Jagatna Itihasnu Rekha Darshan Part 02

Author(s): Jawaharlal Nehru, Manibhai B Desai
Publisher: Navjivan Prakashan Mandir
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032709/1

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana lekhaka javAharalAla neharu

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50 javAharalAla neharu likhita jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jelamAMthI pitAnI putrIne lakhelA vadhu patro jemAM tane mATe ItihAsanuM rasaLatuM vyAna Ave che. khaMDa bIje anuvAdaka maNibhAI bha. desAI navajIvana prakAzana maMdira amadAvAda

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mudraka ane prakAzaka jIvaNajI DAhyAbhAI desAI navajIvana mudraNAlaya, kALupura, amadAvAda pahelI AvRtti, prata 2,500 jUna, 1945

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prakAzakanuM nivedana paM. javAharalAlajInA jagatanA ItihAsano A bIjo khaMDa dhAryA pramANe pUro karIne vAcakane pahoMcADI zakAya che, tethI AnaMda ane kRtArthatA anubhavIe chIe. pahelA bhAgamAM jaNAvyuM hatuM tema, A daLadAra graMthanuM chApakAma 194ramAM cAlu karyuM hatuM. eTale ke, 1930-2nI laData vakhate lakhAyelA A pustakane ApaNe dase varase jyAre e laDatamAM navo yuga zarU thayo che, tyAre bahAra pADIe chIe. emAM eka prakAranI zithilatA rahelI che, te bIjI bAjuethI jotAM amuka kAraNa paNa batAvI zakAya che. A pustaka paMDitajIe jelanI "navarAza ane taTasthavRttimAM lakhyuM. kadAca e ja ene mATe yogya vAtAvaraNa hatuM. tyAM ja joItI navarAza maLI rahe e te ughADuM che. A gujarAtI anuvAda joDe paNa jelanI saMdhi thayelI che. 194ramAM jyAre enuM chApakAma zarU karyuM tyAre zarU thaDaka bhAga ja taiyAra hatA. pachI jelayAtrA zarU thaI. anuvAdakane e samaya rUDe khapa lAgI gayA. thoDAka mahinAnI aMdara temaNe bAkInuM - lagabhaga poNuM uparanuM kahIe toya cAle - kAma jelanI nirAMta ane navarAzamAM patAvyuM. AthI ja A pustaka ATaluM jaladIthI ApI zakAyuM ema kahevAya. jela ApaNuM samagra rASTrIya jIvanamAM eka jarUrI bhAga banI gaI lAge che A pustakane mATe tenI saMdhi eka ucita saMsmaraNa kahevAya. A graMthamAM jagatane itihAsa paMDitajI lagabhaga 1938 sudhI Alekhe che. tyAra bAda te ApaNuM deza mATe ja nahi, AkhA jagata ne mAnavajAtane mATe eka bhAre maMthana-kALa ne mArAmArI AvI lAgyAM che, ne hajI e pUrAM thayAM nathI. e varSone ja ItihAsa eka meTA graMtha jeTalI jagA mAgI le e mahAna che. evA kALe "jagatanA ItihAsakAra" jelamAM hoya e paNa e ja mahAna ghaTanAnI ja eka kathA che. A jelamAM temaNe A varSonAM prakaraNe lakhyAM haze ? ene mATe DhagabaMdha nedha ane baLabaLatA viDyAre te jarUra ekaThAM thayelAM ja. e badhuM A pustaka joDe AvI na zake; A pustakane saMkalpa te A bhAga chApavAnI sAthe pUro thAya che.

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eka rIte jotAM A be bhAgamAM bahAra pADelA graMthane yuddha-AvRtti gaNavI joIe. AvA pustakane jarUrI nakazA ane kImatI citrothI zaNagAravuM ghaTe. (nakazA te "zaNagAra " nahi paNa jarUrI vastu che.) paraMtu amuka samayamAM te chApI ja kADhavuM joIe; ane kiMmate paravaDavI joIe, e paNa dhyAnamAM rAkhavAnuM hatuM, eTale dhAryA chatAM temAMnuM kAMI karI na zakAyuM. ane kAgaLa te yuddhakALane ughADo pADI ja de che. A badhuM kAma te have graMthanI bIjI AvRtti vakhate, nirAMtane kALa haze te, tyAre thaI zakaze. daramiyAna vAcakone A preraka graMtha pahoMcatA karI daI dhanyatA anubhavIe chIe. enAM pAnAMmAM paMDitajIne mAnavatAne prema ane AjhAdInI tamannA jyAM tyAM taravaratI jovA maLaze. enI jarUra Aje AkhA jagatane che; ApaNane te che ja. A graMtha e preravAmAM sAdhana bane. AkhA graMthanI sUci A bhAgane aMte ApI che. te upayogI nIvaDaze evI AzA che. pahelA khaMDanAM kAvyone anuvAda zrI. suMdarame ane bIjA bhAganAM kAvyane anuvAda zrI. umAzaMkara joSIe karI Apyo che te mATe temane AbhAra mAnIe chIe. tA. 14-6-5 tA. ka. A chapAya che tyAM khabara maLe che ke kAryavAhaka samitinA sabhyone chevaTe sarakAre cheDyA che. eTale paMDitajI A bhAga prasiddha thatAM bahAra AvI gayA che.

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prakAzakanuM nivedana 106. duniyAnuM avalAkana 107. mahAyuddha pahelAMnAM se| varase 108. 19mI sadI cAlu anukramaNikA 109. hiMdamAM vigrahA ane viplava 110. hiMdanA kArIgara varganI durdazA 111. hiMdanAM gAmeA, kheDUtA ane jamInadArA 112. hiMdu para aMgrejonuM zAsana 113. hiMdanuM punarutthAna 114, briTana cIna upara baLajabarIthI aphINa lAde che 115. cInanI musIbatA 116. jApAnanI AzcaryakAraka prati 117. jApAna raziyAne harAve che 118. cIna prajAsattAka ane che 119. bRhad bhArata ane IsTa inDijha 120. khIjo navA varasanA divasa 121. philipAIna TApue ane yunAiTeDa sTeTsa 122. traNa khaMDonuM saMgamasthAna 123 siMhAvaleAkana 124. IrAnanI prAcIna paraparA TakI rahe che 125. IrAnamAM sAmrAjyavAda ane rASTravAda 126. krAMti ane khAsa karIne yuropamAM 1848nI sAlamAM thayelI krAMti 127. iTAlI eka ane svAdhIna rASTra ane che 128, jamanAne udaya 129. keTalAka suprasiddha lekhako 130. DArvina ane vijJAnane vijaya 131, leAkazAhInI pragati 132. samAjavAdane udaya 133. kArla mArksa ane majUronA saMgaThananA vikAsa 134. mArksavAda 135. iMgleMDaneA vikaTAriyA yuga 136. duniyAnuM zarApha iMglaMDa 137, amerikAmAM AMtaravigraha .. 3 17 682 689 699 708 715 726 736 747 756 761 769 77. 783 791 795 801 805 11 19 825 834 839 847 ja 962 870 878 886 895 904 913

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. 922 929 938 945 955 ta 138. amerikAnuM aNuchatuM sAmrAjya . 139. iMgleMDa ane AyarlenDa vacce sAta sadIne jhadhaDo . 140. AyarlenDamAM sInaphIna caLavaLa ane hemarUla . 141. igleMDa misara pacAvI pADe che 142. tuka "yurepane bImAra puruSa" bane che . 143. jhArazAhI raziyA . . 144. 905nI sAlanI raziyAnI ! 145. eka jamAnAno aMta 146. mahAyuddhane AraMbha . 147. mahAyuddhane TAMkaNe hiMda . . 148. mahAyuddha 1914-18 . . 149. yuddhakALa 150. raziyAmAMthI jhArazAhIne aMta 15. zevika sattA hAtha kare che 15ra. seviTena vijaya . 153. jApAnanI cIna upara zirarI 154. yuddhakALanuM hiMda . 155. yuropane navo nakazo . . 156. mahAyuddha pachInI duniyA .. 157. prajAsattAka mATe AyarlenDanI laData . 158. bhasmamAMthI navA tukIne udaya . 159. kamAla pAzA bhUtakALanAM baMdhane phagAvI 160. hiMda gAMdhIjIne anusare che . 161. 1920-30nuM hiMda . 162. hiMdamAM beThe baLavo . 163. misaranI svataMtratA mATenI laData 164. aMgrejonA chatra nIcenI svataMtratA kevI hoya. - 165. pazcima eziyAne jagatanA rAjakAraNamAM punaH praveza . 166. Araba dezo - sIriyA 167. pelesTAIna ane TrAnsa-jorDana 168. Adhunika arabastAna . 169, irAka ane havAI bAbamArAnI nItimattA 170. aphaghAnistAna ane eziyAnA anya deze 171. thatI thatI rahI gayelI krAMti 172. jUnAM devAM patAvavAnI navI rIta . 173. nANAMne vicitra vyavahAra . . 174. sAmasAmA dAvapeca . 175. musolinI ane iTAlImAM phAsIvAda 971 978 985 995 1003 1010 1020 1030 1041 105ra 1060 1071 1083 1092 1101 1112 1122 1133 1143 1157 1166 1176 1184 1191 1200 1215 1223 1233 1242 1251 1263

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176. leAkazAhI ane saramukhatyArazAhI 17. cInamAM krAMti ane prati-krAMti 178. jApAna duniyAne gaNakAratuM nathI 179. samAjavAdI sAviyeTAnuM saMyukta rAjya 180. raziyAnI pacavI yAjanA 181. seAviyeTa rAjyanI muzkelIe, tenI saphaLatA ane niSphaLatA 182. vijJAnanI pragati 183. vijJAnanA sadupayoga ane durupayoga 184. bhAre maMdI ane jagadyApI kaTokaTI 185. kaTokaTI zAthI pedA thaI? 186. netRtva mATe iMglaMDa ane amerikA vacce jhu Mbeza 187. DaeNlara, pAunDa ane rUpiyA . 188. mUDIvAdI duniyAnI sahakArathI kArya karavAmAM niSphaLatA 189. spenanI krAMti . 190. jarmanImAM nAjhIonA vijaya 191. zasrasanyAsa 192. rAhata mATe rUjhavelTanA prayAsa 193. pAla menTAnI niSphaLatA 194. jagata upara chevaTanI dRSTi 195. yuddhanI chAyA 196. chellA patra pUrti sUci 1273 1283 1293 1304 1315 1324 1336 1344 13para 1361 1371 1383 1395 1399 1404 1421 1428 1436 1444 1452 1463 1472 1497

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana khaMDa bIjo 106. duniyAnuM avalokana 19 navembara, 1932 jenA upara nepoliyane lAMbA samaya sudhI prabhutva bhogavyuM hatuM te jagatanA raMgamaMca uparathI te A rIte ja rahyo. e pachI 100 varasa vItI gayAM che ane jUnI keTalIye carcAo tathA vAdavivAdanI AMdhI zamI gaI che. paraMtu huM tane kahI gayo chuM tema leke hajI tene viSe bhinna bhinna ane eka bIjAthI UlaTasUlaTI abhiprAya dharAve che. je nepoliyana bIjA koI vadhAre zAMtinA samayamAM ja heta to te advitIya senApati thAta ane ethI vizeSa kazI siddhi na meLavata tathA tenA tarapha jagatanuM jhAjhuM lakSa paNa na kheMcAta. paraMtu kAMti ane parivartana e tene AgaLa vadhavAnI taka ApI ane teNe te jhaDapI lIdhI. tenA patana ane yuropanA rAjakAraNamAMthI tenA dUra thavAthI yuropanA lokoe bhAre nirAMta anubhavI haze kemake teo vigrahothI thAkIne lothapotha thaI gayA hatA. eka AkhI peDhIe sulehazAMti anubhavI nahatI ane te tene mATe jhaMkhI rahI hatI. nepoliyananA nAmamAtrathI jeo varasa sudhI kampatA rahyA hatA te yurepanA rAjArajavADAe sauthI vizeSa nirAMta anubhavI. phrAMsa tema ja yuropamAM ApaNe lAMbo kALa gALe ane have te ApaNe 19mI sadImAM ghaNuM AgaLa vadhI gayAM chIe. have ApaNe duniyA upara najara karIe ane nepoliyana paDyo te samaye te kevI hatI te joIe. tane yAda haze ke yuropamAM rAjAo tema ja temanA pradhAne viyenAnI pariSadamAM ekaThA maLyA hatA. nepoliyanane hAu jato rahyo hato eTale have teo kareDo mAnavInuM bhAvI ghaDavAnI temanI purANI ramata potAnI marajImAM Ave tema ramI zake ema hatuM. lokone zuM joItuM hatuM athavA te kudaratI rIte ke bhASAnI dRSTie dezanI kaI sarahada hatI ene viSe temane kazI levAdevA nahatI. e pariSadamAM raziyAno jhAra, IgleMDa (tene pratinidhi kesalare hata), osTriyA (tene pratinidhi maeNTanika hata) ane praziyA vagere pradhAna sattAo hatI; emAM eka vakhatane nepoliyanane pradhAna kuzaLa, cAlAka ane pariSadane ka-1

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana prItipAtra banele tAlero paNa hato. have te phrAMsanA bubena rAjAne pradhAna banyuM hatuM. A lokoe, mijabAnIo ane nAcaraMgamAMthI je phurasada maLatI te gALAmAM, nepoliyane jemAM bhAre pheraphAra karyA hatA te yuropanA nakazAnI punardhaTanA karI. burbona vaMzanA 18mA luIne kAMsa upara pharI pAcho lAdavAmAM AvyuM. spenamAM IkvijhizananI pharIthI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. viyenAnI pariSadamAM ekaThA maLelA rAjAone prajAsattAka rAjyanI chIta hatI eTale temaNe heleMDanA Daca prajAsattAkanI pharIthI sthApanA na karI. heleMDa ane beljiyamane ekaThAM karIne temaNe nedharalenDajhanuM eka rAjya banAvI dIdhuM. poleMDa alaga deza tarIke pharI pAcho adazya thaI gaye. praziyA, oNsTriyA ane raziyA maLIne tene ohiyAM karI gayA. emAM raziyAmAM sauthI moTe kaLiye paDAvyo. venisa tathA uttara ITAlI aisTriyAne bhAga gayAM. ITAlIne cheDe bhAga tathA sviTjharalenDa ane rivIerA vacce thoDo bhAga maLIne sADaniyAnuM rAjya banyuM. madhya yuropamAM vicitra prakAranuM ane zithila jarmana samavAyataMtra banyuM paraMtu osTriyA ane praziyA enAM pradhAna rAjya banI rahyAM. A uparAMta bIjA ghaNA pheraphAro karavAmAM AvyA. viyenA pariSadanA sujJa puruSoe AvI vyavasthA nirmANa karI. temaNe lekane temanI marajI viruddha ahIM tahIM dhakelyA, temanI potAnI nahotI evI parAI bhASA belavAnI temane pharaja pADI ane sAmAnya rIte bhAvI yuddha ane ApattinAM bIja vAvyAM. rAjAone bilakula salAmata banAvI devA e 1814-15nI viyenAnI pariSadane khAsa hetu hate. phrAMsanI krAMtie temanI hastI jokhamamAM mUkI hatI ane bevakUphIpUrvaka temaNe ema mAnI lIdhuM ke krAMtinA navA vicAre phelAtA teo rokI zake che. raziyAnA jhAra, osTriyAnA samrATa tathA praziyAnA rAjAe te pitAnI tema ja bIjA rAjAonI rakSAne arthe AgaLa vadhIne pitAne saMdha sthApe. e saMgha "helI elAyansa' (pavitra saMgha)ne nAme oLakhAya che. ApaNe 14mA tathA 15mA luInA jamAnAmAM pAchAM gayAM hoIe evuM have lAge che. AkhA yuropa tema ja IMglaMDamAM paNa badhA udAra vicAranuM damana zarU thayuM. krAMsanI krAMtinI yAtanAo eLe gaI e joIne yuropanA pragati cAhanArA lekae kevI kaDavI nirAzA anubhavI haze ! pUrva yuropamAM turkI atyaMta nabaLuM paDI gayuM hatuM. dhIme dhIme te kSINa thavA lAgyuM hatuM. misara turka sAmrAjyamAM gaNAtuM hatuM, paraMtu te tenAthI lagabhaga svataMtra thaI gayuM hatuM. 1821nI sAlamAM grIse tukInA AdhipatyanI sAme baLavo karyo ane igleMDa, phrAMsa tathA raziyAnI madadathI ATha varasanA vigraha pachI te svataMtra thayuM. A vigrahamAM aMgreja kavi bAyarana maraNa pAmyo

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duniyAnuM avalAkana 19 hatA. te grIsanA svAtaMtrya yuddhamAM eka svayaMsevaka sipAI tarIke joDAyA hatA. grIsa viSe teNe atyaMta suMdara kavitA lakhI che. emAMnI keTalIkanA kadAca tane paricaya haze. 1830nI sAlamAM yuropamAM thayelA bIjA e rAjakIya pheraphAronA paNa huM ahIM ullekha karI dauM. phrAMsa murmAMna rAjakartAonA julama ane damanathI thAkI gayuM. teNe pharIthI temane hAMkI kADhyA. paraMtu prajAsattAka rAjyavyavasthA sthApavAne badale khInna eka rAjAne tyAM pasaMda karavAmAM Avyo. e luI phIlIpa hatA. te thADe ghaNe aMze baMdhAraNIya rAjA hatA ane ka MIka sArI rIte varyAM. khIjo vadhAre mATeA utpAta phATI nIkaLyo tyAM sudhI eTale ke 1848nI sAla sudhI teNe rAja karyuM. 1830nI sAlamAM meljiyamamAM paNa baLavA thayA hatA. ene pariNAme hAlaeNDa ane meljiyama judAM paDyAM. yurepanAM moTAM rAjyone prajAsattAka rAjyavyavasthA pratye alabatta bhAre aNagamA hatA. eTale temaNe eka jarmana rajavADAnI beljiyamane bheTa ApI ane tene tyAMnA rAjA banAvyeA. khIjA eka jama na rajavADAne grIsanA rAjA banAvavAmAM Avye. jama nInAM nAnAM nAnAM aneka rAjyAmAM khAlI paDelI rAjagAdI upara AvanArA AvA rajavADAo joI e eTalA hatA. tane yAda haze ke, iMgleMDa upara hajIye rAja karatA rAjavaMza jarmanImAM AvelA henevaranA eka nAnakaDA rAjyamAMthI AvyeA hateA. 1830nI sAlamAM yuropanA khIjA dezomAM paNa khaDA thayAM hatAM. jarmanI, iTAlI ane khAsa karIne poleMDamAM paNa e sAlamAM baLavA thayA hatA. paraMtu rAjAe e khaDA cagadI nAkhyAM hatAM. raziyana leAkAe poleMDamAM atizaya ghAtakI damana karyu... ane polIza bhASA vAparavAnI paNa tyAM manAI karavAmAM AvI hatI. 1830nuM varasa eka rIte 1848nI sAlanuM purAgAmI hatuM. ApaNe AgaLa upara joI zuM ke 1848nuM varasa e yuropamAM krAMtinuM varasa nIvaDayuM hatuM. ATaluM yuropa viSe. ATlAMTika mahAsAgaranI pelI pAra yunAiTeDa sTeTsa pazcima tarapha phelAtuM jatuM hatuM. e yurepanA vigrahA ane harIphAIthI bahu dUra hatuM ane potAnA vistAra mATe tenI sAme pAra vinAnA pradeza paDelA hatA. te bahu tvarAthI pragati karI rahyu hatuM ane yuropane pakaDI pADavAnI aNI upara hatuM. paraMtu dakSiNa amerikAmAM to bhAre pheraphAro thaI rahyA hatA. e pheraphAra parAkSa rIte nepoliyanane AbhArI hatA. spena jItI laI ne jyAre nepAliyane tenA bhAI te tenI gAdI upara besADyo tyAre dakSiNa amerikAnA speniza saMsthAnAe khaLave karyAM. Ama, temanI spenanA jUnA rAjavaMza pratyenI vaphAdArIe dakSiNa amerikAnAM spenanAM saMsthAnAne svataMtra thaI javAne preryAM e eka vicitra ghaTanA che. paNa A te mAtra tAtkALika bahAnuM hatuM.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Ame thoDA samaya bAda e saMsthAne spenathI judAM paDyAM ja heta kema ke AkhA dakSiNa amerikAmAM svAtaMtryanI bhAvanA jAgrata thaI hatI. sAImana belIvara dakSiNa amerikAnA svAtaMtryane samartha puraskartA ane vIra yoddho hato ane tene muktidAtA (libareTara) tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. dakSiNa amerikAnA belIviyAnA prajAsattAkanuM nAma tenA nAma uparathI paDyuM che. Ama nepoliyananuM patana thayuM tyAre speniza amerikAne spena sAthe saMbaMdha tUTI gayo hato ane te svAtaMtrya mATe laDI rahyuM hatuM. nepoliyana dUra thavAthI e laDatamAM kazo phera paDyo nahi ane navesara beThA thayelA spena sAme paNa ghaNuM varase sudhI e saMgrAma cAlu rahyo. yuropanA keTalAka rAjAo amerikAnAM saMsthAnanA krAMtivAdIone cagadI nAkhavAnA kAryamAM spenanA rAjAne madada karavA cahAtA hatA. paraMtu AvA prakAranI dakhalagIrI yunAITeDa sTeTsa chevaTanI baMdha karI dIdhI. e samaye manare yunAITeDa sTeTsa pramukha hato. teNe yuropanAM rAjyone saMbhaLAvI dIdhuM ke jo teo uttara yA dakSiNa amerikAmAM kyAMye evA prakAranI dakhalagIrI karaze te temane yunAITeDa sTeTsa sAthe bAtha bhIDavI paDaze. A dhamakIthI yuropanAM rAjyo bhaDakI gayAM ane e samayathI teo dakSiNa amerikAthI dUra rahyAM che. yunAITeDa sTeTsanA pramukha manarenI A dhamakI manA siddhAMta' tarIke jagaprasiddha thaI che. e siddhAMta lAMbA vakhata sudhI dakSiNa amerikAnA prajAsattAka rAjyanuM yuropanAM rAjyanI lebhI vRtti sAme rakSaNa karyuM ane temanA vikAsa mATe anukULatA karI ApI. yuropa sAme te temane ThIkaMThIka rakSaNa maLyuM. paraMtu tenA rakSaka - yunAITeDa sTeTsa- sAme temanuM rakSaNa karanAra koI nahotuM. Aje yunAITeDa sTeTsa e badhAM upara prabhutva dharAve che ane temAMnAM ghaNuMkharAM nAnAM prajAsattAka rAjya te saMpUrNa paNe tenI eDI nIce che. brAjhIlano vistRta deza porTugAlanuM saMsthAna hatuM. amerikAnAM spenanAM saMsthAne svataMtra thayAM e ja arasAmAM e deza paNa svataMtra thaIgayo. Ama 1830nI sAla sudhImAM Akho dakSiNa amerikA yuropanA AdhipatyamAMthI mukta thayele ApaNA jevAmAM Ave che. alabatta, uttara amerikAmAM keneDAnuM briTiza saMsthAna hatuM kharuM. have ApaNe eziyA khaMDamAM AvIe. hiMdamAM e samaye aMgrejonI sattA niHzaMkapaNe sarvoparI banI hatI. yuropamAM cAlatAM nepoliyana sAthenAM yuddhonA arasAmAM aMgrejoe hiMdamAM pitAnI sthiti majabUta banAvI dIdhI hatI tema ja temaNe javAne kabaje paNa laI lIdhuM hatuM. maisUranA TIpu sulatAnane harAvavAmAM AvyA hatA ane 1819nI sAlamAM marAThA sattAne uthalAvI pADavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu paMjAbamAM raNajitasiMhanA zAsana nIce eka zIkha

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duniyAnuM avalokana rAjya hatuM. AkhA hiMdamAM aMgrejo dhIme dhIme AgaLa vadhatA ane phelAtA jatA hatA. pUrvamAM AsAma khAlasA karavAmAM AvyuM ane ArAkAna- brahmadeza -ohiyAM thavAnI taiyArImAM hato. - briTana hiMdamAM pitAne phelAvo karI rahyuM hatuM te arasAmAM yurepanI bIjI eka sattA, raziyA, madhya eziyAmAM potAno vistAra karI rahI hatI. pUrvamAM raziyA cIna ane prazAnta mahAsAgara sudhI kyAranuMye pahoMcI gayuM hatuM. have te madhya eziyAmAMnAM nAnAM nAnAM rAjyamAM thaIne cheka aphaghAnistAnanI sarahada sudhI AvI pahoMcyuM hatuM. aMgreje temanI samIpa AvatA e mahAkAya sarvathI DarI gayA ane tenA gabharATamAM ne gabharATamAM kazAya kAraNa vinA aphaghAnistAna joDe temaNe laDAI jagAvI. paraMtu emAM teo sArI peThe dAjhI gayA. cInamAM maMcU rAjAone amala cAlatuM hatuM. vepArarojagAra ane dharmane nAme AvatA videzIo tarapha te zaMkAnI najare jotuM hatuM -ema karavAne tenI pAse pUratAM kAraNo hatAM - ane temane dUra rAkhavA prayatnazIla hatuM. paraMtu e paradezIe tenA dvAra AgaLa bumA macAvI rahyA hatA ane geravartaNUka calAvatA hatA. khAsa karIne teo aphINanA vepArane uttejana ApatA hatA. IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI pAse briTananA cIna sAthenA vepArano IjAro hate. cInanA samrATe dezamAM aphINa dAkhala karavAnI manA karI paraMtu cerIchUpIthI e dezamAM ghusADavAnuM cAlu rahyuM ane paradezIoe aphINane bekAyadA vepAra calAvyuM rAkhe. ene pariNAme iMgleMDa sAthe laDAI saLagI. e tenA sAcA arthamAM ja aphINanA vigraha tarIke oLakhAya che. e pachI aMgrejoe cIna pAse baLajabarIthI aphINa levaDAvyuM. . 1634nI sAlamAM jApAne pitAnAM dvAra baMdha karI dIdhAM hatAM e viSe meM ghaNA lAMbA vakhata upara tene kahyuM hatuM. 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM paNa videzIone mATe te baMdha ja rahyAM hatAM. paraMtu e baMdha kAranI pAchaLa dezamAM prAcIna gunazAhI nabaLI paDatI jatI hatI ane tyAM AgaLa navI paristhiti pedA thavA mAMDI hatI, jene pariNAme jUnI vyavasthAne ekAeka aMta AvavAne hate. dakSiNa-pUrva eziyAnA cheka dakSiNanA bhAgamAM yuropanI sattAoe pradeza pacAvI pADavA mAMDyo hato. philipAIna TApuo hajIye spenanA tAbAmAM hatA. aMgreja ane Daca lekae piTugIjha lokone hAMkI kADhyA hatA. viyenAnI pariSada pachI jAvA ane bIjA TApuo Daca lokone pAchA maLyA. aMgrejo siMgApora ane malAyA dvIpakalpamAM prasarI rahyA hatA. anAma, siyAma tathA brahmadeza hajI svataMtra hatAM je ke teo avAranavAra cInane khaMDaNa bharatAM hatAM. voTaralunI laDAIthI 1830nI sAla sudhInAM paMdara varasa daramyAna sAmAnya rIte duniyAnI rAjakIya sthiti A hatI. yuropa cokkasapaNe duniyAnA

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mukhI tarIke bahAra paDatuM hatuM ane khuda yuropamAM paNa pratyAghAtI baLono vijaya thayA hatA. tyAMnA samrATa, rAjAo tema ja IgleMDanI pratyAghAtI pArlAmenTa paNa ema dhAratAM hatAM ke temaNe udAra vicArone hamezane mATe kacarI nAkhyA che. e vicArane teo rUMdhI rAkhavA mAgatA hatA. emAM alabata teo niSphaLa nIvaDyA ane tyAM AgaLa vAraMvAra baLavA thavA lAgyA. - duniyA upara rAjakIya pheraphArae prabhutva meLavyuM hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. paraMtu iMglaMDamAM thayelI audyogika krAMtine pariNAme utpAdana, vaheMcaNI ane avarajavaranI paddhatiomAM zarU thayelA yugapravartaka pheraphAro ethIye vizeSa mahattvanA hatA. cupakIdIthI paraMtu anivArya rIte A krAMti yuropa tema ja uttara amerikAmAM prasarI rahI hatI ane karaDe lekonAM dRSTibiMdu tathA Te tema ja bhinna bhinna vargo vaccenA saMbaMdhe badalI rahI hatI. yaMtronA khakhaDATamAMthI navIna vicAre udbhavyA ane navI duniyA sarajAvA lAgI. yuro5 dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre kAryakuzaLa ane vinAzaka tema ja vadhAre ne vadhAre lebI, sAmrAjyavAdI ane naThera banatuM gayuM. nepoliyananI bhAvanA sarvatra prasarI gaI hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. paraMtu yuropamAM evA vicAro paNa pedA thaI rahyA hatA je bhaviSyamAM sAmrAjyavAda sAme kamara kasIne tene uthalAvI pADavAnA hatA. tyAMnuM e kALanuM sAhitya, kavitA ane saMgIta paNa ApaNane mugdha karI mUke che. paNa mArI kalamane mAre have AgaLa doDavA devI na joIe. Aje eNe pUratI sevA bajAvI che. 107. mahAyuddha pahelAnAM se varaso 22 navembara, 1932 1814nI sAlamAM nepoliyananuM patana thayuM; bIje varase te elbA TApumAMthI chaTakIne kAMsa pAcho Avyo ane pharI pAcho hArI gaye, paraMtu teNe UbhI karelI vyavasthA te 1814nI sAlamAM ja paDI bhAMgI hatI. barAbara 100 varasa pachI 1914nI sAlamAM mahAyuddha zarU thayuM. te lagabhaga AkhI duniyAmAM phelAyuM ane cAra varasa sudhI cAlyuM. e varaso daramyAna teNe jagatamAM duHkhanA DuMgara pedA karyA ane bhayaMkara vinAza karyo. A 100 varasanA samayanuM ApaNe kaMIka vigate avakana karavuM paDaze. e samaya zarU thayo te pahelAM duniyA kevI hatI tene jhAMkho khyAla ApavAnI meM mArA AgalA patramAM koziza karI hatI. mane lAge che ke, judA judA dezamAM e sadInA amuka amuka bhAgonuM ApaNe alaga alaga nirIkSaNa karIe te pahelAM AkhI sadI upara samagra rIte najara karI javI ThIka thaI paDaze. e rIte kadAca e 100

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mahAyuddha pahelAMnAM se varase varase daramyAnanAM pradhAna baLIne ApaNane vadhAre sAre khyAla Avaze ane ema ApaNe tene samagra rIte tema ja tenA bhinna bhinna pAsAMone nihALI zakIzuM. tuM jaze ke, 1814thI 1914 sudhInAM 100 varasa moTe bhAge 19mI sadImAM AvI jAya che. ethI karIne ApaNe ene 19mI sadI tarIke ullekha karI zakIe; jo ke ema kahevuM e cokasAInI dRSTie barAbara nathI. A 19mI sadI e aneka adbhutatAthI bharelo kALa che, paraMtu ene abhyAsa e ApaNe mATe sahela vastu nathI. e te vizALa dazyaparaMparA - eka mahAna citra che. ane ApaNe enI atyaMta najIka hovAthI enI AgaLanI sadIo karatAM e ApaNane vadhAre moTI tema ja paripUrNa lAge che. enA paranA tANAvANAnA hajAro tAro ukelavAne ApaNe prayAsa karIe chIe tyAre enI vizALatA ane jaTilatA ApaNane hebatAvI mUke e banavAjoga che. e sadI AzcaryakAraka yAMtrika pragatine kALa che. audyogika krAMti enI pAchaLa yAMtrika krAMti paNa letI AvI ane manuSyanA jIvanamAM yaMtra dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre mahattvanAM banatAM gayAM. mANase AgaLa je kaMI karyuM hatuM te yaMtrae bahu moTA pramANamAM karyuM, tenuM vaitaruM haLavuM banAvyuM, mahAbhUto uparanI tenI AdhInatA ochI karI ane tene mATe saMpatti pedA karI. emAM vijJAne bhAre sahAya karI ane pravAsa tathA mAlanI avarajavara uttarottara vadhAre tvarita banatI gaI relave AvI ane teNe TapAnuM sthAna lIdhuM; AgaboTe vahANanuM sthAna lIdhuM ane pachI te mahAsAgara upara saphara karanArI ane eka khaMDathI bIjA khaMDa upara niyamitapaNe ane tvarAthI janArI pracaMDa ane bhavya AgaboTa AvI. e sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM moTara gADIo AvI ane te AkhI duniyAmAM prasarI gaI. cheka chelle eraplena AvyAM. e ja samaya daramyAna mANase navI ajAyabI - vidyuta -ne aMkuzamAM ANavAnuM ane tene upayogamAM levAnuM zarU karyuM. emAMthI Teliphena tema ja TeligrApha udabhavyAM. A badhAMe maLIne duniyAmAM bhAre pheraphAra karyo. jema jema saMparkanAM sAdhano vikasatAM gayAM ane mANaso vadhAre ne vadhAre tvarAthI pravAsa karavA lAgyAM tema tema duniyA jANe saMkocAvA lAgI hoya ane te atizaya nAnI banI gaI hoya ema lAgavA mAMDayuM. Aje te ApaNe badhAM enAthI TevAI gayAM chIe ane ene viSe bhAgye ja vicAra karIe chIe. paraMtu A badhA sudhArAo tema ja pheraphAra A ApaNI duniyAmAM navA AgaMtuke che ane e badhA chellAM 100 varasa daramyAna AvyA che. vaLI e yuropanI, athavA kaho ke pazcima yuropanI ane temAMye khAsa karIne iMglaMDanI sadI hatI. audyogika tema ja yAMtrika krAMtione udaya ane vikAsa tyAM AgaLa thayo ane pragati sAdhavAmAM pazcima yuropane temaNe bhAre madada karI. dariyAI sattA ane hunnaraudyogamAM IMglaDa sauthI mokhare hatuM paraMtu

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana dhIme dhIme pazcima yuropanA bIjA dezee tene pakaDI pADayuM. A yAMtrika sudhArAnI dizAmAM yunAITeDa sTeTasa paNa AgaLa vadhyuM. relaveo tene pazcima tarapha cheka prazAnta mahAsAgara sudhI laI gaI ane e virATa pradeza eka rASTra banyuM. e rASTrapitAnA AMtarika praznomAM tema ja pitAne vistAra vadhAravAmAM eTaluM badhuM magna thaI gayuM hatuM ke yuropa tathA duniyAnA bIjA bhAganI bAbatamAM mAthuM mAravAnI ene phurasada nahotI. paraMtu yuropa taraphathI thatI dakhalagIrI pratye aNagame darzAvavA tema ja tene aTakAvavA jeTaluM te baLavAna banyuM hatuM. jene viSe mArA AgalA patramAM meM tane kahyuM che te mano siddhAMte dakSiNa amerikAnAM prajAsattAka rAjyane yuropanI lebhI vRttinA zikAra thatA bacAvyAM. A prajAsattAka rAjya leTina prajAsattAka rAjya tarIke oLakhAya che kemake, spena ane piTuMgAlanA lekee temanI sthApanA karI hatI. A be deze tema ja kAMsa ane ITAlI laeNTina rASTra tarIke oLakhAya che. yuropanA uttara taraphanA deze TayuTona rASTra kahevAya che. iMglaMDa yUTananI eMgle-sekazana zAkhAnuM rASTra che. yunAITeDa sTeTsanA leka mULe to eMgle-sekazana zAkhAmAMthI UtarI AvelA che paraMtu pAchaLathI tyAM aneka prakAranA leke jaI vasyA che. . - bAkInI badhI duniyA hunnaraudyoga ane yaMtranI bAbatamAM pachAta hatI ane te pazcimanA navA yAMtrika sudhArA sAthe spardhA karI zake ema nahotuM. yuropanA yaMtrethI cAlatA udyogoe pahelAMnA samayanA gRha-udyoga karatAM atizaya tvarAthI ane puSkaLa pramANamAM mAla pedA karavA mAMDayo. paraMtu A badho mAla pedA karavAne mATe kAcA mAlanI jarUra hatI, paNa moTA bhAgane kAco mAla pazcima yuropamAMthI maLI zake ema nahatuM. vaLI mAla pedA karyA pachI tene vecavAnI jarUra UbhI thatI hatI eTale ene mATe bajAre joItAM hatAM. eTale A kAco mAla pUro pADe ane taiyAra karela pAke mAla kharIde evA dezanI pazcima yurope tapAsa karavA mAMDI. AphrikA ane eziyA nabaLA hatA ane yurope temanA upara zikArI pazunI peThe jhaDapa mArI. sAmrAjya prApta karavAnI harIphAImAM, dariyAI baLa ane hunnaraudyogamAM AgaLa hovAne kAraNe IMglaDa saheje prathama hatuM. tane yAda haze ke, yuropiyana leke pahelavahelA hiMda tema ja pUrva taraphanA dezamAM yuropane jarUrI tejAnA tathA bIjI vastuo kharIdavAne AvyA hatA. A rIte pUrva taraphane mAla yuropa gayo ane pUrvanA dezanI hAthasALanI keTalIka vastuo paNa tyAM gaI. paraMtu yaMtrono vikAsa thavAthI have e pravAha UlaTI dizAmAM vahevA lAgyo. have pazcima yuropanI seMghI vastuo pUrva tarapha AvavA lAgI ane IMglaMDanA mAlanA vecANane uttejana ApavA khAtara IsTa InDiyA kaMpanIe hiMdanA gRhaudyogone IrAdApUrvaka nAza karyo.

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mahAyuddha pahelAMnAM se varase 185 9 virATa eziyAnI pITha upara yurepe savArI karIe khaMDanA AkhA uttara bhAgamAM raziyana sAmrAjya potAnA paga prasArIne beThuM hatuM. dakSiNamAM eziyAnA sauthI kImatI bhAga hiMdustAna upara iMglaMDe potAnI nAgacUDa jamAvI hatI. pazcime turka sAmrAjya chinnabhinna thaI rahyuM hatuM ane tukane yuropanA bImAra puruSa" tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. IrAna nAmanuM svataMtra hatuM ane tenA upara iMglaMDa tathA raziyAnuM prabhutva hatuM. siyAmane De bhAga bAda karatAM Akho pUrva-dakSiNa eziyA, eTale ke tenA brahmadeza, 'hiMdI cIna, malAyA, jAvA, sumAtrA, borniye ane philIpAIne TApuo vagere deze yurepe pacAvI pADyA hatA. cheka pUrvamAM cInane yuropanAM badhAM rAjya katarI khAvA lAgyAM hatAM ane tenI pAsethI eka pachI eka chUTachATa jabarajastIthI paDAvavAmAM AvatI hatI. eka mAtra jApAna TaTAra UbhuM rahyuM ane eka samevaDiyA tarIke teNe yurepane sAmano karyo. te potAnA ekAMtavAsamAMthI bahAra AvyuM hatuM ane asAdhAraNa tvarAthI teNe navI UbhI thayelI paristhiti sAthe pitAno meLa sAdhyuM hatuM. eka misara bAda karatAM Akho AphrikA ghaNe ja pachAta hatA. te yuropane asarakAraka sAmano karI zake ema nahotuM eTale sAmrAjya jamAvavAnI AMdhaLI harIphAImAM yuropanAM rAjyo tenA upara tUTI paDayAM ane A vizALa khaMDane temaNe ApasamAM vaheMcI lIdhe. te hiMda javAnA mArga upara AveluM hovAthI iMglaDe misarane kabaje lIdhe ane tenI rAjanItinuM dhyeya mukhyatve karIne hiMda uparane pitAne kabaje TakAvI rAkhavAnuM hatuM. 1869nI sAlamAM suejhanI nahera khullI mukAI ane ene lIdhe yuropathI hiMda AvavAnuM aMtara khUba ochuM thaI gayuM. vaLI, ene lIdhe misara iMglaMDa mATe vadhAre mahatvanuM banyuM kemake te naheranI bAbatamAM vacce paDI zake ema hatuM ane e rIte hiMda javAnA dariyAI mArga upara tene kAbU hato. Ama yAMtrika krAMtine pariNAme mUDIvAdI sudhAre duniyAbharamAM phelAye ane yurope sarvatra pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvyuM. ane mUDIvAdane pariNAme sAmrAjyavAda ubha. ethI karIne ene sAmrAjyavAdanI sadI paNa kahI zakAya. paraMtu A na sAmrAjyavAdI yuga prAcIna kALanA rezama, cIna, hiMdustAna tema ja Araba ane maMgalenA sAmrAjyavAdathI bilakula nirALo hato. kAcA mAla ane bajAreno bhUkhyo evo sAmrAjyane navIna prakAra have udbhavyo. A na sAmrAjyavAda navA udyogavAdanI saMtati hatI. vepAranI pAchaLa vAvaTe jAya che, evuM kahevAmAM AvatuM ane ghaNuMkharuM vAvaTAnI pAchaLa pAchaLa bAIbala paNa jatuM hatuM. duniyAnI nabaLI ane udyogonI bAbatamAM vadhAre pachAta prajAonuM zoSaNa karavAnA ekamAtra AzayathI dharma, vijJAna tathA mANasanA

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9* <# jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana dezapremanA durupayoga karavAmAM AvyA. pracaMDa ya MtrAnA mAlikA tema ja udyogapatie dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre tavaMgara banatA rahe eTalA khAtara ema karavAmAM AvyuM, satya ane premanA jhaMDA laI ne janAra khristI mizanarI pAdarI ghaNI vAra sAmrAjyanI sarahadanA rakhavALa banI rahetA ane bhAgejoge ene saheja paNa hAni pahoMce to e bahAnA nIce tene deza sAmrAjyanI sarahada upara AvelA dezanA mulaka pacAvI pADatA yA te tenI pAsethI chUTachATA meLavatA. udyogAnuM mUDIvAdI saMgaThana tathA mUDIvAdI sudhArA anivAya rIte AvA sAmrAjyavAdamAM pariNamyAM. vaLI, mUDIvAdane lIdhe rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA atizaya tIvra banI eTale A sadIne ApaNe rASTravAdanI sadI paNa kahI zakIe. A rASTravAdamAM kevaLa svadeza mATenA premanA ja nahi paNa bAkInA badhA dezeA mATenA tiraskArane samAveza thatA hatA. potAnA dezanI vaDAI ane tenAM stutigAna karavAnI tathA bIjA badhAne tiraskArapUMka utArI pADavAnI vRttimAMthI bhinna bhinna dezo vacce acUkapaNe dhaNu ane jhadhaDA pedA thAya ja che. yuropanA judA judA deza vaccenI audyogika tema ja sAmrAjyavAdI harIphAI e baLatAmAM ghI homyuM. 1814-15 nI viyenA pariSade nakkI karelI yuropanI vyavasthA dhaNu pedA karanAra eka bIjuM baLa hatuM. emAM keTalIka prajAone dabAvI daI ne baLajabarIthI khIjI prajAnA zAsana nIce mUkavAmAM AvI hatI. peleMDa eka rASTra tarIke adRzya thayuM hatuM. AsTriyA-haMgarInuM sAmrAjya eka zaMbhumeLA samAna hatuM ane temAMnI bhinna bhinna prajA ekaSmIjIne jIgarathI dhikkAratI hatI. yuropanI dakSiNa-pUrvamAM AvelA turka sAmrAjyamAM bAlkana dvIpakalpamAM ghaNIye atu prajA hatI. iTAlI aneka rAjyAmAM vaheMcAI gayuM hatuM ane tene thADA bhAga oNsTriyAnA tAbAmAM hato. yuropanA AvA prakAranA nakazA badalavAne yuddha ane krAMti mAraphata vAraMvAra prayatno karavAmAM AvyA hatA. viyenAnI patAvaTa pachI tarata ja thayelA AvA keTalAka prayatnA viSe meM AgalA patramAM ullekha karyAM che. sadInA uttarA mAM iTAlIe uttaranA pradezamAMthI AsTriyAnI dhUMsarI phagAvI dIdhI tathA tenA madhya bhAgamAMthI popanu Adhipatya paNa dUra karyu. ane te eka ane avibhAjya rASTra banyuM. e pachI tarata ja praziyAnI AgevAnI nIce janIe paNa potAnI ekatA sAdhI. jamanIe phrAMsane harAvI tene tejovadha karyAM ane sarahada uparanA tenA Alsesa ane lereIna prAMtA laI lIdhA. e divasathI phrAMsa enu vera levAnAM svapnAM sevavA lAgyuM. 50 varasanI aMdara enuM khUnakhAra ane bhI vera levAmAM AvyuM. iMglaMDa dareka khAkhatamAM AgaLa paDatuM hevAne kAraNe sauthI vadhAre bhAgyazALI hatuM. lalacAvanArI badhI vastu yuropanA badhA dezomAM enI pAse hatI

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mahAyuddha pahelAMnAM se varase ane pracalita paristhitithI te bilakula saMtuSTa hatuM. hiMdustAna navIna prakAranA sAmrAjyanA namUnArUpa hatuM. enI rasALa bhUminA zeSaNane pariNAme tyAMthI IMglaMDa tarapha suvarNa akhalita pravAha vahevA lAgyuM. sAmrAjya meLavavAnI jhaMkhanA sevanArA badhA leke IMglaMDanA hiMdanA kabajA tarapha ISanI najare jotA hatA. teo A hiMdanA namUnA pramANe astra pAtapitAnAM sAmrAjya racavAnA prayAsa karI rahyA hatA. e dizAmAM krAMsa amuka aMze saphaLa thayuM. jarmanI e kSetramAM bahu moDuM paDayuM ane tene mATe have bahu oche avakAza rahyo hatuM. eTale uttarottara vadhAre ne vadhAre pradeza pacAvI pADavAnI koziza karatI ane ema karatAM eka bIjI sAthe athaDAI paDatI yuropanI "mahAna sattAo' vacce duniyAbharamAM rAjakIya taMgadilI vartI rahI. khAsa karIne IMgleMDa ane raziyA vacce niraMtara gharSaNa cAlyA karatuM hatuM kemake raziyA madhya eziyAmAM thaIne IMglaMDanA hiMdanA kabajAne jokhamAvI rahyuM hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. eTale IMgleMDa raziyAne mAta karavAno tathA tene phAvavA na devAno niraMtara prayAsa karI rahyuM hatuM. sadInA vacagALAmAM jyAre tukane raziyAe harAvyuM ane konsTonTinopala upara pitAnI lebhI najara karI tyAre IMglaMDa turkInI vahAre dhAyuM ane raziyAne pAchuM haThAvyuM. IMgleDe kaMI tuka mATe UbharAtA premane vaza thaIne nahi paNa raziyAnA bhayathI ane hiMda gumAvI besavAnI bIke Ama karyuM hatuM. jarmanI ane yunAITeDa sTeTsa dhIme dhIme tenI samIpa AvatAM gayAM tema tema IMglaMDanI audyogika sarasAI ochI thatI gaI. 19mI sadInA aMta sudhImAM te paristhiti kaTokaTInI hade pahoMcI. A yupI sattAonI bhAre mahattvAkAMkSA mATe A duniyA bahu nAnI hatI. dareka sattA bIjIthI DaratI rahetI, tenI IrSA karatI ane tene dhikkAratI hatI. ane A Dara tathA dhikkAravA thaIne teo potapotAnAM sainya tathA laDAyaka jahAje vadhAravA lAgI. saMhAranAM A sAdhana vadhAravAnI bAbatamAM tIvra harIphAI cAlI. bIjA dezo joDe laDavA mATe saMpa karIne judA judA deze ekatra thayA ane chevaTe yuropamAM sAmasAmA laDavA mATe AvI rIte ekatra thayelA be pakSo UbhA thayA. eka pakSanuM AgevAna kAMsa hatuM ane IMgleDa khAnagI rIte tenI sAthe joDAyuM hatuM; jarmanI bIjA pakSanuM AgevAna hatuM. AkhuM yuropa lazkarI chAvaNI samAna banI gayuM. ane tyAM AgaLa hunnaraudyoga, vepArarojagAra tathA laDAyaka saraMjAma banAvavAnI harIphAI dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre tIvra thatI gaI. janatAne ADe raste deravAne tathA bIjA dezanA temanA pADozIo pratye temanAmAM dhikkAranI lAgaNI pedA karavA mATe pazcimanA badhA dezomAM rASTrIyatAnI saMkucita bhAvanA jagAvavAmAM AvI ane e rIte yuddhane mATe tene taiyAra rAkhavAmAM AvI.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Ama AMdhaLI rASTrIya bhAvanAe yuropamAM prabhutva meLavyuM. A vicitra ghaTanA hatI kemake saMparkanAM sAdhano tvarita thavAne kAraNe judA judA deze ekabIjAnI vadhAre najIka AvyA hatA ane have pahelAM karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre le ke pravAsa karavA lAgyA hatA. koI te ema dhAre che, jo ke temanA paDozIone vadhAre sArI rIte oLakhatA thayA tema tema temanA pUrvagraho ochA thayA haze ane temanuM saMkucita mAnasa udAra banyuM haze. bezaka amuka aMze te Ama banavA pAmyuM kharuM paraMtu navA audyogika mUDIvAda nIcenA samAjanI racanA ja evA prakAranI hatI ke eMmAMthI rASTra rASTra vacce, varga varga vacce temaja mANasa mANasa vacce gharSaNa pedA thAya ja. pUrvanA dezamAM paNa rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA jAgrata thaI tyAM eNe pitAnA deza upara prabhutva bhagavanArA ane tenuM zoSaNa karI rahelA videzIonA sAmanAnuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. prathama pUrvanA dezanA phayuDala avazeSoe videzIonA prabhutvane sAmano karyo hata; kemake, ethI karIne pitAnI sthiti jokhamAya che e Dara temane lAgyo hato. emAM teo kadI phaLIbhUta thAya ema nahatuM ane Akhare teo niSphaLa nIvaDyA. e pachI dhArmika raMge raMgAyelI navI rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA pedA thaI. dhIme dhIme dharmane DhALa adazya thatuM gayo ane pazcimanA dezenA jevI rASTrIyatA ubhavI. jApAnamAM videzI prabhutvane TALavAmAM AvyuM ane tIvra tathA ardha-phayUDala rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAne uttejana ApavAmAM AvyuM. AraMbhamAM te yuropanA AkramaNane eziyAe sAmano karavA mAMDyo hatuM paraMtu yuropiyana sainyanAM hathiyAronI tAkAta ane sacoTatAno paricaya thatAM e sAmane zithila thaye. yuropamAM thayelA vijJAnanA vikAsa ane yAMtrika praganine lIdhe tenAM sainya pUrvanA dezanAM te samayanAM sainya karatAM atizaya baLavAna hatAM. eTale, emanI sAme pUrvanA deze asahAya thaI paDyA ane hatAza thaIne temaNe pitAnAM mastaka namAvyAM. keTalAka leke kahe che ke, pUrvanA deze AdhyAtmika che ane pazcimanA jaDavAdI che. A prakAranI TIkA atyaMta bhrAmaka che. 18mI ane 19mI sadImAM yurepa AkramaNa karanAra tarIke AvyuM tyAre pUrvanA dezonuM madhyakAlInapaNuM ane pazcimanA dezanI audyogika tema ja yAMtrika pragatI e ja e be vacce sAce taphAvata hate. hiMda tathA pUrvanA bIjA deze kevaLa pazcimanA lazkarI kauzalyathI ja nahi paNa tenI vaijJAnika tema ja yAMtrika pragatithI paNa jhaMkhavAI gayA hatA. A badhI vastuoe maLIne temanAmAM lazkarI tema ja yAMtrika bAbatamAM UtaratA5NunI bhAvanA pedA karI. ema chatAMye tyAM AgaLa rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA vadhatI gaI ane paradezI AkramaNane sAmane karavAnI tathA videzIone hAMkI kADhavAnI IcchA jAgrata thaI.

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19mI sadI cAlu 189 0 vIsamI sadInA AraMbhamAM eka evo banAva banyo jeNe eziyAvAsIonA mAnasa upara bhAre asara karI. e banAva te jhArazAhI raziyAno jApAne karele parAya. nAnakaDA jApAne yurepanI sauthI moTI ane baLavAna sattAmAMnI ekano parAjaya karyo ethI so leko Azcaryacakita thaI gayA. eziyAmAM ethI karIne AzcaryanI sAthe AnaMda pravartI rahyo. jApAna pazcimanA dezonA AkramaNanI sAme jhUjhanAra eziyAnA pratinidhi tarIke lekhAvA lAgyuM ane thoDA vakhata mATe te te pUrvanA badhA dezamAM atyaMta lokapriya thaI paDyuM. paNa jApAna eziyAnuM evA prakAranuM pratinidhi nahotuM. te te yuropanI bIjI sattAonI mAphaka pitAnA svArthane khAtara ja laDayuM hatuM. jApAnanI chatanA khabara Ave tyAre huM keTalo badho uttejita thaI jato hato e mane barAbara yAda che. te vakhate huM tArI uMmarano hato. Ama pazcimana sAmrAjyavAda jema jema vadhAre ne vadhAre AkramaNakArI thate gayo tema tema tene rokavAne tathA tenI sAme laDavAne mATe rASTrIya bhAvanA jAgrata thatI gaI. pazcime Araba prajAothI mAMDIne cheka pUrvanI maMgala prajAo sudhI AkhA eziyAmAM rASTrIya hilacAle udbhavI. AraMbhamAM te sAvacetIpUrvaka ane dhIme pagale AgaLa vadhI paraMtu pachIthI dinapratidina tenI mAgaNI vadhAre ne vadhAre uddAma banatI gaIhiMdamAM e ja arasAmAM rASTrIya mahAsabhAne udaya thayuM ane tenI zarUAtanI kArakirdIno AraMbha thayo. eziyAnA baLavAne have AraMbha thayo hato. 19mI sadInuM ApaNuM avalena hajI pUruM thayuM nathI. paraMtu A patra ThIka ThIka lAMba thaye che eTale te have pUre thavo joIe. 108. 19mI sadI cAlu 24 navembara, 1932 meM mArA AgalA patramAM 19mI sadInAM keTalAMka viziSTa lakSaNo tema ja pracaMDa yaMtranA Agamanane pariNAme pazcima yuropamAM phelAyelA audyogika mUDIvAdamAMthI udbhavelI keTalIka vastuo viSe tane kahyuM che. e bAbatamAM pazcima yuropa AgaLa paDyuM enuM eka kAraNa e che ke tenI pAse kAlasa tathA leDhAnI kAcI dhAtu hatI. pracaMDa yaMtra banAvavAne tathA tenI pAsethI kAma levAne mATe kelasa ane leDhuM mahattvanAM hatAM. ApaNe joyuM ke A mUDIvAdamAMthI sAmrAjyavAda ane rASTravAda jamyAM. rASTravAda e kaMI navI vastu nahatI. A pahelAM paNa e mejUda hatA. paraMtu

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* . jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana have te vadhAre tIvra ane saMkucita banyA. teNe ekI vakhate ekatA sAdhI tema ja judAInI bhAvanA paNa pedA karI. eka ja rASTrIya ghaTakamAM vasanArA leAkeA ekabIjAnI vadhAre samIpa AvyA paraMtu bIjA rASTrIya ghaTakAmAM vasatA lAkAthI te vadhAre ne vadhAre aLagA paDatA gayA. dareka dezamAM rASTrabhakti vadhatI gaI ane tenI sAthe sAthe videzI pratyenAM avizvAsa ane aNagame paNu vadhatAM gayAM. yuropamAM udyoganA kSetramAM AgaLa vadhelA dezA zikArI pazuonI peThe ekabIjAnI sAme karaDI najarathI jovA lAgyA. iMglaMDe sauthI vadhAre lUTa meLavI hatI eTale svAbhAvika rIte ja te tene vaLagI rahevA mAgatuM hatuM. paraMtu bIjA dezA ane khAsa karIne janIne te jyAM ne tyAM iMgleMDane aDDo ja najare paDatA hatA. eTale ghaNu vadhavA pAmyuM ane te chaDecoka yuddhamAM pariNamyuM. audyogika mUDIvAdanI samagra vyavasthA ane tenA kaNagArUpa sAmrAjyavAdamAMthI AvAM dhaNu ane kalaha pedA thAya che. e banne, kalaha, spardhA ane zoSaNanA pAyA upara racAyelAM hovAne kAraNe enA mULamAM ja virodhI tattvA mAbUda hoya che ane temane sumeLa sAdhI zakAtA nathI. Ama, pUrvanA dezomAM sAmrAjyavAdanA saMtAnarUpa rASTravAda tenA kaTTo duzmana banyA. tenA mULamAM A virodhI tattvA hovA chatAM mUDIvAdI sudhArAe ApaNane ghaNA upayogI pATho paNa zIkhavyA che. teNe ApaNane saMgaThanane pA. zIkhavyo; kemake, pracaMDa yaMtro ane moTA pAyA uparanA udyoga calAvavA mATe prathama bhAre sagananI jarUra paDe che. moTA moTA udyogomAM teNe sahakAranA pATha zIkhavyo. vaLI teNe kArya kuzaLatA ane niyamitatA paNa zIkhavyAM. A guNe vinA moTuM kArakhAnuM ke relave calAvI zakAtAM nathI. keTalIka vAra ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke e khAsa karIne pazcimanA guNA che ane pUrvanA dezAmAM te nathI hAtA. bIjI badhI bAbatonI jema AmAM paNa pUrva ke pazcimanA kaI savAla nathI. udyogavAdane lIdhe e guNA vikasyA che ane tyAM AgaLa udyogIkaraNa thayuM hovAthI pazcimanA dezazamAM e guNA che; jyAre pUrvanA dezamAM hajI udyogIkaraNa thayeluM na hovAthI tathA teo khetIpradhAna hovAne lIdhe temanAmAM e guNAno abhAva che. audyogika mUDIvAde khIjI eka mATI sevA bajAvI che. yaMtrA, kAlase ane varALanI madadathI saMpatti kevI rIte utpanna karI zakAya e teNe batAvI ApyuM. duniyAmAM have jhAjhI saMpatti pedA thavAnA saMbhava rahyo nathI ane tethI karIne asaMkhya leAkeAne hamezAM garIbAImAM ja sabaDatA rahevuM paDavAnuM che evA prakAranA jUnA bhayane teNe nirmULa karyAM. vijJAna ane ya MtrAnI sahAyathI AkhI duniyAnI vasatI mATe pUratA khArAka ane kapaDAM tathA khIjI badhI jarUrI cIjo utpanna karI zakAya ema hatuM. A rIte utpAdananA kAyaDAne kaI

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291 19mI sadI cAlu nahi te siddhAMtanI dRSTie to ukela AvI gayuM. paNa e kevaLa saiddhAMtika ukela ja rahyo. bezaka, saMpatti te bahoLA pramANamAM pedA karavAmAM AvI paraMtu . garIbo te garIba rahyA eTaluM ja nahi paNa teo UlaTA vadhAre garIba banyA. pUrva taraphanA tema ja AphrikAnA dezonuM yuropanA Adhipatya nIce chaDecoka ane nirlajja zeSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM. tyAM rahetA duHkhI lekonI vahAre dhAnAra keI nahotuM. khuda pazcima yuropamAM paNa garIbAI rahevA pAmI ane dinapratidina te vadhAre ne vadhAre chatI thatI gaI. bAkInI duniyAnA zeSaNane laIne ceDA samaya mATe te pazcima yuropanA dezamAM saMpatti AvI. A saMpattine ghaNokhare bhAga samAjanI TocanA mUDIbhara lekonA hAthamAM gaye. paraMtu ene thaDe bhAga garIba vargo sudhI paNa pahoMcyo ane temanuM jIvananuM dhoraNa kaMIka 'UMcuM thavA pAmyuM. vasatI paNa bahu moTA pramANamAM vadhI gaI paraMtu eziyA, AphrikA ane jyAM udyogIkaraNa thavA na pAmyuM hoya evA bIjA pradezanA zoSaNane bhoge e ghaNIkharI saMpatti prApta thaI hatI tathA jIvananuM dhoraNa UMcuM thavA pAmyuM hatuM. A zeSaNa ane saMpattinA pravAha thaDA vakhata mATe mUDIvAdI samAjavyavasthAnA paraspara virodhI tattvone DhAMkI rAkhyAM. ema chatAM paNa garIba ane tavaMgara vacceno bheda tathA temanI vaccenuM aMtara vadhatAM gayAM. e baMne judI prajAo hatI, judAM rASTro hatAM. 19mI sadInA eka mahAna aMgreja rAjapuruSe temanuM AvuM varNana karyuM che: " zrImaMta ane garIba . . . e be judI prajAe che. jANe teo judA judA pradezamAM athavA to judA judA grahomAM vasatI na hoya tema teo eka bIjInI Tevo, vicAre tathA lAgaNIothI ajANa che. temanA ucheranI rIta judI che, temane kherAka judo che, temanI rItabhAta ane raheNIkaraNa bhinna che tathA temanuM zAsana karanAra kAyadAo paNa samAna nathI." A navI audyogika paristhitine laIne moTAM moTAM kArakhAnAomAM saMkhyAbaMdha majUre AvyA ane pariNAme kArakhAnAmAM kAma karanArA majUrone eka navo varga Ubho thayo. kheDUte ane khetaramAM kAma karanArA majUre karatAM A majUre ghaNuM bAbatamAM judA paDatA hatA. kheDUte te mukhyatve karIne Rtuo ane varasAda upara AdhAra rAkhatA hatA. emanA upara temano kAbU nathI hotuM eTale temanAM duHkha ane garIbAI daivI kAraNone AbhArI che ema teo mAnavA lAge che. pariNAme teo vahemI banI jAya che, Arthika kAraNonI avagaNanA kare che ane jene teo badalI zake ema nathI evA nirdaya devane vaza vatIne nirAzAbharyuM tathA nIrasa jIvana gALe che. paraMtu kArakhAnAnA majUre manuSyata yaMtra upara kAma kare che, Rtuo ke varasAdanI paravA karyA vinA mAla utpanna kare che; teo saMpatti pedA kare che kharA paraMtu tene ghaNekhare bhAga bIjAone hAtha jAya che ane teo pote te garIba ja rahe che evuM

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- 1ra jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana temane mAluma paDe che ane e rIte Arthika niyame kArya karatA kaMIka aMze temanA jevAmAM Ave che. eTale teo devI kAraNene vicAra nathI karatA ane kheDUtanA jeTalA vahemI nathI hotA. pitAnI garIbAI mATe teo devane doSa detA nathI; ene mATe teo samAjane athavA samAjavyavasthAne ane khAsa karIne te pitAnI majUrIne moTo hisso paDAvI lenAra kArakhAnAnA mUDIvAdI mAlikane deSita gaNe che. temanAmAM varga jAgrati pedA thAya che ane samAjamAM vargo hoya che tathA upalA varge pitAnA vargane zikAra kare che evuM teo jetA thAya che. ane ene pariNAme asaMtoSa ane baMDa jAge che. AraMbhamAM te asaMtoSane gaNagaNuTa maMda ane aspaSTa hoya che, tathA zarUAtanAM ramakhANo AMdhaLAM, avicArI ane nabaLAM hoya che ane sarakAra temane sahelAIthI kacarI nAkhe che. sarakAra moTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMo tathA temAMthI udbhavatA bIjA udyogane kAbU dharAvanAra navA madhyama varganI saMpUrNapaNe pratinidhi hoya che. paraMtu bhUkhane lAMbA samaya sudhI dabAvI zakAtI nathI ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM majUra tenA jevA bIjA majUre sAthe saMpa ane ekatA sAdhIne te dvArA navuM baLa prApta kare che. Ama majUranuM rakSaNa karavAne tathA tenA haka mATe laData calAvavAne majUramahAjane UbhAM thAya che. prathama te e gupta maMDaLe heya che kAraNa ke sarakAra majUrone pitAnuM saMgaThana karavAnI chUTa paNa ApatI nathI. sarakAra e cokkasapaNe amuka varganI ja sarakAra hoya che tathA te jenI pratinidhi heya te varganuM yenakena prakAreNa rakSaNa kare che e vastu vadhAre ne vadhAre spaSTa thatI jAya che. kAyadAo paNa e rIte vargIya eTale ke amuka vargane ja sparzanArA hoya che. dhIme dhIme majUre tAkAta prApta kare che ane temanAM mahAjana baLavAna saMsthAo bane che. zeSaNa karanArA sattAdhIza varganI sAme kharI rIte temanAM badhAnAM hita samAna che evI bhinna bhinna zAkhAnA majUrane pratIti thAya che. eTale judAM judAM majUra mahAjane ekabIjA sAthe sahakAra kare che ane AkhA dezanA kArakhAnAnA majUrono eka saMgaThita samUha bane che. ethI AgaLanuM pagathiyuM judA judA dezanA majUre sAthe akya sAdhavAnuM hoya che kemake temane paNa lAgavA mAMDe che ke temanA saunAM hita samAna che ane temane badhAne zatru paNa eka ja che. Ama "duniyAbharanA majUre ekatra thAo ne pikAra UThe che ane majUronI AMtararASTrIya saMsthAo UbhI thAya che. sAthe sAthe mUDIvAdI udyogane paNa vikAsa thAya che ane te paNa AMtararASTrIya bane che. A rIte jyAM jyAM audyogika mUDIvAda khIle che tyAM tyAM majUre mUDIvAdanI sAme khaDA thAya che. huM bahu jhaDapathI AgaLa nIkaLI gayuM ane have mAre pAchA haThavuM joIe. paraMtu 19mI sadInI duniyA e aneka baLana-ghaNuMkharuM paraspara

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1937 19mI sadI cAlu virAdhI baLAnA evA to za MbhumeLeA che ke e badhAMne eka vakhate najara AgaLa rAkhavAnuM kAma bahu muzkela thaI paDe che. mUDIvAda, sAmrAjyavAda, rASTravAda, AMtararASTrIyavAda tathA saMpatti ane garIbAInA A ajaba prakAranA mizraNanI tArA mana upara kevI chApa paDaze enuM kharekhara mane Azcarya thAya che. paraMtu khuda jIvana paNa eka ajaba prakAranuM mizraNa che. e jevuM hoya teve svarUpe ApaNe tene svIkAra karavA joIe, tene samajavA prayatna karavA joIe ane pachI tene sudhAravA mathavuM joI e. virodhI tattvAnA A zabhrumeLAe yuropa tema ja amerikAnA dhaNA leAkAne vicAra karatA karI mUkayA. nepoliyananA patana pachI sadInA AraMbhamAM yuropanA badhA ja dezAmAM nahi jevI ja svataMtratA hatI. enA keTalAka dezAmAM rAjAnI ApakhudI vatI hatI ane keTalAka dezomAM iMgleMDanI peThe nAnakaDA - zrImaMta ane umarAva va sattAdhArI hatA. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayA huM tema satra udAra tattvonuM damana karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. paraMtu ema chatAMye amerikAnI tema ja krAMsanI krAMtie leAkazAsana yA leAkazAhI ane rAjakIya svataMtratAnA vicArane udAra mata dharAvanArA vicArakAmAM pracalita ane lAkapriya karyAM hatA. leAkazAsana rAjya tema ja prajAnAM badhAM aniSTo tathA musIbateAnA plAja tarIke lekhAvA lAgyuM. lAkazAsanane Adarza evA hatA ke temAM viziSTa adhikArone sthAna na heAvuM joIe ane rAjye pratyeka vyaktine sAmAjika tema ja rAjakIya dRSTie samAna gaNavI joI e. alabatta, leAkeA dhaNI bAbatamAM ekakhIjAthI bhinna heAya che; keTalAka khIjA karatAM vadhAre baLavAna heAya che, keTalAka vadhAre samaju ane niHsvAthI hAya che. paraMtu leAkazAsanamAM mAnanArAe kahetA ke badhA mANasAnA rAjakIya darajajo samAna hovA joIe pachI bhalene temanAmAM game eTalA bhedo hAya. ane dareka nAgarikane matanA adhikAra ApIne e vastu sAdhavAnI hatI. pragatizIla vicArakA ane vinItAnA (libaralsa ) lokazAsananA guNAmAM bhAre vizvAsa hato ane te ANuvAne teo bhAre parizrama karatA hatA. sthiticusta ane pratyAdhAtI temanA virodha karatA ane satra temanI vacce gajagrAha cAlatA hatA. keTalAka dezomAM te krAMti paNa thaI. matAdhikAranuM kSetra vistRta karavAmAM AvyuM eTale ke pAlamenTanA sabhyo cUMTavA mATe mata ApavAnA haka vadhAre leAkeAne ApavAmAM AvyA te pahelAM iMglaMDamAM AMtaravigraha phrATI nIkaLavAnI aNI upara hato. paraMtu dhIme dhIme ghaNAkharA dezAmAM lAkazAsanane vijaya thayA ane sadInA aMta sudhImAM pazcima yuropanA deza tathA amerikAmAM kaMI nahi te moTA bhAganA leAkAne matAdhikAra tA maLyA. lokazAsana yA leAkazAhI e 19mI sadInA mahAna Adarzo hatA, te eTale sudhI ke e sadIne leAkazAsananI sadI kahI zakAya. Akhare lokazAsananA vijaya -ra

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana te thaye paNa chevaTe lekene vizvAsa tenA uparathI UThI javA lAgyA. temane jaNAyuM ke garIbAI hADamArI, duHkho tema ja mUDIvAdI vyavasthAnAM virodhI to dUra karavAmAM te niSphaLa nIvaDI hatI. bhUkhyA mANasane hAthamAM mata ApavAne haka ApavAthI tenuM zuM vaLe? ane eka TaMkanA bhajana jeTalI kiMmata ApavAthI tene mata athavA te tenI sevA kharIdI zakAtI hoya te tene maLelI svataMtratAnuM pramANa keTaluM samajavuM? eTale lekazAsananI apakIrti thaI athavA sAcuM kahetAM rAjakIya lekazAsana apriya thaI paDayuM. paraMtu e 19mI sadInI bahArano viSaya che. lekazAsane svataMtratAnI rAjakIya bAjAne niveDe ANe. e ApakhudI ane bIjA prakAranAM evAM julamI rAjataMtra sAmene pratyAghAta hate. samAjamAM UbhA thatA audyogika prazno athavA te garIbAI ane varga-kalahanA nivAraNane rAmabANa upAya enI pAse nahote. ethI karIne vyakti pitAnuM hita sAdhavAno prayatna karaze ane hareka rIte pitAnI tema ja samAjanI unnati sAdhaze ane e rIte samAjanI pragati thaze evI AzAthI tenI vRtti anusAra kArya karavAnI tenI saiddhAMtika svataMtratA upara teNe bhAra mUkyo. A lephera" eTale ke vaira pravRttine siddhAMta hato. mane lAge che ke AgaLanA eka patramAM meM tane e viSe lakhyuM che. paraMtu vyaktigata svataMtratAne siddhAMta niSphaLa nIvaDyo; kemake, peTiyuM meLavavAne khAtara jene majUrI karavAnI pharaja paDatI hoya evA mANasane bhAgye ja svataMtra kahI zakAya. audyogika mUDIvAdanI vyavasthAmAM UbhI thayelI meTI muzkelI A hatIH jeo kAma karatA hatA ane e rIte samAjanI sevA karatA hatA temane temanI majUrInuM navuM vaLatara maLatuM ane teno badhe lAbha jeo kazuM kAma karatA nahotA temane maLato. Ama e vyavasthAmAM kAma ane tenA dAma cA vaLatara vacce kazo meLa nahe. ene pariNAme eka bAjue jeo majUrI karatA hatA teo garIba banatA gayA ane temanI adhogati thatI gaI ane bIjI bAjue udyogamAM jAte kAma karyA vinA ke koI paNa rIte tenI saMpattimAM vadhAro karyA vinA tenA upara chavanAre athavA kharuM kahetAM tenA upara mAtanAre varga pedA thayo. e jamIna upara kAma karanArA kisAne ane tenA upara jAte kAma ryA vinA temanI majUrIne lAbha uThAvanArA jamInadAranA jevuM hatuM. majUrInA phaLanI A vaheMcaNI dekhItI rIte ja anyAyI hatI. paraMtu mahattvanI vAta te e che ke, lAMbA kALathI yAtanA veThatA AvelA kisAnathI UlaTI rIte kArakhAnAne majUra e anyAyathI paricita hatuM ane te tene sAla hato tathA tenA pratye tene roSa hate. vakhata jato gayo tema tema paristhiti vadhAre ne vadhAre bagaDatI gaI. pazcimanA badhAye audyogika dezomAM A viSamatA vadhAre ugra

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19mI sadI cAlu 12-9 banI ane vicAravAna tathA samajI leke e gUMcavaNamAMthI mArga kADhavAne prayAsa karatA hatA. Ama samAjavAdane nAme oLakhAtI vicArasaraNI pedA thaI. samAjavAda e mUDIvAdanuM pharajaMda hatuM, te tene duzmana paNa hato ane bhaviSyamAM ghaNuMkharuM te tenuM sthAna levAne nirmAyeluM hatuM. iMglaMDamAM teNe saumya svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM krAMsa ane jarmanImAM te vadhAre krAMtikAraka hatA. yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM dezanI vizALatAnA pramANamAM tenI vasatI alpa hovAne kAraNe vikAsane mATe pUrepUrI taka hatI eTale pazcima yuropamAM mUDIvAde je anyAyo ane duHkho pedA karyA hatAM te tyAM AgaLa lAMbA vakhata sudhI teTalA pramANamAM ughADAM na paDyAM. 19mI sadInA vacagALAmAM jarmanImAM eka puruSa pedA thaye je bhaviSyamAM samAjavAdane payagaMbara ane sAmyavAdanA nAmathI oLakhAyelA samAjavAdane janaka thavAne nirmAyeluM hatuM. tenuM nAma kArla mAkarsa hatuM. te gaganavihAra karanAra philasUpha ke kevaLa tAtvika siddhAMtonI carcA karanAra adhyApaka nahato. te vyavahAra philasUpha hatA ane rAjakIya tathA Arthika praznonA abhyAsamAM vijJAnanI paddhati lAgU pADI e rIte jagatanAM duHkhone ilAja zadhavA mAgato hato. te kahe ke, philasUphIe Aja sudhI kevaLa jagatanuM nirUpaNa karavAno prayAsa karyo hate. sAmyavAdI philasUphIe tene palaTavAne prayAsa kare joIe. eMgalsa nAmanA eka bIjA puruSanI sAthe maLIne teNe "sAmyavAdI jAheranAmuM" (komyunisTa meniphesTo) bahAra pADyuM. emAM tenI philasUphInI rUparekhA ApavAmAM AvI che. e pachIthI teNe jarmana bhASAmAM pAsa kepITala" athavA "kepITala" nAmano eka mahAna graMtha bahAra pADyo. emAM teNe vaijJAnika paddhatithI jagatanA ItihAsanuM avalokana karyuM che ane samAja kaI dizAmAM vikAsa karI rahyo che tathA e prakriyAne kevI rIte vadhAre tvarita karI zakAya e darzAvyuM che. ahIM AgaLa huM mArsanI philasuphI samajAvavAno prayAsa karIza nahi. paraMtu mAkarsanA e mahAna graMthe samAjavAdanA vikAsamAM bhAre phALo Ape tathA Aje te sAmyavAdI raziyAnuM bAIbala lekhAya che eTaluM tuM yAda rAkhe ema huM icchuM chuM. 19mI sadInA vacagALAmAM IMgleMDamAM bIjuM eka prasiddha pustaka bahAra paDayuM ane teNe bhAre khaLabhaLATa macAvyo. e pustaka te DArvinanuM "jAtionI utpatti" (orijIna oNpha spIsijha). DArvina nisargazAstrI (necarAlisTa) hata- eTale ke te nisarganuM athavA kudaratanuM ane khAsa karIne cheDa tathA prANIonuM nirIkSaNa karatA hatA. kudaratamAM choDa tema ja prANIone vikAsa kevI rIte thaye, kudaratI vINAmaNanI kriyA dvArA eka jAtimAMthI bIjI jAti kevI rIte udbhavI tathA sAdAM athavA alpAMgI prANIomAMthI dhIme dhIme jaTila

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana athavA bahusaMgI vikaselA avayavovALAM prANIo kevI rIte pedA thayAM e teNe aneka daSTAMta ApIne batAvyuM che. A prakAranI vaijJAnika kAraNaparaMparA pRthvInI tema ja manuSya ane prANIonI utpatti viSenI keTalIka dhArmika mAnyatAothI bilakula UlaTI hatI. ethI karIne vijJAnazAstrIo ane AvI mAnyatAmAM zraddhA rAkhanArAo vacce tyAM AgaLa bhAre UhApoha mace. khare jhaghaDe jeTalA pramANamAM jIvana pratyenA sAmAnya valaNa paratve hatuM teTale hakIkata paratve nahe. jIvana pratyenuM saMkucita dhArmika valaNa moTe bhAge vahema, bhaya ane jAduthI vyApta hatuM. emAM buddhine uttejana ApavAmAM AvatuM nahotuM ane lakane tenI sAme zaMkA uThAvyA vinA temane je kahevAmAM Ave te mAnI levAnuM jaNAvavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. ghaNA viSaye te pavitratA ane divyatAnA gahana AcchAdana nIce DhAMkI rAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA ane temane ughADA pADavAnA ke sparzavAnA nahatA. vijJAnanI bhAvanA ane paddhati enAthI sAva bhinna hatAM. kemake vijJAna dareka vastunuM rahasya jANavAne jijJAsu hatuM. te koI paNa vastu ema ne ema mAnI le ema nahotuM tema ja viSayanI mAnI lIdhelI pavitratA ke divyatA tene bhaDakAvIne bhagADI zake ema nahotuM. te dareka vastunuM bArIka nirIkSaNa karatuM, vahemone dUra karavA prayAsa karatuM tathA jene prayoga ke buddhi dvArA nirNaya thaI zake te ja vastumAM mAnatuM. jaDa banI gayelA dhArmika dRSTibiMdu sAthenA A jhaghaDAmAM vaijJAnika bhAvanAne vijaya thayuM. A vastuo viSe vicAra karanAra ghaNAkharA leke cheka aDhAramI sadIthI mAMDIne buddhivAdI banyA hatA. phrAMsanI krAMti pahelAM tyAM AgaLa pharI vaLelA tAtvika vicAranA mojA viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM te tane yAda haze. paraMtu have e pheraphAra samAjamAM vadhAre UMDe Utaryo. vijJAnanI pragati keLavAyelA sAmAnya mANasane paNa sparza karyo. e viSayamAM te bahu UMDe vicAra karI zakavAnI sthitimAM na hoya e banavAjoga che. vaLI vijJAna viSe paNa te jhAjhuM jANatuM nahotuM. paraMtu tenI najara AgaLa chatA thayelA zodhakhoLanA bhavya dazyathI te DaghAI gaye. relave, vIjaLI, tAra, Teliphona, phenogrApha ane evI bIjI aneka vastuo eka pachI eka tenI sAme AvatI gaI. A badhI vastuo vaijJAnika paddhatinI pedAza hatI. temane vijJAnanA vijaya tarIke vadhAvI levAmAM AvI. vijJAne kevaLa mANasanuM jJAna ja nahi paNa nisarga uparane tene kAbU paNa vadhAryo. vijJAnane vijaya thaye tathA leke A navA ane sarvazaktimAna deva AgaLa mAthuM namAvI tenI pUjA karavA lAgyA emAM kazuM Azcarya nathI. ane 19mI sadInA vaijJAnike vadhAre paDatA AtmasaMtuSTa ane zaMkArahita tathA pitAnA abhiprAyanI bAbatamAM atizaya nizcayAtmaka banI gayA hatA. adhI sadI

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19mI sadI cAlu pahelAMnA e samaya karatAM vijJAne have bahu bhAre pragati karI che, paraMtu 19mI sadInA vadhAre paDatA AtmasaMtoSI ane zaMkArahitatAnA valaNa karatAM Aje tenuM valaNa sAva juduM che. AjanA sAcA vaijJAnikane to ema lAge che ke jJAnane sAgara te vistIrNa ane niravadhi che. ane te tenA upara pitAnuM vahANa haMkAravAne mathe che khare paraMtu tenA puregAmIo karatAM Aje te vadhAre namra banyo che. pazcimanA dezomAM prajAkIya keLavaNunI thayelI bhAre pragati e 18mI sadInI bIjI noMdhapAtra binA hatI. zAsakavarganA ghaNuM lokee eno tIvra virodha karyo. temanuM kahevuM evuM hatuM ke, ethI karIne sAmAnya leka asaMtuSTa, uddhata ane rAjadrohI thaI jaze tathA teo khristI maTI jaze ! emanA abhiprAya pramANe te khristI dharma eTale ajJAna ane tavaMgara tathA sattAdhArI lekenI tAbedArI. paraMtu A virodha chatAye prAthamika zALAo zarU thaI ane janatAmAM keLavaNIno phelAvo thayo. 19mI sadInI bIjI badhI viziSTatAonI peThe e paNa navA udyogavAdanuM phaLa hatuM. kemake, meTA udyoga ane pracaMDa yaMtromAM audyogika nipuNatAnI jarUra hatI ane keLavaNI dvArA ja e sAdhI zakAya ema hatuM. e samayanA samAjamAM badhA prakAranA pravINa majUronI bhAre jarUra hatI. prajAvyApI keLavaNI dvArA ja e jarUriyAta pUrI paDI zakI. A vyApaka prAthamika keLavaNue bhaNelAgaNelA lokone eka moTe varga pedA karyo. e lekane keLavAyelA te bhAgye ja kahI zakAya, paraMtu teo lakhIvAMcI jANatA hatA ane vartamAnapatro vAMcavAnI Tevane phelAvo thavA pAme. sadhAM chApAMo nIkaLyAM ane temano bahoLo pracAra thayo. lekanAM mAnasa upara teo bhAre asara karavA lAgyAM. paraMtu ghaNI vAra te teo lekene ADe raste deratAM ane paDozanA deza sAme lekanI lAgaNI uzkeratAM ane e rIte vigraha pedA karatAM. e game tema che, paNa chApAMo cokakasapaNe asarakAraka sattA dharAvanAra thaI paDyAM. A patramAM meM je kaMI lakhyuM che temAMnuM ghaNuMkharuM pradhAnapaNe yurepane ane khAsa karIne pazcima yuropane lAgu paDe che. uttara amerikAne paNa e kaMIka aMze lAgu paDe che. bAkInI duniyA, jApAna sivAyanuM eziyA ane AphrikA, yuropanI nItine bhoga banIne niSkriyapaNe yAtanA sahana karI rahyAM hatAM. AgaLa upara huM kahI gayo chuM tema 19mI sadI e yuropanI sadI hatI. sarvatra yuropanI ja bolabAlA hatI; yuropa jagatanA raMgamaMcanuM kendra rokIne beThuM hatuM. bhUtakALamAM eziyAe aneka vAra yuropa upara lAMbA kALa sudhI prabhutva jogavyuM hatuM. bhUtakALamAM evA yugo AvI gayA che jyAre sabhyatA ane pragatinuM kendra misara, IrAka, hiMdustAna, cIna, grIsa, rema ke arabastAnamAM

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rara 696 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatuM. paraMtu prAcIna sabhyatAo dhIme dhIme nAdAra banI gaI tathA te niprANa ane jaDa thaI gaI. parivartana ane pragatinuM jIvanadAyI tatva temane chAMDI gayuM ane cetana bIjA pradezomAM cAlyuM gayuM. have yuropane UjaLo divasa Ugye hato ane yurope e sau karatAM pitAnuM Adhipatya vadhAre jamAvyuM kAraNa ke, saMparkanAM sAdhanomAM thayelI pragatine lIdhe duniyAnA badhA bhAgone praveza vadhAre sugama ane tvarita banyuM. 19bhI sadIe yuropanI sabhyatAne phAlatIphUlatI nihALI. ene madhyama varganI athavA te bhadralokanI (bUjhavA) sabhyatA kahevAmAM Ave che kemake, audyogika mUDIvAde pedA karelA madhyama varganuM emAM prabhutva hatuM. e sabhyatAnAM aneka virodhI tatte tathA tenI badIo viSe meM tane kahyuM che. pUrvanA dezomAM tathA hiMdamAM A badIo khAsa karIne ApaNA jevAmAM AvI ane tene lIdhe ApaNane veThavuM paNa paDyuM che. paraMtu koI paNa deza ke prajAmAM mahattAnuM tatva hoya te vinA te mahattA prApta karI zaktI nathI. ane pazcima yuropamAM e tattva hatuM. ane Akhare yuropanI pratiSThA jeTalA pramANamAM tene mahattA arpanAra guNa upara nirbhara hatI teTalI te tenA lazkarI baLa upara nirbhara nahotI. tyAM AgaLa sarvatra cetana, ane sarjaka zakita puSkaLa pramANamAM najare paDatAM hatAM. tyAM AgaLa moTA moTA kavio, lekhake, philasUpha, vaijJAnike, saMgItazAstrIo ane ijanere pedA thayA. ane pazcima yuropanA sAmAnya janasamUhanI sthiti paNa AgaLanA koI paNa samaya karatAM hAla vadhAre sArI hatI. laMDana, perisa, barlina ane nyUyaeNrka vagere pATanagara dinapratidina meTAM ne meTAM thatAM gayAM, temanI imArate UMcI ne UMcI thatI gaI vaibhavavilAsa vadhyAM ane mANasanI mahenatamajUrI ochI karavAnI tathA jIvanane ArAma ane mejamajA vadhAravAnI asaMkhya rIte vijJAne batAvI. zrImaMta varganA lekanAM jIvana mRdu ane saMskArI banyAM ane AtmasaMtoSa, tathA kRtakRtyatAnI bhAvanAe praveza karyo. sabhyatAne e pAchale pahera ke sAMja heAya ema bhAse che. Ama, 19mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM yurope prasanna ane samRddha svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM. ane kaMI nahi te upara uparathI te ema lAgatuM hatuM ke A mRdu saMskRti lAMbA kALa sudhI Takaze ane vijaya upara vijaya meLavatI raheze. paraMtu jarA UMDethI jotAM vicitra prakArano utpAta ane aneka kadarUpAM da tArI najare paDaze. kemake e samRddha saMskRti pradhAnapaNe kevaLa yuropanA upalA vargo mATe ja hatI. ane aneka dezanA tathA aneka prajAonA zeSaNa upara tenuM maMDANa hatuM. meM darzAvelAM keTalAMka vidhI ta tathA rASTrIya dhikkAra ane sAmrAjyavAdanuM krara ane kaThera svarUpa tArA jovAmAM Avaze.

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hiMdramAM vigraho ane viplava ke9 13 e joyA pachI A 19mI sadInI sabhyatAnA lAlitya tathA tenA kAyamIpaNA viSenA tArA vizvAsa pahelAM jeTale dRDha nahi rahe. tenA dehanuM bAhya svarUpa to suMdara hatuM paraMtu tenA hRdhyamAM saDo lAgu paDyo hatA; madhyamavarganA svAsthya ane pragati viSe te bahu vAtA cAlatI hatI paraMtu saDeA tenI sabhyatAnA mate kArI rahyo hatA. 1914nI sAlamAM kaDAkaiA thayA. savA cAra varasanA vigrahamAMthI yuropa pAra UtayuM kharuM, paraMtu tenA deha upara-kArI dhA thayA hatA ane te hajI paNa rujhAyA nathI. paraMtu e viSe huM tane AgaLa upara kahIza. 109. hiMdamAM vigrahA ane viplava 27 navembara, 1932 19mI sadInuM ApaNe ThIka ThIka lAMbu avalAkana karyuM. have ApaNe duniyAnA bIjA bhAgo tarapha vadhAre jhINavaTapUrvaka najara karIe. hiMdustAnathI ApaNe enI zarUAta karIzuM. hiMdamAMnA potAnA pratispardhI e upara aMgrejoe kevI rIte vijaya meLavyo e viSe meM theADA vakhata upara tane vAta karI hatI. nepoliyananA yuddhonA samaya daramyAna cAne cokkasapaNe dUra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. marAThAo, maisUramAM TIpu sulatAna ane paMjAbamAM zIkhA thoDA vakhata mATe aMgrejone khALI rahyA hatA. paraMtu te lAMbA vakhata sudhI temane sAmane na karI zakyA. dekhItI rIte ja briTiza sattA sauthI baLavAna ane vadhAre sAdhanasAmagrIvALI hatI. temanI pAse vadhAre sArAM hathiyAro ane vadhAre sAruM saMgaThana hatuM ane e uparAMta chevaTanA AsarA mATe temanI pAse dariyAI tAkAta paNa hatI. parAjayane prasaMge ... ane temane aneka vAra parAjaya thayA che. * paNa temane nirmULa nahAtA karI zakAyA, kemake dariyAI mArgo uparanA temanA kAbUne lIdhe te khIjI sAdhanasAmagrI meLavI zakatA. sthAnika sattA mATe te parAjaya e jeteA upAya na karI zakAya evI bhAre ApattirUpa nIvaDato. aMgreja sainikA pAse vadhAre sArI laDAyaka sAdhana sAmagrI hatI tema ja temanI saMgaThanazakti paNa vadhAre sArI hatI eTaluM ja nahi, paNa te temanA sthAnika harIphA karatAM dhaNA vadhAre catura hatA ane temanI mAMheAmAMhenI harIphAI nA temaNe pUrepUro lAbha uThAvyA. eTale anivAya paNe briTiza sattA phelAvA pAmI ane tenA harIphAne eka pachI eka jamInadeosta karI devAmAM AvyA. ghaNI vAra te Ama karavAmAM khIjAonI madada levAmAM AvI, paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM dhULabhegA thaI javAnA temanA vAro paNa AvatA. te samayanA hiMdanA -

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* 700 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rAjArajavADAo keTalI badhI TUMkI dRSTivALA hatA e kharekhara AzcaryakAraka che. videzI duzmananI sAme ekatra thavAnuM temaNe kadI vicAra karyo ja nahi. dareka jaNa ekale hAthe laDyo ane hArI gaye; ane te hAravAne pAtra ja hatA. briTiza sattAnI tAkAta vadhatI gaI tema tema te vadhAre ne vadhAre humalAkhora ane ghAtakI banatI gaI. kaMIka bahAnuM zodhI kADhIne ke kazA bahAnA vinA paNa teNe laDAI karavA mAMDI. AvI ghaNI laDAIo thaI. e badhInuM khyAna karIne huM tane thakavavA nathI cahAte. laDAI e kaMI majAno ke AnaMdajanaka viSaya nathI. ane itihAsamAM tene ghaNuM vadhAre paDatuM mahattva ApavAmAM AvyuM che. paNa ene viSe huM kaMI ja na kahuM A citra adhUruM rahe. maisUranA haidaraalI ane aMgrejo vacce thayelA be vigraha viSe huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM. emAM moTe bhAge haidara vijayI thaye. tene putra TIpu sulatAna aMgrejone kaTTo zatru hato. tene aMta ANavA mATe 1790-92 ane 1799mAM ema bIjA be vigraho karavA paDyA. TIpu laData laDato maraNa pAmyo. maisUranI pAse tenI jAnI rAjadhAnI zrIraMgapaTTamanAM khaMDiyere tuM hajI joI zake che. tyAM AgaLa tenI kabara paNa che. marAThAo hajI aMgrejonA Adhipatyano sAmano karI rahyA hatA. hiMdanA pazcima bhAgamAM pezavA, gvAliyarana ziMde ane iMdoranA holakara tema ja bIjA keTalAka nAnA nAnA rAjAo bAkI hatA. paraMtu mahAdajI ziMde ane nAnA phaDanavIsa jevA be mahAna marAThA rAjapuruSanAM maraNa pachI marAThI sattA chinnabhinna thaI gaI. gvAliyarane mahAdajI ziMde 1774nI sAlamAM ane pezavAone pradhAna nAnA phaDanavIsa 1800nI sAlamAM maraNa pAme. Ama chatAMye marAThAone mAta karavA hajI ghaNI laDAIo laDavI paDI ane 1819nI sAlamAM temanI sattA chevaTanI UthalI paDI te pahelAM temane hAthe aMgrejone hAra paNa khamavI paDI hatI. marAThA saradArone eka pachI eka harAvavAmAM AvyA ane dareka jaNe kazI sahAyatA ApyA vinA aLagA UbhA rahIne bIjAne dhULa bhege thate joyA karyo. ziMde ane helakara aMgrejonuM Adhipatya svIkAranArA parAdhIna rAjAo banyA. vaDodarAnA gAyakavADe te videzI sattA sAthe ethI paNa agAu samajUtI karI hatI. marAThAonI rajA letAM pahelAM madhya hiMdamAM prakhyAti pAmelA eka nAmano ullekha karavAnI mArI icchA che. A vyakti te 1765thI 1795nI sAla sudhI rAjya karanAra idaranI rANI ahalyAbAI gAdI para AvI tyAre te 30 varasanI taraNa vidhavA hatI ane pitAnA rAjyane vahIvaTa calAvavAmAM teNe asAdhAraNa saphaLatA meLavI. bezaka, te paDade nahotI rAkhatI. marAThA strIo kadIye paDado rAkhatI nahatI. rAjakAjamAM te jAte dhyAna ApatI ane

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hiMdamAM vicahe ane viplava 01 ra khullA darabAramAM besatI. eka nAnakaDA gAmamAMthI IMdorane teNe eka dhanika zahera banAvyuM. jyAre hiMdane ghaNekhare bhAga saMkSobhanI hAlatamAM hato tyAre yuddho TALIne teNe zAMti jALavI ane pitAnA rAjyane samRddha banAvyuM. madhya hiMdamAM Aje paNa tene sAdhvI gaNIne pUjavAmAM Ave che emAM kazuM Azcarya nathI. marAThAo sAthenA chellA vigrahathI thoDAka samaya pahelAM 1814thI 1816nI sAla sudhI aMgrejone nepALa sAthe vigraha thaye. DuMgarAomAM temane bhAre hADamArI veThavI paDI, paraMtu Akhare teo jItyA ane jyAM AgaLa jelamAM besIne huM A patra lakhI rahyo chuM te deharAdUna jille tathA kumAuM ane nainItAla aMgrejonA tAbAmAM AvyAM. mArA cIna viSenA patramAM tibeTa vaTAvIne tathA himAlaya oLaMgIne gurakhAone temanA pitAnA deza nepALamAM harAvanAra cInI sainyanA asAdhAraNa parAkrama viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM te kadAca tane yAda haze. briTizare ane nepALa vaccenA vigraha pahelAM mAtra 22 varasa agAu A banAva banyo hato. e vakhatathI nepAla siddhAMtanI dRSTie cInanuM Adhipatya svIkArAtuM AvyuM che. paNa huM dhAruM chuM ke Aje te te cInanuM evuM Adhipatya svIkAratuM nathI. e kaMIka viziSTa prakArane deza che. te atizaya pachAta che ane bAkInI duniyAthI taddana alage rahyo che. paraMtu Ama chatAye te bahu ja ramaNIya sthaLe AveluM che ane tyAM AgaLa kudaratI saMpatti bharapUra che. kAzmIra ke haidarAbAdanI peThe te parAdhIna deza nathI. te svataMtra deza gaNAya che paraMtu tenI e svataMtratA maryAdAmAM rahe e viSe aMgreje takedArI rAkhe che. ane nepALanA bahAdura tathA laDAyaka lekanI-gurakhAonI-hiMdamAM aMgrejI sainyamAM bharatI karavAmAM Ave che tathA hiMdIone dabAvI rAkhavAnA kAryamAM temane upaga karavAmAM Ave che. pUrvamAM brahmadeza cheka AsAma sudhI prasarela hatuM. eTale dinapratidina AgaLa vadhatA jatA aMgrejo joDe tene acUka cakamaka jharavAnI ja hatI. brahmadeza joDe aMgrejone traNa vigraha thayA ane e dareka vakhate temaNe brahmadezane thaDe bhAga khAlasA karyo. 1824-26nA pahelA vigrahane pariNAme AsAma aMgrejonA tAbAmAM AvyuM. bIjA vigrahamAM 1852nI sAlamAM dakSiNa brahmadeza khAlasA karavAmAM AvyuM. mAMDale najIka AvelA tenA pATanagara AvA sahita uttara brahmadezane samudrathI taddana alaga pADIne aMgrejonI dayA upara choDavAmAM AvyuM. 1885nI sAlamAM trIje brAhmI vigraha thaye tyAre aMgrejoe AkhA brahmadezane khAlasA karyo ane briTiza sAmrAjya sAthe tene joDI devAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu siddhAMtanI daSTie brahmadeza cInanuM khaMDiyuM rAjya hatuM ane e rIte te cInane khaMDaNa bharatuM hatuM. brahmadezane khAlasA karatI vakhate aMgrejoe *

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana cInane A khaMDaNI bharavAnuM cAlu rAkhavAnuM kabUla karyuM e kharekhara vicitra che. A hakIkata e batAve che ke, 1885nI sAlamAM paNa aMgrejo cInanA sAmarthathI aMjAtA hatA; joke e samaye cIna potAnI AMtarika musIbatamAM eTaluM badhuM gUMcavAyeluM hatuM ke brahmadeza upara caDAI thaI tyAre te potAnA khaMDiyA rAjyane sahAya na karI zakyuM. 1885nI sAla pachI aMgrejoe cInane eka vakhata khaMDaNuM ApI paNa pachIthI temaNe tema karavAnuM baMdha karyuM. brahmadezanA vigrahae ApaNane 1885nI sAla sudhI lAvI mUkyAM. huM emane eka sAthe patAvavA mAgatuM hatuM. paraMtu have ApaNe uttara hiMdamAM jaIzuM ane e sadInA ethI AgaLanA samayanA tenA ItihAsanuM avalokana karIzuM. paMjAbamAM raNajitasiMhanI AgevAnI nIce eka baLavAna zIkha rAjya UbhuM thayuM hatuM. 19mI sadInA cheka AraMbhamAM raNajitasiMha amRtasarano svAmI bane. 1820nI sAla sudhImAM te te lagabhaga AkhA paMjAba ane kAzmIrane mAlika banI gaye. 1839nI sAlamAM te maraNa pAmyo. tenA mamsa bAda thoDA ja vakhatamAM e zIkha rAjaya nabaLuM paDayuM ane chinnabhinna thavA lAgyuM. ApattinA kALamAM mANasanI unnati thAya che ane phateha maLyA pachI tenI avanati thAya che, e jUnI lekavAyakAnuM A zIkha rAjya udAharaNa pUruM pADe che. jyAre zIkhonI saMkhyA jaja hatI ane temane pIcho pakaDavAmAM Avyo hato tyAre pAchaLanA mogala bAdazAhe paNa temane dabAvI zakyA nahotA. paraMtu rAjakIya saphaLatA prApta thayA pachI jene lIdhe temane saphaLatA maLI te pAyAnI vastu ja nabaLI paDI. zIkha ane aMgrejo vacce be vigraha thayA. pahele 1845-46nI sAlamAM ane bIje 1848-49nI sAlamAM. bIjA vigrahamAM cIliyAnavALA AgaLa aMgrejone bhAre parAjaya thayo. paraMtu Akhare aMgrejone saMpUrNa vijaya thayo ane paMjAbane khAlasA karavAmAM AvyuM. rAjA gulAbasiMha nAmanA eka mANasane Azare 75 lAkha rUpiyAnI kiMmate kAzmIrane pradeza vecI devAmAM AvyuM e hakIkata jANavAmAM tuM kAzmIrI hevAne kAraNe tene rasa paDaze. gulAbasiMhane khAtara e seda karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ! emAM bIcArA kAzmIranA lekone te kaze hisAba ja nahe. kAzmIra Aje aMgrejonA tAbAnuM eka rAjya che ane tene Ajane mahArAjA gulAbasiMhane vaMzaja che. AgaLa uttare athavA kharuM kahetAM paMjAbanI vAyavyamAM aphaghAnistAna AveluM che ane aphaghAnistAnanI najIka tenI bIjI bAjue raziyananA tAbAne pradeza che. madhya eziyAmAM raziyana sAmrAjyanA phelAvAne kAraNe aMgrejo gabharAI gayA. raziyA kadAca hiMda upara caDhAI kare evo aMgrejone dhAka lAgyo. lagabhaga AkhI 19mI sadI daramyAna "raziyana hAu" viSe vAte

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737 hiMdamAM vigrahe ane viplava thatI rahI. cheka 1839nI sAlamAM hiMdunA aMgrejoe aphadhAnistAna upara vinA kAraNe humalA karyAM hatA. e samaye adhAnistAnanI sarahada briTiza hiMduthI bahu dUra hatI ane pa MjAbanuM svataMtra zIkha rAjya temAM vacce paDayuM. Ama chatAMye zIkhAne potAnA mitra banAvIne aMgrejoe kAbula upara caDAI karI. paraMtu akbAnAe enuM kAranuM vera lIdhuM. ghaNI bAbatemAM aphadhAne ghaNA pachAta che e kharuM, paraMtu te potAnI AjhAdI cAhe che ane te TakAvI rAkhavA mATe chevaTa sudhI laDe che. ethI karIne je je videzI sainyAe tenA upara caDAI karI che temane mATe adhdhAnistAna madhapUDAmAM hAtha nAkhavA samAna nIvaDayuM che. aMgrejoe kAbula tema ja dezanA khIjA ghaNA bhAgAnA kabajo lIdhA khare, paraMtu tyAM AgaLa ekAeka baDA phATI nIkaLyAM. aMgrejone tyAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA ane AkhA briTiza sainyanuM nika Mdana kADhavAmAM AvyuM. A ApattinuM vera vALavA mATe aMgrejoe thADA vakhata pachI tenA upara pharIthI caDAI karI. temaNe kAbula sara karyuM ane tenA meATA bajArane uDAvI mUkayu. tathA briTiza sainikAe zaheranA ghaNA bhAgAne lUMTI lIdhA ane tene Aga lagADI. paraMtu niraMtara laDAI cAlu rAkhyA sivAya agrejo adhAnistAna sahelAIthI potAnA hAthamAM rAkhI na zake e spaSTa hatuM. eTale teo tyAMthI pAchA pharyAM. lagabhaga 40 varasa pachI 1878nI sAlamAM amIranI eTale ke aAnistAnanA bAdazAhanI raziyA joDe maitrI thavAthI hiMdanA aMgrejo phrI pAchA gabharAI UThayA. ghaNe aMze karI pAchuM itihAsanuM punarAvartana thayuM. adhdhAnistAna joDe khIjo vigraha phATI nIkaLyA ane aMgrejoe e deza upara caDAI karI. thoDI vAra teA aMgrejo jItatA hoya ema jaNAyuM, paraMtu evAmAM aghdhAne e aMgreja elacI tathA tenA sAthIonI katala karI ane briTiza sainyane harAvyuM. aMgrejoe enuM vera levAnAM keTalAMka pagalAM bharyAM paNa A ' madhapUDA 'mAMthI krIthI potAnA hAtha kADhI lIdho. e pachIthI ghaNAM varase sudhI aphadhAnistAnanI sthiti viziSTa prakAranI rahI. aMgrejoe amIrane bahAranA bIjA kAI paNa deza joDe sIdhA saMbadha rAkhavA na dIdho, paraMtu sAthe sAthe te tene dara varase moTI rakama ApatA rahyA. 17 varasa pachI 1919nI sAlamAM trIjo adhAna vigraha thayA jene pariNAme aphadhAnistAna saMpUrNa paNe svataMtra thaI gayuM. paraMtu e ApaNe hAla je samayanI vAta karI rahyAM chIe tenI bahAranI binA che. ahIM AgaLa khIjA paNa nAnA nAnA vigraheA thayA. 1843nI sAlamAM vinA kAraNe siMdha sAthe UbhA karelA khAsa karIne nirlajja vigraha emAMnA eka che. tyAMnA briTiza ejanTe sidhIone dATI ApIne hathiyAra upADavAne uzkeryA ane pachI temane cagadI nAkhIne e prAMta khAlasA karyAM. ane jANe

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- 64 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzana naphAkAraka sAdo thayA hoya tema e kA mATe aMgreja amaladArone bakSisa tarIke paisA ApavAmAM AvyA. e rIte tyAMnA ejeMTa sara cArlsa nepiyarane lagabhaga sAta lAkha rUpiyA maLyA ! pachI e samayanA hiMdustAne dagAbAja ane nasIba ajamAvanArA sAhasakhAra aMgrejone AkarSyA emAM navAI pAmavA jevuM kaMI ja nathI. 1856nI sAlamAM ayeAdhyA prAMtane paNa khAlasA karavAmAM Avye. e samaye tyAMnA rAjyavahIvaTamAM bhAre a Mdhera pravatuM hatuM. thADAka samayathI tyAMnA rAjakartAe navAba kahevAtA hatA. mULe to dilhInA meAgala bAdazAha aye dhyAnA potAnA sUbA tarIke A navAbane nImatA, paraMtu megala sAmrAjya nabaLuM paDatAM ayeAdhyA prAMta svataMtra thaI gayA. paraMtu tenI svataMtratA lAMkhA kALa TakI nahi. pAchaLanA navAmeA taddana namAlA ane cAritryahIna hatA ane teo kaI sAruM kArya karavA mAgatA hoya tepaNa isTa inDiyA ka MpanInI dakhalane kAraNe te tema karavA asamartha hatA. temanA hAthamAM sAcI sattA rahI nahAtI ane ayeAdhyAnA AMtarika vahIvaTamAM aMgrejone jarA sarakhA paNu rasa nahoto, eTale ayeAdhyA chinnabhinna thaI gayuM ane anivArya paNe te briTiza sAmrAjyanA eka bhAga banI gayuM. vigraha ane pradezo khAlasA karavAne viSe meM ghaNuM kahyu ane saMbhava che ke e viSe me tane vadhAre paDatuM paNa kahI nAkhyuM hAya. paraMtu e te je mahAna prakriyA cAlI rahI hatI ane hajI bhaviSyamAM paNa acUkapaNe cAlu rahevAnI hatI tenAM kevaLa upara uparanAM cihna hatAM. briTiza AvyA te pahelAM keTalAye vakhatathI hiMdanI Arthika vyavasthA paDI bhAgavAnI kriyA zarU thaI cUkI hatI. kyUDala vyavasthA tUTavA lAgI hatI ane e samaye hiMdamAM videzIe na AvyA hota tApaNu e vyavasthA lAMkhA kALa TakavAnI nahotI. yugrUpanI peThe ahIM paNa tene badale jemAM utpAdana karanArA navA vargonA hAthamAM vadhAre sattA hoya evI vyavasthA dhIme dhIme pedA thavA pAmI hota. paraMtu AvA pheraphAra thavA pAme te pahelAM ane jUnI vyavasthA paDI bhAgavAnI zarUAta ja thaI hatI tevAmAM aMgrejo ahIM AvyA ane jhAjhI muzkelI vinA temaNe e bhaMgANumAM pagapesAro karyAM. hiMdamAM teo je rAjakartAe joDe laDayA ane jemane temaNe harAvyA te asta thatA yuganA mAnavI hatA. bhAvInA teo sAcA vArasA nahetA. Ama, AvA sajogomAM aMgrejo acUkapaNe vijayI thAya ema hatuM. hiMdamAM phyUDala vyavasthAnA patanane temaNe vega ApyA ane chatAM vicitra vAta to e che ke, -- je ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM -- temaNe tenuM bahAranuM svarUpa TakAvI rAkhavAne prayatna karyAM ane e rIte hiMmAM navI vyavasthA sthApavAnI dizAmAM pragati karavAnA mArgamAM aMtarAya UbhA karyAM. -

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hiMdamAM vicahe ane viplava Ama aMgrejo hiMdamAM cAlI rahelI aitihAsika prakriyAnA nimittarUpa banyA. e prakriyA cUDala hiMdane palaTIne tene Adhunika prakAranuM audyogika mUDIvAdI rAjya banAvavAnI hatI. A vastunI khuda aMgrejone pitAne paNa khabara nahatI ane temanI sAme laDanArA aneka hiMdI rAjAone te sAceja enI kazIye gatAgama nahatI. jenA divaso bharAI cUkyA hoya te vyavasthA 'bhAgye ja kALabaLa pArakhI zake che, pote pitAne hetu tathA kArya pAra pADyAM che ane ItihAsanI prabaLa ghaTanAo tene aghaTita rIte pAchA haThavAnI pharaja pADe te pahelAM ja zobhAmAM rahIne te bhAgye ja nivRtta thaI jANe che, itihAsane badha paNa te bhAgye ja samaje che tathA koIke kahyuM che tema tene "ItihAsanI kacarApeTImAM pheMkI daIne duniyA AgaLa vadhe che enI tene bhAgye ja khabara hoya che. e ja rIte hiMdanI kyUDala vyavasthA paNa A badhuM na samajI ane aMgrejono teNe niSphaLa sAmano karyo. e ja rIte, hiMda tathA pUrvanA bIjA dezo mAMhenA aMgreje potAnA tema ja potAnA sAmrAjyanA divase have bharAI cUkyA che tathA briTiza sAmrAjyane nirdayapaNe itihAsanI kacarApeTImAM pheMkI daIne jagata AgaLa vadhI rahyuM che e vastu nathI samajatA. paraMtu aMgreje dezamAM pitAnA paga prasArI rahyA hatA te samayanI hiMdanI pracalita kyUDala vyavasthAe videzIone hAMkI kADhIne sattA hAtha karavAne eka AkharI prayatna karyo. A prayAsa te 1857ne mahAna viplava. AkhA dezamAM aMgrejo sAme bhAre asaMtoSa ane bedilI pravartI rahyAM hatAM. isTa InDiyA kaMpanInI nIti te kevaLa paisA pedA karavA sivAya bIjuM kazuM na karavAnI hatI ane tenA ghaNAkharA amaladAronA ajJAna tathA lUMTAra vRttimAM e nItine umere thavAne pariNAme dezamAM comera duHkha ane hADamArI phelAyAM, briTiza hiMdanA lazkarane paNa enI asara pahoMcI. ane temAM nAnAM nAnAM aneka baMDe thayAM. jyuDala saradAre tema ja temanA vaMzajo svAbhAvika rIte ja temanA navA svAmIo paratve roSanI lAgaNI sevI rahyA hatA. eTale gupta rIte eka moTA baLavAnI yejanA karavAmAM AvI. A pejanA khAsa karIne yukta prAMta ane madhya prAMtanA AkhA pradezamAM phelAvA pAmI hatI. paraMtu hiMdIo zuM kare che tathA vicAre che e bAbatamAM ahIMnA aMgrejo eTalA badhA ajANa hoya che ke sarakArane enI jarA sarakhI gaMdha paNa na AvI. badhAM sthaLoe ekI sAthe baLavo zarU karavAnI tArIkha paNa nakkI karavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu mIratanI keTalIka hiMdI TukaDIoe utAvaLa karI ane niyata samaya pahelAM ja 1857nI sAlanA me mahinAnI 10mI tArIkhe teNe baMDa karyuM. A kaveLAnA baMDathI baLavAnA nAyakanI bAjI UMdhI vaLI gaI. kemake ethI karIne sarakAra sAvaceta banI. ema chatAMye AkhA yukta prApta

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20703 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tathA dilhImAM ane amuka aMze bihAra ane madhya hiMdamAM baLa prasaryo. e kevaLa lazkarI baLa nahote paNa e pradezanA aMgrejonI sAmenuM e prajAkIya baMDa hatuM. mahAna megalanA vaMzanA chellA rAjA bahAdurazAhane keTalAkee bAdazAha tarIke jAhera karyo. te zaktihIna vayevRddha puruSa kavi hate. baLavo tiraskRta paradezIo sAmenA svAtaMtrya yuddhamAM pariNamyuM. paraMtu e junavANI tathA Apakhuda bAdazAhanA AdhipatyavALuM svAtaMtrya hatuM. emAM sAmAnya janasamUhanA svAtaMtryane kazuM sthAna nahotuM. Ama chatAMye e viplavamAM janatAmAMthI saMkhyAbaMdha mANase joDAyA; kemake briTizenA Agamanane kAraNe temanI durdazA thavA pAmI che tathA teo garIba thaI gayA che ema teo mAnatA hatA. vaLI keTaleka ThekANe moTA moTA jamInadArane temanA upara kAbU hatuM te kAraNe paNa teo emAM joDAyA. dhArmika duzmanAvaTe paNa temane emAM preryA. A vigrahamAM hiMdu tema ja musalamAna baMnee pUrepUre bhAga lIdhe. uttara temaja madhya hiMdamAM briTiza amala ghaNuM mahinAo sudhI DAlamaDola sthitimAM rahyo. paraMtu baLavAnuM bhAvi hiMdIoe pite ja nakakI karyuM. zIkha ane gurakhAoe aMgrejone Teke Aye. dakSiNamAM nijhAma ane uttaramAM ziMde tathA bIjAM ghaNuM dezI rAjya aMgrejone paDakhe UbhAM rahyAM. AvI phATaphUTa uparAMta khuda baLavAnAM mULamAM paNa tenI niSphaLatAnA bIja mejUda hatAM. jenA divase bharAI cUkyA hatA te dhyeyane mATe - kyaDala vyavasthA TakAvI rAkhavAne mATe e baLavo hata; emAM sArI netAgIrI nahotI, sAruM saMgaThana mahetuM tathA mahemAMhe Akho samaya rakajhaka ane kajikaMkAsa cAlyA karatAM hatAM. keTalAka baMDakharee aMgrejonI ghAtakI rIte katala karIne paNa pitAnA dhyeyane malina karyuM. A hevAniyatabharyA vartanathI svAbhAvika rIte ja hiMdanA aMgrejo kaDaka banyA ane temaNe enuM e ja rIte paNa hajAragaNuM vera vALyuM. khAsa karIne aMgreja strIpuruSe tema ja bALakanI kAnapuramAM karavAmAM AvelI katalathI aMgreje atizaya che cheDAyA hatA. ema kahevAya che ke temanI salAmatI mATe temane vacana ApyA pachI pezavAnA vaMzaja nAnA sAhebe vizvAsaghAta karIne temanI katala karavAno hukama Ape hate. kAnapuramAM enA smArakane kR e bhISaNa ane karuNa ghaTanAnI yAda Ape che. dUra dUra ghaNAM sthAnomAM lokonAM ToLAMoe aMgrejone gherI lIdhA hatA. keTalIka vAra temanA pratye sAro vartAva rAkhavAmAM Avate e kharuM, paraMtu sAmAnya rIte te temanA pratye aghaTita vartana dAkhavavAmAM AvatuM. bhAre muzkelIonI sAme paNa teo sArI rIte ane bahAdurIthI laDyA. lakhanaune ghere aMgrejonI hiMmata ane sahanazIlatAnA namUnA tarIke tarI Ave che. emAM uSTrAma ane hevalekanAM nAme khAsa karIne noMdhapAtra che. 1857nA

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hiMdamAM vicahe ane viplava sapTembaranA dilhInA gherA ane tenA patana pachI baLavAnAM vaLatAM pANI thavA lAge che. e pachI thoDA mahinAo bAda aMgrejo baLa kacarI nAkhe che. ema karatAM temaNe sarvatra kera vartAvyuM. asaMkhya lokone nirdaya rIte geLIthI vIMdhI nAkhavAmAM AvyA; ghaNAone tapane gaLe uDADI mUkavAmAM AvyA, hajArene rastA uparanAM jhADa upara phAMsIe laTakAvavAmAM AvyA. ema kahevAya che ke, allAhAbAdathI kAnapura tarapha kUca karanAra nIla nAmanA senApatie mArgamAMnAM badhAM mANasone jhADa upara phAMsIe laTakAvyAM; te eTale sudhI ke rastA uparanuM eka jhADa vadhasthaMbha banyA vinA bhAgye ja bAkI rahyuM hoya. AbAda gAmaDAMone lUMTIne temane nAza karavAmAM AvyuM. e AkhI bhISaNa ane duHkhada kathA che ane enI badhI kAramI hakIkata tane kahevAnI mArI hiMmata cAlatI nathI. nAnA sAheba hevAniyatabharI rIte ane dagAkhorIthI varyo hato e kharuM, paraMtu ghaNAye aMgreja amaladAroe te e bAbatamAM ADo AMka vALe. amaladAro ke nAyaka vinAnAM hiMdI sainikanAM ToLAoe ghAtakI ane kamakamATI upajAve evAM kRtya karyA enI nA nathI, paraMtu amaladAronI saradArI nIcenA tAlIma pAmelA briTiza sainike to kraratA ane hevAniyatamAM temane kyAMye AMTI gayA. huM e baMnene mukAbalo karavA nathI cahAte. ubhaya pakSe e kathA duHkhada che, paraMtu ApaNuM vikRta mAnasavALA ItihAsakAre hiMdIonI krUratA ane dagArInI bAbatamAM ghaNuM ghaNuM kahe che ane bIjA pakSano ullekha sarakho paNa karatA nathI. vaLI emaNe yAda rAkhavuM ghaTe ke, jyAre eka vyavasthita sarakAra niraMkuza ToLAnI peThe vartavA lAge tyAre tenI kraratA AgaLa janatAnA pAgala banelA ToLAnI karatA kazI visAtamAM nathI hatI. ApaNe prAMtanAM gAmaDAMomAM tuM jAya che to jaNAze ke, baLa dAbI devAmAM AvyuM te vakhate temanA upara vartelA bhISaNa keranuM tAdaza ane kAramuM smaraNa hajI Aje paNa tyAMnA lekene che. * baLavAnA bhayaMkara kera ane damananI vacce kALI bhUmikA uparanA tejasvI TapakAnI peThe eka vyaktinuM nAma AgaLa tarI Ave che. A vyakti te jhAMsInI rANI lakSmIbAI. te vIsa varasanI bALavidhavA hatI ane puruSane pizAka paherIne teNe aMgrejonI sAme laDavAne potAnI prajAnI saradArI lIdhI. tenI dhagaza, kAryakuzaLatA ane aDaga hiMmatane mATe aneka vAte pracalita che. tene sAmane karanAra aMgreja senApatie paNa tene baLavAnA badhA nAyakAmAM sauthI uttama ane bahAdura" kahI che. laDatA laDatI te maraNa pAmI hatI. 1857-58ne baLavo e yUDala hiMdano chevaTano jhabakAre hato. teNe ghaNI vastuone aMta ANyo. teNe mahAna mogala vaMzane aMta ANya; kemake, haDasana nAmanA eka aMgreja amaladAre temane dilhI laI jatI vakhate

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2. u08 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bahAdurazAhanA be putro tathA pautrane vinA kAraNe nirdaya rIte goLIthI vIdhI nAkhyA. Ama, taimura, bAbara tathA akabaranA vaMzane hiNapatabharI rIte aMta Avye. baLavAne lIdhe hiMdamAMthI isTa inDiyA kaMpanInA amalane paNa aMta Ave. briTiza sarakAre have hiMdane kAbU pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhe ane briTiza gavarnara janarale "vAIsaraoNya'nI pratiSThita padavI prApta karI. 19 varasa pachI 1877nI sAlamAM iMglaMDanI rANIe "kaisare hiMdane ilakAba dhAraNa karyo. kaisare hiMda' e prAcIna remanA sIjha (samrATa) tathA bAIjhenTAIna sAmrAjyanA samrATonA ilakAbanuM hiMdI saMskaraNa che. have megalavaMza nAmazeSa thaI gayuM. paraMtu ApakhudInI bhAvanA tema ja tenAM cihno kAyama rahyAM ane bIje eka "mahAna megala" iMglaMDamAM birAje. 110. hiMdanA kArIgaravarganI durdazA 1 Disembara, 1932 19mI sadInA hiMdanA vigrahanI vAta ApaNe pUrI karI. ane huM tethI rAjI thayo chuM. have ApaNe e samayanA vadhAre mahattvanA banAvone vicAra karI zakIzuM. paraMtu eTaluM lakSamAM rAkhaje ke, iMglaMDanA phAyadA mATenA A vigraha hiMdane kharace laDavAmAM AvyA hatA. aMgrejoe hiMdIonI upara chata meLavavAne kharaca temanI ja pAse bharapAI karAvavAnI rIta bhAre saphaLatApUrvaka ajamAvI. jemanI sAthe hiMdIone kazI takarAra nahotI evI temanI paDezanI prajAo-brahmI prajA ane aphaghAne - upara jIta meLavavAne mATe paNa temaNe pitAne khajAne ane lohI kharacyAM. A badhA vigrahAe amuka aMze hiMdustAnane nAdAra banAvyuM; kemake dareka vigrahamAM dhanadelatane nAza thAya che. vaLI, siMdhanI bAbatamAM ApaNe joI gayAM tema vijetAone mATe bakSisanAM nANuM e paNa vigrahano artha thAya. vigraha tema ja evAM bIjA kAraNene lIdhe AvelI nAdArI uparAMta tenA zera dharAvanArAone te moTAM moTAM DiviDaMDa ApI zake eTalA mATe IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI tarapha senArUpAne pravAha niraMtara vaheto rahyo. briTiza sattAnA AraMbhanA divase e phAve tema lUMTaphATa calAvanArA sAhasara vepArIonA divase hatA e viSe, mane lAge che ke, huM tane AgaLa kahI gaye chuM. e rIte IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI ane tenA ejaTe hiMdanI ekaThI thayelI aDhaLaka delata upADI gayA. enA badalAmAM hiMdane lagabhaga kazuM ja maLyuM nahi. sAmAnya vepAramAM te ubhaya pakSe kaMIka levaDadevaDane vyavahAra hoya che. paraMtu 18mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM plAsInI laDAI pachI

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hiMdanA kArIgaravanI durdazA ha9 - 23 paisAne dhadha eka ja dizAmAM eTale ke IgleMDa tarapha vaheto rahyo. hiMde A rIte pitAnI purANI aDhaLaka delata gumAvI ane tenA saMkrAMtikALamAM aNIne vakhate iMglaMDane pitAno audyogika vikAsa sAdhavAmAM enI bhAre madada maLI. A nirlajja lUMTa ane vepAranA pAyA upara racAyelA briTiza amalano pahele yuga lagabhaga 18mI sadIne aMte pUre thaye. - briTiza amalane bIje yuga 19mI sadI AvarI le che. e daramyAna hiMda hareka prakAranA kAcA mAlanI meTI khANa ane e kAcA mAlamAMthI pedA thayelA pAkA mAlanuM bajAra banyuM. ahIMno kAco mAla iMglaMDanAM kArakhAnAMomAM mokalavAmAM Avato. A badhuM hiMdanI pragati ane tenA Arthika vikAsane bhoge karavAmAM AvatuM. aradhI sadI sudhI, mULa te kamANI karavAne arthe sthApavAmAM AvelI IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI nAmanI vepArI kaMpanIe hiMda upara zAsana karyuM. paraMtu briTiza pArlAmenTa dinapratidina hiMdanI bAbatamAM vadhAre ne vadhAre lakSa ApavA mAMDayuM hatuM. pachIthI 1857-58nA baLavA bAda, ApaNe AgalA patramAM joI gayAM tema, briTiza sarakAre hiMdano vahIvaTa potAnA hAthamAM lIdhe. paraMtu ethI karIne hiMda paratvenI briTananI nItimAM kaze mahattvano * phera na paDyo; kemake, briTiza sarakAra paNa IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI jenA kAbUmAM hatI te ja varganI pratinidhi hatI. IgleMDa ane hiMdanAM Arthika hita vacce dekhIte virodha hatuM. paraMtu hamezAM A virodhanuM nirAkaraNa iMglaMDanI tarapheNamAM ja thatuM; kemake, badhI sattA IMglaMDanA hAthamAM hatI. IMgleMDanuM udyogIkaraNa thayuM te pahelAM paNa eka mazahUra aMgreja lekhake isTa inDiyA kaMpanInA zAsanathI hiMda upara thatI mAThI asara darzAvI hatI. A lekhaka te eDama smItha. te saMpattizAstrano janaka gaNAya che. cheka 1776nI sAlamAM prasiddha thayelA "dha veltha opha nezansa' (rASTranI saMpatti) nAmanA tenA pustakamAM IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInI bAbatamAM te jaNAve che ke, kevaLa vepArIonI ja TeLInI banelI sarakAra game te deza mATe kharAbamAM kharAba sarakAra gaNAya che. rAjyakartA tarIke isTa inDiyA kaMpanInuM hita e hevuM joIe ke potAnA zAsana nIcenA mulaka hiMdustAnamAM vilAyatathI ANelo mAla banI zake eTalo seMgho vecAya ane hiMdamAMthI ANelo mAla ahIMyAM bane eTalo megho vecAya. paraMtu vepArI tarIke enuM hita ethI sAva UlaTuM ja che. rAjakartA tarIke te je deza upara teo zAsana kare che tenuM hita ane temanuM potAnuM hita eka ja che. paraMtu vepArI tarIke to tenuM hita e dezanA hitathI bilakula UlaTuM ja che." AgaLa upara huM tane kahI gayo chuM ke, aMgrejo ahIM AvyA tyAre hiMdamAM jUnI Dala vyavasthA paDI bhAMgavA lAgI hatI. mogala sAmrAjyanA patanathI hiMdanA ghaNe bhAgamAM rAjakIya aMdhAdhUMdhI ane avyavasthA pravartI

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- 170 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rahyAM. paraMtu ema chatAMye, "18mI sadImAM hiMda eka moTA udyogapradhAna tema ja khetIpradhAna deza hata ane hiMdanI hAthasALo yuropa tathA eziyAnAM bajArene mAla pUro pADatI hatI," evuM hiMdanA eka arthazAstrI ramezacaMdra datte lakhyuM che. prAcIna kALamAM hiMda paradezanA bajAra upara kAbU dharAvatuM hatuM e hakIkata meM A patramAM tane avAranavAra kahI che. mIsaranAM 4000 varasa purANAM mamIone hiMdanI bArIka malamalathI lapeTavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. hiMdI kArIgaranI nipuNatA pUrva tema ja pazcimanA dezomAM mazahUra hatI. hiMdanuM rAjakIya patana thayuM tyAre paNa tenA kArIgare pitAnuM hastakauzalya bhUlyA nahatA. hiMdamAM vepAranI talAzamAM AvelA briTiza tema ja anya videzI vepArIo kaMI paradezI mAla vecavA mATe ahIM nahotA AvyA. teo te suMdara tathA nAjuka ane bArIka banAvaTano hiMdane mAla ahIMthI kharIdIne yuropamAM bhAre naphAthI vecavAne arthe ahIM AvyA hatA. Ama yuropanA vepArIo prathama kAcA mAlane mATe nahi paNa ahIMnA pAkA mAla mATe eTale ke upaganI taiyAra vastuo mATe AkarSAyA hatA. ahIMyAM Adhipatya meLavyuM te pahelAM IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI hiMdamAM baneluM zaNa, rezama ane UnanuM kApaDa tathA bhAtIgara mAla vecIne bhAre phAyadAkAraka rojagAra calAvatI hatI. khAsa karIne hiMda kApaDanA udyogamAM eTale ke rU, Una ane rezamano mAla banAvavAmAM bhAre nipuNatA prApta karI hatI. ramezacaMdra datta kahe che ke, "vaNATa e prajAne rASTrIya udyoga hatuM ane karaDe strIo kAMtavAnuM kAma karatI." hiMdanuM kApaDa IMglaDa tema ja yurepanA bIjA bhAgomAM tathA cIna, jApAna, brahmadeza, arabastAna ane IrAna tathA AphrikAnA keTalAka bhAgomAM jatuM hatuM. kalAIva 1757nI sAlamAM baMgALanA zahera murzidAbAdanuM varNana karatAM jaNAve che ke, "e zahera laMDana zahera jeTaluM vizALa, bharacaka vasatIvALuM ane samRddha che - be vacce taphAvata mAtra eTaluM ja che ke, laMDana karatAM murzidAbAdamAM keTalAka leka pAse anekagaNI vadhAre saMpatti che.' A khuda plAsInA yuddhanA varasanI vAta che jyAre aMgrejoe baMgALa upara pitAnI pUrepUrI sattA jamAvI hatI. pitAnA rAjakIya patananI chevaTanI ghaDIe paNa baMgALa samRddha tathA hunnaraudyogathI bharapUra hatuM ane pitAnuM bArIka kApaDa te duniyAnA bhinnabhinna pradezamAM mokalatuM hatuM. DhAkA zahera khAsa karIne tenI bArIka malamalane mATe mazahUra hatuM ane te e vastu bahu moTA pramANamAM dezAvara mekalituM hatuM. Ama hiMdustAnanI samAja-vyavasthAe e samaye kevaLa khetIpradhAna ane grAmINa avasthA vaTAvIne pragatinI dizAmAM ghaNI AgaLa kUca karI hatI. hiMdustAna pradhAnapaNe khetIvADIne mulaka hatuM, Aje paNa che ane bhaviSyamAM

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hiMdanA kArIgaravanI duzA 911 ma paNa lAMbA samaya sudhI raheze emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. paraMtu grAmINu ane kRSijIvananI sAthe sAthe ahIM AgaLa nagarajIvana paNa vikasyuM hatuM. A nagarAmAM kArIgare tema ja zilpIo ekaThA thayA ane samUhamAM mAla utpanna karavAnI paddhati tyAM zarU thaI. arthAt tyAM AgaLa 100 ke ethI vadhAre mANasA kAma kare evAM nAnAM nAnAM kArakhAnAMe UbhAM thayAM. bezaka A kArakhAnAMenI pAchaLanA samayamAM yaMtrayugamAM UbhAM thayelAM pracaMDa kArakhAnAMo joDe sarakhAmaNI thaI zake ema nathI. paraMtu udyogavAda zarU thayA te pahelAM pazcima yuropamAM ane khAsa karIne nedharalaeNnDjhamAM AvAM nAnAM nAnAM aneka kArakhAnAM hatAM. hiMdustAna e samaye sakrAMtikALamAMthI pasAra thatuM hatuM. te pAkA mAla taiyAra karanAra deza hatA ane tenA zaherAmAM madhyama varga UbhA thaI rahyo hatA. e kArakhAnAMonA mAlikA mUDIdArA hatA ane pAkA mAla taiyAra karAvavA mATe kArIgarane te kAcA mAla pUro pADatA hatA. yureApamAM banyuM tema vakhata jatAM e va paNa baLavAna thAta ane purANA klyUDala varganI jagyA leta emAM zaMkA nathI. paraMtu e ja ghaDIe aMgreja leAkA vacce AvI paDayA. temanuM Agamana hiMdanA udyogane mATe jIvaleNa nIvaDayuM. AraMbhamAM to isTa IMDiyA kaMpanIe hiMdanA hunnaraudyogone uttejana ApyuM, kemake ethI tene sArI peThe kamANI thatI hatI. hiMdanA mAla videzAmAM vecavAthI potAnA deza iMglaMDamAM seAnuM cAMdI dhasaDAI AvatAM hatAM. paraMtu iMgleMDanA kArakhAnAMvALAone A jAtanI harIphAI pasada nahotI. eTale 18mI sadInA AraMbhamAM temaNe iMglaMDamAM AvatA hiMdI mAla upara jakAta nAkhavAne potAnI sarakArane samajAvI. keTalIka hiMdI cIjo te iMglaMDa AvatI sadaMtara baMdha karI devAmAM AvI ane mArI samaja pramANe amuka prakAranuM kApaDa jAheramAM paheravuM ene gunA banAvavAmAM AvyA. kAyadAnI madadathI teo potAnA A bahiSkAra amalamAM mUkI zakatA hatA. paraMtu Aje hiMdustAnamAM kAI briTiza mAlanA bahiSkAranI vAta sarakhI paNa kare te tene jelamAM dhakelI devAmAM Ave che! mAtra hiMdanA mAlatA bahiSkAra karavAnI iMglaMDanI nItithI hiMdane jhAjhuM nukasAna na thAta, kemake tenA mAla mATe hajI khIjAM bajAro meAjUda hatAM. paraMtu e samaye hiMdanA moTA bhAga upara isTa iMDiyA ka MpanI mArate iMgleMDane kAbU hatA. eTale iMglaMDe hiMdanA udyogone bhAge potAnA udyogone AgaLa dhapAvavAnI nIti irAdApUrvaka akhatyAra karI. kAI paNa prakAranI jakAta vinA briTiza mAla hiMdamAM dAkhala thaI zakatA hatA. ahIM AgaLa isTa iMDiyA ka MpanInAM kArakhAnAMomAM kAma karavAne mATe kanaDagata karIne hiMdI kArIgarone pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. vaLI mulakI jakAta eTale ke eka

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912 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sthaLethI bIje sthaLe mAla laI javA mATe bharavI paDatI jakAta nAkhIne hiMdanA AMtarika vepAra upara paNa bhAre phaTako mAravAmAM Avyo. hiMdane kApaDa udyoga eTale te jAmI gayuM hatuM ke IgleMDane yaMtrathI cAlatA udyoga paNa zarUAtamAM tenI sAthe harIphAI karI zakyo nahi ane tenA rakSaNa mATe bahArathI AvatA kApaDa upara lagabhaga 80 TakAnI jakAta nAkhavAnI jarUra paDI. 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM amuka prakArano rezamI tathA sutarAu mAla iMglaMDanA bajAromAM tyAMnA banelA evA mAla karatAM ghaNI ochI kiMmate vecI zakAte hato. paraMtu hiMda upara zAsana karanAra IgleMDe hiMdI hunnaraudyogone kacarI nAkhavAno saMkalpa karyo hoya e paristhitimAM e vastu lAMbA vakhata sudhI TakI zake ema nahotuM. e game tema paNa temAM ghaTatA sudhArA thayA pachI IgleMDanA yaMtrodyoga sAthenI harIphAImAM hiMdanA gRhaudyogenI vastuo lAMbA samaya sudhI TakI zake ema nahotuM. kemake, moTA pramANamAM mAla utpanna karavA mATe yaMtrodyoganI paddhati ghaNI vadhAre kAryasAdhaka che. vaLI ethI karIne, gRhaudyoganA mAla karatAM eno mAla ghaNe se paDe che. paraMtu IMglaDe baLajabarIthI e prakriyAne tvarita karI ane badalAyelI paristhiti sAthe dhImedhIme pitAne meLa besADatAM hiMdane reryuM. 1 Ama seMkaDe varasa sudhI je "pUrvanI duniyAnuM leMkezAyara' banI rahyuM hatuM ane jeNe 18mI sadImAM yuropane moTA pramANamAM sutarAu kApaDa pUruM pADyuM hatuM te hiMda pAko mAla banAvanAra deza tarIkenuM pitAnuM sthAna khoI beThuM ane kevaLa briTiza mAlanuM grAhaka banI rahyuM. sAmAnya rIte hiMdamAM je banavuM saMbhavita hatuM te na banyuM eTale ke ahIMyAM yaMtra na AvyAM paNa tene badale yaMtramAM banele mAla bahArathI AvyA. hiMdamAM banele mAla videzamAM laI jaIne tene badale sencAMdI lAvanAra je pravAha ahIMthI vaheto hato te have UlaTI dizAmAM vahevA lAgyo. have pachI videzI mAla hiMdamAM AvavA lAgyA ane sencAMdI bahAra javA lAgyAM. A jabaradasta humalAne pariNAme hiMdane kApaDa udyoga pahelavahele nAza pAmyo. ane IMglaMDamAM jemajema yaMtrodyoganI pragati thatI gaI tema tema hiMdanA bIjA udyoganI paNa kApaDanA udyoga jevI ja dazA thaI sAmAnya rIte te dezanA udyogone rakSaNa tathA uttejana ApavuM e dezanI sarakAranI pharaja hoya che. rakSaNa tathA uttejananI vAta te bAjue rahI paNa isTa iMDiyA kaMpanIe te briTiza udyoganA mArgamAM AvatA hiMdanA badhAye udyogone kacarI nAkhyA. hiMdane vahANe bAMdhavAno udyoga paDI bhAMge, luhAra vagere dhAtuone udyoga karanArA kArIgare pitAne dhaMdhe calAvI na zakyA ane kAca tathA kAgaLa banAvavAne udyoga paNa dhImedhIme kSINa thaI gaye.

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hiMdanA kArIgaravanI durdazA 1ra . zarUAtamAM to videzI mAla baMdarI zahero tathA tenI AsapAsanA pradezamAM dAkhala thayo paraMtu rastAo ane relavee baMdhAtAM gayAM tema tema te dezanA vadhAre ne vadhAre aMdaranA bhAgamAM praveza karato gayo ane Akhare te teNe gAmaDAnA kArIgarone paNa kAma vinAnA karI mUkyA. suejhanI nahera thavAne kAraNe IMgleMDa hiMdanI ghaNuM najadIka AvyuM. vaLI ethI karIne iMglaMDane mAla ahIM lAvavAnuM vadhAre seMghuM thayuM. pariNAme yaMtramAM banele videzI mAla uttarottara vadhAre pramANamAM ahIM AvavA lAgyo ane te dezanI aMdaranAM cheka dUra dUranAM gAmaDAMo sudhI pahoMce. AkhI 19mI sadI daramyAna A kriyA satata cAlu rahI ane amuka aMze te hajIye te cAlu ja che. hA, hamaNuM gheDAMka varasothI enA upara kaMIka maryAdA mukAI che kharI, paraMtu e viSe ApaNe have pachI vicAra karIzuM. briTiza mAla ane khAsa karIne te briTiza kApaDanA dezamAM cupakIdIthI ane dhIme dhIme thatA phelAvAe hiMdanA gRhaudyogano aMta ANyo. paraMtu ene pariNAme bIjI eka vastu upasthita thaI te ethIye vizeSa bhayAnaka hatI. dhaMdhA vinAnA thaI paDelA asaMkhya kArIgaronI zI dazA ? vaNakare tema ja bekAra banI gayelA evA bIjA lAkhe kArIgarenuM zuM? moTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMo thavAthI iMglaMDamAM paNa kArIgare dhaMdhA vinAnA thaI gayA hatA. temane paNa bhAre sosavuM paDyuM hatuM paraMtu navAM UbhAM thayelAM kArakhAnAMomAM temane kAmagIrI maLI rahI ane e rIte navI UbhI thayelI paristhitine teo anukULa thaI gayA. paraMtu hiMdamAM kArIgarone A moko maLyo nahi. ahIMyAM kArakhAnAo nahatAM ke jyAM AgaLa temane kAmagIrI maLI rahe. hiMda Adhunika udyogapradhAna deza bane evuM aMgrejo cahAtA nahatA eTale temaNe ahIM AgaLa kArakhAnAMone uttejana ApyuM nahi. Ama gharabAra ane kAma vinAnA garIba bhUkhe maratA kArIgare pAchI khetIne Azare jaI paDayA. paraMtu khetIe paNa temane vadhAvI lIdhA nahi; emAM te kyAranAye pUratA mANase rokAI gayA hatA ane have vadhArene mATe jamIna maLI zake ema nahotuM. bekAra banelA keTalAka kArIgaro kheDUta banyA paraMtu temanAmAMnA moTA bhAganA leke to jamIna vinAnA ane kAmanI talAza karatA majUro banI gayA. vaLI emAMnA asaMkhya leke te bhUkhamare veThI veThIne maraNazaraNa thayA haze. 1834nI sAlamAM eka aMgreja gavarnara janarale e riporTa karyo hovAnuM kahevAya che ke, "AkhA jagatanA vepAra rojagAranA ItihAsamAM AvI hADamArI ane vipatano jeTa jaDavo muzkela che. sutarAu kApaDanA vaNakaronAM hADakAM hiMdanAM medAno upara dhaLo raMga caDAvI rahelAM che." emAMnA meTA bhAganA vaNakare tathA kArIgare kasabAo tathA zaheramAM

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34 cha4 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rahetA hatA. paNa have temano dhaMdherojagAra gaye eTale teo pAchA gAmaDAomAM AvI paDyA ane temaNe jamInane Azare lIdhe. pariNAme zaherenI vasatI dinapratidina ghaTatI gaI ane gAmaDAMnI vasatI vadhatI gaI. eTale ke, bIjI rIte kahIe te hiMda ochuM nAgarika (arbana) ane vadhAre grAmINa (rUrala) banyuM. grAmINakaraNanI A kriyA AkhI 19mI sadI daramyAna cAlyAM ja karI ane hajI Aje paNa te baMdha thaI nathI. e samaye hiMdamAM Ama banavA pAmyuM e eka vicitra ghaTanA che. yaMtrodyoga ane udyogIkaraNane lIdhe AkhI duniyAmAM leke gAmaDAomAMthI zahera tarapha kheMcAyA hatA. paraMtu hiMdamAM te ethI sAva UlaTuM ja banavA pAmyuM. ahIMyAM te kasabAo ane zahere dinapratidina nAnAM thatAM gayAM ane Akhare sAva niprANa banI gayAM. vaLI vadhAre ne vadhAre leke khetIne Azare AvI paDyA paraMtu emAMthIye AjIvikA meLavavI bahu kaparI hatI. . pradhAna udyoganI sAthe sAthe bIjA sahAyaka udyogo paNa adazya thatA gayA. raMgakAma, chApakAma tathA pI jaNakAma ochuM thatuM gayuM; hAthakatAmaNa baMdha paDayuM ane lAkho gharamAMthI reMTiyo adazya thayuM. ethI karIne kheDUtoe AvakanuM eka vadhArAnuM sAdhana gumAvyuM, kemake kheDUtanAM gharanAM mANaso kAti ethI jamInamAMthI thatI tenI AvakamAM umere thato hato. alabata, yaMtrodyoga zarU thayuM tyAre pazcima yuropamAM paNa AvI dazA pedA thaI hatI. paraMtu tyAM AgaLa e pheraphAra bahu svAbhAvika hata; eTale tyAM eka prakAranI vyavasthAne aMta Avyo e kharuM paraMtu tenI sAthe sAthe ja bIjI navI vyavasthA ubhavI. paraMtu hiMdustAnamAM e pheraphAra kraratApUrvaka thaye. mAla utpanna karavAnI gRhaudyoganI prathAne nAza karavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu ene sthAne navI prathA ubhavI nahi, kemake briTiza udyoganA hitamAM aMgreja sattAdhArIoe ema thavA dIdhuM ja nahi. ApaNe joI gayA ke, aMgrejoe ahIMyAM sattA meLavI te pahelAM hiMdustAna pAke mAla taiyAra karanAra samRddha deza ha. pracaMDa yaMtro dAkhala karI dezanuM udyogIkaraNa karavuM e svAbhAvika rIte ja bIjuM pagathiyuM heta. paraMtu AgaLa javAne badale briTiza nItine pariNAme hiMdustAna bahu pAchaLa paDI gayuM. have utpAdaka deza tarIkenI tenI kArakirdIne aMta Avyo ane pahelAM kadIye ne hate eTalA pramANamAM te kRSi pradhAna deza banI gaye. Ama bekAra thayelA asaMkhya kArIgare ane evA bIjAone nabhAvavAne bhAra bIcArI khetI upara AvI paDyo. jamIna para je asahya thaI ga ane uttarottara vadhate ja gaye. hiMdanI garIbAInuM mULa kAraNe A che. ApaNI bIjI aneka hADamArIo paNa e nItine pariNAme ja pedA thaI

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2015nAya hiMdanAM gAme, kheDUtA ane jamInadAre che, ane jyAM sudhI e mULa savAlane ukela na Ave tyAM sudhI hiMdanA kheDUta ane grAmavAsIonI kaMgALiyata tathA duHkhAnA aMta AvavAneA nathI. temane mATe khetI sivAya khIjo kAI rAjagAra rahyo na hatA eTale mATA bhAganA lAkAe jamInanA Azaro lIdhe. ethI karIne temanI potAnI jamIna nAnA nAnA TukaDAomAM vaheMcAI gaI. khetInA kAmamAM levA mATe bIjI vadhArAnI jamIna nahotI. Ama pratyeka kheDUta kuTuMba pAse je thADI jamIna rahI te eTalI ochI hatI ke tenA upara sArI rIte tenuM gujarAna thaI zake ema nahatuM. sukALa athavA sArA varasamAM paNa temane garIbAI ane ardhuM bhUkhamarA vevA paDato hato. paNa ghaNuMkharuM sukALa athavA sAruM varasa paNa javalle ja AvatuM. Rtue, mahAbhUtA ane varasAdanI yA upara ja temane AdhAra rAkhavAnA hatA. vAraMvAra dukALa paDatA, bhISaNu marakI phATI nIkaLatI ane lAkhA mANasane sahAra karatI. te gAmanA zAhukAra vANiyA pAse jaI te tenI pAsethI karaje paisA letA. Ama dinapratidina temanuM devuM uttarottara vadhatuM ja cAlyuM. e bharapAI karavAnI AzA ke saMbhAvanA naSTa thaI gaI ane jIvana temane mATe asarlR kheAjA samAna thaI paDayu. 19mI sadImAM briTiza amala nIce hiMdanI meATA bhAganI vasatInI AvI dazA thaI gaI. 111. hiMdanAM gAmA, kheDUtA ane jamInadAro 2 Disembara, 1932 jene pariNAme hiMdanA gRhaudyogo nAza pAmyA tathA tenA kArIgara vargI gAma ane khetIne Azare dhakelAI gayA te hiMda paratvenI briTiza nIti viSe huM mArA AgalA patramAM kahI gayA chuM. huM AgaLa jaNAvI gayo chuM tema bIjA kazA dhadhArAgAra vinAnA vadhAre paDatA mANaseAnuM jamIna uparanuM dabANu athavA khAjo e hiMdanI eka bhAre samasyA che. hiMdu garIba che tenuM kAraNa ghaNe aMze e ja che. jamIna uparathI khaseDIne, A leAkeAne bIjA utpAdaka dhaMdhAmAM rekI zakAya te te dezanI soMpattimAM vadhAro kare eTaluM ja nahi paNa ethI karIne jamIna uparanA mAjo paNa eche thAya ane khetI vadhAre phaLadAyaka thAya. ghaNI vAra ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke hiMdamAM jamIna uparanuM A vadhAre paDatuM mANu briTiza nItine eTaluM badhuM AbhArI nathI. hiMdanI vasatI vadhI gaI che tene lIdhe ema thavA pAmyuM che. A dalIla sAcI nathI. chellAM 100 varasAmAM hiMdanI vasatI vadhI gaI che e kharuM paraMtu ema te duniyAnA khIjA dhaNAkharA dezanI vasatI paNa vadhI che. vaLI, yuropa ane khAsa karIne iMglaMDa,

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06:03 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarAna kheljiyama, holeMDa tathA jarmanImAM te vasatI dhaNA mATA pramANamAM vadhavA pAmI che. kAI dezanI athavA to AkhI duniyAnI vasatInI vRddhi, tenu dhAraNapoSaNa tathA jarUra paDe tyAre tene vadhatI aTakAvavI e atizaya mahattvanI bAbata che. ahIM AgaLa huM e praznamAM UtarI zakuM ema nathI, kemake ethI karIne khIjA muddA gUMcavAI jAya. paraMtu huM e vastu spaSTa karavA mAguM chuM ke hiMdamAM jumIna uparanA dabANunuM sAcuM kAraNa vasatInA vadhArA nahi paNa khetI sivAya khIjA udyogadhaMdhAne abhAva che. khIjA reAjagAra tathA udyogadhaMdhA UbhA thAya te hiMdanI AjanI vasatI bahu sahelAI thI enA upara nabhI zake eTaluM ja nahi, AbAda paNa thAya. saMbhava che ke, AgaLa upara vasatInI vRddhinA prazna upara ApaNe vicAraNA calAvavI paDe. have ApaNe hiMduMmAMnI briTiza nItinI mIjI khAbate tapAsIe. pahelAM ApaNe gAmaDAMneA prazna laIzuM, AgaLa meM tane hiMdanI grAmapaMcAyatA tathA aneka caDAIo ane parivanAnA jhaMjhAvAtanI sAme te kevI rIte TakI rahI e viSe lakhyuM hatuM. cheka 1830nI sAlamAM hiMdanA briTiza gavarnara sara cArlsa maeNTakAk grAmapaMcAyatonuM A pramANe varNana kare che : grAmapa'cAyate nAnAM nAnAM praznata Mtro che; peAtAne jarUrI lagabhaga badhI ja vastu temanAmAM mAnUda che ane bahAranA saMbadheAthI teo lagabhaga svataMtra che. jyAM bIjI koI vastu TakI nathI tyAM e (grAmapa cAyatA) kAyama TakI rahetI hAya ema jaNAya che. jemAM hareka pa cAyata svata: eka nAnakaDA alaga rAjya samAna che, evA grAmapa'cAyatAnA e saMdha temanI sukhazAMti, svAyattatA ane svata MtratAnA upabhAga mATe ghaNe aMze upakAraka che. prAcIna grAmavyavasthAnuM A myAna atizaya prazaMsAbharyuM che. ApaNI AMkho AgaLa lagabhaga kAvyamaya paristhitinuM citra khaDuM thAya che. gAmaDAMone jeTalI sthAnika svataMtratA ane svAyattatA hatAM e bahu sArI vastu hatI emAM lezamAtra paNa zaMkA nathI. vaLI e uparAMta khIjI paNa sArI vastuo temAM hatI. paraMtu e paddhatinI khAmIo pratyeye ApaNe durlakSa karavuM joI e nahi. bAkInI duniyAthI alaga evuM svayaMpUrNa grAmavana kAI paNa prakAranI pragatine anukULa nahotuM. vikAsa ane pragati to uttarottara moTA ghaTake vaccenA paraspara sahakAramAM rahelAM che. kAI eka vyakti ke samUha jeTale aMze potapotAnAmAM ja mazagUla rahe teTale aMze te svarata, svAthI ane saMkucita mananA thavAnA saMbhava rahe che. nagaravAsIone mukAbale grAmavAsI ghaNuMkharuM saMkucita mananA ane vahemI hoya che. ethI karIne temanAmAM ghaNAM sArAM tattva hAvAM chatAMye grAmapaMcAyatA athavA grAmasamAjo pragatinAM kendro na banI zakayAM. ute kaMIka asalI khanI ane pachAta hatI. hAthakArIgarI ane

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hiMdanAM gAme, kheDUta ane jamInadAre 717 % udyogadhaMdhAo te mukhyatve karIne zaheromAM ja khIlyA hatA. alabatta, vaNakaro gAmaDAMomAM sarvatra phelAyelA hatA kharA. A grAmasamAjee paraspara jhAjho saMparka sAdhyA vinA alaga rahIne pitAnuM jIvana vitAvyuM enuM kharuM kAraNa avarajavaranAM sAdhanonI ochapa hatI. gAmane ekabIjA sAthe sAMkaLanAra sArA rastAo bahu ochA hatA. kharekhara, AvA rastAonI achatane lIdhe ja gAmaDAMonA vyavahAramAM vadhAre paDatuM mAthuM mAravAnuM dezanI madhyastha sarakAra mATe muzkela hatuM. moTI nadIonA kAMThA upara athavA te tenI najadIka AvelAM gAma ke zahere heDI mAraphate ekabIjA joDe saMsarga rAkhI zakatAM hatAM paraMtu A rIte vAparI zakAya evI nadIo ahIMyAM jhAjhI nahatI. sugamatAbharyA avarajavaranAM sAdhanonI ochapa dezanA AMtarika vepAranI khilavaNImAM paNa vinarUpa hatI. ghaNuM varasa sudhI te IsTa IdhyiA kaMpanInuM dhyeya kevaLa pisA kamAIne pitAnA zeraholDarane DiviDanDe ApavA pUratuM ja hatuM, eTale temaNe rastAo upara nahi je ja kharaca karyo ane zikSaNa, ispitAla tathA zahere ane gAmaDAMnI sAphasUphI tema ja bIjI evI bAbate upara kaze kharca karyo nahi. paraMtu pAchaLanA samayamAM jyAre aMgrejoe kAcA mAla kharIdavA ane IgleMDane yaMtramAM banele mAla vecavA upara potAnuM lakSa kendrita karyuM tyAre avarajavaranAM sAdhanonI bAbatamAM temaNe judI nIti akhatyAra karI. uttarottara vadhatA jatA paradezI vepArane AgaLa dhapAvavAne mATe hiMdanA dariyA kinArA upara navAM zahero UbhAM thayAM. A zahere - muMbaI, madrAsa, kalakattA ane pAchaLathI karAMcI - paradeza mokalavA mATe rU vagere kAco mAla eka karatAM ane paradezane - khAsa karIne IMglaMDano - yaMtramAM banele taiyAra mAla laIne vecavA mATe dezanA judA judA bhAgomAM pahoMcADatAM. A navAM UbhAM thayelAM zahere lIvarapula, maeNcesTara, barmiMgahAma tathA zaphilDa jevAM pazcimanA dezamAM UbhAM thatAM moTAM moTAM audyogika zaherothI sAva judI jAtanAM hatAM. yuropanAM e zahere te moTAM meTAM kArakhAnAMovALAM taiyAra mAla pedA karanArAM kendro hatAM. vaLI teo A taiyAra mAla paradeza ravAnA karanArA baMdare paNa hatAM. navAM UbhAM thayelAM hiMdanAM zahere te kazuMye utpanna karatAM hatAM. teo te kevaLa paradezI mAlanI vakhAra ane pararAjyanA cihnarUpa hatAM. - huM tane hamaNAM ja kahI gayo ke, briTiza rAjanItine pariNAme hiMdustAna divase divase vadhAre ne vadhAre grAmINa thato jato hato ane leke zahera choDIne gAmaDAM tathA khetI tarapha jaI rahyA hatA. Ama hovA chatAMye, ane e paristhitimAM kaze pharaka paDyo nahote teye dariyAkinArA upara A navAM zahere UbhAM thayAM. e zahera nAnAM nAnAM zahere ane kasabAone bhege phAlyAM, gAmaDAMo tUTIne

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e zahera nahetAM vasyAM. zahera choDIne gAmaDA tarapha javAne vasatIne pravAha te cAlu ja rahyo hato. kAce mAla ekaThA karavAnuM tathA videzI mAla dezanA judA judA bhAgomAM pahoMcADavAnuM sugama thaI paDe eTalA mATe dariyAkinArA uparanAM A navAM zaherene dezanA aMdaranA bhAga sAthe sAMkaLavAnI jarUra hatI. prAMtanAM pATanagara athavA te vahIvaTI kendro tarIke bIjA keTalAMka zahero paNa UbhA thavA pAmyAM. Ama avarajavaranAM sArAM sAdhanonI jarUriyAta tAkIdanI banI gaI eTale rastAo baMdhAvA lAgyA ane pAchaLathI relaveo. 1853nI sAlamAM muMbaImAM pahelavahelI relave bAMdhavAmAM AvI. hiMdanA hunnaraudyogono nAza thavAne pariNAme badalAyelI ane navI UbhI thayelI paristhiti sAthe meLa besADavAnuM purANI grAmasamAjone muzkela thaI paDayuM hatuM. paraMtu sArA rastAo tathA relaveo thayAM ane te dezamAM badhe patharAI gayAM tyAre ATalA lAMbA samaya sudhI TakI rahelI prAcIna grAma-vyavasthA Akhare bhAMgI paDI ane nAza pAmI. jyAre duniyA tenA daravAjA khakhaDAvatI tene AMgaNe AvIne UbhI tyAre nAnAM nAnAM grAma-prajAtaMtro duniyAthI alipta na rahI zakyAM. eka gAmanI vastuonI kiMmata tarata ja bIjA gAmanI vastuonI kiMmata upara asara karatI; kemake, have vastuo eka gAmathI bIje gAma sahelAIthI mekalI zakAtI hatI. sAce ja, jema jema duniyA sAthe saMparkanAM ane avarajavaranAM sAdhano vikasatAM gayAM tema tema keneDA tema ja yunAITeDa sTeTsanA ghauM hiMdanA ghauMnI kiMmata upara asara karavA lAgyA. Ama saMjogavazAta hiMdanI grAma vyavasthA AMtararASTrIya kiMmatanA vartuLamAM kheMcAI gAmaDAMnI purANI Arthika vyavasthA paDI bhAMgI ane kheDUtonI bhAre ajAyabI vacce ene badale navI vyavasthA temanA upara parANe ThekI besADavAmAM AvI. gAmaDAMnA bajAra mATe kherAkanI ane evI bIjI vastuo pedA karavAne badale have kheDUta e badhuM duniyAnAM bajAra mATe utpanna karavA lAgyo. te AMtararASTrIya utpAdana ane kiMmatanA vamaLamAM sapaDAye hato ane temAM te vadhAre ne vadhAre UMDe Utarate gaye. pahelAM jyAre pAka niSphaLa jato tyAre dukALa paDato ane gujarAnane mATe karo AdhAra rahe nahi. vaLI e vakhate dezanA bIjA bhAgomAMthI khorAkanI vastuo ANavA mATe yogya sAdhane paNa nahotAM. te samaye AvA khAdyapadArthonA dukALa paDatA. paraMtu have te vicitra bInA banavA pAmI. have te DhagalAbaMdha anAja hoya tyAM AgaLa athavA anAja sahelAIthI prApta thaI zake evI paristhitimAM loke bhUkhe maravA lAgyA. je kaI eka sthaLe anAja na hoya te te relave ke bIjAM jhaDapI sAdhane dvArA dezanA bIjA bhAgamAMthI ANI zakAya ema hatuM. dezamAM anAja te hatuM paNa tene kharIdavAnAM nANAM nahotAM. Ama ahIMyAM nANAMne dukALa hato, anAja nahi. paraMtu ethIye vicitra bInA to e che ke, ApaNe

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193 hindunAM gAmA, kheDUtA ane jasInadArA chellAM traNa maMdInAM varasa daramyAna joyuM tema, keTalIka vAra to asAdhAraNa sAra pAka pArka e ja kheDUtone mATe ApattirUpa thaI paDatuM. Ama purANI grAmavyavasthAnA aMta Avyo ane paMcAyatAnI hastI paNa maTI gaI. paraMtu ene mATe ApaNe bhAre kheda karavAnI jarUra nathI; kemake enA divasA yAranAye.bharAI cUkayA hatA ane Adhunika sa MjogomAM ene meLa besI zake ema nahotuM. paraMtu A bAbatamAM paNa evuM banyuM ke, A purANI vyavasthAne aMta AvyA paraMtu ene ThekANe badalAyelA saMjogane anurUpa navI grAmavyavasthA udbhavI nahi. A navaracanA ane navasarjana karavAnuM kArya ApaNe mATe hajI bAkI ja che. atyAra sudhI ApaNe briTiza rAjanItine kAraNe jamIna tema ja kheDUto upara thayelI parokSa asarAne vicAra karyAM. have ApaNe isTa inDiyA ka MpanInI jamIna aMgenI nIti vAstavamAM zI hatI, eTale ke je nItie kheDUto tema ja jamIna sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvanArAo upara sIdhI asara karI te tapAsIe. mane bhaya che ke tAre mATe e jarA gUMcavaNa bharyAM ane kaMIka nIrasa viSaya che. paNa ApaNA deza te AvA garIba kheDUtane mulaka che eTale temanI vipatA ane hADamArIo zI che tathA ApaNe temanI sevA zI rIte karI zakIe ane temanI hAlata sudhArI zakIe e samajavAnA ApaNe yatkiMcit prayAsa karavA joIe. jamInadAro, tAlukadAro tathA temanA sAMthiyA ke AsAmIo viSe ApaNA sAMbhaLavAmAM Ave che. sAMthiyA athavA AsAmIe paNa aneka prakAranA hoya che; vaLI sAMthiyAonA sAMthiyA paNa hoya che. paraMtu A badhI jhINavaTamAM huM tane utAravA nathI mAgatA. sAmAnya rIte jamInadAro rAjya ane kheDUtonI vaccenA ADaDatayA che. kheDUta temane sAMthiyA che ane temanI jamInane upayega karavA badala te temane sAMtha athavA eka prakAranA kara Ape che. A sAMthane dhaNI jamInadAra gaNAya che. jamInadAra A sAMthA amuka bhAga potAnI jamInanA mahesUla athavA kara tarIke rAjyane bhare che. Ama jamInanI pedAza traNa bhAgamAM vaheMcAI jAya che. eka bhAga jamInadAranA hAthamAM jAya che, khIjo rAjyane maLe che ane trIjo sAMthiyA kheDUta pAse rahe che. A traNe bhAgA sarakhA hoya che ema dhArI laIza nahi. kheDUta jamIna upara mahenata majUrI kare che ane kheDavuM, vAvavuM tathA evI khIjI aneka prakAranI tenI majUrIne pariNAme jamInamAM pAka pAke che. AthI dekhItI rIte ja te potAnI majUrInA phaLane upabhoga karavAne adhikArI gaNAya. AkhA samAjanA pratinidhi tarIke rAjyane sArvajanika hitanI dRSTie mahattvanI pharajo bajAvavAnI hoya che. Ama teNe rAjyanAM badhAM bALakAne keLavaNI ApavI joI e, sArA rastA

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A ka20 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane avarajavaranAM bIjAM sAdhane taiyAra karavAM joIe; IspitAle, bAgabagIcAo ane saMgrahasthAno bAMdhavAM joIe temaja sAphasUphI ane janasukhAkArI mATe ghaTata prabaMdha karavuM joIe ane evI evI bIjI asaMkhya vastuo karavI joIe. A badhAne mATe tene nANAM joIe ane ene mATe te jamInanI pedAzamAMthI amuka bhAga le e nyAya ane vAjabI che. tene e bhAga keTalo ho joIe e vaLI judo savAla che. kheDUta rAjyane athavA sarakArane je kaMI Ape che te rastAo, keLavaNI ane saphAI vagerenA rUpamAM kharI rIte tene pAchuM maLI rahe che athavA maLavuM joIe. Aje te hiMdanI sarakAra paradezI che eTale ApaNane sarakAra athavA rAjA pratye aNagame thavA saMbhava che. paraMtu susaMgaThita ane svataMtra dezamAM te rAjya eTale samagra prajA. A rIte jamInanI pedAzanA be bhAganI vAta te ApaNe patAvI - emane eka bhAga rAjyane mATe che ane bIje kheDUta pAse rahe che. trIjo bhAga ApaNe joI gayA ke, jamInadAra athavA te ADatiyAne maLe che. e meLavavAne hakadAra thavA mATe te zuM kare che? e mATe te kahevA jevuM kazuMye kAma karatuM nathI. utpAdananA kAryamAM kazIye sahAya karyA vinA te pedAzano moTo hisso sAMthanA rUpamAM paDAvI jAya che. Ama te gADAnA pAMcamA paiDA je che-enI kazI jarUra nathI eTaluM ja nahi paNa UlaTo te jamIna upara bojArUpa che. ane A binajarUrI bojAne bhAra kheDUtane sauthI vadhAre sahe paDe che - tene pitAnI pedAzamAMthI jamInadArane bhAga Apavo paDe che. eTalA mATe ghaNA leke mAne che ke jamInadAra athavA tAlukadAra e sAva binajarUrI ADati che ane jamInadArI paddhati kharAba che tathA e prathA badalavI joIe ke jethI A ADati dUra thAya. Aje mukhyatve karIne baMgALa, bihAra ane saMyuktaprAMti e hiMdanA traNa prAMtamAM A jamInadArI praddhati cAlu che. bIjA prateimAM khetI karanArA kheDUto sAmAnya rIte pite ja rAjyane mahesUla bhare che ane tyAM AgaLa rAjya ane temanI vacce ADatiye nathI. A kheDUtane keTalIka vAra mAlika-kheDUte kahevAmAM Ave che; paMjAbanI peThe keTalIka vAra temane jamInadAra paNa kahevAmAM Ave che, paraMtu yuktaprata, baMgALa ane bihAranA jamInadArethI teo judA che. ATalI lAMbI samajUtI ApyA pachI huM tene kahevA mAguM chuM ke, jene viSe Aje ApaNe bahu bahu sAMbhaLIe chIe te baMgALa, bihAra tathA yuktaprAtamAM cAlatI jamInadArI paddhati e hiMdane mATe sAva navI vastu che. e aMgrejoe UbhI karelI vastu che. temanA AvyA pahelAM e paddhati ahIMyAM nahotI.

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hiMdanAM gAme, kheDUto ane jamInadAre 215 prAcIna samayamAM ahIM evA jamInadAre ke ADatiyAo nahotA. kheDUte pote ja potAnI nIpajano amuka bhAga rAjyane ApatA hatA. keTalIka vAra grAmapaMcAyata gAmanA badhA kheDUtonI vatI e kAma karatI. akabaranA samayamAM tenA nAmIcA nANAmaMtrI rAjA ToDaramale bahu kALajIpUrvaka jamInanI maMjaNI karAvI hatI. rAjya athavA sarakAra kheDUta pAsethI tenI nIpajane trIjo bhAga letI ane tenI IcchAmAM Ave to ene badale kheDUta rokaDa nANuM paNa bharI zakate. ekaMdare jotAM karaverA bhAre nahotA ane temAM bahu haLavethI vadhAre thato. paraMtu pachIthI megala sAmrAjya paDI bhAMgyuM. madhyastha sarakAra nabaLI paDI ane te pitAnuM mahesUla athavA kare sArI rIte vasUla karI zakI nahi. eTale pachI vasUlAtanI navI rIta astitvamAM AvI. mahesUla vasUla karavA mATe pagAradAra amaladAre nahi paNa vasUlAtane dazame bhAga potAne mATe rAkhI zake evA ejaTe athavA ADatiyAo nImavAmAM AvyA. emane mahesUla ugharAvanAra athavA kadI kadI jamInadAra athavA tAlukadAra kahevAmAM AvatA. paraMtu e lakSamAM rAkhaje ke e zabdono Aje jevo artha thAya che te te vakhate thatuM nahotuM. . madhyastha sarakAra jema jema nabaLI paDatI gaI tema tema e paddhati vadhAre ne vadhAre bagaDatI gaI e vastu eTalI hada sudhI pahoMcI ke amuka pradezamAMthI mahesUla ugharAvavA mATe harAjI bolAvavAmAM AvatI ane sauthI UMcI mAgaNI karanArane e kAma soMpavAmAM AvatuM. Ano artha e thaye ke jene e kAmagIrI maLe tene garIba bIcArA kheDUta pAsethI te cAhe eTaluM paDAvavAnI chUTa hatI ane e chUTane te pUrepUro lAbha uThAva. dhIme dhIme A mahesUla ugharAvanArAo vaMzaparaMparAgata thaI gayA ane sarakAra eTalI badhI durbaLa banI gaI hatI ke te temane dUra karI zake ema nahotuM. vAstavamAM isTa inDiyA kaMpanIne baMgALamAM pahelavahele kahevAte kAyadesarane adhikAra maLyo te mogala samrATa vatI tyAMthI jamIna mahesUla ugharAvavAno hato. 1765nI sAlamAM kaMpanIne "dIvAnI" sattA soMpavAmAM AvI tene artha e ja hatuM. Ama kaMpanI eka rIte dilhInA megala bAdazAhanI dIvAna banI.. paraMtu e te kevaLa kAlpanika vastu hatI. 1757nA plAsInA yuddha pachI aMgrejo baMgALamAM sattAdhArI thaI paDyA ane garIba bIcArA megala samrATanI kyAMye kazI sattA rahI nahi. IsTa InDiyA kaMpanI ane tenA amaladAre atizaya lebhI hatA. huM tane AgaLa upara kahI gayo tema temaNe baMgALanI tijorI taLiyAjhATaka karI nAkhI ane jyAM jyAM paise temanI najare paDyo tyAM tyAM temaNe nirdayatAthI pitAne hAtha mAryo. baMgALa ane bihArane nicovIne temaNe vadhAremAM vadhAre

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- 722 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mahesUla kaDhAvavAno prayAsa karyo. temaNe nAnA nAnA mahesUla ugharAvanArAo UbhA karyA ane temanI pAsethI levAnuM mahesUla temaNe anekagaNuM vadhArI mUkyuM. jamIna mahesUla thoDA ja vakhatamAM bamaNuM thaI gayuM ane te nirdayatApUrvaka vasUla karavAmAM AvatuM ane te vakhatasara na bharanArane kADhI mUkavAmAM Avata. A mahesUla ugharAvanArAo kheDUte pratye nirdatAthI vartatA, temane lUMTatA, temanI pAsethI vadhAremAM vadhAre mahesUla kaDhAvatA ane temane temanI jamIna uparathI kADhI paNa mUkatA. plAsInA yuddha pachI 12 varasa ane dIvAnI maLyA pachI cAra varasanI aMdara IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInI nIti tema ja varasAdanI achatane kAraNe bihAra ane baMgALamAM bhISaNa dukALa paDyo ane ene lIdhe e prAMtanI trIjA bhAganI vasatI nAza pAmI. 1769-70nA A dukALa viSe meM mArA eka AgalA patramAM ullekha karyo hato ane jaNAvyuM hatuM ke Ama chatAMye IsTa InDiyA kaMpanIe pUrepUruM mahesUla vasUla karyuM. kaMpanInA amaladArone temanI asAdhAraNa kAryadakSatA mATe khAsa ullekha karavo ghaTe che. lAkhonI saMkhyAmAM strI, puruSa ane bALake maraNa pAmyAM chatAye iMglaMDanA tavaMgara lokone moTAM meTAM DiviDanDe ApI zakAya eTalA khAtara muDadAMo pAsethI paNa teo paisA kaDhAvI zakyA. vIsa ke ethIye vadhAre varasa sudhI Ama ja cAlyA karyuM ane dukALa paDavA chatAMye isTa inDiyA kaMpanI kheDUto pAsethI baLajabarIthI mahesUla vasUla karatI rahI. pariNAme baMgALane rasALa prAMta khedAnamedAna thaI gayA. moTA moTA mahesUla ugharAvanArAo sudhdhAM bhikhArI banI gayA. A uparathI ApaNe kalpI zakIe ke garIba bIcArA kheDUtonI zI dazA thaI haze. paristhiti eTalI badhI bagaDI ke isTa inDiyA kaMpanInI paNa UMgha UDI ane enuM nivAraNa karavAne teNe prayAsa karyo. te samayane briTiza gavarnara janarala lorDa kornavolisa pite iMglaMDane mATe jamInadAra hatA. te hiMdamAM briTiza paddhati mujaba jamInadAro UbhA karavA mAgato hato. keTalAka samayathI mahesUla ugharAvanArAo paNa pote jamInadAra heya ema vartavA lAgyA hatA. temanI sAthe samajUtI karIne karnalise temane jamInadAra tarIke mAnya rAkhyA. pariNAma e AvyuM ke hiMdamAM pahelI ja vAra rAjya athavA sarakAra ane kheDUte vacce ADatiye UbhuM ane kheDUto bicArA kevaLa sAthiyA banI gayA. aMgreje te A jamInadAre jeDe ja vyavahAra rAkhatA hatA. ane pitAnA sAthiyAo joDe cAhe tema vartavAnI temane chUTa hatI. jamInadAranA julama ane lelupatAmAMthI UgaravAne A raMka kheDUta pAse koI paNa A nahe. - baMgALa tathA bihAranA jamInadAra sAthe rnilise 1793nI sAlamAM je jamAbaMdhI nakkI karI te "kAyamI jamAbaMdhI" kahevAya che. "jamAbaMdhI"

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hiMdanAM gAme, kheDUto ane jamInadAre 73 7 eTale jamInadAre sarakArane bharavAnI TharAvelI rakama. baMgALa tema ja bihAramAM A rakama kAyamane mATe TharAvavAmAM AvI hatI. emAM kazA pheraphArane mATe avakAza nahote. pachIthI vAyavya tarapha ayodhyA ane AgrA sudhI briTiza amala phelAya tyAre A bAbatamAM briTiza nItimAM pheraphAra thayo. have temaNe jamInadAre sAthe baMgALanI jema kAyamI nahi paNa kAmacalAu athavA haMgAmI jamAbaMdhI karI. amuka samaya pachI - sAmAnya rIte trIsa trIsa varase- dareka haMgAmI jamAbaMdhInI tapAsa karavAmAM AvatI ane sarakArane bharavAnI jamInamahesUlanI pharIthI AkAraNI karavAmAM AvatI. sAmAnya rIte hareka tapAsaNI vakhate mahesUlamAM vadhAro karavAmAM AvatuM. dakSiNamAM madrAsa ane tenI AsapAsanA pradezamAM jamInadArI paddhati nahotI. tyAM AgaLa kheDUte pote jamInanA mAlika hatA eTale isTa inDiyA kaMpanIe temanI joDe sIdhesIdhuM mahesula TharAvyuM. paraMtu tyAM AgaLa tema ja bIje badhe paNa tRpta na thaI zake evA lebhathI prerAIne kaMpanInA adhikArIoe jamIna mahesUlanI bahu bhAre AkAraNI karI ane te nirdayatApUrvaka vasUla karavAmAM AvatuM. mahesUla na bharAvAne kAraNe kheDUtane tatkALa jamIna uparathI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvatA. paNa e garIba bIcAro kheDUta kyAM jaI zake ema hatuM ? jamIna upara vadhAre paDatuM dabANa hovAne lIdhe hamezAM jamInanI bahu bhAre mAga rahetI. evA keTalAye bhUkhe maratA loko hatA jeo koI paNa zarate jamIna levAne Atura hatA. lAMbA vakhatathI hADamArI veThI rahelA kheDUtanI yAtanAo asahya thaI paDatI tyAre teo paNa jIva para AvI jatA ane vAraMvAra laDAI jhaghaDA tathA ramakhANo thavA pAmatAM. . 19mI sadInA vacagALAmAM baMgALamAM bIje julama zarU thayuM. gaLIne vepAra karavAne mATe keTalAka aMgrejo jamInadAra banyA. temaNe gaLInI khetI karavA mATe potAnA sAthiyAo joDe bahu AkarI zarate karI. temanI kheDANanI jamInanA amuka cokkasa bhAgamAM gaLInI khetI karavAnI tema ja amuka nakkI karelA bhAvathI te pitAnA aMgreja jamInadAre athavA (oNnTarsa)nIlavarone- teo e nAmathI oLakhAtA hatA - vecavAnI temane pharaja pADavAmAM AvatI. A prathAne bagIcA paddhati (oNnTezana sisTama) kahevAmAM Ave che. kheDUto upara lAdavAmAM AvelI zarata eTalI badhI AkarI hatI ke te pUrI karavI e temane mATe muzkela hatuM. vaLI aMgreja sarakAra nIlavaronI madade AvI ane khAsa kAyadA karIne kheDUtone temAMnI zarate anusAra gaLInI khetI karavAnI pharaja pADI. A kAyadAo tathA temAM TharAvelI zikSAne pariNAme nIlavaronA e sAthiyA kheDUtanI dazA keTaleka aMze nIlavaranA dAsa athavA to gulAmenA jevI thaI gaI gaLInAM kArakhAnAMnA eja Te athavA ADatiyAe

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XC jagatanA itihAsanuM' rekhAdarzana EX temane satAvatA ane temanA upara julama gujAratA; kemake e aMgreja athavA te hiMdI ADatiyAe temane kAyadAnuM rakSaNa maLI raheze e bAbatamAM bilakula nizciMta hatA. ghaNI vAra gaLInA bhAve besI jatA. evA sa MjogAmAM gaLI sivAya DAMgara vagere khajo kAI pAka karavA e kheDUto mATe vadhAre phAyadAkAraka hatuM, paraMtu temane tema karavAnI chUTa nahetI. kheDUtone bahu bhAre hADamArI ane yAtanAo veThavI paDatI hatI ane Akhare te asahya thavAthI teo va para AvI gayA. kheDUtoe nIlavaronI sAme khaMDa karyuM ane gaLAnuM eka kArakhAnuM lUMTI lIdhuM. paraMtu temane kacarI nAkhIne pharI pAchA vaza karI devAmAM AvyA. A patramAM 19mI sadI daramyAna kheDUtAnI thayelI durdazAnA meM tane ka MIka laMbANuthI citAra ApavAnA prayatna karyAM che. hiMdanA kheDUtanI sthiti dinapratidina kevI rIte khagaDatI gaI tathA mahesUla udharAvanAra, jamInadAra, vANiyA, bagIcAvALA, tene AtiyA ane sIdhI rIte ke isTa inDiyA kaMpanI mAraphate kAma lenAra sauthI meTa vANiyA briTiza sarakAra vagere tenA saMsaCmAM AvanAra dareke tenuM kevI rIte zASaNa karyuM... e samajAvavAne meM prayAsa karyAM che. kemake, A badhA zoSaNanA pAyAmAM aMgrejoe hiMdamAM irAdApUrvaka akhatyAra karelI nIti rahelI hatI. gRhaudyoga nAza pAmyA ane tenI jagyAe khIjA udyogo zarU karavAno kazo prayAsa karavAmAM na AvyeA; ethI ekAra banelA kArIgare gAmaDAMo tarapha haDaselAI gayA ane tene lIdhe jamIna uparanuM dabANu vadhI javA pAmyuM; jamInadArI prathA tathA bagIcA pati dAkhala thaI; jamIna mahesUla atizaya vadhArI devAmAM AvyuM, pariNAme jamInanI sAMtha behada vadhI gaI ane tenI nirdayatApUrvaka vasUlAta karavAMmAM AvI; kheDUtane vyAjakhAu vANiyA zAhukArane Azare javAnI pharaja paDI ane tenI polAdI pakaDamAMthI te kadI chUTavA pAmyA nahi; mahesUla na bharAvAne kAraNe asaMkhya lAkA pAsethI temanI jamInane kabajo laI levAmAM Avye; A uparAMta polIsa, mahesUla vasUla karanAra jamInadAranA ADatiyA tathA kArakhAnAMnA ADatiyAnI niraMtara satAmaNI ane julama thavA lAgyo. A badhI vastuoe maLIne kheDUtAnuM hIra, prANa tathA temanA AtmAne haNyA. A badhAmAMthI anivArya paNe kAramI vipata ane bhISaNa Apatti sivAya bIjuM zuM nIpajI zake ? uparAuparI bhISaNa dukALa paDavA ane temaNe lAkhkhA laoNkAnA jAna lIdhA. paraMtu ajaba vAta te e che ke khorAkanI achata hatI ane ethI karIne leke bhUkhe maratA hatA te vakhate dhauM ane khIjA' khAdya dhAnya dhanika vepArIonA naphAne khAtara paradeza ravAnA karavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. paraMtu

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hiMdanAM gAmA, kheDUtA ane jamInadAre 725 anAjanI taMgI e kharI Aphta nahotI, kemake relave dvArA dezanA khIjA sAgAmAMthI khAdya padArthoM ANI zakAya ema hatuM. kharu du:kha to e hatuM ke te kharIdavAnAM nANAM lekA pAse nahotAM. 1861nI sAlamAM uttara hiMdamAM ane khAsa karIne ApaNA prAMtamAM bhAre dukALa paDayo hatA ane ema kahevAya che ke, dukALapIDita pradezanI sADAATha TakA karatAMye vadhAre vasatInA ene lIdhe nAza thayA hatA. paMdara varasa bAda 1876nI sAlamAM uttara, madhya tema ja dakSiNa hiMdamAM lAgalAgaTa e varasa sudhI dukALa paDayo. e vakhate paNa pharIthI yuktaprAMtAne tema ja madhyahiMda ane paMjAbanA amuka bhAgane sauthI vadhAre nevuM paDayuM. emAM lagabhaga eka karADa jeTalAM mANasA maraNu pAmyAM ! vIsa varasa pachI 1896nI sAlamAM lagabhaga e ja hatabhAgI pradezamAM hiMdamAM pahelAM kadI na paDelA evA bhayaMkara khIjo dukALa paDaco. A bhISaNa Apattie uttara tema ja madhya hiMdanA hAlahavAla karI nAkhyA ane tyAMnA lokAne dhULa bhegA karI dIdhA. 1900nI sAlamAM vaLI khIjo eka dukALa paDyo. eka nAnA sarakhA paeNrAmAM 40 varasanA gALAmAM paDelA cAra bhANu dukALAnI meM tane vAta karI. e dukALAnI kAramI kathanImAM rahelI bhayaMkara yAtanA, hADamArIo tathA bhISaNatA huM tane kahI zakuM ema nathI . tema ja tane enA pUrepUro khyAla AvI zake ema nathI. sAce ja, e yAtanA ane hADamArIonA tane pUrepUro khyAla Ave ema huM nathI cahAto, kemake enA sAcA khyAla AvatAM bhAre krodha ane kaDavAza pedA thavA pAme che ane tArI AjanI umare tArAmAM kaDavAza pedA thAya ema huM nathI cahAtA. yuddhamAM dhAyala thayelAonI sevA-zuzruSA mATe pahelavahelA suvyavasthita prabaMdha karanAra lorensa nAITi Mgela nAmanI vIra aMgreja mahilA viSe te sAMbhaLyuM ja che. cheka 1878nI sAlamAM teNe lakhyuM hatuM ke, ' pUrvanA dezamAM, nA,nA, ghaNuM karIne AkhI duniyAmAM, sauthI karuNa ane duHkhada dRzya jo kAI hoya to te ApaNA pUnA sAmrAjyanA kheDUtanuM che.' eNe, 'ApaNA kAyadAonAM pariNAmeA 'nA ullekha karatAM jaNAvyuM che ke, temaNe ' jyAM AgaLa, jene dukALa kahI zakAya evI vastunI hastI ja nathI evA duniyAnA sauthI vadhAre rasALa dezanA ghaNA bhAgeAmAM pIsI nAkhanArI garIbAI ane kAyamI bhUkhamaro 'pedA karyAM che. hA, sAce ja, ApaNA kheDUtonI UMDI UtarI gayelI, AzAzUnya ane dhavAyelI heAya evI lAgatI AMkhAnA karatAM vadhAre karuNa ane duHkhada dRzya khIjuM bhAgye ja haze. ApaNA kheDUtavarga A badhAM varasA daramyAna phruTale bhAre khAjo vahyo che! ane ApaNe e na bhUlavuM joIe ke kaIka sArI hAlatamAM chIe evAM ApaNe paNa e kheAjAnA bhAgarUpa chIe. videzI zuM ke ja-4

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729 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hiMdI zuM, ApaNe sau lAMbA kALathI yAtanA veThatA AvelA kisAnane cUsavAnI kAziza karatAM AvyAM chIe tathA tenI pITha para beThAM rahyAM chIe. pachI emanI pIr3a bhAMgI jAya emAM zI navAI ! paraMtu, lAMbA vakhata pachI Akhare, tene mATe AzAnuM eka kiraNa phUTayuM tathA tenA sArA divase AvavAnAM ane tene khAjo haLavA thavAnAM sucihno dekhAvA lAgyAM. eka nAnakaDA mAnavI AvyA ane teNe tenI AMkhAmAM sAMsarI diSTa karI tenA cImaLAI gayelA hRdayanA UMDANamAM praveza karyAM ane lAMbA kALanI tenI vedanA pichAnI. ane tenI najaramAM jAdu hatA, tenA sparzImAM jIvanadAyI agni hatA, tenA avAjamAM hamadardI hatI ane tenA hRdayamAM apAra karuNA tathA agAdha prema bharelAM hatAM ane zahIdanI AmaraNa niSThA hatAM. kheDUto, majUrA tathA khIjA dalita leAkeAe tenAM darzana karyAM ane tenA ela sAMbhaLyA; temanAM mRtaprAya hRdaye cetanavaMtAM thayAM ane maharSa anubhavavA lAgyAM tathA temanAmAM ajaba prakAranI AzAne udaya thayA ane AnaMdamAM AvI jaI ne te pAkArI UThayA mahAtmA gAMdhInI jaya' tathA vipata ane duHkhanI ghATImAMthI nIkaLavAne teo tatpara thaI gayA. paraMtu lAMbA vakhatathI temane pIsI rahelI cakkI temane sahelAIthI bahAra nIkaLavA de ema nahatuM. te krIthI gatimAna thaI ane emane kacarI nAkhavA mATe teNe navAM hathiyAre sarajyAM, navA kAyadAo tathA navA oNrDinansA yeAjyA tathA temane jakaDavA mATe navI jaMjIro taiyAra karI. ane pachI ? ene mArA A byAna ke itihAsamAM samAveza thatA nathI. e te AvatI kAlanI vAtaneA viSaya che ane AvatI kAla jyAre Aja "naze tyAre ApaNane enI jANa thaze. e viSe kAI ne paNa zaMkA che kharI? " - 112. hiMda para agrejonuM zAsana 5 Disembara, 1932 19mI sadInA hiMdu viSe meM tane traNa lAMbA patra lakhyA che. dI vedanAnI e bahu lAMbI kathA che, ane jo ene huM vadhAre paDatI TUMkAvI nAkhu to mane bhaya che ke e samajavI tAre mATe muzkela thaI paDe. mane lAge che ke, khIjA dezo athavA tA khIjA yugo upara meM jeTaluM lakSa ApyuM che tenA karatAM vizeSa lakSa hiMdanA ItihAsanA A yuga upara huM ApI rahyo chuM. huM pate hiMdI hovAthI hiMdanA itihAsamAM mane vizeSa rasa che; ane ene viSe huM vadhAre jANatA hovAthI huM vadhAre vistArathI lakhI zakuM chuM. A uparAMta, kevaLa atihAsika rasa uparAMta hiMdanA e samayanuM ApaNe mATe vadhAre mahattva

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hiMda para aMgrejonuM zAsana 7ra7 che. Aje ApaNuM jovAmAM Ave che te Adhunika hiMdanuM sarjane 19mI sadInA A viSama kasoTInA kALa daramyAna thayuM hatuM. je ApaNe AjanA hiMdane samajavuM hoya te ene ghaDanArAM tathA enI pragati rUMdhanArAM baLane ApaNe kaMIka paricaya karavo joIe. te ja ApaNe enI buddhipUrvaka sevA karI zakIe tathA ApaNe zuM karavuM joIe ane ko mArga grahaNa karavo joIe e jANI zakIe. hiMdanA ItihAsanuM dhyAna meM hajI pUruM nathI karyuM. e viSe mAre tane hajI ghaNuM kahevAnuM che. A patromAM huM enuM eka yA vadhAre aMga lauM chuM ane ene viSe tane kaMIka kahuM chuM. tane e samajavuM sugama thaI paDe eTalA khAtara huM e dareka aMganuM alaga alaga khyAna karuM chuM. paraMtu te joze ke jene viSe huM tane kahI gaye chuM ane jenuM huM A patramAM tathA e pachI nirUpaNa karavAne chuM te badhI pravRttio ane pheraphAra lagabhaga eka vakhate thavA pAmyAM hatAM tathA temaNe ekabIjA upara asara karI hatI ane e rIte temaNe 19mI sadInA hiMdanuM sarjana karyuM hatuM. hiMdamAMnA aMgrejonAM A kRtya ane karatUke viSe vAMcatAM tathA temaNe akhatyAra karelI nIti ane tene pariNAme dezabharamAM vyApelI bhAre hADamArI ane vipate jANIne tuM krodhe bharAze. paraMtu e badhuM banavA pAmyuM emAM deSa kone have vAra ? e badhuM ApaNI nabaLAIo ane ajJAnane AbhArI nahatuM ke? nabaLAI ane bevakUphI hamezAM ApakhudIne notare che. ApaNI mAMhomAMhenI phATaphUTano lAbha aMgrejo uThAvI zake emAM ApaNe aMdara aMdara laDAITo karanArAono deSa che. judA judA pakSonA svArthane lAbha uThAvI, ApaNAmAM phATaphUTa pADI je teo ApaNane kamajora banAvI zake te ApaNe temane ema karavA daIe chIe e vastu ja aMgreje ApaNA karatAM caDiyAtA che enI nizAnI che. eTale jo tAre gusso karavo ja hoya te ApaNuM nabaLAIe, ApaNuM ajJAna ane ApaNuM mAMhomAMhenA jhaghaDA upara gusso kare joIe; kemake e ja vastuo ApaNI durdazA ane ApaNuM saMkaTa mATe javAbadAra che. ApaNe aMgrejonA julamI zAsananI vAta karIe chIe. paraMtu Akhare e julama keNa kare che? ene phAyado koNa uThAve che ? samagra briTiza prajA ene lAbha uThAvatI nathI. kemake lAkhkho aMgrejo pite paNa duHkhI ane pIDita che. vaLI briTizaronA hiMdanA zoSaNamAMthI keTalAka hiMdIoe paNa the lAbha meLavyuM che emAM zaka nathI. te pachI ApaNe enI sImA kayAM AgaLa bAMdhIe? ene mATe vyaktio nahi paNa prathA athavA paddhati javAbadAra che. hiMdanI agaNita janatAne zeSatA ane pIsI rahelA eka

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728 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jabaradasta taMtranI nIce ApaNe rahetA AvyA chIe. A taMtra te audyogika mUDIvAdamAMthI udbhavelA navA sAmrAjyavAdanuM taMtra. A zoSaNano naphe pradhAnapaNe iMglaMDa jAya che; paraMtu iMglaMDamAM tene mATe bhAga mAtra amuka vargonAM ja gajavAmAM jAya che. e zeSaNanA naphAne ceDe bhAga hiMdamAM paNa rahe che ane ahIMnA keTalAka vargone tene lAbha maLe che. eTalA mATe amuka vyakti upara athavA te AkhI aMgreja prajA upara ApaNe krodha karIe e mUrkhAIbhareluM che. je kaI paddhati kharAba hoya ane tethI ApaNane nukasAna thatuM hoya te ApaNe tene badalavI joIe. amuka paddhatinA cAlake koNa che enuM jhAjhuM mahattva nathI; kemake, kharAba paddhati nIce sArA leke paNa nirUpAya banI jAya che. ema karavA mATe ApaNe game eTalAM Atura hoIe ane bhalene ApaNe ene game eTalI sArI rIte pakAvIe paNa patharA ane mATIne ApaNe keme karIne sArA khorAkamAM pheravI zakIe nahi. mane lAge che ke, mUDIvAda ane sAmrAjyavAdanI bAbatamAM paNa ema ja che. emAM sudhAro karI zakAtuM nathI. temane saMpUrNapaNe nAbUda karavAM e ja emane sudhAravAne sAro upAya che. paNa e to mAre abhiprAya che. keTalAka leke e abhiprAyathI judA paDe che. tAre koI paNa vastu vagara vicAre mAnI levI nahi; samaya Avye tuM tArA pitAnA nirNaye bAMdhI zakIza. paraMtu eka bAbatamAM te ghaNAkharA leke saMmata thAya che ane te e che ke, doSa te paddhatimAM raheluM hoya che ane ene mATe vyaktio upara roSa kare e mithyA che. ApaNe pheraphAra karavA cahAtA hoIe te paddhati upara ApaNe humale kare joIe ane tene badalavI joIe. e paddhatinI mAThI asara ApaNe hiMdamAM joI gayAM. jyAre ApaNe misara ane cIna tathA itara dezano vicAra karIzuM tyAre e ja paddhati, mUDIvAdI sAmrAjyavAdanuM e ja taMtra kArya karI raheluM ane bIjI prajAone cUsatuM ApaNuM jovAmAM Avaze. have ApaNe ApaNI mULa vAta upara AvIzuM. aMgrejo ahIM AvyA tyAre hiMdanA gRhaudyoge bhAre vikAsa pAmelI dazAmAM ane AbAda hatA e huM tane kahI gaye . utpAdananI paddhatimAM svAbhAvika pragati thatAM, ane bahAranI kazI paNa dakhala vinA hiMdamAM vahemoDe yaMtrodyoga dAkhala thaye heta. ApaNA dezamAM leDhe tema ja kolase hatuM ane ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM ke IgleMDamAM A ja vastuoe navA udyogavAdanI khilavaNImAM bhAre madada karI eTaluM ja nahi, paNa ene AraMbha karavAmAM paNa kaMIka aMze phALe Ape. Akhare, hiMdamAM paNa Ama ja banavA pAmyuM hatuM. eTaluM kharuM ke " rAjakIya aMdherane kAraNe ema thatAM kadAca cheDe vilaMba thAta. paraMtu daramyAna

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hiMda para aMgrejonuM zAsana 728 aMgrejo vacce AvyA. jyAM AgaLa utpAdananI jUnI vyavasthA badalAIne pracaMDa yaMtro dvArA utpAdana karavAnI navI paddhati dAkhala thaI cUkI hatI evA deza ane prajAnA teo pratinidhi hatA. ethI karIne, koIne kadAca ema lAge ke, hiMdamAM paNa temaNe AvA prakAranA pheraphAranI tarapheNa karI haze tathA hiMdane je varga AvA prakAranuM parivartana karI zake ema hatuM tene temaNe uttejana ApyuM haze. paraMtu temaNe AvuM kazuM ja karyuM nahi. temaNe te ethI UlaTuM ja karyuM. hiMda sAthe eka saMbhavita harIphanA jevo vartAva rAkhIne temaNe tenA udyogono nAza karyo tathA yaMtrodyoganA vikAsane rUM. Ama, ApaNane hiMdamAM vicitra prakAranI paristhiti jovA maLe che. te samaye yuropamAM sauthI AgaLa paDatA aMgreja leka hiMdamAM tyAMnA sauthI pachAta ane sthiticusta leke joDe maitrI bAMdhe che. teo maravA paDelA phayuDala vargane Teke ApI TakAvI rAkhe che, navA jamInadAre UbhA kare che, tathA hiMdanA seMkaDo parAdhIna rAjAone temanI ardha-phyuDala rAjyaamalamAM Take Ape che. kharekhAta, temaNe hiMdamAM phayUDala vyavasthAne majabUta karI. A ja aMgrejoe yuropamAM temanI pArlAmenTane sattAdhIza banAvanAra madhyavarganI athavA te bhadraloka (bUjhavA)nI krAMti karavAmAM pahela karI hatI. vaLI duniyAmAM audyogika mUDIvAda zarU karanAra audyogika krAMti karavAmAM paNa teo pahela, karanArA hatA. A bAbatamAM temaNe pahela karI hovAthI ja teo temanA pratispadhIothI ghaNA AgaLa nIkaLI gayA ane temaNe vistRta sAmrAjya jamAvyuM. aMgrejo hiMdamAM Ama zAthI valya e samajavuM bahu muzkela nathI. mUDIvAdanA pAyAmAM jIvaleNa harIphAI ane zeSaNa rahelAM che ane sAmrAjyavAda e enuM vadhAre vikaseluM svarUpa che. eTale, zaktizALI hovAne kAraNe aMgrejoe jeo kharekhara temanA harIphe hatA temane mArI haThAvyA ane bIjAone harIpha thatAM IrAdApUrvaka AgaLathI ja aTakAvyA. AmajanatA sAthe teo maitrI karI zake ema nahatuM, kemake, temanuM zoSaNa karavuM e ja hiMdamAM AvavAne temane pradhAna hetu hate. zeSaNa karanArAo ane zoSAtA lokonAM hita kadI paNa samAna hoI zakatAM nathI. eTale aMgrejoe hiMdamAM hajI paNa TakI rahelA yUDala vyavasthAnA avazeSono Azare lIdhe. aMgrejo AvyA tyAre paNa emanAmAM lezamAtra sAcuM baLa rahyuM nahotuM, paraMtu aMgrejo taraphathI temane Teke maLI gayo tathA dezanA zeSaNamAMthI paNa temane zeDo hissa ApavAmAM Avyo. jene samaya vItI gayA hoya evA vargone bahAranA TekAthI thoDA samaya pUratI ja rAhata maLI zake. e Teke jato rahetAM tenuM kAM te patana thAya athavA te navI paristhitine te anukuLa thaI jAya. aMgrejonI maherabAnI upara jIvatAM

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Aje nAnAM moTAM lagabhaga 700 hiMdI dezI rAjyo che. haidarAbAda, kAzmIra, maisUra, vaDodarA, gvAliyara vagere emanAM moTAM dezI rAjya viSe te tuM kaMIka jANe che. paraMtu navAInI vAta to e che ke, jema meTA bhAganA jamInadAra prAcIna paraMparAmAMthI UtarI AvelA nathI te ja pramANe ghaNAkharA hiMdI rAjAo paNa jUnA phayUDala umarAva vargamAMthI UtarI AvelA nathI. hA, sUryavaMzI rajapUtAne agraNI udepurane mahArANe eka evo rAjA che khare je potAne rAjavaMza prAgaitihAsika kALathI zarU thayela che ema kahI zake. jApAnane mikADe e ja eka A bAbatamAM tenI harIphAI karI zake evI vyakti che. aMgrejoe dhArmika sthiticustatAne paNa uttejana ApyuM. A vastu paNa vicitra lAge che, kemake aMgreje te khristI dharma pALavAno dAvo karatA hatA ane chatAM temanA AgamanathI hiMdu dharma temaja IslAma vadhAre jaDa banyA. kaMIka aMze A pratikriyA svAbhAvika hatI; kemake paradezI AkramaNa dezanA dharma tathA saMskRtine pirtinI rakSAne khAtara jaDatA dhAraNa karavAne prere che. musalamAnonA AkramaNa pachI A ja rIte hiMdu dharma jaDa banyo hato ane judI judI jJAtio UbhI thaI hatI. have hiMdu dharma tema ja IslAma baMne upara e ja jAtanI asara thaI. paraMtu A uparAMta aMgreja sarakAre keTalIka vAra IrAdApUrvaka ane keIka vakhata ajANapaNe e baMne dharmanAM sthiticusta tane sakriya uttejana ApyuM che. aMgrejone dharmanI bAbatamAM ke dharma parivartana karAvavAmAM kaze rasa nahota; temane te kevaLa paisA kamAvA hatA. dhArmika bAbatamAM jarA paNa dakhala karatAM teo DaratA kemake ema karavAthI leke krodhe bharAIne rakhene temanI sAmA UThe evI temane bhIti hatI. eTale, dakhalagIrInI zaMkA sarakhI paNa TALavAne khAtara teo dezanA dharmanuM athavA kharuM kahIe te dharmanA bAhya svarUpanuM rakSaNa karavAnI hada sudhI paNa gayA. enuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke bahAranuM khokhuM kAyama rahyuM paNa tenA aMdaranA bhAgamAM kazuMye na rahyuM. sthiticusta athavA te sanAtanI leke rakhene chaMcheDAya e bIke sarakAre sudhArakAnI viruddha temane pakSa lIdho. A rIte sudhArAnA dhyeyanI pragati thatI aTakI. videzI sarakAra bhAgye ja sAmAjika sudhArA dAkhala karI zake che; kemake te kaMI paNa pheraphAra dAkhala karavA cAhe tene leke virodha kare che. hiMdu dharma tathA hiMdu kAyadAmAM keTalIka bAbatamAM samayAnukUla parivartana thatuM rahetuM ane e baMnenI uttarottara pragati thayA karatI hatI; joke pAchaLanI sadIomAM e pragati atizaya maMda paDI gaI hatI. hiMdu kAyade e te pradhAnapaNe rUDhi che; ane rUDhi te hamezAM badalAtI rahe che tathA teno vikAsa thayAM kare che. briTiza amala daramyAna samayAnukUla vikAsa sAdhavAne hiMdu kAyadAno A guNa naSTa che ane dezanA sauthI vadhAre sthiticusta lekanI salAhathI ghaDavAmAM AvelA

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hida para agrejonuM zAsana 731 jaDa kAyadAe tenuM sthAna lIdhuMH A rIte hiMduM rAmAjanI maMda paDelI pragati paNa aTakI gaI. musalamAnee te! vaLI navI paristhiti pratye vizeSa rASa vyakata karyAM ane potAnI AsapAsa jaDa kavaca racIne temAM temaNe AzareA lIdhe. satI thavAne rivAja baMdha karavA mATe aMgrejo bhAre zreya le che. ene mATe temane the uN zreya dhaTe che kharuM, paraMtu kharI rIte te rAjA rAmameAhana rAyanI AgevAnI nIce hiMdu sudhArakAnI enI sAmenI dhaNAM varasenI caLavaLa pachI sarakAre e bAbatamAM pagaluM lIdhuM hatuM. e pahelAM bIjA rAjakartAoe ane khAsa karIne marAThAoe enI manA karI hatI. gAvAmAM porTugIjha zAsaka Albukarka e rivAja baMdha karyAM hatA. hiMdIonI caLavaLa ane khristI mizanarIonI caLavaLane pariNAme aMgrejoe e prathA baMdha karI hatI. mArI samaja pramANe te, dhArmika mahattvanA mAtra eTale eka sudhAro aMgreja sarakAre karyo che. eTale aMgrejoe A dezanAM pachAta ane sthiticusta tattvA sAthe maitrI karI tathA hiMdane peAtAnA deza mATe kAcA mAla utpanna karanAra devaLa khetIpradhAna deza banAvavAnA hareka prayAsa karyAM. hiMdamAM kArakhAnAM UbhAM thAya te rokavA mATe temaNe dezamAM AvatAM yaMtre tathA tenI sAmagrI upara jakAta nAkhI. khIjA dezo te potapotAnA udyogone uttejana ApI rahyA hatA. ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM ke jApAna teA udyogIkaraNanI bAbatamAM kUdake ne bhUsake AgaLa vadhyuM. paraMtu hiMdamAM te aMgreja sarakAre evA prayAse dabAvI dIdhA. yaMtrA tathA tenI sAdhanasAmagrI upara jakAta nAkhavAne kAraNe, ahIM majUrI tyAMnA karatAM sAMghI hovA chatAMye hiMdamAM kArakhAnuM bAMdhavAnA kharaca iMgleMDa karatAM cAra gaNA thatA. A jakAta cheka 1860nI sAlamAM baMdha karavAmAM AvI. pragatinA mArgamAM bAdhA nAkhavAnI A nIti keAI paNa vastunI khilavaNImAM mAtra vilaMba karI zake ema hatuM; dhaTanAonI anivAya AgekUcane te rokI zake ema nahetuM. 19mI sadInA vacagALAnA samayathI hiMdamAM yatrAdyogane AraMbha thavA lAgyo. baMgALamAM briTiza mUDIthI zaNanA udyoga zarU thayA. relavenA Agamane AAdyoganI khilavaNImAM madada karI ane 1880nI sAla pachI hiMdunI mUDIthI muMbaI tathA amadAvAdamAM sUtaranI mile zarU thaI. pachIthI khANanA udyoga zarU thayA. sUtaranI milA bAda karatAM A mada udyogIkaraNa mukhyatve karIne paradezI mUDIthI thayuM. ane A badhuM sarakAranI uparavaTa jaIne thavA pAmyuM hatuM. sarakAra tA 'lejhe phaeNra'nI nItinI eTale ke, dareka vastune ApameLe khIlavA devAnI vAta karatI hatI ane kahetI hatI ke khAnagI sAhasanI vacce te paDI zake nahi. 18mI tathA 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM jyAre hiMdatA vepAra iMgleMDanA vepAranA harIph banyA tyAre hiMdI mAla upara

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732 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzona < bhAre jakAta nAkhIne tathA te kharIdavAnI manA karIne briTiza sarakAre iMglaMDamAM hiMdanA vepArane cagadI nAkhyA. A rIte sauthI mAkhare AvyA pachI leke phaeNra'nI nItinI vAto karavAnuM tene phAvatuM paDayuM. vAta to ema che ke te e bAbatamAM mAtra udAsInatAnI ja vRtti rAkhatA hatA ema nathI. ethI AgaLa jaIne temaNe tA hiMdanA udyogo upara ane khAsa karIne muMbaI tathA amadAvAdanA khIlatA jatA sutarAu kApaDanA udyoga upara TADhuM pANI chAMTayuM. hiMdanI A milAmAM utpanna thatA mAla upara kara athavA vere nAMkhavAmAM AvyA. e kara sutarAu mAla uparanI mulaka jakAtane nAme oLakhAtA hatA. A mulakI jakAtanA hetu laeN kezAyaranA sutarAu kApaDane sahAya karavAnA hatA ke jethI te hiMdamAM hiMdanA sutarAu kApaDa sAthenI harIphAImAM UbhuM rahI zake. peAtAnA udyogone rakSaNa ApavA athavA to nANAM UbhAM karavA mATe lagabhaga badhA ja deze| amuka amuka videzI mAla upara jakAta nAkhe che. paraMtu hiMdamAM te aMgrejoe eka asAdhAraNa ane avanavI vastune amala karyAM! temaNe te khuda hiMdamAM pedA thayelI vastu upara ja jakAta nAkhI ! tenI sAme bhAre caLavaLa calAvavAmAM AvI chatAMye sutarAu kApaDa uparanI mulakI jakAta cheka hamaNAM sudhI cAlu rahI hatI. A rIte sarakArano virodha hovA chatAMye hiMdamAM dhIme dhIme Adhunika udyogadhaMdhA khIlavA lAgyA. hiMdanA dhanikavarga audyogika khilavaNIne mATe nipratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre pAkAra karavA lAgyA. mArA dhAravA pramANe sarakAre cheka 1905nI sAlamAM vepAra ane udyoganuM khAtuM zarU karyuM. paraMtu A khAtuM khAlavA chatAMye mahAyuddha thayuM tyAM sudhI teNe kazuM kAma karyuM nahi. udyogAnA vikAsa thavAne lIdhe zaherAnAM kArakhAnAMomAM kAma karanArA audyogika majUrAne varga UbhA thayA. jete viSe huM AgaLa kahI gayA chuM te jamIna uparanA dabANa tathA gAmaDAMonI ardha-dukALanA jevI paristhitine kAraNe dhaNA grAmavAsIone A kArakhAnAMomAM tathA baMgALa ane bihAranA me!TAmeTA bagIcAmAM majUrI karavA javAnI karaja paDI. jamIna uparanA e khANane kAraNe dhaNA lAkA paradeza javAne paNa prerAyA, kemake tyAM temane sArI majUrI maLaze ema temane kahevAmAM AvyuM hatuM. khAsa karIne ghaNAkharA lAkA dakSiNa AphrikA, phIjI, mArIzyasa ane sileAna gayA. paraMtu A pheraphArathI majUrone jhAjho lAbha maLyo nahi. keTalAka dezomAM te A majUrA pratye gulAmAnA jevA vartAva rAkhavAmAM AvyA. AsAmanAM cAnA bagIcAomAM paNa temanI sthiti ethI sArI naheAtI. nAsIpAsa ane nirutsAhita thaI ne dhaNAoe te bagIcA chADIne potAne gAma pAchA pharavAnI icchA karI paraMtu vadhAre jamIna na hovAthI tyAM AgaLa kAI temanA bhAva pUche ema nahetuM.

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733 hiMda para aMgrejonuM zAsana kArakhAnAmAM kAma karanArA majUrone paNa tarata ja samajAI gayuM ke temane majUrI thoDI vadhAre maLatI hatI e kharuM, paNa tethI emane jhAjho lAbha thAya ema nahotuM. zaheramAM dareka vastu meMghI hatI; ane tyAM AgaLa ekaMdare jIvananirvAhane kharaca ghaNo vadhAre thatuM hatuM. temanA vasavATanI jagyA atizaya kharAba hatI ane temane taMdurastIne hAnikAraka evAM gaMdAM, bhejavALAM ane aMdhAriyAM gholakAMomAM rahevuM paDatuM hatuM. kArakhAnAmAM je paristhitimAM temane kAma karavAnuM hatuM te paNa atizaya kharAba hatI. gAmaDAMomAM ghaNI vAra temane bhUkhe maravuM paDatuM hatuM e kharuM, paraMtu tAjI havA ane sUryane prakAza te tyAM temane pUrastA pramANamAM maLatAM hatAM. kArakhAnAnA majUrane tAjI havA te maLatI ja nahi ane sUryane prakAza paNa temane bahu ocho maLato. vaLI temane maLatI majUrI zaheranI meMghavArImAM udaranirvAha calAvavA mATe pUratI nahotI. strIo tema ja bALakone paNa kalAkonA kalAka sudhI kAma karavuM paDatuM. nAnAM bALakanI mAtA kAmamAM khalela na paDe eTalA khAtara potAnAM bALakone aphINa ke ghena caDAve evA bIjA padArtho khavaDAvatI. AvI kharAba paristhitimAM audyogika majUrone kArakhAnAMomAM kAma karavuM paDatuM hatuM. teo atizaya duHkhI hatA ane temanAmAM asaMtoSa vadhavA lAge. atizaya nAsIpAsa thaIne keTalIka vAra teo haDatAla pADatA. paraMtu teo durbaLa ane pacA hatA ane temane kAma ApanAra kArakhAnAnA zrImaMta mAlike temane sahelAIthI kacerI nAkhatA. emAM e mAlikone ghaNI vAra sarakAranI sahAya paNa maLatI. aneka kaDavA anubhavo pachI dhIme dhIme majUro aMdhakAryanuM mahattva samajyA. temaNe majUra mahAjane bAMdhyAM. A bhUtakALanI sthitinuM varNana che ema mAnI laIza nahi. hiMdamAM majUronI hAlatamAM kaMIka sudhAro thayo che kharo, garIba bIcArA majUrane sahejasAja rakSaNa ApanArA kAyadAo paNa pasAra karavAmAM AvyA che. Ama chatAMye kAnapura, muMbaI ke jyAM AgaLa kArakhAnAMo heya eve bIje kaI sthaLe jaIne majUronAM ghare jaIne Aje paNa tane kamakamATI Avaze. A patramAM tema ja bIjA patromAM meM tane hiMdanA aMgrejo tathA hiMdamAMnI briTiza sarakAra vize lakhyuM che. e sarakAra kevA prakAranI hatI ane te kevI rIte kArya karatI hatI ? zarUAtamAM isTa inDiyA kaMpanI zAsana karatI hatI paraMtu tenI pAchaLa briTiza pArlAmenTa hatI. 1857nA mahAna viNava pachI briTiza pArlAmenTa sattA pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhI ane pachIthI aMgreja rAjA athavA kaho ke rANI -kemake te vakhate iMglaMDanI gAdI upara rANI hatI - kesare hiMda banI. hiMdamAM saunI upara gavarnara janarala hatuM je vAIsaroya athavA rAjAne pratinidhi paNa bace.

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774 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane tenI nIce bIjA saMkhyAbaMdha adhikArIo hatA. hiMdanA vatteoche aMze Aje che tevA vibhAge pADavAmAM AvyA ane e vibhAganA moTA meTA prAMti tathA dezI rAjya banyAM. dezI rAjyanA amala nIcenAM rAjya ardha svataMtra manAtAM hatAM. paraMtu vastutAe e badhAM saMpUrNapaNe aMgrejonA tAbA nIce hatAM. dareka mATe dezI rAjyamAM eka aMgreja adhikArI rahe. e resiDanTa tarIke oLakhAta ane sAmAnyapaNe rAjyavahIvaTa upara tene kAbU rahe. rAjyanA AMtarika sudhArAmAM tene rasa nahotuM ane rAjyataMtra game eTaluM kharAba ane jarIpurANuM hoya enI tene jhAjhI paravA nahotI. rAjyamAM briTiza sattAne majabUta banAvavAmAM ja mAtra tene rasa hate. lagabhaga hiMdustAnane trIjo bhAga AvAM rAjyamAM vaheMcAyeluM hatuM. bAkIne betRtIyAMza bhAga briTiza sarakAranI sIdhI hakUmata nIce hato. ethI karIne A betRtIyAMza bhAga briTiza hiMda kahevAyo. briTiza hiMdanA UMcA darajajAnA badhA adhikArIo kevaLa aMgrejo ja hatA. 19mI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM gaNyAgAMThyA hiMdIo emAM dAkhala thayA. Ama chatAMye badhI sattA te aMgrejonA hAthamAM ja hatI. hajI Aje paNa ema ja che. lazkarI adhikArIo sivAyanA ucca darajjAnA amaladAre jene "InDiyana sivila sarvisa' (hiMdI sanaMdI nekarI) kahevAmAM Ave che tenA sabhya hatA. Ama hiMdanA AkhA rAjyataMtra upara A inDiyana sivila sarvisano kAbU hatuM. A rItanI eTale ke jemAM eka amaladAra bIjAnI nimaNUka kare ane te pitAnA kArya mATe prajAne javAbadAra hoya nahi evI amaladAronI banelI sarakAra karazAhI' kahevAya che. A AI. sI. esa. athavA InDiyana sivila sarvisanA amaladAre viSe ghaNuM ghaNuM ApaNA sAMbhaLavAmAM Ave che. e ajaba prakAranA leke che. keTalIka bAbatomAM teo kAryakuzaLa che. temaNe rAjyataMtra saMgaThita karyuM, briTiza hakUmata majabUta karI ane sAthe sAthe temaNe emAMthI sArI peThe phAyado paNa uThAvyo. briTiza hakUmatane daDhamUla karanArAM tathA karaverA ugharAvanArAM badhAM khAtAM temaNe sArI peThe saMgaThita karyA. bIjAM khAtAMonI avagaNanA karavAmAM AvI. prajA temanI nimaNUka karatI nahotI tema ja teo prajAne javAbadAra nahatA eTale prajA sAthe gADha saMbaMdha hate evAM khAtAMo upara temaNe jhAjhuM lakSa na ApyuM. A saMjogomAM teo ahaMkArI, tuMDamijAjI ane lekamatane viSe tucchakAra rAkhanArA thAya e svAbhAvika hatuM. teonuM dRSTibiMdu saMkucita ane maryAdita hatuM eTale teo pitAne duniyAmAM sauthI vadhAre samajadAra mAnavA lAgyA. pitAnI nokarInuM hita e ja emane mana hiMdustAnanuM hita hatuM. ApasamAM ekabIjAnI prazaMsA karanAruM temanuM eka maMDaLa banI

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hida para aMgrejonuM zAsana 735 gayuM ane teo niraMtara ekabIjAnI stuti karavA lAgyA. niraMkuza sattA ane adhikAranuM anivArya rIte A ja pariNAma Ave che. AI. sI. esa. amaladAro lagabhaga hiMdanA svAmI banI gayA. briTiza pArlAmenTa eTalI badhI dUra hatI ke te kazI dakhala karI zake ema nahotuM; vaLI ene vacce paDavAne prasaMga Avato ja nahi kemake, A amaladAre tenuM tathA briTiza udyogonuM hita barAbara sAcavatA hatA. hiMdanI prajAnuM hita karavAnI bAbatamAM te temanA upara saMgIna asara karavAne kaI upAya nahotuM. teo eTalA badhA asahiSaNa hatA ke, temanAM kAryonI jarA sarakhI TIkAthI paNa teo chaMcheDAI paDatA. ane Ama chatAMye hiMdI sanaMdI nokarImAM ghaNA pramANika, bhalA ane kAryakuzaLa mANaso hatA. paNa jemAM hiMdustAna kheMcAtuM hatuM te rAjanItinA pravAhane teo badalI ke pAchI vALI zake ema nahotuM. Akhare te A siviliyane jemane hiMdanA zeSaNamAM svArtha hote te iMglaMDanA Arthika ane audyogika hitena ADatiyA hatA. hiMdanI A nokarazAhI sarakAra pitAnA tema ja briTiza udyogonA hitanI bAbatamAM kAryadakSa ane kuzaLa banI. paraMtu keLavaNI, IspitAle, saphAI tathA prajAne taMdurasta ane pragatizIla banAvanArI bIjI aneka pravRttionI bAbatamAM durlakSa dAkhavavAmAM AvyuM. ghaNAM varaso sudhI A bAbate viSe vicAra sarakho paNa karavAmAM na AvyuM. asalanI gAmaThI nizALo baMdha paDI gaI. tyAra pachI dhIreAte ane kacavAte mane e dizAmAM kaMIka AraMbha thayo. paraMtu keLavaNInI bAbatamAM thayelI A zarUAta paNa temanI jarUriyAtane pahoMcI vaLavAne khAtara ja karavAmAM AvI hatI. moTA-moTA heddAo upara te aMgrejo ja hatA paraMtu nAnA nAnA hoddAo ane kArakunanI jagyAo te teo pUrI * zake ema nahatuM e sAva spaSTa che. temane kArakunonI jarUra paDI ane evA kArakuno utpanna karavA mATe ja aMgrejoe prathama zALAo ane pachIthI kaleje kADhI hatI. e samayathI mAMDIne Aja sudhI hiMdamAM keLavaNIne pradhAna hetu e ja rahyo che; ane enI moTA bhAganI pedAza mAtra kArakuna banavAnI ja yogyatA dharAve che. paraMtu sarakArane tathA bIjI kacerIone kArakunonI jarUra hatI tenA karatAM temanI saMkhyA thaDA ja vakhatamAM vadhI gaI. eTale emAMnA ghaNuM kAmadhaMdhA vinAnA rahyA ane temane keLavAyelA bekArone eka navo varga pedA thayo. A navI aMgrejI keLavaNI levAmAM baMgALa pahela karI ane tethI karIne zarUAtanA kArakuna moTe bhAge baMgALIo hatA. 1857nI sAlamAM muMbaI kalakattA ane madrAsamAM traNa navI yunivarsiTIo sthApavAmAM AvI. eka lakSamAM levA jevI hakIkata e che ke musalamAno A navI keLavaNI tarapha jhAjhA

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736 . jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AkarSAyA nahotA. ethI karIne A kArakunanI sarakArI nokarInI harIphAImAM teo pAchaLa rahI gayA. pAchaLanA vakhatamAM A temanI eka phariyAda thaI paDI. bIjI eka dhyAnamAM levA jevI hakIkata e che ke, jyAre sarakAre keLavaNIne AraMbha karyo tyAre paNa kanyAo pratye e bAbatamAM saMpUrNa durlakSa rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. AmAM Azcarya pAmavA jevuM kazuM nathI. keLavaNIne prabaMdha kArakane pedA karavA mATe karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane temane puruSa kArakunanI jarUra hatI; ane te samayanI jarIpurANI sAmAjika rUDhione kAraNe puruSa kArakuno ja maLI zake ema hatuM. ethI karIne bAlikAo pratye saMpUrNa bedarakArI rAkhavAmAM AvI ane bahu ja lAMbA samaya bAda e dizAmAM theDI zarUAta karavAmAM AvI. 113. hiMdanuM punarutthAna 7 Disembara, 1932 hiMdamAM briTiza amalane daDhIbhUta karavAmAM AvyA te viSe tathA je nItie ApaNI prajAne garIbAI ane duHkhamAM DubADI dIdhI te viSe huM tane kahI gayo chuM. ethI dezamAM zAMti jarUra sthapAI tema ja vyavasthita rAjyataMtra paNa sthapAyuM ane megala sAmrAjya paDI bhAgyA pachI dezamAM je avyavasthA ane aMdhera pravatyu hatuM tene mukAbale e baMne vastu vadhAvI levA jevI hatI. ceraDAku tathA lUMTArAonI saMgati TeLIone dabAvI devAmAM AvI. paraMtu A navA AdhipatyanA bejA nIce pisAtA, khetaramAM tema ja kArakhAnAMomAM kAma karatA majUrone e zAMti ane vyavasthA kazA khapanI nahotI. paNa mAre tane pharIthI yAda ApavuM joIe ke ene mATe koI deza athavA tenI prajA - IgleMDa athavA aMgrejo - upara krodha karavo e narI bevakUphI che. ApaNI peThe ja teo paNa saMjAgene vaza thayA che. ItihAsanA ApaNA abhyAse ApaNane darzAvyuM che ke jIvanapravAha ghaNI vAra krara ane naThera thAya che. ene mATe uttejita thavuM ane kevaLa bIjA leke upara doSAropaNa karavuM e mUrkhAI che ane ethI kaze artha sarata nathI, garIbAI, duHkha ane zeSaNanAM kAraNo samajavA prayAsa kare ane tenuM nivAraNa karavAne mathavuM e enA karatAM vadhAre DahApaNabharyuM che. je ApaNe ema karavAmAM niSphaLa nIvaDIe ane ghaTanAonI kUcanI pAchaLa paDI jaIe te pachI enAM bUrAM pariNAmo bhogavyA vinA ApaNe chUTako nathI. hiMdustAna e rIte pAchaLa paDI gayuM hatuM. tenAmAM jaDatA AvI gaI tene samAja jarIpurANI paraMparAmAM niSTa thaI

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u9. * hiMdanuM punarutthAna gaye, tathA tenI samAjavyavasthA cetana ane zakti khoI beThI ane kuMThita banI gaI. A paristhitimAM hiMdane hADamArI veThavI paDe emAM kazuM Azcarya nathI. aMgrejo tenA e duHkhanA kAraNarUpa banyA. je e leke ahIM na AvyA hota to kadAca koI bIjI prajA emanA je bhAga bhajavata. paraMtu aMgrejone lIdhe hiMdane eka bhAre phAyado thayo che enI nA pADI zakAya ema nathI. temanA navA ane cetanavaMtA jIvananA AghAtathI hiMdustAna hacamacI UThayuM ane pariNAme ahIM rAjakIya ekatA ane rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA janmI. A Acake kaSTadAyI hatuM e kharuM, paraMtu ApaNA purANa deza ane prajAne kAyAkalpa karIne tene pharIthI tarUNa banAvavA mATe enI jarUra hatI. kArakune pedA karavAnA irAdAthI ApavAmAM AvatI aMgrejI keLavaNIe paNa hiMdIone pazcimanA Adhunika vicArono paricaya karAvyuM. A aMgrejI keLavaNuM pAmelAono eka navo varga zarU thavA lAgyuM. A varganI saMkhyA bahu alpa hatI ane AmajanatAthI te sAva aLage paDI gayo hate. Ama chatAMye bhaviSyamAM navI rASTrIya hilacAlamAM te AgaLa paDate bhAga levAno hato. A varga AraMbhamAM iMglaMDa tathA aMgreja prajAnA svAtaMtrya saMbaMdhI vicArene bhAre prazaMsaka hato. e samaye iMglaMDanA leke svAtaMtrya ane lekazAsananI bAbatamAM bahu vAta karatA hatA. paNa e te badhI goLa goLa vAta hatI. ane hiMdamAM IMgleMDa pitAnA lAbhane khAtara Apakhuda amala calAvI rahyuM hatuM. paraMtu atizaya zraddhApUrvaka evI AzA sevavAmAM AvatI hatI ke yogya samaye iMgleMDa hiMdane svataMtratA ApI deze. pAzcAtya vicAroe hiMda upara karelA AghAtanI thoDe aMze hiMdu dharma upara paNa asara thavA pAmI. AmajanatA to enAthI askRSTa ja rahI ane huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM tema, aMgreja sarakAranI nItie dharmajaDa lekane sakriya uttejana ApyuM. paraMtu sarakArI kare tathA dhaMdhAdArI lekono je nava varga pedA thayo tene enI asara thavA pAmI. 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM pazcimanI Dhabe hiMdu dharmamAM sudhAro karavAno prayAsa baMgALamAM thayo. bezaka, bhUtakALamAM hiMdustAnamAM asaMkhya sudhAraka thaI gayA che ane A patramAM temAMnA keTalAkane meM avAranavAra ullekha paNa karyo che. paraMtu A na prayAsa cokkasapaNe khristI dharma ane pAzcAtya vicAronI asarane pariNAme thayuM hatuM. A prayAsa karanAra rAjA rAmamohanarAya hatA. te eka mahApuruSa ane bhAre vidvAna hatA. satI thavAno cAla baMdha karavAnA saMbaMdhamAM ApaNe temanA nAmane AgaLa paricaya karyo hate. te. saMskRta, arabI ane bIjI ghaNI bhASAo sArI rIte jANatA hatA ane bhinnabhinna dharmone temaNe kALajIpUrvaka abhyAsa karyo hate. dhArmika kriyAkAMDa, pUjA ane evI bIjI

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738 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vastuo sAme temaNe virodha uThAvyo ane samAjasudhAra tathA strIonI keLavaNInI himAyata karI. temaNe sthApele saMdha "brAhmasamAja'nA nAmathI oLakhAya che. saMkhyAnI dRSTie te e nAnI saMsthA hatI ane Aje paNa nAnI ja rahI che tathA e baMgALanA aMgrejI jANanArA vargamAM ja maryAdita rahI che. paraMtu baMgALanA jIvana upara eNe bhAre asara karI che. TAgora kuTuMbe ene aMgIkAra karyo ane maharSi tarIke oLakhAtA kavi ravIndranAthanA pitA devendranAtha TAgora lAMbA vakhata sudhI e samAjanA AdhArastaMbha hatA. kezavacaMdrasena e samAjanA bIjA AgevAna sabhya hatA. sadInA pAchallA bhAgamAM dhArmika sudhArAnI bIjI caLavaLa zarU thaI. e caLavaLa paMjAbamAM thaI ane svAmI dayAnaMda sarasvatI enA pravartaka hatA. "AryasamAja' nAmane eka bIjo saMgha zarU thayuM. AryasamAje paNa hiMdudharmamAM pAchaLathI dAkhala thayelAM ghaNuM tane tyAga karyo ane nyAtajAtanA vADAonI sAme jehAda pikArI. "veda tarapha pAchA vaLo' e temanI ghoSaNA hatI. IslAma ane khristI dharmanA vicAronI asarane pariNAme udbhavelI e dharmasudhAraNAnI caLavaLa hatI e nirvivAda che. paraMtu tatvataH e uddAma ane jezIlI caLavaLa hatI. enuM vicitra pariNAma e AvyuM ke, AryasamAja, je ghaNuM karIne badhA hiMdu dharmanA badhA saMpradAyamAM islAmanI sauthI vadhAre najadIka hatuM te IslAmane pratispardhA ane virodhI bane. bacAvanI nIti akhatyAra karIne beThelA niSkriya hiMdu dharmane AkramaNAtmaka mizanarI dharma banAvavAne e prayAsa hato. hiMdu dharmane punaruddhAra karavAnuM tenuM dhyeya hatuM. temAM rahelA rASTrIyatAnA tatvane lIdhe e caLavaLane thoDuM baLa maLyuM. kharI rIte e caLavaLa dvArA hiMdu rASTrIyatA pitAnuM mAthuM UMcuM karI rahI hatI. ane e hiMdu rASTrIyatA hatI e ja kAraNe te bhAratIya athavA hiMdI rASTrIyatA na banI zakI. brAhmasamAjane mukAbale AryasamAjano phelAvo vadhAre thaye. khAsa karIne paMjAbamAM te vadhAre prasaryo. paraMtu pradhAnapaNe tene phelAve madhyama vargamAM ja maryAdita hatuM. AryasamAje keLavaNInA kSetramAM ghaNuM kArya karyuM che ane teNe chokarAo tathA chokarIo ubhaya mATe ghaNI zALAo ane kaoNlejo kADhI che. rAmakRSNa paramahaMsa e sadInA bIjA eka asAdhAraNa ane dhArmika puruSa hatA. paraMtu A patramAM meM jemano ullekha karyo che temanAthI e sAva bhinna hatA. sudhArAne mATe koI uddAma valaNavALo saMgha ke samAja temaNe kADhayo nahi. temaNe te sevA upara vadhAre bhAra mUkyo ane rAmakRSNa sevAzrama, hiMdanA ghaNA bhAgomAM garIba ane nabaLAMonI sevAnI e paraMparA cAlu rAkhI rahyA che. rAmakRSNanA suprasiddha ziSya svAmI vivekAnaMde bhAre dhagazathI

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739 hiMdanuM punarutthAna , pitAnI bhAvavAhI vANumAM rASTrIyatAnA maMtrane pracAra karyo. temane e rASTrIyatAno pracAra koI paNa rIte musalamAna vidhI athavA bIjA keIna paNa virodhI nahe. tema ja te AryasamAjanA jevI kaMIka saMkucita rASTrIyatA paNa nahotI. Ama chatAMye vivekAnaMdanI rASTrIyatA e hiMdu rASTrIyatA hatI ane tenAM mULa hiMdu dharma tathA hiMdu saMskRtimAM rahelAM hatAM. Ama eka vastu khAsa lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che ke, 19mI sadImAM AvelI rASTrIyatAnI AraMbhanI bharatIonuM svarUpa dhArmika ane hiMdu hatuM. musalamAne svAbhAvika rIte ja A hiMdu rASTrIyatAmAM kaze bhAga laI zake ema nahotuM. teo enAthI aLagA rahyA. aMgrejI keLavaNIthI paNa teo aLagA rahyA hovAthI navA vicAronI temanA upara asara thavA pAmI nahotI. pariNAme temanAmAM bauddhika saMbha paNa bahu ochA thayo. ghaNuM dazakAo pachI teo potAnA kavacanI bahAra nIkaLavA lAgyA ane tyAre hiMduonI peThe temanI rASTrIyatAe muslima rASTrIyatAnuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. e rASTrIyatA preraNA mATe IslAmI paraMparA ane saMskRti tarapha najara karatI hatI ane hiMdu bahumatIne kAraNe e baMne vastuo gumAvI besavAno tene bhaya lAgatuM hatuM. paraMtu A muslima caLavaLa bahu pAchaLathI eTale ke 19mI sadInI cheka chevaTamAM prakTa thaI bIjI eka lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI bAbata e che ke, sudhArAnI ane pragativAdI A hiMdu tathA muslima caLavaLee pitapatAnA purANuM dhArmika khyAle ane rUDhione banI zake tyAM sudhI pazcimanA deza pAsethI meLavelA navA vaijJAnika ane rAjakIya vicAre sAthe meLa besADavA prayAsa karyo. teo A purANuM khyAla ane rUDhione nirbhayatAthI sAmano karavA ke temane kasI jevA taiyAra nahotA. tema ja vijJAnanI navI navI zodhe tathA temanI AsapAsa UbhI thayelI navA sAmAjika ane rAjakIya vicAranI duniyAnI paNa teo upekSA karI zake ema nahotuM. ethI karIne badhA Adhunika vicAranAM mULa pitAnAM purANuM dharmapustakamAM che ema darzAvavAno prayAsa karIne temaNe e baMnene meLa besADavAno prayatna Adaryo. paraMtu e prayAsa niSphaLa nIvaDyA vinA rahe ema nahotuM. eNe te mAtra lekene nirbhayapaNe vicAra karatA rokyA. duniyAmAM parivartana karI rahelAM navAM baLo ane vicArane samajavAne tathA nirbhayatAthI vicAra karavAne badale teo purANI rUDhi tathA paraMparAnA bejA nIce pIDAtA hatA. sAme dRSTi rAkhIne AgaLa kUca karavAne badale cupakIdIthI Akho vakhata teo pAchaLa najara karyA karatA hatA. jo koI hamezAM potAnuM mAthuM pITha tarapha pheraveluM rAkhe ane pAchaLa joyA kare che tenAthI sahelAIthI AgaLa vadhatuM nathI. e rIte te te ThakarAI paDavAne ane tenI garadana dukhI javAnI !

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740 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana zaheromAM dhIme dhIme aMgrejI keLavaNI pAmela varga vadhate gayo ane e ja arasAmAM vakIla, dAktara vagere dhaMdhAdArIo tathA vepArI ane sodAgarane banela no madhyama varga paNa Ubho thayo. bhUtakALamAM paNa, bezaka, ahIMyAM madhyama varga hatuM, paraMtu aMgrejonI AraMbhakALanI rAjanItithI te meTe bhAge kacarAI gayo hate. na "bUjhevA" athavA madhyama varga e te briTiza hakUmatanI pedAza hatI ane eka rIte te e hakUmata upara chavanAra Azrita varga hate. AmajanatAnA zoSaNamAM thoDe aMze tenI bhAgIdArI hatI; aMgreja zAsakavarganA umadA khAnapAnathI khIcokhIca bharelA Tebala uparathI nIce paDatA TukaDAo paNa tene maLatA hatA. emAM briTiza rAjavahIvaTa calAvavAmAM madada karanArA nAnA nAnA sarakArI amaladAro hatA; adAlatanA kAmamAM madada karanArA ane keraTabAjIthI tavaMgara thanArA ghaNA vakIla hatA tathA naphe ke kamizanane khAtara briTiza mAla vecanArA briTiza vepAra ane udyogonA ADatiyA banelA vepArIo hatA. A navA madhyama vargamAM moTA bhAganA le ke hiMduo hatA. musalamAnone mukAbale temanI Arthika sthiti kaMIka sArI hatI tathA sarakArI nokarI ane vakIlAtanA ane evA bIjA dhaMdhAone mATe paravAnA samAna aMgrejI keLavaNI temaNe lIdhI hatI ene lIdhe Ama banavA pAmyuM hatuM. sAmAnya rIte musalamAne garIba hatA. aMgrejoe hiMdanA udyogane nAza karyo ene lIdhe je vaNakaro bekAra banyA hatA temAMnA ghaNAkharA musalamAna hatA. jyAM AgaLa bIjA prAMte karatAM temanI vasatI vadhAre che te baMgALamAM teo garIba sAthiyAo athavA te bahu thoDI jamIna dharAvanArA kheDUta hatA. sAmAnya rIte jamInadAra hiMdu hatuM tema ja gAmaDAMmAM zAhukAruM karanAra tathA dukAna calAvanAra vANiyo paNa hiMdu hatuM. Ama jamInadAra tema ja vANiyo sAMthiyA kheDUtone pIDavA ane cUsavAnI sthitimAM hatA ane temaNe potAnI e sthitine pUrepUro lAbha uThAvyo. A hakIkata barAbara lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che kemake hiMdu ane musalamAne vaccenA vaimanasyanuM mULa kAraNa e che. e ja rIte ucca varNanA hiMduoe, khAsa karIne dakSiNa hiMdamAM jeo dalita varga tarIke oLakhAtA hatA ane jeo moTe bhAge khetaromAM majUrI karanAra majUre hatA temanuM zoSaNa karyuM. hamaNAM hamaNuM ane khAsa karIne bApujInA upavAsa pachI dalita vargane prazna ApaNI sAme khAsa karIne khaDo thayo che. aspRzyatA upara Aje cAre bAjuthI humalo thaI rahyo che ane seMkaDe maMdiranAM tathA bIjAM sthAnonAM dvAra e vargane mATe khullAM karavAmAM AvyAM che. paNa e praznanA pAyAmAM te A Arthika zeSaNa raheluM che ane enuM nivAraNa jo na karavAmAM Ave te dalita varga dalita ja rahevAne.

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hiMdanuM punarutthAna 741 aspRzya khetInI majUrI karanAra dAsa varganA loko rahyA che ane temane jamInanA mAlika banavA devAmAM AvyA nathI. aspRzyonI bIjI paNa aneka pratikULatAo che. jo ke ekaMdare AkhuM hiMda tema ja AmajanatA divase divase garIba thatI gaI paraMtu A navA madhyama varganA mUThIbhara leke kaMIka aMze AbAda thayA; kemake dezanA zeSaNamAM temaNe bhAga paDAvyA che. vakIle tema ja bIjA evA dhaMdhAdArI leke ane vepArIoe thoDeghaNe aMze paiso ekaTho karyo. tenA vyAjamAMthI Avaka thAya eTalA mATe teo e nANAMnuM rokANa karavA mAgatA hatA. emAMnA keTalAke e garIba banI gayelA jamInadAra pAsethI jamIna kharIdI ane Ama pite jamInadAra banyA. iMglaMDanA udyogonI AzcaryakAraka samRddhi nihALIne bIjA keTalAka hiMdanA kArakhAnAMomAM pitAnA paisAnuM rokANa karavA prerAyA. ethI karIne hiMdanI mUDI A pracaMDa yaMtravALAM kArakhAnAMomAM rokAI ane hiMdamAM audyogika mUDIdArane varga UbhuM thavA lAgyo. AnI zarUAta 50 varasa pUrve 1880nI sAla pachI thaI. A mUDIdAra madhyamavarga vadhato gayo tema tema tenI bhUkha paNa vadhatI gaI. e varganA leke AgaLa vadhavA mAgatA hatA, temane vadhAre paisA kamAvA hatA, sarakArI nokarImAM temane vadhAre jagyAe joItI hatI ane navAM kArakhAnAMo UbhAM karavA mATe vadhAre sagavaDa ane anukULatA meLavavI hatI. aMgrejo temanA mArgamAM hareka rIte vidhra karatA jaNAyA. sarakArI nokarImAM badhI meTI moTI jagyAone temaNe ijA laI lIdhuM hatuM ane udyogo to aMgrejonA phAyadAne khAtara ja calAvavAmAM AvatA hatA. AthI temaNe enI sAme caLavaLa zarU karI ane navI rASTrIya caLavaLano e rIte AraMbha thaye. 1857ne viplava thayo ane tene kUrapaNe kacarI nAkhavAmAM Avyo tyAra pachI leke eTalA badhA dabAI gayA ane hiMmata hArI beThA ke teo kaI paNa AMdolana ke prabaLa caLavaLa karI zake ema nahotuM. temanAMmAM pharIthI cetana AvatAM bahu varasa lAgyAM. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM dezamAM rASTrIya vicArono phelAvo thavA lAgyo ane baMgALe emAM AgevAnI lIdhI. baMgALImAM navAM pustako bahAra paDavA lAgyAM ane temaNe baMgALI bhASA tema ja rASTravAdanA vikAsamAM bhAre phALo Ape. baMkimacaDhe lakhelA "AnaMdamaTha' nAmanA eka AvA ja pustakamAM vaMde mAtarama'nuM ApaNuM suprasiddha rASTragIta Ave che. "nIladarpaNa" nAmanA eka baMgALI nATake bhAre khaLabhaLATa macAvyo hato. emAM bagIcApaddhatithI cAlatI gaLInI khetImAM baMgALanA kheDUtone veThavI paDatI hADamArIo

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742 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane temanI yAtanAonuM hRdayadrAvaka varNana karavAmAM AvyuM che. A gaLInI khetInA bagIcAo viSe huM AgaLa tane thADu kahI gayA chuM. daramiyAna hiMdI mUDInuM prabhutva paNa vadhatuM gayuM ane te potAnI pravRtti mATe vadhAre ne vadhAre mokaLAzanI mAgaNI karavA lAgI. Akhare 1885nI sAlamAM navA pedA thayelA madhyama varganAM A badhAM vividha tattvAe peAtAnA dhyeyanI himAyata karavAne mATe potAnI eka saMsthA zarU karavAnA saMkalpa karyAM. A rIte 1885nI sAlamAM hiMdI rASTrIya mahAsabhAnI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. tuM tema ja hiMdanAM badhAM khALA sArI rIte jANe che ke, e saMsthA hamaNAM thoDAM varasAthI eka mahAna ane baLavAna sasthA banI gaI che. Ama janatAnA hitanI laData teNe upADI'lIdhI ane kaMika a Mze te tenI bheru banI. teNe dimAMnI briTiza hukUmatanA khuda pAyA sAme paDakAra karyAM ane tenI viruddha mATI meATI sAmudAyika caLavaLA calAvI. teNe svAtaMtryanA vAvaTA kAvyA ane muktine mATe te vIratAthI jhUjhI, tathA Aje paNa te e laData calAvI rahI che. paNa A badhA tA pAchaLanA samayanA itihAsa che. jyAre tenI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI tyAre te rASTrIya mahAsabhA atizaya narama vicAranI ane DarI DarIne pagaluM bharanArI saMsthA hatI. aMgrejo pratye te potAnI vaphAdArI darzAvatI hatI tathA temanI pAse bahu ja vinayapUrNAMka najIvA sudhArAonI yAcanA karatI hatI. te zrImaMta madhyamavarganI ( khUjhavA) pratinidhi hatI; sAdhAraNa sthitinA madhyama vargane sudhdhAM temAM sthAna na hatuM. AmajanatAne -- kheDUtA ane majUrone te enI sAthe lavaleza saMbaMdha nahAtA. pradhAnapaNe te aMgrejI keLavaNI pAmelA vargAnI saMsthA hatI ane te potAnI kAryavAhI ApaNI sAvakI bhASA dvArA aMgrejI dvArA -- calAvatI. enI mAgaNI e jamInadAro, mUDIdAro ane nAkarI kheALatA keLavAyelA ekArAnI mAgaNI hatI. AmajanatAne pIsI rahelI garIbAI athavA to AmajanatAnI jarUriyAtA paratve niha jevuM ja lakSa ApavAmAM AvatuM. sarakArI nAkarInuM ' hiMdIkaraNa ' karavAnI eTale ke sarakArI nokarImAM aMgrejone badale hiMdIonuM pramANa vadhAravAnI mAgaNI te karatI hatI. teNe e na joyuM ke prajAnuM zeSaNa karI raheluM sarakArI taMtra e hiMdanuM aniSTa hatuM ane e taMtrane kabajo videzI pAse hoya ke hiMdIo pAse ethI emAM 'lavaleza phera paDe ema nahotuM. mahAsabhAnI bIjI riyAda e hatI ke briTiza amaladAre lazkarI tathA mulakI khAtAMomAM lakhalUTa kharca kare che tathA sAnuM ane cAMdI hiMdamAMthI IMgleMDa dhasaDAI jAya che. ArbhamAM rASTrIya mahAsabhA keTalA badhA narama valaNavALI saMsthA hatI e darzAvavAmAM huM tenI hAMsI karI rahyo chuM athavA tenuM mahattva ochuM

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hiMdanuM punarutthAna 743 AMkavAno prayatna karuM chuM ema na mAnI laIza. mAre e Azaya nathI kemake, e divasomAM mahAsabhAe tema ja tenA AgevAnoe bhAre kAma karyuM che ema huM mAnuM chuM. hiMdanA rAjakAraNanA viSama saMjogone laIne eka eka galuM AgaLa vadhIne vadhAre ne vadhAre uddAma nIti grahaNa karavAnI mahAsabhAne pharaja paDI. paraMtu tenI AraMbhanI kArakirdImAM te jevI hatI tenAthI anyathA te thaI zake ema nahotuM. ane e AraMbhanA divasomAM AgaLa vadhavA mATe tenA saMsthApakomAM bhAre vairyanI jarUra hatI. Aje jyAre lekasamudAya ApaNuM paDakhe che ane bahAdurIthI svataMtratAnI vAto karavA mATe te ApaNuM guNagAna karI rahyo hoya tyAre ema karavuM e bahu saheluM che. paraMtu koI paNa mahAna pravRtti zarU karavAmAM pahela karanAra agraNI thavuM e bahu muzkela hoya che. 1885nI sAlamAM muMbaImAM mahAsabhAnI pahelI beThaka maLI. baMgALanA vyomezacaMdra benarajI enA pahelA pramukha hatA. surendranAtha benarajI, baThuddIna taiyabajI tathA phirojazAha mahetA e te zarUAtanA jamAnAnA bIja AgevAna puruSa hatA. paraMtu dAdAbhAI navarojI e badhAmAM sarvoparI hatA. te hiMdanA dAdA" banyA tathA hiMdanA dhyeya tarIke "svarAja' zabdanI temaNe pahelavahelI ghoSaNuM karI. bIjI eka vyaktinA nAmane paNa huM ullekha karIza kemake mahAsabhAnA AraMbhakALanA AgevAnemAMthI ekalA te ja Aje hayAta che tathA temane te sArI peThe pichAne che. e vyakti te paMDita madanamohana mAlavIya. hiMdanuM dhyeya-prApta karavAne khAtara pacAsa karatAMye vadhAre varaso sudhI temaNe parizrama karyo che ane ghaDapaNa tathA ciMtAone kAraNe jarjarita thaI gayA hovA chatAM potAnI taruNa avasthAmAM sevelA svapnanI siddhine arthe hajI Aje paNa teo jhUjhI rahyA che. Ama mahAsabhA prativarSa AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhatI tathA uttarottara baLavAna banatI gaI. AraMbha kALanI hiMdu rASTrIyatAnI peThe tenI apIla saMkucita nahotI. Ama chatAMye pradhAnapaNe te hiMdu saMsthA hatI. keTalAka AgevAna musalamAne emAM joDAyA tema ja enA pramukha paNa banyA. paraMtu musalamAna lekasamudAya tenAthI aLago rahyo. sara saiyada ahamadakhAna e samayanA mahAna musalamAna netA hatA. temaNe joyuM ke keLavaNInA ane khAsa karIne Adhunika keLavaNInA abhAvathI musalamAnone bhAre hAni thaI che ane teo pachAta paDyA che. AthI temane lAgyuM ke rAjakAraNamAM mAthuM mAravA pahelAM temaNe musalamAnone A Adhunika keLavaNI levAne tathA tenA upara badhuM lakSa . kendrita karavAne samajAvavA joIe. AthI temaNe musalamAnone mahAsabhAthI rahevAnI salAha ApI tathA sarakAra sAthe sahakAra karyo ane

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744 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana alIgaDhamAM eka suMdara kaleja sthApI, je khIlIne pAchaLathI yunivarsiTImAM pariNamI. musalamAnanA moTA bhAge sara saiyadanI salAha mAnI ane teo mahAsabhAthI aLagA rahyA. paraMtu thoDA musalamAna hamezAM mahAsabhAnI sAthe ja rahyA che. huM koI paNa kAmanA meTA bhAganI ke nAnA bhAganI vAta karuM chuM tyAre mArA kahevAne bhAvArtha hiMdu ke musalamAnanA aMgrejI keLavaNI pAmelA upalA tharanA madhyama vargane moTo bhAga athavA nAno bhAga hoya che e vAta lakSamAM rAkhaje. hiMdu ke musalamAnanA AmasamudAyane te mahAsabhA sAthe kazI levAdevA nahotI ane e samaye tenuM nAma sudhdhAM temAMnA gaNyAgAMThayA mANasee sAMbhaLyuM haze. e samaye nIcalA tharanA madhyama varga upara - paNa tenI asara paDI nahatI. Ama mahAsabhAne vikAsa thato gayo paraMtu rASTrIyatAnA vicAre tathA svAtaMtrya mATenI jhaMkhanA te ethIye vizeSa tvarAthI vikasatAM gayAM. mahAsabhAnI apIlanuM kSetra svAbhAvika rIte ja maryAdita hatuM kemake temAM kevaLa aMgrejI jANanArA lokone ja samAveza thato hato. e vastuo bhinna bhinna prAMtine ekabIjAnI samIpa lAvavAmAM tathA badhAnuM sarvasAdhAraNa daSTibiMdu khIlavavAmAM kaMIka aMze madada karI. paraMtu AmajanatAnA aMtara sudhI eNe praveza na karyo hovAthI tenAmAM jhAjhuM sAmartha nahotuMmeM eka patramAM eziyA khaMDane halamalAvI mUkanAra eka ghaTanA viSe tane kahyuM hatuM. A ghaTanA te 1904-panI sAlamAM virATa raziyA upUra jApAne meLavela vijaya. eziyAnA bIjA dezanI peThe hiMda upara eTale ke hiMdanA keLavAyelA madhyama varga upara paNa enI bhAre asara thaI ane temane AtmavizvAsa vadhya. yuropanA eka sauthI baLavAna deza upara jApAna vijaya meLavI zake te pachI hiMda paNa tema kAM na karI zake? ghaNuM lAMbA samaya sudhI hiMdanA leke aMgrejone mukAbale pitAne tuccha athavA UtaratA mAnatA hatA. aMgrejonA lAMbA kALanA Adhipatya tathA 1857nA viplavanA ghAtakIpaNe karavAmAM AvelA damane temane rAMka banAvI diIdhA hatA. hathiyArabaMdhInA kAyadAthI temane hathiyAra rAkhatA aTakAvavAmAM AvyA hatA. hiMdamAM je kaMI banatuM te batAvIne teo parAdhIna tathA UtaratI prajA che evuM temane vAraMvAra smaraNa karAvavAmAM AvatuM. are, temane je keLavaNI ApavAmAM AvatI hatI teNe paNa temane UtaratApaNAnI athavA hInatAnI lAgaNIthI bharI dIdhA hatA. khoTA ane vikRta itihAse temane zIkhavyuM ke A dezane evI viSama paristhitimAMthI ugAravAne aMgrejo AvyA ane temaNe temAM sulehazAMti tathA AbAdI pravartAvyAM tyAM sudhI ahIM AgaLa hamezAM arAjaka ane aMdhera pravartatuM hatuM tathA hiMdu ane musalamAne ekabIjAnAM gaLAM reMsatA hatA. ItihAsa ke satya hakIkatanI lavaleza paravA karyA vinA yuropiyana eke

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hiMdanuM punarutthAna 745 kharekhara ema ja mAnatA hatA tathA jAhera paNa karatA hatA ke eziyA khaMDa pachAta che ane te yuropiyananA Adhipatya nIce rahevAne sarajAyele che. Ama jApAnane vijaya eziyA mATe bhAre protsAhaka nIvaDyo. ApaNAmAMnA moTA bhAganA lekamAM ghara karI beThelI hInatAnI athavA to UtaratApaNAnI bhAvanA eNe ochI karI. rASTrIya vicAre bahoLA vistAramAM, khAsa karIne baMgALa ane mahArASTramAM phelAyA. e ja arasAmAM eka evo banAva banyuM jeNe baMgALane tenA pAyAmAMthI hacamacAvI mUkyuM ane hiMdabharamAM bhAre khaLabhaLATa macAvya. aMgreja sarakAre baMgALanA mahAna prAMtane (e samaye bihArane paNa baMgALa prAMtamAM samAveza thato hata) be bhAgamAM vaheMcI nAkhyo; emAMno eka bhAga pUrva baMgALa hatA. baMgALanA uttarottara rASTravAdI banatA jatA madhyama varge tene virodha karyo. A rIte temanA bhAgalA pADIne aMgrejo temane kamajora banAvavA mAge che evI temane zaMkA paDI. pUrva baMgALamAM musalamAnonI vasatI vadhAre hatI eTale AvA bhAgalA pADavAthI hiMdu-muslima prazna paNa Ubho thaye. baMgALamAM briTiza vidhI eka prabaLa caLavaLa zarU thaI. moTA bhAganA jamInadAre e caLavaLamAM sAmela thayA ane e ja rIte hiMdI mUDIdAro paNa emAM joDAyA. e vakhate pahelavahelI svadezInI hAkala karavAmAM AvI ane enI sAthe briTiza mAlane bahiSkAra paNa pikAravAmAM Avya, ethI karIne bezaka hiMdI udyoga tathA mUDIne madada maLI. e caLavaLa amuka aMze AmajanatAmAM paNa prasarI ane amuka aMze teNe hiMdu dharmamAMthI preraNA meLavI. enI sAthe sAthe ja baMgALamAM krAMtikArI hiMsaka caLavaLane paNa AraMbha thayo. ane hiMdI rAjakAraNamAM baeNbe pahelavahelI dekhA dIdhI. araviMda ghoSa e baMgALanI caLavaLanA javalaMta netAomAMnA eka hatA. te hajI hayAta che paraMtu keTalAMka varasothI phreMca hiMdamAM AvelA paDIcerI zaheramAM rahe che ane nivRtta jIvana gALe che. - pazcima hiMdamAM AvelA mahArASTramAM paNa e vakhate bhAre khaLabhaLATa macI rahyo hato ane hiMdutvanA raMgathI raMgAyelI ugra rASTrIyatA tyAM AgaLa pharIthI sajIvana thaI rahI hatI. bALa gaMgAdhara tilaka nAmanA eka mahAna netA tyAM pedA thayA. hiMdabharamAM te lekamAnyanA nAmathI oLakhAya che. lekamAnya samartha paMDita hatA ane pUrva tema ja pazcima ubhayanI saMskRtinuM temane sarakhuM jJAna hatuM. vaLI te samartha mutsaddI paNa hatA. paraMtu A badhA uparAMta te mahAna lokanAyaka hatA. rASTrIya mahAsabhAnA AgevAne hajI sudhI aMgrejI keLavaNI pAmelA hiMdIone hAkala karatA hatA; AmajanatAne temane jhAjhe paricaya nahoto. paraMtu lekamAnya janatA sudhI pahoMcanAra ane tenI pAsethI baLa meLavanAra navabhAratanA pahelavahelA rAjakIya netA hatA. emanA"cetanavaMtA

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vyaktitve janatAmAM sAmartha ane aDaga hiMmatanAM navAM tattvo dAkhala karyA ane baMgALanI rASTrIyatA tathA balidAnanI navI bhAvanA sAthe e bhaLatAM eNe hiMdanA rAjakAraNanI sUrata badalI nAkhI. 1906, 1907 ane 1908nA A bhAre khaLabhaLATa ane uttejanAnA samaya daramyAna mahAsabhA zuM karI rahI hatI ? mahAsabhAnA AgevAne rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAnI jAgratine A kALe prajAne AgaLa daravaNuM ApavAne badale pAchaLa paDI gayA. teo te zAMta prakAranA ane jemAM AmajanatAne praveza mahetA evA rAjakAraNathI TevAyelA hatA. baMgALane javalaMta utsAha temane rUca nahatA tema ja lekamAnyamAM mUrtimaMta thayelI mahArASTranI navI aNanama bhAvanA sAthe paNa temane gehatuM nahotuM. svadezInI teo prazaMsA karatA hatA paraMtu briTiza mAlane bahiSkAra (yakeTa) karatAM teo acakAtA hatA. Ama mahAsabhAmAM be pakSe UbhA thayA - lekamAnya tathA baMgALanA keTalAka netAonA netRtva nIcene uddAma pakSa ane mahAsabhAnA jUnA netAonA netRtva nIce mavALa athavA vinIta pakSa. paraMtu gopALa kRSNa gokhale nAmanA eka taraNa vinItanA sauthI AgaLa paDatAM netA hatA. te bhAre bAhoza hatA ane temaNe pitAnuM AkhuM jIvana dezasevAmAM samarpaNa karyuM hatuM. gokhale paNa mahArASTrI hatA. lekamAnya ane gokhalee pitApitAnAM virodhI daLo sAthe ekabIjAne sAmane karyo ane 1907nI sAlamAM eNnivArya rIte mahAsabhAnI ekatAmAM bhaMgANa paDyuM ane temAM bhAgalA paDyA. vinIte mahAsabhA upara pitAne kAbU rAkhI rahyA ane uddAma pakSane temaNe temAMthI hAMkI kADhyo. vinIte jItyA te kharA, paraMtu ene lIdhe dezamAM temaNe pitAnI pratiSThA gumAvI, kemake lekamAnyane pakSa janatAmAM temanA karatAM anekagaNe lekapriya hate. pariNAme mahAsabhA nabaLI paDI ane thoDAM varasa sudhI dezamAM jene jhAjhe prabhAva rahyo nahi. ane e varasa daramyAna sarakAranI zI sthiti hatI? vikasatI jatI hiMdanI rASTrIyatA para teNe kevuM valaNa dAkhavyuM? pitAne racatI na hoya evI mAgaNI ke muddAne pahoMcI vaLavAnI sarakAra pAse mAtra eka ja rIta che - lAThIne upayega. eTale sarakAre damana zarU karyuM, lokone jelamAM dhakelyA, chApAMnA kAyadAo ghaDIne vartamAnapatrone dabAvyAM ane tene pasaMda na hoya evA mANasanI pALa saMkhyAbaMdha chUpI polIsa ane jAsUsa choDI mUkyA. e samayathI chUpI polIsanA mANaso hiMdanA AgevAna rAjadvArI puruSanA hamezanA sebatI banI gayA che. baMgALanA ghaNuM netAone kedanI sajA karavAmAM AvI. lekamAnyane muka sauthI vadhAre noMdhapAtra hatA. temane cha varasanI sajA karavAmAM AvI ane temaNe mAMDalenA pitAnA kArAvAsa daramyAna eka suprasiddha graMtha lakhyo. lAlA lAjapatarAyane paNa brahmadezamAM dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA.

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briTana cIna upara baLajabarIthI aphINa lAde che 747 paraMtu damana baMgALane dabAvI devAmAM saphaLa na thayuM. eTale kaMI nahi te thoDA lokone paNa TADhA pADavAne khAtara rAjavahIvaTamAM sudhAro karavAne TharAva utAvaLathI karavAmAM AvyuM. te samayanI nIti paNa te pachInA samayamAM hatI ane Ajeye che te pramANe rASTravAdIomAM phUTa pADavAnI hatI. vinItAne rIjhavIne potAnA pakSamAM levA ane uddAmavAdIone kacarI nAkhavA e sarakAranI nIti hatI. 1908nI sAlamAM "minTo-mela nAmathI oLakhAtA sudhArAonI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI. vinItone rIjhavavAmAM sarakAra A rIte saphaLa thaI teo enAthI khuza khuza thaI gayA. uddAmavAdIone netA jelamAM hatuM eTale teone jusso narama paDI gayo hato ane rASTrIya caLavaLa nabaLI paDI gaI Ama chatAM paNa baMgALamAM bhAgalA sAmenI laData cAlu ja rahI ane vijaya maLatAM tene aMta Avyo. 1911nI sAlamAM briTiza sarakAre baMgALanA bhAgalA nAbUda karyA. A saphaLatAe baMgALIonA hRdayamAM navo jusso pedA karyo. paraMtu 1907nI caLavaLane aMta Avyo ane hiMdustAna rAjakIya daSTie pharI pAchuM susta thaI gayuM. 1911mAM e paNa jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM ke dilhI hiMdanI rAjadhAnI banaze. dilhI - aneka sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI tema ja aneka sAmrAjyanI kabara dilhI. je samaye mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM tathA nepoliyana pachInAM 100 varasane jamAno pUre thaye tyAre 1914nI sAlamAM hiMdanI A dazA hatI. e yuddha hiMda upara paNa bhAre asara karI paraMtu ene viSe huM tane have pachI * kaMIka kahIza. Akhare 19mI sadInA hiMdanuM khyAna meM pUruM karyuM. AjathI aDhAra 1 varasa uparanA samaya sudhI meM tane lAvI dIdhI che. ane have ApaNe hiMda choDIne AvatA patramAM cIna jaIzuM ane bIjA prakAranA sAmrAjyavAdI zeSaNanuM nirIkSaNa karIzuM. 114. briTana cIna upara baLajabarIthI aphINa lAde che 14 Disembara, 1932 audyogika tema ja yAMtrika krAMtinI hiMda upara zI asara thavA pAmI tathA navA sAmrAjya hiMda upara kevI rIte kArya karyuM e viSe meM tane kaMIka vistArathI kahyuM che. hiMdI hovAne kAraNe huM eka pakSakAra chuM ane mane nathI lAgatuM ke niSpakSa dRSTithI huM ene nihALI zakuM. paraMtu praznanI eka ja bAju sAbita karavAne utsuka evA rASTravAdInI peThe nahi paNa hakIkatenuM taTasthatA

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748 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pUrvaka nirIkSaNa karatA vijJAnazAstrInI peThe A badhA praznone vicAra karavAne meM prayAsa karyo che ane te paNa ema ja karaze evI huM AzA rAkhuM chuM. rASTrIyatA ane pitAne sthAne zebhe paraMtu e bharese na karI zakAya e mitra ane jokhamakAraka itihAsakAra che. ghaNuye banAvanI bAbatamAM te ApaNI AMkhe pATA bAMdhe che ane keTalIka vAra khAsa karIne ApaNA dezanI sAthe jyAre ene saMbaMdha hoya tyAre te satyane viparyAsa kare che. ethI karIne hiMdanA itihAsa viSe vicAra karatI vakhate ApaNuM badhI Apattione deza aMgrejo upara na DhaLIe e bAbatamAM ApaNe sAvadhAnI rAkhavI joIe. 19mI sadImAM IMgleMDanA mUDIvAdIo tema ja udyogapatioe hiMdanuM zeSaNa kevI rIte karyuM e joI lIdhA pachI have ApaNe eziyAnA bIjA eka mahAna deza, hiMdanA prAcIna kALanA mitra, ane sauthI purANuM rASTra cInamAM jaIe. ahIM ApaNane pazcimanA dezanuM judA ja prakAranuM zoSaNa jovA maLe che. hiMdanI peThe cIna keI paNa yuropI dezanuM saMsthAna ke parAdhIna rASTra na banyuM. e avadazAmAMthI to te bacI gayuM kemake AkhA dezane ekatra rAkhI zake evI madhyastha sarakAra cheka 19mI sadInA vacagALAnA samaya sudhI tyAM hatI. ApaNe joI gayAM ke hiMdustAna A pahelAM 100 varase upara eTale ke megala saumrAjyanA patana pachI chinnabhinna thaI gayuM hatuM. cIna paNa 1lmI sadImAM nabaLuM paDayuM hatuM kharuM. paraMtu chevaTa sudhI tenI ekatA TakI rahI ane videzI rAjyanI mAhamAMhenI IrSoe cInanI durbaLatAne vadhAre paDate lAbha letAM temane kyAM. cIna viSenA mArA chellA (94mA) patramAM cIna sAthe pitAne vepAra vadhAravAne mATe aMgrejoe karelA prayAsanI vAta meM tane karI hatI. aMgreja rAjA trIjA rjanA patranA javAbamAM maMcu samrATa cicenalaMge je atizaya rUAbabharyo ane adhikArapUrNa patra lakhyuM hatuM temAMthI eka lAMbo utAre paNa meM tane Ape hato. A 1792nI sAlamAM banyuM hatuM. A sAla tane yuropamAM te samaye bhAre UthalapAthala thaI rahI hatI tenI yAda Apaze-e krAMsanI kAMtine kALa hatuM. e pachI nepoliyana ane tenAM yuddho AvyAM. A badhA samaya daramyAna IMgleMDa jIva para AvIne nepoliyana sAthe laDI rahyuM hatuM ane tene dama levAnI paNa navarAza nahotI. eTale nepoliyananuM patana thayuM ane iMglaMDane jIvamAM jIva AvyuM tyAM sudhI cIna sAthe pitAne vepAra vadhAravAnA savAlane avakAza ja nahotuM. paraMtu e pachI tarata ja, 1816nI sAlamAM bIjuM eka briTiza pratinidhi maMDaLa cIna mokalavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu mulAkAta vakhate pALavAnI vidhinI bAbatamAM kaMIka muzkelI UbhI thaI eTale

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briTana cIna upara baLajabarIthI aphINa lAde che 749 cInI samrATe briTiza pratinidhi lorDa AmahasTane mulAkAta ApavAnI nA pADI ane tene pAchA cAlyA javAno hukama karyo. je vidhi karavAnI hatI tene ka" kahevAmAM Ave che ane te eka prakAranA sASTAMga daMDavata praNAma che. kadAca te ke-toIMga zabda sAMbhaLyo haze. eTale e vakhate te kaMI banyuM nahi. e daramyAna aphINane na vepAra dinapratidina vadhatuM jatuM hatuM. paraMtu ene na vepAra kahevo e barAbara nathI, kemake cheka 15mI sadImAM hiMdathI cInamAM aphINanI AyAta karavAmAM AvI hatI. hiMdustAne bhUtakALamAM ghaNI sArI sArI vastuo cIna mekalI hatI paraMtu aphINa e te teNe mekalelI vastuomAM eka kharekhara bUrI cIja hatI. paraMtu eno vepAra bahu ja maryAdita hatA. yuropiyana ane khAsa karIne te briTiza vepArane IjA dharAvanAra IsTa inDiyA kaMpanIne lIdhe 19mI sadImAM e vepAra vadhavA pAmyo. ema kahevAya che ke pUrvanA dezomAM AvelA valaMdAo maleriyAthI bacavA mATe tamAku sAthe meLavIne aphINa pItA hatA. temanI mAraphate cInamAM aphINa pIvAnI badI dAkhala thaI paraMtu cInamAM te e badIe ethIye kharAba svarUpa pakaDayuM. kAraNa ke cInAo tamAku sAthe mizra karyA vinAnuM cokhkhuM aphINa ja pIvA lAgyA. prajA upara enI mAThI asara thavAne kAraNe tathA aphINanA vepArathI dezamAMnuM aDhaLaka dravya bahAra ghasaDAI jatuM hovAthI cInanI sarakAra e kuTeva baMdha karavA cahAtI hatI. 1800nI sAlamAM cInI sarakAre eka hukama bahAra pADIne koI paNa kAma mATe dezamAM aphINanI AyAta karavAnI baMdhI karI. paraMtu paradezIone e vepArathI bhAre phAyado thatuM hatuM. temaNe corIchupIthI dezamAM aphINa ghusADavAnuM cAlu rAkhyuM ane enA pratye AMkhamIMcAmaNuM kare eTalA khAtara cInI amaladArane lAMca ApavA mAMDI. eTale cInI sarakAre evo niyama karyo ke sarakArI amaladAree kaI paNa paradezI vepArIone maLavuM nahi. koI paNa videzIne cInI ke maMcU bhASA zIkhavavA mATe paNa bhAre zikSA TharAvavAmAM AvI. paNa A badhAthI kaze artha saryo nahi. aphINano vepAra cAlu ja rahyo ane lAMcaruzavata tathA dagophaTako moTA pramANamAM cAlavA lAgyAM. 1834nI sAla pachI, jyAre briTiza sarakAre isTa inDiyA kaMpanIne cIna sAthenA vepArane ijAro baMdha karyo ane te badhA aMgrejo mATe khulluM mUkyo tyAre te paristhiti vadhAre bagaDavA pAmI. corIchUpIthI aphINa ghusADavAnuM ekadama vadhI gayuM eTale chevaTe cInanI sarakAre ene dabAvI devAne kaDaka pagalAM bharavAno nizcaya karyo. e kAryane mATe teNe eka yogya mANasanI pasaMdagI karI. cerIchUpIthI aphINa ghusADavAnuM aTakAvavA mATe lIna-sI-hInI khAsa amaladAra tarIke nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI

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750 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane teNe vara ane kaDakAIthI kAma levA mAMDyuM. te dakSiNa bhAgamAM AvelA kenTona zaheramAM gaye. e zahera A gerakAyadesaranA vepAranuM mukhya mathaka hatuM. kenTena jaIne teNe tyAMnA videzI vepArIone temanI pAsenuM badhuM aphINa tene seMpI devAno hukama karyo. prathama te temaNe tene hukama mAnavAnI nA pADI. eTale lIne pitAnA hukamane tAbe thavAnI temane pharaja pADI. teNe temane temanAM kArakhAnAMomAM ekalA pADI dIdhA, temanA cInI majUra ane nekare pAsethI temanuM kAma choDAvI dIdhuM tathA bahArathI temanI pAse ja khorAka baMdha karyo. A asarakAraka sakhatAIne pariNAme vepArIo tAbe thayA ane aphINanI 20,000 peTIo tene ApI dIdhI. dekhItI rIte ja dezamAM corIchUpIthI ghusADavA mATe rAkhelA aphINanA A meTA jathAne lIne nAza karyo. paradezI vepArIone lIne e paNa saMbhaLAvI dIdhuM ke pite aphINa nahi lAve evI bAMyadharI tene kepTana Ape te sivAya koI paNa vahANane kenTonanA bArAmAM pesavA devAmAM Avaze nahi. je A bAMyadharIne bhaMga karavAmAM Avaze te cInanI sarakAra vahANa tema ja temane badho mAla japta karaze. lIna potAnuM kAma barAbara karI jANanAra mANasa hato. tene sepavAmAM AveluM kAma teNe sArI rIte pAra pADayuM paraMtu tene khabara nahotI ke ene kAraNe cInane bahu AkarAM pariName veThavAM paDavAnAM hatAM. enuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke, briTana sAthe yuddha thayuM. emAM cIna hAryuM ane tene nAmazIbharI saMdhi karavI paDI; ane jenI cInanI sarakAra baMdhI karavA cahAtI hatI te aphINa cIna upara baLajabarIthI lAdavAmAM AvyuM. cInAone mATe aphINa e sArI ke bhUrI cIja hatI e bAbatanuM kazuM mahatva nahotuM. cInI sarakAra zuM karavA mAgatI hatI enuM paNa jhAjhuM mahattva nahotuM. cInamAM corIchUpIthI aphINa ghusADavAthI briTiza vepArIone bhAre phAyade thato hato e vastu khAsa mahattvanI hatI ane A Avaka gumAvavI paDe e sAMkhavA IgleMDa taiyAra nahotuM. lIne nAza kareluM ghaNuMkharuM aphINa aMgreja vepArIonI mAlikInuM hatuM. eTale rASTranI pratiSThAnA nAmathI briTane 184nI sAlamAM cIna sAme laDAI jAhera karI. A yuddha aphINanA vigraha tarIke oLakhAya che e yogya che kemake cIna upara baLajabarIthI aphINa lAdavAne khAtara e laDavAmAM tema ja jItavAmAM Avyo hate. * - briTananA kAphalAe kaeNnTena ane bIjA sthaLonI karelI nAkAbaMdhI sAme cIna kazuM karI zake ema nahatuM. be varasa pachI tene zaraNe javAnI pharaja paDI ane 184ranI nAnkInanI saMdhimAM evuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM ke paradeza sAthenA vepAra mATe eTale ke te vakhate te khAsa karIne aphINanA vepAra mATe pAMca baMdare khullo mUkavAM. A pAMca baMdaro kenTona, zAMghAI, amoya, niMga

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briTana cIna upara baLajabarIthI aphINa lAde che 751 ane phayucU hatAM. A "TrITI porTasa" eTale ke saMdhithI mAnya karavAmAM AvelAM baMdare tarIke oLakhAtAM hatAM. briTane kenTona pAsenA hoMgakaeNga TApune kabaje lIdhe tathA nAza karavAmAM AvelA aphINanA badalA peTe tema ja cIna upara teNe baLajabarIthI lAdelA yuddhanA kharaca aMge cIna pAsethI bhAre rakama paDAvI. A rIte aMgrejoe aphINanI bAbatamAM vijaya meLavyuM. cInanA samrATe te samayanI iMglaMDanI rANI vikaToriyAne cIna upara ThokI besADavAmAM AvelA aphINanA vepAranI bhayaMkara asara atizaya vinayapUrvaka darzAvatI aMgata apIla karI. paraMtu vikaTeriyA rANI taraphathI ene kaze javAba maLyo nahi. pacAsa varasa pUrve enA puragAmI cina-luMge IMglaMDanA rAjAne AthI judA ja prakArane patra lakhyuM hatuM ! pazcimanI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAo sAthenI cInanI athaDAmaNa ane tene pariNAme udbhavelI ApattionI A zarUAta hatI. tenI aLagA5NunI sthitine have aMta Avyo. tene paradezI vepAra tathA vadhArAmAM khristI mizanarIone svIkAra karavAnI pharaja paDI. A mizanarIoe cInamAM sAmrAjyavAdanA purogAmIo tarIke mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo. e pachInI - cInanI ghaNIkharI Apattio ane musIbate mATe eka yA bIjI rIte A mizanarIo ja kAraNabhUta hatA. sAmAnyarIte temanuM vartana uddhata ane akaLAvanAruM hatuM paraMtu cInanI adAlatamAM temanA upara kAma calAvI zakAtuM nahotuM. navI saMdhi pramANe pazcimanA dezanA lokone cInI kAyado ke insApha lAgu paDI zakato nahi. temanA upara temanI pitAnI adAlatomAM kAma calAvavAmAM AvatuM. Ane "prAdezika kAyadAmAMthI muktine haka kahevAmAM Ave che. e haka Aje paNa mojUda che ane tenI sAme cInamAM bhAre roSanI lAgaNI pravarte che. mizanarIoe vaTALIne khristI banAvelA cInAo paNa "prAdezika kAyadAmAMthI muktinA A khAsa hakanA rakSaNanI mAgaNI karatA hatA. teo kaI paNa rIte enA hakadAra nahatA paraMtu ethI paristhitimAM kazuM phera paDe ema nahotuM. kemake eka baLavAna sAmrAjyavAdI rASTranA pratinidhi samartha mizanarInuM temane pIThabaLa hatuM. A rIte keTalIka vAra eka gAmanI sAme bIjA gAmane uzkeravAmAM AvatuM. AthI grAmavAsIo keTalIka vAra akaLAIne jIva para AvI jatA ane teo athavA te bIjA keI mizanarInI sAme thaI jatA ane tenA upara humale karatA tathA koIka vAra tene jIva paNa letA. pachIthI te temanI pAchaLa rahelI sAmrAjyavAdI sattA temanA upara tUTI ja paDatI ane tene sArI peThe badale letI. yuropanI sattAone mATe cInamAM temanA mizanarIonAM thayelAM khUna karatAM bhAgye ja bIjI koI vastu vadhAre phAyadA

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752 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna kAraka nIvaDI haze! kemake evA dareka khUnane viziSTa adhikAronI mAgaNI mATenuM tathA baLajabarIthI te paDAvavAnuM te nimitta banAvatA. cInamAM eka bhISaNa ane atizaya krUra khaLavA jagADanAra paNa khristI thaI gayelA eka cIne ja hatA. e tepiMga baLavAnA nAmathI eLakhAya che ane 1850nI sAlanA arasAmAM DuMga-sina--cyAna nAmanA eka pAgala jevA mANase e zarU karyAM hatA. A dharmAMdha pAgalane asAdhAraNa saphaLatA maLI ane 'butaparastonA sahAra karo ' evI ceSaNA karatA te badhe dhUmavA lAgyA. e baLavAmAM asaMkhya mANasAnA jAna gayA. cInanA ardhAM karatAM paNa vadhAre pradezane e khaLavAe pAyamAla karyAM ane evI gaNatarI karavAmAM AvI che ke e baLavAnAM lagabhaga bAra varasA daramyAna e karoDa mANasAe jAna gumAvyA. alabatta, e ramakhANa tema ja emAM thayelI katala mATe khristI mizanarIe ke videzI sattAone javAbadAra gaNavI e vAkhI nathI. zarU zarUmAM mizanarI enI saphaLatA icchatA hatA kharA, paraMtu pAchaLathI temaNe haMgane inkAra karyAM. paraMtu cInanI sarakAra to ema ja mAnatI hatI ke mizanarIo ene mATe javAbadAra che. tenI A mAnyatA uparathI ApaNane khyAla Ave che ke te vakhate tema ja pachIthI paNa cInA leAkAne mizanarIonI pravRtti pratye keTalA bhAre roSa hatA. temanI dRSTie mizanarI e dharmAbhAvanA ke bhalAI nA dUta nahi paNa sAmrAjyavAdanA ADatiyA hatA. eka aMgreja lekhake kahyuM che tema " pahelAM mizanarInuM Agamana, pachI laDAyaka jahAjonI hAjarI, pachI mulaka paDAvI levAnI zarUAta -- A ghaTanAkrama cInavAsIonA mAnasamAM aMkita thaI rahelA che." A vastu lakSamAM rAkhavI e ThIka che kemake cInanI hareka musIbatamAM kAI ne kAI rIte mizanarIne hAtha hovAne ja. eka dharmAMdha pAgale zarU karelA baLavAne, Akhare tene bAvI devAmAM AvyA te pahelAM, ATalI bhAre saphaLatA maLI e eka asAdhAraNa ghaTanA che. ema thavAnuM sAcuM kAraNa e che ke cInamAM jUnI samAjavyavasthA paDI bhAMgavA lAgI hatI. mane lAge che ke, cIna viSenA mArA chellA patramAM meM karanA asahya kheAjA, badalAtI jatI Arthika vyavasthA ane prajAmAM vadhAre ne vadhAre vyApato jatA asa MtoSa viSe tane kahyuM hatuM. mac sarakAranI sAme Thera Thera gupta maMDaLA sthapAvA lAgyAM hatAM ane vAtAvaraNamAM baLavAnA bhaNakArA vAgI rahyA hatA. aphINu tema ja bIjI cIjonA paradezI vepArathI paristhiti vadhAre pramANamAM bagaDavA pAmI. ezaka, cInamAM pahelAM paNa paradezI vepAra cAlatA hatA paraMtu have paristhiti badalAI hatI. pazcimanA dezonA pracaMDa yaMtrodyoge jhaDapathI mAla utpanna karatA hatA ane e badheA mAla potapotAnA dezamAM vecI zakAya ema nahetuM. eTale ene mATe temane anyatra navAM bajAre

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briTana cIna upara baLajabarIthI aphINa lAde che 753 zodhavAnI jarUra paDI. hiMda tema ja cInamAM bajAranI talAza mATe temanI A jarUriyAta kAraNabhUta hatI. A videzI mAla ane khAsa karIne aphINe vepAranI purANI vyavasthAne astavyasta karI nAkhI ane e rIte Arthika aMdhera vadhAre tIvra banyuM. hiMdustAnanI peThe cInanAM bajAramAM paNa vastuonI kimaMta upara AMtararASTrIya bajAranI kiMmatanI asara thavA lAgI. A badhI vastuoe prajAmAM pravartatAM asaMtoSa ane hADamArI vadhArI mUkyAM ane tepiMga baLavAne sahAya karI sabaLa banAvyo. pazcimanI sattAonI vadhatI jatI dakhalagIrI ane uddhatAIne A divasomAM cInanI AvI dazA hatI. cIna temanI mAgaNIo nakArI na zakyuM emAM Azcarya pAmavA jevuM kaMI nathI. A yuropI sattAoe tathA have pachI ApaNe joIzuM ke pAchaLanA samayamAM jApAne paNa tenI pAsethI potapitAne mATe khAsa hako tathA pradeze paDAvI levA mATe cInanI aMdhAdhUMdhI ane musIbatone pUrepUro lAbha uThAvyuM. temanI parasparanI spardhA ane ekabIjAnI adekhAI ADe AvI na. heta to cInanA paNa kharekhara, hiMdanA jevA hAla thAta ane te eka yA vadhAre yurepI rAjya tathA jApAnane ' tAbedAra deza banI jAta. 19mI sadImAM cInanI sarvasAmAnya bhUmikArUpa banI rahelI Arthika avyavasthA, tepiMga baLave, mizanarIonAM karatUko tathA videzIonAM AkramaNa vagere viSe tane vAta karatAM huM mArA mukhya viSayathI jarA dUra gaye chuM. paraMtu ghaTanAonA nirUpaNane buddhipUrvaka samajavA mATe e badhAM viSe ApaNe thoDuMghaNuM jANI levuM joIe. kemake aitihAsika ghaTanAo kevaLa camatkAranI peThe nathI banatI. tenA AviSkArane mATe aneka aneka prakAranAM baLa kArya karI rahelAM hoya che. paraMtu A badhAM baLo sAmAnya rIte dRSTigocara thatAM nathI. te te ghaTanAo athavA banAvonA mULamAM chupAyelAM rahe che. cInanA maMcU zAsaka jeo Aja sudhI mahAna ane samartha hatA teo bhAgyacakranuM A acAnaka parivartana joIne dimUDha banI gayA haze. temanA patananAM mULa temanA bhUtakALamAM rahyAM hatAM e kadAca temanI najaramAM nahi AvyuM hoya. pazcimanA dezanI audyogika pragati tathA cInanI arthavyavasthA upara thatI tenI vinAzakArI asara teonI samajamAM na AvI. barbara videzIonA vaNanotaryA praveza sAme temane bhAre aNagamo hato. te samayanA samrATe videzIonA A vaNanotaryA Agamanane ullekha karatAM cInane eka majAne parANe vAkyaprayoga vAparyo hato. teNe jaNAvyuM ke, "huM kaI paNa mANasane mArI pathArI pAse sukhe jaMpavA daIza nahi!' prAcIna graMthanAM jJAna ane vinoda ke ApattikALamAM dhIra gaMbhIra

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754 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AtmavizvAsa ane apratima dhairyane bodha ApatAM hatAM e kharuM paraMtuvidezIone dezamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAne te samartha nahatAM. ( nAnkInanI saMdhie cInanAM dvAra briTana mATe khullA karyA. paNa , briTanane ekalAne A lADavo khAvAne maLe ema nahatuM. phrAMsa ane amerikA paNa tyAM AvI pahoMcyAM ane temaNe paNa cIna sAthe vepArI karAra karyA. cIna te asahAya banI gayuM hatuM ane tenA upara gujAravAmAM AvelI jabaradastIne kAraNe videzIone mATe tenA dilamAM prema ke Adara pedA thaye nahi. tyAM AgaLa A barbara' lekonI hAjarI paNa tenAthI sahI jatI nahetI. bIjI bAju videzIo hajI tRpta thayA nahotA. cInane cUsavAnI temanI bhUkha te vadhatI ja gaI e bAbatamAM vaLI pAchI aMgrejoe pahela karI. * videzIone mATe e bahu anukULa samaya hato kemake cIna tepiMga baLa zamAvavAmAM paDyuM hatuM ane te temane sAmane karavAnI sthitimAM nahotuM. eTale aMgrejoe yuddhane mATe kaMIka bahAnuM zodhI kADhavAnI peravI karavA mAMDI. 1856nI sAlamAM kenTonanA cInI sUbAe cAMciyAgIrI karavA * mATe eka vahANanA cInI khalAsIone giraphatAra karyA. e vahANa cInAonuM hatuM ane koI paNa paradezIne enI sAthe saMbaMdha nahe. paraMtu hoMgakoMga sarakArane paravAne tene maLyuM hatuM tene kAraNe tenA upara briTiza vAvaTa caDAvavAmAM Avela hatuM. hakIkta te ema che ke, e paravAnAnI mudata paNa pUrI thaI cUkI hatI. e game tema che, paNa briTiza sarakAre te nadIkinArA uparanA gheTAnA baccA ane varunI vAtanI pike ene yuddhanuM bahAnuM banAvI dIdhuM. IMgleMDathI cIna lazkara ravAnA karavAmAM AvyuM. e ja arasAmAM 1857nI sAlamAM hiMdamAM baLa phATI nIkaLyo ane e badhuM lazkara hiMda tarapha vALavAmAM AvyuM. baLa dabAvI devAmAM Avyo tyAM sudhI cInI vigrahane rokAI javuM paDayuM. daramyAna pheMce e paNa e vigrahamAM dAkhala thavAnuM bahAnuM zodhI kADhayuM. kemake cInamAM koIka sthaLe eka phreMca mizanarInuM khUna thayuM hatuM. Ama je vakhate cIna tepiMga baLavo zamAvavAmAM rokAyuM hatuM te samaye aMgrejo ane pheMce tenA upara gIdhanI peThe tUTI paDyA. briTiza tema ja phreMca sarakArae raziyA tathA yunAITeDa sTeTsane paNa A vigrahamAM temanI sAthe joDAvAne Agraha karyo paNa temaNe e vAta kabUla rAkhI nahi. Ama chatAM paNa lUMTamAM bhAga paDAvavA te teo taiyAra ja hatAM. vAstavamAM yuddha te thavA pAmyuM nahi ane A cAre rAjyae cIna sAthe navI saMdhi karI ane tenI pAsethI pitAne mATe chUTachATo ane khAsa hake paDAvyA. paradezI vepArane mATe have vaLI vadhAre baMdare khullAM mukAyAM.

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briTana cIna upara baLajabarIthI aphINa lAde che 755 paraMtu cInanA bIjA vigrahanI kahANuM hajI pUrI thaI nathI. e nATakane hajI eka aMka bhajavavAnuM bAkI hato ane teno aMta atizaya karaNa hatuM. e zirasta hoya che ke saMdhi thAya tyAre lAgatIvaLagatI sarakAroe tene maMjUra karavI joIe. evuM nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke eka varasanI aMdara pekiMga zaheramAM e saMdhione maMjUrI ApavI. jyAre e maMjUra karavAno samaya Avyo tyAre raziyana elacI jamInamArge sIdhe pekiMga AvI pahoMce. briTana, phrAMsa ane amerikAnA elacIo samudra mArge AvyA ane pIhe nadImAM thaIne pekiMga sudhI teo pitAnAM jahAje lAvavA mAgatA hatA. e vakhate pekiMga upara tepiMga baLavAkhoronA humalAne bhaya jhajhUmI rahyo hato. AthI nadI upara killo baMdhI karavAmAM AvI hatI. eTale cInI sarakAre briTiza, phreMca tathA amerikana elacIone nadImAge na AvatAM uttara taraphanA jamInamArge AvavA vinaMtI karI. A vinaMtI geravAjabI nahotI. amerikAe tene svIkAra karyo paNa briTiza tathA iMca elacIoe te mAnI nahi. killebaMdhInI paravA karyA vinA temaNe pI nadImAM thaIne baLajabarIthI AgaLa vadhavAnI koziza karI. cInAoe temanA upara goLIbAra karyo ane bhAre nukasAnI sAthe temane pAchA pharavAnI pharaja pADI. bIje raste musApharI karavAnI cInI sarakAranI vinaMtI sarakhI paNa kAne na dharanAra uddhata ane tuMDamijAjI sarakAro A vastu sAMkhI le ema nahatuM. enuM vera levAne mATe bIjuM vadhAre lazkara bolAvavAmAM AvyuM. 1860nI sAlamAM temaNe purANuM zahera pekiMga upara caDAI karI, ane saMhAra, lUMTaphATa, bhAMgaphoDa karIne tathA nagaranI eka adbhuta imArata bALIne temaNe vera vALyuM. A imArata te samrATano grISma prAsAda yuna-miMga-yuna hatuM. enuM bAMdhakAma cicenalaMganA rAjyaamala daramyAna pUruM karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. cIne utpanna karelAM kaLA tathA sAhityanA uttamottama ane virala namUnAone saMgraha temAM rAkhavAmAM Avela hato. pittaLa tathA kAMsAnI apratima mUtio, cinAI mATInAM atizaya suMdara vAsaNe, virala graMthanI hastaprato ane citre tathA jene mATe cIna hajAre varasathI mazahUra hatuM te tarehatarehanA hunnara ane * kArIgIrInI citravicitra vastuo vagere badhuM temAM rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. briTana ane kAMsanA jaMgalI ane ajJAna sainike e A badhI amUlya vastuo lUMTI tathA ghaNuM divasa sudhI cAlu rahelI AgamAM homI e badhAne nAza karyo ! hajAro varasanI purANI saMskRtinA vArasa evA e cInavAsIo A naryA jaMgalIpaNane hRdayanI vyathA ane glAnithI joI rahe ane e saMhAra karanArAone kevaLa hatyA ane vinAza karI jANanAra ajJAna asaMskArI mANase gaNe emAM kaMI Azcarya che kharuM ? e prasaMge temane praNa, maMgala

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, upara jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tema ja prAcIna kALanA bIjA vinAzakArI barbara lokonuM smaraNa tAjuM thayuM haze. paraMtu A paradezI "barbara' lekIne cInA leke pitAne viSe zuM mAne che enI lezamAtra paNa paravA nahatI. yuddhanAM Adhunika zastro sahita pitAnAM laDAyaka jahAjamAM teo pitAne salAmata samajatA hatA. seMkaDo varase daramyAna ekaThI thayelI amUlya ane durlabha vastuo nAza pAmI enI temane zI paravA hatI? cInI saMskRti ane cInI kaLAnI temane zI paravA hatI? bhale thAya kaMI bI, - ApaNI pAse che baMdUkaDI emanI pAse nathI te ! 115. cInanI musIbate 24 Disembara, 1932 mArA AgalA patramAM aMgrejo tathA e 1860nI sAlamAM pekiMganA adbhuta grISma prAsAdanA karelA nAzanI vAta huM tane kahI gayo chuM. cInAoe tahakubInI zaratene bhaMga karyAnI zikSA tarIke e karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ema kahevAmAM Ave che. thaDAka cInI sainya tahakubInI zaratene bhaMga karavAne gune kadAca karyo haze paraMtu ema chatAMye, e kAraNe aMgrejo tathA phreMcoe je saMhAralIlA calAvI te ApaNe samajI zakIe ema nathI. e kaMI - mUThIbhara ajJAna sainikanuM nahi paNa sattAdhArI javAbadAra mANasanuM kArya hatuM. AvuM zAthI banavA pAme che? aMgrejo tema ja iMce te sudharelA ane saMskArI le che ane ghaNI rIte teo Adhunika sudhArAnA agraNIo che. ane ema chatAMye, khAnagI jIvanamAM bIjAonI muzkelI samajIne vartanArA tathA ziSTAcArI e ja leke temanA jAhera jIvanamAM tathA bIjI prajAo sAthenA jhaghaDAnA prasaMgoe pitAnI saMskAritA tathA ziSTAcAra saze bhUlI jAya che. vyaktionA ekabIjA sAthenA paraspara vartAva tathA rASTronA vartAva vacce vicitra prakArane taphAvata hoya ema jaNAya che. bALakone tathA chokarA chokarIone vadhAre paDatAM svAthI na banavAnuM tathA bIjAMonI lAgaNIne vicAra karavAnuM tema ja gya rIte vartavAnuM zIkhavavAmAM Ave che. ApaNI saghaLI keLavaNIne Azaya e vastu zIkhavavAnuM hoya che ane thoDe aMze ApaNe e zIkhIe chIe paNa kharAM. pachI yuddha phATI nIkaLe che ane ApaNe ApaNuM jUnuM zikSaNa bhUlI jaIe chIe ane ApaNAmAM rahelI pAzavatA bahAra paDe che. Ama ziSTa leke pazunI peThe AcaraNa kare che.

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cInanI musIbate 75 deca ane jarmana jevI paraspara nikaTano saMbaMdha dharAvatI prajAo yuddhe caDe che tyAre paNa Ama ja bane che. paraMtu be bhinna prajAo vacce jhaghaDe Ubho thAya, jyAre koI yurepI prajA eziyA ke AphrikAnI jAtio ke prajAonI sAme raNamAM Utare tyAre te paristhiti sAva bagaDe che. judI jAdI prajAo eka bIjI prajA viSe kazuM ja jANatI nathI hotI kemake dareke bIjInI sAme pitAnAM dvAra baMdha karelAM hoya che. ane jyAM ajJAna hoya che tyAM bhAIcArAnI ke birAdarInI bhAvanA hetI nathI. jAti jAti vaccene viSa tathA kaDavAza vadhe che ane jyAre be jAtio vacce yuddha phATI nIkaLe tyAre e kevaLa rAjakIya yuddha ja nathI rahetuM, paNa ethIye anekagaNuM bUruM evuM jAti jAti sAmenuM yuddha banI jAya che. 1857nA hiMdanA viplavanI bhISaNatAo tathA eziyA ane AphrikAmAMnI sattAdhArI yuropI prajAonI pharatAne kaMIka aMze AmAMthI khulAse maLI rahe che. - e badhuM atizaya khedajanaka ane bevakUphIbharyuM lAge che. paraMtu jyAM AgaLa eka rASTranuM bIjA rASTra upara, eka prajAnuM bIjI prajA upara ke eka varganuM bIjA varga upara Adhipatya hoya tyAM AgaLa asaMtoSa, gharSaNa ane baLavo thavAnAM ja; tema ja zeSita rASTra, prajA ke varga pitAnuM zoSaNa karanArAothI mukta thavAno prayatna avazya karavAnAM ja. ane ekanuM bIjAthI thatuM A zoSaNa AjanI samAjavyavasthAno pAyo che. ene mUDIvAda kahevAmAM Ave che ane emAMthI sAmrAjyavAda ubhavyo che. pracaMDa yaMtro ane audyogika pragatine kAraNe 19mI sadImAM pazcima yuropanAM rASTro tathA yunAITeDa sTeTsa tavaMgara ane baLavAna banyAM. pote A pRthvInAM svAmI che tathA duniyAnI bIjI jAtio temanAthI atizaya UtaratI che ane temaNe temane mATe mArga karI Apavo joIe evuM e rASTra - vicAravA lAgyAM. nisarganAM baLa upara thoDe kAbU meLavyAthI teo uddhata ane tuMDamijAjI banyAM. sudharelA mAnavIe kudarata upara kAbU meLavIne ja aTakavAnuM nathI paNa teNe pitAnI jAta upara paNa kAbU meLavavo joIe e vastu teo bhUlI gayAM. ane ethI karIne ja bIjI prajAothI ghaNI rIte AgaLa evI pragatizIla prajAone eka pachAta AraNyakane paNa zaramiMda kare evI rIte A 18mI sadImAM vartatI ApaNe joIe chIe. eziyA ane AphrikAmAMnI yupI prajAonuM kevaLa 19mI sadInuM ja nahi paNa 20mI sadInuM AjanuM AcaraNa sudhdhAM samajavAmAM A vastu kadAca tane madadarUpa thaze. - tuM ema mAnI laIza nahi ke mukAbale ApaNuM lekene sArA dekhADavA mATe yuropI prajAne ApaNe prajA sAthe yA itara prajAo sAthe che sarakhAvI rahyo chuM. haragija nahi. ApaNuM saunI kALI bAjuo che ane -6

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758 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ApaNAM keTalAMka apalakSaNo te atizaya kharAba che. ema na hota to ApaNI je adhogati thaI che te na thaI heta. have ApaNe pharI pAchAM cIna jaIzuM. grISma prAsAdane nAza karIne aMgrejo tathA phreMcae pitAnA pazubaLanuM pradarzana karyuM. e pachI temaNe cInane jUnI saMdhio maMjUra karavAnI pharaja pADI tathA tenI pAsethI navA hake paDAvyA. e saMdhionI zarata pramANe cInanI sarakAre videzI amaladAronA hAtha nIce cInanA jakAtI khAtAnI zAMghAImAM punarghaTanA karI. ene "zAhI jakAtakhAtuM" e nAmathI oLakhAvavAmAM AvyuM. daramyAna, cInane durbaLa banAvanAra ane e rIte paradezIone anukULa meko ApanAra tepiMga baLavo Dagumagu sthitimAM hajIye cAlu rahyo hate. Akhare, 1864nI sAlamAM lI heMga cAMga nAmanA eka cInI sUbAe tene saMpUrNapaNe dAbI dIdhuM. e pachI lI hRga cAMga cInane AgaLa paDatuM rAjapuruSa banyA. je samaye iMglaMDa tathA phrAMsa atyAcAranI rIta akhatyAra karIne cIna pAsethI vizeSa haka ane chUTachATa paDAvI rahyAM hatAM, tyAre vadhAre sabaLa paddhati akhatyAra karIne uttaramAM raziyAe asAdhAraNa saphaLatA meLavI. thoDA ja varasa pahelAM konsTAnTinopalano kabajo meLavavAne talapApaDa thaI rahelA raziyAe yuropamAM tuka upara humalo karyo hate. raziyAnA vadhatA jatA baLathI krAMsa tathA iMglaDa DaratAM hatAM ane tethI e baMne turkInA pakSamAM bhaLyAM ane jene 1854-56nA krimiyana vigraha tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che temAM temaNe raziyAne harAvyuM. pazcimamAM parAjita thayeluM raziyA have pUrva tarapha najara karavA lAgyuM ane tyAM tene bhAre saphaLatA maLI. samudrane aDIne Avele tene uttara-pUrvane prAMta lADavosTokanA baMdara sahita raziyAne ApI devAnuM cInane zAMtimaya sAdhana dvArA samajAvavAmAM AvyuM. raziyAne A vijaya murAvIepha nAmanA eka pratibhAzALI taruNa amaladArane AbhArI hatI. Ama, iMglaMDa tathA kAMse traNa varasanA vigraha ane bhAre saMhArathI meLavyuM tenA karatAM anekagaNuM raziyAe mitrAcArInI rItathI meLavyuM. 1860nI sAlamAM A sthiti hatI. 18mI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM lagabhaga aDadhA eziyA upara vistarelA ane tenA upara prabhutva dharAvatA maMcUenA cInI sAmrAjyane have namAvavAmAM AvyuM tathA zaramiMdu karavAmAM AvyuM. dUra AvelA yuropanI pAzcAtya sattAoe tene parAjaya karyo tathA teno tejovadha karyo ane AMtarika baLavAe sAmrAjyane lagabhaga uthalAvI pADayuM. A badhAe cInane saMpUrNapaNe hacamacAvI mUkyuM. paristhiti bagaDI hatI e te dIvA jevuM spaSTa hatuM ane navI pedA thayelI paristhitine tathA paradezIonA

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cInanI susIbate ove jokhamane paheAMcI vaLavA mATe dezane krIthI sagaThita karavAnA thADA prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA. Ama 1860nI sAlane cInanA navA yuganA AraMbhanuM varasa paNa gaNI zakAya kemake e sAlathI te paradezIonA AkramaNane sAmane karavAne kamara kasavA mAMDe che. cInanuM pADezI jApAna paNu e vakhate evA ja vyavasAyamAM rAkAyeluM hatuM ane e hakIkata paNa udAharaNarUpa banI gaI. cIna karatAM jApAnane emAM ghaNI vadhAre saphaLatA sAMpaDI paraMtu thADA vakhata mATe te cIne videzI sattAone khasUsa khALI rAkhI. ligeIma nAmanA eka amerikAvAsI ane cInanA gADha mitranI AgevAnI nIce saMdhi karanArI sattA AgaLa eka cInI pratinidhimaDaLa mekalavAmAM AvyuM ane te temanI pAsethI kaMIka sArI zarato meLavI zakayo. 1868nI sAlamAM cIna ane amerikA vacce navI saMdhi karavAmAM AvI ane emAM maherabAnInI rAhe tathA eka chUTachATa tarIke yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM cInI majUrAne javA devA mATe cInI sarakAra kabUla thaI e eka rasaprada bInA che. e samaye yunAiTeDa sTeTsa prazAnta mahAsAgaranA kinArA upara AvelAM potAnAM pazcimanAM rAjya ane khAsa karIne kaeNliphorniyAne khIlavavAmAM zakAyeluM hatuM ane majUronI tyAM AgaLa bhAre achata hatI. AthI teNe cInI majUrone potAne tyAM netaryAM. paNa e vastu navI muzkelInA kAraNarUpa banI gaI. amerikanoe cInanA sAMdhA daranA majUrA sAme virodha uThAvyA ane pariNAme baMne dezonI sarakAra vacce vikhavAda pedA thayA. yunAiTeDa sTeTsanI sarakAre cInI majUrAne potAnA dezamAM AvatA baMdha karyAM ane tenA pratyenA A mAnahAni karanArA vartAvathI cInI prajA roSe bharAI ane teNe amerikana mAlanA bahiSkAra karyAM. paNa A badhI te ghaNI lAMkhI kahANI che ane te ApaNane 20mI sadI sudhI lAvI mUke che. paNa atyAre ApaNe 20mI sadInI vAtamAM UtaravAnI jarUra nathI. tepiMga baLavAne mAMDa dabAvI devAmAM AvyuM hateA tyAM te| maMcanI sAme naveA khaLaveA phATI nIkaLyA. e baLavA khuda cInanI bhUmimAM nahi paNa dUra pazcime eziyAnA kendrasamA turkastAnamAM phATI nIkavyA hatA. e pradezamAM moTe bhAge musalamAnenI vasatI hatI ane yAkuba bega nAmanA nAyakanI saradArI nIce muslima TALIoe 1863nI sAlamAM baDa karyuM ane tyAMnA cInI sattAvALAone hAMkI kADhayA. e kAraNAne laI te A sthAnika khaMDamAM ApaNane rasa che. cInaneA mulaka pacAvI pADIne raziyAe e maLavAnA lAbha uDAvavAnA prayatna karyAM. bezaka cIna muzkelImAM sapaDAyuM hoya tyAre ajamAvavAnI yurepiyaneAnI A hamezanI yukti hatI. paraMtu cIne e bAbatamAM samata thavAnI nA pADIne saune AzcaryamAM garakAva karI mUkayA ane pacAvI pADelA

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mulaka raziyAne ekI kADha paDyo. paraMtu jo suMga-cAMga nAmanA cInI senApatie madhya eziyAmAM yAkuba bega sAme calAvelI asAdhAraNa laDatane e vastu AbhArI hatI. A senApatie bahu dhIre-Aste pitAnuM kAma calAvyuM. teNe dhIre dhIre AgaLa kUca karI ane baLavAkhoronI samIpa te pahoMcyo tyAM sudhImAM ghaNAM varasa vItI gayAM. be vakhata te teNe potAnA sainyane kherAkI pUrI pADavA mATe anAjanI vAvaNI karIne tenI laNaNI thAya tyAM sudhI tene eka sthAne thobhAvI rAkhyuM hatuM ! lazkarane kherAkI pUrI pADavAnuM kAma bahu muzkela hoya che ane gebInuM raNa vaTAvatI vakhate te te atizaya kaparuM thaI paDayuM haze. AthI senApati see e muzkelIne avanavI rIte ukela kAvyo. pachIthI teNe yAkuba begane harAvyuM ane baLavAne aMta ANe. ema kahevAya che ke, kAzagara, turakAna ane mArakaMdanI tenI laDAImAM lazkarI dRSTie bhAre AzcaryakAraka hatI. | madhya eziyAmAM raziyA sAthenA jhagaDAno saMtoSakAraka taDa ApyA pachI cInI sarakArane mATe pitAnA tarapha vistarelA paraMtu veraNaberaNa thatA jatA sAmrAjyanA bIjA eka bhAgamAM muzkelI UbhI thaI. e muzkelI cInanA khaMDiyA rAjya anAmamAM UbhI thavA pAmI. tenA upara krAMsanI badadAnata hatI. AthI kAMsa ane cIna vacce laDAI saLagI. A prasaMge paNa duzmanane sArI rIte sAmano karIne tathA kAMsathI dabAI na jaIne cIne saune tAjuba karI mUkyA. 1885nI sAlamAM e baMne dezo vacce saMtoSakAraka saMdhi thaI cIne prApta karelI navI zaktinAM A cinI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAo upara sArI peThe asara thavA pAmI. cIna 1860nI pitAnI kamajorImAMthI pharI pAchuM TaTAra thatuM hoya ema lAgavA mAMDayuM. tyAM AgaLa sudhArAnI vAta thavA lAgI ane ghaNuM leke ema dhAravA lAgyA ke, cIne have potAnI dizA badalI che. A ja kAraNathI, 1886nI sAlamAM brahmadeza khAlasA karatI vakhate e deza taraphathI cInane dara daza varase mokalavAmAM AvatI hameza mujabanI khaMDaNI bharatA rahevAnuM iMglaDe vacana ApyuM. paraMtu cInanA bhAgyane pAse pharavAne hajI ghaNI vAra hatI. hajI ghaNuM nAmezI tathA yAtanAo sahevAnuM tenA nasIbamAM lakheluM hatuM; hajI tene viccheda thavAnuM hatuM. tenA sainya tathA naukAkAphalAnI durbaLatA e cInane vyAdhi nahota; tenuM darada te ethI vadhAre UMDuM UtareluM hatuM. tenI samagra Arthika tema ja sAmAjika racanA chinnabhinna thaI rahI hatI. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayA, chuM tema 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM jyAre maMcu zAsakonI sAme gupta maMDaLo UbhAM thavA lAgyAM hatAM tyAre ja cInanI dazA bagaDI hatI. paradezI vepAra tathA audyogika dezanA saMsarganI asarathI paristhiti vadhAre bagaDavA pAmI.

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jApAnanI AzcaryakAraka pragati 61 1860nI sAla pachI cInamAM zaktinuM darzana thAya che e vAstavamAM sAcI zakti nahotI. zaktizALI amaladAroe ane khAsa karIne lI hUMga cAMge ahIM tahIM theADA sthAnika sudhArA karyAM hatA. para Mtu e sudhArAe praznanA mULane na sparzI zakyA athavA cInane durgaMLa banAvI rahelA vyAdhine nirmULa karI na zakyA. A varasA daramyAna uparauparathI jotAM cInamAM tAkAtanuM darzana thatuM hatuM enuM pradhAna kAraNa e che ke te vakhate cInanI hakUmatanAM sutro eka samartha rAjakartAnA hAthamAM hatAM. A rAjakartA te rAjamAtA jhuzI. te eka asAdhAraNa strI hatI. tenA hAthamAM sattAnAM sUtro AvyAM tyAre tenI uMmara mAtra 26 varasanI hatI. gAdIvArasa tA teneA putra hatA paraMtu te bALaka hAvAthI nAmanA ja samrATa hatA. 47 varasa sudhI jhu-zIe cIna upara asarakAraka rIte zAsana karyuM. teNe kuzaLa amaladArA pasaMda karyAM ane temanA upara potAnA sAmarthyanA prabhAva pADyo. A kAryakuzaLa amaladAro tathA temanA samartha rAjakartAne lIdhe pahelAMnAM varase karatAM cIne potAnI tAkAtane jarA vadhAre sArA dekhAva karyAM. paraMtu e arasAmAM samudranI eka sAMkaDI parInI pelI bAju jApAna potAnI AzcaryakAraka unnati karI rahyu hatuM, ane oLakhI na zakAya e rIte potAnI kAyA palaTI rahyu hatuM. eTale have ApaNe jApAna javuM joI e. 116. jApAnanI AzcaryakAraka pragati 27 Disembara, 1932 me tane jApAna viSe lakhyAne ghaNA vakhata thaI gayA. 17mI sadImAM e deze ajaba rIte potAnAM dvAra bhIDI daIne duniyA sAthenA potAnA saMparka tanyeA hatA e viSe meM tane pAMca mAsa karatAMye vadhAre samaya upara vAta karI (81mA patramAM) hatI. 1641nI sAlathI 200 karatAM paNa vadhAre varasa sudhI jApAnanA lokA bAkInI duniyAthI vikhUTA rahyA. A 200 varasa daramyAna yuropa, eziyA ane amerikA tema ja AphrikAmAM paNa bhAre pheraphAro thayA. A kALa daramyAna banelA keTalAka romAMcaka banAvA viSe huM tane kahI gayo chuM. paraMtu A ekAntasevI prajAne emanI kazI jANa thaI nahi; jApAnanA purANI duniyAnA cUDala vAtAvaraNanA bhaga karanAra pavananI eka laharI sarakhI paNa bahAranI duniyAmAMthI tyAM jaI zakI nahi. jANe kALa tathA parivartananI gati rokI devAmAM AvI hoya ane 17mI sadInA vacagALAnA kALane baMdIvAna karI rokI rAkhavAmAM AvyeA hoya ema lAgatu

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712 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatuM. jo ke kALanI gati te aviratapaNe cAlyAM ja karI paraMtu jApAnanI zikala jenI te ja rahI temAM koA pheraphAra thavA pAmyA nahi. jApAnanI samAjavyavasthA kacUDala hatI .ane jamInadArava tyAM sattA upara hatA. samrATa pAse jhAjhI sattA nahAtI; eka mazahUra kuLanA agraNI zagunanA hAthamAM kharI sattA hatI. hiMdanA kSatriyAnI peThe tyAM AgaLa sainikAne eka vaNu hatA. e vahunA lokA sAmurAI kahevAtA. DyUDala saradAro tathA A sAmurAI lakA e baMne zAsakavarganA lekA hatA. judA judA saradAro tathA bhinna bhinna kaLA vacce ghaNI vAra takarAro thatI. paraMtu kheDUta tathA khIjAnuM damana tathA zASaNa karavAmAM e badhA eka thaI jatA. ahAranI Ama chatAM paNa jApAnamAM zAMti hatI. dezane nAdAra karI nAkhanAra lAMbA lAMbA vigraho pachI zAMti AvakAralAyaka hatI. jhaDeA karanArA keTalAka dAIsyA saradArAne dAkhI devAmAM AvyA. pachI jApAna AMtaravigrahAnI pAyamAlImAMthI dhIre dhIre eThuM thavA lAgyuM. have leAkeAnAM mana hunnaraudyoga, kaLA, sAhitya tathA dharma tarapha vizeSe karIne vaLavA lAgyAM. khristI dharmane dAkhI devAmAM Avyo. bauddha dharmanI punarjAgrati thaI ane pAchaLathI pitRpUjA-pradhAna jApAnanA viziSTa prakAranA zinTo dharmane paNa punaruddhAra thayo. cInanA RSi kaoNnphyuziyasa sAmAjika AcAra ane nItinA Adarza tarIke manAvA lAgyA. rAjadarabAra ane umarAva vamAM kaLAnI khilavaNI thaI. kaMIka aMze jApAnanuM A citra madhya yuganA yuropane maLatuM AvatuM hatuM. paraMtu pariva`nane vegaLuM rAkhavuM e saheluM nathI, ane jo duniyA sAthenA saMparka baMdha karavAmAM AvyA hatA chatAMye khuda apAnamAM paNa parivartana potAnuM kArya karI rahyu hatuM. hA, eTaluM kharuM ke, duniyA sAthete enA saMparka cAlu rahyo hAta to enI gati tvarita thAta. khIjA dezAnI peThe tyAM paNa cUDala samAjavyavasthA Arthika vinAzane paMthe dhasI rahI hatI. pariNAme asa MtoSa vadhavA pAmyA ane zaguna e badhAne mATe javAbadAra gaNAyA; kemake rAjyataMtranA cAlaka te hatA. pitRpUjaka zinTo dharmanA utkaSa thavAthI prajAmAM samrATa tarapha AkarSaNa vadhyuM kemake sUryanA kuLamAMthI te sIdhA UtarI Avyo che ema tyAM mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. A rIte, pracalita asa MtoSamAMthI rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA pedA thaI. ane Arthika vyavasthA paDI bhAgavAne kAraNe pedA thayelI A rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAne pariNAme anivAya paNe parivartana thavA pAmata tema ja duniyAne mATe jApAnanAM dvAra paNa khullAM thAta. jApAnanAM dvAra kholAvavAne mATe ghaNI videzI sattAoe prayAsa karyAM hatA paraMtu temAM temane saphaLatA maLI nahotI. 19mI sadInI adhavacamAM khAsa karIne yunAITeDa sTeTsane A bAbatamAM rasa pedA thayo. tenI vastI

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jApAnanI AzcaryakAraka pragati pazcimamAM cheka kaeNlipheniyA sudhI phelAI hatI ane sAnaphrAnsiske eka mahattvanuM baMdara thavA lAgyuM hatuM. cIna sAthe zarU thayele navo vepAra lalacAvanAra hatuM paraMtu prazAnta mahAsAgara oLaMgavAnI majala bahu lAMbI hatI eTale A lAMbI saphara daramyAna visAmo levA tathA jarUrI vastuo meLavavA mATe amerikAne jApAnanA eka baMdaranI garaja hatI. amerikAe jApAnanAM ThAra khelAvavA mATe uparAuparI prayAsa karyo tenuM kAraNa A che. ' amerikAnA pramukhano patra laI ne 1853nI sAlamAM amerikAnAM jahAjone eka kAphele jApAna Avyo. e vakhate jApAnIoe pahelavahelI AgaboTa joI eka varasa pachI zagune be baMdara khullAM mUkavAnI saMmati ApI. A vAta jANIne tarata ja aMgreje, raziyana tathA valaMdAo paNa AvyA ane temaNe paNa zaguna sAthe evA ja prakAranI saMdhi karI. A rIte 213 varasa pachI duniyAne mATe jApAnanAM dvAra khUlyAM. paraMtu emAMthI AgaLa upara muzkelI UbhI thavAnI hatI. videzIo AgaLa zagune pite ja samrATa che e DoLa karyo hato. prajAmAM have te akAre thaI paDyo ane tenI tathA videzIo sAthe teNe karelI saMdhio sAme bhAre caLavaLa UpaDI. keTalAka paradezIonI katala karavAmAM AvI ane ene pariNAme videzI sattAonA naukAkAphalAe jApAna upara humale karyo. dinapratidina paristhiti vadhAre ne vadhAre vikaTa banatI gaI ane Akhare 1867nI sAlamAM pitAne hoddo choDavAnuM zagunane samajAvavAmAM AvyuM. A rIte telugAvA zagunazAhIne aMta AvyuM. 1603nI sAlamAM IyeyAsuthI ene AraMbha thaye hato e tane kadAca yAda hoya ke naye hoya. eTaluM ja nahi paNa have te 700 varaso sudhI cAlu rahelI khuda zagunazAhInI prathAne paNa aMta Avya have navA samrATe pitAnI asala sthiti prApta karI. mutsAhita nAma dhAraNa karIne gAdI upara AvyA tyAre e samrATanI uMmara 14 varasanI hatI. teNe 1867 thI 1912 sudhI eTale ke 45 varasa sudhI rAjya karyuM. ene rAjyaamala meI" eTale ke pragatizIla rAjyaamala tarIke oLakhAya che. enA amala daramyAna ja jApAne bhAre pragati karI ane pazcimanI prajAonuM anukaraNa karIne ghaNI bAbatamAM te temanuM samovaDiyuM banyuM. eka ja peDhI daramyAna karavAmAM AveluM A bhAre parivartana e eka asAdhAraNa ghaTanA che ane itihAsamAM eno je maLatuM nathI. jApAna eka jabaradasta audyogika rASTra banI gayuM ane pazcimanI sattAonI peThe te sAmrAjyavAdI ane lUTAruM rASTra paNa banyuM, pragatinAM badhAM bAhya cihno teNe dhAraNa karyA. udyogomAM te te tenA pazcimanA guruo karatAM paNa AgaLa vadhI gayuM. tenI vasatI bahu

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Gr jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana jhaDapathI vadhI gaI. tenAM vahANA AkhI duniyAmAM satra javA lAgyAM. te eka mahAna rASTra banI gayuM ane AMtararASTrIya vyavahAramAM paNa tenI vAta AdarapUrvaka saMbhaLAvA lAgI. ane Ama chatAMye A bhAre parivartana prajAnA hRdayanA U ANamAM praveza karI zakayu nahi. ene kevaLa upara uparanuM parivartana kahevuM e paNa khATu che kemake vastusthiti ethI sAva judI ja hatI. paraMtu zAsakavarganuM dRSTibiMdu hajI kayUla ja rahyuM ane te krAMtikArI sudhArAo ane meAbUda yUDala kvaca e baMnene sumeLa sAdhavA prayAsa karatA hatA. emAM temane ThIkaThIka saphaLatA maLI hoya ema jaNAya che. " A bhAre parivartana karanArA jApAnanA amIra varganA dIdI puruSo hatA. temane vaDIla rAjapuruSo ' tarIke eLakhavAmAM Ave che. jApAnamAM thayelAM videzI virodhI ramakhANo pachI paradezanAM laDAyaka jahAjoe jApAnanA kinArA upara topamAro calAvyA tyAre jApAnIone potAnI asahAya dazAnuM bhAna thayuM ane te atizaya lajavAyA. ene mATe vidhAtAne doSa devAne ke saMtApa karavAne badale e parAjaya ane hiNapatamAMthI khAdha levAne temaNe nizcaya karyAM. vaDIla rAjapuruSoe sudhArA mATeno kAryakrama ghaDI kADhyo ane tene te custapaNe vaLagI rahyA. dAImyAnI purANI kyUla prathA rada karavAmAM AvI. samrATanI rAjadhAnI kyotAthI badalIne je zaheramAM lAvavAmAM AvI ane tenuM nAma TAkiyA pADavAmAM AvyuM. navuM rAjabaMdhAraNa ghaDavAmAM AvyuM ane temAM be dhArAgRhanI jogavAI karavAmAM AvI. emAMnI nIcalI dhArAsabhA prajAnA cUMTAyelA pratinidhienI banelI hatI ane upalI dhArAsabhA nimAyelA sabhyAnI banelI hatI. deLavaNI, kAyadA, udyogA ane sAcu pUche to khIjI badhI bAbate mAM pheraphAro karavAmAM AvyA. kArakhAnAMo UbhAM thayAM ane Adhunika DhabanuM sainya tathA naukAkAphalo paNa taiyAra karavAmAM AvyA. paradezamAMthI niSNAtone khelAvavAmAM AvyA tathA jApAnI vidyAthI ene yuropa ane amerikA meAkalavAmAM AvyA -- bhUtakALamAM hiMdIoe karyu hatuM tema baeNrisTara thavA ke evI bIjI kaMIka padavI meLavavA nahi paNa vaijJAnika thavA ane yaMtravidyAnA niSNAta banavA. samrATanA nAmathI A badhuM pelA vaDIla rAjapuruSoe karyuM. kemake dhArAsabhA hovA chatAMye kAyadAnI dRSTie samrATa jApAnanA sAmrAjyanA sarvasattAdhArI zAsaka rahyo hatA. ane A sudhArAnI sAthe sAthe e rAjapuruSoe samrATa-pUjAnA patha paNa pravartAvyeA. e eka vicitra prakAranuM mizraNa hatuM : eka bAju kArakhAnAM, Adhunika udyogo tathA dhArAsabhA dvArA cAlatI sarakAranA dekhAva hatA, jyAre khIjI bAju madhyayuganA samayanI devAMzI samrATanI pUjA hatI. theADA vakhata mATe paNa A baMne vastu eka sAthe kevI rIte

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jApAnanI AzcaryakAraka pragati 7pa TakI zake e samajavuM atizaya muzkela che. Ama chatAye e baMne vastuo eka sAthe cAlyA karI che emAM zaMkA nathI ane Aje paNa te ekabIjAthI aLagI paDI nathI. vaDIla rAjapurUSoe samrATa pratyenA pUjyabhAvanI A prabaLa bhAvanAne be rIte upayoga karyo. jemaNe bIjI rIte sudhArAone virodha karyo hota evA sthiticusta ane kyUDala vargo pAse temaNe samrATanA nAmanI pratiSThAne jere sudhArAone parANe svIkAra karAvyo tema ja vadhAre tvarAthI AgaLa vadhavA mAgatA ane kyUDala vyavasthAne nirmULa karavA cahAtA vadhAre pragatizIla tane e dvArA temaNe aMkuzamAM rAkhyAM. 19mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM cIna ane jApAna e be vacceno taphAvata bahu bhAre che. pitAnuM jUnuM svarUpa tajIne jApAna tvarAthI pazcimanA deze jevuM banI gayuM. jyAre cIna, ApaNe AgaLa joI gayA ane have pachI paNa joIzuM ke, bhAre musIbatomAM gUMcavAI gayuM hatuM. Ama kema banavA pAmyuM? cIna dezanI khuda vizALatAe - tenI moTI vastI ane vistRta pradeze parivartana muzkela banAvI mUkyuM. sAmarthyanA pAyArUpa jaNAta tene baheLo pradeza ane moTI vasatI e baMne hiMdanI pragatimAM paNa bAdhArUpa che. cInanuM rAjyataMtra paNa pUratA pramANamAM ekakendrI nahotuM eTale ke dezanA dareka bhAgamAM ThIka ThIka pramANamAM sthAnika svarAjya hatuM. ethI karIne dezanA bIjA bhAganA vahIvaTamAM dAkhala karIne madhyastha sarakAra jApAnanI peThe cInamAM bhAre pheraphAra karI zake ema nahotuM. e uparAMta, cInanI mahAna saMskRti hajAre varasa purANI hatI ane prajAjIvana sAthe te evI te otaprota thaI gaI hatI ke tene tyAga kare e saheluM nahotuM. A bAbatamAM ApaNe pharIthI hiMdustAna ane cInanI sarakhAmaNI karI zakIe ema chIe. vaLI jApAne te cInI saMskRti grahaNa karI hatI eTale e choDIne te bIjI koI saMskRti sahelAIthI apanAvI zake ema hatuM. yuropanI sattAone pagapesAre ane dakhalagIrI e paNa cInanI muzkelInuM eka kAraNa hatuM. vaLI cIna jApAnanI peThe TApu nahi paNa eziyA khaMDastha pradeza hate. eTale jApAnanA TApunI peThe te pitAnAM dvAra baMdha karI zake ema nahatuM. vAyavya khUNAmAM raziyAnI sarahada tenA pradezane lAgI rahelI hatI ane naiRtya khUNAmAM briTiza sAmrAjya AveluM hatuM tathA tenI dakSiNe phrAMsa dhImedhIme AgaLa vadhI rahyuM hatuM. A yurepI sattAoe cIna pAsethI mahattvanA hako paDAvyA hatA ane temaNe tyAM pitapatAnAM moTAM moTAM vepArI hite khIlavyAM hatAM. A hitoe cInanA mAmalAmAM dakhala karavA mATenAM aneka bahAnAM temane pUrAM pADyAM. eTale jApAna vAyuvege AgaLa vadhavA lAgyuM jyAre cIna navI paristhiti sAthe pitAne meLa besADavAne AMkha mIMcIne phAMphAM mArI rahyuM hatuM. paraMtu

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tenA e prayAsamAM tene jhAjhI saphaLatA na lAdhI. ahIM bIjI paNa eka vicitra bInAnI neMdha levA jevI che. jApAne Adhunika DhabanAM sainya tathA naukAkAphalA sahita pazcimanA dezanAM yaMtra tema ja udyogane apanAvyA ane AgaLa vadhelA audyogika rASTrane svAMga sa. paraMtu yuropanA vicAra ane bhAvanAo, vyaktigata tema ja sAmAjika svataMtratAnA khyAle tathA jIvana ane samAja pratyenI tenI vijJAnazuddha dRSTine teNe eTalI tvarAthI svIkAra karyo. aMdarakhAne te te phayUDala ane niraMkuza sattAnuM ja upAsaka rahyuM tathA bAkInI duniyA je vastumAMthI kyAranIye mukta thaI gaI hatI te ajaba prakAranI samrATapUjAne vaLagI rahyuM. jApAnIone tyAgapradhAna ane javalaMta rASTraprema samrATa pratyenI A niSThA sAthe bahu nikaTapaNe saMkaLAyeluM hatuM. rASTrIyatA ane samrATapUjAno paMtha e baMne sAthe sAthe cAlatAM rahyAM. jyAre cIne pracaMDa yaMtra tathA udyogo bahu tvarAthI apanAvyA nahi. paraMtu cIne athavA kahe ke Adhunika cIne pazcimanA vicAre, bhAvanAo tathA tenI vijJAnazuddha dRSTine vadhAvI lIdhI. A vicAre temanA pitAnA vicArothI bahu bhinna nahatA. Ama ApaNe joIe chIe ke cIne pazcimanI saMskRtinI bhAvanAne vadhAre pramANamAM apanAvI hatI. Ama chatAM paNa jApAna tenAthI AgaLa nIkaLI gayuM enuM kAraNa e che ke pazcimanI saMskRtinI bhAvanAnI avagaNanA karIne teNe tenuM bakhtara dhAraNa karyuM, ane tenuM A bakhtara ghaNuM majabUta hatuM e kAraNe AkhuM yuropa jApAnanI prazaMsA karavA lAgyuM ane teNe tene potAnA saMghamAM eka sabhya tarIke dAkhala karyuM. paraMtu cIna te kamajora hatuM ane tenI pAse tapa, baMdUka vagere saraMjAma nahotuM. AthI tenI bhAvanAo ane vicArenI paravA karyA vinA pazcimanI prajAoe tenI avahelanA karI, tene dharmane upadeza Ape, tathA tenuM zoSaNa karyuM. jApAne kevaLa yurepanI audyogika paddhatinuM ja nahi paNa tenI sAmrAjyavAdI AkramaNanI nItinuM paNa anukaraNa karyuM. te yuropanuM vaphAdAra ziSya hatuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa te te pitAnA guruthIye AgaLa vadhI gayuM. navA udyogavAdano phayUDala vyavasthA sAthe meLa khAte nahe, e tenI kharI muzkelI hatI. e baMne cAlu rAkhavAnA prayatnamAM te Arthika samatA sthApI zakayuM nahi. tyAM AgaLa karaverA bahu bhAre hatA ane leko tenI sAme phariyAda karavA lAgyA. ene lIdhe dezamAM kaMI pIDA UbhI thavA pAme te TALavA teNe jUnI karAmatane Azare lIdhe, eTale ke, yuddha dvArA athavA te paradezamAM sAmrAjyavAdI sAhasa kheDIne lokonuM dhyAna bIjI dizAmAM vALyuM. audyogika krAMtie paradezamAM jaIne mulaka jItavAnI jema iMglaMDane ane pAchaLathI pazcima yurepanA bIjA dezane pharaja pADI hatI tema jApAnanA navA udyogee

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jApAnanI Azcaya kAraka pragati 717 kAcA mAla ane bajAra meLavavA mATe bIjA dezo tarapha najara karavAnI tene krUraja pADI. mAlanuM utpAdana vadhatuM ja gayuM ane vasatI paNa tyAM AgaLa jhaDapathI vadhavA lAgI. uttarAttara vadhAre ne vadhAre kAcA mAla tathA khArAkanI jarUra UbhI thaI. A badhuM teNe kyAMthI meLavavuM? cIna ane kAriyA tenA sauthI najIkanA pADeAzIo hatA. cIne vepAranI tA tA ApI paraMtu te gIca vasatIvALeA deza hatA. cInanA sAmrAjyanI IzAnamAM AvelA maMcUriyA prAMtamAM khilavaNI tema ja vasavATa karavA mATe puSkaLa avakAza hatA. eTale kAriyA ane maMcUriyA tarapha jApAna bhukhALavAnI peThe jovA lAgyuM. pazcimanI sattA cIna pAsethI aneka prakAranI chUTachATA ane hakko meLavI rahI hatI tathA mulaka paDAvI levAnA paNa prayAsa karI rahI hatI tenA pratye paNa jApAna ciMtAtura najare joI rahyuM hatuM. A badhuM tene bilakula pasaMda nahatuM. pazcima yuropanI A badhI sattAe tenI sAme ja AvelI eziyAnI bhUmi upara aDDo jamAvIne TharIThAma thaI jAya te tenI salAmatI jokhamamAM AvI paDe ane kaI nahi te eziyA khaMDa upara peAtAnA vikAsa sAdhavAmAM vighnarUpa thaI paDe. potAnAM dvAra ughADIne bahAranI duniyA sAthenA potAnA vahevAra zarU karyAM tyAra pachI vIsa varasanI aMdara jApAne cIna tarapha AkramaNakArI valaNa dhAraNa karyuM. keTalAka mAchIne aMgenA eka najIvA jhaghaDAe cIna pAsethI vaLatara mAgavAnI jApAnane taka ApI. e mAchInuM vahANa bhAMgI gayuM hatuM ane temane mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. pahelAM teA cIne vaLatara ApavAnI nA pADI, paraMtu tene yuddhanI dhamakI ApavAmAM AvI tathA e vakhate te anAmamAM phrecA sAthe jhaghaDAmAM saMDovAyeluM hatuM, eTale teNe jApAnane namatuM ApyuM. A banAva 1874nI sAlamAM banyA. A jItathI jApAna phulAI gayuM ane tarata ja khIjA vijayA meLavavA AsapAsa najara karavA lAgyuM. kAriyA upara tarApa mAravAnuM sugama lAgyuM eTale najIvA kAraNasara tenI sAthe jhaghaDo UbhA karIne jApAne tenA upara caDAI karI tathA paisA ApavAnI ane tenAM keTalAMka aMdaro jApAnanA vepAra mATe khullAM karavAnI tene pharaja pADI. dhaNA lAMbA samayathI kAriyA cInanuM khaMDiyuM rAjya hatuM. madada mATe teNe cIna tarapha najara karI paNa te tene madada karI zake evI sthitimAM nahetuM. jApAna vadhAre paDatI lAgavaga rakhene meLavI jAya e`khIke cInanI sarakAre tAtpUratuM namatuM ApavAnI tathA jApAnane aMkuzamAM rAkhavA mATe pazcimanI sattA sAthe saMdhi karavAnI kAriyAne salAha ApI. Ama 1882nI sAlamAM krAriyAne duniyA mATe khullu mUkavAmAM AvyuM. paNa jApAna eTalAthI satASAya ema nahetuM. cInanI muzkelIone lAbha uThAvIne teNe kaiAriyAne savAla krIthI

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$< jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana UbhA karyAM ane kAriyAne temanA baMnenA rakSita rAjya tarIke svIkAravAnI cInane kraja pADI. eTale ke, kAriyA cIna tathA jApAna e atenuM khaMDiyuM rAjya banyuM. dekhItI rIte ja, lAgatAvaLagatA saune mATe e bhAre asatASakAraka paristhiti hatI. emAMthI vikhavAda jAgyA vinA rahe ema hatuM ja nahi. kharekhara, jApAnane teA vikhavAda joI tA ja hatA sane 1894nI sAlamAM teNe cInane parANe yuddhamAM UtAryuM. 1894-95nA cIna ane jApAna vacce vigraha e jApAna mATe ramata vAta hatI. tenuM lazkara tathA naukAsainya chevaTanI DhabanAM hatAM; ane cInAo tA - hajIye jUnI paddhatine vaLagI rahenArA tathA akuzaLa hatA. jApAnane raNakSetra upara satra vijaya maLyo ane cInane parANe sa Mdhi karavAnI pharaja paDI. A saMdhithI jApAna cInamAM aDDo jamAvIne beThelI pazcimanI sattAonI haroLamAM AvyuM, kAriyAne svataMtra jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM, paraMtu e te tenA uparanA jApAnanA prabhutvane DhAMkavAnA burakhA ja hatA. peTa Ara baMdara sahita maMcUriyAnA liyoTAMga dvIpakalpa tathA ph|rmAMsA ane khIjA keTalAka TApue jApAnane ApI devAnI cInane pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. ja nAnakaDA jApAne cInanA karelA saMpUrNa parAjayathI duniyA badhI tAjuba thaI gaI. dUra pUrvamAM eka baLavAna dezanA udhya thAya e kaI pazcimanI sattAne managamatI vAta naheAtI. cIna-jApAna vaccenA vigraha daramyAna cIna jItatuM jaNAyuM tyAre ja e sattAoe jApAnane cetavaNI ApI ke cInanA pradezanA kAI paNa bhAgane khAlasA karavAmAM Ave e vastu te mAnya rAkhaze nahi. A cetavaNInI paravA karyAM vinA tenA mahattvanA baMdara porTa Ara sahita liyeATAMga TApu teNe laI lIdho. paraMtu te tenI pAse rahevA devAmAM AvyA nahi. traNu mahAna sattAoe--raziyA, jarmanI ane phrAMse--e pradeza cheDI devAnI tene ja pADI. jApAnane jhALa to bahu baLI paNa tene e cheDI devAnI karaja paDI. e traNe sattAnA sAmanA karavA jeTaluM te baLavAna nahotuM. paraMtu jApAna tenI A avahelanA yAda rAkhI rahyuM. e tene sAlyA karI ane vadhAre moTA yuddhanI taiyArI karavA mATe te tene preratI rahI. nava varasa pachI raziyA sAthe e yuddha thavA pAmyuM. daramyAna, cIna uparanA peAtAnA vijayathI jApAne dUra pUrvanA sauthI khaLavAna rASTra tarIkenI sthiti prApta karI. cIna to sAva kamajora nIvaDayu hatuM ane pazcimanI sattAone enI saheja paNa dahezata rahI nahotI, eka nirjIva deDa upara yA tA maravAnI aNI upara AvelA prANI upara gIdhA tUTI paDe tema e sattA cIna upara tUTI paDI ane potAne mATe khanI

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jApAna raziyAne harAve che 729 zake eTaluM pacAvI pADavAnA prayAsa karavA lAgI. phrAMsa, raziyA, IgleMDa ane jarmanI - A badhI sattAo cInanA dariyA kinArA upara baMdare meLavavAne tathA cInamAM vizeSa hako meLavavAne paDApaDI karavA lAgI. TachATa meLavavA mATe atizaya hIna prakAranI ane aghaTita laDavADa thaI hareka kSullaka vastuno paNa vaLI vadhAre hako tathA chUTachATo meLavavAnA bahAnA tarIke upayoga karavAmAM AvyA. be mizanarIone mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA eTalA khAtara jarmanIe pUrvamAMnA zAkuMga dvIpakalpamAM AveluM kayAucuM baLajabarIthI pacAvI pADyuM. ane jarmanIe kyAucU pacAvI pADayuM eTalA khAtara bIjI sattAoe lUMTamAM pitAne bhAga meLavavA mATe Agraha karyo. traNa varasa pUrve jApAna pAse raziyAe je pAchuM mukAvyuM hatuM te peTe Arthara baMdara teNe laI lIdhuM. raziyAe porTa Arthara lIdhuM enA badalAmAM IMglaDe vI-hI-vI lIdhuM. krAMse anAmanA pradezamAMnuM eka baMdara laI lIdhuM. raziyAne TrAnsa sAIberiyana relavenA vadhArA tarIke uttara maMcUriyAmAM thaIne relave bAMdhavAnI chUTa maLI. A nirlajja jhUMTAjhUMTa abhUtapUrva ghaTanA hatI. bezaka, potAnA pradeza jatA karavAnuM ke chUTachATa ApavAnuM cInane jarAye gamatuM nahotuM. dareka prasaMge naukAkAphalAnuM pradarzana karIne ane baeNbamAre karavAnI dATI ApIne cInane ema karavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI hatI. A aghaTita ane hicakArA vartAvane ApaNe zuM kahIzuM? ene dhoLA divasanI dhADa kahIzuM ke lUMTaphATa kahIzuM? sAmrAjyavAdano e rAha che. keTalIka vAra te guptapaNe kArya kare che; keTalIka vAra te udAtta bhAvanAnA AvaraNa nIce tathA bIjAonuM bhaluM karavAnA khoTA DoLa nIce pitAnAM kukarmone DhAMke che. paraMtu 1898nI sAlamAM cInamAM te AvuM AvaraNa ke DhAMkapichoDo paNa rAkhavAmAM Avyo nahoto. cInamAM te enI karUpatA nagna svarUpe bahAra paDI. 117. jApAna raziyAne harAve che 29 Disembara, 1932 AjakAla huM dUra pUrvanA deza viSe lakhI rahyo chuM ane Aje paNa e ja vAta huM cAlu rAkhIza. bhUtakALanAM yuddho tema ja laDAITaMTAonI vAta huM tArA magaja upara zAne lAdavA mAgato hoIza enuM tane Azcarya thaze. e kaMI managamatA viSayo nathI. vaLI e badhI vItI gayelI vAta che. enA upara huM vadhAre bhAra mUkavA cahAta nathI. paraMtu dUra pUrvanA dezomAM Aje je kaMI banI rahyuM che tenAM mULa e badhI takalIphamAM ja rahelAM che

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jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzIna ane tethI AjanA prazno samajavAne arthe enuM kaMIka jJAna jarUrI che. hiMdanI peThe cIna paNa AkhI duniyAne sparzItA Ajane eka mahAprazna che. ane huM A lakhI rahyo chuM te ghaDIe paNa maMcUriyAnI jItanI bAbatamAM tIvra jhaghaDA cAlI rahyo che. 1898nI sAlamAM, potAnA yuddhajahAjonI dhamakI nIce, pazcimanI prajAe cIna pAsethI vepArI chUTachATa meLavavA mATe je paDApaDI karI hatI te viSe huM mArA AgalA patramAM tane kahI gayA chuM. temaNe cInanAM sArAM sArAM badhAM aMdaranA kabajo laI lIdheA ane te te baMdarone lagatA prAMtAmAM khANA khAvAnA, relave bAMdhavAnA ityAdi aneka hakko meLavyA. Ama chatAMye hajI vadhAre chUTachATA meLavavAnI mAgaNI te cAlu ja rahI. videzI sarakAro cInamAM potapotAnAM "sphIarsI ph inphluansa '' eTale ke lAgavaganAM kSetre jamAvavAnI vAto karavA lAgI. Adhunika sAmrAjyavAdI sarakAranI kAI dezanA bhAgalA pADavAnI e haLavI rIta che. itara deza upara meLavelA kAbU ke kabajAnI aneka mAtrA hoya che. kAI paNa dezane khAlasA karavA eTale, alabata, tenA saMpUNaeN kabajo levA; ' rakSita pradeza ' (proTekaToreTa) eTale e kabajAnI kaMIka ochI mAtrA ane " lAgavaganuM kSetra " eTale kabajAnI ethIye ochI mAtrA. paNa e badhAnuM lakSya eka ja hoya che ane e rIte eka pagathiyAmAMthI khIjAM pariName che. khAlasA karavAnI rIta e jUnI prathA che ane Aje enA lagabhaga tyAga karavAmAM Avyo che kemake ene pariNAme te dezamAM rASTrIya caLavaLanI takalIpha UbhI thAya che. ApaNane AgaLa upara kadAca e viSe carcA karavAnI taka maLaze. kAI paNa dezane Arthika kAbU meLavave ane bAkInI paMcAtamAM na paDavuM e ghaNuM sugama che. 770 Ama cInanA bhAgalA pADavAnI ghaDI AvI rahI hatI ane tethI jApAna gabharAI gayuM. cIna uparanA potAnA vijayanAM kLA pazcimanI prajAne hAtha jatAM jApAnane jaNAyAM ane cInanA TukaDA pADavAnI ghaTanAne te lAcArIbharyAM krodhathI nihALI rahyuM. vaLI, porTa AranA kabajo letuM tene raziyAe rAyuM ane pachIthI teNe pote ja tene kabajo laI lIdhe e mATe jApAna raziyA upara vizeSe karIne roSe bharAyuM hatuM. paraMtu eka mahAna sattAe cInamAM chUTachATa meLavavAnI A paDApaDImAM tathA tenA bhAgalA pADavAnI yejanAmAM hajI sudhI kaze| bhAga nahAtA lIdhA. e sattA te amerikAnuM yunAiTeDa sTeTsa, khIjA rAjyA karatAM e kaI vadhAre sadAcArI hatuM te kAraNe e enAthI dUra rahyuM hatuM ema nathI; enuM kAraNa e che ke te hajI potAnA vizALa pradeza khIlavavAmAM rokAyeluM hatuM. e rAjya pazcima dizAmAM prazAnta mahAsAgara tarapha phelAtuM gayuM tema tema

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jApAna raziyAne harAve che 771 navA navA pradeza khIlavavAnI jarUra UbhI thatI gaI ane tenI samagra zakti ane saMpatti e kAryamAM reDavAmAM AvI. eTaluM ja nahi paNa, e kArya mATe yuropanI mUDI paNa moTA pramANamAM amerikAmAM rokavAmAM AvI. paraMtu 19 mI sadInA aMtamAM potAnI mUDInA rokANa mATe amerikAvAsIo bIjA deze tarapha najara karavA lAgyA. temaNe cIna tarapha najara karI paraMtu temane mAlUma paDyuM ke yuropI sattAo cInane "lAgavaganAM kSetromAM vaheMcI nAkhavAnI taiyArImAM hatI. temane evI paNa zaMkA paDI ke chevaTe teo e lAgavaganAM kSetrone khAlasA karI deze. A vastusthiti paratve teo nArAjIthI nihALavA lAgyA. amerikAne emAMthI bAda rAkhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. AthI amerikAe jene "khullA dvAranI nIti" kahevAmAM Ave che te nIti cInamAM akhatyAra karavAnuM dabANa ryuM. e nItino artha e hatuM ke cInamAM vepArarojagAra karavAne mATe saune eka sarakhI sagavaDa ApavI joIe. bIjI sattAo emAM saMmata thaI A satatapaNe cAlu rahelA AkramaNe cInI sarakArane saMpUrNapaNe gabharAvI mUkI. vaLI ethI karIne tene evI paNa khAtarI thaI ke sarakAranI sudhAraNA tema ja punardhaTanA karavI joIe. teNe e dizAmAM prayAsa karyo paraMtu videzIonI chUTachATa mATenI cAlu rahelI navI navI mAgaNIone kAraNe emAM tene saphaLatA maLavAne saMbhava bahu ochA hatA. rAjamAtA jhuzI keTalAMka varasothI nivRttimAM rahetI hatI. e rAjamAtA ja A paristhitimAMthI ApaNo uddhAra karI zake ema che ema cInI prajA mAnavA lAgI. paraMtu e ja samaye, kaMIka kAvataruM thavAnI zaMkAthI, samrATa te tene kedamAM pUravAne vicAra karI rahyo hato. paraMtu e vRddha rAjamAtAe samrATane sattA uparathI dUra karI rAjyanI lagAma pitAnA hAthamAM laIne eno javAba vALyo. jApAnanI peThe mUlagata sudhArAo karavAmAM pagalAM teNe na lIdhAM paraMtu Adhunika DhabanuM sainya UbhuM karavAnA kAryamAM teNe potAnuM samagra lakSa kendrita karyuM. rakSaNa mATe teNe sthAnika se UbhAM karavAne uttejana ApyuM. A sthAnika sainya pitAne "AI he tAna" eTale ke "nyAya sumeLanAM daLe" e nAmathI oLakhAvatAM, keTalIka vAra temane "AI he cAna" eTale ke, "nyAya sumeLanA bAhuo" e nAmathI paNa oLakhavAmAM AvatAM. A bIjuM nAma baMdarI zaheramAM vasatA videzIone kAne pahoMcyuM ane temaNe AvA suMdara nAmane "bokasara' eTale ke mukakAbAjo e kaDhaga anuvAda karyo. A bokasaro" athavA sthAnika sainya videzI AkramaNa tathA videzIoe cIna upara tema ja cInavAsIo upara varasAvelAM asaMkhya apamAne sAme udbhavelI rASTrIyatAnI lAgaNIne pariNAme UbhAM thayAM hatAM. cInavAsIone

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772 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana videzIo upara prema UbharAI jatA nahAtA emAM kaI Azraya pAmavA jevuM nathI; temane to videzI mUrtimaMta aniSTa samAna lAgatA hatA. paNa mizanarIo pratye temane khAsa karIne aNagamA hatA. temaNe bhAre geravartAva calAvyA hatA. ane cInI khristIone te teo dezadrohIo tarIke ja lekhatA hatA. e daLe, navI vyavasthA sAme potAnI rakSA karavAne mathatA purANA cInanA pratinidhio hatAM. paraMtu A rIte temanA e prayAsa saphaLa nIvaDe ema nahotuM. mizanarI tema ja paradezIonA virodhI A dezadAjhavALA sthiticusta lokeA tathA pazcimanA lokA vacce dhaNu anivAya hatuM. temanI vacce jhadhaDAo thayA; eka. a Mgreja mizanarInuM khUna thayuM tathA yuropiyanA ane cInI khristIone meTI saMkhyAmAM mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. paradezI sarakAroe A rASTravAdI * baeNMsara ' caLavaLane dAkhI devAnI mAgaNI karI. jemaNe khUnane gunA karyAM temane te cInanI sarakAre zikSA karI, paraMtu Ama potAnA ja kjadane te kevI rIte dAbI daI zake? daramyAna bAkasara ' caLavaLa jhaDapathI phelAtI gaI. ethI gabharAI UDIne videzI elacIoe potapAtAnAM yuddhajahAjomAMthI sainye khelAvyAM. paNa ethI karIne teA cInAone lAgyuM ke videzIonI caDAI zarU thaI gaI che. thADA ja vakhatamAM ramakhANA zarU thayAM. jana elacIne mArI nAkhavAmAM Avyo ane pekiMgamAM videzI elacI khAtAMone dherA dhAlavAmAM AvyA. . , rASTravAdI ' boksara ' caLavaLanI sahAnubhUtimAM cInanA moTA bhAgamAM lakAe hathiyAra ugAmyAM. paraMtu keTalAka prAMtAnA hArkamA taTastha rahyA ane e rIte temaNe videzI sattAone sahAya karI. rAjamAtAne ezaka A 'baoNkasara' lAkA pratye sahAnubhUti hatI paraMtu te chaDecoka temanA saMbaMdhamAM naheAtI. 'oNkasara ' leAkA tA kevaLa dhADapADuo ja che ema batAvavA videzIoe prayAsa karyAM. paraMtu 1900nI sAlanA e baLavA vAstavika rIte te cInane videzIonI dakhalagIrImAMthI mukta karavAnA rASTrIya prayAsa hato. sara raoNbarTa hArTa nAmanA eka moTA aMgreja adhikArI videzI kacerIonA A dherA daramyAna tyAM hAjara hatA. e te vakhate jakAtanA inspekaTara janarala hatA. te jaNAve che ke, cInI lokAnI lAgaNI dUbhavavA mATe videzIo ane khAsa karIne mizanarI pakApAtra hatA tathA e khaLavAnA mULamAM " rASTrIya bhAvanA rahelI hatI ane eNe pAra pADavA dhArelI tema moTe bhAge vAjakhI hatI emAM zaMkAne sthAna nathI; A vastu upara jeTalA bhAra mUkIe teTalA Ache che." cInamAM pedA thayelA A saLavaLATathI videzI sattAone bhAre cIDa caDI. cInanI bhUmi upara temaNe tvarAthI potAnAM sainyA utAryAM. ane pekiMgamAM gherAyelA peAtAnA prajAjanane bacAvavA tathA temanuM rakSaNa karavAne mATe temanuM e pagaluM vAjakhI hatuM. videzI kacerIe athavA elacIkhAtAMne jokhamamAMthI

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773 jApAna raziyAne harAve che. ugAravA mATe jarmana senApatinI saradArI nIce judI judI prajAonAM banelAM AMtararASTrIya sainya cInanI bhUmi upara kuca zarU karI. jarmana kesare pitAnA sainyane dRSNanI peThe vartavAnI AjJA ApI ane ghaNuM karIne A AjJA uparathI ja mahAyuddha vakhate jarmanane dUNenuM upanAma ApavAnuM aMgrejone sUcana maLyuM hatuM. mAtra jarmana sainya ja nahi paNa bIjI badhI videzI prajAonAM sainyae kesaranI e salAhano amala karyo. pekiMga upara kUca karatI vakhate cInanI prajA upara e sainya e vartAva karyo ke jethI temanA paMjAmAM sapaDAvA karatAM saMkhyAbaMdha lokee ApaghAta karavAnuM pasaMda karyuM. te samaye cInanI strIomAM pitAnA paganI pATalI bahu ja TUMkI rAkhavAno rivAja hatuM ane ethI te sahelAIthI deDI zakatI nahi. AthI asaMkhya cInI strIoe ApaghAta karyo. A rIte katala, ApaghAta, tathA gAmaDAone bALavA vagerethI cInanI bhUmine aMkita karIne A mitrarAjanAM sainyae AgaLa kUca karI. mitrarAjanAM A sainyanI sAthe eka aMgreja khabarapatrI jaNAve che: . ahIM banelI keTalIka vastuono te mAre ullekha sarakhe paNa na karavo joIe. ane iMglaMDamAM e chapAvI paNa na ghaTe, kemake e vastu e darzAvI Ape che ke ApaNe pAzcAtya sudhAre e ja galIpaNAne chupAvanAruM kevaLa sohAmaNuM DhAMkaNa ja che. kaI paNa yuddha viSenI sAcI. hakIkata kadI paNa lakhAI ja nathI ane e bAbatamAM A yuddha paNa apavAdarUpa nathI. A sainya pekiMga pahoMcyAM ane elacIkhAtAMone gherAmAMthI mukta karyA. ane pachI pekiMganI lUMTa--"pijhAnA samaya pachInI moTAmAM moTI lazkarI lUMTa" zarU thaI pekiMgane kaLAnI vastuone saMgraha jeo tenuM mUlya saheja paNuM samajatA nahotA evA aNaghaDa ane asaMskArI lokone hAtha gayA. ane mizanarIoe A lUMTamAM AgaLa paDate bhAga lIdhe e khedajanaka bInA che. sainikonI ToLIo gheraghera pharatI, e gharanI mAlakI pitAnI che evI matalabanI neTise temanA upara caDato. pachI e gharanI aMdaranI kImatI cIja vecI devAmAM AvatI ane e kAma pUruM thAya eTale bIjA meTA ghara upara temane dareDa paDate.. videzI sattAonI ApasanI harIphAI ane kaMIka aMze yunAITeDa sTeTsanI sarakAranA valaNane kAraNe cIna bhAgalAnI ApattimAMthI bacI gayuM. paraMtu tene hiNapata ane nAmazIna karavAmAM kaDavo ghUMTaDe pIvAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. aneka rIte tenuM apamAna karavAmAM AvyuM; pekiMgamAM tazuM relavenA rakSaNane arthe cInamAM kAyamI videzI lazkara rAkhavAnI, ghaNuMkharA killAone nAza karavAnI tathA videzI virodhI maMDaLanA sabhyone matanI sajA pharamAvavAnI zarato kabUla karavAnI cInane pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. tenI 6-7

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774 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pAsethI bIjA vepArI hakako levAmAM AvyA tathA daMDa tarIke bhAre rakama paDAvavAmAM AvI. paraMtu sauthI viSama phaTako te e hato ke " sara " caLavaLanA dezadAjhavALA AgevAnone "baLavAkhore" tarIke phAMsIe laTakAvavAnI cInanI sarakArane pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. jene "pekiMganI saMdhino karAra" (pekiMga proTekela) kahevAmAM Ave che te A hato. 1901nI sAlamAM enA upara sahIo thaI hatI. jyAre cInanI bhUmi upara ane khAsa karIne pekiMganI AsapAsanA pradezamAM A badhuM cAlI rahyuM hatuM tyAre e pravartI rahelA aMdherane lAbha uThAvIne raziyana sarakAre sAIbIriyAmAM thaIne maMcUriyAmAM moTI saMkhyAmAM pitAnuM lazkara utAryuM. cIna te e samaye asahAya ane durbaLa hatuM, eTale enI sAme virodha uThAvyA uparAMta te vizeSa kazuM karI zakyuM nahi. paraMtu banyuM ema ke raziyana sarakAra A rIte vizALa pradezane kabaje le enI sAme bIjI videzI sattAe pitAne aNagame darzAvyuM. khAsa karIne jApAnanI sarakAra A vastusthiti paratve vadhAre ciMtAtura ane bhayabhIta banI. AthI videzI sattAoe raziyAne pAchA haThavAnuM dabANa karyuM. pitAnA prAmANika Aza upara kaI paNa zaMkAnI najara kare e sAme jANe tene naitika khedanI lAgaNI tathA Azcarya thayuM hoya e raziyAnI sarakAre dekhAva dhAraNa karyo tathA teNe bIjI sattAone khAtarI ApI ke cInanI sarvoparI sattAnI bAbatamAM dakhala karavAne tene leza paNa IrAdo nahote ane maMcUriyAmAMnI raziyana relave upara vyavasthA sthapAya ke tarata ja te pitAnuM lazkara pAchuM kheMcI leze. Ama badhAne saMtoSa thaye ane bezaka te badhI videzI sattAoe pitAnI ananya ni:svArthatA ane sadAcAra mATe paraspara ekabIjAne abhinaMdana ApyAM haze. paraMtu ema chatAMye raziyana lazkara te maMcUriyAmAM rahyuM ja ane cheka kAriyAnI sarahada sudhI AgaLa vadhyuM. maMcUriyA tathA koriyAmAM raziyAe karelA dhasArAthI jApAnavAsIo atizaya krodhe bharAyA. chAnAmAnA paNa bhAre ekAgratAthI teo laDAInI taiyArI karavA lAgyA. 1895nI sAlamAM traNa rAjya temanI sAme ekatra thaI gayAM hatAM ane ene lIdhe cInanA vigraha pachI porTa Arthara pAchuM ApI devAnI temane pharaja paDI hatI e temane barAbara yAda hatuM. eTale pharIthI ema banatuM TALavAno prayAsa temaNe karavA mAMDyo. A bAbatamAM iMglaDa temane pitAnuM pakSakAra maLI gayuM. te paNa raziyAnI AgekUcane bhayanI najare nihALI rahyuM hatuM ane tene rokavA mAgatuM hatuM. AthI dUra pUrvanA dezonI bAbatamAM bIjI sattAo temanI sAme ekatra thaIne temanA upara dabANa lAve e aTakAvavA mATe 1902nI sAlamAM IMgleMDa ane jApAne ekya karyuM. have jApAne salAmatInI

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jApAna raziyAne harAve che 775 lAgaNI anubhavI ane teNe raziyA tarapha vadhAre AkramaNakArI valaNa dhAraNa karyuM. teNe mAgaNI karI ke maMcUriyAmAMthI raziyana lazkara kheMcI levAvuM ja joIe. paraMtu te samayanI bevakUpha raziyana sarakAra jApAna tarapha tucchakAranI najare jotI hatI ane jApAna tenI sAme kadIye yuddhamAM Utaraze ema teNe mAnyuM nahi. 1904nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM e baMne dezo vacce yuddha zarU thayuM. jApAna te e yuddhane mATe saMpUrNapaNe taiyAra hatuM. ane jApAnanI prajA temanI sarakAranA pracAra tathA samrATapUjAnA temanA dharmathI uttejita thaIne dezapremanI bhAvanAthI bhabhUkI UThI. jyAre raziyA yuddha mATe jarAye taiyAra nahotuM ane tenI Apakhuda sarakAra prajA upara niraMtara damana calAvIne ja zAsana karI zakatI hatI. doDha varasa sudhI A yuddha cAlu rahyuM ane e daramyAna eziyA, yuropa ane amerikA e traNe khaMDe samudra tema ja jamIna upara jApAnanA vijaye nihALI rahyA. bhAre saMhAra ane Azcaryacakita kare evAM balidAnanAM kRtyo pachI piTa Arthara jApAnane hAtha AvyuM. raziyAe yuropathI cheka dUra pUrvanA dezo sudhInA lAMbA samudramArge dariyAI jahAjone eka meTo kAphalo eka. lagabhaga aDadhI pRthvInI pradakSiNA karIne hajAro mAIlanI saphara kheDIne thAkyopAkyo e pracaMDa kAle jApAnI samudramAM AvI pahoMcyA ane tyAM jApAna ane keriyA vaccenI samudranI sAMkaDI paTTImAM tenA naukAdhipati sahita jApAnIee tene DubADI dIdhuM. A aNadhArI ApattimAM lagabhaga Akhaye kAphalo samudrane taLiye jaI beThe. ' uparAuparI maLelI aneka hArathI raziyAnI - jhArazAhI raziyAnI bhAre pAyamAlI thaI raziyA pAse te zaktino akhUTa bhaMDAra anAmata paDela hata; 100 varasa pahelAM e ja raziyAe nepoliyanane bheThe pADayo nahote ke? paraMtu te vakhate te, sAcA raziyAna, raziyAnI Ama janatAno avAja hate. A patramAM huM hamezAM raziyA, IMgleDa, krAMsa, cIna, jApAna vagere dezane ullekha karyA karuM chuM, jANe ke e badhA deze koI jIvaMta vyakti na hoya. A mArI eka kuTeva che, pustaka tathA vartamAnapatromAMthI mane e Teva paDI che. paraMtu e rIte te samayanI raziyAnI sarakAra, iMglaMDanI sarakAra tema ja te te dezanI sarakArano ullekha karavAne mAre Azaya hoya che. keTalIka vAra e sarakAre mUDIbhara loke sivAya bIjA koInIye pratinidhi nathI hotI. athavA te te kaI eka varganI pratinidhi hoya che. AthI karIne e sarakAre AkhI prajAnI pratinidhi che ema mAnavuM ke kahevuM e sAcuM nathI. 19mI sadI daramyAna briTiza sarakAra dhanika leke, jamInadAre tathA upalI kakSAnA madhyama varganA nAnA samUhanI pratinidhi hatI ema kahI zakAya. pArlamenTa upara e lekene tyAre kAbU hato. prajAnA moTA bhAgane emAM kazeye avAja

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nahote. prajAsaMghamAM, goLamejI pariSadamAM ke evA ja koI bIjA prasaMge hiMda pitAne pratinidhi male che ema kahevAtuM AjakAla hiMdamAM ApaNuM sAMbhaLavAmAM Ave che. A artha vinAnI vAta che. Avo pratinidhi hiMdano pratinidhi na kahI zakAya; hiMdanI prajA tene potAnA pratinidhi tarIke cUMTI mokale to ja te tene pratinidhi kahevAya. A rIte te e kahevAtA hiMdanA pratinidhio hiMdanI sarakAranA namelA sabhyo che ane "hiMdI sarakAra " evuM tenuM nAma hovA chatAM vAstavamAM te te mAtra briTiza sarakAranuM eka khAtuM ja che. jApAna-raziyA vigraha vakhate raziyAmAM Apakhuda sarakAranuM zAsana hatuM. jhAra e "samagra raziyAne Apakhuda samrATa" hatuM ane te atizaya bevakUpha Apakhuda samrATa hato. majUre tathA kisAnone raziyAmAM lazkaranA jore dabAvI rAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA eTaluM ja nahi, paNa madhyama vargane paNa dezanA rAjataMtramAM kazoye avAja nahoto. A julamI rAjataMtranA damananI sAme ghaNAye raziyana yuvakoe pitAnAM mAthAM UMcAM karyA tema ja pitAnA hAtha ugAmyA ane svAtaMtrya mATenI laDatamAM pitAnAM jIvananI Ahuti ApI. ghaNI kanyAoe paNa e ja mArga akhatyAra karyo. eTale, jyAre huM "raziyA' Ama kare che tema kare che ke jApAna sAthe laDe che evI evI vAta karuM chuM tyAre mAro kahevAne Azaya mAtra eTalo ja hoya che, raziyAnI jhArazAhI sarakAra e badhuM kare che. jApAna sAthenA vigraha ane temAM paDelA bhAre phaTakAone pariNAme Ama janatAne vadhAre viTaMbaNAo veThavAnI AvI. sarakAra upara dabANa lAvavAne arthe kArakhAnAnA majUre vAraMvAra haDatAla upara javA lAgyA. A viTaMbaNuomAMthI kaMIka rAhata yAcavAne arthe 1905nI sAlanA phebruArInI 22mI tArIkhe eka pAdarInI AgevAnI nIce hajAra kisAne ane majUronuM eka zAnta saraghasa kAranA "zizira prAsAda' (vinTara paeNlesa) AgaLa gayuM. temane zuM kahevAnuM hatuM e sAMbhaLavAne badale jhAre temanA upara goLIbAra karAvyo. AthI bhISaNa hatyAkAMDa thavA pAmya, lagabhaga 200 jeTalA mANaso marAyA ane pITarsa, bane ziyALAno barapha lehIthI rAta thaI gayuM. A banAva ravivArane divase banyo ane tyArathI e divasane "lehiyALA ravivAra' tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. AkhA dezamAM bhAre khaLabhaLATa bhabhUkI UThyo. kArakhAnAnA majUree haDatALe pADI ane ene pariNAme krAMtine mATe prayAsa karavAmAM Avyo. jhAranI sarakAre 190panI A krAMtine bhAre krUratAthI dAbI dIdhI. aneka kAraNone laIne ApaNe mATe paNa e krAMti rasaprada che. 12 varasa pachI 1917nI sAlamAM je mahAna krAMti thavAnI hatI tene mATe A krAMti eka prakAranI taiyArIrUpa hatI. 1917nI krAMtie raziyAnI sUrata badalI nAkhI. 1905nI A niSphaLa krAMti daramyAna krAMtikArI majUree eka navIna prakAranI saMsthA

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jApAna raziyAne harAve che ooo UbhI karI. pachInA samayamAM e saMsthA bhAre mazahUra thavAnI hatI. e saMsthA seviyeTane nAme oLakhAvA lAgI. cIna ane jApAna tathA jApAna raziyAnA vigrahanI vAta karatAM karatAM mArI haMmezanI Teva pramANe 1905nI raziyana krAMtinI vAta upara huM UtarI paDyo. paraMtu A jApAna-raziyA vigrahanI pUrva pIThikA tane samajAvavAne khAtara mAre tane e viSe thoDuM kahevuM paDayuM. ghaNe aMze krAMtinA e prayAsa tathA prajAnA te vakhatanA mAnasane kAraNe ja jhArane jApAna sAthe samajUtI karavI paDI. 1905nA sapaTembara mAsamAM thayelI porTasmathanI saMdhithI jApAna-raziyAnA vigrahane aMta AvyuM. piorTasmatha yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM AveluM che. yunAITeDa sTeTasanA pramukhe baMne pakSone tyAM lAvyA hatA ane e saMdhi upara tyAM sahIo thaI. A saMdhinI rUe jApAnane porTa Arthara tathA liyeTAMga dvIpakalpa Akhare pAchAM maLyAM. tane yAda haze ke cInI vigraha vakhate jApAnane te chaDI devAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI hatI. vaLI jApAnane raziyAe maMcUriyAmAM bAMdhelI moTA bhAganI relave tathA jApAnanI uttare Avela sakhAlInano aradho TApu paNa maLyAM. e uparAMta raziyAe koriyA uparanA pitAnA badhA dAvAo tajI dIdhA. Ama jApAna jItyuM ane mahAna sattAonA jAduI vartAlamAM te dAkhala thayuM. eziyA khaMDanA eka deza jApAnanI jItathI eziyAnA badhA dezamAM dUragAmI asara thavA pAmI. jApAnanI e jItathI kumAra avasthAmAM huM keTalo badhe utsAhita thayo hato tenI vAta huM tane AgaLa kahI cUkyo chuM. e utsAha athavA uttejanA te samaye eziyAnA asaMkhya kumArakumArikAo tathA pukhta uMmaranAM strI puruSoe anubhavI hatI. yuropanI eka mahAna sattAne harAvavAmAM AvI hatI. eTale bhUtakALamAM jema teNe aneka vAra harAvyuM hatuM tema hajI paNa eziyA yuropane harAvI zake ema hatuM. eziyAnA pUrvanA dezamAM rASTravAdanuM mojuM vadhAre jhaDapathI pharI vaLyuM ane "eziyAvAsIo mATe eziyA ne pikAra saMbhaLAvA lAgyuM. paraMtu A rASTravAdamAM bhUtakALanI sthiti tarapha pAchuM prayANa karavuM tathA purANI rUDhio ane mAnyatAone vaLagI rahevuM mAtra eTalo ja samAveza nahoto thato. jApAnanI chata pazcimanA dezonI navIna audyogika paddhationA aMgIkArane AbhArI hatI ema jovAmAM AvyuM ane pUrvanA dezomAM sarvatra e vicAra ane paddhatio vadhAre lokapriya banyAM.

