eka ja prAMtamAM samAveza thAya che. dakSiNanA mahAsabhAnA prAMtAmAM jyAM AgaLa telugu bhASA khelAya che te uttara madrAsanA AMdhra deza athavA AMdhra prAMta, jyAM AgaLa tAmila bhASA khelAya che te tAmilanADa athavA tAmila prAMta, jyAM kAnaDI athavA kannaDa bhASA khelAya che te muMbaInI dakSiNamAM AvelA karNATaka prAMta, ane jyAM malayAlama bhASA khelAya che tathA jene lagabhaga malabAramAM samAveza thAya che te kerala prAMta che. bhaviSyamAM hiMdanA prAMtIya vibhAge nakkI karatI vakhate te te pradezanI bhASA tarapha pUratuM lakSa ApavAmAM Avaze e viSe jarAye zaMkA nathI. ahIMyA ja, hiMdanI bhASA viSe kaMIka vadhAre huM kahI dauM. yuropamAM tathA khIje paNa keTalAka loko ema dhAre che ke hiMdamAM seMkaDA bhASA khelAya che. A mAnyatA bilakula a vagaranI che ane evuM mAnI lenAra mANasa peAtAnuM ajJAna ja prakaTa kare che. e vAta sAcI che ke, hiMdu jevA vizALa dezamAM dhaNI khelIe, eTale ke bhASAnAM sthAnika rUpAntarA che. vaLI dezanA dhaNA bhAgAmAM potAnI khAsa bhASA khelatI pahADI jAtA ane khIjI evI parajo paNa che. paraMtu AkhA hiMdanA vicAra karatI vakhate A vastu kSullaka banI jAya che. mAtra gaNatarItI dRSTie ja emanuM kaMIka mahattva che. hiMdanI sAcI bhASAnAM khe jUtha che. huM dhAru che ke mArA AgalA patramAM meM e hakIkata tane jaNAvI che. jene ApaNe AgaLa ullekha karI gayAM te draviDa bhASA ane khIjI Aya bhASAo. hiMdanA AryAMnI mukhya bhASA saMskRta hatI; ane hiMnI badhI A bhASA saMskRtanI putrI che. e bhASA hiMdI, baMgALI, marAThI ane gujarAtI che. A uparAMta khIjAM keTalAMka rUpAntare paNa che kharAM. AsAmamAM AsAmI ane orisA athavA utkalamAM UDiyA bhASA khelAya che. urdU e hiMdInuM rUpAntara che. hiMdustAnI zabda hiMdI temaja urdU banne arthAMmAM vaparAya che. A rIte hiMdanI mukhya bhASAe to mAtra dasa ja che H hiMdustAnI, khagALI, gujarAtI, marAThI, tAmila, telugu, kAnaDI, malayAlama, DiyA ane AsAmI. emAMnI ApaNI mAtRbhASA hiMdustAnI paMjAba, yuktaprAMtA, bihAra, 42

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jUnI paraMparAnAM azvana 43 madhyaprAMto, rAjapUtAnA, dilhI ane madhya hiMda ema lagabhaga AkhA uttara hiMdamAM khelAya che. A atizaya vizALa pradeza che ane temAM lagabhaga paMdara karoDa mANasA vase che. A uparathI tane samajAze ke ahIMtahI' jarAtarA pheraphAra sAthe lagabhaga pa Mdara karoDa mANasA hiMdustAnI bhASA khAle che. vaLI hiMdanA ghaNAkharA bhAgomAM hiMdustAnI bhASA samajAya che e te tuM jANe ja che. e hiMdanI rASTrabhASA thAya evA saMbhava che. paNa ene artha e nathI ke me upara gaNAvelI bIjI mukhya bhASAone nAza thavA joIe. prAMtIya bhASAo tarIke e jarUra rahevI joIe kAraNake te badhImAM suMdara sAhitya che. vaLI, sArI rIte vikaselI bhASA janatA pAsethI chInavI levAnA kAI e kadI paNa prayAsa karavA na joIe. kAI paNa prajAnA vikAsanuM temaja tenAM bALakAnA zikSaNanuM ekamAtra sAdhana temanI potAnI bhASA ja che. paNa hiMdamAM tA Aje badhuM ja UMdhuMcattuM thaI gayuM che ane ApaNe ApasamAM paNa aMgrejInA ghaNA upayoga karIe chIe. huM tane aMgrejImAM patra lakhu e bilakula kheDUdu che. chatAMye huM ema karI rahyo chuM ! A TevamAMthI ApaNe. thADA ja vakhatamAM mukta thaIzuM evI huM AzA rAkhuM chuM.

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10 prAcIna hiMdanuM grAmasvarAjya 15 jAnyuArI, 1931 prAcIna itihAsanA ApaNA avalokanamAM ApaNe kevI rIte AgaLa pragati karIzuM ? dhArI rasto cheDIne hamezAM huM ADe raste ja caDI jAuM chuM. mArA AgalA patramAM huM prastuta viSaya upara mAMDa Avye eTalAmAM teA hiMdanI bhASAonI vAte caDI gayA. pharI pAchAM ApaNe prAcIna bhAratamAM pahoMcI jaI e. tuM jANe che ke je pradeza Aje aphadhAnistAnane nAme oLakhAya che te te samaye ane tyAra pachI paNa lAMbA kALa sudhI hiMdustAnanA ja eka bhAga hatA. te samaye hiMdanA vAyavya khUNAneA pradeza gAMdhAra kahevAto. hiMdanA uttaranA bhAgamAM, siMdhu ane gaMgAnAM medAnAmAM satra Aya lokAnI mATI meTI vasAhato hatI. dhaNuM karIne A A vasAhatIo sthApatyanI kaLA sArI rIte jANatA hovA joIe. kAraNake temAMnA ghaNA te, jyAM AgaLa te samaye paNa moTAM moTAM nagaro hatAM evI IrAna ane mesepoTemiyAnI Aya vasAhatomAMthI AvyA hovA joI e. AyenI A vasAhatonI vacce ghaNAM jaMgala hatAM ane khAsa karIne uttara ane dakSiNa hiMda vacce to bahu moTuM jaMgala hatuM. AthI e jaMgala bhedIne moTI saMkhyAmAM Aya leke dakSiNamAM jaI ne vasyA hAya e sa Mbhavita nathI. paraMtu zodhakhoLa, vepAra ane A saMskRtinA pracAra arthe vyaktigata rIte dhaNA AryAM dakSiNamAM gayA haze. eka paiArANika AkhyAyikA uparathI jaNAya che ke agastya RSi dakSiNamAM janAra prathama Aya hatA. te tyAM A dhama ane Aya saMskRtino saMdeza laI gayA. hiMdanA paradeza sAthe katyAranIye moTA pAyA upara vepAra cAlu thaI gayA hatA. dakSiNanAM marI, sonuM ane mAtIe paradezI vepArIone dariyApArathI AkarSyA hatA. dhaNuMkharuM cekhA paNa paradeza mokalavAmAM AvatA hatA. vaLI khAbilenanA prAcIna mahelamAM malabAranA sAganuM lAkaDu maLI AvyuM che.

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prAcIna hi'danuM grAmasvarAjya 45 dhIre dhIre Aei hiMdamAM potAnI grAmavyavasthA khIlavI. e draviDa * lokeAnI jUnI grAmavyavasthA ane AryAMnA navA vicArone samanvaya hatA. A gAmeA lagabhaga svataMtra hatAM ane cUMTAyelI paMcAyate temanA vahIvaTa calAvatI. keTalAMka gAmA ane nAnA kasabAe kAI rAjA ke saradAranA amala nIce ekatra thatAM. e saradAra ke rAjA koI vAra cUMTAyelA teA kAI vAra vaMzaparaMparAgata hatA. rastA, dharmazALA ke pANIne mATe naherA bAMdhavA tathA evAM khIjAM sAvajanika ane lokasamastanA hitanAM kAryAM mATe A judA judA grAmasadhA paraspara sahakAra karatA. ema jaNAya che ke rAjA rAjyamAM AgevAna puruSa hato kharo, paraMtu te potAnI marajImAM Ave te karI zakatA nahi. te paNa AryAnA kAyadA ane temanI praNAlIne vaza hatA ane prajA tene daMDa karI zakatI ke padabhraSTa paNa karI zakatI. meM mArA AgaLanA patrAmAM jenA ullekha karyAM che te ' huM ja rAjya chuM' evI rAjAnI mAnyatA te vakhate hatI ja nahi. Ama A lokeAnI vasAhatAmAM eka prakAranuM leAkazAsana hatuM, eTale ke prajAjane sarakAra upara amuka A pramANamAM kAbU hatA. A bhAratIya AryAM grIka aA~ sAthe mukAbalA karIe. baMne vacce ghaNA pharaka che, paraMtu keTalIka bAbatomAM temanI vacce sAmya paNa ghaNuM che. baMne ThekANe eka prakAranuM lAkazAsana hatuM. paNa ApaNe hamezAM e yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke e lAkazAsana mAtra A leAkeA pUratuM ja maryAti hatuM. emanA gulAmA tathA jemane emaNe halakI jAtimAM mUkyA hatA temane mATe lAkazAsana ke svataMtratA nahotI. te samaye AjanA jevI asaMkhya vibhAgeAvALI jJAtivyavasthA nahatI. te kALamAM bhAratIya AryoMmAM cAra vibhAge athavA cAra jJAti hatI. brAhmaNo athavA bhaNelA-gaNelA vidvAnA, purAhitA ane RSimunio; kSatriya athavA rAjyakartA va; vaizya athavA vepArIo ane vepAravaNajamAM paDelA leAkeA; ane zUdro athavA mahenata-majUrI karanAra majUra va. A rIte A vibhAgA dhaMdhAne dheAraNe racAyelA hatA. e banavAjoga che ke, jJAtivyavasthA kaMIka aMze jitAyelI jAtiothI aLagA rahevAnI AryAMnI icchA upara racAI hoya. Aya leAkA sArI peThe abhimAnI ane dharmaDI hatA tathA itara jAti tarapha te tucchakAranI najare jotA hatA, ane potAnI jAtanA leke temanAmAM bhaLI jAya ema

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana teo IcchatA nahotA. jJAtine mATe saMskRta bhASAne zabda varga che. teno artha raMga thAya che. e paNa darzAve che ke bahArathI AvanAra A hiMdanA mULa vatanIo karatAM raMge gaira athavA UjaLA hatA. Ama ApaNe e vastu dhyAnamAM rAkhavI joIe ke eka bAju Arya lekee mahenatamajUrI karanArA vargane dabAvI rAkhe ane temane pitAnA lekazAsanamAM kazo ja hirase na Apo jyAre bIjI bAju temanA pitAnA samUhamAM ghaNI svataMtratA hatI. teo potAnA rAjAo ke zAsakone aghaTita rIte vartavA na detA ane kadI koI zAsaka aghaTita rIte varte te tene teo dUra karatA. ghaNuMkharuM kSatriya rAjA thatA, paraMtu yuddha ke saMkaTanA samayamAM koI koI vakhata je tenAmAM magadUra heya te zaka ke saithI halakI jAtine mANasa paNa rAjagAdI meLavI zakate. pAchaLanA vakhatamAM Arya lekenuM khamIra UtarI gayuM ane temanI jJAtivyavasthA jaDa banI gaI. Ama prajAmAM vadhAre paDatA vibhAga paDavAthI deza kamajora banyo ane tenuM patana thayuM. pachI te teo pitAnI svataMtratAne purANe Adarza paNa bhUlI gayA. kemake, prAcIna samayamAM kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM ke Arya kadI paNuM gulAma bane nahi ane Arya nAmane eba lagADavA karatAM te metane varaze. Aryoe temanI vasAhate - temanAM nagara ane gAme - game tema avyavasthita rIte vasAvyAM hatAM. te cokkasa pejanA pramANe vasAvAyAM hatAM, ane tane e jANIne AnaMda thaze ke e yojanAmAM bhUmitine ghaNe AdhAra levAmAM Avyo hate. vaLI vaidika pUjAmAM paNa bhUmitinI AkRtione upayoga karavAmAM AvatA hatA. Aje paNa ghaNAMkharA hiMdu gharomAM judI judI pUjA vakhate A AkRtione upayoga karavAmAM Ave che. ghare ane nagare bAMdhavAnA zAstra sAthe bhUmitine ghaNo nikaTane saMbaMdha che. zarUAtamAM te ghaNuM karIne Arya gAma killebaMdhIthI surakSita chAvaNI jevuM ja hatuM. kAraNake te samaye hamezAM duzmananA humalAne bhaya raheto. paraMtu bahAranA humalAne bhaya jate rahyo tyAra pachI paNa e ja yejanA cAlu rahI. e yojanA pramANe gAma ke nagaranI cAre bAju catuSkoNa keTa hatA ane temAM cAra meTA ane cAra nAnA daravAjA hatA. A kaTanI aMdara khAsa krama pramANe rastAo ane ghare hatAM. madhyamAM paMcAyata ghara hatuM. tyAM AgaLa gAmanA vaDIle bhegA thatA. nAnAM gAmaDAMomAM paMcAyata gharane

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prAcIna hiMdanuM cAmasvarAja badale mAtra eka moTuM jhADa rahetuM. prativarSa gAmanA svAdhIna puruSe ekaThA maLIne pitAnI paMcAyata cUMTatA. - sAduM jIvana jIvavAne athavA ekAntamAM adhyayana ke bIjuM kaMI kArya karavA mATe ghaNuM vidvAna puruSo gAma ke zaheranI bahAra jaMgalamAM jaI vasatA. temanI AsapAsa vidyArthIo ekaThA thatA ane Ama dhIre dhIre AvA guru ane ziSyanI navI vasAhata banatI. AvI vasAhatone ApaNe vidyApIThe kahI zakIe. tyAM AgaLa suMdara suMdara imArate nahatI paraMtu vidyAnA upAsake dUra dUranA pradezamAMthI A vidyAnAM dhAmamAM AvatA. AnaMdabhavananI sAme bharadvAja Azrama che. kadAca tuM jANatI paNa haze ke bharadvAja rAmAyaNanA purANa samayanA bhAre vidvAna RSi gaNAya che, ane pitAnA vanavAsa daramyAna rAme paNa temanA AzramanI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI ema kahevAya che. evuM kahevAmAM Ave che ke hajAre ziSya ane vidyArthIo temanI sAthe rahetA hatA. e eka vidyApITha ja hevI joIe ane bharadvAja tenA AcArya haze. te samaye e Azrama gaMgAnA kAMThA upara hate. e bilakula saMbhavita che, joke Aje te nadI tyAMthI lagabhaga eka mAIla dUra che. ApaNA bagIcAnI jamIna keTaleka ThekANe bahu retALa che. te samaye e gaMgAnA pAtrane eka bhAga hoya e banavAjoga che. e prAcIna sabhya hiMdanA ane unnatikALa hate. kamanasIbe ApaNu pAse e samayane kaze ja ItihAsa mejUda nathI, ane ApaNe je kaMI jANIe chIe tene AdhAra itihAsa sivAyanAM itara pustake che. dakSiNa bihAramAM AveluM magadha, uttara bihAramAM AveluM videha, kAzI athavA banArasa, jenI rAjadhAnI ayodhyA (AjanuM paijhAbAda) hatI te kezala, ane jamanA ane gaMgA vaccenA pradezamAM AveluM paMcAla - A te kALanAM keTalAMka rAjya ane prajAtaMtre che. paMcAlanA mulakamAM te samaye mathurA ane kAnyakuja e be mukhya nagara hatAM. A baMne nagare ItihAsamAM paNa prasiddha che. A baMne Aje paNa mejUda che. kAnyakunja kAnapura pAse kanojane nAme oLakhAya che. ujajana paNa te samayanuM prAcIna zahera che. Aje te gvAliyara rAjyamAM nAnakaDe kasaba che. paMDita javAharalAlanuM allAhAbAdanuM nivAsasthAna.'

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pATalIputra athavA paTanA pAse vaizAli nagara hatuM. hiMdanA prAcIna itihAsamAM vikhyAta livI leAkeAnI e rAjadhAnI hatuM. e rAjya prajAta Mtra hatuM ane cUMTAyelA pramukhavALI AgevAna lokAnI sabhA tenuM zAsana karatI. e sabhAnA pramukha nAyaka kahevAtA. vakhata jatAM moTAM moTAM zahera ane kasabA astitvamAM AvyAM. vepArarAjagAra vacceA ane kArIgara varganI kaLA ane AvaDatanI paNa unnati thaI. zahera vepAranAM moTAM mathakA banyAM. jyAM AgaLa vidvAna brAhmaNA temanA ziSyo sAthe vasatA te vananA Azramo paNa moTI moTI vidyApITho banI gayA. A vidyAnAM dhAmAmAM te vakhate jJAta jJAnanA badhA viSayonuM zikSaNa ApavAmAM AvatuM. brAhmaNA yuddhakaLA paNa zIkhavatA hatA. tane yAda haze ke mahAbhAratamAMnA pAMDavAnA mahAna guru droNAcAya paNa brAhmaNa hatA. teNe temane khIjA viSayA uparAMta yuddhakaLA paNa zIkhavI hatI. 40

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11 cInanA ItihAsanAM eka hajAra varSa 16 jAnyuArI, 1931 A * bahAranI duniyAmAMthI asvastha karI mUke evA ane duHkhadAyaka khabaro AvyA che, ane chatAM tethI hRdaya gava ane AnaMdathI blaikAya che. ame seAlApuranA leAkeAnAM vItA viSe sAMbhaLyuM. duHkhadAyaka khArA jANyA pachI dezamAM satra zuM zuM banyuM e viSe paNa amane thoDI mAhitI maLI. ApaNA yuvA potAnI jiMzgI kurabAna karI rahyA hoya ane hajAronI saMkhyAmAM puruSo tathA strI niya lADIneA sAmano karI rahyAM haiAya tyAre ahIM zAnta besI rahevuM muzkela banI jAya che. paNa ApaNe mATe e ThIka tAlIma che. huM dhAruM chuM ke, ApaNAM ekeeka strI ane puruSane potAnI pUrepUrI kaseATI karavAnI taka sAMpaDaze. daramyAna ApaNA leA du:kha sahana karavAne mATe kevI hiMmatathI AgaLa vadhI rahyA che tathA duzmananuM dareka navuM hathiyAra tathA tenA prahAre temane keTalA vadhAre sazakta ane sAme thavAmAM keTalA vadhAre aDaga banAve che e jANI AnaMda thAya che. jyAre mANasanuM badhuM lakSa cAlu banAvAmAM parovAI gayuM hoya tyAre khIjI bAbatAnA vicAra karavA muzkela banI jAya che. paNa manamAM khAlI dhaDabhAMja karyAM karavAthI kaze asaratA nathI, ane ApaNe kaIM paNa saMgIna kAma karavuM hoya to mana upara ApaNe kAbU rAkhavA joIe. eTale ApaNe pAchAM prAcIna kALamAM cAlyAM jaIe ane thADA vakhata pUratI manamAMthI AjanI viTa MbaNA dUra karIe. prAcIna itihAsanA hiMdanA sahAdara jevA cInamAM ApaNe paheAMcIe. cInamAM temaja pUrvI eziyAnA jApAna, kAriyA, hiMdIcIna, siyAma ane brahmadeza vagere dezAmAM ApaNe A jAtinI vAta nathI karavAnI. tyAM AgaLa te ApaNe magAla jAtinA paricaya karavAnA che. pAMca hajAra ke tethIye vadhAre varasA pUrve cIna deza upara pazcima taraphathI caDAI thaI hatI. A caDAI karanAra jAtie paNa 64

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5. jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana madhya eziyAmAMthI AvI hatI ane saMskRtimAM paNa temaNe sArI sarakhI pragati karI hatI. teo khetI karI jANatA ane gheTAMbakarAM tathA DhoronAM meTAM meTAM dhaNe rAkhatA. teo sArAM makAna bAMdhatA ane sAmAjika vikAsa paNa temaNe ThIka ThIka sAdhyo hate. temaNe haga he' athavA jene pILI nadI paNa kahevAmAM Ave che tene kAMThe vasavATa karyo, ane pitAnuM rAjya paNuM sthApyuM. sadIo sudhI teo cInamAM phelAtA gayA ane pitAnI kArIgarI tathA kaLAkezalya vadhAratA gayA. A cInI leke moTe bhAge khete hatA ane temanA saradAra, meM mArA AgaLanA patramAM varNana karyuM che tevA nAyake athavA te kulapatio hatA. cha ke sAta varasa pachI, eTale ke AjathI lagabhaga cAra hajArathIye vadhAre varasa pUrve yA nAmane eka puruSa pitAne samrATa kahevaDAvate ApaNane mAluma paDe che. A pada dhAraNa karavA chatAMye te misara kemesemiyAnA samrATe jeve nahi paNa kulapati je vadhAre hate. cInI leke lAMbA vakhata sudhI kheDUta ja rahyA ane tyAM AgaLa madhyastha sarakAra jevuM khAsa kazuM nahotuM. kulapatio athavA nAyake kevI rIte cUMTAtA ane vakhata jatAM teo vaMzaparaMparAgata kevI rIte banI gayA e meM jaNAvyuM che. cInamAM paNa ema ja banatuM ApaNuM jovAmAM Ave che. tyA pachI tene putra gAdIe na Avyo. paraMtu te vakhate AkhA dezamAM sauthI baheza gaNutA mANasanI teNe e jagyAe nimaNUka karI. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM e pada vArasAgata banI gayuM, ane ema kahevAya che ke cAra varasa sudhI hasiyA vaMze cIna upara rAjya karyuM. hasiyA vaMzane chelle rAjA bahu ja ghAtakI hatuM. pariNAme tyAM krAMti thaI ane tene padabhraSTa karavAmAM Avyo. tyAra pachI zAMga athavA cIna vaMza sattA upara Avyo ane lagabhaga 650 varasa sudhI tene amala cAle. eka nAnA sarakhA phakarAmAM, be traNa nAnAM vAkyomAM, meM agiyArasothIye vadhAre varase cInane itihAsa patAvI dIdhe, e Azcaryajanaka nathI ? paraMtu ItihAsanA AvaDA meTA vistAranI bAbatamAM bIjuM zuM thaI zake? paNa tAre e barAbara samajI levuM joIe ke mAre e phakare ke che tethI kaMI agiyArase varasanuM laMbANa TUMkuM thaI jatuM nathI. ApaNe divasa, mAsa ke varasanI gaNatarIthI vicAra karavAne TevAyelAM chIe. mAtra se varasane khyAla karavo e paNa

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cInanA itihAsanAM eka hajAra varSa pa1 tAre mATe muzkela thAya. tArAM tera varasa paNa tane te bahu lAMbA lAgatAM haze, nahi vAru? ane varase varasa tuM vaLI pAchI moTI thatI jAya che! te pachI ItihAsanAM hajAra varasanI tuM tArA manamAM kevI rIte kalpanA karI zake? e bahu lAMbo gALo che. eka peDhI pachI bIjI peDhI ema aneka peDhIo Ave che ane jAya che. nAnA kasabAmAMthI moTAM zahere bane che ane Akhare dhIre dhIre nAza pAme che. pachI temane badale navAM zahere UbhAM thAya che. chellAM hajAra varasanA ItihAsano vicAra ja karI je. e uparathI kadAca tane e lAMbA gALAne kaMIka khyAla Avaze. je hajAra varasamAM duniyAmAM kevA AzcaryakAraka pheraphAra thayA che ! saMskRtinI lAMbI paraMparAvALA ane pAMcathI ATha tethIye vadhAre varase nabhatA rAjavaMzevALo cInane itihAsa e eka adbhuta vastu che ! jene eka ja phakarAmAM patAvI dIdhAM che te agiyArase varasa daramyAna dhIme dhIme cIne sAdhelI pragati ane vikAsa viSe tuM vicAra karaje. dhIme dhIme zAsananI kulapati athavA nAyaka paddhati tUTatI gaI ane tene ThekANe madhyastha sarakArane vikAsa thaya; Ama barAbara saMgaThita rAjya UbhuM thayuM. A prAcIna samayamAM paNa cInamAM lakhavAnI kaLA jANatI hatI. paraMtu tuM jANe che ke cInI lekhanapaddhati ApaNI athavA te aMgrejI ke phreMca lekhanapaddhatithI sAva nirALI che. temAM mULAkSara nathI. citro ke saMjJAo dvArA te lakhAya che. 640 varasanA amala pachI krAMti thavAthI zAMga vaMza UthalI paDavyo ane tene ThekANe navo cAu vaMza sattA upara AvyA. e vaMza zAMga vaMza karatAM paNa vadhAre samaya sattA upara rahyo. 867 varasa sudhI tene amala cAlyA. cAu vaMzanA amala daramyAna ja cIna susaMgaThita rAjya banyuM. kanphaziyasa ane lAose nAmanA cInanA be mahAna philasUphe paNa e ja kALamAM thaI gayA. temane viSe huM pAchaLathI kaMIka kahIza. zAMga vaMzane hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyuM te samaye kIse nAmanA eka vaDA adhikArIe cAu vaMzanI nokarI karavA karatAM dezavaTo pasaMda karyo. pitAnA pAMca hajAra sAthIo sAthe cInamAMthI nIkaLI jaIne te kAriyAmAM jaI vasya. e bhUmine teNe rosana eTale ke "prabhAtanI zAMtine mulaka" evuM nAma ApyuM. koriyA athavA cesana cInanI

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para jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna pUrvImAM che. eTale pratye pUrva tarapha -- UgatA sUryanI dizAmAM gayA hatA. kadAca te samaye teNe ema dhAyu haze ke pote duniyAnA sauthI pUrva taraphanA pradezamAM Avyo che; ane tethI teNe tene evuM nAma ApyuM. Izu pahelAM agiyArasA varasa pUrve kI-sethI kAriyAnA itihAsanA AraMbha thAya che. jInsee cInanAM kaLAkAzalya -- ghara bAMdhavAnI kaLA, khetInI kaLA tathA rezama banAvavAnI kaLA -- A navA dezamAM dAkhala karyAM. Ise pachI khIjA cInI vasAhatIo paNa tyAM AvyA ane tenA vaMzajoe cAsana upara 900 varasa sudhI rAjya karyuM paNa cAsana kaMI sAthI pUmAM AvelA deza naheAto. ApaNe jANIe chIe ke tenI pUrvamAM jApAna che. paNa kInse cesanamAM pahoMcyA te samaye jApAnamAM zuM banI rahyu hatuM tenI ApaNane kaI ja khabara nathI. jApAnanA itihAsa cInanA itihAsa jeTalA athavA kAriyA ke ceAsananA itihAsa jeTalo prAcIna nathI. jApAnanA lokA kahe che ke temanA pahelA samrATanuM nAma jimmu-Tenu hatuM ane te Izu pahelAM 600 ke 700 varasa upara rAjya karatA hatA. te sUrya devInA vaMzamAMthI UtarI AvyA che ema jApAnanA leke mAnatA hatA. jApAnamAM sUryane deva nahi paNa devI mAnavAmAM AvatI hatI. jApAnane Ajane samrATa jimmu-Tenune sIdhA vaMzaja manAya che ane tethI dhaNA jApAnI lokA tene sUryanA vaMzaja mAne che. tuM jANe che ke e ja rIte ApaNA dezamAM paNa rajapUtA peAtAne sUrya ke caMdranA vaMzajo tarIke oLakhAve che. sU`vazI ane caMdravaMzI evAM temanAM e kaLA che. uddepuranA mahArANA sUryavaMzInA vaDe che ane bhUtakALamAM ghaNA lAMbA kALa pUrva sudhI te potAnI vaMzAvaLI lakhAve che. ApaNA rajapUta lA adbhuta prajA che ane temanAM parAkrama ane vIratAnI vAtone pAra nathI.

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12 bhUtakALane sAda - 17 jAnyuArI, 1931 pacIsaso varasa pahelAMnA samaya sudhImAM purANI duniyA jevI hatI tenuM TuMka avalekane ApaNe karI gayAM. ApaNuM e avalokana bezaka ghaNuM ja TUMkuM ane maryAdita hatuM. temAM paNa je dezoe ThIka ThIka pragati karI hatI athavA te je dezano kaMIka nizcita ItihAsa maLI Ave che temanI ja ApaNe vAta karI che. jeNe pirAmIDe ane sphikasa pedA karyA te misaranI mahAna saMskRtine ApaNe kevaLa nAmane ja ullekha karI gayAM. e saMskRtie evI bIjI ghaNIye vastuo sarajI che paNa tenI vAtamAM hAla ApaNe UtarI zakIe ema nathI. je samayane atyAre ApaNe vicAra karI rahyAM chIe te samaye te e mahAna saMskRtinA caDatInA divase vItI gayA hatA ane tenI paDatIne AraMbha paNa thaI cUkyo hate. nesAsa paNa tenA vinAzanI aNI upara hatuM. cIna dhIme dhIme cakravata sAmrAjya banyuM tathA tyAM AgaLa lakhavAnI, rezama banAvavAnI temaja bIjI suMdara kaLAe khIlI tyAM sudhInA lAMbA samayanuM nirIkSaNa paNa ApaNe karyuM. keriyA ane jApAnanI jhAMkhI paNa ApaNe karI gayAM. hiMdamAM paNa siMdhu nadInI khINamAM AvelA mehana-jo-daDe AgaLanA avazeSo vaDe pitAne paricaya ApatI prAcIna saMskRtine, draviDa saMskRti tathA videza sAthenA tenA vepArane ane chevaTe Aryone paNa ApaNe ullekha karI gayAM chIe. e kALamAM Aryoe racelA veda ane upaniSada Adi mahAna graMthane tathA rAmAyaNa ane mahAbhArata vagere mahAkAvyane paNa ApaNe ullekha karI gayAM. vaLI ApaNe te Aryone uttara hiMdamAM phelAtA temaja dakSiNamAM praveza karIne prAcIna draviDa loko sAthe saMbaMdhamAM AvI navI saMskRti nirmANa karatA paNa joyA. e saMskRti kaMIka aMze draviDa ane ghaNe aMze Arya hatI. khAsa karIne, lekazAsananA pAyA upara racAyelAM temanAM gAme kevI rIte

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54 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna udbhavyAM ane gAmA vikasIne kevI rIte phasabAe tathA moTAM zahero banyAM tathA vananA Azrame kevI rIte moTAM moTAM vidyApIThA banyAM e badhuM ApaNe joI gayAM. mesepoTemiyA tathA IrAnamAM eka pachI eka thaI gayelAM sAmrAjyono te ApaNe ullekha mAtra ja karyAM. A sAmrAjyomAMnuM pAchaLathI thayeluM darAyasanuM sAmrAjya tA cheka hiMdamAM siMdhu nadInA taTa sudhI phelAyeluM hatuM. paeNlesTAInanA yahUdIone paNa ApaNe jhAMkhA paricaya karyo. e lokA saMkhyAmAM bahu alpa hatA ane duniyAnA eka nAnakaDA khUNAmAM vasatA hatA, chatAMye temaNe sArI peThe lAkAnu lakSa kheMcyuM che. jyAre moTA moTA aneka rAjA bhulAI gayA che tyAre DeviDa ane sAlemana vagere temanA rAjAne Aje itihAse yAda rAkhyA che, kAraNake bAIbalamAM temanAM ullekha thayelA che. grIsamAM nAsAsanI prAcIna saMskRtinAM khaMDiyera upara udbhavelI navI A saMskRti ApaNe joI gayAM chIe. tyAM AgaLa nagararAjyo astitvamAM AvyAM ane bhUmadhya samudranA kAMThA upara Thera Thera grIka vasAhato sthapAI. bhaviSyamAM mahAna thanAra rAma ane tenA kaTTara harIpha kAthe ja to hajI tihAsanA kSitija upara ja dekhA de che. A badhAMne ApaNe mAtra jhAMkhA paricaya karyAM. jemanA me ullekha nathI karyAM e uttara yuropanA ane dakSiNa-pUrva eziyAnA dezo viSe paNa huM tane ka MIka kahI zakata. paraMtu me temane cheDI dIdhA che. e prAcIna kALamAM paNa dakSiNa hiMdanA hiMdI vahANavaTI baMgALanA upasAgaramAM thaI ne malAyA dvIpakalpa ane tenI dakSiNe AvelA TApuo sudhI saphara karatA hatA. paNa ApaNe kAMka to maryAdA bAMdhavI joI e, nahi to ApaNe kadIye AgaLa cAlI zakIzuM nahi. je dezAnI ApaNe vAta karI gayAM te badhA purANI duniyAnA deza manAya che. paraMtu te kALamAM dUra dUranA dezo vacce jhAjho vahevAra nahAtA e yAda rAkhavuM joIe. sAhasika vahANavaTI dariyApAra jatA ane keTalAka lokA vepArane arthe athavA khIjA kAMI kAraNe jamIna mAge lAMbI musApharI karatA e kharuM paNa evI saphara ke musApharI jUja ja thatI, kAraNake temAM bhAre jokhama hatuM, te samaye bhUMgALanuM jJAna nahi jevuM ja hatuM, ane pRthvI goLa nahi paNa sapATa che ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM. AthI karIne taddana najIka hoya te sivAyanA khIjA deza viSe kAI ne paNu jhAjhI mAhitI nahotI. A rIte grIsanA lAkA

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bhUtakALane sAda ma hiMdu ke cInanA lokA viSe kazuM jANatA nahotA ane hiMda tathA cInanA lokA bhUmadhya samudranA kinArA upara AvelA dezAnA leAkA viSe nahi jevuM ja jANatA. tArI pAse purANI duniyAnA nakazA hAya to te tuM joI le. prAcIna kALanA lekhakAe duniyAnAM je varNana karyAM che ane nakazA banAvyA che emAMnA keTalAka tA bhAre ramUjI che. e nakazAomAM keTalAka deze te atizaya moTA batAvelA che. prAcIna samayanA Aje taiyAra karavAmAM AvatA nakazA vadhAre upayogI che. huM AzA rAkhu chuM ke e samaya viSe vAMcatI vakhate tuM hamezAM temanA upayAga karaze. nakazo ghaNA upayogI thAya che. enA vinA ApaNune itihAsanA sAco khyAla Avato nathI. sAcI vAta to e che ke itihAsa zIkhavA mATe ApaNI pAse banI zake eTalA vadhAre nakazA tathA jUnI imArato, DiyA ane prAcIna kALa pratyakSa thAya evA khIjA avazeSo maLI AvatA hoya temanAM citrA hovAM joI e. e citrA itihAsanA nirjIva hADapiMjarane bharI de che ane tene ApaNe mATe jIvaMta banAve che. jo ApaNe tihAsamAMthI kaI ke zIkhavuM hoya te te ApaNA manamAM jIvaMta citrAnI paraMparArUpa banI rahevA joIe, ke jethI te vAMcatI vakhate banAvA ApaNe lagabhaga ApaNI najara sAme banatA joI zakIe. itihAsa e to ApaNA cittane vaza karI lenAra eka adbhuta nATaka che. keTalIka vAra te sukhaparyavasAyI hAya che paNa ghaNI vAra te du:khapavasAyI hoya che. A duniyA tenI raMgabhUmi che ane bhUtakALamAM thaI gayelAM mahAna naranArIe tenAM pAtro che. citrA ane nakazA itihAsanA e bhavya dRzya pratye ApaNI AMkha ughADavAmAM kaMIka aMze sahAyabhUta thAya che. AthI dareka cheokarAchekarIne citrA ane nakazAe sahelAIthI maLI rahevAM joI e. paraMtu tihAsanA jUnA avazeSo ane khAMDiyerenI jAte mulAkAta levI e citrA ke nakazAo jovA karatAM paNa vadhAre sAruM che. paNa e badhAM jaIne joI zakAya ema nathI, kAraNake te AkhI duniyA upara sarvAMtra patharAyelAM che. paNa ApaNe ApaNI AMkha udhADI rAkhIne krUratAM hoIe to bhUtakALanA keTalAka avazaSo to ApaNI najadIka paNu maLI Avaze. moTAM moTAM saMgrahasthAnAmAM nAnA nAnA avazeSo ane bhUtakALanI yAda Ape evI vastuo ekaThI karIne rAkhavAmAM Ave

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana che. hiMdustAnamAM bhUtakALanA samayanA puSkaLa avazeSo maLI Ave che paNa ghaNuM prAcIna kALanA avazeSe bahu ochA pramANamAM maLe che. Aja sudhImAM ghaNuM karIne mehana-jo-daDo ane haDappA e be ja sthaLe prAcIna kALanA avazeSo maLI AvyA che. saMbhava che ke prAcIna kALanI ghaNakharI ImArate garama AbohavAmAM bhAMgIne bhUko thaI gaI haze. paNa ethIye vadhAre saMbhavita te e che ke keTalIye imArate hajI jamIna nIce daTAIne paDI haze ane koI tene khodI kADhe enI rAha jotI haze. jema jema ApaNe e khedIne kADhatA jaIzuM ane prAcIna avazeSo ane lekha zodhI kADhIzuM tema tema ApaNuM dezanA prAcIna itihAsanAM pAnAM ApaNI sAme khUlatAM jaze ane e atizaya prAcIna kALamAM ApaNA pUrvajoe zAM zAM kAryo karyA te viSe A paththara, ITa ane cUnAnAM pAnAMomAMthI ApaNe vAMcIzuM. tuM dilhI gaI che ane AjanA zaheranI AsapAsanAM keTalAMka khaMDera ane jUnI ImArata teM joI che. pharIthI e jevAne tene prasaMga prApta thAya tyAre bhUtakALane vicAra karajeeTale e khaMDero tane bhUtakALamAM laI jaze ane koI paNa pustaka karatAM vadhAre ItihAsa zIkhavaze. cheka mahAbhAratanA samayathI dilhI athavA enI AsapAsa leke rahetA AvyA che ane temaNe e zaherane indraprastha, hastinApura, tughalakAbAda, zAhajahAMnAbAda ItyAdi aneka nAme ApyAM che. mane te e badhAM nAmanI khabara paNa nathI. prAcIna samayathI evI mAnyatA cAlI AvI che ke dilhI zahera jude jude vakhate sAta judI judI jagyAe vasyuM hatuM. jamanA nadInA pravAhanI asthiratAne kAraNe e jagyA vAraMvAra badalAtI rahI che. ane A dezanA vartamAna rAjakartAonA hukamathI Aje ApaNe tyAM AgaLa rAyasInA athavA nyU dilhI nAmanuM AThamuM zahera UbhuM thayeluM joIe chIe. dilhImAM eka pachI eka ema aneka sAmrAjya phAlyAMkUlyAM ane aMte nAza pAmyAM. sAthI prAcIna zahera banArasa athavA kAzI tuM jaje ane tene nAda sAMbhaLaje. te tane atizaya prAcIna kALanI vAta kaheze ane jaNAvaze ke aneka sAmrAjya bhAMgIne bhUka thaI gayAM paNa pite hajI TakI rahyuM che. vaLI gautamabuddha tene tyAM na pegAma laIne AvyA hatA tenI tathA aneka yugayugAMtarothI lAkho strI-puruSa zAMti ane AzvAsananI zodhamAM tyAM AgaLa AvatAM rahyAM che temanI vAta paNa

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bhUtakALane sAda te tane kaheze. banArasa purANuM ane pavitra, jarjarita, gaMduM ane durgadhavALuM, chatAye atizaya prANavAna tathA yugayuganI zaktithI bharapUra che. kAzI atizaya mehaka ane adbhuta che, kemake enI AMkhomAM ApaNane hiMdano ItihAsa dRSTigocara thAya che ane tenA jalapravAhanA gherA nAdamAM ApaNane vItI gayelA yugone sAda saMbhaLAya che. athavA ethIye najIka ApaNuM zahera allAhAbAda ke prayAga pAse Avele azakane prAcIna staMbha jevA jaje. azekanI AjJAthI enA upara ketaravAmAM Avela lekha nuM jaje eTale be hajAra varase vaTAvIne Avate tene avAja tane temAM saMbhaLAze.

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13 saMpatti kyAM jAya che? 18 jAnyuArI, 1931 manuSya jema jema pragati karate game tema tema mAnavasamAjamAM judA judA vargo kevI rIte vikasatA gayA, e meM tane masUrI lakhelA patromAM samajAvavAno prayatna karyo hate. AraMbhakALanA manuSyanuM jIvana kaSTamaya hatuM ane rAka meLavavA mATe paNa tene mathavuM paDatuM. te rojeroja zikAra karate, phaLaphaLAdi ekaThAM karate ane khorAkanI zodhamAM eka ThekANethI bIje ThekANe rakhaDate pharate. dhIme dhIme temanI jAtio (DrAIba) baMdhAvA lAgI. jAtio e kharI rIte eka sAthe zikAra karanAra ane eka sAthe rahenAra moTAM kuTuMbe ja hatAM. ekalA rahevA karatAM ekabIjAnI sAthe rahevuM e vadhAre salAmatI-bharyuM hatuM. e pachI eka bhAre parivartana thayuM. khetInI zodha thaI ane e zodhe bhAre pheraphAra karI nAkhyo. Akhe vakhata zikAra karyo karavA karatAM khetI karIne jamInamAMthI khorAka utpanna karavAnuM lokone ghaNuM saheluM lAgyuM. ane kheDavuM, vAvavuM tathA laNavuM vagere kAmane mATe pitAnI jamIna para ja TharIThAma thaIne rahevAnI jarUra UbhI thaI. have pahelAnI jema mANasathI game tyAM rakhaDAya ema nahatuM; paNa tene pitAnA khetara pAse ja rahevuM paDatuM. A rIte gAme ane kasabAe vasyA. khetIne kAraNe bIjA paNa keTalAka pheraphAra dAkhala thayA. jamInamAMthI utpanna thayelI khorAkanI cIjo pramANamAM eTalI badhI hatI ke ekadama te badhI vAparI kaDhAya ema nahotuM. AthI kherAkanI vadhArAnI cIjane saMgraha karavAmAM AvatuM. zikAranA jamAnAmAM hatuM tenA karatAM have lekenuM jIvana vadhAre jaTila banyuM. keTalAka loko khetaramAM ane bIje ThekANe mahenata majUrI karatA ane keTalAka leke vyavasthA ane vahIvaTanuM kAma karatA. vyavasthA ane vahIvaTa karanArAo kALakrame vadhAre jabarA thayA ane teo saradAra, zAsaka, rAjA athavA te amIra banI beThA. ane temanAmAM tAkAta havAne - kAraNe, pedA thayelA kherAkane vadhArAne ghaNakhare bhAga teo pitAne

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sapatti kathAM jAya che? 19 mATe rAkhI letA. A rIte te dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre samRddha thatA gayA. ane khetaramAM majUrI karanArA leAkeAne mAtra jIvavA pUratA ja khArAka maLavA lAgyo. pachIthI te evA paNa samaya Avye ke A vyavasthA ane vahIvaTa karanArA eTalA badhA ALasu banI gayA ke vahIvaTanuM kAma karavAnI AvaData paNa temane rahI nahi. te kazuMye kAma karatA nahi, paNa majUrI karanArA leAkAe pedA karelA mAlamAMthI sArA sarakhA hissA paDAvavAnI mAtra khAsa kALajI rAkhatA. Akhare te ema mAnavA lAgyA ke, pote kazuM paNa karyA vinA khIjAnI majUrI upara e rIte jIvavAne temane pUrepUro adhikAra che. A uparathI tane samajAze ke mAnavasamAjamAM khetI dAkhala thaI tethI samAjajIvanamAM bhAre parivartana thayuM. khArAka pedA karavAnI pati sudhArIne tathA te sahelAIthI meLavI zakAya evI yeAjanA karIne khetIe samAjanA AkhA pAye badalI nAkhyA. teNe leAkAne navarAza ApI. Ama bhinna bhinna vargo samAjamAM pedA thayA. khArAka meLavavA mATe badhA ja lakAne mahenata nahotI karavI paDatI eTale thoDA loka Aje kAme vaLagyA. pariNAme aneka prakAranA hunnarA cAlu thayA ane navA navA dhaMdhArojagAra UbhA thayA. paNa sattA te vahIvaTa karanArA vanA hAthamAM ja rahI. khArAka ane bIjI jarUrI vastuo pedA karavAnI navI rItothI samAjamAM kevA bhAre pheraphAro thayA che enI tane pAchaLanA samayanA hItahAsamAM vadhAre jANa thaze. manuSyane bIjI ghaNI vastuonI khArAka jeTalI ja jarUra paDavA lAgI. ethI karIne mAlanA utpAdananI patimAM bhAre pheraphAra thatAM pariNAme samAjavanamAM paNa bhAre pheraphAro thavA lAgyA. Ane eka dAkhalo ApuM. kArakhAnAMomAM temaja relavegADI ane AgameTAmAM varALanA upayAga thavA mAMDayo tyAre saMpattinAM utpAdana temaja vaheMcaNImAM bhAre pheraphAra thayA. kArIgara lokA sAdAM ejArAthI ke potAnA hAtha vaDe vastuo banAvI zake te karatAM anekagaNI tvarAthI te vastuo varALathI cAlatAM kArakhAnAMomAM anI zake. moTAM yaMtrA. kharI rIte pracarDa ejAre ja che. vaLI relavegADI tathA AgATAe khArAka tathA kArakhAnAMmAM banelI cIjone dUra dUranA dezomAM tvarAthI laI javAmAM madada karI. A vastue duniyAbharamAM kevA pheraphAra karyAM haze, enI tuM kalpanA karI leje.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ItihAsa jaNAve che ke khAdya padArtho temaja bIjI vastuo utpanna karavAnI navI ane jhaDapI rIte vakhatevakhata zedhAI che. e uparathI tane ema lAgaze ke utpAdananI vadhAre sArI rIte ajamAvavAthI pedAza vadhe ane pariNAme duniyA vadhAre samRddha thAya temaja pratyeka mANasane vastuo vadhAre pramANamAM maLI rahe. paNa tArI e mAnyatA amuka aMze sAcI che ane amuka aMze khoTI che. utpAdananI caDiyAtI rItene kAraNe bezaka duniyA vadhAre samRddha thaI che. paNu savAla e che ke, ethI duniyAno ka bhAga samRddha banyuM che ? ApaNA dezamAM hajIye atizaya duHkha ane dAridra pravarte che e te dIvA jevI spaSTa vAta che. eTaluM ja nahi, paNa iMglaMDa jevA mAtabara dezamAMye e ja dazA che. enuM kAraNa zuM? saMpatti kyAM cAlI jAya che ? vadhu ne vadhu pramANamAM saMpatti utpanna thavA chatAMye garIba leke hajIye garIba ja rahyA che e ajaba jevI vAta che. keTalAka dezamAM garIbanI dazAmAM kaMIka pheraphAra thayo che khare, paNa navI je saMpatti utpanna thaI che tenI sarakhAmaNImAM te e pheraphAra na ja gaNAya. e saMpattine rAjabhAga kyAM jAya che e ApaNe sahelAIthI samajI zakIe chIe. sAmAnya rIte e vyavasthApaka ane vahIvaTa karanArA lokone hastaka jAya che. e loko badhI sArI cIjone rAjabhAga pitAne maLe tenI khAsa kALajI rAkhe che. ane ethIye vadhAre AzcaryanI vAta te e che ke, samAjamAM lekAnA evA vargo paNa pedA thayA che ke jeo dekhItI rIte kazuM ja kAma karatA nathI chatAMye bIjAnI majUrInA utpanna rAjabhAga paDAve che ! ane tuM mAnaze kharI ? e vargonuM sanmAna karavAmAM Ave che, ane keTalAka bevakUpha lake te ema ja mAne che ke pitAnA gujarAnane mATe majUrI karavI e te hINapatabharyuM che ! ApaNI duniyAnI Aje AvI viparIta dazA che. AthI khetaromAM kAma karatA kheDUta ane kArakhAnAMomAM majUrI karatA majUre duniyAne khorAka ane dhanadelata pedA kare che chatAMye garIba he che emAM navAI pAmavA jevuM zuM che? ApaNe ApaNuM deza mATe svataMtratA meLavavAnI vAta karIe chIe, paNa jyAM sudhI A viSama vyavasthAne aMta na Ave ane majUrI karanAra mANasane potAnI majUrInuM pUrepUruM vaLatara maLe nahi tyAM sudhI e svataMtratA zA kAmanI ? rAjakAraNa, rAjyavahIvaTa, temaja saMpattizAstra ane rASTranI saMpattinI

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saMpatti kyAM jAya che? vahecaNI kevI rIte thavI joIe te viSe meTA meTA ane daLadAra graMtha lakhAyA che. vidvAna adhyApake A viSaya upara vyAkhyAne paNa Ape che, paNa jyAre AvA leke vAta ane carcAo karatA hoya che tyAre majUrI karanArA lake hADamArI veThI rahyA hoya che. baso varasa upara volTAyara nAmanA eka suprasiddha krAMsavAsIe mutsaddIo temaja temanA jevA ke viSe kahyuM che ke, "je leke jamIna kheDIne bIjAo mATe jIvana nirvAhanI sAmagrI pUrI pADe che temane bhUkhe mAravAnI kaLA e ja temanI mutsaddIgIrI ane rAjanIti." Ama chatAM paNa prAcIna manuSya pragati karate gayA ane dhIre dhIre teNe niraMkuza kudarata upara pitAne adhikAra jamAvavA mAMDyo. teNe jaMgale kApI nAMkhyAM, pitAne mATe ghara bAMdhyAM ane jamIna kheDavA mAMDI. ema paNa dhAravAmAM Ave che ke mANase kaMIka aMze prakRti upara vijaya paNa meLavyuM che. joke kudarata upara mAnavIe vijaya meLavyAnI vAta kare che. A TADhA pahoranI vAta che ane te pUrepUrI sAcI nathI. mANase prakRtine samajavAnI zarUAta karI che ema kahevuM vadhAre sAcuM che. ane jema jema te prakRtine vadhAre samajatA game tema tema te prakRti sAthe vadhAre sahakAra sAdhI zakyo ane kudaratano pitAnA kAryamAM vadhAre pramANamAM upayoga karatA thayA. asalanA vakhatamAM mANase prakRtithI temaja prAkRtika ghaTanAothI DaratA hatA. e ghaTanAone samajavAne badale teo prakRtinI pUjA karatA ane tene zAMta pADavAne balidAna ApatA, jANe prakRtinA e jaMgalI janAvarane phesalAvIne zAMta pADavAnuM na hoya! A rIte meghagarjanA, vIjaLI, rogacALo, vyAdhi vagerethI teo bhaDakatA ane bali caDhAvavAthI e badhuM aTakAvI zakAya ema mAnatA. ghaNe bhoLA leke mAne che ke, sUrya tathA caMdranuM grahaNa e bhayAnaka Apatti che. e eka bahu sAdI ane sahaja prAkRtika ghaTanA che e samajavA prayatna karavAne badale leke nAhaka ethI kSobha pAme che ane sUrya ke caMdranI rakSA karavAne upavAsa tathA snAna kare che! sUrya ke caMdra pitAnI rakSA karavAne pUrepUrA samartha che. emane viSe ApaNe ciMtA karavAnI kazI jarUra nathI. ApaNe saMskRti ane sudhArAnA vikAsanI vAta karI ane loke gAma ke nagaramAM rahevA lAgyA tyArathI enI zarUAta thaI

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12 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e paNa ApaNe joyuM. vadhAre pramANamAM khorAkanI vastuo maLavAthI temane vadhAre navarAza maLI ane Ama zikAra ane khAnapAna sivAyanI bAbate viSe teo vicAra karavA lAgyA. vicAranA vikAsanI sAthe sAthe kaLA, kArIgarI, hunnare ane sAmAnya rIte saMskRtinI pragati thaI. vasatI vadhatI gaI tema tema leke ekabIjAnI vadhAre najadIka rahevA lAgyA. leke niraMtara ekabIjAne haLavAbhaLavA temaja paraspara levaDadevaDa karavA lAgyA. ane lekee ekatra rahevuM hoya te temaNe ekabIjAne anukULa thavuM joIe, temaNe potAnA sAthI athavA te paDozInuM dila dukhAya evuM karatAM aTakavuM joIe; nahi te samAjajIvana saMbhavI ja na zake. eka kuTuMbanuM ja udAharaNa laIe. kuTuMba e eka nAnakaDe samAja ja che ane tenI badhI vyakitao je ekabIjAne anukULa thAya te ja te sukhe rahI zake. sAmAnya rIte kuTuMbamAM Ama banavuM bahu muzkela nathI kAraNake kuTuMbIjanemAM ekabIjA vacce snehanuM baMdhana heya che. ema chatAM paNa keTalIka vAra ApaNe bIjAo pratye anukULa thavAnuM bhUlI jaIe chIe ane ApaNe hajI bahu saMskArI ke sudharelA thayA nathI ema batAvI ApIe chIe. kuTuMbathI baheLA samudAyanI bAbatamAM paNa Ama ja bane che - pachI temAM ApaNe ApaNuM paDozIone, ApaNA nagaravAsIone, ApaNA dezabAMdhavone ke Itara dezanA lokone paNa samAveza karIe. A rIte vasatI vadhatAM jIvana paNa vadhAre sAmAjika banyuM ane pariNAme bIjA pratye Adara ane udAratA temaja nigraha paNa vadhyAM. saMskRti ke sabhyatAnI vyAkhyA ApavI muzkela che ane huM tenI vyAkhyA ApavA prayatna nahi karuM. paraMtu saMskRtimAM je ghaNI bAbate samAveza thAya che temAM pitAnI jAta upara niyamana ane bIjAo pratye sahAnubhUti ane udAratAbharyuM valaNa e bAbate khAsa agatyanI che emAM saMdeha nathI. je koI mANasamAM AtmasaMyama ane bIjAo pratye sahAnubhUti ane udAratAbharyA valaNane abhAva hoya to tene kaI paNa mANasa niHsaMdeha asaMskArI kahI zake.

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14 Izu pahelAMnI chaThThI sadInA dharmasaMpradAya 20 jAnyuArI, 1931 ItihAsanI lAMbI majala upara ApaNe have AgaLa cAlIe. AjathI pacIsa varSa pUrve sudhInI eka moTI majale ApaNe pUrI karI che. bIjI rIte kahIe te Izu pahelAMnI chaThThI sadInA samaya sudhI ApaNe AvI pahoMcyAM. paNa A koI cokkasa tArIkha che ema na samajIza. huM te mAtra aDasaTTe samayane aMdAja ApuM chuM. e arasAmAM cInathI mAMDIne hiMdustAna, IrAna ane grIsa sudhInA judA judA dezomAM mahAna puraSo, moTA moTA tatvaciMtaka ane dharmasaMsthApake thayelA ApaNane jaNAya che. e badhA mahApuruSa samayanA eka ja gALAmAM thaI gayA che evuM te nathI. paNa kALagaNanAnI dRSTie teo ekabIjAthI eTalA nikaTavartI hatA ke tethI IzuM pahelAMnI chaThThI sadIne jamAne eka bhAre yAdagAra samaya banI gaye. ema jaNAya che ke te kALamAM duniyAbharamAM navA vicAranuM meTuM mojuM pharI vaLyuM haze - vartamAna paristhiti viSe lokomAM asaMtoSa jAge haze ane kaMIka ethI sArI sthiti prApta karavAnI AzA ane AkAMkSA janmI haze. tAre e yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke mahAna dharmasaMsthApake hamezAM cAlu sthiti karatAM kaMIka vadhAre sArI sthiti nirmANa karavAne prayAsa karatA hatA ane pitAnI prajAne sudhAravAne tathA temanI vipade ochI karavAno prayatna karatA hatA. teo hamezAM krAMtikAra hatA ane pracalita aniSTane vakhoDI kADhatAM jarAye DaratA nahi. je kaI jUnI rUDhi ke praNAlI avaLe raste caDI gaI hoya athavA te. samAjanA bhAvi vikAsamAM bAdhArUpa banI hoya tene teo virodha karatA ane nirbhayatAthI tene dUra karatA. paNa ethIye vizeSa te temaNe udAtta jIvananuM dRSTAMta rajU karyuM, je peDhI dara peDhI asaMkhya lo mATe AdarzarUpa ane preraNAdAyI banyuM. IzuM pahelAMnI e chaThThI sadImAM hiMdustAnamAM ApaNuM buddha ane mahAvIra thaI gayA, cInamAM konphaziyasa ane lAose thaI gayA, IrAnamAM jarathuSTa thaI gayA tathA grIsanA semejha nAmanA TApumAM jarathuSTra ghaNuM karIne Izu pahelAMnI AThamI sadImAM thaI gayA hatA.

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64 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pAthaeNgArAsa thaI gayA. pahelAM paNa te A nAmeA te sAMbhaLyAM haze ja. kadAca te te khIjA sabaMdhamAM sAMbhaLyAM haze. nizALe jatA dareka sAmAnya chekarA ke chekarI to pArthegeArAsane bhUmitinA eka prameyanI sAbitI zeAdhanAra tarIke ja oLakhe che. e prameya kamanasIbe Aje temane zIkhavA paDe che! ekATakhUNatrikAnI bhujAo uparanA samacArasAne lagatA che. ane te yukliDanI athavA tA khIjI kAI paNa bhUmitinI cApaDImAM hoya che. paraMtu pAthaeNgArAsa bhUmitinI e zodha karanAra uparAMta eka samartha tattvaciMtaka paNa gaNAya che. ene viSe ApaNane bahu mAhitI maLatI nathI ane keTalAka leAkeA tA evA keAI puruSa thaI gayA hatA ke kema e viSe paNa zaMkAzIla che ! IrAnanA jarathuSTra jarathuAstI dharmanA saMsthApaka manAya che. paraMtu emane jarathuAstI dharmanA Adya saMsthApaka gaNI zakAya ke kema e huM khAtarIpUrvaka kahI zakuM ema nathI. IrAnanAM purANA dharma ane tattvajJAnane temaNe navI dizA ane navuM rUpa ApyuM ema kahevuM kadAca vadhAre ucita gaNAya. ghaNA lAMbA samayathI IrAnamAMthI te jarathuSTrane dhama lagabhaga nimULa thaI gayA che. ghaNA lAMbA samaya upara pArasI IrAna cheDIne hiMdumAM AvyA hatA ane potAnA e dhama tee ahIM lAvyA hatA. tyArathI Aja paryaMta te e dhama pALe che. A arasAmAM cInamAM kaoNnphraziyasa ane lAotse nAmanA mahApuruSo thaI gayA. konphreziyasanuM nAma koMga kusse ema lakhavuM vadhAre sAcuM che. dharma zabdanA pracalita arthAMmAM A bemAMthI ekene dharma saMsthApaka na kahI zakAya. temaNe te mANase zuM karavuM joIe ane zuM na karavuM joI e tenAM naitika ane sAmAjika dhAraNA ghaDI ApyAM che. paraMtu temanA mRtyu pachI cInamAM leAkeAe temanI yAdagIrImAM asaMkhya maMdiro bAMdhyAM che ane hiMdue vedane ane khristI bAIbalane jeTalAM pUjya gaNe che teTalAM ja pUjya cInI lokA temanAM pustakAne gaNe che. kAnDrUziyasanA upadezanuM eka pariNAma e AvyuM ke cInI lokA duniyAmAM saiAthI vadhAre vinayI, ziSTa ane sa MskArI banyA. hiMdustAnamAM buddha ane mahAvIra thaI gayA. mahAvIre Aje pracalita che te jaina dharma calAvyeA. temanuM sAcu nAma vamAna hatuM. mahAvIra nAma emanI mahattA darzAvavA ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. jaina leAkA mATe bhAge pazcima hiMda ane kAyiAvADamAM vase che, ane

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Izu pahelAMnI chaThThI sadInA dhamasaMpradAyA sa Aje te ghaNI vAra hiMduomAM ja temanA samAveza karavAmAM Ave che. temaNe kAThiyAvADamAM, ane rajapUtAnAmAM Akhu pahADa upara suMdara maMdire baMdhAvyAM che. ahiMsA upara temanI bhAre zraddhA che ane kAI paNa vane IjA thAya evuM kaI paNa karavAnI teo viruddha che. A sabadhamAM tane e jANIne AnaMda thaze ke pAthaeNgeArAsa custa zAkAhArI hatA ane potAnA badhA ziSyA paNa zAkAhArI hovA joIe evA Agraha rAkhatA hatA. have ApaNe gAtama buddha upara AvIe. e te tuM jANe ja che ke te jAte kSatriya hatA, rAjakumAra hatA ane siddhA temanuM nAma hatuM. emanI mAnuM nAma mAyAdevI hatuM. eka prAcIna graMthamAM ene viSe lakhyuM che ke, caMdralekhAnI jema badhA leAkeA ene bhAvathI pUjatA. vasuMdharA jevI acaLa ane dRDha saMkalpavALI tathA kamaLa jevA nirmaLa haiyavALI e mahArANI mAyAdevI hatI.' siddhAne tenAM mApatAe ezaArAma ane vaibhavamAM ucheryAM tathA du:kha ke ApattinA hareka prasaMgathI tene aLagA rAkhavAne satata prayatna karyAM. paraMtu tene ema aLagA rAkhavAnuM azakaya hatuM. ema kahevAya che ke garIbI, duHkha ane maraNanA prasaMge tenA jovAmAM AvyA ane e darzInanI tenA upara bhAre asara thaI. A pachI tene enA mahelamAM zAMti na vaLI, ane tenI AsapAsanA vaibhave tathA jenA upara tene atizaya prema hatA te tenI svarUpavAna taruNa patnI paNa pIDita mAnavajAtanA vicAramAMthI tenA manane pAchuM na vALI zakyAM. pIDAtI mAnavajAti mATenI tenI ciMtA vadhAre ne vadhAre tIvra ane tenA upAya zeAdhI kADhavAne tene saMkalpa vadhAre ne vadhAre dRDha thatA gayA. te eTale sudhI ke potAnA mahelamAM rahevuM tene asahya thaI paDayu ane eka divasa rAtrinA nIrava aMdhakAramAM rAjamahela tathA peAtAnAM priya svajaneAne cheDIne tenA manane satApatA praznonA javAba zodhavA mATe te vizALa duniyAmAM ekAkI nIkaLI paDyo. e praznonA javAbanI zodha atizaya lAMkhI ane vikaTa hatI. ema kahevAya che ke, Akhare, ghaNAM varSo pachI gayAmAM eka pIpaLAnA jhADa nIce te beThA hatA tyAre gItamane jJAnaprApti thaI ane te khuddha athavA jJAnI thayA. ane je jhADa nIce te kheDA hatA te edhivRkSa ' athavA jJAnanuM jhADa kahevAyuM. prAcIna kAzI nagarInI chAyAmAM AvelA sAranAthanA - je te vakhate RSipattana 6 C kahevAtuM -- * Diyara pArka' AgaLa temaNe peAtAnA upadeza zarU karyAM. na

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ka jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana temaNe jagatane sadAcArI jIvananA rAha batAvyA. jemAM devAne pazuonI temaja vividha prakAranA padArthAnI Ahuti ApavAmAM AvatI hatI te badhA yajJAne temaNe vakhADI kADhavA ane jaNAvyuM ke ene badale ApaNe krodha, tiraskAra, asUyA ane kuvicAronI Ahuti ApavI joI e. buddhanA janma samaye hiMdustAnamAM purANA vaidika dharma pracalita hatA. paraMtu te samaye enA mULa svarUpamAM ghaNuM parivartana thayuM hatuM ane te potAnI ucca bhUmikA uparathI nIce paDyo hato. brAhmaNa purAhitAe temAM aneka prakAranAM vidhi, pUjA ane vaheme dAkhala karyAM hatAM, kemake pUjAnA kama kAMDanuM pramANa vadhe tema purAhita varga vadhAre samRddha thAya. jJAtinAM baMdhane vadhAre jaDa thatAM jatAM hatAM ane sAmAnya lokA zukana-apazukana, maMtrajaMtra tathA bhUtapretanA vahemothI DaratA hatA. A badhI rItethI purohitoe AmaprajAne potAnA kAbUmAM lIdhI ane kSatriya rAjakartAonI sattAne sAmaneA karyAM. A rIte kSatriyA ane brAhmaNA vacce te samaye harIphAI cAlatI hatI. mudda eka mahAna leAkasudhAraka tarIke bahAra paDayA ane temaNe purahitonA A julamA tathA purANA vaidika dharmamAM pesI gayelAM aniSTo upara prahAro karyAM. temaNe pUjA ane evA bIjA vidhi karavAne badale leAkeA sadAcArI jIvana gALe ane sArAM kAryAM kare e vAta para bhAra mUkyo. temaNe auddha dharma pALanArAM bhikSu ane bhikSuNIone eka saMdha paNa sthApyo. O thADA vakhata sudhI te hiMdustAnamAM auddha dharmane dharma tarIke bahu phelAvA na thayA. pachIthI te kevI rIte phelAyA ane chevaTe hiMdustAnamAM eka judA dharma tarIke kema naSTa thaye te ApaNe have pachI joIzuM. laMkAthI mAMDIne cIna sudhInA dUra dUranA dezAmAM e dhama phAlyAphUlyA paNa tenA janmasthAna hiMdustAnamAM te te pharIthI brAhmaNadhama athavA hiM dudha mAM ja samAI gayA. paraMtu brAhmaNadhama upara enI bhAre asara thaI ane tene teNe keTalAka vahema ane kriyAkAMDamAMthI mukta karyAM. Aje duniyAnI vastInA sauthI moTA bhAga auddha dharma pALe che. khristI dharma, islAma ane hiMdu dharma pALanArAonuM pramANa paNa ghaNuM moTuM che. A uparAMta yahUdI, zIkha, pArasI temaja bIjA paNa keTalAka bhinna bhinna dharyAM che. dhama ane dharma sasthApakAe duniyAnA itihAsamAM mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo che ane itihAsanA

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Izu pahelAMnI chaThThI sadInA dhamasaMpradAye che kaI paNa nirUpaNamAM ApaNe temanI avagaNanA na karI zakIe. paraMtu temane viSe lakhavAmAM mane kaMIka muzkelI naDe che. mahAna dharmonA saMsthApaka jagatanA saithI mahAna ane umadA puruSo hatA e to nirvivAda che. paraMtu temanA ghaNAkharA ziSya ane anuyAyIo te mahAna ke umadA nahotA. dharma te ApaNA vikAsane arthe ane ApaNane vadhAre sArA ane unnata karavAne arthe che, paraMtu teNe mANasane pazunI peThe vartatA karyA che ema ApaNe ghaNI vAra itihAsamAM joIe chIe. lekene jJAnane prakAza ApavAne badale dhameM ghaNI vAra temane aMdhakAramAM rAkhavA prayatna karyo che tathA temanAM mana udAra karavAne badale temane saMkucita mananA ane bIjA pratye asahiSNu banAvyA che. dharmane nAme mahAna ane udAtta kAryo thayAM che e kharuM, paraMtu ene nAme lAkhkha mANasenI katale paNa thaI che tathA harakoI prakAranA gunA paNa thayA che. te pachI mANase dharma pratye kevuM valaNa rAkhavuM e savAla upasthita thAya che. keTalAka lokone mana dharma eTale paralaka- pachI tene svarga, vaikuMTha, brahmaleka ke evuM game te nAma Apa. svargamAM javAnI AzAe leke dharma pALe che athavA amuka karmo kare che. A uparathI, jalebI meLavavAnI AzAe sabhyatAthI vartatA chokarAnI vAta mane yAda Ave che! jo koI bALaka niraMtara mIThAI ke jalebInA ja vicAra karyA karato hoya te tene tuM gya keLavaNI pAmela bALaka na ja kahe, kharuM ne? ane je bALake mIThAI ke evI vastuonI lAlacathI ja badhuM kAma karatAM hoya temane te tuM ethIye vizeSa nApasaMda karaze. te pachI je moTerAo paNa A rIte ja vicAratAM ane vartatAM hoya temane viSe ApaNe zuM kahIzuM? kemake, jalebInI ane svarganI lAlacamAM mahatvane pharaka nathI. ApaNe badhAM ja thoDeghaNe aMze svAyI chIe. paraMtu ApaNe ApaNAM bALakane evI keLavaNI ApIe chIe ke jethI karIne teo bane eTalAM vadhAre niHsvAthI thAya. kaMI nahi te ApaNe Adarza te saMpUrNapaNe paragaju thavAne ja have joIe ke jethI ApaNe te pramANe jIvana gALavAne prayatna karIe. ApaNe badhAM ja kaMIka siddhi prApta karavA tathA ApaNAM kAryonuM phaLa jevAne jhaMkhIe chIe. e svAbhAvika che. paraMtu ApaNuM antima

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana lakSma zuM hoya che? ApaNane ApaNA pitAnA ja hitanI paDI che ke sArvajanika hitanI - samAjanA hitanI; ApaNe dezanA hitanI athavA samagra manuSyajAtinA hitanI? e sArvajanika hitamAM ApaNe paNa samAveza thAya ja che. mane yAda che ke thoDA divasa upara mArA eka patramAM eka saMskRta zlekane meM ullekha karyo hato. tene bhAvArtha e che ke kuTuMbane khAtara vyaktine, kuLane khAtara kuTuMbane ane dezane khAtara kuLane tyAga karavo joIe. Aje huM tane eka bIjA saMskRta kane bhAvArtha ApuM chuM. e bhAgavatane leka che. na kAmaye'haM gatimIzvarAt parAm aSTarddhiyuktAmapunarbhavaM vA / Ati prapadye'khiladehabhAjAm antasthito yana bhavantyaduHkhAH // mAnavata -21-2 teno artha A che: "aSTasiddhi sameta svarganI mane kAmanA nathI, ke janmamaraNamAMthI chuTakAro meLavI mokSa prApta karavAnI paNa mane icchA nathI. mArI te e IcchA che ke dInadu:khIomAM praveza karIne temanAM du:kha mArA upara oDhI lauM ane temane duHkhamukta karuM." eka dhArmika mANasa eka vAta kare che ane bIje bIjI vAta kare che. ane ghaNI vAra teo badhA ekabIjAne dhUrta athavA mUrkha gaNe che. emAM sAcuM koNa? teo je bAbatanI vAta kare che te nathI joI zakAtI ke nathI puravAra karI zakAtI. eTale ene nirNaya kare muzkela che. paraMtu AvI bAbate viSe atizaya nizcayapUrvaka vAta karavI ane ene kAraNe ekabIjAnAM mAthAM bhAMgavAM e te beu pakSane mATe bhAre dhRSTatAbharyuM kahevAya. ApaNAmAMnA ghaNuM saMkucita mananA hoya che ane bahu zANuM nathI hotA. te pachI, ApaNe ja pUrepUruM satya pAmyA chIe ema mAnI laIne te ApaNA pADozIne gaLe baLajabarIthI utAravAnI dhRSTatA ApaNe kema karIe ? ApaNe sAcA hoIe e banavAjoga che. ApaNe pADozI sAce hoya ema paNa banavAjoga che. je tuM kaI jhADa upara phUla jue te tene ja jhADa nathI kahetI. vaLI bIjo koI mANasa mAtra tenuM pAMdaDuM jue ane - trIjo mAtra tenuM thaDa ja jue che te dareke jhADane eka bhAga ja je che ema kahevAya. Ama chatAMye te pratyeka jaNa kahe ke, mAtra phUla, pAMDuM ke thaDa e ja jhADa che ane te mATe mArAmArI kare che te kevuM mUkhabharyuM kahevAya !

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IzuM pahelAMnI chaThThI sadInA dhamasaMpradAya - mane pitAne te paralakanI vAtamAM jarAye rasa nathI. A duniyAmAM mAre zuM karavuM joIe enA vicArothI ja mAruM mana bharapUra rahe che, ane e mArga spaSTa dekhAya eTalAthI ja mane saMtoSa che. A duniyAmAM mAruM kartavya mane spaSTapaNe dekhAya te pachI paraleka viSe mane bilakula ciMtA nathI. tuM maTI thaze tema tema aneka prakAranA lekanA saMparkamAM Avaze. tene dhArmika leko maLaze tema ja dharmanA virodhI loke paNa maLaze. ane e banne vAtathI udAsIna hoya evA loko paNa tane maLaze. A duniyAmAM atizaya dhanavAna ane sattAdhArI dharmama ane dharmasaMghe che. teo temanAM e dhana tema ja sattAne keTalIka vAra sadupayoga kare che ane keTalIka vAra durupayoga paNa kare che. duniyAmAM tane keTalAka udAracarita ane cAritryavAna dhArmika mANo maLaze ane keTalAka dharmane bahAne bIjAone lUMTanArA ane chetaranArA dhUrta ane harAmakhora mANase paNa maLaze. A badhAno vicAra karIne tAre pite e viSe nirNaya karavAno raheze. mANasa bIjAo pAsethI ghaNuM zIkhI zake che e kharuM, paraMtu ghaNI mahatvanI bAbata evI hoya che ke je jAte ja karIne ane anubhava dvArA ja prApta karI zakAya che. keTalAka prazno evA hoya che ke jene dareka strI ane puruSe jAte ja javAba meLave rahyo. che paraMtu nirNaya karavAnI bAbatamAM tAre utAvaLa na karavI joIe. tuM koI paNa mahattvanI bAbata upara nirNaya karI zake e mATe prathama tAre e viSe tAlIma levI joIe. mANasa svataMtrapaNe vicAra kare ane pitAne mATe nirNaya bAMdhe e yogya che. paraMtu nirNaya karavAnI tenAmAM lAyakAta hovI joIe. taratanA janmelA bALakane te tuM kAI paNa bAbatane nirNaya karavAnuM na ja kahe! ane evA ghaNAye mANase che ke jeo uMmare pahoMcelA hovA chatAM mAnasika vikAsanI dRSTie lagabhaga taratanA janmelA bALaka jevA ja hoya che. rojanA karatAM meM A patra vadhAre lAMbe lakhyo ane kadAca e tane kaMTALo Apaze. paraMtu A viSaya upara mAre tane kaMIka kahevuM ja hatuM. Aje tane emAM kazI samajaNa na paDe te harakata nahi. thoDA ja samaya pachI tane emAM samaja paDavA mAMDaze.

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15 IirAna ane grIsa 21 banyuArI, 1936 tArA patra Aje maLyA ane tuM tathA tArI mA khuzImAM che e jANI AnaMda thayo. paraMtu dAduno tAva maTe ane temanI mAMdagI dUra thAya tA kevuM sAruM! jiMdagIbhara emaNe sakhata parizrama karyAM che ane Aje paNa emane ArAma tathA zAMti maLatAM nathI. tArA patra uparathI jaNAya che ke te ApaNA pustakAlayamAMthI laIne ghaNAM pustaka vAMcyAM che. vaLI te bIjA vAMcavAlAyaka pustakAnAM nAma sUcavavAnI mArI pAse mAgaNI paNa karI che. paraMtu te kayAM pustakA vAMcyAM che e te mane jaNAvyuM ja nathI, pustakA vAMcavAnI Teva sArI che, paraMtu je DhagalAbaMdha pustakA jhapATAbhera vAMcI nAkhe che temane viSe huM jarA zaMkAzIla rahuM chuM. temane viSe mane evI zaMkA rahe che ke te pustakA dhyAnapUrvaka vAMcatA ja nathI paNa upara uparathI joI jAya che ane pachI bIje ja divase bhUlI paNa jAya che. jo kAI pustaka vAMcavAlAyaka hoya to tene dhyAnapUrvaka ane pUrepUrI kALajIthI vAMcavuM joI e. paraMtu saMkhyAbaMdha pustakA to vAMcavAlAyaka hatAM ja nathI. AthI sAruM pustaka pasaMda karavAnuM kAma dhaNuM muzkela che. paNa tuM mane ema kahI zake ke ApaNA pustakAlaya mATe tame je pustake pasa Mda karyAM te badhAM sArAM hovAM ja joI e; nahi teA tame ene pustakAlayamAM rAkhyAM zAne ? khera, tArAthI vaMcAya eTalAM pustakA vAMcatI raheje ane A nainI jelamAMthI banI zake eTalI madada huM tane karatA rahIza. tArA zArIrika temaja mAnasika vikAsa kaiTalI jhaDapathI thaI rahyo che enA vicAro mane ghaNI vAra Ave che. tArI sAthe rahevAnI mArI icchA keTalI badhI prabaLa che ! saMbhava che ke A patrA tane pahoMce tyAM sudhImAM teA te eTalI badhI pragati karI haze ke te tAre mATe nakAmA thaI paDe. paraMtu huM

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IrAna ane grIsa 71 dhAru chuM ke e daramiyAna cAMda e vAMcavA jeTalI moTI thaI haze, eTale enI kadara khUjanAra kAIka to maLI raheze. paNa have ApaNe pAchAM prAcIna grIsa ane IrAnamAM paheAMcIe ane ghaDIbhara temanI vacce thayelAM yuddhone vicAra karIe. AgaLanA eka patramAM ApaNe grIsanAM nagararAjyo ane jene grIka leAkeA darAyasa nAmathI oLakhatA hatA te samrATanA amala nIcenA IrAnanA mahAna sAmrAjyanI carcA karI hatI. darAyasanuM A sAmrAjya mAtra vistAramAM ja nahi paNa saMgaThThana ane vyavasthAnI dRSTithI paNa mahAna hatuM. eziyAmAInarathI The siMdhu nadInA kAMThA sudhI te vistareluM hatuM. misara tathA eziyAmAInaranAM keTalAMka grIka nagarone paNa e sAmrAjyamAM samAveza thatA hatA. A vizALa sAmrAjyanA eka cheDAthI khIjA cheDA sudhI jatA sarasa rastA hatA. te rastA upara niyamita rIte zAhI sarakAranI TapAlanI AvA thatI. eka yA bIjA kAraNasara darAyase grIsanAM nagararAjyo jItI levAnA nizcaya karyo ane e vigraha daramiyAna keTalIka itihAsaprasiddha laDAI o thaI. A yuddono je hevAla ApaNane maLe che te hiroDeTasa nAmanA eka grIka tihAsakAre lakhelA che. jenA hevAla teNe lakhyuM che te yuddha p ruM thayA pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM te janmyA hatA. grIka leAkA tarapha tenuM valaNa pakSapAtI hatuM e kharuM, paraMtu tenuM myAna atizaya rasika che. A patrAmAM tenA itihAsamAMthI huM tane keTalAka utArA ApavAne chuM. IrAnIonA grIsa uparano pahelo humalo niSphaLa gayo kemake temanA sainyane kUca karatAM mArgamAM rogacALAthI ane khArAkanItaMgIne lIdhe bhAre nukasAna thayuM. grIsa pahoMcatAM pahelAM ja e sainyane pAchuM karavuM paDayuM. e pachI bIjo humalA I. sa. pU. 490nI sAlamAM thayo. A vakhate IrAnanA sainye jamInamAga cheDIne samudranA rastA lIdhA ane eNthensa najIka maeNrethAna nAmanA sthaLe te UtaryuM. eNthensavAsI atizaya bhayabhIta banI gayA kAraNake te samaye IrAnanA sAmrAjyanA sAmarthyanI hAka vAgatI hatI. DaranA mAryAM eNcensavAsIoe potAnA jUnA duzmana spArTAvAsIo sAthe suleha karavAnA prayatna karyAM ane temanA ubhayanA duzmananeA sAmanA karavA mATe temanI madadanI mAgaNI karI. paraMtu 1. indirAnI phreInI cheAkarI caMdralekhA paDita,

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72 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana spAInI madada AvI pahoMce te pahelAM ja eNthensanA leke IrAnanA lazkarane harAvavAmAM saphaLa thayA. I. sa. pU. 490nI sAlamAM merethona AgaLa thayelI mazahUra laDAImAM A banAva banya. grIsanuM eka nAnakaDuM nagararAjya AvaDA moTA sAmrAjyanA sainyane harAvI zakyuM e vAta jarA vicitra lAge che. paraMtu vastutaH e vAta ApaNane jaNAya che eTalI vicitra nathI. grIka leka pitAnA ja vatanamAM ane vatanane khAtara laDatA hatA, jyAre IrAnanuM sainya temanA mulakathI khUba dUra hatuM. vaLI IrAnanuM pacaraMgI sainya sAmrAjyanA judA judA bhAgomAMthI AvelA bhADutI sainikanuM baneluM hatuM. temane pagAra maLate eTalA pUratA ja teo laDatA hatA, ane grIsa jItI levAmAM e sainikone pitAne bahu rasa nahote. ethI UlaTuM eNthensanA le ke te pitAnI svataMtratAne khAtara laDatA hatA. pitAnI svataMtratA khovA karatAM te maravuM temane vadhAre pasaMda hatuM; ane jeo koI paNa dhyeyane khAtara jAna kurabAna karavA tatpara hoya temano bhAgye ja parAjaya thAya che. A rIte merethena AgaLa darAyasano parAjaya thayA. theDA samaya pachI te IrAnamAM maraNa pAme ane jharsIsa gAdI upara AvyA. jharsIsane paNa grIsa jItavAnI mahattvAkAMkSA hatI ane tenA upara caDAI karavA mATe teNe sainya taiyAra karyuM. ahIM huM tane hiraDoTase neMdhelI eka adbhuta vAta kahIza. AratAbanUsa nAmane jhasasane eka kAke hate. tene lAgyuM ke IrAnanA sainyane grIsa sAme laI javAmAM jokhama che. AthI teNe potAnA bhatrijA jhasasane grIsa upara caDAI na karavAne samajAvavA prayatna karyo. hiraDeTasa kahe che ke jhasIse tene A pramANe javAba Apyo : tamArI vAta kaMIka aMze sAcI che, paraMtu tamAre sarvatra bhaya ja joyA karavo na joIe athavA jokhamano ja khyAla na karyA karavo joIe. je dareka vastunI A ja rIte gaNatarI karyA karIe to kadIye kaMI paNa kArya thaI ja na zake. bhAvI aniSTanI kalpanAmAM hamezAM magna rahIne kazuMye veThavAmAMthI UgarI javA karatAM te hamezAM AzAvAdI rahIne aradhI Apatti veThI levI e bahetara che. rajU karavAmAM AvelI koI paNa darakhAsta ene pAra pADavAne mArga batAvyA vinA ja tame vakhoDI kADhaze to jemane tame virodha kare che temanA jeTaluM ja tamAre paNa veThavuM paDaze.

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IrAna ane cIsa 73 vAjavAnAM baMne pallAM samatala hoya to pachI te amuka bAju ja namaze ema mANasa khAtarIpUrvaka kevI rIte kahI zake? mANasa e nathI kahI zakato. paraMtu sAmAnya rIte, jeo kArya karavAne tatpara hoya che temane saphaLatA prApta thAya che ane jeo bhIru che ane dareka vastunuM mAtra tolana karyA kare che temane kadI saphaLatA varatI nathI. IrAne keTalI bhAre sattA prApta karI che e to tame juo che. je mArA puragAmI samrATo tamArA vicAranA hota athavA evA vicAranA na hovA chatAM temanA salAhakAra tamArA jevA hota to ApaNuM ATaluM mahAna sAmrAjya kadIye tamArA jevAmAM na Avata. jokhamo uThAvIne ja temaNe ApaNane A sthitimAM mUkyA che. bhAre jokhame uThAvyAthI ja mahAna vastuo siddha karI zakAya che." A lAMbe utAre meM ahIM eTalA khAtara Ape che ke bIjA kaI paNa hevAla karatAM tenA A zabdo ApaNane IrAnanA samrATane sAco paricaya Ape che. paraMtu evuM banyuM ke AratAbanUsanI salAha ja sAcI paDI ane grIsamAM IrAnanA sainyano parAjaya thayo. jharsIsa joke hArI gaye teye tenA zabdo Aje paNa eTalA ja sAcA che ane ApaNe badhAMe badha levA lAyaka che. ane Aje jyAre ApaNe mahAna vastuonI siddhine arthe prayatna karI rahyAM chIe tyAre ApaNe yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke ApaNuM dhyeya sudhI pahoMcatA pahelAM ApaNe bhAre jokhamamAMthI pasAra thavuM paDaze. zahenazAha jharsIsa potAnI moTI senAne eziyAmAInaramAM thaIne laI gayo ane DArDanalsanI sAmudradhunI jene te samaye helenTa kahetA -- oLaMgI tene yuropanI bhUmi upara utArI. ema kahevAya che ke mArgamAM teNe TrAya nagaranAM khaMDiyerenI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. tyAM AgaLa prAcIna kALamAM helanane pAchI meLavavA grIka vIra laDyA hatA. lazkara utAravAne helenTa upara moTe pula bAMdhavAmAM Avyo hato ane pAsenI eka TekarI upara ArasanA siMhAsana upara besIne jhasIse e pula uparathI pasAra thatuM IrAnanuM sainya nihALyuM. hireDeTasa kahe che: AkhIye helenTane vahANothI DhaMkAyelI ane ebisanAM medAne ane dariyAkinArAne mANasethI bharacaka joIne prathama to jhasase potAnI jAtane dhanya mAnI. paNa pachI te rovA lAgyA. jeNe pahelAM kasIsane grIsa upara caDAI na karavAnI nirbhayatAthI

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana salAha ApI hatI te tenA kAkA AratAbanUse tene rahate joIne pUchayuM, "he samrATa, zeDA vakhata upara tame je karI rahyA hatA ane hamaNAM je kare che e baMne vastuo ekabIjAthI keTalI badhI bhinna che" kemake potAnI jAtane dhanya gaNyA pachI tarata ja tame AMsu sAre cho." jhasIse javAba Apyo, 'tamArI vAta kharI che. paraMtu gaNatarI karI jotAM mane lAgyuM ke mANasanI jiMdagI keTalI badhI TUMkI che ! ane se varasa pachI A mAnavasamudAyamAMthI eka paNa mANasa hayAta nahi heya-A vicAre mAruM hRdaya bharAI AvyuM." A rIte e moTI senA jamInamArge AgaLa vadhI ane dariyAmArge vahANanA moTA kAphalAe tene sAtha Apyo. paraMtu samudra grIkalekane pakSa lIdhe ane bhAre tephAnamAM jharsIsanAM moTA bhAganAM vahANe nAza pAmyAM. helana athavA grIka leko A meTI senA joIne bhayabhIta banI gayA ane mAMhomAMhenI laDAITaMTA bhUlIne humale karanArane temaNe ekatra thaIne sAmane karyo. IrAnI sainya sAme temaNe prathama pIchehaTha karI ane tharmopalI nAmanA sthaLe tene rokavAno prayatna karyo. A jagyA atizaya sAMkaDI hatI. tenI eka bAjue parvata hatA ane bIjI bAjue samudra. AthI karIne bahu thoDA mANase paNa moTA lazkaranI sAme tene bacAva karI zake ema hatuM. ahIM AgaLa e ghATana maraNuparyata bacAva karavAnuM kArya 300 spArTAvAsIo sahita liniDasane soMpavAmAM AvyuM. merethenA yuddha pachI dasa varasa bAda e kaTokaTIne divase A vIra puruSoe pitAnA dezanI amUlya sevA bajAvI. grIka lazkara jyAre pIchehaTha karI rahyuM hatuM te samaye temaNe IrAnanI senAnA daLane rokI rAkhyuM. e sAMkaDA ghATamAM eka pachI eka mANasa paDate game tema tema tenI jagyA bIjAe lIdhI ane e rIte IrAnanuM lazkara AgaLa na vadhI zakayuM. liniDasa ane tenA traNase sAthIo tharmopalI AgaLa kapAI mUA pachI ja IrAnI lazkara AgaLa vadhI zakayuM. 2410 varasa pUrve I. pU. 48nI sAlamAM A banAva banyuM hatuM. paraMtu Aje paNa temanA anya zairyane vicAra karatAM ApaNe romAMca anubhavIe chIe. Aje paNa tharmopelI janAre pravAsI liniDasa ane tenA sAthIone paththaramAM kotarele saMdeza azrubhInI AMkhe jue cheH he pathika! tuM spA jaIne kaheje ke tenI AjJAne vaza thaIne ame ahIM maraNazaraNa thayA chIe.

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IrAna ane cIsa mRtyu upara vijaya meLavanAra A pairya adbhuta che! tharmopalI ane liyoniDasa amara thaI gayAM che ane ATale dUra hiMdustAnamAM paNa enA vicArathI ApaNe romaharSa anubhavIe chIe. te pachI ApaNA pitAnA leke, ApaNA pUrvajo ane hiMdustAnanAM strIpuruSa jemaNe AraMbhathI ApaNA lAMbA itihAsakALa daramiyAna motane hasI kADhayuM che, jemaNe apakIrti ke gulAmI vahoravA karatAM motane vahAluM karyuM che tathA jemaNe julama AgaLa zira jhukAvavA karatAM phanA thavAnuM bahetara gaNyuM che, temane viSe ApaNe zuM kahIzuM ane kevI lAgaNI anubhavIzuM? citaDa ane tenA anupama itihAsane tathA tenAM rajapUta strIpuruSanI adbhuta vIratAne vicAra karI che ! vaLI cAluM jamAnAne temaja hiMdanI AjhAdIne khAtara maraNathIye na DaganAra ApaNA jevA ja ApaNA utsAhI sAthIono paNa tuM vicAra karaje. - tharmopelIe thoDA vakhata mATe te IrAnanA sainyane aTakAvyuM paNa jhAjhe samaya tene rokI zakAyuM nahi. tenI sAme grIka lake pAchA haThatA gayA ane keTalAMka grIka nagara te tene tAbe paNa thayAM. paraMtu magarUra eNthensavAsIoe te tAbe thavA karatAM pitAnA nagarane nAza thavA devAnuM ja vadhAre pasaMda karyuM ane ethensanI badhI vasatI zahera choDIne cAlI gaIghaNuMkharA leke vahANAmAM besIne cAlyA gayA. A nirjana zaheramAM IrAnI lekee praveza karyo ane temaNe tene bALI mUkyuM. paraMtu hajIye ethensane kAkAphale ajeya hatuM, ane selemijha AgaLa naukAyuddha thayuM temAM IrAnanA kAphalAno nAza che. A ApattithI atizaya nAsIpAsa thaIne jharsIsa IrAna pAcho pharyo. A pachI thoDA samaya sudhI IrAna moTA sAmrAjya tarIke TakI rahyuM kharuM. paraMtu merethona ane selemijhe tenA patananI dizA batAvI. ene patana kevI rIte thayuM e ApaNe have pachI joIzuM. te yugamAM vidyamAna leke te A vistINuM sAmrAjyane DagamagatuM joIne Azcaryacakita thayA haze. enA upara vicAra karIne hireDeTase A bedha tAra che. te kahe che ke, "dareka prajAnA ItihAsanI traNa avasthAo hoya che. prathama vijaya, pachIthI vijayanA pariNAmarUpa ghamaMDa ne anyAya, ane aMte tenA pariNAme adhapAta ane vinAza."

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16 yazodhana grIsa 23 jAnyuArI, 1931 IrAnI lake uparanA grIka lekonA vijayanAM be pariNAme AvyAM. IrAnI sAmrAjyanI paDatI zarU thaI ane te dhIre dhIre vadhAre ne vadhAre kamajora thatuM gayuM, ane grIka lekanA itihAsane atyaMta tejasvI yuga zarU thaye. prajAjIvananI dRSTithI vicAratAM A pratibhA bahu alpajIvI gaNAya. ekaMdare baso varasathIye ochA samayamAM grIsanI mahattAno aMta AvyuM. tenI mahattA IrAna athavA te tenI pUrve thaI gayelAM bIjAM mahAna sAmrAjyanI mahattA jevI nahotI. e pachI mahAna sikaMdara pedA thayo ane teNe pitAnI chatethI thoDA samaya mATe AkhI duniyAne cakita karI dIdhI. paNa hamaNAM ApaNe enI vAta nathI karatAM. hAla te ApaNe IrAna sAthenI laDAI ane sikaMdaranA Agamana vaccenA samayanI, eTale ke tharmopelI ane selemijhanI laDAI pachInAM 150 varasanA samayanI carcA karIe chIe. IrAnI lekAnA bhaye grIka lokone ekatra karyA hatA. e bhaya dUra thayo eTale teo pAchA ekabIjAthI alaga paDI gayA ane tarata ja mAMhomAMhe ekabIjA sAthe jhaghaDavA lAgyA. khAsa karIne eNthensa ane spArTInAM nagararAjya vacce tIvra spardhA hatI. paraMtu temanI laDAInI vAtanI khaTapaTamAM ApaNe na paDIe. enuM kazuM ja mahatva nathI. ane te kALamAM grIse e sivAya bIjI rIte mahattA prApta karI hatI eTalA ja khAtara ApaNe e laDAIone yAda karIe chIe. grIsanA e kALanAM mAtra thoDA graMthe, theDI mUrtio ane ceDAM khaMDiyere Aje ApaNane jovA maLe che. paraMtu A thelI vastuo paNa evI che ke te joIne ApaNe AnaMdamAM garakAva thaI jaIe chIe ane grIka lokenI anekavidha mahattAthI Azcaryacakti thaIe chIe. A suMdara mUtio ghaDanAra ane imArate bAMdhanAra lekanAM mana kevAM unnata ane temanA hAtha keTalA kuzaLa haze ! phIthisa te samayane mazahUra mUrtikAra

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codhana grosa hatA. paraMtu e sivAya khIjA vikhyAta mUrtikArI paNa te samaye hatA. temanAM sukhaparyavasAyI ane duHkhapavasAyI nATakA Aje paNa e prakAranI sAhityakRtiomAM zreSTha gaNAya che. Aje te tAre mATe sopheksisa ane esIlasa, yuripIDasa ane erisTophenasa, piMDAra ane minenDara tathA saiphe ane evAM khIjA khAlI nAmA ja che. paraMtu huM AzA rAkhuM chuM ke, mATI thaze tyAre tuM temanI kRti vAMcaze ane grIsanI mahattAnA kaIka anubhava karaze. kAI paNa dezanA tihAsa ApaNe kevI rIte vAMcavA joI e te viSe grIsanA e yuganA itihAsa ApaNe mATe dharUpa che. jo ApaNe mAtra grIsanAM rAjyAnI mAMheAmAMhenI kSullaka laDAI e ane tyAMnI pracalita khIjI najIvI bAbate upara ja dhyAna ApyuM hota to grIka loA viSe ApaNane zuM jANavAnuM maLata ? jo ApaNe temane barAbara samajavA mAgatAM hoI e te ApaNe temanA vicArapradezamAM praveza karavA joIe ane temanI bhAvanA ane kAryAM samajavAM joI e. kAI paNa prajAnA AMtarika jIvananeA itihAsa ja khAsa mahattvanA che. ene lIdhe ja Adhunika yuropa aneka bAbatomAM prAcIna grIka saMskRtinuM pharajaMda banyuM che. GE prajAnA jIvanamAM AvA pratibhAnA yugA Ave che ane jAya che e hakIkata vicitra ane tAjuba karanArI che. thADA vakhata mATe te te dareka vastune ujajvaLa karI mUke che tathA te yuga ane dezanAM strIpuruSone sAMdhya pUrNa kRtionAM sarjaka banAvI de che. AkhI prajA ja jANe preraNA pAmI hoya evI banI jAya che. ApaNA dezamAM paNa AvA yugA AvI gayA che. jyAre veda, upaniSada ane evA khIjA graMthA lakhAyA te ApaNI jANamAM evA sAthI prAcIna yuga che. kamanasIbe e prAcIna samayanI ApaNI pAse kazIye lekhita noMdha nathI. banavAjoga che ke te yuganA keTalAye suMdara ane mahattvanA graMthA nAza pAmyA haze ane keTalAka hajI zodhAvA bAkI haze. paraMtu prAcIna kALanA hiMdavAsInAM mana kevAM unnata haze ane temanA vicAro kevA udAtta haze e darzAvavA pUratAM sAdhanA to ApaNI pAse mojUda che. e samaya pachInA hiMdanA itihAsamAM paNa AvA ujvaLa yugA AvI gayA che ane aneka yugeAnA ApaNA paribhramaNa daramyAna ghaNuM karIne ApaNe temane paNa paricaya karIzuM.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana khAsa karIne eNthensa thrIsanA A kIrtiyugamAM mazahUra thayuM. eka mahAna rAjapuruSa tenA AgevAna hatA. tenuM nAma periksisa. trIsa varasa sudhI eNthensamAM tenI hakUmata rahI. e samaye eNthensa eka umadA zahera banyuM hatuM. suMdara suMdara imAratothI te bharapUra hatuM ane mahAna kaLAkAro ane tattvaciMtake tyAM vasatA hatA. Aje paNa te perilisanuM athensa kahevAya che ane te samayane ApaNe * periklisanA yuga ' kahIe chIe. i ja " ApaNA mitra itihAsakAra hiroDeTasa eNthensamAM lagabhaga e arasAmAM ja thaI gayo. eNthensanI e unnati viSe teNe vicAra karyAM hatA. ane kAI paNa vastumAMthI bodha tAravavAnA te zokhIna hovAthI teNe emAMthI paNa khAdha tAravyeA che. potAnA itihAsamAM te kahe che: " eNnthensanI tAkAta vadhI; ane te e vAtanuM pramANa che * ane enI sAbito game tyAMthI maLI zake ema che - ke svataMtratA i vastu che. jyAM sudhI eNcensavAsIo upara Apakhuda rAsana cAlatuM hatuM tyAM sudhI teo temanA pADozIo karatAM yuddhamAM jarAye caDiyAtA nahetA; paNa jyArathI te peAtAnA Apakhuda zAsakAthI mukta thayA tyArathI teo temanA pADozIothI ghaNA AgaLa vadhI gayA. A vastu batAve che ke parAdhIna dazAmAM te svecchAthI zrama karatA naheAtA, paNa temanA mAlikAnI veTha karatA hatA. paraMtu jyAre teo svataMtra thayA tyAre temanAmAMnA dareka jaNa svecchAthI ane niSThApUrvaka bhAre jahemata uThAvavA lAgyA." A patramAM te jamAnAnA keTalAka mahApuruSonAM nAma meM ApyAM che. paraMtu je mAtra te jamAnAnA ja nahi paNa harakAI jamAnAno mahApuruSa che tenA nAmaneA ullekha me hajI nathI karyAM. tenuM nAma sokreTIsa che. te philasUpha hatA ane niraMtara satyanI ja kheAja karyAM karatA. tene mana sAcuM jJAna e ja eka prApta karavA jevI vastu hatI. AthI te hamezAM potAnA mitro ane oLakhItA sAthe kani samasyAonI carcA karyAM karatA ke jethI karIne temAMthI kaIka satya lAdhI jAya. tenA ghaNAye ziSyo athavA celA hatA. pleTe te sAmAM zreSTha hato. pleTAe ghaNAM pustako lakhyAM che ane temAMnAM ghaNAM Aje ApaNI pAse che. A pustakAmAMthI ja tenA guru sAkreTIsa viSe ApaNane ghaNuMkharuM jANavAnuM maLe che. dekhItI rIte ja, hamezAM sAcI vastu zeAdhavAne mathatA lAkA sarakArane pasaMda nathI hAtA; lAka! UMDA

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yazASana grIsa 79 UtarIne dareka vAtanAM kAraNA zAdhatA rahe te temane paravaDatuM nathI. maeNthensanI sarakArane sAkreTIsanuM vartana ane rItabhAta na rucyAM eTale teNe tenI sAme mukaddame calAvyA -- A banAva perikilasanA samaya pachI tarata ja banyA hatA ane tene dehAMtadaMDanI zikSA karamAvI. sarakAre tene jaNAvyuM ke jo te lokA sAthe carcA karavAnuM oDI de tathA potAnuM vana sudhAravAnuM vacana Ape te tene zikSAmAMthI mukta karavAmAM Ave. paNa teNe tema karavAnI sApha nA pADI ane jene te potAnA dharma samajatA hatA te tajavA karatAM jherathI bharelA jIvaleNa pyAlA pIvAnuM ja teNe pasaMda karyuM. cheka mRtyunI paLe, potAnA upara tahomata mUkanArA, nyAyAdhIzeA ane bIjA eNthensavAsIone uddezIne te khelyA : huM mArI satyanI kheAja cheADI dauM e zarate je tame mane mukta karavAnuM kahetA heA teA huM kahIza, ke huM athensavAsIA, huM tamArA AbhAra mAnuM chuM, paNa tamArI AjJA mAnavA karatAM jeNa mane A kArya sAMpyuM che ema huM mAnuM chuM te IzvaranI AjJAnuM ja huM pAlana karIza; ane jyAM sudhI mArA kheALiyAmAM prANa che tyAM sudhI kadI paNa mAruM tattvaciMtananuM kAryAM huM cheADIza nahi. mane je kAI sAme maLe tene mArA rivAja pramANe huM pUchatA ja 66 rahIza, ke C/ jJAna ane satyanI tathA peAtAnA AtmAnI unnati sAdhavAnI jarAye paravA karyAM vinA dhanadolata ane mAnamaratabA meLavavAmAM ja racyApacyA rahetAM tane zarama nathI AvatI ? ' meAta zuM che enI mane khabara nathI sabhava che ke e sArI vastu hAya. paNa huM tenAthI DaratA nathI. paNa e te huM nizcayapUrvaka jANuM chuM ke peAtAnA kanyathI bhAgavuM e teA bhaDuMja che. AthI je kharAba heAvAnI mane pUrepUrI khAtarI che tenA karatAM je sAruM hAvAnA sA~bhava che enI ja huM pasaMdagI karuM chuM.' potAnA jIvana daramiyAna sokreTIse jJAna ane satyanA dhyeyanI sArI sevA bajAvI paraMtu potAnA mRtyuthI teA eNe tenI evIye vizeSa sevA karI. - samAjavAda, mUDIvAda ane evA bIjA aneka prazno viSe carcA ane lIlA AjakAla tArA vAMcavA ke sAMbhaLavAmAM Avaze. Aje A duniyAmAM moTA pramANamAM anyAya, hADamArI ane duHkha pravarte che. dhaNA leAkA enAthI atizaya asaMtuSTa banyA che ane teo A sthiti badalavA mAge che. pleTae paNa rAjya ane zAsana aMgenA praznonA vicAra karyAM che ane e viSe lakhyuM paNa che. e uparathI

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jaNAze ke, deza yA samAjanuM rAjataMtra kevI rIte ghaDavuM ke jethI karIne sarvatra AbAdI ane sukha thAya e viSe leke te kALamAM paNa vicAra karatA hatA. oNTe vRddha thayuM tyAre bIjo eka mazahUra grIsavAsI AgaLa AvyuM. tenuM nAma erisToTala hatuM. te mahAna sikaMdarane zikSaka hate. ane sikaMdare tene tenA kAryamAM ghaNI sahAya karI hatI. sokreTIsa ane pleTanI jema erisToTalane AdhyAtmika praznomAM bahu rasa nahoto. tene te prakRtinuM nirIkSaNa karavAmAM ane tenA niyame samajavAmAM vadhAre rasa hate. ene laitika tattvajJAna kahevAmAM Ave che. paNa Aje ghaNuMkharuM ene vijJAnane nAme oLakhavAmAM Ave che. A rIte erisToTala eka Adi vijJAnazAstrI hatA. have ApaNe erisToTalanA ziSya mahAna sikaMdara tarapha javuM joIe ane tenI vegIlI kArakirdInuM avalokana karavuM joIe. paNa e viSe AvatI kAle vicAra karIzuM. Ajane mATe te meM bahu lakhI nAkhyuM. Aje te vasaMtapaMcamI eTale vasaMtanA Agamanane divasa che. ziyALAnI rocaka paNa TUMkI Rtu vItI gaI che ane havAnI camaka paNa ochI thaI che. have vadhu ne vadhu pramANamAM pakSIo amArI pAse AvavA mAMDyAM che ane A divasa temanAM gIta guMjyA kare che. ane AjathI barAbara paMdara varasa pahelAM A ja divase tArI mA sAthe mArAM lagna thayAM hatAM!

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17 vikhyAta vijetA paNa ghamaMDI yuvAna 24 jAnyuArI, 1931 mArA AgalA patramAM tathA te pahelAM paNa meM sikaMdara viSe ullekha karyo hato. huM dhAruM chuM ke meM tene grIka kahyo che. paNa ene grIka gaNa e taddana sAcuM nathI, kemake kharI rIte te meseDonane vatanI hatA. eTale ke te grIsanI uttare AvelA bIjA eka dezane rahevAzI hate. meseDonanA leka ghaNI bAbatamAM grIka lekenA jevA ja hatA. huM temane grIka lokonA pitrAI e kahI zake. sikaMdarane pitA philIpa meseDonane rAjA hatA. te ghaNo ja samartha rAjakartA hato. teNe potAnA nAnakaDA rAjyane baLavAna banAvyuM tathA eka zistabaddha ane samartha sainya taiyAra karyuM. sikaMdara "mahAna" kahevAya che ane te itihAsamAM bahu ja mazahUra che. paraMtu te je kaMI karI zakyo te mATenI ghaNIkharI taiyArI kALajIpUrvaka parizrama uThAvIne tenA pitA philIpe AgaLathI karI rAkhI hatI. sikaMdara kharekhara mahApuruSa hatA ke kema e zaMkAspada che. huM te tene eka Adarza vIra puruSa tarIke lekha nathI ja. paraMtu tenI TUMkI jiMdagImAM te be khaMDa upara pitAnuM nAma aMkita karavAmAM saphaLa thaye hate. vaLI te ItihAsano prathama vizvavijetA gaNAya che. cheka madhya eziyAnI bhItaramAM AvelA dezomAM Aje paNa te sikaMdaranA nAmathI mazahUra che ane vAstavika rIte e game te hoya paNa ItihAse te enA nAmane ujajvaLa prabhA apI che. koDIbaMdha zaheranAM nAmo enA nAma uparathI pADavAmAM AvyAM che ane temAMnA keTalAMka te Aje paNa mojUda che. temAM sauthI moTuM misaramAM AveluM eNlekajhAMDriyA che. rAjA thayo tyAre sikaMdaranI uMmara mAtra vIza varasanI hatI. mahattA prApta karavAnI ene bhAre AkAMkSA hatI. AthI tenA pitAe tene mATe sArI rIte sajja karelI senA laIne grIsanA jUnA duzmana IrAna upara caDAI karavAne te khUba Atura hatuM. grIka lekene te 6-6

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana philIpa ke sikaMdara e bemAMthI eke pratye anurAga nahote, paraMtu temanA sAmarthathI teo dabAI gayA hatA. ethI karIne temaNe pahelAM philIpane ane pachI sikaMdarane ema eka pachI bIjAne IrAna upara caDAI karanArA samagra grIsanA sainyanA senApati tarIke mAnya rAkhyA. A rIte teo udaya pAmatI navI sattAne vaza thayA. themsa nAmanA eka grIka nagararAjya tenI sAme baLavo karela. sikaMdare tenA upara atizaya kruratAbharyuM ane ghAtakI AkramaNa karyuM, ane tene tArAja karyuM. A prakhyAta zaherane teNe nAza karyo, tenAM makAno toDI pADyAM, asaMkhya mANasanI katala karI ane hajAro lekane gulAma tarIke vecI dIdhA. A jaMgalI vartanathI teNe AkhA grIsane bhayabhIta karI mUkyuM. tenA A ane evAM bIjAM jaMgalI kRtyane kAraNe tenuM jIvana ApaNI prazaMsAne pAtra nathI eTaluM ja nahi, paNa tenA pratye ApaNane kaMIka chUNuM ane tiraskAra pedA thAya che. misara ke je te samaye IrAnanA samrATanI hakumata nIce hatuM tene sikaMdare sahelAIthI jItI lIdhuM. A pahelAM teNe jharsIsa pachI gAdI upara AvanAra IrAnanA samrATa darAyasa trIjAne harAvyA hatA. pharI pAchI teNe IrAna upara caDAI karI ane darAyasane bIjI vakhata harAvyo. teNe "zahenazAha" darAyasanA vizALa mahelane bALI mUkyo. teNe jAhera kareluM ke, jharsIse eNthensa bALI mUkyuM hatuM tenuM vera vALavAne e mahela bALavAmAM Avyo che. phArasI bhASAmAM phiradezI nAmanA kavie Azare hajAra varasa upara lakhele eka jUne graMtha che. e kAvyagraMthanuM nAma zAhanAmuM che. emAM IrAnanA rAjAone itihAsa che. sikaMdara ane darAyasa vaccenA yuddhanuM emAM atizaya kalpanAthI bharapUra varNana ApavAmAM AvyuM che. emAM evuM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke hArI gayA pachI darAyase hiMda pAse madadanI mAgaNI karI hatI. hiMdanA vAyavya khUNAmAM AvelA pradezanA rAjA pirasa upara teNe "eka vAyuvegI UMTa mekavyuM hatuM. paraMtu pirasa tene kazIye madada na mokalI zakyo. thoDA ja vakhata pachI tene pitAne paNa sikaMdaranA hallAne sAmane karavAnuM hatuM. phiradezanA zAhanAmAmAM, IrAnane rAjA tathA tenA amIra-umarAva hiMdI banAvaTanI taravAra ane khaMjaro vAparatA hatA enA ghaNe ullekho maLI Ave che. e hakIkta atizaya rasaprada che. A hakIkata e darzAve che ke

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vikhyAta vijetA paNa ghamaMDI yuvAna 83 sikaMdaranA samayamAM paNa hiMdamAM UMcI jAtanA polAdanI taravAro banatI hatI ane paradezamAM tenI bhAre kadara thatI hatI. sikaMdara IrAnathI AgaLa vadhyA. Aje jyAM AgaLa herAta, kAbula ane samarakaMda AvelAM che te pradezamAM thaIne te siMdhu nadInA uttara taraphanA pradezamAM pahoMce. ahIM pahele hiMdI rAjA tenI sAme thayA. grIka ItihAsakAre potAnI bhASAmAM tenuM nAma pirasa Ape che. tenuM kharuM nAma kaMIka ene maLatuM ja hovuM joIe paNa ApaNane tenI khabara nathI. ema kahevAya che ke, porasa bahu bahAdurIthI laDyo ane sikaMdara muzkelIthI tene jItI zakyo. kahe che ke, te kadAvara ane bhAre bahAdura puruSa hatA. sikaMdara upara tenI hiMmata ane bahAdurInI eTalI badhI asara paDI ke harAvyA pachI tenuM rAjya teNe tene pAchuM soMpyuM. paraMtu have te svataMtra rAjA maTI grIka lekene khaMDiye banya. sikaMdare hiMdanI vAyavyamAM AvelA khabara ghATane mAge takSazilA thaIne praveza kare. takSazilA rAvalapiMDIthI saheja uttaramAM hatuM ane Aje paNa tyAM AgaLa ApaNe e prAcIna nagaranA avazeSo joI zakIe chIe. pArasa upara jIta meLavyA pachI sikaMdare dakSiNamAM gaMgA nadI tarapha AgaLa vadhavAno vicAra karyo hoya ema jaNAya che. paraMtu teNe e vicAra mAMDI vALyo ane siMdhu nadInA pradezamAM thaIne te pAcho pharyo. paraMtu sikaMdara hiMdustAnanA madhya bhAga sudhI AgaLa vacce heta te zuM thAta e viSe kalpanA karavI e atizaya UtukabhareluM thaI paDe ema che. ene vijaya maLate raheta ke hiMdanA lazkare ene harAvyo hota? hiMdanI sarahada uparanA porasa jevA eka nAnakaDA rAjAe tene sArI peThe haMphAvya e uparathI ema dhArI zakAya ke madhya hiMdanAM moTAM rAjya tene aTakAvavAne samartha nIvaDyAM hota. paNa sikaMdarane IrAde game te hoya, tenA sainikonA nirNaya pramANe ja tene cAlavuM paDayuM. ghaNAM varSonA rakhaDATathI thAkIne teo kaMTALyA hatA. e paNa banavA joga che ke hiMdanA sainikonI laDavAnI tAkAtathI paNa temanA upara bhAre chApa paDI hoya ane tethI AgaLa vadhIne hAra khAvAnuM jokhama vahoravAnuM temaNe na IcchayuM hoya. enuM kAraNa game te ho, paNa sainya pAchA pharavAno Agraha rAkhe, ane sikaMdarane saMmata thavuM paDayuM. tenI A vaLatI musApharI bhAre ApattibharI

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84 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nIvaDI. mArgamAM sainyane kherAka ane pANInA sAMsA paDavAthI tene khUba veThavuM paDyuM. thoDA ja vakhata pachI I. pU. 323nI sAlamAM bebilenamAM sikaMdara maraNa pAme. IrAna upara caDAI karavA nIkaLyA pachI teNe pharIthI pitAnI mAtRbhUmi meseDonanAM darzana na karyA. Ama tetrIsa varasanI vaye sikaMdara maraNa pAmyA. pitAnI TUMkI kArakirdI daramyAna A "mahAna" puruSe zuM karyuM? keTalIka laDAIomAM teNe bhAre phateha meLavI e kharuM, te mahAna senApati hatA e paNa nirvivAda che; paraMtu te mithyAbhimAnI ane ghamaMDI ha tathA keTalIka vAra te atizaya krara ane ghAtakI banI jatuM. pitAne te deva samAna mAnate. krodhavaza thaIne ke kSaNika dhUnamAM AvI jaIne teNe pitAnA keTalAka uttama mitrone ghAta karyo ane rahevAsIo sametA meTAM moTAM keTalAMye nagarone nAza karyo. pite UbhA karelA sAmrAjyamAM te kazuM ja sthAyI ke saMgIna - sArA rastAo jevuM kaMIka - mUkI gayo nahi. kharatA tArAnI jema te AvyA ane gayo, ane tenI smRti sivAya bIjuM kazuM ja pitAnI pAchaLa mUkI na gayo. tenA maraNa pachI tenA kuTuMbanA mANasoe mAMhomAMhe ekabIjAnI katala karI ane tenA vizALa sAmrAjyanA TukaDeTukaDA thaI gayA. tene vizvavijetA kahevAmAM Ave che. ane duniyAmAM tene mATe kazuM jItavAnuM bAkI nahotuM rahyuM eTalA khAtara te eka vakhata rovA lAgyuM hatuM ema paNa kahevAya che ! paraMtu vAyavya sarahadanA thoDA pradeza sivAya A hiMdustAna te jItyA vinAne paDyo hato. vaLI cIna paNa te samaye eka moTuM rAjya hatuM, ane sikaMdara cInanI dizAmAM te gaye paNa nahotA. enA maraNa pachI tenuM sAmrAjya tenA senApatioe vaheMcI lIdhuM. misara TolemIne hastaka gayuM. teNe tyAM majabUta rAjyane pAye nAkhe ane pitAne rAjavaMza calAvyuM. tenA amala taLe misara baLavAna rAjya banyuM. eNlekjhAMyiA tenI rAjadhAnI banI. e bahu moTuM zahera hatuM ane vijJAna, philasUphI tathA vidyA mATe prakhyAta hatuM. IrAna, mesepiTemiyA ane eziyAmAInarane thoDe bhAga selyukasa nAmanA bIjA senApatine bhAga gaye. A uparAMta sikaMdare hiMdane vAyavyane je pradeza jItyo hato te paNa tene bhAga Avyo. paraMtu hiMdanA pradeza upara te kAbU rAkhI zakyo nahi. ane tyAM AgaLa rAkhavAmAM AvelA grIka sainyane sikaMdaranA maraNa pachI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyuM.

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vikhyAta vijetA paNa ghamaMDI yuvAna 85 sikaMdara I. pU. 326nI sAlamAM hiMdamAM AvyuM. tenuM Agamana e mAtra dareDArUpe ja hatuM ane hiMda upara tenI kazIye asara thaI nahi. keTalAka leke ema mAne che ke e caDAI hiMdIone grIka leke sAthe saMparka sAdhavAmAM madadarUpa nIvaDI. paraMtu kharI hakIkta e che ke, sikaMdaranA samaya pahelAM paNa pUrva ane pazcimanA deze vacce moTe rAjamArga hatuM ane hiMdane saMbaMdha IrAna sAthe tathA grIsa sAthe paNa satata cAlu hate. alabata, sikaMdaranA AgamanathI A saMbaMdha vacce haze ane hiMdI temaja grIka e baMne saMskRti vacce vadhAre saMparka ane meLa sadhAye haze. sikaMdaranI caDAI ane tenA mRtyune pariNAme hiMdamAM eka mahAna sAmrAjyanI sthApanA thaI. e sAmrAjya te maurya sAmrAjya. mArya kALa e hiMdustAnanA ItihAsanA ujajvaLa yugemane eka che. ane enA upara ApaNe thoDe samaya Apavo joIze.

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18 caMdragupta maurya ane kauTilyanuM arthazAstra 25 jAnyuArI, 1931 meM eka patramAM magadhane ullekha karyo hate. AjanA bihAra prAMtanI jagyAe AveluM e eka prAcIna rAjya hatuM. e rAjyanI rAjadhAnI pATalIputra eTale AjanuM paTanA hatuM. ApaNe atyAre je samayanI vAta karI rahyAM chIe te samaye magadhamAM naMda nAmanA rAjavaMzanA rAjAo rAjya karatA hatA. hiMdanA vAyavya sarahadanA pradeza upara sikaMdare caDAI karI te samaye pATalIputramAM e ja naMdavaMzane rAjA rAjya karate hate. ghaNuM karIne e ja rAjAne koI saMbaMdhI, caMdragupta nAmano yuvAna hate. caMdragupta bhAre hoziyAra, zaktizALI ane mahattvAkAMkSI puruSa hoya ema lAge che. tene vadhAre paDato hoziyAra dhArIne athavA te tenuM keIka kArya na gamavAne kAraNe naMda rAjAe tene pitAnA rAjyamAMthI dezavaTe Ape. caMdragupta uttare AvelA takSazilA nagaramAM gaye. banavA joga che ke sikaMdara ane grIka loko viSenI vAta sAMbhaLIne te tyAM javA prerAya heya. tenI sAthe viSNugupta nAmano eka atizaya kuzaLa brAhmaNa paNa hatA. tene cANakya paNa kahevAmAM Ave che. caMdragupta ane cANakya e baMne jaNe nasIbane ke kaMI Apatti AvI paDe tene vaza thAya evA narama ane DhIlApicA pura nahatA. temanA manamAM moTI moTI yojanAo ramI rahI hatI ane teo AgaLa vadhavA ane saphaLatA prApta karavA mAgatA hatA. saMbhava che ke, caMdragupta sikaMdaranI kItithI Azcaryacakita thaye hoya ane tenuM anukaraNa karavAne prerAyo hoya. A kArya pAra pADavA mATe cANakya jevo Adarza mitra ane uttama salAhakAra tene maLI gaye. baMne jAgrata rahIne pharatA hatA ane takSazilAmAM zA banAve bane che tenuM kALajIthI nirIkSaNa karatA hatA. teo anukULa makAnI rAha jotA hatA.

Page #100
caMdragupta maurya ane kauTilyanuM arthazAstra 80 ceDA ja vakhatamAM temane evo meke maLI gayo. sikaMdaranA maraNanA khabara takSazilA pahoMcyA ke tarata ja caMdraguptane lAgyuM ke kArya karavAne vakhata AvI pahoMcyo che. teNe AsapAsanA lokone jAgrata karyA ane temanI sahAyathI sikaMdara tyAM AgaLa je senA mUkI gayuM hatuM tenA upara humale karI tene hAMkI kADhI. takSazilAne kabaje lIdhA pachI caMdragupta ane tenA sahAyakoe dakSiNamAM pATalIputra tarapha kUca karI ane naMda rAjAne harAvyuM. A banAve I. sa. pU. 321nI sAlamAM, eTale ke sikaMdaranA maraNa pachI pAMca varSa bAda banyuM. ane e divasathI mArya vaMzane amala zarU thayo. caMdraguptane "mairya" zA mATe kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM e viSe ApaNane cokkasa mAhitI maLatI nathI. keTalAka kahe che ke tenI mAnuM nAma murA hatuM te uparathI te maurya kahevAtuM. vaLI bIjA keTalAka kahe che ke tenI mAne bApa rAjAnA morane rakhavALa hatA ane morane saMskRtamAM "mayUra" kahevAmAM Ave che te uparathI tenuM nAma "marya' paDayuM. e zabdanuM mULa game te ho, paNa te caMdragupta mauryanA nAmathI oLakhAya che ane e nAmathI ja enA pachI ghaNI sadIo bAda thayelA hiMdustAnanA caMdragupta nAmanA bIjA mahAna rAjakartAthI te judo che ema ApaNe yAda rAkhI zakIe chIe. mahAbhAratamAM temaja bIjA prAcIna graMtho ane kathAomAM samagra bhAratavarSa upara rAjya karatA mahAna rAjAo athavA cakravatIo viSe ApaNe vAMcIe chIe. paraMtu te samayanI ApaNane cokkasa mAhitI nathI ane bhArata athavA te bhAratavarSano te kALamAM keTale vistAra hate te paNa ApaNe cokkasa kahI zakIe nahi. saMbhava che ke te kALanI ApaNane maLatI kathAomAM prAcIna rAjAonA sAmarthya viSe atizayokti paNa karavAmAM AvI heya. e game tema che, paNa caMdragupta maryanuM sAmrAjya e ItihAsamAM hiMdustAnamAM udbhavelAM baLavAna ane vistRta sAmrAjyanuM prathama daSTAMta che. ApaNe joIzuM ke e atizaya pragatizIla ane baLavAna rAjyataMtra hatuM. e te spaSTa che ke AvuM rAjya ane rAjyataMtra ekAeka te astitvamAM na ja AvyuM hoya. ghaNuM lAMbA samayathI e dizAmAM anekavidha pravRtti cAlu haze -nAnAM nAnAM rAjyo ekatra thatAM gayAM haze ane zAsanakaLAmAM paNa uttarottara pragati thatI rahI haze. *

Page #101
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana caMdraguptanA amala daramiyAna, jene eziyAmAInarathI hiMda sudhI mulaka maLyuM hatuM te sikaMdaranA senApati selyukase pitAnA sainya sAthe siMdhu nadI oLaMgI hiMda upara caDAI karI. paraMtu pitAnA A avicArI sAhasa mATe tene tarata ja pastAvuM paDayuM. caMdragupta tene sakhata hAra ApI ane je raste AvyA hatA te raste te pAcho pheryo. A caDAIthI kaze lAbha meLavavAne badale kAbula ane herAta sudhInA gaMdhAra athavA aphaghAnistAnanA pradezane mATe bhAga tene caMdraguptane ApI devo paDyo. caMdragupta selyukasanI putrI sAthe lagna paNa karyuM. have tenuM sAmrAjya AkhA uttara hiMdustAna upara, aphaghAnistAnanA thaDA pradeza upara, eTale ke kAbulathI baMgALa sudhI ane arabI samudrathI mAMDIne baMgALanA upasAgara sudhI vistaryuM hatuM. mAtra dakSiNa hiMda tenI hakUmata nIce nahotuM. A vizALa sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI pATalIputra hatuM. selyukase megesthanisa nAmanA mANasane caMdraguptanA darabAramAM pitAnA elacI tarIke me . megesthanisa te samayane eka rasika hevAla ApaNe mATe mUkI gayuM che. paraMtu ApaNI pAse ethI paNa vizeSa rasika hevAla che jemAMthI caMdraguptanA rAjyataMtranuM vigatavAra varNana ApaNane maLe che. A hevAla te kaTilyanuM arthazAstra. A kauTilya te bIjo kaI nahi paNa ApaNe jUne mitra cANakya athavA viSNugupta che. ane arthazAstra eTale saMpatti viSenuM zAstra. A arthazAstramAM ghaNA viSayanuM nirUpaNa karavAmAM AvyuM che ane temAM eTalI badhI vividha bAbatenI carcAo karI che ke ene viSe huM tane bahu vistArathI kahI zakuM ema nathI. emAM rAjAnA dharmanuM, tenA pradhAna ane salAhakAranAM kartavyanuM, rAjyapariSaLuM, rAjyanAM judAM judAM khAtAonuM, vepArajagAranuM, gAma ane kasabAonA zAsananuM, kAyadA ane nyAyanI adAlatanuM, sAmAjika rUDhi ane rItarivAjonuM, strIonA adhikAranuM, vRddha ane nirAdhAra lekanA pAlananuM, lagna ane chUTAcheDAnuM, karenuM, lazkara ane naukAsainyanuM, yuddha ane sulehanuM, kuTilanItinuM, khetI, kAMtavAvaNavAnuM, kArIgaronuM, pArsaparTanuM, are, jenuM paNa nirUpaNa karavAmAM AvyuM che ! A yAdImAM huM ghaNe umero karI zakuM ema chuM, paraMtu kaTilyanA artha zAstranAM prakaraNonAM mathALAMothI A patra bharavAnI mArI icchA nathI.

Page #102
caMdragupta maurya ane kauTilyanuM arthazAstra 89 rAjyAbhiSeka vakhate prajA pAsethI rAjyasattA prApta karyA pachI rAjAne prajAsevAnI pratijJA levI paDatI. tene pratijJA karavI paDatI ke, jo huM tamane pIDuM te huM svarga rahita, jIvanarahita ane saMtAnarahita thAuM. e graMthamAM rAjAnAM dinacaryA ane nityakarma paNa ApavAmAM AvyAM che. tAkIdanAM kAryo mATe tene hamezAM tatpara rahevAnuM hatuM kAraNake jAhera karyo rAjAnI khuzI mujaba rekI na zakAya ke temAM vilaMba paNa na karI zakAya. "rAjA je udyamI hoya te tenI prajA paNa udyamI bane." prajAnA sukhamAM ja tenuM sukha che ane tenI AbAdImAM ja rAjA nI AbAdI che. je vastu tenA manane bhAve tene te sArI nahi gaNe, paNa je vastu prajAne pasaMda paDe tene teNe sArI gaNavI joIe." ApaNI duniyAmAMthI AjakAla rAjAe adazya thatA jAya che. have bahu theDA ja rahyA che ane teo paNa thoDA samayamAM alepa thavAnA. paNa e dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jevI vAta che ke prAcIna hiMdamAM rAjapadanA AdarzamAM prajAsevAno samAveza thato hato. te samaye rAjAnAM devasiddha haka (DivAIna rAITa) ke Apakhuda sattA jANavAmAM nahotAM. rAjA kadI durAcArI nIkaLe te tene padabhraSTa karavAno ane tenI jagyAe bIjAne mUkavAne prajAne adhikAra hato. e kALamAM A siddhAMta ane Adarza hate. alabata, evA paNa ghaNuM rAjAo hatA ke jeo A Adarzane anusaravAmAM niSphaLa nIvaDyA ane jemaNe pitAnI bevakUphIthI pitAnI prajA ane deza upara Apatti ANI. Aryane kadI paNa gulAma na banAvAya" e prAcIna siddhAMta upara arthazAstra paNa ghaNe bhAra mUke che. A uparathI e te spaSTa che ke te samaye koI ne koI prakAranA gulAme te hatA ja. pachI te paradezathI ANavAmAM AvyA hoya ke A dezanA vatanI hoya. paraMtu koI paNa Arya kadIye gulAma na bane e viSe khAsa kALajI rAkhavAmAM AvatI. pATalIputra mairya sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI hatI. e bhavya zahera hatuM ane gaMgA nadIne kinAre nava mAIla sudhI ene vistAra hate. tenA keTane cesaTha mukhya daravAjA hatA ane nAnA nAnA bIjA seMkaDe daravAjA hatA. moTA bhAganAM ghare lAkaDAnAM hatAM ane emane AganuM

Page #103
90. jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jokhama hatuM eTale te aTakAvavA mATe jhINavaTapUrvaka takedArI rAkhavAmAM AvatI. mukhya mahollAomAM hamezAM hajAronI saMkhyAmAM pANIthI bharelAM vAsaNa rAkhavAmAM AvatAM. dareka gRhasthane paNa pitAnA gharamAM pANIthI bharelAM vAsaNa tathA nisaraNa, AMkaDIo ane Agane prasaMge upayogamAM Ave evI bIjI jarUrI cIjo paNa rAkhavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvatI. zaherane aMgene eka niyama kauTilya neMge che te jANIne tane ramUja Avaze. mahollAmAM kacaro nAkhe tene daMDanI zikSA karavAmAM AvatI. je kaI mahollAmAM kAdava ke pANI ekaThuM thavA de te tene paNa daMDa karavAmAM Avato. je A niyamono amala karavAmAM AvatuM haze te pATalIputra ane bIjAM zahero suMdara, svaccha, ArogyadAyI hovAM joIe. ApaNI myunisipAliTIo AvA keTalAka niyame dAkhala kare te kevuM sAruM ! pATalIputrane vahIvaTa karavA mATe eka sudharAI-sabhA (myunisipala kAunsila) hatI.nagaravAsIo A sabhAnI cUMTaNI karatA. enA trIza sabhya hatA. ane pAMca pAMca sabhyanI banelI tenI cha samitio hatI. A samitio zaheranA hunnaraudyoga upara dekharekha rAkhatI, musApharo ane yAtrALuo mATe vyavasthA karatI, kara ugharAvavAne khAtara janmamaraNanI noMdha rAkhatI tathA mAlanA utpAdana ane bIjI bAbate upara paNa lakSa rAkhatI. AkhI sabhA saphAI, Avakakharca, pANInI vyavasthA, bAgabagIcA ane sArvajanika imArata upara dhyAna ApatI ane tene vahIvaTa karatI. nyAya karavAne mATe tyAM paMcAyata hatI ane apIla sAMbhaLavA mATenI adAlate paNa hatI. dukALanivAraNa mATe khAsa vyavasthA karavAmAM AvI hatI ane rAjyanA dhAnyanA bhaMDArane aradhe bhAga dukALanA samaye upayoga mATe bharele anAmata rAkhavAmAM Avato. 2,200 varSa pUrve caMdragupta ane cANakya sthApeluM marya sAmrAjya AvuM hatuM. ene viSe megesthanise ane kaeNTilya lakhelI thaDI bAbatane meM A patramAM ullekha karyo che. eTalA mAtrathI paNa te samaye uttara hiMdustAna kevuM hatuM tene tane sAdhAraNa khyAla Avaze. pATanagara pATalIputrathI mAMDIne sAmrAjyanAM bIjAM moTAM moTAM nagara ane hajAro nAnA nAnA kasabAo ane gAmaDAMo cetanathI

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caMdragupta maurya ane kauTiyanuM arthazAstra guMjI rahyAM haze. sAmrAjyanA eka bhAgamAMthI bIjA bhAgamAM jatA meTA moTA rAjamArgo hatA. mukhya rAjamArga pATalIputrathI sAmrAjyanI vAyavya sarahada sudhI jato hato. sAmrAjyamAM ghaNuM nahere paNa hatI ane tenI saMbhALa rAkhavA mATe eka juduM khAtuM hatuM. vaLI baMdara, pule, ane eka sthaLethI bIje sthaLe saphara karatI saMkhyAbaMdha heDIo tathA vahANe upara dekharekha rAkhavA mATe taikAkhAtuM hatuM. te vakhate dariyo oLaMgIne vahANa brahmadeza ane cIna sudhI jatAM hatAM. A sAmrAjya upara caMdragupta vIsa varSa rAjya karyuM. I. pU. 296nI sAlamAM te maraNa pAmyo. bIjA patramAM ApaNe marya sAmrAjyanI vAta AgaLa calAvIzuM.

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19 traNa mAsa ! sTImara keviyA rasa eprila, 1931 ghaNuM lAMbA vakhata pachI tane A patra lakhuM chuM. lagabhaga traNa mAsa vItI gayA - zeka, takalIpha ane saMtApanA traNa mAsa; hiMdamAM ane khAsa karIne ApaNA kuTuMbamAM thayelA pheraphAranA traNa mAsa! hiM thoDA samaya mATe satyAgrahanI athavA savinayabhaMganI laData baMdha rAkhI che paNa ApaNI sAmenA praznone ukela saheluM nathI; ane ApaNuM kuTuMbe te tene baLa ane preraNA ApanAra prItipAtra vaDIla khe che. emanI kALajIbharI saMbhALa nIce ApaNe moTAM thayAM ane ApaNI sahunI janetA hiMdamAtA pratyenI yatkiMcita pharaja adA karatAM zIkhyAM. nainI jelane te divasa mane barAbara yAda che! e 26mI jAnyuArIne divasa hatuM, ane mArI hamezanI Teva pramANe bhUtakALa viSe huM tane patra lakhavA beThA hatA. Agale ja divase meM caMdragupta ane teNe sthApelA sAmrAjya viSe lakhyuM hatuM. e vAta AgaLa calAvIne caMdragupta maurya pachI pATalIputranI gAdIe je rAjAo AvyA temane viSe tathA je hiMdanA AkAzamAM tejasvI tArAnI jema jhaLahaLI pitAnI pAchaLa akSaya kIti ane amara nAmanA mUkIne cAlyo gayo te denA priya mahAna azaka viSe tane kahevAne meM vAyado karyo hato. azokane vicAra karatAM mAruM mana cakarAve caDyuM ane vartamAna samaya upara - 26mI jAnyuArInA divasa upara AvI pahoMcyuM. e divase tane patra lakhavA mATe kAgaLa ane kalama hAthamAM laIne huM beThe hate. ApaNe mATe e atizaya mahatvane divasa hato kAraNa ke eka varasa pahelAM AkhA dezamAM gAmegAma ane zaherezahera ApaNe tene pUrNa svAtaMtryadina tarIke ujavyo hata; ane lAkhonI saMkhyAmAM ApaNe badhAe svAtaMtryanI pratijJA lIdhI hatI. e pachI laData, kaSTasahana ane phatehanuM eka varasa vItI gayuM ane hiMdustAna pharIthI

Page #106
traNa mAsa! e mahAna divasa UjavavAnuM hatuM. ane nainI jelanI 6 naMbaranI barAkamAM beThe beThe huM te divase dezabharamAM thanAra sabhA, saraghaso, lAThImAra ane dharapakaDano vicAra karI rahyo hate. huM A badhAno abhimAna, harSa ane kaMIka kalezathI vicAra karato hatuM tevAmAM ekAeka mArI vicAradhArA tUTI. bahAranI duniyAmAMthI mArA upara saMdeza Avyo ke dAda atizaya bImAra che ane temanI pAse javA mATe mane tarata ja choDI mUkavAmAM AvanAra che. atizaya ciMtAtura thavAthI huM mArA vicAre bhUlI gayA, tane lakhavA AraMbhele patra meM A mUkI dIdho ane nainI jelamAMthI AnaMdabhavanane raste lIdho. daza divasa huM dAdunI sAthe rahyo ane pachI te ApaNane choDIne cAlyA gayA. daza divasa ane rAta ApaNe temanuM kaSTa, temanI vedanA ane yamadeva sAthenI temanI bahAdurIbharI laData nihALI. jIvanamAM te keTalIye laDAIo laDyA hatA ane temaNe ghaNIye jIta meLavI hatI. tAbe thatAM te temane AvaDatuM ja nahotuM ane sAkSAt mRtyunI sanmukha paNa te namatuM ApatA nahi. jemanA upara mane apAra prema hatuM temane madada na karI zakavAnI mArI lAcArIne kAraNe khedapUrvaka huM temanI AkharI laDAI joI rahyo hato te samaye eNjara eNlana panI ghaNuM vakhata pahelAM vAMcelI vArtAnI eka lITI mane yAda AvI: potAnI saMkalpazakti nabaLI na hoya te mANasa devadUtane vaza paNa nathI thato ke te saMpUrNapaNe mRtyune vaza paNa nathI thatuM." phebruArInI chaThThI tArIkhe maLasake te ApaNane choDIne cAlyA gayA. temane paramapriya vAvaTa oDhADIne temanA dehane ApaNe lakhauthI AnaMdabhavana lAvyAM. thoDA kalAkamAM te dehanI mUThIbhara rAkha thaI gaI ane e amUlya avazeSane gaMgA samudramAM laI gaI. lAkho mANase temanI pAchaLa gamagIna banyAM; paNa emanA hADamAMsathI jemanA piMDa baMdhAyA che evAM temanAM saMtAnonI - ApaNI zI dazA thaI! ane temaNe atizaya prema ane kALajIthI bAMdhelA AnaMdabhavananuM zuM! ApaNI peThe e paNa temanuM ja bALaka che. e sUnakAra ane ujajaDa banI gayuM che - jANe eno AtmA UDI gayo che. ane enA racanAranA vicAramAM niraMtara garakAva rahetAM ApaNe, rakhene tenI zAMtimAM bhaMga thAya e bIke, enI parasALamAM haLave pagale cAlIe chIe.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ApaNe emane mATe zeka karIe chIe. Dagale Dagale ApaNane emanI khoTa sAle che. divasa vIte che paNa ApaNI gamagInI ochI thatI nathI ke nathI emano viyoga sahya banata. paNa pachI mane vicAra Ave che ke ApaNe Ama zeka karyA karIe e temane ja na game. jemAM temaNe musIbatene sAmano karyo ane vijaya meLavyo te rIte ApaNe paNa zeka upara vijaya meLavIe ema te Icche. temanuM adharuM raheluM kArya ApaNe AgaLa dhapAvIe e temane pasaMda paDe. jyAre kartavya kArya ApaNane netarI rahyuM hoya ane hiMdanI AjhAdInuM dhyeya ApaNI sevA mAgatuM hoya, tyAre ApaNe kevI rIte ArAma karI zakIe athavA te vyartha zeka karyA karIe? e beyane khAtara ja temaNe pitAnA prANa ApyA. e dhyeyane khAtara ja ApaNe paNa jIvIzuM, kArya karIzuM ane jarUra paDe te ApaNuM prANa ApIzuM. Akhare te, ApaNe temanAM ja saMtAna chIe ane temanAM dhagaza, sAmarthya ane nizcayabaLane kaMIka aMza ApaNane paNa maLe che. tane A patra lakhI rahyo chuM tyAre nIlavarNa, agAdha, arabI samudrane paTa mArI sAme vistarI rahyo che ane bIjI bAju ghaNe lAMbe aMtare, hiMdustAnano kinAro dUrane dUra sarate jAya che. A ati vizALa ane lagabhaga amApa vistArane huM vicAra karuM chuM ane jyAMthI meM tane AgaLanA patro lakhyA hatA te nainI jelanI, pharate UMcI dIvAlavALI, nAnakaDI barAkane tenI joDe sarakhAvuM chuM. jyAM samudra AkAzane maLata bhAse che tyAM AgaLa kSitijanI rekhA mane spaSTa dekhAya che. paNa jelamAM te tenI AsapAsanI dIvAlanI Toca e ja kedInI kSitija hoya che. ApaNAmAMthI jeo jelamAM hatA temAMnA ghaNAkharA Aje bahAra che ane teo bahAranI khullI havA laI zake che. paNa ApaNA keTalAka sAthIo hajIye jelanI sAMkaDI kholIomAM paDyA che ane temane samudra, jamIna ke kSitija vagere jevAnAM maLatAM nathI. hiMda paNa hajI kArAvAsamAM ja che ane tenI mukti hajI bAkI che. je hiMda svataMtra na hoya te pachI ApaNI svataMtratAnI zI kiMmata?

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20 arabI samudra TImara *kAviyA 22 eprila, 1931 ame muMbaIthI kAlakhAnI saphara krAviyA sTImaramAM karIe chIe e eka AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che! mane barAbara yAda che ke cAra varasa upara venisamAM huM kAviyAnA AgamananI rAha jotA UbhA hatA. dAdu e sTImaramAM hatA. ane sviTjharalaeNnDanI khekSanI zALAmAM tane mUkIne huM temane maLavA venisa gayA hatA. gheADA mAsa pachI krIthI kAviyAmAM besIne dAdu yuropathI hiMda AvyA hatA ane huM temane muMbaI maLyA hatA. temanI e sapharanA keTalAka sAthIe hAla amArI sAthe che ane te amane dAdu viSe aneka vAto sabhaLAve che. gaI kAle meM tane chellA traNa mAsamAM zA zA pheraphAro thayA te viSe lakhyuM hatuM. paNa chellAM thoDAM aThavADiyAMmAM je eka banAva banI gayA te tuM sadaiva yAda rAkhe ema huM icchuM chuM. Akhu hiMda paNa lAMbA samaya sudhI e banAvane yAda rAkhaze. eka mAsathIye ochA samaya upara kAnapuramAM hiMdanA eka bahAdura sipAI gaNezaza kara vidyAthI maraNa pAmyA. jyAre te khIjAnA jAna bacAvI rahyA hatA te ja vakhate temanA dhAta karavAmAM AvyA. gaNezajI mArA priya mitra hatA. te eka umadA ane niHsvAthI sAthI hatA ane temanI joDe kAma karavuM e to eka lahAvA hatA. gayA mAsamAM jyAre kAnapuramAM lA| pAgala banyA ane eka hiMdIe bIjA hiMdInI katala karavA mAMDI tyAre e khUnarejImAM gaNezajIe jhaMpalAvyuM-- potAnA kAI paNa dezaLa joDe laDavA nahi, paNa temane ugAravA. A rIte temaNe seMkaDA mANasone ugAryAM paNa potAnI jAtane te na ugArI zakyA. jAtane ugAravAnI te temaNe paravA ja karI nahi. ane je lokAne te ugAravA mAgatA hatA temane ja hAthe te marAyA. kAnapure ane ApaNA prAMte eka

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tejasvI tAre che ane ApaNuM peThe ghaNAe zANe ane prItipAtra mitra gumAvyA. paNa temanuM mRtyu kevuM dhanya hatuM! svastha citte ane nIDaratAthI, vipharelA ane pAgala banelA ToLAno temaNe sAmane karyo ane jokhama tathA mRtyunI madhye UbhA rahIne paNa temaNe mAtra bIjAMone ane temane kevI rIte ugArI zakAya e ja vicAra karyo! A traNa mAsamAM keTakeTalA pheraphAra thayA! kALanA mahAsAgaramAM te eTale samaya eka biMdu samAna che ane prajAnA jIvananI te e eka paLamAtra che! traNa aThavADiyAM upara huM siMdhamAM siMdhu nadInI khINamAM AvelAM mehana-jo-daDenAM khaMDiyera jovA gayo hate. e vakhate tuM mArI sAthe nahatI. tyAM AgaLa meM jamInamAMthI bahAra nIkaLI AvatuM eka moTuM zahera bhALyuM, e zaheramAM nakakara IMTathI bAMdhelAM makAne hatAM ane vizALa rastAo hatA. kahe che ke, e zahera pAMca hajAra varasa upara baMdhAyuM hatuM. A prAcIna zaheramAMthI maLI AveluM suMdara jhaverAta ane ghaDAo paNa meM joyA. e jotAM mane suMdara suMdara kapaDAM paherI mahollAo ane galIomAM Amatema pharatAM strI purUSonI, ramata ramatAM bALakonI, mAlathI bharelAM bajArenI, mAla vecatA ane kharIdatA lekenI tathA maMdiremAM vAgatA ghaMTanI kalpanA AvI. A pAMca hajAra varasothI hiMda chavatuM AvyuM che ane e kALa daramyAna teNe ghaNAye pheraphAro nihALyA che. mane kaI koI vAra vicAra Ave che ke ApaNI A vayevRddha bhAratamAtA, je prAcIna hovA chatAM adyApi atyaMta suMdara ane taraNa che, te tenAM bALakonI adhIrAI upara, temanI kSullaka upAdhio upara ane temanA kSaNajIvI harSazoka upara hasatI nahi hoya !

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21 ArAmanA eka mAsa ane svagna samI yAtrA 23 mArca, 1932 nainI jelamAMthI prAcIna tihAsa viSe huM tane lakhatA hatA te vAtane caiAda mAsa thaI gayA. e pachI traNa mAsa bAda arabI samudra parathI e TUM kA patrA A patramALAmAM me umeryAM hatA. e vakhate kreAviyA sTImaramAM besIne huM laMkA tarapha jaI rahyo hato. huM e patro lakhato hatA tyAre samudranA vistRta paTa mArI sAme patharAyelA hatA ane e dRzya jotAM mArI AMkheA dharAtI nahotI. pachI ApaNe laMkA pahoMcyAM. tyAM ApaNe eka mAsa atyaMta AnaMda ane ArAmamAM gALyA ane ApaNAM duHkhA ane upAdhie vIsaravA prayatna karyo. e manehara dvIpanA eka cheDAthI khIjA cheDA sudhI ApaNe pravAsa karyAM ane tenAM apratima sAMdhya ane prAkRtika samRddhi nihALIne ApaNe rAmaha anubhavyeA. kAMDI, nArA chaliyA ane prAcIna mahattAnAM khaMDiyerA temaja avazeSothI bharapUra anurudghapura, vagere je je sthaLeAe ApaNe gayAM e badhAMnuM smaraNa keTaluM badhuM AhlAdaka che ! paNa e saiAnA karatAM, jIvanathI taravaratA ane ApaNI tarapha potAnI hajAro AMkhA vaDe joI rahetA gIca zItaLa jaMgalanuM, pAtaLAM, ekadama TaTAra ane sIdhAM ramaNIya sApArI vRkSAnuM, asaMkhya nALiyerInAM jhADAnuM, ane jyAM AgaLa dvIpanA nIlamanA jevA hariyALA vaNunA samudra tathA AkAzanA nIla vaNu sAthe sayAga thAya che te tADavrukSAvALA dariyAkinArAnuM smaraNa huM adhika premathI karuM chuM. vaLI, sAgaranAM camakatAM jaLa mRdu laharIothI kAMThAnI retI para gela karatAM tathA tADanAM pAMdaDAMomAM thaI ne sUsavatA pavana vAtA e paNu vIsarAtuM nathI. uSNa kaTibaMdhanI e tArI prathama musApharI hatI ane jenuM smaraNa paNa lagabhaga bhusAI gayuM che tevI pahelAMnI eka TUMkI mulAkAta bAda karatAM mAre mATe paNa e navA ja anubhava hatA. tyAMnI garamInI mane khIka rahetI hatI. samudra, pahADa ane khAsa karIne ucca 6-2

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pradezanA barapha ane himanadIo tarapha ja mane te vizeSa AkarSaNa hatuM. paraMtu laMkAnA thaDA divasanA nivAsathI uSNa pradezanAM sauMdarya ane mohinIne mane kaMIka anubhava thayo ane temanI jhaMkhanA karatA tathA temanI pharIthI maitrI karavAnI AzA sevato huM pAcho pharyo. laMkAmAM ApaNe ArAmane mahine dhAravA karatAM vahele pUro thaI gayo, ane samudranI sAMkaDI paTI oLaMgI hiMdane dakSiNane nAke ApaNe AvI pahoMcyAM. tane ApaNI kanyAkumArInI mulAkAta yAda che? kahe che ke, tyAM AgaLa eka kumArI devI vase che ane te bhAratamAtAnI cokI kare che. ApaNuM suMdara namone macaDIne vikRta karavAmAM eka pazcimanA leke ene "kepa kemerIna" kahe che. te vakhate ApaNe kharekhara bhAratamAtAnA caraNa AgaLa beThAM hatAM ane arabI samudranAM pANI baMgALanA upasAgaranAM pANIne maLatAM ApaNe bhALyAM hatAM. e baMne sAgare bhAratamAtAnuM pUjana karI rahyA che, evI kalpanA karatAM ApaNane te samaye ke AnaMda thayo hate ! tyAM AgaLa abhuta zAMti hatI; ane mAruM mana hajAre mAIla deDIne dUra hiMdanA bIjA cheDA sudhI pahoMcI gayuM, jyAM zAzvata himathI AcchAdita himAlaya AveluM che ane asIma zAMti paNa pravarte che. paraMtu e benI vacce keTakeTalAM azAMti, kalaha, duHkha, ane garIbAI che ! kanyAkumArI choDIne pachI ApaNe uttara tarapha cAlyAM. trAvaNakora, cIna ane malabAranI khADIomAM thaIne ApaNe musApharI karI. e badhAM sthAne keTalAM manahara hatAM ! ane gIca jhADIothI chavAyelA kAMThA vacce thaIne cAMdanImAM ApaNI haDI kevI AgaLa saratI hatI-jANe eka svama na hoya! pachI ApaNe maisUra, haidarAbAda ane muMbaI thaIne allAhAbAda pahoMcyAM. A nava mahinA pahelAMnI eTale ke gayA jUna mAsanI vAta che. paraMtu AjakAla te hiMdamAM badhA mArge vahelAmeDA saine eka ja sthAne laI jAya che. badhA pravAse, pachI te svapravAsa heya ke sAro pravAsa, jelamAM ja samApta thAya che! eTale huM pharI pAcho mArI suparicita dIvAlanI pAchaLa AvI pahoMcyo chuM. ane vicAra karavAnI tathA tane patra lakhavAnI puSkaLa navarAza have mane pAchI maLI che. paNa mArA patro tane naye pahoMce. ApaNI laData pharI pAchI cAlu thaI che ane hiMdanAM strIpuruSo ane chokarA chokarIo

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AAmano eka mAsa ane svagna samI yAtrA 99 - - svAtaMtryanA ane ApaNA dezane garIbAInA zApamAMthI mukta karavA mATenA saMgrAmamAM jhaMpalAve che. paraMtu svataMtratAnI devIne prasanna karavI muzkela che. prAcIna samayanI peThe Aje paNa te potAnA bhakto pAsethI manuSyanI kurabAnInI -- nara-alinI - apekSA rAkhe che. Aje mArA jelavAsanA traNa mAsa pUrA thayA; traNa mAsa upara A ja divase, eTale ke 26 mI Disebare, huM vanamAM chaThThI vakhata sarakArane hAthe pakaDAyA. tane pharIthI A patrA lakhavAnuM zarU karatAM me vadhAre vilaMba karyAM che. paraMtu vamAnathI ja mana bhareluM hAya tyAre dUra dUranA prAcIna samaya viSe vicAravuM keTaluM muzkela banI jAya che e tuM samaje che. jelamAM rIThAma thatAM ane bahAranA banAvA viSe ciMtA karavAnuM cheDatAM mane kaIMka samaya lAge che. huM tane niyamita rIte patrA lakhavA prayatna karIza. paNa hAla huM khIjI jelamAM chuM. jelane A pheraphAra mane rucyA nathI ane tethI mArA kAmamAM jarA vikSepa paDe che. ahI AgaLa mArI kSitijanI maryAdA pahelAMnA AvA kAI paNa sthAna karatAM vadhAre UMcI che. mArI sAmenI dIvAla ane cInanI vizALa dIvAla vacce kaI nahi te UMcAImAM sAmya che kharuM ! e lagabhaga 25 phUTa UMcI lAge che ane rAja savAre enA upara thaI te amArI pAse AvatAM sUryaMne deDha kalAka vadhAre lAge che. paNa ApaNI kSitija gheADA samaya pUratI ja maryAdita raheze. hamaNAM te| vizALa nIlavaNuM samudra, pahADA ane raNAne yAda karavAM ane daza mAsa upara huM, tuM ane tArI mA traNee svayAtrA karI hatI tenuM smaraNa karavuM, e ja samAdhAnakAraka che.

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22 manuSyanA jIvanasaMgrAma 28 mArca, 1932 ja jagatanA itihAsanA tANAvANA karI pAchA pakaDIne bhUtakALanI jhAMkhI ApaNe karavA mAMDI che te cAlu rAkhIe. enA dorAo gUMcavAI gayelA che ane ene ukelIne barAbara gAvavA muzkela che. eTaluM ja nahi, paNa ene samagrapaNe kharAbara khyAla meLavavA paNa muzkela che. jagatanA tihAsanA amuka eka cokkasa bhAgamAM ja UDe UtarI jaI te ApaNe tene ja vadhAre paDatuM mahattva ApI besIe ema banavAnA saMbhava rahe che. lagabhaga badhA ja lokeA ema mAne che ke potAnA ja dezanA ~~ pachI te game te deza hA itihAsa tara dezAnA itihAsa karatAM vadhAre kIrtivaMta, vizeSa gaiAravazALI ane abhyAsa karavAne sAthI vizeSa yogya che. AvA valaNa viSe meM tane AgaLa eka vAra cetavI che ane pharIthI paNa huM e viSe tane cetavuM chuM. evI jALamAM phasAI javAya e bahu svAbhAvika che. ema tuM sAI na jAya te mATe ja meM tane A patro lakhavA zarU karyAM hatA. chatAM kAIka vAra mane ema lAge che ke huM pote paNa e ja bhUla karI rahyo chuM. paraMtu mArI potAnI keLavaNI ja dUSita hoya ane mane zIkhavAyelA itihAsa ja vikRta hoya to pachI emAM mArA ze| deoSa ? jelanA ekAMtamAM abhyAsa vadhArIne mArI A UNapa dUra karavAnA meM prayatna karyAM che ane ema kahI zakAya ke, kaMIka aMze mane emAM saphaLatA paNa maLI che. paNa bALapaNa ane yuvAvasthA daramyAna mArI smRtinI chAjalIo upara vyaktie ane ghaTanAonAM meM TAMgelAM citrA huM tyAMthI ekAeka dUra na karI zakuM. mULe to mAruM itihAsanuM jJAna adhUruM che ane tene e citrA ekapakSI raga caDAvI de che. AthI huM je kaMI lakhu` temAM huM bhUleA karI besIza; pariNAme kSullaka hakIkatanA huM ullekha karIza ane dhaNIye mahattvanI bAbatA viSe lakhavAnuM bhUlI jaIza. paraMtu A patrA itihAsanA graMthAnuM sthAna le evA uddeza ja

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manuSyane jIvanasaMgrAma 101 nathI. je hajAra mAIlanuM aMtara ane sthaLa dIvAle ApaNane vikhUTA pADatAM na hoya te ApaNe sAthe besIne vAta karIe ane te vAtemAMthI je AnaMda maLe te anubhavIe evI A patra viSenI mArI kalpanA che. jemanI kArakirdIthI itihAsanAM pustakonAM pAnAMo bharAya che te vikhyAta puruSo viSe tane lakhyA vinA te kema cAle? ema ne ema paNa temanAM jIvana bAdhaka ane rasadAyaka hoya che ane te thaI gayA te jamAne ke haze te samajavAmAM paNa teo ApaNane sahAya kare che. paraMtu itihAsa kaMI mahAna puruSanAM ja kAryone, rAjAone, samrATone, ane evA bIjA mANasanI kArakirdIne ja kevaLa hevAla nathI. jo ema hoya te te have itihAsanuM kAma ja patI gayuM gaNAya; kemake, rAjAo ane samrATa Aje te duniyAnA raMgamaMca upara kUkaDAnI jema damAmathI pharatA lagabhaga baMdha thaI gayA che. je strI ke puruSa kharekhara mahAna hoya temane pitAno prabhAva pADavA mATe rAjyasana, mugaTa ke jarajhaverAtanA zaNagAranI jarUra nathI paDatI. jemanAmAM rAjArajavADAM hevA sivAya bIjI kazI lAyakAta hotI nathI temane ja pitAnuM aMdaranuM piokaLapaNuM DhAMkavAne jarajhaverAtathI ladAvAnI ane citravicitra paheravezano ThATha karavAnI jarUra paDe che. paraMtu kamanasIbe ghaNuM leko bahAranA bhabhakAthI aMjAIne chetarAya che ane jenAmAM rAjA e upAdhi sivAya bIjuM kazuM ja nathI evA mugaTadhArI mANasane rAjA kahevAnI bhUla kare che. ahIM tahIMnI thoDIghaNI vyaktio viSenI mAhitI e sAcA itihAsano viSaya nathI. ene viSaya te che samagra janatA - je sAcuM rASTra athavA deza che, je parizrama kare che ane pitAnI majUrIthI jIvanane mATe jarUrI tathA mojazokhanI cIjo pedA kare che ane agaNita rIte niraMtara paraspara asara pADIne ekamekane ghaDe che. manuSyane A jAtano ItihAsa sAce ja eka adbhuta kathA thaI paDe. kudarata ane mahAbhUta sAme, hiMstra pazuo ane araNyo sAme cAlatA mAnavanA saMgrAmanI ane Akhare svArtha khAtara tene dabAvI rAkhanAra ane cUsanAra keTalAka pitAnI jAtanA ja mAnavo sAmenA sAthI vadhAre kaThina saMgrAmanI e kathA bane. Ama ItihAsa e manuSyanA jIvanasaMgrAmanI kathA che. ane jIvana TakAvavA mATe khorAka, ghara ane

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102 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kaMDA mulakamAM kapaDAM jevI keTalIka cIjo mAnavIne Avazyaka hovAthI A jarUrI cIjo jemanA kAbUmAM AvI jatI te lekee mANasajAta upara pitAne dera calAvyo che. rAjyakartAo ane hakUmata calAvanArAonA hAthamAM sattA AvI paDatI hatI kemake jIvananI keTalIka Avazyaka vastuo upara temane kAbU thato. A kAbUne kAraNe teo lokone bhUkhe mArIne paNa jera karI zakatA. ane ethI karIne eka bAjue mUThIbhara leke AkhA janasamudAyane cUsI rahyA hoya tathA gaNyAgAMDyA mANase kazuMye kAma karyA vinA dhana kamAtA hoya ane bIjI bAjue asaMkhya mANase tanatoDa parizrama karavA chatAMye najIvI kamANI karatA hoya evuM vicitra dRSya ApaNI najare paDe che. te zikAra karIne ekAkI jIvanAra jaMgalI manuSya dhIme dhIme kuTuMba bAMdhIne rahetAM zIkhe che ane kuTuMbanAM badhAM mANasa AkhA kuTuMbanA gujarAna mATe haLImaLIne kAma kare che. pachI sahAyavRttithI AvAM ghaNAM kuTuMba ekaThAM thaIne gAma vase che, ane judA judA gAmanA majUre, vepArIo ane kArIgare ekaThA maLIne potapotAnA saMgha athavA maMDaLo bAMdhe che. A rIte dhIme dhIme samAjanA ghaTako vikAsa thate ApaNe joIe chIe. AraMbhamAM te jaMgalI manuSya ekAkI ja raheto hato. e vakhate koI paNa prakAranA samAjanI hastI nahotI. pachIthI kuTuMba e jarA moTe ghaTaka bane ane te pachI gAma ane gAme samUha astitvamAM AvyAM. Ama A samAjanA ghaTakano uttarottara vikAsa zA kAraNe thate gaye ? jIvana TakAvavA mATenA saMgrAma vikAsa ane sahakAra sAdhavAnI mAnavIne pharaja pADI. kemake, sAmAnya zatru sAme ekale hAthe bacAva ke tenA upara humale karavA karatAM ApasamAM sahakAra sAdhIne karele bacAva athavA humale vadhAre asarakAraka nIvaDe che. udyoga karavAmAM te sahakAra ethIye vizeSa lAbhadAyI hatA. ekale hAthe kAma karavA karatAM badhAe ekatra thaIne haLImaLIne kAma karavAthI ke kherAka temaja bIjI jarUranI cIjo ghaNuM moTA pramANamAM pedA karI zakyA. A udyamanA sahakArane pariNAme Arthika ghaTakano paNa vikAsa thavA mAMDyo - jaMgalI manuSya ekAkI zikAra karIne nirvAha karate tene ThekANe jIvananirvAha mATe samUhamAM kArya thavA mAMDyuM. saMbhava che ke, AjIvikA meLavavAnA

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manuSyane jIvanasaMgrAma 103 manuSyanA saMgrAmane kAraNe Arthika ghaTakane vikAsa thayo te ja chevaTe samAjanA athavA te sAmAjika ghaTakanA vikAsanA rUpamAM pariName. lAMbA ItihAsakALa daramyAna lagabhaga niraMtara cAlatA saMgrAma, Apatti ane keIka koIka vAra thatI pIchehaThamAM paNa ApaNe A satata vikAsa joI zakIe chIe. paraMtu A uparathI tuM ema na dhArI besIza ke jagatamAM bhAre pragati thaI gaI che athavA to duniyA pahelAMnA karatAM vadhAre sukhI thaI gaI che. pahelAM karatAM sthiti kaMIka ThIka che ema kadAca kahI zakAya, paNa pUrNatAnI sthitithI te hajI te keTalIye dUra che. ane sarvatra pUratA pramANamAM hADamArI, ApadA ane duHkha hajI kAyama che. A sAmAjika ane Arthika ghaTake vikasatA jAya che tema tema jIvana vadhAre ne vadhAre jaTila thatuM jAya che. vepArarojagAra vadhe che. bakSisanI paddhatine badale mAlanAM adalAbadalI athavA sATAnI paddhati zarU thaI pachI te nANAMno vahevAra zarU thayo ane teNe badhI levaDadevaDamAM bhAre parivartana karyuM. AthI vepAra jhapATAbhera AgaLa vadhavA mAMDyo; kAraNa ke sonuMrUpe athavA sikkAthI tenI kiMmata cUkavAtI hovAthI mAlanI adalAbadalI sahelI thaI gaI. thoDA vakhata pachI te sikkAno paNa khAsa upaga na rahyo. tene ThekANe lekae bIjA avejane upayoga karavA mAMDyo. kiMmata patavavAnI kabUlAta jenA upara lakhI hoya e kAgaLano TukaDo pUrata gaNavA lAge. A rIte calaNInoTa ane dUDI athavA ceka vaparAzamAM AvyAM. eno artha e the ke vahevAra zAkha upara cAlavA lAge. A zAkhanI prathAthI vepArarojagArane vaLI vadhAre vega maLe. tane khabara che ke, AjakAla ceka ane noTa chUTathI vaparAya che ane samaju loko potAnI sAthe senArUpAthI bharelI kothaLIo laIne pharatA nathI. Ama ApaNe joIe chIe ke dUranA jhAMkhA bhUtakALamAMthI itihAsa jema jema AgaLa vadhe che tema tema leke vadhAre ne vadhAre pramANamAM mAla pedA karatA jAya che, bhinna bhinna dhaMdhAomAM niSNAta thatA jAya che, tathA pitAnA mAlanI ekabIjA sAthe levaDadevaDa kare che ane e rIte vepAra vadhAre che. vaLI ApaNe mAlane lAvavA laI javAnAM tathA saMsarga sAdhavAnAM navAM ane vadhAre sArAM sAdhane paNa astitvamAM AvatAM joIe chIe. khAsa karIne varALayaMtranI zodha pachI, lagabhaga chellAM eka varSamAM emAM ghaNI pragati thaI che. jema

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104 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jema utpAdana vadhatuM jAya che tema tema duniyAnI saMpatti vadhe che ane kaMI nahi te mUThIbhara lekene vadhAre ArAma ane navarAza maLe che. ane AvI rIte jene saMskRti kahevAmAM Ave che tene vikAsa thAya che. hakIkta A che : ane chatAMye leke ApaNA unnata ane pragatizIla yuganI, ApaNuM Adhunika sudhArAnI ajAyabIonI, ApaNI mahAna saMskRti ane vijJAnanI baDAze hAMke che; chatAye garIba leke te hajIye garIba ane du:khI ja che, ane mahAna prajAo mAMhomAMhe laDe che ane lAkhe mANasanI katala thAya che tathA ApaNA jevA vizALa deza upara pArakAo rAjya kare che. je ApaNe pitAnA gharamAM paNa svataMtra na hoIe te e sudhArAthI ApaNane zo lAbha? paNa have ApaNe jAgrata thayAM chIe ane ApaNuM kArya pAra pADavAne ApaNe kamara kasI che. te ApaNe dareka jaNa mahAna parAkramanA kAryamAM bhAga laI zakIe ane mAtra hiMdane ja nahi paNa AkhI duniyAne badalAtI avasthAmAM nihALI zakIe evA A bhAre UthalapAthalanA jamAnAmAM jIvIe chIe e ApaNuM kevuM ahobhAgya! tuM te bhAgyazALI bALA che. raziyAmAM na yuga pravartAvanAra krAMti thaI te varasamAM ane te ja mAsamAM tuM janmI hatI. ane Aje tArA pitAnA ja dezamAM tuM kAMti bhALI rahI che tathA saMbhava che ke, thoDA vakhata pachI tuM emAM bhAga paNa letI thaze. duniyAmAM badhe Aje bhAre hADamArI che ane badhe parivartana cAlI rahyuM che. dUra pUrvamAM jApAne cInanI gaLacI pakaDI che ane pazcimamAM ja nahi paNa AkhI duniyAmAM jUnI vyavasthA. hacamacI UThI che ane kaDaDabhUsa tUTI paDavAnI aNI para che. keTalAka deze niHzastrIkaraNanI vAta kare che kharA, paNa ekabIjAnI sAme zaMkAnI najare jotA rahI teo nakhazIkha zastrasajaja rahevAnI peravI rAkhe che. jeNe duniyA upara ATalA badhA vakhata sudhI dara calAvyuM te mUDIvAdane A saMdhyAkALa che. ene aMta anivArya che, ane jyAre ene aMta Avaze tyAre bIjA ghaNaye nAnAM aniSTonI sAthe duniyAne mAthethI eka moTuM aniSTa dUra thaze.

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vihaMgAvalokana 29 mArca, 1932 yugayugAntaranI ApaNI sapharamAM ApaNe kyAM sudhI pahoMcyAM ? misara, hiMda, cIna ane nAsAsanA prAcIna kALa viSe ApaNe thoDI vAta karI. ApaNe joyuM ke pirAmIDe sarajanAra misaranI prAcIna ane adbhuta saMskRti jarjarita thaIne durbaLa banI jaI khAlI chAyAmAtra ane niprANa AkAra ane pratIkonI vastu thaI rahI. grIsanA pradezamAM vasatI prajAe nasAsano nAza e paNa ApaNe joyuM. hiMda ane cInanA itihAsanA AraMbhakALanI paNa ApaNe kaMIka jhAMkhI karI, joke pUratI sAmagrIne abhAve te samaya viSe ApaNe vadhAre jANI zakyAM nathI. chatAMye te samaye e baMne dezomAM samRddha saMskRti hatI evI ApaNane pratIti thAya che. ane hajAra varSothI e baMne dezo vacce saMskArane atUTa saMbaMdha cAlyo Ave che e joIne ApaNe tAjuba thaIe chIe. ApaNe e paNa joyuM ke mesepeTemiyAmAM eka pachI eka sAmrAjya thaDA samaya mATe phAlyAMkUlyAM ane chevaTe e badhAM sAmrAjyane dhorI raste cAlyAM gayAM. I pU. lagabhaga 500 ke 600 varasa upara judA judA dezomAM keTalAka mahAna tatvaciMtake thaI gayA temane viSe paNa ApaNe thoDI vAta karI. hiMdamAM buddha ane mahAvIra, cInamAM nyUziyasa ane lAo-se, IrAnamAM jarathuSTra ane grIsamAM pAIthegarAsa thaI gayA. ApaNe joyuM ke buddhe karmakAMDI purahita upara ane hiMdamAM te samaye pravartatA prAcIna vaidika dharmanA vikRta svarUpa upara halle karyo; kemake temaNe joyuM ke aneka prakAranA vahemo ane pUjAo dvArA AmajanatAne ThagavAmAM AvatI hatI. jJAtisaMsthAne paNa temaNe vakhoDI kADhI ane samAnatAne upadeza karyo. pachI ApaNe jyAM eziyA ane yuropa maLe che tyAM pazcimamAM pahoMcyAM. IrAna ane grIsanI caDatI paDatInuM avalekana karatAM karatAM,

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106 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana IrAnamAM vizALa sAmrAjya kevI rIte UbhuM thayuM ane ' zAha-ana-zAha darAyase hiMdamAM siMdha sudhI tenI hada vadhArI, e sAmrAjye nAnakaDA grIsane gaLI javA kevI rIte prayatna karyAM paNa chevaTe tene mAlUma paDayuM ke e nAnakaDA deza paNa tene sAmaneA karI zake che ane TakI zake che e badhuM ApaNe joyuM. pachI grIsanA ItihAsane TUMkA paNu tejasvI yuga zarU thayA. e viSe paNa meM tane kaMIka kahyuM che. e yugamAM tyAM aneka pratibhAzALI ane mahAna puruSo pedA thayA ane temaNe atyaMta suMdara sAhitya tathA apratima ramaNIyatAvALI kaLAkRti nirmANa karI. 2 grIsanA suvarNayuga lAMkhe kALa na Takyo. meseDainanA sika Mdare potAnI jItAthI grIsanI kIrti dUra dUra sudhI phelAvI, paNa tenA AgamananI sAthe ja grIsanI unnata saMskRti dhIme dhIme lupta thavA lAgI. sika Mdare IrAnanA sAmrAjyane nAza karyAM ane vijetA tarIke hiMdanI sarahada paNa teNe ALagI. te mahAna senApati hatA e viSe zaka nathI. paraMtu ene viSe agaNita daMtakathA cAlI Ave che ane tethI tene jeTalI kIrti maLI che tene pAtra te jaNAtA nathI. sokreTIsa, pleTA, phiDiyasa, sApheklesa ane evA khIjA grIsanA mahApuruSo viSe bhaNelAgaNelA leAkeA ja kaIka jANe che. paNa eNlekajhAMDaranuM nAma kANe nathI sAMbhaLyuM ? madhya eziyAnA dUra dUrane khUNe e sika Mdara nAmathI vikhyAta che ane aneka zahere enA nAme hajIye ALakhAya che. ja sikaMdare je kaI karyuM... te pramANamAM bahu alpa hatuM. IrAnanuM sAmrAjya jarjarita thaI gayuM hatuM ane hacamacI rahyuM hatuM eTale te lAMbe vakhata TakI zake ema nahotuM. tenI hiMda paranI caDhAI eka lUMTanA daroDA jevI ja hatI ane tenuM kazuMye mahattva nathI. te vadhAre jIvyeA hAta tA kadAca teNe kaMIka vadhAre saMgIna kArya karyuM hata. paNa juvAnImAM ja te maraNa pAmyo ane tatkALa enuM sAmrAjya chinnabhinna thaI gayuM. enuM sAmrAjya te vadhAre na TakyuM, paNa enuM nAma hajIye TakI rahyuM che. sikaMdaranI pUrva taraphanI kUcanuM eka bhAre pariNAma e AvyuM ke pUrva ane pazcimane sabadha tAjo thayo. saMkhyAbaMdha trIkA pUrvanA mulakAmAM gayA ane tyAMnAM jUnAM zaherAmAM athavA temaNe vasAvelI navI vasAhatomAM temaNe vasavATa karyAM. sika Mdara pahelAM paNa pUrva ane pazcimane

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vihaMgAvalokana saMparka cAlu hatuM ane temanI vacce vepAra paNa cAlatuM hatuM. paraMtu sikaMdara pachI te anekagaNuM vadhI gayo. je e vAta sAcI hoya te, sikaMdaranI caDAInuM bIjuM eka pariNAma grIka loko mATe atizaya khedajanaka nIvaDayuM. keTalAka leka ema mAne che ke tenA sainike mesemiyAnI bhejavALI bhUmimAMthI meleriyAnAM macchare grIsanA pradezamAM laI gayA, ane e rIte maleriyAe grIka prajAne nabaLI ane dUbaLI banAvI dIdhI. grIka lakonI paDatInAM kAraNemAM A paNa eka kAraNa ApavAmAM Ave che. paNa A te eka mAnyatA ja che ane emAM satya keTaluM che e kaI paNa kahI na zake. sikaMdaranA alpajIvI sAmrAjyano aMta Avyo, paNa tene sthAne nAnAM nAnAM bIjAM ghaNAM sAmrAjya astitvamAM AvyAM. emAMnuM eka misaranuM sAmrAjya hatuM ane tenA upara TaoNlemInI hakUmata hatI ane bIjuM pazcima eziyAnuM selyukasanI hakUmata nIce hatuM. TelemI ane selyukasa baMne sikaMdaranA senApati hatA. selyukase hiMdamAM pagapesAro karavA prayatna karyo, paNa tene khabara paDI gaI ke hiMda jorathI sAmI thappaDa mArI zake che. caMdragupta maurye AkhA uttara ane madhya hiMdamAM baLavAna rAjyanI sthApanA karI hatI. caMdragupta, tene brAhmaNa maMtrI cANakya ane teNe lakhelA "arthazAstra" graMtha viSe meM mArA AgaLanA patramAM tane kaMIka mAhitI ApI che. sadbhAgye A graMtha 2,200 varasa pahelAMnA hiMdane ApaNane sarasa khyAla Ape che. prAcIna kALanuM ApaNuM siMhAlakana pUruM thayuM ane have ApaNe AgaLa cAlIzuM. bIjA patramAM ApaNe mArya sAmrAjyanI ane azakanI vAta AgaLa calAvIzuM. cAra mAsa upara nanI jelamAMthI 1931nI sAlanA jAnyuArInI 25 mI tArIkhe meM AnuM tane vacana ApyuM hatuM. mAruM e vacana pALavuM hajI bAkI ja che.

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devAnAMpriya azoka 30 mArca, 1932 mane lAge che ke rAjA mahArAjAone utArI pADavAne mane jarA vadhAre paDate zekha che. prazaMsA ke Adara karI zakAya evuM emanI jAtamAM mane kazuM dekhAtuM nathI. paraMtu have ApaNe eka evA purUSanI vAta karavAnAM chIe ke je rAjA ane samrATa hovA chatAMye mahAna ane prazaMsAne pAtra hatuM. e puruSa te caMdragupta mauryane patra azoka. eca. jI. velsa nAmano aMgreja lekhaka "ItihAsanI rUparekhA (AuTalAIna oNpha hisTarI) nAmanA pitAnA pustakamAM ene viSe lakhe che: "hajAre samrATe, rAjarAjezvara, mahArAjAdhirAje, saradAra ane ThAkoro vagerenAM nAmothI ItihAsanAM pAnAM khIcokhIca bharAyAM che temAM mAtra eka azakanuM ja nAma tejasvI tArAnI jema jhaLakI rahyuM che. vaeNlyA nadInA kAMThAthI cheka jApAna sudhI Aje paNa enA nAmane Adara thAya che. cIna, tibeTa ane hide - teNe tenA dharma saMpradAyane tyAga karyo che chatAM tenI mahattAnI paraMparA kAyama rAkhI che. kensenTAIna ane zArlamenanAM nAma jeTalA mANasoe sAMbhaLyA haze tenAthI anekagaNA leke bhaktibhAvathI tenuM smaraNa sAce ja, A bhAre prazaMsA kahevAya paraMtu azaka e prazaMsAne pAtra hato; ane hiMdanA ItihAsanA A yuga viSe vicAra karatAM dareka hiMdIne vizeSa AnaMda thAya che. IzunI pUrve lagabhaga 300 varasa upara caMdraguptanuM avasAna thayuM hatuM. enI pachI tene putra biMdusAra gAdIe AvyuM. teNe pacIsa varasa sudhI zAMtithI rAjya karyuM hoya ema jaNAya che. teNe grIka duniyA sAthe saMsarga cAlu rAkhyo ane tenA darabAramAM misarathI TelemInA ane pazcima eziyAmAMthI selyukasanA putra enTiksanA elacIo AvatA. bahAranI duniyA sAthe vepAravaNaja paNa cAlu

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"devAnapriya azaka' 109 hata ane, ema kahevAya che ke, misaranA lake pitAnuM kApaDa hiMdanI gaLIthI raMgatA. ema paNa kahevAya che ke teo temanAM mamIone hiMdanI malamalamAM lapeTatA. bihAramAMthI avazeSo maLI AvyA che te uparathI lAge che ke mairyakALa pahelAM paNa tyAM AgaLa amuka prakArano kAca banate hato. tuM e jANIne rAjI thaze ke caMdraguptanA darabAramAM AvelA grIka elacI maeNgesthanIe lakhyuM che ke hiMdIone suMdara vastuo ane majAnAM vastrAbhUSaNane bhAre zokha che. teo potAnI UMcAI vadhAravAne khAtara jeDA paheratA enI teNe khAsa noMdha lIdhI che. A uparathI mAlUma paDe che ke UMcI eDInA joDA e kaMI Adhunika jamAnAnI ja zadha nathI ! biMdusAra pachI I. sa. pU. 268 nI sAlamAM azakae mahAna sAmrAjyanI gAdIe Avyo. AkhA uttara hiMda temaja madhya hiMdane e sAmrAjyamAM samAveza thato hato ane TheTha madhya eziyA sudhI te vistaryuM hatuM. dakSiNa ane dakSiNa-pUrva hiMdanA bAkInA pradeze pitAnA sAmrAjyanI hakUmata nIce lAvavAnA uddezathI, gAdIe AvyA pachI navame varase teNe kaliMga deza upara caDAI karI. kaliMga deza hiMdanA pUrva kinArA upara mahA nadI, kRSNa ane godAvarInI vacce Avela hatA. kaliMgavAsIo atizaya bahAdurIthI laDyA paNa chevaTe bhAre khUnarejI pachI temane harAvavAmAM AvyA. A yuddha ane temAM thayelI khUnarejIe azokanA mana upara UMDI asara karI, ane yuddha tathA tenI karaNIo upara tene tiraskAra chUTayo. teNe have pachI laDAI na karavAno saMkalpa karyo. cheka dakSiNanA eka nAnakaDA TukaDA sivAya lagabhaga AkhA hiMdustAna tenI hakUmata nIce AvI gayo hato. A TukaDAne jItI levo e tene mATe ramatavAta hatI, paNa teNe tema karyuM nahi. eca. jI. velsanA kahevA pramANe, ItihAsamAM azoka eka ja e vijayI lazkarI samrATa che ke jeNe vijaya prApta karyA pachI yuddha tajI dIdhuM. sadbhAgye, azokanA manamAM zA vicAro ghoLAtA hatA ane teNe zAM zAM kAryo karyA te jANavA mATe tenA pitAnA ja zabdo ApaNI pAse mojUda che. khaDaka athavA tAmrapatromAM kotarAvelI tenI saMkhyAbaMdha AjJAomAM potAnI prajAne ane bhAvi prajAne teNe Apele sadeza Aje paNa ApaNane maLe che. tuM jANe che ke

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana allAhAbAdanA killAmAM azokanA AvA eka staMbha che. ApaNA prAMtamAM AvA ghaNA staMbho che. A AjJAemAM azeka yuddha ane vijayamAM thatI khUnarejI pratye potAnI dhRNA ane kheda vyakta kare che. te kahe che ke, dharma dvArA potAnI jAta uparanA ane lokAnAM hradaya uparanA vijaya e ja sAcA vijaya che. paNa tArI jANa khAtara tenI ekae AjJA ja ahIM utArIza. e vAMcatAM ApaNe mugdha thaI jaIe chIe. vaLI e AjJAe tane azokanA vadhu nikaTano paricaya Apaze. rAjyAbhiSeka pachI AThame varase dharmarAja samrATe kaliMga deza upara vijaya meLavyeA. doDha lAkha mANasane keda pakaDavAmAM AvyA ane eka lAkha mANasAnI tala thaI tathA khInna ethI keTalAye gaNA maraNa pAmyA. kaliM`ga jItyA pachI tarata ja samrATe dhaniSTa banIne bhAre utsAhathI dharmarakSA ane dhama pracAranuM kArya AraMbhyuM. samrATanA hRdayamAM kaliMga-vijraya mATe pazcAttApa thayeA kemake kAI paNa aparAjita deza jItavAmAM hatyA ane mANasAnAM maraNa thAya che tathA te dezanA mANasAne keda pakaDavA paDe che. samrATane mATe A atizaya du:khada ane khedajanaka bInA che.' 110 . : AgaLa A AjJAmAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke, kaliMgamAM jeTalA mANaso marI gayA athavA te keda pakaDAyA enA sAmA ke hajAramA bhAganA paNa marI jAya ke keda pakaDAya te azAka have sahana karanAra nathI. . vaLI, je kAI tenI sAthe bUrAI karaze te te paNa banI zakaze tyAM sudhI dharmarAja sahI leze. peAtAnA sAmrAjyanI jaMgalI jAtie pratye paNa samrATa kRpAdRSTi rAkhe che ane teo sadAcArI thAya ema icche che; kemake jo te ema na kare teA pAchaLathI tene pastAvA thAya. dhasamrATa icche che ke badhA jIvA surakSita rahe ane teo sayama, zAnti ane AnaMda prApta kare. ' azAka AgaLa jaNAve che ke, dharma dvArA manuSyAnAM hRdaya jItavAM e ja sAco vijaya che. ane teNe ApaNane e paNa kahyuM che ke Ave! sAco vijaya teNe potAnA sAmrAjyamAM ja nahi paNa dUra dUranAM khIjA rAjyomAM paNa meLavyo hato. A AjJAomAM je dharmanA ThekaThekANe ullekha karavAmAM AvyA che te A dharma che. aAka bhAvika badhadharmI banyA, ane e dhane

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devAnAMpriya azeka' 111 ja phelAvavA mATe teNe bhAre prayAsa karyAM. paNa e mATe teNe kadIye baLajabarI na karI. temanAM hRdaya jItIne ja te leAkAne Adhama mAM ANavAne prayatna karato. dhArmika puruSAe kvacita ja ATalA badhA samabhAva batAvyo che. leAkAne potAnA dhama mAM lAvavA mATe baLAtkAra, dhAkadhamakI ke chetarapiMDIno upayoga karatAM teo bhAgye ja acakAyA che. AkhA itihAsa dhArmika damana ane atyAcAra tathA dhArmika yuddhothI bharelA che ane dharma tathA Izvarane nAme jeTaluM lohI reDAyuM che teTaluM khIjA kazA upara reDAyuM nahi hoya. AthI karIne, hiMdanA eka mahAna sapUta, bhAre dharmiSTha ane baLavAna sAmrAjyonA dhaNI hovA chatAM, leAkAne potAnA matanA karavA mATe kevI rIte varyAM e yAda karavAthI Aje paNa ApaNuM mana AnaMda anubhave che. taravAra ke khaMjarathI dharma athavA mAnyatA mANasane gaLe baLajabarIthI utArI zakAya ema mAnavAnI kAI mUrkhAI kare, e kharekhara Azcaryajanaka che. ethI, devAnAMpriya azAke -- zilAlekhAmAM ene devAnAm priya vizeSaNathI varNavavAmAM AvyA che pazcima eziyA, AphrikA ane yuropanAM rAjyAmAM pAtAnA dUta ane elacIe mAkalyA. tane yAda haze ke laMkAmAM teNe potAnA bhAI mahendra ane bahena saMmitrAne mokalyAM hatAM. ema kahevAya che ke teo gayAthI pavitra dhivRkSanI eka DALa tyAM laI gayAM hatAM. anurupuramAM ApaNe eka vizALa pIpaLAnuM jhADa joyuM hatuM e tane yAda che ? ApaNane tyAMnA leAkAe kahyuM hatuM ke pelI prAcIna DALamAMthI thayeluM te A ja jhADa. hiMdustAnamAM baiddha dharma jhapATAbadha phelAyA. ane azokane mana kevaLa pUjApATha karavAmAM ane keTalAka vidhie AcaravAmAM nahi paNa sArAM kArya karavAmAM ane samAjanA uddhAra karavAmAM dharma hatA; AthI karIne AkhA dezamAM ThekaThekANe sArvajanika bagIcAo, ispitAlo, kUvA ane rastA astitvamAM AvyA. strIonI keLavaNI mATe khAsa vyavasthA karavAmAM AvI hatI. e samaye cAra mATI vidyApITho hatI. cheka uttaramAM pezAvara najIka takSilA athavA takSazilA, bIjI aMgrejo jene grAmya rIte mudrA uccAra kare che te mathurA, trIjI madhyahiMdamAM ujjana ane ceAthI bihAramAM paTaNA pAse nAlaMdA. A vidyApIThomAM mAtra hiMdanA ja nahi paNa cIna ane pazcima eziyAnA dezo jevA dUra dUranA dezAmAMthI paNa vidyArthIe AvatA. A

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112 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vidyArthIo temanI sAthe buddhanA upadezane saMdeza pitatAnA dezamAM laI jatA. AkhA dezamAM ThekaThekANe moTA moTA dharmamaThe athavA vihAra UbhA thayA. dekhItI rIte ja pATalIputra athavA paTanAnI AsapAsa AvA ghaNuM maTaeN thayA, ethI karIne AkhA prAMtanuM vihAra athavA atyAre ApaNe kahIe chIe te bihAra nAma paDyuM. paraMtu hameza bane che tema, e maThe thoDA ja vakhatamAM dharmAcaraNa ane vicAranI preraNuM khoI beThA ane amuka prakAranA pUjApAThanI dinacaryA karanArA bhikSuonAM dhAma banI gayA. jIvarakSA mATenI azokanI bhAvanA prANIo sudhI pahoMcI hatI. temane mATe khAsa IspitAla bAMdhavAmAM AvI ane pazubali baMdha karavAmAM AvyuM. A baMne bAbatamAM te ApaNA jamAnAthIye kaMIka AgaLa hatuM. kamabhAge Aje paNa pazubali ApavAnI prathA kaMIka aMze pracalita che ane ene dharmanuM mahatvanuM aMga gaNavAmAM Ave che. ane pazuonI sAravAra karavAnI vyavasthA te nahi jevI ja che. azokanA udAharaNa ane boddha dharmanA phelAvAne kAraNe zAkAhAra kapriya thaye. e pahelAM hiMdanA kSatriya ane brAhmaNe sAmAnya rIte mAMsAhAra karatA tathA dArU ane bIjAM kephI pINuM pItA. mAMsAhAra ane madyapAna e vakhate bahu ochAM thaI gayAM. azake AvI rIte 38 varSa rAjya karyuM ane janatAnuM bhaluM karavA mATe tenAthI banI zake eTale zAMtipUrvaka prayatna karyo. jAhera kArya mATe te hamezAM tatpara rahe : "koI paNa samaye ane koI paNa sthAne - pachI huM bhajana karate houM ke rANIvAsamAM houM, zayana- gRhamAM houM ke maMtrIgRhamAM houM, gADImAM beThe houM ke mahelanA bagIcAmAM beThe houM te sarakArI amaladAree mane prajAnA kAryathI mAhitagAra rAkhavo joIe." je koI paNa muzkelI UbhI thAya te tenI tene tarata ja khabara ApavI paDatI. kemake te kahe che ke, "keI paNu paLe ke sthAne mAre sArvajanika hitanuM kArya karavuM joIe." I. sa. pU. 226 nI sAlamAM azokanuM avasAna thayuM. enA maraNa pahelAM thoDA vakhata upara rAjapATa cheDIne te bauddha bhikSa the hate. mairya samayanA ApaNane bahu thoDA avazeSo maLI Ave che. je cheDA maLe che te hiMdI saMskRtinA maLI AvatA avazeSomAM

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113 * "devAnApriya azoka mehana-jo-daDenA avazeSo bAda karatAM saiAthI purANI che. banArasa pAse sAranAthamAM Toca upara siMhavALo azokane suMdara staMbha ApaNane jovA maLe che. azakanI rAjadhAnI pATalIputranI te kazIye nizAnI rahI nathI. 1500 varasa upara, eTale ke azoka pachI 600 varasa bAda, phAhiyAna nAmanA cInI pravAsIo e zaheranI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI kharI. e samaye te zahera AbAda ane samRddha hatuM. paraMtu azokano paththarane mahela che tyAre paNa bhAMgIne khaMDiyera thaI gayo hato. paraMtu enAM khaMDiyere jeIne paNa phAhiyAna chaka thaI gayo hato. teNe pitAnA pravAsanA varNanamAM lakhyuM che ke e rAjamahela tene mAnavInI kRti lAgI nahotI. moTA moTA paththarathI bAMdhele mahela te nAza pAme che ane Aje tenuM nAmanizAna paNa maLatuM nathI, paraMtu azakanI smRti AkhA eziyA khaMDamAM Aje paNa jIvatI che; ane tenI AjJAone bodha ApaNe Aje paNa samajI zakIe chIe ane tenI kadara bUjI zakIe chIe tathA temAMthI ghaNuM ghaNuM zIkhI zakIe chIe. A patra ghaNo lAMbo thaI gaye. kadAca tane ene kaMTALo paNa Avaze. akSakanI eka AjJAmAMthI nAne utAre TAMkIne huM e pUre karIza: badhA ja saMpradAya eka yA bIje kAraNe AdaraNIya che. AvuM AcaraNa rAkhavAthI mANasa potAnA saMpradAyane unnata kare che ane sAthe sAthe bIjA lokonA saMpradAyanI paNa te sevA kare che."

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ra5 azokanA samayanI duniyA 31 mArca, 1932 ApaNe joyuM ke azake dUra dUranA dezamAM dharmapracAraka ane elacIo mokalyA hatA ane te dezo sAthe hiMdane saMsarga ane vepAra satata cAlu hatuM. te samayanA saMsarga ane vepAranI huM vAta karuM chuM tyAre tAre e vastu khAsa dhyAnamAM rAkhavI ke AjanA judA judA dezonA saMsarga ane vepAra sAthe tenuM kazuM ja sAmya nathI. Aje te mANasa ane mAla AgagADI, AgaboTa ke eroplena dvArA sahelAIthI eka jagyAethI bIjI jagyAe jaI zake che. paNa e prAcIna kALamAM dareka pravAsa lAMbA ane jokhamabharyo hate. tathA mAtra sAhasika ane khaDatala leka ja pravAsa kheDatA. AthI karIne te divasanA ane AjanA vepAranI sarakhAmaNI thaI zake nahi. azoke jeno ullekha karyo che te dUra dUranA deze kyA? tenA samayamAM duniyA kevI hatI? ApaNe bhUmadhya samudranA deza viSe ane misara bAda karatAM AphrikA khaMDa viSe kazuM nathI jANatAM. vaLI, uttara, madhya ane pUrva yurepa viSe tathA uttara ane madhya eziyA viSe paNa ApaNe nahi jevuM ja jANIe chIe. amerikAnA khaMDe viSe paNa ApaNe kazuMye nathI jANatAM. paNa Aje have ghaNA loko mAnatA thayA che ke prAcIna kALathI tyAM AgaLa sArI peThe vikaselI saMskRtio mojUda hatI. ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke te pachI ghaNuM samaya bAda paMdaramI sadImAM kolaMbase amerikA "zodhI kADhyo. ApaNe jANIe chIe ke dakSiNa amerikAmAM peru ane tenI AsapAsanA dezamAM e samaye ucca keTinI saMskRti mejUda hatI. AthI, Izu pahelAM traNa varasa upara jyAre hiMdamAM azaka rAjya karatA hatA tyAre amerikAmAM sabhya leke vasatA hoya ane samAja paNa susaMgati heya e taddana saMbhavita che. paraMtu e viSe ApaNane pramANabhUta hakIkata maLatI nathI ane kevaLa kalpanA karavAne jhAjho artha nathI. duniyAnA je bhAgo viSe ApaNe sAMbhaLyuM ke vAMcyuM hoya te ja bhAgomAM sabhya leke vasatA

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azekanA samayanI duniyA hatA ema mAnI levAne ApaNe sau TevAyelAM hovAthI meM A vAtane ullekha karyo che. ghaNA lAMbA samaya sudhI yurepanA leke mAnatA ke prAcIna itihAsa eTale grIsa, rema ane yahUdI lekane itihAsa. emanI e jUnI mAnyatA pramANe bAkInI duniyA te te kALamAM verAna ane jaMgalI hatI. pachIthI temanA ja vidvAne ane purAtattvavettAoe cIna, hiMdustAna ane bIjA dezo viSe mAhitI ApI tyAre temanuM jJAna keTaluM badhuM maryAdita hatuM tenI temane samaja paDI. AthI ApaNe hamezAM sAvadhAna rahevuM joIe ane ema na mAnI besavuM joIe ke ApaNe duniyAmAM je kaMI banI gayuM che te badhAne ApaNuM maryAdita jJAnamAM samAveza thaI gayo che. joke, atyAre te ApaNe eTaluM kahI zakIe chIe ke azokanA samayamAM, eTale ke Izu pahelAMnI trIjI sadImAM mukhyatve bhUmadhya samudranA kAMThA upara AvelA yuropa ane AphrikAnA deze, pazcima eziyA, hiMda ane cInane prAcIna kALanI sudharelI duniyAmAM samAveza thatuM hatuM. saMbhavataH pazcimanA deze ane pazcima eziyA sAthe cInane sIdho saMparka nahato ane cIna athavA kethenI bAbatamAM pazcimanA lokomAM citravicitra khyAla pravartatA hatA. hiMdustAna pazcima ane cIna sAthe saMbaMdha joDanAra kaDI samAna hoya ema lAge che. ApaNe e joI gayAM ke sikaMdaranA maraNa pachI tenuM sAmrAjya tenA senApatioe vaheMcI lIdhuM. enA mukhya traNa bhAga paDyA : (1) pazcima eziyA, IrAna ane mesepeTemiyA selyusanI, (2) misara TolemInI ane (3) meseDona enTiganisanI hakumata nIce hatuM. pahelAM be rAjya lAMbA kALa TakyAM. tane yAda haze ke selyukasa hiMdustAnane paDozI hatA ane hiMdane mulaka potAnA rAjyamAM umeravAne tene labha thaI Avyo hato. paraMtu caMdragupta tene mAthAne maLyo. teNe tene khAlI hAthe pAcho hAMkI kADhyo eTaluM ja nahi, paNa jene Aje ApaNe aphaghAnistAna kahIe chIe tene thoDe bhAga paNa tenI pAsethI teNe chInavI lIdho. e be rAjyone mukAbale meseDena kamanasIba gaNAya. gela ane bIjI jAtioe uttarathI tenA upara vAraMvAra humalA karyA. A rAjyane eka ja bhAga chevaTa sudhI gela lekane sAmane karI potAnuM svAtaMtrya TakAvI zakyo. e bhAga jyAM Aje turkastAna che tyAM

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116 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana eziyA mAInaramAM hato ane enuM nAma paragemama hatuM. e nAnakaDuM grIka rAjya hatuM paNa te karatAM vadhu varasa sudhI te grIka saMskRti ane kaLAnuM kendra banI rahyuM. tyAM suMdara suMdara imArata UbhI thaI. vaLI eka pustakAlaya ane saMgrahasthAna paNa tyAM hatAM. kaMIka aMze te sAgara pAra AvelA eNlekajhAMDiyAnuM harIpha hatuM. eNlekajhAMDiyA TelemInA misaranuM pATanagara hatuM. purANI duniyAnuM e eka moTuM ane mazahUra nagara hatuM. eNthensanuM gaurava ghaNuM ghaTI gayuM hatuM ane tenI jagyAe elekajhAMDiyA dhIme dhIme grIka saMskRtinuM kendra banyuM. enAM pustakAlaya ane saMgrahasthAnathI AkarSAIne dUra dUranA dezomAMthI saMkhyAbaMdha vidyArthIo tyAM AvatA, ane tattvajJAna, gaNita, dharma tathA te prAcIna samayanI duniyAnA lekanA manamAM je bIjA prazno UThatA tenuM adhyayana karatA. teM tathA zALAmAM janAra pratyeka chokarA ke chokarIe yukliDanuM nAma sAMbhaLyuM haze. te elekajhAMDriyAne rahevAsI ane azakane samakAlIna hato. . TolemI vaMza mULa grIsano vatanI hatA e tuM jANe che. paraMtu misaramAM AvyA pachI te vaMzanA lekee tyAMnA ghaNuM rItarivAjo ane AcAravicArane apanAvyA. misaranA keTalAka prAcIna devanI paNa teo pUjA karavA lAgyA. piTara, epale ane grIsanAM bIjAM prAcIna devadevIo je mahAbhAratamAM AvatA vaidika devanI jema hemaranAM mahAkAvyamAM vAraMvAra najare paDe che te badhA e samaye kAM te visAre paDyA hatA athavA te nAmapherathI bIje rUpe cAlu rahyA. IsIsa, eNsirIsa ane harasa vagere prAcIna mIsaranAM devadevIo ane prAcIna grIsanAM devadevIonI bheLaseLa karI devAmAM AvI ane ArAdhanA mATe navA devane leko samakSa rajU karavAmAM AvyA. pUjA karavAne deva maLI jAya pachI pote kone name che, jenI pUjA kare che, ane temanAM zAM nAme che, e badhuM jANavAnI kone thoDI ja paravA hatI ! A navA devAmAM sirepIsa deva saiAthI vadhAre prakhyAta che. elekajhAMDiyA moTuM vepAranuM mathaka paNa hatuM. sabhya duniyAnA bIjA dezonA vepArI tyAM AvatA hatA. ema paNa kahevAya che ke elekajhAMyiAmAM hiMdI vepArIonI eka vasAhata hatI. ApaNe e paNa jANIe chIe ke dakSiNa hiMdamAM malabArakoThe elekajhAMjhiyAnA vepArIonI paNa eka vasAhata hatI.

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117 azokanA samayanI duniyA bhUmadhya samudrane sAme kAMThe AveluM roma zahera misarathI bahu dUra nahotuM. te A samaya daramyAna baLavAna banyuM hatuM ane bhaviSyamAM ethIye ghaNuM baLavAna ane mahAna banavAnuM tenA bhAgyamAM lakhAyuM hatuM. ane tenI sAme ja AphrikAnA kAMThA upara tenuM harIpha ane duzmana kAyeMja hatuM. ApaNane purANI duniyAne kaMIka khyAla Ave te mATe e baMnenI vAta kaMIka vistArathI jANavAnI jarUra che. pazcimamAM jema remanI mahattA vadhatI jatI hatI tevI ja pUrvamAM cInanI mahattA paNa vadhI hatI. ane azokanA samayanI duniyAne barAbara khyAla Ave e mATe ApaNe ene paNa vicAra karavo paDaze.

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cina ane hana vaMze 3 eprila, 1932 cInanA prAcIna kALa viSe, he AMgaNe nadInA kAMThA uparanI vasAhate viSe, tathA hasiyA, zAMga ke cIna ane cAu vagere tenA purANa rAjavaMze viSe meM tane gaye varase nenI jelamAMthI lakhelA chevaTanA patramAM lakhyuM hatuM. vaLI dhIre dhIre cInanA rAjyane kevI rIte udaya ane vikAsa thaye tathA e lAMbA kALa daramyAna tyAM eka madhyastha rAjyataMtra kevI rIte astitvamAM AvyuM te viSe paNa meM tane lakhyuM hatuM. e pachI tyAM eka evo lAMbo yuga AvyuM ke jyAre cInamAM cAuvaMzanI nAmanI sattA hatI kharI paNa rAjyataMtranI kendrIkaraNanI pragati aTakI paDI ane sarvatra avyavasthA vyApI rahI. dareka pradezanA sthAnika nAnA nAnA rAjAo lagabhaga svataMtra thaI gayA ane ApasamAM ekabIjA sAthe laDavA lAgyA. A kamanasIba hAlata - tyAM seMkaDo varasa sudhI cAlI. ema jaNAya che ke cInamAM je kaMI vastu thAya che te seMkaDo varasa sudhI athavA kaho ke eka hajAra varasa sudhI cAlu rahe che! e pachI cina nAmanA pradezanA eka sthAnika rAjAe kamajora ane nAdAra thaI gayelA prAcIna cAu rAjavaMzane hAMkI kADhyo. enA vaMzajo cina vaMzanA kahevAya che ane e eka ramUjI ghaTanA che ke A cina zabda uparathI AkhA dezanuM nAma cIna paDyuM. Ama cInamAM I. pU. 255nI sAlamAM cina vaMze pitAnI kArakirdI zarU karI. e pahelAM 13 varasa upara hiMdustAnamAM azoka gAdIe AvyuM hatuM. A rIte ApaNe atyAre azokanA samakAlIna cInanA rAjAo viSe vAta karIe chIe. cina vaMzanA pahelA traNa samrATanI hakUmata bahu TUMkI mudata cAlI. e pachI I. pU. 246 nI sAlamAM e vaMzane cotho samrATa gAdIe Avyo. e samrATa eka rIte bahu ja vilakSaNa mANasa hato. enuM nAma vAMgacaMga hatuM. paNa thoDA vakhata pachI teNe "zIha dvAMga TI" nAma dhAraNa karyuM. e nAmano artha "prathama samrATa" evo thAya che. pitAne viSe ane pitAnA

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cina ane hana vaze 119 yugane viSe enA manamAM bahu UMce khyAla ha. bhUtakALa viSe ene jarAye Adara nahote. e te ema icchato ke bhUtakALane visarIne, tenAthI prathama mahAna samrATathI - ja cInanA ItihAsane AraMbha thAya che, ema lekee mAnavuM joIe! 2,000 karatAM paNa vadhAre varasothI cInamAM eka pachI eka samrATonI paraMparA cAlu hatI tenuM ene mane kahyuM mahattva nahotuM. te te e lekenI yAdagIrI paNa dezamAMthI nAbUda karavA icchato hate. mAtra prAcIna samrATo nahi paNa bhUtakALanA bIjA prasiddha puruSonuM smaraNa paNa te lekene bhulAvI devA mAgatA hatA. AthI teNe evo hukama cheDo ke bhUtakALanuM khAna ApatAM pustake - khAsa karIne itihAsanA graMtha - ane keziyasanA matanAM badhAM pustakone bALI mUkI temane sadaMtara nAza karI nAkho. mAtra vaidakanAM ane vijJAnanAM keTalAMka pustakone A pharamAnamAM samAveza thato nahote. tenA pharamAnamAM teNe jaNAvyuM ke, "je leka vartamAna yugane halako pADavA mATe bhUtakALane upayoga karaze temanI svajane sahita katala karavAmAM Avaze." ane teNe pitAnA hukamane barAbara amala paNa karyo. pitAne priya evAM pustake saMtADI rAkhavA mATe teNe seMkaDo vidvAnane jIvatA dATI dIdhA. A "prathama samrATa" kevo dayALu, bhale ane prItipAtra mANasa haze! hiMdanA bhUtakALa viSe vadhAre paDatI prazaMsA sAMbhaLuM chuM tyAre hamezAM huM ene kaMIka sahAnubhUtipUrvaka yAda karuM chuM. ApaNe keTalAka leke hamezAM bhUtakALa tarapha ja najara rAkhyA kare che. teo niraMtara bhUtakALanA mahimAnAM ja guNagAna ryA kare che ane hamezAM bhUtakALamAMthI ja preraNA zedhatA rahe che. jo bhUtakALa ApaNane mahAna kAryo karavAnI preraNA ApatA hoya te bezaka ApaNe temAMthI preraNuM meLavIe. paraMtu haMmezAM pAchI ja joyA karavuM e kaI paNa vyakti ke prajA mATe hitakara hoya ema mane nathI lAgatuM. koIke sAcuM kahyuM che ke, mANasa hamezAM pAchaLa cAlavA mATe ke pAchaLa jovA mATe sarajAye hata te Izvare tene mAthAnI pAchaLa AMkho ApI hatI. bhUtakALane ApaNe abhyAsa jarUra karIe ane jyAM te prazaMsAne pAtra hoya tyAM tenI prazaMsA paNa karIe, paraMtu ApaNe ApaNI najara te hamezAM AgaLa ja rAkhavI joIe ane hamezAM AgaLa ja pagalAM bharavAM joIe.

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120 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana - jUnAM pustakone bALI mUkavAnuM ane te vAMcanArAone jIvatA dATI devAnuM zIha vAMga TI'nuM kRtya jaMgalI hatuM emAM jarAye zaka nathI. enuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke enuM ghaNuMkharuM kArya enI sAthe ja nAbUda thayuM. enI te evI umeda hatI ke pite sauthI prathama samrATa manAya. e pachI bIje samrATa Ave, pachI trIjo Ave, ema anaMta kALa sudhI ene vaMza cAlyA kare. paNa banyuM evuM ke cInanA badhA rAjavaMzamAM cina vaMzane amala sAthI ocho vakhata Takyo. meM AgaLa jaNuvyuM che tema cInanA ghaNA rAjavaMze seMkaDo varasa sudhI cAlyA ane cina vaMzanI AgaLane rAjavaMza te lagabhaga 867 varasa sudhI Takyo. paraMtu cina vaMzano udaya thaye, tene vijaya thaye, teNe baLavAna sAmrAjya upara rAjya karyuM tathA tenI paDatI thaI ane Akhare nAza tha; e badhI bInA mAtra pacAsa varasamAM banI gaI. zIha vAMga TI samartha samrATonI paraMparAne Adi samrATa thavA cahA hatA. paraMtu tenA mRtyu pachI traNa varasa bAda I. pU. 209 nI sAlamAM tenA vaMzano aMta Avyo. enA mRtyu pachI tarata ja, saMtADI rAkhavAmAM AvelA keziyasanA jamAnAnA graMtho khodIne bahAra kADhavAmAM AvyA ane pahelAMnI peThe pharIthI temaNe pitAnuM gauravavaMtuM sthAna prApta karyuM. rAjA tarIke te zIha vAMga TI cInamAM eka atizaya samartha samrATa thaI gayo. sthAnika nAnA nAnA rAjAonA dAvAo teNe rada karyA, sAmaMtazAhI athavA "phaDAlIjhamane aMta ANya ane baLavAna madhyastha rAjataMtranI sthApanA karI. AkhuM cIna ane anAma paNa teNe jItI lIdhuM. cInanI mahAna dIvAla bAMdhavAno AraMbha paNa eNe ja karyo. e bahu kharacALa kArya hatuM. paraMtu bacAva mATe moTuM kAyamI sainya rAkhavA karatAM paradezI duzmano sAme pitAnuM rakSaNa karavA mATe A dIvAla bAMdhavAmAM pisA kharacavAnuM cInanA lekee pasaMda karyuM. e dIvAla prabaLa AkramaNane te khALI na zakI. paNa nAnA nAnA lUMTaphATanA dareDAe enAthI aTakyA. A uparathI ema kahI zakAya ke cInanA leke zAMti cahAtA hatA ane baLavAna hovA chatAM lazkarI gaurava mATe temane cAhanA nahotI. zIha vAMga TI-prathama samrATa-maraNa pAme pachI enA vaMzane bIje kaI puruSa enI jagyA lenAra nIkaLe nahi. paraMtu

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cina ane hana vaze| 111 enA samayathI samagra cInamAM ekatAnI bhAvanA pragaTI ane ekatAnI paraMparA cAlu thaI. A pachI cInamAM hana vaMza sattA upara AvyeA. ene amala lagabhaga 400 varasa cAlyA. e vaMzanI zarUAtanA zAsakAmAM eka sAmrAnI paNa thaI che. e vaMzanA chaThTho samrATa vutI hatA. e cInanA samartha ane prakhyAta rAjakartAomAMnA eka hatA. pacAsathIye vadhAre varasa sudhI teNe rAjya karyu. uttaranA pradeza upara niraMtara humalA karyAM karatA tAtAra leAkeAne teNe harAvyA. pUrvamAM kAriyAthI mAMDIne pazcime kAspiyana samudra sudhInA pradeza upara cInanA e samrATanI ANa vartatI hatI ane madhya eziyAnI badhI jAti tenuM Adhipatya svIkAratI hatI. eziyAnA nakazA upara tuM najara karaze te tenI sattA nIcenA vizALa kSetrane ane Izu pUrvenI pahelI ane khIjI sadImAM cIna keTaluM sama hatuM tenA tane kaMIka khyAla Avaze. e jamAnAnI rAmanI mahattA viSe ApaNe ghaNuM vAMcIesAMbhaLIe chIe. ane ema mAnavAne prerAI e chIe ke te samaye rAma duniyAmAM sarvoparI hatuM. rAmane 'duniyAnI svAminI ' kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM. te samaye rAma mahAna hatuM e kharuM ane tenI mahattA uttarAttara vadhatI jatI hatI e paNa sAcuM, paraMtu cIna tenAthI vadhAre moTuM ane baLavAna sAmrAjya hatuM. ghaNuM karIne vutInA samayamAM cIna ane rAme ekabIjA sAthe saMparka sAdhyA. pArthiyana leAkeAnI mAraphate e baMne deze. vacce vepAra cAlatA hatA. jene Aje IrAna ane meseTemiyA kahevAmAM Ave che te pradezamAM e lAkA vasatA hatA. pachIthI rAma ane pAthiyA vacce laDAI thaI tyAre e vepAra aTakI paDayo, ane rAme samudramAge cIna sAthe sIdhA vepAra karavAne prayatna karyAM. rAmanuM eka vahANa cInane dare AvyuM paNa kharuM. paraMtu A to Izu pachInI khIjI sadImAM banavA pAmyuM. ane ApaNe tA haye Izu pahelAMnA jamAnAnI vAta karIe chIe. hana vaMzanA amala daramiyAna aiAdhama cInamAM dAkhala thayA. IzunA kALa pahelAM paNa cInamAM auddhadharmanI jANa thaI hatI. paraMtu ema kahevAya che ke, cInanA tatkAlIna samrATe mAthAnI AsapAsa jhaLahaLatI prabhAvALA seALa phUTa UMcA manuSyanuM adbhuta svapta joyuM tyAra pachI cInamAM tenA phelAvA thavA mAMDyo. svamAmAM teNe pazcima

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122 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana dizA tarapha A dazya joyuM hatuM tethI e dizAmAM teNe tene mokalyA. e dUte buddhanI eka mUrti ane brAddhadharmanA graMthe laIne pAchA kya. dharmanI sAthe sAthe hiMdanI kaLAnI asara paNa cInamAM pahoMcI ane cInathI keriyA ane tyAMthI jApAna sudhI gaI hana vaMzanA samayanI bIjI be mahatvanI hakIkate noMdhane pAtra che. lAkaDAnAM bIbAMvatI chApavAnI kaLA e samaye zedhAI paraMtu eka hajAra varasa sudhI e zedhane bahu upayoga na thayuM. Ama chatAMye A bAbatamAM cIna yuropathI 500 varasa AgaLa hatuM. dhavA lAyaka bIjI bInA e che ke e samayamAM tyAM sarakArI amaladAro mATe parIkSAnI prathA zarU thaI. chokarA-chokarIone parIkSA pasaMda nathI hotI ane e bAbatamAM mArI temanA pratye sahAnubhUti che. paraMtu te jamAnAmAM parIkSA laIne sarakArI adhikArIo nImavAnI cInanI prathA e te ajaba vastu gaNAya. bIjA dezamAM te gaI kAla sudhI moTe bhAge lAgavagathI sarakArI nokarImAM nimaNuka thatI athavA te kaI khAsa varga ke kemamAMthI thatI. cInamAM to je kaI parIkSA pAsa kare tenI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvatI. A parIkSAnI prathA Adarza paddhati te na ja kahI zakAya, kemake kaI mANasa kenyUziyasanA graMthanI parIkSAmAM pAsa thAya khare paraMtu te sAre sarakArI amaladAra na paNa nIvaDe. paraMtu lAgavaga ke kaI bIjI evI ja rIte nimaNUka karavAnI prathA karatAM te A parIkSAnI prathA ghaNI caDiyAtI hatI. lagabhaga 2,000 varase sudhI cInamAM A prathA cAlu rahI. hajI hamaNuM ja e nAbUda karavAmAM AvI che.

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ra7 roma viruddha kAryo ja 5 eprila, 1932 dUra pUrvamAMthI have ApaNe pazcima tarapha vaLIe ane remano vikAsa kevI rIte thayuM te joIe. ema kahevAya che ke IzuM pahelAM ATha varasa upara romanI sthApanA thaI hatI. AraMbhanA romana leke ghaNuM karIne AryonA vaMzaja hatA. TAIbara nadInI pAse AvelI sAta TekarIo upara temanI keTalIka vasAhata hatI. dhIme dhIme A vasAhatane vikAsa thayo ane chevaTe temAMthI zahera banyuM. A nagararAjyane vikAsa ane vistAra uttarottara vadhato ja gayo ane ITAlInA cheka dakSiNa cheDA upara sisilInI sAme AvelA mesInA sudhI badhe mulaka tenA amala nIce AvyuM. grIsanAM nagararAnI vAta te tane yAda haze. grIka loko jyAM jyAM gayA tyAM tyAM nagararAjyano khyAla pitAnI sAthe letA gayA ane bhUmadhya samudrano Akho kAMThe temaNe grIka vasAhata ane nagararAjyathI bharI dIdho. paNa remanI bAbatamAM hakIkata taddana judI ja che. e kharuM ke zarUAtamAM to rAma ane grIsanAM nagararAjya vacce bahu pharaka nahotuM. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM AsapAsanI bIjI jAtione harAvI reme pitAnAM vistAra vadhAravA mAMDyo. Ama remanA rAjyano mulaka dhIre dhIre vadhavA mAMDyo ane ITAlInA moTA bhAgano temAM samAveza thayo. ATale moTo pradeza eka ja nagararAjyamAM na ja samAI zake. teye e AkhA mulakano vahIvaTa romamAMthI thata hato; ane romamAM eka vizeSa prakAranuM rAjyataMtra hatuM. tyAM kaI moTo samrATa ke rAjA nahatuM tema ja tyAM AjanA jamAnAnA jevuM prajAtaMtra paNa nahatuM. Ama chatAMye te eka maryAdita prakAranuM prajAtaMtra hatuM ane jamInanI mAlikI dharAvatAM ceDAM dhanika kuTuMbanuM temAM prabhutva hatuM. rAjavahIvaTa seneTa calAvatI ema manAtuM hatuM. A seneTanA sabhyonI nimaNUka be "kansala" karatA. kansala rAjyanA sarvoparI

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124 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hAddedAro hatA ane te banne cUMTaNIthI nimAtA. ghaNA kALa sudhI mAtra amIravanA lokeA ja seneTanA sabhya thaI zakatA. rAmanI prajA e vamAM vaheMcAyelI hatI. eka to paeNTrIziyana athavA te jamInadAra amIrava ane bIjo plebiyana athavA sAmAnya prajAjAnA va. rAmanA rAjyanA athavA prajAtaMtrane ghaNAM varaso sudhInA itihAsa e moTe bhAge A e varSAM vaccenA sadhane tihAsa che. badhI sattA paeNTrIziyaneAnA hAthamAM hatI ane sattAnI sAthe paisA to jAya ja. plebiyana athavA plema leAkA pAse kazI sattA nahAtI ke paisA nahAtA. A plebiyana lokeA sattA meLavavA mATe laDyA kare che ane dhIme dhIme najIvI sattAnA thADA TukaDA temane bhAge Ave che. e vastu jANavA jevI che ke plebiyana lokAe sattA meLavavA mATenI temanI lAMbI laDAImAM eka prakAranA asahakAranA saphaLatAthI upayoga karyAM hatA. rAmamAMthI tee ekasAthe kUca karIne cAlI nIkaLyA ane navuM zahera vasAvIne rahyA. AthI paeNTrIziyana leAkA bhaDakI gayA, kemake plebiyA vinA temane cAle ema nahAtuM. eTale temaNe temanI joDe samAdhAna karyuM ane temane thADA haka ApyA. dhIme dhIme temane rAjyanA moTA hAddAo paNa maLavA lAgyA ane seneTanA sabhya thavAno haka paNa prApta thayA. . paeNTrIziyana ane plebiyana varganA jhaghaDAnI vAta karatAM karatAM, rAmamAM temanA sivAya bIjA lokeA nahAtA ema ApaNe mAnI laIe evA saMbhava che. paraMtu e be varSAM uparAMta rAmanA rAjyamAM gulAmonI bahALI vasatI hatI. temane kaMI paNa haka nahAtA. te rAjyanA nArikA paNa naheAtA, ane mata ApavAne paNa temane adhikAra nahoto. gAya ane kUtarAnI mAphaka te temanA mAlikanI khAnagI milakata gaNAtA hatA. mAlika potAnI marajI mujaba temanuM vecANa karI zakatA athavA temane sajA karI zakatA. amuka sa MjogAmAM temane keTalIka vAra chUTA paNa karavAmAM AvatA. AvA chUTA thayelA gulAmonA paNa eka varga hatA. tene krIDa mena' eTale ke mukta-gulAmAne va kahevAmAM AvatA. pazcima taraphanI purANI duniyAmAM hamezAM gulAmonI bhAre mAMga rahetI. A mAMga pUrI pADavAne mATe gulAmonAM moTAM meTAM bajAro UbhAM thayAM. puruSa, strI ane bALakAne paNa gulAma tarIke vecavA mATe pakaDavAne dUra dUranA pradezamAM humalAo laI javAmAM

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rAma viruddha kAceja 15 AvatA. prAcIna misaranI jema prAcIna grIsa ane rezamanAM samRddhi ane gaiAravanA pAyAmAM paNa gulAmInI vyApaka prathA rahelI hatI. te samaye hiMdustAnamAM paNa AvI gulAmInI prathA pracalita hatI kharI? ghaNuM karIne te hiMdamAM evI prathA pracalita nahotI. cInamAM paNa e prathA nahotI. ene artha e nathI ke prAcIna hiMdustAna ane cInamAM gulAmI hatI ja nahi. ahIM je gulAmI hatI te gharagatu hatI. theADAka gharanA nokara gulAma gaNAtA. khetaromAM ke khIje kyAMka ekasAthe moTI sa MkhyAmAM kAma karanAra majUra-gulAmonAM ToLAM hiMdustAna ke cInamAM nahotAM. Ama A be dezo gulAmInAM atizaya hIna svarUpomAMthI UgarI gayA. A rIte rAmano vikAsa thato gayo. ethI paeNTrIziyana leAkAne lAbha thayA ane teo nipratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre dhanika tathA mAtabara thatA gayA. e daramiyAna plebiyana leAkA tA garIba ja rahyA ane paeNTrIziyana lokA temane dabAvatA rahyA. vaLI paeNTrIziyana ane plebiyana e baMne maLIne garIba gulAmonuM damana karatA. rAmanI caDhatI thatI jatI hatI te samaye tene rAjyavahIvaTa kevI rIte cAlato hato? meM AgaLa jaNAvyuM che ke rAmanA rAjyavahIvaTa seneTa karatI hatI ane cUMTAyelA be kaoNnsalA seneTanA sabhyonI nimaNUka karatA hatA. kAnsalane kANu cUTatuM? mata ApavAne haka dharAvatA nAgarikA. zarU zarUmAM rezama nAnA nagararAjya jevuM hatuM tyAre badhA nAgarike rAmamAM athavA tenI najIka rahetA hatA. e vakhate ekaThA maLI mata ApavAnuM leAkAne mATe muzkela nahAtuM. paNa rAmanA rAjyanA vistAra vadhatA gayA tema tema tenA dhaNA nArikA rAmathI dUra dUra rahevA lAgyA ane eka sthaLe bheLA thaIne mata ApavAnuM temane mATe sugama rahyuM nahi. te samaye, Aje ApaNe jene * pratinidhi zAsana ' kahIe chIe tene vikAsa thayA nahotA. tuM jANe che ke Aje te dareka matadAra-vibhAga pArlamenTa, eNsemblI ke koMgresa mATe potAno pratinidhi cUMTI kADhe che. ane A rIte eka nAnuM maMDaLa AkhI prajAnuM pratinidhitva dharAve che. A prathA prAcIna kALanA rAmana leAkAne sUjhI naheAtI. AthI, A paristhitimAM rAmana loka rAmamAM ja potAnI cUMTaNI karatA ane dUra vasatA rAmanA tyAM AvI potAnA mata ApI zakatA nahi. dUra vasatA matadArAne rAmamAM C

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12 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana zuM cAlI rahyuM che tenI paNa bhAgye ja khabara paDatI. te jamAnAmAM vartamAnapatra, copAniyAo ke chApelAM pustake nahAtAM ane bahu ochA leke vAMcI lakhI zaktA. A rIte romathI dUra vasatA lekane ApavAmAM AvelA mata ApavAnA hakane temane kazo ja upayoga nahotuM. temane matAdhikAra hato kharo, paNa lAMbA aMtarane kAraNe temane e adhikAra nakAme thaI rahe. A uparathI tane samajAze ke cUMTaNI karavAnI ane mahatvanA nirNa karavAne sAro adhikAra remamAM vasatA matadAronA hAthamAM hatuM. teo khullA medAnamAM UbhA karavAmAM AvelA vADAomAM jaIne pitAne mata ApatA. A matadAromAM ghaNA te garIba plebiyana hatA. meTo hoddo athavA sattA meLavavAnI IcchAvALA dhanika paeNTrIziyane lAMca ApIne A garIba hebiyanenA mata pitAne mATe kharIdatA eTale ke, kaI kaI vakhata AjanI cUMTaNImAM cAle che tevA ja prapaMce ane lAMcaruzavata romanI cUMTaNImAM paNa cAlatAM hatAM. jema remanI sattA iTAlImAM vadhatI jatI hatI tema uttara AphrikAmAM kArbejanI sattA jAmatI jatI hatI. kArbejanA loke phiniziyana lekenA vaMzajo hatA. kAbela vahANavaTIo ane vepArIo tarIke temaNe nAmanA meLavI hatI. temanuM paNa prajAsattAka rAjya hatuM, paraMtu remanA karatAM paNa vizeSa pramANamAM te dhanikanuM taMtra hatuM. e zaherI lekataMtra hatuM ane temAM gulAmenI bahu moTI vastI hatI. rema ane kArbejanI vacce AraMbhanA divasomAM dakSiNa ITAlI ane mesInAmAM keTalAMka grIka saMsthAne hatAM. paNa rema ane kArbeje maLIne grIka lekene tyAMthI hAMkI kADhyA. emAM saphaLa thayA pachI karthe sisilIne TApu lIdhe ane roma ITAlInI cheka dakSiNanI aNI sudhI pahoMcI gayuM. paNa rema ane kArbejanI saMdhi ane maitrI lAMbe kALa na TakI. thoDA ja vakhatamAM temanI vacce laDAITaMTa thavA lAgyA ane temanI vacce tIvra harIphAI jAgI. dariyAnI sAMkaDI paTInI sAmasAme AvelAM be baLavAna rAjya mATe bhUmadhya samudranuM kSetra pUratuM nahotuM. baMne mahattvAkAMkSI hatAM. rema vadhatuM jatuM hatuM ane tenAmAM vaivananI mahattvAkAMkSA ane AtmavizvAsa bharyA hatAM. kArbeja AraMbhamAM A navatara UbhA thayelA rema tarapha kaMIka

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rema viruddha kAja 127 tucchatAnI najare jotuM hatuM, tene potAnI dariyAI tAkAta upara bhAre vizvAsa hato. so karatAM paNa vadhAre varaso sudhI A be sattAo vacce vigraha cAle. vacce vacce thoDo vakhata suleha paNa thatI hatI. banne rAjya jaMgalI janAvaranI peThe laDyAM ane pariNAme vizALa janasamudAya duHkha ane ApattimAM AvI paDyo. emanI vacce traNa saMgrAmo thayA je yunika vigrahanA nAmathI oLakhAya che. pahele yunika vigraha I pU. 264 thI 241 sudhI eTale 23 varasa cAlyo. emAM chevaTe remanI jIta thaI. 22 varasa pachI bIje yunika vigraha zarU thayo. emAM kArbeje henilAla nAmanA itihAsamAM mazahUra thayelA senApatine mokalyo hato. paMdara varasa sudhI teNe mane parezAna karyuM ane remanA lokone bhayabhIta karI mUkyA. teNe ThekaThekANe romanA lazkarane harAvyuM ane khAsa karIne I. pU. 216nI sAlamAM kenI AgaLa tenA sainyane bhAre hAra ApI ane tenI katala karI. ane A badhuM teNe kAtheja taraphathI kazIye sahAya meLavyA vinA karyuM, kemake samudra upara romane kabajo hovAthI kArbeja sAthe tene saMparka tUTI gayA hatA. paraMtu parAjaya, Ata ane henibAlanA satata bhaya chatAM remanA lekee namatuM ApyuM nahi ane pitAnA duzmananI sAme laDyA ja karyuM. henibAlane khullA medAnamAM sAmano karavAne teo DaratA hatA; AthI teo sAmasAme thaI javAnuM TALatA ane mAtra tene pAchaLathI herAna karyA karatA tathA kAryeja sAthe tene saMparka aTakAvatA ke jethI tyAMnI madada tene maLI na zake. khAsa karIne phebiyasa nAmane romana senApati A rIte laDAI TALavAnuM pasaMda kare che. Ama daza varasa sudhI teNe khullI laDAI TALyA karI. te mahApuruSa hato ane tethI enuM nAma smaraNa karavA yogya che eTalA mATe meM tene ullekha karyo che ema tuM na mAnIza. huM te eno ullekha eTalA mATe karuM chuM ke enA nAma uparathI aMgrejI bhASAmAM "phebiyana" zabda nIkaLyo che. paristhitinI cokhavaTa karIne tene Ama ke tema pheMsale na kare, kaTokaTI ke laDAIne TALyA karavI ane dhIme Aste pitAnuM dhyeya siddha karavAnI murAda sevatA rahevuM, A phebiyana nIti kahevAya che. IMglaMDamAM phebiyana sesAyaTI nAmanI eka saMsthA che. te samAjavAdamAM mAne che, paraMtu utAvaLa karavAnuM ke ekAeka parivartana karI nAkhavuM evuM te mAnatI nathI. huM

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128 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pote kAI paNa bAbatamAM AvI phaeNbiyana nIti pasaMda karato nathI e mAre kabUla karavuM joI e. henikhAle iTAlInA moTA bhAgane ujjaDa karI mUkyo paraMtu rAmanI cIvaTa ane khatanA aMte vijaya thayo. I. pU. 202 nI sAlamAM jhAmAnI laDAImAM henikhAla hAryAM. rAmanI veranI tarase tene pIcho pakaDyo ane te eka jagyAthI bIjI jagyAe nAsatA * ane aMte thAkIne jhera khAI ne teNe ApadhAta karyAM. na pacAsa varasa sudhI rAma ane kAtheja vacce suleha rahI. kAthe jane sArI peThe namAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane rAmane paDakAra karavAnI have tenAmAM tAkAta nahotI. paraMtu eTalAthI rAmane sa MtoSa na thayo ane teNe kAthejanA leAkAne trIjA myunika vigrahamAM dhasaDA. e yuddhane pariNAme kAthejanA leAkAnI bhAre katala thaI ane e zaheranA saMpUrNa nAza thayo eTaluM ja nahi, paNa bhUmadhya samudranI rANI samAna lekhAtI kArthe jatI gAravavaMtI nagarI je bhUmi para hatI te bhUmine rAme haLa calAvIne kheDI nAkhI.

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28 romanuM prajAtaMtra sAmrAjya bane che 9 eprila, 1932 kArbejanI chellI hAra ane tenA vinAza pachI pazcimanI duniyAmAM remano koI harIpha rahyo nahi ane te sarvoparI banyuM. iTAlInAM grIka rAjya te teNe kyAranoye jItI lIdhAM hatAM; have tene kAyeMjanA tAbAne mulaka maLyo. Ama bIjA yunika vigraha pachI tene spena maLyuM. paNa hajI mAtra bhUmadhya samudranI AsapAsanA dezo ja tenA tAbAmAM hatA. Akho uttara ane madhya yuropa romathI svataMtra hatA. mulake jItavAnuM ane laDAImAM maLelA vijayanuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke romamAM dhanadelata ane vaibhavavilAsa vadhyAM. chatAyelA mulakamAMthI sonuM ane gulAmone tyAM dhodha vahevA lAgyuM. paNa e badhI vastuo kone maLatI hatI ? meM tane kahyuM che ke seneTa romane rAjyavahIvaTa calAvatI; ane te dhanika amIra kuTuMbanA lekanI banelI hatI. remanA lekataMtranuM ane tenA jIvana vyavahAranuM A dhanika varganA leke niyamana karatA. ane jema jema remanI sattA ane pradeza vadhatAM gayAM tema tema e varganI saMpatti paNa vadhatI gaI eTale tavaMgara leke vadhu ne vadhu tavaMgara banatA gayA, paNa garIba leke " te garIba ja rahyA athavA te hatA tethI paNa vadhAre garIba banyA. gulAmanI vasatI vadhI gaI ane vaibhava tathA kaMgAliyata sAthasAtha vadhavA lAgyAM. atula vaibhava ane bUrI kaMgAliyata bhegAM thAya che tyAre kaMIka bakheDe thavAno ja. mANasa je hada sudhI sahana karI le che te joIne sAce ja acaraja thAya che. paraMtu mANasanI sahanazIlatAne paNa maryAdA hoya che ane e maryAdA tUTe che tyAre bhAre utpAta phATI nIkaLavAnA ja. dhanavAna leke ramatagamata, harIphAI ane sarakasanI sAThamArIthI garIba lokone phelAvavAno prayatna karatA hatA. A sarakasanI sAThamArImAM kevaLa prekSakenAM mana raMjana karavAne khAtara gleDiyeTarone

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130 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ekabIjA sAthe AmaraNa laDavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvatI. saMkhyAbaMdha gulAma ane yuddhanA kedIone A rIte - "ramatIne nAme - mArI nAkhavAmAM AvatA. paraMtu romanA rAjyamAM avyavasthA vadhI gaI vAraMvAra hullaDa ane kApAkApI thavA lAgyAM ane cUMTaNIne vakhate lAMcaruzavata ane chaLakapaTa vadhI gayAM. spArsekasa nAmanA oNDiyeTaranI saradArI nIce garIba, dalita ane raMka gulAe paNa Akhare baMDa karyuM. paraMtu temane nirdaya rIte dAbI devAmAM AvyA. kahevAya che ke remamAM epiyana mArga AgaLa emAMnA 6000 gulAmane phasa para vIdhI nAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. dhIre dhIre senApatio ane sAhasika mANasanuM mahatva vadhyuM ane pitAnA prabhAvathI seneTane temaNe AMjI nAkhI. pachI AMtaravigraha ane pAyamAlI thavA lAgI tathA harIpha senApatio ekabIjA sAme laDavA lAgyA. I. pU. pa3nI sAlamAM pUrva tarapha pArthiyAmAM (meseTemiyA) kerInA raNakSetra upara remanA lazkare bhAre hAra khAdhI, tyAM AgaLa pArthiyana lokoe temanI sAme mokalelA mana sainyane nAza karyo. remanA aneka senApatiomAM pimpI ane juliyasa sIjhara e be senApationAM nAma AgaLa tarI Ave che. tuM jANe che ke sIjhare kAMsa- te vakhate enuM nAma gela hatuM - tathA iMglaMDane chatI lIdhAM hatAM. popI pUrva tarapha gaye hatuM ane tyAM teNe kaMIka vijaya * meLavyo hato. paNa A be senApatio vacce tIvra harIphAI hatI. baMne mahattvAkAMkSI hatA ane bIjA koI paNa harIphane calAvI levA mAgatA nahotA. seneTa te bIcArI pAchaLa rahI gaI che ke baMne upara uparathI tenA pratye vaphAdArI darzAvatA hatA kharA. sIjhare pampIne harAvyuM ane e rIte te romanA rAjyane AgevAna puruSa banyuM. paNa rema te letaMtra hatuM eTale kAyadesara rIte te dareka bAbatamAM pitAnuM dhAryuM karI zake ema nahatuM. AthI rAjA athavA samrATa tarIke tene abhiSeka karavAnA prayatno karavAmAM AvyA. sIjhara te e mATe taiyAra hato, paraMtu romanI lekataMtranI lAMbA kALanI paraMparAne kAraNe te khacakAte hate. taMtranI paraMparA hajIye niprANa thaI nahotI ane braTasa tathA bIjAoe maLIne khuda pharamanA pagathiyA para tene ghara

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rezamanuM prajAta'tra sAmrAjya ane che 131 karyAM. teM zeksapiyaranuM ' juliyasa sIjhara ' nATaka vAMcyuM haze. temAM A dRzya Ave che. tenA I. sa. pUrve 44 nI sAlamAM juliyasa sIjhara marAyA paraMtu marathI lokata Mtra bacI zakyuM nahi. sIjharanA dattaka putra ane bhatrIjA Teviyana tathA tenA mitra mA eNnTanIe sIjharanuM vera lIdhuM. pachI rAmamAM karIthI rAjAnA amala zarU thayA, oNkaTeviyana rAjyanA vA athavA prinsepa' thayA ane rAmamAM lokataMtranA ata AvyuM. seneTa cAlu rahI kharI paNa tenI pAse sAcI sattA rahI nahi. < ATeviyasa prinsepa athavA rAjyanA vaDe thayA tyAre teNe AkaTeviyasa sIjhara evuM nAma dhAraNa karyuM. enA pachI enI jagyAe AvanArA badhA sattAdhIze sIjharanA nAmathI oLakhAtA. pachI tA sIjhara zabdanA upayoga samrATanA arthamAM ja thavA lAgyA. phaijhara ane jhAra e zabdo paNa sIjhara zabdamAMthI ja nIkaLyA che. ghaNA vakhatathI hiMdustAnI bhASAmAM paNa kaijhara zabda e arthamAM vaparAvA lAgyA che. jemake kaisare rUma ', kaisare hiMda vagere. igleMDanA rAjA jyorja paNa Aje kaisare hiMdanA khitAba dhAraNa karavAmAM AnaMda mAne che. jarmana kaisara te gayo. oNsTriyAnA keMsaranI, turkastAnanA keMsaranI ane raziyAnA jhAranI paNa e ja dazA thaI che. ane jeNe rAmane mATe briTana jItI lIdhuM hatuM te juliyasa sIjharanuM nAma athavA upAdhi dhAraNa karanAra Aje ekalA iMgleMDane rAjA ja bAkI rahyo che ene vicAra karatAM kaIka ramUja ane kAnunI lAgaNI thAya che. " Ama juliyasa sIjharanuM nAma zAhI vaibhava ane khadakhAne sUcaka zabda banI gayuM. grIsamAM kArasAlasanA yuddhamAM pampIe sIjharane harAvyA hota to zuM thAta? saMbhava che ke e paristhitimAM pAmpI prinsepa athavA te| samrATa anata ane pAmpamAM zabdane samrATanA arthamAM upayAga thAta. tyAre jana samrATa viliyama bIjo potAne jarmana pAmpI kahevaDAvata ane jyorja rAjA paNa 'pompIe hiMdanA khitArthI dhAraNa karata ! gamanA rAjyanA A saMkrAMtikALamAM sAmrAjyamAM pheravAtuM hatuM -- misaramAM eka sAMdhyane kAraNe pratihAsamAM mazahUra thaI che. jyAre rAmanuM lokanaMtra strI hatI je potAnA tenuM nAma kliyopeTrA

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13ra jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatuM. tenI AbarU bahu sArI nathI, paraMtu pitAnA seMdaryane kAraNe itihAsanI dizA badalI nAkhanAra gaNIgAMThI strIomAMnI te eka hatI. jyAre juliyasa sIjhara misara game tyAre te kumAra avasthAmAM hatI. pachIthI te mArka enTanInI bhAre mitra banI paNa e maitrIthI eNnTanInuM kazuM bhaluM na thayuM. chevaTe teNe eNnTanIne dago dIdho ane bhAre nokAyuddha cAlI rahyuM hatuM te samaye potAnAM vahANe sAthe te tene choDIne cAlI gaI. pAskala nAmanA eka prakhyAta lekhake ghaNuM vakhata upara lakhyuM che ke, "kilopeTrAnuM nAka saheja TUMkuM hota te duniyAnI sUrata bilakula badalAI gaI hota." A kathana kaMIka atizayokti bharyuM che. kilapeTrAnA nAkane kAraNe duniyAmAM bahu bhAre pharaka paDyo na heta. paraMtu, misara gayA pachI ja sIjhara pitAne rAjA athavA samrATa ke eka prakArano devI zAsaka mAnavA lAgyo hoya e saMbhavita che kharuM. misaramAM lekataMtra nahotuM paNa rAjAne amala hate. vaLI tyAM rAjA sarvoparI ane sarvasattAdhIza hato eTaluM ja nahi, paNa tene lagabhaga devatulya mAnavAmAM AvatuM. prAcIna kALanA misaranA leke rAjA viSe evo khyAla hatA. ane sikaMdaranA mRtyu pachI misaranA rAjyakartA TolemIoe paNa tyAMnA rItarivAja ane AcAravicAra grahaNa karyA hatA. kilayopeTrA A TaoNlemInA kuLanI hatI ane e rIte te grIka athavA kharuM kahIe te meseDenanI rAjakuMvarI hatI. emAM lipeTrAne hise hoya ke na hoya paNa devI zAsakanI misaranI kalpanA rema sudhI pahoMcI ane tyAM tene Azare maLe. juliyasa sIjharanA jIvana daramyAna ja, jyAre remamAM taMtra mejUda hatuM tyAreye tenI mUrtionI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI ane tenI pUjA thavA lAgI hatI. romanA dareka samrATane mATe A prathA rItasara kevI rIte cAlu thaI gaI te ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM. - have ApaNe remanA ItihAsanA eka mahattvanA - lakataMtranA aMtanA-tabakko AgaLa AvI pahoMcyAM chIe. kaviyana I.sa. pUrve 27nI sAlamAM oNgasTasa sIjharanuM nAma dhAraNa karIne prinsepa thaye. rema ane tenA samrATanI vAta ApaNe pachIthI AgaLa calAvIzuM. atyAre ApaNe letaMtranAM chevaTanAM varasa daramyAna romanA tAbAnA mulakanI zI sthiti hatI te tapAsIe. - ITAlI upara te remanI hakUmata hatI ja, paNa pazcimamAM spena

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remanuM prajAta sAmrAjya bane che 133 ane gela (mAMsa) upara paNa tene amala hato. pUrvamAM grIsa ane eziyA mAInara tenA tAbAmAM hatAM. tane yAda haze ke, eziyAmAInaramAM paragemamanuM grIka rAjya hatuM. uttara AphrikAmAM misara remanuM mitra ane rakSita rAjya manAtuM hatuM. kAryeja ane bhUmadhya samudranA dezano keTaloka bhAga paNa remanA tAbAmAM hatA. A rIte uttaramAM rAIna nadI romana sAmrAjyanI sarahada hatI. jarmanI, raziyA tathA uttara ane madhya yuropamAM vasatI badhI prajAo remanI duniyAnI bahAra hatI. e ja rIte mesepoTemiyAnI pUrva taraphanI badhI prajAo paNa romana sAmrAjyanI bahAra hatI. e samaye roma mahAna rAjya hatuM emAM zaka nathI. paraMtu bIjA dezanA ItihAsathI ajANa evA yuropanA ghaNA leke ema dhAre che ke te kALe remanuM AkhI duniyA upara prabhutva hatuM. paraMtu A hakIkata bilakula vAstavika nathI. tane yAda haze ke, e ja samaye cInamAM mahAna hanavaMzano amala cAlato hato ane cheka kAriyAthI mAMDIne kAspiyana samudra sudhInA eziyAnA vistRta pradeza upara tenI ANa vartatI hatI. mesepiTemiyAmAM kerInA raNakSetra upara romana sintha sakhata hAra khAdhI te vakhate cInanA maMgala lekAe pArthiyana lekIne madada karI hoya e banavAjoga che. paraMtu remane itihAsa, khAsa karIne remanA taMtrane ItihAsa, yuropanA lekane atizaya priya che. kemake teo romanA prAcIna rAjyane yuropanAM Adhunika rAjyanA pUrvaja samAna gaNe che. kaMIka aMze A mAnyatA sAcI che. ethI karIne iMglaMDanI nizALamAM vidyArthIone teo Adhunika ItihAsa zIkhyA hoya ke nahi te paNa, khAsa karIne grIsa ane remane ItihAsa bhaNuvavAmAM Ave che. tenI gela uparanI pitAnI caDAInuM juliyasa sIjhare lakheluM varNana mULa leTina bhASAmAM mArI pAse vaMcAvavAmAM AvatuM te mane barAbara yAda che sIjhara mAtra yuddho ja nahoto paNa eka suMdara ane prabhAvazALI lekhaka paNa hatuM. ane tenuM "gelika yuddha" (De Bello Gallico) nAmanuM pustaka yuropanI hajAre nizALomAM Aje paNa zIkhavAya che. thoDA divasa upara ApaNe azokanA samayanI duniyAnuM avalokana AraMvyuM hatuM. e avelekane ApaNe pUruM karyuM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa tenI pAra cIna ane yurepa sudhI paNa ApaNe jaI AvyAM.

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134 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana have ApaNe IsvI sananA AraMbha sudhI AvI pahoMcyAM chIe. AthI hiMdanA lAkA viSe paNa e samaya sudhInI mAhitI meLavavA mATe ApaNe have hiMdustAna tarapha javuM paDaze. kAraNa ke azeAkanA avasAna pachI tyAM bhAre pheraphAro thayA ane uttara temaja dakSiNamAM navAM sAmrAjya sthapAyAM. duniyAnA RtihAsa eka saLaMga ane paripUrNa vastu che, e hakIkata tArA manamAM ThasAvavA meM prayatna karyAM che. paraMtu e prAcIna kALamAM dUradUranA dezonA ekabIjA sAthenA saMparka atizaya maryAdita hatA e hakIkata tArA lakSamAM haze ema huM dhAruM chuM. rAma joke keTalIka bAbatomAM ghaNuM AgaLa vadhyuM hatuM paraMtu bhUgoLa tathA nakazA viSe tene nahi jevuM ja jJAna hatu. ane e viSayeAnuM jJAna meLatravA teNe kA prayAsa paNa na karyAM. joke teo potAne duniyAnA svAmI lekhatA hatA topaNa rAmanA senApatie ane seneTanA DAghA ane anubhavI sabhAsadeAne AjanA nizALe jatA chekarA ke chekarI jeTaluMye bhUMgALanuM jJAna nahatuM. ane jema e lAkA potAne duniyAnA svAmI samajatA hatA te ja rIte hajAro mAIla dUra eziyA khaMDane khIje cheDe cInanA rAjyakartAe paNa potAne AkhI duniyAnA svAmI mAnatA hatA.

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29 dakSiNa hiMdanuM prabhutva 1 eprila, 1932 cheka pUrvamAM AvelA cIna ane pazcime AvelA remano pravAsa karyA pachI ApaNe pharI pAchAM hiMdamAM AvIe chIe. azokanA maraNa pachI morya sAmrAjya lAMbA kALa na TakyuM. DAM ja varasomAM te kSINa thaI gayuM. uttaranA prAMti e sAmrAjyamAMthI chUTA paDI gayA ane dakSiNamAM AMdhramAM eka navI sattAne udaya thaye. e AthamatA sAmrAjya upara lagabhaga pacAsa varasa sudhI azokanA vaMzajonuM zAsana cAlu rahyuM. chevaTe, puSyamitra nAmanA temanA brAhmaNa senApatie temane gAdI parathI hAMkI kADhayA, ane te pote samrATa thayo. ema kahevAya che ke enA samayamAM brAhmaNadharmanI punaH sthApanA thaI. kaMIka aMze baddha bhikSuo upara julama paNu gujAravAmAM Avyo. paraMtu te hiMdustAnane itihAsa vAMcaze tyAre tane samajAze ke brAhmaNadharmanuM baddhadharma uparanuM AkramaNa bahu sukSma prakAranuM hatuM. ene mATe teNe damanane kage ane avicArI mArga na lIdhe. kaMIka damana thayuM hatuM e vAta sAcI, paraMtu te dhArmika nahi paNa ghaNuM karIne rAjakIya damana hatuM. moTA moTA boddha saMghe baLavAna saMsthAo hatI ane tenI rAjakIya lAgavagathI ghaNA rAjakartAo DaratA hatA. ethI karIne emane kamajora banAvavAne temaNe prayatno AdaryA. chevaTe baddhadharmane pitAnA ugamasthAnamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM brAhmaNadharma saphaLa thayuM. teNe baiddhadharmanI keTalIka bAbate grahaNa karI ane pitAnI aMdara tene samAveza karyo tathA pitAnA vAsamAM paNa tene sthAna ApavAnI koziza karI. A navo brAhmaNadharma e mAtra jUnI paristhitinI punaH sthApanA nahotI temaja zraddhadharma je kaMI sAdhavA mathyo hate tene e sadaMtara niSedha paNa nahotuM. brAhmaNadharmanA purANA AgevAna bahu dIrdha darzI puraSA hatA ane prAcIna kALathI teo yogya vastu grahaNa karatA ane pacAvatA AvyA che. jyAre Arya leke prathama hiMdustAnamAM AvyA tyAre draviDa saMskRti ane AcAravicAramAMthI

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- 136 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ghaNuM temaNe apanAvyuM. temanA samagra ItihAsamAM jANIne ke ajANapaNe e leke hamezAM e ja rIte vartatA AvyA che. baddhadharmanI bAbatamAM paNa temaNe ema ja karyuM, ane buddhane eka avatAra gaNIne tene hiMdudharmanA avatAramAM sthAna ApyuM. A rIte buddha kAyama rahyA ane janasamUha tenI pUjA arcA paNa karate rahyo, paraMtu tenA viziSTa saMdezane bAjue mUkI devAmAM Avyo ane brAhmaNadharma athavA hiMdudharma najIvA pheraphAra karIne pitAnA sutarA rAha upara pahelAnI jema javA lAgyo. paraMtu baddhadharmane brAhmaNadharmanuM svarUpa ApavAnI prakriyA lAMbA kALa sudhI cAlu rahI hatI ane ApaNe atyAre bhaviSyamAM banavAnI bInAnI vAta karI rahyAM chIe; kemake azakanA maraNa bAda seMkaDo varasa sudhI hiMdamAM baddhadharma cAlu rahyo hate. magadhamAM eka pachI eka ke rAjA athavA te kaye rAjavaMza A enI vigatamAM UtaravAnI ApaNane jarUra nathI. azokanA maraNa pachI 200 varasa bAda magadha hiMdanuM mukhya rAjya maTI gayuM. paraMtu e samaye ane te pachI paNa bAddha saMskRtinuM te eka moTuM kendra gaNAtuM hatuM. daramyAna uttara ane dakSiNamAM mahattvanA banAvo banI rahyA hatA. madhya eziyAnI bekiTrayana, zaka, sAthiyana, turka ane kuzAna vagere jAtio uttaramAM uparAuparI humalA karyA karatI hatI. madhya eziyAne pradeza aneka prajAonA jUthanuM ugamasthAna che. e prajAo tyAMthI nIkaLIne itihAsakALamAM aneka vAra yuropa tathA eziyA upara pharI vaLI che e meM tane ekavAra lakhyuM hatuM ema huM dhAruM chuM. Izu pahelAMnAM 200 varasa daramyAna hiMdamAM AvAM keTalAMye AkramaNa thayAM che. paraMtu A AkramaNa athavA caDAIo kevaLa mulaka jItavAne ke lUMTavAne thatI nahotI e tAre lakSamAM rAkhavuM joIe. vasavATa karavAne mATe ane jamIna meLavavAne mATe e caDAIo thatI. madhya eziyAnI ghaNIkharI jAtio gepavRttithI nabhatI, eTale jema jema temanI vastI vadhatI gaI tema tema jyAM temano vasavATa hatA te jamIna temanA poSaNa mATe ochI paDavA lAgI. AthI sthaLAMtara karIne navI jamIna zedhavAnI temane jarUra paDI. temanA A mahAna paribhramaNanuM bIjuM vadhAre sabaLa kAraNa paNa hatuM. temanA potAnA upara paNa pAchaLathI dabANa thatuM hatuM. eka baLavAna jAti athavA

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dakSiNa hiMdanuM prabhutva 137 " kuLa bIjI jAti ke kuLane te pradezamAMthI hAMkI kADhatI ane pariNAme tene bIjA deze upara AkramaNa karavAnI pharaja paDatI. Ama hiMdustAnamAM je leke humalAkhora tarIke AvyA teo pote ja ghaNI vAra te AkramaNane kAraNe pitAnI bhUmi cheDIne bhAgI AvelA leke hatA. hana vaMzanA samayanI peThe, cInanuM sAmrAjya paNa jyAre jyAre baLavAna banatuM tyAre tyAre AvI gopajAtione te pitAnA mulakamAMthI hAMkI kADhatuM ane A rIte temane bIjA mulake zedhavAnI pharaja pADatuM. tAre e paNa lakSamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke madhya eziyAnI A gopa jAtio hiMdane pitAnA zatru tarIke nahotI gaNatI. e lekone barbara' tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM AvyA che ane te samayanA hiMdavAsIenI sarakhAmaNImAM teo temanA jeTalA sabhya nahatA e vAta sAcI. paraMtu temanAmAMnA moTA bhAganA leke custa baddhadharmI hatA ane pitAnA dharmanI janmabhUmi tarIke hiMda tarapha teo AdarabhAvathI jotA. puSyamitranA kALamAM paNa hiMdanI vAyavya sarahada upara baeNkiyAnA mInenDare caDAI karI hatI. manenDara bhAvika baddha hatA. baeNTyiA hiMdanI sarahadanI pelI pArane mulaka hato. pahelAM te selyukasanA sAmrAjyane eka bhAga hatA paNa pAchaLathI te svataMtra thaI gayo hate. mInDaranA humalAne pAche haThAvavAmAM Avyo paraMtu kAmula ane siMdhane te potAnA kabajAmAM rAkhavAmAM phAvyuM. e pachI zaka lekIne humale thaye. teo ghaNI bahALI saMkhyAmAM AvyA ane uttara tathA pazcima hiMdamAM sarvatra phelAI gayA. zaka leke turka nAmanI gopajAtinI eka moTI zAkhA hatI. kuzAna nAmanI eka bIjI maTI jAtie e lekene pitAnA mulakamAMthI hAMkI kADhyA hatA. teo pahelAM beMkiyA ane pArthiyAmAM pharI vaLyA ane pachI dhIme dhIme temaNe uttara hiMdamAM - khAsa karIne paMjAba, rajapUtAnA tathA kAThiyAvADamAM vasavATa karyo. hide temane saMskArI banAvyA ane temaNe temanI gepavRtti tajI dIdhI. hiMdanA keTalAka bhAganA A turka ane baeNkina zAsake hiMdanA Arya samAjajIvana upara pitAnI bahu asara na pADI zakyA, e hakIkata dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jevI che. A zAsake bAheMdhamAM hevAne kAraNe baddha saMsthAonI vyavasthAne anusaratA hatA; ane e saMsthAo svataMtra grAmapaMcAyatanI prAcIna Arya yojanAnA pAyA

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana upara racAyelI hatI. Ama A zAsakAnA amalamAM paNa hiMda * meTe bhAge eka madhyastha sattA nIce svAdhIna grAmasamAje athavA te grAmaprajAtaMtranA samUha rUpe ja rahyuM. e kALamAM paNa takSazilA tathA mathurA ddhavidyAnAM mahAna kendra tarIke cAlu rahyAM hatAM ane cIna tathA pazcima eziyAnA mulakamAMthI tyAM vidyArthIo AvatA hatA. paraMtu vAyavya khUNAmAMthI uparAuparI thatI caDAIonI ane dhIme dhIme mArya sAmrAjya paDI bhAgyuM tenI eka asara thaI. dakSiNanAM rAjya prAcIna Arya praNAlI ane paraMparAnAM sAcAM pratinidhi banyAM. Ama Arya sattAnuM kendra dakSiNa tarapha khasyuM. saMbhava che ke uparAuparI thatAM AkramaNone kAraNe uttaranA ghaNA zaktizALI puruSa dakSiNamAM jaIne vasyA hoya. AgaLa upara tuM joze ke hajAra varasa pachI musalamAnoe hiMda upara caDAI karI tyAre paNa Ama ja thayuM hatuM. Aje paNa paradezI humalA ane saMparkanI asara uttara karatAM dakSiNa hiMdamAM bahu ochI mAlUma paDe che. uttaramAM vasatA ApaNuM mAMnA ghaNAkharA loke mizra saMskRtimAM UryA che. e saMskRti hiMdu, IslAmI ane kaMIka aMze pazcimanI saMskRtinI chaTAnA mizraNathI banelI che. ApaNI bhASA paNa - hiMdI, urdU, hiMdustAnI agara ene je kaMI nAma Apa te - mizra bhASA che. paraMtu te tArI vAte joyuM che ke dakSiNa hiMda Aje paNa ghaNe aMze custa hiMdu ane sanAtanI che. prAcIna Arya paraMparAne rakSavA tathA TakAvavA te saikAothI prayatna karatuM AvyuM che ane A prayatnamAM teNe evI kaThera samAjaracanA nirmANa karI che ke AjanA jamAnAmAM paNa enI asahiSNutA joIne ApaNe diMga thaI jaIe chIe. dIvAle jokhamakAraka sAthIo hoya che. prasaMgopAtta te bahAranAM aniSTothI ApaNuM rakSaNa kare che ane aNagamatA AgaMtukane ApaNAthI dUra rAkhe che kharI. paraMtu te ApaNane kedI ane gulAma banAve che tathA kahevAtI pavitratA tathA nirbhayatA ApaNe ApaNI svataMtratAne bhAge meLavIe chIe. ane ApaNA manamAM pedA thayelI dIvAle e saMthI bhISaNamAM bhISaNa dIvAle che. koI paNa aniSTa prathA kevaLa purANI che eTalA khAtara tene pheMkI detAM e dIvAle ApaNane reke che ane te apUrva ke asAdhAraNa hoya che eTalA ja khAtara te ApaNane no vicAra grahaNa karavA detI nathI.

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dakSiNa hi'danuM prabhutva 139 paraMtu mAtra dharmAMmAM ja nahi paNa kaLA ane rAjakAraNamAM paNa eka hajAra varasa sudhI A paraMparA jALavI rAkhIne dakSiNa hiMde bhAre sevA bajAvI che. je Aje ApaNe hiMdI kaLAnA prAcIna namUnAo jovA hoya to ApaNe dakSiNa hiMdamAM javuM paDe. rAjakAraNanI bAbatamAM ApaNane grIsavAsI megesthenIsanA hevAlamAMthI purAvA maLe che ke dakSiNanI lokasabhA rAjAnI sattA upara aMkuza rAkhatI hatI. magadhanA patana pachI mAtra zaktizALI puruSo ja nahi, paN vidvAna, kaLAkAro, zilpIe ane kArIgaro paNa dakSiNamAM jaI vasyA. te samaye dakSiNa hiMdano yuropa sAthe moTA pramANamAM vepAra cAlatA hatA. motI, hAyIdAMta, sAnuM, cekhA, marI, mAra ane vAMdarA vagere cIjo mebilona, misara ane grIsa, tathA pAchaLanA kALamAM rAma paNa cokalavAmAM AvatI hatI. malabArI sAgatA e pahelAM paNa khADiyA ane emilAna mokalavAmAM AvatA hatA. ane A vepArane moTA bhAganA mAla hiMdI vahANAmAM Di vahANavaTIo lai jatA hatA. purANI duniyAmAM dakSiNa hiMdanuM keTaluM AgaLa paDatuM sthAna hatuM e tane A uparathI samajAze. dakSiNamAM moTI saMkhyAmAM rAmana sikkA jaDI AvyA che; ane malabArakArDa eNlekajhAMDriyAnA lokanI vasAhata hatI tathA eNlekajhAMDriyAmAM hiMdIenI vasAhata hatI e tA huM tane AgaLa upara kahI gayA chuM. arokanA maraNa pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM AMtra rAjya svataMtra caI gayuM. tane kadAca khabara haze ke AMtra e madrAsanI uttare hiMdane pUrva kinAre AvelA maDAsabhAne eka prAMta che. AMdhra dezanI bhASA telugu che. azokanA samaya pachI AMtranI sattA bahu jhaDapathI vadhavA lAgI ane dakSiNamAM eka samudrataTathI bIjA samudrataTa sudhInA pradezamAM tenI ANu vI. dakSiNamAMthI dUranA pradezeAmAM saMsthAne vasAvavAnAM mahAna sAhase kheDAmAM, paraMtu e viSe ApaNe AgaLa upara vAta karIzuM. jemaNe prathama hiMda upara caDAI karI ane pachIthI uttaramAM vasavATa karyAM te zaMka, sIthiyana ane evI bIjI tionA meM upara ullekha karyo che. e lAkA hiMdanA agarUpa banI gayA ane ApaNe uttaranA laoNkA jeTalA pramANamAM AryAMnA vaMzajo chIe teTalA ja pramANamAM temanA paNa vazo chIe. khAsa karIne bahAdura ane sohAmaNA rajapUtA ane kAThiyAvADanA khaDatala lo! temanA vazo che.

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30 sarahada uparanuM kuzAna sAmrAjya ' 11 eprila, 1932 mArA AgalA patramAM meM zaka tathA turka leAkeAnA hiMdu para uparAchAparI thayelA humalAnI vAta tane karI hatI. arabI samudrathI baMgALAnA akhAta sudhI vistarelA dakSiNanA baLavAna AMdhra rAjyanA uyanI paNa meM tane vAta karI hatI. zaka lakAne kuzAna leAkAe AgaLa dhakelyA hatA ane thaDA samaya pachI e kuzAneA paNa hiMdanI bhUmi upara dekhAyA. Isu pahelAM se| varasa upara temaNe hiMdanA sImADA upara eka rAjya sthApyuM ane vikasIne te mATuM sAmrAjya banyuM. e kuzAna sAmrAjya dakSiNamAM banArasathI vi MdhyAcaLa sudhI phelAyuM hatuM. uttare kAzagara, yArakada ane khAtAna sudhI ane pazcime IrAna ane pAthiyAnI sarahada sudhI tenA vistAra hatA. Ama yuktaprAMtA, kAzmIra ane paMjAba sahita AkhAye uttara hiMdustAna ane madhya eziyAnA sArA sarakhA mulaka upara kuzAna rAjavIonI hakUmata hatI. je samaye dakSiNamAM AMdhra rAjyanI caDatI kaLA hatI te arasAmAM e sAmrAjya lagabhaga 300 varasa sudhI cAlyuM. AraMbhamAM kuzAna sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI kAbula hAya ema lAge che paNa pAchaLathI te badalIne pezAvara -- je te samaye puruSapura nAmathI oLakhAtuM -- laI javAmAM AvI ane chevaTa sudhI tyAM ja rahI. - kuzAna sAmrAjya agenI ghaNI bAbato rasika che. e auddha sAmrAjya hatuM ane tene eka prakhyAta rAjakartA ~~ samrATa kaniSka badhA bhAre upAsaka hatA. rAjadhAnI pezAvara najIka takSazilA nAmanuM nagara hatuM. te lAMbA kALathI aiAddha saMskRtinuM kendra hatuM. kuzAna lAkA maMgAla athavA ene maLatI jAtinA hatA e meM tane kahyu ema mane lAge che. kuzAna rAjadhAnI ane magAla lAAnA vatana vacce niraMtara avarajavara cAlyA karatI haze ane e rIte aiAddha vidyA ane bRhna saMskRti cIna tathA maMgAliyA pahoMcI haze. e ja rIte pazcima che --

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sarahada uparanuM kuzAna sAmrAjya 141 eziyAnA dezo paNa baddha vicArasaraNInA gADha paricayamAM AvyA haze. sikaMdaranA samayathI pazcima eziyA grIka lokAnI hakUmata nIce hato ane saMkhyAbaMdha zrIke tyAM AgaLa potAnI saMskRti lAvyA hatA. A eziyAI grIka sa MskRti ane hiMdanI bAhya saMskRtino have sayAga thayo. Ama pazcima eziyA ane cIna upara hiMdanI asara paDI. paNa e ja rIte hiMda upara paNa e dezanI asara paDI. pazcime eka bAju rAma ane grIsanI duniyA, bIjI bAju pUrvamAM cInanI duniyA tathA dakSiNe hiMdustAna ane e traNenI vacce mahAkAya kuzAna sAmrAjya eziyAnI pITha upara beThuM hatuM. hiMdu ane rAma tathA hiMdu ane cIna vacce e madhyastha jevuM hatuM. te madhyamAM hAvAne kAraNe kuzAna sAmrAjya hiMdu ane rAmane saMparka dhADa banAvavAmAM madadarUpa nIvaDayuM. kuzAna sAmrAjyane kALa e juliyasa sIjharanI hayAtI daramyAnanA rezamanA prajAtaMtranA chevaTanA divase ane rAmanA sAmrAjyanAM pahelAM 200 varasanA kALa hatA. ema kahevAya che ke, kuzAna samrATe augasTasanA darabAramAM potAnuM moTuM pratinidhimaMDaLa mokalyuM hatuM. e baMne deza vacce jamIna ane dariyAmAge vepAra cAlatA hatA. sugadhI dravyo, tejAnA, rezamI kApaDa, jarInuM kApaDa, malamala ane jarajhaverAta vagere cIjo hiMdamAMthI rAma mokalavAmAM AvatI hatI. rAmanuM sAnuM hiMdamAM ghasaDAI jatuM hatuM te mATe plInI nAmanA eka romana lekhake kaDavI phariyAda karI che. teNe jaNAvyuM che ke A meAjazAkhanI vastuo pAchaLa rAmanA sAmrAjyane vArSika daza karoDa * sesTara 'ne -- rAmane eka sikko - kharaca karavA paDe che. A rakama doDha karADa rUpiyA jeTalI athavA te daza lAkha poDa jeTalI thAya. ' A samaya daramyAna baddha maThe ane sadhAmAM lAMbA lAMbA vAdavivAdo ane zAstrArthA cAlI rahyA hatA. navA vicAre athavA navA lekhAzamAM jUnA vicAro dakSiNa temaja pazcimamAMthI AvavA lAgyA hatA. ane dhIme dhIme bahu siddhAMtAnI saraLatA upara tenI asara thavA lAgI hatI. ene pariNAme bAhU dharmomAM mahAyAna ane hInayAna evA e saMpradAyA udbhavyA tyAM sudhI parivartananI e prakriyA cAlu rahI. navA vicAro ane navA nirUpaNane pariNAme jIvana ane dharmanI dRSTimAM jema parivartana thayuM te ja rIte kaLA ane zilpa upara paNa temanI asara

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142 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana thaI. A parivartana kevI rIte thayuM e kahevuM muzkela che. bauddha vicArasaraNImAM AvuM parivartana lAvavAmAM pradhAnapaNe e khaLAe kArya karyu hAya e banavAjoga che. e baLeA te brAhmaNa ane grIka sa MskRtinI asara. e bane baLAe kadAca Adya vicArasaraNIne eka ja dizAmAM vALI hAya. meM tane ghaNIvAra kahyuM che ke Adha` e nyAtajAta, dhaMdhAdArI purAhita vidyA ane karmakAMDa sAmenA baLavA hatA. gAtama buddhane mUrti pUjA prasada nahotI. pote deva che evA paNa tene dAvA nahAtA. ane tethI deva gaNI pAtAnI pujA karavAnI temaNe manA karI hatI. te te buddha eTale ke jJAnI hatA. A vicArasaraNI anusAra AraMbhakALamAM yuddhanI mUrti sthApavAmAM AvI nahetI ane te samayanA sthApatyamAM mUrti ne sthAna nahetuM. paraMtu brAhmaNo hiMdudharma ane bAhyadhama vaccenuM aMtara sAMdhI levA mAgatA hatA ane baiddavicArasaraNImAM hiMdu vicArA ane hiMdu pratIkA dAkhala karavA teo hamezAM mathyA karatA hatA. vaLI rAma ane grIsanA kArIgaro paNa devAnI mUrti banAvatA hatA. A rIte Ahva dirAmAM dhIme dhIme mUrti dAkhala thaI. AraMbhamAM te e mUrtio buddhanI nahi paNa dhisattvAnI hatI. vaiddha paraMparA anusAra edhisattvA buddhanA pUrvajanmanA avatAra manAya che. paraMtu A praNAlI cAlu ja rahI ane chevaTe buddhanI paNa mUrti e banI tathA tenI pUjA thavA lAgI. madhanA mahAyAna saMpradAye-A badhA pheraphAro mAnya karyA. vicArasaraNInI dRSTie e saMpradAya brAhmaNAnI vadhAre najIka hato. kuzAna samrAToe mahAyAna saMpradAya agIkAra karyAM ane ene phelAvA karavAmAM temaNe sahAya karI hatI. paraMtu te hInayAna saMpradAya tarapha ke khIjA dharma tarapha asahiSNu nahotA. kaniSka jarathAstI dharmane paNa uttejana ApyuM hatuM ema kahevAya che. te samaye mahAyAna ane hInayAna e ane paMthenA guNadoSonI bAbatamAM vidyAnA vacce je bhAre vAdavivAdo cAlatA hatA tenuM myAna vAMcatAM ApaNane bahu ramUja paDe che. A prakAranA vAdavivAdo athavA zAstrArthI mATe sadhanI meATI moTI pariSade maLatI hatI. kaniSka kAzmIramAM badhA sadhAnI eka moTI pariSada bharI hatI. sekaDA varasa sudhI A savAla paratve carcA ane vAdavivAda cAlyAM karyAM, uttara hiMdamAM mahAyAna patha phelAyA ane dakSiNamAM hInayAna phelAyA ane

Page #156
143 sarahada uparanuM kuzAna sAmrAjya chevaTe hiMdustAnamAM e baMne pathe hiMdu dharmamAM ekarUpa thaI gayA. Aje cIna, jApAna ane tibeTamAM mahAyAna paMtha pracalita che ane silena tathA brahmadezamAM hInayAna paMtha cAle che. prajAnI kaLA e tenA mAnasanuM sAcuM pratibiMba che. eTale AraMbhanA baddha siddhAMtanI saraLatAnuM sthAna jhINI jhINI vigatavALAM jaTila pratIkAe lIdhuM tene pariNAme hiMdI kaLA paNa vadhAre jaTila, saMkIrNa ane AlaMkArika banI. khAsa karIne vAyavya tarapha gAMdhAranuM mahAyAna sthApatya tarehatarehanI mUrtio ane alaMkArothI bharapUra hatuM. hInayAnanuM sthApatya paNa A navI asaramAMthI sAva UgarI zakyuM nahi. teNe paNa dhIme dhIme AraMbhakALane nigraha ane sAdAI choDyAM ane bhabhakAdAra kotarakAma tathA mUrtione svIkAra karyo. e kALanAM ceDAMka smArake hajI paNa mejUda che. enA majAnA namUnAo paikI ajaMtAnAM bhIMtacitro khUba suMdara che. gaye varase tuM e jovAnuM jarA mATe cUkI gaI have pharI moko maLe tetAre e guphAomAMnAM citra joI AvavAnuM cUkavuM nahi. have ApaNe kuzAna lokonI vidAya laIzuM. paraMtu ATaluM tuM lakSamAM rAkhaje ke, zaka tathA tu lokonI peThe kuzAna loke paNa paradezI tarIke athavA te jitAyelA mulaka upara vijetA tarIke rAjya karavAne arthe hiMdamAM nahotA AvyA. hiMda tathA tenA leke sAthe teo dharmanA baMdhanathI baMdhAyelA hatA. eTaluM ja nahi paNa hiMdanA AryonI rAjyapaddhati paNa temaNe apanAvI hatI. ane AryapraNAlI sAthe temaNe ghaNe aMze meLa sAcce hate e kAraNe uttara hiMda upara lagabhaga 300 varasa sudhI rAjya karavAmAM teo phatehamaMda nIvaDyA.

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31 Izu ane khristIdharma 12 eprila, 1932 hiMdanI vAyavya sarahada uparanuM kuzAna sAmrAjya ane cInane hana vaza ApaNane itihAsanA eka mahattvanA sImAcihnathI AgaLa kheMcI gayAM che eTale have pAchA pharIne ApaNe te sImAcihna tarapha javuM joI e. atyAra sudhI ApaNe I. pU. nA eTale ke, IzunI pUrvanA kALanI vAta karatAM hatAM. have ApaNe IsvI sananA eTale ke IzunA yugamAM AvI pahoMcyAM chIe. e yuga, enA nAma pramANe IzunA janmadivasathI athavA kahA ke enA janmanI mAnI levAmAM AvelI tArIkhathI zarU thAya che. kemake, Izu e tArIkhathI cAra varasa AgaLa janmyA hoya evA ghaNA saMbhava che. paNa e vAta bahu mahattvanI nathI. IzunA janma pachInI tArIkheAnI AgaLa I. sa. * eTale ke IzunA sana athavA IzunuM varasa -- mUkavAnA rivAja che. e rIte aMgrejI bhASAmAM ene badale varasanI saMkhyA AgaLa A. D. akSaro Anno Domini eTale ke bhagavAna IzunA varasamAM -- mukAya che. A pracalita prathA svIkAravAmAM kazI hAni nathI paNa ene ThekANe I. 5. eTale ke Izu pachI vAparavuM mane vadhAre zAstrazuddha lAge che; kemake Izu pahelAMnAM varasonI AgaLa ApaNe I. pU.-- eTale ke Izu pUrve -- mUkatAM hatAM. (I. 5. te ThekANe aMgrejImAM A. C.-- After Christ eTale ke Izu pachI -- vaparAya che.) AthI karIne huM tA A patramAM I. pa. nA ja upayoga karavA dhAruM chuM. = IzunI kathA bAibalanA navA karAramAM (nyU TesTAmenTa) ApavAmAM AvI che, ane tenA jIvana viSe tuM ceDu jANe che paNa kharI. navA karAramAM ApavAmAM AvelI enI kathAmAM tenA juvAnInA kALa viSe nahi jevI ja mAhitI ApavAmAM AvI che. te nAjharethamAM janmyA hatA, gelilImAM teNe potAnA upadeza ApyA ane trIsa varasanI uMmara pachI te jerUsalema AvyA. theADA ja vakhatamAM tenA upara mukaradamA calAvavAmAM Avyo ane rAmanA hAkema pAMTiyasa pAI leTe tene -

Page #158
Izu ane khristIdhama 145 sajA karI. dhapadezanuM kArya zarU karyuM te pahelAM Izu zuM karatA hatA ane kyAM kyAM gayA hatA te viSe kazI cokkasa mAhitI maLatI nathI. AkhA madhya eziyAnA pradezamAM tathA kAzmIra, laddArka, tibeTa ane enI paNa uttaranA pradezamAM Aje paNa evI dRDha mAnyatA pravarte che ke Izu athavA IsAe e pradezAmAM pravAsa karyAM hatA. keTalAka loka mAne che ke te hiMdamAM paNa AvyA hatA. A viSe cokkasapaNe kazuM kahI zakAya nahi ane jemaNe IzunA jIvana viSe abhyAsa karyAM che temAMnA ghaNAkharA vidvAneA te madhyaeziyA ke hiMdamAM AvyA hoya ema mAnatA nathI. paraMtu te A badhA mukAmAM ryAM hoya e hakIkata bilakula asaMbhavita na ja kahI zakAya. te kALamAM hiMdanI meTI meTI vidyApIThAmAM ane khAsa karIne vAyavya sarahada upara AvelI takSazilAnI vidyApIThamAM dUra dUranA dezanA jJAnapipAsu vidyAthI AvatA hatA ane Izu paNa jJAnanI zodhamAM tyAM AvI caDyo hoya e banavAjoga che. Izu tathA muddA upadeza dhaNI bAbatomAM eTale badhA maLatA Ave che ke te buddhanA upadezathI pUrepUrA vAkepha hoya e bilakula saMbhavita lAge che. paraMtu bAdhama bIjA dezomAM paNa sArI peThe jANItA hatA eTale hi MdustAnamAM AvyA vinA paNa Izu tene paricaya karI zake ema hatuM. nizALamAM bhaNatI pratyeka bALA paNa jANe che ke dharmAMne lIdhe duniyAmAM aneka jhaghaDA ane khUnakhAra yuddho thayAM che. paraMtu jagatanA moTA moTA dharmAMnA AraMbhanA itihAsanu nirIkSaNa karavuM ane temanI tulanA karavI e ghaNuM rasadAyaka che. e badhA dharmAMnI dRSTi ane siddhAMtAmAM eTaluM badhuM sAmya che ke temanI najIvI vigato ane kSullaka bAbata mATe jhaghaDA karavAnI lAke zA mATe mUrkhAI karatA haze e na samajI zakAya evuM che. paraMtu zarUAtanA dharmasiddhAMtAmAM navA navA umerA thatA jAya che ane pariNAme te evA te vikRta banI jAya che ke temane oLakhavA paNa muzkela thaI paDe che; ane mULa dharmAMpadezakane sthAne saMkucita mananA ane asahiSNu dharmAMdha leAkeA Ave che, ghaNI vAra dhame rAjakAraNa ane sAmrAjyavAdanA dAsa tarIke paNa kArya karyuM che. Ama janatAnA hitane khAtara athavA kaho ke tene cUsavAne khAtara tene hamezAM vahemamAM DUbelI rAkhavI evI prAcIna rAmana leAkAnI rAjanIti hatI. kemake vahemamAM paDelA leAkeAne dabAvI rAkhavAnuM kA vadhAre saheluM hoya che. rAmanA amIraumarAve ucca ja - 10

Page #159
146 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tatvajJAna DahoLatA hatA kharA. paraMtu je temane mATe sAruM hatuM te Ama janatAne mATe sAruM yA salAmatIbharyuM nahotuM. pachInA kALamAM thaI gayelA mekiyAlI nAmanA eka prakhyAta ITAlIvAsIe rAjakAraNa upara eka pustaka lakhyuM che. tenuM kahevuM che ke, dharma e sarakArane mATe jarUrI vastu che ane pitAne te jUTha lAgato hoya te paNa dharmane Teke ApavAnI tenI pharaja che. dharmane burakho paherIne AgaLa dhapatA sAmrAjyavAdanAM asaMkhya udAharaNe Adhunika kALamAM paNa maLI Ave che. ethI karIne, "dharma e janatAne mATe aphINanA ghena samAna che." evuM kArla mAkarse lakhyuM emAM kazuM Azcarya pAmavA jevuM nathI. Izu yahUdI hate. yadI leke e eka ajaba ane atizaya khaMtIlI prajA hatI ane Aje paNa che. DeviDa ane sele mananA samayamAM temanA TUMkA gerakALa pachI temanI vasamI dazA zarU thaI emanuM e gerave paNa bahu nAnA pAyA uparanuM hatuM paraMtu tenI kalpanA karI karIne temaNe tene meTuM svarUpa ApyuM. te eTale sudhI ke, e kALa temane mATe bhUtakALane suvarNayuga banI gaye. vaLI temanI evI paNa mAnyatA hatI ke amuka niyata samaye temane e suvarNayuga pharIthI zarU thaze ane tyAre yahUdIo mahAna ane baLavAna prajA banaze. teo AkhA remana sAmrAjyamAM ane bIje badhe paNa phelAyA. Ama chatAMye, pitAnA gauravanA divase pAchA AvavAnA che ane pitAne eka pegambara AvIne e suvarNayuga pharIthI zarU karaze e zraddhA upara acaLa rahIne temaNe pitAnI jAtinI ektA TakAvI rAkhI. vatana, gharabAra ke Azraya vinAnA ane pAravagaranI kanaDagata, satAmaNI ane atyAcAra veThIne tathA ghaNI vAra te metanA zikAra thavA chatAMye 2000 varasa sudhI yahUdI lekee pitAnuM nirALuM vyaktitva TakAvI rAkhyuM ane eka prajA tarIke kAyama rahyA e itihAsanI eka adbhuta ghaTanA che. yadadI leke pitAnA pagambaranA AgamananI rAha jotA hatA ane saMbhava che ke Izu upara temaNe kaMIka madAra bAMdhI hoya. paraMtu e bAbatamAM teo tarata ja nAsIpAsa thayA. Iza te pracalita paristhiti ane samAjavyavasthA sAme baLa uThAvavAnI temanI samajamAM na Utare evI bhASA bolate hate. khAsa karIne te zrImaMta tathA jemaNe dharmane mAtra amuka vrata pALavAnI ane karmakAMDanI vastu banAvI mUkyo hatA tevA daMbhI ane pAkhaMDI lekine virodha karate hate. dhanadelata

Page #160
147 Izu ane khristI dharma ke vaibhava-kIrtinI AzA ApavAne badale aspaSTa ane kAlpanika devI rAjyane khAtara potAnI pAse je kaMI hoya tene sudhdhAM tyAga karavAno te lokone upadeza Apato hato. te vArtA, daSTAMta ane rUpaka dvArA upadeza ApatA hatA e kharuM paraMtu e spaSTa che ke te janmathI ja baLavAra hatuM ane mejUda paristhiti sAMkhI zakatA na hatA. tene te badalavA mAgatuM hatuM. paraMtu yahUdI lekene e vAta maMjUra nahotI. ethI ghaNAkharA yahUdIo tenI sAme thayA ane temaNe tene pakaDIne romana sattAdhIzane havAle karyo. dharmanI bAbatamAM remana leke asahiSNu nahatA. kemake mana sAmrAjyamAM badhA dharmone sarakhI chUTa ApavAmAM AvatI hatI, ane kadI koI mANasa koI paNa devanI niMdA ke apamAna karatA te tene zikSA karavAmAM nahotI AvatI. TAIberiyasa nAmane remane eka samrATa te ema ja kahe ke, "je devanuM apamAna thatuM hoya te teo jAte ja enuM je kaMI karavuM hoya te bhale karatA'. eTale jenI AgaLa Izune khaDo karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te romana sUbA pAyalaTe e praznanI dhArmika bAjunI te kAzI paravA karI na hota. paraMtu Izune rAjakIya baLavAkhora gaNavAmAM AvyuM. ane yadadI le ke tene sAmAjika krAMtikAra lekhatA hatA. ethI karIne rAjakIya ane sAmAjika baLavAkhora tarIke tenA upara kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM ane tene sajA karavAmAM AvI tathA gelagathA AgaLa tene krasa upara caDhAvavAmAM Avyo. enI vedanAnI ghaDIe enA nikaTanA ziSyae paNa eno tyAga karyo ane tene inakAra paNa karyo. temanI A bevaphAIthI IzunI vedanA lagabhaga asahya thaI gaI ane maratI vakhate dilane hacamacAvI mUke evA atizaya karaNa ugAre teNe kAlyA : he Izvara! he prabhu ! teM mAro tyAga kema karyo ?" Izu taddana juvAna hatA. maratI vakhate tenI uMmara trIza varasathI mAMDa vadhAre haze. bAIbalanA navA karAramAM suMdara bhASAmAM lakhAyelI enA maraNanI karuNa kathA vAMcatAM ApaNuM haiyuM drave che. pAchaLanA vakhatamAM khristI dharmane phelAvo thavAne kAraNe karoDo leke IzunA nAmane pUjavA lAgyA. jo ke tene upadeza pitAnA jIvanamAM utAravAnI temaNe bhAgye ja darakAra rAkhI che. paraMtu ApaNe yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke ene krasa upara caDAvavAmAM AvyuM tyAre IzunuM nAma pelesTAInanI bahAra bahu jANItuM nahotuM. romanA leke te ene viSe kazuM ja

Page #161
148 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nahotA jANatA, ane pAyaleTa paNa e ghaTanAne bahu mahatvanI nahi gaNI hoya. IzunA nikaTanA anuyAyI ane ziSyoe DaranA mAryA tene inakAra karyo hate. paraMtu tenA maraNa pachI pala nAmanA eka navA ja mANase-jeNe Izune kadI joyo paNa nahotA - pitAnI samaja pramANe khristI dharmane upadeza ApavAne ane tene pracAra karavAno AraMbha karyo. ghaNuM leke ema mAne che ke pala je khristI dharmane pracAra karato hato temAM ane IzunA upadezamAM ghaNe pharaka hato. pela vidvAna ane bAhoza mANasa hatuM, paNa IzunI peThe te sAmAjika krAMtikAra nahoto. paraMtu pilane tenA kAryamAM saphaLatA maLI ane khristI dharma dhIme dhIme phelAvA lAgyo. AraMbhamAM te romana leke ene kazuM ja mahatva ApatA nahatA. teo ema mAnatA hatA ke khristI loko e yahUdI lekanI ja eka zAkhA che. paraMtu khristI lekae AkramaNakArI valaNa akhatyAra karyuM. teo bIjA badhA dharmonA virodhI hatA ane samrATanI mUrtinI pUjA karavAnI temaNe sApha nA pADI. romana loko temanI A manovRtti na samajI zakyA. temane te khristIonuM e valaNa saMkucita vRttinuM lAgyuM. ethI karIne teo temane laDakaNA, cakrama jevA, asaMskArI ane mAnavapragatinA virodhI gaNatA. khristI dharmane eka dharma tarIke te teo nabhAvI leta. paraMtu samrATanI mUrtinuM sanmAna karavAnA khristIonA niSedhane temaNe rAjadrohane guno gaNe, ane e gunA mATe temaNe dehAMtadaMDanI sajA karAvI. vaLI khristI leke gleDiyeTaronI sAThamArInA tamAzAnI paNa niMdA karatA hatA. A badhAne pariNAme khristIonuM damana zarU thayuM. temanI milakata japta karavAmAM AvI ane temane siMhonI AgaLa pheMkavAmAM AvyA. A khristI zahIdonI vAte te vAMcI haze ane kadAca temanAM sinemAcitre paNa joyAM haze. paraMtu mANasa kaI paNa dhyeyane arthe maravAne tatpara hoya ane evA mRtyumAM pitAnuM gaiArava mAnatA hoya te tene ke tenA dhyeyane dabAvavuM azakya banI jAya che. ane romana sAmrAjya khristI lekane dabAvavAmAM bilakula niSphaLa nIvaDayuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa A jhaghaDAmAM Akhare khristI dharmane ja vijaya thayuM. IzunI cothI sadInA AraMbhamAM khuda romana samrATe paNa khristI dharma aMgIkAra karyo ane khristI dharma sAmrAjyane rAjadharma banya. A samrATa te kanjhAnTinopala zaheranA sthApaka kaeNnsenTAIna hatuM. enI vAta ApaNe AgaLa upara karIzuM.

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IzuM ane khristI dharma khristI dharmane phelAvo thatAM IzunA devatva viSe tIvra matabheda UbhA thayA. meM AgaLa kahyuM hatuM te tane yAda haze ke gautama buddha pitAnA viSe devatvane bilakula dAnahete karyo chatAMye tenI IzvaranA avatAra tarIke pUjA thavA lAgI. e ja pramANe Izue paNa pitAne viSe devatvane do nahote karyo. pite Izvarano putra che ane manuSyane putra che ema Izu vAraMvAra kaheta. paraMtu te pitAne viSe devatvane dA karate ho e ja tenA e kathanane artha thAya che ema nathI. paNa lekene pitAnA mahApuruSone deva banAvI devAnuM game che; ane deva banAvyA pachI temane anusaravAnuM teo cheDI de che ! 600 varasa pachI mahaMmada pegaMbare bIjA eka mahAna dharmanI sthApanA karI. paraMtu saMbhave che ke, A dAkhalAonA anubhava uparathI temaNe vAraMvAra ane spaSTapaNe jAhera karyuM che ke pote manuSya ane deva nathI. Ama Izune upadeza samajavA ane te pramANe vartavAne badale khristI leke IzunA devatva viSe ane trimUrtinA (TriniTI) svarUpa viSe vAdavivAda ane jhaghaDA karavA lAgyA. teo paraspara ekabIjAne nAstika kahevA lAgyA, ekabIjAnuM damana karavA lAgyA ane ekabIjAnAM mAthAM dhaDathI judAM karavA lAgyA. eka vakhate khristI lekenA judA judA saMpradAya vacce eka ja joDAkSaranI bAbatamAM atizaya tIvra ane jhanUnI vAdavivAda UpaDyo hate. eka pakSa kahete hatuM ke prArthanA karatI vakhate he -Aujhana' (Homo-ousion) zabda vApare joIe. ane bIjo pakSa kahetuM hatuM ke "hemaIAujhana" (Homoi-ousion) zabda vAparavo joIe. A pheraphArane IzunA devatva sAthe saMbaMdha hate. A joDAkSaranA matabheda upara bhayaMkara yuddha thavA pAmyuM ane saMkhyAbaMdha mANasenI katala thaI khristI "carca" eTale dharmasaMghanuM baLa vadhatuM gayuM tema tema AvA AMtarika matabheda ane jhaghaDAo thavA lAgyA. pazcimanA dezamAM judA judA paMthe vacce cheka hamaNAM hamaNAM sudhI AvA jhaghaDA cAlatA hatA. tane e jANIne Azcarya thaze ke IgleMDa ane pazcimanA dezamAM khristI dharma pahoMce te pahelAM ghaNI vakhata upara ane je samaye remamAM paNa tene tiraskAra thatuM hatuM ane tenI sAme manAI hatI te samaye e saMpradAya hiMdamAM AvyuM hatuM. IzunA maraNa pachI zumAre eka varasa bAda khristI dharmapracArake dariyAmArge dakSiNa hiMdamAM AvyA

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150 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatA. tyAM temanuM vinayapUrvaka svAgata karavAmAM AvyuM ane temanA navA dharmAMtA pracAra karavAnI chUTa ApavAmAM AvI. temaNe meTI sakhyAmAM lokAne potAnA dharmAMnA anuyAyI banAvyA. aneka taDakIchAMyaDI vekIne te samayathI Aja sudhI temanA vaMzajo dakSiNa hiMdamAM vasatA rahyA che. emAMnA ghaNA tA yuropamAM je pathAnuM Aje nAmanizAna paNa rahyu nathI evA purANA khristI pathAnA anuyAyIo che. AmAMnA keTalAka paMcezanuM mukhya dhAma Aje eziyA mAInaramAM che. rAjakIya dRSTie khristIdhama Aje sama dharma che. kemake te yuropanI sama prajAnA dharma che. ahiMsAnA tathA pracalita samAjavyavasthA sAme baMDa uThAvavAno upadeza karatA baLavAkhAra IzunA vicAra karatAM ane pachI tenA upadezanA UMce sAde pokAra karanArA tenA AjanA anuyAyIonI temanI sAmrAjyavAdI nItinI, temanAM zastrasara MjAmeAnI ane temanAM yuddha ane lakSmI-pUjAnI tenI sAthe sarakhAmaNI karatAM ApaNane vicitra lAge che. IzunuM * giri pravacana ' ane yuropa tathA amerikAmAM pracalita AjanA khristI dharma -- e baMne vacce keTalA gajaba taphAvata che ! ethI karIne, dhaNA lakA ema mAnavAne prerAya ke pazcimanA dezonA tenA kahevAtA AjanA ghaNAkharA anuyAyIo karatAM bApu -- gAMdhIjI-- zuinA upadezanI ghaNA najadIka che te temAM navAI pAmavA jevuM kazuM nathI. k

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romanuM sAmrAjya 3 eprila, 1972 meM tane ghaNA divasathI patra lakhyuM nathI. allAhAbAdanI khabarathI ane khAsa karIne tArI vRddha dAdImAnI khabarathI huM asvastha thaI gaye hato ane mAruM dila hAlI UyuM hatuM. jyAre meM sAMbhaLyuM ke mArI vRddha ane nAjuka zarIranI mAtAne lAThIne sAmano karavo paDyo ane teNe polIsanI lAThInA phaTakA jhIlyA tyAre jelamAM mane maLatI jajAja sukhasagavaDa upara mane thoDI cIDa caDI hatI. paraMtu mArA vicArone mAre chUTo dora na mUkavA joIe ane A itihAsanI kathAmAM temane aMtarAyarUpa na thavA devA joIe. have ApaNe saMskRta graMtho jene romakA tarIke oLakhAve che te roma tarapha pAchAM vaLIe. tane yAda haze ke romanA lekataMtranA aMta ane romanA sAmrAjyanI sthApanA viSe ApaNe AgaLa vAta karI gayAM chIe. juliyasa sIjharane dattaka putra kaviyana aukaTeviyasa sIjhara nAma dhAraNa karI rezamanA sAmrAjyanA prathama samrATa thayo. te pitAne rAjA kahevaDAvato nahoto. kaMIka aMze enuM kAraNa e hatuM ke e padavI tene pUratI monmAdAra nahotI lAgatI tathA kaMIka aMze e paNa kharuM ke letaMtrane bahArano dekhAva te jALavI rAkhavA mAgato hato. ethI karIne te pitAne "ImpareTara" eTale ke senApati kahevaDAvatA hatA. A rIte "ImpareTara'nI padavI sauthI UMcI lekhAvA lAgI. kadAca tane khabara haze ke aMgrejI zabda "eNmparara' (eTale samrATa athavA zahenazAha) e zabdamAMthI nIkaLe che. Ama ramanA sAmrAjya pitAnA AraMbhakALamAM "aimparara" ane "sIjhara " athavA kejhara ke jhAra evA be zabda ApyA. e padavI dhAraNa karavAne duniyAbharanA rAjavIoe lAMbA kALa sudhI kAmanA rAkhI che. pahelAM te ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ke duniyAmAM eka vakhate eka ja "aimparara " (samrATa) eTale ke eka prakArane AkhI duniyAne svAmI hoI zake. mi "duniyAnI rANI' tarIke oLakhAtuM ane AkhI duniyA remanA

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15ra jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Adhipatya nIce che ema pazcimanA leke mAnatA. temanI A mAnyatA bezaka khoTI hatI ane te ItihAsa tathA bhUgoLanuM temanuM ajJAna batAvatI hatI. remanuM sAmrAjya moTe bhAge bhUmadhya samudranI AsapAsanA mulakanuM sAmrAjya hatuM ane pUrva tarapha mesopoTemiyAthI AgaLa enI hada kadI gaI nahotI. hiMdustAna ane cInamAM vakhatovakhata enA karatAM vadhAre vistRta, vadhAre baLavAna ane vadhAre saMskArI sAmrAjya thaI gayAM hatAM. chatAye pazcimanI duniyAnA lekene lAgatuMvaLagatuM hatuM tyAM sudhI remanuM sAmrAjya temane mATe ekamAtra sAmrAjya hatuM. ane e rIte prAcIna kALanA pazcimanA lekenI dRSTie te eka prakAranuM jagata sAmrAjya hatuM. te samaye tenI pratiSThA paNa bahu bhAre hatI. remanI bAbatamAM sauthI vadhAre AzcaryakAraka vastu te teNe UbhI karelI jagavyApI sArvabhAmatvanI, jagadyApI AdhipatyanI kalpanA che. remanI paDatI dazAmAM paNa e kalpanAe tenuM rakSaNa karyuM ane tene baLa ApyuM. ane romathI sadaMtara vikhUTI paDI gayA chatAM paNa te kalpanA satatapaNe TakI rahI. te eTale sudhI ke khuda romanuM sAmrAjya nAmazeSa thayuM ane preta samAna banI gayuM chatAMye e kalpanA kAyama rahI. roma ane eka pachI eka AvatA tenA samrATa viSe lakhavuM mane jarA muzkela lAge che. emAMthI tane zuM kahevuM e pasaMda karavAnuM kAma saheluM nathI. moTe bhAge jelamAM vAMcelAM e viSenAM jUnAM pustaka mAMthI game tema ekaThAM karelAM citro mArA magajamAM bheLaseLa thaI gayAM che. jelamAM na AvyuM te kharekhara, remanA ItihAsanuM eka prakhyAta pustaka te meM na ja vAMcyuM hota. e pustaka evaDuM moTuM che ke bIjA vyavasAyamAM paDyA hoIe tyAre ene athathI iti sudhI vAMcavA mATe vakhata meLavo muzkela che. e pustakanuM nAma "remanA sAmrAjyanI paDatI ane nAza" (DiklAIna enDa phola opha dha romana empAyara) che, ane gibana nAmanA eka aMgreja lekhake te lakhyuM che. ghaNA vakhata upara - lagabhaga deDha varasa upara - "leka lemana" nAmanA sarovarane kAMThe sviTjharalaeNnDamAM e lakhAyuM hatuM. paraMtu Aje paNa enuM vAcana ApaNA cittane harI le che. kaMIka ADaMbaravALI paNa karNamadhura vANImAM lakhAyelI e kathA mane kaI navalakathA karatAM paNa vadhAre AkarSaka lAgI. lagabhaga daza varasa upara lakane jelamAM meM e pustaka vAMcyuM hatuM. ane eka mAsathIye kaMIka vadhAre vakhata sudhI

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rAmanu sAmrAjya 153 giana mArA nikaTanA sAthI banI rahyo hateA tathA tenI bhASAe mArI sAme bhUtakALanI je pratimAo khaDI karI hatI temAM huM garakAva thayA hatA. paraMtu e pustaka thADuMka ja bAkI rahyu hatuM tyAM mane ekAeka cheDI mUkavAmAM Avyo. Ama mArI tanmayatA tUTI ane prAcIna roma tathA kaoNnsTAnTinopala pharI pAchA javAne ane e pustakanAM bAkI rahelAM sA ke eTalAM pAna vAMcavAne vakhata kADhatAM tathA e mATenI manetti pedA karatAM mane muzkelI paDI. paraMtu e vAtane te daza varasa thaI gayAM ane e vakhate me vAMceluM temAMnuM ghaNuMkharuM te huM bhUlIye gayo chuM, chatAMye mArA manane bharI devA ane temAM gUMcavADA UbhA karavA jeTalI smRti to hajI rahI ja che. paraMtu e gUMcavADA huM tArA magajamAM paNa UbhA karavA nathI mAgatA. prathama ApaNe rAmanA sAmrAjya athavA te tenI lAMbI kArakirdI daramyAna kALe kALe teNe dhAraNa karelAM svarUpo tarapha najara karIe. pachIthI kadAca e citramAM raMga pUravA ghaTe to te pUravA mathIzuM. IsavI sananI zarUAtamAM oNgasTasa sIjharanA amalathI rAmanA sAmrAjyano AraMbha thAya che. zarUAtamAM theADA vakhata sudhI samrATe seneTanI AmanyA rAkhatA hatA. paraMtu lokata MtranI e chellI nizAnI pazu TUMka samayamAM lupta thAya che ane samrATa sarva sattAdhIza ane pUrNapaNe Apakhuda zAsaka bane che. eTaluM ja nahi paNa te lagabhaga devatulya banI jAya che. tenI hayAtI daramyAna devanI peThe tenI pUjA karavAmAM AvatI ane maraNa pachI to te pUrNapaNe deva lekhAto. te samayanA badhA ja lekhake AraMbhakALanA samrATone ane khAsa karIne AgasTasane saguNasaMpanna tarIke Alekhe che. AgasTasanA yugane te suvarNa yuga athavA satayuga tarIke varNave che ane jaNAve che ke te samaye samAjamAM badhA sadguNo khIlyA hatA tathA sajjanone temanI bhalAI ne badale maLatA ane duSTa lokAne zikSA karavAmAM AvatI. Apakhuda rAjAnA rAjyamAM lekhaka A ja mA` le che kemake rAjakartAnI stuti temane lAbhakAraka nIvaDe che. rjila, hAresa ane eviDa jevA laeNTina bhASAnA prakhyAta lekhake A ja kALamAM thaI gayA che. e lekhakanAM pustakA amAre zALAmAM vAMcavAM paDayAM hatAM. lAkata tranA chevaTanA bhAgamAM niraMtara cAlatA AMtaravigrahA ane hADamArInA yuga pachI AvelA sukhazAMti ane vyavasthAnA yugamAM lokAe rAhatanI lAgaNI anubhavI

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154 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana hAya e saMbhavita che. e arasAmAM vepArojagAra ane saMskRti paNa kaMIka aMze khIlyAM. paNa A saMskRti kevA prakAranI hatI? e dhanika leAkeAnI saMskRti hatI. paNa A dhaniko prAcIna grIsanA kaLApremI ane buddhimAna dhanikA jevA nahotA. rAmanA binake te! sAmAnya prakAranA ane maMdRddhi lokAnI eka jamAta jevA hatA. basa meAjamajhA uDAvavI e temanA jIvananuM ekamAtra dhyeya hatuM. temane mATe duniyAbharamAMthI khAdyapadArtha ane mojazokhanI vastuo rAma AvatI. tyAM AgaLa satra bhaSA ane ADaMbara dekhA detAM hatAM. hajI Aje paNa evA lekaiAnI jamAta duniyAmAMthI maTI gaI nathI. romamAM te samaye bhA ane ADaMbara pravartatAM hatAM, eka pachI eka damAmadAra saraghasa nIkaLatAM hatAM tathA sarakasamAM ramata ramAtI ane maraNa nIpaje tyAM sudhI gloDayeTaronI kustI cAlatI hatI. para Mtu A bhapakA ane damAmanA pAyAmAM AmajanatAnAM duHkha ane hADamArI rahelAM hatAM. tyAM AgaLa bhAre karaverA levAtA hatA ane tene jo mukhyatve karIne sAmAnya loke! upara paDatA hatA. agaNita gulAme majUrIne jo uThAvatA hatA. eTaluM ja nahi paNa A mahAnubhAvAe temanuM vaidyakIya kAma, temanuM tattvaciMtana tathA temane mATe vicAra karavAnuM kAma sudhdhAM mATe bhAge grIka gulAmeAne ja sAMpyuM hatuM ! vaLI teo potAne je duniyAnA svAmI gaNatA hatA tene keLavavAno athavA te viSe mAhitI ekaThI karavAnA A dhanika rAmanae kazA ja prayAsa karyAM nathI. Ama eka pachI eka samrATa AvatA gayA. temAMnA keTalAka bhUMDA hatA ane khIjA keTalAka temanAthIye vadhAre bhUMDA hatA. ane dhIre dhIre badhI sattA sainyanA hAthamAM AvI. te potAnI marajImAM Ave tene samrATa banAvatuM ane marajImAM Ave tyAre tene padabhraSTa karatuM. AthI sainyanI maherabAnI prApta karavA harIphAI thavA lAgI ane tene lAMcaruzavata ApavA mATe janatA pAsethI athavA jitAyelA mulakamAMthI nANAM kaDhAvavAmAM AvatAM. gulAmonA vepAra e AvakanuM eka meTu sAdhana hatuM. ethI karIne rAmanuM lazkara pUrvanA mulakAmAM vyavasthita rIte gulAmeA pakaDavAnuM kAma karatuM. lazkaranI sAthe gulAmeAnA vepArIe paNa jatA ane laDAI te sthaLe ja gulAme kharIda karatA. prAcIna kALanA grIka leAkA jete pavitra gaNatA te Delejhano TApu gulAmonuM moTuM

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remanuM sAmrAjya 655 bajAra banI gayo. tyAM AgaLa kaI kaI vakhata daza hajAra jeTalA gulAma eke divase vecavAmAM AvatA. remane eka lekapriya samrATa vizALa kalojhiyamamAM eka vakhate 1200 jeTalA gulAmane kustI karavA utArate. samrATa ane tenI prajAnuM mana raMjana karavAne arthe A hatabhAgI gulAmene maraNazaraNa thavuM paDatuM hatuM. sAmrAjyanA divasomAM remanI saMskRti AvA prakAranI hatI. chatAMye ApaNe mitra gibana lakhe che ke, "jyAre mANasajAta sAthI vadhAre sukhI ane AbAda hatI evo yuga jagatanA ItihAsamAM karyo ? e nakakI karavAnuM kaI mANasane kahevAmAM Ave te vinA saMkoce te miTiyananA maraNathI komeDasanA rAjyAbhiSeka sudhInA yuganuM nAma deze. eTale ke I. sa. 96thI I.sa. 180 sudhIne 84 varasane kALa. gibana game eTale vidvAna kema na hoya paNa mane lAge che ke ghaNuMkharA mANaso tenA A kathana sAthe saMmata nahi thAya. jyAre e mANasajAtanI vAta kare che tyAre enA khyAlamAM mukhyatve karIne bhumadhyasamudra uparanA mulakAmAM vasatI prajAo hoya che. kemake hiMdustAna, cIna athavA mIsara viSe tene kazI mAhitI nahatI ane heya te paNa bahu alpa pramANamAM haze. paNa saMbhava che ke huM prema pratye jarA vadhAre paDate kaDaka thayo houM. romanA tAbAnA mulakomAM amuka pramANamAM zAMti ane vyavasthA pravartatI hatI e pheraphAra lekene sukhada lAgyuM haze. rAjyanI sarahade upara vAraMvAra yuddho thayA karatAM paraMtu romana sAmrAjyanI aMdara te,-kaMI nahi te AraMbhakALamAM - "paikasa romAnA" eTale ke remana zAMti pravartatI hatI. tyAM AgaLa amuka pramANamAM salAmatI paNa hatI ane tethI karIne tyAM AgaLa vepArarojagAra vadhavA pAme. romanA amala nIcenA badhA mulakamAM tyAMnA prajAjanone romanA nAgarikano haka ApavAmAM Avyo hato. paNa bicArA gulAma lekone enI sAthe kazo saMbaMdha nahote e vAta dhyAnamAM rAkhaje. vaLI e paNa lakSamAM rAkhaje ke samrATa sarvasattAdhIza hatA ane nAgarikone bahu jUja hake hatA. koI paNa prakAranI rAjakIya carcA samrATanI sAme baMDa uThAvavA samAna gaNAtI hatI. upalA varganA leke mATe samAna dheraNanI rAjyavyavasthA ane eka kAyado hato. AgaLanA vakhatamAM ethIye kharAba prakAranA Apakhuda amala nIce jemaNe sahana karyuM haze tevA lokone A rAjyavyavasthA ghaNI ja sArI lAgI haze.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vakhata jatAM remana leke atizaya ALasu thaI gayA ane pitAnA sainyamAM bharatI thaIne laDavA mATe bIjI rIte paNa teo nakAmA thaI gayA. gAmaDAmAM vasatA kheDUte paNa temane vahevA paDatA asahya bejAne kAraNe kaMgALa gaI gayA hatA. zaheranA lekenI paNa e ja dazA hatI. paraMtu samrATo, teo temane pajave nahi eTalA khAtara zaheranA lekene khuza rAkhavA mAgatA hatA. AthI remanA lekene khAvA mATe maphata roTI ApavAmAM AvatI ane temanA manaraMjana arthe sarakasanA khele temane maphata batAvavAmAM AvatA. A rIte temane khuza rAkhavAmAM AvatA. paNa AvI makta vaheMcaNI thaDaka zaheramAM ja thaI zake ema hatuM. ane e paNa misara ane evA bIjA dezonI gulAma prajAnI hADamArI ane durdazAne bhege ja thaI zakatuM; kemake temane A vaheMcaNI mATe maphata leTa pUro pADavo paData. remana leke lazkaramAM joDAvA tatpara rahetA eTale sAmrAjyanI bahAranA lekane - remana le ke temane "barbara" eTale ke asaMskArI leka tarIke oLakhatA - lazkaramAM bharatI karavA paDyA. A rIte remanuM sainya moTe bhAge tenA barbara' duzmananA saMbaMdhI athavA temane maLatA lekenuM banyuM. sarahada upara A "barbara' jAtio niraMtara dabANa karyA karatI ane remana lekene te pAsathI gherI vaLI hatI. jema jema rema nabaLuM paDatuM gayuM tema tema A "barbara' leke vadhAre ne vadhAre baLavAna ane sAhasika thavA lAgyA. pUrva taraphanI sarahada upara khAsa karIne bhaya jhajhUmato hate. ane e sarahada remathI bahu dUra hovAthI tenuM rakSaNa karavuM e ramata vAta nahatI. ogasTasa sIjhara pachI traNaso varasa bAda kanTenTAIna nAmanA samrATe eka mahattvanuM pagaluM bharyuM. AgaLa upara enAM bahu dUragAmI pariNAmo AvyAM. te sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI remamAMthI khaseDI pUrva tarapha laI gaye. kALA samudra ane bhUmadhya samudranI vacce AvelI bespharasanI sAmudradhunI upara AvelA bAIjhenTAIna nAmanA prAcIna zaheranI najIka teNe eka navuM zahera vasAvyuM. pitAnA nAma uparathI teNe e zaheranuM nAma kanjhAnTinopala pADyuM. konsAnTinopala athavA navuM rama-te samaye te zahera e nAmathI paNa oLakhAtuM - tyAra pachI romanA sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI banI. eziyAnA ghaNuM bhAgamAM kansTATipala Aje paNa rUmane nAme oLakhAya che.

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romana sAmrAjyanA bhAgalA paDI jAya che ane Akhare te nAmazeSa thAya che. 24 eprila, 1992 Aje ApaNe remanA sAmrAjyanI vAta AgaLa calAvIzuM. IsavI sananI cothI sadInA AraMbhamAM eTale ke 326 nI sAlamAM konTenTAIne prAcIna bAIjhenTAInanI najIka kanjhAnTinopala zaheranI sthApanA karI. ane te pitAnA sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI jUnA remathI khaseDI bespharasanI sAmudradhunI upara sthApelA A navA romamAM laI gaye. tuM nakazA tarapha najara karaze te jaNAze ke A navuM UbhuM thayeluM kausTAnTinopala zahera yuropanA eka cheDA upara UbhIne mahAkAya eziyA khaMDa tarapha najara karI rahyuM che. e zahera bane khaMDene joDatI kaDI samAna che. ghaNA jamInamArgo ane dariyAI mArge tyAM thaIne pasAra thAya che. zahera mATe temaja rAjadhAnI mATe e suMdara sthAna che. konsTAInanI pasaMdagI te ye hatI paraMtu ene athavA enA vArane rAjadhAnInA pheraphArane kAraNe atizaya tevuM paDyuM. jevI rIte jUnuM roma eziyAmAInara ane pUrva taraphanA mulakethI ghaNuM dUra hatuM tevI ja rIte pUrvanI navI rAjadhAnI paNa gela ane briTana jevA sAmrAjyanA pazcimanA mulakathI bahu dUra hatI.. A muzkelIne teDa lAvavAne arthe thoDA vakhata mATe eka vakhate be joDiyA samrATanI lejanA karavAmAM AvI. eka samrATa remamAM rahe ane bIjo kansAnTinopalamAM. AjanAne pariNAme sAmrAjyanA be bhAgalA paDI gayA. eka pUrva taraphane bhAga ane bIje pazcima taraphane bhAga. remanI rAjadhAnIvALuM pazcimanuM sAmrAjya lAMbe kALa TakyuM nahi. je lekene te barbara' kahetuM hatuM temanI sAme te pitAne bacAva karI zakyuM nahi. gau nAmanI eka jarmana jAti AvI ane teNe remane lUMTavuM. pachI venDAla leko AvyA ane

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158 jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzIna temanA pachI huNa lokA AvyA. pariNAme pazcimanuM sAmrAjya jamInadosta thaI gayuM. bhrUNa zabda to te sAMbhaLyuM haze. gayA mahAyuddha daramyAna jana lokA atizaya dhAtakI ane jaMgalI che ema sUcavavA mATe aMgrejo e zabdane hAlatAM ne cAlatAM upayoga karatA hatA. sAcI vAta to e che ke, yuddhakALa daramyAna sau koI athavA kaho ke ghaNAkharA loko potAnA mana uparano kAbU khoI bese che ane potAnI badhI sabhyatA ane saMskAritA bhUlI jaI jaMgalI tathA dhAtakI rIte varte che. jarmana leAkA e rIte varyAM hatA ane aMgreja tathA phreMca lokAe paNa evuM ja AcaraNa karyuM hatuM. A bAbatamAM temanI vacce kazeA ja pharaka nahAto. dRNa e atizaya ni dAvAcaka zabda banI gayA che. venDAla zabdanI bAbatamAM paNa ema ja che. ghaNuM karIne A dUSNu tathA venDAla leAkA aNadhaDa ane dhAtakI hatA ane temaNe bhAre raMjADa karyAM hatA. paraMtu sAthe sAthe ApaNe e paNa lakSamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke emane viSenI ApaNane je mAhitI maLe che te badhI temanA duzmana romana loka taraphathI maLe che. eTale emanI mAhitI niSpakSa hAvAnI ApaNe bahu ochI AzA rAkhI zakIe. e game tema hA paNa gAtha, venDAla ane dRNa lokAe pazcimanA rAmanA sAmrAjyane gaMjIphAnA dharanI jema ramatamAM jamInadosta karI nAkhyuM. te sahelAIthI ene dhULabhegu karavAmAM phAvyA enuM eka kAraNa e paNa hoI zake ke sAmrAjyanA amala nIce romanA kheDUtavarganI eTalI badhI durdazA thaI hatI, te eTalA bhAre karaverA nIce cagadAyelA hatA tathA eTalA badhA karajamAM DUbelA hatA ke ene badale khIjA kAI paNa pheraphArane teNe vadhAvI lIdho. e ja pramANe hiMdanA garIba kheDUtavarga tenI kaMgAliyata ane durdazAne badale khIjo kAI paNa pheraphAra vadhAvI levA tatpara che. A rIte rAmanA pazcimanA sAmrAjyano aMta AvyeA. theADI sadIo pachI te bIje svarUpe pharIthI UbhuM thavAnuM hatuM. paraMtu pUnuM sAmrAjya TakI rahyu. joka tene paNa Nu ane evA khIjA lokonA humalAono sAmano karavAmAM bhAre jahemata uDhAvavI paDI. A humalAonI sAme te TakI rahyuM. eTaluM ja nahi paNa Araba lokeAnI sAme ane te pachI tu lokAnI sAme satatapaNe laDatAM laDatAM paNa sadIo sudhI te namyuM. 1100 varasa jeTalA atizaya lAMbA kALa sudhI

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rema Akhare nAmazeSa thAya che 159 te TakI rahyuM ane chevaTe 1453 nI sAlamAM oTomana athavA usmAnI tuke lekee kanjhAnTinopalano kabaje lIdho tyAre tene aMta Avyo. tyArathI te Aja sudhI eTale ke lagabhaga pAMca varasathI kanjhAnTinopala athavA IstaMbula turka lekanA kabajAmAM rahyuM che. tyAM AgaLathI turka lake yurepanA pradeza upara vAraMvAra AkramaNa karatA ane eka vakhate te teo cheka viyenAnA daravAjA sudhI pahoMcI gayA hatA. pachInI sadIomAM dhIre dhIre temane pAchI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA hatA ane bAreka varasa upara gayA mahAyuddhamAM temanI hAra thayA pachI kanjhAnTipala teo lagabhaga khoI beThA hatA. pachI e zahera aMgrejonA kabajAmAM gayuM ane turka sulatAna temanA hAthamAM pUtaLA je banI gayo. paraMtu mustaphA kamAla pAzA nAmane eka mahAna netA pitAnI prajAne ugAravA AgaLa paDyo ane vIratAbharyA yuddha pachI te pitAnA kAryamAM saphaLa . Aje tuka prajAtaMtra che ane sulatAne tyAMthI hamezane mATe vidAya lIdhI che. kamAla pAzA e prajAtaMtrane pramukha che. pahelAM pUrvanA romana sAmrAjyanuM ane pachI turka sAmrAjyanuM ema lagabhaga 1500 varSa sudhI kansTAnTanopala sAmrAjyanuM pATanagara rahyuM. Aje paNa te turka rAjyane eka bhAga che paraMtu te tenuM pATanagara rahyuM nathI. tuka lekae sAmrAjya sAthe saMkaLAyelAM tenAM smaraNa ane paraMparAothI aLagA rahevAnuM ane dUra eziyAmAInaramAM AvelA aMgArA athavA aMkArA zaheramAM potAnI rAjadhAnI rAkhavAnuM yogya mAnyuM. ApaNe lagabhaga be hajAra varSa jeTale kALa jhapATAbaMdha vaTAvI gayAM ane kasTAnTinopalanI sthApanA tathA ramanA sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI e navA zaheramAM khaseDavAmAM AvI tyAra bAda eka pachI eka je je pheraphAra thatA gayA tenA upara UDatI najara karI gayAM. paraMtu konTenTAIne bIjuM eka avanavuM kArya karyuM. teNe khristI dharma aMgIkAra karyo ane te pite samrATa hatuM eTale eno artha e thayo ke khristI dharma AkhA sAmrAjyane rAjadharma banyA. khristI dharmanI paristhitimAM A ekAeka thayele palaTe vicitra prakAranI ghaTanA gaNAI haze. kemake damananA bhoga banelA dharmane badale teNe have sAmrAjyadharmanuM sthAna prApta karyuM. paraMtu thoDA vakhata sudhI te A pheraphArathI tene bahu phAyado na thayo. khristI dharmanA judAjudA paMthe vacce paraspara 1. 1939 nI sAlamAM kamAla pAzAnuM avasAna thayuM.

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130 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzana ekabIjA sAthe jhaghaDA zarU thayA. chevaTe A jhaghaDAonuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke khristI dharmanA e prathA eka khIjAthI sAva alaga thaI gayA. eka laeNTina patha ane khIjo grIka patha. laeNTina paMthanuM mukhya mathaka rAma banyuM tathA tene bizapa athavA AcAya te pathane vaDo gaNAvA lAgyA. AgaLa upara te rAmane pApa kahevAyA. kaoNnsTAnTinopala grIka graMthanuM mathaka banyuM. laeNTina carca athavA dha sadhanA uttara ane pazcima yuropamAM badhe phelAvA thayA ane romana kaeNthalika carca athavA dha sadhane nAme oLakhAyA. grIka carca athavA dha sadha ArthAkisa carca athavA to sanAtanI dharmasaMdhane nAme oLakhAyA. pUnA sAmrAjyanA patana pachI ArthoDaoNkasa carcInA khAsa karIne raziyAmAM ja phelAvA thayA. have ekzevijhamanI sthApanA thayA pachI raziyAmAM e ca` yA dharmAMsaMdha ke bIju kAI paNa carca rAjamAnya rahyuM nathI. huM pUrvanA rAmana sAmrAjyanI vAta karI rahyo chuM paNa rAmane enI sAthe jhAjhI nisbata nathI. tyAM vaparAtI bhASA sudhdhAM laeNTina nahi paNa grIka hatI. eka rIte tene sikaMdaranA grIka sAmrAjyanI pUrti athavA tenA anusaMdhAna tarIke gaNI zakAya. pazcima yuropa sAthe tene nahi jevA ja saMparka hatA. jo ke tenAthI svataMtra hovAnA pazcima yurApanA dAvAne lAMbA vakhata sudhI teNe mAnya rAkhyo nahoto. jANe e zabdamAM kaIjAdu na hoya tema pUrvanuM sAmrAjya ' romana ' zabdane vaLagI rahyuM, ane tyAMnA loka paNa potAne romana kahevaDAvatA. ethIye vizeSa tAjuba pamADanArI vastu to e che ke sAmrAjyanuM vaDuM mathaka maTI javA chatAMye rAmanI pratiSThA ghaTI nahi ane tene jItavAne AvanArA ara ' leAkeA paNa enAthI ajAtA ane enA pratye AdarathI vartatA. mahAna vicArA ane moTA nAmanuM AvuM bhAre sAmarthya hoya che ! ( sAmrAjya gumAvyA pachI rAme eka navIna ane judA ja prakAranuM sAmrAjya sthApavAnA prayatna AraMbhyo. ema kahevAya che ke, IzunA ziSya pITara rAmamAM Avyo hatA ane te tene prathama bizapa athavA AcArya thayA hatA. A hakIkatane kAraNe khristI laoNkAnI najaramAM rAma vadhAre pavitra gaNAvA lAgyuM ane rAmanA bizapanuM pada vadhAre mahattvanuM manAvA lAgyuM. ArbhamAM to khIjA bizapo ane rAmanA bizapa vacce kazA pharaka nahotA. paraMtu samrATanu raheThANa kaoNnsTAnTinApala banyuM tyArathI tenuM mahattva vadhavA mAMDayuM. e pachI enA prabhAvane

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rema Akhare nAmazeSa thAya che jhAMkho pADanAra tyAM AgaLa keI rahyuM nahi ane pITaranI gAdInA vArasa tarIke te badhA bizapa athavA AcAryomAM mukhya gaNAvA lAgyo. pAchaLathI te pipa tarIke oLakhAvA lAgyo. tuM jANe che ke pipa Aje paNa mojUda che ane te romana kaeNthalika carcayA dharmasaMghano vaDe gaNAya che. vicitra vAta to e che ke, grIka orthoDoksa carca ane laeNTina carca vacce taDa paDavAnuM eka kAraNa mUrtipUjA paNa hatI. romana athavA te laeNTina carce saMtanI ane khAsa karIne IzunI mAtA merInI mUrtinI pUjAne uttejana ApyuM jyAre grIka orthoDaoNkasa carca enI sAme sakhata vAMdho uThAvya. aneka peDhIo sudhI rema uttara taraphanI jAtionA kabajAmAM rahyuM ane temanA saradAroe tyAM AgaLa rAjya karyuM. paraMtu sAmAnya rIte e leke paNa kansTAnTinopalanA samrATanuM Adhipatya svIkAratA hatA. daramyAna, dharmanA vaDA tarIke remanA bizapanI sattA vadhatI gaI chevaTe, tenuM sAmartha eTaluM badhuM vadhI gayuM ke kensAnTinopalane sAmano karavAnI paNa teNe hAma bhIDI. mUrtipUjAnI bAbatamAM jhaghaDo Ubho thayo tyAre pipe remane pUrvanA sAmrAjya sAtheno saMbaMdha bilakula teDI nAkhavAno nirNaya karyo. paraMtu e daramyAna te ghaNA banAvo banI gayA. dAkhalA tarIke arabastAnamAM navA islAma dharmano udaya thayo ane Araba le ke AkhAye uttara AphrikAnA pradeza ane spena upara pharI vaLyA tathA yuropanA marmasthaLa upara teo AkramaNa karI rahyA hatA. vaLI uttara ane pazcima yuropamAM navAM rAjyo udaya pAmatAM hatAM tathA pUrvanA sAmrAjya upara Araba leko jhanUnI humale karI rahyA hatA. A badhA banAvanI vAta ApaNe AgaLa upara karIzuM. pope uttara taraphanI pheka nAmanI jarmana jAtinA mahAna saradAranI madada mAgI ane thoDA vakhata pachIthI e ja jAtinA rAjA kAla athavA cATsana remanA samrATa tarIke romamAM abhiSeka karyo. Ama e eka taddana navA ja rAjya athavA sAmrAjyanI sthApanA thaI chatAM ene AraMbhamAM romana sAmrAjya tarIke ane pAchaLathI "helI rAmana empAyara' eTale ke, "pavitra romana sAmrAjya' tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM AvyuM. lokone remana sivAyanA bIjA keI sAmrAjyane khyAla ja AvI zakatuM nahotuM ane mahAna cArlsa athavA te zArlamenane roma sAthe kazI levAdevA nahatI chatAM paNa te ImpareTara, sIjhara ane 6-11

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana oNgasTasa athavA romana samrATa banya. A navA sAmrAjyane jUnAnA anusaMdhAna tarIke ja lekhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM paraMtu tenA nAmamAM thoDe umere karavAmAM Avyo. "mana sAmrAjyane badale te "pavitra rAmane sAmrAjya" kahevAyuM. te "pavitra' eTalA mATe kahevAyuM che, te khAsa karIne khristI sAmrAjya hatuM ane pipa tene dharmapitA hate. ahIMyAM paNa vicArenuM ajaba sAmartha tuM pharIthI joI le. madhya yuropamAM vasate eka phreka athavA jarmana jAtine puruSa romana samrATa bane che ! ane A "pavitra' sAmrAjyane bhAvI itihAsa to vaLI ethIye vadhAre AzcaryakAraka che. pAchaLanA vakhatamAM te te mAtra nAmanuM ja sAmrAjya rahyuM hatuM. kanjhAnTinopala AgaLanuM pUrvanuM mana sAmrAjya te eka rAjya tarIke cAlu rahyuM paNa A pazcimanuM pavitra' sAmrAjya vakhatevakhata palaTAtuM rahyuM. vakhatovakhata adazya thayuM ane pharI pAchuM pragaTa thayuM. kharI rIte te chAyArUpa ane preta samAna sAmrAjya hatuM ane romanA nAmanI ane khristI carca yA dharmasaMghanI pratiSThAne baLe mAtra siddhAMtamAM tenuM astitva hatuM. te mAtra kalpanAnuM sAmrAjya hatuM ane tenI vAstaviktA nahi jevI ja hatI. keIke, mane lAge che ke Tere- tenI A pramANe vyAkhyA ApI che : te nahotuM pavitra, nahetuM remana ke nahotuM sAmrAjya ! kamanasIbe jenAthI Aje paNa ApaNe pIDAI rahyAM chIe te "InDiyana sivila sarvisanI paNa koI ke AvI ja vyAkhyA karI che ke te nathI inDiyana (hiMdI), nathI sivila (sabhya) ke nathI sarvisa (sevakasaMdha) !' vastutAe te game te hoya paNa A. chAyArUpa pavitra romana sAmrAjya kaMI nahi te nAmamAM paNa lagabhaga eka hajAra varasa sudhI cAlu rahyuM. ane lagabhaga so varasa upara nepoliyananA samayamAM chevaTe tene aMta Avyo. ene aMta e paNa kazI neMdhapAtra ke dhyAna kheMce evI mahattvanI bInA nahotI. bahu theDA lekane enA aMtanI khabara paNa paDI haze, kemake vAstavika rIte te keTalAye kALathI tenI hastI nahotI. paNa aMte e pretane daphanAvavAmAM AvyuM. Ama chatAMye kAyamane mATe te te daphanAvI zakAyuM nahi; kemake kejhara ane kAra vagere nAmothI jude jude svarUpe te pharIthI pragaTa thayuM. da varasa upara pUrA thayelA mahAyuddha daramyAna emAMthI ghaNuMkharAMne daphanAvI devAmAM AvyAM hatAM.

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34 samasta jagatanA eka sArvabhAma rAjyanI kalpanA 25 eprila, 1932 mane lAge che ke A patrothI huM tane ghaNIvAra thakavI nAkhatA hoIza ane tArA manane gUMcavI nAkhato hoIza. khAsa karIne romana sAmrAjyone aMgenA mArA chellA be patroe to tArI dhIraja khuTADI dIdhI haze. emAM hajAro varSanA gALAmAM AgaLa ane pAchaLa bhamyA chuM ane hajAro mAIlanuM aMtara meM vaTALyuM che eTale e patrothI tArA manamAM gUMcavADA UbhA thayA hoya to temAM saMpUrNa paNe mArA ja doSa che. paNa ethI tuM hatAza thaIza nahi ane mArA patro vAMcavAnuM cAlu rAkhaje. kAI paNa ThekANe mArA kahevAmAM tane samaja na paDe te e mATe ciMtA karIza nahi ane AgaLa cAlaje. tane itihAsa zIkhavavAne huM kaMI A patro nathI lakhate. e lakhavAmAM mAro Azaya to tane kaMIka jagatanA itihAsanI jhAMkhI karAvavAnA ane tArI jijJAsA jAgrata karavAnA che. romana sAmrAjyAnI vAta sAMbhaLI sAMbhaLIne to tuM thAkI haze. mArI potAnI vAta kahuM to, sAce ja huM te enAthI kaMTALyA chuM. chatAMye Ajano divasa jarA e ja vAta nibhAvI laI e ane pachIthI thoDA vakhata mATe ApaNe temanI rajA laIzuM. tane khabara che ke AjakAla rASTravAda ane svadezAbhimAnanI bahu vAtA thAya che. hiMdamAM te Aje ApaNAmAMnA moTA bhAganA loko kaTTara rASTravAdI che. rASTravAda e itihAsamAM eka navI ja vastu che ane dhaNu karIne AgaLa upara A patromAM ApaNe tenA Ara Mbha ane vikAsa viSe vAta karIzuM. romana sAmrAjyonA jamAnAmAM AvI jAtanI kAI paNa bhAvanA nahotI. te vakhate te e sAmrAjyane AkhI duniyA upara zAsana karatuM eka mahAna rAjya mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. AkhI duniyA upara jenuM zAsana eka cakra cAlyuM hoya evuM eka sAbhAma sAmrAjya ke rAjya itihAsamAM kadI paNa thayuM jANyuM nathI paNa bhUMgALanA jJAnane abhAve tathA lAMbAM aMtara kApIne mAlanI avarajavara karavAnI ane lAMkhI musApharI karavAnI muzkelIone kAraNe AvuM rAjya paNa hatuM ema asalanA leA mAnI letA. A rIte, rAmanA rAjyane yurepa

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114 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane bhUmadhya samudranI AsapAsanA mulakamAM, te sAmrAjya thayuM te pahelAM paNu jagatanA sarvoparI rAjya tarIke mAnavAmAM AvatuM ane bIjAM rAne tenAM khaMDiyAM rAjya tarIke lekhavAmAM AvatAM. enI pratiSThA eTalI badhI hatI ke eziyAmAInaramAM AvelA grIka rAjya paragemama tathA misara jevA keTalAka dezanA rAjAoe kharekhAtA pitAnA amala nIcenA mulake remana rAjyanI prajAne bheTa tarIke ApI dIdhA. temane ema lAgatuM hatuM ke remanuM sAmartha apAra che ane tene sAmane thaI zake nahi. chatAMye meM tane kahyuM che tema, te prajAtaMtra hatuM tyAre ke sAmrAjya banyA pachI paNa romanA rAjya bhUmadhya samudra upara AvelA mulake sivAyanA mulake upara zAsana karyuM nathI. uttara yuropanA "barbara " leke kadI paNa tene vaza thayA nahetA ane reme paNa temanA upara bahu lakSa ApyuM nahotuM. paraMtu remanA rAjyanI sattAne vyApa athavA vistAra game eTale hoya paNa tenI pAchaLa samasta jagatanA sArvabhAma rAjyanI bhAvanA athavA kalpanA pedA thaI hatI ane te samayanA pazcimanA moTA bhAganA lekoe e kalpanA ke bhAvanA vadhAvI lIdhI hatI. A bhAvanAne kAraNe ja remanAM sAmrAjya ATalA badhA lAMbA kALa sudhI TakI rahyAM ane jyAre te satvahIna thaI gayAM tyAre paNa temanI ane temanA nAmanI bhAre pratiSThA kAyama rahI. jenuM prabhutva AkhI duniyA upara heya evA sArvabhauma rAjyanI kalpanA kevaLa remamAM ja udbhavI hatI. evuM nathI. prAcIna kALamAM cIna temaja hiMdustAnamAM paNa e kalpanA pracalita hatI, ema ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. tane khabara che ke ghaNIvAra cInanA rAjyane vistAra remanA rAjya karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre hate. pazcimamAM cheka kAspiyana samudra sudhI te vistaryuM hatuM. cInane samrATa pitAne "svargane putra" kahevaDAvata ane cInanA leke tene vizva-samrATa athavA AkhI duniyAne rAjA mAnatA hatA. e vAta sAcI ke keTalIka jAtio ane prajAo tene herAna karatI hatI ane samrATanI AjJA mAnatI nahotI. paraMtu uttara yuropanA lekene romana leke je arthamAM "barbara " kahetA hatA te ja arthamAM cInI lekane mana paNa e leke barbara hatA. e ja rIte eka prAcIna kALathI hiMdamAM "cakravartI" eTale ke AkhI duniyA upara rAjya karatA rAjAono ullekha ApaNane maLI Ave che. duniyA viSene temane khyAla atyaMta saMkucita have emAM zaMkA

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samasta jagatane eka sArvabhauma rAjyanI kalpanA 115 nathI. elA hiMdustAnane vistAra ja eTale badhe e hato ke te samayanA lekene te AkhI duniyA samAna lAgato hate. AthI AkhA hiMda uparanuM Adhipatya temane samasta duniyAnuM Adhipatya bhAsatuM.enI bahAranI bIjI prajAo "barbara' athavA mleccha gaNAtI. jenA uparathI A dezanuM nAma bhAratavarSa paDayuM che te pirANika bharata A cakravartI samrATa hatA. evI paraMparAgata mAnyatA che. mahAbhAratanI vAta pramANe yudhiSThira ane tenA bhAIo paNa AvA cakravartI pada athavA samasta duniyAnA Adhipatya mATe laDyA hatA. azvamedha yajJa paNa AkhI duniyA upara sArvabhaumatva sthApavAnAM AhvAna ane sUcanarUpa hatA. zarUAtamAM ghaNuM karIne azokanuM paNa e ja dhyeya hatuM paraMtu ene pazcAttApa thaye ane karuNAvaza thaIne teNe pachIthI yuddhamAtrane niSedha karyo. AgaLa upara tuM jaze ke guptavaMzI ane bIjA evA sAmrAjyavAdI rAjAonI AkAMkSA paNa e ja hatI. A uparathI tane samajAze ke asalanA vakhatamAM sAmAnya rIte leke vizva-samrATa ane jagatanA ekacakrI athavA sArvabhauma rAjyanI bhASAmAM vicAra karatA hatA. e pachI lAMbe vakhate rASTravAda ane navIna prakArane sAmrAjyavAda AvyuM. ane e baMnee maLIne duniyAmAM bhAre khAnAkharAbI ane anartha karyA. vaLI pAchI Aje vizvarAjyanI vAte thavA lAgI che. e vizva rAjyamAM moTA sAmrAjya ke sarvoparI samrATane sthAna nathI. emAM te AkhI duniyAnA eka evA prakAranA letaMtranI kalpanA karavAmAM AvI che ke je eka prajA jAti ke varganuM bIjI prajA, jAti ke vargathI thatuM zoSaNa aTakAve. najIkanA bhaviSyamAM AvuM kaMInIpajaze ke kema e kahevuM muzkela che. paraMtu Aje duniyAnI dazA bahu bhUrI che ane enI durdazA dUra karavAne bIjo koI rasto dekhAto nathI. meM uttara yuropanA barbara " lekane vAraMvAra nirdeza karyo che. huM e zabdano upayoga karuM chuM enuM kAraNa eTaluM ja che ke remana lekee temane e ja nAmathI ullekha karyo che. madhya eziyAnA gepa leka ane bIjI paNa keTalIka jAtionI peThe e leke paNa temanA pADozI remana leke athavA te hiMdustAnanA lekanA jeTalA sabhya ke saMskArI nahatA e viSe jarAye zaMkA nathI. paraMtu teo khullI havAmAM jIvana gALatA hovAthI temanA karatAM teo vadhAre khaDatala ane vIryavAna hatA. pAchaLathI temaNe khristI dharma aMgIkAra karyo ane roma jItI lIdhuM tyAre paNa te leke sAmAnya rIte nirdaya duzmana tarIke tyAM

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1 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AvyA nahotA. uttara yuropanI AjanI badhI prajA gautha, phreMka ane evI khIjI khara jAtionI satatI che. meM tane rAmanA samrATanI nAmAvalI ApI nathI. tyAM saMkhyAbaMdha samrATa thaI gayA paNa gaNyAgAMThayA apavAdo sivAya badhAye sArI peThe bhUMDA hatA. temAMnA keTalAka to naryAM rAkSasA ja hatA. mane khAtarI che ke te nIrAnuM nAma to sAMbhaLyuM ja haze paNa keTalAka samrATo to tenAthIye ghaNA bUrA hatA. IrIna nAmanI eka strIe to samrANI banavA khAtara potAnA sagA dIkarAne--je samrATa hatA - ghAta karyAM hatA. A banAva kaoNnsTAnTinopalamAM banyA hatA. rAmano eka samrATa A badhAmAMthI nirALA tarI Ave che. enuM nAma mArkasa Areliyasa hatuM. te tattvaciMtaka hatA ema manAya che ane tenA vicAro tathA ciMtanAnuM pustaka manana karavA yogya che. mArka sa AreliyasanI kheATa tenI pachI gAdIe AvelA tenA putre pUrI karI. te rAmamAM pAkelA atyaMta bhUMDA badamAzono ziromiNa hato. sAmrAjyanAM AraMbhanAM traNaso varasa rAma pazcimanI duniyAnuM kendra hatuM. te samaye roma kharekhara moTu zahera haze ane saMkhyAbaMdha AlezAna makAnothI bharapUra haze tathA sAmrAjyanA badhA pradezamAMthI ane tenI sarahadanI pAranA mulakamAMthI paNa lekA AvIne tyAM rahetA haze. saMkhyAbadha vahANA dUradUranA dezomAMthI manohara vastuo, durlabha khAdya padArthoM tathA kImatI cIjo tyAM lAvatAM hatAM. ema kahevAya che ke dara varase 120 vahANAnA eka kAle misaranAM baMdaro ane rAtA samudramAM thaI te hiMdustAna jatA hatA. comAsAnA pavanano lAbha laI zakAya e TAMkaNe te vahANA sa nIkaLatAM. kemake enI temane bahu sahAya maLatI. sAmAnya rIte te dakSiNa hiMdanAM baMdarAe jatAM. kImatI mAla bharIne, pharI pAcho pavanane lAbha maLe e lAga joI te te misara javAne pAchAM vaLatAM. misarathI pachI e mAla jamIna tema ja dariyA mArge rAma paheAMcatA. paraMtu mukhyatve karIne A badho vepAra tavaMgara lokAnA lAbhane arthe kheDAtA. gaNyAgAMDacA zrImaMteAnA vaibhavavilAsanI pAchaLa asaMkhya lekAnI yAtanA ane hADamArI chupAyelI hatI. traNaso varasayIye vadhAre vakhata sudhI ra|ma pazcimanI duniyAnuM sarvoparI zahera rahyu. ane te pachI kaoNnsTAnTinopala sthapAyuM tyAre tenI sAthe e sarvoparIpaNAnuM te bhAgIdAra banyuM. prAcIna grIse TUMka samayamAM vicAranA kSetramAM bhAre siddhi meLavI

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samasta jagatanA eka sAvabhauma rAjyanI kupanA 17 hatI paraMtu ATalA badhA lAMbA samaya daramyAna paNa rAma e viSayamAM kaMI paNa mahAna sarjana na karI zakyuM. kharekhara dhaNI bAbatamAM rAmanI saMskRti e te grIka sa MskRtinI phikkI chAyA samAna lAge che. paraMtu eka vastu evI che ke jemAM romana lakAe duniyAne mAdana karyuM che ema manAya che. e vastu te mana kAyado. pazcimamAM vakIla leAkAne Aje paNa romana kAyadAnA abhyAsa karavA paDe che; kemake yuropanA dezAnA kAyadA enA uparathI ghaDAyA che ema kahevAya che. briTiza sAmrAjyanI vAraMvAra romana sAmrAjya sAthe tulanA karavAmAM Ave che. khAsa karIne aMgreja leAkA ja ema kare che ane e sarakhAmaNIthI bhAre sa MtoSa anubhave che. badhAM ja sAmrAjyo vatteoche aMze prakRtimAM sarakhAM ja hoya che. ghaNA leAkeAnuM zoSaNa karIne te mAte che. paraMtu romana leAkA ane aMgreja leAkeA vacce khIjuM paNa eka bhAre maLatA paNuM che ane prajAmAM kalpanAzaktinA kevaLa abhAva che ! duniyA khAsa karIne potAnA lAbhane arthe ja banAvavAmAM AvI che evA aDaga vizvAsathI Atmasa MtoSa anubhavatA te jiMdagI gujAre che -- zaMkA ke muzkelI temane kadIye pajavatAM nathI.

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35 pArthiyA ane sAsAnI ra6 eprila, 1932 have ApaNe romana sAmrAjya ane yuropanI rajA laIe ane duniyAnA bIjA bhAgamAM jaIe. e samaya daramyAna eziyAmAM zuM banI rahyuM hatuM te ApaNe jovuM joIe ane cIna tathA hiMdustAnanI vAta paNa AgaLa calAvavI joIe. vaLI bIjA deze paNa have ItihAsanA kSitija upara dekhAvA lAge che eTale temane viSe paNa ApaNe thoDI ghaNI vAta karavI paDaze. vAta ema che ke jema jema ApaNe AgaLa cAlIzuM tema tema aneka sthaLo viSe eTaluM badhuM kahevAnuM Avaze ke nAsIpAsa thaIne kadAca huM e kArya choDI ja dauM ema paNa bane. mArA eka patramAM pArthiyAmAM kArahInA raNakSetra upara remanA prajAtaMtranA sainyane bhAre parAjaya thayo hato teno ullekha karyo hate. te vakhate huM pArthiyana leke viSe ane hAla jyAM AgaLa IrAna ane mesopoTemiyA che te sthaLe temaNe kevI rIte rAjya sthApyuM tenI vAta karavA rokAya nahote. tane yAda haze ke sikaMdara pachI tene senApati selyukasa tathA tenA vaMzajo hiMdustAnathI mAMDIne pazcime AvelA eziyAmAInara sudhI vistarelA sAmrAjya upara rAjya karatA hatA. lagabhaga traNa varasa sudhI temaNe tyAM rAjya karyuM. tyAra pachI pAthiyana nAmanI madhya eziyAnI eka jAtie temane tyAMthI hAMkI kADhayA. AjanA IrAnanA athavA te samayanA tenA nAma mujaba pArthiyAnA A pArthiyana lekee ja prajAtaMtranA chevaTanA divase daramyAna remana lokone harAvyA hatA. prajAtaMtra pachI romana sAmrAjya paNa temane pUrepUrA jera karI zakyuM nahotuM. lagabhaga aDhI sadI sudhI temaNe pArthiyA upara hakUmata calAvI. tyAra pachI tyAM AgaLa kAMti thaI ane temane hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. IrAnanA leke pite ja temanA videzI zAsakenI sAme UDyA ane temane hAMkI kADhI temanI jagAe potAnI ja jAta ane dharmanA puruSane temaNe pitAne rAjA banAvyuM. A rAjAnuM nAma ardezara pahele hatuM. ane tene vaMza sAsAnI vaMza kahevAya. ardezara jarathostI dharmane

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pArthiyA ane sAsAnI custa anuyAyI hatuM ane e dharmane teNe bhAre Azraya Ape. bIjA dharmo pratye te bahu sahiSNu nahote. tane yAda haze ke jarastI dharma pArasI lekone dharma che. A sAsAnI rAjAo ane remana sAmrAjya vacce lagabhaga satata laDAI cAlyA karatI hatI. eka vakhata te temaNe eka romana samrATane keda paNa pakaDyo hate. keTalIka vakhata te IrAnI se cheka kAnTinopala sudhI pahoMcI gayuM hatuM. ane eka vakhata teNe misara paNa jItI lIdhuM hatuM. sAsAnI sAmrAjya khAsa karIne jarathostI dharma mATenI tenI dhagaza mATe jANItuM che. sAtamI sadImAM islAmane phelAve che tyAre teNe sAsAnI sAmrAjya ane tenA rAjadharma baMneno aMta ANyo. A pheraphArane kAraNe ane damananA bhayathI keTalAka jarathostIdharmIoe pitAnuM vatana cheDavAnuM ucita dhAyuM. teo hiMdustAnamAM AvyA. AgaLa upara pitAne Azraya zodhatA AvelA bIjA lekenuM hinda svAgata karyuM hatuM te ja rIte teNe temanuM svAgata karyuM. hiMdanA AjanA pArasIo A jarastIdharmIonA vaMzajo che. bhinna bhinna dharmo pratyenA temanA vartAvanI bAbatamAM bIjA dezanI joDe hiMdanI tulanA karavI e ajAyaba pamADanArI ane addabhuta vastu che. ghaNAkharA dezamAM ane khAsa karIne yuropamAM bhUtakALamAM rAjyadharmane svIkAra na karanArA badhA leke pratye asahiSNu valaNa dAkhavavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ane temanuM damana karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ema tane mAlUma paDaze. dharmanI bAbatamAM lagabhaga badhe ja jabaradastI hatI. dhArmika damana mATenI yuropanI vijhIzananI bhayAnaka saMsthA tathA DAkaNe gaNIne keTalIka strIone bALI mUkavAmAM AvatI te viSe tArA vAMcavAmAM Avaze. paraMtu hiMdamAM te prAcIna samayamAM badhA dharmo pratye udAra valaNa rAkhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. pazcimanA dezomAM judA judA pathe vacce bhayaMkara jhaghaDA thayA hatA tene mukAbale hiMdudharma ane bauddhadharma vaccenA najIvA jhaghaDA athavA gharSaNa kazI visAtamAM nathI. A hakIkata khAsa lakSamAM rAkhavI joIe, kema ke, kamanasIbe AjakAla ApaNe tyAM kemI ane dhArmika jhaghaDA thavA lAgyA che ane jemane ItihAsanuM kazuM jJAna nathI evA keTalAka leke ema mAne che ke prAcInakALathI hiMdustAnanI AvI ja dazA rahI che. e bilakula galata vAta che. A kalahe te moTe bhAge AjakAlanA

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170 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ja che. tane mAlUma paDaze ke islAmano AraMbha thayo tyArathI keTalI sadIo sudhI musalamAne hiMdustAnanA badhA bhAgamAM temanA pADozIo joDe pUrepUrA salAhasaMpathI rahyA che. jyAre teo vepArIo tarIke AvyA tyAre temanuM svAgata karavAmAM AvyuM ane temane vasavATa karavA uttejana ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. paNa A to huM AgaLa uparanI vAte caDI gaye. Ama, hiMdustAne jararatIone satkAra karyo. e ja rIte thoDIka sadIo pahelAM IzunI pahelI sadImAM dhArmika damanathI trAsIne yahUdI le ke romamAMthI nAsI AvyA hatA temanuM paNa hiMda svAgata karyuM hatuM. IrAnamAM sAsAnI vaMzane amala cAlatA hatA te samaya daramyAna sIriyAnA raNapradezamAM pAmIrA nAmanA eka nAnakaDA rAjyane udaya thaye hatA. ane TUMka samaya mATe tenI paNa caDatI kaLA rahI hatI. pAmIrA, e sIriyAnA raNanI madhyamAM eka moTuM vepAranuM mathaka hatuM. Aje paNa jovA maLatAM tenAM bhavya khaMDere. uparathI tenI lezAna imAratane ApaNane kaMIka khyAla Ave che. eka samaye kebiyA nAmanI strInuM e rAjyamAM zAsana hatuM. remana lekee tene harAvI ane strI sanmAnanI bhAvanA vinAnA e asabhya lake tene sAMkaLathI jakaDIne rema laI gayA. IsavI sananA AraMbhamAM sariyA bahu raLiyAmaNe mulaka hatA. bAIbalanA navA karAramAM ene viSe ApaNane keTalIka mAhitI maLI Ave che. rAjakIya julama ane avyavasthA hovA chatAM paNa tyAM AgaLa gIca vasatI ane meTAM moTAM zahere hatAM. vaLI tyAM moTI meTI nahere paNa hatI ane moTA pAyA para vepArarojagAra cAlatuM hatuM. paraMtu satata cAlatI laDAIo ane gerazAsanane kAraNe 600 varasamAM te e pradeza lagabhaga verAna thaI gaye. meTAM moTAM zahere ujajaDa thaI gayAM ane purANI ImArata khaMDera banI gaI. jo tuM hiMdustAnathI yuropa eroplenamAM besIne jAya te tAre A pAmIrA ane bAlabAkanA khaMDero upara thaIne pasAra thavuM paDe. vaLI mArgamAM, jyAM AgaLa bebIlena hatuM te sthaLa temaja ItihAsamAM prasiddha paNa Aje jemanuM nAmanizAna paNa nathI evI bIjI jagyAo paNa tane jovAnI maLe.

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36 dakSiNa hiMdanI vasAhata 28 eprila, 1962 ApaNe bahu dUra nIkaLI gayAM. have pAchAM ApaNe hiMdustAna tarapha vaLIe ane e samaye ApaNA pUrvaje zu karatA hatA te jANavA prayatna karIe. kuzAna lAnA sarahada uparanA sAmrAjyanI vAta te tane yAda haze. e bahu sAmrAjyamAM AkhA uttara hiMdu ane madhya eziyAnA sArA sarakhA pradezanA samAveza thatA hatA. enI rAjadhAnI puruSapura athavA pezAvara hatI. tane kadAca e paNa yAda haze ke lagabhaga A ja arasAmAM dakSiNa hiMdamAM eka samudrathI khIjA samudra sudhI vistareluM eka mahAna rAjya hatuM. tenuM nAma AMtra rAjya. lagabhaga 300 varasa sudhI kuzAna sAmrAjya ane AMdhra rAjyanI caDatI kaLA rahI. lagabhaga IsavI sananI trIjI sadInA madhyamAM A ane rAjyA nAza pAmyAM. e pachI thoDA samaya mATe hiMdamAM saMkhyAbaMdha nAnAM nAnAM rAjye phUTI nIkaLyAM. paraMtu se| varasanI aMdara pATalIputramAM eka ajo caMdragupta pedA thayA ane teNe AkramaNakArI hiMdu sAmrAjyavAdano yuga AraMbhyo. paraMtu A ' gupta ' nAmathI oLakhAtA vaMzanA rAjAnI vAta karatA pahelAM dUra pUrvamAM AvelA TApuomAM bhAratI kaLA ane saMskRti laI janAra dakSiNa hiMdanA mahAna samAraMbhAnA AraMbha tarapha ApaNe najara karIe. himAlaya parvata ane e samudronI vacce AvelA hiMdustAnanA AkAra teA tane barAbara khyAlamAM haze. hiMdanA uttara bhAga samudrathI khUba dUra che. bhUtakALamAM enu lakSa khAsa karIne tenI jamInanI sarahado upara parovAyeluM rahetuM kemake te oLagIne duzmano tathA humalAkhoro vAraMvAra caDI AvatA hatA. para Mtu hiMdanI pUrva, pazcima ane dakSiNa bAjue jabaradasta dariyAkinAro che tathA dakSiNa tarapha te vadhu ne vadhu sAMkaDA thatA jAya che. ane chevaTe kanyAkumArI AgaLa tenI pUrva ane pazcima sarahada maLI jAya che. samudranI najIka vasanArA badhA lokone svAbhAvika rIte ja tenA pratye AkarSaNa hoya che ane sAmAnya rIte te dariyA kheDanArA hoya che. cheka prAcIna kALathI dakSiNa hiMdu ane pazcimanA dezo vacce dhamadhokAra vepAra cAlatA hatA e viSe huM tane kahI gayA chuM. AthI asalanA vakhatathI hiMdustAnamAM jahAnte bAMdhavAno udyoga

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17ra jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana cAlatuM hatuM ane vepAranI zodhamAM ke kevaLa sAhasane khAtara paNa leke dariyApAra jatA hatA e jANIne herata pAmavA jevuM kazuM ja nathI. gautama buddha yAta hatA te arasAmAM vijaye hiMdustAnamAMthI jaIne silena jItI lIdhuM hatuM ema dhAravAmAM Ave che. huM dhAruM chuM ke ajaMtAnI guphAmAM hAthI tathA gheDAone vahANo upara caDhAvIne silena javA mATe dariye oLaMgatA vijayanuM citra che. vijaye e TApune "siMhala dvIpa" nAma ApyuM. siMhala nAma siMha zabda uparathI paDayuM che. silenamAM siMha viSe eka jUnI daMtakathA pracalita che paNa huM te bhUlI gayo chuM. huM dhAruM chuM ke silena zabda paNa siMhala uparathI ja UtarI AvyuM che. dakSiNa hiMda ane silena vaccene jarA sarakhe dariye oLaMga e kaMI bhAre sAhasa na kahevAya. paraMtu baMgALathI gujarAta sudhInA dariyA kAMThA upara AvelAM saMkhyAbaMdha baMdarethI leke dariyApAra jatA haze tathA hiMdustAnamAM vahANa bAMdhavAne udyoga cAlato haze e viSe ApaNane puSkaLa purAvA maLI Ave che. caMdragupta mauryanA mahAna amAtya cANakaye pitAnA arthazAstra nAmanA graMthamAM naukAsainya viSe kaMIka mAhitI ApI che. tenA graMtha arthazAstra viSe meM tane nainI jelamAMthI lakhyuM hatuM. caMdraguptanA darabAramAM Avele grIka elacI maeNgesthanIsa paNa ene ullekha kare che. A uparathI ema jaNAya che ke mAryA yuganA AraMbhamAM paNa vahANa bAMdhavAne udyoga hiMdustAnamAM sArI peThe khIlyuM hatuM. ane vahANe baMdhAya ene artha e ke tene upayoga paNa te have joIe. Ama te samaye sArI sarakhI saMkhyAmAM leke vahANamAM besIne dariyApAra jatA haze. eka bAju Ane vicAra karIe ane bIjI bAju Aje paNa ApaNumAMnA keTalAka leke dariyAI saphara karatAM Dare che ane tene dharmavirodhI kArya gaNe che e vicAratAM sAce ja ApaNane navAI lAge che. AvA lokone ApaNe bhUtakALanA avazeSo paNa na kahI zakIe, kemake, bhUtakALanA leke te emanAthI ghaNA vadhAre samajI hatA. sadbhAgye Aje te AvA vicitra khyAle lagabhaga nAbUda thayA che ane gaNyAgAMDyA mANasa upara ja tenI asara rahI che. svAbhAvika rIte ja uttara hiMda karatAM dakSiNa hiMdanA leke samudra tarapha vadhAre najara rAkhatA hatA. videza sAtheno hiMdane ghaNekhara vepAra

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dakSiNa hiMdanI vasAhatA 173 dakSiNanA hAthamAM hato. ane tAmila bhASAnI kavitAo yavana, madirA, kaLaza ane dIvAo vagerenA ullekhothI bharapUra che. yavana zabda khAsa karIne grIka leke mATe vaparAte paNa sAmAnya rIte badhA ja videzI leke mATe paNa e vaparAto. bIjI ane trIjI sadInA AMdha sikkAo upara be saDhavALAM meTAM vahANanI chApa hoya che. prAcIna kALanA AMdhra leke vahANa bAMdhavAmAM ane dariyAI vepAramAM keTale badhe rasa letA haze te A uparathI jaNAI Ave che. Ama dakSiNa hiMde ja mahAna dariyAI sAhasamAM AgaLa paDato bhAga lIdho ane tene pariNAme pUrva taraphanA badhA TApuomAM hiMdanI vasAhata sthapAI vasAhato sthApavA mATenI sapharone AraMbha IzunI pahelI sadImAM zarU thayuM ane e pravRtti seMkaDo varasa sudhI cAlu rahI. hiMdanA leke malAyA, jAvA, sumAtrA, kaMboDiyA ane boni vagere sthaLomAM pahoMcyA ane tyAM temaNe vasavATa karyo. pitAnI sAthe teo bhAratI kaLA ane saMskRti paNa tyAM letA gayA. bahmadeza, siyAma ane hiMdI cInamAM paNa hiMdI vasAhata hatI. temaNe potAnI vasAhata ane navAM vasAvelAM nagaronAM nAme paNa hiMdanAM nagaronAM nAma uparathI pADyAM jema ke ayodhyA, hastinApura, takSazilA, gAMdhAra vagere. itihAsanuM punarAvartana e kevI ajaba jevI ghaTanA che! iMgleMDathI amerikA gayelA eMglesesana lekee paNa ema ja karyuM hatuM. ane amerikAnAM AjanAM ghaNuM zaherenAM nAma iMglaMDanAM prAcIna zaheranAM nAma uparathI pADavAmAM AvelAM che. uttara amerikAnA sauthI moTA zahera nyUyorkanuM nAma iMglaMDanA yorka zahera uparathI paDeluM che. bIjA evA vasAhatIonI mAphaka A hiMdI vasAhatIoe paNa teo jyAM gayA tyAM geravartana calAvyuM hatuM emAM zaka nathI. e TApumAM vasatA lekenuM temaNe zeSaNa karyuM haze ane temanA upara johukamI calAvI haze. paraMtu thoDA vakhata pachI teo tyAMnA mULa vatanIo sAthe seLabheLa thaI gayA haze, kemake hiMda sAthe saMparka niraMtara cAlu rAkhavAnuM kAma muzkela hatuM. A pUrva taraphanA TApuomAM hiMdu rAjya ane sAmrAjya sthapAyAM. pachIthI tyAM baiddha rAjAo AvyA. eTale prabhutva meLavavA mATe hiMdu ane jaiddho vacce rasAkasI cAlI. A vizALa bhArata athavA te bRhad bhAratanA ItihAsanI kathA atizaya lAMbI ane adbhuta che. e vasAhatanA AbhUSaNarUpa meTAM moTAM maMdire

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174 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane AlezAna ImAratanI kathA temanAM bhavya khaMDere Aje paNa ApaNane kahe che. kebeja, zrI vijaya, bhavya aMgakora ane majajApahita vagere tyAMnAM mahAna nagare hatAM, ane hiMdI sthapatio tathA kArIgaroe te bAMdhyAM hatAM. lagabhaga 1400 varasa sudhI hiMdu ane baddha rA A TApuomAM kAyama rahyAM hatAM. teo Adhipatya meLavavA mAMhamAMhe laDatAM ane kaI vAra ekanA te koI vAra bIjAnA kAbU nIce jatAM tathA kaI vAra ekabIjAne nAza paNa karatAM. chevaTe paMdaramI sadImAM musalamAnoe e TApuo kabaje karyA. temanA pachI tarata ja phIraMgIo, spenanA leka, valaMdAo, aMgreje ane sAthI chellA amerikana leke paNa tyAM AgaLa AvyA. cInanA le ke te haMmezanA temanA nikaTanA pADozIo hatA. teo kaI kaI vAra e TApuonA jhaghaDAomAM vacce paDatA te kaI vAra temanA upara chata paNa meLavatA. paraMtu ekaMdare teo temanI sAthe mitratAno nA rAkhatA ane paraspara bheTasogAtenI Apale karatA tathA A badhA samaya daramyAna pitAnI mahAna sabhyatA ane saMskRtinA saMskAra temanA upara pADatA rahyA hatA. pUrvanI A hiMdu vasAhatanI bAbatamAM ghaNI majAnI hakIkata ApaNane jANavAnI maLe che. e viSe eka khAsa mahatvanI bInA e che ke AvI vasAhate vasAvavAnI yojanA ane vyavasthA dakSiNa hiMdanA eka AgaLa paDatA rAjya karI hatI. prathama ghaNuM vyaktigata pravAsI zodhake tyAM gayA haze. pachIthI jema jema vepAra vadhato gayo tema tema keTalAMka kuTuMba ane lekanAM maMDaLe pitAnI meLe tyAM jaIne vasyAM haze. ema kahevAya che ke A rIte paradezamAM vasAhatIo tarIke janAra sethI pahelA kaliMganA (orissA) ane hiMdano pUrva kinArAnA leke hatA. cheka baMgALamAMthI paNa keTalAka leke A rIte gayA hoya e saMbhavita che. asalanA vakhatathI eka evI paNa vAta cAlI Ave che ke pitAnA vatanamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvelA keTalAka gujarAtIo paNa A TApuomAM jaIne vasyA hatA. paNa A te badhI aTakaLe ke anumAna che. vasAhatIone mukhya pravAha pallava dezamAMthI gayo hatuM. A pallava deza tAmilanADanA dakSiNa bhAgamAM Avela hato ane tyAM pallavavaMzI rAjAo rAjya karatA hatA. malAyAmAM vasAhata sthApavAnI vyavasthita pejanA A pallava rAjya karI hatI ema jaNAya che.

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dakSiNa hiMdanI vasAhato 175 saMbhava che ke uttara hiMdamAMthI UtarI AvatA lekAnA dabANane kAraNe tyAM vastIne bharA thaye haze. enuM kAraNa game te he paNa hiMdustAnathI lAMbA aMtare ekabIjAthI dUra dUra AvelAM sthaLoe vasAhate sthApavAnI vicArapUrvaka jamA karavAmAM AvI hatI. vaLI e badhAM sthaLoe lagabhaga eka vakhate ja vasAhata sthApavAmAM AvI hatI. hiMdIcIna, malAyA dvIpakalpa, boni, sumAtrA, jAvA ane anya sthaLoe A vasAhata hatI. A badhAM hiMdI nAmadhArI pallava saMsthAno hatAM. hiMdIcInanA saMsthAnanuM nAma kebeja (hAlanuM kaMboDiyA) hatuM. A nAma gaMdhAra pradezanI kAbulanI khINamAM AvelA kabajathI nIkaLIne ATale dUra sudhI pahoMcyuM hatuM. 400 thI 500 varasa sudhI A saMsthAne hiMdudhamI rahyAM paNa pachIthI dhIre dhIre sarvatra baddha dharma phelA. ghaNuM vakhata pachI malesiyAnA thoDA bhAgamAM IslAma dharma prasaryo ane bAkInA bhAgamAM auddha dharma cAlu rahyo. maleziyAmAM sAmrAjya ane rAjya sthapAyAM ane nAza pAmyAM. paraMtu vasAhata sthApavAnA dakSiNa hiMdanA samAraMbhanuM eka kharuM mahattvanuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke duniyAnA e bhAgamAM bhAratanI Arya sabhyatA ane saMskRti dAkhala thavA pAmI ane malesiyAnA AjanA vatanIo amuka aMze ApaNI jema e saMskRtinI ja saMtatI che. temanA upara bIjI saMskRtinI paNa asara paDI che. khAsa karIne temanA * upara cInI saMskRtinI asara thavA pAmI che ane hiMdustAna tathA e baMnenI saMskRtinI prabaLa asaranuM malesiyAnA judA judA dezomAM mizraNa thayuM che te nihALavuM atizaya AnaMdajanaka che. keTalAka mulAke upara bhAratI asara vadhAre thaI che ane keTalAka upara cInI asara vadhAre dekhAya che. khaMDastha pradezamAM eTale ke brahmadeza, siyAma ane hiMdI cIna upara cInI asara vadhAre pramANamAM mAlUma paDe che. paNa malAyAmAM tema nathI. jAvA, sumAtrA ane bIjA TApuomAM bhAratI asara vadhAre pramANamAM dekhAya che. Adhunika samayamAM tenA upara islAmanuM paDa caDayuM che. paraMtu bhArata ane cInI saMskRti vacce jarAye gharSaNa nahatuM. e baMne saMskRtio bilakula nirALI hatI chatAM paNa kazIye muzkelI vinA temaNe ekI sAthe pitapatAne mArge kArya karyA karyuM. bezaka hiMdu tema zrAddha baMne dharmonuM UgamasthAna te hiMda ja hatuM. dharmanI bAbatamAM

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176 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana te cIna paNa hiMdanuM RNI hatuM. kaLAnA kSetramAM paNa melesiyA upara hiMdanI pradhAna asara hatI. hiMdI cInamAM jo ke cInI asaranuM prAdhAnya hatuM chatAMye tyAMnuM sthApatya saMpUrNapaNe hiMdI hatuM. rAjyapaddhati ane jIvananI philasUphInI bAbatamAM eziyAnA A khaMDastha deze upara cIne asara pADI che. ethI karIne hiMdIcIna, siyAma ane brahmadezanA loko Aje hiMdI leke karatAM cInI lekIne vadhAre maLatA AvatA jaNAya che. e kharuM ke, jAtinI dRSTie temanAmAM maMgala leke vadhAre pramANamAM hevAthI kaMIka aMze teo cInI lekene vadhAre maLatA Ave che. jAvAmAM barabudara AgaLa hiMdI kArIgaroe bAMdhelAM bhavya baddha maMdiranAM khaMDere Aje jovA maLe che. A maMdiranI dIvAla upara buddhanA jIvananI AkhI kathA karavAmAM AvI che. A maMdira ane tenuM kotarakAma mAtra buddhanuM ja nahi paNa te samayanI bhAratI kaLAnuM paNa advitIya smAraka che. hiMdanI asara ethIye AgaLa philipAIna ane pheramAsA sudhI pahoMcI hatI. e baMne TApuo thoDA samaya mATe sumAtrAnA hiMdu zrI vijaya rAjyanA bhAga hatA. e pachI ghaNA vakhata bAda philipAIna TApuo spenanI hakUmata nIce gayA ane Aje te amerikAnA kAbU nIce che. manilA e TApuonI rAjadhAnI che. thaDA samaya upara tyAM AgaLa dhArAsabhAnuM makAna baMdhAyuM hatuM. e makAnanA AgaLanA bhAga upara philipAInanI saMskRtinuM UgamasthAna darzAvatI cAra pratimAo kotaravAmAM AvI che. emAMnI eka prAcIna bhAratanA makAna RtikAra manunI pratimA che, bIjI cInanA philasUpha lAosenI che ane bAkInI be pratimAo eMglesekasana nyAya ane kAyade tathA spenanI pratinidhirUpe che.

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37 guptavaMzanA samayane hiMdu sAmrAjyavAda 29 eprila, 1972 je samaye dakSiNa hiMdanA leke mahAsAgaro oLaMgIne dUradUranA mulakAmAM saMsthAne ane nagara vasAvatA hatA tyAre uttara hiMdamAM ajaba prakArane khaLabhaLATa pedA thaI rahyo hato. kuzAna sAmrAjya pitAnAM sAmarthya ane mahattA gumAvyAM hatAM ane dhIre dhIre te nAnuM ane kSINa thatuM jatuM hatuM. AkhA uttaranA pradezamAM nAnAM nAnAM rAjya hatAM ane temanA upara moTe bhAge vAyavya sarahada taraphathI AvelA zaka, sIthiyana ane turka lekonA vaMzajo rAjya karatA hatA. meM tene AgaLa upara kahyuM che ke A lake baiThadhamAM hatA ane teo duzmana tarIke humalo karavA mATe nahi paNa vasavATa karavAne mATe hiMdamAM AvyA hatA. madhya eziyAnI bIjI jAtio temane pAchaLathI dhakelatI hatI ane e jAtione vaLI cInanuM rAjya ghaNI vAra hAMkI kADhatuM hatuM. hiMdamAM AvyA pachI A prajAoe ghaNe aMze hiMdanA AryonA rItarivAjo ane AcAravicAra apanAvyAM. hiMdane e leke pitAnA dharma, sabhyatA ane saMskRtinI janatA mAnatA hatA. kuzAna leke paNa moTe bhAge bhAratanI Arya praNAlIne anusaratA hatA. te leka hiMdamAM lAMbA vakhata sudhI rahyA ane tenA moTA bhAga upara ATalA lAMbA kALa sudhI rAjya karI zakyA tenuM kAraNa kharekhara e ja che. teo hiMdanA AryonI peThe vartavA prayAsa karatA ane pote videzI che e hakIkta A dezanA leke bhUlI jAya evI IcchA rAkhatA. AmAM kaMIka aMze teo phAvyA kharA paNa pUrepUrI saphaLatA temane na maLI. kemake, pitAnA upara paradezI leke rAjya kare che e jAtanI bhAvanA khAsa karIne kSatriya lekene kahyA karatI hatI. A paradezI dhaMsarI nIce teo akaLAtA hatA. ethI karIne prajAmAM asaMtoSa vadhate ja gayo ane lekonAM mana asvastha thavA lAgyAM. aMte A asaMtuSTa lokone eka kAbela netA maLI gayuM. enA jhaMDA nIce temaNe AryAvartane mukta karavAne "dharmayuddha" AraMbhya. ja-12

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178 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana A netAnuM nAma caMdragupta hatuM. A caMdraguptane azokanA pitAmaha caMdragupta sAthe bheLavI daIza nahi. maryavaMza sAthe A caMdraguptane kaze ja saMbaMdha nahote. hA, karmasaMge te pATalIputrane nAnakaDo rAjA hato e kharuM paNa te samaya sudhImAM te azokanA vaMzajo kyAMye bhulAI gayA hatA. tAre e dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke atyAre te ApaNe IsavI sananI cothI sadInA AraMbha eTale ke lagabhaga 308 nI sAla sudhI AvI pahoMcyAM chIe. azokanA maraNa bAda 534 varSa pachInI A vAta che. caMdragupta mahattvAkAMkSI ane kuzaLa puruSa hate. uttaranA Arya rAjAone pitAnA pakSamAM meLavI laIne eka prakAranuM samavAyataMtra sthApavAne teNe vicAra karyo. licchavI nAmanI prasiddha ane baLavAna jAtinI kumAradevI nAmanI kanyA joDe teNe lagna karyuM ane e rIte e jAtine Teke teNe meLavyuM. A rIte kALajIpUrvaka badhI taiyArI karyA pachI caMdragupta hiMdustAnanA badhA videzI rAjyakartAo sAme jehAda pikArI. paradezI leke jemanI sattA ane UMcI padavI chInavI lIdhI hatI tevA kSatriya ane upalA varganA bIjA Arya lekIne A yuddhamAM Teke hate. bAreka varasa sudhI laDyA pachI uttara hiMdanA amuka bhAga ane jene Aje ApaNe yukta prAMte kahIe chIe te pradezane caMdragupta kabaje karI zakyo. pachI teNe rAjAdhirAja athavA samrATa tarIke pitAne rAjyAbhiSeka karAvyuM. A rIte gupta vaMzane AraMbha thayo. lagabhaga base varasa sudhI e vaMzane amala cAlu rahyo. pachIthI hUNa lekenA humalA thavA lAgyA ane teo temane saMtApavA lAgyA. kaMIka aMze e uddAma hiMdu dharma ane rASTravAdane yuga hate. turka, pArthiyana ane evA bIjA ApeMtara rAjAone jaDamULathI ukheDI nAkhavAmAM AvyA tathA temane baLajabarIthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. A rIte ahIM ApaNane jAti jAti vacce viSa kArya karatA mAlUma paDe che. upalA varganA hiMdanA A pitAnI jAti mATe atizaya magarUra hatA ane teo zleSTha athavA te paradezI leke tarapha tuccha bhAve jotA hatA. gutoe temaNe jItelA Arya rAjAo ane rAjya pratye udAra ane narama valaNa dAkhavyuM paNa AyeMtara rAjAo pratye te jarA sarakhI udAratA ke naramAza dAkhavyo nahi.

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guruva'zanA samayanA hi'du sAmrAjyavAda 139 caMdraguptanA putra samudragupta tenA pitA karatAM paNa vadhAre ugra laDavaiyA hatA. te mahAna senApati hatA ane samrATa thayA pachI AkhA hiMdamAM ThekaThekANe caDAI karIne teNe potAnA vijayaDa kA vagADyo. dakSiNa hiMdamAM paNa teNe potAnI vijayapatAkA pharakAvI. lagabhaga AkhA hiMdu upara teNe gupta sAmrAjyanI ANa vartAvI. paraMtu dakSiNa hiMdamAM tenuM Adhipatya nAmanuM ja hatuM. uttaramAM teNe kuzAna leAkAne siMdhu nadInI pelI pAra hAMkI kADhyA. samudraguptanA putra caMdragupta bIjo paNa laDAyaka samrATa hato. teNe gujarAta ane kAyiAvADa jItI lIdhAM. te pahelAM lAMbA kALathI e te pradezA upara zaka ane tu vaMzanA rAjAone amala hatA. teNe vikramAditya nAma dhAraNa karyuM ane sAmAnya rIte te e nAmathI ja jANItA che. paraMtu sIjharanA nAmanI peThe e nAma paNa ghaNA rAjAe ilkAba tarIke dhAraNa karavA lAgyA ane tethI ene viSe ghaNA bhrama pedA thayA che. dillImAM kutubaminAra pAse eka pracaMDa lehastaMbha joyAnuM tane smaraNa che? e staMbha vikramAditye vijayastaMbha tarIke UbhA karAvye hato ema kahevAya che. enI banAvaTa bahu ja suMdara che ane enI Taca upara sAmrAjyanA pratIkarUpa kamaLanA phUlanI AkRti che. gupta yuga e hiMdustAnamAM hiMdu sAmrAjyavAdane yuga che. e yugamAM prAcIna Arya saMskRti ane saMskRta vidyAnuM punarutthAna thayuM ane tenA bhAre phelAvA thayA. grIka, kuzAna ane khIjI prajAee hiMdanA leAkAnAM jIvanamAM ane saMskAramAM keTalAMka grIka ane magAla tA dAkhala karyAM hatAM tene jarA paNa uttejana ApavAmAM AvatuM nahetuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa Arya saMskAro ane praNAlI upara bhAra mUkIne e tattvAne irAdApUrvaka dabAvI devAmAM AvatAM hatAM. rAjabhASA saMskRta hatI. paraMtu te kALamAMye Ama janatAnI e bhASA rahI nahAtI. lAkabhASA saMskRtane lagabhaga maLatI prAkRta bhASA hatI. sa MskRta te vakhate sAmAnya vaparAzanI bhASA nahAtI e kharuM paraMtu tyAre te jIvatI bhASA hatI. e kALamAM saMskRta nATakA, kAvyA tathA bhAratI A kaLA khUba phAlIphUlI. veda ane mahAkAvyAnA kALa pachI A kALa saMskRta bhASAnA itihAsamAM saiAthI vadhAre samRddha gaNI zakAya. kALidAsa jevA adbhuta kavi A yugamAM thaI gayA. kamabhAgye ApaNe ghaNAMkharAM jhAjhuM saMskRta

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180 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jANatAM nathI. huM paNa e ja kamanasIba chuM. saMskRtanA A ajJAnane kAraNe ApaNe badhAM ApaNA A samRddha vArasAthI vaMcita rahyAM chIe. tuM pate ema vaMcita na rahetAM e vArasAne pUro lAbha uThAvaze evI mane AzA che. | vikramAdityano rAjadarabAra atizaya jAjavalyamAna hatA ema kahevAya che. tyAM AgaLa teNe te samayanA zreSTha kavio ane kaLAkArone ekaThA karyA hatA. vidvamAdityanA darabAranA nava ratnonI vAta te nathI sAMbhaLI? kavi kALidAsa A nava ratna paikI eka hate. samudragupta pitAnA sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI pATalIputrathI khaseDI ayodhyA laI gayo. tene kadAca ema lAgyuM haze ke mahAkavi vAlmIkie racelI rAmacaMdranI amara kathAne kAraNe tenA jevI kaTTara ane uddAma Arya daSTi dharAvatA rAjAne mATe ayodhyA vadhAre anukULa sthAna che. Arya saMskRti tema ja hiMdu dharmanI gupta rAjAoe karelI punarjAgrati svAbhAvika rIte ja baiddha dharma tarapha udAra nahotI. enuM eka kAraNa e hatuM ke e amIra athavA upalA varganI caLavaLa hatI ane kSatriya rAjAo tathA saradAranuM tenI pAchaLa pIThabaLa hatuM. jyAre baddha dharmamAM pradhAnapaNe lokataMtranI bhAvanA hatI. bIjuM kAraNa e hatuM ke saiddha dharmanA mahAyAna saMpradAyano uttara hiMdanA kuzAna ane bIjA videzI rAjakartAo sAthe gADha saMbaMdha hatA. paraMtu te samaye bauddha dharma upara damana gujAravAmAM AvatuM hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. baiddha maThe to cAlu ja rahyA ane hajI paNa te vidyAnAM meTAM dhAme hatAM. silenamAM joke baiddha dharma pracalita hato chatAMye gupta rAjAone tyAMnA rAjAo sAthe mitratAno saMbaMdha hate. meghavarNa nAmanA silenanA rAjAe samudragupta upara mUlyavAna bheTa mokalI hatI ane siMhAlI vidyArthIo mATe gayAmAM eka vihAra paNa teNe baMdhAvyuM hatuM. paraMtu hiMdamAM bauddha dharma dhIre dhIre kSINa thato gayo. huM tane AgaLa upara kahI gayo chuM tema tenI A kSINatA athavA hAsa mATe brAhmaNe yA te te samayanI sarakAranA bahAranA dabANa karatAM dhIme dhIme tene pitAnI aMdara samAvI devAnI hiMdu dharmanI zakti vadhAre pramANamAM kAraNabhUta hatI. A ja arasAmAM cInano eka suprasiddha pravAsI hiMdustAnamAM AvyuM hatuM. A pravAsI, jene viSe meM tane AgaLa upara vAta karI

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guNavaMzanA samayane hiMdu sAmrAjyavAda 181 hatI te hyuena-tsAMga nahi paNa phAAna hatA. te baiddhadharma hato ane auddha dharmagraMthanI zodhamAM hiMdustAna Avyo hato. te ApaNane jaNAve che ke magadhanA lake sukhI ane AbAda hatA. nyAyane amala haLave hAthe karavAmAM Avato hato tathA koIne paNa dehAMtadaMDanI sajA karavAmAM AvatI nahotI. te samaye gayA verAna ane ujjaDa banI gayuM hUtuM, kapilavastune sthAne jaMgala thaI gayuM hatuM, paNa pATalIputramAM leke "dhanavAna, guNavAna ane samRddha hatA." bhavya ane samRddha bauddha maTho paNa sArI saMkhyAmAM hatA. dhorI rastAo upara ThekaThekANe dharmazALAo hatI ane tyAM AgaLa pravAsIo rahI zakatA tathA temane rAjya taraphathI khorAka ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. moTAM meTAM zaheramAM sArvajanika ispitAle paNa hatI. hiMdamAM badhe pharyA pachI phAhyAna silena gayA ane tyAM teNe be varasa gALyAM. paraMtu tAo-ciMga nAmanA tenA sAthIne hiMdustAna eTaluM badhuM gamI gayuM ane ddha sAdhuonI pavitratAnI tenA upara eTalI badhI asara paDI ke teNe ahIM ja rahevAno nirNaya karyo. phAhyAna dariyAmAge silenathI cIna gaye ane aneka sAhasa kheDIne ghaNuM varSanI gerahAjarI bAda te pitAne ghera pahoMcyo. * bIjA caMdragupta athavA te vikramAditye lagabhaga 23 varasa rAjya ryuM. enI pachI eno putra kumAragupta gAdIe AvyuM. teNe 40 varasa jeTalA lAMbA samaya sudhI rAjya karyuM. tyAra pachI 453 nI sAlamAM skaMdagupta gAdIe Avyo. tene eka bhayaMkara jokhamane sAmane kare paDyo. ene lIdhe mahAna gupta sAmrAjya Akhare nabaLuM paDyuM. paraMtu e viSe tane mArA bIjA patramAM vAta karIza. ajaMtAnAM keTalAMka apratima bhIMtacitre temaja tyAMnA vizALa khaMDe tathA maMdira gupta kaLAnA namUnA che. tuM e jaze tyAre te keTalAM abhuta che tenI tane pratIti thaze. kamanasIbe e bhIMtacitra dhIme dhIme kharatAM jAya che kemake khullI havAmAM te lAMbe vakhata TakI zakatAM nathI. tane e jANIne AnaMda thaze ke gupta samrATenI patnIone mahAdevI upAdhithI saMbodhavAmAM AvatI. A rIte caMdraguptanI rANIne mahAdevI kumAradevI evA nAmathI saMbodhana thatuM. jyAre hiMdamAM gupta rAjAono amala cAlatuM hatuM tyAre duniyAnA bIjA bhAgamAM zA bana banI rahyA hatA ? pahele caMdragupta

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182 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana * kosTAnTinopala zahera vasAvanAra mahAna remana samrATa kaeNnsenTAInane samakAlIna hatA. pAchaLanA gupta rAjAonA samayamAM romana sAmrAjyanA pazcimanuM romana sAmrAjya ane pUrvanuM remana sAmrAjya evA be bhAgalA paDyA ane chevaTe pazcimanA sAmrAjyane uttaranA barbara lekee uthalAvI pADayuM. Ama jyAre remana sAmrAjya nabaLuM paDatuM jatuM hatuM te arasAmAM hiMdustAnamAM eka atizaya baLavAna rAjyanI hastI hatI tathA tenI pAse meTA meTA senApatio ane pracaMDa sainya hatuM. samudraguptane keTalIka vAra hiMdane nepoliyana kahevAmAM Ave che. paraMtu mahattvAkAMkSI hovA chatAM hiMdustAnanI sarahada pAranA mulake jItavAnI teNe kadIye koziza karI nahatI. guptayuga e uddAma sAmrAjyavAda, jI ane vijaya jamAno hato. dareka dezanA ItihAsamAM AvA sAmrAjyavAdanA ghaNAye yuge Ave che paNa kALAMtare tenuM jhAjhuM mahattva rahetuM nathI. paraMtu e yuga daramyAna kaLA ane sAhityanuM adbhuta punarutthAna thayuM tene ja kAraNe guptakALa AgaLa tarI Ave che ane hiMdamAM te abhimAnapUrvaka smaraNa karavA yogya lekhAya che.

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38 haNa lokonuM hiMdamAM Agamana 4 me, 1932 vAyavya sarahadanA pahADe oLaMgIne je navI Aphata hiMda upara AvI paDI te hUNa lekanI Akta hatI. AgaLa upara remana , sAmrAjya viSe vAta karatAM meM tane dUNa loko viSe kaMIka kahyuM hatuM. yuropamAM temane sAthI mATe AgevAna eNTIlA hate. keTalAMka varaso sudhI teNe rema ane kanjhAnTinepalane tharakAMpa karI mUkyAM hatAM. emane ja maLatI "veta dU' nAme oLakhAtI draNa lekenI bIjI eka jAti te ja arasAmAM hiMdamAM AvI hatI. A baMne madhya eziyAnI gopa athavA to aniketa jAtio hatI. ghaNe vakhatathI e leke hiMdanI sarahada uparanA pradezamAM ghUmyA karatA hatA ane tyAMnA lokone bhAre trAsa ApatA hatA. temanI saMkhyA vadhavAthI athavA kadAca pAchaLathI bIjI jAtionuM temanA upara dabANa thavAthI temaNe hiMda upara rItasaranI caDAI karI. | guptavaMzanA pAMcamA rAjA skaMdaguptane dUNa lokonA A humalAne sAmano karavo paDyo. teNe temane harAvyA ane pAcho hAMkI kADhyA paraMtu bAreka varasa pachI te pAchA AvyA. dhIme dhIme teo gaMdhAra ane uttara hiMdanA ghaNAkharA bhAgamAM phelAI gayA. temaNe baddha lekone ribAvyA ane aneka prakAre kera vartAvyo. - lAMbA vakhata sudhI temanI sAthe laDAI cAlu rahI haze paraMtu gupta rAjAo temane hAMkI kADhI zakyA nahi. dUNa lekanAM navAM navAM jhuMDa AvatAM gayAM ane e loko madhya hiMdamAM paNa phelAI gayA tathA temane saradAra teramAna rAjA banI beThe. e paNa kharAba te have ja paraMtu tene pachI gAdIe Avele tene putra mihiragala te naradama jaMgalI ane rAkSasanA je krUra hate. kalhaNa "rAjataraMgiNI' nAmanA pitAnA kAzmIranA itihAsamAM jaNAve che ke parvatanI UMcI bhekhaDa uparathI hAthIone khINamAM gabaDAvI mUkavA e mihiragulanA AvA ghaNA

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana zekhamAMno eka zekha hato. enA atyAcArothI Akhare samagra AryAvarta khaLabhaLI UThayuM ane tenI sAme UyuM. guptavaMzI rAjA bAlAditya ane madhya hiMdanA rAjA yazodharmanI saradArI nIce Arya lekee dUNene harAvyA ane mihiragulane keda pakaDyo. paraMtu bAlAditya dUNethI UlaTA svabhAvane ane udAra hatuM. teNe mihiragulane jo karyo ane tene deza choDIne cAlyA javAne pharamAvyuM. teNe kAzmIramAM Azaro lIdho ane pAchaLathI tenA upara apAra udAratA dAkhavanAra bAlAditya upara cite humale karyo. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM hiMdustAnamAM dRNa lekanI sattA nabaLI paDI. paNa dUNa lekanA ghaNuM vaMzaje ahIM ja rahyA ane teo dhIme dhIme Arya vastImAM bhaLI gayA. madhya hiMda ane rajapUtAnAnAM ApaNAM keTalAMka rajapUta kuLamAM A "veta dUNonA lehIne aMza hoya e saMbhavita che. hRNa lekee uttara hiMdamAM bahu ja ochI mudata - 50 varasathI paNa ocho vakhata rAjya karyuM. e pachI temaNe ahIM zAMtithI vasavATa ryo. paraMtu dUNa leka sAthenI laDAI ane temaNe vartAvelA kere hiMdanA Aryo upara bhAre asara karI. daNa lekonI jIvana ane rAjataMtranI nItirIti AryonI nItirItithI bilakula nirALI hatI. Aryo hajIye moTe bhAge svAtaMtryapremI prajA rahyA hatA. temanA rAjAone paNa lekamata AgaLa namavuM paDatuM ane temanI grAmapaMcAyata pAse bhAre sattA hatI. paNa dUNa lekenA ahIMnA AgamanathI, temanA ahIMnA vasavATathI tathA hiMdanI prajAmAM teo bhaLI gayA tethI Arya lekenA dhoraNamAM keTaleka pheraphAra thayo ane tenuM dheraNa kaMIka nIcuM paDayuM. guptavaMzano chelle mahAna rAjA bAlAditya 530nI sAlamAM maraNa pAme. e jANavA jevuM che ke eka viziSTa prakAranA hiMdu rAjavaMzano A rAjA baiddha dharma tarapha AkarSAye hatuM ane eka baddha bhikSu tene guru hatA. gupta yuga khAsa karIne kRSNapUjAnI punaHsthApanA mATe jANItuM che. paraMtu ema chatAMye boddha dharma sAthe hiMduone kaMI khAsa gharSaNa ke jhaghaDA thayA hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. guptavaMzanA baso varasanA amala pachI koI paNa madhyastha sattAthI svataMtra evAM aneka nAnAM nAnAM rAjya uttara hiMdamAM pharIthI

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hUNa leAkAnuM' hiMdamAM Agamana 195 udaya pAmatAM ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. joke dakSiNa hiMdamAM A arasAmAM eka moTuM rAjya vikase che. rAmacaMdranA vaMzaja heAvAne dAvA karanAra pulakezI nAmanA rAjAe dakSiNamAM eka sAmrAjya sthApyuM. e cAlukya sAmrAjyane nAme oLakhAya che. A dakSiNanA lakAe pUrva taraphanA TApuomAM vasatA hiMdI vasAhatIo joDe nikaTanA saMbadha rAkhyA haze tathA e TApue ane hiMdu vacce nira Mtara avarajavara cAlu rahI haze. ApaNane e paNa jANavA maLe che ke hiMdanAM vahANA mAla laIne vAraMvAra IrAna jatAM. cAlukya rAjAo ane IrAnanA sAsAnI rAjAe ekakhIjAnA darabAramAM potapotAnA elacIe mokalatA hatA. khAsa karIne IrAnanA mahAna samrATa khuzaro bIjAnA vakhatamAM A prathA pracalita hatI.

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videzI bajAra para hiMdane kAbU 5 me, 1932 ItihAsanA je prAcIna yuga viSe ApaNe vAta karI rahyAM chIe te daramyAna hajArathI paNa vadhAre varasa sudhI pazcima yuropa ane pazcima eziyA tathA pUrvamAM cheka cIna sudhI hiMdane dhIkata vepAra cAlato hatuM. Ama thavAnuM kAraNa zuM? te samayanA hiMdIo kAbela nAvike ane vepArIo hatA emAM zaMkA nathI temaja te lake kuzaLa kArIgare hatA e paNa nirvivAda che. paraMtu hiMdIoe paradezanAM bajArane kabaje mAtra temanI nAvika ke vepArI tarIkenI kAbeliyata athavA te kArIgara tarIkenI temanI AvaData ane kuzaLatAne kAraNe ja nahotA meLavyuM. A badhI anukULatAo emAM sahAyabhUta thaI hatI kharI paraMtu hiMdIo dUranAM bajArene kabajo meLavI zakyA enuM pradhAna kAraNa te rasAyaNavidyAmAM ane khAsa karIne raMgavAnI kaLAmAM emaNe pragati karI hatI e jaNAya che. te samayanA hiMdIoe kApaDa raMgavAnA pAkA raMge banAvavAnI viziSTa paddhati zodhI kADhI hatI. gaLInA choDavAmAMthI pAko "IDige" eTale ke nIle raMga banAvavAnI khAsa paddhati paNa temane mAlUma hatI. joze ke e raMganuM nAma iDigo' paNa hiMdanA yuropiyanoe pADelA nAma "iDiyA" uparathI ja paDyuM che. saMbhava che ke prAcIna hiMdavAsIo uttama pilAda ane pilAdanAM UMcI jAtanAM hathiyAro paNa banAvI jANatA haze. AgaLa upara meM tane kahyuM hatuM te tane yAda haze ke sikaMdaranI caDAI aMgenI jUnI phArasI kathAomAM jyAM jyAM pANIdAra taravAra ke uttama prakAranA khaMjarano ullekha Ave che tyAM sAthe sAthe ema paNa kahevAmAM AveluM che ke e hathiyAre hiMdI banAvaTanAM hatAM. bIjA dezo karatAM hiMdustAna A raMga ane bIjI cIjo vadhAre sArI banAvI zakatuM hatuM eTale videzI bajAro upara tene kAbU hoya

Page #200
videzI bajAre para hiMdane kAbU 187 e svAbhAvika che. je vyakti ke deza pAse vadhAre sArAM ojAro hoya ane koI paNa vastu banAvavAnI vadhAre sArI ke soMghI paddhati hoya te vyakti ke deza jemanAM ojAre ane paddhati eTalAM sArAM na hoya te deza ke vyaktine lAMbe gALe bajAramAMthI hAMkI kADhe che. e ja kAraNe chellAM baso varasamAM yuropa eziyA karatA AgaLa vadhI gayuM che. navI navI zodhakhoLane lIdhe navAM ane badhAre zaktizALI eja tathA vastuonI banAvaTanI navI rIte yuropane lAdhI. A badhAnI sahAyathI teNe duniyAnAM bajAre hAtha kya ane pariNAme te baLavAna ane saMpattivAna thayuM. emAM tene bIjI paNa keTalIka vastuo madadarUpa nIvaDI hatI. paraMtu atyAre te ojAra e keTalA badhA mahattvanI vastu che ene khyAla tuM kare ema huM IcchuM chuM. eka mahApuruSe eka vAra kahyuM hatuM ke mANasa e ojAra banAvanAra prANI che. ane cheka prAcIna kALathI Aja sudhIne manuSyajAtine ItihAsa e pASANa yuganA samayanAM paththaranAM tIra tathA hathoDAthI mAMDIne AjanI AgagADI ane pracaMDa varALayaMtra sudhIno vadhAre ne vadhAre kAma ApanArA ojArone ja ItihAsa che. sAce ja ApaNe kaMI paNa karavuM hoya temAM ojAranI jarUra paDe che. enA vinA Aje ApaNe koNa jANe kevI hAlatamAM heta ? ojAra e sArI vastu che. e kAmane haLavuM banAvavAmAM madadarUpa thAya che. paraMtu ojArane durupayoga paNa thaI zake che. karavata upayogI ojAra che. paraMtu bALaka tenAthI pitAne IjA karI bese. cappa ghaNuM ja upayogI gaNAya ane dareka skAuTe te rAkhavuM joIe. paNa kaI bevakUpha mANasa enAthI bIjA mANasanuM khUna karI bese emAM bIcArA capune kaze ja doSa nathI. deSa te e ojArane vAparanAra mANasamAM raheluM hoya che. e ja rIte Adhunika yaMtra svataH te sArI vastu che paNa bhUtakALamAM tene aneka rIte durupayegA thayA hatA ane Aje paNa tene durupayoga thaI rahyo che. Ama janatAne kAmane bojo haLavo karavAne badale yaMtrae ghaNuM kharuM pahelAM karatAM paNa temanI hAlata vadhAre bUrI karI mUkI che. temanA upayogathI karoDo mANasone sukha ane ArAma maLa joI te hatuM tene badale yaMtroe asaMkhya lokone duHkhI karI mUkyA che. vaLI temaNe rAjyanA hAthamAM eTalI badhI sattA suparata karI che ke te yuddhamAM lAkho mANasanI katala karI zake che.

Page #201
188 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana paraMtu doSa yaMtramAM nahi paNa tenA durupayogamAM rahelo che. je meTAM moTAM yaMtre upara temAMthI kevaLa pitAne ja mATe kamANI karanAra bejavAbadAra mANasano kAbU na hota ane tene badale Ama janatA vatI ane temanA bhalAne khAtara temane upayoga karavAmAM AvyA hatA te paristhitimAM bhAre pharaka paData. Ama prAcIna kALamAM hiMdustAna pAke mAla taiyAra karavAnI paddhatinI bAbatamAM duniyAmAM sauthI mokhare hatuM. ethI karIne hiMdanuM kApaDa ane raMga tathA bIjI vastuo dUra dUranA dezamAM jatAM ane tyAM temanI bhAre mAga rahetI. A vepArathI hiMdamAM lakSmI taNAI AvatI. A uparAMta dakSiNa hiMda marI ane bIjA tejAnA paradeza nikAsa karatuM hatuM. A tejAnA pUrva taraphanA TApuomAMthI ahIM AvatA ane hiMda mAraphate te pazcimanA mulakamAM pahoMcatA. remanA lekane marI bahu gamatAM ane tyAM tenI vadhAre mAga rahetI. kahevAya che ke 410nI sAlamAM gautha lekAnA saradAra elerIke rama kabaje karyuM tyAre tyAMthI te 3000 ratala marI laI gayo hato. A badhAM marI hiMdamAMthI athavA hiMda mAraphate tyAM gayAM haze.

Page #202
40 deza tathA saMskRtionI caDatI-paDatI 6 me, 1932 cInathI dUra rahyAne ApaNane ghaNA divase thaI gayA. have ApaNe pAchAM tyAM jaIe ane tenI vAta AgaLa calAvIe tathA pazcimamAM jyAre remanI paDatI thavA mAMDI hatI ane gupta rAjAonA amala daramyAna hiMdanuM rASTrIya punarutthAna thaI rahyuM hatuM tyAre cInamAM zuM banI rahyuM hatuM te joIe. remanI caDatI ke paDatInI cIna upara nahi jevI ja asara thaI hatI. e baMne rAjya ekabIjAthI bahu ja dUra hatAM. huM tane AgaLa upara kahI gayo chuM ke cInanuM rAjya madhya eziyAnI jAtione pitAnA rAjyanI sarahada uparathI hAMkI kADhatuM tenAM yuropa tathA hiMda mATe ghaNAM bhayaMkara pariNAma AvyAM hatAM. A jAtio athavA temaNe jemane AgaLa haDaselI te jAtio pazcima ane dakSiNa dizAmAM gaI. temaNe saltanata ane rAjyane uthalAvI nAkhyA ane aMdhAdhuMdhI karI mUkI. temAMnA keTalAka lekee pUrva yurepa tathA hiMdamAM vasavATa karyo. rema ane cIna vacce sIdho saMparka paNa hatuM ane e baMne rA ekabIjAnA darabAramAM potAnA elacIo rAkhatAM. cInI pustakamAM AvA sAthI AraMbhanA elacImaMDaLane ullekha maLI Ave che te 166nI sAlamAM remanA samrATa ana-tune kahyuM hatuM. A ana-tuna te bIje kaI nahi paNa mArA eka AgaLanA patramAM meM jeno ullekha karyo hato te mArakasa eNreliyasa eNnTIniyasa hate. remanuM patana e yuropane mATe eka jabaradasta ghaTanA hatI. e kevaLa eka zahera ke sAmrAjyanuM ja patana nahotuM. eka rIte te pUrva tarapha kansAnTinopalamAM tyAra pachI paNa lAMbA vakhata sudhI mana sAmrAjya cAlu rahyuM ane e sAmrAjyanuM preta te lagabhaga 1400 varasa sudhI yuropa upara bhamatuM rahyuM. paNa ramanA patanathI eka mahAna yugano aMta AvyuM. grIsa ane remanI prAcIna duniyAno e

Page #203
190 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana aMta hati. remanAM khaMDiyere upara pazcimamAM eka navI ja duniyA, eka navI ja saMskRti ane sudhArAne udaya thaI rahyo hato. keTalIkavAra ApaNe zabdo ane uktiothI UMdhe raste deravAI jaIe chIe; kemake, tenA te ja zabdo vaparAyA hoya te uparathI ApaNe mAnI laIe chIe ke tene sarvatra ane sarvakALe eka ja artha thAya che. romanA patana pachI pazcima yuropanA leke remanI ja bhASA vAparatA rahyA paraMtu e bhASAnI pAchaLa judA ja bhAva ane khyAla rahelA hatA. leke kahe che ke yuropanA AjanA deze grIsa ane remanAM saMtAno che. kaMIka aMze A sAcuM che paraMtu ekaMdare e kathana bhrAmaka che. kemake grIsa ane remanA karatAM yurepanA AjanA dezonuM dRSTibiMdu taddana nirALuM che. grIsa ane remanI purANI duniyA lagabhaga saMpUrNapaNe jamInadosta thaI gaI hatI. hajArathI paNa vadhAre varase daramyAna tyAM AgaLa je sabhyatA ke saMskRti nirmANa thaI hatI te saDIne naSTaprAya thaI gaI e pachI ja pazcima yuropanA ardhasudharelA ane ardhajaMgalI dezoe itihAsanA pRSTha upara dekhA dIdhI ane dhIme dhIme temaNe navI saMskRti ane sudhAre nirmANa kya. teo rema pAsethI ghaNuM zIkhyA ane purANI duniyA pAsethI temaNe ghaNuM grahaNa karyuM. paraMtu e zIkhavAnI kriyA bahu muzkela ane masAdhya hatI. seMkaDo varasa sudhI te ema ja lAgatuM hatuM ke yuropamAM sudhAre ane saMskRti nidrAvaza thayAM che. tyAM AgaLa ajJAna ane dhamadhatAne aMdhakAra pravartate hate. ethI karIne A sadIone "DArka ejIjha' eTale ke, aMdhakAra yuga kahevAmAM Ave che. paNa Ama thavAnuM kAraNa zuM? duniyA sAthI pAchI haThe che ane sadIonA parizramane aMte ekaThuM kareluM jJAna zAthI lupta thAya che athavA bhulAI jAya che ? A mahAna prazno che ane ApaNuM sauthI samajadAra puruSone paNa te mUMjhavI nAkhe che. enA javAba ApavAnI koziza huM nahi karuM. vicAra temaja AcAranA kSetramAM mahAna evA hiMdane Avo bhayaMkara adha:pAta thAya ane lAMbA vakhata sudhI te gulAma banI rahe athavA te jeno bhUtakALa ujavaLa hatuM te cIna deza aMta vagaranI laDAIone zikAra banI rahe e atizaya vicitra ane AzcaryakAraka nathI ? mANase kaTake kaTake karIne ekaThuM kareluM aneka yuganuM jJAna ane DahApaNuM sAva lupta te na ja thaI jatuM hoya. paNa game te

Page #204
deze tathA saMskRtionI caDatI-paDatI 191 kAraNe ApaNI AMkhe baMdha thaI jAya che ane keTalIka vAra ApaNe joI zakatA nathI. prakAzanI bArI baMdha thaI jAya che ane badhe aMdhakAra vyApI rahe che. paraMtu bahAra te tarapha badhe prakAza hoya che eTale ApaNe ApaNI AMkha ke bArI baMdha rAkhIe eno artha e nathI ke sarvatra prakAzane lepa thaI gayA che. keTalAka loko kahe che ke yuropa upara pharI vaLele aMdhakAra yuga khristI dharmane AbhArI hate. Izue upadezelA dharmanI bAbatamAM nahi paNa romana samrATa kanTenTAIne aMgIkAra karyA pachI rAjadharma tarIke pazcima yuropamAM phelAyelA khristI dharmanI bAbatamAM Ama kahevAmAM Ave che. sAce ja e leke te kahe che ke, IzunI cothI sadImAM kansenTAIne khristI dharmane svIkAra karyo tyArathI hajAra varSane eka e yuga zarU thayuM jemAM buddhi kuMThita thaI gaI vicAra gulAma banI gayo ane jJAnanI kazI paNa pragati thaI nahi. ene kAraNe julama, dharmAdhatA ane asahiSNutA vyApyAM eTaluM ja nahi paNa vijJAnanA viSayamAM ke bIjI koI paNa bAbatamAM pragati karavAnuM loko mATe muzkela thaI paDyuM. ghaNI vAra te dharmapustake ja pragatinA mArgamAM ADakhIlIrUpa banatAM. dharmapustaka ApaNane te lakhAyAM te samaye duniyA kevI hatI te kahe che. vaLI te te jamAnAnI bhAvanAo ane vicAre, te samayanA AcAravicAra tathA rItarivAjone paNa te khyAla Ape che. e badhuM pAka' pustakamAM lakhAyeluM hovAne kAraNe te bhAvanAo, vicAre AcAravicAra tathA rItarivAjo sAme virodha uThAvavAnI koInI paNa hiMmata cAlatI nathI. ethI karIne, duniyAmAM bhalene bhAre pheraphAro thAya paraMtu e badalAyelI paristhitine anukULa thavA mATe ApaNe vicAra, bhAvanAo, rUDhio ane rItarivAje badalavAnI ApaNane chUTa ApavAmAM AvatI nathI. pariNAme duniyA sAthe ApaNe meLa besatA nathI ane aneka muzkelIo pedA thAya che. ethI karIne keTalAka leke AkhA yurepa upara aMdhakAra yuga lAvavA mATe khristI dharmane javAbadAra gaNe che. vaLI bIjA keTalAka lake ema kahe che ke aMdhakAra yuga daramyAna carca yA khristI dharmasaMdha, khristI sAdhuo ane pAdarIoe ja vidyAnI jyota baLatI rAkhI hatI. temaNe kaLA ane citrakAma TakAvI rAkhyAM temaja amUlya graMtha kALajIpUrvaka saMgharI rAkhyA tathA temanI nakale paNa karI.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana A bAbatamAM lokA upara mujabanI dalIlo kare che, ane bane pakSA kharA hoya e saMbhavita che. paNa rAmanA patana pachI je bUrAI ane aniSTo pedA thayAM ene mATe khristI dharma javAbadAra che ema kahevuM e teA kevaLa hAsyAspada che. sAcuM kahetAM rAmanu potAnuM patana paNa e badhAM aniSTone ja AbhArI hatuM. 192 paNa huM bahu AgaLa nIkaLI gayA. huM to tane e batAvavA mAgato hato ke yuropamAM je kALe samAjavyavasthA ociMtI paDI * bhAgI ane AkhI paristhiti ekAeka palaTAI gaI tyAre. cInamAM temaja hiMdustAnamAM paNa evA ociMtA pheraphAro thayA nahAtA. yuropamAM ApaNe eka sa MskRtinA aMta ane khIjInA AraMbha thatA joI e chIe. dhIme dhIme vikAsa pAmIne e saMskRti AjanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karavAnI hatI. cInamAM ApaNe evI ucca kATInI saMskRti ane sabhyatA AvI jAtanA vikSepa vinA ja satatapaNe cAlu rahetI joI e chIe. tyAM paNa bharatImeTa te AvyAM hatAM. sArA yugo, kharAba rAjA tathA samrATe tyAM paNa AvyA ane gayA temaja rAjavaze. paNa badalAyA. paraMtu tyAMnI sAMskRtika paraMparAmAM kadI paNa vikSepa paDyo nathI. jyAre cIna judAM judAM rAjyAmAM vaheMcAI jAya che ane temanI vacce aMdara aMdara yuddha thAya che tyAre paNa tyAM AgaLa kaLA ane sAhitya phAlatAM rahe che, maneAhara citro cItarAtAM hoya che, suMdara kaLazA ghaDAya che tathA raLiyAmaNI imArato baMdhAya che. chApavAnI kaLA pracAramAM Ave che tathA cA pIvAnI phaeNzana zarU thAya che ane kAvyamAM tenAM guNagAna karavAmAM Ave che ! Ama cInamAM ApaNane sAva ane kaLAnI atUTa paraMparA najare paDe che ke je ucca kATInI saMskRtimAMthI ja udbhavI zake. hite viSe paNa ema ja che. rAmanI jema ahIM paNa ciMtA vikSepa AvatA nathI. ahIM paNa sArA ane mAdA divaseA AvyA che emAM zaMkA nathI. sAhitya ane kaLAnA manehara sarjananA yugA tathA vinAza ane adhogatinA yugA ahIM paNa AvyA che. paNa e badhA kALa daramyAna hiMdamAM eka rIte saMskRtinI dhArA atUTapaNe cAlu rahI che. hiMduthI te pUrva taraphanA dezomAM prasare che. lUMTaphATa karavAne mATe AvelA vanavAsI lokAne paNa te sabhyatA zIkhave che ane potAmAM samAvI de che. tuM ema na dhArIza ke pazcimane utArI pADIne huM hiMdu tathA cInanA vakhANa karavA mAguM chuM. hiMdustAna tathA cInanI AjanI

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deze tathA saMskRtionI caDatI-paDatI 199 dazAmAM tene viSe abhimAna karIne baDAza hAMkavA jevuM kazuM ja nathI. e te eka AMdhaLo mANasa paNa kahI zake ke, temano bhUtakALa bhavya ane mahAna hovA chatAM Aje te teo duniyAnA bIjA dezanI tulanAmAM ghaNuM nIcA UtarI gayA che. temanI purANI saMskRtimAM ociMte vikSepa nathI paDyo ene artha e nathI ke temanI durdazA thaI ja nathI. je pahelAM ApaNe ucca sthitimAM hatA ane Aje nIce paDyA hoIe to e spaSTa che ke duniyAnI tulanAmAM ApaNe nIcA UtarI gayA chIe. ApaNI saMskRtinI paraMparA atUTa rahI che te mATe ApaNe bhale rAjI thaI e paNa jyAre khuda e saMskRti ja niHsattva banI gaI che tyAre enI atUTatAnuM smaraNa ApaNane jhAjhuM samAdhAna ApI zake ema nathI. bhUtakALa sAthene ApaNe saMbaMdha ociMte tUTI gayo hota te te sthiti kadAca ApaNane vadhAre lAbhakAraka paNa thAta. e vastuo ApaNane hacamacAvI mUkyA hota tathA navuM jIvana ane navI zakti ApI hataH hiMda temaja duniyAmAM sarvatra Aje je banAvo banI rahyA che te ApaNA purANA dezane vega ApIne tenAmAM vana tathA navA jIvanane pharIthI saMcAra karI rahyA hoya e banavA joga che. prAcIna kALamAM hiMdustAnamAM je sAmartha ane cIvaTa hatAM te tenI khUba phelA pAmelI grAmasvarAjya athavA grAmapaMcAyatonI saMsthAnAM mULamAM rahelAM hoya ema jaNAya che. AjanI peThe te kALamAM moTA moTA jamInadAre ke inAmadAre nahotA. jamInanI mAlikI gAmalekenI athavA paMcAyatanI ke temAM khetI karatA kheDUtanI hatI. ane A paMcAyata pAse ghaNI sattA ane adhikAra hatA. gAmaleka paMcAyatanI cUMTaNI karatA ane e rIte e saMsthAnA pAyAmAM lekazAsananI bhAvanA rahelI hatI. rAjAo te AvatA ane jatA athavA ekabIjA joDe laDatA paraMtu teo A grAma-saMsthAmAM kazIye dakhala karatA nahi ke na te paMcAyata dvArA lokone maLatI svataMtratA ochI karavAnI hiMmata paNa karatA. ethI karIne sAmrAjyo badalAtAM te paNa A grAma-saMsthAnA pAyA upara racAyelI samAjavyavasthA kazA bhAre pheraphAra vinA cAlu rahetI. paradezI caDAIo, yuddho ane rAjAonI pherabadalInA havAle vAMcIne ApaNe evuM mAnavAne daravAI javA saMbhava " che ke e badhAMnI asara AkhI prajA upara pahoMcatI hatI. e kharuM

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194 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ke janatA upara - khAsa karIne uttara hiMdustAnamAM - tenI kaI kaI vAra thoDI asara thatI paraMtu ekaMdare jotAM kahI zakAya ke Ama janatAne enI bahu paDI nahotI ane rAjadarabAranA pheraphAro thavA chatAMye te pitAne vyavahAra calAvye jatI. hiMdanI samAjavyavasthAne lAMbA vakhata sudhI majabUtapaNe TakAvI rAkhanAra bIjI vastu te vakhate tenA asala svarUpe hastI dharAvatI varNavyavasthA hatI. varNa athavA jJAti pAchaLanA samayamAM te banI gaI tevI jaDa te samaye nahetI tathA kevaLa janma upara te avalaMbatI nahatI. hajAre varasa sudhI teNe hiMdanA samAjajIvanane ekatra rAkhyuM hatuM. parivartana ke vikAsane rUMdhIne nahi paNa tene avakAza ApIne te A vastu siddha karI zakI hatI. prAcIna hiMdanuM dharma temaja jIvana pratyenuM valaNa hamezAM sahiSNutAnuM rahyuM che ane teNe parivartana ane prayogane hamezAM AvakAryA che. enAthI tene baLa maLatuM hatuM. uparAcAparI AvatA humalAo ane bIjI musIbatone kAraNe dhIre dhIre jJAtinAM baMdhane kaDaka thatAM gayAM ane ethI karIne hiMdustAnanA samagra valaNamAM jaDatA ane anudAratA AvI gaI. hiMdI leke AjanI duHkhada ane kaMgALa hAlatamAM AvI paDyA tyAM sudhI e prakriyA cAlu rahI. ane jJAti hareka prakAranI pragatinI duzmana banI gaI. samAjane ekatra rAkhavAne badale te tenA seMkaDe bhAgalA pADI nAkhe che. pariNAme te ApaNane kamajora banAve che ane bhAI bhAI vacce kaleza karAve che. bhUtakALamAM hiMdanI samAjavyavasthA majabUta banAvavAmAM varNa vyavasthAmAM sahAya karI che. paraMtu te samaye paNa temAM saDAnAM bIja mejUda hatAM. asamAnatA ane anyAya cAlu rAkhavAnI bhAvanA enA pAyAmAM rahelI hatI. ane A koI paNa prayAsa aMte niSphaLa ja nIvaDe. asamAnatA ane anyAyanA pAyA upara koI paNa sthira ane saMgIna samAja na ja racI zakAya. te ja pramANe jyAM eka varga ke samUha bIjAonuM zeSaNa karatA hoya tyAM paNa eve samAja na racI zakAya. Aje paNa AvuM anyAyI zeSaNa cAlu che tethI karIne duniyAbharamAM ATalI badhI hADamArI ane duHkha jovAmAM Ave che. paraMtu sarvatra leke A vAta samajI gayA che ane emAMthI chUTavAne tanatoDa prayatna karI rahyA che.

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deze| tathA saskRtionI caDatI-paDatI 195 hiMdustAnanI peThe cInamAM paNa samAjanI majabUtIne AdhAra gAmaDAMo ane jamIna dharAvatA tathA kheDatA karoDo kheDUta upara hatA. tyAM AgaLa paNa moTA moTA jamInadAro nahAtA. dharmanI bAbatamAM tyAM AgaLa kadI paNa jaDa matAgraha ke asahiSNutAne avakAza ApavAmAM Avato nahoto. dharmanI bAbatamAM duniyAnI badhI prajAmAM kadAca cInA leAkA ja echAmAM ochA adhazraddhALu hatA ane Aje paNa che. vaLI tane e paNa yAda haze ke cInamAM temaja hiMdustAnamAM grIsa ane rAmamAM hatI athavA tethI paNa AgaLanA samayamAM mIsaramAM hatI tevI majUra gulAmAnI prathA nahotI. dharakAma karanArA keTalAka nAkara gulAma hatA kharA paraMtu AkhI samAjavyavasthAmAM tenAthI ko pharaka paDato nahi. temanA vinA paNa samAjavyavasthA e ja rIte cAlu raheta. paraMtu prAcIna grIsa tathA romamAM Ama nahetu. tyAM AgaLa tA saMkhyAbaMdha gulAmo e ja samAjavyavasthAnuM mahattvanuM aMga hatuM ane badhI majUrInA kharo khAjo temanA upara ja paDatA hatA. ane mIsaramAM jo gulAma majUrA na hota te bhavya pirAmiDA kyAMthI hota ? me A patra cInanI vAtathI zarU karyAM hatA ane e vAta huM AgaLa calAvavA dhAratA hatA. paNa huM khIjA ja viSayo upara caDI gayA. mAre mATe e navAInI vAta nathI ! dhaNuM karIne bIjI vakhata ApaNe cInanI vAtane vaLagI rahIzuM.

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41 taMga vaMzanA amala darmyAna cInanI jAheAjalAlI 7 me, 1932 meM tane cInanA hana vaMza viSe vAta karI che tathA tyAM AgaLa bAdu dharma kevI rIte AvyA, chApavAnI kaLA kevI rIte zodhAI ane parIkSA laIne sarakArI nokara nImavAnI prathA kevI rIte dAkhala thaI te viSe paNa kahyuM hatuM. IzunI trIjI sadImAM hana vaMzanA aMta Ave che ane cInanuM sAmrAjya traNa rAjyAmAM vaheMcAI jAya che. sAmrAjyanA A traNa rAjyonA yuga keTalAMka saikAM sudhI cAlu rahyo. tyAra pachI taMga nAmanA navA rAjyavaze AkhA cInane pharIthI ekatra karyuM tathA tene eka baLavAna rAjya banAvyuM. sAtamI sadInA AraMbhanI A vAta che. paraMtu rASTranA bhAgalA paDI gayA hatA te samaya daramyAna paNa ane uttaramAMthI tAra leAkeAnA avAranavAra humalAo thavA chatAMye cInI kaLA ane saMskRti kAyama rahyAM. e samaya daramyAnanAM moTAM meTAM pustakAlayA ane suMdara citrA viSe vAtA ApaNA sAMbhaLavAmAM Ave che. hiMdustAna kevaLa suMdara kApaDa ane khIjI evI vastue ja nahi paNa potAnA vicAro, dharma ane kaLA tyAM mokalatuM hatuM. hiMdustAnamAMthI sa MkhyAbaMdha baidda upadezake paNa tyAM gayA hatA ane te potAnI joDe hiMdanI kaLAnI bhAvanA ane praNAlI tyAM letA gayA hatA. saMbhava che ke hiMdanA kaLAkAro ane kuzaLa kArIgaro paNa tyAM gayA hAya. baidu dharmanA Agamane ane hiMduthI AvelA vicAroe cIna upara bhAre asara karI, te samaye ane te pahelAM paNa cIna bhAre saMskArI deza hatA emAM zaMkA nathI. hiMdunAM dharma, vicAro ane kaLA kAI pachAta dezamAM gayAM ane teno kabajo lIdhe evuM cInanI bAbatamAM banyuM nahatuM. cInamAM to e badhAMne tyAMnI prAcIna kaLA ane vicArapraNAlInA sAmanA karavAnA hatA. A baMnene meLa thavAthI temAMthI ubhayathI nirALI ja vastu nIpajavAnI hatI. temAM dhaNe aMza hiMdanA

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taMga va'zanA amala daramyAna cInanI jAheAjalAlI 197 hatA paraMtu te cIja mULe cInI hatI ane cInI ghATamAM dhaDAI hatI. A rIte hiMthI AvelA A vicAra-pravAhe cInanA kaLAvana ane mAnasika jIvanane nave vega ane navA dhakakA ApyA. e ja pramANe aiAddha dharma ane hiMdI kaLAneA saMdeza pUmAM ethI paNa AgaLa kAriyA ane japAna sudhI paheoMcyA. ane e dezA para tenI kevI asara thaI te jANavuM bahu rasaprada che. dareka deze temane potAnI viziSTa pratibhAne anukULa banAvIne temanA svIkAra karyAM. Ama cIna temaja jApAnamAM Aje bRdu dharma pracalita che paraMtu ane ThekANe tenAM svarUpo bhinna che; ane hiMdamAMthI AvelA AduM dha karatAM e ane jagyAnA dharmAM paNa ghaNI bAbateAmAM judA paDe che. kaLA paNa deza ane vAtAvaraNa pramANe badalAtI rahe che ane bhinna svarUpo dhAraNa kare che. hiMdamAM te Aje ApaNe eka prajA tarIke kaLA ane sAnI bhAvanA khAI beThA chIe. ghaNA lAMbA kALathI ApaNe eke bhAre sArya zALI kRtinuM sarjana nathI karyuM. eTaluM ja nahi paNa ApaNAmAMnA meoTA bhAganA lAke to sAnI kadara karavAnuM paNa bhUlI gayA che. parAdhIna dezamAM kaLA ane sAMthaeN kevI rIte vikase ane kAlephUle ? parAdhInatA ane badhananA aMdhakAramAM badhI ja vastu karamAI jAya che. paraMtu AjhAdInuM ApaNane darzana thayuM tyArathI ApaNI sAMdarya bhAvanA paNa dhIme dhIme jAgrata thavA mAMDI che. AjhAdI Avaze tyAre kaLA ane sAMnuM A dezamAM bhAre punarutthAna thaze; ane huM umeda rAkhuM chuM ke ethI karIne ApaNAM ghara, ApaNAM nagare ane ApaNAM jIvananI kurUpatA dUra thaze. A bAbatamAM cIna ane jApAna hiMdustAna karatAM vadhAre bhAgyazALI che ane hajI paNa temaNe temanI kaLA tathA sAMdaryanI bhAvanA ghaNe aMze jALavI rAkhI che. cInamAM auddha dharma phelAtAM hiMdanA sa MkhyAbaMdha baidyo ane bAh bhikSue tyAM javA lAgyA ane cInanA sAdhue paNa hiM... ane bIjA dezanA pravAse javA lAgyA. meM tane qAhiyAnanI vAta karI che. yuenatsAMga viSe paNa tuM jANe che. e bane hiMdamAM AvyA hatA. huziMga nAmanA eka cInI sAdhue pUrva taraphanA samudramAM saphara karI hatI tene ApaNane bahu majAnA hevAla maLe che. 49nI sAlamAM te cInanA pATanagaramAM pA| karyAM hatA. teNe jaNAvyuM che ke cInanI pUrve hajAre mAilane atare AvelA krUsAMga nAmanA dezamAM te jaI Avyo hato.

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198 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana cIna ane jApAnanI pUrvamAM prazAMta mahAsAgara che eTale huIseMge A mahAsAgara oLaMgyuM hoya ane te mekisako pahoMcyuM hoya evo saMbhava che. kemake mekisakomAM te kALe paNa purANI saMskRti mejUda hatI. cInamAM thayelA ddha dharmanA phelAvAthI AkarSAIne hiMdanA baddha dharmane vaDe dharmAdhyakSa dakSiNa hiMdathI vahANamAM besIne kenTIna javA mATe cIna tarapha ravAnA thayo. tenuM nAma tathA padavI bAdhi dharma' hatI. saMbhava che ke hiMdamAM bauddha dharma dhIre dhIre kSINa thate jIte hate te kAraNe te cIna javAne prerA hoya. para6nI sAlamAM te cIna javA nIkaLe tyAre tenI vRddhAvasthA hatI. enI sAthe ane enI pachI ghaNuM zrAddha bhikSuo cIne gayA hatA. ema kahevAya che ke te samaye cInanA "lacaMga" nAmanA eka prAMtamAM 3000 thI vadhAre - hiMdI baiddha bhikSuo ane 10,000 hiMdI kuTuMba vasatAM hatAM. e pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM hiMdamAM brAddha dharmanA punarutthAnane bIjo yuga AvyuM ane buddhanI janmabhUmi hovAne kAraNe tathA ahIMyAM baddha dharmanA pavitra graMthe hovAthI bhAvika ddho hiMda tarapha AkarSAtA rahyA. paraMtu have hiMdamAM baiddha dharmanI kIrti ane gauravano aMta Avele jaNAya che ane cIna AgevAna baddhadhamAM dezanuM sthAna prApta kare che. 618nI sAlamAM kAsu nAmanA samrATe taMga vaMzano AraMbha karyo. teNe AkhA cInane eka chatra nIce ApyuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa ghaNuM vizALa kSetra upara pitAnI hakUmata jamAvI. dakSiNamAM anAma ane kaMboDiyA sudhI tathA pazcime IrAna ane kAspiyana samudra sudhInA mulaka upara teNe pitAnI ANa vartAvI. koriyAnA thoDA bhAgane paNa A baLavAna sAmrAjyamAM samAveza thato hate. sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI sI-Ana-pha hatI. e zahera tenI bhavyatA ane sabhyatA mATe pUrva eziyAmAM mazahUra hatuM. jApAna ane dakSiNa koriyAmAMthI- je hajI sudhI svataMtra hatuM - tenI kaLA, tatvajJAna tathA saMskRtine abhyAsa karavA mATe elacImaMDaLo ane pratinidhimaMDaLe tyAM AvatAM. taMga vaMzanA samrATa paradeza sAthenA vepArane temaja paradezI musApharone uttejana ApatA. banI zake tyAM sudhI potapotAnA dezanA rivAja ane dhArAdhoraNa pramANe temane nyAya toLI zakAya eTalA mATe cInamAM AvanArA tathA tyAM AgaLa vasavATa karanArA paradezIo

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taga vazanA amala daramyAna cInanI jAherajalAlI 199 mATe khAsa kAyadAo ghaDavAmAM AvyA hatA. khAsa karIne Araba lakoe 300 nI sAlanA arasAmAM dakSiNa cInamAM kenTIna pAse vasavATa karyo hate ema jaNAya che. A islAmanA udaya pahelAMnI eTale ke pegaMbara hajarata mahaMmadanA janma pahelAMnI vAta che. A araba lekanI madadathI dariyApAranA deza sAthenA vepAramAM khUba pragati thaI araba temaja cInI vahANe dvArA A badhe vepAra cAlatuM hatuM. tuM e jANIne tAjuba thaze ke, dezamAM vasatA lokonI saMkhyA jANavA mATe vasatIgaNatarI karavAnI prathA cInamAM bahu prAcIna kALathI pracalita che. ema kahevAya che ke cheka 156nI sAlamAM cInamAM vasatIgaNatarI karavAmAM AvI hatI. e hana vaMzanA amala daramyAna karavAmAM AvI haze. emAM pratyeka vyaktinI nahi paNa dareka kuTuMbanI gaNatarI karavAmAM AvatI. dareka kuTuMbamAM pAMca mANase hoya ema dhArI levAmAM AvatuM. A hisAbe 156nI sAlamAM cInanI vasatI lagabhaga pAMca kareDanI hatI. vasatI gaNatarInI A paddhati bahu cokasAIvALI te na ja kahI zakAya paraMtu ApaNe e na bhUlavuM joIe ke pazcima mATe te e bilakula navI ja vastu che. huM dhAruM chuM ke Azare dasa varasa upara amerikAnAM saMyukta rAjyamAM pahelIvahelI vasatI gaNatarI karavAmAM AvI hatI. taMga vaMzanA AraMbhakALamAM cInamAM bIjA be dharmo- islAma ane khristI dharma - dAkhala thayA. dharmabhraSTa gaNIne pazcimamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvelA eka paMthanA leko cInamAM khristI dharma lAvyA. e paMthanuM nAma nesTeriyana hatuM. khristI dharmanA judA judA paMtho ke saMpradAyonA matamatAMtare ane ApasamAMnA jhaghaDAo tathA laDAIe viSe meM tane AgaLa upara lakhyuM hatuM. AvI jAtanA jhaghaDAne kAraNe nesTeriyana lekIne rAme hAMkI kADhyA. paraMtu teo cIna, IrAna ane - eziyAnA bIjA bhAgomAM phelAI gayA. hiMdamAM paNa teo AvyA hatA ane temaNe thoDI saphaLatA meLavI hatI. paraMtu pAchaLanA vakhatamAM khristI dharmanA bIjA saMpradAyamAM ane islAmamAM nesTeriyane samAI gayA ane Aje te temanI ahIM nahi jevI ja nizAnI rahI che. gaye varase ApaNe dakSiNa hiMdamAM gayAM hatAM tyAre tyAM AgaLa temanI nAnI sarakhI vasAhata joIne mane bhAre Azcarya thayuM hatuM. tane e

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200 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana yAda che kharuM? temanA vaDA pAdarIe ApaNane cA paNa pAI hatI. te bahu majAnA DAsA hatA. khristI dharmane cIna pahoMcatAM thADA vakhata lAgyo paraMtu islAma te tyAM bahu tvarAthI pahoMcyA. islAma to nesTAriyaneAnA AvavA pahelAM theADAM varasa agAu ane pegabara sAhebanI hayAtI daramyAna ja tyAM pahoMcyA hatA. cInanA samrATe nesTariyane temaja islAmI e baMnenA pratinidhimaMDaLanA vinayapUrNAMka satkAra karyAM ane temanuM kahevuM dhyAnathI sAMbhaLyuM. temanI mAnyatAonI teNe kadara karI ane niSpakSapaNe ane pratye sadbhAva dAkhavyA. Araba lakAne phaeNnTInamAM masjida AMdhavAnI paravAnagI ApavAmAM AvI. e masjida teraso varasa jeTalI jAtI hevA chatAM hajI paNa meAbUda che ane duniyAnI jUnAmAM jUnI masjidomAMnI eka che. e ja pramANe taMga samrATe khristI devaLa ane maTha bAMdhavAnI paNa chUTa ApI. A sahiSNutAbharyuM valaNa ane te samayanI yuropanI asahiSNutA vaccene taphAvata spaSTapaNe dekhAI Ave evA che. ema kahevAya che ke Araba leAkA cIna pAsethI kAgaLa banAvavAnI kaLA zIkhyA ane pachI te temaNe yuropane zIkhavI. 7pa1nI sAlamAM madhya eziyAnA turkastAnamAM cInAo ane musalamAna ArA vacce yuddha thayuM hatuM. Araba leAkAe keTalAka cInAone keda pakaDyA ane e kadIoe temane kAgaLa banAvavAnI kaLA zIkhavI. taMga vaza 300 varasa eTale 907 nI sAla sudhI cAlyA. keTalAka lokA mAne che ke A traNaso varasanA kALa cInanA sAthI gaiAravazALI yuga hatA. e kALamAM saMskRtinuM dhAraNa khUba UMcuM hatuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa prajAnI sukhAkArInuM sAmAnya dhAraNa paNa bahu UMcuM hatuM. je dhaNI bAbatA viSe pazcimanI prajAe e bahu pAchaLathI jANyuM tenI cInA lokone e vakhate paNa jANu hatI. kAgaLa viSe te huM hamaNAM ja tane kahI gayA. khIjI vastu baMdUkamAM phADavAne dArU hatI. cInA laoNkA bahu kuzaLa 'ijanerA hatA ane sAmAnya rIte lagabhaga dareka bAbatamAM teo yuropanA lokothI ghaNA AgaLa vadhelA hatA. jo teo eTalA badhA AgaLa vadhelA hatA to pachI hamezAM mAkhare rahIne vijJAnanA kSetramAM tema ja navI navI zodhakheALA karavAmAM yurApane temaNe doravaNI kema na ApI ? paraMtu yuropa dhIme dhIme temanI

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taga vazanA amala daramyAna cInanI jahejalAlI ra01 sAthe thaI gayuM ane jema juvAna mANasa gharaDA DeTAne pakaDI pADe che ane tenI AgaLa nIkaLI jAya che tema thoDA ja vakhatamAM kaMI nahi te keTalIka bAbatamAM yuropa cInAonI AgaLa nIkaLI gayuM. prajAonA ItihAsamAM Ama kema banatuM haze e philasUphene mATe vicAravA yogya eka aTapaTe keyaDe che. tuM hajI philasUpha nathI thaI eTale tAre e keyaDA viSe ciMtA karavAnI jarUra nathI; ane tethI karIne mAre paNa e viSe kazI gaDamathala karavAnI jarUra nathI. svAbhAvika rIte ja cInanI A samayanI mahattAnI eziyAnA bIjA deza upara bhAre asara paDI ane kaLA tathA saMskRtinI bAbatamAM deravaNI meLavavA teo cIna tarapha najara karatA thayA. gupta sAmrAjyanA patana pachI hiMdane sitAre paNa bahu camakatuM na hatuM. ane e paristhitimAM hamezAM bane che tema cInamAM paNa sudhArAne ane pragatine kAraNe bhegavilAsa ane ArAmapriyatA atizaya vadhI gayAM. pachI rAjataMtramAM saDo dAkhala thaye ane e kAraNe bhAre karaverA nAkhavAnI jarUra paDI. pariNAme prajA taMga vaMzathI thAkI gaI ane Akhare e vaMzano teNe aMta ANyo.

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42 ceAsena ane dAI nipuna 8 me, 1932 tema tema eTale have duniyAnA itihAsamAM jema jema AgaLa cAlIzuM ApaNI najaramAM vadhAre ne vadhAre deza AvatA jaze. ApaNe cInanA najIkanA pADozI ane ghaNI rIte cInI sa MskRtinAM saMtAna jevA kAriyA ane jApAna tarapha najara karIe. e ane dezA eziyA khaMDane cheka cheDe dUra pUrvamAM AvelA che ane emanA pachI vizALa prazAnta mahAsAgara AvelA che. hajI hamaNAM thADAM varSoM upara amerikA khaMDa joDe temanA sapa nahoto. Ama temane eka mAtra saMparka eziyA khaMDanA cInanA mahAna rASTra sAthe ja hato. cInamAMthI tathA cInanI mAraphate ja temaNe potAne dharma, kaLA ane saMskRti prApta karyAM. jApAna ane keriyAM te cInanAM atizaya RNI che ane keTaleka aMze te hiMdanAM paNa RNI che. paraMtu hiMda pAsethI temane je kaMI maLyuM te temane cIna mAraphate maLyuM ane ethI karIne te cInanI bhAvanAthI raMgAyeluM hatuM. kAriyA ane jApAna bane evI jagyAe AvelAM che ke eziyAmAM tathA anyatra anelI mahAna ghaTanAe sAthe temane jhAjhI levAdevA nahotI. e ghaTanAonA kendrathI te bane bahu dUra hatAM ane e rIte teo - khAsa karIne jApAna -- bhAgyazALI hatAM. AthI ApaNe sAMprata kALa sivAyanA temanA itihAsa kazI bhAre muzkelI vinA cheDI daI zakIe. ema karavAthI bAkInA eziyA khaMDamAM banelA banAve samajavAmAM kazo pharaka paDe ema nathI. paraMtu jema ApaNe malesiyA ane pUrva taraphanA TApuonA prAcIna tihAsanI avagaNanA nathI karI tema A dezAnA itihAsanI paNa upekSA na karavI joI e. khIcArA nAnakaDA kAriyA deza te! AjakAla lagabhaga bhulAI gayA che. jApAna tene hajama karI gayuM che ane kAriyAne teNe potAnA sAmrAjyanA eka bhAga banAvI dIdhA che. paraMtu kAriyA hajIye AjhAdInAM svapnAM seve che ane svataMtratA mATe mathI rahyuM che. paNa jApAnanI AjakAla Dera

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esena ane dAI nipAna 203 hera bahu vAto thAya che ane cIna uparanA tenA humalAnA samAcArothI vartamAnapatra bharelAM hoya che. huM tane A patra lakhI rahyo chuM te samaye maMcUriyAmAM eka prakAranA vigraha jevuM cAlI rahyuM che. ethI karIne ApaNe kAriyA ane jApAnanA bhUtakALa viSe kaMIka jANI laIe te ThIka thaI paDaze. e vastu AjanI bInAo samajavAmAM madadarUpa nIvaDaze. emane viSe pahelI vAta yAda rAkhavAnI e che ke e baMne dezo ghaNA lAMbA kALa sudhI duniyAthI alaga rahyA hatA. jApAna duniyAthI ATaluM aLaguM ane bahAranA humalAmAMthI ATaluM mukta rahyuM e kharekhara noMdhapAtra ghaTanA che. enA AkhA itihAsa daramyAna enA upara humale karavAnA jUja prayAsa thayA che ane emAMthI eke saphaLa thaye nathI. cheka Aja sudhI enI badhI muzkelIo aMdaranI ja rahI che. thoDA samaya mATe te jApAne bAkInI duniyA sAthene pitAne saMbaMdha bilakula toDI nAkhyuM hatuM. keI paNa jApAnI mATe paradeza javuM athavA te koI paNa paradezI - pachI bhalene te cInavAsI paNa hoya - mATe jApAnamAM dAkhala thavuM e lagabhaga azakya hatuM. tyAM AvatA yuropiyana ane khristI pAdarIothI bacavA mATe Avo prabaMdha karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. paraMtu Ama karavuM e jokhamakAraka ane mUrkhAibharyuM hatuM; kemake eno artha te e thayo ke AkhI prajAne kedakhAnAmAM pUrI devI ane tene bahAranI sArI yA nabaLI baMne prakAranI asarathI vimukha karavI. paNa pachI ekAeka jApAne pitAnAM bAraNAM ane bArIo khullAM karI dIdhAM tathA yuropamAMthI je kaMI zIkhavAnuM hoya te zIkhavA mATe jApAnavAsIo bahAra nIkaLI paDyA. ane yurepa pAsethI je zIkhavAnuM hatuM te teo evI niSThAthI zIkhyA ke eka ke be peDhImAM te jApAna bahAranA dekhAvamAM yuropanA koI paNa deza jevuM banI gayuM. vaLI teNe temanI sArI vastuonI sAthe bUrI vastuonI paNa nakala karI ! A badhuM chellAM sittara varSo daramyAna banyuM. koriyAne itihAsa cInanA itihAsa pachI ghaNe lAMbe samaye zarU thAya che ane jApAnanA ItihAsano AraMbha to koriyAnA itihAsa pachI paNa ghaNuM lAMbA kALa pachI thAya che. meM tane gaye varSe mArA eka patramAM kahyuM hatuM ke kI-se nAmano eka cInavAsI rAjavaMzanI pherabadalIthI nArAja thaIne 5000 sAthIo sahita pUrva tarapha cAlyo

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204 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana gaye hato. teNe kariyAmAM vasavATa karyo ane tenuM "casena" eTale ke prabhAtanI zAtinI bhUmi evuM nAma pADayuM. A banAva I.pU. 1122nI sAlamAM banyo. kI-se tyAM AgaLa pitAnI sAthe cInanI kaLA, kArIgarI, kRSividyA ane rezama banAvavAne udyoga lAvyuM. lagabhaga 900 varasa sudhI kI-senA vaMzajoe cIsenamAM rAjya karyuM. avAranavAra cInanA lake tyAM AgaLa vasAhatIo tarIke AvatA rahetA ane e rIte cIna ane kAriyA vacce gADha saMparka raheto. jyAre zI-TvAMgatI cInane samrATa hatA tyAre cInAone meTo samudAya tyAM AgaLa AvyuM hatuM. azokanA samakAlIna A samrATanuM tane kadAca smaraNa haze. jeNe badhA jUnA graMtha bALI mukAvyA hatA ane je pitAne "prathama samrATa" kahevaDAvatA hatA te A ja rAjA. zI-kvAMgatInA julamI amalathI trAsIne ghaNu cInAoe koriyAmAM Azaro lIdho. temaNe kIsenA durbaLa vaMzajone hAMkI kalyA. A pachI senanA bhAgalA paDI gayA ane te nAnAM nAnAM rAjyamAM vaheMcAI gayuM. AvI sthiti ATha varasa sudhI rahI. A rAjya niraMtara mAMhamAMhe laDyA karatAM. eka vakhata emAMnA eka rAjya cInanI sahAya mAgI. paNa A mAgaNI bahu jokhamakAraka hatI. sahAya te bezaka AvI paNa sahAya ApanArAoe tyAMthI pAchA pharavAnI nA pADI! baLavAna dezone A ja zirasta hoya che. cIna tyAM coMTI rahyuM ane esenane thaDe bhAga teNe pitAnA sAmrAjyamAM joDI dIdhe. bAkInA sene paNa sadIo sudhI cInanA taMgavaMzI samrATanuM Adhipatya svIkAryuM. 95nI sAlamAM cosena pharI pAchuM ekatra ane svataMtra rAjya banyuM. vAMga kIna nAmanA mANase A kArya saphaLatAthI pAra pADyuM ane 450 varasa sudhI tenA vArasoe tyAM rAjya karyuM. be ke traNa peramAM te meM tane koriyAne 2000 karatAM paNa vadhAre varasone ItihAsa kahI nAkhe ! emAM khAsa lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI vAta e che ke koriyA cInanuM bahu bhAre RNI che. koriyAmAM lakhavAnI kaLA cInamAMthI AvI. lagabhaga hajAra varasa sudhI kAriyAnA leke cInanI lipI vAparatA hatA. tane yAda haze ke cInI lipImAM akSaro nathI paNa zabdo, kalpanAo ane zabdasamUho sUcavato

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cAsena ane dAI niSpana 205 sattA che. e pachI temaNe enA uparathI potAnI mAtRbhASAne anukULa evI mULAkSaronI lipI upajAvI kADhI. vaLI tyAM AgaLa auddha dharma ane kanphyuziyasanuM tattvajJAna paNa cIna mAraphate ja AvyAM. hiMdanI kaLAviSayaka asara paNa cIna thaI te kAriyA ane jApAna paheAMcI. kAriyAe kaLAnA khAsa karIne mUrtividhAnanI kaLAnA apratima namUnA nirmANa karyAM che. tenu sthApatya paNa cInanA sthApatyane maLatuM Avatu hatu. vahANA bAMdhavAnA hunnaramAM paNa tyAM bhAre pragati thaI hatI. sAce ja, eka samaye kAriyAnI prajA pAse baLavAna nAkAdaLa hatuM ane tenI madadathI temaNe jApAna upara caDAI karI hatI. - - ghaNu karIne AjanA jApAnavAsIonA pUrvajo kAriyA athavA ceAsenathI AvyA hatA. emAMnA keTalAka dakSiNathI malesiyAmAMthI paNa AvyA hoya e banavAjoga che. tu jANe che ke jApAnI loko maMgoliyana jAtinA che. hajI paNa jApAnamAM AInasa nAmathI oLakhAtA leAkeA che. e lokeAne jApAnanA mULa vatanI mAnavAmAM Ave che. te gaiAravaNunA che ane temane zarIre vadhAre pramANamAM vALa hoya che. matalaba ke sAmAnya jApAnavAsIthI e leka taddana nirALA che. A AInasa lokeAne jApAnanA TApunA uttara bhAga tarapha hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA che. 200 nI sAlanA arasAmAM jiMga nAmanI sAmrAjJI yAmAtA rAjyanI agraNI hatI. yAmAtA e jApAnanu athavA kahe ke, bahAranA vasAhatIo tenA je bhAgamAM AvIne vasyA te bhAganuM mULa nAma che. A rANInuM nAma -- jiMgA -- tu lakSamAM rAkhaje. jApAnanA eka prAcIna rAjakartAnuM nAma jiMgA hatuM e vicitra sayeAga che. aMgrejI bhASAmAM 'jiMga '' zabdane eka khAsa arthe rUDha thaI gayA che. ene artha dhAkadhamakI ApanAra ane potAnu ja dhanuSya pUjAvanAra sAmAnyavAdI thAya che; athavA ApaNe ene mAtra sAmrAjyavAdI eTale je a karIe kemake evI pratyeka vyakti thoDeghaNe aMze dhAkadhamakI ApanAra ane potAnA kakko kharo karAvanAra heAya ja che. jApAna paNa Aje A sAmrAjyavAdaH athavA tA jiMgAvAdanA vyAdhithI pIDAI rahyuM che, ane tAjetaramAM teNe cIna tathA kAriyA pratye bahu ja kharAba

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206 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vartAva dAkhavyuM che. AthI jApAnanA pahelA aitihAsika rAjakartAnuM nAma jiMge heya e ketukabharelI vAta che. yAmAe koriyA sAthe gADha saMbaMdha rAkhyA hatA ane kariyA mAraphate ja cInI saMskRti tyAM pahoMcI hatI. cInanI likhita bhASA paNa 400 nI sAlanA arasAmAM keriyA mAraphate tyAM AvI hatI. e ja rIte boddha dharma paNa tyAM AvyA. pa5ra nI sAlamAM pakace (koriyAnA traNa rAjyomAMnuM eka rAjyonA rAjAe buddhanI suvarNanI mUrti yAmAtenA rAjA upara mekalI hatI tathA tenI sAthe teNe cheDA biddha dharmapracAraka ane dharmagraMthe paNa mekalyA hatA. jApAnane asala dharma zinTa hatA. zinTa e cInI bhASAne zabda che ane "dene mArga' e ene artha thAya che. e dharmamAM prakRtipUjA ane pUrvajonI pUjAnuM mizraNa hatuM. e dharme bhAvi jIvana tathA bIjA gahana prazno ane samasyAonI bAbatamAM UMDA UtaravAnI bahu takalIpha nathI lIdhI. e te laDAyaka jAtine dharma hate. jApAnI leke cInAonI ATalA badhA najIka che ane pitAnI sabhyatAnI bAbatamAM cInanA ATalA badhA RNI che chatAM prakRtithI teo cInAothI tadana bhinna che. cInA leke prakRtithI ja pahelAM paNa zAMtipriya hatA ane Aje paNa che. temanI AkhI saMskRti ane jIvanaphilasUphI zAMtipriya che. ethI UlaTuM jApAnIe pahelAM paNa laDAyaka prajA hatA ane Aje paNa che. pitAne saradAra ane sAthIo pratye vaphAdArI e sainikane pradhAna guNa che. jApAnI lekemAM A guNa hatA ane Aje paNa che. temanuM sAmarthya ghaNe aMze A guNane AbhArI che. zinTo dhame temane A guNa zIkhavyo cheH "devenuM sanmAna karo ane temanA vaMzajone vaphAdAra rahe. ethI karIne zinTo dharma paNa ddha dharmanI sAthe hajI sudhI jApAnamAM TakI rahyo che. paraMtu kharekhara A saguNa che khare ? pitAnA sAthIone ane dhyeyane vaphAdAra rahevuM e saguNa che emAM zaMkA nathI. paraMtu zinTa temaja bIjA dharmoe ghaNIvAra leke upara rAjya karanAra vargane lAbha thAya e rIte lekenI vaphAdArInI bhAvanAne geralAbha levAno prayatna karyo che. jApAnamAM, remamAM temaja bIje ThekANe paNa temaNe janatAne sattAnI pUjA karavAnuM zIkhavyuM che ane ethI karIne ApaNane keTaluM badhuM nukasAna thayuM che te tuM AgaLa upara jeze.