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118, cIna prajAsattAka bane che 30 Disembara, 197ra jApAne raziyA upara meLavelI jItathI eziyAnI prajAo harakhamAM AvIne keTalI badhI pulakita thaI gaI hatI te ApaNe joI gayAM. paraMtu ene tAtkAlika pariNAma e AvyuM ke ethI AkramaNakArI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAomAM ekane umere the. enI pahelI asara koriyAne veThavI paDI. jApAnane udaya keriyAnA patanane nimitta banyA. pitAnAM dvAra ughADIne jApAna duniyA sAthe saMparkamAM AvyuM tyArathI ja koriyA ane amuka aMze maMcUriyA pitAnAM che ema jApAna mAnavA lAgyuM hatuM. alabata teNe vAraMvAra jAhera kya karyuM ke cInanI akhaMDitatA tathA koriyAnA svAtaMtryane te mAnya rAkhanAra hatuM. jyAre teo sAmA pakSane lUMTatI hoya che tyAre tenA pratyenI bhalI lAgaNIonI galIca khAtarIo ApavAnI tathA teo jyAre katala calAvI rahI hoya che tyAre jIvananI pavitratAnI ghoSaNA karavAnI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonI eka prakAranI prathA hoya che. A pramANe jApAne gaMbhIrapaNe jAhera karyuM ke kAriyAmAM te kazI dakhalagIrI karanAra nathI ane te ja ghaDIe teNe tene kabaje levAnI pitAnI purANI nItino amala karavA mAMDayo. cIna ane raziyA sAthenA tenA vigrahamAM tenI najara keriyA tathA maMcUriyA upara hatI. dhIme dhIme teNe e dizAmAM vadhavA mAMDayuM hatuM ane cIna tathA raziyAnI hAra pachI have tene raste mokaLa thaI gaye. pitAnI sAmrAjyavAdI nIti AgaLa dhapAvavAmAM jApAnane koI paNa prakAranI naitika bhAvane naDI nahi. teNe dhoLe dahADe chaDecoka AMcakI levA mAMDayuM; pitAnI duSTa ejanA upara kheTa DhAMkapichoDo karavAnI paravA sarakhI paNa teNe rAkhI nahi. cInI vigraha pahelAM cheka 1894nI sAlamAM paNa koriyAnI rAjadhAnI selamAM AvelA rAjamahelamAM baLajabarIthI pisI jaIne temanA kahevA pramANe na karanAra rANIne tyAMthI upADI jaIjApAnIoe keda karI hatI. raziyana vigraha pachI 1905nI sAlamAM jApAnI sarakAre kAriyAnA rAjAne pitAnA dezanI svataMtratA lakhI ApIne jApAnanuM Adhipatya svIkAravAnI pharaja pADI. paNa ATalAthIye temane saMtoSa na thayo. e pachI pAMca varasa karatAM paNa ochA samayamAM e kamanasIba rAjAne dUra karavAmAM Avyo ane keriyAne jApAnI sAmrAjyamAM joDI devAmAM AvyuM. 1910nI sAlamAM A banAva banya. 3000 karatA vadhAre varasanA itihAsa pachI keriyA eka nirALA rAjya tarIke maTI gayuM. je rAjAne A rIte dUra karavAmAM Avyo te 500 varasa pUrve maMgalone hAMkI kADhanAra rAjavaMzane vaMza ja hatuM. paraMtu tenA

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cIna prajAsattAka ane che. 779 vaDIla bhAI cInanI peThe kAriyA paNu jaDa, sthagita ane niSkriya khanI gayuM hatuM ane e mATenI zikSA tene bhogavavI paDI. kAriyAne tenuM purANuM nAma cAsana, eTale ke prabhAtanI zAMtinA pradeza, pAchuM ApavAmAM AvyuM. jApAnIoe tyAM keTalAka Adhunika sudhArA dAkhala karyA paraMtu kAriyAnI prajAnI bhAvanAne temaNe niyapaNe cagadI nAkhI. varasA sudhI svAtaMtrya mATene saMgrAma cAlu rahyo ane tyAM AgaLa aneka baLavAo paNa thayA. emAM 191nI sAlanA baLavA sauthI mahattvanA hatA. kAriyAnI prajA ane khAsa karIne yuvakayuvatIe bhAre muzkelI sAme atizaya bahAdurIthI laDyAM. svAtaMtrya mATe laDatI keriyAnI saMsthAe eka prasaMge vidhipUrva ka kaeNAriyAnI svataMtratA jAhera karI ane e rIte jApAnIone paDakAra karyAM. e viSe evI vAta cAle che ke, e pachI tarataja temaNe potAnA kAryanI polIsane TeliphonathI khabara ApI! A rIte dhyeyane khAtara temaNe irAdApUrvaka potAnI jAtanI Ahuti ApI. jApAnIee kAriyane upara calAveluM damana e tihAsanuM eka kALu ane khedajanaka prakaraNa che. tane e jANIne AnaMda thaze ke, kaoNlejamAMthI taratanI ja bahAra paDelI kariyAnI kumArikAoe e laDatamAM AgaLa paDato bhAga lIdhA hatA. have ApaNe cIna tarapha pAchAM vaLIe. bAkasara caLavaLane dAkhI devAmAM AvI tathA pekiMganA karAra thayA e pachI ekAeka ApaNe tene cheDI dIdhuM hatuM. cInane saMpUrNa paNe zaramiMduM karavAmAM AvyuM, ane pachI tyAM AgaLa pharIthI sudhArAnI dizAmAM prayAsa AdaravAmAM Avye. vRddha rAjamAtAne paNa lAgyuM ke kaMIka karavuM joI e. jApAna-raziyAnA vigraha daramyAna cInanI hakUmata nIcenI bhUmi maMcuriyAmAM yuddha cAlI rahyuM hatuM chatAMye cIna teneA niSkriya prekSaka banI rahyuM. jApAnanA vijayathI cInanA sudhArakAnA hAtha majabUta banyA. keLavaNIne Adhunika banAvavAmAM AvI tathA Adhunika vijJAnanA abhyAsa karavAne arthe vidyArthIone yuropa, amerikA tathA jApAna meAkalavAmAM AvyA. rAjyanA adhikArIonI nimaNUka karavA mATenI sAhityanI parIkSAnI purANI paddhati rada karavAmAM AvI. cInanI A viziSTa prakAranI ane Azraya kAraka paddhati cheka hana rAjavaMzanA samayathI 2000 vasA sudhI cAlu rahI. dhaNA vakhatathI e jarIpurANI banI gaI hatI ane enI upayeAgitA rahI naheAtI. vaLI te cInane pachAta rAkhI rahI hatI. AyI ene rada karavAmAM AvI e yeAgya ja thayuM. Ama chatAMye e paddhati lAMbA kALa sudhI eka rIte eka Azcaya - kAraka vastu hatI. jIvana pratyenI cInI leAkAnI dRSTinI e ni ka hatI. eziyA tathA yuropanA ghaNAkharA dezAnI peThe cInanI jIvanadRSTi cUDala samAjaracanA ke dhArmika kriyAkAMDa upara racAyelI nahotI. temanI jIvanadRSTi

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780 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana te viveka athavA buddhinA pAyA upara racAyelI hatI. cInI leAkeA dhanA saMkucita arthAMmAM duniyAmAM sauthI echAmAM ochA dhArmika che, ane ema chatAM nIti tathA suvyavasthita jIvananAM dhAraNAnuM teo kAI paNa dhArmika prajA karatAM vadhAre cIvaTapUrNAMka pAlana karatA AvyA che. temaNe muddhinA pAyA upara samAja racavAnA prayAsa karyAM paraMtu temaNe e vastu mAtra temanA purANA pramANagraMthAmAM ja maryAdita karI rAkhI ethI pragati ane parivartana aTakI paDayAM ane sthagitatA tathA jaDatAe dhara karyuM. hiMdamAM ApaNe cInanA A buddhipradhAna valaNamAMthI dhaNuM zIkhavAnuM che, kemake, ApaNe hajIye matAgrahI dharma, nyAtajAtA, purAhitazAhI tathA kcDala khyAleAnA sakaMjAmAM sapaDAyelAM che. cInanA mahAna RSi kaoNnphyuziyase potAnI prajAne eka cetavaNI ApI hatI te ApaNe paNa yAda rAkhavA jevI che. jee Adhidaivika sRSTi sAthe kA karavAnA DeThaLa rAkhatA hoya temanI sAthe kazI levAdevA rAkhaze nahi. jo tame tamArA dezamAM AdhidaivikavAdane pagapesAro karavA deze te tene pariNAme bhISaNa Apatti AvI paDaze. " kamanasIbe ApaNA dezamAM potAnA mAthA upara ceTalI ke jaTAvALA, lAMbI dADhIvALA, potAnA kapALa upara citravicitra cihnovALA athavA to bhagavAM vastra dhAraNa karanArA ghaNA mANase Adhidaivika sRSTinA ADatiyA tarIke khape che ane Ama janatAnuM lehI cUse che. CC ,, . cIna pAse buddhivAdanA purANA vArasA tathA saMskRti hovA chatAM te vamAna kALa uparano kAbU khAI kheDu hatuM. ane tenI purANI sasthA - muzkelIonA samayamAM tene kazI sahAya na ApI zakI. paraMtu ghaTanAnA khaLe tenAM aneka khALakAmAM cetana pUryu ane jJAnanI zodha mATe temane anyatra preryAM. e ghaTanAee vRddha rAjamAtAne paNa jAgrata karI. teNe rAjabaMdhAraNa ApavAnI ane leAkazAsana sthApavAnI vAto karavA mAMDI ane judA judA dezAnAM rAjabaMdhAraNeAnA abhyAsa karavAne paradezamAM eka kamizana mekalyuM. vRddha rAjamAtAnI cInI sarakAra Akhare AgekUca karavA lAgI paraMtu prajA tenA karatAM vadhAre jhaDapathI AgaLa vadhI rahI hatI. cheka 1896nI sAlamAM DaoN. sunayAtsene eka maMDaLa sthApyuM hatuM. enuM nAma 'cInI punaruddhAra - maMDaLa ' hatuM. paradezI sattAoe cIna pAse baLajabarIthI anyAyI ane ekataraphI sadhi karAvI hatI tenI sAmenA virodha tarIke ghaNA loko emAM joDAyA. cInA leAkeA ene viSama sadhie ' tarIke oLakhatA hatA. A maMDaLanI uttarAttara vRddhe thatI gaI ane teNe dezanA yuvakavargane AkarSyA. - 1911nI sAlamAM e maDaLe potAnuM nAma badalIne kumiga-TAMga rAkhyuM ane te cInI krAMtinuM kendra banyuM. kumiga-TAMgane artha'rASTrIya prajApakSa' eve thAya che. e caLavaLanA pravaka DaoN. sune potAnA dezanA rAjyabaMdhAraNa mATenA namUnA . '

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cIna prajAsattAka ane che 781 tarIke yunAiTeDa sTeTsa taraph najara karI. tene te prajAsattAka rAjyataMtra sthApavuM hatuM. iMgleMDanI peThe baMdhAraNIya rAjAzAhI nahi. jApAnanI peThe samrATapUjA te khacIta tene nahAtI ja joItI, cInAoe samrATane pUjA mATenuM pUtaLu kadI banAvyA nahotA. vaLI e samaye zAsana karateA rAjavaMza bhAgye ja cInI rAjavaMza kahI zakAya. e marce rAjavaMza hatA ane cInamAM macvirodhI lAgaNI ThIkaThIka pramANamAM pravatelI hatI. prajAmAM pedA thayelA A khaLabhaLATe ja rAjamAtAne kaMIka karavAne mATe pravRttizIla banAvI hatI. paraMtu bhAvimAM amalamAM mUkavAnA rAjabaMdhAraNanI jAherAta karyAM pachI gheADA ja vakhatamAM e vRddha mahiSI maraNa pAmI. paNa vicitra ghaTanA evI banI ke, e rAjamAtA tathA jene teNe gAdI uparathI dUra karyAM hatA te samrATa ane tene bhatrIjo 1908nA navembara mAsamAM cevIsa kalAkanI aMdara maraNa pAmyA. have eka bALaka kevaLa nAmanA ja samrATa banyo. < pArlamenTanI kheTaka khelAvavA mATe bhAre pe!kAra UDyo ane dezamAM maMsUvidhI tathA rAjAzAhIvirodhI lAgaNI atizaya tIvra banI gaI. krAMtikArI sabaLa banyA. temane sAmano karI zake evA yuAna-zIha--kAI nAmanA eka prAMtanA hAkema eka mAtra sama puruSa hato. e mANasa atizaya lucco ane kAvatarAMkhAra hato. paraMtu cInanuM eka mAtra Adhunika ane kuzaLa sainya tenA kAnUnIce hatuM. e sainyane Adarza sainya' evA nAmathI eLakhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. mac zAsakee yuAnane dUbhavyA ane tene kharatara karyAM ane e rIte temaNe temane thADA vakhata sudhI paNa bacAvI zake evA eka mAtra puruSane gumAvye. 1911nA kaTobara mAsamAM yAMgatjhe nadInI khINamAM krAMti phATI nIkaLI ane gheADA ja vakhatamAM madhya cIna ane dakSiNa cInanA meTA bhAganA pradeze baLavA pakAryAM. 1912nI sAlanA navA varasane divase khaLavApAkAranAra prAMtAe prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karI. nAnsanane temaNe potAnI rAjadhAnI banAvI ane DaoN. sunayAtsenane prajAsattAkanA pramukha cUMTavAmAM Avye. daramyAna yuAna-zIha-kAI e nAraka nihALI rahyo hato ane tene lAbhakAraka thaI paDe te ghaDIe temAM vacce paDavAne taiyAra thaI kheThe hatA. samrATa bALaka hovAthI tenI avejImAM rAjya kArabhAra calAvanAra adhikArIe yuAnane baratarapha karyAnI vAta atizaya mAnI che. purANA cInamAM dareka vastu pUrepUrA viveka ane akhathI karavAmAM AvatI. yuAnane baratarapha karavAnA vakhata Avye tyAre evuM jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM ke tenA pagane rega lAgu paDyo che. alabata, tene paga sarasa hAlatamAM hatA ane A te| tene dUra karavAnI eka rUDha paddhati hatI ema sau kAI jANatuM hatuM. paraMtu yuAne te

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78ra jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana enuM vera lIdhuM be varasa pachI 1911nI sAlamAM baLave phATI nIkaLe tyAre gabharAIne samrATane nAme zAsana karanAre tene pAchA bolAvyuM. pitAnI zarate mAnya thayA vinA pAchA javAne yuAnane IrAde nahote. eTale teNe e AmaMtraNane evo javAba vALyuM ke, A ghaDIe huM ghara choDI zakuM ema nathI ema jaNAvatAM mane kheda thAya che. kemake huM pravAsa karI zakuM eTale mAre paga hajI sAjo thaye nathI! eka mAsa pachI tenI zarata mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvI tyAre tene paga ekadama sAjo thaI gaye. paNa krAMtine dAbI devAnI ghaDI vahI gaI hatI ane kaI paNa bAju tarapha pitAne pakSapAta batAvIne pitAnI jAtane jokhamamAM na mUkavA jeTale yuAna kuzaLa hatuM. Akhare teNe maMcUone gAdItyAga karavAnI salAha ApI. temane prajAsattAkano sAmane karavAnuM hatuM ane temanA pitAnA senApatie ja temane tyAga karyo hato e sthitimAM have temane mATe e sivAya bIjo upAya rahyo nahote. 1912nA phebruArInI 12mI tArIkhe gAdItyAganI jAherAta bahAra pADavAmAM AvI ane aDhIsa varasa karatAMye vadhAre samayanA yAdagAra zAsana pachI maMcUvaMza cInanI raMgabhUmi uparathI adazya thayo. eka cInI kahetI pramANe "sAvajanI garjanA sAthe teo AvyA ane eka sarpanI pUMchaDInI peThe teo lupta thayA." e ja divase eTale ke 12mI phebruArIe navA prajAsattAkanI rAjadhAnI nAnTInamAM - jyAM AgaLa miMga vaMzanA prathama samrATanuM kIrtimaMdira paNa AveluM hatuM-AzcaryakAraka vidhi karavAmAM AvI. e vidhimAM prAcIna tema ja arvAcIna bhAvanAone sumeLa sAdhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. prajAsattAkanA pramukha DaoN. sunacAtasena pitAnA pradhAnamaMDaLa sahita A kIrtimaMdiramAM gayA ane tyAM AgaLa temaNe prAcIna rIta pramANe Ahuti ApI. ane A prasaMge pitAnA vyAkhyAnamAM temaNe jaNAvyuM, "ApaNe pUrva eziyAmAM prajAsattAka rAjyataMtranA akhatarAne AraMbha karI rahyA chIe. puruSArtha karanArAone saphaLatA bhalene vahelI ke moDI maLe paraMtu e vAta te nizcita che ke sajjanane aMte temanA puruSArthane badale maLe che ja. te pachI ApaNane vijaya maLatAM vilaMba thAya e mATe ApaNe asaMtuSTa zAne thavuM joIe ?" svadezamAM tema ja pitAnA dezavaTA daramyAna aneka varaso sudhI DaoN. sunacAsene cInanI mukti mATe bhAre prayAsa karyo ane Akhare vijaya temane varate jaNAyo. paraMtu svAtaMtrya e hAthamAM Ave ane paDamAMthI vAraMvAra chaTakI jAya e sarakaNe mitra che ane saphaLatA vare te pahelAM te pUrepUrI kiMmata mAge che. vaLI te khATI AzAo ApIne ApaNI vAraMvAra hAMsI kare che tathA te ApaNane prApta thAya te pahelAM aneka viTaMbaNuo ane muzkelIo dvArA te ApaNuM

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- brahad bhArata ane IsTa InDijha kaseTI kare che. cIna tathA DaoN. sunanI svAtaMtryayAtrA hajI adhUrI hatI -- hajI temane ghaNo mArga kApavAno hato. varasa sudhI cInanA bAla prajAsattAkane pitAnuM jIvana TakAvI rAkhavA mUkavuM paDayuM, vIza varasa pachI Aje jyAre te pukhta vayanuM thavuM joItuM hatuM tyAre paNa tenuM bhAvI kevuM haze te hajI nizcitapaNe kahI zakAtuM nathI. maMcUoe te gAdItyAga karyo paraMtu yuAna hajI prajAsattAkanA mArgamAM aMtarAyarUpa thaIne Ubhe hatuM ane te zuM karaze enI koIne paNa khabara nahotI. cInanA uttara bhAgamAM yuAnano kAbU hata; prajAsattAkane dakSiNa bhAgamAM. sulehazAMti sthApavAne tathA AMtaravigraha TALavAne khAtara DaoN. sunayAta sene pitAnI jAtane bhUMsI nAkhI, pramukhapada uparathI te nivRtta thayo ane yuAnazaha-kAIne pramukha cUMTavAmAM Avyo. paraMtu yuAna prajAsattAkane upAsaka nahato. pitAnI meTAI vadhAravAne tene te game te rIte sattA meLavavI hatI. pramukha cUMTIne tenuM bahumAna karanAra khuda prajAsattAkane ja kacarI nAkhavAne teNe videzI sattAo pAsethI nANAM uchInAM lIdhAM. teNe pArlamenTane baratarapha karI ane ku-miMga-TAMga pakSane vikherI nAkhe. ene pariNAme bhAgalA paDyA ane dakSiNamAM Do. sunanI AgevAnI nIce virodhI sarakAranI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. pitAnI samagra zaktithI DaoN. sune bhAgalA paDatA TALavA bhagIratha prayatna karyo paNa tenI murAda pAra na paDI ane bhAgalA te paDyA ja. pariNAme mahAyuddha zarU thayuM tyAre cInamAM be sarakAre hatI. yuAne samrATa banI besavAne prayAsa karyo paNa temAM te na phAvyuM ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM te maraNa pAmyo. 119. bRhad bhArata ane IsTa InDijha 31 Disembara, 1932 atyAra pUratI te dUra pUrvanA dezonI vAta ApaNe pUrI karI che. 19mI sadInA kALanA hiMda viSe paNa ApaNe thoDuM jANI lIdhuM. ane have ApaNe pazcima dizAmAM yuropa, AphrikA tathA amerikA tarapha najara karavI joIe. paraMtu e lAMbo pravAsa ApaNe AraMbhIe te pahelAM eziyAnA agni khUNAnA pradezanI jhAMkhI karIne e taraphanA mulaka viSenuM Ajadina sudhInuM jJAna ApaNe meLavI laIe ema huM IcchuM chuM. e mulako viSe mArA AgaLanA patramAM meM aspaSTapaNe ane judA judA nAmathI ullekha karyo che. maleziyA, InDoneziyA, - IsTa InDijha, "phAdhara inDiyA" eTale ke bRhad bhArata AvAM aneka nAmothI meM

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78 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAna e pradezonA ullekha karyo che. kAI paNa eka nAmamAM e badhA pradezone samAveza thAya che ke kema e viSe mane zaMkA che. paraMtu ApaNe ekakhIjAne samajatAM hAI e pachI nAmanI mithyA'gaDabhAMja zI ? tArI pAse nAnA sarakhA nakaze| hoya te tenA taraph najara kara. tuM joro ke eziyAnA agni khUNAmAM brahmadeza, siyAma ane jene hAla hiMdI cIna kahevAmAM Ave che e dezAnA banelA eka dvIpakalpa che. ane brahmadeza tathA siyAmanI vaccethI jamInanI eka sAMkaDI paTTI AgaLa vadhe che. e pachI AgaLa upara pahALI thAya che ane enA cheDA upara siMgApora zahera AveluM che. A pradeza malAyA dvIpakalpa kahevAya che. malAyA ane oNsTreliyA vacce nAnA meATA ane bhAta bhAtanA AkAranA aneka TApuo AvelA che. A TApuo ApaNane eziyA tathA oNsTreliyAne joDatA eka pracaMDa pulanA avazeSanA khyAla Ape che. e badhA TApue IsTa InDijha kahevAya che ane emanI uttare philipAIna TApue AvelA che. Adhunika nakazo tane batAvaze ke brahmadeza tathA malAyA briTananA tAbAmAM che, hiMdI cIna phrAMsanA tAbAmAM che ane e baMnenI vacce AvelA siyAma svataMtra deza che. IsTa inDijha TApue * jAvA, sumAtrA ane meniyA, selebejha ane malAkAnA moTA bhAga vagere yureApanA vahANavaTIone hajAro mAilanI samudranI jokhamakAraka saphara kheDavAne AkanAra mazahUra tejAnAnA TApue -- hAleMDanA tAbAmAM che, philipAIna TApue amerikAnI hakUmata nIce che. - pUrvanA samudramAM AvelA dezeAnI Aje A sthiti che, paraMtu e hajAra varasA pUrve tyAM jaI ne e dezamAM vasavATa karanAra hiMdanA karaja do viSe, lAMbA kALa sudhI jAheAjalAlIbharI kArakidI bhogavanArAM tyAMnAM sAmrAjyeA viSe, Azcarya cakita karI mUke evAM tyAMnAM ramaNIya nagaro viSe, tyAMnA vepArarAjagAra viSe tathA cInI ane hiMdI saMskRti tema ja sudhArAnA tyAM AgaLa thayelA saMgama viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM tane yAda haze. A deze viSenA mArA chellA (79mA ) patramAM phiragIenA pUnA sAmrAjyanA patana tathA briTiza ane Daca IsTa IMDiyA kaMpanInA udaya viSe meM tane vAta karI hatI. philipAIna TApuomAM hajIye spenavAsIone amala cAlu hatA. aMgreja tathA Daca athavA valadAe phira`gIone harAvIne tyAMthI hAMkI kADhavAne mATe ekatra thaI gayA hatA. teo temanI e temamAM saphaLa thayA paraMtu e vijetAo vacce ekabIjA mATe jarA sarakhe| paNa prema nahe te ane te vArazara paraspara jhaghaDavA lAgyA. 1627nI sAlamAM eka prasa Mge malAkAmAM AvelA embeAyanAnA Daca gavana reIsTa inDiyA kaMpanInA aMdhA aMgreja nAkarAnI dharapakaDa karIne Daca sarakAra sAme kAvataruM karavAnA Arepasara

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bRhad bhArata ane IsTa inDijha temane dehAMtadaMDanI zikSA karI. temanI A eka sAmaTI katala embeAyanAnI katala tarIke oLakhAya che. 75 eka vastu tuM yAda rAkhe ema huM icchuM chuM. mArA eka AgaLanA patramAM meM tane e viSe vAta karI hatI. e samaye, eTale ke 17mI sadI daramyAna ane te pachI yuropanuM udyogIkaraNa thayuM nahAtuM. nikAsa karavAne arthe te moTA pAyA upara mAla taiyAra karatuM nahotuM. pracaMDa yatre ane yAMtrika krAMtinA Agamanane hajI ghaNI vAra hatI. yuropane mukAbale eziyA vadhAre pramANamAM pAkA mAla banAvIne tenI nikAsa karanAra mulaka hatA. eziyAnA mAla yuropa jato tyAre tenI kimata amuka aMze yuropanA mAlathI ane amuka aMze speniza amerikAmAMthI AvatI dolatathI cUkavavAmAM AvatI. eziyA ane yuropa vaccene A vepAra naphAkAraka hatA. e vepArane kAbU lAMbA vakhata sudhI kraraMgIonA hAthamAM hatA ane ene pariNAme te zrImaMta banyA hatA. Daca ane briTiza IsTa inDiyA kaMpanI emAM bhAga paDAvavAne sthApavAmAM AvI. paraMtu kira`gIe e vepArane temanA ekalAnA anAmata haka tarIke lekhatA hatA ane emAM khIjA kAI ne bhAga paDAvavA devA mAgatA nahotA. philipAIna TApuonA spenavAsIo sAthe temane kazI muzkelI UbhI thaI nahi kemake spenavAsIone te vepAra karatAM potAnA dharma phelAvavAmAM vadhAre rasa hatA. upara jaNAvelI ane vepArI kaMpanIo taraphathI AvanArA briTiza tathA Daca sAhasakhArane dhanI kazI paDI nahAtI; ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM tyAM jhaDA UbhA thayA. giI leAkA savA sadI karatAMye vadhAre samayathI A pUnA pradezomAM zAsana karatA hatA. temanA amala nIcenI prajAmAM te leza paNa lokapriya nahotA eTaluM ja nahi paNa prajAmAM temanI sAme bhAre asa MtoSa paNa vyApyA hatA. iMglaMDa ane hAleMDanI e e vepArI ka MpanIoe A asASane lAbha uThAvyeA; phiraMgIonI dhUMsarImAMthI mukta thavAmAM temaNe tyAMnI prajAne sahAya karI para Mtu tarata ja kira'gInI khAlI paDelI jagyA temaNe laI lIdhI, hiMdu tathA IsTa InDijhanA rAjakartA tarIke bhAre karInA rUpamAM tathA khIjI aneka rIte prajA pAsethI temaNe khaMDaNI levA mAMDI ane ene lIdhe yuropa upara vadhAre jo nAkhyA vinA paradezA sAthenA vepAra calAvavAmAM temane bhAre sugamatA thaI gaI. pUrvanA dezonA mAlanI kiMmata cUkavavAnuM pahelAM yuropane khUba vasamuM paDatuM hatuM te muzkelI Ama have ochI thaI gaI. paraMtu ApaNe AgaLa joI gayA ke Ama chatAMye iMgla MDe manAIhukama tathA bhAre jakAta dvArA hiMdane mAla tyAM jatA rAkavA prayAsa karyAM. yAMtrika krAMtinA Agamana sudhI paristhiti AvI hatI.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana IsTa InDijhamAM briTize ane valaMdAo vacce jhaghaDo bahu lAMbe vakhata na cAle kemake briTizo tyAMthI khasI gayA. temane vyavasAya hiMdamAM vadhavA lAgyA hatA ane tyAM temane pUruM kAma maLI gayuM hatuM, eTale philipAIna sivAyatA A badhA IsTa InDijha TApuo have mAtra Daca IsTa InDiyA kaMpanInA tAbAmAM AvI gayA. philipAIna TApuo spenanA tAbAmAM rahyA. spenavAsIone vepAranI kazI paDI nahotI ane teo vadhAre mulaka jItavAno prayatna karatA nahetA eTale A bhAgamAM have valaMdAone koI harIpha rahyo nahi. - hiMdanI te ja nAmadhArI briTiza kaMpanInI peThe Daca IsTa inDiyA kaMpanI TharIThAma thaIne jema bane tema vadhAre paisA meLavavAnA kAmamAM lAgI gaI. 157 varasa sudhI A kaMpanIe A TApuomAM zAsana karyuM. lekenI sukhAkArI ane AbAdInI bAbatamAM teNe saheja paNa lakSa na ApyuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa teNe prajAne paDI ane tenI pAsethI jeTalI bane eTalI khaMDaNI vasUla karI. Ama khaMDaNI vasUla karIne paisA pedA karavAnuM sugama thaI paDyuM eTale vepAranuM mahattva ghaTayuM ane te zithila thayA. pitAnA kAryanI bAbatamAM kaMpanI saMpUrNapaNe AvaData vinAnI hatI ane je valaMdAo temAM nokarI karavAne gayA teo hiMdanI kaMpanInA nekare athavA ADatiyAonA jevA ja luccA sAhaso hatA. sAre ke narase game te upAye paise ekaThA kare e ja temanuM pradhAnakArya hatuM. hiMdanI sAdhanasaMpatti ghaNI vadhAre hatI ane tyAM AgaLa ghaNIkharI geravyavasthA upara DhAMkapichoDe thaI zake evuM hatuM. vaLI hiMdamAM keTalAka kuzaLa gavarnaroe madhyastha rAjavahIvaTa vyavasthita ane saceTa banAvyA hatA. joke Ama janatA te ethI cagadAtI ja hatI. paraMtu tane yAda haze ke 1857nA mahAna baLavAe briTiza IsTa InDiyA kaMpanIne aMta Aye. Daca IsTa InDiyA kaMpanIne vahIvaTa te dinapratidina bagaDato ja gaye ane 1798nI sAlamAM nedharalaeNnDajhanI sarakAre Akhare e pUrvane TApuone sIdhe vahIvaTa pitAnA hAthamAM lIdho. thoDA ja vakhata pachI nepoliyananA vigraha tathA heleMDa nepoliyananA sAmrAjyano eka bhAga banI gayuM hatuM e kAraNe briTiza sarakAre e TApuone kabaje lIdhe. pAMca varasa sudhI e TApuone briTiza hiMdanA eka prAMta tarIke gaNavAmAM AvyA ane e samaya daramyAna tyAM AgaLa ThIkaThIka pramANamAM sudhArAo dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA. nepoliyananA patana pachI IsTa InDijha TApuo pharI pAchA holeMDane seMpavAmAM AvyA. pAMca varasa sudhI jAvA briTiza hiMdanI sarakAra sAthe saMkaLAyeluM hatuM te daramyAna Tomasa eNmapherDa rephalIsa nAmanA eka zaktizALI aMgrejo jAvAnA lephaTananTa gavarnara tarIke kAma karyuM hatuM. rephalIse Daca lekenA

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bRhada bhArata ane IsTa InDijha 787 sAMsthAnika vahIvaTa viSe evo hevAla mokalyo ke, "temane vahIvaTa e asAdhAraNa prakAranA dagAphaTakA, lAMcaruzavata, katala ane hIcakArApaNAnA namUnArUpa che." jAvAmAM majUrI karAvavAne gulAme meLavavAne mATe lokonuM selebasamAM haraNa karI laI javAnI Daca amaladAree vyavasthita prathA zarU karI dIdhI hatI. A temanI aneka gerarItiomAMnI eka hatI. AvA prakAranA apaharaNanI sAthe katala ane raMjADane kera paNa vartAvavAmAM Avato. nedharaleMDjhanI sarakArane sIdhe vahIvaTa paNa kaMpanInA vahIvaMTa karatAM 'sAre nahote. lokone mATe te e keTalIka bAbatomAM kaMpanInA vahIvaTa karatAM vadhAre pIDAkArI hate. kisAnone bhAre ApattimAM mUkanAra bihAranI gaLInA bagIcAonI paddhati viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM te tane yAda haze. enA jevI ja, je ke ethIye atizaya kharAba, prathA jAvA tema ja anyatra dAkhala karavAmAM AvI hatI. kaMpanInA jamAnAmAM mAla ApavAnI lekene pharaja pADavAmAM AvatI. have zarU karavAmAM AvelI "kalcara paddhati" anusAra dara varase varasane amuka samaya kAma karavAnI lokone pharaja pADavAmAM AvatI. kheDUtone temane trIjA ke cothA bhAgane samaya ApavAno hato ema dhAravAmAM AvatuM paraMtu vAstavika rIte te moTe bhAge temane badho samaya emAM Apavo paData. Daca sarakAra konTrAkaTaro mAraphate kAma karAvatI. sarakAra emane vagara vyAje AgaLathI nANAM ApatI. A kaeNTrAkaTare veThanA majUronI sahAyathI jamInamAM pAka karAvatA. jamInanI pedAza sarakAra, konTrAkaTare tathA majUrI karanArA kheDUto vacce cesa TharAvelA pramANamAM vaheMcI levAtI ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM. ghaNuM karIne garIba bicArA kheDUtano bhAga sauthI ocho haze; emAM ene hisso keTale hato enI mane eNkakasa khabara nathI. vaLI sarakAre evo niyama karyuM hatuM ke amuka vastuonI yuropane jarUra hatI te te amuka bhAganI jamInamAM pakavavI ja joIe. AmAM cA, kophI, khAMDa ane gaLI vagere vastuone samAveza thatuM hatuM. bihAranA gaLInA bagIcAonI peThe bIjI vastuo pakavavAmAM vadhAre phAyado thato hoya chatAMye upara jaNAvelI vastuo pakavavAnI kheDUtone pharaja pADavAmAM AvatI. Daca sarakAre aDhaLaka naphe karyo; konTrAkaTare mAtabara thayA; paNa kheDUtone nasIbe bhUkhamaro ane Apatti veThavAnAM AvyAM. 19mI sadInA madhya bhAgamAM tyAM AgaLa bhISaNa dukALa paDyo ane ene pariNAme asaMkhya loko mAryA gayA. e pachI ja duHkhamAM DUbelA kheDUtone mATe kaMIka karavuM joIe evo vicAra karavAmAM AvyuM. dhIme dhIme temanI sthiti kaMIka sudhAravAmAM AvI paraMtu cheka 1916nI sAla sudhI tyAM veThanI prathA cAlu hatI.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana 19mI sadInA uttarAdhaOmAM Daca leAkAe keLavaNInA kSetramAM ane khIjA keTalAka sudhArA dAkhala karyAM. tyAM AgaLa navA madhyama varga UbhA thavA pAmyA hatA ane rASTrIya caLavaLe svAtaMtryanI mAgaNI karavA mAMDI. hiMdunI peThe tyAM paNa khacakAtAM khacakAtAM sudhArAo ApavAnI dizAmAM pragati karavAmAM AvI, ane kazI sattA vinAnI nAmanI dhArAsabhA sthApavAmAM AvI. pAMceka varasa upara Daca isTa inDijhamAM krAMti thaI paraMtu bhAre krUratAthI tene dAkhI devAmAM AvI. paraMtu jAvA ane bIjA TApuomAM svataMtratAnI je bhAvanA pedA thaI che teneA game eTaluM damana ane krUratA nAza karI zake ema nathI. Daca isTa inDijha TApuo have nedharalaeNnDajha inDiyAne nAme eLakhAya che. dara pakhavADiye hAleMDathI AkhA yuropa ane eziyA oLaMgIte jAvAnA khAtAviyA zahera sudhInA havAI vAhanavyavahAra cAle che. IsTa InDijha TApunI vAtanI rUparekhA me pUrI karI che ane havehuM samudra eLaMgIne eziyAkhaMDanI bhUmi upara javA cAhuM chuM. brahmadeza viSe tA jhAjhu kahevAnuM nathI. ghaNI vAra tenA uttara ane dakSiNu evA bhAgalA paDI jatA ane e bane bhAge paraspara ekakbIjA sAthe jhaghathyA karatA. kAI vAra vaLI kAI baLavAna rAjA e bane bhAgene ekatra karatA eTaluM ja nahi paNa paDeAzamAM AvelA siyAmane jItI levAnuM sAhasa paNa karatA. ane pachI 19mI sadImAM aMgrejo sAthe jhadhaDA UbhA thayA. brahmI rAjAe potAnA sAmarthya upara vadhAre paDatI madAra bAMdhIne AsAma upara caDAI karI ane te pradeza khAlasA karyAM. e pachI hiMdanA aMgrejo sAthetA pahelA brahmI vigraha 1824nI sAlamAM thayA ane ene pariNAme AsAma aMgrejone hAtha AvyuM. brahmI sarakAra tathA tenuM sainya kamajora che e vastu have aMgrejo pAmI gayA ane AkhA brahmadeza khAlasA karI levAnI vAsanA temanAmAM jAgrata thaI. khIjA ane trIjA ahmI vigraha mATe mUrkhAibharyAM bahAnAM zodhI kADhavAmAM AvyAM. 1885nI sAla sudhImAM AkhA rAjyane khAlasA karIne hiMdanA briTiza sAmrAjya sAthe joDI devAmAM AvyuM. tyArathI brahmadezanuM bhAvi hiMdu sAthe saMkaLAyeluM rahyuM che. brahmadezanI dakSiNe malAyA dvIpakalpamAM paNa aMgrejo pharI vaLyA hatA. 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM temaNe siMgAporanA TApunA kabajo lIdhA ane tenA sthAnanI anukULatAne kAraNe thADA ja vakhatamAM te khIlatuM vepArI zahera tema ja dUra pUrvanA dezo tarapha jatAM vahANAnA visAmA mATenuM baMdara banI gayuM. dvIpakalpanA uparanA bhAgamAM AvelA malAkAnA khadaranI paDatI thaI. aMgrejoe siMgAporathI uttaramAM phelAvA mAMDayuM. malAyA dvIpakalpamAM nAnAM nAnAM ghaNAM rAjyA hatAM. emAMnAM dhaNAMkharAM siyAmanAM khaDiyAM rAjyA hatAM. 19mI sadInA aMta sudhImAM e badhAM aMgrejonAM rakSita rAjyo banI gayAM, ane temane eka 79

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bRhad bhArata ane IsTa inDijha 789 prakAranA samavAyataMtramAM ekatrita karavAmAM AvyAM. e rIte e badhAM " malAyAnAM rAjyAnA samavAyata Mtra "ne nAme eLakhAya che. emAMnAM keTalAMka rAjyo upara siyAma hukA dharAvatuM hatuM. e hakA siyAme iMgleMDane ApI devA paDyA. A rIte siyAma cAre bAjue yuropIya sattAthI gherAI gayuM. tenI pazcima ane dakSiNe brahmadeza ane malAyAmAM iMgleMDa sarvoparI hatuM. tenI pUrve krAMse AkramaNakArI valaNa dhAraNa karyuM ane teNe anAmane gaLavA mAMDayu, anAma cInanuM Adhipatya svIkAratuM hatuM. paNa cIna ja jyAre muzkelIomAM gUMcavAyuM hAya tyAre tenuM Adhipatya kazA kAmanuM nahAtuM. cIna viSenA tAjetaranA mArA eka patramAM krAMse anAma upara caDhAI karI te kAraNe cIna ane phrAMsa vacce laDAI thayAnI vAta meM tane kahI hatI e tane yAda haze. e rIte phrAMsane jarA rokavAmAM AvyuM kharuM paNa te thADA vakhata pUratuM ja. 19mI sadInA uttarAdhamAM krAMse anAma tathA koDiyA sahita phreMca hiMdI cIna nAmanuM eka mADhuM saMsthAna UbhuM karyuM. prAcIna kALamAM jyAM AgaLa bhavya agakAranuM sAmrAjya khIlyuM hatuM te beDiyA siyAmanA tAbAnuM rAjya hatuM. siyAmane yuddhanI dhamakI ApIne krAMse tenA upara pAtAnA adhikAra jamAvyeA. A badhA dezamAM AraMbhamAM phreMca mizanarIe dvArA badhA kAvAdAvA ane kAvatarAM karAvavAmAM AvyAM hatAM e khInA lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che. AvA eka mizanarIne eka yA khIje kAraNe mAtanI zikSA kamAvavAmAM AvI hatI. ene badalo levAne mATe 1857nI sAlamAM tenA upara phrecAe pahelI caDAI karI. ene pariNAme dakSiNanu segAna aMdara laI levAmAM AvyuM ane tyAMthI phrecAnA kAbU uttaramAM phelAye. eziyAnA dezomAM sAmrAjyavAdI sattAoe karelA dhasArAnI A nIcatAbharI vAtAnuM vAraMvAra punarAvartana thayuM che ema mane lAge che. sarvatra temaNe lagabhaga eka ja prakAranI rIte ajamAvI ane lagabhaga badhe ja teo phrAvyA. eka pachI eka deza laIne, kaI nahi te thADA vakhata pUratA pazu temane kAInI kAI yuropIya sattAnA amala nIce mUkIne temanI vAta meM pUrI karI. dakSiNa-pUrva eziyAnA mAtra eka deza siyAma e ApattimAMthI UgarI gayA. brahmadezamAM iMgleMDa ane hiMdI cInamAM phrAMsanI vacce AveluM hovA chatAM siyAma nasIbadAra ke te parAdhInatAmAMthI bacI gayuM. tenI jamaNI tathA DAbI bAjue yuropI harIphAnI hAjarIte lIdhe ja te e AphatamAMthI UgarI gayuM hoya e saMbhavata che. khIjA dezonI jema tyAM AgaLa AMtarika muzkelIo nahotI tema ja tenAM rAjataMtra tathA rAjavahIvaTa pramANamAM sArAM hatAM e paNa tenuM subhAgya gaNAya. paraMtu sAruM rAjataMtra e kaI paradezI AkramaNa sAme bAMyadharIrUpa nathI hotuM. paraMtu banyuM ema ke hiMdustAna tathA brahmadezamAM 6-8

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790 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzIna iMglaMDa ane hiMdI cInamAM krAMsa saMpUrNa paNe parAvAyeluM hatu ane 19mI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM e bane sattA siyAmanI sarahada sudhI AvI pahoMcI te samaye mulaka khAlasA karavAnA jamAnA vItI gayA hatA. pUrvanA dezomAM sAmanA karavAnI bhAvanA pedA thavA lAgI hatI. vasAhatA tathA tAkhedAra dezamAM rASTrIya caLavaLanA AraMbha thaI cUkayo hatA. kaDiyAnA prazna upara siyAma ane phrAMsa vacce yuddha phATI nIkaLavAnA bhaya pedA thayA hatA, paraMtu siyAme namatu ApyuM ane phrAMsa sAthenu dhaNa TALyuM. pazcima tarapha pava tAnI majabUta dIvAle brahmadezanA aMgrejothI siyAmanu rakSaNa karyuM . huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM ke bhUtakALamAM brahmadezanA rAjAoe ochAmAM ochI be vakhata siyAma upara caDAI karI hatI tathA tene khAlasA paNa kayuM` hatu`. chellI caDAI 1767nI sAlamAM thaI. e vakhate siyAmanI rAjadhAnI ayuthiyA athavA ayudhiyAnA ( ATale dUra paNa hiMdI nAme kavAM Ave che e lakSamAM rAkha) nAza karavAmAM AvyA. paraMtu gheADA ja vakhatamAM prajAe baLavA karyAM ane bIAne tyAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA tathA 1772nI sAlamAM navA rAjavaMzane amala zarU thayA. e vaMzanA Arabha rAma pahelAthI thayA. dADhaso varasa bAda Aje paNa e ja vaza siyAmamAM rAjya kare che ane tenA badhA rAjAone 'rAma' nAma ApavAmAM AvatuM hAya ema lAge che. A navA rAjavaMzanA amala daramyAna siyAmane rAjavahIvaTa sArA hatA paraMtu tenI pAchaLa vAlIpaNAnI bhAvanA rahelI hatI. vaLI enA amala daramyAna DahApaNapUrvaka videzI sarakAro sAthe sArA saMbaMdho jALavI rAkhavAnA paNa prayatna karavAmAM Avyo. videza sAthenA vepAra mATe aMdara khullAM karavAmAM AvyAM. keTalIka videzI sattAo sAthe vepArI karArA karavAmAM AvyA ane rAjavahIvaTamAM paNa keTalAka sudhArA dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA. baeNMkAka navI rAjadhAnI banI. paraMtu A badhuye sAmrAjyavAdI varuone dUra rAkhavAne pUratuM na nIvaDayuM. iMglaMDe malAyAmAM potAnI sattA jamAvI ane tyAM AgaLanA siyAmanA mulaka pacAvI pADyo. phrAMse kaeDiyA tathA pUrva taraphanA siyAmanA khIjo mulaka paDAvyo. siyAmanI bAbatamAM 1896nI sAlamAM iMgleMDa tathA krAMsa laDavAnI aNI upara AvI gayAM hatAM. paraMtu mAnya thayelI sAmrAjyavAdI rIta pramANe siyAmanA bAkI rahelA pradezanI AkhaMDatAnI bAMyadharI ApavAnI bAbatamAM te saMmata thayAM ane sAthe sAthe e pradezane 'lAgavaganAM traNa vartuLA ' mAM vaheMcI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. pUrva bhAga phreMca lAgavaga nIce ane pazcima bhAga briTiza lAgavaga nIcenA pradeza anyA. e benI vaccenA pradeza hajI te baMnenI lAgavagathI mukta hatA paNa temAM te baMne pagapesAro karI zake ema

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bIje navA varasane divasa - 791 hatuM. A pramANe gaMbhIratApUrvaka siyAmanI akhaMDitatAnI bAMyadharI ApyA pachI thoDAM varasa bAda phrAMse pUrvane thoDe vadhAre pradeza pacAvI pADyo eTale alabatta iMglaMDane paNa enA vaLatara tarIke dakSiNane keTalAka pradeza paDAvI levAnI pharaja paDI. A badhuM thayA chatAMye siyAmano amuka bhAga yuropiyananA AdhipatyamAMthI bacI gayo. eziyAnA e bhAgamAM e ja eka mAtra deza evI ApattimAMthI UgarI gaye. yuropiyanonA AkramaNanA pravAhane have khALavAmAM Avyo che ane have yuropane eziyAmAM vadhAre mulaka maLavAne jhAjho saMbhava nathI. yuropiyana sattAone eziyAmAMthI gAMsaDApaTalAM bAMdhIne potAne ghera pAchA cAlyA javuM paDaze e samaya have jhaDapathI AvI rahyo che. siyAmamAM hajI gaI kAla sudhI Apakhuda rAjAzAhI hatI ane keTalAka sudhArAo dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA chatAM tyAM AgaLa ThIkaThIka pramANamAM kyUDala vyavasthA pravartatI hatI. hamaNuM thoDAka mAsa upara ja tyAM AgaLa krAMti thaI, joke e zAMta krAMti hatI. ene pariNAme upale madhyama varga AgaLa AvyA heya ema jaNAya che. amuka prakAranI dhArAsabhA tyAM sthapAI che. pahelA rAmanA vaMzano rAjA DahApaNapUrvaka A pheraphAramAM saMmata thayo eTale e rAjavaMza . cAlu rahyo che. A rIte hAla siyAmamAM baMdhAraNIya rAjAzAhI che. dakSiNa-pUrva eziyAnA eka dezanI- philipAIna TApuonI- vicAraNA karavAnI hajI bAkI rahe che. A patramAM huM temane viSe paNa lakhavA cahAte hate paNa have moDuM thaI gayuM che ane have huM thAkyo chuM. vaLI A patra paNa ThIkaThIka lAMbo thaye che. cAlu varasamAM 1932nI sAlamAM lakhele mAro A chelle patra che, kemake jUnA varase pitAnI majala vaTAvI dIdhI che ane te tene chelle zvAsa laI rahyuM che. have traNa kalAkamAM te khatama thaI jaze ane bhUtakALanA smaraNarUpa banI jaze. 120. bIje navA varasano divasa navA varasane divasa, 1933 Aje navA varasano divasa che. pRthvIe sUryanI AsapAsanI potAnI bIjI eka parikramA pUrI karI che. avakAzanI aMdara niraMtara AgaLa dharatI e kaI viziSTa divasa ke tahevArane mAnya rAkhatI nathI tema ja sUryanI pradakSiNA karatI e pitAnI sapATI upara saLavaLatAM, ApasamAM ekabIjA joDe jhaghaDatAM tathA bevakUphIbharyA mithyAbhimAnathI potAnI jAtane pRthvInuM khamIra ane saMsAracakranA nAbhirU5 mAnatA asaMkhyAta ThIMgujIe-strIpuruSanA zA

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792 : jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hAla thAya che tenI kazI paravA karatI nathI. dharitrI te pitAnAM saMtAnonI avagaNanA kare che paraMtu ApaNe ApaNI jAtanI avagaNanA kema karI zakIe ? eTale ApaNAmAMnAM ghaNuM navA varasane divase ApaNA jIvananI sapharamAM jarA bhI jaI bhUtakALamAM najara karIne jUnAM saMbhAraNuM tAjAM karavAne prerAIe chIe ane pachI bhaviSya tarapha najara karIne AzAvAdI banavA prayatna karIe chIe. e rIte huM paNa Aje bhUtakALanAM saMbhAraNuM tAjAM karuM chuM. kArAvAsamAne A mAre ekI sAthe trIje navA varasane divasa che joke e gALA daramyAna ghaNuM mahinAo sudhI huM A vizALa duniyAmAM bahAra hatuM. ethIye AgaLa najara karatAM mane yAda Ave che ke, chellAM agiyAra varasamAM meM pAMca navA varasanA divase jelamAM gALyA che. ane AvA navA varasanA divase tathA bIjA divase mAre jelamAM keTalA kADhavAnA thaze e koNa kahI zake vAru! paraMtu jelanI bhASAmAM have huM "kALI TopI' thaI gayo , ane te paNa aneka vAra. vaLI have huM jelajIvanathI TevAI gayo chuM. kArya ane pravRtti, moTI moTI sabhAo ane jAhera vyAkhyAne tathA eka sthAnathI bIje sthAne doDAdoDathI bharelA evA mArA bahAranA jIvanane mukAbale A jelajIvana sAva bhinna che. ahIM te badhuM ja bhinna che; ahIM badhuM ja zAnta che ane pravRtti nahivata ja che. ane lAMbA vakhata sudhI huM besI rahuM chuM ane kalAkonA kalAka sudhI huM kazuM bolate cAlatuM nathI. divase, aThavADiyAMo ane mahinAo eka pachI eka pasAra thAya che, badhAM ekarUpa thaI jAya che ane tethI ekathI bIjAne nirALAM pADI zakAya evuM temanAmAM kazuM nathI. ane jelamAM pasAra thayele samaya kazuMye kaLI na zakAya evA aspaSTa citra jevo bhAse che. gaI kAla mANasane tenI dharapakaDanA divasa sudhI laI jAya che kemake e benI vacce lagabhaga zUnyatA ja hoya che ane e gALAmAM tenA mana upara chApa pADe evuM kazuM hotuM nathI. jelajIvana e te eka sthaLe UgatI vanaspatinA TIkA ke lIla vinAnA zAnta sthira jIvana jevuM che. ane keTalIka vAra jelavAsIne bahAranI duniyAnI pravRttio vicitra ane gUMcavanArI lAge che; e badhI tene bahu dUranI ane kAlpanika bhAse chejANe svapnasRSTi na hoya! Ama ApaNe che. jekila ane mi. hAIDanI peThe sakriya ane akriya evI be prakAranI prakRtio, be prakAranA jIvanavyavahAra ane be prakAranAM vyaktitva keLavIe chIe. barTa luI sTivansananI A jaikila ane hAIDanI vAta teM vAMcI che kharI ? paraMtu mANasa dareka vastuthI vakhatasara TevAI jAya che ane jelajIvananA ekanA eka rejiMdA kAryakramathI paNa te TevAi jAya che. ane ArAma zarIrane mATe hitakara che tathA zAMti manane mATe. tArA uparanA mArA A patre mAre

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bIjo navA varasane divasa 1790 mATe keTalA mahattvanA hatA te A badhA uparathI tuM samajI zakaze. tane te kadAca e patro lAMbAlacaka ane kaMTALAjanaka lAgatA haze tema ja enuM vAcana nIrasa thaI paDatuM haze. paraMtu ene lIdhe mAruM jelajIvana to bhayuM bharyuM banI gayuM che. vaLI eNe mane evo vyavasAya Ape che jethI karIne mane bhAre AnaMda ane ullAsa prApta thayAM che. barAbara be varasa upara A ja divase - navA varasane divase-e patre nainI jelamAMthI lakhavA zarU karyA hatA ane huM pharI pAcho jelamAM game tyAre paNa e cAlu rAkhyA hatA. keTalIka vAra aThavADiyAMonAM aThavADiyAM sudhI meM e lakhyA nathI ane keTalIka vAra meM dararoja lakhyA che. jyAre mane lakhavAne umaLake thaI Ave che tyAre kalama ane kAgaLa hAthamAM laIne huM besuM chuM ane judI ja duniyAmAM praveza karuM chuM. beTI, tyAre tuM mArI sobatI banI jAya che ane jelanuM tema ja tenI badhI pravRttionuM vismaraNa thaI jAya che. A rIte A patre turaMgavAsamAMthI mArA chuTakArArUpa banI jAya che. Aje je patra huM lakhI rahyo chuM te 12 me patra che. ane mAtra nava mAsa pUrve barelI jelamAM A patra upara naMbara nAkhavAnI zarUAta meM karI hatI. ATalA vakhatamAM meM ATaluM badhuM lakhI nAkhyuM e jANIne mane pitAne ja acaMba thAya che. ane A badhA patrone pahADa eka sAmaTo tArA upara tUTI paDaze tyAre tane zI lAgaNI thaze athavA e viSe tuM zuM kaheze e huM kalpI zakato nathI. paraMtu turaMgamAMthI mArA AvA prakAranA pravAse ane chuTakAro sAme tuM vAMdhe laI na zake. beTI, meM tane chellI joI tyAra pachI sAta mAsa vItI gayA che. e gALo keTale badhe lAMbe lAge che! mArA patromAM nirUpelI vAta bahu AnaMdadAyaka nathI banI. ItihAsa e AnaMdadAyaka viSaya nathI. mANase bhAre pragati karI che ane tenAM yazagAna paNa khUba gavAya che. ema chatAMye hajI te arucira ane svAthI prANI rahyo che. ane chatAye tenA svArthIpaNuM, jhaghaDALupaNuM tathA amAnuSIpaNAnI laMbANa ane gamagIna kArakirdI daramyAna hamezAM pragatinI camaka dRSTigocara thatI rahI che. huM jarA AzAvAdI chuM ane vastuone AzAbharI dRSTithI nihALavAnuM mAruM valaNa che. paraMtu AzAvAdane kAraNe ApaNI ebe ane doSa tarapha ApaNe ApaNI AMkha baMdha na karavI joIe. tema ja avicArIpaNAne kAraNe AzAvAda geraraste doravAI javAnA jokhama sAme paNa ApaNe sAvadha rahevuM joIe. kAraNa ke bhUtakALamAM A duniyA jevI hatI ane hajI Aje paNa jevI te che te uparathI AzAvAdane mATe ApaNane pUratAM kAraNo maLatAM nathI. kemake AdarzavAdIo tema ja jeo pitAnI mAnyatAo nizaMkapaNe svIkArI letA na hoya evA leke mATe A duniyA vasamuM sthAna che. aneka prakAranA prazno UThe che paraMtu tenA sIdhA

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794 jagatanA itihAsanuM' rekhAdarzana - (c javAba maLatA nathI; aneka prakAranA saMzayA pedA thAya che ane temanuM sahelAIthI nivAraNa thatuM nathI. A ATalI badhI bevakUphI ane duHkha zAne hAvAM joIe ? 2500 varasa pUrve ApaNA dezamAM rAjakuMvara siddhArthanA manane A prazne saMtApyuM hatuM. vAta evI cAle che ke temane jJAna prApta thayuM te pahelAM temaNe aneka vAra A prazna uThAvyA karyAM. pachI te khudda -- jJAnI thayA. potAnI jAtane temaNe A prazna pUchyo hato ema kahevAya che : sRSTine sa Mte brahma rAkhe duHkha viSe sadA, kema e banavA pAme? sarvazakti taNA prabhu hAI ne ema rAkhe teA, zAne ene kahA bhale ? ane nA zakti jo evI, tA ene Izaze kaheA? " ApaNA potAnA dezamAM svataMtratA mATenI laData cAlI rahI che. Ama chatAMye ApaNA ghaNA dezama tenI upekSA kare che, sAmasAmI lIlabAjI kare che ane ApasamAM paraspara jhaghaDe che. vaLI te sapradAya, dhArmika samUha ke saMkucita vanI dRSTithI vicAra kare che ane vyApaka hitane bhUlI jAya che. ane svAtaMtryanA darzanathI vaMcita keTalAka lekA - jAlime sAthe karI sadhi ane adA banyA, pheMkI dIdhelA tAjane dharmo vINI zirape dharyAM, te cIMtharAM jarajhIkathI pAchAM bharyAM. ane tene te e che ja vastu kAyado ane vyavasthAne nAme, julamano dAra vatI rahyo che vaza na thanArane te cagadI nAkhavAnA prayAsa kare che. vicitra vAta ke je vastu nabaLAM ane pIDitAnA AzrayarUpa banavI joI e julamagArAnA hAthamAM damananA hathiyArarUpa banI jAya che. navA varasanA patra tarIke A patra vadhAre paDatA gamagIna banI gayA, e vastu bhAre aghaTita che. paraMtu huM kaMI gamagIna nathI. ane ApaNe gamagIna zAne thavu joI e ? eka mahAna dhyeyane arthe kArya karavAnA AnaMda ApaNane che. ApaNI pAse eka mahAna netA che. te ApaNA premALa sakhA ane vizvAsu mACdazyaka che. tenu daCna ApaNane sabaLa banAve che ane tenA sparze ApaNane preraNA Ape che. ane vijayanI ApaNane khAtarI che. vahelAMmADAM ApaNe te prApta karavAnAM ja chIe. ApaNe eLaMgavAnI che te muzkelIo vinA ane ApaNe jItavAnI che te laDAi e vinA ApaNAM jIvana nIrasa ane zuSka banI jAya. eTI, tuM to jIvanane Umare AvI UbhI che. gamagInI ane nIrasatA sAthe tAre kazI nisbata na heAya. tuM to jiMdagIne ane e daramyAna je kaI AvI paDe tene zAMtithI ane hasate cahere sAmanA karaze tathA mA mAM

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philipAIna TApue ane yunAiTeDa sTeTsa 795 je kaMI muzkelIo Ave tenI pAra UtaravAne AnaMda mANavAne khAtara tu e muzkelIone vadhAvI leze. ane eTI, have huM tArI vidAya lauM chuM. mane umeda che ke ApaNe thoDA ja vakhatamAM pAchAM maLIzu. 121. philipAina TApuo ane yunAITeDa sTeTsa 3 nanyuArI, 1933 navA varasane divase thADu viSayAntara karyAM pachI have ApaNe ApaNI vAta AgaLa calAvavI joIe. have ApaNe philipAina TApuonI vAta karI laIe ke jethI pUrva eziyAnuM myAna pUruM thAya. paNa A TApuo tarapha ApaNe khAsa lakSa zAne ApavuM joIe ? eziyAmAM tema ja anyatra khIjA dhaNA TApue che paraMtu temanA A patrAmAM kAI ThekANe meM ullekha sarakhA paNu karyAM nathI. navIna sAmrAjyavAdane eziyAmAM thayelA vikAsa tathA prAcIna saMskRti upara thayelI tenI asara samajavAne ApaNe prayAsa karIe chIe. enA abhyAsa karavAne mATe hiMdustAna e Adarza sAmrAjya che. cIna e A audyogika sAmrAjyavAdanA phelAvAne eka bIjo ka MIka bhinna prakArane ane ati mahattvane namUnA rajU kare che. IsTa inDijha tathA hiMdI cIna vagere dezA paNu ApaNane e bAbatamAM kaIka zIkhave che. e ja rIte philipAIna TApuomAM paNa ApaNane rasa che. ApaNA e rasa vadhavA pAme che kemake tyAM AgaLa eka navI ja sattA kAryo karatI ApaNane mAlUma paDe che. A sattA te yunAiTeDa sTeTsa. ApaNe joyuM ke, cInamAM yunAITeDa sTeTsa khIjI sattAnA jeTalAM AkramaNakArI naheAtAM. vaLI, keTalAka prasaMgeAe khIjI sAmrAjyavAdI sarakArAne AgaLa vadhatI rAkIne temaNe cInane sahAya paNa karI hatI. temanuM A valaNa sAmrAjyavAda pratyenA temanA aNugamAne ke cIna pratyenA temanA premane AbhArI nahetuM. temanuM e valaNa temanI AMtarika paristhitine AbhArI hatuM. ene lIdhe yuropanA bIjA dezonA karatAM e bAbatamAM temanuM valaNa bhinna hatuM. yuropanA dezeA eka nAnakaDA khaMDamAM khIcAkhIca khaDakAyelA hatA eTale kAI paNa dezane mATe jarA paNa mAkaLAza naheAtI. vaLI e badhA dezomAM kIDIdara vastI hatI. AthI tyAM AgaLa niraMtara ghaNu ane takalIfA cAlyA karatI. udyogavAdanA AgamanathI temanI vasatI jhaDapathI vadhI gaI. temaNe uttarottara vadhu ne vadhu mAla pedA karavA mAMDyo. A badhA mAlanA dezanI aMdara ja te nikAla karI zake ema naheAtuM. temanI vadhatI jatI vasatI mATe khArAkanI, kArakhAnAM '

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796 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mATe kAcA mAlanI tathA taiyAra karelA pAkA mAla mATe temane bajAranI jarUra hatI. A badhI AvazyakatAo pUrI pADavAnI tAkIdanI Arthika jarUriyAta temane dUra dUranA deza tarapha tema ja ApasamAM sAmrAjya mATenI laDAIo laDavA tarapha preryA. A badhI vastuo yunAITeDa sTeTsane lAgu paDatI nahotI. temane deza lagabhaga yuropa khaMDa jeTale meTa hatuM ane tenI vastI cheDI hatI. tyAMnA nAgarikanA vikAsa mATe tyAM joIe teTale avakAza hata tathA pitAnA ja aNakheDAyelA vistRta pradezanI khilavaNI mATe potAnI zakti arpavA mATe puSkaLa taka paDelI hatI. relave baMdhAtI gaI tema tema teo pazcima tarapha jatA gayA ane Akhare prazAnta mahAsAgaranA kinArA sudhI teo patharAI gayA. dezanI aMdaranA A kAme amerikAvAsIone pitAnA ja dezamAM pUrepUrA rokI rAkhyA. vasAhata sthApavAnA sAhasa mATe temane samaya paNa nahote tema ja vRtti paNa nahatI. eTaluM ja nahi paNa keliphorniyAnA kAMThA upara majUronI jarUra paDavAne kAraNe cInanI sarakAra pAse eka vakhata temane cInI majUronI mAgaNI karavI paDI hatI. cInI sarakAre e mAgaNI mAnya rAkhI paraMtu ene kAraNe pAchaLathI baMne deza vacce kaDavAza pedA thaI A hakIkata AgaLa eka vakhata huM tane kahI gayo chuM. pitAnA dezanI aMdaranA ja A rokANe yuropiyana sarakAronI sAmrAjya mATenI harIphAIthI amerikAvAsIone dUra rAkhyA. jyAre temane ema karavAnI pharaja paDI tathA bIjI sattAo cInane ApasamAM vahecI leze evI temane dahezata lAgI tyAre ja teo cInanI bAbatamAM vacce paDyA. paraMtu philipAIne TApuo te amerikAnA sIdhA zAsana nIce AvyA. e TApuo ApaNane amerikAnA sAmrAjyavAdanI vAta kahe che ane eTalA mATe ApaNane temAM rasa che. ema nahi mAnI laIza ke amerikAnuM sAmrAjya A philipAIna TApuomAM ja maryAdita che. upara uparathI jotAM te temanuM mAtra ATaluM ja sAmrAjya che ema ApaNane lAge, paraMtu bIjI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonI muzkelIono lAbha uThAvIne sAmrAjyanI purANI paddhatiomAM temaNe sudhAre karyo che. jema iglaDe hiMdustAna khAlasA karyuM che tema kAI paNuM dezane khAlasA karavAnI khaTakhaTamAM teo nathI paDatA. teo te dezanI saMpattine kAbU pitAnA hAthamAM levAnI tajavIja kare che. saMpattinA kAbU dvArA te dezanI prajA upara tema ja khuda te dezanI bhUmi upara kAbU meLavavAnuM sugama banI jAya che. A rIte jhAjhI takalIpha vinA ke uddAma rASTravAdanI sAthe gharSaNamAM AvyA sivAya teo deza upara pitAne kAbU rAkhe che ane tenI saMpattimAM bhAga paDAve che. A caturAIbharI rItane Arthika sAmrAjyavAda

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philipAIna TApuo ane yunAiTeDa sTeTsa 767 kahevAmAM Ave che. nakazA upara enuM darzana thatuM nathI. bhUgoLanuM pustaka jotAM ke jaMkaze tapAsatAM koI deza ApaNane svAdhIna ane svataMtra jaNAya. paraMtu paDadA pAchaLa najara karatAM te bIjA dezanA sakaMjAmAM athavA kaho ke bIjA dezanA beMkare ane meTA moTA vepArIonA sakaMjAmAM che ema ApaNane mAlUma paDaze. yunAITeDa sTeTsa pAse ApaNI najare na paDe evuM aNachatuM yA agocara sAmrAjya che. ane iMglaMDa jyAre upalaka najare jotAM rAjakIya taMtra upara kAbU dezanI prajAne soMpI de che tyAre te hiMdamAM tema ja anyatra A agocara athavA najare na paDe evuM paraMtu pUrepUruM asarakAraka sAmrAjya pitAne mATe jALavI rAkhavAno prayAsa karI rahyuM hoya che. e bahu jokhamakAraka vastu che ane ApaNe enAthI sAvadha rahevuM joIe. paraMtu A tabakake ApaNe A aNuchatA yA agocara sAmrAjya tarapha najara karavAnI jarUra nathI, kemake philipAIna TApuo e te gecara eTale ke najare dekhI zakAya evA sAmrAjyano eka bhAga che. philipAIna TApuomAM ApaNuM rasane mATe eka gauNa ane kaMIka ApaNI lAgaNIne sparze evuM kAraNa paNa che. Aje temanI sUrata speniza-amerikana che paraMtu temanI purANuM saMskRtinI samagra bhUmikA temane hiMda taraphathI maLI hatI. jAvA ane sumAtrA mAraphate hiMdI saMskRti tyAM pahoMcI hatI ane eNe tyAMnA jIvananA sAmAjika, dhArmika ane rAjakIya ema dareka aMgane sparza karyo hate. prAcIna hiMdanI paurANika kathAo, vArtAo ane ApaNuM keTaluMka sAhitya tyAM pahoMcyuM hatuM. tyAMnA lekanI bhASAmAM ghaNuM saMskRta zabda che. temanI kaLA upara tema ja temanA kAyadA ane gRhaudyoga upara paNa hiMdanI asara che. temanA paheraveza ane ghareNAMo upara sudhdhAM A chApa dRSTigocara thAya che. spenavAsIoe 300 varasanA temanA zAsana daramyAna philipAIna TApuomAMthI A prAcIna hiMdI saMskRtinuM nAmanizAna ukheDI nAkhavAno prayAsa karyo, eTale have tyAM e saMskRti nahi jevI ja rahI che. cheka 1565nI sAlathI pene A TApuone kabaje levAnI zarUAta karI hatI. eziyAmAM yurepe pahelavahele pagapesAre A TApuomAM karyo. porTugIjha, briTiza ke Daca vasAhata karatAM A TApuono rAjavahIvaTa judI ja rIte calAvavAmAM AvatuM. vepArane tyAM AgaLa uttejana ApavAmAM AvatuM nahotuM. sarakAranI pAchaLa dharmanI bhUmikA rahelI hatI ane moTA bhAganA sarakArI amaladAro mizanarIo tathA carcAnA adhikArIo hatA. ene "mizanarIonuM sAmrAjya' e nAmathI oLakhavAmAM AvatuM. prajAnI sthiti sudhAravAne kazoye prayatna karavAmAM AvatuM nahete tathA tyAM AgaLa geravahIvaTa ane damanane dera pravartatAM hatAM. prajA upara karane bhAre be lAdavAmAM AvyuM

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398 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatA ane temane vaTALIne baLajabarIthI khristI banAvavAmAM AvatA hatA. A badhAne kAraNe svAbhAvika rIte ja tyAM ghaNAM baMDa thavA pAmyAM. vepArane arthe ghaNA cInAo A TApuomAM AvyA. temaNe khristI thavAnI nA pADI eTale vyavasthita rIte temanI katala karAvavAmAM AvI. amuka aMze teo temanA duzmane hatA tethI tema ja amuka aMze teo keTesTaMTa saMpradAyanA khristIo heIne romana kaeNthalika saMpradAyanA spenavAsIonI najare nAstika hovAne kAraNe aMgreja ane Daca vepArIone tyAM dAkhala karavAmAM AvatA nahotA. ' paristhiti vadhAre ne vadhAre bagaDatI gaI. paraMtu ene lIdhe eka sAruM pariNAma AvyuM. TApuonA judA judA bhAge tathA samUhe ekatra thaI gayA ane 1lmI sadImAM tyAM AgaLa rASTrIya bhAvanAne udaya thavA mAMDyo. e sadInA madhya bhAgamAM vepArane athe paradezIone mATe A TApuo khullA karavAmAM AvyA tene pariNAme keLavaNImAM tema ja bIjAM khAtAMomAM ceDA sudhAro thavA pAmyA. vepArojagAra vadhe. philipInono (philipAIna TApuonA vatanIono) madhyama varga Ubho thaye. penavAsIo ane philipIne vacce AMtaralagna thavA lAgyAM ane ghaNuM philipInenI nasamAM spenanuM lohI vahevA lAgyuM. spena mATe tyAM lagabhaga mAtRbhUminA jevI bhAvanA pedA thaI ane spenanA AcAravicAro phelAvA pAmyA. paraMtu Ama chatAMye rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA vadhavA lAgI ane tene dAbI devAnA prayAso karavAmAM AvyA tema tema te krAMtikArI thavA lAgI. AraMbhamAM tyAM AgaLa spenathI chUTA paDI javAno vicAra udbhavyo nahote. svarAja mATe tathA spenanI jhAjhI sattA vinAnI pArlAmenTamAM - ene keTejha kahevAmAM Ave che-pitAnA amuka pratinidhitva mATe mAgaNI karavAmAM AvI. rASTrIya caLavaLa sarvatra vinIta dhoraNa upara zarU thAya che ane anivAryapaNe te vadhu ne vadhu uddAma banatI jAya che tathA Akhare te zAsana karanAra videzI sattAthI chUTA paDavAnI ane saMpUrNa svataMtratAnI mAgaNI kare che e eka AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che. svataMtratA mATenI mAgaNI dAbI devAmAM Ave ene badale pAchaLathI cakravRddhi vyAjathI Apavo paDe che. A ja rIte philipAIna TApuonI mAgaNI paNa vadhatI gaI, ene amalI svarUpa ApavA mATe rASTrIya saMsthAo sthApavAmAM AvI ane gupta maMDaLIo paNa phelAvA pAmI. "yuvAna philipInonA pakSanA netA DaoN. jose rIjhale emAM AgaLa pote bhAga lIdhe. spenanA sattAvALAoe e caLavaLane krara damana ane trAsathI kacarI nAkhavAno prayAsa karyo. rASTrIya caLavaLa dAbI devA mATe hareka sarakArane mAtra A eka ja rItanI khabara hoya ema lAge che. 1896nI sAlamAM rIjhala tathA bIjA saMkhyAbaMdha netAone motanI sajA pharamAvavAmAM AvI ane temane phAMsIe laTakAvavAmAM AvyA.

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philipAIna TApuo ane yunAITeDa sTeTasa 799 e vastu asahya nIvaDI. spenanI sarakAra sAme khulle baLa phATI nIkaLe ane philipInoe pitAnI svataMtratAnI jAherAta karI. eka AkhuM varasa A laData cAlu rahI ane spenavAsIo e baLavo dabAvI zakyA nahi. saMgIna sudhArAo ApavAnA vacanathI laData mokUpha rakhAvavAmAM AvI. paraMtu spene e dizAmAM kazuM pagaluM bharyuM nahi ane 1898nI sAlamAM pharIthI ba9I phATI nIkaLyo. daramyAna amerikana sarakArane koI bIjI bAbatamAM spena joDe jhaghaDo thayo ane be dezo vacce yuddhanI jAherAta thaI. amerikana dariyAI kAphalAe 1898nA eprila mAsamAM philipAIna TApuo upara hallo karyo. amerikAnuM mahAna prajAsattAka rAjya pitAnI svataMtratAnI tarapheNa karaze evI saMpUrNa apekSAthI baLavAnA philipIna netAoe e yuddhamAM amerikanone madada karI. pharIthI temaNe potAnI svataMtratAnI jAherAta karI ane prajAsattAka sarakAranI sthApanA karI. 1898nI sAlamAM philipInonI keMgresa bharAI ane navembara mAsanI Akhara sudhImAM teNe rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDI kADhayuM. paraMtu A keMgresa rAjabaMdhAraNa upara carcA calAvI rahI hatI te daramyAna yunAITeDa sTeTsa spenane hAra ApI rahyuM hatuM. spena durbaLa hatuM ane varasa pUruM thayuM te pahelAM ja teNe pitAnI hAra kabUla karI ane yuddhane aMta Avyo. sulehanI zaratamAM spene philipAIna TApuo yunAITeDa sTeTsane seMpI dIdhA. A udAra sakhAvatathI spenane to kazuMye gumAvavuM paDyuM nahi kemake philipIna baLavAkhoroe tyAMnI spenanI sattAne kyAranoye aMta ANyo hate. yunAITeDa sTeTsanI sarakAre have A TApuone kabaje levAnAM pagalAM bharavA mAMDyAM. philipInee enI sAme virodha uThAvyA ane temaNe jaNAvyuM ke spenane e TApuo bIjAne seMpI devAno kaza adhikAra nahoto kemake te vakhate soMpavA jevuM kazuM temanA hAthamAM rahyuM ja nahotuM. paraMtu temane virodha eLe gaye. ane navI prApta karelI svataMtratA mATe teo gorava laI rahyA hatA te ja ghaDIe svAtaMtrya mATe pharIthI navesara laDavAno eTaluM ja nahi paNa spena karatAM anekagaNI baLavAna sarakAra sAme laDavAne prasaMga temane prApta thaye. sADAtraNa varasa sudhI temaNe potAnI vIratAbharI laData cAlu rAkhI. theDA mahinA sudhI eka saMgaThita sarakAra tarIke ane pachIthI gerIlA paddhatithI temaNe pitAnI laData calAvI. paraMtu Akhare e baLavo dAbI devAmAM AvyuM ane tyAM AgaLa amerikana amala zarU thayo. tyAM AgaLa moTA pramANamAM sudhArA- khAsa karIne keLavaNInA kSetramAM- dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA paraMtu svAtaMtrya mATenI mAgaNI te cAlu ja rahI. 1916nI sAlamAM yunAITeDa sTeTsanI kogresamAM

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800 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana eka kAyado pasAra karavAmAM AvyuM te anusAra amerikAe cUMTAyelI dhArAsabhAne theDI sattA soMpI. A kAyade "jensa kAyadA' tarIke oLakhAya che. paraMtu amerikana gavarnara-janaralane vacce paDavAne hakaka e kAyadAmAM rAkhavAmAM Avyo che. ane ghaNI vAra teNe ema karyuM che paNa kharuM. TApumAM yunAITeDa sTeTsanI sattA sAme baMDa thayAM nathI e kharuM paraMtu philipIne pitAnI AjanI sthitithI saMtuSTa nathI ane svAtaMtrya mATenI temanI caLavaLa tathA mAgaNI temaNe cAlu rAkhyAM che. amerikanee sAmrAjyavAdI rIta pramANe temane vAraMvAra khAtarI ApI che ke, teo tyAM philipInenA lAbha mATe ja rahyA che ane philipIne pitAne kArabhAra pote calAvavAne zaktimAna thaze ke tarata ja teo tyAMthI cAlyA jaze. 1916nA jonsanA kAyadAmAM paNa jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke, "philipAIne TApumAMthI pitAnI sArvabhauma sattA pAchI kheMcI levAnuM tathA tyAM AgaLa sthira sarakAra sthApita thaI zake ke tarata ja temanuM svAtaMtrya mAnya rAkhavAnuM amerikana prajAnuM dhyeya Aje che ane bhUtakALamAM hameza rahyuM che." Ama chatAM paNa philipAIna TApuonI svataMtratAne chaDeceka virodha karanAra saMkhyAbaMdha mANase amerikAmAM che. daza varasanI aMdara philipAIna TApuone temanI svataMtratA ApavAmAM Avaze evI matalabano TharAva athavA jAherAta amerikAnI koMgrese mAnya rAkhI che, evI khabara huM A lakhI rahyo chuM te ja vakhate chApAomAM AvI che. philipAIna TApuomAM yunAITeDa sTeTsanAM keTalAMka Arthika hita rahelAM che ane tene surakSita rAkhavAne te ciMtAtura che. khAsa karIne tyAMnA rabaranA bagIcAomAM temanuM hita che kemake rabara jevI eka ati agatyanI vastunI temane khoTa che. paraMtu huM mAnuM chuM ke, te TApuone kabaje rAkhavAne pradhAna hetu jApAna viSene temane bhaya che. jApAna philipAIna TApuonI bahu ja najIka che ane te uttarottara vadhatI jatI vasatIthI UbharAI rahyuM che. A TApuo upara jApAnanI lebhI najara hoya e banavAjoga che. jApAna ane amerikAnI sarakAra vacce kaMI prema UbharAI jato nathI eTale philipAInanA bhAvine prazna prazAnta mahAsAgaranI sattAonA saMbaMdhanA vyApaka praznano eka bhAga banI gayA che.

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12. traNa khaMDenuM saMgamasthAna 16 jAnyuArI, 1933 navA varasanA divasanI mArI eka IcchA meM tane patra lakhyo tyAre dhAyuM hatuM tenA karatAM ghaNuM vahelI pUrI paDI. lAMbA gALA pachI Akhare ApaNuM mulAkAta thaI ane huM tane pharI pAchaeN maLyo. ane tane tathA bIjAone maLyAne AnaMda ane uttejanA mArAmAM ghaNA divasa sudhI cAlu rahyAM. ethI mAre dainika kAryakrama khoravAI gayo ane mArA hamezanA kAmanI bAbatamAM huM bedarakAra banyuM. huM rajA bhogavavAnA tAnamAM AvI gayo. mAtra cAra ja divasa upara ApaNe maLyAM hatAM paraMtu mane te e pachI jANe juganA juga vahI gayA hoya ema lAge che! huM kyAranoye bhaviSyanA vicAra karavA lAgI gaye chuM ane ApaNe pAchAM kyAre ane kyAM maLIzuM enI ghaDabhAMja mane thayAM kare che. daramyAna jelane koI paNa niyama manane rIjhavavAnI mArI ramata rokI zake ema nathI ane tArA uparanA A patra huM cAlu rAkhIza. keTalAka samayathI huM tane 19mI sadI viSe lakhI rahyo chuM. zarUAtamAM huM tane e sadInI eTale ke nepoliyananA patana pachInAM lagabhaga se varasanI sAmAnya rUparekhA ApI gayA. tyAra pachI ApaNe keTalAka dezonuM kaMIka vigate avalokana karI gayAM. hiMda viSe ApaNe ThIka ThIka jANuM lIdhuM ane pachI cIna, jApAna, dUra pUrvanA deza ane IsTa InDijha tarapha paNa najara karI gayAM. ahIM sudhImAM ApaNe eziyAnA mAtra eka bhAganuM ja vigate nirIkSaNa karI gayAM; e sivAyanI duniyA te hajI bAkI ja rahe che. e lAMbI kathA che ane ene ekadhArI ane spaSTapaNe rajU karavAnuM kAma sugama nathI. deza tathA khaMDone eka pachI eka laIne mAre temane viSe alaga alaga nirUpaNa karavuM paDe che, vAraMvAra pAchA haThIne e ja kALanI bIjA pradezanI vAta mAre AvarI levI paDe che. A rIte emAM gUMcavADe Ubho thavA pAme e nirvivAda che. paraMtu 19mI sadInA A badhA banAvo judA judA dezamAM eka ja jamAnAmAM ane lagabhaga eka ja vakhate banyA hatA. temaNe paraspara ekabIjA upara asara pahoMcADI hatI e vastu tAre yAda rAkhavA prayatna karavo joIe. eTalA ja mATe mAtra eka ja dezanA itihAsane abhyAsa atizaya bhrAmaka nIvaDe che. bhUtakALane ghaDanAra ane tene vartamAna kALanuM svarUpa ApanAra banAvo ane baLanA mahattvane sAco khyAla mAtra jagatane ItihAsa ja ApaNane ApI zake. evo khyAla ApanAra jagatane itihAsa tArI AgaLa rajU karavAne A patrono dAvo nathI. e mArA gajA uparavaTanuM kAma che ane tane e khyAla Ape evAM pustakono toTe nathI.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jagatanA ItihAsane viSe tAre rasa jAgrata karavA, enI keTalIka bAjuo tane batAvavA tathA cheka prAcIna kALathI Aja sudhInI keTalIka mAnavI pravRttione tane saLaMgasUtra paricaya karAvavA pUrata ja meM A patromAM prayAsa karyo che. e kAryamAM huM keTale saphaLa thaIza tenI mane khabara nathI. mane dahezata rahe che ke mAre A prayAsa sAco nirNaya karavAmAM tane sahAyabhUta thavAne badale tArA manane gUMcavADAmAM nAkhI de e khIcaDe tArI AgaLa rajU karanAra paNa kadAca nIvaDe. yuropa e 19mI sadInuM preraka baLa hatuM. tyAM AgaLa rASTravAdanI ANa vartatI hatI, vaLI tyAM udyogavAdane phelAvo paNa thayo ane duniyAnA dUra dUranA khUNu sudhI tenI asara pahoMcI. ghaNI vAra te eNe sAmrAjyavAdanuM svarUpa paNa dhAraNa karyuM. 19mI sadInuM paheluM TUMka avalokana karatI vakhate ApaNe e joI gayA ane e pachI hiMdustAna, bIjA pUrvanA deze tathA IsTa InDijhamAM sAmrAjyavAdanI asara kaMIka vigate tapAsI. tenuM jhINavaTapUrvaka avalokana karavAne ApaNe pharIthI yuropa jaIe te pahelAM ApaNe pazcima eziyAnI TUMka mulAkAta laIe ema huM IcchuM chuM. lAMbA vakhata sudhI meM e bhAganI avagaNanA karI che. enuM mukhya kAraNa e che ke e pradezanA e pachInA samayanA itihAsanI mane jhAjhI khabara nathI. pazcima eziyA pUrva eziyAthI tema ja hiMdustAnathI sAva nirALa che. alabatta, dUranA bhUtakALamAM madhya eziyA ane pUrva eziyAmAMthI aneka jAtio ane prajAo e pradezamAM AvI hatI ane tyAM pharI vaLI hatI. turka leke e ja rIte tyAM AvyA hatA, khristanA jamAnA pahelAM bauddha dharma paNa cheka eziyAmAInara sudhI phelAye hatuM, paraMtu teNe tyAM AgaLa UMDAM mULa ghAlyAM hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. pazcima eziyAnI najara jamAnAo sudhI eziyA ke pUrvanA deze karatAM yuropa tarapha ja vadhAre rahI che. eka rIte te eziyAnI yuropa taraphanI bArI samAna che. eziyAnA judA judA bhAgomAM islAmane phelA thavA chatAye e pradezanI pAzcAtya dRSTimAM kazo. phera na paDyo. hiMdustAna, cIna ane emanI paDozanA dezoe yuropa tarapha A rIte kadI najara karI nathI. e deze te eziyAnA vAtAvaraNathI ja vyApta hatA. jAti, jIvanadRSTi ane saMskRtinI bAbatamAM hiMdustAna ane cIna vacce bhAre taphAvata che. cIna kadIye dharmanuM gulAma banyuM nathI. tema ja tyAM AgaLa kadIye pure hitazAhI paNa UbhI thavA pAmI nathI. hiMdustAna pitAnA dharmane mATe haMmezAM gaurava letuM AvyuM che ane buddhe tene e othAramAMthI mukta karavAno prayAsa karyo chatAMye tenA samAjamAM purohita varganuM prabhutva cAlu ja

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traNa khaMDanuM saMgamasthAna rahyuM che. hiMdustAna ane cIna vacce bIjI paNa aneka bhinnatAo che ane chatAMye hiMdustAna, pUrva eziyA ane dakSiNa-pUrva eziyA vacce ajaba prakAranuM sAmya che. buddhanI kathAnA tAMtaNAe temanI vacce A sAmya pedA karyuM che. vaLI e tAMtaNAe A badhI prajAone ekatra karI che tathA temanAM kaLA, sAhitya, saMgIta ane kAvyone samAna preraNAthI tarabaLa kya che. islAme hiMdamAM pazcima eziyAnI saMskRtine kaMIka aMza dAkhala karyo. e judI ja jAtanI saMskRti hatI - judI ja jAtanI jIvanadaSTi hatI. paraMtu pazcima eziyAnI A jIvanadRSTi sIdhesIdhI ke tenA asala svarUpe hiMdamAM na AvI. Araba lekoe je hiMda jItyuM heta te A banavA pAmata. paraMtu e te ghaNuM lAMbA samaya pachI ane te paNa madhya eziyAnI jAtio dvArA hiMdamAM AvI. ane e jAtio e jIvanadaSTinI zreSTha pratinidhi nahotI ja. Ama chatAM islAme hiMdane pazcima eziyA sAthe saMparka karAvyuM ane e rIte hiMdustAna A be mahAna saMskRtionuM milanasthAna banyuM. islAma cInamAM paNa pahoMcyA ane saMkhyAbaMdha lekee tene aMgIkAra karyo, paraMtu teNe cInanI purANI saMskRtine kadIye paDakAra karyo nahi. hiMdamAM e jAtane paDakAra karavAmAM AvyuM enuM kAraNa e che ke islAma lAMbA vakhata sudhI A dezanA zAsaka vargano dharma rahyo. Ama hiMdanI bhUmi upara A be saMskRtio sAmasAmI AvIne UbhI. A muzkela samasyAne ukela lAvavAne - arthe e baMnene samanvaya kheLavAne karavAmAM AvelA aneka prayAse viSe huM tane AgaLa lakhI cUkyo chuM. A prayAse ghaNe aMze saphaLa thayA hatA paraMtu tevAmAM hiMdamAM briTizonI jItanA svarUpe enA mArgamAM navuM jokhama ane navI bAdhA AvI paDyAM. Aje te e baMne saMskRtio potAnuM purANuM rahasya kheI beThI che. rASTravAda ane udyogIkaraNe duniyAne palaTI nAkhI che ane navI UbhI thayelI Arthika sthiti sAthe teo jeTalA pramANamAM baMdha besatI thAya teTalA ja pramANamAM prAcIna saMskRtio Aje TakI zake ema che. temanuM khAlI kavaca rahyuM che, temanuM sAcuM rahasya lupta thaI gayuM che. IslAmanA ugamasthAna khuda pazcima eziyAmAM ja bhAre pheraphAra thaI rahyA che. cIna ane dUra pUrvanA deza hajI cAlu UthalapAthalanI dazAmAM ja che. ane che hiMdamAM zuM banI rahyuM che, te ApaNe ApaNI sagI AMkhe ja joI zakIe chIe. pazcima eziyA viSe huM eTalA badhA vakhata pachI lakhuM chuM ke enA ItihAsanA vANutANuM pakaDavAnuM mAre mATe jarA muzkela banI gayuM che. bagadAdanA mahAna sAmrAjya viSe tathA sela juka turkInA dhasArA AgaLa te kevI rIte bhAMgI paDayuM ane caMgIjhakhAnane maMgalee chevaTe tene kevI rIte nAza karyo vagere bAbate viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM te tane yAda haze. A maMgalAe khArajhamanA

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20: jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sAmrAjyane paNa aMta ANyo. e sAmrAjya madhya eziyAmAM prasaryuM hatuM ane IrAnane paNa temAM samAveza thatuM hatuM. e pachI taimuralaMga Avyo. saMhAra ane lazkarI vijayanI TUMka kArakirdI pachI tene paNa aMta Avyo. Ama chatAMye pazcima tarapha eka navuM sAmrAjya UbhuM thayuM. taimure e sAmrAjyane harAvyuM chatAMye te phelAtuM gayuM. A usmAnI turkanuM sAmrAjya hatuM. A usmAnI tue IrAnanI pUrvanA eziyA, misara tathA dakSiNa-pUrva yurepanA ghaNAkharA bhAgane kabaje lIdhe. aneka peDhIo sudhI teo yuropane dhamakIrUpa banI rahyA. ane te ja arasAmAM madhyayuganA jamAnAmAMthI bahAra AvatA yuropanA dhArmika ane vahemI lokone teo pApIone zikSA karavAne arthe Izvaraprerita zApasamAna lAgyA. usmAnI turkInA amala daramyAna pazcima eziyA ItihAsamAMthI lagabhaga lupta thAya che. duniyAnA jIvananA mukhya pravAhamAMthI alaga paDI gayelI khADI samAna te banI jAya che. aneka sadIo sudhI, kaho. hajAre varasa sudhI, te yuropa ane eziyA vacce rAjamArga hato. ane eka khaMDamAMthI bIjA khaMDamAM mAla laI jatI asaMkhya vaNajAre tenAM nagare ane raNomAM thaIne pasAra thaI che. paraMtu tu vepArane uttejana ApatA nahatA. ane teo vepArane uttejana ApatA heta teye navI UbhI thayelI paristhiti AgaLa teo lAcAra hatA. A navI paristhiti te eziyA ane yuropa vacce dariyAI mArgone thayele vikAsa. have samudra no rAjamArga banyA ane vahANe raNanA UMTanuM sthAna lIdhuM. A pheraphArane kAraNe pazcima eziyAe duniyAmAMthI potAnuM ghaNuMkharuM mahattva gumAvyuM. enuM jIvana duniyAthI aLaguM thaI gayuM. 19mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM suejhanI nahera khUlavAthI dariyAI mArgonuM mahattva vaLI vadhavA pAmyuM. e nahera pUrva ane pazcima vaccene sauthI moTo rAjamArga banI gaI ane teNe e baMne duniyAne ekabIjInI samIpa ANa. ane Aje 21mI sadImAM ApaNI AMkha samakSa bIje pheraphAra thaI rahyo che. jamIna ane dariyAnI purANI harIphAImAM jamIna vaLI pAchI chatavA lAgI che ane samudrane badale duniyAnA pradhAna rAjamArganuM sthAna laI , rahI che. moTaranA Agamane A pheraphAra karyo ane eroplene emAM ghaNo moTe umere karyo. lAMbA vakhata sudhI tajavAmAM AvelA purANA vepArI rAjamArgo pharIthI vAhanavyavahArathI gAjavA lAgyA che. paraMtu dhIme dhIme sukhacenathI mArga kApatA UMTane badale raNamAM thaIne meTa jhapATAbaMdha pasAra thAya che ane AkAzamArge eraplene UDe che. usmAnI sAmrAjya eziyA, yuropa ane AphrikA e traNa khaMDane jamA hatA. paraMtu 19mI sadI pahelAM ghaNA samayathI te nabaLuM paDI gayuM hatuM

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805 siMhAvalokana ane 19mI sadImAM te tenA bhAMgIne bhUkA thaI gayA. "Izvara prerita zApa'ne badale te "yuropane bImAra puruSa" banI gayuM. 1914-18nA mahAyuddhe ene aMta ANyo ane enI bhasmamAMthI svAzrayI, baLavAna ane pragatizIla navuM turkI tathA bIjAM keTalAMka navAM rAjya jamyAM. . huM AgaLa kahI gayo ke pazcima eziyA e yuropa taraphanI bArI che. enI pharate bhumadhya samudra AveluM che. e samudra eziyA, yuropa ane AphrikAne judA pADyA che tathA ekabIjA sAthe sAMkaLyA che. A joDanAra kaDI bhUtakALamAM bahu ja majabUta hatI ane bhUmadhya samudranA kAMThA upara AvelA deza vacce ghaNuM samAnatAo hatI. yuropanI saMskRtine AraMbha bhUmadhya samudranA pradezamAM ja thAya che. A traNa khaMDone sparzatA samudranA TApuomAM prAcIna grIsa athavA helAjhanI aneka vasAhata hatI; remana sAmrAjya enI AsapAsanA pradezamAM prasayuM hatuM; AraMbhakALamAM khristI dharmane paNa bhUmadhya samudranI AsapAsanA mulakamAM sthAna maLyuM; ene ja pUrva kinArethI araba pitAnI saMskRti sisilI tema ja AphrikAnA cheka dakSiNa kinArAthI mAMDIne pazcime spena sudhI laI gayA ane tyAM AgaLa teo 700 varasa sudhI rahyA. A rIte bhUmadhya samudrane kAMThe AvelA eziyAnA dezone dakSiNa yuropa tathA uttara AphrikA sAthe keTale badhe nikaTane saMbaMdha che e ApaNe joI zakIe chIe. pazcima eziyA A rIte bhUtakALamAM eziyA ane bAkInA be khaMDera vaccenI cokakasa kaDIrUpa banI rahe che. ApaNe je e zodhavA mAgIe te duniyAmAM sarvatra AvI ekabIjAne sAMdhanAra kaDIo sahelAIthI jaDe ema che. rASTravAdanI saMkucita dRSTie, samagra duniyAnI ekatA ane judA judA dezanAM samAna hite viSe vicAra karavA karatAM dareka deza viSe alaga alaga vicAra karavAne ApaNane ghaNuM vadhAre pramANamAM preya che. 123. siMhAvalokana 19 jAnyuArI, 1933 tAjetaramAM meM be pustako vAMcyAM tethI mane bhAre AnaMda thaze. mArA e AnaMdamAM tane paNa bhAgIdAra karavAnI mArI icchA che. e baMne pustake rene cUseTa nAmanA eka iMca lekhakanAM lakhelAM che. te perisanA cume saMgrahasthAnane niyAmaka che. pUrvanI ane khAsa karIne bauddha kaLAnuM e AnaMdadAyaka saMgrahasthAna jovA tuM kadI gaI che? mArI joDe tuM e saMgrahasthAna jevA AvI hoya evuM mane yAda nathI. meM. gruseTe cAra pustakamAM pUrvanI eTale ke ka-1

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana eziyAnI saMskRtionuM avalokana karyuM che. temaNe hiMdustAna, madhyapUrva (eTale ke pazcima eziyA,) tathA IrAna, cIna ane jApAnanI saMskRtionuM alaga alaga pustakamAM vivaraNa karyuM che. kaLAmAM emane rasa hovAthI kaLAviSayaka bhinna bhinna pravRttionA vikAsanA daSTibiMduthI temaNe e viSayanuM nirUpaNa karyuM che. tathA temaNe potAnA pustakomAM saMkhyAbaMdha suMdara citre paNa ApyAM che. vigrahe, yuddho tathA rAjAonA kAvAdAvA viSe jANIne te dvArA ItihAsa bhaNavA karatAM itihAsa bhaNavAnI A vadhAre sArI ane rasaprada rIta che. hajI meM. eNseTanAM mAtra be ja pustaka vAMcyAM che ane ethI mane bhAre AnaMda thaye che. emAMnuM eka pustaka hiMda viSe ane bIjuM madhyapUrva viSe che. ramaNIya imArate, umadA mUrtio, ApaNane mugdha karI mUke evAM bhIMtacitro tathA citrakAmanA itara namUnAo mane derAdUna jelamAMthI upADIne dUra dUranA dezomAM tathA ati prAcIna kALamAM laI gayAM. ghaNu vakhata upara meM tane hiMdanA vAyavya bhAgamAM siMdhu nadInI khINamAM AvelAM mohana-jo-daDa tathA haDappA AgaLanA pAMca hajAra varSa pUrvenI hiMdanI prAcIna saMskRtinA avazeSo viSe lakhyuM hatuM. je samaye mehana-jodaDAmAM leke rahetA, kAma karatA tathA ramatagamata karatA hatA te prAcIna kALamAM saMskRtinAM bIjAM paNa aneka kendro hatAM. paraMtu e viSenI ApaNI mAhitI jUja che. eziyA ane misaranA judA judA bhAgomAM je avazeSo khodI kADhavAmAM AvyA che teTalA pUratI ja ApaNI e viSenI mAhitI maryAdita che. ApaNe vadhAre khaMtathI ane bahoLA vistAramAM khodakAma karIe te saMbhava che ke AvA ghaNuM avazeSe ApaNane maLI Ave. paraMtu e kALanI misaranI nAIlanI khINanI, khADyiAnI (jyAM AgaLa elAmanuM rAjya hatuM ane jenuM pATanagara sUsA hatuM), pUrva IrAnamAM parase polIsanI, madhya eziyAmAM turkastAnanI ane cInamAM heAMgaNe athavA pILI nadInI khINanI utkRSTa saMskRti viSe ApaNane mAhitI che ja. e tAMbAnI dhAtunA vaparAzanA AraMbhano yuga hato ane pASANayuga have pUre thavA AvyuM hatuM. misarathI cIna sudhInA A bahoLA vistAramAM saMskRtino vikAsa lagabhaga samAna kakSAe pahoMcele mAlUma paDe che. eziyAnA eka cheDAthI bIjA cheDA sudhI prasarelI samAna saMskRtinA thoDAghaNA purAvAo maLI Ave che e kharekhara AzcaryakAraka che. e vastu batAve che ke, saMskRtinAM judAM judAM kendro alaga ke ekabIjAthI aLagAM nahotAM paraMtu e badhAne ekabIjA sAthe saMparka hatuM. te vakhate khetInI kaLA khIlI hatI, pALelAM jAnavaro rAkhavAmAM AvatAM hatAM tathA DeghaNe vepAra paNa cAlatuM hatuM. lakhavAnI kaLA paNa zarU thaI cUkI hatI, paraMtu e prAcIna citralipi hajI

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siMhAvalokana sudhI ukelI zakAI nathI. ekabIjAthI bahu ja dUra AvelA pradezamAM eka sarakhAM ojAra maLI Ave che tathA kaLAnA namUnAomAM paNa advitIya sAmya najare paDe che. citarAmaNavALAM mATInAM vAsaNo tathA aneka prakAranA zaNagAra tathA AkRtiovALA manehara kaLaze ApaNuM khAsa dhyAna kheMce che. AvA prakAranAM mATInAM vAsaNo eTalAM badhAM maLI Ave che ke, e AkhA yugane citarAmaNavALA mATI kAmanI saMskRtine yuga kahevAmAM Ave che. e yugamAM lenArUpAnuM jhaverAta hatuM, cinAI mATI ane ArasanAM vAsaNe hatAM tema ja sutarAu kApaDa paNa hatuM. misarathI siMdhunI khINa ane siMdhunI khINathI cIna sudhInA prAcIna saMskRtinA A pratyeka kendramAM pitatAnuM kaMIka viziSTa tatva hatuM tathA svataMtrapaNe temaNe pitAnI pragati karI hatI. paraMtu ema chatAMye e badhAMmAM amuka prakAranI samAnatA ane saMskRtinI saLaMgasUtratA mAluma paDI Ave che. lagabhaga 5000 varaso pUrve AvuM hatuM. paraMtu e saMskRtio pramANamAM AgaLa vadhelI saMskRtio hatI e spaSTa che ane hajAre varasanA vikAsane pariNAme te e kakSAe pahoMcI haze. nAIlanI khINa ane khanDiyAmAM ethI be hajAra varasa pahelAMnA samaye paNa ApaNe saMskRtinI nizAnIo zodhI zakIe chIe ane saMskRtinAM bIjAM kendro paNa ghaNuM karIne eTalAM ja prAcIna che. I. sa. pU. 3000 varasa pahelAMnI mehanajo-daDe-kALanI, prAraMbhika tAmayuganI A samAna ane bahALA vistAramAM phelAyelI saMskRtimAMthI pUrvanI judI judI cAra mahAna saMskRtio ubhave che, ekabIjAthI judI paDe che ane alaga alaga svataMtrapaNe vikase che. e cAra te misaranI, mesemiyAnI, hiMdustAnanI ane cInanI saMskRtio. misaranA bhavya pirAmiDa tathA gIjhA AgaLanuM narasiMha svarUpanuM mahAna rphikesa A pAchaLanA kALamAM bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM. e pachI misaramAM thIbana-yuga AvyuM. e pachI I. sa. pU. 2000nA arasAmAM tyAM AgaLa thIbana sAmrAjya phAlyuMphUlyuM ane e kALamAM tyAM adbhuta mUrtio tathA bhIMtacitra nirmANa thayAM. kaLAnI punAgratine A mahAna yuga hate. lakSara AgaLa AvelAM jabaradasta maMdire e arasAmAM baMdhAyAM hatAM. tutakhAmana eka thIbana phere athavA samrATa hate. enuM nAma te harakeI jANe che paraMtu e uparAMta ene viSe bIjuM kazuM teo jANatAM nathI. khAchiyAmAM sumera ane akkaDa ema be sthaLe baLavAna ane susaMgaThita rAje UbhAM thayAM, khAThiyAnuM mazahUra nagara ura, mohanajo-daDonA ja kALamAM kaLAnA utkRSTa namUnAo nirmANa karI rahyuM hatuM. lagabhaga 700 varasanA Adhipatya pachI urane uthalAvI pADavAmAM AvyuM. sIriyAmAMthI AvanAra semeTika jAtinA (eTale ke Arabe ane yahUdIonI jAtinA) bebiloniyana leke navA

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana - zAsaka banyA. have bebilena zahera A navA sAmrAjyanuM kendra banyuM. bAIbalamAM e zaherane aneka vAra ullekha karavAmAM Avyo che. A kALamAM sAhitya sajIvana thayuM; mahAkAvya lakhAyAM ane gavAvA lAgyAM. sRSTine AraMbha tathA bhISaNa jalapralaya varNavatAM A mahAkAvyanI kathAo uparathI bAIbalanAM zarUAtanAM prakaraNo lakhAyAM hovAnuM manAya che. pachI baeNbilena paNa paDayuM ane ghaNI sadIo pachI (I. sa. pU. 1000nA arasAmAM) eNsIriyana leke AgaLa AvyA. ane temaNe pitAnuM sAmrAjya sthApyuM. ninevA enuM pATanagara hatuM. e bahu vicitra prakAranA leke hatA. teo atizaya krara ane pAzava hatA. temanuM samagra rAjataMtra trAsa upara racAyeluM hatuM ane bhAre katala tathA saMhAra dvArA temaNe madhyapUrvanA AkhA pradezamAM mahAna sAmrAjya sthApyuM. e leke te kALanA sAmrAjyavAdIo hatA. Ama chatAMye keTalIka bAbatomAM teo bhAre saMskArI hatA. ninevAmAM eka jabaradasta pustakAlaya UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. te vakhate jANItA jJAnanA badhA viSayanAM pustakane temAM samAveza karavAmAM Avyo hato. e pustakAlayanAM pustake kAgaLanAM nahotAM e mAre tane kahevAnI bhAgye ja jarUra heya. vaLI e pustake AjanAM pustakenA jevAM paNa nahotAM. te samayanAM pustaka paththara ke mATInI takatIo upara lakhavAmAM AvatAM. ninevAnA A prAcIna pustakAlayanI evI hajAre takatIo Aje laMDananA briTiza myujhiyamamAM che. keTalIka takatIo te kharekhara kamakamATI upajAve evI che; samrATe duzmana tarapha kevI krUratA AdarI tathA ema karIne teNe ke AnaMda lUMTayo enuM tAdaza varNana evI keTalIka takatIomAM ApavAmAM AvyuM che. A hiMdamAM mehanajo-daDenA kALa pachI AvyA. temanA AraMbhanA kALanA kazA avazeSo ke mUrtio hajI sudhI maLI AvyAM nathI. emanuM moTAmAM moTuM smAraka veda vagere temanA graMthe che. emAMthI ApaNane hiMdanAM medAnamAM AvanArA A hoMzIlA sainikonA mAnasane kaMIka paricaya maLe che. e graMtha prakRtisauMdaryanAM prabaLa kAvyathI bharelA che. khuda emanA deve paNa prakRtinA de che. jyAre kaLA khIlI tyAre prakRtinA A preme bhAre phALe Ape e svAbhAvika che. bhopAlanI pAse AvelA sAMcInA daravAjA, zodhI kADhavAmAM AvelA e kALanA avazeSomAM sauthI prAcIna che. e daravAjAo buyuganA AraMbhakALanA che ane phUla, pAMdaDAM tathA prANIonuM enA uparanuM manahara kotarakAma e ghaDanAra kalAkAronI prakRti viSenI samaja tathA temanA prakRtipremanI ApaNane pichAna karAve che. ane pachI vAyavya taraphathI ahIM grIka asara AvI. tane yAda haze ke sikaMdara pachI grIka lokonuM sAmrAjya cheka hiMdanI sarahada sudhI AvI pahoMcyuM

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- siMhAvalekana hatuM. thoDA samaya pachI hiMdanI sarahada upara kuzAna sAmrAjya UbhuM thayuM. enA upara paNa grIka asara paDI hatI. buddha mUrtipUjAnA virodhI hatA. temaNe pitAne deva gaNAvyA nahi ke pitAnI pUjA karavAnuM paNa jaNAvyuM nahi. purohitazAhIne kAraNe samAjamAM dAkhala thayelAM aniSTone te dUra karavA cahAtA hatA. teo patita tathA dukhiyAonA uddhArane mATe prayAsa karanAra sudhAraka hatA. RSipattana ke sAranAtha AgaLanA temanA pahelavahelA upadezamAM temaNe jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, "huM ajJAnamAM DUbelAone jJAnathI tRpta karavAne Avyo chuM... jyAM sudhI koI paNa manuSya prANIonA hitane arthe pitAnI jAtanuM samarpaNa karatuM nathI tathA tyajAyelAone sAMtvana Apato nathI tyAM sudhI te pUrNa banate nathI.... mAre siddhAMta karuNAne siddhAMta che. ethI ja duniyAnA sukhI lokone te Akaro lAge che. nirvANane mArga saune mATe khulle thaye che. caMDALane mATe mekSanAM dvAra baMdha karanAra brAhmaNa paNa tenI peThe mAtAnA garbhamAMthI ja pedA thayo che. hAthI jema ghAsanAM jhUMpaDAMne ukheDI nAkhe che tema tame paNa tamArA aMtaramAM rahelA vikArone nAza kare. pApothI bacavAne "Arya satya" e eka mAtra upAya che." A pramANe budde sadAcAra ane sAcA jIvanane mArga batAvyo. paraMtu gurunA upadezanuM rahasya na samajanArA bevakUpha ziSyanI bAbatamAM hameza bane che tema buddhanA moTA bhAganA ziSya temaNe sUcavelA AcAranA bAhya niyamonuM ja pAlana karavA lAgyA ane tenuM rahasya teo samajyA nahi. temanA upadezanuM pAlana karavAne badale temaNe temanI pUjA karavA mAMDI, paraMtu hajI buddhanI mUrtio ke pratimAo banavA pAmI nahotI. pachI grIsa ane jyAM AgaLa grIka saMskRti prasarI hatI te dezanA vicAra AvyA. e dezomAM devonI manohara mUrtio banAvavAmAM AvatI ane tenI pUjA karavAmAM AvatI hatI. hiMdanI vAyavyamAM AvelA kaMdahAramAM A asara sauthI vadhAre thaI ane tyAM AgaLanA mUrtividhAnamAM zizu buddhano udaya thayo. temanA AlAdaka ane zizu deva kAmadevanA je athavA bhAvimAM thanAra zizu khrista je te hato. bauddha dharmamAM mUrti pUjAne A rIte AraMbha thayo ane pratyeka bauddha maMdiramAM buddhanI mUrtinI sthApanA thavA sudhI ene phelAve thayo. hiMdI kaLA upara IrAnanI kaLAnI paNa asara thavA pAmI. bauddha dharmanI jAtakakathAo ane hiMdu dharmanI vaividhapUrNa purANakathAoe hiMdanA kaLAkArone akhUTa vastu pUruM pADyuM che ane AMdhradezamAM amarAvatImAM, muMbaI pAse elIphaMTAnI guphAomAM, ajaMTA ane IlerAmAM tathA bIjA aneka sthaLoe A prAcIna jAtakakathAo ane purANuthAo paththara ane citramAM aMkita thayelI tane jovA maLaze. A badhAM sthAne addabhuta ane mulAkAta levA jevAM

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana che ane zALAmAM bhaNatAM badhAM ja bALake kaMI nahi te AmAMnI keTalIka jagyAe jaI zake ema huM IcchuM chuM. hiMdanI A kathAo samudra oLaMgIne baha6 bhAratamAM paNa pahoMcI, jAvAmAM barAbudura AgaLa buddhanI samagra kathA adbhuta bhIMtacitramAM cItaravAmAM AvelI che. aMgajheranAM khaMDiyeramAM Aje paNa keTalIka manahara mUrtio mejUda che. e mUrtio 800 varasa pahelAMnA e zaheranI-jyAre te pUrva eziyAmAM "bhavya aMgakera" tarIke mazahUra hatuM - ApaNane yAda Ape che e mUrtionI mukhAkRtio vinamra ane jIvaMta che ane temanA upara aNuchatuM maMda smita taravarI rahyuM che. ane te "aMgaranA rimata'nA nAmathI oLakhAya che. e mUrtinI mukhAkRtio bhinna jAtinI hevAne kAraNe svarUpamAM badalAya che kharI paNa tenA uparanuM smita te tevuM ne tevuM ja kAyama rahe che ane te kadIye ekasUruM ke nIrasa banatuM nathI. kaLA e te te kALanA jIvana ane saMskRtine yathArtha paricaya ApanAra darpaNa che. jyAre hiMdI saMskRti cetanathI UbharAtI hatI tyAre teNe sauMdaryanI vastuo nirmANa karI ane kaLAnI unnati thaI tathA dUra dUranA dezamAM enA paDaghA paDyA. paraMtu tuM jANe che ke sthagitatA ane saDe temAM dAkhala thayAM ane dezamAM bhAgalA paDatA gayA tenI sAthe kaLAnI paNa avanati thaI. teNe pitAnuM jema gumAvyuM ane te niprANa banI gaI, vigatonI jhINavaTa tenA upara vadhAre paDatI lAdavAmAM AvI ane pariNAme keTalIka vAra te sAva kaDhaMgI banI jatI. musalamAnonA Agamane tenAmAM navuM cetana reDayuM, emAM navI asara dAkhala thavA pAmI ane teNe hiMdI kaLAnA avanata namUnAone tenI vadhAre paDatI sajAvaTamAMthI mukta karyA. enI pAchaLIne purANe hiMdI Adarza te kAyama ja rahyo paraMtu ene arabastAna tathA IrAnanA sAdA ane lAlityapUrNa vAghAthI vibhUSita karavAmAM AvI. bhUtakALamAM hiMdamAMthI hajAro siddhahasta zilpIo madhya eziyAmAM gayA hatA. paraMtu have zilpIo tathA citrakAra pazcima eziyAmAMthI hiMdamAM AvavA lAgyA. IrAna tathA madhya eziyAmAM kaLAnI punarjAgrati thavA pAmI hatI. kensTAnTinopalamAM mahAna zilpIo pracaMDa imArate caNa rahyA hatA. e ITAlInI punarjAgratine paNa prAraMbhakALa hatA. e samaye tyAMnA pratibhAzALI kalAkAroe manaramya citra tathA mUtio nirmANa karyo. siyAna te samayane mazahUra turka zilpI hatI ane bAbare tenA mAnItA ziSyane hiMdamAM belA hate. IrAnamAM bIjhAda nAmano mahAna citrakAra hate. akabare tenA ghaNuM ziSyane ahIM belAvyA ane pitAnA darabAranA citrakAra tarIke temanI nimaNUka karI. zilpa ane citrakaLAmAM IrAnanI

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IrAnanI prAcIna paraMparA TakI rahe che asaranuM prabhutva vadhavA pAmyuM. mArA AgaLanA eka patramAM meAgalakALanI bhAratIya muslima kaLAnI keTalIka mahAna imArA viSe me tane kahyuM hatuM. emAMnI ghaNIkharI imAratA te joI che. A bhAratIya--IrAnI kaLA tAjamahAlamAM parAkASThAe pahoMcI che. ene nirmANa karavAmAM meATA moTA aneka kaLAkAroe potAnA phALA ApyA hatA. ema kahevAya che ke, ustAda IsA nAmane tu ke IrAnI tene pradhAna zilpI hatA. ane hiMdI zilpIoe tene madada karI hatI. keTalAka yureApiyana ane khAsa karIne iTAliyana kalAkAroe aMdaranA bhAgane zaNagAravAnuM kAma karyuM hatuM ema kahevAya che. ATalA badhA bhinna bhinna siddhahasta kArIgaroe emAM kAma karyuM hovA chatAM ApaNane kaThe evuM kAI paNa visaMvAdI tattva emAM nathI. badhI bhinna bhinna asarAnA sumeLa sAdhIne emAM adbhuta susaMvAditatA nirmANa karavAmAM AvI che. tAjamahAla nirmANa karavAmAM ghaNA lekee phALA ApyA paraMtu hiMdI ane IrAnI e e ja asara emAM prAdhAnya bhAgave che, ane tethI ja mAM. bruseTa ene viSe kahe che ke, bhAratanA dehamAM IrAnanA AtmAe janma lIdheA che.'' 26 124. IrAnanI prAcIna paraMparA TakI rahe che 11 20 jAnyuArI, 1933 hiMdamAM AvIne je dezanA AtmAe tAjamahAlanA rUpamAM peAtAne yAgya deha prApta karyAM hatA ema kahevAmAM Ave che te IrAnamAM have ApaNe jaI e. IrAnanI kaLA advitIya paraMparA dharAve che. e paraMparA 2000 varasa sudhI eTale ke esIriyana leAkeAnA kALathI Aja sudhI TakI rahI che. tyAM AgaLa rAjyataMtramAM palaTA thayA, rAjavaMzo badalAyA ane dharmamAM paNa pheraphAra thayA che; e deza upara videzI sattAe zAsana karyuM che tema ja dezanA rAjAoe paNa rAjya karyuM che; tyAM AgaLa praslAmanuM Agamana thayuM ane teNe ghaNI vastuomAM krAMti karI nAkhI, paraMtu A badhA pheraphAra thavA chatAMye IrAnanI kaLAnI A paraMparA TakI rahevA pAmI che. bezaka, kALAMtare emAM pheraphAra thavA pAmyA che ane ene vikAsa paNa thayA che. A TakAupaNuM IrAnanI kaLAnA IrAnanI bhUmi tathA tenA sRSTisau sAthenA sabaMdhane AbhArI che ema kahevAya che. - AgalA patramAM ninevAnA esIriyana sAmrAjya viSe meM tane vAta karI hatI. emAM IrAnanA paNa samAveza thatA hato. Izu pUrve 500 ke 600 varasa upara IrAnIoe -- te Aya jAtinA hatA ~~ * ninevA kabaje karyuM -

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812 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane esIriyAnA sAmrAjyane aMta ANyo. A IrAnI Aryoe siMdhu nadInA kinArAthI TheTha misara sudhI vistareluM sAmrAjya UbhuM karyuM. purANakALanI duniyA upara temaNe prabhutva jamAvyuM hatuM ane grIka hevAlamAM tenA rAjakartAne vAraMvAra "mahArAjA" tarIke ullekha karavAmAM AvyuM che. sAyarasa, darAyasa, jharsIsa ItyAdi A "mahArAjAomAMnA keTalAkanAM nAmo che. darAyasa tathA jhasase grIsa jItI levAno prayAsa karyo hato paraMtu pariNAme temanI hAra thaI hatI e tane yAda haze. e rAjavaMza AkhAyamenI rAjavaMza tarIke oLakhAya che. mahAna sikaMdare tene aMta ANyo tyAM sudhI eTale ke 220 varase sudhI e rAjavaMze A vizALa sAmrAjya upara zAsana karyuM. esIriyano ane bebilenanA lekenA amala pachI IrAnIone amala prajAne mATe bhAre rAhata samAna nIvaDyo haze. teo sudharelA ane sahiSNu hAkeme hatA. ane judA judA dharmo tathA saMskRtionI khilavaNIne temaNe avakAza Ape. A pracaMDa sAmrAjyane rAjavahIvaTa sAro hato tathA tenA judA judA bhAgomAM avarajavaranA vyavahAranI anukULatAne mATe Thera Thera sArA rastAo paNa hatA. A IrAnIe hiMdamAM AvelA A sAthe nikaTanA saMbaMdhathI saMkaLAyelA hatA. temanA ja rastI dharmane AraMbhakALane veda dharma sAthe nikaTane saMbaMdha hatA. AryonA asala nivAsasthAnamAM - pachI te game tyAM - e baMnenuM ugamasthAna eka ja hovuM joIe. AkhAyamenIdavaMzI rAjAone moTI moTI ImArate baMdhAvavAne zekha hatuM. temanA pATanagara parasepelIsamAM temaNe moTA moTA mahele baMdhAvyA- temaNe maMdira baMdhAvyAM nathI - hatA. e mahelamAM aneka thAMbhalAo upara TekavAyelA vizALa oraDAo hatA. keTalAMka khaMDiyere A jabaradasta imAratane Aje paNa ApaNane khyAla Ape che. A khAyamenada samayanI kaLAe maurya. kALanI (azaka ityAdinA samayanI) kaLA sAthe saMparka rAkhyuM hoya tathA tenA upara pitAnI asara pADI hoya ema lAge che. sikaMdare "mahArAjA' darAyasane harAvyuM ane AkhAyamenIda vaMzane aMta ANyuM. e pachI sikaMdaranA senApati selyukasa ane tenA vaMzajo nIce grIka amalane Trake yuga ane te pachI ardha-videzI rAjakartAonA amala nIcene grIka athavA yunAnI asarane ethI ghaNe lAMbe yuga Avyo. dakSiNamAM banArasa ane uttare cheka madhya eziyA sudhI vistarelA hiMdanI sarahada uparanA kuzAne enA samakAlIna hatA. teo paNa A grIka ke yunAnI asara nIce AvyA hatA. Ama sikaMdara pachI 500 karatAMye vadhAre varaso sudhI eTale ke Izu pachInI trIjI sadI sudhI hiMdanI pazcimane eziyAne samagra pradeza grIka asara nIce rahyo hato. pradhAnapaNe A asara

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IrAnanI prAcIna paraMparA TakI rahe che ( 813 kaLAviSayaka hatI. IrAnanA dharmanI bAbatamAM teNe kazI dakhala na karI. tene dharma te jarathostI ja rahyo. - trIjI sadImAM IrAnamAM rASTrIya punarjAgrati thaI ane nava rAjavaMza sattA upara AvyuM. e sAsAnIda rAjavaMza hate. te ugrapaNe rASTravAdI hatA ane purANuM AkhAyamenIda rAjavaMzane vArasa hovAne tene dAvo hate. ugra rASTravAdanI bAbatamAM hamezAM banatuM AvyuM che tema A rASTravAda paNa saMkucita ane asahiSNu hate. pazcime romana sAmrAjya tathA kanjhAnTinepalanA bAIjhenTAIna sAmrAjya ane pUrve AgaLa vadhatI jatI turka jAtionI bhIMsamAM temane pradeza AveluM hovAthI tene evuM svarUpa dhAraNa karavAnI pharaja paDI. Ama chatAMye 400 karatAMye vadhAre varasa sudhI eTale ke islAmanA Agamana sudhI e vaMza TakI rahyo. sAsAnIda amala daramyAna jarathostI bede sarvasattAdhIza hatA. rAjya temanA dharmataMtranA kAbU nIce hatuM ane teo keI paNa prakAranA virodhane sAMkhI zakatA nahi. A samaya daramyAna ja temanA dharmagraMtha avastAne chevaTane pATha taiyAra karavAmAM Avyo hato ema kahevAya che. hiMdamAM e gupta sAmrAjyanI jAherajalAlIne kALa hato. kuzAna ane bauddha yuga pachI ene udaya paNa rASTrIya punarutthAnane kAraNe thavA pAmyA hatA. e yugamAM hiMdamAM kaLA ane sAhityanI punarjAgrati thaI ane kAlidAsa jevA saMskRtanA keTalAka zreSTha kavio paNa e kALamAM thaI gayA. sAsAnIda IrAna kaLAnA viSayamAM gupta hiMdanA saMparkamAM hatuM, e darzAvanArAM ghaNAM cihno maLI Ave che. sAsAnIda kALanAM gaNyAMgAMDyAM citro ane pratimAo Aje upalabdha che paraMtu je ceDAM maLI Ave che te cetana ane gatithI bharelAM che. khAsa karIne prANIo ajaTAnA bhIMtacitrone bahu ja maLatAM Ave che. sAsAnIda kaLAnI asara cheka gebInA raNa ane cIna sudhI vistarI hoya ema lAge che. temanA lAMbA zAsanakALanA aMtamAM sAsAnIde nabaLA paDyA ane IrAnanI durdazA thaI. bAIjhenTAIna sAmrAjya sAthenAM lAMbAM yuddho pachI e baMne sAmrAjya sAva durbaLa banI gayAM. pitAnA navA dharmanI dhagazathI bharelAM Araba sainyane IrAna jItavuM muzkela nahotuM. sAtamI sadInA madhya bhAga sudhImAM eTale ke pegambara sAhebane maraNane daza varasa paNa nahotAM thayAM eTalAmAM IrAna khalIphanA amala nIce AvyuM. madhya eziyA ane uttara AphrikAmAM phelAtAM Araba je potAnI sAthe e pradezamAM kevaLa pitAne na dharma ja nahi paNa pitAnI taNuM ane vikasatI jatI saMskRti paNa laI gayAM. sIriyA, mesepeTemiyA ane misara vagere dezomAM sarvatra Araba saMskRti prasarI

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814 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana gaI arabI bhASA temanI bhASA banI ane jAtio paNa bhaLIne ekarUpa thaI gaI bagadAda, damAskasa ane kere arabI saMskRtinAM mahAna kendro banyAM ane A navI saMskRtinI preraNA nIce tyAM AgaLa aneka ramaNIya imArate UbhI thavA pAmI. Aje paNa A badhA dezo arabI dezo che ane e badhA ekabIjAthI jude jude sthAne AvelA che chatAMye teo badhA ekatAnuM svama seve che. ' Araee IrAnane paNa e ja rIte jItI lIdhuM hatuM. paraMtu sIriyA ane misaranI peThe teo IrAnanA lekane pitAnAmAM samAvIne ekarUpa karI zakyA nahi. IrAnI leko mULa Arya jAtinA heIne semeTika jAtinA ArabothI ghaNuM ja bhinna hatA. temanI bhASA paNa Arya zAkhAnI hatI. AthI temanI jAti nirALI rahI ane temanI bhASA paNa cAlu rahI. tyAM IslAmane jhapATAbaMdha phelAve thaye ane jarastI dharmanI jagyA teNe lIdhI. jarathostI dharmane Akhare hiMdamAM Azraya zodhavo paDyo. paraMtu islAmanI bAbatamAM paNa IrAnIoe pitAnuM juduM ja valaNa dhAraNa karyuM. islAmamAM bhAgalA paDavA, temAM zIyA ane sunnI evA be pakSe UbhA thayA. IrAnamAM Aje paNa mukhyatve karIne zIyAonI vasatI che jyAre bAkInI islAmI duniyAmAM meTe bhAge sutrIo che. Araba saMskRti IrAnane pitAnAmAM samAvI daI na zakI e kharuM paraMtu teNe tenA upara bhAre asara karI ane islAme hiMdanI peThe IrAnamAM paNa kaLAnI pravRttine navajIvana ApyuM. Araba kaLA ane saMskRti upara paNa IrAnanAM dhoraNonI sArI peThe asara thaI marabhUminAM sIdhA sAdAM saMtAnanAM ghare upara IrAnanA vaibhavavilAse AkramaNa karyuM. ane Araba khalIphane rAjadarabAra pahelAMnA koI paNa sAmrAjyanA rAjadarabAra jeTale ja bhavya ane bhapakAdAra banI gayo. sAmrAjyanuM pATanagara bagadAda te samayanuM sauthI mahAna nagara banyuM. tenI uttare taigrIsa nadI upara AvelA samarAmAM khalIphe pitAne mATe jabaradasta majida ane mahela baMdhAvyAM. emanAM khaMDiyere Aje paNa mojUda che. masjidamAM vizALa oraDAo hatA tathA tenI AsapAsa phuvArAvALAM vistRta cegAne hatAM. mahela laMbacorasa hato ane tenI eka bAju eka phliomITara jeTalI lAMbI hatI. navamI sadImAM bagadAdanA sAmrAjyanI paDatI thaI. temAM bhAgalA paDayA ane temAMthI aneka rAjya UbhAM thayAM. IrAna svataMtra thaI gayuM ane pUrvamAMthI AvelI tu prajAoe ghaNAM rAjya sthApyAM. chevaTe turkoe IrAnane paNa kabaje lIdhe ane temaNe bagadAdanA nAmanA khalIpha upara prabhutva jamAvyuM. 11mI sadInA AraMbhamAM mahamUda gajhanI Ubho thaye. teNe hiMda upara caDAIo

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IrAnanI prAcIna paraMparA TakI rahe che . 815 karI ane khalIphane DarAvyuM. teNe pitAnuM alpajIvI sAmrAjya paNa UbhuM karyuM. sejuka nAmanI bIjI eka turka prajAe tene aMta ANya. sejuka turkoe lAMbA vakhata sudhI khristI jheDarane sAmane karyo ane teo temanI sAthe laDayA. temanuM sAmrAjya 150 varasa sudhI karyuM. 12mI sadInA aMtamAM vaLI bIjI eka tuka prajAe sejuka takene IrAnamAMthI hAMkI kADhyA ane khArajhama ke pIvAnuM rAjya sthApyuM. paraMtu e rAjya paNa alpakALa sudhI . TayuM. khArajhamanA zAhe pitAnA elacInuM apamAna kyuM tethI caMgIjhakhAna tenA upara krodhe bharAye ane pitAnA maMgale sAthe AvIne te deza tathA tenI prajAne kacarI nAkhyAM. * eka nAnA sarakhA peregrAphamAM huM tane aneka pheraphAro tathA aneka sAmrAjyonI vAta kahI gayo. ane tethI tuM ThIka ThIka gUMcavaNamAM paDI gaI haze. meM tane jAtio tathA rAjavaMzonI caDatI paDatI viSe kahyuM e tArA manane e badhI hakIkatothI lAdavA mATe nahi paNa A badhA pheraphAra ane caDatI paDatI thavA chatAMye IrAnanI kaLAviSayaka paraMparA tathA tenuM jIvana kevI rIte TakI rahyuM e tane ThasAvavAne kahyuM che. pUrvamAMthI turka jAtinI eka pachI eka ToLI AvatI gaI ane te badhI bukhArAthI irAka sudhI phelAyelI IrAnI-arabI saMskRtine vaza thaI. je tuka IrAnathI dUra dUra eziyAmAInara pahoMcyA temaNe pitAnI rItabhAta TakAvI rAkhI ane teo arabI saMskRtine vaza thayA nahi. temaNe eziyAmAInarane kaMIka aMze potAnA asala vatana turkastAna jevuM banAvI dIdhuM. paraMtu IrAna tema ja tenI AsapAsanA mulakamAM IrAnI saMskRti eTalI badhI prabaLa hatI ke temaNe te grahaNa karI ane teo tene anukULa thayA. judA judA badhA ja turka rAjavaMzanA amala daramyAna IrAnI sAhitya ane kaLA khIlatAM rahyAM. mahamUda gajhanInA kALamAM thaI gayelA phArasI kavi phiradezI viSe mane lAge che ke meM tane kahyuM che. mahamUdanI vinaMtithI teNe zAhanAmA nAmanuM eka mahAna rASTrIya mahAkAvya lakhyuM. emAM varNavAyelA prasaMge islAmanI pahelAMnA kALanA che ane e kAvyano mahAna nAyaka rUstama che. IrAnanI kaLA tathA sAhitya rASTrIya ane paraMparAgata bhUtakALa sAthe keTalI badhI nikaTatAthI saMkaLAyelAM hatAM te A vastu darzAvI Ape che. IrAnanI citrakaLAnuM vastu moTe bhAge zAhanAmAmAMthI levAmAM AvyuM che. phiradozInA jIvana daramyAna IsavI sananI sadI badalAI ane sahastrAbda paNa badalAye. te 932nI sAlamAM janmyA hatA ane 1021 nI sAlamAM maraNa pAme. enA pachI thoDA vakhata bAda IrAnamAM AvelA vaizapurane jyotiSazAstrI ane kavi umara khayAma thayo. enuM nAma aMgrejI tema ja phArasI ubhaya bhASAmAM mazahUra che. umara pachI zirAjhane zekha sAdI thayo. e

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816 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana phArasInA mahAkaviomAMne eka gaNAya che. teNe lakhelAM gulistAM ane bestAM bhUtakALamAM peDhI dara peDhI sudhI hiMdanAM bALakone zALAomAM zIkhavAM paDatAM hatAM. ahIM meM mahApurUSanAM mAtra betraNa nAmane ja ullekha karyo che. evAM nAmonI lAMbI lAMbI yAdI ApavAne kaMI artha nathI. huM mAtra tane eTaluM ja ThasAvavA mAguM chuM ke, A badhI sadI daramyAna IrAnathI TheTha aNu nadInI pAranA mulaka sudhI IrAnI kaLA tathA saMskRtinI jyota jhaLahaLatI rahI hatI. akSa nadInI pAranA pradezanAM bakha ane bukhArA vagere mahAna zahere kaLA ane sAhityanI pravRttinAM kendro tarIke IrAnanAM zaheranI spardhA karatAM hatAM. dazamI sadInA aMtamAM sauthI vadhAre mazahUra Araba tattvavettA Ibna sInA bukhArAmAM ja jame hatA. 200 varasa pachI jalAluddIna rUmI nAmane bIje eka phArasI mahAkavi balbamAM janmyA hatA. e bhAre AdhyAtmika puruSa lekhAya che ane teNe nAcanArA daravezone eka saMdha sthApyo hate. Ama tyAM AgaLa laDAIjhaghaDA ane rAjakIya parivartana thavA chatAMye phArasI-arabI kaLA ane saMskRti jIvatAM rahyAM tathA sAhitya, citrakaLA ane zilpanI utkRSTa kRtio nirmANa karatAM rahyAM. e pachI tyAM bhAre utpAta thaye. 13mI sadImAM (1220nI sAlanA arasAmAM) caMghIjhakhAna khArajhama ane IrAna upara tUTI paDyo ane temano nAza karyo. thoDAM varasa pachI hulAgue bagadAdane nAza karyo ane sadIothI ekaThA thayele ucca saMskRtine kaLAsaMgraha naSTa the. maMgalee madhya eziyAne kevI rIte verAna banAvI dIdhuM tathA tenAM moTAM moTAM zahero kevI rIte nirjana banI gayAM e viSe meM tane AgaLanA eka patramAM kahyuM che. - A ApattimAMthI madhya eziyA kadIye pUrepUruM beThuM thayuM nahi. ane cheDA pramANamAM e beThuM thayuM te paNa eka AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che. tane yAda haze ke caMghIjhakhAnane maraNa pachI tenuM vizALa sAmrAjya vaheMcAI gayuM. IrAna ane tenI AsapAsanA pradezane tene bhAga hulAgune maLyo. pitAne saMtoSa thAya eTale saMhAra karyA pachI te zAMta ane sahiSNu rAjakartA bane. teNe IlikhAnane navo rAjavaMza sthApyo. IlakhAne thoDA vakhata sudhI maMgalene AkAzadharma pALatA rahyA paraMtu pAchaLathI temaNe IslAma dharma aMgIkAra karyo. A dharma parivartana pachI ane te pahelAM paNa teo anya dharmo pratye saMpUrNapaNe sahiSNu hatA. cInanA temanA pitrAIo, mahAna khAna tathA tenA kuTuMbIo, bauddhadharmI hatA ane temanI sAthe emane gADha saMbaMdha hate. paraNavAne mATe TheTha cInathI teo kanyAo paNa maMgAvatA.

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IrAnanI prAcIna paraMparA TakI rahe che 817 IrAna ane cInanA maMgalanI ubhaya zAkhAonA saMparkanI kaLA upara bhAre asara thavA pAmI. IrAnamAM cInI asara dAkhala thaI ane tenI citrakaLAmAM arabI, phArasI ane cInI asarane ajaba prakArano sumeLa jovAmAM Ave che. paraMtu A aneka Apattio AvI paDavA chatAM IrAnI athavA phArasI aMzane pharIthI vijaya thayo. 14mI sadInA madhya bhAgamAM IrAne bIje eka mahAkavi pedA karyo. tenuM nAma hAphIjha hatuM. te Aje hiMdamAM paNa lokapriya che. maMgala IlakhAne paNa lAMbo kALa TakyA nahi. samarakaMdanA taimura nAmanA bIjA eka mahAna laDavaiyAe temane rahyAsahyA avazeSono nAza karyo. A bhayaMkara ane atizaya krara hevAna - jene viSe huM AgaLa lakhI cUkyo chuM - kaLAne sAro AzrayadAtA hatA ane vidvAna gaNute hate. dilhI, zirAjha, bagadAda ane damAskasa jevAM mahAna zaherene lUMTIne te lUMTa vaDe pitAnA pATanagara samarakaMdane zaNagAravAmAM ja mukhyatve karIne tene kaLAne prema samAI jate hoya ema jaNAya che. paraMtu samarakaMdanI sauthI abhuta ane bhavya ImArata te taimuranI kabara gura amIra che. e tenuM yogya smAraka che. kemake tenI umadA rekhAomAM tenA sAmarthyanI tathA tenA prabhAvazALI ane jhanUnI vyaktitvanI pratIti thAya che. ' taimuranA maraNa pachI teNe jItelA vizALa pradeze chuTA paDI gayA. paraMtu akSa nadInI pArane pradeza tathA IrAna eTalo mulaka tenA vaMzajonA hAthamAM rahyo. barAbara 100 varasa sudhI eTale ke AkhI 15mI sadI daramyAna e "taimurIdo e - taimuranA vaMzajo taimurIda kahevAtA hatA - IrAna, bukhArA ane herAtamAM pitAno amala TakAvI rAkhe ane AzcaryanI vAta te e che ke, nirdaya vijetAnA e vaMzajo temanI udAratA, mANasAI ane kaLAnA uttejana mATe mazahUra thayA. taimurane pitAne putra zAharUkha e badhAmAM sauthI mahAna hatuM. pitAnI rAjadhAnI herAtamAM teNe eka bhavya pustakAlaya sthApyuM ane saMkhyAbaMdha sAhityakAra te tarapha AkarSAyA. A 100 varasane taimurIda kALa. tenI kaLAviSayaka ane sAhityika pravRttio mATe jANuM che ane te "taimurIdI punarjAgratikALa" tarIke oLakhAya che. e kALamAM phArasI sAhityane bhAre vikAsa thavA pAmya ane manorama citro nirmANa thayAM. mahAna citrakAra bAIjhAda eka citrazALAne adhiSThAtA hate. e paNa jANavA jevuM che ke taimurIda sAhityika maMDaLomAM phArasInI sAthe tuka sAhityane vikAsa paNa thavA pAmyo. tene pharI pAchuM yAda devaDAvuM chuM ke e ja ITalInI paNa punarjAgratine kALa hate. taimurIde tuka jAtinA hatA ane temaNe ghaNe aMze phArasI saMskRti grahaNa karI hatI. maMgala ane tenA Adhipatya nIce AvelA IrAne tenA

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818 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana vijetAo upara potAnI saMskRti lAdI. vaLI sAthe sAthe IrAna potAnA rAjakIya svAta Mtrya mATe paNa mathatuM rahyuM ane dhImedhIme taimurIne vadhAre ne vadhAre pUrva tarapha haDaselavAmAM AvyA ane akSu nadInI pArane thADA mulaka ja temanA tAbAmAM rahyo. 16mI sadInA AraMbhamAM IrAnanA rASTravAdanA vijaya thayA ane taimurIdAne IrAnamAMthI chevaTanA hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. tyAMnA rASTrIya saphAvI rAjavaMza IrAnanI gAdI upara AvyA. e vaMzanA khIjA rAjA tama5 pahelAe zerakhAnane kAraNe hi MdamAMthI nAsI gayelA humAyune Azaro ApyA hatA. sAvIne amala 1502 thI 1722 sudhI eTale ke 220 varasa cAlyA. IrAnI athavA phArasI kaLAne e suvarNayuga kahevAya che. temanI rAjadhAnI hiAna ramaNIya imAratothI bharAI gaI ane te kaLAnuM, khAsa karIne citrakaLAnuM, mazara kendra banI, zAha abbAsa e vaMzanA nAmIcA rAjA hatA ane te IrAnanA sauthI mahAna zAsakAmAMnA eka gaNAya che. 158thI 162nI sAla sudhI teNe rAjya karyuM. te eka bAju ujhogo ane khIjI khAjI usmAnI turkI e benI vacce gherAyelA hatA. e baMnene teNe hAMkI kADhayA ane baLavAna rAjya UbhuM karyuM. dUranAM pazcimanAM tema ja khIjA rAjyo sAthe teNe saMbaMdho cAlu karyAM ane potAnI rAjadhAnIne suzobhita karavAmAM teNe potAnuM lakSa ApyuM. zAha abbAse karelI sjihAnanI nagararacanA tenI zAstrazuddhatA ane surucine utkRSTa namUne " gaNAya che. temAM bAMdhavAmAM AvelAM makAne svataHsuMdara ane sArI rIte zaNagArelAM hatAM eTaluM ja nahi paNa temanI AsapAsanI paristhitinI mehakatA temanI ramaNIyatAnI asaramAM vadhAro kare che. te samaye IrAnanI mulAkAta lenAra yurepiyane e enAM bhAre praza MsAbharyAM vA karyAM che, (6 phArasI kaLAnA A sutra yugamAM zilpa, sAhitya, citrakaLA ( emAM bhIMtacitrA tathA laghucitrAne samAveza thAya che ) suMdara gAlIcA, manehara mATIkAma tathA mInAkArInI khilavaNI thaI hatI. keTalAMka bhIMtacitrA ane laghu citrAnI suMdaratA adbhuta che. kaLAne rASTrIya sarahadonI maryAdA hatI nathI, athavA kaho ke hAvI na joIe, ane e rIte A 16mI tathA 17mI sadInI phArasI kaLAne samRddha karavAmAM khIjI ghaNI asarAe kALA ApyA haze. emAM iTAliyana asara te dekhItI che ema kahevAya che. paraMtu e badhAMnI pAchaLa, 2000 varasa sudhI TakI rahelI IrAnanI prAcIna kaLAviSayaka paraMparA rahelI che. ane IrAnanI saMskRtinuM kSetra kevaLa IrAnanI bhUmimAM ja maryAdita nahAtuM. pazcime tu thI mAMDIne pUrve hiMda sudhInA vistRta pradezamAM te prasarI hatI. yureApamAM phreMca bhASA jema saMskAranI bhASA

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na, IrAnamAM sAmrAjyavAda ane rASTravAda 819 lekhAtI hatI tema hiMdamAM megalanA rAjadarabAramAM tathA sAmAnyapaNe pazcima eziyAmAM phArasI bhASA lakhAtI hatI. phArasI kaLAnI purANI bhAvanA AgrAnA tAjamahelamAM pitAnuM amara pratIka mUkatI gaI che. e ja rIte cheka konsTonTinepala sudhInA usmAnI zilpa upara e kaLAe pitAne prabhAva pADyo che ane phArasI asaravALI ghaNuM mazahUra imArate tyAM UbhI thaI. IrAnanA saphAvIo ghaNe aMze hiMdanA mahAna megalenA samakAlIna hatA. hiMdane pahele mogala bAdazAha bAbara, samarakaMdanA taimurIdene vaMzaja hati. IrAnIo baLavAna thatA gayA tema tema teo taimurIdone dUra ne dUra hAMkatA gayA ane Akhare aNu nadInI pArano thoDe mulaka tathA aphaghAnistAna judA judA taimurIdonA hAthamAM rahyo. bAra varasanI uMmarathI bAbarane A badhA nAnA nAnA taimurIda rAjAo joDe laDavuM paDayuM. emAM e saphaLa thayA ane kAbulane rAjakartA banyA. pachI te hiMdamAM Avyo. taimurInI ucca prakAranI saMskAritAnuM mApa bAbara uparathI kADhI zakAya che. tenA AtmavRttAMtamAMthI AgaLanA eka patramAM meM keTalAka utArAo ApyA che. saphAvI vaMzane sauthI mahAna rAjakartA zAha abhyAsa akabara ane jahAMgIrane samakAlIna hato. e kALamAM A vakhata baMne deza vacce atizaya gADha saMparka rahyo haze. lAMbA vakhata sudhI temanI sarahada eka ja hatI kemake aphaghAnistAna e hiMdanA mogala sAmrAjyane eka bhAga hatuM. 125. IrAnamAM sAmrAjyavAda ane rASTravAda 21 jAnyuArI, 1933 mArI sAme phariyAda karavAne tane adhikAra che. ItihAsanI galIomAM keTalIka vAra pAchaLa ane keTalIka vAra AgaLa doDI jaIne meM tane gusse thavAnuM pUrepUruM kAraNa ApyuM che. judA judA aneka mArgoe thaIne 19mI sadI sudhI AvI pahoMcyA pachI ekAeka huM tane hajAro varasa pahelAMnA kALamAM laI gaye ane misara, hiMdustAna, cIna ane IrAna vagere dezomAM meM ThekaDA mAryA. e vastu tane akaLAvanArI ane mUjhavanArI thaI paDI haze. enI sAme tuM virodha uThAvavAnI che enI mane khAtarI che. paNa huM ene saMtoSakAraka javAba ApI zakuM ema nathI. meM. rene cUseTanAM pustakonA vAcane mArA magajamAM ekAeka aneka vicAradhArAo utpanna karI ane emAMnA keTalAka vicAre tane jaNAvavAnuM huM rokI zakyo nahi. vaLI A patromAM IrAnanI meM kaMIka avagaNanA karI che ema paNa mane lAgyuM ane e khAmI huM kaMIka

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820 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna aMze sudhArI levA paNa mAgatA hatA. ane hamaNAM ApaNe irAnanA vicAra karI rahyAM chIe te enI vAta AgaLa calAvIne tenA Adhunika itihAsa sudhI AvI pahoMcIe. huM tane IrAnanI prAcIna paraMparAo, phArasI saMskRti tathA phArasI kaLAnA suvarNa yuga vagere viSe vAta karI gayA. e badhAM tarapha pharIthI najara karatAM e viSenuM lakhANa vadhAre paDatuM Ala kArika ane kaMika aMze bharamAvanAru lAge che. e vAMcatAM te ema ja lAge ke IrAnanI prajA mATe kharekharo suvarNa yuga AvyA hatA, temanAM duHkhA nAza pAmyAM hatAM ane parI-kathAnI duniyAnA leAkeAnI peThe teo sukhamAM mahAlatAM hatAM. bezaka, tyAM AgaLa evuM kazuM ja banavA pAmyuM nahotuM. hajI Aje paNa ghaNe aMze che tema te kALamAM kaLA ane saMskRti e mUThThIbhara leAkAnA ijArA hatA; AmajanatAne, eka sAmAnya mANasane, tenI sAthe kazI levA devA nahatI. cheka purAtanakALathI AmajanatAnuM jIvana e tA, kharekhara, khArAka ane jIvananI mIjI jarUriyAto meLavavA mATenI niraMtara sAmArI samAna ja rahyuM che. temanA ane pazuonA jIvana vacce jhAjho taphAvata nahAtA, khIjA kazAne mATe temanI pAse samaya ke navarAza nahAtAM. sine mATe pUratI to zuM paNa vadhAre paDatI viTaMbaNAo temanI sAme UbhI hatI. A sthitimAM teo kaLA tathA saMskRti viSe vicAra ke temanI kadara kevI rIte karI zake? IrAna, hiMdustAna, cIna, iTAlI tathA yuropanA anya dezomAM darabArI lakA, dhanikA tathA ezaArAma bhAgavatA vargonA maneArajanane arthe kaLA khIlI hatI. mAtra dhArmika kaLAe AmavarganA leAkeAnA jIvanane kaMIka aMze sparza karyo hatA. paraMtu kaLApriya darabarane! rAjavahIvaTa sAre ja hoya ema sUcita thatuM nathI. kaLA ane sAhityane Azraya ApavA mATe ga lenArA rAjakartAo ghaNI vAra namAlA ane krUra hatA. te kALanA dhaNAkharA dezonI peThe IrAnanI samAjaracanA paNa vatteoche aMze cUDala DhabanI hatI. zaktizALI rAjA lokapriya thatA enuM kAraNa e che ke te amIraumarAvAnA nAnA meTA lAgAe baMdha karAvatA. e kALamAM pramANamAM suzAsananA yuge AvyA hatA tema ja saMpUrNa paNe kuzAsananA yuge paNa AvyA hatA. jyAre hiMdamAM megala amalanI chevaTanI avasthA hatI te samaye IrAnamAM saphAvI vaMzanA 1725nI sAlamAM aMta AvyA. sAmAnya rIte khIjA rAjavaMzeAnI bAbatamAM banatuM AvyuM che teja rIte saphAvI vaMzanI kArakirdI nA paNa aMta AvyA. cUDala vyavasthA tUTatI jatI hatI ane jUnI samAjavyavasthAne uthalAvI nAkhanArA Arthika pheraphArA dezamAM thaI rahyA hatA. karanA bhAre kheAjAe paristhiti vadhu bagADI mUkI ane prajAmAM asa MtoSa vyApI

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IzanamAM sAmrAjyavAda ane rASTravAda gaye. jeo te vakhate saphAvIonA tAbAmAM hatA te aphaghAnee baLavo karyo. teo pitAnA dezamAM saphaLa thayA eTaluM ja nahi paNa temaNe IraphAnane kabajo lIdho ane zAhane padabhraSTa karyo. nAdIrazAha nAmanA IrAnI saradAre thoDA ja vakhatamAM aphaghAnane hAMkI kADhyA ane pachIthI teNe pote ja rAjamukuTa dhAraNa karyo. kSINavIrya thaI gayelA megalenA chevaTanA divasomAM A ja nAdIrazAhe hiMda upara caDhAI karI hatI, dilhInA lekenI katala karI hatI tathA zAhajahAMnA mayUrAsana sahita aDhaLaka khajAna laI gayuM hatuM. 18mI sadIno IrAnano ItihAsa e AMtaravigraha, badalAtA rAjAo tathA geravahIvaTanI gamagIna kahANIothI bhareluM che. - 19mI sadImAM vaLI navI ja upAdhio AvI paDI. IrAna yuropanA vadhatA jatA tathA AkramaNakArI sAmrAjyavAda sAthe gharSaNamAM AvI paDayuM. uttare raziyA niraMtara dabANa karatuM jatuM hatuM ane aMgreje IrAnanA akhAtamAMthI AgaLa vadhatA hatA. IrAna hiMdathI bahu dUra nahetuM; temanI sarahado dhIme dhIme ekabIjInI samIpa AvatI jatI hatI. ane Aje to kharekhara te baMnenI eka ja sarahada che. IrAna hiMda javAnA sIdhA jamInamArga upara AveluM hatuM. vaLI te hiMda javAnA dariyAI mArga upara paNa hatuM. AkhI briTiza rAjanIti temanA hiMdI sAmrAjyanA tathA tyAM jatA mArgonA saMrakSaNanA pAyA upara racAyelI hatI. temanuM mahAna harIpha raziyA e mArga upara paga pasArIne besIne hiMda upara bhUkhI najare joyA kare e vastu aMgreje kaI paNa saMjogomAM sAMkhI le ema nahotuM. AthI aMgrejo tathA raziyana baMne IrAnamAM bhAre rasa levA lAgyA. ane e garIba bIcArA dezane pajavavA lAgyA. zAha (IrAnanA rAjAo) saMpUrNapaNe namAlA ane bevakUpha hatA ane khoTI paLe temanI sAthe laDavAno prayAsa karIne athavA te pitAnI prajA sAthe laDIne teo sAmAnya rIte temanA hathiyAra banatA. e baMne prajAne paraspara harIphAI na hatI te raziyA ke iMglaMDa IrAnane saMpUrNa kabaje leta ane tene khAlasA karata athavA te misaranI peThe tene rakSita deza banAvata. 20mI sadInA AraMbhamAM IrAna bIjA eka kAraNe lebhane bhega banyuM. kerosIna athavA peTrela tyAM jaDI AvyuM ane e vastu bhAre kImatI hatI. 1901nI sAlamAM IrAnanAM A kSetramAMthI tela khodI kADhavAne mATe A nAmanA eka briTiza prajAjanane 60 varasa sudhInA lAMbA samaya sudhI bhAre chUTachATo. ApavAne IrAnanA vRddha zAhane samajAvavAmAM AvyuM. thoDAM varasa pachI "eMgloparziyana oIla" kaMpanI nAmanI eka briTiza kaMpanI A telanAM kSetramAM kAma karavAne sthApavAmAM AvI. tyArathI A kaMpanI tyAM kArya karI rahI che ane A kesInanA rojagAramAMthI aDhaLaka naphe teNe karyo che. IrAnanI sarakArane ja-10

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8rara jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e naphAne jAja hisso maLyo. paraMtu ene moTe hisse dezanI bahAra kaMpanInA zera dharAvanArAone hAtha gaye. briTiza sarakAra e kaMpanIno eka moTAmAM moTe eNra dharAvanAra che. IrAnanI AjanI sarakAra tIvrapaNe rASTravAdI che ane videzIo pitAnA dezanuM zoSaNa kare enI sAme tene bhAre virodha che. jenI rUe "eMgle-parziyana kaMpanI" kAma karatI hatI te 1901nI sAlane 60 varasano dIAI sAthene jUne karAra teNe rada karyo. ethI karIne briTiza sarakAra atizaya cheDAI paDI ane teNe IrAnanI sarakArane dhAkadhamakI ApIne DarAvavAno prayatna karyo, te bhUlI gaI ke samaya badalAyo che ane eziyAnI prajAne dhamakAvI khAvI e have sahela vAta nathI* paraMtu huM te A bhaviSyanA ItihAsanI vAta karI rahyo chuM. jema jema sAmrAjyavAda IrAnane DarAvate gaye tathA zAha tenA hAthamAM vadhAre ne vadhAre hathiyArarUpa banato gayo tema tema anivAryapaNe tyAM AgaLa rASTravAdane udaya thato gayo. pariNAme tyAM eka rASTrIya pakSanI sthApanA thaI. e pakSe videzIonI dakhalagIrI tathA zAhanI ApakhudI sAme ekasarakho tIvra virodha uThAvyuM. teNe prajAkIya rAjabaMdhAraNa ane Adhunika sudhArAonI mAgaNI karI. dezanA rAjavahIvaTa kharAba hatuM ane upara karane bhAre beje hate. vaLI raziyano tema ja aMgrejo rAjavahIvaTamAM niraMtara dakhala ryA karatA hatA. amuka pramANamAM svataMtratA mAgatI pitAnI prajA karatAM A videzI sarakAra sAthe pratyAghAtI zAhane vadhAre phAvatuM. prajAkIya rAjabaMdhAraNa mATenI A mAgaNI mukhyatve karIne navA UbhA thayelA madhyama varga ane buddhipradhAna leke taraphathI AvI. jhArazAhI raziyA uparanA 1904nI sAlanA jApAnanA vijaye IrAnanA rASTravAdIo upara bhAre asara karI ane temane uttejita karI mUkyA. enuM kAraNa e hatuM ke e yuropanI sattA upara eziyAnI sattAne vijaya hato tathA jhArazAhI raziyA AkramaNakArI ane temane takalIpha ApanAra temanuM pADozI rASTra hatuM. 1905nI raziyAnI krAMti jo ke niSphaLa nIvaDI ane tene nirdayatApUrvaka dAbI devAmAM AvI hatI, chatAM teNe IrAnanA rASTravAdIonA utsAhamAM tathA AgaLa pagalAM bharavAnI temanI icchAmAM umere karyo. zAha upara dabANa eTaluM badhuM vadhI gayuM ke, 1906nI sAlamAM nirupAye te prajAkIya baMdhAraNa ApavAnuM kabUla thayo. "majalIsa" eTale ke dhArAsabhA sthApavAmAM AvI ane IrAnanI krAMti saphaLa thatI hoya ema lAgyuM. paraMtu muzkelIo hajI AgaLa paDelI hatI. pitAnI jAtane bhUMsI nAkhavAne zAhano irAde nahotuM ane baLavAna tathA upAdhirUpa thaI paDe evA prajAkIya ja chevaTe briTiza sarakAra tathA kaMpanIne IrAnanI sarakArane ghaNo lAbhadAyI e karAra svIkAra paDyo.

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IrAnamAM sAmrAjyavAda ane rASTravAda IrAna mATe raziyane ane aMgrejonA hRdayamAM prema UbharAI jato nahe. majalIsa ane zAha vacce jhaghaDe Ubho thayo ane zAhe pitAnI ja pArlamenTa upara kharekhAta baeNbamAre calAvyo. paraMtu prajA ane lazkara majalIsa tathA rASTravAdIonA pakSamAM hatAM ane raziyana sainyanI sahAyathI ja zAha bacI javA pAmyuM. raziyA ane iMgleDe eka yA bIje bahAne - sAmAnya rIte pitAnA prajAjanonuM rakSaNa karavAnuM bahAnuM hoya che - pitApitAnAM sainya belAvyAM ane tyAM rAkhyAM. raziyane bhayaMkara kajhAka sainyane tyAM lAvyA ane aMgrejoe jemanI sAthe ApaNane kazI takarAra nahotI te IrAnIone DarAvavAne hiMdI sainyane upayoga karyo.. - IrAna bhAre muzkelImAM AvI paDyuM. tenI pAse nANAM nahotAM tathA lekenI sthiti bahu ja kharAba hatI. majalIse sthiti sudhAravA prayAsa karyo. tenA ghaNAkharA prayAso aMgreje ke raziyanenA athavA ubhayanA vidhathI viphaLa banAvavAmAM AvyA. Akhare teNe amerikA tarapha najara karI ane pitAnI nANAMkIya sthiti sudhAravAmAM madada karavAne eka kuzaLa amerikana zarAphanI nimaNUka karI. A amerikana zarApha mergana zusTare, IrAnanI nANAMkIya sthiti sudhAravAne potAnAthI banatuM badhuM karyuM paraMtu hamezAM raziyana tathA agrejone virodha tenA mArgamAM nakkara dIvAlanI peThe khaDe thato. AthI kaMTALI tathA nirAza thaIne te IrAna cheDI pitAne deza pAcho pharyo. pAchaLathI teNe lakhelA eka pustakamAM raziyana tathA briTiza sAmrAjyavAda IrAnanA jIvanane kevI rIte kacarI rahyA hatA tenI kahANa zusTare ApI che. e pustakanuM nAma - "IrAnanAM taraphaDiyAM" - paNa sUcaka che. emAM IrAnanAM taraphaDiyAMnI kathA kahevAmAM AvI che. IrAna eka svataMtra deza tarIke naSTa thavAne nirmAyele che ema lAgavA mAMDayuM. dezane pitapotAnAM "lAgavaganAM kSetramAM vaheMcI nAkhIne raziyA tathA iMglaDe e dizAmAM kyAranAye prathama pagalAM bharyA hatAM. temanAM sainyae mahattvanAM kendrone kabaje lIdho hato. eka briTiza kaMpanI tenA telanA bhaMDArane zaSI rahI hatI. IrAnanI bhAre durdazA thaI rahI hatI. keI videzI sattAe tene saMpUrNapaNe khAlasA karyuM hatuM e paNa enA karatAM sAruM hatuM kema ke ema thatAMnI sAthe thoDuM javAbadArInuM tattva dAkhala thavA pAmata. e pachI 1914nuM mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM. e yuddhamAM IrAne potAnI taTasthatA jAhera karI. paraMtu nabaLAnI jAherAtanI sabaLA upara jhAjhI asara thatI nathI. lAgatAvaLagatA badhA pakSoe IrAnanI taTasthatAnI upekSA karI ane rAMka bIcArI IrAnanI sarakAranuM e bAbatamAM zuM mAnavuM che enI kazIye paravA karyA vinA videzI lazkare tyAM AvyAM ane ekabIjA sAthe laDavA lAgyAM, IrAnanI AsapAsanA badhA ja deze laDAImAM

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4 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAna paDayA hatA. eka bAjue iMgleMDa ane raziyA mitra rASTro hatAM. tu` ke jenA mulakamAM irAka tathA arabastAnane samAveza thatA hatA te jarmanInA pakSamAM hatuM. 1919nI sAlamAM yuddhanA aMta Avye ane iMglaMDa, phrAMsa tathA mitrarAjyAne temAM vijaya thayA. have briTiza lazkare AkhA IrAnanA kabajo lIdho. iMgleMDa IrAnane rakSita rAjya -- khAlasA karavAnA e eka haLavA prakAra che jAhera karavAnI taiyArImAM hatuM ane bhUmadhya samudrathI cheka balucistAna ane hiMda sudhI vistareluM madhyapUnuM briTiza sAmrAjya sthApavAnAM svamAM sevAvA lAgyAM. paraMtu e svamAM kLyAM nahi. briTanane kamanasIbe jhArazAhI raziyA naSTa thayuM hatu ane tenI jagyA sAviyeTa raziyAe lIdhI hatI. vaLI iMglaMDane kamanasIbe turkImAM paNa tenI yAjanA UMdhI vaLI ane kamAla pAzAe mitrarAjyanA paMjAmAMthI potAnA dezane ugAryAM. A baMdhI vastue IrAnanA rASTravAdIone madadarUpa nIvaDI ane irAna potAnI nAmanI svataMtratA jALavI zakayuM. 1921nI sAlamAM rejhAkhAna nAmanA eka sainika krAMti karIne rAjasattA AMcakI lIdhI ane te AgaLa AvyeA. teNe pahelAM lazkara upara kAbU meLavyeA ane pachI te vaDA pradhAna banyA. 1925nI sAlamAM dharaDA zAne padabhraSTa karavAmAM AvyA ane lokapratinidhisabhAnA matathI rejhAkhAnane zAha cUMTavAmAM Avye. teNe rejhAzAha pahelavI evuM nAma dhAraNa karyuM . rejhAzAhe lehI vahevaDAvyA vinA ane upara uparathI jotAM jene prajAkIya kahI zakAya evA upAyothI rAjagAdI meLavI. majalIsa hajI potAnuM kA kare che ane naveA zAha Apakhuda rAjakartA hovAnA dAvA karatA nathI. Ama chatAMye IrAnanI sarakAranuM sukAna potAnA hAthamAM rAkhanAra zaktizALI puruSa te che. chellAM thADAM varasA daramyAna IrAnamAM bhAre pheraphAro thayA che. IrAnane Adhunika deza banAvavAne mATe aneka sudhArA karavAne rejhazAha maMDyo rahyo che. tyAM AgaLa bhAre rASTrIya punarjAgrati thavA pAmI che, eNe dezamAM navuM cetana reDayuM che ane IrAnamAMnAM paradezI hitAnI bAbatamAM uddAma rASTravAdanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karI rahI che. A rASTrIya punarjAgrati 2000 varasa jeTalI purANI IrAnanI sAcI paraMparAne anurUpa che e vastu atizaya AnaMdajanaka che. e jAgrati islAmanA Agamana pahelAMnI IrAnanI mahattA tarapha pharIthI najara kare che ane temAMthI preraNA meLavavAnA prayAsa kare che. rejhAzAhe dhAraNa kareluM ' pahelavI ' nAma paNa eka rAjavaMzanuM nAma che ane te prAcIna kALanI yAda Ape che. IrAnanA lAkA te bezaka musalamAna * ziyA musalamAna -- che paratu potAnA dezane lAgevaLage che tyAM sudhI rASTravAda e tyAM AgaLa vadhAre sabaLa

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yureApamAM 1848nI sAlanI krAMti 825 khaLa che. samagra eziyAmAM e vastu banI rahI che. yuropamAM 100 varasa pahelAM 19mI sadImAM rASTravAdane udaya thayA hatA. paraMtu Aje tyAM AgaLa evA dhaNA leAkeA che je rASTravAdane jarIpurANA thaI gayelA siddhAMta tarIke lekhe che ane pracalita paristhiti sAthe chUMdhabesatI Ave evI zraddhA ane mAnyatA mATe jhaMkhe che. IrAnane videzIe parziyA nAmathI oLakhatA. have sarakAre enuM nAma IrAna nakkI karyuM che. rejhAzAhe hukama bahAra pADyo che ke have kAI e parziyA nAma vAparavuM nahi. 126. krAMti ane khAsa karIne yuropamAM 1848nI sAlamAM thayelI krAMti 28 jAnyuArI, 1933 have ApaNe yurepa jaIe ane 19mI sadI daramyAna e khaMDanA AMTIghUMTIvALA ane nira Mtara badalAtA jatA citra tarapha pharI pAchI najara karIe. e mAsa pahelAM lakhelA keTalAka patrAmAM ApaNe e sadInuM avalAkana karI gayA chIe ane tenI keTalIka pradhAna viziSTatAe meM tane batAvI hatI. te vakhate me je je ' vAdo 'nA ullekha karyAM hatA te badhA tane yAda rahyA hAya evI apekSA bhAgye ja rAkhI zakAya. A rahyAM emAMnA keTalAka * vAde 'nAM nAma : udyogavAda, mUDIvAda, sAmrAjyavAda, samAjavAda, rASTravAda ane AMtararASTrIyavAda. lokazAsana ane vijJAna viSe tema ja mAlanI avarajavaranI paddhatimAM thayelI bhAre krAMti ane prajAkIya keLavaNI tathA tenA paripAkarUpa Adhunika chApAM viSe meM tane vAta karI hatI. A badhI tema ja khIjI keTalIka vastuo maLIne yuropanA te vakhatane sudhAre khUA' sudhArA eTale ke madhyamavI sudhAro banavA pAmyA. jemAM mUDIvAdI vyavasthA nIce dezanA audyogika taMtranA kAbU navA UbhA thayelA madhyama varganA hAthamAM hato. yuropanA A 'bhUxA' athavA madhyamavI sudhArAne uparAuparI saphaLatA maLatI ja gaI, tenI uttarAttara pragati thatI ja gaI ane 19mI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM te potAnA sAmarthyathI teNe potAnA upara tema ja AkhI duniyA upara teno prabhAva pADyo, paNa eTalAmAM te bhAre Apatti AvI paDI. < . eziyAmAM paNa A sudhArAnA amala ApaNe ka MIka vigate joI gayAM. vadhatA jatA udyogavAyI prerAIne yurope dUra dUranA dezo sudhI potAnA hAtha

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana prasAryA tathA temane pacAvI pADavAnA, pitAnA kAbU nIce rAkhavAnA ane sAmAnyapaNe pitAne phAyado thAya e rIte temanA vahIvaTamAM dAkhala karavAnA prayAsa karyA. ahIM yuropa zabda khAsa karIne huM pazcima yuropanA arthamAM vAparuM chuM. te udyogavAdamAM AgaLa paDayuM hatuM. paNa pazcima yuropanA badhA dezamAM iMglaMDa lAMbA vakhata sudhI niHzaMkapaNe AgevAna hatuM. e dizAmAM bIjA dezethI te ghaNuM AgaLa hatuM ane ene kAraNe teNe bhAre phAyado uThAvya. iMglaMDa tema ja pUrva yuropanA bIjA dezamAM A badhA bhAre pheraphAra thaI rahyA hatA. rAjAo ane samrATe 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM e joI zakyA nahotA. je navAM baLo pedA thaI rahyAM hatAM temanuM mahattva temane samajAyuM nahi. nepoliyanane chevaTane dUra karyA pachI yuropanA rAjakartAone eka mAtra vicAra pitAne ane potAnI jAtanA lekene hamezane mATe TakAvI rAkhavAno tathA duniyAne ApakhudI mATe surakSita banAvavAno hato. krAMsanI krAMti ane nepoliyananI bhayaMkara bhaDakamAMthI hajI teo pUrepUrA mukta thayA nahatA ane have teo koI paNa prakAranI cAza ke bArI rAkhavA mAgatA nahotA. AgaLanA eka patramAM meM tane kahyuM che ke, pote cAhe te karI zake eTalA mATe rAjAone devI adhikAra' jALavI rAkhavAne tathA prajAne pitAnuM mAthuM UMcuM karatI aTakAvavAne yuropanA rAjakartAoe ApasamAM aneka vAra ekya karyuM ane te "holI elAyansa' eTale ke "pavitra aikya'nA nAmathI oLakhAya che. pahelAM temaNe aneka vAra karyuM hatuM tema A hetu pAra pADavAne Apakhuda sattA tathA dhameM hAtha milAvyA. raziyAne jhAra eNlekajhAMDara e badhAM aikayonA prANu samAna hate. udyogavAda tema ja navI bhAvanAne jarA sarakhe pavana paNa tenA dezamAM pahoMcyuM nahotuM ane raziyA hajI madhyayugI ane atizaya pachAta sthitimAM hatuM. tyAM AgaLa moTAM zahere bahu ochAM hatAM, vepArane nahi je ja vikAsa thayo hato ane ucca kakSAnA gRhaudyoge paNa khIlyA nahotA. ApakhudIne niraMkuza dara tyAM cAlato hato. yurepanA bIjA dezamAM paristhiti judI hatI. jema jema pazcima tarapha jaIe tema tema madhyama varga vadhu ne vadhu pramANamAM najare paDatuM hatuM. meM tane AgaLa kahyuM che tema iMglaMDamAM ApakhudI nahatI. pArlAmenTa rAjAne aMkuzamAM rAkhatI hatI. paraMtu khuda pArlAmenTa upara mUDIbhara dhanikAno kAbU hate. raziyAnI Apakhuda jhArazAhI ane IMglaMDanI zrImaMtanI dhanikazAhI vacce bhAre taphAvata hatA. paraMtu janatAne tathA krAMtine Dara e eka vastu te baMnemAM samAna hatI. Ama samagra yuropamAM pratyAghAtane vijaya thayo ane je je vastumAM kaMIka udAra daSTi najare paDatI tene nirdayapaNe dabAvI devAmAM AvatI. 1815nI sAlanI viyenAnI koMgresanA nirNaye anusAra iTAlI tema ja pUrva yuropanI

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yurepamAM 1848nI sAlanI kAMtie 827 ghaNI prajAone videzIonI dhUMsarI nIce mUkavAmAM AvI. e prajAone baLapUrvaka dAbI rAkhavI paDatI hatI, paraMtu lAMbA vakhata sudhI ema saphaLatApUrvaka na karI zakAya? ema karavAmAM muzkelIo UbhI thavAnI ja. e te UkaLatI kITalInuM DhAMkaNa jemanuM tema baMdha rAkhavAne mathavA jevuM che. yuropa varALathI UkaLI rahyuM hatuM ane baLa karIne varALa vAraMvAra bahAra nIkaLatI hatI. 1830nI sAlamAM yuropamAM Thera Thera thayelAM baMDe athavA ramakhANe viSe tathA tyAM AgaLa thayelA pheraphAro viSe meM tane AgaLanA eka patramAM vAta karI hatI. khAsa karIne krAMsamAM e pheraphAra thayA hatA ane ene pariNAme burbona rAjakartAone chevaTane hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA hatA. A baMDee yuropanA rAjAo, zahenazAhe tathA temanA pradhAnone vaLI vadhAre bhaDakAvI mUkyA ane temaNe vaLI vadhAre baLapUrvaka prajAne dabAvI dIdhI. vigraho ane krAMtione kAraNe judA judA dezomAM thayelA bhAre pheraphAre viSe ApaNe A patramAM aneka vAra vAta karI gayAM chIe. bhUtakALanA vigraha keTalIka vAra dhArmika ane keTalIka vAra rAjavaMzI hatA. vaLI ghaNI vAra rAjakIya kAraNe paNa eka prajA bIjI prajA upara caDAI karatI. vigrahanAM A badhAM kAraNenI pAchaLa sAmAnyapaNe Arthika kAraNe paNa hatAM. A rIte, madhya eziyAnI prajAoe eziyA ane yuropa upara karelI ghaNIkharI caDAInuM kAraNa e hatuM ke bhUkhamarAne kAraNe pazcima tarapha khasavAnI temane pharaja paDI hatI. Arthika pragati eka prajA ke rASTrane baLavAna banAve che ane bIjI prajAe ke rASTro karatAM tene vadhAre anukULa sthitimAM mUke che. huM tane jaNAvI gayo chuM ke yuropa tema ja bIjA dezonA kahevAtA dhArmika vigrahonI pAchaLa paNa Arthika baLa kArya karI rahyuM hatuM. sAMprata kALamAM AvatAM jaIe chIe tema tema dhArmika ane rAjavaMzI vigraha baMdha thatA jatA ApaNane jaNAya che. alabata, vigraho te nathI ja baMdha paDatA. duHkhanI vAta to e che ke te vadhAre bhISaNa banatA jAya che. paraMtu temanAM kAraNe Aje te pradhAnapaNe rAjakIya ane Arthika hoya che. rAjakIya kAraNe mukhyatve karIne rASTravAdanI sAthe saMkaLAyelAM hoya che. ene kAraNe eka prajA bIjI prajAne dabAvI de che athavA te be uddAma rASTravAdanI vacce gharSaNa thavA pAme che. rASTravAdane kAraNe thatA A rAjakIya jhaghaDAo paNa pradhAnapaNe Arthika kAraNone lIdhe thAya che; dAkhalA tarIke Adhunika audyogika dezanI kAce mAla tathA bajAre mATenI jarUriyAta. A uparathI ApaNane jaNAya che ke, vigrahanI bAbatamAM Arthika kAraNe vadhu ne vadhu mahattva dhAraNa karatAM jAya che. ane Aje te kharekhara e kAraNe bIjAM badhAM kAraNone DhAMkI de che. bhUtakALamAM krAMtionI bAbatamAM paNa evA ja prakArano pheraphAra thata rahyo che. AraMbhanI krAMtio rAjamahelanI krAMtio hatI. emAM rAjakuTuMbanAM

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828 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mANase ekabIjA sAme kAvatarAM karatAM, ekabIjA sAme laDatAM ane paraspara ekabIjAnuM khUna karatAM athavA te jIva para AvI jaIne prajA baMDa karatI ane julamI zAsakane aMta ANatI ke pachI mahattvAkAMkSI sinika lazkaranI madadathI rAjagAdI pacAvI pADatA. meTA bhAganI AvI rAjamahelanI krAMti mUThIbhara mANasonI vacce thatI. Ama janatA upara enI jhAjhI asara thatI nahotI. vaLI Ama janatAne tenI jhAjhI paravA paNa nahotI. rAjakartAo badalAtA kharA paraMtu zAsanapaddhati te tenI te ja rahetI ane prajAnA jIvanamAM kazoye pheraphAra thato nahi. hA, eTaluM kharuM ke kharAba rAjA julama karIne prajAmAM kera vartAve ane te tene mATe asahya banI jAya jyAre sAro rAjA kaMIka rAhatarUpa nIvaDe. paraMtu rAjA sAre hoya ke kharAba, kevaLa rAjakIya pheraphArathI prajAnI sAmAjika ane Arthika sthitimAM sAmAnya rIte karo phera paDe nahi. ethI sAmAjika krAMti thavA pAme nahi. rASTrIya ddhatithI vadhu pramANamAM pheraphAra thavA pAme che. jyAre eka prajA upara bIjI prajA zAsana karatI hoya tyAre videzI zAsakavarganuM Adhipatya hoya che. A vastusthiti aneka rIte hAnikartA che. kemake, tAbA nIcenA dezanuM zAsana bIjA dezanA lAbhanI dRSTie karavAmAM Ave che athavA to videzIone eka vargane ene lAbha maLe che. alabata ethI parAdhIna prajAnuM svAbhimAna atizaya ghavAya che. A uparAMta, videzI zAsakavarga tAbAnA dezanA upalA vargone adhikAra ane sattAnAM sthAnothI dUra rAkhe che. je sthAno temane deza parAdhIna na hota te temane ja maLata. saphaLa rASTrIya krAMti kaMI nahi te dezamAMthI A videzI tatvane dUra kare che ane dezane AgaLa paDatuM varga tarata ja tenuM sthAna le che. A rIte caDiyAto videzI varga dUra thavAthI dezanA A AgaLa paDatA vargane bhAre lAbha thAya che. AkhA dezane paNa sAmAnyapaNe ethI lAbha thAya che kemake have bIjA dezanA lAbhamAM tene rAjavahIvaTa calAvAta nathI. rASTrIya krAMtinI sAthe sAthe ja sAmAjika krAMti paNa thayA vinA prajAnA nIcalA vargone jhAjho lAbha thatuM nathI. sAmAjika krAMti e upara uparane pheraphAra karanArI bIjI krAMti karatAM bilakula bhinna vastu che. alabata, emAM rASTrIya kAMtine to samAveza thAya che ja paraMtu emAM bIjI aneka vizeSatAo paNa hoya che kemake e krAMti samAjanuM AkhuM baMdhAraNa badalI nAkhe che. pArlamenTane sarvoparI banAvanAra IMglaMDanI krAMti e kevaLa rAjakIya krAMti ja nahotI. amuka aMze te sAmAjika krAMti paNa hatI kemake ethI karIne dhanika madhyama varga dezanA sattAdhArI vargamAM dAkhala thaye. A rIte A upalA madhyama varganI rAjakIya tema ja sAmAjika unnati thaI. nIcalA madhyama vargane tathA Ama prajAne enI jhAjhI

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yurepamAM 1848nI sAlanI krAMti 829 asara thaI nahi. phrAMsanI krAMti enA karatAM vizeSa pramANamAM sAmAjika krAMti hatI. ApaNe joI gayAM ke eNe samAjanI AkhI vyavasthA UMdhI vALI dIdhI ane thoDA vakhata mATe te Ama prajA paNa kArya karatI thaI gaI. paraMtu Akhare tyAM paNa madhyama vargane vijaya thayo ane krAMtimAM potAno bhAga bhajavyA pachI Ama janatAne pitAne sthAne ravAnA karavAmAM AvI. paraMtu vizeSa haka dharAvanArA umarAvone te dUra karavAmAM AvyA ja. kevaLa rAjakIya parivartana karatAM AvI sAmAjika krAMtie ghaNI dUragAmI hoya che e te dekhItuM ja che. vaLI evI krAMtione pracalita paristhiti sAthe nikaTano saMbaMdha hoya che. mahattvAkAMkSI ane vadhAre paDatI tatpara - vyakti ke. evI thelI vyaktione samUha sAmAjika krAMti karI zake nahi. paristhitine kAraNe Ama janatA ene mATe taiyAra thaI gaI hoya te ja teo evI krAMti karI zake. Ama janatA ene mATe taiyAra thaI gaI hoya evA mArA kathanane artha e nathI ke tene tema karavAnuM kahevAmAM AvyA pachI te vicArapUrvaka kaTibaddha thAya che. mArA ema kahevAno mAtra eTale ja artha che ke, sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti evI hoya che ke jethI karIne janatAnuM jIvana asahya bejArUpa banI jAya che ane e pheraphAra karI nAkhavA sivAya bIjI koI paNa rIte te rAhata meLavI zakatI nathI athavA te paristhiti sAthe potAne meLa sAdhI zakatI nathI. vAta to ema che ke, asaMkhya lekonAM jIvana yugAntarothI evA ne evAM bojArUpa rahyAM che ane temaNe e sthiti kevI rIte calAvI lIdhI haze e kharekhara AzcaryakAraka che. keTalIka vAra temaNe-khAsa karIne kisAnoe-baLavA karyA che ane krodhathI dIvAnA banIne je kAMI hAthamAM AvyuM tene kazAye viveka vagara nAza karyo che. paraMtu e lekamAM samAjavyavasthA badalavAnI jJAnapUrvakanI IcchA nahotI. temanAmAM AvA prakAranI ajJAnatA hevA chatAMye bhUtakALamAM aneka vAra pracalita samAjavyavasthA emane kAraNe bhAMgI paDI che. prAcIna romamAM, madhyayugamAM yuropamAM, hiMdamAM ane cInamAM aneka vAra Ama banavA pAmyuM hatuM tathA emane kAraNe aneka sAmrAjya paDI bhAMgyAM hatAM. bhUtakALamAM sAmAjika tema ja Arthika pheraphAra bahu dhIme thatA ane utpAdana tathA vaheMcaNI ane mAlanI avarajavaranI paddhatio yugonA yugo sudhI lagabhaga ekasarakhI ja rahetI. ethI karIne leke pheraphAranI kriyA joI zaktA nahi ane mAnatA ke jajUnI samAjavyavasthA sadAne mATe kAyamI ane pheravI na zakAya evI che. dharma tathA tene lagatI rUDhio ane mAnyatAoe e vyavasthAnI AsapAsa divyatAnI prabhA UbhI karI. A vastu emanA manamAM evI to ThasI gaI hatI ke, paristhiti badalAIne pracalita vyavasthA sAthe baMdha na bese evI thaI javA chatAMye te samAjavyavasthA badalavAne teo vicAra sarakhe

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana paNa karatA nahi. audyogika krAMtinA Agamana ane avarajavaranI paddhatimAM bhAre pheraphAra thatAnI sAthe ja sAmAjika pheraphAra vadhu jhaDapI banyA. navA vargo AgaLa AvyA ane dhanavAna banyA. hAthakArIgaro ane khetInA majUrethI sAva nirALa audyogika majUrane varga paNa Ubho thavA pAme. A badhAne kAraNe navI Arthika gaThavaNI ane rAjakIya pheraphAranI jarUriyAta pedA thaI. pazcima yuropanI samAjavyavasthA kazAthe meLa vinAnI vicitra dazAmAM hatI. samaju samAja te jyAre jyAre jarUra UbhI thAya tyAre ghaTatA pheraphAra kare ane e rIte badalAtI paristhitimAMthI pUrepUro lAbha uThAve. paraMtu samAje samaju athavA DAhyA nathI hotA ane samagrapaNe teo vicAra nathI karatA. vyaktio potapotAne ane pitAne zuM phAyadAkAraka nIvaDaze teno vicAra kare che; samAna hita dharAvanArA vargo paNa e ja rIte potapitAne vicAra kare che. koI samAjamAM eka varganuM Adhipatya hoya te te pitAnI e sthiti TakAvI rAkhavA tema ja tenI nIcenA vargone zekIne temAMthI phAyado uThAvavA mAge che. DahApaNa ane dUradarzitA te e darzAve che ke pote je samAjanuM aMga hoya tenuM hita e ja ekaMdare jotAM pitAnuM hita sAdhavAne uttama mArga che. paraMtu sattAdhArI vyakti ke varga pitAnI sattA hamezane mATe jALavI rAkhavA mAge che. bIjA vargo tathA bIjA lekane ema manAvavuM ke pracalita vyavasthA e ja uttamottama che e ema karavAno sauthI sugama mArga che. e vastu lekone mana upara ThasAvavAne dharmane kheMcavAmAM Ave che; keLavaNIne paNa e ja pATha bhaNAvavAnuM pharamAvavAmAM Ave che, ane AzcaryanI vAta te e che ke, Akhare lagabhaga badhAM ja mANase saMpUrNapaNe ema mAnatAM thaI jAya che ane ene badalavAno vicAra karatAM nathI. eTaluM ja nahi paNa e vyavasthAne kAraNe jemane veThavuM paDe che te leke paNa kharekhAta ema mAne che ke e TakI rahe e megya che tathA temane lAta mAravAmAM Ave, temane beDImAM jakaDavAmAM Ave ane bIjAo vaibhavavilAsamAM ALoTatA hoya tyAre temaNe bhUkhamare veTha e badhuM paNa yogya che. eTale ke ema mAne che ke, samAjavyavasthA aparivartanazIla che ane temAM moTA bhAganA lekane sahana karavuM paDe emAM koIne doSa nathI. emAM deSa pitAno che, pitAnA kimatano che, pUrvajanmanAM pApanI e zikSA che. samAja hamezAM sanAtanI athavA sthiticusta hoya che ane pheraphAra tene gamato nathI hoto. je gharaDamAM te hoya temAM ja paDyA rahevAnuM tene game che ane tyAM paDI rahevAnuM ja tene mATe nirNAyuM che ema te khAtarIpUrvaka mAne che. te eTale sudhI ke, tenI sthiti sudhAravAne arthe tene e gharamAMthI nIkaLavAnuM kahenArA ghaNuMkharA mANasane te zikSA kare che.

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yurepamAM 1848nI sAlanI krAMti paraMtu samAjanA AtmasaMtuSTa ane avicArI lekanI anukuLatA khAtara sAmAjika tema ja Arthika paristhiti kaMI thobhI rahetI nathI. e Arthika ane sAmAjika paristhiti athavA baLo te lekanA khyAle tenA te ja rahevA chatAMye AgaLa dhape ja jAya che. A jUnA khyAla ane vAstavika sthiti vaccenuM aMtara ghaNuM vadhI jAya che ane A aMtara ghaTADavAne mATe kaMIka upAya yojIne e baMnene ekatra karavAmAM na Ave te samAjavyavasthA bhAMgI paDe che ane bhAre utpAta thavA pAme che. A ja vastu sAcI sAmAjika krAMti kare che. je paristhiti evI hoya te krAMti avazya thavAnI ja. hA, jUnA khyAlanA kheMcANane kAraNe te thoDA vakhata pUratI thaMbhI jAya kharI. ane je AvI paristhiti mojUda na hoya te, thelI vyaktio tene mATe cAhe eTalI kema na maLe te paNa teo krAMti na karI zake. krAMti phATI nIkaLe che tyAre lekonI najara AgaLathI sAcI paristhitine DhAMkI rAkhatA paDade dUra thAya che ane teo tarata ja vastusthiti samajI jAya che. ane eka vakhata gharaDamAMthI nIkaLyA eTale teo jorathI AgaLa vadhe che. A ja kAraNe krAMtinA kALamAM janatA prabaLa zaktithI AgaLa vadhe che. Ama krAMti e sthiticustatAnuM ane pragatinA nirodhanuM anivArya pariNAma che. samAjavyavasthA parivartana karI na zakAya evI hoya che evA mUrkhAIbharyA bhramamAMthI samAja nIkaLI jaI zake ane badalAtI jatI paristhiti sAthe hamezAM meLa rAkhe te duniyAmAM sAmAjika krAMti thavA na pAme. e sthitimAM samAjane niraMtara vikAsa thato rahe che. joke pahelAM ema karavAnI mArI bilakula IcchA nahotI chatAMye krAMti viSe meM kaMIka laMbANathI lakhI nAkhyuM. e viSayamAM mane rasa che kemake duniyAbharamAM jemane pracalita paristhiti sAthe bilakula meLa na hoya evA aneka mANase che ane aneka sthaLe samAjavyavasthA bhAMgI paDatI jaNAya che. bhUtakALamAM A vastu sAmAjika krAMtinI purogAmI banI hatI ane koIne paNa svAbhAvika rIte ja lAge ke duniyAmAM bhAre pheraphAra thavAnI ghaDI AvI pahoMcI che. hiMdamAM tema ja paradezI dhUMsarI nIcenA bIjA dezamAM rASTravAda tathA videzIone zAsanamAMthI potAnA dezane mukta karavAnI kAmanA prabaLa banyAM che. paraMtu A rASTravAdanI bhAvanA ghaNe aMze khAdhepIdhe sukhI evA sArI sthitinA vargomAM ja maryAdita che. kheDUtavarga, majUravarga ane emanI peThe niraMtara taMgI veThatA bIjA lokone rASTravAdanAM aspaSTa svapnAM karatAM pitAnA peTano khADo pUravAmAM ja vadhAre rasa che. kemake, teo pitAnI sAthe vadhAre khorAka ane vadhAre sArI paristhiti lAve te sivAya rASTravAda ke svarAjane temane mATe kazo artha nathI. eTalA mATe hiMdane prazna Aje kevaLa rAjakIya ja nathI; e prazna ethI vizeSa karIne sAmAjika che.

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832 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jenuM huM avalokana karI rahyo hato te 19mI sadImAM yuropamAM aneka baMDe ane bIjAM ramakhANo thavA pAmyAM hatAM ene kAraNe krAMtiviSayaka A laMbANa viSayAMtara karavAne huM derAyo. emAMnAM ghaNuMkharAM baMDe ane khAsa karIne e sadInA pUrvArdhamAM thayelAM baMDa paradezI zAsana sAmenAM rASTrIya baMDe hatAM. enI sAthe sAthe ja odyogika dezomAM sAmAjika baLavAnA vicAro navA UbhA thayelA majUravarga ane temanA mUDIvAdI mAlikavarga vacce gharSaNa pedA karavA lAgyA. leke sAmAjika krAMtine arthe vicAra tathA tene mATe jJAnapUrvaka kArya karavA lAgyA. 1848nuM varasa yuropanI krAMtionuM varasa kahevAya che. e varasa daramyAna ghaNuM dezamAM baMDa thavA pAmyAM. emAMnAM ceDAM aMzataH saphaLa thayAM paraMtu moTA bhAganAM baMDe niSphaLa nIvaDyAM. pioleMDa, ITAlI, behemiyA ane haMgarImAM thayelAM baMDanI pAchaLa dAbI devAmAM AvelI rASTrIya bhAvanA kAraNabhUta hatI. pileMDane baLa praziyAnI sAme ane behemiyA tathA uttara ITAlIne baLa oNsTriyAnI sAme hate. e badhA baLavA dAbI devAmAM AvyA. oNsTriyA sAmene haMgarIne baLave e sauthI moTo hate. lesa kasutha ene netA hite. haMgarInA itihAsamAM te eka dezabhakta ane svAtaMtryanA yoddhA tarIke mazahUra che. DAM varasa bAda DIka nAmanA bIjA eka mahAna netAnI AgevAnI " nIce bIjA prakAranI laDatathI haMgarIe saphaLatA meLavI. DIkanI laDavAnI paddhati savinayabhaMganI hatI e jANavA jevI vAta che. 1867nI sAlamAM eNDyiA ane haMgarInuM hasabargavaMzanA samrATa kosIsa josapha nIce lagabhaga samAna bhUmikA upara joDANa thayuM. e jeDANa "dvirAja paddhati' tarIke jANItuM che kemake e paddhatithI kosIsa josapha e ubhaya dezane rAjakartA bane. adhI sadI pachI DIkanI savinayabhaMganI paddhati IgleMDa sAme laDavAmAM AyarlenDanA lekene mATe namUnArUpa thaI paDI. 1920nI sAlamAM hiMdamAM asahakAranI laData zarU karavAmAM AvI tyAre keTalAka lekae DIkanI laDatane yAda karI hatI. paraMtu e be paddhatio vacce ghaNe taphAvata hato. 1848nI sAlamAM jarmanImAM paNa baLavA thayA paraMtu te bahu gaMbhIra prakAranA nahotA. e badhA dAbI devAmAM AvyA ane thoDAMka sudhArAnAM vacana ApavAmAM AvyAM. krAMsamAM e sAlamAM bhAre pheraphAra thayo. 1830nI sAlamAM bunene hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA tyArathI laI phIlIpa rAjA hatA. te eka prakArane ardhabaMdhAraNIya rAjA hate. 1848nI sAlamAM prajA enAthI kaMTALI ane ene gAdItyAga karavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. pharIthI prajAsattAkanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. A phrAMsanuM bIjuM prajAsattAka hatuM kemake tenI mahAna krAMti vakhate sthApavAmAM AveluM prajAsattAka tenuM paheluM prajAsattAka hatuM. A

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yurapamAM 1848nI sAlanI krAMtie 833 aMdheranA lAbha uThAvIne luI, khAnApArTa nAmanA nepoliyanane bhatrIjo rasa AvyA ane svataMtratAnA bhAre mitra hovAnA DALa karIne te prajAsattAkanA pramukha cUMTAyeA. A to mAtra sattA hAtha karavA mATenA khATA DeLa ja hatA. potAnA sthAna upara kharAbara sthira thayA pachI lazkara upara teNe kAbU meLavyA. 1851nI sAlamAM ekAeka rAjapalaTA thayA. lazkaranA baLathI teNe perisane gabharAvI mUkyuM, dhaNA leAkeAne gALAthI hAra karyAM ane dhArAsabhAne DarAvI dIdhI. khIje varase pote samrATa banI beTho ane nepoliyana trIjo evuM nAma teNe dhAraNa karyuM. mahAna nepoliyanane putra nepoliyana bIjo hatA ema mAnavAmAM AvyuM. jo ke teNe te kadIye zAsana karyuM nahotuM. cAra varasa karatAM kaMIka vadhAre samayanI jhAMkhI kArakirdI pachI A rIte khIjA prajAsattAkanA aMta Avye . 1848nI sAlamAM iMglaMDamAM baLavA thayA nahote paraMtu tyAM AgaLa bhAre takalIpha ane khaLabhaLATa pedA thavA pAmyAM hatAM. paraMtu jyAre kharI takalIpha AvI paDe tyAre tenI AgaLa namI paDIne temAMthI UgarI javAnI AvaData iMgleMDa pAse che. tenuM rAjabaMdhAraNa lavacIka eTale ke temAM je vakhate jevA pheraphAra karavA hAya tevA pheraphAra sahelAIthI karI zakAya evuM hovAthI ema karavAmAM te madadagAra nIvaDe che. ane jyAre UgaravAnA kazA upAya bAkI rahyo na hoya tyAre kaMIka samAdhAna svIkArI levAnuM lAMbA kALanA anubhave a Mgrejone zIkhavyuM che. akkaDa eTale ke jemAM sahelAIthI pheraphAra na karI zakAya evA rAjabaMdhAraNavALA dezo tathA jemanAmAM samAdhAnavRtti ochI hAya evI prajA upara ekAeka AvI paDatA bhAre pheraphAro aMgreja prajAe AvI rIte TALyA che. pArlamenTanA sabhya cUMTavAne matAdhikAra vadhAre leAkAne ApavAnI jogavAI karatA 1832nI sAlanA rirphoma` bila upara iMgleMDamAM bhAre AMdolana pedA thayuM. Adhunika dhAraNAthI mAtAM te atizaya haLavA prakAranuM ane binajokhamakAraka bila hatuM. emAM madhyama varganA thADA vadhAre mANasAne matAdhikAra ApavAnuM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. majUro tathA moTA bhAganA khIjA lokeAne hajI matAdhikAra maLyo nahotA. te vakhate pAlamenTa mUDIbhara zrImaMtAnA hAthamAM hatI ane peAtAnA viziSTa adhikAro tathA kazI takalIph vinA temane AmanI sabhAmAM mekalI ApanAra * saDelA matavibhAge ' gumAvI besavAnI temane bIka hatI. AthI temaNe potAnI samagra zaktithI e bilanA virodha karyAM ane te kahevA lAgyA ke A bila jo pasAra karavAmAM Avaze te iMglaMDanI bhAre durdazA thaze ane A duniyAne! aMta Avaze. paristhiti iMglaMDamAM AMtaravigraha phATI nIkaLavAnI aNI sudhI paheAMcI gaI. paraMtu virodha pakSa prajAvyApI AMAlanathI DarI gayA ane e bila pAsa karavAnI sa Mmati teNe ApI.

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834 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhA na e kahevAnI jarUra nathI ke iMgleMDa A kaTokaTImAMthI pAra Utaryu ane pAlamenTa upara pahelAMnI jema ja dhanika varganA kAmU cAlu rahyo. sArI sthitinA madhyama vargane vaLI vadhAre sattA maLI. 1848nI sAlanA arasAmAM bIjI eka caLavaLe dezane hacamacAvI mUkayA. e cArTisTa caLavaLa tarIke oLakhAtI hatI kemake emAM pAmenTane eka pracaMDa arajI mokalavAnI yeAjanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. e arajImAM judA judA sudhArAonI mAgaNI karatA prajAnA 'cAra ' eTale ke hakkapaTTo rajU karavAmAM AvyA hatA. e caLavaLe zAsakavargane bhayabhIta karI mUkyo paraMtu pAchaLathI tene dAkhI devAmAM AvI. kArakhAnAMne majUravarga bhAre hADamArI veThatA hatA ane temanAmAM bhAre asa MtoSa vyApyo hato. e arasAmAM majUrone lagatA keTalAka kAyadA pasAra thavA lAgyA ane ene lIdhe temanI sthitimAM kaIka sudhAro thayA. dinapratidina vadhatA jatA vepArIthI iMglaMDa bahu jhaDapathI paisA pedA karI rahyuM hatuM ane te ' duniyAnuM kArakhAnuM ' banI rahyu hatuM. moTA bhAganA naphA kArakhAnAMnA mAlikAnA hAthamAM jatA paraMtu tenA thoDA bhAga jharIte majUrA sudhI paNa pahoMcatA. A badhI vastuone kAraNe 1848nI sAlamAM iMgleMDamAM baLavA thato thato aTakI gayA. paraMtu te samaye te te thADA ja vakhatamAM phATI nIkaLaze ema lAgatuM hatuM. 1848nA sAlanI vAta hajI meM pUrI karI nathI; e vase rAmamAM je banyuM te vAta te hajI kahevAnI bAkI che. e vAta mAre AvatA patrane mATe mulatavI rAkhavI joI e. 127, iTAlI eka ane svAdhIna rASTra bane che vasatapa'camI, 30 jAnyuArI, 1933 1848nI sAlanA mArA khyAnamAM iTAlInI vAta me chevaTe rAkhI che. e varasanA badhA rezamAMcaka banAvAmAM rezamanI vIratAbharI laData sauthI adbhuta che. nepoliyananA samaya pahelAM iTAlI e nAnAM nAnAM rAjye ane nAnA nAnA kArAne zabhUmeLA hatuM. nepoliyane gheADA vakhata mATe tene eka karyuM. nepAliyana pachI teNe pAtAnI pahelAMnI sthiti dhAraNa karI athavA kaho ke tenI ethIye kharAba dazA thaI. vijayI mitrarAjyAe 1815nI sAlanI viyenAnI keMgresamAM e dezanA moTA bhAga ApasamAM vaheMcI lIdhe. AsTriyAe vainIsa tathA tenI AsapAsanA dhaNA pradeza lIdhA; oNsTriyAnA ghaNA ThAkArone managamatA pradezo ApavAmAM AvyA; pApa rAma pAche AvyA ane tenI

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iTAlI eka ane svAdhIna rASTra bane che 835 AsapAsanA "papanAM rAjya" tarIke oLakhAtA pradezane teNe kabaje lIdhe; nepalsa tathA ITAlIne dakSiNa bhAga maLIne burbonavaMzI rAjAnA amala nIcenuM be sisilIonuM rAjya" e nAmathI oLakhAtuM juduM rAjya banyuM. vAyavya tarapha krAMsanI sarahada najIka piDamenTa ane sArDiniyAne rAjA hato. piDamenTanA rAjAnA eka mAtra apavAda sivAya A nAnA nAnA badhA rAjAo tathA ThAkore atizaya Apakhuda rIte zAsana karatA hatA tathA nepoliyananA Agamana pahelAM teo ke bIjAo potapotAnI prajAne pIDatA hatA tenA karatAM paNa vizeSa pramANamAM teo pitAnI prajAne pIDavA lAgyA. paraMtu nepoliyananA Agamane AkhA dezane halamalAvI mUkyo hate tathA tenA yuvakavargane preraNA ApIne tene svataMtra ane ekatrita ITAlInAM svapnAM seva karyo hato. rAjakartAo damana karatA hatA chatAMye athavA kadAca e ja kAraNe tyAM AgaLa nAnAM nAnAM aneka baMDa thavA pAmyAM tathA guptamaMDaLa sthapAyAM. thoDA ja vakhatamAM tyAM eka dhagazavALo yuvAna pedA thayo ane svAtaMtryanI caLavaLanA netA tarIke tenI gaNanA thavA lAgI. A netA te ITAlInA rASTravAdano pagAra meMjhInI. 1831nI sAlamAM teNe "taruNa iTAlI' e nAmanuM eka maMDaLa sthApyuM. ITAlImAM prajAsattAka sthApavuM e te maMDaLanuM dhyeya hatuM. A dhyeya prApta karavAne arthe teNe ghaNAM varaso sudhI ITAlImAM kArya karyuM. pachI tene dezavaTo levo paDyo ane aneka vAra jiMdagI jokhamamAM mUkavI paDI. tenAM ghaNuM lakhANe rASTravAdanA sAhityamAM pramANabhUta banI gayAM. 1848nI sAlamAM uttara ITAlImAM TheraThera baLavA phATI nIkaLavA lAgyA tyAre maijhInIe pitAnI taka bhALI ane te rema AvyuM. pipane tyAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyuM ane traNa mANasonI samitie prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karI. e samitine "TrAyamavAyarsa' eTale ke tripuTI kahevAmAM AvatI. e zabda romanA purANA ItihAsamAMthI levAmAM Avyo hato. mejhInI A tripuTInA traNa sabhyomAMne eka hatA. A taruNu prajAsattAka upara cAre bAjuethI humale karavAmAM Avyo. tenA upara oNsTriyana lokoe humale karyo, nepalsanA lakoe paNa humalo karyo tathA pipane tenA sthAna upara sthApita karavA phree paNa humalo karyo. temanA prajAsattAka taraphathI mukhya laDanAra gerIbAlhI hate. teNe oNsTriyane khALI rAkhyA, nepalsanA sainyane harAvyuM tathA phreMcane paNa aTakAvyA. svayaMsevakonI madadathI A badhuM karavAmAM AvyuM ane jemanA uttamottama ane bahAduramAM bahAdura taruNae prajAsattAkanA rakSaNa arthe pitAnA prANa a. Akhare, vIratAbharI laData pachI pheMcae prajAsattAkane harAvyuM ane pipane rema pAche ANye.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e laDatanA pahelA tabakkAnA e rIte aMta AvyeA. maMjhInIe pracAra dvrArA ane gaeNrIbADIe khIjI moTI laDatanI taiyArI dvArA ema judI judI rIte temaNe potapotAnuM kAma AgaLa calAvyuM. te baMne ekakhIjAthI bahu ja bhinna prakRtinA puruSo hatA. eka vicAraka ane AdarzavAdI hatA jyAre khIjo gerIlA yuddhapaddhatine pratibhAzALI cahno hatA. ane iTAlInI svataMtratA ane ekatAnA dhyeyane bhAre jhanUnapUrNAMka varelA hatA. e pachI A mahAna ramatamAM eka trIjo khelADI AgaLa AvyeA. A khelADI piDameAnTanA rAjA vikaTara imenyualanA vaDA pradhAna kAvura hatA. nAnA nAnA rAjAone dabAvI daI te temane dUra karavAnA e kArTImAM samAveza thatA hatA eTale maitrInI tathA gaeNrIbADInI pravRttinA lAbha uThAvavAne te saMpUrNa paNe taiyAra hatA. phre cAne cAlabAjIthI teNe potAnA duzmana oNsTriyano joDeyudghamAM saDAvyA. nepoliyana trIjo e vakhate phrAMsanA zAsaka hatA. A banAva 1859nI sAlamAM banyA. oNsTriyanAne phrecAe hAra ApI e takano lAbha lai ne gaeNrIbAlDIe nelsa ane sisilInA rAjA upara potAnI javAbadArI upara asAdhAraNa prakAranI caDAI karI. gaeNrIbADI tathA tenA lAla khamIsavALA 1000 sAthIonI e jagajAhera caDAI hatI. sainikanI kazIye tAlIma vinAnA tema ja joItI laDAyaka sAdhanasAmagrI ane pUratAM hathiyArA vinAnA tenA A sAthIoe temanI sAme AvelA tAlImabaddha sainyane mukAbalA karyAM. duzmananuM lazkara A 1000 lAla khamIsavALAe karatAM sa MkhyAmAM ghaNuM ja vadhAre hatuM paraMtu temanA utsAha ane prajAnI sahAnubhUtine kAraNe temaNe uparAuparI vijayA meLavyA. gaeNrIbADInI kIrti dezabharamAM phelAI gaI. tenA nAmanA jAdu evA hatA ke tenA AvatAM veMta duzmananuM lazkara palAyana karI jatuM. Ama chatAMye tenuM kA atizaya muzkela hatuM ane aneka vAra te tathA tenA svayaMsevaka parAjaya ane AphatanA paMjAmAM sapaDAtA sapaDAtA bacI jatA. paraMtu temanA parAjayanI paLe paNa bhAgyadevI temanA upara mahera karatI ane parAjayane vijayamAM pheravI nAMkhatI. jIvasaTesaTanAM sAhasika kAryoM upara bhAgyadevI ghaNI vAra mahera kare ja che. ash 66 gaeNrIbADI ane tenA hajAra sAthI sisilIne kinAre UtaryAM. tyAMthI te dhIme dhIme iTAlI pahoMcyA. dakSiNa iTAlInAM gAmaDAMomAM thaI ne sUca karatAM karatAM gaeNrIbADIe svayaMsevakA mATe Tahela nAkhI, ane ene mATe teNe sUcavelA badalA paNu asAdhAraNa hatAH teNe kahyuM, cAlo ! cAle ! Aje dharamAM besI rahenAra teA nAma che. badalAmAM huM tamane thAka, hADamArI ane laDAIo ApavAnuM vacana ApuM chuM. paraMtu ApaNe jItIzuM ke marIzuM. " duniyAmAM kuMteha jevI kAryasAdhaka khIjI kAI cIja nathI. gaeNrIkhADInI

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iTAlI eka ane svAdhIna rASTra bane che 837 zarUAtanI phatehAe ITAlInA lekenI rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAne prajvalita karI mUkI. svayaMsevakone pravAha vahevA lAgyuM ane gerabAlDInuM rASTragIta gAtA gAtA teo uttara tarapha kUca karavA lAgyA. kabare Aje khUlI gaIne Ave dUra thakI so vIra, preta zahIdo kerAM Aje yuddha khelavA dhape adhIra. talavAre lIdhI hAthe, kIrtinI kalagI mAthe, mRta hRdaye e dIptimaMta zAM ITalInA nAme raNavIra! A sau joDAI jAo! rakhe koI pAchaLa rahI jAo! Ave, sarve kadama milAve, dezajuvAne ToLATeLa; phaharAva jhaDe, vagaDA Aja beMgiyA dhiMgA Tela. ThaMDI tIkhI tegadhAra laI, A, haiye Aga jalAI Avo vatana taNI laganInI jvALA ayi! laharAvI lela. dIsto rahe te iTalIthI! basa bhAga amArA gharamAMthI! bhAga ajANyA paradezI! tuM dIsta rahe ama ITalIthI. rASTragIta badhe ja kevAM eka sarakhAM hoya che kAvure maeNribADInI phatehane lAbha uThAvyo ane e badhAne pariNAme 1861nI sAlamAM piDamenTane rAjA vikaTara Imainyuala ITAlIna rAjA bane. rAma hajI phreMca lazkaranA kabajAmAM hatuM ane venisa oNsTriyananA kabajAmAM hatuM. daza varasanI aMdara rema tathA venisa bAkInA ITAlI sAthe bhaLI gayAM ane roma tenuM pATanagara banyuM. Akhare ITAlI eka rASTra banyuM. paraMtu meMjhInIne - ethI sukha na thayuM. jIvanabhara prajAsattAkanA Adarza mATe te ma hatuM paNa have te ITAlI e piDamenTanA rAjA vikaTara ImenyualanuM rAjya banyuM. - eTaluM kharuM ke e navuM rAjya baMdhAraNIya rAjya hatuM ane vikaTara Imenyuala rAjA banyA pachI tarata ja ITAlInI pArlAmenTanI beThaka TurInamAM maLI. Ama iTAlInuM rASTra pharIthI eka ane videzI amalathI mukta thayuM. meMjhInI, gebilDI ane kAvura A traNa purUSoe e vastu siddha karI. ane e traNamAMne eka puruSa paNa na hota to ITAlInI svataMtratA kyAre Avata e kahevuM muzkela che. aMgreja kavi ane navalakathAkAra jaje merIDIthe ghaNA vakhata pachI lakhyuM che ke: 4-11

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ame ITAlInI prasUtivedanA che joI adhaka UThI hatI tyAM dharA para e paTakAI pAchI hA ne Aja? zuM UbInamela khetara! audAryathI ekadI cAlyuM tyAM haLa, A ramyatA AjanI vAvanAruM. _jeNe ame e hatuM jevuM sAruM tene sphare che smRtimAM tripuTI -ene Dile cetana pheMkanArI-kAvara ne mejhinI gerabAnDI, je buddhi, AtmA vaLI kharkazA banI javalaMta Adarza jagAvanAra, kUDA visaMvAdathI tAranAra. ITAlInI svAtaMtrya mATenI laDatanI vAtanI rUparekhA meM TUMkamAM tane kahI. A TUMka khyAna tane mRta ItihAsanA bIjA koI paNa bhAganA jevuM lAgaze. paraMtu e kathA tuM sajIva kevI rIte banAvI zake tathA te tane laDatanA AnaMda ane dardathI kevI rIte bharI daI zake e huM tane kahuM. ghaNAM lAMbA vakhata upara huM zALAmAM bhaNate hato tyAre traNa pustakomAM meM vAMcelI A vAte mane te e anubhava karAvyA hatA. e pustake Teveliyana nAmanA lekhake lakhelAM che. e pustakanAM nAma A rahyAM: "geribAnDI ane romana prajAsattAka mATe saMgrAma", "geribA(c)I ane tenA hajAra sAthIo", geribAlhI ane ITAlInuM rASTranirmANa" ITAlInI svAtaMtrya mATenI laData vakhate aMgreja prajAe geribI tathA tenA lAlakhamIsavALA sAthIo pratye pitAnI sahAnubhUti darzAvI hatI tathA ghaNuM aMgreja kavioe e laData viSe hRdayane halamalAvanArI kavitAo lakhI hatI. pitAnAM hite temAM saMDovAyelAM na hoya te aMgreja prajA svAtaMtrya mATe jhUjhatI prajA tarapha keTalI badhI sahAnubhUti darzAve che e kharekhara ApaNane ajAyabI pamADe tevuM che. svAtaMtrya mATe laDatA grIsamAM teNe pitAnA kavi bAyarana tathA bIjA keTalAka lekene mekalyA, iTAlI tarapha teNe pitAnI akhUTa sahAnubhUti ane protsAhana mekalyAM paraMtu tenI paDozamAM AvelA AyaleMDamAM tathA misara, hiMda ane bIjA dUranA dezomAM tenA dUte mazInagane ane saMhAra lAve che. e vakhate svInabarna, merIDItha ane ilIjhAbetha bArneTa brAuniMga vagere aMgreja kavioe iTAlI viSe aneka marama kAvya lakhyAM hatAM. merIDIthe te e

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jamanIne udaya 839 viSe navalakathAo paNa lakhI hatI. jyAre iTAlIne svAtaMtrya saMgrAma cAlI rahyo hato ane tenI sAme aneka aMtarA khaDA thayA hatA tathA aneka dezadrohIo pitAnA videzI hAkemone sahAya karI rahyA hatA te samaye strInabarge rema AgaLa paDAva" nAmanuM eka kAvya lakhyuM hatuM temAMthI eka avataraNa huM ahIM ApIza. bheTa Ape mAlika te tamArA. zA muktidevI upahAra de zake ? te te vinA Azraya ke sahArA prere, amaryAda, arodha, sainyane dhae javA paMtha anidragathI. bhUkhe mare, lehIluhANa thAya che, che prANa vAve nija, muktibIjazA; ke emanI dhUlithI muktarASTranAM nirmANa thAye pharI, Atma emane peTAvI Ape pharI muktitArale. 128, jarmanIne udaya 31 jAnyuArI, 1933 jenAthI Aje ApaNe suparicita chIe te yuropanA eka mahAna rASTranuM nimaNu ApaNe chellA patramAM joI gayAM. Aje ApaNe tenA bIjA eka mahAna rASTranuM nirmANa joIzuM. e rASTra te jarmanI. tenI bhASA eka hatI tema ja temanI vacce bIjAM paNa ghaNuM samAna ta hevA chatAM jarmana prajA aneka nAnAM moTAM rAjyamAM vaheMcAyelI rahI hitI. hemsabargavaMzI AsTriyA ghaNI sadIo sudhI AgevAna jarmana rAjya hatuM. pachI praziyA AgaLa AvyuM ane e be rAjyo vacce jarmana prajAnI AgevAnI mATe spardhA thavA lAgI. nepoliyane e baMne rAjyone namAvIne temane zaramiMdA karyA. ene pariNume jarmana rASTravAda prabaLa bane tathA nepoliyananA aMtima parAjayamAM teNe sahAya karI. A rIte ITAlI tema ja jarmanImAM ajANapaNe ane tenI evI IcchA na hovA chatAM nepaliyane rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA tathA svataMtratAnA vicArone vega Ape. nepoliyananA yugane AgaLa paDate jarmana rASTravAdI phikaTe hate. te lisUpha hati tema ja dhagazavALe rASTra bhakta paNa hato. pitAnI prajAne jAgrata karavAne teNe ghaNuM kArya karyuM.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana | nepaliyana pachI adhI sadI sudhI jarmanImAM nAnAM nAnAM jarmana rAjya cAlu rahyAM. jarmanInAM nAnAM moTAM badhAM rAjyanuM eka samavAyataMtra sthApavAnA aneka prayatna karavAmAM AvyA paraMtu te saphaLa na thayA; kema ke eriyA tathA praziyA e baMnenA zAsako ane sarakAre tenA agraNuM banavA cahAtA hatA. daramyAna tyAM AgaLa badhAM udAra tane dabAvI devAmAM AvyAM. vaLI 1830nI ane 1848nI sAlamAM tyAM Thera Thera baMDa paNa thayAM hatAM paraMtu temane dAbI devAmAM AvyAM. le kAne saMtoSavAne khAtara thaDA najIvA sudhArAo paNa dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA. jarmanInA keTalAka bhAgomAM iMglaMDanI peThe kalasAnI ane leDhAnI khANe hatI ane e rIte tyAM AgaLa audyogika vikAsane mATe paristhiti anukULa hatI. jarmanI tenA philasUpha, vaijJAnika tathA sainike mATe paNa mazahUra hatuM. tyAM kArakhAnAMo bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM ane audyogika majUrone varga Ubho thayo. 19mI sadInA vacagALAmAM A TAMkaNe eka puruSa pedA thaye. bhaviSyamAM te kevaLa jarmanI upara ja nahi paNa samagra yuropanA rAjakAraNamAM pitAne prabhAva jamAvavAnuM hatuM. A puruSa te eNTe phona bismArka, te "zaMkara' eTale ke praziyAne jamInadAra hatA. voTaralUnI laDAI thaI te varase te ja hatA. ghaNuM varasa sudhI teNe judA judA rAjadarabAremAM elacI tarIke nokarI karI hatI. 1862nI sAlamAM te praziyAno vaDo pradhAna thayo ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM tenA prabhAvanI asara jaNAvA lAgI. vaDe pradhAna banyA pachI eka aThavADiyAnI aMdara potAnA eka vyAkhyAnamAM teNe jaNAvyuM ke, " A kALanA mahAna praznonA nirNaya bhASaNa ke vadhumatInA TharAvathI nahi paNa pilAda ane rudhirathI thavAnA che." - pilAda ane rudhira ! jagamazahUra thayelA tenA A zabdo dUra dezI ane kaDakapaNe cAlu rAkhelI tenI rAjanItine tenA sAcA svarUpamAM vyakta kare che. lekazAhIne te dhikkArato hatuM ane pArlamenTa ke dhArAsabhAone te bilakula gaNakAratA nahi. te bhUtakALanA avazeSa samAna lAgatA hatA paraMtu tenI kAbeliyata ane nizcayabaLa evAM te bhAre hatAM ke vartamAna paristhitinuM ghaDatara teNe pitAnI IcchA anusAra karyuM. teNe Adhunika jarmanI nirmANa karyuM tathA 19mI sadInA uttarArdhane yuropano ItihAsa ghaDyo. philasUphe ane vaijJAnikanuM jarmanI pAchaLa rahI gayuM ane rUdhira tathA polAdane maMtra japatuM navuM jarmanI pitAnI lazkarI kuzaLatAthI AkhA yuropakhaMDa upara tenuM prabhutva jamAvavA lAgyuM. tenA samayanA eka AgevAna jarmane kahyuM che ke, "bismArka jarmanIne mahAna banAve che paraMtu jarmanane te hINo banAve che." yuropamAM tema ja AMtararASTrIya bAbatemAM jarmanIne mahAna sattA banAvavAnI tenI

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janInA uDDaya 91 rAjanItithI jamA prasanna thayA ane rASTranI vadhatI jatI pratiSThAnI bhabhakane kAraNe tenuM hareka prakAranuM damana temaNe sahI lIdhuM. bismArka peAtAne zuM karavuM che tenA spaSTa pyAlA tathA e mATenI *kALajIpUrvaka taiyAra karelI yeAjanA sAthe sattA upara AvyA, ene te dRDhatApUrvaka vaLagI rahyo ane peAtAnA kAmAM tene bhAre saphaLatA maLI. tene yurepamAM jarmanInuM ane jamanI dvArA praziyAnuM prabhutva jamAvavuM hatuM. e samaye nepoliyana trIjAnA amala nIce phrAMsa yuropamAM sauthI baLavAna rASTra gaNAtuM hatuM. oNsTriyA e paNa moTA harIpha hato. bismAka bIjA rAjyo vheDe kevI ramata ramyA ane pachI vArApharatI te darekanA teNe kevI rIte nikAla karyAM te purANA DhaMganI AMtararASTrIya nItirIti ane mutsaddIgIrInA eka adbhuta namUnA che. teNe prathama hAtha dhareluM kArya jamanAnI AgevAnInAM praznanA haMmezane mATe niveDe lAvavAnuM hatuM. e bAbatamAM praziyA ane oNsTriyAnI jUnI harIphAI cAlu rAkhavI pAlave ema nahAtu. e praznanuM nirAkaraNa praziyAnI tarapheNamAM ja thavuM joIe ane oNoNsTriyAe samajI javuM joI e / tene khIjA darajjAne bhAga bhajavavAnA raheze. e pachI krAMsane vAre AvavAnA hatA. ( jyAre huM praziyA, oNsTriyA ke phrAMsanI vAta karuM chuM tyAre e dezAnI sarakAreA viSe huM kahuM chuM. e vastu tAre yAda rAkhavI joI e. A badhI sarakAre vattAochA pramANamAM Apakhuda hatI ane tyAMnI dhArAsabhAne nahi jevI ja sattA hatI.) * ene mATe bismArke cUpacApa potAnuM lazkarI taMtra sa MpUrNa banAvI rahyo hatA. daramyAna nepoliyana trIjAe oNsTriyA upara humalA karyAM ane tene harAvyuM. A hArane pariNAme gaeNrabADInI dakSiNu iTAlI upara caDAI thaI ane ethI karIne chevaTe iTAlI svataMtra thayuM. A badhuM bismArkane mAka AvyuM kAraNa ke ethI oNsTriyA nabaLu banyuM. raziyAnA tAbAnA peleMDamAM rASTrIya khaLavA phATI nIkaLyA tyAre jarUra paDe to pola lokAnI katala karavAne mATe bismArke jhArane madada ApavA jaNAvyuM. AvI madada ApavA jaNAvavuM e nidya hatuM. paraMtu e vastue enA hetu pAra pADyo. kema ke, yuropamAM je kaI gUMcavaNabharI sthiti pedA thavA pAme te samayane mATe bismArkane jhAranI bhalI lAgaNI meLavavI hatI. e pachI oNsTriyAnI madada laI ne bismArka DenmArkane harAvyuM ane pachI teNe oNsTriyA upara caDAI karI. paraMtu ema karavA pahelAM teNe iTAlI tathA krAMsanA ene mATe TakA meLavI levAnI sAvacetI rAkhI hatI. 1866nI sAlamAM praziyAe jotajotAmAM oNsTriyAne jamInadosta karI dIdhuM. jarmanInI AgevAnInA praznanA ukela karIne tathA praziyA jarmanInuM AgevAna che e spaSTa karIne temanI vacce kaDavAza

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842 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana na rahevA pAme eTalA mATe DahApaNupUrvaka teNe sTriyA pratye bhAre udAratA batAvI. have praziyAnI AgevAnI nIce uttara jarmanInuM samavAyataMtra sthApavAne mArga saraLa thaI gayo hato. (emAM osTriyAne samAveza nahote thatuM.) bismArka e samavAyataMtranI sarakArane vaDe pradhAna banyA. Aje jyAre rAjakAraNa ane kAyadAnA ApaNe keTalAka paMDita samavAyataMtra tathA rAjabaMdhAraNa viSe mahinAo ane varasa sudhI carcA karyA kare che te jotAM e jANavuM rasaprada thaI paDaze ke bismArka uttara jarmanInA samavAyataMtranuM rAjabaMdhAraNa mAtra pAMca kalAkamAM lakhAvI dIdhuM hatuM. e baMdhAraNa 50 varasa sudhI eTale ke vizvayuddha pachI 1918nI sAlamAM tyAM prajAsattAka sthApavAmAM AvyuM tyAM sudhI cAlu rahyuM ane e daramyAna emAM nahi jevA ja pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. ' have bismArka pitAne pahele mahAna udeza pAra pADyo hato. krAMsane namAvIne yuropamAM jarmanInuM prabhutva sthApavuM e tenuM bIjuM kArya hatuM. cupakIdIthI ane kazI dhamAla karyA vinA teNe e mATenI taiyArI karavA mAMDI. jarmanInI ekatA karavAnA prayAse teNe cAlu rAkhyA ane yuropanI bIjI sattAone pitAnI pravRttio viSe nizcita karI mUkI. hArelA osTriyA pratye paNa evI naramAza dAkhavavAmAM AvI ke tyAM paNa jhAjhI kaDavAza rahevA pAmI nahi. iMglaMDa kAMsanuM parApUrvanuM harIpha hatuM. ane te nepoliyana trIjAnI mahattvAkAMkSAbharI yojanAo tarapha bhAre zaMkAnI najare jotuM hatuM. eTale krAMsa sAmenA yuddhamAM iMglaMDanI sahAnubhUti meLavavAnuM bismArka mATe muzkela nahotuM. yuddha mATe tenI taiyArI saMpUrNa thaI tyAre te pitAnI bAjI evI kunehathI ramyA ke 1870nI sAlamAM nepoliyana trIjAe ja praziyA sAme laDAI jAhera karI. yuropanI najare te praziyAnI sarakAra AkramaNakArI phrAMsanI nirdoSa zikAra banelI lAgI. perisanA leke "barlinabarlina !" evA pikAra karavA lAgyA ane bheLapaNamAM nepoliyana trIje vijayI lazkarane mekhare pite thoDA ja vakhatamAM barlinamAM praveza karaze ema dhAravA lAgyuM. paraMtu ethI UlaTuM ja banavA pAmyuM. tAlIma pAmeluM bismArkanuM sainya tenI uttara-pUrva sarahada taraphathI phrAMsa upara tUTI paDayuM ane phreMca lazkara tenI sAme chinnabhinna thaI gayuM. theDAM ja aThavADiyAmAM seDana AgaLa jarmanAe tenA e sainya sAthe samrATa nepoliyana trIjAne keda karyo. A rIte krAMsamAMthI nepoliyananA bIjA sAmrAjyane aMta AvyuM. tarata ja perisamAM prajAsattAka sarakAra sthApavAmAM AvI. nepoliyananuM patana. aneka kAraNene AbhArI hatuM paraMtu tenI damananItine kAraNe te prajAmAM akAre thaI paDyo hate e enuM mukhya kAraNa hatuM. paradezI yuddho dvArA teNe

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jamanIne uDDaya 942 prajAnuM lakSa khIjI dizAmAM vALavA prayAsa karyAM. muzkelImAM sapaDAyelA rAjA tathA sarakAronI e bahu mAnItI rIta che. paraMtu te emAM phAvyA nahi eTaluM ja nahi paNu yuddhe ja tenI mahattvAkAMkSAne dhULabhegI karI dIdhI. paeNrisamAM svadeza rakSaNa 'nI sarakAra sthApavAmAM AvI. teNe praziyA AgaLa sulehanI mAgaNI rajU karI. paraMtu praziyAe evI apamAnajanaka zarato rajU karI ke temanI pAse kazuM lazkara rahyuM nahatuM chatAMye paeNrisanA lAkAe laDAI cAlu rAkhavAnuM nakkI karyuM. jana lazkare rasa tathA vartAI ne lAMbA samaya sudhI ghero ghAlyA. Akhare te tAbe thayuM ane navA prajAsattAke hAra kabUlI tathA bismArkanI kaDaka zarato paNa mAnya rAkhI. yuddhanI nukasAnI tarIke bhAre rakama ApavAnuM phrAMse kabUla karyuM paraMtu tene sauthI kArI ghA to e lAgyA ke 200 varasathIye vadhAre samaya sudhI phrAMsanA eka bhAga tarIke rahelA AlsAsa ane lorenanA prAMtA tene jamanIne suparata karI devA paDyA. paraMtu paeNrisanA gherAnA aMta AvyA te pahelAM ja varsAI e eka navA sAmrAjyane udbhava joyeA. 1870nI sAlanA sapTembara mAsamAM nepoliyana trIjAnA phreMca sAmrAjyanA aMta AvyA; 1871nI sAlanA jAnyuArI mAsamAM 14mA lUInA varsAInA rAjamahelanA bhavya oraDAmAM ekatrita banelA janInI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI. praziyAnA rAjA tene phaijhara athavA samrATa banyo. jarmanInA badhA rAjAe tathA pratinidhie potAnA phaijhara athavA samrATa AgaLa peAtAnI vaphAdArI darzAvavA varsAImAM bhegA thayA hatA. praziyAnA hAhenajholana rAjavaMza have jama nInA sAmrAjyanA rAjavaMza banyA, tathA ekatra thayeluM jarmanI duniyAnI eka mahAna sattA banyuM. khanI varlDaImAM AnaMdotsava ane raMgarAga cAlI rahyAM hatAM paraMtu tenI najIkamAM ja resamAM gamagInI, du:kha ane nAmeAzInI lAgaNI pravartI rahyAM hatAM. uparAuparI AvI paDelI aneka Aphatone kAraNe lA AbhA gayA hatA ane tyAM. AgaLa sthira ke suvyavasthita sarakAra naheAtI. rAjAzAhInA saMkhyAbaMdha pakSakAro ' rASTra sabhA 'mAM cUMTAyA hatA ane te pharIthI rAjAzAhI sthApana karavAnI yuktiprayukti karI rahyA hatA. potAnA mArgomAM AvatA aMtarAya dUra karavAne temaNe rASTrIya daLane ( nezanala gA`) niHzastra karavAnA prayAsa karyAM. A rASTIya daLa prajAsattAkavAdI gaNAtuM hatuM. zaheranA badhA leAkazAhIvAdI tathA krAMtivAdIne lAgyuM ke ethI karIne te pratyAdhAta ane damanane dAra krIthI vavAnA. ethI paeNrisamAM khaDa thayuM ane 1871nA mArca mAsamAM paeNrisamAM komyuna 'nI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. e eka prakAranI myunisipAliTI hatI ane krAMsanI mahAna krAMtimAMthI teNe preraNA meLavI hatI. paraMtu emAM khIjI aneka vizeSatAo hatI. kAMIka aspaSTapaNe

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana navA uddabhavelA samAjavAdI vicAro paNa emAM amalamAM mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. eka rIte A paeNrisanuM "kempana' raziyAnA seviyeTa prajAsattAkenuM puregAmI hatuM. paraMtu perisanA A "kamyuna'nuM jIvana bahu TUMkuM hatuM, Ama prajAnA . A baLavAthI DarI jaIne rAjAzAhInA pakSakAra tathA madhyama varganA lekee perisanA je bhAgamAM "kempana'nI ANa vartatI hatI, te bhAgane ghero ghAlya. najIkamAM vasaI AgaLa ane anyatra jarmana sainya A tamAze nihALI rahyuM hatuM. jarmane keda pakaDelA phreMca sainikone have choDI devAmAM AvyA hatA. chUTIne teo perisa pAchA pharyA ane pitAnA jUnA amaladArone pakSa laIne teo komyunanI sAme laDayA. teo komyunanA rakSakAnI sAme dhasyA ane unALAmAM me mAsanA aMtamAM eka divase temane harAvyA. temaNe perisanI zerIomAM 30,000 strIpuruSanI katala karI. pakaDavAmAM AvelA saMkhyAbaMdha kamyunanA pakSakArone e pachI ThaMDe kaleje ThAra karavAmAM AvyA. perisa komyunane A rIte aMta Avyo. ethI karIne yuropamAM te vakhate bhAre sanasanATI phelAI hatI. khunAmarakIthI tene dAbI devAmAM AvyuM hatuM mAtra eTalA khAtara ja nahi paNa cAlu vyavasthA sAmene e pahelavahela samAjavAdI baLa hato te kAraNe paNa e sanasanATI vyApavA pAmI hatI. pahelAM garIbae tavaMgara sAme aneka vAra baLavo karyo hato paraMtu je vyavasthAne kAraNe teo garIba rahetA hatA te badalavAne temaNe kadI vicAra karyo nahe.komyuna e prajAkIya tema ja samAjavAdI baLa hatuM ane yuropanA samAjavAdanA vicAronA vikAsamAM te eka sImAcihna che. komyunane khunAmarakI dvArA dabAvI devAmAM AvyuM ethI karIne phrAMsamAM samAjavAdI vicAree guptavAsa lIdho ane bahu dhIme dhIme teo pachIthI chatA thayA. joke kamyunane te dabAvI devAmAM AvyuM paraMtu phrAMsa rAjAzAhInI eka vadhAre ajamAyazanI AphatamAMthI UgarI gayuM. thoDA vakhata pachI phAse cokkasapaNe prajAtaMtravAdane svIkAra karyo ane 1875nI sAlamAM navA baMdhAraNa nIce prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI. tyArathI e prajAsattAka cAlu rahyuM che ane hajI paNa te mejUda che. krAMsamAM hajI paNa evA keTalAka leke che je Aje paNa rAjAne lAvavAnI vAta kare che. paraMtu temanI saMkhyA jUja che ane phrAMsa cokkasapaNe prajAsattAkavAdane varyuM hoya ema jaNAya che. krAMsanuM prajAsattAka e madhyamavargI prajAsattAka che ane sArI sthitinI madhyama varganA lekene tenA upara kAbU che. . 1870-71nA jarmana vigrahanI asaramAMthI phrAMsa pharI pAchuM beThuM thayuM ane teNe yuddhanI nukasAnInI bhAre rakamanI bharapAI karI. paraMtu phreMca prajAne

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jama nInA udaya 942 zaramiMdI karavAmAM AvI hatI tathA tene tejovadha karavAmAM Avyo hato tethI tenA hRdayamAM krodhe ghara karyuM. krAMsanI prajA garviSTha che ane te potAnuM apamAna kadI bhUlatI nathI. vera levAnI vRttie tene ghelI karI mUkI. khAsa karIne AlsAsa ane loreInanI kheATa temane sAlatI hatI. tenA parAjaya pachI AsTriyA pratye udAratA dAkhavavAmAM bismArke DahApaNa vAparyuM hatuM paraMtu phrAMsa pratyenA tenA kaDaka vartAvamAM kazuMye DahApaNu ke udAratA nahAtAM. eka svAbhimAnI duzmananA tejovadha karIne teNe bhISaNa ane kAyamI duzmanAvaTa vahArI lIdhI. yuddha pUruM thavA pahelAM ja seDananI laDAI pachI tarata ja kArla mArksa nAmanA eka nAmIcA samAjavAdIe eka jAheranAmuM bahAra pADayuM hatuM. temAM teNe bhaviSya bhAkhyuM hatuM ke AlsAsane khAlasA karavAmAM AvyuM che tene pariNAme " e deza vacce jIvaleNu adAvata pedA thaze ane kAyamI sulehane badale taharUkhInI sthiti cAlu raheze." mIjI ghaNI bAbatonI peThe A bAbatamAM paNa te bhaviSyavettA nIvaDaco. *t jamanImAM bismArka have sAmrAjyanA sarva sattAdhArI vaDe pradhAna banyA. polAda ane rudhira "nI nIti theADA vakhata pUratI to saphLa thaI. jamanIe tene apanAvI lIdhI ane udAra vicArAnA bhAva ghaTI gayA. bismArke rAjAnA hAthamAM saghaLI sattA rAkhavAne prayatna karyAM kema ke leAkazAhImAM tene zrA nahotI. jarmana udyogAnA vikAsa tathA navA UbhA thayelA kArakhAnAnA majUrAnA vargane lIdhe navA prazno UbhA thayA; kema ke e mAra vaga baLavAna banyo ane uddAma mAgaNI karavA lAgyA. bismArka majUronI sthiti sudhArIne tathA samAjavAdane dAkhI daIne ema e rIte temanI joDe kAma lIdhuM. sAmAjika kAyadA karIne teNe majUra vargane potAnA karI levAnA athavA kaMI nahi te tene vadhAre uddAma banatA aTakAvavAnA prayAsa karyAM. janIe A rIte A prakAranA kAyadA karavAnI dizAmAM pahela karI ane jyAM AgaLa udyogo tema ja majUra caLavaLa enAthI pahelAM zarU thayAM hatAM te iMglaMDe e dizAmAM kAMIka karyuM te pahelAM janImAM mArA mATe vRddhAvasthAnAM penzana, vImeA tathA dAktarI madadanA kAyadA karavAmAM AvyA hatA. A nItine thoDI saphaLatA maLI kharI paraMtu ema chatAMye majUrAnI saMsthA vikasavA pAmI. temanI pAse zaktizALI AgevAnA hatA. emAM pharDinAnDa lesela bhAre pratibhAzALI puruSa hato. 19mI sadInA e sauthI zreSTha vaktA gaNAya che. yuddhamAM te yuvAna vayamAM maraNa pAmyA. vilhema limneTa temane khInne eka netA hatA. te eka jUnA jogI ane bahAdura laDavaiyA tathA krAMtikArI puruSa hatA. goLI vAgavAthI te maratA maratA bacyA hatA ane teNe lAMbu AyuSya bhAgavyuM hatuM. svAtaMtrya mATenI laData tenA putra kAla

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana paNa AgaLa calAvI rahyo hato. thoDAMka varasa upara 1918nI sAlamAM jarmana prajAsattAka sthapAyuM tyAre tenuM khUna karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. majUrane bIjo eka AgevAna kArla mArksa hate. ene viSe huM bIjA eka patramAM kahIza. paraMtu mArsane potAnA jIvanane moTe bhAga jarmanI bahAra dezavaTAmAM kADho paDyo hate. majUranuM saMgaThana vadhatuM gayuM ane 1875nI sAlamAM badhI majUra saMsthAo ekatra thaIne samAjavAdI lekazAhI pakSa (soziyAlisTa DemokreTika pATa) nAmanA pakSanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. bismArka samAjavAdanA vikAsane sAMkhI zake ema nahotuM. keI ke samrATane jAna levAno prayatna karyo ane e bahAnA taLe teNe samAjavAdIo upara jhanUnI humalo karyo. 1878nI sAlamAM samAjavAda virodhI kAyadA karavAmAM AvyA ane tenI rUe badhI samAjavAdI pravRttio baMdha karI devAmAM AvI. samAjavAdIone mATe te tyAM AgaLa lazkarI kAyadAnA jevI sthiti thaI gaI ane lekone hajAranI saMkhyAmAM dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA ke kedamAM pUravAmAM AvyA. A rIte dezapAra thayelA keTalAka leke amerikA gayA ane tyAM AgaLa teo samAjavAdanA purogAmI banyA. samAjavAdI lekazAhI pakSane ethI bhAre phaTako paDyo. paraMtu A kaTokaTImAM te TakI rahyo ane pachIthI te pAcho baLavAna banyA bismArkanI khUnarejI tene haNI na zakI; tene maLelI saphaLatA UlaTI nukasAnakAraka nIvaDI. e pakSa baLavAna banato gayo tema tema tenuM saMgaThana vizALa thatuM gayuM. tenI pAse bhAre pUMcha ekaThI thaI ane tenI pAse hajAranI saMkhyAmAM pagAradAra kAryakartAo hatA. jyAre koI vyakti ke saMsthA tavaMgara thAya che tyAre te vyakti ke saMsthA krAMtikArI maTI jAya che, ane jarmanImAM samAjavAdI prajApakSanI paNa e ja dazA thaI bismArkanI mutsaddIgIrInI kuneha tenA aMtaparyata tenAmAM TakI rahI ane tenA kALanA AMtararASTrIya rAjakAraNanI bAjImAM teNe mahattvane bhAga bhajavyuM. AjanI peThe te samaye paNa rAjakAraNa e sAmasAmA kAvAdAvA, prapaMca, dhokAbAjI ane dhAkadhamakInI vicitra prakAranI ane gUMcavaNabharI jALa hatI. ane A badhuM guptatAthI ane paDadA pAchaLa karavAmAM AvatuM. dhoLe dahADe jo e karavAmAM Ave te te jhAjho vakhata Take nahi. bismArka osTriyA ane ITAlI sAthe aikya kahyuM kemake phrAMsa vera leze e tene have ra lAgavA mAMDyo hato. A aikya tripakSI aikya ( TrIpala elAyansa)ne nAme oLakhAya che. ane A rIte sAmasAmA baMne pakSe hathiyAra sajavA mAMDyAM, kAvAdAvA karavA mAMDyA tathA teo paraspara eka bIjA sAme ghurakiyAM karavA lAgyA.

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keTalAka suprasiddha lekhako 1888nI sAlamAM eka yuvAna samrATa vihema bIjAnA nAmathI jarmane kaijhara banyuM. te pitAne bhAre samartha puruSa lekhate hatuM ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM te bismArka sAthe laDI paDyo. vRddhAvasthAmAM e pilAdI vaDA pradhAnane rUkhasada ApavAmAM AvI. AthI tene bhAre gusse caDyo. tene ThaMDuM pADavAne khAtara tene "prinsa" eTale ke ThAkarano ilakAba ApavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu rAjAonI bAbatamAM tene bhrama bhAgI gayA ane dhRNAne mAryo te pitAnI jAgIramAM nivRtta thayuM. pitAnA eka mitrane teNe kahyuM, "meM hodo svIkAryo tyAre mArAmAM akhUTa rAjaniSThA ane rAjA pratye pUjyabhAva bharelAM hatAM paraMtu mAre sakheda kahevuM paDe che ke mArI e bhAvanAo dinapratidina ghaTatI jatI lAge che....... meM traNa rAjAone nagnAvasthAmAM joyA che ane e dazya sukhada nahotuM ja !" A ugra mijAjane Doso ghaNuM varasa sudhI cha ane 1898nI sAlamAM 83 varasanI uMmare te maraNa pAme. tenI barataraphI ane maraNa bAda paNa tenI chAyA jarmanI upara vyApI rahI hatI ane tenI bhAvanA tenA anugAmIone paNa preraNuM ApatI rahI hatI. paraMtu tenA pachI tene sthAne AvelA bahu nAnA AdamIo hatA. 129. keTalAka suprasiddha lekhake 1 phebruArI, 1933 gaI kAle huM tane jarmanInA udaya viSe lakhI rahyo hato tyAre mane ekAeka yAda AvyuM ke 19mI sadInA AraMbhakALanA eka sAthI mahAna jarmane viSe to meM tane kazuM kahyuM ja nathI. A mahApuruSa te geTe. te suprasiddha lekhaka hato ane thoDAka mAsa upara AkhA jarmanImAM Thera Thera tenA mRtyunI zatAbdI UjavavAmAM AvI hatI. te vakhate meM dhAryuM hatuM ke te kALanA yuropanA prasiddha lekhake viSe huM tane kaMIka kahIza. paraMtu mAre mATe e jokhamakAraka viSaya che. jokhamakAraka eTalA mATe ke ema karavA jatAM huM e viSayanA mArA ajJAnanuM ja pradarzana karI besuM. jANItA lekhakanA . nAmanI kevaLa yAdI ApavI e te mUrkhAIbharyuM gaNAya, ane temane viSe kaMIka kahevuM e mAre mATe muzkela che. aMgrejI sAhityanuM mAruM jJAna bahu ja alpa che ane yurepanI bIjI bhASAnA sAhityanuM mAruM jJAna temanI keTalIka kRtionA anuvAdamAM ja maryAdita che. te pachI mAre zuM karavuM? e viSe kaMIka lakhavAnA vicAre mArA manamAM ghara karyuM ane ene huM keme karIne dUra karI zakyo nahi. A jAduI duniyAmAM praveza karavAnA mArgamAM

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942 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAda na bahu lAMbe sudhI to huM tane sAtha na ApI zakuM paraMtu mane lAgyuM ke mAre tane enuM dizAsUcana to karavuM ja joIe. kema ke janasamUhanI upara uparanI pravRtti karatAM tenI kaLA ane sAhitya kAI paNa prajAnA AtmAnI pichAna vadhAre karAve che. kaLA ane sAhitya ApaNane gaMbhIra ane zAnta vicAranA pradezamAM laI jAya che; tatkAlIna rAgadveSo ane pUrvagraho tene dUSita karI zakatA nathI. paraMtu kavi ane kaLAkArane Aje AvatI kAlanA dRSTA tarIke bhAgye ja lekhavAmAM Ave che ane temanuM jhAjhuM sanmAna paNa karavAmAM AvatuM nathI. temanA maraNa pachI ja sAmAnya rIte temanuM kaI ke sanmAna karavAmAM Ave che. eTale huM tArI AgaLa mAtra keTalAMka nAmano ja ullekha karIza. 19mI sadInA AraMbhanA lekhakAno ja huM ullekha karIza. emAMnA keTalAka viSe te tu jANatI paNa haze. A to mAtra tArI jijJAsA jAgrata karavA pUratuM ja che. yAda rAkhaje ke 19mI sadI daramyAna yuropanA ghaNA dezomAM umadA prakAranuM sAhitya nirmANa thayuM hatuM. kharI rIte te geTe 18mI sadInA gaNAya kemake te 1749nI sAlamAM janmyA hatA. paraMtu teNe 87 varasanu lAMbu AyuSya bhAgavyuM ane e rIte 19mI sadInA lagabhaga trIjo bhAga paNa teNe joyA. te yuropanA itihAsanA eka sAthI tAkAnI jamAnAmAM janmyA hatA. teNe potAnA dezamAM nepoliyananA sainyane pharI vaLatuM ane tene pAyamAla karatuM paNa joyuM hatuM. potAnA jIvanamAM paNa tene bhAre AkrutA sahana karavI paDI hatI paraMtu jIvananI viTaMbaNAo upara dhIme dhIme teNe AMtarika kAbU meLavyA hatA tathA anAsakti ane samAdhAna prApta karyAM hatAM ane tene lIdhe tene zAMti lAdhI hatI. nepoliyane jyAre tene pahelavahelA joyA tyAre tenI uMmara 60 varasa karatAMye vadhAre hatI. nepoliyana jyAre tenA bAraNAmAM AvIne Ubhe tyAre teNe tenA caherA upara evI te svasthatA ane tenA vanamAM evuM te TharelapaNuM bhALyuM ke te ekadama khelI UThyo, " kharekhara, mAsa to A che!" teNe ghaNA viSayamAM mAthuM mAthuM hatuM paraMtu je je viSayo teNe hAtha dharyAM temAM teNe viziSTatA prApta karI, te philasUfra hatA, kavi hatA, nATakakAra hatA ane vijJAnanA judA judA viSayAmAM rasa lenAra vaijJAnika hatA. ane A badhA uparAMta eka nAnakaDA jana rAjAne te pradhAna hato ! paraMtu ApaNe te khAsa karIne tene lekhaka tarIke pichAnIe chIe ane phAusTa nAmanu nATaka e tenI sAthI mazadUra kRti che. tenA lAMbA jIvana daramyAna tenI prIti dUra dUra sudhI prasarI ane sAhityanA tenA potAnA kSetramAM te tenA dezaLa tene devatAI puruSa tarIke lekhavA lAgyA hatA.

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keTalAka suprasiddha lekhako sAhityanA kSetramAM geTene samakAlIna zilara hatA. te paNa kavi hatA ane geTe karatAM uMmare nAne hate. uMmaramAM tenAthI ethI paNa ghaNo nAne hAInarikha hAIne hatA. te jarmana bhASAne bIje eka mahAna ane cittAkarSaka kavi hate. teNe atisuMdara Urmi kAvya lakhyAM che. geTe, zIlara ane hAIne e traNe kavioe prAcIna grIka saMskRti pUrepUrI pacAvI dIdhI hatI. jarmanI e philasUphanA deza tarIke jANItuM che. eTale eka be jarmana philasUphenAM nAmano ullekha paNa huM karIza. joke emAM tane jhAjhe rasa paDe evo saMbhava nathI. jemane e viSayamAM bhAre rasa hoya temaNe temanAM pustaka vAMcavA prayatna karavo joIe. kema ke e bahu gahana ane samajavAM muzkela che. Ama chatAM paNa A ane bIjA philasUphe ApaNane AnaMda ane bodha Ape che; kema ke, temaNe ciMtananI jAta baLatI rAkhI che ane temanI mAraphate ApaNe vicAronI pragati ane vikAsa samajI zakIe chIe. Imainyuala kAnTa 18mI sadIne mahAna jarmana philasUpha hato. 18mI sadI pUrI thatAM sudhI te chavyo hato. e vakhate tenI uMmara 80 varasanI hatI. philasUphInA viSayamAM bIjuM moTuM nAma hegalanuM che. te kAnTane anuyAyI hatA ane sAmyavAdanA janaka kArla mArksa upara enA vicAronI bhAre asara paDI hatI ema manAya che. philasUphene mATe ATaluM basa che. 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM yuropamAM ane khAsa karIne iMglaMDamAM aneka mahAna kavio pAkyA. raziyAne saiAthI vadhAre nAmI rASTrakavi puSkIna paNa e ja arasAmAM thaI gayo. ThaMyuddhane pariNAme te yuvAvasthAmAM ja maraNa pAmyo hato. krAMsamAM paNa e vakhate ghaNuM kavio thaI gayA. paraMtu huM mAtra be ja iMca kavionAM nAmano ullekha karIza. emAM eka vikaTara hyuge 1802nI sAlamAM janmyo hato ane geTenI peThe te paNa 83 varasa sudhI AvyuM hatuM. vaLI geTenI peThe sAhityanA kSetramAM tene paNa pitAnA dezamAM devatAI puruSa tarIke lekhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. lekhaka tarIke temaja rAjakAraNanA kSetramAM tenI kArakirdI vividha hatI. rAjAzAhI ane ApakhudInA pakSakAra tarIke teNe pitAnuM jIvana zarU karyuM, dhIme dhIme te pitAnuM valaNa badalato gaye ane 1848nI sAlamAM te prajAsattAvAdI banI gaye. lUI nepoliyana alpajIvI bIjA prajAsattAkano pramukha banyA tyAre iMgene teNe tenA prajAsattAkavAdI vicArene mATe dezapAra karyo. 1871nI sAlamAM teNe perisa komyunanI tarapheNa karI. sthiticustatAnA eka aMtima cheDAthI dhIme dhIme paNa makkamapaNe AgaLa khasatAM khasatAM te samAjavAdanA bIjA aMtima cheDA sudhI pahoMcyuM hatuM. ghaNuMkharA ke temanI uMmara vadhatI jAya che tema tema sthiticusta ane pratyAghAtI banatA jAya che. hRgenI bAbatamAM ethI sAva

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850 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana UlaTuM ja banyuM. paraMtu ahIM te ApaNe enI lekhaka tarIke ja vAta karIe chIe. te mahAna kavi, navalakathAkAra ane nATakakAra hate. phrAMsanA je bIjA lekhaka viSe huM tane kahevA mAguM chuM tenuM nAma AMre da bAjhAka hatuM. te vikTara hyugene samakAlIna hatA paraMtu te tenAthI bilakula bhinna prakArane hate. te samartha navalakathAkAra hatA ane tenA TUMkA jIvanamAM teNe ghaNI navalakathAo lakhI che. tenI navalakathAo ekabIjI sAthe saMkaLAyelI che. te badhImAM ghaNI vAra tenAM te pAtro Ave che. tenA jamAnAnA phrAMsanuM samagra jIvana pitAnAM navalemAM cItaravAne tene IrAde hatA. ane navalakathAonI pitAnI e AkhI mALAne teNe "manuSyajIvananI maMgaLa kathAo" evuM nAma ApyuM hatuM. tenI e kalpanA te bahu bhavya hatI paraMtu lAMbA vakhata sudhI bhAre parizrama karyA chatAMye te pote mAthe lIdheluM e jabaradasta kArya pUruM na karI zakyo. iMglaMDamAM 1lmI sadInA AraMbha kALamAM traNa pratibhAzALI kavio tarI Ave che. e traNe samakAlIna hatA ane e badhA traNa varasanA gALAmAM ja yuvAvasthAmAM maraNa pAmyA hatA. A traNa kavio te kITasa, zelI ane * bAyarana. kITsane garIbAI tathA nirAzAnI sAme bhAre jhUjhavuM paDayuM hatuM ane 1861nI sAlamAM te remamAM 26 varasanI uMmare maraNa pAme tyAre ene bahu ochA leko jANatA hatA. Ama chatAMye eNe keTalAMka ati mane rama kAvya lakhyAM hatAM. kITsa madhyama vargane hate chatAMye paisAnI taMgI tenA mArgamAM bhAre aMtarAyarUpa thaI paDI te pachI kavi ke lekhaka thavuM e garIba mATe te keTaluM badhuM muzkela che. sAce ja, kembrija vidyApIThanA aMgrejI sAhityanA hAlanA adhyApake e bAbatamAM vAstavika TIkA karI che. te kahe che : ApaNuM rASTramAM rahelA kaMIka doSane kAraNe A divasemAM ApaNA garIba kavionI dazA kUtarAM karatAMye bUrI che. chellAM be varasa daramyAna paNa temanI sthiti evI ja rahI hatI. huM sAcuM kahuM chuM - ane meM lagabhaga dasa varasa 320 prAthamika zALAonuM nirIkSaNa karavAmAM gALyAM che - ke, ApaNe lokazAhInI bhalene game eTalI baDAzo hAMkIe paraMtu vAstavamAM, jene pariNAme mahAna graMthe utpanna thAya che te bauddhika svAtaMtrya meLavavAnI jeTalI taka eNthensanA gulAmanA bALakane maLatI hatI tenA karatAM iMglaMDanA garIba bALakane bhAgye ja vadhAre taka maLe che." kavitA, suMdara lakhANa ane sAmAnya rIte kahIe te saMskAritA e dhanavAna lekene IjAre che e vastu ApaNe ghaNI vAra bhUlI jaIe chIe eTalA mATe meM A utAre Apyo che. kavitA ane saMskAritAne garIbanAM jhUMpaDAMmAM sthAna nathI. e vastuo bhUkhe maratA mANaso mATe nathI; ethI karIne ApaNI AjanI saMskAritA e dhanavAna madhyama varganA lekanA mAnasanuM pratibiMba bane che. saMskAritAne upabhoga karavAnI taka ane navarAza

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851 keTalAka suprasiddha lekhake prApta thAya evI bhinna prakAranI samAjavyavasthAmAM majUre jyAre ene havAle leze tyAre saMskRtimAM sArI peThe pheraphAra thavA pAmaze. soviyeTa raziyAmAM AvA prakArane pheraphAra thaI rahyo che ane duniyA bhAre rasapUrvaka tenuM nirIkSaNa karI rahI che. chellI keTalIka peDhIothI hiMdamAM je sAMskRtika dArikya pravatyuM che te ghaNuMkharuM ApaNuM lekanI asAdhAraNa garIbAIne AbhArI che e vastu A uparathI spaSTa thAya che. jemanI pAse kazuMye khAvAnuM nathI evA leke AgaLa saMskRtinI vAta karavI e temanuM apamAna karavA barAbara che. ApaNuM, pramANamAM sArI sthitinA mUThIbhara leke upara paNa garIbAIne zApa mAThI asara kare che ane pariNAme hiMdanA e varganA leke paNa durbhAgye atizaya asaMskArI che. videzI zAsana ane sAmAjika pachAtapaNe keTalAM badhAM aniSTone mATe javAbadAra che? paraMtu AvI sarvavyApI garIbAI ane zuSkatAnA vAtAvaraNamAM paNa hiMda hajI gAMdhI ane ravIndranAtha TAgora jevA anupama puruSa ane saMskRtinA asAdhAraNa jyotirdhare pedA karI zake che. paraMtu huM mArA viSayathI ADe UtarI gayo. zelI saune tenA upara prIti thAya e majA mANasa hate. yuvAvasthAnA AraMbhathI ja tenA aMtaramAM agni saLagI rahyo hato ane hareka bAbatamAM te svataMtratAne himAyatI hate. "nAstikatAnI jarUra " e viSaya upara nibaMdha lakhavA mATe tene ekasapharDa vidyApIThamAMthI baratarapha karavAmAM Avyo hato. kavione viSe dhAravAmAM Ave che tema kInI peThe teNe paNa duniyAnI viTaMbaNAonI paravA karyA vinA kalpanAvihAra ane havAI vAtAvaraNamAM pitAnuM TUMka jIvana vitAvyuM. kIsanA maraNa pachI eka varasa bAda te ITAlI najIka samudramAM DUbI gayuM hatuM. enI prasiddha kavitAo viSe mAre tane kazuM kahevAnI jarUra nathI. e to tuM pote ja sahelAIthI meLavI zake ema che. paraMtu tenI TUMkI kavitAomAMnI eka huM ahIMyAM ApIza. bezaka, e kaMI enI zreSTha kavitAomAMnI eka nathI. paraMtu ApaNu AjanA sudhArAmAM garIba majUranI kevI bhayaMkara dazA hoya che te vastu e darzAve che. lagabhaga pahelAMnA gulAmanA jevI ja kharAba dazAmAM te Aje che. e kavitA lakhAyAne se karatAM paNa vadhAre varasa thaI gayAM ane chatAM AjanI sthitine paNa e kavitA barAbara lAgu paDe che. e kavitAnuM mathALuM che "arAjakatAno burakho." che mukti zuM? re! zakaze tame kahI gulAmI te zI basa cIja che ahIM! te nAma enuM, tama nAmanA are banI cUkyuM che paDaghA samuM khare.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jutAvuM kAme laI roja roTala nabhI zake chavana mAtra eTale, A LiyAnI laghu khelIo mahIM, je julmIo le khapamAM rahIsahI. e julmI kAje banavuM tamAre kodALI, khAMDa, haLa, sALa; svArthe IcchA anicchA tama nA vicAre je svanA rakSaNapoSaNArthe kaMgAla ne durbaLadeva bALuDAM, kaMtAyelAM mAtRzarIra bhaMDAM; vAyu ziyALe . sUsa are jyAM marI rahyAM te ahIM besuM chuM tyAM. evA aha jhaMkhavuM nitya ane dhanADhaya je te alamasta zvAnane tephAnamAM pheMkata, - khAya emanI AMkhe taLe je akarAMtiyA banI. AtmA thakI cheka thavuM gulAma, ane rahe nA sabaLI lagAma saMkalpazakti nijanI pare, - hA rahevuM banI Icchata jema bIjA. ne Akhare maMda avAja vyartha uThAvatA jyAM phariyAda artha, tyAM te sitamoranI ToLakIo savAra the jAya are, kuTuMbIo pare tamArAM ! jhamatuM adoSa tRNe pare zeNita keruM sa. bAyarane paNa svataMtratAnI tArIphanAM suMdara kAvya lakhyAM che. paNa e kAvyane viSaya rASTrIya svataMtratA che; zelInA kAvyanI peThe Arthika svataMtratA nathI. huM AgaLa jaNAvI gaye chuM tema turka sAmenA grIka lekenA svAtaMtrya saMgrAmamAM te zelI pachI be varase maraNa pAmyA hatA. bAyaranane viSe mANasa tarIke mane jarA aNagame che. ane Ama chatAM mane enA pratye birAdarInI bhAvanA che. e herenI zALA tathA kembrija vidyApIThanI TriniTI kolejane vidyAthI hatuM. huM paNa e ja zALA ane kolejano vidyArthI hate.

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keTalAka suprasiddha lekhaka 53 zailI ane kITsa karatAM UlaTI ja rIte ene yuvAvasthAmAM ja kIrti prApta thaI hatI. laMDananA samAje prathama ene chApare caDAvI dIdhA ane pachIthI tene nIce pachADyo hatA. e gALAmAM bIjA be nAmIcA kavie paNu thaI gayA. paraMtu te baMne A tripuTI karatAM ghaNuM lAMbuM jIvyA hatA. vasva 1770thI 1850 sudhI eTale 80 varasa sudhI jyeA hato. te iMgleMDanA mahAkaviomAMnA eka gaNAya che. kudarata pratye ene bhAre prema hato ane enI zreNIkharI kavitA prakRtinI kavitAo che. 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM traNa suprasiddha navalakathAkArA paNa thaI gayA. vaoNlTara skoTa uMmare e sAmAM mATe hatA. tenI vevalI navalakathA bahu ja lekapriya che. emAMnI keTalIka navale te vAMcI haze ema huM dhAruM chuM. huM nAnA hatA tyAre mane e navalakathA gamatI hatI evuM mane smaraNu che. paraMtu mAsa mATe thAya che tema tenI abhiruci badalAya che ane mane khAtarI che ke Aje mane e vAMcatAM kaTALA Ave. bIjA e navalakathAkAra thaMkare ane Dikansa che. e ane skoTa karatAM ghaNA caDiyAtA navalakathAkAro che ema huM mAnuM chuM. huM dhAruM chuM ke e ane tArA mAnItA lekhakA che. theMkare 1811nI sAlamAM kalakattAmAM janmyA hatA ane pAMca cha varasa teNe tyAM gALyAM hatAM. teNe potAnAM keTalAMka pustakAmAM hiMdanA ' navA 'ne Amea citAra ApyA che. e * navAe ' eTale ke hiMdamAM rahI aDhaLaka dolata ekaThI karIne jiMdagInI meAja mANavA iMgleMDa pAchA karanAra sthUla zarIranA ane taga mijAjavALA aMgrejo, * * 19mI sadInA AraMbhakALanA lekhake viSe huM basa ATaluM ja. lakhavA mAguM chuM. AvA mahAna viSayanI bAbatamAM A hasavuM Ave eTaluM ochuM lakhANa che. e viSayanA jANakAra e viSe bahu ja suMdara lakhANa lakhe. vaLI te e kALanA saMgIta ane kaLA viSe paNa tane kahe. e vastu jANavI ane jaNAvavI jarUrI che paraMtu e mArA gA uparavaTanI vAta che ane DahApaNapUrvaka huM mAruM ajJAna dhADuM nahi pADuM geTenA phAusTamAMthI eka kavitA ApIne huM A patra pUro karIza. bezaka e mULa jarmanane anuvAda che. -1 re hA! te A jagasakalane vAta kIdhA pracaMDa, hINuM pADI daladala ahe| tAju te khaDakhaDa uthAmI te capaTI bharIne zUnyamAM pheMkI dIdhuM, ne kA daivI praharaNa thakI zINuM hA! jINuM kIdhuM.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana upADI te kuTuka ame hai jatA Aja sarva, gANuM gAtA gataruciratAnuM sukaThe sagarva, gAtA hase mRta lalitatAnuM ahe dUra parva. bAMdhI le te punarapi, zizu pRthvInA he mahAna ! saI le te punarapi vadhu divya ne sAravAna. haiye tAre caNatara racI de tuM e ucca bhavya, tava punarapi prANu te dhAra navya. ullAse tuM pharIthI carakhe saMskRtine calAva, ucca ne zAntabhAva. 130. DArvina ane vijJAnane vijaya 3 phebruArI, 1933 kavione cheDIne have ApaNe vaijJAnikanI vAta upara jaIe. kavio hajI paNa kAMIka aMze binaasarakAraka lekhAya che paraMtu vaijJAnike te AjanA jAdugara che ane jagatamAM temane prabhAva tathA mAna che. 19mI sadImAM Ama nahotuM pahelAMnI sadIomAM yuropamAM vaijJAnikanuM jIvana hamezAM jokhamamAM rahetuM. ane keTalIka vAra tene jIvate bALI mUkavAmAM paNa Avato. romamAM brone carce kevI rIte bALI mUkayo hato te huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM. 17mI sadImAM, thoDAM varasa bAda, pRthvI sUryanI AsapAsa phare che e kahevA mATe gelIliye marate bharata bA hatuM. A prakAranI nAstikatA batAvavA mATe tene jIvate bALI mUkavAmAM Avata paNa teNe mAphI mAgI lIdhI ane pitAnAM AgaLanAM vacano pAchA kheMcI lIdhAM. A rIte carca yuropamAM vijJAna sAthe hamezAM athaDAmaNamAM AvatuM hatuM ane navA vicArane dAbI detuM hatuM. saMgaThita dharmane lagatI yuropamAM tema ja anyatra keTalIka kaTTara mAnyatAo heya che ane tenA anuyAyIoe kazA prazna ke zaMkA karyA vinA tene svIkAra karavAnuM hoya che. paraMtu vijJAnanI dRSTi ethI judA ja prakAranI hoya che. kaI paNa vastu te ema ne ema mAnI letuM nathI, tenI kaI kaTTara mAnyatA hetI nathI athavA kahe ke hovI joIe nahi. e mana khulluM rAkhavAne uttejana ApavA mAge che ane pharI pharIne prayoga karI te dvArA satyane pAmavAno prayatna kare che. dekhItI rIte ja A daSTi dhArmika dRSTithI bilakula bhinna che ane bhUtakALamAM e baMne vacce aneka vAra athaDAmaNa thavA pAmI, emAM kazuM

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DAvina ane vijJAnane vijaya Azcarya nathI. huM dhAruM chuM ke, judI judI prajAoe hareka yugamAM aneka prakAranA prayoga karyA che. ema kahevAya che ke, prAcIna bhAratamAM rasAyaNazAstra ane zastrakriyAnI sArI pragati thaI hatI, ane aneka prayogo pachI ja A pragati thavA pAmI haze. prAcIna grIke paNa amuka aMze prayoga karatA hatA. cInA lekanI bAbatamAM, hamaNAM ja meM eka pustaka vAMcyuM che. temAM 1500 varSa pUrvenA cInA lekhakonA lakhANanA, teo vikAsavAdane siddhAMta jANatA hatA, zarIranA rudhirAbhisaraNanI temane jANa hatI tathA cInA zastro zastrakriyA karatI vakhate mANasane bebhAna karavAnI davA vAparatA hatA e darzAvanArA ApaNane ajAyabI pamADe evA utArAo ApavAmAM AvyA che. paraMtu e samaya viSe vAjabIpaNe anumAne tAravI zakIe eTaluM ApaNe jANatA nathI. prAcIna saMskRtioe A badhI vastuo zodhI heya te pachI pAchaLathI te e badhuM bhUlI kema gaI? vaLI temaNe e viSayamAM AgaLa pragati kema na karI ? athavA ema haze ke te vakhatanA leko A prakAranI pragatine jhAjhuM mahattva ApatA nahatA ? AvA AvA aneka majAnA prazno UThe che. paraMtu enA javAba ApavAne ApaNI pAse kazI mAhitI nathI. Araba leke prayoga karavAnA bhAre rasiyA hatA. madhyayugI yurepa e bAbatamAM temanuM anuyAyI banyuM. paraMtu, kharuM jotAM temanA badhA prayoga vaijJAnika na hatA. teo hamezAM pArasamaNinI zodha mATe mathyA karatA hatA. e vaDe kAI paNa dhAtune senAmAM pheravI zakAya ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. sAmAnya dhAtune AvI rIte pheravI nAkhavAnI cAvI zodhavAne gUMcavaNabharyA rAsAyanika prayoga karavAmAM teo pitAnI sArI jiMdagI vitAvatA. Ane kImiyAgarI kahevAmAM Ave che. mANasane amara banAvanAra amRtanI zodha pAchaLa paNa temaNe bhAre parizrama uThAvyuM hatuM. parIkathAo sivAya bIje kyAMya A amRta tathA pArasamaNi zedhavAmAM kaI saphaLa thayuM hoya e purA maLatA nathI. kharI rIte te, dhanadelata, sattA ane lAMbuM AyuSya prApta karavAne mATe amuka prakAranI jAduI vidyA prApta karavA pAchaLanAM A taraphaDiyAM hatAM. vijJAnanI bhAvanA sAthe ene kaze saMbaMdha nahatA. vijJAnane jAdu, melI vidyA ke evI bIjI vastuo sAthe levAdevA nathI. paraMtu sAcI vaijJAnika paddhatine vikAsa dhIme dhIme yuropamAM thayo. ane vijJAnanA itihAsamAM mahAna vaijJAnikonI nAmAvalImAM AIjheka nyUTananA nAmano samAveza thAya che. te aMgreja hatA ane 1642thI 17ra7 sudhI jIvyo hate. nyUTane gurutvAkarSaNano niyama eTale ke vastuo nIce zAthI paDe che te samajAvyuM che. A ane tyAre zedhAyelA hatA te bIjA niyamonI madadathI teNe pRthvI tathA prahanI gati samajAvI. nAnI ane moTI evI badhI ja

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5 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdasana bhALatA teNe zAdhelA siddhAMtothI samajAtI hoya ema lAgavA mAMDayuM ane tene bhAre mAnamarata maLyAM. carcanI matAMdhatAnI bhAvanA upara vijJAnanI bhAvanA vijaya meLavI rahI hatI. carca have vijJAnanA upAsakAne dAbI daI zake ke jIvatA khALI mUkI zake ema nahatu. khAsa karIne iMglaMDa ane phrAMsamAM ane pAchaLathI jamanI ane amerikAmAM aneka vaijJAnika vijJAnanA kSetramAM dhIraja ane parizramapUrvIka kArya karIne hakIkatA tathA navI navI mAhitI ekaThI karI rahyA hatA. A rIte vaijJAnika jJAnanu pramANu vise divase vadhatuM gayuM. tane yAda haze ke, 18mI sadImAM yuropanA keLavAyelA vargomAM buddhivAdane phelAvA thayA hatA. e vaoNlteyAra, rUsA ane emanA jevA khIjA sama phreMcavAsIonI sadI hatI. temaNe aneka viSayo upara lakhyuM ane leAkAnA manamAM kSeAbha macAvI mUkayo. e sadInA garbhamAM phrAMsanI mahAna krAMti sevAI rahI hatI. A buddhivAdI dRSTinA vaijJAnika dRSTi sAthe barAbara * meLa khAdho ane e baMnee canI matAMdha dRSTine virAdha karyAM. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM ke 19mI sadI e bIjI aneka bAbatAnI hatI tema vijJAnanI sadI paNa hatI. audyogika krAMti, yAMtrika krAMti tathA avarajavaranAM sAdhanAmAM thavA pAmelA asAdhAraNa pheraphAro e badhuM vijJAnane AbhArI hatuM. saMkhyAbaMdha kArakhAnAMoe utpAdananI pati badalI nAkhI hatI; relave tathA AgATAe ekAeka duniyAnuM aMtara ghaTADI dIdhu` hatu` ane tAravyavahAra e tA vaLI ethIye vizeSa camatkArika vastu hatI. tenA dUra dUra sudhI vistarelA sAmrAjyamAMthI iMglaMDamAM saMpattinA dhodha vahevA lAgyA. svAbhAvika rIte ja A badhAMne lIdhe jUnA vicAro DagamagI gayA ane dharmanI jakaDa zithila thaI. khetaromAM kAma karanArAonA kRSijIvanane mukAbale kArakhAnAnA jIvane lokAne dhArmika mAnyatAo karatAM Arthika sabadhA viSe vadhAre vicAra karatA karyAM. 19mI sadInA vacagALAmAM 1859nI sAlamAM iMgleMDamAM eka pustaka prasiddha thayuM. e pustake matAMdha dRSTi ane vaijJAnika dRSTi vaccenA jhaghaDA tIvra karI mUkyo. A pustaka te cArlsa DArvinanuM ' jIvayAnInI utpatti '. DArvina kaMI bahu moTo vaijJAnika gaNAto nathI. teNe je kahyu che temAM bahu navuM kazuM nathI. tenA pahelAM traNA bhUstarazAstrIo ane padArthavijJAnanA mabhyAsIoe e dizAmAM krAya ArajyuM hatuM ane ghaNI sAmagrI ekI karI hatI. Ama chatAM paNu DArvinanuM pustaka yugapravartaka hatuM. teNe leAkAnA mAnasa upara bhAre asara karI ane temanI sAmAjika dRSTi badalavAmAM vijJAnanA

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hAvina ane vijJAnane vijaya bIjA koI paNa pustaka karatAM vadhAre phALo Ape. ene pariNAme lokonA mAnasamAM bhAre UthalapAthala thaI gaI ane ene lIdhe DArvine mazahUra thaye. kudaratanA abhyAsI tarIke DArvina dakSiNa amerikA ane prazAnta mahAsAgaranA kinArA upara rakhaDyo ane teNe aDhaLaka sAmagrI tathA pramANe ekaThAM karyA. kudaratI viNamaNathI prANIonI darekanI athavA jAti kevI rIte badalAya che tathA tene kevI rIte vikAsa thAya che e darzAvavAne mATe teNe e badhI sAmagrI ane pramANene upaga karyo. tyAM sudhI ghaNuM leke ema mAnatA hatA ke manuSya sahita prANunI pratyeka nI Izvare alaga alaga pedA karI hatI ane tyArathI te nirALI ane pheraphAra vinAnI rahI che eTale ke eka enI badalAIne bIjI nathI thaI zakatI. asaMkhya dAkhalAo ApIne DArvine batAvI ApyuM ke eka prANInI badalAIne bIjI nI thaI che ane vikAsane e ja sAmAnya krama che. AvA pheraphAra kudaratI viNAmaNathI thAya che. koI enImAM thayele sva5 pheraphAra paNa je te yenIne koI paNa rIte sahAyabhUta nIvaDe ke bIjI yenane mukAbale pitAnuM jIvana TakAvI rAkhavAmAM tene madadarUpa thAya to dhIme dhIme te nImAM pheraphAra kAyamI thavA pAme che. ane AvA pheraphAravALI nI bIjI nIo karatAM vadhu vakhata jIve e ughADuM che. vakhata jatAM AvA pheraphAravALI nIonI saMkhyA bIjInIonI saMkhyA karatAM vadhI jAya ane pitAnA saMkhyAbaLathI te bIjI penIone dabAvI de. A rIte eka pachI eka pheraphAro ane parivartana thatAM jAya ane ene kAraNe amuka vakhata pachI navI ja enI pedA thavA pAme. Ama kudaratI vimaNathI je sauthI yogya hoya te vadhAre vakhata Take che ane vakhata jatAM tene pariNAme aneka navI navI yonIo pedA thAya che. A niyama vanaspatisRSTi, prANIsRSTi tema ja mANasane paNa lAgu paDe che. A siddhAMta pramANe judI judI vanaspatio tathA prANInIo mULa koI eka penImAMthI ja ubhavI hoya e banavA joga che. thoDAM varasa pachI DArvine "manuSyane avatAra' (DIsenTa opha maeNna) nAmanuM bIjuM eka pustaka bahAra pADayuM. emAM teNe pitAne kudaratI athavA prAkRtika visAmaNane siddhAMta manuSyane lAgu pADyo. A vikAsavAda ane kudaratI viNAmaNanA siddhAMtane Aje ghaNAkharA leko mAnya rAkhe che. joke DArvina tathA tenA anuyAyIo tene je rIte rajU kare che te rIte teo nathI mAnya rAkhatA. sAce ja, jAnavaranI pedAza karavAmAM tathA cheDavAo, phaLaphaLAdi ane skUle utpanna karavAmAM ke sahelAIthI A siddhAMtane upaga karI zake che. AjanAM ghaNAMkharAM namUnedAra jAnavare tathA cheDavAo kRtrima rIte pedA karelI navI yenIe che. mANasa TUMka samayamAM je AvA pheraphAro karI zake

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958 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tathA navI yAnIo utpanna karI zake to pachI karaDA varase daramyAna prakRti athavA kudarata e dizAmAM zuM na karI zake ? laMDananA sAutha kensiMgaTana myUjhiyama jevA kAI prAkRtika saMgrahasthAnanI mulAkAta levAthI cheDavAe tema ja prANIo niraMtara kudaratane kevAM anukULa thatAM rahe che e ApaNane jaNAze. Aje te A badhuM ApaNane dIvA jevuM spaSTa lAge che. paraMtu 70 varasa pahelAM e eTaluM spaSTa nahetuM lAgatuM, IzunI pUve mAtra 4004 varasa pahelAM sRSTinI utpatti thayAnA bAibalanA hevAla tathA pratyeka choDa ane prANI Izvare alaga alaga banAvyAM ane chevaTe teNe mANasa banAbyo e vastu tyAra sudhI yuropanA ghaNAkharA leAkeA mAnatA hatA. vaLI te jaLapralaya thayAnI tema ja kAI paNa prANI-yAnI nAza na pAme eTalA mATe te vakhate muhAnA hADakAmAM hareka prakAranA prANInAM nara mAdAnAM joDakAM rAkhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM e vAtamAM paNa zradghA rAkhatA hatA. DArvinanA siddhAMta sAthe A badhI vAtone meLa besatA nahotA. DArvina ane bIjA bhUstarazAstrIo pRthvInuM AyuSya karADe varasanuM che, mAtra 6000 varasanuM nahi, ema kahetA hatA. AthI mANasAnA magajamAM bhAre saMkalpavikalpo pedA thayA ane e sthitimAM zuM karavuM enI dhaNAye sajjana leAkeAne samaja paDatI naheAtI. temanI jUnI zraddhA temane eka vastu mAnavAnuM kahetI hatI ane temanI buddhi khIjuM ja kahetI hatI. lAkA kAI paNa vastu adhapaNe mAnatA hoya ane temanI te mAnyatAne jyAre AdhAta pahoMce tyAre te lAcAra ane duHkhI thaI jAya che ane sthira UbhA rahevA mATe temane nakkara jamIna rahetI nathI. paraMtu je AdyAta ApaNane kharI vastusthitinuM bhAna karAve te sArI vastu che. ' A rIte iMglaMDa tema ja yuropamAM anyatra dhama ane vijJAna vacce bhAre vivAda ane jhaghaDA UbhA thavA pAmyA. enAM pariNAma viSe kazI zakA naheAtI. udyogA ane yAMtrika vAhanavyavahAranI navI duniyAnA AdhAra vijJAna upara hato ane evA vijJAnane pheMkI daI zakAya ema nahatuM. vijJAnanI satra jIta thaI ane kudaratanI viAmaNu ' tathA ' zreSThanA TakAva ' vagere lekAnI rAjiMdI bhASAnI ukti banI gaI. joke lakA to pUrepUro artha samajyA vinA ja temane upayoga karatA hatA. * manuSyanA avatAra' nAmanA potAnA pustakamAM DAvite evuM sUcavyuM che ke manuSya ane epa nAmanA vAMdarAne kAI eka ja pUja hovA joI e, vikAsakramanI judI judI kakSAnA dAkhalAe ApIne e vastu puravAra thaI zake ema nahetuM. enA uparathI khUTatI kaDI nI pracalita mazkarI pedA thaI. paNa ajAyabInI vAta to e che ke, zAsaka vargoe peAtAne phAvaTa Ave e rIte DArvinanA siddhAMtane macaDayo. e siddhAMta peAtAnI zreSThatAnA eka vaLI vadhAre purAvA pUrA pADe che ema '

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DArvina ane vijJAnane vijaya teo khAtarIpUrvaka mAnavA lAgyA. jIvanasaMgrAmamAM chevaTa sudhI TakI rahevA mATe teo sauthI vadhAre yogya hatA eTale "kudaratanI viNAmaNu'nA siddhAMta pramANe teo sauthI AgaLa AvyA ane zAsakavarga banyA. eka varganA bIjA varga upara ke eka jAtinA bIjI jAti uparanA prabhutvanA samarthanamAM paNa A dalIla thavA lAgI. sAmrAjyavAda tathA gerI prajAonI zreSThatA sAbita karavA mATe paNa e chevaTanI dalIla thaI paDI. ane pazcimanA ghaNA leke ema mAnavA lAgyA ke teo jeTalA pramANamAM vadhAre ghamaMDI, vadhAre niSphara ane vadhAre sazakta teTalA pramANamAM teo mAnavatAnA guNonI kakSAmAM vadhAre UMcA hatA. A kaMI AnaMdadAyI philasUphI nathI paraMtu e dvArA eziyA ane AphrikAmAMnI pazcimanI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonuM vartana ApaNe keTaleka aMze samajI zakIe chIe. pAchaLathI, bIjA vaijJAnikoe DArvinanA siddhAMtonI TIkA karI che paNa tenA sAmAnya vicAro te Aje paNa mAnya rAkhavAmAM Ave che. enA siddhAMtanA sAmAnya svIkAranuM eka pariNAma e AvyuM ke, mANase vikAsa yA pragatinA siddhAMtamAM mAnatA thayA. eTale ke, manuSya, samAja tema ja ekaMdare samagra duniyA dinapratidina pUrNatA tarapha jaI rahyAM che ane uttarottara vadhAre ne vadhAre sudharatAM jAya che. vikAsa yA pragatine A vicAra ke khyAla e kevaLa DArvinanA siddhAMtonuM ja pariNAma nahe. vaijJAnika zodhakhoLanA samagra pravAha tathA audyogika krAMtie ANelAM parivartane lekanAM mAnasane ene mATe taiyAra karyA hatAM. DArvinanA siddhAMtoe enuM samarthana karyuM ane leke garvathI mAnavA lAgyA ke eka pachI bIjA vijaya tarapha kUca karatA karatA teo pUrNatAnA dhyeyanI - e dhyeya cAhe te he - dizAmAM AgaLa ne AgaLa jaI rahyA che. vikAsa yA pragatine A khyAla e sAva no ja khyAla hate e bIne bahu ja rasika che. bhUtakALamAM yuropa ke eziyAmAM athavA to koI paNa jUnI saMskRtimAM AvA khyAlanI hastI hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. yuropamAM cheka audyogika krAMtinA samaya sudhI leke bhUtakALane Adarza yuga tarIke athavA kahe ke, satyayuga tarIke lekhatA hatA. grIsa ane romanA prAcIna unnatikALane e pachInA yuge karatAM vadhAre sAre, AgaLa vadhela ane saMskArI gaNavAmAM Avato hato. tyAra pachI uttarottara avanati thatI gaI athavA mANasajAta UtaratI gaI athavA te temAM kaze jANavA je pheraphAra na thayo ema leke te vakhata sudhI mAnatA hatA. hiMdamAM paNa satyayuga pachI uttarottara avanati thatI gaIe khyAla mejUda che. hiMdanAM purANa bhUstaravidyAnA yuganI peThe bahu ja moTA gALAthI samayanI gaNatarI kare che. paraMtu tene AraMbha hamezAM mahAna satyayugathI thAya che ane AjanA aniSTa kALa kaLiyuga sudhI AvI pahoMce che.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana A uparathI ApaNane jaNAya che ke, manuSyanI pragatinA khyAla e bilakula Adhunika khyAla che. bhUtakALanA itihAsanuM ApaNuM je kaMI jJAna che te ApaNane e khyAla mAnavAne prere che. paraMtu ApaNuM e jJAna hajI atizaya maryAdita che ane e jJAna vadhatAM ApaNI dRSTi badalAya paNa kharI. 19mI sadInA uttarA mAM 'pragati 'nI khAmatamAM jeTale utsAha hatA teTale utsAha tA Aje paNa rahyo nathI. prati jo 1914nA mahAyuddhamAM banyuM hatuM tema moTA pAyA upara ekbIjAne sahAra karavAne ApaNane preratI hAya to e pragatimAM ja kaMIka khAmI hovI joI e. vaLI khIjI eka vastu lakSamAM rAkhavAnI e che ke, DArvinanA " sauthI vadhAre yAgya vadhAre vakhata Take che" e kathananA khasUsa evA artha nathI thato ke sauthI zreSTha hoya te vadhAre vakhata Take che. paraMtu A badhI te paDitAne vicAravAnI khAkhatA che, ApaNe lakSamAM rAkhavAnuM te e che ke, samAja sthira ke aparivarta nazIla athavA teA tenI uttarAttara avanati thatI rahe che evA vyApakapaNe pracalita khyAlane 19mI sadImAM vijJAne dUra karyAM ane tene khale samAja kriyAzIkSa che ane temAM niraMtara pheraphAra thatA rahe che evA khyAla pedA thayA. ane kharekhara e kALa daramyAna samAja ApaNe pichAnI na zakIe, eTale badhA badalAI gayA. H prANIyAnIenI utpatti viSenA DArvinanA siddhAMta viSe huM tane vAta karI rahyo chuM tyAre 2500 varasa pahelAM eka cInI philasUphe e viSayamAM zuM lakhyuM hatuM te jANIne tane ramUja paDaze. tenuM nAma sAna-se hatuM ane zu pahelAM chaThThI sadImAM eTale ke yuddhanA kALamAM teNe lakhyuM hatuM : " badhA jIve eka ja yAnImAMthI pedA thayA che. A eka yAnImAM dhIme dhIme aneka ane niraMtara pheraphAro thatA rahyA. ane pariNAme temAMthI bhinna bhinna svarUpanA badhA jIve pedA thayA. A badhA jIve ekdana ekabIjAthI nirALA paDayA hatA ema nathI; UlaTuM peDhIdarapeDhI dhIme dhIme thatA rahelA pheraphArane aMte temaNe peAtAnuM nirALApaNuM prApta karyuM hatuM." A siddhAMta DArvinanA siddhAMta sAthe bahu ja maLatA Ave che. paratu jIvavidyAnA prAcIna cInI abhyAsI je niNaeNya upara AvyA . tete karIthI zodhatAM duniyAne 2500 varasa lAgyAM e bInA bhAre AzcaryakAraka che. 19mI sadI vItatI gaI tema tema pheraphAra athavA parivartananI gati uttarAttara vadhatI ja gaI. vijJAna eka pachI eka camatkArika vastue bahAra pADatuM gayuM ane tarehatarehanI asakhya zodhakhoLanA bhavya pradarzane leAkAne ka karI nAkhyA. TeligrApha, TeliphAna, moTI ane pAchaLathI thayelI arAplena vagerenI zAdhe lAMkAnA jIvanamAM bhAre pheraphAra karI nAkhyo. vijJAne dUramAM dUranA AkAzI padArthone tathA ApaNI AMkhathI na joI zakAya evA sUkSma aNuo

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DAvina ane vijJAnano vijaya 811 tathA tenA sUkSmAtisUkSma aMgone mApavAnI hAma bhIDI. teNe mANasanI kaDAkuTa ochI karI nAkhI tathA karaDe lekonAM jIvana haLavAM kya. vijJAnane kAraNe AkhI duniyAnI ane khAsa karIne audyogika dezanI vasatImAM jabaradasta vadhAre thaye, paraMtu sAthe sAthe vijJAne saMhAranAM bahu ja asarakAraka sAdhana paNa utpanna karyA. paNa emAM vijJAnane doSa nahotuM. eNe te kudarata uparane manuSyane kAbU vadhAryo. e badhI zakti mANase meLavI te kharI paNa pitAnI jAta upara kAbU rAkhatAM tene na AvaDavuM. ethI te vAraMvAra aghaTita rIte vartavA lAge ane e rIte vijJAnanI bheTane teNe veDaphI nAkhI. paraMtu vijJAnanI vijayakuca te AgaLa ne AgaLa cAlatI ja rahI ane deDha varasanI aMdara teNe duniyAnI eTalI kAyApalaTa karI nAkhI jeTalI te pahelAMnA hajAre varaso daramyAna paNa nahotI thaI sAce ja, vijJAne duniyAnA jIvananI dareka dizAmAM tathA tenA dareka kSetramAM krAMti karI nAkhI. vijJAnanI A kUca hajI Aje paNa cAlu ja che ane tenI gati pahelAMnA karatAM ghaNI vadhI gaI hoya ema jaNAya che. ene mATe ArAma che ja nahi. Aje relave bAMdhavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu te cAlu thavAnI sthitimAM Ave tyAM te te jUnI thaI gayelI hoya che. eka yaMtra kharIdIne tene goThavavAmAM Ave paraMtu eka ke be varasanI aMdara e ja jAtanAM enAthI vadhAre sAruM kAma ApanArAM yaMtra banAvavAmAM Ave che. Ama A pAgala harIphAI AgaLa ne AgaLa cAlatI ja rahe che. ane have Aje ApaNe samayamAM vIjaLI varALanuM sthAna laI rahI che. A rIte vIjaLI deDha varasa pUrvenI audyogika krAMti jevI mahAna krAMti karI rahI che vijJAnanI zAkhA upazAkhAomAM saMkhyAbaMdha vaijJAnika tathA niSNAta aviratapaNe kArya karI rahyA che. AlbarTa AinsTAInanuM nAma emAM sauthI mahAna che. nyUTananA mazahUra siddhAMtamAM amuka aMze sudhAre karavAmAM te saphaLa thaye che. AjakAla vijJAnamAM eTalI bhAre pragati thaI che tathA vaijJAnika siddhAMtamAM eTalA badhA umerA ane pheraphAra thayA che ke khuda vaijJAnike paNa enAthI DaghAI gayA che. teo pahelAMnA temanA AtmasamAdhAnane ane nizcitatAne garva sarvathA I beThA che. have teo pitAnA nirNanI bAbatamAM Dhacupacu banyA che ane bhaviSya viSenI AgAhI karatAM acakAya che. paraMtu A paristhiti 20mI sadImAM ane ApaNuM kALamAM pedA thaI che. 19mI sadImAM te vijJAnanI bAbatamAM vAtAvaraNa AtmavizvAsathI bhareluM hatuM. pitAnI asaMkhya saphaLatAothI garviSTha banIne vijJAne leke upara pitAnI ANa vartAvI ane leke paNa devanI AgaLa name che tema tenI AgaLa namI paDyA.

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131. lokazAhInI pragati 10 phebruArI, 1933 mArA chellA patramAM 19mI sadImAM vijJAne karelI pragatine tane Acho khyAla ApavAno meM prayAsa karyo hate. have ApaNe e sadInI bIjI bAju tarapha - lekazAhInA siddhAMtanA vikAsa tarapha najara karIe. 18mI sadImAM krAMsamAM udbhavelA vicAramaMthana viSe, te kALanA moTAmAM moTA vicAraka tathA lekhaka vaiteyAra viSe tema ja dharma tathA samAjanA aneka jUnA khyAlane paDakArIne bahAdurIpUrvaka navA siddhAMta rajU karanArA phrAMsanA bIjA vicArake viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM te tane yAda haze. AvuM rAjakIya ciMtana te samaye mAtra krAMsamAM ja maryAdita hatuM. jarmanImAM e vakhate philasUphe tattvajJAnanA gahana praznomAM vadhAre UMDo rasa letA hatA. iMglaMDamAM vepArarojagAra vadhatA jatA hatA ane moTA bhAganA lekane saMjogavazAta vicAra karavAnI pharaja paDe te sivAya tema karavAmAM jhAjho rasa nahote. paraMtu ema chatAM 19mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM eka jANItuM pustaka IMglaMDamAM bahAra paDyuM. e pustaka eDama smithanuM rASTronI saMpatti" (veltha opha nezansa) hatuM. e rAjakAraNanuM nahi paNa saMpattizAstranuM pustaka hatuM. te samaye bIjA badhA viSayenI bAbatamAM sAmAnya rIte banatuM tema e viSayane paNa dharma tema ja 'nItizAstra sAthe bheLavI devAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ane e rIte e viSayanI bAbatamAM bhAre goTALA pravartate hate. eDama smithe zAstrIya rIte e viSayanuM nirUpaNa karyuM. naitika praznonI ATIghUMTIothI e viSayane alaga rAkhIne teNe samAjanI Arthika pravRttinA mULamAM rahelA kAyadAo zodhI kADhavAne prayAsa karyo. tane kadAca khabara haze ke saMpattizAstra samagra rASTra ke prajAnA Avaka kharacanI vyavasthA viSe, te zI zI vastuo utpanna kare che tathA vApare che tathA prajAnA aMdaraaMdaranA ekabIjA sAthenA tema ja tene bIjI prajAo tathA rASTro sAthenA saMbaMdho viSe vicAra kare che. A badhA kaMIka aMze aTapaTA vyavahAro nizcita kudaratI niyamo anusAra thatA hatA ema te mAno hato. te ema paNa mAnatA hatA ke A kAyadAonA kAryamAM kazI dakhala na thavA pAme eTalA khAtara udyoganA vikAsa mATe saMpUrNa svataMtratA ApavI joIe. A lejhe phera" eTale ke vairAcAra athavA vaira pravRttinA siddhAMtanI zarUAta hatI. e viSe huM tane kaMIka kahI gaye chuM. phrAMsamAM e samaye pedA thaI rahelA lekazAsanavAdI vicAra sAthe eDama smithanA pustakane kazI levAdevA nahotI. paraMtu manuSyo ane prajAne sparzatA eka ati mahattvanA praznanuM zAstrIya nirUpaNa karavAne tene prayAsa e darzAve che ke have

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leAkazAhInI pragati 258 mANasA dareka vastune dhArmika dRSTie nihALavAnI purANI rIta cheDIne navI ja dizAmAM prayANa karI rahyA hatA. aiDama smitha saMpattizAstraneA janaka gaNAya che ane 19mI sadInA ghaNA aMgreja saMpattizAstrIone teNe preraNA ApI hatI. saMpattinuM A navuM zAstra adhyApaka ane mUDIbhara vidyAvyAsaMgIemAM ja maryAdita hatuM. paraMtu lokazAsana athavA lokazAhInA navA vicAronA phelAvA thaI rahyo hatA ane amerikAnI tathA krAMsanI krAMtie temanI jAherAta karI tathA temane lokapriya karyAM. amerikAnI svataMtratAnI jAherAtanI tathA phrAMsanI manuSyonA hakkonI jAherAtanI karNapriya bhASAe lakAnA aMtaramAM UMDI asara karI. kareADA zeSAtA ane pIDita leAkeAne e jAherAtAe rAmati karyAM ane temane mATe te muktinA sa MdezArUpa thaI paDI. e baMne jAherAta e svataMtratA, samAnatA ane dareka jaNanA sukhI thavAnA janmasiddha hakkanI ghoSaNA karI. paraMtu A kImatI hakkonI joradAra dhoSaNAne pariNAme lakAne e hakkA lAdhyA nahi. e jAherAtA thayAne doDhasA varasa vItI gayA pachI Aje paNa mAtra mUDIbhara lekA ja e hakAnA upabhoga kare che ema kahI zakAya. paraMtu A siddhAMtAnI kevaLa jAherAta paNa eka asAdhAraNa ane prANadAyI ghaTanA hatI. khIjA dharmAMnI peThe khristi dhama mAM ane khIjA dezamAM heAya che tema yurapamAM paNa jUnI mAnyatA evI hatI ke pApa ane duHkha mANasajAtane anivArya paNe cAMTelAM ja che. du:kha ane dArine dharma A duniyAmAM kAyamI tathA meAbhbhAnuM sthAna ApatA hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. dharmanA badhA vAyadA tathA badalA paralokane agenA hatA. A duniyAmAM te te ApaNane je kaI AvI paDe te taTasthatAthI mUge mADhe sahI levAne ane kAI paNa mUlagata pheraphAra na cAhavAnA bedha Ape che. dAna-puNyane eTale ke garIbene TukaDA ApavAne te utteje che paraMtu dAridrane mArI haTAvavAnI ke je vyavasthAnlR kAraNe dArithra udbhave che tene miTAvI devAnI kalpanA dharmomAM nathI. khudda svata MtratA ane samAnatAnA khyAle paN ca ane samAjanI adhikAravAdI daSTie virodhI lekhAtA hatA. khezaka, leAkazAhInu kahevuM evuM nathI ke vastutAe badhA mAsA samAna che. te ema kahI zake ema nahotuM kema ke judA judA mAsA vacce aneka prakAranI viSamatA athavA to asamAnatA meAda che e dIvA jevuM spaSTa che. temanI vacce zArIrika asamAnatA che ane tene lIdhe keTalAka mANasA khaLavAna hoya che ane keTalAka kamajora hoya che; mAnasika asamAnatAne kAraNe keTalAka mANasA khIjA karatAM vadhAre zaktizALI ane samaju hAya che tathA naitika asamAnatAne kAraNe keTalAka svAthI hoya che ane keTalAka svAthA nathI hotA. AmAMnI dhaNIkharI asamAnatA

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4 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzIna athava bhinna bhinna prakAranAM uchera, keLavaNI athavA te keLavaNInA abhAvane AbhArI hAya e bilakula saMbhavita che. sarakhI zaktinA be cheAkarA karIemAMthI ekane sArI keLavaNI Ape ane bIjIne keLavaNI na Ape to thoDAM varasa pachI temanI vacce bhAre taphAvata mAlUma paDaze. athavA te ekane sArA poSaka khorAka Ape ane bIjAne kharAba ane ocho khorAka Ape te pahelAnA vikAsa barAbara thaze jyAre bIjo kamajora ane bImAra thaze tathA tenA zarIrane barAbara vikAsa nahi thAya. Ama tenI uchera, tenI AsapAsanI paristhiti, tenI keLavaNI tathA tenA bhaNatarathI mANasamAM ghaNA phera paDI jAya che. ane jo ApaNe sAne ekasarakhI keLavaNI tathA takA ApI zakIe to saMbhava che ke Aja che tenA karatAM asamAnatAo bahu ochI thaI jAya. sAce ja e vastu bilakula saMbhavita che. paraMtu leAkazAhIne lAgevaLage che tyAM sudhI mANase asamAna che e hakIkata vastutAe te kabUla rAkhatI hatI. Ama chatAMye tenuM ema kahevuM hatuM ke rAjakIya tema ja sAmAjika dRSTie pratyeka manuSya pratye eka sarakhA vartAva rAkhavA joI e. jo ApaNe lokazAhInA A siddhAMtane saMpUrNa paNe mAnya rAkhIe te pachI ApaNe aneka prakAranA krAMtikArI nirNayo upara AvavuM paDe che. A ghaDIe ApaNe e badhAnI carcAmAM na UtarIe paraMtu e siddhAMtamAMthI dekhItI rIte ja eka vastu e phalita thatI hatI ke potAnA dezanI pArTImenTa ke dhArAsabhAmAM potAnA pratinidhi mokalavA mATe pratyeka mANasane mata ApavAnA haka hAvA joIe. mata e rAjakIya sattAnA pratIka samAna hatA ane ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ke pratyeka mANasane jo matano haka maLe to evA dareka mANasane samAna rAjakIya sattA prApta thAya. ethI karIne, AkhI 19mI sadI daramyAna matAdhikAra eTale ke mata ApavAnA hakanA vistAra e leAkazAsanavAdIonI pradhAna mAgaNI rahI hatI. pukhta matAdhikArane a e hate ke pukhta vayanI pratyeka vyaktine mata ApavAnA haka maLavA joIe. lAMbA vakhata sudhI strIone matAdhikAra ApavAmAM AvyA nahAtA ane thoDA ja vakhata upara temaNe khAsa karIne iMgleMDamAM ene mATe bhAre caLavaLa upADI hatI. ghaNAkharA AgaLa vadhelA dezAmAM pukhta vayanAM strIpuruSane Aje matAdhikAra ApavAmAM Avyo che. * paNa ajAyabInI vAta teA e che ke, moTA bhAganA lakAne matAdhikAra prApta thayA tyAre temane samajAyuM ke ethI karIne temanI sthitimAM jhAjho phera na paDyo. mata ApavAnA haka maLyA chatAM rAjyamAM temanI kazI ja sattA nahAtI athavA je kaI sattA hatI te nahi jevI ja hatI. bhUkhyA mANasane matanA jhAMjho upayoga nathI hAtA, tenI bhUkhane jee lAbha uThAvI zake ane

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lokazAhInI pragati pitAnA lAbhanuM hoya evuM cAhe te kAma tenI pAse karAvI zake tevA lokonA hAthamAM rAjyanI kharI sattA hoya che. A rIte, mata maLavAthI je maLI rahe che ema jene viSe dhAravAmAM AvatuM hatuM te rAjakIya sattA Arthika sattA vinA vastuvihoNuM chAyA jevI athavA jhAMjhavAnA jaLa jevI mAlUma paDI ane mata maLatAM tenI pAchaLa samAnatA paNa Avaze evAM AraMbhanA lekazAsanavAdIonAM svapnAM niSphaLa nIvaDyAM. paraMtu A bahu pAchaLathI banavA pAmyuM. AraMbhakALamAM eTale ke 18mI sadInA aMtamAM ane 19mI sadInI zarUAtamAM lekazAsanavAdIo bhAre utsAhamAM AvI gayA hatA. lekazAhI dareka vyaktine svataMtra ane samAna nAgarika banAvaze tathA rAjyanI sarakAra saunI sukhAkArI mATe kArya karaze evI AzA sevavAmAM AvatI hatI. 18mI sadInA rAjAo ane sarakAre sAme tathA teo je rIte pitAnI niraMkuza sattAno durupayoga karatA hatA tenI sAme bhAre virodha jAgyuM hatuM. ene pariNAme leke potAnI jAherAtamAM vyaktinA hakanI gheSaNa karavAne dorAyA. amerikAnI tathA krAMsanI jAherAtamAM vyaktionA hakko aMge karavAmAM AvelI dhoSaNAmAM kaMIka aMze UlaTI dizAmAM bhUla thavA pAmI hatI. bahusUtrI samAjamAM vyaktione alaga pADIne temane saMpUrNa svataMtratA ApavI e sahela vAta nathI. evI svataMtra vyakti ane samAja vacce athaDAmaNa thavAno saMbhava rahe che ane evI athaDAmaNa thAya che paNa kharI. e game tema he paNa lekazAhI moTA pramANamAM vyaktisvAtaMtryanI himAyata karatI hatI. 18mI sadImAM iMglaMDa rAjakIya vicArenI bAbatamAM pachAta hatuM ane tenA upara amerikAnI tathA krAMsanI krAMtinI bhAre asara thaI hatI. enI pahelI asara te bhayanI thaI ke lekazAsananA navA vicArone lIdhe potAnA dezamAM sAmAjika krAMti te na thaI jAya. ethI karIne zAsakavarga UlaTe vadhAre sthiticusta ane pratyAghAtI banyuM. paraMtu ema chatAMye buddhijIvI vargamAM navA vicAro phelAyA. A samayamAM Tomasa peIna nAmane eka jANavA jevuM aMgreja thaI gaye. amerikAnA svAtaMtryayuddha vakhate te tyAM hatA ane teNe amerikana leone temanI laDatamAM madada karI hatI. amerikana lekane saMpUrNa svataMtratAnA matanA karavAmAM amuka aMze te kAraNabhUta hoya ema jaNAya che. IgleMDa pAchA pharIne teNe te ja arasAmAM zarU thayelI krAMsanI krAMtinA samarthanamAM manuSyanA hakko" nAmanuM pustaka lakhyuM. emAM teNe rAjAzAhI upara prahAro ryA ane lekazAhInI himAyata karI. briTiza sarakAre tene dezapAra karyo ane tene phrAMsamAM nAsI javuM paDayuM. perisamAM te thoDA ja vakhatamAM "nezanala kanevenzana' athavA rASTra sabhAne sabhya thaye paraMtu teNe 16mA sUIne karavAmAM AvelI

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana matanI sajAne amala karavA sAme virodha karyo tethI 1793nI sAlamAM jekabAIne pakSe tene kedamAM nAkhyo. perisanI jelamAM buddhine yuga" (dha eIja oNpha rIjhana) nAmanuM pustaka teNe lakhyuM. emAM teNe dhArmika daSTinI TIkA karI che. peIna briTiza adAlatanA vahIvaTanA kSetranI bahAra hatuM (respiyeranA maraNa pachI perisanI jelamAMthI tene mukta karavAmAM AvyuM hato eTale e pustaka bahAra pADavA mATe tenA briTiza prakAzakane kedanI sajA karavAmAM AvI. AvuM pustaka samAjane mATe jokhamakAraka lekhAtuM hatuM kema ke garIbene temanI sthitimAM kAyama rAkhavAne mATe dharma jarUrI vastu che ema manAtuM hatuM. peInanAM pustakanA ghaNA prakAzakone kedamAM nAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. emAM keTalIka strIo paNa hatI. kavi zelIe nyAyAdhIza upara enI sAme pitAne virodha darzAvatuM patra lakhyuM hatuM e bInA jANavA jevI che. 19mI sadInA pUrvArdha daramyAna yuropabharamAM phelAvA pAmelA lekazAsananA vicAranI janetA krAMsanI krAMti hatI. ane paristhiti joke jhaDapathI badalAtI jatI hatI te paNa krAMtinA e vicAre te kAyama ja rahyA. A lekazAsananA vicAra rAjAo tathA ApakhudI sAme bauddhika pratyAghAta hate. udyogIkaraNanI pahelAMnI sthitimAMthI te uddabhavyA hatA. paraMtu varALa ane pracaMDa yaMtra dvArA cAlatA navA udyoge jUnI vyavasthAne saMpUrNapaNe uthalAvI rahyA hatA. paraMtu ajAyabInI vAta te e che ke, 19mI sadInA AraMbhanA samayanA uddAma sudhArake tathA lekazAsanavAdIo A badhA pheraphAra lakSamAM lIdhA vinA ja krAMti tathA manuSyanA hakakonI jAherAtanAM vacanonI vAtenA taDAkA mAratA rahyA. temanA manamAM kadAca ema haze ke e badhA te sAva bhaitika pheraphAre che ane lekazAsananI bhAre AdhyAtmika, naitika tathA rAjakIya mAgaNIone e asara karI zake nahi. paraMtu bhaitika vastuomAM evuM kaMIka tatva hoya che jene lIdhe ApaNe temanI upekSA karI zakatA nathI eTaluM ja nahi paNa tenA tarapha lakSa ApavAnI te ApaNane pharaja pADe che. jUnA vicArone tajI daIne navA vicAre grahaNa karavA e vastu leke mATe atizaya muzkela hoya che. teo pitAnAM mana ane AMkha baMdha karI de che ane sAcI vastusthiti jovAnI cokhkhI nA pADe che; vaLI jUnI vastuo temane nukasAna karatI hoya te paNa tene vaLagI rahevA mATe teo laDe che. teo bIjuM kaMI paNa karaze paraMtu navA vicAre grahaNa nahi kare athavA te navI paristhitine teo anukULa nahi thAya. sthiticustatAnI zakti apAra che; pitAne bahu AgaLa vadhelA mAnanArA uddAma sudhArake paNa ghaNI vAra jUnA ane khoTA TharelA vicArone vaLagI rahe che ane AMkha baMdha karIne badalAtI jatI paristhiti lakSamAM levAnI nA pADe che. A jotAM, pragatinI gati bahu dhImI hoya che emAM, tathA vAstavika

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lekazAhInI pragati paristhiti ane tenA vicAre vacce ghaNI vAra bhAre aMtara hoya che ane tene pariNAme krAMtikArI saMjogo UbhA thavA pAme che emAM kazuM Azcarya pAmavA jevuM nathI. Ama lokazAhIe ghaNA dazakAo sudhI phrAMsanI krAMtinA vicAro tathA tenI paraMparAo cAlu rAkhavAnuM kArya karyuM. navI paristhitine anukULa thavAmAM te niSphaLa nIvaDI ene kAraNe 19mI sadInA aMtamAM lokazAhI nabaLI paDI ane thaDA vakhata pachI 20mI sadImAM te keTalAka lokee tene inkAra karyo. hiMdamAM Aje AgaLa vadhelA ApaNuM ghaNuM rAjakIya netAo hajI paNa krAMsanI krAMtinA samayanI ane manuSyanA hakakonI jAherAtanI bhASAmAM vAte kare che. tyAra pachI te ghaNuM ghaNuM banI gayuM che e vAta teo lakSamAM rAkhatA nathI. AraMbhanA lokazAsanavAdIoe svAbhAvika rIte ja buddhivAdane Azare lIdhe. vicArasvAtaMtrya ane vANIsvAtaMtryanI temanI mAgaNIone matAMdha dharma tathA Izvara viSenA khyAla sAthe bhAgye ja meLa besI zake ema hatuM. Ama kaTTara dharmasiddhAMtanuM baLa teDavAne lekazAsanavAdIo vaijJAniko joDe ekatra thayA. bAibala eka e graMtha che ke tene aMdhapaNe svIkAra karavo joIe ane tene viSe zaMkAkuzaMkA na karavI joIe e rIte nahi paNa te eka sAmAnya pustaka hoya tema tenuM nirIkSaNa karavAnI lake hAma bhIDavA lAgyA. bAIbalanI A prakAranI TIkAne "ucca koTInI TIkA" (hAyara kriTisijhama) kahevAmAM Ave che. tenA TIkAkAre evA nirNaya upara AvyA ke, bAibala e jude jude kALe judI judI vyaktioe lakhelAM lakhANane saMgraha che. vaLI temane e paNa abhiprAya hate ke Izuno koI paNa dharma sthApavAne IrAde nahote. AvI TIkAne kAraNe aneka purANI mAnyatAo hacamacI UThI. vijJAna ane lokazAhInA vicArone kAraNe dharmane purANe pAye nabaLo paDate gaye eTale purANuM dharmanuM sthAna le evI philasUphI nirmANa karavAnA prayAso thavA lAgyA. ogasta keta nAmanA eka phreMca philasUphe Avo eka prayAsa karyo hate. te 1798thI 1857nI sAla daramyAna thaI gaye. UMtane ema lAgyuM ke Izvara viSenI jUnI mAnyatAo tathA matAMdha dharmonA divase have vItI gayA che. paraMtu tenI evI UMDI khAtarI hatI ke keIka prakArane dharma e samAjane mATe Avazyaka che. AthI teNe "mAnavatAne dharma' rajU karyo ane ene teNe "pratyakSavAda'(pojhiTivijhama) evuM nAma ApyuM. prema, vyavasthA tathA pragatinA pAyA upara tene AdhAra hatuM. emAM kudaratathI para evuM kazuM nahotuM. e vijJAnanA pAyA upara racAyeluM hatuM. enI pAchaLa manuSyajAtanI pragatine khyAla rahele hate. 19mI sadImAM pracalita thayelA

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ra jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdezana adhA ja vicArAnI pAchaLa paNa kharekhara pragatinA e ja khyAla rahelA hatA. koMtanA A dharma mAtra mUDIbhara buddhijIvI lekAnI ja zraddhAno viSaya rahyo paraMtu yuropanA vicAro upara ekadare enI bhAre asara paDI. manuSyasamAja tathA tenI saMskRtine viSe vicAra karanArA samAjazAstranA abhyAsano eNe Arbha karyAM ema kahI zakAya. kAMtane samakAlIna paNa tenA pachI ghaNAM varaso sudhI jIvanAra a Mgreja phrilasUpha ane saMpattizAstrI jaina syUarTo mila hatA (1806-1873 ). mila upara kaeNAMtanA upadezanI tathA tenA samAjavAdI vicArAnI asara thaI hatI. eNDama smithanA zikSaNamAMthI udbhavelI sa'pattizAstranI briTiza vicArapraNAlIne navI dizA ApavAne teNe prayAsa karyAM tathA saMpattizAstramAM teNe samAjavAdI siddhAMto dAkhala karyAM. paraMtu eka AgevAna ' upayAgatAvAdI ' tarIke e vadhAre jANItA che. upayogitAvAda ' nI vicArapraNAlI iMgleMDamAM enA pahelAM thoDA vakhata upara zarU thaI hatI. e vicArapraNAlIne mile bahu AgaLa ANI. enuM nAma sUcave che te mujaba upayogitA e ene mukhya siddhAMta hatA. vadhAremAM vadhAre janasaMkhyAnu vadhAremAM vadhAre sukha e upayoAgitAvAdIonA mULabhUta siddhAMta hato. kAI vastu sArI che ke kharAba enI e ja eka mAtra sATI hatI. kAryAM jeTalA pramANamAM sukhamAM vadhAreA kare teTalA pramANamAM te sArAM ane jeTalA pramANamAM te ethI UlaTI paristhiti pedA kare teTalA pramANamAM te kharAba che ema kahevAmAM Avatu. vadhAremAM vadhAre janasaMkhyAnu vadhAremAM vadhAre sukha sAdhavuM e dRSTi lakSamAM rAkhIne samAja tathA sarakAranuM sagAna karavAnu hatuM. darekane mATe samAna hakkonA siddhAMtanI lokazAhInI AgaLanI dRSTi ane A dRSTi ekasarakhI nahotI. vadhAremAM vadhAre janasaMkhyAnu vadhAremAM vadhAre sukha sAdhavA mATe alpasakhyAnA sukhanA bhAga Apave paDe e banavAjoga che, huM te mAtra e e dRSTie vaccenA bheda ja tane batAvuM chuM. ahIMyAM enI UMDI carcAmAM UtaravAnI jarUra nathI. A rIte, lokazAhI eTale vadhumatInA hakko evA a thavA lAgyo. jaoNna syUarTa mila lokazAhInA vyaktisvAtaMtryanA siddhAMtane bhAre himAyatI hatA. teNe svataMtratA upara eka nAnuM pustaka * na libaTI` ' lakhyuM hatuM. e pustaka khUba prasiddhimAM AvyuM. vANIsvAtaMtrya tathA vicArasvAtaMtryanI himAyata karatA eka utAre e pustakamAMthI huM ahIM ApIza. t koI paNa abhiprAyane darzAvAtA rokavAmAM aniSTa e raheluM che ke ethI karIne samagra mANasannatane enAthI 'cita rAkhavAmAM Ave che ~~~ mAtra tenI menUda peDhIne ja nahi paNa bhAvi peDhIene paNa enAthI vAMcita rAkhavAmAM Ave che. vaLI e ja abhiprAyanA heya tenA karatAMye vizeSe karIne tenAthI jAdA ghaDanArAone

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lokazAhInI pragati enAthI vaMcita rAkhavAmAM Ave che. je e abhiprAya kharo hoya to asatyane badale satya pAmavAnI takathI teo vaMcita rahe che. je te abhiprAya To hoya to temAM rahelI bhUla sAthe satyanI athaDAmaNa thavAne kAraNe thatA satyanA vadhAre spaSTa Akalanane bhAre lAbha teo gumAve che. . . . je abhiprAyene ApaNe rUMdhI devAno prayAsa karIe chIe te sarvathA khoTA ja hoya che ema ApaNe kadIye khAtarIpUrvaka kahI zakIe nahi. ane ApaNane evI khAtarI hoya to tene rUMdhI devA e vastu svataH ja eka aniSTa che." matAMdha dharma ke ApakhudInI sAthe AvA valaNano meLa besI zake nahi. e to eka satyazodhakanuM, eka philasuphanuM valaNa che. vicAre kaI dizAmAM vikasI rahyA hatA e darzAvavA tathA ciMtananI duniyAnAM keTalAMka sImAcihanone tane paricaya thAya eTalA mATe pazcima yuropanA 19mI sadInA cheDA mahatvanA vicArakonAM nAmono ullekha mAtra karyo che. paraMtu A vicArakonI tema ja sAmAnya rIte AraMbhanA lekazAsanavAdIonI asara vatteoche aMze mAtra bhaNelAgaNelA lekomAM ja maryAdita hatI. bhaNelAgaNelA lokonI mAraphate e asara kaMIka aMze bIjA vargo sudhI paNa pahoMcI. joke AmajanatA upara enI sIdhI asara bahu jUja hatI paraMtu A lekazAsanavAdI vicArapraNAlInI pakSa asara temanA upara bhAre thaI paraMtu matAdhikAranI mAgaNI jevI keTalIka bAbatonI te temanA upara sIdhI asara paNa bhAre thaI 19mI sadI vItatI gaI tema tema majUra caLavaLa jevI bIjI caLavaLa tathA samAjavAda jevI bIjI vicArasaraNIo vikasavA lAgI. te samayanA pracalita lekazAsananA khyAla upara enI asara paDI tema ja samAjavAda tathA majUra caLavaLa upara e khyAlenI asara paNa thavA pAmI. keTalAka leke samAjavAdane lokazAhInA vikalpa tarIke lekhavA lAgyA; bIjA keTalAka tene samAjavAdanA eka Avazyaka aMga tarIke lekhatA hatA. ApaNe AgaLa joI gayA ke lekazAsanavAdIo svataMtratA, samAnatA ane sukhI thavAnA dareka mANasanA sarakhA hakanA khyAlothI bharelA hatA. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM temane khabara paDI ke sukhane maulika hakaka banAvavA mAtrathI kaMI te lAdhatuM nathI. bIjI vastuo javA daIe toye ene mATe amuka pramANamAM zArIrika svAzca Avazyaka che. bhUkhamare veThato mANasa sukha anubhavI zake e banavA joga nathI. AnA uparathI teo evA nirNaya upara AvyA ke janatAmAM , saMpattinI vaheMcaNI vadhAre sArI rIte thAya enA upara sukhano AdhAra che. enA uparathI teo samAjavAda tarapha derAyA. paNa samAjavAda mATe tAra - AvatA patra sudhI rAha jovI paDaze. 6-12

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana - 19mI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM tAbedAra prajAo svAtaMtrya mATe jyAM jyAM laDatI hatI tyAM tyAM lekazAsana ane rASTravAde paraspara hAtha milAvyA. iTAlIne meMjhInI AvA lekazAsanavAdI rASTrabhaktine viziSTa prakArane namUne hatuM. e sadInA pAchaLanA bhAgamAM rASTravAda dhIme dhIme tenuM lekazAsanavAdI tatva khAI beTho ane te vadhAre AkramaNakArI tathA adhikAravAdI banI gaye. rAjya eka e deva banI gayo ke jenI pUjA karavAnI darekane pharaja paDI. aMgreja vepArIo navA udyoganA agraNIo hatA. temane lekazAsananA ucca siddhAti tathA lekanA svataMtratAnA hakkonI bAbatamAM jhAjhe rasa nahote. paraMtu temane mAlUma paDayuM ke, lokone vadhAre svataMtratA prApta thAya e vastu vepArane mATe anukULa hatI. ene lIdhe majUronuM jIvananuM dhoraNa UMcuM thavA pAmyuM ane kaMIka svataMtratA maLyAne bhrama temanAmAM pedA thaye. AthI teo pitAnA kAmamAM vadhAre niSNAta banyA. audyogika kauzalyane mATe prajAkIya keLavaNuM paNa jarUrI hatI. vepArIo ane udyogapatio AnI upayogitA pAmI gayA ane bhAre udAratAne dekhAva karIne lekIne A vastuone lAbha ApavAnI bAbatamAM saMmata thayA. 19mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM iMglaMDa tathA pazcima yurepamAM amuka prakAranI keLavaNIne janatAmAM jhaDapI phelA thavA pAme. 132. samAjavAdano udaya 13 phebruArI, 1933 lekazAhIe karelI pragati viSe huM tane lakhI cUkyo chuM. paraMtu yAda rAkhaje ke, bhAre laDatane pariNAme e pragati prApta thaI hatI. keI paNuM pracalita samAjavyavasthAmAM jemane svArtha rahele hoya che temane kaze pheraphAra joI te hetuM nathI ane koI paNa parivartana sAme teo potAnuM saghaLuM baLa vAparIne jhUjhe che, ane chatAM AvAM parivartane vinA pragati ke kazI sudhAra thavI asaMbhavita hoya che. saMsthA ke zAsanapraNAlIne temanA karatAM vadhAre sArI saMsthA ke zAsana praNAlIne mATe jagyA karI ApavI paDe che. jeo AvA prakAranI pragati cAhe che temane purANI saMsthA ke rUDhi upara prahAra karavA ja paDe che. pazcima yurepanA zAsaka vargoe hareka prakAranI pragatine Dagale ne pagale virodha karyo. tema karavAthI hiMsaka krAMti phATI nIkaLaze ema iMglaMDanA zAsakavargane jyAre lAgyuM tyAre ja temaNe paNa pragatine virodha na karatAM namatuM ApyuM. temanI AgekUcanuM bIjuM eka kAraNa e hatuM - je huM tane AgaLa kahI cUkyo chuM -ke, amuka pramANamAM lekazAsana e vepAra mATe hitakara che evI vepArI vargamAMnA keTalA lekenI mAnyatA hatI.

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samAjavAdane udaya 871 paraMtu mAre tane jaNAvavuM joIe ke, 18mI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM leka zAsananA A vicAro moTe bhAge zikSita vargamAM ja maryAdita hatA. sAmAnya le ke upara te udyogavAdanA vikAse bhAre asara karI ane temane khetare uparathI hAMkIne kArakhAnAMomAM dhakelyA. kArakhAnAMomAM kAma karanArA majUra varga vadhavA lAge. ghaNuMkharuM kolasAnI khANonI pAse AvelAM beDoLa ane gaMdAM audyogika zaheramAM gheTAMbakarAMnI peThe teo khaDakAyA hatA. A majUronI prakRti bahu jhaDapathI badalAtI jatI hatI ane teo navIna prakAranuM mAnasa keLavI rahyA hatA. kAramA bhUkhamarAne kAraNe kArakhAnAMomAM kheMcAI AvelA kheDUte ane kArIgare karatAM A majUro bilakula bhinna hatA. A kArakhAnAMo UbhAM karavAmAM iMglaDe AgevAnI lIdhI hatI eTale odyogika majUrone navA varga Ubho karanAra paNa e prathama deza hate. kArakhAnAM mAMhenI sthiti kamakamATI upajAve evI hatI ane A majUra varganAM jhUMpaDAM athavA gholakAMo te ethIye kharAba hatAM. temanI dazA atizaya karuNAjanaka hatI. nAnAM bALake tathA strIone ApaNe mAnI na zakIe eTalA badhA kalAka sudhI kAma karavuM paDatuM. Ama chatAM kArakhAnAM tathA majUranAM gharamAM kAyadAthI sudhAro karavAnA hareka prayAsone mAlike tanateDa virodha karatA hatA. Ama karavuM e milakatanA hakamAM nirlajaja dakhalarUpa nathI ? ema kahevAmAM AvatuM. A ja muddA upara khAnagI gharane pharajiyAta rIte sApha karAvavAnI bAbatano paNa virodha karavAmAM AvatuM. gajA uparavaTanA kAma tathA dhImA bhUkhamarAthI garIba bicArA aMgreja majUro marI rahyA hatA. nepoliyana sAthenA vigraha bAda deza sAva nAdAra thaI gayuM hatuM ane sarvatra Arthika maMdInuM bhejuM pharI vaLyuM hatuM. majUravargane ene lIdhe sauthI vizeSa veThavuM paDyuM. svAbhAvika rIte ja kArakhAnAMnA majUre potAnAM maMDaLa racIne te dvArA pitAnuM rakSaNa karavA tema ja temanI sthiti sudhAravA mAgatA hatA. paraMtu ema karatAM temane aTakAvavAmAM AvyA. iMglaMDano zAsakavarga phrAMsanI kAMtithI eTale badhe bhayabhIta thaI gayo hato ke, garIba bicArA majUre sabhAmAM ekatra maLIne pitAnAM duHkho tathA phariyAdonI carcA kare te aTakAvavA. mATe kAyadA ghaDavAmAM AvyA. A kAyadAone "saMmelananA kAyadAo.' kahevAmAM AvatA. "kAyade ane vyavasthA ne siddhAMta Aje jema hiMdamAM che tema te samaye iMglaMDamAM je mUThIbhara leke sattA upara hoya temanI nema pAra pADavAnuM tathA temanAM gajavAM tara karavAnuM bahu upayogI kArya bajAvatA hatA. paraMtu majUrone sabhAmAM ekatra thatA rekavAnA kAyadAthI paristhiti sudharI nahi. ethI te UlaTA teo uttejita thayA ane jIva para AvI gayA. temaNe gupta maMDaLe bAMdhyAM, pitAnI vAta gupta rAkhavAnI paraspara pratijJA lIdhI

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871 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana ane madharAtane samaye ekAMta sthAne tee sabhA bharavA lAgyA. kAI vizvAsaghAta karIne bAtamI ApatuM athavA te temane zeAdhI kADhavAmAM AvatA tyAre kAvatarAMnA Aropa mATe temanA upara mukaddamA cAlatA ane bhISaNa sajAe karavAmAM AvatI. A majUre gusse bharAI ne keTalIka vakhata yaMtre bhAMgI nAkhatA to kAI vAra kArakhAnAne Aga lagADatA ane potAnA mAlikAnuM khUna paNa karI besatA. Akhare 1825nI sAlamAM majUronAM maDaLA sAmenA pratibadhA amuka aMze dUra karavAmAM AvyA ane majUra mahAjane racAvA lAgyAM. jemane kaMIka ThIka pagAra maLato hatA evA kasakhI majUroe A mahAjanA athavA maMDaLA bAMdhyAM, kAi paNa jAtanA kasaba na jANanAra aNudhaDa majUro te lAMbA samaya sudhI asaMgaThita ja rahyA. majUranI caLavaLe Ama sAmudAyika kArya dvArA majUronI sthiti sudhAravA mATe racAyelAM majUra mahAjanonuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. haDatAla pADavI eTale ke, kAma baMdha karavuM ane e rIte kArakhAnAne niSkriya banAvI devuM e ja majUronuM eka mAtra asarakAraka hathiyAra hatuM. alabata e bahu bhAre hathiyAra hatuM paNa temane rejI ApanAra mAlikA pAse ethIye vadhAre zaktizALI hathiyAra hatuM; te e ke majUrone bhUkhe mArIne te temane vaza karI zake ema hatuM. ethI karIne majUrAne potAnI laDatamAM bhAre bhegA ApavA paDacA ane tene lAbha bahu dhIme maLyA. A rIte temanI lar3ata AgaLa dhapI. pArlAmenTamAM temane sIdhA avAja nahatA kemake temane matAdhikAra sarakhA paNu maLyo nahAtA. jenA bahu bhAre virodha karavAmAM AvyA hatA te 1832nI sAlanA mahattvanA 'rIkaoNme" eTale ke sudhArAe mAtra sArI sthitinA madhyama varganA lokone matAdhikAra ApyA hatA. e khIlathI majUrone tA matAdhikAra na ja maLyA paNa sAdhAraNa sthitinA madhyama varganA lokone paNa matAdhikAra na maLyo. daramyAna maeNcesTaranA kArakhAnA--mAlikAmAM eka thALu puruSa pedA thayA. mANasajAta mATe tene bhAre hamadardI hatI ane majUronI trAsajanaka dazA joIne tene bhAre AdhAta thayA. A puruSanuM nAma raoNbarTa evana hatuM. teNe potAnAM kArakhAnAMomAM ghaNA sudhArA dAkhala karyAM ane potAnA majUronI sthiti sudhArI. teNe kArakhAnadArAnA potAnA vargamAM paNa caLavaLa calAvI ane majUrA pratye vadhAre sAro vartAva rAkhavA mATe temane samajAvyA. kaIka aze enA prayAseAne lIdhe briTiza pAmenTa mAlikeAnA lAbha ane svAvRttimAMthI majUrAne ugAravA mATe pahelavahelA kAyado pasAra karyAM. A 1819nA kArakhAnAne kAyado hatA. A kAyadAnA eka niyama evA hatA ke nava varasanAM nAnAM bALakA pAsethI eka divasamAM 12 kalAkathI vadhAre kAma na levuM. majUronI sthiti daivI bhayAnaka hatI tene tane A uparathI kaMIka khyAla Avaze.

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samAjavAdane udaya ema kahevAya che ke, 1830 nI sAlanA arasAmAM robarTa evane seziyAlijhama eTale ke samAjavAda zabda pahelavahele vAparyo hato. garIba ane tavaMgara vaccenI asamAnatA dUra karavAno tathA milakatanI kaMIka aMze samAna vaheMcaNIne khyAla kaMI na nahote. bhUtakALamAM ghaNA lokoe enI himAyata karI hatI. prAcIna samayamAM samAjanI AraMbhanI dazAmAM te eka prakAranI sAmyavAdI vyavasthA pravartatI hatI. te samaye jamIna tema ja bIjI milakta upara AkhA gAma ke samUhanI sahiyArI mAlikI hatI. A sthitine prAcIna kALane sAmyavAda kahevAmAM Ave che. hindustAna tema ja bIjA dezamAM te Aje paNa jovA maLe che. paraMtu A navA samAjavAdamAM badhA lokone samAnatAnA dhAraNa upara mUkavAnI anizcita ane aspaSTa icchA karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre hatuM. A samAjavAda vadhAre cokkasa ane nizcita hato ane utpAdananI navI kArakhAnA paddhatine lAgu pADavA mATe te yojAyo hato. A rIte te utpAdananI audyogika vyavasthAnI pedAza hate. ovanane khyAla evo hato ke majUronI sahakArI maMDaLIo hovI joIe tathA kArakhAnAMomAM temano bhAga he joIe. iMglaMDa tathA amerikAmAM teNe Adarza kArakhAnAMo tathA vasAhata sthApI ane temAM tene thoDeghaNe aMze saphaLatA maLI. paraMtu pitAnA varganA kArakhAnAnA mAlikonuM ke sarakAranuM mAnasa pheravavAmAM te niSphaLa nIvaDyo. paraMtu tenA samayamAM tenI asara bahu bhAre hatI. vaLI teNe "seziyAlijhama" eTale ke samAjavAda zabdane pracalita karyo che tyArathI karaDe lekonA mana upara jAduI asara karato rahyo che. A badhA samaya daramyAna mUDIvAdI udyoga vadhatA ja jatA hatA ane jema jema temane vadhu ne vadhu saphaLatA maLatI gaI tema tema majUra vargane prazna paNa vadhAre ugra banate gaye. mUDIvAdane pariNAme utpAdana uttarottara vadhatuM ja gayuM ane ene lIdhe vasatI atizaya jhaDapathI vadhI gaI kemake have pahelAMnA karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre mANasone kAma tathA kherAka maLI zake ema hatuM. moTA moTA rojagAre khIlyA. e rojagAranI aneka zAkhAo hatI ane te badhI zAkhAo vacce jaTila prakArane sahakAra cAlato hato. paNa bIjI bAju nAnA rojagAronI harIphAIne cagadI nAkhavAmAM AvI, IMglaMDamAM saMpattine dhedha vahevA lAgyo paNa tene mATe bhAga navAM kArakhAnAM UbhAM karavAmAM, relave bAMdhavAmAM ane evA bIjA rAjagAre khIlavavAmAM vaparAye. majUree haDatAla pADIne pitAnI sthitimAM sudhAra karAvavAno prayAsa karyo. paNa sAmAnya rIte te ghaNIkharI haDatAlane karuNa niSphaLatAmAM aMta Avate. pachIthI 1840nI sAlamAM majUre cArTisTa caLavaLamAM joDAyA. A cArTisTa caLavaLa paNa 1848nI sAlamAM paDI bhAgI.

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jagatanA itihAsanu rekhAdarzana < mUDIvAdanI saphaLatAe lekAne chaka karI dIdhA hatA ema chatAM paNa tyAM AgaLa theDA evA uddAma sudhArakA athavA pragatipoSaka vicAra dharAvanArAo athavA jene ApaNe mAnavahatavAdI kahI zakIe evA lekA paNa hatA. dezanI dolata uttarAttara vadhatI jatI hovA chatAM tyAM AgaLa cAlI rahelI hatyArI spardhA tathA temAMthI pedA thatI leAkeAnI hADamArI ane yAtanAo joIne teo duHkhI thatA hatA. iMglaMDa, phrAMsa tathA jamanImAM A lokoe mUDIvAdI vyavasthAnuM sthAna le evI bIjI judI judI vyavasthA vicArI kADhI. e badhIne soziyAlijhama ' ( samAjavAda) kaleTivijhama ' ( samaSTivAda ) athavA soziyala Demai!*sI ' ( sAmAjizna leAkazAhI ) vagere nAmeAthI oLakhAvavAmAM AvI. A pratyeka zabdane lagabhaga sarakhA ja artha thAya che. udyogeAnI vyaktigata mAlikI tathA niya MtraNa e badhI hADamArInuM mULa e bAbatamAM badhA sudhArA sAmAnya rIte ekamata hatA. jo ene badale e badhAnI athavA ochAmAM ochuM jamIna ane mukhya udyogo jevAM utpAdananAM pradhAna sAdhanAnI mAlakI tathA niya MtraNa rAjyanA hAthamAM hoya to majUra vanA zASaNano bhaya na rahe. A pramANe kaIka aspaSTa rIte lekA mUDIvAdI prathAne badale khIjI samAjavyavasthAne vicAra karI rahyA hatA. paNa mUDIvAdI vyavasthA taratAtarata paDI bhAge ema nahetuM. e te dinapratidina baLavAna thatI jatI hatI. 84 A samAjavAdI vicArAnA pracAra karanAra zikSitava hato. paNa raoNbarTa evananI bAbatamAM te e vicArene pracAra karanAra eka kArakhAnAnA mAlika hato. majUronA mahAjaneAnI pravRtti theADA vakhata sudhI te| bhinna bhinna dizAomAM pragati karatI rahI. tene uddeza kevaLa majUrInA daro vadhAravAne *tema ja majUronI sthiti sudhAravA pUratA ja hatA. paraMtu svAbhAvika rIte ja A samAjavAdI vicArAnI tenA upara asara paDI ane pariNAme e pravRttie samAjavAdanA vikAsamAM kALA ApyA. iMgleMDa, phrAMsa tathA jarmanI vagere yuropanA AgaLa paDatA dezomAM te te dezanA majUronI tAkAta tathA temanI prakRti anusAra kaMIka judI judI rIte samAjavAdanA vikAsa thayA. eka dare jotAM iMgleMDanA samAjavAda sthiticusta ane kaMIka meLe hatA ane baMdhAraNIya mArga dhIme dhIme pragati sAdhavAmAM tene vizvAsa hatA jyAre yuropakhaMDanA dezane samAjavAda uddAma ane krAMtivAdI hatA. dezanA bhAre vistAra tathA majUrAnI mAMgane kAraNe amerikAmAM paristhiti sAva judI ja hatI eTale tyAM AgaLa lAMbA vakhata sudhI baLavAna majUra caLavaLa jAmI nahi. 19mI sadInA vacagALAthI mAMDIne eka peDhI sudhI iMgleMDanA udyogAnuM sArI duniyA upara prabhutva rahyuM ane vepArojagAranA nA tathA hiMda ane

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samAjavAdane udaya 875 tAbAnA bIjA dezonA zeSaNane kAraNe tyAM AgaLa saMpattine dhedha vaheto rahyo. A aDhaLaka delatane amuka hisso majUrone paNa maLyo ane pariNAme temanuM jIvananuM dheraNa pahelAM temaNe kadI na anubhaveluM eTaluM UMcuM thayuM. samRddhi ane krAMti e be vacce kazuM sAmAnya tatva nathI; eTale iMglaMDanA majUrane krAMti mATe pahelAMne jusse adazya thaI gaye. IMgleMDane samAjavAda paNa atizaya meLo banI gaye. zatrune sIdhI laData na ApatAM tene dhIme dhIme thakavI mAravAnI phebiyasa nAmanA prAcIna remanA eka senApatinI laDAInI vyuharacanA uparathI e phobiyana samAjavAda tarIke oLakhAyA. 1867nI sAlamAM iMglaMDamAM matAdhikAranuM kSetra vistRta karavAmAM AvyuM ane zaheranA keTalAka majUrane mata ApavAno haka prApta thayuM. majUra mahAjano eTalAM badhAM AbAda ane zANuM banI gayAM hatAM ke majUronA mate IMglaMDanI libarala pATane (vinIta pakSane) maLavA lAgyA. jyAre IgleMDa bhAre AbAdIne kAraNe bharyuMbhAyuM ane AtmasaMtuSTa banI gayuM hatuM tyAre yurepa khaMDamAM eka navI ja vicArasaraNane protsAhana ane Teke maLI rahyAM hatAM. A navIna vicArasaraNa athavA siddhAMta te arAjakatAvAda. ene viSe kazuMye na jANanAra le ke e zabdathI bhaDake che. arAjakatAvAdane artha e che ke, banI zake tyAM sudhI samAjamAM hakUmata karanAra kendrastha sarakAra na joIe ane samAjanI pratyeka vyaktine moTA pramANamAM svataMtratA maLavI joIe. arAjakatAvAdane Adarza atizaya unnata hate. arAjakatAvAda eTale "paropakAra, aikya tathA bIjAonA hakko pratyenA svecchApUrvakanA Adara ItyAdinA pAyA upara racAyeluM lakataMtra.' rAjya taraphanA koI paNa prakAranA dabANa ke baLajabarIne emAM sthAna nahotuM. thare nAmanA eka amerikane kahyuM che ke, "je bilakula zAsana nathI karatI te sarakAra uttama che ane jyAre manuSyo ene mATe yogya banaze tyAre temane evA ja prakAranI sarakAra prApta thaze." samAjanI pratyeka vyakti saMpUrNapaNe svataMtra heya, dareka jaNa bIjA badhAnA adhikAra pratye Adara dAkhave, sarvatra niHsvArthatAnuM vAtAvaraNa hoya tathA paraspara svecchApUrvakano sahakAra heya - e Adarza te bahu ja suMdara lAge che. paraMtu svArthavRtti ane hiMsAthI bharelI AjanI duniyA te enAthI bahu dUra che. kendrIya sarakAra hovI ja na joIe athavA te heya te ochAmAM ochuM zAsana karanArI hevI joIe e prakAranI arAjakatAvAdIonI mAgaNI leke niraMkuza ane Apakhuda rAjyataMtra nIce lAMbA vakhatathI pIDAI rahyA hatA tene pariNAme udabhavI hovI joIe. rAjyataMtre temane cagadI nAkhyA hatA tathA temanA upara bhAre trAsa vartAvyuM hatuM eTale temane lAgyuM ke

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$ jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana rAjyataMtra hAvuM ja na joi e. vaLI arAjakatAvAdIone ema lAgatuM hatuM ke kAI paNa prakAranA samAjavAdamAM paNa rAjya e utpAdananAM badhAM sAdhanAnuM mAlika banavAnuM eTale te pote paNa Apakhuda banavAnA sabhava che. Ama arAjakatAvAdI eka prakAranA samAjavAdI hatA paraMtu teo sthAnika tema ja vyaktinI svataMtratA upara atizaya bhAra mUkatA hatA. moTA bhAganA samAjavAdI paNa arAjakatAvAdIonA matane dUranA bhaviSyanA Adarza tarIke svIkAravA taiyAra hatA paraMtu vacagALAnA samayamAM thoDA vakhata mATe to samAjavAdamAM paNa baLavAna ane kendrIya rAjyataMtranI AvazyakatA che evI temanI mAnyatA hatI. Ama, samAjavAda ane arAjakatAvAda vacce bhAre taphAvata hatA e kharuM paraMtu ubhaya keTalIka bAbatomAM saMmata hatA. Adhunika hunnara-udyogone pariNAme sa Mgati majUrava pedA thayA. arAjakatAvAda enA mULabhUta siddhAMtene kAraNe ja vyavasthita rIte saMgati caLavaLa na banI zakI. jyAM AgaLa majUra mahAjane ane evI bIjI saMsthA vikasatI hatI tevA udyogapradhAna dezamAM arAjakatAvAdI vicAronA phelAvA na thaI zakyo. Ama iMglaMDa tema ja jarmanImAM jhAjhA arAjakatAvAdIo nahAtA. paraMtu dakSiNa tathA pUrva yuropanA hunnara-udyogomAM pachAta rahelA dezo A vicAronA phelAvA mATe vadhAre rasALa bhUmirUpa nIvaDyA. paraMtu dakSiNa tema ja pUrvanA dezomAM paNa jema jema hunnara-udyogA khIlatA gayA tema tema tyAM paNa arAjakatAvAda kSINa thatA gayA. Aje to e siddhAMta lagabhaga mRtaprAya thaI gayA che paraMtu spena jevA hunnara-udyoga rahita dezamAM kaMIka aMze hajI paNa enuM nAmanizAna rahyuM che. eka Adarza tarIke arAjakatAvAda bhale bahu suMdara heAya paraMtu eNe, kevaLa sahejamAM uttejita thaI jAya tevA tathA asaMtuSTa lAkAne ja nahi paNa e umadA AdarzonA eTA nIce potAne svArtha sAdhI levAnA prayAsa karanArA lekeAne paNa Azraya Apyo. vaLI eNe evA prakAranI hiMsA pedA karI jene kAraNe enI bhAre badanAmI thaI. Aje paNa arAjakatAvAdanuM nAma letAMveMta lekeAnA manamAM e hiMsAnuM smaraNa tAjuM thAya che. temanI marajI mujaba samAjanuM parivartana karavAmAM niSphaLa nIvaDatAM keTalAka arAjakatAvAdIoe tenA pracAra karavAnA eka vicitra prakAranA upAya ajamAvavAnA saMkalpa karyAM, A upAya * kArya dvArA pracAra karavA 'nA hatA. e anusAra bahAdurIthI damananA virodha karIne tathA potAnA prANanI Ahuti ApIne vIratAbhayu" dRSTAMta rajU karI te samAja upara asara karavA dhAratA. A bhAvanAthI prerAI ne aneka sthaLeAe temaNe khaDa karAvyAM, jemaNe emAM bhAga lIdhe te tatkALa saphaLatAnI apekSA nahAtA rAkhatA. potAnA dhyeyane khAtara A vicitra prakAro

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samAjavAdane udaya pracAra karavAne arthe temaNe potAnA jIvananuM jokhama vahevuM. alabata, e baDe te zamAvI devAmAM AvyAM paraMtu tyAra pachI vyaktigata arAjakatAvAdIoe trAsavAdane Azare levA mAMDyo. temaNe baoNmba pheMkavA mAMDyA tathA rAjAo ane ucca darajajAnA amaladArone geLIthI ThAra karavAnuM zarU karyuM. A bevakUphIbharI hiMsA dekhItI rIte ja temanI ghaTatI jatI tAkAta ane nirAzAnA cihnarUpa hatI. dhIme dhIme 19mI sadInA aMta sudhImAM arAjaktAvAdane eka caLavaLa tarIke aMta Avyo. baeNba pheMkavAnI paddhati tathA kArya dvArA pracAra"nI rItane moTA bhAganA AgevAna arAjakatAvAdIoe nApasaMda karI eTaluM ja nahi paNa temaNe tene inkAra karyo. keTalAka suprasiddha arAjakatAvAdIonAM nAma huM tane jaNAvIza. e vastu khAsa lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che ke, moTA bhAganA A arAjakatAvAdI AgevAno temanA khAnagI jIvanamAM atizaya namra, AdarzavAdI ane prItipAtra puruSo hatA. zarUAtanA arAjakatAvAdIone netA yuoNma nAmano eka phAMsavAsI hatA. te 180thI 1865nI sAla sudhI jIvyo hato. enAthI uMmaramAM kaMIka nAne mAIkala bAkunIna nAmane raziyana umarAva hate. te yuropanA ane khAsa karIne dakSiNa yuropanA majUrone lokapriya netA hate. kArla mArkasa sAthe tene jhaghaDe thaye ane teNe tene tathA tenA anuyAyIone pite sthApelA AMtararASTrIya saMdhamAMthI kADhI mUkyA. trIje arAjaktAvAdI prinsa kaoNpoTakIna paNa raziyAno umarAva hato. tene te ApaNA jamAnAne ja gaNI zakAya. teNe arAjakatAvAda tema ja bIjA viSaya upara bahu suMdara pustaka lakhyAM che. cothuM ane chelluM nAma enarIke mAlAdeTAnuM che. te ITAlInA vatanI che. tenI uMmare 80 karatAM paNa vadhAre varasanI che ane te 19mI sadInA mahAna arAjakatAvAdIone chelle avazeSa che. mAlA TesTa viSe eka bahu majAnI vAta che je mAre tane kahevI joIe. ITAlImAM eka adAlatamAM tenA upara mukadame calAvavAmAM AvyuM. temAM sarakArI vakIle evI dalIla karI ke te pradezanA majUravargamAM mAlAsTane bahu bhAre prabhAva che ane tene pariNAme temanuM cAritrya sAva badalAI gayuM che. temanAmAMthI gunegAra vRtti bilakula nirmULa thaI gaI che ane gunAonuM pramANa atizaya ghaTI gayuM che. je gunAo bilakula baMdha thaI jAya te pachI . adAlate karaze zuM? eTale mAlAsTane kedamAM pUrI devo joIe ! ane sAce ja e gunA mATe tene cha mAsanI kedanI zikSA pharamAvavAmAM AvI hatI. | durbhAgye, arAjakatAvAdane hiMsA sAthe vadhAre paDate saMDovavAmAM AvyA che; ane leke e hakIkta bhUlI gayA che ke e te eka philasUphI athavA Adarza che ane sArA sArA ghaNuM mANasa upara teNe asara pADI che.