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ceAsena ane dAI niSana 207 AduM dhama jyAre jApAnamAM AvyA tyAre e navA dhama ane jUnA zinTo dharma vacce thoDA TaTa thayA hatA. paraMtu theADA ja vakhatamAM ane samajI gayA ane Aja sudhI e rIte teo tyAM cAlu rahyA che. zinTo dharma bAda dhama karatAM vadhAre lAkapriya che . ane zAsaka varga tene uttejana paNa Ape che kemake te temanA pratye vaphAdArI ane AjJAMkitapaNu zIkhave che. bAhya dharma kaIka jokhamakAraka dharma che kemake khuda tene pravartaka pote ja baLavAkhAra hatA. jApAnanA kaLAviSayaka tihAsa bahu dharmanI sAthe zarU thAya che. jApAna athavA yAmAtAe te vakhatathI cIna sAthe paNa sIdhA sabaMdha keLavavA mAMDyo. cInamAM, khAsa karIne taMga vaMzanA amala daramyAna jyAre navI rAjadhAnI sI-AnaphUM AkhA pUrva eziyAmAM mazadra hatI -- jApAnathI hamezAM avAranavAra pratinidhimaMDaLe AvatAM rahetAM. jApAnI athavA to yAmAtAnA leAkAe paNa nArA nAmanI patAnI navI rAjadhAnI vasAvI ane temAM temaNe sI-Ana-jUnI Akhe'' nakala karavAnA prayatna karyA. jApAnI leAkeAmAM khIjAnI nakala ke anukaraNa karavAnI bhAre zakti hoya ema jaNAya che. jApAnanA AkhAye tihAsa daramyAna moTAM moTAM kuTuMba ekabIjAne virodha karatAM ane sattA prApta karavA mAMheAmAMhe laDatAM ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. prAcIna kALamAM khIjA dezomAM paNa AvI paristhiti pravatI ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. A kuTubAmAM jUnI kuLaparaMparAne khyAla dhara karI kheDA hAya che. ethI karIne jApAnanA itihAsa e mukhyatve karIne kuTubenI harIphAI nA tihAsa che. temanA samrATa mikADo sarva sattAdhIza, niraMkuza, devAMzI ane sUryanA vaMza ja manAya che. zinTo dharma ane pUrvajonI pUjAnI prathAe prajAne samrATanI ApakhudI sahI letI karI che ane tene dezanA sattAdhIza vanI AjJAdhIna banAvI che. paraMtu jApAnamAM dhaNuMkharuM samrATa pote paNa pUtaLA samAna heAya che ane tenA hAthamAM kazIye sAcI sattA hAtI nathI. badhI sattA ane adhikAra kAI moTA kuTuba ke kuLanA hAthamAM rahetI hatI ane e rAjA banAvanAra kuTuba peAtAnI marajI pramANe samrATa ke rAjA banAvatuM. jApAnamAM rAjya upara potAnA kAbU jamAvanAra moTAM kuTu MbamAM prathama * sAgA ' kuTuMba hatu. jyAre te kuTuMbe aiAddha dharma aMgIkAra *

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208 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana karyo tyAre te jApAnane rAjadharma thayo. zAka taizI nAmane e kuTuMbane eka AgevAna jApAnanA ItihAsane eka mahApuruSa che. te bhAvika brAddha ane samartha kaLAkAra hatA. teNe cInanA kophyuziyasanA graMthamAMthI preraNA meLavI ane rAjataMtra kevaLa sattAnA pAyA upara nahi paNa naitika pAyA upara racavA koziza karI. te samaye jApAnamAM aneka kuLo hatAM ane temanA AgevAne ekabIjAthI lagabhaga svataMtra hatA. teo mAMhomAMhe laDatA ane koInI paNa ANa svIkAratA nahi. bhAre padavI dhAraNa karatA hovA chatAM samrATa pote paNa eka meTA kuLane saradAra ke AgevAna ja hate. zetuku taizIe A sthiti badalavA tathA madhyastha rAjataMtrane baLavAna banAvavA kaziza zarU karI. teNe badhAM kuTuMba athavA kuLanA AgevAna ke vaDAone ane amIrene sAmaMta eTale ke samrATanA khaMDiyA banAvyA. A 600nI sAlanA arasAmAM banyuM hatuM. paraMtu zetuka taizInA maraNa pachI segA kuTuMbane dUra karavAmAM AvyuM. e bAda thoDA vakhata pachI jApAnanA itihAsamAM atizaya prakhyAta eka bIjo puruSa bahAra Avyo. tenuM nAma "kAkAtamI ne kAmAterI" hatuM. teNe rAjyataMtramAM aneka prakAranA pheraphAra karyA ane ghaNI bAbatamAM cInanI zAsanapaddhatinuM anukaraNa karyuM. paraMtu parIkSA laIne sarakArI amaladAre nImavAnI cInanI khAsa prathAnuM teNe anukaraNa na karyuM. have pachI samrATa kevaLa eka kuLanA AgevAna karatAM ghaNe vadhAre sattAdhIza banyA ane madhyastha rAjyataMtra baLavAna banyuM. A samaya daramyAna nArA jApAnanI rAjadhAnI banyuM. paraMtu te thoDA samaya mATe ja rAjadhAnI tarIke rahyuM. 794 nI sAlamAM ne rAjadhAnI banAvavAmAM AvI ane lagabhaga 1100 varasa sudhI te jApAnanI rAjadhAnI rahI. hamaNAM thoDA ja vakhata upara TAkiyAe tenI jagyA lIdhI che. Tekiye e eka bahu vizALa Adhunika zahera che. paraMtu jApAnanA AtmAnuM darzana te ApaNane korTamAM ja thAya che ane tenI AsapAsa eka hajAra varSanAM smaraNe saMkaLAyelAM che. kAkAtamI ne kAmArI phUchavArA kuLane sthApaka hatA. e kuLe jApAnanA itihAsamAM bahu mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo che. jApAna upara e kuLe 200 varasa sudhI hakUmata calAvI. teNe samrATone sAva pUtaLA jevA banAvI mUkyA tathA ghaNI vAra temane potAnA kuLanI kanyAne

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esena ane daI nipAna 209 paraNavAnI pharaja paNa pADI hatI. rakhene koI temanI sattA pacAvI pADe e bIke bIjAM kuTuMbanA samartha purUSone e leke maThamAM dAkhala thavAnI pharaja pADatA. rAjadhAnI nArAmAM hatI te kALamAM cInanA samrATe jApAnanA samrATa upara saMdeza mokalyA hatA ane temAM tene "tAInI-muMga-keka" eTale sUryodayanI mahAna bhUminA rAjA tarIke saMbodhavAmAM Avyo hate. jApAnI lekane A nAma bahu gamI gayuM. yAmAtAne mukAbale A nAma temane ghaNuM ja membhAdAra lAgyuM. ethI karIne temaNe potAnA dezanuM nAma "dAI nipana" eTale ke "sUryodayanI bhUmi" evuM rAkhyuM ane Aje paNa jApAna mATenuM temanuM pitAnuM nAma e ja che. jApAna zabda paNa bahu ajaba rIte nipana zabda uparathI phalita thayo che. 600 varasa pachI mArka pala nAmane ITalIne mahAna pravAsI cIne AvyuM hatuM. te kadIye jApAna gayuM nahotuM. paraMtu teNe pitAnA pravAsavarNanamAM A deza viSe lakhyuM che. cInamAM teNe "nI-paMgakoka" nAma sAMbhaLyuM hatuM. teNe potAnA pustakamAM ene ThekANe "cIpaMge" nAma lakhyuM ane enA uparathI jApAna zabda Avyo che. ApaNuM dezanuM nAma InDiyA ane hiMdustAna kema paDyuM e viSe meM tane kahyuM che kharuM? athavA tane enI khabara che? e baMne nAme inDasa athavA siMdhu nadI uparathI paDyAM che ane tethI ja khAsa e nadIne siMdhu eTale ke "hiMdustAnI nadI' kahevAmAM Ave che. siMdhu uparathI grIka leke ApaNuM dezane inDosa kahetA ane enA uparathI InDiyA" nAma paDyuM. siMdhu uparathI IrAnI lekee hiMdu zabda che ane tenA uparathI A dezanuM hiMdustAna nAma paDayuM.

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43 harSavardhana ane hyuenatsAMga 11 me, 1932 have ApaNe pAchAM hiMda tarapha jaIe. dUNa lekene harAvIne hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA hatA paraMtu temAMnA keTalAka dezane khUNekhAMcare rahI gayA hatA. bAlAditya pachI mahAna gupta vaMzane asta thaye ane uttara hiMdamAM nAnAM moTAM ghaNAM rAjya UbhAM thayAM. dakSiNamAM pulakezIe cAlukya sAmrAjya sthApyuM hatuM. kAnapuranI pAse ja kanAjano nAnakaDe kasabo che. Aje te kAnapura moTuM zahera che paraMtu kArakhAnAo ane temanAM bhUMgaLAone kAraNe te bahu kadarUpuM dekhAya che. kaneja eka mAmUlI sthAna che ane te eka sAmAnya gAmathI moTuM nathI. paraMtu je samayanI huM vAta karuM chuM tyAre kanoja eka mahAna pATanagara hatuM ane tyAMnA kavio, kaLAkAre tathA philasUphe mATe prakhyAta hatuM. te vakhate kAnapuranuM te nAmanizAna paNa nahatuM ane tyAra pachI ghaNI sadIo bAda te hastImAM AvavAnuM hatuM. kane ja e AjanuM nAma che. tenuM mULa nAma kAnyakubdha che. eno artha khUMdhI chokarI" e thAya che. ene viSe evI vAta cAle che ke koI prAcIna RSi pitAnI avagaNanA thaI che evuM dhArI laIne gusse thayo ane teNe rAjAnI se putrIone zApa ApIne khaMdhI karI nAkhI! ane te samayathI temanA raheThANanA zaheranuM nAma khUMdhI kanyAonuM zahera'- kAnyakubdha--paDyuM. paraMtu saMkSepane khAtara ApaNe tene kanoja ja kahIzuM. dUNa leoe kanojanA rAjAne mArI nAkhyuM ane tenI rANI rAjazrIne keda karI. ethI karIne tene bhAI rAjavardhana pitAnI bahenane choDAvavAne mATe dUNonI sAme laDyo. teNe kUNone harAvyA kharA paraMtu keIe tenuM dagAthI khUna karyuM. pachIthI tene nAno bhAI harSavardhana pitAnI bahena rAjazrInI zodhamAM nIkaLyo. te bAI bIcArI game tema karIne

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harSavardhana ane hyuenatsAMga 211 kedamAMthI chaTakI gaI ane DuMgarAomAM bhAgI chUTI tathA duHkhathI kaMTALIne teNe pitAnA jIvanano aMta ANavAno saMkalpa karyo. ema kahevAya che ke te satI thavAnI aNI upara hatI tyAM harSe tene zedhI kADhI ane tene maratI bacAvI. pitAnI bahenane zodhI kADhIne bacAvI lIdhA pachI harSo paheluM kAma pitAnA bhAIne dagAthI mArI nAkhanAra nAnakaDA rAjAne sajA karavAnuM karyuM. teNe te rAjAne sajA karI eTaluM ja nahi paNa arabI samudrathI baMgALanA upasAgara sudhInA ane dakSiNe cheka viMdhyAcaLa sudhInA uttara hiMdane jItI lIdhuM. viMdhyAcaLanI pelI pAra cAlukya sAmrAjya hatuM eTale tenAthI te AgaLa vadhato aTakyo. harSavardhane kanojane pitAnI rAjadhAnI banAvI. pite paNa kavi ane nATakakAra hovAthI teNe pitAnI AsapAsa ghaNA kavio ane kaLAkArone ekaThA karyA ane kanoja eka prakhyAta zahera banI gayuM. harSa custa baiddha hatuM. eka alaga dharma tarIke boddha dharma hiMdamAM e samaye bahu kSINa thaI gayo hato. brAhmaNa leke dhIme dhIme tene pitAnA dharmamAM samAvI rahyA hatA. harSa hiMdane chelle mahAna baddha samrATa hato. - A harSanA amala daramyAna ApaNe jUne mitra hyuenatsAMga hiMdamAM Avyo hate. hiMdamAMthI pAchA pharyA pachI teNe pitAnA pravAsa viSe lakhelA pustakamAMthI ApaNane hiMda temaja madhya eziyAnA je deze oLaMgIne te Avyo hato temane viSe ghaNuM jANavAnuM maLe che. te bhAvika zraddha hato ane bauddha dharmanAM pavitra sthAnanI yAtrA karavAne tathA e dharmanA pavitra graMtha pitAnI joDe laI javAne mATe ahIM Avyo hato. te gebInA raNamAM thaIne Avyo hato ane mArgamAM teNe tAsakaMda, samarakaMda, bakha, khotAna ane cArakaMda vagere prakhyAta zaheronI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. AkhA hiMdamAM teNe pravAsa karyo hato ane kadAca te silena paNa gayo hoya e saMbhava che. tenuM pustaka e teNe je je dezanI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI tene viSenAM yathAtatha nirIkSaNa ane Abee avalekanono abhuta ane herata pamADe te hevAla che. Aje paNa sAcAM lAge evAM hiMdanA judA judA bhAganA lokonAM * " hyuenasAMga ne keTalAka loko yuena-cAMga, yuAna svAMga ke havAna-tsAMga evo uccAra kare che.

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212 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AzcaryakAraka rekhAcitra tathA teNe ahIMyAM sAMbhaLelI kautukabharI vAta ane buddha bhagavAna tathA bodhisonI aneka camatkArI kathAo e pustakamAM che. temAMnI pitAnA peTanI pharate trAMbAnuM bakhatara bAMdhIne pharatA eka deDha DAhyAnI" majAnI vAta meM tane AgaLa upara kahI che. teNe ghaNAM varasa hiMdamAM gALyAM hatAM. khAsa karIne pATalIputranI najIka AvelI nAlaMdAnI mahAna vidyApIThamAM te ghaNo vakhata rahyo hato. nAlaMdAmAM vidyApITha temaja maTha bane hatAM ane tyAM AgaLa lagabhaga daza hajAra vidyArthIo ane bhikSuo rahetA hatA ema kahevAya che. te bauddha vidyAnuM moTuM kendra hatuM ane brAhmaNa vidyAnA kendra banArasanuM te harIpha gaNAtuM hatuM. meM tane eka vakhata kahyuM hatuM ke hiMdustAna prAcIna kALamAM indu-deza eTale ke caMdranI bhUmi tarIke oLakhAto hato ! hyuenatsAMge paNa A viSe pitAnA pustakamAM ullekha karyo che ane hiMdanuM e nAma keTaluM badhuM ucita che tenuM samarthana karyuM che. vaLI cInI bhASAmAM paNa caMdrane "Inatu" kahe che. AthI tArI IcchAmAM Ave te tuM cInI nAma paNa dhAraNa karI zake ! 6ra9nI sAlamAM hyuenasAMga hiMdustAnamAM AvyuM hatuM. cInamAMthI te hiMdane pravAse nIkaLyo tyAre tenI uMmara 26 varasanI hatI. jUnA cInI lakhANamAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke te kadamAM UMce ane dekhAvaDe hate. "tene varNa nAjuka ane tenI AMkho camakadAra hatI. tenA hAvabhAva gaMbhIra ane bhavya hatA ane tenAM aMgomAMthI jANe mehakatA ane ojasa jharatAM hatAM. . . . . pRthvIne vIMTaLAI vaLatA mahAsAgara je te bhavya hato ane pANImAM UgatA kamaLa jevo te saumya ane pratibhAzALI hato." cInanA samrATe paravAnagI na ApI hovA chatAM baiddha bhikSao pahere te bhagave jhabho paherIne te potAnA lAMbA pravAse nIkaLI paDyo. jematema karIne teNe gebInuM raNa vaTAvyuM ane tene eka cheDe AvelA turakAnanA rAjyamAM te mAMDa mAMDa jIvate pahoMce. raNapradezanuM A nAnakaDuM rAjya saMskRtinA ajaba vIraDI samAna hatuM. Aje te e naSTa thaI gayuM che ane itihAsa saMzodhake tathA purAtattvavettAo prAcIna avazeSa zedhavA mATe tyAM khodakAma kare che. paraMtu sAtamI * IndirAnuM vahAlanuM nAma indu che.

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harSavardhana ane hyuenatsAMga 213 sadImAM yuenatsAMga tyAM thaIne pasAra thaye tyAre tuphAna jIvana ane ucca koTInI saMskRtithI taravarata pradeza hato. e saMskRtimAM hiMda, IrAna, cIna ane kaMIka aMze yurepanI saMskRtinuM mizraNa hatuM. tyAM baiddha dharma khUba pracAra pAmyuM hatuM ane saMskRta bhASA mAraphate hiMdustAnanI asara paNa sArA pramANamAM thaI hatI, paraMtu jIvananI raheNIkaraNI te teNe moTe bhAge cIna ane IrAna pAsethI grahaNa karI hatI. sAmAnya rIte ApaNe mAnavA prerAIe tema tyAMnA lokonI bhASA maMgoliyana nahotI paNa yuropanI kelTika bhASAone ghaNI rIte maLatI AvatI bhAratIya yuropiyana zAkhAnI bhASA hatI. paraMtu sauthI Azcarya kAraka vastu te e che ke tyAMnAM bhIMtacitra yuropanI DhabanAM che. temanAM devadevIo ane buddha bhagavAna tathA bodhisanAM A citre atyaMta suMdara che. temanI devIone hiMdI Dhabane pizAka paherAvavAmAM Avyo che ane temanA mAthA uparano zaNagAra grIka Dhabane che. phreMca samAlocaka grAujhe e viSe kahe che ke "temAM hiMdanI sukumAratA, grIsanI bhAvavAhitA ane cInanA lAlityane manohArI sumeLa sadhAya che.' turaphAna te Aje paNa mejUda che ane nakazAmAM tuM te joI zake che. paNa Aje enuM kazuM mahattva rahyuM nathI. cheka sAtamA saikAmAM dUra dUranA pradezamAMthI nIkaLIne saMskRtinA samRddha pravAho ahIM sudhI vahyA, te badhAne saMgama thayuM ane pariNAme temAMthI saMvAdI samanvaya pedA thayo e keTaluM badhuM adbhuta che! turaphAnathI yAtrI hyuenatsAMga kUcA pahoMcyuM. te vakhate madhya eziyAnuM e bIjuM mahattvanuM kendra hatuM. tenI sabhyatA samRddha ane tejasvI hatI ane te pitAnA gavaiyAo ane lAvaNyavatI strIo mATe mazahUra hatuM. tenI kaLA tathA dharma hiMdustAnamAMthI AvyAM hatAM. IrAne e dezanI saMskRti ane vANijyamAM phALo Ape hatuM. ane tenI bhASA saMskRta, jUnI phArasI, leTina ane kelTikane maLatI AvatI hatI. adbhuta mizraNanuM bIjuM eka udAharaNa e pachI teNe tuka lokanA pradezamAM thaIne pitAne pravAsa AgaLa calAvyo. tyAM bAddhadharmI rAjA mahAna khAna madhya eziyAnA meTA bhAga upara amala calAvatA hatA. tyAMthI te samarakaMda gaye. te samaye paNa e zahera prAcIna gaNAtuM hatuM ane lagabhaga hajAra varasa pUrve tyAM thaIne pasAra thayelA sikaMdaranAM saMsmaraNonI te yAda ApatuM

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214 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatuM. pachI te bakha gayA ane tyAMthI kAbula nadInI khINamAM thaI te kAzmIra Avyo ane kAzmIrathI teNe hiMdamAM praveza karyAM. cInamAM taMga vaMzanA amalanA Ara Mbhane A kALa hato ane tenI rAjadhAnI sI-AnaphU vidyA ane kaLAnuM kendra hatI. e samaye cIna saMskRtinI bAbatamAM mokhare hatuM ane duniyAne doravaNI ApI rahyuM hatuM. ethI karIne tAre e lakSamAM rAkhavuM joI e ke hyuenatsAMga bhAre sudharelA dezamAMthI ahIM Avyo hato ane sarakhAmaNInAM tenAM dhAraNA bahu UMcAM hAvAM joIe. A rIte hiMdanI paristhiti viSenA tenA abhiprAya atizaya mahattvatA ane kImatI gaNAya. te hiMdanA leAkA ane rAjyavahIvaTanI bahu praza MsA kare che. te kahe che : * sAmAnya janasamAja svabhAve mAlo hAvA chatAM prAmANika ane AbarUdAra che. nANAvyavahAramAM te saraLa che, ane nyAyanA amala karavAmAM udAra che... vanamAM te chetaripa'DI ke dagATakA karatA nathI ane peAtAnA kAla tathA pratijJAnuM vaphAdArIthI pAlana kare che. temanA zAsanadhArAmAM bhAre nItimattA ane prAmANikatA dekhAI Ave che ane temanA vatanamAM atizaya sajjanatA ane mIThAza che. tyAM AgaLa gunegArA ane baLavAkhoronuM pramANa bahu jUja che ane prajAne javalle ja temaneA trAsa veDavena paDe che.' vaLI te kahe che : rAjyavyavasthA udAra siddhAMtA upara racAyelI hAvAthI vahIvaTI taMtra paNa sAduM che... lAkA pAse veTha karAvavAmAM AvatI nathI. ... raicata upara karanA khajo haLavA che ane temanI pAsethI levAmAM AvatuM kAma paNa haLavuM che. dareka mANasa peAtAnI pUjI nizcitapaNe rAkhI zake che ane sahu nirvAhane arthe jamIna kheDe che. je rAjyanI mAlakInI jamIna kheDe che te nIpajane jho bhAga kara tarIke Ape che. vepArI leAkA peAtAnA dhaMdhAne aMge ahIM tahIM sukhethI jaI zake che.' hyuenasAMge joyuM ke prajAnI keLavaNInI vyavasthA sArI hatI tathA zikSaNa bahu jaladI zarU thatuM hatuM. bALapothI pUrI karyA pachI bALaka ka bALAe sAta varSanI uMmare pAMca zAstrono abhyAsa zarU karavA joI e ema te jaNAve che. Aje zAstronA artha dharma pustakA karavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu te samaye tA zAstrane artha dareka prakAranuM jJAna evA thatA hatA. pAMca zAstro A hatAM : (1) vyAkaraNa (ra) kaLAkArIgaranuM zAstra (3) Ayurveda (4) pramANuzAstra (5) tattvajJAna. A badhAM zAstronA abhyAsa vidyApIThamAM thatA hatA ane sAmAnya rIte trIza varasanI uMmare te pUrA thatA. mArA dhAravA pramANe e uMmara sudhI ghaNA

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harSavardhana ane hyuenatsAMga 215 lo ke abhyAsa cAlu rAkhI zakatA nahi hoya. paraMtu prAthamika keLavaNI ghaNuM vyApaka pramANamAM cAlu haze ema jaNAya che. kemake badhA ja bhikSuo ane purohite e kArya karatA ane temanI saMkhyA sArA pramANamAM hatI. hyuenatsAMga hiMdIone vidyA prema joIne chaka thaI gayA hatA ane pitAnA AkhA pustakamAM ThekaThekANe teNe ene ullekha - hyuenatsAMga prayAganA kuMbhameLAne hevAla paNa ApaNane Ape che. jyAre tuM pharIthI e meLe jue tyAre terase varasa upara hyuenatsAMge enI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI tenuM smaraNa karaje. te samaye paNa e meLo bahu prAcIna gaNAtuM hatuM ane cheka vedakALathI te cAlyo Avate. hato e vAta lakSamAM rAkhaje. A prAcIna meLAnI sarakhAmaNImAM ApaNuM allAhAbAda zahera te gaI kAlanuM ja gaNAya. cAraso varasathIye ochA samaya upara akabare e vasAvyuM hatuM. prayAga enAthI ghaNuM purANuM che paraMtu A meLAnuM AkarSaNa te ethIye prAcIna che ane hajAro varSathI prativarSa lAkho yAtrIone gaMgAjamanAnA saMgama AgaLa te kheMcI lAve che. pite baddhadhama hovA chatAM A viziSTa prakAranA hiMdu utsavamAM harSa jato hate ema hyuenatsAMga jaNAve che. pitAnA taraphathI rAjAjJA bahAra pADIne te "paMca siMdhu" pradezanA tamAma garIba ane nirAdhAra lokone tyAM AvavA ane meLAmAM pitAnA atithi banavAne netarate. eka samrATa mATe paNa A AmaMtraNa bahu bhAre kahevAya. kahevAnI jarUra nathI ke A AmaMtraNane mAna ApIne saMkhyAbaMdha loko tyAM AvatA. ane ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke dararoja eka lAkha mANase samrATanA atithi tarIke bhajana karatA! dara pAMca varSe harSa pitAnA khajAnAmAM vadhelI saMpatti A meLAmAM vaheMcI dete. senuM, jarajhaverAta, rezama vagere je kaMI tenI pAse hoya te badhuM te Ama ApI deta. A rIte pitAne mugaTa ane kImatI pizAka paNa teNe ApI dIdhAM ane vaparAIne jIrNa thaI gayeluM vastra pitAnI bahena rAjazrI pAsethI laIne teNe paheryuM. pote bhAvika brAddha havAthI harSa kherAka mATe thatI pazuhiMsA aTakAvI. AnI sAme brAhmaNoe bahu vAMdho na uThAvyo kemake buddhanA Agamana pachI teo vadhAre ne vadhAre zAkAhArI thatA jatA hatA.

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ra16 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hyuenasAMganA pustakamAM eka ramUjI vAta che te jANIne tane AnaMda thaze. te jaNAve che ke hiMdustAnamAM kaI mANasa mAMdo paDe te te sAta divasanA upavAsa karate. ghaNAkharA mANaso A upavAsa daramyAna sAjA thaI jatA. paraMtu upavAsa pachI paNa mAMdagI cAlu rahe. te teo davAdArU letA. te samaye mAMdagI bahu lokapriya nahi hoya ane vaida dAktaronI paNa bahu mAMga nahi hoya! te samaye hiMdanI eka noMdhapAtra khAsiyata e hatI ke rAjakartAo ane lazkarI amaladAre saMskArI tathA vidvAna puruSonuM bhAre sanmAna karatA. hiMdustAna temaja cInamAM pazubaLa ke dhanadelatanuM nahi paNa vidyA ane saMskAranuM bahumAna karavAnA IrAdApUrvaka prayatno karavAmAM AvatA hatA ane temAM sArI peThe saphaLatA paNa maLI hatI. - hiMdamAM ghaNAM varSo gALyA pachI hyuenatsAMge uttaranA parvata oLaMgIne pitAnA vatanamAM javAne pravAsa AraMbhe. siMdhu nadI oLaMgatAM te DUbatAM DUbatAM mAMDa bacyo ane tenA ghaNAkharA kImatI hastalikhita graMtha taNAI gayA. Ama chatAM paNa te ghaNI hastalikhita prate laI jaI zakyo. e graMthano cInI bhASAmAM anuvAda karavAmAM te ghaNAM varasa sudhI maMDyo rahyo. cIna pAcho pharyo tyAre taMga samrATe sI-AnamAM tenuM bhAre umaLakAthI svAgata karyuM ane teNe ja tenI pAse tenA pravAsanuM varNana lakhAvyuM. enatsAMga madhya eziyAmAM tene maLelA tuka loke viSe paNa ApaNane mAhitI Ape che. A navI jAti pachInAM varasamAM pazcima tarapha jaIne tyAMnAM ghaNAM rAjyane UthalAvI nAkhavAnI hatI. te lakhe che ke madhya eziyAmAM ThekaThekANe bauddha maThe hatA. sAce ja te samaye IrAna, IrAka athavA mesemiyA, khorAsAna ane mesala ema cheka sIriyAnI sarahada sudhI badhe bauddha maTha hatA. IrAnanA leke viSe hUenatsAMga kahe che ke, "teo vidyAnI bAbatamAM beparavA che paraMtu kaLAnI vastuo nirmANa karavAmAM hamezAM mazagUla rahe che. teo je kaMI vastuo banAve che tenI paDezana deze bhAre kadara kare che." te samayanA pravAsIo sAce ja adbhuta hatA! AphrikAnAM UMDANanA pradezanI ke uttara dhruva ane dakSiNa dhruvanI musApharI asalanA vakhatanI A pracaMDa musApharIo AgaLa kSullaka lAge che.

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harSavardhana ane hyuenatsAMga 217 pitAnA mitra ane sagAMvahAlAMothI taddana vikhUTA paDIne parvata ane raNe oLaMgatA varSonAM varSo sudhI teo AgaLane AgaLa cAlyA karatA. banavAjoga che ke kaI kaI vAra temane vatana sAMbharI AvatuM haze paraMtu bhAgye ja teo pitAnI e lAgaNIne bahAra paDavA detA haze. kemake ema karatAM temanuM Atmagaurava haNAya. paraMtu dUra dezamAM UbhA rahIne potAnA vatana mATe tarasatA eka evA pravAsIo ApaNane pitAnA mananI jhAMkhI karavA dIdhI che. tenuM nAma suMgayu hatuM ane te hyuenatsAMga pahelAM 100 varasa upara hiMda Avyo hate. hiMdanI vAyavyamAM AvelA gandhAranA pahADI mulakamAMthI te kahe che, "havAne gatimAna karatI vAyunI mRdu laharI, pakSInAM gIte, vasaMtanI vanazrIthI zobhAyamAna vRkSo, asaMkhya phUle upara UDatAM pataMgiyAo, - eka dUranA dezamAM A manohara dazya nIrakhIne suga-yunane pitAnA vatananA vicAra AvyA ane te eTale badhA gamagIna thaI gayA ke ethI karIne bhAre bImArImAM paTakAI paDyo !"

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44 dakSiNa hiMdanA aneka rAjA, laDavaiyAe ane eka mahApuruSa 16 me 1932 648 nI sAlamAM samrATa harSa maraNa pAmyA. paNa enA maraNa pahelAM ja hiMdanA vAyavya khUNAmAM balucistAnamAM eka nAnakaDu vAdaLu dekhAyuM hatuM. e vAdaLu, pazcima eziyA, uttara AphrikA ane dakSiNa yuropamAM pracaMDa tAphAna zarU thayuM hatuM tenI AgAhI rUpe hatuM. arabastAnamAM eka navA pegambara pedA thayA hatA. tenuM nAma hajarata mahaMmada hatuM. teNe eka navA ja dharmone pracAra karyAM hatA. te dharma islAmanA nAmathI oLakhAyA. A navA dharmanA jussAthI pravrutta thaI ne bhAre AtmazraddhAthI Araba loko khaDAnA eka cheDAthI khIjA cheDA sudhI pharI vaLyA ane jyAM gayA tyAM temaNe vijaya prApta karyAM. temanuM e kA adbhUta hatuM. A duniyAmAM AvIne temAM bhAre pheraphAra karanAra A navA baLanI ApaNe eLakha karavI joI e. paraMtu e viSe vicAra karavA pahelAM ApaNe dakSiNa hiMdamAM jaIe ane e samaye tenI hAlata kevI hatI hatI te joI e. hanA samayamAM muslima ArA barkAcastAna sudhI AvI pahoMcyA hatA ane tyArapachI gheADA ja vakhatamAM temaNe sidhano kabajo lIdhA. paraMtu te tyAM ja aTakI gayA ane khIjA traNaso varasa sudhI hiMdu upara musalamAnoe caDAI karI nahi. ane traNaso varasa pachI hiMdu upara je caDAI e thaI te araba lakAnI nahi paNa madhya eziyAnI je keTalIka jAtio musalamAna thaI hatI temanI hatI. eTale have ApaNe dakSiNanA pradezamAM jaI e. enA madhya ane pazcimanA bhAgamAM cAlukya rAjya hatuM. emAM moTe bhAge mahArASTrane samAveza thato hato. badAmI tenuM pATanagara hatuM. hyuenatsAMge mahArASTranA leAkeAnI tathA temanI hiMmatanI bhAre praza MsA karI che. temane viSe te kahe che, 'mahArASTranA leAkeA laDAyaka jussAvALA ane svAbhimAnI che.

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dakSiNa hiMdanA rAjAe, laDavaiyAo ane eka mahApuruSa : 219 upakAra karanAra pratye teo AbhAravaza hoya che ane brU ru karanAra pratye veravRtti rAkhe che.' cAlukaya leAkAne uttaramAM harSAMte, dakSiNamAM pallavAne ane pUrNAMmAM kaliMgane (orissA) AgaLa vadhatA aTakAvavAnA hatA. temanuM baLa uttarAttara vadhatuM gayuM ane eka samudrathI khIjA samudra sudhInA mulaka temaNe kabaje karyAM. paraMtu pAchaLanA vakhatamAM rASTrakUTa e temane dhakelI kADhyA. A rIte dakSiNamAM moTAM sAmrAjyo ane rAjyo vikasyAM. kAI kAI vAra teo eka bIjAne baLamAM samatAla rAkhatAM te kAI vAra temAMnuM ekAda vadhAre baLavAna thaI jatuM ane bIjA upara prabhutva jamAvavuM. pAMDaya rAjAonA amala daramyAna madurA saMskRtinuM moDhuM kendra banyuM hatuM ane tAmila bhASAnA kavie ane lekhake tyAM ekatra thayA hatA. tAmila bhASAnI keTalIka sAhityakRtio cheka IsvI sananA Ara Mbha kALamAM lakhAyelI che. eka samaye pallavAnI paNa caDatI kaLA hatI. malesiyAmAM hiMdanI vasAhato sthApavAmAM te ja mATe bhAge agraNI hatA. temanuM pATanagara kAMcIpura hatuM. hAla te kAMjIvarama nAmathI oLakhAya che. e pachInA samayamAM ceAla sAmrAjyanI sattA vadhI. ane navamI sadInA madhya bhAgamAM dakSiNamAM tenI ANu vI. e samudra upara prabhutva jamAvanAra rAjya hatuM ane tenI pAse mAThuM naukAsainya hatuM. te vaDe teNe baMgALanA upasAgara ane arakhI samudra upara potAnA kAbU jamAvyA hatA. kAverI nadInA mukha upara AveluM kAvirIpanima tenuM mukhya baMdara hatuM. vijayAlaya cAla sAmrAjyane prathama mahAna samrATa hatA. e rAjya uttara tarapha phelAtuM gayuM para Mtu rASTraphUTAe tene eciMtA parAjaya karyAM. paNa thoDA ja vakhatamAM rAjArAjanA amala daramyAna teNe potAnI mahattA pharIthI prApta karI ane kheAyelA mulaka pAcho meLavyo. zamI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM A mInA banI. e ja arasAmAM uttara hiMdamAM musalamAnanI caDAI thavA lAgI hatI. paraMtu dUra uttaramAM je banAvA banI rahyA hatA tenI rAjArAja upara kazI asara na thaI. te to potAnuM sAmrAjya vistAravAnAM sAhaseAmAM ja maDaco rahyo. teNe sileAna jItI lIdhuM ane cela leAkAe tyAM 70 varasa sudhI rAjya karyuM. rAjArAjanA putra rAjendra paNa bApanA jeTalA ja sAhasika ane laDAyaka vRttinA hatA.

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220 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana teNe dakSiNu brahmadeza paNa jItI lIdhA hatA. tyAM AgaLa te vahANamAM bharIne potAnA yuddha-hAthIe paNa laI gayA hatA. te uttara hiMdamAM paNa pahoMcyA ane teNe baMgALanA rAjAne harAvyA. A rIte cAla sAmrAjyanA bahu bhAre vistAra thayA. gupta pachI e ja sAmrAjya ATalA baheALA pramANamAM vistaryuM hatuM. paNa te lAMkhA kALa TakayuM nahi. rAjendra mahAna yoddo hato emAM zaka nahi paNa te dhAtakI hoya ema jaNAya che. ane jItelAM rAjyone potAnAM karI levA mATe teNe kazA ja prayAsa karyAM nahi. teNe 1013 thI 1044 nI sAla sudhI rAjya karyuM. tenA maraNa pachI dhaNAMkharAM khaDiyAM rAjyAe baLavA karyAM ane pariNAme cela sAmrAjyanA TukaDeTukaDA thaI gayA. yuddhamAM meLavelA vijayA uparAMta cAla lokA ghaNA lAMbA kALa sudhI dariyAI vepAra mATe paNa prakhyAta hatA. temanA jhINA sUtarAu kApaDanI bahu mAga rahetI. temanuM baMdara kAvirIpanima bhAre rAjagAranuM mathaka hatuM ane dUra dUranA dezAmAMthI AvatA ane jatA mAtra bharI laI janArAM vahANAnI tenA bArAmAM khUba bhIDa rahetI. tyAM AgaLa grIka leAkeAnI paNa eka vasAhata hatI. mahAbhAratamAM paNa cAla lakAne ullekha maLI Ave che. banI zake eTalA sakSepamAM meM dakSiNa hiMdanA ghaNAM saikAMtA itihAsa tane kahevAnA prayAsa karyAM che. mAre A sa MkSepane prayAsa tane mUMjhavI nAkhe evA pUrepUrA sabhava che. paraMtu judAM judAM rAjyA ane rAjavaMzonI bhulabhulAmaNImAM phasAI paDavuM ApaNane pAlave ema nathI. ApaNe to AkhI duniyAnA vicAra karavAne che. ethI karIne teno eka nAnakaDA bhAga, pachI bhalene te ApaNu vatana hoya teApaNu, ApaNA vadhAre vakhata rokI le to duniyAnA bAkInA bhAga viSe vicAra karavAnA vakhata rahe nahi. paraMtu rAjAe ane temanI jIteA karatAM te samayanI sAMskRtika ane kalAviSayaka mAhitI vadhAre mahattvanI che. uttara hiMdustAnanI sarakhAmaNImAM dakSiNamAM dhaNA vadhu pramANamAM kaLAnA avazeSo maLI Ave che. uttaranAM dhaNAMkharAM smArakA, imArato ane mUrtio musalamAnanI caDAI ane temanI sAthenA yuddha daramyAna nAza pAmyAM hatAM. musalamAna dakSiNamAM pahoMcyA tepaNa tyAM te e badhI vastu acI gaI. uttara hiMdanAM saMkhyAbaMdha smArako nAza pAmyAM e durbhAgyanI

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dakSiNa hiMdanA rAjAo, laDavaiyAe ane eka mahApuruSa rara1 vAta che. tyAM AgaLa je musalamAne AvyA - yAda rAkhajo ke e leke Araba nahi paNa madhya eziyAnA musalamAno hatA - te pitAnA navIna dharma mATenI dhagazathI bharelA hatA ane mUrtiono nAza karavA mAgatA hatA. paraMtu temanA nAza mATenuM bIjuM eka kAraNa hovAne paNa saMbhava che. yuddha vakhate jUnAM maMdirano killA tarIke paNa upaga karavAmAM Avato hato ane e rIte te humalAne bhoga banatAM. dakSiNa hiMdanAM ghaNAM maMdire Aje paNa killAne maLatAM Ave che. ane je humale thAya che ke temAM bharAIne bacAva karI zake evAM che. Ama A maMdire pUjA uparAMta bIjA ghaNuM upayogamAM AvatAM. A maMdire eTale gAmanI zALA, gAmano cora, paMcAyatanI kacerI ane jarUra paDe te duzmanothI rakSaNa karavAne kille. A rIte gAmanuM samagra jIvana maMdiranI AsapAsa saMkaLAyeluM hatuM. eTale svAbhAvika rIte ja maMdiranA pUjArIo ane brAhmaNo dareka bAbatamAM leka pAse potAnuM dhAryuM karAvatA hovA joIe. paraMtu maMdirone kadI kadI killA tarIke upayoga karavAmAM AvatA hatA e hakIkata uparathI caDI AvanArA musalamAnoe temane nAza zA mATe karyo eno khulAse ApaNe meLavI zakIe. e samayanuM tAMjoramAM eka suMdara maMdira che. cala rAjA rAjendra te baMdhAvyuM hatuM. badAmI tema ja kAMjIvarama AgaLa paNa suMdara maMdire che. paraMtu te kALanuM sauthI adbhuta maMdira te elorAnuM kailAsa maMdira che. ApaNane Azcaryacakita karanAra e maMdira nakkara khaDakamAMthI kotarI kADhavAmAM AvyuM che. e maMdiranuM bAMdhakAma AThamI sadInA pAchalA bhAgamAM zarU karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. tyAM AgaLa kAMsAmAMthI banAvelI suMdara mUrtio paNa ghaNuM maLI Ave che. temAM khAsa karIne tAMDava nRtya karatA zivanI naTarAja mUrti khUba prasiddha che. cala samrATa pahelA rAjendra colAparama AgaLa suMdara nahere paNa baMdhAvI hatI. 16 mAIla sudhI e naherane ITa ane cUnAthI pAkI bAMdhI levAmAM AvI che. A nahera baMdhAyA pachI so varasa bAda abaranI nAmano Araba pravAsI tyAM gayo hate. te A joIne chaka thaI gayuM hatuM. ene viSe te kahe che, "mArA dezanA leke A joIne AzcaryamAM garakAva thaI jAya ane tenuM varNana paNa na karI zake te pachI evuM kazuM bAMdhavAnI te vAta ja zI."

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jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzIna A patramAM meM keTalAka rAjAe ane rAjavazAtA ullekha karyAM che. alpakALa mATe yazasvI jIvana jIvyA pachI te adRzya thayA ane bhulAI gayA. paraMtu e badhA rAjAo ane samrATAnA karatAM hiMdanA vanamAM vadhAre mahattvano bhAga bhajavavAne nirmocelA eka bhAre prabhAvazALI puruSa dakSiNa hiMdamAM pedA thayo. e puruSa zaMkarAcAryanA nAmathI oLakhAya che. dhaNuM karIne te AjhamI sadInA aMtamAM janmyA hatA. te apUrva pratibhAzALI puruSa hAya ema jaNAya che. temaNe hiMdu dharmanA, athavA jene zaivamata tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che ane jenA iSTadeva ziva che evA eka prakAranA muddhipradhAna hiMdudha punarudghAra karavAnuM kArya AraMbhyuM. bauddha dharmanI sAme temaNe laDAInA moracA mAMDyA ane potAnI buddhi ane tarkanA baLathI te tenI sAme jhUjhyA. temaNe bauddhonA jevA eka sanyAsIne sadha sthApyA. temAM kAI paNa varganA lokA dAkhala thaI zakatA. hiMdane cAre khUNe, uttara, dakSiNa, pUrva ane pazcima dizAmAM saMnyAsIenA A sadhanAM cAra kendro temaNe sthApyAM. AkhA hiMdamAM temaNe pravAsa karyAM ane jyAM gayA tyAM temaNe vijaya meLavyeA. eka vijetAnI peThe te banArasamAM AvyA. paraMtu te kevaLa tarka dvArA mANasonAM citta upara jIta meLavanAra vijetA hatA. chevaTe te jyAM AgaLa zAzvata himane AraMbha thAya che evA himAlayamAM AvelA kedAranAthanA sthAnamAM gayA ane tyAM videha thayA. e vakhate temanI uMmara mAtra 32 varasa ke tethI saheja vadhAre hatI. 222 zaMkarAcAryanI kAryasiddhi apUrva che. jene uttara hiMdamAMthI dakSiNamAM bhagADI mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA tebauddha dharma hiMdamAMthI lagabhaga adRzya thaI gayA. hiMdu dharma ane zaiva saMpradAyanA nAmathI oLakhAtA tenA eka prakAre hiMdabharamAM prAdhAnya prApta karyuM. zakarAcAryanA graMthA, bhASyA ane vAdavivAdathI AkhA hiMdamAM bauddhika jAgRti AvI. te brAhmaNa varganA mahAna netA hatA eTaluM ja nahi paNa Ama janatAnA hRdayamAM paNa temaNe sthAna prApta karyuM hoya ema lAge che. kevaLa potAnA buddhiprabhAvathI kAI puruSa mahAna netA bane ane karoDo loko upara tathA itihAsa upara potAnI asara pADe e asAdhAraNa ghaTanA che. mahAna yAddAo ane vijetAe itihAsamAM mokhare UbhelA jaNAya che. keTalIka vAra teo lokapriya bane che tema ja tiraskArane pAtra paNa thAya che ane kadI kadI te itihAsa nirmANa kare che. mahAna dhArmika

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dakSiNa hiMdanA rAjAe, laDavaiyAo ane eka mahApuruSa rara3 netAoe karaDe mAnavInAM dila halamalAvyAM che, tathA temanAmAM utsAha ane cetana pUryA che. paraMtu A badhuM temaNe zraddhAno AdhAra laIne karyuM hatuM. temaNe prajAnI bhAvanAne apIla karI hatI tathA tene sparza karyo hate. manuSyanA mana ane buddhine karelI apIla lAMbe vakhata TakAvI muzkela hoya che. kamanasIbe moTA bhAganA loke vicAra karatA ja nathI. teo te bhAvanAvaza thaIne bhAvanAthI doravAIne ja kArya kare che. paraMtu zaMkaranI apIla te mana, buddhi ane vivekane uddezIne hatI. temAM kevaLa kaI purANuM pustakano siddhAMta ke mata vAraMvAra pikAravApaNuM nahotuM. tenI dalIla sAcI hatI ke khoTI e vastu ahIM aprastuta che. AnaMdanI vAta te e che ke dhArmika savAlano ukela zodhavAmAM temaNe buddhine che ane ema chatAMye temAM bhAre saphaLatA prApta karI. A uparathI ApaNe te samayanA zAsakavarganI manodazAnI jhAMkhI karI zakIe chIe. - tane e jANIne ramUja paDaze ke hiMdu philasUphamAM cArvAka nAmane eka puruSa nAstikatAne pracAra karatA hatA. te kaheta ke Izvara jevI koI vastu che ja nahi. duniyAmAM ane khAsa karIne raziyAmAM Aje evA saMkhyAbaMdha mANase che jeo IzvaranuM astitva svIkAratA nathI. paNa ahIM ApaNe e praznamAM nahi UtarIe. paraMtu khAsa AnaMda pAmavA jevI vAta to e che ke asalanA vakhatamAM hiMdamAM vicAra ane tenA pracAranI saMpUrNa svataMtratA hatI. te samaye hiMdamAM game te mata ke mAnyatA dharAvavAnI svataMtratA paNa hatI. yuropamAM e jAtanI svataMtratA cheka hamaNAM sudhI nahatI. ane Aje paNa e bAbatamAM keTalIka muzkelIo tyAM che. zaMkarAcAryanA TUMkA paNa jahematabharyA jIvanamAMthI bIjI eka vastu ApaNane jANavA maLe che te hiMdanI sAMskRtika ekatA che. cheka prAcIna kALathI mAMDIne itihAsamAM e vastuno svIkAra thate Avyo jaNAya che. tuM jANe che ke bhaugolika dRSTie te hiMda lagabhaga eka ghaTaka che. rAjakIya dRSTie enA vAraMvAra bhAgalA paDyA che. paraMtu ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM chIe tema avAranavAra te lagabhaga eka madhyastha sattAnA amala nIce paNa Avato hato. paraMtu sAMskRtika dRSTie te cheka AraMbhakALathI Akhe deza eka ane avibhAjya

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ra4 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rahyo che. kemake AraMbhathI ja tenI pUrva pIThikA samAna che, tenI saMskAraparaMparA samAna che, tenA dharmo samAna che, tenA vIrapura ane vIrAMganAo samAna che, tenI parANika kathAo samAna che, tenI vidvAnonI bhASA (saMskRta) samAna che, AkhA hiMdamAM dareka sthaLe AvelAM tenAM tIrtha sthAne samAna che, tenI grAmapaMcAyate samAna che tathA tenI vicArasaraNI ane rAjakAraNa paNa samAna che. sAmAnya hiMdIne mane samagra hiMda puNyabhUmi hatI ane bAkInI duniyA moTe bhAge leccha athavA barbara lekanI asaMskArI bhUmi hatI! A rIte hiMdabharamAM sarvatra ekatAnI bhAvanA pedA thaI. e bhAvanAe rAjakIya bhAgalAnI avagaNanA karI ane tenA upara vijaya meLavyuM. Ama banI zakyuM e grAmapaMcAyatone AbhArI che; kemake madhyastha rAjataMtramAM game te pheraphAra thavA chatAM sarvatra grAmapaMcAyatone amala cAlu ja rahyo hato. zaMkare hiMdane cAre khUNe pitAnA maTha athavA saMnyAsIonA saMghanAM kendro sthApavAnuM TharAvyuM e batAvI Ape che ke te paNa hiMdane sAMskRtika dRSTie eka ghaTaka samajatA hatA. vaLI, TUMka samayamAM temanA pracArakAryamAM temane bhAre saphaLatA maLI te paNa batAve che ke bauddhika ane saMskRtika pravAho dezanA eka cheDAthI bIjA cheDA sudhI vegathI pharI vaLatA hatA. zaMkare zaiva matane pracAra karyo. khAsa karIne e mata dakSiNamAM ghaNo phelAya ane tyAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM maMdire zaiva maMdira che. guptavaMzanA amala daramyAna uttara hiMdamAM vaiSNava saMpradAya ane kRSNapUjA bhAre pracAramAM AvyAM. hiMdu dharmanI A baMne zAkhAnAM maMdire ekabIjAthI bhinna che. A patra bahu lAMbo thaI gayo. paraMtu mAre madhyakAlIna bhArata viSe hajI ghaNuM kahevAnuM bAkI che. eTale e vastu have pachInA patra sudhI mulatavI rAkhavI joIe.

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45 madhyakAlIna hiMda 14 me, 1932 azokanA pitAmaha caMdragupta mauryanA pradhAna maMtrI cANakya athavA kaTilya lakhelA "arthazAstra" nAmanA pustakanI meM vAta kahI hatI te tane yAda haze. e pustakamAM te samayanI rAjyavyavasthA ane te samayanA lekanI bAbatamAM tarehatarehanI mAhitI ApaNane maLe che. e pustaka Izu pUrvenI cothI sadInA hiMda tarapha aMdara DokiyuM karIne nihALavA mATenI eka ughADI bArI samAna che. rAjAo ane temanA vijayanAM atizayoktibharyA varNana karatAM rAjavahIvaTanI vigatavAra mAhitI ApatAM AvAM pustako ApaNane vadhAre upayogI thaI paDe che. madhyakAlIna hiMda viSe khyAla bAMdhavAmAM kaMIka sahAyabhUta thAya evuM bIjuM eka pustaka ApaNI pAse che. e pustaka zukrAcArya kRta nItisAra" che. e pustaka arthazAstra jeTaluM sAruM ke upayogI nathI. te paNa tenI tema ja bIjA keTalAka zilAlekha ane hevalenI madadathI ApaNe IsavI sananI navamI tathA dazamI sadI tarapha najara karavA prayatna karIzuM. "nItisAramAM kahyuM che ke, "varNathI athavA te brAhmaNa kuLamAM janmavAthI brAhmaNatvanA guNe pedA thatA nathI.' Ama, A graMtha pramANe jJAtibheda janmathI nahi paNa yogyatAthI paDavA joIe. vaLI bIje eka ThekANe emAM kahevAmAM AvyuM che ke, sarakArI amaladAranI nimaNUka karavAmAM jAti ke kuLane nahi paNa mANasanI kAryadakSatA, cAritrya ane tenA guNene dhoraNe cAlavuM joIe." pitAnA mata pramANe nahi paNa prajAnA moTA bhAganA mata anusAra vartavAnI rAjAnI pharaja hatI. "ghaNuM tAMtaNuonuM baneluM deraDuM siMhane kheMcavA jeTaluM majabUta hoya che tema lekamata rAjAnA karatAM vadhAre baLavAna che." - A badhAM uttama sUtro che ane siddhAMtanI dRSTie Aje paNa sAcAM che. paraMtu vAstavika rIte jotAM vyavahAramAM ApaNe enAthI s-11

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raraka jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bahu lAbha nathI uThAvI zakyA. mANasa potAnI kAryadakSatA ane lAyakAtathI UMce caDI zake e kharuM, paraMtu teNe e kAryadakSatA ane lAyakAta kevI rIte prApta karavI ? koI chokaro ke chokarI bahu capaLa hoya ane tene yogya keLavaNI ane tAlIma ApavAmAM Ave te te hoziyAra ane kuzaLa bane. paraMtu tenI keLavaNI ane tAlIma mATe egya prabaMdha karavAmAM na AvyuM hoya te bIcAre te chokare ke chokarI zuM karI zake? e ja rIte lekamata paNa Akhare zuM che ? kAnA matane lekamata samajavo ? saMbhava che ke "nItisAra'nA lekhake majUrI karanArA saMkhyAbaMdha zudrone kaI paNa prakArane mata ApavAnA adhikArI nahi gaNyA heya. e leke kazI visAtamAM nahotA. ghaNuM karIne ucca varganA ane rAjakartA varganA matane ja lekamata gaNavAmAM Avata. chatAM paNa e vastu noMdhapAtra che ke te pahelAMnA samayanA hiMdanI peThe madhyakAlIna hiMdanA rAjakAraNamAM rAjAnI niraMkuza sattA ke rAjAnA devI adhikAne sthAna nahotuM. e uparAMta rAjasabhA, jemane hastaka jAhera bAMdhakAma, bAgabagIcAo ane jaMgala hatAM te meTA meTA amaladAro, tema ja kasabA ane gAmaDAMnI vyavasthA, pule, vahANa, dharmazALAo, jAhera rAjamArgo ane sauthI vadhAre mahatvanI vastu te e ke, gAma ane zaheranI gaTare viSe nItisAramAMthI ApaNane mAhitI maLe che. gAmane lagatI badhI bAbatamAM grAmapaMcAyatane pUrepUra kAbU . hatuM ane rAjyanA amaladAre paMca pratye bhAre adabathI vartatA. paMcAyata ja jamInanI vaheMcaNI karatI, kara ugharAvatI ane pachI gAmanI vatI te rAjyane bharaNuM bharatI. A paMcAyate upara eka mahA paMcAyata athavA mahAsabhA hoya ema jaNAya che. te paMcAyatanA kAma upara dekharekha rAkhatI ane jarUra paDe che temAM daramyAnagIrI paNa karI zakatI. grAmapaMcAyata pAse nyAyanI sattA paNa hatI ane te nyAyAdhIza tarIke lokonA mukadamA paNa calAvI zakatI. paMcAyatanA sabhyanI cUMTaNI kevI rIte thatI tathA temanI lAyakAta ane binalAyakAta zI hatI te viSe ApaNane dakSiNa hiMdanA keTalAka prAcIna lekhe uparathI mAhitI maLe che. jo koI sabhya sArvajanika nANune barAbara hisAba na Ape te te paMca tarIke nAlAyaka Tharate.

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madhyakAlIna hiMda bIjo eka mAne niyama e hatA ke paMcanAM najIkanAM sagAMsaMbaMdhIne nokarI maLI zakatI nahi. A niyama jo Aje ApaNI kAunsila, eNsemblIe ane myunisipAliTIone lAgu pADI zakAya te kevuM sAruM! 227 eka samitinA sabhyonI yAdImAM eka strInuM nAma paNa che. A uparathI ema jaNAya che ke paMcAyata ane tenI samitimAM strI paNa sabhya thaI zakatI. paMcAyatanA cUMTAyelA sabhyomAMthI judI judI samiti racavAmAM AvatI. dareka samitinI muddata eka varSanI hatI. jo kAI sabhya adhaTata rIte varte te tene tarata ja kamI karavAmAM AvatA. grAmasvarAjyanI A prathA A C rAjakAraNanA pAyA samAna hatI. enAthI ja tene baLa maLatuM rahetuM. A grAmasabhAe potAnI svataMtratA mATe eTalI badhI jAgRta ane cIvaTa rAkhatI hatI ke khuda rAjAnI paravAnagI vinA kAI paNa sainika kAI paNa gAmamAM dAkhala na thaI zake evA niyama karavAmAM Avyo hato. vaLI 'nItisAra ' kahe che ke, kAI prajAjana amaladAra sAme riyAda kare teA * rAjAe amaladArane nahi paNa prajAjanano pakSa levA joI e. ' ane jo kAI amaladAra sAme ghaNA leAkA riyAda kare te tene kharatarapha karavA joI e. kemake ' nItisAra ' kahe che tema, * adhikAranI madirA pIte kAne naze nathI caDatA ?' A DahApaNabharyA zabdo che. A zabdo ApaNA dezamAM je saMkhyAbaMdha amaladAro Aje ApaNI sAthe geravartana calAve che ane geravahIvaTa kare che temane lAgu paDatA hoya ema lAge che. 6 moTA kasabAmAM jyAM AgaLa kArIgaro ane vepArIe vadhAre pramANamAM hatA tyAM te darekanAM paMcA athavA mahAjane hatAM. A rIte tyAM kArIgaranAM paMca, vepArIonAM mahAjana ane zarAphenAM maDaLA hatAM. e uparAMta tyAM dhArmi ka maMDaLA paNa hatAM. A badhAM maDaLeA 6 mahAjanane potapotAnI AMtarika bAbato upara sArA pramANamAM kAbU hato. prajAne nukasAna na pahoMce ane tene khAjo na lAge evA haLavA kara nAkhavAnI rAjAne AjJA hatI. jaMgalamAM jhADa uparathI eka mALI phUla-patra vINe te rIte rAjAe prajA upara kara nAkhavAno hato; kAlasAnI bhaThThI bALanAra kayiArAnI peThe nahi.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzona hiMdanA madhyayuga viSe ApaNane AvI tUTaka ane chUTIchavAI - hakIkata maLe che. pustakAmAM je siddhAMtA rajU thayA che tene vyavahAramAM keTalA pramANamAM amala thatA hatA te zodhavuM atizaya muzkela che. pustakAmAM sArA sArA siddhAMtA ane Adarzo rajU karavA sahelA che paraMtu tene vanamAM utAravA e ghaNu kANu che. te samayanA lekAe enA saMpUrNa paNe amala na karyo hoya tema chatAM paNa temanI vicArasaraNI zI hatI tathA te zA Adarzo sevatA hatA e samajavAmAM pustakA madadarUpa thAya che. ApaNane ema jaNAya che ke e vakhatanA rAjAe ane zAsake Apakhuda ke nirakuza nahetA. temanI sattA upara cUMTAyelI paMcAyatonA aMkuza hato. ApaNane e paNa mAlUma paDe che ke te samaye gAmaDAM tathA zaheromAM sthAnika svarAjyanI paddhatinA sArI peThe vikAsa thayA hatA ane madhyastha sarakAra temAM nahi jevI ja dAkhala karatI. 228 paNa jyAre huM lekAnI vicArasaraNI athavA temanA svarAjyanI vAteA karuM chuM tyAre mArA kahevAnI matalaba zI heAya che? hiMdanI AkhI samAjaracanAnuM maMDANa jJAti saMsthA upara nirbhara che. siddhAMtamAM e saMsthA jaDa nahi hoya ane ' nItisAra ' nA kahevA pramANe temAM kAdakSatA ane gyatAne avakAza maLatA hoya e saMbhavita che. paNa vAstavamAM enA jhAjho artha nathI. brAhmaNa ane kSatriya jAti ke vanA hAthamAM zAsananI lagAma hatI. keTalIka vAra prabhutva meLavavA mATe temanAmAM mAMheAmAMhe takarAra thatI paraMtu sAmAnya rIte te haLImaLIne vahIvaTa karatA ane ekakhIjAne anukULa thatA. bAkInA lokone teo nIce dabAvI rAkhatA. dhIme dhIme vepAraudyoga vadhatA gayA tema tema vaizya varga athavA vepArI varga tavaMgara ane mahattvanA banyA. e vanuM mahattva vadhatuM gayuM tema tema tene thADA haka ApavAmAM AvyA ane potapotAnAM mahAjanonA AMtarika vahIvaTa karavAnI svataMtratA temane ApavAmAM AvI. ema chatAM paNa rAjasattAmAM te e vargane ko ja hisso ApavAmAM AvyA nahotA. ane khIcArA zudro ! te teA chevaTa sudhI mAyelA ja rahyA. ane vaLI keTalAka loke temanAthI paNa nIce hatA. kadI kadI nIcalI jAtinA mANaso upara AvatA hatA. zU dro paNa rAjA thayelA jANavAmAM AvyA che. paraMtu evuM javalleja banatuM.

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madhyakAlIna hiMda 229 sAmAjika darajjAmAM UMce caDavAnI vadhAre pracalita rIta te e hatI ke kaI AkhIne AkhI peTAjAti eka pagathiyuM upara caDI jatI hatI. ghaNI vAra hiMdu dharma keI navI jAtine pitAnA nIcalA tharamAM apanAvI le ane pachI te jAti dhIme dhIme UMce caDatI. A uparathI tane jaNAze ke pazcimanI peThe hiMdustAnamAM majUra gulAmanI prathA nahetI e kharuM, paraMtu ApaNI samAjavyavasthAmAM paNa caDatAUtaratA darajajA hatA eTale ke eka varga upara bIje varga hate. samAjavyavasthAnI Toce UbhelA leka nIcalA tharanA karaDe mANasanuM zeSaNa karatA ane temane badho bojo e lekene uThAvavo paData. samAjanA nIcalA tharanA lekene keLavaNI athavA tAlIma levAnI taka na ApIne samAjanI Tece UbhelA leke A sthiti niraMtara TakAvI rAkhavAnI ane badhI sattA potAnA hAthamAM rAkhavAnI kALajI rAkhatA. grAmapaMcAyatomAM kheDUta vargane kaMIka avAja haze ane temanI avagaNanA na thaI zakatI hoya ema lAge che, paraMtu e paMcAyatamAM paNu gaNyAgAMThayA kuzaLa brAhmaNonuM calaNa hovAne ghaNe saMbhava che. A Arya zAsanapaddhati Aryo hiMdamAM AvIne draviDa lekonA saMsargamAM AvyA tyArathI mAMDIne je samayanI ApaNe vAta karI rahyAM chIe te madhyayuga sudhI cAlu rahI hatI ema jaNAya che. paraMtu vakhata jatAM e zAsanapaddhati vadhu ne vadhu nabaLI paDatI ane bagaDatI jatI dekhAya che. ema hoya ke te dhIre dhIre jIrNa thatI jatI hatI athavA bahArathI AvatA uparAchAparI humalAone kAraNe kadAca te kSINa thaI gaI hoya. tane e jANIne AnaMda thaze ke prAcIna kALamAM hiMde gaNitanA viSayamAM bhAre pragati karI hatI ane e viSayanAM prakhyAta nAmamAM lIlAvatI nAmanI eka strIne paNa samAveza thAya che. ema kahevAya che ke, lIlAvatI, tene pitA bhAskarAcArya ane ghaNuM karIne brahmagupta nAmane eka mANasa ema traNee maLIne dazAMza paddhati pahelavahelI zelI kADhI hatI. bIjagaNitanI zedha paNa pahelavahelI hiMdamAM ja thaI hatI ema kahevAya che. bIjagaNita hiMdamAMthI arabastAnamAM gayuM, ane tyAMthI te yuropa pahoMcyuM. bIjagaNita mATe aMgrejI zabda ejibrA" e mULa arabI zabda che.

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46 bhavya aMgakora ane zrIvijaya 17 me, 1976 have ApaNe bahad bhArata, eTale ke dakSiNa hiMdanA lokoe maleziyA ane hiMdI cInamAM vasAvelAM saMsthAne ane vasAhata tarapha jaIe. e saMsthAne yejanApUrvaka ane vyavasthita rIte vasAvavAmAM AvyAM hatAM e huM tane AgaLa upara kahI gayo . e kaMI ApoApa ke phAve tema vasyAM hatAM. e saMsthAne barAbara vasyAM te pahelAM dariyApAra aneka sapharo thaI haze ane e rIte samudra upara pUra kAbU meLavavAmAM AvyuM haze. nahi te ekI vakhate ghaNI jagyAoe bhejanApUrvaka saMsthAne vasAvavAnuM kevI rIte banI zake ? A saMsthAne IzunI pahelI ane bIjI sadI daramyAna vasyAM hatAM e paNa meM tane kahyuM che. e badhAM hiMdu saMsthAne hatAM ane temaNe dakSiNa hiMdanAM nAme dhAraNa karyA hatAM. keTalIka sadIo pachI dhIme dhIme tyAM AgaLa bauddha dharma phelA ane lagabhaga Akho hiMdudhama maleziyA bauddhadhama banI gaye. prathama ApaNe hiMdI cIna jaIe. sauthI pahelA saMsthAnanuM nAma caMpA hatuM ane te anAma pradezamAM AveluM hatuM. IsavI sananI trIjI sadImAM tyAM AgaLa pAMDuraMgama nAmanuM zahera vikasatuM ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. e pachI base varasa bAda anAmamAM kabajiyA nAmanA eka mahAna nagaranI caDatI kaLA thaI. e zaheramAM saMkhyAbaMdha moTI moTI ImArata ane pASANanAM maMdire hatAM. badhAM ja hiMdI saMsthAnomAM e samaye moTI moTI ImArate UbhI thatI hatI ema jaNAya che. samudra oLaMgIne sthapatio tathA siddhahasta salATo hiMdamAMthI lAvavAmAM AvyA haze ane e leke pitAnI sAthe sthApatyanI hiMdI praNAlI tyAM AgaLa laI gayA haze. judAM judAM rAjyo ane TApuo vacce imArate bAMdhavAnA kAryamAM bhAre spardhA cAlatI hatI ane e spardhAne pariNAme tyAM AgaLa ucca prakAranI kaLAne vikAsa thavA pAmyuM hatuM.

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bhavya agakAra ane zrIvijaya 231 svAbhAvika rIte ja A saMsthAnAmAM vasatA leAkeA daraco kheDanArA hatA. teo pote athavA temanA pUrvajoe tyAM pahoMcavA mATe AgaLa upara darayA eLagyA hatA ane temanI cotarapha paNa dariyA ja hatA. dariyA kheDanArA leke sahelAIthI vepArarojagAra tarapha vaLe che. eTale e lokA paNa vepArI banI gayA. te samudra oLaMgIne peAtAnA mAla judA judA TApuomAM tathA pazcime hiMdustAna ane pUrve cInamAM laI jatA hatA. A rIte maleziyAnAM ghaNAMkharAM rAjyo upara mATe bhAge vepArI vargane kAbU hatA. e rAjyo vacce vAraMvAra jhaUDA thatA ane pariNAme moTA vigraheA ane hatyAkAMDa paNa thatA. kAI vAra hiMdu rAjya baudgha rAjya joDe paNa laDatuM. pote taiyAra karelA pAkA mAlanAM bajAra mATe moTI moTI rAjyasattAe vacce Aje jema vigrahA thAya che tema te samayanAM ghaNAMkharAM yuddha pAchaLanuM kharuM kAraNa vepAranI harIphAI hoya ema jaNAya che. lagabhaga traNaso varasa sudhI eTale AThamI sadI sudhI hiMdI cInamAM traNa judAM judAM rAjyA hatAM. navamI sadImAM tyAM AgaLa yavana nAme eka mahAna rAjakartA pAkayo. teNe A traNe rAjyone ekatra karyAM ane eka moTuM sAmrAjya sthApyuM. ghaNuM karIne te bauddhadhI hato. teNe aMgakAra AgaLa rAjadhAnI bAMdhavAnA AraMbha karyAM ane tenA vArasa yazeAvane te kAma pUruM karyuM. koDiyAnuM A sAmrAjya lagabhaga 400 varasa sudhI TakayuM. bIjA badhAM sAmrAjyAnI peThe A sAmrAjyane paNa bhavya ane zaktizALI mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. agakAra theAmanuM rAjanagara pUrva taraphanA dezomAM 'bhavya aMgakAra' tarIke mazakrUra hatuM. tenI vasatI daza lAkha karatAM paNa vadhAre hatI ane sIjharAnA samayanA rezama karatAM paNa te moTuM hatuM. tenI najIka aMgakAra vATanuM adbhuta maMdira hatuM. teramI sadImAM kaaiyiA upara ghaNI bAjuethI humalA thayA. anAmanA lakAe pUrva taraphathI humalA karyAM ane pazcima taraphathI tyAMnI sthAnika jAtioe. uttaramAM zAna lokAne magAla lAkAe dakSiNa tarapha hAMkI kADhyA hatA. temane mATe nAsI chUTavAnA khIjo kAI mA nahAtA eTale temaNe paNa kaeDiyA upara humalA karyAM. A badhAnI sAme satata laDatAM ane temanI sAme potAnA bacAva karatAM e rAjya thAkI gayuM. ema chatAM paNa aMgakAra pUrva taraphanAM eka bhavya nagara tarIke kAyama rahyuM. 1297nI

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232 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sAlamAM kaMboDiyAnA rAjAnA darabAramAM AvelA cInI elacIe tenI adbhuta ImAratanuM bhabhakadAra varNana karyuM che. paraMtu aMgajhera upara ociMtI bhAre Aphata AvI paDI. 1300nI sAlanA arasAmAM caguM karI javAne kAraNe mIkAMga nadInuM mukha baMdha thaI gayuM. ethI karIne nadInAM pANIne AgaLa vahevAno mArga na rahyo. pariNAme tenAM pANI pAchAM ThelAyAM ane e bhavya zaheranI AsapAsanA pradezane teNe jaLabaMbAkAra karI mUkyo. AthI phaLadrupa khetarane ThekANe badhe jhAjhAMkharAMvALI ane bhejavALI nirupayogI jamIna thaI gaI. ene lIdhe zaheranI meTI vasatI bhUkhe maravA lAgI. e sthitimAM tyAM vasatI TakI zakI nahi ane lekane zahera choDIne bIje kyAMka javAnI pharaja paDI. A rIte "bhavya aMgakera' verAna ane ujjaDa thaI gayuM ane jaMgale tene kabaje lIdhe. thaDA vakhata sudhI tenI bhavya imAratamAM vanya pazuoe vAsa karyo. chevaTe jaMgale tenI mahelAtane jamInadosta karI nAkhI ane tyAM AgaLa pitAnuM niSkaTaka sAmrAjya sthApyuM. A Aphata sAme kaMboDiyAnuM rAjya lAMbe vakhata na TakI zakyuM. te dhIme dhIme paDI bhAMgyuM ane tene mulaka koI vAra anAmanA te kaI vAra siyAmanA amala nIce Avate. paraMtu aMgakora vATanA mahAna maMdiranA avaze, jyAre tenI samIpamAM eka gauravavaMtu ane bhavya nagara UbhuM hatuM tathA dUra dUranA dezathI vepArIo potAne mAla laIne tyAM AvatA hatA tema ja pitAnA nagarajano ane kArIgaroe banAvela suMdara mAla paradezamAM te mokalatuM hatuM e divasenI ApaNane Aje paNa yAda Ape che. samudranI pelI pAra, hiMdI cInathI theDeka aMtare sumAtrAne TApu Avela che. ahIM paNa dakSiNa hiMdanA pallava lekee IsavI sananI pahelI ke bIjI sadImAM pitAnAM pahelavahelAM saMsthAne vasAvyAM hatAM. dhIme dhIme temane paNa vikAsa thayo. malAyA dvIpakalpa AraMbhamAM ja sumAtrAnA rAjyane eka bhAga banyo ane te pachI ghaNuM lAMbA kALa sudhI sumAtrA tathA malAyAno ItihAsa ekabIjA sAthe saMkaLAyela rahyo che. zrI vijaya nAmanuM moTuM zahera e rAjyanI rAjadhAnI hatuM. te sumAtrAnA pahADomAM vasyuM hatuM ane pAlemabAMga nadInA mukha AgaLa tenuM baMdara hatuM. pAMcamI ke chaThThI sadInA arasAmAM boddha dharma sumAtrAno

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bhavya aMgakera ane zrI vijaya 233 mukhya dharma baLe. bauddha dharmane sakriya pracAra karavAmAM sumAtrAe AgaLa paDato bhAga lIdhe ane hiMdu maleziyAne moTe bhAge bauddhadhama banAvavAmAM tene saphaLatA maLI. ethI karIne sumAtrAnuM sAmrAjya zrIvijayanuM bauddha sAmrAjya" e nAmathI oLakhAya che. zrIvijya rAjyane vistAra uttarottara vadhate ja ga. te eTale sudhI ke mAtra sumAtrA ane malAyAno ja nahi paNa philipAIna, beni, selebIjha, adhuM jAvA, phermosAno artho TApu (Aje te jApAnanA kabajAmAM che) silena ane kenTonanI najIka dakSiNa cInanuM eka baMdara vagere paNa tenI hakUmata nIce hatAM. ghaNuM karIne hiMdanI dakSiNanI aNI upara silenanI sAme AveluM eka baMdara paNa tenA kabajAmAM hatuM. A uparathI tane jaNAze ke te eka vizALa sAmrAjya hatuM ane AkhA maleziyAne temAM samAveza thatuM hatuM. vepArarojagAra ane vahANa bAMdhavAne udyoga e A hiMdI vasAhatonA mukhya vyavasAya hatA. te samayanA arabI lekhako sumAtrAnA sAmrAjyanA tAbAnAM baMdaro ane saMsthAnonI lAMbI yAdI Ape che. A yAdI vacce ja jatI hatI. briTiza sAmrAjya Aje AkhI duniyAmAM vistareluM che tathA dareka sthaLe tenAM baMdara ane sTImaramAM kelisA pUravAnAM mathake che. dAkhalA tarIke, jibrAlTara, suejhanI nahera (te moTe bhAge aMgrejonA kAbU heThaLa che), kela, siMgApara hoMgakaeNga vagere. chellAM traNa varasathI IMglaMDavAsIo vepArI prajA rahI che, ane dariyAI sattA upara temanA vepAra ane temanI tAkAtane AdhAra rahyo che. ethI karIne duniyAbharamAM anukULa aMtare temane baMdare ane sTImaramAM kelasA bharavAnAM mathakonI jarUra rahe che. zrIvijayanuM sAmrAjya paNa vepAra upara nirbhara evuM dariyAI sattA dharAvanAra sAmrAjya hatuM. ethI karIne jyAM AgaLa jarAtarA paNa pagapesAro thaI zakyo tyAM teNe baMdara banAvyAM. sAce ja, sumAtrAnA sAmrAjyanI vasAhatonuM nedhapAtra lakSaNa e hatuM ke te badhAM lazkarI daSTie mahattvanAM hatAM. eTale ke kALajIpUrvaka tapAsa karIne AsapAsanA samudra upara potAno kAbU rahe eve sthAne te sthApavAmAM AvI hatI. ghaNI vakhata te, e kAbU jALavI rAkhavAmAM ekabIjAne madadarUpa thAya eTalA khAtara e vasAhato balbanI joDImAM vasAvavAmAM AvI hatI.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Ama, AjanuM siMgAporanuM moTuM zahera mULa te sumAtrAnI vasAhata hatI. tane mAlUma paDaze ke enuM nAma paNa hiMdustAnI (siMhapura) che. sAmadhanInI pelI pAra siMgAparanI barAbara sAme sumAtrAna. lekenI bIjI paNa eka vasAhata hatI. keTalIka vAra e baMne vasAhata sAmudradhanI baMne kAMThe pahoMce evI lokhaMDanI sAMkaLa nAMkhIne tyAMthI AvatAM jatAM vahANene rekatI. e vahANo bhAre jakAta Ape pachI ja temane javA devAmAM AvatAM hatAM. A rIte zrIvijayanuM sAmrAjya briTiza sAmrAjyathI juda. prakAranuM nahotuM. eTaluM kharuM ke te briTiza sAmrAjya jeTaluM vizALa nahotuM. paraMtu briTiza sAmrAjya TakavAne saMbhava che tenA karatAM ghaNuM lAMbA kALa sudhI te TakyuM hatuM. agiyAramI sadImAM e sAmrAjya tenI caDatInI parAkASTAe pahoMcyuM hatuM. e ja arasAmAM dakSiNa, hiMdamAM cela sAmrAjyanI caDatI kaLA hatI. paraMtu cela sAmrAjaka karatAM te ghaNe lAMbo kALa TakyuM. ghaNA vakhata sudhI e baMne sAmrAjya. vacce maitrIne saMbaMdha hatA. paNa ubhaya prajA sAhasapUrvaka dariye. kheDanArI hatI ane baMnenA vepArI saMbaMdhe bahoLA hatA. vaLI, baMne pAse baLavAna naukAsainya paNa hatuM. agiyAramI sadInA AraMbhakALamAM te baMnenI vacce cakamaka jharI ane pariNAme yuddha thayuM. cala rAja pahelA rAjendra dariyApAra caDAI makalI ane zrIvijayane namAvyuM paraMtu zrIvijaya A AcakAmAMthI tarata ja pAchuM beThuM thayuM. agiyAramI sadInA AraMbhamAM cInanA samrATe sumAtrAnA rAjAne keTalAka kAMsAnA ghaMTe bheTa mokalyA hatA. enA badalAmAM sumAtrAne. rAjAe cInanA samrATa upara matI. hAthIdAMta ane saMskRta pustaka bheTa mokalyAM. ema kahevAya che ke senAnA patarA upara nAgarI lipima lakhele eka patra paNa teNe enI sAthe mokalyo hate. ( zrIvijayanI ghaNuM lAMbA kALa sudhI caDatI kaLA rahI. bIja sadImAM tenI zarUAta thaI tyArathI pAMcamI ke chaThThI sadImAM teNe baddha dharmane svIkAra karyo tyAM sudhI ane te pachI agiyAramI sadI sudhI tenI uttarottara catI thatI rahI. A pachI traNa sadI sudhI te moTu sAmrAjya rahyuM ane maleziyAne badhe vepAra tenA kAbU nIce hatA. Akhare 1377nI sAlamAM eka bIjA prAcIna pallava saMsthAne tene uthalAvI pADayuM.

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bhavya agakAra ane zrIvijaya 135 meM tane kahyuM che ke, zrIvijayanuM sAmrAjya sileAnathI mAMDIne cInamAM AvelA kaeNnTAna sudhI vistareluM hatuM. A tenI vacce AvelA badhA TApue tenA kabajAmAM hatA. paraMtu eka nAnakaDA TukaDAne te kadIye parAjaya na karI zakayu. A TukaDA te jAvAne pUrva taraphane bhAga hatA. te svataMtra rAjya tarIke TakI rahyo. ane hiMdudharmAMte paNa vaLagI rahyo. aiAddha dharma svIkAravAnI teNe nA pADI. A rIte pazcima jAvA zrIvijayanI hakUmata nIce hatuM ane pUrva jIvA svataMtra hatuM. pUrva jAvAnuM A hiMdu rAjya paNa vepArI rAjya hatuM; vepAra upara ja tenI AbAdInA AdhAra hatuM. si MgApora tarapha te kAMbharI najare jotuM rahyuM haze. kemake potAnA sthAnanI anukULatAne kAraNe te vepAranuM moTuM mathaka banyuM hatuM. Ama zrIvijaya ane pUrva jAvA vacce bhAre spardhA hatI ane te kaTTara duzmanAvaTamAM pariNamI. bAramI sadI pachI zrIvijayane AMTIne jAvAnuM rAjya dhIre dhIre vadhavA mAMDayuM ane caudamI sadImAM -- 1377nI sAlamAM -- teNe zrIvijayane saMpUrNa parAjaya karyAM. ane vacce bhayaMkara yuddha thayuM ane pariNAme bhAre vinAza thayo. sigApAra ane zrIvijaya e ane nagarezane nAza karavAmAM Avyo. A rIte maleziyAnA bIjA mahAna zrIvijayanA sAmrAjyane -- aMta Avye ane tenAM mApahitanuM trIjuM sAmrAjya UbhuM thayuM. - sAmrAjyatA - khaMDiyerA upara zrIvijaya sAthenA yuddhamAM pUjAvAnA lakAe bhAre krUratA ane jaMgalIpaNuM dAkhavyAM hatAM e kharuM, paraMtu jAvAnAM te samayanAM Aje maLI AvatAM ghaNAM pustaka uparathI jaNAya che ke pUrva jAvAnA A hiMdu rAjyamAM UMcI kakSAnI saMskRti khIlI hatI. imAratA ane khAsa karIne maMdira bAMdhavAmAM te sAne TapI gayuM hatuM. tyAM AgaLa 500 thI paNa vadhAre midA bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM ane temAMnAM keTalAMka to paththaranA sthApatyanA duniyAnA sAthI sarasa ane kalApUrNa namUnArUpa hatAM ema kahevAya che. A moTAM moTAM miMdaromAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM sAtamI sadInA vacagALAthI dazamI sadInA vacagALA sudhInA kALamAM eTale ke 650 ane 950nI sAla vaccenA gALA daramyAna bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. A pracaMDa maMdira bAMdhavA mATe jAvAnA lokee hiMdustAnathI tema ja potAnI AsapAsanA dezomAMthI sa MkhyAbaMdha siddhahasta kArIgaro ane sthapatione peAtAnI madadamAM khelAvyA haze,

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236 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jAvA ane majApahitane bAkIne itihAsa A pachInA patramAM ApaNe joIzuM. mAre ahIM jaNAvavuM joIe ke beniM. ane philipAIna TApunA leke lakhavAnI kaLA purANa pallava saMsthAne mAraphate hiMda pAsethI zIkhyA hatA. kamanasIbe philipAInanAM ghaNAMkharAM hastalikhita pustakane spenanA lekee nAza karyo che. tAre e paNa lakSamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke A badhA TApuomAM islAmanA Agamana pahelAM prAcIna kALathI Araba lekanI vasAhata paNa hatI. Araba leke moTA sodAgara hatA ane jyAM jyAM vepAranuM sthAna maLI Ave tyAM teo poMcI jatA.

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47 rAma pharIthI aMdhakAramAM e che 19 me, 1932 mane ghaNI vAra lAgyA kare che ke prAcIna itihAsanI bhulabhulAmaNImAMthI tane mArga batAvavA mATe huM yogya bAmiyA nathI. huM pote paNa emAM bhUlA paDI jAuM , te pachI tane kevI rIte sAce rasto batAvI zakuM? paNa vaLI pAchuM mane ema thAya che ke, kaMIka aMze te tane huM madadarUpa thaI zake kharo ane tethI karIne A pA cAlu rAkhuM chuM. paraMtu mane te A patrA bhAre madadarUpa thAya che emAM zakA nathI. meTI, jyAre huM A patro lakhavA besuM chuM ane tAre vicAra karuM chuM tyAre jyAM huM beTho houM tyAM ane bahAra garamI 112deg aMza jeTalI vadhI jAya che ane garama lU vAtI hoya che e paNa huM bhUlI jAuM chuM. keTalIka vakhata te huM barelInI jelamAM kedI huM enuM paNa mane vismaraNa thaI jAya che. mArA Agalo patra maleziyAnA itihAsanIM caudamI sudhI tane . laI gayA hatA. paraMtu uttara hiMdamAM te ApaNe harSoMnA samayanI eTale ke sAtamI sadInI AgaLa nathI gayAM. ane yuropamAM te hajI ApaNe dhaNI majala kApavAnI bAkI che. badhe sthaLe samayanuM ekasarakhuM pramANa sAcavI rAkhavuM atizaya muzkela che. e pramANu sAcavavAne huM ane eTalA prayatna to karuM chuM paraMtu keTalIka vAra, aMgakAra ane zrIvijayanI bAbatamAM banyuM tema, te te sthaLanA itihAsa pUrA karavAne mATe huM keTalIka sadIo AgaLa cAlyA jAuM chuM. paraMtu yAda rAkhaje ke je samaye pUrvanAM beDiyA ane zrIvijayanAM sAmrAjyAnI jAheAjalAlI hatI te arasAmAM hiMdustAna, cIna ane yurapamAM anekavidha pheraphAro thaI rahyA hatA. vaLI tuM e paNa yAda rAkhaje ke mArA AgalA patramAM ceDAMeka pAnAMnI aMdara hiMdI cIna ane maleziyAnA hajAreka varSanA ItihAsanA samAveza thAya che. A deza eziyA ane yuropanA itihAsanA mukhya pravAheAmAMthI aLagA paDI gayA che eTale

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23. jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana temanA upara vadhAre lakSa ApavAmAM AvatuM nathI. paraMtu e dezAne itihAsa lAMkhA ane samRddha che. temaNe prApta karelI siddhio, vepArarAjagAra, kaLA ane khAsa karIne sthApatyanI bAbatamAM te samRddha che. ethI karIne temane tihAsa adhyayana karavA yogya che. vaLI hiMdIo mATe te temanA itihAsa vizeSe karIne rasaprada che. kemake e deza hiMdanA ja lagabhaga eka bhAga samAna hatA. hiMdunAM ja strIpuruSo pUrva nA sAgara oLaMgIne tyAM gayAM hatAM ane potAnI sAthe hiMdanI saMskRti, sudhArA, kaLA ane dharma tyAM letAM gayAM hatAM. Ama maleziyAnI vAtamAM ApaNe AgaLa nIkaLI gayAM paraMtu kharI rIte to hajI ApaNe sAtamI sadImAM ja chIe. ApaNe hajI arabastAna javAnuM che ane jene kAraNe yuropa tathA eziyAmAM bhAre pheraphAro thavA pAmyA te slAma dharmanA Agamana viSe vicAra karavAne che. e uparAMta yuropamAM banelA banAvAno paNa ApaNe paricaya karavAnA che. have ApaNe jarA pAchaLa hIe ane yuropa tarapha pharIthI najara karIe. esaksanI sAmudradhUnInA kAMThA upara prAcIna I jhenTiyama nagarane sthaLe romana samrATa kaoNnsTenTAIne kaoNnsTAnTinepala nAmanuM zahera vasAvyuM hatuM te tane yAda haze. te samrATe sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI jUnA rezamathI A zaheramAM athavA navA rAmamAM khaseDI. e pachI thoDA vakhata bAda romana sAmrAjya be bhAgamAM vahecAI gayuM. rezama pazcima taraphanA sAmrAjyanI ane kaoNnsTAnTinopala pUrva taraphanA sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI banyuM. pUnA sAmrAjyane dhaNI musIbata ane ghaNA duzmanono sAmano karavA paDyo. paraMtu ajAyabInI vAta to e che ke, Ama chatAM paNa chevaTe turka lokAe teno aMta ANyA tyAM sudhI eTale ke lagabhaga agiyAra sadI sudhI te game tema karIne paNa TakI rahyuM. pazcimanA sAmrAjyanuM bhAvI enAthI juduM hatuM. ghaNA lAMbA vakhata sudhI pazcimanI duniyA upara potAnuM prabhutva jamAvanAra sAmrAjyanA pATanagara rAmanI temaja romana lokAnI bhAre pratiSThA hAvA chatAM pazcimanuM sAmrAjya AzcaryakAraka jhaDapathI bhAgI paDayuM. uttara taraphanI eka jAtinA humalAnA te sAmano karI zakayu nahi. gaoNtha lokAnA saradAra eNlerike iTAlI upara caDAI karI ane 410 nI sAlamAM

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rema pharIthI aMdhakAramAM DUbe che emane kabaje lIdhe. e pachI venDAla lekA AvyA ane temaNe paNa roma zaherane bALyuM ane lUMTavuM. vevAla leke paNa jarmana jAtinA hatA. teo phrAMsa tathA penamAM thaIne AphrikA pahoMcyA hatA ane tyAM kArbejanA khaMDiyere upara temaNe pitAnuM rAjya sthApyuM. e prAcIna kArbejathI samudra oLaMgIne temaNe roma sara karyuM. yunika vigrahamAM pitAnA upara vijaya meLavanAra rema upara kArgeje moDuM evuM paNa jANe vera lIdhuM ema A caDAI uparathI lAge che. lagabhaga A ja arasAmAM madhya eziyA athavA te maMgeliyAmAMthI UtarI AvelA draNa leke baLavAna banyA. e loko gopa prajA hatI. teo DAnyuba nadInI pUrvanA ane pUrvanA romana sAmrAjyanA pazcima ane uttaranA pradezamAM vasyA hatA. temanA saradAra eNTIlAnI AgevAnI nIce e leke vadhAre AkramaNakArI banyA ane konsTAnTinopalane samrATa ane tenI sarakAra temanAthI niraMtara karatAM rahetAM. eNTIlA temane hameza dama bharAvyA karato ane temanI pAsethI moTI rakama paDAva. pUrvanA sAmrAjyane sArI peThe zaramiMdu karyA pachI teNe pazcimanA romana sAmrAjya upara humale karavAno nizcaya karyo. gela pradeza upara teNe caDAI karI ane dakSiNa kosanAM ghaNAM zaherone teNe nAza karyo. sAmrAjyanI phejanuM te eNTIlAne sAmano karavAnuM gajuM ja nahotuM. paraMtu jemane teo barbara gaNatA hatA te jarmana jAtio paNa tenAthI DarI gaI hatI. ethI karIne phreka ane gUtha vagere jarmana jAtio paNa sAmrAjyanI phoja sAthe maLI gaI. ane te baMnee maLIne TrAIsa AgaLanA yuddhamAM eNTIlAnI saradArI nIcenA draNa lekane sAmano karyo. e yuddhamAM eTIlA hAryo ane maMgoliyAnA daNa lekene pAchA haThAvavAmAM AvyA. e saMgrAmamAM doDha lAkha jeTalA mANaso marAyA hatA ema kahevAya che. 451 nI sAlamAM A bInA banI. paraMtu hArI javA chatAye eNTIlAmAM laDAyaka jusso UbharAtuM hatuM. te iTAlImAM UtarI paDyo ane uttara taraphanAM ghaNuM gAme tathA zahere teNe lUTayAM ane bhasmIbhUta karyA. paraMtu e pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM te marI gaye ane krUratA ane ghAtakIpaNAnI amara nAmanA pitAnI pAchaLa mUkate gaye. eNTIlA Aje paNa karatA ane vinAzanA pati svarUpa sama gaNAya che. tenA maraNa pachI dUNa leke zAMta paDyA ane temaNe sthAyI vasavATa karyo tathA AsapAsanA lekamAM teo bhaLI

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240 jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzana gayA. tane yAda haze ke lagabhaga A ja arasAmAM zveta aa hiMdamAM AvyA hatA. e pachI cALIsa varasa bAda gautha lIkAnA saradAra thiyoDorIka rAmanA rAjA thayA ane e rIte pazcimanA sAmrAjyanA lagabhaga aMta avyo. thoDA vakhata pachI pUrva taraphanA sAmrAjyanA jasTIniyana nAmanA samrATe iTAlIne peAtAnA sAmrAjyamAM bheLavI devAnA prayAsa karyAM. emAM tene saphaLatA maLI. teNe iTAlI ane sisilI ane jItI lIdhAM paraMtu theADA ja vakhatamAM te pAchAM chUTAM paDI gayAM. kemake pUnA sAmrAjyane potAnI ja rakSA karavAnI ciMtA rIka kIka pramANamAM UbhI thaI hatI. sAmrAjya tema ja tenuM pATanagara rAma bahAranI je kAI paNa jAtie temanA upara hallA karyAM tenAthI ATalAM jaladI ane ATalI sahelAIthI parAsta thaI gayAM e bhAre tAjUtInI vAta nathI? e uparathI kAI ne paNa ema lAge ke rAma aMdarathI khavAI ne poluM thaI gayuM haze, athavA te te chinnabhinna thaI gayuM haze. ekadare e vAta sAcI che. ghaNA lAMbA samayathI `remanI pratiSThA e ja tenI tAkAta hatI. tenA bhUtakALanA itihAse lekane mane duniyAnA agraNI tarIke mAnavAne preryAM hatA. ethI karIne te tenA tarapha mAnanI najare jotA hatA tathA temanA manamAM tene viSe AMdhaLA bhaya pesI gayA hatA. ene lIdhe rAmanI nagarI bahArathI teA sAmrAjyanI sAmrAjJI tarIke cAlu rahI paraMtu vastutaH tenI pAchaLa kazuM ja baLa rahyuM nahatuM. bahArathI te tyAM zAMti jaNAtI hatI ane raMgabhUmi, sarakaso tathA bajAromAM lokAnI bhAre Tha jAmatI hatI, paraMtu rAma anivArya rIte vinAza tarapha dhasaDAI rahyuM hatuM. te nabaLuM paDayuM hatuM e ja eka tenA vinAzanuM kAraNa nahotuM. enu kharuM kAraNa to e hatuM ke teNe janatAnAM du:kho ane gulAmInA pAyA upara potAnI dhanika varganI saMskRti racI hatI. mArA eka patramAM meM garIba lakAnAM ramakhANAnI tema ja gulAmeAnA baLavAnI ane te kevI ghAtakI rIte dabAvI devAmAM AvyA hatA tenI vAta karI hatI. rAmanI samAjaracanA keTalI badhI saDI gaI hatI e vastu ApaNane A ramakhANA tathA baLavAnA banAvA uparathI mAlUma paDe thaI rahI hatI ane che. e samAjaracanA Apa meLe ja chinnabhinna uttara tarapha gautha temaja khIjI jAtionA AgamanathI e kriyAne

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rAma pharIthI adhakAramAM DUbe che 241 vadhAre vega maLyA tathA ene lIdhe ja rAma taraphathI temane jhAjho sAmane veThavA na paDyo. rAmana kheDUta potAnI kaMgAliyata ane durdazAthI trAsI gayA hatA ane te game tevA pheraphArane AvakAravA tatpara hatA. garIba majUra varga ane gulAmeAnI dazA te ethIye bhUMDI hatI. pazcimanA rAmana sAmrAjyanA patana pachI gautha, phreMka vagere pazcima taraphanI navI jAtie AgaLa AvavA lAgI. AgaLa AvanAra jAtio paikI A sivAya bIjI jAtie paNa hatI paNa temanAM nAma gaNAvIne huM tane trAsa ApavA mAgatA nathI. e . lo phreMca ane jarmana vagere pazcima yurepanI AjanI prajAeAnA pUrvajo hatA. have pachI dhIme dhIme yuropanA AjanA deza nirmANa thatA ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. sAthe sAthe tyAM AgaLa bahu ja nIcI kakSAnI saMskRti paNa ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. sAmrAjyanA pATanagara rAmanuM patana thatAMnI sAthe tenA bhapakAnA tathA vaibhavavilAsanA paNa aMta Avye; ane je upara uparanI saMskRti zcamamAM jema tema karIne TakI rahI hatI te eka ja divasamAM alepa thaI gaI, kemake nIcethI tenAM mULiyAM kyAranAMye khavAI gayAM hatAM. A rIte ApaNe manuSyajAtinI pIchehaThanuM vicitra dRzya ApaNI najara samakSa joIe chIe. A ja zA ApaNane hiMdustAna, mIsara, cIna, grIsa, rAma ane khIje ThekANe paNa jovA maLe che. prajAe bhAre jJAna ane anubhava ekaDA kare che ane saMskRti tathA sudhAro nirmANa kare che. pachI amuka hada sudhI AgaLa jaI te te aTakI paDe che - mAtra tyAM aTakI ja nathI rahetI paNa pAchaLa haDe che. bhUtakALa upara jANe paDado paDI jAya che ane beMke kadI kadI ApaNane tenI jhAMkhI thatI rahe che kharI paraMtu jJAna ane anubhavanA pahADA pharI pAchA navesarathI caDavAnA rahe che. saMbhava che ke pratyeka caDANa vakhate mANasa vadhAre ne vadhAre UMce caDatA jatA haze ane tethI karIne AgaLanuM caDANa vadhAre saheluM banatuM haze. jema avaresTanA zikhara upara caDavAne eka pachI bIjI TALI AvatI jAya che ane te dareka zikharanI vadhu ne vadhu najIka paheAMce che ane sa Mbhava che ke duniyAnA sauthI UMcA zikharanI Toce pahoMcavAmAM thADA vakhatamAM mAnavIne saphaLatA maLaze. - A rIte yuropamAM aMdhakAra vyApelA ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. tyAM 'aMdhakAra yuga' zarU thAya che ane mANasanuM jIvana asaMskArI ane la-16

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana aNaghaDa banI jAya che. keLavaNIne lagabhaga lepa thAya che ane yuddha e mANasane ekamAtra vyavasAya yA manaraMjana banI raheluM jaNAya che. sekreTIsa ane pleTanA divase bahu dUra khasI gayA hoya ema lAge che. ATaluM pazcimanA sAmrAjya viSe. have ApaNe pUrvanA sAmrAjya tarapha paNa najara karIe. tane yAda haze ke kensenTAIne khristI dharmane rAjadharma banAvyA hatA. paraMtu tenI pachInA juliyana nAmanA eka samrATe khristI dharma svIkAravAnI nA pADI. te jUnAM devadevIonI pUjA pharIthI zarU karavA mAgatuM hatuM. paraMtu juliyanane emAM saphaLatA na maLI; kemake jUnAM devadevIonA divase have vItI gayA hatA ane temanI tulanAmAM khristI dharma sArI peThe jaDa ghAlI hatI. khristIoe juliyananuM nAma "dharmabhraSTa juliyana' pADayuM hatuM ane itihAsamAM te e ja nAme oLakhAya che. juliyana pachI tarata ja tenAthI bilakula viruddha prakRtine samrATa gAdIe AvyuM. tenuM nAma thisiyasa hatuM, ane tene "mahAna" kahevAmAM Ave che. mArA dhAravA pramANe te purANAM maMdiro ane devadevIonI mUrtione nAza karavAmAM te mahAna hatuM ethI karIne te mahAna kahevAya che. te khristI sivAyanA lokone bhAre virodhI hate eTaluM ja nahi paNa pitAnAthI bhinna mata dharAvatA khristI leke pratye paNa atizaya kaDaka hate. pitAne maMjUra na hoya evA kaI paNa abhiprAya ke dharmane te sAMkhI zakatA nahote. thiyeDesiyase TUMka samaya mATe romanAM pazcima ane pUrvanAM sAmrAjyane joDI dIdhAM ane te baMnene pite samrATa bane. uttaranA barbara lekAe roma upara caDAI karI te pahelAM 392nI sAlamAM A banyuM hatuM. khristI dharma A daramiyAna phelAte gaye. have tene akhristIo joDe takarAra rahI nahatI. have te judA judA khristI saMpradAye ja mAMhomAMhe ekabIjA sAme laDavA lAgyA hatA. temanI ekabIjA pratyenI asahiSNutA gajaba hatI. AkhA uttara AphrikA, pazcima yuropa tema ja pazcima eziyAmAM paNa ghaNe ThekANe e saMpradAyanI laDAIo thaI ane temAM khristIoe temanA bIjA khristI dharmabaMdhuone sAcA dharmanuM bhAna karAvavA mATe daMDA, lAThI ane evAM bIja samajAvaTanAM haLavAM sAdhanane upayoga karyo.

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rema pharIthI asakAramAM DUbe che parathI 565nI sAla sudhI kaeNnsTAnTinepalamAM sTIniyana samrATa rahyo. huM upara kahI gayA ke teNe gAtha lAkrAne iTAlImAMthI hAMkI kADhayA ane thoDA vakhata mATe TAlI ane sisilI pUrvanA sAmrAjyanA bhAga tarIke rahyAM. paraMtu thADA vakhata pachI gautha lokAe iTAlI pAchuM meLavyuM. 243 jIniyane kaoNnsTAnTinepalamAM senTa sAyAnuM eka suMdara devaLa baMdhAvyuM. te Aje paNa khAI jhenTAInanAM devaLAmAM sAthI suMdara gaNAya che. vaLI teNe kAbela vakIlo pAse te vakhatanA badhA meAbUda kAyadA ekaThA karAvyA ane tenuM vyavasthita rIte vargIkaraNa karAvyuM. pUnA sAmrAjya ane tenA samrATa viSe kaMI paNa jANyuM te pahelAM dhaNA vakhata upara A kAyadAnA pustaka parathI tenuM nAma meM jANyu hatuM. kemake e pustakanuM nAma insTITayUTsa oNpha sTIniyana' (jasTIniyananI dhArApothI) che ane mAre te vAMcavuM paDayuM hatuM. vaLI joke jasTIniyane kaeNnsTAnTilamAM vidyApITha sthApI kharI paraMtu teNe athensanI philasUrInA abhyAsanI saMsthA baMdha karAvI. tattvajJAnanI e zikSaNasa MsthA pleTaeN sthApI hatI ane lagabhaga eka hajAra varasa sudhI te cAlu rahI hatI. kAI paNa mUDhAgrahI dharma mATe philasUphI e jokhamakAraka vastu che; kemake philasUphI lekeAne vicAra karavA prere che. Ama ApaNe IsunI chaThThI sadImAM AvI paheAMcIe chIe. ApaNane rAma ane kaoNnsTAnTinApala dhIme dhIme ekabIjAthI dUra jatAM jhAya che; uttara taraphanI jana jAtie rAmane kabajo lIdhA ane kaoNnsTAnTitApala potAne romana kahevaDAvatu hatu chatAMye pUrvanA grIka sAmrAjyanu kendra banyu. rAma chinnabhinna thaI gayuM ane potAnI jAhojalAlInA samayamAM jemane te 'khara' tarIke oLakhatuM evA tenA vijetAonI saMskRtinI nIcI pAyarIe UtarI gayuM. kaoNnspAnTanepale amuka rIte jUnI praNAlI jALavI rAkhI paraMtu te paNa saMskRtinI nIcI kakSAe UtarI gayuM. khristI saMpradAyA sarasAI mATe ekakhIjAnI sAme laDatA hatA ane cheka cIna, turkastAna ane ebisIniyA sudhI phelAyelA pUrva taraphanA khristI dharma rAma tema ja kaoNnsTAntinepala khanethI chUTA paDI gayA. have yuropamAM aMdhakAra yuga zarU thayA. A samaya sudhI grIka bhASA athavA grIkamAMthI preraNA meLavelI jUnI laeNTina bhASAnA abhyAsa e zikSaNa gaNAtuM. paraMtu grIka bhASAnA prAcIna graMthAmAM tA devadevIonAM

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244 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana varNane hatAM tathA philasUphInI bhinnabhinna zAkhAonI carcAo hatI. paraMtu te samayanA bhAvika, zraddhALu ane asahiSNu khristIo mATe e graMthe ucita sAhitya manAtuM nahotuM. AthI e sAhityanA abhyAsane uttejana ApavAmAM AvatuM nahotuM ane tethI vidyA ane kaLAnAM keTalAMka svarUpane hAni pahoMcI. paraMtu khristI dharme vidyA ane kaLAne jALavI rAkhavAmAM paNa kaMIka phALo Ape che. zrAddha saMghanI peThe khristI maThe paNa UbhA thavA mAMDyA ane jhaDapathI tene badhe phelA thaze. A maThemAM kadI kadI prAcIna vidyAne Azraya maLatuM hatuM ane sadIo pachI je pitAnA saMpUrNa sAMdaryathI prallita ane pallavita thaI te navI kaLAnAM bIja paNa e ja momAM ropAyAM hatAM. keIka upAye A maThanA sAdhuoe ja vidyA ane kaLAnI ta jhAMkhI jhAMkhI paNa baLatI rAkhI. e jota bujhAtI aTakAvIne temaNe bhAre sevA bajAvI che. paraMtu vidyAne e prakAza bahu alpa kSetramAM ja parimita hate. enI bahAra sarvatra aMdhakAra vyApI rahyo hato. khristI dharmanA A AraMbhakALamAM bIjI paNa eka vicitra pravRtti ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. dhArmika lAgaNInA AvezamAM AvI jaIne ghaNAM loke manuSyavasatIthI dUra ekAMtamAM jaMgale ke raNamAM jaIne vasatA ane tyAM hogIonA jevuM jIvana gALatA. teo atizaya kaSTa veThatA, kadI paNa nahotA nahi ane sAmAnya rIte bane eTalI pIDA sahana karavAno prayatna karatA. khAsa karIne mIsaramAM A prathA khUba pracAramAM hatI. tyAM AgaLa raNamAM AvA ghaNA sAdhuo rahetA. temane kaMIka evo khyAla hoya ema jaNAya che ke jeTalI vadhAre pIDA veThe ane jeTaluM ochuM nahAyadhue eTalA pramANamAM teo vadhAre pAka thatA hatA. evo eka sAdhu te varasa sudhI eka thAMbhalAnI Toce beThe rahyo hate ! AvA sAdhuo te dhIme dhIme lupta thaI gayA paraMtu lAMbA samaya sudhI ghaNA bhAvika khristIo ema ja mAnatA ke kaI paNa vastuno upabhoga kare e lagabhaga pApa karavA samAna che. kaSTa bhogavavAnA A khyAle khristI mAnasa upara asara karI hatI. AjakAla yuropamAM to A vastu jarAye dekhAtI nathI ! tyAM AgaLa Aje te badhA gAMDAtUra banI game tyAM bhaTakIne jyAM tyAMthI majA uDAvavAmAM mazagUla dekhAya che. paraMtu ahIMtahIM bhaTakavAthI

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roma pharIthI aMdhakAramAM DUbe che 245 te Akhare thAka caDe che ane kaMTALo Ave che paNa majA nathI maLatI. paraMtu hiMdustAnamAM te hajI Aje paNa keTalAka leke kaMIka aMze mIsaranA khristI sAdhuonI jema vartatA jovAmAM Ave che. keTalAka pitAne hAtha sukAIne lAkaDA jevo thaI jAya tyAM sudhI UMce rAkhI mUke che, keTalAka aNIdAra khIlAo upara besI rahe che athavA evI bIjI ghaNI arthahIna ane bevakUphIbharI kriyAo kare che. mArA dhAravA pramANe keTalAka te kevaLa abodha le ke upara chApa pADIne temanI pAsethI paisA kaDhAvavA mATe A kare che. paraMtu bIjA keTalAka ethI karIne vadhAre pavitra ane pAka thavAya che ema dhArIne paNa karatA hoya e saMbhava che. pitAnA zarIrane koI paNa pravRtti mATe nakAmuM banAvI devuM e kadI paNa IcchavAjoga hoya kharuM? A uparathI mane buddhanI eka vAta yAda Ave che. e vAta paNa ApaNe jUnA mitra hyuenatsAMga pAsethI mane maLI che. buddhane eka yuvAna ziSya tapazcaryA karatA hatA. buddhe tene pUchayuM, "bhalA juvAna, tuM saMsArI tarIke rahete hatuM tyAre tene sAraMgI vagADatAM AvaDatuM hatuM ? teNe kahyuM, "hA, mane tyAre sAraMgI vagADatAM AvaDatuM hatuM." buddhe kahyuM, "ThIka tyAre, enA uparathI tane huM eka daSTAMta ApuM. sAraMgInA tAra bahu taMga hoya tyAre tene avAja surIle nathI hoto. jyAre e tAre bahu DhIlA hoya tyAre tenA avAjamAM saMvAditA ke mIThAza nathI hotAM. paraMtu tenA tAra bahu taMga ke bahu DhIlA na hoya tyAre temAMthI saMvAdI ane mIThA sUra nIkaLe che. zarIranI bAbatamAM paNa ema ja che. je tenA upara khUba sakhatAI karavAmAM Ave te te thAkI jAya che ane mana udAsa ane beparavA banI jAya che ane je tenI vadhAre paDatI ALapaMpALa karavAmAM Ave te mANasanI lAgaNIo maMda paDI jAya che ane tenuM saMkalpabaLa zithila thaI jAya che."

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48 islAmanA udaya 21 me, 1932 ApaNe dhaNA dezAnA itihAsa ane ghaNAM rAjyo ane sAmrAjyanI caDatIpaDatI joI gayAM. paraMtu hajI sudhI arabastAna ApaNI vAtamAM nathI AvyuM. hA, ene viSe ApaNe eTaluM jANyuM che kharu ke arabastAnamAMthI nAvikA ane vepArIe pRthvInA dUra dUra bhAgamAM jatA hatA. jarA nakazA tarapha najara kara. arabastAnanI pazcime mIsara che, uttare sIriyA ane irAka che ane enI saheja pUrva bAjue IrAna che, jarA dUra vAyavya khUNAmAM eziyAmAInara ane kaoNnsTAnTinepala che. grIsa paNa tyAMthI bahu dUra nathI ane bIjI bAjue najIka ja samudranI pelI pAra hiMdustAna che. cIna ane dUra pUrvanA mulakAne cheDI daIe to arabastAna prAcIna saMskRtinI vaccovaca AveluM hatuM. irAkamAM yukreTIsa ane TAIgrIsa nadInA pradezamAM moTAM meTAM zaheza UbhAM thayAM. e ja rIte mIsaramAM eNlekajhAMDiyA, sIriyAmAM mAskasa, ane eziyAmAM enTieka jevAM meTAM meTAM naga astitvamAM AvyAM. Araba leAka vepArI ane pravAsI hatA eTale teo avAranavAra A badhAM zaheromAM jatAAvatA haze. Ama chatAM paNa arabastAne itihAsamAM hajI kA mahattvanA bhAga bhajavyo nahAtA. vaLI tyAM AgaLa tenI AsapAsanA dezonI saMskRti jeTalI UMcI kakSAnI saMskRti vikasI hAya ema paNa jaNAtuM nathI. hajI arabaratAne kadI paNa khIjA dezo jItavAnI keAziza karI nahotI temaja te kASThanAthI chatAyuM paNa nahotuM. arabastAna raNane mulaka che. ane raNa tathA pahADAmAM hamezAM khaDatala leke pAke che. temane potAnI svataMtratA atizaya vahAlI vhAya che ane sahelAIthI temane harAvI zakAtA nathI. arabastAna bahu samRd ke rasALa deza nahAtA ane vijetA ane sAmrAjyavAdIone AkarSe evuM tyAM kazuM nahetuM. temAM mAtra makkA ane cezrIba e e ja nAnakaDAM

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247 IralAmane udaya zahera hatAM. e baMne dariyAkinAre AvelAM hatAM. bAkInA leke raNamAM vasatA hatA ane e dezanA moTA bhAganA lake badda eTale ke "raNamAM vasanArA" hatA. jhaDapI UMTa ane suMdara ghoDA temanA kAmanA sAthI hatA. pitAnI AzcaryakAraka sahanazIlatAne kAraNe gadheDuM paNa temanuM kImatI ane vaphAdAra mitra gaNAtuM hatuM. gadheDa sAthe koInI sarakhAmaNI tyAM bIjA dezanI mAphaka niMdasUcaka nahi paNa prazaMsArUpa lekhAtI kemake raNanA mulakamAM jIvana atizaya kaThaNa hoya che. ane bIjI jagyAone mukAbale tyAM AgaLa kevata ane sahanazIlatA e vadhAre kImatI guNe lekhAya che. A raNavAsI leke magarUra, lAgaNIpradhAna ane kajiyAra hoya che. teo kuTuMba ane kuLa bAMdhIne rahetA ane bIjAM kuTuMba tathA kuLe sAthe laDyA karatA. varasamAM eka vakhata teo badhA ApasamAM suleha karatA ane makakAnI yAtrAe jatA. makkAmAM temanA aneka devonI mUrtio hatI. paraMtu eka moTA kALA paththaranI teo vizeSe karIne pUjA karatA. tenuM nAma "kAbA' hatuM. teo kuTuMba ke kuLanA vaDIlanI AgevAnI nIce ropajIvana gALatA. madhya eziyAnI AraNyaka jAtio kAyamI vasavATa karIne nAgarika ane saMskArI jIvana gALavA lAgI te pahelAM teo jevuM jIvana gALatI tevA prakAranuM jIvana A Araba leke gALatA hatA. arabastAnanI AjubAju moTAM moTAM sAmrAjya UbhAM thayAM temanI hakumata nIcenA pradezamAM ghaNI vAra tene samAveza thatuM hatuM. paraMtu arabastAna uparanI temanI hakUmata nAmanI ja hatI. raNamAM vasatI ropajIvana gALatI jAtione jItavI ke temanA upara hakUmata calAvavI e ramata vAta nahatI. kadAca tane yAda haze ke sIriyAmAM pAmIra nAmanuM eka nAnakaDuM Araba rAjya UbhuM thayuM hatuM ane IsavI sananI trIjI sadImAM thoDA samaya mATe tenI caDatI kaLA rahI hatI. paraMtu e paNa arabastAnanI bhUminI bahAra ja hatuM. Ama baMdu leke peDhI dara peDhI raNavAsInuM jIvana gALatA hatA, Araba vahANe vepAra mATe dUra dezAvara jatAM hatAM ane arabastAnanI sthiti jevI ne tevI ja rahI hatI temAM kaze pheraphAra thatuM nahotuM. keTalAka Araba khristI thaI gayA ane keTalAka

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248 jagatanA itihAsanu rekhAdarzana yI banyA paraMtu moTA bhAganA ArA te makkAnA 360 bhutA ane kAkhAnA pUjakeA ja rahyA. je jAti anyatra banatA banAvAthI aLagI rahI hatI ane jamAnAethI suSuptimaya jIvana gALatI AvI hatI te Araba jAti ekAeka jAgrata thaI ne AkhI duniyAne tharakAMpa karI mUke ane cAlatI AvelI vyavasthAne uthalAvI nAkhe evuM bhAre sAmarthya dAkhave e atizaya AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che. Araba leAkeAnI kathA temaja teo je jhaDapathI eziyA, yurApa ane AphrikAmAM pharI vaLyA tathA temaNe ucca kATInI je saMskRti ane sudhAro khIlavyAM e hakIkata ItihAsanI aneka ajAyabIomAMnI eka che. , je navI zakti ane navA khyAla ke vicAre Araba lokAne jagADavA tathA temanAmAM AtmavizvAsa pedA karIne temane tAkAta ApI te islAma hatA. e dhama mahaMmada nAmanA navA pegambare pravartAvye hatA. te pa70nI sAlamAM arabastAnamAM janmyA hatA. A dharma pravartAvavAnI temane kazI utAvaLa nahetI. te zAMtimaya jIvana gujAratA hatA ane makkAnA loke temane cahAtA hatA ane temanA upara vizvAsa rAkhatA hatA. sAce ja saiA temane ' al-amIna ' eTale ke vizvAsapAtra kahetA. paraMtu jyAre temaNe navA dharmanA upadeza karavA mAMDyo ane khAsa karIne makkAnA mutAnI viruddha pracAra karavA mAMDayo tyAre emanI sAme bhAre virodha jAgyA ane chevaTe temane makkAmAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. mahAmuzkelIthI potAnA jAna bacAvIne te makkAmAMthI cAlyA gayA. khudA eka che ane maha Mmada tenA pegaMbara che e vAta upara ja temaNe potAnA upadezamAM khAsa bhAra mUkyo hatA. . makkAmAMthI potAnA ja lokAthI bahiSkRta thayA pachI mahaMmada sAhebe yazrIbanA temanA keTalAka mitrA ane sahAyakeAnA AzarA lIdhe. makkAmAMthI temanI ravAnagIne arakhI bhASAmAM hijarata kahevAmAM Ave che ane e divasathI eTale ke 622nI sAlathI musalamAnone sana athavA saMvata zarU thAya che. e hijarI saMvata cAMdra savata che eTale ke caMdranI gati uparathI enI gaNatarI thAya che. ethI karIne e varasa eTale ke cAMdra hijarI varasa AjakAla sAmAnya rIte je pracAramAM che te saiAra varasa karatAM pAMca cha divasa TUMkuM che. ethI karIne jirI saMvatanA mahinAe haMmezAM eka ja RtumAM nathI Ava tA.

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249 islAmane udaya Ama tene eka mahine A varase ziyALAmAM hoya to thoDAM varasa pachI te mArA unALAnI adhavaca Ave. islAma dharmane AraMbha mahaMmada sAheba makakAthI hijarata karIgayA tyArathI eTale ke 622nI sAlathI thaye ema kahI zakAya. paraMtu eka rIte teno AraMbha e pahelAM thayA hatA. yazrIba zahere mahaMmada sAhebane vadhAvI lIdhA ane temanA AgamananA mAnamAM tenuM nAma badalIne "madInA - una - nabI' eTale ke nabInuM zahera evuM nAma rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. AjakAla saMkSepamAM tene mAtra madInA kahevAmAM Ave che. madInAnA je rahevAzIoe mahaMmada sAhebane madada karI hatI te "ansAra " eTale ke madadagAra kahevAyA. temanA A madadagAronA vaMzajo A khitAba mATe magarUra che ane Aje paNa te dhAraNa kare che. islAma ane ArabonI chatonI kArakirdIne vicAra karIe te pahelAM ApaNe jarA AsapAsa najara karI laIe. romanuM patana ApaNe hamaNAM ja joI gayAM. grIsa-romanI purANI saMskRtino aMta AvI gayo hato ane tenA pAyA upara racAyelI samAjavyavasthA astavyasta thaI gaI hatI. have uttara yuropanI jAtio ane kabIlAo dhIre dhIre AgaLa AvatA jatA hatA. rema pAsethI kaMIka zIkhavAno prayatna karatAM teo taddana navA ja prakAranI saMskRti nirmANa karI rahyA hatA. paraMtu hajI te mAtra tenI zarUAta ja thatI hatI eTale narI AMkhe joI zakAya evuM kazuM ja e vakhate pedA thayuM nahotuM. Ama jUnI saMskRti lupta thaI gaI hatI ane tene ThekANe navI saMskRti hajI nirmANa thaI nahotI eTale yuropamAM sarvatra aMdhakAra vyA hatA. e kharuM che ke tenA pUrva cheDA upara pUrvanuM rezamana sAmrAjya hajI mejUda hatuM. kaoNnsTAnTinopala e vakhate paNa suMdara ane mahAna nagara hatuM. e vakhate yurepanuM te saithI moTuM zahera hatuM. tenA vartulAkAra prekSAgAramAM ramatagamata ane sarakaso thayA karatAM hatAM ane tyAM AgaLa hajI paNa sArI peThe bhapako ane DALadamAka hatAM. Ama chatAM paNa te sAmrAjya nabaLuM paDatuM jatuM hatuM. IrAnanA sAsAnI ke jeDe tene satata laDAI cAlyA karatI hatI. IrAnanA bIjA khuzaroe kanjhAnTinopalane keTaleka mulaka paDAvI lIdhuM hatuM ane arabastAna upara paNa pitAnuM Adhipatya che ema te mAnatA hatA. joke arabastAna uparanuM tenuM Adhipatya nAmanuM ja hatuM. khuzaroe

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana misara paNa jItI lIdhuM ane cheka konsTonTinepala sudhI te pahoMcI gaye. paraMtu hereliyasa nAmanA grIka samrATe tyAM AgaLa tene harAvyuM. pAchaLathI khuzane tenA ja putra kavAde mArI nAkhyo hato. - A uparathI tane mAluma paDaze ke pazcima tarapha yuropa ane pUrva tarapha IrAna e baMnenI dazA bUrI hatI. A uparAMta khristI saMpradAyamAM pAra vagaranA jhaghaDA cAlyA ja karatA hatA. AphrikA tema ja pazcimamAM pracalita khristI dharma kaluSita ane TaMTAra thaI gayuM hatuM. IrAnamAM jarathostI dharma rAjadharma banyuM hatuM ane leke upara te baLajabarIthI lAdavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. yurepa, AphrikA ane IrAnane sAmAnya mANasa te te sthaLanA pracalita dharmathI bejAra thaI gayuM hatuM. sAtamI sadInA AraMbhamAM lagabhaga A ja samaye yuropamAM bhayaMkara vega phATI nIkaLe ane teNe lAkho lokonA jAna lIdhA. A samaye hiMdamAM harSavardhana rAjya karatA hatA ane hyuenasAMge hiMdanI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. harSanA samayamAM hiMdustAna baLavAna deza hatuM paraMtu pachIthI thoDA ja samaya bAda uttara hiMdanA bhAgalA paDI gayA ane te nabaLuM paDI gayuM. dara pUrvamAM e samaye mahAna taMga vaMzane amala zarU thayuM hatuM. 6ra7nI sAlamAM tAI sAMga nAmane e vaMzane eka mahAna samrATa gAdI upara Avyo ane enA amala daramyAna cInanuM sAmrAjya pazcime cheka kAspiyana samudra sudhI vistaryuM hatuM. madhya eziyAnA ghaNAkharA dezee tenuM Adhipatya svIkAryuM hatuM ane teo tene khaMDaNI bharatA hatA. paraMtu ghaNuM karIne AvaDA meTA sAmrAjya upara zAsana karanAra koI madhyastha rAjataMtra nahetuM. islAmanA udaya vakhate yuropa ane eziyAnI A hAlata hatI. cIna baLavAna ane samartha hatuM paraMtu te bahu dUra hatuM. kaMI nahIM te thoDA samaya sudhI hiMda paNa pUratuM baLavAna hatuM ane ApaNe joIzuM ke ghaNA lAMbA vakhata sudhI hiMda sAthe IslAmane kaze jhaghaDo thayo nahe. yuropa ane AphrikA kamajora banI gayAM hatAM ane cheka nivarya thaI gayAM hatAM. hijarata pachI sAta varasanI aMdara mahaMmada sAheba svAmI tarIke makkAmAM pAchA AvyA. A pahelAM ja temaNe duniyAnA tamAma rAjAo ane samrATe upara, khudA eka che ane mahaMmada tene pegambara che e vastu mAnya rAkhavAnuM pharamAna mekalyuM hatuM. kosTAnTinopalane samrATa

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islAmane udaya ra51 hereliyasa sIriyAmAM IrAnI leke joDe yuddhamAM rokAyela hatuM te samaye tene A pharamAna maLyuM; IrAnanA rAjAne paNa e pharamAna maLyuM hatuM. vaLI ema paNa kahevAya che ke cInanA samrATa tAI sAMgane paNa A pharamAna pahoMcADavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A samrATe ane rAjAone navAI lAgI haze ke temane hukama pharamAvavAnI hiMmata karanAra e ajANyo AdamI te koNa haze! mahaMmada sAhebe AvA Adeza mokalyA hatA te uparathI temane potAnI jAta upara ane pitAnA kArya paratve keTale bhAre vizvAsa haze ene ApaNane kaMIka aMdAja Ave che. ane A AtmavizvAsa tathA zraddhA temaNe pitAnI prajAmAM reDyAM ane temAMthI preraNA ane AzvAsana meLavIne raNanA A mAmUlI lekAe te vakhate jANItI lagabhaga adhI duniyA jItI lIdhI. AtmavizvAsa ane zraddhA e tattvataH bhAre vastuo che. e uparAMta IslAme e lokone bhrAtRbhAvane arthAta sarve musalamAne samAna che e saMdeza paNa Apyo. A rIte leke samakSa amuka rItanI prajAtaMtranI bhAvanA rajU thaI te samayanA bhraSTa khristI dharmane mukAbale bhAIcArAnA A Adeze kevaLa Araba lake upara ja nahi paraMtu teo je je dezamAM gayA te te dezanA leke upara paNa bhAre asara karI haze. hijarata pachI daza varSa bAda 632nI sAlamAM mahaMmada sAheba maraNa pAmyA. arabastAnanI ApasamAM ekabIjA sAthe laDatI aneka jAtiomAMthI eka prajA nirmANa karavAmAM ane temanAmAM dhyeyane mATenI dhagaza pedA karavAmAM te phatehamaMda thayA. emanA pachI abbakara nAmanA temanA ja eka kuTuMbI khalIphA thayA. jAhera sabhAmAM sAmAnya saMmatithI cUMTaNI karIne khalIphAnA vArasanI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvatI. be varasa pachI abbakara maraNa pAmyA ane temanI jagyAe umara AvyA. te daza varasa sudhI khalIphA rahyA. abUbakara ane umara mahApuruSA hatA ane temaNe arabastAna tema ja islAmanI mahattAne pAyo nAkhyo. khalIphA tarIke te dharmanA tema ja rAjyanA paNa vaDA hatA. eTale ke teo rAjA ane dharmaguru baMne hatA. temanI padavI UMcI hatI ane rAjyanI sattA uttarottara vadhatI jatI hatI chatAMye temaNe jIvananI sAdAI cheDI nahi ane hamATha tathA ezaArAmathI teo aLagA rahyA. islAmanI prajAtaMtranI bhAvanA temane mATe jIvatI jAgatI vastu hatI. paraMtu temanA pitAnA ja

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana amaladAro ane amIra gheDA ja vakhatamAM vaibhavamAM paDI gayA ane rezamI vastro paheravA lAgyA. abubakara tathA umara evA amaladAre tathA amIrene Thapako ApatA, sajA karatA ane kaI kaIvAra temanA uDAupaNA mATe AMsu sAratA tenI aneka vAto pracalita che. temanI evI mAnyatA hatI ke sAdAI ane khaDatala jIvana upara ja temanA sAmarthane AdhAra che; ane je kaoNnsTAnTinopala tathA IrAnanA rAjadarabAranAM vaibhava ane mojazokhamAM teo paDe te Araba prajA bhraSTa thAya ane pariNAme tenI agati thAya. ' abUbakara ane umaranA amalanA bAra varasanA TUMka samayamAM paNa Araba lekee pUrvanA romana sAmrAjya ane IrAnanA sAsAnI samrATa e baMnene parAjaya karyo. yahUdI leka tema ja khristIonAM pavitra zahera jerusalemano Araoe kabajo lIdhe ane AkhuM sIriyA, IrAka tathA IrAna arabI sAmrAjyano bhAga banI gayAM.

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49 spenathI maMgeliyA sudhInI AranI vijayakUca 23 me, 1932 bIjA dharmapravartakonI jema mahaMmada sAheba paNa ghaNIkharI pracalita sAmAjika rUDhionA kaTTara virodhI hatA. temaNe upadezelA dharmanI sAdAI ane saraLatAne lIdhe tathA temAM rahelI prajAtaMtranI ane samAnatAnI bhAvanAnI suvAsane kAraNe AsapAsanA dezonA leke upara tenI bhAre asara thaI Apakhuda rAjAo ane teTalA ja Apakhuda tathA julamI dharmaguruo ghaNA lAMbA kALathI temane pIsI rahyA hatA. jUnI vyavasthAthI teo trAsyA hatA ane kaI paNa parivartanane bheTavA tatpara hatA. IslAme temanI sAme evuM parivartana rajU karyuM. ane e managamatuM parivartana hatuM kemake ene lIdhe ghaNI rIte temanI hAlata sudharI ane ghaNIkharI purANI badIone aMta AvyuM. paraMtu jethI karIne janatAnuM zepaNa ghaNe aMze baMdha thAya evI kaI mahAna sAmAjika krAMti islAme na ANe. hA, paNa musalamAne pUratuM ema kahI zakAya kharuM ke islAme temanuM zeSaNa kaMIka aMze ochuM karyuM ane pote eka ja mahAna birAdarInA aMgabhUta che evI bhAvanA temanAmAM pedA karI. ethI karIne Araba leke uparAchAparI eka pachI eka vijaya meLavatA AgaLa vadhavA lAgyA. ghaNI vAra te laDAI vinA ja temane vijaya maLato. pigaMbara sAhebanA maraNa pachI pacIsa varasanI aMdara ArabAe eka bAju AkhuM Izana, sIriyA, ArmIniyA ane madhya eziyAne thoDo bhAga tathA pazcime uttara AphrikAne thoDo bhAga ane mIsara vagere jItI lIdhAM. mIsara te bahu ja sahelAIthI temanA hAthamAM AvyuM. kemake tene romana sAmrAjyanA zeSaNa ane judA judA khristi saMpradAyanI spardhAne kAraNe sauthI vadhAre veThavuM paDayuM hatuM. Araba lekee elekajhAMDiyAnuM jagamazahUra pustakAlaya bALI mUkyuM hatuM evI vAta cAle che paraMtu Aje te e hakIkata khoTI hovAnuM manAya che. Araba leka pustakanA eTalA badhA rasiyA hatA ke teo

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ra54 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AvI jaMgalI rIte varte nahi. saMbhava che ke, jene viSe huM A pahelAM tane kaMIka kahI gayo chuM te kosTAnTinopalane samrATa thiDe. siyasa e AkhuM pustakAlaya ke tene amuka bhAga bALavA mATe gunegAra hoya. e pustakAlayane amuka bhAga te ghaNA samaya pahelAM juliyasa sIjharanA jamAnAmAM ghere ghAlavAmAM Avyo tyAre nAza pAmyo hate. thiyoDesiyasane vidhamI jUnAM grIka purANa ane grIka tatvajJAnanAM pustake pasaMda nahatAM. te bahu custa khristI hate. ema kahevAya che. ke te AvAM pustakone pitAne mATe nAhavAnuM pANI garama karavA mATe baLataNa tarIke vAparate. Araba leke pUrva tema ja pazcimamAM AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhatA ja gayA. pUrvamAM herAta, kAbula ane bakha paDyAM ane teo siMdhu nadI tathA siMdha sudhI pahoMcI gayA. paraMtu hiMdamAM teo ethI AgaLa na vadhyA. ane tyAra pachI keTalIye sadIo sudhI hiMdanA rAjAo joDe temane gADha maitrIne saMbaMdha rahyo. pazcimamAM teo AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhatA ja gayA. ema kahevAya che ke temano ukabA nAmano eka senApati uttara AphrikAne eka cheDethI nIkaLI bIje cheDe pazcime ATalAMTika mahAsAgaranA kAMThA upara Aje mere nAmathI oLakhAte pradeza jyAM che tyAM sudhI pahoMcyuM hatuM. paraMtu mahAsAgara ADe AvatAM te nirAza thaye. samudramAM paNuM jyAM sudhI jaI zakAyuM tyAM sudhI te gheDA para besIne AgaLa gayA ane tyAM UbhA rahIne te ja dizAmAM AgaLa vadhIne allAnA nAmathI jItI levA mATe vadhu pradeza bAkI rahyo nahate ene mATe teNe tenI AgaLa pitAne aphasa jAhera karyo! - rokako ane AphrikAthI samudranI sAMkaDI paTI oLaMgIne Araba lekae spena ane yuropamAM praveza karyo. A nAnI sAmudradhunIne prAcIna grIka le ke harakyulasanA staMbha kahetA. yuropamAM dAkhala thanAra pahele Araba senApati jibrAlTara AgaLa Utaryo hate. jibrAlTaranuM nAma paNa e senApatinuM smaraNa karAve che. tenuM nAma "tarIka' hatuM. ane jibrAlTaranuM asala nAma jabala-uta-tarIke eTale ke tarIkano khaDaka che. temaNe jhapATAbhera pena jItI lIdhuM ane pachI Araba leka dakSiNa phrAMsamAM dAkhala thayA. A rIte mahaMmada sAhebanA mRtyu pachI se varasanI aMdara Araba lekenuM sAmrAjya dakSiNa phAMsa ane spenathI

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spenathI magAliyA sudhInI aramAnI vijayasUca 255 mAMDIne mArAkothI suejha sudhInA AkhA uttara AphrikA upara tathA IrAna, arabastAna, madhya eziyA ane cheka maMgoliyAnI sarahada sudhI phelAI gayuM. sidha sivAyanA hiMdustAna tenI bahAra hatA. yuropa upara be bAjuethI AranA humalA thatA hatA. konsTAnTinopala upara sIdhesIdho humalo thatA hatA ane bIjo AphrikAmAM thaI ne phrAMsa upara. dakSiNa krAMsamAM AronI saMkhyA ochI hatI ane teo potAnA vatanathI khUba dUra hatA. athI karIne arabastAnamAMthI temane bahu madada na maLI zakI. kemake tyAMnA lakA madhya eziyA jItavAmAM rAkAyelA hatA. ema chatAM paNa dakSiNa phrAMsanA A Araee pazcima yuropanA lAkAne bhayabhIta karI mUkyA ane temane sAmano karavA mATe judI judI jAti saMpa karIne ekatra thaI. A saMgaThananA AgevAna cAlsa mATela hatA. cha32nI sAlamAM krAMsamAM Tsa AgaLa teNe Araba lAkAne harAvyA. A hArathI yureApa ArAnA pajAmAMthI UgarI gayuM. eka tihAsakAre kahyuM che ke, 'lagabhaga potAnA hAthamAM AveluM jagad vyApI sAmrAjya Araba lokAe nA raNakSetra upara gumAvyuM. Araba loko sUnI laDAImAM jItyA heAta to yuropane itihAsa taddana judA ja hAta emAM zaMkA nathI. yuropamAM temane rokanAra pachI khIjuM kAI hatuM nahi eTale tee sIdhA phaeNnsTAnTinepala sudhI kUca karI gayA hAta ane pUrvanA rAmana sAmrAjyane temaja mArgamAM AvatAM bIjA rAjyonA paNa temaNe aMta ANyo hota. khristI dharmane badale islAma yuropano dharma banyA hota ane bIjA paNa aneka prakAranA pheraphAro tyAM thayA hAta. paraMtu A to mAtra kalpanAvihAra che. hakIkata ema che ke Araba lokAne phrAMsamAM aTakAvavAmAM AvyA. paraMtu ghaNI sadIo sudhI teo spenamAM rahyA ane tyAM temaNe rAja karyuM. spenathI magAliyA sudhInA mulaka Araba leAkAe jItI lIdhe ane raNamAM vasatA A gopa leA jabaradasta sAmrAjyanA magarUra zAsaka banyA. yurepanA lakA temane 'saeNresana' kahetA. e zabda kadAca 'saharA ' ane ' nazIna ' uparathI UtarI AvyA hoya e saMbhavita che. (saharA eTale raNu ane nazIna eTale vasanArA. ) paraMtu theADA ja vakhatamAM A raNamAM vasanArA vaibhavavilAsamAM paDI gayA ane nagaravAsI banyA. temanAM nagarAmAM AlezAna mahAlAtA UbhI thaI. dUra dUranA dezomAM vijaya meLavyA chatAM paNa temanI ApasamAM ekabIjA

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana * sAthe laDavAnI purANI Teva A choDI zakyA nahi. hA, have te laDavA mATe yogya kAraNuM paNa temane maLyuM hatuM. kemake arabastAnanI lagAma jenA hAthamAM hoya tenA hAthamAM mahAna sAmrAjyane kAbU Avate. ethI karIne khalIphAnI jagyA meLavavA mATe vAraMvAra takarAra thatI. nAnA nAnA kuTuMbakalezemAMthI ane evA bIjA navA jhaghaDAomAMthI AMtara yuddha paNa phATI nIkaLatuM. A jhaghaDAone pariNAme . IslAma dharmamAM be paMtha paDyA. ane e baMne paMthe - ziyA ane sunnI - Aje paNa mojUda che. AraMbhanA be mahAna khalIpha - abubakara ane umara - nA amala pachI tarata ja jhaghaDo Ubho thayo. mahaMmada sAhebanAM putrI phAtimAnA pati alI thoDA samaya mATe khalIphA thayA. paraMtu e daramyAna Akho vakhata takarAra cAlyA ja karatI hatI. aMte alInuM khUna thayuM ane thoDA samaya pachI temanA putra husena ane tenA parivAranI karabalAnA medAnamAM katala karavAmAM AvI. karabalAnI A karuNa ghaTanAne mATe musalamAne ane khAsa karIne ziyA musalamAno dara varase muharramanA mahinAmAM zeka pALe che. have khalIphA niraMkuza ane Apakhuda rAjA bane che. tene viSe have prajAtaMtra ke cUMTaNI jevuM kazuM rahyuM nahotuM. tenA samayanA bIjA kaI Apakhuda rAjAnA jevo ja te paNa hatA. siddhAMtamAM te te dharmanA vaDA ane ImAnadAranA eTale ke, musalamAnonA senAnI tarIke cAlu rahyo. A rAjAo islAmanA mukhya rakSaka gaNAtA hovA chatAM temAMnA keTalAke te chaDeceka IslAmanuM apamAna paNa karyuM che. lagabhaga so varasa sudhI mahaMmada sAhebanA kuTuMbanI eka zAkhAmAMthI khalIphAo thayA hatA. teo umaiyAnA nAmathI oLakhAtA hatA. temaNe damAskasane pitAnuM pATanagara banAvyuM hatuM. e prAcIna zahera mahele, masjida ane phuvArAo vagerethI atizaya raLiyAmaNuM banyuM. damAskasanI pANI pUruM pADavAnI vyavasthA bahu prakhyAta hatI. A samaya daramyAna Araba lekoe sthApatyanI eka navIna zailI khIlavI. te seresanI sthApatya tarIke oLakhAya che. e sthApatyamAM bahu zaNagArane sthAna nathI hotuM. paraMtu te sAduM, bhavya ane ramaNIya hoya che. e sthApatyanI pAchaLa arabastAna ane sIriyAnI suMdara khajUrIonI

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nathI maMgeliyA sudhInI ArAnA vijayakUca rapa7 kalpanA rahelI che. enI kamAne, thAMbhalA, minArA ane ghummaTa joIne khajUrInI vADInI kamAne ane ghummaTanuM smaraNa thAya che. A sthApatya hiMdamAM paNa AvyuM. paraMtu tenA upara hiMdanI bhAvanA ane kalpanAnI asara paDI ane tene pariNAme eka mizra zailI pedA thaI seresanI sthApatyanA utkRSTa namUnAo hajI paNa spenamAM mojUda che. sAmrAjya ane dhanadolatane kAraNe ArabamAM vaibhavavilAsa dAkhala thayAM ane tene pariNAme vilAsanI ramata ane kaLAe khIlI. Arabo gheDadoDanI zaratanA bhAre rasiyA hatA temaja pole, ane zetaraMja ramavAnA tathA zikAra khelavAnA paNa teo khUba zokhIna hatA. saMgItane ane khAsa karIne gAyanane temane ajaba zekha hatA ane pATanagara gavaiyAo tathA temanI maMDaLIothI bharacaka rahetuM. dhIme dhIme bIje paNa eka bhAre ane kamanasIba pheraphAra dAkhala thaye. te pheraphAra strIonI sthitinI bAbatamAM thavA pAmyuM. Araba lekanI strIo kadI paNa paDado rAkhatI nahotI. tene ekAMtamAM saMtADI rAkhavAmAM paNa nahotI AvatI. te chUTathI bahAra haratIpharatI, masjida ke vyAkhyAnamAM jatI ane kaI kaI vAra pite paNa vyAkhyAna ApatI. paraMtu saphaLatA prApta thayA pachI Araba leke temanI baMne bAjue AvelAM purANuM sAmrAjyanA eTale ke pUrva remana sAmrAjya ane IrAnanA sAmrAjyanA rItarivAjonuM vadhu ne vadhu pramANamAM anukaraNa karatA gayA. Araboe pUrva remana sAmrAjyane harAvyuM hatuM ane IrAnanA sAmrAjyane temaNe nAza karyo hato paraMtu teo pite e sAmrAjyanA kurivAjo ane kuTevonA bhoga banyA. ema kahevAya che ke khAsa karIne kanjhAnTinopala ane IrAnanI asarane lIdhe ja Araba lekemAM strIone ekAMtamAM aLagI rAkhavAno rivAja zarU thayuM. emAMthI dhIme dhIme janAnA rAkhavAno rivAja dAkhala thayA ane samAjamAM strIpuruSone. meLApa uttarottara ocho thate gaye. kamanasIbe strIone paDadAmAM rAkhavAno rivAja musalamAnI samAjanA eka aMgarUpa banI gayo ane musalamAne ahIM AvyA pachI hiMdustAne paNa emanI pAsethI e kurivAja zIkhI lIdhe. A jaMgalI rivAjane keTalAka leke hajI paNa vaLagI rahyA che e joIne mane bhAre Azcarya thAya che. jyAre paNa mane bahAranI duniyAthI aLagI paDelI paDade dhAraNa karanAra strIne

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258 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vicAra Ave che tyAre mane kedakhAnuM ke pazughara ()nuM smaraNa thAya che! jenI aDadhoaDadha vastI eka prakAranA kedakhAnAmAM purAyelI hoya te prajA kevI rIte AgaLa vadhI zake ? sadbhAge hiMdustAna jhapATAbaMdha paDadAne rUkhasada ApI rahyuM che. A bhayaMkara bojAmAMthI muslima samAja paNa moTe bhAga mukta thavA lAge che. turkastAnamAM kamAla pAzAe paDadAno rivAja sadaMtara baMdha karyo che ane mIsaramAMthI paNa e cAla jhapATAbhera ocho thato jAya che. have eka vastu kahIne A patra pUre karIza. Araba leke, khAsa karIne temanI jAgRtinA AraMbha kALamAM pitAnA majahabane viSe bhAre dhagazavALA hatA. ema chatAM paNa te leka sahiSNu hatA. ane temanI dhArmika sahiSNutAnAM asaMkhya udAharaNo maLI Ave che. jerusalemamAM khalIpha umare e muddA upara khAsa lakSa ApyuM hatuM. spenamAM khristI lekenI meTI vastI hatI paraMtu temane dhArmika bAbatamAM pUrepUrI svataMtratA hatI. hiMdustAnamAM e samaye siMdha sivAya bIje kyAMya Araba lekanuM rAjya nahotuM paraMtu hiMda sAthe temane sArI peThe saMparka hatA ane A deza sAthe temane saMbaMdha mitratAbharyo hato. yuropamAM khristIonI asahiSNutA ane musalamAna ArabonI sahiSNutA vacceno taphAvata e kharekhara te yuganI noMdhapAtra bInA che.

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50 hArUnala razIda ane bagadAda ra7 me, 1932 bIja deza tarapha vaLatAM pahelAM Araba lokeAnI vAta ja ApaNe AgaLa calAvIe. mArA AgalA patramAM meM tane kahyuM hatuM ke lagabhaga se varasa sudhI khalIphAo pegaMbara sAhebanA kuTuMbanI umaiyA zAkhAmAMthI thayA hatA. temanI rAjadhAnI damAskasa hatI ane temanA amala daramyAna musalamAna Araboe islAmane jhaDe dUra dUranA dezamAM pharakAvya. Araba leke dUra dUranA mulake jItatA hatA tyAre bIjI tarapha pitAnA ja ghara AgaLa teo mAMhomAMhe laDatA hatA ane tyAM AgaLa vakhatovakhata AMtarayuddha phATI nIkaLatuM hatuM. Akhare pegaMbara sAhebanA kuTuMbanI bIjI zAkhAnA eTale ke temanA kAkA abhyAsanA vaMzanA lekee umaiyA kuTuMbane sattA uparathI hAMkI kADhayuM. AmbAsanA vaMzajo hovAne kAraNe teo abhyAsI tarIke oLakhAya che. abhyAsI leke umaiyAonI karatAnuM vera lenAra tarIke AvyA hatA paraMtu temane vijya thayA pachI teo karatA. ane khUnarejI karavAmAM umaiyAone kyAMya AMTI gayA. temaNe umaiyAone zodhI zedhIne atizaya jaMgalI rIte mArI nAkhyA. A 75nI sAlanA AraMbhanI vAta che ane tyArathI abbAsI khalIphAonA amalano lAMbo yuga zarU thayo. temanA amalano AraMbha zubha ke sukhada saMjogomAM nahato thayo te paNa abbAsI yuga Araba ItihAsane eka jvalaMta yuga gaNAya che. paraMtu umaiyAonA amalanA samayane mukAbale have bhAre pheraphAra thavA mAMDyA hatA. arabastAnanA AMtaravigraha AkhA arabI sAmrAjyane hacamacAvI nAMkhyuM hatuM. asIo pitAnA dezamAM jItyA kharA, paraMtu dUra AvelA spenane sUbo umaiyA zAkhAne hatuM eTale teNe abbAsI khalIphAne mAnya rAkhavAnI sApha nA pADI. uttara AphrikA paNa theDA ja vakhatamAM

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210 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana lagabhaga svataMtra thaI gayA. mIsare paNa ema ja karyuM... eTaluM ja nahi paNa teNe tA potAnA khIjo khalIpha paNa nImyo. paNa mIsara najIka hAvAne lIdhe tene vAraMvAra dhAkadhamakI ApavAmAM AvatI tathA keTalIka vAra tAbe thavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvatI. ane Ama vakhateAvakhata cAlyA karatuM. e sivAyanA uttara AphrikAmAM kazI paNa dakhala karavAmAM AvI nahi ane spena tA eTaluM badhuM dUra hatuM ke tenI sAme kazuM pagaluM laI zakAya ema nahatuM. Ama ApaNe joI e chIe ke abbAsI loka sattA para AvyA tyAre Araba sAmrAjyamAM bhAgalA paDI gayA hatA. khalIph have AkhA musalamAna jagatanA vaDA rahyo naho have te amIrUla meAminIna' eTale ke, ImAnadAronA agraNI rahyo nahoto. musalamAnAmAM have ekatA rahI nahAtI ane spenanA ArA tathA abbAsIe paraspara ekabIjAne eTalA te dhikkAratA ke sAmA pakSa upara Aphata AvI paDe to tethI teo rAjI thatA. k A badhuM chatAM paNa akhkhAsI khalIphA mahAna samrATa hatA ane temanuM sAmrAjya paNa khIjA' sAmrAjyonI sarakhAmaNImAM mahAna hatuM. paraMtu pahADone paNa DagAvanAra ane dAvAnaLanA vegathI phelAnAra Ara MbhanAM ImAna ane dhagaza have AmAM dekhAtAM nahetAM, sAdAI ke prajAtaMtranI bhAvanA paNa have rahI nahatI. ane Araee pahelAM jene harAbyA hatA te IrAnanA zahenazAha tathA kaoNnsTAnTinopalanA samrATa ane amIrUla meAminIna yA musalamAnAnA agraNI khalIphA vacce jhAjho taphAvata rahyo nahoto. pegaMbara sAhebanA samayanA ArakhAmAM je ajaba prakAranI jIvanazakti ane tAkAta jovAmAM AvatI hatI te rAjAnA sainyAmAM jaNAya che te tAkAtathI bilakula nirALI hatI. temanA samayanI duniyAmAM teo sAthI mokhare hatA ane temanA khALI na zakAya evA dhasArA AgaLa rAjAo ane temanAM sainyeA ragadoLAI gayAM hatAM. janatA A rAjAothI trAsI gaI hatI ane AnuM Agamana temane mana sArA visAnI ane sAmAjika krAMtinI AgAhIrUpa lAgatuM hatuM. paraMtu have paristhiti badalAI gaI hatI. raNamAM vasanArA Ara have mahelomAM rahetA hatA ane khajUrane badale bhAtabhAtanAM pakavAna AreAgatA hatA. pote have sukhacenamAM hatA pachI parivartana ane sAmAjika krAMtinI takalIphamAM zAne paDavuM? bhapakA ane ThAThamAThanI

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hArnala razIda ane bagadAda 1 bAbatamAM te prAcIna sAmrAjyAne AMTavAnA prayatna karavA lAgyA ane temanI ghaNI kuprathAe temaNe apanAvI. temAMnI eka kuprathA huM AgaLa upara kahI gayA te strIone paDadAmAM rAkhavAnA rivAja hatI. have rAjadhAnI damAskasathI khaseDIne irAkanA bagadAda zaheramAM laI javAmAM AvI. rAjadhAnInI A pherabadalI paNa Araba nItirItimAM thayelA pheraphAranI sUcaka che. kemake bagadAda IrAnanA samrATanuM unALAnuM nivAsasthAna hatuM. vaLI bagadAda damAskasa karatAM yuropathI vadhAre vegaLu hatuM eTale have pachI abbAsI khalIphAonI najara yuropa karatAM eziyA tarapha vadhAre rahI. hajI paNa kaeNnsTAnTineApala kabaje karavAnA dhaNA prayatna thavAnA hatA tema ja yuropanI prajAe sAthe paNa ghaNAM yuddho thavAnAM hatAM, paraMtu emAMnAM dhaNAMkharAM yuddo rakSaNAtmaka hatAM. vijayanA divase| have pUrA thayelA jaNAya che ane abbAsI khalIphA temanA hAthamAM je sAmrAjya rahyu hatuM tene vyavasthita ane sa MgaThita karavAnA prayatnamAM maMDyA. spena ane AphrikA sivAyanuM temanuM sAmrAjya paNa sArI peThe vizALa hatuM. bagadAda ! tane e yAda nathI AvatuM? ane hAnala razIda, zaherAjhAdI tathA ' arebiyana nAiTsa ' nI adbhuta vAta tane nathI yAda AvatI ? abbAsI khalIphAnA amalamAM have je zahera Ubhu thayuM te ' eNrebiyana nAiTsa ' nuM bagadAda hatuM. e bahu vizALa hatuM ane temAM saMkhyAbaMdha mahelAtA, sarakArI kacerIo, zALA, kolejo, moTI moTI dukAno ane bAgabagIcA tathA vADIe vagere hatAM. tyAMnA vepArIo pUrva ane pazcimanA deza vacce baheALA vepAra kheDatA. saMkhyAbaMdha sarakArI amaladAro sAmrAjyanA dUra dUranA bhAge sAthe niraMtara saMparka mAM rahetA ane rAjyataMtra vadhAre ne vadhAre jaTila banI jatAM tene aneka khAtAMomAM vaheMcI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. TapAlanI kArya karALa vyavasthA pATanagarane sAmrAjyanA khUNekhUNAnI sAthe saMkaLAyeluM rAkhatI. tyAM IspitAle sArI saMkhyAmAM hatI. duniyAbharanA pravAsIo ane khAsa karIne patiA, kalAkAro ane vidyArthIe bagadAda zaheramAM AvatA kemake khalIphA vidvAneA tema ja kuzaLa kalAkAronuM sanmAna kare che e bInA jagajAhera hatI. khalIphAe pote bhAre vaibhavavilAsanuM jIvana gALatA hatA. sakhyAbaMdha gulAme temanI paricaryA karatA ane temanI strIoe

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rakara jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jamAnAmAM pitAnuM sthAna lIdhuM hatuM. 786thI 809nI sAla sudhInA hArUnala razIdanA amala daramyAna abbAsI sAmrAjya bAhya jAherajalAlInI parAkASThAe pahoMcyuM hatuM. hArunanA darabAramAM cInanA samrATanA ane pazcima taraphathI samrATa zArlamenanA elacIo AvatA. rAjyasaMcAlananI kaLA, vepAra ane vidyAnA vikAsamAM bagadAda ane abbAsI sAmrAjyanA mulake spena bAda karatAM te samayanA yurepa karatAM ghaNuM AgaLa vadhelA hatA. abbAsI yuga ApaNe mATe khAsa karIne mahattvanuM che kemake teNe vijJAna viSe na ja rasa pedA karyo. e te tuM jANe che ke Adhunika duniyAmAM vijJAnanuM bhAre mahattva che ane ghaNI bAbatamAM ApaNe tenAM RNI chIe. vijJAna kaMI hAthapaga joDIne amuka vastu banavA pAme evI prArthanA karatuM besI nathI rahetuM. e te vastu kema ane zAthI bane che e zodhI kADhavA mathe che. vijJAna prayoga kare che ane pharI pharIne prayatna karatuM rahe che. emAM keTalIka vakhata te saphaLa thAya che ane keTalIka vakhata niSphaLa paNa nIvaDe che; ane ema thaI zeThuM karatAM te manuSyane jJAnabhaMDAra vadhAratuM jAya che. AjanI ApaNI duniyA prAcIna kALanI ke madhyakAlIna duniyAthI taddana nirALI che. A bhAre pheraphAra meTe bhAge vijJAnane ja AbhArI che; kemake AjanI duniyAnuM ghaDatara vinAne karyuM che. prAcIna kALamAM mIsara athavA cIna ke hiMdustAnamAM ApaNane vaijJAnika paddhati jovA maLatI nathI. prAcIna grIsamAM kaMIka aMze te ApaNane jovA maLe che kharI. remamAM tene abhAva hatuM. paraMtu Araba lekamAM dhaLa karavAnI e vaijJAnika bhAvanA hatI. ethI karIne Arabone Adhunika vijJAnanA janaka gaNI zakAya. gaNita temaja Ayurveda vagere keTalAka viSayo teo hiMdustAna pAsethI zIkhyA hatA. hiMdanA saMkhyAbaMdha vidvAna ane gaNitazAstrIo bagadAda jatA ane keTalAye Araba vidyArthIo uttara hiMdamAM takSazilAnI vidyApIThamAM AvatA hatA. e samaye paNa te mahAna vidyApITha gaNAtI hatI ane vaidakanA zikSaNa mATe prakhyAta hatI. vaidakamAM ane bIjA vizenAM saMta pustakane arabI bhASAmAM anuvAda karavAmAM Avyo hato. Araba leke ghaNI vastu - dAkhalA tarIke kAgaLa banAvavAnuM-cIna pAsethI paNa zIkhyA hatA. paraMtu bIjA leka pAsethI meLavelA jJAnane AdhAre temaNe te te

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hArUnala razIda ane bagadAda 263 viSayamAM AgaLa saMzodhana karyuM ane temAM mahattvanI zedha karI. temaNe pahelavaheluM dUrabIna banAvyuM ane hekAyaMtra paNa banAvyuM. cikitsAnI bAbatamAM Araba tabIba ane zastravede yuropabharamAM prakhyAta hatA. bagadAda A badhI beMddhika pravRttionuM moTuM kendra hatuM. pazcimamAM Araba spenanuM pATanagara rahevA bIjuM evuM kendra hatuM. Araba duniyAmAM AvAM bIjAM paNa vidyAnAM dhAma hatAM ane tyAM AgaLa sArI peThe beMddhika pravRtti cAlatI hatI. kaeNre, basarA ane kuphA evAM vidyAnAM mathake hatAM. paraMtu e badhAM mazahUra zaheramAM bagadAda sarvoparI hatuM. eka Araba itihAsakAra tene viSe lakhatAM kahe che, "te islAmanI rAjadhAnI, IrAkanI AMkha, sAmrAjyanuM kendra ane siMdarya, kaLA tathA saMskRtinuM dhAma che." bagadAdanI vasatI 20 lAkha karatAM paNa vadhAre hatI eTale ke AjanAM kalakattA ke muMbaI karatAM paNa te meTuM hatuM. - tane e jANIne ramUja paDaze ke hAthe tathA page mojAM paheravAne cAla bagadAdanA dhanikamAM pahelavahele zarU thayo hate ema kahevAya che. tene leke "majhA' kahetA ane e ja zabda hiMdustAnI bhASAmAM paNa UtarI AvyA che. e ja rIte phreMca bhASAne "zenIjha' zabda arabI "kamIjha' zabda uparathI Avyo che. eno artha khamIsa thAya che. kamIjha" ane "majhA " baMne Araba leka pAsethI kanjhAnTinopalanA lekae lIdhAM ane tyAMthI yuropamAM temane pracAra thayo. Arao pahelethI ja moTA pravAsa kheDanArA hatA. teo hamezAM dariyApAranI lAMbI lAMbI saphara kheDatA AvyA hatA ane e rIte AphrikAmAM, maleziyAmAM tathA hiMdustAnanA kAMThA upara, ane cInamAM paNa pitAnAM saMsthAne temaNe vasAvyAM hatAM. aberanI nAmano temano eka mazadara pravAsI hiMda Avyo hato ane hyuenatsAMganI peThe te tenA pravAsanuM varNana pitAnI pAchaLa mUkI gayo che. Arabo itihAsakAra paNa hatA ane temanAM ja pustake ane itihAsamAMthI ApaNe temane viSe ghaNuMkharuM jANI zakIe chIe. vaLI teo keTalI suMdara vArtAo ane romAMcaka kathAo lakhI zakatA te ApaNe jANIe chIe. lAkho lokoe abbAsI khalIpha ke temanA sAmrAjyanuM nAma sarakhuM paNa sAMbhaLyuM nahi hoya paraMtu "alpha layalA va layalA" eTale ke, "eka hajAra eka rAtrimAM jenuM khyAna karavAmAM AvyuM che te rahasyamaya ane romAMcaka premakissAonA

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24 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bagadAda zahera viSe kaNa ajANa che? vAstavika sAmrAjyanA karatAM kalpanAnuM sAmrAjya ghaNI vAra vadhAre sAcuM ane dIrghajIvI hoya che. hArUnala razIdanA maraNa pachI tarata ja Araba sAmrAjya upara Aphata UtarI. sarvatra avyavasthA vyApI gaI tathA sAmrAjyanA badhA bhAge chUTA paDI gayA ane prAMtanA sUbAo vaMzaparaMparAgata rAjAo thaI beThA. khalIpha vadhAre ne vadhAre nabaLA paDatA gayA ane pachI te eve vakhata paNa AvyuM ke jyAre khalIphanI sattA mAtra bagadAda zahera ane tenI AsapAsanAM ceDAM gAme upara ja rahI gaI. eka khalIphane te tenA pitAnA ja sainikoe mahelanI bahAra kheMcI kADhI mArI nAkhe hate. pachI thoDA vakhata sudhI tyAM keTalAka samartha puruSa pedA thayA. teo bagadAdamAM rahIne pitAnI hakUmata calAvatA ane khalIphane temaNe pitAne Azrita banAvI mUkyo. . - have islAmanI ekatA e daranA bhUtakALanI vastu banI gaI hatI. mIsarathI mAMDIne madhya eziyAmAM AvelA khorAsAna sudhI badhe alaga alaga rAjya thaI gayAM hatAM. ane ethIye dUra pUrvanA pradezamAMthI gopa jAtio pazcima tarapha AvatI hatI. madhya eziyAnA prAcIna turka leke musalamAna thayA hatA ane temaNe AvIne bagadAdane. kabaje lIdhe. e leke sejuka turka tarIke oLakhAya che. temaNe kanjhAnTinepalanA sainyane sakhata hAra ApI ane yuropane Azcaryacakita karI mUkyuM. kemake yuropanA leke ema dhAratA hatA ke Arabo ane musalamAnonuM jera have khatama thayuM che ane divase divase teo vadhAre ne vadhAre nabaLA paDatA jAya che. Araba leke atizaya kamajora banI gayA hatA e vAta sAcI, paraMtu temane badale have sejuka tuke islAmane jhaMDe pharakAvavA ane yuropane paDakAra ApavA AgaLa AvyA hatA. ApaNe AgaLa joIzuM ke A paDakAra jhIlI levAmAM AvyuM ane muslima sAme laDavAne tathA pitAnuM pavitra zahera jerUsalema pharI pAchuM chatI levAne yuropanI khristI prajAoe "jheDa eTale ke dharmayuddha AraMvyuM. pelesTAIna, eziyAmAInara ane sIriyAne kabaje meLavavA mATe musalamAna ane khristIo se varasathI paNa vadhAre vakhata sudhI ekabIjAnI sAme laDyA ane e dezonI lagabhaga badhI bhUmi manuSyanA lehIthI taraboLa karI. pariNAme baMnee

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hArUnala razIda ane bagadAda 265 ekabIjAne kamajora banAvyA. e pradezanAM AbAda zahere temanI mahattA ane vepAra rojagAra gumAvI beThAM tathA pAkathI lacI rahelAM khetare verAna thaI gayAM. Ama teo ekabIjAnI sAme laDatA hatA. temanI laDAIne aMta Avyo te pahelAM ja eziyAne bIje cheDe maMgeliyAmAM caMgIjhakhAna maMgala pedA thayuM. tene "dharaNI dhujAvanAra maMgala kahevAmAM Ave che. ane sAce ja kaMI nahi te bhaviSyamAM eziyA ane yuropane te te dhujAvavAno hato ja. teNe ane tenA vaMzajoe bagadAda tathA tenA sAmrAjyane aMta ANya. maMgoloe tene sara karyuM te sAthe ja bagadAdanuM mahAna ane prakhyAta zahera dhULa ane rAkhane Dhagale thaI gayuM ane tenA viza lAkha zaherIo paikI ghaNuMkharA maraNa pAmyA hatA. 1258nI sAlamAM A banAva banyo hato. bagadAda zahera pharI pAchuM Aje samRddha thayuM che ane te irAkanI rAjadhAnI che. paNa Aje te tenI AgaLanI avasthAnI kevaLa chAyA samAna che. maMgolAe tenI je khAnAkharAbI karI hatI temAMthI te pharI beThuM na thayuM.

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51 uttara hiMdustAna - harSathI mahamUda gajhanI sudhI - 1 jUna, 197ra Araba athavA seresanA lokonI vAta rahevA daIne have ApaNe bIjA deza tarapha vaLIe. AraonI sattA vadhI ane temaNe mulAke jItyA tathA teo cetarapha phelAyA ane chevaTe temanI paDatI thaI e samaya daramyAna hiMdustAna, cIna ane yuropanA dezamAM zuM banI rahyuM hatuM ? e viSe ApaNe kaMIka jhAMkhI te A pahelAM karI che- dakSiNa phrAMsamAM TUrsanA raNakSetra upara yuropanI bIjI prajAonAM saMyukta lazkaranI madadathI cAlsa mArkele 70nI sAlamAM Arabone harAvyA hatA, Abee madhya eziyA jItI lIdhA hatA ane hiMdustAnamAM teo siMdha sudhI pahoMcyA hatA. prathama ApaNe hiMda tarapha vaLIe. kanojana samrATa harSavardhana 648nI sAlamAM maraNa pAme. ane tenA maraNa pachI hiMdustAnanI rAjakIya agati vadhAre ughADI paDI. A adhogati keTalAka samaya pahelAM zarU thaI gaI hatI ane bauddha dharma tathA hiMdu dharmanA gharSaNe e kriyAne vega Apyo hate. harSanA amala daramyAna bahArathI dabadaba ane gaurava dekhAtAM hatAM kharAM paraMtu te paNa alpa samaya mATe ja. tenA pachI uttara hiMdamAM nAnAM nAnAM ghaNAM rAjya UbhAM thayAM. temAMnA keTalAMka kadI kadI TUMka samaya mATe gaurava prApta karatAM ane keTalAMka kadI kadI ApasamAM ekabIjA sAme laDatAM. ema chatAM paNa harSanA samaya pachI traNaso karatAM vadhAre varasanA A gALAmAM kaLA ane sAhitya khIlatAM rahyAM tathA lepayogI suMdara bAMdhakAmo thayAM e navAI pAmavA jevuM che. A kALa daramyAna bhavabhUti ane rAjazekhara jevA prasiddha saMta sAhityakAre thaI gayA. vaLI e ja samaya daramyAna nAnA nAnA evA keTalAka rAjAo thaI gayA jemanuM rAjakIya daSTie jhAjhuM mahattva nathI paNa temanA amala daramyAna kaLA ane sAhitya khIlavA pAmyAM tethI karIne teo prakhyAta thayA che. emAMne bhejarAjA te lekanI najaramAM purANanA Adarza

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297 - uttara hiMdustAna -- harSa thI mahamUda gajhanI sudhI rAjAnA jevA banI gayA che ane Aje paNa loka Adarza rAjA tarIke tenA ullekha kare che. paraMtu kyAMka kyAMka AvAM ujjvaLa cihno najare paDatAM hovA chatAM uttara hiMdanI adhogata zarU thaI cUkI hatI. pharI pAchuM dakSiNa hiMdu AgaLa AvatuM hatuM ane uttara hiMdane DhAMkI detuM hatuM. mArA AgaLanA eka patramAM (44) e samayanA dakSiNa hiMdu viSe, cAlukaya ane cAla sAmrAjye viSe tathA pallavA ane rASTrakUTo viSe me tane kaMIka kahyuM hatuM. jeNe potAnA TraMka vanamAM AkhA dezanA vidrAna ane abhaNa lAkA upara potAnA prabhAva pADyo tathA hiMdamAMthI mAdharmano aMta lAvavAmAM jeNe lagabhaga saphaLatA meLavI te zaMkarAcArya viSe paNa meM tane kahyuM che. vicitra vAta to e ke jyAre zakarAcAya e kArya karI rahyA hatA tyAre eka navA ja dharma hiMdanA daravAjA khakhaDAvI rahyo hatA. ane uparAchAparI jIta meLavIne teNe hiMdamAM praveza karyAM tathA ahIMnI pracalita vyavasthAne teNe paDakAra karyAM. Araba loke bahu jadIthI, harSanA jIvanakALa daramyAna ja, hiMdanI sarahada upara pahoMcI gayA. thoDA vakhata teo tyAM thALI gayA ane pachI temaNe siMdhano kabajo lIdhA. 710nI sAlamAM mahaMmada bina kAsIma nAmanA eka 17 varasanA juvAna karAe Araba sainyanI saradArI laI ne pazcima paMjAbamAM AvelA mulatAna sudhInI siMdhu nadInI khINa jItI lIdhI. AranI hiMdanI chatanA sAthI vadhAre vistAra ATalA ja hato. temaNe vadhAre prayatna karyo hota te saMbhava che ke te AgaLa vadhI zakyA hota. uttara hiMdustAna nabaLu paDI gayuM hatuM eTale AgaLa vadhavuM muzkela na thAta. A Araba lokA ane temanI pADeAzanA rAjAe vacce vAraMvAra laDAI e cAlyA karatI hatI chatAMye mulakA jItavAnA sagati prayatna karavAmAM AvyA nahotA. ethI karIne rAjakIya dRSTie AranI siMdhanI jIta bahu mahattvanI mInA nahetI. hajI ghaNI sadIo pachI musalamAna hiMdane jItavAnA hatA. paraMtu AraenA hiMdanA leAkA joDenA saMparkathI sAMskRtika daSTie bhAre pariNAmo AvyAM. Araba lA kAne dakSiNanA rAjAe joDe ane khAsa karIne rASTrakUTa joDe mitratAbharyo sabaMdha hato. hiMdanA pazcima kinArA upara ghaNA Arae vasyA ane potapotAnI vasAhatomAM temaNe masI paNa bAMdhI.

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ra68 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Araba pravAsIo ane vepArIo hiMdanA judA judA bhAganI mulAkAta letA. uttara hiMdanI, khAsa karIne vaidakanA zikSaNa mATe prakhyAta takSazilA vidyApIThamAM saMkhyAbaMdha Araba vidyArthIo AvatA hatA. ema kahevAya che ke hArUnala razIdanA samayamAM hiMdanA vidvAnanI bagadAdamAM bhAre zokha hatI ane tyAMnI IspitAle tathA tabIbI zALAo calAvavA mATe hiMdamAMthI vaide jatA hatA. gaNita tathA jyotiSanA ghaNuM saMskRta graMthane arabI bhASAmAM anuvAda karavAmAM AvyA hatA. Ama Araba lekAe purANI hiMdI Arya saMskRtimAMthI ghaNuM apanAvyuM. A uparAMta IrAnanI saMskRtimAMthI paNa temaNe ghaNuM grahaNa karyuM temaja grIka saMskRtimAMthI paNa kaMIka lIdhuM. bhara thavananA jamavAnI koI navI jAtinA jevI Araba lekenI sthiti hatI. temanI AsapAsanI badhI prAcIna saMskRtiomAMthI temaNe phAyado uThAvyA ane zIkhavA jevuM badhuM zIkhI lIdhuM ane enA pAyA upara temaNe pitAnI seresana saMskRti nirmANa karI. bIjI saMskRtione mukAbale tenuM jIvana TUMkuM hatuM, paraMtu te tejasvI jIvana hatuM ane yuropanA madhyayuganI aMdhakAramaya pUrva pIThikAne mukAbale te jhaLahaLI rahyuM che. Araba le koe hiMdI Arya saMskRti tathA IrAna ane grIsanI saMskRtinA saMparkathI lAbha uThAvyuM paraMtu hiMdustAna, IrAna ke grIsanA lekee temanA saMsargane nAma ja lAbha uThAve e AzcaryakAraka bInA che. saMbhava che ke Araba leka joma ane dhagazathI UbharAtI yuvAna prajA hatI jyAre upara jaNAvelI bIjI prajAo purANI hatI ane jUne cIle cAlatI hatI tathA temane parivartananI jhAjhI paravA nahatI. vaLI e paNa eka ajaba jevI vAta che ke prajAo ke jatio upara paNa vyaktinI peThe ja vayanI asara thAya che-vRddhAvasthAthI temanI gati maMda paDe che, temanAM zarIra ane mana jaDa banI jAya che, teo sthiticusta banI jAya che ane parivartanano temane Dara lAge che. ethI karIne keTalIka sadIo sudhInA ArabanA saMparkanI hiMda upara jhAjhI asara na thaI temaja tenA jIvanamAM jhAjho pheraphAra paNa na che. paraMtu e lAMbA gALA daramyAna islAmanA navA dharmane hiMdane kaMIka paricaya thayuM haze. Araba musalamAne avAranavAra ahIM AvatajatA hatA. temaNe ahIM masIda paNa bAMdhI hatI ane kadI kadI pitAnA dharmane upadeza paNa teo karatA hatA tathA keTalAka lokone

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uttara hiMdustAna-harSathI mahamUda gajhanI sudhI 219 temaNe pitAnA dharmamAM paNa lIdhA hatA. te jamAnAmAM A badhAnI sAme vAMdho hoya athavA te hiMdudharma ane islAma vacce gharSaNa hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. pAchaLanA samayamAM e be dharmo vacce gharSaNa ane laDAITaMTA UbhA thayA eTalA khAtara ApaNe A vastunI noMdha levI ghaTe. cheka agiyAramI sadImAM jyAre hAthamAM samazera dhAraNa karIne islAma vijetAnA lebAzamAM hiMdamAM dAkhala thaye tyAre ja teNe ahIM sAmethI jhanUnI pratyAghAta pedA karyo. pariNAme jUnI sahiSNutAne lopa thaye ane tiraskAra tathA gharSaNe tenuM sthAna lIdhuM. Aga lagADate ane katala karate hAthamAM samazera laIne hiMdamAM AvanAra gajhanIne mahamUda hato. gajhanI Aje aphaghAnistAnane eka nAnakaDe kasaba che. dazamI sadImAM gajhanInI AsapAsanA pradezamAM eka rAjya UbhuM thayuM. madhya eziyAnAM rAjya bagadAdanA khalIphane nAmanAM AdhIna hatAM, paraMtu huM AgaLa upara tane kahI gayo te pramANe hArUnala razIdanA maraNa pachI khalIphe nabaLA paDyA ane pachI e samaya Avyo ke temanuM sAmrAjya aneka svataMtra rAjyamAM vibhakta thaI gayuM. jenI ApaNe hamaNAM vAta karI rahyAM chIe te A samaya hato. 975nI sAlanA arasAmAM sabaktagIna nAmanA eka turka gulAme gajhanI ane kaMdahAranI AsapAsa pitAnuM rAjya UbhuM karyuM. teNe hiMda upara paNa caDAI karI hatI. te samaye jayapAla nAmane puruSa lAherane rAjA hatA. sAhasika jayapAla kAbulanI khINa sudhI sabaktagInanI sAme dhasI gayo paNa chevaTe hArI gaye. . sabaktagIna pachI tenA putra mahamUda tenI gAdIe Avyo. te bhAre samartha senApati ane ghoDesavAra sainyane kuzaLa nAyaka hato. varase varasa te hiMda upara humale karate, lUMTa calAvate, katala karato ane puSkaLa dravya tathA saMkhyAbaMdha mANasone kedI tarIke pitAne deza laI jato hato. ekaMdare teNe hiMda upara 17 humalA karyA ane temAM phakta eka kAzmIranI caDAImAM ja tene niSphaLatA maLI hatI. enI bIjI badhI caDAIomAM te saphaLa thaye ane AkhA uttara hiMdustAnamAM te te bhAre trAsarUpa thaI gayo. te dakSiNamAM pATalIputra, mathurA ane somanAtha sudhI pahoMcyo hate. kahevAya che ke thANezvaramAMthI te be lAkha kedIo ane akhUTa delata laI gayuM hatuM. paraMtu sauthI vadhAre dravya te. tene somanAthamAMthI maLyuM hatuM. kAraNa ke te bahu moTuM devAlaya hatuM

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ka jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana ane aneka sadIothI maLatI AvatI bheTanuM dravya tyAM ekaThu thayuM hatuM. ema kahevAya che ke mahamUda tyAM pahoMcyA tyAre, jemanI te pUjA karatA hatA te deva camatkArathI temane ugArI leze evI AzAthI hajAro lAkAe sAmanAthanA maMdiramAM Azaro lIdho hato. paraMtu hALu lokeAnI kalpanA sivAya anyatra javalle ja camatkAra thAya che. mahamUde dira toDayuM ane te chUTayuM paraMtu jenI AzA rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI te camatkAra tA banyA nahi ane pacAsa hajAra mANyAno nArA thayA. 1030nI sAlamAM mahamuda maraNa pAmyA. e samaye Akhe pa MjAba ane siMdha tenI hakUmata nIce hatAM. hiMdamAM AvIne islAmane phelAvo karanAra eka mahAna netA tarIke tene gaNavAmAM Ave che. meoTA bhAganA musalamAne tenA pratye bhAre mAnanI najare jue che ane moTA bhAganA hiMduo tene dhikkAre che. kharI rIte tene bhAgye ja dhArmika mANasa gaNI zakAya. te jAte musalamAna hatA e kharuM paraMtu te teA akasmAta ja gaNAya. khAsa karIne te yoddo hato atizaya pratibhAzALA yoddho hatA. kamabhAgye bIjA yAddAonI jema te jIta meLavavA ane lUMTa karavA hiMdamAM Avyo hate; ane te cAhe te dharma nA hAta to paNa te ema ja karata. teNe siMdhanA musalamAna rAjAne paNa DarAvyA hatA. te tene tAbe thayA ane tene khaMDaNI ApavAne kabUla thayA tyAre ja teNe temane kyA e InA yAda rAkhavA jevI che. bagadAdanA khalIkane paNa mArI nAkhavAnI teNe dATI ApI hatI ane tenI pAsethI samaraka MdanI teNe mAgaNI karI hatI. ethI karIne mahamUdane eka saphaLa yAhyA karatAM vizeSa gaNavAnI bhUlamAM ApaNe na phasAvuM joI e. mahamUda hiMdamAMthI saMkhyAbaMdha sthapati, salATo, ane bIjA kArIgaro gajhanI laI gayA ane temanI pAse tyAM AgaLa eka suMdara masIda baMdhAvI. tenuM nAma teNe use jannata ' svargIya vadhU evuM rAkhyuM, bAgabagIcAnA te khUba zokhIna hatA. " mahamUde ApaNane mathurAnA jhAMkhA khyAla ApyA che. e uparathI mathurA te samaye kevaDuM moTuM zahera haze tenI ApaNane kAMika kalpanA Ave che. gajhanInA sUkSmAne teNe lakhelA patramAM te jaNAve che, * ahIM AgaLa ( mathurAmAM ) musalamAnAnA imAna jevI dRDha eka hajAra mArato :

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uttara hiMdustAna-harSathI mahamUda gajhanI sudhI ra71 che. koDa dinAranA (eka sikko) kharca vinA e zahera tenI AjanI sthitie pahoMcyuM hoya e banavAjoga nathI. base varasathI ochA samayamAM enA jevuM bIjuM zahera bAMdhI zakAya ema nathI." mahamUde mathurAnuM kareluM A varNana phiradozInA hevAlamAMthI ApaNane maLe che. phiradozI phArasIno mahAna kavi hatA ane te mahamUdanA samayamAM thaI gayA che. phiradozI ane tenI mukhya kRti zAhanAmAno ullekha meM mArA gayA varasanA eka patramAM karyAnuM mane smaraNa che. evI vAta cAle che ke mahamUdanI AjJAthI phiradozIe zAhanAmuM lakhyuM hatuM. teNe e kAvyanI dareka beta mATe phiradezIne eka sonAne dInAra ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM hatuM. paraMtu phiradozI gaNatarIpUrvaka ke TUMkANamAM lakhavAmAM mAnatuM na hatuM. ethI karIne teNe khUba laMbANathI lakhyuM. jyAre teNe e kAvyanI hajAre be mahamUdane batAvI tyAre teNe tenI kRtinAM khUba vakhANa karyA. paraMtu tenuM dAma ApavAnA pitAnA avicArI vacana mATe mahamUdane pastAvo thayo. teNe phiradozIne tenI kabUlAta karatAM ghaNuM ochuM dAma ApavAne prayAsa karI je paraMtu ethI kavi atyaMta krodhe bharAyo ane teNe kazuM paNa levAnI nA pADI. harSathI mahamUda sudhI ApaNe lAMbI chalaMga bharI ane sADAtraNasothI paNa vadhAre varasanA hiMdanA ItihAsa upara najara karI gayAM. mane lAge che ke A lAMbA gALA viSe ghaNI rasika hakIkate ApI zakAya. paraMtu huM pote ja e viSe ajANa chuM eTale e viSe vivekabharyuM mana jALavavuM e ja mAre mATe ucita thaI paDaze. kadI kadI mAhomAMhe laDatA ane vakhata Avye uttara hiMdamAM paMcAla rAjyanA jevAM moTAM rAjya sthApanAra rAjAo ane zAsake viSe huM tane kaMIka kahI zakuM kharo. vaLI, kaneja upara zI zI vipata paDI; kAzmIranA rAjAoe prathama tenA upara kevI rIte humale karyo ane thaDA vakhata sudhI tene pitAne kabaje rAkhyuM tathA te pachI baMgALanA rAjAe ane tene pachI dakSiNanA rASTrakUToe tenA upara kevI rIte humalA karyA ane pitAne kabaje karyuM te viSe paNa huM tane kAMI kahI zakuM. paraMtu e badhI vigatanI neMdhathI kazo artha sare ema nathI ane te UlaTI tane gUMcavADAmAM nAkhI de e saMbhava che. ApaNe hiMdanA itihAsanA eka lAMbA prakaraNane aMte AvI pahoMcyAM chIe ane have navuM prakaraNa zarU thAya che. ItihAsane amuka

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232 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hissAomAM vaheMcI nAkhavo e muzkela che. sAmAnya rIte ema karavuM ucita paNa nathI. ItihAsa e te eka vahetI nadInA jevuM che. nadInI mAphaka te niraMtara vahyA ja kare che. ema chatAM paNa te badalAtA rahe che ane keTalIka vAra tene eka tabakake pUre thatA ane bIjAne AraMbha thate ApaNe joI zakIe chIe. paraMtu A pheraphAre ekAeka nathI thatA; eka sthiti bIjI sthitimAM palaTAI jAya che ane e rIte badhAM parivartane ekabIjA sAthe saMkaLAyelAM hoya che. Ama hiMdane lAgevaLage che tyAM sudhI itihAsanA anaMta nATakanA eka aMkane cheDe ApaNe AvI pahoMcyAM chIe. jene hiMdu yuga kahevAmAM Ave che te dhIre dhIre pUre thAya che ane keTalAMka hajAra varasa sudhI khIlatI rahelI hiMdI Arya saMskRtine eka navI ja AvelI saMskRtine sAmane kare paDe che. paraMtu A pheraphAra ociMte nahote thayo e te lakSamAM rAkhaje. e parivartananI kriyA dhImedhIme thaI hatI. mahamUdanI sAthe uttara hiMdamAM IslAma dAkhala thayo. musalamAnonA e vijayanI lAMbA vakhata sudhI dakSiNa hiMda upara asara nahotI thaI ane baso varasa sudhI te baMgALa paNa e asarathI mukta rahyuM hatuM. AgaLa upara je pitAnI sAhasapUrNa vIratA mATe mazahUra thavAnuM hatuM te citaDa uttaramAM rajapUta jAtionA saMgaThananuM kendra banatuM ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. paraMtu musalamAnanA vijaya suvALa nizcitapaNe ane anivArya rIte AgaLa vadhI rahyo hatA ane cAhe eTalI vyaktigata hiMmata paNa tene khALI zake ema nahotuM. prAcIna Arya hiMdanI avanati thatI jatI hatI emAM jarAye zaMkA nathI. paradezIo ane vijetAone khALavA mATe asamartha nIvaDatAM hiMdI Arya saMskRtie AtmarakSAnI nIti akhatyAra karI. pitAne bacAva karavAno prayAsa karatAM teNe pitAnI AsapAsa jaDa kalevara yA kavaca nirmANa karyuM. jemAM Aja sudhI vikAsanuM tatva hatuM te jJAtivyavasthAne teNe vadhAre custa ane jaDa karI mUkI. pitAnA strIvarganI svataMtratA teNe ochI karI nAkhI. tenI grAmapaMcAyatonI sudhdhAM durdazA karavAmAM AvI. paraMtu vadhAre vIryazALI jAtionI sAme tenI avanati thatI jatI hatI te sthitimAM paNa teNe temanA upara pitAne prabhAva pADavAne ane temane pitAnI rIte ghaDavAno prayAsa karyo. ane A Arya saMskRtimAM samanvaya karavAnI ane bIjAone pitAmAM samAvI

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uttara hiMdustAna-hathI mahamUda gajhanI sudhI 22 levAnI evI bhAre zakti hatI ke vijetAo upara paNa sAMskRtika vijya meLavavAmAM tene keTaleka aMze saphaLatA maLI. tAre e lakSamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke A saMdharSa bhAratIya Arya saMskRti ane atizaya saMskArI Araba vacce nahote. e saMgharSa te saMskArI chatAM jIrNa thaI gayelA hiMda ane jemaNe tAjetaramAM ja islAma dharma aMgIkAra karyo hate tevI madhya eziyAnI ardha saMskArI ane keTalIka vAra te gopa jAtio vacce hate. kamanasIbe A kAraNathI : hiMdustAne sabhyatAnA abhAva ane mahamUdanI caDAIonA kera sAthe islAmane joDI dIdhuM ane pariNAme temAMthI kaDavArA pedA thaI

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para yuropanA deze nirmANa thavA lAge che 3 jUna, 1932 beTI, have ApaNe yurepanI mulAkAta laIzuM? chellAM ApaNe tyAM hatAM tyAre te durdazAmAM hatuM. remanuM patana pazcima yuropane mATe te saMskRtinA patana samuM nIvaDayuM. kanjhAnTinepalanA amala nIcenA mulaka sivAyanA pUrva yuropanI dazA te ethIye bUrI hatI. eTIlA nAmanA kUNa lekonA saradAre Aga ane bhAMgaphADathI yuropane ghaNe mulaka UjaDa karI mUkyo hate. paraMtu pUrvanuM romana sAmrAjya tenI avanati thatI jatI hovA chatAM haju TakI rahyuM hatuM ane kadI kadI pitAnI tAkAta batAvatuM hatuM. ramanA patananA AcakAmAMthI pazcima yurepa thALe paDavA mAMDayuM hatuM ane tyAM have navI ja rIte punarghaTanA thavA lAgI hatI. paraMtu e AcakAmAMthI thALe paDatAM tene ghaNe samaya lAgyo. paraMtu vakhata jatAM te khIlatI gaI tema tema pazcima yuropamAM navI vyavasthA ApaNe nihALI zakIe chIe. kadI kadI sAdhu-saMtenA zAMtimaya prayAsothI te kadI kadI parAkramI rAjAonI taravAranA jerathI khristI dharmane phelAve thatA jatA hatA. navAM navAM rAjya UbhAM thAya che. kAMsa, beljiyama ane jarmanInA amuka bhAgamAM levIsa nAmanA pitAnA rAjAnI AgevAnI nIce pheMka jAtinA leke (A lekene te pachInA phreMca leke jeDe seLabheLa karI daIza nahi.) rAjya sthApyuM. levIse 481thI 511nI sAla sudhI rAjya karyuM. levIsanA dAdAnA nAma uparathI A rAjavaMza mere vijiyana vaMza kahevAya che. paraMtu thoDA ja samayamAM "meyara opha dha pelesa" eTale ke rAjamahelanA kArabhArI nAmathI oLakhAtA rAjadarabAranA adhikArIe rAjyanI lagAma pitAne hAtha karI ane rAjAne pAcho pADI dIdho. A meyare athavA kArabhArIo, sarvasattAdhIza thayA eTaluM ja nahi paNa temane hoddo paNa vaMzaparaMparAgata thaI gaye. rAjyanA kharA zAsake teo ja hatA, kahevAtA rAjAo te mAtra pUtaLAM jevA hatA.

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yuropanA deze nirmANa thavA lAge che zapa cArlsa mATela nAmanA AvA eka meyare ja krAMsamAM dursanA raNakSetranA mahAna yuddhamAM 732nI sAlamAM seresana lekene harAvyA hatA. temanA upara jIta meLavIne teNe seresana lekanA vijayanA juvALane aTakAvya. khristI lekanI najare te, ema karIne teNe AkhA yuropane ugAryuM. ene lIdhe tenI pratiSThA ane AbarU khUba vadhI gayAM. leke tene duzmanonI sAme khristI jagatane rakSaka ane tAraNahAra mAnavA lAgyA. e samaye kaoNnsTAnTinepalanA samrATa sAthe romanA pipane saMbaMdha bagaDyo hate. ethI karIne pipe sahAya mATe cArlsa mATela tarapha najara karavA lAgyA. cArlsa mArTelanA putra pIpIne pUtaLA samAna rAjAne uThADI mUkyo ane te pote rAjA banI beThe. ane pipe saharSa A pheraphAra maMjUra rAkhyo. - pIpInane zArlamena nAmane putra hatuM. pipa upara pharIthI Aphata AvI paDI ane teNe zArlamenane pitAnI madade bolAvya. zArlamena athavA cArlsa tenI madade gayo ane popanA duzmanone teNe hAMkI kADhyA. I. sa. 800nA nAtAlanA divase meTa samAraMbha karIne remanA devaLamAM pipe zArlamenane romana samrATa tarIke rAjyAbhiSeka karyo. e divasathI "helI romana empAyara" eTale ke, pavitra romana sAmrAjyane AraMbha thayo. ene viSe pahelAM meM tane eka vakhata lakhyuM hatuM. A eka vicitra prakAranuM sAmrAjya che ane tene pAchaLane eTale ke dhIme dhIme te lupta thatuM jatuM hatuM te vakhatano ItihAsa te vaLI ethIye vicitra che. ailisa ina dha vaMDaralenDamAMnI ezAyaranI billInuM zarIra dhIme dhIme adazya thatuM jaI chevaTe jema tenA smitanI chAyA ja bAkI rahe che tema A sAmrAjyanA dehane nAza thayA pachI tenI eka ththA ja mAtra rahI gaI. yurepI samAja uparanI asara uparathI ja ApaNane tenA astitvanI pratIti thAya che. paraMtu e sthiti te hajI AvavAnI hatI ane ApaNe bhaviSyamAM DokiyuM karavAnI hAla jarUra nathI. - A pavitra remana sAmrAjya e kaMI pazcimI romana sAmrAjyanI pUti nahatuM. e te tenAthI kaMIka bhinna vastu hatI. te pitAne duniyAnuM ekamAtra sAmrAjya mAnatuM hatuM. ene samrATa, kadAca pipa sivAya, duniyAmAM sarvane uparI adhikArI manAtuM hatuM. bemAMthI

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ra7 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana me kahyuM e bAbatamAM pipa ane samrATa vacce keTalIka sadIo sudhI jhaghaDe cAlyA karyo. paraMtu e paNa have pachI banavAnuM hatuM. AzcaryanI vAta te e che ke, rAma jyAre duniyAnuM svAmI gaNAtuM hatuM ane romana sAmrAjya tenI parAkASTAe hatuM tyAre tenA ja punarutthAna rUpa A navuM sAmrAjya manAtuM hatuM. paraMtu A sAmrAjyamAM khristI dharmanI athavA khistI jagatanI eka navI bhAvanA umerAI hatI. ethI karIne e "pavitra sAmrAjya kahevAtuM hatuM. ene samrATa pRthvI upara eka prakArane Izvarane pratinidhi manAte hate. te ja pramANe pipa paNa duniyA upara Izvarane pratinidhi gaNAtuM hatuM. samrATa rAjakIya bAbato samAlo ane pipa dhArmika bAbate. kaMI nahi te e viSe A prakAranI mAnyatA pravartatI hatI. ane mArA dhAravA pramANe enA uparathI ja yuropamAM rAjAnA devI adhikArane khyAla pedA thavA pAmyuM hatuM. samrATa dharmane rakSaka hate. tane e jANIne ramUja paDaze ke aMgrejonA rAjAne hajI paNa dharmAne rakSaka kahevAmAM Ave che. je "amIrala-eminIna" eTale ke ImAnadAranA yA musalamAnanA agraNInA biradathI oLakhAtuM hatuM te khalIphA ane A samrATanI ApaNe tulanA karIe. AraMbhakALamAM khalIphA kharekhara samrATa temaja pipa bane padavI tathA sattA ekI sAthe dharAvato hate. paraMtu pachIthI te mAtra nAmane ja khalIpha banI jAya che e ApaNe AgaLa upara jaIzuM. alabata, kAnTinopalanA samrATa pazcimamAM A navA UbhA thayelA pavitra remana sAmrAjya ne bilakula maMjUra rAkhatA nahotA. je samaye zArlamenane rAjyAbhiSeka thayo tyAre konsTATinopalamAM IrIna nAmanI eka strI samArI banI beThI hatI. e te ja adhama strI ke jeNe samrAjJI thavA khAtara pitAnA peTanA dIkarAnuM khUna karyuM hatuM. ene amalamAM rAjyanI sthiti bahu ja kharAba thaI gaI hatI. konsAnTinopalathI chUTA paDIne zAlamenane rAjyAbhiSeka karavAnI pipe hAma bhIDI tenuM e paNa eka kAraNa hatuM. che : zArlamena have pazcima taraphanA khristI jagatane vaDe, Izvarano pRthvI upara pratinidhi ane pavitra romana sAmrAjyane samrATa banya. kAnane A zabdo kevA damAmadAra lAge che ! paraMtu janatAne bharamAvIne ane maMtramugdha karIne ja evA zabdo pitAne hetu sAdhe che. dharma

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yuropanA deze nirmANa thavA lAge che ra77 ane IzvaranA nAmano upayoga karIne sattAdhIzoe ghaNI vAra bIjAone mUrakha banAvI pitAnI sattA vadhAravAno prayAsa karyo che. rAjA, samrATa ane vaDe dharmAdhyakSa sAmAnya mANasanI najaramAM aspaSTa ane chAyAvata banI jAya che - sAmAnya jIvanathI teo sAva aLagA rahe che ane lagabhaga devatulya banI jAya che. temane viSanI A agamyatAne kAraNe leke, temanAthI DaratA rahe che. rAjadarabAranA vaividhyapUrNa ziSTAcAra ane vidhiniSedhe tathA maMdire ke devaLanA eTalA ja vaividhyapUrNa vidhionI tulanA karI jo. ubhayamAM ekasarakhuM ja namavAnuM, page paDavAnuM ane jamIna upara ALoTavAnuM hoya che. bALapaNathI ja ApaNane sattAnI A vividha rIte pUjA karavAnuM zIkhavavAmAM Ave che. paNa e premanI nahi paNa bhaya prerita sevA che. zArlamena bagadAdanA khalIpha hArUnala razIdane samakAlIna hatA. te tenI joDe patravyavahAra karate hate. zArlamene baMnee bhegA maLIne pUrvanA romana sAmrAjya tathA spenanA seresane joDe laDavAnI khalIphAne darakhAsta karI hatI e vAta lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che. A sUcanAnuM kAMI paNa pariNAma AvyuM hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. paraMtu rAjAo ane mutsadIonA manovyApAra upara e bInA ThIka ThIka prakAza pADe che. tuM jarA kalpanA to kara ke, "pavitra sAmrAjyano samrATa ane khristI jagatane vaDo eka khristI ane bIjI Araba sattA sAme bagadAdanA khalIpha sAthe mitrI bAMdhe che. spenanA seresana lekee bagadAdanA abhyAsI khalIphane mAnya rAkhavAno inkAra karyo hate e tane yAda haze. teo svataMtra thaI gayA hatA ane bagadAdane temanI sAme vera hatuM. paraMtu teo ekabIjAthI eTalA badhA dUra hatA ke temanI vacce laDAI zakya nahotI. vaLI zAlamena ane konsTAnTinepala vacce paNa kaMI mIThe saMbaMdha nahote. ahIM paNa aMtarane kAraNe ja temanI vacce dekhItI laDAI thatI aTakI hatI. e game tema hoya, paNa eka khristI ane Araba sattAe bIjI khristI ane Araba sattA sAme laDavA mATe ekabIjA sAthe ekatra thavuM evI darakhAsta mUkavAmAM AvI hatI. e rAjAonA aMtaranI kharI nema baLa, sattA ane dhanadelata meLavavAnI hatI. paraMtu temanA AvA hetuone sAmAnya rIte dharmanA burakhAthI DhAMkI devAmAM AvatA. sarvatra Ama banatuM rahyuM che. hiMdustAnamAM paNa ApaNe joyuM ke mahamUda dharmanA nAme ahIM

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ra8 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Avyo hato paraMtu e rIte teNe ene sArI peThe phAyado uThAvyo. dharmanuM nAma laIne A ja sudhImAM lekee aneka vAra lAbha uThAvyo che. paraMtu mANasanA vicAre ane khyAle yuge yuge badalAtA rahe che eTale ghaNA lAMbA vakhata upara thaI gayelA leke viSe abhiprAya bAMdhavAnuM ApaNe mATe atizaya muzkela che. A vAta ApaNe lakSamAM rAkhavI joIe. Aje ApaNane nirvivAda lAgatI ghaNIkharI bAbate temane atizaya vicitra lAgatI haze tema temanI Teva, raheNIkaraNI ane AcAravicAre ApaNane vicitra bhAse che. je samaye le ke mahAna AdarzonI, pavitra sAmrAjyanI, IzvaranA pratinidhi ane IzunA pratinidhi tarIke pepanI vAta karatA hatA tyAre pazcima durdazAnI chellI kakSAe pahoMcyuM hatuM. zArlamenanA amala pachI theDA ja vakhatamAM roma ane iTAlInI hAlata atizaya kharAba thaI gaI hatI. ApaNane ghaNuM pedA thAya evAM bhraSTa strIpuruSe remamAM temanA manamAM Ave tema vartatAM hatAM ane marachamAM Ave tene papa banAvatAM athavA tene sthAnabhraSTa karatAM hatAM. kharekhara, romanA patana pachI pazcima yuropamAM sarvatra je avyavasthA vyApI rahI ene kAraNe ghaNA leke ema vicAravAne prerAyA ke sAmrAjyane je pharIthI sajIvana karavAmAM Ave te sthiti sudharavA pAme. vaLI pratiSThAne khAtara paNa samrATa hovo joIe ema mAnanArA paNa ghaNuM leke hatA. te samayane eka prAcIna lekhaka kahe che ke, "khristI lekemAMthI samrATanuM nAma bhUMsAI jAya te vidhamI leke temanuM apamAna kare' eTalA khAtara cArlsane samrATa banAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. zArlamenanA sAmrAjyamAM kAMsa, beljiyama, heleMDa, sviTjharaleMDa, ardha jarmanI ane ardhA ITAlIne samAveza thato hato. tenI ne spenamAM ArabanuM rAjya hatuM, IzAnamAM strAva ane bIjI jAtio hatI, uttare Dena ane northamena hatA, agni khUNAmAM babberiyana ane sarbiyana leke hatA ane tenI pelI bAju kAnTinopalanA amala heThaLanuM pUrvanuM romana sAmrAjya hatuM. 814nI sAlamAM zArlamena maraNa pAme. enA mRtyu pachI tarata ja sAmrAjyanI saMpattinI vaheMcaNI mATe jhaghaDA UbhA thayA. tenA vaMzajemAM teo cArlsanA leTina nAma kelasa uparathI kAleviMjiyana kahevAya che- jhAjhe mAla nahete e temanAM upanAma uparathI jaNAya

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yurepanA deze nirmANa thavA lAge che ra79 che. tene eka vaMzaja "jADo', bIjo "TAliye ane trIjo "dharmiSTa' kahevAya che. zArlamenanA sAmrAjyanA bhAga paDatAM ApaNe kAMsa ane jarmanIne bhinna deza tarIke nirmANa thatA joIe chIe. ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke 843nI sAlathI jarmanI eka rASTra tarIke hayAtI bhogavatuM thayuM. vaLI ema paNa kahevAya che ke 962thI 973nI sAla sudhI rAjya karanAra samrATa mahAna oToe ghaNe aMze jarmana lekenuM eka alaga prajA tarIke ghaDatara karyuM. kAMsa pahelethI ja eNTanA sAmrAjyanI bahAra hatuM. 987nI sAlamAM huM kepeTe nirmAlya thaI gayelA koleviMjiyana rAjAone hAMkI kADhIne phrAMsane kabajo meLavyuM. kharI rIte te teNe kAMsane kabajo meLavyo ema na kahI zakAya kemake phAMsa meTA meTA TukaDAmAM vaheMcAyeluM hatuM ane te dareka pradeza upara svataMtra umarA sattA bhogavatA hatA. tathA teo vAraMvAra mAMhamAM ekabIjA sAme laDatA hatA. paraMtu temanAmAMnA ekabIjAnA karatAM temane samrATa ane pipane Dara vadhAre hato. tethI karIne temane sAmano karavAne te badhA ekatra thayA. hyuM ke peTanA samayathI kAMsa eka rASTra tarIke hayAtI bhogavatuM thAya che. rASTra tarIkenI temanI hayAtInA AraMbhakALathI ja ApaNe krAMsa ane jarmanI vacce harIphAI joI zakIe chIe. e harIphAI chellAM hajAra varasothI cAlI AvI che ane cheka Aja sudhI te kAyama rahI che. kAMsa ane jarmanI jevAM pADozanAM rASTra ane temanI atizaya saMskArI tathA pratibhAzALI prajAo pitAnuM purANuM vera peDhI dara peDhI sudhI poSyA kare e eka ajaba jevI vAta che. paraMtu emAM je vyavasthA nIce teo Aja sudhI rahetA AvyA che tene jeTale deSa che teTale doSa temane pitAne na hoya e kadAca saMbhavita che. lagabhaga e ja arasAmAM raziyA paNa itihAsanA raMgamaMca upara AgaLa Ave che. 850nI sAlamAM uttara taraphathI AvelA rUrika nAmanA mANase raziyAnA rAjyane pAye nAMkhyuM hatuM ema kahevAya che. yuropanA agni khUNAmAM begeriyana loko TharIThAma thatA ApaNane jaNAya che. teo AkramaNakArI paNa banatA jatA hatA. e ja rIte sarbiyana leke paNa tyAM TharIThAma thavA lAgyA hatA. majyara athavA haMgeriyana leke tathA pola jAtinA leke paNa pavitra sAmrAjya ane navA raziyAnI vacce pitapotAnAM rAjya sthApavAnI zarUAta kare che.

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200 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana A arasAmAM uttara yuropanA leke vahANamAM besIne pazcima tathA dakSiNanA dezamAM AvavA lAgyA. tyAM AgaLa temaNe lekenI katala karI, Aga lagADI ane lUMTaphATa karI. lUMTaphATa ane raMjADa karavA mATe IMgleMDa gayelA Dena ane bIjA naoNrthamene viSe vAMcyuM haze. jeo pAchaLathI narmanane nAme oLakhAyA te A northamena athavA narsamena leke bhUmadhya samudra sudhI gayA ane pachI pitAnAM vahANamAM besIne moTI moTI nadIo vATe dezanA uparanA bhAgomAM pahoMcyA. A rIte teo jyAM jyAM gayA tyAM temaNe lUMTaphATa ane katala calAvI. ITAlImAM arAjaka sthiti pravartatI hatI ane rema atizaya bUrI dazAmAM AvI paDyuM hatuM. A lokoe rema lUMTayuM ane konsTAnTinopalane paNa dhamakI ApI. A dhADapADu ane lUMTArA lekee normanDI jyAM AveluM che te kAMsane vAyavya khUNane bhAga, dakSiNa ITAlI ane sisilI kabaje karyA tathA dhIre dhIre TharIThAma thaIne tyAM rahevA mAMDayuM ane te pradezanA teo umarAva ane jamInadAra banI beThA. tavaMgara thayA pachI lUMTArAo sAmAnya rIte ema ja kare che. kAMsanA normanDI prAMtanA A narmana lakoe 106nI sAlamAM "vijetA" upanAmathI oLakhAtA viliyamanI saradArI nIce tyAM jaIne IgleMDa jItI lIdhuM. A rIte ApaNe igleMDane paNa AkAra dhAraNa karatuM joI zakIe chIe. ' Ama have ApaNe yuropamAM IsavI sanenAM lagabhaga pahelAM hajAra varasanA aMta sudhI AvI pahoMcyAM chIe. A arasAmAM gajhanIne mahamUda hiMda upara humalA karatuM hatuM temaja lagabhaga e ja arasAmAM bagadAdamAM abbAsI khalIphAnI sattA tUTavA lAgI hatI ane sejuka turka leke pazcima eziyAmAM islAmanuM punarutthAna karI rahyA hatA. penamAM haju ArabanI sattA ja cAlu hatI paraMtu teo temanA arabastAnanA vatanathI sAva alaga paDI gayA hatA tathA bagadAdanA rAjakartAo joDe temane sAro saMbaMdha nahote. uttara AphrikA bagadAdathI lagabhaga svataMtra thaI gayuM hatuM. mIsaramAM svataMtra rAjya hatuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa tyAM AgaLa alaga khilAphata paNa sthApavAmAM AvI hatI tathA thoDA samaya mATe te mIsaranA khalIphe uttara AphrikA upara paNa rAjya karyuM hatuM.

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13 yuropanI phaDala athavA sAmanta samAjavyavasthA 4 jUna, 1932 ta AgalA patramAM ApaNe phrAMsa, jamanI, raziyA ane iMgleMDa vagere AjanA dezAnA AraMbhanI jhAMkhI karI gayAM. paraMtu te samayanA leke Aje ApaNe e dezA viSe je rIte vicAra karIe chIe te ja rIte vicAra karatA hatA ema na mAnIza. ApaNe Aje phrAMsanA leke, aMgrejo tathA jamanAnA alaga alaga prajA tarIke vicAra karIe chIe. te te prajAnI dareka vyakti potapotAnA dezane potAnI mAtRbhUmi, pitRbhUmi ke vatana gaNe che. A rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA che ane duniyAmAM AjakAla te sArI peThe jovAmAM Ave che. hiMdanI AjhAdI mATenI ApaNI laData e ' rASTrIya ' laData che. paraMtu te kALamAM rASTrIyatAnI A bhAvanA udbhavI nahotI. te samaye lAkAmAM khristI duniyA viSe kaMIka ekatAno khyAla hatA; eTale ke pote musalamAna ke anya vidharmIothI nirALA che ane khristI samAja ke saMdhanA sabhya che ema teo mAnatA hatA. e ja rIte musalamAnAmAM paNa evA khyAla hatA ke teo saiA muslima jagatanA aMgabhUta che ane bAkInA badhA kAra che ane temanAthI alaga che. paraMtu khristI temaja islAma jagatanA A pyAlA bahu aspaSTa hatA ane janatAnA rAjiMdA jIvana upara tenI jhAjhI asara nahotI. mAtra khAsa prasa MgeAe ja khristI dharma ke islAmane khAtara laDavA mATe leAkAne dhArmika jhanUnathI bharI devAne arthe temano upayoga thatA. te samaye rASTrIyatAne badale mANasa mANasa vacce kaMIka judA ja prakArane sabaMdha hatA. A sabaMdha DyUDala pati athavA ApaNe jene sAmanta pati kahI zakIe te nAmathI jANItI thayelI sAmAjika vyavasthAmAMthI udbhavelA cUDala sabaMdha hato. rezamanA patana pachI pazcimanA mulakAnI purANI vyavasthA paDI bhAgI. sarvatra avyavasthA, arAjaka, hiMsA ane baLajabarI pravartatAM hatAM. jakharA loka je kaI potAnA hAthamAM Ave

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282 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana te pacAvI pADatA ane bIjo koI temanA karatAM baLiye AvIne temanI pAsethI te AMcakI le tyAM sudhI teo tene pitAnA kabajAmAM rAkhatA. ThekaThekANe majabUta killAo baMdhAyA ane e killAnA mAlika jeo laoNrDa kahevAtA teo pitAnI TaLI laIne bIje kyAMka dareDe pADavA mATe bahAra nIkaLI paDatA. teo AsapAsanA pradezane lUMTatA ane raMjADatA tathA kadI kadI temanA jevA bIjA koI killAnA jorDa joDe yuddha paNa karatA. ethI karIne garIba kheDUta ane jamIna upara kAma karanArA majUrane sAthI vizeSa veThavuM paDatuM. A prakAranI avyavasthAmAMthI kyAla paddhatinI samAjavyavasthA athavA sAmanta-prathA udbhavI. jamIna kheDanAro varga saMgaThita nahotuM ane e varganA leke A lUMTAru saradAre-jemane bairana kahevAmAM AvatA temanI-sAme pitAnuM rakSaNa karI zakatA nahotA. vaLI temanuM rakSaNa karI zake evuM baLavAna madhyastha rAjyataMtra paNa te vakhate nahotuM. A vikaTa paristhitimAMthI temaNe banI zake tevo mArga kADhyo ane temane lUMTatA lerDa eTale ke killAnA mAlika jaDe teo samajUtI upara AvyA. te temane lUMTe ke bIjI koI rIte kanaDe nahi tathA tenA jevA bIjAothI temanuM rakSaNa kare te temanA khetaranA utpannane amuka bhAga tene ApavA tathA bIjI rIte paNa tenI sevA karavA teo kabUla thayA. e ja rIte nAnA killAne lerDa athavA mAlika paNa meTA killAnA oNrDa athavA mAlika joDe samajUtI para Avyo. paraMtu A nAno oNrDa meTA laoNrDane jamInanI koI paNa Upaja ApI zake tema nahotuM, kemake te pote kheDUta nahote temaja khetI karIne kazuM pedA karate nahatA. AthI teNe lazkarI madada ApavAnuM eTale ke jyAre jarUra paDe tyAre moTA laIne paDakhe rahIne laDavAnuM vacana ApyuM. enA badalAmAM meTA joDe nAnAnuM rakSaNa karavAnuM hatuM. A nAne lairDa meTAne vaeNsala athavA sAmAnta ane moTo tene laoNrDa athavA svAmI gaNAta. A rIte nAnAthI meTA e pramANe kramazaH AgaLa vadhatAM e zreNImAM ethIye vadhAre meTA laoNrDa ane nebele athavA umarA AvatA ane tethI paNa AgaLa vadhatAM chevaTe A phaDala vyavasthAnI Toca upara rAjA Ave. paraMtu A paraMparA ATalethI ja aTakatI nahatI. temane mana te svargamAM paNa svargane anukULa phaDala vyavasthA hatI. tyAM paNa devanI trimUrti hatI ane Izvara tene variSTha lerDa athavA rAjA hate !

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203 yuropanI DyUDala athavA sAmanta samAjavyavasthA yuropamAM pravartelI avyavasthAmAMthI dhIme dhIme A cUDala prathA athavA vyavasthA uptanna thaI. tAre e lakSamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke te samaye cAMye jene ApaNe madhyastha rAjyataMtra kahI zakIe evuM kazuM ja nahotuM. tyAM AgaLa nahAtA pAlIsA ke vyavasthA jALavavA mATe nahAtI evI khIjI kAI vyavasthA yA prabaMdha. jamInanA kAI paNa TukaDAnAM mAlika tene zAsaka ane laoNrDa athavA svAmI hatA eTaluM ja nahi paNa te jamIna upara rahenArI badhI Ama vastIne! paNa te zAsaka temaja laoNrDa athavA prabhu hatA. te eka nAnakaDA rAjA jevA hatA ane kheDUtanI sevA tathA temanA taraphathI maLatA anAjanA hissAnA badalAmAM temanuM rakSaNa karavAnI tenI kruja hatI ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. peAtAnI jamIna upara vasatI Ama praznanA te lIjalA eTale ke hAkAra kahevAtA ane te leAkA tenA vilina athavA sa eTale ke AsAmI yA dAsa gaNAtA. siddhAMtanI dRSTie tenI mAlakInI jamIna tene tenA uparI moTA loDa taraphathI maLelI gaNAtI. ane nAnA laeNDa tene ' vaeNsala ' eTale ke sAmanta kahevAtA ane te potAnA uparI lorDane lazkarI madada ApatA. carcA eTale ke khristI dharma saMdhanA adhikArI sudhdhAM A cUDala vyavasthAnA aMgabhUta hatA. teo jema dharmAdhikArI hatA tema loDa athavA vaeNsala eTale ke sAmantA paNa hatA. Ama jarmanImAM lagabhaga ardhA bhAganI jamIna tathA saMpatti bizapo athavA paragaNAMnA vaDA dharmAdhikArIo ane eNkhaTA eTale ke mahAdhipatinA hAthamAM hatI. popa pote paNa eka moTA cUDala laoNrDa gaNAtA hatA. A uparathI tane mAlUma paDaze ke A AkhI vyavasthA caDatAUtaratA darajjA ane vargo upara racAyelI hatI. emAM samAnatAnI to vAta ja naheAtI. enI cheka nIce vilinA athavA sA~ eTale ke dAsa lokonA bahoLA samudAya hatA ane temane, cheka nAnA laoNrDathI mAMDIne meTA loDa, temanAthI vaLI moTA lo ane chevaTe kiMga athavA rAjA vagere saunA eTale ke AkhI samAjavyavasthAnA khAjo upADavAnA hato. vaLI cane aMgenA badhA kharaca -- bizapa, eNTa, kArDi nala tathA mAmUlI sthAnika dharmAdhikArI athavA pAdarI vagerenA -- te jo paNa temanA upara ja paDatA. anAja pakavavAnuM ke bIjI kaI sa Mpatti pedA thAya evuM kaI paNa kAma nAnA ke mATe kAI paNa loDa karatA nahAtA.

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84 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana evuM kAma temane mATe hiNapatabharyuM manAtuM. yuddha e temane mukhya vyavasAya hate ane laDAImAM rokAyA na hoya tyAre teo zikAra khelatA, nakalI laDAI laDatA ane ghoDesavArI ke evI ja maradAnI ramata ramatA. e leke aNaghaDa temaja abhaNa hatA ane khAvApIvA tathA laDavA sivAyanA manoraMjananA bIjA aneka prakAranI temane khabara nahotI. Ama anAja temaja jIvananI bIjI jarUrI vastuo utpanna karavAne badho bojo kheDUte tathA kArIgare upara paDate hato. A vyavasthAnI Toce kiMga athavA rAjA hatA ane te eka prakArane Izvarane vesala athavA sAmAnta manAtA hatA. kyaDala vyavasthAnA pAyAmAM AvA prakAranI kalpanA rahelI hatI. siddhAMtanI daSTie moTo lo tenA nAnA lenDenuM ane teo temanA sarka athavA viline eTale AsAmIo dAsenuM rakSaNa karavAne baMdhAyelA hatA paraMtu temane kAyadAnuM kazuM baMdhana nahotuM ane vyavahAramAM temanI marajI e ja kAyade gaNAto. temanA uparI moTA lorDa ke rAjA bhAgye ja temanA upara aMkuza mUkatA tathA kheDUta varga eTale badhe kamajora hato ke te temanI koI paNa mAgaNIne virodha karI zake ema nahotuM. Ama atizaya baLavAna hovAne lIdhe teo temanA sarpha eTale AsAmI kheDUto pAsethI kaDhAvI zakAya eTaluM kaDhAvI letA ane temanuM kaMgAliyatabharyuM jIvana gujAravA jeTaluM mAMDa temanI pAse rahevA detA. dareka dezamAM jamInanA mAlikane hamezAM A ja cAla rahyo che. jamInanI mAlikInI sAthe amIrIne khyAla hameza joDAyelA rahyo che. jamIna pacAvI pADIne kille bAMdhanAra lUTAru nAITa athavA yoddho tarata ja lorDa athavA amIra banI jAya che ane se koI tene Adara kare che. jamInanI mAlikIne lIdhe sattA paNa prApta thAya che. ane jamIna mAlikoe kheData, utpAdaka tathA majUre pAsethI vadhAremAM vadhAre paDAvI levA mATe e sattAno upayeAga karyo che. are, kAyadAe paNa mAlikane ja madada karI che kemake kAyadA paNa temanA ke temanA mitranA banAvelA hoya che. A ja kAraNathI ghaNuM leke ema mAne che ke jamInanI mAlikI vyaktinI nahi paNa samAjanI hevI joIe. jamIna rAjyanI athavA te samAjanI mAlikInI thaI jAya ene artha e thayo ke te jamIna para vasatA sainI mAlikInI banI jAya che. e sthitimAM koI paNa mANasa bIjAnuM zoSaNa na karI zake temaja tene geralAbha paNa na laI zake.

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yurepanI phacUDala athavA sAmAnta samAjavyavasthA 285 A paraMtu AvA vicAre te hajI bhaviSyamAM udbhavavAnA hatA. je samayanI ApaNe hAla vAta karI rahyAM chIe te arasAmAM leke e dizAmAM vicAra karatA nahotA. prajAne Amavarga du:khI hato paraMtu temanI hADamArImAMthI UgaravAno rasto temane dekhAtuM nahotuM. ethI karIne teo pracalita paristhitine vaza thatA hatA ane AzA-zUnya majUrInuM jIvana gujAratA hatA. hukamane tAbe thavAnI Teva ThekI ThekIne temanA hADamAM utArI devAmAM AvI hatI ane eka vakhata e Teva hADamAM utarI gayA pachI leke game tene vaza varte che ane game tevA julama ane anyAye veThI le che. Ama eka bAju kyUDala oNrDa eTale ke moTA sAmate ane temanA paricArake tathA bIjI bAju atizaya garIba lekane samAja nirmANa thate ApaNuM jovAmAM Ave che. oNrDane paththaranA killAnI AsapAsa sarpha eTale AsAmI ke dAsa lokonAM mATI ke lAkaDAnAM chAparAMnAM jUtha hatAM. te samaye ekabIjAthI sAva nirALI be prakAranI duniyA hatI -eka laoNrDa eTale sAmanta ke mAlikanI duniyA ane bIjI sarpha eTale dasa varganI duniyA; e paikIne laMDa athavA mAlika ghaNuM karIne potAnA sarpha athavA dAsane pitAnAM pALelAM pazuothI jarAtarA ja caDiyAtA gaNato. keTalIka vAra nAnA pAdarIo laoNrDa athavA mAlike sAme dAsavarganuM rakSaNa karatA. paraMtu sAmAnya rIte te dharmAdhikArIo oNrDa ke mAlikane ja pakSa letA. ane kharI vAta to e che ke paragaNAnA vaDA dharmadhikArIo eTale ke bizapa ane maThAdhikArIo eTale ke eNbaTo pite paNa moTA moTA cUDala lorDa hatA. hiMdamAM AvI jAtanI kyuDala samAjavyavasthA nahotI. paraMtu ApaNe tyAM paNa kaMIka ene maLatI ja paddhati hatI. ApaNI hiMdustAnI riyAsatenA rAjAo, rajavADAMo, bhAyAte, ThAkora ane jAgIradAre hajI paNa yUDala vyavasthAnA jevI ja ghaNI rajavADI prathAo tathA rItarivAjone vaLagI rahyA che. hiMdustAnanI jJAtivyavasthA jeke phaphyuDala samAjavyavasthAthI sAva judI hovA chatAMye teNe samAjane judA judA vargamAM vaheMcI nAkhe che. cInamAM AvA adhikAre bhagavata Apakhuda varga kadI paNa nahote ema tane AgaLa kahyAnuM mane smaraNuM che. parIkSAnI tenI prAcIna paddhatithI teNe dareka vyakti mATe sauthI UMco hoddo prApta karavAnAM dvAra khullA karyA hatAM. paraMtu ene amala karavAmAM bezaka ghaNI maryAdAo UbhI karavAmAM AvI haze.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Ama cuDala samAjavyavasthAmAM samAnatA ke svata MtratAnA pyAla sarakhAye na hatA. emAM to kevaLa haka ane krUrajane ja khyAla hato. eTale ke lADa potAnA haka tarIke leAkeAnI sevA ane temanA khetaramAM pAkelI vastuno amuka hisso le ane badalAmAM temanuM rakSaNa karavAnI te potAnI pharaja mAnatA. paNa sAmAnya rIte hA ja hamezAM yAda rAkhavAmAM Ave che ane dhaNuMkharuM karajo vIsarAI jAya che. Aje paNa yuropanA keTalAka dezomAM temaja hiMdamAM moTA moTA jamInadAro che. te lezamAtra parizrama karyA vinA kisAna pAsethI sAMthanA rUpamAM aDhaLaka rakama vasUla kare che. paraMtu potAnI pharajano khyAla sarakhA paNa jamAnA thayAM bhUlI gayA che. te 289 jemane potAnI svataMtratA atizaya priya hatI evI yuropanI prAcIna bar jAtioe jemAM svataMtratAnA sadaMtara abhAva hatA evI rRDala vyavasthAne calAvI levAnuM dhIre dhIre kevI rIte mana vALyuM e navAI pAmavA jevI vAta che. A jAtie potAnA nAyakA cUTatI ane temanA upara aMkuza rAkhatI. paNa have te sarvatra niraMkuza ane ApakhudIbharyuM zAsana ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che ane cUMTaNInuM nAma sarakhuM paNa saMbhaLAtuM nathI. A pheraphAra zAthI thaye e huM kahI zakuM ema nathI. saMbhava che ke, carca yA khristI dharma saMdhe pracAra karelA siddhAMtA A prajAtaMtra virodhI pyAlA phelAvavAmAM madadarUpa nIvaDyA hoya. rAjA e pRthvI upara IzvaranI chAyArUpa banI gayA ane paramezvaranI chAyA sAthe paNa adanA mANasa kevI rIte dalIla karI zake yA to tenA hukamano anAdara karI zake? A kyUDala vyavasthA tA svarga temaja pRthvI baMnene potAnAmAM samAvI detI hoya ema jaNAya che. hiMdamAM paNa svataMtratAnA prAcIna Arya khyAlo dhIme dhIme ApaNane palaTAtA jatA dekhAya che. e khyAle uttarottara nabaLA paDatA gayA ane chevaTe lagabhaga bhulAI gayA. paraMtu meM tane AgaLa upara jaNAvyuM hatuM tema madhyayuganI zarUAtanA samayamAM e khyAla kaMika aMze jaLavAI rahyA hatA. zukrAcAryanA 'nItisAra ' ane dakSiNa hiMdanA keTalAka lekhA uparathI ApaNane e vAtanI pratIti thAya che. navI UbhI thatI vyavasthA mAraphate yuropamAM dhIme dhIme a MzataH svataMtratAneA karI pAcho udaya thavA lAgyA. jamInanA mAlika ane tenA upara majUrI karanArA, eTale ke amIra lo` ane temanA sa C

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yurepanI phacUDala athavA sAmA samAjavyavasthA 287 athavA dAsa kheDUta leke uparAMta tyAM AgaLa vepArI ane kArIgara varganA leke paNa hatA. A leke tatvataH cUDala vyavasthAnA aMgarUpa nahatA. e aMdhAdhuMdhInA kALamAM vepAra nahi jevo ja hatuM ane hunnara udyoga paNa khIlyA nahatA. paraMtu dhIme dhIme vepAra vadhavA lAgyo ane niSNAta kArIgara tathA vepArIonuM mahattva vadhyuM. e lake tavaMgara banyA ane nAnA temaja meTA rDa leke temanI pAse uchInAM nANAM levA javA lAgyA. temaNe temane nANuM te uchInAM ApyAM paNa sAthe sAthe e umarA pAsethI pitAne mATe keTalAka hake paNa meLavI lIdhA. A hakko maLatAM teo vaLI vadhu baLavAna banyA. Ama have phakyUDala oNrDanA killAnI AsapAsa sarpha lekanAM mATInAM jhuMpaDAonA samUhanI sAthe devaLo ane "gilDa-hola" athavA mahAjana-gRha sahitanA nAnA nAnA kasabAo UbhA thatA ApaNane mAluma paDe che. vepArIo ane kArIgara leke pitapatAnAM gilDa eTale ke maMDaLo athavA mahAjane bAMdhatA ane giDe ke mahAjananuM mathaka gilDa-hola athavA mahAjana-gRha kahevAtuM. pachInA vakhatamAM A ja gilDa-hole nagaragRhe athavA TAunahola banyA. kelena, kapha, hearga ane bIjAM evAM UbhAM thatAM jatAM aneka zahero phakyuDala oNrDa lekonI sattAnAM harIpha banyAM. e zaheramAM vepArIo ane sadAgarene eka na ja varga Ubho thato jAte hatuM. te varga pitAnI saMpattine kAraNe phaDala loDene sAmane karavAne paNa samartha hatA. A baMne vaccenI takarAra lAMbA vakhata sudhI cAlI ane ghaNI vAra te pitAnA umarAvonA baLathI DarIne rAjA pite paNa zaherano pakSa leta. paNa A te huM bahu AgaLa nIkaLI gaye. A patranI zarUAtamAM ja meM tane jaNuvyuM hatuM ke te kALamAM rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA nahotI. pitAnAthI caDatA darajajAnA jorDane vaphAdAra rahevuM ane tenA pratyenI pitAnI pharaja adA karavI evI lokonI mAnyatA hatI. dezanI nahi paNa pitAnA uparI athavA lorDanI sevA karavAnI temanI pratijJA hatI. rAjAne paNa temane spaSTa khyAla nahota ane te temanAthI atizaya dUra hatuM. je kaI laoNrDa rAjA sAme baLavo kare che te tenI marajIno sedo hato. tene adhIne bIjA lorDa athavA umarAvae te tene ja anusaravAnuM hatuM. ghaNA pAchaLanA samayamAM udbhavavAnA rASTrIyatAnA khyAlathI A vastu taddana bhinna hatI.

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- 54 cIna gepa jAtione pazcima tarapha dhakele che 5 jUna, 197ra mane lAge che ke lagabhaga eka mAsa jeTalA lAMbA samayathI meM tane cIna ke pUrva taraphanA deze viSe lakhyuM nathI. ApaNe yurepa, hiMdustAna ane pazcima eziyAmAM thayelA aneka pheraphAranI carcA karI; Araba lekene duniyAmAM phelAtA ane aneka deza chatatA paNa joyA tathA yuropane aMdhakAramAM DUbatA ane temAMthI bahAra nIkaLavAne mathata paNa nihALe. e samaya daramyAna cIna AgaLa vadhI rahyuM hatuM - kaho ke sArI peThe AgaLa vadhI rahyuM hatuM. sAtamI ane AThamI sadImAM taMga vaMzanA samrATonA amala daramyAna cIna ghaNuM karIne duniyAmAM sauthI saMskArI, samRddha tathA uttama rIte zAsita deza hate. yurepanI te enI joDe tulanA karI zakAya ema che ja nahi, kemake remanA patana pachI te bahu pAchaLa paDI gayuM hatuM. e kALa daramyAna moTe bhAge uttara hiMdamAM paNa vaLatAM pANI hatAM. harSa jevAnA amala daramyAna tenI caDhatI kaLA hatI e kharuM paraMtu ekaMdare tenI paDatI dazA beThI hatI. uttara karatAM dakSiNa hiMda bezaka vadhAre samartha hatuM ane samudranI pelI pAra aMgakesara ane zrIvijaya jevAM tenAM saMsthAne temanI mahattAnA yuganI samIpa AvI UbhAM hatAM. e samaye amuka bAbatamAM cIna sAthe babarI karI zake evAM spena tathA bagadAdanAM be Araba rAjya hatAM. paraMtu e baMne paNa temanI unnatinI parAkASTAe pramANamAM thoDA samaya mATe ja rahyAM. paraMtu e vAta jANavA jevI che ke, gAdI uparathI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvelA taMga vaMzanA eka samrATe Araba lokonI madada yAcI hatI ane temanI madada vaDe ja teNe pitAnI sattA pAchI meLavI hatI. - Ama saMskRtinI bAbatamAM cIna e samaye sauthI AgaLa hatuM ane te samayanA yuropanA lekene te ardha-jaMgalI gaNe te anucita na gaNAya evI sthitimAM hatuM. te samayanI jANItI duniyAmAM te sauthI

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cIna gopa jAtione pazcima tarapha dhakele che 289 mekhare hatuM. te samayanI jANItI duniyAmAM ema huM eTalA mATe kahuM chuM ke amerikAmAM te samaye zuM banI rahyuM hatuM enI mane khabara nathI. ene viSe ApaNe eTaluM ja jANIe chIe che mekisako, pepara ane tenI AsapAsanA pradezamAM keTalIye sadIothI saMskRti mejUda hatI. keTalIka bAbatomAM tyAMnA lekee AzcaryakAraka pragati sAdhI hatI, tema ja keTalIka bAbatamAM teo eTalA ja pAchaLa hatA. paraMtu emane viSe mane eTalI ochI mAhitI che ke e bAbatamAM vadhAre kahevAnI mArI hiMmata cAlatI nathI. ema chatAM paNa kisako ane madhya amerikAnI "mAyA saMskRti tathA "IkAonuM peranuM rAjya tuM lakSamAM rAkhe ema huM IcchuM chuM. e viSe mArA karatAM vadhAre jANanArAo kadAca tane ene aMge jANavA jevI mAhitI Apaze. sAce ja temanA upara huM khUba mugdha chuM; paraMtu temane viSenuM mAruM ajJAna paNa mArI e mugdhatA jeTaluM ja che. bIjI eka vAta tuM lakSamAM rAkhe ema huM IcchuM chuM. A patromAM ApaNe joI gayAM ke madhya eziyAmAM aneka gepa jAtio pedA thaI ane temAMnI keTalIka pazcimamAM yuropa tarapha gaI ane keTalIka hiMdustAna tarapha UtarI AvI. dUNa, sIthiyana, tuka tathA evI bIjI ghaNI jAtio eka pachI eka nIkaLIne dariyAnAM majAnI peThe AgaLa vadhI. hiMdamAM AvelA zveta dU tathA yurepa gayelA eTIlAnA dUNo tane yAda haze. bagadAdanA sAmrAjyane kabaje lenArA sejuka take paNa madhya eziyAmAMthI AvyA hatA. e pachIthI turka lekanI eka bIjI jAti AvanAra hatI. te oTomana ke usmAnI turkane nAme oLakhAya che. e leke AvIne Akhare kanjhAnTinopalane jItI le che ane cheka viyenAnA koTanI dIvAla sudhI pahoMcI jAya che. e ja madhya eziyA athavA maMgoliyAmAMthI bhISaNa maMgela leke paNa AvavAnA hatA. AvIne teo yuropanA madhya bhAga sudhIne pradeza jItI le che ane cIna upara paNa pitAnI rAjasattA jamAve che. vaLI temano eka vaMzaja AgaLa upara hiMdamAM pitAne rAjavaMza ane sAmrAjya sthApanAra hatuM tathA tenA vaMzamAM mazahUra rAjakartAo pedA thavAnA hatA. madhya eziyA ane maMgeliyAnI A gopa jAtio sAme cInane niraMtara laDyA ja karavuM paDayuM; athavA A gopa jAtio cInane 1-12

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana niraMtara takalIpha ApyA karatI ane tene harahameza temanI sAme pitAne bacAva karavAnI pharaja paDatI ema kahevuM vadhAre sAcuM che. A jAtiothI pitAnuM rakSaNa karavAne mATe ja cInanI mahAna dIvAla bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI. ethI kaMIka phAyado thaye emAM zaMkA nathI, paraMtu humalAonI sAme e bahu mAmUlI rakSaNa hatuM. cInanA eka pachI eka samrATane A gopa jAtione hAMkI kADhavI paDatI ane e rIte temane hAMtAM hAMkatAM meM tane kahyuM hatuM tema cInanuM sAmrAjya pazcimamAM cheka kAspiyana samudra sudhI vistaryuM. cInA lekene sAmrAjyavAdanI vadhAre paDatI ra8 nahetI. tenA keTalAka samrATI sAmrAjyavAdI hatA tathA teo mulake jItavAnI mahatvAkAMkSA sevatA hatA emAM zaMkA nathI. paraMtu bIjI prajAone mukAbale cIna leke zAMtipriya hatA ane yuddha tathA mulake jItavAne temane rasa nahoto. cInamAM ddhA karatAM vidvAnanuM mAna tathA pratiSThA vadhAre hatAM. Ama chatAM paNa keTalIka vakhata cInI sAmrAjyane vistAra atazaya vadhI gaye tenuM kAraNe uttara tathA pazcima taraphanI gepa jAtio niraMtara tene pajavyA karatI ane tenA upara vAraMvAra humalA karyA karatI te hatuM. temanA trAsamAMthI kAyamane mATe mukta thavA mATe baLavAna samrATa pazcimamAM dUra sudhI temane hAMkI kADhatA. ene kAyamI ukela te teo na zodhI zakyA paraMtu ethI kaMIka aMze te temane rAhata maLatI kharI. paraMtu bIjA deze ane bIjI prajAone bhoge cinA lokone A rAhata maLatI hatI. kemake cIna lekee hAMkI kADhelI gepa jAtio bIjA mulakamAM jaIne tyAM AkramaNa karatI hatI. e jAtio hiMdamAM AvI temaja vAraMvAra yuropamAM paNa pahoMcI. pitAnA sAmrAjyamAMthI dhakelI kADhIne cInanA hana samrAToe dUNa, tAra tathA anya gopa jAtione bIjA dezamAM mokalI ApI; taMga vaMzanA samrAToe turka lekane yuropa mekalI ApyA. - cInA leke atyAra sudhI te A gepa jatiothI pitAnuM rakSaNa karavAmAM moTe bhAge saphaLa thayA hatA. paraMtu have ApaNe evA jamAnAmAM AvIe chIe ke jyAre e bAbatamAM temane eTalI saphaLatA maLI nahatI. - sarvatra badhA ja rAjavaMzenI bAbatamAM hamezAM bane che tema taMga vaMzamAM tenA aMtanA arasAmAM uttarottara vadhAre ne vadhAre namAlA rAjAo

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grIna geApa jAtione pazcima tarapha dhakele che 291 pAkanyA, vilAsapriyatA ane vaibhava sivAya e rAjAomAM temanA purogAmIne eka paNa sadguNa naheAtA. AthI rAjyamAM sarvatra saDe peThA ane enI sAthe prajA uparate karatA bAjo paNa vadhatA gayA. vaLI e karatA ghaNAkhare ej garIba vargo upara paDyo. pariNAme asateSa vadhI gayo ane dazamI sadInA ArabhamAM 907nI sAlamAM taga vaMzanA ata AvyeA. e pachI adhI sadI sudhI eka pachI eka mAmUlI ane namAlA rAjAe AvyA. paNa .960nI sAlamAM cInanA khIjA eka moTA rAjavazane AraMbha thayA. kAennue e vaMzanI sthApanA karI hatI ane te suMga vaMzane nAme oLakhAya che, paraMtu rAjyanI sarahada upara temaja aMdaranA bhAgamAM takalIpha cAlu ja rahI. kheDUta varga upara jamInamahelano bhAre bejo hatA ane enI sAme temane bhAre roSa hato. hiMdanI mAkaeN, cInamAM paNa jamInamahela paddhati leAkA upara bhAre ennarUpa hatI ane tene saMpUrNa paNe badalI nAkhavAmAM na Ave tyAM sudhI zAMti sthapAvAno ke pragati thavAno saMbhava nahoto. paraMtu samAjavyavasthAmAM AmUlAgra pheraphAra karavAnuM hamezAM muzkela hAya che. pracalita paddhatithI upalA varganA lokAne lAbha thatA heAvAthI temAM kaze! pheraphAra karavAnI vAta Ave tyAre te bhAre khrumarANa macAvI mUke che. paraMtu veLAsara ane samajathI jarUrI pheraphAra karavAmAM nathI AvatA te te vahunAta AvI pahoMce che ane badhuM UMdhuMcattu karI mUke che! jarUrI pheraphAro na karavAne lIdhe ja taMga vaMzanA aMta Avyo. e ja kAraNe suMga vaMzanA amala daramyAna paNa nira Mtara muzkelI AvatI rahI. eka evA puruSa cInamAM pedA thayA je e muzkelIonI sAme saphaLa thaI zake ema hatuM. tenuM nAma vAMga-Ana-zI hatuM. agiyAramI sadImAM suMga rAjAnA te vaDA pradhAna hatA. meM tane AgaLa upara jaNAvyuM che tema cInanuM zAsana kaoNnphyuziyasanA vicAre pramANe cAlatuM hatuM. badhA sarakArI amaladArAne konphyuziyasanA graMthAnI parIkSAmAM pAsa thavuM paDatuM hatuM. ane konphyuziyasanA vacananI viruddha kazuM paNa karavAnI kAInI hiMmata naheAtI. vAMga-Ana-zIe paNa tenA siddhAMtAnA virodha na karyAM paraMtu temane vicakSaNatAthI judA amAM ghaTAvyA. buddhimAna loka muzkelImAMthI mArga kADhavA kaMIka AvI ja tarakAma

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292 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kare che. vAMganA keTalAka vicAre te ApaNane navAI lAge eTalA Adhunika hatA. garIba loke uparano kara bojo haLavo karI kara bharI zake evA dhanika leko upara te vadhAravAne tene ekamAtra Azaya hato. teNe jamIna mahesUla ochuM karyuM ane nANAMthI bharavuM muzkela paDe te anAja vagere khetInI pedAzathI te bharavAnI kheDUtane chUTa ApI. dhanika leko upara teNe Avakavere nAkhe. Avakavere e Adhunika jamAnAmAM zodhAyele kara gaNAya che paraMtu ApaNe joIe chIe ke 900 varasa upara cInamAM enI ejanA thaI hatI. kheDa tene sahAya karavA mATe teNe evI paNa lejanA karI hatI ke rAjya temane nANAM dhIravAM ane phasala upara teo e nANAM pAchAM rAjyane bharapAI kare. anAjanA bhAvamAM vadhaghaTa thatI hatI e muzkelIne paNa teDa lAvavAnuM hatuM. jyAre bajArabhAva ghaTI jAya tyAre garIba kheDa tene khetInI pedAzanI bahu ochI kiMmata maLe. AthI teo potAno mAla vecI zake nahi; pachI bIjI kaMI paNa vastu kharIdavA ke mahesUla bharavA temane nANAM kyAMthI maLI zake ? vAMga-Ana-zIe A muzkelIne teDa kADhavAne paNa prayAsa karyo. teNe evI sUcanA karI ke bhAvanI vadhaghaTa thatI aTakAvavA mATe sarakAre pote ja anAja kharIdavuM ane vecavuM joIe. vAMge evI paNa sUcanA karI hatI ke jAhera kAmane mATe leke pAse veTha na karAvavI joIe, ane kAma karanAra dareka mANasane tenI majUrInuM pUrepUruM mahenatANuM ApavuM joIe. teNe sthAnika senAonI paNa lejanA karI hatI. e senAnuM nAma "pAo-ciyA" hatuM. paraMtu durbhAgye vAMga pitAnA jamAnAthI ghaNo AgaLa hatA ane TUMka samayamAM ja tenA sudhArAo rada thayA. eka mAtra tenI sthAnika senA 800 varasathI paNa vadhAre vakhata sudhI kAyama rahI. temanI sAmenA praznono ukela lAvavA jeTalA samartha na hovAthI saMga samATe dhIme dhIme e muzkelIothI hArI gayA. ane uttaranI khitAna nAmanI barbara jAti AgaLa temanuM kaMI cAlyuM nahi. teo temane hAMkI kADhI na zakyA eTale temaNe vAyavya taraphanI kIna eTale ke suvarNa tArA nAmanI jAtine pitAnI madade bolAvI. e kIna lakoe khitAnone te hAMkI kADhavyA paraMtu temaNe pote tyAMthI khasavAnI sApha na pADI ! sabaLAnI madada yAcatA koI paNa kamajora deza ke vyaktinI sAmAnya rIte e ja dazA thAya che. kIna leke uttara cInanA

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cIna geApa jAtione pazcima tarapha dhakele che 297 dhaNI thaI kheDA ane pekiMgane temaNe potAnI rAjadhAnI banAvI. suMga rAjAe dakSiNa tarapha gayA ane jema jema kIna leke AgaLa vadhatA gayA tema tema tee pAchaLa hatA gayA. A rIte uttara cInamAM kIna sAmrAjya hatuM ane dakSiNlR cInamAM suMga sAmrAjya hatuM. A saMgA dakSiNanA suMga kahevAya che. uttaramAM suMga vaMzano amala 960nI sAlathI 1127 nI sAla sudhI rahyo. dakSiNanA suMga rAjAe dakSiNa cInamAM deDhasA varasa sudhI rAjya karyuM. chevaTe mageAla lakA tyAM AvyA ane temaNe 1260nI sAlamAM temanI sattAne aMta ANyo. paraMtu cIne paNa prAcIna hiMdustAnanI peThe ma MgAla jevA lekAne paNa potAnAmAM samAvI daIne ane temane paNa asala cInA banAvI daI ne ene badale lIdhA. Ama cIna Akhare geApa jAti AgaLa hArI gayuM ane temane vaza thayuM. paraMtu ema temane vaza thatAM thatAM paNa teNe temane sabhya banAvyA. AthI eziyA ane yuropanA bIjA bhAgAnI peThe cInane temanA taraphathI vevuM paDayuM nahi. uttara temaja dakSiNanA suga samrATe rAjakIya dRSTie temanA puragAmI taga samrATa jeTalA samatha naheAtA. paraMtu temaNe ta Mga vaMzanI jAheojalAlInA samayanI kaLAnI paraparA jALavI rAkhI eTaluM ja nahi paNa tene utka paNa karyAM. dakSiNanA suga rAjAnA amala daramyAna dakSiNa cInamAM kaLA temaja kavitAnI khUba pragati thaI. e samaye khAsa karIne prAkRtika dazyAnAM atizaya suMdara citro cItarAyAM; kemake suga samayanA kalAkAro kudaratapremI hatA. kaLAkAranI pIMchInA sparzathI suzobhita banelAM DhoLavALI cinAI mATInAM vAsaNA paNa e samaye banavA lAgyAM hatAM ema jaNAya che. A kaLA vadhAre ne vadhAre suMdara ane adbhuta banatI gaI ane base varasa pachI miMga samrATonA amala daramyAna te ApaNe chaka thaI jaIe evuM mATIkAma tyAM banavA lAgyuM hatuM. miga samayanuM cInanuM evuM ekAda vAsaNa Aje paNa ApaNane alaikika Anada Ape che.

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pa zaguna amalanu jApAna 6 jUna, 1932 cInathI pILe! samudra oLaMgI jApAna paheAMcavuM saheluM che, ane hAla ApaNe tenI ATalAM badhAM najIka chIe to sAthe sAthe tyAM paNa jaI AvIe. jApAnanI ApaNI chellI mulAkAta tane yAda che ? ApaNe joI gayAM ke tyAM AgaLa moTAM moTAM kuTuMbe pedA thayAM hatAM ane prabhutva meLavavA mATe te ekabIjA sAthe laDatAM hatAM tathA madhyastha rAjataMtra paNa vadhAre ne vadhAre pramANamAM asarakAraka thatuM jatuM hatuM. zahenazAha mATA ane baLavAna kuTuMbaneA agraNI maTIve madhyastha rAjataMtrano vaDo banyo hato. kendrastha sattAnA pratIka tarIke pATa nagara nArAnI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. e pachI tyAMthI koTAmAM rAjadhAnI khaseDavAmAM AvI. cInanI rAjyapaddhatinuM anukaraNa karavAmAM AvyuM ane kaLA, dharma temaja rAjakAraNanI bAbatamAM paNa jApAne ghaNuM cIna pAsethI athavA tenI mAraphate meLavyuM. e dezanuM nAma dAI nipana' paNa cInathI ja AvyuM hatuM. ( phUvArA nAmanA eka baLavAna kuLe badhI sattA potAne hAtha karI lIdhI ane samrATane pUtaLA jevA banAvI mUko e paNa ApaNe joi gayAM. base varasa sudhI e muLe e pramANe rAjya karyuM. samrATa jIva para AvI jaI ne chevaTe rAjagAdI cheADI mamAM praveza karavA lAgyA. paraMtu sAdhu banavA chatAMye A bhUtapUrva samrATo, rAjagAdI upara AvelA potAnA putrAne salAha vagere ApI rAjakAjamAM sArI peThe mAthuM mAratA. A rIte samrATa phUchavArA kuLanI sattAne kaMika aMze pahoMcI vaLatA. kAma karavAnI A rIta pakSa ane gUMcavaNabharelI hatI paraMtu phUvArA kuLanI sattA ghaTADavAmAM te saphaLa nIvaDI. eka pachI eka gAdItyAga karIne sAdhu bananAra samrATonA hAthamAM kharI sattA hatI. ethI karIne temane manivAsI samrATa' kahevAmAM Ave che. daramyAna bIjA pheraphAro paNa thayA ane moTA moTA jamInadArono eka navA varga pedA thaye!. tee yuddhakaLAmAM paNa pravINa hatA. ?

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guna amalanu jApAna 195 * phUvArA lAkAe ja e jamInadAra varga UbhA karyA hatA ane temane sarakAranA kara ugharAvavAne nImyA hatA. teo ' dAmyo ' kahevAtA. enA artha mATA samavALA' evA thAya che. aMgrejonA Agamana pahelAM ja ApaNA prAMtamAM paNa evA ja eka varga pedA thayA hatA. tenI ane A jApAnI varganI sarakhAmaNIthI ApaNane te emAM je sAmya jovA maLe che te kaiAtukabhareluM che. ayeAdhyAnA eka duLa navAbe kara udharAvanArAo nImyA hatA. navAbane kara ugharAvavAmAM madada karavAne teo nAnAM nAnAM lazkara rAkhatA ane baLajabarIthI lokA pAsethI kara ugharAvatA. alabata, A rIte udharAvelA karanA mATe bhAga te potAnI pAse ja rAkhatA. A kara udharAvanArAomAMthI keTalAye Akhare moTA moTA tAlukadAra banI beThA. dAmyA lAkA potAnAM nAnAM nAnAM sainya tathA paricArakAne lIdhe atizaya baLavAna banyA. te mAMheAmAMhe ekabIjA sAthe laDatA ane kyoTAnI madhyastha sarakArane gaNakAratA nahi. tArA ane minAmeAtA e e dAmyo vanAM mukhya kuTuMbe hatAM. temaNe 1156nI sAlamAM phUvArA kuTuMbane dAkhI devAmAM samrATane madada karI. paNa pachIthI e baMne kuTuMba ekabIjA sAme laDyAM. emAM tArA kuTuMba jItyuM ane viSyamAM minAmeAtA taraphathI kadI paNa takalIpha UbhI na thAya eTalA khAtara temaNe potAnA e AkhAye harIph kuTuMbanA sahAra karyAM. cAra baLakA sivAya AgaLa paDatA badhAye minAmeAtAne temaNe mArI nAMkhyA. e cAramAM yerItAme nAmano eka bAra varasanA bALaka hatA. bhAre prayatna karavA chatAM tArA kuTuMbane pUrepUrI saphaLatA na maLI, bALaka cerIteAme kazI visAtamAM nathI ema dhArIne tene jatA karavAmAM Avyo hato. paraMtu mATe thatAM te tArA kuTuMbano kaTTo duzmana banyo. vera levA mATe te nalasI rahyo hatA ane emAM tene saphaLatA paNa maLI. teNe tAirA kuTuMbane rAjadhAnImAMthI hAMkI kADhyuM ane eka nAkAyuddhamAM teno kaccaraghANa kADhI nAMkhyA. have cArItAme sarvAM sattAdhIza thaI paDyo ane samrATe tene sI-e-tAi zaguna evA bhAre mAnava to khitAba ApyA. ene a jaMgalI lokAnuM damana karanAra ' evA thAya che. 1192nI sAlamAM A banAva banyA hatA. A khitAba vazaparaMparAgata hato ane tenI joDe rAjavahIvaTa calAvavAne kula akhatyAra paNa jatA hatA. khA

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ra96 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rAjakartA ja zaguna hato. A rIte jApAnamAM zaguna amalane yuga zarU thayo. e amala lagabhaga 700 varasa jeTalA lAMbA kALa sudhI eTale ke cheka Adhunika kALa sudhI cAlu rahyo. chevaTe arvAcIna jApAna cUDala eTale ke sAmanta athavA ThakarAtI prathAmAMthI bahAra nIkaLyuM tyAre ja e amalano aMta Avyo. paraMtu eno artha e nathI ke rItemanA vaMzajoe rogana tarIke 700 varasa sudhI rAjya karyuM. je kuTuMbamAMthI zaguna thatA hatA te vakhatevakhata badalAyA karatAM hatAM. tyAM AgaLa vAraMvAra AMtarayuddha thatAM paraMtu nAmanI ja sattA dharAvatA samrATane nAme rAjya karavAnI sAcI sattA dharAvanAra zagunanI prathA lAMbA kALa sudhI cAlu rahI. keTalIka vAra ema paNa banatuM ke zaguna paNa nAmane ja rAjakartA banI jate ane badhI sattA rAjAnA keTalAka amaladAronA hAthamAM AvI paDatI. rIte rAjadhAnI kyoTonAM vaibhavavilAsanA vAtAvaraNamAM rahetAM Darate hato. tene ema lAgatuM hatuM ke AsAezabharyuM jIvana tene tema ja tenA vaMzajone namAlA banAvI deze. AthI kAmAkurAmAM teNe pitAnI lazkarI rAjadhAnI sthApI. ethI karIne A prathama gunazAsana "kAmAkurA zagunazAsana" kahevAya che. ene amala 1333nI sAla sudhI eTale ke lagabhaga dase varasa sudhI Takyo. A AkhA samaya daramyAna jApAnamAM meTe bhAge sulehazAMti hatI. ghaNAM varasenA AMtarayuddha pachI Avela zAMtino kALa bahu AvakArapAtra hato. AthI have jApAnamAM samRddhine yuga zarU thayo. A yuga daramyAna jApAnanI sthiti ghaNI ja sArI hatI ane tatkAlIna yuropanA koI paNa deza karatAM tenuM rAjyataMtra paNa vadhAre asarakAraka ane kAryakuzaLa hatuM. jApAna cInanuM yogya ziSya hatuM. jo ke te baMnenI dRSTimAM atizaya pharaka hato. tane AgaLa upara kahyuM che tema cIna prakRtithI ja zAMtipriya ane saumya deza hatA. jyAre jApAna rAma ane lazkarI deza hate. cInamAM lazkarI mANasane halake gaNavAmAM AvatA ane sainiko dhaMdhe pratiSThita gaNu nahi. jApAnamAM AgaLa paDatA mANase sainike hatA ane dAI athavA laDAyaka saradAra e tyAMne Adarza hate. Ama jApAne cIna pAsethI ghaNuM grahaNa karyuM paraMtu te teNe pitAnI rIte lIdhuM ane pitAnI prakRtine anukULa Ave te AkAra

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297 zegunA amalanuM jApAna tene Ape. cIna jaDene tene nikaTane saMbaMdha cAlu rahyo tema ja tenI joDe vepAra paNa cAlu rahyo. A vepAra moTe bhAge cInI vahANo mAraphata cAlata. 13mI sadInA aMtamAM cIna sAthe badhe vyavahAra ekadama aTakI paDyo kema ke e samaye maMgala leke cIna tema ja kariyAmAM pharI vaLyA hatA. e maMgala lekee jApAna jItI levAnI paNa koziza karI paraMtu temane pAchA haThAvavAmAM AvyA. Ama yuropane dhrujAvanAra ane eziyAnI sUrata badalI nAkhanAra aMgenI jApAna upara khAsa kazI asara paDI nahi. jApAna te tenI jUnI paddhati mujaba ja pitAne vyavahAra calAvatuM rahyuM ane have te bahAranI asarathI pahelAM karatAM paNa te vadhAre aLaguM thayuM. jApAnamAM kapAsane choDa kevI rIte dAkhala thaye tenI vAta tyAMnA jUnA sarakArI hevAlamAMthI maLI Ave che. jApAnanA kinArA pAse pitAnuM vahANa bhAMgI javAthI 799nI sAlamAM keTalAka hiMdIo tyAM kapAsanAM bI athavA kapAsiyA lAvyA hatA ema kahevAya che. cAne choDa e pachI tyAM AvyA. navamI sadInA AraMbhamAM te cheDa pahelavahele jApAnamAM dAkhala thaye. paraMtu te samaye cA tyAM bahu lekapriya na thaI. 1191nI sAlamAM eka baddha sAdhu cInathI cAnAM bIja tyAM lAvyuM. A vakhate tarata ja te lekapriya thaI A cA pIvAne cAla paDavAthI. mATInAM suMdara vAsaNonI mAga tyAM vadhI paDI. teramI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM jApAnane eka kuMbhAra cInAI mATInAM vAsaNa banAvavAnI kaLA zIkhavA cIna gaye. tyAM teNe e kaLA zIkhavAmAM cha varasa gALyAM. tyAMthI pAchA pharIne teNe mATInAM suMdara jApAnI vAsaNe banAvavA mAMDyAM. jApAnamAM Aje cA pIvAnI rIta eka lalita kaLA banI gaI che. enI AsapAsa ziSTAcArane bhAre vidhi UbhuM thayuM che. je te kadI jApAna jAya te tAre vidhipura:sara cA pIvI joIze nahi te tane asaMskArI ane kaMIka jaMgalI jevI gaNI kADhavAmAM Avaze !

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56 mAnavInI beja 10 jAna, 1932 cAra divasa upara meM barelI jelamAMthI tane patra lakhyo hato. te ja divase sAMje mAre sarasAmAna eka karIne mane jela bahAra nIkaLavAnuM kahevAmAM AvyuM - chUTavAne mATe nahi paNa jela badalIne mATe. AthI barAbara cAra mAsa sudhI jemanI sAthe huM rahyo hate te baeNrekanA mArA badhA sAthIonI meM vidAya lIdhI tathA jenI saMbhALabharI chAyA nIce huM ATalA divasa rahyo hato te vIsa phUTa UMcI meTI dIvAla tarapha chellI najara karIne cheDA samaya mATe bahAranI duniyA nihALavA mATe huM nIkaLI paDayo. je badalIvALA ame be jaNa hatA. rakhene amane koI joI jAya eTalA khAtara amane barelI sTezane na laI gayA. kemake, ame "paDadAnazIna thayA hatA eTale amArA upara koInI najara na paDavI joIe! pacAsa mAIla dUra verAna pradezamAM AvelA eka nAnakaDA sTezana sudhI amane meTaramAM besADIne laI javAmAM AvyA. moTaranI A sahela mATe meM AbhAranI lAgaNI anubhavI. kemake ghaNa mAsanA ekAntavAsa pachI rAtanI ThaMDI tAjI havAne sparza anubhava tathA AchA aMdhakAramAM chAyArUpa bhAsatAM vRkSo, manuSya tathA prANIone bAjuethI jhapATAbaMdha pasAra thatAM jevAM e AdalAdaka hatuM. amane daherAdUna laI javAmAM AvatA hatA. rakhene kaI najara rAkhanAra amane joI ya eTalA khAtara amArI musApharInI chevaTanI majale pahoMcIe te pahelAM ja vahelI savAre amane gADImAMthI utArIne maTaramAM amAre sthAne laI javAmAM AvyA. e rIte daherAdUnanI nAnakaDI jelamAM Aje huM beThuM chuM. barelI karatAM A jagyA vadhAre sArI che. ahIM eTalI badhI garamI nathI ane barelInI peThe 112 aMza sudhI garamInuM pramANa vadhatuM nathI. vaLI ahIM AgaLa amArI pharatenI dIvAla paNa nIcI che ane tenI upara thaIne kiyAM karatAM jhADe paNa vadhAre hariyALAM che. dIvAlanI TocanI pele pAra dUra AvelA tADanA jhADanI Toca paNa mane dekhAya che. e dazya

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mAnavInI kheja joIne mane AnaMda thAya che tathA malabAra ane laMkAnuM smaraNa thAya che. jhADanI pelI bAju thoDAka mAIla upara parvate AvelA che ane temanI Toca upara masUrI beThuM che. huM e parvate joI zakatA nathI, kemake jhADe temane DhAMkI de che. paraMtu temanI pAse hovuM tathA dUra AvelA masUrInA rAtre jhabUkatA dIvAonI kalpanA karavI e sukhada anubhave che. cAra varasa - ke pachI traNa? - upara tuM masUrI hatI tyAre meM tane A patra lakhavA zarU karyA hatA. e traNa ke cAra varasA daramyAna keTakeTalA banAvo banI gayA, ane tuM paNa keTalI badhI moTI thaI gaI! keTalIka vakhata uparAchAparI ane keTalIka vAra lAMbA gALA pachI meM A patra lakhavA cAlu rAkhyA che. moTe bhAge e badhA jelamAMthI lakhAyA che. paraMtu jema jema huM vadhAre lakhate jAuM chuM tema tema mAruM lakheluM mane vadhAre ne vadhAre nApasaMda paDatuM jAya che ane tane A patramAM rasa na paDatuM hoya evo mane Dara lAgyA kare che. vaLI e patra tane bojArUpa te nahi thatA hoya evI bhIti paNa mane rahyA kare che. te pachI mAre e patra lakhavA zAne cAlu rAkhavA ? krame krame ApaNI duniyAmAM kevI rIte pheraphAra thayA, tenI pragati ane vikAsa kevI rIte thayAM tathA keTalIka vAra dekhItI rIte ja teNe kevI rIte pIchehaTha karI ene tane khyAla Ave tathA purANI saMskRtio kevI hatI ane bharatInI peThe te kevI rIte caDI tathA osarI gaI enI tane kaMIka jhAMkhI thAya temaja vamaLe, bhamarIo ane pAchAM ThelAtAM pANIvALI je ItihAsa-saritA yugayugAntarethI akhalita rIte satata vahetI AvI che ane hajI paNa koI ajJAta sAgara tarapha dhasI rahI che, enI tane kaMIka pratIti thAya eTalA mATe huM tArI samakSa eka pachI eka bhUtakALanI tAdaza pratimAo rajU karavA cahAte hate. AraMbhakALamAM, jyAre bhAgye ja mANasa kahI zakAya evI sthitimAM mAnavI hatuM tyArathI mAMDIne Aje te pitAnA mahAna vikAsa ane sudhArA mATe kaMIka bevakUphIbharyA ane vyartha gauravathI rAce che tyAM sudhInA samagra mAnavavikAsano krame krame tane paricaya karAvavAnI mArI umeda hatI. tane yAda haze ke tuM masUrI hatI tyAre ApaNe e ja rIte zarUAta karI hatI. te vakhate ApaNe agni tathA khetInI zodha kevI rIte thaI ane zahere kevI rIte vasyAM te viSe tathA mANase yojelI zramavibhAganI paddhati viSe vAta karI hatI. paraMtu AgaLa jatAM gayAM tema tema sAmrAjya

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300 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana temaja bIjI evI bAbatamAM ApaNe vadhAre ne vadhAre gUMcavAtAM gayAM ane ghaNI vAra mAnavInA vikAsane jhAMkho mArga ApaNI najara AgaLathI khasI gaye. ApaNe te ItihAsanA paTane kevaLa upara uparathI nihALI gayAM. meM te mAtra prAcIna kALanI ghaTanAonuM mALakhuM tArI AgaLa rajU karyuM che. ene rudhiramAMsathI bharI daIne tArI samakSa eka jIvaMta ane prANavAna vastu tarIke rajU karavAnI mArAmAM zakti hota te kevuM sAru. paraMtu mArAmAM e zakti nathI. eTale ghaTanAonA e mALakhAne jIvaMta banAvavAne camatkAra karavA mATe tAre tArI kalpanAzakti upara ja AdhAra rAkhavo rahyo. Ama prAcIna itihAsa viSe tuM bIjAM ghaNAM sArAM pustakamAMthI vAMcI zake che te pachI mAre e viSe zAne lakhavuM? AvI jAtane saMzaya mane vAraMvAra AvyA kare che, chatAMye meM lakhavAnuM jArI rAkhyuM che, ane mane lAge che ke hajIye te huM cAlu rAkhIza. meM tane ApeluM vacana mane yAda che ane te pALavAne huM pUre prayatna karIza. paraMtu ethIye vadhAre sAcuM te e che ke, A patra lakhatI vakhate tArA smaraNathI mane atizaya AnaMda thAya che; kemake jyAre huM A patra lakhavA besuM chuM tyAre jANe tuM mArI samIpa beThI hoya ane ApaNe paraspara vAta karatAM hoIe evI lAgaNI huM anubhavuM chuM. mAnavI paDateAkhaData ane lapAto chupAte jaMgalamAMthI bahAra nIkaLe tyArathI mAMDIne tenA vikAsanI pragati viSe meM upara lakhyuM che. tene A vikAsakrama hajAre varasa lAge che. paraMtu pRthvInI kathA ane tenA upara manuSyanA Agamana pahelAM vahI gayelA yuga-yugAntarone mukAbale e samaye keTale badhe Trake che ! paNa tenA pahelAM A pRthvI upara thaI gayelAM bIjAM aneka mahAkAya jAnavaro karatAM svAbhAvika rIte ja mAnavInuM mahattva ApaNe mATe vizeSa che. tenuM mahatva vizeSa hevAnuM kAraNa e che ke, itara prANIo pAse na hatI evI eka navIna vastu te pitAnI sAthe lAvyA hatA. A navI vastu te tenuM mana, tenI jijJAsA athavA tUhalavRtti eTale ke navuM navuM zodhavAnI tathA zIkhavAnI vRtti. A rIte mAnavInI khoja cheka prAcIna kALathI zarU thaI che. keI eka nAnA bALakanuM nirIkSaNa kara ane je ke, te pitAnI AsapAsanI navI ane adbhuta duniyAne kevI rIte nihALe che; vastuo tathA mANasane oLakhatAM zIkhavAne te kevI

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mAnavInI kheja rIte AraMbha kare che tathA bIjI badhI vastuo paNa te kevI rIte zIkhavA mAMDe che. koI nAnakaDI bALA tarapha najara kara; je te taMdurasta ane capaLa haze te keTalIye vastuo viSe te aneka savAle pUchaze. itihAsanA uSaHkALa vakhate mAnavInI paNa e ja sthiti hatI. tyAre te bAlyAvasthAmAM hatA ane duniyA tene mATe navI tema ja gUDha hatI tathA tenAthI te Darate hato. e vakhate, pitAnI AsapAsanI prakRtine nihALIne tenA tarapha te Azcaryacakita thaIne joI rahyo haze ane teNe aneka savAla pUchyA haze. paraMtu pitAnI jAta sivAya te bIjA kone savAla pUchI zake ema hatuM ? tene javAba ApanAra bIjuM koI hatuM ja nahi. paraMtu e vakhate paNa tenI pAse eka nAnakaDI adbhuta cIja hatI. e cIja te tenuM mana athavA kaho ke tenI buddhi. enI madadathI aneka kaSTo veThIne dhIme dhIme te anubhava ekaThe karate gayo ane tenI sahAyathI vadhu ne vadhu zIkhate gayo. cheka AraMbhakALathI mAMDI Aja sudhI mAnavInI A khoja A rIte akhaMDa cAlyAM ja karI che. ema karatAM karatAM teNe ghaNI zodha karI paraMtu hajI te ghaNuMye zodhavAnuM bAkI che; ane jema jema zedhaLanA mArgamAM te AgaLa vadhatA jAya che tema tema tenI sAme jodhakhoLanA navA ja pradeza khUlatA jAya che ane e uparathI khojanI AkharI majalathI - je tenI AkharI majala hoya te - te hajI keTale badhe dUra che enI tene pratIti thAya che. mAnavInI khoja zI che ane te kaI dizAmAM prayANa karI rahyo che? hajAre varasathI mANase A praznonA javAba ApavAno prayAsa karatA AvyA che. dharma, tattvajJAna tathA vijJAne e bAbatamAM ghaNe vicAra karyo che ane tenA aneka javAba ApyA che. e javAba kahIne tane huM mUMjhavaNamAM nahi nAkhuM. vAta ema che ke evA ghaNAkharA javAbanI te mane pitAne paNa mAhitI nathI. paraMtu mukhyatve karIne dhameM ene saMpUrNa ane nizcayAtmaka javAba ApavA prayatna karyo che, ane buddhinI jhAjhI paravA na karatAM potAnA nirNanuM parANe pAlana karAvavAnA prayAso teNe aneka rIte karyA che. vijJAna e praznone sAzaMka ane aspaSTa javAba Ape che kemake vijJAnane svabhAva ja e che ke koI paNa bAbatamAM aphara nirNaya na bAMdhI besatAM prayoga karyA karavA, buddhi calAvyA karavI ane mAnavInA mana upara vizvAsa rAkhavo.

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302 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ke tane e kahevAnI jarUra nathI ke mAre pakSapAta vijJAna temaja vaijJAnika paddhati tarapha che. mAnavInI khojanA A praznonA ApaNe khAtarIpUrvaka javAba na ApI zakIe e kharuM paraMtu ApaNe eTaluM te joI zakIe chIe ke e khoje be judI judI dizAo lIdhI che. mANase pitAnI bahAra temaja pitAnI aMdara pitAnI dRSTi doDAvI che. teNe prakRtine samajavA prayatna karyo che temaja pitAnI jAtane - pitAnA AtmAne samajavA paNa teNe prayAsa karyo che. vAstavamAM e banne eka ja ja che kemake manuSya paNa prakRtinuM ja eka aMga che. hiMda temaja grIsanA philasUpha kahI gayA che ke, "tuM tArI jAtane -- tArA AtmAne oLakha". ane e jJAna prApta karavAne mATe prAcIna kALanA Aryoe karelA adbhUta ane lagAtAra prayAsone purAvo ApaNane upaniSadomAMthI maLI Ave che. bIjuM eTale ke prakRti viSenuM jJAna meLavavuM e vijJAnanuM khAsa kSetra che, ane Adhunika duniyA emAM thayelI bhAre pragatinI sAkSI che. Aje te vijJAna pitAnI pAMkha ethI paNa AgaLa vistArI rahyuM che. A baMne prakAranI khoja te pitAne hastaka letuM jAya che ane temane samanvaya karI rahyuM che. upara najara karIne AkAzamAMnA atizaya dUra paDelA tArAnuM te AtmavizvAsathI nirIkSaNa karI rahyuM che temaja padArtha mAtra jenA banelA che. te niraMtara gatimAna abhuta sUkSma vidyutakaNe -- ilekaTrona ane proTIna -- viSe paNa te ApaNane mAhitI Ape che. pitAnI A khejanI sapharamAM mAnavIne tenI buddhi khUba AgaLa laI gaI che. mANasa prakRtine jema jema vadhAre samajatAM zIkhe tema tema te pitAnA lAbhane arthe tene vadhAre ne vadhAre upagamAM lete gayo ane e rIte teNe vadhAre zakti prApta karI. paraMtu kamanasIbe tene A navI zaktine hamezAM sadupayoga karatAM na AvaDavuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa ghaNI vAra te teNe tene durapayoga paNa karyo. ATalI badhI jahemata uThAvIne teNe je sabhyatA racI che tene ja nAza karavAne tathA pitAnA ja bhAInI katala karavAne mATe bhISaNa astrazastro taiyAra karavA khAtara ja mAnavIe mukhyatve karIne vijJAnane paNa upayoga karyo che.

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vis Izu pachInA pahelA sahasrAbdanA aMta 11 jUna, 1932 have ApaNe jarA thaMbhI jaI ne ApaNA pravAsane je tabakke ApaNe pahoMcyAM chIe tenI AsapAsa najara karI laI e. pravAsamAM ApaNe keTalA mA kApyo che? atyAre ApaNe kAM AgaLa AvIne UbhAM chIe ? ane duniyA kevI dekhAya che ? cAlA tyAre alAdInanI jAduI zetaraMjI upara besIne ApaNe te samayanI duniyAnA judA khudA bhAgAnI TUMkI mulAkAta laIe. khristI saMvatanAM pahelAM eka hantara varasanA pravAsa ApaNe pUro karyo. kaTalAka dezomAM ApaNe ethI kAMIka AgaLa gayAM chIe ane keTalAkamAM ApaNe jarAtarA pAchaLa rahyAM chIe. eziyAmAM ApaNe cInane suMga vaMzanA amala nIce joI e chIe. mahAna tAga vazanA aMta Avyo hato ane saMgavazI samrATane eka tarapha AMtarika muzkelIone! ane bIjI tarapha uttaranI khitAna nAmanI videzI mara jAtinA humalAne sAmanA karavA paDatA hatA. A baMne muzkelIo sAme doDhaso varasa sudhI te TakA rahyA. paraMtu Akhare teo nabaLA paDavA ane temaNe ' suvarNatAM athavA kIna nAmanI bIjI eka ma ra AMtanI sahAya mAgI. kIna leke temanI madade AvyA kharA paNa pachI tyAM TakI paDyA ane bicArA saMga rAjAne bIme dhIme dakSiNa tarapha khasatA javuM paDayuM. tyAM AgaLa temaNe dakSiNanA suMga ' tarIke bIjA doDhasA varasa sudhI rAjya karyuM. e samaya daramyAna suMdarakaLA, citrALA temaja cInI vAsaNA banAvavAnI kaLAnI unnati thaI. +4 tenA bhAgalA paDavAnA ane temanI vaccenA jhaghaDAnA yuga pachI kAriyAmAM 935nI sAlamAM ekatra ane svataMtra rAjya sthapAyuM ane te lAMbA vakhata sudhI eTale ke lagabhaga 450 varasa sudhI TakyuM. kAriyAe potAnI sa MskRti, kaLA tathA rAjapati vageremAM ghaNuMkharuM cIna pAsethI

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304 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana meLavyuM. dharma tathA kaMIka aMze kaLAnI bAbatamAM paNa kAriyA tathA jApAne cIna mAraphate hiMdustAna pAsethI keTaluMka lIdhuM. cheka pUrvamAM AveluM, eziyAnA paheregIrasamuM jApAna bAkInI duniyAthI lagabhaga alaga rahIne pitAnI hastI TakAvI rahyuM che. phUchavArA kula sarvoparI sattAdhArI bane che ane e samaye samrATanA hAthamAM te eka kuLanA nAyaka karatAM bhAgye ja vadhAre sattA rahe che -- te nAmane ja samrATa banI jAya che. e pachI zaguna amala zarU thaye. - maleziyAmAM hiMdI saMsthAnonI unnati thaI hatI. bhavya aMgakora nagara kaMboDiyAnI rAjadhAnI hatuM ane e rAjya pitAnA sAmartha tathA vikAsanI parAkASTAe pahoMcyuM hatuM. sumAtrAmAM zrIvijaya eka mahAna zaiddha sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI hatuM. pUrva taraphanA badhA TApuo e sAmrAjyanI hakUmata nIce hatA ane temanI vacce moTA pAyA upara vepAra cAlatuM hatuM. jAvAnA pUrva bhAgamAM eka svataMtra hiMdu rAjya hatuM. theDA ja vakhatamAM tenI unnati thavAnI hatI ane vepAra tathA vepAra mAraphate AvatI saMpattine mATe zrI vijaya sAthe te harIphAImAM UtaravAnuM hatuM ane vepArane mATe AjanAM yuropanAM rAjyo laDe che tema zrIvirya sAthe bhayaMkara laDAI laDIne chevaTe tene jItI laIne tene nAza karanAra hatuM. hiMdustAnamAM uttara ane dakSiNa hiMda pahelAM kadIye paDyAM nahotAM eTalAM thoDA samaya mATe ekabIjAthI aLagAM paDI gayAM. uttara hiMda upara gajhanIne mahamUda uparAchAparI caDI AvatA hatA ane lUMTaphATa tathA bhAMgapheDa karatA hatA. hiMdamAMthI te aDhaLaka dalita kheMcI gayo ane paMjAbane teNe pitAnA rAjya sAthe joDI dIdhuM. dakSiNamAM rAjArAja tathA tenA putra rAoMnA amala daramyAna cela sAmrAjya vistaratuM ane baLavAna banatuM ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. dakSiNa hiMdamAM teNe potAnI ANa vartAvI hatI ane arabI samudra tathA baMgALanA upasAgara upara tenA naukAsainyanuM prabhutva hatuM. silena, dakSiNa brahmadeza tathA baMgALa upara teo caDhAI kare che ane temane jItI le che. madhya tathA pazcima eziyAmAM bagadAdanA abhyAsI sAmrAjyanA avazeSe ApaNI najare paDe che. paraMtu bagadAdanI AbAdI hajIye kAyama hatI ane tenA navA zAsaka sejuka tuke lekonA amala daramyAna tenI sattA vadhatI jatI hatI. paraMtu jUnA sAmrAjyanA TukaDA paDIne

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zu pachInA pahelA sahasrAbdane aMta 35 temAMthI ghaNuM rAjya UbhAM thayAM hatAM. have islAmanuM eka sAmrAjya na rahyuM paNa te kevaLa ghaNuM deze ane ghaNI jAtiono dharma banI gaye hate. abbAsI sAmrAjyanA khaMDiyeremAMthI gajhanInuM rAjya UbhuM thayuM. enA upara mahamUda rAjya karatA hatA ane tyAMthI te vAraMvAra hiMdustAna upara tUTI paDatuM hatuM. paraMtu bagadAdanuM sAmrAjya paDI bhAgyuM hovA chatAM paNa bagadAda pite eka mahAna zahera tarIke kAyama rahyuM hatuM ane dUradUranA dezamAMthI kaLAkAre temaja vidvAnone te pitAnA tarapha AkarSatuM hatuM. e samaye madhya eziyAmAM bukhArA, samarakaMda ane bakha jevAM bIjAM aneka mahAna ane prakhyAta zahere AbAda hatAM. e badhAnI vacce meTA pAyA upara vepAra cAlatuM hatuM ane meTI moTI vaNajAre eka zaherathI bIje zahera mAlanI lAve-laIjA karatI hatI. maMgeliyA ane tenI AsapAsanA pradezamAM navI gepa jAtio saMkhyA temaja baLamAM vadhatI jatI hatI. baso varasanI aMdara te eziyAbharamAM pharI vaLavAnI hatI. A samayanI madhya temaja pazcima eziyAnI mukhya jAtio paNa gepa jAtionA ugamasthAna madhya eziyAnA e pradezamAMthI ja AvI hatI. cInanA lokoe e jAtiene tyAMthI hAMkI kADhI hatI ane temAMnI keTalIka hiMdamAM ane keTalIka yurepamAM phelAI gaI. e rIte pazcima tarapha hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvelA sejuka tuka ke bagadAdanA sAmrAjyane punaruddhAra kare che tathA kenjhAnTinepalanA pUrvanA remana sAmrAjya upara humale karI tene parAjaya kare che. ATaluM eziyA viSe. rAtA samudranI pelI bAju AveluM mIsara bagadAdathI svataMtra hatuM. tyAMnA musalamAna rAjakartAe potAne eka alaga khalIpha tarIke jAhera karyo hato. bAkInA uttara AphrikAmAM paNa svataMtra musalamAnI rAjya hatuM. jibrAlTaranI sAmudradhRnInI pelI bAju spenamAM svataMtra muslima rAjya hatuM. te kutbA yA keDebAnI "amIrAta" tarIke oLakhAtuM hatuM. ene viSe AgaLa upara huM tane thoDuM kahevAne chuM. paraMtu ambAsI khalIpha sattA upara AvyA tyAre temanuM Adhipatya svIkAravAnI spenanA Araba rAjya nA pADI hatI e te tuM jANe ja che. tyArathI ja e svataMtra hatuM. phrAMsa jItavAnA tenA prayatnone ghaNA vakhata upara cArlsa mATe niSphaLa banAvyA hatA. have spenanA uttaranA 3-20

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306 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pradezanAM khristI rAjyAnA spenanI muslima sattA upara humalA karavAnA vAro AvyeA hato; ane vakhata jatAM temaNe vadhu ne vadhu AtmavizvAsathI tenA upara humalA karavA mAMDyA. paraMtu je samayanI ApaNe hAla vAta karI rahyA chIe te vakhate te kAraDAkhAnI * amIrAta eka mahAna ane pragatizIla rAjya hatuM. vijJAna ane saMskRtimAM yuropanA bIjA dezo karatAM te ghaNuM ja AgaLa vadheluM hatuM. spena sivAya bAkInA yuropa judAM judAM khristI rAjyAmAM vaheMcAI gayA hatA. have AkhA yuropamAM khristI dharma prasarI cUkayo hatA ane aneka devadevIone pUjanArA prAcIna dharma tyAMthI lagabhaga nAbUda thayo hato. have yuropanA AjanA dezane potapotAnuM svarUpa dhAraNa karatA ApaNe joI zakIe chIe. hyu keMpeTanA amala daramyAna 987nI sAlamAM phrAMsanA rASTranA udya thAya che. dariyAnAM mojAne pAchAM hAvAno hukama karavA mATe mazahUra thayelA kaeNnyUTa nAmanA Dena rAjA 1016nI sAlamAM iMgleMDamAM rAjya karatA hatA. pacAsa varasa pachI ' vijetA' viliyama naramaDIthI sAM Avyo. jamanI pavitra sAmrAjyane eka bhAga hatuM. nAnAM nAnAM aneka rAjyAmAM vaheMcAyelu hovA chatAM cokkasapaNe te eka rASTra banatuM jatuM hatuM. raziyA pUrva tarapha vistaratuM jatuM hatuM ane potAnAM vahANAthI kaoNnsTAnTinepalane hamezAM DarAvyA karatuM hatuM. raziyAne kaoNnsTAntinepala mATe hamezAM ajaba prakAranA je mAha rahyA karyAM che tenI A zarUAta hatI. eka hajAra varasathI raziyA A mahAna zahera meLavavA mATe kAmanA rAkhatuM AvyuM che. chevaTe, cauda varasa upara pUrA thayelA mahAyuddhane pariNAme e meLavavAnI raziyAe AzA bAMdhI hatI. paraMtu tyAM AgaLa acAnaka krAMti AvI paDI ane teNe purANA raziyAnI badhI bAjI dhULa bhegI karI dIdhI. 900 varSa pahelAMnA yuropanA nakazAmAM poleMDa tema ja huMgarI paNa tArA jovAmAM Avaze. e dezamAM manyara leAkA vasatA hatA. vaLI e nakazAmAM balgeriyana tathA sa lokAnAM rAjye paNa tArA jovAmAM Avaze. vaLI, cAre tarapha aneka duzmanothI gherAyeluM hovA chatAM paNa potAnI hastI TakAvI raheluM pUrvanuM romana sAmrAjya paNa tuM joze. raziyana lokA tenA upara AkramaNa karatA hatA, balgeriyana lokA paNa tene trAsa ApatA hatA ane dariyAmAge nAna le tene niratara

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Izu pachInA pahelA sahastrAbdane ata 307 herAna karyA karatA hatA. vaLI have te e sauthI vadhAre bhayaMkara sejuka turka leke tenI hastIne paNa jokhamamAM mUkI rahyA hatA. paraMtu ATalI badhI hADamArI ane ATalA badhA duzmanothI gherAyeluM hovA chatAMye te hajI bIjAM cAra varasa sudhI bhAgI paDayuM nahi. tenI A adbhuta cIvaTa kaMIka aMze kosTAnTinopalanA sthAnane AbhArI hatI ema kahI zakAya. duzmanane teno kabajo levo atizaya muzkela paDe evI jagyAe te vaseluM hatuM. te eTale vakhata TakI rahyuM e kaMIka aMze grIka lekAe bacAvanI navI rIta zodhI kADhI hatI tene AbhArI hatuM ema paNa kahI zakAya. e navI rItane "grIka agni" kahevAmAM Ave che. pANI lAgatAM veMta saLagI UThe evo padArtha temaNe zodhI kADhayo hate. A "grIka agni "nI madadathI kanjhAnTinopalanA leke spharasanI sAmudradhunI oLaMgIne AvatA lazkaranAM vahANene Aga lagADIne temanI bhAre khAnAkharAbI karatA. khristI saMvatanAM pahelAM hajAra varSa pachI yuropane nakaze Avo hatA. pitAnAM vahANomAM AvIne bhUmadhya samudranA kAMThA uparanAM zahera tathA gAmaDAM lUMTatA ane raMjADatA tathA madhadariye vahANa lUMTatA northamena athavA normana leke viSe paNa teM jANyuM che. saphaLatA prApta thavAne kAraNe teo AbarUdAra banatA jatA hatA. phrAnsamAM pazcima tarapha nauramaMDImAM temaNe vasavATa karyo. kAnsanA temanA e sthAnamAMthI temaNe iMglaMDa jItI lIdhuM. temaNe musalamAne pAsethI sisilIne TApu paNa jItI lIdhe tathA temAM dakSiNa iTAlIne umere karIne "sisiliyA" nAmanuM rAjya sthApyuM. - yuropanI madhyamAM uttara samudrathI mAMDIne rema sudhI "pavitra romana sAmrAjya' patharAyeluM paDayuM hatuM. emAM ghaNuM rAjyone samAveza thato hata ane pavitra sAmrAjyane samrATa e badhAne vaDe hate. A jarmana samrATa ane romanA pipa vacce ekabIjA upara prabhutva meLavavA mATe niraMtara spardhA cAlyA karatI. emAM koI vakhata samrATa phAvate te koI vAra pipane jIta maLatI. paraMtu dhIme dhIme piMpanI sattA vadhI gaI dharmabahAra mUkavAnI sattA e temanA hAthamAM bhayAnaka hathiyAra hatuM. kemake koI paNa mANasane dharmabahAra mUkavo eTale tene saMpUrNapaNe sAmAjika bahiSkAra kare tathA badhAye sAmAjika tathA rAjakIya hakathI tene vaMcita karo. eka garviSTha samrATane te samayanA pipe eTalI hada

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38 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sudhI nIce namAvyuM hatuM ke tenI kSamA yAcavA mATe tene baraphamAM ughADe page cAlIne javuM paDyuM hatuM ane pipa kRpA karIne pitAnI pAse AvavAnI tene paravAnagI Ape tyAM sudhI ITAlImAM AvelA kenesAnA tenA nivAsasthAnanI bahAra tene e sthitimAM ubhA rahevuM paDyuM hatuM. ApaNe yuropanA A deze nirmANa thatA joIe chIe paraMtu te vakhate teo AjanA karatAM bhinna hatA - khAsa karIne tenA leke te AjanA karatAM bilakula bhinna hatA. teo pitAne aMgreja, phreMca ke jarmana tarIke nahotA oLakhAvatA. garIba bIcArA kheDUta lekanI dazA atizaya kaMgALa hatI ane temane deza ke bhUgoLanuM kazuMye bhAna nahatuM. pote pitAnA lerDa athavA mAlikanA sarpha athavA dAsa che ane tenA hukama pramANe temaNe cAlavuM joIe eTaluM ja teo jANatA hatA. je tuM keIumarAvane pUche ke tame koNa che, to te kaheze ke huM amuka jagyAne lorDa chuM ane amuka moTA lerDane athavA rAjAne vairAla ke sAmanta chuM. A hatI phakyUDala vyavasthA ane te yuropabharamAM prasarelI hatI. jarmanImAM ane khAsa karIne uttara iTAlImAM dhIme dhIme moTAM moTAM zahero UbhAM thatAM ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. perisa te vakhate paNa jANItuM zahera hatuM. A zahera vepArarojagAranAM kendro hatAM ane tyAM AgaLa dhanadelata vadhAre ne vadhAre pramANamAM ekaThAM thatAM jatAM hatAM. A zaherane joI leke athavA umarA pasaMda nahotA ane temanI vacce vAraMvAra jhaghaDA thayA karatA hatA. paraMtu e kheMcatANamAM Akhare zaheranA dhanika vargane vijya thAya che. teo laI lekine pisA dhIre che ane e rIte nANAMnI madadathI adhikAre tathA sattA kharIde che. A rIte zaheramAM dhIme dhIme eka navo varga pedA thAya che ane tene phaphyuDala samAjavyavasthA sAthe meLa khAto nathI. Ama yuropamAM phyuDala vyavasthA pramANe samAja aneka gharomAM vaheMcAyele ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. e samAjavyavasthA carca yA khristI dharmatatre paNa mAnya rAkhI hatI. tene teNe potAnA AzIrvAda ApyA hatA. rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA te te samaye hatI ja nahi. paraMtu te samaye AkhA yuropamAM, khAsa karIne tenA upalA vargomAM khristI jagatanI bhAvanA sarvatra pracalita hatI. yuropanI badhI khristI prajAo e bhAvanAthI ekabIjA sAthe saMkaLAyelI hatI. A bhAvanAne pracAra karavAmAM carca yA khristI dharmataMtra paNa madada karatuM hatuM kemake ethI

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Izu pachInA pahelA sahasrAbdanA ata 309 karIne te baLavAna thatuM hatuM ane rAmanA popanI sattA paNa vadhatI hatI. romana popa have pazcima yuropanA carca yA khristI dharma ta Mtrane nirvivAda vaDA banyA hatA. rAma kansTAntinepala tathA pUnA romana sAmrAjyathI alaga paDI gayuM hatuM e to tane yAda haze. kaeNnsTAnTinepalanuM alaga carca yA khristI dharmatatra hajI cAlu hatuM. jema rAmanuM carca kaeNthalika carcanA nAmathI oLakhAtuM hatuM tema A pUrvanuM ca DaoNkasa carcInA nAmathI eLakhAtuM hatuM. raziyAe kaoNnsTAnTinopalanA A zaeNDaoNkasa ca pAsethI dharmanI dIkSA lIdhI. kaoNnsTAnTinopalanA grIka leAke rAmanA pApane mAnya rAkhatA nahotA. paraMtu jyAre te duzmaneothI gherAI gayuM ane khAsa karIne jyAre sebruka turkAe tenI hastI bhayamAM mUkI ene Aphatane prasaMge kaoNnsTAnTinopala potAnuM gumAna tathA rAma pratyeno tiraskAra bhUlI gayuM ane vidharmI musalamAnonI sAme madada karavA mATe teNe pApane vinaMtI karI. te samaye rAmamAM eka mahAna popa adhikAra upara hatA. tenuM nAma hilDebaeNnDa hatuM ane pApa thayA pachI te sAtamA gregarI tarIke mazahUra thayo. vi jana samrATa kaeNnosAmAM e ja hilDebaeNnDanI AgaLa ughADe page baraphamAM cAlIne khaDA thayA hatA. 6. C te samaye yuropanI khristI prajAonI kalpanAne eka bIjI ghaTanAe paNa uzkerI mUkI hatI. keTalAye zraddhALu khristIo ema mAnatA hatA ke Izu pachInAM eka hajAra varasa bAda A duniyAnA ekAeka aMta AvI javAnA che. mileniyama ' zabdano artha * eka hajAra varasa ' thAya che. e zabda * mile ' ane 'anasa' evA be laeNTina zabdo bhegA maLIne banyo che. miletA a eka hajAra ' thAya che ane ' anasa 'eTale varasa. e vakhate duniyAno aMta Avaze ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM eTale ' mileniyama ' zabdanA ' ekadama paravata na thaI ne vadhAre sArI duniyA nirmANa thavI ' evA atha thavA lAgyo. me tane AgaLa jaNAvyuM che ke te samaye yuropamAM bhAre du:kha ane hADamArI vatAM hatAM ane e najIka AvatA mileniyama 'nI eTale ke zubha parivartananI AzAe hatAza thaI gayelA tathA thAkI gayelA dhaNA leAkAne AzvAsana ApyuM. duniyAnA aMta Ave te samaye . 6 pavitra bhUmi 'mAM hAjara rahevAne khAtara ghaNA lAkA te potAnI mAlamilakata vecIne paeNlesTAIna javA mATe nIkaLI paDyA.

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jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzIna paraMtu duniyAnA aMta te na AvyA ane jerUsalema gayelA hajAro yAtrALune tu lokoe khUba satAvyA ane herAna karyAM. gusse bharAIne ane zaramiMdA thaI ne te pAchA karyAM ane pavitra bhUmi 'mAM temanA upara vItelAM vItAnI khabara temaNe cotarapha phelAvI. sAdhu pITara nAmanA eka prakhyAta yAtrALu hAthamAM daMDa dhAraNa karIne ThekaThekANe ghUmyA ane potAnA pavitra zahera jerUsalemane musalamAnanA paMjAmAMthI cheDAvavAnI leAkeAmAM hAkala karavA lAgyo. A badhuM sAMbhaLIne Akhu khristI jagata krodhathI bhabhUkI UMcuM ane bhAre utsAhamAM AvI gayuM. A paristhiti nihALIne pApe e hilacAlanuM netRtva levAno saMkalpa karyAM. 10 A ja arasAmAM vidhamI onI sAme madada karavA mATenI mAgaNI kaoNnsTAnTinopala taraphathI AvI. Akhu khristI jagata rAmana temaja grIka -- ekatra thaI te dhasI AvatA turkoMnI sAme thatuM te samaye jaNAyuM. 1095nI sAlamAM carca eTale ke khristI dharmatatranI moTI sabhAe jerUsalemanuM pavitra zahera musalamAnonA hAthamAMthI cheDAvavAne temanI sAme krUjheDa eTale ke dharmayuddha jagAvavAnI gheASaNA karavAnA niya karyAM. A rIte krUjheDa athavA slAma sAme khristI jagatanI ke cAMda sAme krUsanI laDAIne AraMbha thayo. -

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58 eziyA ane yuropanuM punarAvalokana 12 jUna, 1932 Izu pachInAM pahelAM hajAra varasa sudhInI duniyAnuM, eTale ke eziyA ane yuropanuM tathA AphrikAnA cheDA bhAganuM TUMkuM avalokana ApaNe pUruM karyuM. paNa hajI eka punarAvakana karI laIe. " pahelAM eziyA laIe. tyAM AgaLa hiMdustAna ane cInanI prAcIna sabhyatA hajI cAlu ane vRddhigata dazAmAM che. hiMdanI saMskRti maleziyA tathA kaMboDiyA sudhI phelAI hatI ane tyAM AgaLa tenAM suMdara pariNAme AvyAM hatAM. cInanI saMskRti koriyA, jApAna ane aMzataH maleziyAmAM prasarI hatI. pazcima eziyAmAM arabastAna, sIriyA, pelesTAIna, maise poTemiyA vagere dezomAM arabI saMskRti pracAra pAmI hatI. IrAnamAM prAcIna IrAnI ane navI arabI saMskRtinuM mizraNa hatuM. madhya eziyAnA keTalAka dezoe paNa A mizra IrAnIarabI saMskRti grahaNa karI hatI. vaLI, temanA upara hiMdustAna temaja cInanI paNa asara thaI hatI. A badhA dezamAM saMskRti ucca kakSAe pahoMcI hatI, vepAra rojagAra, vidyA ane kaLA vagere paNa sArI peThe khIlyAM hatAM; vaLI tyAM AgaLa saMkhyAbaMdha moTAM meTAM nagara hatAM ane temanI mazahUra vidyApIThamAM dUra dUrathI AkarSAIne vidyArthIo AvatA hatA. mAtra maMgeliyA ane madhya eziyAnA keTalAka bhAgomAM temaja uttare sAIberiyAmAM saMskRtinuM dheraNa bahu nIcuM hatuM. ' have yurepa tarapha joIe. eziyAnA pragatimAna dezonI sarakhAmaNImAM te pachAta ane ardha-jaMgalI avasthAmAM hato. purANuM grIkaromana saMskRti e te kevaLa prAcIna kALanA eka smaraNa jevI banI gaI hatI. vidyAnI tyAM jarAye kadara nahotI, kaLAono paNa tyAM jhAjho pracAra naheAta ane eziyAnI sarakhAmaNImAM tyAM AgaLa vepAra-rojagAra paNa bahu ocho hato. mAtra be tejasvI sthaLo tyAM hajI jhaLahaLI rahyAM hatAM. ArabanA amala nIcenuM spena ArabonI mahattAnA yuganI

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312 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana praNAlikA sAcavI rahyuM hatuM ane dhIme dhIme kaoNnsAnTinopalane adhaHpAta thato ja hato chatAMye te eziyA ane yuropanI sarahada vacce AveluM eka mahAna ane moTI vasatIvALuM zahera hatuM. yuropanA moTA bhAga upara te sAmAnya rIte avyavasthA ane arAjakanuM aMdhera pravartatuM hatuM, ane tyAM AgaLa pracalita phaDala vyavasthA nIce dareka nAITa eTale laDAyaka saradAra tathA lorDa eTale ke umarAva pitApitAnI jAgIrane eka nAno sarakho rAjA hatA. sAmrAjyanuM prAcIna pATanagara roma eka vakhate te nAnakaDA gAmaDA jevuM banI gayuM hatuM ane tenA prAcIna prekSAgAramAM jaMgalI janAvaree vAsa karyo hate. paraMtu te have pharI pAchuM khIlavA lAgyuM hatuM. ethI karIne je tuM Iza pachIthI hajAra varasa pachInA eziyA ane yuropanI tulanA kare te eziyAnuM palluM ghaNuM nIcuM namaze. have ApaNe pharIthI joIe ane sapATIthI UMDe UtarIne vastuo nihALavA prayatna karIe. upara uparathI jenAra eziyAnI paristhiti jeTalI sArI kalpe eTalI vAstavamAM te sArI nahatI ema ApaNane jaNAya che. prAcIna saMskRtinAM UgamasthAna cIna ane hiMdustAna takalIpha ane AphatamAM AvI paDyAM hatAM. bahArathI thatI caDAIo e ja mAtra temanI Aphata nahotI. paNa temanI kharekharI Aphato te AMtarika hatI ke je AMtarika jIvana temaja zaktine haNe che. pazcimanA ArabonI mahattAnA divase pUrA thavA AvyA hatA. sejuka tuke sattA upara Ave che e kharuM paraMtu temane udaya kevaLa temanA laDAyaka guNone AbhArI hate. hiMdIo, cInAo, IrAnIo ke Araba lekanI peThe teo eziyAnI koI paNa saMskRtinA pratinidhi nathI. teo eziyAnA laDAyaka guNanA pratinidhi che. eziyAmAM sarvatra saMskArI prAcIna prajAe karamAtI ane kSINa thatI dekhAya che. temaNe pitAne AtmavizvAsa gumAvyo hato ane AtmarakSaNanI nIti akhatyAra karI hatI. khaDatala ane zaktithI UbharAtI navI prajAo AgaLa AvI. temaNe eziyAnI prAcIna prajAone jItI lIdhI ane yuropane paNa gabharAvI mUkyuM. paraMtu e prajAe saMskRtine na pravAha ke saMskRtinuM navuM preraka baLa pitAnI sAthe na lAvI. prAcIna prajAoe dhIme dhIme A navI prajAone saMskArI banAvI ane e rIte temaNe vijetAone apanAvIne pitAnI aMdara samAvI dIdhA.

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eziyA ane yurepanuM punarAvalokana 313 Ama ApaNe eziyA upara bhAre parivartana AvatuM joIe chIe. prAcIna saMskRti cAlu rahI hatI, lalita kaLAe khIlatI hatI ane tarehatarehanA vaibhavavilAso paNa mojUda hatA, paraMtu saMskRtinI nADa maMda paDatI jatI hatI, ane jIvananI prANazakti uttarottara vadhu ne vadhu kSINa thatI jatI jaNAtI hatI. lAMbA kALa sudhI e saMskRtio TakavAnI hatI. maMgela leke AvyA te samaye arabastAna tathA madhya eziyA bAda karatAM bIje kyAMya paNa na te e saMskRtiono aMta Avyo ke na te temano pravAha cokkasapaNe aTakI paDyo. cIna ane hiMdustAnamAM e prAcIna saMskRtio dhIme dhIme jhAMkhI paDavA lAgI hatI ane chevaTe te dUrathI jotAM bahu manohara lAge paraMtu tenI najadIka jatAM khabara paDe ke tene UdhaI lAgavA mAMDI che evA eka raMgIna niprANa citra jevI banI gaI sAmrAjyanI peThe saMskRtionuM patana paNa jeTalA pramANamAM aMdaranI nabaLAI ane saDAne AbhArI hoya che teTalA pramANamAM bahAranA duzmanonA sAmarthane AbhArI nathI hotuM. remanuM patana barbara lakone lIdhe nahetuM thayuM. temaNe te je kyAranuMye marI paravAryuM hatuM tene mAtra dhakko mArIne pADI nAkhyuM. romanA hAthapaga kApI nAkhavAmAM AvyA te pahelAM ja tenuM hRdaya te dhabakatuM baMdha paDI gayuM hatuM. hiMdustAnamAM ane cInamAM temaja Araba lekanI bAbatamAM paNa kaMIka evuM ja banatuM ApaNuM jovAmAM Ave che. Araba saMskRtinA udayanI paDe tenuM patana paNa ekAeka thayuM. hiMdustAnamAM ane cInamAM e kriyA bahu dhImI gatie thatI rahI ane e baMne dezanI saMskRtinA patanane AraMbha cokakasapaNe kyArathI thaye e kahevuM saheluM nathI. gajhanIne mahamUda hiMdustAnamAM AvyA te pahelAM ghaNA lAMbA kALathI e kriyA zarU thaI cUkI hatI. lekonA mAnasamAM pheraphAra thayela ApaNe joI zakIe chIe. navA navA vicAra ane vastuonuM sarjana karavAne badale hiMdustAnanA leke bhUtakALanI siddhionuM anukaraNa ane punarAvartana karavAmAM tatpara banyA hatA. hajI paNa temanI buddhi sArI peThe sateja ane tIkSNa hatI paraMtu teo lAMbA vakhata pUrve je kahevAyuM hatuM ane lakhAyuM hatuM tene artha karavAmAM temaja tenA upara vivecana karavAmAM eTale ke bhALe ane TIkAo lakhavAmAM maMDyA hatA. hajI paNa teo abhuta prakAranuM mUrti nirmANa ane kotarakAma karatA hatA

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314 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana - paraMtu temanI e kRtio vadhAre paDatI vigata ane zaNagArathI ladAyelI hatI ane kadI kadI temAM kaMIka bIbhatsatA paNa AvI jatI hatI. maulikatA temaja bhavya ane udAtta kalpanAne temAM abhAva hato. tavaMgara tathA saMpanna lekamAM ziSTa lAlitya, kaLA ane vaibhavavilAsa sacavAI rahyAM hatAM paraMtu samagra janatAnI kaMgALiyata tathA hADamArI ochI karavAnuM ke utpatti vadhAravAne kazoye prayatna karavAmAM Avato nahote. A badhAM saMskRtinA saMdhyAkALanAM lakSaNa che. jyAre A badhuM banavA lAge che tyAre khacIta samajavuM ke e saMskRtinuM cetana harAvA lAgyuM che, kemake cetanyanuM lakSaNa sarjana che, anukaraNa ke punarAvartana nahi. hiMdustAna temaja cInamAM e samaye kaMIka evI ja kriyA zarU thatI jaNAya che. paNa jeje, mArA kahevAnI matalaba samajavAmAM tuM bhUla karIza nahi. mArA kahevA Azaya e nathI ke ethI karIne hiMdustAna athavA cInanI hastI nAbUda thaI ke teo jaMgalI avasthAmAM AvI paDyAM. mArA kahevAno bhAvArtha eTale ja che ke, hiMdustAna tathA cInane bhUtakALamAM lAdhI hatI te sarjaka zaktinI purANI preraNA have maMda ane kSINa thatI jatI hatI ane tene navuM cetana maLatuM nahotuM. badalAyelI paristhiti sAthe te pitAne suga sAdhatI nahatI paNa kevaLa pitAnuM gADuM jematema karIne gabaDAvye rAkhatI hatI. pratyeka deza ane saMskRtinI bAbatamAM AvuM bane che. saumAM, bhAre sarjaka puruSArtha tathA pragati ane vikAsanA yuga Ave che tema ja thAka ane sustInA yuge paNa Ave che. hiMdustAna tema ja cInamAM e thAka tathA suratIne kALa ATale badhe meDe Avyo e bhAre AzcaryakAraka che; ane ema chatAM paNa e saMpUrNa thAkanI sthiti te nahatI ja. islAma mAnavI pragati mATenI navI dhagaza pitAnI sAthe hiMdustAnamAM lAvyo. teNe kaMIka aMze paSTika oSadhanI garaja sArI. teNe hiMdustAnane hacamacAvI mUkyuM. paraMtu tethI jeTale phAyade the joIe eTale na thayo. enAM be kAraNe che. hiMdamAM te khaTe mArge ane pramANamAM kaMIka moDe Avyo. mahamUda gajhanIe hiMdustAna upara caDAI karI te pahelAM seMkaDe varasa agAu muslima dharmapracArake hiMdabharamAM pharatA hatA ane sarvotra temanuM svAgata thayuM hatuM. teo zAMtithI aAvyA hatA ane temane thoDI saphaLatA paNa maLI hatI. te samaye

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eziyA ane yuropanu* punarAvalAkana 315 islAma viruddha kAI paNa prakAranI kaDavI lAgaNI hAya te paNa te nahi jevI ja hatI. paraMtu pachIthI mahamUda Aga ane samazera laI ne Avyo. ane te vijetA, lUTAru ane katala karanAra tarIke Avyo e hakIkate bIjI kAI paNa vastu karatAM hiMdamAM islAmanI kIrtine vadhAre hAni pahoMcADI. kharekhara, te bIjA kAI paNa mahAna vijetAnA jevA ja lUTArA ane katala karanArA hatA ane dharmane mATe tene jhAjhI paravA naheAtI. tenI caDAI e ja hiMdamAM dhaNA lAMbA samaya sudhI islAmanA rahasyane DhAMkI dIdhuM ane tethI karIne niSpakSapaNe ene viSe vicAra karavAnuM lokeA mATe muzkela thaI paDayuM. khIjI paristhitimAM temane mATe ema karavuM zakya banyuM hota. * eka kAraNu A. khIjuM kAraNa e che ke islAma ahIM moDe Avyo. tenA AraMbha pachI cArasA varasa bAda te ahIM AvyeA. ane e lAMbA gALA daramyAna tenI dhagaza kaMIka aMze ochI thaI hatI tathA tenI ghaNIkharI saka zakti teNe gumAvI hatI. je islAmanA AraMbhakALamAM Araba lokA te laI te hi MdustAnamAM AvyA hota te navI Araba saskRti prAcIna hiMdI saMskRti sAthe bhaLI jAta ane baMnenI paraspara ekabIjA uparanI asarathI bhAre pariNAme nIpajata. e rIte be saskArI prajAenuM mizraNa thAta. vaLI, Araba lA dhArmi ka sahiSNutA tathA dharma pratyenA buddhipUrvakanA valaNa mATe mazara hatA. eka samaye bagadAdamAM khalInA Azraya heThaLa eka klaba cAlatI hatI. tyAM AgaLa badhA dharmanA lekA tathA je kAI paNa dharmo pALatA na hoya evA lAkA ekaThA thatA ane dareka vastu viSe kevaLa bauddhika dRSTie teo carcA ane vAdavivAda karatA. . paraMtu Araba leAkeA hiMdanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM na AvyA. siMdhamAM ja te aTakI paDayA ane hiMda upara temanI nahi jevI ja asara paDI. jemanAmAM Araba lokeAnI sahiSNutA ke saMskRti nahAtAM ane je mukhyatve karIne lazkarI sainikA ja hatA evA turka leAkA tathA temanA ja jevI bIjI prajAe bhArate islAma hiMdamAM AvyA. ema chatAM paNa pragati tathA sarjaka puruSArtha mATe hiMdane islAma dvArA navuM joma maLyuM. eNe hiMdamAM kevI rIte navuM cetana pUryuM ane chevaTe te paNa khatama thaI gayuM te ApaNe have pachI vicArIzuM.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AvatA dhasArA hiMdanI saMskRti nabaLI paDavA lAgI hatI tenuM eka bIjuM pariNAma paNa have dekhAvA lAgyuM hatuM. jyAre tenA upara bahAratha humalA thavA lAgyA tyAre, hiMdu sa MskRtie potAnI AsapAsa ja kavaca racI temAM dIvAna thaI te e sAme potAnuM rakSaNa karavAno prayAsa karyAM. e paNa nabaLAI tathA DarapokapaNAnI ja nizAnI hatI. e ilAje teA rogane UlaTa vadhArI dIdho. bahAranA humalA niha paNa sthagitatA e kharo rAga hato. e rIte aLagApaNuM keLavavAthI sthagitatA vadhI gaI ane vikAsanA badhA mArgo rUMdhAI gayA. pAchaLathI ApaNe joIzuM ke cIne paNa potAnI rIte ema ja kayuM ane jApAne paNa e ja upAya ajamAvyo. kavaca dvArA cAre bAjuthI rUMdhAI gayelA samAjamAM vasavuM e jarA jokhamakAraka che. temAM ApaNe jaDa banI jaI e chIe ane tAjI havA tathA navA vicArA ane khyAleAthI aparicita banI jaI e chIe. tAjI havA vyaktine mATe jarUrI che teTalI ja samAja mATe paNa Avazyaka che. ATaluM eziyA viSe. ApaNe joI gayAM ke e samaye yurepa pachAta ane jhaghaDAkhora hato. paNa e badhI avyavasthA ane aNuvDapaNAnI nIce kaMI niha tA joma ane cetana ApaNI najare paDe che. dI kALanA tenA prabhutva pachI eziyA nIce paDatA jatA hatA ane yuropa UMce caDavA mathI rahyo hato. paraMtu haye eziyAnI kakSAe pahoMcavA mATe yuropane ghaNI lAMkhI majala kApavAnI hatI. Aje yuropa prabhutva bhAgave ane eziyA AjhAdI prApta karavA mATe bhAre jahemata uThAvI rahyo che. tuM krIthI sapATInI nIce UMDANamAM najara karaze to eziyAmAM tane navuM joma, navI saka zakti ane navuM ja jIvana dekhAze. eziyA pharI pAcho jAgrata thayA che emAM jarAye zaMkA nathI. Aje tenI mahattAno samaya hovA chatAM yuropamAM athavA kaho ke pazcima yuropamAM tenI paDatInAM cihno najare paDe che. yuropanI saMskRtino nAza karI zake eTalA baLavAna khara lokA Aje nathI. paraMtu keTalIka vAra sudharelA loko pote ja kharuM athavA jaMgalI lokAnI jema varte che, ane jyAre ema thAya che tyAre saMskRti pote ja potAnA vinAza vahorI le che. 316 huM eziyA ane yurepanI vAta karI rahyo chuM paraMtu e te kevaLa bhaugolika nAmo che. ane ApaNI sAme je samasyA khaDI che

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eziyA ane yurepanuM punarAvalokana 317 te mAtra eziyA ke yurepanI ja nahi paNa AkhI duniyAnI athavA te samasta mAnavajAtanI samasyAo che. ane AkhI duniyAne mATe ApaNe teno ukela na karIe tyAM sudhI duniyAmAM musIbato kAyama cAlu ja rahevAnI. evA ukelane artha e ja heI zake ke sarvatra garIbAI, duHkha tathA hADamArIne aMta Ave. saMbhava che ke, ema thavAne ghaNe vakhata lAge, paraMtu ApaNe dhyeya te eTaluM UMcuM ja rAkhavuM joIe, ethI nIcuM nahi. ema thAya te ja kaI deza ke varganuM zeSaNa thatuM na hoya evI samAnatAnA pAyA upara racAyelI sAcI saMskRti ane sudhAre ApaNe pAmI zakIe. e samAja pragatizIla ane navasarjana karate samAja haze. badalAtI paristhiti sAthe te suyoga sAdhaze tathA tenA sabhyanA sahakAra upara ja nirbhara raheze ane chevaTe AkhI duniyAmAM te phelAze. prAcIna saMskRtionI piThe jamInadosta thaI javAne ke saDI javAne bhaya e saMskRtine mATe nahi rahe. ethI karIne hiMdanI AjhAdIne mATe ApaNe laDI rahyA chIe tyAre ApaNe e lakSamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke, manuSyamAtranI AjhAdI e ja ApaNuM parama dhyeya che ane temAM ja ApaNI temaja bIjI prajAonI AjhAdIne samAveza thaI jAya che.

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59 amerikAnI mAyA saMskRti * 13 jUna, 1932 A pamAM huM duniyAne itihAsa AlekhavA prayatna karuM chuM ema huM tane kahyA karuM chuM. paraMtu vAstavamAM te e eziyA, yuropa ane uttara AphrikAne itihAsa thaye. amerikA ane osTreliyAne viSe te meM tane lagabhaga kazuM ja kahyuM nathI. ema chatAM paNa meM e viSe tane izAre karyuM hatuM ke prAcIna kALamAM amerikAmAM saMskRti mojUda hatI. ene viSe bahu jANavAmAM AvyuM nathI ane sAce ja huM te e viSe bahu thatuM jANuM chuM. ema chatAM paNa ahIM AgaLa tane e viSe kaMIka kahevAne labha huM rekI zakatuM nathI, kemake ethI karIne ke laMbasa ke bIjA yuropiyane tyAM gayA tyAM sudhI amerikA kevaLa jaMgalI deza hate ema mAnavAnI sAmAnya rIte thatI bhUla tuM na karI bese. cheka pASANayugamAM, mANasa kaI paNa sthaLe TharIThAma thaIne vasavA lAge te pahelAM, ane jyAre te ahIMtahIM rakhaDIne zikArI jIvana gujArate hatuM tyAre, uttara amerikA ane eziyA vacce jamIna mArge avarajavarane vyavahAra heya e banavAjoga che. alAskA thaIne manuSyanI TeLIo ane vRda eka khaMDamAMthI bIjA khaMDamAM AvatAMjatAM haze. pAchaLathI avarajavarane A vyavahAra tUTI gayuM ane amerikAnA lokoe dhIme dhIme pitAnI judI ja saMskRti khIlavI. e dhyAnamAM rAkhaje ke, ApaNane mAhitI maLe che te mujaba, eziyA ane yuropa sAthe temane saMparka thAya evuM kazuM ja sAdhana nahotuM. seLamI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM "navI duniyAnI zodha thaI kahevAya che te . pahelAM ene bIjA deze jeDe cAlu saMparka hovAne kaze hevAla ApaNane maLatuM nathI. amerikAnI e duniyA ApaNAthI atizaya dUranI ane nirALI duniyA hatI ane yurepa ke eziyAmAM banatA banAvanI asarathI e sAva aspaSTa hatI. amerikAmAM saMskRtinAM traNa kendro hatAM ema jaNAya che. mekisaka, madhya amerikA ane peru. tyAM AgaLa saMskRtine kayAre AraMbha thaye

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amerikAnI mAyA saMskRti 319 e spaSTapaNe jaNAtuM nathI. paraMtu mekisakonA saMvatanI zarUAta I. sa. pU. 613nA arasAmAM thaI hatI. IsavI sananAM zarUAtanAM varasamAM eTale ke bIjI sadI pachI tyAM AgaLa keTalAye zahere udaya pAmatAM mAlUma paDe che. te samaye paththara kAma, mATInAM vAsaNo banAvavAnuM kAma, vaNuTa ane suMdara raMgATI kAma tyAM AgaLa thatuM hatuM. trAMbuM ane tenuM tyAM puSkaLa pramANamAM hatuM paNa leTuM nahatuM. sthApatya khIlatuM hatuM ane bAMdhakAma tathA ImAratomAM badhAM zahere ekabIjAnI spardhA karatAM hatAM. tyAM AgaLa eka khAsa prakAranI ane jaTila lekhanakaLA paNa hatI. kaLA, ane khAsa karIne sthApatyakaLAne, vadhAre pracAra hatA ane tenuM sarNa apratima hatuM. saMskRtinA A dareka pradezamAM ghaNAM rAjya hatAM. vaLI tyAM AgaLa ghaNI bhASAo hatI ane temanuM sAhitya paNa moTA pramANamAM hatuM. badhe ThekANe rAjyataMtra baLavAna ane sArI rIte vyavasthita hatuM tathA zaherane samAja saMskArI ane buddhizALI hatI. e rAjyanI artha vyavasthA ane kAyadA ghaDavAnI paddhati sArI peThe vikAsa pAmelI hatI. 960nI sAlanA arasAmAM umala zahera sthapAyuM hatuM ane ema kahevAya che ke thoDA ja vakhatamAM vikAsa pAmIne te eziyAnAM te samayanAM mahAna zaherenI barAbarI kare evuM thayuM hatuM. e sivAya lAbuA, mAyApana ane cAmuluna vagere bIjA meTAM zahera paNa hatAM. madhya amerikAmAM traNa AgaLa paDatAM rAjyamAM ekatra thaIne eka saMgha sthApe. e saMdha Aje mAyApana saMghane nAme oLakhAya che. Iza pachI lagabhaga eka hajAra varasa pachI A banyuM hatuM. ApaNe yuropa tathA eziyAmAM paNa e samaya sudhI ja AvI pahoMcyA chIe. Ama IzunA sahastrAbda pachI madhya amerikAmAM sudharelAM rAjyanuM baLavAna joDANa thayuM hatuM. paraMtu A badhAM rAjya ane mAyA saMskRti upara dharmAdhikArIonuM prabhutva hatuM. tyAM AgaLa tiSanI bhAre pratiSThA hatI, ane jema hiMdustAnamAM sUrya tathA caMdragrahaNa vakhate lAkho lekane snAna temaja upavAsa karavAne samajAvavAmAM Ave che tema e zAstranA jJAnane lIdhe purehite janatAnA ajJAnano lAbha letA hatA. se varasathI vadhu samaya sudhI mAyApana saMdha Takyo. pachIthI tyAM AgaLa sAmAjika krAMti thaI hoya ema jaNAya che ane sarahada paranI videzI sattA temAM vacce paDI. 119nI sAlamAM mAyApanane nAza

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320 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana karavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu bIjAM moTAM zahere kAyama rahyAM. bIjAM so varasamAM bIjI eka jAtinA leke AgaLa AvyA. e maeNksikamAMthI AvelA AjhaTeka leka hatA. cidamI sadInA AraMbhamAM temaNe mAyA deza jItI lIdhuM ane 1325nI sAlanA arasAmAM temaNe noTIlana nAmanA zaheranI sthApanA karI. theDA ja vakhatamAM te moTI vasatIvALuM zahera banI gayuM ane mekisakonA pradezanI rAjadhAnI tathA AjhaTeka lekAnA sAmrAjyanuM kendra banyuM. AjhaTeka leke lazkarI prajA hatI. temanI pAse lazkarI vasAhata ane lazkarI chAvaNIo hatI tathA dezabharamAM lazkarI dRSTie upayogI rastAo paNa hatA. ema paNa kahevAya che ke tAbAnAM rAjyane paraspara laDAvavA jeTalA teo catura paNa hatA. kemake temanAmAM phATaphUTa hoya te temanA upara rAjya karavuM sugama paDe. badhAM ja sAmrAjyonI e purANI nIti che. remanA leka ene "DivAIDa eMTa iperA" eTale bheda pADIne rAjya karavAnI nIti kahetA. bIjI bAbatomAM bhAre catura hovA chatAMye AjhaTeka leke upara paNa purohita varganuM prabhutva hatuM. ane ethIye adhika bUrI vastu te e che ke temanA dharmamAM naramedhanuM bhAre mahattva hatuM. Ama, prativarSa atizaya karapINa rIte hajAre manuSyane bhAga apAte. lagabhaga base varasa sudhI AjhaTeka lokoe pitAnA sAmrAjya upara atizaya kaDaka hAthe zAsana karyuM. sAmrAjyamAM bahArathI te badhe salAmatI ane zAMti jaNAtAM hatAM paraMtu janatAnuM nirdaya rIte zeSaNa karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ane te atizaya garIba ane kaMgALa banI gaI hatI. AvI rIte racAyeluM ane cAlatuM rAjya lAMbe vakhata TakI zake nahi. ane banyuM paNa ema ja. soLamI sadInA AraMbhamAM, 1519nI sAlamAM jyAre AjhaTeka lekanI sattA parAkASTAe pahoMcelI lAgatI hatI tyAre mUDIbhara paradezI lUMTArA ane sAhasika mANasenA humalA sAme temanuM sAmrAjya kakaDI paDIne jamInadosta thaI gayuM! sAmrAjyanA patananuM A eka atizaya AzcaryakAraka udAharaNa che. hanana kArDe nAmanA eka penavAsIe mUThIbhara sainikanI madadathI e sAmrAjyano nAza karyo. korTe bahAdura ane bhAre sAhasika puruSa hatuM. tenI pAse be vastuo evI hatI jenI tene bhAre madada maLI baMdUke ane gheDA. meksikonA sAmrAjyamAM joDAo nahAtA ane baMdUka paNa nahatI. paraMtu AjhaTeka

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amerikAnI mAyA saMskRti 321 sAmrAjya aMdarathI khavAI gayuM na hatuM te keTenI hiMmata ane tenI baMdUka tathA gheDA tene kazA kAmamAM na Avata. e sAmrAjya aMdarathI saDI gayuM hatuM ane mAtra bahArano khaTATopa ja bAkI rahyo hato, eTale tene teDI pADavA mATe jarA sarakho Acako paNa pUratuM hatuM. e sAmrAjya zoSaNa upara nirbhara hatuM ane janatAne tenI sAme bhAre roSa hate. ethI karIne tenA upara humale thaye tyAre tyAMnA sAmrAjyavAdI lekenI A musIbata AmajanatAe vadhAvI lIdhI. ane AvI paristhitimAM hamezAM bane che tema sAthe sAthe tyAM AgaLa sAmAjika krAMti paNa thaI eka vakhata te korTane hAMkI kADhavAmAM Avyo ane jema tema karIne teNe pitAne jIva bacAvyuM. paraMtu te pharI pAcho Avyo ane tyAMnA keTalAka vatanIonI madada maLavAthI tene jIta maLI. ethI karIne AjhaTeka lekonA rAjyane aMta Avyo eTaluM ja nahi paNa tAjubInI vAta te e ke enI sAthe mekisakonI AkhI saMskRti paNa jamInadesta thaI gaI tathA thoDA ja vakhatamAM mahAna pATanagara TeTITsana paNa hatuM na hatuM thaI gayuM. tene eka paththara sarakho paNa Aje mojUda nathI ane spenavAsIoe tene sthAne eka devaLa baMdhAvyuM. mAyA saMskRtinAM bIjAM moTAM nagaro paNa nAza pAmyAM ane temane sthAne yukAtAnanuM jaMgala pharI vaLyuM; te eTale sudhI ke temanAM nAme paNa bhulAI gayAM ane temanI paDezamAM AvelAM gAmanAM nAma uparathI temAMnAM ghaNuM zaherenuM Aje smaraNa thAya che. temanuM badhuM sAhitya paNa nAza pAmyuM. mAtra temanAM traNa pustaka bacavA pAmyAM che, paraMtu hajI sudhI te kaI paNa temane vAMcI zakyuM nathI! yurepanI navI prajAnA saMparkamAM AvatAM veMta lagabhaga paMdaraso varasa sudhI TakI rahelI prAcIna saMskRti temaja prajA ekAeka kema lupta thaI gayAM, e samajAvavuM atizaya muzkela che. ema lAge che ke A saMparka e jIvaleNa vyAdhinA cepa jevo hatuM ane e navI jAtanA kSetre temane nAmazeSa karI dIdhAM. keTalIka bAbatamAM je ke temanI saMskRti bahu unnata hatI paraMtu bIjI keTalIka bAbatomAM teo bahu pachAta hatA. itihAsanA bhinna bhinna yugonuM temanAmAM ajaba prakAranuM mizraNa thayeluM hatuM. - dakSiNa amerikAmAM saMskRtinuM bIjuM kendra perumAM hatuM, ane tyAM AgaLa IkAnuM rAjya hatuM. Iko eka prakArane devI rAjA manAte 4-21

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322 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hato. perunI A saMskRti, kaMI nahi te pAchaLanA samayamAM, meksikanI saMskRtithI sAva alaga thaI gaI hatI e AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che. baMne saMskRtio ekabIthI bahu dUra nahatI chatAye teo ekabIjI viSe bilakula ajANa hatI. eTalA uparathI paNa joI zakAya ke keTalIka bAbatamAM te atizaya pachAta hatI. mekisakamAM keTene vijaya thaye tyAra pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM eka spenavAsIe para rAjyane paNa aMta ANe. enuM nAma pijhAre hatuM. 1530nI sAlamAM te tyAM AvyA ane chaLakapaTathI teNe Ikane pakaDI lIdhe. pitAnA daivI rAjAnI dharapakaDa mAtrathI ja prajA bhayabhIta banI gaI. pijhAree theDA vakhata sudhI IkAnA nAmathI rAjya karavA prayatna karyo ane prajA pAsethI aDhaLaka dolata paDAvI. pachIthI e khAlI DALa paNa tajI devAmAM AvyuM ane spenanA lekee perane pitAnA sAmrAjyane eka bhAga banAvI dIdhuM. keTee TenosTIlana nagara pahelavaheluM joyuM tyAre te tenI bhavyatAthI A banI gayA hatA. yuropamAM evuM eka paNa zahera tenA jovAmAM AvyuM nahotuM. mAyA ane piranI kaLAnA ghaNuM avazeSo ekaThA karavAmAM AvyA che ane te amerikAnAM, khAsa karIne, mekisakonAM saMgrahasthAnamAM jovA maLe che. e avazeSa kaLAnI suMdara paraMparAne khyAla rajU kare che. paranA sonIonI kArIgarI uttama prakAranI hatI ema kahevAmAM Ave che. zilpanA paNa keTalAka avazeSo maLI AvyA che. temAM khAsa karIne paththara upara kotarelA sarpo bahu suMdara che. bIjA keTalAka te bhayabhIta karavA mATe ja nirmANa karavAmAM AvyA hoya ema lAge che ane sAce ja teo bhayabhIta kare evA ja che!

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mohana-jo-daDe viSe kaMIka 14 jAna, 1932 huM hamaNAM mehana-jo-daDe ane siMdhu nadInI khINanI hiMdustAnanI prAcIna saMskRti viSe vAMcuM chuM. hamaNAM e viSe eka mahattvanuM pustaka bahAra paDyuM che. temAM enuM varNana karavAmAM AvyuM che tathA Aja sudhImAM tene viSe je kaMI jANavAmAM AvyuM che tenI mAhitI ApavAmAM AvI che. enuM khodakAma jemane hastaka soMpAyuM che, ane jema jema . teo vadhAre ne vadhAre UMDA khodatA gayA tema tema jANe dharatI mAtAnA udaramAMthI bahAra AvatuM nagara jemaNe jAte nihALyuM che tevA mANasee e pustaka lakhIne taiyAra karyuM che. meM hajI sudhI e joyuM nathI. e pustaka mane ahIM maLe ema huM IcchuM chuM. paraMtu meM enI samAlocanA vAMcI che. emAM ApavAmAM AvelA e pustakanA keTalAka utArA mArI sAthe tuM paNa jANe ema huM IcchuM chuM. siMdhu nadInI khINanI A saMskRti adbhuta che ane ApaNe ene viSe jema jema vadhAre jANIe chIe tema tema te ApaNane vadhAre ne vadhAre Azcaryacakita kare che. ethI karIne, bhUtakALanA ItihAsanuM khyAna ahIM adhUruM choDIne A patramAM ApaNe pAMca hajAra varasa pUrvenA samayamAM kUdake mArIe te tuM vAMdho nahi uThAve ema huM IcchuM chuM. mehana-jo-daDe kamamAM kama 5000 varase jeTaluM prAcIna to che ja ema kahevAya che. paraMtu atyAre ApaNane jovA maLe che te mehana-jo-daDo suMdara zahera che ane te saMskArI lekenuM nivAsasthAna heya ema jaNAya che. tene vikAsa thatAM pahelAM ghaNe lAMbe kALa viye haze ema e pustakamAM ApaNane kahevAmAM AvyuM che. sara jona mArzala, jemanI dekharekha nIce e khodakAma cAle che, te kahe che: "mehana-jo-daDe tathA harappAnI bAbatamAM eka vastu bilakula spaSTatAthI ane nirvivAdapaNe tarI Ave che te e ke e baMne sthaLe je saMskRti ApaNI sAme pragaTa thAya che te kaMI AraMbhakALanI (eTale ke zaizava avasthAnI) saMskRti nathI. yugo thayAM te hiMdanI bhUmi upara cAlI AvI hatI ane

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* jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzIna aneka sahasrAbdonA mAnavI puruSArthane pariNAme teNe nizcita svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. Ama IrAna, mesopoTemiyA ane mIsara, jyAM AgaLa Adi saMskRtinA AraMbha ane vikAsa thayA evA sauthI mahattvanA pradezomAM have pachI hidanI paNa gaNanA thavI joIe. huM dhAruM chuM ke harappA viSe meM hajI tane vAta karI nathI. jyAM AgaLa mAhana-jo-daDAnA jevA prAcIna avazeSo khAdI kADhavAmAM AvyA che tevuM A khIjuM sthaLa che. te paMjAbanA pazcima bhAgamAM AveluM che. A uparathI ApaNane ema lAge che ke siMdhu nadInI khINamAM ApaNe mAtra pAMca hajAra varasa pahelAMnA ja nahi paNa ethI keTalAMye hajAra varase| pahelAMnA samayamAM paheoMcI jaIe chIe, te eTale sudhI ke manuSya pahelavahelo TharIThAma thaIne vasavA lAgyA te dhUmasa samA lAgatA atizaya prAcIna kALamAM ApaNe lupta thaI jaI e. mAhana- . jo-daDAnI jAheAjalAlInA kALa daramyAna A lAke hiMdamAM AvyA nahAtA ane chatAMye e viSe jarAye zaMkA nathI ke---- - hiMdanA khInna bhAganI vAta javA daIe te paNa siMdha ane pa MjAbamAM to AgaLa vadhelI ane bilakula eka ja prakAranI sarakRti pracalita hatI. e saMskRti mesopoTemiyA tathA mIsaranI tatkAlIna saMskRtine Ne aMze maLatI AvatI hatI ane keTalIka bAbatAmAM temanAthI caDiyAtI paNa hatI.' meAhana-jo-daDA tathA harappAnA khAdakAmAe e prAcIna ane adbhuta saMskRtine ApaNI samakSa pragaTa karI che. hiMdustAnanI bhUminA udaramAM anyatra keTaluM badhuM AvuM daTAyeluM paDayuM haze! A saMskRti mAtra mohana-jo-daDA ane harappAmAM ja parimita hatI ema nahi paNa te hiMdamAM sArI peThe prasarelI haze ema lAge che. A aMte jagyA paNa ekabIjIthI ghaNI dUra che. A yuga evA hatA ke jyAre * trAMbA tathA kAMsAnAM hathiyAra ane vAsaNAnI sAtheAsAtha paththaranAM hathiyAro ane vAsaNA paNu vaparAtAM hatAM.' samakAlIna mIsara tathA mesopoTemiyAnA lokA sAthe siMdhu nadInI khINanA leAkeAnuM keTaluM sAmya hatuM tathA teo temanAthI kaI bAbatomAM caDiyAtA hatA te viSe sara jAna mAla ApaNane kahe che : " Ama mAtra mukhya mukhya bhAkhatAne ja nirdeza karIe teA pahelI vAta te e ke, e yugamAM kApaDa banAvavA mATe rUno upayoga mAtra hiMdustAnamAMja parimita hatA ane be ke traNa hajAra varSa pachInA samaya sudhI pazcimanI duniyAmAM

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mehana-jo-daDe viSe kaIka 325 tene upaga thavA lAgyo na hato. vaLI mohana-jo-daDanA zaherIone rahevA mATenAM vizALa ane sagavaDabharyA ghare tathA suMdara rIte bAMdhelAM snAnAgArenI sAthe tulanA karI zakAya evuM kazuM prAgaitihAsika kALamAM mIsara, mesopoTemiyA ke pazcima eziyAmAM bIje kyAMya hoya evuM ApaNI jANamAM nathI. e badhA dezomAM devA mATe bhavya maMdira bAMdhavAmAM ane rAjAnA mahela tathA kabaro caNAvavAmAM bezumAra nANuM tathA vicArazaktine vyaya karavAmAM Avyo hato. paraMtu bAkInA badhA lokone to dekhItI rIte ja mATInAM kaMgALa jhUMpaDAothI ja saMtoSa mAnavAnuM rahetuM. siMdhu nadInI khINamAM vastusthiti ethI taddana UlaTI ja che. nagarajananI sukhasagavaDa khAtara je makAno bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM te ja saithI sarasa hatAM." vaLI te kahe che ke, e ja pramANe, siMdhunI khINanAM kaLA tathA dharma paNa viziSTa prakAranAM che ane teo seMthI nirALI bhAta pADe che. gheTAM, kUtarAM tathA itara prANIonA mATInI banAvaTanA namUnAnI zailInI tole Ave evuM te kALanuM bIjA dezanuM kazuMye upalabdha hoya evuM ApaNI jANamAM nathI; athavA chApa pADavAnI mudrAnI ke taraNInI uttama kRtio - khAsa karIne khUdhavALA tathA kAM zIMgaDAMvALA AkhalAo - tenI racanAnI vizadatA ane rekhAonI bhAvapUrNatAmAM nirALI paDI jAya che ane ketarakAmanI kaLAmAM ene TapI jAya evuM bahu ochuM che. vaLI citra 10 tathA 11mAM aMkita karelI harappAmAM maLI AvelI manuSyanI be mUrtionA ghaDataranI suMdaratA ane nAjukAI sAthe tulanA karI zakAya evA namUnA grIsanI jAhojalAlInA yuga pahelAM maLavA azakya che. alabata, siMdhu ' pradezanA lokonA dharmamAM evuM ghaNuM che je bIjA dezanA lokonA dharma sAthe maLatuM Ave. badhAye prAgaitihAsika temaja itihAsakALanA dharmonI bAbatamAM paNuM A sAcuM che. paraMtu ekaMdare jotAM, emanA dharmamAM hiMdanI viziSTatA eTalI badhI mAlUma paDe che ke AjanA pracalita hiMdu dharmathI ene bhAgye ja nirALe pADI zakAya..." harapAmAM maLI AvelI manuSyanI mUrtio athavA te temanA citro jovAnI mane tIvra IcchA che. koIka divasa vaLI ApaNe baMne, harappA tathA mehana-jo-daDe jaIzuM ane A badhI vastuo dharAI dharAIne nihALIzuM. daramyAna, tuM tArI pUnAnI zALAmAM ane huM daherAdUnanI DisTrikaTa jela nAmanI mArI zALAmAM ema ApaNe ApaNuM * pitApitAnuM kAma AgaLa calAvIzuM.

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61 karaDAbA ane greneDA 16 jUna, 1932 pravAsa karyAM kALa upara Araba ApaNe yuropa ane eziyAmAM aneka varasAne tathA IzunI prathama sahasrAbdI pUrI thatAM thAbhI jaI e krIthI najara paNa karI gayAM. paraMtu kANu jANe kema spena lokAnA amalanuM spena--ApaNA nirIkSaNanI bahAra rahI gayuM. ethI karIne pAchAM pharIne ApaNe tene A itihAsacitramAM yogya sthAne gAvavuM joI e. --- hajI paNa tane yAda hoya to ene viSe kaMIka to tuM kyAranIye jANe ja che. 711nI sAlamAM eka Araba senApati samudra oLaMgIne AphrikAmAMthI spena jaI pahoMcyA. tenuM nAma tarIka hatuM ane te jibrAlTara ( jabara-uttarIkaH tarIkane khaDaka ) AgaLa UtaryAM hatA. be varasanA gALAmAM ArakhAe Akhu spena jItI lIdhuM ane thADA vakhata bAda temaNe porTugAlane paNa potAnA rAjyamAM umeryuM. te hajI AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhatA ja gayA. temaNe phrAMsamAM praveza karyo ane tenA AkhA dakSiNanA pradezamAM tee phelAI gayA. ethI atizaya bhayabhIta thaIne ka temaja khIjI jAti cAlsa mATe lanI saradArI nIce ekatra thaI ane Araba lakAne aTakAvavAnA temaNe bhagIratha prayatna karyAM. emAM te saphaLa thayA. krAMsamAM pATiyarsa AgaLa TUrsanI laDAImAM phka lokAe ArAne harAvyA. ArakhAne mATe A bahu bhAre parAya hatA kemake ethI karIne AkhA yuropane jItavAnuM temanuM svapnuM niSphaLa nIvaDayuM. e pachI Ara ane phreMka temaja krAMsanA khIjA khristIo ghaNI vakhata ekabIjA sAme laDatA rahyA. emAM kAI vAra Aro jItatA ane phrAMsamAM pesI jatA teA vaLI kAI vAra phreMka jItatA ane temane pAchA spenamAM hAMkI kADhatA. zA maine paNa ekavAra spenamAM temanA upara humalA karyAM hatA paraMtu temAM te hArI gayA hato. eka Mdare jotAM lAMbA vakhata sudhI baMne vacce samatAlapaNuM jaLavAI rahyuM ane

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kAraDIA ane greneDA 327 ArAnA amala spenamAM cAlu rahyo paraMtu teo tyAMthI AgaLa vadhI zakyA nahi. A rIte je TheTha AphrikAthI mAMDIne cheka moMgoliyAnI sarahada sudhI vistaryuM hatuM te Araba sAmrAjyanuM spena eka aMga banI gayuM. paraMtu e sthiti lAMkhA kALa TakI nahi. arabastAnamAM AMtaravigraha saLagyA hatA ane abbAsIe umaiyA khalIphAne hAMkI kADhyA hatA e tA tane yAda haze. spenanA sUkSma umaiyA khAnadAnaneA hato. teNe navA abbAsI khalIphane mAnya rAkhavAnI nA pADI. A rIte spena Araba sAmrAjyamAMthI chUTuM thaI gayuM ane bagadAdane khalIpha tyAMthI eTalA badhA dUra hatA tathA potAnI khIjI aneka jaMjALAmAM te eTale badhA gUMcavAyelA hatA ke tenAthI e bAbatamAM kazuM thaI zake ema nahAtuM. bagadAda ane spena vaccenI kaDavAza cAlu ja rahI ane e ane Araba rAjyeA kasoTInI ghaDIe ekabIjAne sahAya karavAne badale ekakhIjAnI muzkelImAM rAcavA lAgyAM. potAnA vatanathI Ama alaga thaI javAnuM spenanA AronuM pagaluM kaIMka avicArI sAhasa jevuM hatuM. teo dUra dezamAM parAI prajA vacce vasyA hatA ane cApAsa duzmaneAthI dherAyalA hatA. temanI saMkhyA paNa alpa hatI. musIbata ke jokhamanI paLe temanI vahAre dhAnAra kAI nahotuM. paraMtu te kALamAM temanAmAM akhUTa AtmavizvAsa hatA ane AvAM jokhameAnI temane lagIre paravA nahotI. sAcuM pUchatAM, uttaranI khristI prajAenA satata mANu htAMye, ajaba rIte te ekale hAthe TakI rahyA ane lagabhaga pAMcase varasa sudhI spenanA moTA bhAga upara temaNe potAnI sattA TakAvI rAkhI, e pachI paNa khIjAM base varasa sudhI spenanA dakSiNa bhAgamAM AvelA eka nAnakaDA rAjyamAM temaNe potAnI sattA TakAvI rAkhI. A rIte vAstavamAM teo bagadAdanA mahAna sAmrAjya karatAMye vadhAre vakhata TakI rahyA tathA khuda bagadAda zahera paNa Arae spenamAMthI chevaTanA vidAya thayA te pahelAM keTalAye vakhatathI dhULa bhegu thaI gayuM hatuM. Araba lokoe sAtaso varasa sudhI spenanA meTA bhAga upara amala karyAM e tAjuba kare evI vAta che. paraMtu spenanA Araee athavA mUra lokoe ( spenanA Arane mUra kahevAmAM AvatA) je ucca kakSAnI saMskRti tathA sudhAre khIlavyAM te te vaLI ethIye vadhAre tALuba karanArAM ane AnaMdajanaka che

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328 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana utsAhanA AvegamAM jarA taNAI jaIne e viSe eka ItihAsakAra kahe che ke, mUra lekee sthApeluM karaDebAnuM adbhuta rAjya e madhyayuganI eka AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA hatI ane jyAre samagra yuropa jaMgalIpaNuM, ajJAna ane kalahamAM DUkhyuM hatuM tyAre mAtra teNe ekalAe ja pazcimanI duniyA AgaLa vidyA ane saMskRtinI mazAla javalaMta rIte baLatI rAkhI. kartabA e lagabhaga pAMca varasa sudhI e rAjyanI rAjadhAnI hatI. aMgrejImAM ene karaDeba athavA keTalIka vAra karavA kahevAmAM Ave che. mane zaMkA che ke, eka ja nAmane jude jude vakhate judI judI rIte lakhavAnI mane Teva che. paraMtu huM karaDebAne ja vaLagI rahevA prayatna karIza. e eka jabaradasta nagara hatuM. enI laMbAI daza mAIlanI hatI ane temAM ThekaThekANe bAgabagIcAo hatA tathA tenI vasatI daza lAkhanI hatI. enAM parAone vistAra vize mAIlane hate. temAM 60,000 mahele ane moTI moTI ImArata, 200,000 nAnAM ghare, 80,000 dukAne, 3800 masjida ane 600 sArvajanika snAnAgAra athavA tamAmakhAnAM hatAM ema kahevAya che. A AMkaDAo atizayoktibharyA hovAne saMbhava che paraMtu tenA uparathI ApaNane e zaherane kaMIka khyAla jarUra Ave che. vaLI tyAM ghaNAM pustakAlaye paNa hatAM ane temAMnA mukhya amIranA zAhI pustakAlayamAM 400,000 jeTalAM pustake hatAM. karaDebAnI vidyApITha AkhA yuropa ane pazcima eziyAmAM mazadara hatI. garIba lekene mATe saMkhyAbaMdha maphata prAthamika zALAo paNa hatI. eka itihAsakAra kahe che ke, penamAM lagabhaga dareka jaNa lakhIvAMcI jANatuM jyAre khristI yuropamAM, pAdarIone bAda karatAM sauthI UMcA darajjAnA mANaso paNa bilakula nirakAra ane ajJAna hatA." koraDobA zahera AvuM hatuM ane te bIjA eka mahAna Araba zahera bagadAda jeDe spardhA karatuM hatuM. tenI nAmanA AkhA yuropamAM phelAI hatI ane dazamI sadIno eka jarmana lekhaka tene "duniyAnuM AbhUSaNa" kahe che. tenI vidyApIThamAM dUra dUranA dezamAMthI vidyArthIo AvatA. yuropanI bIjI meTI moTI vidyApIThe tathA perisa ane ekasapharDa temaja uttara ITAlInI vidyApITha sudhI Araba tatvajJAnanI asara prasarI hatI. bAramI sadImAM evarejha athavA inna rada e koraDabAne nAmI philasUpha hatuM. tenA jIvananA pAchalA bhAgamAM

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korabA ane greneDA 329 spenanA amIra jeDe tene jhaghaDo thaye ane tene dezanikAla karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. e pachI te perisamAM jaI rahyo hate. - yuropanA bIjA bhAganI peThe spenamAM paNa kyUDala vyavasthA hatI. tyAM paNa moTA ane baLavAna amIraumara UbhA thayA ane temanI tathA rAjakartA amIranI vacce vAraMvAra laDAI thayA karatI. bahAranA humalAo karatAM A AMtaravigrahe spenanA Araba rAjyane vadhAre nabaLuM pADyuM. vaLI e ja arasAmAM uttara spenamAM AvelAM nAnAM khristI rAjyanuM baLa vadhatuM jatuM hatuM ane teo Arabone pAchaLa dhakelatAM jatAM hatAM. 1000nI sAlanA arasAmAM, eTale ke khristI sahastrAbdane aMte amIranuM rAjya lagabhaga AkhA spena upara phelAI gayuM hatuM. dakSiNa krAMsanA thaDA bhAgane paNa temAM samAveza thato hate. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM tenuM patana thavA lAgyuM ane sAmAnya rIte bane che tema AMtarika nabaLAI e tenA patananuM kAraNa hatuM. kaLA, vaibhava ane udAra bhAvanAvALI sumanahara Araba saMskRti paNa Akhare te tavaMgaronI saMskRti hatI. bhUkhe maratA garIboe baLavo karyo ane majUra lekenAM hullaDe thavA lAgyAM. AMtaravigraha dhIme dhIme phelAvA lAge ane prAMta madhyastha sattAthI chUTA paDI gayA. ane e rIte spenanuM Araba sAmrAjya chinnabhinna thaI gayuM. Ama aMdara aMdara kusaMpa hovA chatAM Ara hajIye TakI rahyA ane cheka 1236nI sAlamAM Akhare koraDAbA kaMsTAIlanA khristI rAjAne hAtha gayuM. Arabone dakSiNamAM hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA chatAye teo sAmane karatA ja rahyA. dakSiNa penamAM temaNe greneDAnuM nAnakaDuM rAjya sthApyuM ane tyAM teo vaLagI rahyA. kadanI dRSTie jotAM te A rAjya nAnakaDuM hatuM paraMtu teNe nAnA svarUpamAM arabI saMskRtine pharIthI sarajI. hajI Aje paNa greneDAmAM prakhyAta "alahamrA', tenI manohara kamAne, suMdara staMbha tathA arabaska sahita Ubhe che ane gata divasanuM smaraNa karAve che. enA mULa arabI nAma "alahamra"no artha rAte mahela thAya che. islAmanI preraNAnI asarane pariNAme baMdhAyelI Araba zailInI temaja bIjI imAratamAM je suMdara AkRtio ApaNuM jovAmAM Ave che tene arabaska kahevAmAM Ave che. islAma manuSyanI AkRti cItaravAnuM uttejana nathI Apate ethI karIne zilpIo jhINavaTabharI

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330 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane manohara AkRtio cItaravA lAgyA. ghaNI vAra te teo kamAne upara tema ja anyatra kurAnanI AyAta lakhatA ane e rIte temane suMdara AbhUSaNarUpa banAvatA. arabI lipI evI maroDadAra ane vahetI lipI che ke temAMthI AvA zaNagAre sahelAIthI racI zakAya. greneDAnuM rAjya 200 varasa TakyuM. spenanAM bIjA khristI rAjya - khAsa karIne kesTAIla-enA upara khUba dabANa karatAM ane tene pajavatAM hatAM. keTalIka vakhate te kesTAIlane khaMDaNI ApavAnuM paNa kabUla karatuM. A khristI rAjyamAM paraspara kusaMpa na heta te kadAca e rAjya ATale vakhata na TakI zakta. paraMtu 1469nI sAlamAM emAMnAM be mukhya rAjyanA rAjakartA - pharDinAnDa ane ijhAbela- lagnagraMthithI joDAyAM ane tethI karIne kesTAIla, eregena ane liyona ekatra thayAM. pharDinAnDa ane ijhAbelAe greneDAnA Araba rAjyane aMta ANe. Arabo ghaNuM varasa sudhI bahAdurIthI laDyA paraMtu Akhare temane e pAsathI gherI laIne greneDAmAM pUrI devAmAM AvyA. chevaTe, bhUkhamarAne kAraNe 1492nI sAlamAM teo tAbe thayA. ghaNA seresana athavA Araba leke spena cheDIne AphrikAmAM cAlyA gayA. greneDA najIka e zaheranI sAme Aje paNa "ala alTime espIre Dela mere" e nAmanuM sthaLa mojUda che. eno artha "mUra lekeno aMtima nizvAsa" e thAya che. paraMtu saMkhyAbaMdha Aro te spenamAM ja rahyA. A Arabo pratye dAkhavavAmAM Avela vartAva e spenanA ItihAsamAM atizaya kALuM prakaraNa che. temanA pratye atizaya nirdayatA batAvavAmAM AvI, temanI katala karavAmAM AvI, ane temanA pratye sahiSNutA dAkhavavAnuM temane ApavAmAM AveluM vacana bhUlI javAmAM AvyuM. lagabhaga A ja arasAmAM romana carca tene vaza na varte te sIne cagadI nAkhavA mATe "IkvijhIzana" eTale ke dhArmika adAlatarUpI bhayaMkara zastranI penamAM bhejanA karI. seresanA amala daramyAna mAtabara thayelA yahUdIone have pitAne dharmapalaTa karavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI ane temAMnA ghaNAne te jIvatA bALI mUkavAmAM AvyA. strI ane bALakone paNa jatAM karavAmAM na AvyAM. eka ItihAsakAra kahe che ke, "nAstikane (eTale ke seresanone) temane habhavya pizAka choDIne heTa ane suravAla paheravAno tathA temanAM bhASA,

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kAraDAkhA ane greneDA 331 rItarivAjo, dhArmika kriyA eTaluM ja nahi paNa temanA nAmeA paNa cheDI daI ne speniza bhASA khelavAnA, spenanA leAkeAnI jema vavAnA ane pharIthI spenanA leAkAnA jevAM nAmeA dhAraNa karavAne hukama kramAvavAmAM AvyA.' alabatta, A jaMgalI damana sAme ramakhANA ane aDe| thayAM paraMtu temane nirdaya rIte kacaDI nAMkhavAmAM AvyAM. spenanA khristI leAkeA nAhavA-dhovAnI bahu viruddha hoya ema lAge che. spenanA Aramene e vastu atizaya priya hatI ane tethI temaNe ThekaThekANe sArvajanika hamAmakhAnAM baMdhAvyAM hatAM. paraMtu eTalA khAtara ja kadAca speniza leAkAe ene virodha karyo hoya ema banavAjoga che. ethI AgaLa vadhIne '* mUra athavA Araba leAkAne sudhAravA khAtara ' khristI leAkAe evA hukama pharamAvyA ke, temane, temanI strIone temaja bIjA kAI ne paNa potAne ghera athavA teA khIje kAI ThekANe nAhavAdhAvAnI rajA na ApavI ane temanAM badhAM hamAmakhAnAM toDI pADIne temane nAza karavA. " nAhavAdhovAnA pApa uparAMta, teme dharmAMnA viSayamAM sahiSNu hatA evA A sUra leAkeA upara speniza khristIono bIjo eka bhA Aropa hatA. A vAta ApaNane atizaya vicitra lAge evI che, paraMtu 1602nI sAlamAM velensiyA paragaNAnA Aka bizapa eTale / vaDA dharmAMcAye mUra leAkAne spenamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAnI bhalAmaNa karatuM ' ArAnI dharma bhraSTatA ane rAjadroha ' e nAmathI je lakhANa kayuM hatuM, temAM A dharma sahiSNutAne Aropa mukhya hatA. A viSe te kahe che ke, teo ( sUra lokeA ) dharmanI bAbatamAM aMtaHkaraNanI svata MtratAne sAthI vizeSa pasa MdagI Ape che ane tu tathA khInna musalamAne paNa temanI raiyatane e chUTa Ape che. A rIte ajANapaNe paNa spenanA seresana lekAnI keTalI bhAre tArIpha karavAmAM AvI che! ane spenanA khristI leAkAnuM dRSTibiMdu temanAthI keTaluM badhuM bhinna ane asahiSNu hatuM ! : }} lAkhA seresanAne baLajabarIthI spenamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. ghaNAkharAne AphrikAmAM ane thADAkane phrAMsamAM. paraMtu Araba lekA sAtaso varasa sudhI spenamAM rahyA hatA ane A lAMbA gALA daramyAna ghaNe aMze te spenanI prajAmAM bhaLI gayA hatA. mULe te Araba hatA kharA, paraMtu dhIme dhIme tee vadhAre ne vadhAre speniza thatA gayA hatA. ghaNuMkarIne pAchaLanA samayanA spenanA Arae

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jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzIna bagadAdanA ArAthI sAva nirALA hatA. Aje paNa spenanI prajAnI nasAmAM Araba lehI sArA pramANamAM vahe che. seresana lAphrAMsanA dakSiNa bhAgamAM temaja sviTjharalaeNnDamAM paNa prasaryAM hatA -- rAjyakartA tarIke nahi paNa vasAhatIo tarIke. Aje paNa keTalIka vAra * mIDI ' pradezanA phreMca lAmAM ArabanA jevA caherA kAIka vAra jovA maLe che. 332 A rIte spenamAMthI Araba lekAnA rAjyaamalanA ja hi paNa Araba saMskRtine paNa aMta AvyA. kAraNa, ApaNe hamaNAM ja joIzuM ke, eziyAmAM ethI paNa pahelAM e saMskRtinuM patana thaI cUkayuM hatuM. dhaNA deze| tathA saMskRti upara teNe potAnI asara pADI ane potAnA jvalaMta smAraka tarIke te ghaNI vastuo peAtAnI pAchaLa mUkatI gaI. paraMtu pAchaLanA itihAsamAM te potAnI meLe pharIthI sajIvana thaI zakI nahi. seresana leAkAe spena cheDavA pachI DinAnDa ane ijhAkhelAnA amalamAM te baLavAna banyuM. gheADA ja vakhata pachI amerikAnI zeAdhane pariNAme tene puSkaLa saMpatti lAdhI, thADA vakhata mATe tA te yuropanA sauthI baLavAna ane anya dezA upara prabhutva bhAgavanAro deza banI gayA. enuM patana paNa jhaDapathI thayuM ane tenuM mahattva sAva naSTa thaI gayuM. yuropanA bIjA deza jyAre AgaLa pragati karI rahyA hatA tyAre spena madhyayuganAM svamAM sevatuM sAva sthagita sthitimAM rahyuM . madhyayuga pachI tA duniyA keTalI badhI palaTAI gaI hatI tenI tene gatAgama naheAtI. lena pula nAmanA aMgreja itihAsakAra spenanA seresanA lokA viSe lakhatAM jaNAve che ke, keTalIye sadIo sudhI spena saskRtinuM kendra ane vidyA, kaLA, vijJAna tathA hareka prakAranI ziSTa sa'skRtinuM dhAma hatuM. atyAra sudhI yuropane khIje kAI paNa deza mUra leAkeAnA sudharelA rAjyanI kakSAe pahoMcyA nahotA. kaDinAnDa ane ijhAbelAnA amalanA tathA cArlsanA sAmrAjyanA alpajavI jhaLahaLATa ATaluM dIrghajIvI mahattva prApta na karI zako. mUra lokone dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA; khristI spena gheADA vakhata sudhI caMdranI peThe pArakA tejathI prakAzyuM; tyAra pachI grahaNa AvyuM ane tenA aMdhakAramAM spena tyAranuM hajIye gothAM khAtuM rahyuM che. mUra lokonuM sAcu` smAraka tA eka vakhata teo jyAM puSkaLa pramANamAM drAkSa, jaituna ane pILAM phyusalAMthI lacI rahelAM dhAnya ugADatA te verAna ane ujjaDa banelA pradezamAM, jyAM AgaLa eka vakhate

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karaDebA ane greneDA buddhivaibhava ane vidyA khIlI rahyAM hatAM tyAMnA ajJAna ane bevakUpha lokomAM tenI prajAvyApI sthagitatA ane avanatimAM ApaNane najare paDe che. bIjI prajAonI sarakhAmaNImAM e prajA atizaya heThI paDI che ane e nAmezIne te lAyaka che." A sAce ja A cukAdo che. lagabhaga eka varasa upara spenamAM krAMti thaI hatI ane rAjAne tyAMthI dUra karavAmAM Avyo hate. have tyAM prajAsattAka rAjya che. saMbhava che ke A prajAsattAka rAjya vadhAre sAruM kArya karI batAvaze ane spenane pharI pAchuM bIjA dezonI hoLamAM lAvaze.

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62 phreMDe 19 jUna, 1932 jerusalema zahera pAchuM meLavavA mATe pepa ane tenA carcanI sabhAe musalamAne sAme jhUjheDa eTale ke dharmayuddha jAhera karyuM hatuM te viSe meM tane tAjetaranA eka patramAM (57mA patramAM kahyuM hatuM. sejuka turkanI vadhatI jatI sattAe yuropane bhayabhIta karI mUkyuM hatuM ane khAsa karIne konTrAnTinopalanI sarakAra te tenAthI vadhAre gabharAI gaI hatI, kemake tenA upara te sIdhe ja bhaya jhajhUmI rahyo hatuM. jerusalema ane pelesTAInamAM turko taraphathI thatI khristI yAtrALuonI kanaDagatanI vAta e yuropanA lokone uzkerI mUkyA ane teo krodhe bharAyA. ethI karIne "dharmayuddha' jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM ane pipa tathA carce "pavitra' zaherane vidharmIonA hAthamAMthI cheDAvavAne yurepanI badhI khristI prajAone kuca karavAnI hAkala karI. A rIte 1095nI sAlamAM jheDa zarU thaI ane 150 varasathI paNa vadhAre samaya sudhI khristI dharma ane islAma vacce athavA kraksa ane cAMda vacce laDAI cAlu rahI. e kALa daramyAna vacce vacce lAMbA vakhata sudhI laDAI baMdha rahetI paraMtu, e badhe vakhata sAmAnya paristhiti te yuddhanI ja cAlu rahetI, ane jheDa laDanArA khristI sainikanAM daLe dharmayuddha laDavAne mATe ane meTe bhAge te "pavitra bhUmimAM maraNane zaraNa thavAne mATe eka pachI eka Avye jatAM hatAM. A lAMbA vigrahathI khristI krajherane eTale ke dharmayuddha laDanArAone te kaze khAsa lAbha na thaye. thaDA vakhata mATe jerusalema temane hAtha AvyuM kharuM paraMtu pachI pAchuM te turka lekane hAtha gayuM ane temanA hAthamAM ja rahyuM. A kUDenuM eka mahattvanuM pariNAma te e AvyuM ke khristIo ane musalamAne lAkhonI saMkhyAmAM mata ane duHkhanA bhoga banyA tathA eziyAmAInara ane pelesTAInanI bhUmi eka vAra pharIthI manuSyanA lehIthI tarabaLa thaI

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De A samaye bagadAdanA sAmrAjyanI zI dazA hatI ? hajI paNa abbAsI khalI sAmrAjyanA uparI pade hatA. hajI paNa teo khalIpha amIrala meminIna eTale ke musalamAnonA senAnI hatA. paraMtu teo rAjyanA nAmanA ja vaDA hatA ane temanA hAthamAM nahi jevI ja sattA rahI hatI. temanuM sAmrAjya kevI rIte bhAMgI paDyuM ane prAMtanA sUbAo kevI rIte svataMtra thaI gayA te ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM chIe. hiMdustAna upara vAraMvAra AkramaNa karanAra mahamUda gajhanI baLavAna rAjA hatuM ane khalIpha je tenI marajI mujaba na varte te tenI khabara levAnI teNe dhamakI ApI hatI. khuda bagadAdamAM paNa sAcI sattA tuke lekenA hAthamAM hatI. pachIthI turka lokonI eka bIjI zAkhA - sejuka - AvI. temaNe bahu jhaDapathI pitAnI sattA jamAvI ane uparAuparI vijaya meLavIne cheka kaeNnsTAnTinepalanA daravAjA sudhI teo phelAI gayA. Ama khalIphanA hAthamAM kazIye rAjakIya sattA na hovA chatAM haju paNa te khalIpha tarIke cAlu rahyo. sejuka turkanA saradArane teNe sulatAnane ilakAba Apyo ane e sulatAne rAjya karavA lAgyA. jheDarene A sejuka sulatAne ane temanA sAthIdAranI sAme laDavAnuM hatuM. krajheDane pariNAme yuropamAM khristI jagata'nI-akhristI jagata. viruddha khristI jagatanI - bhAvanA prabaLa thavA pAmI. kahevAtA nAstika pAsethI "pavitra bhUmi pAchI meLavavAnI bhAvanA ane hetu AkhA yuropamAM sarvasAmAnya hatAM. A sarvasAmAnya hetune lIdhe leke bhAre utsAhamAM AvI gayA ane A mahAna hetu pAra pADavA khAtara ghaNuM mANaso gharabAra tathA mAlamilakta cheDIne nIkaLI paDyA. ghaNuM loka udAtta hetuthI prerAIne gayA. vaLI keTalAka, tyAM janArAonAM pApanI mAphI maLaze evA pipanA vacanathI AkarSAIne tyAM gayA hatA. jheDanAM bIjA kAraNe paNa hatAM. rema hamezane mATe konsTonTinepala upara potAnuM Adhipatya jamAvavA mAgatuM hatuM. tane smaraNa haze ke kanjhAnTinepalanuM carca romanA carcathI juduM hatuM. te pitAnA carcane oNrthoDekasa carca tarIke oLakhAvatuM tathA ramanA carca pratye tene bhAre aNagamo hate. remanA pipane te lebhAgu gaNatuM. pipa kaoNnsTAnTinepalanA A garvanuM khaMDana karIne tene pitAnI chatra nIce lAvavA mAgatA hatA. nAstika turkonI sAme dharmayuddhanA eThA nIce

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st jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana te lAMbA samayathI sevelI potAnI murAda pAra pADavA cahAtA hatA. mutsaddIonI ane je potAne rAjapuruSo gaNe che temanI rIte AvI ja hoya che! rAma ane kaoNnsTAnTinepalane A jhaghaDA yAda rAkhaveA jarUrI che kemake krujheDe daramyAna te vAraMvAra upasthita thayAM kare che. krUjheDanuM khIjAM kAraNa vANijyane lagatuM hatuM. vepArI varga ane khAsa karIne vikasatA jatA venisa ane jinoAnA badarAnA vepArIo A vigraha cahAtA hatA; kemake sejIka turkAe pUrva taraphanA ghaNAkharA vepArI mArgo baMdha karyAM hatA tethI temanA vepArane hAni pahoMcatI hatI. alabata sAmAnya janasamudAyane A kAraNeAnI kazI ja khabara nahatI.kAIe temane e kAraNeA jaNAvyAM nahotAM. sAmAnya rIte mutsaddIo kharAM kAraNAne chupAvI rAkhe che ane bhAre gaMbhIratAthI dharma, nyAya ane satyanI vAto kare che. krUjheDanA samaye paNa ema ja cAlatuM hatuM. Aje paNa e ja sthiti che. te samaye lokAne chetaravAmAM AvyA hatA; ane ema chatAMye meTA bhAganA leAkeA Aje paNa mutsaddIonI dvAvakI vAtAthI chetarAya che. ethI karIne saMkhyAbaMdha lAkrUjheDamAM javAne ekatra thayA. emAM sArA ane ImAnadAra mANyA hatA tema ja lUMTanI AzAthI prerAI te bhaLelA lakgAe paNa hatA. pAka ane dhika mAsa temaja kAI paNa gunA karavAmAM pAchA na paDe evA samAjanA utArarUpa mavAlIne e ajaba jevA zaMbhumeLA hatA. potAnI dRSTie eka udAtta dhyeyane pAra pADavAne arthe jatAM A jheDaroe athavA kahe ke temAMnA ghaNAe atizaya hIna ane ghRNA utpanna kare evA gunA karyAM hatA. ghaNA teA lUMTaphATa karavAmAM tathA khIjA durAcAromAM evA gUMthAI gayA ke teo paeNlesTAInanI samIpa sudhI pahoMcyA ja nahi. keTalAka rastAmAM yahUdI lokeAnI katala karavAmAM paDayA ane khIjA keTalAkAe te potAnA khristI dharmabaMdhuenI paNa katala karI. temanA durAcArathI trAsIne jyAMthI te pasAra thatA hatA te mulakanA khristI kheDUtoe temanI sAme thaI temanA upara humalA karyAM ane keTalAkane mArI nAkhyA tathA khIjAne potAnA mulakamAMthI hAMkI kADhavA. Akhare murkha lenA goDaphre nAmanA nAna saradAranI AgevAnI nIce A krUjheDaro paeNlesTAIna paheAMcyA. jerusalema temane hAtha AvyuM ane pachI eka avADiyA sudhI hatyAkAMDa cAlyo '. tyAM AgaLa

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jheDa saraka ghaTanA najare jonAra eka kAMsavAsI kahe AgaLa ghUMTaNa samuM lehI bharAyuM hatuM ane tenI choLa UDI hatI.' goDaphre jerusalemanA bhayaMkara katala thaI. A che ke, ' masjidanA pravezadvAra gheADAnI lagAme| sudhI rAjA banyA. sittera varasa pachI mIsaranA sulatAna salAdIne khristI pAsethI jerusalemane phrI pA kabajo lIdho. A banAvathI yuropanA lokA karI pAchA khaLabhaLI UThyA ane pachIthI ghaNI krUjheDA thavA pAmI. A vakhate te khuda yuropanA rAjA ane samrATa jAte krUjheDamAM joDAyA paNa teo phAvyA nahi. agrasthAna meLavavA mATe teo paraspara IrSAthI mAMhomAMhe laDyA. hIna kAvatarAM ane adhama prakAranA gunA tathA bhayaMkara ane ni yatAbharyAM yuddhanI A kAramI kathA che. paNa keTalIka vAra manuSyasvabhAvanI UjaLI bAjue A bhISaNatA upara vijaya meLavyeA hato ane duzmanA vacce paraspara vivekabharyAM ane udAra vartananA banAve! paNa A vigrahamAM banyA hatA. paeNlesTAIna AvelA paradezI rAjAomAM iMgleMDanA rAjA rIcarDa paNa hatA. - lAyanahArTeDa ' eTale ke zeradila evuM tenuM upanAma hatuM ane te potAnA aMgabaLa ane hiMmata mATe mazakrUra hatA. salAdIna paNa mahAna yAddo hatA ane potAnI udAratA tathA zauya mATe prakhyAta hatA. salAdInanI sAme laDanAra krUseDaree paNa tenAM zUrAtana ane udAratAnI prazaMsA karI hatI, evI eka vAta che ke, eka vakhate rIcarDane lU lAgI javAthI te khImAra thaI gayA hatA. A vAtanI jANa thatAM salAdIne rIcarDa mATe pA uparathI tAje barapha mokalavAnI goThavaNa karI. hAla ApaNe pANI hArIne kRtrima rIte barapha banAvIe chIe tema te vakhate banAvI zakAtA nahotA. ethI karIne jhaDapI dUta mAraphate pahADa uparathI kudaratI barak tvarAthI magAvavA paDyo hatA. *jheDanA samayanI AvI aneka vAto pracalita che. huM dhAruM chuM ke A jAtanI vAtothI bharelI volTara skoTanI * TelisamaeNna ' nAmanI navalakathA te vAMcI haze. < jheDAnuM eka jUtha kaoNnsTAnTinopala gayuM ane teNe tene kabajo lIdhA. temaNe pUnA sAmrAjyanA samrATane hAMkI kADhayo ane tyAM laeNTina rAjya tathA rezamana carcanI sthApanA karI. kaoNnsTAnTinepalamAM bhayaMkara katala thaI ane krUseDaroe zaheranA thADA bhAgane khALI paNa mUkyo. na-22

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338 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana paraMtu A leTina rAjya lAMbe kALa TakavuM nahi. pUrvanA sAmrAjyanA grIka leke durbaLa banI gayA hatA chatAMye pacAsathI kaMIka vadhAre varasa pachI teo pAchA sattA upara AvyA ane leTina rAjyakartAone temaNe hAMkI kADhyA. Akhare 1453nI sAlamAM turka lokoe tene chevaTane aMta ANyo tyAM sudhI kaeNnsAnTinopalanuM pUrvanuM sAmrAjya bIjA 200 varasa cAlu rahyuM. jheDaroe kAnTinopalane kabaje lIdhe e bInA mana carca tathA pipanI tyAM AgaLa pitAnI lAgavaga vadhAravAnI murAda ughADI pADe che. kanjhAnTinopalanA grIka lokee gabharATanI paLe tu sAme roma pAse madadanI yAcanA karI hatI e kharuM. paraMtu krajheDare. pratye temane bhAre aNagame te ane temaNe temane kazIye sahAya ApI nahi. paraMtu badhI jheDemAM sauthI kAramI che. te je bALakonI krajheDa'nA nAmathI oLakhAya che te hatI. kumaLI vayanA saMkhyAbaMdha kumAre - khAsa karIne pheMca ane keTalAka jarmanInA - lAgaNInA AvezamAM AvI jaIne pelesTAIne pahoMcavAno saMkalpa karIne gharabAra choDIne cAlI nIkaLyA. emAMnA ghaNA te rastAmAM ja maraNa pAmyA ane keTalAka mArgamAM ja aTavAI gayA. meTA bhAganA kumAro mArI pahoMcyA kharA paraMtu tyAM AgaLa harAmakhora lekee A bALakonA utsAhane geralAbha lIdhe ane temane phelAvIne phasAvyA. temane pavitra bhUmi mAM laI javAnA bahAnA heThaLa gulAmenA vepArIoe temane pitAnAM vahANe upara caDAvyA ane mIsara laI jaI tyAM AgaLa gulAma tarIke vecI nAkhyA. A paeNlesTAInathI pAchA pharatAM IgleMDanA rAjA rIcarDane pUrva yuropamAM tenA duzmanoe keda pakaDyo ane tene choDAvavA mATe bahu me. rakama bharavI paDI. phrAMsano rAjA te khuda palesTAInamAM ja pakaDAyo hato ane tene paNa paisA bharIne choDAvavo paDyo hato. pavitra remane sAmrAjyane samrATa phreDarika bAraberojhA pelesTAInanI eka nadImAM DUbI mUo. Ama vakhata jate game tema tema A kUDanI camatkArI asara sAva naSTa thaI gaI. le ke enAthI dharAI gayA. pelesTAIna De musalamAnonA hAthamAM ja rahyuM paraMtu yuropanA rAjAone tathA tenI prajAone te pAchuM meLavavA mATe mANase ane pisA barabAda karavAne

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jheDe 339 jarAye rasa have rahyo nahoto. e pachI lagabhaga sAta varasa sudhI jerusalema musalamAnonA hAtha nIce rahyuM. cheka hamaNAM ja, mahAyuddha daramyAna 1918nI sAlamAM eka aMgreja senApatie tu pAsethI tene kabaje lIdhe hate. pAchaLanA samayanI eka jheDa ramUjI ane kaMIka asAmAnya prakAranI hatI. e zabdanA asala arthamAM ene bhAgye ja krajheDa paNa kahI zakAya. pavitra remana sAmrAjyane samrATa phreDarika bIjo krejheDa laDavA AvyA ane yuddha karavAne badale teNe te samayanA mIsaranA sulatAnanI mulAkAta lIdhI ane teo baMne mitratAbharI samajUtI para AvyA! phreDarika paNa ajaba jAtane mANasa hatuM. je samaye bIjA rAjAo bhAgye ja lakhIvAMcI paNa jANatA hatA tyAre te ghaNI bhASAo jANa hatA. tene arabI bhASAnuM paNa jJAna hatuM. te "jagatanI ajAyabI' tarIke oLakhAtuM hatuM. popanI te jarAye paravA karatA nahotA. ethI karIne pipe tene dharma bahAra mUkyo hato. paraMtu enI tenA upara kazI paNa asara thaI nahi. Ama kUjheDe koI paNa khAsa vastu siddha karI zakI nahi. paraMtu ene kAraNe niraMtara cAlatA yuddhathI sejuka turka nabaLA paDyA. paNa vizeSe karIne te phyuDala vyavasthAe sejuka sAmrAjyanA pAyA hacamacAvI nAkhyA. moTA moTA Dala laoNrDa athavA umarAvo pitAne lagabhaga svataMtra gaNatA ane teo mahemAMhe ekabIjA joDe laDatA. koI kAI vAra te teo ekabIjA sAme khristIonI madada mAgavAnI hada sudhI paNa jatA. turka lekanI A AMtarika nabaLAIne kadI kadI krajheDarone lAbha maLI jato. paraMtu jyAre salAdIna je baLavAna rAjakartA " AvaDe tyAre temanuM kazuM phAvatuM nahi. hAlamAM jI. ema. Treliyana nAmanA eka aMgreja ItihAsakAre (geribA(c)I viSenAM je pustakane tane paricaya che temanA lekhake) jheDe viSe eka navI ja daSTi rajU karI che. e dRSTi paNa samajavA jevI che. Treveliyana kahe che ke, "phUDe e te yuropamAM navI zaktine saMcAra thatuM hatuM tenA pUrvanI duniyA taraphanA sAmAnya AkarSaNanuM lazkarI ane dhArmika svarUpa hatuM. jheDane pariNAme yuropane puraskAra rUpe pavitra samAdhinI kAyamI mukti na lAdhI ke na te khristI jagatanI ekatA lAdhI. e bAbatamAM te phrajheDanI kahANI e pitAnA

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340 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mULa dhyeyane ekadhAre InakAra ja che. ene badale yuropa te tyAMthI sAdhu pITare tIvrapaNe dhikArI kADhI hatI evI vastuo eTale ke, lalita kaLAo, kArIgarI, vaibhavavilAsa, vijJAna tathA bauddhika jijJAsA lAvyuM." 1113nI sAlamAM salAdIna maraNa pAme ane te pachI purANuM Araba sAmrAjyanA avazeSa rUpe je kaMI rahyuM hatuM te chinnabhinna thaI gayuM. nAnA phaDala laoNrDa athavA umaranA amala nIce pUrva eziyAnA ghaNA bhAgomAM avyavasthA vyApI gaI. chellI krajheDa 1249nI sAlamAM thaI. phrAMsanA rAjA lUI 9mAe tenI AgevAnI lIdhI hatI. te hArI gaye ane keda pakaDAye. daramyAna pUrva tema ja madhya eziyAmAM bhAre mahattvanA banAve banI rahyA hatA. caMgIjha athavA jaMgIjhakhAna nAmanA mahAna saradAranI AgevAnI nIce maMgala leke AgaLa vadhatA jatA hatA ane pUrva taraphanI kSitija temaNe eka vizALa kALA vAdaLAnI mAphaka AvarI lIdhI hatI. kruDaro ane temanA pratispadhIo athavA khristIo tema ja musalamAna ubhaya A AvatA humalAne ekasarakhA bhayathI nihALI rahyA hatA. caMgIjha ane maMgala le ke viSe ApaNe have pachInA patramAM vAta karIzuM A patra pUro karuM te pahelAM huM eka vastune ullekha karavA IcchuM chuM. madhya eziyAnA bukhArA zaheramAM e samaye eka mahAna araba hakIma rahete hate. eziyA tema ja yurepabharamAM tenI nAmanA hatI. igna sInA tenuM nAma hatuM. paraMtu yuropamAM te AvisennAnA nAmathI vadhAre paricita che. te hakIma athavA te vaidyonA rAjA tarIke oLakhAto hato. krUjheDane AraMbha thaye te pahelAM 1037nI sAlamAM te maraNa pAmyA hatA. tenI khyAtine lIdhe ina sInAnA nAmane huM ullekha karuM chuM. paraMtu tuM e lakSamAM rAkhaje ke A AkhA jamAnA daramyAna, Araba sAmrAjyanAM vaLatAM pANI thayAM te samaye paNa, madhya eziyAnA pazcima bhAgamAM Araba saMskRti cAlu rahI hatI. salAdIna jheDa joDe yuddhamAM gUMthAyeluM hovA chatAM paNa teNe ghaNAM mahAvidyAlaya ane ispitAle baMdhAvyAM hatAM. paraMtu e saMskRti tenA acAnaka ane saMpUrNa nAzanI aNI upara AvIne UbhI hatI. pUrva taraphathI maLela leke AgaLa vadhI rahyA hatA.

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63 krUjheDAnA samayanu yuropa 20 jUna, 1932 mArA chellA patramAM agiyAra, bAra ane teramI sadI daramyAna khristI dharma ane islAma vaccenI athaDAmaNa viSe ApaNe kaMIka joI gayAM. yuropamAM 'khristI jagata'nI bhAvanAno vikAsa thato ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. A samaya sudhImAM yuropamAM satra khristI dharmanA phelAvA thaI cUkyo hato. pUrva yuropanI slAva jAti eTale ke raziyana ane khIjI prajAe e dharmImAM cheka chellI dAkhala thaI. e viSe eka majAnI vAta pracalita che, jo ke keTalA pramANamAM e sAcA che tenI mane khabara nathI. khristI dharma aMgIkAra karatAM pahelAM raziyAnI prajAe potAnA purANA dharma badalIne navA dharma svIkAravAnA prazna upara carcA karI hatI. te samaye khristI ane islAma e e navA dharmAMnI temane jANu hatI. ethI karIne sAva Adhunika paddhatithI e e dharmAM je mulakAmAM paLAtA hatA tyAM AgaLa jaI ne tapAsa karI tene hevAla rajU karavA mATe temaNe eka pratinidhi maMDaLa mokalyuM. ema kahevAya che ke, A pratinidhimaMDaLe pazcima eziyAmAM jyAM islAma dharmanA pracAra hatA evAM keTalAMka sthAnonI mulAkAta lIdhI ane pachI te maMDaLa kaoNnsTAnTinopala gayuM. kaoNnsTAntinepalamAM temaNe je joyuM tenAthI te aMjAI gayA. tyAMnA ArthAoNkasa canI dhArmika vidhi samRddha ane bhabhakadAra hatI ane kaNa madhura saMgIta tathA gAyanavAdanane paNa temAM samAveza thatA hato. dharmAcAryAM suMdara vastrAbhUSaNA paherIne devaLamAM AvatA tathA tyAM sugaMdhIdAra dhUpa paNa khALavAmAM AvatA hatA. uttaranA bhoLA ane ajaMgalI leAkeA upara A kriyAvidhionI bhAre asara thaI. islAmamAM AvuM bhabhakAdAra kazuM ja nahotuM. AthI temaNe khristIdharmanI tarapheNamAM potAnA nirNaya karyAM ane dezamAM pAchA pharIne potAnA rAjA AgaLa e mujaba hevAla rajU karyAM. A uparathI rAjA tathA tenI prajAe khristI dharma aMgIkAra karyAM. temaNe peAtAnA dharma

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32 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kensAnTipala pAsethI lIdhe eTale teo remanA nahi paNa grIka orthoDoksa carcanA anuyAyI banyA. e pachI koI paNa samaye raziyAe remanA pipane kadI paNa mAnya karyo nathI. raziyAnuM A dharma parivartana krajheDe pahelAM ghaNuM vakhata upara thayuM hatuM. ema kahevAya che ke eka vakhate babberiyana leke paNa islAma dharma svIkAravA tarapha DhaLyA hatA, paraMtu kosTAnTinopalanuM AkarSaNa islAmathI vizeSa hatuM. temane rAjA bAijhenaTAInanI (tane yAda haze ke bAInaTAIne e kanjhAnTinopalanuM prAcIna nAma che.) rAjakuMvarIne para hatA ane khristI thayuM hatuM. pADozanI bIjI prajAoe paNa e rIte khristI dharma aMgIkAra karyo. A krijheDanA samaya daramyAna yuropamAM zuM banI rahyuM hatuM ? te joyuM ke tyAMnA keTalAka rAjAo ane samrATo pelesTAIna gayA hatA tathA temAMnA keTalAka tyAM AgaLa muzkelImAM AvI paDyA hatA. daramyAna pipa te remamAM beThe beTho "nAstika" turka leke sAme "dharmayuddha' AdaravAnA hukamo choDyA karatA hatA. ghaNuM karIne A samaye pipanI sattA tenI parAkASThAe pahoMcI hatI. pinI kSamA yAcavA mATe eka garviSTha samrATane tenI hajUramAM javAnI paravAnagI meLavavA mATe kesa AgaLa baraphamAM ughADA page rAha jotA kevI rIte UbhA rahevuM paDyuM hatuM enI vAta meM tane karI che. jenuM pUrvAzramanuM nAma hiObrenDa hatuM te pApa gregarI umAe pApanI cUMTaNI mATe eka navI rIta nakkI karI. romana kethalika carca yA dharmasaMdhamAM "kArDinala" e sauthI ucca darajajAnA dharmAcAryo gaNAtA hatA. AvA kArDinalene eka saMdha banAvavAmAM AvyuM. A saMdha "pavitra saMgha ne nAme oLakhAto hato. e saMdha navA pinI cUMTaNI karatuM. A prathA 1059nI sAlamAM cAlu karavAmAM AvI hatI ane jUjajAja pheraphAra sAthe Aja paryata cAlu rahI che. Aje paNa popanA mRtyu pachI tarata ja kArDinalene e saMdha ekatra thAya che ane teo bahArathI tALuM vAsI devAmAM AvelA eka khaMDamAM bese che. cUMTaNInuM kArya pUruM thayA sivAya koI paNa e khaMDanI aMdara AvI zakatuM nathI ke koI paNa tenI bahAra jaI zakatuM nathI. temanI pasaMdagInI bAbatamAM sahamata na thavAthI ghaNI vAra teo keTalAye kalAke sudhI tyAM AgaLa gaMdhAIne besI rahyA che. paraMtu cUMTaNIne nirNaya karyA vinA to teo khaMDanI bahAra nIkaLI ja na zake ! eTale Akhare

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*jheDAnA samayanuM yuropa 343 te temane badhAne sahamata thavAnI pharaja paDe che. pasaMdagI nakkI thayA pachI bahAra TALe vaLelA leAkAne tenI khabara paDe eTalA khAtara sapheda dhumADA karavAmAM Ave che. popanI jema cUTaNI karavAmAM AvatI tema pavitra rezamana sAmrAjyanA samrATanI pasaMdagI mATe paNa cUMTaNI karavAnI prathA paDI gaI hatI. paraMtu tenI cUMTaNI meoTA moTA cUDala umarAve karatA. A cUMTaNI karavAno adhikAra evA sAta umarAvete hatA. ane te ilekTara prinsIjha eTale ke cUMTaNI karanArA rAjA tarIke eLakhAtA. A rIte te samrATane hamezAM eka ja kuLamAMthI Avato TALavAnI keAziza karatA. paNa vyavahAramAM te ghaNI vAra cUMTaNImAM lAMbA samaya sudhI eka ja kuTuMbanI sarasAI rahetI. bAramI ane teramI sadI daramyAna haoNhenasTephena vaza athavA kuLa sAmrAjyamAM sarasAI bhAgavatuM hoya ema ApaNane jaNAya che. huM mAnuM chuM ke haoNhenasTAphana e janInA eka nAnakaDA kasame athavA gAmaDu che. mULa e gAmamAMthI UtarI AvelA kuLe e sthAnanA nAma uparathI potAnuM nAma rAkhyuM. haoNhenasTephena vaMzanA phreMDarika pahelA 11paranI sAlamAM samrATa thayA. sAmAnya rIte te phreMDarika bAramerojhA (lAla dADhIvALA) tarIke eLakhAya che. jheDamAM jatAM rastAmAM DUbI janAra phreMDarika A ja hatA. ema kahevAya che ke pavitra sAmrAjyanA tihAsamAM tene rAjyaamala sauthI vizeSa jhaLahaLatA hatA. jana prajAne mATe te lAMbA samayathI te eka prAcIna vIra ane a paurANika puruSa tulya thaI gayA che. tenA nAmanI AsapAsa aneka lokakathA paNa vaNAI gaI che. tene viSe ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke, patanI eka UMDI gukAmAM te hajI UMdhatA sutA che ane yogya avasara Avye te jAgIne pAtAnI prajAne ugAravA mATe bahAra Avaze. phreDarika bAraberojhAe popa viruddha bahu bhAre jhuMbeza calAvI. paraMtu emAM chevaTe pApano vijaya thayA ane phreDarikane tenI AgaLa navuM paDayu. te eka Apakhuda rAjA hatA. paraMtu tenA moTA meTA kacUDala bheMsalA eTale sAmAe tene atizaya pajavyeA hateA. e samaye iTAlImAM moTAM moTAM nagaro UbhAM thatAM hatAM. phreMDarike temanI svataMtratA cagadI nAkhavAnA prayAsa karyAM. paraMtu e kAmAM te saphaLa na thayA. jarmanImAM paNa khAsa karIne nadIonA kAMThA upara -- kAlena, haeNmbaMga, ----------

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344 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jaMkapharTa ane evAM bIjAM ghaNaye nagara UbhAM thayAM hatAM. ahIM jarmanImAM phreDarikanI nIti judI hatI. umarA ane phayUDala laoNrDonI eTale pitAnA sAme tenI sattA ghaTADavAnA hetuthI teNe svataMtra jarmana nagarane pitAno Teke Age. rAjAnA padanI bAbatamAM hiMdanI prAcIna mAnyatA zI hatI e meM tane ghaNe prasaMge kahyuM che. eka prAcIna AryonA samayathI mAMDIne azokanA samaya sudhI ane arthazAstra'thI zukrAcAryanA nItisAra sudhI pharI pharIne kahevAmAM AvyuM che ke rAjAe prajAmata AgaLa namavuM ja joIe. prajA e ja aMtima sattAdhIza che. A bAbatamAM hiMdane siddhAMta A hata; je ke vyavahAramAM, bIjI jagyAnI jema ahIM paNa rAjAo sArI peThe Apakhuda hatA. enI sAthe yuropanI e viSenI prAcIna mAnyatAnI tulanA karI che. te samayanA rAjanItinA paMDitanA mata anusAra samrATanA hAthamAM niraMkuza sattA hatI. enI icchA te ja kAyade, "samrATa e te pRthvI upara jIvatAjAgate kAyado che" evuM temanuM kahevuM hatuM. phreDarika bAraberejhA pite paNa kahe ke, "rAjAne kAyadA batAvavA e nahi paNa tenA hukamanuM pAlana karavuM e prajAnuM kartavya che.' cInanI mAnyatA sAthe paNa tuM A yurepI mAnyatAnI tulanA karI che. tyAM AgaLa rAjA athavA samrATane "Izvaraputra' evA ADaMbarabharyA nAme saMbodhavAmAM AvatuM. paraMtu e uparathI ApaNI gerasamaja na thavI joIe. siddhAMtamAM te tenI sthiti yuropanA sarva sattAdhIza samrATa karatAM ghaNI judI hatI. maMga-se nAmanA eka prAcIna cInI lekhake lakhyuM che ke, "dezamAM prajA e saithI mahatvanuM aMga che; e pachI bhUminI, ane pAkanI upayogI devatAo che ane mahattvanI dRSTie rAjA chelle Ave che." Ama yuropamAM samrATane pRthvI upara sarvoparI gaNavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. rAjAonA daivI adhikArane khyAla paNa emAMthI ja ubhavya hate. alabata, vyavahAramAM te te lagIre sarvoparI nahe. tenA cUDala vaeNsale athavA sAmate bhAre phitUrI hatA ane ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM ke, sattAmAM pitAne hirase meLavavAne dAvo karanAra vargo zaheranA udayanI sAthe temAM paNa UbhA thavA lAgyA hatA. bIjI

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kUDenA samayanuM yurepa 345 bAjue pRthvI upara sarvoparI hovAne da pipa paNa karatA hate. jyAM be "sarvoparI" bhegA maLe tyAM avazya phitara thavAnuM ja. phreDarika bArbIrajhAnA pitranuM nAma paNa phreDarika hatuM. te nAnI vaye samrATa thayA ane phreDarika bIjo e nAmathI oLakhAye. tenuM nAma "para muDI" eTale ke " duniyAnI ajAyabI' pADavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. te pelesTAIna gayo hato ane mIsaranA sulatAna joDe teNe mitratAbharI vATAghATa karI hatI. teNe paNa tenA dAdAnI peThe pina. sAmano karyo hato ane tenI AjJA mAnavAnI nA pADI hatI. tene dhirmabahAra karIne pipe enuM vera vALyuM. dharmabahAra mUkavAnuM pipanuM purANuM ane pracaMDa hathiyAra hatuM paraMtu have te jarA kaTAvA lAgyuM hatuM. phreDarike papanA gussAnI leza paNa paravA karI nahi; vaLI have duniyA paNa badalAtI jatI hatI. phreDarike yuropanA badhA rAjakartAo upara lAMbA patro lakhyA. temAM teNe e jaNAvyuM ke rAjAonA kAryamAM dakhala karavAnuM pipanuM kAma nathI. tenuM kArya te dhArmika temaja AdhyAtmika bAbato upara lakSa ApavAnuM che; rAjakAraNamAM vacce paDavAnuM nahi. pAdarIomAM paDelA saDAnuM paNa teNe varNana karyuM hatuM. vAdavivAdamAM te phreDarike pApane parAsta karyo. tenA patre bahu ja rasika che kemake samrATa ane pipanA purANA jhaghaDAmAM dAkhala thayelI Adhunika bhAvanAne temAM prathama nirdeza thayela che. dharmanI bAbatamAM bIjo phreDarika bahu ja sahiSNu hati. Araba tathA yahUdI philasUphe tenA darabAramAM AvatA hatA. arabI aMke tathA bIjagaNita tenI mAraphate yuropamAM dAkhala thayAM ema kahevAya che. (tame yAda Avaze ke, mULa e hiMdamAMthI AvyAM hatAM.) vaLI teNe nepalsanA vidyApITha tathA sAlernonA prAcIna vidyApIThamAM eka moTA vaidyakIya vidyAlayanI paNa sthApanA karI hatI. phreDarika bIjAe 1212thI 1250nI sAla sudhI rAjya karyuM. enA maraNanI sAthe sAmrAjya upara hahenasTophena vaMzanI sAmrAjya uparanI sarasAIne aMta Avyo. ITAlI alaga thaI gayuM, jarmanI astavyasta thaI gayuM ane ghaNuM varSa sudhI tyAM bhayAnaka avyavasthA vyApI rahI. dhADapADu nAITa eTale ke saradAre tathA lUMTArAo lUMTaphATa karatA ane temane rokanAra koI nahotuM. jarmana rAjya upara pavitra romana sAmrAjyano eTale bhAre bojo hato ke te upADavAnI tenI

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34 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tAkAta nahotI. krAMsa tathA iMgleMDamAM rAjA potAnI sthiti dhIme dhIme majabUta karatA jatA hatA ane potAne naDatararUpa thatA potAnA moTA moTA DyUDala vaeNsalo athavA sAmaMta vatanadArone khAvI detA hatA. janIne rAjA pavitra rAmana sAmrAjyane samrATa paNa hatA ane popa tathA iTAlInAM nagaro sAthe laDavAmAM te eTalA badhA rokAyelA raheto ke peAtAnA umarAvAne aMkuzamAM rAkhavAnI tene phurasada nahatI. potAne rAjA samrATa che e prakAranI pratiSThA jarmanIne maLatI. paraMtu e saMdigdha pratiSThAne khAtara dhara AgaLa tene sAsavuM paDayuM. ethI karIne jarmanImAM AMtiraka nabaLAI ane aMdara aMdara phATaphUTa dAkhala thayAM. jarmanImAM ekatA AvI te pahelAM ghaNA samaya pUrve krAMsa tathA iMgleMDa baLavAna rASTra banyAM hatAM. sekaDA varaso sudhI janImAM nAnAM nAnAM asaMkhya rAjArajavADAM hatAM. cheka hamaNAM hamaNAM 60 varasa upara ja jarmanIe ekatA sAdhI, paraMtu e vakhate paNa tyAM AgaLa nAnA nAnA rAjA ane rajavADAMo cAlu rahyAM. 1914-18 nA mahAyuddhe e rajavADI TALAnA aMta ANyo. phreMDarika bIjA pachI jarmanImAM eTalI badhI avyavasthA vyApI gaI ke 23 varasa sudhI samrATanI cUMTaNI thaI zakI nahi. 1273nI sAlamAM ruDaoNlpha nAmanA hepsabarganA kAunTane eTale ke jAgIradArane samrATa cUMTavAmAM Avye. hepsanuM A navuM kuLa have itihAsanI raMgabhUmi upara praveza kare che. e kuLa sAmrAjyanA aMta sudhI tene vaLagI rahenAra hatuM. mahAyuddha daramyAna zAsanakartA tarIke e kuLane paNa aMta Avyo. mahAyuddha samaye oNsTriyA-ha MgarIne samrATa phrAnsisa jaoNsepha hatA. te hepsabarga kuLanA hatA. te ghaNA vRddha hatA ane 60 varasathIye vadhAre samayathI te gAdI upara hatA. tene trijo krAMjha pharDinAnDa oNsTriyA-haMgarInI gAdInA vArasa hato. 1914 nI sAlamAM bAlkana dvIpakalpamAM AvelA khesniyA prAMtamAM serAjevA nAmanA sthaLe tenuM tathA tenI patnInuM khUna thayuM. A khUnamAMthI ja A mahAyuddha saLagI UThyuM. e yuddhe ghaNI vastuonA aMta ANyo. haeNpsabargane prAcIna rAjavaMza e te paikInI eka hatI. pavitra rAmana sAmrAjyanI bAbatamAM ATaluM khasa che. enI pazcime phrAMsa tathA iMgleMDane ekabIjA sAthe vAraMvAra laDAI e thatI. paraMtu e baMne dezanA rAjAne potapotAnA moTAmeTA umarAve

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DenA samayanuM yurepa 347 joDe ethIye vadhAre laDAIo thatI. e yuddhomAM umarAvo upara vijaya meLavavAmAM jarmanInA rAjA ke samrATa karatAM iMglaMDa tathA phrAMsanA rAjAone ghaNI vadhAre saphaLatA maLI. ane tethI karIne bIjA dezone mukAbale iMglaMDa tathA phrAMsa vadhAre saMgaThita deza banyA tathA pitAnI aMdaranI ekatAne lIdhe teo vadhAre baLavAna banyA. A arasAmAM iMglaMDamAM eka banAva bane. kadAca e viSe teM vAMcyuM paNa haze. e banAva, 122panI. sAlamAM IMglenA rAjA jene maeNgnA kArgo upara sahI karI te che. jene tenA bhAI zeradila rIcarDa pachI gAdIe Avyo hato. te atizaya lebhI hatI ane vaLI nabaLo paNa hatA. teNe pitAnA vartanathI eke eka jaNane chaMcheDI mUkyA hatA. Temsa nadInA "ranImIDa" TApumAM umarAvoe tene gherI lIdhe ane taravAranI aNIe maeNgnA kArTI athavA te "mahAna karAra" upara sahI karavAnI tene pharaja pADI. e karAramAM IMgleMDanA umarAvo tathA janatAnA keTalAka adhikAra mAnya rAkhavAnA rAjAnA vacanano samAveza thAya che. igleMDamAM rAjakIya hakka prApta karavA mATe cAlelI lAMbI laDatanuM A prathama meTuM pagathiyuM hatuM. e karAramAM khAsa karIne evuM lakhANa karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke pitAnA samevaDiyAonI saMmati vinA koI paNa nAgarikanI milakta ke svataMtratA rAjA chInavI laI zake nahi. samevaDiyAo jemAM nyAya cUkave che evuM manAya che te pUrInI paddhatine ubhava emAMthI ja thayuM che. A uparathI ApaNane mAlUma paDe che ke iMglaMDamAM bahu pahelethI ja rAjAnI sattA upara aMkuza mUkavAmAM Avyo hato. rAjAnI sarvoparitAno siddhAMta je pavitra romana sAmrAjyamAM pracalita hatA te e samaye paNa iMglaMDamAM mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvyA nahote. 700 varasathI paNa pahelAM iMglaMDamAM karavAmAM Avele A niyama briTiza amala nIce hiMdustAnamAM 1932nI sAlamAM paNa lAgu pADavAmAM AvatuM nathI e jANavuM ramUjI thaI paDe che. Aje to aiDinansa kADhavAnI, kAyadA ghaDavAnI tathA prajAnI svataMtratA ane milakata chInavI levAnI sattA eka ja vyaktinA - vAIsaraoNyanA - hAthamAM che. maeNgnA kAryo pachI theDA ja vakhatamAM IMgleMDamAM bIjo eka mahattvano banAva bane. dhIme dhIme tyAM AgaLa eka rASTrIya sabhAne

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana udaya thavA lAge jemAM dezanA judA judA bhAge tathA nagaramAMthI nAI Te eTale ke jamInadAre ane nAgarikone mokalavAmAM AvatA. A IMglaMDanI pArlamenTano AraMbha hate. nAITa tathA nAgarikanI AmanI sabhA-hAusa opha komansa-banI ane amIra umarAvo tathA bizapa eTale ke paragaNAonA dharmAdhikArIonI umarAva sabhA - hAusa opha le -- banI. AraMbhamAM be sabhAonI banelI A pArlAmenTa pAse nahi jevI ja sattA hatI, paraMtu dhIme dhIme tenI sattA vadhatI gaI. chevaTe, rAjA ane pArlAmenTa e bemAM sarvoparI keNa e nakakI karavAnI aMtima kasoTIne samaya AvI pahoMcyo. e kasoTInI kheMcatANamAM rAjAe pitAnuM mAthuM khoyuM ane pArlAmenTa nirvivAda sarvoparitA prApta karI. paraMtu A ghaTanA cAra varasa pachI sattaramI sadImAM banavAnI hatI. kAMsamAM paNa evA ja prakAranI sabhA hatI. e traNa vargonI sabhA kahevAtI. A traNa vargo A pramANe hatAumarA, carcanA adhikArIo tathA Ama prajA. rAjAnI IcchA hoya tyAre keIka vakhate e sabhAnI beThaka maLatI. paraMtu evI beThake bahu ochA pramANamAM thatI ane IMglaDanI pArlAmenTa je sattA prApta karI te meLavavAmAM e sabhA saphaLa thaI nahi. rAjAonI sattA tUTe te pahelAM phrAMsamAM paNa tenA eka rAjAne pitAnuM mAthuM gumAvavuM paDyuM. pUrvamAM grIka lekenuM pUrvanuM romana sAmrAjya hajI TakI rahyuM hatuM. AraMbhakALathI ja te eka yA bIjA duzmana joDe laDatuM rahyuM hatuM ane ghaNI vAra te te khatama thaI javAnI aNI upara AvI paDatuM. paraMtu prathama uttaranA barbara lekenA tathA pachIthI musalamAnonA humalAo sAme te TakI rahyuM. raziyana, bageriyane, Arabo ke sejuka turkI vagerenA tenA upara thayelA humalAo karatAM sauthI vadhAre hAnikAraka ane vighAtaka humale krajharane hate. koI paNa vidharmIo karatAM A khristI laDavaiyAoe khristI kAnTinopalane vadhAre nukasAna karyuM. A bhayAnaka ApattimAMthI e sAmrAjya tathA tenuM pATanagara kanjhAnTinopala pharI pAchuM kadI beThuM thayuM nahi. pazcima yuropanI duniyA pUrva sAmrAjya viSe bilakula ajANa hatI. enI tene lezamAtra paravA nahotI. ene "khristIonI duniyAnA eka aMga tarIke paNa bhAgye ja lekhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. enI bhASA grIka hatI jyAre pUrva yuropanA vidvAnonI bhASA leTina hatI. paraMtu,

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phUDenA samayanuM yurepa 349 hakIkata ema che ke, tenI paDatInA samayamAM paNa pazcima yuropa karatAM kaMsTAnTinopalamAM vidyA ane sAhityanI pravRtti ghaNuM vadhAre pramANamAM hatI. paraMtu te jIrNa thaI gayelA lekanI vidyA hatI ane tenI pAchaLa kazuM joma ke sarjakazakti nahotAM. pazcimanA lekamAM vidyA nahi jevI ja hatI paraMtu teo yuvAvasthAmAM hatA ane temanAmAM sarjakazakti hatI. ane e zakti thoDA ja vakhatamAM saMdaryavAna kRtionA sarjanamAM prakaTa thavAnI hatI. pUrvanA sAmrAjyamAM romanI peThe carca ane samrATa vacce jhaghaDe nahato. tyAM samrATa sarvasattAdhIza hato ane te pUrepUre Apakhuda hate. koI paNa prakAranI svataMtratAno te tyAM prazna ja nahoto. rAjagAdI sauthI vadhAre baLavAna tathA kUDakapaTI vyaktine hAtha jatI. khUnarejI ane kAvAdAvAthI, lehI vahevaDAvIne tathA bhayaMkara gunAo karIne mANase rAjagAdI meLavatA ane leka gheTAMnI peThe temane vaza thatA. jANe ke, temanA upara koNa rAjya kare che tenI temane kazI paDI nahatI! A pUrvanuM sAmrAjya yuropanA dvAra upara eka prakAranA cokIdAra samuM UbhuM hatuM ane eziyAnI prajAonA AkramaNathI tenuM rakSaNa karI rahyuM hatuM. ghaNI sadIo sudhI te e kAryamAM saphaLa thayuM. Araba leke konsAnTinopala na laI zakyA; sejuka turke tenI samIpa pahoMcyA kharA paNa teno kabajo laI zakyA nahi; maMgala leke tenI pAse thaIne pasAra thayA ane uttare raziyAmAM gayA. chevaTe oNTomana yA umAnI turka leke AvyA ane temanA hAthamAM pUrvanA sAmrAjyanuM pATanagara kansTAnTinepala 1453nI sAlamAM gayuM. e zaheranA patananI sAthe pUrvanuM remana sAmrAjya paNuM paDayuM.

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yuropanAM zaherone udaya 21 jUna, 1932 Dene samaya e yurepamAM bhAre zraddhAne - sarvasAdhAraNu AkAMkSA ane zraddhAne jamAne hate. ane janatA pitAnAM rojanAM duHkhamAMthI A AzA ane zraddhA dvArA samAdhAna zodhavA mathatI. e samaye tyAM vijJAnano udaya nahete the ane vidyAnuM pramANa paNa bahu jUja hatuM; kemake, zraddhA, vijJAna ane vidyA e traNe eka sAthe saheje cAlI zakatAM nathI. vidyA ane vijJAna kene vicAra karavA prere che ane saMzaya tathA jijJAsA ke kutUhala e zraddhAne mATe bahu parA bheruo che. vaLI, prayAga ane zedhakhoLa e vijJAnane mArga che; zraddhAne e raste nathI. A zraddhA kevI rIte kSINa thaI ane tene sthAne saMzayane udaya kevI rIte thayuM te ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM A paraMtu je samayanI ApaNe vAta karIe chIe tyAre yuropamAM zraddhAnuM prabhutva hatuM ane remana carce "zraddhALuonuM netRtva lIdhuM hatuM. ghaNI vAra te temanI dharmazraddhAne geralAbha paNa letuM. evA zraddhALu ene hajAronI saMkhyAmAM kramAM laDavA mATe pelesTAIna mokalavAmAM AvyA hatA ane teo tyAMthI kadIye pAchA na pharyA. jeo hareka bAbatamAM tene vaza vartatA nahi evA yuropanA khristI leke athavA te khristI samudAya sAme paNa pipe jheDa pokAravAnuM zarU karyuM. vaLI, "Dispensezana" ane "inDasjansa" bahAra pADIne ane ghaNI vAra te temanuM vecANa karIne pipa tathA carco e dharmazraddhAne geralAbha paNa lIdhe. "Dispensezana' e carcanA amuka niyama athavA to rivAjane bhaMga karavAnI paravAnagI hatI. A rIte je niyame cace ghaDyA hatA tene ja amuka khAsa dAkhalAomAM bhaMga karavAnI teNe paravAnagI ApavA mAMDI. AvA kiMmata ApIne teDI zakAya tevA niyamo pratye AdarabhAva bhAgye ja lAMbA vakhata sudhI TakI zake. "InDajansa' te vaLI ethIye bUrI vastu hatI. remana carcanI mAnyatA mujaba maraNa

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yuropanAM zaherone udaya * 3pa1 pachI AtmA "parageTarI" nAmanA sthaLe jAya che. e sthaLa svarga ane narakanI vacce kyAMka AveluM che. mAnavIne AtmA tyAM AgaLa A bhavamAM karelAM pApanI zikSA bhogave che. e zikSAnA tApamAM zuddha thaIne pachI AtmA svargamAM jAya che ema manAya che. paisA laIne pipa lekone evuM vacana lakhI Apato ke teo pageTarInA tApamAMthI UgarIne bArebAra svargamAM jaze. A rIte carcanI saMsthA bheLA. lekanI dharmazraddhAno geralAbha letI ane gunAhita kRtya tathA jene piote pApa mAnatI temAMthI paNa te paisA pedA karatI. "inDajansa" vecavAnI A prathA cheDe pachI thoDA samaya bAda zarU thaI. pachI te te carcanI eka bhAre badanAmIrUpa banI gaI ane ghaNuM leke rAmanA carcanI viruddha thaI gayA tenAM aneka kAraNemAMnuM e prathA paNa eka kAraNa hatuM. bheLA ane zraddhALa leko mUMge meM keTakeTaluM calAvI le che e eka AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che. ene lIdhe ja ghaNuM dezamAM dharma e aDhaLaka paisA kamAvA mATe rojagAra banI gayuM che. maMdiranA pUjArIone juo; garIba bicArA upAsake ane pUjA vagere vidhi karavAne AvanArane teo kevA lUMTe che ! gaMgAnA ghATa para jAo te * garIba bicAre gAmaDiye pUratA paisA na Ape tyAM sudhI amuka kriyA ke vidhi karAvavAnI nA pADatA paMDAo najare paDaze. kuTuMbamAM kaMI paNa banAva ba -- janma, lagna ke maraNa - ke purahita lAgale AvI pahoMce che ane paisA kaDhAve che: hiMdu, khristI, islAma, jarAstI vagere dareka dharmamAM AvI hAlata che. dharmALanI zraddhAmAMthI paisA kamAvAnI e dareka pAse pitapotAnI rIte che. hiMdudharmamAM e rIte taddana ughADI che. kahevAya che ke islAmamAM Avo purohita varga nahote. ene lIdhe bhUtakALamAM tenA anuyAyIone dharmane nAme cAlatA zeSaNamAMthI UgaravAmAM kaMIka sahAya maLI. paraMtu dhArmika bAbatamAM pitAne niSNAta kahevaDAvanArA malavI ane mullA vagerenA vargo UbhA thayA ane teo zraddhALu tathA bhalALA ImAnadArane dhUtavA tathA cUsavA lAgyA. jyAM AgaLa lAMbI dADhI, mAthA uparanI moTI jaTA, kapALa uparanuM lAMbu tilaka, phakIrane veza ke saMnyAsInAM bhagavAM ke pILAM vastro pavitratAnA paravAnArUpa manAtAM hoya tyAM janatAne ThagavI e bahu muzkela nathI hotuM.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM' rekhAdarzana tuM saiA dezamAM AgaLa vadhelA amerikAmAM jAya to tane mAlUma paDaze ke tyAM AgaLa paNa dharma e leAkAnA zoSaNa upara nabhato eka moTA dhaMdhA che. 352 madhyayuga tathA brahmAnA yugathI huM bahu AgaLa nIkaLI gayo chuM. have ApaNe e yuga tarapha pAchA vaLavuM joi e. e yugamAM A zrahmA prakaTa ane sarjaka svarUpa dhAraNa karatI ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. agiyAramI bAramI sadIenA kALa moTAM meTAM bAMdhakAmano jamAno hatA ane e samaya daramyAna AkhA pazcima yuropamAM ThekaThekANe moTAM moTAM devaLe UbhAM thayAM hatAM. pahelAM yurope kadI nahi bhaLelA evA navIna prakAranA sthApatyano udbhava thAya che. caturAIbharI hikamatathI vajanadAra chAparAMono bhAra ane bANa makAnanI bahAra moTA moTA TekA upara kheMcI levAmAM AvatAM hatAM.. AthI aMdaranI bAju chAparAne e badhA khALe nAjuka thAMbhalAne jhIlatA joI te ApaNe tAjuba thaIe chIe. vaLI e devaLemAM arabI sthApatya uparathI ce:jelI aNiyALI kamAno hoya che. AkhA makAnane upale bhAge gaganasubI aNIdAra zikhara heAya che. yuropamAM vikaselI sthApatyanI A zailI gAthika zailI kahevAya che. emAM adbhuta sAMdhyuM hatuM ane te dvArA gaganagAnI zraddA tathA AkAMkSA pragaTa thatAM hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. A gAthika racanAnAM devaLA sAce ja zraddhAnA yuganuM vAstavika darzana karAve che, jemane potAnA kAma upara prema heAya tathA mahAna kArya mAM je paraspara sahakAra sAdhI zakatA hoya evA zilpI kArIgaro ja AvI imArata caNI zake. pazcima yugapamAM thayelA gaurthika sthApatyanA udaya e eka AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che. aMdhAdhUMdhI, arAjaka; ajJAna ane arrAhaSNutAnA adheramAMthI svagAmI prArthanA jevI A sauMdaryavAna vastu pedA thaI. phrAMsa, uttara iTAlI, jarmanI tathA iMgleMDamAM lagabhaga eka sAthe ja AvAM gothika zailInAM devaLe UbhAM thayAM. emanA AraMbha kevI rIte thayA tenI kAI te paNa cokkasa mAhitI nathI. temanA zilpIonAM nAmanI paNa kAI ne khabara nathI. e kRtio krAI eka ja zilpInI hi paNa janatAnI sAmudAyika kAryazakti ane mati tathA parizrama darzAve che. e devaLAnI khArInA raMgIna kAco e temanI bIjI navInatA hatI. e bArInA kAca upara suMdara raMgathI cItarelAM manahara citrA

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. yurepanAM zaherene udaya 353, hatAM ane temAMthI Avate prakAza e devaLanI racanAthI jAmatI gAMbhIrya ane bhavyatAnI asarane vadhAre gherI banAvato. thaDA ja vakhata upara tArA uparanA mArA eka patramAM meM yuropanI eziyA sAthe tulanA karI hatI. ApaNe joyuM ke e samaye eziyA yurepa karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre saMskArI tathA sudhareluM hatuM. Ama chatAM paNa hiMdamAM tyAre sarjaka kRtio nirmANa thatI nahatI ane meM kahyuM hatuM ke sarjakazakti e cetananI nizAnI che. ardha-sudharelA yuropamAMthI uddabhaveluM gethika sthApatya, tyAM AgaLa jIvanazakti pUratA jomathI UchaLatI hatI enI ApaNane pratIti karAve che. aMdhAdhuMdhI ane sudhArAnI nIcalI kakSAnI sthitimAMthI udbhavatI muzkelIo hovA chatAM paNa A jIvanapravAha phUTI nIkaLIne pitAnA AviSkAra mATenI paddhati dhI le che. gethika relInI imArate A navajIvananA aneka pragaTa svarUpomAMnuM eka che. pAchaLanA samayamAM e jIvanazaktine citrakaLA, sthApatya ane sAhasapriyatAmAM pragaTa thatI ApaNe joIzuM. AvAM keTalAMka devaLa teM joyAM che. e tane yAda haze ke kema te viSe mane zaMkA che. jarmanImAM teM kelenanuM suMdara devaLa joyuM hatuM. ITAlImAM milAna zaheramAM gethika zailInuM eka atyaMta suMdara devaLa che. evuM ja eka devaLa krAMsamAM cArazrI nAmanA sthaLe che. paraMtu evAM devaLo jyAM jyAM che te badhI jagyAonAM nAma huM gaNAvI na zakuM. jarmanI, phrAMsa, IMgleMDa, ane uttara ITAlI e badhA dezamAM A devaLo sarvatra patharAyelAM che. khuda romamAM gathika zailInI dhyAna kheMce evI eke ImArata nathI e AzcaryakAraka che. agiyAramI tathA bAramI sadInA bAMdhakAmanA mahAna yuga daramyAna perisanA netradAma nAmanA bhavya devaLa jevAM tathA ghaNuM karIne venisanA senTa mArka nAmanA devaLa jevAM gethikathI bhinna zailInAM devaLo paNa baMdhAyAM hatAM. senTa mArkanuM devaLa teM joyuM che. e bAIjhenTAIna zailIno namUno che. temAM suMdara raMgaberaMgI citrakAma paNa che. zraddhAyuganAM vaLatAM pANI thayAM ane sAthe sAthe devaLa bAMdhavAnuM kArya paNa maMda paDayuM. mANasanuM citta have bIjI dizAomAM - temanA dhaMdhArojagAra, vepAraudyoga eTale ke temanA nAgarika jIvana tarapha derAyuM. devaLane badale have nagaronI pharate koTa baMdhAvA lAgyA. ethI karIne paMdaramI sadInA AraMbhathI mAMDIne uttara tathA pazcima yuropamAM -23

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354 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna 'kaThekANe suMdara gIlDa-holo eTale ka, nagaragRhe athavA to mahAjanagRhe ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. laDanamAM pArlAmenTanAM makAnA gauthika zailInAM che paraMtu te katyAre bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM enI mane khabara nathI. mArA dhAravA pramANe mULa gaeNthika makAna baLI gayuM hatuM ane te pachI tenI jagyAe gothika zailInuM bIjuM makAna AMdhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. agiyAramI tathA bAramI sadImAM baMdhAyelAM gothika zailInAM A badhAM bhavya devaLe! zahere ke kasbAomAM AvelAM hatAM. jUnAM zaherA pharI pAchAM sajIvana thatAM hatAM ane navAM vikasatAM jatAM hatAM. yuropabharamAM parivartana thaI rahyuM hatuM ane sarvatra nagarajIvanane vikAsa thavA lAgyo hato. alabata, pahelAM romana sAmrAjyanA samayamAM bhUmadhya samudranA AkhA kAMThA upara moTAM moTAM nagare hatAM. paraMtu rAma ane grIka -romana sa MskRtinA patananI sAthe e nagaro paNa RNuM thaI gayAM. kaTAnTinepala ane AraenA spena sivAya AkhA yuropamAM bhAgye ja kAI moTuM zahera hatuM. eziyA khaMDamAM hiMdustAna, cIna ane ArameAnA pradezamAM A samaye moTAM meTAM zahere AbAda sthitimAM hatAM paraMtu yuropamAM te samaye evAM zahera nahAtAM. sa MskRti sudhArA ane nagarA e sahagAnI hoya ema jaNAya che. rAmana rAjyavyavasthA paDI bhAgyA pachI lAMbA vakhata sudhI cupamAM AmAMnuM kazuM nahotuM. paraMtu have tyAM pharI pAchuM nagarajIvana sabvana thayuM. khAsa karIne iTAlImAM A nagare vikasyAM. pavitra sAmrAjyanA samrATanA manamAM e nagare zULanI peThe sAlatAM hatAM; kemake e badhAM peAtAnA keTalAka adhikAro ane svataMtratA khUMcavI levAmAM Ave te sahI levA taiyAra nahAtAM. iTAlI tema ja khIjI jagyAenAM A zahera vepArI varga tathA bUjhavA eTale ke bhadrale kA athavA madhyama vargane udaya sacave che. AnDriyATika samudra upara prabhutva bhagavatuM venisa zahera svataMtra prajAsattAka thayuM hatuM. jenI vAMkIcUkI naheromAMthI samudranuM pANI AvA kare che te venisa zahera Aje te atizaya ramaNIya che, paraMtu e vasyuM te pahelAM e sthAna atizaya bheja ane jhAMkharAvALuM hatuM. kUNAnA saradAra eNTilAe taravAra ane AganI sAthe ekvIliyAmAM praveza karyAM tyAre keTalAka loko venisanA A bhejavALA sthAne nAsI

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yureApanAM zaheranA udaya 35 chUTayA hatA. temaNe pote tyAM AgaLa venisa zahera bAMdhyuM ane pUrva tathA pazcima rAmana sAmrAjyanI madhyamAM vaselA hAvAthI te peAtAnI svataMtratA jALavI rAkhavAmAM phAvI zakyA. hiMdustAna tathA pUrvanA dezA sAthe venisanA vepArane sabaMdha badhAye ane pariNAme tene aDhaLaka dolata prApta thaI. vaLI teNe dariyAI kAphalo paNa bAMdhyuMA ane samudra uparanI sattA paNa meLavI. te nika varganuM prajAsattAka hatuM. tenA pramukha DaoNja kahevAto. 1797nI sAlamAM nepoliyane vijetA tarIke venisamAM praveza karyAM tyAM sudhI A prajAtaMtra TakayuM hatuM. ema kahevAya che ke, te ja divase DaoNja maraNa pAmyA. te atizaya vRddha hatA ane venisane te chelle DaoNja hatA. iTAlInI bIjI bAjue jene A hatuM. e paNa dariyo kheDanArA lokAnuM mAruM vepArI zahera hatuM ane venisanuM harIph hatuM. e baMnenI vacce vidyApInuM dhAma khelAyAM zahera tathA pIsA, verAnA ane phlorensa vagere nagarA hatAM. A laoNrensa zaheramAM AgaLa upara moTA meTA aneka kaLAkAro pedA thavAnA hatA ane prakhyAta meDisI kuLanA amala daramyAna te jAhojalAlInI parAkASThAe pahoMcavAnuM hatuM. uttara iTAlImAM milAna paNa udyogAnuM mahattvanuM mathaka banyuM hatuM ane dakSiNamAM AveluM nepalsa paNa vadhavA mAMDayu hatuM. krAMsamAM hyu kaeNpeTe potAnA pATanagara banAvelA paeNrisane phrAMsanA vikAsa sAthe vikAsa thaI rahyo hato. paeNrisa hamezAM krAMsanA vanapravAhanuM kendra rahyu che. bIjA dezonAM bIjA pATanagara paNa thayAM che paraMtu chellAM hajAra varasa daramyAna paeNrise phrAMsa upara jeTaluM prabhutva bhogavyuM che teTaluM prabhutva emAMnA bIjA kAI paNa nagare potAnA deza upara bhogavyuM nathI. liyeAnsa, mAse I ( e zahera ghaNuM ja purANuM baMdara hatuM), Ale A, be ane mUlAMya vagere zahera paNa krAMsanAM mahattvanAM nagaro banyAM. iTAlInI peThe jarmanImAM pazu, khAsa karIne teramI ane cAdamI sadIomAM svataMtra zaheranA vikAsa e khAsa dhyAna kheMce evI khInA che. temanI vasatI vadhatI gaI ane temanuM baLa ane saMpatti paNa vadhatAM gayAM tema tema te vadhAre ne vadhAre nirbhaya thatAM gayAM ane tyAMnA umarAvAnI sAthe laDavA lAgyAM. samrATa keTalIka vakhata A jhadhaDAomAM temane pakSe rahI temane uttejana ApatA kemake moTA moTA umarAveAne

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35 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzana te jera karavA mAgato hato. potAnA bacAva karavA mATe A zaheree moTA meTA vepArI sadhI tathA maDaLa banAvyAM. keTalIka vAra A sadha athavA maMDaLeA umavAnA evA sadhe! sAme yuddhamAM UtaratAM. hembarga, premana, kAlena, phreMka, myunika, DenkiMga, nyurembarga ane bresso vagere janInAM vikasatAM zahere hatAM. Aje hAlaeNnDa ane beljiyamanAM judAM judAM nAmothI oLakhAtA nedharalaeNnDjhamAM -- AnTavarpa, bregesa ane IMTa vagere zahero hatAM. e badhAM vepArI zaherA hatAM. ane temanA vepArarAjagAra uttarettara vadhato ja jatA hatA. iMgleMDamAM paNa alabata laMDana zahera hatuM paraMtu te samaye e yuropa khaMDanAM khIjA mahattvanAM zaherenI sAthe kada, saMpatti ke vepArarojagAramAM spardhA karI zake ema nahotuM. Asa tathA kembrijanI vidyApIThonuM vidyAnAM dhAmA tarIke mahattva vadhatuM jatuM hatuM. pUrva yuropamAM viyenA zahera hatuM. e yuropanAM sauthI purANAM zaheramAMnuM eka hatuM. ane raziyAmAM maukA, kIva tathA vagorADa zahera hatAM. A navAM zahero athavA emAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM purANI zailInAM sAmrAjyanAM pATanagarodhI bhinna hatAM. yurepanAM A UgatAM zaheranuM mahattva kAI samrATa ke rAjAne lIdhe nahi paNa vepArarojagAra upara temaNe meLavelA kAbUne lIdhe hatuM. ethI karIne temanA baLane AdhAra amIraumarAvA upara nahi paNa vepArI varga upara hatA. e badhAM vepArI zahera hatAM. ethI zaheranA udaya eTale ke bUjhavA eTale ke bhadralokano athavA to madhyama vargane udaya. ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM ke A bhadralokAnuM athavA to madhyama varganuM baLa uttarottara vadhatuM ja gayuM. te eTale sudhI ke rAjA ane amIraumarAveAno temaNe saphaLatApUrvaka sAmA karyAM ane temanI pAsethI sattA khUMcavI lIdhI. paraMtu e te je samayanI ApaNe vAta karI rahyAM chIe tyAra pachI ghaNu lAMkhe kALe banavAnuM hatuM. huM hamaNAM ja kahI gayA ke zahera ane sudhAro sahagAmI che. nagaranA vikAsa sAthe vidyAnA tema ja vataMtratAnI bhAvanAnA paNu vikAsa thAya che. grAmavistAramAM vasatA lakA vikharAyelA hoya che ane ghaNuMkharuM te vahemI hoya che. paMca mahAbhUtonI dayA upara ja te jIvatA jaNAya che. temane sakhata majUrI karavI paDe che ane

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yurepanAM zaheranA udaya 357 nahi jevI ja navarAza maLe che. vaLI temanA jamInadArAnI sAme thavAnI temanI hiMmata cAlatI nathI. zaheremAM mANasA meTI sakhyAmAM sAthe rahe che. tyAM AgaLa temane vadhAre sudhareluM jIvana jIvavAnI, bhaNataranI, carcA tathA TIkA karavAnI ane vicAra karavAnI taka maLe che. Ama, cUDala umarAveAnI rAjakIya sattA tathA carcanI AdhyAtmika sattAnI sAme thaIne paNa svataMtratAnI bhAvanA vikase che. zraddAne yuga Athame che ane saMzayanA yuganA AraMbha thAya che. have pepa tathA canI AjJAnuM hamezAM aMdha pAlana nathI thatuM. samrATa breDarika popa sAthe kevI rIte vartyA hatA te ApaNe joI gayAM chIe. sAmane karavAnI A bhAvanAno vikAsa thatA ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM. bAramI sadI pachI tyAM AgaLa vidyAnA paNa pharI vikAsa thavA mAMDyo. yurepanA bhaNelA-gaNelA lokeAnI bhASA laeNTina hatI ane mANasA vidyAnI zodhamAM eka vidyApIthI bIjI vidyApImAM jatA. iTAlInAM mahAkavi dAnte 1265nI sAlamAM janmyA hatA. iTAlIneA khInne mahAna kavi peTrAka 1304nI sAlamAM janmyA hatA. e pachI thoDA ja vakhata bAda iMgleMDanA mahAna kaviemAMne sAthI prAcIna, kavi causara IMgleMDamAM thaI gayA. paraMtu vidyAnI punarjIti karatAM paNa vizeSa AnaMdanI vAta te e che ke, yuropamAM ApachInAM varasAmAM jene sArI peThe vikAsa thavAnA hatA te vaijJAnika bhAvanAne svalpa AraMbha thaI cUkayo hatA. Araba lokeAmAM A bhAvanA hatI ane kaMIka aMze temaNe te bhAvanAne anusarIne kArya karyuM hatuM, ema meM tane kahyuM hatuM e tane yAda haze. A rIte badhanamukta cittathI anveSaNa karavAnI tathA prayAga karavAnI bhAvanA madhyayuga daramyAna yureApamAM TakavI muzkela. hatI. kemake carca e sahana kare ema nahetuM. paraMtu carcanI uparavaTa thaIne paNa e bhAvanA pragaTa thavA mAMDe che. rAjar ekana, yuropamAM A samaye vaijJAnika bhAvanA dharAvanAra pahelavahelA puruSomAMnA eka hatA. te AksamAM teramI sadImAM thaI gayA.

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65 hindu upara aphadhAneAnI caDAI 23 jUna, 1932 tArA paranA mArA gaI kAlanA patramAM khalela paDI. huM lakhavA kheTho tyAre jela ane mArI AsapAsanI ahIMnI paristhiti huM bhUlI gayA ane vicAranI gatithI karI pALe madhyayuganI duniyAmAM pahoMcI gayA. paraMtu ethIye virata gatithI mane pharIthI vartamAnamAM lAvavAmAM Avyo ane huM jelamAM chuM enuM mane kaika duHkhada smaraNu karAvavAmAM AvyuM. mane kahevAmAM AvyuM ke, mammI ane dAdIjInI mulAkAta eka mAsa sudhI baMdha karavAnA uparathI hukama Avyo che. ema zAthI, te mane kahevAmAM na AvyuM. kedIone vaLI zAne kahevuM ? daza divasathI tee! deharAdUna AvyAM che ane bIjI mulAkAtanA divasanI rAha jotAM zakAyAM che. paraMtu have temanuM rokAvuM niraka che ane temaNe pAchA karavuM rahyu. ApaNA pratye darzAvavAmAM AvatA vinaya Ave hoya che. khera, paNa ApaNe enI paravA na karavI joI e. e te rAjanI vAta che ane Akhare to jela te jela ane ApaNe e hakIkata bhUlavI na joI e, AvA kaDavA anubhava pachI vartamAnane cheDIne pharI pAchA bhUtakALamAM javAnuM mAre mATe zakya nahatuM. paraMtu rAtabharanA ArAma pachI Aje huM kaIMka svastha thayA chuM eTale huM pharI pAchI navesarathI zarUAta karuM chuM. have ApaNe pAchAM hiMda AvIzuM. A dezathI ApaNe ghaNA lAMkhA samaya dUra rahyAM. jyAre madhyayuganA aMdhakAramAMthI bahAra nIkaLavA mATe yuropa mathI rahyuM hatuM; jyAre tyAM pravatAM aMdhera, avyavasthA ane kuzAsana tathA cUDala prathAnA bejA nIce tyAMnI janatA kacarAI rahI hatI; jyAre samrATa ane pApa ekabIjA sAthe laDatA hatA ane yuropanA judA judA dezonuM ghaDatara thaI rahyuM hatuM; jyAre krujheDAnA * indirAnAM dAdI svarUparANI neharu

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hida upara aphaghAnenI caDAI 359 samayamAM islAmIo ane khristIo prabhutva meLavavA mATe laDI rahyA hatA tyAre ahIM AgaLa zuM banI rahyuM hatuM ? madhyayuganA AraMbhanA samayanA hiMdanI te ApaNe AgaLa jhAMkhI karI gayAM chIe. hiMdanA vAyavya khUNAmAM AvelA gajhanImAMthI uttara hiMdanAM rasALa medAnamAM tUTI paDatA tathA lUMTaphATa ane saMhAra karatA mahamUdane paNa ApaNe joI gayAM. mahamUdanI caDAIe jeke atizaya bhayaMkara hatI, paNa tenI hiMda upara kazI bhAre ke kAyamI asara na thaI. e caDAIoe dezane - khAsa karIne uttara hiMdane-- hacamacAvI mUkyo ane suMdara suMdara aneka smAraka tathA imAratane teNe nAza karyo. paraMtu gajhanInA sAmrAjyamAM te mAtra siMdha ane paMjAbane thoDe bhAga ja rahyo. uttaranA bAkInA pradezo tarata ja temAMthI mukta thaI gayA ane dakSiNa hiMda tathA baMgALa to tenAthI askRSTa ja rahyAM hatAM. mahamUda pachI de ke tethI paNa vadhAre varasa sudhI islAma ke musalamAnonA AkramaNe hiMdamAM jhAjhI pragati na karI. bAramI sadInA aMtamAM, eTale ke, 1186nI sAlanA arasAmAM vAyavya khUNAmAMthI hiMda upara caDAInuM navuM mAM AvyuM. aphaghAnistAnamAM eka aphaghAna saradAra jAgyuM hatuM. teNe gajhanI jItI lIdhuM ane tenA sAmrAjyano aMta ANyo. tenuM nAma zAhabuddIna gherI (aphaghAnistAnanA dhara nAmanA eka nAnakaDA kasabAne rahevAzI) hatuM. teNe AvIne lAhora jItI lIdhuM ane pachI dilhI tarapha kUca karI. pRthvIrAja cauhANa dilhInA rAjA hatuM. tenI AgevAnI nIce uttara hiMdanA ghaNA rAjAo e humalAkhoranI sAme laDyA ane tene sakhata hAra ApI. paraMtu e hAra gheDA divasa mATe ja hatI. bIje varase zAhabuddIna moTuM sainya laIne pAcho AvyuM ane A vakhate teNe pRthvIrAjane harAvI mArI nAkhyo. pRthvIrAjanI yAda Aje paNa zUravIra yuddha tarIke kAyama che, ane tene viSe ghaNI lekakathAo ane lekagIte pracalita che. emAM, kAjanA rAjA jayacaMdranI putrInuM teNe haraNa karyuM hatuM tenI vAta sethI vadhAre prasiddha che. paraMtu saMyuktAnuM haraNa pRthvIrAjane bahu bhAre paDI gayuM. ethI karIne teNe potAnA saithI bahAra sAthIone jAnathI khAyA ane eka baLavAna rAjAnI duzmanAvaTa vahorI lIdhI. e vastuo AMtarika jhaghaDAo ane mAMhomAMhe phATaphUTanAM bIja vAvyAM ane e rIte humale karanArane vijaya sugama karI mUkyo.

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310 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Ama, 1192nI sAlamAM zAhabuddIne pahelI moTI jIta meLavI ane tene pariNAme hiMdamAM musalamAnI amalanI sthApanA thaI. humala karanArAo dhIme dhIme dezanA pUrva tathA dakSiNa bhAgamAM phelAyA. bIjAM dese varasamAM eTale ke 1340nI sAla sudhImAM dakSiNa hiMdanA moTA bhAga upara musalamAnI amala phelA. e pachI musalamAnI sattA dakSiNamAMthI kSINa thavA lAgI. navAM navAM rAje UbhAM thayAM - keTalAMka musalamAnI ane keTalAMka hiMdu. emAM vijyanagaranuM hiMdu sAmrAjya khAsa karIne mahatvanuM hatuM. base varasa sudhI IslAma kaMIka aMze pAcho paDyo ane soLamI sadInA madhyamAM mahAna akabara gAdIe AvyuM tyAre ja te pharIthI lagabhaga AkhA hiMdamAM vistaravA pAme. muslima humalAkhoronA Agamane hiMdamAM ghaNAM pariNAmo nipajAvyAM. e yAda rAkhaje ke A humalAkhoro aphaghAna hatA, Araba ke IrAnI athavA te pazcima eziyAnA atizaya saMskArI musalamAne nahe. sudhArAnI dRSTie jotAM hiMdIonI sarakhAmaNImAM A aphaghAne pachAta hatA. paraMtu teo vadhAre kaivatavALA ane te samayanA hiMduo karatAM vadhAre cetanavaMtA hatA. e samaye hiMda purANI gareDamAM vadhAre paDatuM pracI gayuM hatuM. te aparivartanazIla ane apragatizIla thatuM jatuM hatuM. jUnA AcAravicAra tathA rItarasamene te vaLagI rahyuM ane temAM sudhAro karavAne kaze prayAsa karyo nahi. yuddhanI paddhatimAM paNa hiMda pachAta hatuM ane laDavAnI kaLAmAM aphaghAne tenA karatAM vadhAre saMgaThita ane pAvaradhA hatA. ethI karIne tenAmAM hiMmata ane balidAna ApavAnuM sAmartha hovA chatAM paNa muslima humalAkhoro AgaLa te hArI gayuM. AraMbhamAM te A musalamAne bhAre jhanUnI ane ghAtakI hatA. e leke kaNa jIvananA pradezamAMthI AvyA hatA. tyAM AgaLa naramAzanI jhAjhI kadara nahatI. vadhArAmAM teo navA jItelA mulakamAM hatA ane tarapha duzamanothI gherAyelA hatA. e duzmano koI paNa paLe baLavo kare evo saMbhava rahe. e kALe baLavAne bhaya hamezAM mejUda ho joIe ane bhaya ghaNI vAra ghAtakIpaNuM ane gabharATanI lAgaNI pedA kare che. ethI karIne prajAne garIba gAya jevI banAvI devA mATe bhAre katala karavAmAM AvatI. emAM dharmane kAraNe musalamAne hiMdunI katala karavAne savAla nahotA. e te chatAyelI prajAne se dabAvI devAne paradezI vijetAne prayAsa hato. AvI krUratAnAM kAryone khulAso karavA

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hinda upara aphaghAnanI caDAI 321 mATe ghaNuMkharuM dharmane saMDovavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu e sAcuM nathI. kaI kaI vAra evAM kRtya mATe dharmanuM ADuM AgaLa karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM e kharuM, paraMtu enAM sAcAM kAraNe te rAjakIya athavA sAmAjika hatAM. muslima dharma aMgIkAra karyo te pahelAM ghaNA lAMbA kALathI hiMda upara humalo karatA AvelA A madhya eziyAnA leke temanA pitAnA vatanamAM paNa krUra ane jhanUnI hatA. navo deza jItyA pachI tene pitAnA kAbU nIce rAkhavAne trAsa vartAvavAno eka ja upAya teo jANatA hatA. ApaNe joIe chIe ke dhIme dhIme hiMdustAne A jhanUnI ddhAone ThaMDA pADIne sabhya banAvyA. dhIme dhIme temane paNa pite paradezI vijetA nahi paNa hiMdIo che ema lAgavA mAMDayuM. A dezanI strIo sAthe teo lagna karatA thayA ane pariNAme vijetA tathA jitAyelAne bheda dhIme dhIme oche thato gaye. | tane e jANIne gammata paDaze ke, uttara hiMdane sAthI mATe saMhAraka ane "butaparaste enI sAme je IralAmane puraskartA lekhAto hate te mahamUda gajhanI pAse eka hiMdu sainya paNa hatuM ane tilaka nAmane tene snApati hatA. tilaka tathA tenA sainyane te pitAnI sAthe gajhanI laI gaye ane baLavAkhora musalamAnone dabAvI devAmAM mahamUda gajhanIe tene upayoga karyo hato. A uparathI tane samajAze ke mulake chatavA e ja mahamUdane hetu hato. hiMdamAM, tenA musalamAna sainikonI madadathI te "butaparasta'nI katala karavA tatpara hata; madhya eziyAmAM, tenA hiMdu sainikonI sahAyathI musalamAnonI katala karavAne paNa te eTale ja utsuka hate. IslAme hiMdane hacamacAvI mUkyuM. bilakula apragatizIla thatA jatA samAjamAM teNe pragati mATe cetana ane preraNA dAkhala karyA. niprANa ane vikRta thaI gayelI tathA punarukti ane vigatenA bhArathI jaDa thaI gayelI hiMdu kaLAnI uttaramAM unnati thavA lAgI. have navI ja jAtanI kaLAne udaya thayo. e kaLA cetana ane zaktithI bharapUra hatI. ene hiMdu-muslima kaLA kahI zakAya. hiMdanA jUnA zilpIoe musalamAnanA navIna vicAramAMthI preraNuM meLavI. IslAma tathA jIvana pratyenI tenI sarala dRSTinI te samayanA sthApatya upara asara paDI ane teNe tenI racanAmAM sAdAI ane bhavyatA pharI pAchAM dAkhala karyA.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana musalamAnonA humalAnI prathama asara e thaI ke tene pariNAme ghaNuM leke dakSiNa tarapha cAlyA gayA. mahamUdanI caDAIo ane katale pachI uttara hiMdamAM islAmane jaMgalI ghAtakIpaNuM ane saMhAranI sAthe joDI devAmAM Avyo. ethI karIne jyAre musalamAnanA navA humalAo aTakAvI na zakAya eTale kuzaLa kArIgare ane vidvAne ToLAbaMdha dakSiNa hiMdamAM cAlyA gayA. ene lIdhe dakSiNamAM Arya saMskRtine bhAre vega maLe. - dakSiNa hiMda viSe thoDuMka te huM tane kyArane kahI cukyo chuM. chaThThI sadInA adhavacathI mAMDIne lagabhaga base varasa sudhI pazcima ane madhya hiMdamAM eTale ke mahArASTramAM cAlukyonI sattAnuM prabhutva hatuM e meM tane kahyuM che. te vakhatanA rAjA bIjA pulakezIne yuenatsAMga maLyuM hatuM. e pachI rASTra AvyA. temaNe cAlukyone harAvyA ane bIjAM baso varasa eTale ke AThamI sadIthI mAMDIne lagabhaga dazamI sadInA aMta sudhI dakSiNa hiMda upara prabhutva bhogavyuM. A rASTrane siMdhanA Araba rAjakartAo sAthe bahu sAro saMbaMdha hatA ane temanA rAjyamAM ghaNuM Araba vepArIo tathA musApharo AvatA hatA. AvA eka pravAsIe potAnA pravAsane hevAla lakhe hatA te ApaNI pAse mojUda che. te ApaNane jaNAve che ke te samayane (navamI sadI) rASTrakaTono rAjA duniyAnA cAra sauthI mahAna rAjAomAMne eka hatuM. tenA abhiprAya mujaba bIjA traNa mahAna rAjAe A hatA : bagadAdane khalIpha, cInane samrATa ane rUmane eTale ke konsTonTinopalane samrATa. A hakIkata majAnI che; kemake te samaye hiMda viSe eziyAmAM ze abhiprAya pracalita hatuM tenI e mAhitI Ape che. jyAre bagadAda tenI kIrtinI parAkASThAe hatuM te samaye eka Araba pravAsI rASTrakUTanA rAjyane khalIphanA sAmrAjya sAthe sarakhAve ene artha e ke mahArASTranuM rAjya atyaMta baLavAna ane samartha hovuM joIe. dazamI sadImAM (973nI sAlamAM) rASTrakUTone badale cAlukyone amala pAcho zarU thayuM ane e leke paNa bIjAM base varasa sudhI (119nI sAla sudhI) sattA upara rahyA. AmAMnA eka cAlukya rAjAne viSe eka lAMbuM kAvya lakhAyuM che. temAM lakhyuM che ke tenI patnI tene svayaMvarathI varI hatI. svayaMvaranI A purANI Arya prathA ATalA lAMbA samaya sudhI TakI hatI e jANIne kharekhara AnaMda thAya che.

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hinda upara aphaghAneAnI caDAI 313 hiMdanA cheka IzAna khUNAmAM tAmila deza AvelA che. ahIM trIjI sadIthI mAMDIne navamI sadI sudhI eTale ke lagabhaga 600 varasa sudhI pallavAe rAjya karyuM ane chaThThI sadInA madhya bhAgathI mAMDIne lagabhaga khasA varasa sudhI dakSiNamAM temaNe Adhipatya bhAgavyuM hatuM. tane yAda haze ke maleziyA ane pUrva taraphanA khIjA TApuomAM vasAhatIonA kAlA mokalanAra pallavA hatA. pallava rAjyanuM pATanagara kAMcI athavA kAMjIvarama hatuM. te samaye e ramaNIya zahera hatuM ane tenI samajapUrNAMkanI nagararacanA mATe Aje paNa te vikhyAta che. dazamI sadInA AraMbhamAM pallavAne sthAne AkramaNakArI cola lokA AvyA. mATe naukAkAphalo bAMdhIne silona, brahmadeza tathA baMgALa upara caDAI karI vijaya meLavanAra rAjArAja ane rAjendranA cAla sAmrAjya viSe meM tane kaMIka kahyuM che. ApaNane maLatI ethIye vizeSa AnaMdajanaka mAhitI te e che ke, tyAM cUMTaNI dvArA grAmapaMcAyata racavAnI prathA hatI. cheka nIcethI A paddhatinI racanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. grAmapaMcAmratA gAmanA judA judA kAma mATe judI judI samiti nImatI. temaja paragaNAMnI paMcAyatanI cUMTaNI karavA mATe paNa eka samiti nImatI. A paragaNAMnI paMcAyate prAMtanI paMcAyata cUTatI. A patramAM meM aneka vAra A grAmapaMcAyatanI prathA upara bhAra mUkyo che kemake te prAcIna Aya rAjakAraNanA pAyArUpa hatI. uttara hiMdamAM aphadhAnAnA humalA thavA lAgyA te samaye dakSiNa hiMdamAM cAla lokAnuM prabhutva hatuM. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM temanI paDatI zarU thaI ane temanA aMkuza nIcenuM eka nAnuM rAjya svataMtra thaI gayuM tathA tenI sattA vadhavA lAgI. A pAMDya rAjya hatuM. madurA tenI rAjadhAnI hatI ane kAyala tenuM baMdara hatuM. mArkopolo nAmanA venisanA pravAsIe 1288nI sAlamAM tathA 1293nI sAlamAM ema e vakhata kAyala aMdaranI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. teNe lakhyuM che ke e bahu moTuM ane bhavya . zahera che' tathA tyAM AgaLa vepArarojagAra dhIkatA cAle che ane tenuM khAruM cIna tathA arabastAnanA vahANAthI bhareluM che. mArkApAlo pote paNa cInathI vahANumAM ja tyAM AvyA hatA. mArkopoloe ema paNa lakhyuM che ke, hiMdanA pUrva kinArA upara 'karoLiyAnI jALanA taMtuethI vaNI hAya' evI uttama prakAranI malamala pedA thatI hatI. mArkApolA rudramaNi devI nAmanI eka rANIne paNa :

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364 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ullekha kare che. te telugu pradeza eTale ke madrAsanI uttaranA pUrva kAMThAnA pradezanI rANI hatI. eNe cALIsa-varasa sudhI rAjya karyuM hatuM. mArkopoloe enAM bhAre vakhANa karyA che. mArkapolA ApaNane bIjI eka majAnI mAhitI e Ape che ke arabastAna tathA irAnamAMthI dariyAmAge dakSiNa hiMdamAM saMkhyAbaMdha dhoDAnI AyAta karavAmAM AvatI hatI. gheADAnA uchera mATe dakSiNanI AbehavA anukULa nahotI. ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke hiMda upara humalA karanArA musalamAno sArA laDavaiyA hatA tenuM eka kAraNa e che ke temanI pAse vadhAre sArI jAtanA gheADAo hatA. gheADAnA uchera mATenA eriyAnA uttama pradeze! temanA kabajAmAM hatA. Ama, cela lokAnI paDatI pachI teramI sadImAM pAMca rAjya e AgaLa paDatuM tAmila rAjya hatuM. caudamI sadInA AraMbhamAM (1310nI sAlamAM ) musalamAnI humalAnuM zirobiMdu dakSiNamAM pahoMcyuM. e zirobiMdu pAMDya rAjya sudhI paheAMcyuM ane pariNAme te jhapATAbaMdha paDI bhAMgyuM. A patramAM meM dakSiNa hiMdanA itihAsanuM paNa avalokana karyuM. saMbhava che ke AgaLa upara e viSe me je kaheluM tenI punarukti paNa karI hoya. paraMtu A viSaya kaMika gUMcavaNabharyAM che ane lokA pallava, cAlukaya tathA cola vagere judI judI prajAnI bAbatamAM bhramaNAmAM paDIne ekane khIjI mAnI bese che. chatAMye e viSayane tuM samagra rIte nihALaze te enuM AkhuM cokaThuM tArA manamAM kharAbara besADI zakaze. tane yAda haze ke azoke cheka dakSiNanA nAnA TukaDA sivAya samasta hiMdustAna, aphaghAnistAna ane madhya eziyAnA gheADA bhAga upara rAjya karyuM hatuM. enA pachI dakSiNamAM AMdhra sattAne udaya thayA. tenI sattA cheka dakSiNa sudhI phelAI hatI. enI hakUmata lagabhaga 400 varasa sudhI cAlI. e samaya daramyAna uttaramAM kuzAtAnuM sarahadI sAmrAjya hatuM. telugu AMdhra lokAnI paDatI thaI te pachI pUrva kinAre ane dakSiNamAM tAmila pallavenI sattAnA udaya thayA. temanI hakUmata dhaNA lAMbA samaya sudhI cAlI. maleziyAmAM temaNe vasAhata sthApI. 600 varasanA temanA amala pachI temane sthAne cola le AvyA. temaNe dUradUranA dezo jItyA ane potAnA naukAsainyathI samudra upara prabhutva meLavyuM. 300 varasa pachI temanI sattAne paNa aMta Ave che ane pAMDya rAjya AgaLa Ave che. tenuM pATanagara madurA

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hindu upara aphadhAnonI caDAI 35 saMskRtinuM kendra bane che ane kAyala khadara vepArarAjagAranuM mAruM mathaka ane che. dUradUranA dezA sAthe tene vyavahAra hatA. ATaluM dakSiNa tathA pUrva kinArA viSe. pazcima tarapha mahArASTramAM cAlukayonI sattA hatI, tyAra pachI rASTrakUTanI thaI ane chevaTe pharIthI cAlukayo AvyA. paNa A badhAM to kevaLa nAmA ja che, paraMtu e rAjyo keTalA badhA lAMbA kALa sudhI TakyAM tathA temanA amala daramyAna kevI unnata saMskRti khIlI te viSe vicAra karI jo. temanAmAM kaIka AMtarika zakti hatI jene lIdhe yuropanAM rAjyAnI sarakhAmaNImAM temane vadhAre zAMti ane sthiratA prApta thaI. paraMtu tenI samAjaracanA have jarIpurANI thaI gaI hatI ane tenI sthiratA jatI rahI hatI. tathA gheADA ja vakhatamAM eTale ke cAdamI sadInA AraMbhamAM muslima sainyanuM Agamana thatAM te UthalI paDavAnI hatI. / .