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8M, jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ApaNI AjanI apUrNa duniyAne khyAla karatAM Adarza tarIke paNa e ApaNAthI bahu dUra che ane ApaNe Adhunika sudhAre eTale badhe jaTila ane aTapaTe che ke ATalA sIdhA sAdA upAyathI ene ukela karI zakAya ema nathI. 133. kArla mAkarsa ane majUronA saMgaThanane vikAsa 14 phebruArI, 173 1lmI sadInA vacagALAmAM yuropanA majUravarga tathA samAjavAdI duniyAmAM eka ne ane prabhAvazALI puruSa AgaLa Avyo. A puruSa te kArla mAkarsa enA nAmano ullekha A patramAM AgaLa thaI cUkyo che. te jarmane yahUdI hatA ane 1818nI sAlamAM jamyo hato. teNe kAyade, tatvajJAna tathA ItihAsanuM adhyayana karyuM hatuM. teNe eka chApuM kADhavuM hatuM ane tene lIdhe te jarmana sattAdhIzenI sAthe athaDAmaNamAM Avyo. pachI te perisa gaye. tyAM AgaLa te navA mANasonA paricayamAM Avyo ane arAjakatAvAda, samAjavAda vagere navA viSayanAM pustake teNe vAMcyAM ane pariNAme te samAjavAdI vicArono puraskartA bane. ahIMyAM te iMglaMDamAM jaI vaselA ane tyAM AgaLa sutarAu kApaDanA khIlatA jatA udyogamAM dhanika kArakhAnadAra banelA phreDarika enjalsa nAmanA eka jarmananA samAgamamAM AvyuM. enjalsa paNa pracalita sAmAjika paristhitithI duHkhI ane asaMtuSTa thayuM hatuM ane pitAnI AsapAsa pravartI rahelAM zeSaNa tathA dAridranA ilAje zodhavAmAM tenuM mana parovAyuM hatuM. ovananA vicAre tathA paristhiti sudhAravAnA tenA prayAsee tenA upara asara karI hatI ane te evanano anuyAyI banyuM hatuM. te perisa gayo tyAre kArla mAkarsa jeDe tene pahelavahele meLApa thayo. ene pariNAme tenA vicAre badalAyA. mArksa ane enjalsa hamezane mATe dilejAna mitra ane sahakAryakartA banI gayA. baMnenA vicAre eka ja hatA ane samAna dhyeya prApta karavA mATe baMnee sAthe maLI mana mUkIne kArya karavA mAMDayuM. uMmaramAM paNa teo baMne lagabhaga sarakhA hatA. temano sahakAra eTale badhA nikaTane hatuM ke temaNe bahAra pADelAM ghaNuMkharAM pustake baMnee maLIne lakhelAM hatAM. te vakhatanI krAMsanI sarakAre - te vakhate tyAM lUI philIpane amala cAlu hata-mAkarsane perisamAMthI hAMkI kADhyo pachI te laMDana gaye ane tyAM ghaNAM varasa sudhI rahyo. ahIM te briTiza myujhiyamanA pustakAlayamAM abhyAsa karavAmAM garaka thaI gaye. abhyAsamAM teNe bhAre jahemata uThAvI ane pitAnA

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kAla mANasa ane majUronA saMgaThanane vikAsa 879 siddhatine saMpUrNa banAvyA. pachI teNe e viSe lakhavAno AraMbha karyo. paraMtu te duniyAnA sAmAnya vyavahArathI aLagA rahI navA navA siddhAMta upajAvanAra kevaLa eka adhyApaka yA te tattvaciMtaka nahote. samAjavAdanI caLavaLanI aspaSTa vicArasaraNIne teNe vikasAvI ane tene nizcita svarUpa ApyuM tathA tenI samakSa nizcita ane cakkasa vicAre ane dhyeya rajU karyA eTaluM ja nahi paNa e caLavaLa tathA majUranuM saMgaThana karavAmAMye teNe sakriya ane AgaLa paDate bhAga lIdhe. 1848nI sAlamAM -e varasamAM yuropamAM Thera Thera krAMti phATI nIkaLI hatI banelA banAvoe svAbhAvika rIte ja tenA mana upara bhAre asara karI. e ja sAlamAM mAkarsa tathA enjalsa baMnee maLIne eka jAheranAmuM bahAra pADayuM. e sAmyavAdI jAheranAmA (kamyunisTa meniphesTo) tarIke oLakhAyuM ane jagamazahUra banyuM. emAM temaNe krAMsanI mahAna krAMti tathA te pachI 1830 ane 1848nI sAlamAM thayelAM baMDanA mULamAM rahelA khyAlanI carcA karI che tathA e khyAla te samayanI pracalita paristhiti mATe adhUrA che tathA tenI sAthe susaMgata nathI ema batAvI ApyuM che. emAM temaNe te samaye pracalita thayelI svataMtratA, samAnatA tathA bhrAtRbhAvanI lekazAsanavAdI ghoSaNAonI samAlocanA karI che ane batAvI ApyuM che ke emane Ama varganI sAthe kazI levAdevA nathI; e ghoSaNAo te kevaLa madhyamavagI rAjyanA eka rUpALA AchAdana samAna che. pachI temaNe samAjavAdanI temanI pitAnI vicArasaraNI TUMkamAM rajU karI che ane sau majUrone A pramANenI hAkala karIne pitAnuM jAheranAmuM pUruM karyuM che: samagra duniyAnA kAmadAre ekatra thAo. tamAre tamArI jaMjIra sivAya bIjuM kazuM gumAvavAnuM nathI ane AkhI duniyA sara karavAnI che!' A sakriya kArya mATenI hAkala hatI. e pachI mAkarse chApAmAM lekhe lakhIne tathA copAniyAo dvArA avirata pracAra karavA mAMDayo tathA judA judA majUra saMghane ekatra karavAnA prayatno AraMbhyA. yuropamAM bhAre kaTokaTI najadIka AvI rahI che evuM tene lAgatuM hatuM. AthI tene pUrepUro lAbha uThAvI zakAya eTalA mATe majUre taiyAra rahe evuM te cakAto hato. tenA samAjavAdI siddhAMta anusAra mUDIvAdI vyavasthAne pariNAme kaTokaTI anivArya hatI. 1854nI sAlamAM nyU yekanA eka chApAmAM lakhatAM mAkarsa jaNAve che ke, "Ama chatAMye yuropamAM chaThThI sattA paNa che te ApaNe bhUlavuM na joIe. e sattA keTalAka prasaMge kahevAtI pAMca "mahAna sattAo" upara paNa prabhutva dharAve che ane te badhIne thatharAvI mUke che. A sattA te krAMti. lAMbA samaya sudhI ekAMtavAsa sevyA pachI bhUkhamare ane kaTokaTI bharI sthitine kAraNe pharI pAchI te raNakSetra upara AvIne UbhI che. . . . have to eka izArAnI jarUra rahI che. e izAre maLatAM veMta olimpika parvatanA zikhara upara vasatI minanI peThe A chaThThI ane yuropanI

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880 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sauthI baLavAna sattA cakita bakhatara paherI, hAthamAM talavAra dhAraNa karI AgaLa Avaze. yuropa upara jhajhUmI raheluM yuddha e izAro Apaze." yuropa upara jhajhumI rahelI krAMtinI bAbatamAM mAkarsanI bhaviSyavANI sAcI na paDI. teNe A lakhyA pachI yuropanA eka bhAgamAM krAMti thatAM 60 karatA vadhAre varasa lAgyAM ane te paNa eka vizvayuddha tenI vahAre dhAyuM tyAra pachI ja. ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM chIe ke, 1871nI sAlamAM perisa kamyunane krAMtikAraka akhatare ghAtakI rIte kacarI nAkhavAmAM Avyo hate. 1864nI sAlamAM mAkarse laMDanamAM pacaraMgI le konI pariSada bharI. emAM aneka daLo hatAM ane te sau kaMIka aspaSTapaNe pitAne samAjavAdI kahevaDAvatAM hatAM. emAMnA keTalAka yurepanA pararAjyanI dhUMsarI nIcenA dezanA rASTrabhakto ane samAjavAdIo hatA. teo te pitAnA dezanI tAtkAlika AjhAdI prApta karavAnI bAbatamAM vadhAre rasa dharAvatA hatA ane samAjavAdamAM temane jhAjhI zraddhA nahotI; jyAre bIjI bAju temAM keTalAka arAjakatAvAdIo hatA jeo tAtkAlika laData upADavAne utsuka hatA. e pariSadamAM mArsa uparAMta bIje bhAre prabhAvazALI puruSa arAjakatAvAdI AgevAna bAkunIne hate. te keTalAye varasenA sAIberiyAnA kArAvAsamAMthI traNeka varaso upara chaTakyo hate. ITAlI ane spena jevA udyogamAM pachAta dakSiNa yurepanA dezomAMthI bAkunInanA anuyAyIo AvyA hatA. teo pracalita samAjavyavasthAmAM jemane sthAna maLyuM nahatuM evA bekAra buddhijIvIo tathA bhaLatA ja prakAranA krAMtivAdIo hatA. mAkarsanA anuyAyIo jyAM AgaLa majUronI sthiti kaMIka ThIka hatI evA audyogika deze ane khAsa karIne jarmanImAMthI AvyA hatA. Ama mArsa kaMIka sArI sthitinA ane saMgaThita tathA pragati karI rahelA majUra varganuM pratinidhitva dharAvatuM hatuM, jyAre bAkunIna kaMgALa ane asaMgati majUre tathA buddhijIvIo ane asaMtuSTa lekane pratinidhi hatuM. mArsa kArya upADavAnI ghaDI Ave-je prasaMga cheDA ja vakhatamAM AvavAnI te apekSA rAkhatA ho - tyAM sudhI dhIrajapUrvaka majUronuM saMgaThana karavAnA tathA temane pitAnA samAjavAdI siddhAMtanuM zikSaNa ApavAnA matano hate. bAkunIna ane tenA anuyAyIo tarata ja kArya upADavAnA matanA hatA. e pariSadamAM ekaMdare mArsanI jIta thaI, ane "AMtararASTrIya maMjUra saMghanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. majUrane A prathama AMtararASTrIya saMgha hate. traNa varasa pachI, 1867nI sAlamAM mAkarsane mahAna graMtha "kepiTala' jarmana bhASAmAM prakaTa thaye. laMDanamAM teNe aneka varasa sudhI karelI satata mahenatanA pariNAmarUpa e graMtha hate. emAM eNe arthazAstranA pracalita siddhAMtanuM pRthakkaraNa karIne temanI samAlocanA karI che tathA pitAnA samAjavAdI

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kAla mAlasa ane majUrepanA saMgaThanane vikAsa 89 siddhati laMbANathI samajAvyA che. e kevaLa zAstrIya graMtha che. AdarzavAda ane aspaSTatAne saMpUrNapaNe tyAga karIne taTasthatAthI ane zAstrIya rIte teNe ItihAsa tathA arthazAstranA vikAsanuM nirUpaNa karyuM che. khAsa karIne teNe pracaMDa yaMtrone pariNAme ubhavelI audyogika sabhyatAnA vikAsanI carcA karI che ane temAMthI vikAsa yA utkrAMti, ItihAsa tathA manuSyasamAjamAM cAlatA vargavigraha aMge keTalAMka dUragAmI anumAno tAravyAM che. ethI karIne mAkarsane A cekasa ane tarkazuddha samAjavAda te samaye pracalita aspaSTa, gaganavihArI " ane "AdarzavAdI" samAjavAdane mukAbale vaijJAnika samAjavAda kahevAya. mAkarsane graMtha "kepiTala" kaMI saheluM sAduM pustaka nathI. sAce ja enAthI agharA pustakanI kalpanA karavI muzkela che. paraMtu asaMkhya lokonI vicArasaraNI upara asara karI temanI samagra mAnyatA badalI e rIte manuSyanI pragati sAdhavAmAM phALo ApanAra gaNyAgAMThayAM pustakomAMnuM e eka che. 1871nI sAlamAM "perisa kamyuna'nI karUNa ghaTanA banI. ghaNuM karIne e pahelavahelo irAdApUrvaka samAjavAdI baLave hate. enAthI yuropanI sarakAre bhaDakI gaI ane pariNAme majUranI caLavaLa pratye te vadhAre kaDaka banI. bIje varase mAkarse sthApita karelA AMtara rASTrIya majUra saMghanI sabhA maLI ane tenuM mukhya mathaka nyU yaoNrka khAte pheravavAmAM te saphaLa thaye. ema karavAmAM dekhItI rIte ja mArsane Azaya bAMkunInanA arAjakatAvAdI anuyAyIone dUra karavAne hate. vaLI, "perisa kamyuna ne kAraNe gusse bharAyelI yurepanI sarakAranA amala nIcenA sthAnamAM saMghanuM mathaka rAkhavA karatAM te nyU yaoNrka rAkhavuM e mAkarsane vadhAre salAmatI bhareluM lAgyuM hovuM joIe. paraMtu potAnA kendrathI ATale badheka dUra jaIne AMtararASTrIya majUrasaMdha TakI rahe e saMbhavita nahatuM. tenuM sAmartha te yuropamAM raheluM hatuM ane yuropamAM majUra hilacAlanI AkarI kasoTI thaI rahI hatI. eTale majUrone pahele AMtararASTrIya saMdha dhIme dhIme nAmazeSa thaI gayo. mArksavAda athavA te mAkarsane samAjavAda yuropanA samAjavAdIomAM phelAye. khAsa karIne jarmanI tathA osTriyAmAM tene phelAve che. ane tyAM AgaLa te sAmAnya rIte, "sAmAjika lekazAhIne nAme oLakhAye. paraMtu iglaDe mAkarsanA samAjavAda tarapha pitAnuM valaNa dAkhavyuM nahi. e samayanI tenI bhAre samRddhine kAraNe koI paNa pragatizIla sAmAjika vicAre te apanAvI zake ema nahotuM. phebiyana sosAyaTI e iMglaMDanA viziSTa prakAranA samAjavAdanI pratinidhi hatI. tene kAryakrama bahu haLa hato ane dhIme dhIme lAMbe gALe raphAra karavAne tene Azaya hato. paeNrja barnArDa ze paNa phebiyana sesAyaTInA AraMbhanA sabhyamAMne eka hatA. "pragatinI dhImI gati anivArya che' evA

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02 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna sIDanI veba nAmanA eka nAmIcA phaeNbiyananA mazara kathana uparathI AraMbhanA phaeNbiyAnI nItine ApaNane kaMIka khyAla AvI zake. 9 paeNrisa kAmyunanI ghaTanAnI asaramAMthI krAMsane mukta thatAM ane tyAM AgaLa samAjavAda pharIthI sakriya ane baLavAna banatAM khAra varasa lAgyAM. paraMtu A vakhate teNe tyAM AgaLa navuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. e samAjavAda tathA arAjakatAvAdanuM saMkara svarUpa hatuM. e samAjavAda 'siDikaeNlijhama ' eTale ke soMdha vAdanA nAmathI eLakhAya che. phreMca bhASAnA * siMDikeTa ' zabda uparathI e nAma banyuM che. * siDikeTa 'nA artha majUronuM maMDaLa athavA majUra saMdha evA thAya che. samAjavAdanA siddhAMta evA hatA ke, samagra samAjanA pratinidhi tarIke utpAdananAM sAdhanAnI eTale ke jamIna ane kArakhAnAMo vagerenI mAlakI rAjyanI hAvI joIe ane temanA upara rAjyanA kAbU hovA joi e. utpAdyananAM sAdhanA keTalA pramANamAM sAmAjika mAlakInAM karavAM e bAbatamAM thoDAghaNA matabheda hatA. aMgata yA vyaktigata mAlakInAM evAM keTalAMye ojAra ane dharagatu yaMtra hoya che. temane samAjanI mAlakInAM banAvI devAM e te! sAva bekUduM hatuM. paraMtu eka bAbatamAM badhA samAjavAdIe saMmata hatA ke, je kaI vastunA khIjAonI majUrI vaDe aMgata yA vyaktigata naphe karavAmAM upayoga thaI zake te badhI vastuo samAjanI mAlakInI banAvI devI joIe eTale ke temane rAjyanI milakata banAvI devI joie. arAjakatAvAdIonI peThe siDikaeNlisTa' leAkAne eTle ke sadhavAdIone rAjya pratye aNugamA hatA ane tethI teo rAjyanI sattA maryAdita karavA cahAtA hatA. dareka udyoga upara te te udyogamAM kAma karatA majUronA eTale ke temanA saMdha (siDikeTa )ne kAbU hAya evuM mAgatA hatA. temanI kalpanA evI hatI ke dareka udyogane majUra saMdha (siMDikeTa ) dhRtapotAnA pratinidhi cUMTIne madhyastha sabhAmAM mekale. e madhyastha sabhA eka prakAranI pAla menTa ane ane te AkhA dezane lagatI badhI bAbatAne vahIvaTa kare. paraMtu tene udyoganA AMtarika vahIvaTamAM mAthuM mAravAnI sattA na hoya. A paristhiti ANuvA mATe sadhavAdIo sArvatrika haDatAla pADavAnI tathA dezanA vyavahArane sthagita karavAnI ane e rIte potAnA hetu bara lAvavAnI himAyata karatA. mAkarsanA anuyAyIe sadhavAdane bilakula pasada karatA nahAtA. paraMtu vicitra vAta to e che ke sadhavAdIo mAkarsane (tenA maraNa pachI) potAnAmAMnA eka gaNutA, < mAkarsa lagabhaga 50 varasa pUrve 1887nI sAlamAM maraNa pAmyA. e samaya daramyAna iMgleMDa, jarmanI tema ja khIjA audyogika dezamAM baLavAna majUra mahAjane athavA sadhe! UbhA thavA pAmyA hatA. iMgleMDanA udyogenI caDatInA divase vItI gayA hatA ane jarmanI tathA amerikAnI harIphAI te

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kAla mAkarsa ane majUrenA saMgaThanane vikAsa 883 kAraNe temanI paDatI thavA lAgI hatI. amerikAmAM kudaratI anukuLatA bahu bhAre hatI. enI tyAMnA udyogonA jhaDapI vikAsamAM bhAre madada maLI. jarmanImAM rAjakIya ApakhudI (joke kamajora ane namAlI pArlamenTanI tenA upara kaMIka asara hatI.) ane audyogika pragati e bene kaMIka vicitra meLa sadhAya hate. bimArkanI rAhabarI nIcenI jarmana sarakAra tathA te pachInI sarakAroe paNa udyogone aneka rIte sahAya karI hatI ane keTalAka sAmAjika sudhArAono amala karIne majUra vargane pitAne karI levAnI koziza karI hatI. AvA sudhArAothI tyAMnA majUranI sthiti sudharavA pAmI hatI. e ja rIte iMglaMDanA vinItAe paNa sAmAjika sudhArAnA keTalAka kAyadAo pasAra karIne majUranA kAmanA kalAke ghaTADyA ane temanI dazA kaMIka aMze sudhArI. AbAdInA divasomAM te A paddhati saphaLa nIvaDI ane IMglaMDanA majUro narama ane dabAyelA rahyA tathA pArlAmenTanA vinIta sabhyone vaphAdArIpUrvaka pitAnA mata ApatA rahyA. paraMtu 1880nI sAla pachI bIjA dezonI harIphAIe iMglaMDanI AbAdInA lAMbA yugano aMta ANyo. ene lIdhe IMglaMDamAM vepAranI maMdI AvI ane majUranI majUrInA dara ghaTI gayA ethI karIne majadUravargamAM pharIthI jAgRti AvI ane vAtAvaraNamAM krAMtinI bhAvanA prasarI. iMglaMDamAM ghaNuM lekanI najara mAkarsavAda tarapha vaLI. 1889nI sAlamAM majUrone AMtararASTrIya saMdha sthApavAne bIje prayatna thayo. have ghaNuM majUrasaMghe tathA majUrapakSo baLavAna ane sAdhanasaMpanna banyA hatA ane teo pitAnI pravRttine aMge saMkhyAbaMdha pagAradAra amaladAre paNa rAkhatA hatA. 1889nI sAlamAM sthapAyele A AMtararASTrIya saMdha (huM dhAruM chuM ke, te samaye e majUrone samAjavAdI AMtararASTrIya saMgha kahevAtuM hata) bIjA AMtararASTrIya saMdha tarIke oLakhAya che. mahAyuddha AvyuM tyAM sudhI eTale ke, lagabhaga pA sadI te Takyo. e yuddhe tenI kasoTI karI paNa e kaseTImAMthI te pAra UtarI zakyo nahi. e saMghamAM evA ghaNuM leke hatA jemaNe pachIthI potapotAnA dezamAM rAjyanA moTA moTA pedA svIkAryA. keTalAkAe pitAnI pragati sAdhavAmAM majUra hilacAlano upayoga karyo ane pachI tene tyAga karyo. teo vaDA pradhAna banyA, pramukha banyA ane evA evA rAjyanA bIjA UMcA hoddA dhAraNa karyA ane e rIte jIvanamAM saphaLatA prApta karI. jemanI sahAyathI teo AgaLa AvyA hatA tathA jemaNe temanA upara itabAra rAkhyuM hatuM te karoDo lokone temaNe taracheDyA ane jyAMnA tyAM rahevA dIdhA. A badhA AgevAne, jemAMnA keTalAka te potAne mAkarsanA custa anuyAyIo kahevaDAvatA hatA, tathA jahAla saMghavAdIo paNuM pArlAmenTamAM dAkhala thayA athavA te majUrasaMna bhAre pagAradAra adhikArIo

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84 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana banyA. pitAnuM AsAezabharyuM pada cheDIne avicArI kAryomAM jhaMpalAvavAnuM temane mATe have vadhAre ne vadhAre muzkela thatuM gayuM. eTale teo ThaMDA paDI gayA ane jyAre koI paNa ilAja bAkI na rahyo tyAre jIva para AvI jaIne majUravarga krAMtivAdI bane ane kaMIka sakriya pagaluM bharavAnI mAgaNI karavA lAgyo tyAre temaNe tene dAbI rAkhavAnA prayAse AryA. jarmanInA sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIo mahAyuddha pachI tyAMnA prajAtaMtranA pramukha ane cAnselara banyA. kAMsamAM sArvatrika haDatAlanI himAyata karanAra jahAla saMghavAdI briyAM agiyAra vakhata vaDA pradhAna banyo ane pitAnA jUnA sAthIonI haDatAla teNe kacarI nAkhI. iMglaMDamAM rase mekaDonAlDa vaDA pradhAna banyA ane tene e sthitie lAvanAra majUra pakSane teNe tyAga karyo. svIDana, DenmArka, bejiyama ane osTriyA vagere dezomAM paNa ema ja banyuM. jeo pitAnI AraMbhanI kArakirdImAM samAjavAdI hatA evA saramukhatyAre tathA sattArUDha banI beThelA lakathI pazcima yuropa Aje bharapUra che. vakhata jatAM e leke meLA paDyA ane dhyeya mATe pitAne zarUAtane utsAha teo bhUlI gayA eTaluM ja nahi paNa keTalIka vAra te teo potAnA jUnA sAthIonI paNa sAme paDayA. iTAlIne kartAhartA muselInI pahelAM samAjavAdI hata; pilenDane saramukhatyAra pisukkI paNa samAjavAdI hato. tenA netAo ane AgevAno kAryakartAo A rIte temanI pAsethI khasI gayA tethI majUra caLavaLa tema ja rASTrIya AjhAdInI ghaNIkharI caLavaLone hAni pahoMcI che. thoDA vakhata pachI majUro thAkI jAya che ane phateha na maLavAne kAraNe kaMTALI jAya che; ane zahIdInI pikaLa kItinuM temane lAMbA kALa sudhI AkarSaNa rahetuM nathI. teo ThaMDA paDI jAya che ane temanA utsAhanuM jema maMda paDe che. emAMnA keTalAka vadhAre paDatA mahattvAkAMkSI ane anItimAna leke sAmA pakSamAM bhaLI jAya che ane jemane teo Aja sudhI virodha karatA AvyA hatA tathA jemanI sAthe laDyAjhaghaDyA hatA temanI je te vyaktigata samajUtI upara Ave che. mANasa je kaMI karavA cahAta heya te bAbatamAM pitAnA aMtarAtmAnuM sAMtvana karavuM e te sahela vAta che. AgevAnonA A rItanA khasI javAthI caLavaLane hAni pahoMce che ane te pAchI paDe che. ane majUronA duzmana tathA AjhAdI jhaMkhatI prajAnuM damana karanArAo A vAta barAbara jANatA hovAthI aneka prakAranAM pralebhane tathA mIThI vANIthI teo temanA virodhIomAMnA keTalAkane vyaktigata rIte manAvI laIne pitAnA pakSamAM bheLavI devA kaziza kare che. paraMtu A vyaktigata manAmaNAM tathA mIThI vANIthI majUra samudAyane ke AjhAdI mATe mathatI dalita prajAne kazI rAhata maLatI nathI. Ama, vyaktie temAMthI khasI jAya ane

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kAla mAkarsa ane majUranA sagaThanano vikAsa 85 vakhatovakhata tene niSphaLatA maLe te chatAMye laData te anivAryapaNe pitAnA nizcita dhyeya tarapha pragati karatI ja rahe che. 1889tnI sAlamAM zarU karavAmAM AvelA bIjA AMtararASTrIya majUrasaMghanI saMkhyA tema ja pratiSThAmAM vRddhi thavA pAmI. thoDAM varasa bAda mAlATesTAnA arAjakatAvAdI anuyAyIone teo pArlAmenTamAM javA mATenA matAdhikArane lAbha uThAvavA taiyAra nahotA eTalA mATe saMghamAMthI kADhI mUkavAmAM AvyA. bIjA AMtararASTrIya majUra saMghanA samAjavAdIoe pitAnA vartanathI e puravAra karyuM ke temanI sahiyArI laDatanA pahelAMnA sAthIono saMbaMdha TakAvI rAkhavA karatAM pArlamenTanI pravRtti temane vadhAre pasaMda hatI. yurepamAM yuddha phATI nIkaLe e prasaMge samAjavAdIonI pharaja viSe temaNe uddAma nivedano karyA hatAM. pitAnA kAryane aMge samAjavAdIo deza ke rASTranI sarahadane mAnyatA ApatA nahotA. e zabdanA sAmAnya arthamAM teo rASTravAdIo nahotA. teo yuddhane sAmane karavAnI vAta karatA hatA. paraMtu 1914nI sAlamAM yuddha kharekhara phATI nIkaLyuM tyAre bIjA AMtararASTrIya majUrasaMghanuM AkhuM taMtra kakaDI paDayuM ane badhA dezanA samAjavAdIo tathA majUrapakSe - krepiTakIna jevA arAjakatAvAdIo sudhdhAM-jhanUnI rASTravAdIo banI gayA ane bIjA le konI peThe teo paNa itara dezone dhikkAratA thaI gayA. mAtra gaNyAgAMThyA leke e yuddhano virodha karyo ane ene pariNAme temane aneka rIte bhAre saMkaTo veThavAM paDyAM - keTalAkane te lAMbA samaya sudhI kArAvAsa paNa sevavo paDyo. yuddha pUruM thayA bAda 1919nI sAlamAM lenIne moskamAM navo AMtararASTrIya majadUrasaMdha sthApe. e kevaLa sAmyavAdIonI saMsthA hatI. jeo chaDecoka sAmyavAdI hoya teo ja emAM joDAI zake ema hatuM. A AMtararASTrIya majUrasaMgha hajIye cAlu che ane te trIjo AMtararASTrIya majUrasaMdha kahevAya che. yuddha pUruM thayA pachI jUnA bIjA AMtararASTrIya majUrasaMghanA avazeSarUpa leko paNa dhIme dhIme ekatra thayA. meskonA navA trIjA AMtararASTrIya majUrasaMghamAM te emAMnA bahu jUja loko joDAyA. emAMnA moTA bhAganA lokone te mosko tema ja tenA siddhAMta pratye tIvra aNagame hate. teo te DeghaNe aMze paNa te tarapha javA nArAja hatA. temaNe bIje AMtararASTrIya majadUrasaMdha pharIthI cAlu karyo. e saMdha paNa Aje cAlu che. Ama Aje majUronI be AMtararASTrIya saMsthAo mejUda che. ane te TUMkamAM bIjA tathA trIjA AMtararASTrIya saMdhanA nAmathI oLakhAya che. paraMtu AzcaryanI vAta te e che ke e baMne sAthe mAkarsanA anuyAyI hovAne dAvo kare che. paraMtu teo baMne mAkarsanA siddhAMtane pitapatAne judo artha kare che, ane

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28 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana chatAM teo bhayanA sAmAnya zatru mUDIvAda karatAMye ekabIjAne vadhAre dhikkAre che. A AMtararASTrIya majUrasAmAM duniyAbharanAM badhAM majUra mahAjanA athavA tA majUronI sasthAonA samAveza thatA nathI. emAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM ta e baMne sadhAthI alaga che. amerikAnAM majUra mahAjane! temanAthI aLagAM rahyAM che kema ke tyAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM mahAjane junavANI vicAranAM che. hiMdanAM majUramahAjane paNa eke saMdhamAM joDAyAM nathI. kadAca ' AMtararASTrIya ' gIta viSe tuM jANatI haze. e duniyAbharanA kAmadAro tathA samAjavAdIoe potAnuM mAnya kareluM gIta che. 134. mArkasavAda 16 phebruArI, 1933 mArA AgalA patramAM, yuropanI samAjavAdI duniyAmAM atizaya utpAta macAvI mUkanA mAkarsanA vicArA viSe tane kaMIka kahevAnA mAro irAdo hato. paraMtu e patra bahu lAMkhA thaI gayA eTale mAre e vAta mulatavI rAkhavI paDI. e viSaya aMge lakhavuM e mAre mATe saheluM nathI kemake emAM huM niSNAta nathI. paNa vAta ema che ke, e bAbatamAM te enA niSNAta ane paDamAM paNa matabheda che. huM to tane mAkavAdanI mAtra pradhAna khAsiyato jaNAvIza ane tene muzkela bhAga cheDI Iza. ethI tane ene kaIMka bhAMgyAtUTayo khyAla Avaze. paraMtu vAta ema che ke, A patrAmAM kAI paNa viSayanuM vigatavAra ane pUrNa citra rajU karavAnI mArI dhAraNA che ja nahi. huM tane kahI gayA chuM ke samAjavAdanA aneka prakAro che. paraMtu sAmAnya rIte dhyeyanI bAbatamAM badhA ekamata che ane badhA ja jamIna, kArakhAnAM, khANA ane evAM bIjAM utpAdananAM sAdhanA, beMka ane evI bIjI saMsthA tathA relave vagere jevAM vahecaNInAM sAdhanAne rAjyanA aMkuza nIce mUkavA cAhe che. ene Azaya e che ke, vyaktine potAnA aMgata lAbha mATe A sAdhanA, sasthA tathA khIjAonI majUrInA upayoga karavA na devA. Aje emAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM khAnagI mAlakI nIce che ane khAnagI rIte temanA upayAga karavAmAM Ave che. enuM pariNAma e Ave che ke thADAka lakA AbAda ane tavaMgara ane che paraMtu ethI AkhA samAjane eka Mdare nukasAna thAya che ane janasamudAya tA garIbaneA garIba ja rahe che. vaLI Aje te A utpAdananAM sAdhanAnA mAlikA tathA temanuM niya MtraNa karanArAonI paNa ghaNI zakti

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mAsavAda 887 jIvaleNa spardhAmAM UtarI laDavAmAM veDaphAI jAya che. A ApasaApasanI laDAIne badale utpAdananI samajapUrvakanI vyavasthA ane vaheMcaNInI vicArapUrvakanI yejanA karavAmAM Ave te bagADa ane nakAmI harIphAI TALI zakAya ane duniyAmAM varga varga ane prajA prajA vacce Aje pravartatI saMpattinI bhAre asamAnatA paNa TaLI jAya. eTalA mATe utpAdana, vaheMcaNI tathA itara mahattvanI pravRttio moTe bhAge samAjanA athavA te rAjyanA niyaMtraNa nIce hevI joIe - matalaba ke te samagra prajAnA kAbU nIce hovI joIe. samAjavAdane A mULabhUta siddhAMta che. samAjavAdI vyavasthAmAM rAjya athavA rAjyataMtranuM svarUpa kevuM hovuM joIe e vaLI jude ja savAla che paraMtu hAla ApaNe emAM na UtarIe. joke e paNa atizaya mahattvanI bAbata che. samAjavAdanA dhyeya viSe saMmata thayA pachI, e siddha kevI rIte karavuM e bIjI vastu nakakI karavAnI rahe che. A bAbatamAM samAjavAdIo ekabIjAthI judA paDe che ane temanAM judAM judAM daLe enA bhinna bhinna mArge sUcave che. emanA mukhyatve karIne be vibhAge pADI zakAya H (1) dhIme dhIme parivartana ane vikAsa karavA cahA pakSa. briTiza majura pakSa ane phebiyana sosAyaTInA sabhyonI mAphaka e pakSa eka pachI eka DagaluM bharIne AgaLa vadhavAmAM tathA pArlamenTanI mAraphate kArya karavAmAM mAne che; (2) ane bIje krAMtivAdI pakSa. e pakSanA leka pArlAmenTa mAraphate kazI siddhi prApta thaI zake ema mAnatA nathI. A bIjA pakSanA loko moTe bhAge mAkarsanA anuyAyIo che. AmAMnA pahelA vibhAgamAM vikAsavAdI daLonI saMkhyA bahu ghaTI gaI che. khuda iMglaMDamAM paNa teo nabaLA paDatA jAya che ane temanI tathA vinIte, ane bina-samAjavAdI pakSo vacceno bheda lupta thatuM jAya che. eTale have te mAkarsavAdane ja badhA samAjavAdIone mata gaNI zakAya. paraMtu yuropamAM khuda mAkarsavAdIonA paNa be mukhya pakSe che. eka tarapha raziyAnA sAmyavAdIo che ane bIjI bAju jarmanI, oNsTriyA ane itara dezanA purANa "sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIo" che ane e be vacce jarA sarakhe meLa nathI. mahAyuddha daramyAna ane te pachInA samayamAM paNa pitAnA siddhAMtane ne vaLagI rahevAne kAraNe sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIoe temanI pahelenI ghaNIkharI pratiSThA gumAvI hatI. temanAmAMnA keTalAka vadhAre bhAvanAzALI loke sAmyavAdIomAM bhaLI gayA che paraMtu pazcima yuropanA majUrasaMghenuM samartha taMtra hajI temanA ja hAthamAM che. raziyAmAM maLelI saphaLatAne kAraNe sAmyavAdI mata Aje pragati karI rahyo che. yuropamAM tema ja AkhI duniyAmAM te mUDIvAdane mukhya zatru che.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana te A mArksavAda e zI vastu che? ItihAsa, rAjakAraNa, arthazAstra tathA manuSyajIvana ane manuSyanI kAmanAonuM rahasya samajAvavAnI te eka paddhati che. e eka siddhAMta che tema ja kArya mATenI hAkala paNa che. manuSyajIvananI ghaNIkharI pravRttionuM rahasyasphoTana karanAra e eka philasUphI che. manuSyanA bhUta, vartamAna tathA bhaviSyanA itihAsane nasIba ke kismatanA aphara kAyadAnI jema kaMIka anivArya kAraNa5raMparAnA rUpamAM goThavI devAno e prayatna che. jIvana eTaluM badhuM kAraNaparaMparAbaddha che ke kema ane tethI te jaDa ane aphara niyama tathA paddhati upara nirbhara che ke kema te bahu spaSTatAthI joI zakAtuM nathI ane ghaNA loko e bAbatamAM zaMkAzIla che. paraMtu mAkarse te bhUtakAlIna ItihAsanuM eka vaijJAnikanI peThe avalekana karyuM che ane temAMthI keTalAMka anumAna tAravyAM che. teNe joyuM ke cheka AraMbhakALathI mANasane pitAnuM jIvana TakAvavAne arthe saMgrAma kheDavuM paDatuM hatuM. e nisarga sAmene tema ja tenA ja jevA bIjA mANase sAmene saMgrAma hate. khorAka tathA jIvananI Itara jarUriyAta meLavavA mATe mANasa zrama karate ane jema jema vakhata jate game tema tema tenI ema karavAnI rIta paNa badalAtI gaI tathA te uttarottara vadhAre aTapaTI ane vikasita thatI gaI. mAkarsanA mata pramANe jIvana TakAvavAne jarUrI sAdhana pedA karavAnI dareka yuganI A paddhatio manuSyanA tema ja samAjanA jIvanamAM atizaya mahattvanI vastu che. ItihAsanA dareka yugamAM emanuM prabhutva hoya che, te yuganI hareka pravRtti tathA sAmAjika saMbadhe upara temanI asara hoya che ane temanAmAM pheraphAra thavAne pariNAme meTAM meTAM atihAsika tema ja sAmAjika parivartana thavA pAme che. A patromAM AvA pheraphAranI mahAna asaranuM ApaNe thoDeghaNe aMze avalekana karyuM che. dAkhalA tarIke, pahelavahelI khetI dAkhala thaI tyAre teNe samAjajIvanamAM bhAre pheraphAra karyA. bhaTakatA gopa leke TharIThAma thaIne rahevA lAgyA ane tene pariNAme zahere tathA gAmaDAM UbhAM thayAM. vaLI khetInI pedAza vadhI eTale mAlanI bacata thavA lAgI. ethI karIne vasatI vadhI, saMpatti tathA ArAma vadhyAM ane ene lIdhe judI judI kaLAo tathA hunnarane udaya thavA pAme. ethIye vizeSa najaramAM Ave evo dAkhale audyogika krAMtine che. e samaye utpAdanane arthe pracaMDa yaMtra dAkhala thayAM ane ene pariName samAjamAM bIjuM mahAna parivartana thavA pAmyuM. ane AvAM te bIjAM aneka udAharaNa che. - ItihAsanA kaI paNa yuganI utpAdananI paddhati te samayanA leke e karelA vikAsanI koTine anurUpa hoya che. utpAdananA A kArya daramyAna tathA tene pariNAme mANasa mANasa vacce amuka prakAranA (jema ke vastuonuM sATuM,

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mAkarsavAda kharIdI, vecANa ane vinimaya vagere) saMbaMdhe upasthita thAya che, ane e saMbaMdhe temanI utpAdananI paddhati anusAra nakkI thAya che tathA tene anurUpa hoya che. A saMbaMdhe samagrapaNe samAjanuM arthataMtra athavA arthavyavasthA banI rahe che. ane A arthataMtranI bhUmikA anusAra kAyadAo, rAjakAraNa, sAmAjika rUDhio, vicAre ane bIjuM badhuM nirmANa thAya che. ethI karIne, mAkarsanA A daSTibiMdu anusAra utpAdananI paddhatimAM pheraphAra thAya te pramANe samAjanuM arthataMtra pheravAya che ane ema thatAM ene pariNAme lekonA vicAre, kAyadAo tathA rAjakAraNamAM paNa pheraphAra thAya che. vaLI mAkarsa itihAsane bhinna bhinna vargo vaccenA saMgharSa athavA te vigrahanI noMdha tarIke paNa lekhe che. manuSya samAjane bhUtakAlIna tema ja sAMprata ItihAsa e varNavarga vaccenA vicaheno ja ItihAsa che. jenA hAthamAM utpAdananAM sAdhanane kAbU hoya te varganuM samAja upara prabhutva hovAnuM. te bIjA vargonI majUrIne pitAne khAtara upayoga kare che ane temAMthI phAyado uThAve che. majUrI karanArAone pitAnI majUrInuM pUrepUruM mUlya athavA vaLatara maLatuM nathI. emAMne mAMDa piTiyA pUrato hisso temane maLe che ane tene bAkI rahele vadhArAno bhAga majUrI karAvanArA vargane hAtha jAya che. A rIte majUrI karAvanAra athavA te zeSaka vargane majUranI majUrInuM na cUkavAyeluM athavA te vadhArAnuM mUlya maLavAthI te dinapratidina dhanika thatuM jAya che. utpAdana upara kAbU dharAvanAra A vargane rAjya tathA rAjyataMtra upara paNa kAbU heya che ane A zAsakavarganuM saMrakSaNa karavuM e rAjya pradhAna hetu banI jAya che. mAkarsa kahe che ke, "rAjya e te samagra zAsakavarganA badhAye vyavasAyanuM saMcAlana karavA mATenI kArobArI samiti che." A kAryane arthe ja kAyadAo ghaDavAmAM Ave che ane keLavaNI, dharma tema ja evI bIjI aneka rIte dvArA lekanA magaja upara evuM ThasAvavAmAM Ave che ke prastuta varganuM Adhipatya nyA ane vAstavika che. je vargonuM zoSaNa karavAmAM Ave temane kharI vastusthitinI jANuM na thAya tathA e rIte teo asaMtuSTa na bane eTalA khAtara e vastuo dvArA rAjyataMtra tathA kAyadAonuM vargIya svarUpa DhAMkavAnA hareka prayatna karavAmAM Ave che. Ama chatAMye je kaI puruSa asaMtuSTa thAya ane pracalita rAjyataMtranI sAme hoya to tene samAja tathA nItimattAno zatru ane purANI sthApita vyavasthAne uthalAvI nAkhanAra kahevAmAM Ave che ane rAjya tene cagadI nAkhe che. paraMtu game eTale prayAsa karavA chatAMye koI eka varganuM Adhipatya kAyamane mATe TakI zakatuM nathI. ene sattAdhIza banAvanAra baLo ja have enI viruddha kArya karavA mAMDe che. te samayanAM pracalita utpAdananAM sAdhane upara tene kAbU

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hevAne lIdhe te zAsaka ane zeSaka varga banyo hato. have utpAdananI navI paddhatio astitvamAM Ave che. je navA vargonA hAthamAM ene kAbU hoya te vargo have AgaLa Ave che, pitAnuM zeSaNa thavA devAnI te sApha nA pADe che. navA vicAre manuSyanA manamAM khaLabhaLATa macAve che ane jene vicArakrAMti kahevAmAM Ave che te thavA pAme che. A vicArakrAMti purANuM vicAre ane mAnyatAonI beDIo teDI nAkhe che. ane pachI A AgaLa AvatA jatA navA varga ane sattAne custapaNe vaLagI rahenAra jUnA varga vacce vigraha pedA thAya che. have tenA hAthamAM Arthika sattAne kAbU Avele hevAthI e vigrahamAM navo varga ja acUka rIte vijayI nIvaDe che, ane ItihAsanI raMgabhUmi upara jUnA vargane khela khalAsa thayela hovAthI te dhIme dhIme lupta thAya che. A navA vargane Arthika tema ja rAjakIya ema be prakAre vijaya thAya che; ane te utpAdananI navI paddhationA vijayanA pratIkarUpa banI rahe che. ane have emAMthI ja samAjavyavasthAnA badhA pheraphAre udbhave che - navA vicAre pedA thAya che, navuM rAjyataMtra amalamAM Ave che tathA kAyadA, rUDhi ane bIjI badhI bAbate upara tenI asara pahoMce che. have A navo varga tenI nIcenA badhA vargone zeSaka varga bane che ane temane ekAda varga tenI jagyA le tyAM sudhI temanuM zoSaNa karate rahe che. A rIte A vigraha niraMtara cAlyA ja kare che ane koI eka varga bIjA varganuM zoSaNa karate rahe tyAM sudhI e vigraha cAlyAM ja karavAne. badhA vargo nAza pAmI samAjamAM eka ja varga raheze tyAre ja e vigraha baMdha thaze, kema ke e paristhitimAM zoSaNane mATe avakAza raheze nahi. A eka varga khuda pitAnuM ja zeSaNa na karI zake. Ama thavA pAmaze tyAre ja, Aje niraMtara cAlI rahelA vigraha tathA spardhAne badale samAjamAM samatA Avaze ane pUrNa sahakAranuM sAmrAjya pravartaze. pachI rAjyanA pradhAna kArya damanane paNa aMta Avaze kemake have samAjamAM damana karanAra koI nirALa varga raheze nahi. ane e rIte dhIme dhIme kSINa thatuM thatuM rAjya naSTa thaze. Ama chevaTe arAjakatAvAdIonuM dhyeya paNa siddha thaze. Ama mAkarsa ItihAsane vargavigraha dvArA thatA vikAsanI bhavya prakriyA tarIke lekhe che. bhUtakALamAM AvuM kevI rIte banyuM te teNe akhUTa vigate ane asaMkhya udAharaNa dvArA darzAvyuM che tathA pracaMDa yaMtranA AgamanathI cUDala prathAne yuga badalAIne mUDIvAdanA yugano AraMbha kevI rIte thayo ane cUDala athavA amIra vargane badale madhyamavarga sattA para kevI rIte Avyo e batAvyuM che. tenA mata anusAra madhyamavarga ane majUravarga vacce ApaNuM jamAnAmAM chevaTano vigraha laDAI rahyo che. khuda mUDIvAda pate ja e varganI

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mAsavAda 891 sakhyA tema ja baLamAM vadhAro karI rahyo che ane Akhare e vaga mUDIvAdanA nAza karIne varahita samAja tema ja samAjavAdanI sthApanA karaze. * mAse rajU karelI, itihAsanuM avalokana karavAnI A rItane, ' tihAsanI bhAtika yA jaDavAdI draSTi' kahevAmAM Ave che. e bhaitika ' eTalA mATe hatI ke e * AdarzavAdI ' nahotI. A * AdarzIvAda ' zabdanA philasUfA mArksanA jamAnAmAM viziSTa arthamAM bahu upayoga karatA hatA. e samaye vikAsa athavA to utkrAMtine khyAla bahu pracalita thatA jatA hatA. huM tane AgaLa kahI cUkyo chuM ke DArvine prANIonI bhinna bhinna jAtonI utpatti tathA vikAsanA sabaMdhamAM to e khyAla AmajanatAnA mAnasa upara barAbara phasAvI dIdhA hatA. paraMtu ethI karIne manuSyanA sAmAjika sabadhA viSe kaze| khulAsA maLatA nahotA. keTalAka philasUfoe aspaSTa AdavAdI khyAlo dvArA ema batAvavA prayatna karyAM hatA ke manuSyanI pragatine AdhAra tenA mAnasika vikAsa upara che. mAse jaNAvyuM ke manuSyanI pragatinA khulAsA ApavAnI A khATI pati che. tenA mata anusAra aspaSTa ane gaganavihArI ciMtanA tathA AdarzavAda e jokhamakAraka che; kema ke, ethI karIne te leke vastutaH jene kaze| AdhAra nathI evI tarehatarehanI kalpanAe caDI javA saMbhava che. ethI karIne mAse zAstrIya paddhatithI ghaTanA ane hakIkatonuM nirIkSaNa karavAnuM zarU karyuM. AthI ItihAsanA nirIkSaNanI enI paddhati mATe bhautika zabda yojAye. 9 mAkarsa zASaNa tathA vargavigrahanA vAraMvAra ullekha kare che. ApaNI AsapAsa pravartatA anyAya. joI ne ApaNAmAMnA dhaNA uttejita ane kApAyamAna thAya che. paraMtu mArksanA kahevA pramANe e kApAyamAna thavA jevI ke neka salAha ApavA jevI bAbata nathI. zASaNamAM zoSaNa karanAra vyaktine doSa nathI. eka va upara khIjAnuM prabhutva hAvuM e te aitihAsika pragatinuM bahu svAbhAvika pariNAma che. yathAkALe ane khale khIjI vyavasthA kAyama thavAnI ane bIjo keAI varga sattA para AvavAnA. prabhutva dharAvanArA athavA tA sattAdhIza vanA kAI mANasa, e kAraNe khIjAenuM zASaNa kare emAM te mahApApa karatA nathI. zANu karanAra amuka eka taMtra yA paddhatinuM aMga mAtra che eTale enA upara gALAnA varasAda varasAvavA e te atizaya beThUThThu che. ApaNe A vyakti ane taMtra athavA paddhati vaccenA bheda ghaNI vAra bhUlI jaIe chIe. hiMdustAna Aje briTiza sAmrAjyavAdanI eDI nIce cagadAyeluM che ane ApaNe pUrepUrA sAmarthyathI e sAmrAjyavAda sAme laDI rahyA chIe. paraMtu hiMdamAM e zAsanapaddhatine TekA ApanArA aMgrejone e mATe doSa devA e ucita nathI. te te mAtra eka pracaMDa yaMtranA cakranA eka dAMtA

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92 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana samAna che, tenI gatimAM saheja sarakho paNa pheraphAra karavAnI temanI tAkAta nathI. e ja rIte ApaNAmAMnA keTalAka jamInadArI patine jarIpurANI thaI gayelI ane kisAnene mATe atizaya hAnikAraka lekhe che, kema ke e paddhati nIce kisAnenuM bhayaMkara zopaNa thaI raheluM che. paraMtu ene kAraNe paNa kaI vyaktigata jamInadArane deSa devo e ucita nathI. e ja rIte jemane zeSaNa karanArAo tarIke ghaNI vAra gALo devAmAM Ave che te mUDIdAre paNa dezapAtra nathI. hamezAM taMtra ke paddhati dezapAtra hoya che vyaktio nahi. mAkarse vargavigraha mATe hAkala nathI karI. teNe to mAtra e darzAvI ApyuM ke, vastutaH vargavigraha samAjamAM cAlI rahyo hato ja ane eka yA bIjA svarUpamAM prAcIna kALathI te cAlate AvyuM hatuM. tene "piTala' nAmano graMtha lakhavAne Azaya "Adhunika samAjanI gatine Arthika niyama tenA khullA svarUpamAM rajU karavA' e hate. ane tenI A rajUAte samAjamAM varga varga vacce cAlI rahelA tIvra saMgharSone ughADA pADyA. A saMgharSo hamezAM vargavigrahanI peThe tenA khullA svarUpamAM prakaTa thatA nathI jovAmAM AvatA. kema ke samAjane sattAdhIza varga pitAnuM vargIya svarUpa aNachanuM rAkhavA prayatna karate rahe che. paraMtu cAlu samAjavyavasthA jokhamanI paristhitimAM AvI paDe tyAre te pitAne badhe pAkhaMDa tajI de che ane pitAnA asala svarUpamAM pragaTa thAya che. ane e rIte chevaTe varga varga vacce khulle vigraha zarU thAya che. jyAre AvI paristhiti pedA thavA pAme tyAre lekazAhInAM dhoraNe. sAmAnya kAyadAo tathA temanA amalanI sAmAnya kAryavAhI vagere badhuM adazya thAya che. keTalAka leke kahe che te pramANe A vargavigraha gerasamaja ke caLavaLiyAonI duSTatAne kAraNe nathI pedA thatA paraMtu khuda samAjanA baMdhAraNamAM ja temanAM bIja rahelAM hoya che ane dareka vargamAM pitAnA hitavidhinI samaja jema jema vadhAre jAgrata thatI jAya che tema tema tenI vRddhi thatI rahe che. hiMdanI pracalita paristhiti sAthe ApaNe mAkarsane A siddhAMta sarakhAvI joIe. aMgreja sarakAra lAMbA samayathI e dA karatI AvI che ke, hiMda uparanI temanI hakUmata hiMdanA hita ane nyAyanA pAyA upara racAyelI che, ane temanA e dAvAmAM kaMIka tathya che ema bhUtakALamAM ApaNuM ghaNuM dezabaMdhuo mAnatA hatA emAM zaka nathI. paraMtu hAla jyAre eka mahAna ane prajAvyApI hilacAla e hakUmatane gaMbhIra jokhamarUpa thaI paDI che tyAre teNe pitAnuM beDoLa svarUpa khullekhulluM pragaTa karyuM che ane eka AMdhaLo paNa joI zake che ke e hakumata te kevaLa sAmrAjyavAdI zeSaNa ja che ane khaMjarane baLe tene TakAvI rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. tenuM rUDuM rUpALuM AcchAdana tathA mIThI mIThI vAte have tajI devAmAM AvyAM che. khAsa eDinansa, tathA

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sAsavAda 893 vANIsvAtaMtrya, sabhA bharavAnI chUTa, chApAMnI svataMtratA ityAdi prajAnA bahu ja sAmAnya hakAnuM damana A badhI vastue dezanA sAmAnya kAyadAnuM sthAna lIdhuM che. mejUda sattAnA sAmane jema jema ugra thatA jaze tema tema AvuM vadhAre pramANamAM banatuM jaze. eka varga khIjA vargane jokhamarUpa thaI paDe tyAre paNa ema ja bane che. kisAno tema ja majUrA tathA temane mATe kArya karatA sevAne krUra zikSA karavAmAM Ave che temAM ApaNane ApaNA dezamAM paNa e ja vastu banatI hovAnuM darzana thAya che. Ama mAkarsanA itihAsane siddhAMta e hatA ke samAja niraMtara badalAte ane pragati karato rahe che. emAM kazuM sthira ke acaLa nathI, tenI kalpanA mujba te jIvaMta ane sakriya che. game te thAe paNa te te AgaLa vadhatA ja rahevAnA ane eka sAmAjika vyavasthAne ThekANe bIjI vyavasthA AvavAnI. paraMtu eka samAjavyavasthA potAnuM kArya pAra pADyA pachI ane potAnA saMpUrNa vikAsa sAdhyA pachI ja adRzya thAya che. samAja jyAre e vyavasthA karatAM AgaLa vadhI jAya che tyAre te Aja sudhI tene baMdhabesatAM AvatAM ane have petAnI vRddhine kAraNe TUMkAM paDatAM jUnI vyavasthAnAM vastrone phADIne pheMkI de che ane navAM tathA meTAM vastro dhAraNa kare che. mArkanA mata anusAra, A bhavya aitihAsika vikAsakramane sahAya karavI e manuSyanuM jIvanakArya che. e vikAsanI prakriyAnI AgaLanI badhI bhUmikA pUrI thaI cUkI hatI. have teA mUDIvAdI madhyamavargI samAja ane majUrava vaccenA AkharI varga-vigraha zarU thayA hatA. (bezaka, jyAM AgaLa mUDIvAda saMpUrNa paNe vikasyA hatA tevA udyogomAM AgaLa paDatA dezomAM ja A sthiti hatI. mUDIvAda jyAM pUrNa paNe vikasyA na hatA tevA dezeA udyogomAM pachAta hatA ane tethI karIne tyAMnA vigrahanuM svarUpa kaMIka mizra ane judA prakAranuM hatuM. paraMtu evA dezemAMye A vigraha athavA saMdha amuka aMze to cAlatA ja hatA kema ke, have AkhI duniyAnA badhA deza dinapratidina ekajAnA vadhAre saMparkamAM AvatA jatA hatA ane ekabIjA sAthe vadhAre ne vadhAre pramANamAM saMkaLAtA jatA hatA.) mAkarsanuM kahevuM evuM hatuM ke mUDIvAdane * uparAuparI aneka musIbatone ane kaTokaTInA sAmanA karavA paDaze ane tenA mULamAM rahelA samatAnA abhAvane kAraNe Akhare te UthalI paDaze. mAkase A vastu lakhI tyAra pachI sATha karatAMye vadhAre varasa vItI gayAM che ane tyAra pachI mUDIvAde keTalIye kaTokaTInA sAmanA karyAM che. ane ene pariNAme tene aMta AvavAne khale e kaTokaTI vaTAvIne te TakI rahyo che ane raziyA sivAya adhe te vadhAre baLavAna banyA che. raziyAmAM te Aje mUDIvAdanA aMta Avyo che. paraMtu atyAre huM A lakhI rahyo chuM tyAre ~~ duniyAbharamAM te bhayaMkara

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894 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bImArImAM sapaDAyele jaNAya che ane dAktaro tenA sAjA thavAnI bAbatamAM mAthuM dhuNAvIne pitAnI ciMtA vyakta kare che. evuM kahevAmAM Ave che ke, mUDIvAda cheka Aja dina sudhI TakI zakyo e eka vastune AbhArI hatuM. kadAca mAkarse e viSe pUrepUre vicAra karyo nahi hoya. e vastu te udyogamAM AgaLa vadhelA pazcimanA dezoe pitAnA tAbAmAM AvelA dezanuM kareluM zeSaNa. AvA garIba dezonA zoSaNane bhoge mUDIvAdane navuM baLa ane samRddhi prApta thayAM. AjanA mUDIvAdI samAjamAM garIbanA dhanikethI ane majUranA mUDIdArothI thatA roSaNane ApaNe hamezAM dhikakArIe chIe. dhanike garIbonuM tathA mUDIdAro majUranuM zoSaNa kare che e hakIkata nirvivAda che paraMtu emAM mUDIdArane doSa nathI. doSa te e paddhatino che kemake khuda e paddhati ja AvA zeSaNanA pAyA upara racAyelI che. vaLI tuM ema na dhArI laIza ke zoSaNa e mUDIvAdI vyavasthAmAM navI pedA thayelI vastu che. cheka prAcInakALathI hareka yugamAM ane hareka paddhatimAM zeSaNa e te majUravarga ane garIbone kapALe vidhinA lekhanI mAphaka anivAryapaNe lakhAyeluM ja hatuM. sAce ja ema kahI zakAya ke, mUDIvAdIo temanuM zoSaNa karI rahyA hovA chatAMye, pahelAMnA jamAnA karatAM Aje majUronI hAlata vadhAre sArI che. mAkarsavAdane AjanA jamAnAne sauthI mahAna puraskartA lenIna thaI gayo. teNe mAkarsavAdanuM samarthana karyuM ane tenI samajUtI ApI eTaluM ja nahi paNa teNe te pitAnA jIvanamAM utAryo ane te pramANe AcaraNa paNa karyuM. ane chatAM mAkarsavAdane jemAM kaze pheraphAra na thaI zake e aphara siddhAMta mAnI besavA sAme eNe ApaNane cetavyA che. enA tattvanI satyatAnI bAbatamAM ene khAtarI thaI cUkI hatI paraMtu vagara vicAryuM tenI badhI ja vigatene svIkAra karavA ke temano amala karavA te taiyAra nahote. te ApaNane e bAbatamAM jaNAve che ke, mAkarsanA siddhAMtane paripUrNa cA kazA doSa ke khAma vinAno ame nathI mAnatA. UlaTuM amAre to evo vizvAsa che ke, e siddhAMta to kevaLa evA zAsanA pAyArUpa che jene, samAjavAdIo je jIvanathI pAchaLa paDI javA na cahAtA hoya to temaNe dareka dizAmAM vikasAvavuM joIe. amAruM to evuM mAnavuM che ke, mAkarsanA siddhAMtane svataMtrapaNe abhyAsa hAtha dharavo e raziyAnA samAjavAdIo mATe khAsa karIne Avazyaka che; kema ke, e siMddhAMta te ApaNane kevaLa dizAsUcana ane aMgulinirdeza kare evA sAmAnya khyAla Ape che. e khyAle athavA vicAro iMgleMDa karatAM krAMsamAM judI rIte ane krAMsa karatAM jarmanImAM judI rIte tathA jarmanI karatAM raziyAmAM judI rIte lAgu pADI zakAya.'

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iMgleMDanA vikaToriyA yuga 895 A patramAM me mAsanA siddhAMtA viSe tane kaMIka kahevAnA prayatna karyAM che. paraMtu, mArA e thIgaDathAgaDa prayAsathI tane kazA phAyado thaze ke kema athavA tA ethI mAkasavAda viSe tane kaMIka cokkasa ane spaSTa khyAla Avaze ke kema te huM kahI zakatA nathI. A mAkavAdanA siddhAMtA viSe jANavuM jarUrI che; kema ke, te Aje puruSa tathA strIonA vizALa janasamUhane preraNA ApI rahyA che tathA ApaNA dezamAM paNa te ApaNane madadarUpa thaI zake ema che. raziyAnI mahAna prajA tathA seviyeTa yuniyananA bIjA pradezoe mArkasane potAnA pradhAna pegambara banAvyA che ane duniyAnAM AjanAM bhAre saMkaTo ane hADamArIomAMthI nIkaLavAnA ilAjo zodhanArA leAkeA preraNA meLavavA mATe tenA tarapha najara kare che. TenIsana nAmanA aMgreja kavinI kavitAnI thoDIka lITIo TAMkIne huM A patra pUro karIza. krUre yuga jUnA ane yuga navInane sthAna de, ane prabhu aneka rIta thakI kAryasiddhi lahe, rakhe kadI surUDhi eka jagane karI bhraSTa de. 135. iMgleMDanA vikaTAriyA yuga 22 phebruArI, 1933 samAjavAdI vicAronA vikAsane aMgenA mArA patrAmAM me darzAvyuM che ke, iMgleMDanA samAjavAda e badhAmAM sauthI vadhAre mALA hatA. te samayanI yuropanI pracalita vicAra-praNAlIemAM te sauthI ochI krAMtikArI hatI. ane dhIme dhIme eka eka kadama AgaLa vadhIne piravatana tathA sudhAraNA karavAnI tenI tema hatI. keTalIka veLA jyAre vepArojagAramAM maMdI AvatI ane tene lIdhe ekArI vadhatI tathA majUrInA daro ghaTI jatA ane lekAne yAtanA tathA hADamArI veThavI paDatI tyAre iMglaMDamAM paNa krAMtinuM meA caDI AvatuM. paraMtu vaLI pAchI sthiti sudharatAM te zamI jatuM. 19mI sadImAM iMgleMDanA vicArAnI mALAzane tyAMnI te samayanI samRddhi sAthe nikaTanA sabaMdha che. kema ke, samRddhi ane krAMti e e sAva bhinna vastuo che. krAMti eTale bhAre parivartana ane je pracalita paristhitithI sArI rIte saMtuSTa hoya te temAM vadhAre sudhAro thavAnI anizcita zakyatA khAtara jokhamakAraka ane avicArI sAhasa kheDavA taiyAra nathI hAtA. 19mI sadI e kharekhara IMglaMDanI mahattAnA yuga hatA. audyogika krAMti karIne tathA bIjA dezonI pahelAM navAM kArakhAnAM UbhAM karIne 18mI sadImAM

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana iMglaDa sauthI AgaLa nIkaLI gayuM hatuM. 19mI sadInA moTA bhAgamAM paNa teNe pitAnI A sthiti TakAvI rAkhI. AgaLa meM tane kahyuM hatuM tema IMgleMDa duniyAnuM kArakhAnuM banI gayuM hatuM ane dUra dUranA dezomAMthI tyAM dhanadelatane dhadha vahevA lAge. hiMdustAna tema ja anya tAbAnA mulakanA zepaNe tene aDhaLaka ane ekadhArI khaMDaNI ApyAM karI tathA tenI pratiSThA vadhArI. jyAre yuropanA ghaNAkharA dezomAM bhAre pheraphAra thaI rahyA hatA tyAre iMglaMDa te eka nakakara khaDakanI mAphaka aDaga UbhuM hatuM ane tyAM AgaLa krAMti thavA pAme e saMbhava jaNAtuM nahotuM. tyAM paNa vakhatevakhata phariyAdanI bUma te UThatI hatI paraMtu EDAka vadhAre lekane matAdhikAra ApIne te zamAvI devAmAM AvatI. paraMtu ApaNe joI gayAM ke e daramyAna phrAMsamAM pahelAM prajAtaMtra ane pachI sAmrAjya ema rAjyavyavasthAnA uparAchAparI palaTA thayA, lAMbA kALathI cAlatI AvatI phATaphUTa pachI iTAlImAM navI prajAne janma thayo ane teNe AkhA dvipakalpamAM ekatA ANuM ane jarmanImAM eka navA sAmrAjyanI sthApanA thaI bejiyama, DenmArka ane grIsa vagere nAnA dezamAM paNa ghaNuM pheraphAra thayA. yuropanA sauthI prAcIna hasabarga rAjavaMzanI hakUmata nIcenA osTriyAne phrAMsa, jarmanI ane iTAlI vagere dezoe anekavAra namAvI tene zaramiMduM karyuM. pUrvamAM eka mAtra raziyAmAM kazo pheraphAra thato jaNAtuM nahotuM. tyAM AgaLa sarvasattAdhIza jhAra mahAna megala samrATanI peThe Apakhuda amala calAvatuM hatuM. paraMtu audyogika dRSTie raziyA bahu pachAta hatuM ane te khetIpradhAna deza hevAthI tyAM moTI vasatI kheDUtonI hatI. navA vicAro tathA navA udyogano pavana tene hajI lAgyo nahato. IglaDe pitAnI saMpatti, sAmrAjya tathA naukAbaLane kAraNe yurepa tema ja AkhI duniyAmAM prabhutva meLavyuM. have te AgaLa paDatuM rASTra banyuM hatuM ane AkhI duniyA upara teNe pitAnI jALa bichAvI hatI. yunAiTeDa sTeTsa hajI pitAnI sthAnika musIbatamAM gUMcavAyeluM hatuM ane potAne aMtargata vikAsa sAdhavAmAM parovAyuM hatuM. hajI te duniyAnA vyavahAramAM mAthuM mAravA lAgyuM nahotuM. mAlanA avarajavaranI paddhatimAM AzcaryakAraka pheraphAra thaI rahyA hatA ane ene lIdhe duniyA vadhAre nAnI ane saMyukta thatI jatI dekhAtI hatI. A vastu iMglaMDane dUra dUranA deze uparane pitAne sakaMjo vaLI vadhAre daDha karavAmAM sahAyabhUta nIvaDI. A badhA pheraphAro thavA chatAMye iMglaMDanA rAjyataMtranuM svarUpa tenuM te ja rahyuM tyAM AgaLa baMdhAraNaya eTale ke kazI sattA vinAne rAjA hatA ane pArlamenTanA hAthamAM sarvoparI sattA hatI ema manAtuM hatuM. zarUAtamAM te mUDIbhara jamInadAre ane dhanika vepArIo ja pArlamenTanA sabhya cUMTI ekalatA paraMtu vakhata jatAM jema.

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IgleMDane vikaTeriyA yuga 897 jema vikaTa paristhiti UbhI thatI gaI tema tema Aphata TALavA khAtara e sadI daramyAna vadhAre ne vadhAre lekene matAdhikAra ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. e sadInAM ghaNAM varase daramyAna vikToriyA iMglaMDanI rANI hatI. 18mI sadI daramyAna IMglaMDanI gAdIne ja nAmanA ghaNuM rAjAo ApanAra jarmanInA henevara vaMzanI te hatI. 1897nI sAlamAM te gAdIe AvI ane 63 varasa sudhI eTale ke 19mI sadInA aMta sudhI teNe rAjya karyuM. vikaToriyA gAdIe AvI tyAre tenI uMmara 18 varasanI hatI. tenA A lAMbA zAsanakALane ghaNI vAra IgleMDanA vikaTeriyAyuga tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. Ama rANI vikToriyAe yuropamAM tema ja anyatra meTAM moTAM aneka parivartana jemAM tathA purANuM sImAcine adazya thatAM ane navAM tenI jagyA letAM paNa tenA jovAmAM AvyAM. yuropamAM thayelI krAMtio, kAMsamAM thayelAM mahAna parivartane tathA ITAlInA rASTra tema ja jarmana sAmrAjyane thayele udaya vagere tenA jevAmAM AvyAM. maratA sudhImAM te AkhA yuropanI tathA tenA dezanA rAjAonI dAdI jevI banI gaI. paraMtu vikaToriyAnA samakAlIna yurepanA bIjA eka rAjakartAnI kArakirdI paNa evI ja che. e osTriyAnA hasabarga vaMzanA rAjA josapha hate. 1848nA krAMtinA varasamAM te paNa 18 varasanI uMmare tenA kSINa thaI gayelA sAmrAjyanI gAdI upara AvyuM hatuM. 60 varasa sudhI teNe rAjya karyuM ane esTriyA tathA haMgarI ane sAmrAjyanA bIjA bhAgane te potAnA kAbU nIce ekatra rAkhI zakyo. paraMtu vizvayuddha tene tathA tenA sAmrAjyane paNa aMta ANyo. paraMtu vikaToriyA tenA karatAM vadhAre bhAgyazALI hatI. tenA amala daramyAna teNe iMgleMDanuM sAmartha vadhatuM ane tenuM sAmrAjya vistaratuM joyuM. te gAdIe AvI tyAre keneDAmAM upadrava pedA thayo hato. e saMsthAne chaDeceka baMDa pokAryuM hatuM ane moTA bhAganA saMsthAnavAsIo IMgleDathI chUTTA paDI jaI pitAnA paDezI amerikAnAM yunAITeDa sTeTsa sAthe bhaLI javA mAgatA hatA. paraMtu amerikA sAthenI laDAImAMthI IMglaMDane sAre bodha maLe hatuM eTale teNe tvarAthI keneDAnA lekane moTA pramANamAM svarAja ApIne saMtuSTa karyA. thoDA ja vakhatamAM e saMpUrNa svarAja bhogavatuM saMsthAna banI gayuM. sAmrAjyamAM A navIna prakArano akhatare hate kema ke svAtaMtrya ane sAmrAjya e beno meLa besatuM nathI. paraMtu saMjogavazAt IMgleMDane ema karavAnI pharaja paDI hatI, kema ke nahi te te keneDAne samaLazuM khoI besata. keneDAnI moTA bhAganI vasatI aMgreja lekamAMthI utarI AvI hatI eTale mAtRdeza tarIke iMglaMDa mATe temanA dilamAM lAgaNInuM prabaLa baMdhana hatuM. vaLI keneDA e navo deza hato ane teno atizaya vistRta pradeza hajI aNavikaseluM hatuM. ane e pradezanI

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jagatanA itihAsanuM' rekhA 'na vizALatAnA pramANamAM tenI vastI bahu ja AchI hatI. AthI teno vikAsa karavAne mATe iMglaMDanAM nANAMnI tathA tenA pAkA mAlanI tene atizaya garaja hatI. eTale te samaye e e deza vacce kazA hita-virodha nahAtA ane tethI karIne temanI vacce je vicitra ane avanavA prakAranA sabaMdha upasthita thaye tene kazI AMca AvavA na pAmI. 898 e sadImAM AgaLa upara duniyAnA khIjA bhAgeAmAMnAM briTiza saMsthAnene svarAja ApavAnI A paddhatinA amala AsTreliyAmAM karavAmAM AvyeA. sadInA vacagALA sudhI AsTreliyA e gunegAra kedIone rAkhavAnuM sthAna hatuM. sadInA aMta sudhImAM AsTreliyA sAmrAjyanuM svarAjya bhAgavatuM saMsthAna banI gayuM. bIjI bAju hiMdu uparanA briTanane paMjo majabUta banyA ane mulakA jItavA mATenI aneka laDAI e laDIne hiMdanA briTiza sAmrAjyane vistAravAmAM AvyuM. hiMdustAna saMpUrNa paNe briTananA tAbAnA mulaka banI gayo. svarAja ke sva-zAsananuM ahIM nAmanizAna paNa nahatuM. 1857nA viplava cagadI nAkhavAmAM AvyA ane hiMdane sAmrAjyanI tAbedArInI dhUMsarIne pUrepUrA anubhava karAvavAmAM AvyA. iMgleMDe tenuM aneka rIte kevI rIte zoSaNa karavA mAMDayuM te viSe me tane anyatra kahyu che. alabata hiMdu e ja iMgleMDanuM kharuM sAmrAjya hatuM ane e hakIkatanI jagatamAM dAMDI pITavA khAtara vikaTAriyAe hiMdanI sAmrAjJInuM pada dhAraNa karyuM. paraMtu, hi MdustAna uparAMta duniyAnA judA judA bhAgeAmAM IMgleMDanA tAbAnA bIjA paNa nAnA nAnA mulakA hatA. Ama, briTiza sAmrAjya e bhinna prakAranA dezonA eka vicitra prakAranA zaMbhumeLA samAna banI gayuM. emAM eka tarapha svayaMzAsita deza hatA je AgaLa upara svarAjya bhAgavatAM saMsthAnA banyAM ane khIjA tAbAnA deza ane saMrakSita pradezA hatA. pahelA prakAranA dezo mAtRdeza iMglaMDanuM uparIpaNuM svIkAranArA kuTuMbIjana samAna hatA jyAre khIjA prakAranA dezo to cokkasapaNe sAmrAjyanA dAsa ane gulAmeA hatA. temane halakA gaNavAmAM AvatA hatA, temanA pratye geravartAva rAkhavAmAM AvatA hatA tathA temanuM zASaNa karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. svAyatta athavA svarAja bhAgavatAM saMsthAnAnA prajAjanA aMgreja athavA yurepiyana ke temanA vaMzajo hatA. tAbAnA mulakanA prajAjane briTiza ke yurepiyana olAdanA nahotA. iMglaMDa pAse sa Mpatti hatI tema ja sAmrAjya paNa hatuM ane tethI karIne te ghaNe aMze saMtuSTa hatuM. paraMtu te sa MpUrNa paNe sa MtuSTa hatuM ema te na ja kahI zakAya. kema ke sAmrAjyanI bhUkha kadI zamatI ja nathI. temanA tAbA nIcenA mulakanA game eTalA vistAra paNa sAmrAjyavAdIone e ja lAge che ane temAM vadhArA karavAnI temane hamezAM icchA rahyAM kare che. paNa iMglaMDanI pradhAna

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ilaMDane vikaTeriyA yuga ciMtA have vadhAre mulaka meLavavA mATe nahi paNa je mulaka tenI pAse hatA tenuM rakSaNa karavA mATe hatI. hiMdustAna, khAsa karIne tene sauthI amUlya tAbAne mulaka hatA ane ene te chevaTa sudhI pitAnA paMjAmAM rAkhI mUkavA mAgatuM hatuM. hiMdane kabaje pitAnI pAse rahe ane pUrva taraphanA jaLamArgo salAmata rahe e muddA upara ja tenI sArI videzanIti avalaMbatI hatI. ene khAtara ja teNe misaramAM pagapesAro karyo ane Akhare te deza upara pitAnuM varcasva jamAvyuM. e ja pramANe IrAna tathA aphaghAnistAnamAM paNa teNe eTalA ja khAtara mAthuM mAryuM. bhAre cAlAkIthI teNe suejha naheranI kaMpanInA zera kharIdI lIdhA ane e rIte e nahera upara pitAne kAbU meLavyuM. 19mI sadInA moTA bhAgamAM yuropanAM ghaNAMkharAM rAjya taraphathI iMglaMDane kazI muzkelI AvI nahi; kema ke te badhAM aneka takalIphamAM gUMcavAyelAM hatAM ane ghaNI vAra to ApasamAM ekabIjA sAthe laDatAM hatAM. eka deza sAme bIjA dezane Ubho karIne yuropamAM samatalapaNuM jALavavAnI tenI paraMparAgata ramata iMglaMDa ramI rahyuM hatuM ane A rIte te yurepa khaMDanAM rAjyanI ApasanI harIphAIne lAbha uThAvI rahyuM hatuM. krAMsano kaje nepoliyana tene jokhamakAraka lAge paraMtu tenuM patana thayuM ane e phaTakAnI asaramAMthI mukta thatAM krAMsane vakhata lAgyA. jarmanI paNa gaMbhIra harIpha banavA jeTaluM hajI prauDha banyuM nahotuM. paraMtu eka deza briTiza sAmrAjyane paDakAre evuM lAgatuM hatuM. e deza te jhArazAhI raziyA. ema to raziyA e pachAta deza hato paraMtu nakazAmAM e bahu vizALa deza che. jema IMglaDe hiMdustAna ane dakSiNa eziyAmAM pitAnuM sAmrAjya vistAryuM hatuM tema raziyAe uttara ane madhya eziyAmAM pitAnuM sAmrAjya vistAryuM hatuM, ane hiMdustAnathI tenI sarahada bahu dUra nahotI. raziyAnI A samIpatA iMglaMDane niraMtara othAranI peThe trAsa ApatI hatI. hiMdustAna viSe vAta karatI vakhate briTane aphaghAnistAna upara karelI caDAI tathA aphaghAna vigraha viSe huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM. A badhuM kevaLa raziyAnA Darane khAtara ja karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. yuropamAM paNa IMgleMDa ane raziyA vacce yuddha jAgyuM. AkhuM varasa khulluM rahe ane ziyALAmAM paNa thIjI na jAya evuM eka sAruM baMdara meLavavAnI raziyAnI murAda hatI. teno mulaka atizaya vizALa hatA. paraMtu tenAM badhAM baMdare uttara dhruvanA pradezanI AsapAsa hatAM ane varasanA amuka vakhata sudhI te thIjI jatAM hatAM. hiMdustAna, aphaghAnistAna tema ja IrAnamAM thaIne dariyA upara pahoMcatAM tene igleMDa rekatuM hatuM. kALo samudra pharasa ane DArDanalsa upara AvelA turkInA tAbAnA pradezothI gherAyelo hate. bhUtakALamAM teNe kasTAnTinepalane kabaje levA prayatna karyo hato paraMtu te samaye

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900 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana tu lekA tenAthI gAMjyA jAya evA nahetA. paraMtu have tu lakA nabaLA paDI gayA hatA ane jene mATe raziyA talasatuM hatuM te amUlya vastu temanA hAthamAM AvIne paDe ema lAgatu hatu. raziyAe te laI levAnA prayAsa karyAM. paNa emAM iMgleMDa vacce paDayuM ane kevaLa svArthI hetune khAtara te turkInuM pakSakAra banyuM. 1854nI sAlamAM krimiyAnA vigrahathI ane tyAra pachI paNa khIjo vigraha karavAnI dhamakIthI teNe raziyAne ThekANe rAkhyuM. 1854-56nA A krimiyana vigrahamAM phlorensa nAiTiMgela potAnI svayaMsevikAnA daLane laIne yuddhamAM ghAyala thayelA sainikAnI sAravAra karavA mATe gaI hatI. te samayane mATe to e eka asAdhAraNa vastu hatI kema ke, vikaTeriyA yuganA madhyamavarganI strI te dharakUkaDIo hatI. laoNrensa nAiTi Mgele temanI samakSa sakriya sevAnuM dRSTAMta rajU karyuM ane e rIte ghaNI strIone potAnA gharanI bahAra kADhI. A rIte, strIonI hilacAlanA vikAsamAM tenuM sthAna mahattvanuM che. briTananA rAjyataMtranuM svarUpa jene 'baMdhAraNIya rAjAzAhI' athavA ta - tAjadhArI prajAtaMtra ( krAunDa ripablika ) kahevAmAM Ave che te prakAranuM hatuM. eno artha e ke, tAja dhAraNa karanAranA hAthamAM kazI sAcI sattA nahotI paraMtu te kevaLa pAmenTanA vizvAsa dharAvanArA pradhAnAnuM vAjiMtra hatA. rAjakIya dRSTie to te pradhAnonA hAthamAM eka pUtaLA samAna gaNAtA hatA ane te 'rAjakAraNathI para' che ema kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM. paNa kharI vAta e che ke kAI paNa buddhizALI ke saMkalpabaLavALA mANasa kevaLa pUtaLA samAna rahI zake nahi ane aMgreja rAjA ke rANIne jAhera bAbatomAM mAthu mAravAnI ke dakhala karavAnI puSkaLa taka hoya che. sAmAnya rIte e vastu paDadAnI pAchaLa thatI hoya che ane prajAne enI bhAgye ja jANa thAya che ane jANu thAya che to paNa bahu lAMbA samaya pachI. dakhala chaDecoka karavAmAM Ave to tenI sAme bhAre asa MtoSa phelAvAnA saMbhava rahe ane kadAca tethI rAjyAsana paNa jokhamamAM AvI paDe. baMdhAraNIya rAjAnAmAM sauthI mATe guNu kaLa athavA AvaDatanA hovA beI e. te e guNa tenAmAM hoya to te potAnuM kArya AgaLa dhapAvI zake ane aneka rIte asarakAraka paNa thaI zake. baMdhAraNa ane kAyadAnI rUe prajAtaMtranA pramukhAne (yunAITeDa sTeTsanA pramukhanI peThe ) pArlamenTavALA dezonA tAjadhArI rAjA karatAM ghaNI vadhAre sattA hoya che. paraMtu prajAta trAnA pramukho to vAraMvAra badalAyA kare che jyAre rAjAe tA lAMbA vakhata sudhI rahe che ane cUpacApa paNa nira Mtara amuka cokkasa dizAmAM rAjakAja upara potAnI asara pADatA rahe che. vaLI rAjAne sAmAjika dabANu vAparavAnI tema ja kAvAdAvA karavAnI khIjI paNa aneka takA

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iMglaMDane vikaTeriyA yuga 901 maLI rahe che kema ke sAmAjika duniyAmAM te te sarvoparI hoya che. sAce ja, rAjadarabArenuM samagra vAtAvaraNa adhikAravAda, UMcAnIcA darajajA, vargo, padavIo tathA IlakAba vagerethI vyApta hoya che. ane te ja AkhA deza mATe vyavahAranAM dhoraNe nakakI kare che. sAmAjika samAnatA tathA vargonI nAbUdI sAthe e susaMgata nathI. aMgreja lekonuM mAnasa ghaDavAmAM temaja temanI pAse bhinnabhinna sAmAjika vargone svIkAra karAvavAmAM iMglaMDanA rAjadarabAranI bhAre asara ane hise che emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. athavA ema kahevuM vadhAre sAcuM che ke, duniyAnA lagabhaga badhA moTA moTA dezamAMthI rAjAzAhI nAbUda thaI gaI hovA chatAM iMglaMDamAM te kAyama rahI che enuM kAraNa e che ke tyAM AgaLa lekee UMcAnIcA darajajAnA vargovALI sAmAjika vyavasthA mAnya rAkhI che. "pratyeka aMgrejane "laoNrDa' eTale ke, svAmI priya che" e purANI vAyakA che ane emAM ghaNuM satya raheluM che. yuropa tathA amerikAmAM tema ja jApAna ane hiMdustAna sivAya eziyAmAM paNa bIje kyAMya varga varga vaccenA bheda IMgleMDa jeTalA tIvra nathI. rAjakIya lekazAhI ane udyogavAdamAM bhUtakALamAM IMgleMDa sauthI mokhare hovA chatAM Aje te sAmAjika kSetramAM ATaluM badhuM pachAta ane ATaluM badhuM sthiticusta che e kharekhara AzcaryakAraka che. briTiza pArlamenTane "pArlamenTanI janetA" kahevAmAM Ave che. enI kArakirdI bahu lAMbI ane ujajvaLa che ane ghaNI bAbatamAM rAjAnI ApakhudI sAme laDavAmAM teNe pahela karI che. rAjAnI ApakhudIne ThekANe have pArlamenTanA zrImaMtanuM zAsana AvyuM eTale ke mUThIbhara jamInadAre ane zAsakavargane amala zarU thayo. lokazAhInuM te dhajApatAkA ane gAjanavAjana sAthe e pachI Agamana thayuM. ane ghaNuM kheMcatANa bAda AmanI sabhAmAM pratinidhio cUMTI mokalavA mATe vasatInA moTA bhAgane matAdhikAra ApavAmAM Avyo. paraMtu vyavahAramAM ethI karIne pArlAmenTa upara AmajanatAnI nahi paNa zrImaMta udyogapationI sattA kAyama thaI ane lekazAsanane badale tyAM AgaLa zrImaMtavargane amala zarU thaye. zAsana karavA mATe tema ja kAyadA ghaDavA mATe briTiza pArlAmenTa vicitra prakAranI paddhati vikasAvI. A paddhati te be pakSonI paddhati. e be pakSo vacce jhAjhe taphAvata nahe. ubhaya pakSa paraspara virodhI siddhAMtanA samarthaka nahatA. baMne dhanika varganA pakSe hatA ane pracalita sAmAjika vyavasthA ubhayane mAnya hatI. eka pakSamAM janA jamInadAra varganuM pramANa vadhAre hatuM ane bIjAmAM dhanika kArakhAnAMnA mAlikanuM. paraMtu nAmanA pheraphAra sivAya temanI vacce jhAjhA taphAvata nahote. eka pitAne "TorI' pakSa kahevaDAvate ane bIjo "vIga" pakSa kahevaDAvate. 19mI sadInA pAchalA bhAgamAM te pakSe potAne anukrame kanjharaveTiva" ane "libarala' nAmathI oLakhAvavA lAgyA. 4-1

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana - yuropa khaMDanA bIjA dezomAM paristhiti bilakula bhinna hatI, tyAM te judI judI vicAra-praNAlI ane kAryakramavALA pakSe hatA ane teo pArlAmenTamAM tema ja bahAra ekabIjA sAme jhanUnathI laDatA hatA. paraMtu iMglaMDamAM te badhuM kauTuMbika vyavahAra jevuM hatuM. tyAM to virodha e paNa sahakAranuM ja eka svarUpa hatuM ane dareka pakSa vArApharatI sattA upara Avate ane virodha pakSa banate. garIba ane tavaMgara vaccene khare jhaghaDe tathA vargavigraha pArlAmenTamAM dekhA dete nahote kema ke tenA baMne meTA pakSe zrImaMta varganA pakSo hatA. tyAM AgaLa lekalAgaNI uzkere evA mahattvanA dhArmika prazno nahatA tema ja yuropa khaMDanA dezamAM hatA tevA bhinna bhinna jAtine lagatA kemI ke rASTrIya prazno paNa tyAM nahetA. 19mI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM AyarlenDanA rASTravAdI sabhyae kharekhara lAgaNI uzkere evuM tattva pArlAmenTamAM dAkhala karyuMkema ke temane mATe AyarlenDanI AjhAdI e rASTrIya savAla hate. - AvA be moTA ane samartha pakSe pArlAmenTa mATenA umedavAre UbhA karatA hoya tyAre koI raDyAkhaDyA svataMtra umedavAra ke kaI nAnA maMDaLanA sabhyane mATe pArlamenTanA sabhya tarIke cUMTAvuM atizaya kaparuM thaI paDe che. lekazAsana ane matAdhikAra hovA chatAMye garIba bicArA matadArane emAM kaze ja avAja nahotuM. tenI IcchAmAM Ave te A bemAMnA eka pakSanA umedavArane mata Ape athavA koIne paNa mata na ApatAM ghara AgaLa besI rahe. vaLI pArlamenTanA pakSanA sabhyane paNa jhAjhI svataMtratA hotI nathI. temane paNa temanA pakSanA AgevAnI sUcanA anusAra pArlAmenTamAM potAnA mate ApavAnA hoya che ane e uparAMta teo jhAjhuM karI zakatA nathI. kema ke sAmA pakSane harAvIne tenI pAsethI sattAnAM sUtre khUMcavI levA mATe teo e rIte ja pitAnA pakSane saMgaThita ane baLavAna banAvI zake. A saMgaThana ane ekya amuka dRSTie ThIka che emAM zaka nathI paNa ene sAcuM lekazAsana te na ja kahI zakAya. vaLI jene lekazAsananI pragatinA udAharaNa tarIke vAraMvAra rajU karavAmAM Ave che te IgleMDamAM paNa lekazAsanane jhaLakatI phateha nathI maLI e ApaNe joI zakIe chIe. prajAe potAnA upara zAsana karavAne mATe uttama purane kevI rIte pasaMda karavA e rAjakAraNanA mahAna praznane satiSakAraka ukela tyAM paNa nathI zodhAyo. vyavahAramAM te lekazAsana eTale moTA pramANamAM bUmabarADA ane jAhera vyAkhyAne. A rIte garIba bIcArA matadArane jene viSe te kazuM jANatA nathI heta evI vyaktine pasaMda karavAnuM samajAvavAmAM Ave che. sAmAnya cUMTaNIne jemAM aneka prakAranAM vacane ApavAmAM Ave evI jAhera harAjI tarIke

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ilaMDane vikaTeriyA yuga 903. varNavavAmAM AvI che. paraMtu A badhI UNapa hovA chatAM iMgleMDa samRddha hevAne kAraNe A adhakacarI athavA bhrAmaka lekazAhI tyAM cAlu rahI. A samRddhie pracalita samAjavyavasthAne paDI bhAgatI aTakAvI rAkhI ane prajAne amuka aMze saMtuSTa rAkhI. 19mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM DIjharAyalI ane glaeNDasTana e be jaNe igleMDanA rAjakIya pakSanA be mahAna AgevAna hatA. DijharAyalI konjharaveTIva pakSane netA hatA ane e rIte te aneka vAra vaDe pradhAna banyuM hatuM. pAchaLathI tene baeNkansaphilDane arla banAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. eNe meLavelI e siddhi bahu bhAre kahevAya kema ke te eka sAmAnya yahUdI hatuM ane aMgrejone yahUdIo pratye aNagamo heya che. paraMtu kevaLa pitAnI kuzaLatA ane khaMtathI tenI sAmenA badhA pUrvagraho upara teNe vijaya meLavyo ane e rIte potAne mArga kADhIne te AgalI harenamAM AvIne Ubhe. te mATe sAmrAjyavAdI hatA ane teNe ja vikaTeriyAne hiMdanI sAmrAjJI banAvI. glaeNDasTana iMglaMDanA eka purANa zrImaMta kuTuMbamAMthI UtarI AvyuM hatuM. te libarala pakSane netA thaye ane e rIte te paNa aneka vAra vaDA pradhAna banya. sAmrAjyavAda ane paradezI nItinI bAbatamAM te tenI ane DIjharAyalInI vacce koI paNa maulika taphAvata nahato. paNa DajharAyelI pitAtA sAmrAjyavAda upara DhAMkapichoDe nahete karate. paraMtu glaeNDasTana te pakko aMgreja hoIne rUDArUpALA zabdo ane sadicchAdarzaka samajAvaTathI pitAnA sAmrAjyavAdane chAvarate ane pote je kaMI paNa kare che te IzvaranI preraNA anusAra kare che e dekhAva kara. bAlkanamAM turkInA atyAcAra sAme teNe bhAre jhuMbeza calAvI ane kevaLa tene virodha karavA khAtara ja DIkarAyelIe tukane pakSa lIdhe. kharI vAta to e che ke, emAM tuka tema ja tenA tAbAnI bAlkana dvipakalpanI badhI prajAe doSapAtra hatI, kema ke ubhaya pakSa vArApharatI ekabIjA upara atyAcAra karate ane ekabIjAnI katala karate hate. glaeNDasTane AyarlenDanA svarAjyanI caLavaLane paNa Take ADe hate. paraMtu emAM te saphaLa na thayo. e bAbatamAM iMglaMDamAM eTale tIvra virodha hatuM ke, e muddA upara tyAMnA libarala pakSamAM be bhAgalA paDyA ane temane eka bhAga kanjharaveTIva pakSa sAthe joDAI gaye. e pakSa Aje "yuniyanisTa' (yuniyana eTale jeDANa) nAme oLakhAya che kema ke te AyarlenDa sAthenuM IgleMDanuM joDANa kAyama rAkhavA mAgato hato. paraMtu e viSe tathA vikaToriyA yuganA bIjA banAva viSe huM tane A pachInA patramAM vadhu kahIza.

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136. duniyAnuM zarApha IMgleMDa - 23 phebruArI, 1933 iMglaMDanI lakSmI sadInI samRddhi tenA udyoge tathA tenI vasAhata tathA tAbA nIcenA mulakenA zoSaNane AbhArI hatI. khAsa karIne enI vadhatI jatI saMpattine AdhAra sutarAu kApaDa, le, jahAjo bAMdhavAne udyoga tathA keso e cAra udyoga upara hate. A udyogane pradhAna athavA to pAyAnA udyoge kahI zakAya. A udyoganI AsapAsa athavA emanAthI svataMtra bIjA aneka nAnA moTA udyoge tyAM vikasyA. vepArajagAranI moTI moTI peDhIo tathA beMke athavA zarAphI peDhIo sthapAI kevaLa pitAne mAla ja nahi paNa bIjA udyogapradhAna dezone pAke mAla paNa dezaparadeza laI jatAM IMgleMDanAM vepArI vahANe duniyAnA lagabhaga dareka bhAgamAM jovAmAM AvatAM. AkhI duniyAnI vepAranI cIjo eka dezathI bIje deza laI javA lAvavAnuM kAryae jahAjo karavA lAgyAM. laMDananI leIDa vImA kaMpanI AkhI duniyAnA dariyAI vepAranuM kendra thaI paDI. A dhaMdhArojagAra tathA udyogee pArlAmenTa upara pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvyuM. dezamAM bahAranI saMpattine akhalita dhodha vahevA lAgyuM ane dezane upale tathA madhyamavarga dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre dhanika banate gaye. e saMpattine thaDe hise majUravargane paNa maLe ane tene lIdhe tenA jIvananuM dhoraNa paNa UMcuM thayuM. paraMtu dhanikavargane maLatI rahetI A saMpattine temaNe ze upayoga kare? ene ema ne ema paDI rahevA devI e te mUrkhAI kahevAya eTale dareka jaNa navA navA udyoge UbhA karavA tathA uttarottara vadhAre ne vadhAre pramANamAM mAla pedA karIne vadhAre ne vadhAre naphe meLavavA Atura hatA. A saMpattine mATe bhAga skoTaleMDa tathA iMglaMDamAM navAM navAM kArakhAnAMo UbhAM karavAmAM, relave bAMdhavAmAM tema ja evAM bIjAM sAhasa kheDavAmAM vaparAye. thaDA vakhata pachI dezamAM saMkhyAbaMdha kArakhAnAMo thaI gayAM ane dezanuM saMpUrNa udyogIkaraNa thaI gayuM tyAre svAbhAvika rIte ja naphAnuM pramANa ghaTI gayuM kema ke, have tyAM udyoge vacce harIphAI vadhI gaI hatI. have paisAvALA mUDIdAroe vadhAre naphAkAraka rokANa karavA mATe paradeza tarapha najara karI ane e dizAmAM temane bahoLuM kSetra maLI rahyuM. duniyAbharamAM relavee baMdhAI rahI hatI, tAranI lAIna naMkhAI rahI hatI tathA kArakhAnAMo UbhAM thavA lAgyAM hatAM. yuropa, amerikA, AphrikA tema ja briTananA tAbAnA mulakamAMnAM AvAM ghaNuM kAryomAM iMglaMDanAM vadhArAnAM nANAMnuM rokANa thayuM. yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM naisargika saMpatti

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duniyAnuM zarApha iMglaDa 905. akhUTa hatI e kharuM paraMtu tyAM AgaLa bahu tvarAthI udyogIkaraNa thaI rahyuM hatuM eTale relave vagere tenA moTA moTA udyogomAM paNa iMglaMDano puSkaLa pase rokavAmAM AvyuM. dakSiNa amerikA ane khAsa karIne AjenTAInamAM aMgreja mAlakInA vizALa bagIcAo hatA. keneDA ane osTreliyAnA udyoga paNa IMglaMDanI mUDIthI ja UbhA thayA. cInamAM vepAranI chUTachATo meLavavA mATe laDAI thaI hatI te viSe huM AgaLa tane kaMIka kahI gayo chuM. hiMda upara te aMgrejonuM prabhutva hatuM ja. ahIM temaNe relave tathA bIjAM kAma mATe pitAnI manamAnI ane atizaya AkarI zaratethI nANAM dhIryA. Ama igleMDa AkhI duniyAnuM zarApha banyuM ane laMDana AkhI duniyAnuM zarAphI bajAra banI gayuM. paraMtu eno artha tuM e na mAnI besIza ke bIjA dezane nANAM dhIravA mATe iMglaDe sonArUpAnA thelA yA te rokaDa nANAM tyAM mekalyAM hatAM. Adhunika vepAra e rIte nathI cAlatuM. e rIte vyavahAra calAvavAne mATe pUratA pramANamAM senuM cAMdI lAvavAM kyAMthI ? mUrakha mANaso ja sonA cAMdIne vadhAre paDatuM mahattva Ape che. e te kevaLa vinimaya tema ja mAlanI pheravaNI mATenAM sAdhane ja che. e khAvAnA, oDhavA paheravAnA ke bIjA evA kazA kAmamAM AvatAM nathI. hA, ghareNAM tarIke paheravAnA kAmamAM te Ave che kharAM paraMtu tethI koIne kaze artha sarato nathI. jene upayoga karI zakAya evI vastuo ke sarasAmAnanI mAlikI hovI e kharuM dhana che. eTale IMgleMDa athavA te aMgreja mUDIdAroe bIjA dezane nANAM dhIryA ene artha e ke teo videzanA udyoga tathA relave vagere kAmomAM amuka rakama rokatA hatA ane tene mATe nagada nANune badale iMglaMDane mAla ekalatA hatA. A rIte IgleMDathI yaMge tema ja relavene sarasAmAna paradezamAM mekalavAmAM AvatuM. AthI IgleMDanA udyogone madada maLatI hatI ane sAthe sAthe tyAMnA mUDIdArone pitAnI vadhArAnI mUDI sArI peThe naphe laIne rokavAnI taka maLatI. paisAnI dhIradhAra e bahu naphAkAraka dhaMdhe che ane IMglaDe e dhaMdhe jema jema bahoLA pramANamAM karavA mAMDyo tema tema te tavaMgara thatuM gayuM. ene pariNAme tyAM AgaLa pitAnA dhaMdhA ane rokANamAMthI thatI Avaka upara jIvanAro beThADu varga pedA thayA. temane koI paNa vastu pedA karavA mATe kazI mahenata majUrI karavAnI nahotI. teo kaI relave, cAnA bagIce yA te bIjA keI udyogamAM pitAnA zera dharAvatA hatA ane temAMthI temane niyamita rIte Avaka thayA karatI. phrenca rIverA, iTAlI ane sviTjharlenDa tathA evI bIjI sArI sArI jagyAoe A beThADu varganI aMgreja vasAhata thaI gaI. paraMtu temanAmAMnA moTA bhAganA leke te iMglaMDamAM ja rahyA.

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana IgleMDa pAsethI A rIte nANAM uchInAM lenAra deze tenuM vyAja kevI rIte bharatA hatA ? ahIM paNa e deze te senA ke cAMdImAM bharatA nahotA. varase varasa vyAja bharavA mATe temanI pAse A dhAtuo pUratA pramANamAM nahotI. eTale teo mAla ApIne vyAja bharatA. paraMtu e mATe teo taiyAra mAla nahotA ApatA, kema ke taiyAra athavA pAka mAla pedA karavAmAM te IMgleMDa sau dezathI AgaLa hatuM eTale khorAkanI vastuo ane kArca mAla ApIne teo iMgleMDa pAsethI lIdhelI mUDInuM vyAja bharatA. e dezemAMthI IMglaMDa tarapha ghauM, cA, kephI, mAMsa, sUkA me, dArU, rU ane Una vagerene akhalita pravAha vahyA karate. be deza vacce vepAra eTale ubhaya dezanA mAlanI paraspara levaDadevaDa athavA vinimaya. paraMtu eka deza hamezAM pitAno mAla vecyA ja kare ane bIjo hamezAM kharIdyA ja kare e sthiti lAMbe vakhata TakI na zake. je ema karavAne prayAsa karavAmAM Ave te mAlanI kiMmata senA ke cAMdImAM patAvavI paDe ane ceDA ja vakhatamAM e dhAtuo khUTI paDe athavA te A ekataraphI vepAra ApoApa baMdha thaI jAya. be dezo vaccenA vepAramAM te mAlanI paraspara leNadeNa athavA te vinimaya thAya che. A vinimaya ApoApa amuka rIte geThavAI jAya che ane pariNAme kaI vakhata eka deza leNadAra bane che te vaLI bIjI vakhata bIjo deza leNadAra bane che athavA koI vakhate ethI UlaTuM pariNAma paNa Ave che. je ApaNe iMglaMDane 1lmI sadI daramiyAnane vepAra tapAsIzuM te jaNAze ke e arasAmAM tenI nikAsa karatAM AyAta vadhAre hatI. eTale ke, te bahoLA pramANamAM mAla paradeza mokalatuM hatuM kharuM paraMtu ekaMdare te ethI vadhAre kiMmatane mAla bahArathI ANatuM hatuM; emAM phera mAtra e hatuM ke, te taiyAra athavA pAke mAla paradeza caDAvatuM hatuM ane tene badale mukhyatve karIne kAcA mAla ane khAdya padArthonI, AyAta karatuM hatuM. Ama dekhItI rIte vecavA karatAM vadhAre kiMmatano mAla te kharIdatuM hatuM ane ema hoya te vepAra karavAnI e sArI rIta nathI. paNa vastutAe tenI vadhArAnI AyAta che te teNe dhIrelAM nANAMnA naphA tarIke AvatI hatI. e te tenA devAdAra deze tathA hiMda jevA tAbAnA deze taraphathI AvatI khaMDaNI hatI. - tenA rokANane badhe ja naphe kaMI IglaDa AvatuM nahotuM. tene moTo bhAga te devAdAra dezamAM ja rahe. briTiza mUDIdAro te ja dezamAM pharIthI te rokatA. A rIte iMglaMDamAMthI navI mUDI ke na mAla mokalyA vinA ja tenA paradezanA rekANunuM pramANa dinapratidina vadhatuM ja gayuM. relave, nahera tathA bIjA aneka udyogamAM IMglaDe karelAM aDhaLaka rokANo viSe ApaNane

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907 duniyAnuM zarApha blaDa hiMdustAnamAM vAraMvAra sAMbhaLavA maLe che. ane e kAraNe hiMdane IgleMDanuM bahu moTI rakamanuM devuM che ema jaNAvavAmAM Ave che. aneka kAraNone laIne hiMdIo ene virodha kare che paraMtu ApaNe ahIM e bAbatamAM UtaravAnI jarUra nathI. paraMtu A bAbatamAM eTaluM lakSamAM rAkhavuM jarUrI che ke, A aDhaLaka rekANamAM IMgleMDathI AvelI mUDInuM pramANa bahu jUja che. hiMdamAMthI meLavele naphe pharI pharIne rokavAthI e meTI rakama thavA pAmI che. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM ke plAsI ane kalAIvanA jamAnAmAM sonuM ane jhaverAtane moTo jaththa chaDeceka hiMdamAMthI IMglaMDa laI javAmAM Avyo hato. e pachI hiMdanA zeSaNe juduM ane kaMIka pracchanna svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM ane emAMthI thayelA naphAne amuka hisso paNa A dezamAM rokavAmAM AvyA. iMglaMDane mAluma paDyuM ke, mUDInA vyAja tarIke mAlane svIkAra karavo e zarAphIne jagavyApI dhaMdhe calAvavAnuM eka mAtra mArga hatuM. AgaLa meM tane jaNuvyuM hatuM tema tenA mATe te Agraha rAkhI zake ema nahotuM. AnAM be mahattvanAM pariNAma AvyAM. pitAnI vasatIne khorAka pUro pADavA mATe teNe bahAranA dezamAMthI anAja vagere khAdya padArtho AvavA dIdhA. ane pitAnI khetIne hAni pahoMcavA dIdhI. paradezamAM vecAvA mATeno mAla audyogika rIte taiyAra karavAmAM teNe pitAnuM saghaLuM lakSa kendrita ryuM ane pitAnA kheDUtanI durdazAnI avagaNanA karI. je te paradezamAMthI ochA bhAve khAdya padArtho meLavI zake ema hatuM te pachI potAnA dezamAM ja te utpanna karavAnI kaDAkUTamAM zAne paDavuM ? ane udyoga dvArA je te vadhAre naphe karI zake ema hoya te pachI khetInI jaMjALamAM teNe pite zAne paDavuM ? A rIte IglaDa potAnA khAdyapadArtho mATe paradezo upara AdhAra rAkhanAra audyogika deza banI gaye. AnuM bIjuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke, teNe abAdhita vepAranI nIti akhatyAra karI. eTale ke paradezathI pitAnA baMdaramAM AvatA mAla upara jakAta nAkhavAnuM teNe baMdha karyuM athavA te tenA upara te nahi jevI ja jakAta nAkhatuM. pite AgaLa paDatuM audyogika rASTra hovAthI pAkA mAlanI bAbatamAM tene ghaNuM lAMbA samaya sudhI kazIye harIphAIne Dara nahote. paradezI. mAla upara jakAta nAkhavI e A rIte pitAne tyAM AvatA khAdya padArtho ane kAcA mAla upara jakAta nAkhavA samAna hatuM. ethI te prajAnI khorAkInI vastuonI tathA pitAnA pAkA mAlanI kiMmata vadhavA pAme. A uparAMta, bhAre jakAta nAkhIne paradezI mAla potAne tyAM Avato te aTakAve te pachI devAdAra deze IgleMDane pitAnI khaMDaNI kevI rIte bhare ? teo te mAla ApIne ja ema karI zake. jyAre bIjA dezee saMrakSaNanI nItine Azare lIdhe

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hato eTale ke paradezathI pitAne tyAM AvatA mAla upara bhAre jakAta nAkhIne teo pitAnA UgatA udyogone rakSaNa ApatA hatA tyAre iglaDe abAdhita vepAranI nIti akhatyAra karI tenuM kAraNa A che. yunAITeDa sTeTsa, phrAMsa, jarmanI vagere badhA dezoe saMrakSaNanI nIti akhatyAra karI hatI. khetInI avagaNanA karavAnI ane udyoga upara saghaLuM lakSa kendrita karavAnI tathA khorAkInI vastuo dezAvaramAMthI meLavavAnI ane paradezamAMthI AvatI khaMDaNI upara ArAmathI jIvavAnI 19mI sadInA aMgrejonI nIti phAyadAkAraka ane majAnI lAgatI hatI. paraMtu Aje ApaNane spaSTapaNe dekhAya che tema enAM jokhamo paNa hatAM. e nIti udyogamAM IMgleMDanI sarasAI tathA paradeza sAthenA tenA jabaradasta vepAranA pAyA upara racAyelI hatI. paraMtu e sarasAIne aMta Ave ane tenI sAthe ja paradeze sAthe tene vepAra paNa bhAgI paDe te tenI zI dazA thAya? e sthitimAM pitAnI kherAkInI vastu mATenI kiMmata e kevI rIte cUkave? ane kherAkInI vastuo mATenI kiMmata e cUkavI zake teye je kaI baLavAna zatru vacce paDe te paradezamAMthI te e meLavI kevI rIte zake? gayA mahAyuddha vakhate bahArathI Avate khorAka lagabhaga baMdha thaI gayA hatA tyAre iMglaMDanA leke bhUkhe maravA lAgyA hatA. paradezanI harIphAIne kAraNe videzo sAtheneM ene vepAra uttarottara ghaTavA lAge e enAthIye vaLI meTuM jokhama che. 19mI sadInA navamA dazakAmAM yunAITeDa sTeTsa ane jarmanI paradezanAM bajAra zodhavA lAgyAM tyAre A harIphAI spaSTapaNe dekhAvA lAgI. dhIme dhIme bIjA deze paNa audyogika banyA ane teo paNa bajAranI A zodhamAM bhaLyA. ane have te lagabhaga AkhI duniyAmAM amuka aMze udyoge UbhA thayA che, dareka deza pitAne jarUrI meTA bhAgane mAla utpanna ' karavAno ane paradezI mAlane dezamAM Avate aTakAvavAno prayAsa kare che. hiMdustAna paradezI kApaDa ahIM AvatuM aTakAvavA mAge che. te pachI leMkezAyare ane paradeza sAthenA vepAra upara AdhAra rAkhatA briTiza udyogoe zuM karavuM? iMglaMDane mATe A kaparA prazno che ane teno niveDe lAvavAnuM kAma muzkela che tathA tene mATe have kaparA divase AvavAnA hoya ema lAge che, potAnA kavacamAM nivRtta thaIne tathA pitAne khorAka tema ja jIvanane upayogI bIjI vastuo utpanna karIne te pitAnuM svayaMpUrNa jIvana paNa have jIvI zake ema nathI. Adhunika jagatanI racanA have evI jaTila banI gaI che ke ema karavuM paNa zakya nathI. ane dhAro ke te e rIte duniyAthI aLaguM thaI jAya teye te pitAnI vadhAre paDatI vasatIne pUre paDe eTale khorAka utpanna karI zake ke kema e paNa zaMkAspada che. paNa A badhA te AjanA prazno che;

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duniyAnuM zarApha blaDa 19mI sadInA kALamAM temanuM kazuM mahatva nahotuM. ethI karIne IglaDe te vakhate pitAnA bhAvi sAthe jugAra khelyA ane pitAnI sarasAI cAlu raheze e mAnyatA upara potAnI madAra bAMdhI. e jabare dAva hatuM ane enuM jokhama bhAre hatuM - kAM te te duniyAnuM AgevAna rASTra bane yA te jamInadosta thaI jAya. ene mATe kaI vacalI sthiti nahotI. paraMtu vikaToriyA yuganA madhyama varganA aMgrejamAM AtmavizvAsa yA kahe ke AtmavaMcanAnI khoTa nahotI. tenI lAMbA kALanI samRddhi tathA tene maLelI saphaLatAne kAraNe tema ja udyoga ane vepArajagAranA kSetramAM tenI AgevAnIne lIdhe bAkInI mAnavajAta karatAM pitAnA caDiyAtApaNA viSe tene khAtarI thaI cUkI hatI. badhAye videzIo tarapha te kaMIka tucchakAranI lAgaNIthI jete hate. eziyA ane AphrikAnI prajAo te tenI najare bezaka pachAta ane barbara hatI ane dekhItI rIte ja, jagatanI pachAta prajAo upara hakUmata calAvavAnI tema ja temane sudhAravAnI aMgrejonI janmasiddha lAyakAta ajamAvavAnI taka ApavA mATe ja temane pedA karavAmAM AvI hatI. are, khuda yurepa khaMDanI itara prajAo sudhdhAM temanI najare te ajJAna ane vahemI hatI. aMgrejone mana pate IzvaranI mAnItI ane saMskRtinI Toce pahoMcelI prajA hatA tathA yuropanI mokhare rahIne teo AgekUca karI rahyA hatA. vaLI, khuda yurepa bAkInI badhI duniyAne mekhare hatuM. briTiza sAmrAjya e eka prakAranI daivI saMsthA hatI ane e vastu briTiza prajAnI mahattAnA purAvA samAna hatI. potAnA jamAnAnA eka samarthamAM samartha aMgreja ane trIsa varSa pUrvenA hiMdanA vAIsaroya lorDa karjhane "briTiza sAmrAjya e vidhAtAnI sRSTimAM jagate pahelAM kadI nahi bhALeluM evuM sauthI mahAna kalyANakArI baLa che evuM mAnanArAone" pitAnuM eka pustaka arpaNa karyuM hatuM. | vikaToriyA yuganA aMgrejo viSe huM Aje lakhI rahyo chuM te kaMIka tANItUsIne lakheluM ane asAmAnya lAge che ane saMbhava che ke, huM temanI bicArAonI majAka uDAvI rahyo chuM ema paNa kadAca tane lAge. koI paNa samajadAra vyakti A rIte varte ane ApaNane tAjuba karI mUke evuM ghamaMDI ane AtmasaMtoSanuM valaNa dhAraNa kare e vicitra vastu che. paraMtu je e vastu temanA mithyAbhimAnane recaka hoya tathA temanA lAbhamAM hoya te rASTrasamUhe kaI paNa vastu mAnI levA taiyAra thavAnA. vyaktio pitAnA pADozIenI sAthe AvI aNaghaDa ane grAmya rIte vartavAnuM kadI ka9pe paNa nahi, paNa rASTrone evo khaTake heta nathI. durbhAgye, ApaNe sau eka ja mATImAMthI banelAM chIe ane ApaNuM pitAnA rASTrIya guNenI dAMDI pITyA karIe chIe. najIvA pheraphAra sAthe, vikaTeriyA yuganA aMgrejane namUne

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910 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzana ApaNane satra maLI Ave che. yuropanAM badhAMye rASTramAM ene ja maLatA rASTrIya namUnAe pedA thayA che ane amerikA tathA eziyAmAM paNa ema ja che. A iMglaMDa tathA pazcima yuropanI samRddhi ane jAhejalAlI audyogika mUDIvAdanA vikAsane AbhArI hatI. naphA mATenI tenI avirata zeAdhamAM mUDIvAda AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhatA ja gayA. saphaLatA ane na e e devA ja leAkeAnI pUjA pAmavA lAgyA; kema ke mUDIvAdane dharma ke nItimattA sAthe kazI levAdevA nahetI. e to vyakti vyakti vacce tathA rASTra rASTra vacce jIvaleNu spardhAnA siddhAMta hatA emAM pAchaLa rahI janArA bhalene jahAnamamAM paDatA. vikaTAriyA yuganA aMgrejo potAnI dhArmi ka sahiSNutA mATe bhAre gaurava letA hatA. vijJAna ane pragatimAM temane zraddhA hatI ane vepArarAjagAramAM tathA sAmrAjya UbhuM karavAmAM temane maLelI saphaLatAne kAraNe pote kaIka viziSTa prakAranA leke che ane potAnI khAsa yogyatAne kAraNe jIvananI harIphAImAM TakI nIkaLyA che ema teo mAnavA lAgyA hatA. jIvananI harIphAImAM sabaLA ja Take che ema DArvine nahAtuM kahyuM ? dha paratvenI temanI sahiSNutA sAcu jotAM temanI e viSenI kheparavAI hatI. Ara. eca. TonI nAmanA eka aMgreja lekhake A paristhitinuM byAna vadhAre sArI rIte karyuM che. te kahe che ke, zvirane dunyavI bAbatamAMthI dUra karIne tene yogya sthAne geThavI devAmAM AvyA che. " A pRthvI upara che te ja pramANe svargamAM paNa baMdhAraNIya rAjAzAhI varte che. " dhanika madhyama vargonA lokAne AvA abhiprAya hato paraMtu AmavanA leAkA ethI karIne krAMtikArI vicArothI aLagA raheze e AzAe devaLAmAM javA mATe tathA dharmAcaraNa mATe temane uttejana ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. dhArmika bAbatamAM sahiSNutA rAkhavAmAM AvatI hatI ene a e nathI ke khIjI badhI bAbatomAM paNa evuM ja sahiSNutAnuM valaNa rAkhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. je bAbatone prajAne moTo bhAga mahattvanI gaNatA hoya te paratve sahiSNutA nahAtI ane jarA sarakhI taMga paristhiti pedA thatAM badhAye sahiSNutA adRzya thaI nnaya che. hiMMdamAMnI briTiza sarakAra dharmanI bAbatamAM parama sahiSNu che ane e vastu ene sahaja hoya evA dekhAva kare che. sAcI vAta e che ke, dharma jahAnamamAM paDe enI ene leza paNa paravA nathI. paraMtu enI rAjanIti ke enAM kAryAMnI jarAsarakhI paNa TIkA karavAmAM Ave ke tarata enA kAna TaTAra thaI jAya che ane e pachI kAI ye enA upara sahiSNutAnuM tahomata nahi mUkI zake ! jeTalA pramANamAM tANu vadhAre teTalA pramANamAM vadhAre patana thAya, ane tANa jo dhaNI vadhI jAya te sarakAra sahiSNutAne baMdhAye DALa bAjue mUkI de che ane chaDecoka tathA nilajjapaNe damana ane trAsane , --------

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duniyAnuM zarApha IglaDa 911 Azaro le che. hiMdamAM Aje ApaNane enuM darzana thAya che. hamaNuM ja meM eka chApAmAM vAMcyuM ke koI eka briTiza amaladAra upara dhamakInA patra lakhavA mATe mUchane dore paNa hajI nathI phUTo evA eka chokarAne ATha varasanI sakhata kedanI zikSA karavAmAM AvI che ! mUDIvAdI udyoganA vikAsane pariNAme ghaNuM pheraphAra thavA pAmyA che. mUDIvAdanuM kAryakSetra uttarottara vadhAre ne vadhAre moTuM thatuM gayuM; nAnI peDhIonA karatAM moTI peDhIo vadhAre kuzaLatApUrvaka kArya karI zake ane te vadhAre phAyadAkAraka paNa nIvaDe. AthI samagra udyoga upara pitAne kAbU jamAvanArI jabaradasta peDhIo --- ene TrasTa kahevAmAM Ave che - UbhI thaI ane nAnA nAnA svataMtra utpAdaka tathA nAnAM nAnAM kArakhAnAMone te gaLI gaI. "le phera" eTale ke svara pravRttinA jUnA vicAro enI AgaLa dhULabhegA thaI gayA, kema ke vyaktigata sAhasa ke pravRttine mATe have avakAza ke taka rahI nahotI. A jabaradasta peDhIo athavA koraporezanenuM dezanI sarakAra upara paNa prabhutva hatuM. mUDIvAdane pariNAme sAmrAjyavAdanuM eka bIjuM ane vadhAre ugra svarUpa paNa udbhavyuM. 19mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM audyogika sattAo vacce spardhA pedA thatI gaI tema tema teo bajAre tema ja kAcA mAlane mATe dUra dUra najara karavA lAgI. sAmrAjya UbhuM karavA mATe duniyAbharamAM paDApaDI ane jhUMTAjhUMTa thavA lAgI. hiMdustAna, cIna, baha6 bhArata, IrAna vagere eziyAnA dezamAM zuM banavA pAmyuM te kaMIka vigate huM tane kahI gayo chuM. yuropI sattAo have AphrikA upara gIdhanI mAphaka tUTI paDI ane e khaMDane temaNe ApasamAM vaheMcI lIdho. ahIM paNa iMglaMDa moTo bhAga paDAvya - uttaramAM teNe misara lIdhuM tathA AphrikAnA pUrva, pazcima tathA dakSiNa bhAgamAM paNa teNe jabaradasta pradeza paDAvyA. phrAMse paNa e bAbatamAM ThIka karyuM. A lUMTamAM iTAlI paNa bhAga paDAvavA cahAtuM hatuM paNa ebIsIniyAe tene sakhata hAra ApIne saune Azcaryacakita karI mUkyAM. e lUMTamAM jarmanIne paNa hisso maLe paNa ethI tene samAdhAna na thayuM. zerabakora karato, dhAkadhamakI ApatA ane AcakI lete sAmrAjyavAda ja jyAM tyAM dekhA dete hate. briTiza sAmrAjyavAdanA jokapriya kavi ruDyArDa kipaliMge "geArA lekeno bojo" e viSe kAvya lakhyuM. phreMca loko pachAta prajAone sabhya banAvavAnA krAMsanA mizananI vAta karavA lAgyA. bezaka, jarmana lokone paNa pitAnI saMskRtine phelAvo karavAne hate. AthI, A bIjI prajAone beje vahana karanArAo tathA bIjI prajAone sabhya banAvanArAo tema ja temane sudhAranArAo kevaLa ApabhoganI bhAvanAthI

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ha12 'jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nIkaLI paDyA ane ghauMvarNI prajA, pILI prajA tathA kALI prajAnI pITha upara caDI beThA. ane kALAonA bojA viSe keIe paNa kAvya lakhyuM nahi. paraMtu AcakI lenArA ane ekabIjAnA harIpha evA A badhA sAmrAjyavAdone mATe A duniyA pUratI vizALa nahotI. bajAro meLavavAnI ugra mUDIvAdI bhUkhathI prerAIne dareka deza AgaLa ne AgaLa javA lAge. ghaNI vAra e badhA ekabIjA sAthe laDI paNa paDatA. keTalIye vAra IgleMDa ane phrAMsa vacce yuddha saLagatuM saLagatuM rahI gayuM. paraMtu kharekhara hitavirodha te Igliza ane jarmana udyoge vacce pedA thavA pAme. udyoga ane vahANa vaTAnI bAbatamAM jarmanIe iMglaMDane pakaDI pADayuM hatuM ane te tene dareka dezanAM bajAramAM paDakAra ApI rahyuM hatuM. paraMtu jarmanIne mAlUma paDayuM ke, pRthvInI sapATI uparanA sarvottama pradeze te iMglaMDa kayAranuMye rokIne beThuM hatuM. garviSTha ane mahattvAkAMkSI tathA bIjA rAnTee ene pAchaLa rAkhI mUkyuM e mATe dhaMdhavAtuM ane caDabhaDatuM jarmanI temanI sAthe jabaradasta saMgrAma khelavA mATe athAka parizramathI taiyArI karavA lAgyuM. AkhuMye yurepa evI taiyArI karavA lAgyuM. ane tenAM sainya tathA naukAsainya dinapratidina vadhatAM gayAM. judA judA deze vacce ekasaMpI thavA lAgI. ane Akhare jANe be sazastra daLa ekabIjAnI sAmasAme maracA mAMDI khaDAM na thayAM hoya ema lAgavA mAMDayuM. eka bAju jarmanI, osTriyA ane ITAlI ane bIjI bAju kAMsa ane raziyA. iMglaMDa khAnagI rIte phrAMsa ane raziyA sAthe joDAyeluM hatuM. daramyAna, 19mI sadInA chevaTanA bhAgamAM IgleMDane dakSiNa AphrikA sAthe nAnakaDuM yuddha thayuM. TrAnsavAlanA bora prajAtaMtramAM sonuM maLI AvyuM ene pariNAme 1899nI sAlamAM A yuddha thavA pAmyuM. bara leke yurepanI AgaLa paDatI sattA sAthe traNa varasa sudhI AzcaryakAraka vairya ane khaMtathI laDyA. paraMtu temane kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvyA ane temane hAra kabUla karavI paDI. paraMtu temanA gaI kAlanA duzmanane pUrNa svataMtratA ApIne aMgreja lekee eka DahApaNabharyuM ane udAra kArya karyuM. e vakhate libarala pakSa sattA upara hato. thoDA ja samaya pachI Akhoye dakSiNa AphrikA briTiza sAmrAjyanuM svataMtra saMsthAna bane.

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137. amerikAmAM AMtaravigraha 27 phebruArI, 1973 jUnI duniyA tathA tenI athaDAmaNa ane jhadhaDAo, tenA prapa Mco ane kAvAdAvA, tenA rAjAe tathA krAMti tathA tenA dveSa ane rASTravAde e ApaNA dhaNA vakhata lIdhe. have ApaNe ATlAMTika mahAsAgara oLaMgIne amerikAnI navI duniyAnI mulAkAte jaIe ane yureApanI jakaDamAMthI chUTA paDyA pachI tenI zI sthiti thaI te joIe. khAsa karIne yunAiTeDa sTeTsa ApaNuM lakSa vadhAre kheMce che. bahu ja alpa ArbhamAMthI vadhI vadhIne Aje teNe AMtararASTrIya paristhiti upara potAnuM prabhutva jamAvavA sudhInI sthiti prApta karI hoya ema jaNAya che. Aje duniyAmAM iMgleMDanuM meAkharAnuM sthAna raghu nathI. te Aje duniyAnuM zarAk raghu nathI paNa yuropanA anya dezonI peThe eka devAdAra deza che. ane udAratAbharyAM vartAva mATe yunAiTeDa sTeTsa pAse yAcanA kare che. have duniyAnA zarAnI gAdI yunAiTeDa sTeTsane maLI che. tyAM AgaLa dhanadolatanA dheAdha vahI rahyo che ane te aDhaLaka saMpatti dharAvanArA kAvyAdhipatie pedA karI rahyu che. paraMtu prAcIna samayanA rAjA mIDAsanI peThe tenA sparza mAtrathI prApta thatA suvaNaeN thI tene jhAjho AnaMda lAdhyuMA nathI. ane tyAM AgaLa aneka kATayAdhipati hovA chatAM tenI Ama janatA Aje bhAre taMgI veDI rahI che ane garIbAImAM sabaDe che. 1775nI sAlamAM IMglaMDathI chUTAM paDI gayelAM tenAM samudra kinArA uparanAM rAjyAnI vasatI 40 lAkha karatAMye ochI hatI. Aje eka nyU yorka zaheranI ja vasatI enA karatAM lagabhaga evaDI che. ane AkhA yunAITeDa sTeTsanI vasatI sADAbAra karADanI che. saMyukta rAjyAnAM rAjyAnI saMkhyA paNa vadhI gaI che ane te khaMDanA eka cheDAthI bIjA cheDA sudhI - ATlAMTika mahAsAgaranA kinArAthI prazAnta mahAsAgaranA kinArA sudhI patharAyelAM che. 19mI sadImAM A mahAna dezanI mAtra vasatI ane vistAramAM ja vadhAre thayA ema nahi paNa tenA vepArarAjagAramAM, tenI saMpattimAM, tenA Adhunika udyogAmAM tathA tenI lAgavagamAM paNa vRddhi thavA pAmI che. A sayukta rAjyone aneka muzkelIo ane musIbatamAMthI pAra UtaravuM paDayu, yuropa sAthe temane athaDAmaNA thaI ane vigrahA paNa thayA. paraMtu temanI AkarAmAM AkarI seTI teA uttaranAM ane dakSiNanAM rAjyo vacce jAgelA vinAzaka AMtaravigrahamAM thaI.

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914 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana * yunAITeDa sTeTsa - A svataMtra rAjyane e nAmathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che -svataMtra thayuM tyAra pachI DAM ja varasamAM krAMsanI krAMti thaI ane te pachI nepoliyananA vigraha thayA. nepoliyana tathA IgleMDa baMne ekabIjAnA vepArarojagArane nAza karavA prayAsa karI rahyAM hatAM. ane Ama karavA jatAM yunAITeDa sTeTsa sAthe athaDAmaNamAM AvyAM. amerikAne dariyApArane vepAra bilakula baMdha paDyo ane ene pariNAme 1812nI sAlamAM tene IgleMDa sAthe bIjA vigrahamAM UtaravuM paDyuM. A be varasanA vigrahamAM seMdhavA jevuM kazuM banavA pAmyuM nahi. A vigraha daramyAna nepoliyanane eba TApumAM pUrI devAmAM AvyuM ane have iMglaMDanA hAtha chUTA paDyA. eTale aMgrejoe pATanagara vaiziMgTanane kabaje lIdhe ane tenA dhArAsabhAgRha tathA pramukhanA nivAsasthAna hAITa hAusa sahita tenI badhI mahattvanI imAratane nAza karavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu chevaTe aMgrejone harAvavAmAM AvyA. A vigraha pahelAM paNa yunAITeDa sTese dakSiNamAM jamInane eka moTo TukaDo umeryo hate. e luIsiyAnAnuM jUnuM phrenca saMsthAna hatuM. paraMtu briTiza naukAkAphalAnA humalAthI nepaliyana tenuM rakSaNa karavA asamartha hatuM eTale teNe e saMsthAna yunAITeDa sTeTsane vecI dIdhuM. thoDAM varasa bAda 1822nI sAlamAM yunAITeDa sTeTse spena pAsethI phalerIDA kharIdI lIdhuM ane 1848mAM mekisake sAthenA vijayavaMta vigrahane pariNAme dakSiNa-pazcima bhAgamAM keliphorniyA sahita bIjA keTalAMka rAjya umerAyAM. A bhAganAM ghaNuM zaheranAM nAme hajIye speniza che ane te eka vakhate tyAM AgaLa spenavAsIo athavA te speniza bhASA belanArA mekisakanA leke zAsana karatA hatA tenI ApaNane yAda Ape che. sInemeDamanuM mahAna zahera lesa enjalsa tathA sAnaphrAMsiskonAM nAma ApaNe saue sAMbhaLyAM che. jyAre yuropamAM krAMti tathA damananA uparAchAparI prayatno thaI rahyA hatA te daramyAna yunAITeDa sTeTsa pazcima tarapha pitAne phelAve karI rahyuM hatuM. yuropamAM cAlatA damane paradezagamanane uttejana ApyuM ane bahoLo pradeza tathA majUrInA UMcA daranI vAta e yuropanA dezamAMthI saMkhyAbaMdha lokone te tarapha AkarSA. vasatI pazcima tarapha patharAtI gaI tema tema navAM navAM rAjya sthApIne saMyukta rAjyamAM umeravAmAM AvyAM. AraMbhathI ja uttaranAM ane dakSiNanAM rAjyo vacce bhAre taphAvata hatA, uttaranAM rAjya udyogapradhAna hatAM. tyAM AgaLa moTA moTA yaMtrodyoge jhaDapathI phelAyA. dakSiNa vizALa khetare athavA bagIcAono mulaka hatA ane temAM gulAmenI majUrIthI meTA pAyA upara khetI karavAmAM AvatI hatI. gulAmInI prathA tyAM kAyadesara hatI paraMtu uttaramAM te lekapriya nahatI. vaLI uttaramAM

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amerikAmAM AMtaravigraha 915 tenuM jhAjhuM mahatva paNa nahotuM. paraMtu dakSiNamAM te gulAmenI majUrI upara ja badhe AdhAra hate. alabatta, AphrikAnA habasIo ja gulAma hatA. koI paNa gorI prajA gulAma nahotI. svataMtratAnI jAherAtamAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke "badhAM mANaso samAna janme che. paraMtu A siddhAMta gorAone ja lAgu paDatuM hatuM, kALAone nahi. ' habasIone AphrikAmAMthI kevI rIte lAvavAmAM AvatA hatA e karuNa ane khedajanaka kathA che. 17mI sadInA AraMbhamAM gulAmane vepAra zarU thaye ane 1863nI sAla sudhI vyavasthita rIte gulAmo pUrA pADavAmAM AvatA hatA. AphrikAne pazcima kinArethI-ene amuka bhAga hajI paNa "sleva kesTa eTale ke gulAmone kinAre kahevAya che - pasAra thatAM mAla laI janArAM vahANe jyAM AgaLathI AphrikAvAsIone sahelAIthI pakaDI zakAya tyAMthI pakaDI laIne temane amerikA laI jatAM. AphrikAvAsIomAM gulAmI bahu ja jUja pramANamAM hatI. mAtra yuddhanA kedIo tathA devAdAra tarapha ja gulAma tarIke vartAva rAkhavAmAM AvatuM. AphrikAvAsIone amerikA laI jaI tyAM temane gulAma tarIke vecavA e bahu ja phAyadAkAraka dhaMdhe che ema mAluma paDayuM. gulAmane vepAra vadhate ja gaye ane mukhyatve karIne aMgreja, porTugIjha tathA speniza le kee e vepAramAM Arthika madada paNa ApI. gulAmenA vepArane mATe khAsa vahANa bAMdhavAmAM AvyAM. e vahANomAM be tUtake vacce gelerIo karavAmAM AvI ane e garIba bIcArA habasIone e gelerIomAM sAMkaLathI jakaDIne suvADavAmAM AvatA. gulAmanA dareka jeDakAne eka sAthe bAMdhavAmAM AvatuM. ATalAMTika oLaMgavAnI saphara aThavADiyAMo ane keTalIka vAra mahinAo sudhI cAlatI. ane A aThavADiyAMo ane mahinAo sudhI e habasIone ekasAthe baMdhAIne A sAMkaDI gelerIo upara paDI rahevuM paDatuM. ane e darekane pAMca ke sADApAMca phUTa lAMbI ane 16 iMca pahoLI jagyA ApavAmAM AvatI hatI! gulAmanA vepArane kAraNe lIvarapUla eka mahAna zahera banI gayuM. cheka 1713nI sAlamAM yuTecanI saMdhi vakhate iMgleDe spena pAsethI AphrikAthI speniza amerikA gulAme laI javAne haka paDAvyuM. A pahelAM paNa iMglaMDe amerikAnI briTiza bhUmimAM gulAme pUrA pADyA hatA. 18mI sadImAM A rIte AphrikA-amerikA vaccenA gulAmenA vepArane ijA karI levAne IMglaDe prayatna karyo. 1730nI sAlamAM lIvarapUle A vepAramAM 17 vahANe rokyAM hatAM. e vahANonI saMkhyA uttarottara vadhatI ja gaI ane 1792nI sAlamAM lIvarapUle gulAmanA vepAramAM 132 vahANo rokyAM hatAM. audyogika krAMtinA AraMbhanA samayamAM iMglaMDamAM leMkezAyaramAM sUtara kAMtavAnA udyoganI bhAre

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pragati thaI ane ene pariNAme yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM gulAmenI mAga vadhI gaI. kema ke leMkezAyaranI mile je rU vAparatI hatI te badhuM yunAITeDa sTeTsanAM dakSiNanAM rAjyanAM kapAsanAM moTAM meTAM khetaramAMthI AvatuM hatuM. AthI kapAsanI khetImAM tyAM AgaLa jhaDapathI vadhAre thaye ane AphrikAthI vadhAre saMkhyAmAM gulAme AvavA lAgyA. eTaluM ja nahi paNa pazuonI peThe habasIonI pedAza paNa karavAmAM AvI ! 1790nI sAlamAM yunAITeDa sTeTasamAM 697,000 gulAma hatA. 1861nI sAlamAM e saMkhyA vadhIne 4,000,000 thaI 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM briTiza pArlAmenTa gulAmI viruddha kaDaka kAyadAo karyA. yurepa tathA amerikAnA dezoe paNa e bAbatamAM tenuM anukaraNa karyuM. paraMtu gulAmI vepArane gerakAyadesara TharAvavAmAM AvyuM te paNa habasIone AphrikAmAMthI amerikA upADI javAnuM cAlu ja rahyuM. hA, ethI karIne temAM eka phera paDyo khare. temanA pravAsanI sthiti vaLI vadhAre kharAba thaI. have temane chaDeceka laI jaI zakAya ema hatuM nahi. eTale temane saMtADIne laI javA paDatA eTale chUTAM pATiyAMnI abharAI upara temane eka upara eka ema khaDakavAmAM AvatA. eka amerikana lekhaka e bAbatamAM jaNAve che ke, keTalIka vAra ""Tobegana" (baraphamAM calAvavA mATenI ThelagADI)mAM besanArAonI peThe temane ekanA khoLAmAM paga upara paga rAkhIne bIjo beThe heAya ema sIMcavAmAM AvatA !" enI bhISaNatAnI pUrepUrI kalpanA karavI paNa muzkela che. sthiti eTalI badhI gaMdakIbharI hatI ke cAra pAMca saphara pachI A gulAmane laI janArAM jahAjone choDI devAM paDatAM. paraMtu e dhaMdhAmAM aDhaLaka na thatA hatA ane 18mI sadInA aMta ane 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM jyAre e vepAra dhamadhokAra cAlato hato tyAre dara varase AphrikAnA seva kosTa" uparathI eka lAkha jeTalA gulAmo upADI javAmAM AvatA hatA. ane e paNa sAthe sAthe yAda rAkhaje ke eTalA gulAmane laI javA mATe temane pakaDavA mATenI dhADamAM enA karatAM anekagaNuM gulAme marAtA. - 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM ke e arasAmAM mukhya mukhya badhA dezee gulAmI vepArane gerakAyade TharAvyuM. yunAITeDa sTeTse sudhdhAM ema karyuM hatuM. amerikAmAM gulAmI vepArane gerakAyade TharAvavAmAM AvyuM e kharuM paraMtu gulAmInI prathA te tyAM AgaLa kAyadesara cAlu rahI. eTale ke jeo gulAma hatA te te gulAmo ja rahyA. ane gulAmInI prathA kAyadesara hatI eTale tenI manAI hovA chatAMye gulAmI vepAra tyAM cAlu ja rahyo. jyAre IMglaDe gulAmInI prathA paNa baMdha karI tyAre nyU yorka gulAmI vepAranuM mukhya baMdara banyuM. | nyU paeNrsa ghaNAM varasa sudhI - 19mI sadInA vacagALA sudhI -e vepAranuM baMdara rahyuM e kharuM paNa uttaranA leke gulAmInI viruddha hatA. paraMtu

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amerikAmAM AMtaravigraha 917 dakSiNanA lakAne te temanAM vizALa khetaramAM kAma karavA mATe gulAmeAnI jarUra hatI. yunAITeDa sTeTsanAM keTalAMka rAjyAe gulAmInI prathA rada karI ane keTalAMka rAjyAe te rahevA dIdhI. huve habasI `gulAma, gulAmIvALA rAjyamAMthI gulAmI vagaranA rAjyamAM bhAgI jaI zake ema hatuM. ane A bAbatamAM e rAjgyA vacce jhaghaDA thatA. uttara ane dakSiNanA lakAnAM Arthika hita bhinna hatAM. ane cheka 1830nI sAlathI dANu tathA jakAtanI bAbatamAM temanI vacce dhaNu zarU thayuM hatuM. saMyukta rAjyomAMthI chUTA paDI javAnI dhamakI keTalAka leAkeA ApavA lAgyA. badhAM rAjyo potapotAnA hakkonI bAbatamAM bahu ja adhIrAM hatAM ane madhyastha sarakAra temanA AMtarika vyavahAramAM jhAjhI dakhala kare e temane pasaMda nahatuM. dezamAM e pakSA UbhA thayA. eka pakSa dareka rAjyanI abAdhita sattAnI himAyata karatA hatA ane bIjo pakSa baLavAna madhyastha sarakAranI tarapheNa karatA hatA. A badhA hivirAdhAe uttara tathA dakSiNanA lakAne ekabIjAthI judA pADayA ane jyAre jyAre kAI navA rAjyane saMyukta rAjyamAM dAkhala karavAne prasaMga AvatA tyAre A bemAMthI kayA pakSane TakA ApavA e prazna lekA samakSa khaDA thatA. vadhumatI kaI tarapha haze e prazna UThatA. tyAM AgaLa vasavATa karavAne yuropathI AvatA lokone kAraNe uttaranI vasatI jhaDapathI vadhatI jatI hatI. AthI te dakSiNanA lakA vaLI vadhAre gabharAvA lAgyA. potAnA vadhAre saMkhyAbaLane kAraNe uttaranA leAkeA dareka praznamAM temane uthalAvI to na pADe, evA Dara dakSiNanA leke sevavA lAgyA. Ama uttara ane dakSiNa vaccenI taMgadilI uttarAttara vadhatI ja gaI. daramyAna gulAmInI prathA AkhA yunAiTeDa sTeTsamAMthI saMpUrNa paNe rada karavAnI caLavaLa uttaramAM zarU thaI. jee e caLavaLanI tarapheNamAM hatA te eNeNlizanisTa ' eTale ke, gulAmI saMpUrNapaNe rada karavAnA pakSakAro tarIke oLakhAtA hatA. viliyama loIDa gaeNrIsana temanA mukhya netA hatA. A gulAmI virodhI caLavaLanA pracAra karavAne 1831nI sAlamAM teNe 'libareTara ' nAmanuM chApuM kADhyuM. enA pahelA ja aMkamAM teNe spaSTa karyuM ke gulAmInA muddA upara te kazI bAMdhachoDa karavA cahAtA nathI ane e bAbatamAM te jarA paNa narama valaNa rAkhavA mAgatA nathI. e aMkamAMnAM tenAM keTalAMka vAkyo mazahUra thaI gayAM che ane tene utArA huM ahI ApIza. " "huM satya jeTalA kaDAra ane nyAya jeTalA aDaga thaIza. e viSayamAM huM maryAdA sAcavIne vicAravA, khelavA ke lakhavA mAgatA nathI. nA! nA! jenuM dhara bhaDake khaLI rahyuM hAca tene maryAdAmAM rahIne sAda pADavAnuM bhale kahe; khaLAtkAra gujAranAranA paMjAmAMthI peAtAnI patnIne maryAdAmAM rahIne cheDAvavAnuM koI zakhsane ja-16

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bhale kahe; agnimAM paDelA potAnA bALakane dhIme Aste kheMcI kADhavAnuM koI mAtAne bhale kaho paNa AjanA A dhyeyanI bAbatamAM maryAdAzIla thavAnuM maherabAnI karIne Apa mane nahi kaheze. huM samasamI rahyo chuM - huM goLa goLa vAta nathI karavAno - huM eka iMca paNa pAchA haThavAne nathI - ane mane sAMbhaLavo ja paDaze." paraMtu mAtra mUThIbhara mANase ja AvuM vIratAbharyuM valaNa dharAvatA hatA. gulAmIne virodha karanArA moTA bhAganA leke te gulAmI jyAM cAlu hatI tyAM temAM dakhala karavA cahAtA nahatA. paNa Ama chatAM uttara ane dakSiNa vacce taMgadilI vadhatI ja gaI. temanAM Arthika hite bhinna hatAM e enuM kAraNa hatuM. khAsa karIne jakAtanA prazna upara e hite ekabIjA sAthe athaDAmaNamAM AvatAM hatAM. 1860nI sAlamAM ebrAhama liMkana yunAITeDa sTeTsane pramukha cUMTAye. enI cUMTaNI dakSiNa mATe saMyukta rAjyamAMthI chUTA paDI javAnA sUcanarUpa thaI paDI. liMkana gulAmInI viruddha hatA paraMtu ema chatAMye teNe e spaSTa karyuM ke jyAM AgaLa gulAmI prathA cAlu che tyAM temAM dAkhala karavAmAM nahi Ave. paraMtu navAM UbhAM thatAM rAjyamAM te vistare evuM te nahote cahAte tema ja tyAM tene kAyadesara karavA paNa te na mAgo. gulAmInI bAbatamAM teNe ApelI khAtarIthI dakSiNanA leke zAMta na paDyA ane eka pachI eka rAjya saMyukta rAjyamAMthI chUTuM paDavA lAgyuM. A rIte yunAITeDa sTeTsa chinnabhinna thavAnI aNI upara AvI pahoMcyuM. e navA pramukhane mAthe AvI bhayaMkara paristhitine sAmane karavAnI javAbadArI AvI paDI. dakSiNanA lekane manAvI levAno ane saMyukta rAjyane bhAgI paDatuM aTakAvavAne liMkane bIje eka prayatna karyo. gulAmInI prathA cAlu rahevA devAnI teNe temane aneka prakAre khAtarI ApI. teNe temane eTalI hada sudhI kahyuM ke jyAM AgaLa gulAmInI prathA cAlu che tyAM AgaLa te kAyamI rahe ene mATe rAjabaMdhAraNamAM tenI jogavAI karavAne paNa pote taiyAra che. sAce ja, zAMti jALavavA mATe game te karavA liMkana taiyAra hatuM paraMtu saMyukta rAjya bhAMgI paDe e eka vAta te kaI paNa bhoge svIkAravA mAgate nahe. koI paNa rAjyane saMyukta rAjyamAMthI chUTA paDI javAne haka mAnya rAkhavAnI teNe sApha nA pADI. AMtaravigraha TALavAnA liMkananA badhA prayAsa niSphaLa nIvaDyA. dakSiNe chUTA thaI javAnuM nakakI ja karyuM hatuM ane 11 rAjya e rIte yunAITeDa sTeTasamAMthI TAM paDyAM paNa kharAM. vaLI temanI sarahada uparanAM bIjAM keTalAMka rAjya temanA pratye sahAnubhUti dharAvatAM hatAM. chUTAM paDelAM rAjyo pitAne "kaunapheDareTa sTeTsa" tarIke oLakhAvavA lAgyAM ane jepharasana Devisane temaNe pitAne pramukha cUMTI kADhyo. 1861nI sAlanA eprila mAsamAM AMtaravigraha zarU

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amerikAmAM AMtaravigraha 919 thayA ane te cAra varasa jeTalA lAMbA samaya sudhI cAlyA. e vigrahamAM keTalAye bhAI A bhAI sAthe ane mitrA mitra sAthe laDavA. laDAI cAlatI gaI tema tema sainyo meTAM ne meTAM thatAM gayAM. uttarane dhaNI anukULatAo hatI. tenI pAse dakSiNa karatAM vadhAre sAdhanasAmagrI hatI tema ja relave paNa tenI pAse vadhu pramANamAM hatI. paraMtu dakSiNa pAse vadhu sArA sainikA ane senApati khAsa karIne senApati lI hatA. AthI zarUAtamAM badhA vijayA dakSiNane ja maLyA. paraMtu Akhare dakSiNa thAkI gayuM. uttaranA naukA kAphalAe dakSiNanA yuropa sAthe sabaMdha bilakula toDI nAkhyo. AthI te yuropanA bajAramAM rU tathA taMbAku mokalI zakyuM nahi. AthI dakSiNa pAMgaLuM banI gayuM. paraMtu laeN kezAyara upara paNa enI bhAre vinAzaka asara thavA pAmI. rUne abhAve tyAMnI sUtaranI milo baMdha karavI paDI. leMkezAyaramAM bekAra banelA majUro bhAre ApattimAM AvI paDyA. IMgleMDanA leAkeAnuM valaNa eka dare dakSiNa taraph sahAnubhUtinuM hatuM. ka nahi to tyAMnA dhanika varganuM valaNa te dakSiNanI tarapheNanuM hatuM ja. paraMtu tyAMnA uddAma vicAro dharAvanArA leAkeA uttaranI tarapheNamAM hatA. gulAmInI prathA e AMtaravigrahanuM pradhAna kAraNa nahotuM. huM tane upara kahI gayA chuM tema jyAM jyAM gulAmInI prathA cAlu hatI tyAM tyAM tene mAnya rAkhavAnI liMkane chevaTa sudhI khAtarI ApyA karI hatI. uttara ane dakSiNanAM bhinna ane karNaka aMze paraspara vidhI Arthika hiteAne kAraNe kharI muzkelI to UbhI thavA pAmI hatI ane Akhare saMyukta rAjyeAnI ekatA TakAvI rAkhavAne mATe liMkana lagyo. AMtaravigraha zarU thayA tyAra pachI paNa liMkane gulAmInI bAbatamAM spaSTa jAherAta karI nahi kema ke uttaranA gulAmInI tarapheNu karanArA keTalAka lekA enAthI dubhAze evA tene bhaya hato. para Mtu vigraha cAlatA gayA tema tema e bAbatamAM te vadhAre cAkkasa thatA gayA. pahelAM teNe evI sUcanA karI ke gulAmeAnA mAlikAne vaLatara ApI. kaoNMgrese ( tyAMnI dhArAsabhA ) gulAmAne mukta karavA joI e. paraMtu pachIthI teNe vaLatara ApavAne tene e vicAra tajI dIdhA ane 1862nI sAlanA sapTembara mAsamAM teNe gulAmAnI muktinuM jAheranAmuM bahAra pADayuM. emAM teNe jAhera karyuM ke sarakAra sAme aLaveA karanArAM badhAM rAjyAmAMnA gulAmeA 1863nI sAlanA jAnyuArI mAsanI pahelI tArIkhathI mukta thavA joIe. A jAheranAmuM bahAra pADavAnuM mukhya kAraNu dakSiNane yuddhamAM nabaLuM pADavAnI icchA hatuM. e jAheranAmAne pariNAme 4,000,000 gulAmA mukta thatA hatA. konapheDareTa sTeTsa 'mAM A mukta thayelA gulAme muzkelIo UbhI karaze evI AzA khezaka rAkhavAmAM " AvI hatI.

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920 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana dakSiNa saMpUrNapaNe thAkI gayA pachI 1865nI sAlamAM AMtaravigrahane aMta Avyo. vigraha e koI paNa samaye bhISaNa hoya che paNa AMtaravigraha e te ghaNI vAra enAthIye vadhAre bhISaNa nIvaDe che. A cAra varasanA bhayaMkara yuddhane ghaNakhare je pramukha liMkane vahyo ane enuM je pariNAma AvyuM te aneka nirAzAo ane AphatomAM paNa aDaga rahIne maMDayA rahevAnA tenA svasthatApUrvakanA dRDha nizcayane AbhArI hatuM. kevaLa jIta meLavavAnI ja tenI nema nahotI. tenI nema te evI rIte jIta meLavavAnI hatI ke jethI sAmA pakSamAM ochAmAM ochI bedilI pedA thAya ane pariNAme jene mATe te jhUjhatA hatA te hArdika aikya thavA pAme; baLathI ANeluM aikya nahi. AthI yuddha jItyA pachI teNe hArelA dakSiNa tarapha udAratAbharyuM valaNa dAkhavyuM. paraMtu thoDA ja divasamAM keIka cakrame tene goLIthI ThAra karyo. brahama liMkana amerikAnA sauthI mahAna vIra puruSomAMnuM eka che. te jagatane eka mahApuruSa paNa che. te bahu ja kaMgALa avasthAmAM ja hate. tene nahi jevuM ja zikSaNa maLyuM hatuM ene je kaMI keLavaNI maLI e tenA pitAnA kArya dvArA ja maLI hatI, ane Ama chatAM paNa te eka mahAna rAjapuruSa ane mahAna vaktA nIvaDyo tathA teNe potAnA dezane eka bhAre kaTokaTImAMthI kSemakuzaLa pAra utAryo. liMkananA maraNa bAda amerikana koMgrese dakSiNanA gorAo tarapha teNe batAvI heta eTalI udAratA na batAvI. A dakSiNanA gerAone amuka rIte zikSA karavAmAM AvI ane keTalAkano te matAdhikAra paNa laI levAmAM Avyo. paraMtu habasIone nAgarika tarIkenA saMpUrNa haka ApavAmAM AvyA ane amerikAnA rAjabaMdhAraNamAM eno samAveza karavAmAM AvyuM. vaLI evo niyama - paNa karavAmAM Avyo ke tenI jAti, vaNuM ke pahelAMnI gulAmIne kAraNe koI paNa vyaktine koI paNa rAjya matAdhikArathI vaMcita na karI zake. habasIo have kAyadAnI daSTie mukta thayA ane temane mata ApavAne haka maLe. paNa enAthI temane jhAjhe lAbha na thaye, kema ke temane Arthika darajo te pahelAMnA jevo ja rahyo. mukta karavAmAM AvelA badhA ja habasIo pAse kazI mAlamilakata nahotI ane temanuM zuM karavuM e eka vikaTa prazna thaI paDyo. keTalAka uttaranAM zaheromAM cAlyA gayA paNa moTA bhAganA habasIo te jyAM hatA tyAM ja dakSiNanA temanA gorA mAlikonA pahelAMnA jeTalA ja dabANamAM rahyA. teo pahelAM jyAM AgaLa kAma karatA hatA te ja khetaramAM majUrIe jatA ane gorAo temane pitAnI marajImAM Ave eTalI ja majUrI ApatA. vaLI dakSiNanA garAo paNa temane hareka rIte dabAyelA rAkhavAne saMgaThita thayA ane ene mATe temaNe trAsavAdane Azare lIdhe. "ka kalukSa kalAnI

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amerikAmAM AMtaravigraha nAmanuM eka asAdhAraNa prakAranuM ardha-gupta maMDaLa sthApavAmAM AvyuM. tenA sabhyo burakho oDhIne pharatA ane habasIomAM trAsa vartAvatA. cUMTaNI vakhate teo e rIte temane mata ApatAM paNa aTakAvatA. chellI ardhI sadI daramyAna habasIoe kaMIka pragati karI che. keTalAka milakatavALA paNa thayA che tathA temanI pAse keTalIka suMdara keLavaNInI saMsthAo paNa che. paraMtu habasIo hajI paNa cokkasapaNe eka parAdhIna athavA tAbedAra jAti che. yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM temanI vasatI eka karoDa vIsa lAkhanI eTale tenI kula vasatInA dasa TakA jeTalI che. uttaranA keTalAka bhAgamAM che tema jyAM jyAM temanI vasatI ochI che tyAM temane calAvI levAmAM Ave che paraMtu temanI saMkhyA vadhavA pAme ke tarata ja temanA upara sakhata dAba rAkhavAmAM Ave che tathA pahelAMnA gulAmo karatAM temanI dazA jhAjhI sArI nathI evo anubhava temane karAvavAmAM Ave che. sarvatra temane aLagA rAkhIne gorAothI vegaLA rAkhavAmAM Ave che. hoTela, vIzIo, bAgabagIcAo, devaLe, kaleje, nAhavAnAM sthAne, TrAma are dukAnamAM paNa temane aLagA rAkhavAmAM Ave che! relavemAM temane mATe khAsa judA DambA rAkhavAmAM Ave che ane tene " jIma krokAra" kahevAmAM Ave che. habasI ane gerA vaccenAM lagnonI kAyadAthI manAI karavAmAM AvI che. sAce ja amerikAmAM A bAbatamAM tarehatarehanA citravicitra kAyadAo che. are, hamaNAM ja cheka 1926nI sAlamAM kAyade karIne habasI tathA gerAone eka ja bheMyataLiyA upara besavAnI manAI karavAmAM AvI che ! keTalIka vAra gorAo ane habasIo vacce bhayaMkara jAti virodhI athavA komI ramakhANa thAya che. dakSiNamAM "liMciMga'nA bhayAnaka banAvo bane che. habasIe kaMIka gune karyo che evI zaMkA lAvIne gorAonuM ToLuM tenA upara tUTI paDe ane tene amAnuSI rIte mArI nAkhe tene "liMciMga' kahevAmAM Ave che. hamaNAM hamaNAM gorAnAM ToLAMe habasIone jIvatA bALI mUkyAnA paNa ghaNA banAvo banyA che. AkhA yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM ane khAsa karIne dakSiNanAM rAjyamAM hajI paNa habasIonI dazA bahu ja vasamI che. dakSiNanAM keTalAMka rAjyomAM jyAre majUranI taMgI paDe tyAre ghaNI vAra kheTa Aropa upajAvI kADhIne nirdoSa habasIone jelamAM mokalavAmAM Ave che ane evA kedIone dAma laIne majUrI karavA mATe seMpavAmAM Ave che. A atizaya kharAba che paraMtu enI AsapAsa pravartatI paristhiti te bhAre AghAtajanaka che. A uparathI ApaNe joI zakIe chIe ke kAyadAe apelI svataMtratAnI jhAjhI kiMmata nathI. '

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna haeNriyeTa khIcara sTovanI ' aMkala TaoNmsa kaeNbina ' nAmanI navalakathA te vAMcI che kharI ? e dakSiNanA gulAma viSenI navalakathA che. emAM temanI du:khadAyaka kahANI kahevAmAM AvI che. AMtaravigraha thayA te pahelAM dasa` varasa upara e pustaka bahAra paDayuM hatuM. gulAmI viruddha amerikana lokAnI lAgaNI jAgrata karavAmAM eNe bhAre kALA ApyA. 922 138. amerikAnuM aNuchatu sAmrAjya 28 phebruArI, 1963 - AMtaravigrahe amerikAnA yuvakeAnA bhayaMkara bhAga lIdhA tathA ene lIdhe devAnA bhAre khAjo deza upara paDyo. paraMtu e deza hajI taruNa avasthAmAM hatA ane zaktithI UbharAtA hatA. AthI tene vikAsa cAlu rahyo. enI pAse akhUTa prAkRtika sAdhanasa Mpatti hatI ane khAsa karIne tenI bhUmi khanija padArthIthI samRddha hatI. Adhunika udyogo ane sudhArAnI pAyArUpa traNa vastu -- kAlasA, lAhu ane peTrola -- tenI pAse puSkaLa pramANamAM hatI. vIjaLI utpanna karavA mATe tenI pAse jaLa-zakti paNa akhUTa hatI. ene eka dAkhalA niyAgarAnA dhodha tArI najara samakSa Avaze. te eka atizaya vistIrNe deza che ane pramANamAM tenI vasatI ochI hatI eTale potAnA paga prasAravAno dareka vyaktine mATe tyAM puSkaLa avakAza hatA. Ama, audyogika ane pAkA mAla taiyAra karanAra eka mahAna deza tarIke potAne vikAsa sAdhavAnI tene hareka anukULatA hatI ane e dizAmAM teNe bahu jhaDapathI pragati karI. 19mI sadInA AThamA dazakAthI te amerikAnA udyoge paradezanAM bajArAmAM briTiza udyogonI spardhA karavA lAgyA. videze sAthenA vepAramAM 100 varasa sudhI iMgla MDe sahelAIthI sarasAI bhAgavI hatI tenA janmanI tathA amerikAe aMta ANyo. amerikAmAM vasavATa karavAne paradezathI AvanArAonA dhodha cAlu ja rahyo. jarmanI, svIDana, nAve, iTAlI, poleMDa vagere yuropanA dezAmAMthI yahUdI sahita tareha tarehanA le tyAM AvI vasyA. keTalAka potAnA dezamAM vartatA rAjakIya trAsane kAraNe ane sArI rajI meLavavAne mATe tyAM AvavAne prerAyA hatA. vasatIthI UbharAtA yurope potAnI vadhArAnI vastI amerikA ravAnA karI. e bhinna bhinna jAti, prajA, bhASA tathA dharmAMnA ajaba prakAranA zaMbhumeLA hato. yuropamAM e badhA rAgadveSa ane paraspara duzmanAvaTathI bharelI potapotAnI nAnI nAnI duniyAmAM alaga alaga rahetA hatA. ahIM amerikAmAM te navA ja vAtAvaraNamAM eka sAthe AvI paDyA. purANA rAga

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amerikAnuM aNuchatu sAmrAjya 624 deSonuM tyAM jhAjhuM mahattva nahotuM. keLavaNInI samAna ane ekadhArI paddhatie thoDA ja vakhatamAM temanI purANI rASTrIyatAnA pAsAo dhasI nAkhyA ane bhinna bhinna jAtionA khIcaDAmAMthI amerikana nAgarikane namUne pedA thavA lAgyo. pahelethI tyAM AvelA aMgle-sekazana leke pitAne umarAva tarIke lekhatA hatA ane teo ja samAjanA agraNIo hatA. uttara yuropanA lokone darajo temanA pachIne hato ane e temanA darajajAthI bahu nIce na hate. dakSiNa yuropanA ane khAsa karIne iTAlInA lekIne e uttara yuropanA loke halakA gaNatA hatA ane kaMIka tiraskArapUrvaka teo temane "gajha" kahetA. habasIo te alabata e sauthI aLagA ja hatA. samAjamAM teo sauthI nIce hatA ane teo koI paNa gorI prajA sAthe bhaLI zakatA nahi. dezanA pazcima kAMThA upara thaDA cInI, jApAnI ane hiMdI leke vasatA hatA. jyAre tyAM AgaLa majUronI bhAre mAga hatI tyAre te leke tyAM AvyA hatA. A eziyAI jAtione paNa bIjA badhAthI aLagI rAkhavAmAM AvatI hatI. relave tathA TeligrAphanI vistIrNa jALe A vizALa dezanA judA judA bhAgone ekabIjA sAthe sAMkaLI lIdhA. pahelAMnA vakhatamAM A vastu banavI azakya hatI. tyAre te dezanA eka kAMThethI bIje kAMThe jatAM aThavADiyAo ane mahinAo vItI jatA. ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM ke pahelAMnA vakhatamAM eziyA tathA yuropamAM vizALa sAmrAjya aneka vAra UbhAM thayAM hatAM. paraMtu paraspara saMparka sAdhavAnI, avarajavaranI ane mAlanI lAvalaIjA karavAnI muzkelIone kAraNe te sAmrAjyanA bhAge ekabIjA sAthe nikaTapaNe saMkaLAyelA nahotA. sAmrAjyanA judA judA bhAgo lagabhaga svataMtra rahIne pitAnuM nirALuM jIvana jIvI zakatA. mAtra teo samrATanuM Adhipatya mAnya rAkhatA ane tene khaMDaNI bharatA. eka nAyakanI AgevAnI nIcenuM judA judA dezanuM te eka zithila maMDaLa hatuM. temanI badhAnI samAna hoya evI koI dRSTi nahatI. jyAre yunAiTeDa sTeTsamAM relave tathA avarajavaranI ane saMparka sAdhavAnI bIjI paddhatione kAraNe tema ja samAna keLavaNIne lIdhe temAM vasatI judI judI jAtiomAM AvI sarvasAdhAraNa dRSTi uddabhavI ane vikasI. e jAtio ekabIjImAM bhaLI gaI ane temAMthI eka navI ja prajA janmI. hajI e prakriyA pUrI nathI thaI paNa cAlu ja che. ItihAsamAM AvaDA moTA pAyA upara ekIkaraNa thayAno bIjo eke dAkhala nathI. yunAITeDa sTeTse yuropanI gUMcavaNabharI paristhiti tathA tenI sattAonA kAvAdAvAomAMthI aLagA rahevAno prayAsa karyo tathA yurepa paNa uttara tema ja dakSiNa amerikAnI bAbatamAM aLaguM rahe ema icchayuM. huM AgaLa tane manare siddhAMta" viSe kahI gayo chuM. spenanuM sAmrAjya TakAvI rAkhavAne mATe

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924 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana yuropanI keTalIka sattAo - helI eNlAyansa- dakSiNa amerikAmAM vacce paDavA mAgatI hatI te samaye pramukha manaree e niyama karyo hato. manaree jAhera karyuM ke samagra amerikAmAM - uttara ane dakSiNa kaI paNa ThekANe - yurepanI koI paNa sattA lazkarI dakhala kare te yunAITeDa sTeTsa sAMkhI zake ema nathI. A jAherAte dakSiNa amerikAnAM taruNa prajAsattAkone yurepanA humalAthI bacAvyAM. ene kAraNe eka vakhata te iMgleMDa sAthe yuddha phATI nIkaLavA sudhInI kaTokaTI UbhI thaI hatI paraMtu Aje 100 karatA vadhAre varasathI amerikA e nItine saphaLatApUrvaka vaLagI rahyuM che. dakSiNa amerikA uttara amerikAthI bilakula bhinna hatuM ane 100 varasa vItyA pachI paNa e bhinnatA jarA paNa ochI thaI nathI. uttaramAM AveluM keneDA divase divase yunAITeDa sTeTsanA jevuM thatuM jAya che paNa dakSiNa amerikAnAM prajAsattAke te evAM ne evAM ja rahyAM che. meM tane eka vAra kahyuM che tema mekisako -- je ke te uttara amerikAmAM AveluM che - sahita dakSiNa amerikAnAM badhAM prajAsattAke leTina prajAsattAke che. yunAITeDa sTeTsa tathA mekisake vaccenI sarahada be bhinna prajAo ane saMskRtione judI paDe che. enI dakSiNe madhya amerikAnI sAMkaDI paTImAM tathA dakSiNa amerikAnA samagra vizALa khaMDamAM speniza ane pirTugIjha bhASA belAya che. A AkhA pradezamAM pradhAnapaNe speniza bhASA bolAya che kema ke mane khabara che tyAM sudhI porTugIjha bhASA mAtra brAjhilamAM ja belAya che. dakSiNa amerikAne kAraNe speniza bhASA e Aje duniyAnI eka pradhAna bhASA che. leTina amerikA sAMskRtika preraNAne mATe hajI paNa spena tarapha najara kare che. yunAITeDa sTeTsa tathA keneDAmAM jAti jAti vaccenI bhinnatAone jeTaluM mahatva ApavAmAM Ave che teTaluM mahattva ahIM ApavAmAM AvatuM nathI. tyAMnA AdivAsI reDa inDiyane tema ja kaMIka aMze habasIo joDe paNa speniza jAtine AMtaravivAha thavAne kAraNe tyAM AgaLa mizra jAti pedA thavA pAmI che. 100 varasa sudhI svataMtratA bhagavyA chatAye dakSiNanAM A laeNTina prajAsattAke hajI thALe paDyAM nathI. thoDA thoDA vakhatane aMtare tyAM AgaLa krAMtio thayA kare che tathA lazkarI saramukhatyArI thapAya che. AthI tenA niraMtara badalAtA rahetA rAjakAraNa tathA sarakAranA palaTAone samajavA e saheluM nathI. AjenTinA, brAjhila tathA cIlI A traNe dakSiNa amerikAnA mukhya deza che. uttara amerikAmAM AveluM mekisake e AgaLa paDate laeNTina amerikana deza che. | manare siddhAMta dvArA yunAITeDa sTeTse leTina amerikAmAM yuropanI dakhala aTakAvI. paraMtu tenI samRddhi vadhatI gaI tema tema pitAnI vRddhi karavAne mATe

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amerikanuM aNachanuM sAmrAjya 925 teNe bahAra pitAnI najara doDAvavA mAMDI. svAbhAvika rIte ja leTina amerikA upara tenI dRSTi prathama paDI. sAmrAjya UbhuM karavAne mATe pahelAMnA samayane mArga teNe akhatyAra na karyo - teNe A laeNTina amerikAnA eka paNa dezane kabajo levAno prayAsa na karyo. teNe tyAM pitAne mAla mokalavA mAMDyo ane tyAMnAM bajAre kabaje karyo. vaLI teNe e dezamAM relave, khANe tema ja evAM bIjA sAhasomAM potAnI mUDI paNa rekI. teNe te dezanI sarakArane paNa nANAM dhIryA ane keTalIka vAra te krAMtine samaye eka ja dezamAM sAmasAmA laDatA pakSone paNa nANuM dhIryA. A badhI mUDI tathA nANuM te yunAITeDa sTeTsanA mUDIdAre ane zarAphanAM hatAM paraMtu temanI pAchaLa amerikAnI sarakAra hatI ane te temane sahAya karatI hatI. dakSiNa tathA madhya amerikAnAM aneka nAnAM rAjya upara tyAM AgaLa nANuM dhIranAra ke mUDI rokanAra zarAphee dhIme dhIme pitAno kAbU jamAvyuM. eka pakSane AgaLathI nANAM ke hathiyAre ApIne tathA bIjA pakSane te na ApIne A zarAphe tyAM krAMtio paNa karAvI zakatA. e zarAphe tathA mUDIdAranI pAchaLa yunAITeDa sTeTsanI mahAna sarakAra hatI eTale dakSiNa amerikAnA nAnA ane kamajora deze zuM karI zake? keTalIka vAra te vyavasthA jALavavAne bahAne keIka rAjyamAM eka pakSane madada karavAne yunAITeDa sTeTsa potAnuM lazkara paNa ekalatuM. A rIte amerikAnA mUDIdAree dakSiNanA nAnA nAnA deze upara pitAno saceTa kAbU jamAvyuM. tyAM AgaLa teo pitAnI beMke, relavee tema ja khANa vagere udyogo calAvavA lAgyA ane e rIte pitAnA lAbhamAM temaNe e dezanuM zeSaNa karavA mAMDyuM. laeNTina amerikAnA moTA dezamAM paNa temanAM rekANu tathA nANAMnA kAbUne kAraNe temanI bhAre lAgavaga hatI. Ane artha e ke yunAITeDa sTeTsa A dezanI saMpatti athavA kaho ke temanI moTA bhAganI saMpatti khAlasA karI. A vastu khAsa lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che kema ke sAmrAjyane e navIna prakAra che athavA kahe ke e tene Adhunika prakAra che. A jAtanuM sAmrAjya achatuM ane Arthika hoya che ane najare paDe evAM bahAranAM kazAM cina vinA te zeSaNa kare che ane Adhipatya bhegave che. dakSiNa amerikAnAM prajAsattAka rAjyo rAjakIya tema ja AMtararASTrIya daSTie svAdhIna ane svataMtra che. nakazA upara te teo vizALa deze jaNAya che ane teo koI paNa rIte svataMtra nathI evuM darzAvanAra temAM kazuM nathI. ane Ama chatAMye emAMnA ghaNA kharA dezo upara yunAITeDa sTeTsanuM saMpUrNa prabhutva che. itihAsanI A rUparekhAmAM judA judA yugamAM sAmrAjyavAdanA aneka prakAre ApaNe joI gayA chIe. cheka AraMbhanA samayamAM eka prajA upara

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922 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bIjI prajA yuddhamAM vijaya meLave ene artha e thoM ke vijayI prajA jitAyelA mulaka tathA prajAnuM cAhe te karI zake. vijetAo jitAyelA mulaka tathA lekane khAlasA karatA eTale ke parAjita leke gulAma banatA. A sAmAnya rivAja hatuM. bAIbalamAM ApaNe vAMcavAmAM Ave che ke, yahUdIo yuddhamAM hAryA hatA tethI teone baeNbilenanA leke pakaDI gayA hatA. AvA bIjA aneka dAkhalAo maLI Ave che. dhIme dhIme bIjA prakAranA sAmrAjyavAde enuM sthAna lIdhuM. emAM mAtra jitAyele mulaka ja khAlasA karavAmAM Avato ane tyAMnA lokone gulAma banAvavAmAM AvatA nahi. bezaka, e vakhate evuM zedhI kADhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke temanA upara kara nAkhIne tathA bIjI rIte temanuM zoSaNa karIne pise pedA karavAnuM kAma vadhAre saheluM che. briTiza hiMdanA jevuM A ja prakAranuM sAmrAjya hajI ApaNAmAMnA ghaNAkharA lekenA khyAlamAM che. ane ApaNe dhArIe chIe ke hiMda upara vAstavamAM aMgrejone rAjakIya kAbU na hoya te hiMda svataMtra bane. paraMtu e prakAranA sAmrAjyanA divase te vItI javA AvyA che ane tene vadhAre vikasita ane pUrNa prakAra tenuM sthAna laI rahyo che. sAmrAjyane A chelle prakAra mulaka paNa khAlasA karatuM nathI. e to mAtra dezanI saMpatti ke saMpatti-utpAdaka tane khAlasA kare che. Ama karavAthI te pitAne phAyado thAya evI rIte dezanuM saMpUrNapaNe zeSaNa karI zake che tema ja ghaNe aMze tenA upara pitAno kAbU paNa rAkhI zake che ane chatAM te dezanuM zAsana karavAnI ke tenuM damana karavAnI javAbadArI tene vaheravI paDatI nathI. pariNAme saheja paNa muzkelI ke takalIpha vinA te deza tathA tyAM vasatA leke upara tenuM prabhutva jAme che tathA ghaNe aMze te temanA kAbU nIce paNa Ave che. Ama, vakhata jatAM sAmrAjyavAda uttarottara pUrNatA prApta karate gaye ane sAmrAjyane Adhunika prakAra e aNuchatuM Arthika sAmrAjya che. jyAre gulAmInI prathA rada karavAmAM AvI ane tyAra pachI kyAla prakAranI saphe athavA dAsa paddhati baMdha karavAmAM AvI tyAre ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ke have manuSya svataMtra thaze. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM mAluma paDayuM ke jemanA hAthamAM dhananI sattA hatI teo mANaso upara hajI prabhutva bhogavatA hatA ane temanuM zoSaNa karatA hatA. gulAma ke sarkane badale mANase have majUra gulAma banyA. svataMtratA temane mATe hajI bahu dUra hatI. mANasanI bAbatamAM banyuM tevuM ja dezonI bAbatamAM paNa banyuM. leke dhAre che ke eka deza upara bIjA dezanuM rAjakIya Adhipatya heya te ja eka Aphata che ane ene je dUra karavAmAM Ave te svataMtratA te ApameLe ja AvI jAya. paraMtu e dekhAya eTalI saraLa vastu nathI. ane rAjakIya dRSTie svataMtra

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amerikAnuM aNa chatuM sAmrAjya 9ra7 evA dezo pitAnA uparanA bIjAonA Arthika prabhutvane kAraNe temanA kAbU nIce rahelA ApaNe jovAmAM Ave che. hiMdanuM briTiza sAmrAjya e te AMdhaLo paNa joI zake evI dekhItI vastu che. hiMda upara briTanane rAjakIya kAbU che. paNa A chatA sAmrAjyanI sAthe sAthe ja ane enA eka Avazyaka aMga tarIke hiMda upara briTanane Arthika kAbU paNa che. hiMda uparanA briTananA kAbUne ceDA ja vakhatamAM aMta Ave ane ema chatAM hiMda upara tene Arthika kAbU tenA aNuchatA sAmrAjyanA rUpamAM rahevA pAme e bilakula saMbhavita che. je ema banavA pAme te samajavuM ke hiMdanuM briTananuM zoSaNa cAlu ja rahyuM che. Arthika sAmrAjya e prabhutva bhagavatI sattAne mATe AdhipatyanuM ochAmAM ochI takalIpha ApanAruM svarUpa che. e ghaNuM lekanI najare caDatuM nathI eTale rAjakIya AdhipatyanA jeTale reSa te pedA karatuM nathI. paraMtu prajAne ene DaMkha lAgavA mAMDe che ke tarata ja te tenI kAryapaddhati samajavA mAMDe che ane temanAmAM tenI sAme roSa jAge che. leTina amerikAmAM have yunAITeDa sTeTsa mATe jhAjho prema UbharAI jatuM nathI ane uttara amerikAnA prabhutvano sAmano karavAne laeNTina amerikAnI prajAonuM saMgaThana karavAnA ghaNA prayAsa thayA che. paraMtu Apa ApasamAM jhaghaDavAnI tathA vakhatovakhata rAjamahelanI krAMtio karavAnI temanI Teva upara teo kAbU na meLave tyAM sudhI e dizAmAM teo jhAjhuM karI zake ema lAgatuM nathI. philipAIna TApuomAM yunAITeDa sTeTsanuM dRzya athavA chatuM sAmrAjya vistareluM che. spena sAthe yuddha karyA pachI amerikAe e TApuone kabaje kevI rIte meLavyo e viSe meM tane AgaLanA eka patramAM kahyuM che. ATalAMTika mahAsAgaramAM AvelA kyubA TApunI bAbatamAM 1898nI sAlamAM A yuddha zarU thayuM hatuM. kyUbA svataMtra thayuM paraMtu tenI svataMtratA nAmanI ja hatI. kayUbA tathA hITI e baMne upara amerikAnuM prabhutva che. Azare bAreka varasa upara panAmAnI nahera khullI mUkavAmAM AvI. A nahera madhya amerikAnI sAMkaDI paTImAM AvelI che ane te AlAMTika tathA prazAMta mahAsAgarane joDe che. sUejhanI nahera banAvanAra pharDinAnDa da lesese pacAsa varasa karatAM paNa pahelAM A naheranI lejanA karI hatI. paraMtu e muzkelImAM AvI paDyo ane amerikana lekee ja te taiyAra karI. maleriyA ane pILA tAvathI temane bhAre muzkelI paDI paraMtu e regone nirmULa karavAne temaNe prayAsa karyo ane temAM temane saphaLatA maLI. temaNe meleriyAnAM maccharone tathA e regene phelAvanArAM jaMtuone pedA karanArI jagyA sApha karIne jatu

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928 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mukta karI ane naheranI AsapAsanA pradezane rogarahita karyo. e nahera panAmAnA nAnakaDA prajAsattAka rAjyamAM AvelI che paraMtu nahera tema ja e nAnuM prajAsattAka yunAITeDa sTeTsanA kAbUmAM che. yunAITeDa sTeTsane mATe te e nahera bhAre AzIrvAdarUpa che kAraNa ke enA vinA te vahANone cheka dakSiNa amerikAnI pharate pharIne AvavuM paDatuM hatuM. Ama yunAITeDa sTeTsa dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre baLavAna ane samRddha thatuM gayuM. te vadhu ne vadhu pramANamAM utpAdana karatuM gayuM ane bIjI aneka vastuonI sAthe teNe aneka keTayAdhipatio ane gaganacuMbI imArate pedA karyA. teNe yuropane ghaNI bAbatamAM pakaDI pADayuM ane tenI AgaLa paNa nIkaLI gayuM. hunnaraudyogenI bAbatamAM te duniyAnI agresara prajA banI gaI ane tenA majUrenA jIvananuM dhoraNa duniyAnA bIjA koI paNa deza karatAM UMcuM thayuM. 19mI sadImAM iMglaMDamAM banyuM hatuM tema AvI AbAdIne kAraNe samAjavAda ane bIjA uddAma siddhAMtane tyAM AgaLa bahu Teke na maLe. gheDA apavAdo bAda karatAM amerikAnA majUre narama valaNanA ane sthiticusta hatA. pramANamAM temane sArI rojI maLatI hatI te pachI bhaviSyamAM prApta thanArI sArI sthiti jevI adbhava vastune khAtara AjanAM dhuva ArAma ane sukhasagavaDa zAne jokhamamAM nAkhavAM? mukhyatve karIne iTAliyane ane evA bIjAone e majUravarga baneluM hatuM ane tucchakArapUrvaka temane gojhakahevAmAM AvatA. teo kamajora ane asaMgaThita hatA ane temane halakA gaNI dhutkArI kADhavAmAM AvatA hatA. sArI rejI meLavanAra nipuNa majUre paNa A "DegejhathI pitAne judA varganA mAnatA. amerikAnA rAjakAraNamAM ripablikana ane DemokreTika evA be pakSe UbhA thayA. iMglaMDanI peThe ja, athavA tenA karatAM paNa vadhAre pramANamAM e baMne pakSe dhanikavarganuM pratinidhitva dharAve che ane e ubhayanA siddhAMtamAM jhAjhe taphAvata nathI, mahAyuddha AvyuM ane amerikA Akhare laDAInA vamaLamAM sapaDAyuM te vakhate tyAM A sthiti vartatI hatI.

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139. iMgleMDa ane AyarlenDa vacce sAta sadIno jhaghaDe 4 mArca, 1933 AphleTika mahAsAgara oLaMgIne ApaNe pharI pAchAM jUnI duniyAmAM jaIe. dariyAI ke havAI mArge pravAsa karatAM AyarlenDa pahelavaheluM jovAmAM Ave che. eTale ApaNe pahelAM tyAM ja aTakIe. A hariyALo ane manahara TApu yuropanI cheka pazcime AveluM che. te eka nAnakaDe TApu che ane jagatanA itihAsanA mukhya pravAhothI aLago rahele che. paraMtu nAnakaDe hovA chatAM te sAhasika vRttithI bhareluM che ane rASTrIya svataMtratAnI laDatamAM te sadIothI ajeya hiMmata ane balidAnanI bhAvanA darzAvato Avyo che. eka baLavAna pADozI sAthenI A laDatamAM AyarlenDe ApaNane AzcaryamAM garakAva karI mUke evI khaMta ane cIvaTa batAvyAM che. 750 karatAMye vadhAre varasothI temanI vacce takarAra cAlatI AvI che ane hajI paNa teno niveDe AvyuM nathI ! hiMdustAna, cIna ane bIjA dezamAM ApaNe briTiza sAmrAjyavAdane tenA amalI svarUpamAM nihALyuM. paraMtu AyarlenDane te ghaNuM lAMbA kALathI enuM damana veThavuM paDyuM hatuM. paraMtu te svecchAthI kadIye tAbe thayuM nathI ane lagabhaga dareka peDhIe iMglenDa sAme UThelo baLavo bhALyo che. tenA vIramAM vIra putro svataMtratA mATe jhUjhatA jhUjhatA khapI gayA che athavA te aMgreja sattAvALAoe temane phAMsIe laTakAvyA che. saMkhyAbaMdha AyarlenDavAsIo potAnA prArA vatanane choDIne paradezamAM jaI vasyA che. pitAnA deza upara Adhipatya bhogavanAra tathA tenI prajAne paDanAra dezanI sAme potAnuM baLa ajamAvavAnI taka meLavavAne khAtara ghaNuo iMgleMDa sAme laDatAM videzanAM lazkaramAM joDAyA. AyarlenDamAMthI dezavaTe nIkaLelA leka dUra dUranA aneka dezamAM phelAyA ane jyAM gayA tyAM temaNe pitAnA hRdayamAM AyarlenDanI bhAvanA saMgharI rAkhI. duHkhamAM DUbelI vyaktio tathA pIDita ane pitAnAM baMdhanomAMthI chUTavAne mathatA deze tathA jeo asaMtuSTa che ane jemane vartamAna paristhitimAM kaze AnaMda hoto nathI te badhA bhUtakALa tarapha najara karavAne tathA temAMthI AzvAsana kheLavAne prayatna kare che. A bhUtakALane teo vAstavamAM hoya tenA karatAM moTuM svarUpa Ape che ane vItI gayelI mahattAnA ciMtanamAM AzvAsana meLave che. jyAre vartamAna aMdhakAramaya hoya che tyAre bhUtakALa AsAeza ane preraNAdAyI AzrayasthAna banI jAya che. purANI phariyAde DaMkhyA kare che ane te bhulAtI nathI. niraMtara bhUtakALa tarapha ja najara karyA karavI e rASTrane mATe svAsthanuM cihna nathI. svAsthavALI prajAe tathA deze vartamAnamAM kAryazIla rahe che ane bhaviSya tarapha pitAnI najara rAkhe che. paraMtu parataMtra vyakti ke

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rASTra nIrogI hoI zaktAM nathI. eTale evI vyakti ke rASTra bhUtakALa tarapha najara kare ane bhUtakALamAM ja magna rahe e svAbhAvika che. Ama AyarlenDa hajI paNa pitAnA bhUtakALamAM ja magna rahe che, ane Ayariza le ke prAcIna kALamAM te svataMtra hatuM te divasenAM smaraNo premapUrvaka saMgharI rAkhe che ane svAtaMtrya mATenI tenI aneka laDate tathA tenI jUnI phariyAdonI yAda hamezAM tAjI rAkhe che. jyAre AyarlenDa AkhA pazcima yurepanuM vidyAnuM kendra hatuM ane dUra dUranA dezonA vidyArthIo tyAM AgaLa vidyA saMpAdana karavAne AvatA hatA te 1400 varasa pUrvenA kALa tarapha eTale ke IzunI 6ThThI sadI tarapha teo najara kare che. e samaye romana sAmrAjya bhAgI paDayuM hatuM ane venDAla tathA dUNa lekAe romana saMskRtine kacarI nAkhI hatI. e divasomAM AyarlenDa, yurepamAM saMskRti pharIthI sajIvana thaI tyAM sudhI tyAM AgaLa saMskRtinI jyota baLatI rAkhanAra eka sthAna hatuM ema kahevAya che. khristI dharma AyarlenDamAM ghaNe vahele dAkhala thaye hate. AyarlenDane saMta preTrika e tyAM lAvyuM hatuM ema dhAravAmAM Ave che. AyarlenDamAMthI ja te IgleMDanA uttaranA bhAgamAM prasaryo. AyarlenDamAM aneka maTha sthapAyA ane hiMdanA Azrame tathA bauddha maThonI peThe te vidyAnAM dhAma banI gayA. tyAM AgaLa ghaNuMkharuM khullI jagyAmAM zikSaNa ApavAmAM AvatuM. A maThemAMthI mizanarIo akhristI lekene navA khristI dharmane upadeza ApavAne uttara tathA pazcima yuropamAM jatA. AyarlenDanA A maThemAM keTalAka sAdhuo manahara hastaprato lakhatA tathA aneka rIte tene zaNagAratA. AvuM eka suMdara hastalikhita pustaka hAla DablinamAM rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. enuM nAma "buka opha kelsa' che ane ghaNuM karIne te 1200 varasa upara lakhAyuM hatuM. IzunI chaThThI sadI pachInAM 200 ke 300 varasanA kALane ghaNAkharA Ayariza leke eka prakAranA suvarNa yuga tarIke lekhe che. e kALamAM gelika saMskRti tenI parAkASThAe pahoMcI hatI. kALanuM lAMbuM aMtara ghaNuMkharuM purANuM bhUtakALanI AsapAsa mehakatAnuM vAtAvaraNa pedA kare che ane vAstavamAM te hoya che tenA karatAM tene adhikatara mahAna batAve che. AyarlenDa te samaye judA judA kabIlAomAM vibhakta hatuM ane A kabIlAo ApasamAM niraMtara laDyA karatA hatA. mahemAMhenA jhaghaDA e hiMdanI peThe AyarlenDanI paNa nabaLAI hatI. tyAra pachI IgleMDa ane krAMsanI jema tyAM AgaLa paNa na leke AvyA. temaNe AyarlenDanA lekIne barabAda karyA tathA temanI pAsethI moTo pradeza paDAvI lIdhe. 11mI sadImAM brIana barumA nAmanA eka mazahUra Ayariza rAjAe Dena lekene harAvyA ane thoDA vakhata mATe AyarlenDane eka karyuM. paraMtu tenA maraNa pachI dezanA pharI pAchA bhAgalA paDI gayA.

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iMgleMDa ane AyarlenDa vacce sAta sadInA jhaghaDA 931 vijetA viliyamanI saradArI nIce 11mI sadImAM nAma na leAkAe iMglaMDa jItI lIdhuM hatuM e tane yAda haze. 100 varasa bAda A eMglo-nAmana ( iMglaMDamAM vaselA nAmana) lekAe AyarlaeNnDa upara caDAI karI ane 'peIla ' nAmathI oLakhAtA bhAga jItI lIdhe!. 1169nI sAlanI A eMglo-nAmana lakAnI caDAIe tyAMnI prAcIna gaeNlika saMskRtine bhAre hAni pahoMcADI ane tyArathI Ayariza jAti athavA kabIlA sAthenA lagabhaga avirata vigraha cAlu thayA. sadI sudhI cAlu rahelAM A yuddo sapUrNa paNe pAzava ane dhAtakI hatAM. aMgrejo ( have eMglo-nomana leAkAne e nAmathI oLakhI zakAya ) Ayariza kAne halakA gaNatA ane temane eka ajagalI jAti tarIke lekhatA. te bhinna jAtinA hatA. aMgrejo aMglA-saeNkasana jAtinA hatA jyAre Ayariza lekA kelTa jAtinA hatA. pAchaLanA vakhatamAM to temanA dharmAM paNa bhinna thaI gayA. aMgrejo tathA skoTa leAkeA proTesTaMTa banyA ane Ayariza lAMkA tA samana kaeNthalika saMpradAyane ja vaphAdArIpUrvaka vaLagI rahyA. AthI A aMgrejo ane Ayariza lekA vaccenAM yuddhomAM jAti jAti vaccenAM tema ja dhama dharma vaccenAM yuddhomAM hAya che te badhI tIvratA ane ugratA hatI. aMgrejoe e baMne jAtanu mizraNa thatuM aTakAvyuM. te eTale sudhI ke, aMgreja ane Ayariza leAkeA vacce AMtaravivAhu aTakAvanAre kAyado paNa karavAmAM Avye. AyarlaeNnDamAM eka pachI eka ema baLavA thatA ja rahyA ane e badhAne bhAre nirdayatAthI AvI devAmAM AvatA hatA. Ayariza leAkeA svAbhAvika rIte ja potAnA videzI zAsakeAne tathA damana karanArAone dhikkAratA hatA ane jyAre jyAre temane yogya taka maLatI tyAre athavA evI taka vinAye te baLavA pAkAratA. " iMglaMDanI muzkelI e AyarlaeNnDanI taka che" e eka jAnu kaheNu che ane rAjakIya tathA dhArmika kAraNAne lIdhe AyarlaeNnDa krAMsa tathA spena jevA iMgleMDanA duzmaneAnA pakSa karatuM. AthI aMgrejo krodhathI AMdhaLA banatA. e rIte peAtAnI pITha pAchaLa ghA karavAmAM Ave che ema temane lAgatuM ane aneka prakAranA atyAcArathI teo ene badaleA vALatA. 16mI sadImAM ilijhAbetha rANInA amala daramyAna temanI vacce agreja jamInadArA vasAvIne baDakhAra Ayariza leAkAnA sAmanA teADI nAkhavAne tathA temane hamezAM dAkhelA rAkhavAne niNya karavAmAM AvyA. AthI jamIna japta karavAmAM AvI ane pahelAMnA samayathI cAlyA AvelA jAnA Ayariza jamInadArane sthAne videzI jamInadArA AvyA. Ama AyarlaeNnDa e videzI jmInadArovALu lagabhaga kheDUtonuM rASTra ja rahyu. sadIo vItyA khAda paNa Ayariza leAkAnI najare e jamInadAre paradezI rahyA.

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jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzIna Ayariza leAkeAnA tejovadha karavAnA A prayatnamAM ilijhAkhetha pachI gAdIe AvanAra iMgleMDanA jemsa pahelA eka DagaluM AgaLa vadhyA. teNe tA AyarlaeNnDamAM vyavasthita rIte paradezI vasAhatIo vasAvavAno nirNaya karyAM. ene mATe teNe uttara AyarlaeNnDamAM alsTaranAM cha paragaNAMnI lagabhaga badhI ja jamIna japta karI. tyAM AgaLa kazA dAma vinA jamIna maLe ema hatuM eTale IMgleMDa ane skoTalaeNnDamAMthI sAhasakhArAnAM ToLeTeLAM tyAM AvyAM. ghaNAkharA aMgrejo tathA kAMTAne jamIna maLI ane te kheDUtA tarIke tyAM vasyA. laMDana zaherane paNu A vasAhatanA kAryoMmAM phALA ApavAnuM kahevAmAM AvyuM ane ' alsTaranI vasAhata ' mATe teNe eka khAsa maMDaLa sthApyuM. Ane ja kAraNe uttaranu DarI nAmanu zahera laDanArI tarIke oLakhAvA lAgyuM. 932 Ama alsTara e AyarlaeNnDamAM iMgleMDanA eka bhAga jevuM banI gayuM. Ayariza lekAne enA tarapha bhAre roSa hatA emAM kazuM Azcarya nathI. A navA alsTaravAsIe paNu Ayariza lene dhikkAratA hatA tathA temane halakA gaNatA hatA. AyarlaeNnDane e duzmana chAvaNIomAM vaheMcI nAkhavuM e IMglaMDanI kevI bhAre ustAdIbharI sAmrAjyavAdI ramata hatI ! 300 varasa pachI Aje paNu alsTarane kAyaDA aNuUkalyA ja rahyo che. alsTaranI vasAhata vasAvyA pachI theADA ja vakhatamAM IMgleMDamAM pA menTa tathA cArlsa pahelA vacce AMtaravigraha phATI nIkaLyo. pArlamenTanA pakSamAM pyurITana tathA proTesTaTA hatA. kaeNthalika AyarlaeNnDa svAbhAvika rIte ja rAjAnA pakSamAM rahyuM ane alsTara pAmenTane pakSe. Ayariza lAkAne evA bhaya hato ane e bhaya sakAraNa hatA - pyurITanA kaeNthalika saMpradAyane kacarI nAkhaze. AthI 1641nI sAlamAM temaNe jabaro baLavA karyAM. A baLaveA tathA tenuM damana AgaLanA baLavA tathA tenA damana karatAM anekagaNAM dhAtakI ane pAzava hatAM. kaeNthalika Ayariza lokAe proTesTaMTa lokAnI nirdayapaNe katala karI. kramavele lIdheluM enuM vera atizaya bhayaMkara hatuM. Ayariza leAkeAnI ane khAsa karIne kaeNthalika pAdarIonI aneka vAra katala karavAmAM AvI. ane AyarlaeNnDamAM kramavelanuM nAma hajI paNa kaDavAzathI yAda karavAmAM Ave che. ke - AvA atyAcAra gujAravAmAM AvyA ane nirdhyatA dAkhavavAmAM AvI chatAMye eka peDhI pachI AyarlaeNnDamAM karI pAcho baLavA ane AMtaravigraha phrATI nIkaLyA. emAM laMDanaDarI tathA limerikanA verAnA be banAvA AgaLa tarI Ave che. alsTaramAM AvelA laMDanaDarInA prATesTaMTa zaherane 1688nI sAlamAM kaeNthalika Ayariza lokeAe gherA dhAlyA. tenA rakSakA pAse khArAka nahAto rahyo ane te bhUkhe maratA hatA chatAMye tene bahAdurIpUrvaka bacAva karavAmAM AbyA. cAra mAsanA gherA ane taMgI pachI briTiza vahANA tyAM AgaLa khArAkI

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IgleMDa ane AyarlenDa vacce sAta sadIne jhaghaDe 933 lAvyAM ane gherAyelA lekane rAhata ApI. 1690nI sAlamAM limerikamAM ethI UlaTuM banyuM. e kaeNthalika AyarizanA zaherane aMgrejoe ghere ghAle. A gherAne vIra yoddho paiTrika sArsaphilDa hatuM. teNe bhAre muzkelIo sAme limerikane bahAdurIpUrvaka bacAva karyo. limerikane bacAva karavAmAM Ayariza strIo paNa laDI hatI. ane AyarlenDanAM gAmaDAMomAM sArsaphilDa tathA tenA vIra laDavaiyAonAM gelika bhASAnAM gIte Aje paNa gavAya che. sArsaphilve chevaTe limerika cheDI dIdhuM. paraMtu aMgrejo sAthe mAnabharI saMdhi karyA pachI ja teNe tema karyuM. limerikanI saMdhinI eka zarata e paNa hatI ke Ayariza kaeNthalikAne saMpUrNa nAgarika tema ja dhArmika svataMtratA ApavI. aMgrejoe athavA sAcuM kahetAM AyarlenDamAM vasatAM aMgreja jamInadAra kuTuMbee limerikanI saMdhine bhaMga karyo. A TaeNTesTaMTa kuTuMbane iMglaMDanA tAbA nIcenI DablinanI pArlAmenTa upara kAbU hatuM ane limerika AgaLa gaMbhIratApUrvaka vacana ApyuM hovA chatAMye temaNe kaeNthalikone nAgarika ke dhArmika svataMtratA ApavAnI nA pADI. badalAmAM kaeNthalikane zikSA karanArA tathA IrAdApUrvaka Ayariza lekanA UnanA vepArano nAza karanAra khAsa kAyadAo temaNe kya. sAthe khetI karanArA kheDUta vargane nirdaya rIte kacarI nAkhavAmAM Abe tathA evA kheDUtone temanI jamIna uparathI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. yAda rAkhaje ke moTA bhAganI vasatI sAme mAtra mUThIbhara paradezI jamInadAroe A karyuM hatuM. e vasatI pradhAnapaNe kethalika saMpradAyanI hatI ane enA moTA bhAganA leka gaNotiyA kheDUta hatA. paraMtu badhI sattA A aMgreja jamInagharenA hAthamAM hatI. e jamInadAre pitAnI jamInathI bahu dUra rahetA hatA ane gaNotiyAone nirdaya ane lUMTArA ADatiyAo tathA gaNota udharAvanArAenA hAthamAM soMpI jatA hatA. limerikanI vAta Aje te jUnI thaI gaI che paraMtu gaMbhIrapaNe ApavAmAM Avele kAla teDavAmAM AvyuM tene kAraNe je kaDavAza ane krodha pedA thayAM te hajI paNa ochAM thayAM nathI. ane aMgrejoe AyarlenDamAM karelA vaMcanabhaMganI paraMparAmAM limerikana vacanabhaMga AyarlenDanA rASTravAdIonA mAnasamAM Aje paNa agrasthAne rahyo che. e vakhate karavAmAM AvelA A karArabhaMga, dhArmika asahiSNutA ane damana tathA jamInadAranI nirdayatAne kAraNe saMkhyAbaMdha AyarlenDavAsIo potAnuM vatana choDIne paradeza cAlyA gayA. AyarlenDanA cunaMdA yuvAne paradeza cAlyA gayA ane iMglenDa sAme laDatA kaI paNa dezane temaNe pitAnI sevAo apI. iMglenDa sAme jyAM jyAM laDAI cAlatI tyAM tyAM A Ayariza yuvako acUka hovAnA ja. "gulivarsa TrAvelsane lekhaka jenAthana sviphaTa A kALamAM (16 67thI 1745) thaI gayuM. teNe pitAnA Ayariza dezabaMdhuone ApelI salAha -17

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934 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana uparathI aMgrejo sAmenA tenA kopane ApaNane kaMIka khyAla Ave che. te kahe che, "kolasA sivAyanI hareka briTiza vastune bALI mUke." DablananA saMta paeNTrikanA devaLamAM AvelI tenI kabara uparano mRtyulekha to enA karatA vadhAre kaDavAzathI bhareluM che. ghaNuM karIne e mRtyulekha sviphaTe pite ja lakhyo hate. je trIsa varSo sudhI maMdire hate adhyakSa--jenAthana sviphaTa-ahIM tenuM paDayuM mATI taLe kalevara. prakepa nA jaMgalI kerI khAI enA have aMtarane kadI zake. jA pAnya! ne je tujathI bane to theMDuMka ene pagale tuM cAlaje, ene - lIdhe bhAga svataMtratAnI * rakSArtha madanabharela jeNe. 174nI sAlamAM amerikAno svAtaMtrya vigraha phATI nIkaLe ane briTiza sainyane AlAMTika pAra mekalavuM paDayuM. AthI AyarlenDamAM briTiza lazkara bilakula rahyuM nahi ane phrAMsa tenA upara caDAI karaze evI vAta thavA lAgI. kema ke phrAMse paNa iMglaMDa sAme laDAI jAhera karI hatI. AthI AyarlenDanA kethalika tema ja TaeNTesTaMTa baMnee dezanA bacAvane arthe svayaMsevaka daLa UbhuM karyuM. thoDA vakhata mATe te teo pitAnAM jUnAM verajhera bhUlI gayA. temanAmAM keTaluM sAmarthya raheluM che enI temane A rIte paraspara sahakAra karatAM khabara paDI. bIjA eka baLavAnI dhamakIne sAmane karavAnI sthiti iMglenDa sAme khaDI thaI ane amerikAnI peThe AyarlenDa paNa tenAthI chUTuM paDI jaze evA DarathI AyarlenDane svataMtra pArlAmenTa ApavAmAM AvI. Ama siddhAMtanI dRSTie te AyarlenDa igleDathI svataMtra thayuM paNa te eka ja rAjAnA amala nIce rahyuM. vaLI e Ayariza pArlAmenTa paNa tenI jUnI pArlAmenTanA jevI ja hatI. mUDIbhara jamInadArano ja tenA upara kAbU hatuM tathA pahelAM kaeNthalika upara julama gujAranAra proTesTaTonuM ja temAM pratinidhitva hatuM. kethaliko upara hajIye aneka prakAranI bAdhAo lAdavAmAM AvI hatI. taphAvata mAtra eTalo ja hatuM ke, preTesTaMTa ane kaeNthalike vacce kaMIka sAruM vAtAvaraNa pedA thayeluM dekhAtuM hatuM. A pArlamenTane netA hetrI greTana hatuM, te pote proTesTaMTa hatuM ane kethalika uparanAM baMdhane dUra karavA mAgatA hatA. paraMtu e bAbatamAM te jhAjhuM karI zakyo nahi. daramyAna phrAMsanI krAMti thaI ane ene kAraNe AyarlenDamAM bhAre AzA pedA thaI ajAyabInI vAta te e che ke kaeNthalika tathA proTesTaTa e baMnee

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iMglaDa ane AyarlenDa vacce sAta sadIne jhaghaDe haze ene vadhAvI lIdhI. teo baMne ekabIjAnI vadhu ne vadhu nikaTa AvatA jatA hatA. e baMnenuM ekya sAdhavAne tathA kaeNthalikane mukta karavAne "yunAITeDa Ayarizamaina"(ekatrita AyaDavAsIo) nAmanI saMsthA sthApavAmAM AvI, paraMtu sarakAre e saMsthAne maMjUra na karI ane tene kacarI nAkhI. AthI 1798nI sAlamAM pahelAMnI peThe anivAryapaNe pharI pAchuM baMDa thayuM. pahelAMnAM keTalAMka baMDenI peThe e alsara tathA bAkInA deza vaccenI dhArmika laDAI nahotI. e rASTrIya baLa hato ane temAM amuka aMze e baMnee bhAga lIdhe. IMgleMDe e baLavAne dabAvI dIdho ane tenA vIra saradAra vulpha Tonane dezadrohI tarIke phAMsIe laTakAvavAmAM AvyuM. Ama AyarlenDane svataMtra pArlAmenTa ApavAmAM AvI tethI Ayariza prajAnI sthitimAM jhAjho phera na paDyo e spaSTa hatuM. iMglaMDanI pArlAmenTa paNa e vakhate te bahu ja maryAdita ane saDelI vastu hatI. pokeTabare dvArA tathA bIjI evI ja rIte te cUMTAtI hatI ane thoDA jamInadAro tathA gaNyAgAMThayA dhanika vepArIone tenA upara kAbU hate. Ayariza pArlAmenTamAM A badhAM aniSTa ta hatAM ja ane vadhArAmAM kaeNthalikAnA dezamAM te mUThIbhara proTesTamAM maryAdita hatI. Ama chatAMye A Ayariza pArlAmenTane baMdha karIne AyarlenDane IMgleMDa sAthe joDI devAne briTiza sarakAre nirNaya karyo. AyarlenDamAM enI sAme bhAre virodha jAgyo paraMtu DablinanI pArlamenTanA sabhyone khUba lAMca ApIne pitAnI ja pArlAmenTa baMdha karavAne mata ApavA temane samajAvavAmAM AvyA. 1800nI sAlamAM "ekaTa oNpha yuniyana'(IgleMDa ane AyarlenDanA joDANane kAyado pasAra karavAmAM AvyuM. greTananI alpajIvI pArlamenTane A rIte aMta Avyo ane tene badale thoDA Ayariza sabhyo laMDananI briTiza pArlAmenTamAM mokalavAnI goThavaNa karavAmAM AvI. e nItibhraSTa Ayariza pArlAmenTane baMdha karavAmAM AvI ethI kaMI bhAre nukasAna thayuM ema na kahI zakAya. hA, eTaluM kharuM ke pAchaLathI ene vikAsa thAta ane te vadhAre sArI thavA pAmata e avakAza na rahyo. paraMtu A "ekaTa opha yuniyana', eNe kharekharuM nukasAna karyuM ane saMbhava che ke e nukasAna karavAne IrAde rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hoya paNa khare. uttara ane dakSiNa AyarlenDanI tathA proTesTaMTa ane kethalika vace ekatA ANavAnI caLavaLane aMta lAvavAmAM e kAyade phatehamaMda nIvaDo. proTesTaMTa alsare bAkInA AyarlenDa tarapha pharI pAchI pUTha pheravI ane paraspara e baMne bhAganAM mana UMcAM thayAM. e be vacce bIje paNa eka taphAvata dAkhala thavA pAmyuM. IMglaMDanI peThe acchara Adhunika udyogo tarapha vaLyuM. bAkInuM AyarlenDa kRSi . pradhAna rahyuM. vaLI tyAMnI jamIna-paddhati tathA niraMtara cAlatA paradezagamanane

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kAraNe khetI paNa AbAda na thaI. Ama uttara AyarlenDa udyogapradhAna thayuM jyAre dakSiNa ane pUrva tathA khAsa karIne pazcima AyarlenDa audyogika kSetramAM pachAta ane madhyakAlIna rahyuM. ekaTa oNpha yuniyana' nA virodhamAM paNa baMDa thayA vinA na ja rahyuM. e baMne netA oNbarTa eNmeTa hatuM. te eka tejasvI yuvAna hato ane AgaLanA pitAnA aneka dezabaMdhuonI peThe teNe paNa phAMsInA mAMcaDA upara pitAnA jIvanane aMta ANe. Ayariza sabhyo IMglaMDanI AmanI sabhAmAM gayA. paraMtu kethalika lekenuM temAM pratinidhitva nahotuM. iMglaMDamAM tema ja AyarlenDamAM kethalikane pArlAmenTamAM javA devAmAM AvatA nahotA. 1829nI sAlamAM A baMdhane dUra karavAmAM AvyAM ane kaeNthalikane IMglaMDanI pArlAmenTamAM besavAnI chUTa maLI. Ayariza netA Deniyala kenela A bAdhAo dUra karavAmAM phattehamaMda thayo ane ethI tene "libareTara" (muktidAtA) tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. dhIme dhIme bIjo eka pheraphAra paNa thaye. matAdhikAra vistRta karavAmAM AvyuM ane vadhAre lekIne mata ApavAne haka maLyo. AyarlenDanuM paNa iMgleMDa sAthe joDANa thayuM hatuM eTale baMnene eka ja kAyadA lAgu paDatA hatA. A rIte 1872nuM mahAna riphorma bila (sudhArAne kAyade) iMglaMDane tema ja AyarlenDane paNa lAgu pADavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. e ja rIte e pachI thayele matAdhikArane kAyade paNa tene lAgu paDyo. Ama iMglaMDanI AmanI sabhAnA AyarlenDanA sabhyono prakAra badalAvA lAge. pahelAM teo jamInadAranA pratinidhio hatA tene badala have teo kethalika kheDUtavarganA ane Ayariza rASTrIyatAnA himAyatI banyA. jamInadAranA paMjAmAM sapaDAyelA tathA jemanI pAsethI bhAre gaNata paDAvavAmAM AvatI hatI evA AyarlenDanA gaNotiyA kheDUtee atizaya garIbIne kAraNe baTATAne pitAnA khorAkanI mukhya vastu banAvI hatI. baTATA upara ja teo jIvatA ane AjanA hiMdanA kheDUtanI peThe temanI pAse kaze saMdhare naheto - je Azare laI zakAya evuM kazuMye temanI pAse nahotuM. peTe pATA bAMdhIne jema tema teo pitAnuM jIvana TakAvI rAkhatA. ane temanAmAM nabhI rahevAnI lagAre zakti rahI nahotI. 1846nI sAlamAM baTATAno pAka niSphaLa nIvaDyo ane ene pariNAme tyAM bhAre dukALa paDyo. AvA dukALanA samayamAM paNa, gaNota na ApavAne kAraNe, jamInadAroe temanA gaNotiyAone jamIna uparathI hAMkI kADhyA. saMkhyAbaMdha Ayariza leke pitAnAM gharabAra choDIne amerikA ke bIjA dezamAM cAlyA gayA ane AyarlenDanI vasatI bahu ja ghaTI gaI tenAM ghaNAM khetare "kheDanArane abhAve paDatara paDI rahyAM ane bIDanA rUpamAM pheravAI gayAM.

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laMDa ane AyarlenDa vacce sAta sadIne athaDe 37 kheDANanI jamInanuM gheTAM vagerene mATe caravAnAM bIDemAM rUpAntara thavAnI prakriyA AyarlenDamAM chellAM 100 varasathI mAMDIne Aja sudhI niraMtara cAlu rahI che. iMglaMDamAM UnanuM kApaDa banAvavAnAM kArakhAnAM thayAM e ema thavAnuM mukhya kAraNa hatuM. jema jema vadhAre yaMtrane upayoga thavA lAgyuM tema tema utpAdana vadhatuM ja gayuM. ene mATe uttarottara vadhAre ne vadhAre UnanI jarUra paDavA lAgI. khetare kheDAya ane mANase temAM kAme lAge tenA karatAM gheTAM mATenAM bIDa AyarlenDanA jamInadArene vadhAre phAyadAkAraka thaI paDyAM. bIDemAM te gheTAMnI saMbhALa rAkhavA mATe bahu ja ochI majUronI jarUra hatI. A rIte khetIne majUre vadhArAnA thaI paDyA ane jamInadAroe temane kADhI mUkyA. vAstavamAM AchI vastIvALA AyarlenDamAM A rIte majUrone hamezAM "vadhAro" rahetuM hatuM ane tyAM AgaLa vastIne ghaTADe te cAlu ja rahyo. AyarlenDa e "audyogika" IMglaMDane kevaLa kA mAla pUro pADanAra pradeza banI gayo. kheDANuM jamInane bIDamAM pheravI nAkhavAnI A jUnI prakriyA have UlaTI dizAmAM thavA lAgI che ane haLane pharI pAchuM tenuM potAnuM sthAna maLavA lAgyuM che. ajAyabInI vAta te e che ke 1932nI sAlamAM iMgleMDa ane AyarlenDa vacce zarU thayelI vepArI laDAIne kAraNe A pariNAma AvyuM che.. pitAnI jamInathI dUra rahIne mAtra tenI Avakane ja bhagavaTo karanArA jamInadAre nIcenA duHkhI gaNotiyA kheDUtone prazna e 19mI sadInA moTA bhAga daramyAna AyarlenDane mukhya prazna rahyo hate. chevaTe, temanI jamIna pharajiyAta rIte kharIdIne A jamInadArane saMpUrNapaNe dUra karavAne briTiza sarakAre nirNaya karyo. A kharIdelI jamIna pachIthI temanA gaNotiyAone ApavAmAM AvI. alabatta, jamInadArene ethI jarAye nukasAna thayuM nahi. sarakAra taraphathI temane temanI jamInanI pUrepUrI kiMmata maLI rahI. gaNotiyAone jamIna maLI kharI paNa tenI sAthe tenI kiMmatano beje paNa maLyo. jamInanI A kiMmata temane ekI vakhate ApavAnI nahotI paraMtu nAnA nAnA vArSika hapatAthI ApavAnI hatI. - 1798nA baLavA pachI lagabhaga 100 varasa sudhI AyarlenDamAM kaI mATe baLavo thavA pAmyuM nahi. AgaLanI sadIomAM vakhatevakhata thatA A baLavAothI 19mI sadI mukta hatI. paraMtu enuM kAraNa e nathI ke e kALamAM AyarlenDamAM saMtoSanI lAgaNI vyApI hatI. chelle baLa, bhAre dukALa tathA vasatIne ghaTADe vagerenA thAkamAMthI prajA hajI beThI thaI nahotI. vaLI, kaMIka aMze, e sadInA uttarArdhamAM lekanAM mana briTiza pArlAmenTa tarapha vaLyAM hatAM; tyAM gayelA Ayariza sabhya temane mATe kaMIka karI zakaze evI AzA teo sevatA hatA. paraMtu Ama chatAMye keTalAka AyarlenDavAsIo vakhato

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vakhata thatA baLavAnI paraMparA cAlu rAkhavA mAgatA hatA. e rIte ja AyarlenDane AtmA tathA tenI bhAvanA nityanavIna, nirmaLa ane sateja rahI zake ema teo mAnatA hatA. amerikAmAM jaIne vaselA AyarlenDavAsIoe AyarlenDanI svataMtratA mATe tyAM AgaLa eka maMDaLa kADhayuM. e maMDaLanA sabhyo "phIniyana' nAmathI oLakhAtA. teo AyarlenDamAM nAnAM nAnAM baMDa karAvatA. paraMtu Ama janatA upara enI kazI asara na thavA pAmI ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM "phaniyana" lekane dAbI devAmAM AvyA. have mAre A patra pUro kare joIe kema ke, te bahu lAMbe thaI gayuM che. paraMtu AyarlenDanI vAta hajI adhUrI rahe che. 140. AyarlenDamAM sInaphIna caLavaLa ane hema rUla 9 mArca, 1933 aneka sazastra baMDa karyA pachI tathA dukALa ityAdi bIjI Aphatane kAraNe svataMtratA meLavavA mATenI A rItathI AyarlenDa jarA thAyuM hatuM. 19mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM, briTiza pArlAmenTanA sabhya cUMTavA mATe matAdhikAra vistAravAmAM AvyuM hatuM tethI ghaNuM rASTravAdI Ayariza sabhyane AmanI sabhAmAM cUMTI mokalavAmAM AvyA hatA. A sabhya AyarlenDanI svataMtratA mATe kadAca kaMIka karI zakaze evI AzA loko sevavA lAgyA hatA; sazastra baMDanI jUnI paddhatine badale pArlAmenTa dvArA baMdhAraNIya mArge pitAnuM dhyeya siddha karavAne teo vicAra karavA lAgyA. uttaranA alsara ane bAkInA AyarlenDa vaccenI taDa vaLI pAchI pahoLI thavA pAmI hatI. jAti ane dharmanA bhedo cAlu ja rahyA ane te uparAMta temanI vaccenA Arthika bheda paNa vadhAre spaSTa banyA. iMglaDa tathA skaoNTalaeNDanI peThe alsara udyogapradhAna pradeza banI gayo ane tyAM AgaLa meTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMomAM mAla utpanna thavA lAgyo hate. bAkIne deza khetIpradhAna hatA tathA tyAM AgaLa madhyakAlIna paristhiti vartatI hatI. vaLI te garIba hatuM ane tenI vasatI ghaTI gaI hatI. AyarlenDanA be bhAga pADavAnI iMglaMDanI jUnI nItine bhAre saphaLatA maLI hatI. sAce ja tenI e nIti eTalI badhI saphaLa thaI hatI ke, pAchaLanA vakhatamAM jyAre teNe AyarlenDanA praznane ukela karavAno prayatna karyo tyAre iMglaMDa pote paNa e muzkelImAMthI pAra na UtarI zakyuM. alTara AyarlenDanI svataMtratAnA mArgamAM bhAremAM bhAre aMtarAyarUpa thaI paDyuM. dhanika ane proTesTaMTa alsarane evo bhaya rahe

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AyarlenDamAM sInaphIna caLavaLa ane hema rUla ha39 hatuM ke AyarlenDa svataMtra thAya tyAre pita garIba ane kaeNthalika AyarlenDamAM DUbI jaze. briTiza pArlAmenTamAM tema ja AyarlenDamAM "hama rUla' evA be zabda vaparAvA lAgyA. AyarlenDanI mAgaNIne have "homa rUla" nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM. AyarlenDanI 700 varasa nUnI svataMtratA mATenI mAgaNIthI A bilakula judI ja ane tenAthI bahu ja ochI vastu hatI. emAM sthAnika bAbatone vahIvaTa karavA mATe tAbA nIcenI Ayariza pArlAmenTanI jogavAI karavAmAM AvI hatI. mahattvanI keTalIka bAbatamAM briTiza pArlAmenTane kAbU cAlu ja raheto hato. svataMtratAnI jUnI mAgaNIne AvI rIte maLI banAvI devAmAM ghaNuM AyarlenDavAsIo saMmata nahatA. paraMtu deza baLavA tathA laDAITaMTAthI thAkI gayuM hatuM ane baMDa uThAvavA mATe karavAmAM AvelA aneka prayatnomAM teNe bhAga levA nA pADI. briTananI AmanI sabhAnA Ayariza sabhya paikI cArlsa sTevaTe pAnela nAmano eka sabhya hatA. briTananA sthiticusta (konjharaveTiva) ane vinIta (libarala) e be pakSamAMthI eke pakSa AyarlenDanI bAbatamAM kazuM lakSa nathI Apa evo anubhava tene thayo. AthI teNe pArlamenTanI temanI sabhya ramata calAvavAnuM muzkela karI mUkavAne nirNaya karyo. lAMbAM lAMbAM bhASaNo ane kevaLa vakhata vitAvavAnI yuktiprayuktio dvArA bIjA keTalAka Ayariza sabhya sAthe teNe pArlamenTanA kAryamAM aMtarAyo nAkhavAnuM zarU karyuM. aMgreja leka A yuktiprayuktiothI khUba ciDAyA; teo kahevA lAgyA ke A rIte vartanArA Ayariza sabhya saMgrahastha nathI, teo pArlAmenTanI nItirIti jANatA nathI. paraMtu A TIkAonI pAnela upara kazI asara na thaI. aMgrejoe banAvelAM dhArAdhoraNa anusAranI pArlAmenTanI DAhIDamarI ramata ramavA te pArlAmenTamAM nahote Avyo. te to tyAM AyarlenDanI sevAne arthe Avyo hato ane sAmAnya rItothI je te e na karI zake, te asAmAnya rIte akhatyAra karavAmAM te vAjabI hatuM evuM tenuM mAnavuM hatuM. e game tema ho paNa A rIte AyarlenDa tarapha pArlAmenTanuM lakSa kheMcavAmAM te saphaLa thayo. pArnela briTananI AmanI sabhAnA Ayariza hema rUla pakSanA netA banya. A pakSa briTananA jUnA be pakSone kaMTALAjanaka thaI paDyo. e baMne pakSonuM baLa jyAre lagabhaga samAna hoya tyAre Ayariza homa rUla pakSa dhAre te pakSanuM palluM namAvI zakata. A rIte AyarlenDano prazna hamezAM AgaLane AgaLa rAkhavAmAM Avato. DasTana Akhare AyarlenDane homa rUla ApavAne saMmata thayA. sane 1886nI sAlamAM teNe AmanI sabhAmAM hema rUla bila rajU karyuM. svarAjanI dizAmAM A bahu ja meLuM pagaluM hatuM. paNa eNe bhAre khaLabhaLATa

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940 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana macAvI mUkyo. sthiticusta ( kaoNnjharaveTIva pakSa) te| alabata enI bilakula viruddha hatA. gleMDasTananA vinIta ( libarala ) pakSane paNa e bila gamatuM naheAtuM ane e pakSamAM be bhAgalA paDyA. eka bhAga sthiticusta sAthe joDAI gayA. e pakSa have ' yuniyanisTa ' ( joDANunI himAyata karanArA ) pakSa kahevAyA; krama ke te AyarlaeNnDa sAthe iMgleMDanA joDANanI himAyata karatA hatA. homa la bilane pheMkI devAmAM AvyuM ane tenI sAthe gleMDasTananA hAddAnA paNa aMta Avyo. sAta varasa pachI, 1893nI sAlamAM 84 varasanI uMmare gleMDarsTana krI pAchA vaDA pradhAna thayA. teNe potAnuM khIjAM hAma rUla bila pArlamenTamAM rajU karyuM. AmanI sabhAmAM bahu ja echI vadhumatIthI e bila mAMDa pasAra thaI zakayuM. paraMtu badhAM khilAne umarAvanI sabhA pasAra kare tyAra pachI ja te kAyado bane che ane umarAvanI sabhA te sthiticusto ane pratyAdhAtIothI bharelI hatI. umarAvanI sabhA e ka MI cUMTAyelA sabhyonI banelI nahotI. te te vaMzaparaMparAgata AvatA moTA moTA jamInadAronI sabhA hatI. e uparAMta temAM thADA bizapeA ( vaDA pAdarI ) paNa hatA. AmanI sabhAe pasAra karelA hAma la bilane umarAvanI sabhAe uDAvI dIdhuM. Ama, AyarlaeNnDane je joItuM hatuM te meLavavA mATenA pArTImenTa dvArA karavAmAM AvelA baMdhAraNIya prayatne paNa niSphaLa nIvaDayA. Ama chatAM paNa saphaLatA maLaze e AzAe Ayariza rASTrIya pakSa athavA Ayureza hAma la pakSe pArlamenTamAM potAnuM kAma cAlu rAkhyuM. ekadare AyarlaeNnDanA leAkAnA vizvAsa e pakSa dharAvatA hatA. paraMtu AyarlaeNnDamAM keTalAka lAMka evA paNa hatA jemane A baMdhAraNIya rIteA tathA briTiza pArlamenTamAMthI vizvAsa UThI gayA hatAM. dhaNA AyarlaeNnDavAsIo, e zabdanA saMkucita arthAMmAM rAjakAraNathI kaMTALI gayA ane te sAMskRtika tathA Arthika pravRttiomAM kAme lAgyA. 20mI sadInAM AraMbhanAM varaso daramyAna AyarlenDamAM sAMskRtika punarjAgRti thaI ane khAsa karIne te dezanI purANI gaeNlika bhASAne savana karavAnA prayatna thayA. dezanAM pazcima taraphanAM paragaNAMmAM hajI e bhASA cAlu rahI hatI. A kelTa zAkhAnI bhASAnuM samRddha sAhitya hatuM paraMtu sadInA iMgleMDanA Adhipatye tene zaheramAMthI hAMkI kADhI hatI ane dhIme dhIme te lupta thatI jatI hatI. Ayariza rASTravAdIne lAgyuM ke temanI potAnI bhASA dvArA ja AyarlaeNnDa potAnA AtmA tathA tenI purANI saMskRti jALavI rAkhI zake ema che. AthI pazcima vibhAganAM gAmaDAMomAMthI tene punaruddhAra karIne tene bhASA banAvavAnA temaNe bhAre parizrama AauM. Ane mATe gaeNlika lIga nAmanI eka saMsthA sthApavAmAM AvI. badhe ThekANe, ane khAsa karIne badhAye parAdhIna dezAmAM te te dezanI rASTrabhASAnA pAyA upara rASTrIya caLavaLanuM maMDANa thAya ta

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AyarlenDamAM sInaphIna caLavaLa ane hema rUla 942 che. paradezI bhASA upara racAyelI caLavaLa janatA sudhI pahoMcatI nathI tema ja jaDa paNa ghAlatI nathI. AyarlenDamAM aMgrejIne bhAgye ja paradezI bhASA kahI zakAya. AyarlenDanA lagabhaga badhA ja leko e bhASA jANatA tathA belatA hatA. gelika bhASA karatAM te te vadhAre jANItI hatI emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. Ama chatAMye, temanI purANI saMskRti sAthe saMparka teo khAI na bese eTalA khAtara gelika bhASAne sajIvana karavAnuM Ayariza rASTravAdIoe mahatvanuM dhAryuM. have AyarlenDamAM evI lAgaNI pedA thaI ka zakti aMdarathI ja Ave che, bahArathI nahi. pArlAmenTa mATenI kevaLa rAjakIya pravRtti viSene bhrama bhAgI gaye ane tethI vadhAre majabUta pAyA upara prajAnuM ghaDatara karavAnA prayAso karavAmAM AvyA. vIsamI sadInAM AraMbhanAM varasonuM navuM AyarlenDa e pahelAMnA samayanA AyarlenDathI nirALuM hatuM ane punarjAgratinI asara aneka kSetromAM jaNavA lAgI hatI. huM AgaLa jaNvI gayo te sAhityika ane sAMskRtika kSetronI peThe Arthika kSetramAM paNa punaruddhAra mATenA saphaLa prayatno karavAmAM AvyA. kheDUtone sahakAranA pAyA upara saMgaThita karavAnA prayatna paNa karavAmAM AvyA. paraMtu A badhAnI pAchaLa svataMtratA mATenI tarasa rahelI hatI. ane briTiza pArlAmenTamAMnA Ayariza rASTrIya pakSa upara Ayariza prajAne vizvAsa hoya ema upara uparathI jaNAtuM hatuM paNa temanA uparane e vizvAsa have gavA lAgyuM hatuM. prajA temane bhASaNenA rasiyA paNa kazuMye kArya karavAne azakta evA kevaLa rAjadvArI puruSa lekhavA lAgI. alabata, pahelAMnA phIniyana tathA svAtaMtryamAM mAnanArA bIjAone te A pArlAmenTamAM janArAo tathA temanA homa rUla upara kadI paNa vizvAsa beThe nahote. paraMtu have to A navA ane teNu AyarlenDe paNa pArlAmenTa tarapha pitAnI pUMTha pheravavA mAMDI. vAtAvaraNamAM svAzrayanA vicAre dAkhala thayA; rAjakAraNamAM paNa ene kema lAgu na pADavA ? lokonA mAnasamAM pharI pAchA sazastra baLavAnA vicAre gheLAvA lAgyA. paraMtu kArya mATenI A IcchAne navuM valaNa ApavAmAM AvyuM. Arthara griphitha nAmanA eka yuvAna AyarlenDavAsIe navI nItinI himAyata karavA mAMDI. e nIti sIna phIna" (ApaNe pita) nAmathI oLakhAvA lAgI. e zabdo enI pAchaLa rahelI nItino ApaNane khyAla Ape che. sIna phIna pakSanA leke pitAnA paga upara UbhA rahevA mAgatA hatA; igleMDa pAsethI madadanI ke dAnanI teo AzA rAkhatA nahotA. teo aMdarathI rASTranI zaktinuM ghaDatara karavA cahAtA hatA. gelika caLavaLa tathA sAMskRtika punarjAgratinI pravRttine temane Teke hatA. rAjakAraNamAM temane pArlAmenTa dvArA kAma karavAnI te vakhatanI pracalita

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842 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rIta pasaMda nahotI. e rIte temane niSphaLa lAgatI hatI. ane emAMthI teo kazAnI apekSA rAkhatA nahotA. vaLI, sazastra baLavAne paNa teo zakA mAnatA nahatA. pArlAmenTa dvArA kArya karavAnI rItanI sAme temaNe briTiza sarakAra sAme eka prakAranA asahakAra dvArA " amalI kArya'nI himAyata karI. eka peDhI pahelAM haMgarImAM saphaLa nIvaDelI savinaya bhaMganI nItine dAkhala Arthara griphitha Ape ane iMglaMDane namatuM ApavAnI pharaja pADavAne mATe evA prakAranI nIti akhatyAra karavAnI himAyata karI. chellAM 13 varasa daramyAna hiMdamAM ApaNe asahakAranAM bhinna bhinna prakAranAM svarUpane sArI peThe anubhava karyo che. ane ApaNuM pahelAM AyarlenDa ajamAvelI e paddhati sAthe ApaNI paddhatinI tulanA karavA jevI che. e te jagajAhera che ke, ahiMsAnA pAyA upara ApaNI caLavaLa racAyelI che. AyarlenDanI caLavaLa pAchaLa AvI bhUmikA ke pAye nahe. Ama chatAMye sUcavavAmAM AvelI asahakAranI caLavaLanuM sAmartha zAMtimaya savinaya bhaMgamAM ja raheluM hatuM. e laData tattvataH zAMtimaya kalpavAmAM AvI hatI. sIna phInanA vicAre dhIme dhIme AkhA AyarlenDamAM phelAyA. ene kAraNe AyarlenDamAM ekAeka bhaDako thavA na pAme. AyarlenDamAM hajIye evA ghaNuM leka hatA jeo pArlAmenTa pAsethI - khAsa karIne 1906nI sAlamAM libarala (vinIta) pakSa bahu moTI bahumatIthI pharIthI pArlAmenTamAM dAkhala thayo tyAre- kazAkanI AzA rAkhI rahyA hatA. AmanI sabhAmAM temanI meTI bahumatI hovA chatAM libaralene umarAvonI sabhAmAM kanjharaveTI tathA yuniyanisTanI kAyamI bahumatIne sAmane karavAnuM rahetuM hatuM. ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM AmanI sabhA tathA umarAvonI sabhA vacce jhaghaDe Ubho thavA pAme. A jhaghaDAne pariNAme umarAvanI sabhAnI sattA upara kApa mUkavAmAM AvyuM. umarAvanI sabhAe jenI sAme vAMdho uThAvyo hoya te bila AmanI sabhAnI eka pachI eka traNa beThakamAM pasAra karavAthI nANane lagatI bAbatamAM umarAvanI sabhAnI dakhalanuM nivAraNa karI zakAtuM hatuM. 1911nA pArlamenTanA kAyadAthI, A rIte libaralee umarAnI sabhAne durbaLa banAvI mUkI. Ama chatAM paNa kAma rokI rAkhavAnI tema ja dakhala karavAnI ghaNI sattA umarAnA hAthamAM rahI. umarAvonA anivArya virodhane ghaTate upAya karyA pachI libaraloe trIjuM hema rUla bila rajU karyuM ane 1913nI sAlamAM AmanI sabhAe te pasAra karyuM. dhAravAmAM AvyuM hatuM te pramANe umarAvanI sabhAe e bila pheMkI dIdhuM. AthI tenI traNa lAgalagATa beThakamAM e bila pasAra karavAnI AmanI sabhAne kaDAkUTa karavI paDI. 1914nI sAlamAM e bila kAyade banyuM. alsara sahita samagra AyarlenDane e kAyado lAgu paDate hate.

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AyaleMDamAM sInaphIna caLavaLa ane hema rela 94 Akhare AyarlenDane homa rUla maLaze ema lAgyuM paNa hajI te tenA mArgamAM aneka bAdhAo paDelI hatI ! 1912 tathA 1913nI sAlamAM hema rUla bila upara pArlAmenTa carcA calAvI rahI hatI te daramyAna uttara AyarlenDamAM citravicitra banAvo banI rahyA hatA. alsaranA AgevAnoe jAhera karyuM ke teo e bilano kadIye svIkAra karanAra nathI ane e kAyado thaze te paNa teo teno sAmano karaze. teo baLa uThAvavAnI vAta karavA lAgyA ane tenI taiyArI paNa temaNe karavA mAMDI. teo eTale sudhI kahevA lAgyA ke hema rUlane sAmano karavA mATe teo bIjI koI paradezI sattAnI -- temanA manamAM jarmanIne khyAla hato - madada letAM paNa acakAvAnA nathI ! A te khullekhule ane haDahaDate rAjadroha hate. ethIye vadhAre ajAyabI bhayuM te e hatuM ke iMglaMDanA kanjharaveTIva pakSanA AgevAnoe A baMDakhora caLavaLane AzIrvAda ApyA ane ghaNAoe te tene madada paNa karI. dhanika kanjharaveTI taraphathI asTaramAM paisAne dhodha vahevA lAgyo. e te dekhItuM hatuM ke kahevAtA "upalA vargo" athavA te zAsakavarga sAmAnya rIte alTaranI tarapheNamAM hatA ane e ja rIte e vargamAMthI AvatA ghaNuM lazkarI amaladAre paNa tenI tarapheNamAM hatA. corIchUpIthI asTaramAM hathiyAre sarakAvavAmAM AvyAM ane chaDecoka svayaMsevakonI kavAyata karAvavAmAM AvI. prasaMga Ave tyAre kAma saMbhALI levAne mATe kAmacalAu sarakAra paNa sthApavAmAM AvI. e paNa jANavA jevuM che ke epha. I. smitha nAmane konjharaveTIva pakSane AgaLa paDato pArlamenTane sabhya alTaranA AgevAna "baMDakhora mAMne eka hatuM. pAchaLathI laMDa barmanaheDa tarIke te hiMdI vajIra banyuM hatuM tema ja bIjA moTA hoddA upara paNa Avyo hato. ItihAsamAM baLavAnI ghaTanA bahu ja sAmAnya che. paraMtu AyarlenDamAM te e ghaTanA bahu ja moTA pramANamAM banavA pAmI. Ama chatAMye asTaranA baLavA mATenI taiyArInI bAbatamAM ApaNe mATe viziSTa prakArano rasa rahele che. kema ke je pakSa pitAnI baMdhAraNIya rIto ane sthiticustatA mATe garve lete hato te ja pakSane A baLavAnI taiyArInI pAchaLa hAtha hate. "kAyade ane vyavasthA nI hamezAM vAta karanAra ane jeo A kAyado ane vyavasthAnuM ullaMdhana kare temane bhAre zikSA karavAnI himAyata karanAre e pakSa hato. ane chatAM e pakSanA AgevAna sabhyo khullaMkhullA rAjadrohanI vAta karatA hatA tathA sazastra baLavAnI taiyArI karavA lAgyA hatA. ane e pakSanA sAmAnya leke temane nANAM ApIne madada karatA hatA ! e paNa lakSamAM rAkhavA jevuM che ke hema rUla bila upara je vicAra calAvI rahI hatI tathA pAchaLathI jeNe tene pasAra karyuM te pArlAmenTanI sattA sAme ja e baLave javAmAM

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Avyo hate. A rIte eNe khuda lekazAhInA pAyA upara ghA karyo ane pote kAyadAnA zAsanamAM tathA baMdhAraNIya pravRttiomAM mAnanArA che evI aMgreja prajAnI purANI baDAza upara pANI pheravavAmAM AvyuM. 1912-14nA alTaranA 'baLavA'e A badhA Dhaga ane moTA meTA tathA rUpALA zabdone DhAMkata paDade cIrI nAkhyuM ane AjanI sarakAra tathA lokazAhIne tenA sAcA svarUpamAM ughADI pADI. zAsaka varganAM viziSTa adhikAra tathA hita sacavAvAM joIe e "kAyado ane vyavasthA ne artha thato hoya tyAM sudhI kAyado ane vyavasthA IcchavAga hatAM tema ja lekazAhI jyAM sudhI e viziSTa adhikAre tathA hite upara AkramaNa na kare tyAM sudhI te paNa calAvI laI zakAya ema hatuM. paNa jo A viziSTa adhikAro upara kaze paNa humale karavAmAM Ave te e varga laDavAne kamara kasate. Ama, "kAyado ane vyavasthA" e kevaLarUpALA zabdo ja hatA ane pitAnAM hitenI sAcavaNI eTale ja temane mana ene artha hatuM. A vastuo e spaSTa karI batAvyuM ke briTiza sarakAra e vAstavamAM eka varganI sarakAra hatI ane pArlamenTanI temanI sAmenI bahumatI paNa sahelAIthI tene khaseDI zake ema nahatuM. je pArlamenTanI AvI bahumatI temanA viziSTa adhikAre ghaTe evA samAjavAdI kAyadAo pasAra karavAno prayatna kare te A lekazAhInA siddhAMtane Thekare mArIne paNa teo temanI sAme baMDa kare. A hakIkata lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI che kema ke e hareka dezane lAgu paDe che ane pikaLa zabdo tathA bhAre bhAre zabdonI jALane kAraNe A sAcI vastusthiti bhUlI javAne ApaNe deravAIe chIe. A bAbatamAM, jyAM AgaLa vAraMvAra krAMti thayA kare che evAM dakSiNa amerikAnAM prajAsattAko tathA sthira rAjyataMtravALA IgleMDa vacce mahatvane kaze bheda nathI. tyAMnA zAsakavarge UMDAM mULa nAkhyAM che ane tene khaseDI zake eTale baLavAna bIjo varga hajI sudhI Ubho thaye nathI eTalA pUratI ja iMglaMDanA rAjyataMtranI sthiratA che. 1911nI sAlamAM umarAvanI sabhAnI temanI killebaMdI nabaLI paDI. AthI teo bhaDakI gayA ane asTara, baLavA mATenuM bahAnuM banI gayuM. kAyado ane vyavasthA" e mohaka zabdo alabata hiMdamAM rojabaroja, are, divasamAM aneka vAra ApaNe sAMbhaLavAmAM Ave che. AthI ene kharekhara zuM artha thAya che te ApaNe samajI levuM joIe. ApaNe e paNa yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke, ApaNA salAhakAramAMne eka - hiMdI vajIra - te asTaranA baLavAne AgevAna hate. Ama alsare hathiyAre tathA svayaMsevako dvArA baLavAnI taiyArI karI. sarakAra hAthapaga joDIne ThaMDe kaleje te nihALI rahI. A badhI taiyArIo

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iMgleDa misara pacAvI pADe che 945 6 sAme eka oNrDinansa kADhavAmAM naheAtA AvyeA ! thADA vakhata pachI bAkInA AyarlaeNnDe alsTaranuM anukaraNa karavA mAMDayuM tathA teNe - rASTrIya svayaMsevaka daLa ' UbhuM karyuM. paraMtu teNe e La hAma rUla prApta karavAne mATe ane jo jarUra paDe te alsTara sAme laDavAne UbhuM karyuM hatuM. Ama AyarlaeNnDamAM sAmasAmAM sainyeA UbhAM thayAM. alsTaranA khaMDa mATe hathiyArabaMdha svaya MsevakA UbhA karavAnI bAbatamAM AMkhaADA kAna karanAra briTiza sattAvALAoe te hAma rUla bilanI sAme nahotuM chatAMye 'rASTrIya svayaMsevaka La 'ne dAkhI devAne bhAre jAgrati batAvI e kharekhara ajAyakhIbharyuM che. AyarlaeNnDamAM A be svayaMsevaka daLA vaccenI athaDAmaNa anivAya hatI ane e athaDAmaNa eTale AMtaravigraha, paraMtu e ja arasAmAM 1914nI sAlanA oNgasTa mAsamAM mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM ane enI AgaLa khIjI badhI bAbato gauNu banI gaI. hAma rUla bilanA bezaka kAyadA te thayA paraMtu sAthe sAthe ja emAM evI jogavAI karavAmAM AvI ke mahAyuddha pUruM thayA pahelAM e amalamAM na ja AvavuM joIe ! Ama hAma rUla paNa pahelAMnI jema dUranuM dUra ja rahyuM ane mahAyuddha pUruM thAya te pahelAM to AyarlaeNnDamAM aneka banAvA bananAra hatA. huM judA judA dezane mArA hevAla mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM te samaya sudhI lAvI rahyo chuM. AyarlaeNnDamAM paNa ApaNe e tabakkA sudhI AvI pahAMcyAM chIe ane hAla turata mATe ApaNe ahIM ja aTakIzuM. paraMtu A patra pUrA karavA pahelAM eka vastu mAre tane kahevI joIe. alsTaranA khaMDanA AgevAnone temanI pravRttio mATe zikSA karavAne badale pradhAna maDaLamAM jagyAo ApIne tathA briTiza sarakAranA vahIvaTa nIce . temane meTAmeTA hoddedAro banAvIne navAjavAmAM AvyA. 141. iMgleMDa misara pacAvI pADe che 11 mArca, 1933 amerikAthI eka lAMbe kUdakA mArI ATalAMTika mahAsAgara oLaMgI ApaNe AyarlaeNnDa paheAMcyAM. have vaLI pAche eka kUdakA mArIne trIjA eka khaMDa AphrikA jaI e ane briTiza sAmrAjyavAdanA zikAra banelA khIjA eka deza misara paheAMcIe. tArA uparanA mArA keTalAka patrAmAM misaranA prAcIna ItihAsa viSe huM ghaNI vAra ullekha karI gayA chuM. misaranA ItihAsa viSenA mArA ajJAnane kAraNe e ullekhA TUMkA ane tUTaka tUTaka hatA. e viSayanuM mane Aje che

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941 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tenA karatAM vadhAre jJAna hota te A tabakake huM misaranA prAcIna kALamAM pAcho jaI zakuM ema nathI. Akhare ApaNe 19mI sadInuM ApaNuM khyAna lagabhaga pUruM karyuM che ane 20mI sadIne Umare AvI pahoMcyAM chIe. ane have ApaNe tyAM ja rahevuM joIe. ApaNe kaMI hamezAM AgaLathI pAchaLa ane pAchaLathI AgaLa ema AvajA karI zakIe nahi ! vaLI, huM badhAye dezanA bhUtakALanI vAta kahevAno prayatna karuM te kadIye A patre pUrA thAya kharA? Ama chatAMye, misaranA ItihAsamAM kazuM kahevA jevuM che ja nahi ema te huM tane nahi mAnI levA dauM. kema ke e sauthI prAcIna rASTra che. tene itihAsa bIjA kaI paNa dezanA ItihAsa karatAM vadhAre purANe che ane tenA yuga kSullaka sadIothI nahi paNa sahastrAbdothI gaNAya che. tyAMnAM adbhuta ane bhavya khaMDiyere hajI paNa ApaNane e dUra dUranA prAcInakALanuM smaraNa karAve che. purAtattvanI zodhakhoLa mATe misara e sauthI jUnuM ane moTAmAM moTuM kSetra hatuM. ane retImAMthI khodI kADhavAmAM AvelAM paththaranAM smAraka tathA bIjA avazeSe jyAre teo yauvananA pUra bahAramAM hatAM te ati prAcInakALanI camatkArika vAta kahetAM hatAM. A khodakAmanuM ane zodhakhoLanuM kArya hajI cAlu ja che ane te misaranA prAcIna itihAsamAM navA navA umerA karyuM jAya che. misarane itihAsa kyAre ane kevI rIte zarU thAya che te ApaNe hajI paNa kahI zakatAM nathI. lagabhaga 7000 varase pUrve nAIla nadInI khINamAM saMskArI leke vasatA hatA. e leke paNa lAMbA kALanI sAMskRtika pragatine vArasa dharAvatA hatA. teo citralipimAM potAnuM lakhANa karatA hatA tathA tenuM, trAMbu ane hAthIdAMtanAM vAsaNe banAvatA hatA. vaLI teo cUnAnAM citarAmaNavALAM vAsaNo tathA mATInAM vAsaNa ane kaLaze paNa banAvI jANatA hatA. Iza pUrvenI cothI sadImAM meseDonanA sikaMdare misara jItI lIdhuM te pahelAM tyAM ka1 misarI rAjavaMze rAja karI cUkyA hatA ema kahevAmAM Ave che. 4000 ke 5000 varasanA A lAMbA gALAmAM keTalAMka adbhuta strIpuruSo AgaLa tarI Ave che ane Aje paNa te jIvaMta hoya ema lAge che. emAM karmavIra strIpuruSo che, mahAna zilpIo che, mahAna svapna sevIo ane vicArako che, ddhAo, Apakhuda ane julamagAra zAsake che tathA garveika ane ghamaMDI rAjAo tathA soMdaryavatI strIo che. sahastrAbdanA sahastrAbda sudhI tyAMnA rAjakartA pheronI lAMbI hAra ApaNuM najara AgaLathI pasAra thAya che. tyAM AgaLa strIone pUrNa svataMtratA hatI ane keTalIka strIo zAsaka paNa hatI. e dezamAM purohita varganuM bhAre prabhutva hatuM ane misaranA leke niraMtara bhaviSyakALamAM ane paralekane viSe ja nimagna rahetA hatA. mahAna pirAmiDe

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IMgleDa misara pacAvI pADe che 40 e pherAne mATenI eka prakAranI bhaviSyane aMgenI jogavAI hatI. e pirAmiDa veThanI majUrIthI tathA majUro upara bhAre sitamA gujArIne bAMdhavAmAM AvyA hatA. mamIe e bhaviSyane mATe potAnuM zarIra jALavI rAkhavAnI eka rIta hatI. A badhuM ApaNane aMdhakAramaya, ugra ane AnaMdavihANuM lAge che, vaLI e vakhatanI 'vIga' (mAthe paheravAnA kRtrima vALanA becalA) paNa maLI Ave che kema ke te vakhate puruSo temanuM mAthuM mUMDAvI nAkhatA hatA. A uparAMta bALakAne ramavAnAM ramakaDAM paNa maLI Ave che! DhIMgalI, daDA tathA temanAM aMgAne halAvIcalAvI zakAya evAM nAnAM nAnAM prANIe paNa maLe che. A ramakaDAM misaranA prAcIna leAkeAnI mAnavI bhAjInuM ApaNane ekAeka smaraNa karAve che ane yuge bhedIne te ApaNI samIpa AvatA jaNAya che. Izu pUrvenI chaThThI sadImAM eTale ke lagabhaga buddhanA samayamAM IrAnanA lakAe misara jItI lIdhuM ane siMdhu nadIthI nAIla sudhI vistarelA temanA vizALa sAmrAjyane tene eka prAMta banAvI dIdhA. IrAnanA AkImInI zI rAjAe misara jItI lIdhuM hatuM. emanuM pATanagara parasepelisa hatuM. temaNe grIsa jItI levAne prayatna karyAM hatA paraMtu temAM te niSphaLa nIvaDyA hatA tathA chevaTe temane mahAna sika Mdare harAvyA hatA. sikaMdarane misaramAM IrAnIna kaDaka amalamAMthI mukta karanAra tarIke vadhAvI levAmAM AvyA. eNlekajhAMDiyA (e zahera sika Mdare vasAvyuM hatuM ane tenA grIka nAma eNlekajhAMDara uparathI e nAma pADavAmAM AvyuM hatuM.) zaheranA rUpamAM te tyAM potAnuM smAraka mUkatA gayA. e zahera vidyA tathA grIka saMskRtinuM mazara dhAma banyuM. tane yAda haze ke sikaMdaranA maraNa bAda tenuM sAmrAjya tenA senApatimAM vahecAI gayuM ane misara TaeNoNlemIne bhAga AvyuM. TaoNlemIe misaravAsI banI gayA ane IrAnIethI UlaTI rIte temaNe misaranA AcAravicArAne apanAvyA. temaNe pote misaravAsIo hoya tevA ja vartAva rAkhyo ane misavAsIoe jANe teo purANA phairAnA vaMzanA ja hoya e rIte temaneA ravIkAra karyAM. kliyopeTrA A TolemI vaMzanI chellI rANI hatI ane IsavI sana zarU thayA ema mAnavAmAM Ave che te pahelAM thoDAM varasa agAu tenA maraNa bAda misara zamana sAmrAjyane eka bhAga banI gayuM. rAme khristI dharma aMgIkAra karyAM te pahelAM ghaNAM varasa agAu misare tene svIkAra karyAM hatA ane misaranA khristI upara rAmana lekAe bhAre julama gujAryAM hatA ethI karIne temane raNamAM chupAI rahevuM paDatuM hatuM. paraMtu raNamAM gupta mA UbhA thayA ane A raNavAsI sAdhunA camatkAronI adbhuta ane gUDhatAbharI vAtethI te samayanI khristI duniyA UbharAtI hatI. pAchaLanA

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vakhatamAM kensenTAIne tene aMgIkAra karyo tyAra pachI khristI dharma jyAre romana sAmrAjyane rAjadharma baLe tyAre misaranA khristIoe tyAMne jUne dharma pALanArA bahIdho" eTale ke akhristIo upara krUra damana karIne pAchaluM vera levAno prayAsa karyo. elekajhAMDiyA have khristI vidyAnuM mazahUra kendra banyuM. paraMtu khristI dharma misaramAM rAjadharma baLe eTale have te ApasamAM niraMtara laDyA karatA tathA prabhutva meLavavA jhaghaDatA saMpradAya ane pakSe akhADe banI gayo. A lehI vahevaDAvanArA jhaghaDAo sAmAnya prajAnI najare evA te ghaNAspada banI gayA ke le ke e badhA khristI saMpradAyathI thAkI gayA ane sAtamI sadImAM na dharma laIne Araba tyAM AvyA tyAre temaNe temane saharSa vadhAvI lIdhA. Araboe misara tathA uttara AphrikA sahelAIthI jItI lIdhAM tenuM eka kAraNa A paNa hatuM. have khristI dharma pharI pAcho damananA bhoga banavAnI dizAmAM AvI paDyo ane nirdayapaNe tene dAbI devAmAM AvyuM. A rIte misara khalIphanA sAmrAjyane eka prAMta banyuM. arabI bhASA tathA arabI saMskRti tyAM atizaya jhaDapathI phelAyAM; te eTale sudhI ke arabI bhASAe misaranI purANI bhASAnuM sthAna lIdhuM. 200 varasa pachI navamI sadImAM bagadAdanI khilAta nabaLI paDI tyAre turkazAsake nIce misara ardhasvataMtra banI gayuM. 300 varasa pachI krajheDane (dhArmika yuddha) musalamAna vIra yoddho salAdIna misarane sulatAna banyo. salAdIna pachI thoDA ja vakhata bAda tene eka vArasa kokesasanA pradezamAMthI moTI saMkhyAmAM tuka gulAmone laI Avyo ane temane teNe pitAnA sainike banAvyA. A gorA gulAmone "memelka' kahevAmAM AvatA. e zabdano artha gulAma thAya che. temane sainya mATe bahu ja kALajIpUrvaka pasaMda karavAmAM AvatA ane e badhA sarasa mANase hatA. DAM ja varasomAM A memelthakoe baLavo karyo ane pitAmAMthI ekane temaNe misarane sulatAna banAvyuM. A rIte misaramAM memelyukono amala zarU thaye ane te aDhI sadI sudhI cAlyo. vaLI ardha svataMtra dazAmAM lagabhaga bIjAM traNa varasa sudhI tyAM AgaLa temane amala cAlyA. Ama videzI gulAmenA A samUhe pai00 karatAM vadhAre varasa sudhI misara upara Adhipatya bhogavyuM. ItihAsamAM A eka asAdhAraNa ane advitIya dRSTAMta che. misaramAM A mULa memelyukene vaMzaparAgata varga ke jAti UbhI thavA pAmI hatI evuM nathI. kekesasanI gerI jAtionA mukta gulAmImAMthI pasaMda karIne teo niraMtara pitAnI saMkhyAmAM vadhAre karatA rahetA hatA. kesasanI prajAe Arya jAtinI hatI eTale A memelyuko paNa Arya jAtinA hatA. A videzI leke misaranI bhUmimAM phAlyA nahi. thoDI peDhImAM ja temanAM kuTuMbo marI paravAratAM. paraMtu navA navA memelyuka umeravAmAM AvyA karatA hatA ke

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IMgleDa misara pacAvI pADe 949 eTale temanI saMkhyA ane khAsa karIne temanI tAkAta ane zakti jaLavAI rahyAM. A rIte jotAM temane vaMzaparaMparAgata vaga nahAtA paraMtu ema chatAMye misarane te zAsaka ane umarAva va hatA ane e rIte te lAMkhA phALa Takyo. 16mI sadInA AraMbhamAM kaeNnsTAnTinopalanA usmAnI turka sulatAne misara jItI lIdhuM ane memelyUka sulatAnane teNe phrAMsIe laTakAvyo. misara usmAnI sAmrAjyanA eka prAMta banyo. paraMtu hajIye memelyUkAnA varga misaranA zAsana karanAra umarAva va rahyo. pAchaLanA vakhatamAM turkI yurepamAM nakhaLA paDyA tyAre memelyUkA potAnuM manamAnyuM karavA lAgyA. joke siddhAMtanI dRSTie tA misara usmAnI sAmrAjyanA eka bhAga tarIke cAlu rahyuM. 18mI sadInA aMtamAM nepoliyana misaramAM AvyA tyAre memelyUkAnI sAme te laDyo ane teNe temane harAvyA. madhyayuganA rivAja pramANe, dhoDesavAra thaIne phreMca sainyamAM jaI tenA senApatine yuddha mATe AhvAna karanAra eka memelyUka saradAranI vAta meM tane karI hatI te tane yAda haze. A rIte ApaNe 19mI sadI sudhI AvI paheAMcIe chIe, 19mI sadInA pUrvI mAM misara mahamadaalI nAmanA Albeniyana turkanA amala nIce rahyu. te misaranA mUkhe athavA khedIva' banyA hatA. A tu sUbAne khedIva kahevAmAM AvatA hatA. mahamadaalIne Adhunika misaranA janaka tarIke lekhavAmAM Ave che. temane kAvAdAvA tathA prapaMcathI mArI naMkhAvIne prathama memelyUkAnI sattA toDI pADavAnu kAma teNe pAra pADayu, teNe misaramAM aMgreja sainyane paNa harAvyuM ane AkhA dezane te svAmI banyA. viveka khAtara turkInA sulatAnanu nAmanu Adhipatya teNe mAnya rAkhyuM hatuM. teNe kheDUta va mAMthI ( memelyU kAmAMthI nahi ) mANasA kheMcIne masaramAM navuM sainya UbhuM karyuM. vaLI teNe navI naherA baMdhAvI tathA kapAsanA vAvetarane uttejana ApyuM. A kapAsanA udyoga bhaviSyamAM misaranA pradhAna udyoga banavAnA hatA. tenA nAmanA svAmIne hAMkI kADhIne khuda kaoNnsTAntinepalane kabajo levAnI paNa teNe dhamakI ApI. paraMtu te ema karatAM aTakyo ane misaramAM sIriyAnA umeza karIne teNe satASa mAnyA. . mahamadaalI 1849nI sAlamAM 80 varasanI uMmare maraNa pAmyA. tenA vaMzajo namAlA, uDAu ane kazIye AvaData vinAnA hatA. paraMtu te hatA ethI vadhAre sArA hota toye AMtararASTrIya zarAphAnI lUTAruvRtti tathA yuropanAM rASTranA sAmrAjyavAdanA lAbhanI sAme TakI rahevuM temane mATe atizaya muzkela hatu. videzIoe, khAsa karIne aMgreja ane phreMca zarAphAe khedIvAne temanA khAnagI upayAga mATe vyAjanA bhAre darathI nANAM dhIryAM ane pachI vakhatasara 6-18

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950 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana enuM vyAja na bharAtuM te te vasUla karavAne yuddha jahAjo AvatAM! AMtararASTrIya kAvAdAvA tathA prapaMcanI ane bIjA dezone lUMTavAne tathA tenA upara pitAnuM Adhipatya jamAvavAne zarAphe tathA sarakAre kevI rIte haLImaLIne kArya kare che tenI e eka benamUna kahANI che. misaranA ghaNuMye khedIvo kazIye AvaData vinAnA hatA chatAM paNa teNe sArI peThe pragati karI. e bAbatamAM TAImsa' nAmanuM eka AgaLa paDatuM aMgrejI patra 1876nI sAlamAM jaNAve che ke, "misara e pragatinuM eka AzcaryakAraka dRSTAMta che. bIjA deze 500 varasamAM jeTalI pragati kare che teTalI pragati teNe 70 varasamAM karI che." Ama chatAMye videzI zarAphee te misaranuM game te thAya tenI leza paNa paravA karyA vinA pitAnuM mAgaNuM vasUla karavAno Agraha rAkhe ane e deza nAdAra thaI javAnI taiyArImAM che evo bhAsa pedA karIne vacce paDavA mATe paradezo pAse mAgaNI karI. paradezI sarakAre - khAsa karIne briTiza tathA pheMca sarakAre - te vacce paDavAne mATe AturatAthI TAMpI ja rahI hatI. temane te ema karavA mATe kaMIka bahAnuM ja joItuM hatuM. kema ke misara e e te lebhAvanAre kaLiye hatuM ke tene jemane tema rahevA devo pAlave ema nahatuM. vaLI te hiMda javAnA mArga uparano deza hate. ' daramyAna, veTha ane bhAre amAnuSIpaNAthI bAMdhavAmAM AvelI suejhanI nahera 1869nI sAlamAM avarajavara mATe khullI mUkavAmAM AvI. (tane e jANIne AnaMda thaze ke, misaranA prAcIna rAjavaMzanA amalamAM Izu pahelAM Azare 1400 varasa upara rAtA samudra ane bhUmadhya samudrane joDatI AvI nahera mejUda hoya ema jaNAya che). A nahera UghaDatAnI sAthe ja yuropa, eziyA tathA osTreliyAne badhe vAhanavyavahAra suejha thaIne cAlavA lAgyo ane misaranuM mahattva vaLI vadhyuM. hiMdamAMnAM tema ja pUrvanA bIjA dezomAMnAM tenAM agatyanAM hitone kAraNe IgleMDa mATe e nahera tathA misara uparane kAbU atizaya mahatvanAM thaI paDyAM. iMglaMDane vaDA pradhAna DijharAyalI nAdAra banI gayelA bedIva pAsethI suejhanI naheranA tenA badhA zere bahu ja ochA bhAve kharIdIne bhAre ramata ramI gaye. mUDInuM A eka sarasa rokANa hatuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa ene lIdhe ghaNe aMze naherane kAbU briTiza sarakAranA hAthamAM AvyuM. misaranA naherane aMgenA bIjA zere pheMca zarAphane hAtha gayA eTale misarane nahera upara kazoye Arthika kAbU rahyo nahi. A zeromAMthI aMgreja tathA e aDhaLaka na meLavyuM che. A uparAMta nahera upara temaNe pitAne kAbU rAkhe tathA te dvArA misara upara pitAne majabUta paje pAtharyo. 1912nI sAlamAM ekalI briTiza sarakArane ja tenA 4,000,000 pAunDanA rokANu upara 7,500,000 pAunDane na maLyuM hatuM.

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iMglaDa misara pacAvI pADe che A sthitimAM briTiza sarakAra misara upara hajI vadhAre kAbU meLavavAne mathe e anivArya hatuM. AthI 1879nI sAlamAM misaranI AMtarika bAbatomAM niraMtara dakhala karavAnuM teNe zarU karyuM tathA pitAnA zarAphenA hAthamAM tene kAbU so. svAbhAvika rIte ja ghaNAye misaravAsIoe enI sAme pitAne roSa darzAvyo ane misarane videzIonI dakhalamAMthI mukta karavAne mATe tyAM eka rASTrIya pakSa UbhuM thayuM. e pakSanA netA arabI pAzA nAmano eka taraNa sainika hatuM. te garIba majUra vargamAM ja hato ane misaranA lazkaramAM eka nAnA amaladAra tarIke joDAyA hatA. tenI lAgavaga vadhatI gaI ane te yuddhakhAtAne pradhAna banya. yuddhapradhAna tarIke teNe briTiza tathA phreMca niyAmaka (ka Telara) nI sUcanAone amala karavAnI sApha nA pADI. videzanI zirajorIne tAbe thavAnI nA javAba igleMDe yuddhathI vALe ane 1882nI sAlamAM briTiza naukA kAphalAe topamAro calAvI elekajhAMDriyA zaherane bALI mUkyuM. pazcimanA sudhArAnI sarasAInuM A rIte pradarzana karIne tathA jamIna upara misaranA sainyane harAvI have aMgrejoe misarane saMpUrNa kAbU pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhe. A rIte misara upara briTananA kabajAnI zarUAta thaI. AMtararASTrIya kAyadAnI dRSTie A asAmAnya sthiti hatI. misara e tu sAmrAjyane eka prAMta athavA bhAga hato. iMgleMDa ane tuka vacce maitrIno saMbaMdha hate ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ane chatAye iMglaDe ThaMDe kaleje tuka sAmrAjyanA eka bhAgane kabaje lIdhe. teNe tyAM AgaLa pitAne ejanTa mUkyo. e sau keIne uparI adhikArI hatA. hiMdanA vAIsaraoNyanI peThe te eka moTA bAdazAha je hate. A briTiza ejaTa AgaLa khuda bedIva tathA tenA pradhAnanuM paNa kazuM cAlatuM nahi. tyAMne pahele briTiza ejaMTa maeNjara beriMga hatuM. teNe misaramAM 25 varasa sudhI zAsana karyuM ane te leDa kemara banyo. kemara eka Apakhuda rAjakartAnI peThe misaramAM amala karato hato. videzI zarAphe tathA zera dharAvanArAone naphe vaheMcavAnuM tenuM paheluM kAma hatuM. niyamita rIte e bharapAI karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ane misaranI nANAMkIya sadhdharatAnAM bhAre vakhANa thavA lAgyAM. hiMdanI peThe tyAM paNa amuka aMze vahIvaTI dakSatA ANavAmAM AvI. paraMtu pacIsa varasane aMte misaranuM jUnuM devuM te AraMbhamAM hatuM teTaluM ne teTaluM ja rahyuM. keLavaNInA kSetramAM kazuMye karavAmAM na AvyuM ane rASTrIya vidyApIThanI sthApanA paNa mare aTakAvI. te vakhatanA iMglaMDanA vaDA pradhAna laDa selsabarI upara 1892nI sAlamAM teNe lakhelA patranA eka vAkya uparathI tenuM dRSTibiMdu ApaNe samajI zakIe chIe. pitAnA patramAM te dezadAjhavALA bedIva viSe lakhe che ke, "dIva te pUre misaravAsI

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952 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana nIvaDe ema lAge che ! '" kema ke eka hiMdI tarIke vartavuM ghaTe tema vavA mATe aMgrejo hiMdI tarapha kiyAM kare che tathA temane zikSA kare che te ja pramANe misaravAsIe eka misaravAsIne vartavuM ghaTe te rIte varte e krAmaranI najare gutA hatA. misara uparanA aMgrejonA A kAbU phreMcAne pasaMda nahAtA; e lUMTamAM temane kazA bhAga maLyA nahAto. yuropanI khIjI sattAne paNa e vAta pasaMda naheAtI. ane misaravAsIone to e vastu muddala nahotI gamatI e kahevAnI jarUra che kharI ? briTiza sarakAre e badhAne e viSe nizciMta rahevA jaNAvyuM kemake aMgrejo misaramAM thoDA vakhata pUratA ja che ane turatamAM ja teo e deza cheoDI jaze. briTizA misara khAlI karI jaze evI sattAvAra ane vidhipUrvaka jAherAta briTiza sarakAre aneka vAra karI. pacAsa ke ethIye vadhAre vAra gaMbhIratApUrvaka evI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI cokkasa gaNatarI karavAnuM paNa muzkela che ane Ama chatAMye aMgrejo tyAM cAMTI rahyA ane hajI paNa tyAM ja che ! che. --- -- - enI 1904nI sAlamAM aMgrejo tathA kheMcA ghaNA takarArI muddAonI bAbatamAM samajUtI upara AvyA. morokkomAM phAve tema vartavAnI chUTa phreMcane ApavAne aMgrejo kabUla thayA ane enA badalAmAM phreMca misara uparanA aMgrejone kabajo mAnya rAkhavAne saMmata thayA. e majAnA sAdA hatA. emAM mAtra turkInI ja salAha levAmAM AvI nahotI; jo ke misara upara tenuM Adhipatya che ema hajI paNa mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. alabata, e bAbatamAM misaranA leAkAnI salAha levAnA tA prazna ja nahAtA ! misaranI, A samaya daramyAna khIjI eka maryAdA e hatI ke videzIo upara misaranI adAlatAnI kazI sattA ke calaNa nahatuM. e adAlatane joI e tevI sArI nahAtI gaNavAmAM AvatI ane videzIone temanI potAnI adAlatomAM ja kAma calAvavAnA haka hatA. AthI sthAnika rAjyasattAnI hakUmatathI para evI, jemane haiye videzIonuM hita vaseluM hatuM evA nyAyAdhIzavALI adAlatA UbhI thaI. evI adAlatAnA eka videzI nyAyAdhIze te ja temane viSe lakhyuM che ke, - e adAlatonA insAphe dezanuM zoSaNa karI rahelA videzIonA samUhanI bhAre sevA karI che.' huM mAnuM chuM ke, misaramAM vasatA paradezI dhaNAkharA karImAMthI paNa chaTakI jatA. A kharekhara majAnI sthiti che ~~ kara bharavAne nahi, je dezamAM tame rahetA ho tenA kAyadAo tathA tenI adAlatone vaza vartavAnuM paNa nahi ane chatAM te dezanuM zASaNa karavAnI badhI sagavaDe tamane maLe !

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IMgleDa misara pacAvI pADe che 913 briTane misara upara A rIte potAnA amala calAvyo ane tenuM zANu karyuM. tenA eja ane pratinidhi temanI resIDansI 'emAM ( temanA vasavATanAM khAsa sthAnAmAM) Apakhuda rAjAnA jevA damAma tathA dabadabAthI rahetA. svAbhAvika rIte ja misaramAM rASTravAdane udya thayA ane sudhArAnI caLavaLA zarU thaI. jamAluddIna aphadhAnI 19mI sadInA misaranA sauthI mahAna sudhAraka hatA. te dhArmika netA hatA ane islAmane pracalita paristhiti sAthe susaMgata karIne tene Adhunika svarUpa ApavAnA teNe prayAsa karyAM. sa prakAranI pragatine islAma sAthe susaMgata karI zakAya che evA teNe upadeza ApyA. islAmane Adhunika svarUpa ApavAne tene prayAsa tattvataH hiMdamAM hiMdudharma te Adhunika svarUpa ApavAne karavAmAM AvelA prayAsAne maLatA hatA. keTalAMka mULabhUta dharmatatttA upara pharI pAchA paheAMcavuM tathA purANI rUDhio ane mAnyatAonA navA ardhAM karavA tathA tenuM navIna rahasya batAvavuM A be vastu upara dharma sudhArAnA A prayAseAnu maDANa hatuM. e pramANe Adhunika jJAna e prAcIna dhArmi ka jJAnanI eka prakAranI paripUtirUpa ke tenA uparanA bhASya jevuM banI jAya che. alabata, vaijJAnika paddhati A paddhatithI sAva nirALI che. e paddhati nirbhayapaNe AgaLa vadhe che ane te kAI paNa vastu AgaLathI mAnI laI ne cAlatI nathI. e game tema he paraMtu kevaLa misaramAM ja nahi paNa arakhI sa MskRtivALA khIjA dezamAM paNa jamAluddInanI bhAre asara hatI. videzA sAthenA vepAra vadhatA gayA tenI sAthe misaramAM navA madhyama va UbhA thayA. e va navA rASTravAdanA AdhArarUpa banI gayA. misaranA sauthI mahAna Adhunika netA jhagaluMla pAzA paNa A ja vamAMthI AvyA hatA. misara e pradhAnapaNe muslima deza che. paraMtu tyAM AgaLa kopTa leAkAnI paNa sArI saMkhyA che. e lAke khristI dharma pALe che. A kopTa leAkeA prAcIna misaravAsIonA zuddhamAM zuddha vazajo che. A navA madhyama vargamAM musalamAne tathA kaeNpTa e khatenA samAveza thatA hatA. ane sadbhAgye temanI vacce kazA vikhavAda nahAto. aMgrejoe temanI vacce jhadhaDe karAvavA prayatna karyAM paraMtu temAM temane jhAjhI saphaLatA na maLI. aMgrejoe rASTrIya pakSamAM bhAgalA pADavAnA paNa prayatna karyAM. hiMdustAnanI peThe gaNyAgAMThyA narama valaNanA AgevAnAne sahakAra meLavavAmAM temane keTalIka vAra saphaLatA maLI hatI. paraMtu e viSe vadhu huM have pachInA ekAda patramAM kahIza. 1914nI sAlanA AgasTa mAsamAM mahAyuddha zarU thayuM tyAre misaranI A sthiti hatI. traNa mAsa pachI iMgleMDa ane phrAMsa tathA temanAM mitrarAjyAnI sAme turkI jamanInA pakSamAM bhaLyuM. AthI iMglaMDe kharekhAta misarane khAlasA karavAnA nirNaya karyAM. paraMtu ema karavAmAM keTalIka muzkelI UbhI thaI eTale

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94 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana khAlasA karavAne badale misarane briTananuM rakSita rAjya jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM. ATaluM misara viSe bAkIne AphrikA khaMDa paNa 19mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM yuropanA sAmrAjyavAdane zikAra banyuM. tyAM AgaLa bhAre dhasAro thavA pAme ane e vizALa khaMDane yuropanAM rAjyae mAMhomAMhe vaheMcI lIdhe. gIdhanI mAphaka teo tenA upara tUTI paDathAM ane keTalIka vAra mAMhamAMhe paNa laDI maryA. Ama karavAmAM bhAgye ja koIne kazoye sAmano karavo paDyo paraMtu 1896nI sAlamAM ITAlIne ebisIniyAmAM harAvavAmAM AvyuM. AphrikA maTe bhAge aMgreja ke enA tAbAmAM hatuM. tene keTaleka bhAga beriyama, iTAlI tathA piTuMgAlanA tAbAmAM paNa hatuM. mahAyuddhamAM jarmanInI hAra thaI tyAM sudhI AphrikAmAM teno hisso paNa hatA. pUrvamAM ebisAniyA tathA pazcima kAMThe nAnuM sarakhuM lAIberiyA e be ja deze svataMtra rahyA. makako phrAMsa tathA spenanI lAgavaga nIce hatuM. A vizALa pradezane kabaje levAmAM Avyo tenI atizaya lAMbI ane bhISaNa kahANI che. bezaka, hajIye e kahANa pUrI nathI thaI e khaMDanuM zeSaNa karavAne ane khAsa karIne rabara utpanna karavAne mATe je paddhatio akhatyAra karavAmAM AvI hatI te te vaLI ethIye bUrI hatI. beljiyana kaeNgamAM gujAravAmAM AvelA sitamanI kahANuothI keTalAMka varasa pUrve kahevAtI sudharelI duniyAmAM trAsanI arerATI phelAI hatI. kharekhara, kALI prajAe bhayaMkara beje vahana karatI rahI che. AphrikA khaMDa, aMdhArA khaMDa tarIke oLakhAtuM hatuM ane 19mI sadInA uttarArdha sudhI tene aMdarane bhAga lagabhaga ajJAta hatuM. A gUDhatAbharyA pradezane vyavasthita rIte nakazA upara rajU karavAmAM AvyA te pahelAM e khaMDanI ArapAra sAhasabharyA ane romAMcaka keTalAye pravAsa kheDavA paDyA hatA. ene sauthI moTo zodhakhoLa karanAra skoTaleMDane mizanarI DeviDa liviMgTana hate. varasa sudhI AphrikA khaMDe ene potAnA udaramAM rAkhI mUkyo ane bahAranI duniyAne enA kazAye khabara maLyA nahi. enI sAthe hetrI elInuM nAma saMkaLAyeluM che. te patrakAra ane zodhaka hate. te liviMgTananI khoLa karavA nIkaLyuM hatuM ane Akhare teNe tene AphrikA khaMDanA cheka UMDANanA bhAgamAMthI zedhI kADhayo hato.

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, 142. tuka "yuropana bImAra puruSa bane che 14 mArca, 1933 misarathI eka nAnuM pagaluM bharIe eTale bhUmadhyasamudranI pelI pAra turkI Ave che. 19mI sadImAM usmAnI turkonuM yurepamAMnuM sAmrAjya tUTavA mAMDayuM hatuM. joke 18mI sadIthI ja enI dhImI paDatIne AraMbha zarU thayuM hatuM. turkIe ghAlelA viyenA zaheranA gherA viSe tathA temanI taravAra sAme thoDA vakhata mATe te yuropa kevuM dUjI UThayuM hatuM te viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM te kadAca tane yAda haze. pazcima yurepanA zraddhALu khristIo tukane khristI jagatanA pApanI zikSA mATe mekalelA "IzvaranA zApa" tarIke lekhatA hatA. paraMtu viyenAnA dvAra AgaLathI temane hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA tethI paristhiti pheravAI gaI. e pachI temanAM vaLatAM pANI thayAM ane have yuropamAM temaNe rakSaNAtmaka nIti akhatyAra karI. dakSiNa-pUrva yuropamAM temaNe harAvelI aneka prajAe temanA paDakhAmAM aneka zULarUpa hatI. temane potAnAmAM meLavI levAne eke prayatna karavAmAM na Avyo. paraMtu e prayatna karavAmAM AvyuM hota toye e saphaLa thavAne jhAjho saMbhava nahe. vaLI tyAM AgaLa turkonA kaDaka amala sAthe rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAnI athaDAmaNa zarU thaI cUkI hatI. uttara-pUrvamAM jhArazAhI raziyAne vistAra dinapratidina vadhate ja ja hato. ane turkInA tAbA nIcenA pradeza upara tenuM dabANa hamezAM sakhata rIte cAlu rahyA karatuM hatuM. raziyA turkonuM paraMparAgata ane kAyamI duzmana banI gayuM. tUTaka tUTaka karIne lagabhaga 200 varasa sudhI temaNe laDyA karyuM. ane ene pariNAme Akhare raziyAnA jhAra tathA tukanA sulatAnano aMta Avyo tathA temanI sAthe temanA sAmrAjyane paNa aMta Avyo. bIjAM sAmrAjyanA pramANamAM usmAnI sAmrAjya ThIkaThIka lAMbuM TakyuM. eziyA mAInaramAM lAMbA kALa sudhI hastI bhegavyA pachI 1361nI sAlamAM yurepamAM paNa tenI sthApanA thaI. 1453nI sAla sudhI kansTAnTinopala temane hAtha AvyuM nahotuM e vAta kharI, paraMtu e sAla pahelAM tenI AsapAsane badhe mulaka turkonA hAthamAM AvyuM hatuM. pazcima eziyAmAM taimura phATI nIkaLyo ane 1402nI sAlamAM teNe tuka sulatAnane aMgArA AgaLa sakhata hAra ApI ene lIdhe thoDA vakhata mATe e mahAna zahera bacI gayuM. paraMtu tuke e phaTakAmAMthI thoDA ja vakhatamAM pharI pAchA beThA thayA. 1361nI sAlathI mAMDIne ApaNuM jamAnAmAM usmAnI sAmrAjyane aMta Avyo tyAM sudhImAM sADApAMca sadIo vItI gaI ane e ThIkaThIka lAMbe gALe kahevAya.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane turka leke, madhyayuganA aMta pachI yuropamAM je navI paristhiti UbhI thatI gaI tene bilakula anukULa na thayA chatAM paNa teo ATale samaya TakI rahyA. yuropamAM vepArarojagAra vadhatuM jatuM hatuM tathA tenAM audyogika zaheromAM moTA pAyA upara utpAdana karavAnI vyavasthA thavA lAgI hatI. turka prajAjanane A badhI vastuo viSe saheja paNa AkarSaNa nahotuM. te sarasa sainika hatuM, zaravIra laDavaiyo ane zistanuM pAlana karanAra hatA, ArAmanA gALAomAM mokale chava hatuM paraMtu chacheDavAmAM Ave tyAre te ghAtakI ane jhanUnI hate. te zaheramAM vacce tathA teNe temane suMdara suMdara imAratathI suzobhita karyA e kharuM paraMtu hajIye tenAmAM tenA purANA gopajIvanane kaMIka aMza kAyama rahyo hato ane te anusAra te pitAnuM jIvana ghaDate ho. turkanA pitAnA mULa vatanamAM tenI A jIvanapraNAlI sauthI vadhAre anukULa hatI ema kahI zakAya. paraMtu eziyA mAInara tathA yuropanI navI paristhitimAM e baMdha besI zake ema nahotuM. AthI e be bhinna paddhatio vacce niraMtara gharSaNa cAlyAM ja karyuM. usmAnI sAmrAjya, yuropa, AphrikA tathA eziyA e traNe khaMDane joDatuM hatuM. pUrva ane pazcima vaccenA badhA vepArI mArgo emAM thaIne pasAra thatA hatA. je turka lekenuM evuM valaNa heta tathA temanI pAse ene mATe joItI AvaData ane dakSatA heta te A anukULa paristhitine phAyado uThAvIne teo eka mahAna vepArI prajA banyA hatA. paraMtu temanuM valaNa evuM nahotuM tema ja temanI pAse evI dakSatA paNa nahotI. ane vinA kAraNe vepAranA mArgamAM teo ADA paDyA. e vepArathI bIjAone lAbha thAya e kadAca temanAthI khamAtuM na hoya eTalA khAtara temaNe e valaNa akhatyAra karyuM haze. A vepAranA jUnA mArgo baMdha karI devAmAM AvyA tene lIdhe ja yurepanI dariye kheDanAra ane vepArI prajAone pUrvanA deza taraphane bIjo mArga khALavAnI pharaja paDI. ene pariNAme kalaMbase pazcimanA ane DAejha tathA vAska DI gAmAe pUrvanA navA mArgonI zodha karI. paraMtu tuka loke A badhI bAbate viSe beparavA rahyA ane kevaLa zista tathA lazkarI dakSatAthI sAmrAjya upara pitAne kAbU temaNe TakAvI rAkhe. ethI karIne usmAnI sAmrAjyanA yuropamAM AvelA pradezamAM vepArI tema ja saMpatti-utpAdaka pravRttio dhIme dhIme lupta thatI gaI. kaMIka aMze, jAti jAti vaccenA tema ja dhAmika jhaghaDAone kAraNe paNa tyAM AgaLa e sthiti pedA thavA pAmI hatI. turka leke tathA bAlkananI khristI prajAone kranA samayanA tathA te pUrvanA kALanA paNa dhArmika jhaghaDAo vArasAmAM maLyA hatA. navA rASTravAdanI bhAvanAnA vikAse A baLatAmAM ghI hepyuM. ane tyAM AgaLa niraMtara kalezanuM vAtAvaraNa rahyA karyuM. usmAnI

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tukI "yurepane bImAra puruSa' bane che sAmrAjyanA yuropanA bhAgonI kevI avanati thaI hatI tene eka dAkhala ApeH 1829nI sAlamAM grIsa svataMtra thayuM tyAre prAcIna kALanuM mazahUra zahera eNthensa Azare 2000 vasatIvALuM eka gAma banI gayuM hatuM. (100 varasa pachI Aje ethensanI vasatI pAMca lAkha karatAM vadhAre che.) A vepAranI tema ja saMpatti-utpAdaka pravRttio ghaTatI gaI enI chevaTe te turka zAsake upara ja mAThI asara thaI sAmrAjyanAM bIjAM aMge nabaLAM ane niHsa thatAM gayAM tema tema tenuM hRdaya paNa dinapratidina nabaLuM ane kamajora banatuM gayuM. ATalA badhA jhaghaDAo ane ATalI badhI muzkelIo hevA chatAM paNa e sAmrAjya ATalA badhA lAMbA kALa sudhI TayuM e kharekhara AzcaryakAraka che. ghaNI sadIo sudhI turka sulatAnonuM baLa temanAM "jAMnisAra " sipAI enA sainyamAM raheluM hatuM. jAnisAra 'nuM e sainya khristI gulAma sainikenuM baneluM hatuM. nAnapaNathI temane kALajIpUrvaka tAlIma ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. A jAMnisAre ApaNane misaranA memelyukonI yAda Ape che. paraMtu e baMnenI vacce taphAvata hatuM. jAMnisAre tukanA zreSTha sainike rahyA e kharuM paNa misaranI peThe temanA hAthamAM kadIye rAjasattA AvI nahotI. vaLI memelyukonI peThe temanI vaMzaparaMparAgata jJAti nahotI. paraMtu gulAma tarIke temanA tarapha pakSapAta rAkhavAmAM AvatA ane moTA meTA hoddAo ane UMcI jagyAe temane mATe anAmata rAkhavAmAM AvatI. temanA putra svataMtra musalamAne thaI jatA ane lAMbA vakhata sudhI teo A sanyamAM rahI zakatA nahi. kema ke e te gulAmone mATe ja anAmata rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. gorA khristI gulAmImAMthI ja hamezAM e sainyamAM bharatI karavAmAM AvatI hatI. A badhuM atizaya vicitratAbharyuM lAge che, nahi vA? paraMtu gulAma zabdano Aje jevo artha karavAmAM Ave che te ja artha islAmI dezomAM te vakhate karavAmAM nahI AvaDe. gulAma ghaNI vAra zabdArthanI tema ja kAyadAnI dRSTie gulAma hatA paraMtu te rAjyanA UMcAmAM UMcA hoddA sudhI caDatA hatA. hiMdamAM dilhInA gulAma rAjAonuM tane smaraNa haze; misarane salAdIna paNa mULa gulAma hatuM. turkonI evI samaja hoya ema lAge che ke zAsaka vargane banI zake eTale vadhAre kAryadakSa banAvavA mATe tene saMpUrNa tAlIma ApavI joIe. dareka zikSaka jANe che tema teo paNa jANatA hatA ke, tenI bAlyAvasthA pachIne kALa e ja koI paNa mANasane tAlIma ApavA mATe sarvottama kALa che. temanI musalamAna raiyata pAsethI temanAM bALaka laI laI temane temanA mAbApathI saMpUrNapaNe vikhUTAM pADavAnuM ke temane gulAma banAvavAnuM sugama na hoya ema lAge che. AthI teo nAnA khristI chokarAone kalaje letA ane temane sulatAnanA

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958 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana gulAma-gRhamAM rAkhatA ane tyAM AgaLa temane sakhata tAlIma ApatA. alabata, A nAnA chokarAo moTI uMmaranA thatAM musalamAna thaI jatA. sulatAnane paNa A paddhati lAgu paDatI hatI. te sAmAnya rIte thAya che te pramANe lagna karate nahi. kALajIpUrvaka pasaMda karavAmAM AvelI gulAma chokarIo tenA gRhamAM mokalavAmAM AvatI ane e chokarIo tenAM bALakenI mAtAo thatI. Ama, 18mI sadInA AraMbhanA samaya sudhInA badhA usmAnI sulatAno gulAma mAtAnA putra hatA. ane gulAma-gRhanA bIjA koI paNa sabhyanA jevI ja sakhata tAlIma ane kaDaka zistamAMthI temane paNa pasAra thavuM paDatuM. gulAmenI kALajIpUrvaka pasaMdagI karavAmAM tathA sulatAnathI mAMDIne tenI nIcenA bIjA badhAone temane bajAvavAnAM khAsa kAryo mATenI ApavAmAM AvatI tAlIma tathA zistamAM amuka prakAranI zAstrIyatA hatI. ene lIdhe amuka amuka kSetramAM amuka pramANamAM kAryadakSatA sAdhI zakAI emAM zaMkA nathI. vaLI navA gulAmamAMthI niraMtara navuM lehI AvatuM rahetuM hatuM. AthI vaMzaparaMparAgata zAsaka varga UbhuM thavA na pAme. AraMbhakALamAM sAmrAjyanuM je sAmarthya hatuM te A paddhatine AbhArI hatuM ema lAge che. paraMtu e paddhati yuropa ke eziyAnI paristhiti sAthe bilakula baMdha besatI nahotI. yUDala vyavasthAthI e bilakula bhinna hatI ane kyUDala vyavasthAne ThekANe yuropamAM je bIjI vyavasthA UbhI thaI rahI hatI tenAthI te e ethI paNa vadhAre bhinna hatI. A paddhatinI hastIne lIdhe tema ja jhAjhA vepArajagAranA abhAvanI sthitimAM tyAM AgaLa sAce madhyamavarga UbhuM na thaI zakyo. vaLI 16mI sadInA uttarArdha pachI e paddhati tenA asala zuddha svarUpamAM cAlu na rahI zakI. e pachI gulAma-gRhomAM vaMzaparaMparAgatatAnuM tattva dAkhala thayuM. have e gulAma-gRhanA sabhyanA putre tyAM rahI zaktA hatA tema ja temanA pitAonA kAryamAM teo paNa paDatA hatA. bIjI aneka bAbatamAM paNa e paddhatimAM zithilatA AvI hatI. paraMtu enI pUrvabhUmikA te cAlu ja rahI ane ene kAraNe yurepa sAthenA tenA sadIo jUnA gADha saMbaMdha chatAMye tuka tenAthI bilakula bhinna ane tyAM AgaLa eka parAyA jevuM rahyuM. turkInA pitAnA mulakamAM vasatI bhinna bhinna videzI prajAo paNa ekabIjathI saMpUrNapaNe aLagI rahI. temanA kAyadAo paNa judA hatA, temanA samUhe paNa judA hatA. turkonI A purANuM ane asAdhAraNa paddhati viSe meM ATaluM badhuM kahyuM tenuM kAraNa e che ke te eka ajoDa paddhati hatI ane usmAnI sAmrAjyanA ghaDataramAM teNe sAre phALo Ape hate. alabatta, Aje te e mojUda nathI. Aje te e eka aitihAsika vastu banI gaI che.

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* tukI "yurepane bImAra puruSa' bane che paNa tune chellAM 200 varasane ItihAsa e niraMtara AgaLa vadhatA jatA raziyane sAme tathA tenA tAbA nIcenI prajAonA baLavAo sAmenI tenI laDatane itihAsa che. grIsa, rUmAniyA, sarbiyA, bargeriyA, menTenegro ane bosniyA A badhA bAlkana dvIpakalpanA deza usmAnI sAmrAjyanA bhAge hatA. ApaNe joI gayAM ke iMglaMDa, phrAnsa ane raziyAnI madadathI grIsa 1820nI sAlamAM tenAthI chUTuM paDI gayuM. raziyA lAva prajAne deza che. e ja pramANe bAlakanamAM AvelA babberiyA ane sarbiyA paNa slAva dezo che. A strAva prajAonA rakSaka ane kherakhAM dekhAvAne jhArazAhI raziyAe prayAsa karyo. raziyAnI sAcI mohinI kanjhAnTinopala mATenI hatI. ane sAmrAjyanI A prAcIna rAjadhAnI chevaTe hAtha karavAnI tenI badhIye mutsaddIgIrInI nema hatI. jhAra pitAne bAIjhenTAina samrATane vArasa lekhate hate. 1730nI sAlamAM raziyA ane tukI vaccenA vigrahonI zarUAta thaI ane vacce vacce sulehanA gALAo pachI 1768, 1792, 1807, 1828 ane 1877nI sAlamAM temanI vacce yuddho thayAM. temanI vaccene chelle vigraha 1914nI sAlamAM thayo. 1774nI sAlamAM raziyAe tuka pAsethI krImiyA lIdhuM. ane e rIte temanI sarahada kALA samudra sudhI pahoMcI. paraMtu A jhAjhuM phAyadAkAraka nahatuM kema ke kALo samudra e eka zIzInA AkArane che ane e zIzInI Deka upara kaoNsmAnTinopala AveluM che. 1792 ane 1807nI sAlamAM raziyAnI sarahada kaoNnsTAnTinopala tarapha AgaLa vadhatI gaI ane tukanI sarahada pAchaLa khasatI gaI. grIsanA svAtaMtrya yuddha vakhate jyAre turko bIje pUrepUrA rekAyelA hatA tyAre temanA upara humale karIne jhAre e takano lAbha uThAvavAno prayAsa karyo. je IgleMDa ane ausTriyA vacce na paDyAM hatA te te kanjhAnTinopala kabaje karata. paNa osTriyA tathA iMglaMDe tukane raziyAthI kema bacAvI lIdhuM? tuka mATenA premane khAtara nahi paNa raziyAnA Dara tathA tenI sAthenI harIphAIne kAraNe temaNe ema karyuM hatuM. eziyA tema ja bIjI jagyAo AgaLanI IMglaMDa tathA raziyA vaccenI paraMparAgata harIphAI viSe huM tane AgaLa kahI gaye chuM. khAsa karIne hiMdanA kabajAe aMgrejone cheka raziyAnI sarahada sudhI lAvI mUkyA hatA. ane jhArazAhI raziyA hiMdanI bAbatamAM zuM karaze enI niraMtara bhaDaka temanA manamAM rahyA karatI hatI. AthI raziyAnI bAjI UMdhI vALavI tema ja tene vadhAre baLavAna thatuM aTakAvavuM e aMgrejonI nIti hatI. konsTonTinepalanA kabajAthI raziyAne bhUmadhyasamudra uparanuM suMdara baMdara maLI jAta ane hiMda javAnA mArganI najIkamAM te pitAne naukAkAphale rAkhI zakata. e te bhAre jokhamakAraka gaNAya eTale iMglaDe vAraMvAra raziyAne tukane kacarI nAkhatAM rahyuM. raziyAne dUra rAkhavAmAM oNsTriyAne paNa svAtha

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960 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna hatA. Aje to oNsTriyA eka nAnakaDA deza che paNa thADAM varasa agAu bAlkana sudhI vistareluM te meTuM sAmrAjya hatuM. ane jyAre turkInuM sAmrAjya bhAMgI paDe tyAre khuda bAlkanamAM AvelA dezAmAMthI te mATe hissA paDAvavA mAgatuM hatuM. eTale ene paNa raziyAne tyAMthI dUra rAkhavAnI jarUra hatI. * hatuM ke, - che. bicArA turkInI dazA bahu ja kharAba hatI. A baLavAna pADAzIe tenI AsapAsa AvelA hatA ane jethI karIne tenA upara tUTI paDI tenA TukaDeTukaDA karI zakAya evuM kaMIka tyAM banavAnI rAha te joyA karatA hatA. 1857nI sAlamAM raziyAnA jhAre turkInI bAbatamAM briTiza elacIne kahyu ApaNA hAthamAM eka bImAra - atizaya khImAra puruSa paDelA ema paNa bane ke ApaNA hAthamAM ja te acAnaka maraNa pAme." tenuM A vAkya mazahUra banI gayuM. turkI have pachI ' yurApanA khImAra puruSa ' banyuM. paraMtu e khImAra puruSe maratAM maratAM sArI peThe lAMkhA vakhata lIdho ! e ja varasamAM eTale ke 1853nI sAlamAM jhAre tene aMta lAvavAna bIjo eka prayatna karyAM. ene pariNAme krImiyana vigraha thayA. emAM iMgleMDa tathA phrAMse raziyAne AgaLa vadhatuM aTakAvyuM. 20 varasa pachI 1877nI sAlamAM jhAre tu` upara pharIthI humalo karyAM, ane tene harAvyuM. paraMtu videzI sattAoe vacce paDIne turkIne pharIthI kaIka aMze bacAvyuM -- kaI nahi / kaeNnsTAntinepalane raziyAnA hAthamAM jatuM bacAvyuM. 1878nI sAlamAM tunuM bhAvi nakkI karavAne barlinamAM eka mazahUra AMtararASTrIya pariSada bharAI. temAM bismArka, DijharAyalI tathA yuropanA khIjA AgaLa paDatA rAjadvArI puruSoe bhAga lIdhA hatA. temaNe paraspara ekabIjAne dhamakI ApI ane ekbIjAnI sAme kAvAdAvA tathA khaTapaTo karI. iMglaMDa raziyA sAme yuddha jAhera karavAnI taiyArImAM hatuM tyAM raziyAe namatuM jokhyuM. pachI barlinanI saMdhi thaI. e sa Mdhine pariNAme balgeriyA, sarbiyA, rUmAniyA ane mAnTenegrA vagere bAlkana deza svataMtra thayA. oNsTriyAe khAsniyA tathA meM gAvinAnA kabajo lIdhe. (jo ke siddhAMtanI dRSTie te te turkInA Adhipatya nIce rahyAM. ) kaMIka aMze tene pakSa karavA mATe aMgrejoe eka prakAranA kamizana tarIke turkI pAsethI sAIprasanA TApu lIdhA. - raziyA ane tu vacce khIjo vigraha e pachI 36 varasa bAda 1914nI sAlamAM mahAyuddhanA eka bhAga tarIke thayA. daramyAna turkImAM sArI peThe pheraphAra thavA lAgyA hatA. 1774nI sAlamAM raziyAe temane ApelI sakhata hArathI turkA pahelavahelA jhabakyA tathA bAkInA yurope temane ghaNA pAchaLa pADI dIdhA che evI pratIti temane thaI. peAte lazkarI prajA hovAne kAraNe, potAnA sainyane Adhunika DhabanuM banAvavuM

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tukI 'yurApane bImAra puruSa' ane che 231 joIe e vastu temane prathama sUjhI. amuka aMze e kArya pAra pADavAmAM AvyuM ane navA UbhA thayelA lazkarI amaladAro dvArA turkImAM navA pAzcAtya vicArI dAkhala thavA pAmyA. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM ke turkImAM jene madhyamavarga gaNI zakAya evA varga jhAjhA pramANamAM nahAto. tema ja bIjo kAI saMgaThita varga paNa tyAM nahotA. 1853-56nA krimiyana vigraha pachI tune pazcimanA dezonI DhabanuM karavAne sAceA prayatna karavAmAM AvyA. baMdhAraNIya sarakAra, eTale ke sulatAnanI ApakhudIne badale prajAkIya dhArAsabhAvALI sarakAranI tarapheNa karatI caLavaLa UpaDI. mIhata pAzA e caLavaLane netA hatA. 1876nI sAlamAM rAjabaMdhAraNanI mAgaNInI tarapheNamAM kaoNnsTAnTinepalamAM ramakhANA thayAM. sulatAne rAjabaMdhAraNa ApyuM paNa balgeriyAmAM thayelA baLavA tathA raziyana vigrahane kAraNe teNe tarata ja te pAchuM kheMcI lIdhuM. A raziyana vigrahanA bhAre kharaca tathA mULabhUta Arthika pheraphAro karyA vinA TAca upara karavAmAM AvelA sudhArAemAM thayelA nANAMnA vyayane kAraNe turka sarakAra nAdAra thaI gaI. pariNAme pazcimanA dezanA zarAphe pAse tene nANAM uchInAM levAM paDayAM. ane temaNe dezanI mahesUlanA amuka hissAneA kabajo lIdhA. A rIte pazrimIkaraNa tathA sudhArAnA prayAse| saphaLa na thayA. sAmrAjyanA jUnA baMdhAraNa sAthe enA meLa besADavA e muzkela kAma hatuM. * ' C 20mI sadInA AraMbhamAM rAjyabaMdhAraNa mATenI mAgaNI prabaLa khanI. pahelAMnI peThe, mAtra lazkarI amaladAro ja tyAM AgaLa saMgati hatA. ane emanA vargomAM ja 'taruNu turka ' pakSanA jhaDapathI phelAveA thayA. ekatA ane pragati mATenAM gupta maMDaLA nIkaLyAM ane moTA bhAganA sainyane potAnA pakSamAM laI te 1908nI sAlamAM temaNe 1876nI sAlanuM jUnuM baMdhAraNu pharIthI amalamAM mUkavAnI sulatAnane pharaja pADI. turkImAM AthI bhAre AnaMdotsava thaI rahyo ane te vakhata sudhI paraspara ekabIjAnuM lohI vahevaDAvanArA turka tathA Aminiyana ane khIjA lekA, jyAre badhAye samAna banavAnA hatA tathA parAdhIna prajAone paNa pUrepUrA hakka maLavAnA hatA evA navA yuganA ArbhakALe ekabIjAne bheTyA tathA temaNe harSoMnAM AMsu sAryAM. anavara e nAmanA dekhAvaDA ane dhamaDI paraMtu hiMmatavALA ane sAhasika puruSa A rudhirarahita krAMtinA mukhya saradAra hatA. e pachI turkInA uddhAra karanAra mustA kamAla pAzA paNa ' taruNa turka ' pakSanA agatyanA netA hatA. paraMtu anavaranI sarakhAmaNImAM te hajI paDadA pAchaLa hatA ane e anene ekakhIjA mATe RNugamA hatA. taruNa tu pakSanuM kAma saheluM nahetuM. sulatAna temanI pajavaNI karatA hatA ane tyAM AgaLa leAhI vahyuM. sulatAnane padabhraSTa karIne tenI jagyAe >

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912 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhA na bIjAne mUkavAmAM AvyA. tyAM AgaLa Arthika muzkelI hatI tathA videzI sattA sAthe paNa takalIph UbhI thaI. turkImAM cAlatI avyavasthAne lAbha laI te oNsTriyAe esniyA tathA harjhegAvinAne khAlasA jAhera karyAM. ( A tene teNe skhalananI sadhi pachI 1878nI sAlamAM kabajo lIdhA hatA. ) uttara AphrikAmAM iTAlIe TripolIne baLajabarIthI kabajo lIdhe ane turkI sAme yuddha jAhera karyuM. turkI enI sAme kazuMye karI zakyA nahi kema ke temanI pAse vyavasthita naukAkAphalA nahAtA. ane iTAlInI mAgaNI temane kabUla rAkhavI paDI. iTAlInI mAgaNI kabUla karI rahyA tyAM to temanA vatana najIka navA bhaya UbhA thayA. balgeriyA, grIsa, sarbiyA, menTenegrA vagere deze turkIne yuropamAMthI hAMkI kADhI e lUTa ApasamAM vaheMcI levAne Atura hatA. anukULa me AvI lAgyA che e joI ne e badhA dezoe ekatra thaI ne bAlkana lIga sthApI ane 1912nA AkaTobara mAsamAM temaNe turkI upara humalA karyAM. turkI sAva thAkI gayuM hatuM tathA sAva chinnabhinna thaI gayuM hatuM. vaLI tyAM AgaLa khaMdhAraNavAdIo tema ja pratyAdhAtIo vacce kheMcatANa cAlI rahI hatI. bAlkana lIganI sAme turkI saMpUrNapaNe jamInadosta thaI gayuM ane tene bhAre nukasAna veThavuM paDayuM. A rIte thADA ja mAsamAM pahelA khAlkana vigrahanA aMta AvyA ane turkIne yuropanI bhUmi uparathI lagabhaga saMpUrNa paNe hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyuM. eka mAtra kaoNnsTAntinepala tenA hAthamAM rahyu . yuropanuM temanuM sauthI purANuM zahera eNDriyAnepala paNa tenI atizaya nAmarajI hAvA chatAM tenI pAsethI AMcakI levAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM vijayI deze| lUMTa vaheMcavAnA muddA upara laDI paDyA ane balgeriyAe vizvAsadhAta karIne tenA pahelAMnA sAthIo upara acAnaka humalA karyAM. mAMheAmAMhe katala thavA pAmI ane A aMdhAdhUMdhIne lAbha levAne, pahelAM temanAthI aLagu raheluM rumAniyA temanI sAthe joDAyuM. pariNAme balgeriyAe tene maLeluM badhuM gumAvyuM ane rumAniyA, sarbiyA tathA grIse potAnA mulakamAM dhaNA vadhAro karyAM. turkIne paNa aDriyAnepala pAchuM maLyuM. bAlkananI prajAne mAMheAmAMhe ekabIjI prajA sAmenA dveSa Azcaya - kAraka che. bAlkananA deze nAnA nAnA che paraMtu teo ghaNI vAra yurepanA utpAtanAM kendra banyAM che. taruNu turkAe 1909nI sAlamAM padabhraSTa karelA sulatAna eka ramUjI puruSa hatA. tenuM nAma abdula hamIda bIjo hatuM ane 1876nI sAlamAM te gAdI upara AvyA hatA. sudhArA tathA Adhunika pheraphAro viSe tene bilakula prema nahotA. paraMtu amuka bAbatamAM te kuzaLa hatA ane moTAM rAjyone ekakhIjA sAme laDAvI mAravAnI tenI AvaData

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- tukI "yurepane bImAra puruSa' bane che tyAra mATe te jANItA hatA. tane yAda haze ke, badhAye usmAnI sulatAne khalIpha eTale ke IslAma dharmanA dhArmika vaDA paNa hatA. pitAnI A padavIne upayoga karIne abdula hamIde muslimonuM ekIkaraNa karavAnI caLavaLa - jemAM bIjA dezanA musalamAna paNa joDAI zake ane e rIte tene temane paNa Teke maLe - upADavAno prayatna karyo. yurepa tema ja eziyAmAM ceDAM vase islAmanA ekIkaraNa mATenI thoDIka vAte cAlI paraMtu ene mATe kaze nakkara pAye naheta ane mahAyuddha eno saMpUrNapaNe aMta ANe. rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAe turkImAM islAmanA ekIkaraNanI bhAvanAne virodha karyo ane e bemAM rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA vadhAre sabaLa nIvaDI. sulatAna abdula hamIda yuropamAM akAre thaI paDyo kema ke bageriyA, AminiyA tema ja anyatra je atyAcAro tathA katale thaI tene mATe ene javAbadAra gaNavAmAM AvatA hatA. glaeNDasTane tene "mahAna khUnI" tarIke varNavyA hatA tathA e badhA atyAcAronI sAme teNe IMglaMDamAM bhAre caLavaLa upADI hatI. turke paNa tenA rAjyaamalane temanA itihAsanA kALAmAM kALA yuga tarIke lekhe che. bAlkananA deza tathA ArmeiniyAmAM atyAcAre ane kale lagabhaga rojiMdI ghaTanAo banI gaI hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM ane baMne pakSoe emAM sArI peThe bhAga lIdho hato. bAlkana tathA AminiyAnA lake turkInI katala mATe ane tuke bAlkana tathA ArmoiniyAnA lokonI katala mATe gunegAra hatA. sadIo purANI jAti tathA dharmanI veranI bhAvanA e prajAonA hADamAM UMDI UtarI gaI hatI ane te bhISaNa svarUpamAM prakaTa thaI. ethI ArmoiniyAne sauthI vizeSa sesavuM paDayuM. e Aje kokesasa najIkanuM eka seviyeTa prajAsattAka che. Ama bAlkana vigraho pachI tuka thAkIne jamInadosta thaI gayuM ane yurepamAM mAtra paga mUkavA jeTale ja tene mulaka rahyo. bAkInuM tenuM sAmrAjya paNa chinnabhinna thaI rahyuM hatuM. misara uparanuM tenuM svAmitva mAtra nAmanuM ja hatuM. vAstavamAM briTane tene kabajo lIdho hato tathA te tene zeSI rahyuM hatuM. paraMtu bIjA Araba dezomAM paNa rASTrIya caLavaLanAM cihno dekhAvA lAgyAM hatAM. AthI tuka hatAza thaI gayuM tathA tenI AMkha UghaDI gaI emAM kazuM Azcarya pAmavA jevuM nathI. 1908nI sAlanI tenI badhI meTI moTI AzAo bhasmIbhUta thatI jaNAI. e arasAmAM jarmanI tenA pratye sahAnubhUti rAkhatuM hoya ema lAgyuM. jarmanI pUrva tarapha najara karI rahyuM hatuM ane madhyapUrvanA AkhA pradezamAM pitAnI lAgavaga phelAvavAnAM svamAM te sevI rahyuM hatuM. turkI paNa jarmanI tarapha kheMcAyuM ane temane saMbaMdha vadhavA pAmyo. bIje bAlkana vigraha pUro thayA pachI eka ja varasa bAda 1914nuM mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM tyAre A sthiti hatI. hajI tukane ArAma maLe ema nahotuM.

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143. jhArazAhI raziyA 16 mArca, 1973 raziyA Aje seviyeTa deza che, eTale ke enuM rAjyataMtra majUre tathA kheDUtanA pratinidhio dvArA calAvavAmAM Ave che. keTalIka bAbatomAM te duniyAnuM sauthI AgaLa vadhele deza che. tyAMnI vAstavika paristhiti game te he paNa sarakAra tema ja samAjanI AkhI ImArata sAmAjika samAnatAnA siddhAMta upara racAyelI che. A sthiti te Aje che paraMtu keTalAMka varaso pUrve, AkhI 19mI sadI daramyAna ane te pahelAMnA samayamAM raziyA yuropamAM sauthI pachAta ane pratyAghAtI deza hato. narI ApakhudI ane adhikAravAdane dera tyAM pravartate hatuM ane pazcima yuropamAM aneka krAMtio ane parivartana thavA pAmyA chatAM tyAMnA jhAre hajIye rAjAnA daivI hakkane kaMDe pharakAvatA hatA. tyAMnuM carca - tyAM AgaLa purANuM orthoDokasa grIka carca hatuM, remana ke preTesTaMTa carca nahi- paNa bIjI jagyAonAM canA karatAM vadhAre adhikAravAdI hatuM ane te jhArazAhI sarakAranA TekA ane hathiyArarUpa hatuM. deza "helI raziyA" eTale ke pavitra raziyA tarIke oLakhAtuM hatuM ane jhAra dareka raziyanane "liTala hAITa phAdhara " (nAne gore prabhu) hate. carca tathA rAjyanA sattAvALAo lekanA manamAM geTALa UbhuM karavAne tathA pracalita rAjakIya tema ja Arthika paristhiti taraphathI lekanAM mana pAchAM vALavAne A badhI purANa kathAone upayoga karatA. ItihAsakALamAM pavitra gaNAtI vastuoe citravicitra sobata karI che. "nAuTa' (cAbuka) e A "helI raziyAnuM viziSTa prakAranuM pratIka hatuM ane "pogrAmsa" eTale ke saMhAra ane damana e tenuM hamezanuM kArya hatuM. jhArazAhI raziyAe e be zabdo duniyAne ApyA che. "nAuTa" e saphaeTale ke dAsa kheDUte tema ja bIjAone zikSA karavA mATenI cAbuka hatI. bapogrAma' eTale saMhAra ane damana. vAstavamAM ene artha katala - khAsa karIne yahUdIonI katala - thatuM hatuM. ane jhArazAhI raziyAnI pAchaLa sAIberiyAnA vistIrNa ane nirjana "sTepejha' eTale ke, sapATa bhejavALAM medAno AvelAM hatAM. dezavaTe, taraMga ane nirAzAnI sAthe sAIberiyAnuM nAma saMkaLAyeluM hatuM. saMkhyAbaMdha rAjadvArI kedIone sAIberiyA mokalavAmAM AvatA hatA ane tyAM AgaLa dezapAranI sajA pAmelAone mATe moTI moTI chAvaNIo tathA vasAhata UbhI karavAmAM raziyana loko jhArane IzvaranA aMza tarIke lekhatA hatA ane tene "liTala phAdhara" eTale ke "nAnA prabhunA nAmathI saMbodhatA hatA.

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925 jhArazAhI raziyA AvI hatI. evI pratyeka chAvaNI ane vasAhatanI pAse ApaghAta karanArAonI kabare hatI. nirjana pradezamAM ekAMta dezavaTe tathA turaMgavAsanI lAMbI mudata veThavI bahu kaparI hoya che. enI trAsa bharI asarathI saMkhyAbaMdha vIra puruSa pitAnA magajanuM samatolapaNuM gumAvI beThA ane temanAM zarIra bhAMgI paDyAM. duniyAthI vikhUTA paDIne tathA pitAnA mitro tema ja sAthIothI tathA pitAnI AzAnAM bhAgIdAra ane pitAne be haLavo karanArAM svajanothI dUra dUra vasIne TakI rahevA mATe mANasa pAse mobaLa tathA yAtanAo veThavAnuM dhairya ane zAnta ane svastha evuM aMtaranuM UMDANa hovuM joIe. A rIte jhArazAhIe tenI sAme mAthuM UMcuM karanAra dareka jaNane dhULa bhege karyo ane svAtaMtrya meLavavA mATenA hareka prayAsane bhAre hAthe dabAvI dIdhuM. paradezathI udAra vicAro tyAM AvavA na pAme eTalA khAtara pravAsone paNa muzkela karI mUkavAmAM AvyA. paraMtu dAbI devAmAM AvelI svataMtratAnI bhAvanA cakravRddhi vyAjanA darathI vadhavA pAme che ane jyAre te gatimAna thAya che tyAre ghaNuMkharuM te kUdake ne bhUsake AgaLa vadhe che ane jUnI bAjI UMdhI vALI de che. AgaLanA patromAM ApaNe dUra pUrvanA deza, madhya eziyA, IrAna tathA tuka vagere eziyA tathA yuropanA dezamAM jhArazAhI raziyAnI pravRttio tathA teNe tyAM AgaLa akhatyAra karelI nIti viSe jhAMkhI karI gayAM chIe. have ApaNe e citranA bAkInA bhAge pUrA karI daIe ane A badhI alaga alaga pravRttione pradhAna vastu sAthe saLaMgasUtra vicAra karIe. tenI viziSTa prakAranI bhaugolika sthitine kAraNe te hamezAM dvimukhI rahyuM che. tenuM eka mukha pazcima tarapha ane bIjuM pUrva tarapha najara rAkhyAM kare che. enI AvI viziSTa prakAranI bhaugolika sthitine kAraNe te ekI vakhate yurepI temaja eziyAI sattA che ane pAchaLanA samayanA tenA ItihAsa daramyAna vArApharatI pUrva tathA pazcima tarapha teNe pitAne rasa darzAvyo che. pazcima tarapha tene pAchuM pADavAmAM AvyuM tyAre teNe pUrva tarapha najara karI ane pUrva tarapha ene khALavAmAM AvyuM tyAre pharI pAchuM te pazcima tarapha vaLyuM.. ( purANuM maMgala sAmrAjyanA patana viSe, caMghIjhakhAnanA vArasA viSe tathA maeNskena ThAkoranI AgevAnI nIce raziyana ThAkaree chevaTe suvarNa TepInA maMgelane raziyAmAMthI kevI rIte hAMkI kADhyA te viSe huM tane kahI gaye chuM. A 14mI sadInA aMtamAM banavA pAmyuM. maiskAnA ThAkara dhIme dhIme AkhA dezanA Apakhuda rAjakartA banyA ane teo potAne jhAra (athavA sIjhara) kahevaDAvavA lAgyA. temanI dRSTi tathA temanI rItarasame pradhAnapaNe maMgala ja rahyAM ane pazcima yurepa tathA temanI vacce bahu ja ochuM sAmya hatuM. pazcima yuropanA leke raziyAne barbara athavA asaMskArI lekhatA hatA.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana 1689nI sAlamAM jhAra pITara gAdI upara AvyuM. te mahAna pITara tarIke oLakhAya che. teNe raziyAne pazcima tarapha jatuM karavAno nirNaya karyo ane tyAMnI sthitine abhyAsa karavAne arthe te yuropanA dezonA lAMbA pravAse nIkaLyo. teNe joyelI ghaNIkharI vastuonuM teNe anukaraNa karyuM tathA pazcimIkaraNanA pitAnA vicAre teNe raziyAnA ajJAna umarAvo upara temanI marajI viruddha lAdyA. alabata tyAMnI AmajanatA te bahu ja pachAta ane dabAyelI hatI ane pitAnA sudhArAo viSe teo zuM dhAre che e jANavAne te pITara mATe savAla ja nahe. pITare joyuM ke tenA samayanI mahAna prajAe dariyA upara baLavAna hatI ane te dariyAI sattAnuM mahattva samajI gaye. raziyA ATaluM badhuM vizALa hovA chatAM ArkaTika mahAsAgara sivAya bIje kyAMye tenI pAse dariyAI mathaka nahotuM ane ArkaTika mahAsAgara uparanuM mathaka jhAjhuM upayogI nahotuM. AthI te vAyavya dizAmAM bAlTika samudra tarapha ane dakSiNamAM kImiyA tarapha AgaLa vadhyA. kImiyA sudhI te te na pahoMcI zakyo (tenA vArae te kabaje karyuM, paraMtu svIDanane harAvIne te bAlTika samudrane kinAre te pahoMce. teNe philaeNnDanA akhAtathI dUra bAlTika samudramAM vahetI nevA nadI upara senTapITarsabarga nAmanuM pAzcAtya DhabanuM zahera vasAvyuM. A zaherane teNe pitAnuM pATanagara banAvyuM ane e rIte maeNcya sAthe saMkaLAyelI purANI paraMparAomAMthI mukta thavAne teNe prayatna karyo. 1725nI sAlamAM pITara maraNa pAme. adhI sadI karatAM vadhAre samaya pachI 1782nI sAlamAM bIjA eka raziyana zAsake dezane "pAzcAtya' banAvavAno prayatna karyo. e prayatna karanAra eka strI hatI ane tenuM nAma ketherAIna bIjI hatuM. te mahAna ketherAIne tarIke paNa oLakhAya che. te eka asAmAnya strI hatI. te zaktizALI, ghAtakI ane kAryadakSa hatI tathA vyaktigata jIvananI tenI AbarU bahu ja kharAba hatI. khUna karAvIne tenA pati jhArane nikAla pADyA pachI te samagra raziyAnI samrAjJI banI ane 14 varasa sudhI teNe rAjya karyuM. kaLA ane saMskRtinA AzrayadAtA hovAne teNe DoLa karyo ane vaiteyAra joDe maitrI karavAne teNe prayAsa karyo. tenI joDe teNe patravyavahAra paNa karyo hate. vasaInA darabAranI teNe kaMIka aMze nakala karI ane keLavaNInA kSetramAM keTalAka sudhArA karyA. paraMtu A badhuM samAjanA upalA vargomAM ja maryAdita hatuM ane dekhAva karavAne arthe ja hatuM. saMskRtinI ekAeka nakala thaI zakatI nathI teNe te prajAmAM mULiyAM nAkhavAM joIe. AgaLa vadhelI prajAonI vAnaranakala karanAra pachAta prajA sAcI saMskRtinA senA ke cAMdIne tenI nakalI dhAtumAM pheravI nAkhe che. pazcima yuropanI saMskRti amuka sAmAjika paristhiti upara racAyelI

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jhArazAhI raziyA hatI. pITara tathA ketherAIne e prakAranI paristhiti pedA karavAne yatna kya vinA uparanI imAratanI nakala karavAno prayAsa karyo. enuM pariNuma e AvyuM ke e pheraphArene badhe baje AmajanatA upara paDyo tathA sanI eTale ke dAsa-kheDUtanI prathA ane jhArazAhI majabUta banyAM. Ama jhArazAhI raziyAmAM eka ausa pragati ane eka Tana pIchehaTha eka sAthe rahyAM. raziyana kheDUtanI dazA te lagabhaga gulAmenA jevI hatI. teo temanI jamIna sAthe baMdhAyelA hatA ane khAsa paravAnagI vinA teo tene cheDI zakatA nahatA. keLavaNI mAtra thoDA amaladAre ane buddhijIvIomAM maryAdita hatI. ane e badhA jamInadAra varganA hatA. tyAM AgaLa madhyama varga lagabhaga nahote ja ane AmajanatA abhaNa ane pachAta hatI. bhUtakALamAM tyAM AgaLa khUnAmarakIbharyA kheDUtonAM baMDa vAraMvAra thavA pAmyAM hatAM. atizaya damanane kAraNe jIva para AvI jaIne karavAmAM AvelAM A AMdhaLAM baMDe hatAM, ane temane kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. have samAjanA upalA vargamAM thoDI keLavaNI dAkhala thaI tethI pazcima yuropanA keTalAka pracalita vicArene paNa tyAM praveza thaye. e krAMsanI krAMtine ane tyAra pachI nepoliyanane jamAna hatuM. tane yAda haze ke naliyananA patanane pariNAme AkhA yuropamAM pratyAghAtane dera pravarte ane samrATonA "helI elAyansa" (pavitra akya) sAthe raziyAne jhAra elekajhAMDara pahele, e pratyAghAtane AgevAna hatA. ene vArasa te vaLI tenAthIye bUra hate. jIva para AvI jaIne 1825nI sAlamAM keTalAka yuvAna amaladAre tathA buddhijIvIoe baLavo karyo. e badhAye jamInadAra varganA hatA ane temane janatA ke lazkaranuM pIThabaLa nahotuM. temane kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. temanuM baMDa 1825nA Disembara mAsamAM thayuM tethI temane "DisebrisisTa' kahevAmAM Ave che. raziyAmAM rAjakIya jAgRti AvI hatI tenuM A baMDa najare paDe evuM prathama cihna che. e pahelAM gupta rAjakIya maMDaLo tyAM sthapAyAM hatAM. kema ke jhAranI sarakAra keI paNa prakAranI jAhera rAjakIya pravRttine aTakAvI detI hatI. A gupta maMDaLo cAlu rahyAM ane krAMtikArI vicAro - khAsa karIne buddhijIvIo ane vidyApIThanA vidyArthIomAM phelAvA lAgyA. krImiyana vigrahamAM raziyAnI hAra thayA pachI tyAM keTalAka sudhArAo dAkhala karavAmAM AvyA ane 1861nI sAlamAM sanI prathAne nAbUda karavAmAM AvI. kheDUta vargane mATe te e bhAre vastu hatI ane chatAye ethI temane jhAjhI rAhata na maLI kema ke mukta karavAmAM AvelA saphene temanI jivAI nIkaLI zake eTalI jamIna ApavAmAM AvI nahi. daramyAna keLavAyelA vargomAM kAMtikArI vicArone phelAvo ane jhAranI sarakAranuM temanuM damana e baMne

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918 jagatanAM itihAsanu` rekhAdarzIna vastu raziyAmAM sAthe sAthe cAlI rahI hatI. A AgaLa vadhelA keLavAyelA lekA tathA kheDUto vacce e baMnene joDanArI kAI kaDI ke samAna bhUmikA naheAtI. AthI, 19mI sadInA AThamA dazakAnA AraMbhamAM samAjavAdI valaNa dharAvanArA vidyArthI oe (temanA badhA vicAro aspaSTa ane AdarzavAdI hatA ) kheDUta vargomAM potAnA vicAronA pracAra karavAnuM nakkI karyuM" ane hajAronI saMkhyAmAM teo gAmaDAMomAM paheAMcI gayA. kheDUtane A vidyArthI onA bilakula paricaya nahAto. temane temanA upara vizvAsa nahoto tathA tee pharI pAchI sanI prathA cAlu karavA mATenuM kAvataruM karavAne te na AvyA hAya, evI temane viSe zaMkA hatI. AthI, potAnI jiMdagInuM jokhama kheDIne tyAM paheAMcelA AvA dhaNA vidyArthIone e kheDUtae kharekhAta pakaDIne jhAranA polIsAne soMpI dIdhA ! janatA sAthe saparkamAM AvyA vinA mAtra havAmAM kAya karavAnA prayAsa karavAnuM A asAdhAraNa dRSTAMta che. kheDUtavamAM temane sAva niSphaLatA maLI tethI A buddhijIvI vidyAthI one bhAre AdhAta lAgyo ane ghRNA tathA nirAzAnA mAryA temaNe jene 'trAsavAda ' kahevAmAM Ave che tenA Azaro lIdhA, eTale ke boMba pheMkIne ke khIjI rIte sattAvALAone mArI nAkhavAnA mArga temaNe akhatyAra karyAM. trAsavAda tathA baeNbanA paMthanI raziyAmAM A zarUAta hatI ane enI sAthe sAthe krAMtikArI pravRttie navuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. A baeNba pheMkanArAo potAne A~khavALA vinItA ' kahevaDAvatA ane temanI trAsavAdI saMsthAne prajAnI icchA ' evuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. paraMtu A nAma DeALI ane bhrAmaka hatuM kema ke enI sAthe sabaMdha dharAvanArA lokonA samUha bahu ja nAnA hatA. : A kRtanizraya taruNu strIpuruSA ane jhAranI sarakAra vacce A rIte navI sAThamArI zarU thaI. aneka tAbedAra prajA tathA raziyAnI rASTrIya ladhumatInA lekAnA umerAthI krAMtikArI daLa vadhI javA pAmyuM. sarakAra A badhI tAbedAra prajAe tathA laghumatI kAmeA tarapha geravartAva calAvatI hatI. temanI potAnI bhASAonA temane jAhera upayoga karavA devAmAM AvatA nahAtA tathA khIjI aneka rIte temanI kanaDagata karavAmAM AvatI hatI tathA temanA tejovadha karavAmAM AvatA hatA. audyogika dRSTie raziyA karatAM vadhAre AgaLa vadhelA deza pAleMDane mAtra raziyAne eka prAMta banAvI devAmAM AvyA hatA ane poleMDa nAma paNa lagabhaga adRzya thaI gayuM hatuM. poliza bhASAnI manAI karavAmAM AvI hatI. jo poleMDa jevA deza pratye Ave vartAva rAkhavAmAM AvyA te bIjI ladhumatIe tathA prajA pratye to ethIye adhika bhUruM vana dAkhavavAmAM AvyuM. 19mI sadInA sAtamA dazakAmAM poleMDamAM baLavA thayA. e baLavAne bhAre krUratAthI dAbI devAmAM AvyA ane pacAsa hajAra

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jhArazAhI raziyA pileMDavAsIone sAIberiyAmAM mekalI devAmAM AvyA. yahUdIone te niraMtara pima nA bhoga banAvavAmAM AvatA hatA, eTale ke temanI ekasAmaTI katala karavAmAM AvatI hatI. ethI karIne saMkhyAbaMdha yahUdIo bIjA dezamAM cAlyA gayA. A yahUdIo tathA pitAnI jAti uparanA jhArazAhInA damanathI krodhe UbharAtA bIjA leke raziyAnA trAsavAdIonA maMDaLamAM joDAya e svAbhAvika hatuM. raziyAmAM zUnyavAdane (mihilIjhama) - trAsavAda tyAM e nAmathI oLakhAte hite - phelAvo thayo. svAbhAvika rIte ja tene lehI nIMgaLatA hAthe dabAvI devAmAM AvyA ane rAjakIya gunegAranI lAMbI lAMbI hAre sAIberiyAnA sTepejha' tarapha pagapALA javA lAgI ane evA keTalAka gunegArone te phAMsIe paNuM laTakAvavAmAM AvyA. A jokhamane pahoMcI vaLavAne mATe jhAranI sarakAre eka navI rIta akhatyAra karI ane chevaTanI hada sudhI tenI ajamAyaza karI. sarakAra A trAsavAdIo tathA krAMtikArIonA daLamAM uzkeraNuM karanArA chUpA jAsUsa ekalatI. e leke kharekhAta banA atyAcAra karavAne mATe uzkeraNI karatA tathA bIjAone temAM saDevavAne khAtara pote paNa evA atyAcAre karatA. epha Avo eka mazahUra jAsUsa hato. te eka AgaLa paDate beba pheMkanAra krAMtikAra hatA tema ja sAthe sAthe chUpI polIsane vaDa paNa hatuM. jemAM bIjAone saMDovavA mATe chUpI polIsakhAtAnA jhAranA senApatioe polIsanA ADatiyAo tarIke baeNba pheMkavAmAM bhAga lIdho hate evA bIjA paNa aneka pramANabhUta dAkhalAo maLI AvyA che ! A badhuM banI rahyuM hatuM te vakhate raziyAne mulaka pUrva tarapha niraMtara vadhate rahyo hato ane huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM tema chevaTe te prazAnta mahAsAgaranA kAMThA sudhI pahoMcyo hato. madhya eziyAmAM raziyA aphaghAnistAnanI sarahada sudhI pahoMcyuM ane dakSiNamAM te tukanI sarahada tarapha AgaLa vadhI rahyuM hatuM. 19mI sadInA sAtamA dazakA pachI bIje paNa eka mahattvane pheraphAra tyAM thavA lAge - pAzcAtya udyoge tyAM AgaLa khIlavA lAgyA. paraMtu e udyogIkaraNa mAtra pITarsabarganI AsapAsanA pradeza tathA meMomAM ja maryAdita hatuM ane ekaMdare Akho deza saMpUrNapaNe khetI pradhAna hatuM. paraMtu tyAM AgaLa UbhAM thayelAM kArakhAnAMo tadana Adhunika DhabanAM hatAM ane sAmAnya rIte te aMgrejonI vyavasthA nIce hatAM. enAM be pariNAme AvyAM. A ceDA audyogika pradezamAM raziyAne mUDIvAda ekadama vadhI javA pAmyuM tema ja majUravarga paNa tyAM AgaLa eTalI ja jhaDapathI UbhuM thayuM. tyAMnI kArakhAnA-paddhatinA AraMbhakALamAM iMglaMDamAM banyuM hatuM tema raziyana majUronuM bhayaMkara zoSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM ane temanI pAsethI lagabhaga divasarAta kAma levAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu e be vacce A taphAvata hate.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana samAjavAda tathA sAmyavAdanA navA vicArone have udaya thayuM hatuM tathA raziyana majUronuM mAnasa kumaLuM ane A navA vicAronuM grAhaka hatuM. potAnI pAchaLanI lAMbI paraMparAne kAraNe briTiza majUra sthiticusta thaI gaye hato tathA jUnA vicArothI baMdhAI gayeluM hatuM. A vicAro mUrta svarUpa dhAraNa karavA lAgyA ane "sAmAjika lekazAhI majUrapakSanI sthApanA thaI. e pakSa mArsanI philasUphI upara racAyeluM hatuM. pite A trAsanAM kRtyenI viruddha che ema A mArksavAdIoe jAhera karyuM. mAkarsanA siddhAMta anusAra majUravargane kArya mATe jAgrata karavo joIe ane evA janatAvyApI kArya dvArA ja te pitAnuM dhyeya siddha karI zake. trAsavAdanAM kRtyathI vyaktione mArI nAkhavAthI janatAne AvA kArya mATe prerI zakAtI nathI kema ke dhyeya te jhAravAdane uthalAvI pADavAnuM hatuM, kAra ke tenA pradhAnanA khUna karavAnuM nahi. 19mI sadInA navamA dazakAnA AraMbhamAM, pAchaLanA vakhatamAM jagatabharamAM lenina nAmathI mazahUra thanAra eka taraNe, te eka zALAnA vidyAthI have tyAre paNa krAMtikArI pravRttiomAM bhAga lIdho hato. 1887nI sAlamAM te mAtra 17 varasane hatA tyAre tene eka bhAre phaTako sahana karavo paDyo hate. jhAranI jiMdagI upara atyAcArI humale karavAnA kRtyamAM bhAga levA mATe, jenA upara tene apAra prema hate evA tenA bhAI eNlekajhAMDarane phAMsIe laTakAvavAmAM AvyuM. AthI tene bhAre AghAta lAgyo hovA chatAMye lenine te vakhate paNa jAhera karyuM hatuM ke atyAcAranI paddhatithI svataMtratA meLavI zakAya ema nathI. janatAvyApI kArya e te meLavavA mATenuM eka mAtra upAya che ema teNe jaNAvyuM. dAMta kacaThyAvIne ane makakamatApUrvaka teNe zALAne abhyAsa cAlu rAkhe, zALAMta parIkSAmAM dAkhala thaye ane tejasvI rIte temAM pasAra thaye. 30 varasa pachInI krAMti karanAra tathA tene netA AvA prakArane ha! pite jenI AgAhI karI hatI te majUravarganI krAMti moTA ane saMgaThita majUravargavALA jarmanI jevA bhAre audyogika dezamAM thaze ema. mAkarsa mAnatA hatA. tenA pachAtapaNu tathA madhyayugIpaNAne kAraNe raziyAmAM evI krAMti thavI bilakula asaMbhavita che ema te mAnatA hatA. paraMtu raziyAnA yuvakavargamAM tene niSThAvALA anuyAyIo maLI rahyA. pitAnI asahya sthitino aMta kevI rIte A e zodhavA mATe temaNe dhagazapUrvaka mAkarsane abhyAsa karyo. jhArazAhI raziyAmAM jAhera pravRtti ane baMdhAraNIya rItenuM kSetra temane mATe khulluM nahotuM e hakIkate ja temane enA abhyAsa tathA ApasamAM tenI carcA karavA tarapha vALyA. AvA saMkhyAbaMdha tarUNene turaMgamAM nAkhavAmAM AvyA, sAIberiyA dhakelavAmAM AvyA ke dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA. teo jyAM jyAM gayA tyAM tyAM temaNe mAkarsavAdane A abhyAsa tathA kArya karavAnA divasa mATenI taiyArI cAlu rAkhyAM.

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144. 1905nI sAlanI raziyAnI niSphaLa krAMti 17 mArca, 1933 raziyana mAkarsavAdIone eTale ke, sAmAjika lokazAhI pakSane 1903nI sAlamAM eka kaTokaTIbharI paristhitino sAmano karavo paDayo. e vakhate temane eka prazna upara vicAra calAvIne tene javAba ApavAnI paristhiti UbhI thaI amuka siddhAMta ane cakkasa dhyeye upara racAyelA dareka pakSane vahelemeDo AvA praznano sAmano karavAne tathA teno javAba ApavAno prasaMga Ave che ja, sAce ja, AvA siddhAMte tathA mAnyatAo dharAvanArAM badhAM strIpuruSane temanA jIvana daramyAna aneka vAra AvI kaTokaTIno sAmano karavAnA prasaMge upasthita thAya che ja. temanI sAme AvI paDela prazna A hato. temaNe pitAnA siddhAMtane saMpUrNapaNe vaLagI rahIne majUra varganI krAMti mATe taiyArI karavI ke pachI vartamAna paristhiti sAthe sahejasAja bAMdhachoDa karavI ane e rIte aMtima krAMti mATenI bhUmikA taiyAra karavI. A prazna pazcima yuropanA badhAye dezamAM upasthita thayo hato ane lagabhaga badhe ja vattAochA pramANamAM sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI yA te ene maLatA pakSa nabaLo paDyo hato tathA AMtarika jhaghaDAo pedA thayA hatA. jarmanImAM mAkarsavAdIoe AmUlAgra pheraphAra karavAne kAMtikArI abhiprAya bahAdUrIpUrvaka vyakta karyo hato, paraMtu vyavahAramAM temaNe maLAza dAkhavI ane narama valaNa akhatyAra karyuM. kAMsamAM AgevAna samAjavAdIoe pitAnA pakSane tyAga karyo ane teo pradhAnamaMDaLamAM joDAyA. ITAlI, bejiyama tema ja bIjI jagyAoe paNa ema ja banavA pAmyuM. iMglaMDamAM mAkarsavAdanuM jora bahu ja ochuM hatuM eTale tyAM e prazna Ubho thaye nahi paraMtu tyAMye majAra pakSane sabhya pradhAnamaMDaLamAM joDAye. raziyAmAM sthiti judI hatI. kema ke baMdhAraNIya pravRtti mATe tyAM avakAza ja nahatA. tyAM AgaLa pArlAmenTa yA te dhArAsabhA hatI ja nahi, paraMtu tyAMye jene jhArazAhI sAmenI laDatanI "bekAyadA" rIte lekhavAmAM AvatI hatI te choDI daIne kevaLa siddhAMtanA zAMta pracArakAryamAM vaLagI javAne saMbhava rahetA hatA. paraMtu e viSe leninanA vicAre spaSTa ane cokkasa hatA. te koI paNa prakAranI mALAza ke bAMdhachoDa calAvI levA taiyAra nahote. kAraNa ke, ema na kare te takasAdhuo moTI saMkhyAmAM tenA pakSamAM bharAI jAya e tene Dara hate. pazcimanA dezanA samAjavAdI pakSoe akhatyAra karelI rIte teNe bhALI hatI ane ene tenA upara kazoye prabhAva paDyo nahe. pAchaLathI bIjA saMbaMdhamAM teNe lakhyuM hatuM ke, "pazcima yuropanA samAjavAdI pArlAmenTanI pravRtti je rIte kare che te bhAre adhogati karanArI

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972 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana - che. te dareka samAjavAdI pakSane tenA takasAdhuo tathA hoddA khALanArAovALA nAnA nAnA kaeNmenI hAlamAM pheravI nAkhe che." (TaeNmenI hAla nyU yorkamAM AvelA che. te rAjakIya saDAnA eka pratIka samA banI gayA che.) leninane potAnI sAthe keTalA mANasa che enI paravA nahotI - eka vakhate te pote ekalA ja UbhA raheze evI paNa teNe dhamakI ApI hatI -- paraMtu je siddhAMtane custapaNe vaLagI rahenArA hAya, dhyeyane mATe nA thaI javA taiyAra hoya tathA janatAnI vAhavAhanI bAbatamAM niHspRha hoya evAone ja peAtAnA pakSamAM rAkhavAno teNe Agraha rAkhyA. caLavaLanA kuzaLatAthI vikAsa karI zake evA krAMtinA niSNAtone eka samUha UbhA karavA te mAgatA hatA. kevaLa sahAnubhUti dharAvanArAo tathA sukhanA sAthIonI tene jarUra nahAtI, < A bahu kaDaka mArga hato ane ghaNAne e geraDahApaNabharyAM lAgyA. Ama chatAMye, ekadare jotAM leninane vijaya maLyo ane sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdI pakSamAM be bhAga paDyA ane itihAsamAM e pachI manUra thayelAM ' menzevika ' ane elzevika ' evAM e nAmeA astitvamAM AvyAM. khetzevika e keTalAka lokAne mana atizaya bhISaNa zabda che. paraMtu bahumatI eTale ja enA artha thAya che. menzevikanA artha laghumatI thAya che. 1906nI sAlamAM sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI pakSamAM paDelA bhAgalA vakhate leninanA sAthI vadhumatImAM hatA tethI tenA ekzevika eTale ke bahumatI pakSa kahevAyA. e jANavA jevuM che ke 1917nI krAMtine leninane mahAna sAthI Troka, je te vakhate 24 varasanA taruNa hatA, te mensevika pakSamAM hatA. raziyAthI bahu dUra laMDanamAM A badhI carcA tathA vAvivAdo thayA hatA. raziyana pakSanI sabhA laMDanamAM bharavI paDI hatI kema ke jhArazAhI raziyAmAM tene mATe sthAna nahatuM. e pakSanA ghaNAkharA sabhyo kAM te dezapAra thayelA hatA athavA te sAiberiyAmAMthI chaTakI gayelA kedIo hatA. daramyAna raziyAmAM muzkelI UbhI thaI rahI hatI. rAjakIya haDatAla e enI nizAnI hatI. majUronI rAjakIya haDatAla eTale majUrInA daranA vadhArA jevI Arthika sudhAraNA mATenI haDatAla nahi paNa sarakAranA kAka rAjakIya nRtya sAme uThAvavAmAM Avela virodha. majUra vargamAM kaIMka rAjakIya jAgrati AvI che e paNa e vastu sUcave che. A rIte, gAMdhIjInI dharapakaDane kAraNe athavA te asAdhAraNa prakAranA damanane kAraNe hiMdanAM kArakhAnAMnA majUro haDatAla pADe te te rAjakIya haDatAla kahevAya. tyAM AgaLa baLavAna majUra mahAjano tathA majUronI saMsthA hovA chatAMye pazcima yuropamAM AvI rAjakIya haDatAlA durlabha hatI e ajAyabIbhayu` che; athavA temanAM sthApita hitAne kAraNe majUra netAe meLA paDyA ene lIdhe AvI haDatAle

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1905nI sAlanI raziyAnI niSphaLa krAMti 973 durlabha banI gaI hoya e banavAjoga che. jhArazAhInA niraMtara damanane kAraNe raziyAmAM rAjakIya bAju hamezAM mokhare rahI. cheka 1903nI sAlamAM paNa dakSiNa raziyAmAM AvI aneka rAjakIya haDatAle ApameLe paDI hatI. e caLavaLa janatAvyApI vizALa pAyA upara hatI paraMtu netAone abhAve te marI gaI. bIje varase dUra pUrvamAM muzkelI UbhI thaI. eziyAnA uttara bhAganAM sTepejha'mAM thaIne pasAra thatI ane cheka prazAnta mahAsAgara sudhI pahoMcatI sAIberiyana relave bAMdhavA viSenI tathA 1894nI sAlathI zarU thatI ane 1904-5nA raziyA-jApAna vigrahamAM pariNamelI raziyA ane jApAna vaccenI athaDAmaNa viSenI vAta paNa meM tane mArA AgaLanA eka patramAM kahI hatI. vaLI potAnA "liTala phAdhara' (nAnA prabhu) pAsethI roTalAnI yAcanA karavA mATe eka pAdarInI AgevAnI nIce gayelA zAnta saraghasa upara kAranA sipAIoe geLIo calAvI hatI te "lehiyALA ravivAra-22 jAnyuArI 1905-viSe paNa meM tane kahyuM hatuM. ene lIdhe dezabharamAM bhAre kamakamATI ane trAsanI lAgaNI phelAI gaI ane ene pariNAme ThekaThekANe rAjakIya haDatAla paDI. chevaTe AkhAye raziyAmAM sArvatrika haDatAla paDI. navIna prakAranI mArksavAdI krAMti zarU thaI haDatAla upara UtarelA majUroe khAsa karIne pITarsabarga ane maeNske jevAM kendromAM "seviyeTa' nAmanI eka navI saMsthAnI sthApanA karI. AraMbhamAM te e haDatAla calAvavA mATenI mAtra eka samiti ja hatI. TokI pITarsabarga soviyeTano netA banyA. jhAranI sarakAra ethI saMpUrNapaNe habakI gaI ane kaMIka aMze teNe namatuM ApyuM. baMdhAraNIya dhArAsabhA tathA prajAkIya matAdhikAra ApavAnuM teNe vacana ApyuM. ApakhudIne mahAna kile paDyo hoya ema lAgyuM. pahelAMnAM kheDUtanAM baMDa je karavAmAM niSphaLa nIvaDyAM, trAsavAdIe pitAnA boMbathI je karavAmAM nAsIpAsa thayA tathA pitAnI sAvacetIpUrvakanI dalIlabAjIthI mavALa vinIta baMdhAraNavAdIo je na karI zakyA te vastu rAjakIya haDatAla dvArA majUre karI zakyA. ItihAsamAM pahelI ja vAra jhArazAhIne AmajanatA AgaLa namavuM paDayuM. paraMtu pAchaLathI e vijaya pikaLa mAluma paDyo. paraMtu enuM smaraNa majUrone mATe AzAnI ta jevuM thaI paDayuM. jhAre baMdhAraNIya dhArAsabhA ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM hatuM. e dhArAsabhAne DUmA' kahevAmAM AvatI, e zabdane artha "vicAra karavAnI jagyA evo thAya che, phreMca zabda pArlara uparathI banelA pArlamenTa zabdanI peThe ene vAta karavAnI dukAna' e artha thatuM nathI. kAranA e vacanathI mavALa

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vinIte satiSAyA ane temane utsAha meLa paDyo. evA leke hamezAM bahu sahelAIthI saMtoSAya che. krAMtithI bhaDakIne jamInadAre sArI sthitinA kheDUtone lAbhakAraka hoya evA keTalAka sudhArAonI bAbatamAM saMmata thayA. jhAranI sarakAre pachIthI sAcA krAMtikArIone sAmane karyo ane temanI nabaLAI pAmI jaIne te temane pahoMcI vaLI. eka bAjue rAjakIya baMdhAraNa karatAM majUrInA UMcA dara tathA roTale meLavavAmAM vadhAre rasa dharAvanArA majUre tathA "amane jamIna Apa ne bhayaMkara pikAra uThAvanArA garIba kheDUta hatA ane bIjI bAju janatAnI sAcI mAgaNIo tathA lAgaNIono jhAjho vicAra na karanAra ane mukhyatve karIne rAjakIya bAbatamAM rasa dharAvanArA tathA pazcima yuropanA dezenA jevI pArlAmenTa meLavavAnI AzA sevanArA krAMtikArIo hatA. sArI sthitinA ghaNAkharA kuzaLa kArIgare majUra mahAjanamAM saMgaThita thayA hatA. teo praznanI rAjakIya bAju samajatA hatA tethI krAMtimAM temaNe bhAga lIdhe hatA. paraMtu zahere tathA gAmaDAMonI janatA enA pratye sAmAnya rIte beparavA hatI. e uparathI jhArazAhI sarakAra tathA polIse parApUrvathI cAlatI AvelI ApakhudInI paddhati ajamAvI. temaNe prajAmAM bhAgalA pADyA ane bhUkhe maratI janatAne keTalAMka krAMtikArI maMDaLonI sAme uzkerI mUkI. raziyanae hatabhAgI yahUdIonI ane tAree ArminiyonI katala karI. eTaluM ja nahi paNa, krAMtikArI vidyArthIo ane garIba majUra vacce paNa athaDAmaNa thavA pAmI. dezanA judA judA bhAgomAM A rIte krAMtinI pITha bhAMgI nAkhIne sarakAre tophAnanAM be kendro - pITarsabarga tathA maicche - upara halle karyo. pITarsabarganA seviyeTane sahelAIthI kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM. meskomAM lazkare krAMtikArIone madada karI ane pAMca divasanA yuddha pachI tyAMnA seviyeTane pUrepUruM karI zakAyuM. e pachI vera levAnI zarUAta thaI. ema kahevAya che ke maeNskemAM sarakAre kAma calAvyA vinA eka hajAra mANasane mArI nAkhyA ane sittera hajArane kedamAM pUryA. AkhA dezamAM jude jude ThekANe thayelAM baMDene pariNAme lagabhaga cauda hajAra mANaso mAryA gayA. A rIte 190panI raziyAnI krAMtine parAjaya ane AphatamAM aMta AvyuM. ene 1917nI sAlamAM enA pachI thayelI krAMtinI purogAmI kahevAmAM Ave che. temanAmAM jAgRti Ave tathA vizALa pAyA upara kArya karavA te samartha bane te pahelAM janatA meTA moTA banAvo dvArA keLavAvI joIe. 1905nA banAvee tene e keLavaNI ApI, joke ene mATe tene bhAre kiMmata ApavI paDI. DUmAnI cUMTaNI thaI ane 1906nI sAlamAM tenI beThaka maLI. te leza paNa krAMtikArI nahatI. paraMtu tenI madhyamasaranI pragatizIlatA paNa jhArane

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1905nI sAlanI raziyAnI niSphaLa krAMti 975 pasaMda na paDI ane aDhI mAsa pachI teNe te barakhAsta karI. krAMtine cagadI nAkhyA pachI DUmAnA kepanI tene leza paNa paravA nahotI. baratarapha karavAmAM AvelA DUmAnA sabhya - teo madhyamavarganA vinIta baMdhAraNavAdIo hatA - philaeNnDa cAlyA gayA (e deza pITarsabarganI najIka AveluM che ane jhAranA Adhipatya nIce te ardhasvataMtra hatA.) ane DUmAne baratarapha karavAmAM AvI. tenA virodha tarIke temaNe kara na bharavAnI tathA lazkara ane naukA sainyamAM karavAmAM AvatI bharatIno sAmano karavAnI prajAne hAkala karI. A sabhyone janatA sAthe saMparka nahoto eTale temanI hAkalane kazeye javAba maLyo nahi. bIje varase, 1907nI sAlamAM bIjI DUmAnI cUMTaNI thaI. temanA mArgamAM aneka prakAranI muzkelIo UbhI karIne tathA keTalIka vAra te temanI dharapakaDa karavAne sIdho sAdo upAya ajamAvIne pilIsoe uddAma umedavArane cUMTAtA aTakAvavAno prayatna karyo. Ama chatAMye DUmA jhArane pasaMda paDe tevI na nIvaDI ane traNa mAsa pachI teNe tene baratarapha karI. have, cUMTaNIne lagato kAyado badalIne jhAranI sarakAre badhAye na IcchavAga leke na cUMTAI zake evAM pagalAM lIdhAM. emAM tene saphaLatA maLI, ane trIjI DUmA bhAre DAhIDamarI tathA sthiticusta hatI ane te lAMbA vakhata sudhI cAlu rahI. tane kadAca e ajAyabIbharyuM lAgaze ke, 1905nI krAMti kacarI nAkhyA pachI jhAra pitAnI marajI pramANe rAjavahIvaTa calAvavAne pUrepUro samartha hato te pachI te kazIye sattA vinAnI A badhI DramAe bolAvavAnI khaTapaTamAM zAne paDyo. ema karavAnuM kAraNa kaMIka aMze e hatuM ke jhAra raziyAnA keTalAka nAnA samUhane - mukhyatve karIne dhanika jamInadAre tathA vepArIone rIjhavavA mAgatA hatA. dezanI paristhiti bahu ja kharAba hatI. bezaka, janatAne kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvI hatI, paraMtu te dhUMdhavAyelI ane kopAyamAna hatI. AthI kaMI nahi te samAjanI Toca uparanA dhanika lene te potAnA hAthamAM rAkhavAnuM munAsiba dhAravAmAM AvyuM hatuM. paraMtu ema karavAnuM mahattvanuM kAraNa te e hatuM ke jhAra udAra vicArane rAjA che evI chApa yuropanA bIjA deze upara tene pADavI hatI. jhArano geravahIvaTa ane julama e pazcima yurepanA dezomAM kahevatarUpa banavA lAgyA hatA. jyAre pahelI DUmAne baratarapha karavAmAM AvI tyAre IMglaMDanA vinIta (libarala) pakSano eka AgevAna bolI UDyo, "DUmA maraNa pAmI che ! DramAM ghaNuM ja !" tyAM AgaLa DUmA pratye keTalI badhI sahAnubhUti hatI te A batAvI Ape che. vaLI, jhArane nANAMnI jarUra hatI - tene ThIka ThIka pramANamAM e joItAM hatAM. karakasariyA phreMca leke tene e nANuM dhIratA hatA. sAce ja, kAMsa pAsethI lIdhelI lenanI madadathI ja jhAre 190panI krAMti kacarI nAkhI hatI. prajAsattAkavAdI krAMsa ApakhudIvALA

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976 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana raziyAne tenA uddAma tathA krAMtikArIone kacarI nAkhavAmAM sahAya kare e vicitra prakAranI visaMgatatA che. paraMtu prajAsattAkavAdI kAMsa eTale ke phrAMsanA zarAphe athavA beMkare. game tema karIne paNa sAro dekhAva te rAkhave ja joIe ane ema karavAmAM DUmA jhArane madadagAra thatI hatI. daramyAna yuropanI tema ja duniyAnI paristhiti jhaDapathI badalAtI jatI hatI. jApAne tene harAvyuM tyAra pachI IMgleMDa pahelAMnI jema raziyAthI DaratuM nahotuM. udyoganA kSetramAM tema ja dariyA upara iMglaMDa mATe jarmanIne na bhaya pedA thaye hate. lAMbA vakhata sudhI e baMnene IMglaDa pAse ijA hate. jarmanInA Darane kAraNe ja phrAMsa paNa raziyAne lena ApavAmAM ATaluM badhuM udAra banyuM hatuM. A jarmana hAune kAraNe ja be purANuM duzmane ekabIjAnA dilejAna mitra banyA. 1907nI sAlamAM iMgleMDa ane raziyA vacce saMdhi thaI ane temAM aphaghAnistAna, IrAna tema ja bIjI jagyAonA moTA meTA takarArI muddAonuM samAdhAna karavAmAM AvyuM. e pachI, IgleMDa, phrAMsa tathA raziyA vacce tripakSI karAra thayA. bAlkana dezomAM osTriyA raziyAnuM harIpha hatuM, ane osTriyA jarmanInuM mitra hatuM. ITAlI paNa kAgaLa upara jarmanInuM mitra hatuM. Ama iMglaMDa, kAMsa ane raziyAnA tripakSI karAranI sAme jarmanI, TyiA tathA iTAlInuM aikya thayuM. ane e baMne virodhI daLa kArya mATenI taiyArI karavA maMDI paDyAM. zAMtipriya leke te bhaviSyamAM temanA upara AvI paDanArI bhISaNa AphatathI sAva ajANa ane nidrAvaza hatA. 1905nI sAla pachInAM A varase raziyAmAM pratyAghAtanAM varasa hatAM. bazevijhama tathA bIjAM krAMtikArI tane saMpUrNapaNe kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. lenina jevA dezapAra thayelA keTalAka zevike paradezamAM pustaka ane copAniyAo lakhI rahyA hatA tathA badalAtI jatI paristhiti sAthe mArksane siddhAMtane sumeLa sAdhavA prayatna karatA hatA ane e rIte teo dhIrajapUrvaka pitAnuM kAma AgaLa dhapAvye jatA hatA. mejovike (narama valaNanA mArksavAdIone laghumatI pakSa) tathA be zevika vaccenuM aMtara dinapratidina vadhatuM gayuM. A pratyAghAtanAM varaso daramyAna megnevikavAda vadhAre AgaLa AvyuM. jo ke e laghumatI pakSa kahevAtuM hatuM chatAMye vAstavamAM te vakhate enI bAjue ghaNuM vadhAre leke hatA. 1912nI sAla pachI raziyana jagatamAM pharI pAchA pheraphAra thavA lAgyA, krAMtikArI pravRtti vadhavA mAMDI ane enI sAthe be zevijhamane paNa vikAsa thavA lAgyA. 1914nI sAlanA vacagALA daramyAna te peDhADanuM (pITarsabarga) vAtAvaraNa krAMtinI vAtethI gherAI gayuM ane 19 05nI piThe saMkhyAbaMdha rAjakIya haDatAla paDI. Ama chatAMye, pITarsabarganI sAta sabhyonI banelI bozevika samitimAM traNa sabhyo

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195nI sAlanI raziyAnI niSphaLa krAMti ha77 te jhAranI chUpI polIsanA mANaso hatA evuM pAchaLathI mAlUma paDayuM hatuM! krAMtimAM AvI vastuone paNa samAveza thAya che! DramAmAM be zevikeno eka nAnakaDe samUha hato ane melInevaskI tene netA hatA. te paNa polIsane ejanTa hovAnuM mAlUma paDyuM hatuM. ane leninane tenA upara vizvAsa hato. 1914nA oNgasTa mAsamAM mahAyuddha zarU thayuM. ane eNe ekAeka badhAnuM lakSa raNakSetra tarapha kheMcyuM. pharajiyAta lazkarabharatIne kAraNe mukhya mukhya kAryakartAo cAlyA gayA ane krAMtikArI caLavaLa marI gaI. laDAI viruddha pokAra uThAvanAra bolazevikonI saMkhyA bahu jUja hatI ane teo atizaya akArA thaI paDyA. ApaNe nakakI karelA ApaNuM sthAne - mahAyuddhanA samaya sudhI - ApaNe AvI pahoMcyAM chIe ane ApaNe ahIM ja thobhI javuM joIe. paraMtu A patra pUre karavA pahelAM raziyana kaLA tathA sAhitya tarapha mAre tAruM lakSa kheMcavuM joIe. sau jANe che ke, tenA aneka deSa hovA chatAM jhArazAhI raziyA pitAnI abhuta nRtyakaLA sAcavI rAkhI zakayuM hatuM. 19mI sadI daramyAna teNe sAhityanI bhAre paraMparA nirmANa karanArA aneka samartha lekhako paNa pedA karyA. lAMbI navalakathAo tema ja TUMkI navalikAo e baMne kSetromAM temaNe abhuta sAmartha batAvyuM. 19mI sadInA AraMbhamAM puSkIna thaI gayuM. te bAyarana, zelI tathA kITsane samakAlIna hatA ane te raziyAne sauthI zreSTha kavi gaNAya che. gogola, TuragenIva, dastAvaskI ane eNhova e 19mI sadInA mazahUra navalakathAkAre che. e ja arasAmAM kadAca sauthI mahAna liye TaoNlsTaoNya thaI gaye. te pratibhAzALI navalakathAkAra hatuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa dhArmika tema ja AdhyAtmika netA paNa hatuM ane tenI asara bahu dUragAmI hatI. sAce ja te gAMdhIjI sudhI paNa pahoMcI. te vakhate gAMdhIjI dakSiNa AphrikAmAM hatA. e baMnee ekabIjAnI kadara bUcha ane ekabIjA sAthe patravyavahAra paNa karyo. apratikAra athavA ahiMsA uparanI temanI baMnenI aDaga zraddhA e temane ekabIjA sAthe joDanAra kaDI hatI. TaoNlsTaoNyanA mata pramANe e Izuno mULabhUta baMdha hatA ane prAcIna hiMdu zAstramAMthI gAMdhIjIe paNa e ja anumAna tAravyuM. paNa TaoNlsTaoNya te potAnI mAnyatA pramANe jIvana jIvanAra - paraMtu duniyAthI aLage paDele kevaLa upadezaka ja rahyo jyAre gAMdhIjIe te upara uparathI niSedhAtmaka lAgatI e vastune dakSiNa AphrikA tathA hiMdustAnamAM janatAvyApI praznomAM sakriya upayoga karyo. 19mI sadIne eka mahAna raziyana lekhaka mekasIma zaika* hajI jIve che. * 1936nI sAlamAM gAka maraNa pAme.

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145. eka jamAnAnA aMta 22 mArca, 1933 19mI sadI! e 100 varasAe ApaNane keTalA badhA vakhata rokI rAkhyAM! avAranavAra lagabhaga cAra mAsa sudhI e kALa viSe me tane lakhyuM che ane huM have enAthI jarA thAkayo chuM. ane jyAre tuM A badhA patrA vAMcaze tyAre kadAca tane paNa eve ja anubhava thaze. e eka bhAre AkarSIka yuga che ema meM tane AraMbhamAM kahyuM hatuM paNa amuka vakhata pachI te game tevuM ANu paNa kaMTALAjanaka thaI paDe che. kharI rIte te ApaNe 19mI sadInI AgaLa nIkaLI gayAM chIe ane 20mI sadImAMye ThIka ThIka AgaLa vadhyAM chIe. 1914nA varasane ApaNe ApaNI sImA tarIke rAkhyuM hatuM. e ja varasamAM pelI kahevata pramANe 'yuddhanA kUtarAne' yuropa ane duniyA upara cheDI mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. e varasathI itihAsamAM dizApalaTAnA AraMbha thAya che. e varasamAM eka yuga athavA jamAnAne ata Ave che ane khIjAnA AraMbha thAya che. ogaNIsA caudanI sAla ! e paNa tArA janma pahelAMnI sAla che ane chatAM e sAla vItyAne hajI pUrAM 19 varasa paNa thayAM nathI. mAnavI jIvananA paNa e lAMkheA kALa na kahevAya te pachI itihAsanA to kyAMthI ja hAya? paraMtu e vasA daramyAna duniyA eTalI badhI palaTAI gaI che tathA hajI paNa palaTAtI rahe che ke e pachI jANe eka yuga vahI gayA hoya ema lAge che tathA 1919nI sAla ane te pahelAMnAM varaseA ghaNA jUnA kALanA itihAsamAM jatAM rahe che ane jene viSe ApaNe pustakAmAM vAMcIe chIe tathA je ApaNA kALathI bilakula bhinna che evA dUranA bhUtakALanA bhAgarUpa banI jAya che. e badhA mahAna pheraphAro viSe huM tane pAchaLathI kaMIka kahIza. paraMtu mAre tane eka cetavaNI ApavI paDaze. tuM hAla zALAmAM bhUgoLa zIkhe che. paraMtu 1914nI sAla pahelAM zALAmAM mAre je bhUgALa bhaNavI paDatI hatI te tuM bhaNe che te bhUMgALathI sAva bhinna hatI. ane ema paNa bane ke, mArI bAbatamAM banyuM che tema tuM Aje je bhaNI rahI che temAMnI ghaNIkharI bhUMgALa thADA vakhatamAM tAre bhUlI javI paNa paDe. jUnAM sImAcihno tathA jUnA dezA laDAInA dhUmasamAM adRzya thaI gayAM ane tenI jagyAe jemanAM nAma paNa yAda rAkhavAM muzkela paDe evA dezo hastImAM AvyA che. seka zaheranAM nAme eka rAtamAM badalAI gayAM; pITarsabarga peTrAmADa banyuM ane pachIthI leninagrADa banyuM; kaoNnsTAnTinopalane have istaMbula kahevuM joi e,

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eka jamAnAnA aMta pekiMga pIpiMga nAmathI eLakhAya che ane hemiyAnuM prAga cekAssAvAkiyAnuM prAhA banyuM che. 19mI sadI aMgenA mArA patrAmAM mAre khaDA tathA dezAnI hakIkata alaga alaga varNavavI paDI che. judI judI bAjue tathA judI judI caLavaLane paNa ApaNe alaga alaga vicAra karyAM che. paraMtu tane yAda haze ke e badhuM vatteoche aMze ekI vakhate ja banavA pAmyuM hatuM ane itihAse tenA hajArA pagathI sArI duniyAmAM ekI sAthe AgekUca karI hatI. vijJAna ane udyogo, rAjakAraNa ane saMpattizAstra, aDhaLaka samRddhi ane dAridra, mUDIvAda ane sAmrAjyavAda, leAkarazAhI ane samAjavAda, DArvina ane mAkarsa, svAtaMtrya ane parAdhInatA, dukALa ane mArAmArI, yuddha ane zAMti, sa MskRti ( sivilijhezana ) ane kharatA (khAerIjhama ) - A citravicitra paTamAM e badhAyanuM sthAna hatuM ane e dareke paraspara ekbIjA upara kriyA ane pratikriyA karI hatI. eTale ApaNe e jamAnAnuM yA to bIjA kAI paNa jamAnAnuM citra ApaNA manamAM UbhuM karavA mAgatAM hAIe te e citra bahubInanI ( vastune bahuvidha dekhADanAruM eka yaMtra) peThe bahusUtrI, anekavidha ane nira Mtara gatimAna hovAnuM ja, joke e citranA dhaNA bhAge ApaNane AhlAdaka lAge evA nahi hoya. 979 jaLa, varALa ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM tema naisargika khaLanI sahAyathI eTale ke, vidyuta jevI yAMtrika zaktinI madadathI moTA pAyA upara utpAdana karavAthI thayela mUDIvAdanA vikAsa e e yuga athavA jamAnAnuM pradhAna lakSaNa hatuM. duniyAnA judA judA bhAgAmAM enI judI judI asara thavA pAmI. vaLI e asara pratyakSa tema ja parAkSa paNa hatI. A rIte, leMkezAyaramAM naisargika zaktithI cAlatI yAMtrika zALAmAM utpanna thatA kApaDe dUra dUranAM hiMdanAM gAmaDAMonA ghaNAye udyogadhaMdhAonA nAza karyAM. mUDIvAdI udyogA kriyAzIla hatA; temanI potAnI ja prakRtivazAt te dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre vizALa thatA gayA ane tenI bhUkha kadI paNa zamI nahi. parigrahaparAyaNatA e enuM viziSTa lakSaNa hatuM, meLavavuM tene sadharI rAkhavuM ane vaLI pAchA meLavavuM, khasa emAM ja te niraMtara tatpara rahe che. vyaktioe ema karavA prayatna karyAM, rASTro tema ja prajAe paNa tema ja kayuM. e pati nIce je samAja nirmANa thayA tene ethI karIne saMgrAhaka athavA parigrahaparAyaNa samAja kahevAmAM Ave che. vadhAre ne vadhAre utpAdana karatA javuM tathA e rIte pedA thayelI vadhArAnI sa Mpattine khIjA kArakhAnAM khAMdhavAmAM tathA relave ane evAM khIjA kAryAMmAM rokavI tathA alabata, temanA mAlikAne dhanADhaya banAvavA e - A mUDIvAdI udyogeAnuM haMmezAM dhyeya hoya che. e dhyeyanI siddhine arthe bIjI

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana badhI vastune bhega ApavAmAM AvatuM. e udyoganI saMpatti pedA karanArA majUrane ene ochAmAM ocho lAbha maLe ane temanI dizAmAM sahejasAja sudhAre thavA pAmyuM te pahelAM strI ane bALakesahita temane bhayaMkara hADamArImAMthI pasAra thavuM paDayuM hatuM. A mUDIvAdI udyoganA tema ja tenI mAlakI dharAvanArAM rASTranA lAbhane arthe saMsthAne tathA tAbA nIcenA dezane paNa bhoga ApavAmAM AvyuM tathA temanuM zoSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM. Ama mUDIvAda AMkhe pATA bAMdhIne ane niSphara rIte AgaLa vadhyo ane mArgamAM tene bhoga banelA aneka zikArane te pitAnI pAchaLa mUkatA gaye. Ama chatAMye enI kUca vijayI kUca hatI. vijJAnanI madada maLavAthI ghaNI bAbatamAM ene saphaLatA maLI. e saphaLatAe jagatane AMjI nAkhyuM ane teNe pedA karelAM aneka duHkhanAM prAyazcittarUpe te hoya ema lAgyuM. ApoApa ane ene mATenI koI paNa nizcita yejanA vinA jIvananI keTalIka sArI sArI cIjo paNa teNe pedA karI. paraMtu tenI A UjaLI bAju ane sArapa nIce puSkaLa pramANamAM bUrAI rahelI hatI. sAce ja, teNe UbhA karelA bhede athavA taphAvata e tenI sauthI vadhAre noMdhapAtra vastu hatI. ane jema jema tenI vRddhi thatI gaI tema tema A bheda vadhAre ne vadhAre tIvra thatA gayA, duniyAmAM ekI sAthe atizaya dArikya ane aDhaLaka samRddhi, majUrane rahevAnAM kaMgALa ghelakAMo ane gaganacuMbI AlezAna ImArate, sAmrAjya * ane parAdhIna zeSita saMsthAne hastImAM AvyAM. yuropa Adhipatya dharAvanAre khaMDa hatA ane eziyA tathA AphrikA zeSita khaDe hatA. 19mI sadInA meTA bhAga daramyAna amerikA samagra jagatane sparzatA banAvanA pravAhanI bahAra hatuM. paraMtu te jhaDapathI AgekUca karatuM hatuM ane anahada sAdhanasAmagrI UbhI karI rahyuM hatuM. IMgleMDa yuropamAM mUDIvAda ane khAsa karIne tenI sAmrAjyavAdI bAjunuM dhanADhaya, garviSTha ane kRtakRtyatAno AtmasatiSa anubhavatuM agresara hatuM. mUDIvAdI udyogenI jhaDapI gati tathA pacAvI pADavAnI tenI prakRtie ja paristhiti viSama karI mUkI tathA pitAnI sAme virodha ane AMdolana UbhAM karyA ane chevaTe majUronI rakSAne arthe pitAnA uparanA keTalAka aMkuze paNa e be vastuoe ja pedA karyA. kArakhAnA paddhatinA AraMbhakALamAM majUrenuM - khAsa karIne strI tathA bALakanuM - bhayaMkara zeSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. temanI majUrInA dara ochA hovAthI kAme lagADavAmAM puruSo karatAM strI tathA bALakone prathama pasaMdagI ApavAmAM AvatI ane atizaya gaMdI tathA Arogyane hAnikAraka paristhitimAM temanI pAsethI keTalIka vAra divasanA 18 jeTalA kalAka kAma levAmAM AvatuM. Akhare rAjya vacce paDyuM ane divasanA kAmanA kalAke nakkI karatA tathA kAmanI jagyAonI sthiti sudhAravAne Agraha rAkhanArA

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eka jamAnAne aMta kAyadA teNe pasAra karyA. A kAyadAo kArakhAnAMnA kAyadAne nAme oLakhAya che. khAsa karIne strI tathA bALakonI A kAyadA dvArA rakSA karavAmAM AvI. paraMtu kArakhAnAnA mAlikanA khataravaTa virodhane lIdhe e kAyadAo pasAra karatAM lAMbI ane sakhata laData laDavI paDI hatI. mUDIvAdI udyogane kAraNe A uparAMta samAjavAdI ane sAmyavAdI vicAra pedA thayA. e vicAree navA udyogone svIkAra karyo paraMtu mUDIvAdanA pAyAne temaNe paDakAryo. majUronI saMsthAo, majUra mahAjane tathA AMtararASTrIya majUrasaMghe paNa UbhAM thavA lAgyAM. mUDIvAdamAMthI sAmrAjyavAda janmya ane pUrvanA dezonI lAMbA kALathI cAlatI AvelI Arthika paristhiti sAthe pazcimanA mUDIvAdI udyogo athaDAmaNamAM AvyAthI tyAM AgaLa bhAre utpAta macyo. dhIme dhIme A pUrvanA dezomAM paNa mUDIvAdI udyogoe jaDa ghAlI ane tyAM te khIlavA lAgyA. pazcimanA dezonA sAmrAjyavAda sAmenA paDakArarUpe rASTravAda paNa tyAM AgaLa pedA thayo. A rIte mUDIvAde duniyA AkhIne hacamacAvI mUkI ane teNe mANasajAta upara duHkhane dhodha varasAvya chatAMye ekaMdare jotAM, kaMI nahi te pazcimanA deze pUratI te te hitakArI pravRtti hatI. ene kAraNe bhAre Arthika pragati thavA pAmI ane janasukhAkArInuM gheraNa ghaNuM ja vadhI gayuM. pahelAM koI paNa vakhate hatuM tenA karatAM have sAmAnya mANasanuM mahattva ghaNuM vadhI gayuM. vyavahAramAM koI paNa bAbatamAM ene avAja saMbhaLAto nahote e kharuM, ene maLele mata ApavAne haka sudhdhAM bhrAmaka hatA e paNa kharuM; chatAMye siddhAMtanI dRSTie rAjyamAM enAM darajajo vadhavA pAmyuM ane enI sAthe tenuM svamAna paNa vadhyuM. alabata, jyAM AgaLa mUDIvAdI udyoga khIlyA hatA te pazcimanA dezone ja A badhuM lAgu paDe che. jJAnanI bhAre vRddhi thavA pAmI ane vijJAne aneka camatkAra karI batAvyA tathA pitAnI hajAro zodhakhoLa jIvanane lAgu pADIne teNe dareka manuSyanuM jIvana haLavuM karI mUkyuM. sAphasUphInI pravRttio tathA rogo pedA thatA aTakAvavAnA tenA guNathI auSadhoe mANasane zAparUpa thaI paDelA rogone dAbI devAnuM tathA nirmULa karavAnuM kArya zarU karyuM. enuM eka ja udAharaNa ApuM: meleriyA zAthI thAya che te zedhI kADhavAmAM AvyuM ane te thatuM aTakAvavAno upAya paNa zodhI kADhavAmAM AvyuM. jarUrI upAyo levAmAM Ave to koI paNa pradezamAMthI tene nirmULa karI zakAya emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. hiMdamAM tema ja anyatra hajI paNa maleriyA cAlu rahyo che tathA karoDone bhAga le che emAM vijJAnane nahi paNa bedarakAra sarakAra tathA ajJAnamAM DUbelI prajAne deSa che. ja-20

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982 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana avarajavara ane mAlanI lAlaja tathA saMdezavAhananI rItamAM thayelI pragatine kadAca 19mI sadInuM sauthI vadhAre neMdhapAtra lakSaNa kahI zakAya. relave, AgaboTa, TeligrApha tathA meTarae duniyAne saMpUrNapaNe badalI nAkhI che ane badhA mAnavI hetuo mATe pahelAM te hatI tenA karatAM tene bilakula bhinna banAvI dIdhI che. pRthvI saMkecAI gaI ane temAM vasanArAo ekabIjAnI samIpa AvyA. teo ekabIjAne vadhu pramANamAM joI jANI zakyA ane paraspara ekabIjA viSenuM jJAna thavAthI ajJAnajanita aneka dIvAla tUTI gaI. sarva sAdhAraNa vicAre phelAvA lAgyA ane temaNe duniyAbharamAM amuka pramANamAM samAnatA pedA karI. jenI ApaNe vAta karI rahyAM che te yuganA cheka chevaTanA bhAgamAM vAyaralesa TeligrAphanI ane havAmAM UDavAnI zarUAta thaI. Aje te e bahu sAmAnya vastuo banI gaI che ane e viSe jhAjho vicAra karyA vinA eroplenamAM besIne teM aneka vAra musApharI karI che. balUnamAM te leke ghaNI vAra UMce gayA hatA paraMtu prAcIna purANakathAo ane vArtAo, arebiyana nAITsanI UDatI zetaraMjIo tathA hiMdanI vArtAonI pavanapAvaDIo sivAya havA karatAM vadhAre bhAre vastumAM besIne koI paNa mANasa UMce gaye nahote. havA karatAM vadhAre bhAre yaMtramAM besIne UMce javAmAM pahelavahelA saphaLa thanAra vilabara ane airavIla rAITa nAmanA be amerikana bhAIo hatA. teo AjanAM eraplenanA janaka hatA. 1903nA DisembaramAM teo 300 karatAM paNa ochA yArDa UDyA hatA. paraMtu ema chatAMye temaNe pahelAM kadIye thayuM nahotuM evuM kaMIka karI batAvyuM hatuM. tyAra pachI UDavAnI bAbatamAM uttarottara pragati thatI ja rahI che ane 1909nI sAlamAM oNriyATa nAmano eka krAMsavAsI briTiza khADI upara thaIne phrAMsathI iMglaDa sudhI ULyo tyAre je uttejanA pedA thaI hatI te mane barAbara yAda che. tyAra pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM perisamAM ephila TAvara upara thaIne UDatuM pahelavaheluM eraplena meM joyuM. ane tyAra pachI ghaNAM varaso bAda 1927nA me mAsamAM cArlsa linDabarga AllAMTika mahAsAgara oLaMgIne cAMdInA tIranI peThe jhabakArAnI sAthe perisanA erema AgaLa Utaryo tyAre ApaNe baMne perisamAM hAjara hatAM. je daramyAna mUDIvAdI udyogonuM prabhutva hatuM te yuganI jamA bAjue A badhuM jAya che. e sadI daramyAna mANase sAce ja adbhuta siddhio prApta karI. enI jamA bAjunI bIjI paNa eka vastu che. lebhI ane hAthamAM Ave te pacAvI pADanAra mUDIvAda jema jema vadhato gayo tema tema sahakArI caLavaLanA rUpamAM tene aMkuza paNa zodhI kADhavAmAM AvyuM. emAM pitAne mAla eka sAthe vecavA tathA kharIdavAne ane emAMthI thato naphe ApasamAM vaheMcI levAne leke eka maMDaLamAM bhegA thatA. sAmAnya mUDIvAdI raste harIphAI

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eka jamAnAne ati tathA gaLAM resavAne raste hate. emAM dareka jaNa bIjAne TapI javAno prayatna karatA. sahakArI mArganuM maMDANa paraspara ekabIjAnA sahakAra upara nirbhara hatuM. teM ghaNuye sahakArI bhaMDAro joyA haze. 19mI sadImAM sahakArI caLavaLane yuropamAM bhAre vikAsa thayo. DenmArkanA nAnakaDA dezamAM ene sauthI vadhAre saphaLatA maLI, ema kahI zakAya. rAjakIya kSetramAM e kALa daramyAna lokazAhInA vicArono vikAsa thaye ane pitA potAnI pArlAmenTa athavA to dhArAsabhAo mATe mata ApavAne haka vadhAre ne vadhAre lokone maLate gaye. paraMtu mata ApavAno A haka athavA te matAdhikAra puruSa vargamAM ja maryAdita hato ane bIjI rIte teo game eTalI zaktizALI hoya chatAye strIone e haka dharAvavAne mATe pAtra ke samajadAra lekhavAmAM AvatI nahotI. ghaNI strIone e sAme bhAre roSa hato ane 20mI sadInA AraMbhanAM varasa daramyAna iMglaMDamAM ene mATe strIoe bhAre hilacAla upADI. ene strIonA matAdhikAranI hilacAla kahevAmAM AvatI hatI ane puruSoe enA pratye gaMbhIra vartAva na dAkhavya tathA upekSA darzAvI tethI temanuM dhyAna kheMcavAne arthe matAdhikAravAdI strIoe jabaradastInI ane hiMsaka rIte paNa akhatyAra karI. tyAM AgaLa "dekhAvo' karIne pArlAmenTanuM kArya temaNe uthalAvI nAkhyuM tathA pradhAnamaMDaLanA sabhya upara humalA paNa karyA. AthI e pradhAnane hamezAM polIsanA rakSaNa nIce rahevuM paDatuM. moTA pAyA upara vyavasthita hiMsA thavA pAmI ane saMkhyAbaMdha strIone jelamAM mokalavAmAM AvI. tyAM AgaLa temaNe upavAsa karavA mAMDyA. AthI temane choDI devAmAM AvI paraMtu upavAsanI asaramAMthI teo mukta thaI ke tarata temane pAchI jelamAM mokalavAmAM AvI. Ama karavAnI paravAnagI ApavA mATe pArlAmenTe khAsa kAyade pasAra karyo. e kAyadAne leke "uMdara bilADInA kAyadA tarIke oLakhavA lAgyA. matAdhikAravAdIonI A rIte janasamudAyanuM dhyAna kheMcavAmAM khasUsa saphaLa thaI thoDAM varasa pachI, mahAyuddha zarU thayA bAda strIonA matAdhikAranA hakano svIkAra karavAmAM AvyuM. strIonI A caLavaLa kevaLa matanI mAgaNI karavAmAM ja maryAdita nahatI. puruSa sAthe hareka bAbatamAM samAnatAnI mAgaNI karavAmAM AvI hatI. cheka hamaNAM sudhI pazcimanA dezomAM strIonI sthiti bahuM ja kharAba hatI. temane jUja hakako hatA. kAyadA pramANe aMgreja strI milakata paNa dharAvI zakatI nahi. badhuMye-pitAnI patnInI kamANI sudhdhAM - dhaNuM laI lete. hiMdu kAyadA pramANe hiMdamAM strIonI Aje je sthiti che tenA karatA kAyadAnI dRSTie temanI sthiti bUrI hatI. ane hiMdu kAyadA nIce strIonI sthiti sArI peThe kharAba che. hiMdI strIo aneka rIte jotAM Aje che te

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984 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzana pramANe pazcimanI strIe sAce ja eka parAdhIna jAti hatI. matAdhikAra mATenI hilacAla zarU thaI te pahelAM dhaNA vakhatathI strIoe khIjI bAbatamAM puruSo sAthe samAna vartAvanI mAgaNI karI hatI. Akhare 19mI sadInA navamA dazakAmAM iMglaMDamAM temane milakata dharAvavAnA thADA hA ApavAmAM AvyA hatA. kArakhAnAnA mAlikA enI tarapheNamAM hatA tethI strIone emAM kaMIka aMze saphaLatA maLI. strIe jo temanI kamANI potAnI pAse rAkhI zake teA e vastu kArakhAnAmAM kAma karavA mATe temane utsAhapreraka thaI paDe ema kArakhAnAnA mAlikAnuM mAnavuM hatuM. dareka kSetramAM mahAna pheraphAro thatA ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. paratu eka sarakAranI rIteAmAM evuM kazuM jaNAtuM nathI. ghaNA lAMbA samaya pUrve laoNrensanA mekiyAvelIe tathA tenI pahelAM 1800 varasa upara hiMdustAnanA eka pradhAna cANakye jenI himAyata karI hatI te ja kAvAdAvA, prapaMca ane chetarapiMDInI rItone anusaravAnuM mahAna sattAoe cAlu rAkhyuM. temanI vacce niraMtara harIphAI cAlyAM ja karatI, chUpI sadhi ane maitrInA kAlakarAro thatA rahetA ane dareka sattA bIjI sattAne TapI javAnA prayAsa karatI. ApaNe joI gayAM tema yurope sakriya ane AkramaNakArI bhAga bhajavyA ane eziyAe niSkriyatAne. potAnAM aMtagata rokANAne kAraNe duniyAnA rAjakAraNamAM amerikAnA hissA jUja hatA. rASTravAdane vikAsa thatAMnI sAthe " kharo hoya ke khoTA paNa mAre deza "nA khyAla pedA thayA ane vyaktinI bAbatamAM je vastu kharAba ane nItihIna gaNAya te karavAmAM rASTro gaurava mAnavA lAgyAM. A rIte vyaktie ane rASTronI nItimattAnI bAbatamAM kheo bheda UbhA thavA pAmyA. e baMnenI nItimattAmAM bhAre taphAvata hato. vyaktinA khuda durguNA rASTronA sadguNA khanI gayA. svAthIpaNuM, lAbha, uddhatAI ane asabhyatA vagere vyaktigata strIpuruSonI bAbatamAM bilakula kharAba ane asahya gaNAtAM hatAM. paraMtu rASTronA meTA samUhonI bAbatamAM dezaprema ane svadezAbhimAnanA umadA khurakhA nIce e badhAMnI prazaMsA karavAmAM AvatI tathA temane uttejana ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. rASTronA mATA samUho ekabIjAnI sAme ene Azaro le te khunAmarakI ane katala paNa prazaMsApAtra thaI paDatAM. hAlanA eka lekhake ApaNane kahyuM che, ane ema kahevAmAM te saMpUrNa paNe sAce che ke, " sudhArA e vyaktinA dugu NA moTA moTA janasamudAyA upara oDhADavAnI eka tarakIbarUpa banI gayA che."

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146. mahAyuddhane AraMbha 23 mArca, 1933 ekabIjA sAthenA vyavahAramAM rASTro keTalAM nItihIna ane durAcArI hatAM e tane batAvIne meM mAre chelle patra pUro karyo hato. jyAM paNa temane ema karavAne pAlavatuM tyAM asahiSNu ane uddhatAIbharyuM valaNa dhAraNa karavuM ene tathA ghAsanI gaMjImAMnA kUtarAnA jevI nIti akhatyAra karavI ane teo pitAnI svataMtratAnuM lakSaNa gaNatAM hatAM. e rASTrane mANasAIbharyuM vartana rAkhavAnuM kahenAra koI sattA nahatI, kema ke teo svataMtra nahetAM zuM ane bahAranI dakhalagIrI sAme teo potAne roSa nahi darzAve ke? pariNAmone Dara e ja temanA uparano ekamAtra aMkuza hatA. AthI baLavAna rASTranI keTaleka aMze AmanyA rAkhavAmAM AvatI ane nabaLAM rASTrane damadATI ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. rASTra rASTra vaccenI A harIphAI e kharekhara mUDIvAdI udyogenuM anivArya pariNAma hatuM. bajAronI tema ja kAcA mAlanI dinapratidina vadhatI jatI mAgaNue mUDIvAdI sattAo pAse sAmrAjya mATe duniyAnI pharate doDAdoDanI kevI harIphAI karAvI te ApaNe joI gayAM chIe. e sattAo eziyA tathA AphrikAmAM jyAM tyAM doDI vaLI ane temanuM zoSaNa karavAne hAthamAM Ave eTale badhe mulaka pacAvI pADyo. A rIte AkhI duniyA khUMdI vaLyA pachI paga pasAravAnuM eka sthAna bAkI na rahyuM eTale sAmrAjyavAdI sattAo ekabIjInI sAme ghurakiyAM karavA tathA ekabIjInA tAbAnA mulaka tarapha lebhI najare jevA lAgatI. eziyA, AphrikA tathA yurepamAM A mahAna sattAo vacce vAraMvAra athaDAmaNa thavA pAmI ane krodhanI lAgaNuM bhabhUkI UThI tathA yuddha phATI nIkaLaze ke zuM ema bhAsavA lAgyuM. keTalIka sattAo bIjI sattAo karatAM vadhAre sArI sthitimAM hatI ane IMglaMDa tenA audyogika agraNapaNe tathA tenA vizALa sAmrAjyane kAraNe sauthI vadhAre bhAgyazALI lAgatuM hatuM. Ama chatAMye iMgleMDa saMtuSTa nahotuM. jenI pAse vadhAre cha hoya te vaLI vadhArenI apekSA rAkhe che. sAmrAjyanA vistAra mATenI moTI moTI yojanAo tenA sAmrAjyanA zilpI onA manamAM ramavA lAgI - uttarathI dakSiNa sudhI, kerethI kepa oNpha guDa hepa sudhI saLaMga vistarelA Aphrikana sAmrAjyanI yojanAo vicAravA lAgI. udyogonA kSetramAM jarmanI tathA yunAITeDa sTeTsanI harIphAIthI paNa IMgleMDa ciMtAtura banyuM hatuM. A deza pAke mAla IMgleMDa karatAM ochI kiMmate banAvatA hatA ane e rIte teo IgleMDanAM bajAre tenI pAsethI paDAvI letA hatA.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bhAgyazALI IgleMDa je saMtuSTa na hoya te bIjAM rASTra te tenAthI ochAM saMtuSTa hatAM. mahAna sattAonA maMDaLamAM kaMIka pAchaLathI dAkhala thanAra jarmanI vizeSa karIne asaMtuSTa hatuM, kema ke lebhAvanArAM pAkAM phaLa koIne keIne hAthamAM jatAM rahelAM tene mAlUma paDyAM. vijJAna, keLavaNI ane udyoganA kSetramAM teNe bhAre pragati karI hatI ane sAthe sAthe suMdara sainya paNa teNe UbhuM karyuM hatuM. pitAnA majUra aMgenA sAmAjika sudhArAnA kAyadAo karavAnI bAbatamAM paNa IgleMDa sahita bIjAM badhAM rASTrane mokhare te hatuM. jarmanI raMgamaMca upara AvyuM tyAre bIjI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAoe duniyAnA ghaNekhara pradeza kI lIdho hato tathA zeSaNanA mArga maryAdita thaI gayA hatA chatAMye athAka parizrama ane svayaMzistathI audyogika mUDIvAdanA yuganI te sauthI vadhAre kuzaLa sattA banyuM. tenAM vepArI jahAjo duniyAnAM badhAMye baMdaramAM najare paDatAM hatAM ane hAmabarga tathA bemenanAM tenAM baMdaronI duniyAmAM sauthI meTAM baMdaremAM gaNatarI thatI hatI. jarmana vepArI kAphele pitAne mAla dUra dUranA dezamAM laI jatuM hatuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa bIjA dezono mAla laI javAne rojagAra paNa teNe hAtha karyo hate. AvI saphaLatA prApta karanAra ane pitAnA sAmarthanI saMpUrNa pichAnavALuM A navuM sAmrAjyavAdI jarmanI pitAnA vadhu vikAsanA mArgamAM mUkavAmAM AvelI maryAdAo sAme caDabhaDe emAM Azcarya pAmavA jevuM kazuM nathI. praziyA e jarmana sAmrAjyanuM AgevAna hatuM ane jenA hAthamAM sattAnAM sUtro hatAM te tene jamInadAra tathA lazkarI varga sArI peThe ghamaMDI hate. e vargonA leke AkramaNazIla hatA ane niSpharapaNe evuM valaNa rAkhavAmAM abhimAna letA hatA. hehenolana vaMzane temane samrATa kaeNjhara vihema bIje dhAryuM ane manamAM Ave te karavAnI temanI A bhAvanAne yogya netA maLI gaye. jarmanI AkhI duniyAnuM. AgevAna banavAnuM che, A pRthvI upara tene sthAna joIe che, tenuM bhAvi dariyA upara nirbhara che tathA AkhI duniyA upara pitAnI saMskRti phelAvavAnuM tenuM mizana che vagere jAherAta kaeNjhare vAraMvAra karavA mAMDI. bIjI prajAoe ane rASTrae paNa AgaLa AvI ja matalabanuM kahyuM hatuM. iMglaMDanI "gerAenA bejAnI tathA phrAMsanI "sudhArAne pracAra karavAnA mizana"nI vAta paNa jarmanInI "saMskRti phelAvavAnA mizananI vAtenA jevI ja hatI. samudra upara pite sarvoparI hevAna IMgleMDane dAvo hato ane hakIkatamAM te sarvoparI hatuM paNa kharuM. ghaNAye aMgrejoe iMglaMDa mATe je dAva karyo hatA te ja vastu kaMIka aNaghaDa rIte ane atizayoktibharyA zabdomAM kaeNjhare kahI. be vacce phera mAtra eTale ja hato ke IMgleMDa pAse e badhuM hatuM jyAre jarmanI pAse nahotuM. Ama chatAM paNa kejharanI baDAzethI briTiza loko sArI

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mahAyuddhane AraMbha 987 peThe ciDAyA. bIjI koI prajA duniyAnI agresara prajA banavAno vicAra sarakhe paNa kare e khyAla temane atizaya arUcikara hatuM. bIjI prajA pitAne duniyAnI agresara prajA mAne e temane mana eka prakAranI nAstikatA hatI - iMglaMDa upara dekhIte humalo hate. 100 varasa pUrve teNe nepoliyanane TraphAlgara AgaLa harAvyuM tyArathI dariye te IMglaMDane ja che ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ane tenI A sthiti sAme jarmanI ke bIjI kaI prajA vAMdho uThAve e aMgrejone mana bhAre aghaTita lAgatuM hatuM. dariyA uparanuM IMgleMDanuM baLa ghaTI jAya te pachI tenA dUra dUra sudhI vistarelA sAmrAjyanI zI dazA thAya? . kejharanA paDakAro tathA dhamakIo te bUrAM hatAM ja paNa e pachI teNe pitAnA naukA kAphale vadhAravA mAMDyo e te vaLI ethIye ghaNuM kharAba hatuM. ethI te aMgrejo pitAnuM samatolapaNuM ane sahanazIlatA khAI beThA. ane temaNe paNa pitAne naukAkAphele vadhAravA mAMDayo. Ama be deza vacce naukAkAphalAnI spardhA zarU thaI ane ubhaya dezanAM chApAMoe vadhAre ne vadhAre yuddhajahAjonI mAgaNI karatuM zorabakerabharyuM AMdolana cAlu rAkhyuM tathA rASTra rASTra vaccenA dveSane vadhArI mUkyo. yuropamAM A eka bhayasthAna hatuM. bIjAM paNa aneka bhayasthAne tyAM hatAM. kAMsa ane jarmanI purANa harIphe hatA. 1870ne parAjayanuM zULa hajI phrAMsavAsIone DaMkhyA karatuM hatuM ane teo vera levAnI mAgaNI karatA hatA. bAlkananA deze te hamezAM dArUkhAnAnA kaThAra samAna hatA. tyAM AgaLa bhinna bhinna hitenuM gharSaNa cAlyA karatuM hatuM. pazcima eziyAmAM pitAnI lAgavaga vadhAravAnA AzayathI jarmanIe tuka sAthe maitrIne saMbaMdha bAMdhavAno prayAsa paNuM zarU karyo. bagadAda zaherane kansTATinepala tathA yurepa sAthe joDatI relave bAMdhavAnuM paNa sUcavavAmAM AvyuM. e darakhAsta vadhAvI levA jevI hatI paraMtu e relave upara jarmanI kAbU rAkhavA mAgatuM hatuM e kAraNe rASTra rASTra vacce IrSA pedA thaI dhIme dhIme yuropamAM yuddhane Dara phelAI gayo ane svarakSA mATe tyAMnI sattAoe ekabIjInI maitrI khoLavA mAMDI. moTI sattAo be samUhamAM vaheMcAI gaI, jarmanI, osTriyA tathA ITAlInuM tripakSI joDANa thayuM ane IMgleMDa, phrAMsa tathA raziyAnI tripakSI maitrInA karAra thayA. ITAlI tripakSI joDANanuM bahu moLuM sabhya hatuM ane vAstavamAM yuddha zarU thatAM vacanabhaMga karIne te bIjA pakSa sAthe joDAyuM. osTriyAnuM sAmrAjya dUbaLuM hatuM. nakazA upara tene vistAra te mATe hatuM paraMtu te aneka virodhI tattvothI bhareluM hatuM. viyenAnuM ramaNIya nagara tenuM pATanagara hatuM ane te vijJAna, saMgIta tathA kaLAnuM moTuM dhAma hatuM. Ama vAstavamAM tripakSI joDANa eTale ekaluM jarmanI ja

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988 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatuM. paraMtu kaTInI ghaDI Ave tyAre iTAlI ane aisTriyA zuM karaze tenI keIne paNa khabara nahotI. Ama yuropa upara bhayanuM sAmrAjya pravartI rahyuM hatuM ane jya e to bhISaNa vastu che. dareka deze yuddha mATenI taiyArI karavA mAMDI ane banI zake eTalA pramANamAM te zastrasajaja thavA lAge. zastrasaraMjAmanI harIphAI zarU thaI ane e harIphAInI vicitratA e hatI ke eka deza pitAne zastrasaraMjAma vadhAre te bIjA dezone tema karavAnI parANe paNa pharaja paDe che. zastrasaraMjAma eTale ke tepa, yuddha jahAje, dArUgoLo tathA laDAImAM vaparAtI bIjI badhI vastuo utpanna karanAra khAnagI peDhIone svAbhAvika rIte ja ethI bhAre naphe thaye ane te mAtabara banI. e peDhIo ethIye AgaLa vadhI ane deza temanI pAsethI vadhAre zastro kharIdavAne prerAya eTalA khAtara kharekhAta temaNe yuddhanI bhayajanaka aphavAo phelAvavA mAMDI. zastrasaraMjAma utpanna karanAra A peDhIo bhAre dhanADhya ane baLavAna hatI tathA IgleMDa, phrAMsa ane jarmanInA tathA anya dezanA moTA moTA amaladAro tathA pradhAnamaMDaLanA sabhya enA zere dharAvatA hatA ane e rIte tenI samRddhimAM temane svArtha rahela hatuM. yuddhanI bhayajanaka aphavAo dvArA ke yuddha dvArA ja zastrasaraMjAmanI peDhIo samRddha thaI zake. ghaNI sarakAranA pradhAne tathA meTA meTA amaladAranuM A rIte yuddhamAM Arthika hita samAyeluM hatuM e bhAre gajaba paristhiti hatI! judA judA dezane yuddha aMgenA kharacamAM vadhAro karavAne preravAnA bIjA upAya paNa A peDhIoe ajamAvyA. lekamata upara asara pahoMcADavAne temaNe chApAMo kharIdI lIdhA, ghaNI vAra sarakArI amaladArane lAMce ApI tathA prajAne uzkeravAne mATe khoTI vAte paNa phelAvI. bIjAonAM maraNa upara chavanAra ane pitAne naphe thAya eTalA khAtara yuddhanI bhISaNatAone uttejana ApatAM tathA e bhISaNatAo padA karatAM paNa na acakAnAra A zastrasaraMjAmane udyoga e kevI bhayaMkara vastu che! 1914nA yuddhane tvarita karavAmAM A udyoge keTaleka aMze phALo Ape hatuM. Aje paNa e udyoga e ja ramata ramI rahyo che. yuddhanI A vAtanI vacce zAMti mATenA eka vicitra prayAsanI vAta mAre tane karavI joIe. koI nahi ane raziyAnA jhAra nikolasa bIjA jevA puruSe yuropanI sattAone sarvavyApI zAMti pravartAvavA ekaThI maLavAne sUcavyuM. A ja kAra pitAnA sAmrAjyamAM hareka pragatikAraka hilacAla karI nAkhate hata tathA sajA pAmelAone sAIberiyA dhakelate hato ! paraMtu A bAbatamAM te prAmANika hoya ema lAge che. kema ke cAlu paristhiti tathA tenI ApakhudI TakI rahe e tene mana zAMtine artha hatuM. tenA AmaMtraNane pariNAme heleMDamAM AvelA hega zaheramAM 1899 tema ja 1907nI sAlamAM ema

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mahAyuddhanA Araba 989 e zAMtipariSade maLI. tyAM AgaLa mahattvanuM kazuMye thaI zakayuM nahi. zAMti kaI ekAeka gaganamAMthI UtarI AvatI nathI. musIbatAnAM mULa dUra, karavAmAM Ave to ja zAMti AvI zake. moTI sattAonI spardhA tathA temanA Dara viSe meM tane dhaNuM ghaNuM kahyu che. geravartAva karanAra sivAyanAM nAnAM rASTronI avagaNanA karavAmAM AvI. uttara yuropamAM keTalAka nAnA dezo AvelA che te lakSa ApavAne pAtra che; kema ke lebhI ane pacAvI pADanArI meTI sattAethI e deza bilakula bhinna che. skenDineviyA dvIpakalpamAM svIDana ane nAve che ane temanI bilakula nIce ja DenmArka AveluM che. A dezA uttara dhruvanA pradezAthI bahu dUra nathI; e' bahu ja ThaMDA dezo che ane tyAM AgaLa vana TakAvavuM e dhaNuM kaThaNa hoya che. jUja vastIne ja te peSI zake che. paraMtu mahAna sattAonA dveSa, khAM tathA harIphAInA vartuLathI dUra hovAne lIdhe zAMtimaya jIvana gujAre che ane sudharelI rIte potAnI zakti kharace che. tyAM AgaLa vijJAnanI vRddhi thaI rahI che ane suMdara sAhitya khIlavA pAmyuM che. 1905nI sAla sudhI nave ane svIDana e ane deza ekabIjA sAthe joDAyelA hatA ane te anenuM eka ja rAjya baneluM hatuM. e sAlamAM navee chUTA paDI jaIne peAtAnI alaga hastI cAlu rAkhavAnA niNaeNya karyAM. AthI e baMne dezoe zAMtithI potAnA sabaMdha toDavAnuM nakkI karyuM ane tyArathI e baMne alaga ane svataMtra rAjyo rahyAM che. temanI vacce yuddha na thayuM tema ja eka deze khIjA upara jabaradastI karavAnA prayAsa paNa na karyAM. ane baMne dezo pADethI mitrA tarIke cAlu rahyA. te nAnakaDA DenmArke potAnuM sainya tathA naukA kAleA kADhI nAkhIne meTA tema ja nAnA deza samakSa dAkhalA besADyo che. e eka majAnuM rASTra che. e nAnA nAnA kheDUtAnA deza che ane tyAM AgaLa garIba ane tava Mgaro vacce jhAjho taphAvata nathI. A samAnatA ghaNe aMze tyAM AgaLa thayelA sahakAranI caLavaLanA bhAre vikAsane AbhArI che. paraMtu yuropanA badhAye nAnA dezA kaI DenmArkanI peThe sadguNanA sarvottama namUnA nathI. hAleMDa pote to nAnakaDA deza che. paNa IsTa InDijhamAM ( jAvA ane sumAtrA vagere TApuomAM) eka moTA sAmrAjya upara tenI hakUmata che. enI najadIka AveluM beljiyama AphrikAmAM kAMgAnA pradezanuM zeSaNa kare che. paraMtu yuropanA rAjakAraNamAM enuM kharuM mahattva to enA bhaugolika sthAnane kAraNe che. te phrAMsa ane jarmanI vaccenA rAjamArga upara AveluM che ane e e deze| vaccenI kAI paNu laDAImAM acUkapaNe te ghasaDAvAnuM ja. tane yAda haze ke voTaralUnuM raNakSetra beljiyamamAM bruselsa pAse Avelu che. ethI

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana karIne bejiyamane "yurepanuM samarAMgaNa" kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM. yuropanI mukhya mukhya moTI sattAo yuddhane prasaMge beljiyamanI taTasthatA mAnya karavAnI bAbatamAM saMmata thaI hatI. paraMtu ApaNe AgaLa upara joIzuM ke jyAre kharekhara yuddha AvyuM ja tyAre A saMmati ane vacananA phuracA uDI gayA. paraMtu bAlkananA deze yurepanA ke bIjI koI paNa jagyAnA deze karatAM sauthI vadhAre muzkela hatA. peDhI dara peDhIthI cAlatAM AvelAM verabhAva ane spardhavALo aneka prajAe tathA jAtiono A zaMbhumeLo Apasa ApasanA dveSa tathA jhaghaDAothI bharapUra che. 1912 sane 1913nI sAlanA bAlkana vigraha bhAre khUnakhAra hatA ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM tathA bahu nAnA pradezamAM ghaNuM ja moTA pramANamAM saMhAra thavA pAme. bageriyanee Azrita upara tathA pAchaLa hatA turko upara bhayaMkara atyAcAra karyA. e pahelAMnA varasanI turkonI kArakirdI paNa bahu ja kharAba hatI. sarbiyAe (hAla te yugoslAviyAne bhAga che.) khUnane mATe bhAre kharAba nAmanA meLavI. kahevAtA dezabhaktonI "bleka henDa" nAmanI khUna karanArAonI eka gupta TaLI bhayaMkara prakAranAM keTalAMye khUnane mATe javAbadAra hatI. rAjyanA moTA moTA adhikArIo paNa e ToLInA sabhya hatA. dezanA rAjA elekajhAMDara, rANuM DegA, rANInA bhAIo tathA vaDA pradhAna ane bIjA keTalAkanAM kamakamATI upajAve evI rIte khUna karavAmAM AvyAM. A te mAtra rAjamahelanI krAMti hatI ane bIjA eka puruSane rAjA banAvavAmAM AvyuM. Ama, yuropanI havAmAM vIjaLI ane gaDagaDATa sahita 20mI sadInAM pagaraNa beThAM. ane varasa pachI varasa vItatAM vAtAvaraNa vadhAre ne vadhAre tephAnI thatuM gayuM. gUMcavaNe ane goTALA vadhI javA pAmyAM ane yuropanA jIvanamAM dinapratidina vadhu ne vadhu gAMThe paDatI gaI. chevaTe yuddha e gAMThone kApanAra hatuM. yuddha Avaze ema badhI ja sattAo dhAratI hatI ane ene mATe pitAnI sarva zaktithI taiyArI karatI hatI. ane chatAMye emAMnI koI paNa sattA ene mATe Atura hatI ema na kahI zakAya. keTaleka aMze badhI sattAo enAthI DaratI hatI kema ke enuM pariNAma zuM Avaze enuM kAI paNa cokakasapaNe bhaviSya bhAkhI zake ema nahatuM. ane chatAM e bhaye ja temane yuddha tarapha dhakelI. yurepa be pakSamAM vaheMcAI gayuM hatuM e viSe huM tane kahI gayuM chuM. ene "sattAonI samatA' kahevAmAM AvatI. e evI nAjuka samatA hatI ke saheja paNa dhakko ene uthalAvI nAkhavA mATe pUratuM hatuM. japAna yuropathI bahu dUra hatuM ane tenA sthAnika praznomAM tene jhAjho rasa nahato chatAMye te tenA maMtrInA karAranuM ane tenI sattAonI samatAnuM eka pakSakAra hatuM. japAna IgleMDanuM mitra hatuM. iMglaMDanA pUrvanA dezanAM ane khAsa karIne hiMdanAM

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mahAyuddhanA Arabha 921 hitA sAcavavAne arthe e maitrI hatI. iMglaMDa ane raziyA vaccenI harIphAInA divase daramyAna e maitrI karavAmAM AvI hatI ane iMglaMDa tathA raziyA have eka ja pakSe hatAM chatAMye te hajI cAlu rahI hatI. mahAna sattAmAMthI eka mAtra amerikA ja yuropanI A maitrIe ane samatAnI paddhatimAMthI aLagu rahyuM hatuM. 1914nI sAlamAM A sthiti hatI. tane yAda haze ke e vakhate iMglaMDa hAma phalane a Mge AyarlaeNnDanI bAbatamAM bhAre muzkelImAM UtayuM hatuM. alsTara baLavA pokArI rahyu hatuM ane uttara tathA dakSiNamAM svayaMsevakA kavAyata karI rahyA hatA ane AyarlaeNnDamAM khaLavAnI vAta thaI rahI hatI. AyarlaeNnDa aMgenI takalIph iMgla MDane rokeluM rAkhaze ane yuropamAM yuddha jAge to te temAM vacce paDaze nahi ema jarmana sarakAre dhAyuM hoya e banavA joga che. paraMtu vAstavamAM briTiza sarakAra, laDAI phATI nIkaLe to phrAMsa sAthe joDAvAne khAnagImAM badhAI cUkI hatI. paraMtu e hakIkata jAhera thaI nahotI. \ 1914nI 28mI jUna e divase dAvAnaLa pragaTAvanAra taNakhA UDyo. A DayUka phrAMsIsa DanAnDa oNsTriyAnI gAdInA vArasa hatA. te bAlkanamAM AvelA bosniyAnA pATanagara serAjevAnI mulAkAte gayA hatA. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayA chuM ke thADAM varase upara jyAre taruNa tur potAnA sulatAnane dUra karavAne mathI rahyA hatA tyAre oNsTriyAe A mesniyAne khAlasA karyuM hatuM. A DayUka potAnI patnI sAthe khullI bagImAM khesIne serAjevAnA rAjamArgoMmAM thaI ne pasAra thatA hatA tevAmAM tenA upara gALIkhAra thayA ane te tathA tenI patnI ane marAyAM. oNsTriyAnI sarakAra tathA prajA AthI bhAre kApAyamAna thayAM ane A gunAmAM hAtha hovAnA sayina sarakAra (sarbiyA esniyAnuM paDeAzI hatuM. ) upara teNe Aropa mUkyo. bezaka, sarbiyana sarakAre te ene sApha inkAra karyAM. ghaNA vakhata pachI karavAmAM AvelI tapAsa uparathI jaNAya che ke, sarbiyana sarakAra e khUna mATe javAbadAra nahotI e kharuM paraMtu ene mATe karavAmAM AvelI taiyArIthI te sAva ajANa nahe|tI. paraMtu e khUna mATenI ghaNIkharI javAbadArI biyAnI blaeNkahaeNnDa 'nI saMsthAne zira jAya che. " -- oNsTriyAnI sarakAre kaika aMze gussAnA AvezamAM ane moTe bhAge rAjanItine kAraNe sayiA tarapha bhAre ugra valaNa dAkhavyuM. dekhItI rIte ja, sarbiyAne haMmezane mATe hINuM pADavAnuM teNe nakkI karyuM hatuM ane ene pariNAmemATe vigraha thavA pAme te jarmanInI sakhaLa madada upara te AdhAra rAkhatuM hatuM. AthI, sarbiyAnI mAphI svIkAravAmAM AvI nahi ane 1914nA julAInI 23mI tArIkhe AsTriyAe sayiA upara yuddhanuM AkharI kaheNu

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mekalyuM. pAMca divasa pachI 28mI julAIe oNsTriyAe sarbiyA sAme laDAI jAhera karI. osTriyAnI rAjanItinAM sUtra mukhyatve karIne eka ghamaMDI ane mUrkha pradhAnanA hAthamAM hatAM. tene game te bhoge laDAI karavI ja hatI. vayevRddha samrATa phrAMsIsa josephane (1848nI sAlathI te gAdI upara hato) emAM saMmata thavAne samajAvavAmAM AvyuM. ane madada mATenA jarmanInA aradhAparadhA vacanane sahAyanI saMpUrNa bAMyadharI tarIke darzAvavAmAM AvyuM. vAstavamAM, oNsTriyA sivAyanI bIjI kaI paNa moTI sattA e ja TAMkaNe yuddha mATe Atura na hatI ema kahI zakAya. tenI taiyArI ane laDAyaka vRtti hovA chatAMye jarmanI yuddha mATe tatpara nahotuM ane kejhara vihema bIjAe te e aTakAvavAne meLe prayAsa paNa karyo. iMglaMDa tathA kAMsa yuddha mATe Atura nahotAM. raziyana sarakAra eTale eka mAtra jhAra. te namAle ane bevakUpha mANasa hate. pitAnI pasaMdagInA dhUrto tathA bevaphethI te vIMTaLAyeluM hatuM ane teo tene ahIMthItahIM dhakkA khavaDAvatA hatA. ane Ama chatAye karaDenuM bhAvI A eka mANasanA hAthamAM raheluM hatuM. jhAra paNa, ekaMdare te yuddhanI viruddha hato paraMtu tenA salAhakAree tene DhIla karavAnAM pariNAmethI bhaDakAvI mAryo ane lazkarane jamAva' karavAnI bAbatamAM temaNe tenI saMmati laI lIdhI. lazkarane "jamAva" kare eTale ke tene sakriya kAmagIrI mATe ekatra karavuM, ane raziyA jevA vizALa mulakamAM ema karatAM vakhata lAge. jarmanInA humalAnA bhayathI kadAca raziyAe pitAnA sainyane "jamAva' karyo heya e banavAjoga che. lazkarane jamAva karavAnA -- 30mI julAIe lazkarane jamAva karavAmAM AvyuM hata- A khabare jarmanIne bhaDakAvyuM ane raziyAe e baMdha rAkhavuM joIe evI teNe mAgaNI karI. paraMtu yuddhanA pracaMDayaMtrane have aTakAvavApaNuM rahyuM nahatuM. be divasa pachI 1lI ogasTe jarmanIe paNa pitAnA lazkarane "jamAva" karyo ane teNe raziyA tathA phrAMsa sAme laDAI jAhera karI. ane tarata ja virATa jarmana sainya te raste kAMsa pahoMcavAne mATe beljiyama upara caDAI zarU karI. kema ke kAMsa pahoMcavAne e mArga vadhAre sugama hatA. garIba bicArA beljiyame jarmanInuM kazuMye bagADayuM nahatuM paraMtu rASTro jIvanamaraNa mATe laDe che tyAre teo AvI najIvI vastuo ke ApelA vacananI lavaleza paravA karatAM nathI. beljiyamamAM thaIne pitAnuM sainya mokalavAnI paravAnagI jarmane sarakAre beljiyama pAse mAgI hatI paraMtu svAbhAvika rIte ja ane krodhapUrvaka AvI paravAnagI nakAravAmAM AvI. - beljiyamanI taTasthatAnA karavAmAM AvelA A bhaMgane kAraNe iMglaMDamAM tema ja anyatra bhAre zorabakora macI rahyo ane e muddA upara iMglaDe pite jarmanI sAme laDAI jAhera karI. kharI vAta to e che ke, IMgleMDane nirNaya

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mahAyuddhane Arabha 93 : to kyAranAye thaI cUkyo hatA. beljiyamane prazna e te tene eka phAvatuM ahAnuM maLI gayuM. ema jaNAya che ke, jo ema karavuM jarUrI lAge te, jarmanI upara humalA karavAne beljiyamamAM thaIne potAnuM sainya laI javAnI yeAjanA phrAMsanA lazkarI sattAvALAoe paNa yuddha pahelAMnA samayamAM karI rAkhI hatI. e game tema hA paNa iMglaMDe te potAnAM gaMbhIra vacane tathA sadhione mAtra kAgaLanA eka nakAmA TukaDA ' samAna gaNunAra jene varNavavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te janInI sAme nyAya ane satyanA mahAna rakSaka ane nAnI prajAnA kherakhAM hovAno DoLa karavAnA prayatna karyAM. 4thI AgasTanI madharAte iMglaMDe janI sAme yuddha jAhera karyuM. para Mtu kAI paNa Apatti AvatI TALavAne khAtara eka divasa AgaLa guptatAthI potAnuM sainya ene briTananuM caDAI karanAruM sainya kahevAmAM Ave che - briTiza khADImAM thaIne krAMsa meAkalI ApavAnI teNe sAvacetI rAkhI hatI. ethI karIne, iMgleMDa yuddhamAM joDAze ke nahi e prazna hajI tALAI rahyo che ema duniyA vicArI rahI hatI tyAre te briTiza sainya yuropa khaMDanI bhUmi upara pahoMcI gayuM hatuM. have, AsTriyA, raziyA, jarmanI, phrAMsa, IMgleMDa e badhAMye yuddhamAM saDaeNAvAyAM. alabatta, A utpAtanA tAtkAlika nimittarUpa baneluM sarbiyA paNa emAM saDAvAyuM. paNa jamanI tathA oNsTriyAnA mitra iTAlInI zI sthiti hatI ? iTalI aLaguM rahyuM, kaI bAjue lAbha rahelA che te iTAlI jovuM rahyuM, teNe sAdo karyAM ane cha mAsa pachI potAnA jUnA mitranI sAme te cokkasapaNe phrAMsa-IMglaMDa-raziyAne pakSe joDAyuM. Ama 1914nA AgasTanA AraMbhanA visAe yuropanAM sainyone ekatra thatAM ane kUca karatAM nihALyAM. A kevA prakAranAM sainya hatAM ? pahelAMnA vakhatanAM sainyeA saMkhyAbaMdha dhaMdhAdArI sipAI enAM banelAM hatAM. te kAyamI sainyA hatAM. paraMtu phrAMsanI krAMtie emAM bhAre pheraphAra karI nAkhyo. jyAre krAMti paradezIonA humalAnA bhayamAM AvI paDI tyAre saMkhyAbaMdha nArikAnI sainyamAM bharatI karavAmAM AvI tathA temane lazkarI tAlIma ApavAmAM AvI: e samaya pachI, maryAdita saMkhyAnA dhaMdhAdArI acchika sainyAne badale kajiyAta sainyeA UbhAM karavAnuM valaNa yuropamAM dAkhala thayuM. eTale ke AvAM pharajiyAta sainyAmAM dezanA badhAye sazakta puruSone lazkarI nAkarI khajAvavAnI ja pADavAmAM AvatI hatI. A rIte sazakta puruSanI A sAtrika lazkarI karI e krAMsanI krAMtinuM pharajaMda hatuM. AkhAye yuropa khaMDamAM enA phelAvA thayA ane tyAM AgaLa pratyeka yuvAnane be ke tethI vadhAre varasa sudhI chAvaNImAM rahIne lazkarI tAlIma levI paDatI ane pachIthI jyAre tene nAkarI mATe khelAvavAmAM Ave tyAre potAnI sevA ApavAne te badhAyelA hatA. Ama

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994 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzIna yuddhanI sakriya kAmagIrI uparanuM sainya eTale ke rASTranA lagabhaga AkhAye yuvAna puruSavarga. phrAMsa, jarmAMnI, AsTriyA tathA raziyAmAM Ama ja hatuM ane e dezonA lazkarane jamAva karave eTale ke dUra dUranAM zahera ke gAmaDAMmAM AvelAM temanAM dhara AgaLathI A yuvAnene khelAvavA. yuddha zarU thayuM tyAre iMgleMDamAM AvA prakAranI sAtrika lazkarI nokarInI hastI nahotI. potAnA aLavAna naukA kAlA upara bharoso rAkhIne teNe pramANamAM nAnuM kAyamI acchika sainya rAkhyuM hatuM. paraMtu yuddha daramyAna te khIjA dezeAnI hAramAM AvI gayuM ane teNe pharajiyAta lazkarI tAkarI dAkhala karI. samagra prajA sazastra bane e sArvatrika lazkarI nokarInA artha thato hato. lazkarane jamAva karavAnA hukameAnI asara pratyeka zahera, pratyeka gAma ane pratyeka kuTuMba sudhI paheAMcI hatI. oNgasTa mAsanA e AraMbhanA divaseAmAM yuropanA moTA bhAgamAM jIvana ekAeka sthira thaI gayuM. lAkho yuvAno dhara choDIne cAlI nIkaLyA ane teo kadIye pAchA pharyAM nahi. satra kUcakadama thavA lAgI, lazkarAne ha nAdothI vadhAvI levAmAM AvyAM, rASTroyatAnI dhagazanuM asAdhAraNa pradarzana thayuM, hRdayanI lAgaNIo mUDI thaI, tema ja amuka prakAranuM lAparavApaNuM paNa AvyuM; kema ke have pachInAM varasAmAM dekhA denArI yudghanI bhISaNatAonA te vakhate jhAjho khyAla AvyA nahotA. bhAre dhagazabharyAM rASTravAdanA A vaTALamAM sau sapaDAyA. AMtararASTrIyatAnI jorazeArathI vAto karanArA sAmrAjyavAdIe, tathA mUDIvAdanA sarva sAmAnya duzmananI sAme samagra duniyAnA majUrone ekatra thavAnI hAkala karanArA mArkasanA anuyAyIo sudhdhAM A vaTALamAM sapaDAyA ane mUDIvAdIonA vigrahamAM utsAhI dezabhakto tarIke joDAyA. A vaTALanI sAme mAtra gaNyAgAMThyA mAsA TakI rahyA. paraMtu temane dhikkArI kADhavAmAM AvyA, khAvI devAmAM AvyA tathA keTalIka vAra temane zikSA paNa karavAmAM AvI. duzmana pratyenA dveSathI meTAbhAganA lAkA gAMDAtUra banI gayA. aMgreja ane jana majUro ekakhIjAnAM gaLAM raeNsI rahyA hatA tyAre e baMne dezAnA tathA anya dezeAnA vidvAno, vaijJAnike ane adhyApakeA ekabIjA upara gALe varasAvatA hatA tathA ekabIjA viSenI atizaya dhAra vAtA sAcI mAnatA hatA. Ama, mahAyuddha AvatAM 19mI sadInA yuga pUro thAya che. pazcimanI saMskRtinI bhavya ane zAMta gaMgA ekAeka yuddhanA vamaLamAM jhaDapAI gaI. jUnI duniyAnA hamezane mATe aMta AvyeA. cAra varasa karatAM vadhAre samaya pachI e vamaLamAMthI kaIka navIna vastu bahAra AvI.

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147. mahAyuddhane TAMkaNe hiMda ra9 mArca, 1933 tane hiMda viSe lakhyAne ghaNe vakhata thaI gaye. yuddhakALane TAMkaNe hiMdanI zI sthiti hatI e viSe tane kahevAne pharI pAchA e viSaya upara AvavAne mane lebha thAya che. e pralebhana AgaLa namatuM ApavAnuM meM nakkI karyuM che. lAMbA lAMbA keTalAye patromAM 19mI sadI daramyAnanA hiMdanA jIvananI tema ja hiMdanA briTiza amalanI ghaNI bAjue ApaNe tapAsI gayAM chIe. hiMda upara majabUta banela briTanane kabaje ane sAthe sAthe zarU thayeluM dezanuM zeSaNa e e kALanAM pradhAna lakSaNe jaNAya che. lazkarI, mulkI tathA vepArI evAM traNa prakAranAM deza upara kabajo rAkhanArAM sainyathI hiMdustAnane dAbI rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. briTiza lazkara tathA briTiza amaladAro nIcenuM hiMdI bhADUtI lazkara e kabaje rAkhanArAM videzI sainya hatAM e te sAva spaSTapaNe joI zakAya ema hatuM. paraMtu sivila sarvisana, binajavAbadAra ane kendrIya nokarazAhIne deza upara ethIye vizeSa majabUta kabaje hate. trIjA vepArI sainyane A baMnene Teke hato ane e sauthI vadhAre jokhamakAraka hatuM kAraNa ke meTA bhAganuM zeSaNa e sainya karatuM hatuM athavA te enA vatI karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM tathA dezanA zeSaNanI enI rIte pelAM bIjAM be sainya jevI sahelAIthI dekhAI Ave evI nahotI. sAce ja, ghaNuM lAMbA samaya sudhI, ane kaMIka aMze Aje paNa, AgevAna hiMdIo pahelAM be sAme ghaNuM vadhAre vadhe uThAvatA hatA ane trIjAne paNa teo eTaluM ja mahattva ApatA hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. pite ja pedA karelAM hovAne kAraNe temanA upara AdhAra rAkhe ane hiMdamAM temanA TekArUpa thaI paDe evAM sthApita hite UbhAM karavAnI hiMdamAMnI briTiza nItinI ekadhArI nema rahI che. A rIte rAjArajavADAMne majabUta banAvavAmAM AvyAM tathA jamInadAre ane tAlukadArene eka moTo varga Ubho karavAmAM Avyo. eTaluM ja nahi paNa dhArmika bAbatamAM vacce na paDavuM evA bahAnA nIce sAmAjika sthiticustatAne paNa uttejana ApavAmAM AvyuM. dezanA zeSaNamAM A badhAM sthApita hitene potAno svArtha samAyeluM hatuM. kharekhara, kevaLa e zeSaNa upara ja temanI hastIne AdhAra hato. hiMdamAM UbhAM karavAmAM AvelAM sthApita hitemAM briTiza mUDInuM sthApita hita sauthI moTuM hatuM.

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996 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana lorDa selsabarI nAmanA briTiza rAjadvArI puruSanuM - te hiMdI vajIra hate --- eka kathana vAraMvAra TAMkavAmAM AvyuM che ane te prakAza pADanAruM hovAthI huM ahIMyAM TAMkIza. 1875nI sAlamAM teNe kahyuM hatuM hiMdanuM lohI cUsavuM ja joIe, eTale je bhAgomAM te sArA pramANamAM ekaThuM thayuM hoya athavA kaMI nahi to jyAM AgaLa te pUratA pramANamAM hoya te bAju nastara mUvuM joIe; lehInI UNapane kAraNe je bhAga nabaLA paDI gayA hoya tyAM tyAM nahi." - briTane karelA hiMdanA kabajAnAM tathA teNe ahIMyAM akhatyAra karelI nItinAM aneka pariNAme AvyAM. emAMnAM keTalAMka aMgrejone racatAM nahotAM. paraMtu vyaktio paNa pitAnAM kRtyenAM pariNAme upara bhAgye ja aMkuza rAkhI zake che te pachI rASTronI te vAta ja zI karavI? ghaNI vAra, keTalIka pravRttiene pariNAme navAM baLo pedA thAya che. e baLe khuda te ja pravRttione virodha kare che, temanI sAme laDe che ane chevaTe temanA upara phateha meLave che. sAmrAjyavAda rASTravAdane janma Ape che; mUDIvAda kArakhAnAmAM kAma karanArA majUranA moTA moTA samUha pedA kare che. e samUha ekatra thAya che ane mUDIvAdI mAliko sAmano kare che. caLavaLane rUMdhI nAkhavAne tathA prajAne kacarI nAkhavAne arthe karavAmAM AvatuM sarakAra taraphanuM damana ghaNI vAra temane sabaLa karavAmAM tathA vaja jevA kaThaNuM banAvavAmAM pariName che ane e rIte te temane temanA aMtima vijaya mATe taiyAra kare che. ApaNe joI gayAM chIe ke aMgrejonI hiMdamAMnI audyogika nItine kAraNe vadhu ne vadhu pramANamAM grAmINIkaraNa thatuM gayuM, eTale ke, bIje kaI dhaMdhe na rahevAne lIdhe dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre leke zahere choDIne pAchA gAmaDA tarapha javA lAgyA. AthI jamIna uparano bejo vadhI gayo ane kheDUtanI khetI karavAnI jamInanuM pramANa uttarottara ghaTatuM ja gayuM. kheDUtanI mAlakInI khetInI AvI ghaNIkharI jamIne "kheTiyA" thaI gaI eTale ke e jamInanA eTalA nAnA nAnA TukaDA thaI gayA che temAMthI kheDUtanI jIvananI prAthamika jarUriyAte paNa mAMDa pUrI paDatI. paraMtu A sthitimAMye khetI karavA sivAya tenI pAse bIje kaze upAya nahoto. khetI cAlu rAkhe ja tene chUTaka hatuM ane sAmAnya rIte te dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre devAmAM DUbate gaye. briTiza sarakAranI jamIna aMgenI - khAsa karIne jamInadArI ane tAlukadArI pradezamAM - nItie te sthiti ethIye vizeSa bagADI mUkI. A baMne pradezomAM tema ja jyAM AgaLa jamInanI mAlikI kheDUtonI hatI te pradezamAM paNa jamInadArane gaNeta na bharavA mATe athavA te sarakArane mahesUla na bharavA mATe kheDUtone jamIna uparathI kADhI mUkavAmAM AvatA. Ane kAraNe

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mahAyuddhane TAMkaNe hiMda tema ja jamIna mATe niraMtara navA leke AvatA rahetA hatA temanA dabANane lIdhe grAmapradezomAM jamIna vinAnA majUrene eka moTo varga Ubho thaye. ane huM tane AgaLa kahI gayuM chuM tema tyAM AgaLa saMkhyAbaMdha bhISaNa dukALa paDyA. jamIna vinAne thaI paDele A moTo varga kheDavA mATe jamIna meLavavA havAtiyAM mArato hato paraMtu e badhAne maLI rahe eTalI jamIna hatI ja nahi, jamInadArI pradezamAM jamInanI gaNota vadhArIne jamInanI A mAgane jamInadAree lAbha lIdhe. gaNotiyA kheDUtanA rakSaNane arthe karavAmAM AvelA gaNota aMgenA keTalAka kAyadAo ekAeka amuka TakAthI vadhAre gaNeta vadhAravAnI manAI karatA hatA. paraMtu, jamInadAre aneka rIte ene pahoMcI vaLyA ane aneka prakAranA gerakAyade lAgAe vasUla karavAmAM AvatA. eka vAra mane kahevAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke ayodhyAnI eka tAlukadArImAM AvA prakAranA pacAsa karatAMye vadhAre gerakAyade lAgA vasUla karavAmAM AvatA hatA. najarANuM e emane mukhya lAgo hato. zarUAtamAM ja, gaNeta uparAMta gaNotiyAne je rakama dharAvavI paDatI tene najarANuM kahevAmAM AvatuM. garIba bicArA gaNotiyAo aneka prakAranA AvA lAgAo kevI rIte ApI zake? gAmanA zAhukAra vANiyA pAsethI vyAje kADhIne ja teo ema karI zake ema hatuM. pAchAM bharapAI karavAnI kazI zakti ke saMbhava na hoya e sthitimAM nANuM vyAje upADavAM e mUrkhAI che. paNa bicArA kheDUte karavuM zuM? kyAMye tene AzAnuM kiraNa dekhAtuM nathI; game te bhoge paNa kheDavA mATe tene jamIna joItI hoya che. ane AvI AzAzUnya sthitimAM paNa, kadAca nasIba UghaDI jaze evI AzA te sevyA kare che. AnuM pariNAma e Ave che ke, nANuM vyAje upADavA chatAMye ghaNuM vAra te jamInadAranA lAgA bharI zakato nathI ane tene jamIna uparathI kADhI mUkavAmAM Ave che. A rIte te pharI pAche jamIna vinAnA majUronA vargamAM joDAya che. jamInanI mAlikI dharAvanAra kheDUta ane gati e baMne tathA jamIna vinAnA keTalAye majUra vANiyAnA bhoga bane che. temanA devAmAMthI teo kadI bahAra nIkaLI zaktA ja nathI. jyAre teo kaMIka kamAya che tyAre te thoDuM bharapAI kare che, paNa vyAja e badhuM haIyAM karI jAya che ane jAnuM devuM to tenuM te rahe che. vANiyAne temanuM lehI cUsate rekanAra nahi jevA ja aMkuza che. eTale vAstavamAM te tenA sarpha athavA dAsa banI jAya che. garIba gaNotiyo te bevaDe dAsa che-jamInadArane tema ja vANiyAne. e dekhItuM che ke AvI sthiti lAMbo kALa TakI zake nahi. pachI eka samaya evo Avaze ke kheDUto temanI pAsethI nIkaLatuM eka mAgaNuM ApI

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana zakaze nahi, vANiye paNa temane pachI vadhAre nANAM dhIravAnI nA pADaze tathA jamInadAra paNa bhAre hADamArImAM AvI paDaze. saDe tathA asthiratAnAM ta e vyavasthAmAM ja rahelAM spaSTapaNe dRSTigocara thAya che. hamaNAM dezabharamAM pedA thayelI kheDUtonI muzkelIo uparathI lAge che ke e vyavasthA have bhAMgavA lAgI che ane te lAMbo vakhata TakI zake ema nathI. mane lAge che ke AgaLanA patramAM meM je kahyuM hatuM tenuM te ja jarA judI rIte pharIthI huM A patramAM kahI rahyo chuM. paraMtu AgaLa tarI AvatA madhyama varganA mUThIbhara leke nahi paNa karaDe duHkhI kheDUte e hiMda che e vastu tuM barAbara samaje ema huM IcchuM chuM. jamIna vinAnA thayelA akiMcana majUranA moTA varganI hastIe meTAM kArakhAnAMone AraMbha sugama karI Ape. majUrI laIne kAma karavAne taiyAra heya evA leke pUratI saMkhyAmAM (nA, joIe tenA karatAM vadhAre saMkhyAmAM) heya te ja AvAM kArakhAnAM calAvI zakAya. jenI pAse jamInane nAne sarakhe TukaDo paNa hoya te tene choDavA mAgatA nathI. AthI, kArakhAnA paddhatine mATe jamIna vinAnA bekAronI meTI saMkhyA jarUrI hoya che. ane evA lokonI saMkhyA jeTalI vadhAre teTaluM kArakhAnA mAlikane majUrInA dara ghaTADavAnuM tema ja temane kAbUmAM rAkhavAnuM sugama thaI paDe che.. e ja arasAmAM hiMdamAM dhIme dhIme na madhyama varga Ubho thayo ane teNe rokANa karavA mATe thoDI mUDI ekaThI karI. mane lAge che ke A vastu huM tane AgaLa kahI cUkyo chuM. Ama, ahIM nANAM hatAM ane majUro hatA eTale ene pariNAme kArakhAnAMo AvyAM. paraMtu hiMdamAM rokavAmAM AvelI moTA bhAganI mUDI paradezI (briTiza) mUDI hatI. briTiza sarakAre A kArakhAnAone uttejana ApyuM nahi. IMgleMDane kAce mAla pUro pADe tathA tene taiyAra mAla vApare e hiMdane pUrepUre khetIpradhAna deza rAkhavAnI tenI nItithI e kArakhAnAo viruddha jatAM hatAM. paraMtu meM upara darzAvyuM te mujaba paristhiti evI hatI ke pracaMDa yaMtra dvArA utpAdana thavA mAMDe ja ane briTiza sarakAra ema thatuM sahelAIthI aTakAvI zake ema nahatuM. Ama, sarakAranI nApasaMdagI chatAMye hiMdamAM kArakhAnAM vadhavA lAgyAM. hiMdamAM AvatAM yaMtra upara nAkhavAmAM Avele kara e A nApasaMdagI darzAvavAnI eka rIta hatI; bIjI rIta mulkI jakAta nAkhavAnI hatI. A rIte hiMdanI sutarAu milamAM utpanna thatA mAla upara kharekhAta kara nAkhavAmAM AvyuM. jamazedajI nasaravAnajI tAtA AraMbhakALane sauthI moTo udyogapati hatuM. teNe ghaNuM udyoga zarU karyA. bihAramAM sAcI AgaLane lekhaMDano udyoga e saumAM meTAmAM moTe che. 1907nI sAlamAM ene AraMbha karavAmAM

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mahAyuddhane TAMkaNe hiMda AvyuM hatuM ane 1912nI sAlamAM enuM kArya zarU thayuM. lekhaMDane udyoga jene "pAyAnA" udyogo kahevAmAM Ave che temAMnuM eka che. AjakAla lekhaMDa upara eTalI badhI vastuone AdhAra che ke, lakhaMDanA udyoga vinAnA dezane moTe bhAge bIjA dezane Azare rahevuM paDe che. tAtAnuM khaMDanuM kArakhAnuM e eka jabaradasta vastu che. sAMcInuM gAma Aje jamazedanagara zahera banI gayuM che ane tenAthI thoDe dUra AveluM relave sTezana tAtAnagara kahevAya che. leDhAnAM kArakhAnAo, khAsa karIne yuddha kALamAM bahu ja kImatI hoya che. kema ke te yuddhane saraMjAma tathA dArUgoLa banAvI zake che. mahAyuddha zarU thayuM tyAre tAtAnuM kArakhAnuM cAlu thaI gayuM hatuM e hiMdanI briTiza sarakArane mATe eka subhAgyanI vAta hatI. hiMdanAM kArakhAnAMomAM majUronI sthiti bahu ja kharAba hatI. te 19mI sadInA AraMbhakALanAM briTiza kArakhAnAo mAMhenI sthitine maLatI hatI. jamIna vinAnA bekAra lekonI moTI saMkhyAne kAraNe majUrInA dare bahu ochA hatA ane kAmanA kalAke ghaNuM vadhAre hatA. 1911nI sAlamAM hiMdanAM kArakhAnAMone lagatA pahelavahele sarvasAmAnya kAyado pasAra karavAmAM AvyuM. e kAyadAe paNa puruSone mATe kAmanA bAra ane bALakone mATe cha kalAke TharAvyA. A kArakhAnAMo jamIna vinAnA badhA ja majUrane saMgharI na zakyAM. emAMnA saMkhyAbaMdha leke AsAmanA tema ja hiMdanA bIjA bhAganA cAnA ane bIjA bagIcAomAM gayA. e bagIcAomAM teo je sthitimAM kAma karatA hatA teNe teo tyAM AgaLa hatA te samaya pUratA te temane teone kAma ApanAranA gulAma banAvI dIdhA. hiMdanI garIbAImAM sapaDAyelA 20 lAkha karatA vadhAre majUre paradezamAM cAlyA gayA. temAMnA ghaNAkharA silena tathA malAyAnA bagIcAomAM gayA. ghaNuM merIsa (hiMdI mahAsAgaramAM mADAgAskarathI dUra e Avela che.) trinIdAda, (e dakSiNa amerikAnI barAbara uttare Avela che.) ane phIjI (osTreliyA najIka AveluM che.) vagere TApuomAM tema ja dakSiNa AphrikA, pUrva AphrikA, ane briTiza giyAnA (dakSiNa amerikAmAM) vagere dezamAM gayA. AmAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM sthAnomAM teo "giramITiyA" majUre tarIke gayA eTale ke temanI dazA lagabhaga gulAmenA jevI hatI. "giramITa' e e majUra sAthe karavAmAM AvelA karAranuM khata hatuM ane e mujaba teo temane kAma ApanAra zeThanA gulAme hatA. A giramITiyA paddhatinA aneka bhayaMkara hevAla - khAsa karIne phIjImAMthI - hiMdustAna pahoMcyA. ethI karIne ahIMyAM tenI sAme hilacAla thaI ane te paddhati rada karavAmAM AvI.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ATaluM kheDUto, majUro tathA paradezagamana karanArA mATe. e garIba, mUgI, lAMbA kALathI yAtanAo veThatI hiMdanI AmajanatA hatI. navA UbhA thayelA madhyama varga e kharekhara vAcALa varga hatA. ene briTiza sabadhatuM saMtAna kahI zakAya. paraMtu ema chatAMye e varga briTizaronI TIkA karavA lAgyA. e va vadhato ja gayA ane enI sAthe rASTrIya hilacAla paNa vadhatI gaI. tane yAda haze ke 1907-8 mAM e hilacAla kaTokaTInI kakSAe paheAMcI. e vakhate sAmudAyika caLavaLe baMgALane hacamacAvI mUkayu, rASTrIya mahAsabhAmAM bhAgalA paDyA ane te uddAma tathA mavALa evAM e daLAmAM vaheMcAI gaI. uddAma daLane dAkhI devAnI ane thoDA kSullaka sudhArAo ApIne mavALa athavA vinIta daLane manAvI levAnA prayAsa karavAnI temanI hamezanI nIti aMgrejoe ajamAvI. A arasAmAM rAjakIya kSetramAM eka navA ja tattva dekhA dIdhI. e tattva te laghumatI tarIke temanA pratye viziSTa ane alaga vartAva mATenI musalamAnonI rAjakIya mAgaNI. hiMdIomAM bhAgalA pADavAne ane e rIte rASTrIyatAnA vikAsane rokavAne khAtara e vakhate sarakAre e mAgaNIone uttejana ApyuM hatuM e hakIkata Aje suvidita che. briTiza sarakAra tAtpUratI te e nItimAM saphaLa thaI. lokamAnya TiLaka jelamAM hatA ane temanA pakSane dAkhI devAmAM AvyA hatA. vinItAe rAjavahIvaTanA thoDA sudhArAo (te vakhatanA vAisaroya ane hiMdI vajIranA nAma uparathI e sudhArAone minTo-mAlI sudhArA kahevAmAM Ave che) saharSa vadhAvI lIdhA. emAM hiMdIone kazI sattA ApavAmAM AvI nahatI. thADA vakhata pachI baMgALanA bhAgalA rada thavAthI baMgALIonI lAgaNI zAMta paDI. 1907 ane te pachInI hilacAla karI pAchI ArAma bhogavatA leAkAnA navarAzanA vakhatanA maneArjananI vastu thaI gaI. AthI 1914mAM mahAyuddha AvyuM tyAre dezamAM sakriya rAjakIya jIvana nahi jevuM ja hatuM. kevaLa vinItAnuM pratinidhitva dharAvatI rASTrIya mahAsabhAnI beThaka varasamAM eka vakhata maLatI ane thADA vidvattAbharyAM harAve| pasAra karavA sivAya khIjuM kazuMye te karatI nahotI. rASTravAdamAM bhAre oTa AvI gaI hatI. 1000 pazcima sAthenA saMsargathI, rAjakIya kSetra sivAya bIjA pratyAdhAtA paNa thayA. navA madhyamavarganA ( AmajanatAnA nahi ) dhArmika vicAro upara paNa enI asara thavA pAmI ane brAhmo samAja tathA A samAja vagere navI caLavaLA udbhavI ane jJAtivyavasthAnI aDatA ochI thavA lAgI. sAMskRtika jAti ~ khAsa karIne baMgALamAM * paNa thavA pAmI, baMgALI lekhakAe baMgALI bhASAne hiMdanI Adhunika bhASAomAM sauthI vadhAre samRddha banAvI tema ja bagALe A jamAnAnA ApaNA eka sauthI mahAna dezavAsI ravIMdranAtha

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mahAyuddhane TAMkaNe hiMda 1001 TAgorane pedA karyAM. sadbhAgye te hajI ApaNI sAthe che. sara jagadIzacaMdra ojha ane sara praphullacaMdra rAya jevA mahAna vaijJAnikA paNa baMgALa pedA karyAM. rAmAnujama ane caMdrazekhara veMkaTa rAmana jevA bIjA be mahAna vaijJAnikAnA paNa ahIM ja ullekha karI dauM. je pAyA upara yuropanI mahattA nibhara hatI te vijJAnanA kSetramAM paNa hiMdu A rIte sarasAI karI rahyuM hatuM. khIjA eka nAmaneA paNa mAre ahIM ullekha karavA joIe. e che urdU ane khAsa karIne kArasInA pratibhAzALI kavi sara mahamada ikabAla, emaNe rASTravAdanI keTalIka suMdara kavitAo lakhI che. temanAM pAchaLanAM varasAmAM durbhAgye kavitA iMDIne te bIje kAme vaLagyA che. mahAyuddha pahelAMnA varasAmAM hiMdu jyAre rAjakIya dRSTie susta hatuM tyAre eka dUranA dezamAM hiMdanI AbarUnI rakSA mATenI eka vIratAbharI ane adritIya laData UpaDI. e deza te dakSiNa AphrikA. saMkhyAbaMdha majUro tathA keTalAka vepArIo tyAM jaIne vasyA hatA. aneka rIte temanA pratye geravartAva rAkhavAmAM AvatA hatA tathA temanA mAnabhaMga karavAmAM AvatA hatA. jAtinA dhamaDanA dvAra tyAM pUra bahAramAM vartatA hatA. evuM banyuM ke eka kesamAM UbhA rahevA mATe eka taruNa hiMdI baeNrisTarane dakSiNa AphrikAmAM laI javAmAM AvyA. tenA dezabaMdhuonI sthiti joI ne tene nAmeAzI lAgI ane duHkha thayuM. temane sahAya karavAne potAnAthI banatuM badhuMye karI chUTavAnA teNe nirdhAra karyAM. potAnA dhaMdhA tathA potAnu sarvasva tajI daI ne tathA je dhyeyane te varyAM hatA temAM potAnA sadhaLe! samaya ApIne teNe varasA sudhI cupacApa kAma karyAM karyuM. A puruSa te mehanadAsa karamacaMda gAMdhI. Aje te hiMtu pratyeka bALaka tene oLakhe che ane tenA upara prema rAkhe che paraMtu te samaye dakSiNa AphrikA bahAra te jhAjho jANIto nahAtA. vIjaLInA jhabakArAnI peThe ekAeka enu nAma hiMdabharamAM satra paheoMcI gayuM ane leAkeA tene viSe tathA tenI vIratAbharI laData viSe Azraya, prazaMsA ane garvathI vAtA karavA lAgyA. dakSiNa AphrikAnI sarakAre tyAM rahetA hiMdIonA vaLI vadhAre mAnabhaMga karavAnA prayatna karyAM ane gAMdhIjInI AgevAnI nIce temaNe ene vaza thavAne inkAra karyAM. AvA garIba, dalita ane ajJAna majUrA tathA mUThIbhara nAnA vepArIonI potAnA vatanathI ATale dUra vaselI vasatI Avu aDaga valaNu * dhAraNa kare e eka ajAyabIbharI ghaTanA hatI. temaNe akhatyAra karelI pati to vaLI ethIye vizeSa ajAyakhIbharI hatI. kema ke, duniyAnA chatihAsamAM e avanavuM rAjakIya hathiyAra hatu. tyAra pachI teA e hathiyAra viSe ApaNe vAraMvAra sAMbhaLyuM che, e gAMdhIjInA satyAgraha hatA. satyane vaLagI rahevuM e enA artha che. keTalIka vAra ene niSkriya ke beTA pratikAra kahevAmAM

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1002 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Ave che. paraMtu ene e artha barAbara nathI. kema ke emAM pUrepUrI sakriyatA rahelI che. ahiMsA e enuM mahatvanuM aMga che chatAMye te kevaLa apratikAra paNa nathI. A ahiMsaka laDatathI gAMdhIjIe hiMda tema ja dakSiNa AphrikAne chaka karI dIdhAM ane dakSiNa AphrikAmAM hajAronI saMkhyAmAM svecchApUrvaka jela janAra ApaNuM dezabhAIo tathA bahenanI vAta hiMdanA lokoe garva ane AnaMdathI UbharAtA hRdaye jANuM. ApaNuM parAdhInatA tathA ApaNA dezamAMnI ApaNuM pAmaratAthI ApaNuM aMtaramAM ApaNe zaramAyA ane ApaNI prajA vatInA A vIratAbharyA paDakAranA dRSTate ApaNuM pitAnuM svamAna vadhAryuM. A muddAnI bAbatamAM hiMdamAM ekAeka rAjakIya jAgRti AvI ane nANune pravAha dakSiNa AphrikA tarapha vahevA lAgyA. gAMdhIjI tathA dakSiNa AphrikAnI sarakAra samajUtI para AvyAM tyAre laData baMdha karavAmAM AvI. e vakhate te hiMdanA dhyeyane e niHzaMka vijaya hatuM paraMtu hiMdIonI ghaNI hADamArIo cAlu rahI ane ema kahevAya che ke dakSiNa AphrikAnI sarakAre jUnA karArane pALyuM nathI. dariyApAranA dezomAM vasatA hiMdIone prazna hajI ApaNI samakSa che. e hiMda svataMtra thAya tyAM sudhI rahevAne. pitAnA dezamAM ja temanuM mAna na hoya te pachI paradezamAM hiMdIone mAna kyAMthI maLI zake? ane ApaNA dezamAM svataMtratA meLavavAmAM ApaNe saphaLa na thaIe tyAM sudhI paradezamAM vasatA ApaNuM dezabaMdhuone ApaNe jhAjhI madada kevI rIte karI zakIe? mahAyuddha pahelAMnAM varasomAM hiMdanI A sthiti hatI. 1911nI sAlamAM ITAlIe tuka upara humalo karyo tyAre hiMdamAM turkI mATe bhAre sahAnubhUti hatI kema ke turkIne eziyAne deza ane pUrvanuM rAjya gaNavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ane e rIte hiMdIonI tenA pratye bhalI lAgaNI hatI. hiMdanA musalamAne upara enI khAsa asara thavA pAmI hatI kema ke, turkInA sulatAnane teo pitAne khalIpha athavA islAmanA vaDe gaNatA hatA. e divasomAM islAmanA ekIkaraNanI vAta paNa thavA lAgI hatI. tukanA sulatAna abdula hamIde islAmanA ekIkaraNanI e caLavaLa zarU karI hatI. 1912-13nA bAlkana vigrahae hiMdanA musalamAnene vaLI vadhAre uttejita karyA ane maitrI ane zubhecchAnA eka cihna tarIke turkInA ghAyala sainikonI sAravAra karavAne arthe "reDa kresaMTa mizana" nAmathI eka dAktarI mizana hiMdathI gayuM. theDA ja vakhatamAM mahAyuddha zarU thayuM ane turkI IMglaMDanA duzmana tarIke temAM saMDovAyuM. paraMtu e vastu ApaNane yuddhakALamAM laI jAya che eTale mAre ahIM aTakavuM joIe.

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148. mahAyuddha 1914-18 - 31 mArca, 1933 cAra varasa sudhI yuropane tathA eziyA ane AphrikAnA keTalAka bhAgone khedAnamedAna karI nAkhanAra tathA bhara yuvAnImAM karaDe taruNane bhAga lenAra tathA jene mahAyuddha ke vizvayuddha tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che te yuddha viSe huM tane zuM lakhIza vAra? vigraha e vicAra karavA je majAne viSaya nathI. e te kadarUpI cIja che. paraMtu ghaNI vAra enAM vakhANa karavAmAM Ave che tathA ene bhabhakadAra raMgamAM cItaravAmAM Ave che. vaLI ema paNa kahevAmAM Ave che ke, agni jema kImatI dhAtuone zuddha kare che tema vadhAre paDatA ezaArAma tathA jijIviSAne kAraNe komaLa ane dUSita thaI gayelI susta prajAone te zaktizALI banAve che. jANe ke vigraha ja e saguNe pedA karate hoya tema apUrva dhairya ane hRdayane halamalAvanArAM balidAnanAM daSTAMta ApaNuM AgaLa TAMkavAmAM Ave che. A laDAInAM keTalAMka kAraNe tapAsavAne meM tArI joDe prayatna karyo che. mUDIvAdI audyogika dezone lebha tathA sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonI spardhA ekabIjA sAthe athaDAmaNamAM AvI ane temaNe laDAI kevI rIte anivArya karI mUkI e ApaNe joyuM. A badhA dezanA AgevAna udyogapatione zoSaNa karavA mATe uttarottara vadhu ne vadhu tako tathA pradeze joItAM hatAM, tyAMnA zarAphene vadhAre ne vadhAre nANAM joItAM hatAM tathA laDAIne saraMjAma banAvanArAone vadhAre ne vadhAre naphe joI te hate. AthI A leko laDAImAM kUdI paDyA ane teonA tathA temanuM ane temanA varganuM pratinidhitva dharAvanArA vaDIla rAjadvArI puruSonA kahevAthI judAM judAM rASTronA yuvAne ekabIjAnAM gaLAM resavAne tUTI paDyA. saMbaMdha dharAvatA badhA dezonA meTA bhAganA A yuvAne tathA tyAMne sAmAnya janasamUha laDAI tarapha dorI janAra A kAraNothI sAva ajANa hatA. laDAI sAthe temane kharekhara kazIye levAdevA nahatI ane emAM hAra thAya ke chata baMne rIte temane gumAvavAnuM ja hatuM. e te tavaMgara lokonI ramata hatI ane prajAnI,-- moTe bhAge yuvAnonI - jiMdagIthI te ramavAmAM AvatI hatI. paraMtu sAmAnya janasamUha laDavA taiyAra na hoya te laDAI saMbhavI zake ja nahi. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM tema yurepa khaMDanA badhA dezomAM lazkarI nokarI pharajiyAta hatI; IgleMDamAM te yuddha daramyAna pAchaLathI dAkhala thaI. paraMtu samagra prajAnI je kharekharI nAmarajI hoya te AvI bAbatamAM joDAvAnI lekane baLajabarIthI pharaja na pADI zakAya.

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1004 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AthI, laDAImAM UtarelAM badhAMye rASTranI prajAone utsAha tathA temane dezaprema prajavalita karavAnA saghaLA prayatno jhINavaTapUrvaka karavAmAM AvyA. dareka pakSa sAmAne AkramaNa karanAra kahete ho tathA yuddha te kevaLa svarakSAne mATe ja che e DoLa karato hate. jarmanIe jaNAvyuM ke tene cAre bAjue duzmanothI gherI levAmAM AvyuM che ane teo tenuM gaLuM rUMdhI nAkhavAno prayatna karI rahyA che. teNe raziyA tathA krAMsa upara tenA upara caDAI karavAnI pahela karavAno Aropa mUkyo. jarmanIe jenI taTasthatAne jaMgalI rIte bhaMga karyo hato te nAnakaDA bejiyamanA prAmANika rakSaNa arthe pote pagaluM bharyuM che ema IMglaDe jaNAvyuM. laDAImAM saMDovAyelA badhA ja dezee Apa-saccAInuM valaNa dhAraNa karyuM ane yuddha mATene badheye deSa duzmanane zira DhaLe. dareka prajAne samajAvavAmAM AvyuM ke temanI svataMtratA jokhamamAM AvI paDI che ane tenI rakSA karavAne temaNe laDavuM joIe. khAsa karIne chApAMoe A prakAranuM laDAInuM vAtAvaraNa taiyAra karavAmAM eTale ke duzmana dezanI prajA pratye tIvra ThaMdhanI lAgaNI pedA karavAmAM moTo hisso Ape. gAMDapaNanuM A mejuM evuM te prabaLa hatuM ke badhI vastuone te potAnI sAthe ghasaDI gayuM. ToLAMnI manodazAmAM AvI gayelA Ama samudAyanA Avegene uzkerI mUkavA e sahela vAta che paraMtu buddhizALI leke sudhdhAM eTale ke ThaMDA ane svastha svabhAvanAM gaNAtAM strIpuruSa, vicArake, lekhaka, prophesare, vaijJAnike -laDAImAM saMDovAyelA badhAye dezanA A badhA leke pitAnuM samatolapaNuM gumAvI beThA ane duzmana prajAnuM lehI pIvAnI vRtti tathA SathI UbharAvA lAgyA. jemane zAMtipriya manuSya tarIke lekhavAmAM Ave che evA dharmaguruo tathA pAdarIo paNa eTalA ja athavA bIjAo karatAM vizeSa lehItarasyA hatA. zAMtivAdIo tathA samAjavAdIo paNa magaja gumAvI beThA ane pitAnA siddhAMtane bhUlI gayA. yuddhanI A pAgalatAmAM sau saMDovAyA paraMtu nirapavAda sau sapaDAyA ema na kahI zakAya. dareka dezamAM mUThIbhara leke e pAgala banavAne InkAra karyo; yuddhanA A jvarathI temaNe potAnI jAtane dUSita thavA na dIdhI. temanI hAMsI karavAmAM AvI tathA temane bAyalA kahevAmAM AvyA ane yuddhanI karI bajAvavAnI nA pADavA mATe keTalAkane te jelamAM paNa dhakelavAmAM AvyA. emAMnA keTalAka samAjavAdIo hatA, keTalAka kanvekara jevA dharmaparAyaNa leke hatA. temaneM laDAI sAme naitika virodha hate. AjanA vakhatamAM yuddha phATI nIkaLe che tyAre emAM saMDovAyelA leke pAgala banI jAya che, ema kahevAmAM Ave che e bilakula sAcuM che. yuddha phATI nIkaLyuM ke tarata ja judA judA dezanI sarakAroe ene satya dAbI devAnuM tathA tareha tarehanAM jUThANAM phelAvavA mATenuM eka bahAnuM banAvI

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mahAyuddha 1917-18 1005 dIdhuM. lokenuM vyakti svAtaMtrya paNa dAbI devAmAM AvyuM, DhAlanI bIjI bAjune te bezaka saMpUrNapaNe baMdha ja karI devAmAM AvI. AthI lekene mAtra vastunI eka ja bAju jANavAnI maLatI hatI ane te paNa atizaya vikta svarUpamAM. ane ghaNI vAra to sAva khoTA hevAlo jANavA maLatA. lekane A rIte , mUrkha banAvavAnuM muzkela nahatuM. - zAMtikALamAM paNa saMkucita rASTravAdI pracAre tathA chApAMonI vika khabaree kone mUrakha banAvyA hatA ane e rIte temaNe yuddha mATenI bhUmikA taiyAra karI hatI. khuda yuddhanAM paNa stutigAna karavAmAM AvyAM. jarmanImAM athavA sAcuM kahetAM praziyAmAM yuddhanAM A stutigAna e kejharathI mAMDIne tenI nIcenA AkhAye zAsaka varganI philasUphI banI gaI enuM samarthana karavAne tathA yuddha e jIvanane mATe Avazyaka che eTale manuSyanA jIvana ane pragati mATe te jarUrI che e puravAra karavAne vidvattAbharyA pustaka lakhAyAM. kaijhara jAheramAM kaMIka aNaghaDa rIte, bhAre ADaMbarayukta dekhAva karatuM hatuM tethI ene puSkaLa prasiddhi maLI. paraMtu IMglaMDa tathA bIjA dezomAM paNa lazkarI tema ja bIjA upalA vargonAM maMDaLomAM evA ja vicAre pracalita hatA. raskina e 19mI sadIne iMglaMDano eka mahAna lekhaka che. gAMdhIjIne e mAnIte lekhaka che ane mane lAge che ke teM paNa enAM keTalAMka pustako vAMcyAM che. jenA mananA umadApaNa vize leza paNa zaMkA nathI evo A puruSa pitAnA eka pustakamAM lakhe che : "TUMkamAM mane mAlUma paDyuM ke, badhI mahAna prajAe potAnA zabdonuM satya ane vicAronuM sAmarthya yuddhakALamAM zIkhI che ane zAMtinA kALe temane hAsa karyo che; yuddhe temane zikSaNa ApyuM ane zAMtikALe temane chetarI; yuddhe temane tAlIma ApI ane zAMtinA kALe temane dago dIdhe; TUMkamAM, yuddhamAM teo janmI ane ] zAMtikALamAM maraNazaraNa thaI." raskina ke spaSTavaktA sAmrAjyavAdI hatA e darzAvavA tenA lakhANamAMthI bIje eka utAre ApIzaH "teNe inkaMDe) e karavuM joIe ke pachI nAza pAmavuM; jyAM paNa te pagadaMDe jamAvI zake tyAMnI phaLadrupa jamInane ekeeka TukaDo kabaje karIne teNe saMsthAno vasAvavAM ja joIe, ane tyAM AgaLa jaI vaselA potAnA vasAhatIone teNe zIkhavavuM joIe ke jamIna tema ja samudra upara IgleMDanI sattA vadhAravI e temanuM prathama dayeya che." vaLI bIjo eka utAre. e utAre eka aMgreja amaladAranA pustakamAMthI lIdho che. briTiza lazkaramAM te mejara janaralanA pada sudhI pahoMcyo hatuM. te jaNAve che ke, "IrAdApUrvakanAM jUThANuM vinA, kheTuM karyA vinA ke nare vA kuMjare vA'nI nIti rAkhyA vinA" yuddhamAM vijaya meLavI lagabhaga

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1001 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana azakya che. enA mata pramANe, je kaI nAgarika "A pagalAM levAnI nA pADe. . . . te pitAnA sAthIo tathA pitAnA hAtha nIcenAo sAthe IrAdApUrvaka eka dagAkhoro bhAga bhajave che" ane tene "hicakAre nAmarda ja kahI zakAya." "jyAre mahAna prajAonuM bhAvi jokhamamAM AvI paDyuM hoya tyAre nIti ane anIti jevI vastuonI temane zI nisbata hoya ?" jAe te "jIvaleNa nIvaDe tyAM sudhI tenA duzmana upara uparAchAparI ghA karyA ja karavA joIe." A badhI vastuo viSe raskine zuM kahyuM hota enuM kharekhara mane Azcarya thAya che. aMgreja mAnasanuM A 5 udAharaNa che yA te kejharanAM atizayoktibharyA vacane sAmAnya jarmananuM mAnasa vyakta kare che ema tuM na mAnI laIza. paraMtu durbhAgye, AvA vicAranA leke ghaNI vAra sattA upara hoya che ane yuddhakALamAM te lagabhaga anivArya rIte teo mokhare Ave che. AvI khullI kabUlAta sAmAnya rIte jAhera rIte karavAmAM AvatI nathI. ane yuddhane pavitratAne vAghe paherAvavAmAM Ave che. AthI yuropamAM temaja anyatra seMkaDe mAIlanA laDAInA kharA upara bhayaMkara khUnarejI cAlI rahI hatI te vakhate e hatyAkAMDanuM samarthana karavAne tathA lekene chetaravAne dezamAM meTA meTA rUDArUpALA zabdo yojavAmAM AvatA hatA. e svataMtratA ane AbarU jALavI rAkhavA mATenuM; "yuddhane sadaMtara aMta lAvavA mATenuM', lekazAhI salAmata rAkhavA mATenuM, AtmanirNaya mATenuM, ane nAnI prajAonI svataMtratA mATenuM yuddha hatuM, vagere vagere. daramyAna, ghara AMgaNe besI rahenArA tathA yuvAnane yuddhanI bhaThThImAM kUdI paDavAnuM samajAvavA mATe dezabhaktithI UbharAIne A rUDArUpALA zabdo vAparanArA saMkhyAbaMdha zarAphe, udyogapatio ane yuddhasaraMjAma banAvanArAo aDhaLaka naphe karatA hatA ane kaDAdhipati banI rahyA hatA. mahinAo ane varasa sudhI yuddha cAlatuM gayuM tema tema vadhAre ne vadhAre deze temAM ghasaDAyA. gupta rIte lAMca ApavAnI karIne ubhaya pakSe taTastha dezane pitAnI tarapheNamAM kheMcavAno prayatna karyo. jAhera rIte ema karavA jatAM te chApare caDhIne pikAravAmAM AvelA rUDArUpALA zabdo tathA ucca AdarzonuM pigaLa phUTI jAya. jarmanI karatAM iMgleMDa ane phrAMsanI lAMca ApavAnI zakti vadhAre hatI AthI laDAImAM joDAyelA moTA bhAganA taTastha deze IMglaDaphrAMsa-raziyAnA pakSe bhaLyA. eziyAmAInara tathA bIjI jagyAe pradeza ApavAnI gupta saMdhi karIne A mitrarAe jarmanInA jUnA mitra iTAlIne pitAnA pakSamAM meLavI lIdhuM. bIjI eka saMdhi karIne raziyAne kanjhAnTinepala ApavAnuM vacana ApavAmAM AvyuM. duniyAne ApasamAM

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mahAyuddha 191418 1007 vaheMcI khAvAnuM kAma bahu AnaMdajanaka hatuM. mitrarAjyAnA rAjadvArI puruSoe jAhera rIte karelAM nivedanathI A gupta sadhi sAva viruddha hatI. raziyana AlzevikAe sattA hAtha karI tyAre temaNe e sadhi prasiddha na karI hAta to enI kAI ne khabara sarakhI paNa na paData. chevaTe mitrarAjyone (iMglaMDanphrAMsanA pakSane TUMkamAM huM mitrarAjyeA kahIza) pakSe bAra ke ethI vadhAre dezA thayA. te A hatA. briTana ane tenuM sAmrAjya, krAMsa, raziyA, iTAlI, yunAITeDa sTeTsa, meljiyama, sarbiyA, japAna, cIna, rumAniyA, grIsa ane porTugAla, (kadAca eka e vadhAre deza e pakSe haze paNa mane te yAda nathI). jarmanInA pakSamAM jarmanI, oNsTriyA, turkI tathA balgeriyA hatA. yunAiTeDa sTeTsa trIje varase yuddhamAM paDayuM. atyAra pUratI tenI gaNatarI karavI bAkI rAkhIe toye mitrarAjyAnI sAdhanasAmagrI jarmanInA pakSa karatAM ghaNI vadhAre hatI e udhADu che. temanI pAse mANase vadhAre hatA, nANAM vadhAre hatAM, hathiyAro tathA dArUgoLA banAvanArAM kArakhAnAM vadhAre hatAM ane e badhA karatAM vizeSa te e ke dariyA upara temanuM prabhutva hatuM. e prabhutvane lIdhe teo taTastha dezonI sAmagrI sahelAIthI meLavI zakatAM hatAM. samudra uparanA temanA A prabhutvane lIdhe mitrarAjyo Ama yunAITeDa sTeTsa pAsethI yuddha mATe jarUrI sAmAna ke khArAka meLavI zakatAM hatAM tathA nANAM paNa uchInAM laI zakatAM hatAM. janI tathA tenA mitrA cAre taraphathI duzmanothI gherAI gayelA hatA. tULI jarmanInA mitrA nabaLA deze| hatA ane teo tene jhAjhI madada karatA nahAtA. ghaNI vAra te te jarmanIne ejArUpa hatA ane temane TakAvI rAkhavA paDatA hatA. Ama, vAstavamAM ekalA jarmanIe ja meATA bhAganI duniyA sAme hathiyAra ugAmyAM hatAM. dareka rIte jotAM e asamAna sAThamArI hatI ema lAge che. Ama chatAMye, cAra cAra varasa sudhI jarmanIe duniyAne khALI rAkhI ane aneka vAra te vijayanI hAthaveMtamAM paheAMcI gayuM hatuM. varasa sudhI yuddhanuM bhAvi adhdhara teAlAI raheluM lAgyuM. eka rASTrane mATe A bhagIratha puruSArtha hatA ane jamanIe UbhA karelA bhavya lazkarI yaMtrane kAraNe ja e zakya banyuM hatuM. chevaTa sudhI, eTale ke janI tathA tenA mitradezeAnI AkharI hAra thaI tyAM sudhI hajIye . jarmana sainya akabaMdha hatuM ane te parapradeza upara UbhuM hatuM. mitrarAjyAnA pakSamAM phreMca sainyane yuddhanA sauthI vadhAre khAjo uThAvavA paDayo ane potAnA taruNAnA jIvanane jabaradasta bhAga ApIne krAMsavAsI ja jana lazkarI yaMtranI sAme TakI rahyA. naukAsainyanI bAbatamAM tathA dariyA upara tema ja mutsaddIgIrI ane pracAranA kSetrAmAM iMglaOM mATI kALA ApyA. potAnA sainya upara mustAka raheluM jarmanI taTastha dezo sAthenI potAnI

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1008 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mutsaddIgIrImAM tathA pracAranI rItamAM sAva aNaghaDa hatuM. jUThANAM tema ja vikta hakIkatanA pracAranI AvaData tathA kunehanI bAbatamAM iMglaMDa yuddha daramyAna badhA dezamAM agrasthAne hatuM emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. ITAlI tathA bIjA mitradezoe laDavAmAM AgaLa paDato nahi paNa gaNa bhAga bhajavyuM. ane Ama chatAMye badhA dezamAM raziyAnI khuvArI kadAca sauthI vadhAre haze. yuddhanA chevaTanA bhAgamAM AvIne yunAITeDa sTeTse jarmanIne kacarI nAkhavAmAM chevaTane nirNayAtmaka bhAga bhajavyo. yuddhanA AraMbhanA mahinAomAM IMgleMDa tathA amerikA vaccenA saMbaMdha atizaya taMga banyA hatA ane temanI vacce yuddha phATI nIkaLaze evuM paNa saMbhaLAtuM hatuM. samudra upara amerikAnA vahANavaTAnA mArgamAM iMglaMDa taraphathI dakhala karavAmAM AvatI hatI tene lIdhe A gharSaNa pedA thavA pAmyuM hatuM. IgleMDane evI zaMkA hatI ke amerikana vahANe jarmanI mAla laI jatAM hatAM. paraMtu pachIthI IMgleMDanuM pracArayaMtra kAme vaLagyuM ane amerikAne manAvI levAne teNe khAsa prayAsa karyo. atyAcAranA pracAranuM kArya teNe prathama hAtha dharyuM ane jarmana lazkaranI beriyamamAMnI karaNInI bhayaMkara vAta phelAvavAmAM AvI. jarmana dUNAne "kALo kera" ene kahevAmAM Avyo. lenanI vidyApITha tathA pustakAlayane nAza ityAdi gaNIgAMThI vAta kaMIka aMze pAyAdAra hatI e kharuM paraMtu atyAcAranI ghaNIkharI vAta te kevaLa kapALakalpita hatI. eka te evI gajaba vAta phelAvavAmAM AvI ke jarmane muDadAMnuM kArakhAnuM calAvI rahyA che ! Ama chatAMye, duzmana prajAone ekabIjA sAmene deSa eTale te bhAre hatuM ke game te vAta mAnavAne teo taiyAra hatI. amerikA mAMhenuM briTiza pracArakhAtuM 500 amaladAre tathA 10,000 madadanIzonuM baneluM hatuM ! A uparathI tane kaMIka khyAla Avaze ke kevaDA moTA pAyA upara iMglaMDano pracAra cAlato hato. ATaluM te sarakAra taraphathI amerikAmAM karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. e uparAMta khAnagI saMsthAo dvArA paNa e dizAmAM bhAre kAma thatuM hatuM. A pracArakAryamAM sArInarasI badhI rIte ajamAvavAmAM AvatI hatI. svIDanavAsIonI zubhecchA prApta karavAne mATe svIDananA sTokahoma zaheramAM briTiza sarakAra taraphathI bhinna bhinna mane raMjaka kAryakrama rajU karanAruM eka saMgItagRha calAvavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ! A pracArakArya tathA jarmana sabamarInanI pravRttio amerikAne mitrarAjyane pakSe lAvavAmAM mahattvano bhAga ja bhajavyuM. paraMtu Akhare te nANAM ja nirNayAtmaka vastu nIvaDI. yuddha e kharcALa vastu che, bhayaMkara kharcALa vastu che. kImatI vastuonA DuMgaranA DuMgare e heimAM karI jAya che ane kevaLa bhISaNa saMhAra ja emAMthI

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mahAyuddha 1914-18 1909 nIpaje che. saMpatti utpanna karanArI ghaNIkharI pravRttio te aTakAvI de che ane prajAnI zakti vinAza karavAmAM kendrita kare che. A badhAM nANuM kyAMthI AvavAnAM hatAM ? mitra rAjyane pakSe mAtra IMgleMDa ane krAMsa e benI ja Arthika sthiti sArI gaNAya. temaNe yuddhanA kharcane pitAne hisso eTaluM ja nahi paNa temane nANAM dhIrIne tathA saraMjAma ApIne temanA mitra dezone kharaca paNa Ape. thaDA vakhata pachI perisa thAkyuM, tenI kharacI khUTI. pachIthI mitra rAjyane yuddhano kharaca ekaluM iMglaMDa pUro pADavA lAgyuM. paraMtu yuddhanA bIjA varasanA aMtamAM laMDana paNa thayuM. Ama 1916nI sAlanA aMta sudhImAM IMgleMDa tathA phrAMsanI zAkha khUTI gaI pachIthI Arthika . madadanI yAcanA karavAne arthe AgevAna rAjadvArI puruSanuM baneluM eka mizana amerikA gayuM. amerikAe nANAM dhIravAnuM kabUla karyuM ane tyAra pachI amerikAnAM nANuMe mitrarAjyanI laDAI AgaLa calAvI. mitrarAjyanuM amerikAnuM devuM kUdake ne bhUsake ApaNane AbhA banAvI mUke eTalA AMkaDAo sudhI vadhI gayuM ane e vadhatuM gayuM tema tema nANAM dhIranAra amerikAnI moTI moTI beMke tathA zarAphene mitrarAjonA vijayamAM svArtha vadhato gayo. mitrarAne je jarmanI harAve te pachI amerikAe temane dhIrelI jabaradasta rakamanI zI vale thAya ? e vastue amerikana zarAphenA gajavAne sparza karyo ane temaNe e anusAra valaNa dhAraNa karyuM. mitrarA sAthe amerikA yuddhamAM joDAya evI lAgaNI vadhavA pAmI ane Akhare amerikAe tema karyuM paNa kharuM. amerikAnA leNAnI bAbatamAM AjakAla ghaNuM ghaNuM ApaNuM sAMbhaLavAmAM Ave che. ane chApAMo enI vAtothI bharapUra hoya che. iMglaMDa tathA krAMsane gaLe ghaMTInA paDiyAnI peThe laTakI raheluM ane je teo ApI zake ema nathI te pahADa jevaDuM moTuM devuM A yuddha daramyAna ekaThuM thayuM hatuM. te vakhate je e nANuM maLI rahyAM na heta te temanI zAkha saMpUrNapaNe DUbI gaI hota ane saMbhava che ke amerikA yuddhamAM na paData.

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149. yuddhakALa 1 eprila, 1933 1914nA oNgasTanA ArabhamAM yuddha zarU thayuM tyAre duniyA eljiyama tathA phrAMsanI uttara sarahada tarapha mITa mAMDIne nihALI rahI hatI. peAtAnA mAmAM AvatI hareka aDacaNAno kaccaradhANa kADhatuM jarmanInuM pracaMDa sainya AgaLa ne AgaLa dhasI rahyu hatuM. nAnakaDA kheljiyame thoDA samaya mATe tene khALI rAkhyuM. AthI krodhe bharAI ne trAsajanaka kRtyA dvArA teNe eljiyamane DarAvI mAravAnA prayatna karyA. enA uparathI mitrarAjyoe jamanAnA atyAcAranI vAtA upajAvI kADhI hatI. jarmana sainya paeNrisanI dizAmAM AgaLa vadhavA lAgyuM. enA dhasArA AgaLa phreMca sainya dhULabhegu thatuM jaNAyuM ane nAnakaDA briTiza sainyane teNe bAjue haDaselI mUkayuM. yuddha phATI nIkaLyA pachI eka mAsanI aMdara paeNrisanuM AvI banyuM hoya ema lAgavA mAMDayuM. ane phreMca sarakAre potAnI kacerIe tathA kImatI vastu dakSiNamAM mArTa zaheramAM khaseDavAnI kharekhAta taiyArI karavA mAMDI. keTalAka jamanA mAnavA lAgyA ke yuddhamAM te vijayanI hAthaveMtamAM AvI paheAMcyA che. AgasTanA aMtamAM pazcima mAkharA (eTale ke krAMsanA mAkharA) upara yuddhanI A sthiti hatI. daramyAna raziyana sainyA pUrva praziyA upara caDAI karI rahyAM hatAM. ane janAnuM lakSa game te rIte pazcima mAkharA uparathI khIje kayAMka kheMcavAne prayatna karavAmAM AvyA. raziyAnA pracaMDa * rolara ' ( raziyana sainyane sTIma relara ' eTale ke varALathI cAlatA pracaMDa rolara kahevAmAM AvatA hatA. ) gabaDatA gabaDato ane mArgamAM AvatI badhI vastuonA cUrecUrA karatA birlina pahoMcI jaze evI bhAre AzA krAMsa tathA IMglaMDa sevI rahyAM hatAM. paraMtu raziyana sainikA kharAbara zastrasajja nahAtA, temanA amaladArA taddana AvaData vinAnA hatA ane temanI pAchaLa jhAranI dUSita sarakAra hatI. ja`nAe acAnaka temanA upara dhasAro karyAM ane raziyAnA virATa sainyane pUrva praziyAnA sarovaro tathA bhejavALA pradezamAM gherI lIdhuM tathA tenA sadaMtara nAza karyAM, janInA A apUrva vijayane TenanakhanuM yuddha evuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM che. phaoNna hinDanabarga A yuddhane eka mukhya senApati hatA. pAchaLanA vakhatamAM te jarmana prajAsattAkanA pramukha thayA hatA. e eka bhAre vijaya hatA paraMtu ADakatarI rIte ethI jana sainyane bhAre nukasAna veThyuM paDayu. e vijaya meLavavAne khAtara ane raziyanAnA pUrva taraphanA dhasArAthI kaMIka aMze gabharAIne jamanAe potAnuM theDu sainya krAMsa

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yuddhakALa 1011 ,, taraphathI khaseDIne raziyA tarapha mokalyuM hatuM. AthI pazcima mokharA uparanuM dabANa kaMIka aMze ochuM thavA pAmyuM ane phrAMsanA lazkare AkramaNa karanArA jarmane pAchA dhakelavAne bhagIratha prayatna karyo. 1914nA sapTembaranA AraMbhamAM mArnanA yuddhamAM te jarmane lagabhaga 50 jeTalA mAIla pAchA dhakelavAmAM saphaLa thayuM. paeNrisa UgarI gayuM ane phreMce tathA aMgrejone dama khAvAne thaDe samaya maLe. jarmanoe phreMca sainyanI haroLa bhedIne AgaLa dhasavAne bIjo prayatna karyo. emanA e prayatnamAM teo phAvI javAnI aNI para hatA paraMtu temane khALI rAkhavAmAM AvyA. pachIthI baMne sainya khAIo khAdIne paDyAM. ane navIna prakAranI laDAI - khAInI laDAI- zarU thaI. A eka prakAranI anirNayAtmaka sthiti hatI ane traNa varasa karatAMye vadhAre samaya sudhI athavA kaMIka aMze laDAInA aMta sudhI pazcima mekhara upara A khAInI laDAI cAlu rahI. pracaMDa sine khAI khAdIne chachuMdaranI peThe temAM paDyAM ane ekabIjAne thakavavA prayatna karavA lAgyAM. A mekharA upara pheMca tathA jarmana sanyA yuddhanI zarUAtathI ja lAkhonI saMkhyAmAM hatAM. e mokharA uparanuM nAnakaDuM briTiza sainya sudhdhAM jhaDapathI vadhatuM gayuM ane tenI saMkhyA paNa lagabhaga daza lAkha jeTalI thaI pUrvanA athavA te raziyana mokharA upara pravRtti vadhu pramANamAM hatI. raziyana lazkare uparAuparI oNsTriyana lazkarane harAvyuM paraMtu jarmana lazkare tene acUkapaNe harAvyA karyuM. e kharA upara jAnanI pArAvAra khuvArI thaI ane asaMkhya loko ghAyala thayA. tuM ema na mAnI besIza ke khAInI laDAIne kAraNe pazcima mokharA upara enA karatAM bahu ochI khuvArI thavA pAmI. mANasanI jiMdagI mATe gajaba beparavAI dAkhavavAmAM AvI ane khAIonAM surakSita mathako upara uparAchAparI AkharI halA karavAmAM lAkhe mANasene pheMkavAmAM AvyA ane e rIte temane acUkapaNe mRtyunA meMmAM hemavAmAM AvyA. paraMtu enuM kazuM pariNAma AvyuM nahi. yuddhanAM A uparAMta bIjAM kSetre paNa hatAM. turkoe suejhanI nahera upara halle karavAno prayatna karyo paraMtu temane tyAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA. AgaLa huM tane kahI gayo chuM tema, 1914nA Disembara mAsamAM misarane briTananuM rakSita rAjya jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. e pachI tarata ja briTiza navI dhArAsabhAne mokUpha rAkhI ane temane zaka hato evA lekene pakaDIne jele bharI dIdhI. rASTravAdI chApAMone dAbI devAmAM AvyAM tathA pAMcathI vadhAre mANasone ekaThA thavAnI manAI karavAmAM AvI. tyAM AgaLa dAkhala karavAmAM AvelA khabarenA niyamanane (seoNrazipa) laMDananA 'TAImsa" patre jaMgalI ane nirdayatAbharyA tarIke varNavyuM hatuM. yuddhanA AkhA samaya

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1012 jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzana daramyAna dezamAM kharekhara lazkarI kAyadAnA dora cAlyA hatA. tenA RN thaI gayelA sAmrAjyanA aneka nabaLAM sthAnAmAM iMgleMDe tukI upara hallA karyAM. prathama IrAka upara ane pachIthI paeNlesTAIna tathA sIriyA upara teNe hallA karyAM. arabastAnamAM briTizAe AranI rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAnA lAbha lIdhA ane nANAM tathA sAdhana sAmagrInI sArI sarakhI lAMca ApIne turkI sAme temaNe temanI pAse maLavA karAvyA. karnala TI, I. laoNrensa nAmane briTiza ejaTa A baLavA mATe moTe bhAge javAbadAra hatA. pachIthI eziyAnI aneka hilacAlAmAM paDadA pAchaLa bhAga bhajavIne teNe bhedI puruSa tarIkenI nAmanA meLavI. turkInA masthAna upara sIdhe humale 1915nA phebruArI mAsamAM zarU thayA. e vakhate aMgrejoe DAnalanI sAmudradhunImAM baLajabarIthI pesI jaI ne kaoNnsTAnTanepala kabaje karavAnA prayatna karyAM. jo emAM teo phAvyA hota tA yuddhamAMthI tune hAMkI kADhata eTaluM ja nahiM paNa pazcima eziyAmAMnI jamanInI badhIye lAgavaga paNa te baMdha karI zakayA hota. paraMtu briTizA e kAryamAM niSphaLa nIvaeA. tu temanI sAme vIratAthI laDyA ane e jANavA jevu che ke mustaphA kamAla pAzAe emAM bhAre hissA ApyA. briTizAe lagabhaga eka varasa sudhI gaeNlIpeAlImAM potAnA e prayatna cAlu rAkhyo paraMtu bhAre khuvArI pachI teo tyAMthI haDI gayA. pUrva tathA pazcima AphrikAmAMnAM jamana saMsthAnA upara paNa mitrarAjyAe hallA karyAM. A saMsthAnA janmanIthI sAva alaga paDI gayAM hatAM ane temane jarmanInI madada maLI zake ema nahetuM. dhIme dhIme e badhAM saMsthAnA tAkhe thayAM. cInamAMnI cAucAunI jarmana vasAhatanA japAne sahelAIthI kabajo lIdhA. japAnane to kharekhara majA hatI kema ke dUra pUrvAmAM tene jhAjhuM karavApaNuM nahatuM. AthI cInane DarAvI dhamakAvIne tenI pAsethI kImatI chUTachATo tathA viziSTa hakko paDAvavAmAM teNe e takano upayoga karyAM. iTAlIe kayA pakSa jItaze e jANavA mATe keTalAka mahinA sudhI yuddhanI sthiti nihALyA karI. pachIthI mitrarAjye jItavAnA saMbhava che evA niya upara AvIne teNe temanI lAMca svIkArI ane temanI sAthe gupta sadhi karI. 1915nA me mAsamAM iTAlI vidhipUrNAMka mitrarAjyane pakSe yuddhamAM joDAyuM. lAgalAgaDha be varasa sudhI oNsTriyA tathA iTAlInAM sainyAe ekabIjAne sAmanA karyAM paNa emAMthI mahattvanuM kazuM nIpajyuM nahi. pachIthI jA AsTriyanAnI vahAre dhAyA ane iTAliyanA temanI sAme jamInadosta thaI gayA. sTriyA ane janInuM sainya lagabhaga venisa sudhI paheoMcI gayuM hatuM. 1915nA okaTobara mAsamAM balgeriyA janIne pakSe yuddhamAM joDAyuM. e pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM balgeriyAnA sahakArathI oNsTriyA tathA jarmanInA

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yuddhakALa 1013 lazkare sakhiyAne saMpUrNa paNe kacarI nAkhyuM. sarbiyAnA rAjAne potAnA rakSAsacA lazkara sAthe deza cheDIne mitrarAjyAnAM jahAjomAM Azaro levA paDyo ane sarbiyA jarmanInA amala nIce AvyuM. bAlkana vigrahamAM tenA vartAva pachI rumAniyAe takasAdhu tarIkenI khAsa nAmanA meLavI hatI. e varasa sudhI teNe yuddhanI sthiti nihALyA karI ane chevaTe 1916nA AgasTa mAsamAM mitrarAjyAnA pakSamAM teNe potAnA pAse phreMco. enI zikSA ene tarata ja sahevI paDI. jarmana lazkara enA upara tUTI paDayu ane tenA sAmanAne saMpUrNapaNe kacarI nAkhyuM. rumAniyA paNu AsTriyA ane jarmanInA kabajA nIce AvyuM. Ama, beljiyama, phrAMsanA uttara-pUrva bhAga, poleMDa, sarbiyA ane rumAniyA jarmanI ane AsTriyA e e madhya yuropanI sattAonA kabajA nIce AvyAM. yuddhanAM nAnAM nAnAM khIjAM aneka kSetreAmAM temaNe vijaya meLavyA hatA. paraMtu yuddhanuM masthAna tA pazcimane mokhare ane samudra upara raheluM hatuM ane tyAM temanI kazI pragati thatI nahotI. e mAkharA upara ane harIpha sainya jIvaleNu bAtha bhIDIne paDyAM hatAM. samudra upara mitrarAye sarvAparI hatAM. yuddhanA AraMbhakALamAM keTalAMka jarmana yuddhajahAjo ahIM tahIM pharatAM hatAM ane mitrarAjyAnA vahANavaTAnA mArgamAM vikSepa nAkhatAM hatAM. emDana emAMnuM eka mazahUra yuddhajahAja hatuM. teNe madrAsa upara paNa tApamAre calAvyA hatA. paraMtu e tA najIvA vikSepa hatA ane vAstavamAM enAthI mitrarAjyAnA samudra uparanA prabhutvamAM kazA phera na paDyo. vaLI dariyA uparanA temanA A prabhutvanI madadathI mitrarAjyoe jamanI tathA AsTriyAne bahArathI maLatA khArAka tathA khIjo sarasAmAna baMdha karavAnA prayatna karyAM. jamanI tathA AsTriyAnI karavAmAM AvelI A nAkAbaMdhI temanI bhayaMkara kasoTIrUpa thaI paDI, kema ke ethI khArAkanI achata thaI gaI ane AkhI vasatI bhUkhamarAnA paMjAmAM sapaDAI gaI. AnA javAbamAM jamanIe sabamarInA dvArA mitrarAjyanAM vahANA DubAvavAnuM zarU karyuM. A sabamarInanI laDAI eTalI teA saphaLa nIvaDI ke iMgleMDanA khArAkanA jaththA mUTI gayA ane tyAM AgaLa dukALanA bhaya pedA thayA. 1915nA me mAsamAM jana sabamarIne lyusiTeniyA nAmanI iMglaMDanI eka meTI AgoTane DubAvI dIdhI ane ene kAraNe saMkhyAbaMdha mANasA DUbI javA pAmyAM. ghaNA amerikana paNa emAM DUbI javA pAmyA ane ene kAraNe amerikAmAM janI sAme bhAre krodha bhabhUkI UThyo. jamanIe iMglaMDa upara havAI humalA paNu karyAM. laMDana upara ba varasAvavAne pracaMDa epalIna havAI jahAjo cAMdanI rAte AvyAM. pachIthI eNplenee bAMba pheMkavA mAMDyA ane temanA dhera avAja, vimAnavirAdhI ja-22

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1014 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tene tapamAre, pitAnA rakSaNa mATe bhayarAomAM tathA nIcenAM bIjA AzrayasthAnamAM doDI javuM e badhI rejiMdI vastuo banI gaI. mulakI vasatI upara eTale ke laDAImAM sIdhe bhAga na lenAra nAgarika prajA upara karavAmAM AvelA baeNbamArAthI aMgreja atizaya krodhe bharAyA. temane krodha vAjabI hatA kema ke, mulakI yA nAgarika vasatI uparane baeNbamAro atizaya bhISaNa vastu che. paraMtu hiMdanA sarahada prAMta upara ke irAka upara briTiza eroplene baeNbamAre kare che ane khAsa karIne navA zodhAyelA amuka vakhata pachI phUTanArA zetAniyatabharyA boMba pheMke che tyAre aMgrejone leza paNa krodha caDate jAte nathI. ene vyavasthA jALavavA mATenuM pilIsanuM kArya kahevAmAM Ave che ane kahevAtA zAMtikALamAM paNa ene Azare levAmAM Ave che. dAvAnaLa jema tIDonAM ToLAMnAM keLAMone bhasmIbhUta karI nAkhe che tema yuddha mAnavajIvanane saMhAra karatuM eka pachI bIje mAsa ema AgaLa cAlavA lAgyuM ane AgaLa cAlatuM gayuM tema tema te vadhu ne vadhu vinAzaka ane pAzavI banatuM gayuM. jarmanee jherI gesa vAparavA mAMDyo ane pachI te baMne pakSoe tene upayoga karavA mAMDyo. baeNbamAre karavAmAM eroplenene vadhu pramANamAM upayoga thavA lAgyA. pachIthI iyaLanI peThe badhI vastu upara thaIne cAlI janArAM Teka" nAmanAM pracaMDa ane rAkSasI yaMtrae briTiza pakSe dekhA dIdhI. laDAIne mokharA upara mANase lAkhonI saMkhyAmAM maraNa pAmyA ane pitApitAnA dezamAM temanI strIo ane bALakone bhUkhamare ane taMgI veThavAM paDyAM. nAkAbaMdhIne kAraNe, khAsa karIne jarmanI tathA osTriyAmAM bhUkhamarAe bhISaNa svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. e vastu sahanazIlatAnI kasoTI thaI paDI. A agniparIkSAmAM bemAMthI koNa vadhu vakhata TakI raheze ? baMne pakSanAM sainya ekabIjAne nAza karI nAkhaze ke zuM? mitrarAjyonI nAkAbaMdhI jarmanIne jusso narama pADI deze ? ke pachI jarmanInI sabamarInanI laDAI iMglaMDane bhUkhe mArIne tene jusse tathA saMkalpabaLa haze ? dareka deze rAkSasI bhege ApyA, dareka deze aka yAtanAo sahana karI. leke vicAravA lAgyA, A bhISaNa balidAne ane yAtanAo vyartha che zuM ? ApaNuM raNamAM paDelA zahIdone bhUlIne duzmanane namatuM ApavuM? yuddha pahelAMnA divase te bahu dUra gayelA bhAsavA lAgyA, yuddhanAM kAraNe sudhdhAM bhulAI gayAM; vera levAnI tema ja vijaya meLavavAnI icchA e strI puruSanA manane vivaza karI mUkatI eka mAtra vastu rahI. pitAnA mAnItA dhyeyane khAtara balidAna ApanAra mRtAtmAono pikAra e bhayaMkara vastu che. je strI ke puruSamAM saheja paNa jussa heya te enI asaramAMthI kevI rIte mukta thaI zake? yuddhanAM A chevaTanAM varasamAM sarvatra aMdhakAranuM sAmrAjya vyApI gayuM hatuM ane yuddhamAM paDelI badhI prajAonA

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* yuddhakALa 2015 ekeeka gharamAM zekanI chAyA pharI vaLI hatI. sau thAkathI lathapotha thaI gayAM hatAM, saunI AMkha UghaDI gaI hatI ane saune bharama bhAgI gayuM hatuM. Ama chatAye, mazAla UMcI dharI rAkhyA sivAya koI paNa bIjuM zuM karI zake ema hatuM ? mejara maeNka krI nAmanA eka briTiza amaladAre lakhelI A hRdayasparzI lITIo vAMca ane yuddhanA e aMdhakAramaya ane zekapUrNa divasamAM e vAMcanAra tenI jAtinAM strIpuruSo upara enI zI asara thaI haze enI kalpanA karI che. ane yAda rAkhaje ke, judA judA dezamAM ane aneka bhASAomAM enA jevI kavitAo lakhAI hatI. ame mRtAtmA ! dina beMka pUrve hatA ame cetanavaMta mAnavI. AsvAdake sauya hatA uSAnA, sUryAstalIlA ura mANanArA. svIkAratA prema, vaLIya arpatA. ne Aja sUtA laeNnDarsanAM ujaDa khetaramAM. saMgrAma de AdarI duzmanothI. mazAla A durbaLa hAthamAMthI pheMkI tamAre kara. le, dhare UMcI. deze ane ahIMyAM maraMtane dage tame, te nahi jaMpazuM ame; pupa khIle che, nahi UMghazuM ame phalaeNnDarsanAM urjA khetaramAM. 1916nI sAlanA aMtamAM mitrarAnuM pAsuM caDatuM jatuM lAgavA mAMDayuM. temanAM navAM TekAe pazcima mekharA upara temane AgaLa pagaluM bharavAnI pahela karavAnI anukULatA karI ApI. iMglaMDa upara baeNbamAre karanArAM jhepalIna havAI jahAjone akasmAta naDyA, ane jarmana sabamarInanuM jokhama havA chatAMye taTastha dezonAM vahANamAM pUratA pramANamAM kherAka IMglaDa pahoMcI zakya. 1916nA me mAsamAM uttara samudramAM naukAyuddha thayuM (juTaleMDanuM naukA yuddha). emAM ekaMdare iMglaMDane vijaya thaye. daramyAna nAkAbaMdhIne kAraNe bhUkhamare dinapratidina jarmanI tema ja esTriyAnI prajAnI vadhu ne vadhu samIpa Avata gaye. kALa madhya yuropanI sattAonI viruddha jAte ja ane jhaDapI pariNAme Avaze evI gaNatarI thavA lAgI. jarmanIe suleha mATe IzAre paNa karyo. paraMtu mitrarAja evI kaI paNa darakhAsta sAMbhaLe ema nahotuM. mitrarAjanI

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1016 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sarakAro judA judA dezonA bhAgalA pADavAnI bAbatamAM gupta saMdhiothI evI te baMdhAI gaI hatI ke saMpUrNa vijaya sivAya bIjA kazAthI temane saMtoSa thAya ema nahotuM. yunAITeDa sTeTsanA pramukha vuDa vilsane paNa suleha sthApavAnA prayAsa karyA hatA paraMtu te badhA niSphaLa nIvaDyA. AthI jarmana AgevAnoe pitAnI sabamarInanI laDAI vadhAre jalada karIne e rIte IMgleMDane bhUkhe mArIne tene tAbe thavAnI pharaja pADavAne nirNaya karyo. 1917nA jAnyuArImAM temaNe jAhera karyuM ke, samudranA amuka bhAgamAM taTastha dezonAM vahANene paNa ame DubAvIzuM. taTastha dezene IglaDa kherAka pahoMcADatA rokavAne A jAherAta karavAmAM AvI hatI. e jAherAtathI amerikA atizaya cheDAI paDyuM. tenAM vahANene A rIte DubAvI devAmAM Ave che te sAMkhI le ema nahatuM. e vastue yuddhamAM paDavAnuM tene mATe anivArya banAvI mUkyuM. jarmana sarakAre sabamarInanI AvI niraMkuza laDAI laDavAno nirNaya karyo te vakhate teNe e vastune paNa khyAla karI lIdhuM have joIe. kadAca tene ema paNa lAgyuM hoya ke have bIjo koI upAya bAkI rahyo nathI eTale e jokhama khe ja chUTake. athavA teNe ema paNa dhAryuM hoya ke, amerikana zarAphe Aje paNa mitrarAjyone kyAM ochI madada karI rahyA che. e game tema ho paNa, 1917nA eprilamAM yunAITeDa sTeTse laDAI jAhera karI. bIjI prajAo jyAre thAkIne letha thaI gaI hatI tyAre akhUTa sAdhanasaMpattivALuM ane sAjIMtA yunAITeDa sTeTsa yuddhamAM dAkhala thavAthI jarmanIne pakSa hAraze e nakkI thaI gayuM. ane Ama chatAMye, amerikAe laDAI jAhera karI te pahelAM bhAre mahatvane bIjo eka banAva banyuM hatuM. raziyAnI prathama krAMtine pariNAme, 1917nA mArcanI 15mI tArIkhe jhAre gAdItyAga karyo. A krAMti viSe huM tane alaga patramAM lakhIza. A krAMtie laDAImAM bhAre pheraphAra karI nAkhe e vastu tuM ahIM lakSamAM rAkhe ema huM IcchuM chuM. dekhItI rIte ja raziyA have jhAjhuM laDI zake ema nahatuM ane laDe te paNa jarmanI viruddha te nahi ja. ene artha e thayo ke jarmanI pUrvanA mokharAnI ciMtAmAMthI mukta thayuM. pUrva mekharA uparanuM pitAnuM badhuM athavA moTA bhAganuM sainya te have krAMsa ane igleMDanI sAme jhIMkI zake ema hatuM. ekAeka paristhiti jarmanIne mATe atizaya anukULa thaI gaI. raziyana krAMti thavA pAmI tenA cha ke sAta aThavADiyAM pahelAM je tene enI khabara paDI hatI te ethI bhAre pharaka paDI jAta. ema thAta te sabamarInanA yuddhamAM pheraphAra na thAta ane amerikA kadAca taTaratha rahyuM heta. raziyA yuddhamAMthI nIkaLI jAya ane amerikA taTastha rahe e sthitimAM jarmanI, kAMsa tathA iMglaMDanAM sainyane kyarI nAkhe evo pUrepUro saMbhava hate.

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1017 yuddhakALa cAlu sthitimAM paNa pazcima mAkharA upara jarmanInuM baLa vadhavA pAmyuM ane jana sabamarInAe mitrarAjyo tathA taTastha dezAnAM vahANAnuM nika Mdana kADhayuM. raziyAnI krAMti jarmanIne madadarUpa thaI paDI ema lAgyuM. ane chatAMye te tenI AMtiraka nabaLAInA moTAmAM moTA kAraNarUpa nIvaDI. pahelI krAMti thaI tyAra pachI ATha mAsanI aMdara bIjI krAMti thavA pAmI. eNe soviyeTa tathA elzevikAnA hAthamAM sattA suparata karI. ane sulehazAMti e elzevikAne pokAra hatA. temaNe laDatI prajAnA majUro tathA sainikAne uddezIne suleha mATe hAkala karI. e mUDIvAdIonuM yuddha hatuM e temaNe batAvI ApyuM ane sAmrAjyavAdI hetu AgaLa dhapAvavAnA kAryamAM tApAnA bhakSya na banavA majUrone jaNAvyuM. AvA keTalAka pokArA ane hAkalA laDAInA meAkharA uparanA judI judI prajAnA sainikAnA kAna sudhI pahoMcyAM ane enI temanA upara bhAre asara thavA pAmI. phreMca sainyAmAM ghaNAM baDe thayAM ane sattAvALAoe temane jema tema dabAvI dIdhAM. jarmana sainikA upara teA enI asara ghaNI vadhAre thaI. kema ke krAMti pachI teA ghaNI jarmana palaTaNAmAM raziyana sainya pratye bhrAtRbhAvanI lAgaNI pedA thaI hatI. A palaTAne pazcima mekhare mokalavAmAM AvI tyAre te A nave| saMdeza potAnI sAthe laI gaI ane khIjI palaTaNAmAM tene phelAve karyAM. jarmanI have laDAIthI sAva thAkI gayuM hatuM ane tadna hatAza thaI gayuM hatuM tathA raziyAthI AvelAM khI tene grahaNa karavAne tatpara bhUmi upara paDyAM. raziyana krAMtie A rIte jamanImAM AMtiraka nabaLAI pedA karI. . paraMtu A badhI apazukaniyALa nizAnIo jamana lazkarI sattAvALAonI AMkhe dekhAtI nahAtI. sane 1918nA mArcamAM sAviyeTa raziyA upara baLajabarIthI temaNe kacarI nAkhanArI ane hiNapatabharI suleha ThokI besADI. sAviyeTa mATe bIjo kAI mArga rahyo nahAtA tathA game te bhAge temane suleha joItI hatI eTale temaNe e sulehanA svIkAra karyAM. 1918nA mArcamAM jana sainye pazcima meAkharA upara tene chevaTanA bhagIratha prayatna paNa karyAM. ema karatAM temanAM sainyonA kaccaraghANa kADhIne jamanAe aMgrejo tathA phreMconI harALa bhedI ane sADAtraNa varasa pUrve temane jyAMthI pAchA haTAvyA hatA te mAna nadIne kinAre teo jaI pahoMcyA. A asAdhAraNa prayatna hatA paNa e temane chelle prayAsa hatA ane janI sAva thAkI gayuM hatuM. daramyAna ATlAMTika mahAsAgara oLaMgIne amerikAthI sainya AvI paheAMcyuM tathA pahelAMnA kaDavA anubhavAmAMthI medha laI ne pUrepUro sahakAra tathA prayatnanI ekatA sAdhI zakAya eTalA mATe pazcima meAkharA uparanAM badhAMye mitrasanyAne - briTiza, amerikana, phreMca --eka ja sarasenApatinI saradArI nIce mUkavAmAM AvyAM. phrAMsanA mAla phezane pazcima meAkharAnAM badhAMye mitrasainye sarasenApati banAvavAmAM

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1018 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AvyuM. 1918nI sAlanA vacagALAthI cokkasapaNe pravAha UlaTI dizAmAM vahevA lAgyo, have humalAnI pahela mitrasainya karI ane jarmanane pAchA dhakelatAM teo AgaLa vadhavA lAgyAM. okaTobara sudhImAM laDAIne aMta najIka AvI pahoMce ane tahakUbInI vAta saMbhaLAvA lAgI. navembaranI cothI tArIkhe kIla AgaLa jarmane naukAsane baMDa karyuM ane pAMca divasa pachI balinamAM jarmana prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI. e ja divase eTale ke navamI navembare kejhara vihema bIje aghaTita ane zaramabharI rIte jarmanIthI hAleMDa cAlyo gayo. ane e rIte hohenolanuM vaMzane enI sAthe aMta Avyo. cInanA maMcUonI peThe teo "vAghanI garjanA sAthe AvyA hatA ane sApanI pUMchaDInI peThe adazya thaI gayA." 1918nA navembaranI 11mI tArIkhe tahakubInI zarate upara sahIo ' thaI ane laDAIne aMta AvyuM. amerikAnA pramukha vuDa vilsane nakkI karelA "cauda muddAo upara A tahakUbInI zarate racAI hatI. yuddhamAM saMDovAyelI nAnI prajAonA AtmanirNayane siddhAMta, zastrasaMnyAsa, guNa mutsaddIgIrIne niSedha, bIjI sattAoe raziyAne madada ApavI tathA prajAsaMdha- A vastuo upara meTe bhAge e muddAo ghaDavAmAM AvyA hatA. haLave rahIne vijetA A "cauda muddAo 'mAMthI ghaNuMkharA kevI rIte bhUlI gayA hatA te ApaNe pachIthI joIzuM. laDAI te have pUrI thaI hatI paNa briTiza kAphalAe karelI jarmanInI nAkAbaMdhI te cAlu ja rahI ane bhUkhe maratAM jarmane strI bALakone kherAka pahoMcADavA devAmAM AvatuM nahato. dveSanA A gajaba pradarzana tathA bALakone paNa zikSA karavAnI A kAmanAne suprasiddha briTiza rAjadvArI puruSo ane jAhera kAryakartAone, meTAM moTAM chApAMone ane kahevAtAM vinIta (libarala) sAmayikano paNa Teke hatA. are, iMglaMDane vaDA pradhAna leIDa je paNa vinIta AgevAna hatA. laDAInAM savA cAra varasanI tavArIkha gAMDI pAzavatA ane atyAcAronI hakIkatathI bharelI che. Ama chatAMye, tahabI pachI paNa jarmanInI nAkAbaMdhI cAlu rAkhavAmAM AvI enA karatAM koI paNa pAzavatA vadhAre niSphara ane haDahaDatI nahi hoya. laDAI pUrI thaI hatI, eka AkhI prajA bhUkhamare veThI rahI hatI ane tenAM bALako bhUkhe TaLavaLatAM hatAM chatAMye IrAdApUrvaka ane baLajabarIthI barAka tyAM ja aTakAvavAmAM Avyo hato. yuddha ApaNuM manane kevAM vita karI mUke che tathA tene gAMDA TheSathI bharI de che! jarmanInA vaDA pradhAna (censelara) baeNthamena halAvIne kahyuM hatuM ke, "IMglaMDe amArI sAme karelI nAkAbaMdhInI nizAnIo amArAM saMtAne ane amArAM saMtAnonA saMtAne

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yuddhakALa 1019 sudhI kAyama raheze, zaitAniyata karatAM jarAye ochI hi evI krUratAnuM e sudhareluM svarUpa che." moTA moTA rAjadvArI puruSo tathA UMce sthAne birAjelA bIjA A nAkAbaMdhI paratve potAnI saMmati darzAvI rahyA hatA tyAre yuddha laDanArA garIba bicArA briTiza sainikAthI e dRzya joI rahevAyuM nahi. taharUkhI pachI rAInanA pradezamAM kAlena AgaLa briTiza sainya mUkavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. e sainyanA briTiza senApatine iMgleMDanA vaDA pradhAna loIDa jyorja upara Ave! tAra karavAnI pharaja paDI : jamna strIo tathA khALakAnI yAtanAonuM dRzya briTiza sainya upara bhAre mAThI asara karI rahyu che." takUkhI pachI sAta karatAM paNa vadhAre mAsa sudhI iMglaMDe jarmanInI nAkAbaMdhI cAlu rAkhI hatI. yuddhanAM lAMbAM varasAe laDAImAM paDelI prajAne pAzava banAvI mUkI hatI. temaNe mATA bhAganA lAkAnI naitika bhAvanAnA nAza karyAM ane sAmAnya mANasAne ardhA gunegAra jevA banAvI mUkyA. lokeA hiMsA ane irAdApUrNAMka karavAmAM AvatI hakIkatAnI vikRtithI TevAI gayA ane te dveSa tathA vera levAnI bhAvanAthI UbharAtA hatA. A vigrahanuM saravaiyuM zuM hatuM ? enI kAI ne paNa khabara nathI, hajI lokeA te taiyAra karI rahyA che! Adhunika vigraha e zI vastu che ene tane khyAla ApavAne huM gheADA AMkaDA TAMkIza. vigrahanI kula khuvArI nIce mujaba gaNavAmAM AvI che : marI gayelA sainikA -1,00,00,000 marI gayelA dhAravAmAM AvelA sainikA marI gayelA nAgirakA dhAyala thayelA keda pakaDAyelA yuddhanA anAthe yuddhanI vidhavA Azrita 30,00,000 1,30,00,000 2,00,00,000 30,00,000 90,00,000 50,00,000 1,00,00,00 A jabaradasta AMkaDAo tarapha najara kara ane pachI enI pAchaLa keTalI badhI mAnavI yAtanAo rahelI che tene khyAla karavA prayatna kara. e AMkaDAonA saravALA kara: mAtra marI gayelA ane dhAyala thayelAnA kula saravALA ja 46,000,000 thAya che. ane rokaDa nANAMno kharaca ? hajI lA enI tA gaNatarI karI rahyA che ! mitrarAjyonA pakSanA kharcane kula aMdAja amerikanA lagabhaga 40,99,96,00,000 pAunDa Ape che ane jarmana pakSanA kharacatA aMdAja

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1020 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana lagabhaga 15,12,23,00,000 pAuMDa Ape che. ene ekaMdara saravALe chappana karoDa pAuMDa karatAMye vadhAre thAya! ApaNA rojiMdA vyavahAranI sarakhAmaNImAM e rakama eTalI badhI meTI che ke ene ApaNane barAbara khyAla AvI zake ema nathI. e AMkaDAo ApaNane sUrya ke tArAnA aMtara jevA khagoLanA AMkaDAonI yAda Ape che. yuddhamAM paDelI badhI prajAo-vijetA tema ja parAjita-eka sarakhI rIte yuddhanA kharacathI pedA thayelA pariNAmamAM hajI sudhI gUMcavAIne paDelI che emAM Azcarya pAmavA jevuM kazuM nathI. yuddhane aMta lAvavA mATenuM yuddha' "lekazAhIne salAmata karavA mATenuM yuddha' tathA AtmanirNaya' ane sAmAnya rIte svataMtratA ane ucca AdarzonI vAta have baMdha thaI gaI ane IMgleDa, phrAMsa, amerikA, iTAlI ane temanAM bIjAM nAnAM mitrarAjya (alabatta raziyA temAMthI bAda hatuM)no vijaya thayo. upara jaNAvelA A badhA ucca ane umadA Adarzo kevI rIte vyavahAramAM utAravAmAM AvyA e ApaNe pachIthI joIzuM. daramyAna AgaLanA bIjA eka vijaya viSe aMgreja kavi sAudhIe lakhelI kavitAnI lITIo yAda karIe. vakhANutA sau kaI te yuddha taNe saradAra, mahAjaMga jItanAra.' paNa zuM emAMthI kaho Akhara pAmyA sAra?' pUche nAne bALa. te bole ke zI khabara? jANuM ATalI vAta; hatI chata prakhyAta." 150. raziyAmAMthI jhArazAhIne aMta 7 eprila, 1933 yuddhakALa viSenA mArA dhyAnamAM meM raziyana krAMti tathA yuddha upara thayelI tenI asarane ullekha karyo hate. yuddha upara teNe karelI asaranI vAta javA daIe te paNa khuda krAMti e ja eka jabaradasta ghaTanA hatI. duniyAnA ItihAsamAM ene jeTe jaDe ema nathI. e prakAranI e pahelavahelI krAMti hatI e kharuM, paraMtu lAMbA vakhata sudhI e jAtanI e mAtra ekaladokala krAMti ja raheze ema lAgatuM nathI, kema ke ghaNA dezo mATe e paDakArarUpa thaI paDI che ane duniyAbharanA aneka krAMtikArIo mATe e daSTAMtarUpa banI gaI che. ethI e jhINavaTapUrvakanA abhyAsane vegya

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raziyAmAMthI jhArazAhInA aMta 1021 che. yuddhanuM e sauthI moTuM pariNAma hatuM e nirvivAda che, paraMtu e atizaya aNadhArI ghaTanA hatI ane laDAImAM jhaMpalAvanAra kAI paNa sarakAra yA te kAI paNa rAjadvArI puruSe e mATe lezamAtra paNa icchA rAkhI nahotI, athavA ema kahevuM vadhAre sAcu hoya ke, raziyAmAM pravartatI aitihAsika ane Arthika paristhitinI e satati hatI. yuddhamAM thayelI khehada khuvArI tathA yuddhane kAraNe vaivI paDelI yAtanAone lIdhe jhaDapathI phaTAkaTI UbhI thaI ane krAMtinA parama zilpI tathA medhAvI lenine enA lAbha uddAbyA. kharI rIte 1917nI sAlamAM raziyAmAM e krAMti thaI eka mArcamAM ane khIjI navembaramAM. athavA ema kahI zakAya e AkhA gALA daramyAna krAMtine juvALa cAlu rahyo hatA ane e e prasa Mge e pANI UMcAmAM UMcI hade pahoMcyAM hatAM. raziyA uparanA mArA chellA patramAM me tane 1905nI krAMti viSe kahyuM hatuM. e krAMti paNa yuddha ane parAjayane TAMkaNe thaI hatI. ene pAzavatAthI dAkhI devAmAM AvI ane jhAranI sarakAre khelagAma ApakhudInI potAnI kArakidI cAlu rAkhI. teNe satra jAsUsonI jALa pAtharI dIdhI ane sarva prakAranA udAra matAne kacarI nAkhyA. mAkarsavAdIe ane khAsa karIne ekzevikAne kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvyA ane temanAM AgevAna strIpuruSo kAM to sAipreriyAnI gunegAranI vasAhatAmAM gayAM athavA te temaNe dezavaTo lIdhA. paraMtu dezavaTo laIne paradezAmAM cAlyAM gayelAM A gaNyAMgAMThyAM mANasoe leninanI AgevAnI nIce potAnuM pracArakArya tathA abhyAsa cAlu rAkhyAM. teo mAkanAM custa anuyAyIo hatAM. paraMtu mAsanA siddhAMta iMgleMDa ke jarmanI jevA bhAre adyogika dezAne mATe yojavAmAM AvyA hatA. raziyA aa hajIye madhyakAlIna ane kRSipradhAna deza hatA. mAtra meTAM meTAM zaherAmAM udyogeAnI sahejasAja zarUAta thaI hatI. lenine, mAkarsanA mULabhUta siddhAMtA AvA raziyAne adha esatA karavAnuM kArya hAtha dharyuM. teNe A viSaya upara khUba lakhANa kayu. ane dezavaTo bhogavatA raziyanae e viSaya upara khUba carcA karI. A rIte teo krAMtinA zAstramAM taiyAra thayA. leninanI evI mAnyatA hatI ke kAI paNa kArya kevaLa utsAha dharAvanArAothI hi paNa niSNAtA ane tAlIma pAmelAonA hAthe thavuM joIe. tenA abhiprAya hatA ke krAMti karavAnA prayAsa karavA ja hAya to lakAne e kAya mATe pUrepUrI tAlIma ApavI joIe ke jethI kAya karavAnI ghaDI AvI pahoMce tyAre temaNe zuM karavuM joIe e bAbatanI temanA manamAM cAkhavaTa rahe. AthI, lenina tathA tenA sAthIoe 1905 pachInAM adhakAramaya varasAnA upayoga bhAvI kArya mATenI tAlIma levAmAM karyAM.

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jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana raziyAnAM zaherAnA majUra varga cheka 1914nI sAlathI jAgrata thavA lAgyA hatA ane te krIthI krAMtikArI thavA mAMDyo hatA. tyAM aneka rAjakIya haDatALA paNa paDI hatI. pachIthI yuddha AvyuM ane sadhaLuM dhyAna emAM parAvAyuM. AgaLa paDatA vicAro dharAvanArA majUrAne yuddhanA moracA upara sainikA tarIke meAkalavAmAM AvyA. lenina tathA tenA sAthIoe (dhaNAkharA AgevAne raziyA bahAra dezavaTo bhAgavatA hatA ) cheka zarUAtathI ja yuddhano virodha karyAM. khIjA dezonA meATA bhAganA samAjavAdIonI peThe yuddhanA vAtAvaraNathI te kheMcAI gayA nahAtA. mahAyuddhane temaNe mUDIvAdIonuM yuddha kahyu ane potAnI svataMtratA meLavavAmAM ene lAbha levA sivAya majUravarga ne enI sAthe khIjI kazI levA * devA nathI ema temaNe jaNAvyuM. 1022 - raNakSetra upara raziyana sainyanI bhayaMkara khuvArI thaI. e khuvArI yuddhamAM saDAvAyelA khIjA kAI paNa sainyanI khuvArInI tulanAmAM kadAca sauthI vadhAre haze. raziyana senApati, lazkarI mANasA tarIke paNa te jhAjhA buddhizALI hAya che ema sAmAnya rIte mAnavAmAM AvatuM nathI - * sAva AvaData vinAnA hatA. raziyana sainikA bahu ja kaMgALa rIte zastrasajja hatA. ghaNI vAra tA temanI pAse dArUgoLA paNa nahAtA tema ja temane khIjo paNa kazA TekA nahetA. AvA sainikAne duzmano upara jhIMkavAmAM AvyA ane e rIte acUka rIte lAkhAnI saMkhyAmAM temane mRtyunA mukhamAM homavAmAM AvyA. daramyAna peTrogrADamAM - have pITarsabargane e nAmathI oLakhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM -- tema ja khIjA moTAM zaheromAM bhAre naphAkhorI zarU thaI ane saTaDiyAe aDhaLaka saMpatti ekaThI karI. A 'dezabhakta ' saToDiyA ane naphAkhArA vijaya maLatAM sudhI yuddha cAlu rAkhavAnI bUma sauthI mATe sAde pADatA hatA. bezaka laDAI niraMtara cAlu rahe e vastu temane bahu ja anukULa hatI ! paraMtu sainikA, majUro ane kheDUta varga (je sainikA pUrA pADatA hatA) e badhA thAkI gayA hatA. te bhUkhe maratA hatA ane temanAmAM bhAre asa MtoSa vyApyA hatA. jhAra nikAlasa atizaya khevakUfa mANasa hatA. tenA upara tenI patnI jhArInAnA ghaNA prabhAva hatA. te paNa enA jeTalI ja khevakUfa hatI paNa vadhAre zaktizALI hatI. e khate harAmakhA ane mevakUphAthI cAre taraphathI vIMTaLAyelAM hatAM ane kAI paNa temanI TIkA karavAnI hAma bhIDI zakatuM nahetuM. sthiti eTalI hade paheAMcI ke, gregarI rAsapuTIna nAmaneA eka dhRNAjanaka badamAza jhArInAnA mukhya prItipAtra banyo ane tenI mAraphate te jhArane paNa mAnItA thayA. rAsapuTIna (rAsapuTInanA artha ga MdA kUtarA ' evA thAya che) eka garIba kheDUta hatA ane dhoDAnI corIne kAraNe te muzkelImAM AvI paDaco hatA. teNe pavitratAnA vAdhA sajavAnuM ane sAdhuno kamANInA dhaMdhA aMgIkAra

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raziyAmAMthI jhArazAhIne aMta 1023 karavAnuM nakakI karyuM. hiMdanI peThe raziyAmAM paNa paisA kamAvAne e sugama mArga hatuM. teNe potAnA vALa lAMbA vadhAravA mAMDayA ane tenA vALanI sAthe tenI nAmanA paNa vadhavA lAgI ane chevaTe te rAjadarabAra sudhI pahoMcI. jhAra tathA jhArInAne ekane eka putra - tene "jhAravIca nA nAmathI oLakhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM - kaMIka regagrasta hatA ane rAsapuTIne koIka rIte jhArInAnA mana upara evuM ThasAvyuM ke te tene sAjo karaze. tenuM nasIba UghaDI gayuM ane ceDA ja vakhatamAM jhAra tathA jhArInA tenA prabhAva nIce AvyAM. rAjyanI moTI meTI nimaNUko paNa tenI salAha pramANe karavAmAM AvatI. te atizaya durAcArI jIvana gujArato hato ane moTI moTI rakamanI lAMca letA hatA paraMtu varaso sudhI teNe A sattAdhArIne bhAga bhajavyo. A sthitithI sau kaI kaMTALyA hatA. vinIte ane amIra varganA leka paNa baDabaDATa karavA lAgyA ane mahelanI krAMtinI eTale ke baLajabarIthI jhArone badalI nAkhavAnI vAto thavA lAgI. daramyAna jhAre pite pitAnI senAnA sarasenApatinuM pada dhAraNa karyuM ane dareka vastumAM te chabaraDe vALavA lAgyo. ' 1916nI sAla pUrI thaI te pahelAM thoDA divaso upara jhAra kuTuMbanA eka mANase rAsapuTInanuM khUna karyuM. tene jamavA mATe bolAvavAmAM AvyuM ane pitAnI jAta upara goLIbAra karavAnuM tene kahevAmAM AvyuM. teNe ema karavAnI nA pADI eTale tene goLIthI vIMdhI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. rAsapuTInanA khUnane sAmAnya rIte eka aniSTanA nivAraNa tarIke vadhAvI levAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu ene pariNAme jhAranI chupI polIse bhAre damana calAvyuM. kaTokaTI.ugra banatI gaI anAjane dukALa paDyo ane peTrogrADamAM anAja mATe hullaDe thavA lAgyAM. ane pachI, majUronI lAMbA kALanI manevedanAmAMthI mArcanA AraMbhanA divasomAM aNadhAryo ane ApameLe krAMtine janma thaye. tA. 8mIthI 12mI sudhInA mArca mAsanA pAMca divasamAM A kAMtine vijaya nihALe. e kaMI mahelanI krAMti nahotI tema ja tenA TocanA AgevAnoe yojanApUrvaka karelI e vyavasthita krAMti paNa nahotI. e samAjanA cheka nIcenA tharamAMthI, atizaya pIDita majUremAMthI udabhavatI lAgatI hatI. ane koI paNa prakAranI dekhItI pejanA ke AgevAnonI deravaNa vinA baMdha AMkhe phephasatI phaphesatI AgaLa vadhatI hatI. sthAnika bazeviko sahita badhAye krAMtikArI pakSo ethI AbhA banI gayA ane ene kevI doravaNuM ApavI e temane sUjhayuM nahi. janatAe ApameLe krAMtinI dizAmAM pahela karI ane peTrogrADamAM mUkavAmAM AvelA sainikone je kSaNe teNe pitAnA karI lIdhA te ja kSaNe tene vijaya thayo. A krAMtikArI janatAne bhUtakALamAM thayelAM kheDUtenAM aneka baMDanI peThe kevaLa vinAza karavAne khAtara ja maMDelAM asaMgaThita ToLAo

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1024 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzIna ' mAnI khesavAnI bhUla na karavI joIe. A mArca mAsanI krAMti aMgenI mahattvanI khInA e che ke, emAM, jemane * prAliTeriyaTa ' nAmathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che te kArakhAnAnA majUroe ItihAsamAM pahelI ja vAra AgevAnI lIdhI hatI. e vakhate A majUro pAse jANItA ane AgaLa paDatA AgevAnA nahAtA ( lenina ane bIjA kadamAM yA te paradezamAM hatA.) e kharuM, paraMtu leninanA maMDaLe keLavelA evA ghaNAye ajJAta majUrA temanI pAse hatA. DajhanabaMdhI kArakhAnAMomAMnA A ajJAta majUrA AkhI caLavaLanA AdhArarUpa thaI paDyA ane temaNe tene nizcita mArge vALI. ahIMyAM ApaNe audyogika majUrIne, potAnuM kArya bajAvatAM joI e chIe. AvI ghaTanA khIje kayAMya ApaNA jovAmAM AvI nathI. raziyA alabata Ne mATe aMze khetIpradhAna deza che ane e khetI paNa madhyakAlIna paddhatithI cAlatI hatI. ekaMdare jotAM dezamAM Adhunika udyogo bahu jAja pramANamAM hatA. ane evA je kaI udyogo hatA te gaNyAMgANyAM zaheromAM kendrita thayelA hatA. peTrogrADamAM AvAM ghaNAM kArakhAMnAM hatAM ane e rIte tyAM AgaLa audyogika majUrAnI meTI vasatI hatI. mArca mAsanI krAMti e peTramrADanA majUrA tathA tyAM mUkavAmAM AvelI palaTaNAnuM kArya hatuM. 8mI mArce krAMtinA gaDagaDATanA paDadhA sabhaLAyA. strIe AgaLa paDato bhAga le che ane sutarAu milAnI strI kAmadAro zaheranA mahellAmAM kUca karIne dekhAve kare che. khIje divase badhe haDatAla paDe che ane dhaNA puruSa kAmadAro paNa kAma cheDIne bahAra paDe che. roTI mATenI mAgaNInA tathA ' ApakhudI murdAbAda 'nA pokAro thAya che. sattAvALAo dekhAveA karanArA majUrAne kacarI nAkhavA mATe kaoNMjheka sainikane mekale che. bhUtakALamAM te hamezAM jhArazAhInA mukhya TekAdAra rahyA hatA. kojheka sainikA lAkane AjubAju vikherI nAkhe che paNa temanA upara goLIbAra karatA nathI. majUrAne sAna dAzraya mAlUma paDe che ke kaoNjheka sainikAnA sarakArI adhikArIe hAvAnA dekhAvanI pAchaLa temanA pratyenI maitrInI bhAvanA rahelI che. lokeAnA utsAha ekadama vadhI jAya che ane te kaeNjhekA sAthe birAdarI keLavavAnA prayAsa kare che. paraMtu polIse tarapha dhikkAranI lAgaNI rAkhavAmAM Ave che ane temanA upara paththaro pheMkAya che. trIje divase eTale ke 10mI mArce, kaoNMgreSTha pratyenI bhrAtRbhAvanI lAgaNI vadhavA pAme che. lAkA upara geALIbAra karanArA polIseA upara kaoNjhekAe gALIe cheDI evI aA paNa phelAya che. mahelAmAMthI polIsa jatI rahe che. strI kAmadAro sainikA AgaLa jAya che ane temane AgrahapUrvaka vinavaNI kare che. sanikAnI tAkelI bakA UMcI thaI jAya che,

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raziyAmAMthI jhArazAhIne ata 1025 e pachIne 11mI mArcane divasa ravivAra che. kAmadAre zaheranA madhya bhAgamAM ekatra thAya che, polIse gupta jagyAe saMtAIne temanA upara goLI calAve che. keTalAka sainike paNa le ke upara goLIbAra kare che, AthI teo e palaTaNanI barAka AgaLa pahoMce che ane tyAM AgaLa kaDavI phariyAda kare che. e palaTaNanuM hRdaya pIgaLe che ane te potAnA nIcalA darajajAnA amaladAranI saradArI nIce lekenuM rakSaNa karavAne Ave che. te polIsa upara goLIbAra kare che. e palaTaNanI dharapakaDa karavAmAM Ave che paNa have e mATene sama vItI gayela hoya che. bIjI palaTaNemAM paNa baLavAne pavana phelAya che ane 12mI mArce teo paNa pitAnI baMdUke tathA mazInagana sAthe bahAra paDe che. mahellAomAM sakhata goLIbAra thAya che paraMtu kANu kenA upara goLIbAra karatuM hatuM e kahevuM muzkela che. pachIthI sainike ane kAmadAre jaIne keTalAka pradhAna (bIjAo nAsI gayA hoya che.), pilIse tathA jAsUsI khAtAnA mANasanI dharapakaDa kare che. ane kedamAM paDelA jUnA rAjadvArI kedIone chuTakAre kare che. peTegrADamAM krAMtine vijaya thayo hate. theDA ja vakhatamAM maeNskoe paNa e ja mArga lIdhe. gAmaDAMo A pheraphAre nihALI rahyAM hatAM. dhIme dhIme kheDUta varge paNa A navI vyavasthAne svIkAra karyo paNa te kazAye utsAha vinA. temane te mAtra be ja vastunI paDI hatI. jamInanI mAlikI kAyama rAkhavI ane sulehazAMti prApta karavI. ane jhAranuM zuM ? A mahattvapUrNa divasamAM jhAranI zI sthiti hatI? te peDhADamAM nahe. te dUra dUranA eka nAnakaDA kaAmAM hatuM ane sarasenApati tarIke tyAMthI pitAnA sainyane doravaNI ApI rahyo hato ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. paraMtu tenA divase bharAI cUkyA hatA ane vadhAre pAkI gayelA phaLanI peThe lagabhaga lokonI najara bahAra te kharI paDyo. mahA samartha jhAra, jenI AgaLa lAkha mANase dhrujI UThatAM te samagra raziyAne mahAna Apakhuda rAjakartA, "helI raziyA" (pavitra raziyA)no "lITala phAdhara' (nAno prabhu). ItihAsanI kacarApeTImAM" alepa thaI gaye. vidhinirmita pitAnuM kArya pUruM karyA pachI tathA temanA divase bharAI cUkyA pachI mahAna vyavasthAo kevI paDI bhAge che e kharekhara Azcaryajanaka bInA che. peTrejhADamAM kAmadAronI haDatAla ane ramakhANe viSe jhAre jANyuM tyAre teNe lazkarI kAyade jAhera karavAne hukama Ape. tyAM AgaLanA sattA uparanA senApatie lazkarI kAyade vidhipUrvaka jAhera te karyo paraMtu zaheramAM e jAherAtanI dAMDI na piTAI ke na te jAhera sthAnee cuMTADavAmAM AvI kema ke e kAma karanAra koI hatuM ja nahi! sarakAranuM taMtra sAva chinnabhinna thaI gayuM hatuM. jhArane te zuM banI rahyuM

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1021 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatuM tenuM hajIye bhAna nahotuM ane teNe peTrogrADa pAchA pharavAno prayatna karyo. relavenA kAmadAroe mArgamAM ja tenI gADI aTakAvI. jhArInA e vakhate peTrogrADanA eka parAmAM rahetI hatI. teNe jhAra upara tAra karyo. "jene tAra karavAmAM AvyuM che tenuM ThAma ThekANuM jANamAM nathI" evI pensilathI karelI neMdha sAthe e tAra tAraophisamAMthI pAchA Avyo ' laDAIne kharA uparanA senApatio tathA peTrogrADamAMnA vinIta netAoe A badhA pheraphArothI gabharAIne ane sarvanAzamAMthI kaMIka bacAvI levAnI AzAthI jhArane gAdItyAga karavAnI vinaMti karI. e mujaba jhAre gAdItyAga karyo ane pitAne sthAne tenA eka sagAne nIkhe. paraMtu raziyAmAM have kArane mATe sthAna rahyuM nahotuM ane 300 varasanA Apakhuda zAsana pachI romenauphane vaMza raziyAnI raMgabhUmi hamezane mATe choDI gaye. umarAva varga, jamInadAre, upalI kakSAnA madhyama varganA leka tema ja vinIta sudhAraka paNa majUra varganA A utpAta tarapha bhaya ane gamagInIbharI dRSTithI jotA hatA. jenA upara teo AdhAra rAkhatA hatA te lazkarane paNa majUronI sAthe bhaLI gayeluM jeIne teo asahAya banI gayA. kyA pakSane vijaya thaze e bAbatamAM teo hajI nizcaya para nahotA AvyA. kema ke laDAInA mekhara uparathI pitAnuM sainya laIne jhAra Ave ane baLavAne kacarI nAkhe e saMbhavita hatuM. Ama eka bAjue kAmadArone Dara ane bIjI bAjue jhArane bhaya tathA pitAnI jAtane ugArI levAnI vadhAre paDatI ciMtA - eNe temanI dazA dayAjanaka karI mUkI. jamInadAra varga tathA upalA tharanA "bhUvA" eTale ke madhyama varganuM pratinidhitva dharAvanAra DUmA paNa tyAM hatI. kAmadAre paNa kaMIka aMze tenA tarapha najara karatA hatA. paraMtu A kaTokaTImAM AgevAnI levAne badale ke bIjuM kaMIka karavAne badale tene pramukha tathA tenA sabhya bhayathI kAMpatA besI rahyA ane zuM karavuM ene nirNaya na karI zakyA. | daramyAna seviyeTanI racanA karavAmAM AvI. enA majUra pratinidhiomAM sainikonA pratinidhione umeravAmAM AvyA. ane e navA seviyeTe vizALa rIDa mahelanI eka bAjune kabaje lIdho. ene amuka bhAga DUmAe rokyo hatA. majUro tathA sinike te pitAnA vijayanA utsAhathI UbharAtA hatA. paraMtu pachI prazna UThayo ke have temaNe enuM zuM karavuM ? temaNe sattA te hAtha karI paNa have ene amala keNe kare? temane e khyAla na AvyuM ke seviyeTa pite ja e kArya kare; "bhUrgavA" lekee sattAnAM sUtre levAM joIe evuM temaNe mAnI lIdhuM. AthI soviyeTanuM pratinidhi maMDaLa tene zAsanakArya zarU karavAnuM kahevAne DUmA samakSa gayuM. DUmAnA pramukha tathA sabhyae mAnyuM ke temanI dharapakaDa karavAne e pratinidhimaMDaLa AvyuM che ! sattAne je temanA

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raziyAmAMthI jhArazAhIne aMta 1027 upara lAdavAmAM Ave evuM teo nahetA IcchatA; emAM rahelA jokhamathI teo DaratA hatA. paNa temaNe karavuM zuM ? soviyeTanA pratinidhimaMDaLe sattA hAthamAM levAne temane Agraha karyo ane tene nA pADatAM paNa teo bItA hatA. AthI bhAre nArAjIpUrvaka ane pariNumanA DarathI DUmAnI eka kamiTIe sattAne svIkAra karyo. ane bahAranI duniyAne lAgyuM ke DUmA kAMtine dorI rahI che. e kevo vicitra prakArane zaMbhumeLa hato? vArtAmAM ApaNe e viSe vAMcIe te evuM banI zake ema ApaNe bhAgye ja mAnI zakIe. paraMtu kalpanAsRSTi karatAM vAstavika duniyA hameza vadhAre vicitra hoya che. DUmAnI kamiTIe namelI kAmacalAu sarakAra atizaya sthiticusta hatI ane tene vaDA pradhAna rAjavaMzI hate. e ja makAnanI bIjI bAjumAM soviyeTanI beThaka cAlatI hatI ane te kAmacalAu sarakAranA kAryamAM niraMtara dakhala karyA karatI. paraMtu AraMbhamAM te khuda soviyeTanuM valaNa paNa meLuM hatuM. ane belsevike te temAM mAtra mUThIbhara hatA. Ama tyAM AgaLa eka rIte be sarakAra hatI - kAmacalAu sarakAra ane seviyeTa. e baMnenI pAchaLa krAMti pAra pADanAra krAMtikArI majUre hatA. ane teo temanI pAse bhAre vastuonI AzA rAkhI rahyA hatA. jarmanIne saMpUrNa parAjaya thatAM sudhI temaNe laDAI cAlu rAkhavI joIe -bhUkhamare veThatA ane laDAIthI thAkI gayelA majUrone navI sarakAre basa ATalI eka mAtra deravaNI ApI. teo vimAsaNamAM paDI gayA ane vicAravA lAgyA ke zuM ATalA khAtara ame krAMti karI ane jhArane hAMkI kADhyo ? A TAMkaNe eprilanI 17mI tArIkhe lenina tyAM AvIne Ubhe. yuddha daramyAna Akho vakhata te sviTjharaleMDamAM hatA. ane krAMtinI vAta jANI ke tarata ja te raziyA pahoMcavA talapApaDa thaI gayuM hatuM. paNa raziyA pahoMcavuM kevI rIte? aMgrejo ane e potAnA mulakamAMthI tene javA de ema nahotuM tema ja jarmane ane eNni paNa tene javA de ema nahotuM. Akhare, kaMIka kAraNasara jarmana sarakAra eka sIlabaMdha gADImAM tene sviTjharaleMDanI sarahadathI raziyAnI sarahada sudhI pasAra thavA devAne saMmata thaI. tene evI AzA hatI, ane alabata tenI e AzA sakAraNa hatI ke, raziyAmAM leninanA AgamanathI kAmacalAu sarakAra tathA yuddhanI tarapheNane pakSa nabaLAM paDaze, kema ke lenina yuddhanI viruddha hate. jarmana sarakAra A rIte emAMthI lAbha meLavavAnI AzA rAkhatI hatI. tene kalpanA nahatI ke A lagabhaga ajJAta krAMtikArI eka divasa yurepane ane AkhI duniyAne hacamacAvI mUkavAne che. leninanA manamAM leza paNa saMzaya ke aspaSTatA nahotAM. tenI tIkSNa dRSTi janatAnuM mAnasa pAmI jatI hatI, tenI vizuddha buddhi sArI rIte vicArI

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128 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kADhelA siddhAMta badalAtI jatI paristhitine lAgu pADI zakatI hatI tathA temane tenI sAthe meLa besADI zakatI hatI ane tene aDaga nizcaya tAtkAlika pariNAmenI paravA karyA vinA teNe nakakI karelA mArgane vaLagI rahete hate. AvyuM te ja divase bolazevika pakSane teNe jorathI hacamacAvI mUkyo, tenI niyitAnI AkarI TIkA karI ane dhagadhagatA zabdamAM tenI pharajanuM tene bhAna karAvyuM. tenuM bhASaNa vidyutanA AMcakA jevuM hatuM, teNe pIDA karI paraMtu sAthe sAthe cetana paNa ApyuM. teNe kahyuM, "ApaNe kaMI dhekAbAjo nathI, kevaLa janatAnI jAgRtinA pAyA upara ja ApaNe caNatara karavuM joIe. ene mATe ladhumatImAM rahevAnuM jarUrI lAge te bhale ema thAo. thoDA vakhata pUratuM netAgIrInuM sthAna cheDI devuM e sArI vastu che, laghumatImAM rahetAM ApaNe DaravuM na joIe. Ama te pitAnA siddhAMta upara aDaga rahyo ane bAMdhacheDa karavAnI sApha nA pADI. ATalA vakhata sudhI netA vinA ane mArgadarzaka vinA lakSya vinA cAlatI krAMtine Akhare netA maLI gayuM. e ghaDIe ane e prasaMge netA pedA karyo. zevikane mejovike tathA bIjA krAMtikArIothI A tabakke jAdA pADanAra A siddhAMtanA bhede zA hatA? ane leninanA Agamana pahelAM sthAnika be zevikone zI vastuo zithila karI mUkyA hatA ? vaLI, sattA pitAne hAtha karyA pachI seviyeTe te junavANI ane sthiticusta DUmAne kema soMpI dIdhI? A badhA praznomAM huM UMDe UtarI zakuM ema nathI paNa 1917nI sAlanuM peTegrADa ane raziyAnuM niraMtara badalAtuM rahetuM nATaka ApaNe samajavA mAgatAM hoIe te e viSe ApaNe kaMIka vicAra kare joIe. jene "ItihAsanI bhautika yA jaDavAdI dRSTi" tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che te mAnavI parivartana ane pragati viSene kArla mAkarsane siddhAMta jUnI samAjavyavasthA jarIpurANI thaI jAya che tyAre tenuM sthAna navI samAjavyavasthA le che e hakIkata upara racAyeluM che. yAMtrika utpAdananI paddhati sudharatAM samAjanI Arthika tema ja rAjakIya vyavasthA dhIme dhIme tene anurUpa thaI jAya che. sattAdhArI varga ane zeSita varga e be vacce niraMtara cAlyA karatA varga vigraha dvArA e vastu banavA pAme che. A rIte pazcima yuropamAM jUnA phakyAla vargane sthAne "bUvA" athavA madhyama varga Avya. iMgleMDa, phrAMsa tathA jarmanI vagere dezamAM Arthika tathA rAjakIya taMtrane kAbU have e varganA hAthamAM AvyuM. vaLI vakhata Avye e varganuM sthAna majUra varga leze. raziyAmAM sattA hajI paNa yUDala varganA hAthamAM hatI ane jene lIdhe pazcima yuropamAM bhUvA varganA hAthamAM sattA AvI hatI te pheraphAra tyAM thavA pAmyuM nahati. AthI, mAkarsanA ghaNakharA anuyAyIo mAnatA hatA ke temajUra varganA

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raziyAmAMthI jhArazAhIne aMta 1029 prajAsattAkanI chevaTanI pAyarIe pahoMce te pahelAM raziyAne bhUvAonA eTale ke madhyamavarganA ane pArlAmenTa dvArA cAlatA zAsananA tabakkAmAMthI pasAra thavuM paDaze. temanA mata pramANe A vacceno tabakake oLaMgI jaI zakAya ema nahetuM. 1917nI mArcanI krAMti pahelAM khuda lenine paNa jhAra tathA jamInadAre sAme bUvA krAMti karavA mATenI kheDUta sAthe sahakAra karavAnI (tathA bUrjhavAone virodha na karavAnI) madhyama nIti nakkI karI hatI. * AthI bolsevika ane megneviko tathA mArsanA siddhAMtamAM mAnanArA sau leka briTiza athavA te phreMca namUnAnuM lekazAhI prajAsattAka prApta karavAnA vicArothI bharelA hatA. majUrenA AgaLa paDatA pratinidhio paNa ene anivArya samajatA hatA ane e ja kAraNe sattA pitAnA hAthamAM rAkhavAne badale soviyeTe jaIne te DUmAne saMpI. ApaNuM saunI bAbatamAM bane che tema, e loko pote pitAnA ja siddhAMtanA gulAma banyA hatA. ane bhinna prakAranI nIti athavA kaMI nahi te vartamAna sthitine baMdha besatuM Ave evuM jUnI nItinuM navuM svarUpa mAgI letI navI paristhiti pedA thaI hatI e teo jaI zakyA nahi. AgevAne karatAM janatA ghaNI vadhAre krAMtikArI hatI. soviyeTane kAbU jemanA hAthamAM hatuM te mejovike te eTalI hada sudhI kahevA lAgyA ke majUravarge e ghaDIe sAmAjika prazno uThAvavA na joIe; temane tAtkAlika kArya te rAjakIya svataMtratA prApta karavAnuM che. zevika Dhacupacu hatA. tenA AgevAnonI mAnasika anizcitatA tathA temanuM sAvacetIbharyuM valaNa hovA chatAye mArca mAsanI krAMtine vijaya thayo. lenina AvatAMveMta e. badhuM pheravAI gayuM. palakavAramAM te paristhiti kaLI gayuM ane sAcA AgevAnanI pratibhAthI mArsanA kAryakramane teNe paristhitine anukULa karI dIdho. have, majUravarganuM rAjya sthApavA mATe garIba kheDUtanA sahakArathI khuda mUDIvAdanI sAme laData calAvavAnuM nakakI karavAmAM AvyuM. bezevikenA A traNa tAtkAlika pokAre hatA : (1) lekazAhI prajAsattAka (2) jamInadAronI jamInanI japtI ane (3) kAmadAro mATe ATha kalAka kAmane divasa. kheDUte ane majAro mATenI laDatamAM A pikAe tarata ja vAstavikatA ANI. temane mATe e aspaSTa ane pikaLa Adarza nahota; e prANadAyI ane AzApreraka Adarza hate. meTA bhAganA majUrone pitAnA pakSanA karI laIne e rIte seviyeTane, kabajo levo ane pachIthI seviyeTe kAmacalAu sarakAra pAsethI sattA khUMcavI levI evI leninanI nIti hatI. tarata ja bIjI krAMti thAya evuM te mAgato nahote. kAmacalAu sarakArane uthalAvI pADavAno vakhata Ave te pahelAM moTA bhAganA majUrone tathA seviyeTane pitAnA pakSanAM karavAne teNe Agraha rAkhe. ga-2 re

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100 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e sarakAra sAthe sahakAra karavAnI IcchA rAkhanArAo pratye teNe kaDaka valaNa akhatyAra karyuM; e te krAMtine dage devAnI vAta hatI. ene mATenI yogya ghaDI Ave te pahelAM ekadama AgaLa dhasIne e sarakArane uthalAvI pADavA mAganArAo tarapha paNa teNe eTaluM ja kaDaka valaNa akhatyAra karyuM. teNe kahyuM ke, "kArya karavAnI ghaDIe je lakSya nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM hoya, tenAthI talamAtra paNa AgaLa vadhavAne vicAra karavAne samaya nathI. ene huM meTAmAM moTo gune gaNuM chuM; e avyavasthA che, aMdhera che." Ama, anivArya niyatinA kaIka sAdhananI peThe, dhagadhagatA agnine pitAnA aMtaramAM samAvatA A baraphane gaLo svasthatApUrvaka paNa aTaLatAthI pite nakkI karelA dhyeya tarapha AgaLa vadhye. 151. bolsevike sattA hAtha kare che 9 eprila, 1933 krAMtikALamAM ItihAsa kUdake ne bhUsake AgaLa vadhatuM jaNAya che. bahAra jhaDapI pheraphAra thAya che paraMtu janatAnA mAnasamAM te ethIye bhAre pheraphAra thavA pAme che. te cepaDImAMthI jhAjhuM zIkhatI nathI, kema ke pustakiyA zikSaNa meLavavAnI temane jhAjhI taka maLatI hotI nathI. vaLI pustake ghaNI vAra vastu vyakta karavA karatAM chupAve che vadhAre. anubhavanI kaMIka vasamI paNa vadhAre sAcI zALAmAM te zikSaNa pAme che. krAMtikALamAM sattA mATenI jIvanamaraNanI laData daramyAna lekonA kharekhara hetuone chupAvI rAkhanAre burakho dUra thAya che ane jenA pAyA upara samAjanuM caNatara thayuM hoya te e hetuonI pAchaLa rahelI sAcI vastu joI zakAya che. Ama, 1917nA A mahattvapUrNa varSa daramyAna raziyAmAM, AmajanatA, ane khAsa karIne zaheremAMnA audyogika majUre -- jeo krAMtinA kendra sthAne hatA - ghaTanAo dvArA pitAnA pATha bhaNyA ane lagabhaga rojabaroja badalAtA rahyA. - tyAM AgaLa kathAye sthiratA ke samatA nahotAM. javane sakriya ane badalAtuM rahetuM hatuM tathA leke ane vargo bhinna dizAomAM niraMtara kheMcAkheMca karyA ja karatA hatA. hajI paNa jhArazAhI punaHsthApita karavAnI AzA sevanArA ane tene mATe kAvatarAM karanArA leke tyAM paDayA hatA. paraMtu teo kaI mahattvane varga rajU karatA nahatA eTale ApaNe temane cheDI daI zakIe. kAmacalAu sarakAra tathA soviyeTa vacce mukhya jhaghaDe pedA thaye. Ama chatAMye seviyeTamAM meTA bhAganA leke sarakAra sAthe sahakAra ane bAMdhachoDa karavAnA matanA hatA.

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eTazevikA sattA hAtha kare che 1031 sarakAra tathA rAjyasattAnI javAbadArI potAnA upara AvI paDe tenAthI DaranArA lokeA bAMdhachoDa karavA mATe utsuka hatA. " sarakAranuM sthAna kANu leze? ame? paNa amArA hAtheA te dhrUje che. " seviyeTamAM bhASaNa karanAra eka sabhye Ama kahyu. hiMdamAM paNa ApaNe dhrUjatA hAtheAvALA ane bhayathI kAMpatA leAkAne ghaNI vAra AvI ja vAto karatA sAMbhaLIe chIe. paraMtu, majabUta hAthanA ane kaThaNa kALajAnA puruSo temanA samA Ave tyAre pAchI pAnI karatA nathI. ane bAjunA bAMdhacheADa karavAnI vRttivALA leke te TALavAnA bhAre prayAsA karyAM paraMtu kAmacalAu sarakAra ane seviyeTa vacce jhadhaDe anivAya hatA. sarakAra yuddha cAlu rAkhIne mitrarAjyAne tema ja temanI milakatanuM khanI zake eTaluM rakSaNa karIne raziyAnA milakatavALAne rAjI rAkhavA mAgatI hatI. seviyeTa AmajanatA sAthe vadhAre saMparka mAM hAvAthI te tenI suleha mATenI tathA kheDUtonI jamIna mATenI mAgaNI kaLI gayuM. vaLI ATha kalAkanA kAmanA divasa jevI majUronI mAgaNIo paNa te pAmI gayuM. Ama seviyeTe sarakArane niSkriya karI mUkI ane khuda seviyeTane janatAe niSkriya karI mUkayu kema ke janatA judA judA pakSA ane temanA AgevAne karatAM ghaNI vadhAre krAMtikArI hatI. sarakArane seviyeTane vadhAre anurUpa karavAnA prayatna karavAmAM AvyA ane kaeNraeNnskI nAmanA eka uddAma vakIla ane pratibhAzALI vaktA sarakAranA AgevAna sabhya banyA. sarvAM pakSI sarakAra sthApavAmAM te saphaLa thayA ane seviyeTanI menzevika bahumatIe temAM keTalAka pratinidhie mokalyA. jarmInI sAme humalA zarU karIne teNe IMglaMDa tathA phrAMsane khuza karavAnA paNa bhAre prayatna karyAM. paraMtu e humalA niSphaLa nIvaDyo kema ke lazkara temaja prajAne yuddhamAM karAye utsAha nare te. daramyAna, peTTegrADamAM akhila raziyAnI kaoNMgresanAM adhivezanA bharAI rahyAM hatAM. ane pachInI dareka kaoNMgresa tenI pahelAMnI koMgresanA karatAM vadhAre uddAma banatI jatI hatI. emAM elzevika sabhyA vadhu ne vadhu saMkhyAmAM cUMTAI AvatA hatA ane menzevikA ane * seAzyala reveAlyuzanarI ' eTale ke sAmAjika krAMtikArI pakSa (e kheDUtone pakSa hateA) e be meTA pakSAnI bahumatI ochI thaI gaI. zeviMkeAnI lAgavaga khAsa karIne peTrogrADanA majUravarga mAM vadhavA pAmI. dezabharamAM Thera Thera seviyeTa sthApavAmAM AvyAM ane sarakAranA hukamo upara seviyeTane paNa sahI sikko hAya te sivAya te temane amala karatAM nahi. raziyAmAM baLavAna madhyamavarga nahAtA e kAmacalAu sarakAranI nabaLAInuM eka kAraNa hatuM.

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jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzana pATanagaramAM sattA mATe kheMcatANa cAlI rahI hatI tyAre kheDUtA kAyadAne khIsAmAM mUkIne vavA lAgyA. AgaLa huM tane kahI gayA chuM tema A kheDUta mArcanI krAMtine viSe jhAjho utsAha dharAvatA nahAtA. te tenI viruddha paNa naheAtA. thAbhI jaI te temaNe paristhitinuM nirIkSaNa karyAM karyuM. paraMtu, peAtAnI milakata japta karavAmAM Avaze e DaranA mAryAM puSkaLa jamIna dharAvanArA jamInadArAe tenA nAnA hissA pADI nAkhyA ane khATA mAlikA UbhA karIne potAne mATe sAcavI rAkhavAne arthe te temane ApI. temanI ghaNI milakata temaNe videzIonA nAma upara paNa karI ApI. A rIte temaNe potAnI jamIna sAcavI rAkhavAnA prayAsa karyAM. kheDUtone A bilakula gamyuM nahi. kAyado karIne jamInanAM badhAM vecANA baMdha karI devAnI temaNe sarakAra pAse mAgaNI karI. sarakAra cupacu sthitimAM hatI; te zuM karI zake ema hatuM ? emAMthI eka pakSane te nArAja karavA cahAtI nahotI. pachI te kheDUtoe pote ja pagalAM levA mAMDyAM. cheka eprila mAsamAM paNa keTalAka kheDUtoe temanA jamInadAronI dharapakaDa karI, temanI jamInajAgIrane kabajo lIdhe ane tene ApasamAM vaheMcI nAkhI. yuddhanA mAracA uparathI pAchA pharelA sainikAe (alabata, e badhA kheDUto ja hatA) emAM AgaLa paDato bhAga lIdhA. A hilacAla phelAvA pAmI ane Akhare te baheALA pramANamAM jamInane kabajo levAmAM AvyA. jUna mAsa sudhImAM sAieriyAnAM * sTepejha 'mAM paNa enI asara thaI. sAiberiyAmAM moTA jamInadAro nahAtA eTale kheDUtoe carca tathA maThAnI jamInane kabajo lIdhA. 1031 meTI meATI jamInajAgIro japta karavAnuM pagaluM bharavAnI pahela kheDUtoe ja kevaLa peAtAnI ApasUjhathI karI hatI ane te paNa khelzevika krAMti thaI te pahelAM dhaNA mAsa upara e eka dhyAnamAM levA jevI khInA che. lenina tatkALa paNa vyavasthita rIte jamIna kheDUtone vaheMcI ApavAnI tarapheNamAM hatA. te avyavasthita ane adhakacarI rIte jamInano kabajo levAnI viruddha hatA. Ama, pAchaLathI jyAre elzevikA sattA upara AvyA tyAre jamInanI mAlakI dharAvanArA kheDUtovALu raziyA temanA jovAmAM AvyuM. leninanA Agamana pachI barAbara eka mahinA bAda khIjo eka AgevAna dezavaTAmAMthI peTrogrADa pALe karyAM. e ToTaskI hatA. te nyU yorkathI AbhyA hatA ane raziyA AvatAM mArgomAM briTizAe tene rokI rAkhyA hato. TrovskI jUna ekzevika nahAtA tema ja have te menzevika paNa rahyo nahoto. paraMtu the!DA ja vakhatamAM te leninanA pakSamAM bhaLI gayA ane peTrAtrADa seviyeTamAM teNe AgaLa paDatuM sthAna lIdhuM, te mahAna vaktA ane suMdara lekhaka hatA. . vIjaLInI baeNTarInI peThe te zaktithI bharelA hatA. leninanA pakSane te bhAre

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bolazeviko sattA hAtha kare che 1033 madadarUpa thaI paDyo. tenI AtmakathAmAMthI - e pustakanuM nAma "mAruM jIvana' che- sArI peThe lAMbe utAre ApavA mAguM chuM. emAM teNe "meMDarna sarkasa", nAmanA makAnamAM thatI sabhAo - jemAM teNe vyAkhyAne ApyAM hatAM te - nuM varNana ApyuM che. A eka suMdara lakhANane namUno che eTaluM ja nahi paNa 1917nI sAlanA peTegrADanA gajaba ane krAMtikArI divasanuM tAdaza ane jIvaMta citra ApaNuM AMkha AgaLa khaDuM kare che. lAMbA vakhatanA rokANa ane zvAse zvAsathI tIvra banI gayeluM vAtAvaraNa pikA ane AvezabharyA jayanAdothI gAjI UDayuM. sarkasanI e khAsiyata hatI. mArI upara tema ja mArI AsapAsa keNIo, chAtIo tathA mAthAMone samUha mane dAbI rahyo hato. mAnavI zarIrathI banelI hUMphALI guphAmAMthI huM bolI rahyo hato. jyAre paNa huM mArA hAtha laMbAvato tyAre koI ne koI no mane avazya sparza thato. enA javAbarUpe thatI AbhAradarzaka hilacAla mane sUcavatI ke enI lezamAtra paNa ciMtA na karatAM mAre mAruM vyAkhyAna cAlu rAkhavuM, te aTakAvavuM nahi. koI paNa vaktA, te game eTale thAkyo hoya to paNa, lAgaNIthI UbharAtA e mAnavasamudAyanA vidyuta samAna AkarSaNane uvekhI zake ema nahotuM. e mAnavamedanI jANavA cahAtI hatI, samajavA cahAtI hatI, pitAne mArga kheLavA mAgatI hatI. kadI kadI mArA heTha eka vyaktirUpa banI gayelI e medanInI kaThora jijJAsAno jANe anubhava karI rahyA hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM.pachIthI sahAnubhUtinA sattAdhArI dabANa AgaLa pahelethI vicArI rAkhelI badhI dalIla, badhA zabda, badhA vicare pAchA paDatA ane temanI zRMkhalA tUTI jatI. ane vaktAe jenI kalpanA sarakhI paNa karI na hoya paraMtu jenI e lokone jarUra hoya evA bIja zabdo ane bIjI dalIlano dhodha mArA ajJAta mAnasamAMthI vahevA lAgatA. AvA prasaMgoe mane lAgatuM ke jANe bIje kaI vaktA bahAra vyAkhyAna ApI rahyo che ane huM te sAMbhaLI rahyo chuM tathA tenA vicAronI sAthe kadama milAvIne cAlavAno huM prayatna karI rahyo chuM. vaLI mane ema paNa lAgatuM ke, mArI jAgrata avasthAnI dalIlonA avAjathI e vyAkhyAtA nidrAvasthAmAM cAlanArA rogInI peThe chAparA uparathI rakhene nIce paDI jAya. - "meDana sarkasa' AvuM hatuM, jalada, kamaLa ane pAgalatAbharI evI viziSTa prakAranI tenuM svarUpa dAkhavatI rekhAo hatI. jemAMthI saMmatidarzaka tema ja dhamakI ApanArA pokAre UThatA rahetA hatA te vakSasthaLamAMthI bALake zAMtithI payapAna karI rahyAM hatAM. samagra medanInI dazA enA jevI ja hatI. eka bALakanI peThe krAMtinA stanane vaLagIne potAnA sUkA hoThathI te payapAna karI rahI hatI. paraMtu e bALaka bahu ja jhaDapathI meTuM thayuM." peTegrADa ane bIjA zaheromAM tema ja raziyAnAM gAmaDAMomAM krAMtinA niraMtara palaTAtA jatA nATakanI pragati thatI rahI. krAMtinuM bALaka moTuM ane pukhta vayanuM thayuM. yuddhanI bhayaMkara tANane lIdhe sarvatra Arthika vinAzanAM cihno spaSTapaNe dekhAvA lAgyAM. ane Ama chatAMye naphAkhore to yuddhane lAbha laIne vadhu ne vadhu naphe karatA ja gayA! -

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1034 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kArakhAnAMomAM tema ja soviyeTamAM be zevikenuM baLa tathA temanI lAgavaga vadhatAM ja gayAM. AthI bhaDakIne kerejjIe temane dAbI devAno nirNaya karyo. pahelAM te leninane badanAma karavAnI bhAre caLavaLa tenI sAme upADavAmAM AvI. raziyAmAM takalIpha UbhI karavA mATe mekalavAmAM AvelA jarmanInA ejaMTa tarIke tene varNavavAmAM AvyuM. jarmana sattAvALAonAM AMkhamIMcAmaNuMthI te svijharaleMDamAMthI jarmanImAM thaIne nahete AvyuM ke? madhyama vargonA lekamAM lenina atizaya akAre thaI paDyo. teo tene dezadrohI gaNatA hatA. kereskIe leninanI dharapakaDa mATe vaeNraMTa kADhayuM. eka krAMtikArI tarIke nahi paNa jarmanInI tarapheNa karanArA dezadrohI tarIke kerenkIne tenI dharapakaDa karavI hatI. A tahomata khoTuM pADavAne khAtara adAlata sAme khaDe thavAne lenina pote Atura hatuM. paraMtu tenA sAthIo A bAbatamAM tenI sAthe saMmata na thayA ane tene guptavAsamAM javAnI pharaja paDI. TrInI paNa dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI. paraMtu peTrogrADanA soviyeTanA AgrahathI pAchaLathI tene choDI mUkavAmAM Avyo. bIjA aneka bolazevikenI paNa dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI, temanAM chApAMone dAbI devAmAM AvyAM ane temanI tarapheNanA gaNAtA majUrone niHzastra karavAmAM AvyA. kAmacalAu sarakAra tarapha A majUronuM valaNa vadhAre ne vadhAre uddAma ane ugra banatuM gayuM ane tenI sAme uparAchAparI pracaMDa dekhA thavA lAgyA. pratikrAMtie pitAnuM mAthuM UMcakyuM te pahelAM eka bIjo banAva banI gaye. konileva nAmane eka vRddha senApati kAMti tema ja kAmacalAu sarakArane kacaDI nAkhavAne pitAnuM lazkara laIne pATanagara tarapha dhasya. pATanagaranI te najIka jate game tema tema tenuM lazkara alopa thatuM gayuM. te krAMtinA pakSamAM bhaLI gayuM hatuM. banAvo bahu tvarAthI banI rahyA hatA. soviyeTa sarakAranuM harIpha banatuM jatuM hatuM. ghaNI vAra te sarakAranA hukama rada karatuM athavA te tenAthI UlaTI ja sUcanAo bahAra pADatuM. smollI InsTiTayUTa have seviyeTanI kacerI tathA peTragADamAM krAMtinuM mathaka banyuM. e umarAva vargonI bALAo mATenI khAnagI zALA hatI. lenina peTegrADanA sImADA upara AvyA ane bezevikoe nakakI karyuM ke kAmacalAu sarakAra pAsethI sattA chInavI levAne same AvI pahoMce che. baLavA mATenI saghaLI vyavasthA karavAnuM kArya DhoskIne soMpavAmAM AvyuM ane mahattvanAM kayAM kendro kabaje karavAM tathA kaye same ItyAdi saghaLI bAbatonI janA kALajIpUrvaka taiyAra karavAmAM AvI. navembaranI 7mI tArIkha baLavA mATe nakkI karavAmAM AvI. e divase akhila raziyAnAM seviyeTanuM adhivezana

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AzevikA sattA hAtha kare che 1035 maLavAnuM hatuM. tArIkha lenine nakkI karI hatI ane ene mATe teNe ApeluM kAraNa majAnuM che. teNe evuM kahyu kahevAya che ke, " navembaranI 6ThThI tArIkha e ene mATe bahu vaheluM gaNAya. samagra raziyAvyApI pAyA upara ApaNe baLavA karavA joIe ane 6ThThI navembara sudhImAM koMgresanA badhAye pratinidhie AvI paheoMcyA nahi hoya. paraMtu navembaranI 8mI tArIkhe vadhAre paDatuM mADu thaI jAya. tyAM sudhImAM kaeNoNMgresa sahita thaI gaI haraze ane jhaDapI ane nirNayAtmaka pagaluM bharavAnuM kArya AvA mATA maDaLa mATe muzkela hoya che. kaoNMgresanuM adhivezana maLe te ja divase, eTale ke 7mI navembare ja ApaNe kAryonA amala karavA joIe jethI ApaNe kahI zakIe ke, le, A rahI sattA, khele, tamAre enuM zuM karavuM che'?" spaSTa samajavALA krAMtine niSNAta A pramANe khelyA. te sArI peThe jANatA hatA ke, ghaNI vAra najIvA dekhAtA banAvA upara krAMtinI saphaLatAnA AdhAra rahe che. * 19mI navembarane divasa AvI paheAMcyA ane seviyeTanA sainikAe tyAM jaI te sarakArI makAnAnA, khAsa karIne TeligrApha Aphsi, Teliphona Aksi, sarakArI baeNMka vagere mahattvanAM sthAnAnA kabajo laI lIdheA. tyAM AgaLa temane zeye virodha na thayA. briTiza eja Te iMglaMDa mekalelA potAnA sattAvAra hevAlamAM jaNAvyuM ke, " kAmacalAu sarakAra teA khasa alepa ja thaI gaI che." lenina navI sarakAranA vaDA eTale ke pramukha banyo. ane TroTaskI tenA videzamaMtrI thayA. 8mI navembare lenina smAlvI nsTiTayUTa AgaLa maLelA sAviyaTa keMgresanA adhivezana samakSa AvyA. sAMjanA vakhata hatA. tALIonA . bhAre gaDagaDATathI koMgrese potAnA netAne vadhAvI lIdhA. ' mahAna lenina ' vyAsapITha upara pahoMcyA tyAre te kevA dekhAto hatA tenuM e prasaMge tyAM AgaLa hAjara rahelA rIDa nAmanA amerikana patrakAre varSoMna Apyu che. " kaI ThIMgaNuM! ane bAMdhI daDIne te hatA ane tenuM meATuM mAthuM tenA sama ane vizALa khabhA upara kharAkhara besADeluM hatuM. nAnI AMkhA, eThuM nAka, meTuM ane audAya nItaratuM mukha tathA bhAre haDapacI. tenI mucha dADhI mUDelI hatI paNa bhUtakALamAM mAhUra thayelI tathA bhaviSyamAM paNa mazahUra thanArI tenI dADhInA khU`pA phaeNTI * belzevikAe sattA hAtha karavA mATenI lenine nakkI karelI 7mI tArIkhanI vAtane amerikana patrakAra rIDe jAherAta ApI che. e te vakhate peTrogrADamAM hAjara hatA. paraMtu te vakhate tyAM AgaLa hAjara rahelA khIjAe e vAtane svIkAra karatA nathI. lenina guptavAsamAM hatA. khInna khelzevika AgevAnA sakalpavikalpamAM paDI jAya ane kharI taka pasAra thaI javA de evI tene bIka hatI. AthI te temane sakriya pagaluM bharavAne Agraha karyA karatA hatA. 7 mI tArIkhe kaTekaTInI baDI AvI paheAMcI. e divase A pagaluM bharavAmAM AvyuM.

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1036 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana cUkyA hatA. jUnAM ane phATayAMtUTyAM kapaDAM teNe paheryA hatA ane tenuM pATalUna tenA paga karatAM ghaNuM lAMbuM hatuM. janasamudAyanI Adarza mUrti banAve evuM kazuMye prabhAvazALI tattva tenAmAM nahotuM. AmajanatAne te eka ajaba netA hato. kevaLa pitAnA buddhibaLathI te netA banyA hatA. nile5, gaMbhIra, kaTTara ane niHsaMga. keI AkarSaka viziSTatA paNa tenAmAM nahotI, paraMtu gahana vicArene sIdhIsAdI bhASAmAM samajAvavAnI tathA vAstavika paristhitinuM pRthakkaraNa karavAnI tenAmAM zakti hatI. vaLI tenAmAM caturAI tema ja bhAremAM bhAre bauddhika sAhasikatAno saMga thayela hato." eka ja varasanA gALAmAM thayelI A bIjI krAMti saphaLa thaI ane hajI sudhI te atizaya zAMta krAMti hatI. jhAjhuM lehI vahyA vinA sattAnI pheraphArI thavA pAmI. enA karatAM te mArca mAsamAM ghaNuM laDAlaDa tathA khunAmarakI thaI hatI. mArcanI krAMti ApameLe thayelI ane avyavasthita krAMti hatI. paraMtu navembaranI krAMti mATe te kALajIpUrvaka pejanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. itihAsa kALamAM pahelI ja vAra garIba vargonA tathA khAsa karIne audyogika majUronA pratinidhio dezamAM agrasthAne AvyA. paraMtu temane sahelAIthI saphaLatA sAMpaDe ema nahotuM. temanA upara pArAvAra jhanUnathI tUTI paDanArAM tophAnanI cAre taraphathI taiyArIo thaI rahI hatI. lenina tathA tenI bozevika sarakArane kevI paristhitine sAmane kare paDyo ? raziyana sainya chinnabhinna thaI gayuM hatuM ane te laDI zake evo saMbhava rahyo nahote chatAMye hajI jarmanI sAthenuM yuddha cAlu rahyuM hatuM. AkhA dezamAM avyavasthA vyApI gaI hatI ane sinika tathA dhADapADuonI ToLIo marajImAM Ave te karavA lAgI; Arthika taMtra te sAva paDI bhAgyuM hatuM; khorAkanI bhAre achata hatI ane leke bhUkhe maratA hatA; krAMtine kacarI nAkhavAne kaTibaddha thaIne jUnI vyavasthAnA pratinidhio tenI tarapha UbhA hatA; meTAbhAganA jUnA sarakArI nokaroe navI sarakAra sAthe sahakAra karavAnI nA pADI; beMka nANuM na Ape; are, tAra aiphisa eka tAra sarakho paNa na mele. sAce ja, bahAduramAM bahAdura mANasane paNa gabharAve evI muzkela e paristhiti hatI. lenina tathA tenA sAthIoe khabhekhabhA milAvIne A mahAna be upADavAnuM nakkI karyuM. temanI prathama ciMtA jarmanI sAthe suleha karavAnI hatI ane tatkALa temaNe jarmanI sAthe tahakUbI mATe goThavaNa karI. baMne dezonA pratinidhio bresTa liTovaska AgaLa maLyA. jarmane sArI rIte jANatA hatA ke zeviTemAM laDavAne jarA paNa utsAha rahyo nathI. AthI abhimAnamAM AvI jaIne ane mUrkhAIthI temaNe bhAre ane mAnabhaMga karanArI mAgaNIo rajU karI. leninane te game te bhoge suleha karavI hatI. ToTakI paNa A 'sulehapariSadane eka pratinidhi hate. enI bAbatamAM eka evI vAta che ke,

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erovikA sattA hAtha kare che 1037 jamanAe tene eka samAraMbhamAM sAMjanA pozAkamAM AvavAne jaNAvyuM hatuM. te AthI asvastha thaI gayA. tene lAgyuM, AveA bhUjhvAne pAzAka paheravA e eka majUrAnA pratinidhine mATe yAgya che zuM ? teNe A bAbatamAM tArathI leninanI salAha mAgI. lenine tarata ja javAba Apyo ke, " jo suleha karavAmAM e madadarUpa thaI paDe te caNiyA paherIne paNu javuM." - rC/ jyAre sAviyeTa sulehanI zarato carcI rahyuM hatuM te ja vakhate ja nAe peTrAtrADa upara dhasArA zarU karyAM ane pahelAMnA karatAMye potAnI mAgaNI vadhAre sakhata karI. Akhare seviyeTe leninanI salAha mAnya rAkhI ane enA pratye tene bhAre tiraskAra hovA chatAM 1918 nA mArca mAsamAM teNe bresTa liTAvaskanI sadhi upara sahI karI. A sadhithI pazcima taraphanA raziyana pradezanA moTA TukaDA jarmanIe khAlasA karyAM. paraMtu game te bhAge paNa suleha svIkAravAnI ja hatI krama ke leninanA kahevA pramANe lazkare palAyana dvArA suleha mATe peAtAne mata darzAvyA hatA." 66 * seviyeTe prathama to mahAyuddhamAM saDAvAyelI badhIye sattAe vacce sAtrika suleha karAvavAnA prayatna karyAM hatA. sattA hAtha karyAM pachI khIje ja divase eka jAherAta bahAra pADIne seviyeTa duniyA samakSa suleha mATenI darakhAsta rajU karI. sAthe sAthe teNe e paNa spaSTa karyuM ke jhAra sAthe karavAmAM AvelA gupta karArAM aMgenA badhA dAvAo paNa te jatA kare che. teNe jaNAvyuM ke kaoNnsTAnTinepala turkI pAse ja rahevuM joI e tema ja khIjA mulA paNa khAlasA karavAmAM nahi Ave. seviyeTanI darakhAstAnA kAI e javAba na vALyo, kema ke laDanArA baMne pakSeA hajI vijayanI AzA sevI rahyA hatA ane yuddhanI lUTa hAtha karavAne te iMtejAra hatA. A darakhAsta dvArA seviyeTanA kaIka aMze pracAra karavAno hetu paNa hatA emAM zaMkA nathI. dareka dezanI AmajanatAnA tathA yuddhathI thAkelA sainika varganA mAnasa upara sulehathI vAta ThasAvIne khelzevikA khIjA dezomAM sAmAjika krAMti karAvavA mAgatA hatA, kema ke temane te jagatavyApI krAMti karavI hatI. temanu evu mAnavuM hatuM ke e rIte ja te potAnI krAMtinI rakSA karI zake. AgaLa tane kahI gayA chuM ke phreMca tathA jamana lazkara upara sAviyeTanA pracAranI bhAre asara thavA pAmI hatI. jarmanI sAthenI bresTa liTAvaskanI sadhi kAmacalAu che ane te lAMkhe vakhata nahi TakaeN ema lenina mAnatA hatA. banyuM paNa ema ke, nava mAsa pachI, mitrarAjyeAe janIne pazcimanA mAracA upara harAvyuM ke tarata ja seviyeTe e sa Mdhi phagAvI dIdhI. e saMdhi dvArA lenina thAkelA majUrone tathA laDAImAM gayelA kheDUtAne jarA ArAma, thoDA zvAsa khAvAne vakhata ApavA

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1039 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzIna kheDUto samaje ke potAnI che tathA aMta Avyo che mAgatA hatA. vaLI teo pAtapotAne ghera jAya ane krAMtie zuM karyuM che te potAnI sagI AMkhe jIe ema paNa te icchato hato. jamInadAro khatama thaI gayA che ane jamIna have temanI audyogika majUrone lAge ke temanu zANu karanArAone evuM paNa lenina icchatA hatA. te mAnatA hatA ke, AthI te krAMtithI temane thayelA lAbho pichAnaze tathA tenuM rakSaNa karavAne teo utsuka banaze. vaLI temanA kharA duzmanA kANu hatA tenI paNa temane jANa thaze. lenina A rIte vicArI rahyo hato ane te kharAkhara jANatA hatA ke AMtarayuddha AvI rahyu che. pAchaLathI leninanI A nIti sa MpUrNa paNe tehamada nIvaDI. A kheDUto ane mArA laDAInA meAkharA uparathI potapotAnAM khetarA upara tathA kArakhAnAMomAM pAchA pharyAM. teo elzevika nahAtA ke naheAtA samAjavAdI. Ama chatAMye teo krAMtinA custa TekAdAra banyA kema ke ene kAraNe temane je prApta thayuM hatuM te potAnA hAthamAMthI tee javA devA mAgatA nahotA. khAlzevika AgevAne game tema karIne paNa jarmanI sAthe samAdhAna karavAne mathI rahyA hatA te ja vakhate te AMtarika paristhiti tarapha paNa peAtAnuM lakSa ApI rahyA hatA. lazkaranA mA amaladAro tathA sAhasakhAre mazInagana tathA yuddhane khIjo sarajAma laIne dhADapADunA dhaMdho calAvI rahyA hatA. moTAM moTAM zaherAnA madhya bhAgamAM teo gaLIbAra karatA ane lUMTaphATa calAvatA hatA. jUnA arAjakatAvAdI pakSanA keTalAka sabhyA sAviyeTane mAnya karatA nahAtA. te paNa sArI peThe takalIpha ApI rahyA hatA. seviyeTanA sattAvALAoe A badhA dhADapADu tathA khIjA sAthe sakhata hAthe kAma lIdhuM ane temane dAkhI dIdhA. ' soviyeTa amala upara ethIye meTuM jokhama to judI judI sivila sarvAMsanA sabhyo taraphathI AvI paDayuM. temanAmAMnA ghaNAe elzevikAnA hAtha nIce kAma karavAnI ke khIjI kaI paNa rIte temanI sAthe sahakAra karavAnI sApha nA pADI. lenine eka siddhAMta nakkI karyuM ke, " je kAma na kare te khAya paNa nahi." kAma nahi te khAvAnuM paNa nahi. sahakAra na karanArA sivila sarvisanA badhA mAsAne tarata ja baratarapha karavAmAM AvyA. beMkaroe potAnI tijorI khAlavAnI nA pADI; suraga phADIne te udhADavAmAM AvI. paraMtu sahakAra na karanArA jUnI vyavasthAnA nAkarA pratyenA leninanA sauthI bhAre tiraskAranuM udAharaNa tA eka sarasenApatie hukama mAnavAnI nA paDI tyAre jovAmAM AvyuM. lenine tene kharatarapha karyAM ane pAMca ja miniTanI aMdara phrIlenjhA nAmanA eka yuvAna khelzevika lephTenanTane sarasenApati anAbyA !

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be zevika sattA hAtha kare che 1039 A badhA pheraphAra thavA chatAMye raziyAnI jUnI racanA hajI kAyama rahI hatI. eka vizALa dezamAM ekAeka samAjavAdI vyavasthA UbhI karavI e kaMI sahela vAta nathI. ghaTanAonA baLathI evI paristhiti utpanna thaIna hota te saMbhava che ke raziyAmAM AvA pheraphAra thatA pahelAM varasonAM varasa vItI jAta. kheDUtoe jema jamInadArone hAMkI kADhayA hatA tema temanA upara krodhe. bharAyelA majUroe potAnA ghaNuMkharA jUnA mAlikane kADhI mUkIne kArakhAnAMone kabajo laI lIdho. soviyeTa e kArakhAnAMo tenA pahelAMnA mUDIvAdI mAlikane soMpI zake ema nahotuM. eTale teNe ene kabaje lIdhA. AMtaravigraha daramyAna, keTalAka dAkhalAomAM e mAlikoe kArakhAnAMonAM yaMtrane nukasAna pahoMcADavAne prayatna karyo. AthI seviyeTa sarakAra vaLI pAchI vacce paDI ane temanuM rakSaNa karavAne khAtara teNe e kArakhAnAMono kabajo lIdho. A rIte sAmAnya paristhitimAM thAta tenA karatAM ghaNI vadhAre jhaDapathI utpAdananAM sAdhananuM sAmAjIkaraNa thayuM, eTale ke kArakhAnAMo samAjanI yA rAjyanI mAlikInAM banyAM. soviyeTa amalanA pahelA nava mAsa daramyAna raziyAmAM jIvana bahu bhinna nahotuM. zevikAe TIkAo ane gALa sudhdhAM sAMkhI lIdhI ane bazevika virodhI chApAo nIkaLatAM rahyAM. AmajanatA sAmAnya rIte bhUkhamare veThatI hatI paraMtu mejazekha uDAvavA ane ADaMbara karavA mATe dhanike pAse hajI puSkaLa paisA hatA. rAtre moraMjaka kAryakramo rAkhanArI hoTelamAM bhAre bhIDa rahetI ane ghoDadoDanI zarate tathA evI bIjI ramata paNe hajI cAlu hatI. bhUvA eTale ke madhyama varganA vadhAre dhanika loka meTAM moTAM zaheromAM moTA pramANamAM dekhAtA hatA ane saMbhavita mAnavAmAM AvatA seviyeTa sarakAranA patana paratve teo chaDecaka pitAne harSa vyakta karatA hatA. dezadAjhathI prerAIne jeo jarmanI sAme yuddha cAlu rAkhavAne atizaya utsuka hatA te ja A leke jarmanInA pegrADa taraphanA dhasArAne have kharekhAta UjavI rahyA hatA. jarmane pitAnA pATanagarano kabajo le e saMbhavitatA pratye teo AnaMda vyakta karatA hatA. paradezIonA AdhipatyanA Darane mukAbale sAmAjika krAMti pratyene temane aNagame ghaNuM vadhAre hate. khAsa karIne, bhinna bhinna vargo ekabIjA sAthe saMDovAyelA hoya tyAre ghaNuMkharuM Ama ja bane che. Ama jIvana jhAjhA pheraphAra vinA oche aMze hamezanI jema ja cAlatuM hatuM ane A tabakake bezevikene trAsa te khasUsa nahote ja, maeNskAna nAraMganA mazahUra kAryakrama khIcakhIca bharelA nAcagRhamAM raje. reja cAlatA hatA. peTrogrADa upara jarmane bhaya jhajhumI rahyo hato tyAre

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1040 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana seviyeTa sarakAre pitAnuM mathaka maskamAM badalyuM hatuM ane tyAra pachI maeNcyo ja tenuM pATanagara rahyuM che. mitrarAjyanA elacIo hajI raziyAmAM ja rahyA hatA. jyAre peTrogrADa jarmanAM hAthamAM javAne bhaya hatuM tyAre teo tyAMthI bhAgIne legaDAnA salAmata sthAne jaI rahyA. legaDA e dezanA aMdaranA bhAganuM eka nAnakaDuM zahera che ane bIjI badhI pravRttiothI te bahu ja dUra hatuM. temane kAne pahoMcatI bhayaMkara aphavAothI teo niraMtara gabharATa ane asvastha manedazAmAM rahetA ane badhA ToLe vaLIne eka sAthe besI rahetA. e aphavAo kharI che ke kema e viSe ciMtAtura thaIne teo vAraMvAra TraskI pAse pUchaparacha karyA karatA hatA. A junavANa mutsaddIonI AvI mAnasika asvasthatAthI TeskI trAsI gaye ane teNe "velegaDAnA mahAnubhAvanA jJAnataMtuo zAMta karavAne mATe bromAIDa levAnuM" temane lakhI jaNAvavAnI taiyArI batAvI ! kheMca AvatI hoya tevAone tathA saheja sahejamAM uttejita thaI jAya evA lekone dAktare bromAIDa Ape che. upara uparathI te jIvana kazA pheraphAra vinA hameza mujaba cAlatuM jaNAtuM hatuM paraMtu uparathI dekhAtI A zAMtinA paDanI nIce aneka baLo ane pratibaLe kArya karI rahyAM hatAM. keIne, khuda belsevikone pitAne paNa teo vadhu vakhata TakI zakaze evI AzA nahatI. dareka jaNa kAvAdAvA khelI rahyo hate. jarmanIe raziyAnA dakSiNa bhAgamAM AvelA yukrenamAM eka pUtaLA sarakAra UbhI karI hatI. jarmanI sAthe saMdhi karI hovA chatAMye soviyeTa upara tene bhaya hamezAM jhajhumI rahele jaNa hate.. mitrarAjya, alabata jarmanIne dhikkAratAM hatAM paraMtu belsevikene te teo ethI paNa vizeSa dhikkAratAM hatAM. 1918nA AraMbhamAM amerikAnA pramukha gurU vilsane soviyeTa koMgresa upara abhinaMdanane saMdeza mokalyuM hatuM, paraMtu ema karavA mATe te pastA heya ema jaNAya che ane pAchaLathI teNe potAnuM valaNa badalyuM. AthI mitrarAjAe krAMtivirodhI pravRttione khAnagI rIte Arthika sahAya karI tema ja bIjI madada paNa karI; eTaluM ja nahi, temaNe gupta rIte e pravRttiomAM bhAga paNa lIdhe. maeNske videzI jAsUsethI UbharAvA lAgyuM. briTananA aThaMga jAsUsa tarIke lekhAtA briTiza jAsUsIkhAtAnA vaDAne soviyeTa sarakAra sAme muzkelIo UbhI karavAne tyAM mokalavAmAM AvyuM. mAlamilakata gumAvI beThelA amIraumara tathA zrImaMta varganA leke mitrarA taraphathI maLatAM nANAMnI madadathI niraMtara krAMtivirodhI pravRttio UbhI karyA karatA hatA. 1918nI sAlanA vacagALAnA samayamAM A sthiti hatI. seviyeTanuM jIvana nAjuka tAMtaNAne AdhAre laTakI raheluM dekhAtuM hatuM.

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15ra. soviyeTano vijaya 11 eprila, 1933 1918nI sAlanA julAI mAsamAM raziyAnI paristhitimAM hebatAvI mUke evA pheraphAra thayA. zevikAnI AsapAsa bichAvavAmAM AvelI jALa temanI vadhu ne vadhu najIka AvatI jatI hatI. dakSiNamAM yukrenamAMthI jarmane DarAvI rahyA hatA ane raziyAmAMnA saMkhyAbaMdha jUnA cekoslovAkiyana yuddhakedIone mitrarAjyae maeNska upara dhasAre karavAnuM uttejana ApyuM. phrAMsamAM AkhAye pazcima maracA upara hajI mahAyuddha cAlI rahyuM hatuM paraMtu soviyeTa raziyAmAM eka vicitra prakAranI ghaTanA jovAmAM AvatI hatI. tyAM AgaLa jarmanInA pakSanI sattAo tema ja mitrarA e baMne bazevikAne kacarI nAkhavAnA eka ja kAryamAM svataMtrapaNe pravRtti karI rahyAM hatAM. rASTradeSa karatAM vargadveSanuM baLa keTaluM badhuM vadhAre hoya che e ApaNane ahIM pharIthI jovA maLe che. ane rASTaTheSa paNa sArI peThe jherI ane tIvra hoya che. A badhI sattAoe raziyA sAme kaMI sattAvAra yuddha jAhera karyuM nahotuM; temaNe soviyeTane herAna karavAnA bIjA upAya zodhI kADhyA hatA. khAsa karIne, krAMtivirodhI AgevAnone uzkerIne tathA temane zastra ane nANAMnI madada ApIne teo potAnI e murAda pAra pADatA hatA. jhArazAhI vakhatanA keTalAye jUnA senApatio soviyeTanI sAme medAne paDyA. jhAra tathA tenA kuTuMbane pUrva raziyAmAM urala parvata pAse tyAMnA sthAnika seviyeTanA havAlA nIce keda rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. e pradezamAM jheka lazkaranA dhasArAthI tyAMnuM sthAnika soviyeTa gabharAI gayuM. tene bhaya lAgyuM ke, mAjI jhArane kArAvAsamAMthI choDAvavAmAM Ave ane te krAMti virodhI caLavaLanuM moTuM kendra bane te zI vale thAya? eTale kAyade khIsAmAM mUkIne teNe jhAranA AkhA kuTuMbanI katala karI nAkhI. seviyeTanI madhyastha samiti e kRtya mATe javAbadAra hoya ema nathI lAgatuM. ane lenina te AMtararASTrIya nItinI dRSTie jhAranI ane mAnavadayAnI dRSTie tenA kuTuMbanI katala karavAnI viruddha hate. paraMtu te thaI gayA pachI madhyastha samitie e kRtyane vAjabI TharAvyuM. ghaNuM karIne Ane lIdhe mitrasarakArane mijAja vaLI vadhAre khasI gayo ane temanuM valaNa vadhAre ugra banyuM. ogasTa mAsamAM te paristhiti bahu ja bagaDavA pAmI ane be banAvone pariNAme sarvatra kodha, nirAzA ane bhayanuM vAtAvaraNa vyApI gayuM. emAMne eka banAva te leninane jIva levA mATe tenA upara karavAmAM Avela humale ane uttara raziyAmAM Avyegala AgaLa mitra sainyanuM UtaravuM e bIje.

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1042 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna mAskAmAM bhAre khaLabhaLATa macI rahyo ane sAviyeTanI hastInA aMta ahu najIka AvelA jaNAyo. khuda mAskA paNa, jamanA, cekA tathA krAMtivirodhI sainyathI cAre bAjuthI gherAyeluM hatuM. mAskAnI AsapAsanAM mAtra thoDAM paragaNAM ja seviyeTanA amala nIce hatAM. ane mitrasainya UtaravAthI tA tene aMta nizcita che ema lAgavA mAMDayu. elzevikA pAse jhAjhuM lazkara nahatuM; bresTa liTAvasyanI sadhine hajI te mAMDa pAMca mAsa thayA hatA. ane meTA bhAganuM nU nuM lazkara vikherAI gayuM hatuM ane tenA sainikA potapotAnAM khetaro upara cAlyA gayA hatA. khuda mAskAmAM aneka kAvatarAM yojAI rahyAM hatAM ane seviyeTanuM patana najIka AvatuM joine bhUvA eTale ke binaka ane madhyamavargonA lokA chaDecoka Anadotsava karI. rahyA hatA. nava mAsa jeTalI uMmaranA sAviyeTa prajAsattAkanI AvI bhayaMkara dA hatI. ekzevikAne nirAzA ane bhaye gherI lIdhA. ane game te rIte paNa temane maravAnuM to hatuM ja eTale laDatAM laDatAM maravAnuM temaNe nakkI karyuM. savA sadI pahelAM taruNu phreMca prajAsattAke karyuM. hatuM tema cAre taraphathI gherAI gayelA prANInI peThe teo temanA duzmano upara tUTI paDyA. have vadhAre khAmethI ke dhyAne mATe sthAna nahotuM. AkhA dezamAM lazkarI kAyado pravartAvavAmAM AvyA ane sapTembara mAsanA AraMbhamAM madhyastha soviyeTa samitie ' lAla trAsa 'nA ( reDa Terara ) amalanI jAherAta karI. " badhAye dezadrohIonuM mRtyu ane paradezI humalAkhoro sAme jIvaleNa yuddha Ama aMdaranA tema ja bahAranA e aMte duzmano sAme maraNiyA thaI te jhUjhavAnA temaNe nirNaya karyAM. soviyeTa AkhI duniyAnI sAme tathA potAne tyAMnA pratyAdhAtIonI sAme chAtI kADhIne UbhuM hatuM. jene ' lazkarI sAmyavAda' kahevAmAM Ave che tene yuga paNa zarU thayA ane AkhA deza eka prakAranI lazkarI chAvaNInA rUpamAM pheravAI gayA. lAla lazkara UbhuM karavAnA hareka prayAsA karavAmAM AvyA ane e kAryAM TrATsane sAMpavAmAM AvyuM. 66 "" 1918nI sAlanA sapTembara-AkaTobara mAsa daramyAna pazcimane mAce, jyAre janInA yuddhanA saMco paDI bhAgavA lAgyA hatA ane tahakUkhI mATenI vAta cAlI rahI hatI tyAre A badhuM banavA pAmyuM hatuM. presiDanTa vilsane cauda muddA rajU karyAM hatA ane emAM mitrarAjyanA dhyeyAnA samAveza thato hatA ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. e jANavA jevuM che ke, raziyAne pradeza khAlI karavA ane tene peAtAnA AtmavikAsa karavAnI saMpUrNa taka ApavI tathA ema karavAmAM meTI sattAe tene sahAya karavI e emAMnA eka muddo hatA. mitrarAjyeAe raziyAnA mAmalAmAM karelI dakhala tathA temaNe tyAM AgaLa utAreluM potAnuM lazkara e baMne vastu e muddAnuM pokaLa tenA nagna svarUpamAM

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seAviyeTane vijaya 1043 (6 vyakta kare che. tenA cauda muddAonI AkarI TIkA karatuM eka nivedana seviyeTa sarakAre presiDanTa vilsana upara meAkalyuM. A nivedanamAM temaNe jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, Apa poleMDa, sarbiyA, beljiyama tema ja AsTriyA haMgarInI prajA mATe svAtaMtryanI mAgaNI kare che . . paraMtu vicitra vAta to e che ke, ApanI mAgaNImAM AyarlaeNnDa, misara, hiMdustAna athavA to philipAina TApuonI svataMtratAnA ullekha sarakhA paNu amArA jovAmAM AvatA nathI." 1918nA navembaranI 11mAM tArIkhe mitrarAjye ane jamane vacce suleha thaI ane taharUkhInA karAra upara sahI karavAmAM AvI. paraMtu raziyAmAM tA 1919 ane 1920nI sAla daramyAna AMtarayuddha garajI rahyu hatuM. seviyeTA ekale hAthe aneka duzmanenI sAme laDyAM. eka vakhate te lAla senA upara judA judA sattara meracA upara humalA thayA hatA. iMglaMDa, phrAMsa, amerikA, jApAna, iTAlI, sarbiyA, cekassovAkiyA, rumAniyA, bAlTika rAjyo ane saMkhyAbaMdha krAMtivirodhI raziyana senApatie e sau sAviyeTane sAmane karI rahyAM hatAM. ane cheka pUrva sAkheriyAthI mAMDIne bAlTika samudra ane krImiyA sudhI yuddhanA dAvAnaLa vistaryAM hatA. vAravAra sAviyeTanA aMta najIka AvelA jaNAtA hatA, khuda mAskA upara paNa bhaya jhajhUmI rahyo hato, peTrAtrADa duzmanAne hAtha javAnI aNI upara hatuM paraMtu e badhIye kaTekaTImAMthI te pAra UtaryuM ane tenI pratyeka phatehe tenA AtmavizvAsa ane tenA baLamAM vadhAro karyAM. eNmirala kAlacAka eka krAMtiviredhI AgevAna hatA. teNe potAne raziyAnA rAjakartA * tarIke jAhera karyAM ane mitrarAjyoe kharekhara tene e rIte mAnya rAkhyo tathA tene bhAre madada paNa karI. sAeriyAmAM teNe keva vartAva calAvye tene citAra tenA sAthI janarala grevejhe ApyA che. te kAlacAkane madada karanAra yunAITeDa sTeTsanA sainyane senApati hatA. A amerikana senApati jaNAve che : "" tyAM AgaLa bhayaMkara kataleA karavAmAM AvI, duniyA dhAre che tema khelzevikAe e kataleA nahetI karI. elzevikAe mArI nAkhelA pratyeka mANasane khale pUrva sAiberiyAmAM belzevika vidhIee seA mANasone mArI nAkhyA ema kahevAmAM huM apeAktine! doSa vaherI lauM chuM." meTA moTA rAjadvArI puruSo kevI mAhitIne AdhAre mahAna rASTrono kArobAra calAve che tathA yuddha ane suleha kare che e jANavAnI tane ramUja paDaze. loIDa jyA te vakhate iMgleMDanA vaDA pradhAna hatA. yuropabharamAM te sauthI vadhAre sattAdhIza puruSa hato ema kahI zakAya. iMglaMDanI AmanI sabhAmAM raziyA viSe khelatAM teNe kAlacAka tathA raziyAnA bIjA senApatione ullekha karyAM. emane viSe khelatAM teNe senApati khAvA paNa ullekha karyAM. '

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1044 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana paraMtu khAva e kaI senApati nahi paNa eka mahatvanuM zahera che ane yukrenanuM pATanagara cheparaMtu prAthamika bhUgoLanuM AvuM ghara ajJAna hovA chatAM A rAjadvArI puruSo yurepanA TukaDA karIne tene na nakaze racatAM aTakayA nahi. * mitrarAe raziyAnI nAkAbaMdhI paNa karI. A nAkAbaMdhI eTalI te sakhata hatI ke 1919nA AkhA varasa daramyAna raziyA paradezamAM kazuM kharIdI ke vecI zakayuM nahi. * AvI bhAre muzkelIo tathA aneka baLavAna duzmano tene sAmane karavo paDyo chatAMye seviyeTa raziyA TakI rahyuM tema ja vijayI thayuM. ItihAsanI A eka AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che. soviyeTa raziyA e kevI rIte karI zakyuM? mitrarA je ekamata hota tathA bazevikAne kacarI nAkhavAno temaNe nirdhAra karyo hota te AraMbhanA divasomAM teo ema karI zakata e nirvivAda che. jarmanI sAthenuM kArya patAvI dIdhA pachI kaI paNa ramata ramavA mATe temanI pAse pracaMDa sainya paDayuM hatuM. paraMtu e sainyano bIje koI sthaLe ane khAsa karIne soviyeTa raziyA sAme upayoga kare e sahela vAta nahatI. badhA sainike yuddhathI have thAkI gayA hatA ane videzamAM yuddha karavAnI koI paNa mAgaNI temaNe nakArI kADhI heta. vaLI majUra vargamAM navA raziyA mATe bhAre sahAnubhUti hatI. AthI, soviyeTa sAme je yuddha jAhera karavAmAM Ave te pitApitAnA dezamAM temane bhAre muzkelIno sAmano kare paDe e badhI mitra sarakArane Dara hate. vAta ema hatI ke, yuropamAM ja baLave phATI nIkaLavAnI taiyArI jaNAtI hatI. ane trIjuM, mitra rAjya vacce ApasamAM ekabIjA sAme harIphAI cAlatI hatI. suleha thayA pachI teo ekabIjA sAthe laDavAjhaghaDavA lAgyAM. A badhAM kAraNone lIdhe teo be zevikone nirmaLa karavAne nizcayapUrvaka prayatna na karI zakyAM. bIjAone nANAM ane hathiyAra pUrAM pADIne tathA niSNAta tarIkenI salAha ApIne pitAnuM laDavAnuM kAma temaNe temanI pAse karAvyuM ane Ama parokSa rIte banI zake eTalA pramANamAM e hetu pAra pADavAne temaNe prayatna karyo. temane khAtarI hatI ke seviyeTa lAMbe kALa nahi TakI zake. bezaka, A badhI vastuo soviyeTane madadarUpa nIvaDI ane ethI pitAne majabUta banAvavAne temane vakhata maLe. paraMtu temanI phateha bahAranA saMjogane AbhArI hatI ema mAnavuM e temane anyAya karavA barAbara che. tarataH e raziyana prajAnA AtmavizvAsa, zraddhA, Atmabhoga tema ja tenA aDaga nizcayane vijaya hatA. ane tAjubInI vAta to e che ke, e lokone sau koI pramAdI, ajJAna, ane naitika baLa vinAnA tathA koI paNa mahAna puruSArtha karavAne

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seviyeTane vijaya : 10pa asamartha gaNatAM hatAM ane temanI e mAnyatA vAjabI paNa hatI. svataMtratA e eka Teva che ane lAMbA vakhata sudhI ApaNane enAthI vaMcita rAkhavAmAM Ave te ApaNe te bhUlI jaIe chIe. raziyAnA A ajJAna kheDUte tathA majUrane e Tevano mahAvare rAkhavAnA nahi jevA ja prasaMge prApta thayA hatA. paraMtu e kALe raziyAne evA gya AgevAno sAMpaDyA ke e kaMgALa mAnavI masAlAmAMthI temaNe eka baLavAna, saMgaThita tathA pitAnA mizana mATenI zraddhAthI UbharAtuM ane AtmavizvAsathI bhareluM rASTra nirmANa karyuM. kelacAka tathA enA jevA bIjAone kevaLa be zevika AgevAnonI dakSatA ane temanA nizcayabaLathI ja harAvavAmAM AvyA ema nahotuM. raziyana kheDUtee temane nabhAvI levAnI ja sApha nA pADI e paNa enuM eka kAraNa che. temane mana te evA leke e temaNe navI prApta karelI jamIna tathA bIjA adhikAre laI levAne AvelA jUnI vyavasthAnA pratinidhio hatA, ane jiMdagIne bhoge paNa temaNe e vastuonI rakSA karavAno saMkalpa karyo. lenina e badhAmAM sarvoparI hatuM ane teno prabhAva sarvamAnya hate. raziyana prajAne mATe te te eka deva jevo banI gayuM hatuM. temanI AzA ane zraddhAnuM te pratIka hatuM, hareka muzkelImAMthI mArga kADhanAra sujJa puruSa hatuM ane kaI paNa vastu tene aravaltha ke subhita karI zakatI nahotI. te divasamAM (hAla te raziyAmAM badanAma thayuM che.) TeskI enA pachInA sthAne hate. te eka lekhaka ane vaktA hato tathA koI paNa prakAranA lazkarI pUrva anubhava vinA, AMtarayuddha ane nAkAbaMdhI vacce teNe mahAna sainya UbhuM karavAnuM kArya upADyuM hatuM. kaeNlkInI vIratA amaryAda hatI ane yuddhamAM teNe aneka vAra pitAnI jiMdagI jokhamamAM mUkI hatI. nAhiMmata ane zista vinAnA mANasa mATe tenA hRdayamAM leza paNa dayA nahotI. AMtarayuddhanI eka kaTokaTInI ghaDIe teNe A hukama bahAra pADyo hatoH "huM cetavaNI ApuM chuM ke, hukama vinA koI paNa TukaDI pAchI haze to pahelo tenA nAyakane vIMdhI nAkhavAmAM Avaze ane pachIthI senApatine. bahAdura ane hiMmatavALA sainikane temanI jagyAe nImavAmAM Avaze. bAyalA, hicakArA tema ja dezadrohIo goLI khAvAmAMthI UgarI nahi jAya. samagra lAla senAnI samakSa gaMbhIratApUrvaka huM A vacana ApuM chuM." ane teNe pitAnuM vacana pALyuM. 191nA kaTobaramAM skIe lazkarane uddezIne bahAra pADele saMdeze bahu ramUjI che. e hukama darzAve che ke, belsevike prajA ane mUDIvAdI sarakAra e bene nirALA pADavAne hamezAM prayatna karatA. teo kadI paNa saMkucita rASTrIya dRSTithI jotA nahi.

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104} jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana e hukama A mujaba che : Aje paNa jyAre ApaNe iMgleMDane vecAI gayelA yuDenIca joDe jIvasATAnI laDAI laDI rahyA chIe te ghaDIe paNa iMglaMDa khe che e hakIkata tame na bhUlA ema huM mAguM chuM. naphAkhAu, hiMsAkhAra, lAMcaruzavata ApanAra tathA lAhItarasyA iMgleMDa uparAMta majUrAnuM, AdhyAtmika zakti dharAvanAruM, ucca AdarzavALu' tathA AMtararASTrIya ekasa'pInI himAyata karanAruM bIjuM iMglaMDa paNa che. AMtararASTrIya nANAvyavahAramAM cAlAkI karanArAonuM nIca ane aprAmANika iMglaMDa ApaNI sAthe laDI rahyuM che. majUrI tema ja AmajanatAnuM iMglaMDa te ApaNI sAthe ja che." r peTrAtrADa yuDenIcanA hAthamAM javAnI aNI para hatuM te vakhate tenA rakSaNa mATe karavAmAM AvelA niNaeNya uparathI lAla senAne kevI makkamatAthI laDavAne preravAmAM AvatI hatI ene ApaNane kaMIka khyAla Ave che. peTrogrADanI rakSaNasamitie AvI AjJA bahAra pADI hatI : " leAhInuM chelluM TIpuM rahe tyAM sudhI peTrogrADanuM rakSaNa karI, eka phUTa paNa pAchA hA nahi ane zaheranA maheAllAomAM paNa laData cAlu rAkhA." raziyAnA mahAna lekhaka, maeNksima gau| jaNAve che ke, lenine TrAnskInA sabaMdhamAM eka vakhata Ama kahyuM hatuM : k eka ja varasa jeTalA samayamAM lagabhaga eka Adarza sainya UbhuM kare ane te uparAMta lazkarI niSNAteAnA Adara sapAdana kare evA khIjo koI puruSa batAve. evA puruSa ApaNI pAse che. e rIte ApaNI pAse bace che ane camatkAro hajI paNa thavAnA che." A lAla sainya kUdake ne bhUsake vadhatuM gayuM. elzevikAe sattA hAtha karI pachI tarata ja eTale ke 1917nA DisembaramAM lazkaranI saMkhyA 4,35,000 hatI. bresTa liTAvaskanI sa Mdhi pachI e saMkhyA moTA pramANamAM ghaTI gaI haze ane pharIthI bharatI karavI paDI haze. 1919nI sAlanA vacagALAnA samaya sudhImAM tenI saMkhyA 15,00,000 thaI hatI. eka varasa bAda enI saMkhyA vadhIne kula 53,00,000 thaI hatI. 1919nA aMta sudhImAM AMtarayuddhamAM tenA duzmana karatAM seviyeTanI sthiti cokkasapaNe sudharavA pAmI hatI. paraMtu e yuddha eka vadhu varasa cAlu rahyu hatuM ane te daramyAna ciMtA karAvanArA aneka prasa Mge AvyA hatA. 1920nI sAlamAM poleMDanuM navuM rAjya (janInI hAra pachI e navuM rAjya Ubhu` karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ) raziyA sAthe jhaghaDI paDayu ane temanI vacce yuddha thavA pAmyuM. 1920nA aMta sudhImAM A badhAM yuddA lagabhaga pUrAM thaI gayAM hatAM. ane Akhare raziyAne thADI zAMti maLI. daramyAna AMtarika muzkelIo vadhI gaI hatI. nAma dhI, rogacALA ane dukALe dezanI pAyamAlI karI hatI. utpAdana bahu ja ghaTI gayuM hatuM,

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seviyeTane vijaya 1047 kema ke virodhI saje dezamAM niraMtara dhasI rahyAM hoya e sthitimAM kheDUto khetare kheDI zake nahi ke majUrI kArakhAnAM calAvI zake nahi. yuddhakALanA sAmyavAde dezane jematema karIne pAra utAryo paraMtu dareka jaNane peTanA pATA vadhAre ne vadhAre taMga karavA paDatA jatA hatA ane Akhare e vastu asahya thaI paDI. kheDUtane jhAjhuM utpanna karavAno rasa nahoto kema ke te vakhate pravartatA yuddhakALanA sAmyavAdamAM athavA te uddAma ke lazkarI sAmyavAdamAM temaNe pedA karele vadhArAne mAla rAjya laI letuM hatuM. pachI temaNe vadhAre utpanna karavAnI takalIpha zAne uThAvavI ? eka atizaya muzkela ane jokhamakAraka paristhiti UbhI thavA lAgI hatI. peTegrADa najIka kaMsTeTa AgaLa khalAsIoe baLa paNa karyo ane khuda peTrogrADa athavA leninagrADamAM haDatAla paDI. mULabhUta siddhAMtane vartamAna sthiti sAthe baMdhabesatA karavAnI lenina pAse apAra zakti hatI eTale teNe tarata ja pagaluM bharyuM. yuddhakALane sAmyavAda teNe baMdha karyo ane navI ja nIti teNe akhatyAra karI. ene navI Arthika nIti kahevAmAM Ave che. e nIti anusAra kheDUtone pitAne mAla utpanna karavAnI tema ja te vecavAnI vadhu chUTa ApavAmAM AvI. vaLI thaDa vepAra karavAnI paNa paravAnagI ApavAmAM AvI. zuddha sAmyavAdI siddhAMtane emAM amuka aMze bhaMga thatuM hatuM paNa eka kAmacalAu pagalA tarIke lenine tenuM samarthana karyuM. bezaka, lekone te ethI bhAre rAhata maLI. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM raziyAne bIjI eka bhayaMkara Aphatane sAmane karavAnuM AvI paDayuM. bhAre sukavaNune kAraNe dakSiNa-pUrva raziyAmAM pAka niSphaLa nIvaDyo ane ene lIdhe dukALa paDyo. e bahu ja bhayaMkara dukALa hato; jANavAmAM AvelA moTAmAM meTA dukALamAM te eka hatuM ane lAkho mANase emAM maraNa pAmyAM. varasethI cAlatAM yuddha, AMtarayuddha, nAkAbaMdhI ane Arthika vinAza pachI tathA seviyeTa sarakAra TharIThAma thaIne zAMtikALAnI pravRtti karavA mAMDe te pahelAM e dukALa paDyo tethI sarakArane AkhA taMtrane teNe bhAgI nAkhyuM hota. Ama chatAM paNa AgaLanI badhI AphatamAMthI te pAra UtaryuM hatuM tema seviyeTa A Aphata paNa tarI gayuM. dukALa rAhata mATe temaNe zI madada ApavI joIe enI vicAraNA karavA mATe yurepanI sarakAranA pratinidhionI eka pariSada maLI. jene temaNe inkAra karyo hato te jhAranuM devuM bharapAI karavAnI seviyeTa sarakAra bAMyadharI na Ape tyAM sudhI teo kazI madada ApanAra nathI evuM temaNe jAhera karyuM. mAnavatA karatAM zarAphanI vRtti vadhu prabaLa hatI ane pitAnAM maraNazaraNa thatAM bALako mATenI raziyana mAtAonI hRdayadrAvaka AjIjI paNa kAne dharavAmAM na AvI. paraMtu yunAITeDa sTeTse evI kazI zarata na mUkI ane teNe raziyAne bhAre madada ApI.

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1048 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana iMglaMDa tathA yuropanA bIjA dezoe raziyAnA dukALamAM madada ApavAnI nA pADI te ja vakhate teo bIjI rIte raziyAne bahiSkAra karatA nahatA. 1921nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM iMglenDa ane raziyA vacce vepAranA karAra thayA ane e pachI bIjA dezoe paNa seviyeTa sAthe vepArI karAra karyA. cIna, turkI, IrAna ane aphaghAnistAna jevA pUrvanA deza tarapha seviTe bahu ja udAra nIti akhatyAra karI. teNe jhArazAhInA kALanA badhA viziSTa haka cheDI dIdhA ane temanI sAthe mitrAcArIne saMbaMdha rAkhavAno prayatna karyo. badhI parAdhIna tathA zeSita prajAo mATe svataMtratAnA temanA siddhAMtane anarUpa temaNe e nIti akhatyAra karI hatI paraMtu enI pAchaLane vadhAre mahattvano Azaya pitAnI sthiti majabUta banAvavAnuM hatuM. seviyeTa raziyAnI A udAratAne kAraNe iMglaMDa jevI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAo ghaNI vAra khoTI dekhAtI hatI tathA pUrvanA dezanI najare soviyeTa sAthenI tulanAmAM iMgleDa tathA bIjA dezo halakA dekhAtA hatA. 1919nI sAlamAM bIje paNa eka mahattvano banAva banyo hato tene viSe mAre tane kahevuM joIe. e banAva te sAmyavAdI pakSe karelI trIjA AMtararASTrIya majUra saMdhanI sthApanA. AgaLanA patramAM meM tane kArla mAkarse sthApelA pahelA AMtararASTrIya majUra saMdha viSe tathA moTI moTI vAta karyA pachI 1914nI sAlamAM mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM tyAre jenI durdazA thaI hatI te bIjA AMtararASTrIya majUra saMdha viSe paNa vAta karI hatI. bezevikee vicAryuM ke A bIjo AMtararASTrIya majUra saMdha sthApanAra majUra pakSo ane samAjavAdI pakSoe majUrone dago dIdho che. AthI, mUDIvAda tathA sAmrAjyavAda sAme tema ja madhyamamArgI nItine anusaranArA takasAdhu samAjavAdIonI sAme laData calAvavAne mATe temaNe ekasapaNe krAMtikArI dRSTivALo trIjo AMtararASTrIya majUra saMdha sthApe. ene ghaNI vAra "kaminTarna' paNa kahevAmAM Ave che (e zabda komyunisTa InTaranezanalanuM TUMkuM rUpa che.) ane aneka dezamAM pracArakArya karavAnI bAbatamAM eNe mahattvano phALo Ape che. A sAmyavAdI AMtararASTrIya saMdha, (trIjA AMtararASTrIya majUra saMdhane sAmyavAdI AMtararASTrIya saMdha paNa kahevAmAM Ave che) enA nAma pramANe, aneka dezanA judA judA sAmyavAdI pakSoe cUMTelA pratinidhionI banelI AMtararASTrIya saMsthA che. paraMtu ekamAtra raziyAmAM ja sAmyavAdane vijaya thayela hovAthI svAbhAvika rIte ja kaeNminTanamAM tenuM prabhutva vadhAre che. ghaNI vyaktio kaminTarna tathA soviyeTa sarakAra e baMnemAM mahattvanA hoddA dharAve che e kharuM paraMtu kaoNminTarna tathA seviyeTa sarakAra e nirALI vastuo che. kaminTana e krAMtikArI sAmyavAdano phelA karavAnA dhyeyavALI saMsthA hevAthI sAmrAjyavAdI

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1049 soviyeTane vijaya sattAone tenA tarapha bhAre aNagame che ane pitApitAnA dezamAM tenI pravRtti dAbI devAne teo hamezAM prayatna karyA kare che. - bIjA AMtararASTrIya saMghane (samAjavAdI tathA majUrone AMtararASTrIya saMdha) 5Nu mahAyuddha pachI pazcima yuropamAM pAcho sajIvana karavAmAM AvyuM. ghaNe aMze, kaMI nahi te siddhAMtanI dRSTie te, bIjA tathA trIjA AMtararASTrIya saMghanuM dhyeya eka ja che paraMtu e baMnenI vicArasaraNI tathA kAryapaddhati bhinna che ane e baMnenI vacce jhAjhe prema UbharAI jatuM nathI. baMnenA sAmAnya zatru mUDIvAda sAme teo prahAre kare che tenA karatAMye vizeSa pramANamAM teo ekabIjA upara sAmasAmA prahAra kare che tema ja ApasamAM takarAra kare che tathA ekabIjA sAme laDe che. bIjo AMtararASTrIya saMdha e Aje te membhAdAra saMsthA banI gaI che ane teNe yuropanA dezanA pradhAnamaMDaLamAM aneka vAra pradhAne paNa pUrA pADyA che. trIje AMtararASTrIya saMdha hajIye , krAMtikArI rahyo che ane tethI te bilakula mesmAdAra ke pratiSThita gaNAtuM nathI. AMtarayuddhanA samagra kALa daramyAna "lAla trAsa" (bazevikae vartAvela trAsa) ane "ta trAsa (krAMtinA virodhIoe vartAvele trAsa) e baMnee niSphara kraratAnI bAbatamAM ekabIjAnI spardhA karI ane ghaNuM karIne pahelA karatAM bIje e bAbatamAM ghaNuM vadhI gaye. kalAke sAIberiyAmAM karelA atyAcAranA amerikana senApatinA hevAla (e meM AgaLa TAMkyo che.) uparathI tema ja bIjA hevAle uparathI ApaNe e anumAna upara AvavAne prerAIe chIe. paraMtu lAla trAsa paNa atizaya Akare hatuM ane aneka nirdoSa mANase tenA bhoga banyA haze e viSe leza paNa zaMkA nathI. taraphathI temanA upara humale karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM tethI tathA aneka kAvatarAo ane jAsUsethI teo gherAyelA hovAthI be zevika pitAnA mana uparano kAbU I beThA ane jemanA upara temane saheja paNa zaMkA jAya temane teo bhAre zikSA karavA lAgyA. "cekA" nAmathI oLakhAtA temanA rAjakIya polIsa khAtAnI A trAsa pravartAvavA mATe bhAre apakIti thaI. e khAtuM hiMdanA chupI polIsanA khAtA jevuM hatuM paraMtu tenI pAse sattA vadhAre hatI. A patra lAMbe thaI jAya che. paraMtu e pUre karavA pahelAM lenina viSe mAre tane kaMIka vizeSa kahevuM joIe. 1918nA oNgasTa mAsamAM tene jAna levAno prayatna karavAmAM AvyA tyAre tene IjA thaI hatI chatAMye teNe jhAjho ArAma na lIdhe. javAbadArInA bhAre bejA nIce teNe kAma karavAnuM cAlu ja rAkhyuM ane ene lIdhe 1922nA me mAsamAM anivAryapaNe tenI tabiyata lathaDI paDI. theDe ArAma lIdhA pachI pharI pAche te pitAne kAme vaLage. paraMtu te lAMbA vakhata sudhI e rIte kAma karI zakyo nahi. 1923mAM

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1050 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana enI tabiyata ethIye vizeSa lathaDI ane temAMthI e be na ja tha. 1924nA jAnyuArInI 21mI tArIkhe meM najIka te maraNa pAme. * ghaNA divaso sudhI enA mRtadehane maeNkemAM rAkhI mUkavAmAM AvyuM. e vakhate ziyALAnI Rtu hatI ane rAsAyaNika padArthone upayoga karIne tenA mRta dehane jALavI rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. samagra raziyAmAMthI, dUra dUranAM sAIberiyAnAM "sTepejhamAMthI paNa, AmajanatAnA pratinidhio - puruSa, strIo, bALake - UMDI khAImAMthI pitAne uddhAra karanAra tathA vadhAre bharyAbhAdaryA jIvanane mArga batAvanAra pitAnA vahAlA sAthIne chevaTanuM mAna ApavAne tyAM AvI pahoMcyAM. maeNskAnA suMdara "reDa skavera'mAM temaNe tenuM eka sAduM ane ADaMbara rahita smAraka bAMdhyuM. eka kAcanI peTImAM tene mRta deha hajIye tyAM paDyo che ane roja sAMje mANasenI atUTa hAra tyAM , thaIne zAMtithI pasAra thAya che. tene maraNa pAmyAne hajI bahu varasa nathI thayAM paraMtu lenina eka prabaLa paraMparArUpa banI gayuM che - kevaLa tenA vatana raziyAmAM ja nahi paNa sArI duniyAmAM. vakhata jAya che tema tema tenI mahattA vadhatI jAya che ane duniyAnA amara thaI gayelA puruSonA maMDaLamAM teNe sthAna prApta karyuM che. peDhADanuM nAma have leninagrADa paDyuM che ane raziyAnA lagabhaga dareka gharamAM leninanA nAmathI oLakhAte eka bhAga tathA leninanI chabI hoya che. paNa lenina hajI jIve che,-tenAM aneka smArako ke citromAM nahi paNa teNe pAra pADelA virATa kAryamAM. vaLI te jIve che karoDo mAranA aMtaramAM. teo Aje tenA daSTAMtamAMthI preraNA meLavI rahyA che tema ja AvanArA sArA divasonI AzA sevI rahyA che. ema na mAnI laIza ke lenina e pitAnA kAryamAM garakAva rahenAra ane bIjA kazAne vicAra na karanAra eka prakArane amAnuSI saMce hate. pitAnA kAryamAM tema ja pitAnA dhyeyamAM te saMpUrNapaNe tarUpa banI gayuM hatuM emAM leza paNa saMdeha nathI. vaLI tenAmAM saheja paNa ahaMkAra nahota; eka vicAra yA siddhAMtanA mUrta svarUpa samAna te hate. ane Ama chatAMye mAnavI bhAvathI te bhareluM hatuM. te khaDakhaDATa hasI zakato hato ane e manuSyanI sauthI moTI khAsiyata che. jyAre seviyeTa upara jokhama jhajhUmI rahyuM hatuM te AraMbhanA divasomAM briTiza ejaMTa lekahATe tyAM hate. te jaNAve che ke game te thAya teye lenina hamezAM khuzamijAja rahe. e briTiza mutsadI kahe che ke, "je je jAhera puruSone maLavAne mane prasaMga prApta thayo che te badhAmAM lenina sauthI vadhAre svasthacitta hate." pitAnI vAta tathA kAryamAM te saraLa ane spaSTa hatA ane moTA moTA zabdo tathA kheTA DoLane te dhikakAra hate. saMgIta upara tene bhAre prema hatuM. tene e prema eTale badhe prabaLa hatuM

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seviyeTane vijaya : 151 ke rakhene enI pitAnA upara vadhAre paDatI asara thavA pAme ane tethI pitAnA kAmamAM zithila thaI javAya e tene hamezAM Dara rahe. lucaskI nAmanA leninanA eka sAthIe,-je ghaNAM varasa sudhI keLavaNune pradhAna hate - tene viSe eka vAra kaMIka vicitra rIte ullekha karyo hate. leninanA mUDIvAdIonA damanane teNe Izue zAhukArane maMdiramAMthI hAMkI kADhyA hatA tenI sAthe sarakhAvyuM ane umeryuM ke, "Izu Aje jIvate heta te te bovika thaI jAta." A sarakhAmaNuM dharmaviheNuM lokene mATe vicitra kahevAya. strIone viSe lenine eka vAra kahyuM hatuM: "aradhoaradha vasatIne raseDAmAM pUrI rAkhavAmAM AvI hoya tyAM sudhI koI paNa rASTra svAdhIna na thaI zake." eka vakhate bALakane paMpALatAM paMpALatAM teNe bahu sUcaka vAta kahI hatI. tene jUne mitra eNkisama gaoNka ApaNane jaNAve che ke e prasaMge teNe Ama kahyuM hatuM, "A lekenuM jIvana ApaNA karatAM vadhAre sukhI haze. ApaNe je kaSTa veThyAM che tene Amane anubhava nahi karavo paDe. emanA jIvanamAM eTalI krUratA nahi hoya." ApaNe paNa evI ja AzA rAkhIe. raziyAnuM eka Adhunika gIta TAMkIne huM A patra pUre karIza. e samUhamAM gAvAnuM gIta che. jemaNe e gavAtuM sAMbhaLyuM che te loko kahe che ke, e gItanuM saMgIta zakti ane sAmarthyathI bharapUra che tathA e krAMtikArI janatAnI bhAvanA vyakta kare che. e gItane anuvAda huM nIce ApuM chuM. tenA zabdomAM paNa kaMIka aMze e bhAvanA pragaTa thAya che. e gItanuM nAma "okaTobara' che paraMtu emAM 1917nI navembaranI be zevika krAMtine ullekha karavAmAM AvyuM che. te samayanuM raziyana paMcAMga asaMzodhita paMcAMga hatuM ane pazcimamAM bIjA sAmAnya paMcAMga karatAM te 13 divasa pAchaLa hatuM. e paMcAMga pramANe 1917nA mArca mAsanI krAMti phebruArI mAsamAM thaI hatI ane tethI tene "phebruArInI krAMti" kahevAmAM Ave che. e ja rIte 1917nA navembaranA AraMbhamAM thayelI zevika krAMtine "ekabaranI krAMti" kahevAmAM Ave che. raziyAe have pitAnuM paMcAMga badalyuM che ane saMzodhita paMcAMgane svIkAra karyo che paraMtu A jUnAM nAme hajI paNa vaparAzamAM cAlu rahyAM che. ame gayA sau kAma mAgatA ane mAgatA reTI, amArI chAtI para toLAtI hatI yAtanA meTI. mila bhUMgaLAM AbhabhaNI tAke, thAkyA hAthasamAM, nirbaLa je mUkI zake na vALI.

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105ra jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nita karatAM UMce sAde tevuM mauna daradudukhanA ama zabdonI paDatAM tALI. leninA lenina! o ! zI A barakTa hAthanI Arata! samajAyuM che leninaamane have eka che lata, che ama bhAgye eka ekalI laData, laData ne laData! jaMga AkharImAM tuM derI gaye amane! laData! teM amane A dadha meLavI majadUrInI chata. julma ane ajJAna uparanI aho kAramI chata kaI na zakaze hAtha amArA thakI jhuMTavI kadI. kaI nahIM! hA kAI nahIM kadI nahIM! kadApi nahIM! laData mahIM sau kaI banI basa jAya juvAna ane bahAdara, kAraNa, ApaNI chata taNuM zubha nAma are che eNkaTobara, okaTobara! okaTobara! kabara che sUrya taNe saMdeza. ekabara che krAntikArI ke zatakone Adeza. okaTobara che majurI, che AnaMda ane e gIta. ekabara ! che yaMtra khetaranuM suMdIra nasIba. lenina ne sau juvAniyAnI peDhI jeha tamAma enuM pharake okaTobara te amara ahe dhvaja-nAma! 153. jApAnanI cIna upara zirorI 14 eprila, 1933 mahAyuddha cAlI rahyuM hatuM te daramyAna dUra pUrvanA dezamAM keTalAka banAve - banyA tenuM ApaNe avakana karavuM joIe. eTale have huM tane cIna laI jaIza. cIna viSenA mArA chellA patramAM tyAM AgaLa karavAmAM AvelI prajAsattAkanI sthApanA viSe tathA e pachI je muzkelIo UbhI thavA pAmI che viSe meM tene kahyuM hatuM. e pachI pharIthI sAmrAjya sthApavAnA prayatna paNa karavAmAM AvyA. e badhA prayatno te niSphaLa nIvaDayA paraMtu prajAsattAka AkhA deza upara pitAnI hakUmata jamAvavAne saphaLa na thayuM athavA kahe ke koI paNa eka sarakAra e kAma pAra pADavAmAM na phAvI. tyArathI mAMDIne

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jApAnanI cIna upara zirorI 1053 hajI sudhI samagra cIna upara jenI nirvivAda sattA hoya evI eka paNa sattA hajI UbhI thavA pAmI nahatI. thoDAM varasa sudhI cInamAM e mukhya sarakArI hatI; eka uttaranI ane khIjI dakSiNanI. dakSiNamAM DaoN. suna-yAtsena ane tenA rASTrIya pakSa ku-mIna-TAMganI sattA saoNMparI hatI. uttaramAM yuAna-zI-kAI sattAdhArI hatA ane tenA pachI aneka senApatie te lazkarI puruSo AvyA. A lazkarI sAhasakhArAne tUzana kahevAmAM AvatA hatA. Aje paNa temane e ja nAmathI oLakhavAmAM Ave che. chellAM keTalAMka . varasAthI tee cIna upara AkRta samAna thaI paDyA che. cIna A rIte niraMtara pravartatA arAjakanI duHkhada sthitimAM AvI pADyuM hatuM ane tyAM AgaLa uttara ane dakSiNa vacce tathA harI tUzanA vacce vAraMvAra AMtarayuddha phATI nIkaLatuM hatuM. sAmrAjyavAdI sattAone mATe kAvAdAvA karavAnI tathA eka pakSane athavA hamaNAM eka tUzanane ane pachI khIjAne uttejana ApI e rIte A AMtarika matabhedo ane jhadhaDAonAM lAbha uThAvavAne prayatna karavAnI e umadA taka hatI. tane yAda haze ke, hiMdamAM paNa aMgrejoe e ja rIte potAnI sattA jamAvI. yuropanI sattAoe e takanA lAbha uThAvyA ane kAvAdAvA karavAnuM tathA eka tUzanane khIjA sAme laDAvI mAravAnuM zarU karyuM. paraMtu temanI potAnI musIbatAe tathA mahAyuddhe thADA ja vakhatamAM dUra pUrvInA dezAmAMnI temanI A pravRttione aMta ANyA. paNa jApAnanI bAbatamAM ema na banyuM. mukhya laDAI bahu dUranA pradezAmAM cAlatI hatI ane cInamAM potAnI jUnI pravRtti nirvighna AgaLa calAvI zakAya ema jApAnane lAgyuM. sAce ja, e ghaDIe te potAnI e pravRttio calAvavAnI bahu ja anukULa sthitimAM hatuM, kema ke bIjI sattA anyatra yuddhamAM reAkAyelI hatI ane temanA taraphathI kazIye dakhala thavAnA saMbhava nahotA. jApAnanai cInanA kayAucAumAM jamanAne maLelA adhikArI chInavI levA hatA ane pachIthI dezamAM AgaLa pagapesAro karavA hatA. mAtra eTalA ja khAtara teNe jarmanI sAme yuddha jAhera karyuM. cIna paratvenI jApAnIonI nIti chellA cAra dazakAthI bilakula ekadhArI cAlatI AvI hatI. potAnA sainyane Adhunika Dhabe sajja karIne tathA potAnA dezanuM udyogIkaraNa AgaLa dhapAvIne tarata ja temaNe cIna upara potAnuM prabhutva jamAvavAnA nizcaya karyAM. phelAvAne mATe tathA potAnA udyogo vadhAravAne mATe temane mALAza joItI hatI. cIna ane kAriyA e ane dezo tenI najIka hatA ane kamajora hatA. Adhipatya ane zeSaNane mATe te jANe nAtarI rahyA hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. 1894-95mAM cIna sAthe yuddha temane

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105 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana karIne temaNe e dizAmAM prathama prayatna karyo. emAM teo phAvyA kharA paraMtu keTalIka yupI sattAonA virodhane lIdhe temane jeTaluM joItuM hatuM teTaluM maLyuM nahi. pachI 1904nI sAlamAM raziyA joDe yuddha thayuM. e yuddha cIna sAthenA yuddha karatAM kaparuM hatuM. emAM paNa temane vijaya maLe ane pariNAme maMcUriyA tathA koriyAmAM temaNe majabUta aDDo jamAvyuM. thoDA ja vakhatamAM koriyAne khAlasA karavAmAM AvyuM ane te jApAnI sAmrAjyane eka bhAga banyuM. paraMtu maMcUriyA te cInane ja eka bhAga rahyuM. ene cInanA pUrva taraphanA traNa prAMti kahevAmAM Ave che. tyAM AgaLanI tenI relave sahita raziyAne tyAM maLelA badhA hake jApAnIoe pacAvI pADyA. e relave te vakhata sudhI cAInIjha IsTarna relave' (pUrva cInanI relave) nAmathI oLakhAtI hatI. e relavenuM nAma badalIne have sAutha maMcUriyana relave (dakSiNa maMcUriyAnI relave) rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. jApAne have maMcUriyA upara pitAne paMjo majabUta karavAnuM zarU karyuM. daramyAna e relavee bAkInA gIca vasatIvALA cInamAMthI lekone AkarSA ane saMkhyAbaMdha cInI kheDUta tyAM AvIne vasavA lAgyA. soyAbIna nAmathI oLakhAtuM kaThoLa maMcUriyAmAM khUba pAtuM hatuM. enAM kImatI poSaka tane lIdhe duniyAbharamAM tenI mAga vadhI gaI. temAMthI banatI bIjI vastuo uparAMta soyAbInamAMthI eka prakAranuM tela paNa bane che. A soyAbInanI khetIne kAraNe paNa saMkhyAbaMdha leke tyAM AvIne vasyA. Ama, je vakhate jApAnIe maMcUriyAnA samagra Arthika taMtrane uparanA bhAgamAMthI zarU karIne saMpUrNa kAbU levA mAgatA hatA te ja vakhate nIcenA bhAgamAMthI saMkhyAbaMdha cInAo tyAM AvyA ane e dezamAM temaNe vasavATa karyo. purANuM maMcU leke A cIne kheDUtanA samudramAM DUbI gayA tathA saMskRti ane jIvanadRSTimAM teo pUrepUrA cInI banI gayA. cInamAM prajAsattAka sthapAya evI jApAnane kalpanA paNa nahatI. cInane baLavAna banAve evI eka paNa vastu jApAnane maMjUra nahotI ane cInane susaMgaThita thaIne eka baLavAna rASTra thatuM aTakAvavuM e tenI kuTilanItinuM eka mAtra dhyeya hatuM. jethI karIne dezamAM AMtarika avyavasthA cAlu rahe eTalA khAtara eka tUzana sAme bIjA tUzanane madada karavAmAM te ati sakriya rasa letuM hatuM. cInane taraNa prajAsattAkane jabaradasta praznone ukela karavAne hate. e kevaLa maravA paDelI sAmrAjya sarakAra pAsethI rAjakIya sattA laI levAne ja savAla nahe. vAta ema che ke laI levA jevI rAjakIya sattA hatI ja nahi. tyAM AgaLa evI kaI kendrastha sattA hatI ja nahi. evI sattA te hajI UbhI karavAnI hatI. jUnuM cInI sAmrAjya e mAtra nAmanuM ja sAmrAjya

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. jApAnanI cIna upara zirajorI 1055 hatuM. vAstavamAM e aneka svayaMzAsita pradezane eka samUha hatuM ane e pradezone eka sAmrAjyamAM sAMkaLI rAkhanAra baMdha bahu zithila hatA. prAMte vatteoche aMze svayaMzAsita hatA ane zahera tathA gAmanI paNa e ja sthiti hatI. madhyaratha sarakAra ke samrATanI sattA mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvatI paraMtu e sarakAra sthAnika bAbatamAM mAthuM mAratI nahi. jemAM sattA ane vahIvaTI taMtra eka ja sthAne kendrita thayAM hoya tathA jenI sarakAranI bhinna bhinna bAjuomAM ekadhArI samAnatA hoya evuM cInanuM rAjya nahotuM. evA rAjyane yuniTarI eTale ke saMghaTita yA ekataMtrI rAjya kahevAmAM Ave che. rAjakIya dRSTie zithila baMdhathI baMdhAyeluM A rAjya pazcimanA udyoga tathA sAmrAjyavAdI lebhanA AghAtathI bhAgI paDayuM. have lokone lAgavA mAMDyuM ke teNe jIvavuM hoya te cIne vahIvaTanI samAna athavA ekadhArI paddhativALuM majabUta kendrita rAjya banavuM joIe. navuM prajAsattAka evuM rAjya UbhuM karavA mAgatuM hatuM. e kaMIka navIna vastu hatI ane tethI prajAtaMtranI sAmenI e moTAmAM moTI muzkelI thaI paDI. cInamAM saMparkanAM sAdhana, rastAo tathA relave vagere jevAM joIe tevAM nahotAM. e vastu ja rAjakIya ekatAnA mArgamAM jabaradasta vidyarUpa hatI. bhUtakALamAM cInI leke kevaLa rAjakIya sattAne jhAjhuM mahattva ApatA nahatA. emanI bhavya sabhyatA saMskAritAnA pAyA upara racAyelI hatI ane jIvana jIvavAnI kaLA e je rIte zIkhavatI hatI tene je bIje kyAMya jaDe ema nathI. temanI purANI saMskRti cInA lokonA hADamAM evI te UtarI gaI hatI ke temanI rAjakIya ane Arthika vyavasthA paDI bhAgI tyAre paNa teo pitAnI prAcIna saMskAritAne vaLagI rahyA. jApAne irAdApUrvaka pazcimanA udyoge tathA AcAravicAre grahaNa karyA hatA paraMtu mULamAM te te "phyuDala' ja rahyuM. cIna "zyala" nahotuM. te buddhivAda tathA vaijJAnika vRttithI paripUrNa hatuM ane pazcimanA dezamAM udyoga tathA vijJAnanA kSetramAM thayelI pragatine te utsuktAthI nihALI rahyuM hatuM. paraMtu jApAnanI peThe teNe AMdhaLiyAM karIne emAM jhaMpalAvyuM nahi. hA, eTaluM kharuM ke emAM paDavA mATe cInanA mArgamAM aneka muzkelIo hatI. paNa jApAnane evI koI paNa muzkelI nahotI. Ama chatAMye, jethI karIne pitAnI purANI saMskRti sAtheno saMbaMdha sadaMtara tUTI jAya evuM kaMI paNa karatAM cInAo acakAtA hatA. cInane svabhAva philasUphanA svabhAva jevo che ane philasUphe kaI paNa kArya utAvaLathI karatA nathI. tenA manamAM bhAre khaLabhaLATa macI rahyo hato, ane te hajI cAlu ja che; kema ke tene kevaLa rAjakIya savAlano ja ukela karavAne nahote. tene te Arthika, sAmAjika, bauddhika ane keLavaNInA tema ja evA bIjA aneka savAlene ukela karavAnuM hatuM

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jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana A uparAMta hiMdustAna tathA cIna jevA ati vizALa dezezanA baheALA vistAra paNa aneka muzkelIo UbhI kare che, e deze khaDa jevA che ane temanAmAM kaMIka aMze khaDAnuM bhArekhamapaNuM che. eka hAthI paDI jAya teA tene UThatAM vAra lAge che; bilADI ke kUtarAnI peThe te paDatAMveMta kUdIne ekadama UbhA thaI zakatA nathI. 1014 mahAyuddha zarU thayA pachI tarata ja jApAna mitrarAjgyA sAthe joDAyuM ane teNe jarmInI sAme yuddha jAhera karyuM. teNe kayAu cAune kabajo lIdhA ane pachI zAMTuga prAMtamAM thaIne dezanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM teNe potAnA paga pasAravA mAMDayA. kyAu cAu zAMtuMga prAMtamAM AveluM che, eno artha e thaya ke jApAna khuda cIna upara caDAI karI rahyuM hatuM. tyAM AgaLa janmanI sAme, pagalAM bharavAnA savAla ja nahAto kema ke janIne e pradeza sAthe kazIye levAdevA nahAtI. cInI sarakAre vinayapUrvaka jApAnIone pAchA cAlyA javA jaNAvyuM. japAnIe kahyuM A te kevI uddatA ! ane pachI tarata ja temaNe 21 mAgaNIovALI sarakArI yAdI bahAra pADI. A ' 21 mAgaNIo ' jagajAhera thaI gaI. e huM ahI nahi ApuM. ene sArAMza e hatA ke cInamAM ane khAsa karIne mancUriyA, maMgoliyA tathA zAMduMga prAMtamAM aneka prakAranA hakko tathA adhikAro jApAnane ApI devA. A mAgaNI kabUla rAkhavAmAM Ave to ene pariNAme cIna vAstavamAM jApAnanuM eka saMsthAna khanI jatuM hatuM. uttara cInanI kamajora sarakAre e mAgaNIo sAme vAMdhA uThAvyo paraMtu jApAnanA baLavAna sainya sAme te zuM karI zake ema hatuM? vaLI uttaranI A sarakAra pote potAnI prajAmAM leAkapriya paNa nahAtI. paraMtu teNe eka kAma karyuM ane te bhAre madadarUpa nIvaDayuM. teNe jApAnanI e mAgaNIo jAhera karI. tarata ja cInamAM enI sAme bhAre virodha phrATI nIkaLyo. khIjI sattAo, laDAImAM pAvAyelI hovA chatAMye, temanA paNa mijAja gayo. khAsa karIne amerikAe enI sAme vAMdhA uThAvyo. pariNAma e AvyuM ke, jApAne potAnI keTalIka mAgaNIo pAchI kheMcI lIdhI, keTalIka mAgaNI maryAdita karI ane bAkInI mAgaNIo dATI ApIne 1915nI sAlamAM cInI sarakAra pAse svIkArAvI. ethI karIne cInamAM jApAnavirAdhI ugna lAgaNI pedA thaI. 1917nI sAlamAM, mahAyuddha zarU thayA pachI traNa varasa khAda, cIna mitrarAjyAnA pakSamAM joDAyuM ane teNe jamanI sAme laDAI jAhera karI. e vastu hAsyAspada hatI kema ke cIna jarmanI sAme kazuM ja karI zake ema nahotuM. ema karavAnA hetu mAtra ATalo ja hato : mitrarAjyonI sahAnubhUti prApta karavI ane jApAnanA vaLI vadhAre AkramaNamAMthI bacI javuM.

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1057 jApAnanI cIna upara zirajorI e pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM, 1917nA navembaramAM zevika krAMti thaI. e pachI uttara eziyAmAM bhAre avyavasthA vyApI gaI. sAIberiyA seviyeTa tathA seviyeTavirodhI daLe vaccenI laDAInuM eka raNakSetra banI gayuM. raziyana senApati kalAka sAiberiyAmAM rahIne seviyeTa sAme laDate hato. soviyeTanA vijayathI bhaDakIne jApAnIoe sAIberiyAmAM eka moTuM lazkara mokalyuM. briTiza tema ja amerikana sa paNa tyAM mekalavAmAM AvyAM. thoDA vakhata mATe te sAIberiyA tathA madhya eziyAmAMthI raziyAnI lAgavaga naSTa thaI gaI e pradezamAMthI raziyAnI pratiSThA nirmULa karavAne mATe briTiza sarakAre tenAthI banatuM badhuM karyuM. bolazevika virodhI pracAra karavAne mATe madhya eziyAnA kendra sthAna kAlgaramAM aMgrejoe eka vAyaralesa sTezana paNa UbhuM karyuM. maMgeliyAmAM paNa seviyeTa tathA seviyeTavirodhI daLo vacce khUnakhAra yuddha thayuM. cheka 1915nI sAlamAM, mahAyuddha cAlI rahyuM hatuM tyAre, jhArazAhI raziyAnI madadathI cInI sarakAra pAsethI svayaMzAsanane haka prApta karavAmAM maMgoliyA saphaLa thayuM hatuM. paraMtu maMgeliyA upara cInanuM Adhipatya to kAyama rahyuM. vaLI maMgeliyAnA videza sAthenA saMbaMdhane aMge raziyAne paNa tyAM sthAna ApavAmAM AvyuM. A ajaba prakAranI vyavasthA hatI. soviyeTa krAMti pachI maMgeliyAmAM AMtarayuddha thayuM. traNa varasa karatAMye vadhAre samayanA yuddha pachI temAM sthAnika seviyeTane vijaya thayuM. mahAyuddha pachI sulehapariSada thaI te viSe hajI meM tane nathI kahyuM. bIjA patramAM mAre enuM nirUpaNa karavuM paDaze. ahIMyAM huM mAtra eTaluM ja kahI dauM ke, e pariSadanI moTI sattAoe - khAsa karIne IgleMDa, phrAMsa ane yunAITeDa sTeTsa -cInane zAMTuMga prAMta jApAnane bheTa ApavAno nirNaya karyo. A rIte, yuddhanA badalAmAM, pitAnA eka mitrarAjya cIna pAse temaNe tene mulaka ApI devaDAvyuM. ema karavAnuM kAraNa yuddhakALa daramyAna igleMDa, phrAMsa tathA jApAna vacce thayelI gupta saMdhi hatI. enuM kAraNa game te he, cIna sAthenI A ghekAbAjIthI cInA leke bhAre roSe bharAyA ane pekiMga sarakArane temaNe dhamakI ApI ke, je te e bAbamAM dharakheDa karaze te krAMti thaze. jApAnI mAlane kaDaka bahiSkAra pikAravAmAM Avyo ane ThekaThekANe jApAnavidhI baMDa thayAM. cInI sarakAre (mArI kahevAnI matalaba uttaranI pekiMga sarakAra che, kema ke te ja cInanI mukhya sarakAra hatI.) sulehanA karAra para sahI karavAnI nA pADI. be varasa pachI yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM vaiziMgTanamAM eka pariSada thaI. e pariSadamAM zAMTuMgane prazna pharI pAcho upasthita thaye. dUra pUrvanA dezanA praznomAM rasa dharAvatI badhI sattAonI e pariSada hatI ane potapotAnA naukAbaLanI

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1058 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana carcA karavAne te ekaThI maLI hatI. jApAna ane cInanI bAbatamAM, 1922nI vaiziMgTananI pariSadamAMthI aneka mahattvanAM pariNAma AvyAM. jApAna zAMTuMga prAMta pAchA ApI devAne kabUla thayuM ane e rIte cInI prajAne asvastha karI mUkatA eka moTA prazno niveDe AvyuM. e sattAo vacce mahattvanA bIjA be karAra paNa thayA. emane eka, "cAra sattAone karAra" hatuM. amerikA, iMgleMDa, jApAna ane phrAMsa vacce e karAra thaye hato. A cAra sattAoe prazAnta mahAsAgaramAMnA pratyeka sattAnA tAbAnA mulakanI prAdezika akhaMDitatA mAnya rAkhavAnI paraspara pratijJA karI. bIje karAra "nava sattAono karAra" tarIke oLakhAya che. e karAra ziMgTana pariSadamAM hAjarI ApanAra nava sattAo yunAITeDa sTeTsa, beljiyama, iMglaMDa, phrAMsa, ITAlI, jApAna, heleMDa, porTugAla ane cIna - vacce thayo hate. e karAranI pahelI kalama A rIte zarU thatI hatIH cInanuM aizvarya (sovarenaTI), svataMtratA tema ja tenI vahIvaTI ane prAdezika akhaMDitatA mAnya rAkhavA mATe . . " dekhItI rIte ja, cInane have vadhu AkramaNamAMthI bacAvavAne e baMne karArane Azaya hate. chUTachATo paDAvavAnI tathA mulaka khAlasA karavAnI je ramata bIjI sattAo Aja sudhI ramI rahI hatI te aTakAvavAne e karAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. pazcimanI sattAo mahAyuddha pachInA praznono ukela karavAnA kAryamAM gUMthAyelI hatI. eTale e ghaDIe cInanI bAbatamAM temane rasa nahote. ethI karIne AtmatyAganA A TharAvamAM e badhI sattAoe gaMbhIratApUrvaka pitAnI saMmati ApI. e TharAva ghaNAM varasothI cAlatI AvelI jApAnanI IrAdApUrvakanI nItine ghAtaka hatuM chatAMye jApAne pote paNa e TharAvamAM pitAnI saMmati ApI. jApAnanI purANa nItinI viruddhanI pratijJAo tathA karAra karavAmAM AvyA hovA chatAM teNe pitAnI asala nIti cAlu ja rAkhI hatI e vastu thoDA ja varasomAM spaSTa thaI gaI ane jApAne cIna upara caDAI karI. AMtararASTrIya jUThANuM ane pAkhaMDanuM e eka ajoDa ane nagna daSTAMta che. pAchaLathI je banavA pAmyuM tenI bhUmikA samajAvavAne khAtara mAre tane vaiziMgTananI pariSadanI vAta kahevI paDI. - vaiziMgTana pariSadanA arasAmAM sAIberiyAmAMthI videzI lazkare paNa chevaTanAM kheMcI levAmAM AvyAM. jApAne pitAnuM lazkara tyAMthI sAthI chelle khaseDyuM. tarata ja tyAM soviyeTa sthapAI gayAM ane te raziyAnA seviyeTa prajAsattAkamAM joDAyAM. pitAnI kArakirdInA AraMbhamAM ja raziyAnI seviyeTa sarakAre cInane jaNAvyuM ke, bIjI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonI sAthe jhArazAhI raziyA cInamAM

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105 jApAnanI cIna upara zirajorI je khAsa adhikAre bhagavatuM hatuM te choDI devA pite taiyAra che. sAmrAjyavAda tathA sAmyavAdanA mArge bhAgye ja samAna hoya che, paraMtu e vAta javA daIe te paNa, pazcimanI sattAothI lAMbA vakhatathI zeSAI rahelA ane DarAvAtA pUrvanA deza tarapha soviyeTa irAdApUrvaka udAra nIti akhatyAra karI. e kevaLa prAmANikatA ja nahotI paNa seviyeTa raziyAne mATe dharakhama nIti paNa hatI; kema ke e nItie pUrvamAM tenA mitre UbhA karyA. khAsa adhikAra choDI devAnI soviyeTanI darakhAsta zaratI nahotI; enA badalAmAM teNe kazI apekSA na rAkhI. ema chatAMye, cInI sarakAra soviyeTa sAthe vyavahAra bAMdhatAM DaratI hatI; tene bhIti hatI ke ethI rakhene pazcima yuropanI sattAo tenA upara krodhe bharAya. paraMtu, Akhare raziyana ane cInI pratinidhio maLyA ane 1929nI sAlamAM amuka muddAonI bAbatamAM teo saMmata thayA. A karAranI jANa thatAM iMca, amerikana tathA jApAnanI sarakAre enI sAme pekiMga sarakAra samakSa pitAne virodha darzAvyuM. AthI pekiMga sarakAra eTalI te DarI gaI ke e karAra upara pitAnA pratinidhie karelI sahIne teNe inkAra karyo. pekiMga sarakAranI ATalI hada sudhI durdazA thaI hatI! e pachI raziyana pratinidhio e karArane A musaddo bahAra pADyo. eNe bhAre khaLabhaLATa macAvI mUkyo. bIjI sattAo sAthenA saMbaMdhamAM cIna sAthe pahelI ja vAra mAnabharyo ane yogya vartAva darzAvavAmAM AvyuM tathA tenA hakakone mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvyA. eka mahAna sattA sAthenI samAnatAnA dhoraNe thayelI A tenI pahelI ja saMdhi hatI. cInI prajA ethI rAjI thaI ane sarakArane tenA upara sahI karavAnI pharaja paDI. sAmrAjyavAdI sattAone e saMdhi na game e svAbhAvika hatuM kema ke ethI teo duniyAnI najare bahu khetI dekhAya ema hatuM. soviyeTa raziyAe udAratApUrvaka pitAnA badhA adhikAre jatA karyA paraMtu e sattAo to pitapotAnA khAsa hakakone cIvaTapUrvaTa vaLagI rahI. soviyeTa sarakAre DaoN. sunayAta senanI dakSiNa cInanI sarakAra sAthe paNa saMparka sAdhyo ane e baMne sarakAre paraspara samajUtI para AvI. dakSiNa cInanI sarakAranuM vaDuM mathaka kenTInamAM hatuM. A badhA samaya daramyAna uttara ane dakSiNa cIna vacce tathA uttara cInanA judA judA senApatio vacce AMtarayuddha cAlI rahyuM hatuM. A uttaranA tUzane athavA mahAtuzane - emAMnA keTalAka mahAtUzana kahevAtA hatA - kaI siddhAMta ke kAryakramane khAtara laDatA nahotA; teo vyaktigata sattA meLavavAne laDatA hatA. teo ekabIjA sAthe maLIne ekasaMpI karatA paNa pachI sAmA pakSa sAthe maLI jaIne na ja samUha racatA. temanA A niraMtara badalAtA samUhe bahAranAone mATe te keyaDA samAna ja hatA. A tUzane athavA lazkarI sAhaso, khAnagI

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1010 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana lazkare rAkhatA, khAnagI karI nAkhatA ane pitAnAM khAnagI yuddho calAvyuM rAkhatA. A badhAne bejo lAMbA kALathI yAtanAo sahetI AvelI cInI prajAne uThAvavo paData. AvA keTalAka mahAtUzananI pAchaLa videzI sattAonI, khAsa karIne jApAnanI otha hatI ema kahevAya che. zAMghAInI meTI moTI paradezI vepArI peDhIo taraphathI paNa temane nANAMnI madada maLatI hatI. dakSiNamAM, DaoN. sunayAta senanI sarakAra kArya karatI hatI tyAM mAtra eka UjaLuM sthAna hatuM. e sarakArane pitAnA Adarzo hatA, pitAnI kakasa nIti hatI; uttaranA keTalAka tUzananI sarakAranI peThe enuM kevaLa lUMTavAnuM kArya nahotuM. 1924nI sAlamAM ku-mIna-TAMganI athavA prajApakSanI rASTrIya mahAsabhAnI pahelI beThaka maLI ane DaoN. sunayAta sene tenI AgaLa eka jAheranAmuM rajU karyuM, e jAheranAmAmAM teNe rASTrane doravaNI ApanArA siddhAMta rajU kya. e jAheranAmuM tathA enA siddhAMta tyArathI ku-mIna-TAMganA AdhArarUpa banI gayA. ane kahevAtI rASTrIya sarakAranI sAmAnya nIti Aje paNa e mujaba cAle che ema manAya che. 1925nA mArca mAsamAM DaoN. sunayAta sena maraNa pAme. cInanI sevAmAM teNe pitAnuM jIvana ghasI nAkhyuM hatuM. cInI prajAne enA upara apAra prema hate.. 154. yuddhakALanuM hiMdu 16 eprila, 1933 * briTiza sAmrAjyanA eka bhAga tarIke, bezaka hiMda paNa sIdhI rIte mahAyuddhamAM saMDovAyuM hatuM. paraMtu hiMdanI aMdara ke tenI pAse kharekhara laDAI thaI nahotI. Ama chatAM, hiMda upara mahAyuddhanI aneka prakAre pratyakSa tema ja pakSa asara thaI ane e rIte ahIM bhAre pheraphAra thavA pAmyA. mitrarAjyone madada karavAne arthe hiMdanI sAdhanasAmagrIne pUrepUra upayoga karavAmAM Avyo hate. e hiMdustAnanuM yuddha nahotuM. jarmanI sAme ke tenA pakSanAM itara rAjya sAme hiMdane kazI phariyAda nahotI ane tuka mATe te tenI bhAre sahAnubhUti hatI. paraMtu e bAbatamAM hiMdane mATe pasaMdagIne savAla nahoto. te to kevaLa briTananA tAbA nIcene deza hata ane pitAnA sAmrAjyavAdI mAlikanI sAthe eka katAramAM UbhA rahevAnI tene pharaja pADavAmAM AvI hatI. ane tethI, dezamAM bhAre virodha hovA chatAMye hiMdI sainike tuke, misaravAsIo tathA bIjAo sAme laDyA ane pazcima eziyAmAM hiMdanA nAmane akAruM karI mUkavuM.

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yuddhakALanuM hindu 10:1 AgaLanA eka patramAM meM tane kahyu hatuM tema, mahAyuddha zarU thayuM te TAMkaNe hiMdamAM rAjakAraNa bahu ja maMda paDI gayuM hatuM. yuddhanA AgamanathI lAkAnu dhyAna vaLI vadhAre pramANamAM khIjI dizAemAM vadhyuM ane briTiza sarakAre yuddhane age lIdhelAM aneka pagalAMone kAraNe sAcI rAjakIya pravRtti muzkela thaI paDI. khIjA badhAne dAkhI devA mATe tathA potAnu manamAnyuM karavAne mATe sarakAro yuddhakALane hamezAM eka sarasa bahAnA tarIke lekhe che. e daramyAna jo kAI ne kazI chUTa hoya to mAtra sarakArane manamAnyuM karavAnI chUTa hoya che. khArA upara niyaMtraNa mUkavAmAM Ave che, satya hakIkata chupAvavAmAM Ave che, ghaNI vAra jUThANAM phelAvavAmAM Ave che tathA TIkA thatI aTakAvavAmAM Ave che. kAI paNa prakAranI rASTrIya pravRttinuM niyamana karavAne khAsa kAyadAo tathA niyamA karavAmAM Ave che. yuddhamAM. paDelA badhAye dezAmAM A karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane hiMdamAM paNa ema karavAmAM Ave e svAbhAvika che. eTale ahIM paNa hiMdasaMrakSaNudhAro ' pasAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. yuddha viSe tema ja enI sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatI bIjI kAI paNa bAbata viSenI jAhera TIkA upara A rIte sacoTa aMkuza mUkavAmAM Avyo. paraMtu aMdarakhAne tu mATe sarvatra bhAre sahAnubhUti hatI tathA jamanI iMgleMDane sakhata phaTakA mAre evI AzA sevavAmAM AvatI hatI. jemanA upara sArI peThe TakA paDatA hatA te AvI niI AzA seve e bilakula svAbhAvika che. paraMtu evI icchA kyAMye jAhera rIte vyakta karavAmAM AvI nahotI. 6 jAheramAM te briTana pratyenI vAdArInA khulaMda pokArA vAtAvaraNane gajAvI mUkatA hatA. moTe bhAge rAjAmahArAjAe Ave zAkAra karatA hatA tema ja sarakAranA sabaMdhamAM AvelA upalA madhyama varganA lokA paNu kaMIka aMze emAM peAtAnA phALA ApatA hatA. lAkazAhI, AjhAdI tathA prajAnI svataMtratA viSenI mitrarAjyAnI baDI khaDI jAherAtothI ' bhUvA' eTale ke madhyama varganA lAkA paNa sahejasAja emAM sAyA hatA. e jAherAto ghaNuM karIne hiMdune paNa lAgu paDaze ema dhAravAmAM AvatuM hatuM ane tenI AphatanI ghaDIe briTanane madada karavAmAM Ave te pAchaLathI enA ghaTatA khalA maLI raheze evI AzA sevavAmAM AvatI hatI. e game tema he, e bAbatamAM hi Mdune mATe pasaMdagI karavAne avakAza ja nahAtA; vaLI te mATe khIjo kAI salAmatIbharyAM mA paNa nahotA. AthI teNe A aNugamatI pharajamAMthI banI zake eTale lAbha uThAvyA. hiMdamAM thayelA A vAdArInA uparauparanA pradarzananI te divaseAmAM iMgleMDamAM bhAre kadara karavAmAM AvI hatI ane tene mATe aneka vAra AbhAranI lAgaNI paNa vyakta karavAmAM AvI hatI. te vakhate sattAnAM sUtrA jemanA ja - 25

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1012 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hAthamAM hatAM temaNe jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, A pachI IgleMDa hiMda tarapha "navI draSTithI joze." paraMtu hiMda tema ja paradezamAM theDA hiMdIo evA hatA jeo AvuM vaphAdArI nuM valaNa dharAvatA nahatA. hiMdanA moTA bhAganA lokonI peThe teo zAnta ke nikyi paNuM nahatA. AyarlenDanI jUnI kahevata mujaba teo mAnatA hatA ke, IMglaMDanI muzkelI e pitAnA dezane mATe suavasara che. khAsa karIne jarmanI ane yuropanA bIjA dezamAM rahetA keTalAka hiMdIo iMglaMDanA duzmanone madada karavAne barlinamAM ekaThA maLyA ane e kArya mATe temaNe eka samiti sthApI. jarmana sarakAra, svAbhAvika rIte ja . kaI paNa prakAranI madada svIkAravA utsuka hatI. ane teNe A hiMdI krAMtikArIone vadhAvI lIdhA. temanI vacce eka karAra thayo ane tenA upara ubhaya pakSe - jarmana sarakAre tathA hiMdIonI samitie- sahIo karI. e karAramAM bIjI vastuo uparAMta eka vastu A hatI. yuddhamAM jarmanIne vijaya thAya te te hiMdanI svataMtratAnI bAbatamAM Agraha rAkhaze. e samajUtI upara hiMdIoe laDAI daramyAna jarmana sarakArane madada karavAnuM vacana ApyuM. A uparathI hiMdI samitie yuddha daramyAna jarmanIvatI kAma karyuM. paradeza mekalavAmAM AvelAM hiMdI sainyamAM temaNe pracArakArya karyuM ane temanI pravRtti cheka aphaghAnistAna ane hiMdanA sarahada prAMta sudhI prasarI. paraMtu aMgrejone bhAre ciMtAtura karI mUkavA sivAya teo jhAjhuM karI zakyA nahi. dariyAmArge hiMdustAna hathiyAre mokalavAnA prayAsane aMgrejoe niSphaLa banAvyo. yuddhamAM thayelI jarmanInI hArathI A samitine tema ja tenI AzAone ApameLe ja aMta Avyo. hiMdamAM paNa kAMtikArI pravRtti ceDA pramANamAM cAlI hatI tathA kAvatarAne aMgenA mukaddamAo calAvavAne mATe khAsa adAlate sthApavAmAM AvI hatI tema ja ghaNuM mANasane metanI tathA ghaNuone janmaTIpanI sajAo karavAmAM AvI hatI. te vakhate sajA pAmelA leke, Aje aDhAra varasa pachI hajIye jelamAM che ! yuddha cAlatuM gayuM tema tema bIjI jagyAonI peThe ahIM paNa mUThIbhara lakoe aDhaLaka na karyo paraMtu moTA bhAganA lene te yuddhanI bhAre tANa pahoMcI ane asaMtoSa vadhavA pAmyo. yuddhanA mekhara upara mANasanI mAgaNI dinapratidina vadhatI ja gaI ane sainikonI bharatI karavAnuM kAma pUrA vegathI cAlavA mAMDyuM. raMgarUTa laI AvanArAone aneka prakAranAM prabho tathA badalAnI AzA ApavAmAM AvI ane jamInadArane pitAnA gaNetiyAomAMthI mukarara saMkhyAmAM mANase pUrAM pADavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM

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yuddhakALanuM hiMda 1033 AvI. khAsa karIne paMjAbamAM, sainikA tathA majUrAnI baLajabarIthI bharatI karavAmAM AvI. laDAInA judA judA mAkharA upara sanikA ane majUro tarIke gayelA mANusenI kula saMkhyA daza lAkha karatAMye vadhAre hatI. lAgatAvaLagatA lakAmAM bharatInI A rItane kAraNe bhAre roSanI lAgaNI phelAI ane mahAyuddha pachI paMjAbamAM je muzkelIo UbhI thavA pAmI tenuM e paNa eka kAraNa manAya che. paMjAba upara khIjI eka rIte paNa asara thavA pAmI hatI. ghaNA pajAbI, khAsa karIne zIkhA, yunAiTeDa sTeTsamAM kaeNliphorniyAmAM tathA pazcima kaeNneDAmAM AvelA briTiza kAlabiyAmAM jaI ne vasyA hatA. tyAM jaI vasanArA vasAhatIone pravAha cAlu ja rahyo. Akhare amerikA tathA kaeNneDAnA sattAvALAoe te aTakAvye. AvA vasAhatIonA mArgamAM vighnA UbhAM karavAne khAtara kaeNneDAnI sarakAre evA niyama karyAM ke mAmAM vahANa badalyA vinA ane hiMdunA baMdarethI sIdhA kaeNneDAnA baMdare AvanAra vasAhatIone ja tyAM dAkhala thavA devAmAM Avaze. hiMdanA vasAhatIone tyAM AvatA aTakAvavAne e niyama karavAmAM Avyo hato kemake temane cIna ke jApAnamAM vahANabadalI karyA vinA cAle ema nahotuM. A uparathI bAbA gurudattasiMha nAmanA eka zIkhe ' kAmAgATA mAru ' nAmanuM eka AkhuM vahANa bhADe lIdhuM ane kalakattAthI vasAhatIonuM eka ToLu potAnI sAthe temAM laI te te sIdhA kaeNneDAnA baMdara vAnakuara paheAMcyA. A rIte caturAIthI teNe kaeNneDAnA kAyadAnI naDataramAMthI mArga kADhayo paraMtu ethI karIne kaeNneDA kaMI tene tyAM AvavA de ema nahetuM. eTale eka paNa vasAhatIne tyAM UtaravA devAmAM AvyA nahi. te ja vahANamAM te badhAne hiMda pAchA kADhavAmAM AvyA ane te bhikhArInI dazAmAM tathA bhAre kApAyamAna thaI ne hiMda AvI pahoMcyA. kalakattA najIka ajAja AgaLa temanI ane peAlIseAnI vacce nAnuM sarakhuM yuddha thayuM temAM ghaNAye zIkhA marAyA. pachIthI, emAMnA keTalAka zIkhAne chUpI polIse pIche pakaDyo ane AkhA paMjAbamAM te temane herAna karavA lAgI. paMjAbamAM e lekAe paNa krodha tathA asa MtoSanI lAgaNI pedA karI. ane hiMdabharamAM kAmAgATA mAru nA banAva pratye bhAre roSa vyakta karavAmAM AvyuM. 6 te yuddhanA divaseAmAM je je banavA pAmyuM te badhuM jANavuM muzkela che kema ke khArAnA niyamanane kAraNe badhA prakAranI khakharA prakaTa karavA devAmAM AvatI nahi ane ene pariNAme jAta jAtanI bhaDakAvanArI aphavA phelAvA pAmatI. Ama chatAMye siMgAporanI hiM'dI palaTaNamAM mATe baLavA thayAnI vAta jANavAmAM AvI hatI ane nAnA pramANamAM khIjI jagyAe paNa kaMI te kaMI muzkelI UbhI thaI hatI.

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1014 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana yuddhamAM mANaso pUrA pADavAnI tema ja bIjI aneka prakAranI madada karavA uparAMta hiMda pAse rokaDa nANAM paNa levAmAM AvyAM. ene hiMda taraphanI "bheTa" kahevAmAM AvatI hatI. hiMda jevA garIba deza pAsethI parANe paDAvavAmAM AvelI rakamane "bheTa" kahevI e briTiza sarakAranI vinodavRttine chAjatuM nathI. paraMtu hiMdane lAgevaLage che tyAM sudhI upara huM je kahI game te yuddhanAM gauNa athavA ochA mahattvanAM pariName hatAM. paraMtu yuddhanI paristhitine kAraNe hiMdamAM vadhAre maulika pheraphAra thavA lAgyA hatA. yuddha daramyAna, bIjA dezonI peThe paradeza sAthene hiMdane vepAra paNa bilakula kheravAI gayuM hatuM. bahoLA pramANamAM je briTiza mAla hiMda AvatuM hatuM te. meTe bhAge baMdha thaI gaye hato. jarmana sabamarIne AlAMTika mahAsAgaramAM tathA bhUmadhya samudramAM vahANe DubAvatI hatI ane e sthitimAM vepAra cAlI zake ema nahatuM. Ama hiMdane pitAnI jarUriyAta pite pUrI pADavAnI pharaja paDI. tene A uparAMta yuddha mATe jarUrI bIjI aneka prakAranI cIje paNa sarakArane pUrI pADavI paDatI hatI. AthI, hiMdamAM sUtara ane zaNanA jevA jUnA udyoge ane yuddhakALanA navA udyoge ema ubhaya prakAranA udyoge jhaDapathI vadhyA. sarakAre Aja sudhI jenI upekSA karI hatI te tAtAnuM leDhA tathA pilAdanuM kArakhAnuM bhAre mahattvanuM banI gayuM, kema ke te yuddhane saraMjAma pedA karI zake ema hatuM. vatteoche aMze e kArakhAnuM have sarakAranA aMkuza nIce cAlavA lAgyuM. AthI briTiza tema ja hiMdImUDIdArane yuddhanAM varasa daramyAna hiMdamAM mokaLuM kSetra maLI gayuM ane e vakhate paradezanI harIphAI nahi jevI ja hatI. A takane temaNe pUrepUra upayoga karyo ane hiMdI janatAne bhoge ene bhAre lAbha uThAvya. mAlanI kiMmata vadhArI devAmAM AvI ane mAnI paNa na zakAya eTale bhAre naphe vaheMcavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu mahenatamajUrIthI A naphAo pedA karanAra majUranI kaMgAliyatamAM jhAjhe phera na paDyo. temanI majUrInA daremAM haiDe vadhAre thaye paraMtu jIvanane jarUrI vastuonI kiMmata enAthI ghaNI vadhI gaI hatI eTale vAstavamAM te temanI sthiti UlaTI bagaDavA pAmI. paraMtu mUDIdAra atizaya mAtabara banyA ane temaNe aDhaLaka naphe ekaTho karyo. e nake teo vaLI bIjA udyogomAM rokavA mAgatA hatA. pahelI ja vAra hiMdI mUDIdAro sarakAra upara dabANa lAvavAne zaktimAna thayA. temanA A dabANa sivAya ghaTanAonA baLe paNa yuddha daramyAna hiMdanA udyogone madada karavAnI briTiza sarakArane pharaja pADI hatI. dezanuM vadhAre pramANamAM udyogIkaraNa karavAnI mAgaNIne lIdhe paradezamAMthI have saMcAo tathA yaMtranI vadhAre AyAta thavA lAgI kema ke evA saMcAo te vakhate hiMdamAM banI zakatA na hatA. AthI,

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yuddhakALanuM hiMda pahelAM IgleMDathI AvatA taiyAra mAlane badale hiMdamAM have yaMtranI AyAta vadhAre pramANamAM thavA lAgI. A badhAne kAraNe hiMda paratvenI briTananI nItimAM bhAre parivartana thayuM. sadIjUnI nItino tyAga karavAmAM Avyo ane tene badale navI nIti akhatyAra karavAmAM AvI. briTiza sAmrAjyavAde badalAtI paristhiti sAthe pitAne meLa besADIne saMpUrNapaNe potAnuM svarUpa badalI nAkhyuM. hiMdanA briTiza amalanA AraMbhakALanI avasthAo viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM te tane yAda, haze. enI 18mI sadInI pahelI avasthA lUMTa ane rokaDa rakama upADI javAnI hatI. tyAra pachInI bIjI avasthAmAM hiMdamAM briTiza hakUmata pAke pAye sthira thaI gaI. e avasthA cheka mahAyuddha sudhI eTale ke lagabhaga 100 varasa cAlI. e daramyAna hiMdane briTanane joItA kAcA mAla mATenuM kSetra ane tenA taiyAra mAla vecavA mATenuM bajAra banAvavAmAM AvyuM. ahIMnA moTA udyogonA mArgamAM aneka prakAranI bAdhAo nAkhavAmAM AvI ane hiMdanA Arthika vikAsane rokavAmAM AvyuM. have yuddha daramyAna trIjI avasthA zarU thaI e daramyAna hiMdanA moTA udyogone briTiza sarakAre uttejana ApavA mAMDayuM. IMglaMDanA udyogapationA hitane kaMIka aMze e hAnikAraka hovA chatAM e nIti akhatyAra karavAmAM AvI. Ama, hiMdanAM sutarAu udyogane uttejana ApavAmAM Ave te teTalA pramANamAM leMkezAyarane nukasAna thAya e ughADuM che; kema ke hiMda leMkezAyaranuM sauthI sAruM gharAka hatuM. tyAre, leMkezAyara tathA briTananA udyogone nukasAnakAraka nIvaDe e pitAnI nItimAM pheraphAra briTiza sarakAra kema kare ? yuddhanI paristhitimAM tene e pheraphAra parANe karavo paDyo hato e huM AgaLa jaNAvI gayo chuM. A kAraNe ApaNe pharIthI vigate tapAsIe. 1. yuddhakALanI jarUriyAtoe hiMdanuM udyogIkaraNa AgaLa dhapAvavAnI ApameLe pharaja pADI. 2. ethI hiMdane mUDIdAra varga vadhavA pAme ane te baLavAna banya. pitAnI vadhArAnI pUMjI rokavAnI taka maLe eTalA khAtara teo udyogonA vikAsa mATe vadhu ne vadhu anukULatAonI mAgaNI karavA lAgyA. briTana temanI pUrepUrI upekSA karI zake evI sthitimAM nahatuM. kema ke ethI te teo nArAja thAya ane ene pariNAme dezamAM baLavAna thatAM jatAM vadhAre uddAma ane kAMtikArI tane madada maLe ema hatuM. AthI vikAsa mATenI thoDI take temane ApIne mUDIdara vargane banI zake te briTananA pakSamAM jALavI rAkhavo e IvAjoga hatuM. 3. iMglaMDanA mUDIvAdI varganAM vadhArAnAM nANAM paNa aNakhIlyA dezamAM rokANanI take kheLatAM hatAM kema ke tyAM AgaLa na vadhu pramANamAM maLatA

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hate. khuda IMgleMDanuM udyogIkaraNa te lagabhaga pUrepUruM thaI cUkyuM hatuM eTale tyAM AgaLa rokANa karavAnI anukULa tako rahI nahotI. vaLI tyAM AgaLa eTale badhe naphe paNa maLatuM nahote tathA saMgati majUra caLavaLa baLavAna hovAthI majUronI muzkelI vAraMvAra UbhI thatI hatI. akhIlyA pradezamAM majUre nabaLA hoya che eTale tyAM AgaLa majUrInA dara ochA ane na vadhAre hoya che. briTiza mUDIdAre svAbhAvika rIte ja IgleMDanA tAbAnA hiMda jevA aNukhIlyA pradezomAM pitAnI mUDI rokavAnuM pasaMda karatA hatA. A rIte briTiza mUDI hiMdamAM Ave che ane tene lIdhe udyogIkaraNa vaLI vadhu AgaLa vadhe che. 4. mahAyuddhanA anubhave batAvI ApyuM ke, mAtra bhAre audyogika deze ja asarakAraka rIte laDAI calAvI zake che. jhArazAhI raziyAnuM pUratA pramANamAM udyogIkaraNa thayuM nahotuM ane tene bIjA deze upara AdhAra rAkhavo paDatuM hatuM tethI ja yuddhamAM chevaTe te bhAgI paDayuM. IgleMDane bhIti hatI ke have pachInuM yuddha soviyeTa raziyA sAthe hiMdanI sarahada upara thaze. hiMdamAM pitAnA moTA udyoge na hoya te briTiza sarakAra sarahada uparanuM yuddha sArI rIte calAvI zake nahi. A bhAre jokhama hatuM. eTalA mATe paNa hiMdanuM udyogIkaraNa thavuM joIe. A kAraNone lIdhe anivAryapaNe briTiza nItimAM pheraphAra thaye ane hiMdanuM udyogIkaraNa karavAno nirNaya karavAmAM AvyuM. sAmrAjyanI vyApaka dRSTithI jetA, leMkezAyara tathA briTananA bIjA keTalAka udyogane bhoge paNa ema karavuM jarUrI hatuM. bezaka, briTane te e dekhAva karyo ke, hiMda tathA tenI AbAdI mATe tenA apAra premane kAraNe ja briTiza sarakAre pitAnI nItimAM A pheraphAra karyo hate. A nIti akhatyAra karavAno nirNaya karyA pachI A navA udyogone sAco kAbU briTiza mUDIdAranA hAthamAM surakSita rahe e mATenAM pagalAM IglaDe lIdhAM. dekhItI rIte ja, hiMdI mUDIdArane e bAbatamAM nAno bhAgIdAra gaNavAmAM AvyuM. yuddha daramiyAna, 1916nI sAlamAM "InDiyana InDasTriyala kamizana" (hiMdI audyogika kamizana) nImavAmAM AvyuM. be varasa pachI teNe pitAne hevAla bahAra pADyo. temAM teNe bhalAmaNa karI ke, sarakAre udyogone uttejana ApavuM joIe tathA khetImAM paNa navI audyogika paddhatio dAkhala karavI joIe. sArvatrika prAthamika keLavaNI ApavAno prayatna karavAnI paNa teNe sUcanA karI hatI. iMglaMDamAM kArakhAnAMonA vikAsanA AraMbhakALanI peThe kuzaLa kArIgaro pedA karavA mATe prajavyApI prAthamika keLavaNIne Avazyaka lekhavAmAM AvatI hatI.

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yuddhakALanuM hiMda 1017 - A kamizana pachI yuddha bAda kamizana ane kamiTIone rADe phATayo. ema paNa sUcavavAmAM AvyuM ke bahArathI AvatA mAla upara jakAta nAkhIne paNa hiMdanA udyogonuM rakSaNa karavuM joIe. A badhI vastuone hiMdanA udyoganA bhAre vijaya tarIke lekhavAmAM AvI. amuka aMze tene vijaya thayo hate paNa kharo. paraMtu jarA UMDANathI tapAsatAM keTalIka majedAra vastuo mAlUma paDe che. paradezI mUDIne uttejana ApavAnI darakhAsta karavAmAM AvI; ane paradezI mUDI eTale ke briTiza mUDI. A briTiza mUDIne dhedha hiMdamAM vahevA lAgyA. hiMdamAM te pradhAnapade hatI eTaluM ja nahi paNa te ahIM jANe sarvavyApI heya ema lAgatuM hatuM. moTA moTA ghaNAkharA udyogomAM briTiza mUDIdAranAM nANuM rekavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. AthI, hiMdamAM AvatA mAla uparanI saMrakSaka jakAta hiMdanI briTiza mUDInA saMrakSaNamAM pariNamI ! hiMda paratvenI briTiza nItimAM thayele bhAre pheraphAra Akhare briTiza mUDIdArone jhAjhe nukasAnakAraka na nIvaDyo. majUronA halakA daranI madadathI bhAre naphe kamAvAne mATe tathA pitAnA paga pasAravAne mATe temane bahoLuM ane surakSita bajAra maLI gayuM hatuM. e vastu bIjI rIte paNa tene phAyadAkAraka nIvaDI. majUrInA ochA daravALA hiMda, cIna, misara tathA bIjA evA dezamAM pitAnI mUDI rokIne temaNe iMglaMDamAM briTiza majUrone majUrInA dara ghaTADavAnI dhamakI ApI. temaNe majUrane jaNuvyuM ke, hiMdustAna, cIna vagere dezamAM ochI majUrIthI pedA thatI vastuonI sAthe teo e sivAya bIjI rIte harIphAI karI zake ema nathI. ane briTiza majUre temanI majUrInA dare ghaTADavAnI sAme virodha uThAve te e mUDIdAra temane jaNAvatA ke te pachI iMglaMDanAM amArAM kArakhAnAo baMdha karIne amArI mUDI bIje kyAMka rokavAnI amane nirupAye pharaja paDaze. hiMdanA udyoga upara kAbU rAkhavAne hiMdamAMnI briTiza sarakAre bIjA paNa aneka upAyo lIdhA. e aTapaTe viSaya che ane huM enI carcAmAM UtaravA mAgatA nathI. paraMtu eka vastune mAre ullekha karavo joIe. Adhunika udyogamAM beMke ati mahattvano bhAga bhajave che kema ke meTA rojagArane zAkha upara nANAM upADavAnI vAraMvAra jarUra paDe che. AvI rIte zAkha upara nANAM ApavAnI temane nA pADavAmAM Ave te sArAmAM sArI vepArI peDhIo paNa bhAMgI paDe che. zAkha upara e nANAM beMke dhIre che eTale temanA hAthamAM keTalI badhI sattA rahelI hoya che e tuM samajI zakaze. teo vepArI peDhI UbhI karI zake athavA te jamInadosta paNa karI zake che. laDAI pachI tarata ja briTiza sarakAre dezamAMnI beMkanI samagra vyavasthAne pitAnA kAbU nIce laI lIdhI. e rIte tathA calaNanI aneka prakAranI yuktiprayuktio dvArA sarakAra udyoge tema ja vepArI peDhIo upara bhAre sattA bhogave che. A uparAMta,

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108 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hiMdamAM briTiza vepArane uttejana ApavAne arthe teNe "ImpIriyala prepharansa 'ne (sAmrAjyanA mAlanI pasaMdagInI) nIti dAkhala karI. A "ImpIriyala prepharansa'nI nItinuM tAtparya e che ke, jakAtane arthe paradezathI AvatA mAla upara kara nAkha; briTiza mAlane bIjA dezonA mAlanI harIphAImAM lAbha thAya eTalA khAtara tenA upara ocho kara nAkha yA bilakula na nAkho. hiMdanA mUDIdAra varganA tathA upalA tharanA madhyama varganA mahAyuddha daramyAna vadhavA pAmelA baLanI asara hiMdanI rAjakIya hilacAla upara paNa jaNAvA lAgI. yuddha pahelAMnI tema ja yuddhanA AraMbhakALanI maMdImAMthI rAjakAraNa bahAra nIkaLyuM ane svarAjya mATenI jAta jAtanI mAgaNIo tathA evI bIjI mAgaNIo paNa thavA lAgI. potAnI sajAnI lAMbI mudata pUrI karIne lokamAnya TiLaka jelamAMthI bahAra AvyA. huM tane AgaLa jaNAvI gayo chuM tema rASTrIya mahAsabhA te vakhate vinItenA hAthamAM hatI. prabhAva vinAnI te eka nAnakaDI saMsthA hatI ane janatA sAthe tene jhAjhe saMparka nahe. vadhAre pragatizIla rAjadvArI puruSe mahAsabhAmAM nahatA eTale temaNe "hema rUla lIga'nI sthApanA karI. AvI be hema rUla lIge sthApavAmAM AvI hatI; eka lekamAnya TiLake ane bIjI enI bisenTa sthApI hatI. thoDAM varasa zrImatI bisenTa hiMdanA rAjakAraNamAM mahatvano bhAga bhajavyuM. ane pitAnI bhAre vaktatvazakti tathA pitAne dAva rajU karavAnA sAmarthyathI rAjakAraNamAM prajAne rasa pharIthI jAgrata karavAmAM temaNe mATe phALo Apyo. sarakArane temanuM pracArakArya eTaluM badhuM jokhamakAraka lAgyuM ke temanA be sAthIo sahita temane keTalAka mahinA sudhI teNe najarakeda rAkhyAM. rASTrIya mahAsabhAnA kalakattAnA adhivezananAM te pramukha thayAM. te mahAsabhAnAM prathama strI-pramukha hatAM. keTalAMka varaso pachI zrImatI sarojinI nAyaDu mahAsabhAnAM bIjAM strI-pramukha thayAM. 1916nI sAlamAM mahAsabhAnA vinIta ane uddAma e be pakSe vacce samAdhAna thayuM ane 1916nA Disembara mAsamAM lakhanaumAM bharAyelA tenA adhivezanamAM te baMne pakSoe hAjarI ApI. paraMtu e samAdhAna the ja vakhata karyuM kema ke be varasa karatAM ochA samayamAM pharI pAchA bhAgalA paDyA ane vinIta (moDareTa) - have teo pitAne "libarala" kahevaDAvatA hatA - mahAsabhAmAMthI nIkaLI gayA. ane tyArathI teo mahAsabhAthI aLagA ja rahyA che. 1916nA lakhanaunA adhivezanathI rASTrIya mahAsabhAne jAgratikALa pharIthI zarU thAya che. e pachI, AgaLa upara enuM baLa tathA enuM mahattva uttarottara vadhatAM ja gayAM ane enI kArakirdImAM pahelI ja vAra te bhUvAonI athavA te madhyama varganA lekanI sAcI rASTrIya saMsthA banavA lAgI. AmajanatA sAthe ene jhAjhI levAdevA nahotI ane gAMdhIjI AvyA tyAM sudhI janatAne

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yuddhakALanuM hiMda 1019 paNa temAM rasa nahote. Ama, kahevAtA vinIte tathA uddAme e baMne vatteoche aMze, eka ja varganA, "bhUrgavA "onA varganA pratinidhio hatA. vinIte mUDIbhara tavaMgara lekanA tathA sarakArI nokarInI sImA upara rahenArA lokonA pratinidhi hatA athavA kahone ke teo kevaLa pitAnA ja pratinidhio hatA. uddAme pratye meTA bhAganA madhyama varganA lekanI sahAnubhUti hatI ane temanA daLamAM aneka buddhijIvI bekArono samAveza thato hato. A buddhijIvIoe (ahIM mArI kahevAnI matalaba vatteoche aMze zikSita leke che.) pitAnA pakSanuM valaNa kaDaka banAvyuM tema ja krAMtikArIonA daLamAM paNa temaNe raMgarUTone phALo Ape. vinIte tathA uddAmanAM dhyeye tema ja Adarzo vacce bhAre taphAvata nahe. baMne briTiza sAmrAjyamAM rahIne svarAjya prApta karavAnI vAta karatA hatA ane baMne tApUrate ene cheDe aMza paNa svIkAravA taiyAra hatA. hA, eTaluM kharuM ke vinItane mukAbale uddAma kaMIka vadhAre mAgatA hatA ane mAgaNI mATe vadhAre kaDaka bhASA vAparatA hatA. mUThIbhara krAMtikArIo te alabata saMpUrNa svataMtratA mAgatA hatA paraMtu mahAsabhAnA AgevAno upara temano jhAjho prabhAva nahote. vinIte tathA uddAma vaccenuM mahattvane bheda A hataH pahele mAlamilakata dharAvanArAo tathA temanA upara AdhAra rAkhanArA upajIvIone pakSa hatuM jyAre uddAmanA daLamAM mAlamilakta vinAnA leke paNa hatA. vaLI te vadhAre uddAma valaNano pakSa hevAthI svAbhAvika rIte ja dezanA yuvakavargane teNe pitAnA tarapha AkarSe. emAMnA ghaNAkharA yuvAno te ema ja samajatA hatA ke AkarI bhASAne praga e sakriya kAryanI pUratI garaja sAre che. paraMtu A badhAM vyApaka vidhAne ubhaya pakSanI badhI ja vyaktione nathI lAgu paDatAM. dAkhalA tarIke, nepALakRSNa gokhale e vinItenA bhAre zaktizALI ane Atmabhoga ApanAra AgevAna hatA. vaLI e mAlamilakatavALA khacIta nahotA. emaNe ja bhAratasevaka saMgha nAmanI saMsthA sthApI hatI. paraMtu vinIte ke uddAma e baMnene sAcA akiMcana leke sAthe eTale ke kheDUte tathA majUra sAthe karaze saMbaMdha nahe. paraMtu lekamAnya TiLaka pote AmajanatAmAM lekapriya hatA. 1916nI mahAsabhAnI lakhanaunI beThaka bIjI eka ekatA mATe - hiMdu-musalamAnonI ekatA mATe paNa yAdagAra che. mahAsabhA hamezAM rASTrIyatAnA pAyAne custapaNe vaLagI rahI hatI paraMtu vAstavamAM pradhAnapaNe e hiMdu saMsthA hatI, kema ke temAM ghaNI moTI bahumatI hiMduonI hatI. mahAyuddha pahelAM thoDAM varasa upara, kaMIka aMze sarakAranI deravaNIthI prerAIne musalamAnanA buddhijIvI vagere muslima lIga nAmanI pitAnI eka alaga saMsthA sthApI hatI. musalamAnone mahAsabhAthI aLagA rAkhavAne e saMsthAne Azaya hato

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- 1960 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana paraMtu dhIme dhIme e mahAsabhA tarapha kheMcAI ane lakhanaumAM hiMdanA bhAvi baMdhAraNanI bAbatamAM e be saMsthAo vacce samajUtI thavA pAmI. e samajUtI koMgresa lIga pejanA" tarIke oLakhAya che ane emAM bIjI badhI vastuo uparAMta muslima laghumatI mATe anAmata rAkhavAnI beThakanuM pramANa nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM. koMgresa lIga yejanA e pachIthI ubhaya saMsthAone saMyukta kAryakrama banI gayuM ane dezanI mAgaNI tarIke tene svIkAravAmAM AvyuM. emAM bUvAonuM eTale ke madhyama varganA lokenuM dRSTibiMdu rajU thatuM hatuM. te kALe mAtra e lekamAM ja rASTrIya jAgRti AvI hatI. e yojanAnA pAyA upara dezamAM AMdolana vadhatuM gayuM. musalamAnemAM rAjakIya jAgRti vadhu pramANamAM AvI ane moTe bhAge, aMgreje tu sAme laDatA hatA tethI akaLAIne mahAsabhA sAthe temaNe maitrI karI. turkI pratyenI temanI sahAnubhUti mATe tathA te temaNe dhagazapUrvaka pragaTa karI te kAraNe molAnA mahamadaalI tathA maulAnA zaukataalI nAmanA be musalamAna AgevAnone yuddhanA AraMbhakALamAM najarakeda karavAmAM AvyA hatA. Araba deze sAthenA temanA saMbaMdhane kAraNe maulAnA abula kalAma AjhAdane paNa najarakeda karavAmAM AvyA hatA. pitAnAM lakhANane kAraNe maulAnA AjhAda e dezamAM khUba lokapriya hatA. A badhAne kAraNe musalamAno chaMcheDAyA ane krodhe bharAyA ane teo sarakArathI vadhu ne vadhu dUra khasatA gayA. hiMdamAM svarAja mATenI mAgaNI vadhatI gaI eTale briTiza sarakAre aneka prakAranAM vacana ApyAM ane hiMdamAM tapAsakArya zarU karyuM. AthI lekanuM lakSa temAM parovAyuM. 1918nA unALAmAM te samayanA vAIsaraoNya ane hidI vajIra e baMnee pitAne saMyukta hevAla rajU karyo. e hevAlamAM hiMdamAM sudhArAo tathA pheraphAro karavA mATenI keTalIka darakhAstane samAveza thatuM hatuM. e hevAlane te vakhatanA hiMdI vajIra tathA vAIsaraoNyanA nAma uparathI menTa-pharDa hevAla kahevAmAM Ave che. tarata ja, A kAmacalAu darakhAsta upara dezabharamAM bhAre vAdavivAda jAgyo. mahAsabhAe jorathI eno virodha karyo ane teNe ene adhUrI gaNI kADhI. libaralee e darakhAstane AvakArI ane e kAraNe temaNe mahAsabhAne tyAga karyo. mahAyuddha pUruM thayuM tyAre hiMdamAM A sthiti hatI. sarvatra parivartananI prabaLa apekSA dRSTigocara thatI hatI. rAjakIya baeNremITarane pAre caDavA lAgyuM hatuM ane vinItanI picI picI, mIThI madhurI tathA kaMIka aMze sAvacetIbharI ane binaasarakAraka vAtane badale uddAmenA AtmavizvAsabharyA, ugra, sIdhA ane laDakaNA pikAra UThavA lAgyA. paraMtu vinIte tema ja uddA

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yuropanA navA nakzA 1071 e mane rAjakAraNanI dRSTithI ane sarakAranA bahAranA taMtrane lakSamAM rAkhIne vicAratA hatA tathA vAto karatA hatA. para Mtu temanI pITha pAchaLa briTiza sAmrAjyavAda dezanA Arthika jIvana upara potAno paMjo cUpakIdIthI majabUta karI rahyo hatA. 155. yuropanA navA nako 21 eprila, 1933 mahAyuddhanI pragati viSe TUMkamAM vicAra karyAM pachI ApaNe raziyana krAMti jovAne gayAM ane tyAra pachI yuddhakALa daramyAna hiMdanI sthiti ApaNe nihALI. have ApaNe pAchAM yuddhanA aMta lAvanAra tahakUkhI pAse paheAMcIe ane vijetAe kevI rIte varyAM te joIe. jamanI saMpUrNa paNe jamInadosta thaI gayuM hatuM. kaijhara tyAMthI bhAgI gayA hatA ane tyAM AgaLa prajAsattAka jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. Ama chatAMye, jarmana sainyane bilakula kamajora banAvI devAne mATe tahakUmImAM aneka kaDaka zaratA karavAmAM AvI hatI. e zarate mujaba je pradezo upara teNe caDAI karI hatI temAMthI jana sainyane nIkaLI javAnuM hatuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa AlsAsa-laeNoNrenamAMthI tema ja rAIna nadI sudhInA ja`na pradezamAMthI paNa nIkaLI javAnuM hatuM. rAInanA pradezanA kAlenanI AsapAsanA pradezane kabajo mitrasainya levAnuM hatuM. tenAM aneka yuddha jahAjo, tenI badhIye sabamarIne tema ja hajAro bhAre to, eraplena, AgagADInAM eMjitA, moTara laoNrI ane khIjI ghaNI vastu jamanIe ApI devAnI hatI. uttara krAMsanA kempeIna nAmanA jaMgalamAM je sthaLe e tahamUkhI upara sahIo thaI tyAM AgaLa eka smAraka UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM che. e smAraka upara A vAkya lakhavAmAM AvyuM che : 65 jemane te gulAma anAvavA cahAtuM hatuM te svata Mtra prajAethI parAjita thaIne jamanAnuM gunAhita abhimAna 1918nI sAlanA navembara mAsanI 11mI tArIkhe A sthaLe gaLI gayuM." kaI nahi te upalaka dRSTie jotAM jarmana sAmrAjyanA kharekhara ata AvI gayA hatA ane praziyAnuM lazkarI dhamaMDa zaramiMduM paDayuM hatuM. enI pahelAM raziyana sAmrAjya paNa nAmazeSa thayuM hatuM ane jenA upara teNe lAMbA vakhata sudhI geravartAva calAvyeA hato te ragamaca uparathI resamenanA vaMza jatA rahyo. mahAyuddhe vaLI eka trIjA sAmrAjyane AsTriyA-haMgarInA

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1072 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana - sAmrAjyane ~~ daphnAvyuM tathA eka purANA rAjavaMza -- hepsabarga vaMza -- aMta ANyo. paraMtu bIjA' sAmrAjyeya -- vijetA prajAnAM sAmrAjye hajI kAyama rahyAM. vijaye temanA gava dhaTADyo nahi tathA je khIjI prajAone temaNe gulAma banAvI hatI temanA hakA mAnya rAkhavAnI vRtti paNa temanAmAM pedA na karI. vijayI mitrarAjgyAe potAnI sule pariSada 1919nI sAlamAM paeNrisamAM bharI. perisamAM duniyAnuM bhAvi temane hAthe dhaDAvAnuM hatuM ane mahinAo sudhI e mazadUra zahera samagra duniyAnA lakSanuM kendra banI rahyuM. najIkathI tema ja dUrathI tareha tarehanA leAkeA tyAM AgaLa jaI paheAMcyA. potAnuM bhAre mahattva anubhavatA rAjapuruSo tathA rAjanIti tyAM hatA tathA mutsaddI, niSNAta, lazkarI puruSo, zarAphe ane naphAkhoro paNa tyAM hatA. e badhA potapotAnA madadanIzA, TAIpisTo tathA kArakunAnA samudAya sAthe tyAM AvyA hatA. bezaka patrakAronuM moDhuM TALu paNa tyAM hatuM ja. Ayariza, misarI tathA Araba jevI svAtaMtrya mATe jhUjhatI prajAnA tathA evI bIjI prajA ke, jemanAM nAmeA paNa AgaLa sAMbhaLavAmAM AvyAM nahotAM, temanA pratinidhie tyAM AvyA hatA tema ja AsTriyana ane tu sAmrAjyanA avazeSomAMthI potapotAnuM alaga rAjya UbhuM karavAnI icchA rAkhatI pUrva yuropanI keTalIka prajAonA pratinidhio paNa tyAM AvyA hatA. ane, bezaka saMkhyAbaMdha khelADIe paNa tyAM AvyA hatA. duniyAnI navI vaheMcaNI karavAnI hatI ane gIdho e taka cUke ema nahAtu. sulehapariSada pAsethI bhAre apekSA rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. yuddhanA bhayAnaka anubhava pachI nyAyI ane kAyamI sulehanI yeAjanA karavAmAM Avaze evI AzA leAkeA sevI rahyA hatA. janatA hajI paNa yuddhanI bhAre tANa veThI rahI hatI tathA majUra vargamAM bhAre asa MtoSa vyApyA hatA. jIvanane jarUrI vastuonI ki Mmata khUba vadhI gaI hatI ane ene lIdhe lokAnI yAtanAmAM umero thavA pAmyA hatA. 1919nI sAlamAM yuropa upara jhajhUmI rahelI sAmAjika krAMtinI keTalIye nizAnIo najare paDatI hatI. varsAImAM maLelI sulehapariSadanI A pUrva`pIr3ikA hatI. aDatAlIsa varasa pUrve je khaMDamAM jarmana sAmrAjyanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI hatI te ja khaDamAM A sulehapariSadanI eka maLI hatI. rojerAjanuM kArya karavuM e AvaDI moTI pariSadane mATe muzkela hatuM eTale tene aneka kamiTIomAM vaheMcI nAkhavAmAM AvI. A kamiTInI beThakA khAnagImAM maLatI ane vivekanA paDadAnI pAchaLa teo potAnA kAvAdAvA tathA takarArA calAvatI. pariSada, mitrarAjyAnI darzanI samiti ' ( kAunsila ph Tena )nA kAbU nIce hatI. pAchaLathI enI saMkhyA "

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1 yurApanA navA nakaze. 10:3 , - ghaTADIne pAMcanI karavAmAM AvI ane e rIte e yunAiTeDa sTeTsa, briTana, phrAMsa, iTAlI ane jApAna e pAMca mahArASTronI samiti banI. pachIthI jApAna temAMthI nIkaLI gayu. eTale e ' cAra rASTronI samiti ' rahI. chevaTe iTAlI paNa temAMthI nIkaLI gayuM eTale e traNa mahArASTrA -- amerikA, iMgleMDa, phrAMsa -- nI samiti banI gaI. presiDanTa vilsana, laoNiDa jyorja tathA klemenaza anukrame A traNa dezonA pratinidhio hatA. duniyAne navesarathI dhaDavAnI tathA tenA bhISaNa dhA rUjhavavAnA bhagIratha kAryanI javAbadArI A traNa puruSo upara AvI paDI hatI. atimAnAne, devAne lAyakanuM e kArya hatuM ane A traNe e emAMthI eke nahAtA. rAjAo, rAjapuruSo, senApatiM ane evA khIjA sattAdhArI mANasAnI eTalI badhI jAherAta karavAmAM Ave che tathA chApAM dvArA ane bIjI rIte temane eTalA badhA UMcA caDAvI mAravAmAM Ave che ke sAmAnya mANasAnI najare teo bhAre vicArakA ane kavIrA jevA dekhAya che. temanI AsapAsa amuka prakAranI prabhA vyApelI hoya che ane ApaNI ajJAnatAne kAraNe temanAmAM jenuM nAmanizAna paNa nathI hotuM evA guNAnuM temanAmAM ApaNe AropaNa karIe chIe. paraMtu nikaTane paricaya thatAM te bilakula sAmAnya puruSo khanI jAya che. oNsTriyAnA eka mazahUra rAjadvArI puruSe eka vAra kahyu hatuM ke, keTalI ochI buddhithI temanu zAsana karavAmAM Ave che enI jo duniyAnA leAkAne khabara paDe to teo stabdha thaI jAya. A rIte moTA dekhAtA A traNe puruSonI dRSTi atizaya maryAdita hatI. AMtararASTrIya khAtAmAM teo ajJAna hatA eTalu ja nahi paNa temane bhUMgALanuM jJAna paNa nahotuM. presiDanTa vilsana bhAre nAmanA ane lokapriyatA sAthe laIne Avyo hatA. teNe potAnAM vyAkhyAnA tathA noMdhAmAM evA rUpALA ane ucca AdarzanI bhAvanA vyakta karatA zabdo vAparyAM hatA ke leAkeA tene navI AvanArI svata MtratAnA pegambara samAna lekhavA lAgyA hatA. IMgleMDanA vaDA pradhAna loiDa jyorje paNa sArA sArA zabdo vAparyA hatA paraMtu le tene takasAdhu tarIke oLakhatA hatA. * zera 'nA birathI oLakhAtA kalemenazAne ucca AdarzoM tathA rUDArUpALA zabdonI garaja nahotI. tene to phrAMsanA purANA duzmana janIne game te bhAge kacarI nAkhavuM hatuM. janI pharIthI potAnuM mAthuM UMcu karI na zake eTalA mATe tene aneka rIte kacarI nAkhavAnI tathA tene tejovadha karavAnI tenI murAda hatI. AthI A traNe jaNa paraspara eka bIjAjoDe jhadhaDatA hatA ane dareka jaNa potapotAnuM khecatA hatA. vaLI, A pariSadamAMnA tathA tenI bahAranA aneka lakA e darekane paNa kheMcI ane dhakelI rahyA hatA. ane e saunI pAchaLa

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1074 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana soviyeTa raziyAnI chAyA phelAI rahI hatI. e pariSadamAM raziyAnuM pratinidhitva nahotuM tema ja jarmanInuM pratinidhitva paNa nahotuM. paraMtu seviyeTa raziyAnI hastI perisamAM ekaThI thayelI badhIye mUDIvAdI sattAone niraMtara paDakAra karI rahI hatI. laIDa oNrjanI madadathI Akhare kalemenazenI jIta thaI jene mATe vilsana khUba jhaMkhate have temAMnI eka vastu - lIga pha nezansa athavA prajAsaMdha - tene maLI. e bAbatamAM bIjA badhAonI saMmati meLavyA pachI bIjA ghaNAkhara muddAonI bAbatamAM teNe namatuM ApyuM. mahinAonA vAdavivAdo tathA carcAo pachI pariSadamAMnAM badhAM mitrarAjyae saMdhine sarvamAnya kharaDo taiyAra karyo. A rIte ApasamAM saMmata thayA pachI temanI AjJAo sAMbhaLavAne mATe temaNe jarmanInA pratinidhione pitAnI samakSa lAvyA. 440 kalamane A sulehanI saMdhine jabaradasta kharaDe A jarmane samakSa pheMkavAmAM Avyo ane temane tenA upara sahI karavA jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM. temanI sAthe na kazI carcA karavAmAM AvI ke na temane kaMI sUcanAo ke pheraphAro sUcavavAnI taka ApavAmAM AvI. e te parANe ThokI besADavAnI suleha hatI; temaNe e jemanI tema svIkAravAnI hatI tyA te na svIkAravAnAM pariName veThavAne taiyAra rahevAnuM hatuM. navA jarmana prajAsattAkanA pratinidhioe enI sAme vireja uThAvyo ane temane ApavAmAM AvelI mudatane cheka chelle divase vasaInI saMdhi upara temaNe sahI karI. oNsTriyA, haMgarI, babberiyA tathA tuka sAthe mitra rAjyoe alaga alaga saMdhio karI. tuka sAthenI saMdhi sulatAne kabUla rAkhI hatI paraMtu kamAla pAzA tathA tenA bahAdura sAthIonA suMdara sAmanAthI te niSphaLa nIvaDI. paraMtu enI vAta huM tane alaga patramAM kahIza. A saMdhioe zA zA pheraphAra karyA ? ghaNAkharA prAdezika pheraphAre, pUrva yuropa, pazcima eziyA tathA AphrikAmAM thayA. AphrikAmAMnAM jarmana saMsthAne yuddhanI lUMTa tarIke paDAvI levAmAM AvyAM. emAMthI iMglaMDane sArAmAM sAre bhAga maLyo. pUrva AphrikAmAM TAMgAnikA tathA bIjA pradezane umere karIne uttaramAM cheka misarathI mAMDIne dakSiNamAM kepa oNpha guDa hepa sudhI, ema AphrikAnA eka cheDAthI bIjA cheDA sudhI vistAreluM sAmrAjya UbhuM karavAnuM temaNe lAMbA vakhatathI seveluM svapna sAcuM pADavAmAM aMgrejo saphaLa thayA. yuropamAM bhAre pheraphAra thayA ane tenA nakazA upara ghaNAM navAM rAjya rajU thayAM. yuropanA jUnA tathA navA nakazAne sarakhAvI che eTale palakamAM e badhA mahAna pheraphAro tArI najare paDaze. emAMnA keTalAka pheraphAro raziyana krAMtine kAraNe thavA pAmyA hatA kema ke raziyAnI sImA upara vasatI bina

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yurepane nave nakaze 1075 raziyana prajA seviyeTathI chUTI paDI gaI ane temaNe pitAnI svataMtratA jAhera karI. seviyeTa sarakAre temane AtmanirNayane haka mAnya rAkhyo ane kazI dakhala na karI. yurepanA navA nakazA tarapha najara kara. aisTriyAhaMgarInuM eka moTuM rAjya emAMthI adazya thayuM che ane tene badale nAnAM nAnAM aneka rAjya UbhAM thayAM che. e rAjyane ghaNI vAra "osTriyAnAM vArasa rAjya paNa kahevAmAM Ave che. te A che: sTriyA tenA pahelAMnA vistAranA eka nAnakaDA TukaDA jeTaluM banI gayuM ane emAM tenA mahAna pATanagara viyenAne paNa samAveza thAya che. haMgarIne vistAra paNa ghaNe nAne thaI gaye. trIjuM celaivAkiyA che. emAM prAcIna behemiyAne paNa samAveza thAya che. yuge slAviyAne theDe bhAga jene ApaNe AgaLa paricaya karI gayA chIe te aLakhAmaNuM thaI paDeluM sarbiyA che ane have te ApaNe tene oLakhI paNa zakIe ema nathI. osTriyana sAmrAjyanA bIjA bhAga rUmAniyA, pileMDa ane ITAlI sAthe joDAI gayA che. Ama osTriyana sAmrAjyanuM sArI peThe dehachedana karavAmAM AvyuM. enI jarA uttare pileMDanuM navuM rAjya AveluM che athavA kahe che, e jAnuM rAjya pharI pAchuM pragaTa thayuM che. praziyA, raziyA ane esTriAnA pradezamAMthI A rAjya UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. poleMDane samudra sudhI pahoMcavAne mArga ApavAne mATe eka asAdhAraNa yojanA karavAmAM AvI. jarmanInA athavA sAcuM kahetAM praziyAnA be bhAga pADavAmAM AvyA ane samudra sudhI pahoMcatA eka jamInane paTa pileMDane temAMthI kApI ApavAmAM AvyuM. AthI pazcima praziyAmAMthI pUrva praziyAmAM javA mATe A pileMDanA tAbAne jamInane paTe oLaMgavo paDe che. A jamInanA paTA najIka DAnDiganuM mazahUra zahera AveluM che. ene svataMtra zaheramAM pheravI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM eTale ke e jarmanI ke poleMDanI hakUmata nIce nathI; e zahera eka alaga rAjya ja che ane prajAsaMdha (lIga opha nezansa)ne tenA upara sIdhe kAbU che. pileMDanI uttare lithuAniyA, leTaviyA, esToniyA ane phileMDanAM bAlTika samudra upara AvelAM rAjya che. e badhAM jhAranA sAmrAjyanAM vArase che. e badhAM nAnakaDAM rAjya che paraMtu te dareka nirALo sAMskRtika ghaTaka che ane dareka pitAnI judI bhASA bole che. tane e jANIne ramUja paDaze ke, yuropanI bIjI ghaNI prajAonI peThe lithuniyana leke Arya jAtinA che ane temanI bhASA saMskRta bhASA sAthe ghaNI maLatI Ave che. A eka noMdhapAtra bInA che ane hiMdanA ghaNAkharA lekane enI khabara nathI. vaLI e hakIkta dUra dUranI prajAo sAthenA ApaNA saMbaMdhanI paNa ApaNane pratIti karAve che.

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107 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AlsAsa tathA oNrenanA prAMte phrAMsane ApI devAmAM AvyA te yuropamAM thayela bIjo eka mahattvane prAdezika pheraphAra che. bIjA paNa keTalAka prAdezika pheraphAre tyAM thayA hatA paNa emAM UtaravAnI takalIpha huM tane nahi ApuM. te joyuM ke, aneka navAM rAjya UbhAM karavAne kAraNe A badhA pheraphAra thayA hatA; emAMnAM keTalAMka rAjya te bahu ja nAnAM che. pUrva yuropa have bAlkana dvIpakalpanA jevo nAnA nAnA dezone pradeza (bAlkanamAM aneka nAnA nAnA dezo AvelA che.) thaI gayo che. AthI, sulehanA karAre yuropanuM "bAlakanIkaraNa" karyuM che eTale ke tene nAnA nAnA dezomAM vaheMcI nAkhe che ema ghaNI vAra kahevAmAM Ave che. tyAM AgaLa have ghaNI sarahado thaI gaI che ane A nAnAM nAnAM rAjyo vacce vAraMvAra jhaghaDAo thayA kare che. e rAjyane ekabIjA pratyene haDahaDate dveSa joIne ApaNane navAI lAge che, khAsa karIne DAnyuba nadInI khINamAM A dazA vizeSe karIne che. ene mATe moTe bhAge mitrarA javAbadAra che. temaNe beTI rIte yuropanA bhAgalA pADyA ane e rIte temaNe A navA keyaDAo UbhA karyA. ghaNI rASTrIya laghumatIo eTale ke pararASTranI prajAe videzI sarakAranI hakUmata nIce AvI paDI ane e sarakAre temanuM damana karI rahI che. poleMDane maLela ghaNokhare pradeza kharI rIte yukrenane bhAga che. ane pila lekanI saMskRti temanA upara ThekI besADIne temane parANe pila lekanA jevA banAvavAno prayatna karatAM temanA upara jAtajAtanA atyAcAro gujAravAmAM Ave che. A rIte, yugoslAviyA, ramAniyA tathA iTAlImAM AvI videzI laghumatI kema che ane teo temanA pratye geravartAva calAve che. ethI UlaTuM osTriyA haMgarIne nirdayatApUrvaka aMgaviccheda karavAmAM AvyuM che ane temanI moTA bhAganI prajAone temanI pAsethI chInavI levAmAM AvI che. paradezI hakumata nIcenA A badhA pradeza svAbhAvika rIte ja rASTrIya caLavaLe tathA niraMtara gharSaNa pedA kare che. pharIthI nakazA tarapha najara kara. philaeNnDa, esToniyA, lendriyA, lithuAniyA, pileMDa ane rUmAniyA vagere rAjyanI eka saLaMga hAradvArA raziyAne pazcima yuropathI bilakula aLaguM pADI devAmAM AvyuM che. AgaLa huM tane kahI gayo chuM tema, emAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM rAjya vasaInI saMdhione kAraNe nahi paNa seviyeTa krAMtine pariNAme UbhAM thayAM hatAM. Ama chatAMye, mitrarAe temane vadhAvI lIdhAM kema ke raziyAne a zevika yuropathI aLaguM pADanArI eka dIvAla UbhI kastAM hatAM. bolzavijhamanA cepane Avate rokI rAkhanArI e regarakSaka dIvAla hatI! bAlTika samudra uparanAM badhAye rAjya abolsevika che. Ama na hatA te bezaka teo soviyeTa samavAyataMtramAM joDAI gayAM heta.