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dilhInA gulAma bAdazAha 24 jUna, 1932 gajhanInA sulatAna mahamUda viSe temaja tenI vinaMtithI phArasI bhASAmAM "zAhanAmA' nAmanuM mahAkAvya lakhanAra kavi phiradozI viSe huM tane kahI gaye chuM. paraMtu mahamUdanA samayanA bIjA eka vikhyAta purUSa viSe meM tane hajI kazuM kahyuM nathI. te mahamUdanI sAthe paMjAbamAM AvyuM hatuM. enuM nAma albarUnI hatuM. te bhAre vidvAna hato ane te samayanA dhamadha ane jhanUnI sainikothI sAva judI prakRtine hate. teNe AkhA hiMdamAM pravAsa karIne A navA deza tathA tenA lokone samajavA prayatna karyo. hiMdanI dRSTi samajavAne te eTale badhe Atura hatA ke eTalA sAru te saMskRta bhASA zIkhyo ane hiMduonA mahatvanA graMthane teNe abhyAsa karyo. vaLI teNe hiMdanA tattvajJAnane tathA ahIM AgaLa zIkhavAtAM vijJAna tema ja kaLAone abhyAsa paNa karyo. bhagavadgItA te tene atyaMta priya graMtha thaI paDyo. te dakSiNanA cala rAjyamAM paNa gayuM hatuM ane tyAM AgaLanI nahera vagerenI jalasiMcAInI vizALa janAo joIne tAjuba thaI gaye. hiMdanA tenA pravAsana hevAla e prAcIna samayanA Aje maLI AvatA mahatvanA pravAsagraMthamAM eka che. vinAza, kApAkApI ane asahiSNutAnA aMdheramAMthI A abhyAsI, nirIkSaka ane satya zAmAM samAyeluM che te zodhavA mathata vidvAna jude ja tarI Ave che. pRthvIrAjane harAvanAra aphaghAna zAhabuddIna pachI dilhInI gAdI upara eka pachI eka je rAjAo AvyA te gulAma rAjAone nAme oLakhAya che. temane pahele rAjA kutabuddIna hatuM. pahelAM te zAhabuddInane gulAma hatuM, paraMtu gulAme paNa UMce daraje caDI zakatA hatA ane dilhIne pahele sulatAna banavAnI kozizamAM te saphaLa thayA. enI pachI AvanArA keTalAka sulatAne paNa mULa gulAma hatA

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dilahInA gulAma bAdazAhe 317 te uparathI e sulatAnane vaMza gulAma vaMza kahevAya che. teo sArI peThe jhanUnI hatA ane vijaya meLavavAnI sAthe sAthe meTI moTI imArata tathA pustakAlayano temaNe nAza karyo tathA prajAmAM bhAre che trAsa vartAvyo. temane ImArate bAMdhavAno paNa zekha hatA ane imAratamAM bIjI koI vastu karatAM temanuM moTuM kada temane vadhAre pasaMda hatuM. dilhI pAse Avela bhavya kutubaminAra kutabuddIne bAMdhavo zarU karyo hate. e minArAne tane sAro paricaya che. kutabuddInanA vArasa atamaze e minArAnuM bAMdhakAma pUruM karyuM ane tenI pAse suMdara kamAne baMdhAvI. e kamAne Aje paNa mojUda che. A bAMdhakAmone ghaNekhara sarasAmAna hiMdanI prAcIna imArate, khAsa karIne maMdiramAMthI levAmAM AvyA hatA. alabata bAMdhanAra moTA moTA zilpIo te badhA hiMdIo ja hatA, paraMtu meM AgaLa kahyuM che tema musalamAnonI sAthe AvelA navA vicAronI temanA upara sArI peThe asara thaI hatI. mahamUda gajhanIthI mAMDIne hiMda upara caDAI karanArA badhA humalAkhoro temanI sAthe saMkhyAbaMdha hiMdI kArIgare ane zilpIo laI gayA hatA. A rIte hiMdI sthApatyanI asara madhya eziyA sudhI phelAI hatI. bihAra ane baMgALa aphaghAnoe sahelAIthI jItI lIdhAM. teo bhAre sAhasika hatA ane acAnaka chApa mArIne temanI sAme pitAnA bacAva mATe laDatA rAjAone gabharAvI mUkatA hatA. AvAM sAhasa kheDanArAone ja moTe bhAge saphaLatA maLe che. baMgALanI chata e kArTIsa tathA pijherenI amerikAnI chata jeTalI ja AzcaryakAraka che. altamazanA amala daramyAna eTale ke, 1211thI 1236nI sAlanA arasAmAM hiMdustAnanI sarahada upara eka bhayaMkara vAdaLuM jhajhUmI rahyuM hatuM. e caMgIjhanI saradArI nIcenuM mogalanuM daLa hatuM. pitAnA eka duzmananI pUTha pakaDate pakaDate te cheka siMdhu nadI sudhI AvI pahoMcyo hato, paraMtu tyAM ja te aTakI gayo ane hiMdustAna tenA paMjAmAMthI bacI gayuM. lagabhaga 200 varasa pachI enA ja vaMzane taimura nAmane saradAra bhAre katala tathA saMhAra karavAne hiMda upara caDI AvyA hatA. jo ke caMgIjha hiMdamAM na AvyuM paraMtu e pachI ghaNuM maMgale vAraMvAra hiMda upara humale karavA lAgyA. keTalIka vAra te teo cheka lAhera sudhI AvI pahoMcatA. teo ahIM kera vartAvI mUkatA

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368 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane dilhInA sulatAne paNa temanAthI DaratA. teo ghaNI vAra te e humalAkhora maMgalene lAMca ApIne pAchA vALatA. temanAmAMnA hajAro gelebe te paMjAbamAM ja vasavATa karyo. A gulAma sulatAnamAM rajhiyA nAmanI eka strI paNa gAdI upara AvI hatI. te altamazanI putrI hatI. te bahu kAbela rAjakartA ane bahAdura senika hoya ema lAge che; paraMtu tene tenA jhanUnI aphaghAna umarAvo tathA paMjAba upara humalo karanArA temanAthI paNa vizeSa jhanUnI maMgala taraphathI khUba vivuM paDayuM. 1ra9nI sAlamAM gulAma vaMzane aMta AvyuM. e pachI gheDA ja vakhatamAM alAuddIna khilajI gAdI upara AvyuM. pitAno kAMke, je tene sasare paNa hatuM, tenA khUnanI haLavI rIta ajamAvIne teNe gAdI meLavI hatI. AgaLa upara A haLavo upAya vizeSa pramANamAM ajamAvIne, je musalamAna umara upara tene bevaphAIne zaka gayo te badhAne teNe mArI nAkhyA. maMgala leke kadAca tenI sAme kAvataruM kare tene Dara lAgavAthI teNe pitAnA mulakamAM vasatA ekeeka maMgalanI katala karavAno hukama karyo ane jaNAvyuM ke "e olAdanA eka paNa mANasane pRthvInA paDa upara jIvatA rahevA na devo". A rIte teNe vIsathI trIsa hajAra maMgalenI katala karAvI, jemAMnA ghaNAkharA sAva nirdoSa hatA. mane lAge che ke, katalene A pharI pharIne thate ullekha bahu AnaMdajanaka te nathI ja. vaLI ItihAsanI vyApaka dRSTithI jotAM enuM jhAjhuM mahattva paNa nathI. ema chatAM paNa te samaye uttara hiMdanI paristhiti salAmatIbharI nahotI temaja tyAM AgaLa sabhyatAne paNa abhAva hato e samajavAmAM ApaNane A hakIkata madadagAra thaI paDe che. DeghaNe aMze tyAM AgaLa barbara dazA tarapha pIchehaTha karavAnI sthiti hatI. islAme hiMdamAM pragatinuM tattva ApyuM paraMtu aphaghAna musalamAne e barbara avasthAnuM tattva ApyuM. ghaNu leke A baMne vastuone bheLavI de che paraMtu e baMneno bheda samajavo joIe. alAudIna paNa bIjAonA je ja asahiSNu hatuM. paraMtu ema jaNAya che ke madhya eziyAvAsI A hiMdanA rAjakartAonuM mAnasa have badalAvA lAgyuM hatuM. have teo hiMdane pitAnuM vatana samajavA

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dilhInA gulAma AdazAho 39 lAgyA hatA. have te ahIM paradezI rahyA nahAtA. alAuddIna eka hiMdu strIne paraNyA hatA ane tenA putra paNa hiMdu strIne paraNyA hatA. alAuddInanA amala daramyAna rAjyavahIvaTa kaMIka vyavasthita ane paddhatisaranA karavAnA prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA hoya ema lAge che. sainyanI hilacAla mATe rastA vagere avarajavaranAM sAdhanA khAsa karIne vyavasthita rAkhavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. alAuddIna lazkara upara khAsa lakSa ApatA hatA. teNe tene khUba baLavAna banAvyuM hatuM ane tenI madadathI gujarAta tathA dakSiNanA ghaNA pradeza teNe jItI lIdhA. tenA senApati dakSiNamAMthI aDhaLaka dolata laIne pALe karyAM. ema kahevAya che ke te 50,000 maNa sAnuM, hIrAmANeka vagere puSkaLa jhaverAta, 20,000 dhADA ane 312 hAthI lAbyA hatA. vIratA ane zaiAnA dhAmarUpa tathA dhaiyathI UbharAtuM citADa te samaye paNa junavANI rahyu hatuM ane yuddhanI jarIpurANI nIti-rItine vaLagI rahyu hatuM eTale alAuddInanA zistabaddha ane kuzaLa lazkare tene parAsta karyuM. 1303nI sAlamAM citoDane lUMTI levAmAM AvyuM. citoDanA killAnAM puruSa tathA strIee prAcIna prathAne anusarIne jauhara karyA pachI ja te lUMTI zakAyuM. hArI javAnI paristhiti utpanna thAya ane jItavAnA kAI paNa upAya na rahe tyAre aNIne prasa Mge chevaTanA upAya tarIke jauhara karavAmAM Ave che. te anusAra, puruSavarga mariNayA thaI ne kesirayAM karavA nIkaLI paDe che ane zatruo sAme jhUjhatA jhUjhato raNakSetramAM mare che ane strIe cItA khaDakIne baLI mare che. khAsa karIne strIone mATe to A vastu atizaya kAramI hatI.. strIo paNa hAthamAM taravAra laI nIkaLI paDIne laDatI laDatI raNakSetra upara maratI hAta tA vadhAre sAruM. e game tema hA, paNa kAI paNa saMjogAmAM gulAmI ane adhAti vaheAravA karatAM maraNu bahetara hatuM. kemake te samaye te laDAImAM hArI javuM eTale gulAmI ane adhAgita vahAravAM. daramyAna hiMdanA lakA eTale ke hiMdue dhIme dhIme musalamAna thatA jatA hatA. paraMtu A kriyA dhImI hatI. keTalAka leAkAe islAmathI AkarSAI ne potAnA dhama balyA, keTalAkae khIkanA mAryA tema karyuM, ane keTalAke vijayane pakSe rahevAnI svAbhAvika bhAvanAthI prerAI ne dharma badalye. paNa dhama palaTAnuM pradhAna kAraNa te 7-24

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370 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Arthika hatuM. musalamAna sivAyanA lekane mAthAdITha eka khAsa prakArane kara-jayiA vera - Apavo paData. garIbo mATe A bhAre bojArUpa hatA. ghaNAoe te kevaLa e verAmAMthI UgaravA mATe dharma badalyuM hovAno saMbhava che. ucca varganA lekAmAM rAjadarabAranI kRpAdRSTi tathA moTA hoddA meLavavAnA marathI e dharma palaTAne pradhAna hetu hato. dakSiNanA mulaka jItanAra alAuddInane mahAna senApati maleka kAphUra hiMdumAMthI musalamAna thayuM hatuM. dilhInA bIjA eka sulatAna viSe paNa mAre tane kahevuM joIe. te eka asAmAnya purUSa hatuM. tenuM nAma mahaMmada-bina-taghalakha hatuM. te bhAre vidvAna hatA ane phArasI tathA arabI bhASAmAM pAraMgata hato. teNe tattvajJAna tathA pramANazAstrano abhyAsa karyo hato eTaluM ja nahi paNa grIka philasU kIno paNa abhyAsa karyo hate. gaNita, vijJAna tathA vaidakanuM paNa tene thoDuM jJAna hatuM. te bahAdura hato ane tenA jamAnA mATe te te aThaMga vidvAna ane camatkRti samAna hatuM. Ama chatAMye e aThaMga vidvAna nirdayatAnA avatAra same hatA, ane sAva gADe heya ema jaNAya che. pitAnA bApane mArIne te gAdIe Avyo. IrAna tathA cIna jItavAnA vicitra prakAranA khyAle enA magajamAM hatA. svAbhAvika rIte ja emAM e sAva niSphaLa nIvaDyA, paraMtu pitAnI rAjadhAnI dilhIne nAza karavAne ene nirNaya e enuM sauthI jANItuM parAkrama che. enuM kAraNa e hatuM ke zaheranA keTalAka lekAe nanAmI jAherAtathI enI rAjanItinI TIkA karavAnI dhRSTatA karI hatI. rAjadhAnI dilhIthI dakSiNamAM hAlanA nijhAmanA rAjyanI sarahadamAM AvelA devagIrImAM badalavAno teNe hukama karyo. teNe ene latAbAda nAma ApyuM. gharamAlikone thoDuMka vaLatara ApavAmAM AvyuM ane pachI ekapaNa apavAda vinA dareka nagaravAsIne traNa divasanI aMdara dilahI choDavAne hukama karavAmAM Avyo. ghaNAkharA lekAe zahera cheDayuM. thoDAghaNuM tyAM chupAI rahyA. paraMtu evAo pakaDAtAM temane krUra zikSA karavAmAM AvI. AvI rIte eka AMdhaLA ane eka lakavAthI pIDAtA mANasane paNa zikSA karavAmAM AvI hatI. dilhIthI dolatAbAdane rastA 40 divasa hato. A pravAsa daramyAna lokenA kevA bhayaMkara hAla thayA haze enI ApaNe kalpanA karI zakIe chIe. keTalAka te raste ja maraNane zaraNa thayA haze.

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dilhInA gulAma bAdazAho 301 ane dilhI zaheranuM zuM thayuM ? e varasa pachI mahaMmada bina taghalakhe tene karIthI vasAvavAnA prayAsa karyAM. paraMtu emAM te saphaLa thaye hi. eka najare jonAra varNave che ke, pahelAM teNe tene raNa samuM taddana verAna" karI mUkyuM hatuM. paraMtu verAna raNamAMthI bagIco banAvavA e kaMI sahela vAta nathI. ibnabatUtA nAmanA AphrikAnA mUra pravAsI sulatAnanI sAthe hatA ane tenI sAthe dilhI pAche pharyAM hatA. te jaNAve che ke, ' dilhI e duniyAnAM sauthI moTAM zaheromAMnuM eka che. ame pATanagaramAM dAkhala thayA tyAre ame enuM byAna karI gayA chIe tevI tenI sthiti hatI. e taddana khAlI ane ujajaDa hatuM tathA temAM bahu ja echI vasatI hatI.' khIjo eka mANasa e zaherane AthI daza mAIlanA vistAramAM phelAyeluM varNave che e badhAnA nAza thaI gayA hatA. A vinAza eTalo sapUrNa hatA ke, zaheranAM makAnomAM, tenA mahelomAM ke parAMmAM eka kUtaruM ke bilADu sarakhuM paNa rahyu nahatuM. A gAMDA mANase 25 varasa eTale ke cheka 1351nI sAla sudhI sulatAna tarIke rAjya karyuM. janatA potAnA zAsakeAnI badamAzI, ghAtakIpaNuM ane aNudhaDapaNuM keTalI hada sudhI sAMkhI rahe che e tAjuba thavA jevI vAta che. paNa, tenI prajAnI maneAdazA ATalI badhI paravaza thaI gayelI hAvA chatAMye mahaMmada bina taghalakha potAnuM sAmrAjya teADI nAkhavAmAM saphaLa thayA. tenI khevakUphIbharelI yejanA tathA bhAre karAne lIdhe deza pAyamAla thaI gayA hatA. dezamAM dukALe pathA ane adhUrAmAM pUruM Akhare baLavA paNa thavA lAgyA. 1340nI sAla pachI enI hayAtI daramyAna paNa sAmrAjyanA moTA moTA pradeza svataMtra thaI gayA hatA. baMgALa svataMtra thaI gayuM. dakSiNamAM dhaNAM navAM rAjgyA UbhAM thayAM. emAM vijayanagaranuM hiMdu rAjya mukhya hatuM. 1336nI sAlamAM e sthapAyuM ane daza varasanI aMdara tA teNe dakSiNamAM bhAre sattA jamAvI. dilhInI pAse taghalakAbAdanA avazeSo Aje paNa ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. e zahera mahaMmadanA pitAe AMdhyuM hatuM.

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67 caMgIjhakhAM eziyA tathA yuropane dhrujAve che 25 jUna, 17ra hamaNAMnA mArA ghaNA patromAM meM maMgala lekane ullekha karyo che tathA temaNe vartAvelA kera tathA karelA saMhArane nirdeza paNa karyo che. cInamAM maMgalenA Agamana pachIthI suMga vaMzanuM ApaNuM khyAna aTakyuM hatuM. pazcima eziyAmAM have teo ApaNane pharIthI dekhA de che ane tyAM AgaLa jUnI vyavasthAne aMta ANe che. hiMdamAM gulAma " sulatAne temanA trAsamAMthI UgarI gayA e kharuM, paraMtu ema chatAMye temaNe ahIM ThIka ThIka khaLabhaLATa macAvI mUkyo. maMgoliyAnA A gopa le ke jANe AkhAye eziyAnI avanati karI hoya ema jaNAya che. ane mAtra eziyAnI ja nahi paNa ardhA yurepanI paNa temaNe e ja sthiti karI mUkI. akasmAta phUTI nIkaLIne sArI duniyAne stabdha karI nAkhanAra A adbhuta lake koNa hatA ? sIthiyana, dUNa, tAtaMra vagere madhya eziyAnI prajAe itihAsamAM mahattvano bhAga bhajavI cUkI hatI. emAMnI keTalIka prajAo - pazcima eziyAmAM tuke leka ane uttara cIna tathA bIje keTaleka ThekANe tAre - hajI paNa ItihAsamAM mahattvano bhAga bhajavI rahI hatI. paraMtu maMgala prajAe hajI sudhI kazuM noMdhavA lAyaka kArya karyuM nahotuM. pazcima eziyAmAM koIne paNa emane viSe jhAjhI khabara nahi hoya e saMbhavita che. teo maMgoliyAnI keTalIka mAmUlI jAtinA leke hatA ane uttara cInane jItI lenAra "kina" tAranA amala nIce hatA. teo ekAeka baLavAna thayA hoya ema jaNAya che. e chUTI chUTI vikharAyelI jAtio ekatra thaI ane mahAna khAnane pitAne eka mAtra saradAra cUMTI kADho. tathA tene vaphAdAra rahevAnI ane tenI AjJA uThAvavAnI pratijJA temaNe karI. tenI saradArI nIce temaNe pikiMga upara caDAI karI ane "kinasAmrAjyane aMta ANyo. pachI temaNe pazcima tarapha kUca AraMbhI ane mArgamAM AvatAM moTAM moTAM rAjyanuM nikaMdana kADhayuM. pachI teo raziyA pahoMcyA ane tene temaNe harAvyuM. tyAra pachI temaNe bagadAda tathA tenA sAmrAjyano saze nAza

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caMgIjhakhAM eziyA tathA yurepane dhrujAve che 303 karyo ane cheka piDa tathA madhya yuropa sudhI teo pahoMcI gayA. temane rokanAra koI nahotuM. hiMda te kevaLa akasmAtathI ja temanAthI - bacI gayuM. A jvALAmukhInA pheTathI yuropa tathA eziyAnA leka kevA AbhA banI gayA haze e ApaNe sArI peThe kalpI zakIe ema chIe. jenI AgaLa mANasa lAcAra ane asahAya banI jAya che evI dharatIkaMpa jevI naisargika Apatti samAna e ghaTanA hatI. maMgeliyAnA A gepa leke bahu khaDatala ane hADamArIthI TevAyelA hatA. uttara eziyAnAM vizALa medAnomAM teo taMbU tANIne rahetA hatA. paraMtu temaNe asAdhAraNu zaktizALI saradAra pedA na karyo heta te temanuM baLa tathA AkarI tAlIma temane kazA kAmamAM na Avata. e saradAranuM nAma caMgIjhakhAna hatuM. 1155nI sAlamAM te jamyo hato ane tenuM mULa nAma timucIna hatuM. tene pitA yesugIbagAtura tenI bAlyAvasthAmAM ja maraNa pAmyo hato. bagAtura" e maMgala umarAvonuM priya upanAma hatuM. ene artha "vIra puruSa" thAya che. ane huM dhAruM chuM ke urdU zabda "bahAdura" emAMthI ja UtarI Avyo che. caMgIjha je ke mAtra daza varasane bALaka hatuM ane ene sahAya karanAra koI nahotuM paNa teNe uttarottara vadhAre ne vadhAre maMthana karyA ja karyuM ane aMte pitAnA prayAsamAM te saphaLa the. dhIre dhIre te AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhate ja gaye ane Akhare maMgalenI moTI sabhA -ene 'kuralatAI' kahetA - maLI ane teNe tene "mahAna khAna" athavA kAgana" athavA samrATa cUMTI kADhyo. e pahelAM thoDAM varasa upara . ene "caMgIjha" nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. maMgelane gupta ItihAsa" e nAmanuM pustaka 13mI sadImAM lakhAyuM hatuM. 14mI sadImAM te cInamAM pragaTa karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. temAM tenI cUMTaNInuM A pramANe varNana che: "ane A rIte banAtanA taMbUomAM rahenArI badhI jAtio eka ja saradAranI AgevAnI nIce cittA" nAmanA varasamAM ekatra thaI tyAre e badhI jAtio anAna nAmanI nadInA mULa AgaLa bhegI thaI ane nava pAyAvALA daMDa upara - sapheda vAvaTo pharakAvI temaNe caMgIjhane kAganane IlkAba arpaNa karyo." caMgIjha mahAna khAna athavA te kAganuM banyuM tyAre tenI uMmara ekAvana varSanI hatI. e samaye e bahu yuvAna te nahatA ja, ane ghaNuMkharA leke te e uMmare zAMti ane ArAma cAhe che. paNa A

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374 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana te caMgIjhanI vijaya meLavavAnI kArakirdIne mAtra AraMbha ja hate. A hakIkata khAsa lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che; kemake ghaNAkharA mahAna vijetAo temanI yuvAvasthAmAM ja vijaya meLave che. A uparathI ApaNe e paNa samajI zakIe chIe ke caMgIjha kaMI juvAnInA utsAhanA AvezamAM AvI jaIne ja eziyAnA eka cheDAthI bIjA cheDA sudhI dhasI gaye nahe. e samaye te sAvadhAna ane sAvacetIvALo AdheDa vayane puruSa hatuM ane kaI paNa moTuM kArya karatAM pahelAM tene yogya vicAra ane taiyArI karate hate. maMgala leke gopa jIvana gALatA hatA ane zahera tathA zaheranI raheNIkaraNIne teo dhikkAratA hatA. ghaNA leke mAne che ke, gepa avasthAmAM hovAne kAraNe teo barbara rahyA haze. paraMtu A khyAla che che. zaheranI ghaNI kaLAothI teo ajANa hatA e kharuM paNa temaNe jIvananI pitAnI nirALI ja rIta khIlavI hatI ane temanuM saMgaThana bahu ja jaTila hatuM. raNakSetre upara temaNe mahAna vijaya meLavyA e temanI saMkhyAne nahi paNa temanI zista ane suvyavasthAne AbhArI hatuM. ane enA karatAM paNa caMgIjhanI javalaMta saradArIne te AbhArI hatuM. kAraNa ke caMgIjha ItihAsamAM sauthI vadhAre pratibhAzALI senAnI ane nAyaka che emAM jarAye zaMkA nathI. sikaMdara ane sIjhara enI AgaLa sAva kSullaka lAge che. caMgIjha pote mahAna senApati hatA eTaluM ja nahi paNa teNe pitAnA bIjA senApatione paNa keLavyA ane temane uttama senAnAyake banAvyA. pitAnA vatanathI hajAro mAIla dUra, ane duzmana tathA virodhI prajAothI gherAyelA hovA chatAMye saMkhyAbaLamAM temanAthI vadhAre evA zatruonI sAme vijya meLavatA teo AgaLa dhasyA. caMgIjha eziyAnI dharatI para virATa pagalAM bharate AgaLa vadhyo tyAre yuropa tathA eziyAne nakaze ke have ? maMgoliyAnI pUrve tathA dakSiNe AvelA cInanA bhAgalA paDI gayA hatA. cInanA dakSiNa bhAgamAM suMga sAmrAjya hatuM ane tyAM dakSiNanA saMgene amala hatA. uttaramAM saMgene hAMkI kADhanAra "kina" athavA te suvarNa tAranuM sAmrAjya hatuM. ane pikiMga temanI rAjadhAnI hatI. pazcimamAM gebInA raNa upara tathA tenI pAra ziyA athavA taMguta sAmrAjya hatuM. e paNa gepa lekenuM sAmrAjya hatuM. ApaNe joI gayAM ke

Page #388
caMgIjhakhAM eziyA tathA yurepane dhrujAve che 375 hiMdamAM e samaye gulAma vaMzano amala hato. IrAna, mesopoTemiyA tathA cheka hiMdanI sarahada sudhI vistareluM khArajhama athavA khIvanuM mahAna musalamAnI rAjya hatuM. samarakaMda tenI rAjadhAnI hatI. enI pazcime sejuka lokono mulaka hato ane mIsara tathA pelesTAInamAM salAdInanA vaMzajo rAjya karatA hatA. bagadAdanI AsapAsa ejukenA rakSaNanIce khalIpha rAjya karate hato. A samaya pAchalI jhaMDone hato. hehenakena vaMzane bIjo phreDarika e samaye pavitra romana sAmrAjyano samrATa hato. iMglaMDamAM e maeNgnAkA ane te pachI samaya hato. phrAMsamAM 9 mo lUI rAjya karatA hatA. te phraDamAM gaye hato ane tyAM turkIne hAthe pakaDAya hato. pachIthI dAma ApIne tene cheDAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. pUrva yuropamAM raziyA be rAjyomAM vaheMcAyeluM hatuM. tenA uttaranA bhAgamAM vagereDanuM ane dakSiNanA bhAgamAM kIvanuM rAjya hatuM. raziyA ane pavitra sAmrAjya vacce haMgarI ane poleMDa hatAM. kansAnTinepalanI AsapAsanA pradezamAM bAIjhenTAIna sAmrAjya hajI TakI rahyuM hatuM. pitAnI chato mATe caMgIjhe bahu kALajIthI taiyArI karI hatI. teNe pitAnA lazkarane tAlIma ApI hatI eTaluM ja nahi paNa pitAnA ghoDAone paNa teNe tAlIma ApI hatI ane eka ghoDe maratAM sainikanI pAse bIje gheDe pahoMcI jAya evI yejanA karI hatI; kemake gepa lekane mATe te ghaDAo karatAM bIjI kaI paNa vastu vadhAre mahattvanI nathI. pachI teNe pUrva tarapha kUca karI ane uttara cIna tathA maMcUriyAnA kina" sAmrAjyane lagabhaga khatama karI nAkhyuM ane pikiMgane kabaje lIdhe. teNe kariyAne paNa harAvyuM. dakSiNanA saMge jeDe tene sArAsArI hoya ema jaNAya che. kina tArenI sAme temaNe tene madada paNa karI. paraMtu temanA pachI emane vAre paNa AvavAne hato enI temane khabara nahotI. pachIthI caMgIjhe taMgutene paNa jItI lIdhA. A jIta meLavyA pachI caMgIjhe ArAma levAnuM pasaMda karyuM hota. kemake pazcima tarapha caDAI karavAnI tenI IcchA hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. zAha athavA te khArajhamanA bAdazAha joDe te maitrIne saMbaMdha rAkhavA cahAtA hatA. paraMtu ema bananAra nahetuM. leTinamAM eka kahevata che ke, devo jemano nAza karavA icchatA hoya temanI buddhi

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376 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana teo prathama viparIta karI nAkhe che. khArajhamane zAha pitAno vinAza vaheravA ja tatpara thayele lAgato hato ane e mATe potAnAthI banatuM badhuM teNe kahyuM. tenA eka sUbAe maMgela vepArIonI katala karI. Ama chatAM paNa caMgIjha tenI sAthe sulehazAMti rAkhavA cahAtA hatA ane pitAnA elacIo mokalIne teNe pelA sUbAne zikSA karavAnI mAgaNI karI. paNa mithyAbhimAnI ane pitAnA mahatvanA terathI bharelA bevakUpha zAhe A elacIonuM apamAna karyuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa pachIthI temanI katala paNa karAvI. caMgIjha A avagaNanA sAMkhI zake ema nahotuM. paraMtu teNe kazI utAvaLa na karI. teNe kALajIpUrvaka badhI taiyArI karI ane pachI potAnI senA sAthe pazcima tarapha kUca AraMbhI. 1219nI sAlamAM AraMbhAyelI A kUce eziyAnI tathA DeghaNe aMze yuropanI A navA AvatA dAruNa vinAza viSe ane ughADI. zaherene ane lAkho mANasano kaccaraghANa kAtuM aTaLapaNe dhasatuM A pracaMDa daLa AgaLa vadhavA lAgyuM. khArajhamanuM sAmrAjya hatuM na hatuM thaI gayuM. aneka mahelAtathI bhareluM daza lAkhathIye vadhAre vasatI vALuM bhavya bukhArA zahera bALIne khAkha karavAmAM AvyuM. rAjadhAnI samarakaMdane paNa nAza karavAmAM Avyo ane tyAM vasatA daza lAkha mANasomAMthI mAtra pacAsa hajAra mANase jIvatA rahyA. herAta ane bakha tathA bIjAM aneka AbAda zaherane nAza karavAmAM AvyuM. keTalAye lAkha mANase marAyAM. saikAo thayAM khIlelAM kaLA tathA kArIgarI adazya thayAM ane IrAna tathA madhya eziyAmAMthI jANe sabhya jIvanano aMta AvyuM. caMgIjha jyAM thaIne pasAra thaye te badhA pradeza raNa samAna verAna banI gayA. khArajhamanA zAhane putra A ghoDApuranI sAme bahAdurIthI jhajha. pAchaLa hato hato te cheka siMdhu nadI sudhI AvI pahoMce ane tyAM paNa tenA upara bhAre dabANa thatAM gheDA upara savAra thaIne 30 phUTa UMcethI e mahA nadImAM kUdI paDyo ane tarIne sAme pAra nIkaLI gaye. dilhInA darabAramAM ene Azraya maLe. have enI pUTha pakaDavAnuM caMgIjhane ucita na lAgyuM. bhAgyavazAta ejuka turkI tathA bagadAda bacI gayAM. temanI zAMtine bhaMga na karatAM caMgIjhe uttara tarapha raziyAmAM kUca karI. teNe

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caMgIjhakhAM eziyA tathA yurepane dhrujAve che 377 kavinA grAnDa DayUkane harAvyuM ane keda pakaDyo. ziyA athavA te taMguta lekane baLavo zamAvavA te pAche pUrvamAM Avyo. te 1227 nI sAlamAM 72 varasanI uMmare caMgIjha maraNa pAme. pazcime kALA samudrathI mAMDIne cheka prazAMta mahAsAgara sudhI tenuM sAmrAjya vistareluM hatuM. hajI paNa te zaktizALI hatuM ane vadhatuM jatuM hatuM. Ama chatAMye maMgoliyAnuM nAnakaDuM nagara kArAkorama hajI tenI rAjadhAnI hatI. pite gopa jAtine hevA chatAM te ati samartha saMgaThanakAra hatA ane pitAne madada karavAne kazaLa maMtrIo nImavAnuM DahApaNa teNe dAkhavyuM hatuM. atizaya tvarAthI jIteluM tenuM sAmrAjya tenA maraNa bAda bhAgI paDayuM nahi. phArasI ane Araba ItihAsakAre te caMgIjhane rAkSasa samAna lekhe che ane tene "IzvaranA zApa" tarIke varNave che. tene atizaya krUra puruSa tarIke cItaravAmAM Avyo che. te atizaya krara hato e to nirvivAda che. paraMtu tenA samayanA ghaNuMkharA rAjakartAo ane tenI vacce jhAjhe taphAvata nahote. hiMdamAM aphaghAna sulatAne nAnA nAnA pramANamAM lagabhaga tenA jevA ja hatA. 1150nI sAlamAM aphaghAnoe gajhanIne kabaje lIdhe tyAre tene bALIne tathA lUMTIne temaNe potAnI jUnI adAvatanuM vera lIdhuM. "sAta divasa sudhI satatapaNe lUMTaphATa, saMhAra ane katala cAlyAM. hAtha AvatA ekeeka puruSanI katala karavAmAM AvI ane badhI strIo tathA bALakone keda karavAmAM AvyAM. mahamUdI sulatAne, eTale ke mahamUda gajhanInA vaMzajonA, duniyAmAM bIje kyAMya jemane joTo na jaDe evA saghaLA mahele ane moTI moTI imAratone nAza karavAmAM AvyuM." te samaye musalamAnI temanA dharmabaMdhuo pratye AvI vartaNUka hatI. A aphaghAna sulatAnanA amalamAM hiMdamAM je banyuM te tathA madhya eziyA ane IrAnamAM caMgIjhe karele saMhAra e badhAmAM tattvataH jhAjho pharaka nathI. caMgIjha khArajhama upara vizeSe karIne krodhe bharAyo have kemake tenA elacIne zAhe mArI naMkhAvyA hatA. ene mana e te khUnane badale khUnathI levAne savAla hatuM. bIjA pradezamAM paNa caMgIjhe bhAre saMhAra karyo paraMtu kadAca te madhya eziyA jeTale bhAre nahi hoya. - zahere nAza karavAnI pAchaLa caMgIjhane bIjo paNa Azaya hato. tenI nADImAM gepa lekenuM lehI vahetuM hatuM ane nagara tathA zaherane

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana te dhikkAratA hatA. te to vistRta medAnomAM rahevAnuM ja pasaMda karatA. eka samaye cInanAM badhAM zaherane nAza karavAnA caMgIjhane vicAra AvyA hatA. paraMtu sadbhAgye tema karatAM te aTakaLyo ! gopajIvana sAthe sabhyatAnuM anusaMdhAna karavAnA tenA vicAra hatA. paraMtu ema karavuM zakya nahotuM ane Aje paNa e zakaya nathI. tenA nAma uparathI, caMgIjha musalamAna hatA ema tuM kadAca dhAraze. paNa ema nahotuM. enuM nAma e magola nAma che. dharmanI khAbatamAM caMgIjha udAra hatA. tenA dharma jo ene dharma kahIe tA zAmA dhama hatA. emAM ' nIlavarNA zAzvata AkAza 'nI ArAdhanA karavAnI hoya che. te cInanA tAdharmI sAdhue sAthe khUba dha carcA karato paraMtu te potAnA gAmA dharmane vaLagI rahyo ane jyAre paNa muzkelImAM AvI paDatA tyAre AkAza pAsethI te preraNA meLavatA. A patranI zarUAtamAM teM joyuM haze ke, magAla leAkAnI sabhAe caMgIjha khAnane mahAna khAna tarIke 'cUMTI kADhavo' hatA. paraMtu kharuM jotAM te mageAla umarAvAnI sabhA hatI; Ama janatAnI niha. ane caMgIjha paNa A rIte magela jAtanA umarAvAno saradAra hato. te tathA tenA badhA sAthIe ane anuyAyI nirakSara hatA. ghaNuM karIne lekhana jevI kAI vastu hoya che enI paNa lAMbA vakhata sudhI tene khabara nahotI. sa MdezAo mATethI ane te paNa ghaNuMkharu samasyA ane kahevatanA rUpamAM mokalavAmAM AvatA. AvA maukhika sa MdezAothI ATalA vizALa sAmrAjyano vyavahAra kevI rIte calAvI zakAya e kharekhara Azcaryajanaka che. jyAre caMgIjhane mAlUma paDayu ke lekhana jevI vastunI jagatamAM hastI che tyAre te tarata OU pAmI gayo ke e vastu atizaya upayogI ane kImatI che; ane potAnA putrA tathA mukhya adhikArIone te zIkhI levAnI teNe AjJA karI. vaLI teNe gAla lokAnA paraMparAgata kAyado tathA potAnAM vacanA paNa zabdabaddha karIne lakhANamAM utAravAno hukama Apyo. A paraMparAgata kAyado e hamezane mATe aparivartanazIla kAyado ' che; ane kAI paNa mANasa tenuM ullaMghana na karI zake evI tenI kalpanA hatI. samrATa pote paNa tene AdhIna hato. paraMtu A * aparivartanazIla kAyado ' tA Aje lupta thaI gayA che ane AjanA * 1

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caMgIjhakhAM eziyA tathA yurepane dhrujAve che 379 maMgala lekAmAM enI paraMparA paNa jaLavAI rahI nathI ke tenuM temane kazuM smaraNa paNa nathI. dareka deza tathA dharma pAse jUne paraMparAgata kAyade ane lekhita kAyade hoya che. ane ghaNI vAra teo potapotAnA kAyadAne "aparivartanazIla kAyada" mAne che tathA te kAyamane mATe Takaze ema paNa kalpa che. keTalIka vAra A kAyadAne "Izvara prerita mAnavAmAM Ave che ane je vastu Izvara prerita hoya tene parivartanazIla ke alpajIvI mAnavAmAM nathI AvatI. paraMtu kAyadAe te pracalita paristhiti sAthe meLa besADavAne mATe tathA temanI sahAyathI ApaNI jAtane sudhAravA mATe hoya che. badalAyelI paristhitimAM jUnA kAyadAo kevI rIte baMdhabesatA Ave? paristhiti badalAtAM kAyadAo paNa badalAvA joIe, nahi te teo ApaNuM hAthamAM lekhaMDI beDI samAna thaI paDe ane duniyA AgaLa vadhatI hoya tyAre ApaNane pAchaLa rAkhI mUke. koI paNa kAyado "aparivartanazIla kAyade" na hoI zake. jJAna upara e racAyela have joIe. jema jema jJAna vikasatuM jAya tema tema tene paNa vikAsa thavo jAIe. caMgIjha khAna vize meM tane jarUra karatAM vadhAre mAhitI ApI che. paraMtu e mANasa upara huM mugdha chuM. mArA jevA zAnta, ahiMsaka ane narama tathA zaheranA vasanAra ane phaDala vyavasthA saMbaMdhI dareka vastune dhikkAranAra mANasane gopa jatine A jhanUnI, kara ane hiMsaka e saradAra mugdha kare e vicitra nathI !

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18 duniyA para maMgalonuM prabhutva 26 jUna, 1932 caMgIjhanA maraNa pachI tene putra ogatAI "mahAna khAna' thayuM. caMgIjha ane te samayanA maMgalanI sarakhAmaNImAM te zAMtipriya ane dayALu hatA. te vAraMvAra kaheto ke, "amArA kAmana caMgIjhe bhAre parizrama karIne amAre rAjavaMza sthApe che. have janatAne zAMti tathA AbAdI ApavAne tathA temane be haLavo karavAno samaya Avyo che te Dala saradAra pitAnA kuLanI dRSTithI ja kevI rIte vicAra kare che e lakSamAM rAkhavA jevuM che. paraMtu vijaya meLavavAno yuga hajI pUro thaye nahote. maMgala leke hajIye kaivatathI UbharAtA hatA. sabUtAI nAmanA mahAna senApatinI AgevAnI nIce yuropa upara bIjI caDAI karavAmAM AvI. yuropanuM sainya tathA tenA senApatio sabUtAI AgaLa kazI visAtamAM nahatA. duzmanonA dezamAM AgaLathI jAsUse tathA dUta mokalIne caDAI karatAM pahelAM te e badhA dezanI rAjakIya tathA lazkarI paristhiti viSe mAhitI meLavate ane te mujaba kALajIpUrvaka badhI taiyArI karatA. raNakSetra upara te yuddha karavAmAM te pAraMgata hatuM. ane yuropanA senApatio te tenI sarakhAmaNImAM e bAbatamAM zikhAu jevA hatA. maitya tarapha bagadAda ane sejuka turkone choDIne te sIdhe raziyA pahoMce. maske, kIva, poleMDa, haMgarI, kaMkava vagerene lUMTate tathA saMhAratA cha varasa sudhI te AgaLa ne AgaLa dhasya. 1241nI sAlamAM madhya yuropamAM AvelA dakSiNa sIlesiyAnA libaniTsa nAmanA sthaLe teNe pileMDa tathA jarmanInA sainyane sadaMtara nAza karyo. jANe AkhA yuropanuM AvI banyuM hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. maMgalenA daLane khALanAra tyAM kaI ja nahotuM. "duniyAnI ajAyabI" tarIke lekhAte phreDarika bIjo maMgoliyAmAMthI AvelI A sAcI ajAyabI AgaLa jhAMkhe paDI gayuM haze. yuropabharanA rAjakartAonA hezakoza UDI gayA hatA tevAmAM temane aNadhArI rAhata maLI gaI

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duniyA para maMgolonuM prabhutva * 381 tAI maraNa pAme ane tenA vArasanI bAbatamAM kaMIka jhaghaDo Ubho thaye. ethI karIne, parAjaya pAmyuM na hovA chatAM maMgala sainya pAchuM pharyuM ane 1242nI sAlamAM pUrvamAM pitAnA vatana tarapha teNe pitAnI kUca AraMbhI. have yurepanA jIvamAM jIva Avyo. daramyAna maMgela leke AkhA cInamAM ghUmI vaLyA ane uttaramAM kina tAre tathA dakSiNamAM saMge temaNe aMta ANyo. 12paranI sAlamAM maMgu khAna "mahAna khAna thayA ane kublAIne teNe cInano sUbo nImyo. kArAkoramanA maMgunA darabAramAM eziyA tathA yurepamAMthI aneka leke AvatA. Ama chatAM paNa e mahAna khAna te gepa lekanI peThe taMbUomAM ja rahetuM. paraMtu e taMbUo have kImatI kApaDanA banelA hatA ane aneka dezamAMthI lUMTI ANelI dolatathI UbharAtA hatA. tyAM AgaLa vepArIo - khAsa karIne musalamAna vepArIo - paNa AvatA ane maMgala leke temanI pAsethI mokaLe hAthe kharIdI karatA. kArIgare, jyotiSazAstrIo, gaNitIo ane te samayanA vijJAnamAM mAthuM mAranArA mANaso vagere badhA prakAranA leke AkhI duniyA upara prabhutva bhogavI rahelA taMbUonA nagaramAM ekaThA thatA. A vizALa maMgala sAmrAjyamAM amuka pramANamAM zAMti ane vyavasthA hatI. khaMDenI ArapAra jatA vepAranA mArge AvatA jatA lekathI bharelA rahetA. Ama eziyA ane yuropa paraspara ekabIjAnA nikaTanA saMparkamAM AvyA. A uparAMta kArAkoramamAM dharmapracArakenI harIphAI cAlI hatI. e badhA A duniyAnA vijetAone pitApitAnA khAsa dharmamAM lAvavA mAgatA hatA. je dharma A bhAre zaktizALI lekane pitAnA tarapha kheMcavAmAM saphaLa thAya te dharma paNa ethI karIne atizaya baLavAna banI bIjA badhA dharmo upara paNa prabhutva bhegave ema hatuM. AthI pope pitAnA pratinidhio mekalyA, nesTeriyana paMthanA khristIo AvyA tathA musalamAna ane bauddho paNa tyAM hatA. paraMtu maMgala leke navo dharma aMgIkAra karavAnI kazI utAvaLamAM nahotA. temane dharma pratye evuM kazuM kheMcANa nahatuM. ema jaNAya che ke mahAna khAne eka vakhata khristI dharma aMgIkAra karavAno vicAra sevyo hato, paraMtu te pipane uparIpaNune dAva mAnya rAkhavA taiyAra nahoto. Akhare je je pradezamAM temaNe vasavATa karyo tenA dharmamAM maMgala leke bhaLI gayA.

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" 382 jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzana cIna tathA ma MgoliyAmAM temanAmAMnA ghaNAkharA dra thayA; madhya eziyAmAM temaNe islAmane svIkAra karyAM ane raziyA tathA haMgarImAM keTalAka maMgolo ghaNuMkarIne khristI thayA. rAmamAM vaeNTikanamAM AvelA pApanA pustakAlayamAM mahAna khAte ( maMgue ) popane lakhelA mULa putra hajIye meAbUda che. te arakhI bhASAmAM lakhAyela che. AgAtAInA maraNa pachI potAnA elacI mekalIne yuropa upara krIthI caDAI na karavAne pApe navA khAnane jaNAvyuM hatuM ema lAge che. khAne javAba Apyo ke, yuropiyana loke tenA tarapha vAjabI rIte vatA nahetA eTalA mATe teNe yuropa upa caDAI karI hatI. Ama chatAM paNa magunA amala daramyAna vizva ane sahAranuM vaLI eka mojuM pharI vaLyuM. tenA bhAI hulAgu IrAnano meA hato. kaMIka bAbatamAM bagadAdanA khalIpha upara roSe bharAi ne hulAgue sa dezo mokalI tene potAnuM vacana na pALavA mATe hA Apyo ane kahAvyuM ku bhaviSyamAM te vAjabI rIte nahi varte te potAnuM sAmrAjya khAze, khalIph kaMI bahu samaju mANasa nahAto ane anubhava uparathI paNa te kazuM zIkhyA nahotA. teNe eno apamAnajanaka javAba ApyA tathA bagadAdamAM lokAnAM ToLAMe gola elacInuM apamAna karyuM. AthI hulAgunuM mAMgela lohI UkaLI AvyuM. krodhe bharAIne teNe bagadAda upara caDAI karI ane cALIsa divasanA gherA pachI te zahera kabaje karyuM. eNrebiyana nAiTsa'nA bagadAda zaheranA tathA sAmrAjyanA samayamAM 500 varasathI ekaDI thayelI badhA dhanadolatane paNa have aMta Avyo. khalIka, tenA putrA tathA tenAM najIkanAM sagAMonI katala karavAmAM AvI. avADiyAM sudhI bagadAdanA zaherIonI katala cAlI ane pariNAme teMtrIsa nadInuM pANI mAIlo sudhI lohIthI rAtu thai gayuM. A rIte 15 lAkha mANaso marAyA ema kahevAya che. kaLA ane sAhityanA badhA bhaMDArAno tathA pustakAlayono nAza karavAmAM Avyo. bagadAda saMpUrNa paNe nAza pAmyuM ane tenI sAthe pazcima eziyAnI hajAro varasa jUnI naherA vagerenI jaLasiMcAInI prAcIna yojanAne paNa hulAgue nArA karyAM. aleppA ane eDIsA tathA bIjA aneka zaherAnA paNa e ja hAla thayA, ane pazcima eziyA upara aMdhakAra chavAI gaye. te

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383 duniyA para aMgenuM prabhutva samayane itihAsakAra kahe che ke, "vijJAna tathA sadguNenA dukALane A samaya hato." paeNlesTAInamAM paNa eka maMgala sainya mekalavAmAM AvyuM hatuM paraMtu mIsaranA sulatAna bebare tene harAvyuM. e sulatAnanuM baMdUkadAra' evuM majhAnuM upanAma hatuM. enuM kAraNa e hatuM ke tenI pAse baMdUkadhArI sipAIonI eka palaTaNa hatI. have ApaNe baMdUkanA yugamAM praveza karIe chIe. cInA lekee ghaNA lAMbA vakhatathI dArUnI zodha karI hatI. maMgala leke ghaNuM karIne temanI pAsethI eno upayoga zIkhyA ane temanI baMdUke jIta meLavavAmAM temane madadarUpa nIvaDI hoya e banavAjoga che. yuropamAM maLela laMkAnI mAraphate baMdUka vagere AganAM zastro dAkhala thayAM. . 1258nI sAlamAM thayelA bagadAdanA nAzathI abbAsI sAmrAjyano je kaMI avazeSa rahyo hato tene chevaTane aMta Avyo. ene pazcima eziyAnI eka viziSTa prakAranI Araba saMskRtine aMta gaNavo joIe. ghaNe dUra dakSiNa penamAM greneDAe Araba praNAlI hajI jALavI rAkhI hatI. tyAM AgaLa e hajI lagabhaga 200thIye vadhAre varasa sudhI TakavAnI hatI. tyAra pachI ene paNa aMta Avyo. khuda arabastAnanuM mahattva paNa jhapATAbaMdha ghaTI gayuM ane tyAra pachI tyAMnA lokoe ItihAsamAM agatyano bhAga bhajavyo nathI. thoDA vakhata pachI e leke oNTomana athavA usmAnI turka sAmrAjyanA amala nIce AvyA. 1914-18nA mahAyuddha daramyAna aMgrejonI zikhavaNIthI Araba le ke e tenI sAme baLavo karyo ane tyAra pachI teo vatteoche aMze svataMtra che. be varasa sudhI te khalIphanI jagyA khAlI ja rahI. tyAra pachI mIsaranA sulatAna bebare chellA abhyAsI khalIphanA eka sagAne khalIpha nIme. paraMtu tenI pAse phazI rAjakIya sattA rahI na hatI. te te mAtra dharmasaMghane ja vaDo hato. e pachI traNaso varasa bAda kanjhAnTinopalanA tuka sulatAne khalIphanI A padavI tenA chellA padavIdhara pAsethI meLavI. thoDAMka varSo pUrve mustaphA kamAla pAzAe sulatAna ane khalIphA e baMnene aMta ANe tyAM sudhI turka sulatAne khalIphanuM A pada dhAraNa karatA hatA. mArA vRttAMtathI huM jarA ADe UtarI gaye. mahAna khAna maMgu 1239nI sAlamAM gujarI gayo. maraNa pahelAM teNe tibeTa jItI lIdhuM hatuM. enI pachI cInane sUbo kublAIkhAna mahAna khAna thayo. kublAI

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana khAna lAMbA vakhata sudhI cInamAM rahyo hato ane e deze tene Akarthe hato, ethI te pitAnI rAjadhAnI kArAkoramathI badalI pekiMga laI AvyuM. ane tenuM nAma "khAnabAlika" eTale ke khAnanuM nagara pADayuM. kublAI khAnane cInane lagatI bAbatamAM vadhAre rasa hato eTale pitAnA vizALa maMgala sAmrAjyanI bAbatamAM te bedarakAra banyo. pariNAme meTA moTA maMgala sUbAo dhIme dhIme svataMtra thaI gayA. kublAIe AkhuM cIna jItI lIdhuM. paraMtu A caDAIo pahelAMnI magela caDAIo karatAM bhinna hatI. emAM krUratA ane saMhAranuM pramANa ghaNuM ochuM hatuM. cIne tene kyAranoye narama svabhAvane ane sabhya banAvyA hate. cInanA leke paNa tenA pratye mAyALu vartana rAkhatA ane tene pitAnA svajana tarIke gaNatA. teNe kharekhara cInanI prAcIna paraMparA anusAra eka cInI rAjavaMzanI, yuAna vaMzanI sthApanA karI. kublAIe TegakiMga, anAma tathA brahmadeza pitAnA sAmrAjyamAM umeryA. teNe jApAna tathA maleziyA jItavA prayAsa karyo paraMtu temAM te na phAvya; kemake maMgale samudrathI aparicita hatA ane vahANe bAMdhI jANatA nahotA. maMgu khAnanA amala daramyAna phrAMsanA rAjA navamA lUI taraphathI tenI pAse eka pratinidhimaMDaLa AvyuM hatuM. lUIe tenI mAraphate yuropanAM khristI rAjya tathA maMgalee musalamAnanI sAme ekatra. thavuM evI sUcanA karI hatI. kaM. daramyAna te keda pakaDAyA hatA tyAre bicArA lUIne musalamAna taraphathI bahu levuM paDyuM hatuM. paraMtu maMgalene AvA mitrAcArInA saMbaMdhomAM kaze rasa nahota; temaja dharmane kAraNe kaI paNa jAti sAme laDavAmAM paNa temane rasa nahote. - yuropanAM nAnAM nAnAM rAjArajavADAM sAthe joDAvAnuM temane zuM prayajana? ane joDAvuM paNa konI sAme? pazcima yuropanAM rAjya tathA musalamAnI rAjyanI bahAdurIthI temane kazuM karavApaNuM nahotuM. pazcima yuropa temanAthI bacI gayo che te eka akasmAta mAtra hatA. sejuka turkoe temanI tAbedArI svIkArI lIdhI hatI ane teo temane khaMDaNI bharatA hatA. mAtra mIsaranA sulatAne maMgala sainyane harAvyuM hatuM. paraMtu maMgala leke mana upara leta te tene harAvI zakta emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. yuropa ane eziyAnI ArapAra maMgala sAmrAjya patharAyeluM paDyuM hatuM. maMgalenI vijayaparaMparA sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya evuM hajI

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duniyA 52 maMgelAnuM prabhutva 185 sudhI itihAsamAM kazuM paNa banyuM nahetuM; temaja tyAra pahelAM ATaluM vizALa sAmrAjya paNa naheAtuM udbhavyuM. sAce ja te samaye magAla leke AkhA jagatanA svAmI jevA lAgatA haze. e vakhate hiMdustAna temanAthI mukta rahyu tenuM kAraNa eTaluM ja ke temaNe hiMda taraphanA mAga lIdhA nahAtA. hiMdanA jeTalA ja kSetraphaLavALA pazcima yuropa temanA sAmrAjyanI bahAra hatA. paraMtu A sthAne temanI upekSAne kAraNe ja TakI rahyAM hatAM. magAla lekanA manamAM temane hajama karI javAnA vicAra na Ave tyAM sudhI ja temanI hastI hatI. teramI sadImAM te leAkAne AvuM ja lAgatuM haze. paraMtu maMgAla lekAnI jabaradasta tAkAta paNa ghaTavA lAgI ane vijayA meLavavAnA temane jussA paNa osaravA mAMDyo. tAre e lakSamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke te kALe lokeA page cAlIne athavA gheADA upara mesIne dhImI gatithI pravAsa karI zakatA. tyAre pravAsanAM ethI vadhAre jhaDapI sAdhanA nahAtAM. potAnA vatana ma MgoliyAthI sAmrAjyanI pazcimanI sarahada yuropamAM pahAMcavA mATe paNa lazkarane eka varasa lAgatuM. lUMTaphATanI taka sAMpaDavAne saMbhava na hoya te peAtAnA sAmrAjyamAM thaI ne lAMkhI musApharI karIne jIta meLavavAmAM temane rasa nahetA. vaLI vigraheAmAM uparAuparI vijaye maLavAne lIdhe tathA lUTakATane kAraNe magAla sainike tavaMgara thayA hatA. temanAmAMnA ghaNA tA gulAmA rAkhatA paNu thaI gayA haze. AthI karIne teo zAMta paDatA gayA ane sAmya tathA zAMtimaya vyavasAyamAM paDavA lAgyA. mANasane potAne joItuM badhuM maLI rahe pachI te saMpUrNa paNe zAMti ane vyavasthAnI tarapheNa karatA thaI jAya che. ATalA vizALa maMgala sAmrAjyanA vahIvaTa e atizaya muzkela kAmagIrI thaI paDI haze. eTale enA bhAgalA paDavA mAMDayA emAM jarAye navAI pAmavA jevuM nathI. mukhtAI khAna 1292nI sAlamAM maraNa pAmyA. enA pachI khIjo kAI mahAna khAna thayA nahi. Akhu sAmrAjya pAMca bhAgamAM vaheMcAI gayuM. (1) cInanuM sAmrAjya. emAM mAMgeliyA, maMcUriyA ane tibeTanA samAveza thatA hatA. sAmrAjyanA A mukhya bhAga hato ane te yuAna vaMzI kublAI khAnanA vazajonA amala nIce hato; na-21 *

Page #399
384 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana (2) dUra pazcimamAM raziyA, poleMDa ane haMgarImAM suvarNa jAtine - teo e pradezamAM e nAmathI oLakhAtA - amala hata; (3) IrAna, mesepiTemiyA, tathA madhya eziyAnA amuka bhAgamAM ikhana sAmrAjya hatuM. e sAmrAjya hulAgue sthApyuM hatuM ane sejuka tu tene khaMDaNI bharatA hatA; (4) tibeTanI uttara madhya eziyAne pradeza mahAna turkastAnanA nAmathI oLakhAto hato. tyAM AgaLa jhagatAI sAmrAjya hatuM ane (5) maMgeliyA tathA suvarNa jAtinA pradezanI vacce maMgelanuM sAIberiyana sAmrAjya hatuM. atizaya vizALa maMgala sAmrAjyanA bhAgalA paDI gayA e kharuM, paraMtu te pAMcamane dareka bhAga eka baLavAna sAmrAjya hatuM.

Page #400
mahAna pravAsI mArko polo 27 jUna, 1932 meM tane kArAkoramanA mahAna khAnanA darabAranI tema ja maMgalenI khyAti sAMbhaLI tathA temanA vijayenA jhaLahaLATathI AkarSAIne AvatA ToLAbaMdha vepArIo, kArIgare, vidvAno tathA dharmapracArakonI vAta karI che. vaLI maMgala leke AvA AgaMtukone uttejana ApatA hatA e paNa temanA AgamananuM eka kAraNa hatuM. A maMgela leke ajaba prakAranA leke hatA. keTalIka bAbatomAM teo atyaMta kuzaLa hatA ane bIjI keTalIka bAbatomAM teo sAva bALaka jevA hatA. temanI pharatA ane ghAtakIpaNuM ApaNane kamakamATI chUTe evAM hatAM e kharuM, paraMtu temAMye temanA bALasvabhAvane kaMIka aMza hatA. temanI A bALaka jevI prakRtine kAraNe ja, mane lAge che ke, A jhanUnI laDAyaka prajA AkarSaka lAge che. keTalIka sadIo pachI eka maMgale athavA megale - hiMdustAnamAM temane megala kahevAmAM AvatA - A deza jItI lIdhe. enuM nAma bAbara hatuM ane tenI mA caMgIjha khAnanA vaMzanI hatI. hiMda jItyA pachI tene kAbula tathA uttaranI zItaLa vAyulaharIo, phUle, bagIcAo ane tarabUce bahu sAMbharatAM. te bahu majAna mANasa hato ane teNe lakhelAM pitAnAM saMsmaraNe uparathI te te mANasAIthI bhareluM ane AkarSaka vyaktitvavALe puruSa heya ema jaNAya che. Ama maMgala ke bahAranA pravAsIone pitAnA darabAramAM AvavAnuM uttejana ApatA. temane jJAna saMpAdana karavAnI IcchA hatI ane temanI pAsethI kaMIka zIkhI levAnI teo apekSA rAkhatA hatA. meM tane kaheluM yAda haze ke, duniyAmAM lekhana jevI kaMIka vastu che enI caMgIjha khAnane khabara paDatAMveMta te tenuM mahattva samajI ga ane pitAnA adhikArIone te zIkhI levAnI teNe AjJA karI hatI. maMgala lekamAM grahaNazakti hatI ane teo bIjAo pAsethI

Page #401
380 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana saheje zIkhI zakatA hatA. pekiMgamAM vasavATa karIne cInanA pratiSThita samrATa banyA pachI kublAI khAna khAsa karIne paradezI musApharone potAnA darabAramAM AvavAnuM uttejana ApatA. enI pAse venisanA be vepArI bhAI e jaI pahoMcyA. ekanuM nAma nikAle pelA ane bIjAnuM nAma miyA polA hatuM. vepAranI zodhamAM teo cheka mukhArA sudhI pahoMcI gayA hatA. tyAM AgaLa kublAI khAne IrAnamAM hulAcu pAse mokalelA pratinidhinA temane bheTA thayA. temaNe e baMnene potAnI sAthe AvavA samajAvyA ane A rIte te pekiMgamAM mahAna khAnanA darabAramAM pahoMcyA. kublAI khAte nikAla ane maeNkriyAnuM sArI rIte svAgata karyuM ane temaNe tene yuropa, khristI dharma tathA popa vagere viSe vAteA karI. A vArtAmAM kublAI khAnane bhAre rasa paDyo ane te khristI dhama pratye AkarSAyA hoya ema lAge che. 1269nI sAlamAM popa uparanA potAne saMdezA laIne teNe e pelA bhAIone yuropa pAchA mokalyA. teNe 'buddhizALI ane sAte kaLAnA jANakAra' tathA khristI dharmanuM rahasya samajAvI zake evA 100 vidvAnone potAne tyAM mokalavAnI popa pAse mAgaNI karI. paraMtu yuropa pAchA pharatAM pelA bhAIone yuropa tathA popanI hAlata khUrI jaNAI. tyAM AgaLa khAne mAgelA 100 vidvAno maLI zake ema nahotuM. e varasa tyAM rokAIne e khristI sAdhue laI te te pharI pAchA pekiMga tarapha javA nIkaLyA. khAsa mahattvanI vAta to e che ke A vakhate nikAlenA mArkA nAmanA putrane paNa temaNe potAnI sAthe lIdhA. A traNe jaNa petAnA A mahAna pravAse nIkaLyA ane AkhA eziyA khaMDa temaNe jamIna mArge vaTAvyA. keTalA pracaMDa A pravAse hatA ! je mAge traNe polA gayA hatA te mA vaTAvatAM Aje paNa lagabhaga eka varasa lAge. pahelAM hyuena tsAMge je mAge pravAsa karyAM hatA te mAga upara temaNe thoDIka musApharI karI. te paeNlesTAInamAM thaI ne ArmIniyA gayA ane tyAMthI mesopoTemiyA ane IrAnanA akhAta upara. ahIM AgaLa temane hiMdanA vepArIone bheTA thayA. IrAnamAM thaI ne aqha ane tyAMthI parvatA ALagIne teo kAzmara AvyA, tyAMthI khetAna ane leApanAra nAmanA bhamatA sarovara (vaoNnDariMga leka) mAgaLa AvyA. vaLI pAchuM raNa vaTAvyuM ane pachI cInanAM medAneAmAM

Page #402
mahAna pravAsI mArko polo (389 thaIne teo pekiMga pahoMcyA. pravAsa mATe temanI pAse bhAre asarakAraka paravAno (pAsaporTa) hatuM. mahAna khAne pote ApeluM suvarNa patra temanI pAse hatuM. - prAcIna romanA samayamAM paNa cIna ane sIriyA vacceno A ja vepArI mArga hato. thoDAka vakhata upara vena heDIna nAmanA svIDananA eka pravAsI ane zodhakanI gebInA raNanI musApharIne hevAla meM vAMcyo hato. pekiMgathI nIkaLI te pazcima tarapha gayuM hatuM ane gebInuM raNa oLaMgI lepanAra sarevara AgaLa thaIne potAnI ane tyAMthI AgaLa gayuM hatuM. tenI pAse badhI Adhunika sagavaDa hatI te paNa pravAsamAM tene ghaNuM hADamArI ane musIbata veThavI paDI hatI. 700 ke 1300 varasa pahelAM jyAre pile tathA hyuena tsAMge e mArge thaIne pravAsa karyo tyAre te keTale badhe vikaTa haze! vaeNna heDIne eka majAnI zodha karI che. tene mAlUma paDayuM ke lepanara sarovare pitAnuM sthAna badalyuM che. ghaNA lAMbA vakhata upara, cothI sadImAM, lepanAra sarovaramAM paDatI tArIne nadIe pitAne pravAha-mArga badalyuM hatuM ane raNanI retIe tenA tyajAyelA pravAha-mArgane tarata ja DhAMkI dIdhe hatuM. tyAM AgaLa AveluM lAulana zahera AthI bahAranI duniyAthI aLaguM paDI gayuM ane tenA nagaravAsIo A pAyamAla thayelA zaherane choDIne bIje cAlyA gayA. A nadIne kAraNe saravare paNa pitAnuM sthAna badalyuM ane pariNAme prAcIna vepArI mArga paNa badalAya. svena heDInane mAlUma paDayuM ke tAjetaramAM thoDAMka varaso upara tArIne nadIe pharI pAcho potAno mArga badalyo ane te tene pahelAMne mAge vahevA lAgI. sarovare paNa AthI pitAnuM sthAna badalyuM. Aje tArIne nadI pharI pAchI prAcIna lAulana zaheranA avazeSo pAse thaIne vahe che ane 1600 varasa sudhI na vaparAyele prAcIna mArga pharI pAche vaparAzamAM Ave e saMbhavita che. paraMtu UMTanI jagyA have moTaro le evo saMbhava che. AthI karIne lepanArane bhamatuM sarovara kahevAmAM Ave che. jaLapravAha badalAvAthI vizALa pradeza upara kevA pheraphAra thAya che ane tene pariNAme ItihAsa upara paNa kevI asara thAya che ane tane kaMIka khyAla Ave eTalA mATe tArIne ( nadI tathA lepanAra sarovaranAM bhramaNanI vAta meM tane kahI. ApaNe joI gayAM ke prAcIna samayamAM madhya eziyA manuSyanI vasatIthI taravarI

Page #403
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rahyo hato ane mAnavIonAM daLe tyAMthI uparAchAparI nIkaLIne pazcima tathA dakSiNa tarapha jIta meLavatAM AgaLa dhasyAM hatAM. Aje te pradeza lagabhaga verAna ane ujjaDa jevo che. tyAM bahu ja ochI vasatI che ane jUja nAnA nAnA kaAo che. te samaye tyAM ghaNuM vadhAre pramANamAM pANI hovuM joIe, jene lIdhe ATalI moTI vasatI tyAM rahI zakI. jema jema havA vadhAre sUkI banatI gaI ane pANInuM pramANa ghaTatuM gayuM tema tema vasatI ghaTatI gaI - A lAMbA pravAsano eka phAyado hate khare. pravAsIne navI navI bhASAo zIkhavAne samaya maLata. venisathI pekiMga pahoMcatAM A traNa pilene sADAtraNa varasa lAgyAM. A lAMbA gALA daramyAna mAe maMgala bhASA upara kAbU meLavyuM. saMbhava che ke e daramyAna cInI bhASA paNa teNe jANI lIdhI heya. mAke mahAna khAnane pratipAtra thaI paDyo ane lagabhaga sattara varasa sudhI teNe khAnanI nokarI karI. tene sUbo banAvavAmAM AvyA ane rAjyanA kAmane aMge tene cInanA judA judA bhAgomAM mokalavAmAM Avato. mAryo ane tene pitA pitAne vatana venisa pAchA pharavA mATe khUba jhaMkhatA hatA paraMtu e mATe khAnanI paravAnagI meLavavI sahelI nahotI. Akhare temane pAchA pharavA mATenI taka sAMpaDI. IzananA Ikhana sAmrAjyanA zAsakanI patnI maraNa pAmI. te kublAIno pitrAI thatuM hatuM. tenI IcchA pharIthI lagna karavAnI hatI. paraMtu tenI maranAra patnIe temanA kuLanI bahAranI koI paNa strI sAthe lagna na karavAnuM tenI pAsethI vacana lIdhuM hatuM. AthI Arone (kublAIne pitarAI) kublAI pAse kiMga pitAne pratinidhi mokalI pitAne mATe pitAnA kuLanI yogya kanyA mekalavAnI vinaMtI karI. kukhyAI khAne eka taruNa maMgala rAjakuMvarIne pasaMda karI ane tenA bIjA parijano uparAMta A traNe polene paNa tenI saMgAthe mokalyA; kemake teo anubhavI pravAsIo hatA. dakSiNa cInamAMthI teo dariyAmArge sumAtrA pahoMcyAM ane thaDe samaya tyAM AgaLa kAyAM. te samaye sumAtrAmAM zrIvijayanuM baiddha sAmrAjya hatuM. paraMtu have te kSINa thavA mAMDayuM hatuM. sumAtrAthI e maMDaLI dakSiNa hiMda AvI. dakSiNa hiMdanA pAMDya rAjyamAM AvelA vepArajagArathI dhIkatA kAyela baMdaranI mAe lIdhelI mulAkAta viSe huM tane AgaLa upara kahI

Page #404
mahAna pravAsI mArkA pelA 391 cUkayo chuM. mArkA ane rAjakuMvarI vagere pravAsI maMDaLI hiMdumAM paNa ThIkaThIka samaya sudhI rokAyAM. temane IrAna paheoMcavAnI kazI utAvaLa ja na hoya ema jaNAya che; ane temane tyAM pahoMcatAM e varasa lAgyAM. paraMtu e daramyAna lagnanA kADa sevatA vararAjA gujarI gayA. hatA ! rAha joI joI ne tenI dhIraja khUTI gaI. paraMtu te maraNu pAmyA e bahu bhAre Apatti nahatI. A taruNa rAjakumArI AragAnanA putra vere paraNI. te lagabhaga rAjakuvarInA jeTalI ja uMmaranA hatA. rAjakuvarIne mUkIne pelA pravAsI oNoNnsTAnTinA palane mAge potAnA vatana tarapha vaLyA. pAtAnuM vatana cheocyA bAda 24 varasa pachI 1295nI sAlamAM tee potAne ghera paheAMcyA. venisamAM temane kAI paNa eLakhI rAyuM nahi, ane ema kahevAya che ke potAnA jUnA mitro ane bIjA upara prabhAva pADavA mATe temaNe eka mijabAnI ApI. e prasaMge temaNe temanAM gaMdAM ane phATyAMtUTatyAM kapaDAM utArI nAkhyAM. kapaDAM utAratAMnI sAthe hIrA, metI, mANeka, nIlama vagere DhagalAbaMdha kImatI jhaverAta nIkaLI paDayuM. A joI te badhA mahemAne AzcaryamAM garakAva thaI gayA. Ama chatAM paNa pAlA pravAsIonI hiMda tathA cInanAM sAhaseAnI vAtA mAnavAne bhAgye ja kAI taiyAra hatuM. temaNe mAnyuM ke mArkA tathA tenA bApakAkA vadhAre paDatI baDAze hAMke che. venisanA potAnA nAnakaDA prajAta MtranI bahAranI duniyAnA temane paricaya na heAvAne kAraNe teo cIna tathA khIjA eziyAI dezAnA kada tathA tenI aDhaLaka soMpattino khyAla karI zake ema nahetuM. traNa varasa pachI, 1298nI sAlamAM venisa ane jeneA vacce yuddha jAgyuM. A banne riyA kheDanArAM rAjyA hatAM ane tethI ekabIjAnAM harIph hatAM. temanI vacce bhISaNa naukAyuddha thayuM. emAM venisavAsIo hAryAM ane jIneAnA leAkeAe hajAronI saMkhyAmAM temane keda pakaDayA. ApaNA mArko polo paNa A kudIomAMnA eka hato. jeneAnI jelamAM beThAM beThAM teNe potAnA pravAsanA hevAla lakhyA athavA kaho ke lakhAvyA. A rIte 'mAryAM pelAnA pravAseA ' e nAmanA graMtha udbhavyA. sAruM kArya karavA mATe jela e kevuM upayAgI sthAna che! - A pustakamAM mArkA khAsa karIne cIna tathA te dezamAM teNe karelA aneka pravAsAnA hevAla Ape che. emAM teNe siyAma, jAvA,

Page #405
382 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sumAtrA, silena ane dakSiNa hiMdanuM paNa thoDuM khyAna ApyuM che. pUrva geLArdhanA badhA bhAgomAMthI AvatAM vahANathI UbharAtAM cInanAM moTAM baMdaranI te ApaNane mAhitI Ape che. temAMnA keTalAMka vahANe te eTalAM badhAM meTAM hatAM ke te calAvavA mATe temAM 300 thI 400 khalAsIone kAle rahete. te cInane samRddha ane khuzamijAja temaja AbAda tathA aneka zahero ane kasabAovALA deza tarIke varNave che. vaLI te jaNAve che ke tyAM AgaLa "rezamI, jariyAna tathA kinakhAbI kApaDa banatuM hatuM '; temaja tyAM "suMdara drAkSanA bagIcAo tathA vADIo vagere hatAM '; tathA badhA dhorI mArgo upara "Thera Thera musApharo mATe suMdara musApharakhAnAo hatAM. te e paNa jaNAve che ke rAjyanA saMdezAo laI javA lAvavA mATe tyAM saMdezavAhakene khAsa prabaMdha karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A zAhI saMdezAo ghaDA upara 24 kalAkanA 400 mAIlanI jhaDapathI pravAsa karatA. mArgamAM jarUra pramANe ghoDAo badalAtA rahetA. A gati kaMIjevItevI na gaNAya. e pustakamAMthI ApaNane evI mAhitI paNa maLe che ke cInanA leke jamInamAMthI kALA paththara khodI kADhatA ane baLataNanI jagyAe tene upayoga karatA. Ane artha e che ke cIne leke khANamAMthI kelase khodI kADhatA ane baLataNa tarIke tene upayoga karatA hatA. kublAI khAne kAgaLanuM calaNa paNa calAvyuM hatuM eTale ke teNe kAgaLanI noTanuM calaNa calAvyuM hatuM ane AjanI peThe e neTamAM lakhyA mujabanI kiMmatanuM sonuM ApavAnuM vacana temAM ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A atizaya mahatvanI bInA che; kemake zAkhathI nANAMnI levaDadevaDa karavAnI Adhunika paddhatine teNe amala karyo hate e te batAve che. mArkee lakhyuM che ke cInamAM presTara jonanA amala nIce eka khristI vasAhata paNa che. A jANIne te yuropanA leke diMga thaI gayA. ghaNuM karIne teo maMgoliyAnA purANuM nesTeriyana saMpradAyanA leke hevAne saMbhava che. jApAna, brahmadeza ane hiMdustAna viSe paNa teNe lakhyuM che. emAMnuM keTaluMka teNe jAte joyeluM ane keTaluMka teNe bIjAo pAsethI sAMbhaLeluM che. mArkono hevAla e eka adbhuta pravAsavarNana che. e pustake yuropanA lekanI AMkha ughADI. yuropanA nAnA nAnA dezamAM rahIne kSullaka IrSyA ane dveSamAM racyApacyA rahetA tyAMnA leke AgaLa eNe vizALa duniyAnI mahattA, saMpatti ane adbhutatA rajU karyA.

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mahAna pravAsI mArko pole eNe temanI kalpanAzaktine uttejI, tathA temanAmAM sAhasanI bhAvanA jagADI ane temanA lebhane jAgrata karyo. eNe temane vadhAre pramANamAM dariye kheDavAne uttejyA. yuropa pragati karI rahyuM hatuM. enI taruNa saMskRtine have paga AvyA hatA ane madhyayuganI zRMkhalAomAMthI chUTavAne te mathI rahI hatI. bhara yavanamAM praveza karatA taruNanI mAphaka te zaktithI UbharAtI hatI. dariyo kheDavAnI tathA sAhasa ane dhanadelata khoLavAnI yuropavAsIonI jhaMkhanA e pachInA samayamAM temane amerikA, kepa oNpha guDa hepa thaIne prazAMta mahAsAgaramAM, tathA cIna, jApAna ane hiMdustAna laI gaI. samudra ja duniyAne rAjamArga thaI, paDyo ane kheDe vIMdhIne jatA moTA moTA vepArI jamInamArgonuM mahattva ghaTayuM. mArko polo kukhtAI khAnathI chUTo paDyo te pachI theDA ja vakhatamAM khAna maraNa pAme. eNe sthApele yuAna vaMza paNa enA pachI jhAjhuM Takyo nahi. maMgala sattA bahu ja jhaDapathI nabaLI paDI ane videzIonI sAme cInamAM rASTrIya AMdalananuM mojuM pharI vaLyuM. sATha varasanI aMdara dakSiNa cInamAMthI maMgala lekene hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA ane eka cInavAsI nAnakinamAM samrATa thaI paDyo. bIjAM bAreka varasa pachI eTale ke 1368nI sAlamAM yuAna vaMzane cheTano aMta AvyuM ane maMgalene cInanI meTI dIvAlanI pelI pAra hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. have cInane eka bIjo mahAna rAjavaMza - tAImiMga vaMza - AgaLa Avyo. A vaMze lagabhaga traNaso varasa jeTalA lAMbA samaya sudhI cIna upara amala karyo. cInane A samaya surAjya, AbAdI ane saMskRtine yuga gaNAya che. bIjA dezo jItavAno ke sAmrAjya vadhAravAno prayAsa e samaya daramyAna karavAmAM AvyuM nahote. cInamAM maMgala sAmrAjya paDI bhAgavAne pariNAme cIna ane yurepa vaccenA saMparkane aMta AvyuM. have jamInamArge salAmata rahyA nahetA; ane samudramArgone hajI jhAjhe upayoga thavA lAgyuM nahote.

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70 romana carcA laDAyaka svarUpa dhAraNa kare che 28 jUna, 1932 kulAI khAne cInamAM 100 vidvAne mekalavAnA popa upara saMdeze mekaNyeA hato. te viSe huM tane kahI gayA chuM. paraMtu popa kullAI khAnanI A mAgaNI sa MtoSI zakyo nahi. te samaye tenI kaIka khUrI dazA hatI. tane yAda hoya to A kreDarika khIjAnA maraNa pachInA samaya hato. e samaye 1250thI 1273nI sAla sudhI pavitra romana sAmrAjyane kAI paNa samrATa nahAtA. e kALe madhya yuropanI dazA atizaya bhayAnaka hatI. tyAM AgaLa aMdhera pravatuM hatuM. lUMTAru nAITa yA sainiko Thera DaeNra lUMTaphATa karatA hatA. 1273nI sAlamAM haeNpsabargano ruDolpha samrATa thayA. paraMtu ethI karIne paristhiti jhAjhI sudharI nahi. iTAlI sAmrAjyamAMthI chUTuM paDI gayuM. tyAM AgaLa e samaye rAjakIya adhAdhUMdhI pravatatI hatI eTaluM ja nahi, paNa romana carcanI dRSTithI te dhArmika aMdhAdhUMdhInA paNu AraMbha thaI cUkyo hato. have loka carcanI AjJAnuM pAlana karavA jeTalA namra nahAtA rahyA. temanAmAM saMzaye pagapesAro karyAM hatA ane dharmAMnI khabatamAM te saMzaya e jokhamakAraka vastu gaNAya. ApaNe AgaLa upara joI gayAM ke kreDarika khInne pepa sAthe paNa eparavAI bhayuM vana rAkhatA ane potAne dhama bahAra karavAmAM Ave tenI paNa tene jhAjhI paDI nahotI. te to popa joDe lekhI carcAmAM paNa UtaryAM ane e carcAmAM popa jhAMkhA paDyo hato. e samaye yuropamAM phreDireka jevA bIjA ghaNAye saMzayagrasta leke! hovAno saMbhava che. khIjA keTalAka evA paNa hatA, je pApa ke carcanA dAvAnI bAbatamAM zaMkAzIla nahAtA temaja tene virodha paNa naheAtA karatA, paraMtu carcanA meTA moTA adhikArIonA vaibhava vilAsa tathA saDA pratye temane bhAre aNagamA hatA. krUjheDA paNa nAmeozIbharelI rIte pUrI thavAnI aNI upara hatI. bhAre AzA ane utsAhathI teno Ara Mbha thayo hato paraMtu tenuM pariNAma zUnya AvyuM. AvI niSphaLatAe acUka pratikriyAmAM pariName che, te

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rAmana caca laDAyaka svarUpa dhAraNa kare che 395 samayanA carcathI asaMtuSTa thaIne leke dhIre dhIre ane kaMIka anizcitapaNe prakAza mATe anyatra talAza karavA lAgyA. A vRtti sAme carce trAsanuM hathiyAra ugAmyuM ane lekanA mana upara kAbU jabaradastIthI TakAvI rAkhavAno prayAsa karyo. paraMtu tene khabara nahotI ke mANasanuM mana e te hikamatI cIja che ane tene vaza karavA mATe pazubaLa e te atizaya kaMgALa hathiyAra che. ethI carce vyaktio tema ja samUhonA aMtaramAM UThatI bhAvanAone gUMgaLAvI mAravAno prayatna AraMbhya. saMzayanuM nivAraNa dalIla ke buddhithI karavAne badale teNe tenI sAme lAThI tathA agnimAM bALI mUkavAnA upAyo ajamAvyA. cheka 1155nI sAlamAM paNa iTAlImAM bresiyAne vatanI ArnolDa nAmane eka lekapriya ane neka dharmopadezaka pipanA kopane bhega banyo hato. ArnolDa pAdarIonA, vaibhavavilAsa tathA bhraSTatA sAme pracAra karatA hatA. AthI tene pakaDIne phAMsIe laTakAvavAmAM Avyo tathA tenA mRtadehane bALI mUkavAmAM AvyuM ane leke enA avazeSa saMgharI na rAkhe eTalA khAtara tenI rAkhane TAIbara nadImAM nAMkhI devAmAM AvI. ArnolDa tenI chevaTanI ghaDI sudhI aDaga ane svastha rahyo hate. pipa ATalethI ja aTakyA nahi. temaNe te dhArmika mAnyatAnI najIvI sarakhI bAbatamAM paNa judA paDatA tathA pAdarIonI kaMIka vizeSapaNe TIkA karanAra samUhe tathA khristI saMpradAna bahiSkRta karyA. A lekanI sAme vyavasthita rIte krajheDa pokAravAmAM AvI ane temanI sAme dhRNuM utpanna kare evI vidhavidha prakAranI krUratA ane bhISaNa damana ajamAvavAmAM AvyAM. dakSiNa krAMsamAM AvelA tU zaheranA AbIjoI (athavA AbIjInsIjha) ane vAnDensIjha - vAlve nAmanA mANasanA anuyAyIo - tarapha A ja prakAranuM vartana calAvavAmAM AvyuM. - A arasAmAM, athavA kaho ke ethI kaMIka pahelAM ITAlImAM esIsIne kAnsisa nAmane eka mANasa rahete hate. khristI ItihAsamAM te eka atizaya AkarSaka vyakti che. te dhanika mANasa hato, paraMtu pitAnI dhanadelatane tyAga karI teNe garIbAInuM vrata lIdhuM ane garIba tathA rogIonI sevA karavAne duniyAmAM nIkaLI paDyo ane raktapittiyAo sothI vadhAre du:khI ane upekSita hovAthI te khAsa karIne temanI sevAmAM parevA. teNe eka saMghanI sthApanA karI. e saMdha

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396 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bauddha saMghane kaMIka maLato hato. te saMta kAnsisane saMdha kahevAya che. upadeza ane sevA karato karate te ThekaThekANe pharato rahe tathA jIsasanA jevuM jIvana gALavA prayatna karatuM hatuM. tenI pAse asaMkhya leke AvatA ane temAMnA ghaNA tenA anuyAyI banatA. krajheDe cAlu hatI chatAMye te mIsara ane pelesTAInamAM sudhdhAM gaye hate. te khristI hovA chatAMye musalamAno A namra ane prItipAtra mANasane mAna ApatA ane tenA mArgamAM kazIye dakhala karatA nahi. 1181thI 1226nI sAla sudhI te Avyo hato. tenA maraNa pachI tenA saMghane carcanA UMcA darajajAnA adhikArIo sAthe jhaghaDe thaye. kAnsisa saMgha garIbAI upara bhAra mUkate e kadAca temane pasaMda nahi hoya ema banavAjoga che. khristI dharmanA garIbAI ane sAdAIne A purANa siddhAMtathI teo para thaI gayA hatA. 1318nI sAlamAM kAnsisanA saMghanA cAra sAdhuone nAstika gaNIne mAseImAM bALI mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. DAMka varase upara esIsInA nAnakaDA kasabAmAM saMta phrAnsisanA smaraNamAM eka moTo utsava UjavavAmAM Avyo hato. e vakhate te zAthI UjavavAmAM Avyo, e te huM bhUlI gayo chuM. ghaNuM karIne te tenA maraNanI sAtamI saMvatsarI hatI. phrAnsisanA saMdhanA jevo ja paraMtu bhAvanAnI dRSTie tenAthI bilakula bhinna e bIje eka saMdha carcanI aMdara UbhuM thayuM. A saMgha saMta Dominike sthApyo hate. Deminika pite spenane vatanI hate. tene saMdha tenA nAma uparathI Dominikane saMgha kahevAya che. A saMgha ugra ane dharmAdhi hato. e saMghanI evI mAnyatA hatI ke, dharma TakAvI rAkhavAnA mahAkAryane arthe bIjI badhI bAbato gaNa lekhAvI joIe. samajAvaTathI jo A kArya pAra na paDe te pachI damanathI paNa te pAra pADavuM. 1233nI sAlamAM "IkvijhIzana nI sthApanA karIne carce dharmanI bAbatamAM hiMsaka zAsananI vidhipUrvaka zarUAta karI. "InkivajhIzana" e eka prakAranI adAlata hatI. te lekenI dhArmika mAnyatAo saMbaMdhamAM tapAsa calAvatI ane jemanI mAnyatA carce nakkI karelA dhoraNa pramANenI na jaNAya temane nAstika gaNIne jIvatA bALI mUkavAnI zikSA pharamAvatI. AvA "nAstika" lekenI vyavasthita kheja karavAmAM AvatI ane temane zodhI zodhIne bALI mUkavAmAM AvatA. paraMtu

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rAmana caca laDAyaka svarUpa dhAraNa kare che 37 temanI mAnyatAne inkAra karAvavAne khAtara bALavA pahelAM temane ribAvavAmAM AvatA te te vaLI bALI mUkavA karatAM paNa vadhAre kAramuM hatuM. DAkaNa havAne Aropa mUkIne paNa keTalIye durbhAgI strIone bALI, mUkavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu ghaNI vAra te AvezamAM AvI jaIne lekanAM ToLAo - khAsa karIne IMglaMDa tathA skeTalaeNnDamAM - InkivajhIzananI AjJA vinA ja AvA atyAcAra karatAM. - pipe "dharma AjJA" (ekiTa oNpha pheItha) bahAra pADI ane pratyeka jaNane bAtamIdAra thavAnuM pharamAvyuM! rasAyaNazAstrane teNe vaDI kADhayuM ane tene melI zetAnI vidyA tarIke varNavyuM. ane A badhI hiMsA tathA trAsa saMpUrNa prAmANikatAthI vartAvavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. teo ema mAnatA ke A rIte vadhastaMbha AgaLa mANasane bALI mUkIne teo tenA tathA bIjA mANasenA AtmAne uddhAra karatA hatA. dharmanA mANasee ghaNI vAra pitAnA vicAre bIjAo upara lAdyA che tathA te temanI pAse baLajabarIthI manAvyA che ane A rIte pote janatAnI sevA kare che ema teo mAnatA AvyA che. Izvarane nAme temaNe lekonAM khUna karyA che tathA temanI katala karAvI che ane "amara AtmA'ne uddhAra karavAnI vAta karatAM karatAM nazvara dehane bhasmIbhUta karI nAkhatAM teo acakAyA nathI. Ama dharmanI kArakirdI bahu ja bhUDI che. paraMtu mArA dhAravA pramANe ThaMDA kalejAnI kraratAmAM InkivajhIzanane AMTe evuM bIjuM kazuM nathI. ane AzcaryanI vAta to e che ke ene mATe jeo javAbadAra hatA temAMnA ghaNAkharAoe aMgata lAbhane khAtara nahi paNa pite satkRtya karI rahyA che evA daDha vizvAsathI e karyuM hatuM. jyAre pipa yuropa upara A trAsane amala vartAvI rahyA hatA tyAre rAjAo tathA samrATa upara paNa temaNe jamAveluM Adhipatya teo gumAvI rahyA hatA. samrATane dharmabahAra mUkavAnA tathA tene harAvIne zaraNe ANavAnA divase have vItI gayA hatA. jyAre pavitra romana sAmrAjyanI bUrI dazA thaI ane jyAre koI ja samrATa nahota athavA te samrATa romathI bahu dUra rahe tyAre phrAMsano rAjA pipanA kAryomAM vacce paDavA lAge. 1303nI sAlamAM pipanA kaIka kAryathI phAMso rAjA nArAja thayA. teNe pipa pAse pitAne mANasa mokalya. te mANasa baLajabarIthI pipanA mahelamAM dAkhala thayA ane tenA sUvAnA eraDAmAM jaIne pipanuM teNe apamAna karyuM. koI paNa dezamAM A

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana apamAnajanaka vartana sAme aNagame darzAvavAmAM na AvyuM. jenosAmAM ughADe page baraphamAM UbhelA samrATa sAthe phrAMsanA rAjAnA dUtanA A kAryanI tulanA karI je thoDAMka varasa pachI 1309nI sAlamAM navA pipe-te kAne vatanI hatA - phrAMsamAM AviyoM zaheramAM pitAnuM raheThANa karyuM. ahIM teo phrAMsanA rAjAonA prabhutva nIce 1877nI sAla sudhI rahyA. 1878nI sAlamAM pinI cUMTaNI karanAra kArDinalanA maMDaLamAM (koleja opha kArDinalsa) tIvra matabheda Ubho thaze ane pariNAme e maMDaLamAM moTuM taDa" (greTa sijhama) paDyuM. kArDinalenA baMne pakSee pitApitAne judo pipa cUMTo ane pariNAme be pipa cUMTAyA. eka pipa remamAM rahevA lAge. samrATa tathA uttara yuropanA ghaNAkharA dezanA leke tene mAnatA hatA. bIje 5i "virodhI-papa' (eNnTI pipa) tarIke lekhAvA lAge. te AviyamAM rahete hate. phrAMsanA rAjA tathA tenA keTalAka pakSakAre tene Azare ApatA hatA. pipa tathA virodhI pipa ekabIjA upara zApa varasAvatA ane paraspara ekabIjAne dharmabahAra mUkatA. cALIsa varasa sudhI Ama cAlyuM. 1417nI sAlamAM samAdhAna thayuM ane romanA pipane baMne pakSoe pipa tarIke cUMTI kADhyo. paraMtu baMne popa vaccenA A nAmozIbharyA jhaghaDAnI yuropanA laMkA upara bahu bhAre asara thaI haze. je pAdarIo ane pitAne IzvaranA pRthvI uparanA pratinidhi tarIke gaNAvanArAo paNa A rIte varte te pachI janatA paNa temanI pavitratA ane ImAnadArI viSe zaMkA karatI thAya ja. ethI karIne dhArmika sattAnI aMdha tAbedArImAMthI lekene caLAvavAmAM A jhaghaDAe bhAre sahAya karI. paraMtu temane hajIye vadhAre hacamacAvavAnI jarUra hatI. viklIpha nAmane aMgreja carcanI kaMIka chUTathI TIkA karanArAomAne eka hate. te pite pAdarI hatuM ane pharDamAM adhyApakanuM kAma karatuM hatuM. aMgrejImAM bAIbalanA prathama anuvAda karanAra tarIke te prakhyAta che. tenI dhyAtI daramyAna te te pipanA khophamAMthI UgarI javA pAmyuM hatuM. 1415nI sAlamAM eTale ke tenA maraNa pachI 31 varasa bAda carcanI sabhAe tenAM asthi khodI kADhI tene bALI mUkavAnI AjJA pharamAvI ! ane sAce ja ema karavAmAM AvyuM paNa kharuM. vikalIphanAM asthi te khodI kADhIne bALI mUkavAmAM AvyAM paraMtu tenA vicArone rUMdhI zakAyA nahi. te te UlaTA vadhAre phelAvA lAgyA.

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rAmana carca laDAyaka svarUpa dhAraNa kare che 299 dUra AvelA behemiyA eTale ke AjanA celaivAkiyA sudhI te pahoMcyA ane tyAM prAga vidyApIThanA AcArya jaoNna hasane preraNAdAyI nIvaDyA. tenA vicAre mATe pope hasane dharmabahAra mUkyo. paNa ethI karIne tenA zaheramAM hasane UnI AMca paNa na AvI; kemake tyAM te atizaya lekapriya hate. eTale tene phasAvavAne yukti racavAmAM AvI. samrATa taraphathI tenI salAmatI mATe abhayavacana ApavAmAM AvyuM ane sviTjharalenDanA tAMsa zaheramAM carca kAunsilanI beThaka maLI hatI tyAM tene belAvavAmAM AvyuM. tyAM tene pitAnI bhUla kabUla karavAnuM kahevAmAM AvyuM. pitAne bhUlanI pratIti na thAya tyAM sudhI te kabUla karavAnI teNe sApha nA pADI. AthI, tenA jIvananI salAmatI mATe tene abhayavacana ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te chatAMye tene jIvatA bALI mUkavAmAM AvyuM. 1415nI sAlamAM A banAva banya, hasa te bhAre vIra puruSa hate. jene te khoTuM mAnatA hatA teno svIkAra karavA karatAM teNe vedanAyukta maraNane vadhAvI lIdhuM. aMtaHkaraNanI temaja vANInI svataMtratAne kAje te zahIda thayA. cekha prajAne te eka mahA-puruSa gaNAya che ane celaivAkiyAmAM Aje paNa tenuM AdarapUrvaka smaraNa karavAmAM Ave che. jaina hasanuM balidAna mithyA na gayuM. enA taNakhAe bohemiyAmAM enA anuyAyIomAM baLavAno dAvAnaLa saLagAvyuM. pape temanI sAme phrajheDa pikArI. jheDe have bahu sastI banI gaI hatI. tenI kazI kiMmata besatI nahi ane harAmakhere tathA evA ja bIjA tephAnIo temAMthI lAbha uThAvavAne taiyAra ja hatA. eca. jI. velsanA zabdomAM kahIe te A krajheDanA sainikoe garIba leko upara "atizaya kAramA atyAcAra gujAryo. paraMtu potAnuM raNagIta gAtA gAtA hasanA anuyAyIonA sainiko AvatAveMta krajheDanA A laDavaiyAo alepa thaI gayA. je mAge teo AvyA hatA te ja mArge tvarAthI teo pAchA cAlyA gayA. nirdoSa gAmaDiyAone lUMTavAmAM tathA temanI katala karavAmAM temaNe bhAre zaurya dAkhavyuM, paNa vyavasthita senA AvatAveMta teo bhAgI gayA. A rIte Apakhuda ane durAgrahI dharma sAmenAM baMDe ane baLavAonI paraMparA zarU thaI A baMDa AkhA yuropamAM phelAIne tene be harIpha pakSomAM vaheMcI nAkhavAnAM hatAM ane pariNAme khristI dharma kaeNthalika ane proTesTaMTa evA be bhAgamAM vaheMcAI javAne hate.

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71 adhikAravAda sAmenI laData - 30 jAna. 1932 yuropanA dhArmika jhaghaDAonuM mAruM bAna tane nIrasa lAgaze e mane Dara rahe che. paraMtu e jhaghaDAonuM paNa mahattva che kemake Adhunika yuropane vikAsa kevI rIte thayuM te ApaNane ethI samajAya che. yurepanA vikAsane samajavAmAM te ApaNane sahAya kare che. 14mI sadI ane te pachInA kALamAM yuropamAM ApaNuM jovAmAM AvatI dhArmika svAtaMtrya mATe vikasatI jatI laData tathA e pachI AvanArI rAjakIya svataMtratA mATenI laData e baMne kharI rIte eka ja laDatanI be bAjuo che. A sattA ane adhikAravAda athavA te ApakhudI sAmenI laData hatI. pavitra remana sAmrAjya tathA pizAhI (pipasI) e baMne niraMkuza sattAnAM pratinidhi hatAM ane teo manuSyanI svataMtratAnI bhAvanAne haNavA mathatAM hatAM. samrATa devI adhikAranI rUe zAsana karatuM hatuM ane pipane pitAnI sattA mATe devI adhikAra te vaLI ethIye vizeSa hate. AnI sAme zaMkA uThAvavAne ke e sattAo taraphathI AvatA hukamano anAdara karavAno koIne paNa haka nahote. AjJAMkitapaNuM e bhAre saTTaNa lekhAte. pitAnA nirNaya anusAra vartavuM e paNa pApa gaNAtuM. A rIte aMdha tAbedArI ane svataMtratA e be vacceno muddo bilakula spaSTa hato. prathama aMtaHkaraNanI svataMtratA mATe ane pachIthI rAjakIya svataMtratA mATe yuropamAM keTalIye sadIo sudhI bhAre laData cAlI. aneka caDatI paDatI ane bhAre yAtanAo veDyA pachI emAM thoDI saphaLatA lAdhI. paraMtu svataMtratAnuM dhyeya hAMsala karavA mATe leke pitAnI jAtane dhanyavAda ApatA hatA. te ghaDIe ja temane mAlUma paDyuM ke e bAbatamAM temanI bhUla thatI hatI. Arthika svAtaMtrya vinA ane garIbAI hoya tyAM sudhI sAcI svataMtratA saMbhave ja nahi. bhUkhe maratA mANasane svataMtra kahe che te tenI ThekaDI karavA barAbara che. eTale Arthika svataMtratA mATenI laData

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adhikAravAda sAmenI laData 401 e te pachInuM pagathiyuM hatuM. ane Aje duniyAbharamAM e mATenI laData cAle che. janatAe Arthika svAtaMtrya paNa prApta karyuM che evuM mAtra eka deza mATe ja kahI zakAya ema che. e deza te raziyA athavA kahe ke soviyeTa yuniyana. hiMdustAnamAM aMtaHkaraNanI svataMtratA mATenI AvI laData upasthita na thaI kemake eka prAcIna kALathI ahIMyAM kyAre paNa e haka nakAravAmAM Avyo hoya evuM jaNAtuM nathI. potAnI marajImAM Ave e vastu mAnavAne leke ahIM svataMtra hatA. e bAbatamAM koI paNa prakAranI baLajabarI nahotI. lAThI athavA jIvatA bALI mUkavAnI dhamakI dvArA nahi paNa dAkhalAlIle ane carcA dvArA mANasenA mana upara asara karavAnI rIta ahIM akhatyAra karavAmAM AvatI hatI. alabatta, kavacita kvacita ahIM paNa hiMsA ane baLajabarI vAparavAmAM AvyAM haze paraMtu prAcIna Arya praNAlImAM aMtaHkaraNanI svataMtratAne haka svIkAravAmAM Avyo hato. A svIkAranuM pariNAma pUrepUruM zubha na AvyuM. e vAta jarA vicitra lAgaze. mAnyatAonI svataMtratAnI bAbatamAM nizcita hovAne kAraNe leke e viSe pUrepUrA jAgrata na rahyA ane tethI karIne avanatie pahoMcelA dharmanI kriyAo, vidhio tathA vahemamAM teo dhIme dhIme vadhAre ne vadhAre phasAtA gayA. temaNe evA prakAranI dhArmika paraMparA khIlavI ke je temane ghaNA pAchaLa dhakelI gaI ane jeNe temane dhArmika sattAnA gulAma banAvyA. A pipa ke evI kaI vyaktinI sattA nahatI. e dharmagraMthe rUDhio ane praNAlIonI sattA hatI. ethI karIne, ApaNe aMtaHkaraNanI svataMtratAnI vAta karatA tathA tene mATe magarUra thatA e kharuM, paraMtu vAstavamAM ApaNe e chUTApaNAthI bahu vegaLA hatA. ane jUnA graMthe tathA ApaNI rUDhioe ApaNuM upara je saMskAre pADyA hatA tenAthI ApaNe jakaDAI gayA che hatA. sattA ane adhikAravAda ApaNA upara prabhutva bhogavatAM hatAM ane ApaNAM mAnasa temanA aMkuza nIce hatAM. keTalIka vAra ApaNA dehane jakaDI rAkhanArI sAMkaLo bhUMDI hoya che emAM zaka nathI, paraMtu ApaNAM manane rUMdhI rAkhanAra vicAra ane pUrvagrahonI aNuchatI sAMkaLa te vizeSe karIne bhUMDI che. e te ApaNe pite sarajelI sAMkaLa che. ane ghaNI vAra ApaNe enAthI vAkepha nathI hotA e kharuM paraMtu te ApaNane nAgacUDanI mAphaka jakaDI rAkhe che.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana musalamAnanuM hiMdamAM humalAkhAra tarIke Agamana thayuM tene lIdhe ahIM dharmanI bAbatamAM jabaradastInuM tattva dAkhala thayuM. vAstavamAM e vijetA ane parAjitA vaccenI rAjakIya laData hatI paraMtu te dhArmika tattvanA pAsathI raMgAyelI hatI. vaLI, prasa MgopAtta dhArmika mana paNa karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM paraMtu islAma AvA damananI himAyata karata hatA ema mAnI besavuM e bhUlabhareluM che. 1610nI sAlamAM rahyAsasthA Arane spenamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA tyAre temanAmAMnA eka spenanA musalamAne karelA majAnA bhASaNano havAla maLI Ave che. kvijhizananA virodha karatAM te kahe che ke: amArA vijayI pUrvajoe pote e karavA mATe samartha hatA tyAre spenamAMthI khristI dharmanuM nikaMdana kADhavAne kadIye prayAsa karyAM hatA ? tamArA vaDavAe jyAre parAdhIna dazAmAM hatA tyAre temaNe temana chUTathI potAnI dhArmika kriyAo karavAnI paravAnagI nahetI. Apa ? baLajabarIthI dharma parivartana karAvavAnA thoDAghaNA dAkhalA hoya tAye te eTalA jUja che ke tenA ullekha karavAnI bhAgye ja jarUra hoya. khudA ane payagambaranA Dara na rAkhanArAoe evA prayatna karyA hatA ane ema karavAmAM teo kurAnanA pavitra siddhAMtA ane AjJAothI taddana viruddha varyAM che. musalamAnanuM ijjatadAra birada dharAvanAra kAI paNa vyakti pote dharmAM bhraSTa thayA vinA kurAnanA e siddhAMtA ane AnAnA bhaga na karI zake. dharma saMbaMdhI bhinna mAnyatA hovAne kAraNe sthApavAmAM AvelI tamArA ikvijhizanane kaMIka aMze pazu maLatI AvatI lohItarasI vidhipuraHsaranI adAlata tame amArI vyavasthAmAM darzAvI zakaze nahiM. amArA dharmanA aMgIkAra karavAnI icchAvALAone vadhAvI levA mATe ame haMmezAM tatpara chIe e kharuM, paraMtu amAruM kurAne zarIpha manuSyanA aMtarAtmA upara jabaradastI karavAnI amane paravAnagI ApatuM nathI. ' 402 Ama, dhArmi ka sahiSNutA ane aMtarAtmAnI svataMtratA je hiMdI jIvananAM pradhAna lakSaNo hatAM te amuka aMze ApaNAmAMthI lupta thayAM, jyAre aneka laDatA pachI A siddhAMtonI sthApanA karavAmAM yuropa ApaNI haraLamAM AvyuM ane pachI ApaNI AgaLa nIkaLI gayuM. Aje hiMdamAM kadI kadI dhArmika jhaghaDA thAya che ane hiMdu tatha musalamAna ekabIjA sAme laDe che ane ekabIjAnI katala kare che.

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adhikAravAda sAmenI laData 403 e kharuM che ke AvuM cita ane kaI kaI jagyAe ja bane che ane ghaNuMkharuM ApaNe sulehazAMti ane bhAIcArAthI rahIe chIe; kemake bannenuM sAcuM hita eka ja che. dharmane nAme pitAnA bhAI sAthe laDavuM e hiMdu temaja musalamAna baMne mATe zaramajanaka che. ApaNe evA jhaghaDAone aMta ANavo joIe ane ApaNe e aMta lAvIzuM e viSe zaka nathI. paraMtu dharmane svAMga dhAraNa karIne ApaNane jakaDI rAkhatI rUDhio, vahema tathA paraMparAnI saMkIrNa vicArazreNImAMthI nIkaLI javuM e khAsa mahattvanuM che. - dhArmika sahiSNutAnI peThe rAjakIya svAtaMtryanI bAbatamAM paNa hiMdustAne bahu sArI zarUAta karI hatI. ApaNAM grAma-prajAtaMtranuM tane smaraNa haze tathA AraMbhamAM rAjAonI sattA paNa keTalI badhI maryAdita hatI te tane yAda haze. yuropanA rAjAonA "devI adhikAra" jevuM ahIM kazuM nahotuM. ApaNuM samagra rAjataMtra grAma-svAtaMtryanA pAyA upara racAyeluM hovAthI rAjA koNa che e bAbatamAM ke beparavA hatA. temanI sthAnika svataMtratA surakSita hoya pachI rAjataMtranI Toca upara temanA uparI adhikArI koNa che enI temane zI paDI hoya ? paraMtu A khyAla jokhamakAraka ane bevakUphIbhareluM hatuM. dhIme dhIme rAjataMtranI Toca paranA sattAdhIze pitAnI sattA vadhArI ane gAmanI svataMtratAnI bAbatamAM teNe dakhala karavA mAMDI. ane pachI te evo samaya Avyo ke, ApaNuM rAjAo bilakula Apakhuda thaI gayA, grAma svarAjyane aMta Avyo ane TocathI taLiyA sudhI kyAMye svataMtratAnuM nAmanizAna na rahyuM.

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72 madhyayugane aMta 2 julAI, 1972 terathI paMdaramI sadInA yurepa upara ApaNe pharIthI najara pheravI jaIe. e kALa daramyAna tyAM AgaLa bahu bhAre aMdhera, hiMsA ane laDAITaMTA hoya ema jaNAya che. e samaye hiMdustAnanI sthiti paNa bahu kharAba hatI, paraMtu yuropanI sthitinI sarakhAmaNImAM te hiMdanI sthiti ApaNane sulehazAMtibharI lAge. maMgala leke e yuropamAM dArUgoLo dAkhala karyo ane have tyAM bajUka vagere anno vaparAvA lAgyAM hatAM. pitAnA baMDakhora yUDala umarAne dAbI devAmAM rAjAoe e hathiyArone upayoga karyo. A kAryamAM temane zaheromAM navA UbhA thayelA vepArI varganI sahAya maLI. umarAne paraspara ekabIjA sAme laDavAnI Adata paDI gaI hatI. ethI karIne teo nabaLA paDatA gayA e kharuM, paraMtu e laDAIone lIdhe AsapAsanA sAmAnya lekanI bhAre herAnagatI thatI. rAjAnI sattA vadhatI gaI tema tema teNe umarAvonI A Apa ApanI laDAIo baMdha karI dIdhI. keTaleka ThekANe te rAjyagAdIne dAvo karatA be harIpha pakSe vacce AMtarayuddho paNa thatAM. A rIte ke kuLa ane leMkesTara kuLa e be kuLo vacce IMglaMDamAM laDAI thaI. baMne pakSe gulAbanA phUlane pitAnuM nizAna banAvyuM hatuM -eka pakSe dhoLA gulAbane ane bIjAe rAtA gulAbane. - tethI karIne A yuddho gulAbanAM yuddho tarIke oLakhAya che. A AMtarayuddhomAM saMkhyAbaMdha phayUDala oNrDa athavA umara mAryA gayA, jheDe paNa temanAmAMnA ghaNAne bhoga lIdho hato. A rIte phayUDala umarane kAbUmAM ANavAmAM AvyA. paNa eno artha e nathI ke sattA umarA pAsethI khasIne janatAnA hAthamAM gaI. ethI karIne te rAjAo vadhAre baLavAna banyA. janatAnI te lagabhaga asala hatI tevI ja dazA rahI. umarAnI mAhamAMhenI laDAIo ochI thavAthI temane kaMIka lAbha thaye khare paraMtu rAjA

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405 madhyayugane aMta dhIme dhIme vadhAre ne vadhAre sattAdhArI tathA Apakhuda banate gayo. rAjA ane navA UbhA thayelA vepArI varga vacce jhaghaDe have pachI upasthita thanAra hatA. - 1348nI sAlanA arasAmAM yuropamAM plegano upadrava phATI nIkaLe. yuddha ane khUnarejI karatAM paNa te vadhAre bhISaNa hatuM. raziyA ane eziyAmAinarathI mAMDIne AkhA yuropa upara ane cheka iMglaMDa sudhI A marakI phelAIe mIsara, uttara AphrikA ane madhya eziyAmAM pharI vaLI ane pachI pazcima tarapha phelAI. e "kALI marakI" (bleka Detha)ne nAme oLakhAya che ane eNe lAkhkhonI saMkhyAmAM lekene bhoga lIdhe. ene lIdhe iMglaMDanI trIjA bhAganI vasatI nAza pAmI. cIna ane bIjA pradezanI maraNasaMkhyA te ethIye ghaNI vadhAre hatI. A marakI hiMdamAM na AvI e kharekhara AzcaryakAraka che. A kAramI Aphatane lIdhe vasatI atizaya ghaTI gaI ane keTaleka ThekANe te jamIna kheDavA jeTalA mANaso paNa jIvatA na rahyA. mANasanI A khoTane kAraNe majUronA majUrInA dare je pahelAM atizaya kaMgALa hatA te vadhavA pAmyA. paraMtu pArlAmenTano kAbU jamInadAro ane milakata dharAvanArAonA hAthamAM hatA. eTale temaNe jUnA kaMgALa darathI kAma karavAnI ane vadhAre majUrInI mAgaNuM na karavAnI pharaja pADatA kAyadA pasAra karyA. sahana na thaI zake eTalI hada sudhI kacaDAyelA ane sAtA garIba kisAnoe baMDa karyo. eka pachI eka AkhA pazcima yuropamAM AvAM kisAnonAM baDe thayAM. 1358nI sAlamAM krAMsamAM AvuM baMDa thayuM te "jekerI ne nAme oLakhAya che. IgleMDamAM voTa sTAIlaranuM baMDa thayuM. temAM 1381nI sAlamAM TAIlarane pratyakSa rAjAnI AgaLa ja mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. A badhAM baMDe zamAvI devAmAM AvyAM ane keTaleka ThekANe tema karavAmAM atizaya karatA dAkhavavAmAM AvI. paraMtu samAnatAnA navIna vicAre dhIme dhIme phelAtA jatA hatA. le ke evuM pUchavA lAgyA hatA ke, bIjA keTalAka tavaMgara che ane temanI pAse dareka vastu akhUTa pramANamAM che ane pote garIba kema che tathA bhUkhe zAthI mare che? keTalAka larDa athavA umarAva che ane bIjAo sarpha eTale ke, AsAmI athavA dAsa che e zAthI? keTalAka pAse suMdara kapaDAM che jyAre bIjAo pAse lAja DhAMkavA pUratAM cIMtharAM paNa kema nathI ? jenA pAyA upara samagra phaDala samAja-vyavasthA racAyelI

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| jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzona hatI te sattAne vaza rahevAnA jUnA khyAla zithila thatA jatA hatA. ethI kisAno vAraMvAra khaMDa karavA lAgyA. paraMtu te kamajora ane asaMgaThita hatA eTale temane dabAvI devAmAM AvatA. paNa thoDA vakhata pachI te vaLI pAchA sAme thatA. iMgleMDa ane phrAMsa vacce satata laDAI cAlyAM ja karatI hatI. 14mI sadInA AraMbhathI mAMDIne 15mI sadInA vacagALA sudhI temanI vacce vigraha cAlu rahyo hatA. e 'so varasano vigraha 'nA nAmathI oLakhAya che. phrAMsanI pUrvamAM baMDI AveluM hatuM. e baLavAna rAjya hatuM. enA upara phrAMsanA rAjAnuM nAmanuM sarvoparIpaNuM hatuM. bagaDI bhAre tophAnI ane takalIph ApanAra khaMDiyuM rAjya hatuM. vaLI iMgleMDa enI sAthe tathA khIjA rAjyo sAthe phrAMsa viruddha kAvAdAvA karatuM hatuM. thoDA vakhata mATe te! phrAMsane badhI bAjuethI gherI levAmAM AvyuM hatuM. pazcima phrAMsanA ghaNAkharA pradeza lAMbA vakhata sudhI iMgleMDanA tAbAmAM hatA, ane iMglaMDano rAjA potAne krAMsanA rA1 kahevaDAvavA lAgyo hatA. jyAre krAMsanI dazA atizaya dIna banI gaI ane tene mATe jarAye AsAnuM cihna dekhAtuM na hatuM te ghaDIe eka kheDUtakanyAnA rUpamAM AzA ane vijaya prApta thayAM. tuM jona epha Arka athavA tA le AnI kumArikA viSe thoDuM te jANe che. te tAre mana eka vibhUti samAna che. teNe hatAza thaI gayelI potAnI prajAmAM AtmavizvAsanA saMcAra karyAM ane tene bhAre puruSArtha karavAne prerI; tathA tenI saradArI nIce phreMca prajAe a Mgrejone potAnA dezamAMthI hAMkI kADhayA. paraMtu A badhAne badalA tene A maLyo : skvijhizana samakSa tene mukadmA calAvavAmAM Avyo ane e adAlate tene bALI mUkavAnI sajA pharamAvI. aMgreja lokAe tene pakaDI lIdhI ane ca pAse temaNe tene zikSA karAvI ane rUena zaheranA cauTAnA cekamAM 1430nI sAlamAM temaNe tene bALI mUkI. ghaNAM varaso pachI rAmana carce potAnA A phesalA pheravI pote karelI bhUla sudhAravAno prayAsa karyAM; ane e pachI ghaNA samaya bAda teNe tene 'sata 'nI pratiSTA paNu a[ ! jona phrAMsanI ane potAnI mAtRbhUmine videzIonI dhUMsarImAMthI bacAvavAnI vAto karatI hatI. te kALa mATe A vAta navIna prakAranI hatI. e samaye DyUDala vyavasthAnA khyAlothI leAkeAnAM mAnasa eTalAM badhAM vyApta hatAM rASTrIyatAnI vAta teo samajI zake ema na hatuM. AthI jena je

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madhyayugane aMta 407 : vAta karatI hatI te sAMbhaLI temane navAI lAgatI ane tenI vAta teo bhAgye ja samajI zakatA. jenanA samayathI kAMsamAM rASTrIyatAno alpa AraMbha thate ApaNane jaNAya che. - aMgreja lokone potAnA dezamAMthI hAMkI kADhyA pachI krAMsane rAjA pitAne kAyama kanaDagata karatA bargaDI tarapha vaLyo. Akhare A baLavAna khaMDiyA rAjyane kAbU nIce lAvavAmAM AvyuM ane 1483nI sAlamAM bagaDI krAMsane ja bhAga banI gayuM. krAMsane rAjA have baLavAna bane che. pitAnA badhA phyuDala umarAne teNe kAM te cagadI nAkhyA athavA te vaza kya. bargaDIne phrAMsamAM samAveza thatAM phrAMsa ane jarmanI ekabIjAnI aDoaDa AvI gayAM. temanI sImAo ekabIjAne sparzatI hatI. paraMtu phrAMsa baLavAna ane kendrita rAjya hatuM jyAre jarmanI nabaLuM hatuM ane te nAnAM nAnAM aneka rAjyomAM vaheMcAyeluM hatuM. iMglaDa skoTaleMDane jItI levAno paNa prayatna karatuM hatuM. temanI vacce paNa lAMbA vakhata sudhI laDAI cAlI ane skaoNTalaeNnDa ghaNuMkharuM iMgleMDa viruddha kAMsane pakSe rahetuM. 1314nI sAlamAM raoNbarTa bUsanI saradArI nIce skoTa lokee bene kabarnanI laDAImAM aMgrejone harAvyA hatA. AthI paNa AgaLa, bAramI sadImAM aMgrejoe AyarlenDa jItI levAnI koziza AraMbhI. e vAtane sAtaso varasa thaI gayAM. tyArathI mAMDIne AyarlenDamAM vAraMvAra yuddho ane baMDa thatAM rahyAM che ane trAsa, julama ane atyAcAra cAlu rahyA che. A nAnakaDA deza videzI sattAne tAbe thavAne inkAra karyo ane pote kadIye tAbe thanAra nathI enI ghoSaNA karavA khAtara peDhI dara peDhI baMDa pokAryuM. 13mI sadImAM yuropanA bIjA eka nAnakaDA rASTra-svitjharalenDe-- pitAnI svataMtratAnA dAvAnI ghoSaNA karI. e pavitra remana sAmrAjyane eka bhAga hatuM ane tenA upara sTriyAnI hakUmata hatI. viliyama Tela tathA tenA putranI vAta to meM vAMcI ja haze; paraMtu ghaNuMkharuM e vAta sAcI gaNunI nathI. paraMtu eka moTA sAmrAjya sAme svIsa kheDUtoe pikArele baLa tathA tenI sattAne vaza thavAne temaNe karela inkAra e te ethIye vizeSa AzcaryakAraka che. prathama to traNa paragaNAoe baLave karyo ane 1291nI sAlamAM temaNe temanA kahevA mujaba "ciraMjIva saMdha" (evaralasTiMga lIga)nI sthApanA karI. pachI

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408 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bIjA paragaNAM paNa temanI sAthe joDAyAM ane 1499nI sAlamAM sviTjharalaeNnDa svataMtra prajAtaMtra banyuM. judAM judAM paragaNAMnuM te samavAyataMtra hatuM ane te svIsa samavAyataMtra kahevAtuM hatuM. pahelI oNgasTane divase sviTajharalaeNnDamAM parvatanI Toca upara ApaNe hoLInI peThe saLagatI vALA joI hatI te tane yAda che? svIsa lokone e rASTrIya dina ane temanI krAMtinA AraMbhanI jayaMtI hatI. te samaye AsTriyAnA rAjAnI sAme baMDa pokAravAnA saketa mATe AvI hoLI pragaTAvavAmAM AvI hatI. pUrva yuropamAM kaoNnsTenTinopalanI zI dazA hatI ? tane yAda haze ke laeNTina krUjheDaroe 1204nI sAlamAM A zahera grIkA pAsethI jItI lIdhuM hatuM. 1261nI sAlamAM grIka lokoe temane hAMkI kADhavA ane temaNe pUrvanA sAmrAjyanI pharIthI sthApanAM karI. paraMtu ethIye mATe jo bhaya temanA tarapha AvI rahyo hato. je samaye magAla lokeA eziyAmAM AgaLa dharye jatA hatA - tyAre pacAsa hajAra ATAmana yA usmAnI turko temanAthI judA paDI gayA hatA. teo usmAna nAmanA pUrvaja athavA to rAjyavaMzanA sthApakanA vaMzamAMthI UtarI AvelA potAne gaNAvatA. tethI karIne teo usmAnI tu kahevAtA. A usmAnI turkAe pazcima eziyAmAM selluka turkAne Azaro lIdho. beljIka turkA nabaLA paDatA gayA tema tema usmAnI tu baLavAna thatA gayA hoya ema jaNAya che. usmAnI turkA cotarapha phelAtA gayA. temanI pahelAM bIjA ghaNAe karyuM hatuM tema kaoNnsTAnTinopala upara hallA karavAne khale e zaheranI pAse thaI ne pasAra thaI 13pa3nI sAlamAM temaNe yuropamAM praveza karyAM. teo jhapATAbhera phelAI gayA ane balgeriyA tathA sarbiyAno kabanne laI DriyAne palane temaNe potAnI rAjadhAnI banAvI. Ama kaoNnsTAntinepalanI baMne bAjue yuropa tathA eziyAmAM usmAnI sAmrAjya phelAyuM. e kAnsTAnTinopalanA cetarapha paNa pharI vaLyuM. paraMtu te zahera tenI bahAra rahyuM . paNa hajAra varasanA purANA ane gauravazALI pUrvanA romana sAmrAjyamAMthI e zahera sivAya lagabhaga khIjuM kazuM ja rahyu nahotuM. tu leke pUrvanA sAmrAjyane ohiyAM karatA jatA hatA chatAMye sulatAno tathA samrATo vacce mitratAbharyAM sabaMdho hoya ema jaNAya che. temanA kuTu MbomAM paraspara lagnavyavahAra paNa cAlu hato. Akhare 1457nI sAlamAM konsTAtopala

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madhyayuganA aMta 409 turkInA hAthamAM gayuM. have ApaNe usmAnI turkAnI ja vAta karIzuM kemake sejIka turkA have itihAsanA citrapaTa uparathI vidAya le che. ghaNA vakhatathI kaoNnsTanTanopalanA patananI ghaDIo gaNAtI hatI chatAMe e banAva banyo tyAre tenAthI AkhuM yuropa hAlI Ucu. enuM patana eTale ke eka hajAra varasa purANA pUrvanA grIka sAmrAjyane aMtima nAza. vaLI enA artha e paNa kharo ke yuropa upara musalamAnonI bIjI caDAI tu lakA to AgaLa ne AgaLa phelAtA ja gayA ane kadI kadI te evuM lAgatuM hatuM ke teo AkhA yuropane jItI leze. para Mtu viyenAnA dvAra AgaLa temane khALavAmAM AvyA. chaThThI sadImAM samrATa jasTIniyane bAMdhelA sata sAyiAnA mahAna devaLanI masIda banAvI tenuM nAma AyA sukriyA pADavAmAM AvyuM. vaLI tenA khajAnAne paNa lUMTI levAmAM Avyo. AthI yuropamAM bhAre khaLabhaLATa macyo paraMtu e bAbatamAM tenAthI kaMI paNa thaI zakayuM nahi. paraMtu tu sulatAno ArthAoNkasa grIka carca tarapha khUba udAra hatA ane hakIkata to ema che ke, kaeNnsTAnTinopalane lIdhA pachI sulatAna maha Mmada khIjAe rItasara jAhera karyuM ke, pote grIka caCnA rakSaka che. gauravazALI sulemAnanA nAmathI eLakhAtA e pachInA sulatAna to potAne pUrvanA samrATonA pratinidhi mAnatA ane teNe sIjharane ilakAba paNa dhAraNa karyAM hatA. prAcIna praNAlikAonI AvI zakti hoya che. jo kaoNnsTAnTinopalanA grIka lokone usmAnI turkA bahu aLakhAmaNA lAgyA hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. temaNe joyuM ke e prAcIna sAmrAjya te bhAMgatuM jatuM hatuM. popa ke pazcima yuropanA khristIo karatAM te tu lAkAne pasa Mda karatA. laeNTina krUjheDaranA temane anubhava kaDavA hatA. ema kahevAya che ke 1453nI sAlamAM kaoNnsTAnTinopalanA chellA gherA vakhate tyAMnA eka umarAve kahyu hatuM ke, * popanA mukuTa karatAM payaga MbaranI pAghaDI vadhAre sArI '. tu lAkAe viziSTa prakAranuM sainya UbhuM karyuM. te jAnisAra nAmathI oLakhAtuM. te potAnI khristI raiyata pAsethI eka prakAranA verA tarIke nAnAM nAnAM bALake letA ane temane khAsa tAlIma ApatA. kumaLI vayanA chokarAone potAnAM mAbApathI aLagA karavA e atizaya dhAtakI hatuM emAM zaMkA nathI, paraMtu e chokarAne ethI akhUTa

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana lAbha paNa maLatA. temane bahu sArI lazkarI tAlIma maLatI ane e rIte teo lazkarI umarA banatA. A jAMnisAra sanya turka sulatAnanA AdhArastaMbharUpa banyuM. jUnisAra zabda jAna (jIvana), ane nisAra (balidAna) uparathI banyuM che ane eno artha jIvananuM balidAna ApanAra e thAya che e ja rIte mIsaramAM paNa jAMnisArane maLatuM senya racavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. te "mAmelUka'nA nAmathI oLakhAtuM. te atizaya baLavAna banyuM ane badhI sattA tenA hAthamAM AvI paDI. ane e mAlUkAmAMthI ja keTalAka te mIsaranA sulatAna paNa banyA. kaoNnsTAnTinopala lIdhA pachI usmAnI sulatAnee temanA puragAmIonI eTale ke bAjhenTAIna samrATonI vilAsitA tathA durAcAra vagere kuTene vAraso paNa lIdhe. bAijhenTAIna lekenI adhogatie pahoMcelI sAmrAjya praNAlIe temane saMpUrNa rIte AvarI lIdhA ane dhIme dhIme temanI zakti paNa cUsI lIdhI. paNa thoDA vakhata sudhI te teo baLavAna rahyA ane khristI yuropa temanAthI DaratuM hatuM. temaNe mIsara jItI lIdhuM ane sattAhIna tathA nabaLA paDI gayelA abhyAsI samrATonA pratinidhi pAsethI khalIphane ilakAba chInavI lIdhe e vakhate khalIphane ilakAba hajI abbAsIe dhAraNa karatA hatA. e samayathI mAMDIne hamaNuM thoDA vakhata upara sudhI usmAnI sulatAne pitAne khalIpha kahevaDAvatA hatA. mustaphA kamAla pAzAe hamaNAM ja thoDA vakhata upara sulatAniyata ane khilAta e baMnene aMta ANe. kasTAnTinopalanA patanane divasa e yuropanA ItihAsamAM atizaya mahattvane divasa che. e divase eka yuga pUre che ane bIjAne AraMbha thaye ema mAnavAmAM Ave che. have madhyayugane aMta Ave che. eka hajAra varasanA aMdhakAra yugane paNa have aMta Ave che ane yuropamAM navA jIvana ane navI zaktine taravarATa sarvatra najare paDe che. ene punarjAgrati (renesAMsa)ne AraMbha athavA to vidyA ane kaLAnA navajIvananI zarUAta kahevAmAM Ave che. janatA jANe lAMbI UMghamAMthI jAgatI hoya ema lAgyuM ane gauravanI parAkASTAe pahoMcelA sadIo pahelAMnA prAcIna grIsa tarapha teNe pitAnI najara doDAvI ane tenI pAsethI preraNA prApta karI. jene carca uttejana ApatuM hatuM evI gamagInIbharI ane gAMbhIryapUrNa jIvanadaSTi tathA manuSyanA AtmAne

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madhyayuganA aMta 411 jakaDI rAkhatI zRMkhalA pratye bhAre mAnasika virodha phATI nIkaLyA. prAcIna grIkAmAM hatA tevA sau mATenA prema jAgrata thayA. yuropa citrakaLA; zilpa ane sthApatyanI ramya kRtiothI khIlI UThayuM. alabata, A badhuM kevaLa kaoNnsTAnTinepalanA patanathI ekAeka udbhavyuM naheAtuM. ema mAnavuM e te narI mUrkhAi che. e zaherane turkAe kabajo lIdhA ethI karIne A parivartanane thADA vega maLyo e kharu; kemake ene pariNAme sa MkhyAbaMdha paMDito ane vidvAno e zahera tajIne pazcima tarapha gayA. je samaye pazcima yuropa tenI kadara karavAnI mAnasika dazAmAM hatuM tyAre teo iTAlImAM potAnI sAthe moka sAhityanA khajAne letA AvyA. A rIte e zaheranA patane punarjAgrati athavA navanane yuga zarU karavAmAM kaIka phALA ApyA. paraMtu e mahAna parivartana mATe to e mAtra najIvuM kAraNa hatuM. prAcIna grIka sAhitya tathA klisUrI e iTAlI ke madhyayugIna pazcima yuropa mATe navIna vastu nahotI. e samaye paNa vidyApITheAmAM enA abhyAsa thato hato ane vidvAne enAthI paricita hatA. paraMtu ene paricaya jAja mAsAmAM ja piramita hatA ane te samayanI pracalita jIvanaSTi sAthe tene meLa khAtA nahAtA, eTale tene phelAve thaye nahi. leAkeAnA mAnasamAM saMzayane saMcAra thatAM dhIme dhIme navIna vanadRSTi mATenI bhUmikA taiyAra thaI. pracalita vastusthitithI te asa MtuSTa banyA hatA ane temane vadhAre sataSa ane samAdhAna Ape evI vastu mATe teo kheAja calAvI rahyA hatA. jyAre te sa Mzaya ane apekSAnI A mAnasika avasthAmAM hatA tyAre grIsanuM prAcIna 'paeNgana' tattvajJAna temane hAtha lAgyuM ane grIsanA sAhityanuM paNa temaNe A pAna karyuM. AthI teo je zAdhatA hatA te ja vastu temane lAdhI gaI ema temane lAgyuM ane e zeAdhe temane utsAhathI bharI dIdhA. A punarjAgrati yA navajIvanane prathama AraMbha iTAlImAM thayA. pachI te krAMsa, IMgleMDa ane anyatra prasarI. A kevaLa grIka tattvajJAna ke sAhityanI punaHprapti ja nahotI. e to enA karatAM anekagaNI mATI ane vyApaka vastu hatI. e to dhaNA lAMbA samayathI yuropamAM cAlI rahelI AMtarika prakriyAne AviSkAra mAtra hato. A maMthanamAMthI aneka vastu udbhavavAnI hatI. punarjAgrati athavA navajIvanana saMcAra e temAMnI eka hatI.

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73 dariyAI mArgonI zeAdha 3 julAI, 1932 yuropanA itihAsamAM have ApaNe eve TAMkaNe AvI pahoMcya chIe ke jyAre tyAM AgaLa madhyayugIna duniyA paDI bhAMgavA mAMDe che ane tene ThekANe navI samAjavyavasthA udbhave che. meAbUda paristhiti paratve tyAM AgaLa asatoSa ane aNagamo pedA thAya che ane evI lAgaNI parivartana tathA pragatinI janetA bane che. DyUDala vyavasthA ane dharmatatrathI je je vargo cusAtA hatA te badhA asaMtuSTa banyA hatA. ApaNe AgaLa joyuM ke kheDUta lokA Thera Thera khaMDa karatA hatA. paraMtu kheDUtavarga hajI bahu pachAta ane lAcAra hato, eTale A DAthI tene kazo lAbha na thayA. temane divasa hajI have pachI AvavAnA hatA. kharo jhaghaDo to jUnA cUDala varga ane jAgrata thaI gayelA tathA baLavAna banatA jatA navA madhyama varga athavA bUjhvAjhI vacce hatA. cUDala vyavasthAmAM saMpattino AdhAra jamIna upara hatA sAcuM kahIe te jamIna e ja saMpatti hatI. paNa have aa navIna prakAranI saMpatti ekaThI thavA lAgI hatI ane te jamInamAMthI pedA thatI nahotI. e vepArarojagAra ane pAkA mAla anAvavAnA vyavasAyamAMthI pedA thatI hatI. ene lIdhe navA madhyama vane athavA mUjhavAjhI eTale ke bhadralokane bhAre lAbha thayA ane pariNAme te baLavAna banyA. A jhaghaDA to ghaNA jUnA hato paNa have ane pakSanI paristhitimAM thayelo palaTA ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. phyUDala vyavasthA hajI cAlu hatI paraMtu teNe bacAvanI nIti akhatyAra karI hatI. madhyama vargane potAnA navA baLamAM vizvAsa hatA ane te have AkramaNAtmaka valaNa dhAraNa kare che. A laData seMkaDo varasa sudhI cAlu rahe che ane temAM madhyama varganI uttarottara jIta thatI jAya che. yuropanA judA judA dezomAM A laData bhinna bhinna svarUpa dhAraNa kare che. pUrva yuropamAM hajI evA jhaghaDA jevuM kazuM dekhAtuM nathI. madhyama varga pahelavahelA pazcima yuropamAM AgaLa Ave che.

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dariyAI mArgonI zeAdha 413 jUnI zRMkhalAo tUTavAne kAraNe vijJAna, kaLA, sAhitya, sthApatya tathA navI navI zodhakheALA vagere aneka dizAomAM pragati thaI. manuSyanA AtmA potAnAM baMdhano toDI nAkhe che tyAre hamezAM Ama te che.... tyAre tenA vikAsa thAya che ane te vyApaka bane che. e ja rIte jyAre ApaNane svataMtratA lAdhaze tyAre ApaNI prajA tathA ApaNI pratibhAne vikAsa thaze ane te cotarapha phelAze. lokamAnasa uparanA carcIne kAbU kSINu ane zithila thato jAya che tema tema leAkA devaLA ane maTho bAMdhavAmAM AchA paisA kharacatA thAya che. aneka ThekANe suMdara imArato caNAya che e kharuM paNa te mahAjanagRhA ane khIjI evA prakAranI ja imAratA hoya che. sthApatyanI gAthika paddhati paNa have vidAya thAya che ane tene ThekANe navI paddhati vikase che. A ja arasAmAM eTale ke jyAre yuropa navI zaktithI UbharAI rahyuM hatuM tyAre pUmAMthI suvarNanuM AkarSaNa AvyuM. mArkA polA tathA hiM ane cInamAM gayelA khIjA pravAsIonAM vaNutAe yurepanA lokeAnI kalpanAne bahulAvI mUkI ane pUrvanI A aDhaLaka dolatanI uttejanAe ghaNA lakAne dariyA kheDavA tarapha preryAM. e ja TAMkaNe kaoNnsTAnTinopalanuM paNa patana thayuM. pUrva tarapha javAnA jamIna tathA dariyAI mAryAMnA kAbU turkInA hAthamAM gayo ane te vepArarojagArane jhAjhuM uttejana ApatA nahAtA. moTA moTA vepArIe ane sodAgare AthI akaLAyA tathA pUrvanuM sonuM hAtha karavA mAgata sAhisakAnA navA UbhA thayelA varga paNa ethI ciDAyA. ethI karIne pUnA suvarNamaya dezomAM paheAMcavAnA navA mArgo khALI kADhavAnI temaNe kAziza karavA mAMDI. pRthvI gALa che ane te sUryanI AsapAsa kare che e te Aje nizALe jatI nAnakaDI bALA paNa jANe che. ApaNA badhAMne mATe Aje e binA bilakula spaSTa che. paraMtu jUnA kALamAM e vastu eTalI spaSTa nahatI; ane je lekA e mAnavAnI ke kahevAnI dhRSTatA karatA teo ca taraphathI AphatamAM AvI paDatA. paraMtu carcInA dhAkanI uparavaTa thaIne paNa pRthvI goLa che e hakIkata leAkeA vadhAre ne vadhAre mAnavA lAgyA. jo pRthvI geALa hAya to pachI pazcima tarapha AgaLa ne AgaLa jatAM cIna tathA hi MdustAna pahoMcI zakAya. keTalAka leAkA Ama

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jagatanA itihAsanuM' rekhAdarzana vicAratA thayA hatA. bIjA keTalAka AphrikAnI te karIne hiMdu pahoMcavAnuM vicAratA hatA. tAre dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke te samaye suejhanI nahera naheAtI ane bhUmadhya samudramAM thaI te vahANA rAtA samudramAM jaIM zakatAM nahotAM. bhUmadhya samudra ane rAtA samudra vacce mAla tathA sAmAna dhaNuMkharuM UMTa para lAdIne jamIna mArge mAkalavAmAM AvatA ane tyAMthI te khIjI bAjunAM navAM vahANo upara caDAvavAmAM AvatA. Ama mAlanI pherabadalI karavI e kadIye sagavaDabhayuM nahotuM lekhAtuM. mIsara ane sIriyA turkAnA aMjAmAM AvatAM A mA ethIye vizeSa kaparI banyA. 14 paraMtu hiMdustAnanA dolatanuM AkarSaNa lekAne lalacAvatuM ane uttejita karatuM ja rahyuM. spena tathA porTugAle navA navA mulako zeAdhI kADhavAnI sapharImAM pahela karI. e samaye spena greneDAmAMthI raghAsahyA mUra athavA te meresana lokAne hAMkI kADhavAmAM rekAyuM hatuM. eNregAnanA pharDanAMDa tathA kaeNsTAIlanI ijhAyelAnA lagnathI khristI spena ekatra thayuM ane kaoNnsTAnTane palate turkAe kabajo lIdho tyAra pachI lagabhaga pacAsa varasa bAda 1492nI sAlamAM greneDA paNa AronA hAthamAMthI gayuM. spena tarata ja yuropanuM mahAna khristI rAjya banyuM. porTugIjha yA phiraMgI lAkAe pUrva tarapha ane spenanA lakAe pazcima tarapha javAnA prayatna karyAM. 1445nI sAlamAM phira`gIe vaDenI bhUzira zeAdhIne e dizAmAM prathama bhAre prati sAdhI. A bhUzira AphrikAnA cheka pazcimanA cheDe che, tu AphrikAnA nakazA joze to tane jaNAze ke yuropathI A bhUzira tarapha saphara karatA mANasane naiRtya khUNA tarapha vahANu haMkAravuM paDe che. vaDenI bhUziranI aNInI pharate pharIne te agni khUNA tarapha javA lAge che. A bhUziranI zodha e bhAre AzAjanaka cihna hatuM kAraNake ene lIdhe leAkAne vizvAsa beTho ke AphrikAnI kate karIne teo hiMdu tarapha jaI zakaze. Ama chatAM paNa AphrikAnI pradakSiNA barAbara thaI te pahelAM cAlIsa varasAvahI gayAM. 1486nI sAlamAM bIjo eka phira gI bAleimiyu DiyAjha AphrikAnI cheka dakSiNanI aNI je hAla 'kepa oNpha guDa hopa"nA nAmathI ekaLakhAya che tyAM sudhI pahoMcyo. thADAM varaso pachI vAsko-DI-gAmA nAmanA bIjo eka phiraMgI. A zeAdhane

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dariyAI mArgonI zodha 15 lAbha laI kapa oNpha guDa hopa thaIne hiMdustAnamAM AvyuM. 1498nI sAlamAM vAsko DI gAmA malabAra kinArAnA kAlIkaTa baMdare pahoMcyA. Ama hiMdustAna pahoMcavAnI harIphAImAM phiraMgIo jItI gayA. paraMtu e daramyAna duniyAnI bIjI bAjue bhAre banAva banI rahyA hatA ane ethI karIne spenane phAyado thavAne hate. 149nI sAlamAM krisTophara kolaMbasa amerikA pahoMcyuM hatuM. liMbasa chane A zaherane eka garIba AdamI hatuM ane pRthvI goLa che evuM mAnate hoI pazcima tarapha vahANa haMkAratAM haMkAratAM te jApAna ane hiMda pahoMcavA mAgatuM hatuM. paraMtu tenI e saphara jeTalI lAMbI nIvaDI teTalI lAMbI nIvaDaze evI tene kalpanA nahotI. tenI A zodhakhoLa mATenI sapharamAM sahAya karavAnuM ekAda rAjAne samajAvavAno prayatna kare te aneka rAjadarabAramAM rakhaDyo. Akhare spenanAM rAjArANuM pharDinAnDa tathA ijhAbelAe tene madada ApavAnuM kabUla karyuM ane kelaMbasa traNa nAnAM vahANe tathA 88 mANase laIne pitAnI saphare nIkaLI paDyo. ajJAta taraphanI A vIratAbharI sAhasika saphara hatI; kemake AgaLa upara zuM che enI koIne kazI ja mAhitI nahatI. paNa kolaMbasanA hRdayamAM zraddhA hatI ane tenI e zraddhA vAlmI TharI. agaNetera divasa sudhI samudramAM saphara karyA pachI temane jamIna patto lAge. kolaMbase mAnyuM ke tene jaDelI bhUmi hiMdustAna che. paraMtu kharI rIte to te vesTa InDijha TApuomAne eka TApu hatuM. kolaMbasa TheTha amerikA khaMDa sudhI paNa nahete pahoMcyA ane te te jIvyA tyAM sudhI ema ja mAnatA hatA ke pite eziyA pahoMcyuM hatuM. tenI A vicitra prakAranI bhUla Aja sudhI cAlu rahI che. Aje paNa e TApuo vesTa inDijha eTale ke hiMdanI pazcima taraphanA TApuo kahevAya che ane amerikAnA mULa vatanIone Aje paNa InDiyansa athavA hiMdavAsIo athavA reDa InDiyansa eTale rAtA hiMdIo kahevAmAM Ave che. kolaMbasa yuropa pAcho pharyo ane vadhAre vahANa laIne bIje varase pharIthI pAcho saphare nIkaLyo. hiMda javAnA navA mArganI A zodhe- te vakhate te kalaMbase hiMdane jaLamArga zo ema ja manAtuM hatuM- yuropamAM bhAre khaLabhaLATa macAvI mUkyo. A pachI ja vAsko-da-gAmAe pUrva taraphanI pitAnI saphara AdarI ane te kAlIkaTa baMdare pahoMcyo. pUrva tathA pazcimamAM navA navA mulakanI zodhanI

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13 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana * , C arethI yuropanI e uttejanA vadhu tIvra banI. A navA mulA upara Adhipatya jamAvavA mATe spena tathA porTugAla e baMnene harIphAI hatI. emAM pApa vacce paDayo ane spena tathA porTugAla vaccenA jhaghaDA TALavA khIjI prajAone bhAge AdAya dAkhavavAnA nizcaya upara te Avyo. 1497nI sAlamAM teNe eka ' khula ' (pharamAna ) ~ popanI jAherAto tathA kramAnA kaNajANe zA kAraNe ' khula ' kahevAya che ---- bahAra pADayuM. ene khula oNpha DimArkezana 'eTale sImAniyanuM pharamAna kahevAmAM Ave che. teNe eNjhAsathI pazcime 100 lIga ( 1 lIga=3 mAila ) dUra uttara dhruvathI dakSiNa dhruva sudhI jatI eka kArpAnaka rekhA dorI ane pharamAvyuM ke e rekhAthI pUrve AvelA badhA akhristI mulakA poTu gAle ane tenI pazcime AvelA badhA mulakA spene hAtha karavA. yuropa sivAyanI lagabhaga AkhI duniyAnI A jabaradasta bheTa hatI ane e bheTa ApavAmAM pApane saheja paNa ghasAvApaNuM nahetuM ! eNjhosa e AAMTika mahAsAgaranA TApu che ane temanAthI 100 lIga eTale ke 300 mAIla dUra, pazcime doravAmAM AvelI rekhAthI AkhA uttara amerikA ane ghaNAkharA pazcima amerikA pazcima bhAgamAM jAya. Ama kharuM jotAM ane amerikA khaMDA spenane tathA hiMdustAna, cIna, jApAna tathA pUrvanA bIjA deza ane AkhA AphrikA khaMDa porTugAlane bheTa maLyAM ! A vistIrNa pradeza kabajo levAnuM phira gIe zarU karyuM. paNa e kA sAva sugama nahotuM. paraMtu e dizAmAM temaNe thoDI pragati karI ane te pUrva tarapha AgaLa vadhavA lAgyA. 1510nI sAlamAM te gAvA ane 1511nI sAlamAM malAyA dvipakalpamAM AvelA malAkAmAM paheAMcyA. e pachI thoDA vakhata bAda jAvA ane 1576nI sAlamAM te cIna pahoMcyA. ene artha e nathI ke temaNe A badhAM sthAnA kabaje karyAM. mAtra emAMnAM keTalAMka sthaLeAe temaNe pagapesAro karyAM eTaluM ja. pUrvanA pradezenI temanI bhAvI kArakidI viSe have pachInA ekAda patramAM ApaNe carcA karIzuM. pUrva tarapha gayelA phiraMgIomAM DinAnDa maeNgelana nAmanA eka puruSa hato. tenA krUgI mAlika joDe tene jhADA thayA tethI te yuropa pAcho karyo ane spenane nAgarika banyo. te pUrva taraphanA mArge grupa oNk guDa hopa thaIne hiMdustAna tathA pUrva taraphanA TApuomAM jaI

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dariyAI mArgonI zodha 417 Avyo hato eTale have pazcima taraphanA mArge amerikA thaIne tyAM javA mAgatuM hatuM. kolaMbase je mulaka zodhI kADhyo hate te eziyA nathI evI ene ghaNuM karIne khabara hovI joIe. vaLI 1513nI sAlamAM bAbaA nAmane eka penavAsI madhya amerikAnA panAmAnA parvata oLaMgI prazAMta mahAsAgaramAM pahoMcyo hato. koNa jANe zA. kAraNe teNe ene dakSiNa samudra (sAutha sI) evuM nAma ApyuM ane tenA kAMThA upara UbhA rahIne e na samudra tathA tene lagate badhe mulaka pitAnA svAmIne eTale ke spenanA rAjAnI mAlakIne che evo dAvo karyo. 151nI sAlamAM maeNgelana pitAnI pazcima taraphanI saphare nIkaLI paDyo. pazcima taraphanI sapharamAM e sauthI bhAre saphara nIvaDavAnI hatI. tenI pAse pAMca vahANo ane ra70 mANase hatA. ATalAMTika mahAsAgara vIMdhIne te dakSiNa amerikA pahoMcyo ane tyAMthI te khaMDanI cheka dakSiNanI aNIe pahoMcatAM sudhI teNe dakSiNa tarapha ja pitAnI saphara cAlu rAkhI. mArgamAM tenuM eka vahANa bhAMgIne nAza pAmyuM ane bIjuM - eka tene choDI gayuM. have tenI pAse traNa vahANa rahyAM hatAM. A traNa vahANa sAthe dakSiNa amerikA khaMDa ane eka TApu vaccenI sAMkaDI sAmudradhunI pAra karIne te khaMDanI bIjI bAjune sparzatA vizALa sAgaramAM teNe praveza karyo. A prazAMta mahAsAgara hatuM. ATalAMTika mahAsAgarane mukAbale e bahu zAMta mahAsAgara hato tethI megelane tene pesiphika ozana eTale ke prazAMta mahAsAgara evuM nAma ApyuM. prazAMta mahAsAgaramAM pahoMcatAM tene cAra mAsa lAgyA. teNe oLaMgelI sAmudradhRnI tenA nAma uparathI Aje paNa maeNgelananI sAmudradhRnI tarIke oLakhAya che. pachI meMgelane bahAdurIpUrvaka uttara tarapha ane tyAra bAda ajJAta samudramAM vAyavya khUNAmAM pitAnI saphara cAlu rAkhI. tenI sapharano A saithI bhayaMkara bhAga hato. e saphara ATalI badhI lAMbI nIvaDaze evI kaIne kalpanA sarakhI paNa nahotI. lagabhaga cAra mAsa sudhI ane vadhAre cokakasa rIte kahevuM hoya te 108 divasa sudhI teo mahAsAgaranI vacce rahyA. temane khAvApIvAnA paNa sAMsA hatA. Akhare bhAre hADamArI veThavyA pachI teo philipAIna TApuo AgaLa AvI pahoMcyA. tyAM AgaLanA lekee temanA tarapha mitratAbharyuM valaNa dAkhavyuM ane temane khorAka vagere ApyuM tathA temaNe paraspara ekabIjAne bheTaserAta paNa ApI. paraMtu spenavAsIo vaDhakaNa ane mijAjI hatA. s-27

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4198 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana maMgelane tyAMnA me saradAre vaccenA navA jhaghaDAmAM bhAga lIdhA ane temAM te marAyA. temanA mijAjI valaNane lIdhe te TApuonA vatanIte hAthe ghaNA spenavAsAo marAyA. jyAMthI kImatI tejAnAe AvatA hatA te tejAnAnA TApuonI talAzamAM spenavAsI hatA. tenI zodhamAM teo AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhatA gayA. bIjA eka vahANune paNa tajI daI te temane te bALI mUkavuM paDayuM. have mAtra be ja vahANa bAkI rahyAM. have evA nirNIya karavAmAM Avyo ka temAMnuM eka prazAnta mahAsAgaramAM thaI ne spena pahoMce ane bIjuM kaipa oNpha guDa hopa thaI ne. paheluM vahANa bahu AgaLa na jaI zakayuM; kamake phiraMgI leAkAe te kabaje karyuM, paNa viTToriyA nAmanuM khIjAM vahANu AphrikAnI pradakSiNA karIne te saphare nIkaLyuM tyAra pachI traNa varasa bAda 1522nI sAlamAM 18 mANaso sAthe spenanA sevIla baMdare pahoMcyuM. teNe AkhI pRthvInI pradakSiNA karI hatI. duniyAnI pradakSiNA karanAra te paheluM vahANa hatuM. viTToriyAnI sara viSe meM jarA lakhAvI lakhyuM che kemake te adbhuta saphara hatI. Aje te ApaNe sukhasagavaDa ane ArAmathI riyA eLagIe chIe ane meTAM jahAjomAM besIne lAMbI saphara karIe chIe. paraMtu A AraMbhanA dariyAI saphara karanArAono vicAra karI jo. ajJAtamAM jhaMpalAvIne temaNe aneka sakaTo veThyAM tathA jokhameAnA sAmanA karyA ane temanI bhAvI peDhInA lAkA mATe dariyAI mArgo zodhI kADhyA. te samayanA spenavAsIo tathA phiraMgI loka garviSTha, millajI ane dhAtakI hatA, paraMtu temanI bahAdurI adbhuta hatI ane sAhasanI bhAvanAthI teo bharapUra hatA. jyAre maeNgelana pRthvInI pradakSiNA karI rahyo hato te samaye kArTa kisakA zaheramAM dAkhala thaI ne spenanA rAjA mATe AjhaTeka sAmrAjya htI rahyo hato. ene viSe tathA amerikAnI mAyA saMskRti viSe huM AgaLa upara kaMIka kahI gayo chuM. kArTe 1519nI sAlamAM maeNkisakA pahoMcyA. pijheza dakSiNa amerikAnA IMkA sAmrAjyamAM (hAla jyAM AgaLa peru che tyAM) 1530nI sAlamAM paheoMcyA. hiMmata, sAhasa, dagAbAjI ane dhAtakIpaNAno Azaro laI ne tathA tyAMnA lokAnA mAMheAmAMhenA jhaghaDAnA lAbha uThAvIne kATe tathA pijhere| e prAcIna sAmrAjyonA nAza karavAmAM tehamada thayA. paraMtu A baMne sAmrAjyo

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419 daciAI mArgonI zodha jarIpurANAM thaI gayAM hatAM ane keTalIka bAbatamAM te teo sAva prAthamika dazAmAM hatAM. AthI gaMjIphAnI ImAratanI piThe pahele ja dhake teo jamInadosta thaI gayAM. jyAM jyAM moTA meTA dhake ane nAvike gayA hatA tyAM tyAM temanI pAchaLa lUMTaphATa karavA tatpara evA sAhasikonAM ToLeToLAM gayAM. khAsa karIne spenanA tAbAnA amerikAne A lUMTArUonA ToLAMothI veThavuM paDyuM; temaNe te khuda kolaMbasa pratye paNa bahu kharAba vartana dAkhavyuM hatuM. enI sAthe sAthe mekisako ane perumAMthI spenamAM cAMdI tathA senAne avirata pravAha vahevA lAgyA. A rIte A kImatI dhAtuono aDhaLaka jo tyAM AgaLa AvyuM. ethI karIne AkhuM yuropa aMjAI gayuM ane pena yuropanuM prabhAvazALI rAjya banyuM. A senuM ane cAMdI yuropanA bIjA dezomAM paNa pasaryA ane e rIte pUrvanA dezanI vastuo kharIdavA mATe tyAM AgaLa aDhaLaka nANAMnI jogavAI thaI pagAla ane spenane maLelI saphaLatAthI svAbhAvika rIte ja yuropanA bIjA dezonA--khAsa karIne phrAMsa, IgleMDa, holeMDa tathA uttara jarmanInAM zaheranA lekanI kalpati uttejita thaI. prathama temaNe eziyA tathA amerikA pahoMcavAne uttara taraphano eTale ke nervenI uttarethI pUrva tarapha ane grInalaeNnDa thaIne pazcima tarapha javAno mArga zedhavA bhAre prayAsa kya. paraMtu emAM teo niSphaLa nIvaDayA ane temaNe jANItA dherI mArgone Azaro lIdhe. - jyAre duniyA jANe pitAnAM dvAra kholI rahI hatI ane pitAne bhaMDAra tathA ajAyabIo batAvI rahI hatI te samaya ke adbhuta haze! eka pachI eka navI navI zodhe thaye jatI hatI - mahAsAgare, navA khaDe ane amApa saMpatti ItyAdi jANeka dvAra khole" evA arthane koI jAduI maMtranI rAha joI rahyAM hatAM ema lAgatuM hatuM. te jamAnAnI havA paNa A sAhasonI jAduI asarathI vyApta banI gaI haze. Aje te duniyA sAMkaDI lAge che ane emAM have kaMI zedhAvAnuM bAkI rahyuM hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. ema lAge che kharuM, paNa vAstavika rIte ema nathI; kemaMka vijJAne zodhakhoLa mATe navAM navAM ati vizALa kSetro khullA karyA che. emAM zodhakhoLa ane sAhasa mATe pUrepUre avakAza che. khAsa karIne Aje hiMdustAnamAM te ene mATe khUba avakAza che !

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74 maMgala sAmrAjyanuM bhAMgI paDavuM 9 julAI, 1932 madhyayuga vItI gayo tathA yuropamAM navuM cetana pragaTayuM ane tene pariNAme je navI zakti udbhavI te jude jude aneka mArgo phUTI nIkaLI e viSe meM tane lakhyuM che. yurepa pravRtti ane sarjaka prayAsethI UbharAtuM jaNAya che. saikAo sudhI nAnA nAnA dezamAM purAI rahyA pachI tenI prajAo pitAnA nAnA vADAomAMthI ekadama bahAra nIkaLI paDI ane vizALa mahAsAgare oLaMgIne duniyAnA dUra dUranA khUNAomAM pahoMcI gaI. pitAnI tAkAtamAM vizvAsa rAkhIne teo vijetA tarIke jAya che. temane A AtmavizvAsa ja temane hiMmata Ape che ane temane hAthe adbhuta kAryo karAve che. paraMtu tene navAI lAgaze ke, A ekAeka pheraphAra zAthI thayo. teramI sadInA vacagALAmAM eziyA ane yurepa upara maMgala lekane prabhutva hatuM. pUrva yuropa temanA tAbAmAM hatuM ane pazcima yuropa A mahAna ane ajeya dIsatA sainika AgaLa tharathara kAMpatuM hatuM. mahAna khAnanA koI ekAda senApatinI tulanAmAM paNa yuropanA samrATe. ane rAjAo zI visAtamAM hatA? 200 varasa pachI kasTAnTinopalanuM rAjanagara tathA dakSiNa-pUrva yuropane ghaNokharo bhAga usmAnI tenA hAthamAM AvyuM. Araba tathA sejuka tune lalacAvanAruM A amUlya ratna musalamAna ane khristI leke vaccenA 800 varSanA vigraha pachI usmAnI tune hAtha gayuM. ATalAthI saMtoSa na mAnatAM turka sulatAno pazcima yuropa tathA khuda roma zahera tarapha lebhI najare jotA hatA. jarmana sAmrAjya, eTale ke, pavitra remana sAmrAjya tathA ITAlIne paNa temaNe tharakapa karI mUkyAM. temaNe haMgarI jItI lIdhuM ane viyenAnA daravAjA sudhI tathA iTAlInI sImA sudhI teo pahoMcI gayA. pUrvamAM bagadAda ane dakSiNamAM mIsara temaNe pitAnA sAmrAjyamAM joDI dIdhAM. jene "gauravazALI

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maMgala sAmrAjyanuM bhAMgI paDavuM kahevAmAM AvatA hatA te sulatAna sulemAna 16mI sadInA vacagALAmAM A mahAna turka sAmrAjya upara zAsana karatA hatA. samudra upara paNa tenuM naukAsainya sarvoparI hatuM.. paraMtu Avo pheraphAra zAthI thaI gaye? maMgolanA bhayamAMthI yuropa kevI rIte mukta thayuM ? tunA bhayamAMthI te kevI rIte UgarI zakyuM. te emAMthI UgaryuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa kevI rIte AkramaNakArI banyuM ane bIjAone bhayarUpa thaI paDyuM? maMgalee yuropane lAMbo kALa bhayagrasta na rAkhyuM. navA khAnanI cUMTaNI karavA mATe teo ApameLe ja tyAMthI cAlyA gayA ane pachI pAchA na pharyA. maMgeliyAnA temanA vatanathI pazcima yurepa bahu dUra paDayuM hatuM. banavAjoga che ke e pradeze temane AkarSyA na hoya; kemake te - gIca jaMgalavALo mulaka hatA ane teo te maMgeliyAnAM khullAM medAnothI TevAyelA hatA. e game tema che, paNa pazcima yuropa aMgenA bhayamAMthI UgarI gayuM - tenA zaryane lIdhe nahi paNa maMgala lekonI beparavAI ane temanuM lakSa bIjI bAbatomAM parovAyuM hatuM tene lIdhe. pUrva yuropamAM te teo vadhAre samaya eTale ke, dhIme dhIme maMgala sattA paDI bhAMgI tyAM sudhI rahyA. huM tane AgaLa upara kahI gayuM chuM ke, 145nI sAlamAM turkoe kosTAnTinopalane kabaje lIdhe e ghaTanAthI yurepanA ItihAsamAM navo yuga zarU thAya che. sagavaDa khAtara ema kahI zakAya ke, madhyayugano aMta ane navA janmelA cetananA -je bhinna bhinna aneka rIte vyakta thAya che - eTale ke punarjAgrati (renesAMsa) athavA navajIvananA yugane AraMbha sUcave che. Ama, je samaye yurepa upara tune bhaya jhajhUmI rahyo hatA ane temane saphaLatA maLavAno pUrepUro saMbhava hato te ja samaye yurepa pagabhara thayuM ane baLavAna banyuM e kharekhara navAI pamADe evI ghaTanA che. thoDA samaye te turke pazcima yuropamAM AgaLa vadhatA gayA; ane jyAre teo AgaLa vadhI rahyA hatA tyAre yuropI zedhake navA navA deze, samudro ane jaLamArgo zodhI rahyA hatA tathA pRthvInI pharate pradakSiNA karI rahyA hatA. "gauravazALI" sulemAnanA amala daramyAna - 15rathI 1566nI sAla sudhI teNe rAjya karyuM hatuM-turya sAmrAjya viyenAthI bagadAda ane kero sudhI vistaryuM hatuM. paraMtu turke ethI AgaLa vadhyA nahi. grIka lekenA samayanA konsTAnTinopalanI adhogatikAraka purANa

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422 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nItirItione teo vaza thatA jatA hatA. jema jema yuropanuM baLa vadhatuM gayuM tema tema turka le ke temanI pahelenI tAkAta gumAvatA gayA ane nabaLA paDayA, gata yugenA ApaNA paryaTana daramyAna ApaNe eziyAne yuropa upara AkramaNa karatAM ghaNI vAra nihALe che. yurope paNa eziyA upara caDAI karI hatI paNa tenuM jhAjhuM mahattva nathI, A eziyA khaMDa vIMdhIne siMkadara hiMdustAna pahoMcyuM paNa tenuM kazuM bhAre pariNAma na AvyuM. romana le ke te kadIye irAkathI AgaLa vadhyA hatA. jyAre, cheka prAcIna samayathI mAMDIne eziyAnI jAtio yuropa upara vAraMvAra * pharI vaLI che. yuropa uparanI A eziyAI caDAIomAM umAnI turkonI caDAI e chellI hatI. dhIme dhIme paristhiti palaTAtI ApaNane mAlUma paDe che ane yuropa AkramaNakArI valaNa dhAraNa kare che. 16mI sadInA vacagALAmAM A palaTo thaye ema ApaNe kahI zakIe. na dhAyela amerikA tarata ja yurepanA kabajAmAM AvI jAya che. eziyAne prazna vadhAre vasamo hato. yuropanI prajAo eziyA khaMDanA judA judA pradezamAM aDDo nAkhavAne mathe che ane aDhAramI sadInA madhya bhAga sudhImAM teo eziyAnA keTalAka pradeza upara Adhipatya jamAvavA mAMDe che. A hakIkta barAbara lakSamAM rAkhavI joIe kemake itihAsathI ajANa evA keTalAka leke ema ja dhAre che ke yuropa eziyA upara hamezanuM Adhipatya bhagavatuM AvyuM che. ApaNe have joIzuM ke yuropana A nava adhikAra tAjetarano ja che ane e paristhiti paNa kyAranIye badalAvA mAMDI che tathA tene adhikAra paNa jarIpurANe thaI gayela mAlUma paDe che. pUrvanA badhA dezomAM navA vicAre taravarI rahyA che, svataMtratA hAMsala karavA mATenI pracaMDa caLavaLe yuropanA Adhipatyane paDakArIne tene hacamacAvI rahI che. hareka prakAranA sAmrAjyavAda tathA zoSaNane aMta ANavA mAgatA samAnatAnA sAmAjika khyAle A rASTrIya khyAle karatAM paNa vadhAre talasparzI ane vyApaka che. yuropa eziyA upara Adhipatya bhegave ke eziyA yuropa upara Adhipatya bhagave athavA te eka deza bIjA dezane cUse e savAla bhaviSyamAM raheze nahi. A bahu laMbANa prastAvanA thaI. have ApaNe maMgala lokonI vAta upara AvIe. ApaNe temanI kArakirdIne anusarIe ane temanA

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saMgAla sAmrAjyetuM bhAMgI paDavuM 423 zA hAla thayA te joIe. tane yAda haze ke kublAI khAna e chelle mahAna khAna hatA. 1292nI sAlamAM tenA maraNa pachI De kAriyAthI mAMDIne AkhA eziyAne vIMdhIne yuropamAM poleMDa ane haMgarI sudhI phelAyeluM tenuM vizALa sAmrAjya pAMca sAmrAjyAmAM vaheMcAI gayuM. A pAMcamAMnuM dareka sAmrAjya vAstavamAM ghaNuM ja vizALa sAmrAjya hatuM. mArA AgaLanA eka patramAM (68mA patramAM) A pAMce sAmrAjyAnAM nAma meM ApyAM che. emAM cInanuM sAmrAjya mukhya hatuM. mancUriyA, maMgoliyA, tibeTa, kAriyA, anAma, TAMkiga ane brahmadezanA thADA bhAganA e sAmrAjyamAM samAveza thatA hatA. yuAna vaMzane eTale ke kublAInA vaMzajone A sAmrAjyanA vArase maLyA hatA. paNa e sAmrAjya temanA hAthamAM jhAjho vakhata TakayuM niha. gheADA ja samayamAM dakSiNanA pradeza tenAthI chUTA paDI gayA ane huM AgaLa kahI gayA tema, kubjAInA maraNa bAda mAtra 76 varasamAM 1368nI sAlamAM tenA rAjavaMzanA aMta Avye ane magAlAne hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. dUra pazcimamAM suvaNaeN jAtionuM ~~ e lekAnuM nAma kevuM adbhuta che! - sAmrAjya hatuM. blAInA maraNu pachI 200 varasa sudhI raziyAnA umarAveA ene khANI bharatA hatA. A yuganA aMtamAM eTale ke 1480nI sAlanA arasAmAM A sAmrAjya jarA nabaLu paDavA mAMDayu hatuM ane raziyAnA umarAvAmAM AgevAna thaI paDelA maeNskAnA grAMDa yUke khaMDaNI bharavAnI nA pADI. A grAMDa DacUka mahAna dhvAnanA nAmathI oLakhAya che. raziyAnA uttara bhAgamAM tAvagoroDanuM purANuM prajAtaMtra hatuM. tenA upara vepArI vargano kAbU hatA. vAne A prajAtaMtrane harAvyuM ane potAnA mulakamAM bheLavI dIdhuM. daramyAna kaoNnsTAnTinepala tu lakAne hAtha gayuM hatuM ane tyAMnA purANA zAhI kuTuMbane tyAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. svAne A purANA zAhI kuTuMbanI kanyA joDe lagna karyuM ane e rIte pote e rAjavaMzanA hevAnA tathA bAjhenTAInanA vArasa hovAnA teNe dAvA karyA. je raziyana sAmrAjyanA 1917nI krAMtithI chevaTanA aMta AvyA te sAmrAjyane A rIte mahAna ivAnanA amala daramyAna AraMbha thayA hatA. teno pautra bahu krUra hato ane tethI te bhayaMkara svAnanA na!mathI ekaLakhAya che. teNe jhArane ilakAba dhAraNa karyAM. e padavIne a sIjhara athavA samrATa thAya che.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna A rIte Akhare maMgAla sattAne yuropamAMthI aMta AvyA. suvarNa jAti tathA madhya eziyAnA magela sAmrAjyonuM zuM thayuM enI khaTapaTamAM ApaNe paDavAnI jarUra nathI. vaLI, e viSe mane paNa jhAjhI khabara nathI. paraMtu emano eka mANasa ApaNuM lakSa kheMce che. 24 e mANasa taimura laga. te khAte caMgIjha khAna banavA cahAte hatA. pote caMgIjhanA vaMza ja che evA tenA dAvA hatA paNa kharI rIte te turka hatA. te laMgaDA hatA tethI tene lokA taimura laMga kahetA. 1369nI sAlamAM tenA bApa pachI te samadanI gAdIe AvyA. e pachI tarata ja teNe potAnI krUratA ane vijayanI kArakirdIno AraMbha karyAM. e eka pratibhAzALI senApati hatA. paraMtu te sAva jaMgalI hatA. e samaye madhya eziyAnA magela leke musalamAna thaI gayA hatA ane taimura pote paNa musalamAna hato. Ama chatAM paNa musalamAna sAthenA vartAvamAM teNe leza mAtra paNa naramAza na batAvI ane jyAM gaye tyAM teNe kera vartAvyo ane bhAre sahAra karyAM, manuSyanI khAparIenA meoTA moTA DuMgarA khaDakavAmAM tene bahu Anada paDato. pUmAM dilhIthI mAMDIne pazcime eziyAmAInara sudhI teNe lAkho mANasonA saMhAra karyA ane temanI khAparInA pirAmiDanA AkAranA moTA moTA DhagalA khaDakAvyA caMgIjha khAna ane tenA maMgolo krUra ane sahAraka hatA e kharu, paraMtu teo temanA jamAnAnA khIjA lokeA jevA ja hatA. paraMtu taimura te temanAthIye atizaya bhUro hatA. tenI nibaMdha ane zaitAniyatabharI krUratAno joTA maLe ema nathI. ema kahevAya che ke eka sthaLe teNe 2000 jIvatA mANasAnA minArA racAvyA ane tene che tathA IMTathI caNI lIdhA hatA ! hiMdustAnanI dhanadolate e narAdhamane AkarSyA. hiMdustAna upara caDAI karavA mATe tenA senApati tathA umarAvAne te mahAmusIbate samajAvI zakyo hatA. samarakaMdamAM umarAvAnI eka moTI sabhA thaI. temAM tyAMnI asahya garamIne kAraNe umarAveAe hiMda javA sAme vAMdhe uThAvyo. taimure Akhare tyAM AgaLa vasavATa na karavAnuM ane lUMTaTa tathA saMhAra karIne pAchA pharavAnuM temane vacana ApyuM; ane teNe potAnuM e vacana pALyuM. * tane yAda haze ke uttara hiMdamAM te samaye musalamAnI amala hatA. te samaye dilhImAM eka sulatAna rAjya karatA hatA. paraMtu e musalamAnI

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agAla sAmrAjyAnu bhAMgI paDavu' 45 rAjya nabaLu hatuM ane sarahada upara magAlA joDe vAraMvAra thatI laDAI ne kAraNe te durgaMLa banI gayuM hatuM. AthI potAnA maMgala sainya sAthe taimura hi MdustAnamAM Avyo tyAre tene sabaLa sAmanA thayA nahi. kataleA karate! khAparIenA pirAmiDa racatA te laherathI AgaLa vadhyA. hiMdu temaja musalamAnA ubhayanI katala karavAmAM AvI. e bAbatamAM ka ja bhedabhAva karavAmAM AvyA hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. yuddhamAM pakaDAyelA kadI kheAjArUpa thaI paDatAM teNe te badhAnI katala karavAne hukama pharamAvyo. A rIte eka lAkha mANasoe jAna khAyA. ema kahevAya che ke eka ThekANe te hiMdu tathA` musalamAnae bhegA thaI ne rajapUtonI mAphaka jauhara karyuM eTale ke kesariyAM karIne te raNamAM paDyA. paraMtu A bhISaNa vAtanuM vigatathI vivaraNa karavAnI zI jarUra che? Akhe raste teNe e ja saMhAralIlA AcarI. taimuranA daLanI pAchaLa dukALa ane marakI AvyAM. dilhImAM te paMdara divasa rahyo paraMtu eTalAmAM teNe e mahAna zaherane katalakhAnAmAM pheravI nAkhyuM. mArgamAM kAzmIrane lUMTIne te samarakaMda pAche pharyAM. taimura jaMgalI hatA chatAM paNa samarakaMda temaja madhya eziyAmAM bIjA sthAnAe suMdara imArata caNAvavAnI tenI icchA hatI. ethI tenI pahelAM ghaNA lAMbA vakhata upara sulatAna mahamUde karyu hatuM tema teNe hiMdustAnamAMthI kuzaLa kArIgaro ane zilpIe ekaThA karyAM ane temane te peAtAnI joDe laI gayA. emAMnA uttama zilpI ane kArIgare ne teNe potAnA sAmrAjyanI nokarImAM rAkhI lIdhA ane bIjAone pazcima eziyAnAM mukhya mukhya zaheromAM mokalyA. A rIte sthApatyanI eka navIna zailI vikasI. taimuranA gayA pachI dilhI zahera eka smazAna jevuM thaI gayuM. tyAM AgaLa bhAre dukALa ane marakI phATI nIkaLyAM. e mAsa sudhI tyAM kAI paNa rAjA kazI paNa vyavasthA nahetAM. jUja loko tyAM rahetA hatA. jene taimure dilhInA sUme nImyA hatA te mANasa paNa mulatAna cANyA gayA. IrAna ane irAkamAM thaI ne sahAra tathA vinAza karatA taimura pachIthI pazcima tarapha gayo. 1402nI sAlamAM aMgeArA AgaLa usmAnI turkAnA moTA sainyane tene bheTA thayA. senApati tarIkenuM apratima kauzalya dAkhavI teNe A tu sainyane harAvyuM. paraMtu samudranA rokANa

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AgaLa tenuM kazuM cAlyuM nahi. bespharasanI sAmudradhunI te oLaMgI na zakyo. AthI yurepa enA trAsathI bacI gayuM. e pachI traNa varasa bAda 1405nI sAlamAM temara maraNa pAmyA. e vakhate te cIna tarapha kUca karI rahyo hato. enA maraNanI sAthe ja lagabhaga AkhA pazcima eziyA upara vistareluM tenuM sAmrAjya paDI bhAgyuM. usmAnI turka, mIsara tathA suvarNa jAtinA rAjakartAo tene khaMDaNI bharatA hatA. senApati tarIke taimura. ajoDa hatuM ane enI zakti paNa enA senApatipaNAmAM ja parimita hatI. sAiberiyAnA himAcchAdita pradeza uparanI enI keTalIka ciMDhAI o sAce ja asAdhAraNa hatI. paraMtu tenI AMtarika prakRti gepa avasthAne prAkRta jana jevI hatI. ane sAmrAjyanuM saMcAlana karavA teNe koI paNa prakAranI vyavasthA UbhI na karI ke na to caMgIjhanI peThe pitAnI pAchaLa kAryakuzaLa mANase te mUkate gaye. AthI taimuranuM sAmrAjya tenI sAthe ja nAza pAmyuM ane pitAnI pAchaLa kevaLa saMhAra ane barabAdInuM maraNa ja mUtuM gayuM. madhya eziyAmAM thaIne sAhasike ane vijetAonAM je aneka dhADAM pasAra thayAM temAM sikaMdara, sulatAna mahamUda, caMgIjha khAna ane taimura e cAra jaNanuM smaraNa Aje paNa tAjuM che. * usmAnI tune harAvIne taimure temane hacamacAvI mUkyA. paraMtu teo pAchA pagabhara thaI gayA, ane ApaNe AgaLa joI gayA ke bIjA pacAsa varasamAM (14pa3mAM) temaNe kansAnTinopalane kabaje lIdhe. have ApaNe madhya eziyAnI rajA levI joIe. sabhyatAnI bAbatamAM te pAchaLa paDI jAya che ane aMdhakAramAM garaka thaI jAya che. ApaNuM lakSa kheMce evo koI mahattvane banAve have tyAM banato nathI. mANasane ja hAthe nAza pAmelI prAcIna saMskRtionI kevaLa smRti ja rahI jAya che. kudarata paNa tenA upara rUDI: dhIme dhIme tyAMnI havA vadhAre che vadhAre sukI thatI gaI ane pariNAme tyAM manuSyane vasavATa vasame banyo. pAchaLanA samayamAM maMgolenI eka zAkhA hiMdamAM AvI ane teNe ahIM eka vizALa ane bhavya sAmrAjya sthApyuM te bAda karatAM maMgala lekanI paNa ApaNe vidAya laIzuM. caMgIjha khAna tathA tenA sAmrAjyanA TukaDeTukaDA thaI jAya che ane maMgala leka pharI pAchA nAnA nAnA saradAronA amala nIce jaI paDe che ane pitAnI jUnI Te pharI pAchA grahaNa kare che.

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75 hiMdanA eka vikaTa praznanA ukela 12 tulAI, 1962 meM tane taimura, teNe calAvelI bhAre katala tathA teNe racAvelAM manuSyanI khAparIenAM pirAmiDA viSe lakhyuM che. A badhuM keTaluM badhuM bhISaNa ane hevAniyatabharyuM lAge che ! ApaNA sudharelA jamAnAmAM AvuM na banavA pAme. ane chatAM e Aje sAva azakya che ema na mAnI besIza. ApaNA AjanA jamAnAmAM paNa racuM khanI zake che ane zuM bane che e tAjetaramAM ja ApaNe bhALyuM che ane sAMbhaLyuM che. caMgIjha khAna tathA taimure karelo manuSyo tathA mAlamilakatano saMhAra bahu bhAre hatA emAM zakA nathI. paraMtu 1914-18nA mahAyuddhamAM thayelA saMhAra ane khAnAkharAbI AgaLa te e pa sAva najIvo dIse che. ane mageAlAe AcarelI hareka prakAranI krUratAne TapI jAya evI bhISaNatAnA namUnA Adhunika samayamAM paNa maLI Ave che. chatAMe caMgIjha ke taimuranA kALa pachI aneka dizAmAM ApaNe pragati karI che e nirvivAda che. jIvana kevaLa jaTila ja banyuM che ema nathI; te samRddha paNa thayuM che. prakRtinAM aneka baLAne zeAdhI kADhI tenA guNadharmo samajavAmAM AvyA che tathA manuSyanA kAmamAM Ave evI rIte temane viniyoga karavAmAM Avye che. kharekhara A navI duniyA vadhAre sudharelI ane saMskArI che. tyAre yuddhane prasa Mge ApaNe hevAniyata tarapha kema pAchA vaLIe chIe ? enuM kAraNa e che ke, vadhAre ne vadhAre vidhAtaka ane bhISaNa hathiyAro zodhavA tathA tenA upayoga karavAmAM te manuSyanA sudharelA magajanA lAbha uThAve che, te bAda karatAM yuddha e sabhyatA ane saMskRtine sadaMtara nakAra ane abhAva che. yudrune prasaMga upasthita thatAveMta emAM saDAvAyelA lokemAMnA ghaNAkharAe Avezavaza thaI ne aMtazaya uttejita thaI jAya che ane pariNAme sabhyatAe zIkhaveluM ghaNuMkharuM te bhUlI jAya che;

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428 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna satya ane jIvananuM mAdhurya sudhdhAM teo bhUle che ane te hajAro varSa pUrvenA temanA jaMgalI pUrvajo jevA banI jAya che. te pachI yuddha e kAramI ane bhISaNa vastu hoya emAM kaMI Azcaya che kharuM ?--- pachI bhalene te game te yugamAM laDavAmAM AvatuM hoya. A duniyAthI aparicita hAya evI kAI vyakti yuddhane samaye ApaNI vacce AvI pahoMce te te zuM kaheze ? mAno ke zAMtine samaye hi paNa kevaLa yuddhane prasaMge ja te ApaNane jue che. Ama, yuddha uparathI ja te ApaNI kiMmata AMkaze ane evA anumAna upara Avaze ke, ApaNe prasaMgopAtta kurabAnI karanAra ane hi Mmata batAvanAra paraMtu ekaMdare jotAM kazAMye sArAM lakSaNA vinAnA ane paraspara ekabIjAnI kuMtala ane sahAra karavAnA ekamAtra pramaLa Avegane vaza thayelA krUra ane niSThura hevAnA chIe. ApaNe viSe te AvA viparIta abhiprAya bAMdhaze. ane chatAM ApaNA viSenA tene e khyAla vikRta haze. kemake amuka viziSTa prasa Mge ane te paNa kaveLAe te ApaNI eka ja bAju jue che. ethI karIne, bhUtakALane viSe ApaNe kevaLa yuddho ane khunA marakA lakSamAM rAkhIne ja vicAra karIzuM to ApaNe tenA aMdAja khoTA karIzuM. kamabhAgye yuddho temaja khunAmarakI pAse potA tarapha vadhAre paDatuM lakSa kheMcavAnI karAmata hoya che. lekAnuM rojiMdu jIvana kaMika nIrasa hoya che. itihAsakArane e viSe vaLI zuM kahevAnuM hoya ? eTala itihAsakAra vigrahe tathA yuddhonAM manAvAne potAnA khyAnamAM jhaDapI le che ane temane kAgano vAgha karI mUke che. alabatta, ApaNe AvA vigraheAnI avagaNanA na karI zakIe e kharuM, paraMtu ApaNe temane dhaTe tenA karatAM vizeSa mahattva na ApavuM joI e. ApaNe va mAnakALane lakSamAM rAkhIne bhUtakALanA tathA ApaNI jAtane najara samakSa rAkhIne te samayanA leAkA viSe vicAra karavA joI e. tA ja ApaNe temane viSe mAnavatAbhaye khyAla bAMdhI zakIzuM. to ja ApaNe samajI zakIzuM ke prasa MgopAtta thatA vigrahe nahi paNa lekAnuM rAjiMdu jIvana tathA temanA vicAro ja vadhAre mahattvanA che. A vastu lakSamAM rAkhavI hitAvaha che kemake tArAM tihAsanAM pustakA AvAM yuddho tathA vigrahonI vAtothI bharacaka haze. mArA A patra paNa petAnA mArga cUkIne e dizAmAM ADA UtarI jAya eva saMbhava che. AnuM kharuM kAraNa to bhUtakALanA lokonA rojiMdA jIvana viSe lakhavAnI muzkelI che. e viSe mane pUratI mAhitI nathI.

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hiMdanA eka vikaTa praznane ukela 4ra9 ApaNe joyuM ke taimuranI caDAI e hiMdustAna upara AvI paDelI ApattiomAM sAthI bhUMDI hatI. te jyAM jyAM game tyAM tyAM teNe vartAvelA kerano vicAra karatAM ApaNane kaMpArI chUTe che. Ama chatAM paNa dakSiNa hiMda temaja pUrva, pazcima ane madhya hiMda tenAthI sAva aspaSTa rahyAM hatAM. dilhI ane mIrata pAsenA thaDA bhAga sivAya AjanA yuktaprato paNa tenAthI bacI javA pAmyA hatA. dilhI zahera uparAMta paMjAbane taimuranI caDAIthI khUba veThavuM paDyuM. paMjAbamAM paNa taimuranA mArganI AsapAsa AvelA pradezanA lokone ja sAthI vadhAre sosavuM paDayuM. paMjAbanA ghaNA moTA bhAganA leke paNa kazIye dakhala vinA pitAno rejide vyavahAra calAvatA hatA. AthI ApaNe sAvaceta rahevuM joIe ane A vigraho ane caDAIone ApaNe vadhAre paDatuM mahatva na ApavuM joIe. have ApaNe cadamI tathA paMdaramI sadInA hiMdustAna tarapha najara karIe. dilhInI sulatAnazAhI kSINa thaI jAya che ane taimuranA AgamanathI te nAza pAme che. e arasAmAM hiMdamAM sarvatra meTAM moTAM svataMtra rAjya ApaNe jovAmAM Ave che. emAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM musalamAnI rAjya hoya che. paNa dakSiNamAM vijayanagaranuM baLavAna hiMdu rAjya hatuM. have IslAma hiMdamAM navIna ke parAye dharma rahyo nahoto. have te ahIM sArI peThe jAmI gaye hate. pahelAMnA aphaghAna humalAkhoranuM tathA gulAma sulatAnonuM jhanUnIpaNuM tathA krUratA have narama paDyAM hatAM ane musalamAna rAjAo paNa hiMdu rAjAo jeTalA ja hiMdI banyA hatA. temane have bahAranA saMbaMdhe rahyA nahotA. judA judA rAjyo vacce yuddho thAya che; paraMtu e dhArmika nahi paNa rAjakIya yuddho hoya che. kaI vAra musalamAna rAjya hiMdu lazkarane upayoga kare che te vaLI kaI vakhata hiMdu rAjya musalamAna sainyane upayoga kare che. ghaNI vAra musalamAna rAjAo hiMdu strI joDe lagna paNa kare che tathA teo hiMduone pradhAnapade ane rAjyanA moTA moTA hoddAo upara paNa nIme che. vijetA ane parAjita tathA zAsaka ane zAsitanI bhAvanA have naSTaprAya thaI hatI. eTaluM ja nahi paNa moTA bhAganA musalamAne - emAM keTalAka rAjAono paNa samAveza thAya che - te IralAmane aMgIkAra karanAra hiMdIo hatA. emAMnA ghaNAoe te rAjadarabAranI kRpA saMpAdana karavA ke Arthika phAyado meLavavAnI AzAthI dharma

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana badalyA hatA. ane Ama dharma palaTo karyA chatAM paNa pitAnA jUnA rItarivAjo ane rUTione teo vaLagI rahe che. keTalAka musalamAna rAo lekAne baLajabarIthI musalamAna karatA hatA e kharuM, paraMtu emAMye pradhAna Azaya te rAjakIya hato. kemake teo ema mAnatA ke dharma badalanAra leke rAjyane vadhAre vaphAdAra raheze. paNa dharma parivartana karAvavAmAM jabaradastI jhAjhI phaLIbhUta nathI thatI. ene mATe Arthika kAraNe ja vadhAre asarakAraka nIvaDe che. bina-musalamAnane jajiyA nAmane mAthAvero bharavAnI pharaja paDatI. ethI karIne e verAmAMthI bacavA ghaNuM hiMduo musalamAna thatA hatA. paNa A badhuM zaheromAM banatuM hatuM. gAmaDao upara enI jhAjhI asara thaI nahotI ane karaDe grAmavAsIo te asalanI peThe ja pitAne vyavahAra calAvye jatA hatA. e kharuM ke have rAjyanA amaladAre gAmaDAnA jIvanavyavahAramAM vadhAre pramANamAM dakhala karatA hatA. grAmapaMcAyatanI sattA paNa have pahelAM karatAM ochI thaI gaI hatI, paraMtu hajIye paMcAyata grAmajIvananA kendra tathA AdhArarUpa hatI. sAmAjika daSTie, ane dharma tathA rUDhionI bAbatamAM paNa gAmaDAMomAM kaze pheraphAra thayA nahotA. tuM jANe che ke, hiMdustAna Aje paNa lAkha gAmaDAono mulaka che. zahera tathA kasabAo te A gAmaDAMonI vastInI upara upara jaNAya che. paNa kharuM hiMdustAna te pahelAM temaja Ajeye gAmaDAnuM hiMdustAna che. A gAmaDAMnA hiMdustAnamAM IslAmathI jhAjho phera paDyo nahote. islAmanA AgamanathI hiMdudharma upara be jAtanI asara thaI ane tAjubInI vAta te e che ke e baMne asare ekabIjathI sAva viruddha hatI. eka te te sthiticusta thaI gayo ane pitAnA upara AvatA humalA sAme rakSaNa karavAnA prayAsamAM te jaDa banyo ane pitAnI AsapAsa kavaca racIne temAM bharAI beThe. nyAtanA vADAo ane baMdhane vadhAre sakhata tathA saMkucita banyAM, paDadAno rivAja tathA strIone ekAMtavAsa vadhAre pracalita thayAM. paNa bIjI bAjue nyAta sAme tathA vadhAre paDatA pUjApATha ane dhArmika kriyAkAMDa sAme AMtarika virodha jAge ane e bAbatamAM sudhAro karavA mATe ghaNuM prayatno thayA. alabatta, cheka AraMbhathI mAMDIne samagra ItihAsakALa daramyAna hiMdu dharmamAM sudhArake pedA thatA AvyA che ane temaNe temAM pisI

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hiMdanA eka vikaTa praznano ukela 431 gayelI badI dUra karavAnA prayatno karyAM che. buddha emAMnA sAyI mahAna sudhAraka hatA. AmI sadImAM thaI gayelA zaMkarAcAya viSe paNa meM tane vAta karI che. traNaso varasa pachI agiyAramI sadImAM dakSiNa hiMdamAM cAla sAmrAjyamAM eka bIjA mahAna sudhAraka thaI gayA. te zaMkarathI bhinna vicArasaraNI dharAvanArAonA AgevAna hatA. temanuM nAma rAmAnuja hatuM. za Mkara zaivamArgI buddhipradhAna puruSa hatA. rAmAnuja vaiSNava hatA ane zradghApradhAna puruSa hatA. rAmAnujanI asara hiMdabharamAM phelAI. meM tane AgaLa upara kahyuM che ke, rAjakIya dRSTie hiMda ghaNAM paraspara virodhI rAjyomAM vaheMcAI gayuM haze paraMtu sAMskRtika dRSTie samagra itihAsakALa daramyAna te eka ane avibhAjya rahyuM che. jyAre jyAre kAI mahApuruSa ke mahAna AMdolana pedA thayAM che tyAre tyAre rAjakIya sImAo vaTAvIne temanI asara AkhA hiMdustAnamAM pharI vaLI che. islAma hiMdustAnamAM TharIThAma thayA pachI hiMdu temaja musalamAnAmAM navA ja prakAranA sudhArakA pedA thayA. temaNe baMne dharmAMnI samAna bAbato upara bhAra mUkAne tathA ubhayanAM kriyAkAMDo ane dhArmika vidhi upara prahAro karIne ane dharmAMne ekabIjAnI vadhAre najIka lAvavA prayatna karyA. e baMne dharmonA samanvaya karavAne eTale ke temanuM eka prakAranuM mizraNa karavAno prayAsa karavAmAM Avyo. paraMtu A kAryAM bahu muzkela hatuM; kemake ubhaya pakSe atizaya bedilI ane bhAre pUrvagraheA rahelA hatA. paNa ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM ke sadIe sadIe evA prayAsA thayA hatA. keTalAka musalamAna zAsakee ane khAsa karIne akabare paNa Ave! samanvaya karavA mATe prayAsa karyAM hatA. caudamI sadImAM thaI gayelA rAmAnaMda e A prakAranA samanvaya upadezanAra sauthI pahelA ane jANItA upadezaka hatA. temaNe nyAtonI sAme pracAra karyAM ane nyAtanAM aMdhaneAnI avagaNanA karI. temanA ziSyomAM kazmIra nAmanA eka vaNakara ziSya hatA. pAchaLathI te te potAnA guru karatAMye vadhAre mazadUra thayA. kakhIra to khUba ja lokapriya thayA. tane kadAca khabara haze ke temanAM hiMdI bhajanA uttara hiMdanAM dUra dUranAM gAmaDAMomAM Aje paNa khUba pracalita che. te nahAtA musalamAna ke nahAtA hiMdu. te kAM to ane hatA athavA te e enA madhyastha hatA. baMne dharmanA ane badhI nyAta-jAtanA lokeAmAMthI temanA ziSyA thayA hatA. temane viSe eka evI vAta cAle che ke temanA maraNa

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432 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pachI temanA deha upara eka cAdara oDhADavAmAM AvI hatI. temanA hiMdu ziSyo temanA mRtadehane agni-saMskAra karavA laI javA mAgatA hatA ane temanA musalamAna ziSyo tene daphnAvavA cahAtA hatA. AthI temanI- vacce vAdavivAda cAlyA ane te paraspara laDI paDayA. paraMtu cAdara uThAvI letAM temane jaNAyuM ke je mRtadehano kabajo meLavavA mATe teo laDatA hatA te te alopa thaI gaye hatA ane tene ThekANe ceDAM tAjA phUlA rahyAM hatAM. A vAta taddana kAlpanika heAvA saMbhava che; paraMtu e majAnI vAta che. kazmIra pachI gheADA samaya bAda uttaramAM bIjA eka mahAna sudhAraka ane dhAmi~ka netA pedA thayA. te zIkha saMpradAyanA sthApaka guru nAnaka hatA. emanA pachI daza zIkha gurue thayA; temAM guru geviMdasiMha chellA hatA. hiMdanA dhArmika tathA sAMskRtika itihAsamAM mazara thayelA eka bIjA puruSanA nAmane paNa huM ahIM ullekha karavA mAguM chuM. emanuM nAma caitanya hatuM. soLamI sadInA ArbhakALanA te baMgALanA nAmIcA paMDita hatA. temane ekAeka lAgI AvyuM ke potAnI vidvattAne jhAjho artha nathI. AthI temaNe tene tyAga karyAM ane te bhaktine paMthe vaLyA. te mahAna bhakta anyA. potAnA ziSyA sAthe bhajana gAtA gAtA te AkhA baMgALamAM pharatA hatA. temaNe eka vaiSNava saMpradAya paNa pravartAvyo ane baMgALamAM Aje paNa temanI bhAre asara che. ATaluM dhArmika sudhAraNA ane samanvaya viSe. jIvananAM khIjA kSetremAM paNa samanvayanI A prakriyA cAlu ja hatI. e prakriyA keTalIka vAra jANapaNe paNa ghaNuMkharuM ajANapaNe cAlI rahI hatI. navIna saMskRti, navIna sthApatya ane navI bhASA ghaDAI rahyAM hatAM. paraMtu eTaluM yAda rAkhaje ke A badhuM gAmaDAM karatAM ghaNA vadhAre prama!NamAM zaheramAM ane khAsa karIne sAmrAjyanA pATanagara dilhI tathA bIjA rAjyo tathA prAMtAnI rAjadhAnInAM moTAM moTAM zaheromAM banI rahyuM hatuM. have rAnna pahelAM kadIye hateA tenA karatAM vadhAre Apakhuda banyA hatA. pahelAMnA hiMdu rAjAonI ApakhudIne aMkuzamAM rAkhavA mATe rUDhi tathA paraMparAnAM baMdhanA hatAM. navA musalamAna zAsake mATe te AvAM aMdhane paNa nahAtAM. siddhAMtanI dRSTie islAmamAM samAnatAnI bhAvanA ghaNI che, ApaNe e paNa joI gayAM ke eka gulAma paNa sulatAna thaI zakatA

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hiMdanA eka vikaTa praznane ukela hatA. paraMtu ema chatAMye musalamAna rAjAonI ApakhudI ane niraMkuza sattA vadhI. gAMDe taghalakha pitAnI rAjadhAnI dilhIthI badalIne dolatAbAda laI gayA tenA karatAM AnuM vadhAre AzcaryakAraka udAharaNa bIjuM kayuM hoI zake ? gulAme rAkhavAnI prathA paNa-khAsa karIne sulatAnamAM--atizaya vadhI gaI. yuddhamAM gulAme pakaDavAno khAsa prayatna karavAmAM AvatuM. temAM paNa kArIgarenI kiMmata vadhAre aMkAtI. bIjAone te sulatAnanA aMgarakSakamAM dAkhala karavAmAM AvatA hatA. nAlaMdA ane takSazilAnI mahAna vidyApIThanuM zuM thayuM? e te ghaNA samayathI nArmazeSa thaI gaI hatI, paraMtu temane badale ghaNe ThekANe navIna prakAranAM vidyAnAM kendro UbhAM hatAM. e "Tola" kahevAtAM ane tyAM AgaLa prAcIna saMskRta vidyA zIkhavavAmAM AvatI. e samayAnukUla nahotAM. te bhUtakALamAM ja ramaNa karatAM hatAM ane ghaNuMkharuM pragativirodhI bhAvanA jALavI rahyAM hatAM. banArasa AvAM kendronuM zarUAtathI ja moTuM dhAma rahyuM che. upara huM kabIranAM hiMdI bhajananI vAta karI gaye. Ama paMdaramI sadImAM hiMdI kevaLa lekabhASA ja nahi paNa sAhityanI bhASA paNa banI gaI hatI. saMskRta te kyAranIye jIvatI bhASA tarIke maTI gaI hatI. kAlidAsa ane guptarAjAonA samayamAM paNa te kevaLa vilsamAjamAM ja vaparAtI hatI. sAmAnya leke te saMskRtanI apabhraMza prAkRta bhASA belatA. dhIme dhIme hiMdI, baMgALI, marAThI, gujarAtI vagere saMskRtinI itara putrIo vikasI. ghaNuM musalamAna lekhaka tathA kavioe hiMdI bhASAmAM lakhyuM che. paMdaramI sadImAM jenapuranA eka musalamAna rAjAe mahAbhArata tathA bhAgavatano baMgALImAM anuvAda karAvyuM hatuM. dakSiNamAM bIjApuranA musalamAna rAjAono hisAba marAThImAM rakhAto. A uparathI ApaNane mAlUma paDe che ke paMdaramI sadImAM saMskRtamAMthI udbhavelI A bhASAoe sArI peThe pragati karI hatI. alabata, tAmila, telugu, malayAlama tathA kAnaDI vagere dakSiNanI draviDa bhASAo emanA karatAM ghaNI purANI hatI. musalamAnI rAjadarabAranI bhASA phArasI hatI. rAjadarabAra tathA sarakArI daphatara sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA ghaNAkharA keLavAyelA mANase kArasI zIkhatA. A rIte saMkhyAbaMdha hiMduo phArasI bhASA zIkhyA. - 28

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Ex jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana dhIme dhIme lazkarI chAvaNIo tathA bajAramAM ' urdU' nAmanI eka navI bhASA udbhavI. ' urdU no artha lazkaranI chAvaNI thAya che. vAstavika rIte A navI bhASA naheAtI. sahejasAja bhinna lebAsamAM sajja thayelI e hiMdI bhASA hatI. emAM phArasI zabda vadhAre pramANamAM hatA eTaluM ja; bAkI khIjI badhI rIte te hiMdI ja hatI. A hiMdI-urdU athavA keTalIka vAra jene hiMdustAnI kahevAmAM Ave che te bhASA samagra uttara tathA madhya hiMdamAM prasarI, najIvA pheraphAra sAthe Aje paMdara karoDa loka e bhASA male che ane ethIye anekagaNA lakA te samajI zake che. Ama saMkhyAnI dRSTie te duniyAnI pradhAna bhASAomAMnI eka che. sthApatyamAM paNa navIna zailIo khIlI ane dakSiNamAM bIjApura tathA vijayanagaramAM. geAlakAMDAmAM, te samayanA eka mahAna tathA suMdara zahera amadAvAdamAM tathA allAhAbAdanI najIka AvelA jonapuramAM aneka bhavya imArata UbhI thaI. haidarAbAda najIka AvelAM gelakAMDAnAM prAcIna khaMDera jovAne ApaNe gayAM hatAM te tane yAda che kharuM? eka meTA killA upara ApaNe caDyAM hatAM ane tenA uparathI ApaNI AsapAsa Aje khaMDera thaI ne paDelA purANA zahera tathA tenA mahele ane bajAre ApaNe nihALyAM hatAM. Ama jyAre rAjAe mAMhomAMhe laDatA hatA ane ekabIjAne nAza karatA hatA tyAre hiMdamAM mUka maLe! samanvaya karavA mATe niraMtara kArya karI rahyAM hatAM, jethI karIne hiMdanA badhA lekA sahacArathI rahe ane ekA maLIne sau potapotAnI zaktine potapotAnA utkarSa sAdhavAmAM viniyoga kare. sadInI kaeNAziza pachI temane sArI peThe saphaLatA maLI. paraMtu A kArya pUruM thatAM pahelAM bAjI karIthI UMdhI vaLI gaI ane je mA ApaNe vaTAvI AvyA hatA temAM ApaNe thoDA pAchA haThyA. Aje pharIthI ApaNe e ja mArge AgaLa vadhavAnuM che ane je kaMI sAruM hoya te badhAnA samanvaya sAdhavA prayatna karavAnA che. paraMtu A vakhate ApaNe vadhAre pAke pAye kAma karavuM joI e. svataMtratA ane sAmAjika samAnatAnA pAyA upara enuM maMDANa karavuM joI e ane duniyAnI vadhAre sArI vyavathA sAthe ene "dha besavA joI e to ja te cirakALa Takaze. dharma tathA saMskRtinA A samanvaya sAdhavAnA praznamAM hiMdanA umadA puruSoe sekaDA varasa sudhI potAnuM lakSa parAvyuM hatuM. te emAM eTalA badhA garaka thaI gayA hatA ke rAjakIya tathA

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hiMdanA eka vikaTa praznane ukela 43 sAmAjika svataMtratAnA prazno bhulAI gayA ane je samaye yuropa judI judI aneka dizAomAM pragati karI rahyuM hatuM tyAre hiMda apragatizIla ane susta banyuM ane pariNAme te pAchaLa paDI gayuM. tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM ke, rasAyaNavidyA, raMgonI banAvaTa tathA pilAda banAvavAnI bAbatamAM teNe karelI pragatine lIdhe tathA bIjA aneka kAraNosara hiMdustAna eka samaye paradezanAM bajAre upara kAbU dharAvatuM hatuM. tenAM vahANe dUra dUranA deza sudhI tene mAla vahI jatAM hatAM. je samayanI ApaNe vAta karI rahyAM chIe te pahelAM ghaNuM vakhatathI hiMda A kAbU gumAvyuM hatuM. soLamI sadImAM e pravAha pUrva tarapha pAchA vahevA lAgyuM. AraMbhamAM te te nAnakaDuM jharaNuM hatuM. paNa dhIre dhIre vadhIne AgaLa upara te pracaMDa pravAhanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karanAra hUtuM.

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dakSiNa hiMdanAM rAjya 14 julAI, 1932 hiMdustAna tarapha ApaNe pharI eka vAra najara karIe ane eka pachI eka palaTAtAM jatAM rAjya ane sAmrAjyanuM saLaMga dazya nihALIe. e AkhuM dazya sinemAnI lAMbI philamanAM eka pachI eka AvatAM mUka citranI paraMparA samAna che. gAMDe sulatAna mahaMmada taghalakha tathA teNe dilhInuM sAmrAjya kevI rIte chinnabhinna karI nAkhyuM e tane yAda haze. tenA sAmrAjyamAMthI dakSiNanA moTA moTA prAta chuTA paDI gayA ane tyAM AgaLa navAM rAjya UbhAM thayAM. vijayanagaranuM hiMdu rAjya ane gulabarganuM musalamAnI rAjya emAM mukhya hatAM. pUrvamAM gauDa prAnta, jemAM baMgALa ane bihArano samAveza thato hato, te eka musalamAna rAjakartAnA amala nIce svataMtra thaI gayA. mahaMmada taghalakha pachI tene bhatrIjo phirojazAha gAdIe AvyuM. te tenA kAkA karatAM vadhAre samaju ane sahadaya hato. paraMtu te paNa asahiSNu te have ja. phirojazAha kuzaLa rAjyakartA hatA ane teNe pitAnA rAjyavahIvaTamAM ghaNuM sudhArA dAkhala karyA. dakSiNa ane pUrva taraphanA prAMta te te pAchA meLavI na zakyo paraMtu sAmrAjyanA patananI kriyAne teNe khALI rAkhI. vaLI, khAsa karIne zahera, masI, mahele vagere bAMdhavAne tathA bAgabagIcA banAvavAno tene bhAre zekha hate. dilhI pAse phirojhAbAda tathA allAhAbAda najIka AveluM jenapura e baMne zahere teNe vasAvyAM hatAM. vaLI teNe jamanA nadI upara eka meTI nahera paNa bAMdhI ane jIrNa thaIne tUTI paDatAM keTalAMye makAnane durasta karAvyAM. te potAnA A kArya mATe atizaya magarUra hatuM ane pite navAM baMdhAvelAM tathA jUnAM durasta karAvelAM makAnonI lAMbI yAdI te pitAnI pAchaLa mUkate gayo che. - phirojazAhanI mAtA rajapUta strI hatI. te eka moTA rajapUta - sarakAranI putrI hatI ane tenuM nAma bIbI nailA hatuM. ema kahevAya

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* dakSiNa hiMdanAM rAja che ke phijhanA pitA vere tene paraNAvavAnI tenA bApe nA pADI hatI. ene pariNAme yuddha thayuM. nailAnA pitAnA pradeza upara humale thayo ane tene pAyamAla karavAmAM AvyuM. tene kAraNe pitAnI prajAne yAtanAo veThavI paDe che enI nailAne jANa thatAM tene bhAre AghAta thayo ane phijhanA pitAne potAnI jAta arpaNa karIne e yAtanAone aMta ANu pitAnI prajAne ugAravAne teNe saMkalpa karyo. A rIte phirojhazAhanI nasomAM rajapUta lehI vahetuM hatuM. AgaLa upara tane mAlUma paDaze ke musalamAna rAjAo ane rAjapUta strIo vaccenAM AvAM lagno vadhAre pramANamAM thAya che. jo hiMdavAsIo eka ja prajA che evI bhAvanA vikasAvavAmAM A vastu bhAre madadarUpa thaI haze. 37 varasanA lAMbA gALA sudhI rAjya karIne phirojhazAha maraNa pAmyo. tenA maraNa pachI tarata ja teNe ekatra rAkheluM dilhInuM sAmrAjya paDI bhAgyuM. have madhyastha sarakAra rahI nahatI eTale ThekaThekANe nAnA nAnA rAjAo pipitAne ghera calAvatA hatA. phirojhazAhanA maraNa pachI daza varSa bAda e aMdhera ane kamajorInA kALamAM taimura uttara taraphathI caDI AvyA. dilhIne to teNe lagabhaga verAna karI mUkyuM. dhIme dhIme e zahera pharI pAchuM beThuM thayuM ane pacAsa varasa bAda eka sulatAnanA Adhipatya nIce te pharIthI madhyastha rAjyataMtranuM mathaka banyuM. ema chatAMye te eka nAnakaDuM rAjya hatuM ane dakSiNa, pUrva ane pazcima taraphanAM moTAM moTAM rAjyo sAthe tenI tulanA karI zakAya ema nahotuM. e sulatAne aphagAna jAtanA hatA. teo badhA bahu namAlA leke hatA. chevaTe temanA aphagAna umarAvo paNa temanAthI thAkyA ane kaMTALIne pitAnA upara zAsana karavA temaNe eka paradezIne notaryo. A paradezI te bAbara. te aMgela jAtino hate; athavA have ApaNe tene mogala kahIzuM kemake hiMdamAM TharIThAma thayA pachI maMgala leke mogala kahevAyA. te taimurane vaMzaja hatuM ane tenI mA caMgIjha khAnanA kuLamAMthI utarI AvI hatI. bAbara te samaye kAbulane rAjA hatA. hiMda AvavAnuM AmaMtraNa teNe saharSa vadhAvI lIdhuM. kharekhara A AmaMtraNa vinA paNa kadAca te ahIM Avyo hota. 15ra6nI sAlamAM dilhI pAse pANIpatanA raNakSetra upara bAbara hiMdanuM sAmrAjya che. hiMdamAM vaLI pAchuM eka mahAna sAmrAjya UbhuM thayuM. e megala sAmrAjyane nAme oLakhAya che. dilhIe paNa pharIthI potAnI mahattA

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40 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzane prApta karI ane te A sAmrAjyanuM pATanagara banyuM. paraMtu ene vicAra karIe te pahelAM ApaNe bAkInA hiMda tarapha najara karIe ane dilhInI paDatInAM doDhasA varasa daramyAna e pradezamAM zuM banyuM. te joI e. A samaya daramyAna hiMdamAM nAnAM moTAM aneka rAjyo hatAM. navA vaselA jonapuramAM eka nAnakaDu muslima rAjya hatuM. tyAM zarakI nAmathI oLakhAtA rAjAonA amala hatuM. e bahu baLavAna ke moTuM rAjya nahetuM ane rAjakIya dRSTie tenuM kazuM mahattva nahotuM. paraMtu paMdaramI sadImAM lagabhaga se varasa sudhI te saMskRti tathA dhAka sahiSNutAnuM moTuM kendra rahyuM hatuM. jonapuranAM muslima vidyAlayo sahiSNutAnA vicAronA phelAvA karatAM hatAM ane tyAMnA eka rA^e te jete viSe me tane mArA AgalA patramAM lakhyuM che te prakArano hiMdu tathA musalamAna vacce samanvaya sAdhavAnA prayAsa paN karyAM hatA. e rAjyamAM kA tathA ramaNIya imAratAnAM bAMdhakAmane temaja hiMdI ane baMgALI jevI dezanI UgatI bhASAne paNa uttejana ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. AsapAsa pravatatI bhAre asahiSNutA vacce zvetapuranuM A nAnakaDuM ane alpajIvI rAjya vidyA, saMskRti ane sahiSNuta!nA visAma! samAna AgaLa tarI Ave che. pUrvamAM, lagabhaga allAhAbAda sudhI vistareluM goDa mahAna rAjya hatuM. emAM bihAra tathA baMgALano samAveza thato hato. gauDanuM zahera baMdara hatuM ane hiMdanA dariyAkAMThAnAM badhAM zahere joDe tene sAdha hato. allAhAbAdanI pazcime madhya hiMdamAM lagabhaga gujarAta sudhI vistareluM mALavAnuM rAjya hatuM. tenI rAjadhAnI mAMDava hatI. A rAjadhAnImAMnA killo tathA e rAhera eka ja nAmathI oLakhAtAM hatAM. A mAMDava zaheramAM ramaNIya ane bhavya keTalIye imArata UbhI thaI ane tenAM khaMDero hajI Aje paNa pravAsIone AkarSe che. mALavAnI vAyavyamAM rajapUtAna hatuM. temAM ghaNAM rajapUta rAjye hatAM. citoDa temAM mukhya hatuM. citoDa ane mALA ane gujarAta vacce vAraMvAra yuddha thatAM. A che baLavAna rAjyone mukAbale citADa nAnuM hatuM paraMtu rajapUto sadAya bahAdura laDavaiyA rahyA che. keTalIka vAra tenI saMkhyA bahu alpa hovA chatAMye te jItI jatA. citADanA rANAe mALavA upara AvA prakAranI jIta meLavI hatI tenA smAraka tarIke citoDamAM jayasta Mbha bAMdhavAmAM Avyo hato. mAMDavanA sulatAne, rakhene

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dakSiNa hiMdanAM rAje 439 pite e kAmamAM pAchuM paDI jAya ema samajIne tethIye UMce minAre baMdhAvyuM. citoDane jyataMbha Aje paNa mojUda che; mAMDavane minAre nAza pAme che. mALavAnI pazcime gujarAta AveluM che. tyAM eka baLavAna rAjya sthapAyuM. sulatAna ahamadazAhe vasAveluM tenI rAjadhAnInuM zahera amadAvAda bahu moTuM zahera thayuM ane tenI vastI lagabhaga daza lAkhanI hatI. A zaheramAM suMdara imArata UbhI thaI ane ema kahevAya che ke, paMdaramIthI aDhAramI sadI sudhI eTale ke lagabhaga traNaso varasa sudhI amadAvAda duniyAnAM ramaNIya zaheromAMnuM eka hatuM e zaheranI bhavya jAmI masjida citoDanA rANAe e ja arasAmAM rANapuramAM bAMdhelA jaina maMdirane maLatI Ave che e jANIne ApaNane navAI lAge che. e batAve che ke prAcIna praNAlIna hiMdI zilpIo upara navA vicAroe asara karI hatI ane teo navIna prakAranuM sthApatya nirmANa karI rahyA hatA. jene viSe huM AgaLa kahI gayo chuM te samanvaya kaLAnA kSetramAM paNa sadhAte tuM ahIM joI zakaze. paththaramAM karelA adbhUta kotarakAmavALI AvI aneka purANI ImArate Aje paNa amadAvAdamAM mejUda che. paraMtu temanI AsapAsa Aje vikaselA audyogika zaheramAM sAMdaryanuM nAma sarakhuM paNa nathI. A ja arasAmAM phiraMgIo hiMdustAna pahoMcyA. tane yAda haze ke kepa oNpha guDa hopa thaIne ahIM prathama AvanAra vA-DIgAma hate. 1448nI sAlamAM te dakSiNanA kAlikaTa baMdare Utaryo. alabatta, A pahelAM ghaNAya yuropiyane hiMdustAnamAM AvyA hatA, paraMtu teo vepArI tarIke athavA kevaLa pravAsI tarIke AvyA hatA. phiraMgI le ke judA ja khyAlethI ahIM AvyA. teo ahaMkAra ane AtmavizvAsathI bharelA hatA. vaLI pUrvanI duniyA te pipe temane bheTa ApI hatI. teo mulaka jItavAnA irAdAthI AvyA hatA. AraMbhamAM temanI saMkhyA alpa hatI. paraMtu temanAM vadhAre ne vadhAre vahANe AvatAM ja gayAM. dariyAkAMThA paranAM keTalAMka zahere temaNe kabaje karyA. gaA temAM mukhya hatuM. paraMtu phiraMgIo hiMdamAM kazuM vadhAre karI zakyA nahi. teo dezanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM praveza na karI zakyA. paraMtu samudramArge AvIne hiMda upara humalo karanAra yureyinemAM teo pahelA hatA. temanA pachI ghaNuM samaya bAda phreMca ane aMgrejo AvyA. Ama dariyAI

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a jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mAmAM khullA thavAthI hiMdanI dariyAI nabaLAI ughADI paDI. dakSiNanAM rAjye kSINa thaI gayAM hatAM ane temanuM dhyAna dezanA aMdaranA bhAgamAMthI AvatAM jokhamo tarapha dorAyuM hatuM. gujarAtanA sulatAne te phiraMgI sAme dariyA upara paNa laDyA. usmAnI tur sAthe saMpa karIne phiragIonA naukA kAphalAne temaNe harAvyo. paNa pAchaLathI phiraMgIo jItyA ane temaNe dariyA upara kAbU meLabyo. dilhInA mogala bAdazAhonA Darane kAraNe gujarAtanA sulatAnone phiraMgIo sAthe suleha karavI paDI. paraMtu phiraMgIoe temane dago dIdho. aiAdamI sadInA AraMbhamAM dakSiNa hiMdamAM be meTAM rAjye UbhAM thayAM. eka gulabarga athavA jene brAhmaNI rAjya kahevAmAM Ave che te ane khIjuM enI dakSiNe AveluM vijayanagaranuM rAjya. brAhmaNI rAjya lagabhaga AkhA mahArASTra ane karNATakanA thoDA bhAga para vista hatuM. e rAjya lagabhaga desA varasa TakyuM paNa enI kArakirdI adhama prakAranI che. tyAM AgaLa asahiSNutA, julama ane khunAmI pravatAM hatAM tathA eka bAju sulatAna ane umarAve! vaibhavilAsamAM mazagUla hatA ane bIjI bAju prazna atizaya garIkSAImAM DUbI gaI hatI. kevaLa tenI mUrkhAi ne kAraNe brAhmaNI rAjya 16mI sadImAM paDI bhAgyuM ane tenA bijApura, ahamadanagara, geAlakAMDA, khIDara ane varADa ema pAMca bhAga paDI gayA. A dareka bhAga upara sulatAne nA amala hato. daramyAna vijayanagaranuM rAjya la ga 200 varasa sudhI TayuM. hajI paNa te AbAda hatuM. A ye rAjyA. vacce vAraMvAra yuddho thayA karatAM; kemake dareka rAjya dakSiNa hiMdu upara Adhipatya jamAvavA mathatuM hatuM. A badhAM rAjyA aMdara aMdara ekabIjA sAthe judI judI rIte ekatrita thatAM paraMtu temanI A ekatA thA maitrI haMmezAM badalAtI rahetI. paraMtu krAIka vakhata musalamAnI rAjya hiMdu rAjya sAme laDavuM te vaLI keTalIka vAra muslima ane hiMdu rAjya ekatra thaI ne kAI trIjA musalamAnI rAjya sAme laDatAM. A yuddo kevaLa rAjakIya yuddo hatAM. kAI paNa samaye ekAda rAjya vadhAre paDatuM baLavAna thaI jatuM jaNAya to tenI sAme bIjA badhAM ekatra thaI jatAM. khare vijayanagaranAM baLa ane samRddhie bIjA musalamAnI rAjyete tenI sAme ekatra thavAne preryAM ane 1565nI sAlamAM tAlIkATAnI laDAImAM te tene sa MpUrNa paNe nAza karavAmAM saphaLa thayAM. adA sadInI kArakI

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441 Si 13. dakSiNa hiMdanAM rAja pachI vijayanagaranA sAmrAjyane aMta Avye tathA e bhavya ane ramaNIya zahera paNa saMpUrNapaNe nAza pAmyuM paraMtu ekatra thayelAM vijayI rAme thoDA ja vakhatamAM mahemAMhe vaDhI paDyAM ane teo ekabIjA sAme yuddhe caDyAM. theDA ja vakhatamAM dilhInA megala sAmrAjyanA paMjAmAM te badhAM sapaDAyAM. temanA upara bIjI Aphata phiraMgIo taraphathI AvI. 1510nI sAlamAM phiraMgIoe gevA sara karyuM. govA bijApura rAjyamAM hatuM. temane tyAMthI hAMkI kADhavAnA aneka prayAso thayA chatAM phiraMgIo gAvAmAM TakI rahyA ane temanA AgevAna albaka - tene "pUrvane sUba" e ADaMbarI ilakAba ApavAmAM Avyo hata- ghaNuM upajAve evI karatA dAkhavI. phiraMgIoe lekanI sAmudAyika katala karI ane temaNe strIo tathA bALakone paNa choDyAM nahi. te divasathI hajI paNa phiraMgIo govAmAM rahyA che. A dakSiNanAM rAjyomAM - khAsa karIne golakoMDA, vijayanagara ane bijApuramAM suMdara imArato bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI. galakAMDA Aje khaMDera thaIne paDayuM che, bijApuramAM emAMnI ghaNI suMdara imArato hajuye mejUda che ane vijayanagara to dhULabheguM thaI gayuM che ane tenuM nAmanizAna paNa bAkI rahyuM nathI. A arasAmAM galakAMDAnI pAse haidarAbAda zahera sthapAyuM. ema kahevAya che ke dakSiNanA kArIgara tathA zilpIo pAchaLanA vakhatamAM uttara tarapha gayA hatA ane temaNe AgrAne tAjamahala bAMdhavAmAM pitAno phALo Apyo hato. - ekabIjAnA dharma pratye e samaye sAmAnyapaNe sahiSNutAbharyuM valaNa pravartatuM hatuM paraMtu prasaMgopAtta dharmAdhatA ane asahiSNutAne upadrava phATI nIkaLatuM. yuddhakALamAM ghaNI vAra bhISaNa katala ane saMhAra thatuM paraMtu e jANavA jevuM che ke bijApuranA musalamAnI rAjyamAM hiMduonuM ghaDesavAra sainya hatuM ane vijayanagaranA hiMdu rAjyamAM beDuM musalamAna lazkara hatuM. e samaye ucca koTInI sabhyatA khIlI hoya ema jaNAya che, paraMtu te kevaLa tavaMgerene ThATha hato ane khetaramAM kAma karatA majUra ke kheDUtane temAM kazuM sthAna nahotuM. te sAva kaMgALa hatA, paNa ema chatAMye, hamezAM banatuM AvyuM che tema tavaMgaranA bhAre vaibhavavilAsane saghaLo je te uThAvate hate.

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77 vijayanagara 15 julAI, 1962 dakSiNanAM je rAjyAnI ApaNe vAta karI gayAM temAM vijayanagaranI kArakirdI sAthI lAMkhI che. vaLI enI bAbatamAM banyuM paNa evuM ke ghaNA videzI pravAsIo tyAM AvyA hatA ane tee e rAjya tathA zaheranA hevAla potAnI pAchaLa mUkatA gayA che. nikAle kAntI nAmane eka iTAliyana 1420nI sAlamAM AvyA hatA, 1449nI sAlamAM herAtanA abdur rajhAka madhya eziyAnA mahAna khAnanA darakhAramAMthI Avyo hato. tathA pAejha nAmaneA phiragI pravAsI 1522nI sAlamAM e zaheramAM Avyo hato. A uparAMta bIjA ghaNA pravAsIe e zaheranI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. vaLI eka hiMdustAnamAM lakhAyelA itihAsa paNa che jemAM dakSiNanAM rAjyone ane khAsa karIne bijApurane hevAla che. je samayanI ApaNe vAta karI rahyAM chIe te pachI thADA ja vakhata bAda akabaranA amalamAM krIstAe phArasI bhASAmAM e pustaka lakhyuM hatuM. tatkAlIna itihAsagraMtha sAmAnya rIte ekapakSI ane atizayoktibharyA hoya che, paraMtu eka rIte te bahu upayogI che. kAzmIranI rAjatara MgiNInA eka apavAda sivAya muslima kALa pahelAMnA samayanA AvA kAI paNa graMthA upalabdha nathI. A rIte karIstAne itihAsa e bhAre navInatA gaNAya. enI pachI bIjAee paNa tenuM anukaraNa karyuM hatuM. vijayanagaramAM AvelA videzI pravAsIonAM varNana ApaNI AgaLa te zaheranA niSpakSa ane sAre| citAra rajU kare che. te samaye vAraMvAra thatAM gojhArAM yuddonAM varNana karatAM emAMthI ApaNane ghaNuM vadhAre jANavAnuM maLe che. ethI karIne e lokAe zuM kahyuM che te viSe ja huM tane thADu kahIza. vijayanagaranI 1336nI sAlanA arasAmAM sthApanA thaI hatI. te dakSiNa hiMdanA karNATaka nAmanA pradezamAM AveluM hatuM. te hiMdu rAjya

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vijayanagara 443 hevAne lIdhe teNe uttaranA musalamAnI rAjyamAMthI Azraya zodhavAne nAsI chUTelA ghaNuM lekane dakSiNa tarapha AkarSA. teNe bahu jhapATAbaMdha pragati karI. DAM ja varasamAM e rAjye AkhA dakSiNa hiMda upara prabhutva jamAvyuM ane tenI rAjadhAnIe tenI saMpatti tathA sAMdaryathI lekenuM lakSa pitA tarapha kheMcyuM. vijayanagara dakSiNamAM sauthI vadhAre prabhAvazALI rAjya banyuM. pharIztA vijayanagaranA rAjyanI akhUTa zelatanuM tathA 1406nI sAlamAM gulabargane eka brAhmaNI murAlamAna rAjA tyAMnI rAjakuMvarI joDe lagna karavAne tyAM gayA hatA te samayanA tenA pATanagaranuM khAna ApaNI AgaLa rajU kare che. te kahe che ke, e samaye vijayanagaranA cha mAIla sudhInA rastA para kinakhAba ane makhamala tathA bIjA evAM kImatI vastro pAtharavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. saMpattine A kevo bhayaMkara ane aghaTita durupayoga ! ITAlIne pravAsI nikale katI 124nI sAlamAM tyAM AvyuM hate. te jaNAve che ke e zaherane gherAva 60 mAIlane hate. tene vistAra ATale badhe vizALa hato enuM kAraNa e che ke, e zaheramAM aneka bAgabagIcAo hatA. kantIne e abhiprAya hato ke vijayanagaranA rAjA athavA rAya (tene rAya tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvatA hate.) te samayanA hiMdanA rAjAomAM sauthI vadhAre baLavAna hate. - enA pachI madhya eziyAmAMthI abdura rajhAka Ave che. - vijayanagara jatAM mArgamAM meMgalara pAse gALelA zuddha pittaLanuM banAveluM eka adbhuta maMdira tenA jovAmAM AvyuM. tenI UMcAI 15 phUTa hatI ane tenI laMbAI tathA pahoLAI 30 phUTa hatI. AgaLa upara belUramAM eka bIjuM maMdira joIne te te Abho ja banI gaye. sAce ja, te enuM varNana ApavAno prayAsa karatA ja nathI, kemake ema karavA jatAM tenA upara "atizayoktino Aropa mukAya" e tene Dara hato ! chevaTe te vijayanagara pahoMce che. e zaherane joIne te te harSaghelA thaI jAya che. te jaNAve che ke, e zahera evuM che ke duniyAbharamAM enA samAna bIjuM koI sthaLa hevAnuM kAne sAMbhaLyuM nathI ane evuM AMkhe joyuM nathI. tenAM aneka bajArenuM paNa te varNana kare che: "pratyeka bajArane nAke eka moTI meDI ane bhavya jharUkho heya che. paraMtu rAjAne mahela e sainA karatAM UMco ane bhavya hate."

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444 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana . . . bajAre ghaNuM pahoLAM ane lAMbAM che. . . . tAjAM ane khuzabodAra phUle e zaheramAM hamezAM maLatAM ane tene jIvananI Avazyaka jarUriyAta tarIke lekhavAmAM AvatAM - jANe ke temanA vinA lekenuM jIvana ja azakyavat thaI jatuM na hoya ! judA judA pratyeka udyoga tathA mahAjanonA vepArIo pitApitAnI dukAne pAsapAse rAkhatA. .jhaverIe hIrA, mANeka, motI ityAdi pitAnuM jhaverAta khullA bajAramAM vecatA." abdura rajhAka AgaLa cAlatAM jaNAve che ke, "jyAM AgaLa rAjA rahetA hatA te ramaNIya sthaLe paththaramAMthI kApI kADhelI suvAMga nIkemAMthI nAnI nAnI aneka nadIo ane vaheLAo vahetA. . . . e dezanI vasatI eTalI badhI suvyavasthita rIte vaselI che ke amuka maryAdita jagyAmAM teno khyAla ApavAnuM muzkela che." ane paMdaramI sadInA madhya eziyAne A pravAsI vijayanagaranI samRddhinuM chaTAdAra bhASAmAM A rIte khyAna karato AgaLa cAle che. abdu rajhAka bIjAM meTAM zaherothI paricita na hoya ane tethI karIne vijayanagaranuM darzana karIne te aMjAI gayuM hoya e banavAjoga che. paraMtu enA pachInA ApaNA pravAsIe bIjA dezamAM sArI peThe musApharI karI hatI. e pravAsI pirTugAlano vatanI pAejha hatuM. je samaye ITAlImAM puna-jAgRti athavA navajIvananA yuganI asara thavA lAgI hatI ane jayAre ITAlInAM nagaromAM suMdara imArata UbhI thaI rahI hatI te arasAmAM 1pa0nI sAlamAM te ahIM Avyo hate. pAejha ITAlInA A nagarethI paricita hatA ane tethI karIne teno purAve bahu pramANa- * bhUta ane kImatI gaNAya. te jaNAve che ke, "vijyanagara zahera roma jeTaluM moTuM che ane dekhAve te bahu ja ramaNIya che." zaheranI ajAyabI bharelI vastuonuM tathA tenAM asaMkhya sarovara, jaLamArgo ane vADIonI zobhAnuM te vistArathI varNana kare che. te jaNAve che ke, e zahera jagatamAM sauthI vadhAre bharyuMbhAyuM zahera che. . . . jyAM AgaLa khAdhAkhorAkI ane bIje sarasAmAna khUTI paDe che tevAM zaheranA jevI e zaheranI dazA nathI. ahIM te dareka vastu puSkaLa pramANamAM mejUda heya che." teNe joyeluM eka mahelane oraDe "nIcethI upara sudhI hAthIdAMtano baneluM hatuM. tenI dIvAlo paNa hAthIdAMtanI hatI. vaLI bhAroTane TekavanArA thAMbhalAone mathALe hAthIdAMtamAM gulAba tathA kamaLanAM phUle karelAM hatAM. ane A badhuM eTalI suMdara rIte

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vijayanagara 44 banAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke enAthI vadhAre sAruM thaI zake ja nahi. e badhuM eTaluM badhuM samRddha ane ramaNIya che ke bIje kaI paNa ThekANe tamane eno joTe nahi jaDe." pAbejha teNe e zaheranI mulAkAta lIdhI te samayanA vijayanagaranA rAjAnuM paNa varNana kare che. dakSiNa hiMdanA ItihAsanA mahAna rAjAomAMno te eka hatA ane eka vIra ddhA, sAhityanAM AzrayadAtA, tathA jokapriya ane udAra rAjA tarIkenI tathA pitAnA zatruo pratyenA tenA audArya mATenI tenI kIrti dakSiNa hiMdamAM Aje paNa TakI rahI che. tenuM nAma kRSNadeva rAya hatuM. teNe 1509thI 1529tnI sAla sudhI vaza varSa rAjya karyuM hatuM. pAejha tenI UMcAI tenI AkRti ane tenA varNa viSe paNa khyAna kare che. te kahe che ke, te gauravarNane hate. "sai kaI tenAthI DaratA rahe che ane rAjAne mATe zakya hoya eTale pUrNa rAjA te che. te atizaya khuzamijAja ane hasamukho che. videzIonuM te sanmAna kare che ane temane hetathI AvakAra Ape che tathA temanI hAlata ane vyavahAra viSe pUchaparacha kare che." te rAjAnA aneka bironuM varNana karyA pachI te umere che ke, "paNa sAce ja, hareka bAbatamAM te eTale nipuNa ane saMpUrNa che ke, enI pAse je kaMI che te tenA jevA mANasa mATe kazI visAtamAM nathI.' kharekhara, A bahu bhAre prazaMsA che. e samaye vijayanagaranuM sAmrAjya TheTha dakSiNa ane pUrva kinArA sudhI badhe vistaryuM hatuM. emAM masUra, trAvaNakara ane AjanA AkhA madrAsa ilAkAne samAveza thato hato. A uparAMta bIjI paNa eka vAta tane kahevI joIe. 1400 nI sAlanA arasAmAM zaheramAM cokhkhuM pANI lAvavA mATe eka meTI . nahera bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI. eka nadImAM baMdha bAMdhIne tenA pANIne eka ThekANe saMgraha karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. emAMthI paMdara mAIla lAMbI nahera vATe zaheramAM pANI jatuM hatuM. ghaNI jagyAe e nahera paththaramAMthI kotarI kADhavAmAM AvI hatI. AvuM A vijayanagara zahera hatuM. te pitAnI dhanasaMpatti ane sAMdarya mATe magarUra hatuM. vaLI pitAnI tAkAta upara teno vadhAre paDatA madAra hate. e zahera tathA sAmrAjyano aMta ATale najIka che ene koIne svane paNa khyAla nahoto. pAejhanI mulAkAta bAda mAtra 43 varasa pachI tenA upara AphatanAM vAdaLa ekAeka gherAyAM.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vijayanagaranI IrSAthI prerAIne dakSiNanAM bIjAM rAjya tenI sAme ekatra thayAM ane tene nAza karavAno temaNe saMkalpa karyo. A kaTokaTIne samaye paNa vijayanagara pitAnI tAkAta upara mUrkhAibharyo vizvAsa rAkhIne besI rahyuM. enI aMtaghaDI bahu jaladI AvI ane tene nAza bhISaNa ane saMpUrNa nIvaDyo. meM tane pahelAM kahyuM hatuM ke A ekatra thayelAM rAjyoe vijayanagarane 156pa nI sAlamAM harAvyuM. tyAM AgaLa bhAre katala thaI ane pachI e mahAna zaherane lUMTavAmAM temaja bALI mUkavAmAM AvyuM. badhI suMdara imArata, maMdire ane maheno nAza karavAmAM AvyuM. atizaya suMdara kotarakAma tathA mUrtio vagerenA cUrecUrA karI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. ane je vastuo baLI zake evI hatI tene bALavA mATe meTI meTI heLIo saLagAvavAmAM AvI. badhuM bhAMgIne bhUka thaI gayuM tyAM sudhI A saMhAralIlA calAvavAmAM AvI. eka aMgreja ItihAsakAra kahe che ke, "ghaNuM karIne duniyAnA ItihAsamAM AvA suMdara zahera upara kadIye A bhayaMkara ane ATale aNadhAryo atyAcAra gujAravAmAM AvyA hoya evuM jANyAmAM nathI. Aje e zahera tenI dhanavAna ane udyogI vastIthI taravarI rahyuM hatuM ane atizaya samRddha ane bharyuM bhAdaryuM hatuM paNa bIje ja divase tene kabaje laIne tene lUMTI levAmAM AvyuM tathA jenuM varNana na thaI zake evA jaMgalI hatyAkAMDa ane bhISaNa da vacce tene jamInadosta karavAmAM AvyuM.'

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| 78 maleziyAnAM be sAmrAjayo- majajApahita ane malAkkA 17 julAI, 1932 maleziyA ane pUrva taraphanA TApuone ApaNe kaMIka visAre pADyAM che ane temane viSe meM lakhyAne ghaNe vakhata thaI gayuM. pAchaLa jotAM mane mAlUma paDayuM ke 46mA patramAM meM temane viSe chelluM lakhyuM che. e pachI te bIjA 31 patra lakhAyA ane have te saMkhyA 78 sudhI pahoMcI che. badhA dezane samayanI dRSTithI eka ja haroLamAM rAkhavAnuM kAma muzkela che. AjathI barAbara be mahinA upara meM tane lakheluM temAMnuM thoDuM ghaNuM tane yAda che kharuM? kaMboDiyA, aMgakara, sumAtrA ane zrIvijaya tane yAda che kharAM? saikAonA vikAsa pachI hiMdIcInanI hiMdI vasAhatomAMthI eka meTuM rAjya udbhavyuM te kaMboDiyAnA sAmrAjyanuM tene smaraNa che? ane pachI kudarata tenA upara rUDI ane acAnaka te sAmrAjya tathA zaherane krUratAthI teNe aMta ANe. A ghaTanA 1000nI sAlanA arasAmAM banI hatI. lagabhaga A kaMboDiyAnA sAbrAjyanA samayamAM samudranI pelI pAra AvelA sumAtrA TApumAM bIjuM eka mahAna rAjya uddabhavyuM hatuM. paraMtu zrIvijayanI sAmrAjya tarIkenI kArakirdIne AraMbha kaMIka pAchaLathI thaye ane te kaMboDiyAnA nAza pachI paNa TakI rahyuM. ene aMta paNa kaMIka acAnaka ja AvyA paraMtu te lAvavAmAM kudarata nahi paNa mANasa kAraNabhUta banyo. zrIvijayanuM ddha sAmrAjya traNa varasa sudhI jAhejalAlImAM rahyuM. pUrvanA lagabhaga badhA ja TApuo tenA tAbAmAM hatA ane cheDA vakhata sudhI te teNe hiMdustAna, silena ane cInamAM paNu pagadaMDo jamAvyo hato. te vaNika sAmrAjya hatuM ane vepAra e tene pradhAna vyavasAya hate. paraMtu pachIthI pAsenA jAvA TApunA pUrva

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana taraphanA bhAgamAM bIjuM eka vaNika rAjya UbhuM thayuM. e hiMdu rAjya hatuM ane teNe zrIvijyathI dabAI javAne inkAra karyo. navamI sadInA AraMbhathI mAMDIne lagabhaga 400 varasa sudhI pUrva jAvAnA A rAjya upara uttarottara baLavAna thatA jatA zrIvijayano bhaya jhajhama rahyo. ema chatAM paNa te pitAnI svataMtratA TakAvI rAkhavAmAM phatehamaMda thayuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa e daramyAna teNe paSANanAM asaMkhya maMdira baMdhAvyAM. barabuduranA nAmathI oLakhAtAM emanAM sAthI bhavya maMdire Aje paNa mejUda che ane asaMkhya pravAsIone pitA tarapha AkarSe che. zrIvijayanA AdhipatyamAMthI UgarI gayA pachI pUrva jAvAnuM A rAjya paNa Akramaka banyuM ane have te pitAnA pahelAMnA harIpha zrI jaya mATe jokhamarUpa banyuM. A baMne vaNika rAjyo hatAM ane vepAra mATe dariye kheDatAM hatAM eTale temanI vacce vAraMvAra takarAra thatI. jAvA ane sumAtrAnI A harIphaI sAthe Adhunika rAnI - IgleMDa ane jarmanI vaccenI harIphAInI sarakhAmaNI karavAne huM lalacAuM chuM. zrI vijayane aMkuzamAM rAkhavA mATe tathA pitAne vepAra vadhAravA mATe naukAdaLa vadhAravAnI jarUra * javAne jaNAtAM teNe tenuM dariyAI baLa khUba vadhArI mUkyuM. humale karavA khAtara vAraMvAra meTA meTa nakAkAphalA ravAnA karavAmAM AvatA paraMtu varSo sudhI temane duzmane sAthe jhapAjhapI karavAno meke maLa nahi. Ama jAvAnuM sAmarthya uttarottara vadhatuM gayuM ane dinapratidina te vadhAre ne vadhAre AkramaNakArI thatuM gayuM. teramI sadInA aMtamAM majApahita nAmanuM eka zahera vasAvavAmAM AvyuM ane te vistaratA jatA jAvA rAjyanuM pATanagara banyuM. pachIthI te jAvAnuM rAjya eTaluM badhuM gumAnI ane uddhata banI gayuM ke, mahAna khAna kublAIe khaMDaNI vasula karavA mATe mekalelA tenA elacIonuM paNa teNe apamAna karyuM. khaMDaNI te na ja ApavAmAM AvI paNa vadhArAmAM eka elacInA kapALa upara apamAnajanaka saMdeze aMkita karavAmAM AvyamaMgala khAna sAthe A bevakUphIbharI ane jokhamakAraka ramata hatI. AvI ja jAtanA apamAnane pariNAme caMgIjha khAne madhya eziyAne khedAnamedAna karI nAkhyuM hatuM ane ceDA vakhata pachI hulAgue bagadAdane nAza karyo hato. ema

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maleziyAnAM be sAmrAjya chatAye jAvA TApunA nAnakaDA rAye AvuM sAhasa karavAnI hAma bhIDI. paraMtu jAvAnA nasIbanA jore maMgola leke have sArI peThe zAnta paDyA hatA ane mulaka jItavAnI temane IcchA rahI nahotI. vaLI, naukAyuddha paNa temane bahu pasaMda nahatuM. jamIna upara ja teo baLavAna hatA. ema chatAM paNa aparAdhI rAjAne zikSA karavA mATe kukhtAIe pitAnuM sanma mekavyuM. cInanA lazkare jAvAnA lazkarane harAvyuM ane rAjAne mArI nAMkhe. paraMtu temaNe bIjuM vadhAre nukasAna karyuM hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. cInanI asarane lIdhe maMgala leko keTalA badhA badalAI gayA hatA! paraMtu cInanI A caDAI jAvAnA rAjyane athavA te majjApahitanA sAmrAjyane - have ApaNe ene e ja nAmathI oLakhIzuM - vadhu baLavAna banAvanAra nIvaDI hoya ema jaNAya che. enuM kAraNa e che ke cInAoe jAvAmAM baMdUka vagere dAruNa hathiyAre dAkhala karyA ane ghaNuMkharuM A dAruNa hathiyArano upayoga karavAne lIdhe ja have pachInAM yuddhomAM majApahitane jIta maLI. majjApahitanuM sAmrAjya vistaratuM ja gayuM. e acAnaka rIte ke game tema vadhyuM nahotuM. e vistAra rAjya saMsthAe sAmrAjyavAdI daSTithI vicArapUrvaka je hato ane tenA sainya tathA naukAkAphalAe te pAra pADyo hato. tenA vistAranA A yuganA thaDAka samayamAM saMhitA nAmanI eka rANI tyAM rAjya karatI hatI. te samayanuM rAjyataMtra atizaya kendrastha ane kAryadakSa hoya ema jaNAya che. pAzcAtya itihAsakAre jaNAve che ke tyAMnI karaverAnI, jakAtanI tathA AMtarika mahesUlanI paddhati uttama prakAranI hatI. rAjyataMtramAM saMsthAna khAtuM, vepAra khAtuM, jAherasukhAkArI khAtuM, sArvajanika svArtha khAtuM, AMtarika kAyade ane vyavasthAnuM khAtuM tathA yuddha khAtuM ema judAM judAM khAtAMo hatAM. sAta nyAyAdhIza ane be adhyakSanI banelI eka vaDI adAlata paNa hatI. brAhmaNa purohitenA hAthamAM sArI peThe sattA hoya ema jaNAya che. paraMtu rAjAne temanA upara kAbU hato ema lAge che. A badhAM khAtAMo ane khAsa karIne temanAmAMnAM keTalAMkanAM nAmo ApaNane arthazAstranuM smaraNa karAve che. paraMtu saMsthAnonuM khAtuM e ahIMnuM navIna khAtuM che. rAjyanI aMtargata bAbatone vahIvaTa karanAra eTale ke kAyado ane vyavasthAnA khAtAnA pradhAna maMtrI kahevAte e

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hakIkata batAve che ke dakSiNa hiMdamAMthI pallavee tyAM AgaLa pahelavahelI vasAhata sthApI tyAra pachI bAraso varasa bAda paNa A TApuomAM hiMdI paraMparA tathA saMskRti cAlu rahyAM hatAM. hiMdu sAthe e daramyAna saMsarga cAlu rahyo hoya to ja Ama banI zake. vepAra dvArA AvA prakAranA saMsarga jALavI rAkhavAmAM AvyeA hateA e nirvivAda che. majjApahita e vaNika sAmrAjya hatuM tethI karIne AyAta ane nikAsano eTale ke khIjA dezomAMthI dezamAM AvatA mAlanA tathA dezamAMthI itara deze mAM jatA mAlanA vepAra vyavasthita rIte saMgaThita karavAmAM Avyo hatA e svAbhAvika che. tene A vepAra hi MdustAna, cIna ane potAnA saMsthAnA joDe cAlato hato. jyAM sudhI tenI ane zrIvijayanI vacce yuddhanI paristhiti vartatI hatI tyAM sudhI tenI sAthe ke tenAM saMsthAne nI sAthe zAMtithI vepAra cAlatA rahe e saMbhavata nahatuM. jAvAnuM rAjya to ghaNAMye saikA sudhI TakayuM paraMtu mApahitanA sAmrAjyanA madhyAhna te 1335thI 1380nI sAla sudhI eTale 45 varasa sudhI ja rahyo. A samaya daramyAna 1377nI sAlamAM zrIvijayane chevaTane kabajo levAmAM AvyA tathA tene nAza karavAmAM AbhyA. anAma, siyAma tathA beDiyA joDe tene maitrI hatI. majjApahitanuM zahera atizaya ramaNIya ane samRddha hatuM. tenI madhyamAM eka bhavya zaiva maMdira hatuM. bIjA paNa aneka suMdara makAne tyAM hatAM. sAce ja, maleziyAnAM badhAM ja hiMdI sasthAnAe ramaNIya imAratA bAMdhavAnI khAsiyata keLavI hatI. A uparAMta jAvAmAM bIjA aneka moTAM zahero ane baMdare hatAM. A sAmrAjyavAdI rAjya tenA purANA duzmana zrIvijaya karatAM bahu lAMbe kALa na TakayuM. tyAM AgaLa AMtaravigraha thayeA tathA cIna sAthe paNa takalIpha UbhI thaI ane tene pariNAme cInanA vizALa naukAkAphale jAvA Avyo. dhIme dhIme tenAM badhAM saMsthAno tenAthI chUTAM paDI gayAM. 1426nI sAlamAM tyAM bhAre dukALa paDyo ane e varasa pachI mana sahitanA sAmrAjyanA aMta Avyo. joke bIjA pacAsa varasa sadhI te eka svataMtra rAjya tarIke cAlu rahyuM ane tyAra pachI malAkAnA musalamAnI rAjye tene kabajo lIdhe. maleziyAmAM hiMdanI traNa prAcIna vasAhatAmAMthI UbhAM thayelAM sAmrAjyanuM A trIjuM sAmrAjya A rIte nAza pAmyuM. A cukA

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51 maleziyAnAM be sAmrAjya patromAM ApaNe lAMbA yuga viSe vAta karI che. lagabhaga khristI yuganA : AraMbhamAM eTale ke IsavI sananI zarUAtamAM hiMdI vasAhatIo tyAM gayA hatA ane hAla ApaNe paMdaramI sadImAM AvI pahoMcyAM chIe, A rIte e badhAM saMsthAnonA 1400 varasanA ItihAsanuM ApaNe nirIkSaNa karyuM. je traNa sAmrAjyanuM - kaMboDiyA, zrI vijaya ane majajApahita -ApaNe khAsa karIne nirIkSaNa karyuM temAMnuM dareka sAmrAjya sadIo sudhI TakyuM hatuM. A lAMbA yuge lakSamAM rAkhavA jarUrI che kemake enA uparathI e sAmrAjyanI sthiratA ane kAryadakSatAne ApaNane kaMIka khyAla Ave che. suMdara sthApatya e temane khAsa prItipAtra viSaya hate ane vepAra e temane pradhAna vyavasAya hate. hiMdI saMskRtinI paraMparA temaNe jALavI rAkhI ane cInI saMskRtinAM keTalAMka tattane tenI sAthe sumeLa sAdhya. je traNano meM khAsa ullekha karyo che te uparAMta bIjI paNa ghaNI hiMdI vasAhate tyAM hatI e tAre yAda rAkhavuM joIe. paraMtu te pratyekanI alaga alaga vicAraNe ApaNe karI zakIe ema nathI. vaLI ApaNI paDozamAM AvelA be deze - brahmadeza ane siyAma - viSe paNa huM jhAjhuM kahI zakuM ema nathI. A baMne dezamAM baLavAna rAjya UbhAM thayAM hatAM ane kaLAnI paNa tyAM sArI peThe pragati thaI hatI. e baMnemAM bauddha dharmane pracAra thaye hate. brahmadeza upara maMgala lekee eka vAra caDAI karI hatI paNa siyAma upara cIne kadIye caDAI karI nathI. ema chatAM paNa brahmadeza ane siyAma baMne ghaNI vAra cInane khaMDaNI bharatA hatA. e te AmanyA rAkhanAra nAnA bhAInI meTA bhAIne bheTa samAna hatI. A khaMDaNInA badalAmAM cInathI nAnA bhAIne mATe kImatI bheTe AvatI hatI. brahmadeza upara maMgala lekanI caDAI thaI te pahelAM uttara brahmadezamAM AveluM pAgAna zahera tenI rAjadhAnI hatuM. 200 karatAMye vadhAre varasa sudhI A zahera brahmadezanI rAjadhAnI rahyuM, ane ema kahevAya che ke te bahu ja ramaNIya zahera hatuM. eka mAtra aMgakora tenuM harIpha hatuM. AnaMda maMdira e tenI sauthI uttama ImArata hatI. AkhI duniyAmAM te bauddha sthApatyane bahu suMdara namUne hatuM. tyAM AgaLa bIjI paNa aneka bhavya imArata hatI. are, pAgAna zaheranAM khaMDiyero paNa Aje ramaNIya lAge che. agiyAramIthI teramI sadI sudhIne samaya e

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* jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pAgAnanI mahattAnA kALa hato. e pachI brahmadezamAM kaMIka muzkelI ane avyavasthA UbhI thaI ane uttara tathA dakSiNa brahmadeza ekabIjAthI aLagA paDI gayA. 16mI sadImAM dakSiNamAM eka mahAna rAjyakartA pedA thayA ane teNe pharIthI brahmadezane ekatra karyAM. dakSiNamAM AveluM pezu zahera tenI rAjadhAnI hatuM. 452 brahmadeza ane siyAmanA A aNadhAryAM ane TUMka ullekhathI tuM gUMcavAI na jAya evI huM AzA rAkhuM chuM. ApaNe maleziyA ane inDoneziyAnA ItihAsanA eka prakaraNane aMte AvI pahoMcyAM chIe ane mAre ApaNuM e mulakAnuM avalokana pUru karavuM hatuM. atyAra sudhI A bhAgone asara karatAM pradhAna baLenuM--rAjakIya temaja sAMskRtika---- UgamasthAna hiMdustAna tathA cInamAM hatuM. huM tane AgaLa upara kahI cUkyo chuM ke eziyA khaMDanA agni khUNAmAM AvelA brahmadeza, siyAma ane hiMdI cIna vagere deza upara cInanI vadhAre asara paDI hatI ane badhA TApuo tathA malAyA dvIpakalpa upara hiMdustAnanI vadhAre asara paDI hatI. have tyAM AgaLa eka navI ja asara dekhA de che. Aba leAkA e asara tyAM lAvyA. brahmadeza tathA siyAma upara enI asara na paheAMcI paraMtu malAyA ane khIjA TApuo tene vaza thayA ane thADA ja vakhatamAM tyAM AgaLa muslima sAmrAjya UbhuM thayuM. hajAra karatAMye vadhAre varasothI Araba vepArIo tyAM AvatAjatA hatA ane e TApumAM temaNe vasavATa karyAM hatA. paraMtu vepAra upara ja temanuM lakSa hatuM ane tyAMnA rAjakAjamAM khIjI rIte tema mAthuM mAratA nahi. caudamI sadImAM arabastAnathI Araba dharmopadezake tyAM AgaLa AvyA ane temane tyAM saphaLatA maLI - - khAsa karIne tyAMnA keTalAka sthAnika rAjAonuM dharma parivartana karAvavAmAM teo phAvyA. daramyAna tyAM rAjakIya pheraphAro thaI rahyA hatA. mApahitanI sattA uttarottara vadhatI jatI hatI ane te zrIvijayane dabAvI rahyuM hatuM. zrIvijaya paDayuM tyAre saMkhyAbaMdha AzritA malAyA dvIpakalpanI dakSiNamAM cAlyA gayA ane tyAM AgaLa temaNe malAkkA nAmanA zaheranI sthApanA karI. e zahera tathA rAjyanA bahu jhaDapathI vikAsa thayA ane 1400nI sAla sudhImAM teA malAkkA eka moTuM zahera thaI gayuM hatuM. majjApatinA nivAsIo pratye temanA tAbAnI khIjI prajAonA anurAga nahAto.

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maleziyAnAM be sAmrAjaya 53 badhA ja sAmrAjyavAdI lekenI bAbatamAM bane che tema teo julamI hatA ane majApahitanA amala nIce rahevA karatAM malAkkAnA navA rAjyamAM jatA rahevAnuM ghaNuM leke pasaMda karatA hatA. e samaye siyAma paNa kaMIka aMze AkramaNakArI banyuM hatuM. ethI karIne malAkkA ghaNIye prajAonuM AzrayasthAna thaI paDyuM. tyAM AgaLa bauddhadharmIo temaja islAmIo vasatA hatA. tyAMnA rAjakartAo AraMbhamAM baddhadhamI hatA paraMtu pAchaLathI teo musalamAna banyA. malAkkAnA A UgatA rAjya upara eka bAjuthI jAvA temaja bIjI bAjuthI siyAmano bhaya jhajhUmato hate. maleziyAnA TApuomAMnAM bIjAM nAnAM nAnAM musalamAnI rAjyanI maitrI ane sahAya prApta karavAne teNe prayAsa karyo. teNe rakSaNa mATe cInane paNa vinaMtI karI. te samaye cIna upara maMgalene sthAne AvelA miMga lekenuM rAjya hatuM. maleziyAnAM badhAM ja nAnAM nAnAM musalamAnI rAjyoe ekI vakhate cInanuM rakSaNa mAgyuM e kharekhara AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che. e vastu e darzAve che ke, te samaye temanA upara koI baLavAna zatrune bhaya jhajhUmI rahyo hovo joIe. cIne maleziyAnA dezo paratve mitratAbharI paNa gauravazALI aLagApaNAnI nIti akhatyAra karI hatI. mulake jItavAnI tene lezamAtra paravA nahatI. temanA taraphathI tene jhAjho lAbha maLI zake ema nahotuM enI tene khabara hatI, chatAMye te temane pitAnI saMskRtinI zikSA ApavAne taiyAra hatuM. A jUnI nIti badalIne e dezamAM vadhAre rasa levAne miMga mATe nirNaya karyo. jAvA tathA siyAmanuM AkramaNakArI valaNa tene pasaMda paDyuM hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. ethI, A baMne rAjyane aMkuzamAM rAkhavA tathA bIjA dezone cInanI sattAnI pratIti thAya eTalA khAtara teNe naukAsenApati eMga-honI saradArI nIce eka pracaMDa naukAkAphale ravAnA karyo. A kAphalAnAM keTalAMka vahANe te 400 phUTa lAMbAM hatAM. caMga-heo aneka saphara karI ane philipAIna TApuo jAvA, sumAtrA vagere badhA TApuonI tathA malAyA dvIpakalpanI mulAkAta lIdhI. te silena paNa Avyo hato. teNe e TApu jItI lIdhuM ane tyAMnA rAjAne pakaDIne te cIna laI gayo hato. tenI chellI sapharamAM te te cheka IrAnanA akhAta sudhI pahoMcyA hatA. paMdaramI sadInA AraMbhanA varasamAM eMga-hoe je je

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana dezanI mulAkAta lIdhI temanA upara tenI sapharane bhAre prabhAva paDyo. majApahitanA hiMdu tathA siyAmanA zrAddha rAjyane aMkuzamAM rAkhavA khAtara teNe IrAdApUrvaka islAmane uttejana ApyuM ane tenA vizALa naukAkAphalAnA rakSaNa nIce malAkkAnuM rAjya pagabhara thaI gayuM. alabatta eMgahone hetu rAjakIya hatA ane dharma sAthe tene kazI levAdevA nahatI. te pite bauddhadhamI hato. Ama malAkkAnuM rAjya majajApahitanA virodhIonuM agraNI banyuM. tenuM baLa vadhI gayuM ane dhIme dhIme teNe jAvAnAM saMsthAno pacAvI pADyAM. 1478nI sAlamAM teNe khuda majApahita zahera paNa kabaje karyuM. tyAra pachI IslAma rAjyadarabAra ane zaherano dharma tha. paNa hiMdustAnanI peThe tyAMye dezanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM te prAcIna dharma, purANakathAo tathA rUDhi ane rItarivAjo cAlu rahyAM. malADakAnuM sAmrAjya paNa zrI vijaya ane majajApahitanI peThe mahAna ane dIrghajIvI thaI zakta paNa tene evI taka sAMpaDI nahi. tyAM AgaLa phiraMgIonI dakhala zarU thaI ane thaDa ja varasamAM eTale ke 1511nI sAlamAM te temanA hAthamAM jaI paDayuM. Ama e pradezanA cethA sAmrAjya pAMcamAne jagyA karI ApI paraMtu e sAmrAjya paNa lAMbA kALa TakanAra nahatuM. ane A pUrva taraphanA mulakanA itihAsamAM pahelI ja vAra yurope AkramaNakArI valaNa dhAraNa karyuM ane tyAM pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvyuM.

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79 yuropa pUrva eziyAne AhiyAM karavA mAMDe che 19 julAI, 1932 AgalA patranA chevaTanA bhAgamAM ApaNe maleziyAmAM ri`gIonA Agamana sudhI AvI pahoMcyAM hatAM. gheADA vakhata upara meM tane dariyAI mArgonI zeAdha viSe tathA pUrvanA dezomAM pahelA paheAMcavA mATe phiraMgIe tathA spenavAsIe vacce kevI harIphAI jAmI hatI te viSe vAta karI hatI te tane yAda haze. phira'gI pUrva tarapha gayA ane spenavAsI pazcima tarapha gayA. `igIe AphrikAnI pharate karIne hiMdamAM pahoMcavAmAM saphaLa thayA. spenavAsIo bhUlathI amerikA paheAMcI gayA. pAchaLathI dakSiNa amerikAnI pradakSiNA karIne teo maleziyA paheAMcyA. have ApaNe chUTA paDI gayelA tAMtaNAone sAMdhI daIzuM ane maleziyAnI ApaNI vAta AgaLa calAvIzuM. tane kadAca khabara haze ke viSuvavRttanI AsapAsanA uSNu dezamAM taja, marI vagere tejAnA pAke che. A vastue yuropamAM bilakula pAkatI nathI. dakSiNa hiMda ane silAnamAM te thADA pramANamAM pAke che. paraMtu meTA bhAganA tejAnAe maleziyAnA malAkkA nAmanA TApumAMthI Ave che. kharI rIte A TApuo tejAnAnA TApuo tarIke oLakhAya che. cheka prAcIna kALathI A tejAnAnI yuropamAM bhAre mAga rahetI. ane niyamita rIte te tyAM mAkalavAmAM AvatA hatA. yuropa pahoMcatAMveMta temanI kiMmata ekadama vadhI jatI. rAmaneAnA samayamAM tenA vajananA sAnA jeTalI marInI kiMmata maLatI. A tejAnA ATalA badhA kImatI hatA ane pazcimanA dezomAM tenA ATalI meoTI mAMga hovA chatAM paNa yurope pote tenI AyAta karavAnA kA paNa prayatna na karyAM. lAMbA kALa sudhI tejAnAnA vepAra hiMdIonA hAthamAM hatA. pachIthI te vepArane kAbU ArakhAne hAtha gayA. A tejAnAnI lAlacchI prerAI ne spena tathA porTugAlanA laoNkA duniyAnI judI judI dizAomAMthI tenI zodhamAM AgaLa te AgaLa dhasatA gayA. Akhare maleziyAmAM temane bheTA thayA. giIe A

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456 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana zodhamAM AgaLa nIkaLI gayA kemake spenavAsI pUrva taraphanA mArga zodhatAM rastAmAM amerikAmAM dhaMdhe lAgI gayA, ane e dhaMdhe temane bahu naphAkAraka thaI paDyo. kepa oNpha guDa hopa thaI te vAskA DI-gAmA hiMda pahoMcyA tyAra pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM ghaNAM phiraMgI vahANA e ja mAge nIkaLI paDyAM ane pUrva tarapha AgaLa vadhyAM. e samaye tejAnAnA tathA itara vastunA vepArano kAbU navA UbhA thayelA malAkAnA sAmrAjyanA hAthamAM hatA. ethI karIne phiraMgI gheADA ja vakhatamAM e sAmrAjya tathA Araba loko joDe athaDAmaNamAM AvyA. temanA hAkema albuka 1511nI sAlamAM malAkkA sara karyuM ane musalamAnAnA vepAranA aMta ANyo. have yurepa sAthenA vepArane kAmU phiraMgIonA hAthamAM Avyo ane temanuM yuropanuM pATanagara lisbana tejAnA tathA pUnA dezAnI khIjI cIjo yurepanA judA judA bhAgeAmAM pahoMcADanAru meTuM vepArI mathaka banI gayuM. albukarka Araba lokAno kaDaka ane krUra zatru hato, chatAMye pUrva taraphanA khIjA vepArI leAkeA pratye teNe mitratAbharyuM valaNa rAkhavA prayAsa karyo, e hakIkata dhyAnamAM rAkhavAlAyaka che. khAsa karIne tenA saMsargamAM AvanArA badhA cInI loko pratye teNe atyaMta vinayI vartAva rAkhyA hatA. ene lIdhe phiraMgIo viSe cInamAM bahu ja sAre abhiprAya pracalita thayA. pUrva taraphanA vepAramAM AnuM prabhutva hatuM tethI karIne kadAca temanI sAme duzmanAvaTa baMdhAI hoya e banavAjoga che. daramyAna tejAnAnA TApuonI zodha to cAlu ja rahI hatI ane pAchaLathI prazAnta mahAsAgara pAra karIne duniyAnI pradakSiNA karanAra maeNgelana, malAkA TApue! zodhI kADhanAra kAlAno eka khalAsI hato. 60 karatAM paNa vadhAre varaso sudhI yuropa sAthenA temanA tejAnAnA vepAramAM kira'gIone kAI paNa harIpha nahoto. tyAra pachI 156panI sAlamAM spene philipAIna TApunA kabaje lIdhA ane e rIte pUrva taraphanA mahAsAgaramAM yuropanI khIjI sattAe praveza karyAM. paraMtu spenavAsIone kAraNe phiraMgIonA vepAramAM jhAjho phera na paDyo kemake teo vepArI prajA nahAtA. temaNe te pUrva dezAmAM nikA tathA dharmAMpadezakA mAkalyA. A samaye tejAnAnA vepAranA ijArA peTu gAlanA hAthamAM eTalI hada sudhI AvI gayA hatA ke IrAna tathA mIsarane paNa

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yuropa pUrva eziyAne ohiyAM karavA mAMDe che pa7 phiraMgIonI mAraphate ja tejAnA meLavavA paDatA hatA. teo tejAnAnA TApuo sAthe bIjA koIne sIdhe vepAra paNa karavA detA nahotA. ethI pigAla tavaMgara banyuM paNa teNe pitAnI vasAhata khIlavavAne kaze prayatna na karyo. tuM jANe che ke te bahu nAnakaDo deza che ane tenI pAse bahAra mokalavA jeTalAM mANase phAjala nahotAM. e nAnakaDA deze 100 varasa sudhI eTale ke AkhI soLamI sadI daramyAna pUrvanA dezamAM je karI batAvyuM te jotAM ApaNane bhAre Azcarya thAya che. * e samaya daramyAna penavAsIo te philipAIna TApuone ja coMTI rahyA ane te TApuomAMthI banI zake eTaluM nivavAno temaNe prayAsa karyo. khaDaNa vasUla karavA sivAya bIjuM kazuMye temaNe karyuM nahi. pUrvanA mahAsAgaramAM jhaghaDe TALavA khAtara temaNe phiraMgI leke sAthe samajUtI karI hatI. spenanI sarakAra philipAIna TApuonA lekane speniza amerikA sAthe vepAra karavAnI chUTa ApatI nahatI. kemake, ema karavAthI peru tathA mekisakenuM senuM tathA rUpe pUrva tarapha ghasaDAI jAya e tene Dara hate. AkhA varasa daramyAna phakta eka ja vahANa amerikAthI tyAM AvatuM ane tyAMthI pAchuM pharatuM. Ane teo "manilA geliyana" kahetA. philipAIna TApuomAM vasatA spenavAsIo prativarSa AvatA A vahANanI keTalI AturatApUrvaka rAha jotA haze tenI tuM kalpanA karI zakaze. 240 varasa sudhI lAgalagATa "manilA geliyane " amerikA ane philipAIna TApuo vacceno prazAMta mahAsAgara prativarSa oLaMgyo hate. spena ane piTuMgAlane maLelI A saphaLatAthI yuropanI bIjI prajAo IrSAthI baLavA lAgI. AgaLa upara ApaNe joIzuM ke e samaye AkhA yuropa upara spene prabhutva jamAvyuM hatuM. IMglaMDa tyAre prathama paMktinuM rAjya nahotuM. nedharalenDjha - eTale ke holeMDa ane beljiyamanA thaDA bhAgamAM spenanA zAsana sAme baLavo thaye hate. aMgreja lekene spena pratye IrSyA hatI ane nedharalaeNnDjha pratye sahAnubhUti hatI eTale temaNe Daca lekene eTaleke nedharalenDjhanA lekane khAnagI rIte madada karI. keTalAka khalAsIoe jene cAMciyAgIrI kahI zakAya evAM kAryo karavA mAMDyAM. temaNe bharadariye amerikAthI prajAne bharIne AvatAM spenamAM vahANo lUTyAM. A jokhamabharelA paNa naphAkAraka sAhasane AgevAna sara phAMsisa DeIka hatuM. te A cAMciyAgIrIne spenanA rAjAnI dADhIne AMca lagADavAnI ramata kahete hate.

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jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzana 1pa7nI sAlamAM DUMIka pAMca vahANo laI ne spenanAM saMsthAno lUTavAne nIkaLI paDayo. tenI A dhADamAM te saphaLa thayA paNa temA teNe potAnAM cAra vahANA gumAvyAM. pAMcamAMnuM '* golDana hAInDa ' nAmanuM eka ja vahANu prazAnta mahAsAgaramAM pahoMcyuM ane e vahANamAM besIne DreIka kepa oNpha guDa hopa thaI ne iMgleMDa pA karyAM. A rIte te AkhI pRthvInI pharate pharI vaLyo ane 'gAlDana hAInDa ' AvI pradakSiNA karanAra bIjuM vahANa hatuM. pRthvInI pahelavahelI pradakSiNA karanAra vahANa maeNgelananuM 'viTToriyA' hatuM. ' golDana hAInDa 'ne pRthvInI pradakSiNA karatAM traNa varasa lAgyAM hatAM. 58 spenanA rAjAnI dADhIne AMca lagADavAnI ramate thoDA ja vakhatamAM iMgleMDane AphatamAM utAryuM ane iMgleMDa tathA spena vacce laDAI jAgI. Daca lekA ! kayAranAye spena sAme laDatA ja hatA. e yuddhamAM poTugAla pazu saMDevAyuM hatuM kemake keTalAMka varasethI spena tathA porTugAla e baMne deze! upara eka ja rAjA rAjya karatA hatA. potAnI cIvaTa ane khAsa karIne te potAnA nasIbane aLe iMglaMDa A yuddhamAMthI yazasvI rIte pAra UtaryuM. ane tethI AkhuM yuropa AzcaryamAM garakAva thaI gayuM. tane yAda haze ke iMgleMDane jItI levA mATe spene ravAnA karelA potAnA ajeya nAkA kAphalA ' chinnabhinna thaI gayA. paNa atyAre te! ApaNe pUrvanA pradezo pUratI ja vAta karavI che. ( aMgreja tathA Daca e ane leAkeAe dUra pUrvanA . mulakA upara caDAI karI ane spenavAsIo tathA phiraMgI upara humalo karyo. spenavAsI te badhA philipAIna TApuomAM ekatra thayA hatA eTale te tenA sahelAIthI bacAva karI zakayA. paraMtu kirgIone bhAre TakA lAgyA. rAtA samudrathI mAMDIne cheka malAkAnA tejAnAnA TApu sudhI temanuM pUrvanuM sAmrAjya 6000 mAIlanA vistAramAM phelAyeluM hatuM. IrAnanA akhAtamAM eDana pAse, silenamAM, hiMdanA kinArA upara aneka ThekANe temanAM thANAM hatAM. ane pUrvanA badhA TApuo tathA malAyA upara to alabata ThekaThekANe temanAM ghaNAM hatAM ja. paNa dhIme dhIme te potAnuM pUrvanuM sAmrAjya khAI beThA. zahera tathA temanI vasAhato eka pachI eka aMgrejo athavA to Daca. lokAnA hAthamAM gaI. 1941nI sAlamAM malAkkA sudhdhAM paDayuM. hiMdamAM temaja anyatra jUjAja mA mAtra temana! hAthamAM rahyAM. pazcima

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yuropa pUrva eziyAne ohiyAM karavA mAMDe che 459 hiMdamAM AveluM gAvA e badhAmAM mukhya hatuM ane phiraMgI lAkA hajI paNa tyAM che; ane thADAM varase upara sthApavAmAM AvelA porTugAlanA prajAtaMtrane te eka bhAga che. akabare kira`gI pAsethI gAvA paDAvI levAnA prayatna karyAM hatA paraMtu tenA jevA samartha bAdazAha paNa e kAmAM phAvyA nahotA. A rIte pUrvanA dezanA tihAsamAMthI phiraMgIe vidAya thAya che. e nAnakaDA deze bahu mATe kALiyA upADayo hato. ene gaLI jaI ne te hajama karI zake ema nahotuM ane ema karavAnA prayatnamAM ja te thAkIne lothapotha thaI gayuM. spena philipAIna TApuomAM coMTI rahe che kharuM paraMtu pUnA mulakAnI bAbatamAM te kazuM mAthuM mAratuM nathI. pUrvanA nakAkAraka vepAranA kAbU have iMgleMDa ke hAleMDanA hAthamAM jAya che. e baMne deza vepArI kaMpanI sthApIne cAranAye ene mATe bahAra paDayA hatA. iMglaMDamAM lijhAbetha rANIe 1600nI sAlamAM isTa inDiyA kaMpanIne vepArane paravAne ApyA. e varasa pachI Daca leAkeAnI isTa inDiyA kaMpanI sthapAI. A baMne ka MpanIo kevaLa vepArane arthe ja sthapAI hatI. e khAnagI ka MpanIo hatI paraMtu ghaNI vAra temane rAjya taraphathI madada maLatI. temane khAsa karIne maleziyAnA tejAnAnA vepAramAM rasa hato. e samaye hiMdustAna meAgala samrATanA amala nIce eka baLavAna deza hatA ane tenA rASa vaheAravAmAM kAInI salAmatI nahotI. Daca ane aMgrejo vacce mAMheAmAMhe ghaNI vAra takarAro thatI. agrejo Akhare pUrvanA TApuomAMthI khasI gayA ane hiMdu upara temaNe vadhAre lakSa ApavA mAMDayu. e samaye mahAna meAgala sAmrAjya nabaLu paDatuM jatuM hatuM eTale videzI sAhasikAne sArA mArkA maLI gayA. iMgleMDa ane krAMsamAMthI AvA sAhasikA kevI rIte ahIM AvyA ane kUDakapaTa tathA laDAIthI A chinnabhinna thaI jatA sAmrAjyanA TukaDA pacAvI pADavA prayAsa karavA lAgyA e ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM.

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cInamAM zAMti ane samRddhine yuga 22 julAI 1942 " mane khabara thaI ke beTA, tuM mAMdI thaI gaI che ane mArA dhAravA pramANe hajI paNa pathArIvaza haze. jenI aMdara khabara pahoMcatAM paNa vakhata lAge che. ahIM beThAM huM tane kazI rAhata ApI zakuM ema nathI, ane tAre pote ja tArI saMbhALa rAkhavI rahI. paraMtu huM tAruM ja smaraNa karate rahIza. sAce ja, ApaNe keTalAM vikhUTAM paDI gayAM chIe- tuM dUra dUra pUnAmAM che, tArI mA allAhAbAdamAM bImAra thaIne paDI che ane ApaNAmAMnAM bIjAM badhAM eka yA bIjI jelamAM jaIne beThAM che! - thoDAka divasathI tArA upara A patro lakhavAnuM mAre mATe muzkela thaI gayuM che. tArI sAthe vAta karI rahyo chuM evI kalpanA nabhAvI rAkhavAnuM saheluM nathI rahyuM. tuM pUnAmAM bImAra thaIne paDI che tenA ja vicAra mane AvyA kare che tathA huM tane pharI kyAre jovA pAmIza temaja keTalA mahinAo ke varase pachI ApaNe maLIzuM e huM kalpI zakatA nathI. ane e samaya daramyAna tuM kevaDI maTI thaI jaze! paraMtu AvA prakAranA vicAravamaLe caDI javuM - khAsa karIne jelamAM -e ThIka nathI, eTale mAre svastha thaI javuM joIe ane AjanI paristhiti bhUlI jaIne gatakALano vicAra ja karavo joIe. ApaNe maleziyAmAM hatAM nahi vAra? ane tyAM AgaLa ApaNe eka vicitra prakAranI ghaTanA nihALI. yurope eziyA upara AkramaNa karavA mAMDayuM hatuM ane tyAM AgaLa prathama phiraMgI leke AvyA, pachI spenanA leke AvyA ane temanA pachI aMgreja ane Daca athavA valaMdAo AvyA. paraMtu yuropanI A prajAonI pravRtti maleziyA ane tenI AsapAsanA TApuomAM ja parimita hatI. A TApuonI pazcime AveluM hiMdustAna mogala samrATonA amala nIce baLavAna hatuM. emanI uttare AveluM cIna paNa sArI rIte pitAnuM

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cInamAM zAMti ane samRddhine yuga 411 rakSaNa karavAnI sthitimAM hatuM. ethI karIne hiMdustAna tathA cInamAM A yuropiyanee jhAjhI dakhala na karI. maleziyAthI cIna mAtra eka DagalA jeTaluM dUra che. have ApaNe tyAM AgaLa jaIzuM. maMgala kublAI khAne calAvele yuAna vaMza khatama thaI gayuM hatuM. 1368nI sAlamAM cInamAM prajAkIya baLavo phATI nIkaLyA ane rahyAhyA maMgalene cInanI mahAna dIvAlanI pelI pAra hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. huMga-vu e baLavAno AgevAna hatA. teNe eka garIba majUranA putra tarIke pitAnA jIvanano AraMbha karyo hato ane tene jhAjhuM zALAnuM zikSaNa paNa nahotuM maLyuM. paraMtu jIvananI vizALa zALAmAM teNe sAruM zikSaNa meLavyuM hatuM ane te eka saphaLa lekanAyaka ane pAchaLathI DAhyo zAsaka nIvaDyo. samrATa banavAthI te ahaMkAra ke garvathI phulAI gaye nahotuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa pite AmajanatAmAMthI UtarI Avyo hato e hakIkata te jIvanaparyata kadI bhUlyo nahoto. teNe trIsa varasa sudhI rAjya karyuM ane je Ama janatAmAMthI pite pAkyo hato tenI dazA sudhAravAne teNe karelA avirata prayatna mATe tene cInamAM Aje paNa saMbhAravAmAM Ave che. tenA jIvananI AraMbhanI sAdAI teNe chevaTa sudhI TakAvI rAkhI hatI. haMga-vu navA miMga rAjavaMzane prathama samrATa hatuM. teno putra yugale paNa mahAna rAjakartA hatA. teNe 1402thI 1424nI sAla sudhI samrATa tarIke rAjya karyuM. paraMtu A cInI nAmathI have huM tane vadhAre mUMjhavIza nahi. enA pachI ghaNA sArA rAjakartAo thayA paraMtu pachIthI, hamezAM bane che tema temanAmAM paNa saDo peThe. paraMtu samrATone cheDI daIne cInanI prajAnA ItihAsanA A yugamAM ApaNe vicAra karIzuM. e cInano bahu ujajavaLa yuga che ane tene viSe kaMIka avanavI mahakatA che. "miMga" zabdano artha paNa "ujajavaLa" thAya che. miMga vaMza 1368thI 1644nI sAla sudhI eTale ke 276 varasa cA. badhA cInI rAjavaMzamAM A rAjavaMzane khAsa karIne vadhAre cInI kahI zakAya, ane tenA amala daramyAna cInI lokonI pratibhA saMpUrNapaNe khIlI UThI. e aMtargata temaja bahAranI zAMtino yuga hate. e kALanI paradezanIti AkramaNakArI nahatI tathA e daramyAna koI paNa prakAranuM sAmrAjyavAdI sAhasa paNa kheDavAmAM AvyuM nahotuM. badhA pADozI deze sAthe cInane maitrI hatI. eka mAtra uttaramAM

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412 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tArenI gepa jAtione kaMIka bhaya hato. bAkInA pUrvanA mulake pratye cInanuM valaNa eka vadhAre kuzaLa, saMpanna ane saMskArI vaDIla bhAI jevuM hatuM. pitAnI sarasAI viSe tene pUrepUruM bhAna hatuM, paraMtu nAnA bhAIonuM hita tene haiye hatuM ane temane keLavavAnI tathA pitAnI saMskRti ane sudhArAnA temane bhAgIdAra banAvavAnI tene cAhanA hatI. ane e badhA deze paNa cIna tarapha AdaranA bhAvathI jetA hatA. thoDA vakhata mATe te jApAne paNa cInanuM Adhipatya svIkAryuM hatuM ane jApAnane zAsaka zaguna pitAne miMga samrATanA khaMDiyA tarIke oLakhAvato hato. kAriyA tathA jAvAsumAtrA vagere pUrvanA TApue ane hiMdIcIna taraphathI paNa cInane khaMDaNI maLatI hatI. yugalenA amala daramyAna naukAsenApati eMga-henI saradArI nIce eka mATe nIkAkAphale maleziyA tarapha mokalavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. pUrva taraphanA samudramAM cheka IrAnanA akhAta sudhI cuMga-hoe lagabhaga trIsa varasa ghUmyA karyuM. TApuonAM rAjyane DarAvI mAravAnA sAmrAjyavAdI prayAsa jevuM kaMIka A dekhAya che, paraMtu emAM mulAke jItavAne ke bIjA lAbha meLavavAne IrAde nahe e spaSTa che. siyAma tathA majajApahitanI vadhatI jatI sattAne lIdhe kuMga-le kadAca A kAle mokalavAne prerAye hoya e banavAjoga che. enuM kAraNa cAhe te he paNa e kAlAnI sapharamAM bhAre pariNAme AvyAM. eNe siyAma tathA majajA pahitanAM rAjyane aMkuzamAM rAkhyAM ane malAkkAnA navA musalamAnI rAjyane uttejana ApyuM tathA pUrva taraphanA badhA TApuo ane dezamAM cInI saMskRti phelAvI. cIna ane tenA paDozIo vacce maitrI ane sulehazAMti hovAne kAraNe dezanA AMtarika prazno upara vadhAre lakSa ApI zakAyuM. tyAM AgaLa surAjya pravartatuM hatuM ane karanuM dhoraNa ochuM karIne kheDUto upara beja haLavo karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. rastAo, jaLamArgo, nahera ane jaLAgA ityAdi sudhAravAmAM AvyAM hatAM. dukALa paDe ke pAka niSphaLa jAya tene pahoMcI vaLavA mATe dhAnyane jAhera kArone prabaMdha karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. sarakAre calaNI noTo bahAra pADI hatI ane e rIte zAkhane vahevAra vadhArIne vepAra tathA mAlanI levaDadevaDanI sugamatA karI ApI hatI. A calaNa neTane bahu vyApaka upayoga thata ane karane 70 TakA jeTale bhAga naTomAM bharI zakAto hate.

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cInamAM zAMti ane samRddhine yuga paraMtu A yugane sAMskRtika itihAsa e badhAthI vadhAre nedhapAtra che. cInI prajA tenI saMskAritA ane kaLArasikatA mATe prAcIna kALathI jANItI che. miMga yuganA suzAsana ane miMga zAsakee kaLAne ApelA uttejanane kAraNe cInI prajAnI pratibhA khIlI UThI. e jamAnAmAM manahara imArata UbhI thaI ane bhavya citra nirmANa thayAM; ane miMga yuganA cInAI mATIkAmanA namUnAo tenI AkRtionA lAlitya ane suMdara kArIgarI mATe mazahUra che. A yuganAM citro te ja kALamAM punarjAgrati (renesAMsa)nI preraNAthI iTAlIe nirmANa karelAM citronI harIphAImAM UtarI zake tevAM hatAM. paMdaramI sadInI AkharamAM samRddhi, hunnara udyoge tathA saMskRtimAM cIna yuropa karatAM ghaNuM AgaLa hatuM. AkhA miMga yuga daramyAna tenI prajAnI sukhAkArI tathA tenI kaLAviSayaka pravRttinI bAbatamAM cIna sAthe yuropanI ke bIjA koI paNa dezanI sarakhAmaNI thaI zake ema nathI. A sAthe eTaluM yAda rAkhavuM jarUrI che ke, e samaye yuropamAM punarjAgrati (renesAMsa)ne mahAna yuga pravartate hate. kaLAnI dRSTie miMga yuga ATale badhe suvikhyAta che enuM eka kAraNa e paNa che ke e samayanA kaLAnA aneka namUnAo Aje paNa maLI Ave che. e yuganAM moTAM moTAM smArake, hAthIdAMta, paththara tathA lAkaDAMnuM suMdara ketarakAma, dhAtunA kaLaze ane cInAI mATInI banAvaTanA namUnAo Aje paNa mejUda che. miMga yuganA chevaTanA bhAgamAM AkRtio vadhAre paDatI jaTila banI jAya che ane ene kAraNe citro tathA kotarakAmanI zobhA ghaTe che. A ja yugamAM pahelavahelAM phiraMgI vahANo cInane baMdare AvyAM. 1516nI sAlamAM te kenTena pahoMcyAM. albakake pitAnA saMsargamAM AvelA cInavAsIo pratye vinayI vartana rAkhavAnI kALajI lIdhI hatI eTale phiraMgIo viSe cInamAM sArI chApa paDI hatI. AthI karIne teo cIne pahoMcyA tyAre tyAM temanuM sAruM svAgata thayuM. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM temaNe pita prakAzya tathA aneka rIte geravartana calAvavA mAMDayuM ane temaNe aneka sthaLoe killAo bAMdhyA. temanI AvI asabhyatA joIne cInI sarakArane Azcarya thayuM. joke teNe utAvaLAM pagalAM na lIdhAM paNa Akhare badhA phiraMgIone teNe dezamAMthI hAMkI kADhavA. tyAra pachI ja phiraMgIone samajAyuM ke temanI hamezanI rIta

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana cInamAM saphaLa nahi thAya. Akhare teo vadhAre zAnta ane namra banyA ane 1557nI sAlamAM kenTIna najIka vasavAnI temaNe paravAnagI meLavI. tyAra pachI temaNe makAe vasAvyuM. phiraMgIonI sAthe khriratI mizanarI pAdarIo paNa cInamAM AvyA. saMta phrAMsisa jheviyara e saumAM vadhAre mazahUra hato. teNe pitAne ghaNo kALa hiMdamAM gALyo hato ane tenA nAmathI cAlatI ghaNI mizanarI kolejo ahIM che. te jApAna paNa gayA hatA. tene UtaravAnI paravAnagI maLI te pahelAM ja te cInanA eka baMdaramAM maraNa pAme. cInI lokoe khristI mizanarIone uttejana na ApyuM. Ama chatAM paNa be jesyuITa pAdarIo cerIpIthI boddha vidyArthIonA. vezamAM cIna AvyA ane ghaNAM varasa sudhI temaNe cInI bhASAne abhyAsa karyo. teo konphayuziyasanA tattvajJAnane bhAre vidvAna banyA. vijJAnazAstrI tarIke paNa temaNe bhAre nAmanA meLavI. emAMnA ekanuM nAma meTTIo rikakkI hatuM. te bhAre kuzaLa ane prakhara vidvAna hatA. vaLI te bhAre kunehavALo paNa hatuM ane teNe samrATanI kRpA paNa meLavI hatI. pachIthI teNe pitAne veza paNa tajI dIdhuM ane tenI lAgavagane kAraNe cInamAM pahelAM karatAM khristI dharmanI hAlata sudharavA pAmI. 17mI sadInA AraMbhamAM Daca leke paNa makAo AvyA. temaNe vepAra karavAnI paravAnagI mAgI. paraMtu phiraMgIo ane temanI vacce aNabanAva hatA eTale temaNe cInI lekamAM Daca athavA valaMdAonI viruddha lAgaNI pedA karavAnA badhA ilAja ajamAvyA. valaMdAo te bhayaMkara cAMciyA prajA che evuM temaNe cIne lekone hasAvyuM. AthI karIne cInI lekae temane paravAnagI na ApI, DAMka varasa pachI jAvAmAM AvelA bAtaviyA nAmanA temanA zaheramAMthI valaMdAoe makAo upara eka mATe kAle ravAnA karyo. bahu ja bevakUphIbharI rIte temaNe baLajabarIthI makAo sara karavAno prayatna karyo. paraMtu cInAo tathA phiraMgIo temanA karatAM ghaNuM baLavAna hatA. valaMdAo pachI aMgrejo cInamAM AvyA. paraMtu temane tyAM AgaLa saphaLatA maLI nahi. miMga yuga pUro thayA pachI temane cInanA vepAramAM hi maLe. badhI ja sArI yA narasI vastuonI bAbatamAM bane che tema miMga yugano paNa sattaramI sadInA madhyamAM aMta Avyo. uttara dizA

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cInamAM zAMti ane samRddhine yuga 45 taraphanuM nAnakaDuM tAra vAdaLu uttarottara moTuM thatuM ja gayuM ane Akhare samagra cIna upara teNe potAnI chAyA pAtharI dIdhI. kIna athavA to suvaNaeN tAro viSe tane maraNu haze. suga leAkAne temaNe dakSiNa cInamAM hAMkI kADhyA hatA ane pachI magAla lakAe temane paNa cIna bahAra hAMkI kADhyA hatA. cInanI uttare hAla jyAM mAMcUriyA AveluM che tyAM AgaLa A suvarNa tArAnA ja kuLanI eka navI zAkhA baLavAna banI hatI. e jAti potAne mac nAmathI oLakhAvatI hatI. A mAMcU jAtie chevaTe mi Mga pAsethI cInanI hakUmata chInavI lIdhI. paraMtu cInamAM phATaphUTa ane pakSApakSI na hota te macUe mATe cIna jItavuM vasamuM thaI paData. hiMdustAna, cIna vage2e lagabhaga badhA ja dezomAM te te dezanI AMtarika nabaLAI tathA prajAnA mAMhAmAMhenA kalahAne lIdhe ja videzI caDAI e saphaLa thaI che. e ja rIte cInamAM paNa Thera Thera hullaDo thavA lAgyAM hatAM. kAM te pAchaLanA miga samrATe bhraSTa ane AvaData vinAnA banI gayA heAvA joI e athavA cInanI Arthika hAlata sAmAjika krAMti nAtare evI thaI gaI hAvI joI e. mace sAmenuM yuddha paNa bahu mAMghu paDayu ane deza upara ene bhAre Arthika khAjo paDyo. ThekaThekANe dhADapADu saradArA UbhA thayA ane emAMne sAthI moTA saradAra te thADA samaya mATe samrATa paNa banI beTho hato. maMcanI sAme laDanAra migAne senApati vu-sAna-kvI hatA. lUMTAru samrATa ane mace e emAM kaiAnI sAthe laDavuM ane zuM karavuM enI vicAraNAmAM te paDI gayA. mUrkhAIthI ke pachI dezadrohI banIne teNe A lUMTAru samrATanI sAme laDavAmAM macenI sahAya mAgI. macUee bahu rAjI thaI ne tene madada ApI. ane pachI alabata te pekiMgamAM hasI paDyA ! miga pakSanI asahAyatAnI khAtarI thatAM vu-sAna-svIe tene tyAga karyAM ane paradezI vijetA mac sAthe te maLI gayA. AthI, vu-sAna-kvIne cInamAM Aje paNa dhikkAravAmAM Ave che tathA tene cInanA ItihAsanA eka moTAmAM moTA dezadrohI tarIke lekhavAmAM Ave che emAM kaMI Azcaya nathI. tenA hAthamAM dezanI rakSAnuM kAma soMpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. paraMtu te duzmane sAthe maLI gayA. dakSiNanA prAMte jItavAmAM teNe temane sakriya mada karI. temane mATe ja-30

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana teNe je prAMte jItyA hatA tene tene be banAvIne maMcUoe tenI madadane badale Aye. 1650nI sAlamAM maMcUoe kenTona sara karyuM ane e rIte AkhA cInanI chata pUrI karI cInAo karatAM teo vadhAre sArA laDavaiyA hatA tethI karIne teo jItyA. lAMbA vakhata sudhInI sulehazAMti tathA AbAdIne lIdhe cInAo lazkarI daSTie nabaLA paDyA hoya e banavAjoga che. paraMtu je jhaDapathI maMcUoe cIna jItI lIdhuM tenAM bIjA kAraNe paNa che. cInI lekanAM dila jItI levAne temaNe lIdhelI kALajI e temAMnuM mukhya kAraNa che. pahelAMnA samayanI tAtaMra caDAI omAM bhAre karatA dAkhavavAmAM AvatI tathA katala karavAmAM AvatI paraMtu A prasaMge te cInI amaladAronAM mana manAvI levAnA hareka prayatna karavAmAM AvyA. tenA te ja amaladArane pharIthI te te hedAo upara nImavAmAM AvyA. Ama moTAmAM moTA hedAo upara cInI amaladAre ja rahyA. miMga lekanI jUnI zAsanapaddhatimAM paNa pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyuM nahi. dekhAvamAM te zAsanapaddhati tenI te ja lAgatI hatI paraMtu Toca uparanI niyAmaka sattA badalAI gaI hatI. paraMtu cInA leke paradezI dhuMsarI nIce hatA e hakIkata be mahatvanI vastuo pradarzita karatI hatI. eka te e ke agatyanAM mathakee maMcU lazkara rAkhavAmAM AvyuM ane parAdhInatAnI nizAnI tarIke mAthe moTI caTalI rAkhavAnI maMcUonI prathA cInAo upara lAdavAmAM AvI. ApaNAmAMnA ghaNAkharA leke te ene cInAonuM eka viziSTa lakSaNa gaNe che. paNa vastutaH e asala cInI rUDhi nathI. kazI lAja zarama ke hInatAnI lAgaNI anubhavyA vinA jema keTalAka hiMdIo Aje evAM gulAmasucaka cihna dhAraNa kare che te ja pramANe e eTalI paNa gulAmInA cihnarUpa hatI. cInA leke e have eTalI rAkhavAno rivAja choDI dIdhuM che. A rIte cInanA yazasvI miMga yugane aMta Avyo. lagabhaga traNa sadI jeTalA samayanA suzAsana pachI ene ATale jaladI aMta kema Avyo enI ApaNane navAI lAge che. e samayane rAjavahIvaTa dhAravAmAM Ave che eTale sAre hoya te pachI dezamAM baLavAo ane AMtarika musIbate zAthI upasthita thaI? maMcUriyAnA videzI humalAkhorone kema na khALI zakAya ? chevaTanA bhAgamAM rAjya julamI banyuM

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cInamAM zAMti ane samRddhino yuga 467 hAya e savita che. rAjyanA vadhAre paDatA rakheApAne kAraNe paNa prajA nirvIya banI gaI hoya e paNa bnavAjoga che. vadhAre paDatuM lAlanapAlana bALako temaja prajA mATe hitAvaha nathI. vaLI e yugamAM cIna bhAre saMskArI banyuM hovA chatAMye vijJAna, zASakhALa vagere itara dizAmAM te kema pragati na karI zakayuM e paNa AzcaryakAraka che, yuropanI prajAe te enAthI kyAMye pachAta hatI paraMtu punarjAgRti ( renesAMsa )nA kALamAM te ApaNane sAhasa, jijJAsA ane zaktithI bharapUra jaNAya che. A bannene tuM eka zAMtipriya, sAhitya ane kaLAnA vyavasAyamAM magna rahetA, sAhasa tathA rAjiMdA kAM kramamAM AvatI dakhalathI rAMka evA AdheDa vayanA mANasa sAthe tathA khIjA kaMIka aNubhrUDa paNa zakti ane jijJAsAthI UbharAtA tathA jyAM te tyAM sAhasa mATe jhaMkhatA eka UgatA juvAna sAthe sarakhAvI zake. cInamAM bhAre sAMya dRSTigocara thAya che paraMtu te pAkhkhA paheAra ke samIsAMjanuM zAnta sAMdhya che. *

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81 jApAna pitAnAM dvAra bhIDI de che 23 julAI, 1992 cInamAMthI ApaNe sAthe sAthe jApAna paNa jaI AvIe. tyAM jatAM mArgamAM ApaNe thoDI vAra koriyAmAM bhIzuM. maMgalee kAriyA upara paNa pitAnuM Adhipatya jamAvyuM hatuM. jApAna upara caDAI karavAnI paNa temaNe koziza karI hatI paraMtu temAM teo phAvyA nahi. jApAna upara kublAI khAne aneka vAra pitAnuM naukAsainya me kahyuM hatuM paNa jApAnIoe tene hAMkI kADhayuM hatuM. dariyA upara kadIye maMgalene phAvyuM hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. kudaratI rIte ja teo khulkI prajA hatI. jApAna TApu hovAne kAraNe temanAthI ugarI gayuM. maMgalene cInamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA pachI tarata ja kAriyAmAM krAMti thaI ane maMgalene tAbe thayelA zAsakone tyAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. e krAMtinA AgevAna I-tAIje nAmane eka dezabhakta keriyana hatuM. te keriyAne na rAjA thayuM. teNe sthApele rAjavaMza pAMca varasathIye vadhAre samaya sudhI eTale ke 139ranI sAlathI cheka Adhunika kALa sudhI cAlyo. thoDAMka varasa upara jApAne keriyAne jItI lIdhuM. silane keriyAnI rAjadhAnI banAvavAmAM AvI ane Aje paNa te tenI rAjadhAnI ja che. A pAMcaso varasanA kAriyAnA ItihAsamAM ApaNe na UtarI zakIe. kAriyA athavA esena - pharIthI te pitAnA e nAmathI oLakhAvA lAgyuM hatuM - eka lagabhaga svataMtra rAjya tarIke cAlu rahyuM. jo ke te cInanA prabhutva nIce hatuM ane ghaNI vAra te tene khaMDaNI paNa bharatuM. jApAna sAthe tene aneka vAra laDAIe thaI hatI ane keTalIka vAra teNe jIta paNa meLavI hatI. paraMtu Aje te e benI keI paNa rIte tulanA thaI zake ema nathI. jApAna eka vizALa ane baLavAna sAmrAjya che tathA sAmrAjyavAdI rAjyanA badhA ja doSothI bhareluM che. jyAre garIba bicAruM kAriyA e sAmrAjyane eka bhAga che. tenA upara jApAnIone amala che ane teo tenuM zoSaNa karI rahyA che tathA nirAdhAra hovA

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jApAna pitAnAM dvAra bhIDI de che 419 chatAM pitAnI svataMtratA hAMsala karavA mATe kAriyA bahAdurIpUrvaka laDI rahyuM che. tane yAda haze ke 12mI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM jApAnamAM zaguna kharekhara zAsaka banI beThe hate. samrATa te nAmane ja ane pUtaLa samAna hatA. "kAmAkurA" nAmathI oLakhAtI zagunazAhI lagabhaga 150 varasa sudhI cAlI ane teNe dezane kAryadakSa rAjataMtra ane sulehazAMti arcA. pachIthI hamezanA niyama mujaba zAsaka vaMzanI paDatI thaI ane tenI sAthe sAthe binaAvaData ane vilAsitA AvyAM tathA AMtaravigraha jAge. potAnI sattA sthApita karavA cahAtA samrATa ane zaguna vacce jhaghaDo pedA thaye. e jhaghaDAmAM samrATa ke jUnI zagunazAhI e bemAMthI eke phAvyAM nahi. sane 1338nI sAlamAM zaguno no ja vaMza sattA upara AvyuM. e "azakAgA" zagunazAhI tarIke oLakhAya che. eno amala 235 varasa sudhI cAlyuM. paNa e laDAI TaMTAne yuga hatuM. A cInanA siMga yugane lagabhaga samakAlIna yuga hate. e vaMzane eka zaguna te miMganI kRpA meLavavA mATe utsuka hatA ane te miMga samrATanuM Adhipatya kabUla rAkhavAnI hada sudhI gayuM hatuM. jApAnI itihAsakAre jApAnanI A hiNapata mATe bahu ja ciDAya che ane prastuta zagunane teo atizaya dhikkAre che. cIna sAthe tene saMbaMdha svAbhAvika rIte ja mitrAcArIbharyo hatA ane miMgakALamAM phAlelI cInI saMskRti mATe tyAM na ja rasa pedA thaye. citrakaLA, mATIkAma, sthApatya ane tattvajJAna ItyAdi hareka cInI vastu mATe tyAM bhAre Adara hato. cInanA yuddhazAstranI bAbatamAM paNa ema ja hatuM. e arasAmAM kinakAphUjI (suvarNa maMDa5) ane jinakAkUcha (cAMdIne maMDa5) nAmanI be mazahUra imArata caNAI vaibhavavilAsa ane kaLAviSayaka pragatinI sAthe sAthe ja kheDUta varga tyAM bhAre hADamArI veThI rahyo hato. temanA upara karane beje atizaya bhAre hatuM ane AMtaravigrahane ghaNakharo beje paNa temanA . upara ja paDyo hate. paristhiti dinapratidina bagaDatI ja gaI. Akhare te eTalI hade pahoMcI ke rAjadhAnInI bahAra madhyastha sarakArane jhAjhe amala rahyo nahi. A AMtaravigrahanA samayamAM 154nI sAlamAM phiraMgIo tyAM AvyA. e jANavA jevuM che ke jApAnamAM dAruNa hathiyAra (phAyara

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470, jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Armasa) teo pahelavahelAM lAvyA hatA. e. vastu bahu navAI pamADe tevI che kemake, cIna te e astrothI keTalAya samayathI paricita hatuM ane yurepa te tene upayoga cIna pAsethI maMgole mAraphata zIkhyuM hatuM. Akhare se varasanA AMtaravigrahamAMthI traNa mANasoe jApAnane ugAryuM. temAMno eka nerabunAgA "dAIe" athavA te amIra hate. bIje hidezI kheta hato ane trIjo telugAvA AyAsu eka moTe umarAva hatuM. soLamI sadInA aMta sudhImAM AkhuM jApAna pharIthI ekatra thaI gayuM. hidezI e jApAnanA sAthI kuzaLa mutsaddIomAM eka che. paraMtu te bahu ja kadarUpe hatuM ema kahevAya che. te ThIMgaNe hatuM ane tene cahere gorIlAnA je hate. temaNe jApAnane eka te karyuM paraMtu pachIthI temanAM moTAM lazkarenuM zuM karavuM enI temane samaja paDI nahi. AthI bIjA kaI vyavasAyane abhAve temaNe kAriyA upara caDAI karI. paraMtu beDA ja vakhatamAM temane pastAvuM paDyuM. kAriyAvAsIoe jApAnanA naukAsainyane harAvyuM ane kAriyA ane jApAna vaccenA samudra upara temaNe kAbU jamAvyuM. kAcabAnI pITha jevI tathA leTAnA parAthI maDhelI chatavALAM navIna prakAranAM vahANonI madadathI teo A kArya karI zakyA. ethI karIne e "ka75 vahANo 'nA nAmathI oLakhAtAM hatAM. marajI mujaba emane AgaLa ke pAchaLa sahelAIthI haMkArI zakAtAM hatAM ane e vahANee jApAnanAM laDAyaka jahAjono nAza karyo. upara gaNAvavAmAM AvyA che temAMnA kugAvA AyAsu nAmanA trIjAe AMtaravigrahamAMthI bhAre lAbha uThAvyo hate. aDhaLaka delata ane lagabhaga sAtamA bhAganuM jApAna tenA hAthamAM AvI paDyuM. pitAnA tAbAnA A mulakanI madhyamAM teNe de nAmanuM zahera vasAvyuM. e ja zahera pachIthI Tokiye thayuM. 1603nI sAlamAM AyAsu zaguna banya ane e rIte jApAnanA chellA zagunavaMza athavA zagunazAhInI zarUAta thaI. e telugAvA zagunazAhI tarIke oLakhAya che. 250thIye vadhAre varasa sudhI tene amala cAlu rahyo. daramyAna phiraMgIo jApAnamAM pitAno vepAra nAnA pAyA upara calAvye jatA hatA. tyAM AgaLa pacAsa varasa sudhI temane koI paNa yuropiyana harIpha nahote. spenanA leke 1592nI sAlamAM jApAna AvyA ane valaMdA tathA aMgreje te temanA pachI AvyA. saMta

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jApAna potAnAM dvAra bhIDI de che 471 krAMsisa jheviyare 1549nI sAlamAM tyAM AgaLa khristI dharmane AraMbha karyo hoya ema jaNAya che. jesyuITa pAdarIone upadeza karavAnI tyAM chUTa ApavAmAM AvI hatI eTaluM ja nahi paNa temane uttejana paNa ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. enAM kAraNe rAjakIya hatAM. kemake baiddha maThone rAjakIya kAvAdAvA ane kAvatarAonA aDDA tarIke lekhavAmAM AvatA hatA. ethI karIne sAdhuone dabAvI devAmAM AvyA ane khristI mizanarIo pratye anukuLa valaNa dAkhavavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu khristI mizanarIo jokhamakAraka che e jApAnanA lekane ceDA ja vakhatamAM samajAyuM ane pariNAme temaNe pitAnI nIti badalI tathA temane dezamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAnA prayAse temaNe AdaryA. 1587nI sAlamAM rAjya taraphathI khristI-virodhI pharamAna bahAra pADavAmAM AvyuM ane temAM badhA ja mizanarIene 20 divasanI aMdara jApAna cheDI javAne ane tema karavAmAM cUke , te dehAMtadaMDanI zikSAne hukama pharamAvavAmAM Avyo. A hukama vepArIone uddezIne nahotuM. emAM evuM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke vepArIo tyAM rahIne vepAra karI zakaze paraMtu je teo potAnAM vahANe upara mizanarI lAvaze te temane mAla tathA te vahANa baMne japta karavAmAM Avaze. kevaLa rAjakIya kAraNone lIdhe ja A hukama kADhavAmAM Avyo hato. hidezIne bhayanI gaMdha AvI hatI. tene lAgyuM ke mizanarIo tathA temaNe khristI karelA temanA anuyAyIo keIka divasa rAjakIya dRSTie jokhamakAraka thaI paDavAno saMbhava che. ane tene A bhaya sAva boTe nahote. A pachI tarata ja eka banAva banyA tethI to hidezIne pAkI khAtarI thaI ke tene bhaya sakAraNa hatA. ethI te bahu ja gusse thaI gaye. tane yAda haze ke "manilA geliyana" vahANa speniza amerikA ane philipAIna TApuo vacce varasamAM eka vAra AvajA karatuM hatuM. tephAnane lIdhe te jApAnanA kAMThA AgaLa kheMcAI AvyuM. jApAnIone duniyAne nakaze ane khAsa karIne spenanA rAjAnA tAbAnA vizALa mulake batAvIne vahANanA speniza kaptAne tyAMnA sthAnika jApAnavAsIone bhaDakAvavAno prayatna karyo. spene AvaDuM moTuM sAmrAjya kevI rIte meLavyuM e pUchavAmAM AvyuM te kaptAne javAba Apyo ke, are, e te bahu sahelAIthI meLavavAmAM AvyuM che. pahelA mizanarIo tyAM gayA, ane te mulakamAM leke sArI saMkhyAmAM khristI

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472 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana thayA pachI e khristIo sAthe maLIne tyAMnI sarakArane uthalAvI pADavA mATe sainike ravAnA karavAmAM AvyA hatA. hidezIne A vAtanI jANa thaI tyAre ethI te khuza thAya ema te hatuM ja nahi. UlaTo mizanarIo pratye te vadhAre kaDaka the. manilA geliyana ne te teNe javA dIdhuM paNa keTalAka mizanarIone tathA temaNe khristI banAvelA jApAnIone teNe mArI naMkhAvyA. AyAsu zaguna thaze tyAre videzIo pratye teNe mitratAbharyuM valaNa dAkhavyuM. paradeza sAthe vepAra khIlavavAnI ane khAsa karIne pitAnA yeda baMdarane paradeza sAthe vepAra vadhAravAnI tene hoMza hatI. paraMtu AyeyAsunA maraNa pachI khristIonuM damana pharI pAchuM zarU thayuM. mizanarIone baLajabarIthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA ane je jApAnIo khristI thayA hatA temane te dharma tajI devAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. paradezIonA kAvAdAvAnA bhayathI jApAnIo evA te DarI gayA hatA ke vepAranI nIti paNa temaNe badalI nAkhI. teo game te bhoge paNa paradezIone dUra karavA cahAtA hatA. jApAnIo upara thayelI A asara ApaNe samajI zakIe chIe. ApaNane Azcarya te e vAtanuM thAya che ke yuropiyana joDe temane saMsarga bahu ja ochI hovA chatAM dharmarUpI meMDhAne svAMga sajIne AvelA sAmrAjyavAdanA varane oLakhI kADhavA jeTalA teo kuzAgrabuddhi hatA. e pachInA varasomAM ane bIjA dezomAM pitAnI sattA vadhAravA mATe yuropanAM rAjyoe dharma ke durupayoga karyo che te ApaNe sArI rIte jANIe chIe. ane have jApAnanA ItihAsamAM eka aditIya ghaTanA banI. jApAne pitAnAM dvAra sadaMtara baMdha karI dIdhAM. bIjAothI alaga ane aLagA rahevAnI nIti IrAdApUrvaka akhatyAra karavAmAM AvI ane eka vakhata e nIti akhatyAra karyA pachI ApaNane diMga karI mUke eTalI saMpUrNatAthI teno amala karavAmAM Avyo. have tyAM AgaLa pitAnuM sthAna nathI ema mAnIne aMgrejoe 16ra3nI sAlathI jApAna javAnuM mAMDI vALyuM. bIje varase spenavAsIone tyAMthI dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA. jApAnamAM temane dhAka saithI vadhAre hate. vaLI, mAtra AMkhristIo ja vepAra kAje paradeza jaI zake ane teo paNa philipAIne TApuomAM te na ja jaI zake, evo niyama karavAmAM Avyo. chevaTe bAra varasa

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jApAna pitAnAM kAra bhIDI de che 473 pachI 1636nI sAlamAM jApAnanAM dvAra bilakula bhIDI devAmAM AvyAM. phiraMgIone tyAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA ane khristI ke akhristI koI paNu jApAnIne koI paNa kAraNasara jApAna bahAra javAnI manA karavAmAM AvI. A kAnUna anusAra paradezamAM vasatA koI paNa jApAnIne svadeza pAchA pharavAnI manA karavAmAM AvI ane je te jApAna Ave te tene phAMsInI zikSA karavAnuM jaNavavAmAM AvyuM! mAtra gaNyAgAMThayA valaMdAo tyAM rahyA ane temane paNa baMdaro cheDavAnI temaja dezanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM javAnI manA karavAmAM AvI hatI. 1641nI sAlamAM A valaMdAone paNa nAgAsAkI baMdaranA eka nAnakaDA TApumAM khaseDavAmAM AvyA ane tyAM temane lagabhaga kedInA jevI sthitimAM rAkhavAmAM AvyA. Ama pahelavahelA phiraMgI leke tyAM AvyA tyAra pachI navvANuM varasa bAda jApAne paradeze sAthe badhe vyavahAra teMDI nAkhe ane pitAnAM dvAra vAsI dIdhAM. 164nI sAlamAM vepAra pharIthI zarU karavAnI mAgaNI karavAne mATe eka pratinidhimaMDaLa laIne piorTugAlanuM vahANa jApAna AvyuM. paraMtu tenuM pariNAma zUnya AvyuM. jApAnIoe elacIo temaja ghaNAkharA khalAsIonI katala karI. pAchA jaIne khabara kahe eTalA khAtara thaDAka khalAsIone jIvatA javA devAmAM AvyA. 200 varasathIye vadhAre samaya sudhI jApAna AkhI duniyAthI ane pitAnA paDozI cIna tathA keriyAthI paNa alaga rahyuM. gaNyAgAMThayA valaMdAo ane kaDaka takedArI nIce Avate kaI raDyAkhaDyo cInavAsI - basa e ja jApAnane bahAranI duniyA sAthe joDanArI karI hatI. A rIte duniyAthI bilakula alaga thaI javAne dAkhala virala che. neMdhAyelA ItihAsanA koI paNa yugamAM ane bIjA koI paNa dezamAM Avo dAkha maLato nathI. gUDhatAthI vyApta tibeTa ke madhya AphrikA paNa pitAnA paDozIo sAthe te avAranavAra vyavahAra rAkhatAM hatAM. bIjAothI aLagA thaI javuM e vyakti tema ja prajA e baMne mATe hAnikAraka che. paraMtu jApAna e viSamatAmAMthI paNa pAra UtaryuM. teNe AMtarika sulehazAMti prApta karI ane lAMbA vigrahanA thAkamAMthI te sAjuMtAjuM thaI gayuM tathA 1853nI sAlamAM chevaTe jyAre teNe potAnAM dvAra pharIthI kholyAM tyAre teNe bIjuM eka, ApaNane cakita karI mUke evuM kArya karI batAvyuM. te atizaya tvarAthI

Page #487
474 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AgaLa vadhyuM ane gumAvelA vakhatanI khoTa teNe pUrI dIdhI. yuropanI prajAone pakaDI pADIne te temanI haroLamAM AvI gayuM tathA temanI ja ramatamAM teNe temane zikasta ApI. itihAsanI zuSka rUparekhA keTalI badhI nIrasa ane emAM AvatAM pAtre keTalAM kSINa ane nirjIva lAge che ! paraMtu prAcIna samayamAM lakhAyeluM pustaka ApaNe kaIka vAra vAMcIe chIe tyAre ApaNane mRta bhUtakALa sajIva thatA lAge che, raMgamaMca ApaNI bahu najIka Avele jaNAya che ane jIvatAjAgatAM tathA prema ane IrSyAbharyA manuSyo tenA upara haravA pharavA mAMDe che. prAcIna jApAnanI eka lAvaNyavatI strI viSenI copaDI meM vAMcI che. e strInuM nAma murAsAkI hatuM ane A patramAM meM je AMtaravigraha viSe lakhyuM che te pahelAM seMkaDo varasa upara te thaI gaI che. teNe jApAnanA samrATanA darabAranA pitAnA jIvanane lAMbo hevAla lakhe che. darabAranI kSullaka vAte tathA tenA premaprasaMgenA tAdaza citAra ApatA tenA keTalAka utArA meM vAMcyA tyAre e murAsAkI mArI samakSa jIvatI jAgatI strI banI gaI ane jApAnanA rAjadarabAranI kalApUrNa paNa maryAdita duniyAnuM tAdaza citra mArI najara AgaLa khaDuM thayuM.

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82 yuropamAM sakSAbha 4 AgasTa, 1962 ghaNA divasa thayAM meM tane A patro lakhyA nathI; mane lAge che ke, meM tane chelle patra lakhyuM tene lagabhaga be aThavADiyAM thaI gayAM. jema bahAranI duniyAmAM mANasa ghaNI vAra gamagIna banI jAya che. tema jelamAM paNa te kadI kadI gamagInI anubhave che. jemane mArA vinA khIjuM kAI vAMcatuM nathI evA A pA lakhavAnA keTalAka divasathI mane jarAye utsAha thatA nathI. tuM te jue evA meAkA Ave tyAM sudhI TAMkaNI bharAvIne huM e patrone rAkhI mUkuM chuM. kadAca mahinA ke varaso pachI e meAkeA Avaze ane tyAre tuM temane vAMcI zakaze. mahinAe ke varasA pachI ! ApaNe rIthI ekaThAM thaI zuM ane ekakhIjAte dharAI dharAI ne maLIzuM te pahelAM eTalA badhA samaya vItI jaze ? ane e daramyAna tuM keTalI moTI thaI gaI haze ane badalAI gaI haze ! tyAre ApaNe aneka vAta karavAnI haze ane huM nathI dhAro ke A patra taraph tuM lezamAtra paNa dhyAna Apaze. tyAM sudhImAM to A patrone eka moTA Du Mgara khaDakAze, ane mArA jelajIvananA seMkaDA kalAka emAM kharacAI gayA haze. ema chatAM paNa huM A patramALA cAlu rAkhIza ane lakhAyelA patronA DhagalAmAM umere karatA rahIza. tane te temAM rasa paDe ke naye paDe; paraMtu huM te e lakhavAmAM kharekhara atizaya AnaMda anubhavuM chuM. thoDAka vakhata ApaNe eziyAmAM zakAyAM ane hiMdustAna, maleziyA, cIna tathA jApAna vagere tenA dezanA pratihAsanA ApaNe paricaya karyo. yuropa jyAre jAgavA lAgyuM hatuM ane tene tihAsa kaMIka rasaprada thavA mAMDyo hateA te arasAmAM ApaNe tene aici Mtu cheDI dIdhuM hatuM. tyAM AgaLa, prajAnI punarjAgrati yA teA punarjanma thaI rahyo hatA. athavA tenA e navA janma hatA ema kahevuM kadAca vadhAre ucita thaze. kemake 16mI sadImAM yuropane ApaNe je pragati karatA nihALIe chIe te kAI prAcIna yuganI nakala ke anukaraNa nahotuM.

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416 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana te bilakula navIna cIja hatI. agara jo ene jUnI cIja kahIe te kamamAM kama eTaluM svIkAravuM paDaze ke, tene svAMga taddana navo hate. ' yuropamAM sarvatra saMbha ane asvasthatA jaNAya che tathA vastuone gherI rAkhatA vADAo tUTavA mAMDe che. keTalAMka saikAothI yaDala vyavasthAnA pAyA upara racAyelI sAmAjika tathA Arthika vyavasthA AkhA yuropa upara pravartatI hatI ane teNe tene potAnA paMjAmAM jakaDI rAkhyuM hatuM. thoDA samaya sudhI A kavacce pragati rUMdhI rAkhI paraMtu have emAM aneka taDa paDavA lAgI hatI. kolaMbasa vAska-DI-gAmA tathA dariyAI mArgonA AraMbhanA zodhake A kavaca bhedIne bahAra nIkaLyA hatA tathA amerikA ane pUrvanA dezomAMthI spena ane pigAlane lAdhelI aDhaLaka delatathI yurepanA lake chaka thaI gayA hatA. Ane lIdhe parivartananI gati tvarita banI. yuropa pitAnA maryAdita samudronI bahAra jovA tathA AkhI duniyAne lakSamAM rAkhIne vicAra karavA lAgyuM. jagadravyApI vepAra ane jagadravyApI AdhipatyanI mahAna zakyatAo have dRSTigocara thavA lAgI. burjhavA athavA madhyama varga dinapratidina baLavAna thatuM gayuM ane phayaDala vyavasthA pazcima yuropanA A vikAsane vadhAre ne vadhAre viddharUpe thavA lAgI. kyuDala vyavasthAnA divase kyAranAye bharAI cUkyA hatA. tenuM bezarama zeSaNa e A prathAnuM pradhAna tatva hatuM. kheDUto pAse parANe veTha karAvavAmAM AvatI; kazuM dAma ApyA vinA majUrI karAvavAmAM AvatI tathA lerDa athavA jAgIradAra umarAvane tarehatarehanA lAgAo ApavA paDatA. vaLI, A le pote ja nyAya paNa cUkavate. kheDUtavarganI hADamArI bahu bhAre hatI ane ene lIdhe kheDUtonAM baMDa ane yuddho vAraMvAra phATI nIkaLatAM hatAM e ApaNe joI gayAM chIe. e tenAM A yuddha phelAtAM gayAM ane uttarottara vadhatAM gayAM. yuropanA ghaNA bhAgomAM Arthika kAMti thaI tathA phala upalA vargane ThekANe bujhavA athavA madhyamavarga sattA upara AvyuM te A kheDUtanA baLavA pachI banavA pAmyuM ane meTe bhAge tene ja AbhArI hatuM. paraMtu A badhA pheraphAre jhaDapathI thaI gayA ema mAnI laIza nahi. e pheraphAra thatAM bahu vakhata lAge ane dazakAo sudhI yuropamAM AMtarayuddha cAlyA karyA. yuropano ghaNokhare bhAga te sAce ja A yuddhothI khedAnamedAna thaI gayuM. A yuddho kevaLa kheDatayuddho ja

Page #490
477 yurepamAM sakSebha nahotAM. paNa ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM ke te preTesTaMTa ane kaeNthalika vaccenAM dhArmika temaja nedharaleMDanA jevAM svAtaMtrya prApti mATenAM rASTrIya yuddho tathA rAjAnI niraMkuza ane Apakhuda sattA sAmenA burjhavA athavA madhyama varganAM baMDe hatAM. A badhI vastuo tane mUMjhavanArI lAgatI haze, kharuM? bezaka, e mUMjhavanArI ane gUMcavaNabharI che kharI. paraMtu meTI maTI ghaTanAo ane AMdolanane najaramAM rAkhIzuM te ja ApaNane temAM kaMIka samaja paDaze. kheDUtavarga saMkaTomAM kUkhe hatA tathA bhAre hADamArI veThI rahyo hatuM ane tene pariNAme kheDUtonAM yuddho thayAM e vastu prathama lakSamAM rAkhavI joIe. bujhavA athavA madhyama vargane udaya thayo tathA utpAdananAM sAdhane vikasavA lAgyAM e bIjI vastu ApaNe dhyAnamAM rAkhavI joIe. vastuo utpanna karavAnA kAryamAM vadhAre majUro rokAvA lAgyA tathA vepAra paNa vadhate gaye. trIjI yAda rAkhavAnI vastu e che ke carca e sauthI moTAmAM moTo jamInadAra hate. jamInadArImAM tenuM sauthI vadhAre hita samAyeluM hatuM ane tethI karIne phaDala vyavasthA cAlu rahe temAM tene svArtha rahele hate. jenAthI ghaNIkharI dhanadelata tathA mAlamilakta pitAnA hAthamAMthI jatI rahe evo Arthika pheraphAra tene maMjUra nahoto. A rIte romamAMthI zarU thayelA dhArmika baLavAe Arthika krAMtine paNa sAtha Ape. A mahAna Arthika krAMtinI sAthe sAthe athavA tenI pachI rAjakIya, dhArmika tathA sAmAjika ema aneka dizAomAM bhAre pheraphAra thayA. 16mI ane 17mI sadInA yuropane dUrathI ane vyApaka dRSTithI nihALatAM tane mAlUma paDaze ke A badhI pravRttio, caLavaLo ane pheraphAro ekabIjA sAthe saMkaLAyelAM hatAM ane ekabIjA sAthe temane gADha saMbaMdha hatuM. paraMtu sAmAnya rIte e jamAnAnI traNa caLavaLe upara khAsa bhAra mUkavAmAM Ave che. te caLavaLo A che : renesAMsa" athavA punarAgrati, "repharmezana" athavA dharmasudhAraNuM ane "revolyuzana" athavA krAMti. paraMtu yAda rAkhajo ke, A badhAnA mULamAM Arthika saMkaTa ane saMbha hatAM. emAMthI Arthika krAMti uddabhavI ane badhA pheraphAromAM e sauthI mahattvane pheraphAra hate. renesAMsa' athavA punarjAgratinA yugamAM vidyAne punarjanma thayo tathA kaLA, vijJAna, sAhitya ane yuropanA dezanI bhASAone vikAsa

Page #491
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana thaye. repharmezana' eTale ke dharmasudhAraNanI caLavaLa e mana carca sAmeno baLa hate. "repharmezana' e eka pakSe carcamAM pesI gayelA saDAnI sAmene janasamudAyane baLavo te; bIje pakSe temanA upara dara calAvavAnA papanA dAvA sAme yuropanA rAjAonuM tenI sAmenuM e baMDa hatuM ane trIjuM, carcane AMtarika saDe sApha karavAne e prayatna paNa hatA. "revolyuzana' athavA krAMti e rAjAone aMkuzamAM rAkhavA tathA temanI sattAne maryAdita karavA mATenI burjhA thA madhyama varganA lekanI rAjakIya laData hatI. A badhI caLavaLonI pAchaLa je eka bIjuM baLa paNa kArya karI rahyuM hatuM te mudraNakaLA hatI. tane yAda haze ke cInA leka pAsethI A kAgaLa banAvavAnI kaLA zIkhyA hatA. ane yuropa e kaLA temanI pAsethI zIkhyuM. paraMtu kAgaLa sAMdhA ane pUratA pramANamAM bahu lAMbA vakhata pachI pedA thavA lAgyA. 15mI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM heleMDa, iTAlI, IMgleMDa, haMgarI vagere yuropanA judA judA dezamAM copaDIo chapAvA lAgI. kAgaLa ane chApavAnuM kAma sArvatrika thayuM te pahelAMnI duniyA kevI haze tenI kalpanA karo karI je. pustake, kAgaLe ane chApakAmathI Aje ApaNe eTalAM badhAM TevAI gayAM chIe ke te sivAyanI duniyAnI kalpanA sarakhI karavI paNa muzkela thaI paDe che. chApelI copaDIo vinA ghaNA lekane vAMcatAM lakhatAM zIkhavavuM paNa lagabhaga azakya che. e paristhitimAM atizaya zrama uThAvIne pustakanI hAthe lakhIne nakala karavI paDe ane bahu ja ochA le ke tene lAbha laI zake. bhaNAvavAnuM kAma moTe bhAge moDhethI ja thAya ane vidyArthIone badhuM bhaNatara jidvAcce ja rAkhavuM paDe. asalI Dhabe cAlatA makatabo tathA pAThazALAomAM Aje paNa e rIte zikSaNa apAtuM tuM joI zake che. kAgaLa ane mudraNakaLAnA udbhavathI bhAre parivartana thAya che. zALAnAM pAThyapustaka tathA Itara pustako chApelAM bahAra paDe che. ane gheDA ja vakhatamAM lakhIvAMcI jANanArAonI saMkhyA vadhI jAya che. ane leke jema jema vadhAre vAMcatA thAya che tema tema teo vadhAre vicAra karatA paNa thAya che. (paNa A vidhAna vicArapreraka pustakane ja lAgu paDe che; AjakAla thokabaMdha bahAra paDatAM raddI pustakone nahi) ane mANasa vadhAre vicAra karate thAya che tema tema te upasthita pari. sthitinuM vadhAre jhINavaTapUrvaka nirIkSaNa karavA mAMDe che tathA tenA

Page #492
yuropamAM sakSeAbha GE guNadoSonI saMmIkSA karato thAya che. A vastu ghaNI vAra prakSita vyavasthA sAme paDakAramAM pariName che. ajJAna parivartanathI hamezAM DaratuM rahe che. ajJAtanA ane bhAre Dara hoya che eTale game tevI kharAba hoya toye jUnI garDane te coMTI rahe che. potAnA aMdhApAmAM ja te game tema athaDAtuM rahe che. paraMtu sArA vAcanathI amuka aMze jJAnaprApti thAya che tathA AMkhanAM aMdhArAM kaIMka dUra thAya che. kAgaLa temaja mudraNakaLAne lIdhe leAkeAnI AMkho khUlI tethI karIne ApaNe jenI vAto karI rahyA chIe te mahAna caLavaLAne bhAre vega maLyA. pahelavahelAM AIbala chApavAmAM AvyuM ane ethI je asaMkhya leke kazuM samajyA vinA laeNTina bhASAmAM tenuM zravaNa karIne ja sa MtoSa mAnatA teo have potapotAnI bhASAmAM te pustaka vAMcavA lAgyA. A vAcane temanAmAM samIkSAvRtti pedA karI ane pAdarIethI temane ka MIka svataMtra banAvyA. zALAnAM pAThyapustakA paNa saMkhyAbaMdha bahAra paDayAM. A samaya pachI yuropanI bhASA bahu jhaDapathI vikasatI ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. Aja sudhI te e badhI laeNTinanI chAyA nIce dabAyelI hatI. A kALamAM yuropamAM ghaNAye mahApuruSo thaI gayA. emAMnA keTalAkanA paricaya ApaNe have pachI karIzuM. jyAre kAI deza ke khaDa potAnA vikAsane rUMdhatuM kavaca toDI bahAra nIkaLe che tyAre te aneka dizAomAM bhAre pragati sAdhe che. yurepamAM ApaNane e vastunI pratIti thAya che ane tyAM thayelAM Arthika temaja khIjA mahAna parivanAne kAraNe yuropane e kALanA itihAsa atizaya rasika ane edhaprada che. e samayanA hiMdustAnanA athavA to cInanA itihAsa sAthe enI tulanA karI jo. huM tane AgaLa upara kahI gayA chuM ke e kALe e baMne dezo ghaNI bAbatomAM yuropathI AgaLa hatA. ane chatAM yurepanA e samayanA pragatizIla ItihAsanI tulanAmAM e baMne dezonA ItihAsamAM akarmaNyatA mAlUma paDe che. hiMdustAna tathA cInamAM e kALamAM moTA moTA rAjA ane mahApuruSo thayA tathA ucca kATinI saMskRti paNa tyAM pravartatA hatI. paraMtu tyAMne--khAsa karIne hiMdane, janasamUha cetanahIna ane akamaNya thaI gayelo jaNAya che. rAjAmAnI pherabadalIne teo jhAjhA virodha vinA nabhAvI le che. te thAkI gayelA jaNAya che ane sattAne vaza vartavAnI vRtti temanAmAM evI te Ara karIne eDI hatI ke tenA sAmano karavAne mATe te bilakula

Page #493
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana asamartha banI gayA hatA. Ama, temane itihAsa prasaMgApAtta rasaprada ane che e kharuM paraMtu te dhaTanAo ane rAjakartAonI noMdharUpa banI jAya che ane prajAkIya caLavaLAnuM myAna temAM jhAjhuM maLatuM nathI. cInanI bAbatamAM A keTaluM kharuM che tenI mane khabara nathI, paNa hiMdustAnanI bAbatamAM te keTalAMye saikAMothI A sthiti va`tI hatI e nirvivAda che. ane ApaNA lakAnI Aja sudhI UtarI AvelI durdazA hiMdamAM te samaye pedA thayelAM badhAM aniSTone AbhArI che. vaLI hiMdamAM khIjI eka e vRtti jovAmAM Ave che ke leAkeA pAchaLa jovA cahAtA hatA, AgaLa nahi. bhUtakALamAM temaNe je ucca sthiti prApta karI hatI tenA tarapha temanI najara hatI, bhAvimAM temaNe prApta karavAnI ucca sthiti tarapha nahi. Ama ApaNA dezabaMdhue vItI vAtane mATe AMsu sAratA hatA ane AgaLa vadhavAne badale kAI paNa hukama karatA Ave tene vaza vatA hatA. sAmrAjyA, Akhare to jemanA upara temane dAra hoya te lakAnI paravazatA upara jeTalA pramANamAM nabhe che teTalAM potAnI tAkAta upara nabhatAM nathI. 40

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renesAMsa athavA navajIvanane yuga 5 ogasTa, 1932 yuropabharamAM phelAtI jatI yAtanAo ane gaDamathalamAMthI "renesAMsa" athavA te navajIvananA yuganuM suMdara phUla khIlyuM. AraMbhamAM te te ITAlInI bhUmimAM UgyuM paraMtu sadIonI pAra purANuM grIsamAMthI teNe poSaNa ane preraNA meLavyAM hatAM. grIsa pAsethI teNe saMdaryabhakti meLavI ane mana tathA AtmAmAMthI pedA thatuM evuM kaMIka gahana tatva teNe purANI zArIrika sauMdaryanI bhAvanAmAM umeryuM. A navajIvana e nagaranI pedAza hatI ane uttara ITAlInAM zaheree tene Azraya Apo. khAsa karIne pharlorensa nagaranI bhUmimAM renesAMsa athavA navajIvananA yugane pahelavahele udaya thaye. teramI tathA cidamI sadImAM pharense dAnta tathA peTrArka nAmanA ITAliyana bhASAnA be mahAkavio pedA karyA hatA. madhyayuganA samaya daramyAna te AkhA yurepanuM Arthika kendra hatuM ane tyAM AgaLa meTA meTA zarAphe ekaThA thatA hatA. phalorensa dhanikanuM nAnakaDuM prajAtaMtra hatuM. e bahu sArA leka te nahotA ja ane pitAnA ja mahApurUSo tarapha temaNe ghaNI vAra geravartAva rAkhyuM hatuM. ethI tenuM nAma "caMcaLa phalorensa" paDyuM hatuM. paraMtu, zarApha tathA Apakhuda ane julamI rAjakartAo uparAMta 15mI sadInAM pAchalAM 50 varasamAM teNe traNa vicakSaNa puruSo pedA karyAH liyonArDo da vincI, mikelAM ane repheIla. A traNe bahu samartha kaLAkAra ane citrakAro hatA. liyonArdo tathA mikelAMje te bIjI bAbatamAM paNa mahAna hatA. mikelAMje abhuta mUrtikAra hatA ane ArasanA paththaramAMthI te pracaMDa mUrtio kotarI kADhate hate. vaLI te mATe sthapati paNa hatA. rAmanuM seMTa pITaranuM bhavya devaLa moTe bhAge tenI ja kRti che. lagabhaga nevuM varasa jeTaluM sArI peThe lAMbu AyuSya teNe bhagavyuM ane pitAnA jIvananA cheka chellA divasa sudhI seMTa pITaranuM devaLa bAMdhavAnA kAryamAM s- 21

Page #495
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana te maMDyo rahyo. te duHkhI mANasa hato ane vastuonI bhItaramAM rahelA rahasyanI zodhamAM niraMtara magna raheto hato. te hamezAM vicAramagna rahe tathA mANasane diMga karI nAkhe evA mahAna kAryo pAra pADavAnA prayatnamAM maMDyo rahe. eka vakhate teNe kahyuM hatuM ke, "citAro pitAnA magajathI citra cItare che hAthathI nahi." A traNamAM liyenAE uMmaramAM badhAthI vaDe hatuM. temaja ghaNI rIte te sauthI vadhAre vicakSaNa hatuM. sAce ja pitAnA jamAnAne te sauthI vadhAre adbhuta puruSa hatA. ane yAda rAkhaje ke e yugamAM ghaNA mahApuruSo thaI gayA che. te eka mahAna citrakAra ane mUrtikAra hatuM temaja bhAre vicAraka ane vaijJAnika paNa hatA. te niraMtara prayoga tathA bArIka nirIkSaNa karyA kara ane vastuonuM Adi kAraNa zodhavAne maLyA karate. Adhunika vijJAnane pAye nAMkhanAra mahAna vaijJAnikomAM te prathama hatuM. te kahe ke, "duniyAmAM sarvatra tamane kaMI ne kaMI jANavAnuM maLI rahe evI gekavaNa kapALa prakRtie karI rAkhI che. teNe ApameLe zikSaNa prApta karyuM hatuM. 30 varasanI uMmare teNe ApameLe Tana tathA gaNatane abhyAsa zarU karyo. te eka mahAna ijanera paNa thayo tathA mANasanA zarIramAM lehI pharatuM rahe che e zedha paNa pahelavahelI teNe ja karI hatI. zarIranI racanA nihALIne te chaka thaI gayA hatA. te kaheto ke, kuTevamAM paDelA ane TUMkI samajavALA aNaghaDa mANase manuSya zarIra jevA jhINavaTabharI banAvaTanA suMdara yaMtranA adhikArI nathI. temane te kherAka levA tathA tene bahAra kADhavA mATe eka kothaLo ja maLe joIe; kemake teo rAkanaLIo nahi te bIjuM zuM che!' te pite zAkAhArI hatI ane prANIo upara tene khUba prema hate. bajAranAM pAMjarAmAM pUravAmAM AvelAM pakSIone kharIdI temane tarata ja cheDI mUkavAne tene zokha hato. sauthI vadhAre AzcaryakAraka te havAmAM UDavAne teno prayAsa hate. emAM te saphaLa na thaye e kharuM, paraMtu e dizAmAM teNe ThIka ThIka pragati karI hatI. tenA prayoge tathA siddhAntanI pAchaLa paDanAra tenA pachI bIje kAI na nIkaLe. enA pachI enA jevA be traNa liyonArthe thayA hatA te AjanAM eroplene kadAca base traNa varasa pahelAM zodhAyAM hota. ema kahevAya che ke, "tenuM jIvana prakRti sAthenA susaMvAdarUpa hatuM. te hamezAM savAla UbhA kara ane prayogo vaDe temanA

Page #496
renesAMsa athavA navajIvanane yuga - 483 javAbo zodhavAno prayatna karate. te niraMtara AgaLa vadhye jato hato ane bhaviSyane pitAnI pakaDamAM levA prayatna karate hate. meM phaoNrensanA A traNa mahApuruSo viSe, ane khAsa karIne liyonArdo viSe vistArathI lakhyuM che kemake, tenA upara huM phidA chuM. kAvAdAvAo tathA tenA Apakhuda ane daSTa zAsakAnA vRttAntathI bharela phaoNrensanA prajAtaMtrane ItihAsa bahu rasika ke badhaprada nathI. paraMtu teNe je mahApuruSa pedA kya tethI karIne phalorensanAM ghaNAM dUSaNe - tenA vyAjakhAu zarAphene paNa !- daragujara karI zakAya. tenA A mahAna putranI chAyA phalorensamAM Aje paNa mejUda che ane jyAre ApaNe A ramaNIya zaheramAMthI athavA te tenA madhyakAlIna pulanI nIcethI vahetI ramya Arne nadIne kaThe kAMThe pasAra thaIe chIe tyAre ApaNuM mana upara jANe jAduI asara thAya che ane bhUtakALa jIvatAjAgate ApaNI najara AgaLa khaDe thAya che. dAte tathA tenI priyatamA biyeTIsa ApaNI AgaLathI pasAra thAya che ane pitAnI maMda khuzabo pAchaLa mUkatAM jAya che. ane vicAramAM garakAva thaI gayela tathA jIvana ane prakRtinI gahanatAnuM ciMtana karate liyenArdo tenI sAMkaDI zerIomAMthI jANe pasAra thatA hoya e ApaNane bhAsa thAya che. Ama, "renesAMsa athavA navajIvanane yuga paMdaramI sadImAM ITAlImAM phUlIphAlIne tyAMthI dhIme dhIme pazcimanA dezamAM prasaryo. mahAna kaLAkaree e kALamAM paththara tathA paTamAM prANa pUravAne prayatna karyo ane yuropanAM citrAlayo tathA saMgrahasthAne temanAM citro tathA mUrti othI bharAI gayAM. soLamI sadInA aMta sudhImAM ITAlImAM kaLAnA kSetranI A cetanA osaravA lAgI. sattaramI sadImAM heleMDe mahAna citrakAro pedA karyA. emAM remabrAnDa sauthI vadhAre prakhyAta che. e arasAmAM spenamAM velAskejha nAmane citrakAra thayo. paNa have huM vadhAre nAme nahi gaNAvuM. kemake gaNAvI zakAya evAM te keTalAye nAmo che. je tane mahAna citrakAmAM rasa hoya te citrAlayamAM jaIne tAre temanAM citro jevAM joIe. kevaLa citrakAronAM nAme jANavAne jhAM artha nathI. temanI kaLA tathA temaNe sarajeluM saMdarya e ja ApaNane preraNAdAyI hoya che. A kALa daramyAna, eTale ke paMdaramIthI sattaramI sadI sudhInA samayamAM vijJAna paNa dhIme dhIme pragati sAdhe che ane pitAnuM sthAna

Page #497
rC/y jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nizrita kare che. carca sAthe tene tIvra jhadhaDe thayA kemake lokeA vicAra karatA tathA prayoga karatA thAya te tene maMjUra nahotuM, tenI dRSTie te pRthvI e AkhA vizvanuM kendra hatuM ane tenI pradakSiNA karatA hatA tathA tArAo e to AkAzamAM jaDAyelA acaLa tejobiMdu samAna hatA. AnAthI bhinna mata dharAvanAra dha bhraSTa lekhAtA ane ivijhIzananI adAlata dhAre to tenA upara kAma calAvI zakatI. Ama chatAM paNa koparanikasa nAmanA eka poleMDavAsIe A mAnyatA sAme virodha uThThAvyo ane pRthvI sUryanI AsapAsa phare che e hakIkata puravAra karI batAvI. A rIte teNe vizva viSenI Adhunika kalpanAne pAyA nAkhyo. te 1473thI 1543nI sAla sudhI jIvyA hatA ane AvA dhavimukha tathA krAMtikAraka abhiprAyA dharAvatA chatAM kAryaka rIte carcanA kApamAMthI UgarI gayA. enA pachI thayelA enA jevA bIjA eTalA nasIbadAra nahAtA. pRthvI sUryanI AsapAsa phare che tathA tArAe te sUrya jevA ja khIjA tejapuMjo che evI mAnyatAne dRDhatApUrvaka vaLagI rahevA mATe 1600nI sAlamAM jyodAnAM brune nAmanA eka iTAliyanane carce rAmamAM jIvato khALI mUkyo. pahelavaheluM dUrakhIna banAvanAra tenA samakAlIna gaulaliyone paNa carce dhamakI ApI. paraMtu brunA karatAM te pecA hatA ane potAne mata kheMcI levAnuM ja teNe salAhabharyuM mAnyuM. AthI carca samakSa teNe kabUlAta ApI ke pote Udhe raste doravAI gayA hatA ane pRthvI ja vizvanI madhyamAM hatI tathA sUrya tenI AsapAsa karatA hatA. Ama chatAM paNa thADA vakhata jelamAM purAI ne tene tapazcaryAM karavI paDI. 16mI sadInA AgaLa paDatA vaijJAnikAmAM hAve paNa hato. lehI zarIramAM kratuM rahe che e teNe saMpUrNa paNe puravAra karI batAvyuM. sattaramI sadImAM AI jheka nyUTana pedA thayA. vijJAnanA sauthI mahAna draSTAomAMnA eka tarIke tenI gaNatarI thAya che. te meTA gaNitazAstrI paNa hato. teNe gurutvAkarSaNano niyama zodhI kADhayo ane vastu nIce zAthI paDe che tenI samajUtI ApI. A rIte teNe prakRtinA bIjA eka rahasyane sphATa karyAM. ATaluM, athavA kaho ke ATaluM ochuM vijJAna viSe. A yugamAM sAhitye paNa sArI pragati karI. je navuM cetana satra prasaryuM hatuM teNe yuropanI UgatI bhASA upara paNa prabaLa asara karI. theADAka

Page #498
renesAMsa athavA navajIvanane yuga 485 samayathI e bhASAo pracAramAM AvI hatI ane ITAlIe te pitAnI bhASAnA mahAkavio paNa pedA karyA hatA e ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM. iMglaMDamAM cosara kavi thaI gayuM. paraMtu yuropabharanA vidvAne tathA pAdarIonI bhASA laeNTinano e badhI bhASAo upara bhAre prabhAva hatuM. bIjI badhI bhASAo grAmya, prAkRta athavA te varnAkyulara kahevAtI. AzcaryanI vAta te e che ke ghaNA leke hajIye hiMdanI bhASAo mATe e zabdano upayoga kare che. e bhASAomAM lakhavuM e hiNapatabharyuM lekhAtuM. paraMtu prasaratA jatA navA cetane tathA kAgaLa ane mudraNakaLAe A bhASAone AgaLa pADI. ITAliyana bhASA pahelavahelI AgaLa AvI; pachI phreMca, aMgrejI ane speniza. jarmana bhASA sAthI chellI AgaLa AvI. phrAMsamAM soLamI sadInA keTalAka navalahiyA lekhakoe laeNTinamAM nahi paNa svabhASAmAM lakhavAne tathA uttama koTinA sAhityasarjana mATenuM te yogya vAhana banI zake tyAM sudhI pitAnI "grAmya bhASAne sudhAravAno saMkalpa karyo. A rIte yuropanI bhASAonI pragati thaI temanI tAkAta tathA samRddhi vadhI ane aMte te Aje jevI che tevI suMdara banI. badhA prakhyAta lekhakonAM nAma te huM nahi gaNAvuM paNa thaDAkane ullekha karIza. 1564thI 1616nI sAla daramyAna IMglaMDamAM nAmI kavi zekasapiyara thaI gayo ane sattaramI sadImAM tenI pachI tarata ja pereDAIjha lesTarane lekhaka aMdha kavi milTana thaye. kAMsamAM DekArTa nAmano philasUpha tathA meliyara nAmane nATakakAra thaI gayo. zekasapiyaranA samayamAM spenamAM DaoNna kivakajhoTanA lekhaka sarvenTIsa thaI gayo. bIjA eka puruSane paNa ahIM huM ullekha karIza. te mahApuruSa hate eTalA khAtara nahi paNa te ThIkaThIka nAmIco che eTalA mATe. enuM nAma mekiyAvelI. te phaoNrensane vatanI hate. paMdaramI-soLamI sadIno te eka sAmAnya mutsaddI hatA. paNa prinsa " nAmanuM tenuM eka pustaka ghaNuM vikhyAta thayuM. A pustaka ApaNane te samayanA rAjAo tathA mutsaddIonA mAnasanI kaMIka jhAMkhI karAve che. maeNkiyAvelI kahe che ke rAjya calAvavA mATe dharma Avazyaka che. paNa yAda rAkhaje ke lekIne saguNI banAvavA nahi paNa temanA upara zAsana karavA tathA temane dabAyelA rAkhavA mATe dharmane Avazyaka gaNavAmAM Avyo hate. temAM evuM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke rAjA pote jene pAkhaMDa mAnate

Page #499
486 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana heya tevA dharmane paNa Teke ApavAnI tenI pharaja che! maeNkiyAvelI kahe che ke, "manuSyane temaja hevAna tathA siMha ane ziyALane bhAga eka vakhate bhajavatAM rAjAne AvavuM joIe. vaLI, tenuM ahita thatuM hoya te teNe pitAnuM vacana pALavuM joIe nahi . . . . huM te AgaLa jaIne e paNa kahevA mAguM chuM ke hamezAM pramANikatA rAkhavI e atyaMta nuksAnakartA che tathA pavitra, vidhAsu, sadAcArI ane dayALu hevAne DALa hamezAM rAkhyA kare e phAyadAkAraka che. sadgaNano oLa rAkhyA kare enA jevI phAyadAkAraka bIjI koI cIja nathI.' A keTaluM kharAba che, nahi vAra? eno artha te e ke rAjA eTale vadhAre badamAza hoya teTale te vadhAre sAre gaNAya! yuropanA te samayanA sAmAnya rAjAonuM mAnasa AvuM hoya te pachI tyAM AgaLa niraMtara laDAITaMTa thayA karyA emAM kazuM navAI pAmavA jevuM nathI. paNa ene mATe eTalA badhA dUra javAnI zI jarUra che? sAmrAjyavAdI rAjya Aje paNa maiyAvelInA pustakanA Adarza rAjAnI jema ja varte che. sadgaNanA AvaraNa nIce temanAmAM lebha, ghAtakIpaNuM ane badamAzI ja hoya che- sabhyatAnA suMvALA nejA nIce hiMsaka pazuone lehiyALe pa ja chupAyeluM hoya che.

Page #500
kaeNTesTaMTa baMDa ane kheDUtonuM yuddha ( 8 oNgasTa, 1932 - 15mIthI sattaramI sadInA yuropanA saMbaMdhamAM huM tane ghaNuM patra lakhI cUkyo chuM. madhya yuganI samApti, kheDUtavarganI bhAre hADamArI, bUDjhavA athavA madhyama vargane udaya, amerikA tathA pUrvanA dezomAM javA mATenA dariyAI mArgonI zodha, ane yuropanI bhASAo, vijJAna tathA kaLAnI pragati vagere bAbate viSe meM tane theDI vAta karI che. paraMtu citranI rUparekhA pUrI karavA mATe A yuga viSe hajI ghaNuM kahevAnuM bAkI rahe che. mArA AgalA be patro temaja dariyAI mArgonI zadha viSeno eka patra tathA huM lakhI rahyo chuM te ane e pachInA eka be page e badhA yuropanA eka ja yugane lagatA che. bhinna bhinna hilacAle ane pravRttio viSe huM alaga alaga lakhuM chuM, paraMtu e badhI hilacAla tathA pravRttio lagabhaga eka ja kALe thaI hatI ane dareke paraspara ekabIjInI upara pitAnI asara pADI hatI. narenesAMsa athavA navajIvananA yuga pahelAM paNa romana carcamAM ghera kaDAkAbhaDAkA saMbhaLAvA lAgyA hatA. yuropanI prajA tathA rAjAone carca eTaleke remanA dharmataMtrano bhAre bojo kaThavA lAgyo hato ane teo kAMIka aMze asaMtuSTa ane saMzayazIla banyA hatA. samrATa phreDarika bIje te pipa sAthe vAdavivAdamAM paNa utaryo hate tathA dharma bahAra mukAvAnI bAbatamAM paNa te beparavA banyA hatA e tane yAda haze. saMzaya tathA avajJAnAM A cihnathI rema krodhe bharAyuM ane A navI uddabhavelI dharmabhraSTatAne cagadI nAkhavAne teNe nizcaya karyo. A hetu pAra pADavA ikvijhIzananI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. ane bIcArA puruSe upara dharmabhraSTatAne tathA strIo upara DAkaNa hevAne Arepa mUkIne yuropabharamAM temane jIvatAM bALI mUkavAmAM AvyAM. prAganA jona hasane chaLathI bALI mUkavAmAM AvyuM. pariNAme bahemiyAnA tenA anuyAyIoe baLavAno aMDe uThA. romana carca sAme pedA

Page #501
488 jagatanA itihAsanu' rekhAdarzana thayelI A navI bhAvanAne inkavajhIzananA tarehatarehanA bhISaNa trAsA paNa dabAvI zake ema nahetuM. e bhAvanA to phelAtI ja gaI ane eka meTA jamInadAra tarIke carca sAmenA kheDUtonA repano temAM umero thayA ane svAthI kAraNAthI prerAI ne ghaNe ThekANe rAjAe kisAnAnI A bhAvanAne uttejana ApyuM. carcanI aDhaLaka milakata upara temanI irSyALu ane lebhI AMkha hatI. bAkhala tathA Itara pustakAnI chapAIe A dhrumAtA agnimAM ghI reDayuM. soLamI sadInA AraMbhamAM jarmanImAM mArTina lyUthara nAmanA puruSa pedA thayA. AgaLa upara te carca sAmenA baLavAnA mahAna nAyaka thavAnA hatA. te eka khristI pAdarI hatA, paraMtu rAmanI yAtrA pachI te tyAMnAM vaibhavavilAsa tathA bhraSTAcAra nihALIne trAsI UDyo. vAdavivAdane A jhaghaDA uttarottara vadhatA ja gayA. te eTale sudhI ke ethI rAmana carcImAM be bhAgalA paDI gayA tathA pazcima yuropa paNa dhArmi ka temaja rAjakIya e baMne bAbatAmAM be bhAgamAM vaheMcAI gayuM. raziyAnuM purANuM IDaoNkasa grIka ca` A jhaghaDAthI aLaguM rahyuM. enI dRSTie to khuda rAma paNa sAcA dharmathI bahu vegaLuM hatuM. : A rIte proTesTaTa' khaMDanA AraMbha thayo. rAmana ca yA dharmAMtatranI ghaNIkharI mAnyatAo sAme teNe ' proTesTa ' eTale ke virodha uThAvyo tethI karIne e ' proTesTaMTa ' khaMDa tarIke oLakhAyuM hatuM. e samayathI pazcima yuropamAM khristI dharmanA be mukhya bhAga paDyA che. romana kaeNthalika tathA proTesTaMTa. paraMtu proTesTaMTo paNa bhinna bhinna aneka saMpradAyAmAM vaheMcAI gayA che. -- * carca sAmenI A caLavaLa athavA AMdolanane rekse zana kahevAmAM Ave che. mukhyatve karIne carcanI ApakhudI tathA bhraSTAcAranI sAme e janatAne baLavA hatA. enI sAthe sAthe ghaNA rAjA popanA temanA upara dora calAvavAnA badhA prayAsAne aMta ANavA cahAtA hatA. potAnI rAjakIya bAbatomAM pApanI dakhalagIrI sAme temane bhAre aNagamA hatA. A uparAMta rAmanA ca yA dhataMtrane vAdAra rahenAra pAdarI vage tene AMtarika saDA dUra karavAno prayAsa karyAM e ' rekmezana'nuM trIjuM aMga hatuM. canA e sAdhusaA-- phrAMsiskana saMdha tathA Dominikana sadha - viSe tane smaraNa haze ema huM mAnuM chuM. 16 mI sadImAM, je arasAmAM

Page #502
proTesTa, baMDa ane kheDUtanuM yuddha 489 mArTina lyuthara baLavAna thato jato hato te ja samaye Igneziyasa lelA nAmanA eka penavAsIe carcane eka navo ja saMgha zarU karyo. teNe e saMdhane "jIsasane saMgha" evuM nAma ApyuM ane tenA sabhya jesyuITa kahevAtA. cIna tathA pUrvanA dezomAM AvelA jesyuITa viSe huM AgaLa upara ullekha karI cUkyo chuM. "chasasane saMgha" e eka advitIya maMDaLa hatuM. remanA carca tathA pipanI A samaya dakSatApUrvaka sevA karanArA mANasane tAlIma ApavI e enuM dhyeya hatuM. enI tAlIma bahu kaDaka hatI. paraMtu emAM ene bhAre saphaLatA maLI ane teNe carcanA atizaya kuzaLa ane niSThAvAna sevako pedA karyA. carca upara temane evI aDaga zraddhA hatI ke, kaze prazna uThAvyA vinA teo AMkha mIMcIne tenI AjJAnuM pAlana karatA ane pitAnuM sarvasva tene arpaNa karatA. carcAne lAbha thAya che ema jaNAya che teo tene mATe saharSa pitAnI jAtanuM balidAna ApatA. eTaluM ja nahi paNa carcanI sevA karavAmAM temane kazI nIti-anItinI bAdhA paNa naDatI nahi evI temanI khyAti hatI. carcanuM hita sAdhavAmAM badhuM ucita ane kSamya gaNAtuM. A advitIya saMghanA mANasoe remana carcane bhAre sahAya karI. temaNe carcanuM nAma tathA teno saMdeza dUra dUranA dezomAM pahoMcADyo eTaluM ja nahi, paNa yuropamAM temaNe carcanuM dhoraNa paNa UMcuM karyuM. vaLI, kaMIka aMze, sudhAre karavAnI AMtarika caLavaLane lIdhe, paNa moTe bhAge te proTesTaMTa baLavAnA dhAkathI have romamAM saDo ocho thaye hate. A rIte repharmezana'nI caLavaLe carcamAM khristI dharmasaMghane be bhAgamAM vaheMcI nAkhe ane sAthe sAthe temAM thoDe aMze AMtarika sudhAro paNa karyo. kaeNTesTaMTa baLavo phelAto gayo tema tema yuropanA rAjA mahArAjAo eka yA bIjA pakSanI tarapheNa karavA lAgyA. ema karavAmAM teo kAI dhArmika AzayathI prerAyA nahotA. temane mana e te rAjanaitika ane lAbha meLavavAnI kAmanAne savAla hatA. e samaye hepsabarga vaMzane cArlsa pAMcame pavitra romana sAmrAjyane samrATa hato. enA pitA tathA pitAmahanA lagnasaMbaMdhane kAraNe tene eka vizALa sAmrAjya vArasAmAM maLyuM hatuM. temAM, osTriyA, jarmanI (paNa te nAmanuM ja), spena, nepalsa, sisilI, nedharalesa tathA speniza amerikA vagere pradezane samAveza tha hatuM. e samaye A rIte lagnasaMbaMdhathI rAjya vadhAravAne

Page #503
jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana cAla bahu mAnIte thaI paDyo hato. Ama cArlsa, pitAnI kazI lAyakAta vinA lagabhaga aDadhA yuropano zAsaka banyo ane thoDA samaya mATe te te eka mahApuruSa che e bhAsa paNa pedA thayo hato. teNe proTesTanI viruddha popane pakSa karavAne nirdhAra karyo. kemake, repharmezananI kalpanAnI sAthe sAmrAjyanI kalpanAno meLa khAya ema nahatuM. paraMtu jarmanInA ghaNuMkharA nAnA rAjAo proTesTa TonA pakSamAM bhaLyA. Ama, AkhA jarmanImAM be pakSe UbhA thayA --- romana athavA popanA pakSakAre ane lyutharanA pakSakAre. ene pariNAme jarmanImAM svAbhAvika rIte ja AMtaravigraha phATI nIkaLe. igleMDamAM ghaNuM lagna karanAra AThame hevI pinI viruddha paDyo ane teNe preTesTaTenI tarapheNa karI - athavA kaho ke pitAnI ja tarapheNa karI. carcanI milakata upara enI lebhI najara hatI ane rema sAthe saMbaMdha toDI nAkhyA pachI teNe devaLo tathA manI kImatI jamIne japta karI. pipanI sAthe saMbaMdha toDI nAkhavAnuM tenuM aMgata kAraNuM te e hatuM ke potAnI patnI sAthe chuTAcheDA karI tene koI bIjI bAI sAthe lagna karavuM hatuM. krAMsanI sthiti kaMIka vicitra prakAranI hatI. e samaye rAjAne vaDA pradhAna kADinala rizeliye hate. phrAMsanA ItihAsamAM enuM nAma mazadara che. rAjyanI lagAma lagabhaga tenA ja hAthamAM hatI. rizeliyAe mAMsane roma tathA pipane pakSe rAkhyuM ane tyAMnA proTesTane teNe kacarI nAkhyA. paNa rAjanItinA kAvAdAvAonI balihArI che ke e ja rizeliyAe jarmanImAM proTesTaMTa saMpradAyane uttejana ApyuM ke jethI tyAM AgaLa AMtaravigraha saLage ane pariNAme jarmanI nabaLuM paDe tathA tyAM ekatA thavA na pAme ! krAMsa tathA jarmanI vaccenI paraspara duzmanAvaTa yuropanA ItihAsamAM saLaMgasUtra mAlUma paDe che. lyuthara mahAna preTesTaMTa hatuM ane remanI sattane teNe sAmane karyo hato. paraMtu ethI karIne te dhArmika bAbatamAM sahiSNu hate ema mAnI laIza nahi. jenI sAme te laDI rahyo hato te pApanA eTale ja te paNa asahiSNu hatuM. eTale "repharmezanane kAraNe yuropamAM dhArmika svAtaMtrya na AvyuM. teNe "pUrITana" ane "kAlvinisTa' yA kAlvina nAmanA dharmopadezakanA anuyAyIo jevA navIna prakAranA dhamadha leke pidA karyA. kAlvina e proTesTaMTa hilacAlanA pAchaLanA

Page #504
TeTa baMDa ane kheDUtanuM yuddha 491 bhAganA netAomAMne eka hatA. tenAmAM saMgaThana karavAnI zakti bahu sArA pramANamAM hatI ane thoDA vakhata sudhI jInIvA zahera upara teNe pitAnI sattA jamAvI hatI. jInIvAnA bagIcAmAMnuM repharmezananuM bhavya smAraka tane yAda che? tenI vizALa dIvAla tathA kAlvina ane bIjAonAM pUtaLAMo paNa tane yAda che kharAM? kAvina te bhAre asahiSNu hato ane jeo tenI sAthe saMmata nahetA thatA tathA svataMtrapaNe vicAra karanArA hatA tevA ghaNuone kevaLa eTalA ja gunA khAtara teNe jIvatA bALI mUkyA hatA. lyuthara tema ja proTesTaMTane sAmAnya janasamUhanI bhAre madada maLI kemake janatAmAM remana carcanI viruddha tIvra roSanI lAgaNuM pragaTI hatI. huM AgaLa jaNAvI cUkyo chuM ke kheDUta varga bhAre hADamArI veThI rahyo hato ane teo vAraMvAra hullaDa karatA hatA. khe tenAM A hullaDomAMthI jarmanImAM kheDUtone vyavasthita vigraha uddabhavyo. kheDUte temane pIsI rahelI bhUMDI prathAnI sAme UDyA hatA ane temanI mAgaNIo bahuja sAmAnya hatI. sarpha eTale dAsayA AsAmI paddhatino nAza ane mAchalAM pakaDavAno tathA zikAra karavAne haka teo mAgatA hatA. Ama temanI kevaLa prAthamika hakonI mAgaNI hatI. paraMtu A hake paNa temane nakAravAmAM AvyA ane jarmanInA rAjAoe * hareka prakAranA hevAniyatabharyA julama gujArIne temane kacarI nAkhavAnA prayAsa AdaryA. ane A bAbatamAM pilA mahAna sudhAraka lyutharanuM valaNa kevuM hatuM? A rAMka kheDUtanI tarapheNa karIne temanI nyAyI mAgaNIone teNe Teko Apyo khare ? nA nA ! sarpha yA AsAmI paddhati baMdha thavI joIe evI kheDUtenI mAgaNInA saMbaMdhamAM lyuthare jaNAvyuM ke, "A siddhAMta pramANe te badhA ja manuSyo sarakhAM banI jAya ane ethI karIne pariNAme te IzunI AdhyAtmika vyavasthA tenA bahAranA svarUpamAM dunyavI vyavasthAmAM palaTI nAkhe. azakya! manuSyanI asamAnatA vinA dunyavI vyavasthA saMbhavI zake ja nahi. emAM keTalAka mANaso svataMtra, keTalAka AsAmIo yA dAsa, keTalAka zAsake ane keTalAka zAsita hevA joIe." teNe kheDUtone vakhoDI kADhyA ane rAjAone temanuM kAsaLa kADhI nAkhavAnI salAha ApI. "eTale, jemanAmAM tAkAta hoya temaNe temane pheMsI nAMkhavA, temanI chaDecoka katala karavI athavA gupta rIte temane ghAta kare. ane yAda rAkho ke. baLavAkhoranA jevI

Page #505
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jherIlI, dhRNita ke naradama zatAniyatabharI bIjI koI vastu nathI. eka haDakAyelA kUtarAnI jema tamAre tene pheMsI nAkhavo joIe. jo tame enA upara tUTI na paDo te pachI te tamArA tema ja AkhA deza upara tUTI paDaze." eka sudhAraka ane khAsa karIne dhArmika AgevAnanA meMmAMthI nIkaLatAM A kevAM suMdara vacana che! A uparathI ApaNane jaNAya che ke svataMtratA ane muktinI badhI vAte kevaLa upalA vargone mATe ja hatI. AmajanatAne temAM sthAna nahotuM. AmajanatA to bicArI badhA ja yugamAM lagabhaga pazunA jevuM ja jIvana gALatI AvI che. ane lyutharanI mAnyatA mujaba temaNe e ja rIte jIvavuM cAlu rAkhavuM joIe, kemake vidhie temane mATe e ja harAvyuM hatuM. lekonI tIvra Arthika saMkaDAmaNamAMthI meTe bhAge roma sAmene preTesTaMTa baLa udbhavyo hato. ene e paristhiti anukULa AvI ane teNe tene lAbha uThAvyuM. paNa preTesTaMTa baLavAnA AgevAnone lAgyuM ke sarpha athavA dasa varga vadhAre paDato AgaLa javA ane dAsavRttimAMthI pitAnI svataMtratA hAMsala karavA mAge che - ane A vastu e AgevAne mATe pUratI hatI - tyAre dAsa vargane kacarI nAkhavAne teo rAjAo sAthe maLI gayA. AmajanatAno udaya hajI bahu dUra hatuM. je navA jamAnAne udaya thaI rahyo hate te bUrjhavA athavA madhyama varga athavA te bhadra lekane jamAno hate. 16mI tathA 17mI sadInA vigrahe ane saMgharSomAMthI dhIme dhIme paNa anivArya rIte A vargane udaya thate ApaNe joIe chIe. jyAM jyAM A Ugate madhyama varga ThIkaThIka baLavAna hatA tyAM tyAM preTesTaMTa saMpradAya prasaryo. e saMpradAyamAM paNa bhinna bhinna aneka upasaMpradAye tathA prakAra hatA. IMglaMDamAM te tyAM rAjA ja carcane vaDo - athavA "dharmarakSaka" - banI beThe ane carcA carca maTIne rAjyanuM eka khAtuM banI gayuM. e samayathI mAMDIne Aja sudhI iMglaMDanAM carca yA dharma taMtranI e ja dazA rahI che. bIjA dezamAM ane khAsa karIne jarmanI, sviTjharalenDa tathA nedharalaeNjhamAM bIjA saMpradAe mahattva prApta karyuM. kAlvinane saMpradAya vadhAre prasaryo enuM kAraNa e che ke madhyama varganA vikAsane te vadhAre anukULa hato. dhArmika bAbatamAM kAlvina atizaya asahiSNu hate. dharmabhraSTa gaNAtA lokonuM atizaya damana karavAmAM AvatuM tathA temane

Page #506
TesTa, baMDa ane kheDUtanuM yuddha 493 jIvatA bALI mUkavAmAM AvatA ane pitAnA saMpradAyanA anuyAyIonI pAse kaDaka zistapAlana karAvavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. paraMtu vANijyanI bAbatamAM tenuM zikSaNa vadhatA jatA vepAra tathA udyogane vadhAre anukULa hatuM, jyAre remana kethalika zikSaNanI bAbatamAM tema nahotuM. naphAne dhArmika mAnyatA maLI ane jarUrI zAkhathI cAlatA vahevArane uttejana apAyuM. AthI karIne jUnA dharmanA A navA saMskaraNane madhyama vargo aMgIkAra karyo ane e rIte pUrNa dharmapAlananuM samAdhAna anubhavatA te paisA joDavAmAM gUMthAyo. phayuDala umarAvonI sAme laDavAmAM Ama vargane temaNe upayoga karyo hato. paNa umarA upara vijaya meLavyA pachI have temaNe tenI avagaNanA karI ane temanI khAMdha upara savArI karI. paNa madhyama vargane hajI ghaNu musIbatone sAmane karavAnuM hatuM. temanA mArgamAM rAjA paNa vidhvarUpa hatA. cUDala umarAvo sAme laDavAmAM rAjAe nagaravAsIo sAthe saMpa karyo hato. umarA zaktihIna thaI gayA pachI have rAjA bahu baLavAna bane. have paristhiti upara teNe saMpUrNa kAbU jamAvyuM hatuM. tenI ane madhyama varganI vacceno saMgharSa hajI have pachI zarU thavAne hate.

Page #507
soLamI tathA sattaramI sadImAM yuropamAM ApakhudI 26 oNgasTa, 1932 vaLI pAcho huM atizaya bedarakAra thaI gayo. A patra lakhyAne ghaNe samaya thaI gayo. mane ahIM koI pUchanAra nathI ke nathI koI mArA kAmamAM mane maMDyA rAkhanAra eTale prasaMgopAtta huM zithila thaI jAuM chuM ane bIjI bAbatamAM paDI jAuM chuM. je ApaNe sAthe heta te vaLI vastusthiti judI ja hota nahi vAra? paNa ApaNe baMne ekabIjAnI sAthe vAta karI zakavAnI paristhitimAM hatA te pachI huM lakhata ja zuM kAma? mArA chevaTanA patro yuropamAM jyAre bhAre gaDamathala ane parivartana thaI rahyAM hatAM te samayane aMge hatA. e patramAM 16mI tathA 17mI sadImAM yuropamAM bhAre parivartana thaI rahyAM hatAM tenuM khyAna karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. e parivartana madhyayugane aMta ANane madhyamavargane udaya karanAra Arthika krAMtinI sAthe sAthe athavA ene pariNAme ubhavyAM hatAM. ApaNe ApaNA chellA patramAM jeI gayAM ke pazcima yuropamAM khristIo kethalika ane proTesTaMTa evAM be daLamAM vaheMcAI gayA. jarmanI A be daLo vaccenAM dhArmika yuddhonuM khAsa raNakSetra banyuM, kemake tyAM AgaLa e baMne pakSa lagabhaga samatala hatA. A yuddhamAM pazcima yuropanA bIjA dezo paNa thoDeghaNe aMze saMDovAyA hatA. paraMtu iMglaDa yuropa khaMDanI A dhArmika laDAIomAMthI aLaguM rahyuM hatuM. tenA rAjA 8mA hetrInA amala nIce te jhAjhA AMtarika khaLabhaLATa vinA remathI chUTuM paDI gayuM hatuM ane pitAnuM alaga carca yA dharmataMtra teNe sthApyuM hatuM. tenI sthiti kaeNthalika temaja proTesTa Te e baMnenI vacce hatI. hetrIne dharmanI jhAjhI paravA nahotI. tene te carcanI jamInajAgIra joItI hatI ane te tene maLI. vaLI tene pharIthI paraNavuM hatuM ane tenI e murAda paNa teNe pAra pADI. A rIte "pharmezanane pariNAme rAjAo tathA umara pipanA deramAMthI chUTavA.

Page #508
seLamI tathA sattaramI sadImAM yuropamAM ApakhudI 495 jyAre A renesAMsa athavA navajIvana ane repharmezananI hilacAle tathA Arthika uthalapAthala yuropanI sikala badalI rahI hatI tyAre tenI rAjakIya bhUmikA kevI hatI? 16mI tathA 17mI sadImAM yuropane nakaze ke hate? A 200 varSanA gALAmAM alabatta yuropane nakaze. badalAto rahyo hato. eTale 16mI sadInA AraMbhamAM te na kevo hate te ApaNe joIzuM. yuropanI dakSiNa-pUrvamAM kaoNnsTATinepala turkonA hAthamAM AvyuM che ane temanuM sAmrAjya cheka haMgarInI sImA sudhI vistaryuM che. dakSiNapazcima khUNAmAM Araba vijetAonA seresana vaMzajene greneDAmAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA che ane spena pharDinAnDa tathA ijhAbelAnA saMyukta zAsana nIce khriratI rAjya tarIke pharIthI UbhuM thayuM che. spenamAM khristIo ane musalamAna vacce sadIo sudhI cAlelA jhaghaDAone kAraNe spena vAsIo pitAnA kaeNthalika dharmane atizaya daDhatA ane AvezapUrvaka vaLagI rahyA. spenamAM ja bhISaNa InkavajhIzananI sthApanA thaI hatI. amerikAnI dhanI jAduI asara tathA tyAMthI AvatI delatane kAraNe spena yuropanA rAjakAraNamAM AgaLa paDato bhAga levA mAMDe che. yuropanA nakazA tarapha pharIthI najara kara. kAMsa tathA iMglaMDa Aje che tevAM ja have ApaNane dekhAya che. yuropanA nakazAnI madhyamAM sAmrAjya AveluM che. te ghaNuM jarmana rAjyamAM vaheMcAyeluM che ane e badhAM lagabhaga svataMtra che. rAjAo, yuke, bizapa tathA ilekaTare eTale ke samrATanI cUMTaNI karavAnA hakadAra rAjAo vagerenA amala nIcenAM nAnAM nAnAM rAjyone e ajaba prakArano zaMbhumeLo che. tyAM AgaLa khAsa prakAranA adhikAro bhogavatAM zahero paNa che tathA uttaranAM zaheree te ekatra thaIne potAnuM samavAyataMtra paNa UbhuM karyuM hatuM. vaLI tyAM AgaLa sviTjharaleMDanuM prajAtaMtra paNa che. te vastutaH svataMtra che paNa tene hajI evI vidhipura:saranI mAnyatA maLI nathI. vaLI A uparAMta venisanuM prajAtaMtra, uttara ITAlInA nagara-prajAtaMtre; remanI AsapAsane pipanAM rAjya tarIke oLakhAto pradeza tathA temanI dakSiNe AvelAM nepalsa tathA sisilInAM rAjya che. pUrvamAM sAmrAjya ane raziyA vacce poleMDa tathA haMgarI che ane usmAnI turkI tenA upara pitAne paMjo ugAmI rahyA che. ethI AgaLa pUrvamAM suvarNa jAtinA maganI ghUMsarI phagAvI daIne navuM vikasatuM ane baLavAna thatuM jatuM

Page #509
493 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana raziyAnuM rAjya che. ane enI uttara tathA pazcima tarapha bIjA deze AvelA che. 16mI sadInA AraMbhamAM yuropana nakazo A hate. 15ra nI sAlamAM cAlsa pAMcame samrATa che. te hepsabarga vaMzana hatuM ane ApaNe AgaLa upara joI gayAM chIe ke spena, nepalsa, sisilI tathA nedharalaeNjhanAM rAjya tene vArasAmAM maLyAM hatAM. amuka rAjAonA lagnasaMbaMdhane kAraNe yuropamAM AkhA dezanA tathA prajAnA svAmIo kevI rIte badalAI jatA haze e kharekhara vicitra ghaTanA che. karoDe prajAjano tathA moTA moTA deze mAtra vArasAhakane kAraNe maLI jatA. keTalIka vakhata teo paherAmaNImAM paNa apAtA hatA. muMbaIne beTa A rIte iMglaMDanA rAjA bIjA cArlsane tenI patnI begAnDA (pATuMgAla)nI kaeNtherAInanI paherAmaNImAM maLyuM hatuM. Ama janApUrvakanA lagnasaMbaMdhathI hepsabarga vaMze eka moTuM sAmrAjya UbhuM karyuM hatuM ane pAMcamo cArlsa e sAmrAjyane sukhI banyuM hatuM. te bahu ja sAmAnya mANasa hato. sArI peThe khAvuM e eka enI khAsiyata hatI. paraMtu enA tAbAnA vizALa pradezane kAraNe yuropamAM thoDA vakhata mATe te te eka jabaradasta puruSa che e tene viSe bhAsa paDyo hato. cArlsa samrATa thaye te ja varase sulemAna usmAnI sAmrAjyano vaDe bane. tenA amala daramyAna e sAmrAjya badhI dizAomAM ane khAsa karIne pUrva yuropamAM vistaryuM. turka leke TheTha viyenAnA daravAjA sudhI AvI pahoMcyA hatA, paraMtu e prAcIna ane ramaNIya zahera temanA hAthamAM jatuM jatuM rahI gayuM. paraMtu he sabarga samrATane temaNe tharakAMpa karI mUkyo ane sulemAnane khaMDaNI ApIne tene pitAno karI levAnuM teNe salAhabhareluM mAnyuM. pavitra romana sAmrAjyanA mahAna samrATa turkInA sulatAnane khaMDaNI bhare enI jarA kalpanA te karI je. sulemAne "bhavya sulemAna'nA nAmathI oLakhAya che. teNe pite paNa sIjhara athavA samrATa khitAba dhAraNa karyo ane te pitAne pUrvanA bAjhenTAIna samrATonA pratinidhi tarIke mAnate hate. sulemAnanA amala daramyAna konsAnTinopalamAM imArate bAMdhavAnI pravRtti bahu joramAM cAlI ane saMkhyAbaMdha manahara masjido. baMdhAI. ITAlImAM kaLAne punaruddhAra thaI rahyo hate. tevI ja paristhiti. pUrvamAM paNa mAluma paDe che. e pravRtti kevaLa konsAnTine palamAM ja

Page #510
seALasI tathA sattaramI sadImAM yurepamAM ApakhudI 497 maryAdita nahatI. IrAna tema ja madhya eziyAmAM AvelA kheArAsAnamAM paNa suMdara citrA nirmANa thaI rahyAM hatAM. " ApaNe AgaLa joI gayA ke vAyavya khUNAmAMthI AvIne bAbare hiMdamAM navA rAjavaMza sthApyA hatA. jyAre yuropamAM samrATa pAMcamA cArlsa ane kaoNnsTAnTinepalamAM sulemAna rAjya karatA hatA tyAre 1para6nI sAlamAM e banAva banyA hatA. bAbara temaja tenA tejasvI vaMzajo viSe AgaLa upara ghaNuM kahevAnuM thaze. ahIM e vastu lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che ke khuda bAbara paNa * renesAMsa ' athavA te navajIvananA yuganA rAjAonI pratinA ja rAjakartA hatA. jo ke yuropanA te kALanA rAjAo karatAM te caDiyAtA hatA. te sAhasika ane nasIba sAthe jugAra khelanAra hatA e kharu. paraMtu sAthe sAthe te sAhitya tathA kaLAnA zekhIta zUrA saradAra paNa hatA. e kALanA iTAlInA rAjAe paNa sAhasika temaja sAhitya ane kaLAnA zokhIna hatA tathA temanA nAnakaDA darabAro bahAranI bhabhakathI jhaLahaLatA hatA. te samaye phlorensamAM meyI tathA kheorjiyA kuLA bahu mazahUra hatAM. paraMtu e samayana! iTAlInA badhA tathA yuropanA ghaNAkharA rAjAe maeNkiyAvelInA sAcA anuyAyIo hatA. te kAvatarAkhAra, kAvAdAvAmAM racyApacyA rahenArA tathA Apakhuda hatA ane potAnA duzmanAnuM kAsaLa kADhavA jhera tathA mArAnA upayoga paNa karatA hatA. jema temanA nAnA nAnA darabAranI akabara, jahAMgIra tathA anya mogala bAdazAheAnA dilhI ke AgrAnA darabAranI sAthe sarakhAmaNI karI zakAya nahi, te ja rIte khAkhara jevA umadA yoddhAnI A TALA sAthe tulanA karavI bhAgye ja ucita gaNAya. evuM kahevAya che ke A mogala bAdazAhanA darabArA bhavya hatA ane samRddhi tathA bhabhakAmAM kadAca te pahelAMnA kAI paNa darabArane AMTI jAya evA hatA. ApaNe bilakula ajANapaNe yuropathI hiMdustAnanI vAta upara AvI paDyAM. paraMtu yuropanA 'renesAMsa' yA navalkyananA yuga daramyAna hiMdamAM tathA anyatra zuM banI rahyuM hatuM tenI mAre tane jANa karavI hatI. e kALamAM tu, IrAna, madhya eziyA tathA hiMdamAM paNa pravRtti cAlu hatI. cInamAM A miMga vaMzanA amala nIce zAMti tathA samRddhinA kALa hatA. e samaye kaLAe tyAM bahu bhAre pragati sAdhI hatI. paraMtu navajIvananA yuganI A badhI kaLA kadAca cInanI ja-32 -

Page #511
98 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarA na kaLAne emAM apavAdarUpa gaNI zakAya~~~mATe bhAge rAjadarabAranI kaLA hatI, e janatAnI athavA te Ama prajAnI kaLA nahotI. iTAlInA mahAna kaLAkAro -- jemAMnA keTalAkanAM nAmeAne me AgaLa upara ullekha karyAM che --~~ pachI navajIvananA yuganA pAchaLanA bhAgamAM tyAMnI kaLA najIvI ane kSullaka banI gaI. Ama soLamI sadImAM yuropa kaeNthalika tathA proTesTaMTa evA be saMpradAyanA rAjAomAM vaheMcAI gayuM. e samaye teA rAjAonI ja gaNanA thatI. temanI prajAe kazI visAtamAM naheAtI. iTAlI, jarmanI, AsTriyA, phrAMsa ane spena vagere dezo aDadhA proTesTa ane aDadhA kaeNthalika hatA. lagabhaga Akhu iMgleMDa proTesTaMTa hatuM kemake tyAMnA rAjAne e phAvatuM AvyuM hatuM. vaLI iMgleMDa proTesTaMTa hatuM e AyarlaeNnDane kaeNthalika saMpradAyane vaLagI rahevA mATe pUratuM kAraNa hatuM; kemake iMglaMDa tene jItI levA tathA tenuM damana karavA mathatuM hatuM. paraMtu prajAnA dharma e bahu mahattvanI vastu nathI ema kahevuM e barAbara nathI. Akhare to te avazya asarakAraka nIvaDe che ane ene kAraNe aneka vigraho tathA krAMti thavA pAmyAM che. paraMtu dhArmika bAjune rAjakIya temaja Arthika bAjuethI judI pADavI muzkela che. jyAM AgaLa navA vepArI varga baLavAna thatA jatA hatA tyAM, khAsa karIne, rezama sAme proTesTaMTa maLavA jAgyA e vastu mane lAge che ke, huM tane AgaLa upara kahI cUkyo chuM. Ama ApaNe joI zakIe chIe ke dharmane vepAra sAthe paNa sabaMdha che. vaLI, keTalAka rAjAo dhArmika sudhAraNAnI hilacAlathI DaratA hatA kemake temane ema lAgatuM hatuM ke dhArmika sudhAraNAnA oThA nIce sAmAjika krAMti thAya ane pariNAme kadAca temanI sattA paNa uthalAvI pADavAmAM Ave. eka AdamI popanI dhArmika sattAnA sAmanA kare te pachI te rAjA ke umarAvanI rAjakIya sattAne paDakAra kema na kare? A siddhAMta rAjA mATe bahu jokhamakAraka hatA. teo teA hajI rAjya karavAnA temanA daivI ha upara ja mustAka hatA. proTesTaMTa paMthanA rAjA paNa temane A hakka jato karavA taiyAra nahotA. ane Ama 'rekarmezana 'nI hilacAla cAlatI hovA chatAM paNa yuropanA rAjAonA hAthamAM niraMkuza sattA hatI. pUrve kAI paNa samaye te eTalA pramANamAM Apakhuda naheAtA. pahelAM te cUDala umarAvAna *

Page #512
seALamI tathA sattaramI sadImAM yuropamAM ApakhudI 99 temanA upara aMkuza hatA ane ghaNI vAra te te tenI sattAne paDakAratA paNa kharA. vepArIo tathA madhyama varganA bhalene A umarAve pasaMda nahAtA. rAjAne paNa te gamatA nahotA. eTale vepArI va tathA kheDUtonI sahAyathI rAjAe umarAvAne jera karyAM ane te pote sa sattAdhIza banyo. madhyama varganuM baLa tathA mahattva jo ke have vadhyuM hatuM paraMtu rAjAnI sattAne aMkuzamAM rAkhavA jeTaluM khaLa tenAmAM nahotuM. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM madhyama varga rAjAe karelI keTalIka bAba sAme vAMdhA uThAvavA lAgyA. khAsa karIne vAravAra ugharAvavAmAM AvatA tathA bhAre kara sAme ane dharmanI bAbatamAM tenI dakhalagIrI sAme teNe vAMdhA uThThAbyA. rAjAne e vastu jarAye pasaMda nahAtI. pote je kaMI kare tenI sAme vAMdhA uDAvavAnI temanI dhRSTatAnI tene bhAre cIDa hatI. AthI te temane jelamAM pUratA ke bIjI rIte zikSA karo. jema briTiza sarakArane vaza thavAnI nA pADavA mATe hiMdamAM Aje ApaNane kedamAM pUravAmAM Ave che te ja pramANe te samaye temane manasvIpaNe kedamAM pUravAmAM AvatA. rAjA vepArarojagAramAM paNa dakhala karato. A badhAne kAraNe vAta bagaDI ane rAjAnI sAme virodhanI lAgaNI vadhavA lAgI. rAjAnI ApakhudI sAme sattA meLavavAnI madhyama varganI laData bhrUNI sadIo sudhI, kahe ke cheka Aja sudhI cAlI ane rAjAonA rAjya karavAnA daivI adhikArane chevaTanA danAvavAmAM AvyA tathA temane temanA vAstavika sthAne mUkavAmAM AvyA te pahelAM ghaNA rAjAne potAnAM zira gumAvavAM paDyAM hatAM. keTalAka dezomAM e laDatamAM jaladI vijaya maLyA ane keTalAkamAM moDA maLyA. have pachInA patrAmAM ApaNe e laDatanI caDatIpaDatI viSe vAto karIzuM. # paraMtu sALamI sadImAM yuropanA ghaNAkharA dezamAM rAjA lagabhaga sasattAdhIza hatA. paraMtu te lagabhaga sarvasattAdhIza hatA sarvAMge nahi. tane yAda haze ke sviTjharaleMDanA DuMgarALa mulakamAM vasatA garIba kheDUtoe haeNpsabarga vaMzanA mahAna samrATanI sAme thavAnI hAma bhIDI hatI ane temaNe potAnI svataMtratA prApta karI hatI. Ama yuropanA ApakhudI ane niraMkuza sattAnA mahAsAgaramAM sviTjharalaeNnDanuM kheDUtonuM prajAtaMtra eka bheTa samAna hatuM. tyAM rAjAne kazuM sthAna nahotuM. - thaDA ja vakhatamAM khIjI jagyAe -- nedharalaeNnDjhamAM -- paNa paristhiti kaTokaTIe paheAMcI ane tyAM AgaLa prajAnA dhArmika ane

Page #513
500 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nAgarika svAtaMtrya mATenuM yuddha laDAyuM tathA jitAyuM. e deza te bahu nAne hatuM paraMtu tenuM yuddha te mahAna hatuM, kemake te samayanA yuropanA sauthI baLavAna rAjya spena sAmenuM e yuddha hatuM. Ama nedharalaeNjhe AgevAnI lIdhI ane yuropane teNe mArga batAvyuM. e pachI IgleMDamAM prajAnA svAtaMtrya mATenI laDAI janmI. e late tyAMnA eka rAjAnA mAthAne bhega lIdhe ane te samayanI pArlAmenTane vijaya Ape. ApakhudI sAmenI madhyama varganI laDatamAM Ama nedharalenDajha tathA iMglaDe AgaLa paDate bhAga bhajavyuM. ane e dezamAM madhyama varga vijayI thaye tethI karIne navI paristhitine te lAbha uThAvI zakyo tathA bIjA dezathI te AgaLa nIkaLI gayo. e baMne dezee pachIthI baLavAna nakAkAphalA bAMdhyA, baMnee dUradUranA dezo sAthe vepAra khIla ane e baMnee eziyAmAM pitAnA sAmrAjyano pAyo nAkhyo. A patramAM hajI sudhI ApaNe iMgleMDa viSe jhAjhI vAta nathI karI. ene viSe jhAjhuM kahevA jevuM hatuM ja nahi; kemake yuropamAM IMgleMDa e bahu mahattvanA deza nahote. paNa have paristhiti badalAya che ane ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM ke IgleMDa bIjA dezonI AgaLa nIkaLI jAya che. maeNkArTI, pArlamenTane AraMbha tathA kheDUta varganI hADamArI ane judA judA rAjavaMze vaccenA AMtaravigraha viSe ApaNe AgaLa vAta karI gayA chIe. A yuddho daramyAna rAjAe aneka lenAM khUna karAvyAM tathA anekanI katala karI. A laDAImAM saMkhyAbaMdha phakyUDala umara marAyA ane e rIte e varga nabaLI paDyo. pachIthI no rAjavaMza - TayuDara vaMza - gAdI upara Avyo. e vaMzanA rAjAoe sArI peThe ApakhudIne amala karyo. AThame hetrI tathA tenI putrI dalIjhAbetha TayuDara vaMzanAM hatAM. samrATa pAMcamA cArlsanA maraNa pachI tenA sAmrAjyanA bhAgalA paDI gayA. spena tathA nedharalaeNjha tenA putra bIjA iilapanA hAthamAM AvyAM. spenanuM rAjya e samaye yuropamAM sarvoparI manAtuM hatuM ane tene rAjAo sAthI baLavAna lekhAtA hatA. tene yAda haze ke para ane mekisake tenA tAbAmAM hatAM tathA amerikAmAMthI tyAM senAne pravAha vahetuM hatuM. paraMtu laMbasa, ke tathA pajherI jevA puruSe tyAM pAkyA hovA chatAMye na navIna paristhitine lAbha na uThAvI zakayuM. vepArarojagAramAM tene rasa nahe. tene te kevaLa atizaya

Page #514
seLamI tathA sattaramI sadImAM yurepamAM ApakhudI 501 krUra tathA saMkucita prakAranA dharmanI paravA hatI. AkhA dezamAM InkivajhIzanane dara cAlatuM hatuM ane dharmabhraSTa kahevAtAM strI puruSa upara atizaya bhISaNa ane kamakamATIbharyA atyAcAro gujAravAmAM AvatA hatA. tyAM AgaLa vakhatovakhata jAhera usa javAmAM AvatA ane rAjA, rAjakuTuMba dezAvaranA elacIo tathA hajAro le konI medanI samakSa A "dharmabhraSTa gaNutAM strIpuruSonA ToLAne meTI citA khaDakI jIvatAM bALI mUkavAmAM AvatAM. A rIte "dharmabhraSTa' yA nAstikane jAheramAM bALI mUkavA e dharmika kArya kahevAtuM hatuM. A badhuM ApaNane Aje atizaya bhayAnaka ane hevAniyatabharyuM lAge che. paraMtu yurepano e kALano ItihAsa ApaNe mAnI na zakIe eTalI hiMsA, bhayaMkara ane hevAniyatabharI kUratA tathA dharmAdhatAthI bhareluM che. spenanuM sAmrAjya lAMbe kALa na TakyuM. nAnakaDA heleMDanI vIratvabharI laDate tene camacAvI mUkyuM. thoDA vakhata pachI 1588nI sAlamAM IMgleMDa jItI levAno prayAsa karavAmAM Avyo, paraMtu temAM bhAre niSphaLatA maLI ane spenanA lazkarane laI janAra "ajeya naukA kAle' IgleMDanA kinArA sudhI paNa pahoMcI zakyo nahi. e kAphele bharadariye tephAnane lIdhe chinnabhinna thaI gayuM. paNa emAM Azcarya pAmavA jevuM kazuM nathI, kemake e nakA kAphalAnA senApatine vahANe ke samudra vize lezamAtra paNa gatAgama nahotI. sAce ja teNe zahenazAha philipa pAse jaIne senApatinI padavI uparathI pitAne chUTo karavAnI namratApUrvaka prArthanA karI hatI ane jaNAvyuM ke dariyAIyuddhanI vyuharacanAnI bAbatamAM huM sAva ajANuM chuM tathA huM sAre khalAsI paNa nathI. paNa AnA javAbamAM rAjAe jaNAvyuM ke "khuda Izvara e kAphalAnI doravaNI karaze! Ama dhIme dhIme spenanAM sAmrAjyano laya thaze. pAMcamA cAlsanA amala daramyAna kahevAtuM hatuM ke tenA sAmrAjyamAM sUrya kadI Athamate nathI. A ja vacana AjanA paNa eka garvika ane ghamaMDI sAmrAjyanI bAbatamAM ghaNI vAra uccAravAmAM Ave che.

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86 nedharaleMDjhanuM svAtaMtrya yuddha 27 oNgasTa, 1932 soLamI sadImAM lagabhaga AkhA yuropamAM rAjAo kevI rIte sarva sattAdhIza thaI paDyA hatA te huM AgalA patramAM kahI cUkyo chuM. iMglaMDamAM TayuDara ane spena tathA osTriyAmAM hasabarga vaMzanA rAjAo hatA. raziyA temaja jarmanInA ghaNAkharA bhAge tathA iTAlImAM Apakhuda rAjAo hatA. Ama sperapaNe rAjya karanArAomAM phrAMsane rAjA khAsa karIne namUnA rUpa hato. tyAM te lagabhaga AkhuM rAjya rAjAnI khAnagI milakata gaNAtuM hatuM. krAMsa temaja tenI rAjAzAhIne majabUta banAvavAmAM kArDinala rizeliye nAmanA eka atizaya kuzaLa pradhAne bhAre sahAya karI. jarmanInI nirbaLatAmAM pitAnI salAmatI tathA sAmarthya rahelAM che ema phrAMsa hamezAM mAnatuM AvyuM che. ethI karIne rizelie - jarmanInA proTesTane kharekhAta uttejana ApyuM. A rizeliye eka samartha kethalika dharmAdhikArI hata ane phrAMsanA preTesTaMTane teNe nirdayatAthI kacarI nAkhyA hatA. jarmanImAM AMtarika saMgharSa tathA avyavasthA pedA karI e rIte tene durbaLa banAvavAne tene hetu hatuM. tenI e nItine pUrepUrI saphaLatA maLI. ApaNe AgaLa joIzuM ke jarmanImAM bUrAmAM bUra AMtaravigraha saLage ane tene lIdhe dezanuM satyAnAza vaLyuM. sattaramI sadInA madhya bhAgamAM krAMsamAM paNa AMtaravigraha thaye hatA. e danA vigraha tarIke oLakhAya che. paraMtu emAM rAjAe umarA tathA vepArIo baMnene kacarI nAkhyA. umarAnA hAthamAM have sAcI sattA rahI nahatI paNa temane pitAne pakSe rAkhavAne mATe rAjAe temane aneka prakAranI chUTachATa ApI. temane lagabhaga kaze ja kara bharavAne nahoto. umarAvarga tathA pAdarIo koI paNa prakAranA karamAMthI sAva mukta hatA. karaverAne saghaLe baje AmaprajA upara ane khAsa karIne kheDUtavarga upara paDatuM hatuM. A garIba ane kaMgALa leka pAsethI khUMcavI lIdhelA paisAmAMthI bhavya ane AlazAna mahelAte UbhI thaI ane rAjAnI AsapAsa bhAre ThAThamAThavALA darabAra Ubho che.

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nedharalenDjhanuM svAtaMtrya yuddha 503 perisa pAse AvelA vartAI nagaranI te mulAkAta lIdhI hatI te tane yAda che kharI? tyAM AgaLanI AlazAna mahelAte Aje ApaNe jevA jaIe chIe te sattaramI sadImAM krAMsanA kheDUtonA rudhiramAMthI UbhI thaI hatI. vasaI e te Apakhuda ane bejavAbadAra rAjAzAhInuM pratIka hatuM; vaLI badhI rAjAzAhIne aMta ANanAra iMca krAMtinuM e purogAmI banyuM emAM jarAye tAjuba thavA jevuM nathI. paraMtu e samaye te hajI kAMti bahu dUra hatI. e samaye 14 me laI rAjya karatA hatA. te pitAne "mahAna rAjA" kahevaDAvatA hatA ane pite rAjasUrya che tathA pitAnI AsapAsa darabAranA darabArIo grahanI mAphaka phare che evuM tenuM varNana tene gamatuM. 1643thI 1715 sudhI eTale ke 72 varasa jeTalA dIrghakALa sudhI teNe rAjya karyuM ane mejherIne nAmane bIje eka mahAna kArDinala teno vaDo pradhAna hatuM. Toca upara te bhAre dabadabe ane vaibhavavilAsa jaNAtAM hatAM ane rAja taraphathI sAhitya, vijJAna tathA kaLAne Azraya ApavAmAM AvatA hatA, paraMtu dabadabA ane bhapakAnA e AchA AvaraNa nIce atizaya duHkha ane hADamArI pravartatAM hatAM. e jamAne "viga" eTale ke, mAthe paheravAnI julaphAMvALI TopIo tathA zarIra upara paheravAnAM suMdara suMdara vastrAbhUSaNene hatuM. paraMtu e suMdara vastro ke vige bhAgye ja devAmAM AvatAM ane te mela ane gaMdakIthI bharapUra hatAM. ApaNe badhA upara oLadamAka tathA dabadabAnI bahu asara paDe che. eTale tenA lAMbA rAjakALa daramyAna 14mA luIe AkhA yurepa upara bhAre asara pADI temAM jarAye tAjuba thavA jevuM nathI. e namUnedAra rAjA lekhAte hato ane bIjA rAjAo tenI nakala karavAno prayAsa karatA. paNa vAstavamAM A "mahAna" rAjA Akhare ke hate ? kArbAIla nAmanuM eka nAmAMkita aMgreja lekhaka ene viSe kahe che ke, "tamArA rAjA 14mA lUI uparathI bAdazAhane veza utArI le pachI vicitra rIte kotarI kADheluM mAthuM tathA be pAMkhiyAM vALA gAjara sivAya tenAmAM bIjuM zuM bAkI rahe che vAru?" A bahu kaThera varNana che ane te ghaNuM kharA rAjAo tathA sAmAnya lokone paNa lAgu paDe che. 14mA laIne ItihAsa ApaNane 1715nI sAla eTale ke 18mI sadInA AraMbha sudhI laI jAya che. e kALa daramyAna yurepanA bIjA dezamAM ghaNuM banAvo banI gayA ane emAMnA keTalAka banAve

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504 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ApaNuM lakSa kheMce che. nedharalaeNjhanA spena sAmenA baLavAnI vAta huM tane kahI gayo chuM. temanI bahAdurIbharI laDatane itihAsa jhINavaTa pUrvaka abhyAsa karavA yogya che. je. ela. mele nAmanA eka amerikane A vAtaM yuddhane mazadara ItihAsa lakhe che. te atizaya recaka che ane vAMcatAM ApaNane mugdha karI de eve che. sADA traNa varasa pUrve yuropanA A eka nAnakaDA khUNAmAM je ghaTanA banI hatI tenA A khyAna karatAM vadhAre hRdayasparzI ane tanmaya karanArI kaI navalakathA paNa haze ke kema e viSe mane zaMkA che. e pustakanuM nAma "Daca prajAtaMtrane udaya'-'dhI rAIjha oNpha dhi Daca ripablika" che. nedharalaeNnDajhamAM heleMDa to bejiyama e baMne dezone samAveza thAya che. e baMnenAM nAma uparathI ja ApaNane khabara paDe che ke te nIcANanA pradeza che. hAleMDa nAma paNa "hole laMDa" eTale ke, pokaLa jamIna e uparathI paDayuM che. e dezano moTA bhAgane pradeza dariyAnI sapATIthI nIce che ane uttara samudranAM pANI rokavA mATe tyAM meTA meTA baMdho tathA dIvAle bAMdhavAmAM AvI che. e baMdhane "DAIka' kahevAmAM Ave che. dariyA sAthe niraMtara jhaghaDatA AvA dezamAM dariye kheDanArA khaDatala leke pAke che ane vAraMvAra dariye oLaMganArA leke sAmAnya rIte vepArajagAramAM paDe che. eTale nedharalaeNnDajhanA leke vepArIo banyA. te le ke garama kApaDa tathA bIjI vastuo utpanna karavA lAgyA tathA pUrvanA dezanA tejAnAo paNa lAvavA lAgyA. pariNAme tyAM AgaLa brugesa, ghenTa, ane khAsa karIne AnTavarpa jevAM samRddha ane dhaMdhArojagArathI pItAM zahere UbhA thayAM. pUrvanA dezo sAthe vepAra jema jema vadhate game tema tema A zaheranI saMpatti vadhatI gaI ane 16mI sadImAM AnTavarSa te AkhA yuropanuM vepArI pATanagara athavA kendra banyuM ema kahevAya che ke, ekabIjA sAthe mAlane seda karavAne khAtara enA bajAramAM dararoja 5000 vepArIo ekaThA thatA tathA tenA bArAmAM eka vakhate 2500 jeTalAM vahaNe lAMgarelAM rahetAM. tenA baMdare paradezathI dararoja 500 vahANe AvatAM tathA eTalAM ja vahANe dararoja tyAMthI saphare upaDatAM. zaheranA rAjataMtra upara A vepArI vargane kAbU hate. repharmezananA dhArmika vicAre tarapha AkarSAya e ja prakAranI A vepArI prajA hatI. tyAM AgaLa ane khAsa karIne uttaranA pradezamAM

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* nedharalaeNnDjha, svAta trya yuddha 105 proTemTaTa sapradAya prasaryAM. vArasAnA akasmAtathI haeNpsabarga vazanA cArlsa pAMcamA tathA tene putra khIjo philipa nedharalaeNnDajhanA zAsake banyA. e bemAMthI eke koI paNa prakAranI svataMtratA - rAjakIya ke dhArmi ka -sAMkhI zake ema naheAnuM. philipe zaheranA adhikAro tathA navA saMpradAyane kacarI nAkhavAnA prayatna karyAM. teNe Dayuka Aph AhvAne tyAM AgaLa potAnA vAIsaraoNya tarIke mokalye. te julama tathA atyAcAra gujAravA mATe mazahUra thaI gayA che. tyAM AgaLa InkivajhIzananI temaja eka rudhirasamiti ( blaDa kAunsila )nI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. teNe hajAro lAkAne vatA bALI mUkyA ke phrAMsIe laTakAvyA hatA. e vAta bahu lAMbI che ane e AkhI huM tane ahIM AgaLa kahI zakuM ema nathI, jema jema spenane julama vadhatA gayA tema tema tene sAmaneA karavAnuM prajAnuM baLa paNa vadhatuM gayuM. prinsa viliyama oNpha oNreMja nAmane eka mahAna ane DAhyo netA temanAmAMthI pedA thayo. te viliyama dha sAIlanTa mUka viliyama' ne nAme oLakhAya che. tenA sAmarthya AgaLa DayUka oNpha AlvAnA hAtha heThA paDyA. 1568nI sAlamAM gaNyAgAMyA nirdiSTa mAsA sivAya nedharalaeNnDajhanA saghaLA dhavimukha vatanIone iskvijhIzane mAtanI sajA pharamAvI. A sajAne joTA ItihAsamAM bIjo maLe ema nathI - traNa ke cAra lITImAM lakhAyelA A cukAdAthI lagabhaga trIsa lAkha mANasane AvI AkarI meAtanI sajA pharamAvavAmAM AvI ! zarUAtamAM te ema jaNAtuM hatuM ke e nedharalaeNnDjhanA umarAve ane spenanA rAjA vaccenI laDAI che. bIjA dezonI rAjA ane umarAve vaccenI laDAI enA jevI ja e laDAI hatI. AlvAe e umarAvAne cagadI nAkhavAnA prayAsa karyAM ane meTA meTA aneka umarAveAne braselsamAM phrAMsIe laTakavuM paDayuM. kAunTa eNgmenTa nAmanA eka majUra ane lokapriya umarAvane paNa phrAMsI devAmAM AvI hatI. pachIthI AhvAne nANAMnI atizaya bhIDa paDatAM teNe navA ane bhAre karo nAkhavAnuM ajamAvI joyuM. AnI asara vepArIonI kAthaLIo upara thaI eTale temaNe paNa baLavA karyAM. vaLI emAM kaeNthalika tathA proTesTaTAnA jhadhaDAne umero thayA. spena atizaya baLavAna rAjya hatuM ane potAnI mahattAne viSe tene bhAre dhamaMDa hatA. jyAre nedharalaeNnDjha e te vepArIe ane uDAuH

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501 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tathA namAlA umarAvonAM zeDAM paragaNuMo hatAM. e benI koI paNa rIte sarakhAmaNI thaI zake ema nahatuM. ema chatAM paNa temane cagadI nAkhatAM spenane bahu vasamuM paDyuM. tyAM AgaLa vAraMvAra katale calAvavAmAM AvI ane AkhI ne AkhI vastInuM nikaMdana kADhavAmAM AvyuM. mANane reMsI nAkhavAmAM AvyA tathA tenA senApatio caMgIjha khAna tathA taimurane paNa TapI gayA. maMgale karatAM paNa teo e bAbatamAM AgaLa vadhyA. AlvAe eka pachI eka zaherane ghere ghA ane te zaheronA lazkarI tAlIma pAmyA vinAnA zaherIo bhUkhamarAne kAraNe laDavuM azakya thaI paDe tyAM sudhI AlvAnA lazkarI tAlIma pAmelA sainike jeDe jamIna temaja samudra upara laDyA. speniza dhuMsarI karatAM te pite jene kImatI gaNatA hatA te badhAne samULago nAza temaNe pasaMda karyo ane spenanA sainyane DubADI devA ke pitAnI bhUmi uparathI hAMkI kADhavAne pitAnA baMdhe teDI nAkhIne helenDavAsIoe samudranAM pANI dezanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM AvavA dIdhAM. laData jema jema AgaLa cAlatI gaI tema tema te vadhAre ne vadhAre kaThera banatI gaI ane baMne pakSe atizaya ghAtakI banyA. ramaNIya hAlema zaherane ghero ghAlavAmAM AvyuM. tenA vatanIoe chevaTa sudhI tenuM rakSaNa karyuM, paNa Akhare te hamezanI jema spenanA lazkare te luTayuM ane tenA zaherIonI katala karI. e ja rIte alkamAra zaherane paNa ghere ghAlavAmAM AvyA paraMtu baMdha tUTI javAthI te bacI javA pAmyuM. ane jyAre lIDanane duzmanoe ghero ghAlyo tyAre bhUkhamare ane rogacALAthI tyAMnA hajAro zaherIo maraNa pAmyA. lIDananAM jhADa upara eka lIluM pAMdaDuM bAkI rahyuM nahotuM. e badhAM pAMdaDAM paNa zaherIone khAvAnA kAmamAM AvyAM. tyAMnAM strIpuruSa ukaraDA upara nAkhI devAmAM AvelA rAkanA TukaDAo mATe bhUkhe maratA kUtarAo sAthe laDatAM hatAM. Ama chatAM temaNe laData cAlu rAkhI ane zaheranI dIvAla upara ubhA rahIne bhUkhathI adhamUA thaI gayelA A lekae duzmanane paDakAra ApyA karyo. temaNe spenanA lazkarane jaNAvyuM ke ame uMdara ke kUtarA upara athavA te bIjA kazA upara jIvIzuM paNa zaraNe kadI nahi thaIe. "ane amArA sivAya bIjuM badhuM khalAsa thaI jaze tyAre amArAmAMne dareka jaNa pitAnA DAbA hAthane AhAra karIne jamaNA hAthathI amArI strIo, amArI svataMtratA tathA dharmanuM paradezI julamagAranI sAme rakSaNa karaze, enI

Page #520
nedharalenDjhanuM svAtaMtrya yuddha 507 khAtarI rAkhaje. krodhe bharAIne Izvara paNa amAre vinAza vAMche ane amane Azare na Ape te tamane aMdara AvatA rokavAne ame hamezAM khaDA rahIzuM. ane chevaTanI ghaDI Ave tyAre amAre hAthe ame zaherane Aga lagADIzuM ane amArAM gharabArane apavitra thavA devA ane amArI svataMtratA harAvA devA karatAM ame badhAM strI puruSa ane bALake eka sAthe e AganI jvALAmAM hemAI jaIzuM." lIDana zaheranA lekonI AvI utkaTa bhAvanA hatI. paraMtu temane bahArathI kazI sahAya maLI nahi ane divaso vItatA gayA tema tema tyAM nirAzAnuM sAmrAjya vyApavA mAMDayuM. Akhare heleMDanI jAgIromAMnA temanA mitrone temaNe saMdeze meka. jAgIree A prasaMge, lIDana zahera duzmananA hAthamAM jAya tenA karatAM pitAnI vahAlI bhUmine pANImAM DubAvI devAne bhAre nirNaya karyo. "deza gumAvavA karatAM DubAva sAre." ane bhAre saMkaTamAM sapaDAyelA pitAnA sAthI zaherane temaNe A javAba mokalyo: "lIDana! tane cheha devA karatAM te amAre badhe pradeza tathA sarva mAlamilakta samudranA mojAmAM garakI jAya e bahetara che." Akhare, eka pachI eka baMdhe toDavAmAM AvyA ane anukULa pavananI madadathI samudranAM pANI aMdara dhasI AvyAM ane tenI sAthe heleMDanAM vahANe khAdhAkhorAkI tathA sahAyanI bIjI sAmagrI laIne AvI pahoMcyAM. samudrarUpI A navA duzmanathI DarI jaIne penanuM lazkara tvarAthI bhAgI gayuM. A rIte lIDana UgarI gayuM ane tenA zaherIonA zauryanI yAdagIrImAM 1575nI sAlamAM lIDananI vidyApIThanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. e vidyApITha tyArathI mazahUra thaI che. zairyanI temaja bhISaNa hatyAnI AvI te keTalIye vAte che. manahara AnTavarpa zaheramAM bhayaMkara lUMTaphATa ane khUnarejI calAvavAmAM AvI emAM 8000 mANasenA jAna gayA. e ghaTanA "spenanA ko5" tarIke jANItI che. paraMtu A mahAna laDatamAM holeMDe AgaLa paDate bhAga lIdhe hate. nedharaleMDanAM dakSiNanAM paragaNAoe temAM jhAjhe bhAga lIdhe nahote. lAMca ruzavata ane dhAkadhamakIthI nedharaleMDjhanA ghaNAkharA umarAvone pitAnA pakSamAM levAmAM tathA temanI pAse potAnA ja dezabaMdhuone kacarAvI naMkhAvavAmAM spenanA zAsako saphaLa thayA hatA. dakSiNanA pradezamAM TesTaMTa karatAM kethalikAnI saMkhyA ghaNI vadhAre hatI

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pa08 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ethI paNa temane tyAM vadhAre madada maLI. kaeNthalikAne manAvI levAne temaNe prayAsa karyo ane temAM paNa teo thoDe aMza saphaLa thayA. ane pitAne mATe dhanadolata tathA spenanA rAjAnI kRpA saMpAdana karavA khAtara dezanuM satyAnAza vaLe tenI lezamAtra paNa paravA karyA vinA ghaNAkharA umarAva dezadroha ane kAvAdAvA karavAnI hada sudhI heThA paDyA e kharekhara zaramajanaka che. nedharalaeNnDajhanI prajAkIya sabhAne uddezIne viliyama epha Aje jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, "nedharalenDjhane kacarI nAkhanAra kevaLa nedharalejhanA le ja che. jenI te baDAza hake che te baLa ApaNe sivAya, nedharalenDjhanAM zahera sivAya AlvA bIje kyAMthI lAvyA ? tenAM vahANa, sAdhanasAmagrI, nANu hathiyAre ane sainike vagere badhuM bIje kyAMthI AvyuM che? nedharalenDjhanA leka pAsethI ja e badhuM tene maLyuM che.' Ama, nedharalaeNnDjhanA je bhAgane Aje ApaNe bemi tarIke oLakhIe chIe te pradezane pitAnA pakSamAM levAmAM penavALAo saphaLa thayA. paraMtu bhAre prayAsa karavA chatAye heleMDane teo namAvI zakyA nahi. sAce ja e AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che ke, laDatanA cheka aMta sudhI spenanA bIjA philipa pratyenI vaphAdArIne heleMDe inkAra nahete karyo. pitAnI svataMtratA kabUla rAkhe te tyAMnA leke tene pitAnA rAjA tarIke mAnya rAkhavA taiyAra hatA. paraMtu chevaTe tenI sAthe saMbaMdha teDI nAkhavAnI temane pharaja paDI. pitAnA mahAna nAyaka viliyamane rAjamukuTa paherAvavAnI temaNe IcchA darzAvI, paNa teNe te svIkAravAnI sApha nA paDI. eTale, saMjogavazAta pitAnI marajI viruddha prajAtaMtra sthApavAnI temane pharaja paDI. e kALe rAjAzAhInI paraMparA ATalI badhI baLavAna hatI. heleMDanI laData ghaNuM varasa sudhI cAlI. holeMDa svataMtra ne cheka 16 09nI sAlamAM thayuM. paNa nedharalenDjhamAM kharekharI laData te 156thI 1594nI sAla daramyAna jAmI hatI. viliyama epha ereMjane harAvI na zakavAthI bIjA philipe mArAonI mAraphate tenuM khUna karAvyuM. tenuM khUna karavA mATe teNe chaDeceka InAma jAhera karyuM. e samaye yuropanI nItimattA AvI hatI. viliyamane mArI nAMkhavAnA ghaNA prayatna niSphaLa nIvaDyA. Akhare cho prayatna saphaLa thayo ane 1584nI sAlamAM A mahApuruSa jene heleMDanA leke "pitA viliyama' kahetA hatA te

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509 nedharalenDjhanuM svAtaMtrya yuddha maraNa pAme. paNa teNe pitAnuM kArya samApta karyuM hatuM. yAtanA ane balidAnathI heleMDanA prajAtaMtranuM ghaDatara pUruM thayuM hatuM. julamagAra ane Apakhuda zAsakone sAmano karavAthI deza temaja prajAne lAbha ja thAya che. ethI prajAne tAlIma maLe che tathA te baLavAna bane che. ane A rIte baLavAna ane svAzrayI baneluM holeMDa theDA ja vakhatamAM bhAre dariyAI sattA banyuM ane cheka dUra pUrvanA dezo sudhI tenuM sAmrAjya phelAyuM. beljiyama heleMDathI juduM paDI gayuM ane te spenanA tAbAmAM rahyuM. yurepanuM citra pUrNa karavA mATe have ApaNe jarmanI tarapha najara karIe. tyAM AgaLa 1618thI 1648nI sAla sudhI bhISaNa AMtara vigraha cAle. e 30 varasanA vigrahane nAme oLakhAya che. e proTesTaMTa ane kaeNthalika vaccene vigraha hatA ane emAM jarmanInA nAnA nAnA rAjAo tathA "ilekaTara" mAhomAMhe tathA samrATa sAme laDyA hatA. ane e aMdhAdhUMdhImAM vadhAre karavA khAtara kAMsanA kaeNthalika rAjAe preTesTa Tena pakSa karyo. Akhare svIDanamAM "uttaranA siMha'nA upanAmathI oLakhAto rAjA gusTasa eNDephasa e yuddhamAM paDyo. teNe samrATane harAvyuM ane e rIte proTesTa ne ugArI lIdhA. paraMtu e yuddhathI jarmanI te khedAnamedAna thaI gayuM. e vigrahanA bhAtI sainike te dhADapADuonA jevA ja hatA. temaNe jyAM ne tyAM lUMTaphATa calAvI. sipAIone pagAra cUkavavAnAM tathA temanI rAkI mATenAM paNa nANAM na maLavAthI lazkaranA senApatioe paNa lUMTaphATane Azaro lIdhe. ane jarA vicAra te kara !- AvuM ne AvuM 30 varasa sudhI cAlyuM. varasonAM varasa sudhI saMhAra, hatyAkAMDa tathA lUMTaphATa cAlyAM ja kya. vepArojagAra paNa lagabhaga baMdha thaI gaye ane khetIvADInI te vAta ja zI karavI? ethI karIne dinapratidina khorAka ghaTate gaye ane bhUkhamara vadhata gaye. ane ene pariNAme lUMTaphATa tathA dhADapADuo vadhI paDyA. jarmanI bhAtI ane dhaMdhAdArI sipAIone ucheravAnA eka dhAma samuM banI gayuM. Akhare lUMTavAnuM kazuM bAkI na rahyuM tyAre e vigrahane aMta Avyo. paraMtu A dazAmAMthI nIkaLI pitAnI asala sthiti prApta karatAM jarmanIne ghaNe vakhata lAge. 1648nI sAlamAM vesTapheliyAnI saMdhithI jarmanInA A AMtaravigrahane aMta Avyo. saMdhithI pavitra romana sAmrAjyane samrATa chAyA rUpa banI gaye. have tenA hAthamAM kazI sattA rahI nahi. phrAMse AlsAsane TukaDe paDAvyuM. 200 varasa sudhI e

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pradeza tenA hAthamAM rahyo paraMtu tyAra pachI punarjAgrata jarmanIe tenI pAsethI te chInavI lIdho. 1914-18nA yuddhane pariNAme pharI pAcho te phrAMsanA kabajAmAM AvyuM. A rIte e saMdhithI phrAMsane lAbha thaze. paraMtu have jarmanImAM eka bIjA rAjyane udaya thaye je AgaLa jatAM phAMsanA paDakhAmAM eka navuM zalya nIvaDavAnuM hatuM. A praziyAnuM rAjya hatuM. tenA upara hehenolana rAjakuLano amala hate. vesTaliyAnI saMdhie chevaTe svijharaleMDa tathA heleMDanAM prajAtaMtrone paNa mAnya rAkhyAM. yuddha, hatyAkAMDa, lUMTaphATa ane dharmAdhatAnI kevI kevI vAte huM tane kahI rahyo chuM? paraMtu jyAre kaLA ane sAhityane bhAre utkarSa thaI rahyo hato te "renesAMsa" athavA navajIvananA kALa pachI yuropanI A hAlata hatI. meM yuropanI eziyAnA dezo sAthe tulanA karI che tathA yuropamAM navacetanane saMcAra thaI rahyo hato tene paNa ullekha karyo che. A navI cetanAne aneka muzkelIomAMthI pitAne AviSkAra karavAne mathatI ApaNe joI zakIe chIe. navA bALaka ke navI vyavasthAnA janmanI sAthe bhAre vedanA ane duHkha saMkaLAyelAM hoya ja che. jyAre samAjavyavasthAnA pAyAmAM Arthika asthiratA AvI jAya che tyAre samAja tathA rAjyanI Taca kaMpI UThe che. yuropamAM navI cetanA taravarI rahI hatI e te dIvA jevuM spaSTa che. paraMtu e samaye sarvatra kevuM hevAniyatabharyuM AcaraNa jovAmAM Ave che ! rAjavidyA e te jUThuM bolavAnI vidyA che," e vidhAna te samaye kahevatarUpa thaI gayuM hatuM. AkhuM vAtAvaraNa jUThANAM ane kAvAdAvA, tathA hiMsA ane krUratAthI khadabadI rahyuM hatuM. joke ene kema sAMkhI rahyA haze enuM ja ApaNane Azcarya thAya che !

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iMglaMDa potAnA rAjAne ziraccheda kare che 29 ogasTa, 1932 have ApaNe thaDe samaya IgleMDanA ItihAsane ApIzuM. atyAra sudhI te moTe bhAge ApaNe enI avagaNanA ja karI che; kemake, madhyayuga daramyAna tyAM AgaLa kazuM jANavA jevuM banyuM nahotuM. kAMsa ane ITAlI karatAM e deza ghaNe pachAta hatuM. jo ke, okasapharDa vidyApITha e ghaNuM lAMbA samayathI vidyAnuM mazahUra kendra hatuM, ane ceDA vakhata pachI kembrija vidyApIThe paNa e sthAna prApta karyuM. vikliphane pedA karanAra oNkasapharDa vidyApITha hatI. ene viSe huM pahelAM tane lakhI cUkyo chuM. - iMglaMDanA AraMbhanA ItihAsanI neMdhapAtra bIna pArlamenTane vikAsa che. AraMbhathI ja tyAMnA umarA rAjAnI sattA maryAdita karavAno prayAsa karatA rahyA hatA. 1215nI sAlamAM temaNe maeNgnAkArTa prApta karyo. e pachI thoDA ja samayamAM pArlamenTano AraMbha dRSTigocara thAya che. paNa hajI e te kAcI zarUAta hatI. tyAMnA moTA meTA umarA ane bizapanI umarAvonI sabhA banI. paraMtu Akhare te nAnA nAnA jamInadAro tathA zaheranA pratinidhionI cUMTaNIthI racAyelI sabhAe vadhAre mahatva prApta karyuM. A cUMTaNIthI racAyelI sabhAmAMthI AmanI sabhAne vikAsa thaye. A baMne sabhAo jamInadAre ane tavaMgara lekonI banelI hatI. AmanI sabhAnA sabhya paNa mAtra thoDA zrImaMta jamInadAro ane vepArIonA ja pratinidhio hatA. zarUAtamAM AmanI sabhA pAse te nAmanI ja sattA hatI. teo rAjAne araja karatA tathA tenI samakSa prajAnI phariyAdo rajU karatA. paraMtu dhIme dhIme temaNe karaverAnI bAbatamAM mAthuM mAravA mAMDayuM. temanI saMmati vinA navA kare nAMkhavA ke ugharAvavAnuM kAma muzkela hatuM ethI karIne evA karene mATe temanI saMmati mAgavAnI prathA zarU thaI. nANAM uparanA kAbUthI hamezAM bhAre sattA prApta thAya

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512 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana che. ane jema jema tene e kAbU vadhate game tema tema pArlamenTanI ane khAsa karIne AmanI sabhAnI pratiSThA ane sAmartha vadhatAM gayAM. rAjA tathA AmanI sabhA vacce ghaNI vAra khaTarAga thatA. ema chatAM paNa pArlAmenTa hajI ghaNI ja durbaLa hatI ane huM AgaLa jaNAvI gayo chuM tema thaDara vaMzanA rAjAo Apakhuda zAsaka hatA paNa teo catura hatA ane temaNe pArlAmenTa sAthe sIdhI laDAI vaheravAnuM TALyuM. IgleMDa yuropa khaMDanI bIpaNa dhArmika laDAIomAMthI paNa UgarI gayuM. dhArmika gharSaNa, hullaDe, dhamadhatA vagere te tyAM paNa sArA pramANamAM hatAM, temaja DAkaNa gaNIne saMkhyAbaMdha strIone tyAM chAtI bALI mUkavAmAM paNa AvI hatI. paNa yuropakhaMDanI tulanAmAM IMgleMDamAM zAMti hatI. hetrI 8mAnA samayathI e deza proTesTaMTa thaI gaye ema dhAvAmAM Ave che. bezaka, dezamAM saMkhyAbaMdha kethalike temaja kara proTesTa paNa hatA. paraMtu IgleMDanuM navuM carca yA dharma taMtra te e banenI vacagALAnuM hatuM. te pitAne kaeNTesTaMTa kahevaDAvatuM hatuM e kharuM paNa kadAca te proTesTaMTa karatAM kaeNthalika vadhAre hatuM. paNa vAstavamAM te te rAjyanuM eka khAtuM ja hatuM ane rAjA tene adhyakSa hatA. Ama chatAM paNa rema tathA pipa sAthe teno saMbaMdha te saMpUrNapaNe tUTI gayA hatA tathA tyAM AgaLa "papa virodhI" hullaDe paNa bahu thayAM hatAM. hetrI AThamAnI putrI rANI ilijhAbethanA samayamAM pUrvanA deze tathA amerikA javAnA dariyAI mArge khUlavAne kAraNe tathA vepArajagAranI navI tako sAMpaDavAne lIdhe ghaNA leke e tarapha kheMcAyA. spena tathA pagAlanA khalAsIonI saphaLatAthI Azcaryacakita thaIne tathA dhanadolata hAMsala karavAnI lAlasAthI IglaDe paNa samudrane Azare lIdhe. sara phrAMsisa DeIka tathA tenA jevA bIjAoe AraMbhamAM te dariyAmAM cAMciyAgIrI karavA mAMDI ane amerikAthI AvatAM penanAM vahANa lUMTavAM. tyAra pachI Ika pRthvInI pradakSiNa karavAnI jabaradasta saphare upaDyo. are oNlTara relee AddhAMTika mahAsAgara oLaMge ane jene Aje ApaNe yunAITeDa sTeTsa kahIe chIe tenA pUrva kinArA upara eka vasAhata sthApavA koziza karI. na eTale avivAhita rANI IlijhAbethanuM sanmAna karavA te varAhatanuM nAma vajaniyA pADavAmAM AvyuM, taMbAku pIvAnI Teva vaeNlTara relee amerikAthI lAvIne pahelavahelI yuropamAM dAkhala karI. pachI te speniza AmeMDAnI caDAI AvI. ane spenanuM

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iMgleDa pitAnA rAjAne ziraccheda kare che pa13 A bhAre sAhasa saMpUrNapaNe niSphaLa nIvaDayuM tethI IgleMDane bhAre protsAhana maLyuM. lekonuM lakSa A bAbatamAM parovAyuM tathA temanuM mana paradezo tarapha vaLyuM e sivAya A badhI vastuone rAjA ane pArlAmenTa vaccenA jhaghaDA sAthe jhAjhI levAdevA nathI. paraMtu Dara kALamAM paNa aMdarakhAne te takalIpha pedA thaI rahI hatI. IlijhAbethanA amalane samaya e IglenDano sauthI javalaMta yuga che. ilijhAbetha mahAna rANI hatI ane tenA samayamAM IMglaMDamAM ghaNuM mahApuruSa ane karmavIra pAkyA. paraMtu e rANI ane tene sAhasika saradAre (nAIsa) karatAM e peDhInA kavio tathA nATakakAre vadhAre mahAna hatA. amara viliyama zekasapiyara e saune me khare che. enAM nATake te Aje duniyAbharamAM paricita che paraMtu enA jIvana viSe ApaNane nahi jevI ja mAhitI che. ApaNane AnaMdathI chalakAvanAra ane aMgrejI bhASAne samRddha karanAra aneka ratnanA keTalAka tejasvI sarjake mAne te eka che. IlijhAbethanA yuganAM nAnAM nAnAM UrmikAvyomAM je viziSTa prakAranuM mAdhurya che te bIjA kAvyomAM maLatuM nathI. sAdI ane sumadhura vANImAM potAnI viziSTa rItathI rojanI ghaTanAo varNavatAM prasannatApUrvaka teo AgaLa vadhe che. lITana heMcI nAmanA eka aMgreja vivecake A yuga viSe kahyuM che ke, IlijhAbethanA jamAnAnA e gauravavaMtA puruSonI udAtta ane prabaLa bhAvanAe eka ja camatkArI peDhImAM duniyAmAM Aja sudhI ajoDa e nATakane vAraso iMglaMDane Ape che." ilijhAbetha 1603nI sAlamAM eTale ke, mahAna akabaranA mRtyu pahelAM be varasa AgaLa maraNa pAmI. tenI pachI skeTalenDane rAjA iMglaMDanI gAdI upara AvyuM. kemake te sAthI najIkano gAdIne hakadAra manAtuM hatuM. jemsa 1lA tarIke te IMglaMDanI gAdIe beThe ane Ama IgleMDa tathA skoTaleMDanuM ekatra rAjya banyuM. je kArya hiMsAthI sadhAyuM nahotuM te Ama zAMtithI pAra paDayuM. jemsa 1le rAjAnA devI hakanA siddhAMtamAM mAnanAre hatuM ane pArlAmenTa pratye tene aNagamo hate. ilijhAbetha kaTale te catura nahete ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM pArlAmenTa ane tenI vacce jhaghaDe Ubho thaye. enA rAjya amala daramyAna 1620nI sAlamAM IMglaMDanA keTalAka aNanama proTesTa pitAnA vatanane hamezane mATe tyAga karIne mephalAvara" vahANamAM besIne sa-re re

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pa14 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana amerikAmAM vasavATa karavAne cAlyA gayA. je 1lAnA Apakhuda vana sAme temane virodha hate. vaLI IMgleMDanuM carcA yA dhamaMtra paNa temane pasaMda nahotuM. e carcane teo pUrepa 3 proTeTa naheH mAnatA. AthI temaNe pitAnuM vatana tathA gharabAra tyajyAM ane ATalAMka mahAsAgaranI pelI pAra AvelA navA ane jaMgalethI chavAyelA mulakamAM javAne teo nIkaLI paDyA. uttara kinArAnA eka sthAna AgaLa teo UtaryA, e sthaLane temaNe nyU lImathe nAma ApyuM. emanA pachI te vadhAre ne vadhAre vasAhatIo tyAM AvavA lAgyA ane dhIme dhIme temanI vasAhatanI saMkhyA vadhatI gaI. A rIte thoDA ja vakhatamAM pUrva kinArA upara AvI tera vasAhatI ke saMsthAno UbhAM thayAM. A saMsthAnomAMthI Akhare yunAITeDa sTeTsa opha amerikA banyuM. paNa e te hajI bahu AgaLanI vAta che. jemsa 1lAne putra cArlsa le hati. 1625nI sAlamAM te gAdIe AvyuM tyAra pachI te thoDA ja vakhatamAM mAmale gaMbhIra banyA. ethI karIne 1920nI sAlamAM pArlameTe tenI AgaLa "piTIzana opha rAITa" eTale ke mATenI arajI rajU karI. iMglaMDanA ItihAsane e bahu mazadUra dastAveja che. e arajImAM rAjAne jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM ke te niraMkuza zAsaka nathI ane ghaNI vastuo karavAno tene adhikAra nathI. joke upara te gerakAyade kara na nAkhI zake temaja marajI phAve tema temane kedakhAnAmAM paNa ne pUrI zake. hiMdane aMgreja vAIsaroya je vastu 20mI sadImAM kare che te kamI sadImAM paNa IgleMDane rAjA karI zakatA nahotA - eTale ke, te ne te eDinansa kADhI zakato ke na te pitAnI yAtane pitAnI marajI mujaba kedakhAnAmAM nAkhI zakato. amuka vastu te karI zake ane amuka na karI zake ema tene jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM tethI ciDAIne teNe pArlAmenTa barakhAsta karI ane tenA vinA ja rAjavahIvaTa calAvavA mAMDyo. thoDAM varase pachI tene nANAMnI eTalI te bhIDa paDI ke tene bIjI pArlAmenTa bolAvavAnI pharaja paDI. pArlAmenTa vinA cAleM je kaMI kAryo karyA tethI prajA atizaya kopAyamAna thaI hatI ane navI pArlAmenTa tenI sAme laDavAne bAnuM ja zodhatI hatI. e ja varasanI aMdara eTale ke 164nI sAlamAM rAjA ane pArlamenTa vacce AMtaravigraha zarU thaye. ghaNuMkharA umarA tathA meTA bhAganuM

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iblaDa peAtAnA rAjAnA ziraccheda kare che 55 lazkara rAjAnA pakSamAM hatuM ane dhanika vepArIo tathA laDana zahera pAmenTanA pakSamAM hatAM. A vigraha dhaNAM varasA sudhI cAlyAM karyAM. Akhare pArTImenTane pakSe AlIvara kromavela nAmanA mahAna netA pedA thayA. te samartha vyavasthAkAra, ane kaDaka zistapAlananA puraskartA hatA. vaLI potAnuM dhyeya siddha karavA mATe tenAmAM dhArmika dhagaza hatI. kArloli tene viSe kahe che ke, " yuddhanAM kAramAM jokhamAmAM, ane raNakSetranI viSama paristhitimAM jyAre sA kArya hatAza thaI gayA hatA tyAre AzA tenAmAM agninI zikhAnI peThe jhaLakI rahI hatI." kromavele navuM sainya taiyAra karyuM enA sainikA Ayarna sAIDjha' eTale ke vajrakAya kahevAtA hatA. teNe e sainikAmAM potAnI dhagaza ane zistanA saMcAra karyAM. pAla menTanA sainyanA ' pyurITane'e cArlsa'nA kaeNveliyAne cAnA sainika kaeNveliyarsa kahevAtA hatA - sAmanA karyAM. chevaTe kroMmavelano vijaya thayA ane rAjA cArlsa pArlamenTanA kedI banyA. ( pAla menTanA keTalAka sabhyo hajI paNa rALa sAthe samAdhAna karavA caDAtA hatA. paraMtu kraumavelanA navA sainye e vAta kAne dharI nahi ane e sanyanA phala prAIDa nAmanA eka amaladAre hi MmatapUrvaka pArlamenTamAM ghUsI jaI ne AvA badhA sabhyone hAMkI kADhayA. tenuM A kRtya ''prAIDanA julAba ' tarIke oLakhAya che. A bahu AkarA ilAja hato ane pAmenTa mATe te bahu ze|bhArUpa nahAto. pArlAmenTe rAjAnI ApakhudI sAme virodha uThAvyA hatA paNa have pAla menTanA potAnA ja sainyanuM paribaLa vadhI gayuM ane tenA kAyadAnA zabdonI jhINavaTanI tene lezamAtra paNa paravA nahotI. krAMtinA rAha AvA ja hAya che. AmanI sabhAnA bAkInA sabhyo ~~~ e rampa pArlamenTanA nAmathI oLakhAya che. - e umarAvanI sabhAnA virodhane gaNakAryA vinA cArlsa upara mukadmA calAvavAno nirNaya karyo. ane 'julamagAra, dezadrohI, khUtI ane dezanA duzmana ' tarIke tene motanI zikSA karamAvI. tathA eka samayanA rAjA tathA rAjya karavAnA potAnA daivI hakanI vAta karanAra A puruSano laDanamAM vhAITahAla AgaLa ziraccheda karavAmAM Avyo. rAjAe paNa itara leAkanI jema ja mare che. paNa RtihAsa uparathI jaNAya che ke emAMnA keTalAka kamAte mUA hatA. Apakhuda rAjAzAhImAM gupta rIte khUne sArI peThe thAya che. aMgreja rAjakartAoe bhUtakALamAM e upAya kIka phIka ajamAvyA hatA. paraMtu eka cUMTaNIthI

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana racAyelI sabhA nyAyanI adAlata banI jaI rAjA upara kAma calAve tathA tene zikSA pharamAvIne teo ziraccheda kare che te avanavI ane diMga karI mUke evI ghaTanA hatI. atizaya sthiticusta ane jhaDapI sudhAro karavA pratye aNagamo sevanArI aMgreja prajA jAlima ane dezadrohI rAjAnI sAthe kevI rIte kAma levuM ene dAkhale besADe e vastu kharekhara vicitra lAge che. paNa ema kahI zakAya ke e kRtyamAM samagra aMgreja prajA karatAM kromavelanA anuyAyI "vajakAya" sainikoe vadhAre AgaLa paDate bhAga lIdhe hate. ethI karIne yurepanA rAjAo, samrATe tathA nAnAM nAnAM rajavADAM atizaya coMkI UThayAM. sAmAnya janasamUha evo dhRSTa bane ane IMgleMDanuM anukaraNa kare te temanI zI vale thAya ? temanAmAMnA ghaNAoe te iMglaMDa upara caDAI karI tene cagadI nAkhyuM hota paraMtu e samaye IgleMDanuM rAjasUtra namAlA rAjAnA hAthamAM nahotuM. iMglaMDa tenA ItihAsamAM pahelavaheluM prajAtaMtra banyuM hatuM. kromavela tathA tenuM sainya tenI rakSA karavA - mATe khaDAM hatAM. vAstavamAM kromavela saramukhatyAra ja hatuM. te oNrDa proTekTara' eTale ke pAlaktA nAmathI oLakhAtuM hatuM. tenA kaDaka ane dakSa amala daramyAna iMgleMDanuM sAmarthya vadhyuM ane tene naukAkAphalAe heleMDa, kAMsa tathA spenanA kAphalAone hAMkI kAvyA. A samaye IMgleMDa pahelI ja vAra samudra upara prabhutva jamAvanAra yurepanuM agragaNya rAjya banyuM. paNa igleMDanuM prajAtaMtra lAMbo kALa TakyuM nahi. cArlsanA maraNa pachI pUrAM agiyAra varasa paNa te na TakyuM. 16pa0nI sAlamAM kromavela maraNa pAme ane te pachI be varasa bAda prAtaMtrane aMta Avyo. 1lA cArlsanA putre bhAgI jaIne paradezamAM zaraNu zeDyuM hatuM te IgleMDa pAcho Avyo. igleMDamAM tene vadhAvI levAmAM AvyuM. ane je cArlsa e nAmathI teno rAjyAbhiSeka karavAmAM AvyuM. A bIjo cArlsa adhama ane cAritrahIna puruSa hato. ane rAjyapadane te kevaLa mejamajA karavAnuM eka sAdhana samajatA hatA. paNa pAlamenTane vadhAre paDatuM virodha na karavA jeTale te catura hate. kAMsanA rAjA taraphathI ene chupI rIte paisA paNa maLatA hatA. kromavelanA amala daramyAna IgleMDe yuropamAM meLavelI pratiSThA teNe gumAvI ane Daca lekae cheka Temsa nadInA bAra sudhI AvIne aMgreja kAphalAne bALI mUkyo. cArlsanI pachI tene nAI raje jemsa gAdIe AvyuM. ane

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igleMDa pitAnA rAjAne ziracheda kare che ' 517 tarata ja pArlAmenTa sAthe vikhavAda zarU thayo. jemsa bhAvika kethalika hatuM ane te iMglaMDa upara popanuM prabhutva pharIthI sthApavA cahAte hate. dharma viSe aMgreja prajAnA vicAre game te ho, ane e bAbatamAM temanA nizcita vicAre nahotA - paNa moTA bhAganA lake papa tathA "papanI lIlA'nA kaTTara virodhI hatA. A pracalita bhAvanAnI sAme jemsa kazuM na karI zakyo. teNe pArlamenTane roSa vahoryo ane Akhare tene AzarA mATe phrAMsa bhAgI javuM paDyuM. pArlamenTa pharIthI rAjA upara vijaya meLavyuM. paNa A vakhate te AMtaravigraha vinA ane bilakula zAMtipUrvaka te phatehamaMda nIvaDI. have dezamAM koI rAjA rahyo nahi. paNa IMglaMDa pharIthI prajAtaMtra thanAra nahatuM. kahevAya che ke, eka aMgrejane laoNrDa athavA umarAva game che, rAjAone bhabhaka ane DoLadamAka tene ethIye vadhAre priya che. ethI karIne pArlAmenTa navA rAjAnI talAza karI ane heleMDanA reMja kuLamAMthI temane te maLI AvyA. 100 varasa pUrve helaeNnDanI spena sAmenI mahAna laDatanA netA mUka viliyama (viliyama dha sAilanTa) e kaLe nedharalenDjhane Apyo hato. A vakhate paNa e ja oreMja kuLamAM bIje eka viliyama thayuM hatuM ane te iMglaMDanI rAjakuMvarI merI joDe paraNyo hato. eTale 1688nI sAlamAM A viliyama tathA merIne iMglaMDanAM saMyukta zAsaka banAvavAmAM AvyAM. pArlameMTanA hAthamAM have sarvoparI sattA AvI hatI ane pArlAmenTamAM je lekenuM pratinidhitva hatuM temanA hAthamAM sattAnAM sUtra soMpI IMglaMDanI krAMtinI pUrNAhuti thaI. e samayathI IMglaMDanA koI paNa rAjA ke rANIe pAlamenTanI sattAne sAmane karavAnI hAma bhIDI nathI. bezaka, sIdho sAmane ke paDakAra karyA vinA paNa kAvAdAvA ke dabANa karavAnI bIjI aneka rIte che ane ghaNA aMgreja rAjakartAoe e pachI eno Azare lIdhe hate. - pArlamenTa have sarvoparI banI e kharuM. paraMtu e pArlamenTa kevI hatI ? iMglaMDanI samagra AmajanatAnuM pratinidhitva e dharAvatI hatI ema mAnI laIza nahi. aMgreja prajAnA bahu nAnA bhAganuM pratinidhitva e dharAvatI hatI. enA nAma uparathI sUcita thAya che tema umarAvonI sabhA moTA moTA umarAva (leDa) athavA jamInadAre ane bizapanuM pratinidhitva dharAvatI hatI. AmanI sabhA paNa jamInajAgIra dharAvanAra dhanika tathA tavaMgara vepArIonI sabhA hatI. bahu

Page #531
18 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ochA lekIne matAdhikAra hato. AjethI se varasa uparanA samaya sudhI tyAM AgaLa keTalAka matavibhAge te amuka vyaktionA gajavAmAM hatA. ethI karIne evA matavibhAge "khissA matavibhAge" (pokeTa bojha) tarIke oLakhAtA. AkhA mata vibhAgamAM eka yA be matadAro hatA ane te pitAne eka pratinidhi pArlAmenTamAM ekalatA ! kahevAya che ke, cha93nI sAlamAM AmanI sabhAnA 306 sabhyane ekaMdare mAtra 16 matadAroe cUMTAyA hatA. olDa serUma nAmanuM eka nAnakaDuM gAmaDuM pArlAmenTamAM be sabhya mekalituM. A uparathI tane jaNAze ke, prajAne meTe bhAga matAdhikArathI vaMcita hato ane pArlAmenTamAM temanuM pratinidhitva nahotuM. AmanI sabhA samagra janatAnI saMsthA nahotI. zaherAmAM AgaLa AvatA navA madhyama varganuM paNa temAM pratinidhitva nahatuM. kevaLa jamInadAravarga ane gaNyAgAMThayA dhanika vepArIone temAM pratinidhitva hatuM. polamenTanI jagyAonuM lilAma thatuM ane e bAbatamAM bhAre razavatakhorI cAlatI. A badhuM cheka 1833nI sAla sudhI eTale ke AjathI 100 varasa pahelAMnA samaya sudhI cAlatuM hatuM. Akhare bhAre caLavaLane pariNAme 183ranI AlamAM 'riphorma bila" pasAra karavAmAM AvyuM ane ethI thoDA vadhAre lekine matAdhikAra maLe. A uparathI jaNAze ke pArlamenTano rAjA uparano vijya e vAstavika rIte gaNyAgAMThayA tavaMgara lokone vijya hatuM. A mUkIbhara jamInadAra ane mUDIbhara vepArIo iMglaMDane rAjavahIvaTa calAvatA hatA. bAkInA badhA vargone eTale ke lagabhaga AkhI prajAne emAM lezamAtra paNa avAja nahote. * e ja rIte, pena sAthenI mahAna laData pachI UbhuM thayeluM heleMDanuM prajAtaMtra paNa dhanikanuM ja prAtaMtra hatuM e hakIkata tAre dhyAnamAM rAkhavI joIe. - viliyama tathA merI pachI merInI bahena ena iMglaMDanI rANI banI. 1714mAM enA maraNa pachI bIje rAjA kone banAvavo e viSe vaLI pAchI muzkelI UbhI thaI. pArlamenTe rAjAnI zodha mATe jarmanI sudhI najara doDAvI. teNe eka jarmanane pasaMda karyo ane jaM 1le e nAmathI tene iMglaMDanI gAdI upara besADyo. e te samaye hevarane ilekaTara hateghaNuM karIne te kamaakkala hatuM ane caturAInuM tenAmAM nAma paNa na hatuM eTalA khAtara pAmeTe tene

Page #532
iMgleMDa pitAnA rAjane ziracheda kare che pa19 pasaMda karyo hato. catura rAjA karatAM bevakUpha rAjA vadhAre sAre; kemake rAjA catura hoya to te kadAca pArlAmenTanA kAryamAM dakhala paNa kare. 1le je aMgrejI bhASA paNa bolI zakato nahote. khuda aMgrejone rAjA aMgrejI bhASAthI ajANa hatA. tenA putra rajA jyorjane paNa nahi jevuM ja aMgrejI AvaDatuM. A rIte iMglaMDanI gAdI upara hevara vaMzanI sthApanA thaI. Aje paNa iMglaMDanI gAdI upara e ja vaMza cAlu che. te rAjya kare che ema te bhAgye ja kahI zakAya kemake zAsana ane badhe rAjavahIvaTa te pArlAmenTa ja kare che. 16mI tathA 17mI sadI daramyAna IMgleMDa ane AyarlenDa vacce bhAre viSa ane saMgharSa cAlyA kya. ilijhAbetha tathA 1lA jemsanA amalamAM AyarlenDa jItI levAnA prayatno karavAmAM AvyA ane e samaya daramyAna tyAM AgaLa vAraMvAra baMDa ane katala thatAM rahyAM. 1lA jemsa AyarlenDanI uttaramAM AvelA asTara paragaNAnA meTA bhAganI jamInajAgIre japta karI lIdhI ane temAM skoTaleMDanA proTesTanTane lAvIne vasAvyA. e samayathI Aja sudhI e vasAhatIo tyAM rahyA che ane ene lIdhe AyarlenDanI prajAnA be bhAgalA paDI gayA -- AyarlenDavAsIo ane skoTalenDanA vasAhatIo, eka kethalika ane bIjA proTesTaMTa. ulya vacce paraspara bhAre tiraskAra che; ane A phATaphUTathI bezaka IMglaMDane te lAbha ja thaye che. zAsako hamezAM phUTa pADIne rAjya karavAnI nItimAM ja mAnatA AvyA che. Aje paNa aTara e AyarlenDane sAthI jaTila kAyaDe che. - iMglaMDanA AMtaravigraha daramyAna AryalaeNnDamAM aMgrejonI katala karavAmAM AvI hatI. kromavele Ayariza lekanI krarapaNe katala karIne tenuM vera lIdhuM. AyarlenDanA leke Aje paNa e kaDavuM smaraNa tAjuM rAkhI rahyA che. e pachI laDAI thaI ane aneka vAra samajUtI paNa thaI. paNa IMglaDe e samajUtIone vAraMvAra bhaMga karyo. AryalaeNnDanI yAtanAono itihAsa atizaya lAMbe ane duHkhada che. tane e jANIne AnaMda thaze ke "gulivarsa TrAvelsa eTale gulivaranI saphare ne lekhaka jenAthana sviphTa A arasAmAM eTale ke 166thI 1745nI sAlanA gALAmAM thaI gaye. bAlasAhityanuM e suprasiddha pustaka che. paNa vastutAe te e tenA jamAnAnA IgleMDa viSe kaTAkSane graMtha che. binsana lU ne lekhaka Deniyala DIphe sviphTane samakAlIna hato.