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yuropanA navA nakaze. 1077 pazcima eziyAmAM jUnA tu sAmrAjyanA keTalAka bhAgoe pazcima yurApanI sattAone lalacAvI hatI. mahAyuddha daramyAna, arabastAna, paeNlesTAIna tathA sIriyA upara vistaratuM eka saMyukta Araba rAjya UbhuM karavAnuM vacana ApIne aMgrejoe Arakhene turkI sAme baLavA karavAne uzkeryAM hatA. paraMtu A vacana ArakhAne je vakhate apAI rahyuM hatuM tyAre aMgrejo A ja pradeza ApasamAM vaheMcI levAnA gupta karAro krAMsa sAthe karI rahyA hatA. e vastu bhAre aghaTita hatI ane briTananA eka vaDA pradhAna ramse maeNkaDAnAlDe ene * aNudhaDa chetarapiMDI ' tarIke vavI che. paraMtu teNe A daza varasa pUrve jyAre te vaDA pradhAna naheAtA tyAre kahyu hatuM. ethI karIne ja kAIka vAra tene sAcuM khelavAnuM pAlavI zake ema hatuM. C paraMtu briTiza sarakAranA manamAM jyAre, mAtra ArAne ApelA vacanane ja nahi paNa krAMsa sAthenA gupta karAra toDavAnA vicAra ramI rahyo hatA tyAre tA enuM ethIye vadhAre vicitra pariNAma AvyuM. hiMdustAnathI misara sudhI vistaratuM madhya-pUrvanuM mahAna sAmrAjya sthApavAnuM svapnuM temanI najara sAme khaDuM thayuM. temanA tAbA nIcenA AphrikAnA vizALa pradeza tathA temanA hiMdanA sAmrAjyane joDatA e eka jabaradasta TukaDA hatA. e eka lalacAvanAruM ane bhAre svapna hatuM. ane chatAMye tene sAcuM pADavuM e te vakhate muzkela jaNAtuM nahotuM. te kALe IrAna, IrAka, paeNlesTAIna, arabastAnanA amuka bhAga tathA misara vagere vizALa pradeza briTiza lazkaranA kabajAmAM hatA. sIriyAmAMthI phreMcAne dUra rAkhavA mATe te mathI rahyA hatA. khuda kaoNnsTAnTinepakSa pazu briTizAnA kabajAmAM hatuM. paraMtu 1920, 1921 ane 1922nI sAlamAM anelA banAveAe temanuM A svapna naSTa karyuM. pAchaLathI sAviyeTa ane AgaLathI mustaphA kamAla pAzAe briTiza pradhAnAnI moTI moTI yAjanAone aMta ANyo. Ama chatAMye, briTizAe pazcima eziyAnA keTalAka bhAgA - irAka ane paeNlesTAIna -- upara potAnA kabajo TakAvI rAkhyA tathA lAMcaruzavata ApIne ane bIjI aneka rIte arabastAnanA mAmalA upara potAnA prabhAva pADavAno prayatna karyAM. sIriyA cenA kabajAmAM AvyuM. Araba dezonA navA rASTravAda viSe tathA svataMtratA mATenI temanI laData viSe huM tane khIje kAI prasa Mge kahIza. have ApaNe varsAinI sadhi tarapha pAchAM javuM joIe. mahAyuddha pedA karavAmAM jamanI doSita che ema e saMdhie TharAvyuM ane temanI pAse enA upara sahI karAvIne yuddha mATenA potAnA gunA jamanA pAse parANe kabUla karAvavAmAM Avye. AvI baLajabarIthI karAvavAmAM AvelI kabUlAtanI jhAjhI -r

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1078 jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzana kiMmata nathI hotI; A dAkhalAmAM banavA pAmyuM tema evI kabUlAto kaDavAzanI lAgaNI pedA kare che. jarmanIne niHzastra thavAno hukama paNa karavAmAM AvyA. dezamAM AMtarika vyavasthA jALavavA pUratuM mAtra thADu sainya rAkhavAnI tene chUTa ApavAmAM AvI tathA tenA naukA-kAphalo mitra rAjyone ApI devAnI tene pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. suparata karavAne mATe A jamana kAle laI javAmAM AvatA hatA te vakhate tenA amaladAro tathA khIjA mANasoe briTizAne sAMpI devA karatAM tene DubAvI devAnA potAnI javAbadArI upara niya karyAM. ane A rIte 1919nI sAlanA jUna mAsamAM skrepA le AgaLa tene havAlA levAnI taiyArI karatA briTizAnI najara samakSa AkhA jamana kAphalAne tenA nAvikAe Aga lagADIne DubAvI dIdhA. " A uparAMta jama nIne yuddhadaMDa ApavAnA hatA tathA mitrarAjyene thayelI khuvArI ane nukasAnI bharapAI karavAnI hatI. ene rIperezansa' eTale ke nukasAnInI bharapAI kahevAmAM Ave che ane varasA sudhI e zabda yuropa upara ochAyAnI peThe laTakI rahyo hato. saMdhimAM enI ceAkkasa rakama nakkI karavAmAM AvI nahotI paraMtu e rakama harAvavAnI jogavAI temAM karavAmAM AvI hatI. mitrarAjyeAne thayelI nukasAnI bharapAI karavAnI javAbadArI svIkAravI e eka jabaradasta vastu hatI. e vakhate jarmanI eka parAjita ane khuvAra thaI gayelA deza hatA ane potAnA AMtarika vyavahAra kema calAvave e eka bhAre kAyaDA tenI sAme khaDA thayA hateA. A uparAMta mitrarAjyAnA bejo UMcakavA e tene mATe gajA uparavaTanI vAta hatI . e javAbadArI adA karavI e tene mATe azakya hatuM. paraMtu mitrarAjyo jamanI pratyenA dveSa tathA veranI bhAvanAthI UbharAtAM hatAM. temane kevaLa tenuM ' zera mAMsa ' ja nahotuM joItuM paNa jamInadosta thaI gayelA jarmanInA lehInuM TIpeTIpuM joItuM hatuM. iMgleMDamAM 'phaijharane phrAMsIe laTakAvA 'nA pokArathI lAiDa jyorje cUMTaNImAM vijaya meLaLye hatA ane phrAMsamAM to ethIye vadhAre kaDavI lAgaNI pravartatI hatI. A saMdhinI badhIye kalamonA eka mAtra Azaya jarmanIne hareka rIte AMdhI levAnA, tene apaMga banAvI devAne tathA tene pharIthI baLavAna banatuM aTakAvavAnA hatA. aneka peDhIo sudhI tene khaMDaNInI jabaradasta rakama bharanAra mitrarAjyAnA eka Arthika gulAma banIne rahevAnuM hatuM. varsAinI verabharI saMdhinA pAyAnuM caNatara karanAra A DahApaNa ane moTAI ne DALa rAkhanArA rAjadvArI puruSone, kAI paNa mahAna prajAne lAMbA vakhata sudhI baMdhanamAM rAkhavI e azakya che, e itihAsanA spaSTa madhane khyAla sarakho paNa na Avyo.

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yuropanA navA nakaze 1039 * chevaTe, varsAInI soMdhie duniyAne bakSelA presiDaTa vilsananA pharajaMda prajAsaMdha ( lIga Ak nezansa )nI vAta mAre tane kahevI joI e. svataMtra ane svarAja bhAgavatAM rAjyAnA e sadha banavAnA hatA ane tenuM dhyeya A hatuM : nyAya ane pratiSThAnA pAyA upara saMbadheA bAMdhIne bhaviSyanAM yuddho aTakAvavAM tathA duniyAnI prajA vacce bhautika tema ja bauddhika sahakAra vadhArave." e uddeza to bezaka prazaMsApAtra hatA. prajAsadhanA sabhya banelA pratyeka rAjye zAMtimaya samajUtInI hareka zakayatA ajamAvI jotAM sudhI prajAsadhamAM dAkhala thayelA bIjA rAjya sAme laDAImAM na UtaravAnI ane ema karyAM bAda paNa nava mAsa vItyA pachI ja tenI sAme yuddhamAM UtaravAnI zarata mAnya rAkhI hatI. jo kAI rAjya e zarata teADe teA khIjA rAjyo tenI sAthenA nANAMkIya ane Arthika sabaMdha toDI nAkhavAne pratijJAthI baMdhAyelAM hatAM. kAgaLa upara te A vastu bahu rUpALI dekhAya che paNa vyavahAramAM te te ethI bilakula UlaTI ja nIvaDI. vaLI e paNa noMdhavA jevuM che ke, prajAsadhe yuddha baMdha karavAnA siddhAMtanI dRSTie paNa prayAsa karyAM nahAto. eNe te mAtra yuddhanA mArgoMmAM muzkelIo UbhI karavAnA ja prayatna karyAM. vakhata jatAM samAdhAnInA prayAse yuddhanA Avegane narama pADe eTalA khAtara yuddhanA mArgomAM naDataro UbhI karavAne ja eNe to prayatna karyAM. yuddhanAM kAraNeA dUra karavAnA paNa teNe prayAsa na karyAM. e saMdha eka eNsemblI eTale ke, sAmAnya sabhA tathA eka kAunsila eTale ke, samitine baneleA hato. sAmAnya sabhAmAM badhAye sabhya rAjyAnA pratinidhio hatA ane samitimAM mahAna sattAonA kAyamI pratinidhio hatA. e uparAMta temAM sAmAnya sabhAe cUMTelA paNa keTalAka sabhyA hatA. tuM jANe che ke jInIvAmAM tenuM vaDu mathaka ane kAryAlaya paNa che. tenI pravRttinAM khIjA khAtAMo paNa che. tenuM eka majUranuM AMtararASTrIya kAryAMlaya che. te majUronA prazno saMbaMdhI vicAra kare che. vaLI AMtararASTrIya nyAya toLavA mATe hegamAM tenI eka kAyamI adAlata che. A uparAMta bauddhika sahakAra sAdhavA mATenI tenI eka samiti che. prajAsaa A badhI pravRttie eka sAthe nahAtI zarU karI. emAMnI keTalIkanA pAchaLathI umerA karavAmAM AvyA hatA. prajAsadhanuM mULa baMdhAraNa varsAInI sadhimAM che. ene prajAsa dhane karAra' kahevAmAM Ave che. e karAramAM badhAMye rAjgyAe potapotAnA zastrasaraMjAmamAM banI zake eTalA ghaTADA karavA ane rASTranI salAmatI mATe jarUrI hAya eTalA ja zastrasaraMjAma rAkhavA ema TharAvavAmAM AvyuM. janIne niHzastra karavAmAM AvyuM. ( alabata tene parANe niHzastra karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ) tene e dizAmAM prathama pagalA tarIke gaNavAmAM AvyuM. bIjA dezoe paNa

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1080 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e pachI ema karavAnuM hatuM. e karAramAM e paNa jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke kaI eka rAjya bIjA upara AkramaNa kare te tenI sAme pagalAM bharavAM. paraMtu AkramaNa kone kahevuM che temAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM na hatuM. be prajAe ke be rASTra laDe che tyAre dareka bIjAne mAthe deSAropaNa kare che ane tene AkramaNa karanAra kahe che. mahattvanI bAbatamAM saMdha sarvAnumatithI ja nirNaya karI zake ema hatuM. Ama, prajAsaMdhamAM dAkhala thayeluM eka paNa rAjya koI paNa TharAvanI viruddha mata Ape che te TharAva UDI ja. ene artha e thayo ke bahumatI koIne upara kazuMye dabANa karI zake nahi. vaLI ene artha e paNa hatuM ke dareka rAjyanuM Azvarya (eNvarenaTI) pahelAMnA jeTaluM ja niraMkuza ane bejavAbadAra rahevAnuM hatuM. prajAsaMdha te saunA upara adhikAra bhogavanAra eka prakAranuM mahArAjya banyuM nahi. uparanI jogavAIthI prajAsaMdha bahu ja nabaLo paDyo ane teNe ene kevaLa eka salAha ApanAra saMsthA banAvI dIdhI. kaI paNa svataMtra rAjya prajAsaMdhamAM joDAI zake ema hatuM paraMtu emAMthI cAra sattAone cekasapaNe bAda rAkhavAmAM AvI. emAMnI traNa - jarmanI, eTyiA ane tuka - mahAyuddhamAM hArelI sattAo hatI ane belsevika raziyA e cothI sattA hatI. paraMtu e karAramAM nakakI karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke thoDA samaya pachI amuka zaratoe e sattAo paNa prajAsaMghamAM dAkhala thaI zake. tAjubInI vAta te e che ke hiMdustAna prajAsaMghanA mULa sabhyomAMnuM eka hatuM. mAtra svarAjya bhagavatAM rAjyo ja enAM sabhyo thaI zake e niyamane emAM ce bhaMga thatuM hatuM. alabatta, "hiMdustAna" eTale ke hiMdamAMnI briTiza sarakAra. A caturAIbharI hikamatathI briTiza sarakAre prajAsaMghamAM potAne eka vadhArAne sabhya prApta karyo. ethI UlaTuM, amerikA je eka rIte prajAsaMdhanuM janaka hatuM teNe emAM joDAvAnI nA pADI. amerikana lekee presiDanTa vilsananI pravRttio tathA yurepanA kAvAdAvA, prapa tathA gUMcavaNane nApasaMda karI ane tenAthI aLagA rahevAno nirNaya karyo. ghaNuM leke prajAsaMdha tarapha utsAhapUrvaka ane bhAre AzAthI jotA hatA ke te AjanI ApaNI duniyAnI avyavasthAne aMta lAvaze athavA kaMI nahi te meTA pramANamAM e ghaTADI deze ane zAMti tathA samRddhino yuga pravartAvaze. duniyAnA ghaNA dezamAM prajAsaMghanAM maMDaLo sthApavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. e maMDaLa saMdhane pracAra karavAne tathA lekane AMtararASTrIya dRSTie vicAratA karavAne sthApavAmAM AvyAM hatAM ema kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM. ethI UlaTuM, bIjA loke prajAsaMdhane mahAna sattAonI janAo AgaLa dhapAvavA mATenI uparathI raLiyAmaNI dekhAtI dhekAbAjI tarIke varNavatA hatA. have

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1081 yurepane nave nakaze ApaNane vyavahAramAM ene thaDe anubhava thayo che eTale enI upayogitAnuM mApa kADhavAnuM Aje vadhAre sugama che ema kahI zakAya. 1920nI sAlanA navA varasane divase saMghe pitAnuM kArya zarU karyuM. enuM jIvana hajI TUMkuM ja gaNAya paraMtu e jeTaluM jIvyuM che te tenI saMpUrNa badanAmI karavA mATe pUratuM che. keTalIka gauNa bAbatamAM eNe sAruM kAma karyuM che emAM zaka nathI tathA teNe judAM judAM rASTrane athavA sAcuM kahetAM temanI sarakArane AMtararASTrIya prazno upara vicAra karavAne ekaThAM karyA che eTalI eka hakIkata paNa pahelAMnA karatAM pragati thaI che e batAve che. paraMtu sulehazAMti jALavavAnA athavA kaMI nahi te yuddhanI saMbhavitatA ochI karavAnA enA sAcA dhyeyamAM e saMpUrNapaNe niSphaLa nIvaDyo che. presiDaMTa vilsanane mULa irAde game te hoya paNa prajAsaMdha e mahAna sattAonA ane khAsa karIne iMglaMDa tathA phrAMsanA hAthamAM hathiyArarUpa banI gayo che e nirvivAda che. enuM mULabhUta kArya cAlu vyavasthA TakAvI rAkhavI e che. rASTra rASTra vacce nyAya ane pratiSThAnI vAta e kare che khare paraMtu AjanA saMbaMdhe nyAya ane pratiSThAnA pAyA upara racAyelA che ke kema tenI e tapAsa nathI karate. te jAhera kare che ke, rASTronI aMtargata athavA gharagatu' bAbatamAM te mAthuM mArato nathI. sAmrAjyavAdI sattAnA tAbAnA mulake e tenI najare "gharagatu" bAbata che. AthI, prajAsaMdhane lAgevaLage che tyAM sudhI, tene viSe ema kahI zakAya ke, potapotAnA sAmrAjya upara A sattAonuM Adhipatya avicaLa TakI rahe ema mAnIne te cAle che. A uparAMta, jarmanI tathA turkI pAse paDAvI levAmAM AvelA navA pradezane maiDesa" (prajAsaMdha taraphathI suvyavasthA mATe soMpavAmAM AvelA pradeza)nA nAmathI mitrarAjyane saMpI devAmAM AvyA. A menDeTa" te te pradezanI prajAonI IcchA pramANe ApavAmAM AvyA che ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. A pradezanI ghaNIkharI hatabhAgI prajAoe temanI upara hakUmata calAvatI sattAo sAme baMDe paNa karyo che tema ja temaNe temanI sAme khUnakhAra laDAIo paNa karI che paraMtu temanA upara baeNbamAre tathA tapamAre calAvIne temane vaza karavAmAM AvI che! lAgatIvaLagatI prajAonI IcchA jANavA mATe AvA upAya ajamAvavAmAM AvyA hatA ! sArA sArA zabdono upayoga karavAmAM AvyuM. sAmrAjyavAdI sattAo maeNDeTa" tarIke temane seMpavAmAM AvelA pradezamAM vasatI prajAonI "TrasTI" lekhAtI hatI. ane TrasTanI zarato pALavAmAM Ave che ke kema e jovAnI prajAsaMdhanI pharaja hatI. vAstavamAM ene lIdhe te sthiti UlaTI vadhAre bagaDavA pAmI. e sattAo pitAnuM manamAnyuM karatI paraMtu tenA upara teo pavitratAnA

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108ra jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vAghA oDhADatI ane e rIte asAvadha lekonAM aMtaHkaraNanuM samAdhAna karatI. koI nAnuM rAjya aparAdha karatuM te prajAsaMdha tene gaMbhIra svarUpa ApI de ane tenA upara tenI karaDI najara thatI. paraMtu kaI meTI sattA aparAdha kare te prajAsaMgha tenI sAme banI zake teTalA AMkha ADA kAna karatA ane e aparAdhane banI zake eTale nAne batAvavA prayatna karate. A rIte prajAsaMdha upara mahAna sattAonuM prabhutva hatuM. pitAne svArtha sAdhavAno hoya tyAre teo tene upayoga karatI ane jyAre ema karavuM sagavaDa bharyuM hoya tyAre teo tenI upekSA karatI. paraMtu emAM doSa prajAsaMdhane have ema na kahI zakAya; deSa khuda pracalita vyavasthAne hatuM ane pitAnI prakRtine kAraNe prajAsaMdhane te calAvI levI paDatI hatI. bhinna bhinna sattAo vacce tIvra spardhA ane harIphAI e sAmrAjyavAdane arka che. ane e dareka sattA duniyAnuM banI zake eTaluM zeSaNa karavA mAgatI hatI. jo keI maMDaLanA sabhya ekabIjAnAM gajavAM kAtaravAne niraMtara prayAsa karyA karatA hoya athavA te ekabIjAnAM gaLAM kApavA mATe pitAnI charIo tIrNa karyA karatA hoya te temanI vacce jhAjhI sahakAranI bhAvanA khIlavAne ke e maMDaLa jhAjhI pragati karI zake evo saMbhava nathI rahetuM. ethI karIne ja, mahAnubhAvo ane bhAre pratiSThita puruSa enA nirmAtA ane puraskartA hovA chatAM prajAsaMdha kamajora banI gaye. - vasaInI saMdhi uparanI carcA daramyAna jApAnanI sarakAra vatI bhinna bhinna jAtionI samAnatA mAnya rAkhavA mATenI eka kalama saMdhimAM dAkhala karavAnI darakhAsta rajU karavAmAM AvI hatI. e darakhAsta svIkAravAmAM AvI nahatI. paraMtu cInamAM AvelA kyAu cAunI bheTa ApIne jApAnanA mananuM samAdhAna karavAmAM AvyuM. pelAM "traNa mahArASTro e cIna jevA pitAnA nabaLA ane narama mitrarAjyane bhoge udAratA darzAvI. Ane kAraNe cIne e saMdhi upara sahI na karI. yuddhane aMta lAvavA mATenA yuddha ne aMta lAvanAra vasaInI saMdhi AvI hatI. pAchaLathI umarAva ane IMglaMDanA pradhAna maMDaLanA eka pradhAna bananAra philipa kheDane saMdhi viSe nIce mujabanI TIkA karI hatI? e saMdhi dhADapADuo, sAmrAjyavAdIo tathA baLa upara mustAka rahenArA lokone saMtoSI zake ema che. laDAIne aMte sulehazAMti sthapAze evI apekSA rAkhanArAonI AzAo upara e jIvaleNa phaTakA samAna che. e suleha mATeno karAra nathI paNa bIjA yuddha mATenI jAherAta che. emAM lekazAhIne tathA yuddhamAM hArelAone dige devAmAM Avyo che. e saMdhi mitrarAnI nemane temanA nagna svarUpamAM ughADI pADe che."

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1083 mahAyuddha pachInI duniyA kharekhara, pitAnA TheSa, abhimAna ane lebhane vaza thaIne mitrarAe pitAnI maryAdAnuM ullaMghana karyuM. pAchaLanAM varasamAM, temanI pitAnI bhUlanAM pariNAme temane uthalAvI nAkhaze e bhaya pedA thaye tyAre teo e bhUlene mATe prazcAttApa karavA lAgyAM. paraMtu have bahu moDuM thaI gayuM hatuM ane veLA vItI gaI hatI. 156. mahAyuddha pachInI duniyA 26 eprila, 1933 Akhare ApaNe ApaNA lAMbA pravAsanI chellI majale AvI pahoMcyAM chIe; have ApaNe vartamAna samayanA UmarA upara AvIne UbhAM chIe. ApaNe have mahAyuddha pachInI duniyA nihALavAnI che. have ApaNe ApaNuM jIvanakALamAM, kharekhara tArA pitAnA jIvanakALamAM AvI pahoMcyAM chIe ! e ApaNI chellI majala che ane samayano vicAra karatAM e atizaya TUMkI majala che paraMtu ema chatAMye e bhAre kaparI majala che. mahAyuddha pUruM thayAne hajI te mAtra sADA cauda varasa thayAM che ane jene ApaNe vicAra karI gayAM te ItihAsanA lAMbA yugone mukAbale ATale alpa samaya zI visAtamAM che? paraMtu ApaNe tenI vaccevaca UbhAM chIe tathA banAvene ATalA badhA najIkathI nihALIne temane viSe sAro abhiprAya bAMdhavAnuM muzkela banI jAya che. vastune barAbara javA mATe sAro dRSTikoNa ApaNane prApta thatuM nathI tema ja ItihAsane mATe jarUrI zAMta taTastha vRtti paNa ApaNu pAse hotI nathI. ghaNuM banAvone viSe ApaNe vadhAre paDatAM uzkerAyelAM hoIe chIe tathA nAnI vastuo ApaNane maTI paNa lAge ane keTalIka kharekhara moTI vastuonuM pUrepUruM mahattva ApaNe naye samajI zakIe. saMkhyAbaMdha jhADonI madhyamAM ApaNe bhUlAM paDI jaIe ane vanane samagra rIte jovAmAM niSphaLa nIvaDIe. e uparAMta, banAvonuM mahattva kevI rIte mApavuM e jANavAnI paNuM muzkelI che. ene mATe ApaNe kyuM mApa vAparavuM joIe ? e te dekhItuM che ke, vastune ApaNe kaI rIte nihALIe chIe tenA upara meTe AdhAra che. eka daSTithI jotAM koI banAva ApaNane mahattvane lAge paraMtu bIjI dRSTithI jotAM tenuM badhuM mahattva cAlyuM jAya ane te ApaNane bilakula kSullaka lAge. mane lAge che ke, tene lakhelA mArA patramAM e praznane kaMIka aMze meM TALe che; meM ene pUrepUrI rIte ane ghaTate javAba nathI ApyuM. Ama chatAMye, meM je lakhyuM che te badhuM mArI potAnI sAmAnya dRSTinA raMgathI

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1084 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana raMgAyeluM che. tenA te ja yuge tathA tenA te ja banAvo viSe lakhanAra bIje mANasa, saMbhava che ke, ethI sAva juduM ja lakhe. ItihAsane viSe ApaNI kevI dRSTi hovI joIe e praznanI carcAmAM huM ahIM UtaravA nathI cahAte. e viSenI mArI pitAnI dRSTimAM paNa chellAM ceDAM varase daramyAna bhAre pheraphAra thavA pAmyo che. ane A bAbatamAM tathA bIjI aneka bAbatomAM meM jema mArA mate badalyA che tema bIjA ghaNuoe paNa ema karyuM haze. kema ke mahAyuddha dareka vastune tathA dareka vyaktine pAyAmAMthI hacamacAvI mUkI hatI. mahAyuddha jUnI duniyAne bilakula UMdhI vALI dIdhI ane tyArathI bicArI ApaNI jUnI duniyA pharIthI beThI thavAne parizramapUrvaka maLI rahI che paNa emAM ene jhAjhI saphaLatA maLI nathI. jemAM ApaNe UcharyA chIe te AkhI vicArasRSTi teNe hacamacAvI mUkI ane Adhunika samAja tathA sabhyatAnA khuda pAyAnI bAbatamAM ApaNane zaMkA karatAM karI mUkyAM che. ApaNe taruNono bhISaNa saMhAra joye, ApaNe asatya, hiMsA, hevAniyata ane vinAza paNa nihALyAM ane Azcaryacakita thaIne vicAravA lAyAM ke sabhyatAnuM dhyeya A ja che ke zuM? raziyAmAM seviyeTane udaya thaye. e eka navI ja vastu hatI, navI ja samAjavyavasthA hatI. jUnI duniyAnI sAmene e paDakAra hatuM. bIjA vicAro paNa vAtAvaraNamAM phelAI rahyA hatA. e vigaThanane kALa hatuM, purANI mAnyatAo tathA rUDhio tUTI paDavAne kALa hata; saMzaya tathA zaMkAkuzaMkAone ane prazno uThAvavAne yuga hate. saMkrAMti tathA jhaDapI parivartananA kALamAM hamezAM zaMkAo ane prazno pedA thAya che ja. A badhAne kAraNe mahAyuddha pachInA kALane itihAsanI daSTithI tapAsavAnuM jarA muzkela banI jAya che. paraMtu bhinna bhinna mAnyatAo ane vicAra viSe carcA karatI vakhate tathA temanI saccAI viSe zaMkA uThAvatI vakhate tema ja te purANuM gaNAya che eTalA ja khAtara temano asvIkAra karatI vakhate vicAro sAthe ramata karavA mATenA tathA ApaNe zuM karavuM joIe e mATe gaMbhIratApUrvaka ciMtana karavAnI javAbadArImAMthI chaTakI javA mATenA bahAnA tarIke ApaNe e badhAne upayoga na karI zakIe. khAsa karIne, jagatanA itihAsanA saMkrAMtinA AvA yuge zarIra tema ja mananI bhAre pravRttinI apekSA rAkhe che. evA yugamAM jIvanane rejida jaDa kAryakrama sateja banI jAya che, sAhasa karavAne ApaNe hoMzathI pravRtta thaIe chIe ane navI vyavasthAnI racanAmAM ApaNe sau bhAga laI zakIe chIe. evA yugamAM naujavAnoe hamezAM AgaLa paDato bhAga bhajavyo che, kema ke rIDhA thaI gayelA tathA pitAnI purANI mAnyatAomAM custa banI gayelA uMmare pahecelA leke karatAM teo badalAtA vicAro tathA badalAtI jatI paristhiti sAthe bahu sahelAIthI pitAno meLa besADI zake che.

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mahAyuddha pachInI duniyA 1085 mane lAge che ke, mahAyuddha pachInA A samayanuM kaMIka vigate avalekana karavuM ThIka thaI paDaze. paraMtu A patramAM te tuM enuM sAmAnya avalokana kare ema huM icchuM chuM. nepoliyananA patana pachInI 19mI sadInuM ApaNe avalokana ryuM hatuM te tane yAda haze. anivArya rIte, 1815nI sAlanI viyenAnI saMdhine tathA tenAM pariNAmeno ApaNane vicAra Ave che tathA 1919nI vasaInI saMdhi tathA tenA pariNAme sAthe enI tulanA karavAne ApaNe prerAIe chIe. viyenAnI saMdhi e kaMI sArI saMdhi nahotI; eNe yuropamAM bhAvi yuddhanAM bI vAvyAM. anubhava uparathI baMdha na letAM AgalA patramAM ApaNe joI gayAM tema ApaNA rAjadvArI puruSoe vasaInI saMdhi ethIye kharAba karI. yuddha pachInAM varasa upara A kahevAtI sulehanAM kALAM ane gherA vAdaLo jhajhUmI rahyAM che. te pachI A chellAM cauda varasanA mahattvanA banAve kayA che? mane lAge che, soviyeTanA saMyukta rAjya athavA jene samAjavAdI soviyeTa prajAsattAkanuM saMyukta rAjya ("yuniyana oNpha sozyAlisTa eNnDa seviyeTa ripablisa" athavA TUMkamAM kahetAM, yu. esa. esa. Ara.) kahevAmAM Ave che teno udaya tathA saMgaThana e te badhAmAM sauthI vizeSa mahattvane ane sauthI vadhAre dhyAna kheMce e banAva che. pitAnI hastI TakAvI rAkhavA mATe seviyeTa raziyAne je bhAre muzkelIono sAmano karavo paDyo hato te viSe huM tane AgaLa theDuM kahI gaye . e badhI jabaradasta muzkelIonI sAme paNa e TakI rahyuM te A sadIne eka camatkAra che. eziyA khaMDamAM pahelAM jhArazAhI sAmrAjya jyAM jyAM phelAyuM hatuM te badhA bhAgamAM eka prazAnta mahAsAgaranA kAMThA sudhI sAIberiyAmAM tathA hiMdustAnanI sarahada sudhI pahoMcatA madhya eziyAmAM soviyeTa vyavasthA prasarI. e badhA pradezamAM alaga alaga soviyeTa prajAsattAka sthApavAmAM AvyAM. paraMtu e badhAMe ekaThAM maLIne samavAyataMtra athavA saMyukta rAjya sthApyuM ane te ja AjanuM seviyeTa prajAsattAkonuM saMyukta rAjya che. aMgrejImAM ene "yuniyana oNpha sozyAlisTa enDa soviyeTa ripablisa athavA TUMkamAM yu. esa. esa. Ara. kahevAmAM Ave che. A saMyukta rAjyamAM yuropa tathA eziyAnA vizALa pradezane samAveza thAya che ane te A pRthvInI sapATInA lagabhaga chaThThA bhAga jeTaluM che. e pradeza te bahu vizALa che paNa kevaLa vizALatAnuM jhAjhuM mahattva nathI. vaLI raziyA ane vizeSe karIne sA beriyA tathA madhya eziyA bahu ja pachAta pradeza hatA. seviyeTa raziyAne bIjo camatkAra e hatuM ke, punarghaTanAnI pracaMDa janAo dvArA teNe e pradezanA moTA bhAganI sUrata badalI nAkhI che. bIjI koI prajAe ATalI jhaDapI pragati karI heya e dAkhale neMdhAyelA ItihAsamAM maLatuM nathI.

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1086 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana madhya eziyAnA sauthI pachAta pradeza paNa eTalI badhI jhaDapathI AgaLa vadhyA che ke hiMdamAM ApaNane paNa temanI ISa Ave. keLavaNI ane udyoganAM kSetramAM khAsa oMdhapAtra pragati thaI che. virATa "paMcavaNa janAo dvArA raziyAnuM udyogIkaraNa vAyuvege AgaLa dhapAvavAmAM AvyuM ane tyAM AgaLa saMkhyAbaMdha jabaradasta kArakhAnAMo UbhAM karavAmAM AvyAM che. A badhAnI prajA upara sArI peThe tANa pahoMcI che. pitAnI ghaNIkharI kamANI duniyAnA prathama samAjavAdI dezanA caNataramAM vAparI zakAya eTalA mATe temane ArAma tathA sukhasagavaDa jatI karavI paDI eTaluM ja nahi paNa jIvananI jarUriyAtanI vastuo vinA paNa calAvI levuM paDyuM che. khAsa karIne kheDUtavargane sauthI vadhAre beje sahevo paDyo che. A pragatizIla ane AgaLa vadhatA soviyeTa deza tathA dinapratidina vadhatI jatI musIbavALA pazcima yuropa vacceno taphAvata saheje AMkha AgaLa tarI Ave evo che. aneka musIbatamAM sapaDAyele hevA chatAM pazcima yuropa hajIye raziyA karatAM ghaNuM ja mAladAra che. tenI AbAdInA lAMbA yuga daramyAna teNe ghaNA moTA pramANamAM carabI ekaThI karI hatI ane keTaleka vakhata te tenA upara jIvI zake ema che. paraMtu pratyeka deza uparane devAne beje, vasaInI saMdhi anusAra jarmanIne daMDa yA yuddhanI nukasAnI peTe bharapAI karavAnI rakamane prazna tathA nAnI moTI sattAo vacce niraMtara cAlyA karatI harIphAI tathA jhaghaDAo vagere vastuoe bicArA yurepanI bhAre bhUrI dazA karI mUkI che. e muzkelImAMthI kaMIka mArga kADhavAne mATe uparAuparI pariSade thayA kare che paraMtu kaze ukela jaDatuM nathI ane dinapratidina paristhiti vadhu ne vadhu bagaDatI jAya che. soviyeTa raziyAnI pazcima yurepa sAthe tulanA karavI e eka juvAnanI gharaDA DerA sAthe sarakhAmaNI karavA barAbara che. eka bhAre bojo uThAve che paraMtu tenAmAM jIvananuM jema bhareluM che jyAre bIjo hatAza ane kSINavIrya che; te AgaLa jAya che kharo paraMtu anivAryapaNe te pitAnI vartamAna avasthAnA aMtane bheTavAne jaI rahyo che. yunAITeDa sTesa, mahAyuddha pachI yuropanA A cepamAMthI UgarI gayuM hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. daza varasa sudhI tenI samRddhimAM bhAre vadhAre thavA pAme. mahAyuddha daramyAna teNe nANAM dhIranAra zarAphanA padethI iMglaMDane dhakelI kADhayuM. have amerikA duniyAne nANAM dhIranAra zAhukAra banyuM ane AkhI duniyA tenI davAdAra banI. Arthika dRSTie teNe AkhI duniyA upara pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvyuM ane AgaLanA vakhatamAM kaMIka aMze jema iMglaDe karyuM hatuM tema te duniyA taraphathI AvatI khaMDaNI upara sukhacenathI jIvI zakata. paraMtu emAM be muzkelIo naDatI hatI. devAdAra deze bahu bUrI hAlatamAM AvI

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mahAyuddha pachInI duniyA 1087 paDyA hatA ane teo potAnuM devuM rokaDa rakama ApIne bharapAI karI zake ema nahatuM, sAce ja, temanI hAlata sArI hota toye teo rokaDa nANuM ApIne AvaDI moTI rakama bharapAI karI zake ema nahotuM. eka ja rIte teo pitAnuM devuM patAvavAno prayatna karI zake ema hatuM ane te pAko mAla utpanna karI te amerikA mokalIne. paraMtu videzane pAke mAla pitAne tyAM Ave e amerikAne pasaMda nahotuM. AthI teNe jakAtanI bhAre dIvAle UbhI karI ane e rIte teNe bahAranA mAlane pitAnA dezamAM Avate aTakAvyuM. to pachI e bicArA devAdAra dezoe pitAnuM devuM kevI rIte patAvavuM? eka avane upAya zodhI kADhavAmAM Avyo. pitAnuM vyAja vasUla karavAne amerikA devAdAra dezane vaLI vadhAre rakama dhIre ema thayuM. devuM vasUla karavAne e asAdhAraNa upAya hate kema ke ene artha to e thayo ke leNadAra deze vadhAre ne vadhAre rakama dhIryA karavI ane e rIte devAnI rakama vadhatI ja rahe. ghaNAkharA devAdAra deze kadI paNa potAnuM devuM patAvI zakavAnA nathI e spaSTa hatuM ane amerikAe ekAeka dhIradhAra baMdha karI dIdhI. tarata ja kAgaLanI imArata kaDaDabhUsa tUTI paDI. ane bIjI eka ati vicitra vastu banavA pAmI. samRddha amerikA, gaLA sudhI senAthI bhareluM amerikA, asaMkhya bekAra majUrone mulaka banI gayuM, udyoganAM cakro thaMbhI gayAM ane sarvatra dAridraya phelAI gayuM. tavaMgara amerikA upara ATale bhAre phaTako paDyo enA uparathI yuropanI zI dazA thaI haze tenI kalpanA karI zakAya. jakAtanI UMcI dIvAle UbhI karIne, svadezI mAla kharIdavAne pracAra karIne tathA bIjI aneka yuktiothI pitAne tyAM bahArathI Avato mAla aTakAvavA dareka deze prayatna karyo. dareka deza pitAne mAla vecavA mAgatuM hatuM, kharIdavA mAgate nahote athavA kahe ke ochAmAM ochuM kharIdavA mAgatA hatA. AMtararASTrIya vepArane mArI nAkhyA vinA A vastu lAMbe kALa nahi cAlI zake kema ke vepArarejagArane AdhAra vinimaya upara che. A nItine Arthika rASTravAda kahevAmAM Ave che. badhA dezamAM ene phelA thayo ane e ja rIte ugra athavA AkramaNakArI rASTravAdanAM bIjAM aneka svarUpone paNa phelA thaye. vepArajagAra tathA udyogomAM maMdI AvavAne lIdhe dareka dezanI muzkelIo vadhI gaI sAmrAjyavAdI dezoe paradezamAM sAmrAjyavAdI zeSaNa vadhArIne tathA dezamAM majUronI majUrInA dare ghaTADIne baMne pAsAM sarakhAM karavAno prayatna karyo. duniyAnA judA judA bhAgonuM zoSaNa karavAnI pitAnI icchA tathA potAnA prayatnane kAraNe harIpha sAmrAjyavAde vadhAre ne vadhAre athaDAmaNamAM AvatA gayA. prajAsaMdha zastrasaMnyAsanI rUDIrUpALI vAto karavA uparAMta kazuMye karato nahatuM te vakhate

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1088 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana yuddhanuM preta vadhu ne vadhu najIka AvatuM jatuM hatuM. anivArya jaNAtI sAThamArIne mATe sattAoe pharI pAchuM pitAnA samUhe bAMdhavAnuM zarU karyuM. Ama je daramyAna mUDIvAdI sabhyatAe pazcima yuropa tathA amerikAmAM pitAnI ANa vartAvI hatI tathA bAkInI badhI duniyA upara pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvyuM hatuM te yuganA aMtanI samIpa ApaNe AvI pahoMcyAM heIe ema lAge che. mahAyuddha pachInAM pahelAM daza varasa daramyAna te lAgatuM hatuM ke mUDIvAda pharI pAcho beThe thaze, tathA sthira thaI jaIne lAMbA vakhata sudhI TakI raheze. paraMtu chellAM traNa ke cAra varase e vastune atizaya zaMkAspada karI mUkI che. mUDIvAdI sattAo vaccenI harIphAIe gaMbhIra svarUpa dhAraNa kyuM che eTaluM ja nahi paNa dareka rAjyamAM vargo vargo vaccenuM, mAladAra tathA jemanA hAthamAM sattAnAM sUtra che te mUDIdAra varga ane majUra varga vaccenuM gharSaNa paNa atizaya tIvra thatuM jAya che. A sthiti vadhu pramANamAM bagaDavA pAme tyAre saMpatti dharAvanArA varge AgaLa vadhatA jatA majUrone kacarI nAkhavAne AkharI ane maraNiyo prayatna kare che. A prayatna phAsIvAdanuM svarUpa dhAraNa kare che. vargo vargo vaccenuM gharSaNa jyAM jyAM ugra bane che tathA saMpatti dharAvanArA vargo pitAnuM viziSTa sthAna gumAvI besavAnA jokhamamAM AvI paDe che tyAM tyAM phAsIvAda dekhA de che. phAsIvAda ITAlImAM mahAyuddha pachI tarata ja zarU thayA. majUro hAtha parathI jatA rahetA hatA tevAmAM mesolInInI AgevAnI nIce phAsIvAdIoe sattA kabaje karI. ane tyArathI mAMDIne hajIye teo sattA upara che. phAsIvAda eTale saramukhatyArazAhInuM nagna svarUpa. lekazAhInI rIte te chaDecoka tiraskAra kare che. phAsIvAdI rItone vatteoche aMze yuropanA ghaNuM dezamAM phelAvo thaye che ane saramukhatyArazAhInI ghaTanA tyAM AgaLa sAmAnya thaI paDI che. 1933nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM jarmanImAM phAsIvAdano vijaya thayo ane 1918nI sAlamAM sthApavAmAM AvelA prajAsattAkano aMta Avyo tathA majUranI caLavaLane mArI nAkhavA mATe hevAniyatabharyA upAye levAmAM AvyA hatA. Ama yurepamAM phAsIvAda lekazAhI tathA samAjavAdI baLane sAmane karI rahyo che ane tenI sAthe sAthe ja mUDIvAdI sattAo ekabIjA sAme ghurakiyAM karI rahI che tathA ekabIjAnI sAme laDavAne mATe taiyArIo karI rahI che. A uparAMta mUDIvAda eka avanavuM dazya rajU karI rahyo che. eka bAju akhUTa samRddhi ane tene ja paDakhe kAramuM dAridya daSTigocara thAya che; eka tarapha khorAka saDI jAya che athavA tene IrAdApUrvaka pheMkI devAmAM Ave che ke tene nAza karavAmAM Ave che jyAre bIjI bAju prajA bhUkhamara veThI rahI hoya che.

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mahAyuddha pachInI duniyA 1089 yuropane eka purANe deza spena hemsabarga-burbonavaMzI rAjAne hAMkI kADhIne prajAsattAka rAjyamAM pheravAI gayo che. Ama yuropamAMthI tema ja AkhI duniyAmAMthI eka rAjA ocho thayo che. * mahAyuddha pachInAM cauda varasa daramyAna banelI traNa pradhAna ghaTanAo viSe meM tane vAta karI, te A che : seviyeTa saMyukta rAjyane udaya, duniyA uparanuM amerikAnuM Arthika prabhutva tathA tenI AjanI kaTokaTIbharI sthiti ane yuropanuM gUMcavAyeluM kekavuM. pUrvanA dezamAM AvelI saMpUrNa jAgRti tathA svAtaMtrya prApta karavA mATenA temanA ugra prayAsa e A kALanI cothI mahatvanI ghaTanA che. pUrvanA deze have ekakasapaNe jagatanA rAjakAraNamAM dAkhala thAya che. A pUrvanA dezonA be vargo pADI zakAya? svataMtra gaNAtA deze ane sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonA amala nIcenA parAdhIna deze. eziyA tathA uttara AphrikAnA A badhAye dezamAM rASTravAda prabaLa banyo che ane svAtaMtrya mATenI kAmanA daDha ane ugra banI che. e badhAmAM baLavAna hilacAle cAle che ane keTalAka dezamAM te pazcimanA sAmrAjyavAda sAme baLavA paNa thayA che. emAMnA ghaNA dezane, temanI laDatanI kaTokaTInI ghaDIe soviyeTa rAjya taraphathI sIdhI madada tema ja ethIye vizeSa mahattvanuM gaNI zakAya te naitika pIThabaLa maLyAM che. turkInA paDelA ane durbaLa banI gayelA lAgatA rASTrane thayele abhyadaya sauthI vizeSa noMdhapAtra che. ene yaza moTe bhAge, bhAre kaTokaTInI paLe paNa namatuM ApavAno inkAra karanAra bahAdura netA mustaphA kamAla pAzAne jAya che. teNe pitAnA dezanI svataMtratA prApta karI eTaluM ja nahi paNa tukane Adhunika DhabanuM banAvIne teNe tenI sUrata badalI nAkhI. sulatAnata tathA khilAphatane teNe aMta ANya ane strIone paDadAne rivAja tathA bIjI aneka purANI rUDhio paNa teNe baMdha karI. soviyeTane naitika tema ja sakriya Teke tene bhAre madadarUpa thaI paDyo. briTananA prabhutvamAMthI mukta thavAnA tenA prayAsamAM IrAnane paNa seviyeTe madada karI. tyAM AgaLa paNa rIjhAkhAna nAmano eka zaktizALI puruSa pedA thayo ane te Aje IrAnane rAjakartA bane che. aphaghAnistAna paNa A samaya daramyAna pitAnI saMpUrNa svataMtratA sthApita karavAmAM saphaLa thayuM. eka arabastAnanA apavAda sivAya badhA Araba deze hajIye videzIenA niyamana nIce che. ArabanI aikya mATenI mAgaNI pUrI pADavAmAM AvI nathI. arabastAnane moTe bhAga sulatAna Ibna sAudanI hakUmata nIce svataMtra thaI gayo che. kAgaLa upara te IrAka svataMtra che paraMtu vAstavamAM briTiza lAgavaga tathA niyamananA vartuLamAM te AvI jAya che. pelesTAIna tathA

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1090 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana TrAnsajenanAM nAnAM rAjya briTiza "maiDeTa" nIce che ane sIriyA phreMca menDeTa" nIce che. sIriyAmAM phreMca sAme asAdhAraNa vIratAbharyo baLa thayA hatA ane amuka aMze te saphaLa paNa thayuM hatuM. misaramAM paNa briTiza sAme nAnAM nAnAM aneka baMDe thayAM tathA lAMbI laData cAlI hatI. tyAM AgaLa hajI paNa e laData cAlu ja che. jo ke, misarane svataMtra kahevAmAM Ave che ane briTizanA TekAthI eka rAjA tyAM rAja kare che. uttara AphrikAnA eka pazcimanA bhAgamAM AvelA rekeTamAM paNa abdula karImanI AgevAnI nIce svAtaMtrya mATe vIratAbharI laData thaI hatI. te spenanA lokone tyAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM saphaLa thayuM hatuM paNa pachIthI e pitAnI samagra zakti vAparIne tene kacarI nAMkhe. eziyA ane AphrikAmAMnI svAtaMtrya mATenI A badhI laData batAve che ke navI bhAvanA vyApaka banI hatI ane pUrvanA dUra dUranA dezonAM strIpuruSonA mAnasa upara ekI vakhate asara karI rahI hatI. emAM be deze AgaLa tarI Ave che kema ke temanuM jagatavyApI mahattva che. A be deze te hiMdustAna ane cIna. e bemAMthI game te ekamAM thayele mULabhUta pheraphAra duniyAnI mahAna sattAonI vyavasthA upara asara kare che; e acUkapaNe jagatanA rAjakAraNamAM bhAre pariNAme lAvanAra nIvaDe che. A rIte hiMdustAna tathA cInamAM cAlatI laDate kevaLa te te dezanI AMtarika athavA gharagatu ghaTanA nathI. emanuM mahattva ethI ghaNuM vadhAre che. cIna saphaLa thAya eTale ke tyAM AgaLa eka baLavAna rAjya UbhuM thAya, ene lIdhe AjanI "sattAnI samatA' (baeNlansa oNpha pAvara)mAM pheraphAra thavA pAme che. vaLI ethI karIne sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonuM cInanuM zoSaNa ApameLe baMdha thaI jAya che. hiMdustAnanI saphaLatA eTale ke eka mahAna rAjyane udaya ane anivArya rIte briTiza sAmrAjyane aMta. chellAM daza varasamAM cInane aneka taDakIchAMyaDImAMthI pasAra thavuM paDyuM che. kumInaTAMga tathA cInanA sAmyavAdIo vaccenuM aikya tUTI gayuM ane cIna tUzano tathA evA bIjA dhADapADu AgevAnone zikAra banyuM. cInamAM avyavasthA ane aMdhera niraMtara cAlu rahe evuM IcchatAM videzI hite temane ghaNI vAra sahAya karatAM. chellAM be varasamAM te jApAnIoe kharekhAta cIna upara caDhAI karI che ane tenA keTalAka prAMte kabaje karyA che. A avidhisaranI laDAI hajI cAlu ja che. daramyAna cInanA UMDANamAM Avele moTe pradeza sAmyavAdI thaI gayuM che ane tyAM AgaLa eka prakAranI soviyeTa sarakAra sthapAI che. chellAM cauda varasomAM hiMdamAM aneka banAva banI gayA. ane tyAM AgaLa ugra ane chatAMye zAMtimaya rASTrIyatAne udaya thavA pAme che. mahAyuddha pachI

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mahAyuddha pachInI duniyA 101 tarata ja jyAre mahAna sudhArAone mATe bhAre AzAo sevAI rahI hatI tyAre paMjAbamAM ApaNuM upara lazkarI kAyado jAhera karavAmAM Avyo ane jaliyAMvAlA bAgamAM bhISaNa katala karavAmAM AvI. enAthI kapAyamAna thaIne tathA tuka ane khilAphatanI karavAmAM AvelI avadazA pratyenA musalamAnonA roSane kAraNe gAMdhIjInI AgevAnI nIce 1920-22mAM asahakAranI laData upADavAmAM AvI. sAce ja 1920nI sAla pachI gAMdhIjI hiMdI rASTravAdanA sarvamAnya netA rahyA che. e hiMdane gAMdhIyuga banI gayuM che ane gAMdhIjInI baLavA mATenI zAMtimaya rItoe, temanI navInatA ane sacoTatAne kAraNe AkhI duniyAnuM lakSa pitAnA tarapha kheMcyuM che. vadhAre zAMta pravRttio ane taiyArInA TUMkA gALA pachI 1930nI sAlamAM AjhAdI mATenI laData pharI pAchI upADavAmAM AvI. e vakhate mahAsabhAe cakkasapaNe svAtaMtryanA dhyeyane svIkAra karyo. tyAra pachI ApaNe aneka vAra savinayabhaMga karyo, aneka vAra turaMga bharI, ane bIjI aneka vastuo karI. e badhuM te tuM jANe ja che. daramyAna briTizenI nIti, banI zake te najIvA sudhAra ApIne keTalAka lekIne manAvI levAnI tathA rASTrIya caLavaLane kacarI nAkhavAno prayAsa karavAnI rahI che. brahmadezamAM 1931nI sAlamAM bhUkhe maratA kheDUtoe meTo baLavo karyo. bhAre kraratAthI e baLa dAbI devAmAM AvyuM. jAvA tathA Daca inDIjhamAM paNa baLa the. siyAmamAM paNa bhAre khaLabhaLATa thavA pAmyo hato. ene pariNAme rAjAnI sattA maryAdita karanArA thoDA pheraphAre tyAM thayA. phreMca hiMdI cInamAM paNa rASTravAdane udaya thaye che. Ama pUrvanA badhAye dezamAM rASTravAda pitAnuM svarUpa prakaTa karavAne mathI rahyo che ane keTalIka jagyAe temAM sAmyavAdanuM mizraNa paNa thavA pAmyuM che. baMne sAmrAjyavAdane eka sarakhe dhikkAre che. e sivAya rASTravAda ane sAmyavAda vacce bIjuM koI paNa sAmAnya tattva nathI. potAnA saMyukta rAjyamAM dAkhala thayelA tema ja tenI bahAranA badhAye pUrvanA dezo pratyenI tenI DahApaNa ane udAratAbharI nItine kAraNe sAmyavAdI nathI evA ghaNuM deze paNa seviyeTa raziyA tarapha maitrInI bhAvanA rAkhe che. chellAM thoDAM varasanI bIjI eka pradhAna vastu te strIone jakaDI rAkhanArAM samAjanAM, kAyadAnAM tathA rUDhinAM aneka baMdhanomAMthI thayelI temanI mukti - che. mahAyuddhe pazcimanA dezomAM e vastune bhAre vega Ape. tukathI mAMDIne hiMdustAna tathA cIna sudhInA pUrvanA dezomAM paNa strIo jAgrata thaIne kaTibaddha banI che ane rASTrIya tathA sAmAjika pravRttiomAM teo vIratAbharyo bhAga laI rahI che.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jemAM ApaNe jIvIe chIe te yuga Ave che. rAja rAja parivartana ane mahattvapUrNa banAveAnA, rASTra rASTra vaccenA dha gunA, mUDIvAda ane samAjavAda tathA phrAsIvAda ane lAkazAhI vaccenI athaDAmaNunA, dinapratidina vadhatAM jatAM garIbAI ane ka MgAliyatanA khabara AvatA rahe che ane e badhA upara nira Mtara vistaratuM jatuM yuddhanu gheruM vAdaLa jhajhUmI rahyu che. 1092 itihAsanA e bhAre khaLabhaLATanA yuga che. e yugamAM jIvavuM tathA emAM potAnA phALA ApavA e sadbhAgyanI vAta che - pachI bhalene e phALA daherAdUna jelamAM ekAMtavAsa sevavAnA kema na hoya ! ---- 157, prajAsattAka mATe AyarlaeNnDanI laData 28 eprila, 1933 have ApaNe A chellAM varaseAnA mahattvanA banAvAnI vigate carcA karIzuM. AyarlaeNnDathI huM ene AraMbha karIza. jagatanA chatihAsa ane jagavyApI khaLAnI dRSTie yuropanI cheka pazcime AvelA A nAnakaDA dezanuM Aje bhAre mahattva nathI. paraMtu e bahAdura ane adamya deza che. AkhA briTiza sAmrAjyanI samagra zakti paNa tene jusso dAkhI devAne ke tene garIba gAya jevA banAvIne vaza karI zakI nathI. AyarlaeNnDa viSenA mArA chellA patramAM briTiza pArlamenTe pasAra karelA hAma la bila viSe meM tane vAta karI hatI. e bila mahAyuddha zarU thayuM te pahelAM ja pasAra karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. alsTaranA proTesTaMTa AgevAnIe tathA iMgleMDanA kaoNnjharaveTiva pakSe enI sAme virodha uThAvyA ane tenI sAme vyavasthita aLavA uThAvavAnI yojanA karavAmAM AvI. e uparathI dakSiNa AyarlaeNnDanA leAkeAe jarUra paDe to alsTara sAme laDavAne potAnuM rASTrIya svayaMsevaka daLa ' sagaDhita karyuM. AyarlaeNnDamAM AMtarayuddha anivAya lAgatu hatu. paraMtu e ja arasAmAM mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM ane saunuM badhuM lakSa kheljiyama tathA uttara phrAMsanA raNakSetra upara kendrita thayuM. pArlamenTamAMnA Ayariza netAe yuddhamAM potAnI madada ApavA jaNAvyuM paraMtu deza beparavA hatA ane yuddhane viSe jarAye utsuka nahotA. daramyAna alsTaranA 'khaLavAkhoro 'ne briTiza sarakAramAM moTA moTA hoddAe ApavAmAM AvyA. ene lIdhe ta Ayariza leAkeA vaLI vadhAre asatuSTa banyA. * AyarlaeNnDamAM asateSa vadhI gayA ane iMgleMDanA yuddhamAM temaNe potAnA bhAga na ApavA joIe evI vRtti leAkAmAM pedA thaI. iMglaMDanI peThe

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prajAsattAka mATe AyarlenDanI laData 1093 AyarlenDamAM paNa sazakta yuvAnonI lazkaramAM pharajiyAta bharatI karavAnI darakhAsta rajU karavAmAM AvI tyAre dezabharamAM virodhano dAvAnaLa bhabhUkI UThyo. jarUra paDe te ene baLathI paNa sAmano karavAnI AyarlenDa taiyArI karI. 1916nA IsTaranA aThavADiyA daramyAna DablinamAM baMDa thayuM ane Ayariza prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI. thoDA divasenA yuddha pachI briTizoe e baLavAne kacarI nAkhyo ane e TUMkA baLavAmAM bhAga levA mATe lazkarI adAlatamAM kesa calAvIne AyarlenDanA bahAdura tathA sArAmAM sArA yuvAnone goLIthI vIMdhI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. A baLavAne - ene "IsTarane baLavo" kahevAmAM Ave che - bhAgye ja briTizene gaMbhIra paDakArarUpa kahI zakAya. e te, AyarlenDa hajI paNa prajAsattAka mATenuM svapna seve che tathA briTizenA Adhipatyane te svecchAthI vaza thavAne taiyAra nathI e vastu duniyA samakSa , jAhera karavA mATenuM eka vIratAbharyuM pagaluM hatuM. e vastu duniyA samakSa jAhera karavAne mATe e baLavA pAchaLanA bahAdura yuvAnoe irAdApUrvaka pitAnI jAtanuM balidAna ApyuM. emAM pite niSphaLa nIvaDavAnA che e teo sArI peThe jANatA hatA paraMtu temane vizvAsa hatuM ke pAchaLathI pitAnuM balidAna phaLadAyI nIvaDaze ane svataMtratAne te vadhu najIka lAvaze. A baLavAnA arasAmAM eka AyarlenDavAsIne jarmanIthI AyarlenDa hathiyAra lAvate briTizoe pakaDyo hate. A puruSanuM nAma sara jara kesamenTa hatuM ane te lAMbA vakhatathI briTiza elacIkhAtAmAM nokarI karatA hate. kesamenTa upara laMDanamAM kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM ane tene matanI zikSA pharamAvavAmAM AvI. kedInA pAMjarAmAM UbhA rahIne teNe adAlata samakSa pitAnuM nivedana vAMcyuM. e nivedana atizaya hRdayasparzI ane bhAvanApUrNa hatuM ane temAM Ayariza AtmAnI javalaMta dezabhaktinuM ApaNane darzana thAya che. e baLavo te niSphaLa nIvaDyo paNa enI niSphaLatAmAM ja teno vijaya chupAyeluM hatuM. e pachI briTizoe calAvelA damane ane khAsa karIne temanA keTalAye juvAna netAone goLIthI vIMdhI nAkhavAmAM AvyA e vastuo Ayariza lokonA mAnasa upara bhAre asara karI. upara uparathI te AyarlenDa zAMta dekhAtuM hatuM paraMtu e uparanI zAMti nIce krodhane agni bhabhUkI rahyo hatuM ane sIna-phIna caLavaLanA rUpamAM te pragaTa thayA. sIna-phIna vicAre atizaya jhaDapathI phelAyA. AyarlenDa uparanA mArA chellA patramAM sIna-phIna viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM. zarUAtamAM tene bahu ochI saphaLatA maLI hatI paraMtu have te dAvAnaLanI peThe sarvatra prasarI gaI mahAyuddha pUruM thayA pachI briTiza TApuomAM sarvatra laMDananI pArlAmenTa mATenI cUMTaNI thaI. AyarlenDamAM e cUMTaNImAM sIna-phIna AgevAnoe -20

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1094 jagatanA itihAsanuM' rekhAdarzIna moTA bhAganI mehaMkA ane karI. briTiza sAthe amuka pramANamAM sahakAra karavAnA matanA rASTravAdI sabhyAne badale e cUMTaNImAM mATe bhAge sIna-phIna AgevAnA cUMTAyA. paraMtu sIna-phIna AgevAne briTiza pAmenTamAM hAjarI ApavAne khAtara nahAtA cUMTAyA. temanI nIti bilakula bhinna hatI. teo te| asahakAra ane bAyakoTa yA bahiSkAranI nItimAM mAnatA hatA. Ama A cUMTAyelA sIna-phInavAdI laMDananI pAMmenTathI dUra rahyA ane 1919nI sAlamAM DablinamAM temaNe temanI potAnI prajAsattAka dhArAsabhA sthApI. temaNe AyarlaeNnDanuM prajAsattAka jAhera karyuM ane potAnI dhArAsabhAne - Deila AyarIna ' nAma ApyuM. ene alsTara sahita samagra AyarlaeNnDanI dhArAsabhA gaNavAmAM AvI hatI paraMtu alsTaravAsIo svAbhAvika rIte ja tenAthI aLagA rahyA. kaeNthalika AyarlaeNnDa mATe temane jarA sarakhA paNa prema nahotA. DeIla AyarIne DI velerAne potAnA pramukha ane grithine upa-pramukha cUMTI kADhyA. e vakhate navA prajAsattAkanA e baMne vaDA briTananI turaMgamAM hatA. tyAra pachI eka apUrva laData zarU thaI. e ajoDa laData hatI ane AyarlaeNnDa tathA iMgleMDa vaccenI pahelAMnI aneka laDatA karatAM e sAva judA ja prakAranI hatI. jemanI pAchaLa temanI prajAnI sahAnubhUti hatI evAM mUThThIbhara strIpuruSo aparaMpAra muzkelInI paravA karyA vinA lakyAM; eka mahAna ane sa MgaThita sAmrAjya temanI sAme hatuM. sIna-phIna laData e eka prakAranA hiMsaka asahakAra hatA. temaNe briTiza saMsthAnA bahiSkAra pokAryAM ane zakya hAya tyAM potAnI saMsthA sthApI. jema / kAyadAnI sAmAnya adAlatAne ThekANe temaNe potAnI lavAdI adAlato sthApI. grAmavistAromAM polIsa thANAM sAme temaNe gerIlAyuddha calAvyuM, tura MgAmAM bhUkhamarA upara jaI te sIna-phIna kedIoe briTiza sarakArane bhAre takalIphamAM utArI. kaoNkanA meyara Terensa maeNkasvinInI bhUkhamarAnI haDatAla sauthI vadhAre mazakrUra hatI. eNe AyarlaeNnDamAM khaLabhaLATa macAvI mUkayo. ene jelamAM pUravAmAM AvyA tyAre teNe jAhera karyuM ke, pote jIvato ke marelA bahAra Avaze, ane teNe khArAka tajI dIdhA. paMcotera divasanA upavAsa pachI tenA mRta dehane jelanI bahAra kADhavAmAM Avye. mAIkala kAlInsa e A sIna-phIna maLavAno eka vadhAre AgaLa paDatA netA hatA. sIna-phInanI yuddha-nItithI AyarlaeNnDamAMnI briTiza sarakAra ghaNuM aMze sthagita thaI gaI ane grAmavibhAgAmAM te enuM nAmanizAna paNa maLavuM muzkela hatuM. dhIme dhIme ubhaya pakSe hiMsA vadhI gaI ane vera levAnA banAve vAraMvAra banavA lAgyA. AyarlaeNnDamAM nAkarI karavA mATe khAsa sainikadaLanI

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prajAsattAka mATe AyarlaeNnDanI laData 1095 bharatI karavAmAM AvI. e daLanA sainikAne bhAre pagAra ApavAmAM AvatA hatA. e daLamAM tAjetaramAM yuddhanA sainyamAMthI chUTA karavAmAM AvelA ekAma ane khUnI le| dAkhala thayA hatA. tenA gaNavezanA raMga uparathI e daLa ' blaeNka anDa TaeNna 'nA nomathI oLakhAyuM. ApaNe ene kALI DagalIvALA kahI zakIe. A kALI DagalIvALAe sIna-phInavAdIonAM niSThurapaNe khUna karIne temane vaza karavAnI AzAthI temaNe khunAmarakInI pravRtti AdarI. dhaNI vAra to temaNe lokeAne bichAnAmAM sUtelA ja mArI nAkhyA. paraMtu sIna-phrInavAdIoe vaza thavAno inkAra karyAM ane potAnuM gerIlA yuddha cAlu rAkhyuM. ethI te kALA DagalIvALAe vaLI vadhAre bhISaNa rMjADa karavA lAgyA; AkhAM gAmanAM gAma ane zaheranA moTA bhAge temaNe bALI mUkyA. AyarlaeNnDa eka vizALa raNakSetra khanI gayuM ane hiMsA tathA saMhAra karavAmAM baMne pakSA eka khIjAne TapI javAnA prayAsa karavA lAgyA. eka pakSanI pAchaLa eka sAmrajyanuM saMgaThita khaLa hatuM, khIjA pakSanI pAchaLa mUThIbhara mANasAnA bhISma saMkalpa hatA. 1919nI sAlathI 1921nA okaTobara sudhI eTale ke e varasa sudhI iMglaMDa ane AyarlaeNnDa vaccenuM A yuddha cAlyuM. daramyAna 1920nI sAlamAM briTiza pAmenTe utAvaLathI navuM hAma phala khila pasAra karyuM. jeNe alsTaramAM baLavA phATI nIkaLavAnI sthiti pedA karI hatI te mahAyuddha pahelAM pasAra karavAmAM AvelA kAyado cUpacApa cheDI devAmAM Avyo. navA kAyadAmAM AyarlaeNnDane be bhAgamAM vaheMcI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM : alsTara athavA uttara AyarlaeNnDa ane dezane bAkInA bhAga. vaLI e kAyadAmAM e pAmenTa athavA dhArAsabhAo mATenI jogavAI karavAmAM AvI hatI. AyarlaeNnDa eka nAnakaDA deza che ane tenA bhAgalA pADavAthI eka nAnA TApu e bahu ja nAnA hissAomAM vaheMcAI gayA. uttara AyarlaeNnDa mATe alsTaramAM navI pAmenTa sthApavAmAM AvI paraMtu dakSiNamAM eTale ke bAkInA AyarlaeNnDamAM e hAma rUlanA kAyadA tarapha kAI e najara sarakhI paNa na karI. tyAM te sau sIna-phIna baLavAmAM gUMthAyelA hatA. 1921nA AkaTobara mAsamAM briTananA vaDA pradhAna laoNIDa jyorja samAdhAnanI vAto karavA mATe sIna-phrIna AgevAnone yuddhavirAma mATe apIla karI. emAM te saMmata thayA. pAtAnI akhUTa sAdhanasAmagrIthI AkhA dezane verAna raNamAM pheravI nAkhIne iMgleMDa AyarlaeNnDanA sIna-phInavAdIone Akhare kacarI nAkhI zakyuM heta emAM lavaleza zaMkA nathI. paraMtu AyarlaeNnDa pratyenI tenI nItie amerikA tathA khIjA dezomAM tene akAruM banAvI mUkyuM hatuM. amerikAmAM vasatA Aza lekA taraphathI tema ja briTiza saMsthAnA taraphathI paNa laData

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1093 jagatanA itihAsanuM. rekhAdarzana cAlu rAkhavAne mATe AyarlaeNnDamAM nANAMne dhodha vahevA lAgyA. vaLI sInaphInavAdI paNa have thAkyA hatA; temanA uparanA mejo bahu bhAre hato. briTiza ane Ayariza pratinidhie laMDanamAM maLyA. ane e mahinAnA vAdavivAda ane carcA pachI samAdhAnInA kAmacalAu kharaDA upara 1921nA Disembara mAsamAM sahIo thaI. eNe Ayariza prajAsattAkane teA mAnya na rAkhyuM paraMtu eka yA e khAkhatA sivAya briTananAM khIjA saMsthAnAne te vakhate hatI tenA karatAM AyarlaeNnDane vadhAre svataMtratA ApI. Ama chatAM paNa, Ayariza pratinidhi e samAdhAna svIkAravA rAjI nahAtA. iMglaMDe temane tAtkAlika ane bhISaNa yuddhanI dhamakI ApI tyAre ja temaNe e samAdhAna mAnya rAkhyuM. A saMdhinA prazna upara AyarlaeNnDamAM bhAre gajagrAha pedA thayA. keTalAka sadhinI tarapheNamAM hatA ane bIjA keTalAka tenA kaTTara viredhI hatA. A prazna upara sIna-phIna pakSamAM be bhAgalA paDayA. Deila Arite Akhare e saMdhinA svIkAra karyAM ane Ayariza *ii sTeTa (AyarlaeN nDanA svata Mtra rAjya)nI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. AyarlenDamAM enuM sattAvAra nAma sArasTeTa Ayarana ' eTale ke ' AyarlaeNnDanuM rAjya ' che, paraMtu ene pariNAme sIna-prIna pakSanA jUnA sAthI vacce ApasamAM AMtaravigraha phATI nIkaLyo. DeIla AyarinanA pramukha DI . velerA tathA khIjA keTalAka iMgleMDa sAthenI saMdhinI viruddha hatA; grithi ane mAikala kAlInsa tema ja bIjA keTalAka tenI tarapheNamAM hatA. mahinA sudhI dezamAM AMtarayuddha cAlyuM ane je saMdhi tema ja krI sTeTanI tarapheNamAM hatA temane briTiza lazkare bIjAone dabAvI devAnA kAryamAM madada karI. prajAsattAkavAdIoe mAikala kAlInsane gALIthI hAra karyAM. e ja rIte phrI sTeTanA pakSakAroe NAye prajAsattAkavAdI AgevAneAne dvAra karyAM. jelA prajAsattAkavAdIothI UbharAI gaI. A AMtarayuddha tathA ApasamAM ekakhIjA pratye sAmasAmeA dveSa e svataMtratA mATenI AyarlaeNnDanI laDatane eka karuNu gA hatA. jyAM temanAM zastra vikaLa nIvaDayAM hatAM tyAM aMgrejonI kuTila nIti vijayI nIvaDI ane AyarlaeNnDavAsI khIjA AyarlaeNnDavAsInI sAme laDavA lAgyA. iMgleMDa to cUpacApa eka pakSane amuka aMze madada kaye jatuM hatuM ane A navA phUTelA phaNagAthI saMtuSTa thaIne nizcitapaNe e khela dUrathI joyA karatuM hatuM. dhIme dhIme AMtarayuddha te marI paravAryuM paraMtu prajAsattAkavAdI phrI sTeTanA svIkAra karatA nahAtA. je prajAsattAkavAdIe DelanA ( AyarlaeNnDanI dhArAsabhA ) sabhyo cUMTAyA hatA temaNe tenI beThakamAM hAjarI ApavAno inkAra karyAM kema ke jemAM rAjAnA nAmanA ullekha hoya evA vaphAdArInA sagada levA sAme temaNe vAMdho uThAvyA. DI velerA tathA tenA pakSa DeilathI aLagA rahyA .

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prajAsattAka mATe AyalenDanI laData 1997 ane phrI sTeTa pakSe koMgrevanI AgevAnI nIce prajAsattAkavAdIone aneka rIte kacarI nAkhavAno prayatna karyo. kaMsageva kI sTeTanA pramukha thaye hate. Ayariza phI sTeTanI sthApanAne kAraNe briTananI sAmrAjyanItimAM dUragAmI pariNAme AvyAM. briTananAM bIjAM saMsthAne kAyadAnI dRSTie jeTalAM svataMtra hatAM tenA karatAM uparokta saMdhithI AyarlenDane vadhu pramANamAM svataMtratA maLI hatI, AyarlenDane e svataMtratA maLI ke tarata ja bIjAM saMsthAne e paNa te ApoApa laI lIdhI ane DumIniyana sTeTasa athavA sAMsthAnika darajajAnA khyAlamAM pheraphAra thavA pAme. IgleMDa ane saMsthAne vacce thayelI keTalIka sAmrAjya pariSada pachI saMsthAnonI vadhu svataMtratAnI dizAmAM vadhu pheraphAra thavA pAmyA. AyarlenDa te prajAsattAka mATenI potAnI prabaLa caLavaLa dvArA pUrNa svataMtratA tarapha ja hamezAM kheMcatuM hatuM. bera lekenI vadhumatIvALA dakSiNa AphrikAnuM valaNa paNa evuM ja hatuM. A rIte saMsthAnA darajjAmAM uttarottara pheraphAra thato gayo ane dinapratidina te sudharate gayo.Akhare briTiza komanaveltha oNpha nezansa eTale ke briTiza rASTrasaMdhamAM IMgleMDanAM kauTuMbika rASTra tarIke temanI gaNanA thavA lAgI. sAMbhaLavAmAM te e bahu majAnuM lAge che ane samAna rAjakIya darajajAnI dizAmAM uttarottara thatI pragati e darzAve che emAM zaMkA nathI. paraMtu e samAnatA vAstavika karatAM saiddhAMtika vadhAre che. Arthika dRSTie saMsthAne briTana tathA briTiza mUDI sAthe saMkaLAyelAM che ane temanA upara Arthika dabANa lAvavAnI aneka rIte che. vaLI sAthe sAthe saMsthAne jema jema vikAsa thato game tema tema temanAM Arthika hita iMglaMDanAM hita sAthe vadhu ne vadhu athaDAmaNamAM AvatAM gayAM. A rIte sAmrAjya dhIme dhIme nabaLuM paDatuM gayuM. sAmrAjya bhAgI paDavAno bhaya jhajhUmI rahyo hato eTale iMglaDe pitAnAM baMdhane DhIlAM karavAnuM tathA saMsthAnI rAjakIya samAnatA svIkAravAnuM kabUla karyuM, paraMtu DahApaNupUrvaka vakhatasara ATaluM cheDI daIne IMglaDe ghaNuM sAcavI lIdhuM. paraMtu e lAMbe vakhata Take ema nahotuM. saMsthAne igleMDathI judAM pADanArAM baLo hajI kArya karI rahyAM hatAM; mukhyatve karIne e Arthika baLa hatAM. ane A baLe niraMtara sAmrAjyane nabaLuM pADI rahyAM che. Ane lIdhe tathA IgleMDanI thayelI niHzaMka paDatIne kAraNe briTiza sAmrAjya karamAvA athavA kSINa thavA viSe meM tane lakhyuM hatuM. temanI vacce paraMparAonI, saMskRtinI ane jAtinI ekatA hovA chatAM paNa je lAMbA vakhata mATe igleMDa sAthe baMdhAI rahevAnuM saMsthAne mATe muzkela hoya te pachI hiMdane mATe te tenI sAthe baMdhAI rahevuM e keTaluM badhuM muzkela haze, kema ke hiMda tema ja iMglaMDanAM hite paraspara virodhI che ane bemAMthI ekane bIjAne namatuM Ape ja chUTake. Ama svataMtra hiMda

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e jAtane saMbaMdha rAkhe e bilakula saMbhava nathI kema ke ene pariNAme te hiMdane pitAnI Arthika nIti briTanane AdhIna rAkhavAnuM thAya. Ama, briTiza rASTrasaMgha eTale ke svAdhIna saMsthAne e svataMtra rAjakIya ghaTake che. emAM garIba bicArA hiMdano samAveza thato nathI. paraMtu A badhAye ghaTake hajI paNa briTananA Arthika sAmrAjya nIce che. Ayariza saMdhithI amuka aMze briTiza mUDInuM A prakAranuM zoSaNa cAlu rahetuM hatuM ane prajAsattAka mATenI caLavaLa pAchaLanuM sAcuM kAraNa e hatuM. DI velerA tathA bIjA prajAsattAkavAdIo garIba kheDUte, nIcalA tharane madhyamavarga tathA garIba buddhijIvIonA pratinidhi hatA. koMgreva tathA phrI sTeTa pakSanA leke zrImaMta madhyamavarga tathA vadhAre sArI sthitinA kheDUtonA pratinidhi hatA. IgleMDa sAthenA vepAramAM A baMne varganuM hita raheluM hatuM ane briTiza mUDInuM hita e vargomAM raheluM hatuM. thoDA vakhata pachI DI velerAe pitAno vyaha badalavAnuM nakkI karyuM. te tenA pakSanA sabhyo sAthe DeIla AyarinamAM dAkhala thayo ane teNe vaphAdArInA segaMda lIdho. paraMtu te ja vakhate teNe jAhera karyuM ke mAtra vidhine khAtara ja teNe tathA tenA pakSanA sabhyoe e segaMda lIdhA che ane DeIlamAM temanI vadhumatI thAya ke tarata ja teo e sogaMdavidhi rada karaze. 1932nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM thayelI bIjI cUMTaNI vakhate phI sTeTanI pArlAmenTamAM eTale ke DeIlamAM DI velerAnI vadhumatI thaI ane tarata ja teNe potAnA kAryakramane amala karavAno AraMbha karI dIdhe. prajAsattAka mATenI laData te hajI cAlu ja rahevAnI hatI, paraMtu e laDavAnI rIta have judI hatI. DI velerAe vaphAdArInA segaMda rada karavAnI darakhAsta rajU karI tathA briTiza sarakArane paNa teNe jaNAvI dIdhuM ke have pachI te jamInane aMge apAtI vArSika rakama yA varSAsana (lainDa ejyuITI) tene ApanAra nathI. mane lAge che ke AyaleMDe IgleMDane bharavAnI A vArSika rakama athavA varSAsana zuM che te viSe huM tane AgaLa lakhI cUkyo chuM. AyarlenDamAM moTA moTA jamInadAro pAsethI jamIna laI levAmAM AvI tyAre ene mATe temane sArI peThe vaLatara ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. pachI je kheDUtoe e jamIna lIdhI hatI temanI pAsethI ene mATe dara varase nANAM vasUla karavAmAM AvatAM. A prakriyA eka peDhI karatAMye vadhAre samaya sudhI cAlyAM karI hatI ane chatAM hajIye tene aMta Avyo. nahe. DI velerAe have pachI varSAsananI e rakama ApavAnI sApha nA pADI. IgleMDamAM tarata ja enI sAme bhAre pikAra UThayo ane briTiza sarakAra sAthe jhaghaDo UbhuM thayuM. teNe pahele vadhe e uThAvyo ke DI velerAe vaphAdArIne sogaMda rada karyo tethI 1921nI Ayariza saMdhine bhaMga thaye che.

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prajAsattAka mATe AyalaeNnDanI laData 1099 DI.velerAe jaNAvyuM ke saMsthAne ne gaNavAmAM Ave che tema je AyarlenDa ane IMglaDa kauTuMbika rASTro hoya ane darekane pitAnuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa badalavAne adhikAra hoya te AyarlenDa segaMda badalI zake athavA te pitAnA rAjyabaMdhAraNamAMthI te rada paNa karI zake e dekhItuM che. 1921nI saMdhine prazna A vakhate UThato nathI, kema ke AyarlenDane ema karavAno hakka na hoya te te eTalA pramANamAM iMglaMDane AdhIna che ema gaNAya. briTiza sarakAre varSAsananI rakama baMdha karavA sAme ethIye vadhAre jorathI virodha uThAvyo. teNe jaNAyuM ke, A te karAra pramANenuM RNa adA karavAnI javAbadArIne haDahaDato bhaMga che. DI velerAe ene paNa inkAra karyo. e viSe kAyadAnI dRSTie aneka dalIla karavAmAM AvI paraMtu enI mAthApheDamAM ApaNe UtaravA nathI mAgatAM. varSAsana bharavAno samaya Avyo ane te ne bharavAmAM AvyuM eTale IMglaDe AyarlenDa sAme navA prakAranI laDAI zarU karI. A Arthika laDAI hatI. IMgleMDamAM AvatA AyarlenDanA mAla upara bhAre jakAta nAkhavAmAM AvI. tyAM Ayariza kheDUtane mAla AvatuM hatuM eTale tenA mAla upara bhAre jakAta nAkhI tene khuvAra karIne e rIte Ayariza sarakArane samAdhAnI upara AvavAnI pharaja pADavAno prayAsa karavAmAM AvyuM. tenI hamezanI rIta pramANe sAmA pakSane pharaja pADavA mATe teNe pitAnI bhAre lAThIno upayoga karavA mAMDyo. paraMtu evI rIte have pahelAnA jeTalI upayogI nathI rahI. AyarlenDamAM AvatA briTiza mAla upara jakAta nAkhIne Ayariza sarakAre ene badale vALe. A Arthika yuddha baMne pakSanA kheDUte tathA udyogane bhAre nukasAna pahoMcADayuM. paraMtu ghavAyelI rASTrIya bhAvanA tathA pratiSThA namatuM ApavAnA mArgamAM baMne pakSane aMtarAyarUpa nIvaDI. 1933 nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM AyarlenDamAM pharIthI cUMTaNI thaI ane temAM DI velerAne pahelAM karatAMye vadhAre saphaLatA maLI. AgaLanI cUMTaNI karatAM paNa A vakhate tene vadhAre bahumatI maLI. briTiza sarakArane mATe e atizaya kaDavA ghUMTaDA samAna thaI paDayuM. A uparathI e spaSTa thayuM ke Arthika damananI briTananI nItine saphaLatA maLI nahi. ane tAjubInI vAta te e che ke, pitAnuM devuM na patAvavA mATe Ayariza lekanI duSTatAnI briTiza sarakAra duniyA AgaLa dAMDI pITI rahI hatI te ja vakhate te pote paNa amerikAnuM tenuM devuM ApavA mAgatI nahotI. Ama DI velerA Aje te Ayariza sarakArane paDe che ane eka eka kadama AgaLa vadhIne te potAnA dezane prajAsattAkanA dhyeya tarapha dorI rahyo che. vaphAdArIne segaMda te kayArane rada thaI gayA che ane varSAsananI rakama

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1100 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bharavAnuM paNa chevaTanuM baMdha karI devAmAM AvyuM che. pahelAne gavarnara janarala paNa game che ane tenI jagyAe DI velerAe pitAnA pakSanA eka mANasane e hodA upara nImyo che. e heddAnuM Aje kazuMye mahattva rahyuM nathI. prajAsattAkanI laData te hajI cAlu ja che paraMtu have tenI rIte badalAI gaI che. teNe Aje Arthika yuddhanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM che. * thoDA ja vakhatamAM AyarlenDa prajAsattAka banI jaze evo saMbhava che. paraMtu tenA e mArgamAM eka moTuM viM paDeluM che. DI velerA tathA tene pakSa asTara sahita samagra AyarlenDanuM eka prajAsattAka, eTale ke AkhAye TApu mATenI eka ja madhyastha sarakAra mAge che. AyarlenDa eTaluM nAnuM che ke tene be bhAgamAM vaheMcI nAkhavuM pAlave ema nathI. asTarane bAkInA AyarlenDa sAthe kevI rIte joDI devuM e DI velerA sAmene mahAprazna che. baLa vAparIne te e kArya pAra pADI zakAya ema nathI. 1914nI sAlamAM briTiza sarakAre karele e prayAsa lagabhaga baLavo thavAnI paristhitimAM pariName hato. eTale phrI sTeTa alsara upara baLajabarI vAparIne AyarlenDanI ekatA nahi sAdhI zake, ema karavAne tene IrAdo paNa nathI. alTaranI maitrI prApta karIne AyarlenDanuM A aikya sAdhI zakavAnI AzA DI velerA seve che. tene A AzAvAda vadhAre paDate che kema ke kaeNthalika AyarlenDa pratyene proTesTaMTa alTarane tIvra avizvAsa hajI je ne te kAyama che. noMdha (1938): A be dezo vaccenuM Arthika yuddha cheDA varaso sudhI cAlyA pachI be sarakAre vacce samAdhAna thavAne pariNAme e yuddhane aMta Avyo. e samAdhAna kI sTeTane mATe ghaNuM ja phAyadAkAraka hatuM. emAM varSAsana tema ja bIjI Arthika javAbadArInA praznane nikAla karavAmAM Avyo. DI velerAe prajAsattAkanI dizAmAM AgaLa pagalAM bharyA che ane briTiza sarakAra tathA tAja sAthenI ghaNI kaDIo teNe teDI nAkhI che. have AyarlenDanuM nAma Ayara rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. Ayara samakSa sauthI vadhAre mahattvane prazna alsara sahita samagra AyarlenDanI ekatA sAdhavAne che. paraMtu alTara hajIye ema karavAne nArAja che.

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158. bhasmamAMthI navA-tukIne udaya 7 me, 1933 mArA chellA patramAM prajAsattAka mATenI AyarlenDanI vIratAbharI laData viSe meM tane vAta karI hatI. AyarlenDa ane turthI vace kaze khAsa saMbaMdha nathI paraMtu Aje navuM turkI mArA manamAM ramI rahyuM che eTale Aje huM tene viSe lakhavA dhAruM chuM. AyarlenDanI peThe turkIe paNa bhAre muzkelIonI paravA karyA vinA ApaNane Azcaryacakita karI mUke e sAmane karyo. mahAyuddhane pariNAme traNa sAmrAjya - raziyA, jarmanI, osTriyA - lupta thatAM ApaNe joI gayAM. ene pariNAme turkImAM cothA mahAna sAmrAjyane - usmAnI sAmrAjyane asta pAmatuM ApaNe joIe chIe. usmAna ane tenA vArasoe 600 varasa pUrve e sAmrAjya sthApIne tenI khilavaNI karI hatI. e rIte turkIne usmAnI rAjavaMza raziyAnA menephanA ane praziyA tathA jarmanInA hehenolana vaMza karatAM ghaNo purANa hate. usmAnanA vaMzaje 13mI sadInA AraMbhanA hasabargavaMzIonA samakAlIna hatA ane e baMne purANa rAjavaMzane aMta paNa eka sAthe ja AvyuM. mahAyuddhamAM turkI jarmanI karatAM thoDA divasa AgaLa jamInadosta thaI - gayuM ane teNe mitrarAjA sAthe alaga tahakUbI karI. deza khedAnamedAna thaI gayo hate, sAmrAjya hatuM nahotuM thaI gayuM hatuM ane sarakArI taMtra paDI bhAgyuM hatuM. IrAka tathA bIjA Araba dezo tenAthI chUTA paDI gayA hatA ane teo moTe bhAge mitrarAjyanI hakUmata nIce hatA. khuda konsTonTinopala paNa mitrarAnA kabajA nIce hatuM ane tenI sAme ja baeNspharasanI sAmudradhUnImAM briTananAM yuddhajahAjo vijayI sattAnA garvanAM cihnonI peThe laMgara nAkhIne paDyAM hatAM. briTiza phreMca tathA ITAliyana sainya sarvatra najare paDatAM hatAM ane briTiza chUpI polIsanA jAsUsee cetarapha pitAnI jALa pAtharI dIdhI hatI. turthInA killAone toDI pADavAnuM zarU karavAmAM AvyuM tathA tuka senA bAkI rahelA avazeSo pAsethI za laI levAmAM AvyAM. anavara pAzA tathA talAata bega vagere taruNa tuka pakSanA AgevAne tathA bIjA keTalAka paradezamAM bhAgI gayA. sulatAnanI gAdI upara pUtaLA samAna khalIpha vahIduddIna hatuM. potAnA dezanI game te dazA thAya paNa e vinAzamAMthI te pitAnI jAtane ugArI levA cahAte hate. briTiza sarakArane anukULa Ave evA bIjA eka pUtaLA samAna mANasane vacharaAjama athavA vaDA pradhAna banAvavAmAM AvyuM. tu pArlamenTane barakhAsta karavAmAM AvI.

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1102 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana 1918nI sAlanA aMta ane 1919nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM turkInI AvI dazA hatI. te thAkIne lothapotha thaI gayA hatA ane temane jusse sAva narama paDI gayo hato. temane kevAM bhayaMkara kaSTo sahevAM paDyAM te yAda kara. mahAyuddhanAM cAra varasa pahelAM bAlkana vigraha thaye hatuM ane tenI pahelAM ITAlI sAthe yuddha thayuM hatuM. A badhI ghaTanAo sulatAna abdula hamIdane dUra karanAra ane pArlamenTanI sthApanA karanAra taruNa turkonI krAMti pachI eka pachI eka uparAchAparI banavA pAmI. turkoe hamezAM gajaba sahanazakti batAvI che paraMtu lagabhaga ATha varasanA satata yuddha temane haMphAvI dIdhA. ATalA lAMbA yuddha bIjI koI paNa prajAne haMphAvI dIdhI hata. AthI sAva hatAza thaIne temaNe pitAnI jAtane durdevane Azare cheDI dIdhI ane teo mitrarAjyanA nirNayanI rAha jovA lAgyA. lagabhaga be varasa pUrve, mahAyuddha daramyAna, eka gupta karAra karIne mitrarAe smana tathA eziyAmAinarane pazcima bhAga iTAlIne ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM hatuM. e pahelAM, konsTonTinopala, kAgaLa upara, raziyAne bheTa ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane Araba dezone mitrarA vacce vaheMcI nAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. eziyAmAinara iTAlIne ApI devA aMgenA gupta karAramAM raziyAnI saMmatinI jarUra hatI. paraMtu ITAlInA durbhAgye, e karavAmAM Ave te pahelAM ja zevikoe sattA hAtha karI. eTale e karAra maMjUra na thaI zakyo. AthI ITAlI mitrarA upara atizaya roSe bharAyuM. turkInI A sthiti hatI. sulatAnathI mAMDIne chellAmAM chellA turka sudhI sau parAsta thaI gayelA jaNutA hatA. Akhare, "yurepane bImAra puruSa' maraNuM pAmyuM hatuM athavA kaho te maraNa pAme che ema lAgatuM hatuM. paraMtu tyAM AgaLa mUThIbhara tuke evA hatA jeo sAmane kare game teTale vyartha jaNAta hoya teye deva ke saMjoge AgaLa namavAno inkAra karatA hatA. cheDe vakhata te temaNe guptatA ane cUpakIdIthI kArya karyuM ane mitrarAjyanA sIdhA kAbU nIcenA bhaMDAramAMthI hathiyAre tathA bIjI sAmagrI ekaThI karIne kALA samudra mAraphate te eneliyAnA (eziyAmAInara) aMdaranA bhAgamAM mekalI dIdhI. mustaphA kamAla pAzA A gupta kAryakaromAM mukhya hatuM. mArA AgaLanA patromAM enA nAmane ullekha huM karI cUkyo chuM. aMgrejone mustaphA kamAla pAzA dIThe gamatuM nahotuM. enA tarapha teo zakanI najare jatA hatA tathA enI dharapakaDa karavA mAgatA hatA. aMgrejonI eDI nIce AvelA sulatAnane paNa te apriya hate. paraMtu teNe dhAryuM ke tene dezanA cheka aMdaranA bhAgamAM dhakelI de e salAmatIbharyuM che. AthI tene pUrva eneliyAnA sainyane vaDo nirakSaka (inspekaTara janarala) banAvavAmAM

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bhasmamAMthI navA lukane udaya 1103 AvyuM. nirIkSaNa karavA jevuM sainya tyAM hatuM ja nahi; tenuM kharuM kAma te tarka sainiko pAsethI hathiyAro laI levAmAM mitra rAjyane madada karavAnuM mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. kamAlane mATe A Adarza taka hatI. teNe e jhaDapI lIdhI ane tarata ja pitAnA navA kAme vaLagavAne te UpaDI gayo. ane e . tarata ja UpaDI gaye, e paNa sAruM ja thayuM; kema ke tenA gayA pachI thoDA ja kalAkamAM sulatAne pitAne vicAra badalyA. kamAla upara vizvAsa mUkvAmAM raheluM jokhama te ekAeka pAmI gayo ane madharAte teNe tene aTakAvavA mATe aMgrejone kahevaDAvyuM. paraMtu eTalAmAM te pakSI UDI gayuM hatuM. kamAla pAzA tathA bIjA mUThIbhara turkoe eneliyAmAM rASTrIya sAmane saMgaThita karavAnI zarUAta karI. AraMbhamAM te temaNe cUpakIdI ane sAvacetIthI kArya karavA mAMDayuM ane tyAM mUkavAmAM AvelA lazkarI amaladArone temaNe potAnA pakSamAM levAno prayAsa karavA mAMDyo. upara uparathI te teo sulatAnanA mANase hoya evI rIte kArya karatA hatA paraMtu kensAnTinopalathI AvatA hukama tarapha teo bilakula lakSa ApatA nahi. te vakhate banatA banAe temane madada karI. kekesasanA pradezamAM aMgrejoe ArmIniyAnuM prajAsattAka UbhuM karyuM ane turkInA pUrva taraphanA prAMta temAM joDI devAnuM temaNe vacana ApyuM. (ArmIniyAnuM prajAsattAka Aje te seviyeTanA saMyukta rAjyano eka bhAga che.) AmIniyAnA leke tathA tuka leke vacce kaTTara vera hatuM ane bhUtakALamAM aneka vAra temaNe ekabIjAnI tala karI hatI. turke sattAdhArI hatA tyAM sudhI, khAsa karIne abdula hamIdanA amala daramyAna A khUnarejInI ramatamAM hamezAM turko ja jItatA hatA. have turkone Armeniyana lokonA amala nIce mukAvuM e pitAnuM nikaMdana vaherI levA jevuM hatuM. eTale enA karatAM te temaNe laDI levAnuM pasaMda karyuM. AthI eneliyAnA pUrvanA prAMtanA turko kamAla pAzAnI hAkala sAMbhaLavAne taiyAra ja hatA. daramyAna bIje eka vadhAre mahattvane banAva banyo ane teNe turkone uzkerI mUkyA. 1919nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM kAMsa tathA iMgleMDa sAthe thayelA temanA gupta karArane eziyAmAinaramAM pitAnuM sainya utArIne amala karavAno iTAliyanoe prayAsa karyo, kema ke e karArane amala hajI sudhI thaI zakyuM nahotuM. A vastu IgleMDa tathA kAMsane bilakula na rUcI; e vakhate teo ITAliyanane uttejana ApavA mAgatA nahotA. e bAbatamAM zuM karavuM e na sUjhavAthI ITAliyanane thApa ApavAnA AzayathI temaNe grIka lazkarane smanane kabaje levA dIdhe.

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1104 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana A rIte grIkane zAthI pasaMda karavAmAM AvyA? phreMca ane briTiza sainya yuddhathI thAkI gayAM hatAM ane temanuM mAnasa baLavAkhora thaI gayuM hatuM. e sainike lazkaramAMthI vikherAI jaIne jema bane tema jaladI pitapotAne ghera pahoMcI javA mAgatA hatA. grIka leke najIkamAM ja hatA ane eziyAmAinara tathA kAnTinopala khAlasA karIne e rIte teo purANuM bAIjhenTAIna sAmrAjya pharIthI sthApavAnA svapnAM sevI rahyA hatA. vAta ema hatI ke, be mahA zaktizALI grIke mitrarAjyanI masalatamAM bhAre lAgavaga dharAvanAra tathA te vakhatanA briTananA vaDA pradhAna leIDa jyajaMnA mitro hatA. temane eka grIsa vaDe, pradhAna venijhelasa hatA. bIjo sara besIla herapha nAmathI oLakhAte eka bhedI puruSa hatuM. tenuM mULa nAma besIliyasa jhakariyA hatuM. cheka 1877nI sAlamAM, tenI yuvAvasthAmAM te bAlkanamAMnI zastrasaraMjAma utpanna karanArI briTiza peDhIne ejanTa hatuM. mahAyuddha pUruM thayuM tyAre te yuropane athavA kadAca AkhI duniyAne sauthI tavaMgara puruSa hato ane moTA meTA rAjadvArI puruSo tathA sarakAre tenuM sanmAna karavAmAM gaurava letAM hatAM. tene meTA moTA iMgliza ane phreMca ilakAba ApavAmAM AvyA hatA; ghaNAM chApAMono te mAlika hatA ane paDadA pAchaLathI ghaNI sarakAre upara te pitAne bhAre prabhAva pADate hato. jAhera prajA ene viSe kazuM jANatI nahotI ane te prasiddhithI hamezAM dUra ja rahe. ghaNuM dezamAM pitAnA vatananI jema ja sukhacenathI rahenArA tathA bhinna bhinna lekazAhI dezanI sarakAre upara pitAne prabhAva pADanArA tathA amuka aMze temanuM niyaMtraNa karanArA Adhunika AMtararASTrIya zarAphemAMne kharekhara te eka namUnedAra AMtararASTrIya zarApha hate. evA lokazAhI dezamAM prajAne te lAge che ke te pite ja pitAnuM zAsana kare che paraMtu tenI pAchaLa AMtararASTrIya nANunuM aNuchatuM baLa kArya karI raheluM hoya che. jheheraoNpha ATale badhe dhanADhya kevI rIte bane? teNe ATaluM badhuM mahattva kevI rIte prApta karyuM? jAtajAtane zastrasaraMjAma vecavAne tene dhaMdhe hatuM ane e dhaMdhe naphAkAraka ho, paNa khAsa karIne bAlkanamAM te e vizeSe karIne naphAkAraka hatA. paraMtu ghaNA leke ema mAne che ke ghaNI nAnI vayathI te briTiza jAsUsI khAtAne sabhya hatA. e vastu ene vepAra tathA rAjakAraNamAM bhAre madadagAra thaI paDI ane uparAuparI thayelAM yuddhone kAraNe tene koDane naphe thaye. Ane kAraNe te e samayane eka mahAna bhedI puruSa thaI paDyo. te hajI jIve che ane haila (1933mAM) tenI uMmara 84 * varasanI haze. A aDhaLaka saMpattizALI ane bhedI puraSa tathA venijhelasa e baMnee maLIne eziyAmAinaramAM grIka sainya mekalavAnI bAbatamAM laIDa jyorjanI

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bhasmamAMthI navA mukIne udaya 1105 saMmati meLavI lIdhI. jheroke e kArya mATe nANAM pUrAM pADavAnuM mAthe lIdhuM. enuM e rokANuM phAyadAkAraka na nIvaDayuM, kema ke turko sAthenA temanA yuddhamAM grIkane dhIrelA daza karoDa DaoNlara teNe gumAvyA hatA ema kahevAya che. 1919nI sAlanA me mAsamAM grIka sa briTiza vahANomAM besIne briTiza, phreMca ane amerikana yuddhajahAjonA rakSaNa nIce eziyAmAinarane kinAre UtaryA. tarata ja e sainyae - mitrarAe tukane ApelI e bheTe - jabaradasta pAyA upara katala ane atyAcAra karavA mAMDyA. tyAM AgaLa trAsanuM evuM kAramuM sAmrAjya vartI rahyuM ke yuddhathI thAkelI duniyAnuM jaDa thaI gayeluM aMtaHkaraNa paNa tethI kamakamI UThayuM. khuda tu upara enI bhAre asara thavA pAmI ane mitrarAnI dhUMsarI nIce temanA upara zuM zuM vitavAnuM hatuM e badhuM turka leke pAmI gayA. ane potAnA jUnA duzmana ane tAbedAra grIka lokone hAthe katala thaI javuM tathA temanA taraphane A geravartAva sahana kare ! turkonA aMtaramAM krodhanI javALA bhabhUkI UThI ane rASTrIya caLavaLane vega maLe. ema kahevAya che ke, kamAla pAzA A caLavaLane netA hato e kharuM paNa vAstavamAM grIkee lIdhelA smarnanA kabajAne pariNAme e laData pedA thaI hatI. tyAM sudhI Dhacupacu sthitimAM rahelA ghaNu turka amaladAre have e caLavaLamAM joDAyA. ema karavAmAM sulatAnanI sattAne paDakAra karavApaNuM hatuM paraMtu tenI temaNe paravA na karI. kema ke sulatAne have kamAla pAzAnI dharapakaDa karavAno hukama karyo hate. 1919nA sapTembara mAsamAM cUMTAyelA pratinidhionI eka pariSada eneTeliyAmAM AvelA sivAsa AgaLa maLI. teNe A navI laData upara mahera mArI ane kamAla pAzAne pramukhapade eka kAryavAhaka samiti nImavAmAM AvI. e pariSade eka "rASTrIya karAra" paNa pasAra karyo. temAM mitrarA sAthe karavAnI suleha mATenI ochAmAM ochI zarate rajU karavAmAM AvI hatI. e zarata mujabanI suleha eTale ke pUrNa svataMtratAnA dhoraNe suleha evo artha thato hato. kaoNsmAnTinopalamAMnA sulatAna upara enI asara thavA pAmI ane te kaMIka bhaDakyo. teNe pArlamenTanI navI beThaka bolAvavAnuM vacana ApyuM ane cUMTaNI mATenA hukama kADhyA. e cUMTaNImAM sivAsa pariSadanA lekene bhAre bahumatI maLI. kamAla pAzAne kaoNsmAnTinopalanA loko upara vizvAsa na hatuM eTale navA cUMTAyelA dhArAsabhyone teNe tyAM na javAnI salAha ApI. paraMtu temaNe e salAha na mAnI ane raupha beganA netRtva nIce teo istaMbUla (have pachI huM konTrAnTinopalane istaMbUla ja kahIza.) gayA. temane tyAM javAnuM eka kAraNa e hatuM ke, je navI pArlamenTanI beThaka sulatAnane pramukhapade

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1101 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana IstaMbUlamAM maLe che teo tene mAnya rAkhaze evI mitrarAe jAherAta karI hatI. pite pArlamenTano sabhya cUMTAyA hate chatAMye kamAla pAzA tyAM na gaye. 1920nA jAnyuArI mAsamAM istaMbUlamAM navI pArlamenTanI beThaka maLI ane teNe sivAsa pariSade ghaDI kADhele "rASTrIya karAra" mAnya rAkhe. IstaMbUlamAMnA mitrarAjyanA pratinidhione A vastu bilakula na gamI. pArlamenTe karelI bIjI keTalIka vastuo paNa temane na rUcI. cha aThavADiyAM pachI temaNe misara tema ja bIjA bhAgamAM ajamAvI hatI tevI temanI hameza mujabanI kaThera rIta ajamAvavAno nirNaya karyo. briTiza senApati pitAnA sainya sAthe istaMbUla pahoMce, e zaherane teNe kabaje lIdhe, tyAM AgaLa lazkarI kAyade jAhera karyo tathA raupha bega sahita cALIza rASTravAdI dhArAsabhyonI dharapakaDa karI. ane temane mAlTAmAM hadapAra karyA! "rASTrIya karAra" mitrarAne maMjUra nathI, basa, kevaLa eTaluM darzAvavA khAtara ja aMgrejoe A sAva haLavI rIta ajamAvI hatI. vaLI tuka pAchuM atizaya khaLabhaLI UThayuM. sulatAna aMgrejonA hAthamAM pUtaLA samAna banI gayo che e vastu have spaSTa thaI gaIghaNuM tuka dhArAsabhya aMgerA chaTakI gayA ane pArlamenTanI beThaka tyAM AgaLa maLI. pArlamenTa pitAnuM nAma "tukanI rASTrIya dhArAsabhA" (grAnDa nezanala esenlI opha tukI) rAkhyuM. e dhArAsabhAe pitAne dezanI sarakAra tarIke jAhera karI ane jaNAvyuM ke, briTizaroe zaherane kabaje lIdhe te divasathI sulatAna tathA IstaMbUlanI sarakAra kArya karatI baMdha paDI gaI che. sulatAne enA badalAmAM kamAla pAzA tathA bIjAone baMDakhora jAhera karIne temane dharmabahAra mUkyA tathA temane motanI sajA pharamAvI. vaLI teNe evuM paNa jAhera karyuM ke kamAla pAzAnuM tema ja bIjAonuM khUna karanArAoe pavitra kArya karyuM gaNAze ane temane ahIM A duniyAmAM tema ja paralekamAM badale maLaze. yAda rAkhaje ke e sulatAna khalIpha eTale ke dharmane vaDe paNa hatuM ane khUna karavA mATenI tenI khullekhullI AjJA e ati bhayaMkara vastu hatI. kamAla pAzA sarakAre jene pIcho pakaDyo hate e baMDakhera ja nahotI paNa te dharmayyata thayele puruSa paNa hatuM ane koI paNa dharmAdha ke jhanUnI mANasa tenuM khUna karI zakatA hatA. sulatAne rASTravAdIone kacarI * nAkhavA mATe tenAthI banatuM badhuMye karyuM. teNe temanI sAme dharmayuddha athavA jehAda pikArI ane temanI sAme laDavA mATe teNe svayaMsevakanuM baneluM eka khalIphanuM sainya UbhuM karyuM. dhArmika padavI dharAvanArAone TheraThera baMDe uThAvavA mATe mekalavAmAM AvyA. ThekaThekANe baMDe thayAM ane thaDA samaya mATe te AkhA turkImAM AMtarayuddha bhabhUkI UThayuM. e ati kAramuM yuddha hatuM.

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che . to bhasmamAMthI navA mukIne udaya dara 1107 emAM eka zahera bIjA zahera sAme ane bhAI bhAI sAme laData hatA ane ubhaya pakSe nirdaya krUratA dAkhavI. daramyAna smananA grIke jANe AkhA dezanA svAmI banI gayA hoya tema vartatA hatA ane teo atizaya jaMgalI svAmIo hatA. phaLadrupa pradezane temaNe ujajaDa karI mUkyA ane gharabAra vinAnA thayelA hajAre tukane temaNe tyAMthI hAMkI kADhyA. A rIte teo AgaLa vadhatA gayA kema ke tuke temano jarAye asarakAraka sAmane karI zakyA nahi. - rASTravAdIone jevItevI paristhitino sAmano karavAne nahote. dezamAM dharmanI maMjUrIthI temanI sAme AMtarayuddha cAlI rahyuM hatuM tathA videzI humalAkhora temanI sAme kUca karI rahyo hato ane sulatAna tathA humalAkhora grIke e baMnenI pAchaLa jarmanI upara vijaya meLavyA pachI AkhI duniyA upara prabhutva dharAvatAM mitrarAjyo hatAM. paraMtu kamAla pAzAe pitAnI prajAne A hAkala karI: " jIte yA pRthvInA paDa uparathI bhUMsAI jAo." rASTravAdIo niSphaLa nIvaDe te tame zuM kare evA eka amerikananA praznanA javAbamAM teNe jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, "pitAnI hastI tathA AjhAdI mATe AkharI balidAna ApanArI prajA kadIye niSphaLa nIvaDI nathI. prajA niSphaLa nIvaDe eTale samajavuM ke te marI gaI che." duHkhamAM DUbelA tu mATe mitrarAe ghaDI kADhelI saMdhi 1920nA ogaSTa mAsamAM prasiddha karavAmAM AvI; ene evarenI saMdhi kahevAmAM Ave che. emAM tukanI svataMtratAne aMta hato. turkanA svataMtra rASTrane emAM matanI sajA pharamAvavAmAM AvI hatI. dezane nAnA nAnA TukaDAomAM vaheMcI nAkhavAmAM A eTaluM ja nahi paNa tyAM rahIne niyaMtraNa karavA mATe khuda IstaMbUlamAM mitrarAnuM kamizana nImavAmAM AvyuM. dezabharamAM bhAre zoka vyApI gaye ane rASTrIya zekane dina pALavAmAM Avyo. e divase prArthanA karavAmAM AvI ane haDatAla pADavAmAM AvI. zoka darzAvavA mATe kALI kinAravALAM chApAMo prasiddha thayAM. Ama chatAMye sulatAnanA pratinidhioe e saMdhi upara sahI karI. rASTravAdIoe te bezaka ene tiraskArapUrvaka pheMkI dIdhI. paraMtu e saMdhinI prasiddhine pariNAme rASTravAdIonuM baLa vadhavA pAmyuM ane bhAre avanatimAMthI pitAnA dezane ugAravA mATe vadhu ne vadhu tuke temanA pakSamAM bhaLyA. paraMtu baLa uThAvanAra tuka upara A saMdhine amala kaNa karanAra hatuM ? mitrarA pite e karavA taiyAra nahotAM. temaNe pitAnAM sainya vikherI nAkhyAM hatAM ane potapotAnA dezamAM temane lazkaramAMthI chUTA karavAmAM AvelA sainika tathA majUranA dhUMdhavATane sAmane karavAnuM hatuM. pazcima yuropanA dezomAM hacha vAtAvaraNamAM baLavAnI bhAvanA vyApI rahI hatI. A uparAMta

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1108 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna mitrarAjyAmAM aMdara aMdara kalaha pedA thayA hatA ane yuddhanI lUMTa vaheMcavAnI bAbatamAM teo ekabIjA sAme laDatAM hatAM. pUrvanA dezomAM iMgleMDane ane kaMIka aMze phrAMsane jokhamakAraka paristhitinA sAmanA karavAnuM AvI paDayuM hatuM. cAnA menDeTa' nIcenA sIriyAmAM bhAre asa MtoSanI lAgaNI pedA thaI hatI ane muzkelI UbhI thavAnAM cihno tyAM najare paDatAM hatAM. misaramAM khUnakhAra khaLavA phATI nIkaLyA hatA paraMtu aMgrejoe te majabUta hAthe dAkhI dIdhA hato. hiMdustAnamAM 1857nA baLavA pachI pahelavahelI mahAna krAMtikArI paNa zAMtimaya caLavaLa zarU thaI gaI hatI. A gAMdhIjInI AgevAnI nIcenI asahakAranI caLavaLa hatI ane khilAphata tathA turkI pratye dAkhavavAmAM AvelA geravartAva e e caLavaLane eka pradhAna muddo hato. A uparathI ApaNune jaNAya che ke mitrarAjyA temanI potAnI saMdhi turkI upara baLajabarIthI DhAkI besADI zakavAnI sthitimAM nahotAM tema ja tu rASTravAdI chaDecoka tene Thokare mAre e calAvI levAne paNa te taiyAra nahotAM. AthI temaNe temanA mitra veniselasa tathA jheheraoNpha tarapha najara karI. ane e baMne grIsa vatI e kArya pAra pADavAnuM bIDuM jhaDapavA saMpUrNa paNe taiyAra hatA. laDAyaka jIssA gumAvI beThelA turkA jhAjhI takalIpha Apaze ema kAI paNa dhAratuM nahotuM ane eziyAmAinaranuM inAma lalacAvanAruM hatuM. eziyAmAinaramAM khIjuM vadhAre grIka sainya UtaryuM ane grIsa-turkI vaccenA vigraha moTA pAyA upara zarU thayA. 1920nA AkhAye unALA tathA pAnakhara Rtu daramyAna vijaya zrIkAne varatA jaNAtA hatA ane e daramyAna temaNe potAnI sAme laDavA AvelA turkoMne bhagADI mUkavyA. kamAla pAzA tathA tenA sAthIoe bhAgI paDelA sainyanA temane hAtha AvelA avazeSomAMthI eka majabUta ane asarakAraka lazkara UbhuM karavA mATe dinarAta avirata prayAsa karyAM. A dhaDIe temane kharI madada maLI gaI -- je vakhate temane e atizaya jarUrI hatI te ja TAMkaNe temane e maLI gaI. seviyeTa raziyAe temane zastra ane nANAM pUrAM pADyAM. iMglaMDa tenuM sAmAnya duzmana hatuM. kamAla pAzAnuM baLa vadhatuM joI ne mitrarAjya e yudghanA pariNAmanI bAbatamAM sAzaka banyAM ane temaNe sulehanI vadhu sArI zaratA rajU karI. paraMtu kamAla pAzAnA pakSakArAne saMtoSe evI te naheAtI eTale temaNe tene asvIkAra karyAM. AthI mitrarAjyAe grIsa ane turko vaccenA vigrahanI bAbatamAM potAnA hAtha dheAI nAkhyA ane temaNe emAM potAnI taTasthatA jAhera karI. zrIkAne e vigrahamAM saDAvyA pachI temane viSama dazAmAM mUkIne mitrarAjyAe cAlatI pakaDI. eTaluM ja nahi, phrAMse tema ja kaMIka aMze iTAlIe teA gupta

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bhasmamAMthI navA tukIne udaya 1109 rIte turko sAthe maitrI karavAne sudhdhAM prayAsa karyo. aMgreje cheDeghaNe aMze rIkenA pakSamAM rahyA kharA paraMtu binasattAvAra rIte. 1921nA unALAmAM grIkAe turkInA pATanagara aMgorAne kabaje levAne bhagIratha prayAsa karyo. eka pachI eka zaherane kabajo letA letA teo enI najIka AvI pahoMcyA. paraMtu Akhare sakariyA nadI AgaLa temane aTakAvavAmAM AvyA. e nadI pAse baMne sabhyoe traNa aThavADiyAM sudhI ekabIjAne bhISaNa ane lagAtAra mukAbale karyo. saheja paNa namatuM ApyA ke dayA rAkhyA vinA temanAM sadIo jUnAM veranI tIvra lAgaNuthI teo sAmasAmAM laDyAM. e yuddha sahanazIlatAnI bhayaMkara kasoTIrUpa thaI paDayuM; turko jema tema karIne emAM TakI rahyA paraMtu grIka pAchA paDyA ane temaNe raNakSetra cheDI dIdhuM. pitAnI hamezanI rIta mujaba, mArgamAM je kaMI Ave te bALatuM ane tene saMhAra karatuM grIka sainya pAchuM gayuM. A rIte teNe 200 mAIlanA phaLadrupa pradezane verAna raNamAM pheravI nAkhe. saMkariyA nadInA yuddhamAM turkone jema tema karIne jIta maLI hatI. ene AkharI chata te na ja kahI zakAya paraMtu ema chatAye e yuddhane Adhunika kALanA eka nirNayAtmaka yuddha tarIke gaNavAmAM Ave che. eNe pravAhanI dizA badalI nAkhI. chellAM be hajAra ke tethIye vadhAre varaso daramyAna eziyAmAInaranI ice IMca bhUmine mAnavI lehIthI chAMTanAra pUrva ane pazcima vaccenI mahAna laDAIomAMnI eka te hatI. baMne sainya thAkI gayAM hatAM eTale teo ArAma laIne tAjA thavAne tathA pharIthI saMgaThita thavAne besI gayAM. paraMtu kamAla pAzAne sitAre bezaka UMce caDate ja hato. phreMca sarakAre aMgArA sAthe saMdhi karI. aMgerA ane seviyeTa vacce te kyAranIye saMdhi thaI cUkI hatI. kAMsanI mAnyatA prApta thavAthI mustaphA kamAla pAzAne naitika tema ja bhautika phAyado thayo. ene lIdhe sIriyAnI sarahada uparanuM turka lazkara grIka sAme laDavA mATe chUTuM thayuM. briTiza sarakAra pUtaLA samAna nAmanA sulatAna tathA istaMbUlanI namAlI sarakArane hajIye Teko ApyA karatI hatI eTale A krAMsanI saMdhithI tenA upara bhAre phaTako paDyo. 1922nI sAlamAM, ekAeka paNa atizaya kALajIbharI taiyArI pachI turka lazkare grIke upara halle karyo ane eka sapATe temane samudra sudhI dhakelI kADhayA. ATha divasamAM grIke 160 mAIla pAchA haThavyA paraMtu pAchA haThatAM haThatAM paNa tuka strI, puruSa ke bALakamAMthI je kaI hAtha AvyuM te saunI katala karIne temaNe vera vALyuM. turkoe paNa eTalI ja nirdayatA dAkhavI ane temaNe bahu ja ochA grIkane keda pakaDyA. paraMtu je theDAone keda pakaDavAmAM ja-28

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1110 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AvyA temAM grIka senApati tathA tenA hAtha nIcenA amaladAro hatA. meTA bhAganuM grIka lazkara samudravATe moMmAMthI chaTakI gayuM paraMtu e zaheranA dhaNAkharo bhAga bALI mUkavAmAM AvyA. A vijaya pachI kamAla pAzAe potAnA lazkara sAthe istaMbUla tarapha kUca karI. e zaheranI pAse ja canaka AgaLa briTiza lazkare tene aTakAvye ane 1922nA sapTembara mAsamAM turkI ane iMglaMDa vacce yuddha phATI nIkaLavAnI vAto cAlavA lAgI. paraMtu briTizAe turkInI lagabhaga badhI ja mAgaNIo kabUla rAkhI ane tahaphUkhInA karAra upara sahI thaI. e karAramAM, thresamAM hajI paNa je grIka lazkara bAkI rahyuM hatuM temanI pAsethI te deza khArlI karAvavAnuM mitrarAjyoe vacana ApyuM. navA turkInI pAchaLa hamezAM soviyeTa raziyAnu preta rahelu hatu ane jemAM turkIne raziyAnI madada maLavAno saMbhava hatA evuM yuddha saLagAvavAnu mitrarAjyAne rucatuM nahotuM. mustaphA kamAla pAzAne vijaya thayA hatA ane 1919nI sAlanA mUThIbhara baLavAkhAro have mahAna sattAonA pratinidhie sAthe samAna darajjAnI vAta karavA lAgyA. mahAyuddha pachI AvelI matA, mitrarAjyAmAM paDelI phATaphUTa, aMgrejonuM hiMda tathA misaranA mAmalAmAM parovAyeluM lakSa, sAviyeTa raziyAnI madada tathA a Mgrejoe karelAM apamAnA ityAdi aneka saMjoge e bahAdura TALIne madadarUpa nIvaDyA hatA, paraMtu e badhA uparAMta temane aDaga nizcaya, potAnI svataMtratA TakAvI rAkhavAnA temanA dRDha saMkalpa tathA tu kheDUta ane sainikanA AzcaryakAraka laDAyaka guNAne kAraNe temane vijaya thayA hatA. lAsAMmAM eka sulehapariSada maLI ane te ghaNA mahinAo sudhI cAlu rahI. mijAjathI bharelA ane johukamI karanAra iMgleMDanA pratinidhi laoNrDa karjhana tathA kaMIka baherA ismata pAzA vacce vicitra prakAranA dAvapeca cAlyA. ismata pAzA teA jarA paNa mijAja gumAvyA vinA AkhA vakhata hasatA rahetA ane tene je na sAMbhaLavuM hoya te sAMbhaLatA nahAtA. tenI AvI vartaNUkathI karjhananeA pitto khasI jatA. hiMdanA vAisaraoNyanI rIte kAma levAne TevAyelA ane te vinA paNa bhAre damAmadAra karjhane damadATI ane johukamInI rIte ajamAvI joI paraMtu baherA ane mahAsya karatA ismata upara tenI jarAye asara thavA pAmI nahi. AthI ciDAI ne karjhana cAlyA gayA ane piraSada tUTI paDI. thoDA vakhata pachI e pariSada pharIthI maLI paraMtu temAM karjhanane khale khInne briTiza pratinidhi Abyo. rASTrIya karAra 'mAM rajU karavAmAM AvelI eka sivAyanI badhI mAgaNIo mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvI ane 1923nA julAI mAsamAM lAsAMnI sadhi upara sahI thaI. seviyeTa raziyAnA TekA tathA mitrarAjyAnI aMdara aMdaranI irSA karIthI tune madadarUpa nIvaDyAM. *

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bhasmamAMthI navA tukIne udaya 1111 gAjhI eTale ke vijayI kamAla pAzAne te je prApta karavAne bahAra paDyo hate temAMnuM ghaNuMkharuM maLI gayuM. paraMtu pahelethI ja pitAnI ochAmAM ochI mAgaNI rajU karavAnuM teNe DahApaNa darzAvyuM hatuM ane vijayanI paLe paNa te tene vaLagI rahyo. tuka nahi evA arabastAna, IrAka, paeNlesTAIna tathA sIriyA vagere pradeza upara turkonuM Adhipatya kAyama rAkhavAne khyAla teNe bilakula choDI dIdhuM hatuM. te te tukene mulaka - jyAM AgaLa turka prajA vasatI hatI te mulaka svataMtra rahe ema icchatA hatA. bIjI prajAonA vyavahAramAM turke dakhala kare evuM te cahAtA nahe tema ja turkImAM bIjI kaI videzI prajA mAthuM mAre e nabhAvI levA paNa te taiyAra nahote. A rIte tuka e saMghaTita ane ekarUpa deza banyo. thoDAM varasa bAda grIkenI sUcanAthI vasatInI asAdhAraNa prakAranI adalAbadalI karavAmAM AvI. eneToliyAmAM bAkI rahelA grIkane pAchA grIsa mokalavAmAM AvyA ane enA badalAmAM grIsamAMnA tune tukamAM lAvavAmAM AvyA. A rIte lagabhaga paMdara lAkha grIkenI adalAbadalI karavAmAM AvI. emAMnA moTA bhAganAM grIka tathA turka kuTuMbo aneka peDhIo ane sardIothI anukrame eneToliyA tathA grIsamAM rahetAM AvyAM hatAM. prajAone sthAnabhraSTa karavAne A eka asAdhAraNa banAva hatuM ane ene pariNAme tukane Arthika vyavahAra bilakula astavyasta thaI gaye. ema thavAnuM kAraNa e hatuM ke tuka pahelAM karatAM paNa vadhAre pramANamAM samAna prajAvALe deza banyuM. ane e rIte Aje te yurepa tathA eziyAnA badhA dezomAM kadAca sauthI vadhAre samAnatAvALo deza haze. upara huM tane kahI gaye ke, lesAMnI saMdhimAM turkonI eka apavAda sivAyanI badhI mAgaNIo mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvI. A apavAda "vilAyata" athavA irAkanI sarahada pAse Avela mesala prAMta hato. badhA pakSe e bAbatamAM saMmata na thaI zakyA eTale e bAbata prajAsaMdha AgaLa rajU karavAmAM AvI. kaMIka aMze tenA telanA kUvAone lIdhe, paNa khAsa karIne tenA lazkarI mahattvane kAraNe tenuM bhAre mahattva hatuM. mesalanA pahADane kabajo hAthamAM rAkho eTale ke kaMIka aMze turkI, IrAka ane IrAna tema ja raziyAnA kekesasa pradeza upara paNa prabhutva jamAvavuM. tuka mATe te enuM mahattva dekhItuM hatuM. hiMda javAnA havAI tathA jamIna mArgonA rakSaNa arthe tema ja seviyeTa raziyA upara AkramaNa karavA athavA tenA humalA sAme rakSaNa karavAne briTana mATe paNa e pradeza eTale ja mahattvane hate. tuM nakaze joze te mesalanuM sthAna keTaluM badhuM mahattvanuM che ene tane khyAla Avaze. prajAsaMghe A praznane briTananI tarapheNamAM nirNaya Ape. turkoe e mAnya rAkhavAnI sApha nA pADI ane pharI pAchI yuddhanI vAto thavA lAgI.

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1112 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e ja arasAmAM 1925nA Disembara mAsamAM raziyA ane tuka vacce navI saMdhi thaI. paraMtu aMgerA sarakAre Akhare e bAbatamAM namatuM ApyuM ane masala prAMta irAkanA navA rAjyane maLyo. lagabhaga agiyAra varasa pUrve grIke upara kamAla pAzAe meLavelI mahAna chatanA khabara sAMbhaLIne amane keTale badhe AnaMda thaye hatA te mane barAbara yAda che. e 1922nI sAlanA oNgasTa mAsamAM aphiyama kurAhIsAranuM yuddha thayuM hatuM. e yuddhamAM turkoe grIkAnA maracAne bhedIne grIkasainyane smarNA ane samudra sudhI bhagADI mUkyuM hatuM. amArAmAMnA ghaNuM te vakhate lakhanaunI jillA jelamAM hatA ane tyAM AgaLa amane je kaMI vastuo maLI zakI tenAthI amArI jelanI baeNreke zaNagArIne ame tukane e vijaya UjavyuM hatuM. sAMje theDI dIpamALA pragaTAvavAmAM paNa ame prayatna karyo hato. 1pa9. kamAla pAzA bhUtakALanAM baMdhane phagAvI de che 8 me, 1933 ApaNe turkInA parAjayanA aMdhakAramaya kALathI mAMDIne temanA vijayanA divasa sudhInI temanI kathA joI gayAM. ApaNe e paNa joyuM ke turkone dAbI devAne tema ja temane durbaLa banAvavAne mitrarAe ane khAsa karIne briTizoe je je pagalAM lIdhAM tenI temanA upara UlaTI ja asara thaI. temanAM e pagalAMoe kharekhara rASTravAdIone sabaLa banAvyA ane temanI sAme chevaTa sudhI laData calAvavAnA temanA nizcayane vajI je daDha banAvyuM. turkInA TukaDeTukaDA karI nAkhavAnA mitrarAjyanA prayatna, smanamAM mokalavAmAM AveluM grIka sainya, 1920nI sAlanA mArca mAsamAM briTizae lIdhele konsTAnTinopalanA rAjyataMtrane kabaje tathA rASTravAdI netAonI temaNe karelI dharapakaDa ane temanI hadapArI, rASTravAdIo viruddha briTizee temanA pUtaLA samAna sulatAnane Apela Teke - A badhAne kAraNe tukenA aMtaramAM krodhanI vALA bhabhUkI UThI ane sAmane karavA mATe utsAha temanAmAM UbharAvA lAge. vIra prajAne tejovadha karavAnA tathA tene kacarI nAkhavAnA prayatnanuM anivArya rIte AvuM ja pariNAma Ave che , mustaphA kamAla pAzA tathA tenA sAthIoe temane maLelA vijayane ke upayoga karyo? kamAla pAzA jUnI ghareDane vaLagI rahevAmAM mAnatA nahote; te turkIne saMpUrNapaNe palaTI nAkhavA mAgatuM hatuM. tenA vijaya pachI te prajAmAM bhAre kapriya thaI paDyo hato paraMtu bahu sAvadhAnIthI tene AgaLa vadhavuM paDayuM;

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kamAla pAzA bhUtakALanAM adhanA phagAvI de che kema ke dharma ane paraMparAnA pAyA upara racAyelI purANI jIvanapaddhatithI aLagI karIne prajAne nave raste vALavI e kaMI nAnIsUnI vAta nathI. kamAla pAzAne to sulatAniyata tema ja khilAtA e tene rada karavAM hatAM paraMtu tenA ghaNA sAthIo enI viruddha hatA ane ghaNuMkarIne tu prajAnI sAmAnya lAgaNI paNa evA pheraphAranI sAme hatI. pUtaLA samAna vahIduddIna sulatAna tarIke cAlu rahe ema to kAI ce nahAtu tuM. prajA tene dezadrohI tarIke dhikkAratI hatI; kema ke teNe potAnA dezane paradezIone vecI devA prayatna karyAM hatA. paraMtu sAcI sattA rASTranI dhArAsabhAnA hAthamAM rahe evI eka prakAranI baMdhAraNIya sulatAniyata tathA khilAphata aa lakAne jotI hatI. kamAla pAzAne Ave vacalA mA joI tA na hatA ane te yAgya takanI rAha jovA lAgyA. 1113 haMmezanI jema briTizAe A taka pUrI pADI. leAsAMnI sulehu pariSada mATenI taiyArI cAlI rahI hatI tyAre briTiza sarakAre sulehanI zaratAnI vATAghATa calAvavA mATe istaMbUlamAMnA sulatAnane pratinidhie meAkalavA jaNAvyuM ane vadhumAM e ja AmaMtraNa aMgArA paNa mokalI ApavA tene vinatI karI. yuddha jItanAra aMgArAnI rASTrIya sarakAra pratye darzAvavAmAM AvelA A adhaTata vartAvathI tema ja pUtaLA samAna sulatAnane pharIthI AgaLa karavAnA irAdApUrvakanA prayatnane kAraNe turkImAM bhAre khaLabhaLATa pedA thayA ane tu ethI bhAre dhe bharAyA. aMgrejo tathA dagAkhAra sulatAna vaccenA eka vadhu kAvatarAnI temane zaMkA paDI. kamAla pAzAe A lokalAgaNIne lAbha uThAbhyo ane 1922nI sAlanA navembara mAsamAM rASTrIya dhArAsabhA pAse teNe sulatAniyata rada karAvI. paraMtu kevaLa khilAphata hajI bAkI rahI. ane evuM jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM ke khilAphata usmAnanA vaMzamAM ja cAlu raheze. A pachI tarata ja mAjI sulatAna vahIduddIna upara rAjadrohanA Aropa mUkavAmAM AvyA. potAnA upara mukadmA cAle enA karatAM nAsI javAnu teNe vadhAre pasada kayuM. AthI te aMgrejonI mAMdAM tathA dhAyalAne laI janArI IspitAla gADImAM (embyulansakAra ) esIne gupta rIte chaTakI gayA. e gADIe tene eka briTiza yuddha jahAjamAM pahoMcADyo. rASTrIya dhArAsabhAe tenA pitrAI abdula pradane navA khalIka cUMTI kADhyo. te kevaLa zAbhA mATeneAdhanA vaDe hatA ane tene kazIye rAjakIya sattA nahotI. bIje varase 1923nI sAlamAM vidhipUrvaka tu prajAsattAkanI jAherAta ravA mAM AvI ane aMgArAne tenuM pATanagara banAvavAmAM AvyuM. kamAla pAzAne tene pramukha cUMTI kADhavAmAM Avyo. teNe badhI sattA potAnA hAthamAM kendrita karI ane e rIte te saramukhatyAra banyo. dhArAsabhA enA hukamano amala karatI. have teNe jUnI rUDhio upara prahAro zarU karyAM. dhanI bAbatamAM paNa

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1114 - jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana teNe adabapUrvakano vartAva na rAkhe. enI kAryapaddhati tathA tenI saramukhatyArIthI leke - khAsa karIne dhArmika leke, have asaMtuSTa banyA ane teo navA khalInI AsapAsa bhegA thayA. e khalIpha pate zAMta prakRtine ane nirupadravI mANasa hate. kamAla pAzAne A bilakula pasaMda nahotuM. khalIpha tarapha teNe aNachAjatuM vartana dAkhavyuM ane bIjuM moTuM pagaluM bharavA mATe yogya takanI teNe rAha jovA mAMDI. * - thoDA ja vakhatamAM pharIthI ene evI taka maLI gaI. bahu vicitra rIte ene te taka sAMpaDI. AgAkhAna tathA hiMdanA eka mAjI nyAyAdhIza amIraalI e baMnee maLIne laMDanathI kamAla pAzAne eka patra lakhyo. hiMdanA karaDe musalamAne vatI bolavAno temaNe e patramAM dAvo karyo ane khalIpha pratye dAkhavavAmAM AvelA vartAva sAme pitAne virodha vyakta karyo tathA tene mobhbho jALavavAnI ane tenA pratye sAre vartAva rAkhavAnI vinaMtI karI. e patranI nakala temaNe IstaMbUlanAM keTalAMka chApAMone paNa mokalI ane banyuM evuM ke mULa patra aMgerA pahoMce te pahelAM ja te uparyukta chApAMomAM prasiddha thaye. e patramAM kazuMye aghaTita nahatuM paraMtu kamAla pAzAe e taka jhaDapI lIdhI ane tenI sAme bhAre pikAra uThAvyuM. Akhare tene joItI taka tene sAMpaDI ane ene te pUrepUre upayoga karI levA mAgatA hatA. AthI evuM jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM ke, turkomAM aMdara aMdara phATaphUTa pADavA mATenI aMgrejonI A eka bIjI cAlabAjI che. AgAkhAna te aMgrejone khAsa dUta che, te iMglaMDamAM ja rahe che, iMglaMDanI ghaDadeDanI zaratomAM ja tene pradhAna rasa che ane briTiza rAjadvArI puruSa sAthe te haLa maLatuM rahe che ema kahevAmAM AvyuM. are, e te custa musalamAna paNa nathI kema ke eka bhinna saMpradAyane e vaDo che. vaLI e paNa darzAvavAmAM AvyuM ke, mahAyuddha daramyAna aMgrejoe pUrvanA dezomAM eka harIpha sulatAna-khalIpha tarIke tene upayoga karyo hato tathA pracAra dvArA tema ja bIjI rIte temaNe tenI pratiSThA vadhArI hatI tathA hiMdI muslimone pitAnA kabajAmAM rAkhI zakAya eTalA mATe teo tene temane netA banAvavA prayatna karatA hatA. khalIphane mATe tene eTaluM badhuM lAgatuM hatuM te mahAyuddha daramyAna jyAre aMgrejonI sAme jehAda pikAravAmAM AvI tyAre teNe khalIphane madada kema nahatI karI ? te vakhate te eNe khalIphanI viruddha aMgrejone pakSa karyo hate. - A rIte kamAla pAzAe e patra upara nAnuM sarakhuM tephAna macAvI mUkyuM. enAM zAM pariNAme Avaze tenI laMDanathI e patranA baMne lakhanArAene saheja paNa khabara nahi hoya. AgAkhAnane te kamAla pAzAe bahu ja kaDhaMgA svarUpamAM rajU karyo. istaMbUlanA panA bicArA taMtrIone

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kamAla pAzA bhUtakALanAM adhane phagAvI de che 1115 * dezadrohIo tathA - IMgleMDanA : ejanTo tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM AvyA tathA temane sakhata zikSA karavAmAM AvI. AvI rIte tIvra lAgaNI pedA karyAM pachI khilAkruta rada karavA mATenuM bila 1924nA mArca mAsamAM rASTrIya dhArAsabhAmAM rajU karavAmAM AvyuM ane tene te ja divase pasAra karavAmAM AvyuM. A rIte, itihAsamAM mahAna bhAga bhajavanAra eka prAcIna saMsthA Adhunika raMgamaMca uparathI lupta thaI gaI. kaMI nahi to tukI ne lAgevaLage che tyAM sudhI have pachI tyAM ' amIrUla meAmanIna 'tuM athavA imAnadAronA saradAranuM sthAna rahyuM nahi, kema ke turkI have aihika athavA dunyavI rAjya khanI gayuM eTale ke have e rAjyane dhama sAthe sIdhA sabaMdha nahi rahyo. mahAyuddha pachI tarata ja briTizAe jyAre khilAphatane jokhamamAM mUkI tyAre tenI bAbatamAM hiMdamAM bhAre khaLabhaLATa macyA hatA. dezabharamAM ThekaThekANe khilAphata samiti sthApavAmAM AvI ane briTiza sarakAra islAmane hAni paheAMcADI rahI che evI lAgaNIthI saMkhyAbaMdha hiMdu e caLavaLamAM joDAyA. paNa have te turkIe pote ja khilAphatanA jANIbUjIne aMta ANyo ane islAma khalIph vinAne rahyo. kamAla pAzAnA evA dRDha abhiprAya hatA ke turkI e Araba dezo ke hiMdustAna sAthe dhArmika jaMjALamAM gUMcavAnuM na joI e. peAtAnA deza mATe ke potAne mATe tene islAmanI netAgIrI joItI nahotI. hiMda tathA misaranA leAkeAe tene khalIph thavA kahyuM tyAre teNe pote khalIph banavAnI sAk nA pADI. tenI najara yuropa tarapha hatI ane te tune jema bane tema jaladI pazcimanA dezAnA rUpamAM pheravI nAkhavA mAgatA hatA. islAmanuM ekIkaraNa karavAnA vicAranI te viruddha hatA. turAniyanonuM eTale ke samagra tu jAtinuM ekIkaraNa karavAnA tene navA Adarzo hatA. islAmanA ekIkaraNunA vadhAre vyApaka ane zithila AMtararASTrIya Aza karatAM eNe zudgha rASTravAdanA maryAdita, cokkasa ane vadhAre dRDha Adarza pasaMda karyAM. huM tane kahI gayo chuM ke tuM have eka samAna prajAvALA deza hato ane temAM videzI tattva bahu eThuM rahyuM hatuM. paraMtu turkInA pUrva bhAgamAM irAka ane IrAnanI sarahada najIka hajI eka a-turka jAtinA leAkeA bAkI rahyA hatA. e prAcIna khurda jAtinA leAkeA hatA ane te phArasI bhASA mAlatA hatA. e lakA je pradezamAM vasatA hatA te khustAnane nAme oLakhAta hatA. khudI stAnane turkI, IrAna, irAka tathA meAsala pradezamAM vaheMcI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. kula 3,000,000 khurdAmAMthI lagabhaga ardhA jeTalA khuE hajI turkImAM vasatA hatA. 1908nI taruNa turkInI caLavaLa pachI tarata ja tyAM AgaLa Adhunika DhabanI rASTrIya caLavaLa zarU thaI hatI. varsAInI suleha pariSadamAM paNa khu pratinidhioe rASTrIya svata MtratA mATe mAgaNI karI hatI.

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jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana 1925nI sAlamAM turkInA khu pradezamAM bhAre khaLavA phATI nIkaLyA. mAsalane prazna turkI tathA IMglaMDa vacce dhaNu pedA karI rahyo hato te ja vakhate e baLavA phATI nIkaLyo hatA. vaLI khuda mAsala paNa khuda pradeza hatA ane te turkInA e baLavAvALA bhAganI lagolaga AvelA hatA. turthAM svAbhAvika rIte ja evA anumAna upara AvyA ke, e baLavA pAchaLa IMgleMDanA hAtha hatA ane vadhAre dhArmika jhanUnavALA khuddene aMgreja eja TAe kamAla pAzAnA sudhArAo sAme uzkeryAM hatA. turkImAM e vakhate khurda lokAne a Mge muzkelI pedA thAya e briTiza sarakArane mana bhAvatI vAta hatI e dekhItuM che. paraMtu e baLavAmAM aMgrejonA hAtha hatA ke kema te kahI zakAya ema nathI, paraMtu e vastu spaSTa che ke e baLavAmAM dhArmika rUDhicustatAe ThIka ThIka bhAga bhajavyA hatA. vaLI khurda lokAnI rASTrIya bhAvanAe paNa emAM sArI peThe phALA ApyA hatA e paNa eTaluM ja spaSTa che. dhaNuMkarIne rASTrIyatAnA phALA emAM sauthI vizeSa hatA. 1116 kamAla pAzAe tarata ja evA pokAra uThAvyo ke tu rASTra jokhamamAM AvI paDayu che ane khudaeNnI pAchaLa iMgleMDanuM pIThabaLa che. rASTrIya dhArAsabhA pAse teNe evA kAyado karAvyA ke vANIyA lekhana dvArA dharmAMno janatAnI lAgaNI uzkeravAmAM upayAga karavA e gaMbhIra prakArane rAjadroha gaNAze ane evA gunA karanArAone AkarAmAM AkarI zikSA karavAmAM Avaze. masjidamAM, prajAsattAka pratyenI vaphAdArI DagAve evA prakAranA dhArmika upadeza ApavAnI paNa manAI karavAmAM AvI. pachIthI teNe khuda lekane nirdaya rIte kacarI nAkhyA ane khurda AgevAnA upara eka sAthe hajArAnI sakhyAmAM kAma calAvavA mATe khAsa adAlato nImI. e adAlatene svataMtratAnI adAlatA 'kahevAmAM AvatI hatI. zekha saiyada tathA DaoNkaTara phuAda ane bIjA aneka khurda AgevAne ne meAtanI zikSA karamAvavAmAM AvI. khudI stAnanI AjhAdInuM raTaNa karatA karatA teo mAtane bheTayA. Ama je turkI theADA ja vakhata upara potAnI svataMtratA mATe laDatA hatA temaNe ja potAnI svataMtratA mAganAra khulAkAne kacarI nAkhyA. rakSaNAtmaka rASTravAda ugra athavA AkramaNakArI rASTravAdamAM pheravAI jAya che tathA svAtaMtrya mATenI laData khIjA upara Adhipatya jamAvavAnI laData khanI jAya che e kharekhara eka vicitra ghaTanA che. 1929nI sAlamAM khurda lekAnA khIjo baLavA thavA pAmyA ane pharIthI tene kacarI nAkhavAmAM Avye athavA sAcuM kahetAM te vakhata pUratA kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. paraMtu svataMtratAnA mAgraha rAkhanAra ane te mATenuM mUlya cUkavavAne Atura prajAne kAI paNa mANasa haMmezane mATe kevI rIte carI zakavAnA hatA ?

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kamAla pAzA bhUtakALanAM baMdhane phagAvI de che 1117 kamAla pAzAe pachIthI pitAnuM lakSa rASTrIya dhArAsabhAmAM tathA tenI bahAra tenI nItine virodha karanArAo tarapha vALyuM. sattA mATenI saramukhatyAranI tarasa uttarottara vadhatI ja rahe che, tenI e tarasa kadIye saMtoSAtI ja nathI, te kadIye virodha sahana karI zakatI ja nathI. Ama kamAla pAzAne kaI paNa prakAranA virodha sAme bhAre aNagamo hato ane keIka jhanUnI mANase enuM khUna karavAnA karelA prayAsathI te paristhiti sAva bagaDI. have te svataMtra adAlate dezamAM Thera Thera pharIne gAjhI (vijayI) pAzAne virodha karanArA saune bhAre zikSA karavA lAgI. je kamAla pAzAnI nItithI viruddha mAlUma paDe te kamAla pAzAnA jUnA rASTravAdI sAthIo tathA rASTrIya dhArAsabhAnA moTA moTA mANasane paNa jatA karavAmAM na AvyA. jene aMgrejoe mAlTAmAM hadapAra karyo hate tathA pAchaLathI je tukane vaDe pradhAna thayuM hatuM te raupha begane tenI gerahAjarImAM ja zikSA pharamAvavAmAM AvI. svAtaMtryanI laDatamAM jhUjhanArA bIjA aneka mahatvanA AgevAno tathA senApatione padayyata karavAmAM AvyA, temane zikSA karavAmAM AvI ane keTalAkane te phAMsIe paNa laTakAvavAmAM AvyA. khurda leke sAthe athavA tukanA jAnA duzmana IMgleMDa sAthe kAvataruM karIne rAjyanI salAmatI jokhamamAM mUkavAne Arepa temanA upara mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. badhA virodhane nirmULa karyA pachI mustaphA kamAla pAzA nirvivAda saramukhatyAra banyo ane ismata pAzA tenA jamaNuM hAtha samAna hatuM. have teNe pitAnA magajamAM UThatA badhA vicArane amala karavAnuM zarU karyuM. teNe eka bahu ja nAnI vastuthI zarUAta karI. Ama e vastu te nAnI hatI paraMtu te atyaMta sUcaka hatI. turkInA ane kaMIka aMze musalamAnonA pratIka samAna phejha TepI upara teNe humale zarU karyo. lazkara sAthe teNe sAvacetIthI kAma lIdhuM. pachIthI te te pote ja heTa paherIne jAheramAM dekhA devA lAgya; e joIne leke te AzcaryamAM garakAva thaI gayA. ane chevaTe phejha TopI paheravI ene phojadArI guna TharAvIne teNe e vAta pUrI karI ! TopIne ATaluM badhuM mahattva ApavAmAM Ave che te mUkhIbharyuM lAge che. TopInuM te jhAjhuM mahattva nathI paNa jenA upara e mUkavAmAM Ave che te mAthAnI aMdara rahelI vastu ghaNI vadhAre mahattvanI che. paraMtu kSullaka vastuo ghaNI vAra mahatvanI vastunuM pratIka banI jAya che ane kamAla pAzAe nirupadravI phejhane nimitte, dekhItI rIta, jUnI rUDhi tathA rUDhicustatA upara humalo karyo. A prazna upara tuka mAM hullaDo thayAM. e badhAM dAbI devAmAM AvyAM ane gunegArone bhAre zikSA karavAmAM AvI.

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' jagatanA itihAsanuM' rekhAdarzana A pahelA humalAmAM phateha meLavyA pachI kamAla pAzA eka Dagalu AgaLa vadhyA. makabarA tema ja evI bIjI badhI dhArmika saMsthA vikherI nAkhIne teNe baMdha karI dIdhI ane temanI baMdhI mAlamilakata rAjyane mATe japta karI. kAra daravezAne paNa teNe potAnA gujArA mATe kAma karavAne jaNAvyuM. temanA viziSTa prakAranA pozAka paheravAnI paNa teNe manAI karI. A pahelAM dhArmika zikSaNa ApatI muslima zALA baMdha karI devAmAM AvI hatI ane temane ThekANe rAjya taraphathI cAlatI sAmAnya prakAranI zALAo kADhavAmAM AvI. turkImAM ghaNI videzI zALAo tathA kaoNlejo paNa hatI. temane paNa dhArmika zikSaNa ApavAnI manAI karavAmAM AvI ane te ema karavAnI nA pADe te te baMdha karI devAnI temane pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. 1119 dezanA kAyadAmAM mULabhUta pheraphAro karavAmAM AvyA. Aja sudhInA kAyadA kurAnanA zikSaNa upara -- jene riyata kahevAmAM Ave che--racAyela hatA. have sviTjharaleMDanA dIvAnI kAyado, iTAlInA pheojadArI kAyA, jarmanInA vepArI kAyado vagere kAyadA AkhA ne AkhA grahaNa karavAmAM AvyA. A rIte lagna, vArasAhakka vagerene lagatA vyakti sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA kAyadAne pUrepUro badalI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. e bAbatane lagatA jUnA iralAmI kAyadAmAM pheraphAra karavAmAM Avye. ekI vakhate aneka strIo sAthe lagna karavAnI prathA paNa rada karavAmAM AvI. jAnI dhArmika rUDhithI viruddha evA khIjo paNa eka pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyA. DrAiMga, citrakaLA tathA mUrtividhAna vagere kaLAAne uttejana ApavAmAM AvyuM. islAmamAM A vastuone mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvI nahAtI. ene khAtara mustaphA kamAla pAzAe chekarA tathA chekarIe mATe kaLAnI zALAo kADhI. taruNa turkAnI caLavaLanA samayathI tuka strIoe svAtaMtrya mATenI laDatamAM mahattvanA phALA ApyA hatA. temane jakaDI rahelAM temanAM aneka prakAranAM adhanAmAMthI strIone mukta karavAne kamAla pAzA atizaya Atura hatA. 'nArI hakka rakSA maMDaLa' nAmanuM eka maMDaLa sthApavAmAM AvyuM ane badhA dhadhAonAM dvAra temane mATe khullAM mUkavAmAM AvyAM. paDadAnA rivAja upara pahelavahelA joradAra humalo karavAmAM AvyA ane bhAre varAthI paDade adRzya thaI gayA. strIone paDI pheMkI devAnI mAtra taka ApavAnI ja jarUra che. kamAla pAzAe temane e taka ApI ane strIo paDado phagAvI daI ne bahAra AvI. yuropiyana nRtyane paNa teNe khUba uttejana ApyuM. te pote e nRtyanA rasiyA hA eTaluM ja nahi paNa te ene strIonI mukti tathA pAzcAtya sabhyatAnA pratinidhi tarIke lekhatA hatA. haeNTa ane nRtya e e pragati tathA sabhyatAnA kAro anI gayA ! pazcimanA dezonAM e ka MgALa cihno hatAM, paraMtu kaMI nahi to

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kamAla pAzA bhUtakALanAM baMdhane phagAvI de che 1119 upara uparathI emaNe ThIka kAma ApyuM ane turkoe pitAne mAthAne pizAka, pitAne paheraveza tathA pitAne jIvanavyavahAra badalI nAkhyo. ekAMtavAsamAM UcharelI strIonI eka peDhIne ceDAM ja varasomAM vakIle, zikSake, dAktare ane nyAyAdhIzomAM ekAeka pheravI nAkhavAmAM AvI. IstaMbUlanA mahollAomAM strI piolIso paNa che ! eka vastunI bIjI vastu upara kevI asara thAya che e kharekhara jovA jevuM hoya che. laeNTina lipine svIkAra karavAthI tukamAM TAIparAITarane upayoga vadhavA pAme. ene lIdhe vadhu laghulipi jANanArA TAIpisTonI jarUra UbhI thaI ane e jarUriyAtane pariNAme vadhAre strIone kAma maLyuM. pahelAMnI dhArmika zALAomAM bALakone gokhaNapaTTI karAvavAmAM AvatI tene badale have teo bhaviSyamAM svAzrayI ane kuzaLa nAgarika banI zake te mATe aneka rIte pitAne vikAsa sAdhavAne temane uttejana ApavAmAM AvyuM. "zizu saptAha" e temanI eka apUrva saMsthA che. ema kahevAya che ke, dara varase eka aThavADiyA mATe dareka sarakArI amaladArane sthAne eka eka bALaka mUkavAmAM Ave che ane e aThavADiyA pUrate AkhA rAjyane vahIvaTa bALake calAve che. ene amala kevI rIte thAya che enI te mane khabara nathI paraMtu e eka AkarSaka kalpanA che ane keTalAMka bALake game teTalAM binaanubhavI ane mUrkha heya te paNa ApaNuM pukhtavayanA, DAhyADamarA ane gaMbhIra dekhAtA ghaNAkharA zAsako ke amaladAre karatAM vadhAre mUrkhAibharI rIte teo na ja varte enI mane khAtarI che. bIje paNa eka nAnakaDe pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu e vastu turkInA zAsakoe akhatyAra karelA navA dRSTibiMdunI nidarzaka che. salAma karavAnA rivAja tarapha paNa temaNe upekSA batAvI. temaNe e spaSTa karyuM ke, "zeka henDa' athavA hAtha milAvavA e svAgata karavA mATenI vadhAre sabhya rIta che ane bhaviSyamAM ene ja upayoga kare. pachIthI kamAla pAzAe tuka bhASA upara athavA sAcuM kahetAM tenA mata mujaba e bhASAmAM rahelA videzI tattva upara bhAre humale karyo. turka bhASA arabI lipimAM lakhAtI hatI. kamAla pAzA e lipine paradezI tathA lakhavAmAM muzkela gaNate hato. madhya eziyAmAM seviyeTane paNa e ja prakAranA prazno sAmano karavAne AvyuM hatuM, kema ke ghaNIkharI tAtaMra jAtionI lipio mULa arabI ke phArasI lipimAMthI uddabhavelI hatI. 1924nI sAlamAM A prazna upara vicAra calAvavA seviyeToe bAkumAM eka pariSada bharI. e pariSadamAM madhya eziyAnI judI judI tAtaMra bhASAo mATe laeNTina lipi svIkAravAnuM nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM. eTale ke bhASAo te tenI te ja rahI paNa temane

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1120 'jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana laeNTina athavA romana lipinA akSaromAM lakhavAnuM nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM. e bhASAnA viziSTa prakAranA dhvani vyakta karavA mATe khAsa dhvanisa jJA athavA svarasaMjJA nakkI karavAmAM AvI. e paddhati tarapha kamAla pAzAnuM dhyAna kheMcAyuM ane teNe e zIkhI lIdhI. teNe e tu` bhASAne lAgu pADI ane enI tarapheNamAM teNe pote eka bhAre caLavaLa calAvI. eka e varasanA pracAra ane zikSaNa pachI kAyadAthI eka divasa nakkI karavAmAM AvyA ane te divasathI arakhI lipi vAparavAnI manAI karavAmAM AvI ane laeNTina lipine krajiyAta karavAmAM AvI. chApAMo tathA pustakA vagere laeNTina lipimAM prasiddha karavAnuM tema ja khIjuM badhuM lakhANa paNa e ja lipimAM karavAnuM pharamAvavAmAM AvyuM. 16thI 40 varasa vaccenA dareka jaNane laeNTina mULAkSaro zIkhavA mATe zALAomAM hAjarI ApavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. e lipi na jANanAra amaladAro baratarapha karavAne pAtra gaNavAmAM AvyA. temanI sajAnI mudata pUrI thaI hoya to paNa e navI lipi te vAMcI lakhI na jANe tyAM sudhI kedIone jelamAMthI cheDavAmAM na AvyA ! saramukhatyAra, te khAsa karIne jo lokapriya hAya te, dareka vastune pUrepUro amala karI zake che. bhAgye ja bIjI kAI sarakAra prajAnA jIvanavyavahAramAM ATalI hada sudhI mAthu mArI zake. A rIte turkImAM laeNTina lipi kAyama thaI gaI paraMtu ceDA ja vakhatamAM eka khIjo pheraphAra zarU thayA. arakhI ane phArasI zabda e lipimAM sahelAIthI lakhI zakAtA nathI evuM mAlUma paDayuM. e zabdonA viziSTa prakAranA dhvanio ane bhAvA e lipimAM vyakta karI zakAtA nahAtA. zuddha tu zabdo eTalA nAjuka nahAtA; te vadhAre kharabacaDA, saraLa ane jussAdAra hatA. AthI arakhI tathA phArasI zabdo cheADI daI ne temane ThekANe zuddha turka zabdo dAkhala karavAnA nirNaya karavAmAM Avyo. A niNaeNyanI pAchaLa, bezaka rASTrIya kAraNa paNa hatuM. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayA huM tema kamAla pAzA turkIne arakhI tathA pUnI asaramAMthI jema bane tema dUra rAkhavA mAgatA hatA. arakhI tathA phArasI zabdo tema ja zabdaprayogAvALI jUnI turka bhASA usmAnI sAmrAjyanA bhapakAdAra dabadabAbharyAM darabArane mATe bhale yAgya gaNAya paraMtu jomadAra navA prajAsattAka tune mATe tene ayogya lekhavAmAM AvI. AthI evA bhapakAdAra zabdone rukhasada ApavAmAM AvI ane turka zAkhAnA jUnA zabdonI kheALa karavA tathA kheDUtAnI bhASA zIkhavAne vidvAna adhyApaka gAmaDAMomAM paheAMcI gayA. A pheraphAra hajI cAlu ja che. uttara hiMdustAnamAM ApaNe evA pheraphAra karavA hAya to jUnA darabArI jIvananA avazeSarUpa lakhanau tathA dilhInI hiMdustAnI bhASAnA AlaMkArika paNa kRtrima zabdo cheADIne tenI jagyAe gAmaThI zabdo dAkhala karavA joI e.

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kamAla pAzA bhUtakALanAM baMdhane phagAvI de che 1121 bhASAmAM karavAmAM AvelA A pheraphArane pariNAme vyaktio tathA zaheranAM nAme paNa pharI gayAM. tane khabara che ke kaoNnsTAnTinepala Aje IstaMbUla banI gayuM che, aMgerA aMkArA tathA smana IsmIra banI gayuM che. turkImAM lekanAM nAme sAmAnya rIte arabI uparathI pADavAmAM AvatAM - dAkhalA tarIke khuda mustaphA kamAla paNa arabI nAma che. navuM valaNa have zuddha turka nAma ApavA taraphanuM che. namAjha tathA ajhAna paNa turka bhASAmAM ja thavI joIe e kAyado paNa karavAmAM AvyuM. A pheraphAre bhAre muzkelI pedA karI. musalamAne namAjha hamezAM mULa arabI bhASAmAM ja paDhatA AvyA che; hiMdamAM Aje paNa e arabImAM ja paDhAya che. ghaNuM maulavIo tema ja majidanA ImAmone A pheraphAra anucita lAgyo ane temaNe arabImAM ja namAjha paDhavI cAlu rAkhI. A prazna upara tyAM AgaLa aneka ramakhANa thavA pAmyAM. hajI Aje paNa e bAbatamAM kadI kadI ramakhANa thAya che. paraMtu mustaphA kamAla pAzAnI AgevAnI nIcenI sarakAre bIjA badhA virodhanI peThe A virodhane paNa dAbI dIdhe. chellAM daza varasanI A badhI sAmAjika UthalapAthale prajAnuM jIvana * saMpUrNapaNe badalI nAkhyuM che ane purANI rUDhio tathA dhArmika asaramAMthI mukta thayelI navI peDhI UcharI rahI che. A pheraphAre mahattvanA che e kharuM paraMtu temaNe dezanA Arthika jIvana upara jhAjhI asara nathI karI. e bAbatamAM Toca upara thaDA gauNa pheraphAro karavAmAM AvyA te bAda karatAM tene pAye jemane tema ja rahyo che. kamAla pAzA arthazAstrI nathI tema ja raziyAmAM je mULabhUta pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyA che tenI tarapheNamAM paNa te nathI. AthI rAjakIya kSetramAM te seviyeTa sAthe maitrInA saMbaMdhathI saMkaLAyeluM che paraMtu Arthika kSetramAM sAmyavAdathI te dUra rahe che. krAMsanI mahAna krAMtinA abhyAsa uparathI teNe pitAnA sAmAjika tathA rAjakIya vicAre ja tAravyA hoya ema lAge che. dhaMdhAdArI vargane bAda karatAM turkImAM hajI paNa baLavAna madhyama varga nathI. grIka tathA bIjAM videzI tane dUra karyAthI dezane Arthika vyavahAra nabaLe paDyo che. paraMtu tuka sarakAra potAnI Arthika svataMtratAne bhaga ApavA karatAM dezanI garIbAI ane dhImA audyogika vikAsane vadhu pasaMda kare che. ane te mAne che ke je paradezI mUDI moTA pramANamAM tukamAM Ave te upara jaNAvelI Arthika svataMtratAne bhega Apavo paDe tathA ene pariNAme paradezIo dezanuM zoSaNa kare. ethI karIne teNe paradezI mUDIne dezamAM uttejana nathI ApyuM. paradezI mAla upara bhAre jakAta nAkhavAmAM AvI che. ghaNAkharA udyogane "rASTrIya' banAvI devAmAM AvyA che eTale prajAnI vatI

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112 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sarakAra temanI mAlakI dharAve che tathA temanA upara kAbU rAkhe che. relave paNa ThIka ThIka tvarAthI bAMdhavAmAM Ave che. kamAla pAzAne khetIvADImAM vadhAre rasa che. kema ke turka kheDUta hamezAM turka rASTra tathA turka lazkaranA AdhArarUpa rahyo che. sarakAra taraphathI khetInAM namUnedAra phArma banAvavAmAM AvyAM, jamIna kheDavA mATe TrekaTare dAkhala karavAmAM AvyAM tathA kheDUtanI sahakArI maMDaLIone uttejana ApavAmAM AvyuM. bAkInI duniyAnI peThe tuka paNa jagavyApI mahAna maMdInA vamaLamAM sapaDAyuM ane pitAnA kharacanA baMne pAsAM sarakhAM karavAnuM tene mATe paNa muzkela banI gayuM. paraMtu mustaphA kamAla pAzAnI doravaNI nIce te dhIme dhIme paNa sthiratAthI AgaLa vadhI rahyuM che. hajI paNa te dezanA sarvoparI netA tathA saramukhatyAra tarIke kAyama rahyo che. tene AtAtukane ilakAba ApavAmAM Ave che ane have te e ja nAmathI oLakhAya che. AtAtune artha rASTrapitA e thAya che. 160. hiMda gAMdhIjIne anusare che 11 me, 1933 have mAre hiMdanA tAjetaranA banAva viSe tane kaMIka kahevuM joIe. svAbhAvika rIte ja bahAranA banAvo karatAM ApaNe rasa temAM vadhAre che ane enI vadhAre paDatI vigatemAM huM nahi UtarI jAuM enI mAre sAvacetI rAkhavI joIe. e viSenA ApaNA aMgata rasa uparAMta, huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM tema hiMda Aje duniyA samakSane eka moTAmAM meTe prazna che. sAmrAjyavAdI Adhipatyane e eka sUcaka ane daSTAMtarUpa deza che. briTiza sAmrAjyanI AkhI ImArata enA upara TakI rahI che ane briTizenA e saphaLa daSTAMtathI lalacAIne bIjA deza paNuM sAmrAjyavAdI sAhasa kheDavAne nIkaLI paDyA che. hiMda viSenA mArA chellA patramAM mahAyuddha daramyAna ahIM thayelA pheraphAra viSe, hiMdanA udyoge tathA mUDIdAronI pragati viSe tathA hiMda paratvenI briTiza nItimAM thayelA pheraphAre viSe meM tene kahyuM hatuM. IglaMDa uparanuM hiMdanuM audyogika tema ja vepArI dabANa vadhatuM jatuM hatuM. e ja rIte rAjakIya dabANa paNa vadhatuM jatuM hatuM. pUrvanA badhAye dezamAM rAjakIya jAgRti AvI rahI hatI ane mahAyuddha pachI duniyAbharamAM khaLabhaLATa macI rahyo hate ane sarvatra becenInI lAgaNI vyApI gaI hatI. hiMdamAM kaI kaI vAra hiMsAtmaka krAMtikArI pravRtti najare

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1123 hiMda gAMdhIjIne anusare che paDatI hatI. prajA bhAre AzA sevI rahI hatI. khuda briTiza sarakArane paNa lAgyuM ke kaMIka karavuM joIe. prathama paristhitinI tapAsa karavAthI AraMbha karIne teNe rAjakIya kSetramAM pagalAM bharavA mAMDyAM. tapAsa pachI meMTegyu-cemsapharDa hevAlamAM rajU thayelI pheraphAra mATenI keTalIka darakhAsta bahAra pADavAmAM AvI. Arthika kSetramAM paNa sattA tathA zeSaNanA gaDhane pitAnA hAthamAM rAkhavAnI sAvacetI rAkhIne teNe AgaLa vadhatA jatA madhyama varganA lekane keTalAka TukaDA phekyA. mahAyuddha pachI thaDA vakhata sudhI vepAra khUba AbAda rahyo ane bhAre tejIne jamAne Avyo. e daramyAna vepArIone aDhaLaka naphe thaye. khAsa karIne baMgALanA zaNane udyogane bhAre na thayuM. tene naphe keTalIka vakhata te 100 TakA karatAMye vadhI gayo. vastunA bhAve bahu vadhI gayA ane kaMIka aMze majUrInA daro paNa vadhyA. paraMtu muMdhavArInA pramANamAM e vadhAre bahu ja ocho hate. vastuonA bhAvo vadhatAM gaNotiyAoe jamInadArane ApavAnI gaNatanA dara paNa vadhI gayA. pachIthI maMdIne kALa AvyuM ane vepAra ghaTavA mAMDyo. audyogika majUre tathA kheDUtanI sthiti bahu ja bagaDavA pAmI ane jhapATAbaMdha asaMtoSa vadhavA lAgyA. dinapratidina vadhatI jatI hADamArIne kAraNe kArakhAnAomAM ghaNI haDatAla paDI. adhyA prAMtamAM tAlukadArI vyavasthA nIce gaNetiyAonI sthiti khAsa karIne kharAba hatI ane tyAM AgaLa lagabhaga ApameLe pracaMDa kisAna caLavaLa UpaDI. keLavAyelA nIcalA tharanA madhyama vargamAM bekArI vadhI gaI ane te bhAre hADamArImAM AvI paDyo. mahAyuddha pachInA AraMbhanA divasanI A Arthika pUrva pIThikA hatI. A vastu je te lakSamAM rAkhaze to te tane rAjakIya caLavaLanI pragati samajavAmAM madadarUpa nIvaDaze. dezabharamAM laDAyaka jusso pedA thayo hato ane te aneka rIte vyakta thatuM hatuM. audyogika majUre paNa saMgaThita thaI rahyA hatA ane majUra mahAjane sthapAvA lAgyAM hatAM. e pachI akhila hiMda TreDa yuniyana keMgresa eTale ke akhila hiMdanI majUranI mahAsabhA sthapAI. nAnA nAnA jamInadAro tathA jamInanA mAlika kheDUte sarakArathI asaMtuSTa banyA hatA ane teo rAjakIya pravRtti tarapha sahAnubhUtithI joI rahyA hatA. gaNetiyAo sudhdhAM pelA kahevatarUpa susta kIDAnI mAphaka have saLavaLavAno prayatna karI rahyA hatA. ane madhyamavarga, khAsa karIne tenA bekAra le ke, ekakasapaNe rAjakAraNa tarapha ane temAMnA mUThIbhara leke krAMtikArI pravRtti tarapha vaLatA jatA hatA. hiMdu, musalamAna, zIkha e saune A paristhitinI asara thaI rahI hatI kema ke Arthika paristhiti kaMI dhArmika bhedane gaNakAratI nathI. paraMtu musalamAne A uparAMta tukI sAmenA yuddhathI atizaya khaLabhaLI UDyA hatA. temane evI bhIti hatI ke

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1124 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e yuddhane kAraNe briTiza sarakAra "jajIrata-ula-araba" athavA makkA, madInA ane jerUsalema vagere temanAM pavitra zaherane kabaje leze. (jerUsalema yahUdI, musalamAna tathA khristI e traNenuM pavitra zahera che.) Ama mahAyuddha pachI hiMdustAna rAha jotuM beThuM hatuM. te dhUMdhavAyeluM hatuM athavA kahe ugra banyuM hatuM. tene jhAjhI AzA nahotI ane chatAMye te kaMIka apekSA rAkhIne beThuM hatuM. thoDA ja mahinAomAM, jenI utsukatAthI apekSA rAkhavAmAM AvatI hatI te briTananI navI nItinuM prathama phaLa krAMtikArI caLavaLanuM niyamana karavA mATe khAsa kAyadAo pasAra karavA mATenI darakhAstanA rUpamAM bahAra paDayuM. vadhAre svataMtratAne badale hiMdane vadhAre damananI bheTa maLavAnI hatI. e darakhAsta athavA bile eka kamiTInA hevAla uparathI ghaDavAmAM AvyAM hatAM ane "roleTa bila'nA nAmathI oLakhAtAM hatAM. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM dezabharamAM te "kALA kAyadA nA nAmathI oLakhAvA lAgyAM. A raoNleTa bile athavA kALA kAyadAone dezabharamAM naramamAM narama mANaso sahita badhA hiMdIoe eka avAje vakhoDI kADhayA. e bile sarakArane tathA je vyakti temane nApasaMda hoya tathA jenA upara temane zaka hoya tenI dharapakaDa karavAnI, tenA upara kAma calAvyA vinA tene kedamAM rAkhI mUkavAnI athavA te tenA upara gupta rIte kAma calAvavAnI polIsone bhAre sattA ApatAM hatAM. e vakhate e bilanuM A varNana mazahUra thaI gayuM hatuM : "nA vakIla, nA apIla, nA dalIla." e bilenI sAme pikAra vadhatA jatA hatA tevAmAM eka navA tave dekhA dIdhI - rAjakIya kSitija upara eka nAnakaDuM vAdaLuM dekhAvA lAgyuM. e vAdaLuM vadhavA lAgyuM ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM samagra hiMdanA AkAzane teNe AvarI lIdhuM. A navuM tattva te mohanadAsa karamacaMda gAMdhI. mahAyuddha daramyAna te dakSiNa AphrikAmAMthI hiMda AvyA ane pitAnA sAthIo sAthe te sAbaramatI AzramamAM vasyA hatA. rAjakAraNathI te aLagA rahyA hatA. yuddha mATe raMgarUTanI bharatI karavAmAM temaNe sarakArane madada paNa karI hatI. bezaka, dakSiNa AphrikAnI temanI satyAgrahanI laData pachI hiMdamAM te sArI peThe mazahUra thayA hatA. 1917nI sAlamAM te bihAranA caMpAraNa jillAnA yuropiyana bagIcAvALAonA garIba, du:khI ane dalita kisAnonI vahAre dhAyA hatA ane bagIcAvALAonA trAsamAMthI temane mukta karavAmAM saphaLa thayA hatA. tyAra pachI te gujarAtanA kheDA jillAnA kheDUtanI vahAre dhAyA. 1919nI sAlamAM te khUba bImAra paDI gayA. te emAMthI sAjA thaIne mAMDa UyA tyAM te dezabharamAM roleTa bila sAmenuM AMdelana phATI nIkaLyuM. A dezavyApI pikAramAM temaNe pitAne avAja paNa meLavyuM.

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- hiMda gAMdhIjIne anusare che. 1125 paraMtu e avAja, game te kAraNe, bIjA avAjethI judo hato. e avAja zAnta ane dhIme hatuM ane chatAM samudAyanA pakArane bhedIne te saMbhaLAto hato; e mRdu ane namra hato ane chatAM temAM kyAMka pilAdI nakkaratA chupAyelI jaNAtI hatI; te vinaya ane vinavaNIthI bhareluM hatuM ane chatAM emAM kaMIka kaTTara ane DarAmaNuM tatva hatuM; ene ekeeka zabda arthaghana hatuM ane temAM kharAkharIne ugra raNake mAlUma paDatuM hatuM. zAMti ane mitrInI bhASAnI pAchaLa sAmartha ane amalI kAryane taravarate paDachAye tathA anyAyane vaza na thavAno aDaga nizcaya hate. Aje te ApaNe e avAjathI paricita thaI gayAM chIe; chellAM cauda varase daramyAna te ApaNe aneka vAra sAMbhaLyo che. paraMtu 1919nI sAlanA phebruArI tathA mArca mAsamAM te ApaNe mATe te na ja hate. ApaNe e barAbara samajatAM nahotAM paraMtu e avAja sAMbhaLIne ApaNAM remerama pulakita thaI gayAM. jemAM lAMbAM lAMbAM bhASaNa karavAmAM AvatAM ane tene aMte jene koI paNa kazuMye mahattva ApatuM nahotuM evA virodha darzAvanAra tenA te ja vyartha ane binaasarakAraka TharAva karavAmAM AvatA evA vakhoDaNInA dhAMdhaliyA rAjakAraNathI e sAva judI ja vastu hatI. A te amalI kAryanuM rAjakAraNa hatuM, kevaLa vAtanuM nahi. pasaMda karelA kAyadAo teDIne jelane netaravA taiyAra hoya evA lekonI mahAtmA gAMdhIe satyAgraha sabhA sthApI. e vakhata mATe te e sAva navI ja vastu hatI. ane ethI karIne keTalAka leke utsAhamAM AvI gayA ane keTalAka lake pAchaLa haTI gayA. jela javuM e Aje te rejane sAmAnya banAva banI gayuM che ane amArAmAMnA ghaNuMnA jIvanane e eka nizcita ane niyamita bhAga banI gayo che ! temanI hamezanI rIta mujaba gAMdhIjIe vAisaraoNyane namra apIla karI ane cetavaNI ApI. jyAre temane lAgyuM ke samagra hiMde eka avAje karelA virodhane Thokare mArIne briTiza sarakAre e kAyade pasAra karavAno nizcaya karyo che tyAre e bila pasAra karIne tene kAyadAnuM svarUpa ApavAmAM Ave tyAra pachInA pahelA ravivAre haDatAla pADIne, badhuM kAmakAja baMdha karIne tathA sabhAo bharIne dezabharamAM zekadina pALavAnI temaNe prajAne hAkala karI. e divase satyAgrahanI caLavaLane AraMbha thavAne hato ane 1919nA eprilanI 6ThThI tArIkhanA ravivArane dezabharamAM zahera tema ja gAmaDAomAM satyAgrahadina tarIke pALavAmAM AvyuM. AvA prakAranuM e pahelavaheluM hiMdavyApI nidarzana hatuM. e bhAre prabhAvazALI nidarzana hatuM ane emAM sarva prakAranA tathA badhIye kemenA lekoe bhAga lIdhe. amArAmAMnA jemaNe e haDatAlamAM kArya karyuM hatuM teo enI saphaLatA joIne cakita thaI gayA ja-29

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1126 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatA. ame te zaheranA mAtra gaNyAgAMThyA mANasane pahoMcI zakIe ema hatuM. paraMtu vAtAvaraNamAM na jusse vyApI gayuM hatuM ane game tema karIne e saMdezo ApaNuM vizALa dezanA daramAM dUra AvelA gAmaDA sudhI pahoMcI gayo hate. gAmaDAMnA leke tema ja zaheranA majUree pahelI ja vAra vizALa pAyA uparanA rAjakIya nidarzanamAM bhAga lIdhe. tArIkhanI bAbatamAM samajaphera thavAthI dilhIe 6ThThI eprilane Agale ravivAre eTale ke 31mI mArce haDatAla pADI hatI. e divasemAM dilhInA musalamAna tathA hiMduomAM eka bIjA mATe bhAre sabhAva ane bhAIcArAnI lAgaNI pravartatI hatI ane dilhInI prakhyAta jAme masjidamAM pracaMDa sabhAne uddezIne vyAkhyAna ApatA AryasamAjanA mahAna netA svAmI zraddhAnaMdanuM apUrva dazya jovAmAM AvyuM hatuM. 31mI mArce dilhInA mahollAomAM ekaThAM thatAM pracaMDa ToLAne vikherI nAkhavAne pilIsa tathA lazkarI sipAIoe prayatna karyo. temaNe e ToLAMo upara goLI calAvI ane keTalAkanA jAna paNa lIdhA. kadAvara ane saMnyAsInA pizAkamAM bhavya lAgatA svAmI zraddhAnaMde caMdanI cekamAM khullI chAtI ane aga dRSTithI gurakhA sipAIonI saMgInane sAmano karyo. temanA hAtha thaMbhI gayA ane e kasoTImAMthI te kSemakuzaLa pAra UtaryA ane e banAve AkhA hiMdane pulakita karI mUkyuM. paraMtu duHkhanI vAta e che ke e pachI ATha varasanI aMdara eka dhamadha musalamAne temane dage karIne mArI nAkhyA. e vakhate te mAMdA hatA ane pitAnA bichAnAmAM sUtA hatA tyAM AvIne e musalamAne temanA peTamAM charI beMkI dIdhI. 6ThThI eprilanA satyAgrahadina pachI banAvo bahu jhapATAbhera banavA lAgyA. 10mI eprile amRtasaramAM eka viSama ghaTanA banI gaI. e divase pitAnA netA DaoN. kIcalu tathA DaoN. satyapAlanI dharapakaDa mATe zoka darzAvavAne mATe tyAM AgaLa eka niHzastra ToLuM ughADe mAthe jamA thayuM hatuM. e ToLA upara lazkarI sipAIoe geLI calAvI ane ethI ghaNuM mANasenA jAna gayA. AthI e ToLuM pAgala banyuM ane kacerIomAM beThelA pAMca ke che nirdoSa aMgrejone mArI nAkhIne tathA temanI beMkanAM makAne bALI nAkhIne enuM vera lIdhuM. ane pachI te jANe bAkInA deza ane paMjAba vacce eka paDado Ubho thayo hoya ema lAgyuM. sakhata khabara-niyamanathI (senserazipa) paMjAbane bAkInA hiMdathI sAva aLaguM pADI devAmAM AvyuM. tyAMnA bhAgye ja kazA khabara bahAra AvatA ane lekane e prAMtamAM dAkhala thavAnuM ke tyAMthI bahAra AvavAnuM atizaya muzkela banI gayuM. tyAM AgaLa lazkarI kAyadAne amala karavAmAM AvyuM ane enI vedanA mahinAo sudhI cAlu rahI. aThavADiyAMo

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'hiMda gAMdhIjIne anusare che 1127 ane mahinAonI vedanAbharI vimAsaNa pachI dhIme dhIme paDado UMcakAye ane bhayaMkara satya bInAo bahAra AvI. paMjAbamAM lazkarI kAyadAnA amalanA samayanI bhISaNatAonI vAta huM tane ahIM nahi kahuM. 13mI eprile amRtasaramAM jaliyAvAlA bAgamAM thayelI katalanI vAta AkhI duniyA jANe che. jemAMthI chaTakavAne Are na hato evA e motanA pAMjarAmAM e divase hajAre leke marAyA athavA te ghAyala thaIne paDyA. khuda "amRtasara" zabda katalane paryAya banI gayo che. A hatyAkAMDa te bUre hate ja paNa e sivAya bIjA ane vadhAre nirlajaja banAvo paNa paMjAbamAM TheraThera banavA pAmyA. A hevAniyata tathA kAramI bhISaNatAo daragujara karavI e ATalAM badhAM varase vItyA pachI paNa muzkela che. ane chatAMye e samajavI muzkela nathI. khuda temanuM Adhipatya ja evA prakAranuM che ke tene lIdhe hiMdamAMnA aMgrejone jANe teo javALAmukhInI kaDaNa upara beThA hoya ema lAge che. hiMdanuM mAnasa yA tenuM hRdaya teo bhAgye ja samajyA che - te samajavAno temaNe bhAgye ja prayatna paNa karyo che. potAnA vizALa ane AMTIghUMTIvALA saMgaThana tathA tenI pAchaLa rahelA baLa upara mustAka banIne teo hiMdIothI hamezAM aLagA ja rahetA AvyA che. pitAnA sAmartha upara temane bhAre vizvAsa che paraMtu e vizvAsanI pAchaLa hamezAM ajJAtane Dara raheluM hoya che ane doDha sadInI temanI hakUmata pachI paNa hiMda temane mATe eka ajJAta mulaka ja rahyo che. 1857nA baLavAnI yAda hajI temanA manamAM tAjI ja che ane teo jANe aparicita ane duzmananA dezamAM vasatA hoya evuM temane lAgyA kare che tathA kaI divasa e temanI sAme viphare ane temanA TukaDeTukaDA karI nAkhe evI dhAstI temane hamezAM rahe che. temanI manodazAnI A sAmAnya bhUmikA che. dezamAM temanI sAme virodhI hilacAla prasaratI joIne temane bhaya vadhI gaye. 10mI eprile amRtasaramAM banelA khUnakhAra banAvonI vAta jANune lAheramAMnA paMjAbanA upalA darajjAnA amaladAre pitAnuM mAnasika samatolapaNuM saMpUrNapaNe gumAvI beThA - teo bhaDakI UThyA. temane lAgyuM ke 1857nA baLavA jevo A moTA pAyA upara bIje khUnakhAra baLa che ane aMgrejonI jiMdagI jokhamamAM AvI paDI che. temane khunAmarakInI bhrAMti paDI ane temaNe trAsa vartAvavAno nizcaya karyo. jaliyAvAlA bAga, lazkarI kAyade tathA e pachI je je banAva banyA te AvI manodazAnAM pariNAme hatAM. bhayane mATe kazuMye kAraNa na hovA chatAM kaI mANasa bebAkaLo banIne * geravartana calAve e samajI zakAya evuM che, paraMtu ethI kaMI te daragujara

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1120 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana na karI zakAya. paraMtu amRtasaranA goLIbAra mATe javAbadAra janarala DAyare mahinAo pachI tiraskArapUrvaka e kRtyane bacAva karyo tathA goLIbAranA bhoga banIne ghAyala thaIne paDelA hajAre leke tarapha teNe hevAniyatabharI beparavAI darzAvI e vastuo khAsa karIne hiMdane AvyuM banAvI mUkyuM ane te atizaya ke pAyamAna thayuM. ghAyala thayelA pratyenI tenI beparavAInI bAbatamAM teNe jaNAvyuM ke, "e kaMI mAruM kAma nahatuM." IMglaMDamAM keTalAka lekee tathA sarakAre DAyaranI haLavI TIkA karI paraMtu umarAvanI sabhAmAM thayelI carcA vakhate iMglaMDanA zAsaka varganA sAmAnya valaNanuM pradarzana thayuM. e carcA daramyAna janarala DAyaranAM piTa bharIne vakhANa karavAmAM AvyAM. e vastue hiMdanA krodhAgnimAM ghI he ane paMjAbanA anyAyanI bAbatamAM dezabharamAM bhAre kaDavAzanI lAgaNI vyApI gaI paMjAbamAM kharekhara zuM banyuM hatuM tenI tapAsa karavA sarakAra tema ja mahAsabhA e baMnee tapAsa samiti nImI hatI. deza temanA hevAlanI rAha jote beThe hate. e varasathI 13mI eprila e rASTrIya dina banI gayuM che ane 6ThThI eprilathI 13mI eprila sudhInA ATha divasanuM rASTrIya saptAha banyuM che. jaliyAnavAlA bAga e Aje rAjakIya yAtrAnuM dhAma banI gayuM che. Aje te e eka AkarSaka bagIce banI gayuM che ane tenI ghaNIkharI jUnI bhISaNatA naSTa thaI gaI che. paraMtu tenI smRti te hajI kAyama rahI che. devage e varase eTale ke 1919nI sAlanA Disembara mAsamAM mahAsabhAnI beThaka paNa amRtasaramAM ja thaI. e vakhate tapAsasamitionA hevAlanI rAha jovAtI hatI eTale e beThakamAM, koI paNa mahatvano nirNaya karavAmAM Avyo nahi. paraMtu mahAsabhA have badalAI gaI che e vastu have spaSTapaNe dekhAvA lAgI hatI. te have janatAnI saMsthA banavA lAgI hatI ane keTalAka jUnA mahAsabhAvAdIone asvaratha karI mUke evI navI zakitane temAM saMcAra thaI rahyo hate. hajI tevA ne tevA ja aDaga tathA kadI paNa namatuM na ApanAra lekamAnya TiLaka paNa tyAM AvyA hatA. mahAsabhAnI beThakamAM teo chellI ja vAra hAjarI ApatA hatA kema ke tenI bIjI beThaka bharAya te pahelAM te videha thavAnA hatA. Ama-samudAyamAM kapriya thayelA gAMdhIjI paNa tyAM hatA ane hiMdanA rAjakAraNu tathA mahAsabhA uparanA temanA prabhutvanI lAMbI kArakirdIne AraMbha hajI hamaNuM ja karI rahyA hatA. lazkarI kAyadAnA amalanA divase daramyAna zayatAniyatabharyA kAvatarAMomAM saMDovIne jemane lAMbI mudatanI sajA karavAmAM AvI hatI evA keTalAka netAo paNa turaMgamAMthI chUTIne sIdhA e beThakamAM hAjarI ApavA AvyA hatA. kAraNa ke

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1129 hiMda gAMdhIjIne anusare che temanI sajA have rada karavAmAM AvI hatI. vaLI ghaNuM varasenI aTakAyatamAMthI chUTIne mazahUra alIbhAIo paNa tyAM AvyA hatA. bIje varase mahAsabhAe jhaMpalAvyuM ane gAMdhIjInA asahakAranA kAryakramane teNe svIkAra karyo. mahAsabhAnI kalakattAnI khAsa beThake e kAryakramane apanAvyuM ane e pachIthI nAgapuranI tenI vArSika beThake tene bahAlI ApI. laDatanI paddhati bilakula zAMtimaya hatI ane tene ahiMsaka paddhati tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvatI hatI. enA pAyAmAM sarakArane tenA rAjavahIvaTa calAvavAnA kAryamAM tathA hiMdanA zeSaNamAM madada karavAno inkAra rahele hate. keTalIka vastuonA bahiSkArathI e laDatane AraMbha karavAno hate. dAkhalA tarIke paradezI sarakAre ApelA IlakAbene, sarakArI meLAvaDAo tathA evA bIjA prasaMgone, vakIla tathA kesa laDanArA pakSo e baMnee sarakArI adAlatene, sarakArI zALA tathA kolejone tema ja menTa-pharDa sudhArA nIcenI navI dhArAsabhAone bahiSkAra karavAno hato. pAchaLathI mulakI tema ja lazkarI nekarIo tathA kara bharavAnI bAbatamAM paNa e bahiSkAra lAgu pADavAne hate. enI racanAtmaka bAjumAM hAthakAMtaNuM tathA khAdI tema ja sarakArI adAlatene badale lavAdapaMca upara bhAra mUkavAmAM AvyuM. hiMdu-muslima aikaya tathA aspRzyatAnivAraNa e vastuo e kAryakramanAM be mahattvanAM aMge hatAM. mahAsabhAnuM baMdhAraNa paNa badalavAmAM AvyuM ane te kArya karanArI saMsthA banI ane janatAne mATe teNe pitAnAM dvAra khullA karyA. mahAsabhA Aja sudhI je karatI AvI hatI tenAthI A kAryakrama sAva nirALa hate. kharekhara, duniyAne mATe e eka avanavI vastu hatI kema ke dakSiNa AphrikAnA satyAgrahanuM kSetra te bahu ja maryAdita hatuM. emAM keTalAka lekene te tarata ja bhAre bhoga ApavAne hate. dAkhalA tarIke, emAM vakIlane vakIlAta choDavAnI tathA vidyArthIone sarakArI kaoNlejone bahiSkAra karavAnI hAkala karavAmAM AvI hatI. enA guNadoSa AMkavAnuM muzkela hatuM kema ke e AMkavA mATenuM kazuM dhoraNa mejUda nahotuM. mahAsabhAnA jUnA ane anubhavI AgevAno ene svIkAra karatAM acakAyA tathA enI bAbatamAM sAzaMka banyA emAM kazuM Azcarya nathI. emAMnA sauthI moTA netA lekamAnya TiLaka e pahelAM ja videha thayA hatA. mahAsabhAnA bIjA AgaLa paDatA netAomAM mAtra paMDita motIlAla neharue ja AraMbhathI gAMdhIjIne ke A hatuM. paraMtu sAmAnya mahAsabhAvAdIo tathA sAdhAraNa mANase athavA AmajanatAnA utsAhanI bAbatamAM kaze saMdeha nahatuM. gAMdhIjIe temane jamInathI adhdhara karI dIdhA, pitAnI jAduI asarathI temaNe temanAM dila jItI lIdhAM ane "mahAtmA gAMdhI kI jaya'nA pikArathI temaNe ahiMsaka

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana asahakAranA navA kAryakramane vadhAvI lIdhe. e kAryakramane viSe musalamAnone utsAha paNa bIjAonA jeTale ja hate. kharI vAta te e che ke alI bhAIonI AgevAnI nIce khilAphata kamiTIe te mahAsabhAnI pahelAM e kAryakramane apanAvyuM hatuM. janatAnA utsAhane kAraNe tathA e caLavaLane AraMbhamAM maLelI saphaLatA joIne jUnA ghaNAkharA mahAsabhAvAdIo emAM joDAyA. A avanavI laData tathA tenI pAchaLa rahelI philasUphInA guNadoSanI parIkSA huM A patramAM karI zakuM ema nathI. e bhAre aTapaTo prazna che ane saMbhava che ke e caLavaLanA praNetA gAMdhIjI sivAya bIjo kaI paNa mANasa e vastu sateSakAraka rIte na karI zake. ema chatAMye ApaNe ene eka prekSakanI dRSTithI tapAsIzuM ane e ATalI badhI tvarAthI saphaLatApUrvaka kema phelAvA pAmI e samajavA prayatna karIzuM. janatAnI Arthika hADamArI tathA videzI zeSaNa nIce uttarottara temanI bagaDatI jatI sthiti viSe tema ja madhyama vargamAM vadhatI jatI bekArI viSe huM tane kahI gayo chuM. e badhAMnA nivAraNane upAya che? rASTrIya bhAvanAnA vikAse lekanAM mana rAjakIya svataMtratAnI AvazyakatA tarapha vALyAM. parataMtra ane gulAmImAM rahevuM e agati karanAruM che eTalA mATe ja nahi tema ja lekamAnyanA kahevA pramANe svataMtratA e ApaNe janmasiddha haka che ane ApaNe te prApta karavI ja joIe mAtra eTalA mATe paNa nahi, paraMtu ApaNI prajA uparane garIbAIne beje haLave karavAne mATe paNa svataMtratA Avazyaka che ema manAvA lAgyuM hatuM. paNa svataMtratA meLavavI kevI rIte ? hAthapaga joDIne zAMta besI rahevAthI ke tenI rAha joyA karavAthI te nathI maLavAnI che te spaSTa ja hatuM. vattAochA jhanUnathI mahAsabhA Aja sudhI kevaLa virodha ane yAcanAnI rItene anusaratI AvI hatI. e rIte prajAne mATe hiNapatabharI hatI eTaluM ja nahi paNa vyartha ane asara vinAnI hatI e paNa eTaluM ja spaSTa hatuM. ItihAsakALamAM e rIte kadIye saphaLa thaI nathI tema ja zAsaka ke adhikAra bhogavatA vargo pAsethI sattA choDI zakI nathI. kharekhara, itihAse te ApaNane e batAvyuM che ke gulAma prajAo ke vagee hiMsaka baLa ke ramakhANa karIne pitAnI svataMtratA meLavI hatI. hiMdanA leke mATe sazastra baLavAne te prazna ja nahote. ApaNe niHzastra prajA chIe ane ApaNAmAMnA ghaNuM te hathiyAra vAparI paNa jANatA nathI. vaLI hiMsaka athavA sazastra laDAImAM briTiza sarakAranuM che te koI paNa rAjyanuM saMgaThita baLa tenI sAme je kaMI baLa UbhuM karavAmAM Ave tenA karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre hoya che. sazastra sainya baLa karI zake kharAM paraMtu nizastra

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hiMda gAMdhIjIne anusare che 1131 leke baMDa karIne sazastra sainyane sAmane karI zake nahi. bIjI bAjue vyaktigata trAsa phelAvavAno eTale ke pistola ke boMbathI chUTAchavAyA sarakArI amaladArone mArI nAkhavA e to hatAza thayelAone mArga hato. e mArga lakonA jussAne hAni pahoMcADanAra nIvaDe che ane vyaktione e bhalene game eTalI bhaDakAvI mUke paNa baLavAna ane saMgaThita sarakArane e hacamacAvI zake ema mAnavuM hAsyAspada che. huM tane AgaLa jaNAvI gayo chuM tema AvI rIte vyaktigata hiMsAne mArga raziyana krAMtivAdIoe paNa cheDI dIdhuM hatuM. te pachI ze upAya bAkI rahe che? raziyAe saphaLatApUrvaka krAMti karI hatI ane teNe majUrAnuM prajAsattAka sthApyuM hatuM. lazkaranA pIThabaLa sahita janatAne sakriya kAryamAM preravAnI e rIta hatI. paraMtu mahAyuddhane pariNAme deza tathA tenI jUnI sarakAra sAva chinnabhinna thaI gayAM hatAM tathA temane virodha karanAra keI rahyuM nahatuM e samaye raziyAmAM paNa soviyeTane vijaya thaye hite. vaLI, e vakhate hiMdamAM jUja leke raziyA ke mAkarsavAda viSe kaMIka jANatA hatA tyA te majUre ane kheDUtone lakSamAM rAkhIne vicAra karatA hatA. Ama A badhA mArge nirapagI hatA ane adhogatikAraka gulAmagIrInI asahya sthitimAMthI bahAra nIkaLavAne koI paNa upAya najare paData nahe. jemane A gulAmInI dazA kaThatI hatI te leko bhAre hatAza ane asahAya banI gayA hatA. A ghaDIe gAMdhIjIe pitAne asahakArane kAryakrama deza AgaLa rajU karyo. AyarlenDanI sIna-phIna caLavaLanI peThe te pitAnI jAta upara AdhAra rAkhavAnuM eTale ke svAzrayI banavAnuM tema ja pitAnI zakti vadhAravAnuM ApaNane zIkhavate hate. vaLI, dekhItI rIte ja, sarakAra upara dabANa lAvavA mATenI e bhAre asarakAraka rIta hatI. sarakAra moTe bhAge hiMdIonA pitAnA marajiyAta ke pharajiyAta sahakAra upara TakatI hatI. e sahakAra je kheMcI levAmAM Ave ane bahiSkArane amala karavAmAM Ave te sarakAranuM AkhuM taMtra sthagita karI devAnuM siddhAMtanI dRSTie te bilakula saMbhavita lAgatuM hatuM. asahakAra eTalI hade saphaLa na thAya toye te sarakAra, upara bhAre dabANa lAvavAmAM tema ja sAthe sAthe lekanuM baLa vadhAravAmAM saphaLa nIvaDe emAM leza paNa zaMkA nahotI. e saMpUrNapaNe zAMtimaya hato paraMtu te kevaLa apratikAra ja nahote. satyAgraha e anyAya ke aniSTa sAmenA ahiMsaka paNa nizcita prakAranA pratikAranuM svarUpa hatuM. vAstavamAM e zAMtimaya, ahiMsaka yA te beThe baLavo hato, yuddhanuM e atizaya sabhya svarUpa hatuM ane chatAye rAjyanI sthiratAne mATe e bhAre jokhamakAraka hatuM. janatAne kArya karatI karavA mATe e eka asarakAraka upAya hatuM ane hiMdanI prajAnI viziSTa prakAranI pratibhAne e baMdhabesatuM AvatuM hatuM. eNe ApaNuM vartana

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1131 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sudhArI dIdhu ane ApaNA pratispardhIone deSita sthitimAM mUkI dIdhA. ApaNane kacarI rahelA bhayamAMthI teNe ApaNane mukta karyAM. ApaNe edhaDaka khanIne saunI sAme mAthuM UMcuM rAkhIne pharavA lAgyA tathA ApaNA manamAM dhoLAtA vicAro saMpUrNapaNe ane nikhAlasatAthI ApaNe darzAvavA lAgyA. ApaNA mana uparathI jANe bhAre jo UpaDI gayA hoya ema ApaNane lAgavA mAMDayuM ane vANI tathA kAryanI lAdhelI navI svataMtratAe ApaNane AtmavizvAsa tathA zaktithI bharI dIdhA. ane AvI latAmAM anivAya paNe jAti jAti tathA rASTra rASTra vacce atizaya tIvra dveSA pedA thavA pAme che tene A zAMtimaya rIte ghaNe aMze TALyA. ane e rIte teNe chevaTanuM samAdhAna vadhAre sugama banAvI mUkayu. AthI, jenI pAchaLa gAMdhIjInuM apUrva vyaktitva rahelu hatuM evA A asahakAranA kAryakrame dezane potAnA tarapha AkaSNeA~ tathA temAM AzAnA sa McAr karyAM emAM Azraya pAmavA jevuM kazuM nathI. te phelAtA gayA ane tenA sparzathI purANI nabaLAI adRzya thaI gaI. navI mahAsabhAe dezanAM dhaNAMkharAM prANavAna tattvAne potAnA tarapha AkarSyA ane tenuM baLa tathA pratiSThA vadhI gayAM. daramyAna menTa Da sudhArA pramANenI dhArAsabhAo zarU thaI cUkI hatI. vinItAe ~~ have teo potAne libarala tarIke oLakhAvatA hatA -- e sudhArAone vadhAvI lIdhA ane enI nIce teo pradhAnA tathA khIjA amaladAro banyA. teo sarakAra sAthe lagabhaga ekarUpa thaI gayA hatA ane temane prajAnuM bilakula pIThabaLa nahatuM. mahAsabhAe e dhArAsabhAnA bahiSkAra karyAM hatA ane dezamAM temanA tarapha kAI e lakSa ApyuM nahi. dhArAsabhAnI ahAra gAmaDAM tathA zaherAmAM cAlI rahelI laData tarapha saunuM lakSa kendrita thayuM hatuM. mahAsabhAnA saMkhyAbaMdha kA kartAe gAmaDAMomAM pahoMcI gayA hatA. tyAM temaNe mahAsabhA samiti sthApI hatI ane e rIte temaNe gAmaDAMone jAgrata karavAmAM kALA ApyA hatA. mAmalA kaTokaTIe pahoMcatA jatA hatA ane anivAya paNe 1921nA DisembaramAM athaDAmaNa thavA pAmI. prasaMga prinsa Apha velsanI hiMdanI mulAkAtanA hatA. mahAsabhAe e mulAkAtanA bahiSkAra karyAM hatA. dezabharamAM sakhyAbaMdha leAkAnI dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI ane turaMgA 'rAjArI' kedIothI UbharAvA lAgI. e vakhate amArAmAMnA dhaNAone jelanI dIvAlA pAchaLanI duniyAne pahelavahelA anubhava thayA. mahAsabhAnA varAyelA pramukhanI sudhdhAM dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI hatI ane temane badale amadAvAdanI beThakamAM DaMkIma ajamala khAte pramukhasthAna lIdhuM. paraMtu e vakhate gAMdhIjInI dharapakaDa nahAtI karavAmAM AvI. caLavaLa vadhu ne vadhu baLavAna banatI gaI ane dharapakaDa karavAmAM Ave

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1920-30nuM hiMt - 1133 tenA karatAM dharapakaDa notaranArAonI saMkhyA hamezAM vadhAre rahetI. nAmIcA AgevAne tathA kAryakartAone pakaDIne jelamAM dhakelI devAmAM AvyA tema tema navA ane binaanubhavI ane keTalIka vAra te aniSTa mANase temanI jagyAe AvatA gayA. AthI caLavaLamAM avyavasthA tathA kaMIka hiMsA dAkhala thavA pAmI. 1922nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM yukta prAMtamAM gorakhapura pAse caurI caurA AgaLa kheDUtanA eka ToLA tathA pilIse vacce athaDAmaNa thavA pAmI. pariNAma e AvyuM ke kheDUtoe tenI aMdaranA thaDA pilIse sahita tyAMnuM pilIsa thANuM bALI mUkyuM. A ane bIjA keTalAka banAvothI gAMdhIjIne bhAre AghAta lAgyo. e banAvo e darzAvatA hatA ke laData avyavasthita banatI jatI hatI ane temAM hiMsAnuM tattva dAkhala thayuM hatuM. AthI gAMdhIjInI sUcanAthI kArobArI samitie asahakArane kAnUnabhaMgane bhAga mekUpha rAkhe. A pachI tarata ja khuda gAMdhIjIne paNa pakaDavAmAM AvyA. temanA upara kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM ane temane cha varasanI sajA karavAmAM AvI. 1922nI sAlamAM A banyuM ane asahakAranI pahelI avasthA A rIte pUrI thaI 161. 1920-30nuM hiMda me 14, 1933 1922nI sAlamAM savinaya kAnUnabhaMga mokUpha rAkhavAmAM AvyuM tyAre asahakAranI caLavaLanI pahelI avasthA pUrI thaI paraMtu A mephIthI ghaNA mahAsabhAvAdIo nArAja thayA. dezamAM bhAre jAgRti AvI hatI ane lagabhaga 30 hajAra satyAgrahIo kAyade toDIne jelamAM gayA hatA. zuM A badhuM vyartha hatuM ane uzkerAI jAya evA thoDAka garIba kheDUtoe geravartAva karyo eTalA ja khAtara caLavaLane hetu pAra paDe te pahelAM ja adhavacamAM ekAeka tene mokUpha rAkhavI? svataMtratA te hajI bahu dUra hatI ane briTiza sarakAra te pahelAMnI jema ja pitAnuM kArya karyo jatI hatI. dillImAM tema ja prAtamAM kazIye sAcI sattA vinAnI dhArAsabhAo hatI; mahAsabhAe temane bahiSkAra karyo hato. gAMdhIjI jelamAM hatA. have bIjuM pagaluM bharavAnI bAbatamAM mahAsabhAnA daLamAM bhAre vAdavivAda UbhuM thayuM ane mahAsabhAnI nItimAM pheraphAra karavAnI himAyata karanAre svarAjyapakSa nAmano eka pakSa sthapAya. e pakSe evuM sUcavyuM ke asahakAranA mULabhUta kAryakramane te vaLagI rahevuM paNa tenI eka bAbatamAM pheraphAra kare. dhArAsabhAone bahiSkAra cheDI devuM joIe. Ane lIdhe mahAsabhAmAM bhAgalA paDyA paraMtu chevaTe svarAjyapakSe pitAnuM dhAryuM karyuM.

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1134 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mahAsabhAvAdIo dhArAsabhAomAM dAkhala thayA ane tyAM AgaLa temaNe kaDaka ane jussAdAra bhASaNo karyA tathA kharaca mATe nANuM maMjUra karavAnI nA pADI. paraMtu temanA TharA tathA matonI sarakAra upekSA karatI hatI. ane dhArAsabhAe uDAvI dIdhelA aMdAjapatrane vAisaraoNya sarTiphAI karato eTale ke tene maLelI sattAnI rUe te e aMdAjapatrane vAjabI TharAvate. mahAsabhAvAdIonI dhArAsabhAomAMnI A pravRttio pracAranI daSTie theMDA vakhata mATe ThIka hatI paraMtu ene lIdhe caLavaLanuM dhoraNa nIcuM paDayuM. ene pariNAme janatA sAthe saMparka tUTI gayo ane pratyAghAtIo sAthe aghaTita bAMdhachoDa karavI paDI. A 1920-30nA gALAmAM hiMdane hacamacAvI mUkanArAM bhinna bhinna baLa tathA caLavaLa samajavAne ApaNe prayatna karIzuM. sauthI pradhAna savAla hiMdu-muslima aikyane hate. e baMne koma vacce gharSaNa vadhatuM jatuM hatuM ane masjido AgaLa vAjAM vagADavA jevI najIvI bAbate upara uttara hiMdamAM aneka ThekANe hullaDo thavA pAmyAM hatAM. asahakAranA divasanA apUrva zakya pachI thayele A aNadhAryo ane vicitra prakArane pheraphAra hate. A pheraphAra sAthI thavA pAme ane pelI ekatAnA mULamAM zI vastu rahelI hatI? rASTrIya caLavaLanA mULamAM pradhAnapaNe Arthika hADamArI ane bekArI rahelAM hatAM. ene pariNAme briTiza sarakAra sAmenA virodhanI sarvasAdhAraNa lAgaNI badhAye samUhamAM pedA thaI tathA svarAja athavA svataMtratA mATenI kaMIka aspaSTa kAmanA paNa jAgrata thaI. A virodhanI lAgaNI badhAne ekatra karanArI sAmAnya karI hatI paraMtu bhinna bhinna samUhonA Azaye judA judA , hatA. e dareka samUha svarAjyane jude jude artha karate hate. bekAra madhyama varga svarAjyamAM nokarI tathA dhaMdherojagAra meLavavAnI AzA sevate hate, kheDUte jamInadAre tenA upara lAdelA bejAmAMthI rAhata meLavavA cahAte hatuM ane e rIte sau potapotAnA hitane vicAra karatA hatA. dhArmika samUhAnI dRSTithI e prazna tarapha najara karIe te eka samUha tarIke musalamAno emAM 'khilAphatane kAraNe joDAyA hatA. A zuddha dhArmika savAla hato ane te kevaLa musalamAnone ja sparzate hate. bina-musalamAnone tenI sAthe kazI levAdevA nahatI. paraMtu gAMdhIjIe e praznane apanAvI lIdho ane temaNe bIjAone paNa tema karavA jaNAvyuM. gAMdhIjIne lAgyuM ke duHkhamAM AvI paDelA bhAIne madada karavAnI ApaNI pharaja che. e dvArA hiMdu tathA musalamAnone ekabIjAnI vadhu samIpa lAvavAnI AzA paNa te sevatA hatA. Ama musalamAnonI sAmAnya dRSTi muslima rASTravAdanI athavA kahe ke muslima AMtararASTrIyavAdanI hatI, nahi ke sAcA rASTravAdanI. hA, eTaluM kharuM ke sAcA rASTravAda ane muslima rASTravAda vaccene virodha te vakhate spaSTa nahete thaye.

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1920-30nu* hi'# 1135 bIjI bAjue rASTravAdanA hiMdu khyAla cokkasapaNe hiMdu rASTravAdane hatAM. musalamAnanI bAbatamAM jema e sugama hatuM tema A dAkhalAmAM hiMdu rASTravAda ane sAcA rASTravAda e e vacce cokhkhA bheda pADavAnuM sugama nahatuM. temanI bAbatamAM e ane rASTravAdo ekakhIjAmAM seLabheLa thaIjatA hatA kema ke hiMdue mAtra hiMdamAM ja vase che ane teo ahIM bahumatImAM che. AthI, joke ane potapotAnA viziSTa prakAranA rASTravAdanA upAsaka hatA chatAMye A kAraNe pakkA rASTravAdI hovAno dekhAva karavAnuM musalamAneAnA karatAM hiMdu mATe sugama hatuM. A uparAMta jene sAcA athavA hiMdI rASTravAda kahI zakAya te paNa hatA. te upara gaNAvelA dhArmi ka athavA kAmI prakArathI bilakula bhinna hatA. rASTravAda zabdanA Adhunika arthamAM tenuM e ja sAcu svarUpa hatuM. A trIjA samUhamAM hiMdu musalamAna bane tathA khIjA paNa hatA. 1920-22nI asahakAranI caLavaLa daramyAna A traNa prakAranA rASTravAdo ekatra thaI gayA. e traNe mAryAM alaga hatA paraMtu e vakhata pUratI temanI gati eka ja dizAmAM hatI. 1921nI sAmudAyika caLavaLathI briTiza sarakAra AbhI banI gaI hatI. tene enI cetavaNI to ghaNA vakhatathI maLI cUkI hatI paraMtu enI sAthe kevI rIte kAma levuM enI tene samaja paDatI nahotI. dharapakaDa ane sajA karavAnA hamezanA sIdhe upAya binaasarakAraka nIvaDyo hatA kema ke mahAsabhAne to e ja vastu joItI hatI. AthI tenA jAsUsI khAtAe mahAsabhAne aMdarathI nabaLI pADavAne eka. navI ja rIta zodhI kADhI. polIsanA ejaTA tathA jAsUsI khAtAnA mANasA mahAsabhA samitimAM dAkhala thayA ane hiMsAne uttejana ApIne temaNe muzkelI UbhI karI. kAmI kalaha pedA karavAne mATe sAdhu tathA IrAnA vezamAM potAnA ejaTA mekalavAnI khIjI rItane paNa teNe upayoga karyAM. prajAnI icchA viruddha hakUmata calAvanArI sarakAro hamezAM evA prakAranA upAya ajamAvatI AvI che. sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonA dhaMdhA ene AdhAre ja cAle che. A rIte saphaLa thAya che e vastu prajAnI duLatA ane pachAtapaNuM batAve che; lAgatIvaLagatI sarakAranuM durAcArIpaNu e eTalA pramANamAM batAvatI nathI. khIjA dezanI prajAmAM bheda paDAvIne tene paraspara ekabIjA sAme laDAvI mAravI ane e rIte tene duLa khanAvIne tenuM zoSaNa karavu e paNu vadhAre sArA sa MgaThananI eka nizAnI che. sAmA pakSamAM eTale ke prajAmAM taDe ane phATaphUTa hoya to ja A nIti saphaLa thaI zake che. hiMdamAM hiMdu-muslimanA prazna briTiza sarakAre UbhA karyAM che

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1131 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ema kahevuM e aMzataH khoTuM che. paraMtu e praznane saLagate rAkhavAnA tathA e be vacce meLa thavA pAme e bAbatamAM TADhuM pANI chAMTavAnA tenA haMmezA prayatnonI upekSA karavI e paNa eTaluM ja bhUlabhareluM che. 1922nI sAlanI asahakAranI caLavaLanI mokUphI pachI AvA prapaMco mATe anukULa vAtAvaraNa maLI gayuM. eka prabaLa caLavaLa tenAM kazoye dekhItAM pariNAme vinA ekAeka baMdha paDI hatI ane ene lIdhe dezamAM oTa AvI gaI hatI. pelA traNa mArgo je eka ja dizAmAM AgaLa cAlatA hatA te have chUTA paDyA ane bhinna bhinna dizAmAM javA lAgyA. khilAphatane savAla have rahyo nahote. hiMdu tathA musalamAna e baMne kemanA AgevAne asahakAranA divasenA sAmudAyika utsAha nIce dabAI gayA hatA temaNe have pAchuM mAthuM UMcakaryuM ane teo jAhera jIvanamAM bhAga levA lAgyA. musalamAna madhyama varganA bekArene lAgyuM ke nokarIone ijAre hiMduo laI beThA che ane teo ja pitAnA mArgamAM ADakhIlIrUpa che. AthI temaNe potAnA tarapha alaga vartAva rAkhavAnI tathA dareka vastumAM temane alaga bhAga ApavAnI mAgaNI karI. rAjakIya dRSTie hiMdu-muslima savAla e tattvataH madhyama vargane sparzatI bAbata hatI ane e nokarIo mATenI takarAra hatI. paraMtu enI asara AmajanatAmAM paNa phelAvA pAmI. ekaMdare jotAM hiMduonI sthiti sArI hatI. aMgrejI keLavaNI levAmAM temaNe pahela karI hatI eTale meTA bhAganI sarakArI nokarI temane maLI hatI. hiMduo vadhAre tavaMgara paNa hatA. gAmaDAMne zAhukAra vANijya hatuM. tenAnA nAnA jamInadAra kheDUta tathA gaNetiyAonuM zoSaNa karate ane dhIme dhIme teNe temane bhikhArI banAvI mUkyA tathA pote temanI jamInano mAlika banI beThe. vANiye hiMdu tema ja musalamAna jamInadAra kheDUta tathA gaNotiyAonuM eka sarakhI rIte zoSaNa kare che paraMtu musalamAnonA tenA zeSaNe, khAsa karIne je prAMtamAM mATe bhAge musalamAna kheDUta hatA tyAM AgaLa, kemI svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. kArakhAnaemAM yaMtrathI banelA mAlano phelAvo thavAne kAraNe ghaNuM karIne hiMduo karatAM musalamAne upara vadhAre phaTako paDyo kema ke musalamAnamAM kArIgaronuM pramANa vadhAre hatuM. A badhI vastuoe hiMdanI be merI kome vacce kaDavAzanI lAgaNI vadhArI mUkI tathA deza tarapha nahi paNa koma tarapha daSTi rAkhanArA muslima rASTravAdane prabaLa banAvyuM. muslima kamI netAonI mAgaNIo hiMdanI rASTrIya ekatAnI AzAnA mULa upara ghA karanArI hatI. kemI dhoraNe temane sAmane karanArI hiMdu komI saMsthAonuM mahattva vadhyuM. teo sAcI rASTrIya saMsthAo hevAne dAvo karatI hatI paraMtu bIjI saMsthAonA jeTalI ja te sAMpradAyika ane saMkucita hatI.

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1920-3nuM hiMda 1137 mahAsabhA eka saMsthA tarIke komI saMsthAothI aLagI rahI paraMtu ghaNuM vyaktigata mahAsabhAvAdIo kemI mAnasathI dUSita thayA hatA. sAcA rASTravAdIoe A kemI pAgalatAne aTakAvavAno prayatna karyo paraMtu temane emAM jhAjhI saphaLatA na maLI ane moTAM hulaDe thavA pAmyAM. A geTALAmAM vadhAre karavAne eka trIjo kAmI rASTravAda - zIkha rASTradhvAda- Ubhe the. bhUtakALamAM hiMduo tathA zIkhe vacceno bheda bahu ja aspaSTa hate. rASTrIya jAgratie bahAdura zIkhene paNa hacamacAvI mUkyA ane teo potAnI vadhu nirALI ane alaga hastI mATe kArya karavA lAgyA. emAM lazkaramAMthI nivRtta thayelA saMkhyAbaMdha sainike hatA. temaNe A nAnI paNa bhAre saMgaThita tathA hiMdanI bIjI komane mukAbale vAta karavA karatAM amala karavAne vadhAre TevAyelI kemane vadhu kaDaka banAvI. moTA bhAganA zIkhe paMjAbamAM jamInanI mAlikI dharAvanArA kheDUta hatA ane zaheranA zarApha tathA zaheranAM bIjAM hite temane mATe jokhamakAraka che ema temane lAgatuM hatuM. pote eka alaga samUha che evA prakAranI svIkRti meLavavAnI temanI icchA pAchaLane sAco Azaya A hati. AraMbhamAM akAlI caLavaLe dhArmika bAbatamAM athavA gurudvArAonI milaktane kabajo meLavavAmAM rasa lIdhe. e caLavaLane "akAlI' eTalA mATe kahevAmAM Ave che ke, zIkhemAM akAlIo sauthI vadhAre sakriya ane jussAdAra che. A bAbatamAM teo sarakAranI sAthe athaDAmaNamAM AvyA ane amRtasaramAM garakAbAga AgaLa temaNe zaurya ane sahanazIlatAnuM adbhuta dazya rajU karyuM. akAlI jagyAone polIse e hevAna banIne mAra mAryo paraMtu teo eka DagaluM paNa pAchA haThayA nahi ke na temaNe polIse sAme AMgaLI sarakhI paNa UMcI karI. Akhare akAlIone vijaya thayo ane temanA guradvArAone temane kabajo maLyo. pachI teo rAjakIya kSetra tarapha vaLyA ane pitAne mATe vadhAremAM vadhAre mAgaNI karavAmAM teo bIjI komanI harIphAI karavA lAgyA. judI judI kamenI A kamI lAgaNIo athavA huM AgaLa kahI gaye chuM tema temane kema ke samUhane rASTravAda e atizaya duHkhada vastu hatI. ane chatAMye te bahu ja svAbhAvika hatI. asahakAre hiMdane khaLabhaLAvI mUkyuM hatuM ane samUhanI jAgRti tathA hiMdu, musalamAna ane zIkha rASTravAda e khaLabhaLATanuM prathama pariNAma hatuM. bIjA aneka nAnA nAnA samUha, - khAsa karIne jemane "dalita vargo' kahevAmAM Ave che te paNa jAgrata thayA. e lokone upalA varganA hiMduoe lAMbA kALathI dabAvI rAkhyA hatA ane mukhyatve karIne teo jamIna vinAnA khetaramAM majUrI karanArA majUro hatA. teo jAgrata banyA tyAre temanI pragatinA mArgamAM paDelI aneka bAdhAo

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1138 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tathA temanAM aneka baMdhane dUra karavA teo cAhe tathA sadIothI temane kacarI rahelA hiMduo sAme krodhe bharAya e bilakula svAbhAvika hatuM. hareka jAgrata thayele varga rASTravAda tathA dezabhakti tarapha pitAnA svArtha athavA hitanI dRSTithI jete hate. jema eka rASTra svAthI hoya che tema eka samUha yA eka kAma paNa hamezAM svArthI hoya che. joke rASTra ke komamAM keTalIka vyaktio nisvArtha dRSTivALI hoya che kharI. AthI dareka samUha pitAnA vAjabI hissA karatAM haMmezAM vadhArenI mAgaNI kare che ane ene lIdhe anivAryapaNe gharSaNa UbhuM thavA pAme che. kema koma vaccenI kaDavAza vadhatI gaI tema tema te te kAmanA vadhAre uddAma kamI AgevAne AgaLa AvavA lAgyA, kema ke krodhanA Aveza vakhate dareka kAma sauthI uddAma kamI mAgaNI karanArA tathA pratispadhIone sauthI vadhAre gALo denArA AgevAnone potAnA pratinidhio tarIke pasaMda kare che. sarakAre e gharSaNane aneka rIte, khAsa karIne vadhAre uddAma kamI AgevAnone uttejana ApIne, vadhAre tIvra banAvyuM. A rIte e viSa uttarottara vadhu ne vadhu phelAtuM gayuM ane ApaNe eka aniSTa cakarAvAmAM bharAI paDyA ane temAMthI bahAra nIkaLavAne Are dekhAtuM nahote. A baLo tathA vicchedakavRttio pedA thaI rahI hatI te vakhate gAMdhIjI yaravaDA jelamAM atizaya bImAra paDyA ane temane zastrakriyA karAvavI paDI. 1924nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM temane jelamAMthI choDI mUkavAmAM AvyA. kemI kalahane kAraNe temane bhAre duHkha thayuM ane ghaNuM mAsa pachI eka hullaDa thayuM. tethI temane bhAre AghAta lAge. ethI temane eTaluM badhuM duHkha thayuM ke temaNe 21 divasanA upavAsa karyA. sulehazAMti sthApavA mATe aneka "kya" pariSada thaI paNa enuM kazuMye pariNAma AvyuM nahi. A huMsAtuMsI ane samUhanA saMkucita rASTravAdane kAraNe mahAsabhA nabaLI paDI tema ja dhArAsabhAomAM svarAjapakSane paNa temaNe nabaLo pADyo. moTA bhAganA leke pitapotAnA samUhanA hitanI daSTie vicAra karavA lAgyA eTale svarAjane khyAla pAchaLa rahI gaye. emAMnA koI paNa samUhane pakSa karavAnuM TALavAne prayatna karanAra mahAsabhA upara komavAdIoe cataraphathI prahAro karyA. A vakhata daramyAna mahAsabhAe cupacApa saMgaThana karavAnuM tema ja gRhaudyoga ane khAdIutpatti vagerenuM racanAtmaka kArya karyuM. e kAryo mahAsabhAno kheDUta tathA AmajanatA sAthe saMparka TakAvI rAkhavAmAM madadarUpa nIvaDyAM. ApaNA kemI kalaha viSe meM te tane kaMIka laMbANathI lakhyuM che kema ke emaNe 1920-30nA gALAmAM ApaNuM rAjakIya jIvanamAM mahattvano bhAga bhajavyuM che. Ama chatAM ene ApaNe vadhAre paDatuM mahatva na ApavuM joIe. ApaNe tyAM ene vadhAre paDatuM mahatva ApavAnuM valaNa jovAmAM Ave che

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1920-2nuM hiMda 1139 ane eka hiMdu tathA musalamAna chokarA vaccenI takarArane komI takarAra lekhavAmAM Ave che ane pratyeka nAnA sarakhA hullaDane bhAre jAherAta apAya che. ApaNe e yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke hiMdustAna eka ati vizALa deza che ane tenAM hajAra zahera tathA gAmaDAomAM hiMdu tathA musalamAne ekabIjA sAthe haLImaLIne rahe che ane temanI vacce kemI kalaha bilakula jovAmAM AvatuM nathI. sAmAnya rIte AvA prakArane kalaha gaNyAgAMThayAM zaheromAM ja maryAdita che jo ke kadI kadI te gAmaDAomAM paNa phelAvA pAme che. ApaNe e paNa yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke hiMdane kamI prazna tatvataH madhyama vargane prazna che. ane ApaNuM rAjakAraNamAM - mahAsabhAmAM, dhArAsabhAomAM, chApAMomAM, ane rAjakIya pravRttinA lagabhaga dareka kSetramAM - madhyama varganuM prabhutva hovAthI e vadhAre paDatuM mahattva dhAraNa kare che. kheDUta varga hajI bolate thaye nahe; hajI thoDAM ja varasothI te grAma samitio, kisAna sabhAo ane evI bIjI saMsthAo dvArA rAjakIya kSetramAM kArya karate thayo hato. zaheranA majUre, khAsa karIne kArakhAnAmAM kAma karatA majUre kaMIka vadhAre jAgrata thayA hatA ane majUra mahAjana sthApIne temaNe potAnuM saMgaThana karyuM hatuM. paraMtu A audyogika mAre, ane vizeSa karIne kheDUte, AgevAnI mATe madhyama varganI vyaktio tarapha najara karatA hatA. have ApaNe A kALamAM AmajanatAnI, kheDUtanI tathA audyogika majUronI sthiti tapAsIe. mahAyuddhane kAraNe thayele hiMdanA udyogone vikAsa suleha thayA pachI paNa thoDAM varasa sudhI cAlu rahyo. hiMdamAM briTiza mUDIne dhodha vahevA lAgyA ane navAM kArakhAnAMo tathA udyoge calAvavA mATe saMkhyAbaMdha navI kaMpanIo UbhI thaI. khAsa karIne moTI moTI audyogika peDhIomAM tathA kArakhAnAMomAM paradezI mUDI rokAyelI hatI. ane A rIte moTA udyogo lagabhaga briTiza mUDIdAronA kabajA nIce hatA. ceDAM varasa upara aDasaTTo kADhavAmAM Avyo hato ke hiMdamAM kAma karatI kaMpanIonI 87 TakA mUDI briTiza che ane A aMdAja paNa ocho hovAno saMbhava che. A rIte hiMda uparane aMgrejone sAce Arthika kAbU vadhavA pAme. nAnAM gAmane bhoge nahi paNa nAnA nAnA kasabAone bhoge moTAM moTAM zahere UbhAM thayAM. khAsa karIne sutarAu kApaDane udyoga khI tema ja khANane udyoga paNa vikasya. vadhatA jatA udyogIkaraNane kAraNe UbhA thayelA aneka navA praznonI tapAsa karavAne sarakAre aneka kamiTIo tathA kamizana nImyAM. e kamiTI tathA kamizanee paradezI mUDIne uttejana ApavAnI bhalAmaNa karI tathA ekaMdare hiMdamAMnAM briTiza audyogika hitanI tarapheNa karI. hiMdI udyoganA saMrakSaNa mATe TerIpha borDa nImavAmAM AvyuM. huM AgaLa kahI gaye chuM tema

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana e saMrakSaNane artha, ghaNAkharA dAkhalAomAM, hiMdamAMnI briTiza mUDInuM saMrakSaNa e thatuM hatuM. svAbhAvika rIte ja A saMrakSita mAlanA bhAve bajAramAM vadhI gayA ane ene lIdhe eTalA pramANamAM gujarAnane kharca paNa vadhI gaye. A rIte e saMrakSaNa baje AmajanatA upara athavA e mAla kharIdanArAo upara paDyo ane jemAMthI harIphAI dUra karavAmAM AvI hatI athavA ghaTADI devAmAM AvI hatI evuM surakSita bajAra kArakhAnAnA mAlikane maLyuM. kArakhAnAMo vadhavAthI svAbhAvika rIte ja rojI mATe majUrI karanArA audyogika majAronI saMkhyA paNa vadhavA pAmI. cheka 1922nI sAlanA sarakArI aMdAja pramANe hiMdustAnamAM evA majUronI saMkhyA 20 lAkha jeTalI hatI. grAma pradezanA jamIna vinAnA bekAra leke zaheromAM jaIne A vargamAM bhaLyA hatA ane temane sAmAnya rIte zeSaNanI atizaya nirlaja paristhiti calAvI levI paDatI hatI. 100 varasa pahelAM kArakhAnA paddhatinA AraMbhakALa daramyAna iMglaMDamAM je paristhiti vartAtI hatI te ja paristhiti e vakhate hiMdamAM jovAmAM AvatI hatI. kAmanA kalAke khUba lAMbA hatA, majUrI atizaya ochI hatI tathA jyAM AgaLa kAma karavAnuM hatuM tathA rahevAnuM hatuM tyAM AgaLanI paristhiti adhogati karanArI ane asvaccha hatI. tejInA samayane bane eTale vadhAre lAbha uThAvIne aDhaLaka na kare e kArakhAnAnA mAlikenuM eka mAtra dhyeya hatuM. ane ceDAM varasa sudhI te temane emAM bhAre saphaLatA maLI ane zera dharAvanArAone temaNe bhAre DiviDaMDa ApyAM. paraMtu majUranI sthiti te atizaya dayAjanaka rahI. pote raLelA A jabaradasta naphAmAMthI majUrone kazo lAbha na maLe paraMtu jyAre maMdIne samaya Avyo ane vepAranI paDatI thaI tyAre ochI majUrIne svIkAra karIne temane A sAmAnya ApattimAM bhAga bharavAnuM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM. majUranI saMsthAo eTale ke majUra mahAjane vikasatAM gayAM tema tema majUrane kAma karavA mATenI vadhAre sArI paristhiti, kAmanA ochA kalAke tathA vadhAre racha mATenI caLavaLa paNa vadhatI gaI. kaMIka aMze e caLavaLanI asarane lIdhe ane kaMIka aMze, majUre pratyeno vartAva sudhAravo joIe evI duniyAbharamAM thatI mAgaNIne kAraNe sarakAre kArakhAnAMomAM kAma karanArA majUronI sthiti sudhAranArA keTalAka kAyadAo pasAra karyo. mArA AgaLanA eka patramAM meM tane pasAra karavAmAM AvelA phekTarI ekTa athavA kArakhAnAnA kAyadA viSe vAta karI hatI. emAM evuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke bArathI paMdara varasanI uMmaranA bALaka pAse divasamAM chathI vadhu kalAka kAma na levAvuM joIe. bALake tathA strIone rAtre kAma karavAnuM nahotuM. pukhta vayanAM

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1920-30nuM hiMda 1141 puruSa tathA strIo mATe kAmane vadhumAM vadhu agiyAra kalAkana divasa tathA 60 kalAkanuM aThavADiyuM (kAmanA cha divasanuM aThavADiyuM) nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM. pAchaLathI temAM thayelA keTalAka sudhArAo bAda karatAM kArakhAnAno e ja kAyado hajI paNa cAlu che. khANomAM kAma karanArA, mukhyatve kolasAnI khANomAM jamInanA peTALamAM kAma karanArA, dIna ane duHkhI majUrI mATe 1923nI sAlamAM hiMdanI khANane kAyado pasAra karavAmAM AvyuM. tera varasanI nIcenAM bALakone jamInanA peTALamAM kAma karavAnI manAI karavAmAM AvI paraMtu strIo mATe te tyAM kAma karavAnuM cAlu ja rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. kharekhara, khANumAM kAma karanArA kula majUronI adhI saMkhyA strI majUronI hatI. pukhta vayanAM strI puruSo mATe cha divasanA aThavADiyAmAM vadhumAM vadhu 60 kalAkanuM kAma nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM. jamIna upara kAma karanArAo mATe kAmanA 60 kalAka ane jamInanI aMdara kAma karanArAo mATe 54 kalAka. mane lAge che ke, eka divasamAM kAmanA vadhumAM vadhu 12 kalAka nakkI karavAmAM AvyA hatA. majUranI sthitine tane kaMIka khyAla ApavAne khAtara huM A kAmanA kalAkonA AMkaDA ApI rahyo chuM. paraMtu enA uparathI paNa temanI sthitine tane aMzamAtra khyAla ja Avaze. kema ke temanI sthitine sAce khyAla meLavavA mATe A uparAMta majUrInA dareka kAma karavAnI tathA rahevAkaravAnI temanI paristhiti vagere bIjI aneka bAbate tAre jANavI joIe. e badhI bAbatomAM ApaNe ahIM na UtarI zakIe. paraMtu temanAM khoLiyAMmAM mAMDa prANa TakAvI rAkhe eTalI najIvI majUrI meLavavA mATe strIpuruSa tathA chokarA chokarIone kArakhAnAomAM agiyAra agiyAra kalAka kAma karavuM paDe che e samajavA jevI vAta che. kArakhAnAMomAM temane je eka ne eka prakAranuM kAma karavAnuM hoya che te atizaya thakavanAruM ane nirutsAhI karanAruM hoya che, temAM kazeye AnaMda hato nathI. ane thAkIne letha thaIne ghera jAya tyAM ghaNuMkharuM svacchatAnI koI paNa sagavaDa vinAnA mATInA nAnakaDA ghelakAmAM temanA AkhA kuTuMbane khIcakhIca sIMcAIne rahevuM paDe che. majUrone sahAyarUpa thaI paDe evA bIjA keTalAka kAyadAo paNa karavAmAM AvyA. 1923nI sAlamAM majUrane vaLatara ApavA mATe kAyado karavAmAM Avyo. emAM majUrane akasmAta naDe te jene IjA thaI hoya te majUrane amuka vaLatara ApavAnuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM. ane 1926nI sAlamAM majUra mahAjananI sthApanA tathA temane mAnya karavAne aMgene "TeDa yuniyana ekaTa" athavA majUra mahAjanane kAyado karavAmAM AvyuM. A varase daramyAna hiMdamAM, khAsa karIne muMbaImAM majUramahAjananI caLavaLane vikAsa thavA pAmyuM. akhila hiMda

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1142 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana TreDa yuniyana koMgresanI sthApanA thaI paraMtu thADAM varase bAda temAM be bhAga paDI gayA. mahAyuddha tema ja raziyana krAMti pachI duniyAbharamAM majUro bhinna bhinna e dizAomAM kheMcAtA rahyA che. temanAM khIjA AMtararASTrIya saMdha ( ene viSe huM tane AgaLa kahI gayA chuM.) sAthe joDAyelAM junavANI ane vinIta majUra mahAjanA che tema ja sAviyeTa raziyA ane trIjA AMtararASTrIya saMdhanuM navuM tathA prabaLa AkarSaNa paNa temanA upara asara karI rahyuM che. Ama, duniyAbharamAM narama valaNanA ane kaMIka sArI sthitinA audyogika majUrA salAmatI tathA khIjA AMtararASTrIya saMdha tarapha DhaLe che ane vadhAre krAMtikArI majUrA trIjA AMtararASTrIya saMdha tarapha DhaLe che. A kheMcatANu hiMdamAM paNa thavA pAmI ane 1929nI sAlanA aMtamAM TreDa yuniyana kaeNoNMgresamAM bhAgalA paDyA. tyArathI hiMdamAM majUra caLavaLa nabaLI paDI che. kheDUtonI khabatamAM te AgaLanA patromAM huM lakhI gayA chuM te uparAMta ahIM huM khAsa umerI karI zakuM ema nathI. temanI sthiti uttarottara bagaDatI jAya che ane teo zAhukArAnA devAmAM vadhu ne vadhu gUMcavAtA jAya che ane emAMthI temane ugAro dekhAto nathI. nAnA nAnA jamInadArA, jamInanA mAlika kheDUtA tathA gaNAtiyA e badhA zAhukAranA paMjAmAM sapaDAya che. ane devuM patAvAtu nathI eTale temanI jamIna dhIme dhIme zAhukArane hAtha jatI jAya che. Ama zAhukAra jamInadAra paNa bane che, ne kheDUta gaNAtiyA tarIke ane AsAmI tarIke ema temane evaDA gulAma bane che. sAmAnya rIte A vANiyA athavA zAhukAra jamInadAra zaheramAM rahe che ane tenI tathA tenA gaNAtiyAo vacce nikaTanA sa Mparka hoto nathI. bhUkhamaro veThatA gaNAtiyAo pAsethI banI zake eTalA paisA kaDhAvavAnA prayAsa haMmezAM karatA rahevAnA tenA ekamAtra uddeza hoya che, gaNAtiyAenI vacce rahetA jUnA jamInadAra tA prasaMgopAtta thADI yA paNa batAve paraMtu zaheramAM vasato ane potAnuM leNuM udharAvavAne potAnA ADatiyA mokalanArA zAhukAra-jamInadAra bhAgye ja AvI nabaLAI batAve che. kheDUtonA devAnA sarakArI kamiTIoe judA judA aMdAjo kADhayA che. 1930mAM evA aMdAja kADhavAmAM AvyA hatA ke brahmadeza bAda karatAM AkhA hiMdanA kheDUtAnA devAnA AMkaDA 803 karoDa rUpiyA jeTalA jabaradasta thAya che. emAM kheDUto tathA jamInadAro e khatenA devAnA samAveza thAya che. Arthika madInA kALamAM ane te pachIthI e AMkaDAmAM bhAre vadhAro thavA pAmyo che. Ama, nAnA jamInadArA ane gaNAtiyA vagere khetI upara gujAro karanArA vargA devAmAM dinapratidina UMDA ne UMDA UtaratA jAya che ane jamInanI AjanI vyavasthAnA mULa upara zrA karanAro krAMtikArI pheraphAra karavA sivAya

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hiMdamAM beThe baLa 1143 emAMthI nIkaLavAno bIjo koI upAya nathI. karenI vyavasthA evI karavAmAM AvI che ke te na veThI zake evA sauthI garIba vargo upara tene bejo vadhAremAM vadhAre paDe che ane sarakArI Avakane meTo bhAga lazkara nabhAvavAmAM, sivila sarvisamAM ane "hema cAIjha' tarIke IgleMDa mekalavAnI rakamamAM vaparAI jAya che. A badhAMne janatAne jarA paNa lAbha maLatuM nathI. keLavaNInA kSetramAM IMgleMDamAM mAthAdITha 2 pAunDa 15 ziliMga kharacAya che. ene mukAbale hiMdamAM e kSetramAM mAthAdITha nava pinsa kharacAya che. Ama keLavaNIne aMgene briTanane kharaca hiMdanA kharaca karatAM 73a gaNuM vadhAre che. hiMdanI vastInI mAthAdITha Avaka gaNavAnA paNa aneka prayAsa thayA che. e bahu muzkela kAma che ane judA judA aMdAjamAM ghaNe taphAvata paDe che. 1870nI sAlamAM dAdAbhAI navarojIe pratyeka hiMdInI mAthAdITha sarerAza vArSika Avaka 20 rUpiyA che evI gaNatarI kADhI hatI. mAthAdITha AvakanA hAlanA aMdAjone AMkaDo 67 rUpiyA sudhI pahoMcyo che. ane keTalAka aMgrejoe kADhele sauthI anukULa aMdAja paNa 116 rUpiyAthI AgaLa gaye nathI. bIjA dezanI mAthAdITha Avaka sAthe AnI tulanA karavA jevI che. yunAITeDa sTeTsanI mAthAdITha Avaka 1,925 rUpiyA che ane emAM tyAra pachI ghaNe vadhAro thaye che. IglaMDanI mAthAdITha Avaka 1000 * rUpiyA che. 162. hiMdamAM beTho baLavo 17 me, 1933 bIjA keI paNa dezane mukAbale hiMdustAna tathA tenA bhUtakALa viSe meM tane ghaNuM vadhAre patra lakhyA che. paraMtu bhUtakALa have vartamAnamAM bhaLI jAya che ane tane hamaNAM huM je patra lakhI rahyo chuM te e vAta AjanA hiMda sudhI lAvI mUkaze ema huM dhAruM chuM. ApaNuM manamAM hajI tAjA ja che evA tAjetaramAM banelA banAvane huM ullekha karIza. emane viSe lakhavAne hajI gya avasara nathI Avyo kema ke, vAta hajI adhUrI che, paraMtu ItihAsa vartamAna kALa sudhI AvIne ekadama aTakI jAya che ane kathAnAM bAkInAM prakaraNe bhaviSyanA garbhamAM chupAyelAM rahe che. sAce ja e kathAno aMta ja nathI; te AgaLa ne AgaLa cAlyA ja kare che. 1927nA aMtamAM briTiza sarakAre jAhera karyuM ke, bhaviSyanA sudhArAo tathA rAjyataMtramAM karavAnA pheraphAre viSe tapAsa karavAne te hiMdamAM eka kamizana " huMDiyAmaNunA AjanA dara pramANe eka rUpiyAnI kiMmata eka ziliMga cha pensa jeTalI thAya che.

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114 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mokalaze. rAjakIya dRSTie jAgrata samagra hiMda ethI krodhe bharAyuM ane teNe e jAherAtane eka avAje vakhoDI kADhI. sva-zAsana mATenI tenI lAyakAtanI vakhatovakhata tapAsa karavAmAM Ave enI sAme mahAsabhAne vAMdho hato. kema ke evA prakAranI tapAsa sAme tene bhAre aNagame hate. A dezane banI zake eTalA lAMbA vakhata sudhI pitAnA kabajAmAM rAkhI mUkavAnI pitAnI IcchA upara DhAMkapichoDe karavAne mATe ja aMgrejo "svazAsana" athavA "svarAja' zabdane upayoga karatA hatA. mahAyuddha daramyAna mitrarAe jenAM bhAre baNagAM phUkyAM hatAM te AtmanirNayane adhikAra mahAsabhA lAMbA vakhatathI mAgatI AvI hatI. hiMda pAse pitAnuM dhAryuM karAvavAnuM ke tenA bhAvinA chevaTanA lavAda banavAnA briTiza pArlAmenTanA hakano mahAsabhA sApha sApha InkAra karatI hatI. A muddAo upara mahAsabhAe pArlamenTanA navA kamizanane viSedha karyo. vinIte e bIjA kAraNothI, khAsa karIne e kamizanamAM koI hiMdI sabhya nahote te mATe, tene virodha karyo. e kevaLa aMgreja sabhyanuM baneluM kamizana hatuM. joke enI sAmenA virodhanAM kAraNe judAM judAM hatAM paraMtu naramamAM narama valaNanA vinIte sahita lagabhaga hiMdanA badhA pakSee eka avAje ene vakhoDI kADhavuM tathA tene bahiSkAra karavAmAM sau ekatra thayA. e arasAmAM, 1927nI sAlanA DisembaramAM madrAsamAM mahAsabhAnuM adhivezana maLyuM ane temAM e TharAva karavAmAM Avyo ke hiMdanI rASTrIya svataMtratA e tenuM aMtima dhyeya che. potAnuM aMtima dhyeya svataMtratA che evuM mahAsabhAe madrAsanI beThakamAM pahelI ja vAra jAhera karyuM. be varasa pachI lAhoranI beThakamAM svataMtratA e nizcitapaNe rASTrIya mahAsabhAnI mULabhUta nIti banI gaI. madrAsanI beThake sarvapakSa pariSadane paNa janma Apyo. tenI kArakirdI TUMkI paNa sakriya hatI. 1928nI sAlamAM briTiza kamizana hiMduMmAM AvyuM. huM AgaLa kahI gayo chuM tema sAmAnya rIte ene dezabharamAM bahiSkAra karavAmAM AvyuM ane te jyAM jyAM gayuM tyAM tyAM tenI sAme pracaMDa dekhAvo karavAmAM AvyA. enA pramukhanA nAma uparathI e sAImana kamizana tarIke oLakhAtuM hatuM ane sAImana pAcho jA"ne pokAra AkhA hiMdustAnamAM suparicita thaI gaye. tenI sAme dekhAva karanArAo upara aneka prasaMge polIse lAThI calAvI; lAheramAM lAlA lAjapatarAya jevA puruSane paNa polIse e mAra mAryo hate. e pachI thoDA mAsa bAda lAlAjI maraNa pAmyA. dAktaranuM evuM mAnavuM hatuM ke ghaNuM karIne polIsanA mAre temanA jIvanane jaladI aMta ANye. A badhAne kAraNe svAbhAvika rIte ja dezamAM bhAre uzkeraNuM ane krodhanI lAgaNI phelAvA pAmI.

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hiMdamAM beThe baLave 1145 daramyAna sarvapakSa pariSada dezanuM rAjabaMdhAraNa ghaDavAne ane kemI kAkaDAne ukela lAvavAno prayatna karI rahI hatI. dezanA rAjabaMdhAraNa tathA kemI praznanA ukelanI darakhAsta rajU karate hevAla e pariSade bahAra pADyo. e hevAla ghaDanArI kamiTInA pramukha paMDita motIlAla naheru hatA tethI e "neharu hevAla" tarIke oLakhAya che. e varasane bIje noMdhapAtra banAva gujarAtamAM bAraDolInA kheDUtoe sarakAre karelA jamIna mahesUlanA vadhArA sAme calAvelI mahAna laData hatI. yukta prAMtanI peThe gujarAtamAM moTA moTA jamInadAravALI jamInadArI mahesUla paddhati nathI. tyAM te jamInanA mAlika kheDUte che. saradAra vallabhabhAI paTelanI AgevAnI nIce e kheDUto apUrva bahAdurIbharI laData laDyA ane temAM temaNe * mahAna phateha meLavI. 1928nI sAlanI mahAsabhAnI kalakattAnI beThake neharu hevAlano svIkAra karyo. e hevAlamAM briTiza saMsthAnonA baMdhAraNa jevA rAjabaMdhAraNanI bhalAmaNa karavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu mahAsabhAe ene amuka samaya pUrato ja svIkAra karyo hate ane ene mATe eka varasanI mudata nakakI karI hatI. je e hevAlanA dhoraNa upara briTiza sarakAra sAthe varasa daramyAna samajUtI na thavA pAme te mahAsabhAne potAnA svAtaMtryanA dhyeya tarapha pAchA pharavAnuM hatuM. A rIte mahAsabhA tathA deza kaTokaTI tarapha dhasI rahyo hate. majUre paNa atizaya akaLAyA hatA ane keTalAMka audyogika zaheramAM temanI majUrInA dara ghaTADavAnI koziza thatI hatI eTale teo ugra banatA jatA hatA. khAsa karIne muMbaInA majUre vadhAre saMgaThita hatA. tyAM AgaLa bhAre haDatAla paDI ane temAM eka lAkha ke tethI vadhu majAree bhAga lIdhe. samAjavAdI ane kaMIka aMze sAmyavAdI vicAre majUramAM phelAvA lAgyA hatA. pedA thayelI A krAMtikArI sthitithI tathA majUronA vadhatA jatA baLathI bhaDakIne sarakAre 1929nI sAlamAM 32 majUra AgevAnane ekAeka pakaDI lIdhA ane temanI sAme eka meTe kAvatarA kesa zarU karyo. A kesa duniyAbharamAM "mIrata kesa" te nAme prasiddha thaye. Azare cAra varasa sudhI mukaddame calAvyA pachI lagabhaga badhA ja AropIone lAMbI lAMbI sajAo karavAmAM AvI. ane ajAyabInI vAta te e che ke, keIna upara paNa kharekhara baMDa karavAne ke sulehane bhaMga karavAne paNa Apa mUkavAmAM AvyuM nahote. amuka vicAro dharAvavA tathA tene pracAra karavA prayatna kare; basa A ja temane gune heya ema jaNAya che. apIlamAM A sajA ghaNuM ochI karavAmAM AvI hatI. A arasAmAM bIjI eka pravRtti paNa aMdarathI dhakhI rahI hatI ane keTalIka vakhata tenA bhaDakA sapATI upara paNa dekhAI AvatA hatA. A

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114 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hiMsAtmaka mArgoe krAMti karavAmAM mAnanArA lekanI pravRtti hatI. pradhAnapaNe A pravRtti baMgALamAM cAlu hatI; kaMIka aMze paMjAbamAM ane bahu ja thoDA pramANamAM yukta prAMtamAM paNa te cAlu hatI. briTiza sarakAre ene dAbI devAne aneka upAya ajamAvyA ane ghaNAye kAvatara kesa calAvavAmAM AvyA. jenA upara tene saheja paNa zaMkA paDe temanI dharapakaDa karIne temanA upara kAma calAvyA vinA temane jelamAM pUrI rAkhI zakAya eTalA mATe sarakAre beMgAla oNrDinansa' nAmane khAsa kAyado karyo. A Dinansa nIce seMkaDe baMgALI yuvAnone pakaDIne adAlatamAM temanA upara kAma calAvyA vinA jelamAM pUrI devAmAM AvyA. e lekane "DITenyu" eTale ke, aTakAyatI - kedIo kahevAmAM Ave che ane temane akkasa mudata mATe jelamAM rAkhavAmAM Ave che. e paNa eka jANavA jevI bInA che ke, A asAdhAraNa oNrDinansa kADhavAmAM AvyuM tyAre iMglaMDamAM majUra sarakAra sattA upara hatI ane te oNrDinansa mATe javAbadAra hatI. A krAMtikArIoe, khAsa karIne baMgALamAM, hiMsAnAM ghaNAM kRtya karyA. paraMtu evA traNa banAvee lekenuM khAsa lakSa kheMcyuM. emAM eka lAhoramAM aMgreja polIsa amaladAra upara goLIbAra hate. sAImana kamizana sAme karavAmAM AvelA dekhAva vakhate teNe lAlAjIne mAra mAryo hato, ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM - hatuM. bIje dilhImAM dhArAsabhAgRhamAM bhagatasiMha tathA baTukezvara datta phekelA bane banAva hatuM. paraMtu e be nahi jevuM ja nukasAna karyuM hatuM ane mAtra bhAre khaLabhaLATa macAvI mUkavAne tathA dezanuM dhyAna kheMcavAne arthe te pheMkavAmAM AvyuM hoya ema lAge che. trIjo banAva, 1930nI sAlamAM savinayabhaMganI hilacAla zarU thaI te vakhate citArgogamAM banyuM. tyAMnA zastra bhaMDAra uparanI e moTA pAyA uparanI ane hiMmatabharI dhADa hatI ane temAM thoDI saphaLatA paNa maLI hatI. A caLavaLane kacarI nAkhavAne sarakAre ekeeka yukti ajamAvI. jAsUsa tathA bAtamIdAre rAkhavAmAM AvyA, saMkhyAbaMdha lekenI dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI tema ja aneka kAvatarA kesa UbhA karavAmAM AvyA. zaka uparathI keTalAye lekene "DITenyu" tarIke pakaDavAmAM AvyA (keTalIka vAra adAlate nirdoSa jAhera karIne choDI mUkelA lokone tarata ja pharIthI pakaDI levAmAM AvatA ane oNDinansa nIce temane "DITenyu" tarIke rAkhavAmAM AvatA.) tathA pUrva baMgALanA keTalAka bhAgone lazkarI kabajA nIce mUkavAmAM AvyA. tyAM AgaLa loke paravAnA vinA game tyAM pharI zakatA nahotA tathA teo bAisikala upara besI zaktA nahotA, tema ja potAnI IcchAmAM Ave te pozAka paNa paherI zakatA nahatA. polIsane khabara na ApavAnA gunA mATe AkhAM ne AkhAM gAmo tathA kasabAo upara bhAre sAmudAyika daMDa nAMkhavAmAM AvatuM.

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hiMdamAM beThe aLavA 1147 lAhAranA eka kAvatarA kesamAM jatIndranAtha dAsa nAmanA eka kedIe jelanI vartaNukanA virodha tarIke 1929nI sAlamAM upavAsa karyAM. e chekaro chevaTa sudhI potAnA nizcaya upara aDaga rahyo ane tenA upavAsane ekasAme divase te maraNa pAmyA. jatInadAsanA Atma-balidAne hiMdu upara bhAre asara pharI. 1931nA AraMbhamAM bhagatasihane phrAMsIe caDAvavAmAM AvyeA te banAvathI paNa dezane bhAre AdhAta lAgyA. have mAre mahAsabhAnA rAjakAraNa tarapha pAchA vaLavuM joI e. kalakattAnI mahAsabhAnI beThake ApelI eka varasanI muddata pUrI thavA AvatI hatI. 1929nI sAlanA aMtamAM vAtAvaraNa uparathI je gaMbhIra paristhiti UbhI thatI jatI lAgatI hatI te aTakAvavAne briTiza sarakAre prayatna karyAM. bhAviM pragatinI bAbatamAM teNe eka aspaSTa nivedana karyuM. amuka zaratoe, mahAsabhAe paNa potAne sahakAra ApavA jaNAvyuM. e zarata pUrI na paDI eTale 1929nA DisembaranI mahAsabhAnI lAhAranI eTaMke anivArya paNe svAta Mtryane ane te prApta karavA mATe laData karavAnA TharAva karyAM. Ama, 1960nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM samIpa AvatI ghaTanAonA kALA paDachAyAe dekhAvA lAgyA. dezamAM savinaya kAnUnabhaMganI laData mATenI taiyArI thavA lAgI. dhArAsabhAone krIthI bahiSkAra karavAmAM AvyA ane mahAsabhAvAdI sabhyAe temAMthI rAjInAmAM ApyAM. jAnyuArInI 26mI tArIkhe, dezabharamAM zaheramAM tathA gAmaDAMomAM asaMkhya sabhAmAM svataMtratAnI khAsa pratijJA levAmAM AvI ane dara varase e divasa svAtaMtrya dina ' tarIke UjavavAmAM Ave che. mArca mAsamAM, tyAM AgaLa paheAMcIne mIThAnA kAyadAnA bhaMga karavA mATenI gAMdhIjInI mazarUra dAMDI kUca zarU thaI. dAMDI e dariyAkinArA uparanuM eka gAma che. savinaya bhaMganI laDatane AraMbha karavA mATe gAMdhIjIe mIThAnA kara pasaMda karyAM, kema ke e garImAne mATe bhAre kheAjArUpa hatA ane e rIte e khAsa karIne aniSTa prakAranA kara hatA. 7 1930nA eprila mAsanI adhavaca sudhImAM savinaya bhaMganI laDate pUrepUro vega pakaDyo ane dezabharamAM ThekaThekANe mAtra mIThAnA kAyado ja nahi paNa khIjA kAyadAo paNa toDavAmAM AvyA. dezabharamAM zAMta athavA kheThA baLavA zarU thayA hatA ane ene kacarI nAkhavAne mATe navA kAyadA ane oNrDinanse eka pachI eka jhapATAbaMdha nIkaLavA lAgyA. paNa khuda oNrDinanse ja savinayabhaganA viSaya thaI paDyA. sAmudAyika dharapakaDA karavAmAM AvI, nirdaya lAThImAra reAjanI gharanI ghaTanA banI gaI, zAMta ToLAM upara goLIbAra karavAmAM AvyA, mahAsabhAnI samitione gerakAyade jAhera karavAmAM AvI, chApAMo upara aneka khaMdhano mUkavAmAM AvyAM, khakharAnu niyamana karavAmAM AvyuM, lokAne mAra mAravAmAM

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1148 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana AvyA tathA jelamAM bhAre kaDakAIbharyuM vartana dAkhavavAmAM AvyuM. dezamAM eka bAju oNrDinansInA kAraDA vIjhAtA hatA ane bIjI bAjue dRDhatAthI ane vyavasthita rIte e oNrDinansInA bhaMga karavAmAM AvatA hatA. vaLI videzI kApaDa ane briTiza mAlanA bahiSkAra karavAmAM Avyo. lagabhaga eka lAkha jeTalA mANusA jelamAM gayA ane thADA vakhata mATe te A zAMta ane aDaga laDate AkhI duniyAnuM lakSa potAnA tarapha kheMcI rAkhyuM. A laDatanI traNa hakIkatA tarapha huM tAruM lakSa kheMcavA mAguM chuM. sarahada prAMtamAM AvelI bhAre rAjakIya jAgrati e emAMnI prathama hakIkata che, laDatanA cheka AraMbhanA samayamAM, 1930nI sAlanA eprila mAsamAM pezAvaramAM zAMta TALA upara bhISaNu goLIbAra karavAmAM AvyA ane AkhA varasa daramyAna ApaNA sarahadanA dezabaMdhuoe temanA pratye dAkhavavAmAM Avele ajaba hevAniyatabhayA~ vartAva bhAre vIratApUva ka sahana karyAM. A vastu be rIte Azraya kAraka hatI kema ke sarahadanA leAkeA bilakula zAMta vRttinA nathI ane saheja paNa kAraNa maLatAM teo uzkerAI jAya che. ane Ama chatAM paNa temaNe zAMti jALavI rAkhI. laDatamAM ekadama mekhare AvI javu ane AvA vIratAbharyAM bhAga bhajavave e vastu paDANA jevA rAjakIya kSetramAM navA AvanArAonI bAbatamAM atizaya prazaMsanIya ane herata pamADanArI che hiMdI strIomAM AvelI apUrva jAti e khIjI eka noMdhapAtra hakIkata che. kharekhara, e mahAna varasane e sauthI mahattvane banAva che. lAkhAnI sa MkhyAmAM je rIte temaNe potAnA paDado phagAvI dIdhA tathA potAnA gharanI surakSitatA cheADI potAnA bhAI enI paDakhe rahIne laDatamAM bhAga levAne medAne paDI ane vIratAmAM ghaNI vAra puruSone jhAMkhA pADI dIdhA e badhuM jemaNe sagI AMkhe na joyuM hoya temane mATe mAnavuM muzkela hatuM. trIjI noMdhapAtra hakIkata e che ke, caLavaLa vikasatI gaI tema tema, kheDUtonA sabaMdhamAM Arthika khaLA potAnA bhAga bhajavavA lAgyAM. 1930nI sAla e jagadjgyApI mahAna kaTokaTInuM paheluM varasa hatuM ane khetInI pedAzanA bhAvA ekadama gagaDI, gaDyA. AthI kheDUto bhAre nukasAnamAM AvI paDyA, kema ke khetInI pedAzanA vecANu upara ja temanI AvakanA AdhAra heAya che. temanI A musIbata sAthe nAkaranI laData baMdha besatI AvI ane svarAja e kevaLa temanuM dUranuM rAjakIya dhyeya nahi paNa temane tAtkAlika Arthika prazna banI gayA. ane A vastu vadhAre mahattvanI hatI. A rIte, caLavaLa temane mATe vadhAre athavALI banI. emAM jamInadAra tathA gaNAtiyAe vaccenA vargavigrahanuM tattva dAkhala thavA pAmyuM. khAsa karIne yuktamAMtA tathA pazcima hiMdamAM Ama banavA pAmyuM.

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hiMdamAM beThe baLa 1149 jyAre hiMdamAM savinaya bhaMganI laData pUra jozamAM cAlI rahI hatI tyAre dariyApAra laMDanamAM bhAre ThAThamATha ane dabadabAthI goLamejI pariSada bharavAmAM AvI. mahAsabhAne te enI sAthe kazI levAdevA nahotI. e pariSadamAM janArA badhAya hiMdIo sarakAranA nImelA hatA. yAMtrika tadabIrathI halanacalana karatAM pUtaLAM athavA te vastuzanya chAyAnI AkRtionI peThe teo laMDananA raMgamaMca upara Amatema pharatA hatA. teo sArI peThe jANatA hatA ke sAcI laData te hiMdamAM laDAI rahI che. hiMdIonI nabaLAInuM pradarzana karavAne briTiza sarakAre carcAmAM kamI praznane hamezAM mokhare rAkhyo. teNe kaTTaramAM kaTTara komavAdIone tathA pragativirodhIone pariSadamAM nImavAnI khAsa kALajI rAkhI hatI eTale samAdhAna thavAne leza paNa saMbhava nahote. vATAdhATe AgaLa calAvavA mATe, 1931nA mArca mAsamAM mahAsabhA tathA sarakAra vacce tahakUbI athavA kAmacalAu samAdhAna thayuM. e samAdhAna gAMdhI-Ivana karAra tarIke oLakhAya che. savinayabhaMga baMdha rAkhavAmAM AvyuM, savinayabhaMga karanArA hajAre kedIone jelamAMthI choDI mUkavAmAM AvyA tathA eDinansa pAchA kheMcI levAmAM AvyA. 1931nI sAlamAM gAMdhIjIe mahAsabhAnI vatI bIjI goLamejI pariSadamAM hAjarI ApI. hiMdustAnamAM paNa traNa prazno mahattvanA banyA ane temanA upara mahAsabhA tema ja sarakAra e baMnenuM lakSa kendrita thayuM. pahele prazna baMgALane lagatuM hatuM. tyAM AgaLa trAsavAdane dAbI devAne bahAne sarakAre rAjakIya kAryakartAo sAme atizaya kaDaka damana calAvyuM. eka navuM ane vadhAre sakhata orDinansa bahAra pADavAmAM AvyuM ane dilhInuM samAdhAna thavA chatAM baMgALa bilakula zAMti anubhavI nahi. bIjo prazna sarahada prAMtano hato. tyAM AgaLa rAjakIya jAgrati hajI paNa lokene sakriya kArya karavA prerI rahI hatI. khAna abdula gaphAra khAnanI AgevAnI nIce eka pracaMDa paNa zistabaddha ane zAMta saMsthAno tyAM phelAvo thaI rahyo hatA. e saMsthAnA sabhya "khudAI khidamatagAra" kahevAtA hatA. temanA lAla raMganA gaNavezane kAraNe keTalIka vAra temane "lAla khamIzavALA" paNa kahevAmAM AvatA hatA. (temanA gaNavezanA raMgane kAraNe ane nahi ke samAjavAda ke sAmyavAda sAthe temano kazo saMbaMdha hatuM tethI temanuM e nAma paDayuM hatuM. vAstavamAM samAjavAda ke sAmyavAda sAthe temane kazI levAdevA nahatI.) sarakArane A caLavaLa bilakula pasaMda nahotI. te enAthI DaratI hatI; kema ke eka sArA paThANa laDavaiyAnI kiMmata te barAbara pichAnatI hatI. trIjo prazna yukta prAMtamAM Ubho thaye. jagavyApI maMdIne lIdhe tema ja vastuonA bhAva ghaTI javAthI garIba bicArA gaNetiyAo upara bhAre phaTake

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1150 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana paDyo. teo pitAnI sAthe athavA gata bharI zakyA nahi. gaNatamAM temane thaDI rAhata ApavAmAM AvI paraMtu te pUratI gaNavAmAM na AvI. mahAsabhA tene pakSa laIne vacce paDI paraMtu tenuM kazuMye pariNAma na AvyuM. 1931nA navembaramAM gaNeta ugharAvavAno samaya AvyuM tyAre paristhiti gaMbhIra banI. mahAsabhAe gaNotiyAe tathA jamInadArane rAhatanA prazno ukela na Ave tyAM sudhI gaNota tema ja mahesUla na bharavAnI salAha ApI. allAhAbAda jillAthI teNe A laDatane AraMbha karyo. basa, sarakAre yukta prAMta mATe eka airDinansa kADhIne Ane javAba vALe. e atizaya kaDaka ane sarvasparzI ArDinansa hato. emAM jillAnA adhikArIone hareka prakAranI pravRtti karI nAkhavAnI tema ja vyaktionI hilacAla baMdha karavAnI sudhdhAM sattA ApavAmAM AvI. A pachI tarata ja sarahada prAMta mATe ApaNI kalpanAmAM paNa na Ave evA be orDinansa kADhavAmAM AvyA. ane tyAM tathA yukta prAMtomAM AgevAna mahAsabhAvAdIone pakaDI levAmAM AvyA.. 1931nI sAlanA chellA aThavADiyAmAM gAMdhIjI laMDanathI pAchA pharyA tyAre temanI sAme A paristhiti khaDI thaI hatI. traNa prAMtamAM oNrDinansane dera cAlatuM hatuM ane temanA keTalAye sAthIo jelamAM pahoMcI gayA hatA. eka aThavADiyAnI aMdara mahAsabhAe savinaya bhaMganI laData zarU karI ane sarakAre tene pakSe hajAro mahAsabhA samitio tathA temanI sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatI saMkhyAbaMdha saMsthAone gerakAyade jAhera karI. A laData 1930nI laData karatAM ghaNI vadhAre sakhata hatI. AgaLanA anubhavane lAbha uThAvIne sarakAra ene mATe kALajIpUrvaka taiyAra thaIne beThI hatI. kAyadesarapaNuM tathA kAyadAnI vidhione burakhe UMce mUkavAmAM AvyuM ane sarvasparzI orDinansa mujaba mulakI amaladAronA amala nIcenA eka prakAranA lazkarI kAyadAne amala AkhA dezamAM pravartI rahyo. rAjyanA sAcA pazubaLanuM darzana jyAM tyAM thavA lAgyuM. paraMtu e bahu ja svAbhAvika pariNAma hatuM, kema ke rASTrIya caLavaLa jema jema prabaLa banatI jAya tathA jema jema te paradezI sarakAranI hastIne jokhamarUpa banatI jAya tema tema e sarakArane sAmane vadhu ne vadhu jhanUnI thatI jAya che. e prasaMge TrasTIpaNuM tathA zubhecchAnI mIThI madhurI vAta bAjue mUkavAmAM Ave che ane videzI zAsananA sAcA TekArUpa lAThIo tathA saMgIne bahAra paDe che. Toca upara beThelA kevaLa vAIsaraoNyanI IcchA ja nahi paNa pratyeka nAnA amaladAranI IcchA e kAyadA banI jAya che. te manamAnyuM karI zake che kema ke tenA uparI adhikArIo tenA pratyeka kAryanuM samarthana karavAnA che enI tene pUrepUrI khAtarI hoya che. jhAranA samayamAM raziyAmAM banyuM hatuM tema jAsUsI mANase

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hiMdamAM beThe baLa 1151 ane khAsa karIne chUpI polIsa sarvatra potAnI jALa pAtharI de che ane temanI sattA khUba vadhI jAya che. koInA upara kaze aMkuza heto nathI ane aniyaMtrita sattAnI bhUkha tenA mahAvarAthI uttarottara vadhatI ja rahe che. mukhyatve karIne jAsUsI khAtA dvArA pitAne vahIvaTa calAvanAra sarakAra tathA evA vahIvaTanI baradAsa karanAra dezane ceDA ja vakhatamAM naitika adhaHpAta thAya che. kAraNa ke pratyeka jAsUsI khAtuM, kAvAdAvA, prapaMce, jUThANu, guptacara, trAsavAda, chaMcheDaNI, ughADA pADavAnI dhAkadhamakI batAvavI, tarakaTa UbhAM karavAM ane bIjI evI ja vastuonA vAtAvaraNamAM phAlephule che. hiMdamAM chellA traNa varasa daramyAna nAnA nAnA amaladAra, polIse tathA jAsUsI polIsane ApavAmAM AvelI vadhAre paDatI sattA tathA e sattAnA karavAmAM AvelA upayogane pariNAme e khAtAnA mANaso uttarottara vadhAre ne vadhAre pAzava ane bhaSTa banatA gayA che. prajAmAM trAsa phelAvI de e A badhAno ekamAtra hetu hato. mAre bahu vigatemAM na UtarachuM joIe. saMsthAo tema ja vyakitaonI mAlamilakata, ghare, moTare, beMkamAMnAM nANuM vagere vizALa pAyA upara japta karavAM e sarakAranI A prasaMgane lagatI nItinuM eka khAsa lakSaNa hatuM. mahAsabhAne Teko ApanAra madhyamavarganA mULa upara ghA karavAne ene Azaya hate. eka orDinansanI kSullaka paNa vicitra prakAranI khAsiyata e hatI ke, temanAM saMtAna tathA sagIronA gunA mATe mAbApo tathA vAlIone zikSA karavAnuM temAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM! A badhuM cAlI rahyuM hatuM tyAre briTiza pracAra khAtuM hiMdustAnanuM manerama citra cItaravAnA kAmamAM mazagUla thaI gayuM hatuM. khuda hiMdamAM paNa mAThAM pariNAmenA bhayathI koI paNa chApuM satya hakIkata chApavAnI hiMmata karI zakatuM nahatuM. jemanI dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI hoya temanAM nAma chApavAM e paNuM guno hato. paraMtu hiMdanAM sauthI vizeSa pratyAghAtI baLe sAthe ekya karavAne tene prayatna e hiMdamAMnI briTiza nItine tenI pUrepUrA nagna svarUpamAM pragaTa kare che. hiMdanAM pragatizIla baLa sAthe laDavAmAM briTiza sAmrAjya dezanAM madhyakAlIna ane atizaya pratyAghAtI baLone Azare laIne TakI rahyuM che. hiMdamAMthI briTiza sattA dUra thaze to sAmAjika krAMti thavA pAmaze e Dara batAvIne teNe dezanAM sthApita hitene pitAnA TekAmAM saMgaThita karavAno prayatna karyo che. rAjArajavADAMo bacAvanI pahelI haraLa che, tyAra pachI jamInadAra varga, Ave che. caturAIbharI cAlabAjIthI tema ja jha komavAdIone AgaLa karIne ladhumatInA praznane hiMdanI svataMtratAnA mArgamAM teNe aMtarAyarUpa karI mUkyo che. maMdira pravezanA praznanI bAbatamAM hiMduonA ugra dhArmika pratyAghAtIo

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115ra jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pratye hamadardI ane premanI lAgaNa batAvatI briTiza sarakAranuM advitIya dazya tAjetaramAM jovAmAM AvyuM hatuM. briTiza sarakAra Aje jyAM tyAM pratyAghAtI baLane, saMkucita dharmAdhatAne tathA avaLe raste caDelA svArthane Teke zodhI rahI che. sAmudAyika caLavaLane eka moTAmAM moTo lAbha che. AmajanatAne rAjakIya zikSaNa ApavAne e jhaDapImAM jhaDapI ane sarvottama mArga che. hA, e mArga jarA kaSTadAyI che khare. kema ke AmajanatAne "mahAna banAvanA zikSaNanI jarUra hoya che. lokazAhI dezamAM thatI cUMTaNI jevI zAMtikALanI sAmAnya pravRtti sAdhAraNa mANasanA magajamAM goTALe Ubhe kare che. eve prasaMge vistRtvathI bharapUra vyAkhyAnanA dhedha vahe che ane dareka umedavAra tareha tarehanAM mIThAM madhurAM vacano Ape che. AthI garIba bicAre mata ApanAra athavA kahe ke khetare, kArakhAnAMo ke dukAnomAM kAma karanAra majUra goTALAmAM paDI jAya che. tene spaSTapaNe samajAI jAya evo bheda be pakSe vacce heta nathI. paraMtu sAmudAyika caLavaLamAM athavA krAMtine vakhate jANe vIjaLIe badhuM prakAzita karI dIdhuM na hoya tema sAcI paristhiti bilakula spaSTa thaI jAya che. AvI kaTokaTInI ghaDIe, samUha, vargo ke vyakitae pitAnI kharI lAgaNI ke sAcuM svarUpa chupAvI zakatAM nathI. e vakhate satya bahAra paDI jAya che. krAMtikALamAM cAritrya, dhairya, sahanazIlatA ane niHsvArthatAnI kasoTI te thAya che ja paraMtu e uparAMta mIThA mIThA tathA aspaSTa zabdonA chaLathI DhAMkI rAkhavAmAM AvatuM bhinna bhinna vargo ane samUho vaccenuM gharSaNa paNa e kALamAM ughADuM paDe che. hiMdanI savinaya bhaMganI laData e rASTrIya laData hatI; e kaI eka varganI laData khasUsa nahatI. e madhyama varganI laData hatI ane tene kheDUtone pIThabaLa hatuM. ethI karIne vargIya caLavaLamAM bane che tema bhinna bhinna vargone eNe judA athavA aLagA na pADyA. ane Ama chatAye, A rASTrIya caLavaLamAM paNa kaMIka aMze bhinna bhinna vargonI judI judI katAro banI gaI. rASTranI svataMtratA karatAM pitApitAnA varganuM hita vadhAre vahAluM karIne junavANI rAjA- rajavADA, tAlukadAre ane meTA jamInadAro vagere keTalAka loka saMpUrNapaNe sarakAranA pakSamAM bhaLI gayA. mahAsabhAnI AgevAnI nIce thayelA rASTrIya caLavaLanA vikAsane pariNAme kheDUtasamudAya mahAsabhAmAM joDAya tathA pitAnI aneka hADamArIonA nivAraNa arthe te tenA tarapha najara karavA lAgyA. A vastue mahAsabhAnA baLamAM ghaNe vadhAre karyo tema ja sAthe sAthe teNe ene sAmudAyika dRSTi paNa ApI. mahAsabhAnI AgevAnI madhyama varganA hAthamAM rahI e kharuM, paraMtu nIcenA

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hiMdamAM beThe baLave 1153 dabANathI te haLavI banI ane kheDUtene lagatA tathA sAmAjika praznomAM mahAsabhA dinapratidina vadhu ne vadhu pitAnuM lakSa paravatI gaI. dhIme dhIme tenuM valaNa samAjavAda tarapha DhaLatuM paNa thatuM gayuM. 1931nI sAlanI mahAsabhAnI karAMcInI beThake pasAra karelo mULabhUta hakko tathA Arthika kAryakramane lagate mahatvane TharAva e ene purAvo che. e TharAvamAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke, rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM keTalAka bahumAnya lokazAhI hako tathA svataMtratAonI tema ja ladhumatIonA hakkonI bAMyadharI ApavI joIe. vadhumAM emAM e paNa jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke, cAvIrUpa ane pAyAnA udyogo tathA lokopayogI sAdhana rAjyanA aMkuza nIce hovAM joIe. svataMtratA mATenI laDatane have rAjakIya svataMtratA karatAM kaMIka vizeSa artha thavA lAge ane temAM sAmAjika tattva dAkhala thayuM. khare prazna janatAnAM dAridya tathA zoSaNane aMta ANavAne hato ane svataMtratA e e dhyeya prApta karavA mATenuM sAdhana hatuM. jyAre hiMdamAM savinaya bhaMganI laData cAlI rahI hatI ane saMkhyAbaMdha rAjakIya kAryakartAo kArAvAsamAM paDyA hatA te vakhate briTiza sarakAre hiMdanA rAjyabaMdhAraNanA sudhArAo mATenI darakhAsta rajU karI. emAM maryAdita prakAranuM prAMtika svarAja tathA jemAM junavANI rAjArajavADAMonuM vadhAre calaNa hoya evuM samavAyataMtra sUcavavAmAM AvyuM. kevaLa pitAnAM hito sAcavI rAkhavAne ja nahi paNa pitAne hiMda uparane trividha - lazkarI, mulakI tema ja vepArI- kabaje TakAvI rAkhavAne mANasanI buddhithI jI zakAya evI badhI salAmatI emAM sarakAre rajU karI hatI. hareka sthApita hitanI pUrepUrI rakSA karavAmAM AvI hatI ane sauthI mahatvanAM sthApita hitanuM eTale ke briTiza hitanuM te bahu ja asarakAraka rIte rakSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. emAM mAtra hiMdanI pAMtrIsa kareDa janatAnAM hitenI ja avagaNanA karavAmAM AvI hoya ema jaNAtuM hatuM. e darakhAstanI sAme hiMdamAM virodhano vaMToLa phATI nIkaLyo. brahmadeza tarapha meM durlakSa batAvyuM che, eTale, mAre tane ene viSe kaMIka kahevuM joIe. brahmI lekee 1930 ke 1932nI savinaya bhaMganI caLavaLamAM bhAga nahete lIdhe. paraMtu Arthika musIbatene kAraNe uttara brahmadezamAM 1931 ane 1932nI sAlamAM kheDUtene eka moTo baLo phATI nIkaLyo hate. briTiza sarakAre atizaya jaMgalI rIte e baLavo dAbI dIdhe. hiMda svataMtra thAya tyAre paNa briTiza sAmrAjyavAda tenuM zoSaNa cAlu rAkhI zake e AzayathI hAla brahmadezane rAjakIya rIte hiMdathI judo pADavAnA prayatna cAle che. tenA telanA kUvAo, tenuM imAratI lAkaDuM tathA tenI khanija samRddhi e badhAMne kAraNe brahmadezanuM bhAre mahattva che.

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1154 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana noMdha: (okaTobara 1938): sADApAMca varasa pUrve jelamAM A patra lakhAye tyAra pachI hiMdamAM ghaNuM pheraphAra thavA pAmyA che. e vakhate savinayabhaMganI caLavaLa hajI cAlu hatI ane saMkhyAbaMdha mahAsabhAvAdIo jelamAM paDyA hatA. hA, eTaluM kharuM ke e vakhate caLavaLa maMda thaI gaI hatI. tenI hajAre samitio tathA tenI sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatI bIjI aneka saMsthAo sahita mahAsabhAne gerakAyade jAhera karavAmAM AvI hatI. 1934nI sAlamAM mahAsabhAe savinayabhaMga baMdha karyo ane sarakAre tenA upara pratibaMdha pAcho kheMcI lIdhe. dhArAsabhAono bahiSkAra karavAnI pitAnI nItimAM mahAsabhAe pheraphAra karyo ane madhyastha dhArAsabhAnI cUMTaNImAM teNe potAnA umedavAre UbhA rAkhyA. e cUMTaNImAM tene sArI saphaLatA maLI. laMbANa carcA pachI, 1975nI sAlamAM briTiza pArlAmenTa hiMdI sarakArane lagate kAyado (gavarnamenTa epha InDiyA ekaTa) pasAra karyo. e kAyadAmAM hiMdanA navA rAjabaMdhAraNanI rUparekhA doravAmAM AvI che. e mujaba aneka salAmatIovALuM prAMtika svarAja tema ja prAta ane dezI rAjyanuM baneluM samavAyataMtra amalamAM AvavAnuM hatuM. e kAyadA sAme hiMdabharamAM virodhane bhAre pikAra UDyo ane mahAsabhAe te ene pheMkI ja dIdhe. salAmatIo tathA gavarnare ane vAIsaraoNyane ApavAmAM AvelI "khAsa sattAo" ne khAsa karIne virodha karavAmAM AvyuM kema ke, ethI karIne prAMtika svarAjya satvahIna banI jatuM hatuM; samavAyataMtra sAme ethIye vizeSa prabaLa virodha jAge, kAraNa ke e dezI rAjyamAM Apakhuda amala cAlu rAkhatuM hatuM tema ja emAM Apakhuda dezI rAjya tathA ardha-lekazAhI prAMtanuM kRtrima ane kAma barAbara na cAlI zake evuM joDANa thatuM hatuM. hiMdanI rAjakIya tema ja sAmAjika pragatine rUMdhI nAkhavAnA tathA sIdhI rIte ane dezI rAjAo dvArA briTiza sAmrAjyane majabUta banAvavAnA irAdApUrvakanA prayatna tarIke ene lekhavAmAM AvyuM. kemI vyavasthAne paNa navA baMdhAraNane eka bhAga banAvI devAmAM AvyuM. e vyavasthA mujaba aneka alaga matAdhikAre pedA karavAmAM AvyA. keTalIka laghumatI komoe A kemI vyavasthAne vadhAvI lIdhI kema ke, temane enAthI theDe lAbha thata hate. paraMtu lekazAhI- vidhI tathA pragatinA mArgamAM aMtarAyarUpa hevAne kAraNe ene vakhoDI kADhavAmAM AvI. hiMdI sarakArane lagatA kAyadAnA prAMtika svarAjane lagatA bhAgano 1977nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM amala karavAmAM AvyuM ane te mujaba hiMdabharamAM sAmAnya cUMTaNI karavAmAM AvI. mahAsabhAe e kAyadAne pheMkI dIdhe hevA chatAM teNe e cUMTaNImAM bhAga levAnuM nakkI karyuM ane AkhA dezamAM vizALa

Page #488
1155 hiMdamAM beThe baLa pAyA upara cUMTaNInI prabaLa jhuMbeza calAvavAmAM AvI. moTA bhAganA prAMtamAM mahAsabhAne bhAre saphaLatA maLI ane ghaNIkharI navI dhArAsabhAemAM mahAsabhAvAdIono pakSa bahumatImAM Avyo. temaNe prAMtika sarakAramAM pradhAnapada svIkAravAM ke kema e muddA upara tIvra carcA thavA pAmI. Akhare mahAsabhAe pradhAnapada svIkAravAno nirNaya karyo, paraMtu sAthe sAthe teNe e spaSTa karyuM ke svataMtratAnuM tenuM pahelenuM dhyeya tathA potAnI jUnI nIti hajI kAyama ja rahe che ane e nIti AgaLa dhapAvavAne tathA dezane svataMtratAnI laData mATe sabaLa banAvavAne mATe ja pradhAnapada svIkAravAmAM AvyAM che. A uparAMta teNe e paNa zarata karI ke gavarnare salAmatIone upayoga na kare. A nirNayane pariNAme, muMbaI madrAsa, yuktaprAMta, bihAra, madhyaprati, orissA tathA sarahadaprAMta ema sAta prAMtamAM mahAsabhAnAM pradhAnamaMDaLa racavAmAM AvyAM. gheDA samaya pachI mahAsabhAe AsAmamAM mizra pradhAnamaMDaLa racyuM. baMgALa tathA paMjAba e be mukhya prAMtamAM bina-mahAsabhAvAdI pradhAnamaMDaLe che. mahAsabhAnAM pradhAnamaMDaLo thavAne pariNAme te te pradezanA rAjadvArI kedIone choDI mUkavAmAM AvyA tathA nAgarika svAtaMtrya uparanAM baMdhane dUra karavAmAM AvyAM. AmajanatAe A pheraphArane AvakArI lIdho ane have pitAnI sthiti jhaDapathI sudharavA pAmaze evI AzA te sevavA lAgI. prajAmAM rAjakIya jAgrati bahu ja tvarAthI vadhI gaI ane kisAnonI tathA majUronI caLavaLane vega maLe. aneka haDatAla paDI. kheDUte uparane be haLave karavAne pradhAnamaMDaLoe tarata ja kheDUte tathA devAne lagatA kAyadAo karyA tathA audyogika majUronI sthiti sudhAravAnA prayAso AdaryA. Ama kArya thayuM kharuM paraMtu saMjoge ja evA hatA tathA 1995nA hiMdI sarakArane lagatA kAyadAnI maryAdAmAM rahIne temane kAma karavAnuM hatuM eTale pradhAnamaMDaLo dUragAmI sAmAjika pheraphAro karavA prayAsa na karI zakyAM. mahAsabhAnAM pradhAnamaMDaLo ane gavarnare vacce ghaNI vAra athaDAmaNa thavA pAmI ane be prasaMgoe te pradhAnoe pitAnAM rAjInAmAM paNa ApI dIdhAM hatAM. A rAjInAmAMonA svIkArathI mahAsabhA ane briTiza sarakAra vacce meTI ane gaMbhIra athaDAmaNa thavA pAmata. briTiza sarakArane evuM karavAnI icchA nahotI ane pradhAnane abhiprAya mAnya rAkhavAmAM Avyo. paraMtu paristhiti tattvataH asthira ja che ane evI athaDAmaNuM anivArya che. mahAsabhAne mATe to e vacagALAnI avasthA che, enuM dhyeya te svataMtratA ja rahe che. briTiza sarakAra je samavAyataMtra ThekI besADavAno prayatna kare te akALe gaMbhIra athaDAmaNa UbhI thaze e saMbhava rahe che. samavAyataMtra sAmenA prabaLa

Page #489
jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana virodhane kAraNe hajI sudhI te ema karavAmAM AvyuM nathI. mahAsabhA tenI kArakirdI daramyAna koI paNa kALe hatI tenA karatAM Aje vadhAre baLavAna che ane tenI avagaNanA karI zakAya ema nathI. sUcavavAmAM AvelA samavAyataMtrane vaza na ja thavAne mahAsabhAe nizcaya karela che. mahAsabhAnI mAgaNI te svataMtra hiMdanuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDavA mATe pukhta vayanA matAdhikArathI cUMTAyelI lekapratinidhi sabhA mATenI che. * hiMdamAM kemI prazna pharI pAchuM mahattvanuM banyuM ane teNe gharSaNa pedA karyuM che. paraMtu Arthika tema ja sAmAjika prazno mokhare AvatA jaNAya che ane e vastu prajAnuM lakSa komI tathA dhArmika bheda taraphathI bIjI bAjue vALI rahI che. A sAmudAyika jAgrati hiMdanAM dezI rAjyomAM paNa phelAI che ane javAbadAra sarakAranI mAgaNI karatI prabaLa caLavaLo ghaNAM rAjyamAM vikasI rahI che. moTAM rAjya paikI khAsa karIne masUra, kAzmIra tathA trAvaNakoramAM AvuM thavA pAmyuM che. A mAgaNIne javAba, khAsa karIne trAvaNakora rAjyanA sattAvALAoe tAjetaramAM pAzavI damana tathA hiMsAthI vALe che. bhUtakALanA avazeSarUpa AmAMnAM ghaNuMkharAM rAjyamAM (dAkhalA tarIke kAzmIramAM) rAjyavahIvaTa briTiza amaladAre calAve che. . chellAM thoDAM varase daramyAna hiMdustAna AMtararASTrIya bAbatomAM uttarottara vadhu ne vadhu rasa levA lAgyuM che ane jagatanA praznone najaramAM rAkhIne pitAne prazna nihALatuM thayuM che. ebisIniyA, spena, cIna, cekoslovAkiyA ane pelesTAInanA banAe hiMdanA leke upara bhAre asara karI che ane mahAsabhA pitAnI paradezanIti khIlavavA lAgI che. tenI e nIti zAMti tathA lekazAhIne Teke ApavAnI che. phAsIvAda sAmene tene virodha sAmrAjyavAdanA virodha eTale ja che. 1937nI sAlamAM brahmadezane hiMdathI chUTo pADavAmAM Avyo. tene dhArAsabhA ApavAmAM AvI che ane te hiMdanI prAMtika dhArAsabhAone maLatI che.

Page #490
163. misaranI svataMtratA mATenI laData 20 me, 1933 have ApaNe misara jaIe ane vadhatA jatA rASTravAda tathA sAmrAjyavAdI sattA vacce bIje saMgrAma joIe. hiMdanI paDe tyAM paNa briTiza sattA che. misara, aneka bAbatamAM hiMdathI bilakula bhinna che, ane hiMda karatAM pramANamAM ghaNA ochA vakhatathI briTananI hakUmata tyAM kAyama thaI che. Ama chatAMye be deza vacce ghaNuM samAnatAo tathA sAmAnya lakSaNa che. hiMda tema ja misaranI rASTrIya laDatae judI judI paddhatio akhatyAra karI che. paraMtu svataMtratA mATenI e baMnenI jhaMkhanA mULamAM eka ja che tema ja baMnenuM dhyeya paNa samAna che. vaLI, A rASTrIya caLavaLo dAbI devAnA tenA prayatnamAM sAmrAjyavAda je rIte kArya kare che te paNa lagabhaga samAna ja che. AthI, e baMne ekabIjAnA anubhava uparathI ghaNuM zIkhI zake ema che. misaranA dAkhalA uparathI hiMdamAM ApaNe eka khAsa pATha zIkhavA jevo che. briTananI "svataMtratA "nI navAjezane zuM artha che tathA tenAM zAM pariNAma Ave che te ApaNe e dAkhalA uparathI barAbara samajI zakIe chIe. arabastAna, sIriyA, IrAka, pelesTAIna vagere Araba dezamAM misara sauthI AgaLa vadhe deza che. pUrva ane pazcima vaccene e rAjamArga rahyo che ane suejhanI nahera thayA pachI te AgaboTonI avarajavara mATe mahAna vepArI dariyAI mArga banyA che. 19mI sadInA navA yuropa sAthe pazcima eziyAnA bIjA koI paNa deza karatAM ene vadhAre saMparka hatuM. bIjA Araba dezothI e bilakula bhinna che, joke temanI bhASA, paraMparA tathA dharma samAna hovAne kAraNe temanI sAthe ene gADha sAMskRtika saMbaMdha che. kerenAM dainika chApAMo badhAye Araba dezamAM jAya che ane tyAM AgaLa temane bhAre prabhAva che. e badhA dezamAM rASTrIya caLavaLa sauthI prathama tyAM AgaLa UpaDI ane ethI karIne svAbhAvika rIte ja misarane rASTravAda bIjA Araba dezane mATe daSTAMtarUpa bane. misara viSenA mArA chellA patramAM arabI pAzAnI AgevAnI nIcenI 1881-82nI rASTrIya caLavaLa viSe tathA briTane tene kevI rIte cagadI nAkhI te viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM. meM tane AraMbhanA sudhArake, jamAluddIna aphaghAnI tathA yuropanA navA vicAree junavANuM IslAma para karelI asara viSe paNa kahyuM hatuM. A sudhArakoe, purANuM mULa siddhAMta upara pahoMcIne tathA dharma upara caDelA sadIo jUnA thare dUra karIne islAmane Adhunika jamAnAnI pragati sAthe susaMgata karavAne prayatna karyo. pragatizIla lokoe, dharmane sAmAjika ja-31

Page #491
1158 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana saMsthAothI judo pADavAnuM bIjuM pagaluM bharyuM. purANuM dharmo ApaNuM rejiMdA jIvanane AvarI le che ane tenA pratyeka aMganuM te niyamana kare che. A rIte hiMdu dharma tathA IslAma temanA zuddha dhArmika siddhAMta uparAMta sAmAjika dhArAdhoraNe tema ja lagna, vAraso, dIvAnI ane pharajadArI kAyado, rAjakIya saMgaThana ane evI bIjI aneka bAbatanA niyame nakkI kare che. bIjA zabdomAM kahIe te, e dharmo samAjanI AkhI vyavasthA racI Ape che ane pitAnI maMjUrI tathA adhikAra apane teo tene kAyama kare che. pitAnI kaDaka jJAtivyavasthA UbhI karIne hiMdu dharma te e bAbatamAM sauthI AgaLa gayuM che. sAmAjika vyavasthAne A dhArmika nizciti maLavAthI temAM pheraphAra karavuM muzkela banI jAya che. Ama bIjI jagyAonI peThe misaramAM paNa pragatizIla lekee dharmane samAjanI vyavasthA tathA sAmAjika saMsthAothI judo pADavA prayatna karyo. enuM kAraNa temaNe e ApyuM ke, bhUtakALamAM dharma tathA rUDhie prajA mATe UbhI karelI A purANI saMsthAo, bezaka te kALamAM je sthiti pravartatI hatI tene mATe yogya ane anukULa hatI. paraMtu Aje te e paristhitimAM ghaNe pheraphAra thaI gayuM che ane tethI karIne purANI saMsthAone temanI sAthe meLa besatuM nathI. baLadagADA mATe karavAmAM Avela niyama moTara ke relagADI mATe baMdha besate na Ave e ApaNe ApaNI sAdI samajathI paNa samajI zakIe. A pragatizIla leke ane sudhArakanI dalIla AvA prakAranI hatI. Ane pariNAme, rAjya tema ja bIjI aneka saMsthAone ahika svarUpa ApavAmAM AvyuM, eTale ke dharmathI temane chUTAM pADavAmAM AvyAM. ApaNe joI gayAM chIe ke A prakriyA turkImAM sauthI AgaLa vadhI che. turka prajAsattAkane pramukha pitAnA hoddAnA segaMda paNa IzvaranA nAmathI nathI lete; te e sogaMda pitAnI Ijjata upara le che. misaramAM hajI e bAbatamAM eTalI badhI pragati nathI thavA pAmI, paraMtu tyAM tema ja bIjA IslAmI dezamAM e ja valaNuM kArya karI rahyuM che. tuke, misaravAsIo, sIriyane, IrAnIo vagere purANI dharmanI bhASA karatAM Aje rASTravAdanI navI bhASA vadhu pramANamAM bele che. duniyAnA bIjA koI paNa moTA muslima samUha karatAM hiMdanA musalamAne rASTrIyakaraNanI A prakriyAne kadAca vadhAre virodha karI rahyA che. A eka ajaba ane neMdhapAtra bInA che. A navA rASTravAdano vikAsa sAmAnya rIte mUDIvAdI Arthika vyavasthA nIce bujhavAonA athavA te madhyamavarganA udayanI sAthe sAthe ja thavA pAmyo che. A bUjhavA varga pedA karavAmAM hiMdanA musalamAne pachAta rahyA che ane temanI A niSphaLatA rASTravAdanI dizAmAM temanI AgekUcanA mArgamAM vinarUpa nIvaDI hoya e banavA joga che. e paNa saMbhava che ke, hiMdamAM teo

Page #492
misaranI svataMtratA mATenI laData 1159 laghumatImAM che e vastue paNa temanI bhItimAM vadhAre karyo hoya tathA temane vadhAre sthiticusta ane jUnI paraMparAne vaLagI rahenArA tathA navA vicAro tema ja khyAlenI bAbatamAM sAzaMka banAvyA hoya. kaMIka evA ja mAnasathI prerAIne lagabhaga hajAra varasa pUrve islAmI caDAI vakhate hiMduoe pitAnI AsapAsa kavaca racIne kaDaka jJAtivyavasthA UbhI karI haze. 19mI sadInI chellI pacIzI daramyAna ane te pachI videze sAthe vepAra vadhatAM misaramAM na madhyama varga Ubhe thaye. seda jhaghalula nAmane eka puruSa "phelAha" athavA kheDUta kuTuMbamAM janmyA hatA ane pitAnI unnati sAdhIne te madhyama vargamAM dAkhala thaye hate. 1881-82mAM arabI pAzAe briTiza sarakArane paDakAra karyo tyAre jhaghalula juvAnImAM hatuM ane teNe arabInA hAtha nIce kAma karyuM hatuM. tyArathI mAMDIne 1927nI sAlamAM te maraNa pAme tyAM sudhI, eTale ke suDatALIsa varasa sudhI teNe misaranI svataMtratA mATe kArya karyuM ane te misaranI svataMtratAnI caLavaLane netA bane. te misarano sarvamAnya netA hatA. jemAM te pedA thayo hato te kheDUtavarganI enA upara apAra prIti hatI ane je vargamAM teNe pitAnuM sthAna prApta karyuM hatuM te madhyamavarga tene Adarza puruSa tarIke lekhate hate. paraMtu kahevAtA amIra varga athavA purANuM phayUDala jamInadAravarganI tenA upara karaDI najara hatI. dezamAMnA temanA sattAnA sthAna uparathI dhIme dhIme temane khaseDI rahele udaya pAmato madhyamavarga temane pasaMda nahe. jhalulane teo lebhAgu gaNatA hatA ane pitAnA varganA netA ane pratinidhi tarIke tene temanI sAme laDavuM paDyuM. hiMdanI peThe, tyAM paNa briTizoe A phayUDala jamInadAra vargamAMthI pitAne Teko khoLavAno prayatna karyo. e varga misarI karatAM turka vadhAre pramANamAM hatuM ane te jUnA zAsaka amIravargane pratinidhi hate. sAmrAjyavAdanI mAnya thayelI ane sArI rIte ajamAvI jovAyelI rIta pramANe briTizoe misaramAM samAjanA koI eka samUha athavA rAjakIya pakSane pitAnI sAthe rAkhavAno prayAsa karyo ane eka varga athavA samUhane bIjAnI sAme Ubho karIne eka rASTrIya ghaTakanA vikAsamAM aMtarAya nAkhe. misaramAM khristI kaoNpTa leke laghumatImAM hatA eTale hiMdanI jema tyAM paNuM temaNe laghumatIne prazna Ubho karavAno prayAsa karyo paNa emAM temane niSphaLatA maLI. ane A badhuM temaNe sAmrAjyavAdanI mAnya thayelI rIta pramANe ja karyuM. temanI jIbhe te madhurI madhurI vAta ja hatI. teo kahetA hatA ke pite to tyAM AgaLa misaravAsIonA lAbhane mATe ja che. "mUka janatAnA" "TrasTI hevAne temane dAvo hate. ane "dezamAM jemane kazuM khAvAnuM nathI" evA caLavaLiyAe " ane evA bIjA leke musIbata UbhI na kare te badhuM

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana barAbara cAle. paraMtu banatuM ema ke, temanI A lAbha ApavAnI kyiA ghaNI vAra jemane teo pitAne lAbha ApI rahyA hatA temane meTI saMkhyAmAM geLIbArathI ThAra karavAmAM pariNamatI. kadAca ema haze ke, A rIte temane A duniyAnI vipatemAMthI ugArI levAmAM AvatA ane temanA svargagamanane tvarita karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. mahAyuddhanA AkhA kALa daramyAna ane tyAra pachI paNa ghaNuM vakhata sudhI misara lazkarI kAyadA nIce hatuM. mahAyuddha daramyAna tyAM niHzastrIkaraNane kAyado tathA lazkarabharatIne kAyade ema be kAyadAo pasAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. dezamAM meTA pramANamAM briTiza lazkara rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. mahAyuddhanA AraMbhamAM ja misarane rakSita deza tarIke jAhera karavAmAM Avyo hato. 1918nI sAlamAM yuddha pUruM thatAMveta misaranA rASTravAdIo pharI pAchA sakriya banyA. ane briTiza sarakAra tathA perisanI suleha pariSada samakSa mUkavA mATe temaNe misaranI svataMtratA mATe dAvo ghaDI kADhayo. te vakhate misaramAM sAcA arthamAM koI rAjakIya pakSa nahatA. tyAM AgaLa mAtra eka "vatana" pakSa athavA rASTrIya pakSa hatA. paraMtu tenA sabhyonI saMkhyA paNa bahu ja ochI hatI. misaranI svataMtratAnI himAyata karavA mATe jhaghala pAzAnI AgevAnI nIce eka pratinidhimaMDaLa laMDana tathA perisa mokalavAnuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM ane A pratinidhimaMDaLane prajAnA pIThabaLavALuM tathA samagra rASTranuM pratinidhi banAvavA mATe eka vizALa saMsthA UbhI karavAmAM AvI. misaranA mahAna vada pakSanI zarUAta A rIte thaI hatI, kemake vaphadane artha pratinidhimaMDaLa thAya che. briTiza sarakAre A pratinidhimaMDaLane laMDana javAnI paravAnagI na ApI ane 1919nA mArca mAsamAM jhagalula pAzA tathA bIjA netAonI dharapakaDa karI. Ane pariNAme khUnakhAra krAMti phATI nIkaLI. keTalAka aMgrejone mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA ane kere zahera tathA bIjA mathake krAMtikArI samitine hAtha gayAM. ghaNe sthaLe jAhera salAmatI mATe rASTrIya samitio sthApavAmAM AvI. A krAMtimAM vidyApIThanA vidyArthIoe AgaLa paDate bhAga lIdhe. paraMtu A AraMbhanI saphaLatA pachI, ghaNe aMze krAMtine dAbI devAmAM AvI. Ama chatAM paNa chUTAchavAyA aMgreja amaladArane mArI nAkhavAmAM AvatA hatA. Ama sakriya krAMtine te dAbI devAmAM AvI paNa krAMtikArI caLavaLa te cAlu ja rahI. teNe potAnI vyuharacanA badalI ane zAMta pratikAranI bIjI avasthAmAM te dAkhala thaI. A zAnta pratikAra eTale badhe saphaLa thayo ke misaranI mAgaNInuM samAdhAna karavAnI briTiza sarakArane pharaja paDI. leDa milcaranI AgevAnI nIce IMgleMDathI eka kamizana mekalavAmAM AvyuM. misaranA rASTra

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misaranI svataMtratA mATenI laData 1111 vAdIoe e kamizanane bahiSkAra karavAne TharAva karyo ane temAM temane apUrva saphaLatA maLI. ene bahiSkAra karavAmAM paNa vidyArthIoe mahattvane bhAga bhajavyuM. dezanA virodhanI e kamizana upara evI bhAre chApa paDI ke teNe keTalIka duragAmI bhalAmaNa karI. briTiza sarakAre tenI avagaNanA karI ane misaranI laData traNa varasa eTale ke 1919thI 1922 sudhI cAlu rahI. "istakalAla ala-taAma thI eTale ke pUrNa svAtaMtryathI saheja paNa ochuM teo svIkAravA taiyAra nahotA. 1919mAM dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI tyAra bAda thoDA vakhata pachI jhaghalula pAzAne cheDI mUkavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. 1921nA DisembaramAM tene pharIthI pakaDIne dezapAra karavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu briTiza lekanI dRSTie ethI karIne paristhitimAM kazeye sudhAre thavA pAme nahi ane misaravAsIonA mananuM samAdhAna karavAne kaMIka pagaluM bharavAnI temane pharaja paDI. jhaghalula dharachoDa na kare e uddAma nahoto chatAye samAdhAna na thaI zakyuM. sAce ja, briTiza sAthe namAluM samAdhAna karavAno prayAsa karIne pitAnA dezane dage devAne keTalAka lekee tenA upara Aropa mUkyo ane temaNe tene jAna levAne paNa eka vakhate prayatna karyo hato. paraMtu briTiza sarakAra ane misaranA rASTravAdIo vacce te vakhate samAdhAna na thaI zakyuM, ane hajI paNa thaI zakatuM nathI. enAM sAcAM kAraNo mUlagAmI che. e kAraNe paNa hiMdamAM samAdhAna thatuM aTakAvanArAM kAraNe jevAM ja che. misaranA rASTravAdIe misaramAMnAM aMgrejonAM badhAM ja hitonI avagaNanA karavA nahotA mAgatA. e badhA viSe carcA karavA teo pUrepUrA taiyAra hatA ane sAmrAjyavyApI vepAranA IgleMDanAM khAsa hita tathA tenA lazkarI mahattvanA mArgo tema ja evI bIjI bAbatamAM dharachoDa karavAne paNa taiyAra hatA. paraMtu pahelAM temanI pUrNa svataMtratA svIkAravAmAM Ave te pachI ja ane e svataMtratAne vidhvarUpa na nIvaDe te rIte ja teo e praznonI carcA karavA taiyAra hatA. jyAre iMglaMDa ema mAnatuM hatuM ke misarane barAbara keTalA pramANamAM svataMtratA ApavI e nakkI karavAne tene adhikAra che tathA pitAnAM hite e svataMtratAthI abAdhita rahevAM joIe, kema ke e hitenuM te prathama rakSaNa karavuM ghaTe. Ama, samAdhAna mATe be vacce kAMI paNa sAmAnya bhUmikA nahotI. paraMtu briTiza sarakArane lAgyuM ke kaMIka te karavuM ja joIe eTale samAdhAna upara AvyA vinA ja 1922nA phebruArI mAsamAM teNe eka jAherAta karI. teNe jaNAvyuM ke, bhaviSyamAM te misarane " pUrNa svataMtra rAjya" tarIke mAnya rAkhaze paNa cAra bAbate - ane A "paNuja beTI vastu hatI - bhaviSyanI vicAraNA mATe te bAkI rAkhe che. e cAra bAbate nIce mujaba che:

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jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana 1. misaramAMnA briTiza sAmrAjyanA vyavahAra mArgonI salAmatI. 2. badhA paradezI humalAo tathA pratyakSa ke parokSa dakhalagIrI sAme misaranuM rakSaNa. 11:2 3. misaramAMnAM paradezI hiteA tathA laghumatIonI rakSA. 4. sudAnanA bhAvIne prazna. A badhI anAmatIe ( rejharavezansa ) tenA hiMdanA pitrAI ne maLatI ja che. ApaNe ene * salAmatI ' kahIe chIe. paraMtu ahIM AgaLa temane vaMzavistAra ghaNA mATe che. A anAmatIne svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo nahi kema ke upara uparathI te bahu sAdI ane nirdoSa lAge che kharI paraMtu ene kAraNe misarane AMtarika bAbatamAM ke paradezanI bAbatamAM sAcI svataMtratA maLatI naheAtI. Ama, 1922nA phebruArI mAsanI svataMtratAnI jAherAta e briTiza sarakAranuM ekapakSI kRtya hatuM ane misare tene svIkAra karyAM nahi. briTananI tarapheNa karanArI anAmatI athavA salAmatIevALI svataMtratAne paNa vAstavamAM zo artha thAya che e e pachInAM varase daramyAna misare sArI peThe batAvI ApyuM che. A ' svataMtratA ' ApavAmAM AvI te chatAMye misaramAM e pachI doDha varasa vadhu lazkarI kAyadAnA amala cAlu rahyo. misaranI sarakAre mAphInA kAyade ( eNTa oNpha inDemniTI) eTale ke lazkarI kAyadAnA amala daramyAna je amaladArAe gerakAyade kAryAM karelAM tenI javAbadArImAMthI e badhAne mukta karatA kAyadA pasAra karyAM tyAre ja te baMdha karavAmAM Avyo. A navA ' svataMtra ' misarane atizaya pratyAghAtI baMdhAraNanI navAjeza karavAmAM AvI. emAM rAjAnA hAthamAM bhAre sattA ApavAmAM AvI ane misaranI garIbaDI prajA upara rAjA phAudane ThokI besADavAmAM Avyo. phAuda rAjA tathA briTiza amaladArone ekabIjA sAthe bahu ja phAvI gayuM. e baMnene rASTravAdI aLakhAmaNA lAgatA hatA tema ja prajAnI svataMtratAnA khyAlanI sAme tathA dhArAsabhA dvArA cAlatI sAcI sarakAra sAme paNa temanA virodha hatA. phAuda rAjA potAne ja sarakAra lekhatA hatA ane dhaNuMkharuM potAnuM dhAyuM" ja karato hato. dhArAsabhAne baratarapha karIne briTiza saMgIneA upara mustAka banIne saramukhatyAranI peThe te zAsana karatA ane aMgrejo tene madada ApavA kadI cUkatA nahi. misarane svataMtra jAhera karyAM pachI. briTiza sarakAre pahelavaheluM paropakArI kRtya navA amala nIce nivRtta thatA amaladArone vaLatara ApavA mATe jabaradasta rakamanI mAgaNI karavAnuM karyuM. misaranI sarakAra tarIke phAuda rAjA e ApavA tarata ja saMmata thayA ane teNe 65 lAkha pAunDa jeTalI meATI rakama

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misaranI svatantratA mATenI laData 1133 briTiza sarakArane ApI. A rIte pratyeka moTA amaladArane sADAATha hajAra pAuMDa maLyA. ane tAjubInI vAta to e che ke, ATaluM bhAre vaLatara ApIne nivRtta karavAmAM AvelA amaladArAmAMthI keTalAkane khAsa karAra karIne tarata ja krIthI nokarImAM rAkhavAmAM AvyA. dhyAnamAM rAkhaje ke, misara e kaI bahu mATe deza nathI ane enI vasatI yukta prAMtanI vasatInA trIjA bhAga karatAMye ochI che. "" misaranA rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke " badhI sattA prajAmAMthI udbhave che. " paraMtu sAcI vastusthiti te ema che ke, navA rAjyabaMdhAraNanA amala thayA tyArathI dhArAsabhAnI tA ati khUrI dazA thaI che. mArI jANa pramANe te, eka paNa dhArAsabhA tenI pUrI mudata sudhI cAlu rahI nathI. phAuda rAjAne hAthe vAraMvAra tenA ata AbhyA. teNe aneka vAra baMdhAraNane mokUfa rAkhyuM ane Apakhuda rAjA tarIke zAsana karyuM. navI dhArAsabhAnI 1926nI sAlamAM karavAmAM AvelI cUMTaNImAM jhaghalula pAzA tathA tenA vada pakSane AkhA dezamAM DaMkA vAgyA. 90 TakA matA temane maLyA ane 214 kheDkAmAMthI 177 kheTakA vada pakSane maLI. iMgleMDa sAthe samajUtI para AvavAnA prayatna karavAmAM AvyA ane ene mATe jhalula laMDana gayA. paraMtu baMne dRSTibiMduonA meLa na ja sAdhI zakAye ane dhRNA prazno upara vATAdhATe paDI bhAgI. sudAnanA prazna emAMnA eka hatA. sudAna misaranI dakSiNe AvelA deza che. te misarathI bilakula bhinna deza che; tenI prajA bhinna che tema ja tenI bhASA paNa judI che. sudAnamAM thaI ne nAIla nadI uttaranA pradezamAM vahe che. cheka noMdhAyelA itihAsanA samayathI mAMDIne eTale ke sAtathI ATha hajAra varasethI nAIla nadI misaranI jIvanastrota khanI rahI che. AkhAye misaranI khetIne AdhAra kevaLa nAIlanI vArSika relA AvavA upara che. eNbisIniyAnA ucca pradezamAMthI asaMkhya varasothI rasALa mATI lAvIne e relAe misaranA raNane phaLadrupa bhUmimAM pheravI nAkhyuM che. laoNrDa milnare ( jenA bahiSkAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA te ja kamizanane netA ) nAIla viSe lakhyuM cheH "jyAM sudhI e mahAnadane upalANane pradeza misaranA kkhA nIce na heAya tyAM sudhI enuM pANI - je misarane mATe kevaLa sukhasagavaDa ke AkhAdIne ja nahi paNa jIvanamaraNane savAla che niyamita rIte pUruM paDe e vastu hamezAM jokhamamAM ja rahevAnI, e vicAra asvastha karI mUkanArA che." nAIla nadInA upalANanA pradeza sudAnamAM AvelA che ane tethI ja misara mATe sudAnanuM bhAre mahattva che. bhUtakALamAM, sudAna misara tema ja iMglaMDa e khanenA kabajA nIce che ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ane ene eMglo-Ijipziyana sudAna tarIke

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114 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana oLakhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. vAstavamAM IMgleMDa misara upara rAjya karatuM hatuM eTale temanI vacce hitavirodha Ubho thavA pAmyuM nahotuM ane misaranAM nANAM ghaNA moTA pramANamAM sudAnamAM kharacAyAM hatAM. kharekhara, 1924nI sAlamAM oNrDa karjhane paNa briTiza pArlAmenTamAM jaNAvyuM hatuM ke misare je nANuM kharacavAnI javAbadArI na upADI hota te sudAna nAdAra thaI gayuM hota. jyAre misara cheDI javAno savAla temanI samakSa khaDe che tyAre aMgrejo sudAnane pitAnA kabajAmAM rAkhI levA mAgatA hatA. bIjI bAjue, misaravAsIone paNa lAgyuM ke sudAnamAMnA nAIla nadInA upalANanAM pANInA kabajA sAthe pitAnI hastIne AdhAra che. AthI karIne baMnene hitavirodha Ubho thaye. 1924nI sAlamAM jhaghalula pAzA tathA briTiza sarakAra vacce sudAnane prazna carcAI rahyo hato te vakhate sudAnanA lekee aneka rIte misara pratyene temane prema vyakta karyo. ene mATe aMgrejoe temane sakhata zikSA karI. ane vicitra vAta te e hatI ke, tyAM AgaLa aMgrejo tathA misaravAsIone saMyukta vahIvaTa hatuM tathA ene aMge misarane sArI peThe kharaca kare pote hate chatAMye misaranI sarakAranI kazIye salAha lIdhA vinA sudAnamAM temaNe pitAnI marajI mujaba pagalAM lIdhAM. misaranI svataMtratAnI kahevAtI jAherAtamAM briTizee bIjI anAmatI misaramAMnAM paradezI hitonI rakSAne aMgenI rAkhI hatI. A videzI hite zuM hatAM? AgaLanA eka patramAM e viSe meM tane theDuM kahyuM hatuM. turka sAmrAjya nabaLuM paDatuM jatuM hatuM tyAre mahAna sattAoe tenA upara keTalAka niyama ThokI besADyA ane te mujaba temanA prajAjano pratye tukamAM viziSTa prakArane vartAva rAkhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. teo game te gune kare te A yurepiyane tukanA kAyadA ke tenI adAlatene AdhIna nahatA. temanA upara temanA dezanuM elacIkhAtuM athavA te yuropiyanI banelI khAsa adAlate kAma calAvatI. teo bIjA paNa khAsa hakko bhegavatA hatA; jemake, ghaNAkharA karemAMthI teo mukta hatA. paradezIonA A viziSTa prakAranA ane kImatI hakako "kepiTyulezana'nA nAmathI oLakhAtA. kepigyulezana eTale hArIne zaraNe javuM. ane kharekhara e hakko mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvyA eTalA pramANamAM turkInI rAjyasattA videzIone zaraNe gaI hatI paNa kharI. Ama turkIne e hakko mAnya rAkhavA paDyA eTale turka sAmrAjyanI hakumata nIcenA bIjA bhAgane paNa te kabUla rAkhavA paDyA. je saMpUrNapaNe IgleMDanI hakUmata nIce hatuM ane jyAM AgaLa tukanI nAmanI sattA paNa rahI nahetI te misarane paNa tuka sAmrAjyanA eka bhAga tarIke A bAbatamAM sahana karavuM paDayuM ane tyAM paNa kepiTyulezana'nA hakko ThokI besADavAmAM AvyA. temane mATe paristhiti AvI anukULa hovAthI zaheramAM

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misaranI svataMtratA mATenI laData paradezI vepArIo tema ja mUDIdAranI meTI moTI vasAhata UbhI thaI. temanI dareka rIte rakSA karI rahelI tema ja kazeye kara bharyA vinA tavaMgara ane samRddha thavAnI anukULatA karI ApatI vyavasthA rada karavAmAM Ave enI sAme teo virodha uThAve e svAbhAvika hatuM. A paradezI sthApita hitenI rakSA karavAnI javAbadArI briTane pitAne mAthe rAkhI hatI. je vyavasthA pitAnI svataMtratA sAthe bilakula baMdhabesatI nahotI tathA jene lIdhe tene mahesUlanI daSTie bhAre khoTamAM UtaravuM paDatuM hatuM te vyavasthA mAnya rAkhavAmAM misara kabUla na thAya e svAbhAvika hatuM. sauthI tavaMgara hoya evA leke je kara bharavAmAMthI chaTakI jAya te sAmAjika paristhitinI sudhAraNAnA kSetramAM vizALa pAyA upara kaMI paNa karavuM e lagabhaga azakya hatuM. iMglaMDanI sIdhI hakUmatanA lAMbA kALa daramyAna teNe prAthamika keLavaNI, janasukhAkArI jaLavAI rahe evA prakAranuM saphAIkArya ke gAmaDAMonI sthitinI sudhAraNA vagere bAbatamAM kazuMye karyuM nahi. paraMtu banyuM ema ke, "kepigyulezana"nA hakkonI utpattinA mULa kAraNa rUpa tuka kamAla pAzAnA vijaya pachI temAMthI mukta thaI gayuM. 19mI sadImAM jApAnane paNa A "kepigyulezana veThavAM paDyAM hatAM. paNa te baLavAna banyuM ke tarata ja teNe te phagAvI dIdhAM. Ama paradezI sthApita hitane prazna e misara ane IMglenDa vaccenA samAdhAnanA mArgamAM bIjo aMtarAya hate. sthApita hito hamezAM svataMtratAnA mArgamAM aMtarAyarUpa banatAM AvyAM che. temanI hamezanI udAratA pramANe briTiza sarakAre laghumatIonAM hitenI rakSA karavAnuM paNa nirNaya karyo hato ane 1922nI sAlanI svataMtratAnI jAherAtamAM e vastune paNa eka anAmatI tarIke samAveza karavAmAM Avyo hate. mukhya laghumatI tyAM AgaLa kaSTa lokonI hatI. e leke prAcIna misaravAsIonA vaMzajo che evuM mAnavAmAM Ave che ane e rIte teo misaranI sauthI purANI jAtinA che. teo khristI dharma pALe che ane yuropa khristI thayuM te pahelAM khristI dharmanA AraMbhakALathI temaNe e dharma aMgIkAra kare che. briTiza sarakAre laghumatIo mATe darzAvelI A bhAre rahema najara mATe tene AbhAra mAnavAne badale A bekadara lekee temane viSe kazI paNa ciMtA na karavAnuM tene jaNAvyuM. 1922nI svataMtratAnI jAherAta thaI te pachI tarata ja kauSTa loke eka moTI sabhAmAM ekaThA thayA ane emAM temaNe TharAva karyo ke, "rASTrIya dhyeyanI prApti tathA rASTrIya aikyane arthe ame laghumatInA pratinidhitvanA tathA saMrakSaNanA badhAye hakkono tyAga - karIe chIe." konA A nirNayane aMgrejoe mUkhabharele gaNIne vakhoDI kADhyo! temane e nirNaya mUkhabhareluM hoya ke DahApaNabharela hoya

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1166 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana paraMtu temanuM rakSaNa karavAnA aMgrejonA dAvAne teNe nirmULa karyo ane ladhumatIne prazna e vATAghATane viSaya maTI gayo. kharI vAta te ema che ke, rASTranI svataMtratA mATenI laDatamAM kaoNpTa lekee bhAre phALe Ave hatuM tathA vaphada pakSamAM jhaghalula pAzAnA keTalAka sauthI vizvAsu sAthIo koNa hatA. A paraspara virodhI daSTine kAraNe tathA misara ane IMgleMDanAM hitenA virodhane kAraNe misaranA pratinidhi tarIke jhaghalula pAzA tathA tenA sAthIo ane briTiza sarakAra vaccenI 1924nI sAlanI vATAghATo paDI bhAgI. AthI briTiza sarakAra atizaya kopAyamAna thaI. te te yuropamAM pitAnuM dhAryuM karavAne TevAyelI hatI eTale kerenI navI dhArAsabhAnI ane khAsa karIne vaphAda pakSanA netAonI agatAthI te atizaya ciDAI gaI. vada pakSane tathA misaranI dhArAsabhAne teNe pitAnI sAmrAjyavAdI rIta pramANe pATha bhaNAvavAnuM nakkI karyuM. bahu ja aNadhArI rIte tene ema karavA mATenI taka theDA ja vakhatamAM maLI gaI. e taka teNe jhaDapI lIdhI ane ene sArI peThe lAbha uThA. e viSe huM tane mArA AvatA patramAM kahIza. e asAdhAraNa ghaTanA Adhunika sAmrAjyavAdanI kAryavAhIne tenA nagna svarUpamAM rajU kare che ane ene te eka alaga patra ja Apa ghaTe che. 164. aMgrejonA chatra nIcenI svataMtratA kevI hoya 22 me, 1933 misaranI sarakAranA rASTravAdI pratinidhio tathA briTiza sarakAra vaccenI vATAghATe paDI bhAgI e viSe huM tane mArA AgalA patramAM kahI gayo chuM. e pachI je asAdhAraNa banAvo banyA te viSe pahelAM mAre tane e vastu yAda ApavI joIe ke, misarane kahevAtI svataMtratA ApavAmAM AvI hatI te chatAMye te briTiza lazkaranA kabajA nIce ja rahyuM. tyAM . AgaLa briTiza lazkara rAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa misaranuM lazkara paNa aMgrejonA kAbU nIce hatuM ane "saradArane khitAba dharAvanAra eka aMgreja tenA vaDA tarIke rahete. mukhya mukhya polIsa amaladAra paNa aMgrejo hatA ane misaramAMnA videzIonuM rakSaNa karavAnA bahAnA nIce nANAM, nyAya tathA AMtarika vahIvaTanA khAtA upara paNa briTiza sarakAra pitAne kAbU rAkhatI hatI. ene artha e thayo ke misaranI sarakAranAM badhAMye mahattvanAM khAtAM briTiza sarakAranA kAbU nIce hatAM. aMgrejone A kAbU dUra thavo joIe e Agraha misaravAsIo rAkhe e svAbhAvika hatuM.

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agrejonA chatra nIcenI svatatratA kevI hoya 1117 1924nA navembaranI 19mI tArIkhe sara lI TeMka nAmanA eka aMgrejane keTalAka misaravAsIoe mArI nAkhyA. sara lI TaeNka misaranA lazkaranA 'saradAra'nA hoddA upara hatA tema ja te sudAnanA gavarnara janarala paNa hato. svAbhAvika rIte ja ethI misaramAMnA tema ja IMgleMDanA aMgrejone bhAre AdhAta lAgyA. paraMtu misaranA rASTrIya pakSanA eTale ke vada pakSanA AgevAneAne te kadAca ethIye vizeSa AdhAta lAgyo haze; kema ke ene lIdhe temanA upara ja humalA karavAmAM Avaze e vAta te barAbara jANatA hatA. A humalA dhAravA karatAMye vahelA AvyA. traNa ja divasanI aMdara 22mI navembare misaramAMnA briTiza hAI kamizanara lA elanIe misaranI sarakArane AkharInAmuM suparata karyuM. temAM nIcenI tAtkAlika mAgaNIe karavAmAM AvI hatI : 1. mAphI mAgavI. 2. gunegArAne sajA karavI. 3. hareka prakAranA rAjakIya dekhAvA baMdha karI devA. 4. nukasAnI tarIke pAMca lAkha pAunDa ApavA. 5. 24 kalAkanI aMdara sudAnamAMnuM badhuM misarI lazkara tAbaDatoba khaseDI levuM. 6. misaranA hitane artha, sudAnamAM pANI ApavA mATenA pradeza upara je maryAdA mUkavAmAM AvI hatI te dUra karavI. 7. misaramAMnA badhA videzIonA rakSaNane arthe briTiza sarakAre je adhikAro potAnI pAse rAkhyA che . enA have pachI virodha karavA nahi. A zaratamAM khAsa karIne nANAMkhAtuM, nyAyakhAtuM tathA AMtiraka vahIvaTanuM khAtuM e traNa khAtAMo upara briTiza sarakAranI sattA kAyama rAkhavAnuM sUcana karavAmAM Avyu che. A sakhata mAgaNI UMDA UtarIne samajI levA jevI che. thADA mANasAe sara lI TaeNkane mArI nAkhyA eTalA mATe, e viSe kazIye tapAsa karyA vinA briTiza sarakAre misaranI AkhI sarakAra eTale ke misaranI samagra prajA pratye jANe te e khUna mATe gunegAra hoya e rIte vartAva karyAM. A uparAMta teNe A banAva nimitte sArI sarakhI rakama paNa paDAvI ane sauthI mahattvanI vAta to e che ke, misaranI sarakAra ane tenI vacce je takarArI muddAo hatA ane jenA upara gheADA ja mAsa upara laMDanamAM vATAghATo paDI bhAgI hatI te badhA teNe A prasaMgane lAbha laI ne baLajabarIthI ThokI besADayA. ATaluM paNa jANe pUratuM na hoya tema badhA prakAranA rAjakIya dekhAvA baMdha karavAnuM paNa vadhArAmAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM. A rIte dezanuM sAmAnya rAjakIya jIvana paNa cAlu rahetuM aTakAvI devAmAM AvyuM.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana eka khUnanA banAvane AvuM asAdhAraNa svarUpa ApI mAgaNIo ThokI besADavAmAM AvI che te kharekhara kAgane vAgha banAvavA jevuM che. A eka khUnamAMthI briTiza leke mATe ATale badhe naphe upajAvavA mATe atizaya teja ane bhAre kalpanAzIla magajanI jarUra hatI. vaLI, ethIye vizeSa tAjubInI vAta te e che ke, gunA tathA atyAcAra aTakAvavAne mATe je be amaladArone khAsa karIne javAbadAra gaNI zakAya te baMne aMgreja hatA. eka keranI pilIsa vaDe hatA ane bIje jAhera salAmatInA yuropiyana vibhAgane DAyarekaTara janarala hatA. e baMne nAmanA ja misaranI sarakAranA kAbU nIce hatA. prastuta khUna mATe keIe paNa emane javAbadAra gaNyA nahi. paraMtu khUnanI jANa thatAMveMta pitAnI khedanI UMDI lAgaNI ane pastAvo vyakata karanAra rAMka misaranI sarakArane briTiza sarakArane bhAre paNa gaNatarIpUrvakano ane phAyadAkAraka kepa veThavo paDyo. misaranI sarakAre pitAnI jAtane dhULanI raja samAna hINI banAvI dIdhI. jhaghalUla pAzAe AkharInAmAnI lagabhaga badhIye zarate kabUla rAkhI ane 24 kalAkanI aMdara pAMca lAkhanI nukasAnInI rakama te bharI paNa dIdhI. mAtra sudAnanI bAbatamAM pitAnA hake te jatA karI zake ema nathI ema misaranI sarakAre jaNAvyuM. ATalI namratA ane A mApha laoNrDa elanabIne mATe pUratI na hatI. ane sudAnane lagatI zarata kabUla rAkhavAmAM AvI nahotI eTalA mATe teNe aMgrejonI vatI eNlekajhAMDriyAnI jakAta ophisane baLajabarIthI kabajo lIdhe ane e rIte jakAtanI badhIye Avakane kAbU pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhe. A uparAMta, misaranA virodhanI leza paNa paravA karyA vinA sudAnamAM paNa teNe A zarate lAgu pADI ane tene briTiza vasAhata (kalenI) banAvI dIdhuM. sudAnamAMnA misarI lazkare baDe karyA paraMtu temane atizaya krUratAthI dAbI devAmAM AvyAM. aMgrejonA A pagalAnA virodhamAM jhaghalUla pAzA tathA tenI sarakAre tarata ja rAjInAmuM ApyuM ane 1924nI sAlanA e ja navembara mAsamAM phAuda rAjAe dhArAsabhA paNa barakhAsta karI dIdhI. A rIte, briTiza leke jhaghalUla pAzA tathA tenA vada pakSane heddA uparathI kADhI mukAvavAmAM tema ja kaMI nahi te thoDA vakhata mATe paNa dhArAsabhAne baMdha karAvI devAmAM saphaLa thayA. temaNe sudAnane paNa khAlasA karyuM ane sudAnamAMnAM nAIlanAM pANIne kabaje karIne e rIte sahelAIthI misaranuM gaLuM dabAvIne tene gUMgaLAvI mAravAnI sthiti prApta karI. sAmrAjyavAdI hetuo sAdhavAne khAtara eka karuNa banAvane durupayoga karavA" sAme misaranI rAMka sarakAre prajAsaMghane apIla karI. paraMtu mahAna

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aMgrejonA chatra nIcenI svataMtratA kevI hoya 1169 sattAo viruddhanI phariyAda sAme prajAsaMgha pitAnI AMkha tathA kAna baMdha karI de che. A samaya pachI, eka bAju, lagabhaga AkhI prajAnuM pratinidhitva dharAvatA vada pakSa ane bIjI bAju, paradezI hite tathA rAjadarabAranA hajAriyAonA TekAvALuM rAjA phAuda tathA briTiza hAI kamizanaranuM aikya, e be vacce misaramAM niraMtara takarAra cAlyA ja karI. ghaNekhare vakhata, rAjyabaMdhAraNane Thokara mArIne dezamAM saramukhatyArI zAsana calAvavAmAM AvyuM ane phAuda rAjAe Apakhuda rAjAnI peThe kArya karyuM. jyAre jyAre dhArAsabhAnI beThaka bharavA devAmAM AvI tyAre tyAre teNe darzAvI ApyuM ke Akheye deza vada pakSanI pAchaLa che ane tethI tene barakhAsta karavAmAM AvI. aMgrejonuM tema ja temanA kAbU nIcenAM lazkara tathA polIsanuM tene pIThabaLa na hota te rAjA phAuda A rIte vatI zakyo na hato. "svataMtra" misara tarapha jenA hAthamAM sAcI sattA hoya che tathA je hamezAM derIsaMcAra karato rahe che evA briTiza resiDaMTavALA hiMdanA dezI rAjyanA je vatteoche aMze vartAva rAkhavAmAM Ave che. 1924nI sAlanA navembara mAsamAM dhArAsabhA barakhAsta karavAmAM AvI hatI. 1925nA mArca mAsamAM navI dhArAsabhAnI beThaka maLI. emAM vaphada pakSanI ghaNI moTI bahumatI hatI ane teNe tarata ja jhaghalula pAzAnI dhArAsabhAnA pramukha tarIke cUMTaNuM karI. aMgreje ke rAjA phAuda bemAMthI ekene e gamyuM nahi. AthI A navIsavI ane eka ja divasanI kArakirdI vALI dhArAsabhAne te ne te ja divase barakhAsta karavAmAM AvI !rAjabaMdhAraNa amalamAM hatuM chatAMye, e pachI AkhA varasa sudhI tyAM AgaLa dhArAsabhA nahotI ane phAuda rAjAe saramukhatyAranI peThe rAjavahIvaTa calAvyuM. tenI pAchaLa sAcI sattA te briTiza kamizanaranI hatI. AnI sAme AkhA dezamAM bhAre roSanI lAgaNI vyApI hatI ane rAjA phAuda tathA aMgrejonA joDANane virodha karavA mATe jhaghalula pAzA dezanA badhAya pakSone ekatra karavAmAM saphaLa thayo. 1925 nA navembara mAsamAM sarakArI manAIhukamano anAdara karIne dhArAsabhAnA sabhyonI sabhA paNa bharavAmAM AvI. khuda dhArAsabhAgRhane lazkare kabaje lIdhuM hatuM. AthI e badhA dhArAsabhya bIje sthAne maLyA. e pachI, rAjamahelamAMthI mAtra eka AjJA bahAra pADIne phAude Akhuye rAjyabaMdhAraNa badalI nAkhavAno prayAsa karyo. bhaviSyanI dhArAsabhAone aMkuzamAM rAkhavAnuM sugama thaI jAya ane jhaghalula pAzAnA ghaNuMkharA anuyAyIone temAM AvatA rokI zakAya eTalA mATe rAjyabaMdhAraNa hajI vadhAre sthiticusta banAvavAne tene uddeza hatuM. paraMtu dezabharamAM AnI sAme

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110 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jakharadasta pAkAra UThyo ane navI vyavasthA mujabanI cUMTaNIonA sa MpUrNa paNe bahiSkAra karavAmAM Avaze e spaSTapaNe jaNAI gayuM. AthI phAuda rAjAne namatuM ApavuM paDayuM ane cUMTaNI jUnI vyavasthA pramANe karavAmAM AvI. e cUMTaNInuM pariNAma A rahyuM H jhabakula pAzAnA pakSane bhAre bahumatI maLI; dhArAsabhAnI kula 214 kheDakAmAMthI e pakSane 200 kheTakA maLI ! adhakula pAzAnI deza uparanI lAgavaganA tema ja misarane zuM joItuM hatuM tene AthI vizeSa sacoTa purAve zA hoI zake? Ama chatAMye briTiza kamizanare (te hiMdanA mAjI gavarnara laoNrDa lAiDa hatA. ) jaNAvyuM ke, jhadhalula pAzA vaDe pradhAna ane emAM tene vAMdho che ane tethI e sthAne khIjAnI nimaNUka karavAmAM AvI. A bAbatamAM iMgleMDe mAthuM mAravAnI zI jarUra hatI e samajavuM jarA muzkela che. paraMtu navI sarakAra Ne aMze jhalulanA pakSanA kAbU nIce hatI ane teNe narama valaNa rAkhavAne pUrepUro prayatna karyAM chatAMye tenI ane jyorja lAIDanI vacce vAravAra cakamaka jharI, jyorja lAIDa bhAre tuMDamijAjI ane akkaDa mAsa hatA ane te vAraMvAra briTiza yuddha jahAjonI dhamakI ApatA hatA. 1927nI sAlamAM briTana sAthe samajUtI upara AvavAnA khIjo prayAsa karavAmAM AvyA. paraMtu kAuda rAjAnA atizaya vinIta vaDA pradhAna paNa briTananI zaratA joI ne AbhA banI gayA. kAgaLa uparanI svataMtratAnA DhAMkapiDA nIce tene te misarane briTananuM rakSita rAjya banAvavuM hatuM. AthI vATAdhATo karI pAchI niSphaLa nIvaDI. A vATAdhATo cAlI rahI hatI te arasAmAM, misaranA mahAna netA jhaghalula pAzA 1927nI sAlanA AgasTanI 23mI tArIkhe 70 varasanI vaye maraNa pAmyA. te maraNa pAmyA che paraMtu tenI smRti ujjavaLa ane amUlya vArasAnA rUpamAM hajI kAyama che ane te tyAMnI prajAne preraNA ApI rahI che. tenI patnI begama siyA jhadhalula hajI jIve che. samagra prajA tenA tarapha prema ane AdaranI najarathI jue che ane teNe tene 'rASTramAtAnA ilakAba ApyA che. ane keremAMnuM jhadhaphulanuM ghara rASTrabhavananA 'nA nAmathI oLakhAya che ane te ghaNA vakhatathI misaranA rASTravAdIonuM vaDu mathaka banI rahyu che. mustaphA nAhaza pAzAe vada pakSanA netA tarIke jhaghalula pAzAnuM sthAna lIdhuM.. thADA vakhata pachI 1928nA mArca mAsamAM te vaDeA pradhAna banyA. nAgarika svAta Mtrya ane prajAnA zastra dhAraNa karavAnA adhikAra vagere bAbatomAM teNe keTalAka sAdA AMtarika sudhArA karavAnA prayatna karyAM. lazkarI kAyadAnA amala daramyAna aMgrejoe A haka kamI karI nAkhyA hatA. misaranI

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aMgrejonA chatra nIcenI svataMtratA kevI heya : 1171 dhArAsabhAe e prazna vicAraNA mATe hAtha dharyo ke tarata ja IMgleDathI dhamakIo AvavA lAgI ke e na thavuM joIe. IMgleMDa eka saMpUrNapaNe AMtarika athavA gharagatu bAbatamAM vacce paDe e vastu kharekhara asAdhAraNa che. paraMtu mAnya thayelI hamezanI rIta mujaba laI lauIDe AkharInAmuM ApyuM ane yuddha jahAje mAlTAthI elekajhAMDiyAnA bArAmAM tatkALa AvI pahoMcyAM. nAhaza pAzAe kaMIka aMze namatuM ApyuM ane thoDA mAsa pachI, dhArAsabhAnI bIjI beThakamAM e bAbata upara vicAraNA calAvavAnuM mulatavI rAkhavA te kabUla thaze. paraMtu dhArAsabhAnI bIjI beThaka thavAnI ja nahotI. rAjA phAuda ane briTiza kamizanara eTale ke pratyAghAta ane sAmrAjyavAde nakakI karyuM ke dhArAsabhAne beadaba rIte vartavAnI taka ja na ApavI. A kAvataruM avanavI rIte javAmAM AvyuM. nAhaza pAzA pitAnA ucca cAritya tema ja prAmANikapaNuM mATe jANItuM hatuM. ekAeka, eka patranA AdhAra upara (pAchaLathI, e patra banAvaTI che ema jANavAmAM AvyuM hatuM.) nAhaza pAzA tathA vada pakSanA eka kaSTa AgevAna upara aprAmANikatAne Aropa mUkavAmAM AvyuM. A bAbatamAM rAjamahelanA leke tathA aMgrejo taraphathI bhAre pracAra calAvavAmAM AvyuM. mAtra misaramAM ja nahi paNa briTiza ejansIo tathA chApAMonA khabarapatrIoe paradezamAM paNa A khoTA Aropano phelAvo karyo. A Apane bahAne rAjA phAude nAza pAzAne vaDA pradhAna tarIkenuM rAjInAmuM ApavA jaNAvyuM. teNe rAjInAmuM ApavAnI nA pADI eTale phAude tene e hoddhA uparathI baratarapha karyo. have leIDa-phAuda kAvatarAnuM bIjuM pagaluM bharavAmAM AvyuM. rAjAnA hukamathI dhArAsabhAne mokUpha rAkhavAmAM AvI ane rAjyabaMdhAraNamAM pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyuM. baMdhAraNanI chApAMnI svataMtratA ane bIjI svataMtratAone lagatI kalame rada karavAmAM AvI ane saramukhatyArInI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI. AthI briTiza chApAMo tathA misaramAM vasatA yurepiyane harakhAvA lAgyA. saramukhatyArI jAhera karavAmAM AvI hatI chatAMye dhArAsabhAnA sabhya ekaThA maLyA ane temaNe navI sarakArane gerakAnUnI jAhera karI. paraMtu leDa leIDa ke phAudane AvI vastuonI saheja paNa paravA nahotI. " kAyado ane vyavasthAnuM kArya pratyAghAta tathA sAmrAjyavAdane Teko ApavAnuM che, ane temanI sAmenA hathiyAra tarIke vAparavuM na joIe. sarakAranA bhAre dabANa chatAye nAhaza pAzA ane tenA sAthI sAme teNe calAvele mukaddame niSphaLa gaye. temanI sAmenA Are jUThA puravAra thayA. ane sarakAre (tenI kevI bhAre udAratA ane nyAyaparAyaNatA) e cukAdo chApAmAM

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1172 : jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana prasiddha karavA sAme manAIhukama bahAra pADyo. paraMtu, alabata, e khabara te tarata ja cotarapha phelAI gayA ane sarvatra bhAre harSa vyApI gayo. lorDa leIDa ane briTiza lazkaranA pIThabaLavALI saramukhatyArazAhIe vaphada pakSane kacarI nAkhIne tene teDI pADavAno bhAre prayatna karyo. eTale ke teNe misaranA rASTravAdanuM nikaMdana kADhavAno prayAsa karyo, kema ke vada pakSa e misaranA rASTravAdanuM mUrta svarUpa hatuM. tyAM AgaLa vyavasthita rIte trAsa vartAvavAmAM Avyo ane khabaranuM saMpUrNa niyamana karavAmAM AvyuM. Ama chatAye tyAM AgaLa pracaMDa rASTrIya dekhAvo thayA ane temAM strIoe khAsa bhAga lIdhe. eka aThavADiyAnI haDatAla pADavAmAM AvI ane temAM vakIle tathA bIjAoe bhAga lIdhe. paraMtu khabaraniyamanane kAraNe chApAo A badhAnA havAle sarakhA paNa chApI na zakyAM. A rIte 1928nuM varasa bhAre tephAna ane musIbatamAM pasAra thayuM. e varasane aMte IgleMDanA rAjakAraNamAM pheraphAra thavAthI tatkALa tenI asara misara upara thavA pAmI. iMglaMDamAM majUra sarakAra sattA upara AvI. teNe tarata ja lerDa leIDane pAcho bolAvI lIdhA. briTiza sarakArane mATe paNa te asahya banI gayuM hatuM. leIDa dUra thavAthI thaDA vakhata mATe phAuda-briTiza joDANamAM bhaMgANa paDayuM. aMgrejonA TekA vinA phAuda rAjavahIvaTa calAvI na zakyo eTale 1928nA DisembaramAM teNe dhArAsabhAnI navI cUMTaNI karavAnI paravAnagI ApI. pharIthI, vada pakSe lagabhaga badhIye beThako kabaje karI. IglaMDanI majUra sarakAre misara sAthe pharI pAchI vATAghATa zarU karI ane e mATe nAza pAzA 1929nI sAlamAM laMDana gaye. majUra sarakAra tenI puregAmI sarakAra karatAM A vakhate kaMIka AgaLa vadhI ane traNa anAmatIonI bAbatamAM teNe nAza pAzAnuM dRSTibiMdu svIkAryuM. paraMtu cethI anAmatInI bAbatamAM eTale ke sudAnanA prazna upara temanI vacce samajUtI na thaI zakI eTale vATAghATo paDI bhAgI. paraMtu A prasaMge pahelAMnA karatAM ghaNuM moTA pramANamAM samajUtI thavA pAmI ane baMne pakSo vacce ekabIjA viSe maitrInI lAgaNI jaLavAI rahI tathA baMnee pharI pAchI vATAghATo calAvavAnuM ekabIjAne vacana ApyuM. Ama thavA pAmyuM e ekaMdare jotAM nAhaza pAzA tathA vaphada pakSane vijya hatuM ane misaramAMnA briTiza tathA bIjA paradezI vepArIo tathA zarAphene enI kalpanA sarakhI paNa nahatI. rAjA phAude paNa evuM nahotuM dhAryuM. theDA mAsa pachI, 1930nA jUna mAsamAM rAjA ane nAhaza pAzA vacce jhaghaDe paDyuM ane nAhaza pAzAe vaDA pradhAna tarIkenuM rAjInAmuM ApyuM.

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aMgrejonA chatra nIcenI savataMtratA kevI heya 1173 A jhaghaDAne pariNAme phAuda pharI pAcho saramukhatyAra banyuM. tenA rAjyakALanI A trIjI saramukhatyArI hatI. dhArAsabhAne barakhAsta karavAmAM AvI, vada pakSanAM chApAo baMdha karI devAmAM AvyAM ane sAmAnya rIte saramukhatyArIe kaDaka hAthe kAma levA mAMDayuM. dhArAsabhAnAM baMne gRhonA eTale ke "cembara" ane "seneTa'nA badhAye sabhyoe rAjamahelanI sarakArano sAmano karyo ane dhArAsabhAnA gRhamAM baLajabarIthI pesI jaIne tyAM AgaLa pitAnI beThaka bharI. 1930nA jUna mAsanI 23mI tArIkhe temaNe rAjyabaMdhAraNane vaphAdAra rahevAnA gaMbhIratApUrvaka sogaMda lIdhA ane chevaTa sudhI tenuM rakSaNa karavAnI temaNe pratijJA karI. dezabharamAM Thera Thera bhAre dekhAvo thayA. lazkare e badhAne baLapUrvaka vikherI nAkhyA ane ema karatAM sArA pramANamAM lehI paNa vahevaDAvavAmAM AvyuM. khuda nAhaza pAzAne paNa IjA thaI. A rIte, samagra prajAne akArI thaI paDelI saramukhatyArazAhIne briTiza amaladArenA hAtha nIcenAM lazkara tathA polIsoe TakAvI rAkhI. mAtra mUThIbhara amIra umarAvo tathA zrImaMta leke rAjAne vaLagI rahyA hatA. vada pakSa sivAyanA bIjAo, hiMdanI paThe prajA taraphathI kaI paNa AkaruM pagaluM bharavAmAM Ave tene virodha karanArA "meDareTe' ane "libareloe paNa e saramukhatyArI sAme pitAne virodha darzAvyuM. e ja varasamAM, eTale ke 1930nI sAlamAM thoDA vakhata pachI rAjAe navA rAjyabaMdhAraNanI jAherAta karate eka hukama bahAra pADyo. emAM dhArAsabhAnI sattA ochI karI nAkhavAmAM AvI ane pitAnI vadhArI devAmAM AvI ! Ama karavuM e ramata vAta hatI. basa, eka jAherAta bahAra pADI eTale patyuM, kema ke rAjAnI pAchaLa eka sAmrAjya sattAnI ugra chAyA rahelI hatI. 1922thI 1970 sudhInAM A nava varasanI misaranI hakIkata meM tane kaMIka vigate kahI; kema ke mane e vAta atizaya AzcaryakAraka lAgI che. 1922nI sAlanA phebruArInI igleMDanI jAherAta mujaba e misaranI svataMtratAnAM varase hatAM. misaranI prajAne zuM joItuM hatuM e viSe kazIye zaMkAne sthAna nathI. jyAre jyAre ema karavAnI taka maLI tyAre tyAre misaranI prajAnA bahu ja moTA bhAge - musalamAne tema ja kaSTa lekee -vaphada pakSanA mANasone cUMTI mokalyA che. ane misaravAsIo paradezIonI ane khAsa karIne aMgrejonI pitAnA dezanuM zeSaNa karavAnI sattA ghaTADavA mAgatA hatA eTalA khAtara badhAye paradezI sthApita hitee aneka rIte - baLa ane hiMsAthI prapaMca ane kAvatarAMthI - temane sAmane karyo tathA pitAnuM dhAryuM jenI pAse karAvI zakAya e pUtaLAsamAna rAjA temanA upara ThekI besADyo. -rUra

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1174 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vaphAda caLavaLa e saMpUrNapaNe rASTravAdI bUjhavAonI athavA madhyama varganA lekenI caLavaLa che. teNe rASTranI svataMtratA mATe laData calAvI che ane sAmAjika praznonI bAbatamAM teNe mAthuM mAryuM nathI. jyAre jyAre dhArAsabhA sattA upara AvI tyAre tyAre keLavaNI ane bIjAM khAtAMomAM teNe sAruM kArya karyuM che. kharekhara, rASTrIya caLavaLa cAlu hovA chatAMye, briTiza vahIvaTe AgalAM cAlIsa varasamAM jeTaluM karyuM hatuM tenA karatAM dhArAsabhAe bahu ja TUMkA samayamAM ghaNuM karyuM. vada pakSa kheDUta vargamAM paNa lokapriya hate e vastu cUMTaNIo tathA pracaMDa dekhAe puravAra karI batAvI che. Ama chatAMye, tattvataH e madhyama varganI hilacAla hovAthI sAmAjika parivartananA uddezavALI caLavaLa AmajanatAne jeTalA pramANamAM jAgrata karI zake teTalA pramANamAM te tene jAgrata na karI zakI. huM A patra pUre karuM te pahelAM mAre tane strIonI caLavaLa viSe kaMIka kahevuM joIe. ghaNuM karIne arabastAna sivAya badhAye Araba dezomAM strIomAM bhAre jAgRti AvI che. bIjI ghaNI bAbatenI peThe misara A bAbatamAM paNa irAka, sIriyA ke pelesTAIna karatAM ghaNuM AgaLa che. paraMtu e badhAye dezomAM paNa strIonI saMgaThita caLavaLa mejUda che ane 1930nI sAlanA julAI mAsamAM damAskasamAM Araba strIonI prathama pariSada maLI hatI. rAjakIya bAbate karatAM sAMskRtika ane sAmAjika pragati upara temaNe vadhu bhAra mUkyo. misaramAM strIo vadhu pramANamAM rAjakIya valaNa dharAve che. teo rAjakIya dekhAvomAM bhAga le che ane temanuM baLavAna strI matAdhikAra maMDaLa che. teo lagnane lagatA kAyadAmAM pitAnI tarapheNamAM sudhAro karAvavA cAhe che tema ja dhaMdhAo vageremAM puruSone mukAbale samAna take mAge che. muslima tema ja khristI strIo paraspara pUrepUrA sahakArathI kAma kare che. paDado sarvatra ocho thatuM jAya che. khAsa karIne misaramAM te vadhu pramANamAM ocho thaye che. turkInI peThe paDado A Araba dezamAMthI sadaMtara adRzya thayuM nathI. paraMtu tyAM AgaLa paNa te tUTatA jAya che. noMdhaH (okaTobara 1938) 1930nI sAla pachI misaramAM saramukhatyArazAhI sarakArano amala cAlu hato ane tenA upara rAjamahelane kAbU hate. siddhAMtanI dRSTie te misara e "pUrNa svataMtra rAjya hatuM paNa vAstavamAM te briTananI vasAhata (kolenI) hatuM. kero tathA elekajhAMDriyAmAM paradezanAM lazkara rahetAM hatAM ane suejhanI nahera tathA sudAna upara aMgrejone kAbU hatuM. e jagadyApI madIne kALa hato ane rUnA bhAvamAM bhAre ghaTADe thavAne kAraNe misarane bhAre sesavuM paDayuM.

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aMgrejonA chatra nIcenI svataMtratA kevI heya 115 1935nI sAlamAM phAsisTa ITAlIe ebisIniyA upara caDAI karI ane misara tema ja nAIlanI upalANanI khINamAMnAM briTiza hita sAme UbhA thayelA navA jokhamane kAraNe misara ane iMglaMDanA saMbaMdhamAM pheraphAra thavA pAme. misarane have baMDakhera ane pitAnuM virodhI rahevA devuM iMglaMDane pAlave ema nahatuM ane misaranA AgevAno paNa iMglaMDa tarapha bhaviSyanA mitra tarIke jevA lAgyA. dhArAsabhAnI cUMTaNImAM vada pakSane vijaya maLe ane nAhaza pAzA vaDe pradhAna banya. iTAlInA aibisIniyA uparanA AkramaNane kAraNe pedA thayelA navA vAtAvaraNane pariNAme misara ane iMglaMDa paraspara samajUtI upara AvyAM ane 1936nA ogasTa mAsamAM temanI vacce saMdhi thaI. sulehazAMtine khAtara misare ghaNI bAbate viSene tene pahelAMne Agraha choDI daIne namatuM ApyuM, sudAnanI bAbatamAM cAlu sthitine svIkAra karyo tathA suejhanI naheranuM rakSaNa karavAne IMglaMDane hakaka mAnya rAkhe. A uparAMta, misaranI paradezanIti ghaDanI paradezanItine anurUpa karavAmAM AvI. badalAmAM IMgleMDa kere tathA elekajhAMDriyAmAMthI lazkara kheMcI lIdhuM tema ja mizra adAlato tathA paradezIonA viziSTa hakake rada karavAmAM madada karavAnuM ane prajAsaMdhamAM dAkhala thavAnI misaranI mAgaNIne Teke ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM. A samAdhAnathI misaramAM bhAre AnaMdotsava thaI rahyo paraMtu e kaMIka : aMze kavakhata hatuM. rAjA badalAye hatuM chatAMye rAjamahele vaphada pakSanA lekene dhikkAravAnuM tamA tenI sAme kAvatarAM racavAnuM cAlu ja rAkhyuM. paDadA pAchaLa hajIye briTiza sAmrAjyanuM kArya cAlu ja rahyuM. misaranI jamInane ghaNuM maTe bhAga mUDIbhara mANasanI mAlakIne che ane emAM rAjakuTuMbane jabaradasta hise che. A moTA moTA jamInadArone pragatikAraka kAyadAo sAme tema ja AmaprajAnI sattA vadhavA pAme enI sAme bhAre virodha hatuM. A rIte tyAM niraMtara gharSaNa cAlyA ja karatuM hatuM. chevaTe rAjAe nAhaza pAzAne baratarapha karyo ane dhArAsabhAne vikherI nAkhI. rAjamahelanI sarakAranA cheDA vakhata mATenA vahIvaTa pachI navI cUMTaNI karavAmAM AvI ane emAM vada pakSanI bhAre hAra thaI. AthI sau AzcaryamAM garakAva thaI gayAM. pAchaLathI jaNAyuM ke e cUMTaNI te dhekAbAjI ja hatI ane pejanApUrvaka khoTA mANasane cUMTAyelA jAhera karavAmAM AvyA hatA. nAhaza pAzAnI AgevAnI nIcenA vaphada pakSanI lekapriyatA hajI kAyama che paraMtu Aje dezane vahIvaTa briTiza sAmrAjyavAdanA TekAthI rAjamahelanI ToLakInI sarakAra calAve che.