Page #533
88 bAbara 3 sapTembara, 1932 have ApaNe pAchAM hiMdustAna AvIzuM. ApaNe the samaya yurepane Ape, tenI gaDamathale, jhaghaDAo ane yuddho nihALyAM ane 16mI tathA 17mI sadI daramyAna tyAM zuM banI rahyuM hatuM te samajavA prayatna karyo. yuropanA e samaya viSe tArA upara kevI chApa paDI haze enI te mane khabara nathI. e viSe tane cAhe te chApa paDI che, paNa mane khAtarI che ke e chApa sAva nirbheLa ane spaSTa te na ja hoya. ane emAM tAjuba thavA jevuM jarAye nathI; kemake e samayanuM yuropa aneka prakAranI viSamatAo ane vicitratAothI bhareluM hatuM. satata ane hevAniyatabharI laDAIo, itihAsamAM jeno joTo jaDavo muzkela che evI dharmAdhatA ane karatA, rAjAonI ApakhudI ane rAjya karavAne temane devI athikAra, namAle banI gayele umarAva varga ane AmaprajAnuM nirlajja zeSaNa A badhuM yurepamAM te samaye hatuM. e badhAnI tulanAmAM cIna te yuropa karatAM ApaNane yuganA yuga jeTaluM AgaLa lAge che. te te saMskArI, kalApriya, sahiSNu, ane pramANamAM zAMta deza hate. chinnabhinna thaI gayeluM ane adhogatine paMthe vaLeluM hiMdustAna paNa ghaNI bAbatomAM yurepa karatAM caDiyAtuM hatuM. paNa yurepanI eka bIjI ane vadhAre ujajavaLa bAju paNa ApaNI najare paDe che. tyAM AgaLa e samaye arvAcIna vijJAnane AraMbha thatA jaNAya che tathA janatAnA svAtaMtryano khyAla paNa vikasita ane rAjAonAM rAjyasanane kaMpAvata mAluma paDe che. A badhAnA mULamAM ane A temaja bIjI badhI pravRttionA kAraNarUpa pazcima tathA vAyavya yuropanA dezonA vANijya tathA udyogane vikAsa ha. dUra dUranA deza sAthe vepAra kheDatA vepArIothI : bharelAM ane kArIgarenI audyogika pravRttiothI gAjatAM meTAM moTAM zahere Thera Thera UbhAM thayAM. pazcima yurepanA badhA dezomAM zilpIo

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A a2 521 tathA kArIgarenAM maMDaLo sthapAyAM. A vepArIo tathA hunnara udyogamAM paDelA lekene bhadra samAja,-bUjhavA - athava madhyamavarga bane. A varga AgaLa pragati karato gayo te khare paNa mArgamAM tene rAjakIya, sAmAjika temaja dhArmika vagere aneka naDatone sAmane karavo paDyo. rAjyavyavasthA temaja samAjavyavasthAmAM hajIye yUDala vyavasthAnA avazeSo TakI rahyA hatA. A sAmAjika prathAnA divase vItI gayA hatA eTale navI paristhiti sAthe tene meLa khAya ema nahetuM. vaLI vepArajagAra tathA hunnaraudyogamAM te naDatararUpa hatI. phazyala umarA aneka prakAranA kara tathA jakAta ne lAgAo letA hatA. ethI vepArIonI bhAre satAmaNI thatI. ethI karIne e bUjhavA eTale madhyama varge e vargane sattA uparathI khaseDavAnI koziza karavA mAMDI. rAjAne paNa phayUDala umarA gamatA nahatA, kemake teo tenI sattA upara tarApa mAravA cahAtA hatA. eTale rAjA ane madhyama varga ekabIjAnA maLatiyA thaI gayA ane kyUla umarAvonI kharI sattA temaNe chInavI lIdhI. paraMtu ene pariNAme rAjA vadhAre baLavAna ane Apakhuda banya. e ja rIte pazcima yurepanuM te samayanuM dharmataMtra tathA pracalita dhArmika vicAro ane vepAravaNaja viSenA khyAle vepAra ane udyogonA vikAsamAM aMtarAyarUpa hatA ema navA vargone lAgatuM hatuM. khuda dharma paNa phayUDala prathA sAthe aneka rIte saMkaLAyela hato ane AgaLa huM tane kahI gayuM chuM ke carca te sauthI moTo kyUla jamInadAra hatuM. ghaNAM varasothI ramana carca yA dharmataMtranI TIkA tathA tene virodha karanAra vyaktio ane maMDaLe avAranavAra pedA thatAM hatAM. paNa emane lIdhe paristhitimAM jhAjho phera na paDyo. paNa have te AgaLa vadhatA jatA AkhA bUrjhavA athavA madhyama vargane pheraphAra joItuM hatuM eTale sudhArA mATenI hilacAla pracaMDa banI. A badhA pheraphAra tathA jene ApaNe AgaLa vicAra karI gayAM chIe te badhI hilacAle madhyama vargane mekhare lAvanAra krAMtinAM bhinna bhinna pAsAMo athavA te bhUmikAo hatI. pazcima yurepanA badhA dezamAM pragatine krama te lagabhaga A ja hatA ema jaNAya che; je ke judA judA dezomAM te jude jude kALe thaI hatI. e kALa daramyAna ane e pachI paNa ghaNuM lAMbA samaya sudhI pUrva yuropa

Page #535
para jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana audyogika vikAsamAM bahu pachAta rahyo eTale tyAM AgaLa evo kaze pheraphAra thayA nahi. cIna temaja hiMdustAnamAM paNa e samaye saMkhyAbaMdha kArIgaro tathA zilpIo hatA temaja temanAM maMDaLe paNa hatAM. uttaraudyoge paNa pazcima yuropa jeTalA ja athavA vadhAre vikaselA hatA. paraMtu e baMne * dezamAM e kALe yuropanI peThe vijJAnane vikAsa tathA tenA jevI prajAkIyA svataMtratAnI dhagaza ApaNA jevAmAM AvatAM nathI. ubhaya dezamAM dhArmika vAtaMtrya temaja gAma, zahera ke maMDaLamAM sthAnika svAtaMyanI paraMparA cAlu hatI. pitAnI sthAnika bAbatamAM kazI dakhala na thAya tyAM sudhI lekane rAjAnI sattA tathA tenI ApakhudInI jhAjhI paravA nahotI. e baMne dezonI samAjavyavasthA yuropanI kaI paNa vastu karatAM vadhAre sthira hatI ane te ghaNu lAMbA kALa sudhI TakI hatI, paraMtu e vyavasthAnI ritharatA ane acaLatAe ja vikAsane rUMdhyuM hoya e banavAjoga che. hiMdanI phATaphUTa tathA ardhagatine kAraNe mogala bAbare uttara hiMdustAna jItI lIdhuM hatuM e ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM chIe. prajA svAtaMtrya prAcIna Arya khyAle saMpUrNapaNe bhUlI gaI hoya ane game tevA zAsakane calAvI levA jeTalI paravaza ane kaMgALa banI gaI hoya ema jaNAya che. dezane navacetana arpanAra musalamAne paNa bIjAonI jema namAlA ane paravaza banI gayA hoya ema lAge che. pUrvanI purANI saMskRtimAM jene abhAva dIsate hato te cetana ane zaktithI taravaratuM yuropa dhIme dhIme temanI AgaLa nIkaLI gayuM. tenA putre duniyAnA dUra dUranA khUNAo sudhI pahoMce che. saMpatti ramane vepAranI lAlasAthI tenA vahANavaTIo amerikA tathA AMziyA tarapha AkarSAyA. agni eziyAmAM phiraMgI letAe malAkAnA araba sAmrAjyane aMta ANe e ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM hiMdanA dariyA kinArA upara temaja pUrva taraphanA samudromAM badhe temaNe pitAnAM thANuM nAkhyAM hatAM. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM tejAnAnA vepAra temanA IjArA upara heleMDa ane tarApa mArI. e baMne dorA upara sattA jamAvanAra navAM rAjya hatAM. parTugAlane pUrvanA dezomAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyuM ane temanA pUrva vepAra tathA sAmrAjyane aMta Ave che. pagAlanuM sthAna kaMIka aMze Daca athavA valaMdAoe lIdhuM ane pUrvanA ghaNAkharA TApuone temaNe kabaje lIdhe. 160nI

Page #536
523 sAlamAM rANI lijhAbethe laDananA vepArIonI isTa inDiyA ka MpanIne hiMdamAM vepAra karavAnA paravAne ApyA. e varasa pachI Daca isTa inDiyA kaMpanI sthapAI. Ama, yuropanA eziyAne ehiyAM karavAnA yugano Ara Mbha thAya che. lAMbA samaya sudhI A vastu malAyA temaja pUnA TApuo pUratI ja maryAdita hatI. miga vaMzanA ane sattaramI sadInA madhya bhAgamAM sattA upara AvelA AraMbhanA maMcU rAjAnA amala daramyAna yuropa karatAM cIna atizaya baLavAna hatuM. jApAna te 1641nI sAlamAM ekeeka paradezIne hAMkI kADhI potAnAM drAra sadaMtara baMdha karI devAnI hada sudhI gayuM. ane e samaya daramyAna hiMdunI zI sthiti hatI ? hiMdanI ApaNI vAta ghaNI pAchaLa rahI gaI che eTale ApaNe e gALA pUro karIzuM. AgaLa upara ApaNe joI zuM ke navA mogala vaMzanA amalamAM hiMdu eka baLavAna rAjya ane che ane tenA upara yuropanA humalAne sabhava nahAtA. paraMtu yurope yAranuMye samudra upara prabhutva jamAvyuM hatuM. khAkhara eTale ApaNe hi MdustAna pAchAM pharIe. yurepa, cIna, jApAna ane maleziyAmAM ApaNe sattaramI sadInA aMta ane aDhAramInA AraMbha sudhI pahoMcyAM chIe. paNa hiMdamAM to ApaNe hajI 16mI sadInA AraMbhamAM chIe. e samaye bAkhara hiMdamAM AvyeA hate. 1para 6nI sAlamAM dilhInA duLa ane namAlA sulatAna upara bAbare meLavelA vijaya. pachI hiMdamAM navA yuga ane navA meAgala sAmrAjyane! AraMbha thAya che. eka TUMkA gALA sivAya te 1para 6thI 177nI sAla sudhI eTale ke 185 varasa sudhI TakayuM. e temanA sAmarthya ane kIrtine yuga hatA ane hiMdanA mahAna megalanI nAmanA eziyA ane yurepamAM sarvatra prasarI hatI. e vazamAM 6 mahAna rAjakartA pAyA. paNa temanA pachI sAmrAjya hinnabhinna thaI gayuM ane marAThA, zIkha tathA bIjAoe te sAmrAjyanA pradezAmAMthI potapotAnAM alaga rAjyeA sthApyAM. ane temanA pachI aMgrejo ahI AvyA. temaNe madhyastha sattAnI paDatI ane dezamAM vyApelA aMdherano lAbha uThAvI dhIme dhIme ahI potAnI sattA jamAvI. AgaLa Akhara viSe kaMIka to huM kahI cUkyo chuM. te caMgIjha ane taimuranA vaMzamAMthI UtarI AvyA hatA ane temanI mahattA

Page #537
pa24 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tathA yuddhakauzalya paNa keTaleka aMze tenAmAM UtaryA hatAM. paraMtu caMgIjhanA kALa karatAM maMgale have ghaNA sudharyA hatA ane bAbaranA jevo lAyaka ane saMskArI puruSa te kALe maLa durlabha hati. sAMpradAyikatA ke dharmAdhatA tenAmAM nahotAM tathA tenA vaDavAonI jema teNe saMhAra paNa naha karyo. kaLA ane sAhitya upara tene apAra prema te ane te pite paNa phArasI kavi hate. phUle ane bagIcAone te zokhIna hatuM ane hiMdustAnanI garamImAM te vAraMvAra madhya eziyAnA pitAnA vatanane yAda karo. pitAnAM saMsmaraNomAM te kahe che ke, pharagAnAnAM "vAyoleTa phUle atizaya suMdara che; ane lAlA tathA gulAbanAM phUleno te te gaMja che." tene bApa maraNa pAme ane te samarakaMdane rAjA banyA tyAre bAbara mAtra agiyAra varasane bALaka hate. enuM kAma atizaya kaparuM hatuM. aneka duzmanI vacce te gherAyeluM hatuM. Ama, je vaye bALaka bALAe zALAmAM bhaNatAM hoya che tyAre taravAra dhAraNa karIne raNakSetramAM tene jhUjhavuM paDayuM hatuM. teNe pitAnI rAjagAdI gumAvI ane te pAchI meLavI tathA pitAnI sAhasika kArakirdI daramyAna tene bhAre jokhama kheDavAM paDyAM : Ama chatAM paNa sAhitya, kavitA tathA kaLA ityAdi sAthe teNe nikaTano saMparka sAdhya. mahattvAkAMkSA tene AgaLa ne AgaLa preratI rahI. kAbula jItyA pachI siMdhu nadI oLaMgIne te hiMdamAM AvyuM. tenuM sainya te nAnakaDuM hatuM paraMtu yuropa ane pazcima eziyAmAM te samaye vaparAtI navIna prakAranI te tenI pAse hatI. tenI sAme laDavA AveluM aphaghAnanuM moTuM daLa A tAlIma pAmelA nAnakaDA sainya tathA te AgaLa chinnabhinna thaI gayuM ane bAbarane vijaya thaze. paraMtu tenI musIbatene hajI aMta Avye nahe ane tenuM bhAvi aneka vAra jokhamamAM AvI paDayuM hatuM. eka samaye jyAre kaTokaTInI ghaDI AvI pahoMcI tyAre tenA senApatioe tene uttara tarapha pAchA pharavAnI salAha ApI. paraMtu bAbara gAMjyo jAya evuM na hatuM. teNe javAba Ape ke pAchA haThavA karatAM te mAre mana maravuM bahetara che madirAne tene zekha hato. tenA jIvananI A kaTokaTInI paLe madirAne tyAga karavAne teNe saMkalpa karyo. ane madirApAnanA badhA pyAlAe teNe phADI nAkhyA. nasIbajoge te cha ane madirAyAganI potAnI pratijJAnuM teNe pAlana karyuM.

Page #538
bAbara 525 hiMdamAM AvyAne mAMDa cAra varasa thayAM. eTalAmAM bAbara maraNa pAme. A cAre varaso laDAIjhaghaDAmAM vItyAM ane e daramyAna tene jarAye ArAma maLe nahi. hiMdamAM te te parAyA samAna ja rahyo ane tene viSe te sAva ajANa rahyuM. AgrAmAM teNe suMdara rAjadhAnIne pAye nAkhyo ane tenA bAMdhakAma mATe kansTAnTinopalanA eka mazahUra zilpIne bolAvyuM. e samaye 'bhavya sulemAna kau--AnTine palamAM ronakadAra ImArata caNAvI rahyo hato. sinAna nAmano eka mazahUra usmAnI zilpI hate teNe yusupha nAmanA pitAnA eka priya ziSyane hiMdamAM meka hati. bAbare pitAnAM saMsmaraNe lakhyAM che ane e AnaMdaprada pustakamAMthI ApaNane e puruSane nikaTane paricaya maLI rahe che. emAM teNe hiMdustAna tathA tenAM prANIo, jhADe tathA phaLaphUlene khyAna karyuM che -deDakAne sudhdhAM te bhUlyA nathI. pitAnAM vatananAM tarabUca, phUle tathA drAkSa mATe te aneka vAra nizvAsa nAkhe che ane A dezanA leke mATe te atizaya nirAzAbharyA ugAre kADhe che. enA abhiprAya mujaba te temanAmAM eka sAruM lakSaNa nahotuM. cAra varasa sudhI yuddhamAM gUMthAyelA rahevAne kAraNe hiMdustAnanA lekIne tene paricaya thayo na hoya e banavA joga che. vaLI vadhAre sabhya vargo te A navA vijetAthI aLagA ja rahyA haze. nave AvanAra parAyA lekonA jIvana tathA temanI saMskRtine sahelAIthI nathI samajI zakatae game tema ho, paNa keTalAka samayathI ahIM zAsana karI rahelA aphaghAna leka ke dezanA moTA bhAganA bIjA lekamAM tene koI paNa AvakAralAyaka vastu jaDI nathI. paraMtu te sAro nirIkSaka hatA, ane navA AvanAranuM pakSapAtI valaNa bAda karatAM, enA hevAla uparathI ApaNane mAluma paDe che ke te kALe uttara hiMdustAnanA bUrA hAla hatA. dakSiNa hiMdamAM te te gayo ja nahote. bAbara ApaNane jaNAve che ke hiMdanuM sAmrAjya vizALa, gIcA vastIvALuM ane AbAda che. enI pUrva, dakSiNa temaja pazcima sarahade mahAsAgara AveluM che ane enI uttare kAbula, gajhanI ane kaMdahAra che. samagra hiMdustAnanI rAjadhAnI dilhI che." te ahIM AvyA tyAre hiMda aneka rAjyamAM vaheMcAI gayeluM hovA chatAM bAbara tenA tarapha eka samagra ghaTaka tarIke jue che e vAta lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che. hiMdustAnanI ekatAne A khyAla ItihAsanA AraMbhathI cAlyo Ave che

Page #539
526 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AgaLa upara hiMdustAnanuM varNana karatAM bAbara lakhe che ke: e eka atizaya ramaNIya deza che. bIjA dezonI tulanAmAM te e eka nirALI ja duniyA che. enA DuMgarAo ane nadIo. enAM jagale ane medAne, enAM prANIo ane vanaspatio, enA vatanIo ane temanI bhASA, enI havA tathA varasAda e badhAM rAva nirALo che. . . . siMgha vaTAvyA pachI je deza, jhADe, rilAo, rakhaDu batio, lokonI rUDhi tathA rItarivAjo najare paDe che te saMpUrNapaNe hiMdanAM che. are, enA sApa paNa bhinna prakAranAM che. . . . hiMdustAnanA deDakAo paNa tavA jevA che. e ApaNuM dezana, deDakAnI jAtanA che e kharuM, chatAM teo pANInI sapATI para cha sAta gI jeTaluM doDI zake che.' A pachI te hiMdanAM prANIo, jhADo tathA phUlaphaLAnI yAdI Ape che. pachI te ahIMnA rahevAsIonuM khyAna kare che. hiMdustAna dezamAM jenAM vakhANa karI zakAya evI mojameLanI eka paNa vastu nathI. ahIMnA rahevAsIo khUbasUrata nathI. sahakArI samAjanI khUbIone, ApasamAM chUTathI bhaLavAno athavA to paraspara ekabIjAnA nikaTanA paricayamAM AvavAne temane 'vola sarakho paNa nathI. emanAmAM pratibhA nathI, magajanI sUjha nathI, vinaya ziSTAcAra nathI, dayA ke samabhAva nathI, potAnA hu-nare khIlavavA mATenI jarUrI janAzakti ke zodhaka buddhi nathI, AkRtio racavAnI ke ImArate bAMdhavAnI kuzaLatA temaja jJAna nathI. temanI pAse sArA ghoDAo nathI. sAruM mAMsa nathI, sArI drAkSa ke sArAM tarabUca nathI, sArA phaLa nathI, barapha ke ThaMDuM pANI nathI, bajAromAM sAro barAka ke roTI maLatI nathI, snAnAgAra ke koleje nathI, mINabattI ke mazAla nathI." A uparathI ema pUchavAnuM mana thaI jAya che ke, paNa emanI pAse che zuM? paraMtu e uparathI ApaNane mAluma paDe che ke A lakhyuM tyAre bAbara temanAthI kaMTALe hovo joIe. te kahe che : 'hiMdustAnanI mukhya viziSTatA e che ke te atizaya vizALa deza che. ane tyAM AgaLa aDhaLaka senuM rUpuM che. . . . hiMdanI bIjI sagavaDa e che ke tyAM AgaLa pratyeka hunnaranA pAra vagaranA kArIgare che. koI paNa kAma ke dhaMdhA mATe jemanA kuLamAM e kAma dhaMdhe jamAnAothI vaMzaparaMparAgata UtarI AvyA che evA joIe teTalA mANaso maLI rahe che." bAbaranAM saMsmaraNamAMthI meM sArI peThe utArAo ApyA che. kaI paNa mANasanAM varNana karatAM AvAM pustako tene viSe ApaNane vadhAre sAre khyAla Ape che.

Page #540
Abara paravuM -- 1pa30nI sAlamAM bAbara ogaNapacAsa varasanI uMmare maraNuM pAme. enA mRtyu viSe eka vAta bahu pracalita che. ema kahevAya che ke, tene putra humAyu bImAra paDyo tyAre putra taraphanA snehathI prerAIne je te sAra thAya te pitAnuM jIvana arpavAne te taiyAra thaye. kahe che ke, e pachI humAyu sAjo thaye ane thoDA divasamAM bAbara maraNa pAmyo. bAbaranA dehane kAbula laI javAmAM AvyuM ane tyAM AgaLa tenA priya bagIcAmAM tene daphanAvavAmAM AvyA. jenI e satata jhaMkhanA ryA karatA hatA te phalenI pAse Akhare te pAcho cAlyA gaye.

Page #541
89 akabara 4 sapTembara, 1932 potAnI senApati tarIkenI kuneha ane lazkarI kAryadakSatAthI bAbare uttara hiMdanA ghaNAkharA bhAga jItI lIdhA hatA. dilhInA aphadhAna sulatAnane teNe harAvyA hatA ane pachI rajapUta ItihAsamAM vIra yoddhA tarIke paMkAyelA citoDanA bahAdura rANA saMganI AgevAnI nIce ekatra thayelA rajapUtone harAvyA. A kAM tene mATe vadhAre kaparu nIvaDayuM. paNa te tenA putra humAyu mATe ethIye vizeSa kaNa kArya mUkatA gayA. humAyu vidvAna ane saMskArI puruSa hatA paNa tenA bApa jevA sainika nahoto. tenA navA sAmrAjyamAM badhe ja tene mATe muzkelIo UbhI thaI; ane chevaTe bAbaranA maraNa pachI dasa varasa bAda 1540nI sAlamAM zera khAna nAmanA bihAranA eka aphaghAna saradAre tene harAvye ane hiMda bahAra hAMkI kADhyo. Ama mahAna mogala bAdazAheAmAMne khIlolR ja bAdazAha chupAto rahIne ahIMtahIM rakhaDavAnI dazAmAM AvI paDayo ane tene aneka viTaMbaNAe sahevI paDI. rajapUtAnAnA raNamAM tenA A rajhaLATa daramyAna tenI begame 1542nI sAlanA navembara mAsamAM eka putrane janma ApyA. raNapradezamAM janmelA A putra AgaLa upara akabara nAmathI mazahUra thavAnA hatA. pachI humAyu IrAnamAM nAsI chUTayo ane tyAMnA rAjA zAha tamaspe tene Azaro ApyA. daramyAna zera khAna uttara hiMdamAM sarvoparI banI kheDo ane zera zAha nAmathI teNe pAMca varSa sudhI rAjya karyuM. A TUMkA gALAmAM paNa teNe tenI bhAre rAjakuzaLatAnI sAbitI ApI. te eka bahu ja kAyela vyavasthApaka hatA ane tenA rAjyavahIvaTa sacoTa ane asarakAraka hatA. yuddhanAM aneka rokANAmAMthI paNa samaya kADhIne teNe kheDUtA pAsethI ugharAvavAnI mahesUla nakkI karavA mATe navI ane vadhAre sArI jamInamahesUla patine amala kayo. te atizaya Akare ane sakhata mANasa hato paraMtu hiMdanAM badhA aphaghAna temaja bIjA

Page #542
amara 129 rAjyakartAomAM te kharekhara sauthI vadhAre kuzaLa ane uttama zAsaka hatA. paraMtu kuzaLa Apakhuda zAsakanI bAbatamAM meza bane che tema rAjyavahIvaTamAM te ekalA ja kartAhartA hatA eTale tenA maraNa bAda tenA rAjyanI AkhI imArata paDI bhAgI ane tenA TukaDeTukaDA thaI gayA. humAyue A avyavasthAnA lAbha uDDAvyA ane 1556nI sAlamAM lazkara laIne te IrAnathI ahIM pATe Avyo. te jayA ane sALa varasanA gALA pachI pharI pAche dilhInI gAdI upara AvyA. paraMtu te lAMbe vakhata gAdI upara rahI zakyo nahi. cha mAsa pachI te nisaraNI uparathI paDI javAthI maraNa pAmyA. humAyu ane zerazAha e baMnenI kabarenA mukAbalA karavA jevA che. aphadhAna zerazAhanI kabara bihAramAM sahasarAmamAM che. temAM na thayelA puruSa jevI ja te kaThora, majabUta ane damAmadAra imArata che. humAyunI kabara dilhImAM che. te suzobhita ane ramaNIya STamArata che. ane pASANanI A e imAratA uparathI se.LamI sadInA sAmrAjyanA A be harIphA viSe ApaNe TIkaDIka aMdaja kADhI zakIe chIe. e samaye akabara mAtra 17 varanI uMmaranA hatA. tenA dAdAnI peThe te paNa kumaLI vaye gAdI upara Avyo. baherAma khAna tenA vAlI ane rakSaka hatA. tene leA khAna bAbA kahetA. paraMtu cAra varasamAM ja akabara khAne bALAnA vAlIpaNAthI ane bIjA le kAMnI doravaNIthI thAkayo ane rAjyanI lagAma teNe potAnA hAthamAM lIdhI. 1556nI sAlanA AraMbhathI mAMDIne 160panI sAlanA aMta sudhI ema lagabhaga pacAsa vasa akabare hiMdu upara rAjya karyu. yurepamAM nedharalaeNnDajhanA baLavAne ane iMgleMDamAM zekasapiyaranA e jamAno hato. hiMdustAnanA itihAsamAM akabaranuM nAma AgaLa tarI Ave che ane keTalIka vakhata ane keTalIka rIte te ApaNane azokanuM smaraNa karAve che. Isu pahelAMnI trIjI sadIne hiMdane baddha samrATa ane Isu pachInI seLamI sadInA hiMdanA musalamAna samrATa lagabhaga sarakhI ja rIte ane sarakhA ja sAthI khele che e kharekhara ApaNane ajAyaba kare evuM che. petAnA be mahAna putrone mukhe khuda bhAratamAtA ja na khelatI hoya ema AzrayanI sAthe ApaNane lAge che. azoka potAnI pAchaLa pASANa upara aMkita karIne je kaMI mUkI gayA che te sivAya ApaNe tene viSe jhAjhuM jANatA nathI. -24

Page #543
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarAna paraMtu akabara viSe te ApaNe sArI peThe jANIe chIe. tenA darabAranA be samakAlIna itihAsakAre ApaNe mATe lAMbA hevAle mUkatA gayA che tathA tenI mulAkAta lenAra videzIo ane khAsa karIne tenI pAse khristI dharma aMgIkAra karAvavAne bhAre jahemata uThAvanAra jesyuITae paNa tene viSe lAMbA lAMbA hevAle lakhyA che. bAbaranA vaMzamAM akabara trIjo hato. paraMtu mogala laoNka hajIye A deza mATe navA hatA. temane videzI tarIke lekhavAmAM AvatA hatA ane deza upara temane kevaLa lazkarI kAbU hate. akabaranA rAjyaamale megala vaMzane ahIM sthira karyo, tene A dezane banAvyuM tathA tenI daSTi saMpUrNapaNe hiMdI banAvI, enA zAsanakALa daramyAna ja yurepamAM hiMdanA bAdazAhe mATenI "mahAna megala nI padavI pracAramAM AvI. bezaka akabara Apakhuda hatA ane tenI pAse aniyaMtrita sattA hatI. hiMdustAnamAM e samaye rAjAnI sattA upara aMkuza mUkavAnI vAta sarakhI saMbhaLAtI nathI. paraMtu sadbhAge akabara zANe Apakhuda rAja hatuM ane hiMdanI prajAnuM hita sAdhavA mATe teNe athAka parizrama karyo. eka rIte tene ApaNe hiMdustAnanI TapAdhunika rASTrIyatAne janaka kahI zakIe, je samaye A dezamAM na jevI ja rASTrIyatA hatI ane dharma e ekabIjAne aLagA pADI rahyo hato tyAre prajAnA samUhane ekaekathI aLagA rAkhanAra dharmonA dAvAone avagaNIne akabare IrAdApUrvaka hiMdanI rASTrIyatAnA dhyeyane prAdhAnya ApyuM. te pitAnA e prayAsamAM pUrepUro saphaLa thaye nahi e sAcuM. paraMtu te keTale badhe AgaLa vacce hato tathA tene emAM ekaMdare keTalI bhAre saphaLatA maLI e kharekhara AzcaryakAraka che. paraMtu akabarane maLelI saphaLatA tene bIjAonI madada vinA maLI nahotI ke ghaDI AvyA vinA tathA anukULa vAtAvaraNa thayA vinA mahAna kAryomAM koI paNa mANasa saphaLa thaI zakato nathI. mahApuruSa ghaNI vAra pitAnI pratibhAthI pragatinI gati tvarita kare che ane pitAne anukULa vAtAvaraNa pedA kare che te kharuM. paraMtu ema chatAM mahApuruSa pite paNa pracalita vAtAvaraNa ane jamAnAnuM ja phaLa hoya che. eTale akabara paNa hiMdanA te jamAnAnA phaLarUpa ja hate. AgalA patramAM A dezamAM ekI thayelI be bhinna saMskRtie tathA dharmone samanvaya karanAra mUka baLe kArya karI rahyAM hatAM e viSe

Page #544
ar PA meM vAta kahI hatI. sthApatyanI navI zailI tathA hiMdunI navI bhASA ane khAsa karIne urdU athavA hiMdustAnInA vikAsa viSe meM tane kahyu hatuM. vaLI temanAM sAmAnya lakSaNo upara bhAra mUkIne tathA temanI vidhi ane kriyAkAMDA upara prahAra karIne hiMdu tathA islAma dharmane eka bIjAnI najIka lAvavAno prayAsa karanAra rAmAnaMda, kkhIra ane guru nAnaka jevA dhArmika sudhArakA ane AgevAne viSe paNa meM tane kahyu che. A samanvayanI bhAvanA te samaye vyApaka banI hatI. ane akabaranA sa MvedanazIla ane grAhaka mane tene jhIlI lIdhI haze tathA tenA upara potAnI pratibhAnI sArI peThe chApa pADI haze. sAce ja te A samanvayane pradhAna puraskartA banyA. eka rAjanItijJa tarIke paNa te evA anumAna upara Avyo haze ke, tenuM potAnuM tathA rASTranuM baLa paNa e samanvayamAM ja raheluM che. te bahAdura laDavaiyA tathA kuzaLa senApati paNa hato. azokanI jema tene yuddhane lezamAtra aNagame! nahAtA. paraMtu taravAranA vijaya karatAM premane vijaya tene vadhAre pasaMda hato kemake te jANatA hatA ke premane vijaya e vadhAre Take che. ethI karIne teNe hiMdu umarAvA tathA janatAne adbhAva prApta karavAnA irAdApUrvaka prayAsa AdaryAM. teNe binamusalamAne uparane jajiyAve| tathA hiMduM yAtrALue uparanA kara rada karyAM. teNe pote eka rajapUta umarAva kuTuMbanI kanyA sAthe lagna karyuM. pAchaLathI teNe potAnA putrane paNa rajapUta kanyA sAthe paraNAvyo tathA AvAM mizra lagnone teNe uttejana ApyuM. potAnA sAmrAjyanA sauthI UMcA hoddA upara teNe rajapUta umarAvAne nImyA. tenA sauthI bahAdura senApatie, kuzaLa pradhAne ane sUbAo paikI moTA bhAganA hiMdu hatA. rAjA mAnasiMhane te thoDA vakhata mATe kAbulanA sUbA tarIke paNa mekalavAmAM AvyeA hato. kharekhara, rajapUte ane hiMdu prajAnuM samAdhAna karavA khAtara te keTalIka vAra potAnI musalamAna prajA tarapha anyAyI thavAnI hada sudhI paNa gayo hato. hiMduone sadbhAva prApta karavAnA prayAsamAM Akhare te saphaLa thayA ane mevADanA aNanama rANA pratApanA ekamAtra apavAda sivAya badhA rajapUte tenI sevAmAM khaDA thayA ane temaNe tenuM sanmAna karyuM. rANA pratApe ayyaranuM nAmanuM Adhipatya svIkAravAnI paNa nA pADI. yuddhamAM hArI jatAM akabaranA khaDiyA banIne ezaArAma mANuvA karatAM vanavAsanAM kaSTo veThavAnuM teNe vadhAvI

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para jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzIna lIdhuM. A svAbhimAnI rajapUta AkhI jiMdagI dilhInA mahAna bAdazAha sAme laDayo paNa tenI AgaLa zira jhukAvavAne teNe inkAra karyAM. enA jIvananA chevaTanA bhAgamAM ene kaIka saphaLatA paNa lAdhI. A zUravIra rajapUtanuM smaraNa rajapUtAnAmAM premapUrvaka saMgharI rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che ane tene viSe aneka lokakathAo pracalita thaI che. Ama akabare rajapUtAne manAvI lIdhA tathA prajAmAM te atizaya le:kapriya thaI paDayA. pArasI tathA tenA darabAramAM AvanArA jesyuTi pAdarIe pratye paNa teNe bhAre AdAya dAkhavyuM. paraMtu A aidAya ane amuka muslima vrata-niyamo pratyenI tenI upekSAvRttine kAraNe musalamAna umarAveAmAM te apriya thayo ane pariNAme tenI sAme aneka khaMDA thayAM. meM tene azoka sAthe sarakhAvyo che paraMtu e sarakhAmaNIne kAraNe tuM vadhArepaDatI doravAI jaIza nahi. ghaNI bAbatemAM te azokathI judo paDatA hatA. te atizaya mahattvAkAMkSI hatA ane jIvananA aMta sudhI te mulakA jItIne potAnuM sAmrAjya vadhAravA tatpara hatA. jesUI TA ete viSe kahe che ke, 'tenuM magaja capaLa ane vivekapUrNa hatuM. te bahu DAhyo, samantu ane vyavahArakarALa hateA. tathA vizeSe karIne dayALu, milanasAra ane udAra hatA. A guNe uparAMta tenAmAM meDhAM meTAM kAryAM upADanAra ane tene pAra pADanAra leAkAnA jevI hiMmata paNa hatI. . . . . . ghaNA viSayemAM tene rasa te ane temane viSe jJAna meLavavAnI tene utsukatA hatI. vaLI tene lazkarI ane rAjakIya bAbato viSe UMDuM' jJAna hatuM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa keTalIka cAMtrika kaLAe viSe paNa jJAna hatuM. khuH pe!tanI jAta upara humalo karanArA upara paNa A rAnna dA ane rahemanajara rAkhatA. te bhAgye ja peAtAnA miAja gumAvatA. paNa kadI ema banatuM te te kopathI AbhabhUta thaI jatA. paraMtu tene krodha lAMbe vakhata TakatA nahiM, ' e yAda rAkha2e ke A kAI darabArIe niha paNa akabarane nihALavAnI ghaNI takA jena maLI hatI tevA ajANyA videzIe kareluM varNana che. zArIrika dRSTie akabara sazakta ane capaLa hatA. ane jaMgalI tathA bhayaMkara prANIone zikAra karavAne tene bhAre zekha hatA. sainika tarIkenI tenI bahAdurI aviyArI sAhasa karavAnI hada sudhI pahoMcI jatI. teNe AgrAthI amadAvAda sudhI nava divasanI a Mdara

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akabara 533 karelI mazahUra kUca uparathI tenI ajaba jevI zaktinuM mApa ApaNane maLI zake che. gujarAtamAM baLo phATI nIkaLyuM hatuM ane eka nAnakaDuM sainya laIne akabara rajapUtAnAnA raNamAM thaIne nava divasamAM 450 mAIlanuM aMtara kApI tyAM dhasI gayo hato. tenuM A kArya apUrva hatuM. te samaye relave ke meTaragADIo nahotI enI tane yAda devaDAvavAnI bhAgye ja jarUra hoya. paraMtu mahApuruSomAM A badhA guNe uparAMta bIjI paNa kaMIka vizeSatA hoya che ema kahevAya che. temanAmAM bIjAone pitA tarapha AkarSavAnI zakti hoya che. akabaranAmAM paNa AvI jAduI AkarSaka zakti bahu bhAre pramANamAM hatI. jesyuITa lekenA addabhuta varNana anusAra tenI prabhAvazALI AMkhe, "sUryanA prakAzamAM hileLA khAtA samudra jevI cetanavaMtI" hatI. te pachI A mahApuruSa Aje paNa ApaNane mugdha kare ane tenuM gairava ane prabhAvazALI vyaktitva jeo kevaLa nAmathI ja rAjAo hatA temanA ToLAmAM dIpI nIkaLe emAM zuM Azcarya akabare AkhA uttara hiMda tathA dakSiNamAM paNa vi meLavyA. teNe gujarAta, baMgALa, orissA, siMdha ane kAzmIra vagere pradeza pitAnA sAmrAjyamAM umeryA. madhya tathA dakSiNa hiMdamAM paNa teNe vijaye meLavyA ane jItelA mulaka pAsethI khaMDaNI vasUla karI. madhyahiMdanI rANI durgAvatIne teNe karele parAjaya tenI nAmanAne jhAMkhapa lagADe che. te bahAdura ane bhalI rANI hatI ane teNe akabaranuM kazuM bagADyuM nahotuM. paraMtu mahattvAkAMkSI ane sAmrAjya vistAravA cahAtA lekane AvI vastuonI jhAjhI paravA hotI nathI. dakSiNa hiMdamAM tenA sainya ahamadanagaranI rANI mazahUra cAMdabIbI joDe paNa yuddha karyuM. vAstavamAM cAMdabIbI rANI nahatI paNa rAjAne pAlaka tarIke rAjyakArabhAra calAvatI hatI. e bahu hiMmatavALI ane kuzaLa strI hatI ane teNe karelA somanAthI megala sainya upara eTalI bhAre asara thaI ke temaNe tenI joDe bahu ja udAra saMdhi karI. durbhAgye, ceDA vakhata pachI tenA ja keTalAka asaMtuSTa sainikoe tene mArI nAMkhI. akabaranA sane citaDane paNa ghere ghAlyuM hatuM. paraMtu e banAva rANA pratApanA samaya pahelAM banyuM hatuM. rANA jayamale citaDane bahu ja bahAdurIpUrvaka bacAva karyo hato. tenA maraNa pachI jauharanI kAramI rUDhine Azaro levAmAM AvyuM ane citaDa paDayuM,

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana akabare pitAnI AsapAsa ghaNa kuzaLa sahAyake ekaThA karyA hatA, ane te badhA tenA pratye pUrepUrA vaphAdAra hatA. temAM phejha ane abula phajhala e be bhAIo tathA jene viSe Aje paNa aneka vAta pracalita che te birabala mukhya hatA. ToDaramala tene nANApradhAna hatA. teNe jamAbaMdhInI AkhI paddhati badalI nAkhI. tane jANIne navAI lAgaze ke te samaye jamInadArI paddhati nahatI ane jamInadAre ke tAlukadAre paNa nahatA. rAjya kheDUta athavA te reta sAthe vyakitagata rIte mahesUla nakkI karatuM. Aje e yitavArI mahesala paddhati tarIke oLakhAya che. AjakAlanA jamInadAro e te aMgrejonI kRti che. jayapura rAjA mAnasiMha e akabarane sauthI zreSTha senApati hate. akabaranA darabArane bIjo eka vikhyAta puruSa mahAna gAyaka tAnasena hate. te Aje hiMdanA badhAye gavaiyAone upAsya deva thaI paDyo che. zarUAtamAM akabaranI rAjadhAnI AgrAmAM hatI. tyAM AgaLa teNe eka kille paNa bAM. tyAra pachI teNe phAhapura-sikrI AgaLa eka navuM zahera vasAvyuM. te AgrAthI lagabhaga paMdara mAIla dUra che. zekha salIma cistI nAmane eka sAdhu puruSa tyAM AgaLa rahetA hatA tethI karIne akabare e sthAna pasaMda karyuM. ahIM teNe eka ramaNIya zahera bAMdhyuM ane te samayanA eka aMgreja pravAsInA kahevA mujaba te "laMDana karatAM ghaNuM meTuM hatuM" paMdara varasa karatAM paNa vadhAre samaya sudhI te akabaranA sAmrAjyanuM pATanagara rahyuM. pAchaLathI lAherane teNe potAnI rAjadhAnI banAvI. akabarane eka pradhAna ane mitra abula phajala kahe che ke, "bAdazAha salAmata ramaNIya ImAratanI bhejanA kare che ane tenA mana tathA hRdayanI e kRtine te mATI tathA paththaramAM mUrta svarUpa Ape che. phattehapura siddI tenI suMdara masjida, tene jabaradasta "bulaMda daravAjA" ane bIjI aneka suMdara imArata sahita Aje paNa mojUda che. Aje te te nirjIva ane tyajAyeluM zahera che paraMtu te mahollAo ane tenA vizALa emAM e mRta sAmrAjyane pretAtmA Aje paNa karatA hoya ema lAge che. ApaNuM hAlanuM alAhAbAda zahera paNa akabare vasAvyuM hatuM. paraMtu e sthAna te bahu ja prAcIna che ane tyAM AgaLa haMku

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akabara rAmAyaNanA kALathI prayAganI hastI che. allAhAbAda AgaLane kille akabare baMdhAvyuM hatuM. mulake jItavAmAM ane pitAnA vizALa sAmrAjyane majabUta banAvavAmAM akabare bahu ja vyavasAyI jIvana gALyuM hovuM joIe. paNa enA e samagra jIvana daramyAna akabaranI eka advitIya khAsiyata ApaNane dekhAI Ave che. e tenI asIma jijJAsAvRtti ane satya mATenI tenI ja hatI. je kaI kaI paNa viSaya upara kaMIka prakAza pheMkI zake ema hoya tene te belAvo ane tenI pAsethI mAhitI meLavI lete. bhinna bhinna dharmanA leke ibAdatakhAnAmAM enI AsapAsa ekatra thatA hatA ane temane dareka jaNa A mahAna samrATane pitAnA dharmamAM ANavAnI AzA rAkhatA hatA. teo badhA arasaparasa eka bIjA sAthe jhaghaDatA. akabara temanA vAdavivAda ane dalIle sAMbhaLo tathA temane aneka prazno pUchate. satya e kaI? paNa dharma ke saMpradAyane ijAro nathI evI tene pratIti thaI hoya ema lAge che ane teNe jAhera karyuM hatuM ke sarva dharmo pratye samabhAva e mAre dRDha siddhAMta che. tenA rAjyakALane ItihAsakAra badAunI - jeNe AvI aneka carcA pariSadamAM bhAga lIdhe haze - akabara viSe bahu majAnuM khAna Ape che. te huM ahIMyAM TAMkIza. badAunI pite custa musalamAna hase ane akabaranI A dharmasamabhAvanI pravRtti tene bilakula nApasaMda hatI. te kahe che ke: bAdazAha salAmata saunA, khAsa karIne jeo musalamAna nathI temanA, abhiprAca ekatra karatA. ane temAMthI je temane vAjabI lAgatA te te svIkAratA ane je potAnA valaNathI UlaTA ane potAnI mAnyatAnI viruddha hoya tene tyAga karatA. cheka bacapaNathI juvAnI sudhI ane juvAnIthI ghaDapaNa sudhI bAdazAha salAmata bhinna bhinna aneka avasthAomAMthI prathA aneka prakAranAM dhArmika anuSyano ane sAMpradAyika mAnyatAomAMthI pasAra thayA che; ane pasaMdagI karavAnI potAnI viziSTa prakAranI zaktithI bIjA loko je sAmAnya rIte pustakamAMthI meLave che te badhuM temaNe muslima zariyatathI bilakula viruddha evI jijJAsAnI bhAvanAthI prApta karyuM che. Ama keTalAka maulika siddhAMta 9para racAyelI zraddhA temanA hRdayarUpI AyanA upara aMkita thaI ane bAdazAha salAmata upara paDelI badhI asarane pariNAme paththara upara rekhAo aMkita thAya che te pramANe temane aMtaramAM evI mAnyatA dRDha thaI ke dareka dharmamAM samaju mANase tathA saMyamI vicAraka hoya che. tathA dareka rASTra ke prajAmAM

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana adbhuta zakti dharAvanArA puruSo hoya che. agara je satya jJAna A rIte hara jagyAe maLI AvatuM hoya to pachI satya kaI eka ja dharmamAM rahyuM che ema kema banI zake ?" . . . . tane yAda haze ke A arasAmAM yuropamAM dhArmika bAbatamAM bahu bhAre asahiSNutA pravartatI hatI. spena, nedharalenDjha tathA anyatra InkavajhIzana mAraphate dhArmika damanana dera cAlatuM hatuM ane kaeNthalika tathA kAlvinanA anuyAyIo ekabIjA pratyenI sahiSNutAne 5.5 mAnatA hatA. varSo sudhI akabare badhA dharmonA paMDita sAthe pitAnI dharma. carcAo cAlu rAkhI. Akhare e badhA paMDite e vAdavivAdathI thAkyA ane dareke pitAnA viziSTa dharmamAM akabarane lAvavAnI AzA choDI dIdhI. je dareka dharmamAM satyAMza hoya te pachI amuka eka ja dharma te kevI rIte grahaNa karI zake ? jesthaI ke, teNe evuM kahyAnuM jaNAve che ke, hiMduo pitAnA dharmane vadhAre sAre gaNe che, musalamAne ane khristIo paNa ema ja kahe che. te pachI mAre kayA dharmane apanAve che akabarano prazna bilakula ucita hatuM, paraMtu jesyuITa e savAlathI ciDAyA. teo pitAnA lakhANamAM jaNAve che ke, "badhA ja nAstikomAM je sAmAnya hoya che te doSa A rIte A rAjAmAM paNa amane jaNA, te buddhine zraddhAnI dAsI banAvavAno InakAra kare che ane tenI durbaLa buddhi jeno pAra pAmI zakatI nathI teno te satya tarIke svIkAra karatA nathI. vaLI je bAbate mAnavInI ucca samajazaktithI paNa para che tene kevaLa pitAnI apUrNa nirNayazaktithI kasIne te saMtoSa mAne che." je nAstikanI A ja vyAkhyA hoya te evA ApaNAmAM jeTalA vadhAre heya teTaluM sAruM. emAM akabarane ze hetu samAyela hato te spaSTa jaNAtuM nathI. e praznane te kevaLa rAjakIya daSTithI ja nihALate hatake pachI bhinna bhinna jAtionI ekatA sAdhI eka prajA sarjavAne tenA manorathane kAraNe badhA dharmone te baLajabarIthI eka ja dizAmAM vALavA mAgate hate? athavA te tenI e khejamAM te dhArmika hetuthI prerAyuM hatuM? mane enI kazI khabara nathI. paraMtu mane lAge che ke te dharmasudhAraka karatAM rAjapuruSa vadhAre pramANamAM hatuM. ene hetu cAhe te he, paNa teNe eka navIna dharma-dIne ilAhI-nI ghoSaNA karI ane pote ja tene vaDe bane. bIjI badhI bAbatonI jema dharmanI bAbatamAM paNa

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akabara 537, teNe pitAnI nirapavAda ApakhudI calAvI ane pariNAme sASTAMga praNAma, pAdasparza ItyAdi bedI vidhio pracAramAM AvI. e navA dharmanuM gADuM cAlyuM nahi. mAtra musalamAnone cIDavavAmAM te phaLIbhUta thaye. ApakhudI te akabaranAmAM mUrtimaMta rUpe virAjatI hatI. paraMtu udAra rAjakIya vicAree tenA mAnasa upara kevI asara karI hatI e vicAravA jevuM che. je lekene dhArmika svataMtratA ApavAmAM Ave te pachI temane rAjakIya svataMtratA vadhu pramANamAM kema na ApavI ? vijJAna tarapha paNa te sArI peThe AkarSa heta. paraMtu te samaye je vicAroe yurepanA lekanAM mana subhita karavA mAMDyAM hatAM te durbhAgye ahIM tyAre pracalita nahatA. vaLI chApakhAnAo paNa tyAre ahIM upagamAM AvyAM hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. ane Ama keLavaNuM bahu ja maryAdita hatI. kharekhara tuM e jANIne navAI pAmaze ke akabara sAva nirakSara hate; eTale ke te lakhIvAMcI jANa nahate ! Ama chatAM paNa te bhAre keLavAyeluM hatuM ane pitAnI AgaLa bIjAo pAse pustako vaMcAvavAne tene bahu zokha hatuM. tenI AjJAthI ghaNA saMskRta graMthana phArasI bhASAmAM anuvAda karavAmAM Avyo hate. vaLI e jANIne paNa tene AnaMda thaze ke, hiMdu vidhavAone satI thavAne cAla baMdha karavAno paNa teNe hukama pharamAvyuM hatuM tathA yuddhamAM pakaDAyelA kedIone gulAma banAvavAnI paNa teNe manAI karI hatI. lagabhaga pacAsa varasa sudhI rAjya karyA pachI 16 05nI sAlanA okaTobara mAsamAM 64 varasanI uMmare akabara maraNa pAme. AgrA pAse AvelA sikaMdrAmAM eka suMdara makabarAmAM tene daphanAvavAmAM AvyuM. akabaranA rAjyaamala daramyAna uttara hiMdustAnamAM, vizeSa karIne banArasamAM rahetA eka puruSa thaI gaye jenuM nAma yuktaprAMtane gAmaDe gAmaDe lekamAM paricita che. tyAM te te akabara yA te bIjA koI paNa rAjA karatAM vadhAre lekapriya ane jANItuM che. A puruSa te rAmacaritamAnasa athavA te hiMdI rAmAyaNanA kartA tulasIdAsa

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90 meAgala sAmrAjyanI paDatI ane nAza 9 sapTembara, 1932 ' tane akabara viSe kaMIka vadhAre kahevAne mane lesa thaI Ave che paraMtu mAre e lebane zakavA rahyo. ema chatAM paNa krUra`gI pAdarIenA hevAlAmAMthI thoDAka utArAe to huM ApuM ja chuM. bAdazAhanA darabArIonA abhiprAyo karatAM temanA abhiprAyo ghaNA vadhAre kImatI che. vaLI sAthesAthe e paNa yAda rAkhavuM jarUranuM che ke akabara khristI na thayA e kAraNe te tenAthI bhAre nirAza thayA hatA. chatAMye te kahe che ke, 'sAce ja te eka mahAna rAjakartA hatA; kemake je ekI sAthe prajAne potAnI AjJAMkita rAkhI zake, tene Adara meLavI zake, tene prema saMpAdana kare tema ja tene petAnA dhAkamAM rAkhI zake te ja kharo rAjA che ema te barAbara samajate hato. te rAkha sau kAI te prItipAtra hatA; moTA pratye te sakhatAI rAkhato, garIbagura pratye rahemanajara rAkhatA. vaLI te amIra tema ja garIba, paDozI ke parAyA, khristI, musalamAna ke hiMdu e sau pratye nyAyI vartana rAkhate ane tethI karIne pratyeka mANasane ema ja lAgatuM ke rAjA potAne pakSe che.' vaLI jesyUITa AgaLa jaNAve che ke, ' eka paLe te rAjakIya bAbatomAM ane potAnI prajAnI dAda sAMbhaLavAmAM tanmaya banI gayA hoya to bIjI ja paLe UMTAnA khAla kAtara, paththara phoDatA, lAkaDAM cIrato ke loDhAne hatheADAthI TIpate najare paDato. ane A badhuM jANe te potAnA khAsa dhaMdhAmAM ja maLyo hoya teTalI khaMtathI karato.' pete eka baLavAna ane Apakhuda rAjakartA hovA chatAMye AjanA keTalAka lokonI per3e zArIrika majUrIthI potAno darajje halakA paDa che evuM te mAnatA nahotA. vaLI teo kahe che ke, te bahu mitAhArI hato ane varasamAM mAtra traNa ke cAra mAsa ja mAMsAhAra karate. UMghavA mATe mahAmusIbate te rAtrInA traNa cAra kalAka kADhI zakatA. . . . tenI yAdadAsta te Azcarya kAraka hatI. tenI pAse hajArAnI

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megala sAmrAjyanI paDatI ane nAza pa39 saMkhyAmAM hAthI, gheDA, haraNa ane kabUtare hatAM paraMtu te badhAMyanAM nAma te jAte ane yAda rAkhate hate !' tenI AvI AzcaryakAraka smaraNazakti hoya e to mAnyAmAM AvatuM nathI ane e hevAlamAM atizayokti hovAno saMbhava che. paraMtu tenuM mana adbhuta hatuM emAM te leza paNa zaMkA nathI. "jo ke te lakhIvAMcI zakate nahote paNa tenA rAjyamAM je kaMI banatuM te badhAthI te paricita hate." vaLI tenI jJAna mATenI pipAsA eTalI badhI tIvra hatI ke, eka bhUkhALa pitAne badhe ja khorAka ke kALiye gaLe utAravA mathe che te ja pramANe badhI vastuo te ekI vakhate zIkhI levA prayAsa karo." akabara Avo puruSa hato. paraMtu te pUrepUro Apakhuda hato, ane prajAne teNe salAmatI bakSI tathA kheDUte uparane karane baje haLavo karyo e kharuM, paNa prajAne keLavaNuM ane tAlIma ApIne tenuM jIvananuM sAmAnya dhoraNa UMcuM karavA tarapha tenuM mana vaLyuM nahotuM. paraMtu te sarvatra ApakhudIne yuga hatuM ane bIjA Apakhuda rAjAonI tulanAmAM eka manuSya ane rAjA tarIke te eka tejasvI tAraka je jhaLahaLe che. bAbaranA vaMzamAM te trIjo rAjA hato e kharuM, paraMtu hiMdustAnamAM megalavaMzano kharekhara sthApaka akabara ja hate. cInamAM kukhtAI khAnanA yuAna vaMzanI peThe akabara pachInA megala rAjakartAo kharekhara hiMdI rAjavaMzanA rAjakartA banyA. ane potAnA sAmrAjyane majabUta banAvavAnuM mahAkArya akabare pAra pADyuM tethI ja tenA pachI lagabhaga 100 varasa sudhI tene rAjavaMza Takyo. akabara pachI tenA vaMzamAM traNa kuzaLa rAjAo thayA paraMtu temanAmAM koI prakAranI viziSTatA nathI. samrATanA maraNa bAda rAjagAdI mATe tenA putramAM hamezAM behUdI takarAra jAgatI. mahelamAM aneka prakAranAM kAvatarAM thatAM ane gAdI meLavavA mATe laDAIo thatI. Ama putra pitAnI sAme ane bhAIo bhAIo sAme UThatA ane pariNAme kuTuMbIonAM khUna thatAM ke temanI AMkho phoDI nAkhavAmAM AvatI. niraMkuza ane Apakhuda zAsananAM A badhAM gojhArAM lakSaNa che. temane bhapakA ane ThAThamATha te evAM hatAM ke bIje kyAMya tene joTo jaDe ema nahotuM. tane yAda haze ke A kALamAM ja phrAMsamAM pitAne rAjasUrya kahevaDAvate caudame lUI rAjya karatuM hatuM. teNe vartAI zahera bAMdhyuM

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540 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana : hatuM ane tyAM te pitAne bhavya darabAra bharato hate. paraMtu mahAna megalanA ezvarya AgaLa e rAjasUryane bhapake nisteja thaI jate. ghaNuM karIne A megala samrATe duniyAnA te samayanA badhA rAjAomAM sauthI vadhAre zrImaMta hatA. Ama chatAMye dezamAM kaI kaI vAra dukALa paDatA, rogacALo ane mahAmArI phATI nIkaLatAM ane tene lIdhe asaMkhya mANasanA prANa jatA. paraMtu samrATanA darabAra upara enI kazI asara nahatI thatI; tenA vaibhavavilAse te ema chatAM paNa cAlu ja rahetA. akabaranA amalanI dhArmika sahiSNutA tenA putra jahAMgIranA zAsana daramyAna paNa cAlu rahI. paraMtu have te zithila thatI jatI hatI ane khristI tathA hiMduonuM kaMIka aMze damana zarU thayuM hatuM. e pachI auraMgajhebanA amalamAM te temanAM maMdirane nAza karIne tathA temanA upara tiraskRta jajiyAre pharIthI nAkhIne hiMduonuM damana karavAnA irAdApUrvaka prayAsa karavAmAM AvyuM. Ama akabare bhAre jahemata uThAvIne repalA sAmrAjyanA pAyAnA staMbhe eka pachI eka ukheDI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. pariNAme sAmrAjyanI imArata ekAeka DAmADoLa thavA lAgI ane Akhare te jamInadosta thaI gaI akabara pachI tenI rajapUta patnIthI thayele putra jahAMgIra gAdIe AvyuM. teNe kaMIka aMze pitAnA pitAnI praNAlI cAlu rAkhI paraMtu rAjyavahIvaTa karatAM tene kaLA, citra, bAgabagIcA ane kule ItyAdine vadhAre rasa hato. tenI pAse suMdara citrasaMgraha hatA. te dara varase kAzmIra jato ane mane lAge che ke zAlAmAra ane nizAta nAmanA tyAMnA vikhyAta bagIcAonI yejanA teNe karI hatI. khUbasUrata nUrajahAna tenI patnI hatI athavA kharI rIte tenI aneka patnIomAMnI eka hatI. rAjyanI sAcI sattA tenA hAthamAM hatI. Itamada-uda-dolAnI kabara jemAM che te ramaNIya ImArata jahAMgIranA amala daramyAna baMdhAI hatI. huM jyAre jyAre AgrA jAuM chuM tyAre tyAre sthApatyanA ratna rUpa A ImAratanI mulAkAta lauM chuM ane tenA saMdaryathI mArI AMkhone tRpta karuM chuM. jahAMgIra pachI tene putra zAhajahAna gAdIe AvyuM. teNe 1628nI sAlathI 1658 sudhI ema 30 varasa rAjya karyuMtenA amala daramyAna te phrAMsanA 14mA lUIne samakAlIna hata-mogalenI

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megala sAmrAjyanI paDatI ane nAza 541 bhavyatA tenI parAkASThAe pahoMcI. paraMtu tenA ja amalamAM megala sAmrAjyamAM paDelA saDAnAM bIja paNa spaSTapaNe dRSTigocara thAya che. samrATane besavA mATe enA vakhatamAM amUlya ratnajaDita mayUrAsana banAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. sandaryanA svapna samAna tAjamahAla paNa enA ja samayamAM jamanA nadIne kAMThe bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM. kadAca tane khabara haze ke e tenI priyatamA mumatAja mahAlanI kabara che. tenI kIrti tema ja pratiSThAne jhAMkha lAge evuM paNa zAhajahAne ghaNuM karyuM che. dharmanI bAbatamAM te asahiSNu hatA ane gujarAta tathA dakSiNamAM bhAre dukALa paDyo tyAre tyAMnA lekone rAhata ApavAne teNe kazuM ja na karyuM. tenI prajAnI garIbAI tathA yAtanAone vicAra karatAM tenI samRddhi tathA aizvarya atizaya behUdAM lAge che. Ama chatAM paNa paththara tathA ArasanI adbhuta saMdaryavALI racanAo te pitAnI pAchaLa mUkate game che eTalA khAtara kadAca tene deSa kaMIka aMze daragujara karI zakAya. enA samaya daramyAna mogala sthApatya tenI parAkASTAe pahoMcyuM. tAjamahAla uparAMta teNe AgrAnI motI masjida tathA dilhInI bhavya jummAmajida baMdhAvI ane dilhInA rAjamahelamAM dIvAne Ama tathA dIvAne khAsa baMdhAvyA. A badhI ImArate utkRSTa sAdAInA namUnAo che. temAMnI keTalIka atizaya vizALa hovA chatAM suDoLa ane manahara che tathA apsarAonI duniyA jevI khUbasUrata che. paraMtu apsarAnA jevA e sArthanI pAchaLa garIbAImAM sabaDatI prajA paDelI hatI. temanAmAMnAM ghaNAMo pAse te rahevAne mATInI jhUMpaDI sarakhI paNa na hatI, chatAMye temane A mahelAtane kharaca pUro pADe paDatuM hatuM. sarvatra niraMkuza ApakhudI pravartatI hatI ane samrATanA pratinidhio ke hAkemone nArAja karanArAone ghAtakI sajA karavAmAM AvatI hatI. rAjadarabAranA kAvAdAvAomAM maeNkiyAvelInI kuTila nItino Azaro levAmAM Avato hate. akabaranI rahemanajara, sahiSNutA, ane suzAsana e bhUtakALanI vastuo thaI gaI hatI. paristhiti divase divase vikaTa banatI jatI hatI. - zAhajahAna pachI auraMgajheba gAdIe AvyuM. megalavaMzane e chelle mahAna bAdazAha ha. pitAnA pitAne kedamAM pUrIne teNe rAjyanI zarUAta karI. 165thI 1707nI sAla sudhI ema teNe 48 varasa rAjya karyuM. tenA dAdA jahAMgIranI peThe te kaLA ke sAhitya rasiyA

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542 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nahetA ane tenA pitA zAhajahAnanI peThe tene sthApatyane zekha nahoto. te kaDaka saMyamI ane dharmAdha hate. tathA pitAnA sivAyanA bIjA kedI paNa dharmane te sahana karavA taiyAra nahote. enA samayamAM paNa rAjadarabArane bhapakA te cAlu rahyA, paNa auraMgajhebanuM vyaktigata jIvana kaThera saMyamayukta ane lagabhaga tapasvI jevuM hatuM. hiMdu dharmanuM damana karavAnI nIti teNe IrAdApUrvaka akhatyAra karI akabaranI samAdhAne tathA samayanI nIti teNe IrAdApUrvaka palaTI nAMkhI ane e rIte, Aja sudhI sAmrAjya je pAyA upara TakI rahyuM hatuM tene dUra karyo. teNe hiMduo upara pharIthI jajiyA vere nAkhe, nokarImAMthI zakya eTalA hiMduone bAda rAkhyA, akabaranA samayathI jee e. vaMdAne Teko ApatA AvyA hatA te rajapUta umarAvane nArAja karyA ane rajapUta sAthe laDAI vahorI. vaLI teNe hajAre hiMdu maMdirone nAza karAvyuM ane e rIte bhUtakALanI aneka ramaNIya imArata dALa bhegI thaI gaI ane je ke dakSiNamAM tenuM sAmrAjya viryuM, bijApura tathA golakAMDA tenA kabajAmAM AvyAM ane cheka dakSiNamAMthI paNa tene khaMDaNI maLavA lAgI, chatAM tenA sabriAjyane pAye mULamAMthI avAvA * lAgyuM hatuM. te uttarottara nabaLuM paDatuM jatuM hatuM tathA badhI bAjuethI tenA duzmane UbhA thayA. jajiyA verAnI viruddha hiMduoe tenI AgaLa arajI karI hatI temAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke, "e vere nyAyathI viruddha che. sunItithI paNa e eTale ja viruddha che kema ke ethI karIne deza khacIta garIba thato jAya che; vaLI uparAMta e taddana na ja pheraphAra che ane emAM hiMdanA kAyadAone bhaMga rahele che.' sAmrAjyamAM vartatI paristhitinuM varNana karatAM temAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke, "Apa nAmadAranA amala daramyAna ghaNI leka sAmrAjyanI viruddha thaI gayA che jene lIdhe bIjA vadhAre pradeza paNa avazya chUTA paDI jaze kema ke Aje te mAraphADa ane pAyamAlI sarvatra niraMkuza paNe pravartI rahyAM che. ApanI raiyatane paga nIce cagadavAmAM Ave che, Apane sAmrAjyano dareka prAMta kaMgALa thaI gayuM che. sarvatra vasatI ghaTatI jAya che ane muzkelIo khaDakAtI jAya che. sarvatra pravartI rahelI A garIbI ane hADamArI have pachInAM pacAsa varasamAM je bhAre pheraphAra thavAnA hatA tenI AgAhI rUpa hatI. auraMgajhebanA mRtyu bAda mahAna megala sAmrAjya ekAeka ane

Page #556
megala sAmrAjyanI paDatI ane nAza 143 saMpUrNapaNe paDI bhAgyuM, e A badhA pheraphAromAne eka che. mahAna parivartana ane saMdelanI pAchaLa Arthika baLa kArya karI rahelAM hoya che. ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM ke yuropa tathA cInanAM moTAM moTAM sAmrAjyanA patananA AraMbhamAM ane sAthe sAthe arthavyavasthA paDI bhAgI hatI ane pachIthI krAMti thaI hatI. hiMdustAnamAM paNa ema ja thayuM che. bIjA badhAM sAmrAjyanI jema megala sAmrAjya paNa tenI AMtarika nabaLAIne kAraNe ja paDI bhAgyuM. sAce ja, tenA TukaDe TukaDA thaI gayA. paraMtu patananI A kriyAne, hiMduomAM pedA thaI rahelI tathA auraMgajhebanI nItine kAraNe prajavalita thayelI virodhanI bhAvanAnI bhAre sahAya maLI. paraMtu eka prakAranI hiMduonI A dhArmika rASTrIyatAe auraMgajhebanA rAjyakALa pahelAMnA samayamAM mULa nAkhyAM hatAM, ane auraMgajheba eTale badhe asahiSNu ane kaDaka thaye te ene kAraNe hoya ema paNa banavA joga che. marAThA ane zIkha A hiMda puna gratinA agraNI hatA ane have pachInA patramAM ApaNe joIzuM ke Akhare megala sAmrAjyane temaNe ja uthalAvI nAkhyuM, paraMtu A samRddha ane umadA vArasAne teo kaze phAyado uThAvI zakyA nahi. jyAre A badhA leke e meLavavA mATe mAMhamAMhe ekabIjA sAthe laDI rahyA hatA tyAre cUpacApa ane cAlAkIthI aMgrejoe pagapesAro karyo ane lUMTanA mAla kabajo laI lIdhe. jyAre mogala sAmrATa lazkara sAthe kUca karatA hatA tyAre temanI zAhI chAvaNI kevI hatI te jANavAnI tane majA paDaze. e eka jabaradasta vastu hatI. 30 mAIla jeTale te tene gherAvo hatuM ane tenI vastI pAMca lAkhanI hatI. emAM samrATanI sAthe rahetA lazkarane paNa samAveza thato hato, paraMtu chAvaNImAM moTI saMkhyA te Itara lekenI hatI. A kUca karatA vizALa zaheramAM seMkaDe bajAre paNa hatAM. A haraphara karatI chAvaNImAM urdU - "chAvaNI nI bhASA -ne vikAsa thayo. mogala samayanA strIpuruSanAM aneka citro Aje paNa mejUda che. te bahu kamAzabharyA ane suMdara che. samrATenA citrone te eka citrasaMgraha paNa maLI Ave che. te bAbarathI auraMgajheba sudhInA badhA samrATonuM vyaktitva adbhuta rIte vyakta kare che.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna ja megala samrATa kamamAM kama divasamAM be vAra jharUkhAmAM besIne raiyatane maLatA ane temanI dAdariyAda sAMbhaLatA. 1911nI sAlamAM aMgreja rAjA pAMcamA jyorja rAjyAbhiSekanA darabAra bharavA dilhI AvyA hatA tyAre e ja rIte raiyatane tenAM paNa darzana karAvavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. agree ema mAne che ke hiMdanuM rAjya temane mogale pachI vArasAmAM maLyuM che. ane tethI teo megalanA bhapakA ane grAmya nAmAnI vAnaranakala karavA prayatna kare che. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM ke, aMgreja rAjAne mogala samrATAnI kaisare hiMdanI padavI paNa ApavAmAM AvI che. Aje paNa hiMdanA vAIsaroyanI AsapAsa je bhapakA, damAma ane AmApha rAkhavAmAM Ave che te duniyAmAM kadAca khIje kyAMye jovA nahi maLe. 544 pAchaLanA mogala samrATAnA videzI leDA joDenA saMbaMdha viSe me hajI tane nathI kazuM. akabaranA darabAramAM phiraMgI pAdarI bahu kRpApAtra hatA ane yupanI duniyAno paricaya teNe mukhyatve karIne temanI mAraphate meLavyo hato. akabaranI najare phiraMgIo yuropanI badhI prajAmAM sauthI baLavAna hatA kemake samudra upara temanA kAbU hato. aMgrejo te samaye jaNAtA nathI. akabarane gAvA chatI levAnI tIvra icchA hatI ane teNe tenA upara humalo paNa karyAM hatA, paraMtu temAM te kAvyo nahi, sAmudrika vyavasAyomAM megalene jhAjho rasa nahAtA ane dariyAI sattA AgaLa teo lAcAra hatA. A eka vicitra ghaTanA che kemake e samaye pUrva baMgALamAM vahANo bAMdhavAno udyoga dhIkato cAlato hato. paraMtu e badhAM me.Te bhAge mAla vahI javA mATenAM vepArI vahANA hatAM. megala sAmrAjyanI paDatInuM eka kAraNa dariyA uparanI temanI lAcArI paNu gaNAya che. have dariyAI sattAno yuga zarU thayA hatA. kiragIne a Mgrejo pratye karyAM hatI ane jyAre teoe megala darabAramAM praveza karavAnI koziza karavA mAMDI tyAre a Mgrejo sAme jahAMgIranA kAna bhaMbheravA temaNe potAnAthI banatuM badhuM karyuM. paraMtu IMgleMDanA rAjA jemsa 1lAne elacI sara Tomasa 1615nI sAlamAM jahAMgIranA darabAramAM pahoMcavAmAM saphaLa thayo. jahAMgIra pAsethI teNe thoDI chUTachATA meLavI ane e rIte teNe sTa nDiyA kaMpanInAM vepArane pAyo nAkhyo. vaLI e ja arasAmAM aMgreja kAkakSAe hiMdI

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megala sAmrAjyanI paDatI ane nAza 55 samudramAM phiraMgI vahANone parAjaya karyo. IgleMDane sitAre have pUrvamAM dhIme dhIme kSitijanI upara AvavA lAgyo hato ane pazcimamAM phiraMgIone Athamate ja hato. dhIme dhIme aMgrejo ane valaMdAo e bannee maLIne pUrvanA samudramAMthI phiraMgIone hAMkI kADhyA. ane tane yAda haze ke 1641nI sAlamAM malAkakAnuM temanuM moTuM baMdara paNa valaMdAone hAtha gayuM. 1629nI sAlamAM hugalImAM zAhajahAna ane phiraMgIo vacce yuddha thayuM. phiraMgIo rItasara gulAmone vepAra calAvatA hatA ane lekone baLajabarIthI khristI banAvatA hatA. bahAdurIbharyA sAmanA pachI megalee hugalI jItI lIdhuM. AvAM uparAchAparI yuddhothI nAnakaDo piorTugAla deza pAyamAla thaI gaye. AthI sAmrAjya mATenI spardhAmAMthI te khasI gaye. paraMtu govA tathA bIjAM keTalAMka sthaLe upara teNe pitAne kAbU jALavI rAkhyo ane Aje paNa te tenA ja tAbAmAM che. daramyAna aMgrejoe hiMdanA kinArA uparanAM zaheromAM tathA madrAsa ane surata najIka potAnI koThIo nAkhI. 1639nI sAlamAM temaNe khuda madrAsa zaherane pAyo nAMkhyo. 1662nI sAlamAM iMglaMDane rAjA bIjo cArlsa porTugAlanI baigAnjhAnI rAjakuMvarI ketherAIna vere paraNyo ane muMbaIne TApu tene paherAmaNImAM maLe. thoDA vakhata pachI teNe e TApu najIvI kiMmate isTa inDiyA kaMpanIne ApI dIdhuM. A banAva auraMgajhebanA amala daramyAna banya. phiraMgIone hAMkI kADhavAthI gavika banelI isTa inDiyA kaMpanIe mogala sAmrAjya nabaLuM paDatuM jAya che evuM dhArIne 1685nI sAlamAM hiMdustAnamAM baLajabarIthI pitAne mulaka vadhAravAnI koziza karI. paraMtu emAM temane thappaDa paDI. cheka IMgleMDathI laDAyaka jahAjo AvyAM ane temaNe pUrvamAM baMgALa upara tema ja pazcime surata upara ema auraMgajhebanA mulaka upara baMne bAjuethI humale karyo. paraMtu hajI paNa temane sArI peThe harAvavAnI mogalomAM tAkAta hatI. A anubhavathI aMgrejo sAre pATha zIkhyA ane bhaviSyamAM teo vadhu sAvaceta banyA. auraMgajhebanA mRtyu pachI jyAre mogala sAmrAjya dekhItI rIte ja chinnabhinna thaI rahyuM hatuM tyAre paNa meTAM sAhasa kheDatAM teo ghaNuM varasa sudhI acakAyA. 1690nI sAlamAM joba kAranauka nAmanA eka aMgreje kalakattA zaheranA pAye nAMkhe. A rIte madrAsa, muMbaI ane kalakattA e traNa zahera

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544 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana aMgrejoe vasAvyAM hatAM ane AraMbhakALamAM te teo mukhyatve karIne aMgrejonAM sAhasane lIdhe ja kholyAM. - have phAMsa paNa hiMdamAM pagapesAro kare che. eka IMca vepArI kaMpanI sthApavAmAM AvI ane 1668nI sAlamAM surata AgaLa tema ja bIjA keTalAka sthaLoe temaNe pitAnI koThIo nAkhI. thoDAka varase pachI temaNe paMDIcerI zahera kharIduM. hiMdane pUrva kinAre e zahera meTuM vepAranuM mathaka banyuM. 1707nI sAlamAM lagabhaga 90 varasanI pAkI vaye auraMgajheba maraNa pAme. pitAnI pAchaLa te je bhavya vArase - hiMdustAna - mUkato gaye tene kabajo meLavavA mATenAM yuddhonAM have maMDANa maMDAyAM. kazIye AvaData vinAnA tenA vaMzajo ane tenA keTalAka moTA meTA subAo, marAThAo ane zIkha, hiMda upara mITa mAMDIne beThelA tenI vAyavya sarahadanI pelI pAranA leke tathA dariyA pAranI be videzI prajAe - aMgreja ane phreMca-ATalA A jhaghaDAnA pakSakAre hatA. paNa e badhA vacce garIba bicArA hindanA lekonA zA hAla hatA?

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91 zIkha ane marAThA 12 sapTembara, 1932 auraMgajhebanA mRtyu bAda se varasa sudhI hiMdustAnanI sthiti vividharaMgI TukaDAone vicitra rIte thAgaDathIgaDa karI devAmAM AvyA hoya tevI hatI. enA raMge avAranavAra badalAtA rahetA hatA. paraMtu meghadhanuSanA raMgapalaTAnI jema te manahara lAgatA nahotA. game tevA upAye levAnuM ke sAdhano akhatyAra karavAne leza mAtra paNa vasavase rAkhyA vinA je taka jhaDapI levA jeTalA bITa ane harAmakhora hoya che tevA taphAnI yA sAhasakhoro mATe A kALa Adarza mokA samAna hoya che. Ama AkhA hiMdamAM TheraThera AvA sAhasakhoro pedA thayA. emAMnA keTalAka hiMdanA ja vatanIo hatA, keTalAka hiMdanI vAyavya sarahada taraphathI AvyA hatA ane aMgreja ane phreMca vagere dariyA pArathI AvyA hatA. emane pratyeka mANasa athavA te samUha pitApitAne hAtha mArI levAne ane bAkInA bIjAonuM nikaMdana kADhavAne tatpara hate. keTalIkavAra trIjAne kacaDI nAkhavAne be maLI jatA ane pachIthI teo ApasamAM laDI maratA. rAjya meLavavA mATe, jaladIthI talavaMta thaI javA mATe tathA lUMTaphATa karavA mATe tanatoDa prayAsa thaI rahyA hatA. sAmAnya rIte A badhuM chaDecaka ane bezarama rIte cAlatuM hatuM ane keTalIka vAra vepAranA lUlA bahAnA nIce cAlatuM. ane A badhAnI pAchaLa mogala sAmrAjya dhIme dhIme lupta thatuM jatuM hatuM ane nAmazeSa thayele mogala samrATa raMka penzanara yA te bIjAonA hAthamAM kedI banI gayo hato. paraMtu A badhI UthalapAthala khaLabhaLATa ane vamaLa bhItaramAM cAlI rahelI krAMtinAM chatAM thayelAM cihno hatAM. jUnuM Arthika taMtra paDI bhAMgyuM hatuM ane phayUDala prathAnA dahADA have bharAI cUkyA hatA tathA te nAza pAmatI jatI hatI. dezamAM UbhI thayelI navI paristhitine te anukULa nahotI. ApaNe yuropamAM paNa A kriyA IgayAM chIe. tyAM AgaLa vepArI varga pragati karI rahyo hate ane chevaTe niraMkuza

Page #561
pa48 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana thaI gayelA rAjAe tene aMkuzamAM rAkhe che. mAtra IgleMDa ane kaMIka aMze heleMDamAM Apakhuda rAjAone jera karavAmAM AvyA hatA. auraMgajheba gAdIe AvyuM te vakhate iMglaMDamAM alpajIvI pravanataMtra cAlatuM hatuM. tyAMnA rAjA salA cArlsane ziraccheda karyA pachI e prajAtaMtra hastImAM AvyuM hatuM ane auraMgajhebanA ja rAjyaamala daramyAna rajo jemsa bhAgI javAthI tathA 1668nI sAlamAM pArlamenTanI chata thatAM igleMDanI krAMti pUrI thaI. iMglaMDamAM pArlAmenTa jevI ardha-prajAkIya saMsthA hatI tethI karIne prajAkIya laDatane bhAre madada maLI. pahelAM phayUDala umarAvonI sAme ane pachIthI rAjAnI sAme khaDuM karI zakAya evuM saMgati kaMIka te dezamAM hatuM. paraMtu yuropanA badhA dezomAM paristhiti ethI UlaTI ja hatI. phAMsamAM hajI paNa auraMgajhebane samakAlIna mahAna samrATa 14 lUI rAjya karate hate. auraMgajhebanA lAMbA rAjyakALa daramyAna teno amala cAlu hatA ane tenA maraNa bAda paNa ATha varasa sudhI te jI hate. lagabhaga aDhAramI sadInI Akhara sudhI phrAMsamAM Apakhuda zAsana cAlu rahyuM ane pachI tyAM AgaLa kAMsanI krAMtine jagajAhera ane pracaMDa utpAta phATI nIkaLe. ApaNe joI gayA ke, sattaramI sadI e jarmanI mAMTe bahu kaThaNa ane viSama kALa hato. e kALa daramyAna " 30 varasano vigraha" che. e vigraha jarmanIne chinnabhinna karI nAMkhyuM ane tenuM satyAnAza vALyuM. aDhAramI sadI daramyAna hiMdanI paristhiti paNa kaMIka aMze 30 varasanA vigrahanA kALanI jarmanInI paristhiti jevI ja hatI. paraMtu banne vacce taddana sAmya che ema na kahI zakAya. baMne dezamAM tyanI Arthika vyavasthA paDI bhAMgI hatI ane jUnA phayaDala vargonuM mahattva ghaTI gayuM hatuM. hiMdustAnamAM paNa e ja jAtanI kyUDala vyavasthA tUTatI jatI hatI. paraMtu ahIMyAM lAMbA vakhata sudhI tene lepa thaye nahi. ane jyAre te lagabhaga nAza pAmI tyAre paNa tenuM bAhya svarUpa cAlu rahyuM. sAce ja, hiMdustAnamAM tema ja yuropanA keTalAka bhAgomAM phaDala prathAnA ghaNA avazeSe Aje paNa mejUda che. A badhA Arthika pheraphArane kAraNe megala sAmrAjya tUTI gayuM paraMtu A takane lAbha laIne sattA hAthe kare te mUrkhavA madhyama

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zIkha ane marAThA 549 varga Ubhe thayenahe. vaLI IgleMDanI peThe A varganuM pratinidhitva dharAvatI kAunsila ke evI bIjI koI saMsthA paNa ahIM nahotI. atizaya Apakhuda zAsanane kAraNe prajAnI manodazA sAmAnya rIte paravaza banI gaI hatI ane svataMtratAnA je kaMI prAcIna khyAle hatA te bhulAI gayA hatA. ApaNe A ja patramAM joIzuM ke, Ama chatAM paNa sattA hAtha karavAne mATe prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA hatA. A prayAsa kaMIka aMze jAgIradAra vargo, cUDala vage, kaMIka aMze madhyama vargo ane kaMIka aMze kheDUta vargo karyA hatA ane emAMnA keTalAka prayAsa te saphaLa thatA thatA rahI gayA. paraMtu phaDala prathAnuM patana ane sattA hAtha karavAne samartha hoya evA madhyama vargane udaya vacce aMtara paDI gayuM hoya ema lAge che. A hakIkata khAsa karIne lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che. jyAre jyAre paDI bhAMgatI vyavasthA ane tene kabaje letA varganA udaya vacce AvuM aMtara paDI jAya che tyAre jarmanImAM thaI hatI tevI UthalapAthala ane saMkaTa pedA thAya che. hiMdustAnamAM paNa ema ja banyuM. nAnA nAnA rAjAo ane rajavADAo deza upara Adhipatya meLavavA mATe laDavA lAgyA, paraMtu teo saDavA lAgelI samAjavyavasthAnA pratinidhio hatA eTale temane pAye ja salAmata nahotuM. temane eka navA ja varganA lokone sAmane karavo paDyo. tAjetaramAM je varga pitAnA dezamAM vijayI thaye hatuM te IMglaMDanA madhyama varganA e navA leke pratinidhi hatA. A briTiza madhyamavarga phyuDala samAjavyavasthA karatAM vadhAre sArI samAjavyavasthA rajU karate hate. e varga duniyAmAM pedA thatI jatI navI paristhitine vadhAre anurUpa hato. te vadhAre saMgaThita ane vadhAre kAryadakSa hatuM, tenI pAse vadhAre sArI jAtanAM eja tathA hathiyAre hatAM ane ethI karIne te vadhAre asarakAraka rIte yuddha karavAne zaktimAna hato. vaLI teNe samudra upara paNa kAbU meLavyuM hatuM. A navI sattAne hiMdanA kyUDala rajavADAo mukAbale karI zake ema nahatuM ane teo eka pachI eka tenAthI hAratA gayA.' A patranI A sArI peThe lAMbI prastAvanA thaI. have ApaNe jarA pAchaLa jaIzuM. auraMgajhebanA rAjyanA pAchaLanA bhAgamAM AmajanatAmAM baDe thayAM tathA hiMduomAM dhArmika rASTrIyatA pharIthI jAgrata thaI tene viSe meM mArA AgaLanA tema ja A patramAM lekha karyo che. have huM e dharma ane rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAthI raMgAyelI hilacAla viSe

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10 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kaIka vadhAre kahIza. mAgala sAmrAjyanA judA judA bhAgeAmAM e samaye jene adha dhArmika kahI zakAya evA prakAranAM keTalAMye prajAkIya AMdolane pragati karatAM ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. A badhAM AMdolana athavA caLavaLA Ara MbhamAM to zAMta hatI kema ke temane rAjakAraNa sAthe jhAjhI levAdevA nahAtI. A arasAmAM hiMdI, marAThI, paMjAbI vagere lokabhASAomAM gIto ane bhajana lakhAyAM ane lokapriya thayAM. A gIte ane bhajanA janatAne jAgrata kare che. lokapriya dharmopadezakeAnI pAchaLa dhArmi ka saMpradAyA sthapAya che. Arthika saMkaTa ane hADamArI dhIme dhIme A saMpradAyAne rAjakIya prazno tarapha vALe che. Akhare rAjyasattA mogala sAmrAjya - sAthe athaDAmaNa pedA thAya che ane pariNAme te saMpradAya upara damana gujAravAmAM Ave che. A damana zAMtipriya dhArmika saMpradAyane eka laDAyaka sadha yA daLamAM pheravI nAkhe che. zIkhAnI tema ja bIjA keTalAka saMpradAyonI bAbatamAM ema ja banyuM hatuM. marADA itihAsa ethI kaMIka vizeSa gUMcavaNabharyAM che. paraMtu tyAMye dharma ane rASTrIyatAnA sayAga mogalonI sAme hathiyAra ugAmato ApaNI najare paDe che. mogala sAmrAjyane aMgrejoe uthalAvI pADayuM nahotuM. A badhI dhArmika-rAjakIya caLavaLoe ane khAsa karIne tA marAThAoe tene uthalAvI pADayuM hatuM. auraMgajhebanI asahiSNu rAjanItine kAraNe A caLavaLeA baLavAna banI. tenA zAsana viruddha vadhatI jatI A dhArmika jAgratine lIdhe paNa auragajheba vadhAre kaDaka ane asahiSNu banyA hoya evA paNa saMbhava che. cheka 1669nI sAlamAM paNa mathurAnA jATa kheDUtoe AragajhebanI sAme baMDa karyuM hatuM. temane vAravAra dabAvI devAmAM AvyA paraMtu trIsa karatAM paNa vadhAre varasa sudhI eTale ke AragajhebanA maraNa pata temaNe pharI pharIne bhaMDa karyAM ja karyuM. mathurA AgrAnI bilakula najIka AveluM che e lakSamAM rAkhaje. Ama sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnInI pAse ja AvAM khaDA thavA lAgyAM hatAM. banne maLavA satanAmIe karyAM. A bahu sAdhAraNa sthitinA leAkAnA hiMdu sapradAya che. Ama e paNa garIba varganA lokonuM maMDa hatuM ane umarAvA, sUbAo ke emanA jevA khIjAenAM baDethI te bhinna hatuM. e samayanA eka megala amIra tiraskArapUrvaka tenuM varNana karatAM jaNAve che ke, 'sonI, sudhAra, bhagI, khAlapA ane bIjI nIca jAtionA hIna ane lohItarasyA baDakharAnuM

Page #564
- zIkha ane marAThA e ToLuM hatuM." "nIca jAtionA leke temanAthI caDiyAtA lokonI sAme UThe e A umarAvane mana te atizaya aghaTita vastu haze. have ApaNe zIkhanI vAta upara AvIe ane temane AgaLane ItihAsa paNa joI jaIe. meM tane guru nAnaka viSe vAta karI hatI te tane yAda haze. bAbara hiMdamAM Avyo tyAra pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM te maraNa pAmyA. hiMdudharma ane islAma e baMnenAM sAmAnya ta tAravIne temAMthI eka sAmAnya saMpradAyanI bhUmikA racavAno prayatna karanArAomAMnA te eka hatA. emanA pachI thayelA bIjA traNa gura temanA jevA ja pUrepUrA zAMtipriya hatA ane kevaLa dhArmika bAbatamAM ja temane rasa hate. akabare cethA gurune amRtasara AgaLa taLAva tema ja suvarNa maMdira mATe jagyA ApI hatI. e samayathI amRtasara zIkhadharmanuM mukhya dhAma banyuM che. pachIthI arjunasiMha pAMcamA guru thayA. temaNe graMtha sAhebane saMgraha karyo. graMtha sAheba e vacanAmRta ane bhajana saMgraha che ane te zIkha dharmagraMtha che. rAjakIya gunAne khAtara jahAMgIre arjunasiMhane ribAvIne mArI naMkhAvyA. zIkhonA ItihAsamAM A ghaTanA yugapravartaka nIvaDI. teNe zIkhenI kArakirdI palaTI nAMkhI. pitAnA guru pratyenA anyAyI ane krara vartanathI zIkhomAM roSa ane virodhanI lAgaNI vyApI gaI ane temanAM mana hathiyAre tarapha DhaLyAM. temanA chaThThA guru haragoviMdanI AgevAnI nIce teo lazkarI daLa yA saMghamAM pheravAI gayA. ane e samaya pachI teo vAraMvAra rAjyasattA sAthe athaDAmaNamAM AvatA rahyA. khuda guru haragoviMdane paNa jahAMgIre daza varasa sudhI kedakhAnAmAM pUrI rAkhyA hatA. navamA guru tega bahAdura auraMgajhebanA rAjya amala daramyAna thaI gayA. auraMgajhebe tene islAmane svIkAra karavAno hukama karyo ane tema karavAnI nA pADatAM teNe temane phAMsIe caDAvyA. dazamA ane chellA guru goviMdasiMha hatA. temaNe, khAsa karIne dilhInA bAdazAhano sAmano karavAne khAtara, zIkhone eka baLavAna laDAyaka kAmamAM pheravI nAMkhyA. auraMgajhebanA maraNa bAda eka varasa pachI temanuM avasAna thayuM. tyAra pachI bIje guru thayo nathI. evuM kahevAya che ke samagra zIkha kema athavA jene "khAlasA" kahevAmAM Ave che temAM gurunI badhI sattA ane zakti vAsa karI rahI che. auraMgajhebanA mRtyu pachI tarata ja zIkhoe baLave karyo. e

Page #565
552 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana baLavo te zamAvI devAmAM AvyuM paraMtu dinapratidina zIkhonuM baLa vadhatuM ja gayuM ane paMjAbamAM teo vadhAre ne vadhAre saMgaThita thatA gayA. pachIthI, e sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM raNajitasiMhanI AgevAnI nIce paMjAbamAM zIkha rAjya UbhuM thavAnuM hatuM. A badhAM baMDa bhAre takalIpha denArAM hatAM e kharuM, paraMtu mogala sAmrAjya mATe khare bhaya te dakSiNamAM marAThAonI vadhatI jatI sattA taraphathI AvyuM. zAhajahAMnA amala daramyAna paNa zAhajI bhoMsale nAmane eka marAThA saradAra sArI peThe takalIpha ApI rahyo hato. te ahamadanagaranA rAjyane eka amaladAra hatA, ane pAchaLathI bijApuranI nokarImAM rahyo hato. paraMtu marAThAonA geravarUpa tenA putra zivAjIe mogala sAmrAjyane kharekharuM bhayabhIta karI mUkyuM. tene janma 1627nI sAlamAM thaye hate. te 19 varasano thaye tyAM te teNe pitAnI lUMTaphATanI kArakirdI zarU karI. ane pUnA pAseno kile pahelavahele sara karyo. te zuravIra saradAra, gerIlA yuddhanItine kuzaLa netA ane bhAre hiMmatavALo hato. teNe potAnI AsapAsa bahAdura ane kasAyelA ghATIonuM eka jUtha UbhuM karyuM hatuM. tenA A pahADI anuyAyIonI tenA upara ananya niSThA hatI. temanI sahAyathI teNe auraMgajhebanA ghaNA killAe jItI lIdhA ane tenA senApatione herAna herAna karI mUkyA. 1665nI sAlamAM te acAnaka surata upara caDI AvyuM ane te zahera lUMTI lIdhuM. tyAM AgaLa aMgrejoe A daramyAna pitAnI keDI nAkhI hatI. eka vakhata tene samajAvIne auraMgajhebanA darabAramAM AgrA lAvavAmAM Avyo hato. paraMtu tenI sAthe svataMtra rAjAne chAjate vartAva karavAmAM na AvyuM tethI tene atizaya mAThuM lAgyuM. AgrAmAM tene keda karavAmAM Avyo paraMtu tyAMthI te chaTakI gaye. A pachI paNa rAjAne khitAba ApIne auraMgajhebe tene manAvI levAno prayatna karyo. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM zivAjIe karIthI laDAI AraMbhI. dakSiNanA megala amaladAre enAthI eTalA te DarI gayA hatA ke pitAnA rakSaNa mATe teo zivAjIne paisA ApavA lAgyA. marAo jyAM jyAM jatA tyAMthI vasUla karatA te ItihAsa prasiddha "cotha - eTale ke mahesUlane cothe bhAga-A ja hatI. Ama marAThAonI sattA dinapratidina vadhatI gaI ane mogala sAmrAjya nabaLuM paDatuM gayuM. 1674nI sAlamAM rAyagaDha AgaLa zivAjIe pitAne rAjA tarIke vidhipurasara

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zIkha ane marAThA 553 abhiSeka karAvyuM. 1680nI sAlamAM te maraNa pAme tyAM sudhI tenI to te cAlu ja rahI. marAThAonA pradezanA kendrasamA pUnAmAM tuM hAla thaDA samayathI rahe che. eTale tyAMnA lekene zivAjI upara ke prema ane bhaktibhAva che tenAthI tAre vAkepha thavuM joIe. amuka prakAranI dhArmika tema ja rASTrIya jAgratino meM AgaLa ullekha karyo hate tene e pratinidhi hato. Arthika saMkaTa ane prajAvyApI duHkha tathA hADamArIe ene mATe bhUmi taiyAra karI hatI ane rAmadAsa tathA tukArAma nAmanA be marAThI kavioe kavitA ane bhajano dvArA temAM khAtara pUryuM hatuM. marAThAomAM A rIte jAgRti AvI ane temanAmAM ekatAnI bhAvanA pedA thaI. ane e ja TAMkaNe temane dorIne vijaya apAvanAra eka tejaldI AgevAna paNa pedA thaye. zivAjInA putra saMbhAjIne mogalee ribAvIne mArI nAMkhe. paraMtu thoDIka pIchehaTha bAda marAThAonuM baLa vadhatuM ja gayuM. auraMgajhebanA mRtyu pachI tenuM sAmrAjya adazya thavA lAgyuM. ghaNuM sUbAo sAmrAjyathI svataMtra thaI gayA. A rIte baMgALa, ayodhyA ane rehilakhaMDa vagere prAMti chUTA thaI gayA. dakSiNamAM vajIra asaphajhAe pitAnuM rAjya sthApyuM. te AjanuM haidarAbAda rAjya che. Ajano nijhAma asaphajhAne vaMza ja che. auraMgajhebanA maraNa pachI sattara varasamAM te tenuM sAmrAjya lagabhaga naSTa thaI gayuM. paraMtu dilhI athavA te AgrAmAM sAmrAjya vinAnA kevaLa nAmanA bAdazAhanI paraMparA cAlu rahI hatI. megala sAmrAjya nabaLuM paDatuM gayuM tema tema marAThAo vadhAre ne vadhAre baLavAna thatA gayA. pezavA nAmathI oLakhAtA temanA vaDApradhAne rAjAne dAbIne rAjyanI kharI sattA hAtha karI, jApAnanA zagunanI peThe zivAnuM pada vaMzaparaMparAgata banyuM ane rAjAnuM mahatva nAmanuM ja rahyuM. dilhIne bAdazAha te durbaLa banI gayuM hatuM ane teNe dakSiNanA AkhA pradeza upara cethI ugharAvavAne marAThAone haka maMjUra rAkhe. ATalAthI na saMtoSAtAM pezavAe gujarAta, mALavA ane madhyahiMda jItI lIdhAM. 1737nI sAlamAM te tenuM sainya TheTha dilhInA daravAjA sudhI AvI pahoMcyuM. hiMdanI sarvoparI sattA marAThAone hAtha jaze ema jaNAtuM hatuM. AkhA deza upara temanuM prabhutva hatuM. paraMtu 1739nI sAlamAM hiMdanI vAyavya sarahada taraphathI acAnaka humale AvyuM. teNe sattAnI tulA uthalAvI pADI ane uttara hiMdustAnanI sUrata pheravI nAkhI.

Page #567
92 hiMdamAM aMgrejone pitAnA harIphe uparane vijya 13 sapTembara, 1932 megala sAmrAjyanI hAlata atizaya kharAba thaI gaI hatI e ApaNe joI gayAM. sAce ja, ema kahI zakAya ke, sAmrAjya tarIkenuM tenuM koI paNa cihna have bAkI rahyuM nahotuM. Ama chatAM dilhI tema ja uttara hiMdanI ethIye vadhAre bUrI dazA thavAnI hatI. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo ke, hiMdamAM have nasIba ajamAvavA sAhasika leke mATe anukULa divase AvyA hatA. AvA sAhasikano eka saradAra hiMdanI vAyavya sarahada uparathI AvIne uttara hiMda upara tUTI paDyo ane bhAre khunAmarakI tathA lUMTaphATa karIne aDhaLaka dravya laI cAlata thaye. A IrAnane rAjA thaI beThele nAdIrazAha ha. zAhajahAMe banAvarAveluM suprasiddha mayurAsana te pitAnI sAthe lete gaye. A bhayAnaka humale 1739nI sAlamAM thayuM hatuM ane ene lIdhe Akhe uttara hiMda dhULadhANI thaI gaye. nAdIrazAhe pitAnA rAjyanI sarahada cheka siMdhu nadI sudhI vadhArI dIdhI. A rIte aphaghAnistAna hiMdustAnathI alaga paDI gayuM. mahAbhArata ane gaMdhAranA kALathI mAMDIne A samaya sudhI aphaghAnistAnano hiMda sAthe haMmezAM nikaTane saMbaMdha rahyo hate. have te hiMdustAnathI alaga paDI gayuM. sattara varasanI aMdara dilhI upara bIjo eka lUMTAro caDI AvyuM. A nAdIrazAha pachI aphaghAnistAnanI gAdI upara AvanAra ahamadazAha durAnI hatI. paNa A badhA humalAo chatAMye hiMdamAM marAThAonI sattA vadhatI jatI hatI ane 17pa8nI sAlamAM paMjAba temanA tAbAmAM AvyuM. A badhA mulaka upara temaNe pitAnuM vyavasthita rAjyataMtra sthApavAno prayAsa na karyo. teo te temanI jagajAhera cotha ugharAvatA ane rAjavahIvaTa te tyAMnA sthAnika lekenA hAthamAM ja rahevA detA. A rIte teo dilhInA sAmrAjyanA lagabhaga vArasa banyA hatA. paraMtu A pachI temanA upara eka bhAre phaTako paDyo. vAyavya

Page #568
hidamAM agrejone peAtAnA harIphA uparanA vijaya pa sarahada taraphathI durAnI krIthI caDI AvyA ane bIjA keTalAkAnI sahAyathI 1761nI-sAlamAM pANIpatanA purANA raNakSetra upara marAThAonA eka moTA sainyane teNe saMpUrNa paNe harAvyuM. have durAnI uttara hiMdanA pradezanA mAlika banI eDe ane tene khALanAra khIjI kAI paNa sattA rahI naheAtI. paraMtu tenA vijayanA A avasare tenA potAnAM ja lekAnA baLavAne tene sAmane karavA paDyo ane te svadeza pAche ryAM. = thoDA vakhata sudhI to ema ja lAgatuM hatuM ke marAThAonA prabhutvanA divasA bharAI cUkayA ane temanI jhAjhI gaNatarI rahI nahatI. je meTI vastu -- hiMdanuM sAmrAjya - prApta karavA te cahAtA hatA te temaNe gumAvI hatI. paraMtu teo karI pAchA beTA thayA ane dhIme dhIme hiMdanI a MdaranI sauthI baLavAna sattA banyA. daramyAna hiMdamAM ethI paNa vadhAre khaLavAna baLe kArya karI rahyAM hatAM ane ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM ke thoDIka peDhIo mATe hiMdanuM bhAvi nakkI thaI rahyu hatuM. vaLI A ja samaye keTalAka marAThA saradAro paNa UbhA thayA. teo pezavAonA Adhipatya nIce hatA ema manAtuM hatuM. gvAliyaranA zi Mde emAM sAthI mukhya hatA. e uparAMta vaDAdarAnA gAyakavADa ane indoranA holkara hatA. have ApaNe upara meM je banAvA viSe ullekha karyAM che tenA vicAra karIzuM. phreMca ane a Mgrejo vaccenI laDAI e A samayanI dakSiNa hiMdanI sauthI vadhAre mahattvanI bInA che. aDhAramI sadI daramyAna yuropamAM aMgrejo tathA phreMce vacce vAraMvAra yuddho thatAM ane temanA pratinidhie ahIM hiMdamAM paNa ekabIjA sAthe laDatA. paraMtu keTalIka vAra teA temanA deze vacce suleha hoya e samaye paNa e banne hiMdamAM eka khIjA sAthe laDatA. ubhaya pakSe sattA ane dhanadolata prApta karavA mATe atizaya catura evA tophAnI ane kAvatarAkhAra mANaso hatA ane svAbhAvika rIte ja temanI vacce tIvra harIphAI cAlatI hatI. phreMcane pakSe sAthI AgaLa paDatA mANasa duple hatA ane aMgrejone pakSe klAIva hatA. duplee e rAjyo vaccenA jhaghaDAmAM vacce paDavAnI phAyadAkAraka ramata zarU karI. pahelAM te potAnA keLavAyelA sainikA temane bhADe ApatA ane pachI temane mulaka pacAvI paDatA. Ama phreMcanI lAgavaga tathA prabhAva vadhyAM. paraMtu theADA ja vakhatamAM aMgrejoe paNa tenI e rIta ajamAvavA mAMDI ane e ramatamAM te tenAthI paNa AgaLa vadhI gayA. baMne pakSe bhUkhyAM gIdhAnI peThe niraMtara AvI

Page #569
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana gaDabaDanI zodhamAM ja rahetA ane hiMdamAM e samaye tenI navAI nahatI. dakSiNamAM gAdInA vArasAnI bAbatamAM kaMI takarAra UThe. te eka umedavArane pakSa aMgrejoe ane bIjA pakSa lIdhe ja jANe. paMdara varasanA (1746 thI 1761 sudhInA) A laDAITa pachI aMgrejoe e upara vijaya meLavyuM. game te bhAge hiMdamAM sattA jamAvavA IcchatA aMgreja sAhasamArone potAnA deza taraphathI pUrepUrI sahAya maLatI rahI jyAre dule tathA tenA sAthIone phAMsathI evI sahAya maLI nahi. AmAM Azcarya pAmavA jevuM kazuM nathI. hiMdanA aMgrejonI pAchaLa iMglaMDane vepArI varga tathA IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInA zera dharAvanArAo hatA. ane teo briTiza pArlAmenTa tathA briTiza sarakAra upara dabANa lAvI zakatA. paraMtu hiMdanA enI upara te e samaye paMdaramAM lUInI (mahAna samrATa 14mA lUna pitra ane vArasanI) sattA hatI. ane te te majAthI satyAnAza tarapha vahyo ja hate. aMgrejoe dariyA upara prabhutva meLavyuM hatuM tenI paNa temane bhAre sahAya maLI. aMgreja tathA paMca e baMne hiMdI sainikone lazkarI tAlIma ApatA. temane sipAI kahevAmAM AvatA. ane bIjA dezI seniMkA karatAM teo vadhAre zistavALa hatA tema ja temanI pAse vadhAre sArAM hathiyAra hatAM tethI temanI bahu bhAre mAMga rahetI hatI. eTale aMgrejoe hiMdamAM iMcane harAvyA ane caMdragara tathA poMDIcerI vagere iMca zaherane saMpUrNa nAza karyo. e zaherone evI rIte nAza karyo kahevAya che ke, bemAMthI eke zaheramAM makAnanuM eka chAparuM sarakhuM bAkI rahyuM nahi. A pachI hiMdamAMthI enI sattAne lepa thAya che paNa temaNe paMDIcerI tathA caMdranagarane pharIthI kabaje meLavya tathA e baMne zahere adyApi temanA tAbAmAM che, paraMtu hiMdamAM have temanuM mahatva rahetuM nathI. A samaye aMgreja tathA nI harIphAInuM kevaLa hiMda ja raNakSetra nahotuM. yuropa uparAMta keneDA tathA bIjA sthaLoe paNa teo ekabIjA sAthe laDatA hatA. keneDAmAM paNa aMgrejo jItyA. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM aMgrejoe amerikAnAM pitAnAM saMsthAne gumAvyAM ane aMgrejo viruddha A saMsthAne sahAya karIne daMe pitAnuM vera vALyuM. paraMtu A badhI bAbate viSe te A pachInA patramAM ApaNe vigate vAta karIzuM.

Page #570
hiMdamAM aMgrejone pitAnA harIke uparane vijaya pa57 phreMcane kAMTe kADhI nAkhyA pachI have aMgrejonA mArgamAM zI naDatara rahI hatI? pUrva tathA madhya hiMda tema ja thoDe aMze uttara hiMdamAM paNa marAThAo hatA. vaLI haidarAbAdane navAba paNa hate; paraMtu tenI te jhAjhI gaNanA nahatI, paNa dakSiNamAM haidara alI no ane baLavAna virodhI pedA thaye hate. jUnA vijayanagaranA sAmrAjyanA avazeSo upara teNe pitAnI sattA jamAvI hatI. Aje maisUranuM rAjya che te ja e pradeza, uttaramAM baMgALamAM sirAjaudaulAne amala hato. te sAva durbaLa ane AvaData vinAne hate. ane ApaNe joI gayAM ke dilhInuM sAmrAjya te have kevaLa kalpanAmAM ja rahyuM hatuM. paraMtu AzcaryanI vAta to e che ke cheka 175nI sAla sudhI eTale ke nAdIrazAhe caDAI karIne madhyastha rAjyataMtranA paDachAyAne paNa aMta ANyuM tyAra pachI paNu lAMbA samaya sudhI aMgrejo dilhInA bAdazAhane potAnI tAbedArInI nizAnI tarIke najarANAM mokalyA karatA hatA. oraMgajhebanA samayamAM aMgrejoe baMgALamAM hathiyAra ugAmavAnuM sAhasa karyuM hatuM te tane yAda haze. paraMtu e vakhate temanI sakhata hAra thaI ane e parAjayathI teo evA te narama thaI gayA ke, uttara hiMdanI paristhiti koI paNa hiMmatavALA ane nizcayI mANasane AkarSe evI thaI gaI hovA chatAMye pharIthI hathiyAra ugAmavAnuM sAhasa karatAM teo lAMbA vakhata sudhI saMkalpavikalpa karatA rahyA. | lAIva ke jenI aMgreje eka moTA sAmrAjyanA ghaDavaiyA tarIke bhAre prazaMsA kare che te Avo hiMmatabAja ane nizcayI puruSa hato. enuM vyaktitva tathA enAM kAryo, sAmrAjya kevI rIte ghaDAya che tenuM udAharaNa ApaNane pUruM pADe che. te bhAre chAtIvALo, sAhasika ane atizaya dhanalebhI hate. chaLakapaTa ane dagophaTake karavAmAM paNa te pAcho paDate nahi. khoTA dastAvejo banAvavA ke jUThANuM calAvavAM paDe toye tene nizcaya Dagata nahato. baMgALano navAba sirAjudaulA aMgrejonAM karatakathI atizaya ciDAyo hato. AthI, pitAnI rAjadhAnI murzidAbAdathI AvIne teNe kalakattAne kabaje lIdhe. e prasaMge "kALI koTaDI ne karaNa banAva banyuM hatuM evuM kahevAya che. e viSe evI vAta cAle che ke navAbanA amaladAroe havAajavALA vinAnI eka nAnakaDI koTaDImAM saMkhyAbaMdha aMgrejone AkhI rAta pUrI rAkhyA ane temAMnA ghaNAkharA gUMgaLAIne maraNa pAmyA. AvuM kArya jaMgalI ane bhayaMkara

Page #571
papa jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana che emAM zakA nathI. paraMtu jenA upara jhAjho vizvAsa na rAkhI zakAya evA eka mANase ApelA purAvA upara A AkhI vAtanA AdhAra che. ethI ghaNA loko mAne che ke moTe bhAge te e vAta khoTI che ane emAM kaI ke tathya hoya to paNa tenA uparathI bhAre atizayokti karavAmAM AvI che. kalakattA jItI levAmAM navAbane maLelI saphaLatAnuM klAI ve vera lIdhuM. paraMtu sAmrAjyanA A ghaDavaiyAe te potAne asala mA akhatyAra karyAM. navAbanA pradhAna mIra jApharane lAMca ApI. teNe phADyo ane tenI pAse dezadrohInuM kALu kAma karAvyuM. vaLI teNe eka jUThe dastAveja paNa taiyAra karyAM jenI AkhI vAta bahu lAMbI che, dezadroha tathA chaLakapaTathI bAjI taiyAra karIne klAIve 1757nI sAlamAM navAbane plAsI AgaLa harAvyo. bIjI laDAI enI tulanAmAM to e nAnakaDI laDAI hatI eTaluM ja niha paNu chaLakapaTa ane jUnA dastAvejo para jUhI sahI karIne yuddha zarU thAya te pahelAM ja kalAI ve temAM vijaya meLavyo hato. paraMtu plAsItI A nAnakaDI laDAInAM pariNAmo bahu bhAre AvyAM. eNe baMgALanuM bhAvi nakkI karyuM ane plAsInI laDAinA samayathI hiMdamAM aMgrejonI sattAnI zarUAta thaI ema sAmAnyapaNe kahevAya che. dago, chaLakapaTa ane jUThA dastAvejo tathA tUrkI sahIonA AvA bhUMDA pAyA upara hiMdanA briTiza sAmrAjyanuM maMDANa maMDAyuM. paraMtu sAmrAjyo tathA sAmrAjyanA ghaDavaiyAonI rItarasame ghaNuMkharuM AvI ja hAya che. Ama bhAgyacakra ekAeka yu... ane te baMgALanA aMgrejonA dhanalAlupa tathA duEta AgevAnane vadhu. te have baMgALanA svAmI banyA ane temanA hAtha rokanAra have kAI rahyu nahAtuM. eTale klAivanI AgevAnI nIce temaNe baMgALanA khajAnA upara hAtha mAravAnuM zarU karyuM ane tene taLiyAjhATaka karI mUkayo. lAI ve pote ja 25 lAkha rUpiyAnI nagada bheTa lIdhI ane eTalAthIye na sa MtoSAtAM vArSika lAkhA rUpiyAnI AvakavALI kImatI jAgIra paNa lIdhI ! bIjA badhA aMgrejoe paNa e ja rIte potapotAnA ' aveja ' lIdhA! dhanadolata hAtha karI levA mATe nijja paDApaDI macI rahI ane isTa inDiyA kaMpanInA nokaronI dhanalolupatA tathA badamAzIe mAjhA mUkI. have aMgrejo baMgALamAM navAba banAvanArAo banyA ane potAnI marajI mujaba

Page #572
hiMdamAM aMgrejone potAnA harIphe uparano vijaya papa9 teo eka pachI eka navA navA navAbe banAvavA lAgyA. dareka navAba badalatI vakhate temane lAMca tathA aDhaLaka bheTa maLatI. vaLI, rAjyataMtra calAvavAnI temanI javAbadArI nahotI. te te avAranavAra badalAtA rahetA bicArA navAbanuM kAma hatuM; temanuM kAma te banI zake eTalI rAthI tAvaMta banavAnuM hatuM. thoDAM varasa pachI 1764nI sAlamAM aMgrejone bakasara AgaLa bIjI eka laDAImAM bhAre vijaya maLe. ene pariNAme dilhIne nAmane samrATa temane vaza thayA. temaNe tene pitAne penzanara banAvI dIdhuM. have baMgALa tathA bihAra upara aMgrejoe saMpUrNa Adhipatya jamAvyuM ane tyAM AgaLa temane kaI vidhI na rahyo. dezamAMthI je aDhaLaka dhana teo lUMTI rahyA hatA tenAthI temane saMtoSa na thaye ane paisA meLavavAnA navA navA kissAo temaNe zodhavA mAMDyA. dezanA AMtarika vepAra sAthe temane kazI levAdevA nahotI. paraMtu have temaNe mAlanI avarajavara aMgenI jakAta bharyA vinA ja e vepAra karavAne paNa Agraha rAkhe. dezanI banAvaTanA vepAramAM paDelA bIjA badhA ja vepArIone te A jakAta bharavI paDatI. hiMdanA udyoga tathA vepAra upara aMgrejoe lagAvele A pahele phaTake hato. have uttara hiMdamAM sthiti evI thaI ke aMgreje tyAM AgaLa tavaMgara ane sattAdhArI te banyA paraMtu temane zire javAbadArI kazI nahatI. IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInA lUMTAra vepArIone nyAyasarane vepAra tathA anyAyI vepAra ane ughADI lUMTa e badhAne bheda pADavAnI lezamAtra paravA nahotI. A e jamAne hatuM ke jyAre aMgrejo hiMdamAMthI aDhaLaka delata laIne iMglaMDa pAchA pharatA ane pitAne "navAba" kahevaDAvatA hatA. je teM theMkanI "veniTI phera' nAmanI navalakathA vAMcI haze te tyAMnA AvA eka ghamaMDI ane phUlaNajI "navAbane tane paricaya thayo haze. - rAjakIya aMdhera ane anizcitatA, varasAdane abhAva tathA aMgrejonI badhuM ohiyAM karI javAnI nIti A badhAne kAraNe 1770nI sAlamAM bihAra tathA baMgALamAM atizaya bhISaNa dukALa paDyo. ema kahevAya che ke e pradezanI trIjA bhAga karatAMye vadhAre vastI e dukALathI nAza pAmI. A bhayaMkara maraNasaMkhyAne tuM jarA khyAla te karI ! keTalAM lAkha mANaso bhUkhamarAthI ribAI ribAIne A

Page #573
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rIte maraNazaraNa thayAM haze ! AkhA pradezanA pradeze nirjana banI gayA ane khetara tathA gAmane ThekANe jaMgala UgI nIkaLyAM. bhUkhe maratA lekAneya koIe kazIye sahAya na karI. navAbanI sahAya karavAnI zakita ke sattA nahatI; athavA kahe ke ema karavAnI tenI vRtti nahatI. IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI pAse zakti ane sattA hatAM paraMtu tene evI sahAya ApavAnI pitAnI javAbadArI na lAgI ane tenI evI vRttiye nahotI. temano te dhana tema ja mahesula ekaThuM karavAne ja dhaMdho hato. ane pitAnAM gajavAM tara karavAnI A pharaja teo evI dakSatAthI tathA saMtoSakAraka rIte bajAvatA hatA ke jyAre e pradezanI trIjA bhAga karaye vadhAre varAtI nAza pAmI hatI evA bhISaNa dukALanA kALamAM paNa jIvatA rahelAo pAse temaNe pUrepUruM mahesUla vasUla karyuM! eTaluM ja nahi paNa, temaNe mahesUla karatAMye vadhAre rakama vasula karI ane sarakArI riporTa pramANe temaNe "jabaradastIthI" e kAma karyuM hatuM. A vastu sAce ja, herata upajAve evI che. A sthAnaka ApattinA mukhamAMthI UgarelA e kaMgALa ane bhUkhe maratA leka pAsethI atyAcAra ane jabaradastIthI mahesUla vasUla karavAnA e kAryamAM rahelI hevAniyata tathA niSpharatAne pUrepUro khyAla Ave muzkela che. - baMgALa tathA phreMca leke upara vijaya prApta karavA chatAMye aMgrejone dakSiNamAM bhAre musIbatene sAmane kare paDyo. aMtima vijaya prApta karatA pahelAM temane parAja tathA nAzI levAM paDyAM. maisurane haidaraalI temane kaTTo duzmana hatuM. te atizaya kAbela tathA jhanUnI saradAra hatuM, ane teNe aMgrejone aneka vAra harAvyA hatA. 1769nI sAlamAM teNe eka madrAsanA killAnI dIvAlanI najIka pitAne anukULa sulehanI zarate karAvI lIdhI hatI. daza varasa pachI ene aMgrejonI sAme pharIthI sArI peThe saphaLatA maLI hatI ane tenA maraNa pachI tene putra TIpu sulatAna aMgrejonA paDakhAmAM zazI jema khUMcavA lAgyA. TIpune pUrepUro harAvatAM ghaNAM varase lAgyA ane be maisara vigraha laDavA paDyA. e pachI masUranA hAlanA rAjakartAnA pUrvajane aMgrejonA rakSaNa nA vAMne rAjA banAvavAmAM AvyuM. 178nI sAlamAM marAThAoe paNa dakSiNamAM aMgrejone harAvyA hatA. uttaramAM gvAliyarane ziMde sattAdhArI hatI ane dilhIne raMka tathA hatabhAgI bAdazAha tenI eDI nIce hate.

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* hiMdamAM agrejonA peAtAnA harIphA uparanA vijaya 561 e arasAmAM iMgleDathI vArana hosTiMgsane ahIM meAkalavAmAM AbyA ane te hiMdanA pahelavahelA gavarnara janarala thayA. briTiza pArlAmenTe have hiMdanI bAbatamAM rasa levA mAMDayo. hasTiMgsa hiMdanA badhA aMgreja zAsakAmAM sAthI mATe gaNAya che. paraMtu enA samayamAMye rAjyataMtra saDeluM ane gerarItithI bhareluM hatuM, e suvikti che. haeNsTiMgse pote paNa baLajabarIthI moTI rakamo paDAvI lIdhAnA dAkhalA jagajAhera che. te iMgleMDa pAchA karyAM tyAre hiMdanA tenA geravahIvaTa mATe pArlAmenTa samakSa enI sAme mukaddame calAvavAmAM AvyA hatA, ane laMbANu sunAvaNI pachI tene nirdoSa TharAvI cheoDI mUkavAmAM Avyo hatA. A pahelAM pArlImenTa klAIva sAme paNa potAnA aNugamA jAhera karyo hato ane ene kAraNe teNe ApadhAta karyAM hatA. Ama AvA puruSo sAme aNagamA jAhera karIne athavA temanI sAme kAma calAvIne iMglaMDe potAnAkhatA aMtaranuM samAdhAna bhale karyuM, paNa tenA hRdayamAM te temanI prazaMsA bharelI hatI. ane temanI nItithI udbhavatA phAyadA uThAvavAne te tatpara hatuM. klAIva tathA haeNsTi`gsanI niMdA bhale karavAmAM AvI hoya, paraMtu te sAmrAjyanA namUnedAra dhaDavaiyA hatA ane parAdhIna prajA upara baLajabarIthI sAmrAjya lAvAnI tathA temane cUsavAnI nema menUda hoya tyAM sudhI AvA mANaso AgaLa AvavAnA ane prazaMsApAtra banavAnA ja, jamAne jamAne zoSaNanI rIteA bhale badalAtI rahe paNa enI pAchaLanI bhAvanA to eka ja hoya che. klAIvane briTiza pArlamenTe bhale vakhoDI kADhayo paraMtu aMgrejoe laMDananA vhAITa haoNlamAM inDiyA oNphisanI sAme tenuM pUtaLuM UbhuM karyu che ane e inDiyA eNksinI aMdara hajIye tenI ja bhAvanA pravarte che ane hajIye te bhAvanA pramANe ja briTiza rAjanIti ghaDAya che. hesTiMgse a MgrejonA Adhipatya nIce sattA rahita ane tenA nacAvyA nAce evA dezI rAjAe rAkhavAnI nIti AraMbhI. Ama hiMdanI bhUmi upara sone rUpe maDhelA tathA bevakUfa rAjA mahArAjAo ane navAnuM damAmathI kUkaDAonI peThe ssAbhera AMTA mAratuM ane jotAM ApaNane cItarI caDhe evuM TALuM dekhAya che tene mATe ApaNe hoTagsa sAhebanA RNI chIe. hiMdanuM briTiza sAmrAjya vadhatuM gayuM tema tema tene marAThA, aphadhAna, zIkha tathA bI vagere lokA sAthe aneka ar

Page #575
sara jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzIna yuddho thayAM. paNa A badhAM yuddhonI viziSTatA e che ke, IMgleMDanA hitane khAtara e laDAyAM hovA chatAM temanA badhA kharaca hiMdustAnane mAthe paDyo. iMgleMDa ke aMgreja lokA upara ene kazAye khAjo paDayo nahi. temaNe te ene maphatane phAyado ja uddAbyo. * isTa inDiyA kaMpanI eka vepArI kaMpanI -- hiMdanA rAja kArabhAra calAvatI hatI e lakSamAM rAkhaje. tenA upara briTiza pAmenTane aMkuza vadhatA jatA hatA e kharuM, paraMtu hiMdanuM bhAvI pradhAnapaNe te amuka viziSTa prakAranA sAhasakhAra vepArIonA hAthamAM hatuM. rAjyavahIvaTa adhikAMze vepAra hato ane vepAra e adhikAMze lUMTa hatI. e rAjavahIvaTa, e vepAra ane e lUTa vacce nahi jevA ja bheda hato. ka MpanI potAnA zera hAlDarone 100, 150 ke 200 TakA jeTaluM bhAre DiviDaMDa prativarSa vaheMcatI. ane e uparAMta klAIvanI bAbatamAM ApaNe joI gayAM tema tenA ejaTI sArI sarakhI dolata potAne mATe ekaThI karatA hatA. vaLI kaMpanInA adhikArI vepAranA ijArAo rAkhatA hatA ane e rIte te thoDA ja samayamAM aDhaLaka dolata ekaThI karatA hatA. hiMdamAM ka MpanInA je amala kahevAya che te AvA hatA ! paNuM OU -

Page #576
93 cInane mahAna maMcu rAjA 15 sapTembara, 1932 huM atizaya vyAkuLa banI gayo chuM ane zuM karavuM enI mane samaja paDatI nathI. bApue prApavezana karavAno saMkalpa karyo che evI bhayaMkara khabara AvI che. jenI aMdara emaNe bhAre mahatvanuM sthAna jamAvyuM hatuM te mArI nAnakaDI duniyA hacamacI UThIne DelavA lAgI che. ane sarvatra aMdhakAra ane zUnyatA chavAI gayAM che. varaseka karatAM kaMIka vadhAre samaya upara mane hiMdathI pazcima tarapha laI janArA vahANanA tUtaka upara meM temanuM chelaveluM darzana karyuM hatuM te citra mArI najara sAme vAraMvAra AvyA kare che. have pharI pAche mane emanA darzanano lAbha nahi maLe? ane jyAre huM zaMkA ke saMzayamAM paDuM ane mane sAcI salAhanI jarUra paDe tyAre, athavA jyAre huM duHkha ke saMtApamAM paDuM ane premALa AzvAsananI jarUra paDe tyAre have huM konI pAse jaIza ? ApaNane preraNA ApI AgaLa deranAra ApaNe priya nAyaka cAlyA jaze pachI ApaNe badhAM zuM karIzuM? hiMdustAna eka hatabhAgI deza che ke je pitAnA mahApuruSone Ama maravA de che tathA khuda svAtaMtrya jevI mahattvanI vastune bhUlI jaIne najIvI vastuo mATe laDAI karanArA tenA lake paNa gulAma che tathA temanAM mAnasa paNa gulAmI vRttithI jakaDAyelAM che. - mane lakhavAnI jarAye hoMza thatI nathI ane A patramALA baMdha karavAne paNa mane vicAra AvyuM hatuM. paraMtu ema karavuM e te bhUkhIbharyuM gaNAya. lakhavA vAMcavA ke vicAra karavA sivAya mArI A keTaDImAM huM bIjuM zuM karI zakuM ? ane jyAre huM hatAza thAuM ke duHkhamAM DU houM tyAre tArA smaraNa ke tane lakhavAnA kArya karatAM bIjI kaI vastu mane vadhAre AzvAsana ApI zake ema che? zoka ane AMsu e A jagatamAM bahu sArA sAthIo nathI. buddhe kahyuM che ke, "niravadhi mahAsAgaramAM jeTaluM pANI che tenA karatAM vadhAre

Page #577
564 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AMsu vahI cUkyAM cheane A duHkhI duniyA ThekANe Avaze tyAM sudhImAM kone khabara ke hajIye keTalAM AMsu vaheze. ApaNuM kartavya ApaNI sAme khaDuM che ane ApaNI sAme paDeluM mahAkArya hajI ApaNane belAvI rahyuM che. eTale e kArya pAra paDe tyAM sudhI ApaNane ke ApaNI pAchaLa AvanArAone mATe ArAma ke sukhacena na hoI zake. ethI karIne mArA rejiMdA kAryakramane vaLagI rahevAne meM nirNaya karyo che ane huM pahelenI jema tane patro lakhatA rahIza. mArA chevaTanA patre hiMdustAnane lagatA hatA ane mArA e lakhANane pAchaLa bhAga cittane bahu prasanna kare evuM nathI. hiMda pUrepUruM behAla thaIne paDyuM hatuM ane te hareka dhADapADu tathA sAhasa kheDanArane zikAra banyuM hatuM. pUrvanA enA mahAna sadara samA cInanI hAlata enA karatAM ghaNI sArI hatI ane have ApaNe cIna tarapha vaLIzuM. miMga yuganA samRddhinA kALa viSe ane pachIthI tyAM saDe ane phATaphUTa dAkhala thayAM tathA cInanA uttara tarapha paDozI maMcU caDI AvyA ane temaNe cInane kevI rIte jItI lIdhuM vagere bAbate viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM (80mA patramAM) te tane yAda haze. 16pa0nI sAla pachI maMcUoe samagra cIna upara pitAne pAke kAbU jamAvyuM. A ardha-videzI rAjavaMzanA amala daramyAna cIna baLavAna banyuM ane kaMIka aMze teNe AkramaNakArI valaNa dhAraNa karyuM. maMcUo pitAnI sAthe navIna zakti letA AvyA hatA. joke, cInanI AMtarika vyavasthAmAM temaNe ochAmAM ochI dakhala karI paraMtu uttara, dakSiNa ane pUrva tarapha pitAnuM sAmrAjya vistAravAmAM potAnI UbharAtI zaktine temaNe upayoga karyo. sAmAnya rIte nava rAjavaMza AraMbhamAM thoDA kAbela rAjakartAo pedA kare che ane chevaTe namAlA rAjAothI ene aMta Ave che. e ja rIte maMcUoe paNa keTalAka asAdhAraNa zaktizALI ane nipuNa rAjAo tathA rAjanIti pedA karyA. te vaMzane bIje rAjA kAMga-hI hatA. gAdIe AvyuM tyAre tenI upara mAtra ATha varasanI hatI. te samayanA duniyAnA bIjA keI paNa sAmrAjyanA karatAM vizALa ane AbAda sAmrAjyane te 61 varasa sudhI samrATa rahyo. paraMtu ene lIdhe athavA te tenAM lazkarI parAkramane kAraNe ene itihAsamAM mahatvanuM sthAna nathI maLyuM. enI rAjanIti ane tenI advitIya

Page #578
cInane mahAna magna rAjA papa sAhityaviSayaka pravRttione lIdhe te ItihAsamAM amara thaI gayuM che. 1661thI 1722nI sAla sudhI te samrATapade rahyo hate. Ama te 54 varasa sudhI phrAMsanA rAjA 14mA lUIne samakAlIna hatA. baMnee bahu lAMbA samaya sudhI rAjya karyuM paraMtu 72 varasa jeTalA lAMbA kALa sudhI rAjya karIne lUI e harIphAImAM AgaLa gayA. e banenI tulanA karavA jevI che paraMtu e sarakhAmaNImAM lUI sAva jhAMkho jaNAya che. teNe pitAnA dezanuM satyAnAza vALyuM ane tene bhAre devAmAM utArIne sAva kamajora karI mUkyo. dharmanI bAbatamAM te sAva asahiSNu hate. kAMga-hI kaphyuziyasane custa anuyAyI hatA paraMtu bIjA badhA dharmo pratye tenuM valaNa udAratAbharyuM hatuM. enA amala daramyAna athavA kahe ke pahelA cAra maMcU samrATonA amala daramyAna miMga yuganI saMskRtine jemanI tema rahevA devAmAM AvI,-temAM kazI dakhala karavAmAM na AvI. - teNe tenuM UMcuM dharaNuM jALavI rAkhyuM ane keTalIka bAbatamAM te kaMIka aMze sudhAre paNa karyo. hunnara udyoga, keLA, sAhitya ane keLavaNI vagere kSetromAM miMga yuganA jeTalI ja pragati cAlu rahI. cInI mATInA adbhuta namUnAo paNa banatA rahyA. raMgIna chApakAmanI zodha thaI ane jesyuITa pAdarIo pAsethI tAMbA upara kotarakAma karavAnI - kaLA zIkhI levAmAM AvI. cInI saMskRti sAthe teo saMpUrNapaNe otaprota thaI gayA e bInAmAM maMcU rAjakartAonI dIrghadarzI rAjanIti ane temane maLelI saphaLatAnuM rahasya samAyeluM che. cInI vicAra ane saMskRti apanAvyA chatAM ochA saMskArI maMcUonI tAkAta ane kriyAzIlatA temaNe gumAvyAM nahi. ane e rIte kAMga-hI asAdhAraNa ane ajaba prakAranA mizraNane namUne hate. sAhitya tema ja tattvajJAnane te aThaMga abhyAsI hatuM ane sAMskRtika pravRttiomAM rapa rahete hati tathA kAbela ane kaMIka aMze mulaka chatavAne zekhIna senApati paNa hate. kaLA tathA sAhitya uparane tene anurAga kevaLa uparaceTiye nahote. tenI sAhityika pravRttimAM tenI sUcanA ane sAmAnyapaNe tenI dekharekha nIce taiyAra karavAmAM AvelA nIce jaNAveluM traNa graMtha uparathI tenI vidvattA ane sAhityaka uparanA tenA agAdha prema viSe tane kaMIka khyAla Avaze. tane yAda haze ke cInI bhASA zabdonI nahi paNa saMjJAonI banelI che. kAMga-hIe cInI bhASAne eka kepa taiyAra karAvyo. e eka

Page #579
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mahAbhArata graMtha che. emAM cAlIsa hajAra karatAMye vadhAre zabdasaMjJAo ekaThI karavAmAM AvI che tathA temanI samajUtI ApanArAM asaMkhya udAharaNe paNa temAM ApavAmAM AvyAM che. ema kahevAya che ke Aje paNa e graMthane je maLe ema nathI. kAMga-hInA utsAhanA pariNAme eka moTo citra jJAnake paNa ApaNane prApta thayo che. A adbhuta pustaka seMkaDe graMthanuM baneluM che. e pustaka eka saMpUrNa pustakAlayanI garaja sAre che. hareka vastu ane pratyeka viSayanuM emAM nirUpaNa karavAmAM AvyuM che. kAga-hInA maraNa pachI e pustaka tAMbAnA patarAnAM bIbAMothI chApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. . enI trIjI mahatvanI kRti e samagra cInI sAhityanI suci , che. e eka prakArano kopa che ane temAM zabda tathA sAhityanA phakarAo ekatra karavAmAM AvyA che tathA temanI tulanA karavAmAM AvI che. A paNa eka asAdhAraNa kArya hatuM, kema ke emAM samagra sAhityanA UMDA abhyAsanI AvazyakatA hatI. kavio, ItihAsakAre tathA nibaMdhalekhakonI kRtionAM AkhAne AkhAM avataraNe emAM ApavAmAM AvyAM che. kAMga-hIe A uparAMta bIjI paNa keTalIye sAhityika pravRttio karI che paraMtu A traNa keI ne paNa Azcaryacakita karavA mATe pUratI che. je hamaNAM thoDAM ja varase upara pUrI thaI che ane jene taiyAra karavA mATe keTalAye vidvAnoe pacAsa varasa sudhI mahenata karI che te mahAbhArata okasapharDa iMgliza DikSanarI" sivAya bIjA koI paNa evA Adhunika graMthanI e traNamAMnA ekanI sAthe sarakhAmaNI thaI zake ema nathI. khristI dharma tema ja khristI mizanarIo pratye kAMga-hInI saMpUrNa rahAnubhUti hatI. videza sAthenA vepArane paNa teNe uttejana ApyuM ane cInanAM badhAM baMdare ene mATe khullA karyo. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM tene mAlUma paDyuM ke yuropiyana leke ene lAbha laI badamAzI kare che ane temanA upara aMkuza mUkavAnI jarUra che. tene zaMkA paDI, ane te sakAraNa hatI, ke mizanarIo potapotAnA dezanI sAmrAjyavAdI sarakAre sAthe mulAke jItavAne mArga sugama thAya evA kAvAdAvA karI rahyA che. Ane lIdhe khristI dharma pratyenuM potAnuM udAratAbharyuM valaNa cheDI devAnI tene pharaja paDI. tenI A zaMkAne kenTonanA cInI lazkarI amaladAra taraphathI maLelA hevAlathI samarthana maLyuM. philipAInsa tathA jApAnanA yuropiyana vepArIo ane mizanarIone pitApitAnI sarakAre

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cInane mahAna maMcU rAja pa67 sAthe ke gADha saMbaMdha hatA te e hevAlamAM darzAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ethI karIne sAmrAjyane paradezI humalA tathA kAvatarAMothI bacAvavA * mATe videzI vepArane maryAdita karavuM joIe tathA khristI dharmanA phelAvAne aTakAvavuM joIe evI te amaladAre bhalAmaNa karI hatI. A 1717nI sAlamAM A hevAla rajU karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. e hevAla pUrvanA dezamAM paradezIonA kAvAdAvA tathA pUrvanA keTalAka dezo videzI vepAra tathA khristI dharmanA phelAvAne maryAdita karavA zAthI prerAyA enA upara sArI peThe prakAza nAkhe che. tane yAda haze ke AvA ja prakAranuM kaMIka jApAnamAM paNa banyuM hatuM ane ene pariNAme dezanAM dvAra sadaMtara bhIDI devAmAM AvyAM hatAM. cInI ane bIjI prajAo bahu ajJAna ane pachAta che tathA teo videzIone dhikkAre che ane vepArajagAranA mArgamAM aMtarAye nAkhe che evuM vAraMvAra kahevAmAM Ave che, paraMtu ItihAsanA ApaNuM avalekane te ApaNane spaSTapaNe darzAvyuM che ke cheka prAcIna kALathI hiMda ane cIna tema ja bIjA deze vacce gADha saMparka hato. e dezomAM videzIone ke videza sAthenA vepArane dhikkAravAno te prazna ja nahote. lAMbA vakhata sudhI paradezanAM ghaNAM bajAre hiMdanA kAbUmAM hatAM. pazcima yurepanAM rAjyoe paradezamAM vepAra karatI peDhIo mAraphate potAnuM sAmrAjya vadhAravAnI rIta akhatyAra karI tyAra pachI ja pUrvanA dezamAM teo zaMkAne pAtra banyA. ' kenTonanA amaladAranA hevAla upara cInanI vaDI rAjasabhA (grAMDa kAunsila oNpha sTeTa)e vicAraNA karI ane tene maMjUra rAkhyo. e pachI samrATa kAMga-hIe te anusAra pagalAM lIdhAM ane videzI vepAra tathA mizanarI pravRttine kaDakapaNe maryAdita karavAnAM pharamAne kADhyAM. - have huM thoDA vakhata mATe cIna choDIne tane uttara eziyAnA pradezamAM - sAIberiyA - laI jaIza ane tyAM AgaLa zuM banI rahyuM hatuM tenI vAta karIza. sAIberiyAne vizALa paTa dUra pUrvanA cIna tathA pazcime AvelA raziyAne joDe che. meM tane jaNAvyuM che ke cInanuM maMcU sAmrAjya AkramaNakArI hatuM. maMcUriyAne te alabata emAM samAveza thatuM ja hatuM, paraMtu maMgeliyA ane tenI pAranA pradeza sudhI paNa te vistaryuM hatuM. suvarNa jAtinA maMgalene hAMkI kADhayA pachI raziyA paNa baLavAna ane kendrita rAjya banyuM hatuM. tathA

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518 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pUrvamAM sAIberiyAnA vistRta medAne tarapha te phelAtuM jatuM hatuM. have e baMne sAmrAjya sAIberiyAmAM ekaThAM thAya che. eziyAmAM maMgala lekanuM jhaDapathI kamajora banI javuM ane nAza pAmavuM e ItihAsanI eka asAdhAraNa ghaTanA che. jeo eziyA tema ja yupane khUMdI vaLyA hatA tathA caMgIjha ane tenA vaMzajonI AgevAnI nIce jANItI duniyAne ghaNokhare bhAga jemaNe jItI lIdhe hate te maMgala leke ajJAtamAM alepa thaI gayA. taimuranA vakhatamAM vaLI pAchA teo beThA thayA paraMtu taimuranA sAmrAjyane tenA maraNanI sAthe ja aMta AvyuM. enA pachI taiyuriyA nAmathI oLakhAtA enA keTalAka vaMzajo madhya eziyAmAM rAjya karatA hatA. ane ApaNe jANIe chIe ke temanA darabAramAM citrakaLAnI eka bahu mazahUra paddhati khIlI hatI. hiMdamAM AvanAra bAbara paNa taimurano vaMzaja hate. paraMtu taimuriyA rAjAo rAjya karatA hovA chatAM raziyAthI mAMDIne pitAnA vatana maMgeliyA sudhInA eziyAnA samagra pradezamAM maMgala jAti kSINa thaI gaI ane pitAnuM mahatva khoI beThI. Ama kema banyuM enuM kAraNa keI ApI zakatuM nathI. keTalAka kahe che ke AbehavAmAM pheraphAra kaMIka aMze ene mATe javAbadAra che; bIjA keTalAkane vaLI ethI bhinna abhiprAya che. e game tema che, paNa pahelAMnA A vijetAo ane humalAkhora upara have cAre taraphathI humalA thavA lAgyA. maMgala sAmrAjya paDI bhAgyA pachI lagabhaga 200 varasa sudhI eziyAmAMthI pasAra thatA gherI rAjamArgo baMdha rahyA. paNa soLamI sadInA pAchaLanA bhAgamAM raziyAe jamInamArga vATe pitAnuM elacI maMDaLa cIna mokalyuM. temaNe miMga rAjAo sAthe rAjadvArI saMbaMdha bAMdhavAno prayAsa karyo paNa temAM temane saphaLatA na maLI. e pachI thoDA ja vakhata bAda "yaramaka' nAmanA eka raziyana dhADapADue kajhAka le konI eka TeLInI saradArI laIne yurala parvata oLaMge ane sibIra nAmanuM eka nAnakaDuM rAjya jItI lIdhuM. A rAjyanA nAma uparathI sAIberiyA nAma paDyuM che. A banAva 1581nI sAlamAM banyuM ane e samaya pachI raziyane pUrva dizAmAM AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhatA ja gayA. ane lagabhaga 50 varasamAM te teo cheka prazAnta mahAsAgarane kinAre pahoMcI gayA gheDA ja vakhatamAM AmuranI khINamAM teo cIne leke jeDe athaDAmaNamAM

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cInane mahAna magna rAjA AvyA. e bannenI vacce yuddha thayuM ane temAM pariNAme raziyane hAryA. 1689nI sAlamAM e baMne deze vacce saMdhi thaI. e naraciskanI saMdhine nAme oLakhAya che. emAM baMne dezo vaccenI sarahada nakkI karavAmAM AvI tathA vepArarojagAra mATe paNa vyavasthA karavAmAM AvI. yuropanA eka deza joDe cInanI A prathama saMdhi hatI. A saMdhine pariNAme raziyAnI Ageca aTakI ane vaNajAra mAraphate vepAra sArA pramANamAM khIlyuM. e vakhate mahAna pITara raziyAne jhAra hatuM ane te cIna sAthe gADha saMbaMdha bAMdhavAne Atura hatuM. teNe samrATa kAMga-hInA darabAramAM be vakhata pitAnA pratinidhio mekalyA hatA ane pachI tyAM AgaLa pitAne kAyamI elacI rAkhavAne teNe prabaMdha karyo. cInamAM te bahu prAcIna kALathI paradezanA elacIo AvatA rahetA hatA. huM dhAruM chuM ke romana samrATa mArkasa oreliyasa enTeniyase IsunI bIjI sadImAM pitAnuM pratinidhimaMDaLa cIna mokalyuM hatuM ene meM mArA ekAda patramAM ullekha karyo che. 1656nI sAlamAM Daca tathA raziyana elacI maMDaLo cInanA darabAramAM gayAM tyAre tyAM AgaLa mahAna megala bAdazAhanA pratinidhio paNa temanA jovAmAM AvyA hatA. e pratinidhio zAhajahAne mekalyA hovA joIe.

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94 cInanA samrATanA iMgleMDanA rAjA upara patra 16 sapTembara, 1932 mayU samrAToe bahu lAMbAM AyuSya bhAgavyAM hoya ema jaNAya che. kAMga--hInA pAtra ciyena-luMga cothA maMcU samrATa thaye. teNe paNa 1736thI 1796 sudhI eTale ke 60 varasa jeTalA lAMbA samaya sudhI rAjya karyuM. tenI ane tenA pitAmahanI vacce bIjI bAbate mAM paNa sAmya hatuM. sAhityika pravRtti ane sAmrAjyanI vRddhi A be bAbate mAM tene khAsa rasa hato. teNe saMgharI rAkhavA megya sAhityanI badhI kRtionI sArI peThe khAja karAvI. A badhI kRtio ekatra karavAmAM AvI ane temanI vigatavAra yAdI karavAmAM AvI. paraMtu ene kevaLa yAdI bhAgye ja kahI rAkAya kema ke, temAM pratyeka kRti aMgenI jANavA maLelI badhI hakIkatA noMdhavAmAM AvI hatI ane sAthe sAthe tenuM vivecana paNa ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. zAhI pustakAlayanI A mahAbhArata vivaraNAtmaka yAdImAM pustakAnA cAra vibhAgeA pADavAmAM AvyA hatA ~~~ kanphyuziyasanI smRti, itihAsa, tattvajJAna ane sAmAnya sAhitya. duniyAmAM kyAMye Ane joDhe nathI ema kahevAya che. * A samayamAM cInI navalakathA, laghukathAo ane nATako ityAdi paNa khIlyAM tathA temaNe UMcu dheraNa prApta karyuM. e ja arasAmAM iMgleMDamAM paNa navalakathAno vikAsa thaI rahyo hato e hakIkata jANavA jevI che. cInAI mATInAM vAsaNA tathA kaLAnI tara kRtionI yuropamAM bhAre mAga hatI ane yuropa tathA cIna vacce e vastuonA vepAra niraMtara cAlu hatA. ethI vadhAre majAnI hakIkata tA cAnA vepAranI che. pahelA mAMcU samrATanA amala daramyAna enA vepAranA AraMbha thayA. ghaNuM karIne khI cArlsanA amala daramyAna cA iMgleMDamAM dAkhala thaI. iMgleMDanA mAdUra rejatathI lekhaka semyuala pepIjhe 1660nI sAlamAM potAnA reAjanizImAM pahelavahelI TI meTA (cInI paNuM )' pIvA viSenI noMdha karelI che. cAno vepAra bahu

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cInanA samrATane iMglenDanA rAjA upara patra paha1 pramANamAM khIlyo ane 200 varasa pachI 1860nI sAlamAM cInanA eka ja baMdara kUcUthI eka ja mosamamAM 10 karoDa ratala cAnI nikAsa thaI. pachIthI te bIjA pradezomAM paNa cAnI khetI thavA lAgI ane tuM jANe che ke Aje te silena tathA hiMdamAM bahu moTA pramANamAM enI pedAza thAya che. madhya eziyAmAM turkastAna jItI laIne tathA tibeTane kabaje karIne cina-leMge pitAnA sAmrAjyane vistAra karyo. zeDAM varasa pachI 1770nI sAlamAM nepAlanA gurakhAoe tibeTa upara caDAI karI. cina-leMge gurakhAone tibeTamAMthI hAMkI kADhyA eTaluM ja nahi paNa himAlaya oLaMgIne nepALa sudhI temane pIcho pakaDyo ane nepALane cInI sAmrAjyanuM khaMDiyuM rAjya banavAnI pharaja pADI. nepALanI jIta e eka bhagIratha kArya hatuM. kema ke, tibeTa oLaMgIne himAlaya pAra * karyA pachI gurakhA jevI laDAyaka prajAne temanA pitAnA ja vatanamAM parAjaya kare e cInI pheja mATe bahu moTuM kAma hatuM. A pachI 22 varasa pachI saMjogavazAta 1814nI sAlamAM hiMdanA aMgrejone nepALa sAthe jhaghaDe thaye. temaNe nepALa upara pitAnI pheja ravAnA karI ane himAlaya oLaMgavAne nahote chatAMye tene bhAre musIbata veThavI paDI. - cina-leMganA amalanA chevaTanA varasamAM eTale ke 1796nI sAlamAM enA sIdhA amala nIcenA sAmrAjyamAM maMcUriyA, tibeTa, maMgoliyA tathA turkastAnane samAveza thato hate. koriyA, anAma, siyAma ane brahmadeza vagere khaMDiyAM rAjya tenI ANa svIkAratAM hatAM. paraMtu pradeza jItavA tathA lazkarI nAmanAnI kAmanA e bhAre kharacALa ramata che. emAM bahu bhAre kharaca thAya che ane pariNAme. karone jo vadhe che. moTe bhAge A beje garIbenA upara paDe che. Arthika vyavasthA paNa badalAtI jatI hatI ane tene lIdhe asaMtoSa vadhAre tIvra thaye. dezabharamAM kyAM maMDaLe sthapAyAM. iTAlInI peThe cIna paNa chUpAM maMDaLa mATe prAcIna samayathI nAmIcuM che. emAMnAM keTalAMka maMDaLonAM nAme bahu majAnAM che; jevAM ke, "vhAITa lIlI sesAyaTI" (takamaLa maMDaLa), "sosAyaTI oNpha DivAIna jasTIsa" (daivI nyAyamaMDaLa); vhAITa phedhara sosAyaTI " (ta pIchAM maMDaLa); "hevana eNnDa artha sosAyaTI (svarga ane pRthvI maMDaLa) .

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jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzIna daramyAna aneka prakAranAM niyamanA hovA chatAM paNa paradezA sAthete vepAra vadhatA jatA hatA. paradezI vepArIomAM A niyamane paratve bhAre kacavATa hatA. moTA bhAganA vepAra isTa inDiyA kaMpanInA hAthamAM hatA. ane tethI karIne ene e badhanA sauthI vadhAre kaThatAM hatAM. cheka kaeNnTona sudhI e kaMpanI phelAyelI hatI. ApaNe have pachInA patrAmAM joIzuM ke jene audyogika krAMtinA nAmathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che tenA ArbhanA A samaya hato. ane iMglaMDa Adyogika vikAsamAM sAthI AgaLa paDato bhAga laI rahyuM hatuM. varALayaMtranI zodha thaI hatI ane utpAdananI navI rIteA tathA yaMtrAnA upayogane pariNAme kAma vadhAre sugama thayuM hatuM ane mAlanuM ~~ khAsa karIne sutarAu kApaDanuM - utpAdana vadhatuM jatuM hatuM. A vadhArAne mAla vecavAnI ane tene mATe navAM bajAro zodhavAnI jarUra hatI. iMgleMDane sadbhAgye hiMdustAna e samaye tenA tAbAmAM hatuM eTale potAnA mAla tyAM AgaLa jabaradastIthI vecavAnAM pagalAM te laI zake ema hatuM ane sAce ja teNe evAM pagalAM lIdhAM paNa kharAM. paraMtu e uparAMta cInanA vepAra paNa tene hAtha karavA hatA. para ethI karIne 1792nI sAlamAM lADa maikAnInI AgevAnI nIce briTiza sarakAre eka pratinidhi maMDaLa pekiMga mokalyuM. e samaye 3 jyaoNrja iMgleMDanA rAjA hatA. ciyena-luge e pratinidhi maMDaLane mulAkAta ApI ane tyAM AgaLa paraspara bheTa sAgAAnI Apa le thai. paraMtu samrATe paradezI vepAra aMgenAM jUnAM baMdhanAmAM saheja paNa pheraphAra karavAnI sApha nA pADI. 3jA jyorjaneciyena-bluMge mokalelA uttara bahu majAne dastAveja che ane temAMthI huM tane lAMkhA utArI ApIza. te A pramANe che : . dariyA pAranA pradezamAM rahetA hovA chatAM amArI sarakRtine lAbha levAnI namra icchAthI prerAIne huM rAnna, tArI arajI laIne eka pratinidhima'DaLa mAkalyuM che. . . . amArA pratyenI tArI bhaktinA purAvA tarIke tArA dezanI keTalIka vastuonI te bheTa paNa mekalI che. tArI arajI me' vAMcI che; je vivekabharyAM zabdomAM e lakhavAmAM AvI che te uparathI mArA pratyenI tArI akhabharI namratAnI pratIti thAya che ane te atya prazaMsAne pAtra che. * sArI duniyA upara Adhipatya dharAvanAra huM kevaLa eka ja nema rAkhyu chuM; ane te A che: Adarza zAsana calAvavuM ane rAjya pratyenI badhI kro

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* cInanA samrATano iMgleMDanA rAjA upara patra BET adA karavI. annayakhIbharI ane kImatI vastuomAM mane rasa nathI. tArA . . . dezamAM banelI cIjonA mane kazA upayAga nathI. huM rAjA, tAre mArI A bhAvanAonuM sanmAna karavuM iMTe tathA bhaviSyamAM tAre mArA pratye vadhAre bhakti ane niSThA dAkhavavAM joIe ke jethI mArA siMhAsananI ANu nIce rahIne have pachI tArA deza sulehazAMti ane AbAdI prApta karI zake. ( mArAthI DaratA rahIne mArI AjJAnuM pAlana kara ane emAM lezamAtra enrarakArI rAkha nahi ! ' A uttara vAMcIne 3jo jyorja tathA tenA pradhAnA stabdha thaI gayA haze, nahi ? paraMtu e uttaramAM darzAvavAmAM AvelA caDiyAtI saMskRti paratvenA AtmavizvAsa tathA gauravazALI sAmarthya nA pAyA pokaLa hatA. ciyena-puMganA amala daramyAna maMcU . sarakAra baLavAna bhAsatI hatI ane vastutAe baLavAna hatI paNa kharI; paraMtu badalAtI jatI avyavasthAne kAraNe tene pAyo khavAtA jatA hatA. jenA meM A pUrve ullekha karyAM che te chUpAM maDaLA pracalita asa MtoSanAM cihno hatAM. paNa kharI muzkelI te| e hatI ke navI upasthita thayelI Arthika paristhiti sAthe dezanA meLa sAdhavAno kazo prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA nahotA. pazcimanA dezoe A navI arthavyavasthAmAM AgevAnI lIdhI. ane te bahu ja jhaDapathI AgaLa nIkaLI gayA tathA dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre baLavAna thatA gayA. samrATa cimena--luMge iMgleMDanA rAjA 3jA jyA upara ruAbabharyAM patra lakhyA tyAra pachI 70 varasa karatAM paNu ochA samayamAM iMgleMDa tathA krAMse cInane namAvIne tenA ga dhULamAM ragadoLI nAkhyA. e vAta have huM cIna uparanA mArA bIjA patra mATe rAkhI mUkIza. 1796nI sAlamAM ciyena-kuMmanuM mRtyu thayuM tyAre 18mI sadI lagabhaga pUrI thAya che. paraMtu e sadI pUrI thAya te pahelAM amerikA tathA yuropamAM aneka avanavI ghaTanA banI gaI. kharekhara, yuropamAM e daramyAna yuddha tathA khIjI muzkelIo UbhI thavAne kAraNe ja pazcimanA dezAnuM cIna uparanuM dabANa pA'sadI sudhI haLavuM banyuM. eTale khIjA patramAM ApaNe yuropa pahoMcIzuM ane 18mI sadInA AraMbhathI enI vAta AgaLa calAvI hiMdustAna ane cInanI dhaTanAe sAthe tenA meLa khavaDAvIzuM. paraMtu AM patra pUrI karatAM pahelAM raziyAe pUrva tarapha karelI pragati viSe tane thoDuM kahIza. 168nI sAlamAM raziyA ane cIna

Page #587
34 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana vacce thayelI naracingyunI saMdhi pachI raziyAnuM prabhutva pUrva tarapha vadhatuM ja gayuM. 1728nI sAlamAM vAITasa eriMga nAmanA DenamArkanA vatanI ane raziyAnI nekarImAM rahelA kaptAne eziyA ane amerikA vaccenI sAmudradhunI zodhI kADhI. kadAca tane khabara haze ke enA nAma uparathI Aje paNa e eriMganI sAmudradhunInA nAmathI oLakhAya che. e sAmudradhunI oLaMgIne eriMga alAskA pahoMcyA ane tene raziyAnA tAbAnA mulaka tarIke teNe jAhera karyAM. alAskAmAM UMcA prakAranI mulAyama ruvAMTIvALAM cAmaDAM (kra) meTA pramANamAM maLe che; ane cInamAM enI puSkaLa mAga hovAthI raziyA ane cIna vacce ene khAsa vepAra khIlye. aDhAramI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM ruvAMTIvALAM carmInI mAga cInamAM eTalI badhI vadhI paDI hatI ke raziyA kaeNneDAnA haDasananA akhAtamAM thaI te iMgleMDane mAge te maMgAvatuM ane pachI sAkheriyAnA ekala sarovara pAse AvelA yiAkhtAnA ruvAMTIvALAM carmAMnA moTA bajAramAM te vecatuM. A carmAMne keTalA lAMbe pravAsa kheDavA paDatA hatA ! jarA pheraphAra anubhavavA khAtara tArA uparanA patrAnI A mALAnAM ghaNAkharA patrA karatAM A patra saheja TUMkA karyAM che. huM AzA rAkhu chuM ke tane e pheraphAra gamaze. .

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1185 3 95 aDhAramI sadInA yuropamAM navA ane junA vicAronuM yuddha 19 sapTembara, 1932 have ApaNe yurepa tarapha vaLIzuM ane tenA badalAtA jatA bhAgyacakranuM avelekana karIzuM. jagatanA ItihAsa upara saTa asara karanAra parivartana thavAnI aNI upara te AvIne UbhuM che. A parivartane samajavAne khAtara ApaNe ghaTanAonA bhItaramAM najara karavI paDaze tathA janatAnA mAnasamAM zA vyApAra cAlI rahyA hatA te jANavAnI koziza karavI paDaze. kema ke ApaNI najare paDatI keIpaNa kriyA e saravALe vicAra ane bhAvanAo, tathA prabaLa Avege, pUrvagraha ane vahema tathA kAmanAo ane bhayenA ekaMdara pariNAmarUpa hoya che; ane jene laIne kriyA ubhavI te kAraNenI ApaNe tapAsa na karIe te kevaLa kriyAne samajavI muzkela thaI paDe che. paraMtu A kAraNonI khoja karavI sahela vAta nathI. ane ItihAsanI e mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAo ghaDanAra kAraNe ane baLe viSe lakhavAne huM samartha heta te paNa A patre che tenA karatAM vadhAre nIrasa ane bhAre banAvavAnuM huM ucita na mAnata. keTalIka vAra koI ekAda viSaya paratvenA mArA utsAhane. kAraNe athavA te amuka dRSTi rajU karavAne khAtara huM joIe tenA karatAM vadhAre UMDe UtarI jAuM chuM. paNa mane lAge che ke tAre e calAvI levuM paDaze. ethI karIne A ghaTanAonA kAraNenI bAbatamAM ApaNe bahu UMDAM te na UtarI zakIe. paraMtu enI saMpUrNapaNe avagaNanA karavI e paNa bhAre mUrkhAI gaNAya ane kharekhara je ApaNe ema ja karIe te te ItihAsanuM AkarSaNa tathA tenuM rahasya ApaNe khoI besIe. soLamI sadI tathA sattaramI sadInA pahelA aDadhA bhAga daramyAna yuropamAM je UthalapAthala thaI tathA avyavasthA vyApI hatI te ApaNe

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana joI gayAM. sattaramI sadInA madhya bhAgamAM (1648nI sAlamAM) vesTapheliyAnI saMdhi thaI jene pariNAme 30 varasanA bhISaNa vigrahane aMta Abe tathA eka varasa bAda iMglaMDanA AMtaravigrahane aMta Abe ane pahelA cAnse pitAnuM mAthuM gumAvyuM. e pachI yuropamAM kaMIka sulehazAMtino yuga zarU thaze. yuropa khaMDa have thAkIne letha thaI gaye hato. amerikAmAMnAM tathA evAM bIjAM saMsthA sAthenA vepArane lIdhe yuropamAM puSkaLa dhana ghasaDAI AvyuM. ene lIdhe lokone rAhata maLI tathA bhinna bhinna vargo vaccenI taMgadilI paNa kaMIka ochI thaI 1680nI sAlamAM IgleMDamAM zAMta krAMti thaI jene pariNAme rajA jemsane hAMkI kADhavAmAM Avyo ane pArlAmenTane vijaya thayo. pArlAmenTa kharI chata te 1lA cArlsa sAthenA AMtaravigrahamAM meLavI hatI. A zAMta krAMtie te 40 varasa pUrve taravArane baLe je nirNaya hAMsala karavAmAM Avyo hato tene mAtra sabaLa banAvyo. Ama IgleMDamAM te rAjAnuM mahatva ghaTI gayuM paraMtu heleMDa tathA sviTjharaleMDa jevA thaDA nAnA pradeze bAda karatAM yuropa khaMDamAM te paristhiti sAva UlaTI hatI. tyAM AgaLa te hajI Apakhuda ane bejavAbadAra rAjAone jamAne cAlatuM hatuM ane krAMsane rAjA 14 lUI AdarzarUpa tathA rAjAone mATe anukaraNa karavA gya sarvaguNasaMpanna lekhAtuM hatuM. yuropa khaMDamAM sattaramI sadI e 14mA lUInI sadI gaNI zakAya. pitAnA varga upara je Aphata taLAI rahI hatI tenI lezamAtra paNa darakAra karyA vinA tathA iMglaMDanA rAjAnI je bUrI dazA thaI te uparathI paNa dhaDa na letAM yuropanA rAjAo pUrepUrA dabadabA ane bevakUphIthI Apakhuda zAsaka ane julamagArenA bhAga bhajavI rahyA hatA. dezanI sArI delata tathA sattAnA teo ghaNI che e temane dA ho ane samagra dezane teo pitAnI khAnagI mAlikInI jAgIra samAna lekhatA hatA. lagabhaga 400 varasa pUrve IsmA nA nA eka prakhyAta Daca vidvAne lakhyuM hatuM keH samaju puruSone badhAM pakSIomAM mAtra garuDa pakSI ja rAjavanA namUnA rUpa lAgyuM che, ke je dekhAve suMdara nathI, surIluM nathI, tema ja khAvAne gya paNuM nathI, paraMtu je mAMsAhArI, khAudharuM, saunI dhRNAne pAtra ane sauthI bUruM che tathA nukasAna karavAnI bhAre zakti dharAve che ane ema karavAmAM te badhAM pakSIone TapI jAya che

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yurApamAM navA ane jUnA vicArAnuM yuddha 57 Aje te rAjAe lagabhaga adRzya thaI gayA che ane je thADA rahyA che te kazI sattA vinAnA ane bhUtakALanA avazeSa rUpa che. Aje te ApaNe saheje temanI avagaNanA karI zakIe. paNa temanA karatAM vadhAre jokhamakAraka evA khIjA leAkAe Aje temanI jagyA lIdhI che, tathA navA jamAnAnA A sAmrAjyavAdIo ane tela, loDhuM, cAMdI ane sAnuM vagare vastunA AjanA rAjAone mATe garuDanI sattA hajI paNa baMdha besatI Ave che. A kALanA rAjAnA amala daramyAna yupanAM rAjyA ekakendrI tathA baLavAna banyAM. cUDala vyavasthAnA laoNrDa ane vaeNsalanA jUnA khyAlA naSTa thayA hatA athavA te naSTa thavAnI taiyArImAM hatA. ene ThekANe deza e eka ane avibhAjya ghaTaka che evA khyAla * udbhavyA. rizeliyA tathA maeNjherIna nAmanA be atyaMta nipuNa pradhAnAnA amalamAM phrAMsa A bAbatamAM agraNI banyuM. Ama rASTrIyatA ane kaMIka aMze dezabhaktinI bhAvanAnA udya thayA. Aja sudhI manuSyanA vanamAM dhama mahattvane sthAne hatA, paraMtu tenuM mahattva have ghaTI gayuM ane A navA khyAlAe tenuM sthAna lIdhuM. e viSe huM tane A patramAM kaIka kahevA dhAruM chuM. sattaramI sadInuM mahattva vaLI ethI paNa vizeSa che; kema ke e samaya daramyAna arvAcIna vijJAnanA pAyA naMkhAyA ane vepAra tathA mAlanuM bajAra jagadyApI banI gayuM. A navA astitvamAM AvelA vyApaka bajAre svAbhAvika rIte ja yuropanI avyavasthA uthalAvI nAkhI ane A navA bajArane lakSamAM rAkhIe to ja pachI yurepa, eziyA tathA amerikAmAM je banavA pAmyuM te ApaNe samajI zakIe. jarA pAchaLathI vijJAnanA vikAse A jagavyApI bajAranI mAMga pUrI pADavA mATenAM sAdhanA pUrAM pADyAM. 18mI sadImAM, khAsa karIne iMgleMDa ane phrAMsa vaccenI saMsthAne tathA sAmrAjya mATenI harIphAI ne kAraNe yuropa ja nahi paNa kaeNneDA ane hiMdustAnamAM paNa vigraha jAgyA e ApaNe joI gayAM. A vigraha pachI e sadInA vacagALAmAM vaLI pAchA kaIka zAMtinA kALa Avyo. upara uparathI te yurepamAM saMpUrNa zAMti ane svasthatA mAlUma paDatAM hatAM. yuropanA badhA rAjadarabAro vinIta ane sabhya strIpuruSothI UbharAtA hatA. paraMtu A kevaLa upara uparanI ja zAMti 6-3pa

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pU jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatI. bhItaramAM te tyAM sakSAbha vyApI rahyo hatA ane navIna vicAre tathA khyAlo mANasAnAM manane valavI rahyAM hatAM. vaibhavavilAsamAM gulatAna banelAM darabArI maMDaLA tathA upalA varganA keTalAka loke sivAyanA janasamUha uttarettara vadhatI jatI garIbAI ne lIdhe bhAre hADamArI veI rahyo hate. Ama 18mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM yuropamAM jovAmAM AvatI zAMti e bhrAmaka zAMti hatI ~~~ AvI rahelA tophAnanI te purogAmI hatI. 1789nI sAlamAM 14mI julAI e yuropanI sauthI gauravazALI saltanatanA pATanagara perisamAM e tophAna phATI nIkaLyuM. e tAkAne rAjAzAhI tema ja sekaDA purANA ane jarjarita thaI gayelA adhikAro tathA rUDhione nirmULa karyA. navIna vicArone pariNAme krAMsa tema ja kaMika aMze . yuropanA bIjA dezomAM paNa A tophAna ane te pachI thayelA parivartananI bhUmikA lAMbA samayathI taiyAra thaI rahI hatI. cheka madhyayuganA AraMbhakALathI yureopamAM dharma e sauthI baLavAna sAmAjika baLa hatuM. e pachI eTale ke dharma sudhAraNA ( reme zana )nA yuga daramyAna paNa paristhiti enI e ja rahI. pratyeka praznanA - pachI bhalene te rAjakIya ke Arthika hoya -- dharmanI dRSTithI vicAra karavAmAM Avato. dharmane taMtra karI devAmAM AvyA hatA; ane pApa tathA carcInA upalA darajjAnA adhikArIonA mata athavA abhiprAya e ja dharma ema manAtuM hatuM. samAjanuM baMdhAraNa e lagabhaga hiMdustAnanI nyAtAnA baMdhAraNa jevuM hatuM. jJAtinA mULamAM te dhaMdhA ke karmanI bhinnatA anusAra vibhAgono khyAla hatA. guNuka anusAra sAmAjika vibhAgo pADavAno A ja khyAla madhyayuganA sAmAjika vicAronA mULamAM paNa rahelA che. hiMdustAnamAM nyAtanI aMdara jema hoya che tema yuropamAM paNa dareka varganI aMdara samAnatA vatI hatI. paraMtu be ke vadhAre vargonI vacce asamAnatA hatI. A asamAnatA samAjanA baMdhAraNanA mULa pAyA hatA ane enI sAme kAi paNa virodha uThAvI zakatuM nahotuM. A samAjavyavasthAmAM jemane seAsavuM paDatuM hatuM temane enA badale svargamAM maLavAnI AzA rAkhavAnuM' kahevAmAM AvatuM. Ama dharma anyAyI samAjavyavasthAnuM samarthana karavA tathA paralokanI vAto karIne lekAnuM dhyAna e vastu uparathI kheMcI laI tene khIja bAbate!mAM parovavA prayAsa karatA hatA. vaLI jene TrasTIpaNAne siddhAMta kahevAmAM

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yurepamAM navA ane jUnA vicArenuM yuddha pa79 Ave che tene paNa te pracAra karate -eTale ke, dhanika mANase garIbano eka prakArane TrasTI che ane jamInadAra pitAnI jamIna tenA sathiyA mATe TrasTa tarIke rAkhe che ema te jaNAvate. carca A rIte atizaya bedI paristhitinuM samarthana karatuM hatuM. ethI dhanikanuM kazuM bagaDatuM nahotuM ane garIbone kazI rAhata paNa maLatI nahotI. caturAI bharyA khulAsAo kaMI bhUkhyA peTamAM khorAkanI garaja sAratA nathI. kethalika ane proTesTa vaccenI bhISaNa dhArmika laDAIe, kaeNthalika tema ja kAlvinanA saMpradAyanA leke e baMnenI AkarI asahiSNutA tathA InkivajhIzana e badhuM atizaya tIvra ane saMkucita dharmadaSTi tathA komI valaNane pariNAme nIpajyuM hatuM. ene jarA vicAra te kara ! evuM kahevAya che ke yUriTane saMpradAyanA lekAe yuropamAM DAkaNa gaNIne lAkha strIone jIvatI bALI mUkI hatI. vijJAnanA navA vicArane dabAvI devAmAM AvatA hatA kema ke duniyA viSenA carcanA khyAlethI te viruddha hatA. jIvana viSenI e jaDa ane kuti. dRSTi hatI; pragatine te emAM kazuM sthAna ja nahotuM. paraMtu 16mI sadI ane e pachI A vicAre dhIme dhIme badalAtA jatA ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. vijJAnane udaya thAya che ane dharmanI sarvagrAhI pakaDa zithila thAya che; rAjakAraNa ane arthazAstrane dharmathI svataMtrapaNe vicAra thavA lAge che. 17mI tathA 18mI sadImAM jene ApaNe buddhivAda kahIe chIe tene athavA aMdhazraddhAthI daravAvAne badale vastuone buddhinI kaTIthI nihALavAnA valaNane udaya thayo. 18mI sadImAM sahiSNutAno vijaya thaye ema mAnavAmAM Ave che. paNa A amuka aMze ja sAcuM che. paraMtu A vijayanuM kharuM rahasya e che ke, pahelAM leke pitAnI dhArmika mAnyatAone jeTaluM mahattva ApatA hatA teTaluM mahattva ApatA have teo baMdha thayA. temanI sahiSNutA e te kharI rIte udAsInatA hatI. jyAre leke koI paNa bAbata viSe atyaMta Atura he che tyAre teo bhAgye ja sahiSNu hoya che; e vastunI emane jhAjhI paravA nathI hotI tyAre ja bhAre udAratApUrvaka teo sahiSNutAnI gheSaNa kare che. udyogavAda tathA pracaMDa yaMtranA Agamana pachI dharma paratvenI udAsInatA vadhavA pAmI. yuropamAM vijJAne purANI mAnyatAonAM mULiyAM ukheDavA mAMDyAM. navA udyoga ane navI arthavyavasthAmAMthI utpanna thatA navIna praznoe lokonAM mana

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'500 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AvarI lIdhAM. eTale dhArmika mAnyatAonI bAbatamAM ekabIjAnAM mAthAM pheDavAnI Adata yuropanA lekee have choDI dIdhI (jo ke saMpUrNa paNe te nahi ja) ane tene badale Arthika ane sAmAjika prazno upara ekabIjAnAM mAthAM phoDavAnuM zarU karyuM. yuropanA e dhArmika jamAnA sAthe AjanA hiMdustAnanI tulanA rasaprada ane bodhaprada thaI paDaze. keTalIka vAra prazaMsA ane keTalIka vAra upahAsa karavA mATe hiMdane dhArmika tathA AdhyAtmika deza kahevAmAM Ave che. ene yuropa sAthe mukAbale karavAmAM Ave che ane tene adhArmika tathA jIvananI mejamajAnI vastuone zekhIna lekhavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu vAstavamAM A dhArmika' hiMdustAna - hiMdIonI daSTine dharma kuMThita kare che teTalA pramANamAM te --- ane 16mI sadInA yuropa vacce Azcaryajanaka sAmya che. alabata, A tulanA bahu AgaLa sudhI laI javAya ema nathI. dhArmika zraddhA ane mAnyatAnI bAbatene ApaNe vadhAre paDatuM mahattva ApIe chIe tathA rAjakIya tathA Arthika savAlene ApaNe dhArmika maMDaLanAM hiti sAthe saMDavIe chIe tene, tema ja ApaNe kema jhaghaDAo ane evA bIjA savAle vicAra karatAM madhyakAlIna yuropanA jevI paristhiti Aje ApaNe tyAM pravarte che ema spaSTapaNe kahI zakAya. vyavahAradakSa ane jaDavAdI yuropa tathA AdhyAtmika ane paralekaparAyaNa pUrvanA deze e kaI bheda ja nathI. ubhaya vacce sAce bheda A che: eka bAju ghogika ane saMpUrNapaNe yaMtrIkaraNa karanArA tathA temAMthI nIpajatI sArI narasI vastuo sahitanA pazcimanA deze che ane bIjI bAjue udyogIkaraNanI pUrvanI avasthA jyAM varte che evA khetIpradhAna pUrvanA deze che. yuropamAM A sahiSNutA ane buddhivAdanA vikAsanI pragati bahu dhImedhIme thaI. AraMbhamAM te ene pustakonI jhAjhI madada na maLI kema ke khristI dharmanI jAhera rIte TIkA karatAM leke DaratA hatA. ema karavuM eTale ke keda athavA te evI bIjI kaI zikSA vaherI levI. eka jarmana philasakane kanphayuziyasanI vadhAre paDatI prazaMsA karavAnA gunA mATe praziyAmAMthI dezapAra karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ethI khristI dharmanI nAlezI thAya che e artha tenI e prazaMsA karavAmAM Avyo hato. Ama chatAM paNa 18mI sadImAM A navA vicAro jema jema vadhAre ne vadhAre spaSTa tathA sArvatrika thatA gayA tema tema ene aMgenAM pustaka

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yurepamAM navA ane jUnA vicArAnuM yuddha 51 paNa bahAra paDavA lAgyAM. buddhivAda ane evA khIjA viSayeA upara lakhanAra e jamAnAnA sAthI mazahUra lekhaka vaoNlteyara hatA. te phrAMsavAsI hatA ane tene kedamAM pUravAmAM AvyA hatA tathA dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. Akhare te jinIvA pAse nImAM rahyo hato. jelamAM ene lakhavA mATe kAgaLa ke zAhI ApavAmAM AvyAM naheAtAM eTale teNe sIsAnA TukaDAthI pustakanA lakhANanI vaccenI jagyAmAM kavitA lakhI hatI. yuvAvasthAmAM ja te jagamaza thaI gayA hatA. kharekhara, enI asAdhAraNa zaktine lIdhe cheka daza varasanI uMmare teNe lokonuM dhyAna kheMcyuM hatuM. anyAya tathA dharmAMdhatAne vaoNlteyara dhikkAratA ane enI sAme te jIvana paMta jhUjhavo. * e dhRNita cIja ( aMdhazraddhA )no nAza karA' e enI prasiddha vaiSaNA hatI. teNe bahu lAMkhuM AyuSya (1694 thI 1778) bhogavyuM ane potAnA jIvana daramyAna ghaNAM pustakA lakhyAM. khristI dhanI e TIkA karatA tethI dharmAMdha khristI tene atizaya dhikakAratA. te potAnA eka graMthamAM kahe che ke, pUrepUrI tapAsa karyAM vinA je mANasa potAne dharma svIkAre che te svecchAe dhUMsarIe joDAnAra baLiyA jevA che.' leAkAne navA vicAro tathA buddhivAda tarapha vALavAmAM vaoNlteyaranAM lakhANAe moTA phALA ApyA. knInuM tenuM purANuM dhara e ghaNAne mATe tIsthAna samAna che, ' * e jamAnAnA bIjo eka lekhaka se hato. te vaoNlteyaranA samakAlIna hatA paraMtu u Mmare tenAthI ghaNA nAnA hatA. te jinIvAmAM janmyA hatA ane jinIvA tene mATe atizaya magarUra che. tyAM AgaLanA tenA pUtaLAnuM tane smaraNa che kharuM? dharma ane rAjakAraNa uparanAM phasAnAM lakhANAe bhAre UhApoha macAvyo. ema chatAM paNa tenA vilakSaNa tathA kaMIka sAhasapUrNa sAmAjika tema ja rAjakIya siddhAMtAe ghaNAnAM mAnasane navA vicArA tathA saMkapothI prajvalita karyAM, tenA rAjakIya siddhAMto Aje te jUnA thaI gayA che paNa krAMsanA leAkAne mahAna krAMti mATe taiyAra karavAmAM temaNe mahattvanA kALeA ApyA. rUsAe krAMtinA pracAra nahotA karyAM. krAMti tene joItI na heAya ema paNa banavA joga che. potAnAM lakhANAthI krAMti thaze evI tenI dhAraNA paNa naheAtI. paraMtu tenAM pustakA tathA vicAroe janatAnA mAnasamAM evAM khIja vAvyAM ke je krAMtinA rUpamAM kLyAM. tenuM sauthI prasiddha pustaka konTrekTa soziyala 'athavA ' sAmAjika karAra ' che. enA AraMbha A suprasiddha ' 2

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12 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna lAvathI thAya che (smaraNamAMthI te huM ahIM utAruM chuM ) : " manuSya janme che te svataMtra paNa te satra baMdhanamAM jaNAya che.' rUsA samartha keLavaNIkAra paNa hatA ane zikSaNanI je navI rIto teNe sUcavI hatI temAMnI ghaNIkharIne Aje zALAmAM amala thAya che. vaoNlteyara ane rUsA uparAMta bIjA ghaNA jANItA vicArake ane lekhake phrAMsamAM aDhAramI sadImAM thaI gayA. ahIM huM ' spiriTa opha dhI lojha ' ( kAyadAnuM hArda ) nAmanA pustakanA lekhakano ja ullekha karIza. tenuM nAma mAtteskiyeya hatuM ane teNe A uparAMta bIjA paNa keTalAMka pustakA lakhyAM hatAM. A arasAmAM perIsamAM vizvakAza ( enasAyakalopIDiyA ) paNa bahAra paDyo. e kASa dideza tathA anya sama lekhakAnA rAjakIya tema ja sAmAjika viSayo uparanA lekhAthI bharapUra hato. sAce ja, e kALamAM krAMsamAM sa MkhyAbaMdha philasUpho tathA vicArA pAkavA. paNa ethIye vadhAre mahattvanI vastu to e che ke, temanAM lakhANA baheALA pramANamAM vaMcAtAM hatAM ane saMkhyAbaMdha sAmAnya lokAne paNa temanA vicAro upara manana karatA tathA temanA siddhAMtenI carcA karatA karavAmAM teo phatehamada thayA hatA. A rIte phrAMsamAM dhArmi ka asahiSNutA tathA rAjakIya tema ja sAmAjika viziSTa adhikAronA virodhI baLavAna leAkamata pedA thayA. svataMtratA mATenI kaMIka aspaSTa kAmanAe lAnA mAnasamAM ghara karyuM. Ama chatAMye navAInI vAta to e che ke, philasUphA yA to janatA emAMthI eke rAjAne tyAga, karavA cahAtA nahAtA. prajAtaMtrane khyAla hajI pracalita ye nahAtA ane kaMIka plaeNTanA philasUpha rAjAnA jevA Adarza rAjA temane maLI jAya ane te temane bejo dUra karI temane nyAya tathA amuka pramANamAM svAtaMtrya bakSe evuM janatA hajI paNa icchatI hatI. kaMI nahi toye philasUphAnAM lakhANe te A matalabanAM hatAM ja. du:khamAM DubelI pIDita janatAno rAjA mATe prema hato ke kema e teA za'kAspada che. krAMsanI peThe iMglaMDamAM rAjakIya vicAro Ave! vikAsa thaye nahoto. ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke, aMgreja e rAjakIya prANI nathI jyAre krAMsavAsI che. e game tema hA, paNa 1688nI iMgleMDanI krAMtithI tyAMnI taMgadilI kaMIka ochI thaI hatI. jo ke, tyAM paNa hajIye keTalAka varSAM sArI peThe vizeSa adhikAra bhogavatA hatA. jene viSe huM have

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yurepamAM navA ane jUnA vicAranuM yuddha pa83 pachInA patramAM kahevAnuM chuM te navIna Arthika paristhiti tathA amerikA ane hiMdamAM upasthita thayelI gUMcavaNemAM aMgrejonAM mana parovAyelAM hatAM. ane jyAre sAmAjika bAbatamAM vadhAre taMgadilI thaI jatI tyAre tApUratuM samAdhAna karIne bhaMgANunuM jokhama TALavAmAM AvatuM. krAMsamAM AvA prakAranA samAdhAna ke samajUtIne sthAna nahotuM eTale ja tyAM UthalapAthala thaI. paraMtu 18mI sadInA vacagALAmAM iMglaMDamAM Adhunika navalakathAone vikAsa thaye e hakIkata oMdhapAtra che. huM AgaLa jaNAvI gayo chuM ke, "gulivarsa TrAvelsa" tathA "robinsana kUjhe te aDhAramI sadInA AraMbhamAM bahAra paDyAM hatAM. e pachI jene ApaNe yathArthapaNe navalakathA kahI zakIe evI navalakathAo bahAra paDavA lAgI. e samaye iMglaMDamAM na ja vAcakavarga UbhuM thayeluM jovAmAM Ave che. 18mI sadImAM ja gIbana nAmanA eka aMgreje "DikalAIna enDa phaoNla oNpha dha romana empAyara" (romana sAmrAjyanI paDatI ane nAza) e nAmanuM suprasiddha pustaka lakhyuM hatuM. AgaLanA mArA eka patramAM romana sAmrAjyanI vAta karatAM meM ene viSe tathA enA pustaka viSe ullekha karyo hate.

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mahAna parivartanene Are UbheluM yuropa sapTembara, 1932 ApaNe 18mI sadInA yuropanAM ane khAsa karIne kAMsanAM mAnavIonAM mAnasamAM DokiyuM karavAno prayAsa karyo. emAM ApaNane keTalAka navA vikasatA tathA jUnAnI sAthe jhaghaDatA vicAronuM jhAMkhuM darzana thayuM. atyAra sudhI ApaNe paDadA pAchaLa rahIne jotAM hatAM paNa have ApaNe yuropanI raMgabhUmi upara pitAne bhAga bhajavatAM pAtrone nihALIzuM. phAMsamAM 1715nI sAlamAM vRddha 14 lUI Akhare maraNazaraNa thaI zakyo. te ghaNI peDhIo sudhI jIvI rahyo hato ane tenI pachI tene prapautra 15me lUI gAdIe Avyo. ane krAMsamAM 58 varasa eTale bIjo lAMbo rAjyaamala zarU thaze. A rIte krAMsamAM eka pachI eka AvatA be rAjAo, 14mA lUI tathA 15mA lUIe maLIne ekaMdare 131 varasa sudhI rAjya karyuM ! sAce ja, duniyAbharamAM eka pachI eka ema AvatA be rAjAonA ATalA lAMbA rAjyaamalane jeTa maLaze muzkela che. cInamAM kAMga-hI tathA cina-luMga e baMne maMcU samrAToe dareke 60 varasa karatAM paNa vadhAre varasa sudhI rAjya karyuM hatuM. paNa e be samrATemAM eka pachI bIje thaye nahe. e baMnenI vacce eka trIjo samrATa thaI gayuM hatuM. 15mAM lUInA asAdhAraNa lAMbA rAjyaamalanI vAta javA daIe te paNa tenuM zAsana khAsa karIne dhRNAtmaka saDA tathA bhraSTAcAra ane kAvAdAvAone mATe mazahUra che. rAjyanAM badhAM sAdhano tathA Ayapatane rAjAnA mAjazekha ane raMgarAga mATe upaga karavAmAM Avato. rAjadarabAramAM lakhalUTa kharca thatuM hatuM ane tene mATe bhAga darabArIonA lAgatAvaLagatAonAM gajavAM tara karavAmAM vaparAte hate. rAjAne khuza karanAra darabArI strI-purUSone moTI moTI jAgIre tathA pratiSThAnA hedAnI bakSisa maLatI eTale ke kazuM kAma karyA vinA ja temane bhAre kamANI thatI. ane A badhAno bojo vadhu ne vadhu pramANamAM AmajanatA upara ja paDavA lAge. ApakhudI, namAlApaNuM ane saDe tathA bhraSTatA te paraspara hAtha milAvIne mojathI AgaLa vadhatAM ja

Page #598
mahAna parivatane Are UbheluM yurepa 585 jatAM hatAM. te pachI sadI pUrI thAya te pahelAM ja e badhAM agAdha khAInI kAra para AvI pahoMcyAM ane temAM gabaDI paDyAM emAM kazuM navAI pAmavA jevuM che kharuM ? temane mArga ATale badhe laMbA ane khAImAM gabaDI paDatAM temane ATalo badho samaya vItye enuM ja ApaNane te Azcarya thAya che. janatAnA insApha ane veramAMthI 15me lUI UgarI gaye; enA vArasa 16mA lUIne 1774nI sAlamAM ene bheTe karavo paDyo. - kazI AvaData vinAne, namAle ane bhraSTa hevA chatAMye rAjya upara pitAnI niraMkuza sattA havA viSe lUI 15mAne leza paNa zaMkA nahotI. te ja sarvasva ane sarvoparI hatuM ane tenI marajImAM Ave te karavAnA tenA adhikArane koI paNa virodha karI zake ema nahotuM. 1766nI sAlamAM pirIsamAM eka sabhA samakSa bhASaNa karatAM teNe zuM kahyuM hatuM te sAMbhaLaH "aizvarya (sevareTI) kevaLa mArAmAM ja raheluM che. koInI paNa sahAya ke salAha lIdhA vinA kAnUna banAvavAno kevaLa mane ja saMpUrNa adhikAra che. prajAnI zAMtino huM ja eka mAtra strota chuM. huM ja teno sauthI moTo rakSaka chuM. mArAthI atirikta mArI prajAnI hastI nathI. keTalAka loke evo dAvo kare che ke, rASTranA adhikAra tathA hita zAsakathI nirALAM che paraMtu niHzaMkapaNe e mArA ja adhikAro ane mAruM ja hita che tema ja te mArI ja mUThImAM rahelAM che." 18mI sadInA moTA bhAga daramiyAna phrAMsanA rAjA AvA prakArane hate. thoDA samaya sudhI te sArA yurepa upara tenuM prabhutva hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. paNa pachIthI te yuropanA bIjA rAjAo tathA prajAonI mahattvAkAMkSA sAthe athaDAmaNamAM AvyuM ane tene hAra kabUlavI paDI.. phrAMsanA keTalAka jUnA harIphe have yuropanI raMgabhUmi upara mahattvane bhAga bhajavatA nahotA. have temanI jagyA lenAra tathA phrAMsane paDakAra karanArA bIjA rAjAo UbhA thayA hatA. thoDA divasa sAmrAjyanI jAherajalAlI ane nAmanA bhagavyA pachI magarUra spena have yuropamAM tathA anyatra pAchaLa paDayuM hatuM. paraMtu amerikA tathA philipAIna TApuomAM tenI pAse hajIye vizALa saMsthAne hatAM. oNsTriyAne hepsabarga rAjavaMza ke jeNe lAMbA kALathI sAmrAjyanA Adhipatyane ane te dvArA yuropanI AgevAnIne IjAre rAkhyo hato tenuM paNa have pahelAMnA jevuM mahattva rahyuM nahotuM. sAmrAjyamAM paNa have osTriyAnA rAjyanuM jhAjhuM mahatva rahyuM nahotuM. temAM have bIjuM eka praziyAnuM rAjya UbhuM

Page #599
pa86 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana thayuM hatuM ane teNe paNa osTriyA jeTaluM ja mahattva prApta karyuM hatuM. osTriyAnI rAjagAdInA vArasA mATe yuddho thayAM hatAM ane lAMbA samaya sudhI mAriyA theresA nAmanI eka strI e gAdI upara rahI hatI. tane yAda haze ke 1648nI vesTapheliyAnI saMdhine pariNAme praziyA yuropanuM eka mahattvanuM rAjya banyuM hatuM. tyAM AgaLa hehenolarna rAjavaMza zAsana karatA hatA ane te bIjA jarmana rAjavaMza - esTriyAnA hasabarga vaMza - nI sarasAI sAme vAMdho uThAvatA hatA. chetALIsa varasa sudhI (1740thI 1786) phreDarika nAmanA rAjAe praziyA upara rAjya karyuM hatuM. teNe meLavelA lazkarI viyene kAraNe te mahAna phreDarika tarIke oLakhAya che. yuropanA bIjA badhA rAjAonI jema te paNa niraMkuza ane Apakhuda zAsaka hatA, paraMtu te philasupha hovAno DoLa karate ho tathA teyaranI maitrI saMpAdana karavAne prayAsa karato hato. teNe baLavAna sainya taiyAra karyuM hatuM ane te pote kuzaLa ane saphaLa senApati hatA. te potAne buddhivAdI tarIke oLakhAvato hatuM, ane teNe ema kahyuM hovAnuM kahevAya che ke, "pratyeka vyaktine tene ThIka lAge te mArge svarga prApta karavAnI chUTa hovI joIe.' - 17mI sadIthI mAMDIne tyAra pachInA kALamAM krAMsanI saMskRtie yuropabharamAM pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvyuM. 18mI sadInA vacagALAnAM varase daramyAna enI asara ethIye vizeSa pramANamAM jaNAvA lAgI ane viteyare AkhA yuropamAM bhAre nAmanA meLavI. khare ja, keTalAka leka te e sadIne "vaiteyaranI sadI" tarIke oLakhAve che. yurepanA badhA rAjadarabAromAM, pachAta pITarsabargamAM paNa phreMca sAhitya vaMcAtuM hatuM tathA saMskArI ane zikSita varganA leke phreMca bhASAmAM ja lakhavAnuM tema ja balavAnuM pasaMda karatA. Ama, praziyAnA rAjA mahAna phreDarika paNa moTe bhAge phreMca bhASAmAM ja lakhate tathA bolate. teNe to phreMca bhASAmAM kavitAo lakhavAne paNa prayAsa karyo hate. e kavitAo te valleyara pAse sudharAvavA tathA mahArAvavA cahAtA hato. praziyAnI pUrvamAM raziyA hatuM. pachInAM varasamAM teNe je virATa svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM teno have AraMbha thaI cUkyo hato. cInanA itihAsa viSe vAta karatAM hatAM tyAre raziyA, sAIberiyA vaTAvI che? prazAnta mahAsAgara sudhI kevI rIte vistaryuM tathA tenI pAra alAskA sudhI pahoMcyuM te ApaNe joI gayAM chIe. sattaramI sadInA

Page #600
mahAna parivatAne Are UbheluM yurepa 587 chevaTanA bhAgamAM raziyAmAM mahAna pITara nAmane samartha rAjA thayo. raziyAne maMgale taraphathI vArasAmAM maLelA purANA rItarivAjo ane rUDhio tathA maMgela dRSTine pITara dUra karavA cahAtA hatA. pITara raziyAnuM "pazcimIkaraNa" karavA eTale ke tene pazcima yuropanA dezonI haroLamAM lAvavA IcchatA hatA. eTalA khAtara teNe pitAnuM jUnuM pATanagara maicche choDI dIdhuM, kema ke tyAM AgaLa to purANI paraMparA pracalita hatI ane teNe pitAne mATe eka navuM zahera tathA pATanagara vasAvyuM. A navuM zahera te senTa pITarsabarga. te uttaramAM navA nadIne kAMThe phinalaeNnDanA akhAtanI aNI upara AveluM che. e zahera sonerI ghummaTavALA eN tiAM sAva nirALuM hatuM. pazcima yuropanAM moTAM moTAM zaherene te vadhAre maLatuM hatuM. pITarsabarga "pazcimIkaraNanA eka pratIkarUpa banI gayuM ane raziyA have yuropanA rAjakAraNamAM vadhAre ne vadhAre bhAga levA lAgyuM. kadAca tuM jANatI haze ke pITarsabarga nAma Aje rahyuM nathI. chellAM vIza varasa daramyAna e zaheranuM nAma be vakhata badalAyuM che. pahelI vAra enuM nAma paDyAda rAkhavAmAM AvyuM ane tyAra pachI bIjI vAra enuM nAma leninagrAda pADavAmAM AvyuM. Aje enuM e ja nAma pracalita che. mahAna pITare raziyAmAM ghaNuM pheraphAra karyA. emAne tane rasa paDe e eka ja pheraphAra huM tane jaNAvIza. te samaye raziyAmAM strIone gharamAM pUrI rAkhavAne 'Terama" nAmano pracalita rivAja teNe baMdha karAvyuM. pITaranI najara hiMdustAna tarapha paNa hatI ane AMtararASTrIya rAjakAraNamAM te hiMdanuM mahattva pichAnatA hatA. pitAnA vasiyatanAmAmAM teNe lakhyuM che ke, "e lakSamAM rAkhavuM ke hiMdane vepAra e AkhI duniyAne vepAra che; ane tene ekahaththu kAbU jenA hAthamAM hoya te yuropane saramukhatyAra che." hiMda upara prabhutva meLavyA pachI IMgleMDanuM sAmarthya atizaya tvarAthI vadhI gayuM e jotAM pITaranA chevaTanA zabda sAcA TharyA. hiMdustAnanA zeSaNathI igleMDane pratiSThA tathA saMpatti sAMpaDyAM ane ene pariNAme te duniyAnuM AgevAna rAjya banyuM. eka bAju praziyA ane ANyiA tathA bIjI bAju raziyA vacce poleMDa hatuM. poleMDa bahu pachAta deza hatA ane temAM garIba kheDUtanI vastI hatI. tyAM AgaLa vepAra ke hunnaraudyoganuM nAma sarakhuM paNuM nahotuM, tema ja moTAM zahere paNa nahotAM. enuM rAjabaMdhAraNa bahu

Page #601
58 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vicitra prakAranuM hatuM. tyAM AgaLa rAjA cUMTaNIthI nimAte ane badhI sattA phaDala umarAne hastaka hatI. tenI AsapAsanA deze baLavAna banatA gayA tema tema pileMDa nabaLuM paDatuM gayuM. praziyA, raziyA tathA osTriyA vagere rAjyanI tenA upara lebhI najara hatI. Ama chatAye 1683nI sAlamAM viyenA uparanA tenA hallA vakhate peleMDanA rAjAe ja temane mArI haThAvyA hatA. e pachI uramAnI tukae pharIthI AkramaNAtmaka valaNa dAkhavyuM nahotuM. temanuM jema have osarI gayuM hatuM ane temanAM have vaLatAM pANa thayAM hatAM. have te temaNe bacAvanI nIti akhatyAra karI hatI ane tenuM yuropanuM sAmrAjya dhIme dhIme kSINa thatuM gayuM. paraMtu je samayanI ApaNe vAta karIe chIe te 18mI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM tuka e yuropanA agni khUNAmAM Avele baLavAna deza hatA. ane tenuM sAmrAjya bAlkana dvIpakalpa tathA haMgarInI pelI tarapha cheka poleMDanI sarahada sudhI vistareluM hatuM. dakSiNamAM ITAlI judA judA rAjAomAM vaheMcAI gayuM hatuM ane yuropanA rAjakAraNamAM tenI jhAjhI gaNanA nahatI. have pipanI pahelenI sattA rahI nahotI ane rAjAo tathA rajavADAo tenI sAthe AdarathI vartatA hatA kharA, paraMtu rAjakIya bAbatamAM te teo tenI avagaNanA karatA hatA. dhIme dhIme yuropamAM navIna vyavasthA UbhI thaI rahI hatI. e vyavasthA te baLavAna "sattAonI" vyavasthA. huM AgaLa upara kahI gaye huM tema, baLavAna ane eka kanvI rAjAzAhIe rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA vikasAvavAmAM phALo Apyo. leke pitAnA deza viSe viziSTa rIte vicAra karavA lAgyA. e vastu Aje te sAmAnya banI gaI che paraMtu te jamAnAmAM te te bilakula asAmAnya hatI. kAMsa, IgleMDa athavA briTAniyA, iTAliyA tathA evA bIjA deze pitAnuM nirALuM vyaktitva dhAraNa karavA mAMDe che. e se eka eka nirALA rASTra ke prajAnA pratIkarUpa hatAM. e pachI, 19mI sadImAM A deze pitAnI janatAnA mAnasamAM cokkasa mUrtione rUpe birAjatA thAya che ane temanAM dilane teo ajaba rIte halAve cheteo navA deva ke devIo banI jAya che ane temanI vedI upara dareka dezabhakta pAse pUjAnI apekSA rakhAya che, tathA temane nAme ane temane khAtara dezabhakto ekabIjA sAthe laDe che tathA ekabIjAnAM gaLAM reMse che. bhAratamAtAnI kalpanA ApaNane saune kevI preraNA Ape che tathA e pirANika ane kAlpanika pratIkane khAtara

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mahAna parivartanane Are UbheluM yurepa 589 leke keTalA AnaMdathI yAtanAo sahana kare che ane pitAnA prANanI paNu Ahuti Ape che enI tane khabara che. e ja rIte bIjA dezonA leke paNa pitapotAnI mAtRbhUminI kalpanA khAtara evI ja bhAvanA anubhavatA hatA. paraMtu e vastu to pAchaLathI ubhavI hatI. atyAre te huM tane mAtra eTaluM ja kahevA mAguM chuM ke 18mI sadI daramyAna rASTrIyatA ane rASTrabhaktinI bhAvanA aMkurita thaI kAMsanA philasUphee enA vikAsamAM phALo Ape ane phrAMsanI mahAna krAMtie e bhAvanAne damUla karI-enA upara mahora mArI dIdhI. A badhAM rASTrane "sattAo" tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvatAM. rAjAo te AvatA ane jatA paNa rASTra te kAyama rahetuM. A badhI sattAo mAM keTalIka bIjI sattAo karatAM AgaLa vadhI ane vadhAre mahatvanI banI. Ama 18mI sadInA AraMbhakALamAM krAMsa, IMgleMDa, oNsTriyA, praziyA tathA raziyA vagere rASTronI "mahAna sattAo' tarIke gaNanA thatI. spena jevAM bIjAM keTalAMka rASTronI paNa siddhAMtanI dRSTie mahAna sattAo'mAM gaNanA thatI, paraMtu temanAM have vaLatAM pANI thayAM hatAM. IMglaMDanI samRddhi tathA mahatva bahu ja tvarAthI vadhatAM jatAM hatAM. ilijhAbethanA samaya sudhI te tenI gaNanA duniyAnA te zuM paNa yuropanA mahattvanA dezomAM paNa thatI nahotI. tenI vasatI bahu ochI hatI. ghaNuM karIne tenI vasatI 60 lAkhathI vadhAre nahotI eTale ke e samaye tenI vasatI AjanI laMDananI vasatI karatAM paNa ghaNI ochI hatI. te paraMtu pUriTana krAMti ane rAjA uparanA pArlamenTanA vijaya pachI navA upasthita thayelI paristhiti sAthe meLa sAdhIne IgleMDa AgaLa vadhavA lAgyuM. spenanI dhUMsarI phagAvI dIdhA pachI heleMDe paNa ema ja karyuM. 18mI sadImAM amerikA tathA eziyAmAM saMsthAna meLavavA mATe paDApaDI cAlI. e jhUMTAjhUMTImAM yurepanI ghaNI sattAoe bhAga lIdhe paraMtu Akhare e jhaghaDe mukhyatve karIne iMgleMDa ane krAMsa vacce banI gayo. A harIphAImAM amerikA tathA hiMdamAM IMglaDa ghaNuM AgaLa vadhyuM hatuM. 15mA lUIne AvaData vinAnA zAsana uparAMta, mAMsa yuropanA rAjakAraNamAM vadhAre paDatuM gUMcavAyeluM hatuM. 1756thI 1763nI sAla daramyAna badhAne svAmI keNa bane e harAvavA khAtara e be rAjya tema ja bIjA paNa keTalAMka rAjyo vacce yuropa, keneDA ane hiMdamAM , vigraha cAle. e sAta varasanA vigraha tarIke oLakhAya che. hiMdamAM

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590 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e vigrahamAM krAMsa hArI gayuM e ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM chIe. keneDAmAM paNa iMglaMDane vijaya thayuM. yuropamAM iMglaMDe pitAne khAtara laDavAne bIjAone paisA ApavAnI nIti akhatyAra karI. e nIti mATe IgleMDa nAmIcuM thayuM che. mahAna kreDarika glaMDane mitra hatA. sAta varasanA vigrahanuM pariNAma igleMDa mATe bahu lAbhakAraka nIvaDayuM. hiMdustAna tema ja keneDAmAM tene koI yuropiyana harIpha rahyo nahi. samudra upara paNa tenA naukAkAphalAnI sarasAI sthApita thaI Ama, igleMDa pitAnuM sAmrAjya vistArIne duniyAnI pradhAna sattA banavAnI sthitimAM AvyuM. praziyAnuM mahattva paNa vadhI gayuM A vigrahathI yuropa pharI pAchuM letha thaI gayuM ane AkhA khaMDa upara pharI pAchI zAMti patharAI hoya ema bhAsavA lAgyuM. paraMtu A zAMti praziyA, oNsTriyA tathA raziyAne pioleMDanuM rAjya ohiyAM karI jatAM na rokI zakI. pioleMDa A sattAonI sAme laDI zakavAnI sthitimAM nahotuM ane A traNa varUo tenA upara tUTI paDyAM ane aneka vakhata tenA bhAgalA pADIne eka svataMtra deza tarIkenI poleMDanI hastIne temaNe aMta ANe. A rIte 1772, 1793 ane 1795nI sAlamAM ema traNa vakhata pileMDanA bhAgalA pADavAmAM AvyA. pahelI vakhatanA bhAgalA pachI pola lekee pitAnA dezamAM sudhArA karavAne tathA tene baLavAna banAvavAne bhAre prayAsa karyo. temaNe pArlamenTanI sthApanA karI tathA kaLA ane sAhityanI paNa tyAM punarjAgrati thaI. paraMtu poleMDanI AsapAsanA niraMkuza rAjAo cAkhela thaI gayA hatA eTale have teo pAchA haThe ema nahotuM. vaLI, pArlAmenTa mATe te temane prema UbharAto nahoto ja. eTale, pila leko jvalaMta rASTrabhaktithI pitAnA mahAna yuddha kausiyarakonI AgevAnI nIce bhAre bahAdurIthI laDyA hatAMye 1795nI sAlamAM pilaMDa yuropanA nakazAmAMthI adazya thaI gayuM. poleMDa nakazA uparathI te adazya thaI gayuM, paraMtu pila lekee pitAnI rASTrabhAvanA jAgrata rAkhI tathA svataMtratAnI jhaMkhanA kAyama rAkhI. Akhare 123 varasa pachI svAtaMtrya mATenuM temanuM svapna phaLyuM. mahAyuddha pachI pileMDa eka svataMtra deza tarIke pharIthI AgaLa AvyuM. huM upara kahI gaye ke 18mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM yuropamAM pramANamAM zAMti pravartatI hatI. paNa e zAMti lAMbA kALa TakI nahi. e te kevaLa upara uparanI zAMti hatI, 18mI sadImAM banelA keTalAka

Page #604
mahAna parivartanane Are UbheluM yurepa 591 banAva viSe paNa meM tane kahyuM che. paraMtu kharI rIte te 18mI sadI traNa banAva mATe - emAM thayelI traNa krAMtio mATe mazahUra che. e 100 varasa daramyAna banelA bIjA banAvo te A traNa krAMtionI AgaLa sAva jhAMkhA paDI jAya che ane kSullaka jevA bhAse che. A krAMtio e sadInAM chevaTanAM 25 varasomAM thaI A traNe krAMtio eka bIjIthI sAva nirALI hatI - eka rAjakIya, bIjI audyogika ane trIjI sAmAjika hatI. rAjakIya kAMti amerikAmAM thaI. e tyAMnA briTiza saMsthAnone baLa hatuM. ene pariNAme amerikAnAM saMyukta saMsthAnuM svataMtra prajAtaMtra sthapAyuM. e prajAtaMtra ApaNuM jamAnAmAM eka baLavAna rAjya banavAnuM hatuM. audyogika krAMtino AraMbha iMglaMDamAM thayuM. tyAMthI te pazcima yuropanA dezamAM ane pachI anyatra prasarI. e zAMta krAMti hatI paraMtu tenAM pariName bahu ja dUragAmI AvyAM. tathA mAnavInA itihAsakALanI bIjI koI paNa vastu karatAM duniyAbharanA lokonA jIvana upara eNe vadhAre asara karI. ene lIdhe varALathI cAlatAM pracaMDa yaMtro vaparAzamAM AvyAM tathA Akhare udyogavAdane pariNAme nIpajatI je asaMkhya vastuo Aje ApaNe ApaNI AsapAsa joIe chIe te paNa pracAramAM AvavA lAgI. sAmAjika krAMti te kAMsanI mahAna krAMti. eNe kAMsamAMthI rAjAzAhIne aMta A eTaluM ja nahi paNa asaMkhya viziSTa adhikArane paNa aMta ANyo ane prajAnA navA ja vargone AgaLa karyA. A traNe krAMtione ApaNe alaga alaga ane kaMIka vigate abhyAsa karIzuM. ApaNe joyuM ke A mahAna parivartana thavAnI taiyArImAM hatAM te TAMkaNe yuropamAM rAjAzAhInI pUrNa kaLA hatI. IMgleMDa sthA heleMDamAM pArlAmenTa hatI kharI, paraMtu tenA upara umarA tathA dhanika vargane kAbU hato. kAyadAo tavaMgarane arthe tathA temanI milakata, hakko tathA viziSTa adhikAronuM rakSaNa karavAne mATe ghaDavAmAM AvatA. keLavaNI paNa kevaLa dhanika tathA amIra vargane mATe ja hatI. sAcuM pUcho te khuda AkhuM rAjyataMtra ja temane khAtara hatuM. e jamAnAne eka sauthI mahAna prazna e garIbane prazna hate. upalA vargonI sthitimAM kaMIka sudhAre thaye khare paraMtu garIba varganI hADamArI ane yAtanAo te jemanI tema ja rahI ane dinapratidina vadhAre ugra thatI gaI AkhI aDhAramI sadI daramyAna yurepanI prajAe gulAmane

Page #605
jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nirdaya ane haiyAsano vepAra calAvI rahI hatI. ema te jene kharekhAta gulAma kahI zakAya evI vasatI yuropamAM rahI nahotI, paraMtu khetI karanAra kisAna leke jemane sapha athavA vilana kahevAmAM AvatA temanI hAlatamAM gulAme karatAM jhAjho taphAvata naData. paraMtu amerikAnI zodha thatAMnI sAthe purANe gulAmane vepAra tene atizaya kAramA svarUpamAM pharIthI cAlu thaye. spena ane piorTugAlanA lekee e pharIthI zarU * karyo. AphrikAnA kinArAnA pradezamAMthI teo habasIone pakaDatA ane amerikAnAM khetaramAM kAma karavAne mATe laI jatA. A ghaNAjanaka vepAramAM aMgrejone paNa pUre hisso hate. je rIte A AphrikAvAsIone jaMgalI janAvaranI mAphaka pakaDI badhAne eka sAthe sAMkaLathI jakaDIne amerikA laI javAmAM AvatA tene tathA temanI yAtanAone pUrepUro khyAla te ApaNane AvI zake ema nathI. ghaNAe te A rIte pitAne niyata sthAne pahoMcavA agAu rastAmAM ja maraNazaraNa thatA. A jagatamAM aneka lekene yAtanAo tathA hADamArIo te veThavI paDI che, paraMtu habasIone kadAca sAthI vizeSa pramANamAM levuM paDayuM che. 19mI sadImAM kAyadAthI gulAmInI prathA rada karavAmAM AvI. ane IMglaDe e bAbatamAM pahela karI. yunAITeDa sTeTsane e praznane niveDo lAvavA mATe AMtaravigraha lo paDyo hato. amerikAnA AjanA karoDa habasIo A gulAmenA vaMzajo che. have eka majAnI vAta kahIne huM A patra pUro karIza. A sadImAM jarmanI tathA osTriyAmAM saMgItanI bhAre pragati thaI hatI. jarmana leke yuropanA saMgItamAM khare che e te tuM jANe che. temanA keTalAka samartha saMgItakAra te 17mI sadImAM paNa thayA hatA. bIjI jagyAnI peThe yuropamAM paNa saMgIta e dhArmika vidhionuM ja eka aMga hatuM. paraMtu dhIre dhIre te alaga thatuM jAya che ane dharmathI svataMtra eka nirALI kaLA bane che. 18mI sadImAM mejhArTa ane bephena e be mahAna saMgItakAra thaI gayA. e baMne janmathI ja vicakSaNa hatA tathA baMne bhAre pratibhAzALI saMgItakAra hatA, anI vAta te e che ke jene yurepane sarvoparI saMgItakAra gaNI zakAya te bephena tadana bahere hatuM eTale eNe bIjAone arthe je adbhuta saMgIta saryuM te sAMbhaLavAne latA tene na maLe. paraMtu ene AviSkAra karatA pahelAM tenA aMtaramAM e saMgIta ryuM haze.

Page #606
02 pracaMDa yaMtronA udaya 26 sapTembara, 1932 > have ApaNe jene 'audyogika krAMti ' tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che tenI vAta karIzuM. ene AraMbha iMgleMDamAM thayA hatA eTale iMglaMDamAM ja ApaNe enA TraeNka paricaya karIzuM. enA AraMbhanI huM kAI cokkasa tArIkha tane ApI zakuM ema nathI. kema ke, e parivartana koIka prakAranA jAduthI amuka eka cokkasa tArIkhe thayuM nahetuM. paraMtu e parivartana bahu jhaDapathI thayuM ane 18mI sadInA uttarArdhathI mAMDIne 100 varasa daramyAna eNe lekAnA jIvananI sUrata khalI nAkhI. ApaNe baMnee A patramAM cheka prAcIna kALathI mAMDIne hajAro varasAnA itihAsanuM avalokana karyuM che tathA e daramyAna ghaNAM parivartana paNa nihALyAM che. paraMtu A badhAM parivAe jemAMnAM keTalAMka te bahu bhAre hatAM --lakAnI jIvanapraNAlImAM jhAjho pheraphAra karyAM nahotA. jo sokreTIsa, azoka athavA to juliyasa sIjhara akabaranA amala daramyAna hiMdustAnamAM athavA to 18mI sadInA AraMbhanAM varasAmAM iMgleMDa ke phrAMsamAM acAnaka AvI pahoMcata te aneka pheraphAro temanA jovAmAM Avata. keTalAka pheraphArAne emaNe pasaMda karyAM hota ane keTalAka nApasaMda paNa karyAM hota. paraMtu eka Mdare, kaI nahi to tenA bAhya svarUpamAM te duniyAne te oLakhI zakyA hAta; kema ke pyAlAmAM jhAjho pheraphAra thayA nahi hAta. vaLI, bahAranA dekhAvanA saMbaMdhamAM paNa temane A duniyAmAM sAva aDavuM na lAgata. temane pravAsa karavA hota to temanA ja jamAnAnI mAphaka ghoDA upara ke gheADAgADImAM besIne teo tema karI zakata. e pravAsa karavAmAM samaya paNa temane lagabhaga pahelAMnA jeTalA ja lAgata. paraMtu A traNamAMnA ekAda puruSa je ApaNI AjanI duniyAmAM AvyA hAta teA AzrayamAM garakAva thaI jAta ane saMbhava che. keTalIka bAbato viSe te tene AzcaryanI sAthe du:kha paNu thAta. te jota 8

Page #607
pa94 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ke Aje te le che eka jhaDapImAM jhaDapI ghaDA karatAM paNa vadhAre tvarAthI are, tIranA karatAM paNa vadhAre varita gatithI pravAsa karI rahyA che. AgagADI, AgaboTa, meTara ane vimAna dvArA leke duniyAmAM sarvatra bhISaNa gatithI pharatA thayA che. vaLI TeligrApha, Telikona, vAyaralesa ane Adhunika chApakhAnAMomAMthI bahAra paDatAM thokabaMdha pustako ane DhagalAbaMdha chApAMo tathA aDhAramI sadI ane te pachInA samayamAM audyogika krAMtine pariNAme dAkhala thayelI navI vAMgika paddhatinAM phaLa rUpa bIjI evI aneka vastuomAM tene bhAre rasa paData. eNkreTIsa, azoka athavA juliyasa sIjhara A paddhatine pasaMda karata ke nApasaMda karata te te huM kahI zakuM ema nathI, paraMtu eka vastu te nirvivAda che ke temanA jamAnAnI paddhati karatAM AjanI paddhati temane bilakula bhinna lAgata. audyogika krAMtie duniyAmAM pracaMDa yaM dAkhala karyA. teNe jagatamAM yaMtrayuga' athavA te yAMtrika yuganI zarUAta karI. bezaka, yaMtro to pahelAMnA samayamAM paNa hatAM paNa temAMnuM eke A navIna yaMtra jevA nahatuM. yaMtra e Akhare zuM che ? mANasane pitAnA kAmamAM madada karanAra e eka moTuM ojAra che. mANasane ojAro banAvanAruM prANI kahevAmAM Ave che; ane cheka prAcIna kALathI te ojAre banAvo ane tene vadhAre sArAM karavAno prayAsa karatA AvyA che. itara prANuo upara --jemAMnAM ghaNAM te enAM karatAM vizeSa baLavAna che - teNe A ojAre vaDe ja petAnuM prabhutva jamAvyuM. eno e tene lAMbA thayele hAtha ja ha - athavA kahe ke tene trIjo hAtha hatA. yaMtra e vadhI ojAronA vistArarUpa hatAM. ojAro ane yaMtro e baMnee maLIne manuSyane pazusRSTithI upara Aryo. temaNe manuSyasamAjane prakRtinI parAdhInatAmAMthI mukta karyo. eja tathA yaMtrone kAraNe mANasane mATe utpAdananuM kArya sugama thaI gayuM. te uttarottara vadhAre ne vadhAre utpAdana karate gayo ane chatAMye tene vadhAre navarAza maLavA lAgI, ene pariNAme sabhyatAnI kaLAo, ciMtana ane vijJAna khIlyAM ane vikasyAM. paraMtu A pracaMDa yaMtro tathA temanI AnuSagika bIjI vastuo pUrepUrAM upakAraka nathI nIvaDyAM. temaNe sabhyatAnA vikAsane uttejana ApyuM e kharuM, paraMtu sAthe sAthe yuddha tathA saMhAranAM bhISaNa zastro sajIne temaNe hevAniyatane paNa uttejana ApyuM che. temaNe

Page #608
- pracaMDa yaMtrone udaya vastuonI vipulatA karI mUkI che e kharuM, paraMtu pradhAnapaNe e vipulatA Ama samudAyane mATe nahi paNa mukhatve karIne gaNyAgAMThyA mANasone mATe ja che. temaNe dhanADhayonA vaibhava ane garIbanI kaMgAliyata vacce bheda pahelAM karatAMye vadhAre tIvra banAvyuM che. mANasanAM vAparavAnAM ojAra tathA sevaka banavAne badale yaMtra tenAM svAmI banavAne dA kare che. sahakAra, saMgaThana ane niyamitatA vagere keTalAka guNe emaNe keLavyA che, paraMtu sAthe sAthe emaNe karoDo mAnavIonAM jIvana nIrasa ane jaDa ghaTamALa tulya banAvI mUkyAM che. ene kAraNe temanAM jIvana yaMtravata ane bhArarUpa banI gayAM che tathA temanAmAM AnaMda ke svAtaMtryano ghaTa sarakho paNa rahyo nathI. paraMtu nirjIva yaMtromAMthI nIpajatAM aniSTo mATe ApaNe temanA upara depa zAne DhALa joIe ? deSa te tene durupayoga karanAra mANasane tathA tene pUrepUre lAbha na uThAvanAra samAjane che. AkhI duniyA yA to tene ekAda deza audyogika krAMti pahelAMnA purANa jamAnAmAM pAcho jaI zake e te kalpI zakAtuM nathI. vaLI, keTalAMka aniSTomAMthI mukta thavA khAtara udyogIkaraNa athavA te udyogavAdamAMthI ApaNane prApta thatI asaMkhya sArI vastuone ApaNe pheMkI devI e IcchavAjoga ke DahApaNabharyuM che ema bhAgye ja kahI zakAya. e game tema che, paNa yaMtra dAkhala thaI gayAM che ane kAyama rahevAnAM che. eTale savAla e che ke, udyogIkaraNanI sArI vastuone ApaNe saMgraha kare ane ene lagatAM aniSTomAMthI mukta thavuM. emAMthI utpanna thatI saMpattine ApaNe phAyade uThAve joIe tathA e saMpattinI enA utpAdakomAM samAna vaheMcaNI thAya evI goThavaNa karavI joIe. A patramAM IgleMDamAM thayelI audyogika krAMti viSe tane kaMIka kahevAno Azaya hate. paraMtu mArI hamezanI Teva mujaba huM ADe UtarI gayuM ane udyogIkaraNa athavA to udyogavAdanI asaranI carcAmAM UtarI paDyo. je prazna Aje lekanAM mAnasane kaThI rahyo che te prazna meM tArI AgaLa rajU karyo che. paraMtu AjanI vAta karatAM pahelAM ApaNe gaI kAla viSe vicAra karavo joIe; udyogIkaraNanAM pariNAmene vicAra karatAM pahelAM e vastu kyAre ane kevI rIte udbhavI tene ApaNe abhyAsa karavo joIe. A krAMtinuM mahattva

Page #609
59 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tArA magaja upara ThasAvavA khAtara meM A bhUmikA ATalI lAMbI karI che, samAja ke dezanI Toca uparanA rAjA ke zAsAne badalanArI e kevaLa rAjakIya krAMti nahotI. e krAMtie te samAjanA dareka vargane, kahe ke pratyeka vyaktine asara karI che. yaMtra ane udyogavAdanA vijaya eTale ke yaMtrano kAbU jemanA hAthamAM hoya te varSAMte vijaya me tane ghaNA vakhata upara kahyuM che tema je vanA hAthamAM utpAdananAM sAdhanono kAbU hoya te ja varganA hAthamAM rAjasattA paNa rahevAnI. prAcIna samayamAM jamIna e utpAdananuM eka mAtra sAdhana hatuM. eTale jemanI pAse jamIna hatI teo --- jamInadAro sattAdhIza hatA. cuDala samAjavyavasthAnA kALamAM A sthiti hatI. e pachI jamIna sivAyanI bIjI sa Mpatti paNa udbhave che eTale jamInadAravarga utpAdananAM navAM sAdhanAnA mAlikAne potAnI sattAnA bhAgIdAra banAve che, ane have A pracaMDa yaMtre Ave che eTale svAbhAvika rIte ja yA upara kAbU dharAvanAra varga AgaLa Ave che ane te sattAdhIrA bane che. nagaravAsI khUMjhavA athavA madhyama varga kavI rIte mahattva prApta karyuM" tathA cUDala umarAveA sAthe laDIne keTaleka sthAne teNe kevI rIte amuka aMze jIta meLavI e huM A patrAmAM tane ghaNI vAra kahI gaye chuM. kacUDala vyavasthAnA patana viSe huM tane kahI gayo chuM ane mane lAge che ke meM tArA manamAM kaIka evA khyAla pedA karyAM che ke navA UbhA thayelA mUjhavA athavA madhyama vage tenI jagyA lIdhI. jo ema hoya te! mAre mArI bhUla sudhAravI joIe; kema ke madhyamavarga bahu dhIme dhIme sattA upara AvyA ane je samayanI ApaNe vAta karI rahyAM chIe tyAre te sattA upara AvyA nahotA. Ama e samaye rAjasattA jamInanA mAlikAnA hAthamAM hatI. iMgleMDamAM Ama hatuM ane bIje ThekANe to vizeSe karIne e sthiti hatI. jamInanI mAlakI pitA pAsethI putrane ema para parAgata vArasAmAM UtarI AvatI hatI. Ama rAjasattAno adhikAra paNa vArasAmAM maLato. huM tane iMgleMDanAM paoNkeTa kharA ' eTale ke, pAla menTamAM potAnA pratinidhi mokalanAra AMgaLIne veDhe gaNAya eTalA matadAronA banelA matadAra vibhAgo viSe AgaLa upara kahI gayA chuM. A gaNyAgAMThyA matadAro sAmAnya rIte kAikanA kAbU nIce hatA. eTale evA matadAra vibhAgo ' pokeTa kharA ' athavA te tenA gajavAmAMnA matadAra vibhAge (

Page #610
: 597 pracaMDa yaMtrone udaya kahevAtA. A sthitimAM cUMTaNI e phArasarUpa hatI ane temAM bhAre lAMcaruzavate apAtI tathA tenuM ane pArlamenTanI jagyAonuM lilAma thatuM hatuM. AgaLa AvatA jatA madhyamavargane kaI dhanavAna mANasa A rIte pArlamenTanI jagyA kharIdI zakate. paraMtu AmajanatAne mATe te eka mArga khulle nahatA. temane kaI paNa viziSTa adhikAra ke sattA vArasAmAM maLatAM nahotAM ane sattA kharIdI levAne te temane mATe savAla ja nahote. eTale, dhanike tathA paraMparAgata viziSTa adhikAra bhogavanArA leke emanA upara savArI kare tathA temanuM zeSaNa kare e vakhate teo zuM karI zake ? pArlamenTanI aMdara temane kaze avAja nahota; tema ja pArlamenTanA sabhyanI cUMTaNImAM paNa temanuM kazuM cAlatuM nahi. teo kadI bahAra dekhAva kare tenI sAme paNa sattAvALAo ghurakiyAM karatA ane temane baLajabarIthI dAbI devAmAM AvatA. temanAmAM kazuMye saMgaThana nahatuM tathA teo nirbaLa ane asahAya hatA. paraMtu jyAre temanI yAtanAo tathA musIbate hada vaTAvI jatI tyAre kAyado ane vyavasthAne UMce mUkI teo tephAne caDI ramakhANa karatA. Ama 18mI sadImAM iMglaMDamAM ThIka ThIka geravyavasthA vartatI hatI. janasamudAyanI Arthika sthiti kharAba hatI. nAnA kheDUtene bhAge tathA temane cUsIne pitAnI jamInadArI vadhAravAnA moTA meTA jamInadAranA prayAsone kAraNe paristhiti ethIye vizeSa bagaDI. gAmegAmanAM gocare haDapa karI javAmAM AvyAM. A badhAne pariNAme janatAnAM duHkha tathA hADamArI vadhatAM gayAM. rAjyazAsanamAM pitAne kazeye avAja nahote e vastu pratye paNa lekamAM aNagamo pedA thayo ne vadhAre svataMtratA mATe paNa kaMIka aspaSTapaNe mAgaNI thavA lAgI. krAMsamAM te paristhiti ethIye kharAba hatI ane ene pariNAme tyAM krAMti phATI nIkaLI. iMglaMDamAM rAjAnuM jhAjhuM mahattva nahotuM rahyuM ane rAjasattA pramANamAM vadhAre lokonA hAthamAM AvI hatI. vaLI krAMsanI peThe IMglaMDamAM rAjakIya vicArane vikAsa thavA pAmyuM nahote. eTale IgleMDa ugra tephAnamAMthI bacI gayuM ane tyAM AgaLa parivartana dhImI gatithI thayuM. e daramyAna, udyogIkaraNane kAraNe thayelA jhaDapI pheraphAroe tathA navI Arthika vyavasthAe e gatine vadhAre tvarita karI. 18mI sadImAM iMglaMDanI rAjakIya pUrva pIThikA AvI hatI. khAsa karIne videzI kArIgare AvIne vasavAne kAraNe gRhaudyogamAM IMglaDa

Page #611
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bahu AgaLa vadhI gayuM hatuM. yuropamAM thayelAM dhArmika yuddhone lIdhe dhaNA praTeTane pitAne deza tathA gharabAra tajIne iMglaMDana Azaro levAnI pharaja paDI. je samaye spenanA leka nedharalaeNnDajhane baLa kacarI nAkhavAne mathI rahyA hatA tyAre saMkhyAbaMdha kArIgare tyAMthI nAsIne iMglaMDamAM jaI vasyA. ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke emAMnA lagabhaga 30,000 jeTalA kArIgara pUrva igleMDamAM vasyA ane dareka kArIgaranA gharamAM eka aMgrejI zikhAu umedavArane rAkhavAnI zarate rANI ilijhAbethe temane tyAM vasavAnI paravAnagI ApI. A vastuo jhaMDane pitAne sutarAu kApaDa udyoga khIlavavAmAM madada karI. jyAre e udyoga barAbara jAmI gaye tyAre glanA le e nedharalaeNnDajha kApaDa pitAnA dezamAM AvatuM baMdha karyuM. daramyAna nedharalaeNjha te hajI potAnI AjhAdInI jIvasaTosTanI laDAImAM gUMcavAyeluM hatuM eTale tenA udyoga upara phaTako paDyo hato. AthI have evuM banavA pAmyuM ke, pahelAM nedharalenDa jhanuM kApaDa bharIne saMkhyAbaMdha vahANe iMglaMDa jatAM hatAM te aTakI gayAM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa have e pravAha UlaTI dizAmAM vahevA lAge ane have IgleMDanuM kApaDa nedharalenDjha javA lAgyuM ane dinapratidi tenuM pramANa vadhatuM gayuM. Ama beljiyamanA vAlUna lekAe aMgrejone kApaDa vaNavAne hunnara zIkhavyuM. pachIthI tyAM hyugenoTa lekA - phrAMsanA proTesTaMTa saMpradAyanA Azrita - AvyA. temaNe aMgrejone rezama vaNavAne hunnara zikha. 17mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM yuropamAMthI saMkhyAbaMdha nipuNa kArIgara IgleMDa AvI vasyA ane temanI pAsethI aMgrejo kAgaLa. kA, jAtajAtanAM yAMtrika ramakaDAM tathA nAnAM moTAM ghaDiyALo vagere banAvavAnA aneka udyoge zIkhyA. A rIte yurepanA Aja sudhI pachAta gaNAtA deza iMgleMDanuM mahatve have vadhyuM tathA tenI samRddhi paNa vadhI. laMDananI paNa unnati thaI ane mAtabara banatA jatA vepArIo tathA sodAgaravALuM te eka ThIka ThIka mahatvanuM baMdara banyuM. eka majAnI vAta uparathI ApaNane jaNAya che ke 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM ja laMDana mahatvanuM baMdara tathA vepAranuM mathaka banI gayuM hatuM. IgleMDane rAjA jemsa 1le pitAnuM mAthuM gumAvanAra 1lA cArjIne pitA hato. te rAjAonA TevI adhikAra" tathA ApakhudIne bhAre puraskartA hate. pArlAmenTa tathA

Page #612
pracaDa catronA uca 199 laMDananA lebhAgu vepArIo pratye tene bhAre aNugamA hatA. eka vakhate gussAmAM AvI jaI te potAnI rAjadhAnI kasapharDa laI javAnI teNe laMDanavAsIone dhamakI ApI. laMDananA laoNDameyara ( tyAMnI myunisipAlikInA pramukha) e dhamakIthI jarAye DagyA nahi ane teNe jaNAvyuM ke, ' Apa nAmadAra kRpA karIne amAre mATe Temsa nadI te mUkatA jaze! evI huM AzA rAkhuM chuM !' laMDananA A binaka vepArI varganuM pAmenTane bhAre pIThabaLa hatuM ane 1lA cArlsa sAthenI laDAI daramyAna teNe tene moTA bhAganA paisA ApyA hatA. IMgleMDamAM je A badhA hunnara udyogo vikasyA te gRhaudyogo kahevAya che. kahevAnI matalaba e che ke kArIgare athavA zilpIo sAmAnya rIte potAnA gharamAM athavA nAnA nAnA samUhomAM kAma karatA. hiMdustAnanI keTalIka nyAtane maLatAM dareka dhaMdhAnA kArIgaronAM maDaLo hatAM. e maMDaLe gIlDa ' kahevAtAM. paraMtu e maDaLAmAM hiMdustAnanI tyAtomAM raheluM dharmanuM tattva nahetuM. pravINa kArIgare zikhAu umedavAre rAkhatA ane temane potAnA hunnara zIkhavatA. vaNakaro pAse potAnI sALA hatI ane kAMtanArAo pAse potapotAnA reTiyA hatA. kAMtavAnuM to lagabhaga sAtrika hatuM ane strIo tathA chekarIonA e phAlatu vakhatanA udyoga hato. kAI kAI jagyAe nAnAM nAnAM kArakhAnAM paNa hatAM. tyAM AgaLa theADI sALA ekatra karIte badhA vaNukaro eka sAthe kAma karatA. paraMtu pratyeka vaNakara potAnI sALa upara alaga kAma karatA ane te potAnI sALa upara ghara AgaLa kAma kare athavA kAIka ThekANe bIjA vaNakarAnI sAthe besIne kAma kare emAM kaze! ja taphAvata nahotA. AvuM nAnuM kArakhAnuM pracaMDa yatrAvALA AjanA kArakhAnAthI bilakula bhinna hatuM. : AvA gRhaudyoge e samaye kevaLa iMglaMDamAM ja vikasyA ema nathI paNa sArI duniyAmAM jyAM jyAM udyogonuM prAdhAnya hatuM tedareka dezamAM tene vikAsa thavA pAmyA hatA. Ama hiMdustAnamAM A gRhaudyogoe bhAre pragati karI hatI. iMglaMDamAM te Aje gRhaudyogo lagabhaga nAmazeSa thaI gayA che, paNa hiMdustAnamAM te emAMnA ghaNAkharA hajI kAyama che. hiMdustAnamAM te pracaMDa yaMtra tathA nAnI gharasALa hajI eka sAthe cAlu che ane tuM e bannenI tulanA karI zake ema

Page #613
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana che. tuM jANe che ke ApaNe paherIe chIe te kApaDa khAdI che. te hAthathI kAMtelI ane hAthathI vaNelI che ane e rIte te saMpUrNapaNe hiMdanAM mATInAM jhuMpaDAonI pedAza che. paraMtu IMglaMDamAM te navI yAMtrika zedhAe tyAMnA gRhaudyoga upara bhAre asara karI che. yaMtra, mANase karavAnuM kAma vadhu ne vadhu karavA lAgyAM ane e che prayane vadhAre pramANamAM utpanna karavAnuM temaNe sugama banAvI mUkyuM. A zodha 18mI sadInA vacagALAmAM zarU thaI ane ApaNA have pachInA patramAM ApaNe temane vicAra karIzuM. meM ApaNI khAdInI caLavaLa viSe saheja ullekha karyo che. ahIM AgaLa huM e viSe vadhAre kahevA mAgatA nathI. paraMtu mAre tane e jaNAvI devuM joIe ke, khAdInI caLavaLa tathA reMTiyAne Azaya pracaMDa yaMtra sAthe spardhA karavAne nathI. ghaNA leke AvI bhUla kare che ane mAnI le che ke reMTiyo eTale yaMtra tathA udyogIkaraNane lIdhe prApta thatI badhI vastuono tyAga ane madhyayuga tarapha punargamana, e badhuM khoTuM che. ApaNI caLavaLa udyogIkaraNa ke yaMtra tathA kArakhAnAMonI viruddha bilakula nathI. ApaNe te hiMda pAse badhI uttama vastuo hoya ane te paNa banI zake eTalI tvarAthI tene prApta thAya ema cAhIe chIe. paraMtu hiMdanI AjanI dazA ane khAsa karIne ApaNuM kheDUtavarganI bhayaMkara garIbAI jatAM ApaNe temane temanA phAjala vakhatamAM kAMtavAnuM sUcavyuM che. A rIte teo kaMIka aMze temanI sthiti sudhAre che eTaluM ja nahi paNa ApaNA dezamAMthI aDhaLaka delata ghasaDI janAra videzI kApaDa uparanI ApaNI paravazatA ochI karavAmAM paNa madadagAra thAya che.