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165. pazcima eziyAnA jagatanA rAjakAraNamAM puna: praveza 25 me, 1976 eka nAnI sarakhI pANInI paTI misarane pazcima eziyAthI juduM pADe che. suejhanI nahera oLaMgIne ApaNe arabastAna, paeNlesTAIna, sIriyA ane irAka vagere Araba dezonI tathA ethI jarA AgaLa jaIne IrAnanI mulAkAta laIe. ApaNe joI gayAM chIe ke pazcima eziyAe itihAsamAM atizaya mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo che tema ja aneka vAra te duniyAnA banAvAnuM kendra banyA che. e pachIthI sadI sudhI rAjakAraNanI dRSTie te bahu ja pachAta rahyo. te eka baMdhiyAra khADI jevA banI gayA ane tenA sthira jaLamAM saheja paNa laharI pedA karyAM vinA jIvananA srota tenI bAjue thaI te vahevA lAgyA. ane Aje, madhya pUrvanA dezAne jagatanA vyavahAramAM phrI pAchA lAvanAra eka bIjo pheraphAra ApaNe nihALI rahyAM chIe, pUrva ane pazcima vaccenA rAjamArgo vaLI pAchA e dezAmAM thaI te Aje pasAra thAya che. e hakIkata upara ApaNe lakSa ApavuM ghaTe che. jyAre paNa huM pazcima eziyAno vicAra karavA besuM chuM tyAre huM tenA bhUtakALanA vicAramAM lIna thaI jAuM chuM; prAcIna kALanI aneka pratimA mArA manamAM UbhI thAya che ane temanA AkaSa Nune huM TALI zakatA nathI. paraMtu e pralAbhanane vaza na thavAne huM prayatna karIza. paraMtu itihAsanA cheka prArabhakALathI hajAro varasa sudhI pRthvInA A bhAge je mahattvanA bhAga bhajavyo che te tuM bhUlI na jAya eTalA mATe mAre tane enI pharIthI yAda ApavI joIe. sAta hajAra varasa pUrvenA prAcIna khADiyAnuM ApaNane itihAsamAM bahu jhAMkhuM dana thAya che (prAcIna khAlphiyA te AjanuM irAka che.). tyAra pachI ebilena Ave che ane bebiloniyana lekA pachI krUra esIriyana leke Ave che. nitevA temanuM mahAna pATanagara bane che. esIriyana lokAne paNa tyAMthI haDaselI mUkavAmAM Ave che ane irAnamAMthI AvanAra navI prajA ane navA rAjyavaMza cheka hiMdunI sarahadathI mAMDIne misara sudhInA madhya pUrvanA pradeza upara potAnI hakUmata jamAve che. A IrAnanA AkImInIda leAkA hatA ane temanuM pATanagara paraseolIsa hatuM. temaNe sAyarasa, darAyasa ane jhIaesa vagere .* mahAna samrATA' pedA karyAM. temaNe grIsane jamInadosta karavAnI kAziza karI paraMtu te tene jItI zakyA nahi. gheADA vakhata pachI eka grIsanA athavA sAcuM kahetAM meseDenanA putra sikaMdarane hAthe temanI '

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pazcima eziyAne jagatanA rAjakAraNamAM punaH praveza 1177 kArakirdIne aMta Avyo. A pUrva ane pazcimanA saMgamasthAnamAM jene be khaMDenuM "lagna" kahevAmAM Ave che tenI teNe yojanA karI tyAre sikaMdaranI kArakirdImAM eka advitIya ghaTanA banI. te pote IrAnanA rAjAnI kuMvarI vere para. (jo ke e pahelAM paNa te theDI strIone paraNya hate.) ane tenA hajAre amaladAre tathA sinikee IrAnanI kanyAo joDe lagna karyA. sikaMdara pachI, hiMdanI sarahadathI mAMDIne misara sudhInA madhya pUrvanA pradezamAM sadIo sudhI grIsanI saMskRti cAlu rahI. e arasAmAM remanI sattAno udaya thaze ane te eziyA tarapha phelAI sAsAnIonA navA UbhA thayelA IrAnI sAmrAjya ramane AgaLa vadhatuM rahyuM. khuda romanA sAmrAjyanA paNa pazcimanuM sAmrAjya ane pUrvanuM sAmrAjya evA be bhAga paDI gayA. kanjhAnTinopala pUrvanA sAmrAjyanuM pATanagara banyuM. pazcima eziyAnA A medAne upara pazcima ane pUrva vaccenI parApUrvathI cAlatI AvelI laDAI cAlu rahI ane A vakhate kaeNnjhAnTinopalanuM bAIjhenTAIna sAmrAjya tathA IrAnI sAsAnI sAmrAjya e laDAI laDanArA pakSe hatA. ane A badhAye samaya daramyAna UMTanI pITha upara mAla laI janArA lokonI moTI moTI vaNajAre A medAnomAM thaIne pUrvathI pazcima ane pazcimathI pUrva niraMtara AvajA karyA karatI hatI, kema ke madhya pUrva pradeza te kALamAM duniyAne eka sauthI moTe rAjamArga hata. duniyAnA traNa moTA dharmo - yahUdIone dharma, pArasIone jarathostI dharma ane khristI dharma -- paNa A pazcima eziyAnA pradezamAM ja udbhavyA hatA. e dharma arabastAnanA raNamAM A vakhate uddabhavya ane A pradezamAM teNe pahelA traNe upara prabhutva prApta karyuM. tyAra pachI pazcima eziyAmAM bagadAdanuM Araba sAmrAjya UbhuM thayuM ane jUnI laDAI - Ara ane bAIjhenTAIna sAmrAjya vacce - navA svarUpamAM uddabhavI. lAMbI ane jAjavalyamAna kArakirdI pachI sejuka turkInA AkramaNa sAme arabI saMskRtinAM vaLatAM pANI thAya che ane chevaTe maMgela jAtinA caMgIjhakhAnanA vaMzajo tene kacarI nAkhe che. paraMtu maMgala leke pazcima tarapha AvyA te pahelAM eziyAnA pazcima kinArA upara pazcimanA khristIo ane pUrvanA musalamAne vacce jhanUnI laDAI zarU thaI cUkI hatI. A "krajheDe' hatI ane te kaTake kaTake lagabhaga 250 varasa eTale ke 19mI sadIne vacagALAnA samaya sudhI cAlI hatI. A jheDane dharmanI laDAIe gaNavAmAM Ave che ane vAstavamAM te evI hatI paNa kharI. paraMtu dharma e enA kAraNe karatAM bahAnuM vadhAre pramANamAM hatuM. pUrvanA dezane mukAbale te samayanA yuropanA leka ghaNuM pachAta hatA. yuropamAM te vakhate aMdhakAra yugane samaya hate. paraMtu yuropanA loke jAgrata

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1178 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana thatA jatA hatA ane vadhAre AgaLa vadhelA tathA saMskArI pUrvanA dezoe lohacuMbakanI peThe temane potA tarapha AkarSyA. pUrva taraphanA A kheMcANe dhaNAM svarUpo dhAraNa karyAM ane A krUjheDanAM yuddo temAM sauthI mahattvanAM hatAM. e yuddhone pariNAme yurApa eziyAnA pazcima taraphanA dezo pAsethI dhaMNuM ghaNuM zIkhyuM. temanI pAsethI te aneka lalita kaLAo, hAthakArIgarI ane hunnara, vaibhavavilAsanI tevA zIkhyuM; ane sauthI mahattvanI vastu e che ke temanI pAsethI te kA` ane vicAranI vaijJAnika paddhati zIkhyuM. krUjheDanAM yuddho pUrAM thayAM na thayAM tyAM to magela lekA pazcima eziyA upara vALanI peThe tUTI paDyA ane e pradezane temaNe tArAja karI nAkhyA. paraMtu Ama chatAMye ApaNe magAla lAkAne kevaLa saMhAraka ja na gaNI kADhavA joIe. cInathI mAMDIne raziyA sudhInI potAnI hilacAla dvArA temaNe dUra dUranI prajAne ekabIjInA saMsargamAM ANI, vepArane uttayA tathA prajA prajA vaccenA vahevArane vega Apyo. temanA vizALa sAmrAjyamAM vepAranA mArgoM musAI mATe salAmata banyA ane mAtra vepArIo ja nahi paNa mutsaddIo tathA dhArmika pracArakaiA paNa emanA upara eka cheDAthI bIjA cheDA sudhI jabaradasta pravAse kheDavA lAgyA. madhya pUrvanA pradeza e duniyAnA prAcIna rAjamAryAMnI sIdhI lITImAM AvatA hatA; te pUrva ane pazcima vaccenI kaDIrUpa hatA. tane kadAca yAda haze ke, magolAnA kALamAM mArkA polA potAnA vatana venIsamAMthI nIkaLIne AkhAye eziyA khaMDa eLagI cIna pahoMcyA hatA. sadbhAgye, teNe lakheluM, athavA kahe ke lakhAveluM tenA pravAseAnA N nanuM eka pustaka ApaNane upalabdha che. e pustakane lIdhe ja ApaNe tene yAda karIe chIe. paraMtu potAnA pravAsAnu khyAna lakhavAnI mAthAphoDamAM UtaryA vinA keTalAye lokoe A lAMbA lAMbA pravAsa kheDyA haze, athavA temaNe potAnA pravAsa viSe pustakA lakhyAM hoya ane te nAza pAmyAM heAya e paNa banavA joga che kema ke te vakhate hastalikhita pustakAno jamAno hato. vaNajAro dezadezAMtarAmAM niraMtara AvajA karyA karatI hatI ane enuM pradhAna kA vepAranuM hatuM e kharuM paNa nasIba ajamAvavAnI tema ja sAhasa kheDavAnI icchA rAkhanArA aneka mANaso paNa tenI sAthe jatA hatA. prAcIna kALane bIjo eka pravAsI mArkA pelAnI jema AgaLa tarI Ave che. e ibna batutA nAmanA Araba hateA ane te 14mI sadInA ArabhamAM mArakkomAM AvelA tAMjIramAM janmyA hatA. A rIte te mArko polo pachI eka peDhI bAda Avyo hato. 21 varasanI taruNa vaye vizALa duniyAnA tenA jabaradasta pravAse te nIkaLI paDayo. ane potAnI buddhimattA tathA musalamAna kAjI tarIkenI tenI tAlIma sivAya tenI pAse khIjI kAI paNu

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pazcima eziyAnA jagatanA rAjakAraNamAM punaH praveza 1179 vastu nahatI. mArAkkothI nIkaLI AkhA uttara AphrikA vaTAvI te misara pahoMcyA. pachI te arabastAna, sIriyA ane IrAna gayeA. tyAra pachI te eneTeliyA (tu) gayA ane tyAMthI dakSiNa raziyA (e vakhate tyAM suvaNuM TALInA magAla khAnAnI hakUmata hatI ), kaoNnsTAnTinopala (hajI paNa te khAIjhenTAIna sAmrAjyanuM pATanagara hatuM), madhya eziyA tathA hiMdustAna gayA. hiMdamAM teNe uttarathI cheka dakSiNa sudhI pravAsa karyAM. teNe malabAra tathA silenanI paNa mulAkAta lIdhI ane pachI te cIna gayA. pAchA pharatAM AphrikAmAM paNa te rakhaDyo tathA saharAnuM raNa paNa teNe eLagyuM ! pravAsanuM A eka virala daSTAMta che ane ATalI badhI sukhasagavaDanA jamAnAmAM Aje paNa evA pravAse durlabha che. 14mI sadInA pUrvArdhanA samaya viSe e Azcarya kAraka rIte ApaNI AMkhA udhADe che, tema ja te samaye pravAsa kheDavA e keTalI badhI sAmAnya vastu hatI ene paNa ApaNane khyAla Ave che. e game tema hA paNa ibna batutAnI gaNunA duniyAnA sauthI meATA pravAsIomAM thavI joI e. ibna batutA je je dezAmAM gayA te te deza tathA prajAonAM bahu ja suMdara vanA tenA pustakamAM maLI Ave che. misara te vakhate samRddha hatuM kema ke pazcimanA dezo sAthenA hiMdane badhA vepAra tenI mAraphate cAlatA hatA ane e bahu ja phAyadAkAraka dhaMdhA hato. A rAjagAramAMthI thatA naphAne kAraNe karo manahara smArakAvALu eka mahAna zahera banyuM. ibna batutA hiMdustAnanI jJAti, satI thavAnA rivAja tathA pAnasApArI ApavAnI prathA viSe ApaNane mAhitI Ape che! hiMdanA vepArIo paradezanAM baMdarAmAM dhamadhokAra vepAra kheDatA hatA tathA hiMdanAM vahANA samudra kheDatAM hatAM te paNu ApaNe tenI pAsethI jANIe chIe. khAsa karIne strIo khUbasUrata kAM kAM hatI e nihALavAnuM ane tenI noMdha karavAnuM te cUkatA nathI. temanA paheraveza, temanAM attaro tathA AbhUSaNAnuM myAna paNa te Ape che. dilhInI bAbatamAM te lakhe che ke e, " hiMdustAnanuM pATanagara che, e eka vizALa ane bhavya zahera che ane temAM ramaNIyatA ane sAmarthya nA sumeLa sAdhavAmAM AvyeA che. " e gAMDA sulatAna mahamada taghalakhane zAsanakALa hato. krodhanA AvezamAM AvI jaIne potAnI rAjadhAnI dilhIthI badalIne te dakSiNamAM dolatAbAdamAM laI gayo hatA. ane e rIte A vizALa ane bhavya zaherane " teNe raNa jevuM .. . "" .: nirjana ane ujjaDa rahetA hatA ' ane te paNa dhaNA banAvI mUkyuM hatuM. mAtra gaNyAgAMThyA lakA tyAM vakhata bAda teo chAnAmAnA tyAM jaIne vasyA hatA. ibna batutAne bahAne meM thoDuM viSayAntara karI lIdhuM. prAcIna kALanI mAvI pravAsakathA mane mugdha karI mUke che.

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jaMgatanA itihAsanuM' rekhAdarzana Ama ApaNe joIe chIe ke, 14mI sadI sudhI madhyapUrva athavA pazcima eziyAe jagatanA vyavahAramAM bhAre mahattvanA bhAga bhajavye che tathA te pUrva ane pazcima vaccenI eka kaDIsamAna hatA. e pachInAM seA varasamAM paristhiti badalAI gaI. usmAnI turkAe kaoNnsTAnTinApalane kabajo lIdhA ane teo misara sahita madhyapUrvanA A badhAye dezAmAM phelAI gayA. temaNe yurepa sAthenA vepArane uttejana na ApyuM. kaMIka aMze enuM kAraNa e hoya ema jaNAya che ke, e vepAra bhUmadhya samudranA temanA pratispardhI venIsa tathA jinovAnA lakAnA hAthamAM hato. vaLI pachIthI vepAranA mArgo paNa badalAI gayA kema ke have te dariyAI mArgonI zodha thaI hatI ane e samudramArgAe vaNajArAnA jamInamArganuM sthAna lIdhuM hatuM. Ama hajAro varasa sudhI kAma ApanArA A mArgAnA vaparAza pazcima eziyAmAM baMdha thaI gayA ane je pradezAmAMthI te pasAra thatA hatA temanuM mahattva paNa ghaTI gayuM. 1180 16mI sadInA AraMbhathI te 19mI sadInA aMta sudhI eTale ke lagabhaga 40 varasa sudhI dariyAI mArgo ja saMpUNaeN mahattvanA banI gayA ane khAsa karIne jyAM AgaLa relave nahAtI tyAMnA jamIna mArgone temaNe nirupayogI banAvI dIdhA. ane pazcima eziyAmAM relavee nahAtI. mahAyuddha pahelAM theADA ja vakhata upara kaoNnsTAnTineApala ane bagadAdane joDatI eka relave bAMdhavAnI yojanA rajU karavAmAM AvI hatI. jarmana sarakAre e yojanAnuM samarthana karyuM hatuM. paraMtu jarmanI Ama kare e vastu tarapha khIjI sattA bhAre IrSyAnI najare jotI hatI, kema ke ethI te pUmAM jarmanInI lAgavaga khUba vadhI javA pAme. paNa eTalAmAM te mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM. 1918nI sAlamAM yuddhanA aMta Avyo tyAre pazcima eziyAmAM briTananI sattA saoNMparI hatI. ane huM tane AgaLa kahI gayA chuM tema e vakhate briTiza rAjapuruSonI Azcaryacakita dRSTi samakSa hiMdustAnathI te turkI sudhI vistarelA madhyapUrvanA mahAna sAmrAjyanuM citra taravaratuM hatuM. paraMtu temanI e murAda pAra paDe ema nahAtuM. elzevika raziyA ane turkI tema ja khInna' keTalAMka tattvae e vastu siddha thatI aTakAvI. Ama chatAMye briTane e mulakane sAro sarakhA pradeza pacAvI pADyo. irAka ane paeNlesTAIna briTiza asara athavA aMkuza nIce rahyAM. Ama jo ke aMgrejo potAnI bhAre mahattvAkAMkSA siddha na karI zakyA paraMtu hiMdu javAnA mArgAnA kAbU potAnA hAthamAM rAkhavAnI temanI purANI nItine vaLagI rahevAmAM te te phatehamada nIvaDyA. mahAyuddha daramyAna briTiza sainyA A ja hetuthI mesepoTemiyA ane paeNlesTAInamAM laDyAM tema ja temaNe turkI sAme baMDa karavAne ArAne uttejyA

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pazcima eziyAne jagatanA rAjakAraNamAM puna: praveza 1181 tathA temane emAM madada paNu ApI. ene ja kAraNe, mahAyuddha pachI IMgleMDa ane turkI vacce meAsalanA prazna upara bhAre ghaNuM pedA thavA pAmyuM. iMglaMDa ane soviyeTa raziyA vacce UMcAM mana thavAnuM pradhAna kAraNa paNa e ja che, kema ke raziyA jevI meTI sattA hiMdustAna javAnA mAnI samIpamAM ja hAya e khyAla iMgleMDane bahu ja aLakhAmaNA lAge che. mahAyuddha pahelAM je e relaveenI bAbatamAM - bagadAda relave ane hejAjha relave bhAre jhaDA pedA thayA hatA te have badhAI gaI che. bagadAda relave bagadAdane bhUmadhya samudra tathA yurApa sAthe joDe che. huMjAjha relave arabastAnamAM AvelA madInA zaherane bagadAda relave upara AvelA alappA sAthe joDe che. (hejAjha e arabastAnane sauthI mahattvanA bhAga che ane temAM islAmanAM pavitra zahera makkA ane madInA AvelAM che.) Ama pazcima eziyAnAM mahattvanAM zaherA Aje yurepa tathA misara sAthe relavethI joDAyelAM che ane tyAM AgaLa sahelAIthI jaI zakAya che. alappA zahera moTuM relave jaMkazana banI rahyuM che kema ke traNa khaDenI relavee tyAM AgaLa maLaze : yurepamAMthI AvatI relave, bagadAda thaI ne AvatI eziyAnI relave ane kerA thaI ne AvatI AphrikAnI relave tyAM AgaLa maLaze. eziyAnA relave mAne bagadAdathI laMbAvavAmAM Ave to te hiMdu paNa paheoMce evA saMbhava che. AphrikAnA relave raste AphrikA khaMDanI ArapAra uttaramAM kerothI dakSiNamAM DeDa kepaTAuna sudhI jAya evI yeAjanA che. kepaTAunathI kare sudhI paheAMcatI samagra lAla 'relave lAIna karavAnuM briTiza sAmrAjyavAdIe lAMbA vakhatathI svapna sevI rahyA che. ane have e svapna siddha thavAnI taiyArImAM che. ' samagra lAla ' eTale ke AkhA relave rastA briTiza pradezanI aMdara thaIne pasAra thavA joI e kema ke nakazA upara lAla raMganA briTiza sAmrAjye ijArA rAkhyA che. paraMtu bhaviSyamAM A badhI ceAjanA pAra paDe ke naye paDe; meTaro ane eNpleneAnA rUpamAM relavenA gaMbhIra harIphA pedA thayA che. daramyAna e yAda rAkhavA jevuM che ke, pazcima eziyAnI bagadAda tathA hejAjha e bane relavee ghaNe aMze aMgrejonA aMkuza nIce che ane hiMdu javAnA navA ane TUMkA mArga kholavAnI briTiza nItinA uddeza te pAra pADe che. bagadAda relavene thoDA bhAga phrAMsanA tAbA nIcenA sIriyAmAMthI pasAra thAya che. A rIte phrAMsane AdhIna rahevAnuM temane pasaMda na heAvAthI tene badale paeNlesTAInamAM thaIne pasAra thAya evI khIjI navI relave bAMdhavAnA teo irAdo rAkhe che. arabastAnamAM bIjI eka nAnakaDI relave lAIna rAtA samudra uparanA baMdara jaddAha ane makkA vacce baMdhAI rahI che. prativaSa hajAreAnI saMkhyAmAM heja karavAne makkA janArA yAtrIo mATe e bahu ja sagavaDarUpa thaI paDaze. <

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1182 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana duniyAne mATe pazcima eziyAnAM dvAra khullA karanAra relave mArgo viSe ATaluM basa che. paraMtu te pitAne uddeza pAra pADe te pahelAM ja e relaveenuM mahattva ghaTavA lAgyuM che ane meTaragADIo tathA eroplene tene bAjue khaseDI rahyAM che. moTaragADIone raNamAM bahu phAvI gayuM che ane hajAre varaso sudhI vaNajArenA je mArgo upara UMTe dhImI gatithI mAlanI lAvalA karatAM hatAM te ja mArgo upara te Aje sapATAbaMdha deDI rahI che. relave bahu kharacALa hoya che ane tene bAMdhatAM paNa ghaNo vakhata lAge che. moTaro seMghI che ane jyAre jarUra paDe tyAre tarata ja tene kAme lagADI zakAya che. paraMtu meTaragADIo ane laeNrIo sAmAnya rIte lAMbI majalane mATe upayogI nIvaDatI nathI. te pramANamAM nAnA kSetramAM, bahu bahu te se mAIla jeTalA aMtaranA gALAmAM AmathI tema AvajA kare che. lAMbA aMtarane mATe, alabata, eroplene che. te relave karatAM vadhAre sadhAM tema ja vadhAre jhaDapI paNa che. avarajavara mATe tathA mAla lAvalaijA karavA mATe eraplenane upaga bahu jhaDapathI thavA mAMDaze emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. e dizAmAM, atyAra sudhImAM sArI pragati thaI che ane moTAM meTAM eroplene niyamita rIte khaMDa khaMDa vacce AvajA kare che. pazcima eziyA A moTA moTA havAI mArge vaLI pAchuM milanasthAna banyuM che ane khAsa karIne bagadAda te temanuM kendra banI gayuM che. briTiza ImpIriyala eravejha kaMpanIne laMDanathI hiMdustAna ane tyAMthI AsTreliyAne havAI mArga bagadAdathI pasAra thAya che tema ja AmasTaraDAmathI baTeviyA ja Daca havAI mArga tathA kAMsathI hiMdI cIna jate phreMca havAI mArga paNa bagadAda thaIne pasAra thAya che. mAska ane IrAna paNa bagadAda dvArA havAI mArgathI saMkaLAyelAM che. cIna ane dUra pUrvanA dezamAM janAra havAI mArgane pravAsIne paNa bagadAda thaIne javuM paDe che. bagadAdathI eraplene kare paNa jAya che ane e rIte te kerothI kepaTAuna jatA AphrikAnA havAI mArgane bagadAda sAthe joDe che. AmAMnA ghaNAkharA havAI mArgomAMthI kazI kamANI thatI nathI ane lAgatIvaLagatI sarakAre tene bhAre Arthika madada Ape che. kema ke sAmrAjyone mATe Aje havAI sattA sAthI mahattvanI thaI paDI che. havAI sattAne vikAsa thayA pachI dariyAI sattAnuM mahatva ghaNuM ghaTI gayuM che. pitAnA naukAbaLa upara je mustAka hatuM tema ja je AkramaNathI pitAne salAmata mAnatuM hatuM te IMgleMDa saMrakSaNanI dRSTithI Aje TApu nathI rahyuM. kAMsa ke bIjA kaI paNa deza upara thaI zake eTalI ja sugamatAthI IgleMDa upara paNa havAI humale thaI zake ema che. AthI badhI ja mahAna sattAo Aje pitAnuM havAI sAmartha vadhAravAne IMtejAra banI che. ane temanI vaccenI pahelAnI dariyAI harIphAInuM

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pazcima eziyAne jagatanA rAjakAraNamAM punaH praveza 1183 sthAna have havAI harIphAIe lIdhuM che. zAMtikALamAM dareka deza Arthika madada ApIne havAI musApharIne uttejana Ape che kema ke ethI karIne laDAIne vakhatamAM kAma lAge evA tAlIma pAmelA pAIleTa (eraplene hAMkanArAo) taiyAra thAya che. nAgarika uDDayana lazkarI udyananI khilavaNamAM madadarUpa thAya che. ethI karIne nAgarika uDDayananA kSetramAM bhAre vikAsa thaI rahyo che ane yuropa tathA amerikAmAM Aje seMkaDe havAI vahevAra cAlu thaI gayA che. ghaNuM karIne yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM e kSetramAM sauthI vadhAre pragati thaI che. seviyeTa yuniyanamAM paNa e dizAmAM bhAre pragati thaI rahI che ane enA vistRta pradezamAM aneka havAI vahevAre cAlu thaI gayA che. A havAI baLanA jamAnAmAM, ghaNuM lAMbA havAI mArge tyAM thaIne pasAra thatA hovAthI Aje pazcima eziyAne navIna mahattva prApta thayuM che. duniyAnA rAjakAraNamAM te pharI pAchA dAkhala thAya che ane khaMDa khaMDa vaccenA mAmalAonuM e kendra banyo che. ene artha e paNa che ke mahAna sattAo vaccenA gharSaNa ane jhaghaDAnuM sthAna e banI gayuM che. kema ke, temanI mahattvAkAMkSAo tyAM AgaLa ekabIjA sAthe athaDAvA pAme che ane dareka sattA bIjIne AMTI javAno prayatna kare che. A vastu je ApaNe lakSamAM rAkhIe te briTiza lekanI ane bIjAonI madhyapUrvane tema ja bIjA dezene lagatI pravRttio je nItithI jAI te ApaNe samajI zakIe. masala hiMda javAnA A rAjamArga upara AveluM che te uparAMta tenI bhUmimAM tela maLI AvyuM che, ane A havAI baLanA yugamAM telanuM mahatva pahelAM karatAM paNa ghaNuM vadhI gayuM che. irAkamAM paNa mahattvanA telanA kUvAo che ane ApaNe joI gayAM chIe ke, te khaMDa khaMDa vaccenA havAI mArgonuM kendra che. ethI karIne IrAkane kabaje aMgrejo mATe bhAre mahattvanI vastu che. IrAnamAM paNa telanA moTA moTA kUvAo che ane eMgle-paraziyana oIla kaMpanI ghaNA lAMbA vakhatathI temAMthI tela kADhatI AvI che. e kaMpanImAM briTiza sarakAra paNa amuka aMze bhAgIdAra che. ghAsatela ane peTrelanuM mahatva vadhI gayuM che ane sAmrAjyanI nItinA ghaDataramAM paNa tene phALo hoya che. sAce ja, Adhunika sAmrAjyavAdane keTalIka vAra "telI sAmrAjyavAda' paNuM kahevAmAM Ave che. A patramAM ApaNe, madhya pUrvanA dezane navuM mahattva ApanAra tathA temane duniyAnA rAjakAraNanA vamaLamAM pharI pAchA dAkhala karanAra keTalAMka tattvonI samIkSA karI gayAM. paraMtu e saunI pAchaLa rahelI vastu e che ke, madhya pUrvanA badhAye dezo Aje jAgrata thaI rahyA che.

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166. Araba dezA--sIriyA 28 me, 1933 sAmAnya rIte samAna bhASA tema ja samAna paraMparAvALA dezomAM vasanArI prajAenA samUhane ekatra karavA mATe tathA temane maLavAna banAvavA mATe rASTravAda e keTaluM badhuM pracaMDa baLa che e ApaNe joI gayAM chIe. A rASTravAda evA eka samUhane ekatra kare che e kharuM, paraMtu e vastu khIjA samULethI tene judo pADe che tema ja tene temanAthI vadhAre aLagA kare che. Ama, rASTravAda phrAMsane eka sabaLa ane nakkara rASTrIya ghaTaka banAve che. e eka atizaya sa MghaTita rASTra che ane bAkInI duniyA pAtAnAthI ka MIka bhinna vastu hoya ema te gaNe che. e ja rIte rASTravAde judI judI jamana prajAne ekatra karIne eka baLavAna jaina rASTra nirmANa karyuM che. paraMtu phrAMsa ane jarmanI Ama alaga alaga rIte saMgaThita thayAM ethI karIne te ane ekakhIjAthI vaLI vadhAre dUra thayAM che. je dezamAM bhinna bhinna aneka prajAe vasatI hoya tyAM AgaLa dhaNI vAra rASTravAda e phATaphUTa pADanAruM baLa banI jAya che ane te dezane baLavAna ane saMgaThita karavAne badale kharekhAta tene dubaLa kare che tathA tenA bhAgalA paDI jAya evI paristhiti UbhI kare che. mahAyuddha pUrve AsTriyA-haMgarI e evA ja deza hatA. temAM judI judI aneka prajAe vasatI hatI. jana- AsTriyana ane huMgeriyana e e prajAnuM tyAM AgaLa prabhutva hatuM ane bAkInI prajAe temane AdhIna hatI. ethI karIne rASTravAdanA vikAse oNsTriyAhuMgarIte nabaLuM pADayuM kema ke teNe A judI judI prajAmAM alaga alaga rIte prANa pUryAM ane ene pariNAme temanAmAM svAtaMtrya mATenI kAmanA pedA thaI. mahAyuddhe te paristhiti bilakula bagADI mUkI ane yuddhamAM tene parAjaya thayA pachI deza nAnA nAnA TukaDAomAM vaheMcAI gayA ane pratyeka rASTrIya ghaTakanuM eka juduM rAjya banyuM. ( AsTriyAuMgarInA je rIte bhAgalA pADavAmAM AvyA e bahu ucita ke tarkazuddha tA nahatA paraMtu e bAbatamAM ApaNe ahIM UMDA UtaravAnI jarUra nathI. ) paraMtu, jatIne bhAre parAjaya thavA chatAM tenA bhAgalA paDyA nahi. bhAre ApattimAM paNa rASTrIyatAnI prALa asarane kAraNe te potAnI ekatA TakAvI rAkhI zakayuM. mahAyuddha pahelAM, turka sAmrAjya paNa AsTriyA haMgarInI peThe bhinnabhinna prajAnA eka zaMbhumeLA hatA. bAlkananI bhinna bhinna prajA uparAMta temAM Araba, ArmIniyana ane bIjI prajAe paNa vasatI hatI. A sAmrAjyamAM rASTravAda e bhAgalA pADanAruM baLa nIvaDyuM. rASTravAdanI pahelavahelI asara

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1185 Araba deze - sIriyA bAlkana dvIpakalpamAM thavA pAmI ane AkhIye 19mI sadI daramyAna bAlkananI eka pachI eka judI judI prajAo sAme turkIne laDavuM paDayuM. enI zarUAta grIsathI thaI hatI. mahAna sattAoe, khAsa karIne raziyAe, A rASTrIya jAgratine lAbha uThAvavAno prayAsa karyo ane tenI sAthe te kAvatarAmAM UtarI. usmAnI sAmrAjyane nabaLuM pADavAne tema ja tenA upara prahAra karavAne temaNe AmIniyanane paNa hathiyAra banAvyA. AthI karIne tuke, sarakAra ane Armeniyane vacce vAraMvAra athaDAmaNo thavA pAmI ane ene pariNAme khUnakhAra katale thaIA Armeniyanone mahAna sattAoe bhAre durapayoga karyo; turkI sAme pracAra karavAmAM temaNe temane vaTAvyA paraMtu mahAyuddha pUruM thayA pachI jyAre temane upayoga rahyo nahi tyAre temaNe temane visArI mUkIne tarachoDyA. pAchaLathI ArmIniyA soviyeTa prajAsattAka banyuM ane raziyAnAM soviyeTa saMyukta rAjyomAM te joDAI gayuM. ArmIniyA turkInI pUrve kALA samudranA kinArA upara AveluM che. turkInA amala nIcenA Araba pradezane jAgrata thatAM vAra lAgI, je ke Arabo ane turko vacce paraspara leza paNa ekadilI nahotI. e pradezamAM prathama sAMskRtika jAgRti AvI ane arabI bhASA tema ja sAhityane punaruddhAra thaye. cheka 19mI sadInA sAtamA dazakAmAM sIriyAmAM AnI zarUAta thaI ane pachI e misara tema ja arabI bhASA bolanArA pradezamAM prasarI. e pradezamAM rAjakIya caLavaLanI zarUAta 1908nI taruNa turkonI krAMti tathA sulatAna abdula hamIdanA patana pachI thaI muslima tema ja khristI e baMne dharmo pALanArA ArabamAM rASTrIya vicArane phelAvo thaye ane Araba dezane turkInI dhUMsarImAMthI mukta karIne temane eka rAjyanA chatra nIce ekatra karavAnI kalpanAe mUrta svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. misara jo ke arabI bhASA bolanAra deza che paraMtu rAjakIya dRSTie te bIjA Araba dezothI bhinna che ane arabastAna, sIriyA, pelesTAIna tathA irAkanA bananArA A Araba rAjyamAM te dAkhala thaze ema dhAravAmAM AvatuM nahotuM. khilAphata usmAnI sulatAna pAsethI badalIne tathA Araba rAjavaMzane te suparata karIne Araba leke islAmanI dhArmika netAgIrI paNa pharI pAchI prApta karavA mAgatA hatA. A vastune paNa dhArmika karatAM vizeSa karIne rAjakIya mahattva ApavAmAM AvatuM hatuM, kema ke ethI ArabenI mahattA ane gaurava vadhe che ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ane sIriyAnA khristI Arabo paNa enI tarapheNa karatA hatA. mahAyuddha pahelAM ja briTane Araba rASTrIya caLavaLa sAme kAvAdAvA karavAnuM zarU karI dIdhuM hatuM. mahAyuddha daramyAna mahAna Araba rAjya sthApavA viSe tareha tarehanAM vacane ApavAmAM AvyAM ane makkAne zarIpha husena pite eka me bAdazAha banaze ane khalIpha paNa tenI khuzAmata karate thaI jaze

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1180 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana evI umedathI aMgrejo sAthe maLI gayuM ane tu sAme teNe Araba pAse baLa karAvyuM. sIriyAnA musalamAna tema ja khristI Araboe husenane tenA e baLavAmAM Teke Ape ane temanA keTalAye AgevAnoe emAM pitAnA jAna paNa ApyA kema ke turkIe te badhAne phAMsIe laTakAvI dIdhA. 6ThThI mene divase temane damAskasa tathA bIrUTamAM phAMsI devAmAM AvI ane sIriyAmAM Aje paNa e divasane zahIda dina tarIke UjavavAmAM Ave che. briTiza lekanI Arthika madada tathA karnala lerensa nAmanA IgleMDanA jAsUsI khAtAnA bhedI purUSa tathA pratibhAzALI vyaktinI sahAyathI Araba baLavo saphaLa thaye. mahAyuddha pUruM thayuM tyAM sudhImAM te tukanA tAbAne ghaNekharo Araba mulaka iMglaMDanA aMkuza nIce AvI gaye. turka sAmrAjya have chinnabhinna thaI gayuM hatuM. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayuM chuM ke turkInA svAtaMtrya mATenI tenI laDatamAM khuditAnanA amuka bhAga sivAyanA aturka pradeza pAchA jItI levAna mustaphA kamAla pAzAne kadIye uddeza hato nahi. bhAre DahApaNupUrvaka te khuda tukanA svAtaMtryanA dhyeyane ja vaLagI rahyo. Ama, mahAyuddha pUruM thayA pachI A Araba dezonuM bhAvI nakkI karavAnuM hatuM. vijayI mitrarA athavA sAcuM kahetAM briTiza ane phreMca sarakArae ImAnadArIne DoLa karIne jAhera karyuM ke, "turkInI dhUMsarI nIce lAMbA vakhatathI pIDAtI AvelI prajAne saMpUrNapaNe ane cokkasa rIte mukta karavI ane temanI svataMtra pasaMdagI ane nirNaya dvArA sthAnika vastI pAsethI pitApitAnI sattA prApta karanAra sarakAra ane vahIvaTI taMtra sthApavAM" e amAruM ekamAtra dhyeya che. Araba mulakane ghaNokharo bhAga ApasamAM vahecI laIne A be sarakAroe pitAne uparyukta udAtta hetu pAra pA. prajAsaMdhanA AzIrvAda sAthe igleMDa tathA krAMsane e pradeza mATe menDeTa ApavAmAM AvyA. "menDeTe" e navA pradeza meLavavA mATenI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonI navI rIta che. A rIte krAMsane sIriyA maLyuM; iMglaMDane pelesTAIna tathA irAka maLyAM. arabastAnanA sauthI mahatvanA bhAga hajAjhane briTananA Azrita makkAnA zarIpha husenanA amala nIce mUkavAmAM AvyuM. Ama, ArabaMne eka ja Araba rAjya sthApavAnuM vacana ApyuM hevA chatAM Araba pradezanA TukaDA pADI nAkhavAmAM AvyA ane temane judA judA meTa' nIce mUkavAmAM AvyA. hajAjha upalaka dRSTithI jotAM svataMtra lAgatuM hatuM paraMtu vAstavamAM te briTananA prabhutva nIce hatuM. temanA mulakanA A rIte bhAgalA pADI nAkhavAmAM AvyA tethI Araba atizaya nAsIpAsa thayA ane ene chevaTanI vyavasthA tarIke svIkArI levAne temaNe inkAra karyo. paraMtu hajI te ethIye vizeSa nAsIpAsI ane aNadhArI Aphate temanA nasIbamAM

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Araba deza -~ sIriyA 11 " lakhAyelI hatI kema ke, vadhAre sugamatAthI rAjavahIvaTa calAvavAne mATe, bhAgalA pADavAnI sAmrAjyavAdI jUnI nIti e dareka menDeTa 'nI hadamAM paNa ajamAvavAmAM AvI. have e dareka dezanA alaga alaga vicAra karavAnuM sugama thaI paDaze. AthI have huM phreMca 'menDeTa 'sIriyAnI vAta prathama kahIza. 1920nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM heAjhanA bAdazAha husenanA putra amIra phaijhalanA hAtha nIce sIriyAmAM aMgrejonI madadathI Araba sarakAranI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. sIriyAnI rASTrIya pariSada maLI ane teNe saMyukta sIriyA mATe lAkazAhI rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDI kADhayuM, paraMtu A te thADA mAsanA ja tamArA hatA. 1920nA unALAmAM phreMca prajAsaU sIriyA mATe ApelA menTeDa laIne tyAM AvyA. temaNe phaijhalane tyAMthI hAMkI kADhyo ane khaLajabarIthI dezane kabajo lIdhe. sIriyA eka nAnakaDA deza che ane tenI vastI trIsa lAkha karatAMye echI che. paraMtu te phreMcAne mATe siMhanI kheDa karatAMye vasamA thaI paDyo. kema ke, sIriyAnA musalamAna tema ja khristI Araee have svAtaMtrya prApta karavAnA nirdhAra karelA hovAthI bIjI sattAnA Adhipatyane sahelAIthI vaza thavAnA temaNe inkAra karyAM. tyAM AgaLa niraMtara takalIpha UbhI thayAM ja karI; ThekaThekANe sthAnika Dai thayAM ane sIriyAmAM potAnA amala cAlu rAkhavA mATe moTu phreMca lazkara tyAM AgaLa khelAvavAnI jarUra paDI. pachIthI phreMca sarakAre sAmrAjyavAdanI haMmezanI yukita ajamAvI, dezane hajI paNa vadhAre nAnAM nAnAM rAjyAmAM vaheMcI nAkhIne tema ja dhArmika tema ja laghumatIonA matabhedone mATu' svarUpa ApIne sIriyAnA rASTravAdane duLa banAvavAnA prayatna temaNe AyeA. bhAgalA pADIne rAjya karA' e temanI charAdApUrvakanI nIti hatI ane temaNe tenI lagabhaga sattAvAra jAherAta karI hatI. ' sIriyA nAnakaDA deza hAvA chatAMye have tene pAMca alaga alaga rAjyamAM vaheMcI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. pazcima taraphanA samudra kinArA upara ane lekhenana parvatanI najIka lekhenananuM rAjya UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM. tyAM AgaLanA moTA bhAganA lAke metArAITa nAmanA khristI saMpradAyanA che. sIriyAnA musalamAna ArAnI viruddha temane potAnA pakSanA karI levA mATe phreMcee temane khAsa darajjo aThyA. lekhenananI uttare, dariyA kAMThA upara ja, pahADAmAM bIjuM eka nAnakaDu rAjya UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM. tyAM AgaLa alAvI nAmanA musalamAno vasatA hatA. enI paNa uttare eNlekajhAMDeTA nAmanuM trIjuM eka rAjya UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM. e turkInI sarahada sAthe joDAyelu che ane tyAM moTe bhAge tu bhASA mAlanArA loko vase che.

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1188 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana A rIte, have bAkI rahelA sIriyAne tenA keTalAka sauthI phaLadrupa jillAothI vaMcita karavAmAM AvyuM ane ethIye vizeSa kharAba te e hatuM ke tene samudrathI bilakula aLaguM karI devAmAM AvyuM. hajAre varasathI sIriyA bhUmadhya samudra uparane eka mahAna deza rahyo hate. paraMtu A prAcIna saMbaMdha toDI nAkhavAmAM Avyo ane have verAna raNa sAthe tene pAnuM pADavuM paDayuM. A bAkI rahelA sIriyAmAMthI paNa eka DuMgarALa TukaDe alaga pADIne jabala-ada-druja nAmanuM eka juduM rAjya banAvavAmAM AvyuM. tyAM AgaLa kuja jAtinA leke vasatA hatA. - sIriyAnA leke AraMbhathI ja "menDeTa"nI viruddha hatA. tyAM AgaLa aneka jhaghaDAo thayA ane "menDeTa'nI viruddha bhAre dekhAvo karavAmAM AvyA. A dekhAvamAM strIoe paNa bhAga lIdhe. phreMca lokee A badhuM majabUta hAthe dAbI dIdhuM. dezanA bhAgalA pADInAkhavAmAM AvyA tethI tema ja jANIbUjIne dhArmika tathA ladhumatInA prazno UbhA karavAmAM AvyA. tethI, te paristhiti vadhu bagaDavA pAmI ane asaMtoSa vadhI gayA. e dAbI devAne mATe hiMdustAnanA aMgrejonI peThe pheMce e vyaktigata tema ja rAjakIya svAtaMtrya chInavI lIdhuM ane AkhA dezamAM sarvatra chUpI polIsa ane jAsUsanI jALa pAtharI dIdhI. sAmAnya rIte, jemane temanA dezavAsIo prajAdrohI gaNatA hatA tathA prajAmAM jemanI kazIye lAgavaga nahatI evA "vaphAdAra' sIriyanane temaNe pitAnA amaladAre banAvyA. alabata, atizaya udAtta hetuone DALa rAkhIne A badhuM karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. ane phrencAe jAhera karyuM ke, "sIriyAnA lekane rAjadvArI bAbate viSe pUrepUrI samaja ApavI tathA temane svataMtratAnI tAlIma ApavI e amArI pharaja che, ema ame mAnIe chIe." hiMdamAM aMgrejo paNa Ane maLatI bhASAmAM ja vAta kare che ! paristhiti, khAsa karIne jabala-ada-kUjanA laDAyaka ane kaMIka aMze AraNyaka lekamAM viSama thatI gaI. (e leke hiMdanA vAyavya sarahadanA tAyaphAvALAone maLatA che.) phreMca gavarnara tUja leke nA AgevAno sAthe atizaya hIna prakAranI ramata rame. teNe temane AmaMtraNa ApyuM ane pachI temane bAMyadharI tarIke keda karI lIdhA. A banAva 1925nA unALAmAM banyo. ane e pachI tarata ja jabala-ada-drajamAM baLo phATI nIkaLyo. A sthAnika baLa AkhA dezamAM pharI vaLyuM ane teNe sIriyAnI svataMtratA tathA ekatAnA baLavAnuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM. - sIriyAnuM A svAtaMtrya yuddha e eka advitIya ghaTanA hatI. hiMdustAnanA be traNa jillAonA kadanA A nAnakaDA deze te vakhatanI duniyAnI sauthI baLavAna lazkarI sattA mAMsa sAme laDavAne hAma bhIDI. bezaka, sIriyana

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Araba deze -- sIriyA 1189 lokA pracaMDa ane susajja phreMca sainyanI sAme UbhA rahIne hAtheAhAtha laDI zake ema nahatuM paraMtu temaNe grAma vibhAgo upara potAno kabajo rAkhavAnuM phreMce mATe muzkela banAvI dIdhuM. mAtra meTAM meTAM zahero ja phreMconA kabajAmAM hatAM ane temanA upara paNa sIriyana leA kadI kadI humalA karatA. saMkhyAbaMdha lAkAte gALAthI vIdhI nAkhIne tathA gAmAnAM gAmA bALI mUkIne phreMcAe lokeAmAM trAsa vartAvavAnA prayatna karyAM. 1925nI sAlanA AkaTembaramAM khuda damAskasanA mazahUra zahera para paNa eNbamArA karIne tenA meTA bhAganA nAza karavAmAM AvyA. AkhAye sIriyA lazkarI chAvaNI samAna banI gayA. ATaATalA julamA chatAM e maLavA be varasa sudhI dAkhI daI zakAyA nahi. Akhare phrAMsanA pracaMDa lazkarI baLathI e baLavA kacarI nAkhavAmAM Avyo paraMtu sIriyana lekanAM apUrva khalidAne vyartha gayAM nahi. svAtaMtrya mATenA potAnA haka temaNe puravAra karyAM ane duniyAne temanI aDaga tAkAtanI pratIti thaI. 66 e eka lakSamAM rAkhavA jevI khInA che ke, phre McAe e baLavAne dhArmika svarUpa ApIne kuja leAkeAnI sAme khristIone laDAvI mAravAnA prayatna karyAM. paraMtu sIriyana leAkAe to spaSTapaNe jAhera karyuM ke teo rASTrIya svAtaMtrya mATe laDI rahyA che, kAI dhAmika hetu sAdhavA mATe nahi. baLavAnA AraMbhamAM ja kruja pradezamAM kAmacalAu sarakAranI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. e sarakAre svAtaMtryanI laDAImAM joDAvAne prajAne hAkala karatI eka jAherAta bahAra pADI. emAM eka ane avibhAjya sIriyAnI svataMtratAnI prApti mATe, rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDavA mATe bahAranI kazIye dakhala vinA cUMTAyelI lokapratinidhi sabhA meLavavA mATe, dezanA kabajo karI meThelA paradezI lazkarane dUra karavA mATe, dezanI salAmatI mATe rASTrIya sainya UbhuM karavA mATe tathA phreMca krAMtinA siddhAMtA tathA manuSyanA hakkonA amala karavAne mATe " prajAne e saMgrAmamAM joDAvAnI apIla karavAmAM AvI hatI. Ama, phreMca krAMtinA siddhAMtA tathA teNe je hakkonI gheSaNA karI hatI tenuM samarthana karanArI prajAne phreMca sarakAra tathA phreMca lazkare kacarI nAkhavAnA prayatna karyAM! 1928nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM sIriyAmAMthI lazkarI kAyadAnA amalanA aMta AvyA ane tenI sAthe chApAMnuM khakhaniyamana paNa dUra thayuM. dhaNA rAjadvArI kedIone choDI mUkavAmAM AvyA. rASTravAdInI mAgaNI anusAra rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDavA mATe lokapratinidhi sabhA khelAvavAmAM AvI. paraMtu Aje hiMdamAM karavAmAM AvyuM che tema dharma pramANe alaga matAdhikAranI yeAjanA karIne cee musIbatonAM khIja vAvyAM. musalamAna, kaeNthalika saMpradAyanA grIkA, grIka phreMDAsa cane mAnanArAo tema ja alaga na-2

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1190 jagatanA itihAsanuM' rekhAdarzana yahUdI e badhAnA judA judA vibhAgA pADavAmAM AvyA ane dareka matadArane tenA dhArmika samUhane ja mata ApavAnI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. mAskasamAM eka ajaba prakAranI` ane A ceAjanAne tenA nagna svarUpamAM rajU karanArI paristhiti UbhI thaI. tyAMnA rASTravAdIonA eka netA proTesTaMTa saMpradAyane khristI hatA. te proTesTaMTa hovAthI nakkI karavAmAM AvelA khAsa matavibhAgeAmAMthI ekamAM tenA samAveza thaI zake ema nahetuM. AthI, damAskasamAM sauthI vadhAre lokapriya hovA chatAM te cUMTAI zake ema nahatuM. musalamAnane daza eTaka maLatI hatI ane proTesTaMTane eka ekaka ApI zakAya eTalA mATe temaNe potAnI eka beThaka tene ApavAnI taiyArI batAvI. paraMtu phreMca sarakAra emAM saMmata thaI nahi. phrecAe A badhA prayAsA karyAM te chatAMye lokapratinidhi sabhAmAM rASTravAdInuM prabhutva hatuM ane temaNe sa MpUrNa paNe svataMtra rAjya mATenuM baMdhAraNa ghaDI kADhyuM. sIriyA prajA pAsethI potAnI sarva sattA prApta karanAra prajAsattAka banavAnuM hatuM. A baMdhAraNanA kharaDAmAM phreMco ke temanA menDeTa 'nA bilakula ullekha karavAmAM AvyA nahAtA. phrecAe enI sAme vAMdhA uThThAbyA, paraMtu lokapratinidhi sabhAe e bAbatamAM saheja paNa macaka ApI nahi ane mahinA sudhI temanI vacce kheMcatANa cAlyA karI. Akhare phreMca hAI kamizanare evI sUcanA karI ke rAjyakhaMdhAraNanA AkhA kharaDA bhale majabUra karavAmAM Ave paraMtu ' menDeTa ' kALa daramyAna rAjyabaMdhAraNanI kAI paNa kalamane amala menDeTa ' anusAra UbhI thatI krAMsanI javAbadArI viruddha na karavAmAM Ave evI eka kalama temAM dAkhala karavI, A bahu ja aspaSTa ane goLa goLa vAta hatI paraMtu phrAMsane emAM dhaNuM namatuM ApavuM paDayuM hatuM e nirvivAda hatuM. lokapratinidhi sabhA to e svIkAravA paNa taiyAra nahotI. AthI 1930nA me mAsamAM phreMcae e lokapratinidhi sabhA vikherI nAkhI ane sAthe sAthe teNe ghaDI kADheluM rAjyaaMdhAraNa pote sUcavelA sudhArA sAthe jAhera karyuM. Ama, sIriyA tete joItuM hatuM temAMnuM dhaNuMkharuM meLavavAmAM krUtehamada thayuM. Ama chatAM teNe potAnI eka paNa mAgaNI cheADI na dIdhI ke na tenI khakhatamAM saheja paNa bAMdhachoDa karI. tene mAtra e vastu prApta karavAnI have AkI rahI hatI; * menDeTa nA aMta (jenI sAthe phrecAe dAkhala karelI pelI vadhArAnI kalamane paNa aMta Ave ) tathA ethIye vizeSa mahattvanI vastu samagra sIriyAnI ekatA. e sivAya AkhuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa pragatizIla che ane saMpUrNa paNe svataMtra dezane mATe te ghaDavAmAM AveluM che. temanA mahAna baLavA daramyAna pote bahAdura ane TekIlA laDavaiyA che ema tema ja e pachI, svataMtratAnI potAnI mAgaNImAM saheja paNa pheraphAra ke sudhAre svIkAravAne

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pelesTAIna ane TrAnsa-Dena 1191 inkAra karanAra teo eTalA ja aNanama ane AgrahI vATAghATa karanArAo. paNa che ema sIriyana lekee batAvI ApyuM. 1933nA navembara mAsamAM phree sIriyAnI dhArAsabhA samakSa saMdhi mATe darakhAsta karI. emAM ca sarakAranI tarapheNa karanArA sabhyonI bahumatI hatI. Ama chatAMye dhArAsabhAe e saMdhine pheMkI dIdhI. ema karavAnuM kAraNa e hatuM ke e sIriyAnA pAMca rAjyomAM pADI nAkhavAmAM AvelA mejUda bhAgalAo kAyama rAkhavAnI tema ja tyAM AgaLa chAvaNIo, barAke, ema tathA lazkara TakAvI rAkhavAno Agraha rAkhe. naMdha: ( kaTobara) 1938 :. celaivAkiyA upara jarmanIe meLavele vijaya tathA yuropa upara uttarottara vadhatA jatA jarmanInA prabhutva tathA saMsthAne mATenI tenI mAgaNIo AkhI duniyAmAM navI ja paristhiti utpanna karI che. phrAMsa pharI pAchuM bIjA darajajAnuM rAjya banI gayuM che ane te pitAnuM dariyApAranuM vizALa sAmrAjya lAMbA vakhata sudhI bhAgye ja TakAvI rAkhI zake ema che. pelesTAInamAM UbhI thayelI muzkela paristhitine lIdhe sIriyA, pelesTAIna ane TrAnsa-jorDananuM baneluM eka Araba samavAyataMtra UbhuM karI zakAya evI sUcanAo thavA lAgI che. 167. pelesTAIna ane TrAnsa-jorDana ra9 me, 1933 * sIriyAnI aDoaDa pelesTAIna AveluM che ane tene mATe prajAsaMdha taraphathI briTiza sarakArane menDeTa' maLele che. e te vaLI sIriyAthIye vadhAre nAne deza che ane tenI vasatI daza lAkha karatAMye ochI che. paraMtu enA prAcIna itihAsa tathA saMbaMdhane kAraNe lekenuM dhyAna enA tarapha sArI peThe kheMcAya che. kema ke pelesTAIna e yahUdIo, khristIo tathA kaMIka aMze musalamAnI paNa pavitra tIrthabhUmi che. tyAM AgaLa mukhya vasatI musalamAna ArabanI che ane teo svataMtratAnI tema ja sIriyAnA pitAnA Araba baMdhuo sAthe aikyanI mAgaNI kare che. paraMtu briTiza rAjanItie tyAM AgaLa yadI lekanI laghumatIne khAsa prazna UbhuM karyo che. yahUdI leke aMgrejonI tarapheNa kare che ane pelesTAInanI svataMtratAne teo virodha kare che kema ke ethI te tyAM AgaLa Araba lekone amala thaze e temane Dara rahe che. Arabe tema ja yahUdIo paraspara viruddha dizAmAM kheMcAkheMca kare che ane ene kAraNe acUkapaNe jhaghaDA thayA kare che. ArabaMne pakSe saMkhyAbaLa che ane

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1192 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana temanI sAme bhAre Arthika sAdhanasaMpatti ane yahUdIonuM jagavyApI saMgaThana che. Ama, ArabanA rASTravAdanI sAme iMglaMDa yahUdIonA dhArmika rASTravAdane UbhuM kare che ane e baMne vacce sulehazAMti TakAvI rAkhavA mATe madhyastha tarIke tyAM pitAne rahevAnI jarUra che e te jagata AgaLa dekhAva kare che. sAmrAjyavAdI Adhipatya nIcenA bIjA dezamAM ApaNe je joI gayAM tenI te ja A purANI ramata che; AzcaryanI vAta te e che ke, e ekanI eka ramatane aneka vAra upayoga karavAmAM Ave che. yahUdIo eka adbhuta prajA che. mULa te pelesTAInanI eka prajA hatI ane bAIbalano jUnA karAramAM temanA AraMbhakALanI kathA kahevAmAM AvI che. teo kaMIka aMze ghamaMDI hatA ane pitAne IzvaranI mAnItI prajA tarIke lekhatA hatA. paraMtu lagabhaga badhI ja prajAo evA prakAranA vyartha ghamaMDamAM rAcatI AvI che. temane aneka vAra jItI levAmAM AvyA, dAbI devAmAM AvyA tathA gulAma paNa banAvavAmAM AvyA. aMgrejI bhASAnI keTalIka sauthI suMdara ane hRdayadrAvaka kavitAo yahUdIonAM gIte ane rudanakAvya che. e badhAM gIte ane rudanakAbe bAIbalanA pramANita anuvAdamAM ApavAmAM AvelAM che. huM dhAruM chuM ke mULa hibru bhASAmAM paNa e kAvya eTalAM ja athavA kahe ke adhika suMdara haze. bAIbalanA jUnA karAramAMthI eka bhajananI mAtra thoDI lITIo huM ahIM utArIza: "he jhina, amane tAruM smaraNa thayuM tyAre bebilona nadInA taTa upara besIne ame AMsu sAryA. amArI sAraMgIo te ame tyAM ja jhADa upara laTakAvI dIdhI. kema ke, amane baMdIvAna karIne laI janArAoe, ame zekamAM DUkhyA hatA tyAre amane kahyuM, kaI madhura gIta gAo jhinanuM koI gIta amane gAI saMbhaLAvo. amArA prabhunuM gIta, kaI parAyA mulakamAM ame kevI rIte gAIe ? jerusalema ! tane huM bhUluM to mArA jamaNA hAthanuM kauzala samULa naSTa thAo. tane je huM bhUlI jAuM to, mArI ji mArA tALavAne coMTI jAo: mArA AnaMdamAM, jerusalema tane prathama sthAna na Ape te khasUsa ema ja thAo." Akhare yahUdIo AkhI duniyAmAM ThekaThekANe vIkharAI gayA. temane pitAnuM vatana ke rASTra nahetuM ane teo jyAM jyAM gayA tyAM tyAM aNunetaya ane aniSTa paradezIo tarIke temanA pratye vartAva dAkhavavAmAM AvyuM. bIjAone teo dUSita na kare eTalA mATe zaheramAM temane bIjA badhAothI judA ane temane mATe khAsa mukarara karavAmAM AvelA alaga sthAnamAM rahevAnI temane pharaja pADavAmAM AvatI. temane vasavAnAM A sthAnane "gheTanA nAmathI oLakhavAmAM AvatAM keTalIka vAra te bIjAothI judo paDI Ave e khAsa prakArane paheraveza paheravAnI paNa temane pharaja pADavAmAM AvatI hatI. temanuM

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pelesTAIna ane TrAnsajana 1193 apamAna karavAmAM AvatuM, temane gALo devAmAM AvatI, temane pADavAmAM AvatA tema ja temanI katala paNa karavAmAM AvatI. khuda yahUdI zabda kaMjUsa ane lohI cUsanAra zAhUkArane vAcaka tema ja gALavAcaka banI gaye. ane A badhAnI sAme e addabhuta leke TakI rahyA eTaluM ja nahi paNa temaNe pitAnI jAtinI tema ja saMskRtinI viziSTatAo jALavI rAkhI, samRddhi meLavI tema ja aneka mahApuruSo pedA karyA. vijJAna, rAjakAraNa, sAhitya, zarAphI tema ja vepArarojagAra vagere kSetramAM teo agrasthAna bhogave che. ane moTAmAM moTA samAjavAdI tathA sAmyavAdIo paNa yahUdIo ja hatA. paraMtu meTA bhAganA yahUdIo te garIba che. pUrva yuropanAM zaheromAM temanI moTI vastI che ane tyAM AgaLa temanI vakhatevakhata katala karavAmAM Ave che. vatana ke rASTra vinAnA A leko - khAsa karIne temanAmAMnA garIba leke - kadI paNa prAcIna jerusalemanAM svapnAM sevatA aTakyA nathI; temanI kalpanAmAM e zahera vAstavamAM kadIye hatuM tenA karatAM atizaya bhavya ane mahAna dekhAya che. jerUsalemane teo jhina eTale ke eka prakAranuM svarga kahe che ane kriyenijhama e temane jerusalema tema ja pelesTAIna tarapha niraMtara AkarSate e bhUtakALane sAda che. 19mI sadInA aMtamAM, A jhinisTa caLavaLe dhIme dhIme vasAhatI caLavaLanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM ane saMkhyAbaMdha yahUdIo pelesTAInamAM jaIne vasyA. hibrU bhASAne punaruddhAra paNa zarU thayo. mahAyuddha daramyAna briTiza lazkare pelesTAIna upara caDAI karI ane e sainya jerusaleme tarapha kUca karI rahyuM hatuM te vakhate eTale ke 1917nI sAlanA navembara mAsamAM briTiza sarakAre eka jAherAta karI. e jAherAta bAlphara jAherAta tarIke oLakhAya che. briTiza sarakAre evuM jAhera karyuM ke pelesTAInamAM "yahUdIonuM rASTra" sthApavAno te irade che. duniyAbharanA yahUdIonI zubhecchA saMpAdana karavA mATe A jAherAta karavAmAM AvI hatI ane nANAM meLavavAnI dRSTie e bahu mahattvanI hatI. yahUdIoe e jAherAta saharSa vadhAvI lIdhI paraMtu emAM eka UNapa hatI; eka mahattvanI bInA tarapha emAM durlakSa karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. pelesTAIne e nirjana araNya ke verAna raNa nahotuM. e kyAranuMye bIjA lekenuM rASTra banI gayuM hatuM. eTale ke, kharI rIte briTiza sarakAre pelesTAInamAM vasatA lokone bhege a, udAra valaNa darzAvyuM hatuM. AthI, Araba, bina-Araba, musalamAna, khristI vagere tyAM vasatA sau lekee, sAcuM kahetAM yahUdIo sivAyanA badhA le kee dharma ke kemanA bhedabhAva vinA A jAherAta sAme prabaLa virodha uThAvyA. vAstavamAM e Arthika prazna hate. e lokone lAgyuM ke, temanI pAchaLa rahelI akhUTa dhanadolata sahita yudadIo temanI dareka pravRttimAM temanI sAthe harIphAImAM

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1194 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Utaraze ane dezanA Arthika svAmI banI jaze; yahUdIo temanA moMmAMthI riTale tema ja kheDUto pAsethI jamIna paDAvI leze e temane Dara lAge. tyAra pachIne pelesTAInano ItihAsa e Araba ane yahUdIo vaccenA jhaghaDAone ItihAsa che. emAM briTiza sarakAra prasaMga anusAra kaI vAra yahUdIono te kaI vAra ArabaMne pakSa karatI, paraMtu ekaMdare jotAM te yahUdIone Teko ApatI. parAdhIna briTiza vasAhatanI peThe e deza pratye vartAva rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. khristIo tema ja yahUdI sivAyanA bIjA lekenA TekAthI Arabe AtmanirNaya ane pUrNa svataMtratAnI mAgaNI kare che. "menDeTa"nI sAme tema ja navA AvatA vasAhatIo sAme temaNe sakhata vAMdho uThAvyA che temanuM kahevuM evuM che ke, have vasavATa mATe tyAM avakAza rahyo nathI. jema jema navA yahUdI vasAhatIo tyAM AvatA gayA tema tema temane bhaya ane kriodha vadhatAM gayAM. temaNe (Araboe) jaNAvyuM ke, "jhinijhama e te briTiza sAmrAjyavAdane maLati che. javAbadAra jhinisTa AgevAne hamezAM e vastu upara bhAra mUktA AvyA che ke, baLavAna "yahUdI rASTra" e hiMda jatA mArganuM rakSaNa karavAmAM aMgrejone bhAre madadarUpa nIvaDaze; kema ke e ArabanI rASTrIya AkAMkSAone sAmane karanAruM baLa thaI paDaze." kevI aNadhArI jagyAoe hiMdustAna phUTI nIkaLe che! ArabanI pariSade briTiza sarakAra sAthe asahakAra karavAne tathA aMgrejo cha rahyA hatA te dhArAsabhAnI cUMTaNune bahiSkAra karavAno nirNaya karyo. e bahiSkAra bahu ja saphaLa nIvaDyo ane dhArAsabhA UbhI karI zakAI nahi. * amuka prakArane asahakAra ghaNAM varaso sudhI cAlu rahyo, pachIthI te amuka - aMze zithila thaye ane keTalAka leke e aMgrejone thoDA pramANamAM sahakAra Ape. Ama chatAMye, aMgrejo cUMTAyelI dhArAsabhA te na ja UbhI karI zakyA ane hAI kamizanara sarvasattAdhIza sulatAnanI peThe tyAM zAsana karavA lAge. 1928nI sAlamAM ArabanA judA judA pakSe Araba pariSadamAM pharI pAchA ekatra thayA ane temaNe "pitAnA janmasiddha hakaka tarIke" lekazAhI tathA dhArAsabhA dvArA cAlatI baMdhAraNIya sarakAranI mAgaNI karI. A uparAMta temaNe daDhatApUrvaka jaNuvyuM ke, "pelesTAInanA leke AjanI Apakhuda sAMsthAnika sarakAra calAvI laI zake ema nathI tema ja teo tene calAvI lenAra paNa nathI." rASTravAdanA A navA mojAnuM eka jANavA jevuM lakSaNa e hatuM ke emAM Arthika prazna upara vizeSa bhAra mUkavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. sAcI paristhitinI samaja uttarottara vadhatI jAya che e vastu e hamezAM sUcave che. 1929nA oNgasTa mAsamAM yahUdIo ane Arabe vacce moTuM ramakhANa phATI nIkaLyuM. yahUdIonI dinapratidina vadhatI jatI saMpatti tathA

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pelesTAIna ane TrAnsajana 115 saMkhyAne kAraNe ArabamAM vadhatI jatI kaDavAzanI ane bhayanI lAgaNI tathA Arabe taraphathI karavAmAM AvatI svataMtratAnI mAgaNIne yahUdIo taraphathI thata virodha e baLavAnuM sAcuM kAraNa hatuM. paraMtu enuM tAtkAlika kAraNuM te eka dIvAla hatI. e "radananI dIvAla" tarIke oLakhAtI hatI. e hIreDanA maMdiranI AsapAsanI prAcIna dIvAlane eka bhAga che ane yahUdIo tene pitAnA jAherajalAlInA kALanuM smAraka gaNe che. pAchaLathI tyAM AgaLa eka masjida bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI ane e dIvAla te ImAratane eka bhAga banI gaI. yahUdIo A dIvAla pAse prArthanA kare che tathA tyAM AgaLa besIne moTe avAje temanAM rUdanagIta gAya che, ethI karIne ene "rudananI dIvAla' kahevAmAM Ave che. pitAnI eka sauthI mazahUra masjida AgaLa Ama karavAmAM Ave tenI sAme musalamAnone bhAre virodha che. ramakhANe dabAvI dIdhA pachI paNa bIjI rIte temanI vaccenI laDAI cAlu ja rahI. ane AzcaryanI vAta te e che ke, emAM pelesTAInanAM khristI cane Araone saMpUrNa Teke hate. A rIte meTI meTI haDatAle tathA dekhAvomAM musalamAna tathA khristIo e baMnee bhAga lIdhe. strIoe paNa emAM AgaLa paDate bhAga lIdhe. A hakIkata batAvI Ape che ke kharI rIte e dhArmika nahi paNa tyAMnA jUnA rahevAsIo ane navA AvanArAo vacce Arthika jhaghaDe hate. menDeTa'nI javAbadArI adA karavAmAM ane khAsa karIne 1929nAM ramakhANe aTakAvavAmAM niSphaLa nIvaDavA mATe prajAsaMghe pelesTAInanA briTiza vahIvaTanI AkarI TIkA karI. Ama, pelesTAIna vAstavamAM eka briTiza vasAhata ja banI gayuM che. paraMtu keTalIka bAbatamAM te te pUrepUrI rIte vasAhata che ema paNa na kahI zakAya. ane aMgrejo yahUdIone ArabonI sAme laDAvIne A sthiti kAyama rAkhI rahyA che. tyAM AgaLa saMkhyAbaMdha briTiza amaladAro che ane badhI moTI meTI jagyAo temaNe rokI lIdhI che. ArabanI keLavaNIne mATe tIvra utkaMThA hovA chatAM briTananA tAbAne bIjA mulakanI peThe e bAbatamAM tyAM kazuMye karavAmAM AvyuM nathI. yahUdIo te sAdhanasaMpanna hovAne kAraNe temaNe pitAne mATe sArI sArI zALAo tathA kaoNleje sthApI che. yahUdIonI vasatI ArabanI vasatI karatAM cethA bhAganI te kyAranIye thaI cUkI che ane temanI Arthika tAkAta te ghaNI vadhAre che. pelesTAInamAM prabhutva dharAvatI kema te thaI paDe e divasanI teo rAha joI rahyA che. pelesTAInanI svataMtratA tathA tene mATe lokazAhI sarakAra prApta karavA mATenI laDatamAM temane sahakAra meLavavAnI koziza Araee karI hatI paraMtu yahUdIoe temanA e AmaMtraNane dhutkArI

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119 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kADhayuM hatuM. zAsana karatI videzI sattAne pakSa levAnuM temaNe pasaMda karyuM ane e rIte vadhumatIne svataMtratAthI vaMcita rAkhavAnA kAryamAM temaNe tene madada karI. vastusthiti Ama hevAthI, pradhAnapaNe ArabanI paNa jemAM khristIone paNa samAveza thAya che evI A vadhumatI yahUdIonA e valaNane tIvrapaNe dhikkAre emAM kazuM Azcarya nathI. TrAnsa-jana. pelesTAInane aDIne jorDana nadInI pelI pAra AveluM eka bIjuM rAjya che.. e. rAjya mahAyuddha pachI UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. tene TrAnsa-jaoNrDana kahevAmAM Ave che. raNanI aDoaDa Avela sIriyA ane arabastAna vaccene e eka nAnakaDe pradeza che. e rAjyanI kula vastI lagabhaga traNa lAkhanI che ane e AjanA madhyama kadanA zaheranI vastI jeTalI paNa bhAgye ja gaNAya! briTiza sarakAra ene pelesTAIna sAthe joDI daI zakata paraMtu sAmrAjyavAdI nIti ekatra karavA karatAM bhAgalA pADavAnuM vadhu pasaMda kare che. hiMda javAnA jamIna tema ja havAI mArgonA pagathiyA tarIke e rAjya mahatvanuM che. raNa ane phaLadrupa pradeza vacce AveluM e eka mahattvanuM sarahadI rAjya che ane pazcima tarapha samudra sudhI e pahoMceluM che. e rAjya bahu nAnuM che kharuM paraMtu enI paDezanA meTA dezamAM banAvanI paraMparA banavA pAmI hatI te ja kramathI temAM paNa banAvo banyA hatA. tyAM AgaLa paNa prajAkIya dhArAsabhAnI mAgaNI karavAmAM Ave che paraMtu tene macaka ApavAmAM AvatI nathI, briTiza virodhI dekhAvo thAya che ane te dAbI devAmAM Ave che, khabaraniyamana cAlu che, AgevAnone dezapAra karavAmAM Ave che. sarakAranAM pagalAMone bahiSkAra karavAmAM Ave che vagere vagere. aMgrejoe caturAIpUrvaka hejAjhanA bAdazAha husenanA bIjA putra tathA phejhalanA bhAI amIra abdullAne TrAnsa-jorDanane rAjA banAvyuM. te kazIye sattA vinAne pUtaLA samAna zAsaka che ane saMpUrNapaNe aMgrejonA aMkuza nIce che. paraMtu prajAthI aMgrejone aNuchatA rAkhavA mATe eka paDadA tarIke te upayogI che. tyAM je kaMI bane che tene ghaNakhare deSa tene mAthe DhoLavAmAM Ave che ane prajAmAM te atizaya akAre thaI paDyo che. abdullAnA amala nIcenuM TrAnsa-jaina vAstavamAM ApaNuM nAnAM nAnAM dezI rAjyane ghaNe aMze maLatuM Ave che. siddhAMtanI dRSTie te eka svataMtra rAjya che. paraMtu 1928nI sAlamAM abdullA ane aMgrejonI vacce thayelI saMdhi mujaba lazkarI tema ja bIjA aneka prakAranA adhikAre IMgleMDane ApavAmAM AvelA che. vAstavamAM e rIte TrAnsa-oNrDana briTiza sAmrAjyane eka bhAga banI jAya che. briTiza lekenI

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paeNlesTAIna ane TrAnsa-jADana 1197 chatrachAyA nIce phAlatAphUlatA navA prakAranA svAtaMtryanuM nAnA pAyA upara e eka khIjAM dRSTAMta che. A sadhi tema ja tyAM pravartatI paristhiti pratye tyAMnA musalamAna tathA khristIo atizaya kaDavAzathI potAne roSa darzAve che. sadhi virodhI caLavaLane dAkhI devAmAM AvI eTaluM ja nahi paNa tene TekA ApanArAM chApAMo sAme paNa manAI hukamA kADhavAmAM AvyA tathA huM upara kahI gayA chuM te pramANe tenA AgevAnane dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA. ethI karIne tyAM AgaLa virAdhanI lAgaNI vadhI gaI ane eka rASTrIya pariSadanI beThaka maLI, e pariSade eka rASTrIya karAra ' pasAra karyAM ane aMgrejo sAthe thayelI saMdhine vakhoDI kADhI. navI cUMTaNI mATe matadAronuM patraka banAvavAmAM AvyuM tyAre prajAnA ghaNA meTA bhAge tene bahiSkAra karyAM. paraMtu abdullA ane aMgrejoe maLIne sadhi maMjUra rAkhavAno dekhAva karavAne mATe game tema karIne potAnA gheADAka TekAdArA zodhI kADhyA. C z 1929nI sAlamAM paeNlesTAInamAM musIbata UbhI thavA pAmI tyAre TrAnsajAnamAM aMgrejo ane bAlpha jAherAta sAme pracaMDa dekhAvA thayA. judA judA dezamAM banelA banAvA viSe huM tane laMbANathI lakhatA jA paraMtu emAM ekanI eka ja vastunuM punarAvartana thatuM lAge che. ApaNe potapotAnA dezamAM ema mAnavAne prerAIe chIe ke pratyeka rASTranA viziSTa praznonA alaga alaga vicAra karavA joi e. paraMtu jagadravyApI baLA, pUnA badhAye dezomAM jAgrata thatI jatI rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA tathA tene sAmane karavA mATe sAmrAjya taraphathI ajamAvavAmAM AvatI tenI te rItA vagere praznonA vicAra karavA e enA karatAM vizeSa jarUrI che. e vastu tuM barAbara samaje eTalA mATe huM punarAvartana karuM chuM. rASTravAdano vikAsa thAya che tathA te AgaLa vadhe che tyAre sAmrAjyavAdI rItamAM saheja pheraphAra thavA pAme che. upara uparathI lekAne rIjhavavAnA prayAsa karavAmAM Ave che tema ja bahAranA dekhAva pUratu namatuM ApavAnA DeLa paNa karavAmAM Ave che. daramyAna, bhinna bhinna dezomAM A rASTrIya laDatanI pragati thatI jAya che tema tema te dareka dezamAM sAmAjika laData athavA judA judA vage++ vaccenA kalahu vadhAre spaSTa thatA jAya che ane DyUDala tathA keTaleka aMze soMpatti dharAvanArA vargI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAnA pakSamAM vadhu ne vadhu bhaLatA jAya che. noMdha (AkaTobara 1938) : paeNlesTAInamAM Araba rASTravAdI, yahUdI jhiyenijhama ane briTiza sAmrAjyavAda e traNa vaccenA jhaghaDA cAlu rahyo che ane te dinapratidina vadhu ne vadhu ugra thate gayA che. jarmanImAM nAjhIone vijaya thavAthI madhya yuropamAMthI saMkhyAbaMdha yahUdIone hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA ane ene pariNAme

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1298 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pelesTAInamAM yahUdIonuM dabANa vadhavA pAmyuM. ethI Arabene Dara vaLI vadhAre majabUta banyuM. temane lAgyuM ke, Ama te vasAhatI yahUdIonA pUramAM teo DUbI javAnA ane pelesTAInamAM yahUdIonuM prabhutva thaI javAnuM. Araba enI sAme laDyA ane keTalAkae te trAsavAdI pravRttione Azare lIdhe. pAchaLathI keTalAka uddAma jhinisToe paNuM e ja rIta akhatyAra karIne ene badale vALe. 1936nA eprila mAsamAM pelesTAInanA Araboe sArvatrika haDatALa pADI. ene dAbI devAne mATe briTiza sattAvALAoe lazkarI baLa vAparyuM ane bhAre damana karyuM chatAMye te haDatAla lagabhaga cha mAsa sudhI cAlu rahI. nAjhIonI aTakAyatanI chAvaNuo jevI aneka chAvaNIo tyAM thaI gaI e prayatnamAM niSphaLatA maLatAM briTiza sarakAre pelesTAInanA mAmalAmAM tapAsa karavA mATe zAhI kamizana nImyu. kamizane jaNAvyuM ke, menDeTa niSphaLa nIvaDyo che ane e choDI devo joIe. tathA pelesTAInane traNa bhAgamAM vaheMcI nAkhavuM joIe. moTe bhAge ArabanA niyamana nIce rahe, dariyAkAMThAne lagate nA bhAga yahUdIonA niyamana nIce rahe tathA jerasalema sahitane trIjo bhAga briTizanA sIdhA niyamana nIce rahe. A bhAgalAnI janAne saue virodha karyo. Arabe tema ja yahUdIo e baMnene e yojanA mAnya nahatI paraMtu moTA bhAganA yahUdIo tene amala karavAne taiyAra hatA. paraMtu Arabo te enA tarapha najara karavA paNa mAgatA nahatA ane temane rASTrIya sAmane prabaLa bane. chellA thoDA mAsa daramyAna te eNe briTiza hakUmatane tIvra virodha karanArI rASTravyApI laDatanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM che. dhIme dhIme pelesTAInane mATe pradeza rASTravAdI ArabenA hAthamAM Avate game che ane tyAM AgaLa briTiza hakUmatane sthAne temanI hakUmata thaI che. dezane pharIthI jItI levAne mATe briTiza sarakAre navuM sainya mokalyuM che ane tyAM AgaLa trAsa ane bhayabhItatAnuM sAmrAjya pravartI rahyuM che. | durbhAgye Abee sArI peThe trAsavAdane Azare lIdhe. keTaleka aMze Araba sAme yahUdIoe paNa ema ja karyuM. briTiza sarakAre tyAM AgaLa saMhAra ane khunAmarakInI niSphara nIti ajamAvI ane hajI paNa te e ja nIti ajamAvI rahI che. e rIte teNe svAtaMtrya mATenI laData kacarI nAkhavAno prayatna karyo. AyarlenDamAM "bleka enDa TaeNna'nA amala daramyAna je rIte ajamAvavAmAM AvI hatI tenA karatAM paNa bUrI rIte pelesTAInamAM ajamAvavAmAM Ave che ane kaDaka khabaraniyamana e badhuM bAkInI duniyAthI chupAvI rAkhe che. Ama chatAMye je kaMI khabaro AvavA pAme che te atizaya mAThI che. hamaNAM ja mArA vAMcavAmAM

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pelesTAIna ane TrAnsanA 119 AvyuM che ke, "zaka paDatA" Arabone briTiza lazkara kAMTALA tAranI vADanI aMdara khIcokhIca pUrI detuM. lazkarI mANaso ene leDhAnAM pAMjarAM kahetA ane evA dareka "pAMjarAmAM pa0thI 400 kedIone pUrI devAmAM AvatA. e kedIonAM sagAMsaMbaMdhIo temane kharekhara pAMjarAmAM pUrelAM prANIonI piThe ja bahArathI khAvAnuM ApatAM. | daramyAna, samagra Araba duniyAmAM enI sAme bhAre krodhanI lAgaNI bhabhUkI UThI che tathA potAnA svAtaMtrya mATe laDatI prajAne Ama pAzavI rIte kacarI nAkhavAnI koziza karavAmAM Ave che tenI pUrvanA dezonA musalamAne tathA bina-musalamAne upara bhAre asara thavA pAmI che. Araboe bUrAM ane atyAcArI kRtya karyA che e kharuM, paraMtu tattvataH teo svAtaMtrya mATe mUkI rahyA che ane briTiza sAmrAjyanI sattA temane krUrapaNe dabAvI rahI che. Araba ane yahUdI e be pIDita prajAo ekabIjInI sAme athaDAmaNamAM Ave e eka karaNa ghaTanA che. yuropamAM teo bhISaNa yAtanAo veThI rahyA che tene mATe yahUdIo pratye ApaNe saue sahAnubhUti rAkhavI joIe. saMkhyAbaMdha yahUdIo tyAM AgaLa gharabAra vinAnA ane rakhaDatA thaI gayA che ane koIpaNa deza temane saMgharavA mAgatuM nathI. pelesTAIna tarapha teo AkarSAya e ApaNe samajI zakIe chIe. e vastu paNa sAcI che ke, yahUdI vasAhatIoe dezane sudhAryo che, tyAM AgaLa hunnaraudyoge dAkhala karyA che tema ja jIvananuM dhAraNa paNa UMcuM karyuM che. paraMtu sAthe sAthe ApaNe e paNa lakSamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke, pelesTAIna e mukhyatve karIne Araba deza che ane te Araba deza ja rahevo joIe tema ja temanA pitAnA ja vatanamAM Arabane kacarI nAkhavA ke dabAvavA na joIe. svataMtra pelesTAInamAM, ekabIjAnAM vAjabI hita upara AkramaNa karyA vinA e baMne prajAo paraspara sahakAra karI zake ema che tema ja dezanI unnati sAdhavAmAM paNa te baMne phALo ApI zake ema che. pelesTAIna, durbhAgye hiMdustAna tema ja pUrvanA dezomAM javAnA dariyAI tathA havAI mArgo upara AveluM hovAthI aMgrejonI sAmrAjyavAdI yojanAomAM enuM bhAre mahattva che ane e janAne AgaLa dhapAvavA mATe Araba tema ja yahUdIo e baMnene hathiyAra banAvavAmAM Ave che. enuM bhAvI anizcita che. bhAgalAnI jUnI yejanAne paDatI mUkavAmAM Ave e saMbhava che ane yahUdIonA svataMtra pradezane samAveza thAya evuM ArabonuM vizALa samavAyataMtra sthApavAnI vAte thavA lAgI che. pelesTAInanA Arabano rASTravAda karI zakAya ema nathI tema ja sAmrAjyavAdane dUra karIne Araba cahUdIonA sahakAranI sthira pAyA upara ja dezanuM bhAvi ghaDI zakAya ema che e nirvivAda che.

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168. Adhunika arabastAna 3 jUna, 1933 " Araba deze viSe hamaNAM huM tane lakhI rahyo chuM. paNa arabI bhASA tema ja saMskRtinA ugamasthAna tathA islAmanI mAtRbhUmi arabastAna viSe hajI sudhI meM kazuMye kahyuM nathI. Araba sabhyatAnuM e udbhavasthAna che e kharuM paraMtu te pachAta ane madhyakAlIna ja rahyuM che tathA Adhunika sabhyatAnI kasoTI anusAra misara, sIriyA, pelesTAIna tathA IrAka vagere tenA paDozI Araba deze tenAthI ghaNuM AgaLa vadhI gayA che. arabastAna e bahu vizALa deza che ane enuM kSetraphaLa hiMdustAnanA kSetraphaLa karatAM be tRtIyAMza jeTaluM che. ane Ama chatAM enI vastI cALIza ke pacAsa lAkhanI eTale ke hiMdanI vasatInA sittaramA ke eMzImA bhAga jeTalI che. A uparathI e spaSTa rIte jaNAya che ke tyAM AgaLa vasatI bahu ja ochI che. arabastAnane moTo bhAga raNu che ane ethI ja bhUtakALamAM te lebhI sAhasakhoronI najaramAMthI bacI gayuM tathA A badalAtA jatA jagatamAM relave, tAra, Teliphena tema ja evI ja bIjI Adhunika vastuo vinAnuM madhyayuganA avazeSa samuM rahevA pAmyuM che. meTe bhAge rakhaDu gopa ToLIo tyAM vasatI hatI. temane bAunI kahevAmAM AvatA hatA. raNanI retImAM teo pitAnAM jhaDapI UMTe -"raNanAM vahANe" - tathA pitAnA jagamazahUra arabI ghoDAo upara besIne pravAsa karatA hatA. teo meTAM meTAM kuTuMbamAM rahIne jIvana gujAratA hatA ane kuTuMbanA vaDIlanI AjJAne AdhIna rahetA hatA. chellAM hajAra varasa daramyAna temanA evA prakAranA jIvanamAM nahi je ja pheraphAra thavA pAmyo hato. mahAyuddhe bIjI aneka bAbatamAM pheraphAra karI nAkhyA te ja pramANe teNe temanI e avasthAmAM paNa pheraphAra karI nAkhyo. | nakazAmAM jeze te tene mAlUma paDaze ke, arabastAnane vizALa dvIpakalpa rAtA samudra ane IrAnanA akhAtanI vacce AveluM che. enI dakSiNe arabI samudra AveluM che ane uttare pelesTAIna, TrAnsa-jaina ane sIriyAnuM raNa AveluM che tathA uttara-pUrvamAM IrAkanI hariyALI ane phaLadrupa khINa AvelI che. pazcime rAtA samudrane aDIne hajAjhane pradeza AveluM che. e pradeza islAmanuM ugamasthAna che ane makkA tathA madInAnAM pavitra zahere temAM AvelAM che. jeddAhanuM baMdara paNuM tyAM ja AveluM che. dara varase haja karavA janArA hajAre yAtrALuo e baMdare Utare che ane tyAMthI makkA jAya che. arabastAnanA madhya bhAgamAM Avela ane pUrvamAM IrAnanA akhAta sudhI phelAyeluM najada pradeza che. hajAjha ane najada e arabastAnanA be mukhya bhAge che. dakSiNa

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Adhunika amastAna 1201 pazcimamAM yamana AveluM che, ene rAmanAnA samayathI arebiyA phelikasa ' eTale ke bhAgyazALI arabastAna tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM, kema ke bAkInA arabastAnane je verAna raNa che -- mukAbale te atizaya phaLadrupa hatuM. ethI e pradezamAM gIca vasatI heya e ApaNe samajI zakIe chIe. arabastAnanI cheka dakSiNa-pazcima aNI upara eDana AveluM che. e briTananA tAbAmAM che. pUrvathI pazcima tarapha AvatAMjatAM vahANAne visAme levA mATenuM e baMdara che. - mahAyuddha pahelAM lagabhaga AkhA deza turkInA aMkuza nIce hatA athavA kahe ke turkInuM Adhipatya te mAnya rAkhato hato. paraMtu najadamAM amIra ibna sAuda dhIme dhIme svataMtra zAsaka banatA jatA hatA tema ja navA navA pradeza jItatA jItatA te IrAnanA akhAta sudhI prasarato jatA hato. mahAyuddha pahelAMnAM varasAmAM A banyuM hatuM. ibna sAuda vahAkhI nAmanA eka islAmI saMpradAyane vaDA hato. 18mI sadImAM abdula vahAba nAmanA eka puruSe e patha sthApyA hatA. vAstavamAM e khristIonI pyUrITana caLavaLane maLatI islAmanI sudhAraNAnI caLavaLa hatI. kabaro tema ja pavitra puruSonA avazeSonI pUjAnA rUpamAM muslima janatAmAM sata-pUjA tema ja bIjI aneka vidhie pracalita thaI hatI tene vahAkhI virAdha karatA hatA. sa MtAnI pratimAo tathA avazeSonI pUjA karanArA romana kaeNthalika saMpradAyanA lakAne yuropanA pyUrITane mUrti pUjako kahetA hatA te ja rIte vahAbIe e badhAMne bhutaparastI kahetA hatA. Ama, rAjakIya harIphAI uparAMta, vahAbIo ane arabastAnanA khIjA saMpradAyA vacce dhArmi ka jhaghaDA paNa hatA. mahAyuddha daramyAna arabastAna briTiza kAvAdAvA tathA prapa MconuM kendra banI gayuM ane judA judA Araba saradArone Arthika madadanA rUpamAM tathA lAMca ApavAmAM iMgleMDa tathA hiMdanAM nANAM meAkale hAthe vaparAyAM. temane tareha tarehanAM vacane ApavAmAM AvyAM tathA turkI sAme baLavA karavAne temane uzkeravAmAM AvyA. keTalIka vAra to ekakhIjA sAme laDatA ane harIpha saradArone nANAMnI madada ApavAmAM AvatI hatI ! aMgrejo makkAnA zarIka husena mAraphate ArAnA baLavA karAvavAmAM saphaLa thayA. husenanuM mahattva e hatuM ke te pegaMbara sAhebane vaza ja hatA ane e rIte lekAmAM ene mATe bhAre mAna hatuM. aMgrejoe husenane saMyukta arabastAnanuM rAjya ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM hatuM. ibna sAda vadhAre catura hatA. aMgrejo pAse teNe potAne svataMtra rAjA tarIke mAnya karAvyeA tathA temanI pAsethI mAsika lagabhaga sittara hajAra rUpiyAnI rakamane svIkAra karyAM ane badalAmAM taTastha rahevAnuM temane vacana ApyuM. Ama, jyAre .bIjA laDatA` hatA tyAre teNe potAnI sthiti

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1202 . jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna majabUta ane sabaLa banAvI. e karavAmAM teNe kaIMka aMze briTizanA sAnAnI mahda paNa lIdhI. te vakhatanA khalIph turkInA sulatAna sAme baLavA pokAravA mATe zarIka husena islAmI deze tema ja hiMdustAnamAM akArA thatA jatA hatA. ibna sAude taTastha rahIne badalAtI jatI paristhitine pUrepUrA lAbha uThAvyeA ane dhIme dhIme islAmanA zaktizALI puruSa tarIkenI potAnI nAmanA jamAvI. dakSiNamAM yamana hatuM. yamananA imAma athavA rAjyakartA AkhAye mahAyuddha daramyAna turkAne vaphAdAra rahyo hato. paraMtu laDAInAM kSetrathI te bahu dUra hatA eTale te jhAjhuM karI zake ema nahetuM. turkInA parAjaya pachI te svataMtra thaI gayA, yamana hajI paNa svataMtra rAjya che. mahAyuddha pUruM thatAM sudhImAM iMgleMDanuM prabhutva arabastAnamAM jAmI gayuM ane te husena tathA ibna sAudane potAnAM hathiyAra tarIke vAparavA lAgyuM. paraMtu ibna sAuda vadhAre catura nIvaDyo ane te potAne durupayoga thavA de ema nahatuM. zarI husenanA kuTuMbanI ekAeka bhAre unnati thaI kema ke tenI pAchaLa aMgrejonA sainyanuM pIThabaLa hatuM. husena pote hejAjhanA bAdazAha banyo; tene eka putra phaijhala sIriyAnA rAjakartA thayA tathA tenA khIjA putra abdullAne agrejoe navA UbhA karelA nAnakaDA rAjya TrAnsAnane zAsaka banAvyA. paraMtu tenI e unnati cAra divasanI cAMdanI hatI, kema ke ApaNe joI gayAM tema phaijhalane phreMcoe sIriyAmAMthI hAMkI kADhayo ane ibna sAudanA AgaLa vadhatA jatA vahAkhI AgaLa husenanI bAdazAhI naSTa thaI. krIthI bekAra banelA phaijhalane agrejoe irAkanA rAjA banAvyo ane te potAnA AzrayadAtAonI maherabAnIthI tyAM AgaLa rAja karI rahyo che. husenanI hejAjhanI TUMka samayanI bAdazAhI daramyAna aMgArAnI tu dhArAsabhAe 1924nI sAlamAM khilAphata rada karI. have khalIph rahyo nahoto eTale bhAre hiMmata vAparIne husena khalInI khAlI paDelI gAdI upara caDI kheThe ane teNe islAmanA khalIka tarIke potAnI jAherAta karI. ibna sAurdU, potAno lAga AvelA joI ne, ArakhAnA rASTravAda tema ja musalamAnonA AMtararASTrIyavAdane uddezIne husenanI sAme hAkala karI. khilAphata pacAvI pADanArA mahattvAkAMkSI husenanI sAme islAmanA hiteSI tarIke te khaDA thayA ane sAvacetIbharyAM pracAranI sahAyathI khIjA dezonA musalamAnanI zubhecchA teNe prApta karI. hiMdustAnanI khilAphata samitie paNa tene potAnI zubhecchAnA saMdezA mAkalyA. pavana kaI dizAmAM vAya che e joI ne tathA je dheDAnI teo tarapheNa karatA hatA te harIphAImAM jIte ema nathI enI pratIti thavAthI a Mgrejoe husena taraphano potAnA Teke kheMcI lIdhA. tene ApavAmAM AvatI

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Adhunika arabastAna 1203 Arthika madada paNa baMdha karI devAmAM AvI ane jene moTAM meTAM vacana ApavAmAM AvyAM hatAM te bIcArA husenane AgaLa vadhatA jatA baLavAna zatrunI sAme asahAya ane lAcAra sthitimAM choDI devAmAM AvyuM. thoDA ja mahinAomAM, 1924nA ekabara mAsamAM, vahAbIo makkAmAM dAkhala thayA ane pitAnI zuddha dhArmika mAnyatA anusAra tyAMnI keTalIka kabarane temaNe nAza karyo. e kabarane nAza karavAmAM Avyo tethI muslima dezomAM bhAre khaLabhaLATa mace ane hiMdustAnamAM paNa enI sAme virodhanI lAgaNI pedA thaI. bIje varase madInA tema ja jeddAha Ibna sAudane hAtha gayAM ane husenanA kuTuMbane hejAjhamAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyuM. 1926nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM Ibna sAude hajAjhanA bAdazAha tarIke potAnI jAherAta karI. pitAnI navI sthiti majabUta banAvavA tathA itara dezanA musalamAnonI zubhecchA jALavI rAkhavA 1926nI sAlanA jUna mAsamAM teNe makakAmAM duniyAbharanA musalamAnonI eka pariSada bolAvI. emAM teNe bIjA dezanA musalamAna pratinidhione AmaMtraNa ApyuM. tene khalIpha banavAnI IcchA nahotI e spaSTa hatuM. vaLI te vahAbI saMpradAyane hevAne kAraNe, moTA bhAganA musalamAne, kaI paNa saMjogomAM ene khalIpha tarIke mAnya rAkhe ema nahotuM. jenI rASTravidhI tema ja Apakhuda kArakirdInuM ApaNe avakana karI gayAM chIe te misarane rAjA phAuda khalIpha banavAne ati utsuka hatA, paraMtu koIpaNa - khuda misaranA leke paNa - tene khalIpha tarIke kabUla rAkhe ema nahotuM. potAnA parAjaya pachI husene pote dhAraNa karelI khilAphatane tyAga karyo. - makakAmAM bharAyelI islAmI pariSade kaI paNa mahatvano nirNaya na karyo. saMbhava che ke evI apekSA paNa enI pAsethI rAkhavAmAM AvI na hoya. e te ibna sAudanI pitAnI sthiti, khAsa karIne, paradezI sattAo AgaLa majabUta banAvavAnI eka tarakIba hatI. khilAphata samitinA hiMdanA pratinidhio - mane lAge che ke maulAnA mahamadaalI paNa emAMnA eka hatA - pariSadathI nirAza thaIne ane Ibna sAuda upara kaMdhe bharAIne pAchA pharyA. paraMtu enI tenA upara kazIye asara thaI nahi. jyAre tene tenI jarUra hatI tyAre teNe hiMdanI khilAphata samitine upayoga karI lIdhuM hatuM ane have tene tenI sahAnubhUtinI garaja rahI nahotI. ibna sAuda have yamana sivAyanA lagabhaga AkhA dezane svAmI bane. yamana hajI svataMtra rAjya che ane tenA upara jUnA imAmanI hakUmata cAle che. paraMtu dakSiNa-pazcimane e khUNe bAda karatAM ibna sAuda AkhAye arabastAnane adhipati hatuM ane teNe najadanA rAjAne ilakAba dhAraNa karyo. A rIte te bevaDa rAjA banya; hejAjhane rAjA ane nandano rAjA. videzI

Page #537
1204 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sattAoe tene svataMtra rAjA tarIke mAnya karyo ane tenA mulakamAM misaramAM hajI paNa kAyama che tevA koI paNa prakAranA khAsa hakko paradezIone ApavAmAM AvyA nathI. sAce ja, teo tyAM AgaLa dArU ke evAM bIjAM kephI pINAM sudhdhAM laI zakatA nathI. ibda sAuda eka sipAI ane laDavaiyA tarIke saphaLa thayuM hatuM. have teNe pitAnA dezane Adhunika sthitimAM lAvavAnuM vadhAre muzkela kArya upADayuM. kuLa-vyavasthA upara athavA vaDIlanI AjJA anusAra cAlatA saMyukta kuTuMbanA pAyA upara racAyelA samAjanI avasthAmAMthI tene ekadama Adhunika duniyAmAM chalaMga mAravAnI hatI. tenA A kAryamAM paNa Ibna sAudane sArI peThe saphaLatA maLI hoya ema jaNAya che ane e rIte te dIrdhadaza rAjapuruSa paNa che ema teNe duniyA samakSa puravAra karI batAvyuM che. AMtarika arAjakatA dAbI devAmAM ene prathama saphaLatA maLI. thoDA ja vakhatamAM teNe vaNajAranA tema ja yAtrAnA mArge salAmata banAvI dIdhA. e eka bhAre vijaya hatuM ane te vakhata sudhI mArgamAM jemane lUMTArAone sAmano karavo paDate hate evA saMkhyAbaMdha yAtrIoe svAbhAvika rIte ja enI sArI peThe kadara bUcha.. ethI vizeSa noMdhapAtra saphaLatA te ene bhaTakatA gopa bAunIone TharIThAma thaIne eka ThekANe vasatA karavAmAM maLI. hajAjha jItavA pahelAM ja badAunIone TharIThAma thaIne vasatA karavAnuM kArya teNe AraMvyuM hatuM ane e rIte teNe Adhunika rAjyane pAye nAkhe. caMcaLa, rakhaDu ane svataMtratAne cAhanArA e badArUnIone sthira thaIne vasatA karavAnuM kAma saheluM nahotuM. paraMtu Igna sAudane emAM ghaNe aMze saphaLatA maLI che. rAjyavahIvaTamAM paNa aneka sudhArA karavAmAM AvyA che ane eroplena, moTara, Teliphena tema ja Adhunika sabhyatAnAM bIjAM aneka cine tyAM AgaLa dekhAvA lAgyAM che. dhIme dhIme paNa acUkapaNe hajAjha Adhunika deza banatA jAya che. paraMtu madhya yugamAMthI ekadama vartamAna samayamAM kUdake mAravAnuM kAma saheluM nathI ane lekenI mAnyatAo badalavAnuM kArya sauthI vadhAre vasamuM che. A navI pragati tathA navA pheraphAre ghaNuM Arabane pasaMda nahatA. pazcimanAM navAM yaMtro, temanAM eMjine, meTara ane eraplenene teo zetAnanI zedha tarIke lekhe che. A badhA pheraphAronI sAme e Araboe virodha uThAvyA ane 1929nI sAlamAM temaNe ibna sAuda sAme baLavo paNa karyo. Ibda sAude temane kuneha ane dAkhalAdalIlothI manAvI levAno prayatna karyo ane e rIte ghaNAkharAne pitAnA pakSanA karI levAmAM te saphaLa thaye. paraMtu keTalAka Abee pitAne baLo cAlu rAkhyuM ane temane Igna sAude harAvyA.

Page #538
Adhunika aastAna 205 pachIthI ibna sAudane khIjI eka muzkelInA sAmanA karavA paDyo, paraMtu e muzkelIne te AkhI duniyAne mukAbale karavA paDyo hatA. 1930nI sAla pachI satra vepAramAM bhAre maMdI AvI gaI che. pazcimanA mahAna audyogika dezAne ethI karIne sauthI vadhAre sAsavuM paDayu ane tenI vadhAre sajjaDa thatI jatI pakaDamAM hajI te taraphaDiyAM mArI rahyA che. arabastAnane duniyAnA vepAra sAthe jhAjho sabaMdha nathI. paraMtu e maMdInI tenA upara bIjI ja rIte asara thaI. ibna sAudanI mahesUlanuM mukhya sAdhana prativa AvanArA yAtrALuo taraphathI thatI Avaka hatuM. dara varase lagabhaga eka lAkha yAtrALuo paradezathI haja karavAne makkA AvatA hatA. 1930nI sAlamAM temanI saMkhyA ghaTIne ekadama cALIsa hajAranI thaI gaI ane pachInAM varasAmAM e saMkhyA uttarAttara ghaTatI ja gaI che. ene pariNAme rAjyanuM Akhuye Arthika taMtra UMdhuM vaLI gayuM ane arabastAnanA ghaNA bhAgomAM lokA bhAre musIbatamAM AvI paDyA. nANAMnI taMgIe ibna sAudanA mArgomAM aneka rIte muzkelIo UbhI karI che ane sudhArAnI tenI keTalIye yeAjanA aTakI paDI che. paradezIne teNe kazIye chUTachATa ApI nahi kema ke dezanI sAdhanasAmagrInA upayoga paradezI kare tene lIdhe dezamAM paradezIonI lAgavaga vadhavA pAme evA tene Dara hatA. ane tene e Dara sAcA hatA. kema ke ene lIdhe paradezanI dakhalagIrI zarU thAya ane pariNAme dezanuM svAtaMtrya ochuM thavA pAme. tenA Dara bilakula vAjakhI hato, kema ke parAdhIna vasAhatI (kAleniyala) dezane veThavAM paDatAM badhAMye aniSTa A prakAranA paradezIonA zeSaNamAMthI pedA thayAM che. svataMtratA vinAnI amuka aMze pragati tema ja sa MpattinA karatAM svataMtratA ane garIbAI ibna sAude vadhu pasaMda karyAM. paraMtu vepAramAM AvelI madInA dabANane kAraNe ibna sAudane potAnI nItimAM theADeAka pheraphAra karavA paDayo ane paradezIone teNe thoDI chUTachATA ApavA mAMDI. paraMtu Ama chatAMye, teNe potAnI svataMtratA salAmata rAkhavAnI pUrepUrI sAvacetI rAkhI, ane ene mATe teNe zaratA nakkI karI. atyAre mAtra paradezanA musalamAnAnAM maDaLane chUTachATa ApavAmAM Ave che. A rIte, jeddAhathI makkA sudhInI relave bAMdhavA mATe hiMdanA mUDIdAra musalamAnane pahelavahelI chUTa ApavAmAM AvI che. arabastAnane mATe A relave eka mahA mATI vastu che, kema ke vArSika yAtrAmAM eNe krAMti karI nAkhI che. ethI yAtrALuone lAbha thAya che eTalu ja nahi pazu ArAnA dRSTibiMdune Adhunika banAvavAmAM paNu e mATe kALA Ape che. -4

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana arabastAnamAM atyAre majUda che evI eka relave viSe meM tane AgalA patramAM kahyuM hatuM. e hejAjha relave che ane te madInAne sIriyAmAM alape AgaLa bagadAda relave sAthe joDe che. arebiyA phelasa" eTale ke bhAgyazALI arabastAna tarIke oLakhAtA arabastAnanI dakSiNa-pazcimamAM AvelA yamanane A patranI zarUAtamAM ullekha karyo hate. vAstavamAM, lagabhaga IrAnanA akhAta sudhI phelAyelA dakSiNa arabastAnanA moTA bhAgane e nAma lAgu pADavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. paraMtu e AkhA bhAgane e nAma ApavuM e bilakula anucita che, kema ke te te verAna raNa che. bhUtakALamAM enI barAbara jANa na hoya ane ene lIdhe e bhUla thavA pAmI hoya e saMbhavita che. cheka hamaNuM sudhI e ajJAta pradeza hate. zodhakhoLa karIne jemane nakaze nahete banAvavAmAM Avyo evAM pRthvInI sapATI uparanAM, je gaNyAMgAMdhyAM sthAne hatAM temAMnuM e eka hatuM. 169 irAka ane havAI baeNbamArAnI nItimattA 7 jUna, 1933 have ApaNane eka Araba dezanuM avalokana karavAnuM bAkI rahe che. e IrAka athavA mesopoTemiyA - taigrIsa ane yukreTIsa nadI vacce Avele samRddha ane phaLadrupa deza, prAcIna kathAo, arebiyana nAITsa, bagadAda tathA hAruna ala razIdanI bhUmi, e IrAna tathA arabastAnanA raNanI vacce AveluM che. dakSiNamAM tenuM mukhya baMdara basarA che. te IrAnanA akhAtathI saheja dUra nadI upara AveluM che. uttare e tukanI sarahadane sparze che. irAka ane tuka khurdonA mulaka khurdIstAnamAM bhegAM thAya che. meTA bhAganA khurda lekeno hAla turkImAM samAveza thAya che. turkI sAme svataMtratA mATenI temanI laData viSe huM tane kahI gaye chuM. paraMtu irAkamAM paNa khurdonI ThIka ThIka vasatI che ane te tyAMnI eka mahattvanI laghumatI kema che. tuka ane iMglaMDa vacce lAMbA vakhata sudhI jhaghaDAnA mULa samAna banI raheluM mesala A irAkanA uttara khurda pradezamAM AveluM che; ene artha e ke te aMgrejonA kAbU nIce che. mesalanI pAse ja sIriyana lekAnAM prAcIna nagara ninevAnAM khaMDiyera che. bIjA keTalAka dezonI jema IrAka mATe paNa iMglaMDane prajAsaMgha taraphathI "menDeTa' maLe che. prajAsaMghanI paragaju bhASAmAM menDeTa' eTale prajAsaMdha taraphathI seMpavAmAM AveluM "pavitra TrasTa'. enI pAchaLano Azaya e hatuM ke, jene mATe "menDeTa" ApavAmAM Avyo hato te pradezanA

Page #540
irAka ane havAI boMbamArAnI nItimattA leka pUratA pramANamAM AgaLa vadhelA tema ja pitAnAM hita sAcavI zakavAnI sthitimAM nahotA eTalA mATe mahAna sattAoe temane e kAryamAM madada karavI. A te keTalIka gAya ane haraNonuM rakSaNa karavAne arthe vAghanI nimaNUka karavA jevuM thayuM. e "meDeTo" lAgatIvaLagatI prajAonI IcchA anusAra ApavAmAM AvatA hatA, ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. turkonI dhUMsarImAMthI mukta thayelA pazcima eziyAnA dezonA menDeTe" iMglaMDa tathA phrAMsane maLyA. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM tema e be dezonI sarakAre jAhera karyuM ke, "e prajAone saMpUrNapaNe ane cokkasa rIte mukta karavI. . . . . ane temanI svataMtra pasaMdagI ane nirNaya dvArA sthAnika vasatI pAsethI pitapatAnI sattA prApta karanAra sarakAre ane vahIvaTI taMtra sthApavAM" e amAruM eka mAtra dhyeya che. e udAtta dhyeya pAra pADavAne sIriyA, pelesTAIna ane TrAnsajorDanamAM chellAM bAra tera varasa daramyAna zuM zuM karavAmAM AvyuM te ApaNe TUMkamAM joI gayAM chIe. e dezamAM baMDe, asahakAra tathA bahiSkAra vagere vAraMvAra thavA pAmyAM. e prasaMgoe, goLIbArathI temane ThAra karIne, temanA AgevAnane dezapAra karIne, temanAM chApAMonuM damana karIne, temanAM nagare tathA gAmone nAza karIne tema ja vAraMvAra lazkarI kAyade jAhera karIne e prajAonI "svataMtra pasaMdagI tathA nirNaya"ne uttejana ApavAmAM AvyuM. e banAvomAM asAmAnya ke navuM kazuM ja nathI. itihAsa kALanA AraMbhathI ja sAmrAjyavAdI sattAo hiMsAkharI, saMhAra ane atyAcArane Azare letI AvI che. sAmrAjyanA Adhunika prakAranuM navuM lakSaNa e che ke te "TrasTIpaNuM', "janatAnuM hita', "pachAta prajAone sva-zAsananI tAlIma ApavI," vagere ane evA bIjA rUpALA ane AkarSaka zabda dvArA pitAnAM atyAcAra tathA zeSaNa . chupAvavAno prayatna kare che. teo leke upara goLI calAve che, temanI katala kare che tathA temanuM satyAnAza vALe che - A badhuM kevaLa jAna gumAvanAra lekenA bhalAne khAtara ja karavAmAM Ave che ! A daMbha kadAca pragatinuM cina lekhAtuM haze, kema ke e daMbhanI pAchaLa saNanI kadara rahelI che ane te e batAve che ke satya racatuM nathI tethI tene uparyukta mIThAmadhurA ane bhrAmaka zabdomAM sajAvIne e rIte tene chupAvavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu kANu jANe zAthI A sAdhutApradarzaka daMbha te nagna satya karatAM atizaya bUro lAge che. have ApaNe, tyAMnA lekenI IcchAne irAkamAM kevI rIte amala karavAmAM A tathA briTiza menDeTa" nIce e dezane svataMtratAnI dizAmAM kevI rIte AgaLa dhapAvavAmAM AvyuM te joIe. mahAyuddha daramyAna irAka athavA mesemiyAne -- tyAre e deza mesemiyA tarIke oLakhAtuM hatuM - aMgrejoe tuka sAme yuddha laDavAnuM kSetra banAvyuM hatuM. e dezane briTiza tathA

Page #541
1208 - jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hiMdI lazkarathI khIcakhIca bharI devAmAM AvyuM. 1916nI sAlanA eprila mAsamAM aMgrejonI tyAM AgaLa bhAre hAra thaI e vakhate kutala-amArA AgaLa janarala TAunazeDanI saradArI nIcenA briTiza sainyane turkane zaraNe javuM paDayuM. mesemiyAnA saMgrAmamAM sarvatra bhAre avyavasthA hatI ane temAM bhAre khuvArI thavA pAmI tathA hiMdI sarakAra ene mATe ghaNe aMze javAbadAra hatI tethI tenI binaAvaData ane mUrkhAI paratve AkarI TIkAo thaI Ama chatAMye Akhare te aMgrejonI akhUTa sAdhanasAmagrInI phateha thaI ane temaNe turkone uttara tarapha hAMkI kADhyA tathA bagadAda sara karyuM ane pachIthI lagabhaga mesala sudhI pahoMcI gayA. mahAyuddhanA aMtamAM AkhuMye IrAka aMgrejonA lazkarI kabajA nIce AvI gayuM. irAkane mATe IMglaMDane menDeTa ApavAmAM Avyo tenI pahelavahelI asara 1920nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM jaNAI menDeTanI sAme tyAM AgaLa bhAre virodha uThAvavAmAM Avya, virodhamAMthI hullaDe thayAM ane hullaDomAMthI baLave phATI nIkaLe ane te dezabharamAM phelAI gaye. e eka AzcaryakAraka ane vicitra bInA che ke 1920nI sAlanA pUrvArdhamAM turka, misara, sIriyA, pelesTAIna tema ja irAka ane IrAna vagere dezomAM lagabhaga ekI vakhate khaLabhaLATa ane ramakhANa thavA pAmyAM. e arasAmAM hiMdustAnamAM paNa asahakAranuM vAtAvaraNa pedA thaI rahyuM hatuM. Akhare, irAkane baLa maTe bhAge hiMdanA sainyanI madadathI dAbI devAmAM Avyo. hiMdI lazkara ghaNuM lAMbA samayathI A hIna kArya karatuM AvyuM che ane ene kAraNe madhya pUrvanA deze tathA anyatra ApaNo deza sArI peThe akAre thaI paDyo che. irAkane baLa aMgrejoe kaMIka aMze baLathI ane kaMIka aMze bhaviSyamAM svataMtratA ApavAnI khAtarI ApIne zamAvyA. temaNe Araba pradhAnavALI eka kAmacalAu sarakAra sthApI. paraMtu e dareka pradhAnanI pAchaLa eka briTiza salAhakAra mUkavAmAM AvyuM ane kharI sattA tenA hAthamAM ja hatI. paraMtu A narama valaNanA ane nAmanA pradhAne paNa aMgrejone AkarA lAgyA ane teo temane pasaMda na paDyA. irAka saMpUrNapaNe temanA kahevA pramANe cAle evuM aMgrejone joItuM hatuM ane keTalAka pradhAne ema karavAne taiyAra nahatA. AthI 1921nA eprila mAsamAM saiyada talIba zAha nAmanA sauthI kAryadakSa ane AgaLa paDatA pradhAnane pakaDIne aMgrejoe dezapAra karyo. A rIte, dezane svataMtratAne mATe taiyAra karavAnI dizAmAM bIjuM pagaluM bharavAmAM AvyuM. 1921nA unALAmAM aMgrejo hajAjhanA husenanA putra phejhalane laI AvyA ane irAkavAsIone temaNe temanA bhAvI rAjA tarIke tene bheTa Ape. tane yAda haze ke, iMgenA humalA pahelAM jaijhalanuM sIriyAnuM

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irAka ane havAI boMbamArAnI nItimattA 1209 sAhasa niSphaLa nIvaDyuM hatuM eTale e vakhate te bekAra banyuM hatuM. te aMgrejone vaphAdAra mitra hatA ane mahAyuddha daramyAna tuka sAme Araba baLa jagAvavAmAM teNe AgaLa paDato bhAga lIdhela hatuM. AthI aMgrejonI janA pAra pADavAmAM sthAnika pradhAne atyAra sudhI nIvaDyA hatA tenA karatAM te vadhAre anukULa nIvaDe evo saMbhava hatuM. prajAkIya dhArAsabhAvALI baMdhAraNIya sarakAra sthApavAmAM Ave e zarate dhanika madhyama varganA leke tathA bIjA AgevAna puruSo phejhalane rAjA tarIke mAnya rAkhavA saMmata thayA, paraMtu e bAbatamAM pasaMdagI mATe temane jhAjho avakAza nahato. temane te sAcI dhArAsabhA joItI hatI ane phajhala game te bhoge rAjA thavA mAgato hato eTale temaNe e mATe dhArAsabhAnI zarata mUkI. emAM AmajanatAnI saMmati nahatI levAmAM AvI. A rIte, 1921nA oNgasTa mAsamAM phrejhala IrAkane rAjA banyA. paraMtu e rIte irAkanA koyaDAne ukela nahote Avate. kema ke, IrAkavAsIo te briTiza menDeTanI bilakula viruddha hatA ane temane te pUrNa svataMtratA ane tyAra pachI itara Araba deze sAthe ekya joItuM hatuM. ene mATenI hilacAla ane dekhAvo karavAnuM cAlu ja rahyuM ane 1922nA oNgasTa mAsamAM paristhiti kaTokaTIe pahoMcI. pachIthI briTiza sattAvALAoe irAkavAsIone svataMtratAne eka vadhu pATha bhaNAvyo. tyAMnA briTiza hAI kamizanara sara parsa kaukase rAjAnI (te e vakhate bImAra hatA.) sattA tema ja pradhAnamaMDaLa tathA IrAkane ApavAmAM AvelI dhArAsabhAnI sattA rada karI ane sarakAranI saghaLI sattA pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhI. vAstavamAM te sarvasattAdhIza saramukhatyAra banI beThe ane pitAnI marajI mujaba hakUmata calAvavA lAge. briTiza lazkaranI ane khAsa karIne briTiza havAI daLanI madadathI teNe ramakhANe dAbI dIdhAM. je vastu hiMdustAna, misara, sIriyA vagere dezomAM ApaNuM jovAmAM AvI che te ja vastunuM ceDAghaNuM pheraphAro sAthe irAkamAM punarAvartana karavAmAM AvyuM. rASTravAdI chApAMone baMdha karI devAmAM AvyAM, rAjakIya pakSane vikherI nAkhavAmAM AvyA, AgevAnone dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA ane briTiza eroplenee beMba dvArA briTiza sAmrAjyanI sattA kAyama karI. paraMtu A rIte paNa irAkanA koyaDAne niveDe na AvyuM. thaDA mAsa pachI sara pasa kaukase rAjA tathA pradhAnane kArya karavAnI upara uparathI chUTa ApI ane briTana sAthenI saMdhimAM temanI saMmati laI lIdhI. irAkane te svataMtra karaze tathA tene prajAsaMghanuM sabhya banAvaze evI IMglaDe tene pharIthI khAtarI ApI. A badhAM mIThAM madhurAM ane AzvAsana ApanArAM vacana pAchaLa rahelI nakkara hakIkata A hatI. briTiza amaladAre athavA te IMglaDe

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karava jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pasaMda karelA mANusA mAraphate irAkanA rAjyavahIvaTa calAvavAnuM irAkanI sarakAra pAse kabUla karAvavAmAM AvyuM. 1922nI sAlanI A saMdhi prajAnI jANa ahAra ane tene uvekhIne karavAmAM AvI hatI ane prajAe tene vakhADI kADhI. prajAe jaNAvI dIdhuM ke AraonI sarakAra e te kAbAjI che ane sAcI sattA tA hajI briTiza leAkAnA hAthamAM ja rahI che. dezanuM bhAvI rAjabaMdhAraNa dhaDavAne mATe leAkapratinidhi sabhA melAvavAmAM AvI hatI tenI cUMTaNInA ahiSkAra karavAnuM tyAMnA AgevAnAe nakkI karyuM. A bahiSkAra saphaLa thayA ane leAkapratinidhi sabhA maLI zakI nahi. karaverA ugharAvavAmAM muzkelI UbhI thavA pAmI ane hullaDa thayAM. i lagabhaga eka varasa eTale ke 1923nI AkhI sAla daramyAna A musIbate cAlu ja rahI. Akhare, saMdhimAM irAkanI tarapheNanA keTalAka pheraphAro karavAmAM AvyA ane keTalAka AgaLa paDatA caLavaLiyAne dezapAra karavAmAM AvyA. have caLavaLa nama paDI ane 1924nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM lokapratinidhi sabhA mATenI cUMTaNI thaI zakI. e lokapratinidhi sabhAe paNa saMdhinA virAdha karyAM. aMgrejoe tenA upara bhAre dabANa karyuM. ane Akhare trIjA bhAganA karatAM theADA sabhyoe tene ma MjUra karI; meATA bhAganA sabhyo e beThakamAM hAjara paNa naheAtA rahyA. - lokapratinidhi sabhAe irAkanuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa ghaDI kADhayuM ane kAgaLa upara teA te rUpALu dekhAtu hatu. emAM ema jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM ke irAka e baMdhAraNIya ane vaMzaparaMparAgata rAjAzAhIvALu ane pAmenTa athavA dhArAsabhA dvArA cAlatuM svataMtra ane svAyatta rAjya che. paraMtu dhArAsabhAnA e gRhamAMthI ekanI -- seneTanI -- nimaNUka karavAnI sattA rAjAne ApavAmAM AvI hatI. Ama rAjAnA hAthamAM bhAre sattA hatI ane tenI pAchaLa mahattvanAM sthAne rokIne beThelA briTiza amaladAro hatA. 1925nA mArca mAsamAM A rAjyabaMdhAraNa amalamAM mukAyuM ane thADAM varasa sudhI navI dhArAsabhAe potAnu kArya cAlu rAkhyuM. paraMtu menDeTa sAmenA virodha tA cAlu ja rahyo. meAsalanI bAbatamAM iMgleMDa ane turkInI vacce UbhA thayelA jhaghaDA tarapha laoNkAnu dhyAna sArI peThe kendrita thayuM kema ke e pradeza mATe dAve karanArAomAM irAka paNa eka hatuM. iMgleMDa, irAka ane tu vaccenI saMyukta saMdhi dvArA 1926nI sAlanA jUna mAsamAM e jhadhaDAne chevaTe niveDA lAvavAmAM Avyo. meAsala irAkane maLyuM, ane khuda irAka ja briTiza sAmrAjyavAdanI chAyA nIce hatuM eTale aMgrejonAM hitA paNa surakSita banyAM. 1930nA jUnamAM briTana ane irAka vacce maitrInI navI saMdhi thaI. phrI pAchI, irAkanI AMtarika tema ja paradezane lagatI bAbatamAM saMpUrNa svataMtratA O

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irAka ane havAI boMbamArAnI nItimattA 1211 mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvI. paraMtu temAM rAkhavAmAM AvelI salAmatIo tema ja apavAde tenI e svataMtratAne burakhA nIce DhaMkAyelI parAdhInatAmAM pheravI nAkhe evAM hatAM. hiMda jatA mArgone, athavA saMdhinA zabdomAM kahIe te briTananAM "avarajavaranAM mahattvanAM sAdhanane" surakSita rAkhavA mATe irAke igleMDane havAI mathake bAMdhavA mATe jagyA ApavI. briTana mesalamAM tema ja anyatra lazkara paNa rAkhe. lazkarane tAlIma ApavA mATe irAke mAtra briTiza zikSake ja rAkhavA tema ja irAkanA lazkaramAM briTiza amaladAroe salAhakAra tarIke pharaja bajAvavI. hathiyAra, dArUgeLe ane eroplene vagere iMgleMDa pAsethI ja kharIdavAmAM Ave. yuddha phATI nIkaLe te prasaMge duzmana sAme laDAyaka taiyArI karavA mATe irAke iMglaMDane hareka prakAranI sagavaDa ApavI. Ama, mesalanI AsapAsanA lazkarI mahattvanA pradezamAMthI IgleMDa tuka ane IrAna upara athavA AjharabAIjanamAMnAM raziyana soviyeTe upara sahelAIthI tUTI paDI zake. A saMdhi pachI 1971nI sAlamAM IrAka ane IMglenDa vacce nyAyane lagatI samajUtI thaI. e mujaba irAke nyAyane aMge eka aMgreja salAhakAra, eTale ke apIlanI korTane aMgreja pramukha tathA bagadAda, basarA, masala ane bIjA sthAne e nyAyane mATe aMgreja pramukha nImavAnuM kabUla karyuM A badhI jogavAIo uparAMta paNa meTA meTA heddAo upara aMgreja amaladAro che ema jaNAya che. AthI vAstavamAM A "svataMtra deza iMglaMDanI hakUmata nIce lagabhaga parAdhIna deza che ane 1930nI maitrInI saMdhi upara mujabanI sthiti pacIsa varasa sudhI kAyama rAkhe che. 19rapanA navA rAjyabaMdhAraNane mAnya rAkhyA pachI navI dhArAsabhA pitAnuM kArya karavA lAgI che e kharuM, paraMtu prajAne ethI jarAye saMtoSa thayuM nathI ane dezanA sarahada uparanA bhAgamAM vakhatovakhata ramakhANo thayA karatAM hatAM. khAsa karIne khurda pradezamAM te vAraMvAra ramakhANo thayA karatAM hatAM ane briTiza havAI daLe bebamAra karIne AkhA gAmanAM gAmane nAza karavAnI haLavI rItathI te dabAvI dIdhAM hatAM. 1930nI saMdhi pachI, IMgleMDanA Azraya nIce IrAkane prajAsaMghanuM sabhya banAvavAno prazna upasthita thaye. paraMtu dezamAM zAMti nahatI ane ramakhANe cAlu rahyAM hatAM. menDeTa dharAvanAra sattA iMglaMDa ke rAjA phaijhalanI mejUda sarakArane mATe e paristhiti zobhAspada nahotI, kema ke e baMDa IgleMDe tenA upara ThekI besADelI sarakArathI prajA saMtuSTa nahetI e vastunI sAbitIrUpa hatAM. A badhI vastuo prajAsaMdha samakSa rajU thAya e IcchavAjoga gaNavAmAM AvyuM nahi ane tethI e ramakhANone baLajabarI ane trAsathI dAbI devAne khAsa prayatna karavAmAM AvyuM. e hetu pAra pADavAne mATe briTiza havAI daLane upayoga karavAmAM AvyuM ane suleha

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1212 - jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana zAMti tathA vyavasthA sthApavAnA tenA e prayatnanuM kevuM pariNAma AvyuM tene kaMIka khyAla eka pratiSThita aMgreja amaladAranA varNana uparathI Avaze. raoNyala eziyana sosAyaTInA vArSika samAraMbhane aMgenuM vyAkhyAna ApatAM le. karnala sara ArnolDa vilsane ene ullekha karatAM jaNAvyuM keH "chellAM dasa varasathI ane khAsa karIne chellA cha mAsathI (janevAmAM temaNe karelI jAherAtonI kazIye paravA karyA vinA) te briTiza havAI daLa khuda vasatI upara makakamatApUrvaka ane lagAtAra bebamAra calAvI rahyuM che. tArAja thaI gayelAM gAmaDAMo, marAyelAM pazuo, apaMga thayelAM strI ane bALako, ityAdi 'TAImsa" patranA khAsa khabarapatrInA zabdomAM kahIe to, ekasarakhI sabhyatAnA phelAvAnI sAkSI pUre che" gAmanA leke ghaNI vAra nAsI chuTatA ane eroplene AvatAM bhALIne chupAI jatA tathA boMba paDIne temanA prANa le tyAM sudhI rAha jovA jeTalI ramatiyALa vRttinA teo nahotA e joIne navIna prakAranA - paDyA pachI amuka samaya vItyA bAda phUTe evA - bano upayoga karavAmAM Avyo. A zayatAniyatabharI yukti lekene chetarIne thApa ApavAne mATe yojavAmAM AvI hatI. ethI karIne, eroplene cAlyAM gayelAM joIne gAmanA leke pitapitAnAM jhUMpaDAomAM pAchA pharatA ane pheMkavAmAM AvelA baeNba phUTavAthI tene bhoga banatA. eno bhoga banIne maraNazaraNa thanArAo te pramANamAM bhAgyazALI hatA. paraMtu ethI karIne apaMga thanArAo, jemanA hAthapaga tUTI jatA tathA jemane gaMbhIra prakAranI IjA thatI evA le ke temanA karatAM atizaya hatabhAgI hatA kema ke A dUra dUranAM gAmomAM koI paNa prakAranI dAktarI madada maLatI nahotI. A rIte tyAM AgaLa sulehazAMti ane vyavasthA sthApavAmAM AvI ane iMglaMDanA Azraya nIce irAkanI sarakAra prajAsaMdha samakSa rajU thaI. IrAkane prajAsaMdhamAM sabhya tarIke dAkhala karavAmAM AvyuM. ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke, baeNbamAro calAvI calAvIne IrAkane prajAsaMghamAM dAkhala karavAmAM AvyuM che ane e vAta sAva sAcI che. IrAka prajAsaMdhanuM sabhya banavAthI tenA uparanA briTiza menDeTane aMta AvyuM. enuM sthAna tenI sAthe 1930nI sAlamAM karavAmAM AvelI saMdhie lIdhuM che ane temAM e deza upara aMgrejone asarakAraka aMkuza rahe evI jogavAI karavAmAM AvI che. A paristhiti pratye asaMtoSa cAlu ja che kema ke irAkanA leke pUrNa svataMtratA ane itara Araba prajAo sAthe akya mAge che. prajAsaMdhanA sabhya banavAmAM temane jhAjho rasa nathI, kema ke pUrvanA bIjA ghaNAkharA pIDita dezonI peThe te mAne che ke prajAsaMgha e te yuropanI sattAonA

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1313 irAka ane havAI babamArAnI nItimattA hAthamAM AveluM pitApitAnAM vasAhatI tema ja bIjA hita sAdhavA mATenuM eka hathiyAramAtra che.* Araba dezonuM avalekane ApaNe pUruM karyuM. teM joyuM haze ke mahAyuddha pachI hiMdustAna tema ja pUrvanA bIjA dezonI peThe e badhA dezomAM paNa rASTrIyatAnuM prabaLa mojuM pharI vaLyuM hatuM. jANe vIjaLIne pravAha eka vakhate e badhA dezamAM pharI vaLyuM na hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. akhatyAra karavAmAM AvelI samAna paddhati e temanuM bIjuM eka neMdhapAtra lakSaNa hatuM. ghaNuMkharA dezamAM prabaLa ramakhANa ane baMDa thavA pAmyAM paraMtu dhIme dhIme temaNe asahakAra ane bahiSkAranI nItine vadhu ne vadhu Azaro levA mAMDyo. rASTrIya mahAsabhAe mahAtmA gAMdhInI AgevAnI svIkArI tyAre eTale ke 1920nI sAlamAM sAmano karavAnI A navI rItanI pahela hiMdustAne karI e nirvivAda che. asahakAra tema ja dhArAsabhAone bahiSkAra karavAno khyAla hiMdamAMthI pUrvanA bIjA dezamAM prasaryo che. rASTranI svataMtratA meLavavAnI laDatanI e eka svIkRta rIta banI gaI che ane tene vAraMvAra upayoga karavAmAM Ave che. sAmrAjyavAdI aMkuza jamAvavA mATenI IMgleMDa ane phrAMsanI paddhati vaccenA eka jANavA jevA bheda tarapha mAre tAruM lakSa kheMcavuM joIe. iMglaDe pitAnA tAbA nIcenA badhAye dezomAM yUDala, jamInadAra, atizaya sthiticusta ane pachAta vargo sAthe akya karavA prayatna karyo che. hiMdustAna, misara tema ja anya dezomAM ApaNe e vastu joI gayAM chIe. pitAnA vasAhatI athavA tenA aMkuza nIcenA dezamAM teNe DagamagatI gAdIo UbhI karI ane tenA upara pratyAghAtI rAjAone besADI dIdhA. upara jaNAvelA vargo temane Teke Apaze enI tene pUrepUrI khAtarI hatI. A rIte teNe misaramAM phAuda, irAkamAM phaijhala, TrAnsa-jorDanamAM abdulAne rAjA tarIke mUkyA tathA hejAjhamAM zarIpha abadullAne mUkavAno prayAsa karyo. paraMtu kAMsa eka namUnedAra bUvA" deza hevAthI tenA tAbA nIcenA dezamAM te "bhUrgavAna eTale ke udaya pAmatA madhyama varganA amuka bhAgane Teke meLavavAne prayatna kare che. dAkhalA tarIke, sIriyAmAM teNe madhyamavarganA khristIone Teke meLavavA prayAsa karyo. paraMtu iMglaMDa tathA phAMsa e baMne bhAgalA pADIne tathA komI ane dhArmika laghumatIonA prazno UbhA karIne pitAnA tAbA nIcenA dezamAM temane sAmane karatA rASTravAdane durbaLa banAvavAnI nIti upara mukhyatve karIne AdhAra rAkhe che. paraMtu badhAye pUrvanA dezamAM rASTravAdanI bhAvanA dhIme dhIme e badhA bhedabhAvane * 1933nI sAlanA sapTembara mAsamAM rAjA phejhala maraNa pAmya ane tenI jagyAe tene putra gAjhI 1le gAdI upara AvyuM. te paNa 1939nI sAlamAM akasmAtathI maraNa pAmyA ane tenI jagyAe teno bALaka putra gAdIe Avyo che,

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1214 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana oLaMgI rahI che. khAsa karIne madhyapUrvanA Araba dezomAM te rASTravAda e bAbatamAM ghaNuM ja saphaLa thayA che ane tyAM saunI sahiyArI rASTrIyatAnA Adarza AgaLa dhArmika ane sAMpradAyika samUhe nabaLA paDatA jAya che. briTiza havAI daLanI IrAkanI pravRttio viSe huM tane upara kahI gaye. chellAM bAreka varasathI tenA ardhavasAhatI dezamAM jene "vyavasthA sAcavavAnuM kArya' kahevAmAM Ave che te karavA mATe eroplenane upayoga karavAnI briTiza sarakAranI cekakasa nIti thaI gaI che. jyAM AgaLa amuka pramANamAM sva-zAsana ApavAmAM AveluM che tathA jyAM AgaLa rAjyavahIvaTa moTe bhAge sthAnika leke dvArA calAvavAmAM Ave che evA dezomAM khAsa karIne e nIti akhatyAra karavAmAM Ave che. evA dezamAM have kabaje rAkhanAruM sigya nathI rAkhavAmAM AvatuM athavA kaho ke te bahu ochuM karI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. enA ghaNA phAyadA che. ethI nANune khUba bacAva thAya che ane deza lazkarI kabajA nIce che e hakIkata pramANamAM bahu ochI bahAra paDe che. Ama chatAye eraplene tathA khagoLAo dvArA teo paristhiti upara pitAne saMpUrNa kAbU rAkhI zake che. A rIte svataMtra pradezamAM roplenamAMthI karavAmAM AvatA baeNbamArAno upayoga ghaNuM vadhI gayuM che ane ghaNuMkarIne aMgrejo bIjI kaI paNa sattA karatAM e rItane ghaNuM vadhAre upayoga kare che. IrAka viSe te huM tane kahI gaye. hiMdanA sarahada prAMta viSe paNa enI e ja vAtanuM punarAvartana karI zakAya. tyAM AgaLa e prakArane baeNbamAre niyamita rIte ane vAraMvAra karavAmAM Ave che. lazkara moklavAnI pahelAMnI jUnI rIta karatAM e rIta bhale vadhAre seMghI tathA jhaDapI ane asarakAraka hoya paraMtu e atizaya phara ane bhISaNa rIta che. sAce ja, AkhAM gAmanAM gAme upara baeNba pheMkavA ane te paNa amuka samaya vItyA pachI phUTanArA beMba pheMkavA ane e rIte gunegAra tema ja nirdoSa lekIne eka sarakhI rIte nAza kare enA karatAM vadhAre hicakArA ane hevAniyatabharyA kRtyanI kalpanA karavI muzkela che. e rItathI bIjA deza upara caDAI karavAnuM kArya paNa atizaya sugama banI jAya che. AthI enI sAme bhAre pikAra UDyo che ane niHzastra nAgarika vasatI upara havAmAMthI humale karavAnI hevAniyata viruddha prajAsaMghanI jInIvAnI beThakamAM chaTAdAra vyAkhyAne karavAmAM Ave che. yunAiTeDa sTeTsa sahita badhAM rASTro AvA prakArane havAI baeNbamAro sadaMtara baMdha karavAnI tarapheNamAM hatAM. paraMtu vasAhatI dezamAM "vyavasthA sAcavavAne arthe 'eplenane upayoga karavAno haka anAmata rAkhavAne aMgrejoe Agraha pakaDyo. ene lIdhe prajAsaMdhamAM tema ja 1933nI sAlamAM bharAyelI zastrasaMnyAsa pariSadamAM paNa e bAbata upara samajUtI na thaI zakI.

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170. aphaghAnistAna ane eziyAnA anya deza 8 jUna, 1933 irAkanI pUrve IrAna ane IrAnanI pUrve aphaghAnistAna AveluM che. IrAna ane aphaghAnistAna e baMne hiMdustAnanA pADozI deze che; kema ke IrAnanI sarahada seMkaDo mAIla sudhI hiMdane (balucistAnamAM) aDelI che ane aphaghAnistAna tathA hiMdustAna balucistAnanI cheka pazcimanI aNIthI mAMDIne jyAM AgaLa hiMdustAna pitAnuM himAcchAdita mastaka madhya eziyAnA urapradeza upara TekavIne seviyeTa mulaka tarapha najara karI rahyuM che te uttaranA hiMdukuza pahADe sudhI eTale ke lagabhaga eka hajAra mAIla sudhI ekabIjAnI aDoaDa paDelA che. A traNe deze ekabIjAnA pADozIo che eTaluM ja nahi paNa temanI vacce jAti aMgenuM sAmya paNa che, kemake e badhAmAM prAcIna Arya jAtinuM prAdhAnya che. bhUtakALamAM temanI vacce sAMskRtika samAnatA paNa ghaNI hatI. cheka hamaNAM sudhI uttara hiMdamAM phArasI e vidvAnanI bhASA hatI ane Aje paNa te khAsa karIne musalamAnamAM pracalita che. aphaghAnistAnamAM rAjya darabAranI bhASA hajI paNa phArasI che. aphaghAnanI vyavahAranI bhASA pustu che. IrAna viSe AgaLanA patramAM huM tane kahI gaye temAM umero karavAnI mArI IcchA nathI. paraMtu aphaghAnistAnamAM tAjetaramAM banelA banAvo viSe mAre TUMkamAM ullekha karavo ghaTe. aphaghAneno ItihAsa e ghaNe aMze hiMdustAnanA itihAsane eka bhAga ja che. sAce ja, ghaNA lAMbA samaya sudhI aphaghAnistAna e hiMdustAnane eka bhAga ja hatuM. hiMdathI te juduM paDayuM tyArathI ane khAsa karIne chellAM se ke ethI kaMIka vadhAre varasothI aphaghAnistAna raziyA tathA , IMgleMDanAM be vizALa sAmrAjyanI vacce AveluM eka madhyavartI rAjya banI gayuM che. raziyana sAmrAjyano aMta Avyo che ane tenuM sthAna seviyeTanA saMyukta rAjya lIdhuM che paraMtu aphaghAnistAna hajIye madhyavartI rAjya tarIkeno pitAne pahelAno bhAga bhajave che. tyAM AgaLa aMgrejo tema ja raziyane kAvAdAvA tathA prapaMce khelI rahyA che ane tyAM potapotAnuM prabhutva jamAvavA mathI rahyA che. lakSmI sadI daramyAna A kAvAdAvAone pariNAme iMgleMDa ane aphaghAnistAna vacce vigraha thavA pAmyA. emAM aMgrejone bhAre khuvArI veThavI paDI paraMtu Akhare IMglaDe tyAM pitAnI sarasAI jamAvI. uttara hiMdamAM ThekaThekANe hajI paNa aTakAyatamAM rAkhavAmAM AvelA aphaghAna rAjakuLanA aneka mANu aphaghAnistAnamAM iMglaDe karelI dakhalagIrInuM ApaNane smaraNa karAve che. IMgleMDa tarapha mitratAbharyuM valaNa rAkhanArA amIra rAjyagAdI upara AvyA ane aphaghAnistAnanI paradezanIti cekakasapaNe briTananA aMkuza nIce AvI.

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1216 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana paraMtu A amIre cAhe eTalI maitrInI bhAvanA dAkhavatA hoya teye temanA upara saMpUrNapaNe vizvAsa rAkhI zakAya ema nahotuM eTale temane saMtuSTa tathA AdhIna rAkhavAne mATe aMgrejo taraphathI temane dara varase sArI sarakhI rakama bheTa ApavAmAM AvatI. amIra abdula rahemAna A prakArano zAsaka hatA ane teno lAMbo rAjya amala 1901nI sAlamAM pUro thayo. tenA pachI amIra habIbullA gAdI upara Avyo. tenuM valaNa paNa aMgrejo pratye mitratAbharyuM hatuM. aphaghAnistAna hiMdamAMnA aMgrejone AdhIna rahe che tenuM eka kAraNa te dezanI bhaugolika paristhiti che. nakazAmAM joze te tane jaNAze ke balucistAna ene samudrathI aLage pADe che. Ama, bIjA koInI jamInamAM thaIne gayA vinA dherI rastA upara na pahoMcI zakAya evA prakAranA gharanA jevI enI A sthiti hatI. e vikaTa sthiti che. tene mATe bahAranI duniyA sAthe saMbaMdha rAkhavAne sauthI sugama mArga hiMda mAraphate che. te samaye aphaghAnistAnanI uttare AvelA raziyana pradezamAM avarajavaranAM joIe tevAM sAdhano nahotAM. mane lAge che ke, relave bAMdhIne tathA vimAnI ane meTarane vyavahAra zarU karIne seviyeTa sarakAre tAjetaramAM e avarajavaranAM sAdhane khIlavyAM che. A rIte hiMdustAna e aphaghAnistAna mATe bahAranI duniyA sAthe vyavahAra rAkhavAnI bArI che. briTiza sarakAre aphaghAnistAna upara aneka prakAre dabANa lAvIne A hakIkatane lAbha uThAvyA che. samudra sudhI pahoMcavAnI aphaghAnistAnanI muzkelI e hajI paNa deza AgaLane eka mahattvane prazna rahyo che. 1919nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM aphaghAna rAjadarabAranA kAvAdAvA ane harIphAIo bahAra phUTI nIkaLyAM ane tyAM AgaLa TUMka samayamAM eka pachI eka ema be rAjamahelanI krAMtio thaI paDadA pAchaLa zuM banyuM hatuM tathA e pheraphArane mATe koNa javAbadAra hatuM tenI mane cokkasa khabara nathI. amIra habIbullAnuM khUna karavAmAM AvyuM ane tene bhAI nasarullA amIra banyo. paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM nasaralAne khaseDIne habIbullAnA eka nAnA putra amAnullAne amIra banAvavAmAM Avyo. gAdIe AvyA pachI tarata ja teNe 1919nI sAlanAme mAsamAM hiMda upara nAnakaDI caDAI karI. ema karavA mATenI tAtkAlika chaMcheDaNI zI hatI athavA emAM pahela koNe karI hatI tenI mane cokkasa khabara nathI. ghaNuMkarIne amAnullAne aMgrejonA saMbaMdhamAM koI paNa prakAranI AdhInatA pratye aNagame te ane te potAnA dezane saMpUrNapaNe svataMtra karavA cahAta hatuM. hAla paristhiti ene mATe anukULa che ema teNe mAnyuM hoya e paNa banavA joga che. tane yAda haze ke, e paMjAbamAM lazkarI kAyadAnA amalanA divase hatA. e vakhate hiMdabharamAM bhAre asaMtoSa phATI nIkaLyuM hatuM tathA khilAphatanA praznane aMge musalamAnamAM bhAre roSanI lAgaNI vyApI rahI hatI.

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aphaghAnistAna ane eziyAnA anya deze 157 enAM kAraNe tathA pralene game te he paraMtu aMgrejo sAthe aphaghAna vigraha phATI nIkaLyuM. paraMtu A yuddhane ApaNe kalpI paNa na zakIe eTalA TUMkA samayamAM aMta AvyuM ane temAM nahi jevI ja laDAI thavA pAmI. lazkarI dRSTie te hiMdamAMnA aMgrejo amAnullA karatAM bezaka ghaNu baLavAna hatA paraMtu temane laDavAnuM jarA paNa mana nahotuM. AthI najIvA banAvathI ja yuddha patI gayuM ane temaNe aphaghAne sAthe samajUtI karI. ene pariNAme aphaghAnistAnane saMpUrNapaNe svataMtra deza tarIke mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvyuM tathA paradeze sAthenA saMbaMdhenI bAbatamAM paNa tene saMpUrNa svataMtratA ApavAmAM AvI. A rIte amAnullAe pitAne udeza pAra pADyo ane yuropa tathA eziyAmAM sarvatra tenI pratiSThA vadhI gaI. aMgrejone ene mATe sAro abhiprAya na hoya e bilakula svAbhAvika che. pitAnA dezamAM teNe navI nItine amala zarU karyo tethI te duniyAnuM lakSa amAnullA tarapha vaLI vadhAre kheMcAvA lAgyuM. tenI e nIti pazcimanI paddhatie jhaDapI sudhArA karavAnI eTale ke aphaghAnistAnanuM "pazcimIkaraNa" karavAnI hatI. tenA e kAryamAM tenI patnI begama suraiyAe tene bhAre madada karI. teNe amuka aMze yurepamAM keLavaNI lIdhI hatI ane strIo paDadA pAchaLa bharAI rahe e vastu tene sAlatI hatI. A rIte eka atizaya pachAta dezane alpa samayamAM badalI nAkhavAnI, aphaghAnone temanI jUnI ghareDamAMthI bahAra kADhIne temane na mArge caDAvI AgaLa dhapAvavAnI AzcaryakAraka prakriyA zarU thaI. dekhItI rIte ja, mustaphA kamAla pAzA e amAnullAne Adarza hato ane teNe ghaNI bAbatamAM tenI nakala karavA mAMDI. te eTale sudhI ke, teNe aphaghAnone keTa pATalUna ane yuropiyana heTa paheratA karyA tathA temanI dADhI sudhdhAM mUMDAvI naMkhAvI. paraMtu amAnullAmAM kamAla pAzAnI daDhatA ke kAryadakSatA nahatI. pitAnA krAMtikArI sudhArAo karavAnuM kArya zarU karavA pahelAM teNe dezamAM tema ja AMtararASTrIya vyavahAramAM pitAnI sthiti saMpUrNapaNe salAmata karI lIdhI hatI. tene zistabaddha ane kasAyelA lazkaranuM pIThabaLa hatuM tema ja samagra prajAmAM tenI bhAre pratiSThA hatI. A badhI sAvacetI rAkhyA vinA amAnullA AgaLa vadhe. vaLI tenuM kArya vizeSe karIne kaparuM hatuM kema ke aphaghAne chellAmAM chellA turka karatAM paNa ghaNuM pachAta hatA. paraMtu bInA banI gayA pachI tene nyAya toLavAnuM bahu saheluM hoya che. tenA rAjyakALanAM AraMbhanAM varasamAM tenA sudhArAnAM badhAM kAryamAM te saphaLa thate dekhAtuM hatuM. teNe saMkhyAbaMdha aphaghAna chekarA chokarIone keLavaNI mATe yuropa mokalyAM. rAjyavahIvaTamAM paNa teNe ghaNuM sudhArA dAkhala karyA pitAnA pADozIo tathA turkI sAthe saMdhio karIne teNe tenI AMtararASTrIya

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118 - jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana paristhiti majabUta banAvI. soviyeTa raziyAe cInathI mAMDIne turka sudhInA pUrvanA badhAye deza tarapha IrAdApUrvaka udAratAbharI nIti akhatyAra karI hatI ane seviyeTanuM A mitrAcArIbharyuM valaNa tathA tenI madada turkI tathA irAnane videzIonA aMkuzamAMthI mukta thavAmAM bhAre sahAyarUpa nIvaDyAM hatAM. 1919nI sAlanA iMgleMDa sAthenA TUMkA vigrahamAM je sugamatAthI amAnullA pitAne hetu pAra pADI zakyo temAM paNa e vastue mahattvano phALo Apyo che jeIe. e pachInAM varase daramyAna seviyeTa raziyA, tuka, IrAna ane aphaghAnistAna e cAra sattAo vacce aneka saMdhio ane mitrAcArInA karAra thavA pAmyA. e badhI sattAo vacce athavA te emAMnI koI paNa traNa sattAo vacce eka sAthe saMdhi nahotI thaI. paNa dareka sattAe bAkInI traNa sattAo joDe lagabhaga eka ja prakAranI paNa alaga alaga saMdhi karI. A rIte madhyapUrvanA A badhA dezone majabUta banAvanArI saMdhionI eka sAMkaLa banI gaI. e saMdhionI temanI tArIkha sAthe mAtra eka yAdI huM ahIM ApIza? turka-aphaghAna saMdhi phebruArI 19, 1921 seviyeTa-turka saMdhi Disembara 17, 1925 turko-IrAna saMdhi eprila 22, 1926 seviyeTa-aphaghAna saMdhi ogasTa 31, 1926 seviyeTa-IrAna saMdhi okaTobara 1, 1927 IrAna-aphaghAna saMdhi navembara 28, 1927 A saMdhio soviyeTa mutsaddIgIrInI saphaLatA sUcavatI hatI ane madhya pUrvanA dezomAMnI iMglaMDanI lAgavaga upara e bhAre phaTakA samAna hatI. A kahevAnI bhAgye ja jarUra hoya ke briTiza sarakArane e saMdhionI sAme bhAre virodha hato ane khAsa karIne, soviyeTa raziyA sAthe amAnullAnI mitrI tathA tenA tarapha tenuM mamatAbharyuM valaNa te tene bilakula nApasaMda hatuM. 1928nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM amAnullA tathA tenI begama sureyA yuropanA eka meTA pravAsa mATe aphaghAnistAnathI ravAnA thayAM. rema, perisa, laMDana, barlina ane eske ItyAdi yuropanAM ghaNuM pATanagarenI temaNe mulAkAta lIdhI ane sarvatra temanuM bhAre sanmAna karavAmAM AvyuM. vepAra tema ja rAjakIya hetuone arthe e badhA dezo amAnullAnI sahAnubhUti meLavavA Atura hatA. tene kImatI bheTa paNa ApavAmAM AvI. paraMtu teNe te eka kuzaLa mutsaddIne zobhe evI caturAI batAvI ane koI paNa bAbatamAM te baMdhAI gaye nahi. pAchA pharatAM teNe tuTTI tema ja IrAnanI mulAkAta paNa lIdhI. enA lAMbA pravAsa tarapha ghaNuM lekenuM lakSa kheMcAyuM. teNe amAnullAnI pratiSThA vadhArI tema ja ethI karIne aphaghAnistAnanuM mahatva duniyAmAM ghaNuM

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aphaghAnistAna ane eziyAnA anya deze 1219 vadhI gayuM. paraMtu khuda aphaghAnistAnamAM paristhiti sateSakAraka nahatI. jIvananA jUnA vyavahArane dharamULathI badalI nAkhanArA bhAre pheraphAranI adhavaca pitAnA dezane cheDI javAmAM amAnullAe bhAre jokhama kheDayuM hatuM. kamAla pAzAe evuM jokhama kadI paNa kheDayuM nahotuM. dezamAMthI amAnullAnI lAMbI gerahAjarI daramyAna tenI sAme khaDA thayelA pratyAghAtI leke tathA baLo dhIme dhIme AgaLa AvyAM. tyAM AgaLa aneka prakAranA kAvAdAvA thayA tathA prapaMce racAyA ane tene badanAma karavA mATe tarehatarehanI aphavAo phelAvavAmAM AvI. A amAnullA virodhI pracArakArya mATe nANAMne dhedha vahevA lAge. e nANAM kyAMthI AvatAM hatAM tenI koIne paNa khabara nahatI. saMkhyAbaMdha mullAone e kArya mATe paisA ApavAmAM AvyA hoya ema jaNAvyuM che ane teo amAnullAne kAphara tarIke eTale ke dInanA zatra tarIke vakhoDatA AkhA dezamAM pharI vaLyA. begama suraiyA ke anucita pizAka paheratI hatI e batAvavAne tenA yuropiyana DhabanA rAtre paheravAnA pizAkanA athavA te kaMIka beparavAIthI paherelA pizAkanA citravicitra pheTAo hajAronI saMkhyAmAM gAmaDAomAM vaheMcavAmAM AvyA. A vyApaka ane kharacALa pracArakArya mATe koNa javAbadAra hatuM? ene mATe aphaghAne pAse nahotAM nANAM ke nahotI AvaData. hA, eTaluM kharuM ke evA pracAranA jANeajANya paNa zikAra banI jAya evA te leke hatA. madhya pUrvamAM tema ja yuropamAM evI mAnyatA vyApaka rIte pravartatI hatI ke A badhA pracAranI pAchaLa briTiza jAsUsI khAtAne hAtha hato. AvI vastu bhAgye ja puravAra thaI zake. ane e pracArakArya sAthe aMgrejone saMbaMdha hate e batAvanAra koI paNa ekkasa purA maLatuM nahotuM. ema chata, aphaghAna baLavAre briTiza banAvaTanI rAiphalethI sajja hatA ema kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM. paraMtu amAnullAne aphaghAnistAnamAM nabaLe pADe emAM iMglaMDana svArtha raheluM hatuM, e te dIvA jevI spaSTa vAta che. - jyAre aphaghAnistAnamAM amAnullAnI jaDa ukheDAI rahI hatI, te samaye te yurepanAM pATanagaramAM dabadabAbharyA svAgata mANI rahyo hato. pitAnA sudhArAo mATe navo utsAha tathA navA navA vicAro laIne te yuropanA pravAsethI aphaghAnistAna pAcho pharyo. aMgerAmAM te kamAla pAzAne paNa maLyo hato ane e mulAkAtathI tenA upara pahelAM karatAM paNa tenI bhAre chApa paDI. pravAsethI pAchA pharIne tarata ja te e sudhArAo AgaLa dhapAvavAnA kAryamAM vaLage. teNe umarAnA ilakAbe rada karyA ane dhArmika vaDAonI sattA ghaTADI nAkhI. dezanA vahIvaTa mATe javAbadAra evuM pradhAna maMDaLa paNa teNe racyuM ane e rIte pitAnI Apakhuda sattA paNa ghaTADI. strIonI muktinI pravRtti paNa dhIme dhIme AgaLa dhapAvavAmAM AvI.

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jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana evAmAM dhavAtA agnimAM ekAeka bhaDakA thaI AvyA ane 1928nI sAlanI AkharamAM adhAnistAnamAM baLavA phATI nIkaLyeA. bacA-IsAku nAmanA eka sAmAnya bhistInI saradArI nIce e khaLavA dezabharamAM phelAI gayA ane 1929nI sAlamAM te saphaLa nIvaDyo. amAnullA ane tenI begama nAsI chUTayAM ane bhistI amIra banyA. bacAI-sApue pAMca mAsa sudhI kAmUlamAM rAjya karyuM. paraMtu pachIthI nAdIrakhAna nAmanA amAnullAnA eka senApati tathA pradhAne tene gAdI uparathI khaseDI mUkayo. paraMtu nAdIrakhAna potAnI judI ja bhAjI ramatA hatA ane temAM phAvyA eTale nAdIrazAhanA nAmathI te pote ja rAjA athavA amIra banI kheTho. dezamAM vAraMvAra musIbata UbhI thaI ane ramakhANA thavA pAmyAM paraMtu iMglaMDa tarapha tenuM mitrAcArIbhayuM valaNa hatuM ane tenA taraphathI tene madada maLI eTale nAdIrazAha rAjA tarIke cAlu rahyo. briTiza sarakAre tene vagara vyAje nANAMnI meATI rakama dhIrI tathA teNe tene zastrasara MjAma tathA dArUgoLA paNa pUrAM pADyAM. e baLavAna pratispI enI vacce AveluM e madhyavatI rAjya hovAne kAraNe adhAnistAnamAM asthira paristhiti varte che. 1210 aphaghAnistAna tema ja pazcima ane dakSiNa eziyAnuM byAna meM pUruM karyuM. have huM eziyAnA dakSiNa-pUrva khUNAmAM tAjetaramAM banelA banAvA viSe tane TUMkamAM kahIza ane A patra pUrA karIza. brahmadezanI pUrvamAM siyAma AveluM che. duniyAnA A bhAgamAM mAtra e ja eka deza peAtAnI svataMtratA jALavI rAkhavAmAM saphaLa thayA che. e deza iMglaMDanI hakUmata nIcenA brahmadeza tathA phreMcAnA amala nIcenA hiMdI cInanI vacce jakaDAyelA che. e deza prAcIna hiMdI avazeSothI bharapUra ane tenI paraMparA, saMskRti tathA AcAravicAro upara hajIye hiMdanI prAcIna chApa dRSTigocara thAya che. cheka hamaNAM sudhI tyAM AgaLa Apakhuda rAjAzAhIne amala pravartatA hatA tathA tyAMnI sAmAjika paristhiti paNa cUDala hatI. jo ke udaya pAmatA nAnA sarakhA madhyama varga paNa tyAM meAjUda hatA. mane lAge che ke, ghaNuMkharuM tyAMnA rAjA paNa ' rAma nA khitAbadhArI hatA ane siyAmamAM hiMdunuM smaraNa karAvanAra e eka khIjo zabda che. A rIte tyAMnA rAjAenAM nAma rAma 1lA, rAma rajo ityAdi hatAM. mahAyuddha daramyAna jyAre temanA vijaya nizcita jaNAvA lAgyA tyAre siyAma mitrarAjye ne pakSe joDAyuM ane pachIthI te prajAsaMdhanuM sabhya banyuM. *1933nA navembara mAsamAM nAdIrazAhanuM khUna thayuM ane tene yuvAna putra ahIrazAha tenA pachI gAdIe AvyA.

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aphaghAnistAna ane eziyAnA anya dezo 1221 1932nA jUna mAsamAM siyAmanA pATanagara beMkokamAM ekAeka rAjyakrAMti thaI ane Apakhuda sarakArane aMta Avyo tathA ene badale tyAM siyAmanA prajA pakSanA niyamana nIce lekazAhI amalane AraMbha thayo. luAMga pradita nAmanA eka dhArAzAstrInI AgevAnI nIce siyAmanA yuvAna lazkarI amaladAro tathA bIjAoe maLIne rAjakuTuMbanAM mANasonI tema ja mukhya mukhya pradhAnonI dharapakaDa karI ane temaNe rAjA prajAdIpaka pAse rAjyabaMdhAraNane svIkAra karAvyo. rAjAnI sattA maryAdita karavAmAM AvI ane prajAkIya dhArAsabhA zarU thaI. A pheraphArane prajAne Take te khare, paraMtu janatAvyApI AMdolanane kAraNe te thavA pAmyo nahote. lazkarI krAMti dvArA "taruNa turke e sulatAna abdula hamIda pAsethI sattA laI lIdhI hatI tene maLate e pheraphAra hatuM. rAjAe tarata ja namatuM ApyuM tethI e kaTokaTIne satvara aMta AvyuM. paraMtu e pheraphArane vaza thavAnI tenI kharA dilanI taiyArI nahatI. AthI 1933nI sAlanA eprila mAsamAM teNe ekAeka dhArAsabhA barakhAsta karI ane luAMga praditane kADhI mUkyo. be mAsa pachI tyAM AgaLa pharI pAchI rAjyakrAMti thavA pAmI ane dhArAsabhAne sajIvana karavAmAM AvI. siyAmanI navI sarakAre IMgleMDa sAthe gADha saMbaMdha khIla nathI paraMtu tenuM valaNa jApAna tarapha vizeSa che.* siyamanI pUrve AvelA phreMca hiMdI cInamAM paNa rASTravAdane phelAve thavA pAmyo che ane te prabaLa banatuM jAya che. rASTrIya caLavaLane dAbI devA mATe phreMca sarakAre keTalAye kAvatarA kese calAvyA ane saMkhyAbaMdha kene teNe lAMbI mudatanI sajAo karI. 1933nI sAlamAM jinIvAmAM maLelI zastrasaMnyAsa pariSadanI beDhaMkamAM krAMsanA pratinidhie eka sUcaka nivedana karyuM hatuM. e pratinidhi, meM. seTa pote pheMca hiMdI cInane gavarnara hatuM. teNe temAM "tAbA nIcenA dezamAM thatA jatA rASTravAdanA vikAsane tathA tene pariNAme temano vahIvaTa calAvavAnuM atizaya muzkela banatuM jatuM hatuM" e hakIkatane ullekha karyo hato. teNe phreMca hiMdI cInane dAkhale ApIne jaNAvyuM ke, pite gavarnara hatuM tyAre vyavasthA jALavavA mATe tyAM 1500 mANasanI jarUra rahetI, jyAre hAla ene mATe tyAM AgaLa 10,000 mANasanI jarUra paDe che. chelle, pitAnI khAMDa ane rabara mATe tema ja tyAMnA khetInA bagIcAomAM tyAMnA lekenuM bhayaMkara zeSaNa karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM tene mATe duniyAbharamAM * 1933nA ekabara mAsamAM sthiticusta lokenuM ramakhANa thavA pAmyuM hatuM paraMtu ene dabAvI devAmAM AvyuM ane luAMga praditanI AgevAnI nIcenI sarakAra cAlu rahI.

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1222 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mazahUra thayeluM IsTa InDijhamAM AveluM jAvA Ave che. hiMdanI peThe tyAM paNa thaDA pramANamAM sudhArA ane ghaNA vadhu pramANamAM damana e baMnenI sAthe sAthe ja rASTravAdane vikAsa thayo che. jAvAvAsIo ghaNA moTA pramANamAM musalamAne che ane mahAyuddha daramyAna ane te pachI madhya pUrvanA dezomAM banelA banAvanI temanA upara bhAre asara thaI hatI. kenTonanI cInI krAMtikArI caLavaLanI paNa temanA upara bhAre asara thavA pAmI hatI tema ja hiMdanI asahakAranI caLavaLa viSe paNa teo rasa letA thayA hatA. 1916nI sAlamAM Daca sarakAre jAvAvAsIone baMdhAraNIya sudhArA ApavAnuM vacana ApyuM ane bAtAviyAmAM prajAkIya dhArAsabhAnI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. paraMtu moTe bhAge e sarakAre nImelA sabhyonI banelI hatI ane tene nahi jevI ja sattA ApavAmAM AvI hatI. AthI tenI viruddha caLavaLa cAlu ja rahI. 1925nI sAlamAM navuM rAjabaMdhAraNa ApavAmAM AvyuM paraMtu enAthI mULa sthitimAM jhAjho phera paDato na hato ane prajAne saMtoSa ApavAmAM te niSphaLa nIvaDayuM. jAvA tathA sumAtrAmAM haDatAle paDI ane ramakhANa thayAM ane 1927nI sAlamAM Daca sarakAra sAme baLavo phATI nIkaLe. e baLavAne atizaya krUratAthI dAbI devAmAM Avyo. Ama chatAMye rASTrIya caLavaLa te AgaLa dhapatI ja rahI. e caLavaLanI racanAtmaka bAju paNa hatI. tyAM AgaLa saMkhyAbaMdha rASTrIya zALAo sthApavAmAM AvI tema ja hiMdanI peThe gRha udyoga ane hAtha kArIgarIne uttejana ApavAmAM AvyuM. svataMtratA mATenI laData hajI cAlu ja che. duniyAbharamAM AvelI vepAranI maMdIne kAraNe tathA paradezamAM bhAre saMrakSaka jakAta nAkhavAmAM AvI tethI bajAre maryAdita thaI javAne lIdhe jAvAnA khAMDanA udyogane bhAre nukasAna veThavuM paDyuM. jAvA najIkanA pUrvanA samudramAM 1933nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM eka ajaba banAva banyo. pagArakApa sAme virodha darzAvIne, eka Daca yuddha jahAjanA khalAsIoe te jahAjane kabaje lIdhe ane tene teo haMkArI gayA. temaNe kaI paNa prakAranuM nukasAna na karyuM tema ja temaNe e paNa spaSTa karyuM ke temane virodha mAtra pagAra kApa sAme ja che. e eka prakAranI ugra haDatAla hatI. AthI Daca eraplenee e jahAja upara baeNbamAre karyo ane ghaNuM khalAsIonA jAna lIdhA ane e rIte te jahAjane kabaje levAmAM AvyuM. jyAM AgaLa rASTravAda ane sAmrAjyavAda vacce niraMtara athaDAmaNa thayA ja kare che te eziyAnI rajA laIne have ApaNe yuropa pahoMcIzuM. kema ke yuropa ApaNuM lakSa kheMcI rahyuM che. mahAyuddha pachInA yurepanuM ApaNe avalokana nathI karyuM ane tAre yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke yuropanI paristhitimAM

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thatI thatI rahI gayelI krAMti 1223je duniyAnI paristhitinI cAvI rahelI che. AthI have pachInA ApaNuM keTalAka patro yuropa virSanA haze. eziyAnA bIjA be bhAganuM, tenA be vizALa pradezanuM avalekana karavAnuM hajI bAkI rahe che. cIna ane uttaramAM Avela seviyeTa mulaka e be pradeza che. thoDA samaya bAda ApaNe tyAM AgaLa pahoMcIzuM 171. thatI thatI rahI gayelI krAMti 13 jUna, 1933 jI. ke. caeNsTaraTana nAmanA eka mazahUra lekhake kayAMka kahyuM che ke, krAMti thatI thatI rahI gaIe 19mI sadIne iMglaMDane sauthI moTo banAva che. tane yAda haze ke e sadI daramyAna IMgleMDa aneka prasaMgoe krAMtinI aNI upara AvIne UbhuM hatuM eTale ke nIcalA tharanA bUvAo tema ja majUra varga e baMne maLIne krAMti kare evI paristhiti tyAM AgaLa aneka vakhata UbhI thavA pAmI hatI. paraMtu e dareka prasaMge chevaTanI ghaDIe zAsaka vargoe sahejasAja namatuM ApyuM, matAdhikAra vistRta karIne pAlamenTa dvArA cAlatA rAjya vahIvaTamAM Amavargane upara uparathI cheDe hisso Ave tema ja paradezamAMnA sAmrAjyavAdI zeSaNamAMthI thatA naphAmAM theDe bhAga Ape ane e rIte jhajhUmI rahelI krAMtine dAbI dIdhI. temanA vistaratA jatA sAmrAjya tathA temAMthI AvatAM nANAMne kAraNe temane ema karavuM pAlavatuM hatuM. AthI iMglaMDamAM krAMti na thavA pAmI paraMtu tenI chAyA aneka vAra deza upara pharI vaLI hatI ane tenA Dare bhAvi banA upara asara karI. ethI karIne, je banAva kharekhAta banavA nahote pAme tene gaI sadIne sauthI moTo banAva kahevAmAM Ave che. e ja rIte, kadAca kahI zakAya ke, krAMti thatI thatI rahI gaI e mahAyuddha pachInA samayane pazcima yuropane moTAmAM moTo banAva hatuMjene lIdhe raziyAmAM be zevika krAMti thavA pAmI tevA ja prakAranI paristhiti - jo ke kaMIka ochA pramANamAM - madhya tema ja pazcima yuropanA dezomAM paNa mejUda hatI. IgleMDa, phrAMsa ane jarmanI vagere pazcima yurepanA udyogapradhAna deze ane raziyA vacce mahattvane taphAvata e hatuM ke prastuta dezanA jevA baLavAna bUvA" vargane raziyAmAM abhAva hate. sAcuM kahetAM, mArsanA siddhAMta pramANe te, A udyogomAM AgaLa vadhelA dezamAM majUra varganI krAMti thavAno saMbhava ho, audyogika dRSTie pachAta raziyAmAM te nahi ja. paraMtu mahAyuddha

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1224 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana raziyAnA jhArazAhI taMtrane bhAgIne bhUko karI nAkhyuM ane pazcima yuropanI paddhatinI pArlAmenTa dvArA cAletI sarakArane AgaLa AvIne kabaje lenAra baLavAna madhyama varga tyAM nahotuM eTale majUranAM seviyeTae sattA jhaDapI lIdhI. Ama, e eka AzcaryakAraka vastu che ke, raziyAnuM khuda pachAtapaNuM ja eTale ke tenI nabaLAInuM khuda kAraNa ja, vadhAre AgaLa vadhelA dezone mukAbale eka ghaNuM moTuM pagaluM AgaLa bharavAmAM tene mATe nimittarUpa banI gayuM. leninanI saradArI nIce be zevikoe e pagaluM bharyuM paraMtu teo e bAbatamAM kazI bhramaNAmAM nahotA. teo barAbara jANatA hatA ke raziyA pachAta deza che ane bIjA AgaLa vadhelA dezanI haroLamAM AvatAM tene vakhata lAgaze. teo evI AzA sevatA hatA ke, majUronA prajAsattAka sthApavAnA temanA daSTAMtathI protsAhita thaIne yuropanA bIjA dezanA majUre cAlu vyavasthA sAme baLavo karaze. temane lAgatuM hatuM ke evI samagra yuropavyApI sAmAjika krAMti thAya temAM ja temanI hastInI AzA rahelI che, kema ke, nahi te, bAkInI mUDIvAdI duniyA raziyAnI taraNa seviyeTa sarakArane dAbI deze. temanI evI AzA ane mAnyatA hovAne lIdhe ja, temanI krAMtinA AraMbhanA samayamAM temaNe duniyAbharanA majUrane uddezIne krAMti mATe kaTibaddha . thavAnI hAkala karI hatI. pradeza khAlasA karavAnI sAmrAjyavAdI badhI janAo temaNe vakhoDI kADhI; jhArazAhI raziyA ane IgleMDa tathA phrAMsa vacce thayelI gupta saMdhine AdhAre teo koI paNa dAvo karavAnA nathI ema temaNe jaNAvyuM tema ja kanjhAnTinopala turkonI pAse ja rahevuM joIe e vastu paNa temaNe spaSTa karI. pUrvanA deze tema ja jhArazAhI sAmrAjyanI aneka pIDita prajAe samakSa temaNe atizaya udAra zarate rajU karI. ane sauthI moTI vAta to e hatI ke, duniyAbharanA majUravarganA kherakhAM tarIke AgaLa paDIne, pitAnA daSTAMtanuM anukaraNa karIne samAjavAdI prajAsattAke sthApavAnI temaNe dezadezanA majUrane hAkala karI. pRthvInA e bhAgamAM, itihAsamAM pahelI ja vAra, majUronI sarakAranI sthApanA thaI e sivAya bazevikonA manamAM rASTravAdane ke eka rASTra tarIke raziyAne bIje artha nahe. jarmanoe tathA mitrarAjyanI sarakAre e bezevikonI hAlene dAbI dIdhI paraMtu koI ne koI rIte te laDAInA judA judA mokharAo tathA kArakhAnAonA pradeza sudhI pahoMcavA pAmI. sarvatra tenI bhAre asara thaI ene lIdhe pheMca lazkaramAM paDeluM bhaMgANa te narI AMkhe dekhI zakAya evuM hatuM. jarmana lazkara tathA majUre upara te enI ethIye vizeSa asara thaI. jarmanI, aisTriyA ane haMgarI vagere parAjita dezamAM te ramakhANe ane baMDe paNa thavA pAmyAM. ane mahinAo sudhI, are, eka be varasa sudhI yurepa pracaMDa sAmAjika

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thatI thatI rahI gayelI krAMti 1225 krAMtinI lagolaga AvI pahoMceluM lAgatuM hatuM. parAjita deza karatAM vijayI mitra dezonI sthiti kaMIka ThIka hatI kema ke vijayane kAraNe temanAmAM cheDe utsAha AvyuM hatuM ane laDAImAM thayelI temanI nukasAnI parAjita dezone bhege cheDeghaNe aMze pUrI karI levAnI AzA pedA thaI hatI. (paraMtu pachIthI banelA banAvoe puravAra karyuM ke e AzA bilakula vyartha hatI.) paraMtu mitra dezamAM paNa krAMtinI havA phelAI gaI hatI. sAce ja, samagra yurepa tathA eziyAmAM bhAre asaMtoSa vyApI gayuM hatuM ane sapATI nIce krAMtine agni dhUMdhavAI rahyo hato tathA temAMthI bhaDake phATI nIkaLaze evI dhAstI aneka vAra pedA thaI hatI. paraMtu yurepa tathA eziyAmAMnA asaMtoSanA prakAra tema ja krAMtinI dhAstI pedA karanArA vargo vacce taphAvata hate. eziyAmAM pazcimanA sAmrAjyavAda sAme rASTrIya baLavo uThAvavAmAM madhyama vargoe AgaLa paDatuM bhAga lIdhe hatA; yuropamAM majUravargo, pracalita "bUjhavA mUDIvAdI samAjavyavasthAne uthalAvI pADIne madhyamavargonA hAthamAMthI sattA pacAvI pADavAnI dhamakI ApI rahyA hatA. A badhAM gaDagaDATa ane sUcane niSphaLa nIvaDyAM ane madhya ke pazcima yurepamAM raziyana krAMti jevI krAMti thavA pAmI nahi. jUnI samAjavyavasthA tenA upara thatA prahAre sahevA jeTalI majabUta hatI, paraMtu e prahArothI te durbaLa banI gaI ane eTalI te DarI gaI ke soviyeTa raziyA tenA humalAmAMthI bacI gayuM. mokharAnI pAchaLathI A prabaLa madada na maLI hatI te 1919 ke 1920nI sAlamAM sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonI sAme soviyeTe jamInadasta thaI jAta e pUrepUro saMbhava hate. - mahAyuddha bAda varasa pachI varasa vItatAM gayAM tema tema dhIme dhIme paristhiti - kaMIka aMze thALe paDatI jaNAvA lAgI. eka bAju pratyAghAtI sthiticusta, rAjAzAhInA pakSakAre tathA phaDala jamInadAro ane bIjI bAju narama valaNanA samAjavAdIo athavA te sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIo e baMnenA vicitra prakAranA auSe krAMtikArI tane dAbI dIdhAM. e kharekhara vicitra prakAranuM aikya athavA joDANa hatuM kema ke sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIo mAkarsavAda tema ja majUranI sarakAramAM pitAnI zraddhA vyakta karatA hatA. Ama, upara uparathI te seviyeTa tema ja sAmyavAdIonA je ja temane Adarza paNa dekhAtuM hatuM. ane Ama chatAMye sAmAjika lekazAsanavAdIone mUDIvAdIo karatAMye sAmyavAdIone vadhAre Dara hato. AthI karIne sAmyavAdIone kacarI nAkhavA mATe temaNe mUDIvAdIo sAthe aikya karyuM. athavA ema paNuM heya ke, mUDIvAdIothI teo eTalA badhA DaratA hatA ke, temane virodha karavAnI temanI hiMmata nahatI; zAMtimaya ane pArlAmenTanI paddhatithI kAma karIne teo

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1226 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzIna potAnI sthiti majabUta banAvavAnI ane e rIte khabara paNa na paDe tema samAjavAda lAvavAnI AzA sevatA hatA. temanA Azaya game te hA, paraMtu eTaluM kharu ke, krAMtinA jussAne kacarI nAkhavAmAM temaNe pratyAdhAtI tattvone madada karI ane e rIte yuropanA ghaNA dezomAM kharekhAta temaNe prati-krAMti pravartAvI. A pratikrAMtie pachIthI khuda A sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdI pakSAne paNa kacarI nAkhyA ane navAM tathA samAjavAvirodhI khaLAnA hAthamAM sattA AvI. mahAyuddha pachInAM varasAmAM sAmAnyapaNe A rIte banAvA banavA pAmyA. paraMtu e saMdhanA hajI aMta Avye nathI ane mUDIvAda tathA samAjavAda e e paraspara virAdhI baLA vaccenI laDAI hajI cAlu ja che, temanI vacce kAmacalAu samajUtI ane sa Mdhie bhUtakALamAM thaI che ane bhaviSyamAM paNa kadAca thavA pAme e kharuM paraMtu e be vacce kAyamI samAdhAna thaI zake ema nathI. eka cheDe raziyA ane sAmyavAda che ane khIje cheDe pazcima yuropanA mahAna mUDIvAdI deze| ane amerikA che. e benI vacce, libaralA athavA vinI, moDareTa athavA narama valaNanA leAkeA tathA madhyastha pakSo satra lupta thatA jAya che. kharI rIte saMpUrNa Arthika UthalapAthalA tathA duniyAbharamAM vadhatI jatI musIbato, hADamArI ane duHkhone kAraNe ja saMgha thavA pAme che ane asatASa vyApe che ane kAIka prakAranI samatA sthapAvA pAme tyAM sudhI A gajagrAha cAlu rahevAnA ja. mahAyuddha pachI thayelI asaphaLa krAMtiomAM jana krAMti sauthI vadhAre rasaprada ane AMkha udhADanArI che ane tethI ene viSe huM tane kaMIka kahuM chuM. AgaLa huM tane kahI gayA chuM ke, mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM te vakhate yuropanA badhAye dezAnA samAjavAdIe peAtAnAM Adarzo ane vacanene aDagapaNe vaLagI rahIne tene amalamAM mUkavAmAM niSphaLa nIvaDyA hatA. dareka dezamAM phATI nIkaLelA rASTravAdanA prabaLa jhaMjhAvAtamAM teo kheMcAI gayA ane yuddhanA leAhItarasyA gAMDapaNamAM bhAna bhUlIne samAjavAdanA AMtararASTrIya Adarzane vIsarI gayA. mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLavAnI aNI upara hatuM te vakhate, 1914nI sAlanA julAI mAsanI 30mI tArIkhe paNa jaeNma nInA sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdI pakSanA netAoe jAhera karyuM hatuM ke, haeNpsabarganI (AsTriyAnA rAjavaMza) sAmrAjyavAdI yeAjanA pAra pADavAne mATe " jana sainikanA lohInA eka paNa TIpAnA bhAga ApavAnI teo viruddha che. (te vakhate, AsTriyAnA AcUka phrenjha pharDinAnDanA khUna mATe oNsTriyA ane sarbiyA vacce takarAra jAgI hatI. ) cAra ja divasa pachI e ja pakSe yuddhane TekA ApyA ane khIjA dezonA evA pakSoe paNa tema ja karyuM. kharekhara, AsTriyAnA samAjavAdIe te kharekhAta polaeNnDa tema ja sayiAne oNsTriyAnA sAmrAjyamAM joDI devAnI vAta ""

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thatI thatI rahI gayelI kAMti 127 sudhdhAM karI ane temaNe kahyuM ke ema karavuM e koI paNa dezane khAlasA karyo nahi gaNAya! 1919nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM be zevikAe yuropanA majUrone uddezIne karelI hAlanI jarmane majUro upara bhAre asara thaI ane dArUgoLAnAM kArakhAnAMomAM moTI moTI haDatAla paDI. jarmana sAmrAjyanI sarakAra mATe A rIte atizaya gaMbhIra paristhiti UbhI thaI hatI ane emAMthI vinAzakArI pariNAme AvavAne saMbhava hatuM. AthI, haDatAla samitiomAM joDAI jaI aMdarathI haDatAla teDIne sAmrAjyavAdIoe bAjI hAtha parathI jatI bacAvI lIdhI. 1918nA navembara mAsanI 4 thI tArIkhe uttara jarmanImAM kola AgaLa naukAdaLanA sainike e baLavo karyo. jarmana naukAdaLanAM jaMgI yuddhajahAjone samudramAM haMkArI javAne hukama karavAmAM Avyo, paraMtu khalAsIo tathA eMjinamAM kolasA pUranArAoe tema karavAno inkAra karyo. temane dAbI devAne mokalavAmAM AveluM sainya paNa temanA pakSamAM bhaLI gayuM ane temane paDakhe UbhuM rahyuM. amaladArone padayyata karIne temanI dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI ane majUro tathA sainikanI samitio racavAmAM AvI. raziyAnI soviyeTa krAMtinA AraMbhakALanA jevI ja e sthiti hatI ane AkhA jarmanImAM e phelAI jaze ema lAgatuM hatuM. tatkALa sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI netAo kIla pahoMcI gayA ane khalAsIo tathA majUrenuM dhyAna bIjI bAjue vALavAmAM teo saphaLa thayA. paraMtu e khalAsIo potapotAnAM hathiyAro laIne kI chaDI gayA ane AkhA dezamAM pharI vaLIne temaNe sarvatra krAMtinAM bIja vAvyAM. krAMtikArI caLavaLa dezamAM phelAtI jatI hatI. bAriyA (dakSiNa jarmanI)mAM prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI. Ama chatAMye kejhara te pitAne sthAne coMTI ja rahyo. navembaranI 9mI tArIkhe barlinamAM sArvatrika haDatAla zarU thaI. badhuM kAmakAja baMdha thaI gayuM ane saheja paNa hiMsA thavA pAmI nahi kema ke zaheramAMnI lazkaranI AkhIye palaTaNa krAMtinA pakSamAM bhaLI gaI jUnI vyavasthA paDI bhAgI hoya ema dekhAtuM hatuM ane have savAla mAtra e ja hato ke ene sthAne zuM Avaze. keTalAka sAmyavAdI netAo jarmanInuM seviyeTa athavA prajAsattAka jAhera karavAnI taiyArImAM hatA tyAM te sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI pakSanA eka AgevAne pArlamenTanI paddhatithI cAlatA prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karIne temane thApa ApI. A rIte, jarmanInuM prajAsattAka UbhuM thayuM. paraMtu e te kevaLa chAyA samAna prajAsattAka hatuM kema ke vAstavamAM ethI kazeye pheraphAra thavA pAme nahote. paristhitine kAbU jemanA hAthamAM hatuM te sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIoe lagabhaga badhuM ja jemanuM tema rahevA dIdhuM. temaNe theDI moTI moTI jagyAe

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1128 jagatanA itihAsanuM' rekhAdarzana lIdhI tathA pradhAnA anyA ane lazkara, mulakIkhAtuM, nyAyakhAtu ane Akhuye vahIvaTI taMtra kaijharanA kALamAM hatuM tevuM ne tevuM ja cAlu rahyuM. Ama eka pustakanA nAma pramANe, kaijharI jAya che paNa senApati kAyama rahe che. ' krAMtie A rIte thatI nathI tema ja sabaLa banatI nathI, sAcI krAMtie te rAjakIya, sAmAjika ane Arthika taMtra badalI nAkhavuM joIe. sattA tenA duzmanAnA hAthamAM rahevA daIne krAMti saphaLa thaze evI apekSA rAkhavI e artha vagaranI vAta che. paraMtu jarmanInA sAmAjika leAkazAhIvAdIoe e ja vastu karI ane krAMtinA virodhIne tene nAza karavA mATe saMgati ane kaTibaddha thavAnI pUrepUrI taka ApI. jarmanImAM jUnA lazkaravAdanA himAyatI tathA lazkarI amaladAro hajI paNa sattAdhArI rahyA hatA. kIlanA khalAsIo dezabharamAM pharatA rahIne krAMtikArI vicArAnA phelAvA kare e sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdI sarakArane pasaMda nahetuM. A khalAsIne teNe khalInamAM dAkhI devAno prayatna karyAM ane 1919nA jAnyuArI mAsanA ArbhamAM ugra athaDAmaNo thavA pAmI. A uparathI sAmyavAdIoe seviyeTa sarakAra sthApavAnA prayatna karyAM ane zaheranA Amavargane e kAmAM madada ApavA mATe temaNe hAkala karI. janatA taraphathI temane thADI madada maLI ane temaNe sarakArI makAnonA kabajo lIdhA. ane eka aThavADiyA sudhI tA zaheramAM temanI sattA sthApita thaI hoya ema jaNAyuM. e avADiyuM barlinanA ' lAla aThavADiyA ' tarIke oLakhAya che. paraMtu AmajanatA taraphathI tene pUratA sAtha na maLyA. kema ke lAgUMcavaNamAM paDI gayA hatA ane zuM karavuM enI temane samaja paDatI nahotI. bilanamAMnA nokarI uparanA sainikA paNa gUMcavaNamAM paDI gayA hatA ane te taTastha rahyA. A sainikA upara AdhAra rAkhI zakAya ema nahetuM eTale sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdIoe svayaMsevAnA khAsa lazkarI daLanI bharatI karI ane temanI madadathI temaNe sAmyavAdIonuM baDa dAkhI dIdhuM. temanI vaccenI laDAI atizaya krUra hatI ane kAInA pratye saheja paNa naramAza ke yA batAvavAmAM AvI nahi. e laDAI pUrI thayA pachI thoDA divasa bAda kAla limneTa ane rojhA lukSamabarga nAmanAM e sAmyavAdIone zodhI kADhIne temanA guptavAsanA sthAnamAM karapINa rIte temanAM khUna karavAmAM AvyAM. A khUnene kAraNe tathA ene mATe javAbadAra lokAne pachIthI nirdoSa harAvavAmAM AvyA tethI karIne sAmyavAdI tathA sAmAjika lekazAsanavAdIo vacce bhAre kaDavAza pedA thavA pAmI. kAla limneTa 19mI sadInA mazahUra samAjavAdI netA vilhema limneTane putra hatA. e jAnA sAmyavAdI yoddhAnA huM AgaLanA eka patramAM ullekha karI gayA chuM. rAjhA lakSamabarga paNa jAnI kAryakara hatI ane leninanI te gADha mitra hatI. paraMtu vAta ema hatI ke, limneTa tathA

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thatI thatI rahI gayelI krAMti 1229 lakSamabarga e bane jene kAraNe temanAM maraNa nIpajyAM te sAmyavAdI baMDa uThAvavAnI viruddha hatAM. | sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdI prajAsattAke sAmyavAdIone dAbI dIdhA ane tarata ja vAImAra AgaLa prajAsattAka mATenuM rAjya baMdhAraNa ghaDI kADhavAmAM AvyuM. eTalA mATe ene vAimAranA rAjyabaMdhAraNa tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. traNa ja mahinAnI aMdara prajAsattAka sAme navA ja pheraphArano bhaya khaDo thayo. A vakhate e bhaya bIjI ja bAjuthI UbhA thavA pAmyo hato. pratyAghAtIoe prajAsattAka sAme pratikrAMti karavAno prayAsa karyo ane jUnA senApatioe emAM AgaLa paDate bhAga lIdhe. A baMDa "kApa puza" tarIke oLakhAya che. kApa ene netA hatA ane "puza" zabda jarmana bhASAmAM evA prakAranA baMDane mATe vaparAya che. sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdI sarakAra barlinathI bhAgI gaI paraMtu barlinanA majUroe ekAeka sArvatrika haDatAla pADIne e baMDano aMta A. badhuM kAmakAja saMpUrNapaNe baMdha thaI gayuM ane ene kAraNe e mahAna zaherane badheye jIvanavyavahAra sthagita thaI gaye. AthI, barlinanA saMgaThita majUronI sAme kApa tathA tenA mitrone have e zahera choDI cAlyA javuM paDayuM ane sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdI netAo sarakArane kabaje levAne tyAM AgaLa pAchA pharyA. sAmyavAdIo sAme dAkhavelA vartAvane mukAbale A kApanA pakSakAra baMDakhore pratye temaNe dAkhaveluM valaNa atizaya narama hatuM. emAMnA keTalAka te sarakAranuM penzana khAnArA amaladAra hatA ane temaNe baMDa karyuM hovA chatAye temanAM penzane cAlu rahyAM. e ja prakArane pratyAghAtI "puza" athavA baLa karaMvAne bAriyAmAM paNa prayatna karavAmAM Avyo. e baLa niSphaLa nIvaDyo, paraMtu tene jaka hiTalara nAmane eka nAnakaDuM sTriyana amaladAra hate e hakIkata khAsa karIne rasaprada che. e hiTalara Aje jarmanIne saramukhatyAra che. A badhAnuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke jarmana prajAsattAka nAmanuM te cAlu rahyuM paraMtu te uttarottara vadhu ne vadhu durbaLa banatuM gayuM. samAjavAdIonA be pakSo, sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdIo tathA sAmyavAdIo vacce paDelA bhaMgANe baMnene durbaLa banAvyA ane prajAsattAkane chaDecoka vakhoDI kADhanArA pratyAghAtIo dinapratidina vadhu ne vadhu saMgaThita ane jhanUnI banyA. moTA moTA jamInadAre - jarmanImAM temane "zaMkara' kahevAmAM Ave che- tathA udyogapatioe dhIme dhIme bAkI rahelA gaNyAgAMThayA samAjavAdIone sarakAramAMthI kADhI mUkyA. vasaInI sulehanI saMdhithI jarmane prajAne bhAre AghAta lAgyo ane pratyAghAtIoe ene pitAnA phAyadAne arthe upayoga karyo. e saMdhi mujaba jarmanIe pitAnA pracaMDa lazkarane niHzastra karIne vikherI nAkhavAnuM hatuM.

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1230 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mAtra eka lAkhanuM nAnakaDuM lazkara rAkhavAnI tene chUTa ApavAmAM AvI hatI. enuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke, upara uparathI jotAM niHzastrIkaraNa karavAmAM AvyuM, paraMtu vAstavamAM zasrAne mATe jathe satADI devAmAM AvyA. moTAM meTAM ' khAnagI lazkaro ' eTale ke dareka pakSanAM judAM judAM svayaMsevaka daLA UbhAM thayAM. sthiticusta rASTravAdIonA svayaMsevaka sainyane sTIla helmeTa ' kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM tathA sAmyavAdIonuM svayaMsevaka sainya reDa phraMTa 'te nAme oLakhAtuM hatuM. ane pAchaLathI hiTalaranA anuyAyIoe UbhI karI. ' 66 "" nAjhI senA mahAyuddha pachInAM AraMbhanAM varasA daramyAna jamanImAM banelA banAve viSe huM tane ghaNuM kahI gayA chuM ane krAMti tyAM AgaLa vAtAvaraNamAM kevI rIte vyApI rahI hatI tathA teNe pratikrAMtine kevI rIte sAmano karyAM te viSe huM tane hajI ethI dhaNuM vadhAre kahI zaku ema chuM. jarmanInA judA judA bhAgAmAM, bAveriyA tathA saeNkasanImAM paNa khaDo thavA pAmyAM. sulehanI sadhie tenA pahelAMnA pradezanA eka nAnakaDA hissA jevaDA banAvI dIdhelA AsTriyAmAM paNa lagabhaga evI ja paristhiti vartatI hatI. A nAnakaDA deza tathA tenuM jabaradasta pATanagara viyenA bhASA ane saMskRtinI dRSTie saMpUrNa paNe jana hatAM. tahakUkhI thaI tene bIje divase eTale ke 1918nI sAlanA navembara mAsanI 18mI tArIkhe te prajAsattAka banyuM. jamanI sAthe bhaLI jaI ne tene tene eka bhAga banI javuM hatuM ane ema karavuM bilakula svAbhAvika hAvA chatAM mitrarAjyoe ema karavAnI sApha nA pADI. jamanI tathA AsTriyAnA sUcavavAmAM AvelA A joDANane jarmana bhASAmAM 'enjIlasa '*kahevAmAM Ave che. jarmanInI peThe oNsTriyAmAM paNa sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdI sattA upara AvyA hatA. paraMtu teo bhayabhIta ane AtmavizvAsa vinAnA hatA eTale 'khUvA' pakSa sAthe samajUtI karIne cAlavAnI nIti temaNe akhatyAra karI. enuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke, sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdI atizaya duLa banI gayA ane sarakAra bIjAnA hAthamAM jatI rahI. janInI peThe ja tyAM paNa khAnagI lazkaro UbhAM thayAM ane chevaTe pratyAdhAtI saramukhatyArI sthapAI. lAMbA vakhata sudhI samAjavAdI viyenA zahera tathA grAmapradezanA sthiticusta kheDUto vacce jhadhaDe cAlyA karyAM. majUra vargA mATe suMdara dharA bAMdhavAnI tema ja tenI evI bIjI yAjanAo mATe viyenAnI samAjavAdI myunisipAliTI jagamazahUra thaI. * 1938nI sAlanA mArca mAsamAM jarmanI ane eNsTriyAnuM e prakAranuM joDANa thaI gayuM che.

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A tI thatI rahI gayelI krAMti 1231 - haMgarImAM te cheka 1918nI sAlanA oNkaTobara mAsanI 3 jI tArIkhe eTale ke mahAyuddha pUruM thavA pahelAM pAMca aThavADiyAM agAu krAMti phATI nIkaLI hatI. navembara mAsamAM tyAM prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI. cAra mAsa pachI, 1919nA mArca mAsamAM tyAM AgaLa bIjI krAMti thaI. belA kUna nAmanA sAmyavAdI netAnI AgevAnI nIce thayelI e soviyeTa krAMti hatI. te pahelAM leninane sAthI hate. soviyeTa sarakAranI tyAM AgaLa sthApanA karavAmAM AvI ane thoDA mAsa sudhI te sattA upara rahI. AthI dezanAM sthiticusta ane pratyAghAtI toe rUmAniyAnA lazkarane pitAnI madade belAvyuM. ramAniyAnuM sainya bahu ja khuzIthI tyAM AvyuM, belA kananI sarakArane dAbI devAmAM teNe madada karI ane pachIthI TharIThAma thaIne dezamAM nirAMte lUMTa calAvavA mAMDI. mitrarAe tenI sAme pagalAM bharavAnI dhamakI ApI tyAre ja te haMgarI choDIne pitAnA dezamAM pAchuM pharyuM. rUmAniyAnuM lazkara cAlyA gayA pachI haMgarInA sthiticusta lekee pharIthI teo krAMti karavAno prayatna na kare eTalA mATe dezamAMnAM udAra athavA pragatizIla vicAre dharAvanArAM badhAMye to upara trAsa vartAvavAne arthe khAnagI lazkare athavA svayaMsevaka daLa UbhAM karyA. A rIte 1919nI sAlamAM jene "zveta trAsa" tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che tene AraMbha thayo. e "mahAyuddha pachInA ItihAsanuM eka sauthI khUnakhAra ane kAramuM prakaraNa" lekhAya che. haMgarImAM hajIye amuka aMze phakyuDala samAjavyavasthA cAlu che ane e phyuDala jamInadAroe mahAyuddha daramyAna aDhaLaka kamANI karIne mAtabara banelA udyogapatio sAthe aikya karIne kevaLa sAmyavAdIo ja nahi paNa sAmAnya rIte majUre, sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIo, libarala (vinIte), zAMtivAdIo tema ja yahUdIonI paNa katala karI ane temanA upara trAsa gujAryo. tyArathI mAMDIne Aja sudhI haMgarImAM pratyAghAtI saramukhatyArazAhIne amala cAlu che. dekhAva karavAne mATe pArlamenTane tamAze cAlu rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che paraMtu cUMTaNI khullI rIte thAya che eTale ke pArlAmenTanA sabhyo cUMTavA mATe mane khullI matapeTImAM jAhera rIte ApavAnA hoya che ane saramukhatyArazAhIne pasaMda hoya tevA ja loke cUMTAvA pAme enI lazkara tathA polIse takedArI rAkhe che. rAjakIya praznonI carcA karavA mATe jAhera sabhA bharavA devAmAM AvatI nathI. A patramAM meM mahAyuddha pachI madhya yuropamAM banelA keTalAka banAvonuM tathA jeo madhya yurepanI sattAo tarIke oLakhAtI hatI temanA upara yuddha, parAjaya ane raziyana krAMtinI thavA pAmelI asaranuM avalokana karyuM che. mahAyuddhanI thavA pAmelI asAdhAraNa Arthika asara tathA temaNe mUDIvAdane tenI AjanI durdazAmAM lAvI mUkyo te viSe huM alaga patramAM vAta karIza.

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123ra jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana A patramAM huM upara jaNAvI gayo tene sAra e che ke, mahAyuddha pachInAM A varasa daramyAna yuropamAM sAmAjika krAMti thavAnI taiyArImAM che ema lAgatuM hatuM. A vastusthiti seviyeTa raziyAne madadarUpa nIvaDI kAraNa ke pitAne tyAMnA majUravarga upara enI bUrI asara thaze e DarathI koI paNa moTI sAmrAjyavAdI sattA tenA upara mana mUkIne humale karI zakI nahi. paraMtu nAnAM nAnAM baMDe thayAM ane temane dAbI devAmAM AvyAM te bAda karatAM yuropamAM bIje kyAMye krAMti thavA na pAmI. evA prakAranI sAmAjika krAMtinA siddhAMta upara temanA pakSanuM AkhuM maMDANa hatuM te chatAM paNa e krAMtine cagadI nAkhavAmAM tathA tene AvatI TALavAmAM sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIoe AgaLa paDate bhAga bhajavyo. ema jaNAya che ke, mUDIvAda ene mote ja maraze evI sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIonI AzA athavA mAnyatA hatI. AthI tenA upara sakhata prahAra karavAne badale thoDA vakhata mATe tene TakAvI rAkhavAmAM temaNe sahAya karI. athavA ema paNa hoya che, temanA pakSanuM pracaMDa ane atizaya samRddha taMtra sArI peThe sukhavAsI banI gayuM hatuM tathA vartamAna samAjavyavasthAmAM te eTaluM badhuM phasAI gayuM hatuM ke sAmAjika UthalapAthalanuM jokhama te kheDI zake ema nahotuM. temaNe madhyama mArga grahaNa karavAno prayAsa karyo. paraMtu ema karavA jatAM temaNe bAjI sAva bagADI mUkI ane je kaMIka prApta karyuM hatuM te paNa khAyuM. jarmanImAM banelA tAjetaranA banAvoe spaSTapaNe e vastu puravAra karI batAvI che. mahAyuddha pachInAM A varase daramyAna prabaLa banatI gayelI bIjI eka vastu baLajabarI athavA hiMsaka bhAvanAne uttarottara thayela vikAsa che. e eka ajaba jevI vAta che ke hiMdamAM jyAre ahiMsAnA siddhAMtane pracAra thaI rahyo hate tyAre bAkInI lagabhaga AkhI duniyAmAM nagna ane haDahaDatI hiMsA amalamAM mukAI rahI hatI tema ja tenAM guNagAna paNa karavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. mukhyatve karIne e vastu mahAyuddhane AbhArI hatI ane e pachI judA judA vargonAM bhinna bhinna hitenI thavA pAmelI athaDAmaNa ene mATe javAbadAra hatI. vargIya hitenI A athaDAmaNe vadhu ne vadhu spaSTa tathA ugra banatI gaI tema tema hiMsA vadhatI gaI. udAramatavAda (libarelijhama) lagabhaga naSTa thaI gayo ane 19mI sadInA lekazAsananA siddhAMtanA bhAva ghaTI gayA. raMgabhUmi upara saramukhatyAre e dekhA dIdhI. A patramAM meM parAjita rAjya viSe vAta karI che. vijetA rAjyane paNa evA ja prakAranI musIbatano sAmano karavo paDayo hato, je ke madhya yuropanAM jevAM ramakhANe tathA baMDamAMthI IMglaMDa tathA phAMsa bacI gayAM. ITAlImAM bhAre UthalapAthala thaI ane tenAM aNuka9yAM pariName AvyAM paraMtu e viSe alaga khyAna karavuM ghaTe.

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. 12. jUnAM devAM patAvavAnI navI rIta 15 jUna, 1933 Ama, ApaNane mAlUma paDe che ke, mahAyuddha pachI yuropa, athavA kahe ke thoDeghaNe aMze AkhI duniyA UkaLatI kaDhAI jevI banI gaI hatI. vasaInI saMdhi tema ja bIjI saMdhiothI paristhitimAM kazoye sudhAre thavA pAmyo nahi. peleMDavAsIo, ceka leke tathA bATika samudra upara vasatI prajAone svataMtra karIne e pramANe yuropane neve nakazo racIne keTalAka purANuM rASTrIya praznone ukela karavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu osTriyAnuM Tarala iTAlIne ane yukrenane gheDe bhAga polenDane ApIne tathA pazcima yuropamAM bIjI keTalIka duHkhada prAdezika vaheMcaNI karIne enI sAthe sAthe ja navA rASTrIya prazna pedA karavAmAM AvyA. atizaya behUdI ane kaThe evI vyavasthA pileMDanI paTI ( piliza kAriDara ) ane DAnjhiganI hatI. nAnAM nAnAM navAM rAjya UbhAM karIne madhya tathA pUrva yurepanuM "bAlkanIkaraNa karavAmAM AvyuM. ene pariNAme, sarahade vadhI, jakAtanI dIvAle vadhI tathA pAzavI de vadhyA. 1919nI sAlanI A saMdhio uparAMta rUmAniyAe besAbiyA pradeza pacAvI pADyo. e pradeza dakSiNa-pazcima raziyAne eka bhAga hato. tyArathI mAMDIne e soviyeTa raziyA ane samAniyA vacce jhaghaDA ane vAdavivAdano viSaya thaI paDyo che. besArebiyA "nIparane AsAsareIna' kahevAvA lAge che. prAdezika pheraphAra karataye ghaNe moTo prazna riperezansa' eTale ke parAjita jarmanIe vijayI rASTrane yuddhanA kharaca tathA nukasAnI peTe ApavAnI rakamane hate. vasaInI saMdhimAM enI kaI cokkasa rakama nakakI karavAmAM AvI nahatI paraMtu e pachI thayelI pariSadamAM yuddhanI nukasAnI peTe jarmanIe bharavAnI 6, 600,000, 000 pAuMDanI jabaradasta rakama nakkI karavAmAM AvI ane te vArSika hapatAthI bharavAnI hatI. AvaDI moTI rakama bharapAI karavAnuM koI paNa deza mATe azakya hatuM te pachI hArelA ane nAdAra thaI gayelA jarmanInI to vAta ja zI karavI ? jarmanIe enI sAme virodha uThAvyo paraMtu te vyartha gayo ane have koI paNa upAya bAkI rahyo nahote, eTale yunAITeDa sTeTsa pAse nANAM uchInAM laIne jarmanIe be traNa hapatA bharyA. thoDe vakhata vitAvavA mATe tathA e praznanI pharIthI vicAraNuM karAvavAnI AzAthI teNe ema karyuM. jarmanI, tema ja bIjA ghaNAkharA deza paNa sArI rIte jANatA hatA ke, peDhIo sudhI e jabaradasta rakama te bharI zake ema nathI.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna gheADA ja vakhatamAM janInuM Arthika taMtra chinnabhinna thaI gayuM ane tyAMnI sarakAra pAse yuddhanI nukasAnI aMge paradezAnuM devuM bharapAI karavA mATe ke tenI AMtarika javAbadArI adA karavA mATe pUratAM nANAM rahyAM nahi. khIjA dezAne devA peTe ApavAnI rakama senAthI bharapAI karavAnI hatI. mukarara karelI tArIkhoe A rakameAnI bharapAI karavAmAM na AvI eTale vAyado khATo paDyo. jarmanInI aMdara to sarakAra calaNI noTa dvArA potAnA vyavahAra calAvI zakatI hatI ane tethI vadhu ne vadhu kAgaLanI noTo chApavAnI yukti teNe akhatyAra karI. paraMtu kAgaLanI noTo chApyuM javAthI kaI nANAM pedA thatAM nathI; ethI to zAkha pedA thAya che kharI. lAkA jANe che ke, jyAre te icche tyAre tene seAnA ke rUpAmAM pheravAvI zake che eTalA mATe kAgaLanI noTo te vApare che. e teTAnuM mUlya TakAvI rAkhavAne baeNMkAmAM amuka pramANamAM sonuM hamezAM rAkhI mUkavAmAM Ave che. kAgaLanuM nANuM e rIte eka atizaya upayogI kArya kare che, kema ke te seAnA tathA rUpAnA meTA jathAne rAjerojanA vaparAzamAMthI bacAve che ane zAkha vadhAre che. paNa jo kAI sarakAra kAgaLa nANuM chApIne kAI paNa maryAdA vinA ke baeNMkamAM keTaluM sAnuM paDayu che tenI paravA rAkhyA vinA e neTAne AMkha mIMcIne bahAra pAce ja jAya to e nANAMnuM mUlya acUka ghaTavAnuM ja. e noTa jeTalI vadhAre chapAya ane calaNamAM Ave teTaluM tenuM mUlya ghaTavA pAme ane te potAnuM zAkhanuM kArya eTalA pramANamAM ochuM bajAvI zake. A vastusthitine 'ilezana' eTale ke calaNI nANAMnI kRtrima vRddhi athavA phulAvA kahevAmAM Ave che. 1922 ane 1923nI sAlamAM jarmanImAM e ja vastu banavA pAmI hatI. kharaca karavA mATe jema jema tene vadhu nANAMnI jarUra paDatI gaI tema tema jarmana sarakAra vadhu ne vadhu nATA chApatI gaI. ethI karIne khIjI badhI vastuonI kiMmata vadhI gaI paraMtu pAunDa, DaoNlara ke ph kanI sarakhAmaNImAM jana mArkanI kiMmata ghaTI gaI. AthI sarakArane mAnI neATa vaLI vadhAre chApavI paDI ane pariNAme mArkanI kiMmata vaLI vadhAre ghaTI. e vastusthiti eTalI badhI maryAdAnI bahAra gaI ke, eka DaoNlara athavA pAuMDanI kiMmata kAgaLanA abajo mA thaI gaI. kAgaLa upara coDavAnI pesTanI TikiTanI kiMmata kAgaLanA daza lAkha mArka jeTalI thaI gaI! khIjI badhI vastunI kiMmata paNa e ja pramANamAM vadhI gaI ane te niraMtara badalAtI rahI. A mArkanI noTAnA phulAvA athavA calaNI nANAMnI kRtrima vRddhi tathA mArkanA mUlyane asAdhAraNa ghaTADo jarmanImAM ApameLe thavA pAmyA nahotA. potAnI Arthika saMkaDAmaNamAMthI nIkaLI javAmAM madadarUpa nIvaDe eTalA khAtara jarmana sarakAre e sthiti irAdApUrvaka pedA karI hatI ane ghaNe 1234

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jUnAM devAM patAvavAnI navI rIta 1235 aze teNe tenI e murAda pAra pADI paNa kharI. kema ke, sarakAra, myunisi pAliTIo tathA khIjA devAdAroe jamanImAMnuM peAtAnuM sadhaLu AMtarika devuM kazIye kiMmata vinAnA kAgaLanA mArka vaDe sahelAIthI bharapAI karI dIdhuM. khezaka, paradezAmAMnuM temanuM devuM te e rIte bharapAI na karI zakyA kema ke tyAM AgaLa kAI paNa temanuM kaLaLanuM nANuM svIkAre ema nahotuM. jarmanImAM tA kAyadA dvArA temaNe tene svIkAra karAvyA. A rIte sarakAra tathA pratyeka devAdAra devAnA du:khadAyI kheAjAmAMthI chUTayo. paraMtu bhAre viTaMbaNA veThIne temaNe e karyuM. calaNI nANAnA phulAvAnA A kALa daramyAna sau kAIne bhAre viTaMbaNA veThavI paDI. paraMtu temAM madhyamavargane sauthI vadhAre sesavuM paDayu kema ke e vanA dhaNAkharA lokAne nizcita pagAra maLatA hatA athavA te evI khIjI nizcita Avaka thatI hatI. alabata, mArkanI kiMmata ghaTatAM temanA pagAramAM vadhAro thayA e kharuM paraMtu mArkanI kiMmata osaratI gaI teTalA pramANamAM emAM vadhAre na thayA. calaNI nANAMnI A kRtrima vRddhithI athavA tenA phulAvAthI nIcalA tharanA madhyama varganuM te lagabhaga satyAnAza vaLI gayuM ane e pachInAM varasAmAM jarmanImAM je asAdhAraNa banAvA banyA tenuM avalokana karatI vakhate ApaNe e hakIkata yAda rAkhavI joi e. kema ke varSoMcyuta thayelA A asaMtuSTa madhyama varganA lokonuM krAMtinI saMbhAvanAthI bhareluM eka baLavAna sainya banI gayuM. mukhya mukhya pakSAnI AsapAsa UbhAM thatAM jatAM khAnagI sainyAmAM e lAkA dhIme dhIme bhaLavA lAgyA ane temanAmAMnA moTA bhAganA loko navA UbhA thayelA hiTalaranA rASTrIya samAjavAdI athavA teA nAjhI pakSamAM bhaLyA. jUnA mArka kAI paNa hetu pAra pADavA mATe nakAmA banI gayA tyAre tene rada karavAmAM AvyA ane renTena mArka' nAmanI navI noTonuM calaNa zarU karavAmAM AvyuM. calaNunI kRtrima vRddhi emAM nahAtI ane tenuM mUlya teTalI kiMmatanA sonA jeTalu hatuM. Ama, nIcalA tharanA madhyama varganuM kAsaLa kADhayA pachI jarmanIe pharI pAchu potAnuM calaNI nANuM sthira karyuM. jarmanInI Arthika muzkelIne kAraNe mahattvanAM AMtararASTrIya pariNAme AvyAM. mitrarAjyAne nukasAnI peTe bharavAnI rakamanA vAyade janI cUkI gayuM hatuM. nukasAnI peTe vasUla levAnI e leNI rakama mitrarAjye e vaheMcI lIdhI hatI ane temAM sauthI moTA hissA phrAnsane bhAga jatA hatA. raziyA temAMthI kaze| bhAga letuM na hatuM; vAstavamAM teNe potAnA badhA . dAvA jatA karyAM hatA. jamanI potAne vAyado adA na karI zakayu' eTale phrAMsa tathA kheljiyame lazkara meAkalIne jamanInA rara pradezane kabajo lIdhe. varsonI sadhi pramANe rAInanA pradeza te mitrarAjyAnA kajA nIce hatA ja.

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1231 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana 1923nA jAnyuArI mAsamAM krAMsa tathA bejiyame te uparAMta e pradezane . kabaje lIdhe. (e kAryamAM IMglaDe sAmela thavAnI nA pADI hatI.) A rUra pradeza rAInanA pradezanI aDoaDa Avela che ane tyAM AgaLa kolasAnI samRddha khANe tathA moTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMo che. tyAM AgaLa pedA thata kela tathA bIje mAla hAtha karIne phreMca le ke pitAnuM leNuM vasUla karavA mAgatA hatA. paraMtu tyAM AgaLa eka muzkelI UbhI thaI. jarmana sarakAre zAMta athavA beThA pratikAra dvArA phreMca kabajAno sAmano karavAno nirNaya karyo ane teNe rUranI khANonA mAlike tathA majUrone badhuM kAmakAja baMdha karI devAnI tema ja bIjI koI paNa rIte pheMcane madada na karavAnI hAkala karI. vaLI A uparAMta temane khoTa jAya tenA badalAmAM teNe A khANanA mAlike tathA bIjA udyogapatione lAkha mArka madadarUpe ApyA. nava ke daza mAsa pachI - phreMco tema ja jarmane e daramyAna bhAre kharacamAM UtaravuM paDayuM hatuM - jarmane sarakAre zAMta athavA beThe pratikAra choDI dIdhuM ane te pradezanI khANe tathA kArakhAnAo calAvavAmAM teNe ene madada karavA mAMDI. 1925nI sAlamAM pheMce tathA bejiyane rUrane pradeza choDI gayA. rUramAMne jarmana zAMta athavA beThe pratikAra te tUTI paDayo, paraMtu teNe eTaluM te darzAvI ApyuM ke nukasAnInI rakamanA praznane pharIthI vicAra thavuM joIe tema ja leNuM vasUla karavAnI vAjabI rakama nakakI karavI joIe. AthI uparAchAparI eka pachI eka pariSada ane kamizane maLavA lAgyAM ane eka pachI eka navI navI yojanAo taiyAra karavAmAM AvI. 1924nI sAlamAM DaoNsa yojanA thaI pAMca varasa pachI 1929nI sAlamAM yaMga yojanA thaI ane 1932nI sAlamAM te lAgatAvaLagatA badhA ja leNadAroe, mAnI lIdhuM ke have vadhu yuddha-nukasAnI vasUla thaI zake ema nathI ane ene khyAla sadaMtara choDI devAmAM Avyo. 1924nI sAla pachInAM ceDAM varasa sudhI jarmanIe nukasAnI peTenI rakama niyamita rIte bharI. paraMtu tenI pAse nANuM nahetAM tema ja te sadhdhara nahatuM te sthitimAM jarmanIe e rakama kevI rIte bharI? yunAITeDa sTeTsa pAsethI nANAM uchInAM laIne ja teNe ema karyuM. iMglaMDa, phrAMsa, ITAlI vagere mitrarAjya amerikAnAM devAdAra hatAM; yuddha daramyAna temaNe e nANu yunAITeDa sTesa pAsethI uchInAM lIdhAM hatAM. jarmanI mitrarAjyanuM deNadAra hatuM kema ke tene temane nukasAnI peTe nANAM bharapAI karavAnAM hatAM. AthI amerikAe jarmanIne nANAM dhIryo. e nANAM teNe mitrarAjyone nukasAnI peTe bhaya ane pachI mitrarAjyae e ja nANAM yunAITeDa sTeTsane pitAnA devA peTe ApyAM. e bahu majAnI vyavasthA hatI ane sau enAthI saMtoSa pAmyA hoya ema

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jUnAM devAM patAvavAnI navI rIta 1237 jaNAtuM hatuM! leNuM vasUla karavAne e sivAya bIjo upAya ja nahotuM. paraMtu leNa-deNanA e AkhA vahevArane AdhAra eka ja vastu upara hatuM ane te e ke amerikA jarmanIne nANAM dhIravAnuM hamezAM cAlu rAkhe. te ja ema karatuM baMdha thAya te AkhI vyavasthA tUTI paDe. paraMtu A leNadeNamAM rokaDa nANunI Apale karavAmAM nahatI AvatI; e to kAgaLa upara jamA-udhAra karavAnI ja ramata hatI. amerikAe amuka rakama jarmanIne dhIrI, jarmanIe tene havAle mitrarAjyane Ape ane mitrarAjAe tene havAle pAcho amerikAne Ape. vastutaH nANAMnI levaDadevaDa te thaI ja nahi, mAtra hisAbanA copaDAomAM enA havAlA ja naMkhAyA. jeo AgalA devAnuM vyAja sarakhuM paNa na bharI zake eTalA badhA garIba thaI gayA hatA tevA dezane amerikA nANAM dhIranuM kema gayuM? jema tema karIne paNa temano vyavahAra cAlu rAkhavAmAM madada karavAne arthe tathA temane nAdAra banI jatA aTakAvavAne amerikAe ema karyuM; kema ke yuropanI Arthika vyavasthA paDI bhAgaze evo amerikAne Dara lAgatuM hatuM, ane ema thAya te enAM bIjAM mAThAM pariNAmanI vAta te bAjue rahI paNa amerikAnuM yuropa pAsenuM badhuM leNuM DUbe ema hatuM. ethI karIne, eka samaju zAhukAranI peThe amerikAe potAnA deNadArane jIvanavyavahAra TakAvI rAkhyA. paraMtu thoDAM varaso pachI amerikA niraMtara dhIratA javAnI A nItithI thAkayuM ane teNe te baMdha karI dIdhI. tarata ja nukasAnI peTe ApavAnI rakamonI tathA devAnI AkhI imArata kaDAkAnI sAthe tUTI paDI, vAyadA patAvAtA baMdha thayA ane yuropa tathA amerikAnAM badhAM rASTra UMDI khAImAM jaI paDyAM. yuddha-nukasAnInI rakamane prazna yuddha pachInAM bAra cauda varasa sudhI yuropa upara eka kAramI chAyAnI peThe jhajhUmI rahyo hate. enI sAthe sAthe ja yuddhane aMgenA devAno, eTale ke, jarmanI sivAyanA dezonA devAne prazna paNa hajI Ubho hate. mahAyuddha aMgenA patramAM meM tene kahyuM hatuM tema zarUAtamAM IMgleMDa tathA phrAMsa yuddhane kharaca pUre pADatAM hatAM tathA temanAM nAnAM mitrarAne teo nANAM dhIratAM hatAM. pachIthI krAMsanAM sAdhano khalAsa thaI gayAM ane tenI nANAM dhIravAnI zakti rahI nahi. paraMtu IMglaDe hajI thoDA vakhata sudhI nANuM dhIravAnuM cAlu rAkhyuM. pachIthI IMglaMDanI Arthika vyavasthA paNa tUTI paDI ane te nANAM dhIrI zakyuM nahi. have mAtra yunAITeDa sTeTsa nANAM dhIrI zake ema hatuM ane teNe IgleMDa, phrAMsa tathA bIjA mitrarAjyone udAra hAthe nANuM dhIryA ane e rIte teNe pote paNa lAbha uThAvyo. Ama yuddha pUruM thayA pachI thoDAka dezo kAMsanA devAdAra hatA, ethI vadhAre deze IMglaMDanA devAdAra hatA tema ja badhA mitrarAjyane amerikAmAM moTI rakamanuM devuM hatuM. mAtra

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1238 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana amerikA ja eka evo deza hato ke jene bIjA koI paNa dezanuM devuM nahotuM. te vakhate te moTuM leNadAra rASTra hatuM. teNe iMgleMDanuM purANuM sthAna prApta karyuM ane te AkhI duniyAnuM zarApha banyuM. theDA AMkaDAo kadAca A vastu vadhAre spaSTatAthI batAvaze. mahAyuddha pahelAM amerikA devAdAra deza hatuM ane tene bIjA dezanuM traNase karaDa pAuMDanuM devuM hatuM. paraMtu yuddha pUruM thatA sudhImAM A devuM bharI devAmAM AvyuM ane uparAMta amerikAe jabaradasta rakame bIjA dezane dhIrI. 1926nI sAlamAM amerikA leNadAra rASTra hatuM ane bIjAM rASTra pAse pacIsa karoDa DaoNlaranuM tenuM leNuM hatuM. - iMglaMDa, kAMsa ane ITAlI vagere devAdAra deza upara yuddhanA A devAne jabaradasta beje hatA kema ke e badhAM sarakArI devAM hatAM ane tene mATe te te dezanI sarakAra javAbadAra hatI. temaNe amerikA pAse khAsa prakAranI anukULa zarate meLavavA prayatna karyo ane e rIte temane thoDI chUTachATo maLI paNa kharI. paraMtu ema chatAMye e devAone je te cAlu ja rahyo. jyAM sudhI jarmanIe yuddhanI nukasAnI peTenI rakama (kharI rIte te e amerikAe dhIrelI rakama ja hatI.) bharavAnuM cAlu rAkhyuM tyAM sudhI devAdAra dezoe e ja rakama amerikAne devA peTe pAchI vALI. paraMtu nukasAnI peTenI rakama aniyamita rIte AvavA lAgI athavA AvatI baMdha thaI gaI tyAre mitrarAne amerikAnuM devuM cUkavavAnuM muzkela banI gayuM. yuropanA devAdAra dezoe yuddhanI nuksAnInI rakama tema ja yuddha aMgenA devAne joDI devAno prayAsa karyo. temaNe kahyuM ke e baMnene eka sAthe vicAra thavo joIe ane je eka baMdha thAya te bIjuM ApoApa baMdha thaI javuM joIe. paraMtu amerikAe e baMnene joDI devAnI sApha nA pADI. amerikAe jaNAvyuM ke teNe nANAM dhIryA che ane te tene pAchAM maLavAM joIe che. jarmanI pAsethI yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakama maLe ke na maLe tenI sAthe ene saMbaMdha nathI; e praznanI bhUmikA sAva judI ja che. amerikAnA AvA valaNa sAme yuropamAM bhAre roSa phATI nIkaLyo ane tene aneka kaDavI vAta suNAvavAmAM AvI. tene viSe kahevAvA lAgyuM ke, te zAyaka che ane deNadAra mare ke jIve tenI paravA karyA vinA tene te karelI zarata . mujaba zera mAMsa joIe che. khAsa karIne kAMsamAM ema kahevAvA lAgyuM ke, amerikA pAse uchInAM levAmAM AvelAM nANAM eka sahiyArA kAryamAM eTale ke yuddha laDavAmAM vaparAyAM hatAM ane tethI sAmAnya prakAranA devAnI peThe ene vicAra the na ghaTe. A bAju, amerikA mahAyuddha pachInI yuropanI harIphAIo ane kAvAdAvAothI kaMTALI gayuM. teNe joyuM ke, IMgleMDa, kAMsa tathA ITAlI temanAM lazkare tathA naukAsainyane aMge hajIye meTI moTI rakama kharacI rahyAM che. eTaluM ja nahi paNa zastrasajja thavA mATe bIjA keTalAka nAnA dezone teo

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jUnAM devAM patAvavAnI navI rIta 139 nANAM dhIre paNa che. yuropanA e deza pAse zastrasaraMjAma mATe kharacavAnAM ATalAM badhAM nANAM hatAM te pachI amerikAvAsIo temane devAmAMthI zAne mukta kare ? je teo ema kare te e nANAM paNa teo zastrasaraMjAma mATe kharacavAnA. amerikAe AvI dalIla karI ane te potAnA leNAnA dAvAne vaLagI rahyuM. yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakamanI peThe ja yuddhane aMgenuM devuM kaI paNa rIte patAvavAnuM kArya paNa eTaluM ja muzkela hatuM. AMtararASTrIya devuM tenuM ke mAla ApIne, athavA to mAlanI lAvalaIjA karIne, athavA vahANavaTuM ke evI bIjI kAmagIrI dvArA patAvI zakAya. e jabaradasta rakame tenAthI patAvavI muzkela hatI; eTaluM sonuM maLI zake ema hatuM ja nahi. ane mAla ApIne ke kAmagIrI dvArA yuddhanI nukasAnI bharapAI karavAnuM ke devuM patAvavAnuM paNa lagabhaga azakya hatuM. kemake amerikA tathA yuropanA dezoe jakAtanI jabarI dIvAle UbhI karI hatI ane tene lIdhe paradezI mAla dezamAM AvatuM baMdha thaI gaye hate. ethI karIne ukela nIkaLI na zake evI azakya paristhiti pedA thaI ane kharI muzkelI e ja hatI. ane Ama chatAMye, koI paNa deza jakAtanI dIvAla nIcI karavA ke tenI leNu rakama peTe mAlano svIkAra karavA taiyAra nahoto kAraNa ke ethI karIne pitAnA hunnaraudyogone nukasAna thatuM hatuM. e eka ajaba prakAranI ane jene ukela karI na zakAya evI viSama paristhiti hatI. amerikAnuM mAtra yuropa pAse ja leNuM nahatuM. amerikAnA zarApha tema ja vepArIoe kaeNneDA tathA laeNTina amerikA (eTale ke dakSiNa ane madhya amerikA tathA mekisake)mAM meTI meTI rakama rokI hatI. mahAyuddha daramyAna A leTina amerikAnA dezo upara Adhunika udyoga ane yaMtranA sAmarthanI bhAre chApa paDI. AthI pitatAnA dezane audyogika vikAsa karavAmAM temaNe potAnuM saghaLuM lakSa kendrita karyuM ane yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM aDhaLaka nANuM paDeluM ja hatuM. eTale uttaramAMthI tyAM AgaLa nANune dhedha vahevA lAgyA. e dezee eTalA moTA pramANamAM devuM karyuM ke tenuM vyAja paNa teo bhAgye ja patAvI zake ema hatuM. sarvatra saramukhatyAro UbhA thayA ane jema amerikA jarmanIne nANAM dhIratuM rahyuM tyAM sudhI yuropamAM ThIka cAlyuM, te ja pramANe amerikA laeNTina amerikAne paNa nANAM dhIratuM rahyuM tyAM sudhI tene vyavahAra paNa ThIka rIte cAle. paraMtu laeNTina amerikAne nANAMnuM dhIrANa baMdha thayuM eTale yuropanI peThe tyAMnI Arthika vyavasthA paNa kaDAkAnI sAthe tUTI paDI. leTina amerikAmAM amerikAe karelA rokANane tathA te keTalI badhI tvarAthI vadhyuM hatuM tene khyAla ApavA mATe huM tane be AMkaDA jaNavIza.

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1240 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana 1926nI sAlamAM e rekANu savA cAra karoDa DolaranuM hatuM. traNa varasa pachI 1929nI sAlamAM te vadhIne sADA pAMca karoDa Dolara karatAM paNa vizeSa thaI gayuM. Ama amerikA yuddha pachInAM A varasamAM samagra dudhiyAnuM zarApha banyuM hatuM emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. te dhanavAna hatuM, saMpanna hatuM ane dhana dolatanI tyAM chaLa UDatI hatI. AkhI duniyA upara tenuM prabhutva hatuM. ane amerikAvAsIo yuropa ane vizeSe karIne eziyA tarapha tiraskAranI dRSTithI nihALatA hatA ane temane ghaDapaNane kAraNe samaja gumAvI beThelA takarArI khaMDe tarIke lekhatA hatA. 1920thI 30nAM varasamAM eTale ke amerikAnI samRddhinI parAkASThAnA samayamAM tenI saMpattine khyAla karavA prayatna karIe. 1912thI 1927nI sAla sudhInAM paMdara varasomAM amerikAnI kula rASTrIya delata 187,239,000 DaoNlarathI vadhIne 400,000,000,000 Dolara thaI hatI. 1927nI sAlamAM tenI vasatI lagabhaga 11 karoDa sittera lAkhanI hatI ane tenI mAthAdITha delata 3428 DolaranI hatI. tenI Avaka eTalI badhI jhaDapathI vadhatI gaI ke dara varase A AMkaDAo badalAtA jatA hatA. AgaLanA eka patramAM hiMda tathA anya dezanI mAthAdITha AvakanI sarakhAmaNI karatI vakhate amerikAne AMkaDe meM ghaNe ocho Ape che. paraMtu tyAM AgaLa vArSika AvakanI sarakhAmaNI karI hatI, vyaktigata delatanI nahi. vaLI ghaNuM karIne e AMkaDe pahelAnA varasano hate. upara TAMkavAmAM Avela 1927nI sAlane AMkaDe amerikAnA pramukha kulIje 1926nA navembara mAsamAM karelA nivedanane AdhAre ApavAmAM AvyuM che. keTalAka bIjA AMkaDAo jANIne paNa tene ramUja paDaze. e badhA 1927nI sAlanA AMkaDAo che. yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM kuTuMbanI saMkhyA ra7,000,000 hatI. temanI pAse vIjaLInI battIvALAM 15,923,000 mAlakInAM ghare hatA, ane 17,780,000 Teliphone vaparAtA hatA. tyAM AgaLa 19,237,171 meTare vaparAtI hatI ane e saMkhyA duniyAbharanI kula meTaranA 81 TakA jeTalI che. amerikA duniyAnI moTara gADInI 87 TakA jeTalI moTara utpanna karatuM hatuM tema ja te duniyAnI kula utpattinA 71 TakA jeTaluM peTrola tathA duniyAnI kula utpattinA 43 TakA jeTale kolaso utpanna karatuM hatuM. ane Ama chatAM amerikAnI vasatI duniyAnI kula vasatInA 6 TakA jeTalI hatI. Ama, prajAnuM sAmAnya jIvananuM dheraNa ekaMdare ghaNuM ja UMcuM thayuM hatuM paNa thavuM joItuM hatuM teTaluM te UcuM na thaI zakyuM. kema ke saMpatti thoDAka hajAra karoDAdhi ane abajapationA hAthamAM kendrita thaI gaI hatI. A "maTI meTI vepArI peDhIe" deza upara rAjya karatI hatI. te pramukha pasaMda karatI, kAyadA banAvatI

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jUnAM devAM patAvavAnI navI rIta 1241 tema ja ghaNI vAra te kAyadAnA bhaMga paNa karatI.. A * mATI moTI vepArI peDhIo 'mAM bhAre saDA vyApelA hatA. paraMtu jyAM sudhI sACtrika AbAdI pravartatI hatI tyAM sudhI amerikana prajAne tenI paravA nahAtI. hiMdustAna tathA cIna jevA binaaudyogika ane pachAta dezane mukAbale Adhunika audyogika sudhArA eka dezane keTalI hada sudhI U Mce laI jaI zake che te batAvavAne tema ja e pachInAM varaseAmAM AvelI Arthika kaTokaTI ane anAvasthA jene viSe huM have pachI tane kahevAne chuM tenI -- sAthe enI tulanA karavAne mATe 1920thI 30nAM varaso daramyAnanI amerikAnI A samRddhinA AMkaDA tane kahyA che. A Arthika kaTokaTI thADAM varaso pachI AvavAnI hatI. eziyA ane yuropa je musIbato ane viTaMbaNA bhagavI rahyA hatA temAMthI amerikA cheka 1929nI sAla sudhI bacI gayeluM lAgatuM hatuM. parAjita dezeAnI sthiti te atizaya kharAba thaI gaI hatI. jarmanInI viTabaNAo viSe huM tane thADu kahI gayA chuM. madhya yurApanA ghaNAkharA deza, ane khAsa karIne osTriyAnA atizaya khUrA hAla thayA hatA. oNsTriyA tema ja pAleMDane paNa calaNI nANAMnA phulAvAnI Apatti vevI paDI hatI ane e banne dezane potAnI calaNapaddhatimAM pheraphAra karavA paDayo hato. --- paraMtu kevaLa parAjita dezeA ja A ApattinA bhAga banyA hatA evuM nathI. vijetA deze| paNa dhIme dhIme emAM sapaDAyA. devAdAra hovuM e kharAba che e to jANItI vAta che. paraMtu have eka navI ja ane ajaba jevI pratIti thaI ane te e ke ledAra hovuM e paNa eTaluM sAruM nathI ! kema ke, jemane jamanI pAse nukasAnI levAnI hatI te vijetA dezA, e nukasAnInI rakramA levAnI hovAne kAraNe bhAre muzkelImAM AvI paDayA ane e vasula karavA jatAM te vaLI vadhAre musIbatamAM AvI paDayA. e viSe huM tane have pachInA patramAM kahIza.

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173. nANAMno vicitra vyavahAra * * 16 jUna, 1933 nANAMne vicitra vyavahAra e mahAyuddha pachInA jamAnAnI eka asAdhAraNa viziSTatA che. mahAyuddha pahelAM dareka dezamAM nANAMnuM vatteoche aMze nizcita mUlya hatuM. dareka dezamAM pitAnuM calaNa hatuM. dAkhalA tarIke hiMdamAM rUpiye, amerikAmAM Dolara, phrAMsamAM phAMka, jarmanImAM mArka, raziyAmAM rabala, ITalImAM lIrA vagere. ane A judAM judAM calaNo vacce paraspara levaDadevaDa aMgene dara sthira hatA. jene AMtararASTrIya senAnuM calaNa kahevAmAM Ave che tene dhoraNe e badhAM calaNe ekabIjA sAthe saMkaLAyelAM hatAM. eTale ke dareka calaNanuM senAne dharaNe cakkasa mUlya hatuM. dareka dezanA AMtarika vyavahAra mATe te dezanuM calaNa pUratuM gaNAtuM hatuM paNa paradeze sAthenA vyavahAra mATe te pUratuM gaNAtuM nahotuM. tenuM e be bhinna calaNone joDanAra kaDIrUpe hatuM ane AMtara rASTrIya levaDadevaDa athavA hisAbanI patAvaTa Ama sanAthI karavAmAM AvatI. e badhAM calaNonuM senAne dharaNe nizcita mUlya hatuM tyAM sudhI e levaDadevaDamAM jhAjho phera paDate nahote; kema ke, mUlyanI dRSTie senuM sArI peThe sthira dhAtu che eTale ke senAnA mUlyamAM jhAjho phera paDatuM nathI. paraMtu yuddhakALanI jarUriyAtane lIdhe yuddhamAM saMDovAyelI prajAone sonAnuM dhoraNa choDI devuM paDayuM ane e rIte temanA calaNI nANAMnA bhAva gagaDI gayA. amuka pramANamAM calaNI nANAne phulAve paNa thavA pAmyo. dezano AMtarika vyavahAra tathA vepArajagAra calAvavAmAM e vastu madadarUpa thaI paDI. paNa eNe judAM judAM calaNanA AMtararASTrIya saMbadhe uthalAvI nAkhyA. mahAyuddha daramyAna AkhI duniyA be bhAga athavA daLomAM vaheMcAI gaI hatI. eka mitrarAjanuM daLa ane bIjuM jarmanInuM. ane e dareka daLamAM sahakArathI ane yejanApUrvaka vyavahAra cAlatuM hatuM. badhI vastu laDAIne mokhare rAkhIne ja karavAmAM AvatI hatI. muzkelI yuddha pUruM thayA pachI UbhI thaI ane badalAtI jatI Arthika sthiti tathA badhAye rASTronA paraspara avizvAsane kAraNe judAM judAM calaNone asAmAnya vyavahAra pedA thaye. AjanI samagra nANAMvyavasthA mukhyatve karIne zAkhanA pAyA upara racAyelI che. beMkanI noTa ane ceka e eka prakAranI daMDI che ane temane calaNI nANAnI peThe svIkAra karavAmAM Ave che. zAkhane AdhAra vizvAsa upara hoya che ane vizvAsa tUTatAM zAkha paNa tUTe che. Ama havAne kAraNe mahAyuddha pachInAM varasamAM nANuMnI vyavasthAmAM bhAre goTALo Ubho thavA pAme, kema ke yuropanI

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nANAMnA vicitra vyavahAra 1243 muzkelI bharelI sthitine lIdhe badhe vizvAsa DagI gayA hatA. AjanI duniyA parasparAvalakhI che, tenA dareka bhAga khIjA sAthe nikaTapaNe saMkaLAyelA che ane temAM hamezAM aneka AMtararASTrIya pravRtti cAlatI haiAya che. ene a e thayA ke eka derAnI muzkelIonI asara tatkALa bIjA deza upara thavA pAme che. jarmana mArkanA bhAva gagaDI jAya athavA kAI jamana beMka tUTe te paeNrisa ane laMDananA lAMke aneka rIte muzkelImAM AvI paDe. A ane jenI mAthAkUTamAM tane nathI utAravA mAgatA evAM khIjA kAraNone lIdhe lagabhaga badhA ja dezomAM calaNu athavA nANAMne aMgenI muzkelIo UbhI thavA pAmI. ane deza udyogAnI bAbatamAM jeTalA vadhAre AgaLa vadheleA hato teTalA pramANamAM ghaNe bhAge te vadhAre muzkelImAM AvI paDyo. kema ke audyogika pragati eTale ke, atizaya aTapaTA ane gUMcavaNabharyAM tathA nAjuka AMtararASTrIya vyavahAro: e dekhItuM che ke, mArka ke pAuMDanI ki MmatamAM pheraphAra thAya tenI tibeTa jevA pachAta ane duniyAnA vahevArothI aLagA rahelA deza upara asara na thAya. paraMtu DaoNlaranA bhAva gagaDI jatAM veMta kadAca jApAnamAM bhAre uthalapAthala thaI jAya. A uparAMta, dareka audyogika dezamAM judA judA vargonAM hitA bhinna bhinna hoya che. A rIte keTalAka lokeA halaku athavA sastuM nANuM ane calaNano phulAvA mAgatA hatA. (bezaka, jarmanImAM thavA pAmyA hatA tevA phulAvA te nahAtA mAgatA. ) jyAre bIjA keTalAka ethI UlaTI ja vastu mAgatA hatA. temane calaNunI taMgI eTale ke sonAne dhoraNe medhAM athavA bhAre mUlyavALAM nANAM joItAM hatAM. dAkhalA tarIke, leNadAro ane zarAphe evAM sAnAne dhAraNe meghAM athavA bhAre mUlyavALAM nANAMnI tarapheNa karatA hatA kema ke te leNadAra hatA ane khIjA pAse nANAM mAgatA hatA ane devAdAro potAnuM devuM bharapAI karavAne mATe svAbhAvika rIte ja sastuM athavA halakuM nANuM icchatA hatA. udyogapati ane pAkA mAla utpanna karanArA sastA nANAMnI tarapheNamAM hatA kema ke sAmAnya rIte te zarApheAnA deNudAra hatA. paraMtu sastAM nANAM mATenI temanI mAgaNI mATenuM ethIye vizeSa mahattvanuM kAraNa to e hatuM ke ene lIdhe paradezAmAM temanA mAlanA vecANane uttejana maLatuM hatuM. briTiza nANuM sastuM hoya enA atha e thayA ke, jarmana ane amerikana athavA khInna kAI dezanA mAlane mukAbale paradezanAM bajAromAM briTiza mAla sastA paDe ane ene pariNAme briTiza udyogapatione phAyado thAya tathA temane mAla vadhu pramANamAM vecAya. A uparathI tuM joI zakaze ke judA judA vage| bhinna bhinna dizAmAM kheMcatANu karatA hatA. temAM mukhya gajagrAha udyogapati ane zarAphe| vacce cAlatA hatA. A vastu huM banI zake eTalI sAdI ane saraLa

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144 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rIte mUkvA prayatna karI rahyo chuM. bAkI vastutAe emAM gUMcavaNabharyAM aneka khaLeA kAya karI rahelAM hAya che. krAMsa tema ja iTAlI e baMne dezomAM nANAno phulAvA thavA pAmyA hato ane phrAMka tathA lIrAnA bhAva gagaDI gayA hatA. pahelAM pAuMDa sTarliM gane ( briTiza pAunDane sTarliMga kahevAmAM Ave che) mukAbale krAMkanA mUlyanuM pramANa 1 ane 25nuM hatuM. eTale ke eka pAuMDanI kiMmata 25 phrAMka jeTalI hatI. e ki Mmata ghaTIne tenuM pramANa 1 ane 275nuM thaI gayuM. eTale ke eka pAuMDanI kiMmata 275 phrAMka jeTalI thaI gaI. pAchaLathI e pramANu 1 ane 120nuM nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM eTale ke eka pAuMDa barAbara 120 krAMka ema rAvavAmAM AvyuM. mahAyuddha pachI amerikAe iMgleMDane madada karavAnuM baMdha karyu. eTale pAunDanA mUlyamAM thADA ghaTADA thayA. eTale ke tenA bhAva thADA dhaTayA. AthI iMglaMDa muzkelImAM AvI paDayuM. pAunDanA mUlyamAM thayelA A svAbhAvika dhaTADAne kabUla rAkhIne pAunDanuM e navuM mUlya nizcita karI devuM? ethI mAla sAMdhe thAta ane te udyogone madadarUpa thaI paData. paraMtu ethI karIne zarAphe tathA leNadArAne khATa jAta. ethIye vizeSa mahattvanI vAta teA e che ke, ene lIdhe duniyAbharanA nANAMnA kendra tarIkenA laMDananA padanA aMta Avata. pachIthI laMDananuM e pada nyU yaoNrka prApta karata ane nANAM uchInAM lenArAo laMDana AvavAne badale nyU yaoNrka jAta. bIjo rastA game tema karIne pAuMDane tenA mULa mUlya upara laI javAnA hatA. ethI pAuMDanI AMta vadhata ane laMDananI nANAMkIya AgevAnI cAlu raheta. paraMtu ethI udyogone nukasAna thAta ane, pAchaLathI puravAra thayuM te pramANe, khIjI aneka aniSTa vastuo banavA pAmata, briTiza sarakAre 1925nI sAlamAM khIjo rasto pasaMda karyAM ane pAunDanuM mUlya vadhArIne pahelAMnA jeTaluM karI dIdhuM. Ama teNe potAnA zarAphenA lAbha khAtara thoDeghaNe aMze potAnA udyoganA bhoga Apyo. paraMtu temanI sAme khaDA thayelA kharA muddo te ethIye vizeSa mahattvanA hatA, kema ke temanA sAmrAjyanI hastI upara enI bhAre asara paheAMce ema hatuM. duniyAnI nANAMkIya AgevAnInuM potAnuM pada laMDana gumAve te sAmrAjyanA judA judA bhAge tenI doravaNI ane madada mAgatA baMdha thaI jAya ane e rIte dhIme dhIme sAmrAjya naSTa thaI jAya. A rIte e prazna sAmrAjyanI nItine prazna thaI paDaco ane briTananA udyogA tathA dezanI aMdaranAM tAtkAlika hitAne bhAge sAmrAjyanA vyApaka hitanA vijaya thayo. tane yAda haze ke, sAmrAjyanAM hitAnA vicAra karIne, A ja rIte, kaika aMze leMkezAyara tathA briTananA udyogAnA hitane bhAge paNa iMgleMDa hiMdanA udyogIkaraNane uttejana ApavAne prerAyuM hatuM

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nANAMnA vicitra vyavahAra 1245 A rIte, potAnuM netRtva tathA sAmrAjya TakAvI rAkhavAne mATe iMgla MDuM bhagIratha prayatna karyAM. paraMtu e prayatna bahu ja meAMdhA paDyo ane tenI niSphaLatA anivAyaeN hatI. briTiza sarakAra, yA to kAI paNa bIjI sarakAra, Arthika pragatinA anivAya bhAvI upara potAne kAbU na rAkhI zake. pAMDe, thoDA vakhata mATe te potAnI AgaLanI AMTa prApta karI paraMtu ethI karIne udyoga dinapratidina sthagita thatA gayA. dezamAM ekArI vadhI gaI ane khAsa karIne kAlasAnA udyoga upara bhAre phaTakA paDayo. pAunDanuM A ' Dilezana 'eTale ke sAnAne dhoraNe pAunDanA mUlyamAM karavAmAM AvelA vadhArA ghaNe aMze ene mATe javAbadAra hatA. ema thavAnAM bIjAM kAraNA paNa hatAM. yuddha nukasAnInI rakama peTe jamanI pAsethI, tene thoDA kAlasA paNa levAmAM Avyo hato. AthI briTiza kAlasAnI khapata ghaTI ane pariNAme kAlasAnI khANAmAM vaLI vadhAre ekArI pedA thaI. A rIte, leNadAra ane vijetA dezane pratIti thaI ke hArelA deza pAsethI A prakAranI khaMDaNI levI e lAbhakAraka ja hoya che ema nathI. A uparAMta iMgleMDane kaiAlasAnA udyoga bahu ja suvyavasthita nahatA. te nAnI nAnI sekaDe! ka MpanIomAM vaheMcAI gayelA hatA ane yuropa khaMDanI tathA amerikAnI vadhAre mATI ane suvyavasthita kaMpanI sAthe harIphAImAM sahelAIthI TakI zake ema nahotuM. , kAlasAnA udyoganI sthiti uttarottara bagaDatI gaI eTale khANAnA mAlikAe potAnA majUronI majUrInA daro ghaTADavAnA nirNaya karyAM. khANanA majUroe enI sAme sakhata virodha uThAvyo ane temane emAM bIjA udyogonA majUrAno TekA maLyo. briTananI samagra majUra caLavaLa khANiyAonA vatI laDI levAne kaTibaddha thaI ane ene mATe saMgrAma-samiti ' nImavAmAM AvI. e pahelAM, jemAM tAlIma pAmelA ane susagati lAkhA majUrone samAveza thatA hatA evAM traNa moTAM majUra mahAjananuM -- khANiyAnuM mahAjana, relave majUranuM mahAjana tathA vAhanavyavahAranA majUronuM mahAjana--baLavAna ' trividha aikya ' sAdhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. majUra varganA A ugra valaNathI sarakAra bhaDakI gaI ane khANanA mAlikA bIjA eka varasa sudhI majUrInA AgaLanA daro cAlu rAkhI zake eTalA mATe temane Arthika madada ApIne teNe kaTokaTI te vakhata pUratI teA TALI. eka tapAsa samiti paNa nImavAmAM AvI. paraMtu e badhAnuM kazuMye piraNAma na AvyuM ane khANanA mAlikAe krIthI majUrInA darA ghaTADavAnI keAziza karI tyAre eka varasa pachI 1926nI sAlamAM kaTAkaTI pharI pAchI UbhI thaI. A vakhate sarakAra majUrA sAthe laDavAne taiyAra thaI ne kheDI hatI. pAchaLanA mahinAmAM teNe ene mATenI badhI taiyArI karI rAkhI hatI.

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jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana majUro pagAra kApa mATe saMmata na thayA eTale khANAnA mAlikAe khANAnuM kAmakAja baMdha karI devAno niNya karyAM. AthI iMglaMDamAM TreDa yuniyana koMgrese tatkALa haDatALa pADI. tenI haDatAla mATenI A hAkalane adbhuta javAba maLyA ane dezabharamAM tamAma saMgaThita majUroe kAma baMdha karI dIdhuM, dezanA badhA vyavahAra lagabhaga baMdha thaI gayA. relave gADIe baMdha paDI gaI, chApAM chApI zakAyAM nahi ane khIjI badhI pravRttio paNa baMdha paDI gaI. svayaMsevakaiAnI madadathI sarakAre keTalAka mahattvanA vyavahAro cAlu rAkhyA. 1926nI sAlanA me mAsanI 3-4 tArIkhanI madhyarAtathI sArvatrika haDatAlane AraMbha thayA. dasa divasa pachI, AvA prakAranI krAMtikArI haDatAla gamatI nahotI tevA TreDa yuniyana kaoNMgresanA vinIta netAoe temane ApavAmAM AvelAM acokkasa vacanAne bahAne ekAeka haDatAla pAchI kheMcI lIdhI. khANunA majUrA AthI kaphoDI sthitimAM AvI paDyA paraMtu aneka musIbato ane viTaMbaNAo veThIne mahinA sudhI temaNe haDatAla cAlu rAkhI. paraMtu bhUkhe mArIne temane Akhare vaza thavAnI parANe pharaja pADavAmAM AvI. Ama, kevaLa khANiyAnI ja nahi paNa eka Mdare IMgleMDanA samagra majUra samudAyanI bhAre hAra thaI. ghaNA dAkhalAmAM majUrInA dare ghaTADavAmAM AvyA, keTalAka udyogomAM kAmanA kalAkAmAM vadhArA karavAmAM AvyA ane majUravarga nuM jIvananuM dhoraNa nIcu thaI gayuM. potAnI thayelI jItane lAbha laI ne sarakAre majUrone nabaLA banAvanArA ane khAsa karIne, bhaviSyamAM sAtrika haDatAla paDatI aTakAvavAne kAyadA karyAM. majUra netAonI anizrita manetti, temanI nabaLAI tathA ene mATenI taiyArInA abhAvane lIdhe 1926nI sAlanI sAtrika haDatAla niSphaLa nIvaDI. kharekhara, temanA uddeza te haDatAla TALavAne hatA paNa teo ema karI na zakyA eTale pahelI ja take temaNe te badha karI dIdhI, jyAre sarakAra ene mATe sa MpUrNa paNe sajja thaine beThI hatI ane madhyama varganA tene TekA hatA. 1243 iMglaMDanI sAtrika haDatAla tathA kAlasAnA udyoganI lAMbA vakhata sudhI cAlu rahelI kAmabaMdhIe seviyeTa raziyAnI prajAmAM bhAre rasa pedA karyAM hata ane tyAMnAM majUra mahAjanoe, khAsa karIne iMgleMDanA khANanA majUrone madada karavAne moTI moTI rakamo mokalI hatI. emAM raziyAnA majUroe meTA phALA ApyA hatA. thADA samaya mATe to iMglaMDamAM majUrAne dAkhI devAmAM AvyA paraMtu nabaLA paDatA jatA udyoga ane vadhatI jatI bekArInA prazna kaI e rIte ukelAte nahAtA. bekArIne kAraNe moTA bhAganA majUrone bhAre hADamArI veThavI paDI. LI bekArI rAjyane mATe paNa kheArUpa hatI kema ke dhaNA dezomAM ekArInA

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nANAMnA vicitra vyavahAra 1247 vImAnI paddhatinA amala zarU thaI gayo hato. potAnI kazIye kasUra na hovA chatAM bekAra banelA majUranuM bharaNapoSaNa karavAnI rAjyanI raja che, e vastu mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. AthI bekAra tarIke nAMdhAyelA majUrane thoDI rAhata ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. ethI karIne sarakArane tathA sarakAranI sthAnika saMsthAne moTI moTI rakamA kharacavI paDatI hatI. mekAra thayelA majUrane madada tarIke ApavAmAM AvatI rakama * Dola ' tarIke oLakhAtI hatI. * " A badhuM zAthI banatuM hatuM ? udyogadhaMdhA zAthI nabaLA paDatA jatA hatA ? vepAranI paDatI zAthI thatI jatI hatI? ane ekArI zAthI vadhye jatI hatI ? vaLI kevaLa iMgleMDamAM ja nahi paNa lagabhaga badhA ja dezamAM sthiti nipratidina zAthI bagaDatI jatI hatI ? uparAchAparI pariSadma bharavAmAM AvI, ane rAjadvArI puruSA tathA zAsakA, dekhItI rIte ja, paristhiti sudhAravAne iMtejAra hatA, paraMtu temane saphaLatA maLI nahi. dharatIkaMpa thAya, rela saMkaTa AvI paDe ke anAvRSTithI dukALa paDe ane prajA duHkhamAM AvI paDe tevI kudaratI kApanA jevI e sthiti nahatI. duniyA dhaNe aMze pahelAMnI jema ja cAlI rahI hatI. vAstavamAM duniyAmAM vadhu khArAka hatA, vadhu kArakhAnAM hatAM ane dareka jarUrI vastu vadhAre pramANamAM hatI ane te chatAMye mANasajAtanAM du:khA ane viTaMbaNAo vadhI gaI hatI. A viparIta pariNAma lAvanAra kAI bhAre aniSTa kAraNabhUta hovuM joIe e spaSTa hatuM. kyAMka bhAre avyavasthA ane aMdhera vatuM hovAno saMbhava hatA. samAjavAdIe tema ja sAmyavAdI kahetA hatA ke vinAzanI chellI avasthAe AvI paheAMcelI mUDIvAdI vyavasthA e badhAne mATe deSita hatI. raziyAnA dAkhalA ApIne temaNe jaNAvyuM ke, tyAM AgaLa bhAre musIbate ane muzkelIo hovA chatAMye, ekArI to nathI ja. A badhA aTapaTA prazno che ane mAnavI pIDAonA nivAraNanA upAyAnI bAbatamAM vidyAne ane pati vacce bhAre matabheda che. Ama chatAMye ApaNe temanA taraph najara karIzuM ane temanAM keTalAMka pradhAna lakSaNenuM avalAkana karIzuM. duniyA Aje eka ghaTaka banatI jAya che ane atyAra sudhImAM traNe ze evI banI paNa gaI che. eTale ke, jIvanavyavahAra, pravRttio, utpAdana, vaheMcaNI ane vaparAza athavA upabhAga vagere AMtararASTrIya ane jagatavyApI banatAM jAya che ane e valaNa dinapratidina vadhatuM jAya che. vepAra, udyogo, nANAMpaddhati ityAdi paNa ghaNe aMze AMtararASTrIya che. bhinna bhinna deza vacce nikaTanA saMbaMdha ane parasparAvalaMbana hoya che ane kAI paNa eka

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1248. jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana dezamAM banelA banAvanI asara bAkInA badhA upara thAya che. duniyAnA badhA deze vacce A AMtararASTrIya saMbaMdha hovA chatAye temanI sarakAre tathA e sarakAranI nItio hajI atizaya saMkucita arthamAM rASTrIya rahI che. kharekhara, mahAyuddha pachInAM varasamAM A saMkucita rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAe vadhAre kharAba ane ugra svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM che ane duniyAmAM Aje teNe pitAnI ANa vartAvI che. enuM pariNAma e AvyuM che ke, duniyAnI AMtararASTrIya ghaTanAo ane sarakAranI A rASTrIyatA-pradhAna nIti vacce niraMtara gharSaNa cAlyA ja kare che. ema dhAra ke AMtararASTrIya pravRttio samudra tarapha vahetI nadI che ane rASTrIya nItio e tene rokI rAkhavAnA, baMdha bAMdhIne tenuM pANI saMgharI rAkhavAnA, tene pravAha bIjI bAjue vALavAnA ane keTalIka vakhata te tene UlaTI dizAmAM vahevaDAvavAnA prayAsa che. e te dekhItuM che ke nadIne pravAha UlaTI dizAmAM vahevA nathI tema ja te aTakavAne paNa nathI. hA, ema bane kharuM ke prasaMgopAtta tene bIjI bAjue vALavAmAM Ave athavA te baMdha bAMdhavAthI temAM pUra paNa Ave. Ama A rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAo nadInA ekadhArA vaheNamAM aMtarAye nAkhI rahI che ane e rIte temAM kyAMka pUra, kyAMka khADI ane kyAMka baMdhiyAra khAbociyAo pidA karI rahI che paraMtu enA vaheNanI chevaTanI gati temanAthI rokI zakAvAnI nathI. vepArajagAra tathA Arthika kSetramAM jene "Arthika rASTravAda" kahevAmAM Ave che te pravarte che. deze kharIdavA karatAM vecavuM vadhAre ane vAparavA karatAM utpanna vadhAre karavuM e ene artha thAya che. dareka rASTra pitAno mAla vecavA cAhe che; te pachI kharIdavuM keNe? kAraNa ke dareka vecANa mATe vecanAra tema ja kharIdanAra e baMne hovA joIe. duniyA vecanArAonI ja hoya ema dhAravuM e dekhItI rIte ja behUduM che. ane Ama chatAMye Arthika rASTravAda e mAnyatAnA AdhAra upara nirbhara che. dareka deza jakAtanI dIvAle eTale ke, paradezI mAla dezamAM Avate rekavA Arthika aMtarAye UbhA kare che ane enI sAthe sAthe ja te pitAne paradeze sAthe vepAra khIlavavAnI apekSA rAkhe che. jenA upara Adhunika duniyA racAyelI che te AMtararASTrIya vepAranA mArgamAM A jakAtanI dIvAle bAdhA nAkhe che ane tene haNe che. vepAra kSINa thavAthI, udyogone hAni pahoMce che ane bekArI vadhe che. Ane pariNAme, paradezI mAla dezamAM AvatA aTakAvavAnA vaLI vadhAre jhanUnI prayatna karavAmAM Ave che kema ke, e dezanA udyoganA mArgamAM ADe Ave che ema mAnavAmAM Ave che ane tethI jakAtanI dIvAle vaLI vadhAre UMcI karavAmAM Ave che. Ama AMtararASTrIya vepArane hajI vadhAre ne vadhAre nukasAna thAya che ane e aniSTanI paraMparA cAlyA ja kare che.

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nANune vicitra vyavahAra 1249 AjanI audyogika duniyA, vAstavamAM rASTrIyatAnI avasthAthI ghaNI AgaLa vadhI gaI che. mAlanA utpAdana ane vaheMcaNInuM Akhuye taMtra sarakAre ane dezanA rASTrIyatAnA siddhAMta upara racAyelA taMtra sAthe baMdhabesatuM AvatuM nathI. aMdara rahelA vRddhi pAmatA jatA deha mATe rASTrIyatAnuM kavaca ghaNuM nAnuM paDe che ane pariNAme te tUTavA pAme che. A jakAte ane vepAranA mArgamAM UbhA karavAmAM AvelA aMtarAyathI dareka dezamAM mAtra thoDAka vargone ja lAbha thAya che, paraMtu pitApitAnA dezamAM e vargonuM prabhutva hoya che ane te te dezanI nIti teo ghaDe che. AthI dareka deza bIjAnI AgaLa cAlyA javAno prayatna kare che ane pariNAme badhAye eka sAthe hADamArI bhegave che ane rASTra rASTra vaccenI spardhA ane vadhavA pAme che. pariSada dvArA parasparanA matabhedanuM nivAraNa karavAnA vAraMvAra prayAso karavAmAM Ave che ane judA judA dezanA rAjadvArI puruSo udAtta Azaye pragaTa kare che, paraMtu saphaLatA temane thApa ApIne temanAthI dUra bhAge che. AnA uparathI, hiMdamAM kemI praznane - hiMdu-musalamAna-zIkhonA praznone - ukela lAvavA mATe vAraMvAra karavAmAM AvatA prayatnonuM smaraNa tane nathI thatuM? baMne dAkhalAomAM, niSphaLatAnuM kAraNa kheTI mAnyatAo, beTI dhAraNAo tema ja khoTA udeze che. jakAta ane rAjya taraphathI Arthika madada tathA relavenA khAsa daranA jevI Arthika rASTravAdane uttejana ApanArI bIjI aneka rItethI, mAlamilakata dharAvanArAo tathA pAka mAla utpanna karanArA vargone lAbha thAya che. A rIte surakSita banAvavAmAM AvelAM dezanAM bajArene lIdhe temane phAyado thAya che. Ama, saMrakSaNa ane jakAte dvArA sthApita hite nirmANa thAya che ane bIjAM badhAM sthApita hitenI peThe temane nukasAna thAya evA koI paNa pheraphAranI sAme teo jabaradasta virodha uThAve che. jakAta eka vakhata dAkhala thayA pachI kAyama zAthI rahe che, tathA darekane mATe te nukasAnakAraka che enI ghaNAkharA lekane khAtarI hovA chatAM paNa Arthika rASTravAda cAlu zAthI rahe che tenuM A eka kAraNa che. sthApita hite eka vakhata UbhAM karyA pachI temane miTAvI devAnuM bahu muzkela hoya che ane evI bAbatamAM koI paNa deze ekAkI AgaLa paDavuM e te ethIye vizeSa muzkela che. hA, badhAye deze ene mATe eka sAthe pagalAM bharavAne saMmata thAya ane jakAte baMdha kare athavA te ghaNuM moTA pramANamAM ghaTADI nAkhe te kadAca ema bane kharuM. paraMtu ema thAya te muzkelIo te AvavAnI ja; kema ke, ene lIdhe, udyogamAM AgaLa vadhelA deze sAthe samAna dhoraNa upara harIphAI karI zake ema na hovAthI, udyogamAM pachAta dezone nukasAna thavAnuM. saMrakSaka jakAtanA rakSaNa nIce ja, sAmAnya rIte, navA udyogo UbhA karavAmAM Ave che.

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1250 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Arthika rASTravAda, rASTra rASTra vaccenA vepArane zithila kare che tathA tene aTakAve che. A rIte duniyAvyApI bajAranI khilavaNIne hAni pahoMce che. dareka rASTra ijArAne pradeza banI jAya che ane tenA bajArane jakAta dvArA surakSita banAvavAmAM Ave che. Ama abAdhita bajArane mATe sthAna rahetuM nathI. dareka rASTranI aMdara paNa IjArAo vadhavA pAme che ane abAdhita tathA khullAM bajAro dhIme dhIme nAza pAme che. moTAM moTAM TrasTa, (ghaNA vepArIoe eka thaIne UbhI karelI vepArI peDhI), gaMjAvara kArakhAnAo tathA meTI meTI dukAne, nAnA utpAdaka, tathA nAnA dukAnadArane gaLI jAya che ane e rIte harIphAIne aMta ANe che. amerikA, iMgleMDa, jarmanI, jApAna ane bIjA audyogika dezamAM AvA rASTravyApI ijArAo pavanavege UbhA thayA ane e rIte gaNyAgAMThyA mANasenA hAthamAM sattA kendrita thavA pAmI. paTela, sAbu, rAsAyaNika padArtho, yuddhasaraMjAma, be ke ane bIjI aneka vastuonA evA prakAranA IjArAo UbhA thayA che. A badhAnAM vicitra pariNAme Ave che. vijJAnanA vikAsa tathA mUDIvAdanI pragatinuM e anivArya pariNAma che ane Ama chatAMye te mUDIvAdanA khuda mULa upara ghA kare che. kema ke mUDIvAdano AraMbha duniyAvyApI ane mukta athavA bAdhArahita bajArathI thayo che. harIphAI e mUDIvAdanA jIvanane zvAsozvAsa hate. duniyAvyApI bajArane aMta Ave ane te ja pramANe dezanI aMdaranA bAdhArahita bajAra tathA harIphAIno paNa aMta Ave te A jarIpurANI mUDIvAdI samAjavyavasthAne pAye ja tUTI paDe. ene sthAne kevI vyavasthA Avaze te vaLI jAdI vastu che, paraMtu A paraspara virodhI valaNavALI jUnI vyavasthA lAMbA vakhata sudhI TakI zake ema nathI ema jaNAya che. vijJAna tema ja audyogika pragati mejUda samAjavyavasthAthI ghaNAM AgaLa vadhI gayAM che. khorAka tema ja jIvanane upayogI bIjI cIjo teo jabaradasta pramANamAM utpanna kare che, paraMtu enI zI vyavasthA karavI enI mUDIvAdane kazI gatAgama nathI. sAce ja, ghaNI vAra te te e vastuone nAza kare che athavA te utpAdanane maryAdita kare che. ane ethI karIne ja, aDhaLaka samRddhi ane kAramuM dAridya ekabIjAne paDakhe mejUda hevAnuM dazya ApaNI najare paDe che. Adhunika vijJAna ane utpAdananI kaLAne upayogamAM levA jeTalI pragati mUDIvAde sAdhI na hoya te vijJAna sAthe jene vadhAre meLa hoya evI bIjI koI vyavasthA UbhI karavI joIe. vijJAnane rUdhI nAkhIne tene AgaLa vadhatuM aTAvI devuM e bIjo eka raste che. paraMtu ema karavuM e te mUrkhAibharyuM gaNAya, ane game tema che paNa enI kalpanA karavI paNa muzkela che.

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sAmasAmA dAvapeca 12:1 A Arthika rASTravAdanI ANu vatI hAya, ijArA ane rASTra rASTra vacce harIphAIo vadhatI jatI hoya, tathA jarjarita thatA jatA mUDIvAdamAMthI pedA thatI khIjI aneka vastu meAjUda hoya, te sthitimAM duniyAbharamAM bhAre musIbatA ane hADamArIo pedA thAya emAM kazuM Azraya nathI. khuda Adhunika sAmrAjyavAda e paNa mUDIvAdanuM eka svarUpa ja che, kema ke dareka sAmrAjyavAdI sattA bIjI prajAonuM zASaNa karIne ja potAnA rASTranA praznAne ukela kare che. AjanI UrdhvamUla adhaHzAkha duniyAmAM badhI vastu jANe athaDAmaNa tarapha ja dorI jatI lAge che! mahAyuddha pachInAM varasAmAM nANAMnA vyavahAra bahu vicitra prakAranA hatA e vastu A patranA AraMbhamAM me tane kahI hatI. jyAre khIjI badhI ja vastuonA vyavahAra asAdhAraNa prakAranA banI gayA hoya tyAre ApaNe nANAMne doSa daI zakIe kharAM? 174, sAmasAmA dAvapeca 18 jUna, 1933 mArA chellA e patrA Arthika ane calaNanA praznone aMgenA hatA. e viSayA bahu ja gUDha ane samajavAmAM muzkela manAya che. e bahu sahelA nathI ane e samajavA mATe bhAre mAnasika parizrama karavAnI jarUra paDe che e kharuM, paraMtu dhAravAmAM Ave che eTalA bhayaMkara ke DarAmaNA te nathI, ane e viSayAnI AsapAsa gUDhatAnuM vAtAvaraNa UbhuM karavAmAM arthazAstrI ane niSNAtA kaMIka aMze javAbadAra che. prAcIna kALamAM gahana vastuonA ijArA purohitA pAse hato ane sAmAnya rIte, vaparAtI maTI gayelI tathA lakAne na samajAya evI bhASAmAM aneka prakAranI kriyA ane vidhi karIne tema ja adazya zakti sAthe potAnA saMparka che evA DeLa karIne ajJAna lekA upara te peAtAnA dora calAvatA. purAhitAnI sattA Aje ghaNI ochI thaI gaI che ane audyogika dezomAM te te lagabhaga naSTaprAya thaI gaI che. purAhitAnI jagyAe have niSNAta arthazAstrI, zarAphe ane evA khIjAe UbhA thayA che. pradhAnapaNe pAribhASika padonI khanelI gUDha bhASAmAM te vAta kare che ane te samajavAnuM sAmAnya leAkeA mATe muzkela khanI jAya che. AthI sAmAnya mANasane A praznonA nirNaya niSNAto upara cheDavA paDe che. paraMtu jANyeajANye e niSNAta dhaNuMkharuM zAsakavargo sAthe saMkaLAyelA hoya che ane teo e vargonAM hitAne sAcave che. vaLI niSNAtemAM paNa aMdara aMdara matabhedo hoya che,

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12 para jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ethI karIne, Aje rAjakAraNa tema ja bIjA badhA upara prabhutva bhogavI rahelA jaNAtA Arthika prazno samajavAne ApaNe saue prayatna kare joIe. mANasajAtane aneka rIte samUho ane vargomAM vaheMcI zakAya che. eka rIte, mANasone be vargomAM vaheMcI zakAyaH eka pravAhapatita le che, jemane pitAnI nirNayazakti hotI nathI ane pravAhamAM paDelA taNakhalAnI peThe teo pitAnI jAtane ahIMtahIM kheMcAvA de che ane bIjA jIvanamAM asarakAraka bhAga bhajavavAne tema ja pitAnI AsapAsanI paristhiti upara pitAne prabhAva pADavAno prayatna kare che. A bIjA varganA leke mATe jJAna ane samaja Avazyaka hoya che kema ke asarakAraka kArya temane AdhAre ja thaI zake. kevaLa sabhAva ane sadicchAo pUratAM nathI. koI kudaratI Aphata AvI paDe ke mahAmArI phATI nIkaLe athavA anAvRSTi thAya ke bIjI koI paNa prakAranI Apatti AvI paDe te prasaMge ApaNe joIe chIe ke mAtra hiMdamAM ja nahi paNa yuropamAM sudhdhAM rAhata mATe ke IzvaranI prArthanA kare che. prArthanAthI je temane zAtA vaLe ane temanAmAM AtmavizvAsa ane hiMmata Ave te te sArI vastu che ane keIe paNa tenI sAme vAMdho uThAvavo joIe nahi. paraMtu prArthane mahAmArI ke regacALAne aTakAvaze e khyAlanuM sthAna che svacchatA ane bIjA sAdhano dvArA rogacALAnAM mULa kAraNe dUra karavA joIe e vaijJAnika khyAla laI rahyo che. koI kArakhAnAnA saMcAomAM bhAga tUTa thAya ke meTaranA TAyaramAM kANuM paDe te prasaMge lekene sadicchA rAkhIne hAthapaga jeDI besI rahetA ke bhAgatUTa ApameLe sudharI jAya athavA kANAM ApameLe saMdhAI jAya evI prArthanA karatA niSkriya thaIne besI rahetA sAMbhaLyA che kharA? nA, nA, eve vakhate teo kAma karavA maMDI paDe che ane yaMtra tathA TAyarane sudhArI le che ane tarata ja yaMtra pharIthI cAlatuM thaI jAya che athavA moTara tene raste saraLatAthI AgaLa doDI jAya che. e ja rIte mAnavI ane sAmAjika yaMtrane viSe paNa sadicchA uparAMta, tenA calana ane zakayatAonuM jJAna ApaNane hevuM joIe. e jJAna bhAgye ja nizcita ke cokkasa hoya che kema ke mAnavI IcchAo, kAmanAo, jarUriyAte, pUrvagraha jevI anizcita vastuone lagatuM te hoya che, ane jyAre ApaNe mANasone eka samUha tarIke vicAra karIe ke samagra samAja athavA bhinna bhinna vargo viSe vicAra karIe tyAre te e vastuo vaLI vizeSe karIne anizcita banI jAya che. paraMtu abhyAsa, anubhava ane avakanathI e anizcita hakIkatanA zaMbhumeLAmAM dhIre dhIre vyavasthA lAvI zakAya che ane e rIte jJAna vadhe che ane tenI sAthe ApaNI AsapAsanI paristhiti sAthe kAma levAnI ApaNI zakti paNa vadhavA pAme che.

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sAmasAmA dAvapeca 1253 have huM mahAyuddha pachInAM A varase daramyAnanI yuropanI rAjakIya bAju viSe kaMIka kahevA mAgu chuM. pahelI ja najare ApaNane yuropa traNa bhAgamAM vaheMcAyelA mAlUma paDe che : vijetA deze, parAjita deza ane seviyeTa raziyA. naoNve, svIDana, hAleMDa, sviTjharalaeNnDa jevA keTalAka nAnA dezono A traNa vibhAgamAM samAveza thatA naheAte. vyApaka rAjakIya dRSTithI jotAM temanuM jhAjhu mahattva nahetuM. seviyeTa raziyA, kAmadArenI sarakAra racIne, bezaka sauthI alaga ane ekaluM UbhuM hatuM. ane vijayI rASTrone te nira Mtara AMkhamAMnI kaNInI peThe khUcyAM karatuM hatuM. tenI zAsanapraNAlI khIjA dezanA kAmadArone krAMti karavAnI hArksa karatI hatI eTalA mATe ja nahi paNa vijetA rASTronI pUrva yuropane a MgenI aneka yojanAonA mArgomAM te ADuM AvatuM hatuM, tethI paNa te temane khUMcatuM hatuM. 1919 ane 1920 daramyAna raziyAnA mAmalAmAM vacce paDIne tathA tenI sAme yuddho karIne vijayI rASTroe sAviyeTa raziyAne kacarI nAkhavAno prayatna karyAM hatA te viSe huM tane AgaLa kahI gayA chuM. paraMtu soviyeTa raziyA e badhI kasoTImAMthI pAra UtarIne TakI rahyu ane yuropanI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAne manekamane paNa tenI hastI sAMkhI levI paDI. paraMtu ema karavAmAM temaNe saheja paNa bhalAI ke udAratA na batAvI. khAsa karIne, IMglaMDa ane raziyA vacce te jhAranA samayathI cAlatI AvelI purANI harIphAI cAlu ja rahI ane ene kAraNe ghaNI vAra yuddhamAM pariName evA dhAstIbharyAM prasaMgo ane banAvA banavA pAmatA. iMglaMDa tenI sAme niraMtara kAvAdAvA karyAM kare che tathA yuropamAM te sAviyeTarnavarAdhI sattAonA saMdha UbhA karavAne prayatna karatuM rahe che enI seAviyeTa raziyAne barAbara khabara hatI ane laDAI phATI nIkaLavAnI sanasanATIbharI aphavAe aneka vAra phelAvA pAmatI. pazcima tema ja madhya yuropamAM vijayI ane parAjita sattAo vaccenA bheda bahu ja spaSTapaNe dekhAI AvatA hatA ane khAsa karIne phrAMsa vijayanI bhAvanA vyakta karatuM hatuM. hArelI sattA svAbhAvika rIte je, sulehanI saMdhionI dhaNI jogavAI e paratve asASa darzAvatI hatI ane jo ke enI sAme kazuMye karavAnI temanI tAkAta nahotI chatAMye te bhAvi parivartananAM svapnAM sevI rahI hatI. AsTriyA ane haMgarI bhAre durdazAmAM AvI paDyAM hatAM ane temanI sthiti vadhu ne vadhu bagaDatI jatI lAgatI hatI. khIjI bAjue, yugoslAviyA e sarbiyAnuM ja vRddhiMgata svarUpa hatuM ane te viSama tattva tathA prajAnA zaMbhumeLA banI gayuM hatuM. thoDAM ja varaseAmAM tenA judA judA bhAgA ekabIjAthI thAkayA ane judA paDI javAnI vRtti temanAmAM pedA thaI. krATiyAmAM( hAla te yugoslAviyAnA eka prAnta che. ) ~ 3

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1254 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzIna svataMtratA mATe prabaLa caLavaLa cAle che ane saLiyAnI sarakAra tene dArbhI devAne majabUta hAthe prayatna karI rahI che. nakazA upara jotAM jaNAze ke poleMDa e ThIka ThIka mATe deza che paraMtu tenA sAmrAjyavAdI kALA samudra sudhI vadhavAnAM, ane e rIte poleMDanI tenI prAcIna sarahada eTale ke 1772nI sAlamAM tenI je sarahada hatI te prApta karavAnAM svapnAMmAM rAce che. vaLI, poleMDamAM raziyana yukrenanA thADA bhAgane paNa samAveza thAya che. ane atizaya damana, atyAcArI, mAtanI zikSA tathA hevAniyatabharI khIjI aneka sajA dvArA trAsa vartAvIne tene 'zAMta karavAnA' tathA e pradezamAM paNa poleMDanI saMskRti parANe phelAvavAnA prayAseA karavAmAM AvyA hatA ane hajI te cAlu ja che. pUrva yureApamAM dhUMdhavAI rahelAM A keTalAMka nAnAM nAnAM tApaNAM che. paraMtu emAMthI pracaMDa dAvAnaLa bhabhUkI UThe evA jokhamamAM emanuM mahattva raheluM hatuM. rAjakIya tema ja lazkarI dRSTie paNa mahAyuddha pachInAM varasAmAM krAMsanuM yuropa upara prabhutva hatuM. pradezanA rUpamAM tene je joItuM hatuM temAMnuM dhaNuMkharuM tene maLI gayuM hatuM ane kaI nahi teA, yuddhanI nukasAnI peTe meTI rakama maLavAnuM vacana paNa maLyuM hatuM. paraMtu e badhAthI te sukhI nahatuM. eka mahAbhaya -- jarmanI pharI pAchuM tenI sAme hathiyAra ugAmavA jeTaluM maLavAna nI jAya ane kadAca tene harAve, evA bhaya tene nira Mtara rahyA karatA hatA. e bhayanuM mukhya kAraNa ja`nInI tenA karatAM ghaNI vadhAre vasatI hatuM. jarmanI karatAM phrAMsanuM kSetraphaLa vadhAre che ane kadAca te tenA karatAM vadhAre phaLadrupa paNa haze. Ama chatAM paNa phrAMsanI vastI 41,000,000 che ane te lagabhaga sthAyI che. jyAre jarmanInI vastI 62,000,000 karatAMye vadhAre che ane te uttarAttara vadhatI jAya che. vaLI jA humalAkhAra ane laDAyaka prajA tarIke nAmIcA hatA ane eka ja peDhI daramyAna temaNe be vakhata phrAMsa upara caDAI karI hatI. jarmanI vera leze evA bhaya phrAMsane niraMtara akaLAvatA rahetA hatA ane ' salAmatI ', eTale ke tene je maLyuM hatuM te TakAvI rAkhavA mATe phrAMsanI salAmatI e ja tenI nItinA pAyA ane pradhAna siddhAMta hatA. varsonI saMdhithI nirAza thayelA badhA dezane phrAMsanI lazkarI sarasAI e aMkuzamAM rAkhyA, kema ke e suleha TakAvI rAkhavI e phrAMsanI salAmatI mATe jarUrI gaNavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. potAnI sthiti vizeSa majabUta karavAne mATe, e uparAMta, phrAMse varsAInI sadhi TakAvI rAkhavAmAM jemanuM hita samAyeluM hatuM tevAM rASTronA eka samUha UbhA karyAM. beljiyama, polaeNMDa, cekaralevAkiyA, rumAniyA ane yugeslAviyA e evA dezo hatA.

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sAmasAmAM dAvapeca 1255 A rIte kAMse yuropamAM pitAnuM sarvoparIpaNuM athavA netRtva jamAvyuM. IgleMDane e vastu pasaMda nahotI, kema ke pitAnA sivAya bIjI koI paNa sattAnuM yuropa upara prabhutva jAme e tene bilakula racatuM nathI. IMgleMDane pitAnA mitra phrAMsa mATe prema ane mitrabhAva hatuM te bilakula ThaMDA paDI gayA; briTiza chApAMo krAMsane svArthI ane niSphara kahIne vakhoDavA lAgyAM ane jUnA dumana jarmanI mATe teo mitrAcArI bharyA ullekha karavA lAgyAM. aMgrejo kahevA lAgyA ke, ApaNe gaI gujarI bhUlI jaIne daragujara karavuM joIe tathA sulehakALamAM yuddha samayanAM kaDavAM smaraNo tAjAM karIne na vartavuM joIe. A bahu ja prazaMsApAtra bhAvanAo hatI, ane aMgrejonA dRSTibiMduthI te e bevaDI prazaMsApAtra hatI kema ke IgleMDanI nIti sAthe te baMdha besatI AvatI hatI! kAunTa spharajhA nAmanA eka ITAlInA rAjapuruSe kahyuM che ke, IMgleMDane thatA kaI paNa lAbhanuM tathA briTiza sarakAranI mutsaddIgIrInA koI paNa pagalAnuM uccamAM ucca naitika dRSTithI badhA ja vargo samarthana kare e "parama kRpALu Izvara taraphathI briTiza prajAne maLelI amUlya bheTa che." 1922nI sAlanA AraMbhathI, IMgleMDa ane krAMsa vaccenuM gharSaNa yuropI rAjakAraNanI rejidI vastu banI gaI. upara uparathI te smita ane vinayI zabdone DoLa karavAmAM Avato hato ane baMne dezanA rAjadvArI puraSo tathA vaDA pradhAne vAraMvAra maLatA tema ja sAthe UbhA rahIne pheTA paDAvatA hatA; paraMtu aMdarakhAnethI baMne dezanI sarakAre vAraMvAra sAmasAmI dizAomAM kheMcatI hatI. 1922nI sAlamAM jarmanI yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakama bharapAI karavAne vAyado cUkyuM tyAre IMgleMDa, mitrarA rUranI khINane kabaje le 'enI tarapheNamAM nahotuM. paraMtu iMglaMDanA virodha chatAM krAMse pitAnuM dhAryuM karyuM. IMglaDe e kabaje levAmAM bhAga na lIdhe. phrAMsanuM bIjuM eka purANuM mitra iTAlI paNa tenAthI juduM paDI gayuM . ane e baMne dezo vacce niraMtara gharSaNa cAlu rahyuM. 1922nI sAlamAM musalinIe sattA pacAvI pADI te tathA tenI sAmrAjyavAdI mahattvAkAMkSA ema thavA mATe kAraNabhUta hatAM. iTAlInI sAmrAjyavAdI mahattvAkAMkSAomAM phAMsa aMtarAye nAMkhatuM hatuM. musalinI ane phAsIvAda viSe huM have pachInA patramAM kahIza. mahAyuddha pachInAM varaso daramyAna briTiza sAmrAjyamAM keTalAMka vizleSaka baLa paNa dekhAvA lAgyAM hatAM. A praznanI keTalIka bAjuonI carcA, AgaLanA eka patramAM huM karI gayo chuM. ahIM huM tenI eka bAjune mAtra ullekha ja karIza. esTreliyA tathA keneDA e baMne amerikAnI sAMskRtika tema ja Arthika asara nIce vadhu ne vadhu AvavAM lAgyAM. jApAnIo sAme

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1256 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane khAsa karIne teo te dezamAM AvIne vasatA hatA te sAme e traNene eka sarakhe agame hate. esTreliyAne e viSe khAsa bhaya rahe che kema ke, tenI pAse aNavasAyela vizALa pradeza hajI paDe che, ane jApAna tenAthI bahu dUra nathI. vaLI tyAM AgaLa kIDIdara vasatI che. e be saMsthAne tathA amerikAne IMglaMDanI jApAna sAthenI maitrI pasaMda paDI nahotI. IMgleMDa amerikAne khuza karavA cahAtuM hatuM kema ke zarApha tarIke ane bIjI rIte paNa amerikAnuM duniyA upara prabhutva hatuM. vaLI, banI zake teTalA lAMbA vakhata sudhI tene pitAnuM sAmrAjya paNuM TakAvI rAkhavuM hatuM. AthI 1922nI voziMgTana pariSadamAM IglaDe jApAna sAthenA pitAnA akyane bhega Ape. cIna viSenA mArA chellA patramAM meM tane e pariSada viSe lakhyuM che. e pariSadamAM ja "cAra sattAone karAra" tathA "nava sattAone karAra' e be saMdhio thavA pAmI. A saMdhio cIna ane prazAnta mahAsAgaranA kAMThAnA saMbaMdhamAM hatI ane raziyAnuM hita nikaTapaNe tenI sAthe saMkaLAyeluM hovA chatAMye tene e pariSadamAM AmaMtraNa ApavAmAM AvyuM nahotuM. joke e sAme teNe pitAne virodha paNa vyakta karyo hate. - A vaiziMgTana pariSadathI iMglaMDanI pUrvanI nItimAM pheraphAra thavA pAme. madhya pUrvanA dezanI bAbatamAM tema ja jarUra paDe te hiMdanI bAbatamAM paNa madada mATe IMgleMDa Aja sudhI jApAna upara AdhAra rAkhatuM AvyuM hatuM. paraMtu dUra pUrvanA deze have jagatanA vyavahAramAM ati mahattvanAM aMge banatA jatA hatA. ane tyAM AgaLa judI judI sattAo vacce hitanI athaDAmaNa thavA lAgI hatI. cInanI caDatI thavA lAgI hatI athavA kaho ke evuM jaNAtuM hatuM tathA amerikA ane jApAna vacce sAmasAmI duzmanAvaTa vadhatI jatI hatI. ghaNuM leke dhAratA hatA ke prazAnta mahAsAgara e bIjA mahAyuddhanuM pradhAna kendra banI jaze. jApAna ane amerikAnI vacce IMgleMDa jApAnane pakSa choDIne amerikAne pakSe gayuM athavA teNe jApAnane pakSa tajI dIdhe ema kahevuM vadhAre sAcuM gaNAze. keI paNa rIte baMdhAI gayA vinA baLavAna ane tavaMgara amerikA sAthe mitrAcArIbharyo saMbaMdha rAkhavAnI nIti IglaDe cokkasapaNe akhatyAra karI. jApAna sAthenuM aikya teDyA pachI pUrva taraphanI bhAvi laDAI mATe iglaDe taiyArI karavA mAMDI. aDhaLaka nANuM kharacIne teNe siMgAporamAM jabaradasta pustAo bAMdhyA ane tene eka moTuM naukA mathaka banAvyuM. e sthAnethI IMgleMDa hiMdI mahAsAgara tema ja prazAnta mahAsAgara vaccenI avarajavara upara aMkuza rAkhI zake che. tyAMthI eka bAjue te hiMdustAna ane brahmadeza upara ane bIjI bAjue phreMca ane Daca vasAhata upara pitAnuM prabhutva jALavI zake che ane sauthI mahatvanI vastu te e che ke, jApAna sAme ke bIjI

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1250 sAmasAmA dAvapeca koI paNa sattAnI sAme prazAnta mahAsAgaranA vigrahamAM te tyAMthI asarakAraka rIte bhAga laI zake che. 1922nI sAlamAM vaiziMgTanamAM IMgleMDa ane jApAna vaccenuM aikya tUTavAthI jApAna ekaluM paDI gayuM. jApAnane have raziyA tarapha najara karavAnI pharaja paDI ane teNe soviyeTa sAthe sArA saMbaMdhe keLavavAnI zarUAta karI. traNa varasa pachI, 1925nA jAnyuArI mAsamAM jApAna ane seviyeTa rAjya vacce saMdhi thaI. mahAyuddha pachInAM AraMbhanAM varasa daramyAna vijya rASTrae jarmanI tarapha bahiSkRta rASTra jevo vartAva dAkhavyuM. e rASTra taraphathI sahAnubhUti na maLavAthI, ane kaMIka aMze temane sahejasAja karAvavAnA AzayathI paNa te seviyeTa raziyA tarapha vaLyuM ane 1920nA eprila mAsamAM tenI sAthe repelanI saMdhi karI. enI vATAghATe gupta rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI ane saMdhinI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI tyAre mitra rAjyanI sarakAra camakI UThI. briTiza sarakAra, khAsa karIne ethI vadhAre asvastha thaI, kAraNa ke, soviyeTa sarakAra pratye briTananA zAsakavargane bhAre aNagamo hato. jarmanI pratye sAro vartAva rAkhavAmAM na Ave tema ja tene manAvI levAmAM na Ave te te raziyA sAthe maLI jaze evI pratIti thavAthI ja jarmanI taraphanI briTiza nItimAM pheraphAra thavA pAmyo. jarmanInI hADamArIo pratye aMgreja loko hamadardI batAvavA lAgyA ane binasattAvAra rIte aneka prakAre teo tenA tarapha mitrAcArIbharyuM valaNa dAkhavavA lAgyA. rUrane kabaje levAnA sAhasathI teo aLagA rahyA hatA. jarmanI mATe temanA hRdayamAM ekAeka prema UbharAI AvyuM tethI nahi paNa jarmanIne raziyAthI aLaguM rAkhavA tema ja tene soviyeTa-virodhI rASTranA samUhamAM rAkhavAne mATe temaNe A badhuM karyuM hatuM. keTalAMka varaso sudhI briTiza nItinI e vastu kasaTI banI rahI sane 1925nI sAlamAM lekArnemAM temane emAM saphaLatA maLI. lekArnemAM yupI sattAonI eka pariSada maLI ane mahAyuddha pachI pahelI ja vAra vijayI sattAo ane jarmanI vacce keTalAka muddAonI bAbatamAM sAcI samajUtI thavA pAmI. e muddAone saMdhimAM samAveza karavAmAM Avyo. paraMtu temanI vacce saMpUrNa samajUtI te na ja thavA pAmI; yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakamane mahAmoTo prazna tema ja bIjA paNa keTalAka prazno hajI emanA ema ja bAkI rahyA hatA. paraMtu kArnemAM zubha zarUAta thaI ane paraspara khAtarIo ane bAMyadharI ApavAmAM AvI. jarmanIe vasaInI saMdhie TharAvyA mujabanI phrAMsa sAthenI pazcima taraphanI potAnI sarahada kabUla rAkhI; samudra sudhI pahoMcatI pileMDanI paTI (piliza keriDara) sahitanI pitAnI pUrvanI sarahadane chevaTanI tarIke svIkAravAnI teNe nA pADI,

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1258 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzana paraMtu te badalAvavA mATe mAtra zAMtimaya prayAseAne ja Azaro vacana ApyuM. jo kAI paNa pakSa e samajUtInA bhaMga kare to ekatra thaIne tenI sAme laDavAne vacanathI baMdhAyA hatA. levAnuM teNe bAkInA badhA leAkAmAMmAM briTiza nItine vijaya thayA. ethI karIne IMgleMDa, krAMsa ane jarmanI vaccenA matabhedo ke jhadhaDAonI bAbatamAM kaMIka aMze lavAda banyuM tema ja ene lIdhe jamanI raziyAthI dUra khasI gayuM. lAkarmAMnI sadhinu pradhAna mahattva e hatuM ke, ethI karIne pazcima yuropanI sattAo ekatra thaI ane temane seviyeTa-virodhI sadha banyA. raziyA AthI bhaDakayu ane thoDA ja mAsamAM turkI sAthe aikaya karIne teNe ene javAba vALyo. raziyA tu vaccenI A saMdhi 1925nA Disembara mAsamAM mesalanI bAbatamAM prAsaMdhe potAnA niSNuya --- tane yAda haze ke e niNya turkInI viruddha hatA -- ApyA pachI e ja divasa bAda thavA pAmI hatI. 1926nA sapTembara mAsamAM jarmanI prajAsa dhamAM dAkhala thayuM ane e prasaMge saue paraspara ekabIjA sAthe khUba bheTAbheTa karI ane hastadhUnana karyuM tema ja prajAsadhanA badhAye sabhyAnA mukha Upara smita karI rahyuM ane badhA ekbIjAne paraspara abhinaMdana ApavA lAgyA. ane Ama, yuropI rASTro vacce sAmasAmA A dAvapeco cAlavA lAgyA. ghaNuMkharu, e badhA dAvapeco dezanI AMtarika nItine AdhAre khelAtA hatA. 1927nA DisembaramAM iMglaMDamAM thayelI sAmAnya cUMTaNImAM konjharaveTIva pakSanI hAra thaI ane pAlamenTanA majUrapakSe, jo ke tenI cokhkhI bahumatI nahotI chatAMye, pahelavahelI vakhata potAnI sarakAra racI. ramse maeNkaDAnAlDa vaDA pradhAna banyA. e sarakAranA amala sADAnava mAsa jeTalA TUMkA samaya sudhI ja cAlye. paraMtu, e samaya daramyAna, sAviyeTa raziyA sAthe teNe samajUtI karI ane e deza vacce rAjadvArI ane vepArI saMbaMdho baMdhAyA. benjharveTIve sAviyeTane kAI paNa rIte mAnya rAkhavAnI viruddha hatA ane AgalI cUMTaNI pachI eka ja varasanI aMdara thayelI khIjI sAmAnya cUMTaNImAM raziyAe meTa bhAga bhajavyo. ema thavAnuM kAraNa e hatuM ke, jhIneAveva patra tarIke eLakhAtA eka patrane e cUMTaNImAM konjharaveTIvAe pradhAna zastra tarIke vAparyAM hato. e patramAM iMgleMDanA sAmyavAdIone gupta rIte tyAM AgaLa krAMti karavAnI pravRtti karavAne jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. jhIneveva soviyeTa sarakAramAM eka AgaLa paDato khelzevika hato. teNe e patra lakhyAnA sApha inkAra karyAM ane jaNAvyuM ke te patra banAvaTI hovA joI e. paraMtu Ama chatAMye kAnjharveTIvAe to e patraneA sArI peThe durupayoga karyAM ane amuka aMze tenI madadathI teo e cUMTaNImAM jItyA. have kanjharaveTIvAnI sarakAra racAI "

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sAmasAma dAvapeca 1259 ane TelI belDavIne tene vaDA pradhAna banyA. e sarakArane "jhIva patra'nA kharAkhoTApaNuM viSe tapAsa karavAnuM vAraMvAra jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM paraMtu teNe tema karavAnI sApha nA pADI. pAchaLathI barlinamAM bahAra paDelI keTalIka mAhitI uparathI mAlUma paDayuM ke eka "zveta' raziyane eTale ke bolsevika virodhI ane pitAnA vatanamAMthI nAsI chUTelA raziyane lakhele e banAvaTI patra hatuM. paraMtu e banAvaTI patre iMglaMDamAM tenuM kAma pAra pADayuM ane eka sarakArane uthalAvI pADIne tene sthAne bIjInI sthApanA karI. AMtararASTrIya vyavahAro upara AvA najIvA banAva asara kare che ! . 1926nI sAlamAM dUra pUrvamAM eka banAva banyo te paNa briTiza sarakArane mATe bhAre chaMcheDaNInA kAraNarUpa thaI paDyo. cInamAM baLavAna ane saMyukta sarakAra ekAeka UbhI thaI ane te soviyeTa raziyA sAthe nikaTano saMbaMdha rAkhatI hoya ema jaNAtuM hatuM. ghaNA mahinAo sudhI cInamAM aMgrejo bhAre muzkelImAM rahyA ane pitAnI pratiSThAne phAMke gaLI jaIne ghaNI aNagamatI vastuo temane karavI paDI. thoDA samayanI saphaLatA pachI caLavaLamAM phATaphUTa paDI ane te chinnabhinna thaI gaI. senApatioe caLavaLamAMnA uddAma vicAra dharAvanArAonI katala karI athavA temane temAMthI kADhI mUkyA ane zAMghAInA paradezI zarAphe upara AdhAra rAkhavAnuM temaNe pasaMda karyuM. AMtara rASTrIya ramatamAM raziyAnI e moTI hAra hatI ane cInamAM tathA anyatra tenI pratikA ghaTI gaI. iMglaMDa mATe e phateha hatI ane soviyeTane e hAranI vizeSa pratIti karAvIne teNe e takane pUrepUro lAbha uThAvavAno prayatna karyo. seviyeTavirodhI saMdha Ubho karavAnA tema ja raziyAne cAre taraphathI gherI levAnA prayAse pharI pAchA karavAmAM AvyA. 1927nI sAlanA vacagALAmAM duniyAnA judA judA bhAgomAM soviyeTa sAme pagalAM bharavAmAM AvyAM. 1927nA eprila mAsamAM, pekiMgamAMnA soviyeTanA elacInI kacerI upara tema ja zAMghAImAMnA soviyeTanA pratinidhinI kacerI upara eka ja divase humale karavAmAM Avyo. e baMne pradeze be judI judI cInI sarakAranA kAbU nIce hatA ane chatAMye A bAbatamAM temaNe ekasAthe pagalAM bharyA. elacInI kacerI upara humale karavo ane elacInuM apamAna karavuM e bahu ja asAmAnya ghaTanA che ane ghaNuMkharuM ene pariNAme anivArya paNe yuddha saLagI UThe che. raziyana leke ema mAnatA hatA ke, raziyA upara parANe yuddha lAdavAne mATe IMglaDe tema ja bIjI soviyeTa virodhI sattAoe cInI sarakAra pAse ema karAvyuM che. paraMtu raziyAe ene kAraNe laDAI saLagAvI nahi. eka mAsa pachI, 1927nA me mAsamAM bIjo eka asAdhAraNa humale karavAmAM Avyo. A vakhate laMDanamAM raziyana vepArI peDhIonI

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1230 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kacerIo upara humalA karavAmAM AvyA, ene 'ArakAjha-humalA ' kahevAmAM Ave che kema ke iMglaMDamAMnI raziyAnI sarakArI vepArI kaMpanInuM nAma 'ArakAjha' hatuM. e paNa bIjA eka rASTranuM dhAra ane saMpUrNa paNe anucita apamAna hatuM. e banAva pachI tarata ja e deza vaccenA rAjadvArI tema ja vepArI sabadhA tUTyA. eka mAsa pachI, jUnamAM poleMDamAMnA soviyeTa elacInuM vArasAmAM khUna karavAmAM AvyuM. (cAra varasa pUrve rAmamAMnA soviyeTa elacInuM lesAMmAM khUna karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM.) eka pachI eka banelA banAvAnI A paraMparAe raziyAnA lokeAne asvastha karI mUkyA ane temane lAgyuM ke, badhI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAo ekatra thaIne temanA upara humalA karaze. raziyAmAM yuddhanA bhAre gabharATa phelAI gayA ane pazcima yuropanA ghaNAkharA dezomAM majUroe raziyAnI tarapheNamAM ane AvatA jaNAtA yuddhanA virodhamAM dekhAve karyAM. yuddhane gabharATa zamI gayA ane yuddha thavA pAmyuM nahi. e ja varasamAM, eTale ke 1927nI sAlamAM soviyeTa raziyAe vizALa pAyA upara ekzevika krAMtinI dazamI saMvatsarI UjavI. iMgleMDa tathA phrAMsa te vakhate raziyA sAme bhAre vera rAkhatAM hatAM paraMtu IrAna, turkI, aAnistAna ane magAliyAnAM sarakArI pratinidhi maDaLAe e ujavaNImAM bhAga lIdhA te uparathI seviyeTa raziyAnI pUrvanA dezo sAthenI maitrInI pratIti thatI hatI. 66 A yuropamAM tema ja anyatra AvI sanasanATIbharI avA ane yuddhanI taiyArIo cAlatI hatI te ja vakhate zastrasaMnyAsanI vAta paNa sArI peThe cAlI rahI hatI. prajAsaMdhanA karAramAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke, prajAsaMdhanA sabhyo e vAtano svIkAra kare che ke, sulehazAMti jALavavA mATe, rASTranI salAmatIne lakSamAM rAkhIne dareka deze potAnI zastrasAmagrI jeTalI banI zake eTalI dhaTADI nAkhavAnI tema ja AMtararASTrIya kjonA amala badhAe eka sAthe maLIne karAvavAnI jarUra che." A udAtta siddhAMta nakkI karavA uparAMta prajAsaU te vakhate kazuMye na karyuM, paraMtu e bAbatamAM jarUrI pagalAM bharavAnuM teNe potAnI kAunsilane jaNAvyuM, jarmanI tema ja hArelI bIjI sattAne to bezaka, sulehanI sadhi dvArA niHzastra karavAmAM AvI hatI. vijayI sattAoe paNa pachIthI e ja pramANe karavAnuM kabUla karyuM hatuM. ene mATe uparAchAparI pariSado bharavAmAM AvI paNa temAMthI kazuMye mahattvanuM pariNAma na AvyuM. paraMtu emAM Azraya pAmavA jevuM kazuM nahatuM, kema ke dareka sattA evA prakAranuM niHzastrIkaraNa karavAnI murAda rAkhatI hatI ke jene pariNAme te khIjI sattA karatAM pramANamAM vadhAre baLavAna rahe. e vastusthiti bIjI sattA mAnya na kare-e ravAbhAvika hatuM. krAMse te AkhA

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sAmasAmA dAvapeca 1231 vakhata eka ja mAgaNI karyAM karI ke pahelI salAmatI pachI ni:zastrIkaraNanI vAta. mahAsattAomAMthI soviyeTa raziyA ane amerikA prajAsaMdhanAM sabhyo nahotAM. kharekhara, sAviyeTa raziyA te prajAsaMdhane eka pratispardhI ane virodhI tamAzA tarIke -- potAnI sAme kaTibaddha thaI ne UbhelA mUDIvAdI sattAenA eka samUha tarIke lekhatuM hatuM. khuda sAviyeTanA saMyukta rAjyane ja prajAsa'dha gaNavAmAM AvatA hatA (je rIte briTiza sAmrAjyanA keTalIka vAra rASTrasaMdha tarIke ullekha karavAmAM Ave che tema. ). ghaNAM prajAsattAka ekatra thaI te e sayukta rAjya banyuM hatuM. pUrvanI prajAe paNa prajAsaMdha tarapha zakAthI jotI hatI ane tene sAmrAjyavAdI sattAnA eka hathiyAra tarIke lekhatI hatI. Ama chatAMye, niHzastrIkaraNanI vicAraNA karavA mATenI prajAsaMdhanI badhIye pariSadomAM amerikA ane raziyA tema ja khIjA lagabhaga badhA dezAe bhAga lIdhA hatA. 1925nI sAlamAM niHzastrIkaraNanA praznano vicAra karavAne eka mahAna vizva-pariSada bharavA mATenI bhUmikA taiyAra karavAne prajAsadhe eka kamizana nImyuM. e kamizane sAta sAta varasA sudhI eka pachI eka ni:zastrIkaraNanI judI judI yojanAonuM nirIkSaNa karyAM karyuM paraMtu temAMthI kazuM piraNAma nIpajyuM nahi. 1932nI sAlamAM khuda vizva-pariSadanI beThaka maLI ane aneka mahinA sudhI vyartha vATAghATo calAvyA pachI te barakhAsta thaI gaI. amerikAe niHzastrIkaraNane aMgenI A badhI carcAmAM bhAga lIdhe eTaluM ja nahi paNa duniyAbharamAM tenuM Arthika prabhutva jAmyuM hovAthI yuropa tema ja yuropanA mAmalAmAM tene rasa vadhavA pAmyA hatA. Akhuye yuropa tenuM devAdAra hatu ane yuropanA dezone paraspara ekabIjAnAM gaLAM reMsatA rAkavAmAM tenuM hita raheluM hatuM, kema ke ucca AzayAnI vAta javA daIe teye ema banavA pAme to tenA leNAnI tema ja tenA vepAranI zI vale thAya ? niHzastrIkaraNanI carcAonuM kazuM pariNAma na AvyuM. eTale phreMca ane amerikana sarakArI vaccenI vAtacItAne pariNAme, zAMti jALavI rAkhavAmAM madadarUpa nIvaDe evI eka navI yojanA 1928nI sAlamAM bahAra paDI. e yeAjanAmAM yuddhane chaTAdAra bhASAmAM ekAyadA 'harAvavAnA prayatna karavAmAM AvyA. emAM mULa tA amerikA ane phrAMsa e e deza vacce ja karAra karavAno khyAla rAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA paraMtu eno vikAsa thayA ane chevaTe duniyAnAM lagabhaga badhAMye rASTra temAM dAkhala thayAM. 1928nA oNgasTa mAsamAM paeNrisamAM e karAra upara thaI ane tethI e 1928nI sAlanA paeNrisanA karAra tarIke oLakhAya che. ene kaeNlega--thiyAM karAra athavA mAtra * kaeNlega karAra ' tarIke paNa oLakhavAmAM Ave che. kaeNleAga amerikAnI saMrakAranA eka pradhAna hata * sahI " "

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1232 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana -- ane teNe e bAbatamAM AgaLa paDato bhAga lIdhA hatA. thriyAM phrAMsanA videzamaMtrI hatA. prastuta karAra eka TUMkA dastAveja che. AMtararASTrIya takarArI muddAonA ukela mATe yuddhano Azaro levAmAM Ave te vastune temAM vakhoDI kADhavAmAM AvI che tema ja prastuta karAra upara sahI karanArAM rASTro vaccenA paraspara sabadhAne aMge rASTrIya nIti tarIke yuddhanA tyAga karavAnuM temAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che. A bhASA karAranI e lagabhaga zabdazaH bhASA - sAMbhaLavAmAM te bahu ja madhurI lAge che ane tenI pAchaLanA Azaya prAmANika hota te ethI yuddhane aMta paNa Avata. paraMtu e karAra upara sahI karanArI sattA keTalI badhI apramANika hatI te thADA ja vakhatamAM bahAra paDI gayuM. aMgrejo ane phrecAe, khAsa karIne aMgrejoe, enA upara sahI karavA pahelAM karArane nakAmA karI mUke evI aneka chaTakabArIe rAkhI. sAmrAjyanA sabaMdhamAM tene je kaMI yuddhanI pravRttio karavI paDe tene briTiza sarakAre e karAramAMthI bAda rAkhI. vAstavamAM enA artha e thayo ke jyAre dhAre tyAre te yuddha karI zake. potAnA Adhipatya ane lAgavaga nIcenA pradezonI bAbatamAM teNe eka prakAranA briTiza * manaro siddhAMta 'nI jAherAta karI. Ama, jAhera rIte yuddha ekAyadA ' TharAvAI rahyuM hatuM te ja vakhate 1928nI sAlamAM iMgleMDa ane krAMsa vacce eka gupta naukA karAra thayA. enI bAtamI kAIka rIte bahAra paDI gaI ane tethI yuropa tathA amerikA coMkI UThayuM. paDadA pAchaLa rahelI sAcI vastusthiti zI hatI tene A uparathI barAbara khyAla AvatA hatA. " seviyeTa rAjye kalAga karArane mAnya rAkhyA ane teNe tenA upara sahI karI. ema karavAnuM kharuM kAraNa, e karArane bahAne seviyeTa sAme AkramaNa kare evA seviyeTa-virodhI sadha racAtA kaMIka aMze aTakAvavAnuM hatuM. prastuta karAra upara sahI karatI vakhate a Mgrejoe rAkhelI chaTakabArI, khAsa karIne seviyeTane uddezIne hatI ema lAgatuM hatuM. e karAra upara sahI karatI vakhate, a Mgrejo ane krecAe rAkhelI chaTakabArIe sAme raziyAe sakhata vAMdhA uThAvyo. raziyA yuddha TALavAne mATe eTaluM badhuM iMtejAra hatuM ke, teNe e uparAMta poleMDa, rumAniyA, esToniyA, leTaviyA, tu ane IrAna vagere potAnA pADeAzI sAthe sulehazAMti jALavavAnA khAsa karAro karavAnI sAvacetI rAkhI. e si~TavineAva karAra tarIke oLakhAya che. 1929nI sAlanA phebruArI mAsamAM, eTale ke kaeNlega karAra AMtararASTrIya kAyado banyA te pahelAM enA upara sahIo thaI. jANe ke AvA karAro ane upara uparathI thAgaDathIgaDa karavAthI jaDa brAlI gayelA vyAdhinuM nivAraNa thaI jatuM na hoya ema lANI ane bhAgI

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muselinI ane iTAlImAM phAsIvAda '1213 paDatI duniyAne sthira karavAnA AkharI prayatna tarIke AvA karAre, aikyo tema ja saMdhio karavAnuM cAlu rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. A badhuM 1920-30nA gALAmAM banavA pAmyuM ane e arasAmAM yuropanA dezomAM samAjavAdIo ane sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIo ghaNuMkharuM sattA upara hatA. hoddA ane sattAne rasa teo cAkhatA gayA tema tema teo mUDIvAdI vyavasthAmAM vadhu ne vadhu maLI javA lAgyA. sAce ja teo mUDIvAdanA sarvottama rakSaka banI gayA tema ja ghaNuMkharuM teo kaI paNa sthiticusta ke bIjA koI paNa pratyAghAtInA jeTalA ja ugra sAmrAjyavAdIo banI gayA. mahAyuddha pachInAM AraMbhanAM varasamAM Avele krAMtine Ubhare zamyA pachI yurepanI duniyA kaMIka zAnta paDI. navI upasthita thayelI paristhiti sAthe mUDIvAde vaLI thaDA vadhu vakhata mATe pitAne meLa besADI lIdhuM hoya ema jaNAtuM hatuM. ane kayAMye krAMtikArI pheraphAra thavAne tAtkAlika saMbhava jaNAto nahato. 1929nI sAlamAM yuropanI A paristhiti hatI. 175. musalinI ane ITAlImAM phAsIvAda 21 jUna, 1933 yurepa viSenI ApaNI vAtanI rUparekhA meM 1929nI sAla sudhI lAvI dIdhI che. paraMtu e vAtanuM eka mahattvanuM prakaraNa meM bAkI rAkhyuM che ane tenuM nirUpaNa karavA mATe mAre thoDuM pAchaLa javuM paDaze. e prakaraNa mahAyuddha pachI iTAlImAM banelA banAvane lagatuM che. ITAlImAM zuM banyuM te jANavA mATe e banAvonuM eTaluM badhuM mahattva nathI. emanuM mahattva te eTalA mATe che ke, te navIna prakAranA banAve che ane duniyAbharamAM pedA thanArI navIna prakAranI pravRttio ane athaDAmaNanI te ApaNane cetavaNI Ape che. A rIte temanuM mahattva kevaLa rASTra pUratuM maryAdita nathI paNa ethI ghaNuM vadhAre che ane tethI eka alaga patramAM temanuM nirUpaNa karavA mATe meM temane bAkI rAkhyA hatA. ethI karIne A patramAM huM AjanI eka prabhAvazALI vyakti musolinI tema ja iTAlImAM thayelA phAsIvAdanA udaya viSe vAta karIza. mahAyuddha zarU thayuM te pahelAM paNa ITAlI bhAre Arthika saMkaDAmaNamAM AvI paDayuM hatuM. 1911-1ranA tuka sAthenA yuddhamAM tene vijaya thayo hate ane uttara AphrikAmAM AveluM TripalI khAlasA karIne tenA sAmrAjyavAdIo bhAre AnaMdamAM AvI gayA hatA. paraMtu A nAnakaDI laDAIthI dezane jhAjhe AMtarika lAbha na thAya ane ethI karIne tenI Arthika sthiti sudharavA pAmI

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1244 jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzona nahi. mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLavAnI taiyArImAM hatuM tyAre 1914nI sAlamAM iTAlI krAMtinI aNI upara AvI paheAMceluM lAgatuM hatuM. tyAM AgaLa meTI moTI aneka haDatAlo paDI ane narama valaNanA samAjavAdI majUra AgevAne e kAmadArone jema tema aMkuzamAM rAkhyA tathA haDatAlA baMdha karavAmAM temane saphaLatA maLI. pachIthI mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM. iTAlIe potAnA mitra ja nIne pakSe yuddhamAM joDAvAnI nA pADI ane baMne pakSo pAsethI chUTachATA meLavavAmAM teNe potAnI taTasthatAno lAbha uThAvavAne prayatna karyAM. sauthI vadhAre dAma ApanArane potAnI sevA ApavAnuM A valaNa nItinI dRSTie ucita te nahAtuM, paraMtu rASTrA naThora hoya che ane jethI kAI paNa khAnagI vyakti zaramamAM DUbI jAya evI rIte te varte che. mitrarAjgyA, iMgleMDa ane krAMsa, tAtkAlika rokaDa rakama ane bhaviSyamAM ApavAnA pradezAnA vacananA rUpamAM vadhAre meTI lAMca ApI zakyA eTale 1915nA me mAsamAM iTAlI mitra rAjyane pakSe yuddhamAM joDAyuM. mAM ane eziyAmAinaranA thoDA bhAga TAlIne ApavAnI e pachI karavAmAM AvelI gupta sadhi viSe huM dhAruM chuM ke me tane kahyu che. A sadhine majUrI maLe te pahelAM raziyAmAM soviyeTa krAMti phATI nIkaLI, ane ethI karIne e AkhI ramata UMdhI vaLI gaI. iTAlInI e paNa eka riyAda hatI ane peresanI sulehanI sa Mdhi vakhate paNa teNe potAnA asaMtoSa vyakta karyAM hatA. iTAlIne ema lAgatuM hatuM ke potAnA 'tukko'nI avagaNanA karavAmAM AvI che. tyAMnA sAmrAjyavAdIe ane mUDIdAra vageryAM navA vasAhatI pradezeA khAlasA karIne temanuM zoSaNa karavAne TAMpI rahyA hatA ane e rIte te potapotAnA dezanI Arthika saMkaDAmaNa haLavI karavAnI AzA rAkhatA hatA. krama ke, iTAlInI sthiti mahAyuddha pachI atizaya kharAba thaI gaI hatI ane khIjA kAI paNa mitrarASTra karatAM e deza vadhAre thAkI gayA hatA tathA Arthika dRSTie vadhAre nAdAra banI gayA hatA. tyAMnI Arthika vyavasthA paDI bhAgavA lAgI hoya ema jaNAtuM hatuM ane samAjavAda tathA sAmyavAdanA himAyatI vadhavA lAgyA hatA. alabatta, raziyAnA khAlzevikAnu dRSTAMta temanI samakSa hatuM ja. tyAM AgaLa eka tarapha Arthika paristhitine kAraNe hADamArI vetA kArakhAnAMnA majUrA hatA ane khIjI bAjue yuddhamAMthI pAchA klA ane lazkara vikherI nAkhavAmAM AveluM hovAthI dhaNuMkharuM kAmadhaMdhA vinAnA thaI gayelA saMkhyAbaMdha sainikA hatA. avyavasthA ane a Mdhera vadhI gayAM, ane majUrAnA vadhatA jatA baLanA sAmanA karavAne madhyama varganA AgevAne e A sainikAne saMgaThita karavAnA prayAsa karyAM. 1920nI sAlanA unALAmAM kaTokaTI pedA thaI. dhAtunAM kArakhAnAMonA majUrAnA eka moTA mahAjane ---- jenA pAMca lAkha majUrA sabhya hatA pagAranA vadhArAnI mAgaNI karI.

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susAlinI ane iTAlImAM phAsIvAda 15 temanI e mAgaNI tarachoDavAmAM AvI eTale e majUroe navI ja rIte haDatAla pADavAno niNaeNya karyAM. te kArakhAnAMmAM gayA kharA paraMtu tyAM AgaLa temaNe pote te kAma na ja karyuM paNa khIjAone paNa kAma karatA cA. sadhavAdI, jemane aMgrejImAM * sinDIkaeNlisTa' kahevAmAM Ave che temanA e kAryakrama hatA ane phrAMsanA majUrAe enI dhaNA vakhata upara himAyata karI hatI. A dakhalagIrInI haDatAlanA javAba kArakhAnAMnA mAlikAe kAmabaMdhI jAhera karIne eTale ke peAtAnAM kArakhAnAM baMdha karIne vAgye. AthI majUroe e kArakhAnAMone kabajo lIdhA ane samAjavAdanI paddhati pramANe te calAvavAnA prayatna karyAM. majUronuM A pagaluM cokkasapaNe krAMtikArI hatuM ane makkamatAthI ene vaLagI rahevAmAM AvyuM hota to ene pariNAme avazya sAmAjika krAMti thAta athavA te te niSphaLa jAta. vacalI sthiti lAMkhA samaya sudhI cAlu rahe e zakya nahotuM. te samaye TAlImAM samAjavAdI pakSa bahu ja baLavAna hato. majUra mahAjanono kAbU temanA hAthamAM hatA te uparAMta dezanI 3000 myunisipAliTI upara paNa temanA kAbU hatA ane tyAMnI pArTImenTa yA dhArAsabhAmAM temanA 150 eTale ke kula sabhyAnA lagabhaga trIjA bhAganA sabhyA hatA. moTI mAlamilakata ane rAjyamAM meATA moTA aneka hoddA dharAvanAra susthita ane baLavAna pakSa bhAgye ja krAMtikArI heAya che. Ama chatAMye, prastuta pakSe, tenA narama valaNanA sabhyo sahita, kArakhAnAMone kabajo levAnu majUrAnuM pagaluM mAnya rAkhyuM. paraMtu ATaluM karyAM pachI teNe khIjuM kazuM ja kayuM nahi. e pakSa pAchaLa havA mAgatA nahAtA paraMtu AgaLa vadhavAnI tenI hAma nahotI. ochAmAM ochA virAdhanA vacalA mArga teNe pasaMda karyAM. badhAye saMzayAtmA tema ja khare vakhate saMkalpavikalpamAM paDI janArA ane kAI paNa prakAranA niNaeNya upara na AvI zakanArA leAkAnI peThe e pakSanA lakAe kazuMye karyAM vinA samaya vItavA dIdho. anukULa taka vItI gaI, te pAchaLa rahI gayA ane samaya temanI AgaLa vadhI gayA ane e prakriyAmAM te cagadAI gayA. majUra netAonA tema ja uddAma pakSeAnA AgevAneAnA saMkalpavikalpone kAraNe chevaTe majUrAnA hAthamAMthI kArakhAnAMone kabajo jato rahyo. milakatadAra vargA AthI bhAre utsAhamAM AvI gayA; teo majUrA tathA temanA AgevAnAnuM baLa mApI gayA ane temanA dhAravA karatAM te temane ochuM jaNAyuM. AthI have temaNe majUra caLavaLa tathA samAjavAdI pakSane kacarI nAkhIne vera levAnI yAjanA karI. ene mATe khAsa karIne temaNe, vikherI nAkhavAmAM AvelA nikAmAMthI 1919nI sAlamAM kheniTe muselinIe sthApelA svayaM sevakadaLa tarapha najara karI. e ' laDAyakadaLa ' tarIke oLakhAtuM hatuM ane jyAre jyAre

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1266 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana taka maLe tyAre samAjavAdIe tema ja uddAma pakSanA lake tathA temanI saMsthAo upara humalo karavAnuM temanuM pradhAna kArya hatuM. A rIte, samAjavAdI vartamAnapatranA chApakhAnAne teo nAza karatA athavA samAjavAdI ke uddAma pakSanA sabhyanA aMkuza nIcenI myunisipAliTI ke sahakArI saMsthA upara halle karatA. meTA moTA udyogapatio tema ja sAmAnya rIte upalA tharanA madhyama varganA leke, majUre tathA samAjavAdIo sAmenI temanI jehAdamAM A "laDAyakadaLane Azare tema ja Arthika madada ApavA lAgyA. samAjavAdI pakSanuM baLa te toDI nAkhavA mAgatA hatA eTale sarakAranI paNa temanA upara rahema najara hatI. A "laDAyakadaLa" athavA aMgrejImAM jemane "phAsisTa" kahevAmAM Ave che temane saMgaThita karanAra A beniTe musolinI deNa hatI? e te vakhate yuvAna hato (1883nI sAlamAM te janmyA hatA ane hAla tenI uMmara 50 varasanI che.) ane tenI kArakirdI bahuvidha ane romAMcaka hatI. tene bApa luhAra hatuM ane te samAjavAdI hatuM. AthI beniTe samAjavAdI vAtAvaraNamAM Uryo hate. yuvAnImAM te jhanUnI caLavaLiye banyuM hatuM ane tenA krAMtikArI pracAra mATe sviTajharalenDanAM ghaNAM paragaNAomAMthI tene hAMkI kADhavAmAM Avyo hate. narama daLanA samAjavAdI AgevAne sAme temanA narama valaNa mATe teNe jhanUnI prahAro karyA. rAjyanI sAme bebane upayoga karavAnI tema ja tenI sAme trAsavAdI upAyo levAnI teNe chaDecoka himAyata karI. turkI sAmenA ITAlInA yuddha vakhate ghaNuMkharA samAjavAdI AgevAnoe e yuddhane Take Age hate. paNa musalinIe tema na karyuM. teNe tene virodha karyo ane keTalAMka hiMsaka kRtya mATe tene ceDA mAsa kedamAM paNa pUravAmAM AvyA hate. tuka sAthenA yuddhane Teke ApavA mATe narama valaNanA samAjavAdI netAo upara teNe sakhata prahAre che ane samAjavAdI pakSamAMthI teNe temane kADhI mukAvyA. milAnanA samAjavAdI dainika patra "avantI'ne te taMtrI banya ane rojeroja majUrone hiMsA sAme hiMsAthI javAba vALavAnI salAha ApavA lAgyA. hiMsaka kRtyane ApavAmAM AvatA A uttejana sAme narama valaNanA mAkarsavAdI netAoe sakhata vAMdho uThAvya. e pachI mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM. thaDA mAsa sudhI musolinI yuddhanI viruddha hatuM ane ITAlIe taTastha rahevuM evI te himAyata karate hate. pachIthI, ekAeka, teNe pitAnA vicAra badalyA athavA kahe ke temanI rajUAta teNe badalI ane ITAlIe mitrarAne pakSe yuddhamAM joDAvuM e mata jAhera karyo. samAjavAdI chApuM teNe choDI dIdhuM ane pitAnI nItine pracAra karanAra bIjA chApAnuM te saMpAdana karavA lAgyA. samAjavAdI pakSamAMthI tene kADhI mUkavAmAM

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127 - musAlinI ane iTAlImAM phAsIvAda AvyuM. pachIthI te svecchAe eka sAmAnya sipAI tarIke lazkaramAM joDAye, ITAlIne mokhare te laDyo ane ghAyala thayo. - mahAyuddha pUruM thayA pachI musolinIe pitAne samAjavAdI kahevaDAvavAnuM baMdha karyuM. tene jUne pakSa tene dhikkArate hato ane majUravarga upara tenI kazI lAgavaga rahI nahotI. Ama tenI sthiti dhabInA kUtarA jevI thaI gaI teNe zAMtivAda tathA samAjavAda upara prahAra karavA mAMDayA. "bUvA' eTale ke madhyamavargI rAjya upara paNa teNe prahAra karavA mAMDyA. kaI paNa prakAranA rAjyane te vakhoDavA lAgyo ane "vyaktivAdI' tarIke pitAne oLakhAvIne arAjanI te prazaMsA karavA lAgyA. AvuM AvuM teNe lakhyuM hatuM. paNa teNe karyuM hatuM A H 1919nA mArca mAsamAM teNe phAsIvAdanI sthApanA karI ane bekAra thaI paDelA sainikonI pitAnA "laDAyaka daLamAM bharatI karavA mAMDI. hiMsaka pravRtti e daLanI mULabhUta nIti hatI ane sarakAra temanI pravRttimAM bhAgye ja vacce paDatI hatI eTale teo vadhAre dhRSTa ane AkramaNakArI banyA. zaheramAM te kadI kadI majUrone temanI sAthe vyavasthita laDAI thatI ane teo temane hAMkI kADhatA. paraMtu samAjavAdI netAoe majUranA A laDAyaka jussAne virodha karyo ane e phAsisTa trAsane zAMtimaya rIte sAmane karavAnI ane khAmazI rAkhavAnI salAha ApI. A rIte phAsIvAda thAkIne ApameLe ja nAza pAmaze evI teo AzA rAkhatA hatA. ema thavAne badale, zrImaMta taraphathI Arthika madada maLavAthI temaja sarakAre vacce paDavAnI nA pADavAthI phAsIvAdI daLonuM baLa vadhatuM gayuM, jyAre janatAmAM sAmano karavAne je kaMI jusso hatA te teNe gumAvyA. phAsisTonI hiMsAne majUronA hathiyAra haDatAlathI paNa sAmane karavAno prayatna karavAmAM na Avyo. | musalinInA netRtva nIce phAsisToe be paraspara virodhI vicArasaraNIone meLa besADavAno prayatna karyo. pahelI ane sauthI mahatvanI vAta e hatI ke samAjavAda tathA sAmyavAdanA teo duzmana hatA ane e rIte sAdhanasaMpanna tathA milakata dharAvanArA vargone temane Teke maLe. paraMtu musolinI pahelAM samAjavAdI caLavaLiyA ane krAMtikArI hatuM ane tenAM bhASaNe mUDIvAdavirodhI sUtrothI bharapUra hatAM. e sUtre garIba vargone bahu ja gamatAM hatAM. vaLI, te caLavaLa calAvavAnI kaLAnA niSNAta sAmyavAdIo pAsethI e kaLA paNa zIkhe hate. phAsIvAda A rIte vicitra prakAranA mizraNa samAna banI gaye ane aneka rIte tenA arthe karavAmAM AvyA. tattvataH e mUDIvAdI caLavaLa hatI paraMtu mUDIvAdane jokhamarUpa nIvaDe evAM aneka sUtre temAM pikAravAmAM AvatAM hatAM. A rIte e caLavaLamAM tarehatarehanA leke AvI bhaLyA. madhyamavargo, khAsa karIne nIcalA tharanA madhyamavarganA bekAra leke, e caLavaLanA

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jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdezana AdhArastaMbharUpa hatA. e caLavaLa baLavAna thatI gaI tema tema mAra mahAjaneAmAM sa MgaThita na thayelA ekAra ane aNudhaDa majUrA paNa temAM bhaLatA * gayA, kema ke saphaLatA jeTalI kAyasAdhaka khIjI kAI paNa vastu nathI. AsisTa e baLajabarIthI dukAnadArone mAlanI ki Mmata ochI rAkhavAnI pharaja pADI ane e rIte temaNe garImeAnI sahAnubhUti paNa meLavI. dhaNA nasIba ajamAvanArA sAhasika lekA paNa kAsisTa vAvaTA nIce AvI gayA. A badhuM chatAMye, phAsIvAda e laghumatI caLavaLa ja rahI. 128 ane tethI, jyAre samAjavAdI netA visAmaNamAM paDIne saka5vikalpo karI rahyA hatA, ApasamAM laDavADa karI rahyA hatA tathA temanA pakSamAM bhAgalA ane phATaphUTa paDavA lAgI hatI tyAre phAsisTonuM khaLa vadhye jatuM hatuM. vyavasthita sainya paNa phAsIvAda tarapha mamatA rAkhatuM hatuM ane museAlinIe lazkaranA senApatione potAnA pakSamAM meLavI lIdhA hatA. AvAM bhinna bhinna ane paraspara virodhI tattvAne potAnA pakSamAM meLavI laI te te badhAMne ekatra rAkhavAM tema ja phrAsIvAda khAsa karIne temanA hitanA athe ja che evI e daLanA pratyeka samUhane pratIti karAvavI e musolinIe pAra pADeluM asAdhAraNa kArya hatuM. tavaMgara kAsisTa tene potAnI mAlamilakatanA rakSaka tarIke lekhatA hatA ane tenAM mUDIvAda virAdhI vyAkhyAno tathA sUtreAne AmajanatAne chetaravA mATenI pokaLa vAtA tarIke gaNatA hatA. garIba krAso ema mAnatA hatA ke, mUDIvAdanA A virodha e ja kAsIjhamanI sAcI vastu che ane bAkInuM badhuM teA zrImata leAne khuza rAkhavA pUratuM hatuM. A rIte musAlinI yuktiprayuktithI e baMne prakAranA lokA pAsethI kAma levA lAgyo. eka divasa te dhanavAnAnI tarapheNamAM khelatA ane khIje ja divase garIkhonI tarapheNamAM khelatA. paraMtu tattvataH te milakatadAra vargAnA puraskartA hatA. te tene nANAM pUrAM pADatA hatA ane lAMbA vakhatathI temane DarAvI rahelA majUronA tema ja samAjavAdanA baLane nAza karavAnA temaNe nizcaya karyAM hatA. chevaTe, 1922nI sAlanA okaTobara mAsamAM vyavasthita lazkaranA senApatinI doravaNI nIce phAsisTa daLAe rAma tarapha kUca karI. phrAsisTa pravRttio tarapha Aja sudhI AMkha ADA kAna karanAra vaDA pradhAne have lazkarI kAyadA jAhera karyAM. paraMtu ene mATe yAgya taka vItI gaI hatI ane have to khuda rAjA paNa museAlinInA pakSane thaI gayA hatA. rAjAe lazkarI kAyadAnA hukamane potAnI khAsa sattA vAparIne rada karyAM, peAtAnA vaDA pradhAnanuM rAjInAmuM svIkArI lIdhuM ane muselinIne vaDA pradhAna banI potAnuM pradhAnamaMDaLa racavA mATe AmaMtraNa ApyuM. 1922nA oNkaTobaranI 30mI

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sulinI ane iTAlImAM phAsIvAda 1219 tArIkhe phAsisTa sainya kUca karatuM karatuM roma pahoMcyuM ane te ja divase musalinI vaDe pradhAna banavA mATe milAnathI relave gADImAM tyAM AvI pahoMce. - phAsIvAdane vijaya thayuM ane musolinInA hAthamAM sattA AvI. paraMtu enuM dhyeya zuM hatuM? tene kAryakrama tema ja tenI nIti zI hatI ? mahAna caLavaLa amuka nizcita siddhAMtenI AsapAsa vikaselI cokkasa prakAranI vicArapraNAlInA pAyA upara ghaNuMkharuM anivAryapaNe racAyelI hoya che ane tenA cokkasa udeze ane kAryakrama hoya che. phAsIvAdanI khAsa viziSTatA e hatI ke, tenI pAchaLa koI paNa nizcita siddhAMta, vicArapraNelI ke philasUphI nahatAM. hA, samAjavAda, sAmyavAda tema ja udAramatavAdanA (libarelijhama) kevaLa virodhane philasUphI gaNavAmAM Ave te judI vAta. phAsisTa daLAnI sthApanA karyA pachI eka varasa bAda, 1920nI sAlamAM mulinIe jAhera karyuM hatuM ke : - "koI paNa nizcita siddhAMtanI sAthe te baMdhAyelAM nathI. iTAlIvAsIonuM bhAvi hita e eka mAtra tenuM dhyeya che ane te tarapha e avirata gatithI AgaLa jaI rahyAM che." Ane koI paNa prakAranI viziSTa nIti na ja kahI zakAya, kema ke, pitAnI prajAnuM hita karavAne dAve te kaI paNa mANasa karI zake ema che. remanI kuca thaI te pahelAM eka mahinA upara ja musalinIe jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, "amAre kAryakrama bahu ja sIdho sAdo che; amAre iTAlI para rAja karavuM che." phAsIvAdanI utpattine viSe ITAlInI enasAiklopIDiyAmAM teNe lakhelA lekhamAM musolinIe A nIti ethI paNa vadhAre spaSTatAthI rajU karI che. e lekhamAM te jaNAve che ke, rema uparanI pitAnI kuca teNe zarU karI tyAre tenI pAse bhaviSya mATenI koI cokkasa pejanA nahotI. rAjakIya kaTokaTInI paLe sakriya kArya karavAnI prabaLa IcchAthI prerAIne teNe potAnuM e sAhasa upADayuM hatuM. ane e vastu bhUtakALanI tenI samAjavAdI tAlImane AbhArI hatI. phAsIvAda ane sAmyavAda ekabIjAnA kaTTara virodhI che e kharuM, paNa keTalIka pravRttio te baMnemAM samAna che. paraMtu siddhAMta ane vicAra-praNAlInI dRSTithI tapAsIe te e be vacce AsamAna jamInanuM aMtara che. kema ke, ApaNe joyuM te pramANe, phAsIvAda pAchaLa koI paNa mULabhUta siddhAMta rahelA nathI; e te zUnyatAmAMthI uddabhave che. paraMtu sAmyavAda athavA mAkarsavAda te aTapaTe Arthika siddhAMta ane itihAsanuM bhASya athavA nirUpaNa che. ane ene mATe kaThaNamAM kaThaNa mAnasika tAlImanI jarUra paDe che. phAsIvAdanI pAchaLa koI paNa siddhAMta ke Adarza rahelA nathI e kharuM chatAMye hiMsA ane atyAcAranI eka nizcita paddhati tenI pAse che. vaLI, s-28

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1270 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bhUtakALa paratvenI eka viziSTa prakAranI dRSTi paNa tenI pAse che ane e vastu tene samajavAmAM ApaNane kaika aMze madadarUpa thAya che. prAcIna kALamAM rAmanA samrATa tathA maeNjisTreTa (rAjyanA sauthI UMcA hoddedAro) AgaLa rAkhavAmAM AvatuM sAmrAjyavAdI rAmanuM pratIka ja phAsIvAdanuM pratIka che. eka lAkaDIona bhArI ane tenI vacce eka kuhADI rAkhavAmAM AvatI hatI. rAmana bhASAmAM lAkaDIone 'qAsIsa' kahevAmAM Ave che ane te uparathI ja phAsIvAda zabda anyA che. phAsisTa saMsthAnI racanA paNa purANA rAmana namUnA pramANe karavAmAM AvI che ane temAM purANAM nAmeAnA sudhdhAM upayoga karavAmAM Avyo che. jene ' phAsisTA ' kahevAmAM Ave che te phrAsisTa salAma paNa rAmanI prAcIna salAmanI peThe hAtha lAMkhe karIne pachI te UMcA karIne karavAmAM Ave che. A rIte, phAsisTa preraNA mATe bhUtakALamAM sAmrAjyavAdI rAma tarapha najara karatA hatA. temanI dRSTi paNa sAmrAjyavAdI hatI. carcA nahi ---- kevaLa AjJApAlana ' e temane dhyAnamatra che. evA dhyAnamatra sainyane mATe bhale yogya hAya, lAkazAhI mATe te khasUsa nahi ja. temanA netA museAlinI temane saramukhatyAra che. potAnA gaNaveza tarIke temaNe kALuM khamIsa rAkhyuM che, e rIte teo kALAM khamIsavALA ' tarIke oLakhAya che. } 6 phAsisTene jo kAI paNa kAryakrama hoya to te sattA prApta karavI e hatA. ane musAlinI vaDApradhAna banyA tyAre temanI e murAda pAra paDI. pachIthI, potAnA pratispardhIone kacarI nAkhI potAnI sthiti majabUta banAvavAnA kArya mAM te ma`DI paDayo. hiMsA ane atyAcAronA asAmAnya kAraDA vIMjhAyeA. hiMsA e tihAsanI bahu ja sAmAnya ghaTanA che paraMtu ghaNuMkharuM ene eka duHkhada jarUriyAta tarIke lekhavAmAM Ave che ane tene aneka bahAnAM nIce bacAva karavAmAM Ave che tathA tenA vAjakhIpaNAnuM samana karavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu phrAsasTo hiMsA paratve evuM lAcArIbhayuM valaNa rAkhavAmAM mAnatA nahotA. temaNe te hiMsAne apanAvI lIdhI, teo chaDecoka tenI prazaMsA karavA lAgyA tema ja kAI e temanA sAmano na karyAM hovA chatAM temaNe sArI peThe tenA amala paNa karyAM. mAra mArIne pArTImenTanA viredha pakSanA sabhyAne DarAvI mAravAmAM AvyA ane rAjyabaMdhAraNane bilakula badalI nAkhe evA cUMTaNInA navA kAyado baLajabarIthI pasAra karAvavAmAM AvyeA. A rIte muselinInI tarapheNamAM ghaNI moTI bahumatI meLavavAmAM AvI. na jyAre teo kharekhara sattA upara AvyA tema ja polIseA ane rAjyataMtra upara temaNe kAbU meLavyo tyAre paNa temaNe hiMsAnI ekAyadA pravRtti cAlu rAkhI e kharekhara AzcaryakAraka che. Ama chatAMye temaNe temanI e pravRtti cAlu ja rAkhI ane alakhata, have te rAjanI pAlIsa bilakula vacce

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musAlinI ane ITAlImAM phasIvAda 1271 paDatI nahotI eTale temane vairAcAra mATe khulluM medAna maLI gayuM. lekonAM khUna karavAmAM AvyAM, temanA upara atyAcAra gujAravAmAM AvyA, tema ja temane mAra mAravAmAM AvyA tathA temanI milakatano nAza karavAmAM AvyA. e uparAMta A phAsisTee atyAcAranI eka navI ja rIte bahoLA pramANamAM ajamAvI. te A hatI, temane virodha karavAnI hiMmata karanArAone teo khUba pramANamAM divela pAI detA. 1924nI sAlamAM giyAke meTITI nAmanA eka AgevAna samAjavAdI ane pArlAmenTanA sabhyanA khUnanI vAta sAMbhaLIne AkhuM yuropa coMkI UyuM hatuM. gheDA ja samaya upara thayelI cUMTaNI vakhate phAsisToe akhatyAra karelI rIte viSe teNe pArlAmenTamAM pitAnA bhASaNamAM TIkA karI hatI. e pachI thoDA ja divasomAM tene mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. kevaLa dekhAva karavAne khAtara ja tenA khUnIo upara kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM, paraMtu lagabhaga kazI ja sajA thayA vinA teo chUTI gayA. emenDelA nAmano vinIta (libarala) pakSano eka narama valaNano AgevAna tene pahelA mArane pariNAme maraNa pAme. nitI nAmane vinIta pakSane mAjI vaDA pradhAna ITAlImAMthI mAMDa chaTakI gayo paraMtu tenA gharano nAza karavAmAM Avyo. A te jenA tarapha AkhI duniyAnuM lakSa kheMcAyuM hatuM evA gaNyAgAMThyA banAve che. paraMtu phAsisTonI hiMsA te aviratapaNe ane vyApaka rUpamAM cAlu rahI. e hiMsA te temanI kAyadesaranI damananI rIte uparAMta karavAmAM AvatI hatI. vaLI e jhanUnamAM AvI gayelA avicArI ToLAnI hiMsA nahotI. e vyavasthita prakAranI hiMsA hatI ane pitAnA badhAye virodhIonI sAme mAtra samAjavAdIo ke sAmyavAdIo sAme ja nahi paNa zAMta ane atizaya narama valaNanA vinIte sAme paNa-IrAdApUrvaka te akhatyAra karavAmAM AvI hatI. pitAnA virodhIonuM jIvana vasamuM athavA "azakya' banAvI mUkavuM e musalinIne hukama hatuM. ane e hukamano vaphAdArIpUrvaka amala karavAmAM AvyuM. kaI paNa bIjo pakSa, kaI paNa bIjI saMsthA jIvatI rahevAnI nahotI. dareka vastu phAsisTa ja hovI joIe. badhI ja nekarIo phAsisTane ja maLavI joIe. | musalinI ITAlIne sarvasattAdhIza saramukhatyAra banI gaye. te mAtra vaDe pradhAna ja nahi paNa ekI sAthe videza pradhAna, svadeza khAtAnA pradhAna, saMsthAnene pradhAna, yuddhapradhAna, naukApradhAna, havAI daLane pradhAna ane majUra khAtAne pradhAna hatA ! te lagabhaga AkhuM pradhAnamaMDaLa ja hatuM. bicArA rAjA pAchaLa rahI gayuM ane tenuM nAma paNa saMbhaLAtuM baMdha thaI gayuM. pArlamenTane paNa dhIme rahIne bAjue khaseDI mUkavAmAM AvI ane tenA pahelAMnA svarUpanI te chAyAmAtra banI gaI. deza upara phAsisTa grAnDa kAunsila ( phAsisTa

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127ra jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pakSanI pradhAna kAryavAhaka samiti)nI ANa vartatI hatI ane phAsisTa grAMDa kAunsila upara musolinIne dora cAlatuM hatuM. paradeza sAthenA saMbaMdhone aMgenAM musolinInAM AraMbhanAM bhASaNee yuropamAM bhAre Azcarya phelAvyuM ane khaLabhaLATa macAvI mUkyo. e asAdhAraNa bhASaNe hatAM. te bhAre baDAIkhora ane dhamakIthI bharelAM hatAM. rAjadvArI puruSanAM mutsaddIgIrIthI bharelAM bhASaNe karatAM te bilakula judI ja jAtanAM hatAM. jANe laDavAne mATe hamezAM te kUdI rahyo hoya ema lAgatuM hatuM. ITAlInA sAmrAjyavAdI bhAvInI tema ja iTAlInAM asaMkhya eraplenathI AkAzane chAI devAnI vAte te karavA lAge tathA pitAnA pADezI krAMsane teNe aneka vakhate chaDecaka dhamakIo ApI hatI. bezaka, krAMsa ITAlI karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre baLavAna hatuM paraMtu laDavAnI keInI dAnata nahotI eTale te je kaMI bolate te sAMkhI levAmAM AvatuM. eTalI ke tenuM sabhya hatuM chatAMye prajAsaMdha tenA kaTAkSa ane tiraskArano khAsa zikAra banI gayuM ane eka prasaMge te teNe bahu ja bUrI rIte tenuM apamAna karyuM hatuM, ane Ama chatAMye prajAsaMghe tathA bIjI sattAe A badhuM sAMkhI lIdhuM. ITAlImAM upara uparathI ghaNuM pheraphAra thayA ane sarvatra najare paDatI vyavasthA ane niyamitatAnA dekhAvathI pravAsInA mana upara sArI chApa paDe che. sAmrAjyanuM pATanagara suzobhita banAvAI rahyuM che ane sudhArAnI moTI meTI janAone amala zarU thaI cUkyo che. musolinInA manamAM navA romana sAmrAjyanA aneka taraMge UThI rahyA che. 19ra9nI sAlamAM, pipanA pratinidhi tathA musolinI vacce thayelI samajUtIne pariNAme iTAlInI sarakAra ane pipa vaccenI purANI takarArano aMta Avyo. 1871nI sAlamAM iTAlInA rAjya romane pATanagara banAvyuM tyArathI pape tene mAnya rAkhavAnI ke rema uparanI pitAnI sarvoparI sattAno dA ja karavAnI sApha nA pADI hatI. AthI dareka po5, tenI cUMTaNI thAya ke tarata ja romamAM AvelA tenA veTIkananA jabaradasta mahelamAM - jemAM senTa pITarsanA devaLane paNa samAveza thAya che - cAlyuM ja ane pachI te tenI bahAra iTAlInA pradezamAM paga sarakho paNa mUkate nahi. e rIte e vakhatathI badhAye pipa svecchApUrvaka kedI banI jatA hatA. 1929nI A samajUtIthI remamAMnA veTIkananA A nAnakaDA pradezane ravataMtra ane svAyatta rAjya tarIke svIkAravAmAM AvyuM. pipa e rAjyane sarva sattAdhArI rAjakartA che ane e rAjyanA nAgarikanI kula saMkhyA 500 che! e rAjyane pitAnI adAlate che, potAnA sikkAo che. pitAnI pisTanI TikiTa che, rAjyavahIvaTane aMgenA nekaravarga che tema ja duniyAmAM sauthI

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lezAhI ane sarasukhatyArazAhI 1203 : vadhAre kharcALa potAnI eka nAnakaDI relave paNa che. pApa have svecchApUrva kanA kudI nathI rahyo; kadI kadI te veTIkananI bahAra nIkaLe che. musAlinIe pepa sAthe A saMdhi karI tethI kaeNthalika jagatamAM te lokapriya thayA che. phAsisTanI hiMsA A ugra svarUpe lagabhaga eka varasa sudhI cAlu rahI ane amuka aMze to te 1926nI sAla sudhI cAlu rahI. 1926nI sAlamAM rAjakIya vidhI sAme pagalAM bharavAne mATe khAsa kAyadAo pasAra karavAmAM AvyA. e kAyadAothI sarakArane bhAre sattA maLI, eTale ekAyadA pravRtti binajarUrI banI gaI, ArDinansA tathA oNrDinansane AdhAre ghaDAyelA kAyadAonA hiMdamAM rAphaDo phATavyo che. tene ka MIka maLatA e kAyadA che. A khAsa kAyadAo ne AdhAre lokAne hajI paNa zikSA karavAmAM Ave che, 66mAM dhakelavAmAM Ave che tathA saMkhyAbaMdha lokeAne dezapAra karavAmAM Ave che. sarakArI AMkaDA pramANe 1926nA navembarathI 1972nA AkaTobara sudhImAM 10,044 mAsAne khAsa adAlatA AgaLa khaDA karavAmAM AvyA hatA. pAnjhA, venTIlena tathA >mITI e traNa TApuone dezapAra karavAmAM AvelAne rAkhavA mATe nakkI karavAmAM AvyA che ane tyAMnI paristhiti atizaya kharAba che. moTA pAyA upara damana ane dharapakaDo hajI cAlu ja che ane e uparathI spaSTapaNe mAlUma paDe che ke, tene kacarI nAkhavA mATe aneka prayatna karavAmAM AvatA haiAvA chatAM tyAM AgaLa gupta ane krAMtikArI virAdha hu meAbUda che. deza upara Arthika jo vadhI rahyo che ane dezanI Arthika paristhiti dinapratidina vadhu ne vadhu bagaDatI jAya che. 176. leAkazAhI ane saramukhatyArazAhI 22 jUna, 1933 "< pote iTAlInA saramukhatyAra banI besavAnuM meniTA musolinInuM dRSTAMta yuropamAM AkarSaka nIvaDayuM hoya ema jaNAtuM hatuM. eka prasa Mge teNe kahyu hatuM ke, " yuropanA dareka dezamAM sihAsanA khAlI paDelAM che. keAI zaktizALI puruSa tenA kabajo kare eTalI ja vAra che." ghaNA dezAmAM saramukhatyArazAhI UbhI thaI ane pArlAmenTane kAM tA vikherI nAkhavAmAM AvI athavA te tene saramukhatyAranI icchA anusAra vartavAnI baLajabarIthI pharaja pADavAmAM AvI, spena e enuM eka nedhapAtra dRSTAMta hatuM. spena mahAyuddhamAM saDAvAyuM naheAtuM. laDatAM rASTrone mAla vecIne sArI peThe kamANI karI ane e rIte eNe mahAyuddhanA lAbha uDAvyuM. paraMtu tene

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1274 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tenI pitAnI aneka muzkelIo hatI ane audyogika dRSTie te bahu ja pachAta deza hatuM. jyAre amerikAnA tema ja pUrvanA dezamAMthI dhanadolatane tyAM AgaLa dhadha vaheto hato te yuropamAM tenI mahattAnA dahADA kayAranAye vItI gayA hatA ane have te eka sattA tarIke yuropamAM tenuM jhAjhuM mahatva rahyuM nahatuM. tyAM AgaLa nAmanI pArlAmenTa athavA dhArAsabhA hatI ane te kArTojha nAmathI oLakhAtI hatI tathA remana carca tyAM AgaLa atizaya baLavAna hatuM. audyogika dRSTie pachAta yuropanA bIjA dezamAM banyuM hatuM tema tyAM AgaLa sinDIkelijhama eTale ke saMdhavAda ane eNnAjhima eTale ke arAjakatAvAdane bhAre phelAvo thavA pAmyuM hatuM. IMgleMDa ane jarmanInI peThe nakakara sAmyavAda ke narama valaNanA samAjavAdane pracAra tyAM thayo nahi. 1917nI sAlamAM be zevike sattA hAtha karavAne mATe raziyAmAM mUkI rahyA hatA tyAre spenanA majUre tathA udyama sudhArakee sArvatrika haDatAla pADIne lekazAhI prajAsattAka sthApavAne prayatna karyo. e haDatAla tema ja lekazAhI prajAsattAka mATenI AkhIye caLavaLane rAjAnI sarakAra tathA tenA lazkare kacarI nAkhI ane ene pariNAme lazkara dezamAM sarvasattAdhArI banI gayuM. lazkara upara AdhAra rAkhIne, rAjA paNa pahelAM karatAM vadhAre svataMtra ane Apakhuda banI gayo. mere kakkonA be bhAga pADI nAkhavAmAM AvyA hatA. temAMnA eka bhAga upara phrAMsanuM ane bIjA upara spenanuM prabhutva hatuM. 1921nI sAlamAM morakkonA rIpha lekamAM pedA thayelA abdula karIma nAmanA eka zaktizALI netAe spenanI hakUmata sAme hathiyAra upADyAM. teNe bhAre kuzaLatA ane parAkrama batAvyAM tathA spenanA lazkarane teNe aneka vAra harAvyuM. Ane lIdhe spenamAM AMtarika kaTokaTI pedA thaI. rAjA tema ja lazkara e baMne rAjyabaMdhAraNa tathA pArlAmenTa baMdha karI daIne saramukhatyArazAhI sthApavA mAgatAM hatAM. saramukhatyArazAhI sthApavAmAM te e baMne saMmata thayAM paraMtu saramukhatyAra keNa bane e bAbatamAM temanI vacce matabheda paDyo. rAjA pite saramukhatyAra athavA niraMkuza zAsaka thavA mAgatA hatA ane lazkaranA netAo lazkarI saramukhatyArazAhI sthApavA cahAtA hatA. 1923nI sAlamAM tyAM lazkarI baLave che ane ene pariNAme matabhedanA muddAne nirNaya lazkaranI tarapheNamAM Avyo ane janarala prImo da rIverA saramukhatyAra . keTejha (pArlAmenTa)ne teNe baMdha karI dIdhI ane chaDecaka pazubaLanI eTale ke sainyanI madadathI te hakUmata calAvavA lAgyA. paraMtu rIpha lekenI sAmenI mekakonI laDAImAM kazI saphaLatA na maLI ane abdula karIme spenavAsIone sAmane ugrapaNe cAlu rAkhe. spenanI sarakAre tenI

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lokazAhI ane sarasukhatyArazAhI 1275 samakSa anukULa zarato rajU karI paraMtu te teNe pheMkI dIdhI. te te sa MpUrNa svataMtratAnI potAnI mAgaNIne ja vaLagI rahyo. spenanI sarakAra ekale hAthe tene na harAvI zakata e saMbhavita che. 1925nI sAlamAM phrecAe emAM vacce paDavAnuM nakkI karyuM. mArIkakAmAM temanAM ghaNAM bhAre hiteA rahelAM hatAM. AthI temaNe abdula karIma sAme potAnI akhUTa sAdhanasAmagrI khaDI karI. 1926nI sAlanA adhavaca sudhImAM abdula karImane harAvavAmAM Avyo ane te phreMcone zaraNe AvyA. A rIte abdula karImanI lAMkhI ane vIratAbharI laDatanA ata AvyA. pazubaLa, khabaraniyamana, damana ane keTalIka vAra lazkarI kAyadAno amala ityAdi saramukhatyArazAhInAM haMmezanAM sahagAmI sahita spenamAM A badhAM varasA daramyAna prImeA 6 rIverAnI saramukhatyArazAhI cAlu rahI. A saramukhatyArazAhI musAlinInI saramukhatyArazAhIthI bhinna hatI kema ke te iTAlInI peThe prajAnA amuka vargo upara nahi paNa kevaLa lazkarI baLa upara ja nirbhara hatI. prImA 6 rIverAthI lazkara thAke pachI tene bIjo kAI TakA rahetA nahotA. 1930nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM rAjAe prImAne barataraph karyAM. e ja varase tyAM krAMti thavA pAmI ane tene DhAkhI devAmAM AvI. paraMtu prajAsattAka tema ja krAMtinI bhAvanA eTalI badhI vyApaka banI gaI hatI ke tene dAkhI rAkhI zakAya ema nahAtuM. 1931nI sAlamAM prajAsattAkavAdIoe myunisipAliTIonI cUMTaNImAM bhAre sAmarthya dAkhavyuM ane prajAmatane vaza thavAmAM ja DahApaNu raheluM che ema samajI e pachI thADA ja divasomAM rAjA AlphAnjhoe gAdItyAga karyAM ane spenamAMthI te bhAgI gayA. tyAM AgaLa kAmacalAu sarakAra sthApavAmAM AvI ane yuropamAM Apakhuda rAjAzAhI tathA carcanA zAsananA pratIkasamuM spena have yuropanuM sauthI taruNa prajAsattAka banyuM. mAjI rAjA AlphAnjhone teNe kAyadA bahAra mUkyo ane dezamAM carcAnA prabhutvanI sAme laDavAnI teNe kamara kasI. paraMtu huM to tane saramukhatyAranI vAta kahetA hatA. iTAlI ane spena uparAMta peleMDa, yugAslAviyA, grIsa, balgeriyA, porTugAla haMgerI ane oNsTriyA vagere dezoe paNa leAkazAhI sarakAra cheDIne saramukhatyArazAhI sthApI hatI. poleMDamAM jhArazAhInA samayanA samAjavAdI pInnumskI lazkara uparanA potAnA kAbUne lIdhe saramukhatyAra banyA hatA. poleMDanI pAmenTanA sabhyo pratye te atizaya apamAnajanaka bhASA vAparatA hatA. ane keTalIka vAra te temane giraphatAra karIne dhakelI kADhavAmAM AvatA hatA. yugoslAviyAmAM rAjA eNlekajhAMDara pote saramukhatyAra che. dezanA keTalAka bhAgeAnI sthiti atizaya kharAba banI gaI ane ema kahevAya che ke, turkInA amala daramyAna hatuM tenA karatAM paNa vizeSa damana tyAM pravatu hatuM.

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1ra76 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana upara meM ullekha karyo te badhAye dezomAM khullekhullA svarUpamAM saramukhatyAra zAhI niraMtara cAlu rahI nahatI. kadI kadI temanI pArlAmenTa UMdhamAMthI cheDA vakhata mATe jAgI UThe che ane tene kArya karavA devAmAM Ave che athavA tAjetaramAM bageriyAmAM banavA pAmyuM che te pramANe kadI kadI sattA uparanI sarakAra pitAne aNagamatA hoya evA - dAkhalA tarIke sAmyavAdIo - pArlamenTanA sabhyanA AkhA samUhanI dharapakaDa karIne temane baLajabarIthI pArlAmenTamAMthI kADhI mUke che ane bAkInA sabhyone temanAthI banI zake evuM kArya karavA de che. e badhA dezo saramukhatyArazAhI yA te tene anurUpa rAjyavyavasthA nIce rahe che ane pazubaLane AdhAre TakatI vyaktinI ke nAnakaDA samUhanI banelI AvI sarakArane anivArya rIte niraMtara cAlatA damana, virodhIonAM khUna tathA dharapakaDe, kaDaka khabaraniyamana tema ja jAsUsanI vistRta jALa ItyAdine Azaro le ja paDe che. yurepanI bahAranA dezomAM paNa saramukhatyArazAhI UbhI thaI hatI. tuka tathA kamAla pAzAnI vAta te huM AgaLa kahI gayo chuM. dakSiNa amerikAmAM ghaNA saramukhatyAre che. paraMtu tyAM AgaLa te e purANI saMsthA che kema ke dakSiNa amerikAnAM prajAtaMtrae lekazAhI kAryavAhI pratye kadIye mamatA batAvI nathI. saramukhatyArazAhInI A yAdImAM meM soviyeTa rAjyane samAveza nathI karyo. kema ke tyAMnI saramukhatyArazAhI bIjI koI paNa saramukhatyArazAhI jeTalI ja niSphara che e kharuM paNa tene prakAra bhinna che. e koI eka vyaktinI ke vyaktionA nAnakaDA samUhanA nahi paNa khAsa karIne jeno AdhAra majUra upara che evA eka susaMgaThita rAjakIya pakSanI saramukhatyArazAhI che. teo ene majUronI saramukhatyArazAhI' kahe che. Ama traNa prakAranI saramukhatyArazAhI ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che: sAmyavAdI, phAsIvAdI ane lazkarI. saramukhatyAra zAhInI bAbatamAM kazI navInatA ke viziSTatA nathI, cheka prAcInakALathI e cAlatI AvI che. saramukhatyArazAhInA sAmyavAdI ane phAsIvAdI prakAro ItihAsamAM navIna che ane ApaNA jamAnAnI te khAsa pedAza che. A badhI saramukhatyArazAhIo tathA tenA judA judA prakAranI bAbatamAM ApaNuM lakSa kheMce evI prathama bAbata e che ke, lekazAhI tema ja pArlAmenTa dvArA cAlatI sarakArathI te sAva UlaTI che. meM tane AgaLa kahyuM hatuM te tane yAda haze ke, 19mI sadI e lekazAhInI sadI hatI tema ja krAMsanI krAMtie jenI ghoSaNuM karI hatI te manuSyanA adhikAranA pAyA upara e sadInA pragatizIla vicAro racAyelA hatA tathA vyakti svAtaMtrya e te vakhatanuM dhyeya hatuM. emAMthI, yuropanA moTA bhAganA dezamAM vattAochA pramANamAM pArlamenTa dvArA cAlatI sarakArane vikAsa thayo. Arthika kSetramAM e uparathI lege phera" eTale

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leAkazAhI ane saramukhatyArazAhI 1277 svaira pravRttinA siddhAMta ubhabyo. 20mI sadImAM, athavA kahe ke mahAyuddha pachInAM varasAmAM 19mI sadInI .A mahAna paraMparAno aMta AvyA ane zAstrazuddha athavA saiddhAMtika lAkazAhI pratye Adara rAkhanArAonI saMkhyA have dinapratidina ghaTatI jAya che. ane leAkazAhInA A patananI sAthe jemane udAra vicAra dharAvanArA lekA ( libarala ) kahevAmAM Ave che. temanI paNa satra evI ja dazA thaI che ane samAjanA eka asarakAraka baLa tarIke have temanI gaNanA thatI nathI. .. sAmyavAda tema ja phAsIvAda e baMnee leAkazAhInA virodha tema ja TIkA karI che paraMtu bilakula bhinna dRSTithI temaNe tema karyuM che. je deza sAmyavAdI ke phAsIvAdI nathI tyAM paNa lokazAhInuM mAna pahelAM jeTaluM rahyuM nathI. pArlImenTanuM pahelAMnA jeTaluM gaurava rahyuM nathI ane prajAmAM tenI pahelAMnA jeTalI pratiSThA rahI nathI. temane je jarUrI jaNAya te pArlAmenTane pUchyA vinA karavAnI vahIvaTI khAtAMnA vaDAone bhAre sattA ApI devAmAM AvI che. enuM kAraNa kaika aMze e paNa che ke Ajane samaya atizaya nAjuka che, e paristhitimAM tAtkAlita pagalAM bharavAnI jarUra paDe che ane pArlAmenTa athavA dhArAsabhA hamezAM jhaDapathI kArya karI zakatI nathI. jamanIe tAjetaramAM potAnI pArlAmenTane saMpUrNa paNe Thokare mArI che ane tyAM AgaLa AsisTa DhabanA zAsane bUrAmAM bUruM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM che. yunAiTeDa sTeTse tA potAnA pramukhAne hamezAM bhAre sattA ApI ja rAkhI che, paraMtu tAjetaramAM emAM vaLI vizeSa vadhAro karavAmAM AvyeA che. IMgleMDa tathA krAMsa, mAtra e e ja dezamAM upara uparathI jotAM pArlAmenTa hajI paNa pahelAMnI jema ja kArya karatI jaNAya che. temanA tAbA nIcenA mulakA tathA temanI vasAhatamAM temanI phAsisTa pravRttio cAlI rahI che. hiMdustAnamAM briTiza phAsIvAda kAya karI rahelA ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che;hiMdI cInamAM phreMca phAsIvAda ' suleha zAMti' pravartAvI rahyo che, paraMtu laMDana ane paeNrisamAM paNa pArTImenTa niSprANa banatI jAya che. gayA mAsamAM ja eka aMgreja vinIte kahyuM hatuM keH pratinidhiva dharAvanArI ApaNI pAlamenTa, apUrNa ane kharAba rIte kAya karatI cUMTaNInI vyavasthAthI cUMTAyelI eka vahIvaTI TALakInI svAthI AjJAnI noMdha karanAruM eka ta Mtra mAtra jhaDapathI banatI jAya che. ,, 19mI sadInI lAkazAhI ane pA menTAnA prabhAva A rIte satra TI rahyo che. keTalAka dezomAM chaDecoka ane baLajabarIthI temane rada karavAmAM AvI che jyAre bIjA keTalAka dezomAM temaNe temanuM sAcuM mahattva gumAvyuM che ane te gaMbhIra ane pokaLa tamAzArUpa' banatI jAya che. eka itihAsakAre tr

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1278. jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pArlAmenTonA A patananI tulanA 19mI sadImAM thayelA rAjAzAhInA patana sAthe karI che. je rIte IgleMDamAM tema ja anyatra rAjA pitAnI sAcI sattA gumAvIne vatteoche aMze dekhAva karavA mATe baMdhAraNIya zAsaka banyuM che te ja rIte prastuta itihAsakAranA mata pramANe pArlAmenTa sattA vinAnI ane pratiSThita pratIka samAna banI javAne saMbhava rahe che ane e prakriyA cAlu paNa thaI gaI che. hA, eTaluM kharuM ke e pratIke dekhAvamAM bahu bhavya ane mahattvapUrNa lAge che paraMtu vAstavamAM te nirarthaka hoya che. paraMtu Ama zAthI banavA pAmyuM? eka sadI ke tethIye vadhAre samaya sudhI asaMkhya lekene mATe AdarzarUpa ane preraNAdAyI banI rahenAra, tathA jene mATe pitAnA dehanAM balidAna ApIne hajAre leke zahIda thayA che te lekazAhI Aje AvI akArI zAthI thaI paDI che? pUratAM kAraNe vinA AvA pheraphAro thavA pAmatA nathI. caMcaLavRttinI prajAnA taraMge ke kalpanA mAtrathI ema thaI zakatuM nathI. AjanA jIvanavyavahAranI paristhitimAM evuM kaMIka hovuM ja joIe ke je 19mI sadInI zAstrazuddha athavA saiddhAMtika lekazAhI sAthe baMdhabesatuM na hoya. e viSaya rasaprada ane aTapaTo che. ahIMyAM huM e praznanI carcAmAM UtarI zakuM ema nathI paraMtu e saMbaMdhamAM eka be vastuo tane jaNAvIza. uparanA peregrAphamAM lekazAhIne meM "zAstrazuddha athavA saiddhAMtika" tarIke ullekha karyo che. sAmyavAdIo kahe che ke e sAcI lekazAhI nahatI; e te eka varga bIjA badhA vargo upara zAsana karI rahyo che e hakIkata chupAvavA mATenuM lekazAhInuM kocaluM hatuM. temanA mata pramANe, lekazAhI mUDIdAravarganI saramukhatyArazAhIne DhAMkI rahI hatI. kharI rIte te e zrImaMtazAhI eTale ke dhanavAna leke dvArA cAlatI sarakAra hatI. jemAM bhAre guNagAna karavAmAM AvatAM hatAM te janatAne ApavAmAM Avele matAdhikAra tenA upara ja zAsana karaze tathA tenuM zoSaNa karaze ke pachI rava tema karaze e kahevAnI cAra ke pAMca varasamAM tene eka vakhata pasaMdagI Apate hate. harakoI paristhitimAM zAsakavarga AmavarganA lekenuM zeSaNa karatA hatA. A prakAranA vargIya zAsanane tathA zoSaNane aMta Ave ane samAjamAM mAtra eka ja varga majUda hoya tyAre ja sAcI lekazAhI AvI zake. paraMtu evA prakAranuM samAjavAdI rAjya nirmANa karavA mATe, prajAmAM rahelAM mUDIvAdI tathA "bUvA" tone dAbI devA tathA majUronA rAjya sAme kAvatarAM karatA temane rokavA mATe amuka kALa sudhI AmavarganI saramukhatyArInI jarUra rahe che. raziyAmAM seviyeTe evA prakAranI saramukhatyArIne amala kare che. e seviyeTamAM badhAe majUro, kheDUte tema ja bIjAM "sakriya" tattvanuM pratinidhitva hoya

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1279 lokazAhI ane saramukhatyArazAhI che. A rIte e 90 ke 95 TakA lekanI bAkInA 10 ke 5 TakA leke uparanI saramukhatyArI che. A te siddhAMtanI vAta thaI vyavahAramAM seviyeTe upara sAmyavAdI pakSano kAbU che ane sAmyavAdI pakSa upara sAmyavAdIonI zAsaka ToLakIne kAbU che, ane khabaraniyamana, vANI svAtaMtrya tema ja kArya svAtaMtryanI bAbatamAM e saramukhatyArazAhI bIjI koI paNa saramukhatyArazAhI jeTalI ja kaDaka che. paraMtu majUranA sadbhAva athavA sahAnubhUti upara te racAyelI hovAthI tene majUrone pitAnI sAthe rAkhavA ja paDe che. ane, khAsa karIne, emAM bIjA koI varganA lAbha mATe majUre ke itara vargonuM zeSaNa karavAmAM AvatuM nathI. je tyAM kaI paNa prakAranuM zeSaNa heya te te saunA lAbha mATe rAjyanuM zeSaNa che. vaLI, e paNa yAda rAkhavA jevI hakIkata che ke, raziyAmAM kadIye lekazAhI sarakAra hatI ja nahi. 1917nI sAlamAM ekI chalaMge Apakhuda rAjyataMtramAMthI nIkaLIne raziyA sAmyavAdamAM jaI paDayuM. phAsisTanuM valaNa ethI bilakula bhinna che. AgalA patramAM meM tene kahyuM hatuM tema, phAsisTa siddhAMta zA che te zedhI kADhavuM e sahela vAta nathI. kema ke temanA koI nizcita siddhAMta hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. paraMtu phAsisTa lekazAhInA virodhIo che e nirvivAda che. paNa lekazAhIne temano virodha sAmyavAdIonA tenA virodhathI sAva judI ja bhUmikA upara racAyeluM che. sAmyavAdIonA mata pramANe lekazAhI e sAcI vastu nathI; e dhekAbAjI che, nakalI cIja che. paraMtu phAsisTene te lekazAhInI kalpanAnI pAchaLa rahelA samagra siddhAMtanI sAme vAMdhe che ane lokazAhIne teo potAnI samagra zaktithI vakhoDI kADhe che. musalinIe tene "saDatI jatI lAza" kahI che ! vyaktisvAtaMtryanI kalpanA sAme paNa phAsisTone eTale ja aNagame che. temanA mata pramANe rAjya sarvasva che, vyaktinI kazI gaNatarI nathI. sAmyavAdIo paNa vyakti svAtaMtryane jhAjhuM mahattva ApatA nathI.) 19mI sadInA lekazAhInA upAsaka udAramatavAdane pravartaka bicAre mejhinI Aje jIvate heta te pitAnA dezabaMdhu musolinIne te zuM kaheta! mAtra sAmyavAdIo ane phAsisTa ja nahi paNa pracalita yuganI muzkelIo tema ja hADamArIo viSe vicAra karanArA bIjAo paNa matAdhikAra ApIne e vastune lekazAhI kahevAnA jUnA vicArathI asaMtuSTa thayA che. lekazAhIne artha samAnatA che ane je samAjamAM samAnatA pravartatI hoya tyAM ja lekazAhI phAlIphUlI zake. e te dIvA jevuM spaSTa che ke, pratyeka vyaktine matAdhikAra ApavA mAtrathI samAnatAvALo samAja nirmANa thatuM nathI. pukhta vayane matAdhikAra tema ja bIjI evI vastuo dAkhala karavA chatAye Aje samAjamAM

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1280 ' jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bhayaMkara asamAnatA najare paDe che. ethI karIne lokazAhIne taka ApavA mATe, samAnatAvALo samAja pedA kare joIe; ane temanI A vicAra paraMparAmAMthI judA judA Adarzo ane paddhatio ubhave che, paraMtu e badhA eka bAbatamAM saMmata thAya che ke AjanI pArlAmenTa bilakula asaMtoSakAraka che. have ApaNe phAsIvAdane jarA UMDA UtarIne nihALIe ane vAstavamAM te zuM che te jANavAne prayatna karIe. te hiMsAnAM guNagAna kare che ane zAMtivAdane dhikkAre che. musolinI ITAlInI enasAIkalopIDiyAmAM kahe che : phAsIvAda kAyamI zAMtinI jarUriyAta ke upagitAmAM mAnato nathI. zAMtivAdamAM balidAna ApavAnA DarathI jokhamanI sAme na laDavAnI vRtti chupAyelI che. tattvata: e kAyaratA che ane tethI e zAMtivAdane InkAra kare che. yuddha, kevaLa yuddha ja mAnavI zaktine tenI parAkASTAe pahoMcADe che ane tene vadhAvI levAnuM zairya batAvanAra prajAone te potAnA umadA guNothI navAje che. bIjI badhI kaseTIo gauNa che. te manuSyanI sAme jIvana-maraNa vaccenI pasaMdagI karavAne prazna khaDe karatI nathI." phAsIvAdanI dRSTi tIvrapaNe rASTrIya che jyAre sAmyavAdanI dRSTi AMtararASTrIya che. phAsIvAda te kharekhAta AMtararASTrIyatAne virodha kare che. rAjyane te eka deva athavA Izvara samAna banAvI de che ane vyaktinI svataMtratA tathA hakone tenI vedI upara balidAna ApavuM joIe ema mAne che. tenI najare bIjA badhA deze parAyA ane lagabhaga duzmana jevA che. yahUdIone parAyA tattva tarIke lekhavAmAM Ave che ane temanA pratye kharAba vartAva dAkhavavAmAM Ave che. te keTalAMka mUDIvAdavirodhI sUtre uccAre che tathA keTalIka krAMtikArI nItirItio akhatyAra kare che e kharuM paraMtu milatadAra tema ja pratyAghAtI ta sAthe tene maitrIne saMbaMdha che. phAsIvAdanI A keTalIka citravicitra bAjuo che. enI pAchaLa rahelI philasUphI, je enI kaMI paNa philasUphI heya te - te samajavI ati muzkela che. ApaNe joyuM tema, phAsIvAdane AraMbha sattA hAtha karavA mATenI sIdhI sAdI IchAmAMthI thayo hato. emAM saphaLatA maLyA pachI enI AsapAsa philasUphI racavAno prayAsa karavAmAM AvyuM. e keTalI badhI goTALAbharelI che ene khyAla ApavA mATe tathA tane kaMIka gUMcavaNamAM nAkhavA mATe eka AgaLa paDatA phAsisTa philasUphanA lakhANamAMthI huM ahIM eka utAre TAMkIza. enuM nAma chavAnI jenTAIla che ane te phAsIvAdane pramANabhUta philasUpha gaNAya che. sarakAramAM te eka phAsisTa pradhAna paNa che. jenTAIla kahe che ke, lokazAhImAM bane che tema, lekae pitAne AtmasAkSAtakAra vyaktigata rIte prApta karavAne mathavuM na joIe. paraMtu phAsIvAda anusAra, vizvacetanarUpa

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lokazAhI ane saramukhatyArazAhI 1281 IndriyAtIta ahaMnAM kAryo dvArA AtmasAkSAtkAra karavAno prayatna karavo joIe. (Ane je kaMI artha thato hoya te mArI samajazaktinI bahAra che.) Ama, A vicAradRSTimAM vyakti svAtaMtrya ke vyaktitvane kaze avakAza rahetuM nathI. pitAnI jAta sivAyanI bIjI koIka vastumAM - rAjyamAM - Atmavilopana karIne ja vyakti potAnA sAcA svarUpane tema ja svataMtratAne anubhava karI zake che. . kuTuMba, rAjya ke paramAtmAmAM ekarUpa karI devAthI mAruM vyaktitava dabAI jatuM nathI, paNa te unnata, sabaLa ane vizALa thAya che." jenTAIla vaLI kahe che : kaI paNa baLa mANasanI saMkalpazakti upara asara pADI zake teTalA pramANamAM te naitika baLa che. pachI emAM upadeza ke lAThInI dalIlane bhalene upaga karavAmAM Avyo heya." have ApaNe samajyAM ke, hiMdamAM briTiza sarakAra jyAre jyAre lAThIprahArene Azaro le che tyAre tyAre te keTalA badhA naitika baLane upayoga karI rahI hoya che! A badhA, eka vastu banI gayA pachI tenuM samarthana karavAnA ane tenuM vAjabIpaNuM puravAra karavAnA prayAsa che. ema paNa kahevAmAM Ave che ke, phAsIvAdane uddeza "sAmUhika rAjya' (korporeTiva sTeTa) sthApavAno che. mArA dhAravA pramANe, evA rAjyamAM sau sAmudAyika athavA AkhA samUhanA hitane arthe haLImaLIne kArya kare che. paraMtu evuM koI rAjya ITAlI ke bIje kyAMya UbhuM thayeluM jovAmAM AvatuM nathI. tenA upara keTalAka aMkuza mUkavAmAM AvyA che e kharuM, paraMtu ITAlImAM mUDIvAda lagabhaga bIjA dezonI jema ja pitAnuM kArya karI rahyo che. - phAsIvAda bIjA dezomAM paNa prasaryo che eTale e vastu spaSTa thaI gaI che ke e mAtra ITAlInI ja viziSTa ghaTanA nathI paraMtu koI paNa dezamAM jyAre amuka prakAranI Arthika paristhiti pravarte che tyAre te dekhA de che. majUre jyAre baLavAna banIne mUDIvAdI rAjyane dhamakIrUpa banI jAya che tyAre svAbhAvika rIte ja mUDIdAra varga pitAne ugArI levAno prayAsa kare che. sAmAnya rIte, ugra prakAranI Arthika kaTokaTInI ghaDIe majUre taraphathI evuM jokhama pedA thAya che. milakatadAra tathA zAsaka varga sAmAnya prakAranA lekazAhI upAya dvArA polIse ane lazkaranI madadathI majUrone dAbI zakatA nathI tyAre te phAsisTa paddhatine Azare le che. eTale ke eka kapriya sAmudAyika caLavaLa upADavAmAM Ave che. emAM janasamUhane pasaMda paDe evAM paraMtu milakatadAra ane mUDIdAra vargonuM rakSaNa karavAnA AzayathI yojavAmAM AvelAM keTalAMka sUtre

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1282 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna mAnya rAkhavAmAM Ave che. e caLavaLanA AdhArastaMbha nIcalA tharanA madhyama vargomAMthI maLI rahe che kema ke e vanA moTA bhAganA lAkA bekArIthI pIDAtA hoya che. vaLI, rAjakIya dRSTie pachAta ane asaMgaThita majUrA ane kheDUta paNa upara jaNAvelAM sUtreA temaja potAnI sthiti sudhAravAnI AzAthI AkarSAI ne e caLavaLamAM bhaLe che. enA lAbha uThAvavAnI AzA rAkhanArA dhanavAna vanA lokA taraphathI e caLavaLane Arthika mada maLe che ane hiMsAne te potAnA mULabhUta siddhAMta tema ja rAjane vyavahAra banAvI de che, chatAMye ubhayanA sAmAnya duzmana samAjavAdI majUrA sAme te laDatI hovAthI dezanI mUDIvAdI sarakAra paNa ene nabhAvI le che. eka pakSa tarIke, ane jo dezanI sarakAra banI jAya to vizeSe karIne, te majUronI saMsthAno nAza kare che ane potAnA badhAye virAdhIomAM trAsa vartAvI mUke che. ja AgaLa vadhatA jatA samAjavAda ane meracA bAMdhIne beThelA mUDIvAda vacce vargIya athaDAmaNu atizaya ugra ane kaTokaTIbharI bane che tyAre phAsIvAda A rIte dekhA de che. A sAmAjika vigraha kAI paNa prakAranI gerasamajathI nathI pedA thatA paraMtu AjanA samAjanA pAyAmAM rahelA hitavirAdhAnI vadhAre UMDI samajane kAraNe pedA thAya che. emanI upekSA karavAthI e saryAM athavA virAdheAno ukela nathI AvatA. ane AjanI samAjavyavasthAmAM hADamArI veThI rahelA leke jema jema e hitavirAdhA vadhAre samajatA jAya che tema tema jene teo peAtAne vAjabI hissA lekhe che tenAthI temane vaMcita rAkhavA pratye teo vadhAre ne vadhAre roSe bharAya che. milakatadAra varga tenI pAse je hoya te cheDI devA mAgatA nathI eTale e sadha athavA jhaghaDA atizaya tIvra ane che. mUDIvAda jyAM sudhI lokazAhI taMtra dvArA potAnI sattA jALavI rAkhI zake tathA majUrone dAkhI rAkhI zake tyAM sudhI leAkazAhIne cAlu rAkhavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu jyAre e rIte e vastu siddha karavAnuM azakya banI jAya che tyAre mUDIvAda lokazAhIne phagAvI de che ane khullekhullI hiMsA ane trAsanI kAsisTa paddhati akhatyAra kare che. mArA dhAravA pramANe, raziyA sivAya yuropanA badhAye dezomAM phAsIvAda vattAochA pramANamAM mojUda che. sauthI chello vijaya eNe jarmanImAM meLavyA che. iMglaMDamAM sudhdhAM, zAsaka mAM phAsisTa vicAronA phelAvA thaI rahyo che, ane hiMdamAM vAraMvAra tenA amala thatA ApaNA jovAmAM Ave che. samagra duniyAnI raMgabhUmi upara Aje phAsIvAda mUDIvAdanuM aMtima sra banIne sAmyavAdanI sAme jhUjhI rahyo che. paraMtu kAsIvAdanI khIjI vAta javA daIe teNe jagatane pIDI rahelI Arthika hADamArIono ukela lAvavAne upAya pazu te batAvatA nathI. potAnA

Page #616
cInamAM krAMti ane prati-kAMti 1283 tIvra ane AkramaNakArI rASTravAdathI parasparAvalaMbananA jagavyApI valaNane te virodha kare che, mUDIvAdanA patanamAMthI utpanna thatA praznone te vadhAre utkaTa banAve che tathA ghaNI vAra jemAMthI yuddha phATI nIkaLe che te rASTra rASTra vaccenA gharSaNamAM vadhAro kare che. 177. cInamAM krAMti ane pratikrAMti 26 jUna, 1933 yuropa tathA tenA asaMtoSanI rajA laIne have ApaNe ethIye vizeSa musIbatamAM AvI paDelA pradezamAM - dUra pUrvanA deze cIna ane jApAnamAM jaIe. duniyAnA sauthI prAcIna ane prANadAyI saMskRtinI bhUmi upara sthApavAmAM AvelA taruNa prajAsattAkanI aneka muzkelIo viSe cIna viSenA mArA chellA patramAM huM tane kahI gayo chuM. deza chinnabhinna thaI jatuM lAgatuM hata ane laDAyaka saradAre - tUzane ane mahAtUne - vadhu ne vadhu baLavAna thatA jatA hatA. cInane durbaLa ane ekatA vinAne rAkhavAmAM jemanuM hita samAyeluM hatuM te sAmrAjyavAdI sattAo ghaNuMkharuM temane uttejana ApatI ane madada karatI. tUzanane koI paNa siddhAMtanuM baMdhana nahotuM; dareka tUzana pitAnuM aMgata hita ane vRddhi sAdhavA cahAtA hatA ane cInamAM niraMtara cAlatA rahetA nAnA nAnA AMtaravigrahamAM teo vAraMvAra pakSa badalatA hatA. hADamArI bhogavatA ane duHkhI kheDUte upara teo tathA temanAM sainya nabhatAM hatAM. cInanI svataMtratA prApta karavAnA kAryamAM pitAnuM samagra jIvana samarpaNa karanAra cInanA mahAna netA DaoN. sunatyAnsene dakSiNa cInamAM kenTonamAM sthApelI rASTrIya sarakAra viSe paNa huM tane kahI gayo chuM. samagra deza upara videzI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonAM Arthika hitenuM prabhutva hatuM. zAMghAI ane hoMgakoMga jevAM moTAM moTAM baMdarI zaheramAM pitAne aDDo jamAvIne e sattAoe cInane paradeze sAthe Akhoye vepAra pitAne hAtha karI lIdhuM hatuM. DaoN. sune sAcuM ja kahyuM hatuM ke, Arthika dRSTie cIna e prastuta sattAonI eka vasAhata (kolonI) hatI. eka svAmI hovo e paNa ThIka ThIka bUrI vastu che. paraMtu aneka svAmI hovA e te atizaya kharAba vastu che. dezane audyogika vikAsa karavAne tathA tene suvyavasthita karavA mATe DaoN. sune paradezanI madada meLavavA prayAsa karyo. khAsa karIne, e mATe teNe amerikA tathA iMglaMDa tarapha najara karI, paraMtu e bemAMthI eke, ke e sivAyanI paNa bIjI koI sAmrAjyavAdI sattA tenI madade AvI nahi, e badhIye sattAone cInanuM zoSaNa karavAmAM rasa hata; te AbAda thAya ke

Page #617
1284 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana baLavAna bane temAM nahi. pachIthI, 1924nI sAlamAM DaoN. sune madada mATe seviyeTa raziyA tarapha najara karI. cInanA vidyArthIo tathA buddhijIvI vargomAM guptapaNe ane bahu jhaDapathI sAmyavAdane vikAsa thaI rahyo hato. 1920nI sAlamAM tyAM sAmyavAdI pakSanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI hatI ane judI judI sarakAra tene khullI rIte kArya karavA detI nahatI eTale te eka gupta maMDaLa tarIke kAma karatA hatA. DaoN. suna kaMI sAmyavAdI nahote. tenA mazahUra "janatAnA traNa siddhAMta " uparathI mAlUma paDe che ke te narama valaNane samAjavAdI hate. Ama chatAMye, cIne tema ja pUrvanA bIjA deza pratyenA seviyeTanA udAra ane nikhAlasa vartanathI tenA upara bhAre chApa paDI hatI ane teNe tenI sAthe maitrIbharyo saMbaMdha bAMdhyuM. teNe keTalAka raziyana salAhakAro rAkhyA hatA. emAM reDIna nAmane eka atizaya zaktizALI bezevika sauthI vizeSa jANItuM che. reDIna kenTonanA ku-mIna-TAMga pakSane AdhArastaMbha banI gayuM ane janatAnA pIThabaLavALe eka baLavAna rASTrIya pakSa racavA mATe teNe bhAre jahemata uThAvI. kevaLa sAmyavAdI rIte kArya karavAno teNe Agraha na rAkhe. pakSanI rASTrIya bhUmikA teNe kAyama rAkhI paraMtu have sAmyavAdIone ku-mIna-TAMgamAM sabhya tarIke joDAvAnI chUTa ApavAmAM AvI. A rIte tyAM AgaLa rASTravAdI ka-mIna-TAMga ane sAmyavAdI pakSa vacce eka prakAranuM avidhisaranuM aikya thayuM. ka-mIna-TAMganA sArI sthitinA ane sthiticusta sabhyane, khAsa karIne jamInadArane sAmyavAdIo sAtheno A saMbaMdha game nahi. bIjI bAjue, moTA bhAganA sAmyavAdIone paNa e vastu pasaMda paDI nahi, kema ke, ene lIdhe temane temane kAryakrama haLa banAve paDatuM hatuM tema ja ema na thayuM heta te sthitimAM teo je karI zakatA hatA temAMnI ghaNI vastuo have teo karI zake ema nahotuM. e aikya bahu sthAyI nahatuM. ane ApaNe AgaLa joIzuM ke kaTokaTInI paLe temAM bhaMgANa paDayuM ane ene lIdhe cIna bhAre AphatamAM AvI paDayuM. jemanAM hite paraspara virodhI hoya evA be ke tethI vadhAre vargone eka ja samUhamAM lAMbA vakhata sudhI ekatra rAkhavAnuM hamezAM muzkela hoya che. paraMtu e ekya jeTalo vakhata cAlu rahyuM teTale vakhata te bhAre phaLadAyI nIvaDyuM. ane ku-mIna-TAMga tathA kenTIna sarakAranuM baLa vadhavA pAmyuM. gaNetiyAo athavA sAMthiyAonI saMsthAone uttejana ApavAmAM AvyuM ane temane jhaDapathI phelAvo thaye tathA majUranAM mahAjanone paNa e ja rIte bhAre vikAsa thayo. AmajanatAnA A TekAne kAraNe kenTonanI ku-mIna-TAMgane sAcI sattA prApta thaI ane e vastue ja jamInadAra AgevAnone bhaDakAvyA tathA thoDA vakhata pachI pakSamAM bhAgalA pADavAne preryA.

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cInamAM krAMti ane prati-krAMti 1295 cInanI sthiti hiMdanI sthitine Ne aMze maLatI Ave che, jo ke e be vacce mahattvanA aneka bheda paNa che. cIna asa Mkhya kheDUtAvALA tattvataH khetIpradhAna deza che. mUDIvAdI udyoga mukhyatve karIne aTaeNka Dajhana zaherAmAM ja maryAdita che ane te paradezIonA aMkuza nIce che. karADA kheDUta ane gaNotiyA devAnA bhayaMkara AjA nIce kacarAyelA che. sAMthanA darA bahu ja bhAre che, ane hiMdanI peThe tyAM paNu mahinAo sudhI kheDUtane parANe bekAra esI rahevuM paDe che. e samaya daramyAna temane khetaromAM jhAjhuM kAma karavAnuM hetuM nathI. A kAma vinAnA samayanA upayAga karavAne tathA temanI AvakamAM kaIMka umero karavA mATe, A rIte, gRhaudyogA dAkhala karavAnI jarUra che. kharekhara, Aje paNa tyAM evA ghaNA gRhaudyogo meAbUda che. tyAM AgaLa khetarAnA moTA meTA paTele paNa jhAjhA nathI. evAM meTAM khetaro UbhAM thAya toye thoDA ja vakhatamAM te vArasAmAM vaheMcAI jAya che. lagabhaga ardho kheDUto potAnA khetareAnA mAlikeA che. ane bAkInA ardhA jamInadArAnI jamIna sAMthe rAkhIne khetI kare che. A rIte cIna nAnAM nAnAM asaMkhya khetarAvALA deza che. jamInamAMthI banI zake teTalA vadhAre pAka pakavavAnI AvaData mATe cInane kheDUta seMkaDo varasa sudhI jANItA hatA. temanI pAse jamInanA bahu ja nAnA TukaDA hatA eTale temane ema karavAnI pharaja paDatI. AthI khetI karavAmAM te asAdhAraNa caturAI vAparatA ane athAka parizrama karatA. mahenata acAvavAnAM khetInAM Adhunika sAdhanA temanI pAse nahAtAM ane tethI temane eTalA pAka pakavavA mATe jarUrI hoya tenA karatAM vadhAre mahenata karavI paDatI. khetI karavAmAM tee ATalI badhI caturAI dharAvatA hatA tathA te ATalA badhA mahenatu heAvA chatAM lagabhaga aradhA bhAganA kheDUtAne mAMDa potAnA gujAro karavA jeTalI kamANI paNa thatI nahi. hiMdamAM moTA bhAganA kheDUtonI bAbatamAM bane che tema temanA TUMkA ane kruti jIvana daramyAna temane aradhA bhUkhamaro vevA paDatA hatA. dAriAmAM te potAnuM jIvana gujAratA ane ke relasaMkaTa jevI Apattie lAkhAnI sa MkhyAmAM temane sa MhAra karatI. khAroDInanI sUcanAthI DaoN. sunanI sarakAre kheDUto tathA majUrone rAhata ApavAnA hukame kADhyA. jamInanI gaNAtamAM 25 TakAnA ghaTADA karavAmAM Avyo, majUrone mATe ATha kalAkanA kAmanA divasa TharAvavAmAM AvyeA tathA jethI A na ja thAya evA temanI majUrIne ochAmAM oche dara nakkI karavAmAM AvyeA. ane kheDUtAnAM mahAjanA sthApavAmAM AvyAM. A sudhArAe AmajanatAmAM AvakArapAtra thaI paDe tathA lakAne utsAhathI bharI de e svAbhAvika hatuM. dukALa kaeNnTone A rIte potAnI sthiti majabUta banAvI ane pachI uttaranA tUzane sAthe jhUjhavAnI taiyArI karI. tyAM lazkarI zALA khAlavAmAM AvI na-1

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128 . jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane sainya UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM. mAtra kenTonamAM ja nahi paNa AkhA cInamAM ane kaMIka aMze pUrvanA dezamAM jANavA je pheraphAra e thaI rahyo che ke badhe dhArmika sattAnuM sthAna pArthiva sattA laI rahI che. e zabdane saMkucita arthamAM, alabata, cIne kadIye dhArmika deza nahotuM. paraMtu have te vadhu pramANamAM pArthiva ba. keLavaNI pahelAM dhArmika hatI tene have pArthiva banAvavAmAM AvI. keTalAye prAcIna maMdire have je upayoga karavAmAM Ave che te uparathI pArthivIkaraNanI A prakriyAne ApaNane pratyakSa purAvo maLI rahe che. kenTananA eka suprasiddha maMdirane hAla polIsane tAlIma ApavAnI saMsthA tarIke upayoga karavAmAM Ave che! bIjI jagyAe maMdirone zAkabhAjInI mArakeTanA svarUpamAM pheravI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM che. DaoN. suna-sAta-sena 19rapanA mArca mAsamAM maraNa pAme paraMtu kenTona sarakAra dinapratidina vadhu ne vadhu baLavAna banatI gaI beroDIna tene salAhakAra hato. thoDAka mAsa pachI keTalAka banAva banyA tethI karIne cInI prajA videzI sAmrAjyavAdIonI sAme, khAsa karIne briTiza lekanI sAme, bhAre roSe bharAI. zAMghAInI sutarAu kApaDanI milomAM haDatAla paDI ane 1925nA me mAsamAM karavAmAM AvelA eka dekhAvamAM eka majUra maraNa pAme. tenI uttarakriyA nimitte sAmudAyika prArthanA karavAnI lejanA karavAmAM AvI ane temAM bahu moTI saMkhyAmAM lekoe bhAga lIdhe. vidyAthIo tathA majUroe sAmrAjyavAda virodhI dekhAva karavAmAM e prasaMgano upayoga * karyo. eka briTiza pilIsa amaladAre pitAnA hAtha nIcenI zIkha polIsa TukaDIne e ToLA upara geLIbAra karavAno hukama Ape. hukama jIvaleNa goLIbAra karavA mATe hatuM ane ene pariNAme ghaNuM vidyAthIonA jAna gayA. AkhAye cInamAM aMgrejo sAme bhAre kapanI lAgaNI bhabhUkI UThI. ane e pachI banelA eka banAve te sthiti sAva bagADI mUkI. e banAva 1925nA jUna mAsamAM kenTonanA zamIna nAmathI oLakhAtA videzIonA vasavATanA bhAgamAM banyuM. tyAM AgaLa moTe bhAge vidyAthIonA banelA ToLA upara mazInaganathI goLI varasAvavAmAM AvI. ene pariNAme para jaNa marI gayA ane ethIye ghaNI moTI saMkhyAmAM leke ghAyala thayA. "zamInanA hatyAkAMDa' nAmathI oLakhAtA A banAva mATe mukhyatve karIne aMgrejone javAbadAra gaNavAmAM AvyA. kenTonamAM, briTiza mAlano rAjakIya bahiSkAra jAhera karavAmAM Avyo ane mahinAo sudhI hoMgakaeNgane vepAra baMdha karI devAmAM Avyo. ethI karIne briTiza peDhIo tathA briTiza sarakArane bhAre kheTamAM UtaravuM paDayuM. kadAca tane khabara haze ke hoMgakaeNga e dakSiNa cInamAM Avele briTizanA

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cInamAM krAMti ane pratikAMti , tAbA nIcene pradeza hate. kenTenanI e bahu ja najIka che ane enI mAraphate ghaNA moTA pramANamAM vepAra cAlato hate. DaoN. sunanA maraNa bAda, kenTona sarakAranA narama valaNanA sthiticusta daLa tathA jahAla valaNa dharAvanArA uddAma daLa vacce niraMtara gajagrAha cAlyA karyo. keI vakhate narama daLanA te keAI vakhate uddAma daLanA loke sattA upara AvatA. 1926nA vacagALAnA samayamAM, cAMga-kAIka nAmane narama daLane mANasa senApati banyuM ane teNe sAmyavAdIone kADhI mUkavAnuM zarU karyuM. Ama chatAMye e baMne samUhoe haLImaLIne eka sAthe kAma karyuM, jo ke te baMnene ekabIjA upara vizvAsa nahoto. e pachI, tUzana sAme laDIne temane hAMkI kADhI AkhAye dezanI eka rASTrIya sarakAra sthApana karavA mATe kenTananA lazkare uttara taraphanI pitAnI kUca AraMbhI. uttara taraphanI A kUca e eka asAdhAraNa ghaTanA hatI ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM teNe AkhI duniyAnuM lakSa pitA tarapha kheMcyuM. emAM sAmasAmI laDAI nahi jevI ja thavA pAmI ane dakSiNanuM lazkara vija upara vijayU meLavatuM AgaLa vadhavA lAgyuM. uttaramAM phATaphUTa hatI, paraMtu dakSiNanuM sAcuM baLa kheDUte tathA majAromAM tenI lekapriyatAne kAraNe hatuM. pracAra ane caLavaLa karanArAonuM eka lazkara pahelAM uttaramAM pahoMcyuM hatuM. e lekee kheDUto tathA majUrone saMgaThita karyA ane temanAM mahAjane sthApyAM tathA temaNe temane kena sarakAra nIce maLanArA lAbhothI vAkepha karyA. ethI karIne uttaranAM zahera tathA gAmaDAMoe dakSiNanA AgaLa vadhatA jatA lazkarane vadhAvI lIdhuM. tene temaNe hareka rIte madada karI. kenTonanA lazkarano sAmano karavA mokalelAM sainya tenI sAme bhAgye ja laDyAM; ghaNI vAra te te pitAnI sAdhanasAmagrI sahita tenI sAthe maLI gayAM. 1926nI sAla pUrI thavA pahelAM te rASTravAdIoe ardha cIna vaTAvyuM ane yAMgase nadI upara AvelA mahAna heka zaherane kabaje lIdhe. kenTInane badale hai kene temaNe pATanagara banAvyuM ane tenuM nAma badalIne vahana nAma rAkhyuM. uttaranA laDAyaka saradArone have harAvIne hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA hatA. sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonI AMkha ekAeka UghaDI gaI. temane e vasamuM te lAgyuM paraMtu navuM ane ugrapaNe rASTravAdI cIna temanI sAme khaDuM thayuM. te have samAnatAne dA karatuM hatuM ane temanI dhamakIthI DarI javAne inkAra karatuM hatuM. 1927nI sAlamAM tenI briTiza vasAhatane kabaje levAne rASTravAdIoe prayAsa karyo tyAre cIna ane aMgrejo vacce jhaghaDe Ubhe che. sAmAnya saMjogomAM te, cInAonA AvA ugra valaNathI yuddha phATI nIkaLyuM hatuM ane temane kacarI nAkhIne tathA DarAvI mArIne briTiza sarakAre temanI pAsethI

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1288 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nukasAnInI rakama ane vadhu chUTachATo parANe paDAvI leta. ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM chIe te pramANe, 1840nI sAlamAM thayelA aphINanA vigrahathI mAMDIne lagabhaga eka sadI sudhI acUkapaNe temaNe e ja rIta akhatyAra karI che. paNa have samaya badalAye hatA ane judI ja jAtanuM cIna have temanI samakSa khaDuM thayuM hatuM. AthI, tatkALa, ane pahelI ja vAra briTiza sarakAranI cIna saMbaMdhI nItimAM paNa pheraphAra thaye ane te navA cIna pratye samAdhAnakArI banI. huM kenI vasAhatanI bAbata eka gauNa vastu hatI ane sahelAIthI tene ukela lAvI zakAya tema hatuM. paraMtu najIkamAM ja ane rASTravAdI lazkaranI AgekucanA mArgamAM ja zAMghAInuM mahAna baMdarI zahera AveluM hatuM. e cInamAM videzIonA adhikAra nIcenI eka sauthI moTI ane sauthI samRddha vasAhata hatI. jabaradasta paradezI sthApita hite zAMghAIne bhAvi sAthe saMkaLAyelAM hatAM. khuda e zahera, athavA kahe ke, tene vasAhatI pradeza paradezIonA niyaMtraNa nIce ane cInI sarakArathI lagabhaga svataMtra hatA. zAMghAImAM vasatA A paradezIo tathA temanI sarakAre, rASTravAda lazkara temanI najIka AvI pahoMcatAM bhAre ciMtAtura banyAM ane bhAre varAthI temaNe pitAnAM yuddhajahAjo tathA lazkare zAMghAInA bArAmAM mokalI ApyAM. khAsa karIne, briTiza sarakAre te, 1927nI sAlanA jAnyuArI mAsanI zarUAtamAM pitAnuM lazkara zAMghAI mokalI ApyuM. emAM hiMdI sainike paNa hatA. - have huM ke athavA vahana AgaLa sthApita thayelI rASTrIya sarakAranI sAme eka muzkela prazna AvI paDyo - have AgaLa vadhavuM ke na vadhavuM; zAMghAI levuM ke na levuM. temane sahelAIthI maLelI saphaLatAne kAraNe teo bhAre utsAhamAM AvI gayA hatA ane hiMmatavAna banyA hatA. vaLI, zAMghAI bhAre lalacAvanArI vastu hatI. paraMtu 500 mAIla karatAye vadhAre vistRta pradezamAM mAtra teo AgaLa vadhe ja gayA hatA, ane e badhe temaNe potAnI sthiti majabUta banAvI nahatI. zAMghAI upara halle karavA jatAM videzI sattAo sAthe teo athaDAmaNamAM AvI jAya e saMbhava hato ane ema thAya te atyAra sudhI meLaveluM badhuM jokhamamAM AvI paDe ema hatuM. be reDIne sAvadhAnI rAkhavAnI ane temanI sthiti majabUta banAvavAnI salAha ApI hatI. tene abhiprAya e hato ke rASTravAdIoe zAMghAIthI aLagA rahevuM, temanA kabajA nIce AvelA cInanA dakSiNanA ardhA bhAgamAM pitAnI sthiti majabUta banAvavI ane pracArakArya dvArA uttaramAM anukULa vAtAvaraNa pedA karavuM. tenI evI gaNatarI hatI ke theDA ja vakhatamAM, ekAda varasamAM, AkhuM cIna rASTravAdIonI kacane vadhAvI levA mATe taiyAra thaI jaze. zAMghAIne kabaje levA, pekiMga upara kUca karavA ane sAmrAjyavAdI videzI sattAo sAthe hisAba

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cInamAM krAMti ane prati-kAMti 1289 cUkavavA mATe e vakhate kharI taka maLata. krAMtikArI boraDIne AthI sAvacetIbharI salAha ApI hatI, kema ke paristhitinAM bhinna bhinna to samajavAne tene anubhava hatuM. paraMtu ku-mIna-TAMgane narama daLanA AgevAne ane khAsa karIne senApati cyAMga-kAI zake zAMghAI upara kUca karavAno Agraha rAkhe. ku-mIna-TAMgamAM be bhAgalA paDyA tyAre zAMghAIne kabaje levAnI IcchA mATenuM sAcuM kAraNa mAlUma paDayuM. gaNotiyAo tathA majUronAM mahAjananuM vadhatuM jatuM baLa A narama daLanA AgevAnone pasaMda nahotuM. ghaNuMkharA senApatio pite ja jamInadAra hatA. ethI karIne, potAnA pakSamAM bhAgalA paDI jAya tathA rASTrIya dhyeya nabaLuM paDe te jokhama vahorIne paNa temaNe A mahAjanane kacarI nAkhavAnuM nakkI karyuM. zAMghAI e cInanA moTA moTA zrImaMtonuM mahattvanuM kendra hatuM. ane narama daLanA senApatioe pitAnA ja pakSanAM vadhu uddAma to sAme ane khAsa karIne sAmyavAdIo sAme laDavAmAM temanA taraphathI Arthika tema ja bIjI badhI madada maLaze evI gaNatarI rAkhI hatI. e prakAranI laDatamAM zAMghAInA videzI zarApha ane udyogapationI madada paNa temane maLI raheze ema teo jANatA hatA. AthI temaNe zAMghAI upara kuca karI ane 1927nI sAlanA mArcanI 22mI tArIkhe zaherane cInI bhAga temanA kabajA nIce AvyuM. videzI vasAhatanA pradeza upara humale karavAmAM AvyuM nahotuM. zAMghAInA A bhAgane kabaje levAmAM paNa jhAjhuM laDavuM paDyuM nahotuM. sAmano karavAne mekalavAmAM AveluM sainya rASTravAdIone maLI gayuM ane rASTravAdIonI tarapheNamAM zaheranA majUroe sArvatrika haDatAla pADI tethI zAMghAInI te vakhatanI sarakAranuM saMpUrNa paNa patana thayuM. be divasa pachI rASTravAdI sainya nAskinanA mahAna zaherane paNa kabaje lIdhe. ane pachI ku-mInaTAMga pakSamAM narama ane uddAma daLa vacce bhaMgANa paDyuM. ene lIdhe rASTravAdIonA vijayane aMta Avyo ane cIna bhAre AphatamAM AvI paDayuM. krAMtine aMta Avyo ane have pratikrAMti zarU thaI hai kenI sarakAranA ghaNA sabhyonI IcchAnI viruddha jaIne cAMga-kAI- zeke zAMghAI upara kUca karI hatI. baMne pakSe ekabIjAnI sAme kAvatarAM karI rahyA hatA. beMkevALAo, lazkaramAMthI AganI lAgavaga nirmULa karIne e rIte tene dUra karavAnI koziza karI rahyA hatA. cAMge nAskinamAM harIpha sarakAra UbhI karI. zAMghAIne kabaje lIdhA pachI thoDA ja divasamAM A badhuM banavA pAmyuM. beMkenI potAnI ja sarakAra sAme baMDa karIne Age have sAmyavAdIo, uddAma daLanA leke tathA majUra mahAjananA kAryakartAo sAme jehAda zarU karI. je majUree zAMghAIne kabaje levAnuM kArya tene mATe sugama karI ApyuM hatuM tathA tyAM AgaLa tene saharSa vadhAvI lIdhuM hatuM te ja majUrane

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1290 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jodhI zodhIne kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. saMkhyAbaMdha lekene gaLIthI dUra karavAmAM AvyA yA te temane ziraccheda karavAmAM AvyuM tathA hajArene pakaDIne kedamAM pUravAmAM AvyA. rASTravAdIo zAMghAImAM svataMtratA lAvaze ema dhAravAmAM AvatuM hatuM tene badale thoDA ja vakhatamAM tyAM khUnakhAra trAsanuM sAmrAjya pravartI rahyuM. 1927nI sAlanA eprila mAsanA A ja divasamAM pekiMgamAMnA soviyeTanA elacInI kacerImAM tema ja zAMghAImAMnA seviyeTanA pratinidhinI kacerI upara ekI vakhate humalA thayA hatA. e te spaSTapaNe jaNAtuM hatuM ke, jenI sAthe te laDate hate ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM te uttaranA laDAyaka saradAra cAMga-se-lIna sAthe maLIne cAMga-kAI-zeka e bAbatamAM kArya karI rahyo hate. pekiMga tema ja zAMghAImAMthI sAmyavAdIo tathA pragatizIla majUrone sApha' karI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. alabatta, sAmrAjyavAdI sattAoe A pheraphArane vadhAvI lIdhuM kema ke ethI karIne cInanA rASTravAdI daLamAM bhaMgANa paDayuM tathA rASTravAdIo durbaLa banyA. cAMga-kAIzake zAMghAImAMnA videzI sattAonA pratinidhio sAthe sahakAra karavAno prayAsa karyo. tane yAda haze ke A ja arasAmAM, eTale ke 1927nI sAlanA me mAsamAM briTiza sarakAre laMDanamAMnI seviyeTanI Arajha peDhInI kacerI upara humale karyo hato ane pachI seviyeTa sAthenA saMbaMdhe teDI nAkhyA hatA. ane e rIte, eka ke be mAsamAM, cInamAM bAjI bilakula pharI gaI ku-mIna-TAMga cInanuM pratinidhitva dharAvanAra vijayI rASTrIya pakSa hata; saphaLatA maLavAne kAraNe tenI kArakirdI ujajavaLa banI hatI tathA videzI sattAone te sAmane karI rahyo hate. paraMtu have temAM bhaMgANa paDayuM ane te paraspara ekabIjA sAme laDatAM jUthomAM vaheMcAI gaye. ane tene cetana arpanAra ane baLavAna banAvanAra majUre tathA kheDUtane zedhI zodhIne mAravAmAM AvyA tathA temanA upara bhAre sitama gujAravAmAM AvyA. zAMghAInAM videzI hitene have hAza vaLI. teo eka jUtha sAme bIjAne laDAvavA lAgyAM ane khAsa karIne, majUrone satAvavA ane pajavavAnA AnaMdajanaka ane lAbhadAyI * manoraMjanamAM meja mANavA lAgyAM. zAMghAInAM kArakhAnAMonA A majUronuM, kharuM kahetAM samagra cInanA majUranuM, mAlike bhayaMkara zepaNa karatA hatA. ane temanuM jIvananuM dhoraNa tathA temanI rahevA karavAnI sthiti atizaya kaMgALa hatAM. majUra mahAjane temane mATe baLadAyI nIvaDyAM hatAM ane temaNe temanI majUrInA dare vadhAravAnI mAlikone pharaja pADI hatI. ethI karIne majUra mahAjana mAlikane pasaMda nahotAM, pachI te yuropiyana haya, jApAnI heya . yA te cInI heya.

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cInamAM krAMti ane pratikrAMti 1291 cInamAM paristhitie palaTA khAdhe ene mATe mAskAmAM reDInanI sAme AkarI TIkA thaI ane 1927nA julAI mAsamAM te raziyA javA UpaDyo. enA javAthI hU~ kAmAMnu 3-mIna-TAMganuM uddAma daLa chinnabhinna thaI gayuM. have kumIna-TAMgatA saMpUrNa kAbU nAnkina sarakAranA hAthamAM Avye tathA uddAma La ane majUranetA sAmenI ane khAsa karIne sAmyavAdI sAmenI jehAda cAlu ja rahI. A vakhate cIna cheDI janArAomAM, athavA jemane tyAMthI hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA hatA temAM mahAna netA sunayA-sainanI AdaraNIya vidhavA zrImatI suga paNa hatI. teNe atizaya khedapUrvaka jAhera karyuM ke cInanI svataMtratA mATenA tenA dhaNInA mahAna kAryane lazkaravAdI tathA bIjAoe dago dIdho che. ane Ama chatAMye A lazkaravAdIe DaoN. sunanA rASTravAda, lokazAhI tathA sAmAjika nyAya Adi traNa suprasiddha siddhAMtAnuM uccAraNa karyAM karatA hatA. cIna vaLI pAchuM, ekabIjA sAme laDatA senApati tathA laDAyaka saradAronI jALamAM phasAI gayuM. kaeNnTona nAnkina sarakArathI chUTuM paDI gayuM ane dakSiNamAM teNe peAtAnI alaga sarakAra sthApI. 1928nI sAlamAM pekiMga nAnkina sarakAranA hAthamAM AvyuM. enuM nAma badalIne pIpIMga rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. tenA a uttaranI zAMti thAya che. pekiMgane artha ' uttaranuM pATanagara ' evA 6 3 thatA hatA paraMtu have te pATanagara rahyuM nahatuM. pekiMga, athavA pIpIMganuM have ApaNe tene e nAmathI oLakhavuM joI e - patana thayA chatAMye dezanA judA judA bhAgeAmAM AMtaravigraha cAlu ja rahyo. kaeNnTane to potAnI alaga sarakAra sthApI hatI paraMtu uttaramAMye judA judA laDAyaka saradArA potAnI marajImAM Ave tema vatA hatA. temaNe potAnI aMgata laDAI e cAlu rAkhI hatI ane kAI kAi vakhata thADA vakhata mATe teo ekabIjA sAthe samajUtI karatA. siddhAMtanI dRSTie te nAnjinanI kahevAtI ' rASTrIya 'sarakAranI phaeNnTena sivAyanA AkhAye cIna upara hakUmata hatI. paraMtu, dezanA keTalAye pradeza - khAsa karIne dezanI aMdaranA bhAgamAM AvelA vizALa pradeza jyAM AgaLa sAmyavAdI sarakAra sthApavAmAM AvI hatI nAnkina sarakAranA aMkuzanI bahAra hatA. nAtkina sarakAra, Arthi ka madada mATe, mukhyatve karIne zAMdhAInA beMko ane zarAphe| upara AdhAra rAkhatI hatI. judA judA senApatinAM moTAM moTAM sainya kheDUta varga upara bhayaMkara kheojArUpa thaI paDayAM. lazkaramAMthI nivRtta thayelA sa MkhyAbaMdha sainikA kAmanI zodhamAM dezamAM Thera Thera rakhaDatA hatA ane temane kazuMye kAma na maLavAthI te ghaNI vAra dhADapADuo banI jatA. 1927nI sAlanA Disembara mAsamAM nAnjina sarakAra ane seviyeTa sarakAra vaccenA saMbaMdho tUTayA ane sAmrAjyavAdI sattAnA Azraya nIce -- ,

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1292 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nAnkine ugra seviyeTa virodhI nIti akhatyAra karI. ene lIdhe 1927nI sAlamAM yuddha phATI nIkaLyuM hatuM paraMtu raziyAe kaI paNa bhoge yuddha na karavAnI gAMTha vALI hatI tethI ja te aTakI gayuM. 1920nI sAlamAM cInI sarakAre vaLI pAchuM AkramaNakArI valaNa dhAraNa karyuM. A vakhate teNe maMcUriyAmAM ema karyuM. tyAMnA soviyeTanA pratinidhinI kacerI upara humalo karavAmAM Avyo ane cAInIjha IsTarna relavenA raziyana amaladArene baratarapha karavAmAM AvyA. A relave pradhAnapaNe raziyana milakta hatI ane seviyeTe tarata ja cIna sAme pagalAM lIdhAM, thaDA mAsa sudhI te amuka prakAranI yuddhanI paristhiti cAlu rahI ane pachI jUnI vyavasthA pharI pAchI sthApita karavAnI soviyeTanI mAgaNI cInI sarakAre kabUla rAkhI. maMcUriyA tathA temAM thaIne pasAra thatI relavene kAraNe aneka AMtararASTrIya gUMcavaNa UbhI thaI che kema ke tyAM AgaLa aneka hita vacce, khAsa karIne cInI, jApAnI ane raziyana hita vacce, athaDAmaNa thAya che. tAjetaramAM, jagatabharanA vidhine Thokara mArIne, jApAne cInanA A uttarapUrvanA prAMtano aMkuza pitAnA hAthamAM lIdhuM che. e viSe mArA have pachInA patramAM huM tane kahIza. cInanA keTalAka bhAgomAM sthApavAmAM AvelI sAmyavAdI sarakAra viSe huM upara ullekha karI gaye chuM. ema jaNAya che ke, dakSiNanA kvAnTaMga prAMtanA hekiMga jillAmAM 1927nI sAlanA navembara mAsamAM pahelavahelI sAmyavAdI sarakAra sthapAI hatI. A judAM judAM majUra mahAjanomAMthI udbhaveluM hekiMga seviyeTa prajAsattAka' hatuM. seviyeTanI hakUmata nIcene pradeza cInanA madhyabhAgamAM vadhate ja gayo. te eTale sudhI ke, 1932nI sAlanA vacagALAnA samaya sudhImAM cInanA kula kSetraphaLanA chaThThA bhAga jeTalA pradezane eTale ke 50, 000, 000 jeTalI vastIvALo 25, 000 ce. mAIla jeTalA pradezane emAM samAveza thato hate. e sarakAre cAra lAkhanuM lAla sainya UbhuM karyuM hatuM tathA enI madadamAM chokarAo tathA chokarIonI banelI palaTaNonuM sahAyaka sainya paNa UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. nAskina tathA kenTIna e baMne sarakAroe A cInI seviyeTane kacarI nAkhavAnA pitAnAthI banatA badhA prayAso karyA ane cAMgakAI zake temanA upara uparAchAparI caDAI karI paraMtu temAM tene jhAjhI saphaLatA maLI nahi. soviyeTa kadI kadI pAchAM haThI jatAM ane dezanA madhya bhAgamAM anyatra temanI sthiti majabUta banAvatAM * cAMga-kAi-zeka tathA cInI seviyeTe vaccenI takarAra, jApAnanA AkramaNa sAme temanuM eka thaI javuM tathA jApAne cIna upara karelI caDhAI ane tene pariNAme phATI nIkaLela vigraha vagere bAbato viSe A pustakane aMte joDavAmAM AvelI pUrti mAM vivaraNa karavAmAM AvyuM che.

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178, jApAna duniyAne gaNakAratuM nathI 29 jUna, 1933 cInanI phATaphUTanI duHkhada kathA ApaNe joI gayAM. vijayI nIvaDelI jaNAtI krAMti ekAeka kevI rIte niSphaLa nIvaDI tema ja jhanUnI prati-krAMti tene kevI rIte gaLI gaI te paNa ApaNe joI gayAM. paraMtu e duHkhada kathA hajI pUrI nathI thaI; hajI ghaNuM kahevAnuM bAkI che. krAMti niSphaLa nIvaDI enu kAraNa e hatuM ke ekIkaraNa karanArA rASTrIyatAnA baLa karatAM jAgrata thayelAM vIya hitAnA ghaNAnuM baLa vadhAre hatuM. majUrA ane kheDUtonA samudAya uparanA peAtAnA prabhutvane jokhamamAM nAkhavA karatAM tavaMgara jamInadArI hitA tema ja khIjA hiteAe rASTrIya caLavaLane toDI pADavAnuM vadhu pasaMda karyuM. potAnI aMtaryaMta muzkelI uparAMta cInane paradezI zatrunA nizcayapUrvakanA humalAno sAmane karavA paDyo. A duzmana jApAna hatuM. ane cInanI nabaLAI tathA videzI sattA sAthenA tenA rokANanA lAbha levAne te hamezAM talapI rahyuM hatuM. jApAna e Adhunika udyogavAda tathA madhyakAlIna kyUDala samAjavyavasthA, pArlamenTa dvArA cAlatI rAjavyavasthA tathA ApakhudI ane lazkarI niyaMtraNa vagerenA khIcaDAnuM asAdhAraNa dRSTAMta che. jamInadAra tathA lazkarI zAsaka vargAe kuLane dheAraNe irAdApUrvaka evA prakAranuM rAjya nirmANa karavAnA prayatna karyAM ke samrATa jene saoNMparI vaDe hAya ane te pote tenA mukhya adhikArIo hAya. dhama, keLavaNI ane bIjI badhIye vastuone e prakriyAne madadarUpa thaI paDe evI banAvI devAmAM Ave che. dharma upara rAjyanA aMkuza che ane madirA tathA devasthAnA rAjyanA amaladAronA sIdhA kAbU nIce che. tathA purohita rAjyanA hoddedAro che. Ama, maMdira tathA zALAo dvArA kArya karatuM pracaMDa pracArataMtra prajAne mAtra dezabhaktinuM ja nahi paNa samrATanI AjJAne vaza vavAnuM tema ja tene devatulya gaNavAnuM zikSaNu niratarapaNe ApI rahyuM che. vIratAbharelI vaphAdArInI purANI bhAvanAne ka MIka maLatA AvatA jApAnI zabda khuzIDA' che. e eka prakAranI kuLa pratyenI vAdArI athavA niSThA che. e bhAvanAne vyApaka banAvIne rAjyane paNa temAM samAveza karavAmAM Avye che ane tenI TAca upara UbhelA samrATa sAthe tene sAMkaLI levAmAM AvI che. samrATa vAstavamAM eka pratIka samAna che ane tenA nAmathI meTA meATA jamInadAro tathA lazkarI varganA lAkA deza upara potAnI. hakUmata calAve che. udyogIkaraNane kAraNe jApAnamAM madhyama varga paNa UbhA thayA che. paraMtu meTA moTA udyogapati purANA jamInadAra vargomAMthI UtarI AvyA hovAthI 6

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194 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tyAM AgaLa hajI sudhI nirALA madhyama varganA hAthamAM rAjyasattA AvI nathI. vAstavamAM jApAnamAM IjArAnuM pramANa eTaluM badhuM che ke, dezanA udyogo tema ja rAjakAraNano badhe kAbU gaNyAgAMThyAM baLavAna kuTuMbenA hAthamAM che. jApAnamAM bauddhadharma ghaNuM lAMbA samayathI kapriya dharma rahyo che, paraMtu pUrvajapUjAnI upara vizeSa bhAra mUkanAre zinTa dharma rASTrIya dharma jevo banI gayo che. e pUjAmAM bhUtapUrva samrATe, rASTranA vIrapurUSa ane khAsa karIne yuddhamAM pitAnuM balidAna ApanArAone samAveza thAya che. e rIte, e dezaprema tathA zAsana karatA samrATa pratye AjJAMkitapaNAnI bhAvanA phelAvavAnA eka prabaLa ane asarakAraka sAdhanarUpa banI gayo che. jApAnI leke pitAnI apUrva dezabhakti tema ja deza mATe pitAnuM balidAna ApavAnI zakti mATe jagamazahUra che. paraMtu e vAtanI badhAne khabara nathI ke e atizaya ugra prakArane rASTravAda che ane jagavyApI sAmrAjya sthApavAnAM svamAM te seve che. 1915nI sAlanA arasAmAM jApAnamAM eka navo saMpradAya zarU thayuM hatuM. e saMpradAyanuM nAma mokyo" che. ane bahu ja jhaDapathI te AkhA dezamAM phelAvA pAmya che. e saMpradAyane pradhAna siddhAMta e che ke, jApAna sArI duniyAnuM zAsaka bane ane samrATa teno sarvoparI vaDe bane. e saMpradAyanA vatI jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke : - "ApaNe uddeza mAtra eTalo ja che ke, jApAnanA samrATane samagra duniyAne samrATa banAva; kema ke, svIca duniyAnA prAcInamAM prAcIna pUrvaja pAsethI AdhyAtmika mizanane vArasa dharAvanAra duniyAmAM e ja eka mAtra zAsaka che." ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM tema, mahAyuddha daramyAna, pitAnI 21 mAgaNIo rajU karIne jApAne cInane dATI ApavA prayatna karyo hate. e mAgaNIonI sAme amerikA tathA yuropamAM virodhane bhAre pikAra UThayo tethI tene joItuM hatuM te badhuM te na maLyuM, paraMtu ema chatAye tene ThIkaThIka maLyuM ema kahI zakAya. jhArazAhI raziyAnuM patana thatAM, mahAyuddha pachI eziyAmAM pitAnA paga pasAravAnI jApAnane Adarza taka maLI gaI. tenuM sainya sAIberiyAmAM dAkhala thayuM ane tenA ejaTe madhya eziyAmAM cheka samarakaMda ane bukhArA sudhI pahoMcI gayA. seviyeTa vyavasthA nIce raziyA pharI pAchuM beThuM thayuM tethI ane kaMIka aMze amerikAnA virodha ane avizvAsane kAraNe tenuM e sAhasa niSphaLa nIvaDayuM. e hamezAM yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke amerikA ane jApAna ' vacce jarA sarakhoye prema nathI. temane ekabIjA viSe bhAre aNagame che. prazAMta mahAsAgaranA kAMThA uparathI teo sAmasAmA ghurakiyAM kare che. 1922nI sAlanI voziMgTana pariSada jApAnanI mahattvAkAMkSA upara bhAre phaTakA samAna hatI. emAM amerikAnI mutsaddIgIrIne vijaya thayuM. emAM jApAna sahita nava

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jApAna duniyAne gaNakAratuM nathI 1295 sattAoe cInanI akhaMDitatA kAyama rAkhavAnI pratijJA karI. eno artha e thayuM ke jApAne cInamAM pitAnA paga pasAravAnI AzA choDI devI rahI. e pariSadamAM IgleMDa ane jApAna vaccenA aikyano paNa aMta AvyuM ane dUra pUrvamAM jApAna ekaluM ane aTUluM banI gayuM. briTiza sarakAre siMgAporamAM eka jabaradasta naukAmathaka bAMdhavAno AraMbha karyo ane dekhItI rIte ja e jApAnane mATe dhamakIrUpa hatuM. 1924nI sAlamAM yunAITeDa sTeTsa jApAna- vidhI paradezIonA Agamanane lagatA kAyado pasAra karyo; kema ke, tene jApAnI majUrane tyAM AvatA baMdha karavA hatA. A prakAranA jAtine kAraNe udbhavatA bhedabhAva paratve jApAnamAM bhAre roSanI lAgaNI prakaTa thaI pUrvanA bIjA dezamAM paNa kaMIka aMze enI sAme virodhanI lAgaNI darzAvavAmAM AvI. paraMtu jApAna amerikA sAme kazuMye karI zake ema nahotuM. ekalA paDI gayelA ane cAre bAjuethI virodhIothI gherAyelA jApAne raziyA tarapha potAnI najara karI ane 1925nA jAnyuArI mAsamAM teNe tenI sAthe saMdhi karI. e arasAmAM jApAna upara je bhISaNa Aphata AvI paDI ane jene pariNAme te atizaya durbaLa banI gayuM te viSe mAre tane kaMIka kahevuM ja joIe. A Aphata te 1925nA sapTembaranI pahelI tArIkhe thayele bhayaMkara dharatIkaMpa. enI sAthe sAthe ja samudranI bharatInuM bhAre mejuM pharI vaLyuM ane TekiyenA mahAna pATanagaramAM Aga lAgI. A vizALa nagarane tema ja kehAmA baMdarano nAza thaye. eka lAkha karatAMyeM vadhAre mANase maraNa pAmyA ane bIjI jabaradasta khuvArI thaI. jApAnI lekee gheryA ane dRDhatApUrvaka A Aphatane sAmano karyo ane jUnA zaheranAM khaMDiyere upara temaNe navuM TokiyA zahera bAMdhyuM. pitAnI muzkelIone kAraNe jApAne raziyA sAthe saMdhi karI hatI. paraMtu eno artha e nathI ke tene sAmyavAda mAnya hate. sAmyavAda eTale ke, samrATa-pUjA, yUDala vyavasthA ane zAsaka varganA AmajanatAnA zeSaNane athavA kahe ke vartamAna samAjavyavasthAne mAnya badhI ja vastuone aMta. prajAmAM dinapratidina vadhatI jatI hADamArIo tathA viTaMbaNAone kAraNe jApAnamAM A sAmyavAdane vikAsa thaI rahyo hate. audyogika hiti AmaprajAnuM vadhu ne vadhu zeSaNa karI rahyAM hatAM. dezanI vastI bahu ja jhaDapathI vacce jatI hatI. te amerikA ke keneDAmAM ke osTreliryAnA rasakasa vinAnA verAna pradezamAM paNa jaIne vasI zakatI nahotI. e badhe temanI sAme kAra baMdha karI devAmAM AvyAM hatAM. cIna najIka hatuM paNa te te vasatIthI UbharAtuM hatuM. kariyA tema ja maMcUriyAmAM thoDA pramANamAM jApAnIo jaIne vasyA hatA. AvI pitAnI khAsa prakAranI muzkelIo uparAMta samagra duniyA

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1293 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzIna jene anubhava karI rahI hatI te udyogavAdanI tema ja vepAranI maMdIne kAraNe udbhavelI saCsAmAnya muzkelIonA paNu jApAnane sAmane karavAnA hatA. dezanI AMtarika sthiti jema jema vadhu gaMbhIra banatI gaI tema tema sAmyavAdIo tathA khIjA uddAma vicAra dharAvanArAonuM damana vadhu ne vadhu kaDaka banatuM gayuM. 1925nI sAlamAM * suleha zAMti jALavavA mATenA kAyado ' pasAra karavAmAM AvyA. enI bhASA atizaya ramUjI che. e kAyadAnI pahelI kalama huM ahIMyAM TAMkIza. te A che: 6 rASTranA rAjyabaMdhAraNane badalavAnA athavA te milakatanI khAnagI mAlakInI paddhatinA niSedha karavAnA uddezathI jemaNe koI paNa maMDaLa ke sA~dha sthApyA haro athavA tA ene uddeza pUrepUrI rIte samajIne je emAM joDAyA haze temane pAMca varasanI kedanI sajAthI mAMDIne dehAMtadaMDa sudhInI zikSA karavAmAM Avaze." 66 A kAya atizaya kaDaka che ane temAM kaivaLa sAmyavAda sAme ja nahi paNa samAjavAdI, baMdhAraNIya ke kAI paNa prakAranA mULabhUta sudhArAe karavA sAme pratibaMdha mUkavAmAM AvyA che. sAmyavAdanA vikAsathI jApAnanI sarakAra keTalI badhI bhaDakI gaI hatI te ApaNane prastuta kAyadAnI A atizaya kaDakAI uparathI mAlUma paDe che. paraMtu sAmAjika paristhitine kAraNe pedA thatI vyApaka hADamArI ane viTaMbaNAone lIdhe sAmyavAda uddabhave che ane e paristhitimAM sudhAro karavAmAM na Ave tyAM sudhI kevaLa damanathI kazuMye vaLI zake ema nathI. Aje jApAnamAM Ama janatA bhayaMkara duHkha ane yAtanAo veThI rahI che. hiMdustAna tathA cInanI peThe tyAMnA kheDUtavarga devAnA jabaradasta khAjA nIce dabAyelA che. karaverA khAsa karIne bhAre lazkarI kharaca ane yudghane aMgenI jarUriyAtone paheAMcI vaLavA mATenA bahu ja bhAre che. bhUkhamaro veThatA ane dhAsa tathA kaMdamULa khAI te jIvavAnA prayatna karatA tathA potAnAM bALakAne paNa vecI detA kheDUtonI vAto sAMbhaLavAmAM Ave che. bekArIne kAraNe madhyama varga paNa durdazAmAM AvI paDyo che ane ApadhAtanuM pramANa vadhI gayuM che. - 1928nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM moTA pAyA upara sAmyavAda sAmenI jehAda zarU thaI. e vakhate eka ja rAtamAM eka hajAra mANasonI dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI ane Ama chatAMye chApAMone eka mahinA karatAMye vadhu samaya sudhI e hakIkata chApavAnI paravAnagI ApavAmAM AvI nahetI. polIsAnI dhADa tathA sAmuyika dharapakaDA varasAvarasa vAraMvAra thavA lAgI. AvA prakAranI peAlIsAnI eka sauthI moTI dhADa 1932nI sAlamAM pADavAmAM AvI. e vakhate 2250 mANasonI dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI. emAMnA moTA bhAganA lekaiA majUro nahi paNa vidyAthI o ane zikSakA hatA. emAM seMkaDA grejyueTa

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1297 jApAna duniyAne gaNakAratuM nathI tathA strIone paNa samAveza thato hate. e eka kaMIka AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che ke jApAnamAM keTalAye zrImaMta yuvake sAmyavAda tarapha AkarSAyA che. hiMdamAM tema ja bIjA sthaLanI peThe jApAnamAM paNa pragatizIla vicArakane gunegAro karatAMye vizeSa jokhamakAraka lekhavAmAM Ave che. hiMdanA miratanA mukaddamAnI peThe jApAnI sAmyavAdIonA mukaddamAo varaso sudhI cAlyA che. jApAnanI paristhiti viSe meM A badhuM tane eTalA mATe kahyuM che ke, jene viSe hamaNAM huM tane kaMIka kahevA dhAruM chuM te jApAnanA maMcUriyAnA sAhasa viSe tane kaMIka khyAla Ave. AgaLanA patramAM, eziyAnI bhUmi upara, pahelAM koriyAmAM ane pachI maMcUriyAmAM pagadaMDo jamAvavAnA jApAnanA prayAso viSe teM vAMcyuM che. 1894nI sAlanuM cIna sAthenuM ane daza varasa pachI raziyA sAthenuM yuddha e ja hetu najara AgaLa rAkhIne laDAyuM hatuM. e baMnemAM jApAnane vijaya maLyo ane te e janAnI dizAmAM eka pachI eka DagaluM AgaLa vadhavA lAgyuM. koriyAne ohiyAM karI javAmAM AvyuM ane te jApAnI sAmrAjyane mAtra eka bhAga banI gayuM. maMcUriyAmAM-cInanA pUrva taraphanA traNa prAMtanuM e sahiyAruM nAma che - piTa ArtharanI AsapAsa raziyAne maLelI chUTachATo have jApAnane hastaka gaI maMcUriyAnI ArapAra raziyAe bAMdhelI relave-cAInIjha IsTarna relave-ne amuka bhAga paNa jApAnanA aMkuza nIce AvyuM ane tene sAutha maMcUriyA relave evuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM. A badhA pheraphAre thavA chataye ekaMdare Akhuye maMcUriyA hajI cInI sarakAranI hakUmata nIce ja cAlu rahyuM hatuM. ane e relave thavAne kAraNe asaMkhya cInI vasAhatIo tyAM AgaLa jaIne vasyA. sAce ja, cInanA A traNa uttara-pUrvanA prAMtamAM jeTalA vasAhatIo AvIne vasyA eTalA vasAhatIo bIje kaI samaye eka pradezamAMthI bIjA pradezamAM jaI vasyAnA dAkhalA itihAsamAM bahu jUja maLe che. 1923thI 1929 sudhInAM sAta varasamAM pacIsa lAkha cInAo tyAM jaIne vasyA. maMcUriyAnI vasatI Aje traNa karoDanI che ane emAM 95 TakA cInAo che. A rIte e traNe prAMte saMpUrNa paNe cInI che. bAkInA pAMca TakAmAM raziyana, maMgalenA gopa kabIlAo, kariyAvAsIo ane jApAnIone samAveza thAya che. tyAMnA mULa vatanI maMcUe cInAo sAthe ekarUpa thaI gayA che ane teo pitAnI bhASA sudhdhAM bhUlI gayA che. 1922nI sAlamAM nava sattAo vacce vaiziMgaTana pariSadamAM thayelI saMdhi viSe meM tane vAta karI hatI te tane yAda haze. cIna paratvenI jApAnanI janAone maryAdAmAM rAkhavAne mATe khAsa karIne pazcimanI sattAonI sUcanAthI e saMdhi thaI hatI. e nave sattAo (jApAna paNa temAMnI eka

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1298 jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzana sattA hatI ) ' cInanI svAyattatA, svataMtratA tathA tenI prAdezika ane vahIvaTI akhaMDitatAne mAnya rAkhavA mATe ' spaSTapaNe ane asaMdigdha rIte saMmata thaI hatI. R theADAM varasa sudhI jApAne khAmozI rAkhI. paraMtu paDadA pAchaLa rahIne, AMtaravigraha cAlu rAkhavA mATe ane e rIte cInane durgaMLa banAvavAne khAtara cInanA keTalAka laDAyaka saradAro athavA tUzanone Arthika tema ja khIjI aneka prakAranI madada te ApatuM rahyuM. khAsa karIne, mancUriyA upara tema ja dakSiNanA rASTravAdIonA vijaya pahelAM pekiMga upara paNa prabhutva dharAvanAra cAMga--se--lInane te madada karatuM hatuM. 1921nI sAlamAM jApAnI sarakAre mancUriyAmAM chaDecoka AkramaNakArI valaNu akhatyAra karyuM. enuM kAraNa jApAnamAM pedA thayelI atizaya tIvra prakAranI Arthika kaTokaTI paNa hoya. dezamAM pedA thayelI taga paristhitine ka MIka haLavI karavAne tema ja lekAnuM lakSa khIjI tarapha vALavAne mATe paradezamAM kaIMka karavAnI temane krUraja paDI hoya. athavA sarakAramAM lazkarI pakSanuM prabhutva hatuM e yA aa khIjI badhI sattAo potapotAnI muzkelIonA tema ja vepAranI madInA praznanA ukela karavAmAM gUMthAyelI che eTale teo potAnA mArgamAM ADe AvavAnI nathI evA prakAranI lAgaNI paNa enuM kAraNa hoya. dhaNuM karIne, A badhI vastue, jApAnI sarakArane teNe lIdheluM atizaya gaMbhIra pagaluM levAne prerI hatI. kema ke, e pagaluM bharavAmAM 1922nI sAlanI nava sattAnI saMdhine cokhkhA bhaMga thatA hatA. emAM prajAsadhanA karArano paNa bhaMga thatA hatA; kema ke, cIna tema ja jApAna e ane prajAsadhanAM sabhya hatAM ane e rIte te prajAsadha sAthe pUchaparacha karyAM vinA ekakhIjA upara humalA karI zake ema nahotuM. A uparAMta emAM yuddhane ekAyadA harAvanAra 1928nA paeNrisa karAra athavA kaeNlega karAranA paNa bhaMga thato hato. cIna sAme laDAyaka pagalAM bharIne jApAnI sarakAre A sadhi tema ja pratijJAonA irAdApUrvaka bhaMga karyAM ane chaDecoka AkhI duniyAnI avagaNanA karI. bezaka, sArU sAk zabdomAM teNe ema kahyuM nahatuM. jApAnI sarakAre kSullaka ane dekhItI rIte ja jUThAM bahAnAM batAvyAM. teNe jaNAvyu ke mancUriyAnA dhADapADuone kAraNe tathA tyAM AgaLa anelA keTalAka najIvA banAvAne lIdhe vyavasthA jALavavAne tema ja potAnAM hitanuM rakSaNa karavAne mATe tyAM AgaLa potAnuM lazkara mokalavAnI tene pharaja paDI hatI. yuddhanI khullekhullI jAherAta karavAmAM nahotI AvI e kharuM paraMtu jApAnIoe mancUriyA upara caDAI karI hatI e hakIkata. nirvivAda hatI. cInI leAkA ethI atizaya krAdhe bharAyA. cInI sarakAre enI sAme virodha uDDAvyo tathA

Page #632
jApAna duniyAne gaNakAratuM nathI 1299 prajAsaMdha ane bIjI sattAone teNe apIla karI paNa tenA tarapha keIe lakSa ApyuM nahi. dareka deza pitApitAnI muzkelIomAM gUMcavAyeluM hatuM ane jApAnane virodha karIne emAM vadhAro karavAnI koI paNa dezanI IcchA nahotI. keTalIka sattAone - khAsa karIne IMglaMDane jApAna sAthe gupta samajUtI thaI hoya e paNa saMbhavita che. vyavasthita rIte lazkaramAM bharatI na thayelA evA cInI sainikoe maMcUriyAmAMnA jApAnIonI bhAre pajavaNI karI. ane Ama chatAMye, e baMne dezo vacce yuddha nahotuM cAlatuM ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM ! jApAnanI ethIye vadhAre pajavaNI karanAra te, cInamAM zarU thayelI jApAnI mAlanA bahiSkAranI mahAna caLavaLa hatI. 1932nI sAlanA jAnyuArI mAsamAM zAMghAI pAsenI cInanI bhUmi upara jApAnI sainya ekAeka UtarI AvyuM ane Adhunika kALanI eka bhISaNamAM bhISaNa katala teNe calAvI. pazcimanI sattAonI chaMcheDaNI na karavAnA AzayathI teNe tenA vasAhatI pradezane alaga rAkhyA ane cInI lekanA vasavATanA gIca lattAo upara humalo karyo. zAMghAI najIkanA moTA pradeza upara (mArA dhAravA pramANe enuM nAma cepI hatuM.) baeNbamAre karIne tene saMpUrNapaNe nAza karavAmAM Avyo. ethI hajAranA jAna gayA ane asaMkhya leke gharabAra vinAnA thaI gayA. e vastu lakSamAM rAkhaje ke, A kaMI lazkara sAmenuM yuddha nahotuM. e te nirdoSa nAgarike uparane baeNbamAre hatuM. jene A vIratAbharyuM kArya soMpavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te jApAnI eNDamiralane e viSe pUchavAmAM AvatAM teNe jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, "nAgarike upara A AMdhaLe bebamAre vadhu be ja divasa cAlu rAkhavo" evuM jApAne rahema dRSTithI nakkI karyuM che ! zAMghAImAMne laMDananA "TAImsa" patrane jApAnanI tarapheNa karanAra khabarapatrI paNa A hatyAkAMDa joIne coMkI UDyo hato. teNe ene jApAnIoe karelI cInAonI sAmudAyika katala' tarIke varNavI che. cInA leke upara enI keTalI bhAre asara thaI haze enI te kalpanA ja karavI rahI. hAhAkAra ane krodhanuM mojuM AkhAye cIna upara pharI vaLyuM ane A hevAniyatabharI paradezIonI caDAI sAme dezamAMnI judI judI sarakAre tathA judA judA laDAyaka saradAro parasparanAM jheravera tathA spardhA bhUlI gayA athavA kaho ke bhUlI gayA hoya ema jaNAyuM. jApAna sAme ekatrita sAmanAnI vAte thavA lAgI ane dezanA aMdaranA bhAgamAMnI sAmyavAdI sarakAre paNa pitAnI sevA nAskina sarakArane ApavA jaNAvyuM, tAjubInI vAta te e che ke, Ama chatAMye, nAskina ke tenA netA cyAMga-kAI zake AgaLa vadhatA jatA jApAnI lazkara sAme zAMdhAIne bacAva karavA mATe kazoye pagalAM bharyA nahi. nAnkine A saMbaMdhamAM eTaluM karyuM ke enI sAme teNe prajAsaMghamAM pitAne virodha noMdhAvyuM. jApAnIonI sAme ekatrita sAmano

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1300 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana saMgaThita karavAne sudhdhAM teNe prayatna na karyo. nAskina sarakAra moTI moTI vAte karatI hatI ane dezamAM krodhane dAvAnaLa saLagI rahyo hato te chatAMye jApAnIone sAmano karavAnI tenI icchA hoya ema jaNAtuM nahotuM. ane e pachI, zAMghAInA dvAra AgaLa dakSiNamAMthI eka ajaba prakAranuM sainya AvIne UbhuM. ene "19muM pAyadaLa sainya' kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM. e kenTonanA lekenuM baneluM hatuM paraMtu kenTona ke nAkina e bemAMthI eke sarakAranA hukama nIce te nahotuM. e cIMtharehAla sainya hatuM. tenI pAse nahi jevI ja sAdhanasAmagrI hatI. tenI pAse meTI lepa nahotI, temane gaNaveza kaMgALa hatuM tathA cInanA ziyALAnI sakhata ThaMDIthI pitAnuM rakSaNa karavA pUratAM kapaDAM paNa temanI pAse nahotAM. e sainyamAM keTalAka 14 ane 16 varasanA chokarAo hatA; ane keTalAka te mAtra 12 varasanA ja hatA. vyAMga-kArya-zekanA hukamane virodha karIne A cIMtharehAla sainya jApAnIo sAme laDavAne tathA temane khALI rAkhavAno nirNaya karyo. 1932nI sAlanA jAnyuArI tathA phebruArI mAsanAM be aThavADiyAM sudhI nAskina taraphanI kazIye madada vinA teo laDyA. ane laDavAmAM temaNe evI apUrva vIratA dAkhavI ke ghaNuM vadhAre baLavAna tema ja vadhAre sArI rIte sajaja thayelA jApAnIone temaNe rekI rAkhyA. AthI jApAnIone bhAre Azcarya thayuM. temanI e vIratAthI mAtra jApAnIo ja nahi paNa paradezI sattAo tathA khuda cInanI prajA paNa Azcaryacakita thaI gaI. be aThavADiyAM sudhI ekale hAthe laDyA pachI ane jyAre sau koI temanI prazaMsA karI rahyA hatA tyAre cAMga-kAI zake bacAvamAM madada karavA mATe pitAnuM thoDuM lazkara mokalyuM. - 19mA pAyadaLa sainya itihAsa sara ane te jagamazahUra banyuM. teNe karelA bacAvathI jApAnIonI janAo UMdhI vaLI gaI ane zAMghAImAMnAM pitAnAM hitene viSe pazcimanI sattAo paNa ciMtAtura hatI eTale jApAnI sainyane zAMghAInI AsapAsanA pradezamAMthI dhIme dhIme khaseDI levAmAM AvyuM ane vahANamAM bharIne tene tyAMthI ravAnA karI devAmAM AvyuM. e lakSamAM rAkhavA jevuM che ke jemAM hajAro mANasoe jAna gumAvyA hatA te cepInA hatyAkAMDanA banAva athavA te pavitra saMdhio tathA AMtararASTrIya karAronA bhaMga karatAM A pazcimanI sattAone pitAnAM Arthika tema ja bIjAM hite sAcavavAnI vadhAre paDI hatI. prajAsaMdha AgaLa A bAbatamAM aneka vAra phariyAda karavAmAM AvI paraMtu keI ne kaI bahAne sakriya pagaluM bharavAnuM teNe hamezAM mekUpha rAkhyuM. kharekhAta yuddha cAlI rahyuM hatuM tathA hajAro mANase marAyA hatA ane hajI paNa marAI rahyA hatA e vastu prajAsaMghanI dRSTie tAkIdanI nahotI. ema kahevAmAM AvyuM ke, e sAcuM yuddha nahotuM; kema ke

Page #634
jApAna duniyAne gaNakAratu nathI 131 tenI sattAvAra rIte yuddha tarIke jAherAta karavAmAM AvI nahotI! teNe batAvelI A nabaLAIne lIdhe tathA anyAya paratve lagabhaga IrAdApUrvaka teNe AMkha ADA kAna karyA hovAthI jagatabharamAM prajAsaMghanI pratiSThA tathA zAkha atizaya ghaTI gayAM. alabata, ene mATe keTalIka mahAna sattAo javAbadAra hatI ane khAsa karIne iMglaDa prajAsaMdhamAM jApAnanI tarapheNa karanAruM valaNa akhatyAra karyuM. Akhare, maMcUriyAnA banAvanI bAbatamAM tapAsa karavA mATe prajAsaMghe laoNrDa lITananA pramukhapaNuM nIce eka AMtararASTrIya kamizana nImyuM. e bAbatamAM badhI sattAo sahasA saMmata thaI gaI kemake ethI karIne koI paNa prakArane nirNaya mahinAo sudhI mekUpha raheto hate. maMcUriyA bahu dUrane deza hatA ane tyAM jaIne pitAnA hevAla taiyAra karatAM kamizanane ghaNo lAMbe vakhata lAge ane eTalA vakhatamAM kadAca mAmale khatama paNa thaI jAya. jApAnIo zAMghAIthI to khasI gayA paraMtu have temaNe maMcUriyA upara vizeSa lakSa ApyuM. maMcUriyAmAM temaNe eka pUtaLA sarakAra UbhI karI ane jAhera karyuM ke maMcUriyAe e rIte potAnA AtmanirNayanA hakane amala karyo che. e navA UbhA karelA rAjyane maMcUkuo nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM ane cInanA eka purANuM maMcU rAjavaMzamAMthI utarI AvelA eka mAMdalA sarakhA yuvakane e navA rAjyane rAjA banAvavAmAM AvyuM. bezaka, e badhuM te kevaLa dekhAva pUratuM ja karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane tyAM AgaLa sAcI hakUmata te jApAnanI ja hatI. sau koI jANatuM hatuM ke jApAnI lazkara je tyAMthI khaseDI levAmAM Ave te maMcUkuonuM rAjya eka ja divasamAM UMdhuM vaLI jAya. maMcUriyAmAM jApAnIone bhAre muzkelIono sAmano karavo paDyo, kema ke cInI svayaMsevaka sanikenI TeLIo temanI sAme aviratapaNe laDyA karatI hatI. A ToLIone jApAnIo "dhADapADuo' kahe che. sthAnika cInAonA banelA maMcUkuonA sainyane tAlIma ApIne jApAnIoe zastrasajaja karyuM hatuM. A "dhADapADuonI sAme mokalavAmAM AvatAM te sainya pitAnI Adhunika DhabanI zastrasAmagrI sAthe e "dhADapADuonA pakSamAM bhaLI jatuM ! A niraMtarapaNe cAlatA yuddhane kAraNe maMcUriyAne bhAre nuksAna thayuM ane soyAbInane tene vepAra mAravA lAgyA. mahinAo sudhI tapAsa calAvyA pachI lITana kamizane pitAne hevAla prajAsaMdha samakSa rajU karyo. e kALajIpUrvaka ane saMyamI tathA nyAyAdhIzanI bhASAmAM lakhAyela daratAveja hato. paraMtu jApAna sAme temAM bhAre prahAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. AthI briTiza sarakAra atizaya asvastha banI gaI kema ke te jApAnane bacAva karavA mAgatI hatI. enA uparanI vicAraNA vaLI -40

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1302 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vadhu mahinAo sudhI pAchI ThelavAmAM AvI. paraMtu Akhare te prAsaMghane e ? prazna hAtha dhara ja paDyo. e bAbatamAM amerikAnuM valaNa IgleMDathI sAva juduM hatuM; tenuM valaNa jApAnanI atizaya viruddha hatuM. amerikAe jAhera karyuM ke jApAne maMcUriyAmAM ke bIje kaI paNa ThekANe baLajabarIthI karele pheraphAra te mAnya rAkhanAra nathI. amerikAnuM AvuM kaDaka valaNa hovA chatAMye IMglaDe ane amuka aMze kAMsa, ITAlI tathA jarmanIe jApAnane Teko Ape. prajAsaMdha jyAre kaI paNa prakAranA nirNaya upara AvavAnuM TALI rahyo hatuM tyAre jApAne eka navuM pagaluM bharyuM. 1933nI sAlanA navA varasanA divase jApAnI lazkare khuda cInanI bhUmi upara ekAeka dekhA dIdhI ane mahAna dIvAlanI cIna taraphanI bAjue AvelA zAnahekavAna zahera upara halle karyo. meTI moTI tape tathA DisTeromAMthI tenA upara tapamAra ane eroplenamAMthI baeNbamAre karavAmAM AvyuM. e bilakula Adhunika laDAyaka sAdhanathI karavAmAM Avela humale ho ane zAnahekavAna zahera "bhaDake baLatA khaMDiyere mAM pheravAI gayuM. tenA saMkhyAbaMdha rahevAzIo maraNa pAmyA tathA ghAyala thaIne paDyA ane pachI jApAnI lazkara cInanA jehola prAMtamAM kUca karI gayuM ane pIpiMganI najIka pahoMcI gayuM. ene mATe evuM bahAnuM batAvavAmAM AvyuM ke, "dhADapADuo" maMcUkuo upara humale karavAne mATe jehelane pitAnA mukhya mathaka tarIke vAparI rahyA che ane kahe na kahe paNa jehela e maMcUkuone eka bhAga ja che ! A navA AkramaNa tathA navA varasanA divasanI katalathI prajAsaMdhanI UMgha UDI, ane mukhyatve karIne nAnI sattAonA Agrahane vaza thaIne prajAsaMghe lITana ahevAlane maMjUra rAkhate tathA jApAnane vakhoDI kADhate TharAva pasAra karyo. jApAnI sarakAre enI lezamAtra paNa paravA na karI (IgleMDa tema ja bIjI keTalIka mahAna sattAo tene gupta rIte Teke ApI rahI hatI enI tene kyAM khabara nahotI ?) ane te prajAsaMdhamAMthI cAlI nIkaLyuM. prajAsaMdhamAMthI rAjInAmuM ApyA pachI jApAne cUpacApa pIpiMga tarapha AgaLa vadhavAnuM cAlu rAkhyuM. tene nahi je ja sAmane karavAmAM AvyuM ane jApAnI lazkara lagabhaga pIpiMganA daravAjA sudhI AvI pahoMcyuM tyAre 1933nI sAlanA me mAsamAM cIna ane jApAna vacce tahakUbInI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI. jApAna vijayI nIvaDayuM hatuM. jApAnI AkramaNanI sAme temaNe je lAcArIbharyuM valaNa dAkhavyuM tethI karIne nAskina sarakAra tathA te vakhatane ku-mIna-TAMga pakSa cInamAM atizaya apriya thaI gayAM emAM navAI pAmavA jevuM kazuM nathI. maMcUriyAne viSe meM ghaNuM kahI nAkhyuM. enuM mahattva eTalA mATe che ke cInanA bhAvi upara enI asara paDe che. paraMtu enuM ethIye vizeSa mahatva

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jApAna duniyAne gaNakAratuM nathI 1303 te emAM raheluM che ke te prajAsaMdhane tenA sAcA svarUpamAM rajU kare che tathA puravAra thaI cUkelA AMtararASTrIya anyAyanI bAbatamAM paNa te koI paNa prakAranuM asarakAraka pagaluM bharavAne asamartha che ane e rIte te nirarthaka vastu che e hakIkata te spaSTa kare che. yuropanI moTI sattAonI bevaDI ramata tathA temanAM kAvatarAMo ane prapaMcane paNa te ughADAM pADe che. khAsa karIne A bAbatamAM amerikAe (te prajAsaMdhanuM sabhya nahatuM) jApAna sAme kaDaka valaNa akhatyAra karavAno prayatna karyo ane te lagabhaga tenI sAthe yuddha karavAnI hada sudhI pahoMcI gayuM. paraMtu IgleMDa tathA bIjI sattAoe jApAnane gupta rIte ApelA TekAthI amerikAnuM valaNa niSphaLa nIvaDayuM ane jApAna sAme ekalA paDI javAnA DarathI te vadhAre sAvadha banyuM. prajAsaMghe sAdhutApUrvaka jApAnane vakhoDI te kADhayuM paraMtu ene mATe teNe jApAna sAme kazIye pagalAM lIdhAM nahi. prajAsaMghanA sabhyoe maMcUkuonA pUtaLA rAjyane mAnya na rAkhavuM ema nakkI karavAmAM AvyuM paNa tenI A amAnyatA eka phArasarUpa banI gaI. prajAsaMghe jApAnane vakhoDI kADhavA chatAMye briTiza pradhAne tathA elacIo pitAnI maryAdAnI bahAra jaIne paNa jApAnanA e pagalAnuM samarthana kare che. raziyA pratyenA iMglaMDanA vartAvane mukAbale tenuM A valaNa bahu ja vicitra gaNAya. 1930nA eprila mAsamAM jAsUsI karavAnA Arepa mATe raziyAmAM keTalAka briTiza Ijanere upara kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM. emAMthI keTalAkane nirdoSa TharAvIne choDI devAmAM AvyA ane bene haLavI sajA karavAmAM AvI. enI sAme briTanamAM bhAre pikAra UDyo ane briTiza sarakAre iMglaMDamAM AvatA raziyana mAla sAme tarata ja pratibaMdha mUkyo. raziyAe pitAne tyAM Avate briTiza mAla baMdha karIne ene javAba vALe Ama cIne maMcUriyA tathA bIjuM ghaNuM gumAvyuM ane bAkInA dezane paNa jApAna hajI dhamakI ApI rahyuM hatuM. tibeTa svataMtra deza hato. maMgoliyA soviyeTa deza hatuM ane te raziyAnA seviyeTa rAjyamAM joDAI gaye hate. tibeTa ane sAIberiyA vacce AvelA sIMkiyAMga athavA cinAI turkastAnanA bIjA eka moTA prAMtanI bAbatamAM paNa cIna muzkelImAM mukAyuM hatuM. e prAMtanA yArakanda ane kAzagara vagere zaheramAM kAzmIranA zrInagarathI lAkanA leha zaheramAM thaIne niyamita rIte vaNajAre jatI rahe che. e prAMtanI vastI mukhyatve karIne tuka jAtinA musalamAnI che; saMskRti ane jIvana pratyenI temanI dRSTine dharaNe jotAM teo cInI che. temanAM * pachIthI e be dezo vacce samajUtI thavAne pariNAme iMglenDa ane ravi ! vaccenA A vepArI yuddhane aMta Avyo hato.

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1304 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nAme sudhdhAM cInI che. paraMtu cInanA kendrathI teo bahu dUra paDelA che ane gebInA raNane lIdhe teo cInathI bilakula aLagA paDI gayA che. tyAMnAM avarajavaranAM sAdhane bahu ja purANI paddhatinAM che. cIna sAthe temane sAMkaLanArAM baMdhane bahu majabUta nathI. tyAM AgaLa vAraMvAra turka rASTravAdanI bhAvanA phATI nIkaLe che. mahAyuddha pachIthI A vizALa pradeza AMtararASTrIya kAvAdAvA tathA prapaMcanuM sthAna banI gayo che. iMglaMDa, raziyA tathA jApAna eka bIjA sAme tema ja cInI sarakAra sAme kAvatarAM race che tema ja tyAMnA harIpha saradArane madada Ape che. 1933nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM sIMkiyAMgamAM turka baLo phATI nIkaLe ane mArakaMda tathA kAzagaramAM prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI. aMgrejoe A baLavAne uttejana ApavAno Aropa soviyeTa upara mUkyo. paraMtu raziyAe aMgrejo upara khullekhullI rIte Aropa mUkyo ke, cIna ane raziyA vacce maMcUkuo jevuM eka madhyavartI rAjya UbhuM karavA mATe e baLa temaNe karAvyuM che. sIMkiyAMgamAM baLavo karAvanAra briTiza lazkarI amaladAranA nAmane sudhdhAM ullekha karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. seMdhaH sakyiAMgamAMne A baLa cInI sarakAranA pakSakAroe dAbI dIdhuM hatuM. dekhItI rIte ja, soviyeTa sattAdhArIo taraphanI temane e kAryamAM binasattAvAra rIte thoDI madada maLI hatI. ene pariNAme madhya eziyAmAM soviyeTanI pratiSThA vadhI gaI ane briTizenI pratiSThA ghaTavA pAmI. 179. samAjavAdI soviyeTanuM saMyukta rAjaya 7 julAI, 1933 have ApaNe seviyeTanA mulaka raziyA jaIe ane tenI vAta ApaNe jyAMthI adhUrI mUkI hatI tyAMthI AgaLa calAvIe. ApaNe raziyAnI krAMtinA netA tathA tenA preraka leninanA maraNa sudhI eTale ke 1924nA jAnyuArI mAsa sudhI AvI pahoMcyAM hatAM. e pachI bIjA dezane viSe meM tane lakhelA patromAM raziyAne vAraMvAra ullekha karavAmAM Avyo che. yuropanA prazna viSe vicAra karatAM ke hiMdustAnanI sarahada athavA turkI ane IrAna vagere madhya pUrvanA deze yA te cIna ke jApAna vagere dUra pUrvanA dezonI vAta karatAM vakhatevakhata raziyA vacce AvI paDayuM che. eka dezanuM rAjakAraNa athavA arthakAraNa bIjA dezanA rAjakAraNa ke arthakAraNathI aLaguM pADavuM e atizaya muzkela - nA, azakya che, e vastunI pratIti have tane thavA

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samAjavAdI seviyeTanuM saMyukta rAjya 135 lAgI haze. chellAM thoDAM varasa daramyAna rASTra rASTra vaccenA paraspara saMbaMdha tathA temanI vaccenA parasparAvalaMbanamAM khUba vadhAre thavA pAme che ane AkhI duniyA aneka rIte eka ja ghaTaka banatI jAya che. itihAsa AMtararASTrIya athavA jagavyApI banI gayo che ane samagra duniyA upara najara rAkhIe te ja eka dezane ItihAsa paNa samajI zakAya che. yurepa tathA eziyAmAM seviyeTanA saMyukta rAjya Avarele jabaradasta pradeza mUDIvAdI jagatathI aLage Ubhele che, te chatAye sarvatra te bAkInI duniyA sAthe saMbaMdhamAM Ave che tema ja ghaNI vAra tene tenI sAthe athaDAmaNa thAya che. AgalA patramAM pUrvanA dezo paratve seviyeTe akhatyAra karelI udAra nIti viSe, turkI, IrAna tathA aphaghAnistAnane teNe karelI madada viSe tema ja cIna sAthenA tenA nikaTanA saMbaMdha viSe tathA temAM ekAeka paDelA bhaMgANa viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM. iMglaMDamAMnI raziyAnI Arakojha peDhI upara karavAmAM AvelA humalA viSe tathA pAchaLathI banAvaTI siddha thayelA paraMtu ema chatAMye briTananI sAmAnya cUMTaNI upara bhAre asara karanAra "jhIne veva patra viSe paNa huM tane kahI gayuM chuM. have huM soviyeTanA mulakanI vaccevaca laI jaIne tyAM AgaLa thaI rahelA avanavA ane adbhuta sAmAjika prayoganI pragatinuM tane nirIkSaNa karAvavA mAguM chuM. 1917thI 1921 sudhInAM cAra varase te tenA saMkhyAbaMdha duzmanathI krAMtine bacAvavA mATe temanI sAme laDavAmAM ja gayAM. e yuddha, baMDa, AMtarayuddha bhUkhamare tathA marakIne romAMcaka ane cittAkarSaka kALa hate. krAMtine bacAvavA mATe janatAe batAvelA asAdhAraNa utsAhathI tema ja AdarzanI rakSAne arthe dAkhavavAmAM AvelI vIratAthI e aMdhakAramAM prakAzanI prabhA phelAtI hatI. ene tAtkAlika badale te temane kazeye maLavAne nahote. paraMtu bhAvInI mahAna AzAothI prajAnAM hRdaya UbharAtAM hatAM. e vastue temane pitAnI bhayaMkara yAtanAo sahevAnuM baLa ApyuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa thoDA vakhata mATe te pitAnuM khAlI peTa paNa teo bhUlI gayA. A jene "lazkarI sAmyavAda" kahevAmAM Ave che tene kALa hate. 1921nI sAlamAM lenine navI Arthika nItine amala karyo tyAre paristhiti saheja haLavI thaI e mujaba sAmyavAdamAM theDI pIchehaTha karavAmAM AvI ane dezanAM bhUvA eTale ke madhyamavargI to sAthe bAMdhachoDa karavAmAM AvI. bezevikee pitAnuM dhyeya badalyuM hatuM e ene artha nahe. eno artha eTale ja hatuM ke AgaLa upara ghaNAM DagalAM AgaLa vadhavAne arthe ArAma levAne tema ja zakti meLavavAne mATe teo eka DagaluM pAchaLa haThayA hatA. A rIte TharIThAma thaIne, ghaNe aMze nAza pAmelA tathA

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1303 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana briAMbhanna thaI gayelA rASTranuM dhaDatara karavAno mahAna prazna temaNe hAthamAM lIdhA. enA ghaDatarane mATe tathA racanAtmaka kArya karavAne arthe temane relavenAM eMjinA, DabbAo, meTaranA khaTArA, TrekaTara, kArakhAnAMonI sAdhanasAmagrI tyAdi yA ane sarasAmAnanI jarUra hatI. e badhI vastu temane paradezeAmAMthI kharIdavAnI hatI paraMtu ene mATe temanI pAse jUja nANAM hatAM. AthI temaNe kharIdelA mAlanAM nANAM anukULa hapatAthI cUkavI zakAya eTalA mATe temaNe paradezAmAM zAkha meLavavAnA prayAso karyAM. paraMtu judA judA dezane ekakhIjA sAthe elacAlane vahevAra hAya tA ja zAkha maLI zake; te ekabIjAne sattAvAra rIte mAnya rAkhatA ja na hoya te nahi. AthI sAviyeTa raziyA mATI sattA taraphthI mAnyatA prApta karavAne tema ja temanI sAthe rAjadvArI ane vepArI saMbaMdha bAMdhavAne atizaya utsuka hatuM. paraMtu A mATI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAe sAviyeTane tema ja tenAM badhAMye kAne dhikkAratI hatI; sAmyavAda e temane mana dhRNApAtra vastu hatI ane tene nAza karavA joIe evI temanI mAnyatA hatI. kharekhara, krAMtinA kALamAM raziyAnA mAmalAmAM vacce paDIne tathA tenI sAme lazkara mokalIne temaNe sAmyavAdane nAza karavAnI kaziza karI hatI paNa emAM temane niSphaLatA maLI. seviyeTa raziyA sAthe kazAye sabaMdha na rAkhavAnuM temaNe pasaMda karyuM hota paraMtu AkhI pRthvInA chaThThA bhAga jeTalA vizALa pradeza upara kAbU dharAvanArI sarakAranI upekSA karavAnuM paNa muzkela hoya che. vaLI, moTA jathAmAM kImatI yaMtre kharIdanAra eka sArA dharAkanI upekSA karavI e to ethIye vizeSa muzkela che. raziyA jevA khetIpradhAna ane jarmanI, iMglaMDa tathA amerikA jevA udyogapradhAna dezeA vaccenA vepAra ubhaya pakSane phAyadAkAraka hoya che; kemake, raziyAne yaMtranI jarUra hatI ane te sastuM anAja tema ja kAco mAla pUro pADI zake ema hatuM. . paraMtu sAmyavAdanA dveSa karatAM kethaLInuM kheMcANu vadhu prabaLa nIvaDayu ane lagabhaga badhA ja dezoe seviyeTa sarakArane mAnya karI tema ja temAMnA ghaNAkharA dezoe tenI sAthe vepAranA karAra karyAM. eka mAtra amerikAe ja susaMgata rahIne sAviyeTane mAnya rAkhavAno inkAra karyAM. paraMtu, Ama chatAMye yunAITeDa sTeTsa tathA raziyA vacce vepAra cAle che. A rIte soviyeTa ghaNIkharI mUDIvAdI tema ja sAmrAjyavAdI sattA sAthe sabaMdha bAMdhyA ane 1922nI sAlamAM parAjita jamanIe tenI sAthe karelI sadhinA tene je rIte lAbha maLyA hatA te ja rIte prastuta sattAnI parasparanI spardhAne tene A vakhate paNa kaMIka aMze lAbha maLyo. paraMtu e * 1933nI sAlamAM yunAiTeDa sTeTse seviyeTa rAjyane mAnya karyuM ane te e dezA vacce rAjadvArI saMbadhA zarU thayA.

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samAjavAdI seviyeTanuM saMyukta rAjya 1307 samajUtI bilakula asthira prakAranI hatI ane sAmyavAda tathA mUDIvAda vacce mULabhUta asaMgatatA hatI. bolazevika pIDita tema ja zeSita prajAone - vasAhatI (koloniyala) dezanI parAdhIna prajAone tema ja kArakhAnAnA majUrone temanA zeSakenI sAme thavAnuM hamezAM uttejana ApatA hatA. teo sattAvAra rIte nahi paNa kemisTarna eTale ke sAmyavAdI athavA trIjA AMtararASTrIya saMdha dvArA e kArya karatA hatA. jyAre sAmrAjyavAdI sattAo ane khAsa karIne IgleMDa soviyeTa rAjyanI hastI sudhdhAM nAbUda karavAno niraMtara prayAsa karyA karatuM hatuM. A rIte temanI vacce khaTarAga utpanna thAya e anivArya hatuM. vAstavamAM temanI vacce vAraMvAra athaDAmaNa pedA thatI ane tene pariNAme rAjadvArI saMbaMdha tUTatA tema ja yuddha phATI nIkaLavAnI dhAratI pedA thatI. AgaLa huM tane kahI gayo chuM ke, 1927nI sAlamAM raziyAnI Arakojha peDhI upara humale karavAmAM AvyA pachI IMgleMDa ane seviyeTa rAjya vaccenA saMbaMdho tUTI gayA hatA e tane yAda haze. e be vaccenuM gharSaNa sahelAIthI samajI zakAya evuM che, kemake, igleMDa e AgaLa paDatI sAmrAjyavAdI sattA che ane soviyeTa rAjya hareka prakAranA sAmrAjyavAdanA mULamAM ghA kare evI eka kalpanA rajU kare che. paraMtu A be virodhI dezanI vaccenA vaimanasyanuM kAraNa ethIye vizeSa hoya ema jaNAya che. jhArazAhI raziyA tathA IMglenDa vacce peDhIothI cAlatI AvelI paraMparAgata duzmanAvaTa e paNa temanI vaccenA e aNabanAvanuM kAraNa hatuM. IgleMDa tema ja bIjA mUDIvALA dezene kaMIka sUkSma paraMtu vizeSa prabaLa ane jokhamakAraka evA eviyeTa vicAre tathA sAmyavAdI pracArane eTale Dara che teTale soviyeTa sainyane Dara nathI. ene pratikAra karavA mATe, ghaNe aMze khoTo evo pracAra soviyeTa sAme aviratapaNe karavAmAM Ave che ane mAnyAmAM paNa na Ave evI soviyeTanI duSTatAnI vAta phelAvavAmAM Ave che. briTiza rAjadvArI puraSo soviyeTa AgevAno sAme jevI bhASA vApare che tevI yuddhakALamAM temanA duzmane sivAya teo keInI sAme paNa vAparatA nathI. IMgleMDa tathA raziyA vacce suleha che ema dhAravAmAM AvatuM hatuM eTaluM ja nahi paNa temanI vacce rAjadvArI saMbaMdhe paNa baMdhAyA hatA. e samaye leDa barkanaDe seviyeTa rAjadvArI puruSane ullekha "hatyArAonI ToLI" tathA "lI gayelA deDakAonI ToLI' vagere vacanathI karyo hato. AvI paristhitimAM soviyeTa rAjya tathA sAmrAjyavAdI sattA vacce sAcI mitrAcArIbharyA saMbaMdhe na saMbhavI zake e dekhItuM che. temanI vaccenA bhede mUlagata che. mahAyuddhanA vijetAo ane parAjita eka thAya e bane, paraMtu sAmyavAdIo ane mUDIvAdIo kadI eka thaI zake ema nathI. e be vaccenI suleha mAtra thoDA vakhata pUratI ja hoI zake; e te kevaLa yuddhavirAma ja gaNAya.

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1308 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana seviyeTa raziyA tathA mUDIvAdI sattAo vaccenA jhaghaDAnuM eka hamezanuM kAraNa seviyeTa rAye paradezI devuM ApavAno InkAra karyo te che. Aje te e prazna jIvatojAgate nathI rahyo kemake A viSama kALamAM lagabhaga dareka deza pitAnuM devuM patAvavAmAM niSphaLa nIvaDyo che. paraMtu Ama hovA chatAMye e viSaya vakhatevakhata phUTI nIkaLe che. chellevika sattA upara AvyA ke tarata ja temaNe jhAranA samayamAM raziyAe karelA bIjA dezanA devAne inkAra karyo hato. 1905nI niSphaLa nIvaDelI krAMtinA samayathI e nIti jAhera karavAmAM AvI hatI. pitAnI e nIti sAthe susaMgata rahIne seviyeTa rAjya cIna jevA pUrvanA deze aMgenA pitAnA evA prakAranA badhA dAvA paNa jatA karyA. vaLI, yuddhane aMgenI nukasAnInI rakamamAM paNa teNe pitAne bhAga na mAgyo. 1922nI sAlamAM mitrarAjyonI sarakAree A devAnI bAbatamAM seviyeTa rAjya upara eka yAdI mekalI ApI. bhUtakALamAM keTalAM badhAM mUDIvAdI rAjyoe pitAnAM devAone tathA javAbadArIono inkAra karyo hato temaja videzIonI milakata japta karI hatI tenI e sarakArane yAda ApIne seviyeTa sarakAre e yAdIne javAba vALyo. "krAMtine pariNAme ubhelI sarakAre tathA samAjavyavasthAo gata sarakAranI javAbadArIo adA karavAne baMdhAyelI nathI hotI." temanAmAMnA eka deza kAMse tenI mahAna krAMtine prasaMge zuM karyuM hatuM tenI soviyeTa sarakAre khAsa karIne mitrarAjyone yAda ApI. "krAMsa potAne jenA kAyadesaranA vArasa tarIke jAhera kare che te phreMca kanvezane 1792nA DisembaranI 22mI tArIkhe jAhera karyuM hatuM ke, "prajanI sarvoparI sattAne julamagAroe karelI saMdhionuM baMdhana nathI hatuM.' e jAherAta anusAra krAMtikArI krAMse AgaLanA tenA zAsakae videzo sAthe karelI saMdhio phagAvI dIdhI eTaluM ja nahi paNa teNe tenA rASTrIya devAno paNa inkAra karyo." pite karelA devAnA inkAranuM A pramANe samarthana karyA chatAMye, seviyeTa sarakAra bIjI sattAo sAthe samajUtI para AvavAne eTalI badhI Atura hatI ke te temanI sAthe devAne e prazna carcavAne saMpUrNapaNe taiyAra hatI. paraMtu teNe evuM valaNa akhatyAra karyuM ke, paradezanI sarakAre, seviyeTa rAjyane binazaratI mAnyatA Ape te pachI ja e praznanI carcA thaI zake. vAta te ema che ke, seviyeTa sarakAre potAnuM devuM bharapAI karavAnI iMglaMDa, krAMsa tathA amerikAne aneka vAra khAtarI ApI hatI paraMtu e mUDIvAdI sattAone raziyA sAthe samajUtI para AvavAnI paDI nahotI. . briTiza dAvAnI sAme seviyeTa rAjya eka ramUjI sAme dAvo karyo. yuddhane aMgenuM devuM, relavenAM beDa tathA bIjAM vepArI rokANa vagere maLIne raziyA sAme briTanane ekaMdare kula 840,000,000 pAunDane do hato.

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samAjavAdI viyeTanuM saMyukta rAjya 139 raziyana AMtaravigraha daramyAna IglaDe raziyAne karelA nukasAna peTe raziyAe IgleMDa sAme pratikA rajU karyo, kemake briTiza lazkare seviyeTa rAjyanA duzmanane madada karI hatI. ekaMdare e nukasAna 4,067,26,040 pAunDanuM thayuM hatuM e aMdAja kADhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane emAM IglaMDano hisso Azare 2,000,000,000 pAunDane hatuM ema gaNavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. A rIte raziyAne IMglenDa sAme pratidA IgleMDanA raziyA sAmenA dAvA karatAM Azare aDhIgaNe hatA. A pratidA karavA mATe be zevika pAse pUratAM kAraNe hatAM ema kahI zakAya. temaNe "alAbAmA krUjharane (laDAyaka jahAja ) suprasiddha dAkhale TA. amerikAnA AMtaravigraha daramyAna e krUjhara dakSiNanAM rAjya mATe IgleMDamAM bAMdhavAmAM AvI hatI. AMtaravigraha zarU thayA pachI e jhare livarapUlanuM baMdara choDayuM. ane eNe uttaranAM rAjyanA vahANavaTAnA vepArane bhAre nukasAna pahoMcADayuM hatuM. ene lIdhe IsaMDa ane amerikA vacce yuddha phATI nIkaLavAnI paristhiti pedA thaI hatI. yunAITeDa sTesanI sarakAre evuM jaNAvyuM ke AMtarayuddha daramyAna IMglaDe dakSiNanAM rAjyane e krajhara ApavI joItI nahatI ane ene lIdhe tene thayelA nukasAnanA badalAnI mAgaNI karI e prazna lavAda AgaLa rajU karavAmAM AvyuM ane Akhare iMglaDe nukasAnI tarIke yunAiTeDa sTeTsane 3,29,166 pAunDa ApavA paDayA. jene kAraNe tene ATalI bhAre rakama nukasAnI peTe ApavI paDI hatI te krajhara karatAM raziyAnA AMtara yuddhamAM IgleMDe ghaNo mahattvane ane asarakAraka bhAga lIdho hato. seviyeTa rAjya sattAvAra rIte jAhera karyuM hatuM ke raziyAmAM paradezIonI dakhalagIrIne kAraNe thayelA yuddhamAM 1,350,000 mANasanA jAna gayA hatA. raziyAnA A jUnA devAnA praznane hajI bahu De aMze niveDe Avyo che paraMtu mAtra vakhata vItavAne kAraNe paNa e praznanuM mahattva ghaTatuM jAya che. daramyAna ApaNe joIe chIe ke, raziyAnI bAbatamAM je vastune kAraNe temane bhAre AghAta lAgyA hatA lagabhaga te ja vastu IMgleMDa, jarmanI, phrAMsa, ane iTAlI jevA mUDIvAdI ane sAmrAjyavAdI dezo paNa AcarI rahyA che. hA, teo pitAnA devAne inkAra karatA nathI tema ja samAjavAdI vyavasthAnA pAyAne paDakAratA nathI. teo mAtra pitAnuM devuM patAvatA nathI eTaluM ja. seviyeTanI nIti game te bhoge bIjA rASTro sAthe sulehazAMti jALavavAnI hatI. kemake, thAka utArIne zakti meLavavA mATe tene vakhata joI te have tema ja eka vizALa dezanuM samAjavAdanI paddhati anusAra ghaDatara karavAnA

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1310 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kAryamAM tenuM saghaLuM lakSa kendrita thayeluM hatuM. bIjA dezomAM paNa sAmAjika krAMti thAya evo saMbhava jaNuM nahotuM ane "jagavyApI krAMti nI kalpanA te vakhata pUratI te naSTa thaI gaI hatI. jo ke temanuM zAsana mUDIvAdI paddhati anusAra cAlatuM hatuM te chatAMye pUrvanA deza tarapha raziyAe mitratA ane sahakAranI nIti khIlavI hatI. raziyA, turkI, IrAna tathA aphaghAnistAna vacce paraspara thayelI saMdhi viSe huM tane AgaLa kahI gayA che. sAmrAjyavAdI mahAna sattAone temane sarvasAdhAraNu Dara tathA aNagame e e badhA dezone sAMkaLanAra kaDI hatI. 1921nI sAlamAM lenine zarU karelI navI Arthika nItine Azaya jamIna samAjanI sahiyArI mAlikInI banAvavAnI bAbatamAM madhyama sthitinA kheDUtane manAvI levAnuM hatuM. raziyAnA dhanika kheDUtane "kulaka" kahevAmAM Ave che ane "kulaka' zabdane artha "mukko" e thAya che. e kulakone uttejana ApavAmAM na AvyuM kema ke teo nAnA nAnA mUDIdAra ja hatA tathA jamInane sahiyArI mAlikInI karavAnI prakriyAno teo virodha karatA hatA. grAmapradezomAM vIjaLInI goThavaNa karavA mATenI pracaMDa yojanA paNa lenine zarU karI ane vIjaLI utpanna karanArAM moTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMo UbhAM karavAmAM AvyAM. kheDUtene aneka rIte sahAya karavAne arthe tathA dezanA udyogIkaraNa mATe mArga taiyAra karavAne khAtara vIjaLInI A vyApaka pejanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu ene pradhAna hetu te kheDUta vargamAM audyogika mAnasa pedA karIne temane preliTeriyaTa eTale ke, zaheranA majUranI vadhu samIpa lAvavAne hate. jemanAM gAme vIjaLInA dIvAthI jhaLahaLavA lAgyAM hatAM tathA jemanuM khetInuM ghaNuMkharuM kAma vIjaLInA baLathI thavA lAgyuM hatuM te kheDUta jUnI ghareDe tathA vahemomAMthI bahAra nIkaLavA lAgyA tema ja navI dizAmAM vicAra karavA lAgyA. zahera tathA gAmaDAMonAM hita vacce eTale ke nagaravAsIo ane kheDUtonAM hitenI vacce hamezAM gharSaNa athavA viSedha hoya che. zaherene kAmadAra gAmaDAo taraphathI soMghuM anAja tathA kArcA mAla mAge che ane kArakhAnAMomAM pite pedA karelA pAkA mAlanI bhAre kiMmata meLavavAnI apekSA rAkhe che; jyAre kheDUta ojAra tema ja zaheranAM kArakhAnAomAM pedA thayele mAla se mAge che ane pite pedA karelAM anAja tathA bIjA kAcA mAlanI bhAre kiMmata meLavavAnI apekSA rAkhe che. cAra varasa sudhI pravartelA lazkarI sAmyavAdane pariNAme raziyAmAM e prakAranuM gharSaNa atizaya tIvra banI gayuM hatuM. mukhyatve karIne ene kAraNe tathA paristhiti kaMIka aMze haLavI karavAne arthe navI Arthika nItine amala karavAmAM Avyo hato ane kheDUtone khAnagI vepAra karavAnI anukULatA ApavAmAM AvI hatI.

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samAjavAdI seviyeTanuM saMyukta rAjya 1311 vIjaLIne sArvatrika karavAnI yojanAnI bAbatamAM lenina atizaya utsuka hate. ene mATe te hamezAM eka sUtrano upayoga kare ane te mazahUra thavA pAmyuM hatuM. te kaheto ke, "vIjaLI vattA soviyeTa barAbara samAjavAda." leninanA maraNa pachI paNa vIjaLIne phelAvo karavAnuM A kArya atizaya vegathI cAlu rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. kheDUta upara asara karavAnI tathA khetInI paddhati sudhAravAnI bIjI rIta jamIna kheDavAne temaja bIjA kAma mATe saMkhyAbaMdha TrekTare dAkhala karavAnI hatI. e badhAM TrekaTaro amerikAnI pheDa . kaMpanIe raziyAne pUrAM pADyAM hatAM. dara varase lagabhaga eka lAkha jeTalI moTara gADIo utpanna thaI zake evuM pracaMDa kArakhAnuM UbhuM karavA mATe seviyeTa rAjeye pheDa kaMpanI sAthe konTrAkaTa paNa karyo. khAsa karIne TrekTare utpanna karavAne mATe e kArakhAnuM UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. kerosIna tathA peTrelanuM utpAdana tathA temanuM paradezamAM vecANa e videzI hite sAthe tene athaDAmaNamAM lAvanAra soviyeTa rAjyanI bIjI pravRtti hatI. kekesasanA Ajharabaijana tathA jyorjiyAnA pradezamAM tela athavA kerosIna meTA pramANamAM maLI Ave che. ghaNuM karIne e pradeza IrAna, irAka tathA mola sudhI vistarelA telanA vizALa pradezane ja eka bhAga che. kAspiyana samudra upara AveluM bAku zahera e dakSiNa raziyAnuM telanuM moTuM mathaka che. tenI bIjI moTI moTI kaMpanIo karatAM seviyeTe pitAnuM ghAsatela tathA peTrola paradezamAM sodhe bhAve vecavA mAMDayuM. amerikAnI sTenDa AIla kaMpanI, eMgle-parziyana kaMpanI, raoNyala Daca zela kaMpanI ane bIjI kaMpanIo atizaya baLavAna che ane lagabhaga AkhI duniyAne peTrelane ja temanA kAbU nIce che. seviyeTe ochA bhAvathI peTrola vecavAnuM zarU karyAthI temane bhAre kheTa gaI ane tethI e kaMpanIo atizaya krodhe bharAI seviyeTanA tela sAme temaNe jehAda zarU karI ane tenA telane temaNe "cerInuM tela" kahevA mAMDayuM kemake ke kesasamAMnA badhAye telanA kUvA temanA AgaLanA mUDIvAdI mAlika pAsethI teNe japta karI lIdhA hatA. paraMtu, thoDA vakhata pachI temane A "cerInA tela sAthe samajUtI para AvavuM paDayuM. A patramAM tema ja bIjA patromAM meM "soviyeTane vAraMvAra ullekha karyo che. keTalIka vAra "raziyA e Ama karyuM ane tema karyuM evI vAte meM karI che. kaMIka zithilatAthI e baMne zabdo meM samAna athavA eka ja arthamAM vAparyA che. ne e vastu zI che te have mAre tane kahevuM joIe. alabata, e te tuM jANe ja che ke, bezevika krAMti pachI 1917nI sAlanA navembara mAsamAM peDhADamAM soviyeTa prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI hatI. jhAranuM sAmrAjya e saMdhaTita ane rASTrIya rAjya nahatuM eTale ke te kaI

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1312 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana samAna prajA ke jAtinuM baneluM rAjya nahatuM. jene khAsa karIne raziyA kahevAmAM Ave che tenuM eziyA tathA yuropanI tAbedAra jAtio athavA prajAo upara Adhipatya hatuM. raziyana sAmrAjyamAM lagabhaga 200 jeTalI AvI prajAo hatI ane ekabIjI vacce temanAmAM bhAre taphAvata hate. jhAranA amala daramyAna emanA pratye tAbedAra athavA parAdhIna prajA tarIke vyavahAra rAkhavAmAM Avate ane temanI bhASAo tathA saMskRtione vatteoche aMze dAbI devAmAM AvatI hatI. madhya eziyAnI pachAta prajAonI sudhAraNane mATe te kazuMye karavAmAM AvatuM nahotuM. yahUdIone pitAne kahI zakAya e kaI paNa pradeza nahotuM ane badhI laghumatI jAtiomAM temanA pratye sauthI bUra vartAva dAkhavavAmAM AvatuM hatuM, ane temanI vAraMvAra karavAmAM AvatI katalanI vAte duniyAbharamAM jANItI hatI. A badhAne kAraNe e dalita prajAomAMnA ghaNuM leke raziyAnI krAMtikArI caLavaLamAM bhaLyA. jo ke temane pradhAna rasa rASTrIya krAMtimAM hata; sAmAjika krAMtimAM nahi. 1917nI sAlanA phebruArI mAsanI krAMti pachI sthapAyelI kAmacalAu sarakAre A prajAone aneka prakAranAM vacana ApyAM paraMtu temaNe e uparAMta kazuM sakriya pagaluM bharyuM nahi. paraMtu lenine te, krAMti pahelAM ghaNuM samayathI, cheka bezevika pakSanI sthApanA thaI tyArathI, dareka prajAne saMpUrNapaNe alaga tathA svataMtra thaI javAnI hada sudhIne AtmanirNayane hakaka ApavAne Agraha rAkhyo hato. bozevika pakSanA jUnA kAryakramane e eka bhAga ja hatuM. krAMti thayA pachI be zevikAe -- have teo dezanI sarakAra banyA hatA - AtmanirNayanA A siddhAMta uparane pitAne vizvAsa pharIthI jAhera karyo. AMtaravigraha daramyAna theDA vakhata mATe te jhArazAhI sAmrAjya chinnabhinna thaI gayuM; soviyeTa prajAsattAkanI hakUmata nIce te mecche tathA leninagrADanI AsapAsane thaDe pradeza ja hate. pazcimanI sattAo taraphathI maLelA uttejanane kAraNe bAlTika samudra uparanI keTalIka prajAo - philaeNnDa, esTeniyA, leTaviyA ane lIthuAniyA -svataMtra thaI gaI. alabata, pilaeNDe paNa ema ja karyuM. AMtaravigrahamAM raziyAnA seviyeTano vijaya thayuM ane paradezI lazkara khasI gayAM eTale sAIberiyA tathA madhya eziyAmAM alaga ane svataMtra seviyeTa sarakAre sthapAI. A badhI sarakArenuM dhyeya eka ja hevAthI svAbhAvika rIte ja te badhI vacce nikaTane saMbaMdha hatA. 1923nI sAlamAM e badhI sarakAre ekatra thaI gaI ane temaNe seviyeTanA saMyukta rAjyanI sthApanA karI. enuM sarakArI nAma yuniyana opha sezyAlisTa seviyeTa rIpablikasa eTale ke samAjavAdI soviyeTa prajAsattAkane saMdha che. aMgrejImAM TUMkamAM ene yu. esa. esa. Ara. kahevAmAM Ave che.

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samAjavAdI seviyeTanuM saMyukta rAjya 1313 1923nI sAla pachI A saMyukta prajAsattAkanI saMkhyAmAM cheDe pheraphAra thayo che kemake, keTalAka dAkhalAomAM eka prajAsattAkanA bhAgalA paDIne temAMthI be thayAM che. Aje evAM sAta saMyukta prajAsattAka che : 1. raziyAnA samAjavAdI soviyeTa prajAsattAkanuM samavAyataMtra. 2. veta raziyAnuM samAjavAdI seviyeTa prajAsattAka 3. yukrenanuM samAjavAdI viyeTanuM prajAsattAka. 4. kekesasanI pAranuM samAjavAdI soviyeTa prajAsattAkonuM samavAyataMtra. 5. turkamInistAna athavA turkamInanuM samAjavAdI soviyeTa prajAsattAka. 6. ujhabeka samAjavAdI seviyeTanuM prajAsattAka 7. tAjIkistAna athavA tAjIka samAjavAdI seviyeTanuM prajAsattAka maMgeliyA paNuM soviyeTa rAjya sAthe amuka prakAranA saMbaMdhathI joDAyeluM che. soviyeTa rAjya A rIte aneka prajAsattAkonuM baneluM samavAyataMtra che. e samavAyataMtramAM joDAyelAM keTalAMka prajAsattAka pote paNa samavAyataMtre che. Ama raziyAnuM samAjavAdI prajAsattAka e bAra svayaMzAsita prajAsattAkenuM samavAyataMtra che, ane kokesasanI pAranuM samAjavAdI prajAsattAka Ajharabaijana, jyorjiyA tathA ArmoiniyAnA e traNa prajAsattAkanuM samavAyataMtra che. A paraspara saMbaMdha dharAvatAM ane parasparAvalaMbI prajAsattAke uparAMta e prajAsattAmAM bIjA keTalAka "rASTrIya" ane "svayaMzAsita pradeze paNa che. dareka prajAne pitAnI bhASA tathA saMskRti jALavI rAkhavAnuM uttejana ApavAnA tema ja temane banI zake eTalI vadhAre svataMtratA ApavAnA uddezathI hareka ThekANe ATalA badhA pramANamAM svayaMzAsana dAkhala karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. eka rASTrIya athavA jAtinA samUhane bIjA rASTrIya ke jAtinA samUha upara Adhipatya bhagavate TALavAne banI zake eTale prayAsa karavAmAM AvyuM che. laghumatInA praznane soviyeTe karele A ukela ApaNe mATe rasaprada che kema ke, ApaNe paNa laghumatInA eka muzkela keyaDAne ukela karavAnuM che. seviyeTanI e bAbatanI muzkelI ApaNA karatAM ghaNI vadhAre hatI kema ke tene te judI judI 182 prajAo sAthe kAma levAnuM hatuM. e praznanuM teNe kareluM nirAkaraNa bahu ja saphaLa nIvaDyuM che. nirALI pratyeka prajAne mAnya rAkhavAnI tema ja pitAnuM kAmakAja tathA keLavaNu pitAnI bhASA dvArA calAvavAnuM uttejana ApavAnI bAbatamAM seviyeTa chevaTanI hada sudhI gayuM hatuM. bhinna bhinna laghumatIonI kevaLa judA paDavAnI vRttine saMtoSavAne khAtara ja nahi paNa janatAnI sAMskRtika tathA keLavaNI viSayaka sAcI pragati svabhASA dvArA ja thaI zake evI mAnyatAthI

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.1314 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzIna prerAI te Ama karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ane e nItine Aja sudhImAM asAdhAraNa saphaLatA maLI che. saMyukta rAjyamAM AvA prakAranI vividhatA dAkhala karavAnuM valaNa hovA chatAMye tenA judA judA bhAge ekabIjAnI vadhu te vadhu najIka AvI rahyA che, jhArazAhI ekakendrI sarakAranA amala nIce te kadI paNa eTalA nikaTa AvyA nahAtA. Ama thavAnuM kAraNa e che ke, temanA Adarzo samAna che tathA te badhA eka ja kAryanI siddhine athe sAthe maLIne kAma karI rahyA che. siddhAMtanI dRSTie, pratyeka prajAsattAkane jyAre paNa chUTA thavuM heAya tyAre sayukta rAjyamAMthI chUTA paDI javAne haka che, paraMtu ema thavAnA saMbhava bahu ja oche che, kAraNa ke mUDIvAdI duniyAnA vireodhanI sAme TakI rahevA mATe samAjavAdI prajAsattAkAnuM samavAyataMtra e atizaya phAyadAkAraka che. e saMyukta rAjyanuM pradhAna prajAsattAka to alabata, raziyAnuM samAjavAdI prajAsattAka che. te leninagrADathI mAMDIne AkhA sAimeriyAnI ArapAra vistareluM che. zveta raziyAnuM prajAsattAka poleMDanI paDezamAM AveluM che. yukrena dakSiNamAM kALA samudranA kAMThA upara vistareluM che. e raziyAnA kAra che. kaikesasanI pAranuM prajAsattAka tenA nAma pramANe kAkesasa pahADanI pelI bAjue kAspiyana samudra ane kALA samudra vacce AveluM che. kaikesasanI pAranA samAjavAdI prajAsattAkAnA samavAyataMtramAMnuM eka prajAsattAka AminiyAnuM che. te lAMbA vakhata sudhI tur ane ArmAiniyane vaccenI yAdavAsthaLInuM kSetra banI rahyuM hatuM. have soviyeTa prajAsattAka tarIke te TharIThAma thaI ne zAMtimaya pravRttiomAM vaLagyuM hoya ema jaNAya che. kAspiyana samudranI pelI bAjue madhya eziyAnAM tu mInistAna, ujhabekistAna, tAkistAna e traNa prajAsattAkA AvelAM che. emAMnAM pahelAM emAM mukhArA ane samaraka MdanAM jagamazahUra zahere AvelAM che. tAkistAna aphadhAnistAnanI aDoaDa uttare AveluM che ane te hiMdanI najIkamAM najIkanA sAviyeTa pradeza che. madhya eziyAnAM A prajAsattAkA paratve ApaNA khAsa rasa rahelA che kema ke madhya eziyA sAthe ApaNA juga juga jUnA sabaMdha che. chellAM thoDAM varasAmAM temaNe karelI apUrva pragatine kAraNe te tee ApaNe mATe ethIye vizeSa AkarSaka che. jhAranA amala daramyAna te atizaya pachAta ane vahemamAM phasAyelA deze| hatA. keLavaNInuM te tyAM nAmanizAna nahotuM ane tyAMnI strIo mATe bhAge paDadAnI pAchaLa goMdhAyelI hatI. Aje e deza aneka bAbatamAM hiMdanI AgaLa nIkaLI gayA che.

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180. raziyAnI paMcavarSI ceAjanA 9 julAI, 1993 lenina byA tyAM sudhI seAviyeTa raziyAnA sarvamAnya netA hatA. enA chevaTanA nirNayane sau kAI mAnya rAkhatuM, jhadhaDAne prasa Mge tenA zabda kAyadA jeTalA asarakAraka hatA ane sAmyavAdI pakSanAM ApasamAM laDatAM daLAmAM te ekatA sthApato. tenA maraNa bAda anivAya rIte muzkelI UbhI thaI. have pratispardhI daLA ane harIpha aLeA prabhutva meLavavA mATe sAmasAmAM laDavA lAgyAM. bahAranI duniyAnI tema ja kaMIka aMze raziyAnI najare paNa elzevikAmAM, lerlAnana pachI TrATka sauthI prabhAvazALI puruSa hatA. AkaTobaranI krAMtimAM TrovskIe ja AgaLa paDato bhAga lIdhA hatA. bhAre muzkelIonA sAmane karIne AMtarayuddhamAM tema ja paradezIonA AkramaNa sAme vijaya meLavanAra lAla sainya paNa TrovskIe ja UbhuM karyuM hatuM. ane Ama chatAMye, elzevika pakSamAM te te hajI navA AvanAra ja hatA tathA lenina sivAyanA bIjA jUnA khelzevikAnA tenA upara jhAjho prema ke vizvAsa nahoto. A jUnA khelzevikAmAMnA eka sTaeNlina sAmyavAdI pakSanA janarala sekreTarI eTale ke mahAmaMtrI banyA hatA ane e rIte raziyAnI prabhutva dharAvanArI tathA sauthI baLavAna sasthAne kAbU tenA hAthamAM hato. TrovskI ane sTolana e e vacce paraspara bilakula prema nahotA. teo ekakhIjAne dhikkAratA hatA tema ja te khate ekabIjAthI sAva bhinna prakRtinA mANaso hatA. TrATka pratibhAzALI lekhaka ane vaktA hatA tema ja sagAnakAra ane kavIra tarIkenI potAnI zakti paNa teNe puravAra karI batAvI hatI. potAnI tIkSNa ane javalaMta buddhithI te krAMtinA siddhAMtA tAravatA hatA tema ja cAbuka ke vIchInA caTakAnI peThe DaMkhe evA zabdothI potAnA virAdhIone parAsta karatA hatA. enI tulanAmAM sTaeNlina aa eka mAmUlI mANasa lAgatA hatA. sTaeNlina zAMta ane kazAye prabhAva ke pratibhA vinAnA hatA, Ama chatAMye te eka bhAre saMgaThanakAra ane mahAna tathA vIra yoddho hatA. tenuM saMkalpabaLa polAdI hatuM. sAce ja, tene eka polAdI mANasa ' tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. TrovskInI lAkA prazaMsA karatA e kharuM paraMtu temanAmAM vizvAsanI lAgaNI tA sTaeNlina ja pedA karato hato. sAmyavAdI pakSamAM A be asAdhAraNa vyaktine mATe avakAza naheA. C TrosTsa ane sTaeNlina vaccene jhadhaDe aMgata hatA paraMtu vAstavamAM te ethI vizeSa hatA. te baMne judI judI nItinA, krAMtine vikasAvavAnI bhinna

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1316 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bhinna paddhatinA puraskartA hatA. krAMti pahelAM ghaNAM varasa upara TUMkIe kAyamI krAMti ne siddhAMta pratipAdita karyo hate. e siddhAMta pramANe, tene game eTalI anukULatA hoya teye, eka ja dezane mATe saMpUrNa samAjavAdanI sthApanA karavI e zakya nathI. jagavyApI krAMti thayA pachI ja sAco samAjavAda AvI zake kemake ema thAya te ja kheDUtavargane asarakAraka rIte samAjavAdI banAvI zakAya. samAjavAda e Arthika vikAsa sAdhavA mATenI mUDIvAda pachInI uccattara avasthA che. mUDIvAda AMtararASTrIya thatAM te tUTavA mAMDe che. duniyAnA meTA bhAgamAM A vastu banatI Aje ApaNI najare paDe che. mAtra samAjavAda ja A AMtararASTrIya taMtra saphaLatApUrvaka calAvI zake. ane tethI ja samAjavAda anivArya che. A mAkarsane siddhAMta hatuM. paraMtu samAjavAdane amala eka ja dezamAM eTale ke AMtararASTrIya nahi paNa rASTrIya kSetramAM karavAmAM Ave che te UtaratI Arthika avasthAmAM pharI pAchA pahoMcavA jevuM thAya. AMtararASTrIyatA e koI paNa prakAranI pragatine Avazyaka pAye che. ane samAjavAdanI pragatino AdhAra paNa e ja che. enAthI pAchA paDavuM e zakya ke IcchavAjoga nathI. ethI karIne, TeskInA abhiprAya pramANe kaI eka ja dezamAM - raziyA jevA vizALa dezamAM paNa - samAjavAdanI racanA karavAnuM Arthika dRSTie zakya nathI. evI ghaNI vastuo hatI ke jene mATe soviyeTa rAjyane pazcimanA odyogika deze upara AdhAra rAkhavo paDato hate. e to zahera ane gAmaDAM athavA grAmapradeza vaccenA sahakAra jevuM che; pazcimanA audyogika dezonI sthiti zahera jevI hatI ane raziyA pradhAnapaNe grAmapradeza hote, rAjakIya dRSTie paNa, skIne evo abhiprAya hato ke mUDIvAdI vAtAvaraNamAM eka alaga samAjavAdI deza lAMbe vakhata TakI zake nahi. ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM chIe tema mUDIvAda tathA samAjavAda e baMne asaMgata che eTale ke te baMnene meLa khAI zake ema nathI. A sthitimAM kAM te mUDIvAdI dezo samAjavAdI dezane kacarI nAkhe athavA te mUDIvAdI dezomAM sAmAjika krAMti thavA pAme ane sarvatra samAjavAdanI sthApanA thAya. alabata, thoDA samaya mATe athavA keTalAMka varasa sudhI e baMne ekIsAthe asthira hAlatamAM TakI rahe e banavAjoga che kharuM. krAMti pahelAM tema ja pachI badhAye bezevika AgevAnone ghaNe aMze A abhiprAya hoya ema jaNAya che. jagavyApI krAMti thAya athavA kaMI nahi te yuropanA keTalAka dezamAM paNa krAMti thAya enI teo AturatApUrvaka rAha joI rahyA hatA. thoDA mahinAo sudhI yuropanA vAtAvaraNamAM bhAre kaDAkA thatA rahyA paraMtu phATI nIkaLyA vinA ja tephAna pasAra thaI gayuM. TharIThAma thaIne raziyAe navI Arthika nIti akhatyAra karI ane te rejanA sAmAnya jIvana

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raziyAnI paMcavaSI yAjanA 1317 vyavahAramAM paDI gayuM. AthI TrovskIe bhayasUcaka pAkAra uThAvyA, ane jaNAvyuM ke, jagavyApI krAMti karavAnA uddezanI vadhAre uddAma nIti akhatyAra karavAmAM na Ave te krAMti jokhamamAM che. A paDakArane pariNAme TrATkI tathA TaeNlina vacce bhAre krU' thayuM; temanI vaccenA e jhadhaDAe keTalAMka varasA sudhI sAmyavAdI pakSane hacamacAvI mUkyo. e jhadhaDAne pariNAme sTaeNlinanA saMpUrNa vijaya thayA. enuM mukhya kAraNa e hatuM ke, sTaeNlinanA hAthamAM pakSanA tatranA saMpUrNa kAbU hato. TaoNlskI tathA tenA pakSakArone krAMtinA duzmanA tarIke gaNavAmAM AvyA ane temane pakSamAMthI kADhI mUkavAmAM AvyA. TrovskIne prathama sAiberiyA mokalavAmAM Avye ane pachIthI tene soviyeTa rAjyamAMthI hadapAra karavAmAM AvyeA. . sTaoNlana ane TrolskI vaccenA tAtkAlika jhaghaDA, kheDUta vargane samAjavAdanA pakSamAM levAne arthe khetIne aMge uddAma nIti akhatyAra karavAnI oNlinanI darakhAstane kAraNe thavA pAmyA hatA. khIjA dezamAM game te thAya tenI paravA karyAM vinA raziyAmAM samAjavAda nirmANa karavAnA e prayatna hato. TrovskIe e nIti pheMkI dIdhI ane ' kAyamI krAMti 'nA potAnA siddhAMtane te vaLagI rahyo. teNe jaNAvyuM, ke enA vinA kheDUtane sa MpUrNa paNe samAjavAdI banAvI zakAya ema nathI. kharI vAta ema che ke TrATkInI ghaNI sUcanAone sTaoNlane amala karyAM paNa te potAnI rIte TrovskInI rIte nahi. e bAbatamAM TrovskIe potAnI AtmakathAmAM lakhyuM che ke, ' paraMtu rAjakAraNamAM te kevaLa vastu zuM che e nahi paNa tenI rIta zI che tathA te joLa kare che e hakIkata nirNAyaka hoya che.'' A rIte e e sama puruSo vaccenA jhaghaDAno aMta AvyA ane jenA upara teNe vIratAbharyAM ane tejasvI bhAga bhajavyA hatA te raMgamAMca uparathI TrAsTsane haDaselI mUkavAmAM AvyeA. je soviyeTa rAjyane te eka pradhAna zilpI hatA temAMthI tene dezavaTo levA paDyo. lagabhaga badhA mUDIvAdI deze| e kriyAzIla puruSathI DaratA hatA ane emAMnA kAIe tene zvetAne tyAM pesavA dIdhA nahi. iMgleMDe tene potAne tyAM AvavAnI paravAnagI na ApI ane yuropanA bIjA ghaNAkharA dezoe paNa ema ja karyuM. Akhare turkInAM ista MbulathI thADe dUra AvelAM pripeA TApumAM tene thADA vakhata mATe Azaro maLyo. have teNe potAne vakhata lekhanakAryamAM ApavA mAMDyo ane raziyana krAMtinA itihAsa ' e nAmanuM advitIya pustaka teNe lakhyuM. sTaeNlina viSenA ene dveSa hajI e thayA nathI ane tIkhI bhASAmAM tenI TIkA karavAnuM tathA tenA upara prahAro karavAnuM teNe cAlu ja rAkhyuM che. duniyAnA keTalAka bhAgomAM vyavasthita TrolskI pakSa UbhA thayA che ane te -41

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1318 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana soviyeTa sarakAra tathA trIjA AMtararASTrIya majUrasaMdhanA sattAvAra sAmyavAdane virodha karI rahyo che. TrauskIne nikAla karyA pachI, sTalina potAnI khetIviSayaka athavA te kheDUtone aMgenI nItine AgaLa dhapAvavAmAM asAdhAraNa hiMmatathI kAme lAge. tene mahAmuzkela paristhitine sAmane karavAnuM hatuM. buddhijIvI leko duHkhamAM AvI paDyA hatA ane bekAra banI gayA hatA tema ja majUra vargamAM paNa haDatAle paDatI hatI. teNe kulaka athavA dhanika kheDUte upara bhAre kare nAkhyA ane e nANuM teNe grAmavibhAgamAM samUhakhetI nirmANa karavAmAM kharacyAM. samUhakhetI eTale ke sahakArI dhoraNe vizALa khetaromAM karavAmAM AvatI khetI. e khetaromAM ghaNA kheDUte eka sAthe kAma kare che ane temAMthI thata naphe ApasamAM vaheMcI le che. kulake tathA mAladAra kheDUtee e nIti sAme aNagamo darzAvyo ane seviyeTa sarakAra upara teo atizaya krodhe bharAyA. temane e Dara lAgyo ke temanAM DhoraDhAMkhara tathA khetInI sAdhanasAmagrI temanA paDozI garIba kheDUtonAM DhoraDhAMkhara tathA sAdhanasAmagrI sAthe bheLavI devAmAM Avaze ane e DaranA mAryA temaNe pitAnAM badhAMye DhoronI ekasAmaTI katala karI nAkhI. A rIte herone eTalA moTA pramANamAM saMhAra karavAmAM AvyuM ke bIje varase kherAkInI vastuo, mAMsa tathA dUdha mAkhaNa vagere DerInI pedAzanI bhAre taMgI UbhI thaI sTelinane mATe A aciMtavyo phaTaka hatuM paraMtu te daDhatApUrvaka pitAnA kAryakramane vaLagI rahyo. eTaluM ja nahi paNa, tene vikasAvyuM ane temAMthI AkhA seviyeTa rAjyane AvarI letI khetI tema ja udyogo mATenI eka mahAna janA taiyAra karI. e pejanA pramANe rAjya taraphathI UbhA karavAmAM AvelA moTA moTA namUnArUpa khetInA bagIcAo tathA samUhakhetInA bagIcAo dvArA kheDUta vargane udyogenI vadhu najIka lAvavAno hato tathA meTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMo ane pANIthI utpanna karavAmAM AvatI vIjaLInAM kArakhAnAMo UbhAM karIne tema ja khANonuM khodakAma tathA evI bIjI vastuo zarU karIne dezanuM udyogIkaraNa karavAnuM hatuM. ane A badhAnI sAthe sAthe ja keLavaNI, vijJAna, sahakArI dhoraNe vecANa tathA kharIdI, lAkhe majUrane mATe bAMdhavAnAM ghare tathA ekaMdare majUranA jIvananuM dhoraNa UMcuM karavA vagere bAbatone aMgenI bIjI aneka pravRttio hAtha dharavAnI hatI. sArI duniyAmAM mazahUra thayelI A paMcavarSI janA hatI. e eka jabaradasta ane bhagIratha kAryakrama hatuM ane AgaLa vadhelA tathA zrImaMta deza mATe eka peDhI jeTalA samayamAM paNa te pAra pADavAnuM muzkela hatuM. raziyA jevA pachAta ane garIba deze te pAra pADavAnuM bIDuM jhaDapavuM e mUkhanI avadhi samAna lAgatuM hatuM.

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raziyAnI paMcavarSI janA 1319 atizaya kALajIbharI vicAraNA tathA tapAsa pachI ja A paMcavarSI yejanA taiyAra karavAmAM AvI hatI. vaijJAnika tathA ijaneree AkhAye dezanuM nirIkSaNa karyuM hatuM tathA saMkhyAbaMdha niSNAtee prastuta kAryakramanA eka bhAganA bIjA bhAga sAthe meLa besADavAnA prazna upara sArI peThe carcA karI hatI kemake, badhI vastuone paraspara meLa besADavAmAM ja kharI muzkelI AvatI hatI. dAkhalA tarIke, pUratA pramANamAM kAcA mAla maLatuM na hoya te moTuM kArakhAnuM UbhuM karavAne zuM artha ? vaLI, kAce mAla pUratA pramANamAM maLI rahe te heya teye tene kArakhAnA sudhI pahoMcADavAno prazna Ubho thAya che. A rIte mAlanI lAvalaIjAnA praznane paNa ukela karavAno hato. AthI relave bAMdhavAmAM AvI. paNa relavene mATe kelasAnI jarUra hoya che, eTale kelasAnI khANa khodavAmAM AvI. vaLI, khuda kArakhAnuM calAvavAne mATe paNa vijaLInA baLanI jarUra paDe che. kArakhAnAMone vidyuta baLa pUruM pADavA mATe meTI meTI nadIomAM baMdha bAMdhIne pANInA baLathI vIjaLI utpanna karavAmAM AvI. pachIthI, kArakhAnAMo calAvavA, meTA moTA khetInA bagIcAonuM kAma calAvavA tema ja zahera ane gAmaDAomAM dIvAbattI karavAne kAra mAraphate e vidyutazakti pahoMcADavAmAM AvI. ane chevaTe, A badhuM karavAne mATe Ijanere, yaMtravizArada, tAlIma pAmelA majUre joIe ane TUMka samayamAM hajAranI saMkhyAmAM tAlIma pAmelAM strIpuruSo taiyAra karavAM e kaMI sahela vAta nathI. samaje ke khetara upara moTarathI cAlatAM hajAre TrekaTare mekalI ApyAM paNa temane calAve keNuM? paMcavarSI yojanAmAMthI UbhI thatI asAdhAraNa gUMcavaNe ane aTapaTA praznone tane kaMIka khyAla Ave eTalA mATe meM A theDA dAkhalA ApyA che. emAM eka paNa bhUla thavA pAme che tenAM dUragAmI pariNAme Ave ema hatuM; pravRttionI sAMkaLanI eka paNa kaDI nabaLI hoya to te AkhIye kArya paraMparAne bhAvI athavA aTakAvI de. paraMtu mUDIvAdI deze karatAM raziyAne eka bhAre anukULatA hatI. mUDIvAdI vyavasthAmAM A badhI pravRttio vyaktigata pharaja ane AkasmikatA upara choDavAmAM Ave che ane harIphAIne kAraNe temAM ghaNe parizrama eLe jAya che. eka ja bajAramAM AvanArA, vecanArAo tathA kharIdanArAo vacce je Akasmika sahayoga thavA pAme che te sivAya bhinna bhinna prakAranA utpAdaka tathA juduM juduM kAma karanArA kAmadAre vacce sahayoga nathI hote. TUMkamAM kahIe te mUDIvAdI vyavasthAmAM moTA pAyA upara saMyejana hetuM nathI. judI judI vepArI peDhIo vyaktigata rIte pitAnI bhaviSyanI pravRttio aMge pejanA karatI haze ane kare che paNa kharI, paraMtu moTA bhAganI AvI vyaktigata janAomAM bIjI vyaktigata peDhIone thApa

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1320 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ApIne temanI AgaLa nIkaLI javAne ane temane bhege lAbha meLavI levAnA prayAsone ja samAveza thAya che. ekaMdare samagra rASTranI dRSTithI jotAM, e vastu sajanathI sAva UlaTI paristhitimAM ja pariName che, eTale ke dezamAM behada samRddhi ane apAra dAridya ekabIjAnA paDakhAmAM UbhAM thAya che. soviyeTa sarakArane khAsa lAbha e hatuM ke, samagra rAjyanA badhAye udyogo tathA pravRttio upara tene kAbU hate. ethI karIne jemAM dareka pravRttine yogya sthAna maLe evI eka sumeLavALI yejanA te taiyAra karI zakI.gaNatarInI ke saMcAlananI bhUla thavAne pariNAme thatA bagADa sivAya e rIte bIjA koI paNa prakArane bagADa thatuM nathI ane evI bhUle paNa ethI UlaTI sthitimAM sudhArI zakAya tenA karatAM ghaNA ochA samayamAM ekIkRta niyaMtraNathI sudhArI zakAya che. soviyeTa rAjyamAM udyogane majabUta pAyo nAkho e prastuta yojanAne hetu hate. dareka jaNane jarUrI hoya evI kApaDa vagere vastuo utpanna karavAne mATe kArakhAnAMo UbhAM karavAno Azaya enI pAchaLa nahotA. hiMdanI peThe paradezathI yaMtre kharIdIne kArakhAnAo UbhAM karI devAM e te sahela vAta hatI. AvA rejanA vaparAzanI cIjo pedA karanArA udyogone "haLavA udyogo' kahevAmAM Ave che. A haLavA udyoge jemane "bhAre udyogo' kahevAmAM Ave che temanA upara anivAryapaNe AdhAra rAkhe che; emAM leTuM, pilAda tathA yaMtra banAvanArA udyogane samAveza thAya che. A udyogo, haLavA udyogone' mATe yaMtro tathA bIjI sAdhanasAmagrI tema ja eMjine vagere vastuo pUrI pADe che. bhAre dIrdhadarzitA vAparIne soviyeTa sarakAre pitAnI paMcavarSIyejanAmAM A pAyAnA athavA "bhAre udyoga" upara pitAnuM lakSa kendrita karavAnuM nakakI karyuM. udyogIkaraNane pAye A rIte majabUta bane ane pachIthI haLavA udyoge UbhA karavAnuM kAma bahu ja sugama thaI jAya. A bhAre udyoge yaMtro tathA laDAInA saraMjAma mATenI raziyAnI videza uparanI paravazatA paNa ghaNI ochI karI nAkhatA hatA. raziyAnA vartamAna saMjogomAM bhAre udyogonI A pasaMdagI e bahu ja ughADI vastu hatI paraMtu e mATe athAka parizrama karavAnI jarUra hatI tema ja emAM prajAne mATe bhAre hADamArIo ane viTaMbaNAo veThavApaNuM hatuM. haLavA karatAM bhAre udyoge ghaNuM ja vadhAre kharacALa hoya che ane e be vacce mahatvane taphAvata te e che ke, bhAre udyogo haLavA udyogo karatAM ghaNuM lAMbA vakhata pachI kamANI karatA thAya che. kApaDanI mila tarata ja kApaDa banAvavAnuM zarU kare che ane prajAmAM te tAtkALa vecI zakAya che; rejanA vaparAzanI vastuo banAvanAra bIjA haLavA udyogonI bAbatamAM paNa ema ja hoya che.

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raziyAnI paMcavarSI yojanA 1321 paraMtu letuM ane polAdanAM kArakhAnAo relavenA pATA tathA eMjeine bhale banAve paNa relave lAIna bAMdhavAmAM Ave tyAM sudhI temane upayoga karI zakAtuM nathI. ema thatAM vakhata lAge che ane tyAM sudhI e rojagAramAM ghaNA meTA pramANamAM nANAM rokAI rahe che ane e rIte deza teTalA pramANamAM garIba bane che. ethI karIne, bahu ja jhaDapI gatithI bhAre udyoge UbhA karavA mATe raziyAne bhAre bhoga ApavA paDyA. A badhI racanA karavA mATe, paradezathI lAvavAmAM AvelI ene mATenI yaMtrasAmagrInI kiMmata senAthI ane rekaDa nANAmAM patAvavI paDatI hatI. A kevI rIte thaI zake? paradezamAM e vastuonAM nANAM cUkavavA mATe seviyeTa rAjyanA prajAjanee peTe pATA bAMdhyA, bhUkhamaro veThayo ane jIvanane jarUranI keTalIye vastuo vinA paNa calAvI lIdhuM. temaNe pitAnI khorAkInI vastuo paradeza mokalI ApI temAMthI maLatAM nANAMthI yaMtranI kiMmata cUkavI. ghauM, java, anAja, zAkabhAjI, phaLaphaLAdi, IDAM, mAkhaNa, mAMsa, maraghAM, batakAM, madha, mAchalI, khAMDa, jAtajAtanAM tela ane mIThAIo vagere khapI zake evI dareka vastuo temaNe paradeza mokalI ApI. A badhI vastuo temaNe bahAra ekalI ene artha e ke temaNe emanA vinA calAvI lIdhuM. raziyAnA lekine mAkhaNa nahotuM maLatuM athavA bahu ja ochA pramANamAM maLatuM hatuM kema ke te temane yaMtranAM nANuM cUkavavA mATe paradeza mekalavuM paDatuM. e ja rIte bIjI badhI vastuonI bAbatamAM paNa paMcavarSI yojanA pramANene A bhagIratha prayAsa 1929nI sAlamAM zarU thaze. krAMtine jusso pharI pAcho pragaTa thaye, AdarzanI preraNAe janatAne uttejita karI ane teNe pitAnI samagra zakti A navI jhuMbezamAM kAme lagADI. e kaI paradezI ke dezanI aMdaranA duzamananI sAmenI jhuMbeza nahatI. e raziyAnI pachAta paristhiti sAmenI, mUDIvAdanA avazeSo sAmenI ane jIvananA nIcA dheraNa sAmenI jhuMbeza hatI. utsAhapUrvaka temaNe vaLI vadhu bhoge ApyA ane kaDaka tathA nigrahI jIvana gALyuM. jenA teo gauravazALI ane adhikArI vidhAyake hatA te AzAspada mahAna bhaviSyane khAtara temaNe vartamAnanuM balidAna ApyuM. bhUtakALamAM rASTrae eka mahAna kAryanI siddhi pAchaLa pitAne saghaLe puruSArtha kendrita karyo che, paraMtu mAtra yuddhakALamAM ja ema banavA pAmyuM che. mahAyuddha daramyAna jarmanI, IMgleMDa tathA kAMsa yuddha jItavAnA mAtra eka ja hetune khAtara jIvatAM hatAM. e hetune khAtara bIjI badhI vastuone gauNa banAvI devAmAM AvI hatI. soviyeTa raziyAe ItihAsamAM pahelI ja vAra

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1322 gatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna - sahArane mATe nahi paNa zAMtimaya racanAtmaka kArya mAM ~ pachAta dezanuM samAjavAdanA siddhAMta anusAra udyogIkaraNa karavAnA kAryamAM rASTranuM samagra khaLa kendrita karyuM. paraMtu upalA varganA tema ja madhyamavarganA kheDUtone bhAre hADamArI veThavI paDI ane ghaNI vAra to ema lAgatuM hatuM ke e pracaMDa yojanA paDI bhAgaze ane sAviyeTa sarakArane paNa te kadAca potAnI sAthe ghasaDI jaze. A sthitimAM aDagapaNe ene vaLagI rahevA mATe akhUTa dhairyanI jarUra hatI. dhaNA AgevAna khelzevikA mAnatA hatA ke, khetIne aMgenA kAryakramanA kheAjo tathA temAMthI nIpajatI hADamArIo atizaya kaparI che ane tethI karIne te thADeA haLavA karavA joI e. paraMtu sTaeNlinanI mAnyatA evI nahAtI. zAMtithI ane dRDhatApU ka te ene vaLagI rahyo. te vAteADiyA nahotA; te bhAgye ja jAheramAM khelatA. pUnimi`ta dhyeya tarapha AgaLa vadhatI aTala vidhinI lAha pratimA same te lAgatA hatA. A dhaiya ane A aTala nizcayanA cepa kaMIka aMze sAmyavAdI pakSanA sabhyAne tema ja raziyAnA majUrone paNa lAgyA. paMcavarSIyeAjanAnI tarapheNa karatA aviratapaNe cAlu rahelA pracAre prajAnA utsAha TakAvI rAkhyo ane navA puruSArtha karavAne tene uttejita karI. pANInI madadathI vIjaLI utpanna karavA mATenAM pracaMDa kArakhAnAMo tathA nadInA badhA, pula, ane kArakhAnAMo bAMdhavAmAM tema ja khetI mATenA moTA moTA sAmUhika bagIcA racavAmAM janatAe bhAre rasa darzAbyA. ijanerInA dhaMdhA sauthI vadhAre lAkapriya banyA ane ijanerInI bhAre siddhienI yAMtrika vigatAthI chApAM UbharAvA lAgyAM. marubhUmi tathA bhejavALAM sapATa jaMgalAmAM vasatI thaI gaI ane pratyeka audyogika kendranI AsapAsa moTAM meTAM navAM zahera vasyAM. navI saDakaiA, navI relavee -- mATe bhAge vIjaLIthI cAlatI tathA navI nahero AMdhavAmAM AvI ane havAI vyavahAra ThekaThekANe zarU karavAmAM AvyA. rAsAyaNika padArthAMnA, yuddhasarajAma pedA karavAnA tema ja AjArA taiyAra karavAnA vagere udyogeA khIlavavAmAM AvyA ane seviyeTa rAjya pracaMDa eMjina, TrakaTaro, moTaro, TarabAIna eMjine, meTara eMjinA ane aroplenA vagere utpanna karavA lAgyuM. vizALa pradezamAM vIjaLInI vyavasthA thaI gaI ane reDiyAnA upayAga sarvasAmAnya thaI gayA. ekArInuM nAmanizAna rahyuM nahi kemake racanAkAya tema ja khIjAM kAma eTaluM badhuM hatuM ke temAM maLI zake eTalA badhAye majUro rokAI gayA. yogya tAlIma pAmelA ijaneraza paradezomAMthI paNa AvyA ane temane saharSa vadhAvI levAmAM AvyA. AnI sAthe sAthe e yAda rAkhavA jevuM che ke, yuropa tema ja amerikAmAM satra madInuM mojuM phrI vaLyuM hatuM tema ja tyAM AgaLa jabaradasta pramANamAM ekArI vadhI gaI hatI te vakhate raziyAmAM A sthiti hatI. -

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raziyAnI paMcavarSI yojanA 1323 paMcavarSI yojanAnuM kAma saraLatAthI AgaLa dhapyuM nahotuM. emAM aneka vAra bhAre muzkelIo AvI paDatI. keTalIka vAra sahakArane abhAva jaNAtA, bAjI UMdhI vaLI jatI ane nukasAna paNa thatuM. paraMtu AvI badhI muzkelI ADe AvyA chatAMye kAmane utsAha uttarottara vadhate ja gaye ane vadhu ne vadhu kAmanI mAgaNI thavA lAgI ane A virATa kAryakramane mATe pAMca varasanI mudata jANe pUratI TUMkI na hoya tema pachIthI pikAra UThayo "paMcavarSI yojanA cAra varasamAM'. 1932nI sAlanA DisembaranI 31mI tArIkhe eTale ke cAra varasane aMte e yojanAnI vidhipUrvaka pUrNAhuti thaI ane tarata ja, 1933nI sAlanA jAnyuArInI pahelI tArIkhathI navI paMcavarSI yejanA zarU karavAmAM AvI. paMcavaSI janAnI bAbatamAM le ke ghaNI vAra vAdavivAda kare che ane keTalAka kahe che ke tene apUrva saphaLatA maLI che ane bIjA keTalAka kahe che ke te niSphaLa nIvaDI che. kaI kaI bAbatamAM te niSphaLa nIvaDI e batAvavuM bahu saheluM che. kema ke keTalIka bAbatamAM tene dhArI saphaLatA nathI maLI. raziyAmAM Aje ghaNI bAbatamAM bhAre viSamatA jaNAya che. khAsa karIne tyAM AgaLa tAlIma pAmelA ane niSNAta kArIgaronI tANa che. kArakhAnAM calAvanAra yogya tAlIma dharAvanArA ijanere karatAM tyAM AgaLa kArakhAnAMo vadhAre che tema ja AvaDatavALA rasoIyAo karatAM vIzIo ane hoTele vadhAre che! A badhI viSamatAo bezaka theDA ja vakhatamAM dUra thaze athavA kaMI nahi te te ochI te thaze ja. eka vastu te dIvA jevI spaSTa che ke paMcavarSIyejanAe raziyAnI sUrata saMpUrNapaNe badalI nAkhI che. kyUDala avasthAmAMthI badalAIne te ekAeka AgaLa vadhele audyogika deza banI gayuM che. sAMskRtika dRSTie paNa tenI bhAre pragati thaI che. samAjanI sevAnAM sAdhane, prajAnI taMdurastI tathA sukhAkArInI sagavaDe tema ja akasmAtanA vImA vagerenI tenI vyavasthA duniyAbharamAM sauthI vyApaka ane ucca prakAranI che. tyAM AgaLa hADamArIo ane taMgAza che e kharuM paNa bIjA dezomAM majUro upara hamezAM jhajhUmI rahete bekArI ane bhUkhamarAne bhISaNa Dara tyAMthI naSTa thayuM che. tyAM AgaLa prajA Arthika salAmatInI eka navI ja bhAvanAno anubhava karI rahI che. paMcavarSI janAnI saphaLatA ke niSphaLatAnI carcA nirarthaka che. seviyeTa rAjanI AjanI sthiti e ja ene sAce javAba che. ane ene vadhu javAba e che ke, e yojanAe duniyAbharanA lokonA mAnasa upara asara karI che. Aje sau "janAnI - daza varSanI, pAMca varSanI ke traNa varSanI ejanAnI vAta kare che. seviyeTa rAjee e zabdane jAduI asaravALo banAvI dIdho che.

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181. seviyeTa rAjayanI muzkelIo, tenI saphaLatA ane niSphaLatA 11 julAI, 1923 * seviyeTa raziyAnI paMcavarSIyejanA e eka bhagIratha kArya hatuM. vAstavamAM e ekIsAthe karavAmAM AvelI aneka krAMtio hatI. khAsa karIne jUnI rIte karavAmAM AvatI nAnA pAyA uparanI khetIne badale moTA pAyA uparanI sAmUhika ane yAMtrika paddhatinI khetI dAkhala karanAra kRSiviSayaka tema ja raziyAnuM pavanavege udyogIkaraNa karanAra e audyogika krAMti hatI. paraMtu enI pAchaLa rahelI bhAvanA e prastuta lejanAnuM sauthI rasika lakSaNa hatuM. kemake rAjakAraNa tema ja udyoganA kSetramAM dAkhala thayelI e navI ja bhAvanA hatI. e vijJAnanI bhAvanA hatI - samAjaracanA karavAmAM kALajIpUrvaka vicArI kADhelI vaijJAnika paddhati akhatyAra karavAne e prayAsa hate. koI paNa dezamAM, sauthI AgaLa vadhelA dezamAM paNa, AvuM kadIye karavAmAM AvyuM nahotuM. ane manuSyane aMgenI tema ja sAmAjika bAbatomAM A vaijJAnika paddhati lAgu pADavI e soviyeTa lejanA athavA saMjananuM pradhAna lakSaNa che. seviyeTanA e udAharaNa uparathI ja AkhuM jagata Aje saMjananI vAta karI rahyuM che. paraMtu mUDIvAdI vyavasthAmAM jyAM samAjavyavasthAne pAyo ja harIphAI ane khAnagI milakatanAM sthApita hitenAM rakSaNa upara nirbhara hoya evI sthitimAM asarakAraka sAjana karavAnuM muzkela hoya che. paraMtu huM AgaLa kahI gaye chuM tema, paMcavarSI yojanAne kAraNe prajAne bhAre hADamArI ane muzkelIo veThavI paDI tema ja dezamAM bhAre UthalapAthala thavA pAmI. ene mATe prajAne bhAre kiMmata cUkavavI paDI. moTA bhAganA lokoe svecchApUrvaka e kiMmata cUkavI ane bhaviSyamAM AvanArA sArA samayanI AzAthI balidAna ApyAM ane yAtanAo dhIrajapUrvaka sahI lIdhI; paraMtu keTalAka lokoe e kiMmata anicchAe ane mAtra sarakAranA dabANane vaza thaIne ja cUkavI. emAM kulake athavA dhanika kheDUtene sauthI vizeSa sahana karavuM paDayuM. temanI khAsa lAgavaga ane dhanadolatane kAraNe teo navI vyavasthA sAthe potAne meLa sAdhI zakyA nahi, teo mUDIdAra hatA samAjavAdI paddhatithI sAmUhika khetInI khilavaNInA kAryamAM teo bAdhA nAkhatA hatA. ghaNI vAra te teo khetIne sAmUhika dhoraNa upara mUkavAno ja virodha karatA, athavA te tene aMdarathI durbaLa banAvavAne yA temAMthI vadhAre paDatA aMgata na karavAne teo kadI

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sAviyeTa rAjyanI muzkelIe, tenI saphaLatA ane niSphaLatA 1325 kadI e sAmUhika khetImAM dAkhala thatA. soviyeTa sarakAre temanI sAthe atizaya kaDaka rIte kAma lIdhuM. madhyama varganA ghaNuM leke sAthe paNa sarakAre kaDakapaNe kAma lIdhuM kAraNa ke tenA duzmananI vatI teo jAsUsI ane bhAMgapheDanuM kArya karI rahyA che e tene zaka hatuM. A kAraNe, saMkhyAbaMdha Ijanerane sajA karIne kedamAM mokalavAmAM AvyA. hAthamAM lIdhelI moTI moTI aneka yojanAo pAra pADavAne arthe ijanerenI te khAsa jarUra hatI eTale Ama karavAthI khuda paMcavaSa yejanAne paNa hAni pahoMcI. viSamatAo te tyAM AgaLa lagabhaga sarvatra hatI. mAlanI lAvalaijA karavAnI vyavasthA bahu ja pachAta hatI eTale kArakhAnAMo tema ja khetaramAM upanna thayele mAla bIje ThekANe laI javAnI anukULatAne abhAve ghaNI vAra lAMbA vakhata sudhI jyAMne tyAM ja paDI raheto ane AthI bIjI jagyAonuM kAma kathaLI jatuM. paNa Ijanere ane niSNAtenI taMgI e sauthI moTI muzkelI hatI. A paMcavaNa janAnAM varaso daramyAna duniyA athavA sAcuM kahetAM mUDIvAdI duniyA pahelAM teNe kadI na anubhavelI evI maMdIne anubhava karI rahI hatI. vepAra maMda paDato jato hato, kArakhAnAMo baMdha paDatAM hatAM ane bekArI vacce jatI hatI. khAdhAkhorAkInI vastuo tathA kAcA mAlanA bhAve atizaya ghaTI javAthI duniyAbharamAM kheDUta upara bhAre phaTako paDyo. jyAre bIje badhe pravRttine abhAva ane bekArI vatI rahyAM hatAM te ja vakhate seviyeTa rAjyamAM asAdhAraNa pravRtti ane kAmagIrI cAlI rahyAM hatAM e eka noMdhapAtra bInA che. seviyeTa rAjya jagavyApI maMdIthI jANe sAva aspRzya rahyuM hoya ema lAge che, tenI arthavyavasthAno pAye bilakula bhinna hatuM. paraMtu soviyeTa rAjya e maMdInA pariNAmamAMthI mukta na rahI zakyuM; pakSa rIte enI tenA upara asara thaI ane tethI tenI muzkelIo khUba vadhI gaI. AgaLa huM tane kahI gayuM chuM ke, soviyeTa rAjya paradezamAMthI yaMtro kharIdatuM hatuM ane pitAnI khetInI pedAza tyAM AgaLa vecIne tenI UpajamAMthI tenAM nANuM cUkavatuM hatuM. berAkInI vastuonA bhAva besI gayA eTale pitAnI anAjanI nikAsamAMthI seviyeTane ochAM nANAM maLatAM, paraMtu teNe kharIdelAM yaMtronI kiMmata cUkavavA mATe tene pUratA pramANamAM senuM UbhuM karavuM paDatuM eTale tene khAdhAkhorAkInI vastuonI vadhu ne vadhu nikAsa karavI paDatI. A rIte vepAranI jagavyApI maMdI tathA vastuonA bhAva besI javAne kAraNe seviyeTane bhAre khoTa gaI ane tenI keTalIye gaNatarIo UMdhI vaLI gaI. Ane lIdhe jIvanane jarUrI evI bIjI ghaNI vastuonI dezamAM vaLI vadhAre taMgI UbhI thaI ane ene pariNAme prajAnI hADamArI vadhI javA pAmI.

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1321 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana Ama eka bAjue khAdhAkhorAkInI vastuonI taMgI uttarottara vadhatI jatI hatI ane bIjI bAjue AkhAye seviyeTa rAjyamAM vastI kUdake ne bhUsake vadhe jatI hatI. khetInI pedAzanI pramANamAM bahu dhImI pragatine mukAbale vasatIne A jhaDapI vadhAre e seviyeTanI sAme Ubhe thayele mukhya prazna hate. krAMti pahelAM, soviyeTa rAjyanI hakUmata nIcenA AjanA pradezanI . vastI tera kareDanI hatI. AMtaravigrahamAM jAnamAlanI bhAre khuvArI thavA chatAMye e pachInAM varasomAM thayela vasatIne vadhAre joIe: sAla jana saMkhyA 1917 130,000,000 1926 149,000,000 1929 154,000,000 1930 158,000,000 - 1933 (vasaMta Rtune aMdAja) 165,000,000 A rIte paMdara varasa karatAM kaMIka vadhAre samayamAM soviyeTanI vastImAM sADA traNa karoDane vadhAre che. eTale ke e samaya daramyAna temanI vastImAM 26 TakAno vadhAro thaye ane e vastu asAdhAraNa che. ekaMdare jotAM AkhAye seviyeTa rAjyamAM vasatI vadhI eTaluM ja nahi paNa khAsa karIne zaheramAM te vadhavA pAmI. jUnAM zahera uttarottara moTAM thatAM gayAM ane raNapradezamAM tema ja "sTepejha" eTale ke bhejavALAM medAnamAM paNa navAM audyogika zahere UbhAM thayAM. paMcavarSI yojanA pramANe upADavAmAM AvelAM moTAM meTAM aneka kAryomAM kAma karavAnA AzayathI prerAIne saMkhyAbaMdha leke pitAnAM gAma cheDIne zaheramAM jaI vasyA. 1917nI sAlamAM seviyeTa rAjyamAM eka lAkhathI vadhu vastIvALAM covIsa zahero hatAM. 1926nI sAlamAM tyAM AgaLa evAM ekatrIza ane 1933nI sAlamAM pacAza karatAMye vadhAre zahere hatAM. paMdara varasanI aMdara seviyeTe se karatAMye vadhAre audyogika zahera UbhAM karyA hatAM. 1913nI sAlathI 1932nI sAla sudhImAM moskonI vasatI bevaDI thaI gaI eTale ke te 16 lAkhathI vadhIne 32 lAkhanI thaI gaI leninagrADanI vastImAM daza lAkhane vadhAre thaye ane te lagabhaga trIsa lAkha sudhI pahoMcI gaI. kekesasanI pelI pAra AvelA bAku zaheranI vastI paNa 334,000thI vadhIne 660,000 eTale ke bevaDI thaI gaI. ekaMdare jotAM zaheranI vastI 1913nI sAlamAM be karoDanI hatI te vadhIne 193ranI sAlamAM sADA traNa karoDanI thaI zaheramAM jaIne tyAMne majUra bananAra gAmaDAMne kheDUta anAjane utpAdaka maTI jAya che. kArakhAnAnA majUra ke kAmadAra tarIke te yaMtro ke ojAro

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seviyeTa rAjyanI muzkelIo, tenI saphaLatA ane niSphaLatA 13ra7 bhale banAve paNa anAjanA saMbaMdhamAM te te have upabhoga karanAra athavA kharIdanAra ja banI jAya che. kheDUte gAmaDAomAMthI zaheramAM jaI vasyA eTale ke anAjanA utpAdaka maTIne have teo mAtra te kharIdanArA athavA vAparanArA banyA. kherAkane aMgenI paristhiti muzkela banAvavAmAM A hakIkata paNa kAraNabhUta hatI. khorAkanI paristhiti muzkela banAvanAra bIjuM paNa eka kAraNa hatuM. dezanA vadhatA jatA udyogone kArakhAnAMo mATe vadhu ne vadhu kAcA mAlanI jarUra hatI. A rIte kApaDanAM kArakhAnAMone rUnI jarUra hatI. AthI kherAkInI vastuone badale ghaNuM moTA pradezamAM kapAsa tema ja kArakhAnAMo mATe joItA bIjA kAcA mAlanuM vAvetara karavAmAM AvyuM. AthI kherAkInI vastuonuM pramANa vaLI vadhAre ghaTavA pAmyuM. ( soviyeTanI vastImAM thayelI bhAre vRddhi e ja tenI AbAdIne asAdhAraNa purAvo hato. amerikAnI peThe e vadhAre bahAranA leke tyAM AgaLa AvIne vasavAne kAraNe nahote thayo. A vastu batAve che ke, prajAne bhAre hADamArI ane viTaMbaNAo veThavI paDatI hatI e kharuM paraMtu ekaMdare jotAM tyAM kharekhara bhUkhamare nahe. vaheMcaNInI kaDaka paddhati dvArA khorAkanI atizaya Avazyaka vastuo prajAne pahoMcADavAnI vyavasthA karavAmAM AvI hatI. adhikArI nirIkSake jaNAve che ke, vastImAM thayele jhaDapI vadhAre e ghaNe aMze prajAmAM pedA thayelI Arthika salAmatInI bhAvanAne AbhArI hatuM. tyAM AgaLa bALako mAbApane bhArarUpa nathI hotAM kema ke temanI saMbhALa rAkhavAne - temane khavaDAvavA pivaDAvavAne tema ja keLavaNI ApavAnuM rAjya taiyAra hatuM. vastInA vadhArAnuM kAraNa svacchatAnI thayelI pragati tema ja davAdArU tathA vaidyakIya madadanI sagavaDa hatI. ene kAraNe bALakanuM maraNapramANa 27 TakAthI ghaTIne 12 TakA thaI gayuM. 1913nI sAlamAM mekenuM maraNapramANa hajAre tevIzanuM hatuM; 1931nI sAlamAM te hajAre tera karatAMye ochuM thaI gayuM. adhUrAmAM pUruM 1931nI sAlamAM soviyeTa rAjyanA keTalAka bhAgamAM dukALa paDyo ane ene lIdhe khorAkane aMgenI muzkelI vadhI. 1971 ane 1932nI sAla daramyAna dUra pUrvamAM aneka vAra laDAInI bUma UDI hatI ane bIjI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAo sAthe maLIne jApAna humale kare evA DarathI jarUra UbhI thAya tyAre kAma lAge evA AzayathI soviyeTa sarakAre lazkarane mATe anAja tema ja barAkInI bIjI vastuone saMgraha karavA mAMDyo hate. raziyAnI eka jUnI kahevata che ke, "bhayanI AMkhe bahu moTI hoya che." e kahevata bALake ke prajAo yA te rASTro e saunI bAbatamAM keTalI badhI sAcI che! sAmyavAda tema ja mUDIvAda vacce sAcI suleha kadI paNa zakya nathI tathA

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1328 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sAmrAjyavAdI rASTra sAmyavAdane dAbI devAne hamezAM itejAra heya che. ane ene mATe teo niraMtara kAvAdAvA ane prapaMca karyA kare che. ethI karIne zevikene jIva sadAye UMce rahe che ane saheja paNa chaMcheDaNI thatAM temanI AMkha maTI thaI jAya che. ghaNI vAra temanI e ciMtA sakAraNa hoya che ane dezanI aMdara paNa moTA pAyA uparanA bhAMgapheDanA athavA te temanAM kArakhAnAo tathA bIjA meTA meTA udyogane nAza karavAnA prayAsane temane sAmane karavAne hema che. 1972nI sAla soviyeTa rAjya mATe bhAre kaTokaTInuM varasa hatuM. bhAMgapheDa tathA sAmudAyika mAlikInI milakatanI cerI sAme sarakAre atizaya kaDaka pagalAM bharyA. sAmudAyika khetInA bagIcAomAM cerInA AvA aneka banAvo banavA pAmyA hatA. sAmAnya rIte soviyeTamAM motanI sajA nathI paraMtu pratikrAMtinA dAkhalAomAM te dAkhala karavAmAM AvI. seviyeTa sarakAre e hukama bahAra pADyo ke sAmudAyika mAlikInI milakatanI corI karavI e pratikrAMti karavA barAbara che ane tethI e gunAne mATe motanI sajA karI zakAya. kemake, sTelinanA kahevA pramANe, "je mUDIvAdIoe ravAnA milakata pavitra tathA tene droha na karAya evI che ema jaNAvIne temanA samayamAM mUDIvAdI vyavasthAne majabUta banAvI te pachI ApaNe sAmyavAdIoe e rIte samAjavAdI arthavyavasthA majabUta banAvavAne mATe jAhera milakatane ethIye vizeSe karIne pavitra ane tene droha na karI zakAya evI che ema jaNAvavuM joIe." lakAnI hADamArI haLavI karavA mATe seviyeTa sarakAre bIjA upAyo paNa lIdhA. sAmUhika khetare tema ja vyaktigata khetarene pitAnI vadhArAnI pedAza sIdhesIdhI zaheranA bajAramAM vecavAnI chUTa ApavAmAM AvI e ene mATe sauthI mahattvano upAya hate. A vastu ApaNane, lazkarI athavA uddAma prakAranA sAmyavAdanA kALa pachI navI Arthika nItino amala karavAmAM Avyo hato tenI kaMIka aMze yAda Ape che. paraMtu te vakhatanA karatAM seviyeTa rAjya have sAva badalAI gayuM hatuM. samAjavAdanI dizAmAM e ghaNuM AgaLa vadhyuM che, have te audyogika banyuM che tema ja tenI khetI ghaNe moTe bhAge sAmUhika athavA sAmudAyika banI gaI che. 1929thI 1933nA gALAmAM khetInA be lAkha sAmUhika bagIcAo taiyAra karavAmAM AvyA che tema ja tyAM AgaLa rAjya taraphathI calAvavAmAM AvatA lagabhaga pAMca hajAra khetInA bagIcAo paNa che. rAjya taraphathI calAvavAmAM AvatA khetInA bagIcAo Itara bagIcAo mATe AdarzarUpa hovAnuM mAnavAmAM Ave che ane evA keTalAka bagIcAo te bahu ja moTA che. e gALAmAM bIjA eka lAkha vIsa hajAra TekaTare dAkhala karavAmAM AvyAM ane

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sAviyeta rAjyanI muzkelIe, tenI saphaLatA ane niSphaLatA 1329 lagabhaga kula kheDUtAnA khe tRtIyAMza jeTalA kheDUto A sAmUhika khetInA bagIcAAmAM joDAI gayA che. AzcaryakAraka pragati karanAra bIjI eka pravRtti sahakArI saMsthAnI che. 1928nI sAlamAM dharAkAnA athavA vaparAzanI vastu kharIdanArAonAM sahakArI maMDaLanA sabhyA 26,500,000 hatA, 1933nI sAlamAM e maMDaLanA sabhyA 75,880,000 hatA. e maDaLanI mAlanuM jathAbaMdha vecANa karanArI tathA chUTaka vecANa karanArI dukAneA AkhAye seviyeTa rAjyamAM -- tenA dUramAM dUra AvelA bhAgamAM paNa ThekaThekANe che. 1936nI sAlanA jAnyuArI mAsanI 1lI tArIkhe bIjI paMcavarSI yojanAnA AraMbha thayA. enA uddeza, jIvananuM dhAraNa jhapATAbhera UMcuM kare evA haLavA udyAgo UbhA karavAneA hato. pahelI paMcavI ceAjanAnI hADamArIe tathA taMgI veDyA pachI A khIjI paMcavarSI yojanA dvArA vadhu sukhasagavaDa tema ja jIvavAnI vadhu sArI sthiti pUrI pADavAnI AzA sevavAmAM AvatI hatI. jarUrI yaMtrA mATe have paradezA upara AdhAra rAkhavApaNuM rahyuM nahatuM kema ke seviyeTanA bhAre udyAgo e yatrA pUrAM pADI zake ema hatuM. ethI karIne, paradezamAM kharIdelA mAlanI kiMmata cUkavavA mATe khAdhAkhArAkInI vastuonI nikAsa karavAnA seviyeTa uparanA bAjo paNa A thayA. sAmUhika khetInA bagIcAnA kheDUtonI pariSada samakSa bhANuM karatAM oNline 1933nI sAlamAM jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, amArI pahelI pharaja sAmUhika khetI karanArA kheDUtAne sapanna banAvavA e che. hA, birAdarA, tamane saMpanna banAvavA che. keTalIka vAra leAkeA kahe che ke, samAjavAdI vyavasthAmAM paNa vaLI kAma karavAnuM kevuM? ame pahelAMye kAma karatA hatA ane Aje paNa kAma karIe chIe. hajI kAmane rAma rAma kahevAne vakhata nathI Avye ? nA, samAjavAdI vyavasthA te| . majUrInA pAyA upara racAyelI che. samAjavAda tA mAge che ke pratyeka mANasa prAmANikapaNe kAma kare khIjAo mATe nahi, dhanikA mATe nahi, zASakA mATe nahi paNa peAtAne mATe, samAjane mATe kAma kare." . kk kAma to rahe ja che ane rahevuM joIe paNa; jo ke, AraMbhamAM sayeAjananAM kaseATInAM varasA pachI te AnaMdajanaka ane haLavuM banavAnA saMbhava rahe che. kharekhara seviyeTa rAjyanuM ! e sUtra che ke, je kAma na kare te khAya paNa nahi. ' paraMtu elzevikAe kAma karavAne mATe eka navI preraNA umerI che. e che sAmAjika unnatine arthe kAma karavAnI preraNA. bhUtakALamAM AdarzavAdI tathA chUTIchavAI vyaktie e prakAranA protsAhanathI doravAI ne pravRtti karavAne prerAI hatI. paraMtu A pahelAM kAI AkhA samAje e Azaya mAnya rAkhyA hAya ane tenAthI doravAIne kArya karavAne prerAye

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1330 ' jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana heya e eke dAkhale maLatuM nathI. harIphAItema ja bIjAone bhoge hamezAM vyaktigata na meLavavuM e vastu mUDIvAdanA khuda pAyAmAM ja rahelI che. soviyeTa rAjyamAM sAmAjika unnatine A Azaya naphAnA AzayanuM sthAna laI rahyo che. ane eka amerikana lekhakanA kahevA mujaba "parasparAvalaMbanane svIkAra karavAthI dAriya ane bhayamAMthI mukti maLe che." e vastu soviyeTanA kAmadAro zIkhI rahyA che. sarvatra janatAnI pITha upara savArI karI rahelA dAridra tathA asalAmatInA bhayane soviyeTe rUkhasada ApI e tenI eka mahA meTI siddhi che. ema kahevAya che ke e rAhatane kAraNe soviyeTa rAjyamAMthI mAnasika rogane aMta Avyo che Ama, A bhAre parizramanAM varasa daramyAna soviyeTa rAjyamAM sarvatra ane sarvAgI pragati thaI che. hA, e pragati bhAre hADamArI veThavAne pariNAme thaI ane temAM sapramANatA jaLavAI nahotI e kharuM paraMtu ema chatAMye e varaso daramyAna zahera vadhyAM, udyoga vadhyA, moTA moTA sAmUhika khetInA bagIcAo UbhA thayA tema ja jabaradasta sahakArI saMsthAo UbhI thaI tathA vepAra rojagAra, vasatI, saMskRti, vijJAna ane vidyA e badhAMnI paNa vRddhi thavA pAmI. A uparAMta, e varase daramyAna, bAlTika samudrathI mAMDIne prazAnta mahAsAgara sudhI ane madhya eziyAmAM pAmIra ane hiMdukuza parvata sudhI vistarelA soviyeTa rAjyanI bhinna bhinna asaMkhya jAtio athavA prajAomAM ekatA ane AtmIyatAnI bhAvanA pragaTI. seviyeTa rAjyamAM keLavaNI, vijJAna ane sAmAnya rIte saMskRtinI thayelI pragati viSe tane lakhavAne mane lebha thaI Ave che paraMtu mAre mArA e lebha upara kAbU rAkha joIe. paraMtu tene majA paDe evI thoDI ADIteDI hakIkate te mAre tene kahevI ja joIe. adhikArI nirIkSakonI mAnyatA pramANe seviyeTanI zikSaNa paddhati Aje jagatabharamAM sarvottama ane sauthI vadhAre Adhunika DhabanI che. nirakSaratA te tyAMthI lagabhaga adazya thaI gaI che. madhya eziyAmAM AvelA ujhabekistAna ane turkamInistAna jevA pachAta pradezomAM paNa e dizAmAM thayelI pragati AzcaryakAraka che. madhya eziyAnA A pradezamAM 1913nI sAlamAM 126 zALAo hatI ane 6ra00 vidyAthIo hatA. 192nI sAlamAM tyAM AgaLa 6975 zALAo hatI ane 700,000 vidyArthIo hatA, jemAM trIjA bhAga karatAMye vadhAre kanyAo hatI. tyAM sAmudAyika pharajiyAta zikSaNa dAkhala karavAmAM AvyuM che. A asAdhAraNa pragati barAbara samajavA mATe tAre e hakIkta lakSamAM rAkhavI joIe ke duniyAnA A bhAgamAM cheka hamaNAM sudhI kanyAone paDadA pAchaLa goMdhI rAkhavAmAM AvatI hatI ane temane bahAra jAheramAM AvavA devAmAM AvatI nahatI. A pragati

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seviyeTa rAjyanI muzkelIo, tenI saphaLatA ane niSphaLatA 133 tyAM laeNTina lipi dAkhala karavAmAM AvI tene AbhArI hatI kema ke, judI judI sthAnika lipionA karatAM e lipie prAthamika keLavaNInuM kAma ghaNuM sugama karI mUkayuM ema kahevAmAM Ave che. huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM ke kamAla pAzAe arabI lipine badale laeNTina lipi dAkhala karI hatI e hakIkta tane yAda haze. seviyeTanA prayoga uparathI tene e kalpanA AvI hatI tathA bIjI bhASAne baMdha bese evA pheraphAravALI varNamALA paNa tene soviyeTa pAsethI ja maLI. 1924nI sAlamAM kokesasanAM prajAsattAkoe arabI lipi choDI daIne laeNTina lipine svIkAra karyo. nirakSaratA dUra karavAmAM ene bhAre saphaLatA maLI ane seviyeTa rAjyanI cInI, maMgala, turka, tAtAra, buriyata, bakkIra, tAjIka tema ja bIjI aneka jAtioe A leTina lipine svIkAra karyo. prAthamika keLavaNIne mATe bhASA te sthAnika rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI mAtra lipi ja badalavAmAM AvI hatI. tane e jANIne AnaMda thaze ke, seviyeTa rAjyamAM zALAmAM bhaNatAM betRtIyAMza karatAMye vadhAre bALakone zALAomAM garama garama nAsto ApavAmAM Ave che. bezaka e nAsto maphata ja ApavAmAM Ave che ane khuda keLavaNI paNa maphata ApavAmAM Ave che. majUranA rAjyamAM ema hovuM ja joIe. | akSarajJAnane vikAsa ane keLavaNInI pragati thavAne kAraNe vAMcanArAone eka meTe varga Ubho thayo che ane ghaNuM karIne bIjA dezo karatAM seviyeTa rAjyamAM vadhAre pustaka chapAya che ane chApAMo bahAra paDe che. moTe bhAge e pustako gaMbhIra prakAranAM ane "bhAre" hoya che. bIjA dezomAM bahAra paDatI haLavI navalakathAo jevAM te nathI hotAM. ijanerI tema ja vIjaLInI bAbatamAM raziyAnA kAmadArane eTale badhe rasa che ke vArtAnI copaDIo vAMcavA karatAM te e viSayanAM pustaka vAMcavAnuM pasaMda kare che. paraMtu bALakane mATe te tyAM bahu ja majAnI copaDIo hoya che ane temAM parIkathAone paNa samAveza thAya che. joke, custa bovike parIkathAone pasaMda karatA nathI. vijJAnanA kSetramAM -- zuddha vijJAna tema ja asaMkhya rIte tene vyavahAramAM lAgu pADavAnI bAbatamAM -- te seviyeTa raziyAe kyAranuM prathama sthAna prApta karyuM che. tyAM AgaLa vijJAnanI judI judI zALAonI saMsthAo tathA tenA prayoga mATenAM mathake UbhAM thayAM che. leninagrADamAM cheDavAonA udyoganI eka jabaradasta saMsthA che ane temAM judI judI 28,000 jAtanA ghauM che. e saMsthA eroplena dvArA DAMgaranuM vAvetara karavAnA prayoga karI rahI che. kAra tathA amIraumarAnA purANA mahele have lekane mATenAM saMprahasthAna, ArAmagRhe tathA svAsthagRhanA rUpamAM pheravAI gayA che. leninagrADanI pAse ja eka nAnakaDo kasaba che. pahelAM leke ene "jhArake sela" eTale ke jhAranuM gAma" kahetA hatA. tyAM AgaLa jhAranA be mahele hatA ane unALAmAM

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1332 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana jhAra tyAM raheto hato. enuM nAma badalIne have "deska sele" eTale ke bALakanuM gAma' rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che ane mArA dhAravA pramANe e purANa mahelano upayoga bALake tema ja taraNa mATe karavAmAM Ave che. seviyeTamAM Aje bALako tathA tarUNenAM bahu mAna che ane bIjAone bhale taMgI veThavI paDe paNa temane te dareka vastu uttamottama maLe che. AjanI peDhI temane athe ja parizrama karI rahI che, kemake, pitAnA jIvanakALa daramyAna e peDhI tene chevaTanuM svarUpa ApavAmAM saphaLa nIvaDe te e samAjavAdI ane vaijJAnika paddhatinA rAjyanA teo ja vArasa banavAnA che. meskomAM "mAtA ane bALakanA saMrakSaNa mATenI madhyastha saMsthA' che. mArA dhAravA pramANe bIjA koI paNa deza karatAM tyAM AgaLa strIone vadhAre svataMtratA che. e uparAMta, rAjya taraphathI temane khAsa saMrakSaNa maLe che. tyAM AgaLa strIo kaI paNa dhaMdhAmAM dAkhala thaI zake che ane ghaNI meTI saMkhyAmAM strI ijanere paNa che. paNa sarakAra taraphathI elacInA hoddA upara nimAnAra pahelavahelI strI jUnI bazevika, maeNDama kolantAI hatI. leninanI vidhavA pharUkAyA soviyeTanA keLavaNIkhAtAnI eka zAkhAnI adhyakSa che. roje roja ane kalAke kalAke A badhA pheraphAro tyAM thatA hovAne kAraNe seviyeTa rAjya e romAMcakArI mulaka banI gayuM che. paraMtu sAiberiyAnAM verAna sTepejha eTale ke bhejavALAM medAna ane madhya eziyAnI prAcIna khINe sauthI vizeSa re mAMcakArI ane AkarSaka che. e baMne pradeza aneka peDhIothI mAnavI parivartana ane pragatithI aLagA paDI gayA hatA paraMtu Aje te e baMne kUdake ne bhUsake AgaLa vadhI rahyA che, soviyeTa rAjyamAM thayelA e jhaDapI pheraphArane tane kaMIka khyAla ApavA mATe tAjIkistAna viSe huM tane kaMIka kahIza. ghaNuM karIne soviyeTa rAjyane e sauthI pachAta mulaka che. - tAjIkistAna akSa nadInI uttare pAmIra parvatamALAnI khINamAM AveluM che. tenI eka bAju aphaghAnistAna ane bIjI bAjue cinAI turkastAna AveluM che ane hiMdanI sarahadathI te bahu dUra nathI. e bukhArAnA amIronI hakUmata nIce hatA. e amIre raziyAnA jhAranA khaMDiyA rAjA hatA. 1920nI sAlamAM bukhArAmAM sthAnika krAMti thaI ane amIrane hAMkI mUkavAmAM AvyuM tathA bukhArAnA lekee tyAM seviyeTa prajAsattAkanI sthApanA karI. e pachI tyAM AMtaravigraha thayo ane A aMdhAdhUMdhI daramyAna ja turkInA eka vakhatanA netA anavara pAzAnuM mRtyu thayuM hatuM. bukhArAnA prajAsattAkanuM nAma "ujhabekanuM samAjavAdI seviyeTa prajAsattAka rAkhavAmAM AvyuM ane te seviyeTa rAjyanuM eka aMgabhUta svAyatta athavA

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seAviyeTa rAjyanI muzkelIo, tenI saphaLatA ane niSphaLatA 1333 sarva sattAdhIza prajAsattAka banyuM. 1925nI sAlamAM ujhaeka pradezanI aMdara ja tAjIkanuM sva-zAsita prajAsattAka UbhuM thayuM. 1929nI sAlamAM tAjIkistAnanuM svAyatta athavA sarvasattAdhIza prajAsattAka banyuM. ane te seviyeTa samavAyataMtranA sAta rAjyeAmAMnuM eka che. tAkistAnane svAyatta rAjyane darajjo tA prApta thayA, paraMtu e eka nAnakaDe ane pachAta deza che tathA tenI vastI daza lAkha karatAMye ochI che. tyAM AgaLa avarajavara mATenAM kazAM sAdhanA nathI ane je kaMI rastA che te UMTanI avarajavara mATenA che. navA amalamAM rastAo, khetI, khetIne pANI ApavAnAM sAdhanA, udyogA, keLavaNI tema ja svAsthya aMgenAM sAdhano vagere sudhAravAnAM tAtkAlika pagalAM bharavAmAM AvyAM. meTaranA rastA bAMdhavAmAM AvyA, kapAsanuM vAvetara zarU karavAmAM AvyuM ane pANInI sagavaDa thavAne kAraNe tenA pAka bahu ja saphaLa thayA. 1931nI sAlanI adhavaca sudhImAM 60 TakA karatAMye vadhAre kapAsanI khetInA bagIcAone sAmUhika karI devAmAM AvyA tema ja meTA bhAganAM anAjanAM khetarone paNa sAmUhika banAvI devAmAM AvyAM. vIjaLInuM kArakhAnuM bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM ane ATha sutarAu kApaDanI mile tathA traNa telanI mile tyAM AgaLa UbhI thaI. ujhabekistAnamAM thaIne soviyeTa rAjyanI relave lAina sAthe joDatI eka relave lAIna paNa tyAM bAMdhavAmAM AvI tema ja mukhya havAI mArga sAthe e dezanuM joDANa karatA vimAnI vahevAra paNa tyAM zarU karI devAmAM AvyA. 1929nI sAlamAM AkhA dezamAM mAtra eka ja davAkhAnuM hatuM. 1932nI sAlamAM tyAM AgaLa 61 spitAlA ane 37 dAMtanAM davAkhAnAM thaI gayAM. ispitAlAmAM dardIo mATenAM ekadare 2125 bichAnAM hatAM ane 20 dAktarA hatA. nIcenA AMkaDAo uparathI keLavaNInA kSetramAM thayelI pragatinA khyAla karI zakAya. 1925nI sAlamAM mAtra 6 Adhunika zALA. : 1926nA aMtamAM : 113 zALAo ane 2300 vidyAthIo. 1929nI sAlamAM : 500 zALAo. 1971nI sAlamAM: 2000 karatAMye vadhAre keLavaNInI saMsthA ane 120,000 karatAMye vadhAre vidyAthI o. alabatta, keLavaNInI pAchaLa karavAmAM AvelA kharacanA AMkaDA kUdake ne bhUsake vadhI gayA. 1929-30nuM zALAnuM kharaca 80 lAkha rUbalanuM (eka rUbala sAmAnya rIte e ziliMganI barAbara hoya che paNa tenA mUlyamAM pheraphAra thato rahe che.) hatuM. ane 1930-31nuM kharaca be karoDa eMzI lAkha rUbalanuM hatuM. sAmAnya zALAe uparAMta tyAM AgaLa kinDaragArTana eTale ke zizu-zALAo, 6-42

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1334 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana TreniMga skUlo, pustakAlayeA ane vAcanAlayA vagere paNa udhADavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. tyAMnI prajAmAM jJAnanI asAdhAraNa bhUkha jAgI hatI. A sthitimAM paDadA pAchaLa strIonA ekAMtavAsa bhAgye ja cAlu rahI zake ane e rivAja jhapATAbhera naSTa thatA jAya che. A badhuM ApaNane lagabhaga mAnyAmAM na Ave evuM lAge che. A badhI khabaro ane AMkaDA me eka adhikArI amerikana nirIkSakanA hevAlamAMthI lIdhA che, teNe 1972nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM tAkistAnanI mulAkAta lIdhI hatI. dhaNuM karIne tyAra pachI bIjA ghaNA pheraphAro tyAM thavA pAmyA che. ema jaNAya che ke, soviyeTa rAjye keLavaNIne arthe tema ja bIjI vastuone mATe paNa tAkanA taruNa prajAsattAkane nANAMnI madada karI hatI. kAraNa ke, pachAta pradezAne AgaLa lAvavA e tenI nIti che. paraMtu e dezamAM khanija saMpatti sArI peThe hoya ema jaNAya che. seAnuM, tela ane kAlasa vagere tyAM zodhI kADhavAmAM AvyAM che ane tyAMnI bhUmimAM sAnAnA jathe sArA pramANamAM che ema mAnavAmAM Ave che. prAcIna kALamAM, caMgIjhakhAnanA samaya sudhI khANAmAMthI sAtuM khAdI kADhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM paraMtu tyAra pachI e khANAnuM kAma baMdha paDI gayuM hoya ema jaNAya che. 1931nI sAlamAM tAkistAnamAM krAMti virodhI khaMDa thayuM hatuM. akbAnistAnamAM nAsI chUTelA dhanika jamInadAra lokeAe e deza upara caDAI karI hatI. paraMtu kheDUte e emAM madana ApI eTale e baMDa ApameLe ja baMdha thaI gayuM. ' A patra dhaNA lAMkho ane aneka vastunA khIcaDA jevA thaI gayA che. paraMtu AMtararASTrIya kSetramAM seviyeTanI kAmagIrI viSe mAre tane thaDu kahevuM joI e. seviyeTa kaeNlega karAra upara sahI karI hatI e te tuM jANe ja che. ekarAra viSe ema dhAravAmAM AvatuM hatuM ke te yuddhane ekAyadA ' rAve che. 1929nI sAlamAM seviyeTa ane tenA paDeAzIo vacce liTavIneva karAra paNa thayA. sulehazAMti jALavI rAkhavAnI tenI iSThAne kAraNe raziyA judAjudA dezA sAthe 'binaAkramaNanA karAro karatuM ja gayuM. seviyeTanA badhA paDeAzIomAMthI mAtra eka jApAna ja evA karAra karavAnI AAbatamAM saMmata na thayuM. 1932nI sAlanA navembara mAsamAM raziyA ane phrAMsa vacce binaAkramaNane karAra thayA. jagatanA rAjakAraNamAM e eka mahattvanA banAva hatA kemake, ene lIdhe raziyA pazcima yuropanA rAjakAraNamAM dAkhala thayuM. . cupakIdIbharI duzmanAvaTanA ane rAjadvArI saMbadhA vinAnA lAMbA gALA pachI jApAna taraphathI mancUriyAmAM tenA upara bhAre dhmANa thayuM tyAre cIne krIthI seviyeTa sarakArane mAnya karI, jApAnane raziyA sAthe rAjadvArI saMbaMdho >

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seviyeTa rAjyanI muzkelIo, tenI saphaLatA ane niSphaLatA 1335 hatA paraMtu temane paraspara saMbaMdha eka sarakhI rIte kharAba rahyo hate. eziyA khaMDanI bhUmi uparanI jApAnanI mahattvAkAMkSAonA mArgamAM raziyA eka aMtarAyarUpa thaIne UbhuM che. ane temanI vacce sarahadane aMge vAraMvAra jhaghaDA thayA kare che. jApAnanI sarakAra soviyeTane hamezAM ghecaparANe karatI rahe che. ane temanI vacce yuddha phATI nIkaLavAnI aneka vAra vAte UDe che. paraMtu dara vakhate raziyAe yuddha karavA karatAM apamAna gaLI javAnuM ja ucita dhAyuM che. iMgleMDa ane raziyA vaccenuM gharSaNa e AMtararASTrIya rAjakAraNanuM eka kAyamI lakSaNa che. 1993nI sAlamAM meskamAM briTiza ijanere upara kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM tene pariNAme baMne dezoe badalo vALavA mATe sAmasAmAM pagalAM bharyA. paraMtu e tophAna pasAra thaI gayuM ane temanI vacce pharI pAchA hameza mujabanA saMbaMdhe baMdhAyA. amerikA ane raziyAnAM hite vacce duniyAbharamAM kyAMye bhAgye ja gharSaNa thavA pAme che. paraMtu, jarmanImAM nAjhI sarakArane udaya thavAthI raziyAne mATe eka AkramaNakArI ane ugra e no duzmana pedA thayela che. te sIdhI rIte te raziyAne jhAjhuM nukasAna karI zake ema nathI paNa bhaviSyanuM te eka bhAre jokhama che. yuropamAM phAsIvAdI valaNa vadhatuM jAya che. - AMtararASTrIya kSetramAM soviyeTa raziyA ghaNuMkharuM eka saMtuSTa sattAnI jema varte che. te hareka prakAranI muzkelIo TALavAne ane kaI paNa bhoge sulehazAMti TakAvI rAkhavAno prayatna karI rahyuM che. bIjA dezomAM krAMtinI pravRttione uttejana ApanArI krAMtikArI nItithI e vastu sAva UlaTI che. bahAranI badhIye gUMcavaNothI aLagA rahevAnI tema ja eka ja dezamAM samAjavAdI vyavasthA nirmANa karavAnI e rASTrIya nIti che. ene pariNAme, anivAryapaNe sAmrAjyavAdI tema ja mUDIvAdI sattAo sAthe bAMdhachoDa athavA samajUtI karavI paDe che. paraMtu soviyeTa arthavyavasthAno pAye tattvataH te samAjavAdI ja rahe che ane ene maLelI saphaLatA e ja samAjavAdanI tarapheNanI eka sabaLa dalIla che. 1933nA julAImAM soviyeTa raziyAnI e sthiti hatI. te vakhate laMDanamAM jagatanI Arthika pariSada bharAI hatI. A prasaMgane lAbha laIne prastuta pariSadamAM hAjara rahelA aphaghAnistAna, esToniyA, leTaviyA, IrAna, pileMDa, rUmAniyA, tuka ane lithuAniyA vagere pitAnA pADozIo sAthe raziyAe binaAkramaNanA karAra karyA. jApAna A vakhate paNa pahelAMnI peThe emAMthI aLaguM rahyuM.

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182. vijJAnanI pragati 13 julAI, 1933 mahAyuddha pachInAM varasa daramyAna banelA rAjakIya banAnI bAbatamAM meM tane vistArathI lakhyuM che. e samaya daramyAna duniyAbharamAM thayelA Arthika pheraphAro viSe paNa meM tane thoDuM lakhyuM che. A patramAM huM tane bIjI bAbate viSe, khAsa karIne vijJAna viSe tathA tenI asara viSe lakhavA mAguM chuM. paraMtu huM vijJAnanI vAta upara AvuM te pahelAM, mahAyuddha pachI strIonI sthitimAM thayelA bhAre pheraphAranI mAre tane pharIthI yAda ApavI joIe. kAyadAnAM, samAjanAM tema ja rUDhinAM baMdhanamAMthI strIonI A kahevAtI mukti"nI zarUAta 19mI sadIthI thaI hatI. e kALamAM moTA meTA udyoga zarU thayA ane temAM strImajUrone paNa sthAna maLyuM. 19mI sadImAM strIonI muktinI dizAmAM dhImI pragati thaI. pachIthI yuddhakALanI sthitie e prakriyA jhaDapI banAvI ane mahAyuddha pachInAM varasamAM te te lagabhaga saMpUrNatAe pahoMcI. jene viSe huM mArA AgalA patramAM tane lakhI gayo chuM te tAjIkistAnamAM paNa Aje pitAnA strI dAktare, zikSaka ane ijanere che. thoDA ja vakhata pahelAM tyAMnI strIo paDadAmAM rahetI hatI. tuM tema ja tArI peDhI te ghaNuM karIne ema ja mAnaze ke A badhuM pahelethI cAlatuM ja AvyuM che. ane Ama chatAMye mAtra eziyAmAM nahi paNa yuropamAMye e vastu navI ja che. te karatAM ochAM varase upara, 1840nI sAlamAM laMDanamAM gulAmI virodhI pariSada" maLI hatI. emAM amerikAthI strIo pratinidhio tarIke AvI hatI. tyAM AgaLa habasI gulAmanA prazna ghaNA lokonA manamAM bhAre gaDamathala pedA karI hatI. paraMtu, kaI paNa strIe jAherasabhAmAM bhAga le e anucita ane AkhIye strI jAtinI ardhagati karanAruM che e kAraNasara pariSade strI pratinidhione dAkhala karavAnI nA pADI hatI ! ane have ApaNe vijJAna upara AvIe. soviyeTa raziyAnI paMcavarSI janAnI vAta karatAM meM tane kahyuM hatuM ke, emAM sAmAjika bAbatene viSe vijJAnanI bhAvanA kAme lagADavAmAM AvI hatI. amuka aMze, chellAM doDha varasathI pazcimanI sabhyatAnI pAchaLa e ja bhAvanA kArya karI rahI hatI. e bhAvanAnI asara vadhatI gaI tema tema ajJAna, jAdu ane vahema upara racAyelA vicAre bAjue dhakelAtA jAya che ane vijJAnane susaMgata na hoya evI paddhatio ane kriyAono virodha karavAmAM Ave che. ene artha e nathI ke ajJAna, jAdu ane vahema upara vijJAnanI bhAvanAe saMpUrNa vijaya meLavyo

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1330 vijJAnanI pragati che. nA, hajI to dilhI bahu dUra che. paraMtu e dizAmAM bezaka bhAre prAMta thaI che ane 19mI sadImAM keTalIye bhAkhatAmAM e bhAvanAne jvalaMta vijaya thayA che. udyogo tema ja vanane vijJAnanI paddhati lAgu pADavAthI 19mI sadImAM bhAre pheraphAro thavA pAmyA hatA e viSe huM tane AgaLa lakhI cUkyo chuM. e pheraphArane kAraNe duniyAnI ane khAsa karIne pazcima yuropa ane uttara amerikAnI sUrata badalAI gaI, AgaLanAM hajAro varasA daramyAna jeTalA pheraphArA naheAtA thayA eTalA pheraphAro e eka sadI daramyAna temanAmAM thavA pAmyA. 19mI sadI daramyAna, yurApanI vastImAM thayelA jabaradasta vadhAro eka AzcaryakAraka ghaTanA che. 1800nI sAlamAM AkhAye yuropanI vasatI 18 karoDanI hatI. dhIme dhIme vadhIne yugeAnA yuga pachI yuropanI vasatI eTalI thaI hatI. pachI te kUdake ne bhUsake vadhavA lAgI ane 1914nI sAlamAM te 46 karoDanI thaI. vaLI, e samaya daramyAna yurApanA lAkA lAkhonI sa MkhyAmAM khIjA khaMDeAmAM ane khAsa karIne amerikA vasavATa karavAne yuropa cheoDI gayA hatA. evA paradezAmAM jaI vasanArA lokAne AMkaDA ApaNe cAra karoDanA mUkIe. A rIte, sA karatAM kaMIka vadhAre varasAnA samaya daramyAna yuropanI vastI 18 karoDathI vadhIne lagabhaga 50 karoDa jeTalI thaI. vastInA khAsa dhyAna kheMce evA vadhAro yuropanA audyogika dezomAM thavA pAmyA hatA. 18mI sadInA Ara MbhamAM iMgleMDanI vasatI mAtra pAMca lAkhanI hatI ane pazcima yuropamAM te sauthI garIba deza hato. e duniyAnA sauthI vadhAre tavagara deza banyA ane tenI vastI vadhIne 4 karoDanI thaI gaI. nisarganI prakriyA upara vadhAre kAbU prApta thavAthI athavA sAcu kahetAM e viSenI samaja vadhavAthI A vastI ane saMpattine vadhAro thavA pAmyA. vijJAnanA jJAnane kAraNe e vastu zakya banI. mANasanA jJAnamAM te ghaNA vadhAro thayA paraMtu ema na dhArI laIza ke ethI karIne anivAya paNe tenI samaja athavA DahApaNamAM paNa vadhAre thayA. potAnA jIvananuM dhyeya zuM che athavA zuM hovuM joIe e viSenA kAI paNa prakAranA spaSTa khyAla vinA ja mANasA nisarganAM baLAnuM niya MtraNa kare che ane tenA upayoga kare che. vegIlI moTara upayAgI ane inkvAjoga vastu che, paraMtu emAM esIne kyAM javuM che enI mANasane barAbara khabara hovI joIe. jo ene kharAkhara calAvavAmAM na Ave te kAI TekarAnI dhAra uparathI te nIce paDI jAya. briTiza eNsesiyezana Ak sAyansanA pramukhe tAjetaramAM jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, potAnI jAta upara kevI rIte kAbU rAkhavA te jANyA pahelAM ja nisarga uparano kAbU mANasano hAthamAM mUkavAmAM AvyeA che.' 6

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna ( ' relave, eNrAplene, vIjaLI, vAyaralesa ane vijJAnamAMthI nIpajelI evI khIjI aneka vastuo vI rIte astitvamAM AvI te viSe vicAra karyAM vinA ja ApaNAmAMnA ghaNA moTA bhAganA loko temano upayoga kare che. e meLavavA mATe jANe ApaNe adhikArI hoIe ema ApaNe e badhI vastuone viSe mAnI laIe chIe. ane ApaNe AgaLa vadhelA yugamAM jIvIe chIe tathA ApaNe pote paNa AgaLa vadhelA ' chIe e hakIkata mATe ApaNe sau magarUrI laI e chIe. AgaLanA yugeA karatAM ApaNA yuga bilakula bhinna che e vastu nirvivAda che ane mane lAge che ke, e AgaLanA yugA karatAM ghaNA AgaLa vadhelA che ema kahevuM e saMpUrNapaNe sAcuM che. paraMtu ene artha evA nathI vyakti ke samUho tarIke ApaNe pahelAM karatAM ghaNAM AgaLa vadhelAM chIe. eMjina hAMkanAre eMjina hAMkI zake che ane pleTa tathA saoNkreTisa e hAMkI zakatA na hatA eTalA khAtara enjina hAMkanArA pleTa ane sAkreTisa karatAM vadhAre AgaLa vadhelA ke caDiyAtA che ema kahevuM e te bevakUphInI parAkASTA kahevAya. paraMtu pleTAnA samayanA ratha karatAM eMjina e vahananuM vadhAre AgaLa vadheluM sAdhana che ema kahevuM e bilakula vAjabI che. AjakAla ApaNe saMkhyAbaMdha pustaka vAMcIe chIe ane mane lAge che ke emAMnAM ghaNAMkharAM pustake vAhiyAta hoya che. prAcIna samayamAM leka gaNyAMgAMThyAM pustakA vAMcatA paraMtu e sArAM pustakA hatAM ane lekAne temanuM sAruM jJAna hatuM. spinejhA yuropanA eka moTAmAM moTA philasUpha hatA. te sama vidvAna ane jJAnI hatA. te 17mI sadImAM AmasTaraDAmamAM thaI gayA. ema kahevAya che ke, tenA pustakAlayamAM sATha karatAMye ochAM pustakA hatAM. 1338 ethI karIne, duniyAmAM jJAnano vadhAro thavAthI ApaNe anivArya paNe vadhAre sArA ane samaju thaI e ja chIe ema nathI hetuM e vastu ApaNe barAbara samajI laIe e ThIka che. ApaNe eneA lAbha uThAvIe te pahelAM e jJAnane sadupayoga kema karavA e ApaNe jANI levuM joI e. ApaNI vegIlI meTaramAM besIne ApaNe AgaLa dhasI jaI e te pahelAM kyAM javuM che te ApaNe jANI levuM joIe. kahevAnI matalaba e che ke, jIvanano hetu tema ja tenuM dhyeya zuM hovuM joI e enA ApaNane kaika khyAla hovA joI e. asaMkhya lakAne Aje enA jarA sarakhA paNa khyAla hoto nathI ane te e naNuvAnI mAthAkUTamAM paNa kadI paDatA nathI. teo vijJAnanA yugamAM jIve che e kharuM paraMtu temanuM tathA temanAM kAryonuM niyaMtraNa te juga juga jUnA vicAro karI rahyA hoya che. A sthitimAM muzkelIo AvI paDe ane ghaNu thavA pAme e svAbhAvika che. kAI catura vAMdaro meTara calAvatAM zIkhe e banavAjoga che paraMtu te salAmata meTara hAMkanAra bhAgye ja thaI zake.

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vijJAnanI pragati 1339 Adhunika jJAna atizaya jaTila ane vyApaka che. hajAre| nirIkSakA aviratapaNe potAnuM kArya karI rahyA che. dareka jaNa vijJAnanI potapotAnI viziSTa zAkhAmAM prayogo karI rahyo che ane potAnA mArgamAM AgaLa vadhI rahyo che. ane e rIte jagatanA jJAnarAzimAM te kAMkare kAMkare umero karI rahyo che. jJAnanuM kSetra eTaluM badhuM vizALa che ke dareka kArya kartAne potapotAnI zAkhAnA niSNAta thavuM paDe che. ghaNI vAra te jJAnanI khIjI zAkhAothI ajJAta hoya che ane e rIte jJAnanI keTalIka zAkhAonA aMga paDita hovA chatAMye jJAnanI khIjI aneka zAkhAonI bAbatamAM te sAva ajANa hoya che. mAnavI pravRttionA samagra kSetra viSe samajapUrvaka vicAra karavAnuM tene mATe muzkela banI jAya che. purANA amAM ene saskArI na kahI zakAya. vyApaka bezaka, keTalAka lokA evA che kharA ke jeo pote niSNAta hAvA chatAM niSNAtapaNAnI saMkucita dRSTinI pAra nIkaLI gayA che ane te dRSTithI joI zake che. yuddha ke mAnavI muzkelIothI calita thayA vinA te vaijJAnika zodhakhALa AgaLa calAvye jAya che ane chellAM paMdareka varasAmAM temaNe jJAnanA kSetramAM apUrva kALA ApyA che. AjanA sauthI mahAna vaijJAnika AlbarTa AInsTAIna gaNAya che. te jarmana yahUdI che ane yahUdIo pratye aNagamA hAvAne kAraNe hiTalaranI sarakAre tene jarmanImAMthI kADhI mUkayo che. gaNitanI gUMcavaNabharI gaNatarIo dvArA AinsTAI ne samagra vizvane sparzI tA padArthavijJAnanA keTalAka navA mULabhUta niyamo zodhI kADhayA che. e rIte teNe 200 varasA sudhI niHzaMkapaNe mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvelA nyUTananA keTalAka niyameAmAM pheraphAra karyAM. AinsTAInanA siddhAMtanI saccAI nA purAvA atizaya ramUjI rIte maLI gayA. enA A siddhAMta pramANe prakAza amuka viziSTa rIte varte che ane khagrAsa sUryagrahaNa vakhate tenI parIkSA karI zakAya. jyAre AvuM sUrya grahaNa thayuM tyAre mAlUma paDayuM ke prakAzanAM kiraNe AInsTAInanA kahevA pramANe ja varte che ane e rIte gaNitanI gaNatarI uparathI karelA anumAnanuM samana kharekhAta prayogathI maLI gayuM. e siddhAMta tane samajAvavAno huM prayatna nahi karuM kemake e bahu ja gahana che. ene sApekSatAnA siddhAMta kahevAmAM Ave che. vizvane age vicAra karatAM AinsTAInane mAlUma paDyuM ke, samaya tema ja sthaLanA khyAlane alaga alaga lAgu pADI zakAya ema nathI. AthI teNe e ane khyAlo cheDI dIdhA ane jemAM e baMnenA samanvaya thayeA hAya evA eka navA khyAla rajU karyAM. e sthaLa-kALanA samanvita khyAla hato. AInsTAIne samagra vizvane potAnI vicAraNAnuM kSetra banAvyuM ane khIje cheDe vaijJAnikA atizaya sUkSma vastunuM nirIkSaNa karavA lAgyA. eka

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1340 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana seyanI aNI le narI AMkhe joI zakAya evI e nAnAmAM nAnI vastu che. vaijJAnika paddhatithI puravAra karavAmAM AvyuM che ke, eka rIte, e samayanI aNI pote paNa eka vizvatulya che ! emAM ekabIjAnI AsapAsa cakkara cakkara pharatA aNuone samAveza thAya che ane dareka aNu ekabIjAne sparza karyA vinA ekabIjAnI AsapAsa bhramaNa karatA paramANuone banele che ane pratyeka paramANu aneka vidyutakaNe athavA vijakArAone bole che. ene preTona ane ilekaTrena kahevAmAM Ave che. e paNa atizaya tIvra gatithI pharatA rahe che. enA karatAMye sUkSma pojhiTrena, nyUTrona ane DenTona che. evo aMdAja kADhavAmAM AvyuM che ke, pijhiTronanuM jIvana sarAsarI sekaMDanA eka abajAMza jeTalA samayanuM hoya che. atizaya sUkSma pramANamAM, avakAzamAM gaLagaLa bhramaNa karatA rahe ane tArAgaNanA jevuM ja e che. yAda rAkhaje ke, aNu eTale badhe nAnuM hoya che ke sauthI vadhAre zaktizALI sUkSmadarzaka yaMtrathI paNa te joI zakAtuM nathI ane paramANuo, proTone ane ilekTronI te kalpanA karavI paNa muzkela che. ane Ama chatAMye, vijJAnanI prayogapaddhati eTalI badhI AgaLa vadhI che ke, A proTona ane ilekTrone viSe sArI peThe mAhitI ekaThI karavAmAM AvI che. ane tAjetaramAM paramANune toDIne tenA TukaDA karavAmAM AvyA che. vijJAnanA chellAmAM chellA siddhAMtane vicAra karatAM te ApaNane cakkara AvI jAya che. temane samajavAnuM bahu muzkela hoya che. have huM tane ethIye vizeSa AzcaryakAraka hakIkata kahIza. ApaNane ATalI moTI lAgatI ApaNI A pRthvI sUryane eka nAnakaDo graha che. ane sUrya pite paNa eka nAnakaDe ane atizaya kSullaka tAre che. AkhIye sUryamALA e avakAzanA mahAsAgaramAM eka biMdu samAna che. vizvanAM aMtare eTalAM badhAM lAMbAM hoya che ke tenA keTalAka bhAgomAMthI prakAzane AvatAM hajAro ane lAkha varasa lAge che. Ama ApaNe rAtre kaI tAre joIe chIe tyAre ApaNe je joIe chIe te ApaNe jotI vakhate je joIe chIe te nathI hotuM. paNa e prakAzakiraNa pitAne lAMbe pravAse nIkaLyuM tyAre je hatuM te joIe chIe. ApaNAM sudhI e kiraNane pahoMcatAM hajAre varasa vItyAM hoya ema banavA saMbhava che. kALa ane sthaLa saMbaMdhI ApaNA khyAlamAM A badhI vastuothI bhAre goTALo pedA thAya che. ethI karIne AvI bAbate viSe vicAra karavAmAM AInsTAInanA sthaLa-kALane khyAla ApaNane vadhAre madadarUpa thAya che. sthaLane choDI daIne je ApaNe mAtra kALane ja vicAra karIe te bhUtakALa ane vartamAnakALa mizrita thaI jAya che. kema ke ApaNe je tArane joIe chIe te ApaNe mATe vartamAna che. Ama chatAMye ApaNe je joIe

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vijJAnanI pragati 1341 chIe te bhUtakALanI vastu che. kAraNa ke, ApaNane e viSenuM je kaMI jJAna che te uparathI kahI zakIe ke tenA prakAzanuM kiraNa pitAne pravAse nIkaLyuM tyAra pachI ghaNA lAMbA vakhata upara e tAre kadAca nAza pAme paNa heya. huM upara jaNAvI gayo ke ApaNo sUrya e eka nacha ane nAnakaDA tAre che. AkAzamAM lagabhaga eka lAkha jeTalA bIjA tArAo che ane e badhAne eka samUha tarIke tArAmaMDaLa kahevAmAM Ave che. je tArAo ApaNe rAtre joIe chIe temAMnA moTA bhAganA tArAonuM e tArAmaMDaLa (gelekasI) baneluM che. paraMtu narI AMkhe te ApaNe bahu ochA tArAo joI zakIe chIe. zaktizALI dUrabInanI sahAyathI ApaNe ethI ghaNuM vadhAre tArAo joI zakIe chIe. e zAstranA niSNAtee evI gaNatarI kADhI che ke vizvamAM judAM judAM evAM eka lAkha tArAmaMDaLo che! Azcaryacakita karanArI bIjI eka hakIkata sAMbhaLa. ApaNane kahevAmAM Ave che ke A vizva vadhatuM ja jAya che. jemsa jInsa nAmane eka gaNitazAstrI ene meTA ne moTA thatA jatA sAbunA parapoTAnI sAthe sarakhAve che; parapoTAnI sapATI te vizva ane parapoTA jevuM A vizva eTaluM te meTuM che ke, enA , eka cheDAthI bIjA cheDA sudhI pahoMcatAM prakAzane karaDe varasa lAge che. Azcarya pAmavAnI tArI zakita hajI khUTI na gaI hoya te sAcesAca A abhuta vizva viSe mAre hajI tane ghaNuM kahevAnuM che. kembrija vidyApIThane sara Arthara eDiTana nAmane eka khagoLazAstrI ApaNane jaNAve che ke, cAvI pUrI thatAM ghaDiyALa baMdha paDI jAya che tema ApaNuM vizva bhaMgAra thatuM jAya che ane koI paNa rIte ghaDiyALanI peThe ene pharIthI cAvI ApavAmAM na Ave te e chinnabhinna thaI jaze. bezaka AvuM badhuM karaDe varasane aMte banavA pAme che eTale ApaNe e viSe ciMtA karavAnI jarUra nathI. padArthavijJAna ane rasAyaNa e 19mI sadInI vijJAnanI pradhAna zAkhAo hatI. emaNe manuSyane prakRti athavA te bahAranI duniyA upara prabhutva meLavavAmAM madada karI. pachIthI vijJAnattAo potAnI aMdara dRSTi karavA lAgyA ane khuda potAnI jAtane abhyAsa karavA lAgyA. jIvazAstranuM mahattva paNa vadhyuM. e zAstramAM manuSya, prANIo tema ja vanaspatinA jIvanane abhyAsa karavAmAM Ave che. Aja sudhImAM e zAeN apUrva pragati karI che ane jIvazAstrIo kahe che ke rasI ApIne athavA te kaI bIjA upAyathI manuSyane svabhAva tema ja cAritrya badalavAnuM thaDA ja vakhatamAM zakya banaze. A rIte, bAyelA mANasane hiMmatavALo banAvavAnuM kadAca zakya bane paNa kharuM

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1342 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana athavA e rIte sarakAra tenA TIkAkAro tathA virodhIonI kAma karavAnI zakita ghaTADI daIne temane pahoMcI vaLe evo saMbhava vadhAre rahe che. jIvazAstra pachI mAnasazAstra Ave che. e zAstra manuSyanA mananuM -tenA vicAre tathA Azaye tenA bhaye tathA kAmanAo ItyAdinuM avalokana kare che. vijJAna A rIte navA navA kSetromAM praveza karI rahyuM che ane ApaNane ApaNuM pitAne viSe ghaNuM ghaNuM mAhitI ApI rahyuM che. ane e rIte te ghaNuMkharuM ApaNane ApaNI jAta upara kAbU meLavavAmAM sahAya karI rahyuM che. jIvazAstra pachI eka pagaluM AgaLa cAlyAM eTale prajananazAstra Ave che. e vaMza athavA jAti sudhAraNAnuM zAstra che. keTalAMka prANIone abhyAsa vijJAnanA vikAsamAM kevI rIte madadarUpa nIvaDyo che e jANavA jevuM che. jJAnataMtuo ane snAyuo pitApitAnuM kArya kevI rIte kare che e zodhI kADhavAne garIba bIcArA deDakAne cIravAmAM AvyuM hate. mAkhI e eka nAnakaDo ane kSullaka jIva che. emAMnI eka prakAranI mAkhI ghaNuMkharuM vadhAre pAkI gayelAM keLAM upara bese che ane tethI tene keLAM-mAkhI kahevAmAM Ave che. enA adhyayanane pariNAme AnuvaMzika saMskAranuM jeTaluM jJAna prApta thayuM che teTaluM bIjA kazAthI nathI prApta thayuM. eka peDhInI viziSTatAo athavA saMskAre bIjI peDhIne kevI rIte vArasAmAM maLe che, e vastu prastuta mAkhInuM jhINavaTapUrvaka nirIkSaNa karavAthI mAlUma paDI che. manuSyamAM AnuvaMzika saMskAra kevI rIte kArya karI rahyA che e samajavAmAM kaMIka aMze e vastu madadarUpa thAya che. tIDa jevA bIjA ethIye vizeSa kSullaka jaMtu mAraphate paNa ApaNane ghaNuM zIkhavAnuM maLe che. amerikana nirIkSakoe tIDenA lAMbA samaya sudhI ane jhINavaTapUrvaka karelA avakana uparathI prANIo tathA manuSyanI jAti (sex) kevI rIte nakkI thAya che te jANavA maLyuM che. eka nAnakaDA piMDa-garbha pitAnA jIvananI AraMbhadazAmAM ja kevI rIte nara ke mAdA prANI athavA bALaka ke bALakI bane che e viSe Aje ApaNe ghaNuM ghaNuM jANIe chIe. cUMtho dAkhale sAmAnya gharagatu kUtarAne che. ApaNA ja samayanA pelleva nAmanA eka mazahUra raziyana vaijJAnike kUtarAnuM jhINavaTapUrvaka nirIkSaNa karavAnuM zarU karyuM. kherAka najare paDatAM kUtarAonA memAM pANI Ave che e hakIkata upara teNe khAsa lakSa ApyuM. khorAka najare paDatAMveMta kUtarAonA meMmAM pedA thatI lALa eNe kharekhara mApI sudhdhAM joI khorAka najare paDatAM kUtarAnA moMmAM pANI AvavAnI kriyA ApoApa athavA sahaja rIte bane che. ene "sahaja pratikriyA" kahevAmAM Ave che. e pahelAMnA anubhava vinA bALaka chIMka khAya che, bagAsuM khAya che tathA ALasa maraDe che tene maLatI kriyA che.

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vijJAnanI pragati 1343 pachIthI pelle "naimittika pratikriyA" (kaMDizanDa rilesa) utpanna karavAno prayatna karyo eTale ke, kUtarAne teNe amuka sUcana athavA saMketa maLatAM kherAkanI apekSA rAkhatAM zIkhavyuM. enuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke, kUtarAnA manamAM e saMketane khorAka sAthe saMbaMdha joDAI gaye, ane khorAka mejUda na hoya te samaye paNa e saMketathI kUtarAnA moMmAM rAka najare paDatAM thAya evI ja asara pedA thatI. eTale ke e saMketa thatAMveMta ja tenA moMmAM pANI AvatuM. kUtarAo tathA temanA moMmAM pedA thatI lALanA prayoganA AdhAra upara mAnavI mAnasazAstra racavAmAM AvyuM che ane darzAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke, manuSyane bacapaNamAM aneka prakAranI "sahaja pratikriyAo" hoya che ane uMmara vadhatAM tenAmAM "naimittika pratikriyAo" pedA thatI jAya che. vAstavamAM, ApaNe je kaMI zIkhIe chIe te ene AdhAre ja zIkhIe chIe. e ja rIte ApaNI Teva paDe che tema ja ApaNe bhASA vagere paNa zIkhIe chIe. ApaNAM badhAye kAryo e ja rIte thAya che. bhaya e eka sarvasAdhAraNa pratikriyA (riphaleksa) che. mANasa potAnI pAse paDelo sApa jue athavA te sApa jevo dekhAte deraDAne TukaDe jue tyAre kazeye vicAra karyA vinA ekAeka kUdIne tyAMthI bhAgI javA mATe pellevanA A prayoganA jJAnanI tene jarUra nathI hotI. pelevanA prayogoe AkhAye mAnasazAstramAM krAMti karI nAkhI che. tenA keTalAka prayoge te bahu ja majAnA che. paraMtu ahIMyAM huM e praznamAM UMDe UtarI zakuM ema nathI. paraMtu mAre sAthe sAthe jaNAvavuM joIe ke, mAnasa nirIkSaNanI A uparAMta bIjI paNa mahattvanI keTalIka rIte che. vaijJAnika paddhationAM kAryane tane kaMIka khyAla ApavAne mATe ja meM A theDA dAkhalAo TAMkyA che. sahelAIthI jemanuM pRthakkaraNa na karI zakAya athavA jemanuM pRthakkaraNa karavAnuM zakya ja na hoya ke je pUrepUrI rIte samajI zakAya ema na hoya evI bAbate viSe aspaSTapaNe athavA saMdigdha rIte vAta karavI e purANuM dArzanika rIta hatI. e viSenI carcA karatAM karatAM leke garama thaI jatA paraMtu emanI dalIlanI satyatA ke asatyatAnI chevaTanI koI paNa kasoTI hatI ja nahi eTale e bAbata hamezAM havAmAM adhdhara ja rahetI. paralakanI vAto karavAmAM ja teo eTalA badhA macA rahetA hatA ke A duniyAnI sAmAnya vastunuM avalokana karavAnI teo paravA karatA ja nahotA. vijJAnanI paddhati ethI sAva UlaTI ja che. emAM kSullaka ane najIvI lAgatI hakIkatanuM avalokana karavAmAM Ave che ane emAMthI mahattvanAM pariNAma nIpaje che. e pariNAmone AdhAre siddhAMte tAravavAmAM Ave che. ane vaLI

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1344 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzana vadhAre avalAkana ane prayAgo dvArA tenI satyatAnI kIthI kasoTI karavAmAM Ave che. AnA artha e nathI ke vijJAna bhUla karatuM ja nathI. te dhaNI vAra bhUla kare che ane pariNAme tene pAchA havuM paDe che. paraMtu kAI paNa prazna samajavAnI sAcI rIta eka mAtra vaijJAnika paddhatinI ja hoya ema lAge che. 19mI sadInA vijJAnanA badhAye garva ane svayaMpUrNatAnI bhAvanA Aje gaLI gayAM che. pote meLavelI siddhi mATe te gaurava le che kharuM. paraMtu hajIye aNuzAdhyA rahelA jJAnanA vizALa ane niraMtara vistaratA rahetA mahAsAgara AgaLa te namra banyuM che. potAnuM jJAna keTaluM alpa che te DAhyo mANasa barAbara samaje che; evakUfa ja mAne che ke pote sana che. vijJAnanI bAbatamAM paNa ema ja che. e jema jema AgaLa vadhatuM jAya che tema tema te ochuM matAgrahI thatuM jAya che ane tenI samakSa rajU karavAmAM AvelA praznonA javAba ApavAmAM te vizeSa Dhacupacu banatuM jAya che. aDiMgTana jaNAve che ke, keTalA praznone ApaNe javAba ApI zakIe e uparathI nahi paNa ApaNe keTalA prazno pUchI zakIe te uparathI ApaNe vijJAnanI pragatinuM mApa kADhavuM joI e.' kadAca ema hoya paNa kharuM paraMtu ema chatAMye vijJAna dinapratidina ApaNA vadhu ne vadhu praznonA javA| ApatuM jAya che ane jIvanane ma samajavAmAM te ApaNane madada kare che. ane ApaNe tene lAbha uThAvIe to, e rIte, udAtta dhyeyane anulakSIne vadhu sAru jIvana jIvavAmAM paNa te ApaNane madadarUpa nIvaDe che. jIvananA aMdhakAramaya khUNAne te ajavALe che ane ajJAnatAnA goTALAmAMthI bahAra kADhIne satyanI jhAMkhI karAve che. 183, vijJAnanA sadupayoga ane durupayoga 14 julAI, 1933 mArA AgalA patramAM vijJAnanA adbhuta kSetranI chellAmAM chellI zeAdhe viSe huM tane kaMIka jhAMkhI karAvI gayo chuM. emAM tane rasa paDaze ke kema tathA vicAronAM tema ja siddhionAM e kSetre tarapha tuM ArthAMze ke nahi te huM nathI jANato. e viSayA viSe tane vadhAre jANavAnI icchA haze te ene mATe jarUrI aneka pustakA tane sahelAIthI maLI raheze. paraMtu e vastu hamezAM yAda rAkhaje ke manuSyanA vicAramAM niraMtara prAMta thatI rahe che ane te prakRti tathA vizvanA krAyaDAo samajavAnI aviratapaNe gaDamathala karyA kare che. ane huM Aje tane je kahI rahyo chuM te AvatI kAle kadAca adhU huM ane

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vijJAnanA sadupayoga ane durupayoga 1345 ' jUnuM purANuM banI jAya e saMbhavita che, nisarga tathA vizvanA kAyAnuM rahasya samajavAne mAnavI citte bhIDelI hAma upara huM mugdha chuM. A vizvanA dUramAM dUranA khUNA sudhI te UDIne pahoMcI jAya che ane tenA rahasyane bheda pAmavAnA prayatna kare che ane aprameya jaNAtI meTAmAM moTI tema ja sUkSmAtisUkSma vastune mApavAnI tathA temane potAnI khAthamAM levAnI te hAma bhIDe che. A badhuM jene ' zuddha ' vijJAna kahevAmAM Ave che tenuM eTale ke, jIvana upara jenI sIdhI ke tAtkAlika asara nathI evA vijJAnanuM kSetra che. e to dekhItuM che ke, sApekSatAnA siddhAMta athavA sthaLa-kALanA khyAla ke A vizvanA kada ityAdinA ApaNA rAjerojanA jIvana sAthe kaze! sabaMdha nathI. emAMnA ghaNAkharA siddhAMtAno AAdhAra ucca gaNita upara che ane gaNitanAM e aTapaTAM ane uccattara kSetre e dRSTithI jotAM zuddha vijJAna ja che. moTA bhAganA lokeAne evA prakAranA vijJAnamAM jhAjho rasa nathI. rAjerAjanA jIvanane lAgu paDatA vijJAna pratye ja temanuM vadhAre AkarSaNa hoya e svAbhAvika che. chellAM doDhasA varasa daramyAna A vahevAru athavA viniyukta vijJAne ja manuSyanA jIvanamAM krAMti karI nAkhI che. sAce ja, vijJAnanI e zAkhAe Aje jIvananuM sa MpUrNa paNe niyamana kare che tema ja tene ghaDe che ane temanA vinA ApaNI hastInI kalpanA karavI paNa muzkela banI jAya che. lokeA ghaNI vAra vItI gayelA sukhada prAcIna kALanI, satya yuganI vAto kare che. itihAsanA keTalAka yuge ApaNane mugdha kare evA che emAM zaka nathI tema ja keTalIka bAbatamAM teo ApaNA yuga karatAM caDiyAtA hAya e paNa saMbhavita che. paraMtu dhaNuM karIne emanA pratyenI ApaNI A mugdhatA athavA ApaNuM A AkarSaNa paNa khIjI kAI vastu karatAM lAMbA aMtara ane amuka prakAranI aspaSTatAne vizeSe karIne AbhArI che. ane amuka yugeAne keTalAka mahApuruSAe ujALyA tathA temAM temaNe potAnI ANa vartAvI eTalA mATe paNa te yugane mahAna gaNavAne ApaNe dAravAI jaIe chIe. samagra tihAsakALa daramyAna AmajanatAnI dazA tA sadAye kaMgALa ane duHkhadAyaka ja rahI che. vijJAne temane temanA jugajuga jUnA kheAjAmAMthI kaIMka rAhata ApI. tArI AsapAsa tuM najara karaze te tane mAlUma paDaze ke tArA jovAmAM AvI ghaNIkharI vastuo kAI ne kAI rIte vijJAna sAthe sakaLAyelI che. viniyukta vijJAnanAM sAdhanA dvArA ApaNe pravAsa karIe chIe, e ja rIte ApaNe ekakhIjA sAthe saMsaga sAdhIe chIe tema ja ApaNA khArAka paNa dhaNuMkharuM e ja rIte utpanna karavAmAM Ave che ane eka sthaLethI khIje sthaLe laI javAmAM Ave che. vijJAnanAM sAdhanA vinA ApaNe vAMcIe chIe te chApAM bahAra na paDI zake, pustakA prasiddha na thaI zake tema ja jenA upara huM A

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1346 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana patra lakhI rahyo chuM te kAgaLe ane jenA vaDe huM lakhuM chuM te pena paNa temanA vinA saMbhavI na zake. svacchatA rAkhavA mATe, svAstha jALavavA mATe temaja keTalAka roge nirmULa karavA mATe paNa vijJAnane Azaro levo paDe che. vyAvahArika yA viniyukta vijJAna vinA Adhunika duniyAnuM kAma calAvavAnuM bilakula azakya banI jAya che. bIjAM badhAM kAraNe jatAM karIe teye eka aMtima ane nirNayAtmaka kAraNa bAkI rahe che. vijJAnanI sahAya vinA A duniyAnI vastI mATe pUrata kherAka ja pedA na thaI zake ane adhI ke tethI vadhAre vastI bhUkhamarAne pariNAme maraNa pAme. chellAM se varasa daramyAna vastI kevI kUdake ne bhUsake vadhavA pAmI hatI te huM tane kahI gayo chuM. khorAkanI vastuo pakavavAne tema ja temane eka sthAnethI bIje sthAne laI javAne mATe vijJAnanI sahAya levAmAM Ave te ja A vadhI gayelI vastI jIvI zake. mAnavI jIvanamAM vijJAne jyArathI pracaMDa yaMtra dAkhala karyA tyArathI temAM niraMtara pragati ane sudhAre thatAM ja rahyAM che. dara varase, are dara mahine emAM nAnA nAnA aneka pheraphAra karavAmAM Ave che ane tene lIdhe yaMtra dinapratidina vadhAre ne vadhAre kAryakuzaLa banatAM jAya che tema ja mAnavIzrama uparanuM temanuM avalaMbana uttarottara ochuM thatuM jAya che. khAsa karIne, 20mI sadInAM chellAM trIsa varasamAM yaMtranI A prakAranI sudhAraNA athavA jene yaMtrazAstra kahevAmAM Ave che tenI pragati atizaya jhaDapathI thavA pAmI che. chellAM thoDAM varaso daramyAna thayele A pheraphAra-hajI te cAlu ja che-eTalI badhI tvarAthI thavA pAmyuM che ke, 18mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM audyogika krAMtie karyuM hatuM tevuM bhAre parivartana udyoga ane utpAdananI paddhatiomAM te Aje karI rahyo che. A navI krAMti, pradhAnapaNe, utpAdana kAryamAM dinapratidina vIjaLInA vadhatA jatA upayogane AbhArI che. A rIte 20mI sadImAM ApaNane vIjaLInI mahAna krAMti lAdhI. khAsa karIne amerikAmAM A krAMti thavA pAmI che. e kAMtine pariNAme jIvananI bilakula bhinna paristhiti pedA thaI rahI che. jema 18mI sadInI audyogika krAMtie "yaMtrayuga pravartAvyo te ja rIte A vIjaLInI krAMti Aje "zaktiyuga' (pAvara eIja) pravartAvI rahI che. udyogomAM, relavemAM ane bIjI asaMkhya bAbatamAM Aje vidyutazaktine upayoga karavAmAM Ave che. vidyutazakitanI Aje sarvatra ANa varte che. e kAraNathI ja, dIrdhadaSTi vAparIne lenine soviyeTa raziyAmAM pANInI madadathI vIjaLI pedA karavAnAM meTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMo ThekaThekANe bAMdhavAnuM nakkI karyuM. udyogomAM vidyutazaktine upayoga karavAmAM AvatuM hovAthI tema ja bIjI keTalIka sudhAraNAo thavAne kAraNe ceDA ja kharacathI, ghaNI vAra bhAre pheraphAra thavA pAme che. Ama, vIjaLIthI cAlatA yaMtramAM saheja pheraphAra karavAthI tenuM

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vijJAnane sadupayoga ane durupayoga 1347 utpAdana bevaDuM thaI javAne paNa saMbhava rahe che. enuM mukhya kAraNa e che ke emAMthI manuSyane hisso uttarottara ghaTADavAmAM Ave che; mANasa dhImethI kAma kare che ane ghaNI vAra te bhUla karI bese che. A rIte yaMtre jema jema sudharatAM jAya che tema tema uttarottara ochA ne ochA majUre temanA upara kAme lagADavAmAM Ave che. theDI cAMpa ke baTana upara najara rAkhIne eka ja mANasa Aje moTAM moTAM yaMtra calAve che. ene pariNAme pAkA mAlanA utpAdanamAM aDhaLaka vadhAre thaye che ane sAthe sAthe ene lIdhe saMkhyAbaMdha majUrone kArakhAnAmAMthI rukhasada maLe che kemake have temanI jarUra rahI nathI hatI. vaLI, yaMtrazAstramAM eTalI badhI jhaDapathI pragati thaI rahI che ke, eka yaMtrane lAvIne kArakhAnAmAM goThavavAmAM Ave tyAM to navA sudhArA thavAne kAraNe te amuka aMze jAnuM thaI jAya che. alabata, yaMtrayuganA cheka AraMbhakALathI ja yaMtra majUranuM sthAna letAM AvyAM che. te vakhate ghaNuM hulaDe thayAM hatAM ane kApe bharAyelA majUree navAM yaMtra bhAgI nAkhyAM hatAM e hakIkata mane lAge che ke, AgaLa huM tane kahI gayo chuM. paraMtu Akhare mAluma paDyuM ke yaMtrane kAraNe te vadhu mANasane kAma maLI rahe che. yaMtranI sahAyathI majUra ghaNA moTA pramANamAM mAla pedA karI zakate hovAthI tenI majUrInA daremAM vadhAre thayo ane mAlanI kiMmata ghaTavA pAmI. majUre ane sAdhAraNa sthitinA mANase e rIte e mAla vadhu pramANamAM kharIdI zakyA. temanuM jIvananuM dhoraNa UMcuM thayuM ane kArakhAnAmAM pedA thatA pAkA mAlanI mAga vadhavA pAmI. Ane pariNAme vadhAre kArakhAnAMo UbhAM thayAM ane temAM vadhAre mANasone kAma maLyuM. Ama, ekaMdare jotAM dareka kArakhAnAmAM amuka majUrane khaseDIne yaMtroe temanuM sthAna lIdhuM e kharuM paraMtu saMkhyAbaMdha navAM kArakhAnAMo UbhAM thavAne kAraNe ethIye ghaNI moTI saMkhyAmAM majUrone kAma maLI gayuM. A kriyA lAMbA vakhata sudhI cAlu rahI, kema ke audyogika dezoe dUra dUranA pachAta dezanAM bajArenA karelA zoSaNathI ene madada maLatI rahetI hatI. chellAM thoDAM varase daramyAna e kriyA baMdha paDI gaI hoya ema jaNAya che. AjanI mUDIvAdI vyavasthAmAM enI have vizeSa vRddhi thAya ema lAgatuM nathI ane e vyavasthAmAM kaMIka sudhAra karAvavAnI jarUra che. Adhunika udyoga bahoLA pramANamAM utpAdana kare che paraMtu e rIte utpanna thayele mAla samagra janasamudAya je kharIdatA hoya te ja e utpAdana cAlu rahI zake. janasamudAya je vadhAre paDate garIba ke bekAra hoya te teo e mAla kharIdI zake nahi. Ama chatAMye, yAMtrika sudhAraNAnI te aviratapaNe pragati thaye ja jAya che. ene pariNAme ya mANasanuM sthAna letAM jAya che ane tene lIdhe bekArI

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1348 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vadhatI jAya che. 1929nI sAla pachI duniyAbharamAM vepAramAM bhAre maMdI AvI gaI che paraMtu ene kAraNe kaMI yaMtrazAstranI AgekUca aTakI nathI. ema kahevAya che ke, 1929nI sAla pachI yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM eTalA badhA yAMtrika sudhArAo thayA che ke, 1928nI sAlamAM thatuM hatuM teTalA pramANamAM utpAdana karavAmAM Ave toye kAmamAMthI phAraga karavAmAM AvelA majUrone kadI paNa kAme lagADI zakAya ema nathI. duniyAbharamAM ane khAsa karIne AgaLa vadhelA audyogika dezamAM bekArIne gaMbhIra prazna pedA karanAra aneka kAraNomAMnuM A eka kAraNa che. e eka vicitra prakArane ane avaLo prazna che, kema ke, chellAmAM chellI DhabanAM yaMtrane kAraNe te rASTranI saMpattimAM vadhAre tha joIe ane pratyeka prajAjananA jIvananuM dhoraNa UMcuM thavuM joIe. ema thavAne badale yaMtrane kAraNe te dAridya ane bhayaMkara viTaMbaNAo pedA thaI che. ema lAge che ke, vaijJAnika paddhatithI e praznano ukela karavAnuM muzkela na hovuM joIe. saMbhava che ke, e rIte ene ukela muzkela na paNa hoya. paraMtu vaijJAnika paddhatithI ane samajapUrvaka ane ukela karavA prayatna karatAM ja kharI muzkelI UbhI thAya che. kAraNa ke ema karavA jatAM aneka sthApita hite upara asara pahoMce che ane teo pitApitAnI sarakAra upara kAbU rAkhavA jeTalAM samartha hoya che. vaLI, e prazna tattvataH AMtararASTrIya che ane AjanI rASTra rASTra vaccenI spardhA tene AMtararASTrIya ukela lAvavAmAM vigharUpa nIvaDe che. soviyeTa raziyA, evA prakAranA praznane ukela vaijJAnika DhabathI lAvavAnI koziza karI rahyuM che paraMtu rASTrIya dheraNa para tene e badhuM karavuM paDe che. ane bAkInI duniyA mUDIvAdI tathA soviyeTa-virodhI hovAne lIdhe tenI muzkelI vaLI vizeSe karIne vadhI jAya che. ema na hota te tene evI muzkelI na naData. duniyAne vahevAra Aje tattvataH AMtararASTrIya che. jo ke enI rAjakIya racanA bahu pachAta ane saMkucitapaNe rASTrIya che. samAjavAda duniyAvyApI thAya te ja tene chevaTanI saphaLatA maLI zake. ghaDiyALanA kAMTA pAchA nathI haThAvI zakAtA, tathA AjanI AMtararASTrIya racanA apUrNa hovA chatAMye rASTrIya alagapaNane sAcavI rAkhavA khAtara tene kacarI nAkhI zakAya nahi. judA judA dezamAM phAsisTa karI rahyA che te rASTravAdane ati utkaTa karavAne prayatna Akhare niSphaLa nIvaDavAne che e viSe leza paNa zaMkA nathI; kAraNa ke, AjanI duniyAnI arthavyavasthAnA mULabhUta AMtararASTrIya svarUpathI te viruddha jAya che. hA, ema bane kharuM ke, e rIte e pite DUbe ane sAthe AkhI duniyAne paNa DubADe ane jene Adhunika sabhyatA tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che tene eka sarvasparzI AphatamAM utAre.

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vijJAnane sadupaga ane durupayeAga 1349 AvI ApattinuM jokhama bahu dUra che athavA te te akaryo che evuM kazuM ja nathI. ApaNe joI gayAM chIe ke, vijJAne ApaNane aneka sArI sArI vastuo ApI che paraMtu sAthe sAthe vijJAne yuddhanI bhISaNatAmAM paNa asAdhAraNa vadhAre karI mUkyo che. rAjya tathA sarakAroe zuddha tema ja viniyukta vijJAnanI aneka zAkhAonI ghaNI vAra upekSA karI che. paraMtu temaNe enI yuddhane lagatI bAjuonI upekSA nathI karI. ane zastrasajaja thavAne tathA pitAnuM sAmarthya vadhAravAne arthe temaNe vijJAnanI chellAmAM chellI zodhakhaLAne pUrepUro upayoga karyo che. ghaNAMkharAM rAjya Akhare te pazubaLa upara ja AdhAra rAkhe che ane vijJAnanI zodhaLo e rAjyanI sarakArane eTalI badhI baLavAna banAvI rahI che ke, pariNAmano kazeye Dara rAkhyA vinA, sAmAnya rIte, teo prajA upara julama gujAre che. julamagAra sarakAra sAme prajAkIya baMDa uThAvavAnA ane phrAMsanI krAMtimAM banyuM hatuM tema bacAvanA kAmacalAu maracAo UbhA karIne khullA mahollAomAM laDavAnA purANuM divase kyAranAye vItI gayA che. rAjyanA susajaja ane saMgaThita sainya sAme laDavuM e niHzastra ke sazastra ToLA mATe paNa Aje azakya banI gayuM che. hA, raziyAnI krAMtimAM banyuM hatuM tema, rAjyanuM lazkara pote ja sarakAranI sAme thaI jAya e saMbhavita che paraMtu te sivAya ene baLa vAparIne te harAvI na ja zakAya. vastusthiti AvI hevAthI, svAtaMtrya mATe jhUjhatI prajAne sAmudAyika pagaluM bharavA mATenI bIjI ane vizeSa zAMtimaya rIte akhatyAra karavAnI jarUra UbhI thaI che. A rIte, vijJAnane kAraNe amuka samUha ke dhanikonI ToLIonA hAthamAM rAjyasattA kendrita thaI che ane vyakti svAtaMtryano tathA 1lmI sadInA lekazAhI vicArane nAza thayo che. judAM judAM rAjyamAM zAsana karanArI AvI TeLIo UbhI thAya che. e ToLIo kadI kadI upara uparathI lokazAhInA siddhAMta pratye pitAnI vaphAdArI vyakta kare che ane kaI kaI vakhata teo e siddhAMtane chaDecoka vakhoDI kADhe che. rAjyanuM zAsana karanArI e judI judI ToLIo vacce paraspara athaDAmaNa thavA pAme che ane ene pariNAme rASTro ekabIjA sAme yuddhe caDhe che. evuM mahAbhArata yuddha Aje ke bhaviSyamAM koI vakhate A zAsaka ToLIone ja nahi paNa khuda sArIye sabhyatAne paNa nAza kare e saMbhavita che. athavA te, mAkarsavAdI philasUphInI apekSA pramANe enI bhasmamAMthI AMtararASTrIya samAjavAdI vyavasthA ubhave ema paNa banavA saMbhava che. vAstavamAM yuddha e evI bhISaNa vastu che ke, ene vicAra rUcikara nathI hoto. ethI karIne, rUDArUpALA zabdo, vIratAbharyA saMgIta tema ja bhapakAdAra gaNavezenI pAchaLa tenuM sAcuM svarUpa chupAvI rAkhavAmAM Ave che.

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1350 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdana paraMtu AjanuM yuddha eTale zuM e vastu kaMIka aMze jANI levI jarUrI che. chellA mahAyuddhe ghaNA leAkAne yuddhanI bhISaNatAnI sArI peThe pratIti karAvI hatI. ane Ama chatAMye, ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke have pachI thanArA yuddhane mukAbale tA gayuM mahAyuddha kazIye visAtamAM nathI. kAraNa ke, chellAM gheADAM varasamAM audyogika kaLAmAM dazagaNI prati thaI che to yuddhanA vijJAnamAM seAgaNI pragati thavA pAmI che. yuddha Aje pAyadaLanA humalAnI ke ghoDesavAra palaTaNane chApo mAravAnI vastu nathI rahI. pahelAMnA samayane pAyadaLa sainika ke dhoDesavAra Aje lagabhaga tIrakAmaThAM jeTalA ja nakAmA banI gayA che. Aje te yuddha e yAMtrika TaeNkA, eNraplenA ane baeNbagALAnI vastu banI gaI che. emAM khAsa karIne pAchalI e vastuo vadhAre mahattvanI che. dinapratidina are pleneAnI gati tathA tenI kAryadakSatA vadhatAM jAya che. jo yuddha phATI nIkaLe to, yuddhe caDelAM rASTro upara duzmana vimAnI LanA tAtkAlika humalA thaze ema dhAravAmAM Ave che. A eraplene yuddhanI jAherAta thatAMveMta AvI pahoMcaze athavA to duzmanane thApa ApIne lAbha levAne athe yuddhanI jAherAta thavA pahelAM paNa kadAca Avaze ane meTAM moTAM zahera tathA kArakhAnAMo upara atizaya sphoTaka AMbane varasAda varasAvaze. keTalAMka duzmana vimAnonA nAza karavAmAM Avaze e kharuM paraMtu bacI gayelAM vimAno paNa zahera upara baeNbamAre calAvavA mATe pUratAM thaI paDaze. vimAnAmAMthI phekavAmAM AvelA bageALAomAMthI jherI gaeNse bahAra Avaze ane phelAi jaIne te AkhAye pradezane khAI deze tathA potAnA kSetramAM AvanAra pratyeka sajIva vastuone gUMgaLAvIne mArI nAkhaze. binalaDAyaka nAgarika vasatIne moTA pAyA upara atizaya niSThura ane kaSTadAyaka rIte sahAra thaze ane ene kAraNe AmaprajAne asahya mAnasika tema ja zArIrika pIDA veThavI paDaze. ane ekabIjI sAme raNe caDelI pratispardhI sattAnAM moTAM moTAM zaherA upara eka vakhate paNa AvuM thaI zake. yuropamAM laDAI phATI nIkaLe to gheADA ja divase ke aThavADiyAMomAM laMDana, paeNrisa tathA skhalana vagere zaherA khaMDerenA DhagalAnA rUpamAM pheravAI jAya. ethIye bhUrI dazA thavAno saMbhava rahe che, eNpleneAmAMthI phekavAmAM AvatA AbagALAmAM judA judA bhayaMkara regAnAM jaMtuo paNa hAvAnA saMbhava che. ane ethI karIne AkhAye zaherane e regenA cepa lAge. AvI rAganAM jaMtuonI laDAI ' khIjI rIte pazu calAvI zakAya che. khArAkane tathA pIvAnA pANIne rAganAM jaMtuono cepa lagADIne dUSita karI zakAya che tema ja plega phelAvanArA darenI peThe jaMtuvAhaka prANIonA paNa upayega karI zakAya che. 6

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- vijJAnane sadupayeAga ane durupayega 1351 A badhuM zayatAniyatabharyuM ane na mAnI zakAya evuM lAge che, ane ema che paNa kharuM. koI rAkSasane paNa ema karavAnuM nahi game. paraMtu leke bhayathI abhibhUta thaI gayA hoya ane teo jIvanamaraNane saMgrAma khelI rahyA hoya tyAre mAnyAmAM na Ave evI vastuo paNa banavA pAme che. duzmana deza evI hIna prakAranI ane zayatAniyatabharI rIte akhatyAra karaze evo Dara dareka dezane e bAbatamAM pahela karavAne prere che. kemake, e zastro evAM te bhayAnaka hoya che ke, ene prathama upayoga karanAra dezane te bhAre lAbhakAraka nIvaDe che. "bhayane bahu moTI AMkha hoya che ! kharekhara, gayA mahAyuddha daramyAna jherI gesane ghaNA bahoLA pramANamAM upayoga karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ane e te jagajAhera che ke badhIye mahAna sattAo pAse, yuddhane arthe evo gesa utpanna karavAnAM moTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMo che. AnuM eka vicitra pariNAma e Avaze ke, kharI laDAI jyAM AgaLa khAIo khodIne duzmana lazkare sAmasAmAM paDe che ane ekabIjAno sAmane kare che te laDAInA moracA upara nahi paNa e moracAonI pAchaLa zaheramAM ane binalaDAyaka nAgarika vastInAM ghare AgaLa thaze. ema paNa bane ke yuddhakALamAM laDAIne khare ja sauthI salAmata sthAna banI jAya kema ke tyAM AgaLa sanyanuM havAI humalAo, jherI gesa tathA roganA cepathI saMpUrNa paNe rakSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM haze ! pAchaLa rahelAM strI puruSo tathA bALakonA saMrakSaNa mATe evI vyavasthA karavAmAM AvI nahi hoya. A badhAnuM pariNAma zuM Ave? sArvatrika vinAza? sadIonA puruSArthathI caNavAmAM AvelI saMskRti ane sabhyatAnI imAratane aMta? zuM banaze enI keIne paNa khabara nathI. bhaviSyane paDado bhedIne tenI pAra ApaNe joI zakatAM nathI. duniyAmAM Aje be prakriyAo --harIpha ane paraspara virodhI be prakriyAo cAlI rahelI ApaNI najare paDe che. eka sahakAra ane samajazaktinI ane sabhyatAnI imAratanA caNataranI prakriyA che; bIjI saMhAranI - pratyeka vastunuM nikaMdana kADhavAnI prakriyA che. e rIte mANasajAta AtmaghAta karavAno prayAsa karI rahI che. e baMne prakriyAonI gati uttarottara vadhatI ja jAya che ane baMne vijJAnanAM zastra tathA kaLAthI susajja che. e bemAM kaI vijayI nIvaDaze ?

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184. bhAre maMdI ane jagadravyApI kaTokaTI 18 julAI, 1933 vijJAne mANasanA hAthamAM je zakti ApI che ane tene te je rIte upayoga karI rahyo che tenA upara ApaNe jeTaluM vadhAre vicAra karIe chIe teTaluM vadhAre Azraya ApaNane thAya che. kema ke, AjanI mUDIvAdI duniyAnI avadazA sAce ja Azcaryacakita kare evI che. reDiyo dvArA vijJAna ApaNo avAja dUra dUranA mulako sudhI pahoMcADe che, vAyaralesa Teliphona dvArA ApaNe duniyAnA bIjA cheDA uparanA leke sAthe vAta karIe chIe, ane thoDA ja vakhatamAM "Telivijhana" dvArA ApaNe temane najaronajara joI paNa zakIzuM. herata pamADe evI pitAnI karAmatathI vijJAna mANasajAtane joItI badhI vastuo aDhaLaka pramANamAM pedA karI zake che. ane e rIte te juga juga jUnA dAridyanA zApamAMthI duniyAne mukta karI zake che. cheka prAcInakALathI, ItihAsane AraMbha thaye tyArathI mAMDIne mANase jyAM AgaLa dUdha ane madhanI nadIo vahetI hoya tema ja jyAM AgaLa dareka vastunI relamachela hoya evI svargIya bhUminAM svapnAM sevIne temane daLI rahelA ane nahi jevuM ja vaLatara ApanArA rojiMdA parizramanI ghaTamALamAMthI kaMIka samAdhAna athavA rAhata meLavavAno prayAsa karatA AvyA che. je vakhate kaI paNa vAtanI maNuM nahetI evA vItI gayelA satyayuganI teo kalpanA karatA ane bhAvamAM AvanArA svarganI teo niraMtara jhaMkhanA karatA rahetA ane mAnatA ke Akhare te temane zAMti ane AnaMda prApta thaze. pachI vijJAnano udaya thayo. ane teNe dareka vastu DhagalAbaMdha pedA karavAnAM sAdhane temanA hAthamAM suparata karyA. ane Ama chatAMye, vastuonI e mejUda ane saMbhavita relamachelanI vacce paNa mANasajAta hajIye duHkha ane dAridyamAM AvI rahI che. A eka ajaba prakAranI paraspara virodhI paristhiti nathI ke ? Ajane ApaNe samAja vijJAna tema ja teNe ApaNane ApelI agaNita bheTane lIdhe gUMcavaNamAM paDI gayuM che. temane paraspara ekabIjA sAthe meLa besatuM ja nathI. mUDIvAdI samAjavyavasthA ane vijJAnanI chellAmAM chellI karAmata tathA utpAdananI tenI chellAmAM chellI paddhati vacce visaMvAda che - e baMnenI vacce kaze meLa nathI. samAje utpAdana kevI rIte karavuM te jANyuM che paraMtu utpanna karelI saMpattinI vaheMcaNI kevI rIte karavI tenI tene jANa nathI. A TUMka prastAvanA pachI yuropa tathA amerikA tarapha ApaNe pharIthI najara karIe. mahAyuddha pachInAM pahelAM daza varase daramyAna temaNe veThelI hADamArIo ane muzkelIo viSe huM tane AgaLa kaMIka kahI gaye chuM. mahAyuddhamAM

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bhAre maMdI ane jagadavyApI kaTekaTI hArelA jarmanI ane madhya yuropanA bIjA nAnA nAnA dezanI mahAyuddha pachI UbhI thayelI paristhitimAM bhAre durdazA thaI hatI. temanI calaNavyavasthA tUTI paDI ane tene lIdhe e dezanA madhyamavarganA leke barabAda thaI gayA. yuropanI vijayI ane leNadAra sattAonI sthiti temanA karatAM thoDI ja ThIka hatI ema kahI zakAya. e dareka sattA amerikAnI devAdAra hatI tathA dezanI aMdara yuddha aMgenuM rASTrIya karaja paNa temanA upara jabaradasta hatuM. e badhI sattAo A bahAranA ane AMtarika e baMne prakAranA devAnA bejA nIce lathaDiyAM khAtI hatI. yuddhanI nukasAnI peTe jarmanI pAse nANAM maLavAnI ane e rIte kaMI nahi te paradezonuM devuM patAvavAnI AzAmAM teo jIvatI hatI. temanI e AzA bahu vAstavika nahatI kemake jarmanI pote ja devAdAra rASTra hatuM. paraMtu amerikAe jarmanIne nANAM dhIryA eTale e muzkelIne teDa AvI gayo. e nANAM pachIthI jarmanIe iMglaMDa tathA phrAMsa vagerene temane ApavAnI nukasAnInI rakama peTe bharyA ' ane e dezee e nANAM pAchAM amerikAne pitApitAnA devA peTe bharyA. e dazakA daramyAna yunAITeDa sTeTsa e ja eka deza sadhdhara ane AbAda hate. nANAMnI te tyAM jANe chaLa UDatI hoya ema jaNAtuM hatuM ane e samRddhine kAraNe ke bhAre AzA rAkhavA lAgyA. sarakArI jAmInagIrIonA tathA zerenA saTTA thavA lAgyA. mUDIvAdI jagatamAM ekaMdare evI chApa pravartatI hatI ke pahelAMnA vakhatanI maMdIomAM banyuM hatuM tema A Arthika kaTokaTI paNa pasAra thaI jaze ane badhuM TharIThAma thaI jaIne duniyAmAM pharI pAcho samRddhine yuga Avaze. sAce ja, mUDIvAdI vyavasthAmAM ghaTamALanI peThe AbAdI ane maMdI athavA kaTokaTI vArApharatI AvyA karatI hoya ema lAge che. ghaNuM lAMbA vakhata upara kArla mAse e darzAvI ApyuM hatuM ke, mUDIvAdanI janArahita ane avaijJAnika paddhatimAM ja e vastu garbhitapaNe rahelI che. udyoganI AbAdIne pariNAme tene kALa Ave che ane pachI ene lAbha levAne mATe dareka jaNa banI zake eTaluM vadhAre utpAdana karavA mAge che. ene lIdhe utpAdana joIe te karatAM vadhI jAya che eTale ke vecI zakAya tenA karatAM vadhAre pramANamAM mAla utpanna thAya che. pariNAme pAkA mAlanA DhagaleDhagalA khaDakAya che, vepAra maMda paDe che ane udyoganI gati pharI pAchI dhImI paDe che. amuka vakhata sudhI A sthiti rahevA pAme che ane te daramyAna ekaTho thayele mAla dhIme dhIme vecAI jAya che. have udyoge pharI pAchA sateja thAya che ane pharI pAcho samRddhine kALa zarU thAya che. hamezAM tejImaMdInI ghaTamALa A pramANe cAlyA karatI hatI eTale meTA bhAganA loko evI AzA rAkhatA hatA ke ceDA ghaNA vakhata pachI samRddhine kALa pharI pAcho Avaze.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM' rekhAdarzana paraMtu 1929nI sAlamAM paristhiti ekAeka bagaDI. amerikAe jarmanI tathA dakSiNa amerikAnAM rAjyone nANAM dhIravAnuM baMdha karyu ane e rIte leNadeNunA kAgaLa uparanA vyavahArano aMta ANyo. e to dekhItuM ja hatuM ke, amerikAnA mUDIdArA kaI hamezane mATe nANAM dhIryAM karavAnA nahAtA ja. kemake ethI te temanA dedAronI javAbadArI vacce jAya ane devuM patAvavAnuM temane mATe azakaya banI jAya. atyAra sudhI temaNe dhIryAM karyuM. enuM kAraNa to e hatuM ke, temanI pAse puSkaLa pramANamAM rokaDa nANAM paDelAM hatAM ane tene temane kazA upayoga nahotA. A vadhArAnAM phAlatu nANAMne lIdhe teo zaeNr bajAramAM bhAre saTTAe khelavA lAgyA. saTTAnA jugAra khelavAne bhAre juvALa caDyo ane dareka jaNa tatkALa zrImata thaI javA mAgatA hatA. jamanIne nANAM dhIravAnI nA pADavAmAM AvI ene lIdhe tatkALa kaTokaTI UbhI thaI. ene pariNAme keTalIka jarmana eNke tUTI. dhIme dhIme yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakama tathA devAnI rakama bharapAI karavAnI ghaTamALa aTakI paDI. dakSiNa amerikAnI ghaNI sarakAro tathA khIjAM nAnAM nAnAM rAjye vAyado cUkavavAmAM niSphaLa nIvaDavA lAgyAM. zAkhanI AkhIye imArata * paDI bhAgavA lAgI e joI ne yunAiTeDa sTeTsanA pramukha ra gabharAyA ane 1971nA julAI mAsamAM teNe karaja bharapAI karavAnI muddata eka varasa mATe mulatavI rAkhI. eTale ke karajadArone rAhata ApavAne mATe sarakAra sarakAra vaccenA devAnI tathA yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakamanI bharapAI eka varasa mATe baMdha rAkhavAmAM AvI. daramyAna, 1929nA julAI mAsamAM amerikAmAM eka noMdhapAtra banAva banavA pAmyA. zaeNra bajAranI saTTAkhorIne kAraNe zaeNra vagerenA bhAvAmAM asAdhAraNa vadhAro thayA ane pachIthI e bhAvA ekAeka atizaya esI gayA. nyU yorkanAM zarAphI maMDaLAmAM bhAre kaTokaTI pedA thaI ane te divasathI amerikAnI samRddhinA kALano aMta Avyo. amerikA paNa have maMdI veThatAM khIjA rASTronI hAramAM AvI gayuM. vepAra tathA udyogAmAM have bhAre maMdI zarU thaI ane te duniyAbharamAM vyApI gaI. tuM ema na mAnI laIza ke zaeNra bajAranI saTTAkhorI ke nyU yorkanI Arthika kaTokaTIne kAraNe amerikAnI paDatI yaI athavA tyAM maMdI pedA thaI. e baMne vastu to nimittamAtra hatI, enAM kharAM kAraNeA te ghaNAM UMDAM hatAM. AkhIye duniyAmAM vepAra kSINa thatA gayA ane khAsa karIne khetInI pedAzanA bhAvA ekadama besI gayA. dareka vastunuM utpAdana hada uparAMtanuM thaI gayuM che ema kahevAmAM AvatuM hatuM. paraMtu kharI vastusthiti e hatI ke utpanna thayelA mAla kharIdavA mATe lakA pAse nANAM ja naheAtAM - kharIdI joIe te karatAM ochI thaI gaI hatI. pAkA mAla vecAtA baMdha thayA eTale ---- 1354

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bhAre maMdI ane jagadavyApI kaTokaTI 1355 te ekaThA thavA lAge ane svAbhAvika rIte ja e mAla utpanna karanArAM kArakhAnAMo baMdha karavAM paDavAM. vecAya nahi te mAla pedA karavAnuM teo cAlu rAkhI zake nahi. ene pariNAme yuropa amerikA tathA bIje badhe sthaLe kadIye na anubhavelI evI bhAre bekArI pedA thaI badhAye audyogika dezo upara bhAre phaTako paDyo. e ja rIte, duniyAnAM bajAramAM udyogone mATe jarUrI kA mAla tathA khorAkInI vastuo pUrAM pADanAra khetIpradhAna dezone paNa bhAre phaTako paDyo. Ama thoDe aMze hiMdanA udyogone paNa sosavuM paDayuM paraMtu khetInI pedAzanA bhAve besI javAthI hiMdane kheDUtavarga bhAre musIbatamAM AvI paDyo. sAmAnya rIte te khAdhAkhorAkInI vastuonA bhAve ghaTe e lokone mATe AzIrvAda rUpa gaNAya. kema ke temane temane rAka saMdhe bhAve maLe. paraMtu mUDIvAdI vyavasthA nIcenI A UMdhIcatI duniyAmAM A AzIrvAda zApanA rUpamAM pheravAI gaye. kheDUtone temanA jamInadArane rokaDamAM gaNota athavA sarakArane rokaDamAM mahesUla bharavAnuM hatuM. e rokaDa rakama meLavavA mATe temane pitAnI khetInI pedAza vecI devI paDatI hatI. paraMtu vastunA bhAvo eTalA badhA besI gayA hatA ke keTalIka vAra te pitAnI badhIye pedAza vecI devA chatAMye temane ene mATe pUratAM nANAM maLI rahetAM nahi. ane AthI ghaNI vAra te temane temanI jamIna uparathI tathA temanAM mATInAM jhuMpaDAomAMthI kADhI mUkavAmAM AvatA ane gaNota vasUla karavA mATe temanI jUja gharavakharInuM paNa lIlAma karavAmAM AvatuM. ane A rIte, anAja atizaya soMghuM hatuM te vakhate paNa A anAja pedA karanArAo ja bhUkhe maratA hatA ane temane gharabAra vinAnA karI devAmAM AvatA hatA. A duniyAnI parasparAvalaMbitAe ja e maMdIne jagavyApI banAvI mUkI. bahAranI duniyAthI aLage rahele tibeTa jevo mulaka ja mArI dhAraNA pramANe emAMthI mukta haze! mahine mahine maMdI vadhu ne vadhu phelAtI gaI ane vepAra kSINa thato gayo. AkhIye samAjavyavasthAmAM dhIme dhIme prasaratA jatA ane tene apaMga banAvatA pakSAghAta jevI e sthiti hatI. kadAca, duniyAnA vepAranA prajAsaMghe bahAra pADelA AMkaDAo uparathI ja e maMdIne tene sauthI sarasa khyAla Avaze. e AMkaDAo dareka varasanA pahelA traNa mAsanA che ane te senAnA DaoNlaranI lAkhanI saMkhyAmAM ApavAmAM AvyA che pahelA traNa mAsa AyAta mUlya nikAsa mUlya AyAta-nikAsa mUlya 1929 79720 73170 152890 1930 73640 65200 138840 1931 51540 45310 96850 1932 34340 30270 64610 1933 28280 25520 53810

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1351 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana duniyAne vepAra uttarottara kevI rIte ghaTate game te A AMkaDAo ApaNane darzAvI Ape che. e vepAra 1933nI sAlanA pahelA traNa mAsa daramyAna cAra varSa agAu hatuM tenA kapa TakA jeTale eTale ke lagabhaga trIjA bhAgane thaI gayo hato. vepArane aMgenA A AMkaDAo mAnavI saMbaMdhI zI hakIkata ApaNane kahe che? te ApaNane kahe che ke, janasamudAya eTale badhe garIba che ke teo je pedA kare che te kharIdI zakatA nathI. te ApaNane kahe che ke, duniyAmAM saMkhyAbaMdha majabUro bekAra paDyA che ane kAma karavAnI pUrepUrI AturatA hovA chatAM temane kAma maLatuM nathI. mAtra yurepa tema ja yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM ja 30,000,000 majUre bekAra che. emAMthI 3,000,000 majUra briTanamAM ane 13,000,000 yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM bekAra che. hiMdustAnamAM ane eziyAnA bIjA dezomAM keTalA leke bekAra che tenI te koIne paNa kazI khabara ja nathI. ghaNuM karIne ekalA hiMdustAnamAM ja yuropa ane amerikAnA bekAranI kula saMkhyA karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre leke bekAra haze. duniyAbharamAM bekAra banelA asaMkhya lekene tema ja temanA upara AdhAra rAkhanArAM temanAM kuTuMbIjanone vicAra karI che eTale vepAranI maMdIne kAraNe pedA thayelI mAnavI yAtanAone tane kaMIka khyAla Avaze. yuropanA ghaNA dezamAM rAjya taraphathI zarU karavAmAM AvelI vImA paddhati anusAra rAjyane copaDe noMdhAyelA badhA bekArane jivAI jege kharaca rAjya taraphathI ApavAmAM Ave che; yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM bekArane dAna tarIke jivAI ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. paraMtu rAjya taraphathI maLatI tema ja dAna tarIke maLatI A rakama gujArA mATe pUratI nahatI ane ghaNAone te e rakama paNa nahatI maLatI ane temane bhUkhamare veTha paData. madhya ane pUrva yuropanA keTalAka bhAgomAM te paristhiti atizaya kAramI banI gaI hatI, badhAye audyogika dezamAM amerikA upara maMdIne phaTake sauthI chelle paDyo, paraMtu bIjA badhA dezo karatAM enI asara tyAM AgaLa vadhAre pramANamAM thavA pAmI. amerikAnA leke lAMbA samaya sudhI cAlatI vepAranI maMdI tathA hADamArIthI TevAyelA nahotA. garviSa - dhanagarviSTha amerikA, maMdIne phaTake paDatAM bebAkaLuM banI gayuM ane lAkhenA pramANamAM bekAranI saMkhyA vadhatI gaI tema ja bhUkhamarAnuM dazya sarvasAmAnya banatuM gayuM tema tema rASTranuM dhairya khUTavA lAgyuM. beMke ane rokANa upara vizvAsa DagI gayA ane leke beMkamAMthI pitAnAM nANAM uThAvI laIne pitAnI pAse saMgharavA lAgyA. beMke te vizvAsa ane zAkha upara ja nabhe che eTale e vizvAsa tUTe te beMkanI paNa evI ja dazA thAya. yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM hajAre beMke e rIte tUTI gaI

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bhAre maMdI ane jagadavyApI kahekaTI 1357 ane pratyeka tUTelI beMke kaTokaTImAM vadhAro karyo ane ekaMdare paristhiti vizeSe karIne bagaDI. bekAra banelAM saMkhyAbaMdha strIpuruSoe rakhaDapaTTIne dhaMdhe svIkAryo ane teo kAmanI zodhamAM eka zaherathI bIje zahera ema bhaTakavA lAgyAM. moTA meTA rAjamArgone raste teo pakaDatAM ane tyAM thaIne pasAra thatA moTaravALAone teo pitAnI moTaramAM temane besADI laI javAnI vinaMtI karatAM athavA ghaNI vAra te teo dhImI gatithI jatI mAlagADInAM bAjunAM pATiyAo upara vaLagI jatAM. ethIye vizeSa seMdhapAtra dazya te e vizALa dezanA eka cheDAthI bIjA cheDA sudhI ekalAM athavA nAnA nAnA samUhamAM rakhaDatAM taraNa vayanAM chokarA chokarIonuM hatuM. nAnAM nAnAM bALake sudhdhAM e rIte rakhaDatAM mAlUma paDatAM hatAM, daramyAna pukhta vayanA ane sazakta purUSa kAma vinA navarA beThA rahyA hatA ane kAma maLe evI AzA sevatA hatA. ane namUnArUpa kArakhAnAo paNa baMdha thaI rahyAM hatAM. mUDIvAdI vyavasthAnuM svarUpa ja evuM che ke, Ama hovA chatAMye, e ja arasAmAM aMdhArI, gaMdI ane lehAnuM pANI karanArI dukAne UbhI thaI ane temAM bAra ne soLa varasanAM bALako pAse najIvI majUrI ApIne divasanA dazathI bAra jeTalA kalAka kAma levAmAM AvatuM. keTalAka mAlikoe e taruNa vayanAM chokarA chokarIo uparanA bekArIne jabaradasta dabANane lAbha uThAvIne pitAnI mile tathA kArakhAnAMomAM temanI pAsethI sakhata ane lAMbA kalAka sudhI kAma lIdhuM. maMdIe A rIte amerikAmAM bALakonI majUrI pharI pAchI dAkhala karI ane Ano tathA bIjI gerarItionI manAI karanArA majUrene lagatA kAyadAone chaDecoka bhaMga thavA lAgyo. e vastu yAda rAkhaje ke amerikAmAM yA te bAkInI duniyAmAM anna ke pAkA mAlanI taMgI nahotI. phariyAda UlaTI e hatI ke e badhI vastuo vadhAre paDatI hatI; e badhI vastuonuM utpAdana joIe te karatAM vadhAre hatuM. sara henrI phrAkaza nAmanA eka mazadara aMgreja arthazAstrIe jaNAvyuM che ke, 1931nI sAlamAM eTale ke, maMdInA bIjA varasamAM duniyAnAM bajAramAM eTale badho mAla paDeluM hatuM ke, tyAra pachI savAbe varasa sudhI duniyAbharanA leke kazuMye kAma na kare toye teo jIvananA je dharaNane TevAyelA hatA te dhoraNa pramANe pitAnuM gujarAna calAvI zake. ane Ama chatAMye, e ja samaye, Adhunika audyogika duniyAe pahelAM kadIye na anubhavelI evI taMgI ane bhUkhamare tene veTha paDayo. ane enI sAthe sAthe ja, e taMgIne paDakhe ja khAdhAkhorAkInI vastuone kharekhAta nAza karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. pAkane na laNatAM tene khetaramAM ja saDavA devAmAM Avate, phaLane jhADe upara

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1358 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ja rahevA devAmAM AvatAM ane ghaNI vastuone te kharekhara nAza karavAmAM Avate. AnuM eka ja udAharaNa ApuM : 1931nA jUnathI mAMDIne 1933nA phebruArI sudhImAM brAjhilamAM 140,00,000 karatAMye vadhAre kaoNphInA thelAone nAza karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. dareka kothaLAmAM 132 ratala kaoNphI heya che eTale e rIte 1,84,80,00,000 karatAM vadhAre ratala kephIne nAza karavAmAM Ave ! e jacce AkhI duniyAnI vastI mATe pUratuM hatuM. ene vaheMcavAmAM Ave te pratyeka vyaktine eka zera kaeNphI maLI rahe. ane Ama chatAMye ApaNane khabara che ke, kaoNphIne saharSa vadhAvI le evA karaDe lekonI kophI kharIdavAnI guMjAza nathI. kaoNphI uparAMta ghauM ane kapAsa tema ja bIjI paNa aneka vastuone nAza karavAmAM AvyuM. kapAsa, rabara, cA vagerenuM vAvetara maryAdita karIne bhaviSyamAM utpAdana ghaTADavAnAM pagalAM paNa bharavAmAM AvyAM. khetInI nIpajanI kiMmata vadhAravAne mATe uparyukta vastuone nAza karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM tema ja temanuM vAvetara maryAdita karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. kemake ethI e badhI vastuonI - taMgI pedA thAya ane ene pariNAme enI mAga pedA thAya ane mAga pedA thavAthI temanA bhAva UMcA thAya. bajAramAM pitAne mAla vecanAra kheDUtane te e vastu phAyadAkAraka nIvaDe paraMtu vAparavAne mATe e vastuo kharIdanArAonI zI sthiti ? sAce ja, ApaNI A duniyA ajaba jevI che. je utpAdana joIe te karatAM ochuM thAya te vastuonA e bhAva eTalA badhA vadhI jAya ke meTA bhAganA leke te kharIdI zake nahi ane e rIte temane hADamArI bhegavavI paDe. je utpAdana vadhAre paDatuM thAya te vastuonA bhAva eTalA badhA ghaTI jAya ke udyoga ane khetI cAlI zake nahi ane tene lIdhe bekArI pedA thAya. ane tenI pAse kharIdavAnA paisA te hotA nathI eTale bekAra thayela mANasa koI paNa vastu kevI rIte kharIdI zakavAne hate? Ama mAlanI achata hoya ke tenI relamachela hoya e baMne paristhitimAM Ama janatAnA nasIbamAM te kaSTo ane hADamArI ja veThavAnAM hoya che. AgaLa kahI gayo tema, maMdInA kALa daramyAna amerikAmAM ke bIje koI paNa ThekANe mAlanI taMgI te hatI ja nahi. kheDUte pAse khetInI pedAza paDelI hatI paNa te teo vecI zakatA nahatA. ane zaheranA leka pAse kArakhAnAMomAM taiyAra thayele pAke mAla paDeluM hatuM paraMtu teo tene vecI zakatA nahotA. ane Ama chatAMye ekane bIjAne mAla joItuM hatuM. ubhaya pakSe nANAne abhAva hovAthI vinimayane vyavahAra aTakI paDyo. ane pachIthI, sArI peThe audyogika banelA, Adhunika sabhyatAmAM AgaLa vadhelA ane mUDIvAdI amerikAmAM ghaNA lekee sATAnI eTale ke vastuvinimayanI prAcIna paddhati

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bhAre maMdI ane jagaduvyApI kaTokaTI 1359 akhatyAra karI. rokaDa nANune vaparAza zarU thayuM te pahelAM prAcIna kALamAM e vastuvinimayanI paddhati cAlatI hatI. vastuvinimaya karavA mATenI seMkaDa saMsthAo amerikAmAM zarU thaI. nANune abhAve vinimayanI mUDIvAdI paddhati tUTI paDI eTale lekee nANAM vinA calAvavAnuM zarU karyuM ane teo vastuo ane sevAone vinimaya karavA lAgyA. pramANapatro ApIne te dvArA vastuvinimayanA vyavahArane madadarUpa thavA mATe vinimaya saMsthAo UbhI thaI. vastuvinimaya aMge eka DerIvALAne ramUjI dAkhala che. pitAnAM bALakanI keLavaNInA badalAmAM eka vidyApIThane te dUdha, mAkhaNa tathA IDAM ApatA hatA. bIjA keTalAka dezomAM paNa vastuvinimayanI paddhati cheDeghaNe aMze vikasI hatI. AMtararASTrIya vinimayanI aTapaTI paddhati tUTI paDI eTale rASTra rASTra vacce paNa vastuvinimayanA ghaNe dAkhalA banavA pAmyA. A rIte svIDana norvenuM ImAratI lAkaDuM IMglaDe kelase ApIne lIdhuM; soviyeTa pAsethI tela meLavavAne mATe keneDAe tene elyuminiyama ApyuM; yunAITeDa sTeTsa brAjhilane ghauM ApIne tenA badalAmAM tenI pAsethI kaoNphI meLavI. e maMdIne lIdhe amerikAnA kheDUte upara bhAre phaTako paDyo. ane pitAnA khetInA bagIcAo gIre mUkIne beMka pAsethI upADelAM nANAM teo bharapAI na karI zakyA. AthI e khetInA bagIcAo vecI nAkhIne beMkoe pitAnuM leNuM vasUla karavAno prayAsa karyo. paraMtu kheDUte ema karavA de ema nahotuM ane AvA prakAranAM vecANe aTakAvavAne mATe temaNe amalI pagalAM bharavA mATenI samitio nImI. enuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke, beMka taraphathI karavAmAM AvatI khetInA bagIcAonI harAjImAM mAgaNI karavAnI koInI hiMmata cAlatI nahi ane beMkavALAone kheDUtanI zarate kabUla rAkhavAnI pharaja paDatI. kheDUtane A baLave amerikAnA madhya pazcimanA khetIpradhAna pradezamAM phelAye. e baLavAnI ghaTanA bhAre mahattvanI hatI kemake, lAMbA samaya sudhI dezanA AdhAra-thaMbharUpa banI rahelA amerikAnA A sthiticusta kheDUtone vadhatI jatI e Arthika kaTokaTIe kevI rIte uttarottara uddAma ane krAMtikArI daSTivALA banAvyA e vastu e darzAvI Ape che. temanI e caLavaLa taLapadI hatI ane samAjavAda ke sAmyavAda sAthe tene kazeye saMbaMdha nahote. Arthika saMkaTane kAraNe milakatane mAlikI hakka dharAvanArA madhyama varganA kheDUte maTIne teo kevaLa jamIna kheDanArA ane jUja milakta dharAvanArA kheDUte athavA gaNotiyAo thaI gayA. "mAnavI hakko e kAyadAnA tathA milaktanA hakkothI para che." "gIne pahele hakka patnI tathA bALakane che." ItyAdi temanA aneka pikAromAMnA deDA pikAra hatA.

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1360 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana yunAITeDa sTeTsanI paristhitinuM khyAna meM kaMIka vistArathI karyuM che kemake amerikA e aneka rIte adabhuta deza che. e sauthI AgaLa vadhela mUDIvAdI deza che ane yuropa tathA eziyAnI peThe tenAM mULa bhUtakALanI phayUDala vyavasthAmAM rahelAM nathI. A rIte tyAM AgaLa pheraphAre vadhAre tvarAthI thAya che. bIjA deze to janatAnAM kaSTo tathA hADamArIothI vadhAre TevAyelA che. amerikAmAM te ATalA moTA pAyA uparanI e ghaTanA taddana navI ane hebatAvI mUke evI hatI. amerikA viSe meM je kahyuM che te uparathI maMdInA kALa daramyAna bIjA dezonI durdazA viSe tuM kalpanA karI zakaze. keTalAka dezanI sthiti te atizaya kharAba thaI gaI hatI ane keTalAka dezanI sthiti kaMIka ThIka hatI. ekaMdare jotAM khetIpradhAna ane pachAta deza upara AgaLa vadhelA audyogika deze jeTalo sakhata phaTako paDyo nahoto. temanA khuda pachAtapaNAe ja kaMIka aMze temane ugArI lIdhA. khetInI pedAzanA bhAve ekadama atizaya besI gayA e temanI mukhya muzkelI hatI. ene lIdhe kheDUta varga bhAre hADamArImAM AvI paDyo. khetIpradhAna deza oNsTreliyA iMglaMDanI beMkanuM pitAnuM devuM ApI na zakyo ane khetInI pedAzanA bhAve besI javAne kAraNe nAdAra thaI javAnI aNI para AvI gayo hato. emAMthI UgaravAne mATe igleMDanA baeNkavALAonI kaDaka zarate tene kabUla rAkhavI paDI. maMdInA kALamAM beMko ane zarAphe athavA nANAM dhIranArAone varga mAtabara bane che ane bIjA vargo upara te pitAnuM prabhutva jamAve che. - yunAITeDa sTeTsa dhIra baMdha karI tethI tema ja maMdIne lIdhe dakSiNa ame rikAmAM kaTokaTI UbhI thaI ane tene pariNAme ghaNIkharI prajAsattAka sarakAre athavA sAcuM kahetAM tyAM AgaLa zAsana karatA saramukhatyAre UthalI paDyA. tenA AgaLa paDatA deze ArjenTAIna, cilI ane brAjhila sahita AkhAye dakSiNa amerikAmAM krAMtio thavA pAmI. dakSiNa amerikAnI badhIye krAMtionI piThe e krAMtio paNa rAjamahelanI krAMtio hatI ane ene pariNAme mAtra Toca upara ja pheraphAra thayA eTale ke saramukhatyAre ane sarakAramAM parivartana thavA pAmyuM. tyAM AgaLa lazkara ane polIsa upara kAbU dharAvanAra vyakti ke vyaktisamUha deza upara zAsana kare che. dakSiNa amerikAnI badhI ja sarakAro devAnA bhAre bejA nIce hatI ane temAMnI ghaNuMkharI sarakAre vAyadA pramANe pitAnuM devuM cUkavavAmAM niSphaLa nIvaDI hatI.

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185 kaTokaTI zAthI pedA thaI? 21 julAI, 1933 mahAmaMdIe duniyAnI gaLacI pakaDI ane teNe tenI badhI pravRttione rUMdhI nAkhI athavA te maMda pADI dIdhI. ghaNe ThekANe udyogamAM cakra pharatAM baMdha thaI gayAM; anAja ane bIjA khAdya padArtho pakavanArAM khetare kheDyA vinA paDatara paDI rahyAM; rabaranAM jhADa upara rabara jharIne ekaThuM thatuM hatuM paNa koI tene ekaThuM karanAra nahatuMjemAM cAnA cheDavAo kALajIpUrvaka ucheravAmAM AvatA hatA te pahADonI bAjumAM AvelA cAnA bagIcAo jaMgalanA rUpamAM pheravAI gayA ane temanI saMbhALa rAkhanAra keI rahyuM nahotuM. A badhAM kAme karanArAo te bekAranI pracaMDa senAmAM joDAI gayA hatA. teo kAmadhaMdhe maLe enI pratIkSA karatA beThA hatA paraMtu kAma temane maLe ema hatuM nahi eTale lAcAra ane lagabhaga hatAza thaIne bhUkhamare ane hADamArI veThI rahyA hatA. ghaNuM dezamAM ApaghAtanI saMkhyA ghaNA moTA pramANamAM vadhavA pAmI. ' meM kahyuM tema, badhAye udyoga upara maMdInI kAramI chAyA pharI vaLI. paraMtu eka udyoga e hate khare ke je emAMthI mukta rahyo. judA judA dezonAM lazkara, naukAsa tathA havAI daLane zastro tathA bIje laDAyaka saraMjAma pUre pADanAra yuddhasaraMjAma pedA karanAre e udyoga hato. e dhaMdho atizaya AbAda thaye ane teNe pitAnA zera dharAvanArAone moTA moTA naphA vaheMcA. maMdInI asara e udyoga upara na thaI kemake e dhaMdhe rASTra rASTra vaccenI harIphAI ane spardhA upara cAle che ane e kaTokaTInA kALamAM te e harIphAI ane spardhA atizaya ugra banI gaI bIjo eka mATe pradeza - viyeTa rAjya - paNa maMdInI sIdhI asaramAMthI mukta rahyo. tyAM AgaLa bekArI nahatI ane paMcavaSa yejanA anusAra tyAM pahelAM karatAMye sakhata kAma cAlatuM hatuM. mUDIvAdanA niyaMtraNa nIcenA pradezanI e bahAra hatuM ane tenI arthavyavasthA bhinna hatI. paraMtu huM AgaLa jaNAvI game tema maMdIne kAraNe parokSa athavA ADakatarI rIte tene sesavuM paDyuM; kema ke, maMdIne lIdhe teNe paradezamAM vecelI potAnI khetInI pedAzanA bhAvo tene ochA maLyA. A mahAmaMdI - A jagavyApI kaTokaTInuM kAraNa zuM hatuM? eka rIte te e kaTokaTI lagabhaga mahAyuddhanA jeTalI ja bhayaMkara hatI. ene mUDIvAdanI kaTokaTI kahevAmAM Ave che, kemake enA phaTakAthI mUDIvAdanA vyApaka ane aTapaTA taMtrane sArI peThe nukasAna pahoMcyuM che. mUDIvAde A vartAva kema rAkhe? ane e kaTokaTI thoDA vakhata pUratI ja che? athavA mUDIvAda emAMthI kSema

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1362 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kuzaLa pAra Utaraze ke pachI duniyA upara ATalA badhA lAMbA samaya sudhI prabhutva bhegavanAra e mahAna vyavasthAnI maraNa pahelAMnI chevaTanI vyathAnI A zarUAta che? AvA AvA aneka prazno UThe che ane ApaNe temanA tarapha AkarSAIe chIe kemake e praznonA javAba upara ja mAnavajAtanA ane sAthe sAthe ApaNA saunA bhAvIne paNa AdhAra che. 197ranI sAlanA Disembara mAsamAM briTiza sarakAre amerikAnI sarakAra upara eka yAdI mokalI hatI ane temAM teNe pitAnuM yuddhaNuM jatuM karavAnI yAcanA karI hatI. e yAdImAM briTiza sarakAre e paNa batAvI ApyuM hatuM ke, reganA upacAra ajamAvavA jatAM te UlaTe te vadhAre ugra banyuM che. teNe jaNAvyuM ke, "karaverAmAM behada vadhAro karI devAmAM AvyuM che ane kharacamAM bhAre kApakUpa karavAmAM AvI che ane Ama chatAMye je pIDA maTADavAne A badhI maryAdAo tathA niyaMtraNa akhatyAra karavAmAM AvyAM che. teNe te e pIDA UlaTI vadhArI mUkI che." vaLI vizeSamAM temaNe batAvI ApyuM ke, kudaratanI kaMjUsAIne kAraNe kaMI A hAni ane yAtanAo veThavI paDatI nathI. bhaitika vijJAnanI saphaLatA dinapratidina vadhatI jAya che ane sAcI saMpatti utpanna karavAnI agAdha zakyatAo akSata eTale ke jemanI tema rahI che." doSa kudaratamAM nahi paNa mANasamAM ane teNe UbhI karelI vyavasthAmAM rahela che. mUDIvAdanA A vyAdhinuM sAcuM nidAna karavAnuM tema ja tenuM nivAraNa karavAnA ilAje batAvavAnuM kAma saheluM nathI. jemaNe e viSe badhuye jANavuM joIe te saMpattizAstrIomAM e viSe matabheda che ane teo enAM bhinna bhinna kAraNe jaNAve che ane enA nivAraNanA judA judA upAya sUcave che. mAtra sAmyavAdIo ane samAjavAdIonA manamAM e bAbatamAM cokhavaTa hoya ema lAge che. temanAM dRSTibiMdu ane siddhAMtane mUDIvAdanI paDatIthI samarthana maLe che. mUDIvAdI to te e viSenI pitAnI mUMjhavaNa nikhAlasapaNe kabUla kare che. meMTegyu narmane e igleMDane eka moTo ane samartha zarApha che. ane te IMglaMDanI beMka ne gavarnara che. eka jAhera samAraMbhane prasaMge teNe kahyuM hatuM ke, "Arthika prazna e mArA gajA uparavaTane prazna che. enI muzkelIo atizaya bhAre ane avanavI che tathA bhUtakALamAM ene maLatI AvatI ghaTanAo maLatI nathI. eTale e AkhAye viSayane eka ajJAna mANasa tarIke ane khUba namratApUrvaka huM hAtha dharuM chuM. e mAre mATe gajA bahAranuM kAma che. atyAre te ApaNe aMdhakAramaya bagadAmAM ja phasAyelA chIe. bhaviSyamAM, e bagadAne cheDe ApaNe prakAza jaI zakIzuM evI mane AzA che. keTalAka leke kyAranAye e prakAza ApaNane batAvavAne zaktimAna thayA che. paraMtu e prakAza te bhrAmaka drajALa che ane kevaLa ApaNane nirAza karavA mATe ja te

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kaTokaTI zAthI pedA thaI? 13:3 ApaNA hRdayamAM AzAnA saMcAra kare che. sara oNkalaeNMDa gIDIsa nAmanA eka nAmIcA briTiza rAjadvArI puruSe kahyuM che ke, 'vicAravAna lekA mAne che ke samAjane hAsa zarU thaI cUkayo che. ApaNe jANIe chIe ke yuropamAM te eka yuganA aMta najIka AvI rahyo che.' jana leAkA ema mAnatA ke, e kaTokaTInuM kharuM kAraNa yuddhanI nukasAnI peTe bharavI paDatI rakamo che; khIjA dhaNA lekA ema mAnatA hatA ke, yuddha-RNane kAraNe,-- pachI te dezanI aMdara kareluM devuM hoya ke paradezamAM kareluM devuM hAya ~~~ maMdI pedA thaI. temanuM evuM mAnavuM hatuM ke e mejo gajA uparavaTanA thaI paDyo ane teNe badhAye udyogAne kacarI nAkhyA. A rIte, duniyAnI muzkelIne mATe pradhAnapaNe mahAyuddhane javAbadAra gaNavAmAM Ave che. keTalAka saMpattizAstrIonA evA mata hatA ke, kharI musIbata nANAMnA vicitra prakAranA vyavahArane kAraNe pedA thaI ane seAnAnI achata thaI javAne kAraNe vastunA bhAvA atizaya besI gayA. ane sAnAnI achata, amuka aMze duniyAne joI e teTalA pramANamAM khANAmAMthI te pedA nathI thatuM tene lIdhe paNa N mukhyatve karIne teA judI judI sarakArA tenA saMgraha karI rahI che tethI thavA pAmI che. vaLI khIjA keTalAka ema kahetA hatA ke, badhI muzkelIo Arthika rASTravAdane kAraNe -- paradezathI AvatA mAla upara bhAre jakAto ane karA nAMkhavAnI nItine kAraNe pedA thavA pAmI che. e jakAto AMtararASTrIya vepArane aTakAvI de che. vaLI bIjA keTalAkee sUcavyuM ke, yaMtrazAstra athavA vaijJAnika karAmatAmAM thayelI pragati ene mATe kAraNabhUta hatI. eNe utpAdana kArTImAM joItA majUsanI saMkhyA ghaTADI dIdhI ane e rIte bekArImAM vadhArA karyAM. maMdIne mATe sUcavavAmAM AvelAM A ane khIjA kAraNeA viSe ghaNuM dhaNuM kahI zakAya ema che, paraMtu A jagabyApI viSamatA pedA karavAmAM e badhAMye kAraNeAe hissA ApyA hoya e banavAjoga che. paraMtu e kaTokaTI mATe emAMnAM kAI eka upara athavA te samagrapaNe badhAMye kAraNA upara doSAropaNa karavuM vAjakhI ke nyAyapuraHsaranuM nathI. kharekhara, A kahevAtAM kAraNAmAMthI ghaNAM te e kaTokaTInAM pariNAmo hatAM. hA, e kharuM ke e dareke kaTokaTIne ugra banAvavAmAM phALA ApyA hatA. paraMtu e rAganAM mULa ghaNAM UMDAM che. laDAImAM hAra thavAne kAraNe e kaTokaTI UbhI naheAtI thaI kemake, vijayI rASTro paNa temAM sapaDAyAM hatAM; rASTranI garIbAI paNa ene mATe kAraNabhUta nahatI kemake duniyAnA sauthI dhanavAna deza amerikA jemane e kaTokaTIne kAraNe sauthI vadhAre sAsavuM paDyuM temAMne eka deza hato, kaTokaTIne virata karavAmAM mahAyuddhe bhAre hissA ApyA che e vAta to nirvivAda che,

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134 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana enAM be kAraNe hatAM. eka te devAne asahya beje ane bIjuM leNadAramAM karavAmAM AvelI tenI vaheMcaNInI rIta. vaLI, mahAyuddha daramyAna tema ja te pachI thoDAM varasa sudhI vastuonA bhAve bahu UMcA rahyA e paNa enuM eka kAraNa hatuM. e bhAvo kRtrima hatA ane temAM ekadama oTa AvyA vinA cAle ema nahatuM. paNa ApaNe hajI vadhAre UMDA UtarIne tapAsIe. ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke, joIe te karatAM vadhAre pramANamAM karavAmAM AvatuM utpAdana reganuM mULa che. paraMtu e vastu bhrAmaka che, kema ke, karaDe mANasane jIvananI prAthamika jarUriyAtanI vastuonA paNa sAMsA paDatA hoya te paristhitimAM utpAdana vadhAre paDatuM thAya che ema kahI zakAya ja nahi. hiMdustAnamAM karoDa lokone paheravA mATe pUratAM kapaDAM maLatAM nathI ane chatAM milamAM kApaDanA tathA khAdI bhaMDAremAM khAdInA DhagaleDhagalA khaDakAyA che tathA kApaDanuM vadhAre paDatuM utpAdana thayuM che evI vAta sAMbhaLavAmAM Ave che. ene sAce khulAse te e che ke atizaya garIbAIne kAraNe leke kApaDa kharIdI zakatA nathI; nahi ke te temane joItuM nathI. janatA pAse nANune abhAva che. A nANAMnA abhAvane artha e nathI ke duniyAmAMthI nANuM alopa thaI gayAM che. ene artha e che ke, duniyAnA lokamAM nANAMnI vaheMcaNI badalAI che ane te niraMtara badalAtI rahe che. eTale ke, saMpattinI vaheMcaNImAM asamAnatA rahelI che. eka bAju dhanadelatanA DhagalA thayA che ane tene zuM upayoga karo tenI tenA mAlikane khabara paDatI nathI; teo te mAtra te vadhAre ne vadhAre khaDakatA jAya che ane temanAM beMkanAM khAtAM uttarottara meTAM ne moTAM thatAM jAya che. A nANune bajAramAM vastuo kharIdavAmAM upayoga thatuM nathI. jyAre bIjI bAjue dhanadolatanA sAMsA che ane nANAMnA abhAvane kAraNe jarUranI vastuo paNa kharIdI zakAtI nathI. A duniyAmAM tavaMgara tema ja garIbo che e hakIkata jaNAvavAnI A dIrghasUtrI rIta che. bAkI e hakIkta eTalI spaSTa ane ughADI che ke e puravAra karavA mATe dAkhalAlIlenI jarUra nathI. cheka ItihAsanA AraMbhakALathI mAMDIne Aja sudhI hamezAM A garIba ane tavaMgaro hatA ja. te pachI vartamAna kaTokaTI mATe temane zA mATe javAbadAra gaNavA joIe ? mArA dhAravA pramANe AgaLanA ekAda patramAM huM kahI gayuM chuM ke, saMpattinI vaheMcaNI karavAmAM mUDIvAdI vyavasthAnuM samagra valaNa asamAnatAone tIvra athavA utkaTa banAvavAnuM hoya che. samAjanI phayuDala avasthAmAM sthiti lagabhaga sthira hatI, athavA kahe ke te atizaya dhImI gatithI palaTAtI hatI; pracaMDa yaMtro ane jagavyApI bajArone kAraNe mUDIvAdI vyavasthA kriyAzIla banI. ane vyaktio ane samUhanA hAthamAM saMpatti ekaThI thaI eTale pheraphAra bahu jhaDapathI thavA

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kaTokaTI zAthI pedA thaI? lAgyA, saMpattinI vaheMcaNImAM asamAnatA vadhavAthI tema ja temAM bIjAM keTalAMka to umerAtAM audyogika dezamAM mUDIdAre ane majUra vacce navI laData UbhI thaI. majUrone majUrInA UMcA dare tathA jIvananI vadhu sArI sthiti ityAdi thoDI chUTachATa ApIne e dezanA mUDIdAree paristhiti jarA haLavI karI. vasAhatI deze ane pachAta mulakanA zeSaNane bhoge temaNe mane e chUTachATe ApI. A rIte, eziyA, AphrikA, dakSiNa amerikA tathA pUrva yuropanuM zoSaNa karIne pazcima yurepanA audyogika deze tathA uttara amerikA moTA pramANamAM saMpatti ekaThI karI zakyA ane tene thoDe bhAga pitApitAnA majUrone ApI zakyA. navAM navAM bajAre zedhAtAM gayA tema tema navA navA udyogo UbhA thatA gayA athavA jUnA udyoga vikasatA gayA. sAmrAjyavAdI dezee A bajAro ane kAcA mAla mATe AkramaNakArI zodha zarU karI ane judI judI audyogika sattAonI harIphAIne kAraNe temanI vacce athaDAmaNa pedA thaI. jyAre AkhI duniyA A mUDIvAdI zoSaNanA paMjhA nIce AvI gaI tyAre uttarottara vadhu ne vadhu vistAramAM paga pasAravAnI A kriyAno aMta Avyo ane bhinna bhinna sattAo vaccenA gharSaNane pariNAme mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM. A badhuM te huM tane AgaLa kahI gayo chuM paraMtu jagavyApI kaTokaTI samajavAmAM tene madadarUpa thAyaM eTalA mATe huM enuM punarAvartana karI rahyo chuM. vikasatA jatA mUDIvAda ane vistaratA jatA sAmrAjyavAdanA A yuga daramyAna eka bAjue vadhAre paDatI bacata ane bIjI bAjue kharacavA mATenAM nANanA vadhAre paDatA sAMsA paDavAne kAraNe pazcimanA dezamAM aneka vAra kaTokaTI pedA thaI hatI. paraMtu mUDIdAronA hAthamAM bacelAM phAlatu nANuM pachAta mulakanA zoSaNa ane khilavaNImAM vaparAyAM ane e rIte tyAM AgaLa navAM bajAre UbhAM thayAM ane ene pariNAme mAlanuM vecANa vadhavA pAmyuM eTale e badhI kaTokaTI pasAra thaI gaI. sAmrAjyavAdane mUDIvAdanI chevaTanI avasthA kahevAmAM AvI hatI. sAmAnya rIte te AkhIye duniyAnuM ughogIkaraNa thAya tyAM sudhI roSaNanI A kriyA cAlu raheta. paraMtu emAM keTalIka muzkelIo ane vine UbhAM thayAM. sAmrAjyavAdI sattAo vacce cAlatI jhanUnI spardhA e mukhya muzkelI hatI. dareka sattAne pitAne mATe saithI moTo bhAga joI te hate. vasAhatI dezamAM rASTrIyatAnI navI bhAvanA pedA thavA pAmI tema ja e dezee paNa pitapotAnA udyoge khIlavyA e bIjI muzkelI hatI. vasAhatI dezamAM UbhA thayelA e udyoge pitapatAnA dezanI jarUriyAto pUrI pADavA lAgyA. ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM chIe te pramANe A badhI prakriyAone pariNAme mahAyuddha udbhavyuM. paraMtu mahAyuddhe mUDIvAdanI muzkelIone ukela na karyo - athavA kaho ke te ene ukela karI zake ema nahotuM. seviTa rAjyane

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136 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vistRta pradeza saMpUrNapaNe mUDIvAdI duniyAnI bahAra nIkaLI gayuM. A rIte, jenuM zoSaNa karI zakAya ema hatuM evuM eka moTuM bajAra naSTa thayuM. pUrvanA dezamAM rASTravAde vadhu ugra svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM tema ja e deze audyogika paNa banatA gayA. mahAyuddha daramyAna tema ja te pachInAM varasamAM vaijJAnika kaLAmAM thayelI asAdhAraNa pragatie paNa saMpattinI asamAna vaheMcaNImAM tathA bekArI pedA karavAmAM phALo Apyo. yuddhane aMgenAM devAo paNa eka prabaLa kAraNa hatuM. yuddhane aMgenAM devAM jabaradasta hatAM ane e khAsa lakSamAM rAkhavA jevuM che ke enI pAchaLa kaI paNa prakAranI nakkara saMpatti rahelI nahatI. je kaI deza relave bAMdhavA mATe ke nahera khodavA mATe yA te dezane phAyadAkAraka nIvaDe evuM bIjuM koI paNa kAma karavA mATe nANAM uchInAM le te e uchInAM lIdhelAM ane kharacelAM nANAMnA badalAmAM kaMIka nakkara vastu tene prApta thAya che. kharekhara, A kAma dvArA temanA upara kharacavAmAM AvI hoya enA karatAM vadhAre saMpatti pedA thAya ema paNa bane. ethI karIne ene "utpAdaka kome" kahevAmAM Ave che. yuddhakALamAM uchInAM levAmAM AvelAM nANAM evAM kaI kAryamAM nahotAM kharacAyAM. e kevaLa anutpAdaka kAryamAM ja nahi paNa saMhAraka kAryamAM vaparAyAM hatAM. yuddhamAM racAyelI aDhaLaka rame pitAnI pAchaLa saMhAranA avazeSo mUkatI gaI. yuddhane aMgenAM devAM A rIte kazAye vaLatara vinAnAM ane kevaLa bajArUpa hatAM. yuddhane aMgenAM devAM traNa prakAranAM hatAM ? (1) je rakama bharavAnuM hArelA deza pAse parANe kabUla karAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te nukasAnInI rakama. (2) mitrarAjyanI sarakAranuM Apa ApasanuM devuM tathA khAsa karIne te badhInuM amerikAnuM devuM. ane (3) dareka deze pitAnA nAgarika pAse uchInAM lIdhelAM nANunuM rASTrIya devuM. A traNa judA judA prakAranAM devAMnI rakama jabaradasta hatI paraMtu e badhAmAM paNa dareka dezanA rASTrIya devAnI rakama sauthI moTI hatI. A rIte iMglaMDanA rASTrIya devAnI rakama 6,500,000,000 pAunDanA jabaradasta AMkaDA sudhI pahoMcI hatI. AvA devAnuM vyAja cUkavavuM e paNa bhAre bejo hato, ane ene mATe bhAre karaverA nAkhavAnI jarUriyAta UbhI thatI hatI. jarmanIe pitAnuM AMtarika devuM calaNane phulAvo karIne sApha karI nAkhyuM. ene lIdhe tene jUnA calaNI sikko mArka naSTa thayo. A rIte nANuM dhIranAra lokone bhege jarmanI AMtarika devAnA bojAmAMthI mukta thaI gayuM. kAMse paNa pitAnuM AMtarika devuM patAvavA mATe calaNane phulAvo karavAnI e ja rIta akhatyAra karI paraMtu e bAbatamAM te jarmanInA jeTalI hade na gayuM. teNe pitAnA calaNI nANA krAMkanI kiMmata ghaTADIne lagabhaga pAMcamA bhAga jeTalI karI nAkhI

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kaTekaTI zAthI pedA thaI? ane e rIte e ke sapATe teNe pitAnuM AMtarika rASTrIya devuM ghaTADIne pAMcamA bhAga jeTaluM karI nAkhyuM. bIjA dezanuM devuM patAvavAmAM (dAkhalA tarIke, yuddhanI nukasAnI peTe bharavAnI rakama ane bIjA dezonuM devuM.) evI ramata ramavAnuM zakya nahotuM. e devAnI patAvaTa te nakkara sonuM ApIne ja thaI zake ema hatuM. A sarakAra sarakAra vaccenAM athavA rASTra rASTra vaccenAM devAM pakavavAmAM te devuM patavanAra dezane eTalAM nANAM gumAvavAM paDatAM ane eTalA pramANamAM te garIba banate. paraMtu dezanuM AMtarika devuM patavavAmAM evA prakArane kazeye pharaka paDato nahoto. kemake Akhare e badhAM nANAM te game tema paNa dezamAM ne dezamAM ja rahetAM hatAM. ane Ama chatAMye e AMtarika devuM patAvavAmAM paNa meTa pharaka paDate hate. dezanA dhanika ke garIba badhAye kara bharanArAo pAsethI karaverA dvArA nANAM UbhAM karIne ja evAM devAM bharapAI karavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. sarakArI lena laIne rAjyane nANAM dhIranAra leke dhanika hatA. AthI pariNAma e AvyuM ke dhanika lekenuM devuM patavavA mATe garIba tema ja dhanika e baMne upara kara nAkhavAmAM AvatA hatA. dhanikane te karanA rUpamAM teo sarakArane je nANuM ApatA te nANAM temane pAchAM vyAjarUpe maLI rahetAM eTaluM ja nahi paNa te karatAye ghaNAM vadhAre nANAM maLatAM. garIba paNa karanA rUpamAM rAjyane nANuM bharatA paraMtu temane te kazuMye pAchuM maLatuM nahotuM. dhanike uttarottara dhanika banatA gayA ane garIba dinapratidina vadhu ne vadhu garIba banatA gayA. je yuropanA devAdAra deza amerikAnuM pitAnuM thoDuM ghaNuM karaja patAvatA te e badhAye nANAM tyAMnA moTA meTA beMkavALAo tathA zarAphanA hAthamAM jatAM. Ama yuddha aMgenAM devAMnuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke paristhiti bUrI te hatI ja te vizeSa karIne bagaDavA pAmI tathA garIbone bhege tavaMgara leke AgaLa nANane aDhaLaka ja khaDakAye. e nANAM dhanika leke rokavA mAgatA hatA kAraNa keI paNa vepArI mANasa pitAnAM nANuM emanAM ema paDyAM rahevA devAnuM pasaMda karatA nathI. temaNe navAM navAM kArakhAnAMo UbhAM karavAmAM tema ja yaMtrasAmagrImAM ane bIjI meTI maTI janAomAM pitAnAM nANAMnuM vadhAre patuM rokANa karyuM. sAmAnya rIte lokasamudAya garIba banI gaye hatuM te sthitimAM AvA prakAranAM rokANa karavAM e vAjabI gaNI zakAya nahi. A uparAMta temaNe zera bajAramAM saTTA paNa khelavA mAMDayA. temaNe uttarottara ghaNuM moTA pAyA upara vadhu ne vadhu utpAdana karavA mAMDyuM. paraMtu e rIte utpanna karavAmAM Avele mAla kharIdavAnAM leka pAse nANAM na hoya te pachI ene ze upaga? A rIte utpAdana vadhAre paDatuM thayuM, ane mAla vecI zakAya nahi. udyogomAM nukasAna AvyuM ane ghaNAoe te pitAnAM kArakhAnAM baMdha karyA. temane gayelI beTathI bhaDakIne vepArIoe pitAnAM nANuM udyogamAM rokavAnuM

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1368 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana baMdha karyuM. ane nANAM pitAnI pAse rAkhI mUkyAM. e nANAM beMkamAM bekAra thaIne paDI rahyAM. ane e rIte bekArI vyApaka banI ane maMdI jagavyApI banI gaI A rIte, kaTokaTI pedA thavA mATe sUcavavAmAM AvelAM bhinna bhinna kAraNenI meM alaga alaga carcA karI che paraMtu, bezaka, emAM e badhAye kAraNe bhege phALo Ape hatuM ane e rIte temaNe vepAranI maMdI pahelAMnI koI paNa maMdI karatAM ghaNI vyApaka ane utkaTa banAvI mUkI hatI. tatvataH mUDIvAdane kAraNe pedA thayelI vadhArAnI AvakanI asamAna vaheMcaNIne pariNAme e kaTokaTI pedA thaI hatI. e ja vastu bIjI rIte kahuM te, AmajanatAne pitAnI majUrIthI temaNe pedA karele mAla kharIdavA mATe rojI ke pagAra peTe pUratAM nANAM maLatAM nahotAM. temanI kula kamANI karatAM vastuonuM mUlya vadhAre hatuM. je nANAM masamudAyanA hAthamAM heta te e badhe mAla kharIdavAmAM vaparAta te nANuM tenuM zuM karavuM enI jemane samaja paDatI nahatI evA pramANamAM gaNyAgAMDyA atizaya dhanavAna lekenA hAthamAM kendrita thayAM hatAM. A vadhArAnAM nANAM dhirANa tarIke jarmanI, madhya yuropanA dezo tathA dakSiNa amerikAmAM pahoMcyAM. paradezane karavAmAM AvelI nANAMnI e dhIre zeDa vasa sudhI yuddhathI kSINa banelA yuropane vyavahAra tathA mUDIvAdI taMtranuM kArya cAlu rAkhyuM. ane Ama chatAMye prastuta kaTokaTInuM e eka kAraNa hatuM. ane paradezanI e dhIra baMdha thaI eTale kaDAkAnI sAthe badhI goThavaNa tUTI paDI. je mUDIvAdanI kaTokaTInuM A nidAna sAcuM hoya te pachI enA nivAraNano upAya paNa eka ja hoI zake ane te Avakane samAna karanAre athavA kaMI nahi te e vastu lakSamAM rAkhIne te dhyeyanI siddhi tarapha AgaLa pragati karanAre have joIe. e vastu saMpUrNapaNe pAra pADavA mATe samAjavAdI vyavasthAne amala karavo joIe, paNa saMjoge temane e pramANe , karavAnI pharaja pADe te sivAya mUDIvAdIo ema kare e saMbhava nathI. leke niyajita mUDIvAda tathA pachAta pradezanuM zeSaNa karavAne mATe AMtararASTrIya vepArI maMDaLe athavA kaMpanIo sthApavAnI vAta kare che paraMtu e vAtenI pAchaLa rASTra rASTra vaccenI spardhA tathA jagavyApI bajAra meLavavA mATenI sAmrAjyavAdI sattAnI sAThamArI vadhu ne vadhu ugra svarUpa paDatI jAya che. ane e nijana paNa zAne mATe ? bIjAonA bhoge amuka lekenA phAyadA mATe ja ne? mUDIvAdanI pAchaLa rahele Azaya aMgata athavA vyaktigata naphe che ane harIphAI e hamezAM tene dhyAnamaMtra rahyo che. ane harIphAI tathA niyojana e baMne vastuone paraspara meLa hato nathI. samAjavAdI tathA sAmyavAdI sivAyanA ghaNA vicAravAna leke paNa AjanI sthitimAM mUDIvAdanA asarakArakapaNe viSe zaMkA karavA lAgyA che.

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kaTekaTI zAthI pedA thaI? 1319 keTalAka lokoe mAtra naphApaddhati ja nahi paNa je mujaba nANAM ApIne mAla kharIdavAmAM Ave che te khuda kiMmatapaddhatine paNa rada karavAnA coMkAvanArA upAya sUcavyA che. A upAyo eTalA badhA aTapaTA che ke tene khyAla ahIM ApI zakAya ema nathI. ane emAMnA keTalAka to ApaNane tAjuba karI mUke evA citravicitra che. lekanAM mana keTalAM badhAM hacamacI UThyAM che ene tane khyAla ApavAne khAtara huM emane ullekha karI rahyo chuM; ane jemane ApaNe bhAgye ja krAMtikArI kahI zakIe evA leke A kaTokaTInA nivAraNane arthe krAMtikArI darakhAsto rajU karI rahyA che. jInIvAnI AMtararASTrIya majUra kacerIe tAjetaramAM bekArImAM tAtkAlika ghaTADo karavA mATe aThavADiyA daramyAna majUranA kAmanA kalAko 48 karI nAkhavAnI sIdhI sAdI darakhAsta karI hatI. Ama karavAthI bIjA lAkho majUrane kAma maLI rahe ane eTalA pramANamAM bekArI ghaTavA pAmata. majUranA badhA ja pratinidhio emAM saMmata thayA, paraMtu briTiza sarakAre eno virodha karyo ane jarmanI tathA jApAnanI sahAyathI e darakhAsta abharAIe caDAvI devaDAvavAmAM AvI. mahAyuddha pachInA AkhAye samaya daramyAna AMtararASTrIya majUra kacerI aMgenuM IglaDanuM valaNa hamezAM pratyAghAtI rahyuM che. e kaTekaTI ane maMdI jagavyApI hatI ane ene upAya paNa AMtararASTrIya ane jagatasparza have joIe ema sau koI samajI zake ema che. judA judA dezoe sahakAranI keIka rIta zodhI kADhavAnA prayAso karyA che, paraMtu Aja sudhImAM te e badhA prayAso niSphaLa nIvaDyA che. ane enA jagavyApI ukelanI bAbatamAM nirAzA maLavAthI dareka deze Arthika rASTravAdano rASTrIya upAya akhatyAra karyo che. evI dalIla karavAmAM AvI ke, jagatano vepAra je kSINa thatuM jatuM hoya te pachI ApaNe ApaNA dezane vepAra te ApaNe hastaka rAkhe ane paradezI mAlane dezamAM Avato aTakAvI de. deza bahAra mAlanI nikAsa karavAno vepAra anizcita hoya che ane temAM hamezAM pheraphAra thayA kare che eTale dareka deze pitAnuM saghaLuM lakSa dezanI aMdaranAM bajAro upara kendrita karavAno prayAsa karyo. paradezI mAla dezamAM AvatA aTakAvavA mATe tenA upara jakAta nAkhavAmAM AvI athavA te te vadhAravAmAM AvI ane e rIte paradezI mAla aMdara Avate aTakAvavAmAM e jakAtanI dIvAle phatehamaMda thaI. e jakAte AMtararASTrIya vepArane hAni pahoMcADavAmAM paNa saphaLa thaI kema ke, dareka dezanI jakAte AMtararASTrIya vepAranA mArgamAM aMtarAyarUpa hatI. yuropa, amerikA ane thoDeghaNe aMze eziyAmAM sarvatra jakAtanI UMcI UMcI dIvAle UbhI thaI gaI che. jakAtanuM

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1370 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bIjuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke, ene lIdhe gujarAnanuM kharaca vadhI gayuM. kema ke, kherAkInI vastuonI tema ja jakAtathI je vastuone rakSita karavAmAM AvI hatI te badhI vastuonI kiMmata vadhI gaI. jakAte rASTrIya ijAre Ubho kare che ane bahAranI harIphAIne aTakAve che athavA te tene atizaya muzkela karI mUke che. IjAre hoya tyAM vastunA bhAva vadhyA vinA rahe ja nahi. jakAtathI surakSita karavAmAM AvelA koI eka udyogane phAyado thAya athavA sAcuM kahetAM evA saMrakSaNathI e udyoganA mAlikone phAyado thAya, paraMtu ghaNe aMze te e mAla kharIdanArAone bhoge temane phAyado thAya che kema ke temane e mAla mATe vadhAre kiMmata ApavI paDe che. jakAte A rIte amuka vargone rAhata Ape che ane e rIte te sthApita hite pedA kare che, kema ke jakAtane kAraNe phAyado meLavanArA udyoge e jakAta kAyama rAkhavA mAge che. A rIte, hiMdanA kApaDanA udyogane jApAna sAme bhAre rakSaNa ApavAmAM AvyuM che. hiMdI milamAlikane mATe e atizaya phAyadAkAraka che, kema ke e sivAya teo jApAnanI harIphAI sAme TakI zake ema na hatuM. vaLI e harIphAImAMthI mukti maLavAne kAraNe teo kApaDanI kiMmata vadhAre le che. ahIMnA khAMDanA udyogane paNa rakSaNa ApavAmAM AveluM che ane ene pariNAme hiMdabharamAM ane khAsa karIne yuktaprAMte tathA bihAramAM khAMDanAM saMkhyAbaMdha kArakhAnAMo UbhAM thayAM che. A rIte bIjuM eka sthApita hita UbhuM thayuM che ane khAMDa uparanI jakAta kADhI nAkhavAmAM Ave te e hitane nukasAna thAya ane navAM UbhA thayelAM ghaNAM khAMDanAM kArakhAnAo paDI bhAge. be prakAranA IjArAo vadhavA pAmyA : bahAranA IjArA athavA te jakAtanI sahAyathI UbhA thayelA rASTra rASTra vaccenA IjArA; ane dezanI aMdaranA nAnA nAnA rojagArane haDapa karI janArA moTA rojagAranA AMtarika IjArAo. alabata, IjArAone vikAsa e kaMI navI vastu nahotI. ghaNAM varasethI, mahAyuddha pahelAMnA samayathI paNa IjArAo zarU thaI gayA hatA. paNa have e vadhAre jhaDapI banyA. ghaNA dezomAM jakAte paNa cAlu thaI gaI hatI. hajI sudhI meTA dezamAM phakta eka IMgleMDa ja abAdhita vepAranI nItine vaLagI rahyuM hatuM ane teNe jAte nAkhI nahatI. paraMtu have tene potAnI jUnI paraMparAno tyAga karavAnI pharaja paDI ane jakAta nAkhIne tene paNa bIjA dezonI haroLamAM joDAI javuM paDayuM. enAthI tenA keTalAka udyogane thoDI tAtkAlika rAhata maLI. A badhI vastuoe sthAnika ane ceDA vakhata pUratI rAhata ApI e kharuM paraMtu ekaMdare AkhI duniyAnI sthiti te vAstavamAM temaNe bagADI mUkI. emaNe AMtararASTrIya vepAramAM vaLI vizeSa ghaTADo karyo eTaluM ja nahi

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nevatva mATe iMglenDa ane amerikA vacce zuMbeza 1301 paNa saMpattinI asamAna vaheMcaNI teNe kAyama rAkhI ane temAM vadhAro karyo. eNe harIpha rASTro vacce hamezanuM gharSaNa pedA karyuM. dareka rASTra bIjAnI sAme jakAtanI dIvAla uttarottara vadhu ne vadhu UMcI karatuM gayuM. ene jakAtI yuddho kahevAmAM Ave che. jagatanAM bajAre ghaTatAM gayAM ane teo vadhu ne vadhu saMrakSita thatAM gayAM tema tema temane mATenI jhuMbeza vadhu tIvra banatI gaI ane bIjA deze sAthe teo harIphAI karI zake eTalA mATe mAlika pitAnA majUranA pagAramAM ghaTADo karavAnuM dabANa karavA lAgyA. ane e rIte maMdI vadhatI gaI ane bekAronI saMkhyA paNa vadhatI gaI. pratyeka pagArakApane lIdhe majUronI kharIdazakti ghaTatI gaI. 186. netRtva mATe iMgleMDa ane amerikA vacce jhuMbeza 25 julAI, 1933 maMdInA kALamAM AMtararASTrIya vepAra ghaTIne pahelAMnA karatAM trIjA bhAgane thaI gaye e hakIkta huM tane kahI gaye chuM. prajAnI kharIdazakti ghaTI javAthI dezanI aMdarane vepAra ghaTI gaye. bekArI uttarettara vadhatI ja gaI ane e lAkhe bekArone gujAre karavAne be judI judI sarakAre mATe asahya thaI paDyo. bhAre karaverA nAkhavA chatAMye, ghaNI sarakAre mATe pitAnA Avaka-kharacanAM pAsAM sarakhAM karavAnuM lagabhaga azakya banI gayuM; temanI Avaka ghaTI gaI ane karakasara tathA pagArakApa karavA chatAye temanA kharacanuM pramANa ghaNuM UMcuM rahyuM. kema ke, moTA bhAgane kharaca te lazkara, naukAsainya ane havAIdaLa mATe tema ja AMtarika ane bahAranAM devAnI patAvaTane aMge kare paDatA hatA. rASTranA aMdAjapatramAM ghaTa paDatI eTale ke Avaka karatAM kharaco AMkaDo vadhI jatuM hatuM. vadhAre nANAM uchInAM laIne athavA te anAmata phaMDamAMthI rakama upADIne ja e ghaTa pUrI karI zakAya ema hatuM ane ene lIdhe lAgatAvaLagatA dezanI Arthika sthiti nabaLI banI hatI. enI sAthe sAthe ja, mAlane moTo jathe vecAyA vinA paDyo rahyo kema ke leke pAse e kharIdavA mATe pUratAM nANuM nahetAM ane keTalAka dAkhalAomAM te "vadhArAnI' khAdhAkhorAkInI vastuo tathA bIjI cIjone kharekhara nAza karavAmAM AvyuM. jyAre bIjI bAjue ke e vastuo vinA bhAre viTaMbaNu bhagavatA hatA. A maMdI ane Arthika saMkaTa seviyeTa rAjya bAda karatAM jagavyApI hatAM chatAMye, tene aMta lAvavA mATe AMtararASTrIya

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37ra * jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana dhoraNa upara sahakAra karavAmAM judAM judAM rASTra niSphaLa nIvaDyAM. dareka deze tipitAnuM pheDI levAne ane bIjA badhA dezone game tema karIne thApa ApIne temanI AgaLa nIkaLI javAne prayatna karyo. eTaluM ja nahi paNa bIjA dezanI Atano lAbha levAne sudhdhAM prayAsa karyo. A vyaktigata ane svArthI pagalAMoe tema ja ajamAvavAmAM AvelA adhUrA upAe te paristhiti UlaTI vadhAre ugra banAvI mUkI. A vepAranI maMdIthI sAva nirALI paraMtu tenA upara bhAre asara karanArI be mukhya hakIkata athavA valaNe duniyAnA vyavahAramAM jaNAya che. emAMnI eka mUDIvAdI duniyAnI seviyeTa rAjya sAthenI harIphAI ane bIjI iMgleMDa ane amerikA vaccenI harIphAI ' mUDIvAdI kaTokaTIe badhAye mUDIvAdI dezene kamajora ane garIba banAvI dIdhA che ane eka rIte, yuddhanI saMbhavitatA ochI karI che. dareka deza pitapitAnuM samAlavAnI bhAMjagaDamAM paravAI gayuM che ane sAhasa kheDavA mATe tenI pAse nANuM nathI. ane Ama chatAMye, khuda A kaTokaTIe ja yuddhanuM jokhama vadhArI dIdhuM che, kema ke teNe rASTra tathA temanI sarakArane beparavA banAvI dIdhAM che ane jIva para AvIne beparavo banelA leke, ghaNI vAra ' paradeza sAthenA yuddha dvArA pitAnI AMtarika muzkelIone ukela zodhe che. saramukhatyAra ke eka nAnI ToLInA hAthamAM sattAnAM sUtre hoya tyAre khAsa karIne Ama bane che. vakhatasara sattA choDI devAne badale e leke pitAnA dezane yuddhamAM saMDove che ane e rIte, prajAnuM lakSa AMtarika muzkelIo parathI khaseDIne bIjI bAju vALe che. Ama, soviyeTa rAjya tathA sAmyavAda sAme yuddha phATI nIkaLavAne saMbhava hamezAM rahe che, kema ke evA yuddhathI ghaNuM mUDIvAdI deza ekatra thaze evI AzA rAkhI zakAya. huM AgaLa kahI gayo chuM tema, mUDIvAdanI kaTokaTInI sIdhI asara seviTa rAjya upara thavA pAmI nahatI. te yaMcavaSa yejanA pAra pADavAnA kAryamAM gUMthAyeluM hovAthI koI paNa bhoge yuddha TALavA mAgatuM hatuM. mahAyuddha pachI iMgleMDa ane amerikA vaccenI harIphAI anivArya hatI. e baMne duniyAnI sauthI moTI sattAo che ane e baMne duniyAnA vyavahAra upara pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvavA mAge che. mahAyuddha pahelAM iMgleMDanuM prabhutva sarvamAnya hatuM. mahAyuddhane kAraNe yunAITeDa sTeTsa sauthI vadhAre dhanavAna ane baLavAna rASTra banI gayuM ane svAbhAvika rIte ja have pachI te duniyAmAM agrasthAna levA mAgatuM hatuM. te mAnatuM hatuM ke e sthAna mATe te hakadAra hatuM. have bhaviSyamAM te dareka bAbatamAM IgleMDane pitAnuM dhAryuM karavA de ema nahotuM. samaya badalAye che e vastu IMglaDa barAbara samajI gayuM hatuM ane amerikAnI maitrI prApta karIne pedA thayelI navI paristhiti sAthe pitAne meLa besADavAne te

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nevatva mATe iglaDa ane amerikA vacce jhubeza 13che, prayatna karI rahyuM hatuM. amerikAne khuza karavA mATe jApAna sAthenI pitAnI maitrIne saMbaMdha teDavAnI hada sudhI te gayuM ane tene rIjhavavAnA bIjA paNa aneka prayAso teNe karyA. paraMtu iMgleMDa pitAnAM viziSTa hite ane me tathA khAsa karIne pitAnuM Arthika netRtva choDavA taiyAra nahotuM, kema ke, e badhA upara tenI mahattA tathA tenA sAmrAjyano AdhAra hato. paraMtu amerikAne paNa e Arthika netRtva ja joItuM hatuM. AthI e baMne dezo vaccenuM gharSaNa anivArya hatuM. e baMne dezanA zarAphe ane baeNkavALAo upara uparathI te mIThI mIThI vAta karatA hatA, paraMtu pitapotAnI sarakAranA TekAthI teo jagatane nANAMkIya ane audyogika netRtva prApta karavAne jhaghaDI rahyA hatA. e ramatamAM saranAM pAnAM amerikA pAse hatAM paraMtu ramatane lAMbo anubhava ane AvaData IgleMDane pakSe hatAM. yuddhanA devAnA prazna e banne dezo vaccenI kaDavAzamAM umero karyo. ane iMgleMDa amerikAvAsIone mANasa jIve ke mAre tenI paravA rAkhyA vinA pitAnA hakkanuM barAbara zera mAMsa vasUla karanAra zAyalaka kahIne gALo devA lAgyuM. vAta te ema hatI ke, briTiza sarakAre amerikAnA khAnagI zarAphanuM karaja karyuM hatuM. yuddha vakhate temaNe briTiza sarakArane rokaDa rakama athavA zAkhanA rUpamAM nANAM dhIryAM hatAM. yunAITeDa sTeTsanI sarakAra to mAtra tenI jAmIna rahI hatI. A rIte, e devuM mAMDI vALavuM e yunAITeDa sTeTsanI sarakAranA hAthanI vAta nahatI. je iMgleMDanuM devuM mApha karavAmAM Ave te jAmIna tarIke * yunAITeDa sTesanI sarakArane tyAMnA zarAphene te bharI ApavuM paDe. khAsa karIne e kaTokaTInA samayamAM, e vadhArAnI javAbadArI upADavAnuM amerikAnI keMgresa (tyAMnI dhArAsabhA)ne yaMgya lAgyuM nahi. Ama IgleMDa ane amerikAnAM Arthika hite ekabIjAne sAmasAmI dizAmAM kheMcatAM hatAM. ane bIjI koI paNa vastunI kheMca karatAM Arthika hitenI kheMca atizaya prabaLa hoya che. e baMne prajAo vacce ghaNuM ja sAmya che ane ema chatAMye temanI vacce A gharSaNa cAlI rahyuM che. emAM yunAITeDa sTeTsanuM baLa ane sAdhana IgleMDa karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre che. A gharSaNa ugra svarUpa dhAraNa kare ane temAMthI yuddha paNa phATI nIkaLe athavA to ema paNa bane ke, iMglaMDanA viziSTa adhikAre tathA tenuM prabhutvanuM sthAna dhIme dhIme yunAiTeDa sTeTsane prApta thAya. pote jene kImatI gaNatuM hoya temAMnuM ghaNuMkharuM choDI devAnuM tathA pitAnI purANa pratiSThA tema ja sAmrAjyavAdI zoSaNane pariNAme thatA phAyadAo gumAvavAnuM tathA amerikAnI bhalAI upara AdhAra rAkhIne duniyAmAM pAchaLanuM sthAna svIkAravAnuM aMgrejone rUce evuM nathI ane e sthiti sAme jhUjhayA vinA teo ene vaza thAya e saMbhava jaNAtuM nathI.

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1374 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna Aje iMgleMDa evI karuNa hAlatamAM AvI paDyu che. jemAMthI tene zakti maLyA karatI hatI te purANAM jharaNAM have sukAtAM jAya che ane bhaviSyamAM tenI paDatI anivArya che ema jaNAya che. paraMtu aneka peDhIothI prabhutva bhAgavavAne TevAyelI hovAthI aMgreja prajA e dazA svIkAravAne taiyAra nathI ane enI sAme te vIratApUrvaka laDI rahI che ane bhaviSyamAM paNa laDaze. duniyAmAM Aje cAlI rahelI e mukhya harIphAI viSe meM vAta karI kema ke Aje banI rahelA ghaNAkharA banAvA upara te prakAza pADe che. e uparAMta, alabata A duniyAmAM bIjI aneka harIphAI e meAbUda che; AkhIye mUDIvAdI ane sAmrAjyavAdI vyavasthA ja harIphAI ane spardhA upara racAyelI che. have ApaNe madInA kALamAM banavA pAmelA banAvAnA byAna upara pAchAM AvIe. 1970nI sAlanA jUna mAsamAM phreMcoe rAIna nadIne pradeza khAlI karyAM ane tethI jamanAne bhAre nirAMta thaI. paraMtu e pagaluM eTaluM badhuM mehu bharavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke enI badhIye zezabhA mArI gaI ane samabhAvanA cihna tarIke ene svIkAra thayA nahi. vaLI maMdInI kAramI chAyAe badhIye vastu upara aMdhakAra pAtharI dIdhA hatA. vepAranI sthiti bagaDatI gaI tema tema devAdAronA hAthamAM nANAM uttarottara eThAM thavA lAgyAM ane yudghanukasAnI tathA devuM bharapAI karavAnuM vadhAre muzkela athavA lagabhaga azakaya thaI gayuM. devuM bharapAI karavAnI e muzkelI TALavAne mATe pramukha dvAre eka varasa mATe devAnI bharapAInI mAkUrI jAhera karI hatI. tyAra pachI, yuddhane aMgenA devAnA praznanI pharIthI tapAsa karAvavAnA prayAseA karavAmAM AvyA paraMtu yunAiTeDa sTeTsanI koMgrese tema karavAnI sApha nA pADI. janI pAsethI yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakama vasala karavAnA prazna upara phrAMse paNa evuM ja makkama valaNa darzAvyuM. briTiza sarakAra leNadAra tema ja devAdAra e baMne hatI eTale te yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakama tema ja devuM e ane vastu mAMDI vALIne badhuM navesarathI zarU karavAnI tarapheNamAM hatI. dareka deza potapotAnA hitanI dRSTie vAta karato hato. enuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke, badhA dezA eka sAthe maLIne kAI paNa pagaluM bharI na zakayA. 1931nI sAlanA vacagALAmAM janInI Arthika vyavasthA tUTI paDI ane tenI sAthe ghaNI baeNnko paNa tUTI gaI. ene pariNAme iMgleMDamAM paNa kaTokaTI pedA thaI. ane te potAnI javAbadArI adA karI zakayuM nahi. nANAMkIya dRSTie paNa te nAdAra javAnI taiyArImAM hatuM. deza upara e jokhama jhajhUmI rahyuM hatuM te kAraNe tenA netA maikaDAnAlDe ja majUra sarakArane rukhasada * ApI. pachI teNe ' rASTrIya sarakAra sthApI ane pote tenA vaDe anyo. e sarakAramAM kaoNnjharaveTivAnuM prabhutva hatuM. paraMtu e rASTrIya sarakAra paNa pAunDane bacAvI na zakI. e ja arasAmAM pagArakApanA muddA upara AAiMTyaTakanA naukA kAphalAnA khalAsIoe baDa karyuM. tha 3

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netatva mATe IMgleMDa ane amerikA vacce zuMbeza 1375 A zAMtimaya baLavAnI IMglaMDa tathA yuropa upara bhAre asara thavA pAmI. zevika krAMtinI tema ja tyAMnA khalAsIoe karelA baMDanI smRtio lekenA manamAM tAjI thaI ane temaNe najIka AvatA bolazevijhamane bhaya temanA manamAM pedA karyo. koI paNa Apatti AvI paDe te pahelAM pitAnI mUDI bacAvI levAnuM briTiza mUDIdAroe nakkI karyuM ane temaNe bahoLA pramANamAM pitAnI mUDI paradezamAM mokalI dIdhI. pitAnAM nANAM athavA sthApita hite jokhamamAM AvI paDe te vakhate dhanika lekene dezaprema TakI zakatA nathI. * briTiza mUDI paradezomAM gaI eTale pAuMDanuM mUlya vaLI vadhu ghaTavA pAmyuM ane Akhare 1931nI sAlanA sapTembaranI 23mI tArIkhe iMglaMDane senAnuM calaNa choDI devAnI pharaja paDI. eTale ke, pitAnuM senuM bacAvavA mATe pAunDane senA sAthe saMbaMdha tene nAbUda karavo paDyo. have pachI pAunDanI noTa dharAvanAra koI paNa vyakti pahelAMnI peThe tenA badalAmAM eTaluM sonuM mAgavAne dA karI zakatI nahi. briTiza sAmrAjya tathA duniyAmAM IMgleMDanA sthAnanI dRSTie pAunDanA mUlyamAM thayele ghaTADe e eka jabaradasta banAva hate. ene lIdhe, nANAnI bAbatamAM laMDanane duniyAnuM kendra ane pATanagara banAvanAra nANAMkIya netRtva kaMI nahi te thoDA samaya mATe paNa iMglaMDane choDI devuM paDayuM. pitAnuM e netRtva TakAvI rAkhavAne mATe tenA udyogone bhoge paNa senAnuM calaNa pharI pAchuM teNe akhatyAra karyuM hatuM ane bekArI tathA kolasAnI khANanA majUronI haDatAla vagere jokhama vaheryA hatAM. paraMtu e badhAye prayAsa eLe gayA ane bIjA dezanAM kAryone pariNAme tene pAunDane senAthI alaga pADavAnI pharaja paDI. e vakhatathI briTiza sAmrAjyanA aMtanI zarUAta thaI ema lAgavA mAMDayuM ane duniyAbharamAM ene e ja artha karavAmAM AvyuM. 1931nI sAlanA sapTembaranI 26mI tArIkhe e aitihAsika banAva banyuM eTalA mATe e tArIkha mahattvanI banI gaI che. paNa IgleMDa te khaDatala laDanAra hatuM. ane hajIye te parAdhIna ane asahAya sAmrAjyanI sAdhanasAmagrIno upayoga karI zakavAnI sthitimAM hatuM. mukhyatve karIne, saMpUrNapaNe pitAnA kAbU nIcenA be deze - hiMdustAna ane misara - mAMthI sonuM kheMcI laIne A kaTokaTImAMthI te pharI pAchuM beThuM thayuM. pAunDanI kiMmatamAM ghaTADo thavAthI tenA udyogone phAyado thaye kema ke paradezamAM te pitAne mAla sAMdhe bhAve vecI zakyuM. e kaTokaTImAMthI A rIte te , AzcaryakAraka rIte pharI pAchuM beThuM thayuM. yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakamo tathA devAne prazna te hajI Ubhe ja hate. jarmanI yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakama ApI zake ema nahatuM e te dekhItuM ja hatuM ane

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jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana teNe e ApavAnI vidhipUrvaka nA paNa pADI. Akhare 1932nI sAlamAM lesAMmAM bharAyelI pariSadamAM yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakama ghaTADavAmAM AvI ane ene aMge mAtra nAmanI rakama nakkI karavAmAM AvI. ema karavAmAM evI AzA rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI ke e ja rIte yunAITeDa sTeTsa paNa tenA leNAne AMkaDe ghaTADaze. paraMtu yunAITeDa sTeTsanI sarakAre te yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakama sAthe devAnI rakama bheLavI devAnI tema ja pitAnuM leNuM mAMDI vALavAnI sApha nA pADI. AthI AkhIye bAjI UMdhI vaLI gaI ane yuropanA leke amerikA upara atizaya krodhe bharAyA. 1932nI sAlanA DisembaramAM amerikAne devAMne hapate bharavAno samaya AvyuM ane IMglaMDa tathA kAMsavatI chaTAdAra bhASAmAM vinavaNI karavAmAM AvI. chatAMye e hapate vasUla karavAne amerikAe Agraha rAkhe. bhAre vAdavivAda karyA pachI IgleMDe e hapate bharyo ane jaNAvyuM ke e chelle hapate che. phrAMsa tathA bIjA dezoe e hapate bharavAnI nA pADI ane hapate bharyo nahi. e pachI kazIye samAdhAnI thavA pAmI nahi ane 1933nI sAlanA jUna mAsamAM devAMne bIjo hapate bharavAnI mudata pAkI. kAMse e bharavAnI pharI pAchI nA pADI; paraMtu iMglaDa pratye amerikAe udAratA darzAvI ane e hapatA peTe nAmanI rakama svIkArI lIdhI ane e moTA praznane pheMsale AgaLa upara karavAnuM mulatavI rAkhyuM. A saMbaMdhamAM eka vastu ramUja upajAve evI che. kAMsa ane IMgleMDa jevI mahAna ane tavaMgara mUDIvAdI sattAo pitAnI paddhati ane dharaNo pramANe kareluM devuM cUkavavAnI nA pADI rahI che. paraMtu e ja sattAoe seviyeTa rAjya pitAnA devAnA karelA inphArane sakhata bhASAmAM vaDI kADhyo hate. hiMdustAnamAM paNa, tenA IMglaMDamAMnA devAnA praznanI tapAsa niSpakSa paMca mAraphata karAvavAnI sUcanA karavAmAM Ave che tyAre - mahAsabhA taraphathI evI sUcanA karavAmAM AvI che - sarakArI maMDaLamAM enI sAme puNyaprakepa UchaLI Ave che. rASTranI javAbadArI adA karavAne aMgenA evA ja praznane aMge AyaleMDa tathA iMglenDa vacce bhAre gharSaNa pedA thayuM hatuM. ene pariNAme e baMne dezo vacce vepArI yuddha zarU thayuM ane hajI paNa te cAlu ja che. IMgleDanuM Arthika netRtva ane te prApta karavA mATe amerikAnI laData * . 1933thI 1938nI sAla sudhInAM pAMca varasa daramyAna igleMDa ke kAMse devA peTe kazIye rakama amerikAne ApI nahotI. e peTe nAmanI rakama paNa ApavAmAM AvI nahotI. e devAnI sukhethI avagaNanA thaI zake ema mAnI levAmAM AvyuM heya ane te bharyuM na hoya ema jaNAya che. *

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netatva mATe iMglaMDa amerikA vacce jhubeza 1377 tema ja beMkanA vyavahAramAM UbhI thayelI kaTokaTI tathA ghaNA dezanI Arthika vyavasthAnuM paDI bhAgavuM ityAdi bAbatone huM vAraMvAra ullekha karI gayo chuM. A badhA aTapaTA ane na samajAya evA zabdone zo artha? tuM mane ema pUche e huM samajI zakuM chuM kema ke, tane e badhI bAbato samajAI haze ke kema enI mane zaMkA che. e viSayamAM tane rasa na paDe e paNa saMbhavita che. paNa atyAra sudhImAM e viSe meM ATaluM badhuM kahI nAkhyuM che te have mAre e vastu vadhAre vistArathI samajAvavI joIe ema mane lAge che. emAM ApaNane rasa paDe ke na paDe paNa A Arthika banAva rASTrIya tema ja vyaktigata e baMne dRSTithI ApaNA upara asara kare che ane ApaNAM vartamAna tathA bhaviSyanuM ghaDatara karavAmAM te kAraNabhUta bane che. e viSe ApaNe DuM ghaNuM jANI laIe e ThIka che. mUDIvAdI duniyAnI gUDha athavA bhedabharI kAryapraNAlInI ghaNA loko upara eTalI te bhAre chApa paDelI hoya che ke, teo tenA tarapha Azcaryacakita thaIne ane mAnanI lAgaNIthI jue che. te temane eTalI badhI aTapaTI, nAjuka ane gUMcavaNabharI lAge che ke, ene samajavI e temanA gajA uparavaTanI vAta che ema teo mAne che ane AthI teo e badhI tenA niSNAte, beMkavALAo ane zarApha tathA evA bIjAo upara choDI de che. bezaka, e aTapaTI ane gUMcavaNabharI che, paraMtu kaI paNa vastu gUMcavaNabharI hevI e tene guNa ja che ema na kahevAya. paraMtu ema chatAMye, ApaNe AjanI duniyAne vahevAra samaja heya te ApaNane ene kaMIka khyAla he joIe. e AkhIye vyavasthA tane samajAvavAno huM prayatna nathI karavAne. e te mArA gajA uparavaTanI vAta che, kema ke, huM kaMI ene niSNAta nathI. huM to e samajavA prayatna karanAra mAtra eka vidyAthI ja chuM. huM tane mAtra gheDI hakIkata ja kahIza. huM dhAruM chuM ke, duniyAmAM banatA keTalAka banAvo tathA chApAMomAM AvatI khabare buddhipUrvaka samajavAmAM e tane madadarUpa thaze. ghaNuM karIne, AgaLa huM tane je kahI gayo chuM tenI te ja vAte moTe bhAge mAre tane pharIthI kahevI paDaze, paraMtu duniyAne vyavahAra samajavAmAM je e tane madadarUpa nIvaDe te tuM enI sAme vAMdho nahi uThAve ema huM dhAruM chuM. e yAda rAkhajo ke, A te mUDIvAdI vyavasthA che ane emAM zera dharAvanArAonI banelI khAnagI kaMpanIo hoya che. khAnagI beMke heya che ane zeranI levaDadevaDa karanArAM zerabajAre hoya che. seviyeTa rAjyanI audyogika tema ja Arthika athavA nANAMkIya vyavasthA ethI bilakula bhinna che. tyAM AgaLa evI kaMpanIo ke khAnagI beMke athavA te zerabajAre nathI. tyAM te lagabhaga badhI vastuo rAjyanI mAlikInI tema ja rAjyanA aMkuza nIce hoya che ane AMtararASTrIya vepAra te tatvataH vastuvinimaya ja hoya che.