Page #614
98 iMglaMDamAM audyogika krAMtine AraMbha 27 sapTembara, 1932 have mAre tane utpAdananI paddhatimAM bhAre parivartana karanAra keTalIka yAMtrika ze viSe kahevuM joIe. Aje ApaNe milamAM joIe chIe tyAre te te yaMtra sAva sAdAM lAge che. paraMtu temanI pahelavahelI kalpanA karavI ane temanI zodha karavI e mahAmuzkela vAta hatI. AmAMnI pahelavahelI zodha 1738nI sAlamAM thaI e sAlamAM "ke"nAmanA mANase kapaDuM vaNavA mATe phaTakAthI cAlatA kAMThalAnI zodha karI. A zodha pahelAM vaNakaranA kAMlAmAM rahelA derAne tANanA tAramAMthI dhIrethI pasAra karavo paDato. phaTakAthI cAlatA kAMThalAe A kriyAne jhaDapI banAvI ane e rIte vaNakaranuM utpanna bevaDuM thaI gayuM. ene pariNAme vaNakara sUtarane vadhAre pramANamAM upayoga karavA lAgyuM. A vadhArAnI mAgane pahoMcI vaLavuM kAMtanArAo mATe vasamuM thaI paDyuM. ane temaNe pitAnuM utpanna vadhAravAne kaMIka upAya zodhavA mAMDyo. 1764nI sAlamAM hArajhIjhe "spiniMga jenI" eTale ke kAMtavAnuM yaMtra zodhI kADhayuM eTale e muzkelIne kaMIka aMze niveDe AvyuM. e pachI rIcarDa ArtharAITa ane bIjAoe navI navI zedha karI. have jaLa-zakti ane pachIthI bASpazaktine upayoga thavA lAgyuM. A badhI zene upaga pahelavahele sutarAu kApaDanA udyogamAM karavAmAM Avyo ane pariNAme ThekaThekANe kArakhAnAMo athavA te kApaDanI mile UbhI thavA lAgI. utpAdananI A navI paddhatine lAbha uThAvanAra bIjo udyoga garama kApaDa udyoga hate. daramyAna 1765nI sAlamAM jemsa voTe pitAnuM varALathI cAlatuM eMjina banAvyuM. A bhAre mahattvano banAva hatuM ane ene pariNAme kArakhAnAMomAM varALayaMtrono upayoga thavA lAgyo. ene lIdhe navAM UbhAM thayelAM kArakhAnAMomAM have kolasAnI jarUra paDavA lAgI. eTale have kelasAno udyoga khIlavA lAgyuM. kolasAnA vaparAzane kAraNe letuM gALavAnI eTale ke kAcA leDhAne gALIne temAMthI zuddha dhAtu judI

Page #615
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pADavAnI navI prakriyA astitvamAM AvI. ethI karIne leDhAne udyoga jhaDapathI khI. kolasAnI khANonI pAse kAlasa sate maLate hevAthI tyAM AgaLa navAM kArakhAnAMo UbhAM thayAM. A rIte iMglaMDamAM kApaDane, levAno ane kAlasAne ema traNa moTA udyoga khIlyA. ane kolasAnI khANonI pAse tathA bIjI anukULa jagyAoe meTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMo UbhAM thayAM. have iMglaMDanI sUrata badalAI gaI hariyALA ane AlAdaka grAmapradezane badale tyAM AgaLa ghaNekhare ThekANe have navAM navAM kArakhAnAo UbhAM thayAM ane dhumADAnA goTegeTA kADhatAM temanAM UMcAM UMcAM bhUMgaLAMo AsapAsanA pradezane kALo banAvavA lAgyAM. kolasAnA DuMgara ane kacarAnA DhagalAonI vacce AvelA A kArakhAnAo AMkhane jevAM game evAM suMdara nahatAM. AvAM kArakhAnAMonI bAjumAM UbhAM thayelAM odyogika nagaze paNa jevAM game evAM nahotAM. e te koI paNa prakAranI yejanA vinA game tema avyavasthita rIte UbhAM thayAM hatAM, kema ke kArakhAnAonA mAliMkAne te vadhAre ne vadhAre paisA kema kamAvA e ja eka mAtra hetu hate. AvAM nagaro vizALa, kadarUpAM ane gaMdAM hatAM, paraMtu bhUkhamaro veThatA majUrone te A badhuM tema ja kArakhAnAonI nukasAnakAraka paristhiti calAvI lIdhA sivAya chUTako nahote. meTA jamInadAroe nAnA nAnA kheDatene nicovIne temanI jamIna pacAvI pADI tethI IgleMDamAM bekArI vadhI gaI ane pariNAme tyAM AgaLa ramakhANo thayAM ane geravyavasthA vadhavA pAmI, e viSe meM tane AgaLa kahyuM hatuM te tane yAda haze. AraMbhakALamAM te A navA udyogoe paristhiti UlaTI vadhAre bagADI khetInA dhaMdhAne bhAre dhakko lAge ane tethI karIne bekArI vadhavA pAmI. vaLI navI navI dhe thatI gaI tene pariNAme majUronuM sthAna yaMtroe lIdhuM. ethI karIne majUrone kAma parathI, phArega karavAmAM AvyA ane pariNAme majUromAM roSanI lAgaNI pedA thaI. meTA bhAganA majUro navAM baMne dhikkAravA lAgyA ane tenI bhAMgaphoDa karavAnI hada sudhI paNa teo gayA. A leke 'yaMtra bhAMganArAo" kahevAtA. yuropamAM AvI rIte yaMtra bhAMgavAne ItihAsa bahu lAMbo che ane te cheka semI sadIthI - jyAre jarmanImAM sAdI yAMtrika sALanI zodha thaI hatI tyArathI - zarU thAya che. 15nI sAlamAM eka iTAliyana

Page #616
iglaMDamAM audyogika krAMtine AraMbha pAdarIe lakhelA jUnAM pustakamAM A sALa viSe lakhavAmAM AvyuM che ke DejhiganI nagara sabhAe ( TAuna kAunsila) e zodhane lIdhe saMkhyAbaMdha mANase bekAra banaze evA bhayathI yAMtrika sALane nAza karAvyo ane tenA zodhakane cUpacApa gaLuM dabAvIne ke DubADIne mArI nAMkhavAmAM Avyo ! enA zedhakanA manasvIpaNe AvA hAla karavAmAM AvyA chatAMye 17mI sadImAM e yaMtra pharI pAchuM vaparAzamAM AvyuM. ene kAraNe yuropabharamAM ramakhANa thayAM. ghaNuM sthaLoe ene upayoga thatuM aTakAvavA mATe kAyadA karavAmAM AvyA ane keTaleka ThekANe te tene bhara bajAramAM jAhera rIte bALI mUkavAmAM paNa AvyuM. enI pahela vahelI zodha thaI tyArathI e yaMtra pracAramAM AvyuM hota te saMbhava che ke enA pachI bIjI zeThe paNa thAta ane yaMtrayugane AraMbha thaye tenA karatAM vahele thAta. paraMtu ene vaparAza na thayuM. kevaLa e ja hakIkata darzAve che ke te samaye enA pracAra mATe saMjoge anukULa nahotA. paraMtu jyAre e saMjoge anukULa thayA tyAre iMglaMDamAM aneka ramakhANe thavA chatAMye yaMtrae pitAnI jaDa ghAlI. yaMtra pratye majUro roSe bharAya e bahu ja svAbhAvika hatuM. paraMtu teo dhIme dhIme samajyA ke emAM doSa yaMtrone nahote paNa gaNyAgAMThayA mANasenA lAbhane arthe je rIte ene upayoga thato hato te paddhatine doSa hatuM. paraMtu have ApaNe iMglaMDamAM thayelI yaMtro tathA kArakhAnAMonI pragatinI vAta upara AvIzuM. gaNyAgAMThayAM kArakhAnAMo aneka gRhaudyoga tathA ghara AgaLa kAma karanArA asaMkhya kArIgarone hajama karI gayAM. ghara AgaLa kAma karanArA kArIgare yaMtra sAthe spardhA karI zake ema nahotuM. eTale pitAnA jUnA udyogadhaMdhA cheDIne jemane teo dhikkAratA hatA te ja kArakhAnAomAM majUra tarIke kAmagIrI zedhavAnI athavA te bekAranA samUhamAM bhaLI javAnI temane pharaja paDI. gRhaudyoga eka sapATa paDI bhAgyA ema na kahI zakAya, paraMtu ThIkaThIka tvarAthI te nirmULa thayA. e sadInA aMtamAM eTale ke 1800nI sAlanA arasAmAM ThekaThekANe meTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMo dekhAvA lAgyAM. 30 varasa pachI sTephanasananA "rokeTa" nAmanA suprasiddha eMjinanI sAthe IgleMDamAM AgagADIo zarU thaI ane e rIte AkhA dezamAM udyogonAM lagabhaga badhAM khAtAomAM tathA samagra jIvanavyavahAramAM paNa yaMtra dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre pagapisAra karatAM ja gayAM.

Page #617
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana - badhA ja zodhake, jemAMnA ghaNAkharAnAM nAme meM ullekha paNa nathI ke teo, jAtamahenata karanAra majUra vargamAM pedA thayA hatA e hakIkata neMdhapAtra che. AraMbhanA samayanA AgevAna udyogapatio paNa A ja vargamAMthI pedA thayA hatA. paraMtu temanI zenAM pariNAme tathA e zene lIdhe uddabhavelI kArakhAnAMnI paddhatine lIdhe zeTha tathA majUra vaccenuM aMtara hajI vadhavAnuM hatuM. kArakhAnAne majUra yaMtranA cakakaranA eka dAMtA jevuM banI gayuM ane pracaMDa Arthika baLAnA hAthamAM te asahAya thaI gaye. e baLe viSe tene kazIye samaja nahotI, pachI tene kAbUmAM rAkhavAnI te vAta ja zI ? jyAre kArIgare e tathA zilpIoe navAM kArakhAnAMone pitAnI sAthe spardhA karatAM tathA pitAnAM purANa ane sAdAM ojArethI gharabeThAM je vastuo teo mAMDa banAvI zakatA hatA te karatAM paNa atizaya ochI kiMmate e vastuo banAvIne vecatAM joyAM, tyAre teone lAgyuM ke paristhiti kaMIka bagaDI che. pitAnI kazIye kasura na hovA chatAM temane temanI nAnI nAnI dukAno baMdha karavI paDI. teo pitAnA ja dhaMdhAmAM paNa TakI zake ema nahatuM te pachI bIjA navA dhaMdhAmAM saphaLa thavAnI AzA ochI ja hatI. eTale teo bekAranA saMdhamAM bhaLyA ane bhUkhamarAne bhoga banyA. "bhUkha e te kArakhAnAnA mAlikane kavAyata karAvanAra katAna che" ema kahevAmAM AvatuM. ane sAce ja bhUkhe temane navAM kArakhAnAmAM kAmagIrI zodhavAnI pharaja pADI. kArakhAnAnA mAlikee temane tarapha lezamAtra rahemanajara dAkhavI nahi. badalAmAM mAMDa piTiyuM ApIne temaNe temane kAma te ApyuM, paNa e peTapUratI majUrIne khAtara temane pitAne jIvanarasa - pitAnuM lehI kArakhAnAmAM reDavuM paDayuM. zvAsa rUMdhI nAkhe evI ane galIca tathA svAsthane hAnikAraka jagyAe strIo tathA bALako paNa, temanAmAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM lagabhaga bezuddha thaI jAya ane thAkathI lathaDI paDe tyAM sudhI, kalAkonA kalAke kAma karatAM. puruSa kalasAnI khANanA bhayarAmAM savArathI sAMja sudhI kAma karatA ane mahinAo sudhI teo divasanuM ajavALuM jevA pAmatA nahi. paraMtu A badhuM kevaLa mAlikanI krUratAne AbhArI hatuM ema tuM rakhe mAnI besatI. teo IrAdApUrvaka krara hatA ema na kahI zakAya, emAM doSa paddhatine che. teo te pitAne rajagAra vadhAravA tathA duniyAbharanAM dUra dUranAM bajAre bIjA dezonA hAthamAMthI paDAvI pitAne

Page #618
iMglaMDamAM audyogika krAMtine AraMbha 105 hAtha karI levA utsuka hatA; ane ene khAtara teo kaI paNa vastu calAvI levA taiyAra hatA. navAM kArakhAnAo bAMdhavAmAM tathA navAM yaMtra kharIdavAmAM puSkaLa dravyanI jarUra paDatI hatI. ane kArakhAnuM mAla pedA karavA mAMDe tathA te mAlanuM vecANa thAya tyAra pachI ja nANAM pAchAM pharavA lAge. eTale kArakhAnAnA mAlike kArakhAnuM bAMdhavA mATe atizaya karakasara karatA ane temAMthI pedA thatA mAlanA vecANamAMthI paisA AvavA mAMDe tyAre teo bIjAM navAM kArakhAnAM bAMdhavA lAgatA. temaNe bIjAo karatAM vaheluM udyogIkaraNa karyuM hatuM eTale duniyAnA bIjA dezo karatAM teo AgaLa paDyA hatA ane e paristhitine teo lAbha levA cahAtA hatA. ane sAce ja, temaNe ene pUrepUro lAbha uThA. eTale pitAne rojagAra vadhAravAnI ane vadhAre ne vadhAre paisA kamAvAnI AMdhaLI kAmanAne vaza thaIne jemanI mahenata majUrI temanI dhanadelatanI sAmagrI pedA karI rahI hatI te rAMka majUrone temaNe kacaDI nAkhyA. Ama udyoganI A navI paddhati baLavAna leke vaDe nirbaLonA zoSaNa mATe khAsa anukUla hatI. ApaNe joyuM ke samagra ItihAsakALa daramyAna baLavAna leke nabaLAone cUsatA AvyA hatA. kArakhAnA paddhatie e vastu vadhAre sugama banAvI. kAyadAnI dRSTie te tyAM AgaLa gulAmagIrI nahatI paraMtu vastutAe bhUkhe maratA majUranI ke paravaza banelA kArakhAnAnA majUranI dazA prAcIna samayanA gulAma karatAM bhAgye ja sArI kahI zakAya. kAyade te kArakhAnAnA mAlikanI saMpUrNapaNe tarapheNa karate hate. are, dharma paNa tenI tarapheNamAM hato ane garIbone A duniyAnI durdazA veThI laIne paralekamAM tenuM vaLatara meLavavAnI apekSA rAkhavAnuM sUcavate. ane rAjakartA vage te evI phAvatI AvatI philasUphI UbhI karI ke samAjanI dhAraNune arthe garIba, le kAnI AvazyakatA che eTale ochI majUrI ApavI e sadAcAra che. je majUrI vadhAre ApavAmAM Ave te garIba leka mejamajA karavAno prayatna kare ane sakhata majUrI kare nahi. AvI jAtanA vicAre anukULa ane phAyadAkAraka hatA, kema ke kArakhAnAnA mAlike tathA bIjA dhanika lekenA aihika svArthane te baMdha besatA AvatA hatA. e samaya viSe je pustaka lakhAyAM che temanuM vAcana atyaMta rasaprada ane bedhaka che. temAMthI ApaNane ghaNuM zIkhavAnuM maLe che. utpAdananI yAMtrika prakriyAe arthakAraNa ane samAja upara kevI bhAre asara karI

Page #619
* jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatI e vastu ApaNe emAMthI joI zakIe chIe. AkhI samAja vyavasthAmAM UthalapAthala thaI gaI; navA vargo AgaLa AvyA ane sattAdhIza banyA ane kArIgara varga kArakhAnAne majUravarga banI gaye. A uparAMta, navuM arthakAraNa lakAnI dhArmika tema ja naitika mAnyatAo para ghaDavA lAgyuM. janasamuhanI mAnyatAo temanAM hita tathA va bhAvanAne anurUpa rahe che, ane temanA hAthamAM sattA Ave che tyAre potAnA varganAM hitonuM rakSaNa karanArA kAyadA ghaDavAnI teo khAsa kALajI rAkhe che. bezaka, A badhuM nyAyIpaNAnA pUrepUrA ADaMbara sahita karavAmAM Ave che ane e kAyadAnI pAchaLa manuSyajAtanuM hita sAdhavAna eka mAtra Azaya che ema DokI DIkIne kahevAmAM Ave che. hiMdanA aMgreja vAisaraoNyA tathA khIjA adhikArIenI ApaNA pratyenI AvI zubhecchAothI ApaNe dharAI gayAM chIe. hiMdanA bhalA mATe te keTakeTaluM karI rahyA che e ApaNane vAravAra saMbhaLAvavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu sAthe sAthe oNrDinansa tathA saMgInanA baLathI te ApaNAM upara rAjya kare che ane ApaNI prajAno javana-rasa nicAve che. ApaNA mInadArA paNa potAnA gaNAtiyA uparanA temanA agAdha premanI vAto kare che, paraMtu temanI pAsethI ganna uparavaTanI sAMdha vasala karatAM ane bhUkhamarAthI temanuM kevaLa hArDapaMjara ja bAkI rahe tyAM sudhI temane cUsatAM tee lezamAtra paNa acakAtA nathI. ApaNA mRDIdAro tathA meTAM meTAM kArakhAnAMnA mAlikA paNa potAnA mantrA mATenI temanI zubhecchAnAM ApaNI AgaLa bhaNagAM phUM" che. paraMtu temanI e zubhecchA majUrane vadhAre majUrI ApavAmAM ke temanI sthiti sudhAravAmAM pariNamatI nathI. badhA naphe navI navI mahelAtA caNavAmAM vaparAya che; majUrAnAM mATInAM jhUMpaDAM sudhAravAmAM tene upayoga thato nathI. OU ja kaI paNa karavAmAM jyAre lAbha hoya tyAre lokA potAnI jAtane tema ja khIjAone kevI rIte chetare che e sAthe ja bhAre Azcarya kAraka che. eTale 18mI sadInA tathA te pachInA aMgreja mAlika temanA majUronI dazA sudhAravAnA hareka prayAsone vidha karatA ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. kArakhAnAMnA tathA majUrAnAM raheThANeAnI sudhAraNA karavA mATenA kAyadAono temaNe virAdha karyAM ane duHkha tathA hADamArIonAM kAraNA dUra karavAnI samAjanI pharaja che e vastu svIkAravAnI temaNe sApha nA pADI. mAtra ALasu lA ja duHkha

Page #620
iMglaMDamAM audyogika krAMtine AraMbha 07 bhagave che evA vicArathI temaNe pitAnA mananuM samAdhAna karyuM. paraMtu kharI vAta e che ke, majUrone teo pitAnA jevA manuSya tarIke lekhatA ja nahotA, vyaktinI koI paNa Arthika pravRttimAM rAce kazI dakhala na karavI ane tene yatheccha rIte pitAnI pragati sAdhavAnI anukULatA karI ApavI evI pitAne phAvatI AvatI philasUphI temaNe upajAvI kADhI. A mata athavA philasUphIne lejhe-phera" philasUphI kahevAmAM Ave che. Ama temane pitAnA dhaMdhA-rojagAramAM sarakAranI kazI dakhalagIrI vinA manamAnyuM karavuM hatuM. mAla banAvavAnAM kArakhAnAMo temaNe bIjA dezonI pahelAM UbhAM karyA hatAM eTale e bAbatamAM teo temanAthI AgaLa hatA. AthI have kazI naDatara vinA peTa bharIne paisA kamAvAnI temanI ekamAtra nema hatI. eTale "le-phera" e to lagabhaga daivI siddhAMta banI gayo. je mANasa tene lAbha uThAvI zake te e siddhAMta dareka jaNane taka Ape che evuM ene viSe mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. dareka strI ane puruSe AgaLa vadhavA mATe AkhI duniyA sAthe jhaghaDavuM joIe ane e jhaghaDAmAM moTA bhAganA lokone | kaccaraghANa nIkaLI jAya te zuM ? A patromAM meM tane mANasa mANasa vaccenA paraspara vyavahAramAM sahakAranI uttarottara thatI jatI pragati viSe kahyuM che, tathA e vastu rAjyanA pAyArUpa che ema paNa jaNAvyuM che. paraMtu "lejhe-phera" siddhAMta ane navA mUDIvAde te duniyAmAM jaMgalane kAyado pravartAvyo. kAlaI le te e "lezvera nI philasUphIne "DukkaranI philasUphI" tarIke varNavI che, paraMtu jIvanavyavahAra ane vepArajagArane A na kAyado ghaDyo koNe? majUre che te e nathI ghaDyo. emAM e bicArA raMka lekane kazeye avAja nahote. bevakUphIbharI bhAvanAne nAme jemane pitAnI saphaLatAmAM kazI dakhala nahotI joItI evA phAvelA agragaNya udyogapationuM e kAma hatuM. eTale svataMtratAne tathA milakatanA hakkone nAme khAnagI gharanI pharajiyAta sAphasUphI tathA mAlamAM thatI bheLaseLanI bAbatamAM vacce paDavAnI sAme paNa temaNe virodha uThAvyo. hamaNAM ja huM mUDIvAda" zabdano prayoga karI gayo. duniyAnA badhA ja dezomAM amuka prakArano mUDIvAda te lAMbA kALathI cAlata Avyo hate. matalaba ke ekaThA karavAmAM AvelA dhanathI udyoga-dhaMdhA cAlatA hatA. paraMtu pracaMDa yaMtra ane udyogavAdanA Agamana pachI

Page #621
18 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kArakhAnAMomAM mAla pedA karavAne mATe ethI aneka gaNu dhananI jarUra paDavA lAgI, e "audyogika mUDI'nA nAmathI oLakhAI tathA odyogika krAMtine pariNAme je artha-vyavathA uddabhavI tene anulakSIne Aje "mUDIvAda" zabda vAparavAmAM Ave che. A arthavyavasthAmAM mUDIdAra, eTale ke mUDInA mAlikanA hAthamAM kArakhAnAMone kAbU hata ane badhe naphe paNa temanA gajavAmAM ja ja hate. udyogIkaraNane pariNAme mUDIvAda AkhI duniyAmAM phelAye--- raziyAnuM seviyeTa prajAtaMtra ane kadAca bIjAM ekabe sthAne Aje emAMthI mukta che. mUDIvAda tenI kArakirdIne AraMbhathI ja garIba ane tavaMgaranA bhede upara bhAra mUkate Avyo che. udyoganA maMtrIkaraNane pariNAme utpAdananuM pramANa bahu vadhI gayuM ane tethI saMpatti meTA pramANamAM pedA thavA lAgI. paraMtu A navI saMpatti te gaNyAgAMThayA mANasenA eTale ke navA udyogonA mAlikanA hAthamAM gaI. majUro te garIbanA garIba ja rahyA. ghaNuMkharuM hiMdustAna tathA bIjA pradezanA zeSaNane pariNAme iMglaMDanA majUranA jIvananuM raNa dhIre dhIre vadhavA pAmyuM. paraMtu udyoganA naphAmAM majUravargane hiro te na hato. ghogika krAMti ane mUDIvAda e baMnee maLIne utpAdananA praznane te ukela ANe. paraMtu A navI pedA thayelI saMpattinI vaheMcaNInA praznane temaNe ukela na karyo. eTale saMpanna ane akiMcana vacceno gajagrAha cAlu rahyo eTaluM ja nahi paraMtu te vadhAre tIvra bane. 18mI sadInA uttarAdha mAM audyogika krAMti thaI. aMgreja le ke hiMdustAna tathA keneDAmAM yuddha laDI rahyA hatA te ja A jamAne hate. e ja arasAmAM sAta varasane vigraha thavA pAmyo. A ghaTanA enI paraspara eka bIjA upara bhAre asara thaI plAsInI laDAI bAda ane tyAra pachInA samayamAM IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI tathA tenA karee hiMdamAMthI aDhaLaka paise lUMTI (lAIva te tane yAda haze) iMglaDa meka te tyAMnA navA udyoge sthApavAmAM bhAre sahAyabhUta nIvaDyo. huM tane A patranA AraMbhamAM kahI gayuM chuM ke udyogIkaraNa mAM zarU zarUmAM te khUba nANAMnI jarUra paDe che. temAM aDhaLaka dravya hemavuM paDe che ane thoDA vakhata sudhI te temAMthI kazuM vaLatara maLatuM nathI. lenathI athavA te bIjI rIte pUratAM nANAM na maLI rahe te udyoga cAlu thAya ane temAMthI nANAM maLavA lAge tyAM sudhI ene pariNAme garIbAI ane

Page #622
IgleMDamAM audyogika krAMtine AraMbha 109 hADamArI veThavAM paDe che. pitAnA vikasatA jatA udyoga ane kArakhAnAMo mATe jyAre tene nANuMnI vadhAremAM vadhAre jarUra hatI te ja samaye hiMdamAMthI aDhaLaka dravya meLavavAmAM IMgleMDa bhAre nasIbadAra nIvaDyuM. kArakhAnAMo bAMdhI rahyA pachI bIjI jarUriyAta UbhI thaI pAke mAla taiyAra karavA mATe kArakhAnAMone kAcA mAlanI jarUra paDI. A rIte kApaDa banAvavA mATe rUnI jarUra hatI. paNa, kArakhAnAmAM pedA thayele na mAla khapAvavA mATe navAM bajAranI te ethIye vizeSa jarUra hatI. kArakhAnAM pahelavahelAM zarU karIne iMglaMDa e bAbatamAM bIjA dezothI khUba AgaLa nIkaLI gayuM hatuM. paraMtu te ATaluM badhuM AgaLa hovA chatAMye sahelAIthI mAla khapAvI zakAya evAM bajAre zodhavAmAM tene bhAre muzkelI paDI heta. hiMdustAna vaLI pAchuM pitAnI atizaya nAmarajI hovA chatAM tenI vahAre dhAyuM. hiMdanA aMgrejoe ahIMnA udyogone nAza karavA tathA baLajabarIthI IgleMDanuM kApaDa hiMdamAM ghusADavA je aneka kAvAdAvA ane yuktiprayuktio ajamAvyAM, e viSe huM tane have pachI kahIza. daramyAna, hiMdane kabaje aMgrejonA hAthamAM AvavAthI tathA temaNe tene pitAnI janAone anukULa thavAnI pharaja pADI tethI iglaMDanI audyogika krAMtine kevI madada maLI e mahatvanI hakIkata dhyAnamAM rAkhavA jevI che. 1mI sadI daramyAna ugavAda AkhI duniyAmAM phelAI gaye ane bIjA dezomAM paNa IMglaDe thelI sAmAnya paddhati mujaba ja mUDIvAdI udyogenI pragati thaI. mUDIvAdamAMthI anivAryapaNe navA sAmrAjyavAdane janma thaya; kema ke sarvatra pAka mAla taiyAra karavA mATe kAcA mAlanI tathA taiyAra thayele mAla khapAvavA mATe bajAronI mAga pedA thaI hatI. kAIka dezane kabaje le e kAco mAla tathA bajAra meLavavAne sahelAmAM sahela mArga hatuM. eTale navA pradeze meLavavA mATe vadhAre baLavAna deza vacce ugra jhapAjhapI thavA lAgI. hiMdustAna pitAnA tAbAmAM hovAthI tathA tenA dariyAI baLane kAraNe e bAbatamAM paNa IgleMDa bIjAonA karatAM vadhAre nasIbadAra hatuM. paraMtu sAmrAjyavAda ane tenAM pariNAme viSe te huM tane have pachI kaMIka kahevAne chuM. audyogika krAMtinA AgamanathI aMgrejI duniyA upara lekeziyaranA kApaDanA meTA meTA utpAdaka ane leDhAnA udyoganA tathA kelasAnI khANanA mAlikanuM prabhutva dinapratidina vadhatuM gayuM ka-1

Page #623
99 amerikA iMgleMDathI chUTuM paDI jAya che 2 okaTombara, 1932 have ApaNe 18mI sadInI bIjI mahAna krAMti ~~~ amerikAnI vasAhatAe iMglaMDa sAme uThAvelA baLavA viSe vicArIzuM. e to kevaLa rAjakIya krAMti hatI ane te jene ApaNe hamaNAM vicAra karI gayAM te audyogika krAMti athavA to enA pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM thanArI yuropanI samAjavyavasthAnA pAyA hacamacAvI nAkhanAra krAMsanI krAMti jeTalI yugaprava ka nahotI. Ama chatAMye amerikAmAM thayeluM rAjakIya parivartana mahattvanuM hatuM ane temAMthI bhAre pariNAme nIpajavAnAM hatAM. e kALe svataMtra thayelAM amerikAnAM saMsthAnA vikasIne Aje duniyAne sauthI baLavAna, samRddha ane audyogika rIte sAthI AgaLa vadhelA deza banyo che. 1620nI sAlamAM iMgleMDanA keTalAka proTesTaTAne amerikA laI janAra ' meklAvara ' jahAjanuM tane smaraNa che kharuM ? e proTesTa Tene 1lA jemsanI ApakhudI pasaMda naheAtI; tene dharma paNa temane pasaMda nahAtA. ethI A lakAe -- tyAra pachI te 'yAtrI pUnne ' ( pilagrIma phAdharsa ) nA nAmathI jANItA thayA ---- - iMglaMDamAMthI dezavaTA lIdhA ane jyAM AgaLa temane vadhAre svataMtratA maLI zake ema hatuM evA ATlAMTika mahAsAgaranI pele pAra AvelA ajAyabIbharyAM navA dezamAM jaI saMsthAna vasAvI temaNe vasavATa karyAM. te dezanA uttara bhAgamAM UtaryAM ane e sthAnane temaNe nyU plImaya nAma ApyuM. uttara amerikAnA samudrakAMThAnA khIjA pradezomAM emanA pahelAM paNa vasAhatIe gayA hatA. emanA pachI tyAM AgaLa bIjA vasAhatIo paNa AvatA gayA ane vakhata jatAM uttara amerikAnA AkhA pUrva kinArA upara cheka uttarathI dakSiNa sudhI ThekaThekANe nAnI nAnI vasAMhatA UbhI thavA pAmI. emAM keTalIka kaeNthalika vasAhata hatI, keTalIka iMgleMDanA kaeNveliyara ' umarAvee sthApelI vasAhata hatI ane kaiTalIka "

Page #624
amerikA iMgleMDathI chUTu' paDI jAya che 11. 'vekara ' pa'thIonI vasAhata hatI. pensilveniyAnuM nAma pena nAmanA kvekara uparathI paDyuM che. tyAM AgaLa keTalAka Daca, Dena, jarmana ane phreMca lekA paNa vasyA hatA. Ama tyAMnI vasatI mizra hatI, paraMtu temAM aMgreja vasAhatIonuM pramANa sAthI vizeSa hatuM. Daca leAkAe eka zahera vasAvyuM ane tenuM nAma nyU AmasTaraDAma pADayu. pachIthI aMgreja leAkAe e zahera lIdhuM tyAre e nAma badalI tenuM nAma nyUyaoNrka pADayuM. Aje e zahera e ja nAmathI prasiddha che. aMgreja vasAhatIoe iMgleMDanA rAjA tathA pAMmenTanuM Adhipatya svIkAravAnuM cAlu rAkhyuM hatuM. moTA bhAganA vasAhatIo temanI tyAMnI dazAthI asaMtuSTa thaIne ane rAjA tathA pAmenTanAM keTalAMka kRtya pasaMda na paDavAthI potAnAM dharabAra choDIne cAlI nIkaLyA hatA. paraMtu temanAthI sAva chUTA paDI javAne temane irAdo nahAtA. jemAM rAjAnA pakSakAro tathA ' kaeNveliyara ' lekAnuM prAdhAnya hatuM evAM dakSiNanAM saMsthAne tA iMglaMDa sAthe vadhAre nikaTapaNe sakaLAyelAM hatAM. A badhI vasAhata athavA saMsthAnAnuM jIvana eka bIjAthI aLaguM hatuM ane temanAmAM kAI eka sAmAnya tattvane abhAva jaNAtA hatA. 18mI sadI sudhImAM amerikAnA pUrva kinArA upara AvAM 13 saMsthAnA UbhAM thayAM hatAM. e badhAM upara iMglaMDano kAbU hatA. temanI uttare kaeNneDA hatuM ane dakSiNe spenanA tAbAnA pradeza hatA. A pradezanI Daca, Dena tathA khIjI vasAhatAne A 13 saMsthAne hajama karI gayAM. ane e vasAhatA paNa IMgleMDanA tAbA heThaLa AvI gaI. paNa yAda rAkhaje ke A saMsthAnA pUrvanA AkhA dariyAkinArA upara ane tenI saheja aMdaranA pradezamAM ja vasyAM hatAM. enI pAra pazcime cheka prazAnta mahAsAgara sudhI vistarelA vizALa pradeza paDelA hatA. e pradeza A 13 saMsthAnAnA kSetraphaLa karatAM lagabhaga dazagaNA vizALa haze. e vistINu mulakamAM phrAI yuropiyana vasAhatIoe vasavATa karyAM nahAto. e pradezamAM reDa inDiyane vasatA hatA ane te temanI judI judI jAti ane TALIonA kabajAmAM hatA. irAkavoIsa e reDa inDiyanAnI mukhya jAti hatI. tane yAda haze ke 18mI sadInA vacagALAmAM iMgleMDa ane phrAMsa vacce duniyAbharamAM yuddha cAlatuM hatuM. e yuddha sAta varasanA vigrahane nAme jANItuM thayuM che. e vigraha kevaLa yurepamAM ja nahi paNa hiMdustAna tema ja kaeNneDAmAM paNa laDAyeA hatA. emAM iMglaMDa jItyuM ane phrAMsane

Page #625
312 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana keneDA choDIne IgleMDane ApI devuM paDyuM. A rIte phrAMsane amerikAmAMthI dUra karavAmAM AvyuM ane uttara amerikAnAM badhAM saMsthAne IgleMDanA kAbU nIce AvyAM. mAtra keneDAnA kivabeka prAMtamAM ja pheMcanI theDI vasatI hatI. bAkInI badhI vAsahate pradhAnapaNe aMgreja vasAhata hatI. e tAjubInI vAta che ke kivabeka hajI paNa eMglo-sekasana' lekenI vasatInI vacce phreMca bhASA tathA phreMca saMskRtinA TApu samAna rahyuM che. huM dhAruM chuM ke kivaeka prAMtanA sauthI moTA zahera maeNTriyalamAM (mAunTa oNyalanuM apabhraMza) perIsa sivAyanA duniyAnA bIjA koI paNa zahera karatAM phreMca bhASA bolanArAonI vasatI vadhAre che. yuropanA dezanA leke AphrikAmAMthI habasIone pakaDI majUrIne mATe amerikA laI jaI gulAmene vepAra karatA hatA, e viSe AgaLanA eka patramAM meM tane vAta karI che. A bhayaMkara ane kAra vepAra moTe bhAge spena, porTugAla ane IMgleMDanA vepArIonA hAthamAM hate. amerikAmAM ane khAsa karIne jyAM AgaLa tamAkunI khetI moTA pAyA upara thavA lAgI hatI te dakSiNanAM saMsthAmAM majUronI bhAre jarUra hatI. dezanA AdivAsIo - jemane reDa inDiyana kahevAmAM Ave che--hajI gepajIvana gALatA hatA ane eka ThekANe TharIThAma thaIne vasavuM temane pasaMda nahotuM. vaLI teo gulAmanI dazAmAM kAma karavA taiyAra nahatA. teo koI paNa saMjogomAM namavA mAgatA nahatA. enA karatAM te teo cUrecUrA thaI javAnuM pasaMda karatA hatA. ane sAce ja DAM varasomAM temanI e ja dazA karavAmAM AvI. temanuM lagabhaga nikaMdana kADhI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM ane ghaNAkharA te UbhI thayelI navI paristhitimAM marI paravAryA. eka vakhate AkhA khaMDa upara vasatA A lekamAMthI Aje jUja ja bAkI rahyA che. vizALa khetare upara A reDa inDiyane te kAma kare ema nahatuM ane majUronI te atizaya jarUra hatI, eTale prANIone zikAra karavAmAM Ave tevI bhayaMkara rIte AphrikAnA hatabhAgI lekane pakaDIne, ApaNane arerATI chUTe evI ghAtakI rIte dariyApAranA dezamAM ravAnA karavAmAM AvatA. A AphrikAnA habasIone varjIniyA, kerelinA ane jorjiyA vagere amerikAnAM dakSiNanAM saMsthAmAM laI javAmAM AvatA ane mukhyatve karIne tamAkunAM meTAM moTAM khetara upara temane ToLAbaMdha kAme lagADavAmAM AvatA.

Page #626
amerikA iMgleDathI chUTuM paDI jAya che 113 amerikAnAM uttaranAM saMsthAno kaMIka judA prakAranAM hatAM. "mephalAvaranA yAtrIpUrvajo" je pUrITana" paraMparA pitAnI sAthe lAvyA hatA te hajI tyAM cAlu rahI hatI. tyAM AgaLa dakSiNanA jevAM vizALa nahi paNa nAnAM nAnAM khetare hatAM. A khetaromAM gulAmenI ke saMkhyAbaMdha majUranI jarUra nahotI. ane tyAM AgaLa jamInane te teTe ja nahote, eTale svAbhAvika rIte ja dareka vasAhatI pitAnuM alaga khetara taiyAra karIne svataMtra thavA ja prerAte. eTale uttaranA pradezanA vasAhatIomAM : samAnatAnI bhAvanA pedA thavA pAmI. A pramANe A saMsthAnomAM be prakAranI arthavyavasthA vikasatI ApaNe jovAmAM Ave che. uttaranA saMsthAnonI arthavyavasthA nAnA nAnAM khetare ane samAnatAnI bhAvanA upara racAyelI hatI, jyAre dakSiNanAM saMsthAnonI arthavyavasthA jene oNnTezana" kahevAmAM AvatAM . evAM vizALa khetare ane gulAmInA pAyA upara racAyelI hatI. reDa InDiyAnuM te A bemAMthI eke vyavasthAmAM sthAna nahotuM. eTale e khaMDanA A AdivAsIo uttarottara pazcima tarapha dhakelAtA gayA. reDa InDiyanonA mAMhomAMhenA jhaghaDA tathA temanA aneka vibhAgene kAraNe A prakriyA vadhAre saphaLa banI. - IgleMDanA rAjA tathA tyAMnA meTAmoTA jamInadAranuM A saMsthAnamAM, khAsa karIne dakSiNanAM saMsthAnamAM bhAre hita saMkaLAyeluM hatuM. teo emAMthI banI zake eTale vadhAre lAbha levAnI koziza karatA hatA. sAta varasanA vigraha pachI amerikAnAM e saMsthAne pAsethI nANuM kaDhAvavAne khAsa prayAsa karavAmAM AvyuM. iMglaMDanI pArlAmenTamAM jamInadAronuM prabhutva hovAthI te amerikAnAM saMsthAnuM banI zake eTala zeSaNa karavAne utsuka hatI, eTale teNe e bAbatamAM rAjAne Teko Apyo. tyAM AgaLa kara nAkhavAmAM AvyA ane vepAra upara aMkuza mUkvAmAM AvyA. tane yAda haze ke hiMdamAM paNa A ja arasAmAM aMgrejoe baMgALamAM kAramuM zoSaNa karavA mAMDyuM hatuM. vaLI hiMdanA vepAranA mArgamAM aneka prakAranA aMtarAyo paNa nAMkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. . paraMtu saMsthAnavAsIoe A aMkuza tathA navA karaverAo sAme virodha uThAvyo. paNa IgleMDanI sarakAra sAta varasanA vigrahamAM tene maLelA vijayane kAraNe potAnA baLa upara mustAka banI hatI, eTale temanA virodhanI teNe leza paNa darakAra karI nahi. sAta varasanA vigrahe saMsthAna

Page #627
jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzana vAsIone paNa ghaNI vastu zIkhavI hatA. have bhinnabhinna saMsthAnanA loko eka bIjAne maLatA thayA hatA tathA eka bIjAnA paricaya karavA lAgyA hatA. temanAmAMnA keTalAka te briTananA vyavasthita sainya joDe phreMca sainyanI sAme laDyA paNa hatA. ane e rIte laDavAnI paddhati tathA vigrahanI bhISaNa ghaTanAthI paricita thayA hatA. ethI karIne sa MsthAnavAsIo paNa je vastune tee potAnA upara gujaratA anyAya tarIke lekhatA hatA tene vaza thavAne jarAye taiyAra nahAtA. * 1773nI sAlamAM jyAre briTiza sarakAre isTa inDiyA kaM panInI cA temanA upara baLajabarIthI lAdavAne prayAsa karyAM tyAre paristhiti kaTokaTIe pahoMcI. isTa inDiyA kaMpanImAM iMgleMDanA ghaNA dhanikAnA zaeNro hatA ane e rIte kaMpanInI AbAdI sAthe temanuM hita saMkaLAyeluM hatuM. sarakAra upara temanI lAgavaga hatI ane ghaNuM karIne to sarakAranA sabhyonuM paNa isTa inDiyA kaMpanInA vepAramAM hita raheluM hatuM. ethI karIte, tene tenI cA amerikA laI javAnuM tathA tyAM te vecavAnuM sugama thaI paDe evI vyavasthA karIne briTirA sarakAre isTa inDiyA kaMpanInA vepArane uttejana ApavAne prayAsa karyAM. paraMtu ene lIdhe sa MsthAne!nA sthAnika cAnA vepArane dhakko lAgyo eTale tyAM AgaLa enI sAme roSanI lAgaNI pedA thaI. pariNAme videzI cAnA bahiSkAra karavAnuM harAvavAmAM AvyuM. 1773nI sAlanA DisembaramAM iTa khanDiyA kaMpanInI cA khAsTanamAM utAravAnA prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA tyAre ene sAmanA thayA. keTalAka sa MsthAnavAsIo reDa inDiyanonA veza dhAraNa karIne gupta rIte mAlathI lAdelAM vahANo upara pahoMcyA ane badhI cA dariyAmAM nAkhI dIdhI. A kArya sahAnubhUti dharAvatA lekAnA moTA ToLA samakSa chaDecoka karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A kArya iMgleMDane eka paDakAra samuM hatuM ane ene paraNAme khaDakhera saMsthAno ane iMgleMDa vacce yuddha bhabhUkI UDyu. ItihAsanI ghaTanAonuM saMpUrNa paNe punarAvartana kI thatuM nathI; ane chatAM kaMI kAI prasaMge ajaba rIte lagabhaga temanI punarAvRtti jevuM banavA pAme che. 1773mAM besTana AgaLa cA dariyAmAM pheMkI devAnA banAva bahu jagajAhera thaI gayA che. ene esTananA cAnA meLAvaDA' ( khesTana TI pArTI ) kahevAmAM Ave che. aDhI varasa upara jyAre bApue dariyAmAMthI mIThuM banAvavAnI caLavaLa upADI ane dAMDI kUca

Page #628
amerikA iMgleDathI chUTuM paDI jAya che u15 tathA mIThA uparanI dhADane AraMbha karyo tyAre amerikAmAM ghaNA lokee tenA besTananA cAnA meLAvaDAnuM smaraNa karyuM hatuM, ane tenI A navA mIThAnA meLAvaDA" (salTa-pATa) sAthe sarakhAmaNI karI hatI. paraMtu bezaka e baMne vacce ghaNo taphAvata hate. deDha varasa pachI 1775nI sAlamAM amerikAnAM saMsthAno tathA - IgleMDa vaccenA yuddhane AraMbha thayo. A badhAM saMsthAne zAne mATe laDavA UDayAM hatAM ? svataMtra thaI javA ke iMgleDathI judAM paDI javA khAtara teo laDavA taiyAra thayA nahatAMyuddha zarU thayuM ane ubhaya pakSanuM lehI vahyuM tyAre paNa saMsthAnA AgevAnoe IMgleMDanA rAjA 3jA oNrjane pitAnA "mahAkRpALu rAjA tarIke saMbodhavAnuM ane pitAne tenI vaphAdAra raiyata gaNavAnuM cAlu rAkhyuM hatuM. A vastu tAre lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che, kema ke aneka vAra Ama banatuM tArA jovAmAM Avaze. heleMDamAM spenanA rAjAnA sainya joDe kadara laDAI cAlI rahI hatI chatAye tyAMnA leke philipane pitAne "rAjAkahetA hatA. varasonAM varasa sudhI laDyA. pachI ja holeMDane pitAnA svAtaMtryanI jAherAta karavAnI pharaja paDI. hiMdamAM paNa ghaNuM varasanA saMkalpavikalpa ane "sAMsthAnika darajjo ane evI bIjI vastuo sAthe ramata karyA pachI 1930nI pahelI jAnyuArIe ApaNI rASTrIya mahAsabhAe svAtaMtryanA dhyeyanI ghoSaNA karI. hajI paNa ahIM keTalAka leke evA che jeo svAtaMtryanA khyAlathI bhaDakatA jaNAya che, ane hiMdamAM sAMsthAnika zAsananI vAte kare che. paraMtu ItihAsa ApaNane zIkhave che tathA hAleMDa ane amerikAnAM daSTAMtoe ApaNane dIvA jevuM spaSTa batAvI ApyuM che ke AvI laDatanuM eka mAtra pariNAma svAtaMtrya ja hoI zake. 1774nI sAlamAM, saMsthAne ane iMglenDa vacce yuddha zarU thayuM te pahelAM thoDA samaya agAu vaiziMgTane jaNAvyuM hatuM ke AkhA uttara amerikAmAM eka paNa vicAravAna mANasa svAtaMtrya cahAte nathI. ane Ama chatAye e ja vaiziMgTana AgaLa upara amerikAnA prajAtaMtrano pahele pramukha thanAra hatA ! yuddha zarU thaI cUkyA bAda 1774nI sAlamAM (koloniyala koMgresa) saMsthAnonI mahAsabhAnA 46 AgevAna sabhyae tenI vaphAdAra raiyata tarIke 3jA jyorja upara eka prArthanApatra mokalyo hato ane temAM sulehazAMtinI tathA "lehInI nIka vahetI' aTakAvavAnI mAgaNI karI hatI. IgleMDa ane amerikAnAM

Page #629
611 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tenAM saMtAna vacce meLa ane zubhecchA punaHsthApita thAya evI temanI tIvra IcchA hatI. temanI mAgaNI mAtra sAMsthAnika svarAja mATenI hatI ane vaiziMgTananA zabdomAM temaNe jAhera karyuM hatuM ke, kaI paNa vicAravAna mANasa svAtaMtryanI mAgaNI karatA nathI. A prArthanApatra zAMtinA prArthanA patra" tarIke jANItuM thayuM che. paraMtu e pachI be varasa karatAM paNa ochA samaya bAda e prArthanApatra upara sahI karanArAomAMnA 25 jaNe bIjA eka dastAveja upara-svataMtratAnI jAherAta upara sahI karI. Ama, saMsthAnoe svAtaMtrya prApta karavA khAtara yuddha zarU karyuM nahotuM. anyAyI karaverA ane temanA vepAra uparanA aMkuzo viruddha temanI phariyAda hatI. pitAnI marajI viruddha briTiza pArlAmenTanA temanA upara kara nAkhavAnA adhikArane temaNe inakAra karyo. "pratinidhitva nahi te kara nahi" e temanI mazadara gheraNA hatI; ane briTiza pArlamenTamAM temanuM pratinidhitva nahatuM. saMsthAnavAsIo pAse sainya nahotuM. paraMtu temanI pAse eka vizALa deza hato ane jarUra paDe tyAre pAchA haTIne teo tene Azraya laI zake ema hatuM. pachI temaNe sainya paNa UbhuM karyuM ane chevaTe. oNrja vaiziMgTana tene senApati thaze. temane AraMbhamAM jUja vija maLyA. paraMtu pitAnA purANA duzmana IgleMDa sAme vera levAnI anukULa lAga maLe che ema mAnIne krAMsa saMsthAnonA pakSamAM bhaLyuM. spene paNa iMgleMDa sAme yuddha jAhera karyuM. iMglaMDanI sthiti kaphoDI banI gaI paraMtu yuddha te ghaNuM varasa sudhI laMbAyuM. 1776nI sAlamAM saMsthAnI mazadra "svataMtratAnI jAherAta" bahAra paDI. 178nI sAlamAM yuddhane aMta Avyo ane 1783nI sAlamAM perIsanA tahanAmA' upara laDanArA baMne pakSe sahI karI. Ama 13 amerikana saMsthAnanuM svataMtra prajAsattAka rAjya banyuM. te yunAITeDa sTeTsa oNpha amerikA (amerikAnAM saMyukta rAjya)nA nAmathI oLakhAya che. paraMtu lAMbA samaya sudhI e saMyukta rAjya paikInuM dareka rAjya bAkInAM rAjya pratye nI najare jotuM hatuM ane temanAthI pitAne lagabhaga svataMtra gaNatuM rahyuM. rASTrIyatAnI athavA teo badhA eka ja prajA che evI bhAvanA te temanAmAM dhIme dhIme pragaTI. e eka vizALa rASTra hatuM ane te pazcima tarapha vadhAre

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amerikA iMgleDathI chUTuM paDI jAya che ka17 ne vadhAre vistaratuM jatuM hatuM. Adhunika duniyAnuM e pahelavaheluM mahAna prajAtaMtra hatuM. jene vAstavika rIte prajAtaMtra kahI zakAya evuM te te samaye sviTjharalaeNnDanuM ekamAtra nAnakaDuM prajAtaMtra hatuM. heleMDa paNa prajAtaMtra hatuM kharuM, paraMtu tenA upara umarAvone kAbU hato. IMglaDa rAjAsattAka hatuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa tenI pArlAmenTa tyAMnA nAnakaDA zrImaMta jamInadAravarganA hAthamAM hatI. eTale yunAITeDa sTeTsanuM prajAtaMtra navIna prakAranuM rASTra hatuM. yurepa ane eziyAnAM rASTronI peThe ene bhUtakALane vAraso nahato. dakSiNanI gulAmInI prathA tathA tyAMnI oNnTezanenI yA vizALa khetaranI arthavyavasthA bAda karatAM tyAM AgaLa kyAla vyavasthAnA kazA avazeSa nahotA. vaMzaparaMparAgata umarAva varga paNa tyAM nahe. Ama bUrjhavA eTale ke bhadrasamAja athavA te madhyama varganA pragatinA mArgamAM jhAjhA aMtarAye nahetA. ethI e varge bahu tvarAthI pitAnI pragati sAdhI. svAtaMtryanA yuddha vakhate tenI vastI mAMDa 40 lAkhanI hatI. be varasa pUrve 1930nI sAlamAM tenI vasatI lagabhaga 12 kare ane 30 lAkha jeTalI thaI che. je vaiziMgTana yunAITeDa sTeTsane pahele pramukha thayo. te varjIniyA saMsthAnane mATe jamInadAra hate. TaoNmasa peIna, beMjAmina kalina, peTika hetrI, Tomasa jepharasana, eDamsa ane jemsa meDIsana e samayanA bIjA mahApuruSo che ane teo prajAtaMtranA saMsthApake lekhAya che. emAM benjAmina phreMkalina vizeSe karIne nAmI hate. vaLI te mahAna vaijJAnika paNa hatA. bALako caDAve che te pataMganI madadathI teNe sAbita karI batAvyuM ke vAdaLAMmAMnI vIjaLI ane kRtrima rIte pedA karavAmAM AvatI vidyuta e eka ja vastu che. 1776nA svataMtratAnA jAheranAmAmAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke, mANasa mAtra samAna janme che. A vidhAnane jhINavaTapUrvaka tapAsIe te jaNAze ke, ene bhAgye ja kharuM kahI zakAya; kema ke keTalAka mANase sabaLa hoya che ane keTalAka durbaLa, ane keTalAka bIjAo karatAM vadhAre buddhizALI ane kAryadakSa hoya che. paraMtu e vidhAnanI pAchaLa bhAva spaSTa ane prazaMsApAtra che. saMsthAnavAsIo yuropanI yUDala vyavasthAnI asamAnatA dUra karavA cahAtA hatA. kevaLa ATalI vAta paNa bhAre pragatirUpa hatI. svataMtratAnI jAherAtanA ghaDanArAomAMnA ghaNuM

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18 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kharA 18mI sadInA vaoNlteyara ane rUsA vagere phrAMsanA philasUphe ane tattvaciMtAnA vicArothI prerAyA hovAnA sabhava che. ' mANasamAtra samAna janme che' -- ane chatAMye e dveSaNA karanArA navA rASTramAM habasIo hatA jemane kazA hakka naheAtA ane jee gulAma hatA ! emanI zI dazA thaI ? navA rAjya--baMdhAraNamAM emane kevuM sthAna maLyuM ? e vakhate te emAM emane kazuM sthAna maLyuM nahi eTaluM ja nahi, paNa Aje sudhdhAM emane temAM sthAna maLyuM nathI, ghaNAM varasA bAda uttaranAM ane dakSiNanAM saMsthAnA vacce bhayaMkara AMtaravigraha thayA ane tene pariNAme gulAmInI prathA rada karavAmAM AvI. paraMtu hajI paNa amerikAmAM habasIonA praznanA niveDA AvyA nathI.

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1:00 bAstiyanuM patana 7 okTobara, 1932 ApaNe 18mI sadInI be krAMtionuM saMkSepamAM avalokana karI cUkyAM chIe. A patramAM huM e sadInI trIjI krAMti - kAMsanI krAMti viSe tane kaMIka kahIza. A traNa krAMti paikI krAMsanI A krAMtie duniyAmAM bhAre khaLabhaLATa macAvya. iMglaMDamAM thayelI audyogika krAMtinuM mahatva bahu bhAre hatuM, paraMtu teNe dhIme dhIme pagapesAro karyo ane ghaNuMkharA lekane te tene vikAsa ane hastI dekhAyAM paNa nahi. te samaye gaNyAgAMThayA leke ja enuM kharuM mahattva samajyA hatA. paraMtu phAMsanI krAMti te vIjaLInA kaDAkAnI peThe ekAeka gAjIne phATI nIkaLI ane teNe yuropanA lekane AzcaryamAM DubADI dIdhA. hajI sudhI yuropa saMkhyAbaMdha rAjAo tathA samrATanI eDI nIce hato. purANuM pavitra romana sAmrAjya vAstavika rIte kyAranuMye mRtaprAya thaI cUkyuM hatuM, paraMtu kAgaLa upara tenI hastI hajI kAyama rahI hatI ane tenA kalevara vinAnA premano eLo AkhA yuropa upara hajI patharAI rahyo hate. rAjAmahArAjAo ane darabAra tathA mahelAtanI e duniyAmAM bahu janasamAjanI bhItaramAMthI eka vicitra ane bhISaNa sarva pedA thayuM. e save jarIpurANA viziSTa adhikAra tathA rUDhionI lezamAtra paNa paravA na karI ane kAMsanA rAjAne jaDamULathI ukheDI pheMkI dIdho ane bIjA rAjAonI paNa e ja dazA karavAnI dhamakI ApI. jemanI teo Aja sudhI avagaNanA karatA AvyA hatA tathA jemane temaNe pitAnI eDI nIce cagadI rAkhyA hatA te AmasamudAyanA baLavAthI yuropanA rAjArajavADAo tathA amIraumarA kampI UThyA emAM kazuM Azcarya che kharuM? krAMsanI krAMti eka jvALAmukhInI peThe phATI nIkaLI. Ama chatAM kAMti tema ja javALAmukhIo pitAnAM kAraNe ke lAMbA kALanI pUrva taiyArI vinA ekAeka phATI nIkaLatAM nathI. temane acAnaka vizleTa

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120 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ja ApaNuM jovAmAM te Ave che ane tethI ApaNe AzcaryamAM bI jaIe chIe. paraMtu pRthvInA peTALamAM te aneka yugethI bhinna bhinna baLo ekabIjAnI sAme kArya karI rahelAM hoya che ane ene lIdhe uttarottara vadhAre ne vadhAre vani ekatra thatuM rahe che. ema thatAM thato chevaTe evI paLa AvI pahoMce che ke jyAre dharatI tene pitAnA garbhamAM samAvI rAkhI zakatI nathI. pariNAme dharatInuM uparanuM paDa phADIne gagana cuMbI javALArUpe te bahAra phATI nIkaLe che ane dhagadhagate lAvArasa parvatanI bAjuomAM vahevA lAge che. e ja pramANe je baLa krAMtinA rUpamAM phATI nIkaLe che te paNa lAMbA kALathI samAjanA peTALamAM kArya karI rahelAM hoya che. ApaNe pANIne tapAvIe tyAre te UkaLavA lAge che. paraMtu tane khabara che ke, te paNa dhIme dhIme garama thatAM thatAM Akhare eka kSaNe ekadama ukaLavA lAge che. vicAre tathA Arthika paristhiti krAMti pedA kare che. potAnA vicAra sAthe baMdhabesatI na hoya evI badhI vastuo pratye durlakSa rAkhanAra sattAdhIza bevakUpha leke mAne che ke caLavaLiyA athavA phitarI leke krAMti karAve che. caLavaLa karanArA te pravartatI paristhitithI asaMtuSTa thayelA loko hoya che. teo paristhitimAM pheraphAra karavA cAhe che ane tene mATe kArya kare che. dareka krAMtinA jamAnAmAM AvA asaMkhya caLavaLiyAo pedA thAya che. e caLavaLiyAo pite paNa samAjamAM pravartatA tIvra asaMtoSa ane khaLabhaLATamAMthI pedA thAya che. paraMtu karaDe leke kaMI eka caLavaLiyAnA kahevA mAtrathI kArya karavA prerAtA nathI. moTA bhAganA leke te salAmatI cAhe che. temanI pAse je kaMI hoya te teo gumAvavA mAgatA nathI hotA. paraMtu jene lIdhe temanI rejaba-rojanI vyathA AMtazaya vadhI jAya ane jIvana lagabhaga azakya bojA samuM thaI paDe evI Arthika paristhiti thaI jAya e vakhate nabaLAmAM nabaLA leke paNa jokhama kheDavAne tatpara banI jAya che. eve samaye ja teo caLavaLiyAnI vAta kAne dhare che kema ke te temanI yAtanAo ane hADamArIomAMthI nIkaLavAno mArga cIMdhate jaNAya che. mArA ghaNA patramAM Ama samudAyanAM duHkha tathA hADamArIo ane tenAM ramakhANe viSe tane kahyuM che. eziyA tema ja yuropanA dareka dezamAM tenAM AvAM ramakhANa thayAM che ane tene pariNAme

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AstiyanuM patana ka1 aneka vAra lohInI nIkA vahI che tathA dhAtakI damana karavAmAM AvyuM che. temanAM du:kha tathA hADamArIJAe A kheDUtone khaDa karavAnuM krAMti kAraka pagaluM levA preryAM hatA. paraMtu sAmAnya rIte temane temanA dhyeya viSe spaSTa khyAlA hotA nathI. temanA vicAronI A aspaSTatAthI tathA saiddhAMtika vicArasaraNInA abhAvathI ghaNI vAra temanA prayAsA niSphaLa nIvaDatA. phrAMsanI krAMtimAM ApaNane eka navI ja vastu jovA maLe che, ane te paNa bahu moTA pramANamAM. e vastu te krAMtikAraka pagalA mATenI Arthika paristhitinI preraNAnI sAthe thayelA vicAronA saMcAga prakAranA sayAga jyAM thavA pAme tyAM AgaLa ja sAcI krAMti thAya che. ane sAcI krAMti jIvana tathA samAjanAM rAjakIya, sAmAjika, Arthika ane dhArmika vagere badhAM ja aMgA upara asara kare che. 18mI sadInAM chevaTanAM varasAmAM phrAMsamAM A vastu banatI ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. A phrAMsanA rAjAnA vaibhavavilAsa, temanuM namAlApaNuM tathA temanA phurAcArIpaNA viSe tema ja AmajanatAne pIsI rahelI kAramI garIbAI viSe huM tane AgaLa kahI cUkyo chuM. vaLI, phrAMsanA laoNkAnA mAnasamAM zarU thayelAM maMthana tathA sa MkSeAbha viSe tathA vaoNlteyara, sA ane moMntakiyA tema ja emanA jevA bIjAoe phelAvelA vicAro viSe paNa meM tane vAta karI che. Ama phrAMsamAM ekI sAthe e aLeA kA karI rahyAM hatAM ane ane ekabIjA upara paraspara asara pADI rahyAM hatAM. A baLe te Arthika hADamArI ane navIna vicArasaraNInuM sarjana. janatAnI vicArasaraNI ghaDAIne tene cokkasa svarUpa maLatAM ghaNA vakhata lAge che; kema ke navA vicAro dhIme dhIme gaLAtA gaLAtA samudAyanA dila sudhI pahoMce che. vaLI potAnA jUnA pyAlA ane pU grahone tajI devAne bahu jUja lekA taiyAra hoya che. ghaNI vakhata te evuM paNa bane che ke, navI vicArapraNAlI kAyama thAya ane Akhare lekA navA vicAronA svIkAra karatA thAya tyAM te| khuda e vicAro ja kaMIka aMze purANA thaI gayA heAya che. e hakIkata noMdhapAtra che ke 18mI sadInA phrAMsanA philasUphAnA vicAro audyogika yuga pahelAMnI yuropanI sthitinI bhUmikA upara racAyelA hatA. paraMtu vAta ema che ke, IMgleMDamAM te lagabhaga e ja arasAmAM audyogika krAMtinA AraMbha thaI cUkayo hatA. ane e krAMti jIvana tathA udyogomAM bhAre parivartana karI rahI hatI ane e rIte phrAMsanA A philasUphAnA dhaNA siddhAMtAnA

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12 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mULamAM dhA karI rahI hatI. audyogika krAMtine kharekhara vikAsa te pAchaLathI thayA ane krAMsanA philasUphe bezaka AgaLa upara zuM banavAnuM che enI AgAhI karI zake ema nahatuM. Ama chatAM, phAMsanI krAMtie pradhAnapaNe jenA upara pitAnI vicArapraNAlI nirmANa karI hatI te krAMsanA philasaphenA vicAre meTA udyoganuM Agamana thatAMnI sAthe amuka aMze jarIpurANuM banI gayA. e game tema che, paNa eTaluM kharuM ke, kAMsanA philasUphanA A vicAro tathA siddhAMtanI phrAMsanI krAMti upara prabaLa asara thaI. AmajanatAnAM baMDa tema ja hullaDonA aneka dAkhalAo pahelAMnA samayamAM paNa maLI Ave che. paNa have te kArya karavAne UDelI jAgrata janatAne athavA kaho ke svayaM preraNAthI kArya karavAne pravRtta thayelI janatAno apUrva dAkhale ApaNane jovA maLe che. mAMsanI A mahAna krAMtinuM mahatva ene lIdhe ja vizeSa che. meM tane kahyuM che ke, 1715nI sAlamAM 15me lUI tenA pitAmaha 14mA lUI pachI krAMsanI gAdIe AvyuM ane 49 varaso sudhI teNe rAjya karyuM. teNe evuM kahyAnuM kahevAmAM Ave che ke, "Apa mUe pi che pUba gaI duniyA. ane sAce ja, tenA e kathana anusAra ja teNe pitAnuM AcaraNa rAkhyuM. teNe potAnA dezane laherathI ApattinA agAdha sAgaramAM dhakelI dIdhe. iMglaMDanI krAMti tathA tene pariNAme tenA rAjAnA thayelA ziraccheda uparathI paNa teNe kaze bedha na lIdhe. 1774nI sAlamAM teno pautra 1me lUIgAdIe AvyuM. te atizaya bevakUpha ane buddhihIna hate. haisabargavaMzI aisTriyAnA samrATanI bahena mArI AMtvAneta joDe te paraNyo hate. te paNa atizaya mUkhe strI hatI, paraMtu tenAmAM amuka prakAranI durAgrahI tAkAta hatI ane 16 lUI saMpUrNa paNe tenA kAbU nIce hate. "rAjAonA devI adhikAra nI bAbatamAM tenA manamAM lUI karatAM paNa vadhAre khumArI hatI. ane AmajanatA pratye tene tiraskAra ha. A patipatnI baMnee maLIne rAjAzAhIne khyAla lekanI najaramAM ghaNApAtra bane evAM kAryo karavAmAM kazI kasara na rAkhI. krAMtinA AraMbha pachI paNa krAMsanI prajA rAjAzAhInA muddA upara kazA nirNaya upara AvI nahatI paraMtu lUI tathA AMtvAneta e baMnee pitAnAM kAryo tathA bevakUphIthI prajAtaMtrane anivArya banAvI mUkyuM. Ama chatAM temanA karatAM vadhAre samaju ane suzIla le che paNa e paristhitimAM bIjuM

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bAtiyanuM patana kara3 kazuM karI zakyAM na heta. 1917nI sAlamAM raziyAmAM krAMti phATI nIkaLavAnI aNI upara hatI te samaye tyAMnA jhAra tathA jhArInAe paNa e ja rIte herata pamADe evI mUrkhAibharyuM AcaraNa karyuM hatuM. vaLI e paNa tAjuba thavA jevuM che ke kaTokaTI jemajema gherI thatI jAya che tematema teo vizeSa bevakuphI karatAM jAya che ane e rIte pitAnA ja saMhAra mATe sugamatA karI Ape che. "Izvara jene nAza karavA cAhe che tene te prathama pAgala banAvI de che" e leTinanI jANItI kahevata temane barAbara lAgu paDe che. saMskRtamAM paNa enA jevI ja eka ukti che - vinAzakAle viparItabuddhiH / - lazkarI kIrti e paNa sAmAnya rIte rAjAzAhI tema ja saramukhatyArInA aneka AdhAromAMne eka AdhAra che. jyAre jyAre dezamAM kAMI takalIpha UbhI thAya tyAre rAjA athavA te rAjyataMtranA sUtradhAre lekenuM lakSa bIjI bAju vALavA mATe deza bahAra lazkarI sAhasa kheDavA prerAya che. paraMtu phAMsamAM lazkarI sAhasanAM pariNAma mAThAM AvyAM hatAM. sAta varasanA vigrahamAM phrAMsano parAjaya thayo ane tene lIdhe rAjAzAhIne bhAre phaTako lAge. Arthika nAdArInI paristhiti vadhu ne vadhu najIka AvatI gaI. amerikAnA svAtaMtryayuddhamAM phrAMsa bhaLyuM temAM paNa kharca thayo. A badhA paisA lAvavA kyAMthI ? umarAve tathA pAdarIo viziSTa hake bhogavatA hatA ane teo karaverAmAMthI mukta hatA. potAnA viziSTa adhikAre cheDI devAnI temanI lezamAtra paNa IcchA nahatI. ane Ama chatAMye, kevaLa devuM bharapAI karavA ja nahi paNa rAjadarabArane lakhalUTa kharaca pUruM pADavA mATe nANuM beThAM karavAnI te AvazyaktA hatI ja. tyAre AmajanatAnI - sAmAnya janasamUhanI dazA zI hatI? hAMsanI krAMti viSe lakhanAra kArlAila nAmanA eka aMgreja lekhakanA pustakamAMthI temanI dazAne citAra rajU karatA eka utAre huM ApIza. tuM joze ke enI zailI viziSTa prakAranI che, paraMtu te pitAnAM zabdacitre bahu saceTatAthI rajU kare che -- zramajIvIo upara vaLI pAchI Akta UtarI rahI che. bhAre durbhAgnanI vAta che! kema ke, emanI saMkhyA bethI aDhI karoDa jeTalI che. temane ApaNe te mATInA eka piMDanI peThe eka ja ghaTaka tarIke lekhIe chIe ane enA aspaSTa, dUradUranA tathA bhISaNa svarUpamAM narAdhama tarIke ane kaMIke sujanatAthI "janatA" tarIke oLakhIe chIe. hA, "janatA" to kharI, paraMtu AkhA krAMsamAM temanAM ghelakAMomAM, mATInAM jhuMpaDAomAM samajazakti sateja karIne

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924 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tene nihALavAno prayatna karaze te tamane jaNAze ke, e janatA paNa alaga alaga ghaTako athavA vyaktionA samudAyanI banelI che. jenA pratyeka ghaTaka ke vyaktine pitAnuM aMtaHkaraNa hoya che, potAnAM sukhaduHkha hoya che tema ja darekane potAnAM rudhiramAM hoya che, tathA cuMTI khaNe to te darekane lehIM paNa nIkaLe che.' A varNana kevaLa 1787nI sAlanA krAMsane ja nahi paraMtu 193ranI sAlanA hiMdustAnane paNa keTaluM badhuM lAgu paDe che ! ApaNAmAMnA ghaNA paNa hiMdanI janatAne- tenA karaDe kisAna tathA lAkho zramajIvIone eka samudAya tarIke nathI lekhatA tathA tene duHkhI ane beDoLa evA eka ja pazu tarIke nathI gaNatA? lAMbA samayathI temanI dazA bhAra vahenAra pazunA jevI ja rahI che ane Aje paNa temanI e ja hAlata che. ApaNe temanA pratye hamadardI dAkhavIe chIe ane temanA hitaiSI banIne temanuM bhaluM karavAnI vAta karIe chIe. ane Ama chatAM ApaNe temane ApaNAM jevI ja vyakitao ke manuSya tarIke bhAgye ja gaNIe chIe. ApaNe e yAda rAkhavuM ghaTe ke, temanAM mATInAM jhUMpaDAMmAM teo pitAnuM nirALuM vyaktigata jIvana jIve che ane ApaNI piThe ja bhUkha, TADha ane pIDAnI lAgaNI anubhave che. ApaNA keTalAka kAyadAnA paMDita rAjadvArI puruSa rAjabaMdhAraNa tema ja evI bIjI vastuonI vAte tathA vicAra kare che. temanI e vicAraNAmAM jemane mATe e rAjabaMdhAraNa ke kAyadAo ghaDavAmAM Ave che te manuSyane te sthAna hatuM ja nathI. mATInAM jhuMpaDAMmAM tathA zaheranAM ghelakAomAM vasatA ApaNuM karaDe lekenuM rAjakAraNa eTale ke, bhUkhyAone mATe kharAka, paheravAnAM kapaDAM ane rahevAnAM ghara. 16mA lUInA amalamAM phrAMsanI A dazA hatI. enA rAja amalanA AraMbhamAM ja tyAM AgaLa bhUkhamarAne kAraNe ramakhANo thavA lAgyAM hatAM. ghaNuM varasa sudhI e ramakhANe cAlu rahyAM, pachI cheDA vakhata sudhI zAMti rahI ane tyAra pachI pharI pAchAM che tenAM baDe thavA lAgyAM. dIjomAM thayelA khorAka mATenA eka hullaDa vakhate tyAMnA gavarnare bhUkhe maratA le kene uddezIne kahyuM ke, "have ghAsa UgavA lAgyuM che, jAo khetaramAM ane carI khAo. saMkhyAbaMdha leke dhaMdhAdArI bhikhArIo thaI gayA. 1777nI sAlamAM sattAvAra jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke kAMsamAM e vakhate 11 lAkha bhikhArIo hatA. jyAre

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khAstiyanuM patana 25 ApaNe A kaMgALiyata, garIbAI, yAtanAo tathA hADamArIonA vicAra karIe chIe tyAre anivAya rIte ApaNI najara samakSa hiMdano citAra khaDA thAya che ! kheDUtava ne kevaLa khArakanI ja nahi paNa jamInanIye tagAza hatI. kyUDala vyavasthAne laI ne umarAvA jamInanA mAlikA hatA ane tenI UpajanA ghaNAkharA bhAga temanI pAse jato. kheDUtAmAM kAI paNa prakAranA spaSTa vicAro ke kaMI nizcita dhyeya nahotuM. paraMtu jenA upara te majUrI karatA hatA te jamInanI mAlikI temane joItI hatI. vaLI temane kacarI rahelI kyUla prathAne tema ja amIraumarAvA ane pAdarIone te dhikkAratA hatA. te mIThA uparanA karane ( vaLI pAchuM hiMdunuM smaraNa kara !) paNa dhikkAratA hatA kema ke ethI khAsa karIne garIba vargone khUba sAsavuM paDatuM hatuM. * e samaye kheDUtonI AvI dazA hatI ane chatAMye rAjA ane rANI te nANAMne mATe khumarANa macAvatAM hatAM. khuda sarakAra pAse kharaca karavAnAM nANAM naheAtAM ane devuM te dinapratidina vadhye ja jatuM hatuM. mArI AMtvAnetane ' maeNDama DephisITa ' eTale ke zrImatI khAdha evuM upanAma ApavAmAM AvyuM. have vadhAre nANAM UbhAM karavA mATe kAI paNa upAya bAkI rahyo nahAtA. 16mA lUI e Akhare 1789nI sAlanA me mAsamAM nirupAye ' sTeTsa janarala ' ( phrAMsanI pAlamenTa )nI eka melAvI. A rAjasabhA umarAve, pAdarIe tathA Ama prajA vagere rAjyanA traNa varSAM athavA jemane rASTranI traNa ' eNsTeTsa ' eTale samRddhi ' tarIke lekhavAmAM AvatA hatA, temanA pratinidhionI banelI hatI. Ama e rAjasabhAnI racanA, umarAvA ane pAdarIonI anelI umarAvAnI sabhA' tathA * AmanI sabhA ' evI e sabhAvALI briTiza pArlamenTa karatAM bahu bhinna nahetI. paraMtu bIjI rIte e baMne rAjasabhAmAM bhAre taphAvata hatA. briTiza pArlamenTanI kheDakA te sadIo thayAM lagabhaga niyamita rIte maLatI hatI ane tenI paraMparA, tenAM dhArAdheAraNA tathA kArya karavAnI tenI paddhati have rUDha thaI cUkI hatI. ' sTeTsa janarala 'nI eka te javalle ja maLatI hatI ane tenI potAnI kazI paraMparA rUDha thavA pAmI naheAtI. e ane rAjasabhAmAM upalA vargonuM pratinidhitva hatuM. briTananI AmanI sabhA to sTeTsa janarala 'nI AmanI sabhA karatAMye vizeSe karIne upalA varganI 6 < 6-40

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pratinidhi hatI. bemAMthI ekemAM che tenuM pratinidhitva nahatuM. 1789nA menI thI tArIkhe rAjAe vasaMI AgaLa sTeTsa janaralanI beThakanuM udghATana karyuM. paraMtu dezanA traNa vargo athavA samRddhi enA A pratinidhione ekI sAthe lAvavA mATe rAjAne thoDA ja vakhatamAM pastAvo thaye. trIjI "samRddhi" eTale ke Amavarga athavA madhyama varganA pratinidhio rAjAnI sAme thavA lAgyA ane pitAnI saMmati vinA kaI paNa karI nAkhI na zakAya e Agraha karavA lAgyA. temanI AgaLa IMgleMDane dAkhale mejUda hatuM. tyAM AgaLa AmanI sabhAe pitAne e haka sthApita karyo hate. temanI evI mAnyatA hatI ke IglaDa svataMtra deza che. temanI e mAnyatA atizaya bhUlabharelI hatI. sAcuM pUcho te A temane bhrama hato kema ke IMglaMDamAM umarAvavarga tema ja jamInadAravarga sattAdhIza hatA ane tyAM temanuM ja zAsana cAlatuM hatuM. atizaya maryAdita matAdhikArane kAraNe khuda pArlamenTa upara paNa e ja vargone ijAro hate. paraMtu A trIjI samRddhi athavA te Ama prajAnA pratinidhioe je kaMI sahejasAja karI batAvyuM te lUI rAjAne atizaya vasamuM lAgyuM ane teNe temane sabhAgRhamAMthI hAMkI kaDhAvyA. paraMtu e DepyuTIo, eTale pratinidhione vikherAI javAne lezamAtra paNa irAdo nahote tarata ja teo pAsenA Tenisa-korTamAM Tenisa ramavAnuM sthAna) bhegA maLyA ane navuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa sthApita na thAya tyAM sudhI vikherAIna javAnI temaNe pratijJA karI. A Tenisa-kArTanI pratijJA' tarIke oLakhAya che. pachIthI rAjAe baLane upayoga karavAno prayatna karyo ane khuda tenA sainike e ja tenI AjJA mAnavAnI nA pADI. te ghaDIe kharekharI kaTokaTI UbhI thaI. rAjyataMtranA pradhAna AzrayarUpa sainya ToLAmAM ekatra thayelA pitAnA birAdaro upara goLIbAra karavAne inkAra kare che tyAre ja krAMtimAM haMmezAM kaTekaTonI paristhiti utpanna thAya che. lUI habakI gayuM ane teNe namatuM ApyuM ane pachIthI tenI hamezanI bevakUphIbharI rIte pitAnI ja prajA upara geLI calAvavAne mATe paradezI sainya lAvavAnI teNe peravI karI. prajAthI A sahyuM jAya tema nahotuM ane 1789nA julAInI 14mI tArIkhanA smaraNIya divase perIsanA leka UDyA, bAstiyanI prAcIna jelane temaNe kabaje lIdhe ane temAMnA kedIone choDI mUkyA.

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astiyanuM patana - 127 bAstiyanuM patana e ItihAsanI eka mahAna ghaTanA che. eNe krAMtinI zarUAta karI; dezabharamAM prajA samastane krAMti karavA mATe kaTibaddha thavAnI e hAkala hatI. ene lIdhe phrAMsamAMthI jUnI vyavasthA eTale ke yUDala vyavasthA, bhavya rAjAzAhI tema ja vizeSa adhikArone aMta Avya; yuropanA badhA rAjAe tathA samrATa mATe e bhayaMkara ane bhISaNa azubhanI AgAharUpa hatI. je phrAMse yuropamAM bhavya ane dabadabAvALA rAjAonI praNAlI cAlu karI hatI te ja phAMsa have navI praNAlI pravartAvI rahyuM hatuM. jethI karIne AkhuM yurepa hebatAI gayuM. keTalAka leke e ghaTanA tarapha bhayathI jovA lAgyA ane enAthI kaMpavA lAgyA. paraMtu moTA bhAganA lekene mana te e AzAnA eka kiraNa samAna ane sArA divasonI AgAhIrUpa hatI. 14mI julAIne divasa Aje paNa phAMsamAM rASTrIya tahevAra gaNAya che ane dara varase te AkhA dezamAM UjavAya che. 14mI jAlAIe basti jela parIsanA Ama samUhanA kabajAmAM AvI. paraMtu sattAdhIza leke ghaNI vAra AMdhaLobhIMta banI jAya che. ene Agale ja divase eTale ke 13mI julAIe saMdhyA simaye vasaImAM eka darabArI jalase thaye. temAM nAcagAna thayAM ane baMDakhora perIsa upara bhAvimAM rAjAnI phateha IcchIne rAjA-rANI samakSa badhA darabArIoe zubhecchAnuM madirApAna karyuM. rAjAzAhInI kalpanAe AkhA yuropa upara bhAre kAbU jamAvyuM hatuM e kharekhara AzcaryakAraka che. Aje te ApaNe prajAtaMtrathI paricita thaI gayAM chIe ane rAjAo viSe bhAgye ja gaMbhIratApUrvaka vicAra karIe chIe. duniyAmAM je gaNyAgAMThayA rAjAo bAkI rahyA che teo rakhene pitAnI ethIye bUrI dazA thavA pAme e bIke bahu sAvacetIpUrvaka varte che. ema chatAM paNa meTA bhAganA leke rAjAzAhIthI viruddha che, kema ke, te vargabhedane kAyama rAkhe che ane aLagApaNuM tathA sarasAInA ghamaMDane uttejana Ape che. paraMtu aDhAramI sadImAM evI sthiti nahotI. rAjA vinAnA rASTranI ka95nA sarakhI karavI e paNa te samayanA leke mATe muzkela hatuM. ethI karIne, lUImAM aneka de hovA chatAM ane te prajAne virodha karavAno prayatna karI rahyo hato te paNa tene padabhraSTa karavAnI vAta sarakhI paNa hajI upasthita thaI nahotI. lagabhaga bIjA be varaso sudhI prajA tene tathA tenAM kAvatarAMone sAMkhI rahI ane Akhare

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18 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna jyAre teNe bhAgI javAnA prayAsa karyAM ane ema karatAM tene pakaDavAmAM Avyo tyAre ja phrAMse rAjA vinA calAvI levAnA saMkalpa karyAM. paraMtu e te pAchaLathI thavA pAmyuM. daramyAna sTeTsa-janarala nezanala eNsembalI eTale ke rASTra-sabhA banI gaI ane rAjA have baMdhAraNIya rAjA eTale ke rASTra-sabhA athavA pArlamenTanI salAha pramANe vanArA zAsaka thayA che ema mAnavAmAM AvyuM. paNa e vastune rAjA dhikkAratA hatA ane rANI tA ethIye vizeSa dhikkAratI * hatI; ane paeNrIsanA lakAnA paNa temane mATe kazo prema UbharAI jatA nahotA. temane to evI zaMkA hatI ke rAjA aneka prakAranA kAvAdAvA tathA kAvatarAM karI rahyo che. te samaye rAjA tathA rANI potAne darabAra bharatAM hatAM te varsAI nagara paeNrIsathI dUra hatuM eTale rAjadhAnInA lakA temanA upara dekharekha rAkhI zake ema nahotuM. varsAInA vaibhavivalAsa tathA mijabAnInI vAteA tathA aphavAoe paeNrIsanA bhUkhe maratA lokAne uttejita karI mUkayA. ethI karIne paeNrIsanA lAkAe pahelAM kadI paNa jovAmAM na AvelA evA eka vicitra prakAranA saraghasamAM rAjA rANIne paeNrIsa ANI temane tyAMnA TyularIjha nAmanA rAjamahelamAM rAkhyAM. mArA have pachInA patramAM huM phreMca krAMtinI vAta AgaLa calAvIza.

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101 phrAMsanI krAMti 10 okaTobara, 1932 phAMsanI krAMti viSe tane lakhavAmAM huM kAMIka muzkelI anubhavuM chuM. e mATenI sAmagrI ochI che tethI nahi, paNa te puSkaLa pramANamAM che tene lIdhe. e kAMti aneka asAdhAraNa ghaTanAothI bharelA nitya palaTAtA jatA eka virATa nATaka samAna hatI. e ghaTanAo Aje paNa ApaNane Azcaryacakita kare che, ApaNane tharakAMpa kare che tathA ApaNuM remerama khaDAM kare che. rAjAo tathA rAjadvArI puruSonA rAjakAraNane vAsa gharanA ekAnta khUNAmAM ke khAnagI oraDImAM heya che ane tenI AsapAsa kaMIka gUDhatAnuM vAtAvaraNa hoya che. sAvadhAnIne paDado temanAM aneka dUSaNone aNuchatAM rAkhe che ane vinayabharI vANI. paraspara viredhI mahattvAkAMkSA tathA lebhanA saMgharSane chupAve che. A saMgharSane pariNAme vigraha phATI nIkaLe che ane A lebha tathA mahattvAkAMkSAne khAtara asaMkhya yuvAnone mRtyunA mukhamAM hemavAmAM Ave che, te prasaMge paNa A adhama hetuone ullekha karIne ApaNA kAnane ghaNA anubhavavA devAmAM AvatI nathI. UlaTuM, ene badale e vakhate ApaNane te udAtta dhyeyo ane mahAna siddhionI vAta kahevAmAM Ave che, ane ene khAtara bhAremAM bhAre balidAna ApavuM joIe evuM samajAvavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu krAMti AvAM rAjakAraNathI bilakula nirALI vastu che. khullAM khetare, zerIo ane bharabajAramAM ene vAsa che ane tenI paddhati paNa kaThera ane AkarI hoya che. krAMti karanArA lekone rAjAo tathA rAjadvArI puruSonA jevI keLavaNIne lAbha maLele nathI hotuM. temanI bhASA paNa aneka kAvAdAvA ane hIna paMtarAone DhAMke evI adababharI ane darabArI paddhatinI nathI hotI. temane viSe kazI gUDhatA nathI hotI, kAI paDado temanAM mAnasane DhAMkI nathI rAkhata, are, temanAM zarIra upara vastronuM paNa pUratuM AcchAdana hotuM nathI. krAMtinA samayamAM

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rAjakAraNa e rAjAo tema ja rAjadvArI purUSonI rAjaramata nathI rahetI. temane vyavahAra vAstavikatA sAthe hoya che ane tenI pAchaLa saMskArarahita manuSyasvabhAva ane bhUkhyA lekanAM khAlI peTa hoya che. 178thI 1794 sudhInAM yugapravartaka pAMca varase daramyAna ApaNe krAMsanI bhUkhe maratI janatAne kArya karavAne kaTibaddha thayelI joIe chIe. te ja pacA mavALa rAjadvArI puruSone sakriya pagaluM bharavAnI pharaja pADe che ane rAjAzAhI yUDala vyavasthA tathA carcanA vizeSa adhikArI temanI pAse nAbUda karAve che. te ja bhISaNa "mileTIna ' (ziraccheda karavAnuM bhISaNa yaMtra) devInI ArAdhanA kare che ane bhUtakALamAM jemaNe tenuM damana karyuM hatuM temanA para tathA tene have lAdhelI navI svataMtratA sAme kAvAdAvA ane kAvatarAM karavAne jemane viSe tene zaka hatA temanA para kara vera le che. A cIMtharehAla leke ja ucADe page pitAnI krAMtine bacAva karavAne samarAMgaNa upara dhasI jAya che ane temanI sAme ekatra thayelAM AkhA yuropanAM tAlImabaddha sainyane hAMkI kADhe che. krAMsanI e janatA AzcaryakAraka siddhi prApta kare che, paraMtu aneka varasanI bhayaMkara tANa ane saMgharSane lIdhe kAMtinI potAnI tAkAta TI jAya che. pariNAme te pitA tarapha ja vaLe che ane pitAnAM saMtAnone ja khAvA mAMDe che. pachI pratikriAMti zarU thAya che. te krAMtine gaLI jAya che, tathA je Ama samudAya athavA janatAe bhAre hAma bhIDIne aneka yAtanAonI baradAsta karI hatI tene vaLI pAchI "caDiyAtA' gaNAtA vargonA zAsana nIce dhakele che. e ja pratikriAMtimAMthI nepaliyana pedA thAya che ane te saramukhatyAra tathA samrATa bane che. paraMtu prati-krAMti ke nepoliyana bemAMthI eke janatAne pitAnA pahelAnA sthAna upara te pAchI mokalI zake ema nahatuM. krAMtie meLavelA pradhAna vijaye te keIthI bhUMsAya ema nahotuM. tema ja dalita vargoe gheDA samaya mATe paNa pitAnI dhUMsarI pheMkI dIdhI hatI tenuM umaLakAbharyuM smaraNa paNa kAMsanI prajA pAsethI are, yuropanI bIjI prajAo pAsethI paNa koI jhUMTavI laI zake ema nahatuM. " krAMtinA AraMbhanA samayamAM tyAM AgaLa aneka pakSa ane jUthe potapotAnuM prabhutva jamAvavA mATe laDI rahyAM hatAM. rAjAnA pakSakAro 16mAM lUIne niraMkuza rAjA tarIke jemane tema rAkhavAnI niSphaLa AzA sevI rahyA hatA; narama daLanA mavALo navuM rAjabaMdhAraNa ghaDavA

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phrAMsanI krAMti 631 cahAtA hatA ane tene baMdhAraNIya rAjA tarIke rahevA devA taiyAra hatA. A uparAMta tyAM mavALa ane uddAma prajAtaMtravAdIonA pakSe hatA. mavALa athavA narama daLanA prajAta MtravAdIonA pakSa jIreAMda ' pakSa tarIke oLakhAtA hatA ane uddAma prajAtaMtravAdIoneA pakSa 'jaeNkAmina' pakSane nAme oLakhAtA hatA. teo potAnA pakSanI sabhA 'kAmina' maThanA khaMDamAM bharatA te uparathI temanA pakSanuM nAma 'jaeNkAbina' pakSa paDayuM che. krAMtimAM ATalA pradhAna pakSeA hatA ane e badhAmAM tema ja temanI bahAra ghaNAye sAhisaka khelADIo ane takasAdhu hatA. A badhA pakSA ane vyaktinI pAchaLa potAnA ja varganA aneka ajJAta netAonI dAravaNIthI sakriya pagaluM bharavAne kaTibaddha thayelI krAMsanI ane khAsa karIne paeNrIsanI janatA hatI. videzAmAM ane khAsa karIne iMgleMDamAM krAMtine kAraNe dezamAMthI bhAgI AvelA ane Azrita tarIke rahelA phrAMsanA amIraumarAveA hatA. te krAMtinI sAme niraMtara aneka racI rahyA hatA. yuropanAM badhAM rAjyA krAMtikArI krAMsanAM virodhI hatAM. pAmenTanA zAsanavALuM paraMtu amIrInuM upAsaka iMglaMDa tema ja yuropa khaMDanA khIjA dezanA rAjA tathA samrATa AmajanatAnA A ajaba utpAtathI atizaya DarI gayA hatA ane tene kacarI nAkhavAnA prayatna karatA hatA. kAvatarAM ? rAjA ane tenA pakSakAre| kAvAdAvA ramavA gayA, paraMtu ema karIne temaNe potAne ja vinAza netaryAM. rASTrasabhAmAM AraMbhamAM naramaDhaLanA vinIta yA mavALa pakSanuM mahattva vadhAre hatuM. e pakSane iMglaMDa ke amerikAnA jevuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa joItuM hatuM. jenA nAmane tane paricaya che te mirAmA e pakSanA netA hatA. e pakSa e varasa sudhI rASTrasabhAmAM sattAdhIza rahyo ane krAMtine AraMbhamAM maLelI saphaLatAthI utsAhamAM AvI jaI te teNe moTI moTI jAherAto karI hatI tathA keTalAka mahattvanA pheraphAro paNa karyAM hatA. bAstiyanA patana pachI 20 visa bAda 1789nA oNgasTanI. 4thI tArIkhe rASTra-sabhAmAM eka asAdhAraNa dRzya rajU thayuM. e divase rASTra-sabhAmAM cUDala vyavasthAnA hakka tathA lAgAone nAbUda karavA viSe carcA cAlatI hatI. krAMtinA e divaseAmAM krAMsanA vAtAvaraNamAM kaMika avanavI vastu vyApI rahI hatI ane teNe leAkAnA hradaya sudhI praveza karyAM hatA. ane thADA samaya mATe te svAta MtryanI e madirAe phrAMsanA

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632 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana phala umarAvanA mAnasa upara paNa asara karI hoya ema lAgyuM, rASTra-sabhAnA khaMDamAM meTA meTA umarAva tathA carcanA adhikArIoe UbhA thaIne pitapotAnA cUDala hakko tathA lAgAono tyAga karavAmAM eka bIjAnI spardhA karI. A eka udAra ane prAmANika pagaluM hatuM; jo ke keTalAMka varaso sudhI enI jhAjhI asara na thavA pAmI. keTalIka vAra, jo ke evuM kavacita ja bane che. viziSTa adhikAra bhogavate varga AvI udAra bhAvanAthI prerAya che; athavA pitAnA viziSTa adhikArane aMta najIkanA bhaviSyamAM AvavAnuM ja che evI pratIti thavAthI khAnadAnI ane udAratAbharyo mArga akhatyAra kare e ja uttama che ema tene lAge, e paNa banavA joga che. thoDA ja divase upara aspRzyatA nAbUda karavA khAtara bApue upavAsa AdaryA ane tenI jAduI asarane pariNAme vIjaLInI gatie AkhA dezamAM hamadardInI lAgaNInuM mojuM pharI vaLyuM tyAre savarNa hiMduoe bhareluM AvuM ja adbhuta pagaluM ApaNane jovA maLyuM hatuM. hiMduoe pitAnA ja asaMkhya baMdhue upara nAkhelAM baMdhane amuka aMze vyAM ane aspRzyone mATe aneka jamAnAo thayAM baMdha rahelAM seMkaDe gharanAM dvAra have khullAM thayAM. Ama, krAMtikArI krAMsanI rASTra-sabhAe utsAhanA AvegamAM AvI jaIne saDama eTale ke dAsa yA AsAmI prathA, viziSTa adhikAre, phayaDala adAlato, tathA umarAvo ane pAdarIonA karaverAmAMthI mukti vagere kaMI nahi te TharAvamAM te nAbUda karyA. eTaluM ja nahi paNa teNe lakAbo paNa nAbUda karyA. rAjA hajI kAyama hovA chatAM umarAva varganA lakAbe nAbUda karavAmAM AvyA e vastu kaMIka vicitra lAge che. e pachI rASTra-sabhAe "manuSyanA adhikAranI jAherAta pasAra karI. ghaNuM karIne A mazahUra jAherAtanI kalpanA amerikAnI svataMtratAnI jAherAta" uparathI karavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu amerikAnI jAherAta sAdI ane TUMkI che jyAre krAMsanI A jAherAta lAMbI ane aTapaTI che. jenAthI mANasane samAnatA, svataMtratA ane sukha prApta thAya ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM te adhikArone manuSyanA adhikAro tarIke lekhavAmAM AvyA hatA. manuSyanA adhikAranI A jAherAtane atizaya nIDara ane sAhasapUrNa lekhavAmAM AvatI hatI ane e pachI lagabhaga so varasa sudhI te yuropanA vinIte ane lekazAsanavAdIonA cArTara eTale ke, adhikAra patra samAna rahI. paraMtu Aje

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sanI kAMti te e jAherAta jarIpurANI thaI gaI che ane ApaNuM jamAnAnI eka paNa samasyAne te ukela lAvI zakatI nathI. rAjakIya samAnatA tathA mata ApavAnA adhikArathI sAcI samAnatA, svataMtratA ke sukha prApta thatuM nathI tema ja jemanA hAthamAM sattA hoya temanI pAse janatAnuM zeSaNa karavAnA bIjA aneka mArgo hoya che, e vastunI tene pratIti thatAM ghaNe samaya lAgyo. phrAMsanI krAMti pachI rAjakIya vicAre ghaNA , AgaLa vadhyA che athavA temAM ghaNe pheraphAra thavA pAme che ane AjanA ghaNAkharA sthiticusta lake paNa ghaNuM karIne manuSyanA adhikAranI jAherAtanA bulaMda siddhAMtane svIkAra karaze. paraMtu e ApaNe sahelAIthI samajI zakIe chIe ke e svIkArane artha e nathI ke teo sAcI samAnatA ane svataMtratA ApavA taiyAra hoya che. vaLI A jAherAta khAnagI milakatanuM rakSaNa karatI hatI. moTA moTA, umarA tathA pAdarIonI jamInajAgIre, temanA phaDala hakko ane viziSTa adhikArane lagatAM bIjAM kAraNosara japta karavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu milakatanI mAlakI dharAvavAnA hakane te pavitra ane ullaMghana na karI zakAya e gaNavAmAM Avyo hato. te kadAca jANatI haze ke, pragatizIla rAjakIya vicAre anusAra te khAnagI milakta eka aniSTa che ane banI zake teTalA pramANamAM te nAbUda karavI joIe. manuSyanA adhikAranI jAherAta e Aje ApaNane bahu sAmAnya dastAveja lAge e saMbhavita che. bhUtakALanA vIratAbharyA Adarzo vartamAna samayamAM ghaNI vAra bahu sAmAnya vastu banI jAya che. paraMtu jyAre e adhikAronI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI tyAre teNe AkhA yuropane romAMcane anubhava karAvyuM tathA yAtanAo ane hADamArI veThI rahelA dalita vargonA sArA bhAvinI AzAnA saMdezarUpa te lAgatI hatI. paraMtu rAjAne e jAherAta pasaMda na paDI. Avo adharma joIne te A banI gayuM ane te maMjUra karavAnI teNe sApha nA pADI. te hajIye vasaImAM rahetA hatA. A samaye perIsanI strIonI AgevAnI nIce paeNrIsanI janatAnuM ToLuM vasaIne rAjamahela AgaLa AvyuM ane teNe rAjAne e jAherAtane maMjUra karavAnI pharaja pADI eTaluM ja nahi paNa tene perIsa javAnI paNa pharaja pADI. mArA AgalA patranA aMtamAM meM jene ullekha karyo hate te vicitra prakAranuM saraghasa A ja hatuM.

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rASTra-sabhAe bIjA paNa aneka upayogI sudhArAo kya. carcanI aDhaLaka milakta rAjya japta karI. krAMsane 80 vibhAgamAM vaheMcI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM ane mane lAge che ke e vakhate pADelA vibhAgo hajI kAyama che. pahelAMnI kyUDala adAlatanI jagyAe vadhAre sArI adAlate sthApavAmAM AvI. A badhI vastuo lAbhakartA hatI paraMtu te joIe teTalA pramANamAM phAyadAkAraka na nIvaDI. jamIna mATe talasatA khetavargane tathA rAkane mATe talasatA zaheramAM vasatA sAmAnya lekene ethI jhAjho phAyado na thayuM. krAMtinA vikAsa aTakI gaye hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. huM tane AgaLa upara kahI gayuM chuM ke, Ama janatA, kheDUtavarga tathA zaheromAMnA sAmAnya lekenuM rASTrasabhAmAM bilakula pratinidhitva nahotuM. rASTrasabhA upara mirAbenA netRtva nIcenA madhyama vargane kAbU hatuM, ane pitAne hetu siddha thaI gaye che ema temane lAgyuM ke tarata ja krAMtine rokavAne dareka prayatna teNe ryo. teo rAjAnI sAthe samajUtI karavAnI hada sudhI gayA tathA prAMtamAM kheDUte upara temaNe goLIbAra karavA mAMDyo. temane AgevAna mirAba rAjAne kharekhAta gupta salAhakAra banI gaye. ane bAyi upara halle karIne tene kabaje lenAra ane e dvArA pitAnAM baMdhane phagAvI dIdhAM che evI mAnyatA sevatI AmajanatA te A badhuM joIne AthI ja banI gaI. tenI AjhAdI te hajI pahelAMnA jeTalI ja dara bhAsatI hatI ane A navI rASTra-sabhA paNa lagabhaga pahelAMnA zAsakavarganI jema ja tene tenI purANI dalita sthitimAM rAkhI rahI hatI. rASTra-sabhAthI hatAza thaIne krAMtinA hRdayasamI parIsanI janatAe pitAnI krAMtikArI zaktinA upayoga mATe bIjuM eka sAdhana che kADhayuM. A sAdhana te parIsa komyunI" athavA myunisipAliTI. kevaLa A komyuna ja nahi paNa temAM potAnA pratinidhio mekalanAra parIsa zaheranA dareka vibhAganI pitapotAnI jIvaMta saMsthA hatI ane AmajanatA sAthe te nikaTanA saMparkamAM hatI. A kaoNmUna ane khAsa karIne tenA peTA vibhAgo krAMtinA agresara tathA vinIta ane madhyama varganA pratinidhionI banelI rASTra-sabhAnA harIpha banyA. daramyAna bAstiyanA patanane dina AvyA ane 14mI julAI e perIsanA lekAe bhAre utsava karyo. ene "samagra janatAne utsava" e

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phrAMsanI krAMti 35 nAmathI oLakhavAmAM Avye ane paeNrIsanI janatAe e zaherane zaNagAravAmAM UlaTathI jahemata uThAvI kema ke tene e tene potAne utsava lAgatA hatA. 1790 ane 1791nI sAlamAM krAMtinI A sthiti hatI. rASTrasabhA krAMti mATenI potAnI badhI dhagaza khAI kheDI hatI ane have vadhAre pheraphAro karavAnI tenI bhAvanA paNa meALI paDI gaI hatI. paraMtu paeNrIsanI janatA hajIye krAMtinI dhagazathI UbharAI rahI hatI ane dezanA kheDUtavarga hajI paNa jamIna mATe talasI rahyo hato. AvI te AvI paristhiti lAMe kALa TakI zake ema nahotuM. kAM te krAMtie AgaLa vadhavuM rahyuM athavA te teNe potAne nAza vaheravA rahyo. vinItAnA netA mirAkheA 1791nI sAlamAM maraNa pAmyA. rAjA sAthe gupta maMtraNAmAM bhaLye hovA chatAM prajAmAM te potAnI lAkapriyatA jALavI rahyo hatA tathA tene te aMkuzamAM rAkhI rahyo hatA. 1791nA jUna mAsanI 21 tArIkhe banelA eka banAve krAMtinuM bhAvi nakkI karyuM. e banAva te rAjA ane rANI AMtrAnetanuM chUpe veSe bhAgI chUTavuM. A rIte bhAgIne te dezanI cheka sarahada sudhI pahoMcI gayAM hatAM. paraMtu varcuna najIka veranIsamAM keTalAka kheDUtAe temane oLakhI kADhavAM. temane tyAM aTakAvIne paeNrIsa pAchAM lAvavAmAM AvyAM. paeNrIsanA leAkAnI dRSTie to rAjArANInA A kRtyathI temanuM bhAvi nizcita thaI gayuM. have prajAtaMtranA AdarzanI bahu jhaDapI pragati thaI. paraMtu rASTra-sabhA tema ja te samayanuM rAjyataMtra prajAkIya bhAvanAthI eTalAM badhAM aLagAM paDI gayAM hatAM tathA vinIta banI gayAM hatAM ke lUI rAjAne padabhraSTa karavAnI mAgaNI karanArA lokAne goLIthI vIMdhI nAkhavAnuM temaNe cAlu rAkhyuM. maeNraTa nAmranA krAMtinA eka mahAna nAyake rAjAnI nAsabhAga pachI tene dezadrohI tarIke vakhoDI kADhavo eTalA mATe sattavALAoe tene pIche pakaDayo. tene paeNrIsanI gaTaromAM chupAI rahevuM paDayu ane ethI tene cAmaDIneA bhaya Mkara roga lAgu paDayo. ethIye vizeSa Azcaya kAraka tA e che ke, kAyadAnI dRSTie te hajIye eka varasa karatAM vadhAre samaya sudhI sUI rAjA tarIke cAlu rahyo. 1791nA sapTembaramAM rASTra-sabhAnI kArakirdInA aMta Avyo

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane lejisleTiva esembalI eTale ke dhArAsabhAe tenI jagyA lIdhI. A dhArAsabhA" paNa rASTrabhAnA jeTalA ja vinIta valaNavALI hatI ane te kevaLa upalA vargonuM ja pratinidhitva dharAvatI hatI. kAsamAM pedA thayelI ane vadhatI jatI navIna bhAvanAnI te pratinidhi nahatI. A kAMtinI bhAvanA athavA dhagaza janatAmAM vadhAre ne vadhAre prasaratI gaI ene pariNAme AmajanatAmAMthI AvelA uddAma prajAtaMtravAdI * kAbina lekono pakSa baLavAna bane. daramyAna yuropanAM rAjyo A avanavI ghaTanAone bhayabhIta banIne nihALI rahyAM hatAM. thoDA vakhata mATe praziyA, oNsTriyA ane raziyA bIje ThekANe lUTa pADavAmAM parevAyAM hatAM. e rAjya pileMDanAM prAcIna rAjyane khatama karavAnA kAmamAM rokAyelAM hatAM. paraMtu kAMsanA bahu tvarAthI AgaLa vadhI rahelA banAvee temanuM lakSa kheMcyuM. 1792nI sAlamAM kAMsane aisTriyA ane praziyA sAthe laDAImAM UtaravuM paDayuM. tane mAre e jaNAvavuM joIe ke nedharalenDjhane bejiyamavALo bhAga have sTiyAnA tAbAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane tenI ane kAMsanI sarahada eka hatI. videzI sainya krAMsanI bhUmi upara dAkhala thayAM ane temaNe kAMsanA sanyane harAvyuM. prajAmAM evI mAnyatA pravartatI hatI, ane temAM vajUda paNa hatuM, ke rAjA duzmane sAthe maLI gayuM che tathA rAjAnA pakSanA badhA mANase paNa kAvatarAmAM sAmela che e temanA upara zaka hatA. temanI AsapAsa jema jema jokhama vadhatuM gayuM tema tema kAMsanA leke vadhAre ne vadhAre uttejita thatA gayA ane gabharAvA lAgyA. temane TheraThera jAsUse ane dezadrohIo dekhAvA lAgyA. A kaTokaTInI ghaDIe perIsanA krAMtikArI komyune AgevAnI lIdhI, rAjadarabAre karelA baLavA sAme janatAe lazkarI kAyado jAhera karyo che e darzAvavA komyune lAla vAvaTe pharakAvyuM ane 179ranA oNgasTanI 10mI tArIkhe rAjAnA mahela upara halle karavAne teNe hukama karyo. A hale karanArAone rAjAe potAnA svIsa (sviTjharaleMDa vAsI) aMgarakSakA pAse geLIthI vIMdhI naMkhAvyA. paraMtu Akhare prajano vijaya thaze ane konyUne rAjAne padabhraSTa karI tene keda karavAnI dhAra sabhAne pharaja pADI. * so koI jANe che ke lAla vAvaTe e AkhI duniyAnA majUrone tema ja samAjavAdI ane sAmyavAdIone vAvaTe che. agAunA

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krAMsanI krAMti vakhatamAM janatA sAme lazkarI kAyado jAhera karavA mATe sattAdhIzone e vAvaTe hate. huM dhAruM chuM ke - je ke mane enI pUrepUrI khAtarI nathI - perIsa komyune ene upayoga karyo e janatA taraphathI karavAmAM Avela e vAvaTAne pahelavahele upaga hate; ane e kAraNe ja dhIme dhIme te badhA majUrane vAva banI gaye. paraMtu rAjAne padabhraSTa karI tene keda karavAthI ja vAta aTakI nahi. vIsa aMga rakSakoe karelA goLIbArathI tathA tene pariNAme asaMkhya loke maraNa pAmyA hatA tethI perIsanA leke atizaya uzkerAI gayA hatA. vaLI, jAsUse ane dezadrohIone temane bhAre Dara hato tathA temanA upara teo atizaya kopAyamAna thayA hatA, eTale temano je leke para zaka hatA temane pakaDI pakaDIne temaNe jela bharavA mAMDI. A rIte pakaDavAmAM AvelAmAMnA ghaNA gunegAra hatA emAM lezamAtra paNa zaMkA nathI, paraMtu sAthe sAthe nirdoSa mANasane paNa pakaDIne jelamAM pUravAmAM AvyA. thaDA divasa pachI lokomAM pharIthI bhISaNa AganuM bhejuM pharI vaLyuM. temaNe kedIone jelamAMthI bahAra kADhyo ane nAmane mukaddamo calAvIne temanAmAMnA ghaNAkharAne mArI nAkhyA. A "sapTembarane hatyAkAMDamAM (e banAva e nAmathI oLakhAya che) hajAra karatAM paNa vadhAre mANasanI katala karavAmAM AvI. paeNrIsanAM ToLAMe moTA pAyA upara A pahelavahelI vakhata lehI cAkhyuM. emanI tarasa chipAvavA mATe AgaLa upara hajI te ghaNuM lehI vahevAnuM hatuM. A sapTembara mAsamAM ja phrAMsanA sainya osTriyA ane praziyAnAM humalo karanAra sainya upara pahelavahele vijaya meLavyo. A vijaya vibhInI nAnIzI laDAImAM maLe. A laDAI te nAnIzI hatI paraMtu tenAM pariNAme bahu bhAre AvyAM, kema ke e laDAIe kAMtine bacAvI lIdhI. 179ranA sapTembaranI 21mI tArIkhe "rASTrIya saMmelana" (nezanala kanvenzana)nI beThaka maLI. eselphI eTale ke, dhArAsabhAnuM sthAna lenAra A navI sabhA hatI. AgaLanI be sabhAo karatAM e vadhAre pragatikAraka valaNavALI hatI. paraMtu kamyuna karatAM te te pAchaLa hatI. A rASTrIya saMmelane prathama kArya krAMsane prajAtaMtra jAhera karavAnuM karyuM. e pachI tarata ja rAjA lUI upara kAma

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138 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana calAvavAmAM AvyuM, tene matanI zikSA pharamAvavAmAM AvI ane 1797nA jAnyuArInI 21mI tArIkhe rAjAzAhInA doSanI kiMmata tene pitAnA zira sATe cUkavavI paDI. tene "gileTIna" karavAmAM AvyA eTale ke e nAmanA yaMtrathI tene ziraccheda karavAmAM AvyuM. phrAMsanI janatA have pIchehaTha karI zake ema nahotuM. teNe AkharI pagaluM bharIne yuropanA badhA rAjAo tathA samrATone paDakAra karyo hate. tene have pAchA haThavApaNuM nahotuM ane DenTana nAmanA krAMtinA eka mahAna netAe rAjAnA lehIthI bhIMjAyelA rileTInanA pagathiyA uparathI tenI AsapAsa ekatra thayelA mAnavasamudAyane uddezIne bhASaNa karatAM yuropanA bIjA rAjAone paDakAryA. te bolyA, "yuropanA rAjAe ApaNI sAme paDakAra karaze, te ApaNe eka rAjAnuM mAthuM temanA e paDakAranA javAbamAM Aje ja temanI sAme pheMkIe chIe.

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102 krAMti ane prati-krAMti 13 eNkabara, 197ra rAjA lUI mAryo gaye, paraMtu tenA maraNa pahelAM paNa kAMsamAM AzcaryakAraka parivartana thaI cUkyuM hatuM. tenI prajAnuM lehI krAMtinI dhagazathI UkaLI rahyuM hatuM, temanI nase dhamadhamI rahI hatI. jvalaMta utsAhe temanA mAnasane AvarI lIdhuM hatuM. prajAtaMtravAdI krAMsa jagatane paDakAra karI rahyuM hatuM ane bAkInuM rAjAzAhI yuropa tenI sAme khaDuM hatuM. svAtaMtryanA sUryanI dUpha prApta thavAthI dezabhakto kevI rIte jhUjhI zake che e prajAtaMtravAdI krAMsa yurepanA A namAlA rAjA-mahArAjAone batAvI ApavAnuM hatuM. teo kevaLa navI lAdhelI pitAnI svataMtratAne mATe ja nahi paNa rAjAo ane umarAnA damanathI pIDAtI bIjI badhI prajAne khAtara raNe caDyA hatA. phrAMsanI prajAe yuropanI bIjI prajAo upara pitAne saMdeza mokalI temane potAnA rAjAonI sAme baMDa uThAvavAnI hAkala karI tathA teo badhA dezanI janatAnA mitra ane rAjAzAhI rAjataMtranA duzmana che, evI jAherAta karI. temanI mAtRbhUmi krAMsa svataMtratAnI janetA banI ane tenI vedI upara kurabAna thaI javuM e AnaMdanI vastu banI gaI ane temanA bhISaNa utsAhanI e ghaDIe temane eka adbhuta gIta prApta thayuM. e gItane sUra temanA prajvalita mAnasane anurUpa hatuM. e gIte temane aneka aDacaNo oLaMgIne tathA muzkelI ke hADamArInI lezamAtra paNa paravA ryA vinA e ja gIta gAtA gAtA raNakSetra upara dhasI javAnI preraNA ApI. A gIta te rUje dI lAlIe hAInanA sainya mATe raceluM raNagIta hatuM. tyArathI e "mAIyejha'nA nAmathI oLakhAya che ane Aje paNa e phrAMsanuM rASTragIta che. cele cale saMtAne mAtRbhUminAM, A mahAmUlI paLa Aja have AvI che. A ama sAme julamI zatrunI senA nija raktapatI dhajA have lAvI che. ' .

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e khunnasabhara zatrunAM lazkara dhADAM : ama deza viSe bumarANa macAve Aje, te vegabharyA ama deze dhasatAM Ave ama naranArIbALaka haNavAne kAje. zastra saje, o nagarajano he, racI liye tama senA, AgekUca birAdara, AgekUca sadA aba Age, A bhUmi ApaNuM leAhI zatrunuM mAge. e leka rAjAonAM dIrdhAyuSya mATenAM mithyA gIta naheAtA gAtA. ene badale teo mAtRbhUmi tathA svataMtratA - mArI svataMtratAnA divya premanAM gIta gAtA hatA. e punita bhakti ama mAtRbhomanI, ama zastrone navabalavaMtAM ghaDaje ! e svataMtratA, priya svataMtratA, tava sainikanI paDakhe rahIne tuM laDaje ! temane bhAre taMgI veThavI paDatI hatI, temanI pAse pUrate khorAka nahote, kapaDAM ane pagarakhAM paNa pUratAM nahotAM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa temanI pAse pUratAM hathiyAra paNa nahotAM, ghaNI jagyAoe to sainyane mATe potAnAM pagarakhAM ApI devAnuM prajAjanone kahevAmAM AvyuM. dezadAjhavALA lekee jenI taMgI hatI ane sainyane mATe je jarUrI hatI evI khAnapAnanI aneka vastuone tayAga karyo. keTalAka leke te vakhatevakhata upavAsa paNa karatA. cAmaDAMne sAmAna, raDAnAM sAdhane, peNIo, Dole tathA bIjI aneka gharagatu vastuonI mAgaNI karavAmAM AvI. perIsanA mahollAo tathA galIomAM seMkaDe luhAranI koDhamAM hathoDA cAlI rahyA hatA, kema ke zaheranAM strIpuruSa sahita badhA ja prajAjane hathiyAre banAvavAnA kAryamAM sudhdhAM madada karI rahyA hatA. leko atizaya taMgI veThI rahyA hatA, paraMtu mAtRbhUmi phrAMsa, cIMtharehAla paraMtu potAnA mAthA upara svataMtratAnA jhaLahaLatA mukuTathI dIpatA krAMsa upara, jokhamanAM vAdaLe jhajhUmatAM hoya ane duzmana tene dvAre AvIne UbhA heya tyAre e badhI vastuonI zI paravA ? ethI phrAMsane yuvakavarga tenI vahAre dhAyo ane bhUkha ke tarasanI leza paNa paravA karyA vinA AgekUca karIne teNe vijaya prApta karyo. kArbAIla kahe che ke, "AhAranI

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krAMti ane pratikrAMti tema ja tenA hamezanA vaparAzanI vastuo sivAyanI bIjI kaI paNa vastu mATe kaI AkhI prajA zraddhAvAna che evuM kahI zakAya evuM bhAgye ja bane che. jyAre paNa ene evI zraddhA lAdhe che tyAre tene ItihAsa hRdayasparzI ane javalaMta bane che.' krAMtinAM strIpuruSane mahAna dhyeya mATe AvI zraddhA sAMpaDI hatI ane e yAdagAra divasamAM temaNe je ItihAsa racya tathA je balidAne ApyAM temAM ApaNane halamalAvI mUkavAnI tathA ApaNI nADIne cetanavaMtI banAvavAnI hajI paNa zakti rahelI che. - navA raMgarUTonA banelA A krAMtikArI sainya, tene jhAjhI lazkarI tAlIma maLI nahotI chatA, phrAMsanI bhUmi uparathI badhAM videzI sainyane hAMkI kADhyAM ane pachI dakSiNa nedharalenDjhane eTale ke beljiyamane paNa osTriyAnI dhUMsarImAMthI mukta karyuM. A vakhate haisabargavaMzane kAyamane mATe nedharalenDjha choDavuM paDayuM. A krAMtivAdI raMgarUTa sAme yuropanAM vyavasthita rIte tAlIma pAmelAM dhaMdhAdArI sanya na TakI zakyAM. tAlIma pAmele sainika te pagAra khAtara laDate hate. vaLI te bahu sAvacetIpUrvaka ane samAlI samAlIne laDatA hatA. paraMtu krAMtikArI raMgarUTa te dhyeyane khAtara laData hatA ane vijaya meLavavA mATe te game tevAM jokhame kheDavA tatpara hatA. dhaMdhAdArI sainika sAthe te DhagalAbaMdha sarasAmAna rahe eTale enI gati dhImI rahetI, paNa krAMtikArI sinika pAse te sAthe levAnuM jhAjhuM nahatuM eTale te tvarita gatithI AgaLa vadhata. krAMtikArI sainya e yuddhamAM navIna prakAranuM sainya hatuM ane tenI laDavAnI paddhati paNa bilakula nirALI hatI. teNe laDAInI jUnI paddhati badalI nAkhI ane amuka aMze yuropanAM sainya mATe bhaviSyanAM 100 varasa sudhI te namUnArUpa banI gayuM. paraMtu e sainyanuM kharuM baLa te temanA utsAha ane sAhasamAM raheluM hatuM. temane dhyAna maMtra athavA kharuM kahIe te e samaye khuda krAMtine paNa dhyAna maMtra DenTananuM eka prasiddha kathana vyakta kare che: "mAtRbhUminA duzmanane parAjaya karavA khAtara, sAhasa, sAhasa ane niraMtara sAhasanI ja jarUra che." yuddha vadhAre phelAyuM. iMglaMDa tenA naukAsainyane kAraNe baLavAna duzmana nIvaDyuM. prajAtaMtravAdI phrAnse samartha khulkI pheja te taiyAra karI hatI paraMtu dariyA upara te durbaLa hatuM. IglaDe phAMsanAM badhAM baMdarane ghere ghAlavAne AraMbha karyo. IgleMDa nAsI gayelA phreMca

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Atie prajAtaMtravAdI krAMsanI banAvaTI calaNI ne karaDenI saMkhyAmAM kAsamAM dAkhala karI dIdhI ane e rIte temaNe kranuM calaNa tathA nANataMtra khoravI nAkhavAno prayAsa karyo. videzIo sAmenA yuddha upara prajAnuM samagra lakSa kendrita thayuM hatuM ane rASTranuM saghaLuM baLa temAM rekAyuM hatuM. AvAM yuddha kAMtane mATe jokhamakAraka hoya che, kema ke teo prajAnuM dhyAna sAmAjika samasyAomAMthI kheMcIne videzI duzmano sAme laDavA tarapha vaLe che. A rIte krAMtine khare hetu mAryo jAya che. yuddhanI dhagaza krAMtinI dhagazanuM sthAna le che. kAMsamAM paNa ema ja banavA pAmyuM; ane ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM ke ene pariNAme Akhare phAMsamAM eka pratibhAzALI senApatinI saramukhatyArI kAyama thaI dezamAM paNa upadrava pedA thaze. phrAMsanA pazcima bhAgamAM AvelA venDI paragaNAmAM, kaMIka aMze tyAMnA khetavege navA krAMtikArI sanyamAM joDAvAnI nA pADI tethI, ane kaMIka aMze rAjAnA pakSakAro tathA paradeza bhAgI gayelA kAMsanA AzritanI uzkeraNIthI, tene pracaMDa baLavo phATI nIkaLe. katanuM niyamana tathA doravaNI kharI rIte te perIsanA zaherIo karatA hatA. kheDUta varga, rAjadhAnImAM uparAchAparI thatA pheraphAra samajI ke tenI kadara karI zake ema nahatuM. eTale te pachAta paDI gayo hate. venDInA baLavAne atizaya nirdayatAthI dabAvI devAmAM Avyo. yuddha daramyAna ane vizeSa karIne AMtara yuddha daramyAna manuSyanI adhamamAM adhama vRttio uzkerAya che ane dayA tathA karaNA nirAzraya thaI jAya che. lAyansamAM krAMti virodhI baLavo phATI nIkaLyo. e baLa dAbI devAmAM AvyuM ane koIke evI darakhAsta rajU karI ke teNe karelA gunAnI zikSA tarIke lAyansanA moTA zaherane nAza kare "lAyanse svataMtratA sAme hathiyAra ugAmyAM che. have lAyansanI hastI rahetI nathI!" sadbhAgye A darakhAstane te svIkAra na the paraMtu lAyansane atizaya sosavuM paDayuM. daramyAna perIsamAM zuM banI rahyuM hatuM tyAM AgaLa kAnI sattA hatI? hajIye tyAM navA cUMTAyelA komyuna tathA tenA vibhAgonuM prabhutva hatuM. rASTrIya saMmelanamAM judA judA pakSo vacce sattA hAtha karavA mATe jhaghaDe cAlatuM hatuM. emAM jIrAMdI athavA narama daLanA prajAtaMtra vAdIo ane "jekebina' eTale uddAma prajAtaMtravAdIe mukhya

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krAMti ane pratikrAMti 23 hatA. emAM jaeNkebineAnA vijaya thayA ane 1792nA jUnanA AraMbhamAM ghaNAkharA ' charadI ' pratinidhione saSTrIya sa MmelanamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. have rASTrIya sa Mmelane Dala hakko nAbUda karavAnuM AkharI pagaluM lIdhuM. ane DyUla umarAvAnI mAlakInI badhI jamIne sthAnika komyUna' athavA to myunisipAliTIne sAMpavAmAM AvI -- eTale ke e jamIne sAmudAyika mAlakInI banI. " jaeNkebineAnA prabhutvavALA rASTrIya saMmelane have e samitie nImI; eka jAhera hita samiti ane khIjI jAhera salAmatI samiti; ane e baMne samitione baheALI sattAe ApI. A baMne samitio ane khAsa karIne jAhera salAmatI samiti atizaya baLavAna banI gaI ane leka tenAthI DaravA lAgyA. rASTrIya sa Mmelanane temaNe potAnI marajI mujaba hAMkavA mAMDayuM ane e rIte eka DagaluM AgaLa bharAvIne temaNe krAMtine mRtyunI agAdha khINamAM dhakelI dIdhI. janatA upara bhaye potAnI chAyA pAtharI dIdhI. cApAsathI temane gherI rahelA videzI duzmanone tema ja AsA ane dezadrohIone temane bhaya hatA ane evA khIjA aneka bhayathI te DaratA hatA. bhaya mANasane aMdha ane maraNiyA karI mUke che; ane A satatapaNe pIDI rahelA bhayathI prerAI ne rASTrIya saMmelane 1793nA sapTembara mAsamAM eka bhISaNa kAyado zakadAre mATene kAyadA - - pasAra karyAM. jenA upara zaka gayA tenI jiMdagI salAmata nahAtI ane . A zakanI cuMgAlamAMthI kANa bacI zake ? eka mAsa pachI rASTrIya sa MmelananA khAvIza ' charoMdI ' pratinidhio upara krAMtikArI adAlata samakSa kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM ane tatkALa temane dehAMtadaMDanI zikSA kamAvavAmAM AvI. A rIte kera'nA amalane AraMbha thayeA. dararoja A rIte sajA pAmelA lakAnuM giloTIna tarapha prayANa thavA lAgyuM; dararoja zakanA bhAga banelA AvA lakAne bharIne laI jatAM gADAM paeNrIsanA mahAllAemAMthI gaDagaDATa karatAM pasAra thavA lAgyAM ane temanA tarapha cALA pADIne loko A dIna ane hatabhAgI lokAnuM svAgata karavA lAgyA. rASTrIya sa MmelanamAM paNa sattAdhArI TALakI viruddha khelavuM e jokhamakAraka hatuM; kema ke ethI viruddha khelanAranA upara zaka pedA thAya ane zaka adAlata ane Akhare giloTIna pAse dorI jAya. rASTrIya saMmelana upara AgaLa

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144 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana paNa jAhera hita samiti ane jAhera salAmatI samitine kAbU hate. lekanA jIvanamaraNa upara kAbU paNa jenA hAthamAM hatuM evI A sarva sattAdhIza samitio pitAnI sattA lezamAtra paNa ochI karavA ke bIjAne ApavA taiyAra nahotI, perIsanA komyuna upara temanI itarAjI thaI. sAcI vAta te e che ke, jeo temanI sAthe saMmata thatA nahatA te dareka jaNa upara temanI itarAi hatI. sattA pAse mANasone bhraSTa karavAnI kaMIka ajaba prakAranI AvaData che. tethI krAMtinA prANarUpa A komyuna tathA tenA vibhAgane kacarI nAkhavAne e samitioe saMkalpa karyo. prathama temaNe tenA vibhAgane kacarI nAkhyA ane kempananA AdhArarUpa e vibhAgane kacarI nAkhyA. pachI temaNe khuda myunane paNa kacarI nAkhyuM. Ama ghaNI vAra kAMti pate ja pitAnuM bhakSaNa kare che. perIsa zaheranA judA judA bhAganAM A peTA kaumpane athavA komyunanA vibhAge janatA ane Tace beThelA lekanI vacce kaDI samAna hatA. e vibhAge athavA peTA kempane krAMtimAM prANa pUranAra rudhiranuM vahana karanArI zirAo hatI. 1794nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM komyuna tathA tenA vibhAgone cagadI nAkhavAmAM AvyA tethI karIne krAMtinuM rudhirAbhisaraNa lagabhaga baMdha thaI gayuM. have pachI rASTrIya saMmelana tathA A samitio janatA sAthenA jIvaMta saMparka vinAnAM rAjataMtranAM kendrastha aMge ja banI gayAM; ane bIjA badhA sattAdhArIonI paDe teo paNa keranA baLathI bIjAo upara potAnA nirNa lAdavA mAgatAM hatAM. A sAcA krAMtikALanA aMtanI A zarUAta hatI. A kerane amala tathA DAmADoLa sthitimAM krAMti paNa hajI cha mAsa sudhI cAlu rahyAM, paraMtu temane aMta have dRSTigocara thavA lAgyuM hatuM. A kaNa ane tephAnanA kALa daramyAna perIsa tathA krAMsanA nAyake koNa hatA? evA ghaNuM nAyakonAM nAma AgaLa tarI Ave che. kemIla desUlIna 1789nA bAyi upara humale laI janAra ToLAno AgevAna hatuM. bIjA prasaMgee paNa teNe AgaLa paDatuM bhAga lIdhe hate. keranA amala daramyAna rahemadilInI nItinI himAyata karatAM te gileTInano bhoga banyuM. thoDA divasa pachI tenI yuvAna patnI bhUsIlIe pati vinA jIvavA karatAM maraNa pasaMda karyuM ane teNe paNa patine ja mArga lIdhe. kavi ke di IglenTAIna ane jamadUta same sarakArI vakIla kiye tinavalI paNa krAMtinA netAo

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krAMti ane pratikrAMti hatA. eNraTane kadAca krAMtine sauthI mahAna ane samartha nAyaka gaNI zakAya. zAraletI karade nAmanI eka yuvatIe charo mArIne tenuM khUna karyuM hatuM. AgaLa jenA zabdo meM be vAra TAMkyA che te DenTana siMhanA je chAtIvALo hato. vaLI te samartha ane kapriya vaktA paNa hato. paraMtu te paNa gileTInano bhoga banyA hatA. A badhAmAM respiyera sauthI vizeSa nAmIco che. te jekebine netA hate. ane keranA amalanA arasAmAM te te rASTrIya saMmelanano lagabhaga saramukhatyAra banI gayuM hatuM. te lekamAnasamAM keranA mUrtimaMta svarUpa samAna banI ga che ane tene vicAra karatAM ghaNuM lekene Aje paNa kaMpArI chUTe che. Ama chatAye enI prAmANikatA ane svadezabhakti apratima hatAM e viSe leza paNa zaMkA nathI. koI paNa upAye ene caLAvI zakAya nahi evI enI khyAti hatI. paraMtu tenI raheNIkaraNImAM ATale sAde hovA chatAM te atizaya svarata hatuM ane je koI tenAthI bhinna mata dharAve te prajAtaMtra tathA krAMtino zatru che evI tenI mAnyatA hoya ema jaNAya che. tenA eka samayanA sahakAryakartA ane krAMtinA moTA moTA aneka netAone tenI salAhathI rileTIna upara caDAvavAmAM AvyA. paraMtu chevaTe mUMge mee tene vaza vartatuM rASTrIya saMmelana ja tenI sAme thaI gayuM. julamagAra ane Apakhuda jAhera karIne teNe tene niSedha karyo ane tene tathA tenI ApakhudIne aMta ANe. - krAMtinA A badhA nAyake yuvAna mANaso hatA; vRddhothI bhAgye ja krAMti karI zakAya che. emAMnA ghaNA netAonuM mahattva nathI ema nathI, paraMtu krAMtinI mahAna ghaTanAmAM teo -rospiyara sudhdhAM pradhAna bhAga bhajavatA nathI. krAMtinI virATa ghaTanAnI sAme e badhA kSullaka dekhAya che, kema ke, krAMti kaMI temaNe pedA karI hatI, tema ja tenuM niyamana paNa temanA hAthamAM nahotuM. krAMti e te ItihAsamAM vakhatevakhata thatA sAmAjika bhUkaMpamAMno eka bhUkaMpa che. lAMbA kALanI yAtanAo, ApakhudI ane sAmAjika paristhiti AvA bhUkaMpa mATe dhIme dhIme paNa anivAryapaNe bhUmikA taiyAra kare che. paraMtu tuM ema na mAnI besIza ke rASTrIya saMmelane paraspara jhaghaDavA ane lekane gileTIna upara caDAvavA sivAya bIjuM kazuM karyuM ja nahotuM. sAcI krAMtimAMthI apAra zakti pedA thAya che. AmAMnI

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ghaNI zakti paradezIo sAthenI laDAImAM veDaphAI gaI. paNa Ama chatAye ghaNI zakita bacavA pAmI hatI ane tene lIdhe aneka racanAtmaka kAryo paNa thavA pAmyAM. khAsa karIne dezanI keLavaNInI paddhatimAM dharamULathI pheraphAro karavAmAM AvyA. zALAmAM Aje badhAM bALake je meTrika paddhati zIkhe che te A arasAmAM dAkhala karavAmAM AvI hatI. e paddhatie laMbAI ane vajananAM mApa bahu saraLa banAvI mUkyAM che. sudharelI duniyAnA ghaNAkharA dezamAM A paddhatine svIkAra karavAmAM AvyuM che. paraMtu sthiticusta iMglaMDa hajI paNa yArDa, phaleMga, pAuMDa ane iMdraveTa tathA evAM bIjAM tela mApanI prAcIna tathA jarIpurANI thaI gayelI paddhatine vaLagI rahyuM che. hiMdustAnamAM ApaNe paNa A laMbAI tathA vajananAM aTapaTA mApa tathA zera ane maNa vagerene calAvI levAM paDe che. A "meTrika paddhati nI pAchaLa prajAtaMtranuM navuM paMcAMga paNa AvyuM. prajAtaMtra jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM te divasathI eTale ke, 179ranI sAlanA sapTembaranI raramI tArIkhathI tenI zarUAta thatI hatI. emAM sAta ne badale dasa divasanuM aThavADiyuM rAkhavAmAM AvyuM ane dazame divase rajA rAkhavAmAM AvI. emAM paNa varasanA mahinA te bAra ja rAkhavAmAM AvyA paNa temanAM nAma badalI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM. kavi e tu anusAra e mahinAonAM navAM ane suMdara nAma pADyAM. jarmanala, phaleriyala ane preriyala A traNa vasaMta RtunA, mesara, thamiMdara ane kRddhidara e unALAnA, vandImiyara, brameyara ane krImeyara e pAnakharanA, tathA nivRsa, suvIusa ane vetusa e ziyALAnA mahinAonAM nAme hatAM. prajAtaMtranA patana pachI A pacAMga jhAjho samaya TakyuM nahi. daramiyAna tyAM AgaLa khristI dharma viruddha prabaLa hilacAla jAgI ane tenI jagyAe buddhinI pUjAnI himAyata karavAmAM AvI. "satyanAM maMdira bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM. prAMtamAM paNa A hilacAla bahu jhaDapathI prasarI gaI. 1797nI sAlanA navembaramAM parIsanA netradAma devaLamAM svataMtratA ane buddhine bhAre mahatsava karavAmAM Avyo ane eka khUbasUrata yuvatIne buddhinI devI tarIke javAmAM AvI. paraMtu ropiyera AvI bAbatamAM jUnA vicArane hate. tene A hilacAla bilakula pasaMda nahatI. DenTanane paNa te pasaMda nahatIje kebinenI banelI jAhera

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krAMti ane prati-krAMti Fo hita samiti paNa tenI viruddha hatI, eTale e hilacAlanA AgevAnone pakaDIne gileTIna upara caDAvavAmAM AvyA. svataMtratA ane buddhinA mahAtsavanA javAbarUpe robuspiyere 'suprima khIiMga ' eTale ke, 'parama sattva' to mahetsava karavAnI yojanA karI. rASTrIya sa MmelanamAM e viSe mata laI te evA niNaeNya karavAmAM Avyo ke krAMsa eka * parama sattva 'mAM ja zraddA rAkhe che. Ama dhIme dhIme remana kaeNthalika sapradAyanA bhAva vadhavA lAgyA. * paeNrIsanA kAmbUna tathA tenA vibhAgone kacarI nAkhyA pachI sthiti bahu jhapATAbhera bagaDavA lAgI. jaikAbane saMpUrNa sattAdhArI banyA hatA. rAjyataMtra upara paNa temane kAbU hatA. paraMtu have te mAMhemAMhe laDavA lAgyA hatA. svataMtratA ane buddhinA mahatsava UjavavAmAM AgaLa paDatA bhAga lenAra hIbata tathA tenA pakSakArane giloTIna upara caDAvavAmAM AvyA te samaye jaeNkeAbina pakSamAM moTuM bhaMgANa paDayuM. emanA pachI phetre di igleTAInane vAro Avyo. ane 1794nI sAlamAM ATalA badhA leAkAne gileTIna upara caDAvavA sAme DaeNnTana ane kaeNmIIla depsyUlIne rAspiyara AgaLa virodha uDDAvyo tyAre temane paNa gileTIna upara vadheravAmAM AvyA. 1794nA eprilamAM DaeNnTananI katala karavAmAM AvI e paeNrIsa tema ja prAMtAnA lakAne mATe krAMtine aMta AvyA samAna hatuM. rakhene leAkeA vacce paDe eTalA khAtara DaeNnTananI katala utAvaLathI karI nAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. krAMtinA narakesarI paDayo ane have eka nAnakaDI ToLakInA hAthamAM sattAnAM sUtreA AvyAM. leke sAthenA tenA saMparka tUTI gayA hatA ane comera have enA zatru pedA thayA hatA, eTale jyAM tyAM e ToLakInI najare droha dekhAvA lAgye eTale karatA amala vadhAre ugra banAvavA sivAya peAtAne ugAravAne khIjo upAya tene jaDyo nahi. " Ama karavuM jora vadhyuM ane gunegArone giloTIna AgaLa laI janAra gADAmAM have sajA pAmelAonI bhIDa vadhAre thavA lAgI. jUna mAsamAM eka navA kAyadA karavAmAM Avyo jene 22mI preriyala ' (prajAta MtratA navA paMcAganA mahinA )nA kAyadA kahevAmAM Ave che. e kAyadAmAM khoTI khabaro phelAvavI, lakAmAM bhAgalA pADavA athavA temanAmAM khaLabhaLATa pedA karavA, nItinAM baMdhane zithila karavAM tathA janatAnA ImAnane dUSita karavuM vagere vastuone mAtanI sajApAtra gunAo lekhavAmAM

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48 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AvyA hatA. oNpTeira ane tenA bagaliyAothI bhinna mata dharAvanAra dareka jaNane A kAyadAnI vistRta jALamAM phasAvI zakAya ema hatuM. AvA leke upara samUhamAM eka sAthe kAma calAvavAmAM AvatuM ane temane zikSA pharamAvavAmAM AvatI. eka prasaMge te lagabhaga 150 jaNAe upara kAma calAvIne temane takasIravAra TharAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. e ToLAmAM sAmAnya gunegAre, rAjAnA pakSakAro ane evA bIjAo upara eka ja prasaMge kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. | A navA karane amala 46 divasa sudhI cAlyuM. Akhare 9mI thamiDara eTale ke 1794nI 27mI julAIne divase mAmale vI. rASTrIya saMmelana ekAeka rospiyera tathA tenA pakSakAranI viruddha thaI gayuM ane "jAlimano nAza kare" evA pikAnI sAthe temane giraphatAra karavAmAM AvyA. raoNspirane bolavA sudhdhAM devAmAM na AvyA. bIje divase jemAM teNe aneka lene mileTIna upara ravAnA karyA hatA te ja gADuM tene rileTIna upara laI gayuM. A rIte phrAMsanI krAMtine aMta AvyuM. rospiyeranA patana pachI pratikriAMtine AraMbha thayo. have vinIta AgaLa AvyA. teo jekebine upara tUTI paDyA ane temanA upara kera vartAvyo. "rAtA kera" pachI jene "dheLa kera" kahevAmAM Ave che tene amala zarU thayo. 15 mAsa pachI 1795nA okTobara mAsamAM rASTrIya saMmelananuM patana thayuM ane pAMca sabhyanI "DAyarekaTarI" (samiti) sarakAra banI gaI. A spaSTapaNe madhyamavarganI sarakAra hatI ane teNe Amavargane dAbI rAkhavA ke ziza karI. A "DAyarekTarI e pAMca varasa sudhI kAMsa upara zAsana karyuM ane prajAtaMtranuM baLa tathA pratiSThA eTalAM bhAre hatAM ke aneka AMtarika jhaghaDAo hovA chatAM paNa paradeza uparanAM yuddhomAM paNa teNe vijaye meLavyA. enI sAme baMDa paNa thayAM paraMtu te badhAM dabAvI devAmAM AvyAM. AvuM eka baMDa prajAtaMtranA sainyanA nepoliyana benApArTa nAmanA eka yuvAna senApatie dAbI dIdhuM hatuM. teNe parIsanA lekonAM ToLAM upara goLIbAra karavAnI dhRSTatA karI ane e rIte temAMnA saMkhyAbaMdha mANase mAryA gayA. jyAre AmajanatAnI katala karavAmAM khuda prajAtaMtrane purANuM sainyane ja upaga karI zakavAnI paristhiti AvI tyAre kahI zakAya ke have krAMtinuM nAmanizAna rahyuM nahotuM.

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kAMti ane pratikAMti 149 A rIte krAMtine aMta Avyo ane tenI sAthe ja AdarzavAdIonAM aneka ujajavaLa svapnane tema ja garIba lekenI AzAno paNa aMta AvyuM. ema chatAMye te je prApta karavA cahAtI hatI temAMnuM ghaNuMkharuM teNe prApta karyuM paNa kharuM. kaI paNa prati-krAMti dAsaprathA "sarkaDama" eTale ke dAsa yA AsAmI prathAne pharIthI dAkhala karI zake ema nahotuM, tema ja bu vaMzanA rAjAo - phrAMsanA te samayane rAjavaMza bu vaMza kahevAtuM hatuM - pharIthI phrAMsanA rAjyAsana upara AvyA tyAre teo paNa kheDa tene vaheMcI ApavAmAM AvelI jamIne temanI pAsethI pAchI laI zakyA nahi. khetaramAM kAma karatA tema ja zaheranA sAmAnya mANasanI dazA pahelAM karatAM te kyAMye sudharI gaI hatI. kharekhara krAMti pahelAMnA samaya karatAM te keranA amala daramyAna paNa temanI sthiti vadhAre sArI hatI. kera temanI sAme nahi paNa upalA varganA lekanI sAme vartAvavAmAM Avyo hato, je ke krAMtinA chevaTanA samayamAM te garIba vargane paNa veThavuM paDyuM hatuM. krAMtine te aMta Avyo paraMtu prajAtaMtranA vicAre AkhA yuropamAM phelAyA ane tenI sAthe "manuSyanA adhikAranI jAherAta'nA siddhAMtone paNa phelAve che.

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103 sarakAranA rAhu 27 oNkaTobara, 1943 e avADiyAMthI me tane patra lakhyA nathI. mane lAge che ke huM kaIka DhIlA paDaco chuM. mArI A vArtAnA chevaTanA bhAganI pAse pAse huM AvI pahoMcyo chuM e vicArathI huM kaIka pAcho paDu chuM. 18mI sadInA aMta sudhI to ApaNe AvI paheoMcyAM. 19mI sadInAM 100 varasAnuM avalokana have ApaNe karavAnuM che ane pachI te AjanI ghaDI sudhI AvI paheAMcavA mATe mAtra 32 varasA bAkI rahe che. paraMtu A bAkI rahelAM 132 varasAne aMge to mAre ghaNuM kahevAnuM caze, ApaNI bahu najadIka hovAne kAraNe e varase ApaNane vadhAre spaSTapaNe dekhAya che ane ApaNAM mana bharI de che, tema ja emA khanelA banAvA pahelAMnA samayanA banAvA karatAM ApaNane vadhAre mahattvanA lAge che. Aje ApaNe ApaNI AsapAsa je badhuM joI e chIe temAMnI ghaNIkharI vastuo e samaya daramyAna udbhavelI che, ane sAce ja gaI sadI ane te pachInAM varaseAnI asaMkhya ghaTanAmA ane banAvAnA tane paricaya karAvavA e mAre mATe saheluM nathI. saMbhava che ke e kAraNathI ja huM e kAma hAtha dharatAM khacakA hAM ! paraMtu sAthe sAthe mane ema paNa thAya che ke Akhare jyAre huM A mAnavInA itihAsanI vAtane 1932nI sAla sudhI lAvI daIza ane bhUtakALa vamAnamAM lupta thaI bhaviSyanA agamya paDadA AgaLa AvIne Ubharaze tyAre huM zuM karIza ? pyArI beTI, tyAra pachI tane huM zuM lakhIza vAruM? e pachI hAthamAM kalama laI ne tAre viSe vicAra karavA mATe athavA te jANe tuM mArI samIpa kheDI che ane mane aneka prazno pUchI rahI che, tathA huM tenA javAe ApavAne prayAsa karuM chuM, evI kalpanA sevavA mATe mane zuM nimitta maLI raheze? krAMsanI krAMtine viSe me tane traNa patra lakhyA che-- phrAMsanA lagabhaga pAMca varasa jeTalA TUMkA samayanA itihAsa viSenA e traNa

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sarakAranA zaha 151 patro lAMbA hatA. A ApaNA yugayugAntareAnA pravAsamAM sadInI sadIo ApaNe eka eka pagale vaTAvI gayAM. AkhAne AkhA khAnA khaDA upara UDatI najara karI gayAM. paraMtu phrAMsamAM 1789thI 1794nI sAlanA kALa daramyAna ApaNe ThIka ThIka samaya sudhI rokAyAM. Ama chatAM paNa tane e jANIne Azcarya thaze ke e vastu TUMkamAM patAvavAne meM bhAre jahemata uDAvI che, kema ke, mAruM mana e viSayathI UbharAtuM hatuM ane mArI kalama AgaLa ne AgaLa javA cahAtI hatI. aitihAsika daSTie phrAMsanI krAMtinuM bhAre mahattva che. enAthI eka yuga samApta thAya che ane khIjAnA AraMbha thAya che. enI rAmAMcakatAne kAraNe e vizeSe karIne AkarSaka bane che ane e ApaNa saune aneka prakAranA dha Ape che. duniyA Aje vaLI pAchI khaLabhaLI UThThI che ane mahA parivA thavAne TAMkaNe ApaNe UbhAM chIe. ApaNA dezamAM paNa ApaNe krAMtikALamAMthI pasAra thaI e chIe -- bhalene e zAnta krAMti krama na hAya. eTale phrAMsanI krAMti ane ApaNA samayamAM ApaNI najara AgaLa thayelI raziyAnI mahAna krAMtimAMthI ApaNe ghaNuM zIkhI zakIe. A be krAMtinA jevI sAcI janatAnI krAMti jIvananI kAramI vAstavikatAne tenA nagna svarUpamAM khullI kare che; vIjanA jhabakArAnI paDe te samagra pradezane dazyamAna kare che ane khAsa karIne aMdhakAramaya sthAnAne ApaNI najara sAme khullAM kare che. theADA samaya mATe te lakSya spaSTapaNe dekhAya che ane te atizaya samIpa AveluM lAge che. mANasamAM zraddhA ane zakti UbharAvA lAge che, saMzaya ane saMkalpavikalpa naSTa thAya che. kaMzI nyUnatA ke lezamAtra UNapa sAMkhI ke calAvI levAnA prazna upasthita thato nathI. krAMti karanAra mANasA Amatema joyA vinA tIranI peThe sIdhAM AgaLa vadhe che; ane temanI dRSTi jeTalA pramANamAM sIdhI ane tIkSNa hoya che teTalA pramANamAM krAMti paNa AgaLa vadhe che, paraMtu krAMtinI parAkASThAnA samayamAM ja AvuM banavA pAme che. e samaye krAMtinA nAyakA parvatanI TAce UbhelA hoya che ane janatA temanA tarapha UMce kUca karI rahI heAya che. paraMtu aphasosa ! pachIthI evA samaya Ave che ke jyAre temane parvatanA zikhara uparathI nIce aMdhakAramaya khINamAM UtaravuM paDe che ane zraddA maMda paDe che tathA zakti kSINa thaI jAya che. lagabhaga jiMduMgI badhI dezavaTA venAra vAsteyara 1778nI sAlamAM potAnA maraNanI AgaLa AgaLa paeNrIsa pAcho Avyo. e

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upara jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana samaye tenI uMmara 84 varasanI hatI. perIsanA yuvAnane saMbodhIne teNe kahyuM ke, "AjanA yuvako bhAgyazALI che, kema ke teo bhAre banAvo jevA pAmavAnA che." sAce ja, temaNe bhAre banAvo jevA eTaluM ja nahi paNa temAM temaNe bhAga lIdhe, kema ke e pachI 11 varasa bAda krAMti phATI nIkaLI. lAMbA kALa sudhI ene rokI rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. 17mI sadImAM bhavya rAjA 14mA lUIe kahyuM hatuM ke, "huM ja rAjya chuM.' 18mI sadImAM tenA vArasa 15mA lUIe kahyuM hatuM ke, "mArA pachI te pralaya che." ane tenA A AmaMtraNa pachI pralaya AvyA ane 16mA lUI tathA tenA sAthIdArone ghasaDI gaye. tareDa tareDanA pAuDarothI mahekatI vIga eTale vALanI TopI tathA rezamI suravALe paheranArA amIrane badale suravALa vinAnA mANase AgaLa AvyA. kAMsamAM pukhta vayanA dareka puruSa tema ja strIne nAgarikatAne haka prApta thaze. ane navA janmelA prajAsattAka rAjyanA dhyAnamaMtra "svataMtratA, samAnatA ane baMdhutAne dhvani AkhI duniyAne bulaMda avAje saMbhaLAvavAmAM AvyuM. krAMtinA samaya daramyAna kerane amala vartata bahu jovAmAM Ave che. speziyala revolyuzanarI Tribyunala eTale ke, krAMtinI khAsa adAlatenI sthApanAthI mAMDIne raoNspiyeranA patana sudhInA 16 mAsa daramyAna lagabhaga 4000 mANasane gileTIna upara caDAvavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. A bahu meTI saMkhyA kahevAya ane emAM keTalAye nirdoSa mANasanA jAna gayA haze, e vicAra jyAre ApaNane Ave che, tyAre ApaNane duHkha thAya che ane kamakamATI chUTe che. paraMtu ema chatAMye keTalIka hakIkta ApaNe lakSamAM levI joIe ke jethI ApaNe krAMsanA A karanA amalane tenA sAcA svarUpamAM joI zakIe. prajAsattAka rAjya merathI duzmane, dezadrohIo ane jAsUsethI gherAyeluM hatuM, ane mileTInanI zikSA pAmelAomAMnA ghaNuM te prajAsattAka rAjyanA kaTTA duzmana hatA ane teo tene nAza karavAnI pravRtti karI rahyA hatA. keranA amalanA chevaTanA bhAgamAM gunegAranI sAthe nidoSa lekene paNa veThavuM paDyuM. bhayanI sAme ApaNI daSTine paLa caDhI jAya che ane nirdoSa tathA gunegAra vacce viveka karavAnuM muzkela thaI jAya che. phrAMsanA prajAsattAka rAjyane tenI kasoTInI ghaDIe lAphAveta jevA tenA keTalAka moTA moTA senApationA virodha ane dagAne sAmane paNa kare

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sarakAranA rAha 153 paDyo hato. AvI paristhitimAM phreMca prajAsattAka rAjyanA AgevAnonI dhRti zithila thaI gaI ane temaNe koI paNa jAtanA viveka vagara AMdhaLiyAM karIne cAre bAju sapATe calAvyuM temAM Azcarya pAmavA jevuM kazuM nathI. * eca. jI. vesa pitAnA ItihAsamAM te samaye IgleMDa amerikA tema ja bIjA dezomAM zuM banI rahyuM hatuM e darzAve che te lakSamAM rAkhavA jevuM che. phejadArI kAyade ane khAsa karIne milakatanA rakSaNane kAyade jaMgalI hatI ane najIvA gunAo mATe lekone phAMsIe laTakAvavAmAM AvatA. keTaleka ThekANe te hajI paNa kAyadesara rIte atyAcAra paNa gujAravAmAM Avato. velsa jaNAve che ke, phrAMsamAM keranA amalanA samayamAM jeTalA lokone gileTIna upara caDAvavAmAM AvyA tenA karatAM anekagaNuM lekane e ja arasAmAM iMglaMDa tathA amerikAmAM A kAyadAono Azaro laIne phAMsIe laTakAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. vaLI e samayamAM cAlatA gulAmanA zikArane tathA tenA ghAtakIpaNa ane niSpharatAne vicAra karI che. yuddhone, khAsa karIne lAkhkho strI puruSone yuvAvasthAmAM ja saMhAra karanArAM AjanAM yuddhone vicAra karI je. vaLI, samIpe AvIne tAjetaramAM ApaNuM pitAnA dezamAM banelA banAvanuM avalokana kara. 13 varasa upara eprila mAsanI eka sAMje hoLInA tahevArane divase amRtasaranA jaliyAvAlA bAgamAM seMkaDe mANasanI ktala karavAmAM AvI hatI ane hajArone ghAyala karI maraNatela karavAmAM AvyA hatA. ane badhA kAvatarA kese, khAsa adAlate ane orDinansa prajA upara kera vartAvavAnA tathA tenuM damana karavAnA prayAse nahi te bIjuM zuM che? damana tathA keranI tIvratA sarakAra keTalA pramANamAM bhayabhIta banelI che e batAvI Ape che. hareka sarakAra, pachI te pratyAghAtI ho ke krAMtikArI, videzI ke svadezI game te he, paNa jyAre tenI hastI jokhamamAM AvI paDavAne tene bhaya pedA thAya che, tyAre damana ane kerane raste caDe che. pratyAghAtI sarakAra viziSTa hake bhogavanArA lekenI vatI janatAnI sAme e upAya ajamAve che ane krAMtikArI sarakAra viziSTa adhikAra bhogavatA mUThIbhara lekAnI sAme janatAnA nAmathI e rIte varte che. kAMtikArI sarakAra pramANamAM vadhAre nikhAlasa ane prAmANika hoya che; ghaNI vAra te krara ane ghAtakI hoya che e kharuM, paraMtu temAM jhAjhA

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paka jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pAkhaMDa ke chaLa nathI hotAM. pratyAghAtI sarakAra te chaLa ane chetarapiMDInA vAtAvaraNamAM ja rahe che, kema ke tenuM sAcuM svarUpa ughADuM paDI jAya te pote TakI na zake enI tene pUrepUrI khabara hoya che. te svataMtratAnI vAta kare che ane enA oThA nIce te pitAnI marajImAM Ave te karavAne IrAde rAkhe che. te nyAyanI vAto kare che ane te dvArA jemAM pite TakatI ane kUlatIphAlatI hoya te samAjavyavasthAne kAyamane mATe TakAvI rAkhavA cAhe che, pachI bhalene bIjAonuM satyAnAza vaLI jAya. paraMtu A badhA karatAM vizeSa karIne te te kAyado ane vyavasthAnI vAta kare che ane e vidhAnane Azare laIne te lekene gaLIthI vadhe che, temanI katala kare che, temane kedamAM pUre che tathA evAM bIjA bekAyadA ane geravAjabI kRtya kare che. A kAyado ane vyavasthA'nA nAmathI ApaNA seMkaDe dezabaMdhuo upara khAsa adAlata samakSa kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM che ane temane matanI sajA pharamAvavAmAM AvI che. ene ja nAme aDhI varasa upara pezAvaramAM eprila mAsamAM ApaNA bahAdura ane niHzastra paNa bhAIo upara mazInaganathI geLIbAra karIne temane saMhAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. ane e ja "kAyado ane vyavasthAne khAtara briTiza havAI daLanAM vimAne ApaNI sarahada uparanAM gAmaDAMo upara tema ja IrAkamAM bebane varasAda varasAve che ane kazo viveka rAkhyA vinA strI purUSa tathA bALakonA jIva le che athavA te temane AkhI jiMdagI mATe apaMga karI mUke che. vimAna AvatuM joI leke nAsI chUTIne rakhe bacI javA pAme eTalA khAtara pazAcika tadabIra ajamAvIne amuka samaya pachI ja phUTe evA boMba banAvavAmAM Ave che. dekhItI rIte ja evA be amuka vakhata pachI ja phUTe che ane paDatAMveMta kazI hAni karatA nathI. bhaya jate rahyo che ema mAnIne gAmanA leke pitapitAne ghera pAchA kare che. ane thoDI ja vAramAM boMba phUTe che ane jAnamAlane saMhAra karaDe le ke upara jhajhumI rahelA bhUkhamarAnA rojiMdA trAsane tuM vicAra karI che. ApaNI AsapAsanAM duHkhe nihALIne ApaNe naThera banI jaIe chIe. ApaNe ema mAnIe chIe ke majUro tathA kisAne te ApaNA karatAM vadhAre kaThaNa hoya che ane yAtanAnI temanA upara jhAjhI asara thatI nathI. ApaNuM aMtarAtmAne DaMkha zAMta pADavA

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sarakAranA rAha 155 mATenI e miththA dalIle che! bihAramAM AvelI jhariyAnI kolasAnI khANanI meM lIdhelI mulAkAta mane yAda che. pRthvInA peTALamAM kolasAnI bhIMtevALI lAMbI, kALI ane aMdhakAramaya galIomAM strIpuruSane kAma karatAM joIne meM anubhavelI kamakamATI huM kadI bhUlI zakuM ema nathI. khANamAM kAma karatAM majUre mATe le ke 8 kalAkanA divasanI vAta kare che ane keTalAka te ene paNa virodha kare che ane mAne che ke temanI pAsethI hajI vadhAre kAma levuM joIe. ane jyAre jyAre huM AvI dalIle vAMcuM ke sAMbhaLuM chuM tyAre bhUgarbhamAMnI kALI koTaDIonI mArI mulAkAta mane yAda Ave che. tyAM AgaLa mAtra ATha miniTa paNa mAre mATe kasoTI samAna hatI. phAMsamAM vartelA kerane amala bhISaNa vastu hatI. ane chatAM kAyamI banI beThelI bekArI ane garIbAInI sarakhAmaNImAM te te mAtra cAMcaDanA caTakA samAna hatI. sAmAjika krAMtine saMhAra, game eTale bhAre hoya te, A aniSTa karatAM tema ja AjanI ApaNI rAjakIya tema ja sAmAjika vyavasthAne lIdhe vAraMvAra udbhavatAM yuddhonA saMhAra karatAM ochI che. krAMsamAM varte kerane amala ApaNane bahu bhAre lAge che kema ke, keTalAka ilakAbedhArI ane umarAva leke ene bhoga banyA hatA. ane AvA viziSTa adhikAro bhogavatA vargone Adara karavAne ApaNe eTalA badhA TevAI gayelA chIe ke teo AphatamAM AvI paDe che tyAre ApaNI sahAnubhUti temanA tarapha DhaLI paDe che. bIjAonI jema emanA pratye paNa sahAnubhUti rAkhavI ghaTe, paraMtu sAthe sAthe ApaNe e paNa bhUlavuM na joIe ke e leke te gaNyAgAMThayA ja che. ApaNe emanuM paNa bhaluM ciMtIe, paraMtu khare savAla te AmajanatAne che ane mUThIbhara lokone khAtara ApaNe AkhA samudAyane bhoga na ApI zakIe. rUse kahe che ke, "mAnava jAta te janatAnI banelI che, ane jemane AmajanatAmAM samAveza nathI thatuM teo te eTalA badhA jAja che ke temane lekhAmAM levAnI kazI jarUra nathI." A patramAM huM tane nepoliyana viSe lakhavA dhAratuM hatuM. paraMtu mAruM mana judI ja dizAmAM deDI gayuM ane mArI kalama judA ja viSaya upara caDI gaI. ane nepoliyana viSe vicAra karavAnuM te hajI bAkI ja rahe che. tene have bIjA putra sudhI thebhUvuM paDaze. .

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104 nepoliyana - 4 navembara, 1992 phrAMsanI krAMtimAMthI nepaliyana nIpaje. yuropanA rAjAone paDakArI temane sAmano karanAra phrAMsa - prajAtaMtravAdI krAMsa e nAnakaDA kasi kAvAsIne vaza thayuM. e samaye phAMsa kaMIka vicitra prakAranA vanya sauMdaryathI rAjatuM hatuM. bAbiyara nAmanA eka iMca kavie tenI vanya prANI-cakyakita cAmaDIvALI, UMcuM mAthuM rAkhIne pharanAra magarUra ravecchAcArI gheDInI sAthe sarakhAmaNI karI che, ke je khubasUrata ane rakhaDela heya; jIna, lagAma tathA baMdhanane jhanUnathI inkAra karatI hoya, jamIna upara potAnA paganA pachADA mAratI hoya tathA potAnA haNahaNATathI AkhI duniyAne bhayabhIta karI mUkatI heya. A garviSTa gheDI korsikanA eka yuvakanuM vAhana banavAne saMmata thaI ane teNe tenI sahAyathI asAdhAraNa kAryo karI batAvyAM. paraMtu teNe tene jera karIne narama paNa banAvI tathA e vanya ane svara prANInI niraMkurAtA ane svecchAcAra sarvAze nirmULa karyA. teNe tene zekIne niHsarva banAvI dIdhI. Akhare teNe tene pheMkI dIdhuM ane pachI te pite paNa pachaDAI paDI. capaTA keza zire dharatA he kaoNsikAbeTa nivAsI ! phrAMsa bhUmi te madhyAnne zI hatI rUpanI rAzi ! udaMDa vacherI jevI durdama jema bharelI, nA ene mukha keIsavAre hajI lagAma dharelI, vanya pazuzI hatI, ehanI kAyA zI tasatasatI, - rAjAonAM rakta pIdhelI, madamattA lasalasatI. nija jIvanamAM prathama muktino rasa cAkhI haNahaNatI, dharaNIne Theze ThekatI, garva thakI raNajhaNatI. enI kAyA hajI keInA haste nA abhaDAvI, paradezIe hajIna kee dhurA mahIM sapaDAvI. vizALa enI pIThe kenuM jIna hajI na caDeluM, enuM aMga hatuM aNaboTayuM, mehaka rUpa maDheluM,

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nepeAliyana UMcAM nayanA UMcI enI kAnataNI TiziyArI, agatvacA ka pavatI jome, e ke kikyiArI. aMgauThAvI jhADa banIne heSArava garajatI, 57 e tyAre AkhI pRthvIne gabharAvI tarajatI. tyAre A tepoliyana kevA prakAranA mANasa hatA ? jagatamAM thaI gayelA mahApuruSomAMnA eka hatA ? je rIte tene oLakhavAmAM AvatA hato tevA bhAvinuM nirmANa karanAra puruSa hatA ? mAnavajAtine aneka prakAranA khAjAmAMthI mukta thavAmAM sahAya karanAra pracaMDa vibhUti hatA ke pachI eca. jI. velsa ane khIjAe jaNAve che tevA yuropane tathA sabhyatAne bhAre hAni pahoMcADanAra mAtra eka sAhasika zruMgArI ane saMhAraka hatA ? A baMne abhiprAya atizayAktibharyAM che ane e bane amuka aMze sAcA che. ApaNA badhAmAM sArA tathA narasA ane mahAna tathA hIna tattvAnuM ajaba prakAranuM mizraNa hoya che. nepoliyanamAM paNa AvuM ja sArAnarasAnuM, mahAnahInanuM mizraNa thayeluM hatuM, paraMtu ApaNu badhA karatAM kaMika judI ja rIte tenAmAM asAdhAraNa guNAnuM mizraNa thavA pAmyuM hatuM. tenAmAM hiMmata, AtmavizvAsa, kalpanA, asAdhAraNa kAryazakti tathA bhAre mahattvAkAMkSA hatAM. te sama senApati hatA ane yuddhakaLAmAM bhAre nipuNa hatA ane e bAbatamAM prAcIna kALamAM thaI gayelA sikaMdara ane cagIjha jevA mahAna senApati sAthe tenI tulanA karI zakAya. paraMtu tenAmAM hInatA paNa hatI. te svAthI ane svarata hatA tathA tenA jIvananI pradhAna bhAvanA kAI AdarzanI sAdhanA nahi paNa aMgata potAnI sattAnI khoja hatI. eka vakhate teNe kahyuM hatuM ke, ' mArI rakhAta ! sattA e mArI rakhAta che ! ene meLavavA mATe mane eTalI bhAre kiMmata meDI che ke huM tene mArI pAsethI kAIne paDAvI levA na dauM ke na te kAI ne tene upabhoga karavA ghauM !' te krAMtinuM saMtAna hatA ane chatAMye te moTA sAmrAjyanAM svapnAM sevatA hatA. ane sika Mdare meLavelA vijayAnA vicArothI tenuM mana UbharAtuM hatuM. AkhuM yuropa paNa tene nAnuM lAgatuM hatuM. pUrvanA deza ane khAsa karIne mIsara ane hiMda tarapha tene AkarSaNa hatuM. tenI AraMbhanI kArakirdI daramyAna jyAre tenI uMmara mAtra 27 varasanI hatI tyAre teNe kahyuM hatuM ke, mAtra pUrvanA dezamAM ja moTAM mATAM sAmrAjyo ane mahAna parivartana thayAM 6-42

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158 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana che; pUrvanA dezomAM 60 kareDa mANase vase che. enI sarakhAmaNImAM - yurepa e te kIDIne nAnakaDo rAphaDe che!" nepaliyana bonApArTa krAMsanA tAbAnA korsikA TApumAM 1769nI sAlamAM janmyA hatA. tenAmAM phreMca, karsikana tathA ITAliyana lehInuM mizraNa thayuM hatuM. teNe kAMsanI eka lazkarI zALAmAM tAlIma lIdhI hatI ane krAMti daramyAna te jaikebina kalabane sabhya hatuM. paraMtu ghaNuM karIne te jekebina klabanAM dhyeyane mAnatA hatA eTalA khAtara nahi, paNa kevaLa pitAne aMgata svArtha sAdhavAne khAtara ja e pakSamAM bhaLyo hate. 1793nI sAlamAM teNe tule AgaLa pitAno prathama vijaya meLavyuM. e zaheranA tavaMgara leke krAMtinA amala nIce pitAnI mAlamilakta jatI raheze evA kyathI kharekhAta aMgrejone belAvIne phreMca prajAne bAkI rahele naukAkAphele temane soMpI dIdhuM hatuM. A uparAMta e samaye navA prajAsattAka rAjya upara AvI paDelI bIjI Apattione lIdhe tenA upara bhAre phaTako paDyo hato ane maLI zake te badhA puruSa ane strIone paNa lazkaramAM joDAvAnuM pharamAna thayuM hatuM. nepoliyane asAdhAraNa kAbeliyatathI humalo karIne baMDakharone kacarI nAkhyA tathA aMgreja sainyane harAvyuM. have tene sitAro camakavA lAge ane 24 varasanI uMmare te senApati banyuM. paraMtu thoDA ja mAsamAM respiyarane giloTIna upara caDAvavAmAM AvyuM tyAre te AphatamAM AvI paDyo ane te respiyara pakSane mANasa che evo tenA upara zaka rAkhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. paraMtu te kharekhara je pakSano hato tenI sabhyasaMkhyA mAtra eka ja hatI, ane te eka sabhya nepoliyana pite ja hato ! pachI te DAyarekaTarIne amala zarU thaze ane e samaye nepaliyane batAvI ApyuM ke te jaikAbiyana pakSane te nahoto eTaluM ja nahi paNa pratikrAMtine AgevAna hatA ane jarAye khaMcakAyA vinA janatA upara goLIbAra karIne temane saMhAra karavAne tene vAMdho nahato. A jene viSe meM AgalA patramAM kahyuM hatuM te 1795nI sAlanI katala hatI. e divase teNe prajAsattAka rAjyane ghAyala karyuM. daza varasanI aMdara teNe prajAsattAkane aMta ANe ane pote kAMsane samrATa thaI beThe. 1796nI sAlamAM te ITAlI upara caDAI karanAra sainyane senApati thaye ane uttara ITAlInA raNakSetremAM jvalaMta phateha meLavIne

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nepeliyana 'u59 AkhA yuropane teNe chaka karI nAkhyuM. phreMca sainyamAM hajIye kaMIka aMze krAMtinI bhAvanA TakI rahI hatI. paraMtu e sinike cIMtharehAla hatA. temanI pAse pUratAM vastro nahotAM, pagamAM paheravAne jaDA nahetA tema ja khorAka ke paisA paNa nahotA. ITAlInAM phaLadrupa medAnamAM pahoMce tyAre khorAka tathA bIjI badhI sArI sArI vastuo ApavAnuM vacana ApIne e cIMtharehAla ane ughADapagA sainikone te Alepsa parvata oLaMgAvIne iTAlImAM laI gaye. bIjI bAju ITAlInA lekene teNe svataMtratA ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM ane jaNAvyuM ke julamagAranA trAsamAMthI temane mukta karavAne te tyAM Ave che. A krAMtikArIonI bhASA ane lUMTaphATa karavAnI AzAnuM ajaba prakAranuM mizraNa hatuM! A rIte teNe phreMca ane ITAliyananI bhAvanAno bahu caturAIthI lAbha uThAvyuM ane pote amuka aMze ITAliyana hevAthI ITAlImAM tenA vacananI bhAre asara thaI tene vijaye maLatA gayA tema tema tenI pratiSThA vadhatI gaI ane tenI kIrti phelAtI gaI pitAnA sainyamAM te sAmAnya sainikane veThavAM paDatAM sukhaduHkhamAM tema ja jokhamamAM bhAga bharate; ane humale karatI vakhate te te sAmAnya rIte sauthI vadhAre jokhamakAraka sthaLe ja khaDe thato. te hamezAM lAyakAtanI tapAsamAM rahetA ane lAyaka mANasa maLI Ave che te tene tyAMne tyAM ja raNakSetra upara tenuM InAma ApatA. sainikonI najare te te pitAtulya hato - jo ke te bahu taruNa pitA hate ! teo tene vahAlathI "nAnA korporala" tarIke oLakhatA ane sAmAnya rIte tuM kahIne bolAvatA. pachI A taraNa senApati vIsathI trIsa varasanI umara sudhImAM phreMca sainikone vahAlasoyo thaI paDe emAM jarAye Azcarya che kharuM? teNe uttara ITAlImAM sarvatra vijaya meLavyA, oNsTriyAnA sinyane tyAM AgaLa harAvyuM, venisanA prAcIna prajAsattAka rAjyane aMta A tathA sAmrAjyavAdInA jevI aghaTita suleha karI ane pachI te eka mahAna vijetAnI peThe perIsa pAcho pharyo. phrAMsamAM tenI sattAno AraMbha thaI cUkyo hateparaMtu pUrepUrI sattA hAtha karavAno samaya hajI AvyA nathI ema kadAca tene lAgyuM hovuM joIe; AthI teNe sainya laIne mIsara upara caDAI karavAnI yejanA karI. tenI yuvAvasthAthI ja tene pUrva taraphanA deza mATe AkarSaNa rahyA karatuM hatuM. have te pitAnuM e AkarSaNa seteSI zake

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ema hatuM ane vizALa sAmrAjyanAM svamAM tenA manamAM ramI rahyAM hovA joIe. bhUmadhya samudranA aMgreja kAphalAne thApa ApIne te eNlekajhAMDriyA pahoMce. e samaye mIsara usmAnI turka sAmrAjyane eka bhAga hatuM. paraMtu e sAmrAjya nabaLuM paDyuM hatuM ane kharI rIte mIsaramAM have memelyuka lokone amala cAlato hate. tukanA sulatAnanI temanA upara 'nAmanI ja ANa vartatI hatI. krAMti ane zedhaLoe yuropane bhale khaLabhaLAvI mUkyuM hoya paraMtu memelyuka leke to hajIye madhyayuganA lekanA jevuM jIvana jIvatA hatA. ema kahevAya che ke, nepoliyana kere pahoMcyo tyAre eka memelyuka saradAra rezamano jhaLahaLato piSaka ane suvarNajaDita bakhtara paherIne ghoDA upara savAra thaIne pheMca sainya pAse AvI pahoMce ane tenA nAyakane kaMThayuddha mATe AhvAna ApavA lAgyuM. paraMtu e AhvAnane e bIcArAne goLIbAra dvArA vIra yoddhAne na chAje e aghaTita javAba vALavAmAM AvyuM. thoDA ja vakhatamAM nepoliyane pirAmiDanA yuddhamAM vijaya meLavyo. chaTAdAra dekhAvo karavAne tene zokha hate. ghoDA upara savAra thaIne pirAmiDa AgaLa potAnA sainyanI sAme AvIne temane uddezIne te bolyA: "sainike, 40 sadIo tamane nihALI rahI che !' . nepaliyana jamIna uparanI laDAImAM pAvaradhA hatA ane evAM yuddhomAM te te vijaya meLavato rahyo. paraMtu samudra upara te lAcAra hatA. dariyAI laDAI viSe ene kazI gatAgama nahotI ane enI pAse kuzaLa naukA senApatio hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. e samaye iMglaMDane bhUmadhya samudrane naukAkAle eka pratibhAzALI puruSanI saradArI nIce hate. e puruSa te horeziye nelsana. eka divase magaja pheravIne nelsana cheka bArA sudhI AvI pahoMcyo ane phreMca nakA kAphalAne teNe nAza karyo. e naukA yuddha nAIlanA yuddha tarIke oLakhAya che. A rIte paradezamAM nepaliyanane krAMsa sAthe saMbaMdha tUTI gaye. te tyAMthI chaTakIne chUpI rIte phrAMsa jaI pahoMcyuM paraMtu ema karIne pitAnA sainyane teNe bhega Ape. vijaya ane thoDI lazkarI kIrti prApta thavA chatAM nepoliyananI pUrva taraphanI caDAI niSphaLa nIvaDI. e jANavA jevuM che ke neliyana mIsaramAM pitAnI sAthe saMkhyAbaMdha paMDite, vidvAne tathA aneka prakAranAM pustako tathA prayoganI sAdhanasAmagrI sAthe adhyApakone laI gayA hatA.

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nepeAliyana 1 A vidvatA pariSadamAM rAjerAja carcAo thatI ane temAM nepoliyana paNa bhAga leto, ane e vidvAnoe vaijJAnika zodhakheALanI dizAmAM sAruM kArya karyuM. grIka ane mIsaranI e prakAranI citralipimAM lakhAyelA lekhavALI eka zilA maLI AvatAM citralipinA purANA krAyaDA ukelavAmAM AvyeA. grIka lipimAM lakhAyelA lakhANanI madadathI khIjI e lipi ukelavAmAM AvI. sUejha AgaLa nahera khodavAnI sUcanAmAM paNa nepoliyanane bhAre rasa paDyo hatA e vastu paNa noMdhapAtra che. te mIsaramAM hatA te daramyAna nepoliyane IrAnanA zAha tathA dakSiNa hiMdanA TIpu sulatAna joDe saMdezA calAvyA. paraMtu samudra uparanI tenI lAcArIne kAraNe e vATAdhATemAMthI kazuM pariNAma nIpajyuM nahi. dariyA uparanI sattAe chevaTe tepoliyanane parAsta karyAM ane dirayAI sattAne kAraNe ja 19mI sadImAM iMglaMDe bhAre mahattva prApta karyuM. nepoliyana mIsarathI pAchA karyAM tyAre phrAMsanI bahu khUrI dazA thaI gaI hatI. DAyarekTarI badanAma thaI hatI ane prajAmAM te apriya thaI paDI hatI eTale saiAnI najara nepoliyana tarapha vaLI. nepoliyana to sattA hAtha karavA taiyAra ja hato. mIsarathI pAchA pharyAM bAda eka mAsa pachI 1799nA navembaramAM potAnA bhAI lyUsiyananI sahAyathI teNe jabarajastIthI dhArAsabhAne vikherI nAkhI ane e rIte te samaye je rAjyabaMdhAraNa anusAra DAyarekaTarI rAjyavahIvaTa calAvatI hatI tene aMta ANyo. A rIte aLapUrvaka rAjyasattA hAtha karavAnA kAryane / < phUpa de tA' kahevAmAM Ave che. e kUpa de tAne pariNAme nepoliyana saoNMparI thaI paDyo. mAtra te ja Ama karI zakyo tenuM kAraNa e che ke te lokapriya hatA ane prajAne tenA upara bhAre vizvAsa hato. krAMti to yAranIye marI paravArI hatI tathA lokazAsana paNa lApAvA lAgyuM hatuM ane have to bAjI lokapriya senApatinA hAthamAM AvI hatI. navuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDavAmAM AvyuM. e baMdhAraNamAM traNa kAnsaleAnI jogavAI karavAmAM AvI hatI. (prAcIna romamAM rAjyanA sarvoparI adhikArI konsala kahevAtA. tenA nAma uparathI A nAma akhatyAra karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM.) paraMtu nepoliyana e traNamAM mukhya hatA ane tenA hAthamAM saMpUrNa sattA hatI. te prathama kaeNnsala tarIke oLakhAtA hatAM ane tenI nimaNuka daza varasa mATe karavAmAM AvI hatI. rAjyabaMdhAraNa aMgenI carcA daramyAna kAI ke sUcanA karI ke prajAtaMtrane vidhipUrvakanA

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112 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzane pratinidhi gaNAya ane jenuM mukhya kAma dastAvejo upara sahI karavAnuM hoya e baMdhAraNIya rAjA ke phrAMsanA AjanA pramukha je kazI sattA vinAno pramukha hovo joIe. paraMtu nepaliyanane te kevaLa rAjAono bhabhakabharyo pizAka nahi paNa sAcI sattA joItI hatI. evA dabadabAbharyA paNa kazI sattA vinAnA pramukhanI tene jarUra nahatI. te bolI UThyo, "evA puSTa DukkaranI vAta choDe." jemAM nepoliyanane daza varasa mATe prathama kansala nImavAmAM Avyo hato te baMdhAraNa upara prajAne mata levAmAM AvyuM. prajAe tenI tarapheNamAM 30 lAkha karatAMye vadhu mata ApIne lagabhaga eka mate te maMjUra rAkhyuM. Ama khuda kAsanI prajAe pote ja nepaliyana pitAne mATe svataMtratA ane sukha lAvaze evI mithyA AzAthI tenA hAthamAM pUrNa sattA soMpI. paraMtu ApaNe nepoliyananA jIvananI vigatomAM UtarI zakIe ema nathI. enuM jIvana bhAre pravRtti ane vadhArene vadhAre sattA hAtha karavAnI AkAMkSAthI bharapUra che. dhArAsabhAne baLajabarIthI vikherI nAkhIne sattA hAtha karI te ja rAtre navuM baMdhAraNa ghaDAya ane maMjUra thAya te pahelAM ja kAyadAo ghaDIne tene vyavasthita saMgraha taiyAra karavA mATe teNe be samitio nImI dIdhI. tenI saramukhatyArInuM e prathama kArya hatuM. lAMbI carcAo pachI-jemAM nepoliyane paNa bhAga lIdhe hate -e kAyadAnA saMgrahane svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo ane te "koDa ne peliyana'ne nAme oLakhAyA. krAMtinA vicAro athavA te AjanAM dharaNone lakSamAM letAM e kAyadAsaMgraha bahu pragatizIla nahotA. paraMtu te samayanI paristhitinA pramANamAM te te ghaNe pragatizIla hatA ane 100 varasa sudhI keTalIka bAbatomAM te yuropa mATe namUnArUpa banI rahyo. bIjI aneka rIte teNe rAjavahIvaTamAM sAdAI ane kAryadakSatA dAkhala karyA. te dareka bAbatamAM mAthuM mArata. vigatanI bAbatamAM tenI smaraNa zakti abhuta hatI. pitAnI asAdhAraNa zaktithI te tenA sAthIo ane maMtrIone thakavI nAkho. tene eka sAthI A samayamAM tene viSe lakhe che ke, "zAsana karatAM, rAjavahIvaTa calAvatAM tathA vATAghATe karatAM pitAnI sacoTa buddhimattAthI te rajanA 18 kalAka kAma karate. rAjAo eka sadImAM jeTaluM zAsana kare tenA karatAM vizeSa zAsana teNe traNa varasamAM karyuM che." A hakIkata atizayoktibharI che emAM

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nepeAliyana 483 ' zaMkA nathI, para Mtu akabaranI peThe nepoliyanamAM paNa asAdhAraNu smaraNazakti ane saMpUrNa paNe susthita magaja hatuM e nivivAda che. te pote kahetA ke, * jyAre kAI paNa bAbata huM mArA magajamAMthI kADhI nAkhavA icchuM chuM tyAre huM tenuM khAnuM baMdha karI dauM chuM ane khIjI bAbatanuM khAnuM ughADuM chuM. badhAM khAnAMomAMnI vastuo seLabheLa thaI jatI nathI tema ja te mane thakavI zakatI ke trAsa ApI zakatI nathI. jyAre UMghavA cAhuM chuM tyAre huM badhAM khAnAM baMdha karI dauM chuM, pachI huM dhyA ja jANeA !' sAce ja te laDAInI madhyamAM jamIna para sUI jaI ne UMghI jatA ane ardho kalAka UMdha lIdhA pachI vaLI pAche bhAre kAmamAM garakAva thaI jatA. tene daza varasa mATe prathama kaeNnsala banAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. sattAnI sIDInuM bIjuM pagathiyuM traNa varasa pachI 1802nI sAlamAM AvyuM. e vakhate eNe pote ja potAne jIvanaparyaMtanA kaeNnsala banAvyA ane potAnI sattAmAM vadhAro karyAM. prajAsattAkanA aMta AvyA ane nepeliyana eka mAtra nAma sivAya badhI rIte rAjA banI gayeA. 1804nI sAlamAM prajAne mata laI ne te samrATa banyo. phrAMsamAM te sa sattAdhIza hatA ane chatAMye pahelAMnA samayanA Apakhuda rAjA ane tenI vacce bhAre taphAvata hatA. te potAnI sattA jUnI paraMparA ke rAjAonA daivI adhikAranA siddhAMtanA AzarA laI ne TakAvI zake ema nahotuM. tene te te potAnI kAryakuzaLatA tathA lokapriyatA upara TakAvavAnI hatI. khAsa karIne kheDUtavamAM te vadhAre lokapriya hatA. te tenI AkhI kArakirdI daramyAna tenA vaphAdAra pakSakAro rahyA hatA; kema ke teo ema mAnatA hatA ke teNe tenI jamIna temanA hAthamAM salAmata rAkhI hatI. nepoliyane eka vakhata kahyuM hatuM ke, dIvAnakhAnAomAM khesIne carcA karanArAo tathA lavarIkhAra lokeAnA abhiprAyAnI mane lavaleza paravA nathI. huM to eka ja abhiprAya pichAnuM chuM ane te kheDUtane.' paraMtu Akhare to kheDUta paNa nira Mtara cAlyA karatA yuddhamAM potAnA putrane mokalavAnI paristhitithI thAkI gayA. jayAre A madada jatI rahI tyAre nepeliyane UbhI karelI pracaMDa imArata DAmADALa thaI gaI. daza varasa sudhI e samrATa rahyo. e gALAmAM te AkhA yuropa khaMDa upara ghUmI vaLyo, tathA teNe asAdhAraNa lazkarI sAhaseA karyAM

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kar jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana ane yAdagAra vijayo meLavyA. AkhuM yuropa tenA nAma mAtrathI kapA UThyuM, yurApabharamAM tenI ANa vartatI hatI, ane e pahelAM ke pachI tenA upara khIjA kAinI evI ANa vartI nathI. meregA ( A jIta eNe potAnA sainya sAthe ziyALAmAM baraphathI chavAyelA senTa barnAne ghATa oLagIne 1800nI sAlamAM meLavI hatI. ), umA, sTaralIjha, jenA, AiplAu, kIDalAnDa ane vegrAma e teNe jamIna upara meLavelA maznara vijayeAmAMnA keTalAka vijrayAnAM nAme che. oNsTriyA, praziyA tathA raziyA vagere rAjyA tenI AgaLa jamInadosta thaI gayAM. spena, iTAlI, nedharalaeNnDajha, hAInanA samavAyataMtranA nAmathI oLakhAte jarmanIne moTA bhAga tathA DacI k vorasAnA nAmathI oLakhAtuM poleMDa e badhAM tenA tAbA nIcenAM rAjyA hatAM. prAcIna pavitra rezamana sAmrAjya jenI hastI keTalAye samayathI mAtra nAmanI ja rahI hatI tene paNa Akhare aMta AvyA. . yuropanAM meTAM rAjyomAMthI mAtra iMgleMDa ja A ApattimAMthI bacI gayuM. samudra ke je nepoliyana mATe haMmezAM agamya rahyo hato teNe iMgleMDane ugAyuM. ane tenI dariyAI salAmatIne kAraNe iMglaMDa tene sauthI moTA ane kaTTo zatru banyu. tenI kArakirdInA Ara MbhamAM ja nepoliyananA kAlAne nAilanA yuddhamAM nelsane kevI rIte nAza karyAM hato e huM tane kahI gayA . spenanA dakSiNa kinArA upara AvelI TraphAlgaranI bhUzira AgaLanA naukAyuddhamAM phrAMsa ane spenanA ekatrita kAlA upara 1805 nI sAlanA TebaranI 21mI tArIkhe nelsane ethIye moTA vijaya meLavye. A riyAI yuddha pahelAM ja nelsane potAnA naukA sainyane tene mazadUra thaI gayelA Adeza ApyA ke, dareka jaNa potapotAnI pharaja bajAvaze evI iMglaMDa ApaNI pAse apekSA rAkhe che.' nelsana peAtAnA vijayanI paLe maraNa pAmyA. paraMtu aMgreja leAkA e jItane abhimAna pUrNAMka ane nelsana pratye AbhAranI lAgaNIthI yAda kare che. laMDanamAM TraphAlgara skvera ane nelsana sthaMbha UbhA karIne tenu smAraka karavAmAM AvyuM che, A jIte iMglaMDa upara caDAI karavAnA nepoliyananA svapnane nAza karyAM. yuropa khaMDanAM badhAM bado iMgleMDa mATe baMdha karavAnA hukama ApIne nepoliyane enA javAba vAgye. tenI sAthe kAI paNa prakArane vyavahAra rAkhavAnI teNe manA karI ane iMgleMDane athavA

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165 nepoliyana te tene viSe kahe tema "bakAnI prajAne e rIte harAvavAnuM teNe nakakI kyuM. IMglaDe e badhA baMdaranI nAkAbaMdhI karI ane e rIte nepoliyananA sAmrAjya ane amerikA tathA itara khaDe vacce vepAra baMdha karyo. yuropamAM tenI sAme niraMtara khaTapaTa ane kAvAdAvA karyA karIne tathA tenA duzmana ane taTastha rahelAM rAjyamAM chUTe hAthe tenuM verIne paNa IMglaMDa nepoliyana sAme laDatuM rahyuM. iMglaMDane emAM yuropanI moTI moTI zarAphI peDhIo ane khAsa karIne razmacAIlDanI peDhInI bhAre madada maLI hatI. A uparAMta IMglaDe nepoliyana sAme pracAranI rIta paNa akhatyAra karI hatI. te samaye te laDAInI e rIta navIna hatI, paraMtu e pachIthI e bahu sAmAnya thaI gaI che, chApAMomAM krAMsa ane khAsa karIne nepoliyana sAme jehAda pikAravAmAM AvI. A navA samrATanI majAka uDAvanArAM kaTAkSa citro, tareha tarehanA lekho ane copAniyAMo tathA jUThANuthI bharelAM tenAM banAvaTI jIvanacaritra bahAra pADavAmAM AvyAM ane e badhAM corIchupIthI kAMsamAM sarakAvavAmAM AvyAM. Aje te jUThANAMthI bharelI chApAMnI jehAda e Adhunika vigrahanuM eka vyavasthita aMga banI gayuM che. 1914-18nA mahAyuddha daramyAna temAM saMDovAyelAM badhAM rAjyanI sarakAroe naphaTAIthI ajaba prakAranAM jUThANuM phelAvyAM hatAM. ane jUThANAM upajAvI kADhI tene pracAra karavAnI A kaLAmAM IMglaMDanI sarakArane saheje pahele naMbara hoya ema jaNAya che. nepoliyananA samayathI mAMDIne ene e kaLAmAM eka sadI jeTalA lAMbA samayanI tAlIma maLI che. ApaNA dezane lagatI satya hakIkate kevI rIte dAbI devAmAM Ave che tathA mAnI na zakAya evAM jUThANuone ahIM tathA iMglaMDamAM kevI rIte pracAra karavAmAM Ave che ane ApaNane hiMdamAM ThIka ThIka anubhava che.

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105 nepeAliyana viSe vizeSa 6 navembara, 1932 AgalA patramAM ApaNe cheDI dIdhI hatI tyAMthI nepoliyananI vAta ApaNe AgaLa calAvavI joI e. nepoliyana jyAM jyAM gayA tyAM tyAM te phreMca krAMtine kaMIka aMza letA gayA. ane tethI teNe jItelA dezanA leke tenA AvavAthI sAva nArAja nahAtA. teo potAnA namAlA ane aklyUDala zAsakAthI kaMTALI gayA hatA. teo temanA upara bhAre trAsa gujArI rahyA hatA. A vastu nepoliyanane atyaMta madarUpa nIvaDI ane te jyAM jyAM paheoMcyA tyAM tyAM cUDala prathA tenI AgaLa paDI bhAMgI. khAsa karIne ja nImAMthI to cUDala prathA nirmULa thaI gaI. spenamAM teNe InkavajhIzana (dhataMtranI adAlata)nA aMta ANyo. paraMtu teNe ajANapaNe pedA karelI rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA ja tenI sAme thaI gaI ane teNe Akhare tene parAjaya karyAM. te jarIpurANA rAjA ane samrATane te sahelAIthI jera karI zakyo, paraMtu jAgrata thaIne tenI sAme UDelI AkhI prajAne te AvI zakyo nahi. spenanI prajA e rIte tenI sAme thaI ane varaso sudhI te tenI sAdhana sAmagrI tathA zaktine khAI gaI. jarmana prajA paNa khairana phrona sTAIna nAmanA dezabhakatanI AgevAnI nIce saMgati thaI ane phrona sTAIna tene kaTTo duzmana banyo. jarmanInI mukti mATe yuddha paNa laDAyuM. A rIte nepoliyane jAgrata karelI rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAe dariyAI sattA sAthe maLIne tene aMta ANyo. paraMtu kAI paNa paristhitimAM eka saramukhatyArane nabhAvI levA e AkhA yuropa mATe muzkela hatuM. athavA pAchaLathI nepoliyane potAne viSe kahelI vAta ja kharI hatI : 6 mArA patana mATe mArA sivAya bIjA kAIne javAbadAra gaNI zakAya ema nathI. mAro potAnA moTAmAM moTo zatru ane mArI bhISaNa ApattinuM kAraNa huM pote ja chuM.'

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nepoliyana viSe vizeSa A pratibhAzALI puravamAM bahu bhAre khAmIo hatI. bahu sAmAnya sthitimAMthI UMcI padavI prApta karavAne lIdhe tenAmAM lebhAgupaNAnI kaMIka asara hatI ane namAlA tathA jarIpurANA rAjAo ane samrATe tenI sAthe samAnatAthI varte evI AzA te sevato hato. temanAmAM kazIye lAyakAta na hovA chatAM teNe pitAnAM bhAIbahenane aghaTita rIte AgaLa vadhAryA. 1799nI sAlamAM nepoliyane baLajabarIthI rAjyasattA hAtha karI te vakhatanI kaTokaTInI paLe tene sahAya karanAra tene bhAI lyusiyana ja e badhAmAM kaMIka ThIka hatuM. paraMtu pAchaLathI te tenI sAthe laDI paDyo ane ITAlImAM jaI rahyo. pitAnA bIjA garviche ane bevakUpha bhAIone nepoliyane rAjA banAvyA. pitAnA kuTuMbane AgaLa vadhAravAnI tenAmAM vicitra ane hIna vRtti hatI. te muzkelImAM AvI paDyo tyAre e badhA tene bevaphA nIvaDyA ane temaNe tene tyAga karyo. pitAne rAjavaMza sthApavAnI paNa nepoliyanane tIvra IcchA hatI. tenI AraMbhanI kArakirdImAM ja-jene lIdhe te mazahUra thayo te ITAlInA saMgrAma pahelAM - te josephAIna nAmanI khUbasUrata paraMtu caMcaLa vRttinI strI sAthe paraNyo hato. tenAthI kazI saMtati na thavAne kAraNe te atyaMta nirAza thaI gaye, kema ke tene te pitAne rAjavaMza sthApavAnI laganI lAgI hatI. AthI te tene cahAtA hovA chatAM josephAIna De chUTAcheDA karavAnuM teNe nakkI karyuM. te raziyAnA rAjavaMzanI eka kuMvarI sAthe lagna karavA mAgatA hatA paNa jhAra temAM saMmata na thayA. Ama thAta te nepoliyana lagabhaga AkhA yuropane dhaNI thaI jAta, paraMtu jhArane raziyAnA zAhI kuTuMbamAM paraNavAnI nepaliyananI IcchA dhRSTatAbharI lAgI ! e pachI nepoliyane osTriyAnA hepsabarga vaMzanA samrATane tenI putrI merI luIsane pitAnI sAthe paraNAvavAnI pharaja pADI. enAthI tene eka putra thaye, paraMtu te jaDa ane maMdabuddhinI hatI ane nepoliyana tene jarAye gamate nahe. AthI te patnI tarIke bhUMDI nIvaDI. jyAre te AphatamAM AvI paDyo tyAre te tene choDI gaI ane tene sAva bhUlI gaI keTalIka bAbatomAM te pitAnI peDhInA leke karatAM ghaNe AgaLa hovA chatAM rAjAzAhInA mithyA ane pigaLa tathA jarIpurANuM khyAlanI medinInI jALamAM phasAye e Azcaryajanaka che. ane ema chatAMye te krAMtinI vAta karato ane namAlA rAjAonI ThaThThA uDAvatA.

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18 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kAMti tathA navIna samAjavyavasthA tarapha teNe irAdApUrvaka pITha pheravI hatI; jUnI samAjavyavasthA tene anukULa nahotI tema ja te tene svIkAra - karavAne paNa taiyAra nahote. eTale e baMnenI vacce te pachaDAI paDyo. lazkarI kIrtinI tenI kArakirdI dhIme dhIme tenA anivArya ane karaNa aMta tarapha vaLe che. tenA keTalAka pradhAne ja dagAkhora hoya che ane sAme kAvatarAMmAM Utare che. tAlerAM raziyAnA jhAra sAthe ane ke IDa sAthe kAvatarAM karavAmAM sAmela thAya che. nepoliyana temanAM kAvatarAM pakaDI pADe che. paraMtu AzcaryanI vAta te e che ke kevaLa pake ApIne temane potAnA pradhAna tarIke te cAlu rAkhe che. barnADeTa nAmane tene eka senApati tenI sAme thaI jAya che ane tene ko duzmana bane che. tenI mAtA tathA bhAI lyusiyana sivAya tenuM AkhuM kuTuMba tenA pratye geravartaNUka cAlu rAkhe che ane tenI viruddha kAma karavA mAMDe che. khuda kAsamAM paNa asaMtoSa vadhavA pAme che ane tenI saramukhatyArI kaThera ane nirdaya bane che. aneka lekane temanA upara kAma calAvyA vinA kedamAM pUravAmAM Ave che. tene sitAre acUkapaNe namavA mAMDe che. ane UgatAne pUjanArA tenA ghaNA pakSakAro tene aMta samIpa Avato joIne teno tyAga kare che. hajIye uMmare nAne hevA chatAM tenuM zarIra tema ja mana paNu dUbaLuM paDavA lAge che. laDAInI madhyamAM tene AMtaraDAnuM tIvra darada thaI Ave che. sattA paNa tene bhraSTa kare che. tenI pahelAMnI lazkarI nipuNatA te hajI kAyama rahe che paraMtu tenI gati have maMda paDe che. have te ghaNI vAra saMzaya ane - saMkalpavikalpamAM paDI jAya che. tenA sainyanI capaLatA ghaTe che ane te maMda bane che. 1812nI sAlamAM te pracaMDa senA laIne raziyA upara caDhAI karavA UpaDe che. raziyanone te harAve che ane pachI jhAjhA sAmanA vinA AgaLa vadhe che. raziyAnuM sainya pAchaLa hatuM ja jAya che ane tene bilakula sAmano karatuM nathI. nepoliyananI pracaMDa senAne tene patto lAgato nathI ane ema karatAM karatAM te maeNska pahoMce che. jhAra namatuM ApavA vicAra kare che, paraMtu nepoliyananI pahelane sAthI ane senApati barnADeTa tathA jene teNe gunegAra gaNIne rAjyamAMthI kADhI mUkyo hato te jarmana rASTrIya netA bairana phona sTAIna e be jaNa - eka phrAnsavAsI ane bIjo jarmana - jhArane namatuM na ApavAne

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nepeAliyana viSe vizeSa samajAve che. raziyana lokA potAnA vahAlA zahera mAskAne duzmanAnuM nika Mdana kADhavAne khAtara saLagAvI mUke che. mAskA bALI mUkavAnI vAta seTa pITarsaba paheAMce che tyAre sTAIna potAnA meja AgaLa kheDAM eDAM e banAvane uddezIne potAnA hAthamAMne pyAle UMcA karIne khelI UThe che : ' A pahelAM traNa cAra vAra me mArA sarajAma gumAvyA che. AvI vastuo gumAvavAne ApaNe TevAI javuM joI e. ApaNe maravAnuM ja che to pachI ApaNe zUrA banavuM joI e !' ziyALA zarU thAya che. baLatuM mAskA cheDIne nepoliyana phrAMsa pAchA pharavAnA nirNaya kare che. nepoliyananuM pracaMDa sainya paDatuM AkhaDatuM ane lathiyAM khAtuM barapha upara thaI te dhIme dhIme pAchuM phare che. raziyAnuM kaoNMgreMka sainya cAre bAjuethI tenI pUMThe pakaDe che, tenA upara humalA karI karIne niraMtara tene satAvatuM rahe che, tathA vikhUTA paDI gayelA sainikAnI katala kare che. kakaDatI ThaMDI ane A kaeNeNka sainya e baMne maLIne nepoliyananA hajAro sainikAne bhAga le che ane tenI pracaMDa senA bhUtAvaLa samI banI rahe che. thAkI gayelI ane cItharehAla AkhI pAyadaLa senA paDatI AkhaDatI jema tema AgaLa vadhe che. tenA paga himathI TharIne sUjI jAya che. nepoliyana paNa potAnA sainikAnI sAthe page cAlIne kUca kare che. e atyaMta bhISaNa ane hRdayavidAraka kUca hatI ane e pracaMDa senA dinapratidina kSINa thatI thatI lagabhaga adRzya thaI jAya che. mAtra mUDIbhara sainikA ja svadeza pAchA phare che. eNe krAMsanuM nepoliyanane mATe kaMTALA A raziyAnI laDAI bhAre TakA samAna nIvaDI. manuSyabaLa khuTADI nAkhyuM. vaLI vizeSe karIne eNe vRddha ane ciMtAtura banAvye tathA tenAmAM laDAI te pedA karyAM. paraMtu have tene ArAma ke zAMti maLI zake ema nahotuM. cetarathI te duzmanothI gherAyelA hatA ane jo ke huye te vijayA meLavanAra tejasvI senApati rahyo hatA paraMtu tenI AsapAsanI duzmaneAnI jALanA kAMsA dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre taga banatA gayA. tAlerAMnA kAvAdAvA vadhI gayA ane nepoliyananA vizvAsu senApatio paNa tenA virodhI banI gayA. thAkyApAkayA ane kaMTALI gayelA nepoliyane 1814nA eprila mAsamAM gAdItyAga karyAM. have nepoliyanane kAMTA mA mAMthI dUra thavAthI yuropanA nakaze krIthI

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130 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna racavAne viyenAmAM yurepanA rAjyonI mATI pariSada maLI. nepoliyanane bhUmadhya samudramAM AvelA elbA nAmanA eka nAnakaDA TApumAM mokalI devAmAM AvyA hatA. yuae vazanA khIjA eka nakhIrAne -- gileTIna upara caDAvavAmAM AvelA rAjAnA bhAI khIjA eka lUI nAmadhArIne tenA ekAMtavAsamAMthI ANIne 18mA lUInA nAmathI phrAMsanI gAdI upara besADavAmAM Avyo. A rIte krAMsanI gAdI upara muN vaMzane krIthI sthApita karavAmAM Avyo ane tenI sAthe pahelAMnI julamI nIti krIthI sajIvana karavAmAM AvI. Ama, bAstiyanA patana pachInAM vIratvabharyAM kAryAMnuM Akhare AvuM pariNAma AvyuM ! viyenAmAM rAjA tema ja temanA pradhAneA ApasamAM vAdivavAda ane takarAra karavA lAgyA ane vacagALAnA samayamAM meAjamajhA uDAvavA lAgyA. te atyaMta nirAMta anubhavavA lAgyA. bhISaNa Dara dUra thayo hato ane have temane zvAsa heThe paDyo hatA. nepAliyananA vizvAsaghAta karanAra dezadrohI tAlerAM rAjAe tema ja temanA pradhAnanA ToLAmAM prItipAtra thaI paDyo ane pariSadamAM teNe mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo. AsTriyAno videzamaMtrI meTani` kha e samayane khIjo nAmIce mutsaddI hatA. eka varasa karatAM ochA samayamAM nepoliyana elbathI ane phrAMsanA loko mubta rAjakartAothI dharAI gayA. ethnA TApumAMthI eka nAnakaDI hoDImAM nepoliyana chaTakI gayA ane rIviyerA paragaNAnA kaeNnisa baMdare te 1815nA phebruArInI 26mI tArIkhe ekaladokala UtaryAM. kheDUtoe tene utsAhapUrvaka vadhAvI lIdho. tenI sAme meAkalavAmAM AvelA sainye potAnA 'nAnA korporalane ' joyA tyAre ' samrATa ghaNuM jIvA ' evA pokAro karyAM ane te tenI sAthe maLI gayuM ane Ama vijayakUca karato te paeNrisa paheAMcyA. aA rAjA nAsI chUTayo. paraMtu yuropanAM badhAMye pATanagaromAM bhaya ane tarakhATa phelAI gayo. viyenAmAM jyAM AgaLa hajI rAjAonI pariSada cAlatI hatI -- nAcaraMga ane mijabAnIe ekAeka baMdha thaI gayAM tathA sAmAnya bhayanI sAme rAjAe ane temanA pradhAne aMdaraaMdaranI takarAre bhUlI gayA ane nepoliyanane pharIthI harAvavAnA kArya mAM temaNe potAnuM badhuM lakSa kendrita karyuM. eTale AkhuM yuropa tenI sAme dhasI AvyuM ane phrAMsa have laDAIthI thAkI gayuM hatuM. nepoliyana paNa hajI tenI uMmara mAtra 4} varasanI hovA chatAM zramita ane vRddha thaI gayA hatA. tenI patnI

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nepoliyana viSe vizeSa 171 merI luIsa paNa tene tyAga karI gaI hatI. teNe keTalIka laDAImAM vijaya meLavyA kharA paraMtu Akhare veliMgTana ane lyakharanI saradArI nIce aMgreja ane praziyana sainyae te krAMsanI kinAre Utaryo tyAra pachI mAtra 100 divasa bAda bruselsa najIka paeNTaralanA raNakSetra upara tene harAvyuM. ethI karIne tenA Agamana pachIne samaya "100 divasane amala" tarIke oLakhAya che. vaoNTaralanA raNakSetra para bhAre rasAkasI bhareluM yuddha thayuM ane vijayanuM palluM konA tarapha namaze e anizcita hatuM. nasIbe nepoliyanane hAtha na dIdhe. emAM vijaya meLavavAnuM tene mATe saMbhavita hatuM, paraMtu ema thAta teye thoDA vakhata pachI tenI sAme ekatrita thayelA yurepanI AgaLa tene hAravuM paData. paNa have te te hArI gayuM eTale tenA ghaNAkharA pakSakAre tenI sAme thaIne pitAnI jAtane bacAvavAnI peravI karavA lAgyA. have laDAI vadhu calAvavAne kazo artha nahetA, eTale teNe bIjI vakhata gAdItyAga karyo ane krAMsanA eka baMdaramAMnA eka aMgreja vahANa upara jaIne pite IMgleMDamAM zAMtithI rahevA cAhe che ema kahIne tenA kaptAnane pitAnI jAta soMpI dIdhI. paraMtu iMglaMDa ke yuropa pAsethI teNe udAra ane vivekabharyA vartananI apekSA rAkhI hoya te teNe bhUla karI hatI. e badhA tenAthI. atizaya DaratA hatA ane te ebAmAMthI chaTakI gayuM hatuM eTale tene kaI atizaya dUrane sthaLe rAkhI tenA upara barAbara cakI pahere rAkhavo joIe evI temane pratIti thaI gayelI hatI. AthI tenA virodhane gaNakAryA vinA tene kedI tarIke jAhera karavAmAM Avyo ane thoDAka sAthIo sAthe ATalAMTika mahAsAgaranA dakSiNa bhAgamAM AvelA seMTa helInA nAmanA eka dUranA TApumAM ekalI devAmAM Avyo. tene "yurepanA kedI tarIke lekhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. ane yuropanAM ghaNAM rAjya tenA upara cakI rAkhavAne pitAnA pratinidhio seMTa helInA mokalatAM hatAM. paraMtu vastutAe te tenA upara cakI rAkhavAnI pUrepUrI javAbadArI aMgrejonI hatI. duniyA sAthenA kazA saMparka vinAnA A dUranA TApu upara paNa tenA upara cekI rAkhavA mATe teo eka sAruM sarakhuM sainya tyAM lAvyA hatA. te samayane tyAMne raziyana pratinidhi kAunTa bAbheIna seMTa helInAnA ekAMta khaDakanuM A pramANe varNana kare che: "AkhI duniyAmAM e atizaya gamagInIbharyuM, sauthI vadhAre

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kare jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ekAMta ane agamya tathA sahelAithI bacAva thaI zake evuM, humale karavAne mATe atizaya kaparuM ane mANasane vasavATa karavAne mATe taddana ayogya sthAna che. . . ." e TApune aMgreja gavarnara bahu aNaghaDa ane jaMgalI mANasa hato, ane nepoliyana sAthe teNe bahu aghaTita vartAva rAkhyo hate. TApunA taMdurastIne atizaya hAnikAraka AbohavAvALA bhAgamAM ghaDAnA tabelA jevA eka kharAba gharamAM tene rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM tathA tenI ane tenA sAthIonI upara khe evA aneka prakAranA pratibaMdha mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. keTalIka vakhata te tene pUrata svaccha ane ArogyadAyaka khorAka paNa ApavAmAM AvatuM nahe. yuropanA tene mitra sAthe patravahevAra paNa karavA devAmAM AvatuM nahotuM eTaluM ja nahi, paNa te sattAdhIza hato te vakhate jene teNe remanA rAjAne ilakAba Ape hato te tenA nAnakaDA putra sAthe patravahevAra karavAnI paNa tene chUTa ApavAmAM AvI nahotI, are, tenA putranI khabara paNa tene ApavAmAM AvatI nahotI. nepoliyana sAthe nIcatApUrvaka vartAva rAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA e kharekhara AzcaryakAraka che. paraMtu seMTa helInA gavarnara te kevaLa tenI sarakAranuM hathiyAra ja hatuM. ane pitAnA kedI pratye geravartAva rAkhavAnI tathA tenuM mAnabhaMga karavAnI aMgreja sarakAranI IrAdApUrvakanI nIti hoya ema jaNAya che. yuropanAM bIjAM rAjyoe emAM pitAnI saMmati ApI hatI. pite vRddha hovA chatAM nepaliyananI mA seMTa helInAmAM tenI sAthe rahevA cahAtI hatI, paraMtu tene nA pADavAmAM AvI ! jo ke tenI pAMkhe have kapAI gaI hatI ane asahAya banIne te eka dUranA TApumAM paDyo hato, chatAMye tenA pratye Avo aghaTita vartAva rAkhavAmAM Avyo hatee uparathI yurepa hajIye tenAthI keTaluM badhuM DaratuM hatuM e ApaNane jANavA maLe che. seMTa helInAmAM teNe A jIvatA mRtyu samAna pAMca varaso vitAvyAM. e nAnakaDA TApumAM baMdIvAna banelA ane rojeroja nAnAM nAnAM apamAna sahana karatA e akhUTa zaktizALI ane mahattvAkAMkSI puruSe keTalI bhAre yAtanAo anubhavI haze enI kalpanA karavI muzkela nathI. 1821nI sAlanA me mAsamAM e maraNa pAme. maraNa pachI paNa gavarnaranA tiraskAre tene keDe choDyo nahi ane eka kaMgALa kabaramAM tene daphanAvavAmAM AvyuM. dhIme dhIme nereliyana pratyenA geravartAvanI

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- 173 nepoliyana viSe vizeSa tathA tenI satAmaNInI khabare yuropa pahoMcI (te samaye khabara bahu dhIme dhIme pahoMcatI hatI, tyAre tenI sAme IMglaDa sahita ghaNA dezamAM bhAre pikAra UDyo. A geravartAva mATe mukhyatve karIne javAbadAra briTanane videzamaMtrI kAselare ene lIdhe tathA tenI kaDaka AMtarika nItine kAraNe prajAmAM akAre thaI paDyo. AthI tene eTaluM badhuM lAgI AvyuM ke teNe ApaghAta karyo. mahAna ane asAdhAraNa puruSanI kiMmata AMkavAnuM kAma muzkela hoya che. ane nepoliyana paNa amuka rIte mahAna ane asAdhAraNa puruSa hate e nirvivAda che. kudaratanA baLanI peThe te akhUTa zaktizALI hate. kalpanAzIla ane vicAravAna hovA chatAM Adarzo ane niHsvArtha hetuonI kiMmata te samajAtuM nahotuM. kIrti ane dhanadelata lekanI AgaLa dharIne te temanAM dila jItavA tathA temanA upara chApa pADavA cahAte hate. eTale kIrti ane sattAne tene bhaMDaLa khUTayo tyAre teNe jemane AgaLa vadhAryA hatA temane potAnI sAthe rAkhavA mATe tenI pAse Adarza hetuo nahi jevA ja hatA ane tenA ghaNA sAthIo te nIcatAthI tene tyAga karI gayA. dharma e tene mana garIba ane duHkhI lekene pitAnI durdazAthI saMtuSTa rAkhavAnI kevaLa eka rIta hatI. khristI dharma viSe eka vAra teNe kahyuM hatuM ke, "je dharma saikreTIsa ane oNTone dUSita karAve che tene huM kevI rIte svIkAra karI zakuM ?" jyAre te mIsaramAM hatA tyAre IslAma para teNe pitAne pakSapAta darzAvyuM hatuM. jo ke emAM tene Azaya tyAMnA lekanI prIti saMpAdana karavAne have emAM lezamAtra zaMkA nathI. dharmane viSe te sAva beparavA ho chatAMye dharmane te uttejana Apane kema ke dharmane te pracalita samAjavyavasthAne samarthaka lekha hate. te kahe ke, "svargamAM samAnatA che evI bhAvanA dharma pravartAve che ane tethI karIne garIba loko zrImaMtanI katala karatA aTake che. dharmamAM rasInA jevo guNa che. te ApaNuM camatkAra mATenA rasane saMtoSe che ane dhutArAothI ApaNane bacAve che. . . . . . mAla milakatanI asamAnatA vinA samAja TakI zake nahi paraMtu mAlamilakata dharma vinA na nabhI zake. pitAnI samIpane mANasa bhAtabhAtanI sArI sArI vAnIothI moja uDAvate hoya tyAre bhUkhe marate mANasa daivI zakti paranI pitAnI zraddhAthI tathA paralokamAM vastuonI vaheMcaNI judI rIte thavAnI che evI pratItithI ja TakI zake che. potAnA sAmarthanA

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Ex jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna ' gamAM AvI jaI ne teNe evuM kahyuM hovAnuM kahevAya che ke, jo AkAza ApaNA upara tUTI paDe te ApaNA bhAlAnI aNIthI ApaNe tene TekavI rAkhIzuM.' . tenAmAM mahApuruSonI AkaSa Nukti hatI ane teNe ghaNA leAkAnI gADha ane ekaniSTha maitrI prApta karI hatI. akabaranI peThe enI dRSTimAM paNa AkarSaNa hatuM. teNe eka vakhata kahyuM hatuM ke, ' meM bhAgye ja taravAra kheMcI che; huM mArI jIta mArI AMkhothI meLavuM chuM, hathiyArothI nahi. AkhA yuropane vigrahanA dAvAnaLamAM hAmanAra puruSanuM A na samajI zakAya evuM kathana che ! ane chatAM e vacanamAM kaMIka tathya che! potAnA dezavaTA daramyAna pAchaLanA varasAmAM teNe kahyu hatuM ke, pazubaLa e sAcA upAya nathI ane manuSyaneA AtmA e taravAra karatAM zreSTha che. teNe kahyuM hatuM ke, "mane sauthI vadhAre Azcaryajanaka zuM lAge che te tame jANA che ? te A cheH kAI paNa vastu saMgati karavA mATe pazubaLanI lAcArI. jagatamAM mAtra e ja maLeA che AtmA ane taravAra. lAMbe gALe te Akhare AtmabaLathI hamezAM taravArane parAjaya thavAno." paraMtu nepoliyanane A e baLA vacce pasaMdagI karavAno ' lAMbegALe ' maLyo nahAtA. te utAvaLamAM hatA ane potAnI kArakirdInA AraMbhamAM ja teNe taravAranA mArga grahaNa karyAM hatA. taravArathI ja te vijayI thayA ane te paDyo paNa taravArathI ja. vaLI teNe kahyu hatuM ke, vigraha e to gata jamAnAnA e avazeSa che; eka divasa evA Avaze jyAre tApe ane saMgItA vinA ja vijayA maLatA thaze.'saMjoge enA karatAM vadhAre baLavAna hatA -- tenI apAra mahattvAkAMkSA, yuddhamAM sugamatAthI teNe meLavelA vijayA, ane uccapada prApta karelA evA A prAkRta jana pratye yuropanA rAjavIonA tiraskAra tathA tene temane lAgatA Dara A badhI vastuee svastha thavA mATe jarUrI zAMti ke nirAMta tene ApyAM nahi. laDAImAM te avicArIpaNe AMdhaLiyAM karIne mANasonI jiMdagIne bhega ApatA. ane chatAM tene viSe ema kahevAya che ke kaiAInuM duHkha ke pIDA joI ne tenuM hRdaya dravI jatuM. , ' tenA vyaktigata jIvanamAM te sAde hatA. kAma sivAya khIjI kAI paNa bAbatamAM te maryAdA oLaMgatA nahi ke atireka karatA nahi. tenA kathana pramANe te, 'mANasa vadhAre paDatA AhAra kare che, pachI te game eTalu ochu kema na khAtA hAya. vadhAre khAvAthI ja mANusa \"

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75 nepoliyana viSe vizeSa bImAra paDe che, alpAhArane kAraNe kadI nahi. tenA A sAdA jIvane ja tene suMdara svAdhya ane akhUTa zakti bakyAM hatAM. te marajI paDe tyAre ane marachamAM Ave eTaluM ochuM UMdhI zakate. savAra ane sAMja thaIne divasamAM 100 mAIlane ghoDA upara pravAsa karavo e tene mATe asAmAnya ke bhAre vastu nahatI. pitAnI mahattvAkAMkSAthI prerAIne te AkhA yurepa khaMDane khUMdI va ane pariNAme te yurepa viSe eka ja kAyado ane eka ja sarakArathI ja zAsita evA eka ghaTaka athavA eka rAjya tarIke vicAra karavA lAgyuM. te kahe ke, "badhI prajAone bheLavI daIne huM eka rASTra pedA karIza." pAchaLathI seMTa helInAmAM dezavaTAnI yAtanA veDyA pachI tenA manamAM pharIthI ane kaMIka taTastha rIte A kalpanA ubhavI : "vahelAmaDAM, saMjogene baLe yurepanI prajAonI AvI ektA thavAnI ja che. e dizAmAM zarUAta thaI cUkI che ane mArI vyavasthA paDI bhAMgyA pachI mane lAge che ke, prajA saMdha (liga epha nezansa) dvArA ja yuropanI samatA prApta karI zakAze." Aje 100 varasa pachI paNa prajAsaMdha sthApavAnI dizAmAM hajIye yuropa prayoga karI rahyuM che. ane aMdhArAmAM phe phesI rahyuM che! . . tenA chellA vasiyatanAmAmAM jene te remane rAjA kahete have tathA jene viSenA khabare nirdayatApUrvaka tene ApavAmAM nahotA AvatA te tenA putra mATe te eka saMdeze mUkate game che. pitAne putra eka divasa rAjakta thaze evI AzA te sevato hato ane teNe tene hiMsAne Azaro na letAM zAMtithI rAjya karavAno Adeza Ape che. "hathiyArane baLe yuropane thatharAvavAnI mane pharaja paDI hatI, paraMtu have te lekene buddhithI samajAvIne kAma levAno samaya AvI pahoMcyuM che." paraMtu putranA nasIbamAM rAjA thavAnuM lakhyuM nahotuM. tenA pitAnA maraNa pachI agiyAra varasa bAda te yuvAvasthAmAM ja viyenAmAM maraNa pAme. paraMtu A badhA vicAre tene pitAnA dezavaTonA samaya daramyAna ane bhAre yAtanAo sahana karyA pachI AvyA hatA. banavAjoga che ke bhAvi prajAne abhiprAya pitAne viSe kaMIka sAre banAvavA khAtara paNa teNe e lakhyuM hoya. enI mahattAnA divasomAM te atizaya pravRttimAM paDyo hato ane philasUpha banavAnI tene jarAye phurasada nahotI. te te

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$$$ jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna ' che. - kevaLa sattAnI vedI AgaLa ja pUjA karatA hatA, eka mAtra sattA upara ja tene sAcA prema hato. ane te aNudhaDapaNe nahi paNa eka kalAkAranI peThe tene cahAtA hatA. te kaheto, * sattA upara mate prema - hA sattAne huM cAhuM chuM, paNa te eka kaLAkAranI rIteH temAMthI bhAtabhAtanA avAjo ane savAdI mUro pedA karavAne eka Dila vagADanAra philane cADe che tema.' paraMtu vadhAre paDatI sattAnI kheAja jokhamakAraka hoya che ane enI pAchaLa paDanAra vyakti ke prajAnuM patana ane vinAza vahelA moDA avazya thAya ja che. e rIte nepoliyananuM paNa patana thayuM ane ema thayuM e ThIka ja thayuM. daramyAna khu| rAjAe phrAMsamAM rAjya karatA hatA. paraMtu temane viSe evuM kahevAtuM hatuM ke khuvazI kadIye kazuM zIkhyA nahi ane kazuM bhUlyA paNa nahi. tepoliyananA maraNa bAda nava varasamAM phrAMsa temanAthI thAkI gayuM ane teNe temane uthalAvI pADacA. navA rAjavaMzanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI, tathA nepoliyananI yAdagIrI pratye zubhecchA darzAvavAnA hetuthI venDomenA sthaMbha uparathI tenuM pUtaLu dUra karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te tenA upara pharIthI UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM. ane vRddhAvasthAne kAraNe AMdhaLI thayelI tepoliyananI du:khI mAtA khAlI UMDI : ' samrATa karI pALe paeNrIsamAM AvI pahoMcyA che.

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cha rUpiyA