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna e te tuM jANe ja che ke, dezanI aMdaranA ghaNAkharA vepAra ceka dvArA cAle che; thADe aMze te beMkanI nATA dvArA paNa cAle che. nAnI nAnI kharIdI sivAya seAnAcAMdInA bhAgye ja upayAga karavAmAM Ave che. (kharekhara, sonuM to bhAgye ja upalabdha hoya che. ) A kAgaLanANuM neTa kADhanAranI zAkha pradarzita kare che ane baeNMkA tathA calaNI noTo bahAra pADanAra dezanI sarakAramAM prajAnA vizvAsa hAya tyAM sudhI te rAkaDa nANAMnI garaja sAre che. paraMtu jIMdA judA deza vacce paraspara ekakhIjAnuM leNadeNa cUkavavAmAM e kAgaLanuM nANuM kAma AvatuM nathI kema ke dareka dezanI pAtAnI rASTrIya calaNa pati hoya che. ethI karIne AMtararASTrIya leNadeNunI patAvaTa mATenuM dhAraNa sonuM hAya che kAraNa ke du`bha dhAtu tarIke enuM potAnuM svataMtra mUlya hoya che. e leNadeNunI patAvaTa sAnAnA sikkAthI athavA teA seAnAnI lagaDIothI karavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu dezadeza vaccenA levaDadevaDanA vahevAramAM dareka vakhate jo se!nAnI Apale karavAnI hoya to e te bhAre aMtarAyarUpa thaI paDe ane AMtararASTrIya vepAra bhAgye ja vikasI zake. vaLI, e rIte te duniyAmAMthI jeTalA mUlyanuM sAnuM prApta karI zakAya teTalA ja mUlyanI vastuonA AMtararASTrIya vepAra thaI zake, kema ke vadhArAnA mAlanI kiMmata cUkavavA mATe rbIjuM sonuM na hovAthI paradeza sAthenA vepAranA vadhAre sodA thaI zake nahi. vaparAI gayeluM sonuM chUTuM karIne te pharI pAchuM lAvavAmAM Ave tyAre ja e sAdA thaI zake. A rIte teA, senAnA jaththA athavA pramANathI ja AMtararASTrIya vepAra maryAdita rahe. 1378 paraMtu ema thatuM nathI. 1929nI sAlamAM AkhIye duniyAnuM seAnAnANuM agiyAra abaja DolaranuM hatuM. e ja varasamAM eka dezathI khIjA dezamAM mokalAyelA mAlanuM kula mUlya batrIsa abaja DaoNlara hatuM. lagabhaga cAra abaja DaoNlaranI paradezamAM leAna ApavAmAM AvI hatI tema ja pravAsIenAM kharaca, paradezavAsIoe potAne deza mAkalelAM nANAM, mAlanI avarajavara aMgenuM bhADuM e badhA peTe paNa paradezAmAM lagabhaga cAra abaja DaoNlaranuM leNuM cUkavavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. Ama AMtararASTrIya leNuM patAvavAnI kula rakama * cALIsa abaja DolaranI eTale ke kula seAnA nANA karatAM lagabhaga cAragaNI thaI. to pachI paradezAnuM leNuM kevI rIte cUkavavAmAM AvyuM ? e badhuM leNuM sonAthI to na ja cUkavI zakAya e te dekhItuM che. sAmAnya rIte, e leNuM eka prakAranAM sahAyaka nANAM athavA ceka ane DI ke vinimayapatra (bisa eNka eksceja ) jevAM zAkhanAM kAgaLiyAMothI cUkavavAmAM Ave che. e kALiyAM vepArI potAnA RNanI rasIdanA rUpamAM paradezamAM mokale che. e kAmakAja videzI hUMDIonI levaDadevaDa athavA vinimaya karanArI nANAvaTI (

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netRtva mATe iMgleMDa ane amerikA vacce jhuMbeza 1309 eN kA (eksceja baeNMkA) mAraphate thAya che. A nANAvaTI baeNMkA judA judA dezAnA kharIda karanArA tathA vecanArAonA saMparkamAM rahe che ane tenI pAse je krUDI Ave che te pramANe te potAnI AvakajAvaka jamAudhAra karyAM kare che. jo kAI prasaMge beMka pAse AvI jhUMDIo khUTI paDe te te sarakArI baeNDa athavA leAna ke AMtararASTrIya ka MpanIonA zaeNro jevAM dezadezAntaramAM sArI peThe jANItAM sarakArI kALiyAM eTale ke jAmInagIrIe dvArA leNuM cUkavI zake che. e zaeNra tArathI vecI athavA khIjAnA nAma upara pheravI zakAya che ane e rIte duniyAne khIje cheDe leNuM tAtkAlika cUkavI zakAya che. A rIte, AMtararASTrIya leNuMdenI cukavaNI madhyastha nANAvaTI baeN kA mArate bilsa oNpha eksceja eTale ke dUMDI jevA vepArI kAgaLA athavA jAmInagIrIo jevA sarakArI kAgaLeA dvArA thAya che. vepAranI rojerojanI jarUriyAtane pahoMcI vaLavA mATe A baMne prakAranA kAgaLA eTale ke, bilsa oNpha eksceja athavA vinimayapatra, ane sikyuriTijha athavA jAmInagIrI e meM kAe pUratA pramANamAM rAkhavAM joIe. potAnI pAse keTaluM seAnuM tathA keTalA AvA videzI kAgaLA che tenI avADika yAdI e baeNMkA bahAra pADe che. sAmAnya rIte dezAnuM devuM cUkavavA mATe sAnuM paradezAmAM mekalavAmAM AvatuM nathI. paraMtu keTalIka vakhata evuM bane che ke khIjI rIte devuM cUkavavA karatAM senAthI cUkavavAnuM sAMdhu thaI paDe che. evA saMjogAmAM zarAphe seAnuM ja paradeza mAkalI Ape che. seAnAnA calaNavALA dezeAmAM rASTrIya calaNI nANAMnuM mUlya senAnA mUlyane dhAraNe mukarara karavAmAM AveluM hoya che. ane kAI paNa mANasa potAnA leNAnI patAvaTamAM senAnI mAgaNI karI zake che. ethI karIne e badhAM calaNAnuM mUlya lagabhaga nizcita hAya che ane temanI arasaparasa adalAbadalI thaI zake che, kema ke temanA badalAmAM game tyAre sAnuM meLavI zakAya che. enI kiMmatamAM vadhaghaTa mAtra eka dezathI khIjA dezamAM senAnI dhAtu mokalavAmAM jeTalo kharca thAya teTalI ja thavAnA saMbhava rahe che, kema ke, potAnA dezamAM jo kiMmata vadhAre hoya teA vepArI khIjA dezamAMthI seAnuM sahelAIthI meLavI zake che. Ane sAnAnI calaNapaddhati kahevAmAM AvatI hatI. e calaNapaddhatimAM judA judA dezanAM calaNI nANAMnuM mUlya sthira rahetuM hatuM ane e pati nIce 19mI sadI daramyAna ane cheka mahAyuddhanA samaya sudhI AMtararASTrIya vepAranI vRddhi thatI rahI hatI. e calaNapaddhati Aje paDI bhAgI che ane ene pariNAme nANAMnA vyavahAra bahu vicitra banI gayA che ane moTA bhAganA dezAnAM nANAM calaNe Aje asthira banI gayAM che.

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1380 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sAmAnya rIte, aDasaTTAthI kahIe to dezanI AyAta-nikAsanAM pAsAM lagabhaga samAna hoya che. bIjI rIte kahIe te, dareka deza pitAne mAla paradeza mekalIne tenA badalAmAM pitAne joIne mAla meLave che. paNa A hakIkata saMpUrNapaNe sAcI nathI. ane ghaNI vAra baMne rIte theDIghaNI vadhaghaTa rahe che eTale ke dezanI nikAsa karatAM AyAta vadhI jAya athavA ethI UlaTuM AyAta karatAM nikAsa vadhI javA pAme. jyAre AyAtanuM mUlya nikAsanA mUlya karatAM vadhI jAya tyAre tene "pratikULa vepAra tula' (eDavarsa baeNlansa) kahevAmAM Ave che ane dezane pitAnA hisAbanI patAvaTa karavA mATe vadhArAnI rakama bharavI paDe che. bhinna bhinna dezomAM AvatA jatA mAlane pravAha kadIye ekasarakho ke ekadhAre nathI hote. temAM vAraMvAra pheraphAra thAya che ane bharatIoTa Ave che. ane emAM pheraphAra thatAM ThaMDInI mAga ane chatamAM paNa pheraphAra thavA pAme che. eka deza pAse eka prakAranI hUMDIo moTA pramANamAM hoya ane je prakAranI hUMDI te vakhate joItI hoya te tenI pAse pUratA pramANamAM na heya ema ghaNI vAra bane che. Ama, phrAMsa pAse jarmanI uparanI jarmana mArkanI hUMDIo joIe te karatAM vadhAre hoya paraMtu amerikAne hisAba patAvavA mATe DolaranI hUMDIo tenI pAse pUratA pramANamAM na hoya ema bane. evA saMjogomAM kAMsa jarmana mArkanI daMDIo vecIne tene badale yunAITeDa sTeTsa uparanI DolaranI hUMDIo kharIdavA cAhe che. jyAM AgaLa AMtararASTrIya levaDadevaDa karI zakAya evuM ThaMDInuM kendrastha bajAra hoya tyAM ja ema karI zakAya. jyAM AgaLa nIcenI traNa zarate pUrI paDatI hoya te dezamAM ja evuM bajAra saMbhavI zake? 1. paradeze sAthe tene vepAra bahu bahoLA ane vividha prakArane he joIe ke jethI karIne badhA prakAranI daMDIone ja moTA pramANamAM tenI pAse heya. 2. tyAM AgaLa dareka prakAranI jAmInagIrIo upalabdha hovI joIe, eTale ke, mUDI mATenuM e sauthI moTuM bajAra hovuM joIe. 3. vaLI, te sonAnuM paNa sauthI moTuM bajAra hovuM joIe ke jethI karIne hUMDIo ane jAmInagIrIono abhAva hoya te prasaMge tyAMthI sonuM sahelAIthI meLavI zakAya. AkhIye 19mI sadI daramyAna A traNa zarate pUrI pADI zake e deza eka mAtra IgleMDa ja hate. Adhunika udyoganA kSetramAM te prathama hevAthI ane sAmrAjyanA rUpamAM moTA pradezane ijAre tenI pAse hovAthI teNe duniyAmAM sauthI meTA pramANamAM pitAne paradeza sAthe vepAra khIlavyo hato. pitAnA

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netRtva mATe iMglaMDa ane amerikA vacce jhuMbeza 1381 vikasatA jatA udyogone khAtara teNe potAnI khetIvADIne bhAga ApyA hatA. tenAM vahANA dareka khadarethI vepAranA mAla tathA dUMDI laI AvatAM hatAM. audyogika kSetramAM tenI AvI bhAre pragati thayelI hAvAthI svAbhAvika rIte ja te mUDInuM sauthI mATuM bajAra banI gayuM ane hareka prakAranI videzI jAmInagIrIe tyAM ekaThI thavA pAmI. tene madadarUpa nIvaDanAra bIjI eka vastu e hatI ke AkhI duniyAnI sAnAnI chataneA ke tRtIyAMza bhAga briTiza sAmrAjyamAM eTale ke dakSiNa AphrikA, kaeNneDA, AsTreliyA ane hiMdustAnamAM hatA. laMDanamAM e dezanI senAnI khANAne taiyAra bajAra maLI gayuM. laMDananI baeNMka Apha iMglaMDa mukarara karelA bhAvathI e dezanI badhuMye sAnuM kharIdI letI hatI. khANeAmAM utpanna thatuM A rIte, laMDana zahera dezadezAntaranI krUDI, jAmInagIrI ane senAnuM kendrastha bajAra banI gayuM. te duniyAnuM Arthika pATanagara banI gayuM ane paradezAmAM potAne! hisAba cUkavavA mAganAra dareka sarakAra athavA zarApha potAnA dezamAM ene mATenAM sAdhanA na maLe te prasa Mge laMDana AvatA ane tyAM AgaLa tene hareka prakAranA vepArI tathA nANAMkIya kAgaLA tema ja sAnuM maLI rahetAM. pAunDanuM calaNI nANuM vepAranuM nakkara `cihna banI gayuM. jo DenmArka ke svIDanane dakSiNa amerikAmAM kazI kharIdI karavI hoya to tene konTrAkTa pAunDanA calaNamAM thatA. jo ke e rIte kharIda karavAmAM Avela mAla kadIye iMgleMDa Avo nahAte. iMglaMDane mATe e atizaya phAyadAkAraka rAjagAra hato kAraNa ke tenI A prakAranI kAmagIrInA badalAmAM AkhIye duniyA tene kaMIka vaLatara ApatI hatI. A rIte tene sIdhesIdhA phAyadA ta thatA ja hatA, paraMtu te uparAMta paradezI vepArI peDhI bhaviSyamAM peAtAnuM deNu patAvavAnA AzayathI iMglaMDanI baeNkAmAM khetAnuM leNuM anAmata rAkhatI hatI. A badhI anAmata rakame te baeN ka TUMkI mukta mATe potAnA dharAkAne kAyadAkAraka rIte dhIratI hatI. vaLI iMglaMDanI eMkAne paradezI udyogapatinA vepArane lagatI badhI mAhitI maLatI hatI. temanA hAthamAMthI pasAra thatI daDIo uparathI jarmana athavA khIjA paradezI vepArIe mAlanI zI kimata le che tenI, tema ja paradezeAmAMnA temanA grAhakonAM nAmeAnI sudhdhAM temane khabara paDatI. A mAhitI IMgleMDanA udyogAne bahu ja upayAgI thaI paDatI, kema ke potAnA paradezI harIphAne toDI pADavAmAM te temane madadarUpa nIvaDatI hatI. A AMtararASTrIya rAjagArane majabUta banAvavAne tema ja temAM vadhA karavAne arthe iMglaMDanI beM kA duniyAbharamAM ThekaThekANe potAnI zAkhA tathA ejansIe udhADatI hatI. paradezAne briTiza udyogAnA prabhutva nIce lAvavAmAM ja--45

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182 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana madada karavA uparAMta briTananI dRSTithI e beMke bIjuM eka ati upayogI kArya bajAvatI hatI. teo jANItI badhIye sthAnika vepArI peDhIonI tapAsa karIne temane viSe noMdha rAkhatI hatI. AthI AvI koI paNa sthAnika peDhIe lakhelI ThaMDInA mUlyanI tyAM AgaLanI beMka athavA ejaMTane khabara paDatI ane tene e salAmata lAge te te enA upara potAnI zAkha karate. Ane tene svIkAra' kahevAmAM Avate, kemake tyAMnI beMka athavA ejaMTa tenA upara svIkAravAmAM Ave che" evuM lakhate. beMka tene mATenI javAbadArI oDhI le eTale tarata ja te ThaMDI sahelAIthI vecI zakAtI athavA te bIjAnA nAma upara pheravI zakAtI, kema ke tenI pAchaLa beMkanI zAkha rahelI hatI. AvA prakAranI bAMyadharI athavA svIkAra vinA ajANuM vepArI peDhInI daMDInA laMDana jevAM athavA bIjI jagyAnAM dUranAM bajAramAM kharIdanArA na maLI zake, kAraNa ke e peDhI viSe bIjA koIne mAhitI nahi hoya. e hUMDI svIkAra karanAra beMka ema karavAmAM jokhama uThAvatI, paraMtu pitAnI sthAnika zAkhA mAraphata enI pUrepUrI tapAsa karAvyA pachI ja te ema karatI. A rIte, A "svIkAra'nI prathA daMDIonI levaDadevaDa tathA ekaMdare vepAranI sagavaDa karI ApavAmAM madadarUpa thatI ane sAthe sAthe duniyAnA vepAra uparanI laMDana zaheranI jaDa te vadhAre sakhata banAvatI. bIje kaI paNa deza A "svIkAra nuM kArya meTA pAyA upara karavAnI sthitimAM nahe, kemake paradezamAM tenI beMkanI zAkhAo iMglaMDanI beMkenI zAkhAo jeTalI nahatI. A rIte se karatAMye vadhAre varaso sudhI laMDana zahera nANAMkIya tema ja Arthika bAbatamAM AkhIye duniyAnuM pATanagara rahyuM hatuM ane AMtararASTrIya nANuvyavasthA tathA vepAranAM sUtro tenA hAthamAM rahyAM hatAM. tyAM AgaLa nANuM puSkaLa pramANamAM hatAM ane ene lIdhe te tyAM AgaLa haLavI zaratothI maLI zakatAM hatAM. AthI karIne badhAye zarApha tyAM AgaLa AkarSAtA hatA. duniyAnA cAre khUNAmAMthI vepAra ane nANAM saMbaMdhI badhI khabara beMka opha iMglaMDanA gavarnaranI pAse AvatI ane pitAnA cepaDAo tathA kAgaLiyAMo upara mAtra najara pheravIne kaI eka dezanI Arthika sthiti zI che e vastu te kahI zakate hate. kharekhara, keTalIka vAra te te dezanI sarakAra karatAM tene e viSe vadhAre khabara paDatI hatI. je jAmInagIrIo athavA sarakArI kAgaLiyAMomAM kaI sarakAranuM hita samAyeluM hoya tene kharIdavA ke vecavAnI yuktiprayuktio karIne athavA te TUMka mudata mATe amuka rIte nANAM dhIrIne e paradezI sarakAranI rAjakIya nIti upara dabANa lAvI zakAtuM hatuM. ene "ucca nANAM prabaMdha" (hAI phAinensa) kahevAmAM Ave che. sAmrAjyavAdI sattAonI atizaya asarakAraka rIte dabANa lAvavAnI aneka rItemAMnI e eka rIta che. e rIta bhUtakALamAM

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Dolara, pAunDa ane rUpiyA 1383 ajamAvavAmAM AvatI hatI ane hajI paNa e athaeN tenA Azaro levAmAM Ave che. mahAyuddha pahelAM AvI sthiti hatI. laMDana zahera e briTiza sAmrAjyanA sAmarthya ane samRddhinA mathaka ane pratika samAna hatuM. mahAyuddhe ghaNA pheraphAra karI nAkhyA ane jUnI vyavasthAne uthalAvI dIdhI. emAM iMgleMDanA bhAre vijaya thayA e kharuM paNu IMglaMDa tathA laMDanane e vijaya bahu mAMdhe paDayo. mahAyuddha pachI zuM banavA pAmyuM te huM mArA have pachInA patramAM kahIza. 187. Daulara, pAunDa ane rUpiyA 27 julAI, 1933 mahAyuddhe duniyAne traNa pakSAmAM vaheMcI nAkhI hatIH yuddhe caDelAM rASTronA e pakSo ane trIjo pakSa taTastha dezAnA. ekabIjA upara jAsUsI karavAnA gupta vyavahAra sivAya yuddhe caDelA harIpha pakSA vacce vepAra ke khIjA kAI paNa prakAranA vahevAra rahyo nahoto. AMtararASTrIya vepAra, bezaka chinnabhinna thaI gayA hatA. samudra uparanA temanA prabhutvane kAraNe mitrarAjye taTastha deze tathA vasAhatI dezI sAthe thADANA vepAra kheDI zakatA hatA, paraMtu jana samamarInAnA humalAone kAraNe e vepAra paNa atizaya maryAdita thaI gayA hatA. yuddha laDanArA dezonI badhIye sAdhanasAmagrI yuddhamAM vaparAvA lAgI ane aDhaLaka rakama kharacAvA lAgI. potAnI prajA pAsethI tema ja amerikA pAsethI nANAM upADIne iMgleMDa tathA phrAnse lagabhaga doDha varasa sudhI peAtAnAM garIba mitrarAjyonA kharaca pUro pADayo. pachIthI phrAMsanAM Arthika sAdhanA khUTI paDyAM. ane te have khIjA mitra rASTrone Arthika madada ApI zakayu nahi. IMglaMDe khIjA savA varasa sudhI e kheo udbhAvyA. 1917nA mA mAsamAM tenAM Arthika sAdhanA khUTI gayAM, e vakhate te yunAiTeDa sTeTsanuM pAMca karoDa pAunDanuM pAkeluM leNuM cUkavI na zakayuM. jyAre te saunAM Arthika sAdhanA khUTI gayAM hatAM te kaTokaTInI dhaDIe iMgleMDa, phrAMsa tathA khIjA mitrarAjyAnA sadbhAgye amerikA temane pakSe yudghamAM joDAyuM. e vakhatathI mAMDIne yuddhanA aMta sudhI yunAiTeDa sTeTse peAtAnAM badhAMye mitrarAjyonA yuddhane kharaca pUro pADyo. 'svataMtratA ' tathA * vijaya 'ne nAme teNe potAnI prajA pAsethI jabaradasta rakamonI leAna UbhI karI, e rakama teNe pote mekaLe hAthe kharacI tathA mitrarAjyone dhIrI. huM AgaLa tane kahI gayA chuM tema enuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke, yuddha pUruM thayuM tyAre yunAiTeDa sTeTsa AkhI duniyAnuM .

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jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana zAhukAra banyuM ane badhAye rASTro tenAM devAdAra hatAM. yuddha zarU thayuM tyAre yunAITeDa sTeTsane pAMca abaja DolaranuM yurepamAM devuM hatuM; yuddha pUruM thayuM tyAre yurepane amerikAmAM daza abaja DolaranuM devuM hatuM. mahAyuddha daramyAna amerikAne mAtra ATale ja Arthika lAbha thaye nahote. IglaDa tema ja jarmanInA vepArane bhege amerikAne paradeza sAthe vepAra vadhavA pAmyuM hatuM ane have te briTananA vepAra jeTaluM thaI gayuM hatuM. duniyAnuM betRtIyAMza jeTaluM senuM tathA paradezanI sarakAranAM jabaradasta rakamanAM zera tathA lenanAM kAgaLiyAM yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM ekaThAM thayAM hatAM. A rIte yunAITeDa sTesanI nANAMkIya sthiti atizaya sadhdhara thaI gaI hatI. pitAnA leNAnI ugharANuM karavA mAtrathI te tenA koI paNa deNadAra dezane nAdAra rithatimAM lAvI mUkI zake ema hatuM. A sthitimAM, duniyAnA nANAMkIya pATanagara tarIkenA laMDananA purANA sthAna paratve tene IrSA pedA thAya ane e sthAna mATe te pite jhaMkhanA rAkhe e svAbhAvika hatuM. duniyAnuM sauthI dhanavAna zahera nyUyorka laMDananuM sthAna le evI tenI icchA hatI. A rIte nyUyaoNrka tathA laMDananA beMkavALAo tathA zarAphe vaccenI jhuMbeza zarU thaI. temanI e jhuMbezamAM temane pitApitAnI sarakArane Teke hate. amerikAnA dabANe pAunDane hacamacAvI mUkyo. pitAnA calaNa nANuM mATe beMka opha iMglaDa senuM ApavAne asamartha nIvaDI ane pAuMDanI neTa, jene have senAnA vinimaya sAthe saMbaMdha nahoto rahyo, tenA mUlyamAM pharaka paDavA lAge ane tenA bhAva ghaTavA lAgyA. kAMsanA kAMkanA bhAva paNa gagaDI gayA. AvI asthira duniyAmAM eka mAtra amerikAne Dolara ja khaDakanA je acaLa jaNAte hate. kaI paNa mANasane lAge ke A saMjogomAM nANuMne vyavahAra tathA senuM laMDana cheDIne nyUyorka pahoMcyAM haze. paraMtu, ajAyabInI vAta te e che ke, ema banavA pAmyuM nahi ane paradezI hUMDIo tathA khANamAMthI sonuM hajI laMDana ja AvatAM rahyAM. leke DaoNlara karatAM pAunDane vadhAre pasaMda karatA hatA tethI nahi paNa Dolara sahelAIthI maLI zakatA nahatA tethI ema banatuM hatuM. pitAnI zAkhAo tathA ejansIo mAraphate IMglaMDanI beMkoe duniyAbharamAM UbhI karelI svIkAra'nI paddhati viSe meM tane kahyuM hatuM te tane yAda haze. amerikAnI beMka pAse evI zAkhAo ke paradezamAM ejansIo nahotI eTale "svIkAra karIne paradezI hUMDIo meLavavAnAM sAdhane temanI pAse nahotAM. AthI svAbhAvika rIte ja evI daMDIo briTiza be ke mAraphate laMDana pahoMcatI. e muzkelIne toDa kADhavA mATe amerikAnI beMkee

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DaoNlara, pAunDa ane rUpiyA 135 tarata ja paradezamAM potAnI zAkhA tathA ejansIe sthApavAnuM zarU karI dIdhuM. ane ene pariNAme ThekaThekANe suMdara suMdara imAratA UbhI thaI paNu temane hajI eka khIjI muzkelI paNa naDatI hatI. ' svIkAra'nuM kAya te sthAnika dhaMdhArojagAra tathA paristhitinA saMpUrNa paNe mAhitagAra hoya evA tAlIma pAmelA mANaso ja karI zake. briTiza baeNMkAe tA 100 varasanA vikAsa ane anubhavane pariNAme potAnA e kAmane mATe lAyaka mANasA taiyAra karyAM hatA. ane A bAbatamAM temane jaladI pakaDI pADavAnuM kAma saheluM nahotuM. pachIthI amerikano laMDana sAme phreMca, svIsa ane Daca beMka sAthe joDAI gayA. paraMtu ethI paNa temane jhAjhI saphaLatA maLI nahi. krAMsa atizaya dhanavAna deza hatA tathA te meATA pramANamAM potAnI mUDI paradeza mokalato hato, paraMtu paradezI krUDIne rAjagAra vikasAvavAmAM teNe kadIye lakSa ApyuM nahotuM. Ama laMDana ane nyUyorka vacce gajagrAha cAlyA karyAM ane ekadare jotAM laMDananI sthitimAM kazAye kUka paDyo nahi. 1924nI sAlamAM nyUyorkanI tarapheNamAM eka navI vastu pedA thaI. calaNano phulAvA yA kRtrima vadhArA bahu meTA pramANamAM karyAM pachI jana mAne sthira karavAmAM Avyo. ane ene kAraNe jana mUDI sviTjharaleMDa tathA hAleMDamAM bhAgI gaI hatI ( jokhama ke bhayanA samayamAM mUDI hamezAM bahAra bhAgI jAya che! ) te mArka sthira thavAthI have jamana baeNMkAmAM pAchI karI. amerikAnA nANAMkIya samUhamAM jarmanInA umero thavAthI laMDananI sthitimAM bhAre pheraphAra thavA pAmyA. kAraNa ke, have laMDananI sahAya vinA amerikAnI dUDIenA badalAmAM yuropanI krUDI maLI zakatI hatI. ane laMDananuM calaNI nANuM hajI asthira hatuM eTale ke pAunDanI neTanuM sAnAne dheAraNe nizcita mUlya nahotuM. sAnAnI calaNapaddhati teNe cheoDI dIdhI hatI. laMDana zaheranA zarAfA have bhaDakyA. temaNe joyuM ke AMtararASTrIya vinimayane badhA phAyadAkAraka bhAga tA nyUyorka tathA yuropanA tenA sAthIone hisse jAya che ane laMDanane te tenA rahvAsaghA TukaDA ja maLe che. Ama thatuM aTakAvavA mATe prathama senAne dheAraNe pAunDanuM mUlya nizcita karavuM joIe eTale ke pAunDanA calaNI nANAne sthira karavuM joIe. ene pariNAme vinimayanuM kAma karI pAchuM AvavA lAgaze. AthI, 1925nI sAlamAM pAunDanA calaNanuM mUlya asalate dheAraNe sthira karavAmAM AvyuM. iMgleMDanA baeNMkavALAe tathA zarAphene A rIte bhAre vijaya thayA kAraNa ke pAunDanuM mUlya vadhyuM eTale temanI kamANI paNa vadhavA pAmI. iMgleMDanA udyogonI dRSTie e vastu nukasAnakAraka hatI kema ke ene lIdhe paradezAmAM briTiza mAlanI ki mata vadhI gaI ane paradezanAM bajAre mAM amerikA, jarmanI tathA khIjA audyogika deza

Page #719
1386 jagatanA itihAsanu` rekhAdarzana sAthe harIphAI karavAnuM briTiza udyogapatione mATe muzkela thaI paDayuM. paraMtu potAnI baiMkiMga vyavasthA athavA kaho ke duniyAnA vinimaya bajAramAM potAnuM nANAMkIya prabhutva sAcavI rAkhavA mATe iMglaMDe irAdApUrvaka thoDeghaNe aMze potAnA udyogone bhAga ApyA. pAunDanI pratiSThA tA ethI vadhavA pAmI paraMtu tane yAda haze ke e pachI kaMIka aMze udyogone kaTakA paDavAne kAraNe iMgleMDamAM AMtarika muzkelIo pedA thaI. tyAM AgaLa ekArI vadhI gaI ane kAlasAnI khANeAmAM lAMbA samaya sudhI haDatALa cAlI tema ja sAtrika haDatAla paNa paDI. pAunDanuM mUlya to sthira karavAmAM AvyuM paNa eTaluM pUratuM nahetuM. briTiza sarakArane amerikAnuM jabaradasta rakamanuM karaja hatuM. e hAthaudhAra karaja hatuM ane amerikA kAI paNa ghaDIe tenI mAgaNI karI zake ema hatuM. evI mAgaNI karIne yunAITeDa sTeTsa iMglaMDanI sthiti atizaya muzkela karI mUkI zake ema hatuM tema ja e rIte te pAunDanA bhAva ghaTADI daI zake ema hatuM. AthI yuddhanuM devuM hapatAthI patAvavAne aMge amerikA sAthe samajUtI para AvavAne mATe agragaNya briTiza rAjadvArI puruSo -- sTenlI bAlDavIna paNa temAMnA eka hatA nyUyorka doDI gayA. yuropanA badhAye deza amerikAnA deNudAra hatA. eTale temane mATe yogya rasto teA e hatA ke ApasamAM masalata karIne pachI ja zakaya eTalI sArI zarato meLavavA mATe temaNe amerikA pAse pahoMcavuM joItuM hatuM. paraMtu pAuDane bacAvI levAne tathA laMDananuM Arthika netRtva TakAvI rAkhavAne mATe briTiza sarakAra eTalI badhI IMtejAra hatI ke phrAMsa ane iTAlI sAthe e bAbatamAM masalata karavA jeTalI tenI pAse dhIraja naheAtI. tene te game te bhAge amerikA joDe devAnI cukavaNIne aMge taratAtarata kaIka goThavaNa karavI hatI. briTiza sarakAra e khAbatamAM gAThavaNa te karI zakI, para Mtu ene mATe tene bhAre kiMmata ApavI paDI ane yunAiTeDa sTeTse mUkelI kaDaka zaratonuM pAlana karavAnuM tene kabUla rAkhavuM paDyuM. pAchaLathI krAMsa tathA iTAlI potAnA devAnI cukavaNIne aMge yunAiTeDa sTeTsa taraphathI enA karatAM ghaNI anukULa zarato meLavI zakayAM. A bhAre prayAsA ane bhAgAne kAraNe pAuMDanA bhAveA TakI rahyA tathA laMDana zaheranuM Arthika netRtva paNa cAlu rahyuM. duniyAnAM bajAromAM nyUyaoNrka sAthenI tenI jhuMbeza aa cAlu ja rahI. potAnI pAse aDhaLaka nANuM hatuM eTale nyUyorka, pahelAM laMDana pAse nANAM vyAje letA hatA te dezane vyAjanA bahu ja ochA darothI lAMbI muddatane mATe paisA dhIravA mAMDayA. A rIte kaeNneDA, dakSiNa AphrikA tathA AsTreliyA paNa lAbhAIne nyUyorka tarapha kheMcAyA. A rIte lAMkhI muddata mATe nANAM dhIravAmAM laMDana nyUyaoNrka sAthe harIphAI karI zake ema nahotuM.

Page #720
DaoNlara, pAunDa ane rUpiyA AthI teNe madhya yuropanI beMkane TUMkI mudata mATe nANuM dhIravAnuM ajamAvavA mAMDayuM. TUMkI mudata mATe nANuM dhIravAmAM beMkanA dhaMdhAne anubhava tathA pratiSThA e be vastuo mahattvanI hoya che. e baMne vastuo laMDananI tarapheNamAM hatI. AthI laMDananI beMkoe viyenAnI beMka sAthe nikaTane saMbaMdha bAMdhe ane temanI mAraphate madhya tathA dakSiNa-pUrva yuropanI athavA DAnyuba ane bAlkana pradezanI beMka sAthe saMbaMdha bAMdhye. nyUyorka paNa tyAM AgaLa pitAnuM dhIradhAranuM thoDuM kAma cAlu rAkhyuM. A nANAMkIya pAgalapaNAne kALa hatuM ane kaMIka aMze laMDana tathA nyUyeka vaccenI spardhAne kAraNe yuropamAM nANune dhodha vahevA lAge ane tyAM AgaLa karoDapatio tathA abajapatio atizaya tvarAthI ThekaThekANe phUTI nIkaLyA. zrImaMta thavAne mArga bahu sIdhosAde hate. keI sAhasika mANasa emAMnA koI eka dezamAM relave bAMdhavAnI ke bIjAM kaI jAhera bAMdhakAma karavAnI chUTachATa meLave athavA te tyAM AgaLa dIvAsaLI jevI vastuo utpanna karavAne ane vecavAne ijAre meLave. e vastuonA bAMdhakAma mATe athavA ijArAne mAla utpanna karavA mATe eka kaMpanI UbhI karavAmAM Ave ane te pachI potAnA zaira kADhe. A zerene AdhAre nyUyorka ke laMDananI mATI meTI beMke e kaMpanIne nANAM dhIre, zarApha A rIte nyUyaeNrka pAsethI be TakAnA vyAjanA darathI DaoNlaranA rUpamAM nANuM vyAje le ane pachI teo te nANAM barlinane 6 TakAnA darathI ane viyenAne 8 TakAnA darathI dhIre. A rIte bIjA lakAnAM nANuMnI caturAIpUrvaka pheravaNuM karIne e zarAphe atizaya dhanavAna banI gayA. emAMne IvAna kragara nAmane svIDanavAsI sauthI vadhAre mazahUra hate. tenA dIvAsaLInA ijArAne kAraNe te dIvAsaLInA rAjA tarIke oLakhAte hate. eka vakhate te phregaranI bhAre pratiSThA hatI. paraMtu pAchaLathI puravAra thayuM ke te aThaMga dhutAre hato ane pArakAM aDhaLaka nANuM te hajama karI gayo hatuM. tenI ThagAI pakaDAvAnI taiyArImAM hatI te vakhate teNe ApaghAta karyo. pitAnA aprAmANika vahevArone kAraNe bIjA suprasiddha zarApha paNa muzkelImAM AvI pADyA hatA. | madhya ane pUrva yuropamAMnI iMglaMDa tathA amerikAnI harIphAIne pariNAme eka phAyade thaye. 1929nI sAlanI maMdI zarU thaI te pahelAMnAM varasamAM yuropanI sthiti sudhAravAmAM tyAM AgaLa vahelA A nANAMnA dhaMdhe bhAre phALo Ape hate. | daramyAna 1926-27nI sAla daramyAna phrAMsamAM calaNane phalAvo karavAmAM Avyo ane phrAMkanuM mUlya atizaya ghaTI gayuM. phAMkanI kiMmata ghaTI javAne kAraNe pitAnAM nANAM gumAvI besavAnA DarathI dhanika krAMsavAsIoe--ane

Page #721
1388 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana madhyama varganA nIcalA tharanA dareka phrAMsavAsI pAse pitAnI bacata hoya che ja - te paradeza mokalI ApyAM. temaNe moTA pramANamAM paradezI jAmInagIrIo tathA paradezI hUMDIo kharIdI lIdhI. 1927nI sAlamAM phrAMkanuM mUlya pharI pAchuM sthira karavAmAM AvyuM ane senAnA dhoraNa pramANe te nizcita karavAmAM AvyuM. paraMtu e mUlya tenA pahelAMnA mUlyathI pAMcamA bhAganuM rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. paradezI jAmInagIrIo dharAvanAra pheMce have tene kAIka rIte DhAMkanA rUpamAM badalI levAne utsuka banyA. teo eka phAyadAkAraka vepAra kheDI rahyA hatA kAraNa ke, A rIte mULa temanI pAse hatA tenA karatAM pAMcagaNI krAMka temane maLatA hatA ane e rIte phrAMkane ja hamezAM vaLagI rahevAthI calaNanA phulAvAne kAraNe temane je nuksAna veThavuM paData temAMthI teo UgarI gayA. phreMca sarakAre A takane lAbha levAno nirNaya karyo ane krAMkanA nANAmAM chApelI navI noTo ApIne teNe badhIye paradezI hUMDIo athavA jAmInagIrIo kharIdI lIdhI. Ama, e paradezI hUMDIo tathA jAmInagIrIo kharIdIne pheMca sarakAra ekAeka atizaya dhanika banI gaI. vAstavamAM e vakhate tenI pAse sauthI moTI saMkhyAmAM e baMne vastuo hatI. amerikA ke igleMDa sAthe Arthika netRtvanI harIphAImAM UtaravAnI tenI IcchA nahetI tema ja ene mATe tenI legyatA paNa nahotI. paNa te e baMne upara asara pADavAnI sthitimAM hatI. . phAMsavAsIo sAvadha prajA che tema ja temanI sarakAra paNa sAvadha heya che. pitAnI pAse je kaMI hoya te gumAvI besavAnuM jokhama kheDIne bhAre lAbha meLavavA prayAsa karavA karatAM vinA jokhame ocho lAbha meLavavAnuM teo vadhAre pasaMda kare che. AthI pheMca sarakAre sAvadhAnIpUrvaka pitAnuM vadhArAnuM nANuM vyAjanA ochA darathI laMDananI sadhdhara peDhIone dhIryuM. A rIte te briTiza beMka pAsethI mAtra be TakA ja vyAja letI. aMgrejo e nANAM pAMca ke cha TakAnA vyAjanA darathI jarmana beMkane dhIratA. jarmana beMke vaLI pAchI e rakama ATha ke nava TakAnA vyAjanA darathI viyenAne dhIratI ane chevaTe e nANuM haMgarI tema ja bAlkana dezamAM 12 TakAnA darathI pahoMcatuM ! jokhamanA pramANamAM vyAjano dara paNa vadhatuM hatuM paraMtu phrAMsanI beMka leza paNa jokhama kheDavA karatAM briTiza beMka sAthe ja vyavahAra rAkhavAnuM pasaMda karatI hatI. A rIte teNe kharIdelI pAuMDanI paradezI hUMDIonA rUpamAM krAMsa pitAnA nANAnI ghaNI moTI rakama laMDanamAM rAkhatuM hatuM. nyUyaoNrka sAme jhUjhavAmAM laMDanane enI bhAre madada maLatI hatI. daramyAna vepAranI kaTokaTI tathA maMdI vadhatI jatI hatI ane khetInI pedAzanA bhAvo besatA jatA hatA. 1930nI pAnakhara RtumAM ghauMnA bhAva

Page #722
Dolara, pAunDa ane rUpiye 1389 eTalA badhA besI gayA ke pUrva yuropanI beMke pitAnA deNadAro pAsethI pitAnuM leNuM vasUla na karI zakI ane ene lIdhe viyenA pAsethI pAunDa ane DaoNlaranA rUpamAM temaNe karaje kADhelI rakame te pAchI na ApI zakI. ene lIdhe viyenAnI beMkanI duniyAmAM bhAre kaTokaTI UbhI thaI ane kreDiTa ensAlTa nAmanI viyenAnI sauthI moTI beMka tUTI. ene lIdhe vaLI jarmanInI beMke hacamacI UDI ane mArkanA bhAve pharI pAchA gagaDI javAnI bhIti pedA thaI. ene pariNAme jarmanImAMnI briTiza tathA amerikana mUDI jokhamamAM AvI paData ane e TALavAne khAtara ja pramukha hUvare devuM tathA yuddhanI nukasAnI peTenI vasUlAtanI mekUphI jAhera karI. e vakhate yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakamanI vasUlAtano Agraha rAkhavAmAM Avata te jarmanInI samagra arthavyavasthA saMpUrNapaNe chinnabhinna thaI jAta. paraMtu A paNa pUratuM na thayuM ane jarmanI bIjA dezanuM pitAnuM khAnagI devuM paNa bharI na zakyuM eTale e devAnI vasUlAta paNa mokUpha rAkhavI paDI. ene pariNAme jarmanIne TUMkI mudata mATe dhIravAmAM AveluM puSkaLa nANuM tyAM sthagita thaI gayuM. AthI laMDananA beMkavALAonI sthiti muzkela banI gaI kema ke temane paNa pitAnI javAbadArIo adA karavAnI hatI ane ene mATe jarmanI taraphathI AvavAnAM nANuM upara temaNe gaNatarI rAkhI hatI. krAMsa ane amerikA temanI vahAre dhAyAM ane temane 13 karoDa pAunDanI madada karI. paraMtu temanI e madada meDI paDI. laMDananAM zarAphI maMDaLamAM bhAre gabharATa phelAI gayo ane evA gabharATanA samayamAM sau koI pitAnuM nANuM upADI levA mAge che. pelA tera karaDa pAuMDa te jotajotAmAM sApha thaI gayA. tane yAda haze ke e vakhate tyAM calaNanuM dhoraNa senAnuM hatuM ane pAuMDanI noTo dharAvanAra dareka jaNa tene badale senAnI mAgaNI karI zakatuM hatuM. briTiza sarakAra - te vakhate tyAM majUra sarakAra hatI - vadhAre nANAM uchInAM levA mAgatI hatI ane teNe tene mATe utsukatApUrvaka cUrka tathA perisa pAse mAgaNI karI. ema jaNAya che ke, amuka zarata e ja teo e madada ApavA saMmata thayAM. emAMnI eka zarata e hatI ke, briTiza sarakAre majUronI bAbatamAM tema ja sAmAjika kAryo vageremAM karakasara karavI. temaNe majUrane pagArakApa paNa sUcavyuM hoya ema lAge che. briTananA AMtarika vyavahAramAM paradezI beMkavALAonI A dakhalagIrI hatI. A paristhitine majUra sarakAranI sAme upayoga karavAmAM Avyo ane rase mekaDonAlDa je vaDe pradhAna tema ja majUra sarakArano vaDo hate teNe sarakArane tema ja pitAnA majAra pakSane dage dIdhe. mukhyatve karIne kanjharaveTInA TekAthI teNe bIjI sarakAra sthApI. e Arthika kaTokaTIne pahoMcI vaLavA mATe e sarakAra sthApavAmAM

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1390 jagatanA itihAsanu' rekhAdarzana AvI hatI ane tene 'rASTrIya sarakAra ' tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM AvI. maikaDAnAlDanuM ekRtya yuropanI mantra caLavaLanA itihAsamAM evaphAInuM noMdhapAtra dRSTAMta che. rASTrIya sarakAra pAunDane bacAvavA mATe sthapAI hatI. temaNe ApelA vacana pramANe krAMsa tathA amerikA taraphathI tene Arthika madada maLI paNa e madadathI paNa rASTrIya sarakAra pAunDane bacAvI zakI nahi. 1931nI sAlanA sapTembara mAsanI 27mI tArIkhe sAnAnI calaNapaddhati tene cheDI devI paDI ane pAuMDanuM calaNa pharI pAchuM asthira thaI gayuM. pAuMDanuM mUlya jhapATAbaMdha ghaTI gayuM ane senAmAM tenI ki Mmata 14 ziliMga jeTalI thaI gaI. eTale ke, tenuM mUlya pahelAM karatAM lagabhaga rlR jeTaluM thaI gayuM. A banAve tathA e tArIkhe duniyA upara bhAre chApa pADI. yurepamAM e najIka AvatA jatA briTiza sAmrAjyanA vinAzanuM cihna gaNAvA lAgyuM. kema ke e banAva duniyAnA nANAMkIya bajAramAM laMDananA prabhutvaneA aMta sUcavatA hato. A dhAraNA tathA apekSAe (briTiza sAmrAjya mATe yuropa ke amerikAmAM jarA sarakhA sadbhAva naheAtA, ane eziyAnuM te pUchavuM ja zuM?) jarA utAvaLI puravAra thaI. tene sonuM ja samajIne pAuMDanuM kAgaLanANuM rAkhanAra -- krama ke, kAI paNa vakhate tene senAmAM pheravI zakAtuM hatuM -- dhaNA dezanAM calaNAne pAuMDanA mUlyamAM thayelA ghaTADAe hacamacAvI mUkavAM. have pAuMDanI noTo sonAmAM pheravI zakAtI nahotI tema ja tenA mUlyamAM lagabhaga 30 TakA jeTalA ghaTADA thavA pAmyA hatA eTale emAMnA keTalAka dezAnAM calaNunA bhAva paNa gagaDI gayA. ane iMglaMDane kAraNe temane paNa senAnuM calaNa cheoDI devAnI pharaja paDI krAMsanI sthiti have dhaNI ja sadhdhara banI hatI. potAnI sAvadhAnIbharI nIti tene phAyadAkAraka nIvaDI hatI. amerikAnAM ane ethIye vizeSa pramANamAM iMgleMDanAM janIne dhIravAmAM AvelAM nANAM tyAM sthagita thaI te paDatyAM hatAM te vakhate phrAMsa pAse paradezI dUDI ane sAnAnA krAMkanA rUpamAM puSkaLa nANAM paDyAM hatAM. iMglaMDa tathA amerikA e baMne dezonI sarakAroe krAMsane rIjhavavAne ane ekabIjInI sAme tene potAnA pakSamAM levAne bhAre prayAsA karyA. paraMtu ati sAvadhAna krAMse emAMthI ekenA pakSamAM bhaLavAnI sApha nA pADI ane e rIte sAda karI levAnA meAkA jatA karyAM. 1931nI sAlanA aMtamAM iMglaMDamAM sArvatrika cUMTaNI thaI ane temAM rASTrIya sarakAra nA bhAre vijaya thayA. vAstavamAM e kanjharaveTIva pakSanA vijaya hato. emAM majUra pakSa to lagabhaga UkhaDI ja gayA. majUra sarakAra temanI mUDI japta karI leze evA gapagoLAothI bhaDakIne tema ja pagAra

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Dolara, pAunDa ane rUpiyA 1391 kApane kAraNe ATlAMTikanA naukA kAphalAnA briTiza khalAsIonA alpajIvI khaMDathI kadAca gabharAI jaI ne, iMgleMDanA madhyama varga samagrapaNe kanjharveTIva rASTrIya sarakArane paDakhe Ubho rahyo. AvI kaTokaTI ane jokhamane prasaMge paNa amerikA, iMglaMDa ane phrAMsa e traNa AgaLa paDatAM rASTro athavA kahe ke tenA zarAphe eka sAthe maLIne sahakArathI kAya karI zakyA nahi. dareka deza ekale hAthe potapotAnI ramata ramatA hatA ane bIjAne nukasAna pahoMcADIne potAnI sthiti sudhAravAnI AzA rAkhatA hatA. Arthi ka netRtva mATe ApasamAM jhadhaDavAne badale sahiyAruM AMtararASTrIya nANAMbajAra racavAne te sAthe maLIne kArya karI zakatA hatA. paNa dareka potapotAnA alaga mA levAnuM pasaMda karyuM. baeNka ph iMglaMDa laMDane gumAvelI potAnI pratiSThA karI pAchI prApta karavAne nIkaLI paDI ane hajIye pAunDanA calaNaneA seAnAnA mUlya sAthe saMbaMdha nahAto te chatAMye ghaNuM aMze te e vastu sAdhavAmAM saphaLa thaI ane e rIte teNe duniyAne cakita karI mUkI. IMglaMDe sAnAnI calaNapaddhati cheDI dIdhI tyAre khIjA dezanI sarakArI baeNMkAe (evI baeNMkAne madhyastha baeNMkA kahevAmAM Ave che.) peAtAnI pAsenI pAuMDanA calaNanI hUMDIe tene badale seAnuM meLavavAne mATe vecI dIdhI. atyArasudhI temaNe e pAuMDanA calaNanI krUDI eTalA mATe rAkhI mUkI hatI ke, tene badale game te vakhate seAnuM meLavI zakAya ema hatuM ane e rIte tene senA tarIke ja gaNavAmAM AvatI hatI. jyAre AvI saMkhyAbaMdha dUMDI ekAeka vecI devAmAM AvI tyAre pAunDanA mUlyamAM ekadama 30 TakAne ghaTADA thavA pAmyA. pAuMDanA mUlyamAM A ghaTADA thavAthI jemane pAuMDanA calaNamAM devuM hatuM te devAdArA (emAM keTalIka sarakAro tema ja meTI meATI vepArI peDhInA paNa samAveza thatA hatA.) potAnuM devuM seAnAthI cUkavavAne prerAyA kema ke e rIte have temane 70 TakA AchA cUkavavA paDatA hatA. A rIte iMglaMDamAM sAnuM sArA pramANamAM AvyuM. O paraMtu iMglaMDamAM senAne khare pravAha to misara ane hiMdustAnamAMthI vahyo. A garIba ane parAdhIna dezane tavaMgara iMgleMDanI vahAre parANe dhAvuM paDayu ane temanI gupta saMpattinA iMglaMDanI nANAMkIya sthiti sudhAravAne arthe upayoga karavAmAM AvyA. e bAbatamAM temane jhAjho avAja nahAtA ane IMglaMDanI jarUriyAtanI tulanAmAM temanI icchA ke temanAM hitA kazI visAtamAM nahAtAM. hiMdanA rUpiyAnI kathA hiMdanI dRSTie atizaya lAMkhI ane duHkhadAyaka che. briTiza sarakAra tathA briTiza zarApheAnAM hita sAdhavAne arthe enA mUlyamAM

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1392 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana vAraMvAra pheraphAra karavAmAM AvyA che. ahIMyAM huM hiMdanA calaNanI bAbatamAM UMDe UtaravA nathI mAgata, e viSe huM tane mAtra eTaluM ja kahIza ke, hiMdamAMnI briTiza sarakAranI mahAyuddha pachInI calaNane aMgenI pravRttiothI hiMdane pArAvAra Arthika nukasAna thayuM che. 1927nI sAlamAM pAuMDanA calaNa tathA senAnA saMbaMdhamAM rUpiyAnuM mUlya mukarara karavAnI bAbatamAM (te vakhate senAnI calaNapaddhati hatI.) hiMdamAM bhAre carcA upasthita thaI hatI. Ane hUMDiyAmaNunA daranI carcA kahevAmAM AvatI hatI. sarakAra rUpiyAne dara athavA tenuM mUlya eka ziliMga 6 pensanuM mukarara karavA mAgatI hatI, jyAre hiMdane prajAmata lagabhaga eka avAje e dara eka ziliMga cAra pensa mukarara thAya ema mAgatA hatA. nANune bhAva athavA tenuM mUlya vadhArIne beMkavALAo, zarAphazAhukAre tathA paisAvALAone phAyado karAvavAne, tema ja paradezanI AyAtane uttejana ApavAne, athavA te nANAMne bhAva ghaTADIne devAdAre uparane baje haLa karavAne tathA vilAyatanA udyogane ane nikAsane uttejana ApavAne - A ene e ja jUne savAla hate. hiMdanA prajAmatane Thokara mArIne sarakAre alabata pitAnuM dhAryuM ja karyuM ane senAne mukAbale rUpiyAne dara eka ziliMga 6 pensane TharAvavAmAM AvyuM. ghaNAonA mata pramANe, A rIte calaNamAM cheDI taMgI karavAmAM AvI eTale ke rUpiyAnA bhAvamAM vadhAre paDatuM vadhAre karavAmAM Avyo. eka mAtra iMglaDe ja 1925nI sAlamAM pAuMDane senAnA calaNanA dheraNa para mUkavAne mATe calaNanI taMgI karI hatI. ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM chIe ke duniyAnuM Arthika netRtva jALavI rAkhavAne mATe teNe ema karyuM hatuM. e TakAvI rAkhavA mATe te ghaNe bhAga ApavA taiyAra hatuM. jarmanI, krAMsa tathA bIjA dezoe pitAnI Arthika sthiti haLavI banAvavAne mATe calaNane phalA karavAnuM pasaMda karyuM hatuM. rUpiyAnuM mUlya vadhavAthI hiMdamAM rekavAmAM AvelI briTiza mUDInuM mUlya vadhavA pAmyuM. ene lIdhe hiMdanA udyoge upara paNa banne vacce kema ke ethI karIne hiMdamAM banelA mAlanA bhAvamAM saheja vadhAre thavA pAmyuM. A uparAMta, zAhukAranA devAdAra banelA kheDUto tathA jamInanA mAlike uparanA devAnA bejAmAM ethI karIne umero thaye, kema ke nANAMnuM mUlya vadhavAnI sAthe temanA devAnuM mUlya paNa teTalA pramANamAM vadhI gayuM. rUpiyAnuM mUlya 16 ne badale 18 pensa mukarara karavAmAM AvyuM eTale ke tenA mUlyamAM ekaMdare 12 TakAne vadhAre che. dhAro ke kheDUtonuM kula devuM daza abajanuM che. emAM 12 TakAne umere thAya eTale ke 1 abaja jeTalI jabaradasta rakamane emAM vadhAro thavA pAme. nANune dharaNe te, alabata devuM pahelAMnA jeTaluM ja rahetuM hatuM. paraMtu khetInI pedAzanI kiMmata athavA bhAvane dharaNe devuM vadhI jatuM hatuM. nANAMthI

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helara, pAunDa ane rUpiyo 1393 te keTalA ghauM, keTalAM kapaDAM yA te bIjI koI paNa vastu te keTalI kharIdI zake che te tenuM sAcuM mUlya che. emAM kazI dakhala na karavAmAM Ave te e mUlya ApoApa pitAnuM dhoraNa zedhI le che. nANAMnI kharIdazakti ghaTavAthI calaNanA mUlyamAM ghaTADo thavA pAme che. nANAnA mUlyamAM kRtrima rIte vadhAre karavAthI tenI kharIdazaktimAM kRtrima vadhAre thaze paraMtu vAstavamAM te tenI sAcI kharIdazakti nathI hatI. A rIte kheDUtane mAlUma paDayuM ke, tenuM devuM tathA vyAja cUkavavAmAM have pahelAM karatAM tenI vadhAre Avaka jAya che ane tenA hAthamAM Avakane bahu ochA hirase bAkI rahe che. A rIte 18 pinsanA dUDiyAmaNe hiMdustAnamAM maMdImAM umero karyo. 1931nA sapTembara mAsamAM pAunDanA calaNane senA sAtheno saMbaMdha teDI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM eTale enI sAthe rUpiyAne senA sAtheno saMbaMdha paNa tUTI gaye. paraMtu tene pAunDa sAthe bAMdhI rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. Ama dUSiAmaNane dara te hajIye 18 pensane ja rahyo paraMtu senAnA rUpamAM enI kiMmata gheDA pramANamAM ghaTI gaI. hiMdamAMnI briTiza mUDIne AMca na Ave eTalA mATe rUpiyAne pAunDanA calaNa sAthe bAMdhI rAkhavAmAM AvyuM, kema ke rUpiyAne je chUTo mUkI devAmAM AvyA hatA te kadAca tenA mUlyamAM ghaTADe thAta ane e rIte hiMdamAMnI pAunDanA calaNanA rUpamAM rokAyelI mUDIne nukasAna thAta. paNa A rIte rUpiyAne pAunDa sAthe bAMdhI rAkhavAmAM AvyuM tethI amerikA, jApAna vagere dezanI mAtra briTiza mUDIne ja nukasAna thayuM, kema ke senAnA rUpamAM rUpiyAnI kiMmata ghaTI gaI hatI. rUpiyAne pAuDa sAthe bAMdhI rAkhavAthI iMglaMDane bIjo lAbha e thayo ke, pitAnA udyogone mATe te je kAce mAla kharIdatuM hatuM tenI kiMmata briTiza calaNamAM te cUkavI zakyuM. pAunDanA calaNanuM kSetra jeTaluM vizALa eTale tene vadhAre lAbha. pAunDanI sAthe rUpiyAnuM mUlya jema jema ghaTatuM gayuM tema tema ravAbhAvika rIte ja dezamAMnA senAnI kiMmata vadhI; eTale ke senAnA pahelAM karatAM vadhAre rUpiyA maLavA lAgyA. dezamAM lekonI hADamArI tathA nANAMbhIDa vadhI gayAM ane pitAnuM devuM patavavAne arthe vadhAre rUpiyA meLavavAne teo ghareNAMgAMTha vagerenA rUpamAM potAnI pAsenuM sonuM vecavAne prerAyA. AthI dezabharamAMthI nAnA nAnA asaMkhya pravAhanA rUpamAM senuM AvIne beMkamAM ekaThuM thayuM. ane e beMkoe naphe laIne te laMDananA bajAramAM vecyuM. A rIte hiMdamAMthI senAno avirata pravAha IMgleMDa vahevA lAge ane tyAM bahu moTA pramANamAM senuM mokalavAmAM AvyuM. A tema ja misarathI AvelA sonAe beMka opha IMgleMDa tathA briTananA nANAM vyavahArane ugArI lIdhAM ane enI madadathI -

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1394 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana 1931nI sAlamAM phrAMsa tathA amerikA pAsethI iMglaMDe uchInAM lIdhelAM nANAM te pAchAM ApI zakyuM. e eka ajaba prakAranI khInA che ke jyAre duniyAnA badhAye deza - emAM sauthI dhanika dezono paNa samAveza thAya che -- potapotAnuM seAnuM sAcavI rAkhavA ane temAM vadhAro karavAnA bhAre prayAsa karI rahyA che tyAre hiMdustAna ethI sAva UlaTuM ja karI rahyuM che. amerikA tathA phrAMsanI sarakAroe potapotAnI baeN kAnA bhaDArAmAM bahu moTA jaththAmAM sAnuM ekaThu karyuM che. pRthvInA peTALamAMnAM jaeN kAnAM bhoMyarAmAM mAtra tene pharI pAchuM dATI rAkhavAne arthe ja sAnAne khANeAmAMthI khAdI kADhavuM e sAce ja eka ajaba prakAranI kriyA che. ghaNA dezoe -- emAM briTananAM saMsthAnAno paNa samAveza thAya che sAnAnI nikAsa upara pratibaMdha mUkyo. eTale ke kAI paNa mANasane dezamAMthI sAnuM bahAra laI javAnI manAI karI. potAnuM seAnuM sAcavI rAkhavAne mATe iMglaMDe seAnAnI calaNapaddhati cheADI dIdhI. paraMtu hi MdustAne AvuM kazuM karyuM nahi kema ke hiMdanI nANAMkIya nIti iMgleMDane phAyado thAya te dhAraNe ghaDavAmAM Ave che. hiMdamAM seAnAcAMdIne sadharo karI rAkhavAmAM Ave che evI vAta ghaNI vAra saMbhaLAya ane mUThIbhara dhanika lokeAnI bAbatamAM e hakIkata sAcI paNa che. paraMtu AmajanatA to garIbAImAM eTalI badhI DUbelI che ke te kazIye vastunA saMgraha karI rAkhavAnI sthitimAM ja nathI. ka MIka sArI sthitinA kheDUta pAse khUjajAja dhareNAM hoya che kharAM ane mAtra e ja temanA 'sadharA' hAya che. potAnI pUjI baeNMkAmAM rAkhavAnI temane sagavaDa nathI hotI. maMdIne tathA seAnAnA bhAva caDavAne kAraNe A jUjAja ghareNAM tathA sAnuM hiMdamAMthI dhasaDAI gayAM. hiMdamAM rASTrIya sarakAra heta te teNe A senuM anAmata thApaNa tarIke dezamAM sadharI rAkhyuM hota kema ke AMtararASTrIya levaDadevaDamAM dAma cUkavavAnA sAdhana tarIke eka mAtra senAne ja mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvyuM che. have ApaNe DaoNlara sAthenI pAunDanI jhubeza viSenI ApaNI mULa vAta upara AvIe. A badhI rItethI tema ja IjI keTalIka yukitaprayukitaothI jene ahIM ullekha karavAnI jarUra nathI, baeNMMka auph iMgla MDe potAnI sthiti sArI peThe majabUta banAvI. 1972nI sAlamAM nasIbe tene kaMIka hAtha dIdhA. amerikAnAM nANAM jamanImAM sthagita thaI rahevAne kAraNe e vakhate yunAiTeDa sTeTsanA baeNMkAnA vyahavAramAM kaTokaTInI sthiti pedA thaI. e kaTokaTI daramyAna dhaNA amerikAe potAnA DaoNlara vecIne pAunDanuM nANu kharIdyuM. A rIte briTiza sarakArane DaoNlaranA calaNamAM puSkaLa dUDIe maLI.

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mUDIvAdI duniyAnI sahakArathI kArya karavAmAM niSphaLatA 1395 e badhI dUDI teNe nyUyorkanI sarakArI baeNMkamAM ApIne tene badale seAnuM lIdhuM. DaoNlaranA calaNanuM dhAraNa sAnAnuM hatuM eTale tene badale kAI paNa sAnAnI mAgaNI karI zake ema hatuM. AthI kazIye Apatti ke pAuMDanA bhAvamAM ghaTADo thayA vinA briTananA senAnA anAmata jathA vadhI gayA. pAuMDanuM mUlya to hajI asthira ja rahyuM ane te seAnAthI aLage ja rahyo. paradezI hUMDI tathA jAmInagIrI laMDana zahera pAse puSkaLa pramANamAM AvavAthI AMtararASTrIya vinimayanuM phrI pAchuM te meDhuM madhyastha bajAra banI gayuM. e vakhata pUratI te nyUyorkanI hAra thaI. enuM mukhya kAraNa, huM AgaLanA eka patramAM kahI gayA chuM tema, jene lIdhe nAnI nAnI aneka baeNMkA tUTI paDI hatI te, tenA aMkAnA vyavahAramAM UbhI thayelI bhAre kaTokaTI hatI. 188. mUDIvAdI duniyAnI sahakArathI kArya karavAmAM niSphaLatA 28 julAI, 1933 nANAMne aMgenI harIphAI tathA sAmasAmI yukti pratiyuktionI keTalI adhI lAMkhI vAta meM tane kahI nAkhI ! ene mATe tuM mArA AbhAra mAnaze ke kema e viSe mane zaMkA che. AMtararASTrIya prapa Mco ane kAvAdAvAonuM e evuM te gUMcavaNabharyuM kAkaDu che ke, tene ukelavuM e ramata vAta nathI ane eka vAra emAM paDyA ke pachI emAMthI bahAra nIkaLavuM muzkela heAya che. je vatteoche aMze sapATI upara dekhAya che tenI bahu ja AchI rUparekhA tane ApavAnA meM prayatna karyAM che. ete aMgenI ghaNA moTA bhAganI vAto tA sapATI sudhI AvavA pAmatI ja nathI eTale te tA hamezAM aMdhArAmAM rahe che. AjanI duniyAmAM beMkavALA tathA zarAphAnuM mahattva ghaNuM vadhAre che. moTA moTA udyogapationA divaso paNa have vItI gayA che; Aje te udyoga, khetIvADI, relave tathA mAlanI lAvalaIjA karavAnAM sAdhanA athavA sAcuM kahetAM sarakAra sahita badhI ja vastue upara kAMIka aMze zarAphAnuM niyaMtraNa hoya che. kema ke udyoga ane vepArarojagAra vadhatAM gayAM tema tema temane uttarottara nANAMnI vadhu te vadhu jarUra paDatI gaI ane beMkavALAoe te temane pUrAM pADayAM. Aje duniyAnA ghaNAkharA vahevAra zAkha upara cAle che. ane meTI baeNMkA e zAkha vadhAre che athavA tene maryAdita kare che tathA tenuM te niyamana kare che. udyogapatine tema ja kheDUtane potAnuM kAma AgaLa calAvavA mATe beMka pAse nANAM uchInAM levA javuM paDe che. paisA dhIravAnA e rAjagAra

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139 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana beMkavALAo mATe phAyadAkAraka hoya che eTaluM ja nahi paNa tene lIdhe udyoga tathA khetI upara dhIme dhIme tene kAbU vadhe che. nANAM dhIravAnI nA pADIne athavA AgaLa dhIrelAM nANAMnI aNIne vakhate ugharANuM karIne nANAM uchInAM lenArane rojagAra beMke uthalAvI pADI zake che athavA te game tevI zarate kabUla karavAnI tene pharaja pADe che. A vastu dezanA AMtarika tema ja AMtararASTrIya e baMne kSetrane lAgu paDe che, kema ke, meTI madhyastha beMke judA jAdA dezanI sarakArane nANAM dhIre che ane e rIte teo temanA upara aMkuza rAkhe che. A rIte, madhya tathA dakSiNa amerikAnI ghaNI sarakAro nyUyorkanA beMkavALAonA aMkuza nIce che. A meTI moTI beMkonuM eka asAdhAraNa lakSaNa e che ke teo sArA tema ja kharAba e baMne samaye samRddha thAya che. sArA samayamAM dhaMdhA rojagAranI sArvatrika samRddhino temane hisso maLe che, temanI tijorI tarapha nANAM vahyAM Ave che ane e nANAM teo vyAjanA phAyadAkAraka darathI dhIre che. maMdI ane kaTokaTInA kharAba samayamAM teo pitAnAM nANuM cIvaTapUrvaka pakaDI rAkhe che ane te dhIravAnA jokhamamAM UtaratI nathI (A rIte teo maMdImAM umere kare che kAraNa ke, zAkha vinA dhaMdhA rojagAra calAvavAnuM muzkela banI jAya che.) paraMtu e samaye temane bIjI rIte phAyado thAya che. jamIna, kArakhAnAMo vagere badhI ja vastuonA bhAva besI jAya che ane ghaNA udyoga devALuM kADhe che. e vakhate beMke AvIne e badhuM seve bhAve kharIdI le che ! Ama vArApharatI tejI ane maMdI AvyA kare emAM ja beMkane lAbha rahele hoya che. A bhAre maMdInA kALamAM paNa meTI maTI beMke te AbAda thaI che ane pitAnA zera dharAvanArAone temaNe moTA moTA naphA vaheMcyA che. e kharuM che ke, e daramyAna yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM hajAre beMka tUTI gaI tema ja jarmanI tathA osTriyAmAM paNa keTalIka moTI moTI beMka tUTI gaI. amerikAmAM je beMke tUTI gaI hatI te badhI nAnI nAnI beMke hatI. amerikAnI beMka paddhatimAM kaMIka khAmI hoya ema jaNAya che. paraMtu Ama chatAMye nyUyorkanI meTI meTI beMkee te sAre rojagAra karyo hate. IMglaMDamAM eke beMka tUTI nahatI. ethI karIne AjanI mUDIvAdI duniyAmAM baeNkavALAo ane zarAphe ja kharA sattAdhArIo che ane leke ApaNe samayane zuddha aughogika yuga pachI e AvatA "nANAMkIya yuga" tarIke oLakhe che. pazcima yuropanA dezamAM ane khAsa karIne amerikAmAM ThekaThekANe karoDapatio ane abajapatio phUTI nIkaLe che. amerikAne te karoDapatione deza kahevAmAM Ave che ane tyAM AgaLa tene bhAre Adara karavAmAM Ave che. paraMtu meTA meTA dhanapationI

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mUDIvAdI duniyAnI sahakArathI kAya karavAmAM niSphaLatA 1397 nItirIti atizaya zaMkAspada hAya che e dinapratidina vadhu ne vadhu spaSTa thatuM jAya che ane dhADapADu tathA gaMgArA ane temanAmAM mAtra eTale ja taphAvata che ke teo potAnuM kAya ghaNA moTA pAyA upara kare che. moTA moTA ijArA nAnA nAnA dhaMdhArojagArAne kacarI nAkhe che ane jenI AMTIghUMTI gaNyAgAMThayA lAkA ja samajI zake che tevA nANAMnA moTA moTA vahevAranA dAvapecAthI temanA vizvAse rahenArA garIba bicArA nANAM rokanArAnAM nANAM hajama karI javAmAM Ave che. yuropa tathA amerikAnA keTalAka moTA moTA zarAphAne tAjetaramAM udhADA pADavAmAM AvyA hatA ane e dRzya kada manAra jaka nahatuM. ApaNe joI gayAM ke duniyAnuM Arthika netRtva meLavavA mATenI IMglaMDa ane amerikA vaccenI jhuMbezamAM theADA samaya pUratuM to iMglaMDa vijayI thayuM. ane e vijayathI kaI mahAmUlI vastu hAtha AvI ? lagabhaga bAreka varasA sudhI ene mATenI jhuMbeza cAlI tyAM sudhImAM te e mahAmUlI vastu pote ja dhIme dhIme naSTa thavA lAgI hatI. AMtararASTrIya vepAra ghaTatAM Arthika netRtvane kAraNe maLato naphA paNa ghaTI gayA. krUDIenI uttarottara achata thatI gaI ane sAthe sAthe ja jAmInagIrIo nA bhAvA paNa esI gayA. vaLI e maMdInA kALamAM navA zaeNrA tathA navI jAmInagIrI bhAgye ja bahAra pADavAmAM AvatI hatI. Ama chatAMye mATAM meTAM jAhera devAMnuM vyAja cUkavavAnuM to cAlu ja rahyuM ane e cUkavavAnuM devAdAra dezA mATe muzkela banI gayuM. AMtararASTrIya devuM cUkavavAnAM khIjA kAI sAdhanA rahyAM nahotAM eTale sAnAnI mAga vadhI gaI. paraMtu sAnuM garIba dezamAMthI vadhAre sthAyI calaNavALA dhanika dezAmAM kheMcAI gayuM. tema ja khAnagI paraMtu maMdI vadhI gaI tyAre sAna! tema ja dhanadolatane tene e badhA sadharA tathA tenI chellAmAM chellI yAMtrika zodhakheALA amerikAne bahu kAmamAM na AvyAM. dUra dUrathI strI puruSone potAnA tarapha AkarSanAra tathA aneka tA pUrI pADanAra e mahAna pradeza nirAzAnA pradeza banI gayA. deza upara zAsana calAvanAra moTA moTA dhanapatie sAva aprAmANika mAlUma paDavA ane nANAM tathA udyogAnA netAe uparathI prajAne vizvAsa DagI gayA. moTA moTA udyogAnA pakSakAra pramukha vara prajAmAM atizaya akArA thaI paDyo ane 1932nI sAlamAM thayelI pramukhanI cUMTaNImAM phreMkalina rUjhavelTe tene hAra ApI. 1930nI sAlanA mArca mAsanA AraMbhamAM amerikAnA baeNMkAnA vyavahAramAM khIjI vAra kaTokaTI UbhI thaI. amerikA pAse khIjA dezo karatAM dhaNuM vadhAre sAnuM hatuM. te chatAMye tene senAnI calaNapaddhati choDI devI paDI ane DaoNlaranuM mUlya ghaTI javA devuM paDayuM. udyogo ane khetIvADI uparanA 6-4

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1398 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana bojo ghaTADavAne tema ja baeNkavALAo ane zAhukArone bhoge devAdArone rAhata ' ApavAne ene uddeza hato. hiMdI prajAe eka avAje karelA virodhanI paravA karyA vinA briTiza sarakAre hiMdamAM je karyuM hatuM tenAthI A sAva UlaTuM hatuM. - 1933nI sAlamAM, tene kacarI rahelA aneka praznone sahakArathI ukela lAvavAne mATe mUDIvAdI duniyAne ekatra karavAno prayAsa karavAmAM Avyo. laMDanamAM samagra duniyAnI Arthika pariSada bharavAmAM AvI ane temAM hAjarI ApavA pratinidhio "gabharATamAM paDI gayelI duniyA' viSe vAta karavA lAgyA. ane temaNe evI cetavaNI bahAra pADI ke, "je pariSada niSphaLa nIvaDaze te AkhIye mUDIvAdI vyavasthA bhAgIne kaccaraghANa thaI jaze." paNa e badhI cetavaNIo tathA jokhamonI kazI asara na thaI ane mahAna sattAo sAthe maLIne sahakAra na karI zakI ane dareka sattAe pitApitAne phAve te tarapha kheMcavAno prayAsa karyo. Akhare pariSada niSphaLa nIvaDI ane dareka deze Arthika rASTravAdanI potapotAnI nIti akhatyAra karI. svayaM pUrNa thavuM e IMgleMDa mATe azakya hatuM, kema ke te joItA pramANamAM khorAka pakavatuM nahotuM. tema ja tenA udyoga mATe jarUrI kAcA mAla tyAM paradezamAMthI AvatuM hatuM. ethI karIne briTiza sarakAre sAmrAjyavyApI pAyA upara Arthika rASTravAdanI nIti vikasAvavA ane briTiza sAmrAjyane pAunDanA paraspara vinimaya mATe Arthika ghaTaka banAvavAno prayAsa karyo. A kalpanA najara samakSa rAkhIne 1972nI sAlamAM TAvAmAM briTiza sAmrAjyanI pariSada bharavAmAM AvI. paraMtu e pariSadamAMye muzkelIo UbhI thaI kema ke, iMglaMDanA lAbhane khAtara kaeNneDA, osTreliyA ane dakSiNa AphrikA kazuMye jatuM karavA taiyAra nahatAM. UlaTuM IMglaMDane temanI mAgaNIo kabUla rAkhavI paDI. paraMtu hiMdustAna pAse te, prajAmata tenI bilakula viruddha hatuM te chatAMye, briTiza mAlane pasaMdagI ApavAnuM sattAvAra rIte kabUla karAvavAmAM AvyuM. oTAvAne karAra paNa saphaLa na thaye e pachIthI banelA banAe darzAvI ApyuM ane ene kAraNe saMsthAne ane iMglenDa vacce tema ja hiMdustAna ane iMglenDa vacce bhAre gharSaNa pedA thayuM. daramyAna sAmrAjyanA udyoga ane bajAra mATe eka navo ja bhaya pedA che. jyAM tyAM soM jApAnI mAla UbharAvA lAgyo. e mAla eTale badhe seMdhe hatuM ke jakAtanI dIvAle paNa tene dezamAM Avate rekI zakI nahi. yenanA mUlyamAM ghaTADo thavAne kAraNe, tema ja jApAnanAM kArakhAnAmAM kAma karanAra kanyAone bahu ochI rejI ApavAmAM AvatI hatI tethI karIne, jApAnI mAla eTalo badho se paDate hate. jApAnanA udyogane sarakAra

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penanI krAMti 1399 taraphathI Arthika madada paNa maLatI hatI tema ja jApAnanI vahANavaTAnI kaMpanIo mAla laI javA mATe bahu ja ochuM bhADuM letI hatI. A uparAMta, jApAnI udyoge atizaya kAryadakSa hatA e hakIkata paNa sAcI che. ane briTananA ghaNuM jUnA udyoge eTalA kAryadakSa nahotA. jakAte jApAnI, mAlane dezamAM Avate rokavAne niSphaLa nIvaDI eTale tene mATe bajAra bilakula baMdha karI devAmAM AvyAM athavA te tenI AyAtanuM pramANa nakkI karavAnI prathA dAkhala karavAmAM AvI. ane te anusAra amuka maryAdita pramANamAM ja jApAnI mAla dezamAM AvavA devAmAM Avyo. jApAnanA mAlanI sAme bIjA dezanAM dvAra A rIte baMdha karI devAmAM Ave te pachI jApAnanA jabaradasta udyoganI zI dazA thAya ? tenI samagra Arthika vyavasthA UMdhI vaLI jAya ane mAlanI nikAsa karavA mATenAM dvAra zodhavAnA prayAsane pariNAme badale vALavA mATenAM sAmAM Arthika pagalAM bharavAmAM Ave athavA te yuddha paNa phATI nIkaLe. mUDIvAdI vyavasthAnI hAnikAraka harIphAI nIce banAvanI A anivArya paraMparA hoya che. e ja rIte, yuropanA bIjA dezonI sAme iMglaMDanAM dvAra baMdha karavAmAM Ave te keTalAka dezone bhAre nukasAna thavA pAme. A uparathI ApaNane jaNAya che ke, potAnA tAtkAlika lAbhane mATe pratyeka deza pagalAM bhare che tenAthI bIjA deze tema ja AMtararASTrIya vepArane hAni thAya che ane tene pariNAme gharSaNa ane muzkelIo pedA thAya che. 189. spenanI krAMti 29 julAI, 1933 vepAranI maMdI tathA kaTokaTInI lAMbI ane ugakArI kathA pUrI karIne have huM tAjetaramAM banelA be mahattvanA banAva viSenI vAta tane kahIza. A be banAve te spenanI krAMti ane jarmanImAM nAjhIone vijaya. spena ane porTugAla yurepanA pazcima-dakSiNa khUNAmAM AvelAM che ane ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM te pramANe temaNe yuropanA tema ja jagatanA ItihAsamAM mahattvano bhAga bhajavyo che. sAmrAjya UbhuM karavAnA sAhasamAM temaNe pitAnI saghaLI zakti khacI nAkhI ane 19mI sadImAM pazcima yuropa jyAre audyogika tema ja bIjAM kSetramAM pitAnI pragati sAdhI rahyuM hatuM tyAre e baMne deze pachAta ane purehite athavA pAdarIonI eDI nIce dabAyelA rahyA. rASTravAdI pena nepoliyana sAme vijayI nIvaDayuM hatuM paraMtu phrAMsanI

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1400 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana krAMtie pravartAvelA vicArone teNe lAbha uThAvyuM nahi. kAMsa te kyAla vyavasthAmAMthI mukta thaI gayuM ane pitAnI jamInanI vyavasthA teNe saMpUrNapaNe badalI nAkhI, paraMtu spena te ardha-phakyUDala avasthAmAM ja rahyuM. tyAM te hajIye puSkaLa jamIna dharAvanAra tathA aneka prakAranA viziSTa adhikAre bhegavatA amIra umarA kAyama rahyA hatA. tyAM AgaLa remana carcAnuM kevaLa dharmanI bAbatamAM ja nahi paNa jamIna, vepArajagAra tema ja keLavaNInI bAbatamAM paNa prabhutva hatuM. carca sauthI moTo jamInadAra hatuM tema ja te bahoLA pramANamAM vepAra calAvatuM hatuM. keLavaNI te saMpUrNapaNe tenA kAbU nIce hatI. . lazkarI amaladArenI te viziSTa adhikAre bhagavatI eka vAta ja tyAM hatI.. amaladAranuM pramANa sAmAnya sainikane mukAbale tyAM ghaNuM ja meTuM hatuM. e pramANu eka ane sAtanuM hatuM. buddhijIvI vargomAM tyAM AgaLa keTalAka pragativAdIo ane udAramatavAdIo (libarala) hatA. majUra caLavaLa tyAM visatI jatI hatI paNa saMghavAdIo, samAjavAdIo tathA arAjakavAdIomAM tenA bhAgalA paDI gayA hatA. paNa sAcI sattA te carca, lazkara ane umarAnA hAthamAM hatI. uttaranA kaeNTeleniyA ane beska pradezomAM svayaMzAsana mATenI caLavaLa prabaLa hatI. spena ane piTuMgAlanI sarakAre kazI sattA vinAnI dhArAsabhAovALI vatteoche aMze Apakhuda rAjAzAhI hatI. spenamAM evI dhArAsabhA "keTeDa' nAmathI oLakhAtI hatI. 19mI sadInA sAtamA dazakAnA AraMbhamAM spenamAM thoDA samaya mATe prajAsattAka sthapAyuM hatuM. paraMtu te saphaLa na thayuM ane pitAnI badhI Apakhuda sattA sahita rAjA tyAM pAcho Avyo. 1898nA yunAITeDa sTeTsa sAthenA tenA yuddhamAM penane pitAnI chellI vasAhate gumAvavI paDI. tenI najIka AvelA merekTone thoDe bhAga ja have tenI pAse vasAhatI pradeza tarIke bAkI rahyo hate. govA jevA hiMdamAMnA perTugAlanA tAbA nIcenA bheDA pradeza uparAMta AphrikAmAM tenI pAse hajIye moTI moTI vasAhata che. 1910nI sAlamAM tyAMnA rAjAne padabhraSTa karIne piTuMgAlamAM prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI hatI. tyAM AgaLa aneka vAra kAMtio thaI che ane keTalIka vAra rAjAnA pakSakAroe rAjAne pharI pAcho lAvavAnA prayAsa karyA che tathA uddAma valaNa dharAvanArAoe saramukhatyAro ane pratyAghAtI sarakArone dUra karavA prayatna karyo che. paraMtu eka yA bIje rUpe tyAM AgaLa prajAsattAka kAyama rahyuM che ane sAmAnya rIte temAM lazkarI TeLakInuM prabhutva rahyuM che. mahAyuddhamAM te mitrarAjyane pakSe rahyuM hatuM. ene lIdhe tene eTaluM badhuM devuM thaI gayuM hatuM ke te lagabhaga nAdAra thaI javAnI sthitimAM AvI gayuM hatuM. hAlanI tyAMnI sarakAra

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enanI krAMti 1401 atizaya pratyAghAtI che ane phAsIvAda tarapha tene pakSapAta che. govAmAM harAI prakAranI jAhera pravRtti dAbI devAmAM Ave che ane nAgarika svAtaMtryane tyAM saMpUrNa abhAva che. mahAyuddhamAM spena taTastha rahyuM hatuM ane ene lIdhe tene sArI peThe phAyado thayo hato. laDAImAM paDelA dezane teNe mAla pUro pADyo ane tyAM AgaLa udyogane phelAvo thayo. mahAyuddha pachInAM varasamAM tyAM AgaLa paNa maMdInuM mojuM pharI vaLyuM ane ene pariNAme bekArI vadhI gaI ane sAmAjika ajaMpa vadhI gaye. e ja arasAmAM, 1921nI sAlamAM morokkomAM rIpha vigraha phATI nIkaLyo ane temAM abdula karIme spenanA lazkarane saMpUrNapaNe harAvyuM, paraMtu pAchaLathI kAMsa emAM vacce paDayuM. teNe abdula karImane mArI hatA ane speniza morakko spenane mATe bacAvI ApyuM. merekTonA vigraha daramyAna prIma da rIvera AgaLa AvyA ane rAjabaMdhAraNa mokUpha rAkhIne 1923nI sAlamAM te saramukhatyAra ba. cha varasa sudhI tene amala cAlu rahyo paraMtu dhIme dhIme lazkarano vizvAsa tenA uparathI UThI gayuM ane Arthika kaTokaTI pachI 1929nI sAlamAM tene rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDayuM. e badhA samaya daramyAna rAjA Alphanjho te tyAM AgaLa kAyama rahyo ja hatuM ane pratyAghAtI daLone Teke ApI te pitAnI sthiti majabUta banAvavAno prayatna karI rahyo hate. spenavAsIo ugra vyakitavAdIo che ane tenA pragatizIla daLanA leke vacce ApasamAM aneka vAra laDAIjhaghaDA thayA hatA. bAkunInanA samayathI navA UbhA thayelA tyAMnA majUravarga upara arAjaktAvAdI philasUphInI bhAre asara thavA pAmI hatI. iMglaMDa tathA jarmanInI DhabanAM majUra mahAjane tyAM lokapriya nahotAM. khAsa karIne, kaeNTeleniyAmAM arAjaka-saMdhavAdIo (anArko-siDikaeNlisTa)nuM baLa vadhAre hatuM. vinIta lekazAhIvAdIo (libarala DemekreTsa), samAjavAdIo ane nAno paNa vadhate ja sAmyavAdI pakSa e spenanAM bIjAM pragativAdI daLo hatAM. e badhAM daLo prajAsattAkanAM pakSakAra hatAM. prima da rIverAnA anubhave e badhAM prajAsattAkavAdI daLane ekatra karyA ane te sau ekabIjA sAthe sahakArathI kArya karavA lAgyAM. 1931nI sAlanI myunisipala cUMTaNIomAM temane vijaya maLe. e cUMTaNImAM prajAsattAkavAdIone bahu bhAre bahumatI maLI. eTalA mAtrathI rAjA bhaDakI gaye (te burbona tema ja hasabargavaMzI hate.) ane utAvaLathI te deza choDIne cAlyA gaye. e pachI prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI ane 1931nI sAlanA eprila mAsanI 14mI tArIkhe kAmacalAu sarakAranI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI. e krAMti zAMtimaya hatI.

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142 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana spenanI krAMti tema ja 1917nI sAlanA mArca mAsanI raziyAnI krAMti vacce ajaba prakAranuM sAmya che. spenanuM rAjAzAhItaMtra paNa raziyAnI jhArazAhI taMtranI peThe saMpUrNapaNe saDI gayeluM hatuM ane pitAnA virodhIone sAmane karyA vinA ja e baMne taMtre jamInadosta thaI gayAM. e baMne dAkhalAomAM phakyAla vyavasthAne aMta lAvavAne tema ja jamIna paddhati badalI nAkhavAno moDe moDe prayatna karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM tathA ema karavAmAM mukhyatve karIne garIbAImAM DUbelA kheDUtavarge AgaLa paDate bhAga lIdhe hate. spenamAM te raziyA karatAMye vizeSe karIne carcane bhISaNa bojo prajAne damI rahyo hate. baMne krAMtioe asthira paristhiti pedA karI ane temAM judA judA vargo judI judI dizAomAM kheMcavA lAgyA. vinIta tema ja ati uddAma daLenAM tyAM vAraMvAra baMDe thayAM hatAM. raziyAmAM e asthira paristhitine pariNAme navembaranI krAMti thavA pAmI. spenamAM e sthiti hajI cAlu ja che. penanA navA rAjabaMdhAraNamAM keTalAMka ramUjI lakSaNo hatAM. tyAM AgaLa keTejha' e eka ja dhArAgRha che tema ja temAM sArvatrika matAdhikAranI jogavAI karavAmAM AvelI che. enuM eka apUrva lakSaNa e che ke prajAsaMghanI maMjUrI vinA pramukhane yuddha jAhera karavAnI temAM manAI karavAmAM AvI che. prajAsaMghe karelA ane spene maMjUra karelA evA badhAye AMtararASTrIya karAra tarata ja spenanA kAyadA banI jAya che ane enI sAthe asaMgata evA spenanI dhArAsabhAe karelA badhAye kAyadAo tenAthI rada thAya che. navAM prajAsattAkanI sarakArane samAjavAda tarapha DhaLatI udAramatavAdI lokazAhI sarakAra tarIke varNavavAmAM AvI hatI. menyuala ajhAnA vaDA pradhAna ane sarakAramAM zaktizALI puruSa hatA. e sarakArane jamIna, carca ane lazkara vagere muzkela savAlano tarata ja sAmano karavo paDyo. e badhAnI bAbatamAM kejhamAM dUragAmI kAyadAo karavAmAM AvyA paraMtu vyavahAramAM jhAjhuM karavAmAM AvyuM nahi. A rIte, kAyadAmAM te evuM TharAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke koI paNa vyakti ke kuTuMba pItanI jamIna 25 ekarathI vadhAre na rAkhI zake ane e paNa temAM je khetI karavAmAM AvatI hoya te ja te rAkhI zake. paraMtu, vAstavamAM moTI moTI jamInadArI te kAyama ja rahI. mAtra rAjAnI tema ja baMDakhera amIraumarAvonI jamIna ja japta karavAmAM AvI hatI. keTejha kAyado pasAra karIne carcanI milakata rASTranI mAlikInI karI dIdhI paraMtu e kAyadAne paNa amala karavAmAM na AvyuM. keLavaNInI bAbatamAM carca upara keTalIka maryAdAo mUkavAmAM AvI te sivAya tenI svataMtratAmAM dakhala karavAmAM AvI nahi. lazkarI amaladAronA keTalAka

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spenanI krAMti 14:3 adhikAro laI levAmAM AvyA ane sAruM sarakhu penzana ApIne saMkhyAbaMdha lazkarI amaladArane nivRtta karavAmAM AvyA. 1932nI sAlanA jAnyuArI mAsamAM kaeNTeleniyAmAM arAjakasadhavAdIonuM moTuM khaMDa thayuM hatuM paraMtu sarakAre tene dAbI dIdhuM hatuM. e varasanA pAchaLanA bhAgamAM narama LanA leAkAe khaMDa karyuM hatuM paNa te niSphaLa nIvaDayu hatuM. . navA prajAsattAke peAtAnA AraMbhanAM varasAmAM karelI pragati--khAsa karIne keLavaNInA kSetramAM ~~ praza MsApAtra che. jamInanA praznanA ukelanI dizAmAM tema ja majUrAnI sthiti sudhAravAnI bAbatamAM paNa thADeANA prayatna karavAmAM Avyo. paraMtu jamInane aMgenA sudhArAonI gati bahu dhImI hatI ane kheDUtava tenAthI asaMtuSTa hatA. daramyAna sthApita hiteA ane pratyAdhAtI daLe hajI paNa surakSita sthitimAM che ane prajAsattAkane te jokhamarUpa banI rahyAM che. udAramatavAdI sarakAra temanI sAthe haLave hAthe kAma laI rahI che. tAMdha :( navembara 1938) : 1933nI sAlamAM spenamAM pratyAdhAtI daLA baLavAna banyAM ane te varase thayelI cUMTaNImAM temane bahumatI maLI. ene pariNAme tyAM pratyAdhAtI sarakAra sattA upara AvI. e sarakAre jamInane aMgenA sudhArA baMdha karI dIdhA, carcIne majabUta banAvyuM ane AgaLanI sarakAre je kaI karyuM hatuM te badhuM dhoI nAkhyuM. A badhAne pariNAme, e pratyAdhAtI valaNanA sAmane karavAne mATe uddAmadaLAmAM ekatA thavA pAmI. 1974nI sAlamAM spenamAM TheraThera khaDe thayAM paraMtu e badhAM khaDAne zamAvI devAmAM tema ja uddAma daLAne dAkhI devAmAM sarakAra saphaLa thaI. paraMtu uddAma daLA khaLavAna anatAM gayAM ane temaNe udAramatavAdI ( libarala ), samAjavAdI, arAjakavAdI tathA sAmyavAdIonA banelA prajApakSa sthApyA. 1976nI sAlamAM kArTejhanI cUMTaNImAM e prajApakSane vijaya thayA ane navI sarakAra sthApavAmAM AvI. e sarakAra jamInanA praznanA ukela karavAnAM tema ja carcanA khaLa upara aMkuza mUkavAnAM sabaLa pagalAM bharaze ane AgaLanI sarakAranI peThe sthApita hakko tarapha te naramAza nahi batAve evI lAgaNI satra pravartatI hatI. AthI karIne ghaNu vadhavA pAmyuM ane pratyAdhAtI khaLAe humalA karavAnuM nakkI karyuM. temane museAlinI tathA nAjhIvAdI jarmanI taraphathI TekA maLyA. 1936nA julAI mAsamAM mUra lazkaranI madadathI janarala phrAMkAe mArAkkomAM baLavA pAkAryoM. e mUra lazkarane spenanA tAbA nIcenA mArakakAne svataMtra karavAnuM teNe vacana ApyuM hatuM. lazkarI amaladAro tathA moTA bhAganuM lazkara krAMkAnA pakSamAM hatuM. ane sarakAra te arakSita ane asahAya hAya

Page #737
1404 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ema lAgatuM hatuM. pachIthI sarakAre janatAne, bIjA kazAM sAdhane na maLe to Akhare pitAnA bAhubaLathI paNa laDavAnI hAkala karI. sarakAranI A hAkalane prajA taraphathI khAsa karIne mADi tathA bArsilenAmAMthI bahu sAre javAba maLe. prajAsattAka tathA sarakAra e baMne bacI javA pAmyAM, paraMtu kAkAe spenanA moTA bhAganA pradezane kabaje lIdhe. tyArathI mAMDIne spenamAM laDAI cAlu ja che ane iTAlI tathA jarmanI phrAMkane sArI peThe madada karI rahyAM che. e baMne dezoe spenamAM moTAM lazkare, vimAna, vimAnIo tathA zastrasaraMjAma mokalyA. prajAsattAkane paNa paradezathI AvelA svayaMsevakonI madada maLI paraMtu enI sAthe sAthe teNe sarasa navuM speniza sainya UbhuM karyuM. briTiza tathA phreMca sarakAre jaNAvyuM ke, spenanI bAbatamAM temaNe taTasthatAnI nIti akhatyAra karI che paraMtu vAstavamAM te temanI e nIti krAMkane madadarUpa nIvaDI. spenanA AMtaravigrahamAM aneka bhISaNatAe banavA pAmI che ane arakSita zahera tathA nAgarika vatI upara krokonI madade AvelAM iTAliyana tathA jarmana eroplenanA havAI mArAthI asaMkhya mANasa maraNa pAmyAM. mADriDane karavAmAM Avela bacAva jagamazahUra thaI gayuM che. Aje spenane traNacaturtheza pradeza krAMkanA kabajA heThaLa che paraMtu prajAsattAka sarakAre tene asarakAraka rIte khALI rAkhyo che. lazkarI dRSTie te baLavAna che paraMtu khorAkane abhAva e tenI pradhAna muzkelI che. spenanA AMtaravigrahane eka rASTrIya kalaha karatAM kaMIka vizeSa lekhavAmAM Ave che. lekazAhI ane phAsIvAda vaccenA jhaghaDAnA pratIkarUpa te banI gaye che. ne e tarIke teNe potAnA tarapha AkhI duniyAnuM lakSa ane sahAnubhUti AkaLe che. 190. jarmanImAM nAjhIone vijaya 31 julAI, 1933 spenanI krAMtithI ghaNA leke Azcaryacakita thayA hatA paraMtu vAstavamAM emAM kazuMye Azcarya pAmavA jevuM nahotuM. e krAMti ghaTanAcakranA svAbhAvika krama anusAra ja thavA pAmI hatI ane sUkSma avalokana karanArAo te jANatA hatA ke te anivArya hatI. rAjA, yUDalavyavasthA tathA carcanuM baneluM tenuM jUnuM taMtra khavAI gayuM hatuM ane tenI zakti kSINa thaI gaI hatI. Adhunika kALanI paristhiti sAthe ene kazeye meLa rahyo nahote ane pAkI gayelA phaLanI peThe

Page #738
jarmanImAM nAjhIone vijaya 145 saheja AMcako lAgatAM te paDI gayuM. hiMdamAM paNa vitI gayelA yuganA ghaNA phlaDala avazeSe mejAda che ane videzI sattAne temane sadhiyAra na maLe heta te ghaNuM karIne e badhA jhaDapathI adazya thaI jAta. paraMtu jarmanImAM tAjetaramAM thayelA pheraphAre bilakula judI ja jAtanA che ane teNe samagra yuropane hacamacAvI mUkyuM che ane saMkhyAbaMdha lokone stabdha karI dIdhA che. jarmana jevA saMskArI ane atizaya AgaLa vadhelA le ke pAzavI ane hevAniyata bharyA AcaraNamAM rAce e duniyA mATe eka AzcaryakAraka anubhava che. jarmanImAM hiTalara tathA nAjhI pakSane vijaya thayo che. nAjhIone phAsisTa kahevAmAM Ave che ane temanA vijyane pratyAghAtane vijaya lekhavAmAM Ave che, eTale ke 1918nI jarmanInI krAMti tathA te pachI pragatinI dizAmAM tyAM je kaMI banavA pAmyuM hatuM te badhAne dhoI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM ema mAnavAmAM Ave che. e badhuM saMpUrNapaNe sAcuM che ane hiTalaravAdamAM tane phAsIvAdanAM badhAMye to mAlUma paDaze. e eka jhanUnI pratyAghAtI caLavaLa che ane phAsIvAdanI peThe te paNa badhAMye udAra to tathA khAsa karIne majUre upara pAzavI humale kare che. Ama chatAMye hiTalaravAda athavA nAjhIvAda e kevaLa pratyAghAta karatAM kaMIka vizeSa che. ane ITAliyana phAsIvAda karatAM e caLavaLa kaMIka vadhAre vyApaka che ane vizeSe karIne sAmudAyika lAgaNI upara racAyelI che. e sAmudAyika lAgaNI zramajIvI majUronI nahi paNa akiMcana thaI gayelA ane bhUkhe maratA tathA krAMtikArI banelA madhyamavarganI hatI. - ITAlI viSenA mArA AgaLanA eka patramAM meM phAsIvAda viSe carcA karI hatI. emAM meM batAvI ApyuM hatuM ke, Arthika kaTokaTIne prasaMge mUDIvAdI rAjyanI hastI jokhamamAM AvI paDI hatI te vakhate phAsIvAdane tyAM AraMbha thayo hato. saMpatti dharAvanAra mUDIdAra varge sAmudAyika caLavaLa UbhI karIne pitAnI rakSA karavAno prayAsa karyo. e caLavaLa nIcalA tharanA madhyamavarganI AsapAsa temaNe UbhI karI ane bhalALA kheDUte tathA zramajIvI majUrone tenA tarapha AkarSavA mATe temaNe bhrAmaka pikAro tathA sUtrone upayoga karyo. sattA hAtha karyA pachI badhIye lekazAhI saMsthAone temaNe nirmULa karI, pitAnA duzmanone kacarI nAkhyA tathA khAsa karIne majUronI badhI saMsthAo teDI nAkhI. pradhAnapaNe temanuM zAsana hiMsA upara nirbhara che. navA rAjyamAM madhyamavarganA tenA TekAdAne nekarIo ApavAmAM AvI ane sAmAnya rIte udyoga upara amuka pramANamAM rAjyane aMkuza dAkhala karavAmAM AvyuM che. jarmanImAM A badhuM banatuM ApaNuM jovAmAM Ave che ane e badhAnI apekSA paNa rAkhavAmAM AvI hatI. paraMtu AzcaryakAraka vastu te enI

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1401 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pAchaLa rahelI amApa dhagaza ane hiTalaranA pakSamAM joDAyelA lokenI meTI saMkhyA che. A nAjhI pratikrAMti 1933nA mArca mAsamAM thaI paraMtu e caLavaLanI AraMbhadazAne tane kaMIka khyAla ApavA mATe enI vAta huM kaMIka AgaLanA samayathI zarU karIza. , 1918nI jarmanInI krAMti e sAcI krAMti nahatI, vAstavamAM e krAMti ja nahotI. kejhara cAlyo gaye ane navA prajAsattAkanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI paraMtu jUnI rAjakIya, sAmAjika tathA Arthika vyavasthA te tenI te ja cAlu rahI hatI. thoDAM varasa sudhI sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIonA hAthamAM rAjasattA rahI. teo jUnA pratyAghAtIo tathA sthApita hitethI bahu DaratA hatA ane teo hamezAM temanI sAthe samAdhAna karavAno prayAsa karatA hatA. temanI pAchaLa temanA pakSanuM tathA majUra mahAjananuM bhAre pIThabaLa hatuM ane e uparAMta bIjAonI paNa temanA pratye sahAnubhUti hatI. temanA pakSanA sabhyonI saMkhyA lAkhanI hatI. paraMtu pratyAghAtI to sAme temaNe hamezAM rakSaNAtmaka nIti akhatyAra karI; mAtra potAnA ja pakSanA uddAma valaNanA leka tema ja sAmyavAdIo tarapha ja temaNe AkramaNakArI valaNa rAkhyuM. pitAnA kAryamAM temaNe e bhAre goTALo karyo ke temanA ghaNA pakSakAre temane choDI gayA. majUre temane choDIne sAmyavAdIonA pakSamAM bhaLyA ane madhyama varganA temanA pakSakAre pratyAghAtIonAM daLamAM jaI bhaLyA. sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdIo ane sAmyavAdIo vacce niraMtara jhaghaDe cAlyA kare, ene lIdhe e baMne pakSe nabaLA paDyA. mahAyuddha pachInAM varasamAM jarmanImAM moTA pramANamAM calaNane kulA che tyAre jarmana udyogapatio ane meTA moTA jamInadAro tenI tarapheNamAM hatA. jamInadAre bhAre devAmAM DUbI gayA hatA ane temanI jamInadArI gIra mukAI gaI hatI. temaNe vAstavamAM jenuM lagabhaga kazuMye mUlya nahatuM tevAM A kRtrima rIte vadhAravAmAM AvelAM nANumAM pitAnuM devuM bharI dIdhuM ane pitAnI jamInajAgIrane kabaje pharI pAcho meLavyuM. moTA moTA udyogapatioe pitAnAM kArakhAnAMomAM sudhArAvadhArA karyA ane meTAM moTAM TrasTe UbhAM karyA. jarmane mAla atizaya so thaI gayo ane tene sarvatra anukULa bajAre maLI gayAM. AthI jarmanImAM bekArI naSTa thaI gaI majUra varga majUra mahAjanAmAM majabUta rIte saMgaThita thayuM hatuM ane mArkanA bhAva gagaDI gayA te chataye te pitAnA majUrInA dare TakAvI rAkhavAmAM saphaLa thayA hatA. calaNanA phulAvAthI madhyama varga upara bhAre phaTako paDyo ane te sAva kaMgALa banI gaye. 1923-24nI sAlamAM A rIte akiMcana banI gayele A madhyama

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1400 jarmanImAM nAjhIone vijaya varga prathama hiTalaranA pakSamAM bhaLe. be ke tUTavAne kAraNe tema ja bekArI vadhavAne lIdhe maMdInuM mojuM phelAtuM gayuM tema tema bIjAo paNa maTI saMkhyAmAM hiTalaranA pakSamAM bhaLavA lAgyA. te asaMtuSTa lekonA visAmArUpa banI gaye. jUnA sainyanA amaladAra vargamAMthI paNa hiTalarane ghaNuM pakSakAre maLI gayA. mahAyuddha pachI, vasaInI saMdhinI zarate pramANe e lazkarane vikherI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. AthI hajAre lazkarI amaladAre bekAra banI gayA hatA ane temane kazoye dhaMdherejagAra rahyo nahote. teo dhIme dhIme jarmanImAM UbhAM thayelAM judAM judAM khAnagI saMkhyAmAM joDAyA. nAjhIonuM khAnagI sainya "meM durNa ane rASTravAdIonuM sainya "sTIla hebheTsa" tarIke oLakhAtuM hatuM. rASTravAdIo sthiticusta hatA ane teo kaeNjharane pharI pAcho gAdI upara lAvavAnA pakSanA hatA. eDolpha hiTalara keNa hatA ? AzcaryanI vAta te e che ke, te sattA upara Avyo te pahelAM eka ke be varasa upara ja te jarmana nAgarika bane hate. te pahelAM te te jarmana nAgarika sudhdhAM nahotuM. te jarmana jAtine hatA e kharuM paraMtu tenuM vatana osTriyA hatuM ane eka sAmAnya sipAI tarIke te mahAyuddhamAM laDyo hate. jarmane prajAsattAka sAmenA niSphaLa baMDamAM teNe bhAga lIdhela hato ane ene sajA karavAmAM AvI hatI. sattAvALAoe enA pratye bahu udAratAbharyuM valaNa dAkhavyuM hatuM. pachIthI teNe rASTrIya samAjavAdI pakSanI sthApanA karI. e pakSa "nAjhI pakSa" tarIke paNa oLakhAya che. e pakSa pitAne samAjavAdI kahevaDAvate have e kharuM paraMtu samAjavAda sAthe tene kazIye levAdevA nahotI. sAmAnyapaNe jene samAjavAda kahevAmAM Ave che - tene hiTalara kaTTo duzmana hatuM ane Aje paNa che. nAjhI pakSe svastikano pitAnA cihna tarIke aMgIkAra karyo. svastika e saMskRta zabda che paraMtu e cihna te prAcIna kALathI duniyAbharamAM jANItuM che. tuM jANe che ke, e cihna hiMdamAM atizaya jokapriya che ane te maMgalasUcaka gaNAya che. nAjhIoe paNa pitAnuM sainya UbhuM karyuM. ene "aurma Tramsa' kahevAmAM Ave che ane badAmI raMganuM khamIsa e tene gaNaveza che. ethI nAjhIone ghaNI vAra, "badAmI raMganA khamIsavALAopaNa kahevAmAM Ave che. e ja rIte ITalInA phAsisTane kALAM khamIsavALA' kahevAmAM Ave che, kema ke kALuM khamIsa e temane gaNaveza che. nAjhIone kAryakrama spaSTa ke vidhAyaka nahote. te tIvrapaNe rASTrIya hata ane jarmanI tathA jarmanInA gaurava upara te atizaya bhAra mUkatA hatA. e sivAya te te aneka prakAranA dveSane zaMbhumeLa hatuM. te vasaInI saMdhinI viruddha hatA. e saMdhi jarmanIne mATe apamAnajanaka che ema manAtuM hatuM

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. 1408 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ane ene lIdhe ghaNu leke nAjhI pakSa tarapha kheMcAyA. e mAkarsavAdIo, sAmyavAdIo tema ja samAjavAdIonI viruddha hatA tema ja majUronAM mahAjana tathA bIjI evI vastuonI paNa viruddha hatuM. te yahUdIonI paNa viruddha hatuM, kema ke yahUdIo parAI jAtinA che ane teo "Arya' jarmana jAtinA ucca dhoraNane bhraSTa kare che tathA halakuM pADe che ema mAnavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. e aspaSTapaNe mUDIvAdane virodhI hatA paraMtu naphAkhore ane dhanikone gALo devAmAM ja e virodhanI parisamApti thatI hatI. samAjavAdanI tenI aspaSTa vAtamAM mAtra eTaluM ja na hatuM ke rASTranI saMpatti upara rAjyane amuka aMkuza hovo joIe. A badhAnI pAchaLa hiMsAnI asAdhAraNa philasUphI rahelI hatI. hiMsAne uttejana ApavAmAM AvyuM tathA tenAM bhAre guNagAna karavAmAM AvyAM eTaluM ja nahi paNa tene manuSyanA sarvocca rtavya tarIke gaNavAmAM AvI. svAlDa eMgalara nAmane eka mazahUra jarmana philasUpha e tattvajJAnane puraskartA hate. te jaNAve che ke, mANasa e "zikArI pazu che, te bahAdura che, prapaMcI che, nirdaya che." . . . "Adarzo e te kAyaratA che." "pravRttizIla prANIomAM zikArI prANI e sarvocca che." tenA mata pramANe, sahAnubhUti, samAdhAnanI vRtti tathA zAMtipriyatA e kAyaratAnI lAgaNI che." ane "zikArI pazuonI jAtiviSayaka lAgaNIomAM TheSanI lAgaNI sauthI sAcI che." manuSya pitAnI beDamAM bIjA kaI paNa barAbariyAne sAMkhI na lenAra siMhanA jevA banavuM joIe; je ToLAmAM rahe che ane jene ahIMtahIM hAMkavAmAM Ave che evI gAya thaIne teNe na rahevuM joIe. evA manuSyane mATe, bezaka, yuddha e sarvottama ane AnaMdadAyaka kArya che. . svAlDa eMgalara e Adhunika samayane eka atizaya vidvAna puruSa che. tenA pustakamAM rahelA asAdhAraNa pAMDityane joIne ApaNe herata pAmIe , chIe. ane tenI e agAdha vidvattAne pariNAme te upara jaNAvyA mujabanAM AzcaryakAraka ane ghaNuM pAtra anumAna upara Avyo hato. hiTalaravAda pAchaLa raheluM mAnasa samajavAmAM te ApaNane madadarUpa nIvaDe che tema ja nAjhI amalanI pAzavatA tathA ghAtakIpaNAno khulAse paNa emAMthI ApaNane maLI rahe che, eTalA mATe meM tenA nirNaya ahIM TAMkyA che. bezaka, dareka nAjhI e pramANe vicAre che ema ApaNe mAnI levuM na joIe. paraMtu nAjhI AgevAne tathA e pakSanA uddAma leke ema ja vicAre che emAM zaka nathI ane pakSanA bIjA sabhyonA anukaraNa arthe teo ja dhAraNarUpa hoya che. athavA, sAmAnya nAjhI vicAra kareta ja nathI ema kahevuM kadAca vadhAre sAcuM

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1409 jarmanImAM nAjhIone vijya thaI paDaze. potAne veThavI paDatI viTaMbaNAo tathA pitAnA rASTranA apamAnathI (phree rUra pradezane kabaje lIdhe tethI jarmanImAM bhAre roSanI lAgaNI phelAI hatI.) te uzkerAI gayuM hatuM tema ja jarmanImAM pravartatI paristhiti sAme te atizaya krodhe bharAyA hatA. hiTalara e eka bhAre asarakAraka vaktA che. potAnA asaMkhya zrotAjanI lAgaNIo teNe uzkerI mUkI ane jarmanImAM je kaMI banI rahyuM hatuM tene badho doSa teNe mAkarsavAdIo ane yahUdIo upara DhaLe. jarmanI pratye krAMsa ke bIjI koI videzI sattAe bUra vartAva karyo e ja vastu lekone nAjhI pakSamAM joDAvA mATe kAraNarUpa banI gaI, kema ke jarmanInI pratiSThAnuM rakSaNa karavAne nAjhIone dAva hatA. Arthika paristhiti bagaDavAne kAraNe paNa nAjhI daLamAM vadhu bharatI thavA pAmI. ' sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI pakSa ceDA ja vakhatamAM sarakAra uparano kAbU kheI beThe ane bIjA pakSanI ekabIjA sAmenI harIphAIne pariNAme kaeNthalika pakSanA hAthamAM rAjasattA AvI. rikTaga (jarmanInI dhArAsabhA)mAMnA bIjA pakSenI avagaNanA karI zake eTale sabaLa koI paNa eka pakSa nahoto ane tethI karIne tyAM vAraMvAra cUMTaNIo thatI ane pakSa pakSa vacce aneka prakAranA prapaMce ane kAvAdAvA thayA karatA. nAjhIonI vRddhithI sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIo eTalA badhA bhaDakI gayA ke temaNe mUDIvAdI madhyastha pakSa (senTara pATa)ne tema ja pramukha tarIkenI cUMTaNImAM vRddha senApati vana hinDabargane Teke Ape. nAjhI pakSanI vRddhi thavA chatAMye sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI pakSa tathA sAmyavAdI pakSa e be majUronA pakSo baLavAna hatA. ane chevaTa sudhI te dareka pakSane Teke ApanArAo lAkhonI saMkhyAmAM rahyA hatA, paraMtu ubhayanI sAme UbhA thayelA sAmAnya bhayanI sAme paNa teo sahakArathI kAma na karI zakyA. 1918nI sAlamAM ane tyAra pachI jyAre teo sattA upara hatA tyAre sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdIoe temanuM damana karyuM hatuM tema ja kaTokaTIne hareka prasaMge temaNe pratyAghAtI daLone sAtha Apyo hato tenI kaDavI smRti sAmyavAdIo tAjI rAkhI rahyA hatA. vaLI sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI pakSa briTiza majUra pakSanI peThe bIjA AMtararASTrIya saMdha sAthe joDAyela hatA tema ja te sAdhanasaMpanna hatA ane tenuM saMgaThana ghaNuM ja vyApaka hatuM. te aneka lekane Azraya ApavAnI sthitimAM hatA ane pitAnI pratiSThA tathA salAmatI jokhamAya evuM kazuMye karavAnuM tene pasaMda nahotuM. kAyadA viruddha kazuM karavAnuM tema ja jene amalI kArya kahevAmAM Ave che tene Azaro levAne tene bhAre Dara hato. teNe pitAnI ghaNIkharI zakti sAmyavAdIo joDe laDavAmAM ja kharacI nAkhI ane Ama chatAMye e baMne pakSe pitApitAnI rIte mArksavAdI hatA.

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1410 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana A rIte jarmanI lagabhaga samAna baLavALAM daLanI eka chAvaNI jevuM banI gayuM. ane tyAM AgaLa vAraMvAra ramakhANe tathA khUne thatAM hatAM. khAsa karIne nAjhIo sAmyavAdI majUronAM khUna karatA hatA. keTalIka vAra majUro paNa enuM vera vALatA. pitAnA pakSamAM bhaLelA tareha tarehanA lekene ekatra rAkhavAmAM hiTalarane apUrva saphaLatA maLI. temanI vacce kaI paNa prakAranuM sAmya ke samAna bhUmikA nahotI. nIcalA tharanA madhyama varganuM eka bAjue meTA meTA udyogapatio ane bIjI bAjue dhanika kheDUtavarga sAthenuM ajaba prakAranuM joDANa hatuM. udyogapatio hiTalarane Teke ApatA hatA tathA tene nANAMnI madada ApatA hatA kema ke, samAjavAdane te gALa dete hatuM ane AgaLa vadhatA jatA mArksavAda athavA sAmyavAda sAme bacAvanA eka mAtra sAdhana samAna te lAgatuM hatuM. tenAM mUDIvAdI-virodhI sUtrothI madhyamavarganA garIba leke, kheDUte tema ja keTalAka majUra sudhdhAM tenA tarapha AkarSAyA hatA. 1933nI sAlanA jAnyuArI mAsanI 30mI tArIkhe vayovRddha pramukha hiDambarge (te vakhate tenI uMmara 86 varasanI hatI.) hiTalarane censelara banAvyuM. iMglaMDanA vaDA pradhAnanA hoddAne maLane jarmanIne e sarvocca kArobArI hodo che. e vakhate nAjhIo ane rASTravAdIonuM joDANa thayuM hatuM paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM mAlUma paDI gayuM ke sarva sattA nAjhIonA hAthamAM ja che ane bIjA koInI kazIye gaNatarI nathI. sArvatrika cUMTaNImAM nAjhIone temanA maLatiyA rASTravAdIo sahita risTegamAM mAMDamAMDa bahumatI maLI rahI. paraMtu temane AvI bahumatI na maLI heta toye jhAjho pharaka paDe ema nahotuM, kema ke nAjhIoe pArlAmenTamAMnA pitAnA virodhIonI dharapakaDa karIne temane jelamAM pUrI dIdhA. riTaeNganA badhAye sAmyavAdI sabhya tathA ghaNuMkharA sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI sabhyone A rIte dUra karavAmAM AvyA. e ja arasAmAM riTaeNganA makAnane Aga lAgI ane te baLI gayuM. nAjhIoe jaNAvyuM ke, e sAmyavAdIonuM kAma hatuM ane rAjyane hacamacAvI nAkhavA mATenuM e kAvataruM hatuM. sAmyavAdIoe e Apane sabaLa InkAra karyo eTaluM ja nahi paNa temanA upara humale karavAnuM bahAnuM zodhI kADhavA mATe nAjhIoe ja e Aga lagADI hatI e temaNe temanA upara Aropa mUkyo. tyAra pachI jarmanImAM nAjhI trAsane AraMbha thayo. prathama riTegane baMdha karI devAmAM AvI (jo ke temAM nAjhIonI bahumatI hatI.) ane badhIye sattA hiTalara tathA tenA pradhAnamaMDaLanA hAthamAM soMpI devAmAM AvI. teo kAyadA banAvI zaktA hatA tema ja bIjuM teo dhAre te karI zakatA hatA. prajAsattAkanA vAimAra rAjyabaMdhAraNane A rIte phagAvI devAmAM AvyuM ane lekazAhInA hareka svarUpane chaDecoka tiraskAra karavAmAM Avyo. jarmanI

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jamanImAM nAjhIonA vijaya 1411 eka prakAranuM samavAyataMtra hatuM tene paNa aMta AvyA ane sarva sattA alinamAM ndrita karavAmAM AvI. dareka jagyAe saramukhatyAre nImavAmAM AvyA hatA. teo mAtra potAnI uparanA saramukhatyArone ja javAbadAra hatA. bezaka, hiTalara saoNMparI saramukhatyAra hatA. krUpsane * A badhA pheraphAro thaI rahyA hatA te arasAmAM nAjhI sToma athavA nAjhI sainyane AkhAye jamanImAM chUTuM mUkI devAmAM AvyuM hatuM. teNe kalpI na zakAya evI hevAniyatabharI ane pAzavI hiMsA ane trAsanuM sAmrAjya dezabharamAM pravartAvI mUkayuM. e hiMsA ane trAsanA joTA khIje kyAMye zeSyA jaDe ema nathI. pahelAM paNa aneka vAra trAsanuM sAmrAjya pravatyuM hatuM; dAkhalA tarIke raziyAmAM elzevikAe vartAvelA ' rAteA trAsa ' tema ja temanA virodhI pratyAdhAtIoe vartAvelA zveta trAsa '. paraMtu kAI deza athavA te dezamAMnuM pradhAna daLa jIvanamaraNanA AMtaravigrahamAM saMDovAyuM hoya te paristhitimAM ja hamezAM evuM banavA pAmatuM. bhayaMkara jokhama ane niraMtara rahetA Darane kAraNe ja evA trAsa pedA thatA hatA. nAjhIone kAI evA jokhamane sAmanA karavAne rahyo nahAtA tema ja temane kazAthI DaravAnuM paNa kAraNa nahetuM. temanA hAthamAM rAjasattA AvI hatI ane temanI sAme kAI paNa prakAranA sazastra virodha ke sAmaneA thayA nahotA. nAjhI sainye vartAvelA trAsa e A rIte lAgaNInA uzkerATa ke DaranA pariNAmarUpa nahAtA. e te jeo nAjhI pakSanA na hoya te saunuM irAdApUrvaka ane ThaMDe kaleje karavAmAM AveluM mAnI na zakAya eTaluM hevAniyatabharyuM damana hatuM. nAjhIe sattA upara AvyA pachI jamanImAM je atyAcAro thayA tathA paDadA pAchaLa hajIye thaI rahyA che tenI yAdI ApavAthI kazAye artha sare ema nathI. lakAne niyapaNe mAra mAravAmAM Avyo ane temanA upara kAramA sitame! gujAravAmAM AvyA; athavA temane gALIthI hAra karavAmAM AvyA ke temanAM khUna karavAmAM AvyAM ane A badhA atyAcAro chUTAvAyA nahi paNa meoTA pAyA upara thayA tathA puruSo tema ja strI e ane tenA bhAga banyAM. saMkhyAbaMdha lAkAne jelamAM pUrI devAmAM AvyA athavA najarakeda karavAmAM AvyA ane temanI sAme tyAM atizaya mUro vartAva rAkhavAmAM AvyA ema kahevAya che. sauthI vadhAre jhanUnI humale sAmyavAdI upara karavAmAM Avye paraMtu temanA karatAM vadhAre narama valaNanA sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdIonI dazA paNa temanA karatAM vadhAre sArI hatI ema na kahI zakAya. yahUdIonI tA bhAre durdazA thaI ane zAMtivAdIo, udAramatavAdI, majUra mahAjanavALA ane AMtararASTrIyatAvAdI upara paNa humalA karavAmAM AvyA. nAjhIe dAMDI pITI pITIne jAhera kare che ke kevaLa mArksavAda ane mArksavAdIonuM ja

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1412 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana nahi paNa badhAMye uddAma daLenuM nikaMdana kADhavAnI A jhuMbeza che. yahUdIone hareka hoddA uparathI tema ja dhaMdhAmAMthI kADhI mUkavA joIe. A rIte yahUdI jAtinA hajAre adhyApake, vakIla, dAktare, zikSaka, saMgItakAre, nyAyAdhIze tathA baradAsIo (narsa)ne kADhI mUkavAmAM AvyA che. yahUdI jAtinA dukAnadArone bahiSkAra karavAmAM Avyo che ane yahUdI majUrane kArakhAnAMomAMthI kADhI mUkavAmAM AvyA che. nAjhIone mAnya na hoya evAM pustakone ekasAmaTo nAza karavAmAM Avyo che; evAM pustakanI jAhera rIte hoLI paNa karavAmAM Ave che. jarA sarakho paNa bhinna abhiprAya pradarzita karanAra ke jarA sarakhI paNa TIkA karanAra chApAMone nirdayatAthI dAbI devAmAM AvyAM che. nAjhIonA atyAcAranI jarA sarakhI khabara paNa chApavA devAmAM AvatI nathI ane ene ADakatarI rIte paNa nirdeza karavAmAM Ave te tene mATe bhAre zikSA karavAmAM Ave che. nAjhI pakSa sivAyanA bIjA badhA pakSe tathA saMsthAone te bezaka dAbI devAmAM AvyAM che. pahele vAre sAmyavAdI pakSano A pachIthI sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI pakSane. te pachI kaeNthalika madhyastha pakSo ane chevaTe nAjhIonA maLatiyA rASTrIya pakSane paNa dAbI devAmAM AvyuM. majUronI aneka peDhIonAM balidAna, parizrama ane bacatanAM sAkSIrUpa baLavAna majUra mahAjanene teDI nAkhavAmAM AvyAM ane temanI badhI mAlamilakata tathA nANAM japta karavAmAM AvyAM. phakta eka ja saMsthA, eka ja pakSane rAkhavAmAM AvyuM. e pakSa te nAjhI pakSa citravicitra nAjhI philasUphI jabaradastIthI dareka pAse mAnya karAvavAmAM Ave che ane nAjhIonA trAsane Dara e bhAre che ke kaI paNa pitAnuM mAthuM UMcuM karavAnI hiMmata karI zakatuM nathI. keLavaNI, raMgabhUmi, kaLA, vijJAna ItyAdi badhuMye nAjhI chApanuM banAvI devAmAM AvyuM che. hiTalarane eka mukhya sAthI haramana goriMga kahe che ke, "sAce jarmane pitAnA rudhirathI vicAra kare che.'! bIjo eka nAjhI AgevAna kahe che ke, "kevaLa buddhi tathA zuddha vijJAnanA divaso have vItI gayA che. bALakone zIkhavavAmAM Ave che ke, hiTalara e bIje Izu che paNa pahelA IzuM karatAM te mahAna che. nAjhI sarakAra prajAmAM ane khAsa karIne strIomAM keLavaNIne bahALe phelA thAya tenI tarapheNamAM nathI. sAce ja, hiTalaravAdIonA mata pramANe te strIonuM sthAna ghara tathA rasoDAmAM che ane temanuM pradhAna kArya rAjyane khAtara laDanAra ane pitAnI jiMdagInI Ahuti ApanAra bALake pUrAM pADavAnuM che. DaoN. josepha gebelsa nAmanA bIjA eka nAjhI AgevAna ane pracArakhAtAnA pradhAne kahyuM hatuM ke, "strInuM sthAna kuTuMbamAM che, tenuM kharuM kArya pitAnA deza tathA

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janImAM nAjhIonA vijaya 1413 potAnI prajAne bALakA pUrAM pADavAnuM che . . . strIonI mukti e rAjyane mATe jokhamakAraka che. puruSanA adhikAranI vastuo teNe puruSa upara choDI devI joIe.' A ja DaoN. gAbesa prajAmAM pracAra karavAnI potAnI rIta viSe ApaNane kahe che. 'huM piyAnA vagADu te ja rIte chApAMone mArI AMgaLIothI nacAvavAnA mArA irAdo che.' 2 A badhI hevAniyata, pAzavatA ane gAjavIjanI pAchaLa akiMcana khanI gayelA madhyama varganI viTaMbaNA ane bhUkhamaro rahelAM che. kharI rIte e nokarI ane roTalA meLavavAnI laDAI hatI. yahUdI dAktaro, vakIlo, zikSakA tathA baradAsI vagerene kADhI mUkavAnuM kAraNa e hatuM ke ' A jA temanI sAme harIphAImAM TakI zakatA nahotA. temanI saphaLatA tarapha te dveSanI najare jotA hatA ane temanI nAkarI temane paDAvI levI hatI. temanI harIphAImAM kAI TakI zakatuM nahotuM eTalA khAtara yInI dukAno baMdha karAvavAmAM AvI. keTalAka khinayahUdIonI dukAne paNa baMdha karAvI devAmAM AvI tathA temanA mAlikAne giraphatAra karavAmAM AvyA kema ke te ghaNA vadhAre bhAva laI ne khUba napho karI rahyA che evA nAjhIone zaka hatA. nAjhIonA kheDUta pakSakAro pUrva praziyAnI moTI meTI jamInadArI upara mITa mAMDIne beThA che ane e jamInajAgIrAnA TukaDA karIne temane vaheMcI ApavAmAM Ave evuM teo mAge che. nAjhIonA mULa kAryakramanI eka ramUjI bAbata e hatI ke kAI ne paNa vArSika 12,000 mA thI vadhAre pagAra ApavAmAM na Ave. e rakama 8000 rUpiyA barAbara thAya che eTale e pagAra mAsika 666 rUpiyAnA thayA. ene keTalA pramANamAM amala karavAmAM AvyA che enI mane khabara nathI. jarmanInA caeNnselarane hAla vArSika 26,000 mArkanA eTale ke mAsika 1440 rUpiyAno pagAra maLe che. evuM sUcavavAmAM AvyuM che ke, je khAnagI kaMpanIone sarakAra taraphathI Arthika madada maLatI heAya temanA saMcAlakA ( DAyarekaTara ) tathA mAlikAne paNa vArSika 18 hajAra mA thI vadhAre pagAra na ApavA joIe. pahelAM e lokAne dhaNI vAra moTI moTI rakamA ApavAmAM AvatI hatI. garIba hiMdamAM amaladArAne je mATA moTA pagAre ApavAmAM Ave che tenI sAthe A AMkaDAnI tulanA karI jo. karAMcImAM maLelI rASTrIya mahAsabhAnI be Mke mAsika pagAranI maryAdA 500 rUpiyAnI rAkhavAnA TharAva karyAM che. ema nahi mAnI levuM joI e ke nAjhI caLavaLamAM kevaLa pAzavatA ane damana ja rahelAM che. temAM e vastuonu prAdhAnya che e kharuM paraMtu adhikAMza majUrone bAda karatAM moTA bhAganI jarmana prajA hiTalara mATe sAce utsAha ja-47

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1414 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana ApaNA dharAve che e nirvivAda che. chellI cUMTaNInA AMkaDAone ApaNe mA dazyaka tarIke gaNIe to jaOnInI para TakA vastI hiTalaranI pAchaLa che ane A para TakA vastI bAkInI 48 TakA vastI athavA tenA amuka bhAga upara damana gujAre che. A para TakA vastImAM - Aje to kadAca enuM pramANa vadhI gayuM haze -- hiTalara atizaya lokapriya che. jarmanI jaI AvelA lakA tyAM AgaLa pedA thayelA vicitra prakAranA mAnasika vAtAvaraNanI vAta kare che. * jANe tyAM dhArmika jAgrati thaI na hoya. jamanAne lAge che ke, varsAInI sadhine kAraNe pedA thayelA apamAna, nAmeAzI ane damananA lAMbe kALa have pUrA thayA che ane have temanI chAtI uparanA kho dUra thayA che. paraMtu jama nInI prajAnA bAkInA lagabhaga aDadhA bhAga ethI bilakula judI ja lAgaNI anubhave che. jamanInA majUra vargImAM bhayaMkara dhikkAra ane krodhanI Aga saLagI rahI che. nAjhIonA bhayakara atyAcAronA DarathI ja te potAnI e ugra lAgaNI gupta ane aMkuzamAM rAkhI rahyA che. AkhAye majUravarga pazubaLa ane damanane vaza thayA che ane amApa parizrama ane alidAnane bhAge temaNe je imArata UbhI karI hatI tene vinAza kheda ane nirAzApUrvaka te nihALI rahyo che. chellA thoDA mAsa daramyAna jarmanImAM je banyuM che temAM mahAna sAmAjika leAkazAhIvAdI pakSa saheja paNa sAmane karavAnI kaziza karyAM vinA saMpUrNa paNe jamInadosta thaI gayA e ghaTanA sauthI vizeSa AzrayakAraka che. yuropanA majUravargIo e jUnAmAM jUnA, sauthI moTo ane vadhAremAM vadhAre susaMgati pakSa hatA. khIjA AMtararASTrIya majUrasa dhane e AdhArastaMbha hatA. Ama chatAMye, virodha sarakhAye karyAM vinA -- jo ke kevaLa viredha karavAthI kazuM vaLe ema naheAtuM -- teNe aneka prakAranAM apamAna ane tiraskAra mUMge moDhe sahI lIdhAM ane Akhare te nAmazeSa thaI gayA. sAmAjika lokazAhIvAdI netA pagale pagale nAjhIone vaza thaI gayA ane ema karatAM dareka vakhate temaNe evI AzA sevI hatI ke e rIte vaza thavAthI ane apamAna gaLI javAthI kaMIka to bacAvI zakAze. paraMtu temanI vinA virAdhe vaza thavAnI e vRttinA ja temanI sAme upayAga karavAmAM AvyuM. nAjhIoe majUrone batAvI ApyuM ke jue te kharA, jokhama AvI paDayu tyAre tamArA AgevAne kevA tamArA tyAga karI rahyA che. yuropanA majUravarganI laDatanA lAMbA itihAsamAM keTalIka vAra tene vijaya maLyo te ane ghaNI vAra tenI hAra thaI hatI, paraMtu sAmano karavAne saheja paNa prayAsa karyAM vinA AvI nAmeAzIbharI rIte pahelAM kadIye zaraNuM svIkAravAmAM AvyuM nahatuM ke na to majUronA dhyeyane dhokA devAmAM AvyeA hateA. sAmyavAdI pakSe sAmatA karyAM ane sAtrika haDatAla pADavAnI teNe majUrAne hAkala karI.

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jarmanImAM nAjhIone vijya 1415 sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI pakSanA netAoe tene Teke na Ape ane e haDatAla niSphaLa nIvaDI. majUra caLavaLa joke tUTI gaI che paraMtu gupta saMsthA mAraphate tenuM kAma hajI cAlu rahyuM che. ane e saMsthAne phelAvo bahu bahoLo hoya ema lAge che. nAjhIoe pitAnA jAsUsanI jALa sarvatra pAtharI dIdhI hovA chatAMye guptapaNe prasiddha karavAmAM AvatAM chApAMono phelA lAkhanI saMkhyAmAM thAya che ema dhAravAmAM Ave che. jarmanImAMthI chaTakIne paradezamAM bhAgI gayelA keTalAka sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI netAo paNa gupta paddhatithI thoDuM pracArakArya karavAno prayAsa karI rahyA che. nAjhIono trAsa majUra vargane sauthI vadhAre sahe paDyo che. paraMtu jagatabharamAM lekalAgaNI te yahUdIo pratye dAkhavavAmAM AvelA vartAvane aMge atizaya uzkerAvA pAmI hatI. yuropane vargavigrahane ThIka ThIka anubhave che ane pitapatAnA varga pramANe lekenI sahAnubhUti DhaLe che. paraMtu yahUdIo upara humale e te eka jAti paratvene humale hate. mAtra madhya yuganA samayamAM ane tAjetaramAM jhArazAhI raziyA jevA pachAta dezamAM binasattAvAra rIte ene maLatuM kaMIka banatuM hatuM. eka AkhI jAti upara sattAvAra rIte karavAmAM AvatA damanathI yuropa ane amerikA coMkI UDyAM ane temane bhAre AghAta lAge. jarmanInA yahUdIomAM jagamazahUra puruSa hatA ethI te vaLI e AghAta vadhu tIvra banyuM. e jagamazahUra purUSAmAM pratibhAzALI vaijJAnike, dAktare, saMgItakAra, vakIle, lekhakane samAveza thato hato ane emAM AlbarTa AInsTAInanuM nAma sauthI mokhare hatuM. e leka jarmanIne pitAnuM vatana gaNatA hatA ane sarvatra temane jarmane tarIke lekhavAmAM AvatA hatA. pitAne tyAM evA pura hAvA mATe koI paNa deza gaurava leta paraMtu aMdha jAtiSane lIdhe pAgala banIne nAjhIoe temane pIcho pakaDyo ane dezamAMthI temane hAMkI kADhayA. enI sAme duniyAbharamAM bhAre pokAra UThayo. pachIthI nAjhIoe yahUdIonI dukAne tathA yahUdI dhaMdhAdArIone bahiSkAra zarU karyo. Ama chatAMye vicitra vAta to e hatI ke e yahUdIone eka sAthe jarmanI choDI javAnI paravAnagI ApavAmAM AvatI nahotI. A nItinuM mAtra eka ja pariNAma Ave ema hatuM ane te e ke temane bhUkhe mAravA. duniyAbharamAM tenI sAme UThelA pikArane kAraNe yahUdIo sAmenAM jAhera rIte levAmAM AvatAM pagalAM nAjhIone haLavAM karavAM paDyAM paraMtu temanI yahUdIvirodhI nIti te hajI cAlu ja che. yahUdIo je ke duniyAbharamAM patharAyelA che ane koI paNa rASTrane teo piotIkuM kahI zake evI sthitimAM nathI ema chatAMye teo badale na laI zake eTalA badhA asahAya nathI. vepArajagAra tathA nANAM upara teo meTA

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1416 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana pramANamAM kAbU dharAve che ane kazIye dhamAla vinA cUpacApa temaNe jarmana mAlane bahiSkAra jAhera karyo che. eTaluM ja nahi paNa 1933nA me mAsamAM nyUyorkamAM maLelI temanI pariSade eka TharAva karIne ethIye vyApaka bahiSkAranI jAherAta karI hatI. e TharAvamAM evo nirNaya karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ke, "jarmanInA badhAye mAlane, badhIye sAdhanasAmagrIne tathA jarmanImAM utpanna thayelI, taiyAra karavAmAM AvelI athavA sudhAravAmAM AvelI hareka cIja athavA tenA keI paNa bhAgone bahiSkAra kare, tema ja jarmana vahANavaTAne, mAlanI lAvalaIjA karavAnAM tathA avarajavaranAM sAdhanane, jarmanInAM havA khAvAnAM mathake, ArAmasthAne tema ja evAM bIjA sthAnone paNa bahiSkAra kare tathA sAmAnya rIte, jarmanInI AjanI rAjavyavasthAne koI paNa rIte Arthika madadarUpa thaI paDe evuM kArya karatAM aTakI javuM.' hiTalaravAdanI paradezamAM eka e asara thavA pAmI hatI. enI bIjI vadhAre dUragAmI asara paNa thavA pAmI hatI. nAjhIo vasaInI saMdhine hamezAM vakhoDatA AvyA hatA ane enA upara pharIthI vicAra karavAnI teo mAgaNI karatA hatA. khAsa karIne jarmanInI pUrvanI sarahadane aMgenA praznanI teo pharIthI vicAraNuM karAvavA mAgatA hatA. tyAM AgaLa DenDiga sudhI jatI peleMDanA tAbAnI eka paTInI behUdI goThavaNa karavAmAM AvelI che. e goThavaNane kAraNe jarmanIne eka bhAga AkhA dezathI alaga paDI gayuM che. nAjhIonI bIjI joradAra mAgaNI e hatI ke zastrasajaja thavAnI bAbatamAM dareka rASTrane saMpUrNa samAnatA hovI joIe (tane yAda haze ke sulehanI saMdhi anusAra jarmanIne moTe bhAge niHzastra karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM). hiTalaranAM damadATIthI bharapUra bhASaNa tathA jarmanIne zastrasajaja karavAnI tenI dhamakIoe yurepane ane khAsa karIne phrAMsane saMpUrNapaNe asvastha karI mUkyuM. baLavAna jarmanIne phrAMsane sauthI vizeSa Dara hate. AthI thoDA divasa sudhI te ema ja lAgatuM hatuM ke jANe hamaNuM yuddha phATI nIkaLaze. nAjhIonA Darane kAraNe ekAeka yuropanI sattAonAM navesarathI joDANa thavA mAMDyAM. seviyeTa raziyA tarapha phrAMsa maitrInI lAgaNI darzAvavA lAgyuM. vasaInI saMdhinI pharIthI vicAraNA karavAmAM Ave enA bhayathI prerAIne e saMdhine kAraNe UbhA thayelA athavA te ene kAraNe jemane lAbha thaye hatA tevA pileMDa, cekelaivAkiyA, yugeslAviyA ane mAniyA vagere deze ekabIjAnI vadhu najIka AvyA tema ja sAthe sAthe teo soviyeTa raziyAnI paNa vadhu najIka AvyA. osTriyAmAM AzcaryakAraka paristhiti pedA thaI tyAM AgaLa Desa nAmane phAsisTa caeNnselara kayArane sattA upara Avyo hato paNa tene phAsIvAda hiTalara chApanA phAsIvAdathI bhinna hato. aisTriyAmAM nAjhIo baLavAna che paraMtu chelphasa temane

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jamanImAM nAjhIonA vijaya 1417 virodha karatA AvyA che. iTAlIe hiTalaranA vijayane AvakAryAM paraMtu hiTalaranI mahecchAne teNe uttejana ApyuM nahi. iMglaMDa je dhaNAM varasethI janInI tarapheNa karatuM AvyuM hatuM te janInI viruddha thaI gayuM ane tenA lokA pharIthI jana 'NA'nI vAto karavA lAgyA. hiTalaranuM jamanI yuropamAM taddana ekaluM paDI gayuM. yuddha saLage te phrAMsanuM baLavAna lazkara niHzastra jarmanIne kacarI nAkhe e udhADuM hatuM. AthI hiTalare potAnI nIti badalI ane have te zAMtinI vAto karavA lAgyA. ane phrAMsa, IMgleMDa, jarmanI ane iTAlI e cAra sattAnA karAranI darakhAsta rajU karIne museAlinI tenI vahAre dhAyA. ' Akhare 1933nA jUna mAsamAM e karAra upara uparyukta cAre sattAee sahI karI, jo ke bhAre saMkalpavikalpa pachI phrAMse ema karyuM. e karAranI bhASA joI e to te bilakula nirdoSa che ane temAM mAtra eTaluM ja jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che ke keTalIka AMtararASTrIya khAkhAmAM ane khAsa karIne varsAinI sadhi upara pherIthI vicAra karavAnI darakhAsta upara e cAre sattA paraspara masalata karaze. e karArane seviyeTa virodhI samUha athavA saMdha UbhA karavAnA eka prayAsa tarIke lekhavAmAM Ave che. e karAra para phrAMse te bahu kacavAte mane sahI karI hatI. 1933nI sAlanA julAI mAsanI 1lI tArIkhe laMDanamAM sAviyeTa tathA tenA paDezIo vacce karavAmAM AvelA binaAkramaNane karAra uparyukta karAranA pariNAma rUpe ane tenA javAba tarIke karavAmAM Avyo hAya e banavAjoga che. e jANavA jevI vAta che ke e sAviyeTa karAra pratye phrAMse bhAre sahAnubhUti darzAvI ane e viSe potAnI saMmati pragaTa karI. ja hiTalaranA mULabhUta kAryakrama - jarmanInA mUDIvAdIone paNa e ja kArya krama che -- seviyeTa raziyA sAme yuropanA tAraNahAra tarIke DeLa karavAne che. jamanIne vadhu pradeza meLavavA hoya to te pUrva yuropamAMthI ja meLavI zake athavA tA seviyeTa raziyAne bhAge meLavI zake. paraMtu ema karavA pahelAM janIe zastrasajja thavuM joIe ane eTalA mATe e bAbatamAM varsAI nI saMdhimAM pheraphAra karAvavA joIe athavA kaI nahi teA evI khAtarI meLavavI joIe ke e bAbatamAM kAI dakhala nahi kare. hiTalarane madAra iTAlInA TekA upara che. e bAbatamAM iMgleMDanA TekA paNa meLavI zakAya / cAra sattAmenA karArane aMgenI carcAomAM phrAMsanA virodhane binaasarakAraka banAvI devAnuM sugama thaI paDe evI AzA te rAkhatA hAya e banavAjoga che. hiTalara A rIte iMgleMDanA TekA meLavavA mathI rahyo che. eTalA khAtara teNe jAhera rIte potAnA abhiprAya pradarzita karyAM che ke, hi MdustAna uparanI

Page #751
jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana briTiza hakUmata nabaLI paDe e eka bhAre Apatti samAna che. soviyeTa sAme tene virodha e paNa briTiza sarakArane mATe eka AkarSaNa che. kAraNa ke, AgaLa huM tane kahI gayo chuM te pramANe seviyeTa raziyA e briTiza sAmrAjyane mana duniyAmAM sauthI akArAmAM akArI vastu che. paraMtu nAjhIonI pravRttio viSe briTiza prajAmAM eTalI ghaNuM pedA thaI che ke jemAM hiTalaravAdane mAnya rAkhavApaNuM raheluM hoya evI koI paNa darakhAstamAM temanI saMmati prApta karatAM thoDo vakhata lAgaze. nAjhI jarmanI A rIte yuropanuM tophAnanuM kendra banI gayuM che ane A "gabharATamAM paDelI duniyAnA aneka bhayamAM teNe ekano vadhAro karyo. khuda jarmanImAM ja zuM banaze ? A nAjhI amala TakI raheze kharo ? jarmanImAM nAjhIo sAme bhAre TheSa ane virodhanI lAgaNI pravarte che paraMtu saMgaThita virodhane kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM che e vastu dIvA jevI spaSTa che. jarmanImAM have bIjo koI paNa pakSa ke saMsthA rahI nathI ane nAjhIo tyAM sarvoparI che. khuda nAjhIomAM paNa be daLo hoya ema jaNAya che. udyogapatio ane vepArI varganuM baneluM narama daLa ane pakSanA moTA bhAganA sAmAnya sabhyanuM baneluM uddAma daLa. tAjetaramAM nAjhI pakSamAM joDAyelA majUree uddAma daLanI saMkhyAmAM vadhAro karyo che. hiTalaranI caLavaLamAM krAMtikArI dhagaza pedA karanArA le ke ugrapaNe mUDIvAdane virodha karanArAo hatA. ane temaNe pAchaLathI ghaNA samAjavAdIo tathA mArksavAdIone pitAnA pakSamAM bheLavI lIdhA che. nAjhI pakSanA narama ane uddAma daLa vacce koI paNa prakAranI samAna bhUmikA nathI. e baMne daLone ekatra rAkhavAmAM tathA ekabIjA sAme temane upayoga karIne pitAnuM kAma kADhI levAmAM hiTalaranI bhAre saphaLatA rahelI che. paraMtu sAmAnya zatranI hastI hoya tyAM sudhI ja ema thaI zake. paNa have e duzmanane cagadI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM che athavA pitAnA pakSamAM samAvI devAmAM Ave che. e sthitimAM narama daLa ane uddAma daLa vacce gharSaNa avazya pedA thavAnuM ja. enA bhaNakArA vAgavA zarU thaI gayA che. uddAma daLanA nAjhIonI evI mAgaNI che ke, pahelI krAMti saphaLatApUrvaka pUrI thaI che. eTale have mUDIvAdIo ane jamInadAra vagere sAmenI bIjI krAMti" zarU karavI joIe. paraMtu hiTalare te e "bIjI krAMti ane nirdaya rIte dAbI devAnI dhamakI ApI che. Ama te cokkasapaNe mUDIvAdI narama daLa sAthe bhaLI gayuM che. tenA mukhya mukhya ghaNAkharA sAthIo have moTA hoddAo upara AvI gayA che ane have temane ArAma che eTale kazAye parivartana mATe teo utsuka rahyA nathI. hiTalaravAdanuM A khyAna jarA lAMbuM thaI gayuM. paraMtu nAjhIone vijaya tathA tenAM pariNAme yuropa tema ja duniyA mATe bhAre mahattvanAM che ane enI

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1419 jarmanImAM nAjhIone vijaya bahu dUragAmI asara thavA pAmaze e te tuM kabUla karaze. nAjhIvAda e niHzaMka phAsIvAda che ane hiTalara pote paNa eka namUnedAra phAsisTa che. paraMtu ITAlInA phAsIvAda karatAM nAjhI caLavaLI vadhAre vyApaka ane uddAma che. enAM e uddAma tathI emAM kaMI pharaka paDaze ke pachI temane kacarI nAkhavAmAM Avaze e hajI jovAnuM che. nAjhI caLavaLanI vRddhi thavAthI custa mAkarsavAdIonA siddhAMtamAM goTALo Ubho thavA pAmyuM che. custa mArksavAdIo ema mAnatA hatA ke, majUravarga e ja sAce krAMtikArI varga che ane Arthika paristhiti bagaDatI jaze tema tema nIcalA tharanA madhyama varganA nAdAra banI gayelA tathA asaMtuSTa leke e varga sAthe joDAI jaze ane chevaTe e badhA maLIne majUronI krAMti karaze. paraMtu vAstavamAM jarmanImAM ethI kaMIka UlaTuM ja banavA pAmyuM che. kaTokaTI AvI tyAre jarmanIne majUra varga bilakula krAMtikArI nahote. ane pradhAnapaNe nIcalA tharanA nAdAra banI gayelA leke tathA bIjA asaMtuSTa lekamAMthI krAMtikArI varga pedA thayo. mAkarsavAdanA zuddha siddhAMte sAthe e vastu baMdha besatI nathI. paraMtu bIjA keTalAka mAkarsavAdIo jaNAve che ke mAkarsavAdane koI dharma ke saMpradAye adhikArapUrvaka pratipAdita karelA aMtima satya tarIke gaNu joIe nahi. e ItihAsanI philasUphI che -- ItihAsane nihALavAnI eka daSTi che, je ApaNane ghaNI vastunI samaja Ape che tathA temane ekabIjI sAthe sAMkaLI Ape che. vaLI e samAjavAda athavA sAmAjika samAnatA prApta karavAnI eka kAryapaddhati che. bhinna bhinna kALa tema ja bhinna bhinna dezonI badalAtI jatI paristhiti sAthe baMdha bese e rIte enA mULabhUta siddhAMtane aneka rIte lAgu pADavA joIe. beMdhaH (navembara 1938) : savApAMca varasa upara uparane patra lakhAya tyAra pachI hiTalaranA amala nIce nAjhI jarmanIe pitAnA sAmarthya tathA pratiSThAmAM je unnati sAdhI che tene je duniyAnA rAjakAraNamAM maLe ema nathI. Aje hiTalare yuropa upara pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvyuM che ane yuropanI mahAna sattAo athavA sAcuM kahetAM bhUtakALamAM je sattAo mahAna hatI teo, tenI AgaLa mAthuM jhukAve che ane tenI dhamakIthI dhrUjI UThe che. 20 varasa pUrve jarmanIne harAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, tene tejovadha karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, tene kacarI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. ane Aje yuddha karyA vinA ke lazkarI vijaya meLavyA vinA hiTalare jarmanIne vijayI rASTra banAvyuM che ane vasaInI saMdhi marI paravArI che tathA tene daphanAvI devAmAM AvI che.

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14ra0 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sattA upara AvyA pachI hiTalaranuM prathama kArya jarmanImAMnA pitAnA vidhIone kacarI nAkhIne nAjhI pakSane baLavAna banAvavAnuM hatuM. jarmanInuM "nAjhIkaraNa" karyA pachI hiTalare nAjhI pakSamAMnAM bIjAM ane mUDIvAda virodhI krAMti karavA mAgatAM uddAma tane nirmULa karavAnuM nakkI karyuM. 1934nI sAlanA jUna mAsanI 30mI tArIkhe badAmI khamIsavALA nAjhI sainyane (brAuna-sUsa) vikherI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM ane tenA AgevAnone goLIthI ThAra karavAmAM AvyA. e uparAMta bIjA ghaNAone paNa mArI nAkhavAmAM AvyA. emAM eka vakhatanA jarmanInA caeNnselara janarala phana sleziyarano paNa samAveza thato hate. 1934nA ogasTa mAsamAM pramukha phana hiMDanabarga maraNa pAme ane hiTalare tenuM sthAna lIdhuM. Ama hiTalare caeNnselara ane pramukha e baMne hoddAo dhAraNa karyA. e vakhate jarmanImAM kula sattA tenA hAthamAM hatI. jarmane prajAne te "phakyurara' eTale ke netA banyA hatA. tyAM AgaLa prajA bhAre saMkaTamAM AvI paDI hatI ane emAM rAhata ApavA mATe moTA pAyA upara khAnagI rIte lagabhaga pharajiyAta dAnanI bhejanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. pharajiyAta majUrInI chAvaNIo zarU karavAmAM AvI ane bekArane tyAM AgaLa kAma karavAne mokalavAmAM AvyA. parANe dUra karavAmAM AvelA yahUdIoe jarmane jagyA karI ApI. A badhAthI jarmanInI Arthika sthiti te nahi sudharI, UlaTI te vadhu bagaDavA pAmI, paraMtu ethI karIne bekArI dUra thaI daramyAna gupta rIte jarmanIe zastrasajja thavA mAMDayuM ane tene viSene bhaya vadhavA lAgyo. 1935nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM sAra pradezanA lekono mata levAmAM AvyuM temAM temaNe jarmanI sAthe joDAI javAnuM bahu moTI bahumatIthI nakkI karyuM. AthI e pradezane jarmanI sAthe joDI devAmAM AvyuM. e ja varasanA me mAsamAM hiTalare vasaInI saMdhinI niHzastrIkaraNane lagatI kalama mAnya rAkhavAne chaDecoka inkAra karyo ane pharajiyAta lazkarI nokarI mATene hukama bahAra pADyo. zastrasajaja thavA mATe pracaMDa kAryakrama zarU karavAmAM AvyuM. prajAsaMdhamAMnI kaI paNa sattAe enI sAme kazuM karyuM nahi. e badhI sattAo ane khAsa karIne phrAMsa bhayabhIta banI gayuM hatuM. phrAMse raziyA sAthe maitrInA karAre karyA. briTiza sarakAre nAjhIone pakSa karavAnuM ucita dhAryuM ane 1935nA jUna mAsamAM teNe jarmanI sAthe naukAkarAra karyo. AnAM bahu vicitra pariNAme AvyAM. IglaDe dago dIdhe che ema samajIne kase ITAlIne manAvI levAnA prayatna karavA mAMDyA ane Akhare lAga AvyuM che ema samajIne musalinIe eNbisIniyA upara caDAI karI. 1938nA mArca mAsamAM hiTalare osTriyAmAM kUca karI ane tene jarmanI sAthe joDI dIdhAnI jAherAta karI. prajAsaMghanI sattAoe vaLI pAchuM namatuM

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zasaMnyAsa 14ra1 ApyuM. oNsTriyAmAM nAjhIoe ugra prakAranI ane hevAniyatabharI yahUdIvirodhI jhuMbeza zarU karI. have cekoslovAkiyA nAjhIonA AkramaNanuM zikAra banyuM. ane mahinAo sudhI suDeTana jarmanA prazna yuropane asvastha karI mUkyuM. briTiza nItie nAjhIone bhAre madada karI ane e nItinI viruddha javAnI phrAMsanI te hiMmata ja nahatI. Akhare, tarata ja yuddha phATI nIkaLaze evI jarmanInI dhamakIthI DarIne phase pitAnA mitra cekoslovAkiyAne dago dIdhe. e dagalabAjImAM IMgleMDa paNa pakSakAra hatuM. jarmanI, iMglaMDa, kAMsa ane iTAlI vacce thayelA myunicanA karAra anusAra 1938nI sAlanA sapTembara mAsanI 29mI tArIkhe cekelaivAkiyAnA bhAvi upara mahora mAravAmAM AvI. suDeTana pradeza tema ja bIjA paNa keTalAka pradezano jarmanIe kabajo lIdhe ane e takane lAbha laIne poleMDa tathA haMgarIe paNa e dezane keTaloka bhAga pacAvI pADyo. A rIte yuropanI navI vahecaNI zarU thaI e yuropamAM phrAMsa tathA iMglaMDa bIjA varganI sattA banatAM jatAM hatAM ane hiTalaranA amala nIce nAjhI jarmanInuM yuropa upara prabhutva jAmyuM hatuM. 191. zastrasaMnyAsa 2 oNgasTa, 1933 laMDanamAM maLelI akhila jagata Arthika pariSadanI niSphaLatA viSe huM , tane kahI gayo chuM. e pariSadane sameTI levAmAM AvI ane vadhAre anukULa saMjogomAM ApaNe pharI pAchA maLIzuM evI sadicchA vyakta karIne tenA sabhya tipitAne deza cAlyA gayA. sahakAra mATe bIje jagavyApI prayAsa zastrasaMnyAsa pariSadanA rUpamAM karavAmAM Avyo ane tene paNa bhAre niSphaLatA maLI. prajAsaMdhanA karArane pariNAme e pariSada bharavAmAM AvI hatI. vasaInI saMdhie karAvyuM hatuM ke jarmanI tema ja oNsTriyA ane haMgarI vagere bIjAM hArelAM rASTrane niHzastra karavAM joIe. e pramANe jarmanIne naukA kAle, havAI daLa ke moTuM sainya rAkhavAnuM nahotuM. evI paNa darakhAsta karavAmAM AvI hatI ke bIjA dezoe paNa dhIme dhIme niHzastra thatA javuM ane rASTrIya salAmatI mATe anivArya hoya eTaluM ja sainya tathA lazkarI saraMjAma rAkho. e kAryakramanA pahelA bhAgano eTale ke jarmanIne niHzastra karavAne te tarata ja amala karavAmAM AvyuM paraMtu tene bIjo bhAga eTale ke sAmAnyapaNe badhAye dezone niHzastra

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14rara jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana karavAnI vAta te hajI kevaLa eka sacchiA rUpe ja rahI che. e kAryakramanA A bIjA bhAgane amala karavAne mATe ja vasaInI saMdhi thayA bAda lagabhaga tera varasa pachI Akhare zastrasaMnyAsa pariSada bolAvavAmAM AvI. paraMtu pariSadanI saMpUrNa beThaka maLI te pahelAM tapAsasamitioe e viSayane aMge varase sudhI tapAsa calAvI hatI. Akhare 1932nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM akhila jagata zastrasaMnyAsa pariSadanI beThaka maLI. mahinAo ane varasa sudhI te cAlu rahI ane e daramyAna teNe ghaNI darakhAsta upara vicAraNA calAvI ane temane pheMkI dIdhI tathA teNe asaMkhya hevAle vAMcyA ane lagAtAra aneka dAkhalAdalIle sAMbhaLyAM. zastrasaMnyAsa pariSadane badale te zastrIkaraNa pariSada banI gaI e pariSada kaI paNa prakAranI samajUtI upara na AvI zakI kema ke koI paNa deza e praznane vyApaka AMtararASTrIya dRSTithI vicAra karavA mAgate naheta; dareka dezane mana zastrasaMnyAsane artha e hatuM ke bIjA dezoe niHzastra thaI javuM athavA te pitAnA sainya tathA zastrasaraMjAmamAM ghaTADo kare, paNa pitAnuM sainya tathA zastrasaraMjAma te akabaMdha rAkhavAM. e pariSadamAM lagabhaga badhA ja dezoe svAthI valaNa akhatyAra karyuM paraMtu IMgleMDa ane jApAne te e bAbatamAM mAjhA mUkI ane ene aMgenI kaI paNa prakAranI samajUtInA mArgamAM temaNe bhAre muzkelIo UbhI karI. e pariSadanI kAryavAhI cAlI rahI hatI te vakhate jApAna prajAsaMdhane Thokara mArIne maMcUriyAmAM khUnakhAra ane AkramaNakArI yuddha laDI rahyuM hatuM, dakSiNa amerikAnAM be rAjya ekabIjA sAme laDatAM hatAM ane hiMdustAnanI sarahada prAMtanA sImADA upara vasatA leke upara aMgrejo baeNbamAre karI rahyA hatA. aMgrejonA valaNane kAraNe cInamAMnA jApAnanA AkramaNa sAmene amerikanono virodha lagabhaga binaasarakAraka banI gaye. jApAna pratyenuM aMgrejonuM valaNa ekasarakhuM mitratAbharyuM hatuM. * e pariSada samakSa rajU karavAmAM AvelI aneka darakhAstamAM seviyeTa raziyA, yunAITeDa sTeTsa tathA phrAMsa taraphathI rajU karavAmAM AvelI traNa darakhAsta sauthI vadhAre mahattvanI hatI. raziyAe evI darakhAsta karI ke badhA ja dezee ekasAthe pitAnAM sainya tathA zastrasaraMjAmamAM 50 TakAne ghaTADe kare joIe. amerikAe e ja rIte sainya tathA zastrasaraMjAmamAM trIjA bhAgano ghaTADo karavAnuM sUcavyuM. paraMtu iMglaMDe e baMne darakhAstane virodha karyo ane jaNAvyuM ke te potAnA sainyamAM ane khAsa karIne naukAkAphalAmAM ghaTADo karI zake ema nathI kema ke e mAtra vyavasthA jALavavAne arthe ja rAkhavAmAM AvyAM che.

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zastrasaMnyAsa 1423 phrAMsa upara jarmanIe bhUtakALamAM karelA humalAonuM smaraNa tene tAjuM ja hatuM eTale te te hamezAM "salAmatI' upara ja khAsa bhAra mUkatuM. tenI kahevAno matalaba e hatI ke AkramaNa athavA humale karavAnuM sAva azakya nahi te muzkela paNa banI jAya evI kaMIka goThavaNa karavI joIe. teNe evuM sUcavyuM ke, humalAkhoranI sAme jene upayoga karI zakAya evuM AMtararASTrIya sainya prajAsaMdhanA AzarA heThaLa UbhuM karavuM ane dareka rAtre mAtra haLavI zastrasAmagrIvALuM nAnuM sarakhuM sainya rAkhavuM. badhAMye havAI daLo mAtra prajAsaMdhanA aMkuza nIce ja rAkhavAM. paraMtu e rIte te prajAsaMdha upara kAbU dharAvanArAM mahAna rASTranA hAthamAM ja badhI sattA jatI rahe ane vAstavamAM AkhAye yuropa upara phrAMsanuM prabhutva jAme e muddA upara e darakhAstano virodha karavAmAM AvyuM. humalAkhora kone kahe ? e eka muzkela prazna che kAraNa ke humale karanAra dareka rASTra e rIte pote saMrakSaNAtmaka pagalAM laI rahyuM che ema ja hamezAM kahe che. teo humalAkhoro che ema jApAne maMcUriyAmAM ke iTAlIe ebisa niyAmAM kabUla nahotuM karyuM. mahAyuddhamAM dareka rASTra pitAnA duzmanane humalAkhora ja kahetuM hatuM. AthI tenI sAme je pagalAM levAM hoya te humalAkhoranI cokkasa ane spaSTa vyAkhyA karavAnI jarUra hatI. seviyeTa raziyAe rajU karelI vyAkhyA pramANe je koI paNa rASTra potAnI sarahada oLaMgIne pitAnuM sazastra sanya bIjA dezomAM mokale athavA te bIjA dezanA dariyAkAMThAnI nAkAbaMdhI kare te te humalAra rASTra bane che. pramukha rUjhavelTa ane prajAsaMghanI eka samitie paNa "humalAkhora'nI evI ja matalabanI vyAkhyA karI hatI. raziyA ane tenA pADozIo vacce thayelA binaAkramaNanA karAremAM "humalAkhoranI" seviyeTe karelI vyAkhyAno svIkAra karavAmAM Avyo hato. phrAMsa sahita nAnImeTI ghaNIkharI sattAoe paNa e vyAkhyA mAnya rAkhI hatI. bezaka jApAna e vyAkhyAthI bhAre mUMjhavaNamAM paDI gayuM ane IMglaDe te mAnya rAkhavAnI nA pADI. te te e vastu aspaSTa ja rAkhavA mAgatuM hatuM. emAM ITAlIe tene Teke Apo. zastrasaMnyAsa mATenI igleMDanI darakhAstano muddo e hato ke briTanane tenI zastrasAmagrI tathA sainya ghaTADavAnI jarUra nathI; bIjAM rASTrae ja niHzastra thavAnuM hatuM. havAI baeNbamAre sadaMtara baMdha karI devAnI bAbatamAM sau koI . saMmata thayuM paraMtu "bahAranA pradezamAM kAyado ane vyavasthA jALavavAnA hetune arthe karavAmAM Ave te bAda karatAM" e briTane temAM sudhAro mUkyo. ene artha e hatuM ke sAmrAjyanA bhAgamAM baeNbamAre karavAnI tene chUTa joItI

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1424 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana hatI. bIjAone e sudhAre mAnya na hatA eTale e AkhIye darakhAsta UDI gaI . svAbhAvika rIte ja jarmanIe potAne mATe bIjI sattAonA jeTalI ja samAnatAnI mAgaNI karI; teNe jaNAvyuM ke, bIjI sattAo jeTalA pramANamAM zastrasajaja che teTalA pramANamAM tene zastrasajaja thavA de athavA te bIjI sattAo temanI zastrasAmagrI ghaTADIne tenA jeTalI karI nAkhe. A saunAM meM baMdha karI de evI dalIla hatI. prajAsaMdhanA karAre evuM nahotuM aNuvyuM ke, jarmanInuM niHzastrIkaraNa e te e dizAmAM prathama pagaluM che ane bIjAM rASTra paNa e pramANe ja karaze ? zastrasaMnyAsane aMgenI A carcAo cAlI rahI hatI te arasAmAM jarmanImAM nAjhIo sattA upara AvyA ane temanA dhamakIrUpa ane AkramaNakArI valaNathI phrAMsa bhaDakI gayuM ane te tathA bIjI sattAoe zastrasaMnyAsanI bAbatamAM aNanama valaNa akhatyAra karyuM. jarmanI taraphathI sUcavavAmAM AvelA bemAMthI eke rastAne svIkAra karavAmAM na AvyA. paDadA pAchaLa cAlI rahelA kAvAdAvAo ane prapaMcoe zastrasaMnyAsanA mArganI muzkelIomAM vadhAre karyo. khAsa karIne, zastrasaraMjAma utpanna karanAra peDhIonA ADatiyAo e kAvAdAvA tathA prapaMca karI rahyA hatA. e peDhIo taraphathI temane sArI peThe nANAM maLatAM hatAM. AjanI mUDIvAdI duniyAmAM zastra ane vinAzanAM sAdhano banAvavAne udyoga sauthI vadhAre samRddha che. judA judA dezanI sarakAre mATe e zastra banAvavAmAM Ave che kema ke, sAmAnya rIte sarakAre ja yuddha laDe che. Ama chatAMye AzcaryanI vAta e che ke ene mATe jarUrI zastro khAnagI peDhIo banAve che. e peDhIonA mukhya mukhya mAlike atizaya dhanika banI jAya che ane sAmAnya rIte teo judA judA dezonI sarakAronA saMparkamAM hoya che. mArA AgaLanA eka patramAM sara besIla jheherapha nAmanA evA eka puruSa viSe meM tane thoDuM kahyuM hatuM. zastro utpanna karanArAM kArakhAnAMonA zera dharAvanArAone bhAre naphe maLe che ane tethI e zera meLavavA mATe leke paDApaDI kare che. jAherajIvanamAM AgaLa paDato bhAga lenArA ghaNu puruSe evAM kArakhAnAMonA zera dharAvanArAo hoya che. yuddha tathA yuddha mATenI taiyArI zastro banAvanArI A peDhIo mATe phAyadAkAraka hoya che. sAmudAyika manuSyasaMhArane teo vepAra kheDe che ane tene mATe nANAM ApanAra saune teo niSpakSabhAve pite utpanna karelAM saMhAranAM sAdhana Ape che. prajAsaMdha jyAre cInamAMnuM jApAnanuM AkramaNa vakhoDI rahyo hate tyAre briTiza, phreMca tathA bIjA dezanI zastra utpanna karanAra peDhIo jApAna tathA cIna baMnene chUTathI zastro pUrAM pADI rahI hatI. e to dekhItuM ja che ke sAce zastrasaMnyAsa karavAmAM Ave te e badhI peDhIo nAza pAme

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zastrasaMnyAsa 1425 ane temane rojagAra baMdha paDI jAya. ethI karIne, temanI dRSTie je mahAna Apatti gaNAya te TALavAne teo zakya eTale badhe prayatna kare che. are, teo ethI paNa AgaLa jAya che. zastra utpanna karanArI khAnagI peDhIonI tapAsa karavAnA khAsa AzayathI prajAsaMghe nImeluM eka kamizana evA anumAna upara AvyuM hatuM ke, zastro utpanna karanArI e khAnagI peDhIo laDAInI dhAstI pedA karavAmAM ane potapotAnA dezanI sarakArane laDAyaka nIti akhatyAra karavAnuM samajAvavAmAM sakriya rIte kArya karI rahI che. e tapAsamAM evuM paNa mAlUma paDayuM hatuM ke, bIjA dezane zastrasaraMjAmane aMge vadhAre kharaca karavAne preravAne mATe e peDhIo judA judA dezanA lazkarI tathA nakAkhAtAnA kharacanI khoTI vAte sudhdhAM phelAve che. teo eka deza sAme bIjA dezanA kAna bhaMbheratI ane e rIte temanI vacce zastrasaraMjAma vadhAravAnI harIphAI karAvatI. teo sarakArI amaladArone lAMca ApatI tathA lekamata upara asara pahoMcADavAne khAtara chApAMo paNa kharIdI letI. ane pachI zastra tathA bIjA yuddhasaraMjAmanI kiMmata vadhAravAne mATe pitAnAM AMtararASTrIya TrasTa tathA IjArAo UbhA karatI. prajAsaMghe nImelA kamizane sUcavyuM ke Ama khAnagI peDhIo dvArA karavAmAM AvatuM zastronuM utpAdana baMdha karAvavuM joIe. zastrasaMnyAsa pariSadamAM e vastu paNa sUcavavAmAM AvI hatI paraMtu e bAbatamAM paNa briTiza sarakAre ja prabaLa virodha karyo. judA judA dezonI zastra utpanna karanArI A badhI peDhIo eka bIjI sAthe nikaTapaNe saMkaLAyelI che. rASTrapremane te vaTAvI khAya che ane lekanI jiMdagI sAthe ramata rame che. ane Ama chatAMye temanuM kAryakSetra AMtararASTrIya hoya che- temane "gupta AMtararASTrIya saMdha" kahevAmAM Ave che. AthI teo zastrasaMnyAsane prabaLapaNe virodha kare e svAbhAvika che. ane e bAbatamAM samajUtI thatI aTakAvavA mATe temaNe AkAzapAtALa eka ryA. temanA ADatiyAo ucca kakSAnA mutsaddIonAM tathA rAjadvArI puruSanAM maMDaLomAM pharatA rahe che. A kALAMdhaLAM karanArA leke jInIvAmAM paNa hAjara hatA ane paDadA pAchaLa rahIne teo derIsaMcAra karI rahyA hatA. sAmAnya rIte, judI judI sarakAranAM chUpI polIsa khAtAMo athavA jAsUsI khAtAMo paNa A "gupta AMtararASTrIya saMdha'nA nikaTanA saMbaMdhamAM hoya che. bIjA dezanI chUpI bAtamI meLavavA mATe dareka sarakAra potAnA jAsUsI dUte roke che. keTalIka vAra e jAsUse pakaDAI jAya che. e prasaMge tenI sarakAra tatkALa jAhera kare che ke te temanA mANaso nathI. e jAsUsI khAtAnA saMbaMdhamAM Arthara pinsanabIe (DAM varasa pahelAM te briTiza sara

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1426 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kAramAM nAyaba videzamaMtrI hatA ane have te laI pinsanabI thaya che.) 1927nI sAlamAM AmanI sabhAmAM jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, "ApaNe nItinI meTI moTI baDAze hAMkatA hoIe tyAre duniyAnA dareka dezanI videzakacerI tathA maMtrImaMDaLamAM banAvaTI dastAvejo karavAnuM tathA corI, jUTha, lAMcaruzavata ane bhraSTAcAra vagere mejUda hoya che e hakIkata ApaNe khyAlamAM rAkhavI joIe. huM kahuM chuM ke, paradezamAMnA ApaNuM pratinidhio te te dezanAM sarakArI daphataranI gupta bAtamIo na meLave te mAnya karavAmAM AvelA ApaNA naitika dhoraNa anusAra pitAnA kartavyanuM pAlana karavAmAM teo bedarakAra rahyA che ema gaNAya che." A jAsUsI khAtAMo chUpI rIte kArya kare che eTale temanA upara niyaMtraNa rAkhavAnuM muzkela hoya che. pitApitAnA dezanI videzanIti upara temane bhAre prabhAva heya che. teo bahu vyApaka ane baLavAna saMsthAo hoya che. ghaNuM karIne briTiza chUpI polIsa Aje sauthI prabaLa che ane teNe pitAnI jALa ghaNA ja vizALa kSetramAM bichAvI che. eka mazahUra briTiza jAsUsa raziyAmAM eka meTa seviyeTa amaladAra thayAne dAkhele mejUda che! briTiza pradhAnamaMDaLane eka pradhAna sara semyuala hera mahAyuddha daramyAna raziyAnA briTiza jAsUsI khAtAne vaDe hate. teNe tAjetaramAM kaMIka marIpUrvaka jAhera rIte jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, bAtamI meLavavAnI tenI paddhati eTalI badhI sArI hatI ke rAsapuTinanuM khUna thayAnI khabara bIjAonA karatAM tene ghaNI vahelI maLI hatI. - duniyA saMtuSTa deze ane asaMtuSTa deze, Adhipatya bhogavatA deze ane parAdhIna deze, cAlu sthiti kAyama rAkhavA mAgatA deze ane temAM pheraphAra cAhanArA deze evA be bhAgomAM vaheMcAyelI hatI e vastu zastrasaraMjAma pariSada sAme kharI muzkelI hatI. Adhipatya bhogavanArA ane dAbI rAkhavAmAM AvelA vargo vacce jema sthiratA nathI saMbhavI zakatI te ja pramANe upara jaNAvyA pramANenA be prakAranA dezo vacce kadI paNa samatAbharI sthiti saMbhavI zake nahi. prajAsaMdha Adhipatya bhegavatA dezanuM pratinidhitva dharAve che eTale te cAlu sthiti jemanI tema TakAvI rAkhavA mAge che. salAmatInA karAro karavA tema ja "humalAkhora" rASTranI vyAkhyA karavAnA prayatnone uddeza eka ja hoya che ane te e ke cAlu sthiti TakAvI rAkhavI. game te thAya te je rASTranA prajAsaMgha upara kAbU che temAMnA koI paNa rASTrane te "humalAkhera' tarIke vakhoDI kADhe e leza paNa saMbhava jaNAtuM nathI. aneka yuktiprayukti karIne sAmA pakSane "humalAkhora" tarIke jAhera karavAne te hamezAM prayAsa karaze.

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zastrasaMnyAsa 1427 zAMtivAdIo ane yuddha aTakAvavA IcchatA bIjAo A salAmatInA karAne AvakAre che ane ema karIne eka rIte teo AjanI anyAyI cAlu sthitine TakAvI rAkhavAmAM madada kare che. yuropanI bAbatamAM e vAta sAcI hoya te eziyA ane AphrikAnI bAbatamAM te te vizeSe karIne sAcI che kema ke tyAM te sAmrAjyavAdI sattAoe moTA moTA pradeze kabaje karyA che. Ama eziyA ane AphrikAmAM cAlu sthiti TakAvI rAkhavAne artha e thAya ke tyAM AgaLanuM sAmrAjyavAdI zoSaNa cAlu rAkhavuM. cAlu sthiti TakAvI rAkhavAne aMge yuropamAM je samajUtIo ane karAra thayA che temAMthI yunAITeDa sTeTsa hajI sudhI aLaguM rahyuM che. zastrasaMnyAsane aMgenA sarva prayatna niSphaLa nIvaDyA e varatue AMtararASTrIya rAjakAraNanI avAstavikatA ane pikaLatA jeTalI puravAra karI che teTalI bIjI koI paNa vastue puravAra karI nathI. dareka jaNa zAMtinI vAto kare che ane sAthe sAthe yuddhanI taiyArI kare che. kelega-biyAM karAra yuddhane bekAyadA dharAve che paNa Aje e karArane koNa yAda kare che athavA tenI keNa paravA kare che ? - neMdhaH zastrasaMnyAsa pariSada AgaLa jarmanIe rajU karelI darakhAsta pheMkI devAmAM AvI ane 1933nA kaTobara mAsamAM te zastrasaMnyAsa pariSadamAMthI nIkaLI gayuM tathA prajAsaMdhamAMthI paNa teNe rAjInAmuM ApyuM. tyArathI te prajAsaMdhanI bahAra ja rahyuM che. maMcUriyAnA praznane aMge jApAna paNa prajAsaMdhamAMthI nIkaLI gayuM. vaLI ebisIniyA uparanI tenI caDAI paratve prajAsaMghe tenA pratye akhatyAra karelA valaNane kAraNe ITAlI paNa temAMthI nIkaLI gayuM. Ama duniyAnI traNa moTI sattAo prajAsaMghamAMthI nIkaLI gaI A saMjogomAM prajAsaMghanA AzarA heThaLa kaI paNa prakAranA AMtararASTrIya nirNaya karavAnuM lagabhaga azakya banI gayuM che. kharekhara zastrasaMnyAsa pariSada pachI tarata ja badhAye dezee bahu moTA pramANamAM zastrasajaja thavA mAMDayuM che. jarmanIe pracaMDa sainya tathA havAIdaLa UbhuM karavAnI zarUAta karI che ane igleMDa, phrAnsa, yunAiTeDa sTeTsa tathA bIjA dezoe vadhArAnI zastrasAmagrI mATe moTI moTI rakama maMjUra karI che.

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12. rAhata mATe rUjhavelTanA prayAsa 4 oNgasTa, 1933 jagatanA ItihAsanI A rUparekhA huM sameTI lauM te pahelAM tuM amerikAnAM yunAITeDa sTeTasa tarapha pharIthI eka vAra najara karI le ema huM IcchuM chuM. kema ke e rUparekhA pUrI thavAne have jhAjhI vAra nathI. atyAre tyAM AgaLa eka mahAna ane AkarSaka prayoga cAlI rahyo che. duniyA e prayogane dhyAnapUrvaka nihALI rahI che kema ke, bhaviSyamAM mUDIvAda kevuM valaNa dhAraNa karaze ene AdhAra tenAM pariName upara rahele che. huM e vastu tane pharIthI jaNAvuM chuM ke amerikA e sauthI AgaLa vadhele mUDIvAdI deza che. duniyAmAM te sauthI dhanavAna deza che ane audyogika kaizalyamAM te sauthI mokhare che. bIjA koI paNa dezanA devAmAM te nathI ane tenuM ekamAtra devuM tenA pitAnA nAgarikenuM ja che. tenI nikAsane vepAra ghaNuM maTe che ane hajI te uttarottara vadhata ja jAya che. ane Ama chatAMye e vepAra tenA jabaradasta AMtarika vepAranA lagabhaga paMdara TakA jeTaluM ja che. e dezane vistAra lagabhaga yuropa jeTaluM che paraMtu e be vacce taphAvata e che ke yuropa nAnAM nAnAM aneka rASTramAM vaheMcAyeluM che ane e dareka rASTra pitAnI sarahada AgaLa jakAtanI UMcI dIvAla UbhI kare che jyAre yunAITeDa sTeTsanI hadanI aMdara evA vepArane vidyarUpa kazA aMtara nathI. ethI karIne yuropa karatAM amerikAmAM meTA pramANamAM AMtarika vepAra ghaNI ja sugamatAthI khIlI zake ema hatuM. garIba banI gayelA ane devAmAM DUbelA yuropanA dezo karatAM amerikAne AvI aneka prakAranI anukULatAo hatI. tenI pAse moTA pramANamAM senuM hatuM, aDhaLaka nANAM hatAM tema ja puSkaLa pramANamAM mAla hate. ane A badhuM tenI pAse hovA chatAMye mUDIvAdanI kaTokaTIe tene paNa jhaDapI lIdho ane tene saghaLe garva ha. akhUTa sAmarthya ane kAryazakita dharAvanAra prajAmAM nirAzAnuM vAtAvaraNa phelAI gayuM. ekaMdare jotAM te deza hajI tavaMgara ja rahyo hate, tenI pAsenAM nANAM kaMI alepa thaI gayAM nahotAM. paraMtu gaNyAgAMThyA mANasane tyAM e nANuMnA DhagalA thayA hatA. nyUyorkamAM hajIye karoDapatio ane abajapatio jovAmAM AvatA hatA. je. piyarapenTa mergana nAmane mATe zarApha hajI paNa pitAnI vaibhavavilAsapUrNa nAvamAM mojamajA uDAvate hate. kahevAya che ke e nAvanI kiMmata AlAkha pAuMDanI hatI. ane Ama chatAMye nyUryorka zaherane "bhUkhanA vAsa" tarIke tAjetaramAM varNavavAmAM AvyuM che. cikA jevA zaheranI moTI moTI myunisipAliTIo

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rAhata mATe rUjhavenA prayAsa 1429 lagabhaga nAdAra banI gaI ane pitAnA hajAre nekanA pagAra cUkavavAmAM te niSphaLa nIvaDI. e ja cikAgo zaheramAM hAla "pragatinI zatAbdi' (dhI seMcurI oNpha pregnesa) nAmanuM eka bhavya pradarzana athavA "vizvameLe" cAlI rahyo che. A jAtanI bhAre viSamatAo mAtra amerikAmAM ja mojUda che ema nathI. laMDanamAM jaIne tuM jaze te tyAM paNa briTananA upalA varganA bhAre vaibhavavilAsa ane aDhaLaka saMpatti tArI najare paDaze. alabata, ghelakAMomAM vasatA garIba lekamAM tane enuM darzana nahi thAya. tuM leMkezAyaramAM jA ke uttara athavA madhya AyarlenDamAM jA athavA te velsa ke skeTaleMDanA keI bhAganI mulAkAta le te tyAM AgaLa bekAra banelA lekenI lAMbI lAMbI hAre tArA jovAmAM Avaze. e lekenA caherA phikkA paDI gayA haze, gAla besI gayA haze ane meM levAI gayAM haze ane teo atizaya kaMgALa sthitimAM jIvI rahyA haze. chellAM thoDAM varamAM amerikAmAM gunAonuM pramANa ghaNuM ja vadhI gayuM che. khAsa karIne saMgaThita ToLI bAMdhIne karavAmAM AvatA gunAnuM pramANa ghaNuM ja vadhavA pAmyuM che. e gunegAra ToLIo samUhamAM kAma kare che ane potAnA mArgamAM vinarUpa thanAra lokone ghaNuM vAra teo goLIthI ThAra kare che. mAdaka pINuo vecavAne pratibaMdha karate kAyado pasAra karavAmAM AvyA tyAra pachI gunAo ghaNuM vadhI gayA ema kahevAmAM Ave che. A maniSedhane kAyade mahAyuddha pachI tarata ja karavAmAM AvyA hatA. amuka aMze moTAM moTAM kArakhAnAMnA mAlikonI mAgaNathI e kAyade karavAmAM AvyA hatA. majUre vadhAre sArI rIte kAma karI zake eTalA mATe teo madyapAna karatA baMdha thAya evuM e mAlike icchatA hatA. paraMtu dhanika leke e ja e kAyadAnI avagaNanA karI ane gerakAyadesara rIte teo paradezamAMthI pitAne mATe dArU athavA mAdaka pINAMo maMgAvavA lAgyA. dhIme dhIme mAdaka pINuone gerakAyadesarano jabaradasta vepAra Ubho thaye. e vepAramAM cerIchupIthI dArU paradezamAMthI maMgAvavAne tema ja gupta rIte dezamAM ja te taiyAra karavAno samAveza thato hatuM. sAmAnya rIte Ama gupta rIte taiyAra karavAmAM Avate dArU asala dArU karatAM halakI jAtane ane ghaNuM ja nukasAnakAraka hatA. gupta sthAnamAM e zarAba bahu ja UMce bhAve vecavAmAM AvatuM hatuM. ane badhAye meTAM meTAM zaheromAM madyapAna karavA mATenAM gupta zarAbakhAnAo UbhAM thayAM. alabata, A badhuMye gerakAyadesara hatuM ane e cAlu rAkhavA mATe polIsa ane rAjadvArI puruSane lAMca ApavAmAM AvatI athavA keTalIka vAra temane damadATI ApIne DarAvavAmAM AvatA hatA. moTA pramANamAM kAyadAnI avagaNanA karavAmAM H48

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1430 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana AvatI hatI tene pariNAme gunegAra ToLIo UbhI thavA pAmI. Ama madyaniSedhathI eka bAjue majUra varga te tema ja grAmavibhAgAmAM vasatA lakAne lAbha thayA, jyAre khIjI bAjue ene pariNAme bhAre nukasAna paNa thayuM ane gerakAyade saranA dArUnA vepAra karanArAonA eka baLavAna svArtha UbhA thayA. AkhA deza madyaniSedhanI tarapheNa karanArA ane tenA virodha karanArA evA be pakSomAM vaheMcAI gayA. madyaniSedhanI tarapheNa karanArA lAkA ' sUkA ' ane tenA virodhIo bhInA ' kahevAtA hatA. < saMgaThita TALInA gunAmAM nANAM paDAvavA mATe niMkAnAM bALakAne uThAvI javAnA gunA atizaya bhayAnaka ane kamakamATIbharyAM hatA. thADA vakhata upara liMDabarganA bALaka putrane uThAvI javAmAM karapINa rIte mArI nAkhavAmAM Avyo hato. e coMkI UThI hatI. AvyA hatA . ane tene banAvathI AkhI duniyA A badhAne kAraNe tema ja e uparAMta vepAranI maMdIne lIdhe tathA . ghaNAkharA moTA moTA amaladArA ane moTA moTA vepArIo aprAmANika ane AvaData vinAnA che evI leAkeAne khAtarI thavAthI amerikAnI prajA peAtAnI mAnasika samatA khoI beThI. 1932nA navembara mAsamAM thayelI pramukhanI cUMTaNImAM te temane kaMIka rAhata Apaze evI AzAthI amerikAnA lokA lAkhonI saMkhyAmAM rUjhavelTa tarapha vaLyA. rUjhavelTa ' bhInA ' eTale maniSedhanI viruddha hatA ane te ' Deme!kreTika ' athavA lokazAhI pakSanA hatA. e pakSanA sabhya kavacita ja yunAiTeDa sTeTsane pramukha thayeA che. temanAM viziSTa lakSaNA khyAlamAM rAkhIne bhinna bhinna dezanI tulanA karavI e hamezAM rasaprada ane phAyadAkAraka heAya che. ethI karIne yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM tAjetaramAM banelA banAvAne jarmanI ane iMgleMDamAM banelA banAvA sAthe sarakhAvavAnA mate lAbha thaI jAya che. yunAiTeDa sTeTsa ane jarmanI vacce pramANamAM samAnatA vadhAre che kema ke e baMne deza atizaya audyogika hovA chatAMye te 'temAM meATI kheDUtonI vasatI paNa che. jarmanImAM tenI kula vastInA 25 TakA jeTalA kheDUto che; yunAiTeDa sTeTsamAM kheDUte tenI varatInA 40 TakA jeTalA che. e baMne dezomAM rASTranI nIti nirmANa karavAmAM kheDUtonI asara paDe che. iMglaMDamAM ema nathI. tyAM AgaLa kheDUtAnuM pramANa bahu jUja che ane temanI upekSA karavAmAM Ave che. joke have temanI unnati karavAno thADA prayatna karavAmAM Ave che. nIcalA tharanA madhyama varganA leke `akiMcana banI gayA ane evA lekAnI saMkhyA ghaNI ja vadhI e jarmanImAM nAjhI caLavaLa pedA thavAnuM eka pradhAna kAraNa hatuM. jamanImAM calaNane phulAvA thayA pachI e saMkhyAmAM

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rAhata mATe rUjhavelTanA prayAsA 1431 bahu ja jhaDapI vadhAro thayA. jamanImAM e va`krAMtikArI anyA. amerikAmAM paNa Aje e ja prakAranA varga vadhavA lAgyA che. majUra praliTeriyaTathI judo pADavA mATe e vargane ' dheALA kaoNlaravALA ' preoliTeriyaTa kahevAmAM Ave che, kema ke majUra varganA laoNkA bhAgye ja dhoLA kaoNlara paheravAnI meAja mANe che. e dezanI sarakhAmaNI karavA jevI khIjI khAkhatA calaNane aMgenI kaTokaTI, mA, pAunDa tathA DaoNlaranA mUlyamAM sAnAne dheAraNe thayelA ghaTADA, calaNanA phulAvA tathA beM kA tUTavA pAmI e che. iMglaMDamAM baeNMkA tUTavA pAmI nahotI. kema ke tyAM AgaLa nAnI baeNMkA jhAjhI nathI ane meTI moTI gaNIgAMThI baeNMkAnA hAthamAM badhIye levaDadevaDanA vyavahAranA kAmU che. khIjI khAkhAmAM e traNe dezAmAM banelA banAvA ekaJIjAne maLatA Ave che. Arthika kaTokaTI prathama jarmInImAM, pachI iMglaMDamAM ane chelle yunAiTeDa sTeTsamAM pedA thaI. potapotAnA dezamAM lagabhaga eka ja vargonA lokA nAjhIonI, 1971nI cUMTaNImAM iMglaMDanI rASTrIya sarakAranI tema ja 1972nI sAlanA navembara mAsamAM thayelI pramukhanI cUMTaNImAM rUjhavelTanI pAchaLa hatA. A traNene madada ApanAra nIcalA tharanA madhyama varganA leA hatA ane pahelAM te khIjA pakSamAM joDAyelA hatA. A sarakhAmaNI vadhAre AgaLa sudhI kheMcavI na joi e, kema ke rASTra rASTra vacce thoDo taphAvata hoya che eTaluM ja nahi paNa sthiti jamanImAM jeTalI hade paheAMcI che teTalI hade te hajI IMgleMDa tathA yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM paheAMcI nathI. paraMtu kahevAnA muddo e che ke, udyogonI atizaya ucca kakSAe paheAMcelA A traNe dezamAM ekasarakhAM Arthika baLA kArya karI rahyAM che ane tenAM pariNAme paNa samAna Ave e bilakula sa Mbhavita che. phrAMsamAM (bIjA dezeAmAM paNa) e sthiti eTalI hade nathI pahoMcI kAraNa ke phrAMsa hajI vadhu pramANamAM khetIpradhAna deza che ane udyogAnI tyAM eTalA pramANamAM unnati thaI nathI. 1933nA mArca mAsanA AraMbhamAM rUjhavelTe pramukha tarIkene potAnA hAddo saMbhALI lIdho ke tarata ja baeNMkAnA vyavahAramAM pedA thayelI bhayaMkara kaTokaTIne tene sAmaneA karavA paDaco. vepAranI bhAre madI te te vakhate cAlu ja hatI. teNe pramukhanA haiddo sabhALyo te vakhate dezanI je sthiti hatI tenuM varNana gheADAM aThavADiyAM pachI ApatAM teNe jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, deza Aje dhIme dhIme marI rahyo che.' * rUjhavelTe tarata ja jhaDapI ane nizcita pagalAM lIdhAM. teNe amerikAnI koMgresa pAsethI baeNMkA, udyoge ane khetIvADIne aMge pagalAM bharavAnI sattA mAgI. ane UbhI thayelI kaMTeTIthI gabharAI jaI ne tathA leAkalAgaNI rUjhavelTanI tarapheNamAM che e joI te koMgrese paNa e sattA rUjhavelTane suparata

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1432 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana karI. pote "DemokreTika" athavA lekazAhI pakSane hevA chatAM rUjhavelTa saramukhatyAra je banI gayA. sau koI tenA upara mITa mAMDIne beThuM hatuM ane tAtkAlika tathA asarakAraka pagalAM bharIne te ApaNane mahAna ApattimAMthI bacAvaze evI AzA badhA leke sevI rahyA hatA. ane teNe vIjaLInI jhaDape kAma karavA mAMDyuM paNa kharuM, tathA pitAnI anekavidha pravRttiothI thoDAM ja aThavADiyAMomAM teNe AkhAye yunAITeDa sTeTsane hacamacAvI mUkyuM ane e rIte pitAnI uparano prajAne vizvAsa paNa teNe anekagaNe vadhArI mUkyo. pramukha rUjhavelTe karelA nirNayomAMnA keTalAka nIce mujaba che : 1. sonAnI calaNapaddhati teNe rada karI ane DaoNlaranA bhAva ghaTI javA dIdhA. A rIte teNe deNadArene be haLavo karyo. 2. Arthika madada ApIne teNe kheDUtane madada karI ane khetIvADIne rAhata ApavA mATe teNe be abaja DaoNlara jeTalI jabaradasta rakamanI lena kaDhAvI. 3. jaMgalakhAtAnA kAmane aMge tathA relane aMkuzamAM lAvavAnA kAmamAM rokavAne aDhI lAkha majUranI bharatI karI. bekArImAM kaMIka aMze ghaTADo karavAne mATe teNe A pagaluM lIdhuM hatuM. 4. bekArIne aMge rAhata ApavAne mATe teNe 80 karoDa DaoNlaranI keMgresa pAse mAgaNI karI. ane keMgrese te rakama maMjUra karI. 5. jAhera bAMdhakAmane mATe tathA bekArone kAma ApavAne arthe teNe lagabhaga traNa abaja DaoNlaranI jabaradasta rakama anAmata rAkhI. nANAM uchInAM kADhIne e rakama UbhI karavAnI hatI. 6. maghaniSedhane kAyade teNe utAvaLathI rada karAvyo. A badhI jabaradasta rame zrImate pAse nANAM uchInAM laIne UbhI karavAnI hatI. rUjhavelTanI samagra nItinuM dhyeya prajAnI kharIdazakti vadhAravAnuM hatuM ane hajI paNa che. hAthamAM nANAM Ave to prajA kharIdI karI zake ane e rIte vepAranI maMdI ApameLe ochI thaI jAya, e udeza lakSamAM rAkhIne ja jemAM majUrane kAme lagADI zakAya ane teo kamANI karI zake evI jAhera bAMdhakAmanI moTI moTI yojanAone amala te karI rahyo che. e ja hetu pAra pADavAne khAtara majUronI rejI vadhAravAnA ane temanA kAmanA kalAke ghaTADavAnA prayAse te karI rahyo che. divasanA kAmanA kalAke ghaTe te ethI karIne vadhAre majUrane kAma maLI zake. kaTokaTI ane maMdInA vakhatamAM kArakhAnAnA mAlike sAmAnya rIte je valaNa akhatyAra kare che tenAthI A valaNa sAva UlaTuM ja che. utpAdanano kharaca ghaTADavAne khAtara eve vakhate kArakhAnAMnA mAlike acUka rIte majUronI. majUrInA dare ghaTADe che ane kAmanA kalAke vadhAre che. paraMtu rUjhavelTanuM kahevuM

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rAhata mATe rUjhaveTanA prayAsa 1433 evuM che ke, je ApaNe meTA jathAmAM mAla utpanna kare hoya te janasamudAyane vadhAre majUrI ApIne e mAla kharIda karavA mATenI tAkAta ApaNe temanAmAM pedA karavI joIe. rUjhavelTanI sarakAre amerikAnuM rU kharIdavA mATe seviyeTa raziyAne lena paNa ApI che. e be sarakAro vacce e baMne dezanA mAlanI paraspara levaDadevaDa karavAnI vATAghATa paNa cAlI rahI che. amerikAnuM rAjya Aja sudhI zuddha mUDIvAdI rAjya rahyuM che ane tyAM AgaLa harIphAIne pUrepUre ane abAdhita avakAza hatuM. jene "vyaktivAdI" rAjya kahevAmAM Ave evuM rAjya te hatuM. rUjhavelTanI navI nItine enI sAthe meLa besatuM nathI kema ke vepArarojagAranA kSetramAM te aneka rIte dakhala karI rahyo che. ethI karIne, vAstavamAM te udyoganA kSetramAM rAjyane aMkuza sArI peThe dAkhala karI rahyo che. joke e vastune te bIjuM nAma Ape che kAmanA kalAko nakakI karavA, majUrInI zarata mukarara karavI, udyoga upara aMkuza mUke tathA "gaLAkApa harIphAI' aTakAvavI e badhAM kharI rIte sarakArI samAjavAda (sTeTa seziyAlijhama)nAM pagalAo che. rUjhavelTa ene "sahiyAruM sarjana tema ja tene pAra pADavAnA prayatna" tarIke oLakhAve che. e kAryo amerikane pitAnI hamezanI rIta pramANe pUrA jorazorathI AgaLa dhapAvI rahyA che. bALakonI majUrI baMdha karI devAmAM AvI che. (majUrI karavAnI bAbatamAM 16 varasa sudhInI uMmaranAM saune bALaka lekhavAmAM Ave che.) vadhAre majUrI, vadhAre pagAra ane kAmanA ochA kalAke e rojanA pikAre banI gayA che. e caLavaLane samRddhinI caLavaLa" tarIke varNavavAmAM Ave che. ane evuM kahevAya che ke AkhAye deza caLavaLamAM bharatI karavA mATenA eka pracaMDa vijJApanapatra jevo banI gayuM che. eroplene ThekaThekANe ghUmI rahyAM che ane kArakhAnAMnA mAlike tathA bIjAone hAkala karI rahyAM che. meTA moTA badhAye udyogane alaga alaga rIte pagAra vadhAravAnA tema ja bIjI bAbatenA niyama karavAnuM tathA pratijJApUrvaka te niyamone amala karavAnuM samajAvavAmAM Ave che. jo keI udyoga e prakAranA anukULa niyama banAvavAnuM cUke te tene evI haLavI dhamakI ApavAmAM Ave che ke, sarakAra tene mATe e niyama banAvI deze. teo pitAnA majUronA pagAra vadhAraze tathA kAmanA kalAko ghaTADaze evI matalabanA pratijJApatra upara kArakhAnAnA mAlike pAse vyaktigata rIte sahI karAvavAmAM Ave che. e bAbatamAM AgaLa paDate bhAga lenArane sanmAnasUcaka bille ApavAnuM tema ja e bAbatamAM zithilatA dAkhavanArAone zaramAvavAne khAtara dareka zaheramAM tenI pisTa oNphisa AgaLa jemaNe sanmAna prApta karyuM hoya evA mAlikonI nAmAvalI rAkhavAnuM sarakAre TharAvyuM che.

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144 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana A badhAne pariNAme bhAvamAM ane vepAramAM kaMIka sudhAro thavA pAme che. paraMtu khAsa lakSa kheMce eve sudhAre te vepAranI bhAvanA tathA sAhasikatAmAM thavA pAme che. parAjayanuM mAnasa te ghaNe aMze naSTa thayuM che ane AmaprajAne tathA khAsa karIne madhyama varganA lokonA pramukha rUjhaveTa uparano vizvAsa atizaya vadhI gayuM che. AMtaravigrahanI bhAre kaTokaTIne prasaMge pramukhane heddo lenAra amerikAnA mahAna puruSa pramukha liMkananI sAthe rUjhavelTanI sarakhAmaNI thavA lAgI che. yurepanA ghaNu leke paNa tenA tarapha najara karavA lAgyA hatA ane maMdI dUra karavAne mATe te duniyAne kaMIka mArga batAvaze evI AzA sevavA lAgyA hatA. paraMtu AMtararASTrIya Arthika pariSadamAM AvelA bIjA dezanA pratinidhiomAM te akAre thaI paDyo kema ke senAne dharaNe DaoNlaranA bhAva nakkI karavAnI nA pADavAnI tathA yunAITeDa sTeTsamAMnI pitAnI mahAna janAomAM dakhalarUpa thaI paDe evI bIjI koI paNa bAbatamAM saMmata na thavAnI prastuta pariSadamAMnA pitAnA pratinidhione teNe sUcanA ApI hatI. rUjhavelTanI nIti cakakasapaNe Arthika rASTravAdanI che. ane amerikAnI sthiti sudhAravAno teno daDha saMkalpa che. yuropanI keTalIka sarakArane e rucatuM nathI ane khAsa karIne zarAphe tathA beMkavALAe ethI nArAja thayA che. briTiza sarakArane rUjhavelTanuM pragatikArI valaNa pasaMda nathI. te "biga bijhanesa' eTale ke moTA moTA vyavasAyanI tarapheNa kare che. ane Ama chatAye rUjhaveTa tenA puragAmI karatAM duniyAnA vyavahAramAM vadhAre sakriya bhAga laI rahyo che. zastrasaMnyAsanI bAbatamAM tema ja bIjA AMtararASTrIya praznomAM teNe igleMDa karatAM nizcita ane vadhAre pragatizIla valaNa akhatyAra karyuM che. hiTalarane teNe ApelI vinayapUrvakanI cetavaNIthI te jarA narama paDyo che. soviyeTa raziyA sAthe saMparka sAdhavAne paNa te prayAsa karI rahyo che. rUjhavelTa pitAnI nItimAM saphaLa thaze ke kema? e mahAna prazna Aja amerikAmAM tema ja anyatra puchAI rahyo che. mUDIvAdane kAyama rAkhavA mATe te bhagIratha prayatna karI rahyo che. ane tenI saphaLatA eTale moTA moTA vyavasAyanuM patana ane meTA vyavasAye saheje pitAnI hAra kabUlI leze e saMbhava nathI jaNAto. amerikAnA moTA vyavasAye e Aje duniyAmAM sauthI baLavAna sthApita hita lekhAya che ane te pramukha rUjhavelTanA kahevA mAtrathI pitAnI sattA tema ja viziSTa adhikAro jatA kare ema nathI. Aje te teo cUpa thaIne beThA che kema ke prajAmata temanI viruddha che ane pramukha rUjhavelTanI lekapriyatAthI te DaghAI gayA che. paNa teo anukULa takanI rAha

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rAhata mATe rUjhavelTanA prayAse 1435 joI ne beThA che. thADA ja mahinAomAM paristhitimAM bhAre sudhArA thavA na pAme to, prajAmata rUjhavelTanI viruddha thaI jaze ema dhAravAmAM Ave che ane e prasaMge moTA vyavasAye medAne paDaze. dhRNA adhikArI nirIkSakA dhAre che ke pramukha rUjhavelTa nevanAM pANI meAbhe caDAvavAne mathI rahyo che ane emAM e saphaLa thaI zake ema nathI. tene niSphaLatA maLatAM meTA vyavasAyA pharI pAchA sarvAMparI khanaze. pahelAM karatAMye te vadhAre baLavAna ane evA saMbhava rahe che kema ke rUjhavelTe UbhA karelA sarakArI samAjavAdanA taMtrane upayAga pachIthI moTA vyavasAyAnA vyaktigata kAyadAne arthe karavAmAM Avaze. amerikAmAM majUra caLavaLa bahu baLavAna nathI ane tene sahelAithI kacarI zakAya ema che. noMdha : kaTokaTIne paheAMcI vaLavA mATenA tema ja mUDIvAdane navI paristhiti sAthe meLa besADavAnA pramukha rUjhavelTanA bhagIratha prayatnane amuka aMze saphaLatA maLI, joke ethI kazAye mULabhUta pheraphAra thavA pAmyA nahi. ethI karIne paristhitimAM gheADeAdhaNA sudhArA thayA kharA. rAhata mATenI moTI meTI yojanA tathA pagAra vadhAravAnuM tathA kAmanA kalAkeA ghaTADavAnuM mAlikAne samajAvIne udyogAnA thaDe naphA majUrAne ApavAmAM AvyeA e e vastuo upara vAstavamAM e prayatnanuM maMDANa hatuM. mAlikAe ane khAsa karIne phADe, ene peAtAnI svataMtratA uparanA humalA tarIke gaNIne ene virodha karyAM. udyogo tathA khetIne aMge karAvavAmAM AvelA niyame niSphaLa nIvaDacA ane aneka haDatAla paDI. paraMtu ene lIdhe amerikAnA majUra vadhAre baLavAna banyA, te vadhAre varga-jAgrata banyA ane temanAmAM nave ja jussA pedA thayA. majUra mahAjananA sabhyAnI saMkhyAmAM bhAre vadhAre thavA pAmyA. Arthika sthiti sudharatI gaI tema tema meTA vyavasAyAe vadhu ne vadhu ugra valaNa dhAraNa karyuM ane te rUjhavelTanA sAmanA karavA lAgyA. rUjhavelTanA e pradhAna kAyadAonI asarakAraka kalamA rAjabaMdhAraNanI viruddha che ema TharAvIne vaDI adAlate temane nirupayegI banAvI dIdhI. A rIte rUjhavelTanA navA kAryakrama ' ( nyU DIla )ne pAMgaLA banAvI devAmAM AvyA. " 1936nI sAlamAM rUjhavelTane bahu moTI bahumatIthI khIjI vAra pramukha cUMTI kADhavAmAM AvyeA. meATA vyavasAyA sAmenI tenI jhuMbeza hajI cAlu ja che. koMgresa upara have tenuM pahelAM jeTaluM prabhutva rahyuM nathI ane teNe ghaNI bAbatamAM tene virAdha karyAM che.

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13. pArlAmenTanI niSphaLatA 6 oNgasTa, 1933 tAjetaramAM banelA banAvAnuM ApaNe kaMIka vigate avelekana karI gayAM tema ja niraMtara badalAtI jatI ApaNI duniyAne Aje ghaDI rahelAM aneka baLo ane valaNanI samIkSA paNa ApaNe karI. be vastuo khAsa karIne AgaLa tarI Ave che ane AgaLa huM temane ullekha karI cUkyo chuM. paraMtu emane viSe jarA vadhAre vicAra karavAnI jarUra che. e be vastuo A che : majUra caLavaLa tathA jUnI DhabanA samAjavAdane mahAyuddha pachInAM varasa daramyAna maLelI niSphaLatA ane pArlamenTanI niSphaLatA tathA temanuM patana. 1914nI sAlamAM mahAyuddha phATI nIkaLyuM tyAre saMgaThita majUra caLavaLa kevI rIte niSphaLa nIvaDI tathA bIje AMtararASTrIya majUra saMgha chinnabhina thaI gaye te viSe huM tane kahI gaye chuM. enuM kAraNa e jaNAvavAmAM Ave che ke, yuddha ekAeka phATI nIkaLavAthI rASTrIya verajheranI lAgaNIo UchaLI Ave che ane loko bhAna bhUlIne thoDA vakhata mATe pAgala banI jAya che. paraMtu chellA cAra varamAM banelA banAve bilakula judA ja prakAranA ane vadhAre AMkha ughADanArA che. e cAra varase daramyAna mUDIvAdI duniyAe kadI nahi anubhavelI evI bhAre maMdI pedA thaI che ane ene pariNAme majUranI viTaMbaNAo ane hADamArI uttarottara vadhatI ja gaI che. Ama chatAMye duniyAmAM ane khAsa karIne IgleMDa tathA yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM majUra vargamAM ene pariNAme krAMtikArI bhAvanA pedA thaI nathI. Dhabane mUDIvAda dekhItI rIte ja tUTate jAya che. bahAranI paristhiti jotAM te lAge che ke vartamAna vyavasthA badalIne samAjavAdI arthavyavasthA sthApavA mATenI bhUmikA taiyAra thaI gaI che. paraMtu je leke e pheraphAra sauthI vizeSa karIne IcchatA hovA joIe temAMnA moTA bhAganA lake eTale ke mAre krAMti karavA cahAtA heya ema lAgatuM nathI. amerikAnA sthiticusta kheDUtemAM, ane huM tane vAraMvAra jaNAvI gayo chuM tema ghaNAkharA dezanA nIcalA tharanA madhyama varganA lekemAM krAMtinI bhAvanA Aje vadhAre pramANamAM najare paDe che. majUrI karatAM teo ghaNuM vadhAre AkramaNakArI banyA che. jarmanImAM e vastu sauthI vadhAre pramANamAM jaNAya che. IgleMDa, yunAiTeDa sTeTasa tathA bIjA dezomAM paNa e ja vastu najare paDe che paraMtu, jarmanI karatAM ochA pramANamAM. emanI vacce taphAvata mAtra pramANane che ane te rASTrIya khAsiyata tema ja te te dezanI kaTokaTInI vastIochI ugratAne AbhArI che.

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pAlamenTanI niSphaLatA 1437 mahAyuddha pachInAM AraMbhanAM varasamAM je majUra caLavaLa uddAma ane krAMtikArI hatI te pachIthI narama kema banI gaI tathA hatAza banIne game tevI paristhitine teNe kema vadhAvI lIdhI ? saheja paNa sAmano karyA vinA jarmanIne sAmAjika lekazAhIvAdI pakSa kema bhAMgI paDyo ane niSkriya banIne nAjhI humalAothI chinnabhinna gaI gaye ? IglaMDanI majUra caLavaLa ATalI badhI narama ane pratyAghAtI kema che? ane amerikAnI majUra caLavaLa te vaLI ethIye vizeSa narama ane pratyAghAtI kema che? temanI binaAvaData tathA majUronA hitane dago devA mATe ghaNI vAra majUra AgevAnone doSa devAmAM Ave che. ghaNuM majUra AgevAne e rIte deSapAtra che. emAM zaMkA nathI ane emAMnA keTalAka loke duzmana daLamAM bhaLI jAya che ane pitAnI aMgata mahattvAkAMkSA pAra pADavA mATe teo majUra caLavaLane vaTAve che e joIne kharekhara duHkha thAya che. durbhAgye takasAdhupaNuM jIvananI pravRttinA hareka kSetramAM jovAmAM Ave che. paraMtu aMgata lAbha meLavavAne khAtara lAkho dalita ane duHkhI lekenI AkAMkSAo, Adarzo tathA balidAnane vaTAvI khAnAra takasAdhupaNuM e mAnavI chanananI eka sauthI moTI karuNa ghaTanA che. AgevAne deSa pAtra bhale hoya paraMtu AgevAne paNa Akhare te vartamAna paristhitinI ja pedAza che. sAmAnya rIte dezane tene ghaTe tevA ja zAsaka maLI rahe che. tema ja koI paNa caLavaLaneye tene yogya ja netAo maLI rahe che. UMDA UtarIne jotAM jaNAze ke AgevAne paNa temanA anuyAyIonI sAcI AkAMkSAo tathA kAmanAo ja rajU karatA hoya che. sAmrAjyavAdI dezamAM na te majUra AgevAne ke na temanA anuyAyIo samAjavAdane eka jIvanasiddhAMta tarIke lekhatA hatA tema ja teo tene tatkALa prApta karavA yogya vastu mAnatA nahotA. temane samAjavAda mUDIvAdI vyavasthA sAthe vadhAre paDate gUMcavAI gayele tema ja tenI sAthe vadhAre paDate baMdhAI gayela hatA. vasAhatI dezonA zeSaNane pariNAme thatA naphAmAMthI temane thaDe hi maLatuM hatuM ane temanA jIvananuM UMcuM dhoraNa TakI rahe eTalA mATe mUDIvAdI vyavasthA cAlu rahe ema teo icchatA hatA. samAjavAda e dUrane Adarza banI gaye. te Aje siddha karavAnI nahi paNa bhaviSyanA eka prakAranA svargIya svamAnI vastu banI gaye. purANuM svarganA khyAlanI peThe samAjavAda e mUDIvAdane dAsa banI gaye. ane deza dezanA majUra pakSe, majUra mahAjana, sAmAjika samAjavAdIo, bIje AMtararASTrIya majUrasaMdha ane evI bIjI saMsthAo sudhArAnA nAnA prayAsamAM mazagUla thaI gayAM ane mUDIvAdanI AkhIye imArata temaNe jemanI tema rahevA dIdhI. temanAmAMthI dhyeyaniSThA jatI rahI ane te mAtra

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1438 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana karazAhIvALI meTI moTI saMsthAo banI gaI. te niprANa banI gaI ane temanAmAM jhAjhI zakti rahI nahi. navA sAmyavAdI pakSanI sthiti ethI bhinna hatI. enI pAse majUrone mATe vadhAre prANadAyI ane preraka saMdeza hote tathA tenI pAchaLa soviyeTa rAjyanI AkarSaka bhUmikA rahelI hatI. paraMtu Ama chatAMye tene kazIye saphaLatA maLI nahi. yuropa tathA amerikAnA majUra samudAya upara te pitAnI kazIye asara pADI na zakyo. IMgleMDa tathA yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM sAmyavAdI pakSa atizaya nabaLo hate. jarmanI tathA phrAMsamAM te kaMIka aMze baLavAna hato. Ama chatAMye, kaMI nahi te jarmanInI bAbatamAM te ApaNe joI gayAM ke te pitAnI anukULa sthitine kazeye lAbha uThAvI na zakyo. AMtararASTrIya dRSTithI jotAM 1927nI sAlamAM cInamAM ane 1933nI sAlamAM jarmanImAM ema enI be bhAre hAra thaI. vepAranI maMdI, vAraMvAra pedA thatI kaTokaTI, pagAraghaTADe ane bekArInA e kALamAM sAmyavAdI pakSa niSphaLa kema nIvaDyo e kahevuM muzkela che. keTalAka kahe che ke, tenI nItirIti ane khoTI kAryapaddhati ene mATe javAbadAra hatI. vaLI bIjA keTalAka kahe che ke, sAmyavAdI pakSa seviyeTa sarakAra sAthe vadhAre paDate baMdhAI gayA hatA ane seviyeTane kAraNe enI nIti adhikatara rASTrIya rahI. kharI rIte te AMtararASTrIya hevI joItI hatI. saMbhava che ke e badhuM sAcuM hoya paraMtu ene sAmyavAdI pakSane maLelI niSphaLatAne saMtoSakAraka khulAse bhAgye ja kahI zakAya. sAmyavAdI pakSane phelA majUravargamAM jhAjho thavA pAmyo nahoto paraMtu sAmyavAdI vicArone phelA khAsa karIne buddhijIvI vargomAM sArI peThe thayuM hatuM. sarvatra - mUDIvAdane Teko ApanArA lekamAM paNa-evI dahezata pedA thavA pAmI hatI ke, e kaTokaTIne pariNAme anivArya rIte kaMIka prakAranI sAmyavAdI vyavasthA UbhI thavA pAmaze. jUnI DhabanA mUDIvAdanA divase bharAI cUkyA che ema sAmAnya rIte sau koI mAnatuM hatuM. kaI paNa prakAranA saMjana vinAnI, ane bagADa tathA aneka prakAranA saMgharSovALI tema ja jemAM vAraMvAra kaTokaTI pedA thayA kare che evI A je kaMI hAthamAM Ave e pacAvI pADanArI arthavyavasthA,- vyaktigata rIte hAtha mArI levAnI A nIti javI ja joIe. ene badale saMyojanavALI koIka prakAranI samAjavAdI athavA sahakArI arthavyavasthA sthapAvI joIe. eno artha e nathI ke emAM anivAryapaNe majUrone vijaya thAya che kema ke, mAlikavarganA lAbhane khAtara paNa ardha-samAjavAdI dhoraNa para rAjyanI punarghaTanA thaI zake che. sarakArI samAjavAda ane sarakArI mUDIvAda e lagabhaga samAna vastu che.

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pArlamenTanI niSphaLatA 1439 rAjya upara Adhipatya kAnuM che ane tethI lAbha kAne thAya che, samagra prajAne ke prajAnA kAI eka milakatadAra vargane e kharo prazna che. buddhijIvI lAkA jyAre vAvivAda karI rahyA hatA tyAre pazcima yuropanA audyogika dezAnA nIcalA tharanA madhyamavarganA leAkeAe sakriya pagaluM bharyuM. e vanA lAkane aspaSTapaNe ema lAgyuM ke, mUDIvAda tathA mUDIvAdI temanuM zoSaNa karI rahyA che ane tethI temanI sAme teo rASe bharAyA hatA. paraMtu mAravA~thI tema ja sAmyavAdIonA hAthamAM sattA Ave enAthI te vizeSe karIne DaratA hatA. A qAsisTa valaNanA lAkA sAthe sAmAnya rIte mUDIvAdIoe samajUtI karI lIdhI kemake temane lAgyuM ke sAmyavAdane khALavAnA e sivAya khIo rastA nathI. dhIme dhIme sAmyavAdathI DaranArA sau kAI A phAsIvAdamAM bhaLI gayA. A rIte, jyAM AgaLa mUDIvAda jokhamamAM AvI paDe che athavA tene sAmyavAdanA sAmane karavAnA Ave che yA te evA saMbhava pedA thAya che tyAM phAsIvAdanA phelAvA thAya che, e enI vacce pArlAmenTa dvArA cAlatI zAsanapaddhati chinnabhinna thaI jAya che. ane ene pariNAme, A patranA AraMbhamAM AgaLa tarI AvatI je vastuonA ullekha karyAM hatA temAMnI bIjI eTale ke pArlAmenTanI niSphaLatA athavA patana pedA thAya che. saramukhatyArazAhI tathA jUnI DhabanI lokazAhI viSe meM AgaLanA patromAM ThIka ThIka vistArathI kahyuM che. raziyA, iTAlI, madhya yuropa ane hAla jama`nImAM e vastu spaSTapaNe joi zakAya che. jarmanImAM tA nAjhIoe sattA hAtha karI te pahelAM ja pArlAmenTa dvArA cAlatI zAsanapati paDI bhAgI hatI. yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM paNa ApaNe joI gayAM ke koMgrese pramukha rUjhavelTanA hAthamAM saMpUrNa sattA soMpI dIdhI hatI. yureApamAM lokazAhInI sauthI lAMkhI para parAvALA e deze! iMglaMDa ane phrAMsamAM paNa e prakriyA zarU thayelI najare paDe che. prathama ApaNe iMgleMDanA dAkhalA tapAsIe, IMglaMDanI kArya karavAnI rIta yuropa khaMDanA khIjA dezAnI rIta karatAM bilakula bhinna che. aMgrejo jAne! dekhAva rAkhI mUkavAnA hamezAM prayatna kare che ane tethI karIne tyAM AgaLa pheraphArA spaSTapaNe dekhAtA nathI. upara uparathI jonArane te lAge ke briTiza pAmenTa pahelAMnA jevI ja sthitimAM hajI cAlu che paraMtu vAstavamAM temAM dhaNA pheraphAro thaI gayA che. pahelAMnA vakhatamAM AmanI sabhA sIdhI rIte potAnI sattA vAparatI hatI ane tenA eka sAmAnya sabhyane paNa temAM ThIka ThIka avAja pahoMcatA hato. Aje te meATA meoTA praznone niya pradhAnamaMDaLa athavA sarakAra kare che ane AmanI sabhA to te bAbatamAM mAtra hA ' / ' nA ' ja kahI zake che. ezaka, 'nA' kahIne AmanI sabhA sarakArane kADhI mUkI zake che, paraMtu evuM kaDaka pagaluM bhAgye ja levAmAM Ave *

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1440 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna che kemake ene pariNAme aneka pAMcAtA UbhI thAya che ane sAmAnya cUMTaNI paNa karavI paDe che. AthI, AmanI sabhAmAM sarakAranI bahumatI hoya to lagabhaga potAnI marajImAM Ave te badhuM te karI zake che ane AmanI sabhAnI temAM saMmati laI ne te e mujabane kAyado paNa karI zake che. A rIte sattA pAmenTa athavA dhArAsabhAmAMthI pradhAnamaMDaLanA hAthamAM gaI che ane hajI paNa jatI jAya che. vaLI, AjakAla pArlamenTane ghaNuM kAma karavAnuM hoya che; tenI samakSa aneka gUMcavaNabharyAM praznA UbhA thAya che. AthI have evA rivAja paDI gayA che ke, pArlamenTa to keAI pagaluM ke kAyadAnA sAmAnya siddhAMtA ja mAtra nakkI kare che ane enI vigato nakkI karavAnuM kArAbArI sarakAra athavA tenA kAI eka khAtA upara cheDavAmAM Ave che. A rIte kArobArInA hAthamAM jabaradasta sattA AvI gaI che ane kaTokaTIbharI paristhiti vakhate te cAhe te karI zake che. Ama rAjyanI mahattvanI pravRttiothI pArlamenTanA sapa uttarottara ghaTatA jAya che. Aje tenuM mukhya kArya mAtra sarakAranAM pagalAMonI TIkA karavAnuM, prazna pUchavAnuM tathA bIjI pUchaparacha karavAnuM ane chevaTe sarakAranI sAmAnya nItine maMjUra karavAnuM ja mAtra rahyuM che. haeNrelDa je. lAsTI kahe che ke, 'ApaNI sarakAra kArobArInI saramukhatyArazAhI banI gaI che; mAtra pArlamenTanA baLavAnI tene kaMIka dahezata hoya che. ' 1931nA oNgasTa mAsamAM majUra sarakAranuM ekAeka patana bahu ja vicitra rIte thayuM hatuM. e vastu uparathI jaNAya che ke e bAbatamAM pAmenTanuM keTaluM AkhuM calaNa che. sAmAnya rIte iMglaMDamAM AmanI sabhAmAM tene hAra maLavAthI sarakAranuM patana thAya che. 1931nI sAlamAM kazIye vastu AmanI sabhA AgaLa nahotI AvI. zuM cAlI rahyu che enI kAI te paNa khabara nahotI, pradhAna maMDaLanA ghaNAkharA sabhyone sudhdhAM kazIye khabara nahotI. vaDA pradhAna rasse maeNkaDonAlDe khIjA pakSAnA AgevAnA joDe gupta maMtraNA karI, te rAjAne maLyA ane jUnuM pradhAnamaDaLa ekAeka adRzya thaI gayuM ane tene badale chApAMomAM navA pradhAnamaMDaLanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI ! jUnA pradhAnama`DaLanA keTalAka sabhyAe to A badhuM . A chApAMmAMthI ja pahelavahelIvAra jANyuM. A asAdhAraNa ane lokazAhIvirodhI kAryapraNAlI hatI ane chevaTe AmanI sabhAe e vastune majUra rAkhI ethI kaI e hakIkatamAM kaze taphAvata paDato nathI. e saramukhatyArazAhInI paddhati hatI. ' A rIte majUra sarakArane sthAne eka rAtamAM ' rASTrIya sarakAra ' AvI. emAM kanjharaveTIva pakSanuM prabhutva hatuM ane temAM bhaLelA gaNyAgAMThavA libaralA

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pAlamenTanI niSphaLatA 1441 tathA majUra pakSanA lokoe tene rASTrIya svAMga ApavAno prayAsa karyo hato. majUra pakSe tene amAnya kAryo tathA tene pitAnA pakSamAMthI kADhI mUkyo te chatAye rase maeNkaDonAlDa vaDA pradhAna tarIke cAlu rahyo. dUragAmI samAjavAdI pheraphAra milakatadAra vargonI sthiti hacamacAvI mUkaze athavA te temanA upara bhAre bojo nAkhaze evI dahezata pedA thavA pAme che eve samaye AvI "rASTrIya sarakAre uddabhave che. 1931nI sAlanA oNgasTa mAsamAM evI sthiti pedA thaI hatI. e vakhate Arthika kaTokaTI zarU thaI cUkI hatI ane ene kAraNe pAchaLathI pAunDanA calaNane senA sAthe saMbaMdha cheDI devAnI pharaja paDI hatI. ene pariNAme mUDIvAdI baLe saMgaThita thaIne samAjavAdanI sAme khaDAM thayAM. majUra pakSa je jItaze te madhyama varganI badhIye bacata jatI raheze evo bhaya batAvIne rASTrIya sarakAre nIcalA tharanA madhyamavarganA lekene bhaDakAvI mAryA ane e rIte sAmAnya cUMTaNImAM teNe pitAnI bhAre bahumatI meLavI. maeNkaDonAlDa tathA tene Teke ApanArAoe jaNAvyuM ke, pasaMdagI rASTrIya sarakAra yA te sAmyavAda e be vacce karavAnI che. A rIte IMglaMDamAM paNa jUnI DhabanI lekazAhI naSTa thaI che ane pArlamenTanI avanati thatI jAya che. prajAnI bhAvanAone halamalAvI mUke evA gaMbhIra praznone sAmano karavAne Ave che tyAre lokazAhI niSphaLa nIvaDe che dhArmika athavA te rASTrIya ke jAti jAti vaccenA jhaghaDAo (dAkhalA tarIke jarmana ane yahUdIo vaccenA) ane vizeSa karIne milakata dharAvanArAo ane milakata vinAnA leko vaccenA Arthika saMgharSo e AvA prakAranA prazno che. tane yAda haze ke, 1914nI sAlamAM AyarlenDamAM alsara ane bAkInA AyarlenDa vacce A rASTrIya dhArmika prazna UbhuM thayuM tyAre IgleMDanA kanjharaveTIva pakSe kharekhAta pArlamenTane nirNaya svIkAravAnI nA pADI ane ethIye AgaLa vadhIne teNe AMtaravigrahane paNa uttejana ApyuM hatuM. Ama jyAM sudhI upara uparathI dekhAtI lekazAhI kAryapraNAlI milakatadAra varganA hitamAM heya tyAM sudhI pitAno svArtha sAdhavAmAM teo tene lAbha uThAve che. paraMtu jyAre te emane vinarUpa thaI paDe ane temanA viziSTa adhikAra tathA svArthone paDakAre tyAre lekazAhIne teo lAta mAre che ane saramukhatyAra zAhInI rItane Azaro le che. briTiza pArlAmenTane bhaviSyamAM taLiyAjhATaka sAmAjika pheraphAra karavAnI bAbatamAM bahumatI maLe e banavAjoga che. je ema bane ane evI bahumatI sthApita hite upara humale kare te prastuta hita dharAvanArAo khuda pArlamenTanI sattAne paNa kadAca inkAra kare ane 1914nI sAlamAM alsaranA muddA upara temaNe karyuM hatuM tema tenA nirNayanI sAme khullA baLavAne paNa uttejana Ape.

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1442 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana A uparathI ApaNane jaNAya che ke, pArlAmenTa tathA lekazAhI vartamAna paristhiti TakAvI rAkhe tyAM sudhI ja milatadAra vargo temane icchavAyegya gaNe che. ene, bezaka sAcI lekazAhI na ja kahI zakAya; e te geralekazAhI hetuone mATe karavAmAM Avate lekazAhInA khyAlane durapayoga che. sAcI lekazAhInI hastIne te hajI sudhI taka maLI ja nathI kemake mUDIvAdI vyavasthA ane lekazAhI e be vacce tAttvika virodha che. lekazAhIne je kaMI paNa artha hoya to te samAnatA che ane te paNa kevaLa matAdhikAranI samAnatA nahi paNa Arthika ane rAjakIya samAnatA. mUDIvAdane artha ethI sAva UlaTe ja che; eTale ke mUDIvAdI vyavasthAmAM mUThIbhara lekenA hAthamAM Arthika sattA hoya che ane teo tene upaga pitAnA phAyadAne mATe kare che. teo pitAnI viziSTa adhikArayukta sthiti salAmata rAkhavAne mATe kAyadA kare che ane e kAyadAno bhaMga karanArane kAyado ane vyavasthAmAM vikSepa karanAra lekhavAmAM Ave che tathA tene samAje zikSA karavI joIe evuM jaNAvavAmAM Ave che. A rIte e vyavasthAmAM samAnatA hotI nathI ane mUDIvAdI kAyadAonI maryAdAnI aMdara je kaMI svataMtratA hoya che te mUDIvAda TakAvI rAkhavAne arthe ja hoya che. mUDIvAda ane lekazAhI vacce saMgharSa mUlagata ane kAyamI che. bhrAmaka pracAra, pArlAmenTa jevAM lekazAhInAM bahAranAM svarUpa tathA milakatadAra vargo temane DeghaNe aMze saMtuSTa rAkhavAne mATe bIjA vargo tarapha je TukaDAo pheMke che e badhAthI tenA upara DhAMkapichoDo karavAmAM Ave che. pachIthI e samaya Ave che ke, jyAre kazAye TukaDA pheMkavAnA rahetA nathI ane e baMne vargo vacce saMgharSa ugra bane che. kemake have sAcI vastu mATenI eTale ke, rAjyanI Arthika sattA hAtha karavA mATenI jhuMbeza zarU thAya che. jyAre e sthiti pedA thAya che tyAre Aja sudhI bIjA pakSo joDe ramata ramatA mUDIvAdane Teke ApanArA sau pitAnAM sthApita hito jokhamamAM mukAvAne bhaya pedA thatAM tene sAmane karavAne ekatra thaI jAya che. udAramatavAdIo ( libarale) ane evA vicAranAM bIjAM daLa alepa thaI jAya che ane lekazAhInAM baLone bAjue mUkI devAmAM Ave che. yuropa tathA amerikAmAM Aje e sthiti pedA thaI che ane phAsIvAda je ghaNAkharA dezamAM Aje prabhutva bhegave che te e sthiti athavA avarathA rajU kare che. majUra caLavaLe sarvatra rakSaNAtmaka valaNa akhatyAra karyuM che kemake mUDIvAdI baLonA A navA ane baLavAna saMgaThanano sAmano karavA jeTaluM sAmartha tenAmAM nathI. ane Ama chatAMye vicitra vAta te e che ke khuda mUDIvAdI vyavasthA paNuM DagamagI rahI che ane navI duniyA sAthe te pitAne meLa sAdhI zakatI nathI. A sthitimAM

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, pAlamenTanI niSphaLatA 1444 e TakI jaze toye atizaya badalAyelA ane vadhAre ugra svarUpe Takaze emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. ane, alabata e paNa lAMbI laDatanI eka bIjI avasthA ke tabakko haze. kemake mUDIvAdanA koI paNa svarUpa nIce Adhunika udyoga ane khuda Adhunika jIvana e raNakSetre che ane tenA upara sainyanI athaDAmaNa niraMtara thayAM ja kare che. keTalAka loko dhAre che ke thoDAka samaju lekonA hAthamAM sarakAranAM sUtra suparata karavAmAM AvyAM hatA te A badhI muzkelIo, yAtanAo ane saMgharSa TALI zakAta ane mutsaddIo tathA rAjadvArI puruSonI mUI tathA duSTatA ja e badhAnA mULamAM rahelI che. temanuM evuM mAnavuM che ke, sajjane je ekaThA thAya te durjanene sadAcArane upadeza ApIne tathA temanI bhUla batAvIne teo temane hRdayapalaTa karI zake. A bahu cheTe ane bhrAmaka khyAla che, kema ke deSa vyaktione nahi paNa bUrI prathA athavA khoTA taMtrane che. e taMtra cAlu rahe tyAM sudhI e vyaktio Aje varte che te ja rIte vartatI rahevAnI. sattAdhArI athavA adhikAranA sthAne virAjamAna samUhA,- pachI te pararASTra upara zAsana karanArA videzI samUha hoya yA te rASTranI aMdaranA ja Arthika samUho heya,- bhAre AtmavaMcanA ane daMbhane vaza thaIne ema ja mAne che ke, temanA viziSTa adhikAro e temanI yogyatAone ja nyAyapUrakasarane badale che. temanI e sthitine je koI paNa virodha kare che te temane duSTa, badamAza ane sulehazAMtine bhaMga karanAra lAge che. viziSTa adhikAra bhogavanAra koI paNa samUhane temanA viziSTa adhikAre anyAyI che ane te teNe choDI devA joIe evI khAtarI karAvI ApavI muzkela hoya che; vyaktione kadAca evI khAtarI thAya e banavA joga che, joke evuM paNa javalle ja bane che, paraMtu AkhA samUhane te kadI paNa evI khAtarI thatI nathI ane pariNAme anivAryapaNe athaDAmaNo, saMgharSo ane krAMtio thavA pAme che ane temAMthI aparaMpAra yAtanAo ane duHkhe pedA thAya che.

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194. jagata upara chevaTanI dRSTi 7 AgasTa, 1933 jyAM sudhI kAgaLa, kalama ane zAhI che tyAM sudhI patra lakhavAne ata Ave ema nathI. ane jagatanA banAvA viSe lakhavAnA paNa pAra Ave ema nathI kema ke, duniyAnI ghaTamALa cAlyAM ja kare che ane strI, puruSo ane bALakAnuM hasavuM tathA raDavuM, temane prema ane temanA dveSa tathA ekabIjA sAthenA temanA laDAITaMTA e badhuM niraMtarapaNe cAlyAM ja kare che ane e kathA AgaLa ne AgaLa cAlyAM ja kare che ane tene kadIye aMta Ave ema nathI. ane ApaNe jIvIe chIe te jamAnAmAM teA jIvanano pravAha vadhAre vegathI vahetA jaNAya che ane eka pachI eka pheraphAro vadhAre tvarita gatithI thAya che. huM lakhI rahyo chuM te daramyAna paNa pheraphAro thaI rahyA che ane Aje huM je lakhI rahyo chuM te kadAca AvatI kAle jAnuM purANuM ane avAstavika banI jAya. jIvanasaritA kadIye sthira rahetI nathI. te to aviratapaNe vahetI ja rahe che. AjanI peThe te kadI kadI niyapaNe, ApaNAM kSullaka saMkalpe ane kAmanAonI upekSA karatI tathA ApaNI pAmara jAtanA niSThura upahAsa karatI tema ja tenA tAphAnI taraMgA upara taNukhalAMonI peThe ApaNane ahIMtahI uchALatI rAkSasI zaktithI AgaLa ne AgaLa vadhe che. e kayAM jaze enI kAI ne paNa khabara nathI. tene sahasra dhArAmAM chinnabhinna karanAra UMcA khaDaka upara te pahoMcI jaze ke pachI aphATa, gahana, bhavya ane zAnta tathA nira Mtara badalAtA rahetA ane chatAMye acaLa evA udadhine jaI ne maLaze ? e kANu kahI zake? OU meM jeTaluM lakhavA dhAryuM hatuM athavA mAre jeTaluM lakhavuM joItuM hatuM tenA karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre meM atyAra sudhImAM lakhI nAkhyuM che. mArI kalama asa cAlyAM ja karI. ApaNe ApaNuM lAMbuM bhramaNa pUruM karyuM che ane ene chevaTane lAMkhe hapatA paNa ApaNe pUrA karyAM che. ApaNe Aja sudhI AvI pahoMcyAM chIe ane AvatI kAlanA umarA upara AvIne UbhAM chIe ane e AvatI kAlane Aja banavAne vAro Avaze tyAre tenI sUrata kevI haze enA AzcaryamAM garakAva thaI jaIe chIe. jarA thAbhI jaI te ApaNe duniyA tarapha najara karIe. 1973nI sAlanA oNgasTa mAsanA sAtamA divase enI zI sthiti che ? hiMdamAM gAMdhIjInI phIthI dharapakaDa karavAmAM AvI che ane sajA pAmIne te pAchA yaravaDA jelamAM pahoMcI gayA che. savinayabhaMganI laData maryAdita

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jagata upara chevaTanI daSTi 1445 svarUpamAM pharI pAchI zarU karavAmAM AvI che ane ApaNuM birAdare pharI pAchA kArAvAsamAM jaI rahyA che. eka vIra ane priya sAthI jatIndramohana sena gupta humaNuM ja ApaNane choDIne cAlyA gayA che. briTiza sarakAranA kedI tarIke temanuM avasAna thayuM che. te mArA mitra hatA ane pacIsa varasa upara _ huM kembrijamAM hatA tyAre temanI mane pahelavahelI mulAkAta thaI hatI. jIvana mRtyumAM samAI jAya che. paraMtu bhAratavAsIonuM jIvana jIvavA yogya banAvavA mATenuM mahAna kArya te cAlu ja che. bhAratanAM sauthI vizeSa jozIlAM ane pratibhAzALI putraputrIo hajAronI saMkhyAmAM turage ane aTakAyatanI chAvaNIomAM paDyAM che ane bhAratane gulAmImAM rAkhatI mojUda vyavasthA sAme jhUjhavAmAM teo pitAnAM yauvana tathA zakti kharacI rahyAM che. temanAM jIvana tathA temanI A zakti sarjaka kAryamAM, racanAtmaka kAryamAM vaparAyAM heta; e rIte A duniyAmAM keTaluM badhuM karavAnuM bAkI che! paraMtu sarjana athavA racanA pahelAM nAza karavAnI jarUra rahe che jethI karIne navI imAratanA caNatara mATe jagyA sApha thAya. ghelakAMonI mATInI dIvAla upara ApaNe suMdara ImArata caNa na zakIe. hiMdanA keTalAka bhAgomAM, jemake baMgALamAM, lekee pizAka kevI rIte pahere ene aMge paNa sarakAre niyame karyA che. ane ethI bIjI rIte kapaDAM paheravAM eTale ke jela vaheravI. hiMdanI dazA Aje kevI che e uparyukta hakIkata uparathI barAbara samajI zakAze. ane citAgAMgamAM te 12 varasanI uMmaranA chokarAone (mArA dhAravA pramANe chokarIone paNa) teo jyAM jAya tyAM pitAnI sAthe oLakhanuM patuM rAkhavuM paDe che. bIje kyAMya, nAjhIonA amala nIcenA jarmanImAM ke duzmana je jene kabaje lIdhe heya evA yuddha pradezamAM paNa, AvA asAdhAraNa hukamane amala karavAmAM AvatuM haze ke kema enI mane khabara nathI. briTiza lekanA amala nIce ApaNe evI prajA banI gayAM chIe ke ApaNI harakoI pravRtti mATe ApaNe sarakAranI paravAnagI levI paDe che. ane ApaNA sarahada prAMtanI pelI tarapha ApaNuM pADozIo upara eroplenamAMthI baeNbamAre karavAmAM Ave che. paradezamAM ApaNuM dezabaMdhuonuM jarA paNa sanmAna karavAmAM AvatuM nathI ane duniyAmAM kyAMye temanuM bhAgye ja svAgata karavAmAM Ave che. ane emAM Azcarya paDavA jevuM kazuM nathI kema ke pitAnA dezamAM ja jemanuM sanmAna nathI thatuM temanuM paradezamAM kevI rIte sanmAna karavAmAM Ave ? jyAM teo jamyA tathA UcharyA hatA tathA jenA keTalAka bhAgone - khAsa karIne nAtAlane - khIlavavAmAM jemaNe mahenata majUrI karI hatI te dakSiNa AphrikAmAMthI ApaNA dezabhAIone kADhI mUkavAmAM Ave che. raMgabheda, jAtiSa tathA Arthika saMgharSa e badhI vastuoe ekatra thaIne dakSiNa AphrikAmAM vasatA hiMdIonI 6-41

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144 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana - sthiti gharabAra ke AzrayasthAna vinAnA aspRzya jevI banAvI mUkI che. dakSiNa AphrikAnI sarakAra kahe che ke ahIMthI te e balA sadAne mATe TaLavI ja joIe, pachIthI teo game tyAM jAya, cAhe te briTiza giyAnAmAM jAya, ke hiMdamAM pAchA pharIne tyAM bhUkhe mare athavA te jahAnamamAM paDe. pUrva AphrikAmAM kenyA tathA tenI AsapAsanA pradezanI khilavaNI karavAmAM hiMdIoe bhAre phALo Apyo hate. paraMtu tyAM temanA vasavATa tarapha pasaMdagI batAvavAmAM AvatI nathI; AphrikAvAsIone temanI sAme vAMdhe che eTalA mATe nahi paNa mUThIbhara yuropiyana bagIcAvALAone te racatuM nathI eTalA mATe tyAMne uttamottama pradeza eTale ke tyAM AgaLane ucca pradeza A bagIcAvALAo mATe anAmata rAkhavAmAM AvyA che ane koI paNa AphrikAvAsI ke hiMdI tyAM jamIna kharIdI zakatA nathI. garIba bicArA AphrikAvAsIonI dazA te sauthI bhUMDI che. mULa te e badhIye jamIna temanI mAlikI nIce hatI ane te temanuM ekamAtra AvakanuM sAdhana hatuM. e jamInanA moTA moTA TukaDA sarakAre japta karyA ane tyAM AvIne vasanArA yuropiyanane te maphata ApI devAmAM AvyA. A vasAhatIo athavA bagIcAvALAo tyAM AgaLa moTA moTA jamInadAra banI beThA che. temane Avare nathI ApavAno hato tema ja bIje paNa kaI kara temane bhAgye ja ApavAnuM hoya che. karane badhoye beja garIba ane dalita AphrikAvAsIo upara paDe che. AphrikAvAsIo upara kara nAkhavAnuM saheluM nahatuM kema ke temanI pAse lagabhaga kazIye matA hotI nathI. AthI leTa ane kApaDa jevI jIvananI jarUriyAtanI vastuo upara kara nAkhavAmAM AvyuM ane e vastuo teo kharIde che tyAre parokSa rIte temane kara Apa paDe che. paraMtu jhUMpaDA dITha ane tenA Azrita sahita - jemAM strIone paNa samAveza thAya che- 16 varasanI uparanA pratyeka puruSa pAse ugharAvavAmAM Avate sIdhe kara e sauthI asAdhAraNa che. karano siddhAMta te e che ke, lokenI kamANI upara athavA te temanI mAlamilakata upara kara nAkha joIe. paNa AphrikAvAsI pAse bIjI mAlamilakata te lagabhaga kazIye hatI ja nahi eTale temanA zarIra upara kara nAkhavAmAM Avyo! paraMtu temanI pAse paisA hoya ja nahi te pachI bAra ziliMgane A vArSika kara temaNe kevI rIte bhara? emAM ja e karanI duSTatA rahelI che kema ke e kara bharavAne paisA kamAvA mATe temane yuropiyana vasAhatIonA bagIcAomAM majUrI karavAnI pharaja paDatI. mAtra karanAM nANAM meLavavAnI ja nahi paNa yuropiyananA khetInA bagIcAo mATe seMghI majUrI meLavavA mATenI paNa e yukti hatI. AthI A mAthAvere bharavA mATe paisA kamAvAne A garIba bicArA AphrikAvAsIone jabaradasta aMtara kApIne 70ththI 800 mAIla

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jagata upara chevaTanI dRSTi , 1447 , dUra dariyA kinArA upara AvelA yuropiyanA khetInA bagIcAomAM majUrI karavAne javuM paDatuM. (tyAM AgaLa dezanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM relave nathI ane dariyAkAMThA uparanA pradezamAM paNa bahu ochI relave che.) bahAranI duniyAne pitAne avAja kevI rIte saMbhaLAve enI paNa jemane khabara nathI evA A garIba ane zeSita AphrikAvAsIo viSe hajI te huM tane ghaNuM ghaNuM kahI zakuM ema chuM. temanAM vItakanI kahANuM ghaNuM lAMbI che ane teo mUMge moDhe badhI yAtanAo sahI rahyA che. pitAnI uttamottama jamIna uparathI temane hAMkI kADhavAmAM AvyA eTale A AphrikAvAsIone bhoge jemane e jamIna maphata maLI hatI te yurepiyAnA gaNetiyA thaIne temane e jamIna upara pAchA javAnI pharaja paDI. A yuropiyana jamInadAre madhyayuganA jAgIradAre jevI sattA bhogave che ane temane na racatI hareka prakAranI pravRtti dAbI devAmAM Ave che. AphrikAvAsIo sudhArA mATenI himAyata karavA mATe paNa maMDaLa na sthApI zake kema ke nANAM ugharAvavAnI temane manAI karavAmAM AvI che. nRtyane pratibaMdha karanAre paNa eka eDinansa kADhavAmAM AvyuM che kAraNa ke nAcatI tathA gAtI vakhate AphrikAvAsIo yuropiyananI keTalIka rItabhAtanI majAka karatA tathA cALA pADatA ! kheDUtavarga bahu ja garIba che ane yuropiyana bagIcAvALAo sAthe harIphAI thAya eTalA khAtara cA tathA kaphI ugADavAnI temane paravAnagI ApavAmAM AvatI nathI. * traNa varasa pUrve briTiza sarakAre gaMbhIratApUrvaka jAhera karyuM hatuM ke, AphrikAvAsIonI te TrasTI che ane have pachIthI temanI pAsethI temanI jamIna laI levAmAM Avaze nahi. paraMtu AphrikAvAsIonA durbhAgye gaye varase kenyAmAM sonuM maLI AvyuM. peluM gaMbhIra vacana bhUlI javAmAM AvyuM; yuropiyana bagIcAvALAo e jamIna upara tUTI paDyA. temaNe Aphrikana kheDUtone tyAMthI hAMkI kADhayA ane tenuM khodI kADhavAnuM kAma zarU karyuM. briTiza lekanAM vacana AvAM hoya che. ApaNane kahevAmAM Ave che ke, Akhare A badhAthI AphrikAvAsIone lAbha ja thavAnuM che ne pitAnI jamIna gumAvIne teo rAjI thayA che! sanAvALA pradezano phAyado uThAvavAnI mUDIvAdI paddhati ajaba prakAranI heya che. amuka sthAnethI lekane te meLavavA mATe deDAvavAmAM Ave che ane dareka jaNa te pradezanA amuka bhAgane kabaje le che. ane pachI temAMthI sonuM khedI kADhavAnuM kAma zarU kare che. potAnA bhAganI jamInamAM tene vadhAre ke ochuM sonuM maLaze ene AdhAra tenA nasIba upara hoya che. mUDIvAdanI e namUnedAra paddhati che. kharI rIte te ema hovuM joIe ke te dezanI sarakAre senAnA te kSetrano kabajo laIne samagra rAjyane lAbha thAya e rIte temAMthI

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1448 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana senuM bedI kADhavAnuM kArya karavuM joIe. tAjIkistAnamAMnAM tema ja bIje sthaLe AvelAM senAnAM kSetramAMthI seviyeTa sarakAra e ja rIte senuM bedI kADhe che. jagatanA ApaNuM A chellA avakanamAM meM kanyA viSe thoDuM kahyuM kema ke A patromAM AphrikAnI meM upekSA karI che. tAre e vastu lakSamAM rAkhavI joIe ke e vizALa khaMDa aneka Aphrikana jAtiothI bhareluM che ane paradezIo e jAtione seMkaDo varasathI cUsatA AvyA che ane hajI paNa cUsI rahyA che. e jAtio atizaya pachAta che. paraMtu temane dAbI rAkhavAmAM Ave che ane temane AgaLa vadhavAnI taka ApavAmAM AvatI nathI. jyAM temane evI taka ApavAmAM AvI che - jema ke tAjetaramAM pazcima kinArAnA pradezamAM sthApavAmAM AvelI yunivarsiTImAM - tyAM temaNe apUrva pragati sAdhI che. pazcima eziyAnA deza viSe te meM tane ghaNuM kahyuM che. tyAM tema ja misaramAM judA judA svarUpe svAtaMtrya mATenI laData cAlI rahI che ane te judI judI avasthAe pahoMcI che. e ja rIte dakSiNa pUrva eziyAmAM, bahabhAratamAM tema ja InDoneziyA athavA siyAma, hiMdI cIna, jAvA, sumAtrA ane philipAIna TApuo vageremAM paNa svataMtratA mATenI laData cAlI rahI che. ane siyAma ke je svataMtra deza che te sivAya sarvatra e laDatanAM be pAsAMo che : videzI Adhipatya sAme pedA thayelI rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA ane te te dezanA dalita vargonA lekanI sAmAjika samAnatA prApta karavAnI athavA kaMI nahi te pitAnI Arthika sthiti sudhAravA mATenI dhagaza. eziyAnA dUra pUrvanA bhAgamAM cInanuM pracaMDa rASTra AkramaNa karanArAonI sAme asahAya thaI paDayuM che ane AMtarika jhaghaDAone kAraNe aneka TukaDAomAM vaheMcAI gayuM che. tenuM eka aMga sAmyavAda tarapha DhaLyuM che jyAre bIjuM tethI sAva UlaTI ja dizAmAM DhaLeluM che ane daramyAna jApAna tyAM makkamatAthI AgaLa vadhI rahyuM che ane cInanA vizALa pradeza upara teNe pitAne kabajo karyo che. paraMtu tenA lAMbA ItihAsakALa daramyAna cIna pracaMDa caDAIo ane jokhamamAMthI TakatuM AvyuM che ane jApAnanI caDhAImAM paNa te TakI rahIne pAra Utaraze emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. sAmrAjyavAdI jApAna vizvasAmrAjya mATenAM mahattvAkAMkSI svapnAM sevI rahyuM che. te ardha- phaDala avasthAmAM che ane tyAM AgaLa lazkarI taMtrane dara varte che. Ama chatAMye udyogonI bAbatamAM teNe bhAre pragati sAdhI che. A rIte te bhUtakALa ane vartamAnanuM ajaba prakAranuM mizraNa che. paraMtu tenAM vizvasAmrAjyanAM svapnAnI pAchaLa jhajhUmI rahelA Arthika vinAza ane tenI kIDIdara vastInI bhayaMkara hADamArI ane yAtanAonI kAramI vAstavikatA chupAyelI

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jagata, upara chevaTanI daSTi 149 che. e vastInI sAme amerikAnAM dvAra baMdha karavAmAM AvyAM che tema ja osTreliyAnA vizALa nirjana pradezamAM paNa temane vasavATa karavAnI chUTa ApavAmAM AvatI nathI. vaLI tenA e svanA upara Adhunika kALanA eka sauthI baLavAna rASTra yunAITeDa sTeTsane bhAre aMkuza che. dIrdhadarza nirIkSake maMcUriyA tema ja prazAnta mahAsAgaranA UMDA jaLavistAra upara bhaviSyanA mahAyuddhanI chAyA nihALI rahyA che. Akhoye uttara eziyA seviyeTa rAjyane eka bhAga che ane te navI duniyA tathA navI samAjavyavasthAnI yejanA tathA tenuM sarjana karavAnA kAryamAM gUMthAI gayela che. jyAM AgaLa eka prakAranI phayuDala vyavasthA vartatI hatI tathA sudhArAe pitAnI AgekUcamAM jene pAchaLa rAkhyA hatA te deza ekI chalaMge pazcimanAM AgaLa vadhelAM rASTro karatAMye AgaLanI avasthAe pahoMcI gayA che e vastu kharekhara AzcaryakAraka che. yuropa tema ja eziyAmAM vistareluM seviyeTa rAjya pazcimanI duniyAnA DagamagI UThelA mUDIvAdane kAyamI paDakArarUpa thaI paDayuM che. vepAranI maMdI, bekArI ane vAraMvAra AvatI kaTokaTI mUDIvAdane apaMga banAvI rahyAM che ane jUnI vyavasthA zvAsa levAne mATe pachADA mArI rahI che e vakhate seviyeTa rAjyamAM AzA, zakti ane utsAha UbharAI rahyo che tathA te atizaya jhaDapathI samAjavAdI samAjavyavasthA nirmANa karI rahyuM che. tenA A UbharAtA yauvana ane jIvananI tathA soviyeTe Aja sudhImAM prApta karelI saphaLatAnI chApa duniyAbharanA vicArazIla loke upara paDavA lAgI che ane temanuM lakSa tenA tarapha kheMcAvA lAgyuM che. bIje eka vizALa pradeza, yunAITeDa sTeTsa, mUDIvAdanI niSphaLatAne eka namUnedAra dAkhale che. bhAre muzkelIo, kaTokaTIo, majUronI haDatAle tathA apUrva bekArInI paristhitimAM te mUDIvAdI vyavasthAne TakAvI rAkhavAno bhagIratha prayatna karI rahyuM che. e mahAna prayoganuM pariNAma zuM Ave che te hajI jovAnuM che. enuM pariNAma cAhe te Ave paraMtu amerikA pAse je bhAre anukULatAo che te tenI pAsethI koNa chInavI laI zake ema che? tene pradeza vizALa che ane te manuSyane jarUranI lagabhaga badhI vastuthI bharela che; bIjA koI paNa deza karatAM tenI yAMtrika sAdhanasAmagrI ghaNI vadhAre che tathA tenI prajA atizaya kuzaLa ane tAlIma pAmelI che. yunAITeDa sTeTsa tema ja seviyeTa rAjya e baMne duniyAnA bhaviSyanA vyavahAramAM bhAre mahattvane bhAga bhajavaze emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. ane leTina prajAothI vasAyele dakSiNa amerikAne mahAna khaMDa tenAthI keTale badhe bhinna che? uttaranI peThe tyAM AgaLa jAti jAti vaccene dveSa jhAjhA pramANamAM nathI ane dakSiNa yuropanA leke, spenavAsIo, phiraMgIo,

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1450 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna TAliyane, habasIo tathA amerikAnA AdivAsI kahevAtA reDa inDiyana vagere bhinna bhinna jAtinuM meTA pramANamAM tyAM mizraNa thaI rahyuM che. kaeNneDA tathA yunAiTeDa sTeTsamAM te reDa inDiyA lagabhaga niHzeSa thaI gayA che paraMtu ahIM dakSiNa amerikAmAM te, khAsa karIne venejhuelAmAM, te meTI saMkhyAmAM meAbUda che. dhaNuMkharuM teo meTAM meTAM zaherAthI dUra vase che. tane e jANIne Azraya thaze ke, yuenAsa aresa ane riyu de jhAniru jevAM dakSiNa amerikAnAM keTalAMka zahera| bahu ja moTAM che eTaluM ja nahi paNa te atizaya ramaNIya che tema ja temAM bhavya vIthie eTale ke jenI bane bAjue taruvaro AvelAM hAya evA rAjamArgo paNa che. ArjenTAInAnAM pATanagara yuenosa eresanI vastI 25 lAkhanI che ane brAjhilanA pATanagara riyu de jhAnarunI vastI lagabhaga 20 lAkhanI che. O bhinna bhinna jAtinuM tyAM AgaLa mizraNa thaI rahyuM che e kharuM, paraMtu tyAMnA zAsakavarga to geArA amIraumarAvAne ja banele che. tyAM AgaLa sAmAnya rIte lazkara tathA polIsA upara kAbU dharAvanAra TALakIonuM zAsana cAle che ane huM tane AgaLa kahI cUkyo chuM tema Toca uparanA bhAgamAM tyAM vAraMvAra krAMti thAya che. dakSiNa amerikAnA badhAye dezonI bhUmimAM khanIja dravyo bahoLA pramANamAM paDelAM che ane e rIte bhaviSyamAM te atizaya dhanika ane eve saMbhava che. paraMtu atyAre te e badhA devAmAM DUbelA che ane cAra varasa pUrve amerikAe temane nANAM dhIravAnuM baMdha karyuM eTale temanI bhAre durdazA thavA pAmI ane ene lIdhe ThekaThekANe krAMti thavA pAmI. Arthika muzkelIne kAraNe ArjenTAInA, brAjhila ane cilI vagere dakSiNa amerikAnA traNa mukhya dezomAM paNa krAMti thavA pAmI. 1932nI sAlanA unALA pachI dakSiNa amerikAmAM nAnAM nAnAM e yuddho thaI gayAM paraMtu maMcuriyAmAMnA jApAnanA yuddhanI peThe sattAvAra rIte temane yuddha kahevAmAM AvatAM nathI. prajAsadhanA karAra tathA kaeNleganA sulehanA karAra pachI yuddho bhAgye ja thavA pAme che. jyAre kAI eka rASTra khIjA rASTra upara caDAI kare che ane tenA nArikAnI katala kare che tyAre e vastune yuddha nahiM paNa ' athaDAmaNu ' kahevAmAM Ave che. ane upara jaNAvelA karAro athaDAmaNanI manAI nathI karatA eTale sau kAI sataSa anubhave che. e e nAnAM yuddhonuM maMcUriyAnA yuddha jeTaluM jagApI mahattva nathI e kharuM, paraMtu prAsaMdhathI mAMDIne saMkhyAbaMdha sulehanA karAro tathA samajUtI vagerenuM duniyAmAM zAMti jALavavA mATenuM je taMtra UbhuM karavAmAM AvyuM che tathA jenAM pAra vagaranAM guNagAna karavAmAM Ave che te keTaluM badhuM dubaLa ane vyartha che e vastu te puravAra karI Ape che. prajAsadhanuM sabhya baneluM rASTra evA ja bIjA rASTra

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jagata upara chevaTanI dRSTi 1451 hAthapaga joDIne besI rahe che athavA karavAnA pAmara ane bilakula vya upara caDAI kare che e prasa Mge te kAM te to temanI vaccenI e laDAInuM prayAsa kare che. samAdhAna ' dakSiNa amerikAnAM e be yuddo athavA * athaDAmaNA 'mAMnI eka cekA nAmathI oLakhAtA jaMgalanA eka pradezanA muddA upara elIviyA ane perAgue vacce pedA thayelI che. eka vinAdI phrAMsavAsIe kahyuM che ke, elIviyA ane perANue vaccenI cekA jaMgala mATenI laDAI mane kAMsakIne mATe laDatA khe TAlavALA mANasAnI yAda Ape che.' temanI vaccenI e laDAI bevakUphIbharI che emAM zaMkA nathI paNa te upara jaNAvyuM che teTalI badhI ekdI che ema na ja kahI zakAya. vizALa jaMgalapradezamAM telanAM hitA saDAvAyelAM che ane temAM thaIne vahetI perAzue nadI khelIviyAne ATlAMTika mahAsAgara sAthe joDe che. e e dezoe samajUtI para AvavAne inkAra karyAM che ane te Aja sudhImAM hajAro mANasanI jiMdagIne bhoga ApI cUkayA che. khIjI athaDAmaNu kAlakhiyA ane peru vacce cAlI rahI che. emanI vacce jhaghaDA laeNTIsiyA nAmanA eka nAnakaDA gAmanA muddA upara thavA pAmyA che. perue e gAmane bahu ayeAgya rIte kabajo karyAM che. huM dhAruM chuM ke prajAsadhe ene mATe perune sakhata ThapakA ApyA hatA. laeNTina amerikAnA laoNkA ( emAM mekisakeAnA leAkAneA paNa samAveza thAya che. ) kaeNthalika saMpradAyanA che. meksikAmAM rAjya ane kaeNthalika pAdarIo vacce jhanUnI takarAra thaI hatI. spenanI peThe, meksikeAnI sarakAra paNa keLavaNI tema ja lagabhaga bIjI badhI bAbato uparanI rezamana ca nI bhAre sattA upara kApa mUkavA cahAtI hatI. brAjhila sivAya AkhAye dakSiNa amerikAnI bhASA speniza che. brAjhilanI rAjabhASA porTugIjha che. ATalA moTA vistAramAM e khelAtI hAvAthI speniza bhASA jagatanI eka moTAmAM moTI bhASA che. e atizaya manArama ane saMgItamaya bhASA che. enuM Adhunika sAhitya suMdara che ane dakSiNa amerikAne lIdhe Aje te bhAre mahattvanI vepAranI bhASA paNa khanI gaI che.

Page #785
15. yuddhanI chAyA 8 ogasTa, 1933 chellA patramAM ApaNe eziyA, AphrikA tathA amerikA vagere khaMDene jhaDapathI avalokana karI gayAM. yuropa hajI bAkI che. te takarArI ane vikhavAdathI bharele che ane ema chatAMye tenAmAM ghaNuM guNo paNa che. IgleMDa je duniyAnuM sauthI AgaLa paDatuM rAjya hatuM te pitAnI purANI sarasAI gumAvI beThuM che ane je kaMI bAkI rahyuM che tene sAcavI rAkhavAne bhAre mathAmaNa karI rahyuM che. tene salAmata rAkhanAra ane bIjAo upara tenuM prabhutva jamAvanAra tathA sAmrAjya UbhuM karavAmAM tene madadarUpa thanAra tenI dariyAI sattA have pahelAM jevI rahI nathI. eka vakhata e hate jyAre tene nakA-kAle bIjI koI paNa be mahAna sattAonA naukAkAphalAo karatAM meTe ane vadhAre baLavAna hatuM. Aje te te mAtra eTale ja dAvo karI zake che ke tene naukAkAphele yunAITeDa sTeTsanA naukAkAphalA jevaDa che. ane yunAITeDa sTeTsa pAse eTalI badhI sAdhanasAmagrI che ke te dhAre te jhaDapathI IMgleMDa karatAM pitAne naukAkAphele vadhArI daI zake che. Aje te naukAkAphalA karataye havAIdaLanuM mahattva vadhAre che ane e bAbatamAM te iMglaMDa ethIye vizeSa nabaLuM che. bIjI ghaNI sattAo pAse tenA karatAM vadhAre laDAyaka eroplene che. vepAranI bAbatamAM tenI sarasAI paNa naSTa thaI che ane emAM pitAnI asala sthiti prApta karavAnI tene AzA rahI nathI tathA tene mATe nikAsane vepAra uttarottara ghaTatuM jAya che. jakAtenI UMcI dIvAla UbhI karIne tathA pasaMdagInI janAo dvArA pitAnA mAla mATe sAmrAjyanAM bajAre jALavI rAkhavAne te mathI rahyuM che. khuda e hakIkata paNa batAvI Ape che ke, sAmrAjyanI bahArane AkhI duniyAne vepAra hAthe karavAnA moTA moTA khyAle teNe choDI dIdhA che. A maryAdita kSetramAM paNa tene saphaLatA maLe teye vepArane aMgenI tenI pahelAMnI sarasAI tene pharIthI prApta thAya ema nathI. tenI e sarasAI te tenI pAsethI hamezane mATe jatI rahI che. sAmrAjyanA maryAdita kSetramAM paNa tene keTalI saphaLatA maLe che ane te keTale vakhata Takaze ene bharese nathI. amerikA sAthenA tenA jhanUnI kaMThayuddha pachI hajIye IgleMDa duniyAnA vepAranuM nANAMkIya athavA zarAphI kendra rahyuM che ane laMDana zahera hUMDIonA vinimayanuM mukhya mathaka che. paraMtu duniyAne vepAra jema jema ghaTato ane nAza pAmate jAya che tema tema e mahAmUlI vastunuM AkarSaNa tathA tenuM mUlya

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te yuddhanI chAyA 1453 ghaTatuM jAya che. Arthika rASTravAda tathA jakAta vagerenI pitAnI nItithI iMglaMDa tema ja bIjA dezo pote ja duniyAnA vepAranA A prakAranA ghaTADAne madada karI rahyA che. duniyAne vepAra moTA pramANamAM cAlu rahevA pAme ane vartamAna mUDIvAdI vyavasthA TakI rahe to tenuM nANukIya athavA Arthika netRtva Akhare laMDanathI khasIne nyUyorka jaze emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. paraMtu e banavA pAme te pahelAM mUDIvAdI vyavasthAmAM bhAre pheraphAra thAya e ghaNe saMbhava rahe che. badalAtI jatI paristhiti sAthe pitAne meLa sAdhavAnI iMglaMDanI zAkha che. paraMtu tenI samAjaracanAne bhAre dhakako na pahoMce ane tenA milakatadAra vargonI viziSTa prakAranI sthiti kAyama rahe tyAM sudhI ja tenI e zAkha Take ema che. prApta paristhiti sAthe pitAne meLa sAdhavAnI tenI A zakti mULabhUta sAmAjika pheraphAromAMthI paNa tene kSemakuzaLa pAra utAraze ke kema te hajI jovAnuM che. e pheraphAra cUpacApa ane zAMta paNe thavAno saMbhava bahu ja ochI jaNAya che. jemanI pAse sattA tathA viziSTa adhikAra heya teo svecchApUrvaka tene tyAga karI zakatA nathI, Aje te IMgleMDa vizALa duniyAmAMthI saMkocAIne pitAnA sAmrAjyanA maryAdita kSetramAM pitAnuM lakSa kendrita karI rahyuM che. ane sAmrAjya TakAvI rAkhavAne mATe te tenI racanAmAM bhAre pheraphAra karavAne paNa saMmata thayuM che. IMglaMDanAM saMsthAne tenI nANAMkIya vyavasthA jeDe aneka rIte saMkaLAyelAM che e kharuM paraMtu teo sArI peThe svataMtratA bhogave che. pitAnAM vikasatAM jatAM saMsthAnone saMtuSTa rAkhavA mATe IMglaDe ghaNo bhoga Ape che. paraMtu Ama chatAMye IMgleMDa ane temanI vacce jhaghaDAo thAya che. osTreliyA beMka oNpha iMgleMDa sAthe saMpUrNapaNe baMdhAyeluM che ane jApAnanI caDAInA bhayanuM mAryuM te IMglenDa sAthe nikaTapaNe baMdhAyeluM rahe che. keneDAnA vikasatA jatA udyogo IMglaMDanA udyoga sAthe harIphAI kare che ane temane saheja paNa namatuM ApavA mAgatA nathI. vaLI keneDA pitAnA mahAna paDozI yunAITeDa sTeTsa sAthe aneka prakAranA saMbaMdhothI saMkaLAyeluM che. dakSiNa AphrikAmAM sAmrAjyane mATe bhAre umaLake nathI joke tenI pahelAMnI kaDavAza have jatI rahI che. AyarlenDa te aLaguM paDIne pitAnA paga upara UbhuM che ane iMglaMDa tathA AyarlenDa vaccenuM vepArI yuddha hajI cAlu che. AyarlenDane DarAvI mAravAne tathA tene baLajabarIthI namAvavAne arthe IMglaMDamAM AyarlenDanA mAla upara nAkhavAmAM AvelI jakAtanI UlaTI ja asara thavA pAmI. e jakAte AyarlenDanA udyoge tathA khetIvADIne bhAre vega Ape che ane svAzrayI tathA svayaMpUrNa rASTra banavAmAM AyarlenDane bhAre saphaLatA maLI che. tyAM AgaLa navAM navAM

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1454 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana kArakhAnAM UbhAM thayAM che ane dhAsa mATenI tathA khIDanI jamIna pharI pAchI kheDAvA lAgI che ane temAM anAja pAkavA lAgyuM che. pahelAM je khArAka iMglaMDa mokalavAmAM Avato te have AyarlaeNnDanA lekA vApare che ane temanuM jIvananuM dhoraNa sudharI rahyu che. A rIte DI vaeNlerAne potAnI nItimAM saphaLatA maLI che ane AyarlaeNnDa Aje iMglaMDanI sAmrAjyavAdI nItimAM mULa samAna thaI paDayu che. teNe ugra valaNa akhatyAra karyuM che ane te iMglaMDane sAmane karI rahyuM che tathA oTAvAnA vepArI karAro sAthe te kazIye nisbata rAkhatuM nathI. saMsthAnA sAthenA tenA vepArI saMbadhethI A rIte iMgleMDane jhAjho lAbha nathI thayA. hiMdamAMthI tene dhaNA lAbha maLe che kemake hiMdanuM bajAra hajIye ghaNuM moTuM che. paraMtu hiMdanI rAjakIya paristhiti tema ja tenuM Arthika saMkaTa briTiza vepArane mATe anukULa nathI. lokAne jelamAM mokalIne kAI paNa briTiza mAla kharIAnI pharaja pADI zake ema nathI. mi. DaeNnTI elDavIne tAjetaramAM maeNcesTaramAM jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, " eka vakhata evA hatA ke jyAre hiMde pAtAne joItA mAla kacAre ane kacAMthI kharIdavA e bAbatamAM ApaNe tene hukama karIne jaNAvatA hatA. paraMtu have e samaya vItI gayA che. hiMdanI bhalI lAgaNI e ja vepAra mATenI salAmatI che. bhAlAnI aNIthI ApaNe hiMdane mAla vecavAnA kadI paNa prayatna na karavA jeI e." hiMdanI AMtarika paristhiti uparAMta iMgleMDane hiMdamAM tema ja pUnA khIjA dezomAM tathA keTalAMka saMsthAnAmAM paNa jApAnIonI harIphAI nA sAmane karavA paDe che. iMgleMDa Aje to tenI pAse je bAkI rahyu che te sAcavI rAkhavAne bhAre prayAsa karI rahyu che. ethI karIne te potAnA sAmrAjyane eka Arthika ghaTaka banAvI rahyu che. ane temAM DenmArka, svIDana, ane nAve jevA tenI sAthe samajUtI para AvanArA dezanA samAveza kare che. ghaTanAnA baLane kAraNe tene e nIti akhatyAra karavAnI pharaja paDI che. e sivAya tene mATe khIjo kAI upAya rahyo nathI. yuddhane prasa Mge potAnI rakSA karavAne arthe paNa teNe vadhAre pramANamAM svayaMpUrNa banavuM ja rahyuM. ethI karIne have te potAnI khetIvADI paNa khIlavI rahyu che. Arthika rASTravAdanI A sAmrAjyavAdI nIti keTalA pramANamAM saphaLa thaze te Aje kAI kahI zake ema nathI. enI saphaLatAnA mArgamAM UbhI thanArI keTalIka muzkelIonA ullekha huM AgaLa karI gayA chuM. paraMtu emAM jo tene niSphaLatA maLe te AkhAye sAmrAjyanI imArata acUka bhAgI paDavAnI ane aMgreja leAkAne potAnA jIvananuM dhAraNa nIcu karavuM paDavAnuM. mAtra te samAjavAdI a vyavasthAnA svIkAra kare te ja teo e AphatamAMthI UgarI zake. paraMtu e nIti saphaLa thAya emAM paNa

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yuddhanI chAyA .1455 ghaNuM jokhame rahelAM che. kemake e rIte temanA vepArane pUrate avakAza na maLavAthI yuropanA ghaNA dezone Arthika vinAza thaze. ane IMglaMDanA devAdAra deza nAdAra bane ene pariNAme IMgleMDane paNa nukasAna pahoMcavAnuM. jApAna ane amerikA sAme ene pariNAme Arthika saMdharSe paNa thayA vinA rahe ema nathI. yunAITeDa sTeTsa sAthe te ghaNuM kSetramAM harIphAI cAlI rahI ja che ane duniyAnI AjanI sthiti jotAM IgleMDanuM jema jema patana thatuM jaze tema tema bahoLI sAdhanasAmagrI dharAvanAra yunAITeDa sTeTsa avazya AgaLa javAnuM ja. cAlI rahelI A prakriyAnuM eka ja pariNAma AvI zake ke, iMglaMDa cUpacApa pitAnI hAra svIkArI le athavA pitAnA hAthamAM je kaMI rahyuM che te paNa tenI pAsethI jatuM rahe tathA pitAnA harIphane paDakAra ApavAne mATe te atizaya durbaLa banI jAya te pahelAM e badhuM sAcavI rAkhavAne te chevaTane prayAsa kare ane ene khAtara yuddhanuM jokhama kheDe. seviyeTa rAjya paNa iMgleMDanuM eka moTuM harIpha che. temanI nIti ekabIjAthI sAva UlaTI che ane AkhAye yuropa tathA eziyAmAM te ekabIjA sAme ghurakiyAM karI rahyAM che tathA ekabIjA sAme kAvatarAM karI rahyAM che. e baMne sattAo thoDA vakhata mATe paraspara sulehazAMti jALavI rAkhe e banavAjoga che paraMtu te baMnene meLa khAvo azakya che kema ke ubhayanAM the ekabIjAthI sAva bhinna che. IMglaMDa Aje saMtuSTa sattA che kema ke tene je joIe te badhuM tenI pAse che. e badhuM te gumAvI besaze e tene Dara lAge che ane tene e Dara vAstavika che. duniyAnI AjanI sthiti jemanI tema kAyama rAkhavAne te mathI rahyuM che ane e rIte te tenI AjanI sthiti jALavI rAkhavAne prayatna kare che. e hetu pAra pADavAne arthe te prajAsaMghane upayoga karI rahyuM che. paNa ghaTanAcakra atizaya baLavAna che ane tene khALavAnI tenI yA bIjI keI paNa sattAnI tAkAta nathI. Aje te baLavAna che e nirvivAda che, paraMtu sAmrAjyavAdI sattA tarIke te durbaLa banatuM jAya che tathA tenI paDatI thavA lAgI che e paNa eTaluM ja nirvivAda che. ane Aje ApaNe tene astakALa nihALI rahyAM chIe. samudra oLaMgIne yuropa khaMDanI bhUmi upara prathama kAnsa Ave che. kAnsa paNuM sAmrAjyavAdI sattA che ane AphrikA tathA eziyAmAM tenuM vizALa sAmrAjya che. lazkarI dRSTithI jotAM yurepanuM te sauthI baLavAna rASTra che.* * jarmanIe zastrasajja thavA mAMDayuM tyArathI tenI A sthiti rahI nathI. 1938nI sAlanA myunicanA karAra pachI krAMsa lagabhaga bIjA varganuM rAjya banI gayuM che. madhya yuropanAM rAja sAthe teNe kareluM joDANa paNa tUTavA lAgyuM che.

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156 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana tenI pAse baLavAna sainya che ane te pileMDa, celaivAkiyA, beljiyama, rUmAniyA, yugoslAviyA vagere rASTronA samUhanuM AgevAna che. ane Ama chatAMye jarmanInA laDAyaka jussAne, khAsa karIne hiTalarano amala zarU thaye tyAra pachIthI, tene Dara rahe che. sAce ja, mUDIvAdI krAMsa ane seviyeTa raziyA e baMnenI ekabIjA viSenI bhAvanAmAM asAdhAraNa palaTo lAvavAmAM hiTalarane saphaLatA maLI che. te baMnenA sAmAnya zatrue temane mitra banAvI dIdhAM che. jarmanImAM nAjhIone trAsa hajI cAlu ja che ane navA navA atyAcAra tathA ghAtakIpaNAnI khabare rojeroja AvatI rahe che. A pAzavatA kyAM sudhI cAlu raheze e kahevuM muzkela che. keTalAye mahinAothI e cAlI rahI che ane temAM ghaTADe thatuM hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. AvuM damana sthAyI sarakAranuM cihna kadIye na hoI zake. jarmanI je lazkarI dRSTie pUratuM baLavAna heta te kadAca yuropamAM kyAranuMye yuddha phATI nIkaLyuM hota. e yuddha phATI nIkaLavAne hajI paNa saMbhava rahe che. pite sAmyavAdathI bacavAnuM chevaTanuM AzrayasthAna che ema kahevAne hiTalarane bhAre zekha che. ane eka rIte tenuM e kathana sAcuM hovAne paNa saMbhava che kAraNa ke jarmanImAM have hiTalaravAdane badale sAmyavAda sivAya bIjo vikalpa rahyo nathI. musolinInA amala nIce ITAlI AMtararASTrIya rAjakAraNa para bhAvanAzUnya, vyAvahArika ane svAthI daSTi rAkhe che. bIjAM rASTronI peThe te sulehazAMti ane sabhAvanI moTI moTI vAta karatuM nathI. bhAvi yuddha mATe te AMkha mIMcIne taiyArI karavA maMDI paDayuM che kema ke thoDA ja vakhatamAM yuddha phATavAnuM ja che e viSe tene lavaleza zaMkA nathI. daramyAna AMtararASTrIya rAjakAraNamAM AgaLa paDatuM sthAna prApta karavAnI peravI te karI rahyuM che. pite phAsisTa hevAthI jarmanImAM te phAsIvAdane AvakAre che ane hiTalaravAdIo sAthe te mitrAcArIbharyo saMbaMdha rAkhe che. ane Ama chatAM te jarmanInA sTriyA sAthenA joDANane virodha kare che, jyAre oNsTriyAne jarmanI sAthe joDI devAnI jarmana nItinI bhAre nema che. e prakAranA joDANathI jarmanInI sarahada cheka ITAlInI sarahada sudhI AvI pahoMce. ane musolinI jarmanIne tene phAsisTa birAdara ATale badhe najIka Ave e pasaMda nathI karate.* * tenA upara caDAI karIne 1938nI sAlanA mArca mAsamAM jarmanIe aisTiyAne pitAnI sAthe joDI dIdhuM che. saMjogovazAta musalinIne e vastu kabUla rAkhavI paDI paraMtu ITAlIe e pheraphAra sAme ugra virodha darzAvyuM hatuM.

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1457 yuddhanI chAyA madhya yuropanAM nAnAM nAnAM rASTra maMdInA paMjAmAM sapaDAyAM che ane mahAyuddhanI asarane kAraNe bhAre hADamArIo veThI rahyAM che. ane have teo hiTalara tathA tenA nAjhIonA DarathI asvastha banI gayAM che ane bhaDakI UThyAM che. A badhAye madhya yuropanA dezomAM ane khAsa karIne aisTriyAnI peThe jyAM jarmananI vastI che tyAM nAjhI pakSe UbhA thaI rahyA che. paraMtu sarvatra nAjhIvirodhI lAgaNI paNa pedA thaI rahI che ene pariNAme jhaghaDAo ane athaDAmaNa thavA lAgyAM che. osTriyA hAla evA prakAranA jhaghaDAonuM pradhAna kSetra banI gayuM che. thoDA ja vakhata upara, mane lAge che ke, 1932nI sAlamAM madhya yuropanA DAnyuba pradezanAM cekoslovAkiyA, rUmAniyA ane yugoslAviyA e traNa krAMsanAM pakSakAra rAjyoe pitAne eka saMdha Ubho karyo hato. mahAyuddha pachI thayelA samAdhAnathI e traNe rAjyane lAbha thaye hatuM ane temane je maLyuM hatuM te teo jALavI rAkhavA mAgatAM hatAM. e hetune arthe temaNe pitAne saMdha sthApe. vAstavamAM temane e saMdha yuddha mATene saMdha athavA joDANa hatuM. ene "liTala enTenTa" eTale ke "nAne saMgha" kahevAmAM Ave che. traNa rAjyone banele A "liTala enTenTa' athavA nAna saMdha vAstavamAM yuropamAM UbhI thayelI eka navI sattA che. e sattA phrAMsanI pakSakAra ane jarmanInI virodhI che. iTAlInI rAjanItinI paNa te vidhI che. jarmanImAM nAjhIone thayele vijaya e A "nAnA saMdha' mATe tema ja pileMDa mATe paNa bhayasUcaka cihna hatuM, kemake nAjhIo vasaInI sulehanI saMdhimAM pheraphAra karAvavA cahAtA hatA (e pheraphAra te badhAye jarmane mAge che.) eTaluM ja nahi paNa teo evI bhASAmAM vAta karatA hatA ke jene lIdhe yuddha najIka AvatuM jaNAtuM hatuM. nAjhIonI bhASA tathA temanI kAryapaddhati eTalI badhI ugra ane jalada hatI ke sulehanI saMdhimAM pheraphAra karAvavA mAgatA oNsTriyA ane haMgarI jevAM rAjyo paNa ethI bhaDakI UThayAM. "nAne saMgha" pileMDa, esTriyA, haMgarI vagere rAjya tathA bAlkananAM rAjya je Aja sudhI ekabIjAne tIvrapaNe dhikkAratAM AvyAM hatAM te badhAM hiTalaravAda tathA tenA DaranAM mAryA ekabIjAnI vadhAre najIka AvyAM. temanI vacce Arthika kya karavAnI vAta paNa thavA lAgI che. jarmanImAM nAjhIone upadrava phATI nIkaLe tyAra pachI A badhA deze ane khAsa karIne poleMDa tathA cekoslovAkiyA raziyA tarapha paNa vadhAre mitratAbharyuM valaNa dAkhavavA lAgyAM che. ene pariNAme ceDAM aThavADiyAM upara e badhA deze ane raziyA vacce paraspara binaAkramaNane karAra paNa thayuM che.

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jagatanA itihAsanu* rekhAdarzana huM tane AgaLa kahI gayA chuM tema spenamAM hamaNAM ja krAMti thavA pAmI che. hajI te sthira thayuM nathI ane khIjo pheraphAra thavAnI nAkhata tyAM vAgI rahI haiAya ema jaNAya che. yuropanI sthiti Aje kevI vicitra prakAranI che e tane A badhA uparathI samajAze. te aneka prakAranA saryAM ane dveSothI khadabadI rahyu che ane tenA rASTronA harIpha samUho ekakhIjA sAme dhUrakiyAM karI rahyA che. tyAMnI prajA niHzastrIkaraNa yA zastrasaMnyAsanI vAto karatAM thAkatI nathI ane ema chatAM satra zastrasajja thavAnI pravRtti cAlI rahI che ane yuddha tathA saMhAranAM navAM navAM ane bhISaNa zastro zodhAtAM jAya che. tyAM AgaLa AMtararASTrIya sarakAra mATe paNa pAra vagaranI vAto thAya che ane asaMkhya pariSade bharAya che, paNa e badhAnuM pariNAma zUnya che. khuda prajAsa dhane paNa karuNa niSphaLatA maLI che ane AMtararASTrIya Arthika pariSadamAM thayelA badhAe sAthe maLIne kA karavAnA chelle prayAsa paNa niSphaLa nIvaDyo che. evI paNa eka darakhAsta rajU karavAmAM AvI che ke yuropanA judA judA dezAe athavA sAcu kahetAM raziyA sivAya bAkInA yurope ekatra thaIne yureApanuM eka prakAranuM saMyukta rAjya sthApavuM. ene 'yuropanA ekIkaraNa'nI caLavaLa kahevAmAM Ave che paraMtu vAstavamAM e sAviyeTa virodhI saMdha sthApavAno tema ja tyAM AgaLa nAnAM nAnAM aneka rASTrA heAvAne kAraNe je aneka muzkelI ane gUMcavA pedA thAya che te TALavAnA prayAsa che, paraMtu e badhAM rASTronA ekabIjA sAmenA dveSo eTalA badhA prabaLa che ke evI darakhAsta tarapha kAI paNa rASTra najara sarakhI paNa kare ema nathI. vAta to ema che ke dareka deza dinapratidina khIjAthI vadhu ne vadhu dUra jato jAya che. vepAranI maMdI tathA jagavyApI Arthika kaTokaTIe dareka dezane Arthika rASTravAdanI nIti akhatyAra karavAnI kraja pADIne A prakriyAne vega ApyA che. dareka deza jakAtanI UMcI dIvAlo UbhA karIne eThe che ane paradezI mAla AvatA aTakAvavAnA banatA badhA prayAseA karI rahyo che. ezaka paradezI mAlanI AyAta te saMpUrNa paNe te rokI zake ema nathI, kema ke kAI paNa deza svayaMpUrNa nathI eTale ke potAne joItI badhI ja vastuo pedA karatA nathI. AbehavAne kAraNe paNa keTalIka vastu te pedA na karI zake. dAkhalA tarIke, IMglaMDa kapAsa, zaNa, cA, kaoNphI tema ja jene mATe garama AkhAhavA jarUrI hoya evI bIjI ghaNI vastuo pedA karI zake nahi. ene artha e thayA ke bhaviSyamAM vepAra mukhyatve karIne judI judI AbehavAvALA ane bhinnabhinna vastuo pakavanArA deza vacce maryAdita raheze. eka ja prakAranA mAla utpanna karanAra dezane ekabIjAnI vastunI bhAgye ja kazI jarUra raheze. 1459

Page #792
yuddhanI chAyA 1459 Ama vepAra uttara ane dakSiNa vacce raheze pUrva ane pazcima vacce nahi kemake AbohavAne pheraphAra uttara ane dakSiNa vacce hoya che. uSNa kaTibaMdhanA dezane samazItoSNa tathA zIta kaTibaMdhanA deza sAthe vepAra cAlaze paraMtu be uSNa kaTibaMdhanA ke be samazItoSNa kaTibaMdhanA deza vacce vepArane saMbaMdha raheze nahi. bezaka, dezanI khanIja sAmagrI ItyAdi bIjI keTalIka gaNatarIone mATe avakAza rahe che. paraMtu AMtararASTrIya vepAramAM uttara ane dakSiNanI gaNatarI mukhya raheze. bAkIne badhAye vepAra jakAtanI dIvAla dvArA aTakAvavAmAM Avaze. e prakAranuM valaNa anivArya hoya ema Aje jaNAya che. audyogika krAMtinI ene chevaTanI avasthA kahevAmAM Ave che. emAM dareka deza pUratA pramANamAM audyogika thaI gaye haze. eziyA ane AphrikA hajIye audyogika thayA nathI e kharuM che. paraMtu AphrikA khaMDa eTale badhe pachAta ane garIba che ke, tyAM pAka mAla bahu ja ochA pramANamAM khapI zake ema che. hiMdustAna, cIna tathA sAIberiyA e traNa moTA pradezomAM e paradezI pAke mAla hajIye khapata rahevAne saMbhava che; e traNa meTAM saMbhavita bajAre tarapha audyogika deze mITa mAMDIne beThA che. temanAM hamezanAM bajAronAM dvAra have baMdha thaI gayAM hovAthI pitAnA vadhArAnA mAlane nikAla karavAne ane temanA DagamagatA mUDIvAdane Teke ApIne TakAvI rAkhavAne arthe e deze A rIte "eziyA tarapha dhasAre karavAno" vicAra karI rahyA che. paraMtu kaMIka aMze eziyAmAM udyogone vikAsa thaye che tethI ane kaMIka aMze AMtararASTrIya harIphAIne lIdhe eziyAnuM zoSaNa karavAnuM have sugama nathI rahyuM. IgleMDa hiMdustAnane potAnA mAlanA bajAra tarIke rAkhI mUkavA mAge che paraMtu jApAna, yunAITeDa sTeTsa tathA jarmAnI paNa emAM bhAga paDAvavA mAge che. cInamAM paNa ema ja che; ane vadhArAmAM tyAMnI AMtarika azAnti ane avarajavara tathA mAlanI lAvalaIjAnAM yogya sAdhanane abhAva vepArajagArane muzkela banAve che. soviyeTa raziyA paradezane pAke mAla ThIka ThIka pramANamAM levA taiyAra che mAtra tene te udhAra maLavo joIe ane tenI kiMmata tene tarata ja cUkavavAnI na hovI joIe. paraMtu gheDA ja vakhatamAM soviyeTa rAjya pitAne joItI lagabhaga badhI vastuo utpanna karatuM thaI jaze. pahelAMnA samayamAM rASTra rASTra vacce vadhu ne vadhu parasparAvalaMbananuM, vadhu ne vadhu AMtararASTrIyatAnuM valaNa hatuM. alaga alaga svataMtra rAjya kAyama rahyAM hatAM e kharuM paraMtu temanI vacce AMtararASTrIya saMbaMdha ane vepAranuM jabaradasta ane jaTila taMtra UbhuM thavA pAmyuM hatuM. e prakriyA eTale sudhI AgaLa vadhI ke pachIthI eka ja rASTramAM maryAdita evAM rAjyo tathA

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1430 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzIna khuda rASTravAda sAthe paNa tene athaDAmaNa thavA lAgI. samAjavAdI AMtararASTrIya taMtra e e pachInu svAbhAvika pagathiyuM hatuM. mUDIvAdanA divase vItI gayA hovAthI te evI avasthAe pahoMcyA hatA ke samAjavAdanI tarapheNamAM nivRtta thavAno tene mATe samaya Avyo hatA. paraMtu durbhAgye evI svecchApUrvIkanI nivRtti kadIye thatI nathI. para Mtu kaTokaTI UbhI thavAthI tathA potAnA vinAza najIka Avato joI ne mUDIvAda potAnA kavacamAM pesI gayA che ane parasparAvalaMbananA bhUtakALanA tenA valaNane ulaTAvI nAkhavA te mathI rahyo che. Arthika rASTravAda astitvamAM Avyo tenu e ja kAraNa che. savAla e che ke ene saphaLatA maLI zakaze kharI, ane mAne ke saphaLatA maLaze toye te keTalA vakhata Takaze? AkhIye duniyAmAM vicitra prakArano goTALA pedA thavA pAmyA che. sa MdharSoM ane IrSAnuM bhayaMkara jALuM UbhuM thayuM che ane navI pravRttie te A sardhAnuM kSetra UlaTuM vadhu vizALa banAve che. hareka khaMDamAM, hareka dezamAM duLa ane pIDita lAke je pedA karavAmAM teo pote kALA ApI rahyA che te jIvananI sArI sArI vastunA upabhogamAM bhAga paDAvavA mAge che, jenI mudata kyAranIye vItI gaI che evuM potAnuM lAMbA vakhatanuM leNuM teo vasUla karavA mAge che. keTalIka jagyAe vasUlAtane e dAvA te bahu ja mATe avAje, kaDakAIthI ane ugratApUrvaka karI rahyA che jyAre keTalIka jagyAe teo e zAMtipUrvaka karI rahyA che. ATalA badhA lAMbA vakhata sudhI temanA pratye geravartAva dAkhavavAmAM AvyA tathA temanuM zoSaNa karavAmAM AvyuM ethI tIvrapaNe kApAyamAna thaI ne ApaNane pasaMda na paDe e rIte te varte e mATe ApaNe temane doSa daI zakIe kharAM ? temanI upekSA karavAmAM AvI hatI, temane tiraskAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA; bhadra samAjanI dIvAnakhAnAnI sabhya rItabhAte temane zIkhavavAnI kAI e paravA rAkhI nahatI. duLa ane pIDita lokAnA A prakApathI milakatadAra vargoM satra bhaDakI UcA che ane ene dAkhI devAne mATe ekatra thayA che. A rIte phAsIvAdane vikAsa thAya che ane sAmrAjyAvAda hareka prakAranA virodhane kacarI nAkhe che : lokazAhI, prajAnuM hita ane TrasTIpaNAnI mIDI madhurI vAto saMbhaLAtI baMdha thaI jAya che. milakatadAra vargo tathA sthApita hiteAnuM nagna zAsana vadhAre chatuM thAya che, ane ghaNI jagyAe te vijayI nIvaDavuM jaNAya che. vadhAre vasamA kALa -polAdI ane AkramaNakArI hi MsAnA kALa zarU thAya che kema ke satra jUnI ane navI vyavasthA vacce jIvanamaraNanA saMgrAma khelAto hoya che. yuropamAM zuM ke amerikA ane hiMdustAnamAM zuM sarvAMtra hADa bahu moTI che ane jUtI vyavasthA thoDA vakhata mATe bhalene majabUta moraco racIne surakSita thayelI lAgatI

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yuddhanI chAyA 14:1 hAya paraMtu tenuM bhAvi tALAI rahyu che. jyAre sAmrAjyavAdI ane mUDIvAdI AkhIye vyavasthA tenA pAyAmAMthI DagamagI UThI hAya tathA jyAre potAnI javAbadArI adA karavAne paNa te asamartha banI gaI hoya e vakhate aradhAparadhA sudhArAthI praznanA ukela lAvI zakAya nahi. rAjakIya, Arthika ane jAtiviSayaka A badhA asaMkhya saMdharSAe duniyAne Aje aMdhakAramaya banAvI dIdhI che tathA tenA upara yuddhanI chAyA phelAvI mUkI che. ema kahevAya che ke, emAMnA sauthI pracaMDa saMdha eka bAjue sAmrAjyavAda ane phAsIvAda ane bIjI bAjue sAmyavAda vaccena che. duniyAbharamAM e baMne pakSo ekakhIjAtI sAmasAmA khaDA thayA che ane temanI vacce samajUtIne jarAye avakAza nathI. cUDalavAda, mUDIvAda, samAjavAda, sadhavAda, arAjakatAvAda, sAmyavAda ~~ duniyAmAM Aje keTalA badhA ' vAdo ' che ! ane e badhAnI pAchaLa takasAdhupaNuM athavA takavAda tarApa mAravAne mATe taiyAra thaI ne beThe che! paraMtu e uparAMta duniyAmAM eka bIjo ' vAda ' che ane te che ArzIvAda. je kAI ne enI paDI hAya te ene apanAvI zake che. paraMtu e AdarzIvAda eTale pokaLa kalpanAe ke taraMgo nahi paNa udAtta mAnavIdhyeya mATene je mahAna dhyeyane ApaNe siddha karavA cAhIe chIe tene mATe kArya karavAnA Adaza vAda che. jyoja barnArDa zaoNe kyAMka kahyuM che ke: "C jene tame jIvananuM udAtta dhyeya samajatA ho tene jIvana samapI devuM, ukaraDA upara tamane pheMkI devAmAM Ave te pahelAM tamArI jAtane pUrepUrI ghasI nAkhavI, vikAra ane svArthanAM pUtaLAM banIne peAtAnA du:khanAM rodaNAM raDA tathA tamArA sukhane mATe duniyA kazuMye karatI nathI evI phariyAda kareA tenA karatAM prakRtinuM eka baLa banIne jIvavuM e ja jIvanane sAcAmAM sAceA Anada che." itihAsanA ApaNA avalokane ApaNane batAvI ApyuM che ke duniyA uttarottara vadhu ne vadhu saTita banatI gaI che, tenA judA judA bhAgA dinapratidina ekabIjAnI vadhu ne vadhu najIka AvatA gayA che tathA parasparAvala khI thatA gayA che. sAce ja duniyA e eka avibhAjya ghaTaka banI gaI che ane tene eka bhAga khIjA bhAga upara asara karI rahyo che tathA khIjA bhAgAnI asara tenA upara thaI rahI che. dareka rASTranA judo tihAsa hoya e Aje azakya banI gayuM che. e avasthA ApaNe vaTAvI gayAM chIe ane badhAMye rASTranA judA judA tAMtaNAone joDe tathA temane prerI rahelAM sAcAM khaLAnuM sazodhana kare evA samagra duniyAnA ekIkRta itihAsa ja have lakhI zakAya ema che ane eve itihAsa ja kaIka upayogI thaI zake ema che. bhUtakALamAM bhautika tema ja khIjA aneka prakAranA atarAyAne kAraNe rASTre eka khIjAthI aLagAM rahetAM hatAM tyAre paNa sarva sAmAnya AMtara 6-30

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1462 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rASTrIya ane AMtarakhaMDIya baLo temanA upara kevI asara karI rahyAM hatAM te ApaNe joI gayAM chIe. mahAna vyaktionuM ItihAsamAM sadAye mahatva rahyuM che kema ke bhAvinI hareka taDakIchAMyaDImAM mAnavI tatva mahattvanuM hoya che. paraMtu jagatamAM kArya karI rahelAM pracaMDa baLonI asara moTAmAM moTI kaI paNa vyakti karatAMye vizeSa hoya che. e baLo lagabhaga AMdhaLAM banIne ane keTalIka vAra to niSphara banIne paNa ApaNane ahIMthI tahIM pADe che ane e rIte ApaNane AgaLa dhakele che. Aje ApaNI e ja sthiti che. pracaMDa baLe kArya karI rahyAM che ane teo kareDa mAnavIone prerI rahyAM che. dharatIkaMpa ke kudaratanA bIjA koI utpAtanI peThe teo AgaLa vadhI rahyAM che. ApaNe AkAzapAtALa eka karIe toye ApaNe temane rokI zakIe ema nathI. ane Ama chatAye, duniyAnA ApaNuM pitapatAnA khUNAmAM rahyAM rahyAM ApaNe temanI gati tema ja dizAmAM sahejasAja pheraphAra karI zakIe chIe. e baLone sAmane sau koI pitapitAnI bhinna bhinna prakRti anusAra kare che. keTalAka le ke enAthI DarI jAya che ane kaMpI UThe che ane keTalAka temane vadhAvI le che. keTalAka temanI sAme jhUjhavA prayatna kare che ane keTalAka lAcAra banIne anivArya bhAvine vaza thAya che. jyAre bIjA keTalAka tephAnamAM jhaMpalAvIne thoDe aMze tene kAbUmAM rAkhavAne tema ja tene regya dizAmAM vALavAno prayAsa kare che. e pracaMDa kriyAmAM sakriyapaNe madadarUpa thavAno AnaMda lUMTavAne khAtara emAM AvatAM badhAMye jokhame teo svecchApUrvaka vadhAvI le che. A khaLabhaLATavALI ane tephAnI 20mI sadImAM ApaNane zAMti maLe ema nathI. e sadIne trIjo bhAga te vItI paNa game che ane e daramyAna yuddha tathA krAMtie paNa pitAno hisso sArI peThe Ape che. mahAna phAsisTa musalinI kahe che ke, "jagatabharamAM krAMtinuM mojuM pharI vaLyuM che. ghaTanAonuM baLa eTaluM badhuM jabaradasta hoya che ke teo aTala vidhinI peThe ApaNane AgaLa dhakelI rahI che." vaLI mahAna sAmyavAdI TeskI paNa vartamAna sadImAM zAMti, ArAma ke sukhacenanI jhAjhI apekSA na rAkhavA ApaNane cetave che. te kahe che ke, "mAnavajAtanI smRtimAM 20mI sadI e sauthI vizeSa azAMta che e spaSTa che. ApaNe koI paNa samakAlIna A kALamAM bIjI badhI vastuo karatAM vizeSa karIne zAMti, ArAma ane sukhacena mAgatA hoya te teNe A duniyAmAM janmavA mATe khoTo samaya pasaMda karyo che ema kahevuM joIe." Akhuye jagata athAka parizrama karI rahyuM che ane yuddha tathA krAMtinuM jokhama sarvatra jhajhUmI rahyuM che. A aTala vidhinA sakaMjAmAMthI ApaNe chaTakI zakavAnA nathI te ApaNe tene sAmane kevI rIte karIzuM? zAhamRganI peThe,

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chele patra 143 lAcAra banIne ApaNe ApaNAM meM DhAMkI daIzuM? athavA te ghaTanAonA ghaDataramAM vIratAbharyo bhAga laIzuM ane jarUra paDe te jokhamane sAmane karIzuM tathA mahAna ane udAtta sAhasa kheDavAno AnaMda mANIzuM tema ja "ItihAsanAM kadama sAthe kadama milAvIne cAlavAnI lAgaNI anubhavIzuM? ApaNe sau athavA kaMI nahi te ApaNumAMnA vicArazIla leke, pitAnuM svarUpa prakaTa karIne vartamAna kALamAM pheravAI jatA bhaviSya kALa tarapha AzAbharI dRSTithI nihALI rahyA che. bhAvinI keTalAka leke AzAthI ane bIjA keTalAka bhayabhIta thaIne pratIkSA karI rahyA che. bhAvi duniyA, jemAM jIvananI sArI sArI vastuo gaNyAgAMThayA lekene mATe anAmata rAkhavAmAM AvI nahi hoya paraMtu samagra janatA chUTathI tene upabhega karI zake evI suMdara ane sukhamaya thaze ke pachI jhanUnI ane saMhAraka yuddhone pariNAme Adhunika sudhArAnI ghaNIkharI sukhasagavaDe naSTa thaI hoya evI AjanA karatA vadhAre karAla thaze ? A be aMtima paristhitio che. e bemAMthI game te eka saMbhavI zake che. emAMthI koI vacale mArga nIkaLe e saMbhava jaNAtuM nathI. bhAvinuM nirIkSaNa tathA tenI pratIkSA karatAM karatAM ApaNe jene mATe jhakhIe chIe tevA prakAranI duniyA nirmANa karavAne mATe ApaNe kArya karIe chIe. lAcAra banIne prakRtine vaza thaIne pazu avasthAmAMthI mAnavIe pitAnI pragati nathI karI. paraMtu tene sAmano karIne tathA mAnavI hitane khAtara tenA upara prabhutva meLavavAnI icchAthI ghaNI vAra teNe pragati sAdhI che. . AjanI sthiti A che. AvatI kAla nirmANa karavAnuM kArya tAruM tathA tArI peDhInAM duniyAbharanAM karaDe bALaka bALAonuM che. teo meTAM thaI rahyAM che ane A AvatI kAlanuM ghaDatara karavA mATenI tAlIma laI rahyAM che. 16. chello patra 9 ogasTa, 1933 beTI, ApaNI A lAMbI vAta pUrI thaI. have vadhAre lakhavAnI jarUra nathI. paraMtu eka prakAranI chaTA ane jhamakanI sAthe e vAta pUrI karavAnI icchA, bIje eka patra- chelle patra - lakhavAne mane prere che! A vAta pUrI karavAne vakhata paNa thaI cUkyo che, kema ke mArA kArAvAsanI be varasanI mudata paNa have pUrI thavA AvI che. AjathI tetrIsame divase huM chUTI jaIza. kadAca ethI vahelee chUTuM kemake jelara mane kadI kadI evI dhamakI paNa Ape che. hajI sajAnAM be varasa pUrAM te nathI thayAM paraMtu

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1464 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana sArI cAlacalagatavALA kedIne maLe che tema mane sADAtraNa mAsanI mAphI maLI che. mane sArI cAlacalagatavALe kedI gaNavAmAM Ave che paraMtu evI nAmanA saMpAdana karavAne mATe khacIta meM kazuMye nathI karyuM. Ama, mArI chaThThI sajA pUrI thAya che. ane vizALa duniyAmAM huM pharIthI praveza karIza. paNa zA arthe ? ene phAyade ze? jyAre mArA ghaNAkharA mitro tathA sAthIo turaMgamAM paDyA hoya ane AkhAye deza eka vizALa kArAgAra samo banI gaye hoya tyAre mArA bahAra AvavAno zo artha? tane lakhelA patrano moTo eka DuMgara thaI gayuM cheane svadezI kAgaLa upara keTalI badhI sArI svadezI zAhI meM pAtharI dIdhI! e karavA jevuM hatuM ke kema enuM mane Azcarya thAya che. A badhA kAgaLa ane zAhI tane rasa paDe evuM kaMIka saMdeza Apaze kharAM? tuM kaheze ke bezaka, kema ke tane lAgaze ke bIjA koI javAbathI mane duHkha thaze ane mArA pratye tAre eTale badhe pakSapAta che ke tuM evuM jokhama na ja kheDe. emAM tene rasa paDe ke na paDe e vAta bAjue rahI paraMtu A be lAMbAM varaso daramyAna e patra lakhatAM lakhatAM meM dararoja je AnaMda anubhavyo che tenI sAme te tuM vAMdho na ja laI zake. huM ahIM Ave tyAre ziyALo hate. pachIthI TUMkI vasaMtaRtu AvI. paraMtu unALAnI garamIe thoDA ja vakhatamAM ene saMhAra karyo. ane pachIthI jyAre manuSya tathA pazuone mATe zvAsa levAnuM muzkela banI gayuM hatuM tathA jamIna tApathI dhagadhagI rahI hatI ane sUkI banI gaI hatI tyAre varSARtue nirmaLa ane zItaLa jaLanI relachela karI mUkI. varSo pachI pAnakhara AvI ane AkAza atizaya svaccha ane nIluM banI gayuM tathA bapora pachIne samaya AlAdaka banI gayo. varasanuM Rtucakra pUruM thayuM ane vaLI pAchuM te zarU thayuM. vasaMta, grISma ane varSo. ahIM besIne tane patra lakhatAM lakhatAM tathA tAruM smaraNa karatAM karatAM A Rtuone pasAra thatI meM nihALI che tathA mArI barAka upara paDatA varasAdane avAja meM sAMbhaLyuM che. mRdu rava ! varSanA ! avani pare ne vaLI chApare khAM karatA hRdaya kAja he gIta mRdula varSanA ! 19mI sadInA benjAmina DijharAyalI nAmanA eka mahAna briTiza rAjapuruSe lakhyuM che ke, "dezavaTo ke kArAvAsa bhogavatA bIjA leke jo e sajA bhagavyA pachI jIvatA rahe che te nirAza thaI jAya che paraMtu sAhityakAra

Page #798
chelle patra 1425 te e divasone potAnA jIvananA sauthI madhura samaya tarIke lekhI zake." A zabda teNe hyuge greziyasa nAmanA sattaramI sadInA eka mazahura Daca dhArAzAstrI tathA philasUphane uddezIne lakhyA hatA. tene janmakedanI sajA thaI hatI paraMtu be varasa sajA bhogavyA pachI te jelamAMthI chaTakI gayuM hatuM. kArAvAsanAM e be varase teNe tatvaciMtana ane sAhityika kAryamAM gALyAM hatAM. ghaNAye sAhityakAree jelanI havA khAdhI che. paraMtu "DaoNna kivakaTa"ne lekhaka spenavAsI sarvAnTisa ane "pilagrImsa progresa ne aMgreja lekhaka jona baniyana e be ghaNuM karIne sauthI vadhAre jANItA che. huM kaMI sAhityakAra nathI; ane kArAvAsamAM meM je aneka varasa gALyAM che te mArA jIvananAM sauthI madhura varase hatAM ema kahevAne huM taiyAra nathI. paraMtu mAre kabUla karavuM joIe ke lekhana tathA vAcane e varase gALavAmAM mane bhAre madada karI che. huM sAhityakAra nathI ane itihAsakAra paNa nathI; vAstavamAM huM zuM chuM? e praznane javAba ApavAnuM mAre mATe muzkela che. meM ghaNI bAbatomAM mAthuM mAryuM che. kolejamAM prathama meM vijJAnano viSaya lIdhe, pachI kAyadAno viSaya ane te pachI jIvanamAM aneka rasa keLavyA bAda Akhare jela javAne dhaMdhe svIkAryo! hiMdamAM Aje e dhaMdhe bahu ja lekapriya thaI paDyo che ane ghaNA lekee tene apanAvyuM che. A patramAM meM je kaMI lakhyuM che tene koI paNa viSayanI chevaTanI ke pramANabhUta hakIkata tarIke mAnI laIza nahi. rAjadvArI puruSa dareka viSaya upara kaMInuM kaMI kahevA mAgatA hoya che ane vAstavamAM te jANa hoya che tenA karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre jANavAne te DoLa kare che. AthI ene bahu ja sAvacetIthI nihALavo joIe ! mArA A patro te mAtra uparaeTiyAM rekhAcitra che ane e badhAMne eka nAjuka tAMtaNAthI sAMkaLavAmAM AvyAM che. manamAM AvyuM te huM te lakhate gaye chuM. AkhI sadIo ne sadIone tema ja mahattvanA banAvono meM mAtra ullekha ja karyo che. jyAre mane gamatA keIka banAvanuM meM vistArathI nirUpaNa karyuM che. te joze ke, mArA gamA tathA aNagamAM ThIka ThIka spaSTa che tema ja keTalIka vAra jelamAMnA mArA manabhAve paNa spaSTa che. A patramAMnuM badhuMye tuM jemanuM tema svIkArI le ema huM nathI icchato. kharekhara, mArA A khyAnamAM ghaNIye bhUle hevAne saMbhava che. jelamAM kaMI pustakAlaya nathI hatAM eTale tyAM AgaLa jyAre joIe tyAre saMdarbhagraMtha nathI maLI zakatA. AthI etihAsika viSayane viSe lakhavA mATe e kaMI uttama sthAna nathI. bAra varasa pahelAM meM jelanI mulAkAta levAnuM zarU karyuM tyArathI meM vAMcelAM pustakenI noMdhapothIone Dhagale mArI pAse ekaTho thayela che. A patra lakhavAmAM meTe bhAge mAre e

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1461 jagatanA ItihAsanuM rekhAdarzana dhathIone Azare levo paDyo cheghaNAM pustaka paNa ahIM mArI pAse AvyAM che, paraMtu e te AvyAM ane pAchAM gayAM, kema ke ahIM huM kaMI pustakAlaya UbhuM karI zakuM ema nathI. e pustakamAMthI vicAre tathA hakIkate meM nirlajajapaNe jemanAM tema uThAvI lIdhAM che. meM je kaMI lakhyuM che temAM kazuMye maulika nathI. kadAca, kyAMka kayAMka mArA patro samajavAmAM tane muzkelI paDaze. paraMtu enI paravA karIza nahi ane e bhAgane paDatA mUkaje. keTalIka vAra mAruM moTapaNu ADuM AvyuM che ane mAre je rIte na lakhavuM joItuM hatuM te rIte meM lakhyuM che eka nAnI bALAne huM lakhI rahyo hato e huM bhUlI ja gaye hate. | meM te tane mAtra AchI rUparekhA ja ApI che A kaMI ItihAsa nathI. e te ApaNuM lAMbA bhUtakALanI mAtra UDatI jhAMkhI ja che. itihAsanA viSayamAM je tene rasa paDe, ItihAsane mATe tane kaMIka AkarSaNa hoya te vItI gayelA yuganA tANAvANu ukelavAmAM madadarUpa thAya evAM ghaNAM pustake tane maLI raheze. paraMtu mAtra pustako vAMcavAthI ja kazoye artha nahi sare. bhUtakALa viSe jANavAnI tane IcchA hoya te tAre enA tarapha sahAnubhUti ane samajapUrvaka najara karavI joIe. prAcIna kALamAM thaI gayelA puruSane samajavA mATe tAre enI AsapAsanuM vAtAvaraNa, e je paristhitimAM rahetA hoya te tathA tenA manamAM UbharAtA vicAro ityAdi samajavuM joIe. jANe teo Aje jIvatA hoya ane ApaNe vicArIe chIe tema vicAratA hoya e rIte prAcIna kALanA leke viSe nirNaya bAMdhe e sAva badadu che. Aje koI paNa mANasa gulAmInI prathAne bacAva nahi kare ane Ama chatAMye mahAna philasUpha leTee tene Avazyaka lekhI hatI. hamaNAM thoDAM ja varaso upara gulAmInI prathA TakAvI rAkhavAnA muddA upara yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM lAkho mANasanI jiMdagIne bhoga ApavAmAM AvyA hatA. AjanA dhoraNathI ApaNe bhUtakALanI kasoTI na karI zakIe. e vatu sau koI kabUla karaze. paraMtu bhUtakALanAM dhoraNothI vartamAnakALanI kasoTI karavAnI Teva paNa eTalI ja behUdI che e vastu sau koI kabUla nahi kare. khAsa karIne, judA judA dharmoe purANI mAnyatAo, zraddhAo tathA rUDhione jaDa banAvI dIdhI che. te te kALa ane dezamAM temane kaMIka upayoga haze e banavAjoga che paraMtu AjanA vakhata mATe te teo bilakula anukULa nathI. Ama jo tuM ItihAsane sahAnubhUtinI najarathI joze te tenuM nirjIva mALakhuM rudhiramAMsathI bharAI jaze ane tArI AMkha AgaLa judAjudA kALa tema ja dezanAM strI-purUSa tathA bALakonuM eka virATa saraghasa khaDuM thaze. e

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chelA patra 117 mAnavIo ApaNAthI bhinna haraze ane chatAMye te ghaNI rIte bilakula ApaNA jevAM ja haze ane lagabhaga enA e ja mAnavI cuNA tathA mAnavI doSothI teo paNa bharelAM haze. itihAsa e kaMI jAduI tamAzeA nathI paraMtu je joI zake che tene mATe te temAM akhUTa jAdu bharelA che. - itihAsanI chAjalI uparanAM asaMkhya citra ApaNA manamAM khaDAM thAya che. misara - mebilana - ninevA - hiMdanI prAcIna saMskRti AryAMnuM hiMdamAM Agamana ane temanuM yuropamAM tathA eziyAmAM patharAI javuM cInI saMskRtinI adbhuta kArakirdI -- AsAsa ane grIsa sAmrAjyavAdI rezama ane khAijhenTayama -- e khaDAnI ArapAra AraonI vijayakUca -- hiMdI saMskRtinI punarjAgRti ane tenuM patana -- jene viSe bahu ochA lAkA jANe che te amerikAnI mAyA ane AjhaTeka saMskRti -- magAla lokonI vizALa thato - yureApanA madhyayuga ane te samayanAM gothika zilpanAM adbhuta devaLA hiMdamAM islAmanuM Agamana ane mogala sAmrAjya -- pazcima yurepamAM vidyA tathA kaLAnI punajAgRti -- amerikAnI tathA pUrva taraphanA samudramArgonI zodha -- pUrvanA dezo upara pazcimanA dezAnA AkramaNanA AraMbha pracaMDa yatrAnuM Agamana tathA mUDIvAdanA vikAsa -- udyogavAdanA phelAvA tathA yuropanuM prabhutva ane tene sAmrAjyavAda tathA Adhunika duniyAnI vijJAnanI adbhuta siddhi. - --- IjIptasattA thaI dhULadhANI, vicAraga` taLiye bharANI. paDayuM mahAgrIsa, paDavu ja Troya, kirITahINuM vaLI rAma shAya. te UtaryuM venisanuMya pANI. paraMtu je kAMIka svapna sevyAM e sarvAMnAM kaiM zizue, na jevAM asAra ne vyatha, uData, chAMyazAM, havAsamAM je nahivat ure lasyAM, TakI rahyAM eka ja e ja daivAM ! ----- moTAM moTAM sAmrAjyA udaya pAmyAM ane temanA nAza thayA. mAnavI temane bhUlI gayA ane hajAro varasa sudhI teo e vistRta sthitimAM rahyAM. retInA tharA nIce DhaMkAyelA avazeSone dhairyavAna sa`zeAdhakAe khAdIne bahAra kADhavA tyAM sudhI teo e ja sthitimAM rahyAM. ane Ama chatAMye, aneka vicAro tathA kalpanAo yugayugAntare te bhedIne TakI rahe che ane te sAmrAjya karatAM vadhAre baLavAna ane TakAu puravAra thaI che.

Page #801
1468 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana merI kelarIja e pramANe gAya che. bhUtakALe ApaNane aneka bheTa ApI che. vAstavamAM, saMskRti, sabhyatA, vijJAna athavA te satyanI kaIka bAjunuM jJAna e badhuMye ApaNane dUranA tema ja najIkanA bhUtakALa taraphathI ja bheTamAM maLyuM che. bhUtakALa pratyenuM ApaNuM traNa ApaNe mAnya rAkhIe e ucita che. paraMtu bhUtakALanuM RNa mAnya zakhavA mAtrathI ApaNuM kartavya ke ApaNI javAbadArI pUrI thatI nathI. bhaviSyakALa pratye paNa ApaNuM RNa che. ane bhUtakALanA ApaNuM RNa karatAM kadAca e traNa vizeSa haze. kemake, bhUtakALamAM je kaMI thaI gayuM che te thaI gayuM ane pUruM thayuM, ApaNe tene badalI zakIe ema nathI. paraMtu bhaviSyakALa te hajI AvavAne che ane kadAca ApaNe ene ApaNI dhAraNA pramANe kaMIka aMze ghaDI zakIe. bhUtakALe ApaNane satyanI amuka bAjuonuM darzana karAvyuM. paraMtu bhaviSyakALa paNa pitAnA garbhamAM satyanI aneka bAjue chupAvIne beThe che ane te ApaNane tenI ja karavAnuM AmaMtre che. paraMtu ghaNI vAra bhUtakALane bhaviSyanI IrSA hoya che ane te potAnA bhISaNa pAzamAM ApaNane jakaDI rAkhe che. ane bhaviSyano sAmano karavAne tathA tenA prati AgaLa vadhavAne mukta thavA mATe ApaNe tenI sAthe jhaghaDavuM paDe che. ema kahevAmAM Ave che ke, itihAsa ApaNane aneka pATha zIkhave che. vaLI ene viSe ema paNa kahevAya che ke ItihAsanuM punarAvartana kadI paNa thatuM nathI. e baMne vastu sAcI che, kemake AMdhaLA banIne tenI nakala karavAne prayatna karavAthI tema ja tenuM punarAvartana thAya tathA te sthagita rahe evI apekSA rAkhavAthI paNa ApaNe temAMthI kazuM zIkhI zakatAM nathI, paraMtu tenI bhItaramAM UtarIne jhINavaTapUrvaka tapAsa karavAthI tathA tene gatimAna karI rahelAM baLanI kheja karavAno prayAsa karavAthI ApaNe kaMIka zIkhI zakIe. Ama chatAMye emAMthI ApaNane sIdhe ane spaSTa javAba bhAgye ja maLe che. kArla mAkarsa kahe che ke, "itihAsa purANa praznone javAba eka ja rIte Ape che ane te navA prazno rajU karIne." ( purANe jamAne zraddhAne - aMdhazraddhAne jamAne hate. zilpIo, kArIgaro ane sAmAnya rIte janatAnI adamya zraddhA vinA gata sadIonAM adbhuta maMdira, masjide tema ja devaLA bAMdhI zakAyAM na hota. bhaktibhAvathI eka upara eka caNavAmAM AvelA paththare athavA temanA upara kotaravAmAM AvelI marama AkRtio e zraddhAnI sAkSI pUre che. purANAM maMdiranAM zikhare, nAjuka minArAovALI machido tema ja gathika DhabanAM devaLo e badhAM AkAza tarapha UMcI daSTi rAkhIne UMDA bhaktibhAvathI paththara ane ArasapahANa dvArA jANe prArthanA karI rahyAM hoya ema lAge che. jo ke, je purANI

Page #802
chellA patra 149 zraddhAnAM te mUrta svarUpo che te Aje ApaNAmAM nathI rahI chatAMye temane bhALIne ApaNe Aje paNa rAmaharSa anubhavIe chIe. paraMtu e zraddhAnA visA have vItI gayA che ane tenI sAthe paththaromAM e jAduI spa` paNa jate rahyo che. madira, masjido tathA devaLA hajI Aje paNa hajArAnI saMkhyAmAM baMdhAtAM jAya che paraMtu madhyayugamAM temane jIvaMta banAvatI bhAvanA temanAmAM rahI nathI. temanI ane ApaNA jamAnAnA pratinidhirUpa vepArI oNphisonI vacce jhAjho taphAvata nathI. ApaNA jamAnA judA prakAranA che. e sazaya ane anizcitatAnA yuga che. emAM ghaNI bAbato viSe ApaNA bharama bhAgI gayA che ane aneka vastuone viSe ApaNe prazna uThAvatAM thayAM chIe. prAcIna kALanI aneka mAnyatAo tathA rUDhione ApaNe svIkAra karI zakatAM nathI. eziyA, yuropa ke amerikA jyAM juo tyAM leAkAnI emanA uparanI . zraddhA UThI gaI che. ethI karIne ApaNA navA vAtAvaraNa sAthe baMdha bese evI navI rIteA tathA satyanI bAjInI khAja ApaNe karIe chIe. ApaNe paraspara prazno pUchIe chIe, carcA karIe chIe, laDIejhadhaDIe chIe ane aneka * vAdo ' tathA philasUphIo UbhI karIe chIe. sokreTisanA samayanI peThe ApaNe zaMkA ane praznonA yugamAM rahIe chIe. paraMtu praznonuM kSetra Aje eNthensa jevA kAI eka zaheramAM maryAdita thayeluM nathI paraMtu te jagavyApI banI gayuM che. < keTalIka vAra duniyAnA anyAyA, du:khA tathA pAzavatA ApaNane dame che, ApaNA manamAM aMdhakAra chAI de che ane ApaNane kazA mA dekhAto nathI. maithyu AElDanI peThe ApaNane paNa lAge ke A duniyAmAM AzAne sthAna nathI ane ApaNe paraspara ekabIjA pratye saccAI rAkhIe eTaluM ja ApaNe karI zakIe ema chIe. samakSa ahIM ApaNI vitata je saMsArane paDyo paTa dIse, na hoya basa deza zuM svapnanA? kaze| vividha, zAya suMdara, navIna kevA ! are na e mahIM khare prakAza jarI prema AnaMda vA, sunizcitapaNuM, suzAMti, kaMI nI ke davA. ane sakaLa ApaNe ? jyama adhAra medAnamAM zake amudha lazkarI rajanimAM paDayAM khAkhaDI, dhasata basa ekameka para, zabda saMgrAmanA suNI, varatI nAsabhAga, dhasaDAI je AkhAyAM. Ama chatAMye, ApaNe AvuM nirAzAbharyuM valaNa rAkhIe te ApaNe jIvana athavA itihAsamAMthI sAce kheSa nathI lIdhe ema gaNAya. kema ke,

Page #803
1470 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana itihAsa te ApaNane zIkhave che ke jagatamAM vikAsa ane pragati thatAM rahe che ane mAnavInI apAra pragati mATe saMbhava raheluM che. ane jIvana paNa samRddha ane vaividhyapUrNa che. emAM bhejavALI jagyAo ane kIcaDanAM khAbociyAM paNa che tema ja vistIrNa sAgara, parvata, barapha, himapravAha, tArAthI jhagamagatI adbhuta rAtrio (khAsa karIne turaMgamAM !) kuTuMba tathA mitro pratyeno prema, eka ja dhyeyane arthe kArya karanArAonI birAdarI, saMgIta, pustako ane vicAranuM sAmrAjya paNa che. A badhI vastuo joIne ApaNe dareka jaNa paNa kahI zakIe ke, prabho, chabe pRthvI upara zizu huM che pRthivIne, pitAsthAne mAre uDa-sabhara AkAza tadapi. vizvanA sauMdaryanAM guNagAna gAvAnuM ane vicAra tathA kalpanAnI duniyAmAM vasavAnuM sugama che. paraMtu bIjAo upara zuM vItI rahyuM che enI leza paNa paravA karyA vinA A rIte temanA duHkhathI dUra bhAgavAno prayAsa kare e vairya ke birAdarInI bhAvanAnuM cihna nathI. virAra kAryamAM pariNamavo joIe. emAM ja tenI yathArthatA rahelI che. ApaNA mitra mAM rolAM kahe che ke, kArya e vicAranI parisamApta che. je vicAro kArya tarapha DhaLatA nathI te badhAye vicAre vyartha che, dhekAbAjI che. eTale, ApaNe je vicAranA sevake haIe te ApaNe kAryane sevaka banavuM joIe." pariNAmonA DaranA mAryA leke ghaNI vAra kAryane TALe che. kema ke kAryamAM hamezAM jokhama ane bhaya rahelAM ja hoya che. dUrathI jotAM jokhama atizaya bhISaNa ane DarAmaNuM lAge che paraMtu pAse jaIne ene bArIkAIthI nihALo te e eTaluM bhayAnaka nathI lAgatuM. ane ghaNI vAra te te ApaNe majAne sAthI hoya che ane ApaNA jIvananA ullAsa ane AnaMdamAM te vRddhi kare che. keTalIka vAra jIvanane sAmAnya krama bahu ja nIrasa banI jAya che. ghaNI vastuone ApaNe sahajaprApta gaNune cAlIe chIe ane temAM ApaNe AnaMda laI zakatA nathI. paraMtu temanA vinA thaDe vakhata calAvI levAne prasaMga Ave che tyAre jIvananI e badhI sahajaprApta athavA sAmAnya vastuonI ApaNe keTalI badhI kadara karIe chIe ! ghaNuM leke UMcA UMcA parvata upara caDe che ane caDavAnI muzkelI vaTAvavAmAMthI tema ja jokhame pAra karavAmAMthI maLate AnaMda mANavAne khAtara teo pitAnA jIvananuM tathA pitAnI jAtanuM jokhama kheDe che; ane temanI AsapAsa bhamI rahelA jokhamane kAraNe temanI grahaNazakita atizaya sateja bane che ane temanI jiMdagI jIvana ane mRtyu vacce jholAM khAtI hoya che eTale temanA jIvanane AnaMda paNa atizaya utkaTa bane che.

Page #804
chele patra 1471 ApaNuM saunI AgaLa be mArga paDelA che. emAMthI game te eka ApaNe pasaMda karI zakIe chIe. eka mArga che nIcenI khINamAM rahevAne. tyAM AgaLa Arogyane rUMdhanAruM gUMgaLAvI nAkhe evuM dhUmasa hoya che paraMtu tyAM AgaLa zArIrika surakSitatA paNa ThIka pramANamAM hoya che. bIjo mArga UMcA parvata upara caDavAne che. bhaya ane jokhama e mArge janArAonA sAthIo hoya che. paraMtu teo uparanI zuddha havAne AsvAda anubhave che, dUra dUranAM dazya jovAno AnaMda mANe che tema ja UgatA sUryane artha ApI zake che. A patramAM meM tane kaviomAMthI tema ja anya lekhakonA lakhANomAMthI aneka utArAo ApyA che. eka vadhAre utAre TAMkIne huM A patra pUre karIza. e "gItAMjali'mAMthI lIdho che. e ravIndranAtha TAgoranI kavitA che athavA kahe, prArthanA che. citta che jyAM bhayazanya, ucca che jyAM zira, jJAna jyAM che mukta, ne jyAM gRhanI prAcIra pitAnA prAMgaNatale divasazarvarI, vasudhAne rAkhe nahi kSudra khaMDa karI. hRdaya - nijhara - mukhethI jyAM vAkya pote ucchavAsI UThe, ane jyAM nirdhArita strota deze deze dize dize. karmadhArA dhAya ajarsa sahastravidha, caritArtha thAya; jyAM tuccha AcArataNe maruvAyurAzi vicArane strota patha jAya nahi grasI, pauruSane karIne zatadhA; nitye ahIM 'tame sarva karma ciMtA AnaMde jyAM vahe,- nija haste nirdaya AghAta karI, pitA, bhAratane evA svarge kare jAgarita. ApaNI vAta pUrI thaI ane A chelle patra paNa pUre thAya che. chelle patra! nA, nA, khacIta nahi. hajI te huM tane aneka patra lakhIza. paraMtu A patramALA pUrI thAya che. ane tethI tamAma zuda!

Page #805
vA, atI arabI samudra 14 navembara, 1938 savApAMca varasa pUrve daherAdUnanI DisTrikaTa jelanI mArI khelImAMthI A mALAne chelle patra meM lakhyuM hatuM. e vakhate mArI be varasanI kArAvAsanI sajA pUrI thavA AvI hatI ane mArA e ekAMta jIvananA lAMbA gALA daramyAna (paraMtu e vakhate mArI mane sRSTinI sAthI te tuM hatI ja.) meM tane lakhelA patrano meTo Dhagale bAjue mUkyo ane jelamAMthI chUTIne pravRtti ane kAryanI bahAranI duniyAmAM javAne mATe meM mArA manane taiyAra karyuM. e vakhata pachI thoDA ja vakhatamAM huM chUTI gaye, paraMtu pAMca mAsa pachI be varasanI sajA laIne huM pharI pAche jelanA e paricita vAtAvaraNamAM pahoMcI gaye. pharI pAchI meM kalama lIdhI ane meM vAta lakhavI zarU karI. A vakhate e vAta vadhAre aMgata hatI. huM pharI pAcho jelanI bahAra AvyuM, ApaNe baMnee sAthe gamagInI anubhavI. e gamagInIe tyArathI mArA jIvanane AvarI lIdhuM che. paraMtu A duHkha ane kalezathI bharelA jagatamAM aMgata Apattio kazIye visAtamAM nathI. duHkha ane kalezathI bhareluM e jagata te temAM bhAre khaLabhaLATa macAvI mUkanAra laDatamAM ApaNI sarva zaktinuM balidAna mAge che. eTale ApaNe vikhUTAM paDyAM, tuM vidyAbhyAsane surakSita mArge gaI ane huM laDatanI dhamAla ane ghaMghATane raste vaLyA. vigraha, duHkha ane hADamArIothI bharelAM e savApAMca varaso vItI gayAM ane ApaNe jemAM jIvI rahyAM chIe te duniyA ane ApaNAM svapnAnI duniyA vacceno taphAvata te uttarottara vaye ja jAya che. ApaNI pAchaLa paDelAM aniSTa keTalIka vAra te AzAne paNa gUMgaLAvI de che. ane chatAMye huM A lakhI rahyo chuM tyAre bhavya ane ramaNIya arabI samudra mArI AsapAsa vistarI rahyo che. e svapna samAna zAMta che ane rUperI cAMdanImAM taravarI rahyo che. A pUrtimAM mAre e pAMca varasanI vAta kahevI evI apekSA rAkhavAmAM Ave che, kemake A patra nave veze bahAra paDe che ane mAre prakAzaka kahe che ke, temAM Aja sudhInI hakIkata AvI javI joIe. e kAma muzkela che, kAraNa ke e pAMca varasanA gALAmAM eTalA badhA banAvo banI gayA che ke, e viSe huM lakhavA mAM ane mane pUrato samaya maLe te badhI dhAraNAo UMdhI vALIne huM eka navuM pustaka ja lakhI nAkhuM. e samaya daramyAna banelA mukhya mukhya banAnI mAtra neMdha paNa lAMbI ane

Page #806
1473 kaMTALAjanaka thaI paDe eTale e banAvanI huM bahu ja AchI rUparekhA ja ApIza. AgaLa lakhAyelA patrone aMte meM keTalIka noMdhe umerI che ane temAM keTalIka vadhArAnI hakIkata ApI che. ane have ApaNe A pAMca varasanuM TUMka avalokana karIzuM. mArA chevaTanA patramAM, AjanI duniyAnI viSamatAo eTale ke temAM rahelAM paraspara virodhI tatta tathA harIphAIo tarapha tema ja phAsIvAda ane nAjhIvAdanA udaya tarapha meM tAruM lakSa kheMcyuM hatuM. A pAMca varasa daramyAna e harIphAIo ane saMgharSo vadhAre tIvra banyAM che ane jeke Aja sudhI jagadyApI yuddhane TALavAmAM AvyuM che paraMtu AphrikA, yuropa tathA eziyAnA cheka pUrvanA bhAgamAM bhISaNa ane saMhAraka yuddho thavA pAmyAM che. dara varase ane keTalIka vAra te dara mahine navA AkramaNanI ane atyAcAranI vAta sAMbhaLavAmAM Ave che. duniyA divase divase vadhu ne vadhu astavyasta thatI jAya che, AMtararASTrIya saMbaMdhamAM arAjaka vyApatuM jAya che ane prajAsaMdha tathA AMtararASTrIya sahakAra mATenA bIjA prayAsa saMpUrNapaNe niSphaLa nIvaDyA che. zastrasaMnyAsa athavA te niHzastrIkaraNa e bhUtakALanI vastu banI gaI che. ane dareka rASTra pitAnI samagra zakti kharacIne divasarAta zastrasajja thavAmAM AMkha mIMcIne maMDI paDyuM che. bhaye duniyAnuM gaLuM pakaDayuM che ane AkramaNakArI tathA vijyI nIvaDelA phAsIvAda tathA nAjhIvAdanA phaTakAthI uttejita thayelA yurepanI jhaDapathI avanati thatI jAya che ane te babara avasthA tarapha javAne mArga akhatyAra kare che. 1914-18nA mahAyuddhanI pAchaLa rahelA muddAonuM AgaLanA patramAM ApaNe vigate nirIkSaNa karyuM hatuM. mahAyuddha pUruM thayuM ane temAMthI vasaInI saMdhi tathA prajAsaMdhane karAra udbhavyAM. paraMtu jUnA prazno to aNaUkalyA ja rahyA ane yuddhanI nukasAnInI rakama, yuddhanAM devAM, zastrasaMnyAsa, sAmUhika salAmatI, Arthika kaTekaTI ane moTA pramANamAM bekArI vagere aneka navA prazno UbhA thayA. sulehanA praznonI pAchaLa duniyAnI samatAne UMdhI vALI denArA mahattvanA sAmAjika prazno hajI paNa emanA ema rahelA hatA. soviyeTa rAjyamAM navIna sAmAjika baLe vijayI nIvaDyAM hatAM ane bhAre muzkelIo tathA duniyAnA virodhane sAmano karIne navA ja prakAranI duniyA nirmANa karavAne prayatna karI rahyAM hatAM. bIjI jagyAoe paNa UMDANamAM sAmAjika pheraphAro thaI rahyA hatA paraMtu temane bahAra AvavAne mArga na maLe ane vartamAna rAjakIya tathA Arthika vyavasthAe temane jyAMnA tyAM suMdhI rAkhyA. duniyAmAM saMpatti tathA mAlanI relachela thaI gaI, utpAdanamAM bhAre vadhAre thavA pAmyuM; yugothI sevAtuM AveluM svapna siddha thayuM. paraMtu lAMbA kALanAM baMdhanethI TevAyele gulAma

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1474 jagatanA itihAsanu" rekhAdarzana svata MtratAthI Dare che, khevakUfa mAnavajAta achata ane taMgIthI eTalI badhI TevAI gaI che ke te bIjI rIte sahelAIthI vicAra nathI karI zakatI. ane tethI, navI pedA thayelI sauMpattine irAdApUrvaka pheMkI devAmAM Ave che, tene maryAdita karavAmAM Ave che tathA rUMdhI rAkhavAmAM Ave che ane vAstavamAM duniyAmAM ekArI ane duHkha vadhI gayAM che. eka pachI eka pariSade maLI ane lAvavAne tathA duniyAmAM sulehazAMti jALavI ekaThAM thayAM. temanI vacce, karAro, samajUtI lokAnau karAra, kaeNlega karAra, ane judAM judAM - A jabaradasta viSamatAnA ukela rAkhavAne mATe jagatanAM rASTro ane ayo -- vAziMgTana karAra, rASTro vaccenA binaAkramaNanA karAro - thayAM paraMtu mULabhUta praznone cheDavAmAM na AvyA ane narI vAstavikatAnA sparza thatAMveMta e badhI samajUtI tathA karAranI imArata paDI bhAgI ane yurepanuM bhAvi nakkI karavAnuM kAryAM nAgI taravArane hAtha AvyuM. varsAInI sulehanI saMdhi marI paravArI che, yuropanA nakazA pharI pAche pheravAI gayA che ane duniyAnI vaheMcaNI navesarathI zarU thaI che. yuddhanA devAne prazna naSTa thaye che ane duniyAnAM sauthI tavagara rASTroe te na ApavAnuM nakkI karyuM che. Ama ApaNe mahAyuddha pUrvenA 1914nA yugamAM pAchAM AvI paDatyAM chIe. tenA te ja prazno, tenA te ja sA~ Aje paNa meAjUda che, paraMtu e pachI je kaMI banavA pAmyuM che tene lIdhe Aje te pahelAM karatAM seMkaDogaNA ugra banyA che. saDI gayelI mUDIvAdI vyavasthAmAMthI Arthika rASTravAda tema ja vadhAre moTA ijArA pedA thAya che; e vyavasthA ugra ane hiMsaka svarUpa dhAraNa kare che ane pArTImenTa dvArA cAlatI leAkazAhI paNa te sAMkhI zakatI nathI. phAsIvAda tathA nAjhIvAdane tenA pUrepUrA nagna ane pAzava svarUpamAM uSTa thAya che ane te yuddhane temanI nItinuM parama dhyeya ane uddeza banAve che. sAthe sAthe ja soviyeTa pradezamAM eka navI ane mahAna sattA uya pAme che. e sattA jUnI vyavasthAne nira Mtara paDakAra ApI rahI che ane sAmrAjyavAda tathA phAsIvAdane mATe te ekasarakhA ane jabaradasta aMkuzarUpa che. ApaNe krAMtinA yugamAM jIvIe chIe. 1914nI sAlamAM mahAyuddha saLagyuM tyArathI e krAMti zarU thaI che ane sarvatra vatA saMdharSoMnI vacce te varase pachI paNa hajI duniyAmAM cAlu rahI che. 150 varasa pUrve phrAMsanI krAMtie dhIme dhIme rAjakIya samAnatAne yuga pravartAvyo hato. paraMtu have to samaya badalAyA che ane ene mATe kevaLa rAjakIya samAnatA pUratI nathI. temAM Arthika samAnatAne paNa samAveza thAya e rIte lokazAhInI sImA vistRta karavI joI e. jemAM Aje ApaNe jIvI rahyAM chIe te A Arthika samAnatA

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pUti 1475 sthApavAnI ane e. rIte lokazAhIne saMpUrNa paNe sAka karavAnI tema ja vijJAna tathA yaMtravidyAnI pragatinI haroLamAM ApaNane lAvI mUkanArI krAMti che. asamAnatA tathA eka rASTranA athavA eka varganA zASaNa upara racAyelA sAmrAjyavAda tathA mUDIvAda sAthe A Arthika samAnatAne meLa besatA nathI. ethI karIne A zoSaNa upara mAtabara bananArA lekA ene sAmano kare che ane A athaDAmaNu vadhatI jAya che tema tema A rAjakIya samAnatAnA khyAlanA tema ja pAmenTa dvArA cAlatI lAkazAhIne paNa inkAra karavAmAM Ave che. e phAsIvAda che ane te ApaNane madhyayuganA samayamAM pAchA laI jAya che. eka jAtinA AdhipatyanuM e samarthana kare che ane Apakhuda rAjAnA daivI adhikArane sthAne sa sattAdhArI netAne te e adhikAra suparata kare che. chellAM pAMca varaseAmAM thayelA phAsIvAdanA vikAse tathA lokazAhInA dareka siddhAMta tathA svataMtratA ane sabhyatAnA hareka khyAla upara teNe karelA AkramaNe lekazAhInI rakSAne Ajane mahattvanA prazna banAvI dIdhA che. AjanI duniyAnA gajagrAha eka bAjue sAmyavAda ane samAjavAda tathA khajI bAjue phAsIvAda ane khIjA vacce nathI. e gajagrAha lokazAhI ane phAsIvAda vacce che ane badhAMye lokazAhI baLeA ekatra thaI ne phAsIvAdanA sAmanA kare che. spena enuM sarvottama udAharaNa che. paraMtu e lokazAhInI pAchaLa anivAryapaNe leAkazAhInuM kSetra vyApaka karavAnA khyAla rahelA che ane enA DaranA mAryAM pratyAdhAtI sarvotra lekazAhInI upara uparathI stuti karatA hovA chatAM potAnI sahAnubhUti yA vaphAdArI phAsIvAdane ja arpe che. phAsIvAdI sattAonuM kArya to udhADu ja che; temanA uddeza ke temanI nIti viSe leza paNa zaMkAne sthAna nathI. paraMtu e paristhiti pedA karavAmAM pradhAnapaNe kAraNabhUta te kahevAtI lAkazAhI sattA ane khAsa karIne iMglaMDa che. briTiza sarakAre eziyA, AphrikA ane yuropamAM hamezAM pratyAghAtI bhAga bhajavyo che tema ja phAsIvAda ane nAjhIvAdane hareka prakAranuM uttejana ApyuM che. ane vicitra vAta to e che ke, briTiza sAmrAjyanI salAmatInuM jokhama kheDIne paNa teNe ema karyu che; sAcI leAkazAhI vikase ene tene eTalA badhA Dara hatA tema ja phAsIvAdI netAo pratyenI tenI vIya sahAnubhUti eTalI bhAre hatI. phAsIvAdanA vikAsa thayA ane duniyA upara teNe potAnuM Adhipatya jamAvavA mAMDayu enuM ghaNuMkharuM zreya briTiza sarakArane bhAge jAya che. leAkazAhI pratyenI kaika vadhAre tIvra niSThA dharAvanAra yunAiTeDa sTeTse phAsIvAdIonA AkramaNane khALavA mATe khIjI sattA sAthe sahakAra karavAnuM aneka vAra jaNAvyuM hatuM paraMtu iMglaMDe tenI e darakhAstane asvIkAra karyAM hatA. phrAMsa, laMDana zahera tathA briTiza jAtine

Page #809
1477 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana eTaluM badhuM AdhIna banI gayuM che ke, svataMtra nIti akhatyAra karavAnI tenI hiMmata rahI nathI. majUronA praznonI bAbatamAM paNa AMtararASTrIya majUra pariSadamAM IglaDe eka sarakhI rIte pratyAghAtI valaNa akhatyAra karyuM che. 1937nI sAlamAM AMtararASTrIya majUra saMsthAe milaudyogane mATe cALIsa kalAkanuM aThavADiyuM karAvavAnuM nakkI karyuM hatuM. iMglaMDanA virodhanI uparavaTa jaIne teNe ema karyuM hatuM. e bAbatamAM te saMsthAnoe paNa IgleMDane sAtha tajIne yunAiTeDa sTeTsane Teko Apyo hate. paraMtu briTiza sarakAre nImelA hiMdanA pratinidhio te bezaka IMgleDane ja pakSa lIdhe hate. mAlike tathA sarakAranA pratinidhio sahita yunAITeDa sTeTsanA pratinidhimaMDaLe e bAbatamAM evI TIkA karI hatI ke, "teo jinivA AvyA tyAM sudhI briTiza sarakAra keTalI badhI pratyAghAtI che eno temane kazo khyAla nahote." e maMDaLanA eka pratinidhie te ema paNa kahyuM hatuM ke, "IMglaMDa te pratyAghAtanuM mArgadarzaka banyuM che.' tenAmAM aneka nabaLAIo rahelI hatI te chatAMye prAsaMgha e AMtararASTrIyatAnA khyAlanA mUrta svarUpe hajI rahyo hato. ane tenA karAramAM AkramaNane mATe zikSA TharAvavAmAM AvI hatI. jApAne maMcUriyA upara caDhAI karI tyAre e bAbatamAM tapAsa karavA mATe kamizana nImavA ane pachIthI e kRtyane vakheDI kADhavA uparAMta prajAsaMghe kazuMye pagaluM bharyuM nahi. kharekhara, e sAhasa kheDavAmAM jApAnane briTiza sarakAre ja uttejana ApyuM hatuM. ane tyArathI mAMDIne jUja najIvA apavAdo bAda karatAM te prajAsaMghanI avagaNanA karavAnI tathA tene durbaLa banAvavAnI nIti ekadhArI rIte akhatyAra karatuM AvyuM hatuM. nAjhIvAdano udaya tathA AkramaNanI tenI nIti e prajAsaMdhanI sAme sIdhA paDakArarUpa hatAM paraMtu iMglaDe tema ja kaMIka aMze phrAMse paNa e paDakAra AgaLa namatuM ApyuM ane prajAsaMdhane durbaLa banavA dIdhe. phAsisTa sattAo prajAsaMghamAMthI nIkaLI gaI. jarmanI 1973nA oNkaTobara mAsamAM temAMthI nIkaLI gayuM ane jApAna tathA ITAlI e pachIthI 1934nI sAlamAM. soviyeTa rAjya prajAsaMdhamAM joDAyuM ane teNe temAM navuM lehI umeryuM. nAjhIonA DaranA mAryA phrAMse soviyeTa De. maitrInuM ekya kyuM. paraMtu prajAsaMdhanA karAranA dhAraNa upara seviyeTa rAjya sAthe sahakAra karavA karatAM iMgleMDe jarmanIne sAthe karavAnuM pasaMda karyuM. saphaLa nIvaDelA pratyeka AkramaNe phAsisTa sattAone vadhAre dhITa ane beparavA banAvI temane khAtarI thaI gaI ke teo marajImAM Ave tema prajAsaMdhane Thekara mArI zake che kemake temane khabara hatI ke briTiza sarakAra temane virodha karavAnI nathI.

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A rIte briTiza sarakAra phAsisTa sattAne uttarottara vadhAre ne vadhAre sAtha ApatI gaI e hakIkata uparathI cIna, ebisIniyA, spena tema ja madhya yuropamAM je banAva banyA temAMnA ghaNAkharA banAvane khulAso maLI rahe che. mAnavajAtanI pragati tathA sulehazAMtinI ATalI badhI AzA vyakta karanAra prajAsaMghanI bhavya ImArata khaMDiyera banIne Aje kema paDI che te ApaNe enA uparathI samajI zakIe chIe. jApAne prajAsaMdha tema ja AkhI duniyAnI paravA karyA vinA maMcUriyA upara AkramaNa karyuM tathA tyAM maMcUkuonuM pUtaLA rAjya sthApyuM te ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM chIe. maMcUriyA upara lazkarI caDAI karavAmAM AvI hatI chatAMye vidhipuraHsara yuddhanI jAherAta karavAmAM AvI nahatI. tyAM AgaLa AMtarika baMDe karAvavAmAM AvyAM ane caDAI karavA mATe bahAnA tarIke temano upayoga karavAmAM Avyo. pAchaLathI ITAlI tathA nAjhI jarmanIe e rItane pUrNa banAvI dIdhI ane e uparAMta paradezamAM bahu ja moTA pAyA upara pracAra kArya zarU karI devAmAM AvyuM. have te yuddhanI vidhisara jAherAta karavAmAM AvatI ja nathI. e te gata jamAnAnI vastu banI gaI che. 1937nI sAlamAM nyUrembarga AgaLa belatAM hiTalare jaNAvyuM hatuM ke, "mAre je kaI duzmana upara humale karavo hoya to huM kaMI vATAghATo calAvuM nahi athavA te mahinAo sudhI enI taiyArI na karuM. huM to mArI hamezanI rIta mujaba ekAeka aMdhArAmAMthI nIkaLIne vIjaLInI jhaDape mArA duzmana upara tUTI paDuM." tyAMnI prajAne mata lIdhA pachI 1935nI sAlamAM jAnyuArI mAsamAM jarmanIe sAra pradezano kabajo lIdhe. e ja varasanA me mAsamAM hiTalare vasaInI saMdhinI niHzastrIkaraNane lagatI kalamane chevaTe inkAra karyo ane jarmane mATe pharajiyAta lazkarI karIne hukama bahAra pADyo. vasaInI saMdhinA A ekapakSI bhaMgathI kAMsa bhaDakI gayuM. iMglaDe gupacupa e bhaMga svIkArI lIdhe eTaluM ja nahi paNa AgaLa vadhIne eka mAsa pachI teNe jarmanI sAthe gupta naukAkarAra paNa karyo. A karAra karavAmAM paNa vartAIne karArane bhaMga rahela hatA ane e rIte IMglaDe paNa sulehanA karAranI avagaNanA karI. paraMtu bhAre AzcaryanI vAta te e hatI ke, pitAnA purANa mitra kAMsane pUchyAgAchaLyA vinA ja tathA bahu ja moTA pAyA upara pharI pAchuM zastrasajaja thaIne jarmanI yurepane jokhamarUpa banI gayuM hatuM te ja vakhate teNe ema karyuM. kose e vastune iMglaMDanA vacanabhaMga samAna gaNa ane ethI te bhayabhIta banI gayuM ane pitAnI ITAlI taraphanI sarahadane bhaya banI zake eTale ocho karavAne arthe tenI sAthe samajUtI para AvavA mATe te musalinI pAse deDI gayuM.

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1478 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana visIniyA : AthI jene mATe te lAMbA vakhatathI rAha joI rahyo hato te taka musolinIne maLI gaI. ghaNAM varasethI teNe ebisAniyA upara caDAI karavAnI yojanA taiyAra karI rAkhI hatI. paraMtu e bAbatamAM IgleMDa tathA phrAMsa zuM valaNa leze enI tene khAtarI na hovAthI e pagaluM bharatAM te acakAte hate. krAMsa ane ITAlI vacce bhAre taMgadilI vartatI hatI ane 1934nI sAlanA aikaTobaramAM mArseImAM yugoslAviyAnA rAjA elekajhAMDara tathA phrAMsanA videzamaMtrI lUI bArthonAM thayelAM khUne ITAlInA ejaTe karyA hatAM e ughADuM che. paraMtu have musolinIne vizvAsa beThe ke kAMsa ke iMglaDa bemAMthI eke tenI ebisIniyAnI caDAI sAme asarakAraka virodha karanAra nathI. jyAre prajAsaMdhanI beThaka cAlI rahI hatI te ja vakhate 1935nI sAlanA okaTobara mAsamAM abisIniyA upara caDAI karavAmAM AvI. ebisIniyAnuM rAjya prajAsaMdhanuM sabhya hatuM eTale e caDAIthI AkhI duniyA AbhI banI gaI. prajAsaMghe ITAlIne AkramaNa karanAra tarIke jAhera karyuM. ane ghaNuM vilaMba pachI tenI sAme keTalAka Arthika pratibaMdha jAhera karyA eTale ke, prajAsaMghanA sabhya- rAne keTalIka vastuonI iTAlI sAthe levaDadevaDa karavAnI manAI karI. paraMtu, tela, leTuM, pilAda, kolase vagere yuddhane mATe ati mahattvanI vastuone e pratibaMdhita vastuonI yAdImAM samAveza karavAmAM na AvyuM. aMgleIrAniyana eIla kaMpanIe ITAlIne tela pUruM pADavA mATe athAka parizrama karyo ane teNe rAtadivasa kAma karavA mAMDayuM. A Arthika pratibaMdha dvArA ITAlIne mATe agavaDa UbhI karavAmAM AvI e kharuM, paraMtu tenA mArgamAM ethI vizeSa muzkelIo UbhI karavAmAM AvI nahi. yunAITeDa sTese telano pratibaMdha jAhera karavAnI himAyata karI paraMtu IMglaMDa temAM saMmata na thayuM. briTiza videzamaMtrI sara semyuala hera ane krAMsane pradhAna lAla aibisIniyAne ghaNekhare bhAga ITAlIne suparata karavAnI samajUtI para AvyA. paraMtu enI sAme prajAmAM bhAre pikAra UDyo ane sara semyuala herane rAjInAmuM ApavuM paDayuM. daramyAna ebisaniyAnA leke duzmananI sAme bahAdurIpUrvaka laDI rahyA hatA. paraMtu bahu ja nIce UDatAM eraplenamAMthI moTA pAyA upara karavAmAM AvatA bebamArAnI sAme teo lAcAra hatA. nAgarika vasatI upara tema ja strI, bALake, tathA IspitAle upara sphaTaka tema ja gesanA boMbane varasAda varasAvavAmAM AvyA ane atizaya pAzava katala karavAmAM AvI. 1936nA me mAsamAM ITAlInuM sinya ebisIniyAnA pATanagara eDIsa abAbAmAM dAkhala thayuM. ane pachIthI teNe dezanA moTA bhAgane kabaje lIdhe. e pachI aDhI varasa vItI gayAM paraMtu sarahadanA pradezamAM ebisIniyAnA leke hajI paNa duzmanone sAmane karI rahyA che.

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pUti 1479 joke phrAMsa tathA IMglaMDe tenI jItane mAnya rAkhI che chatAMye abisIniyA jitAyuM che ema bhAgye ja kahI zakAya. abhisIniyAnI karuNa ghaTanA tathA prajAsaMdhanI sattAoe tenA karelA vizvAsadhAtathI duniyAne prajAsadhanI duLatA tathA lAcArInI khabara paDI gaI. hiTalara have nirbhayapaNe prajAsa dhane Thokara mArI zake ema hatuM. ane 1936nI sAlanA mArca mAsamAM rAIna nadInA binalazkarI pradezamAM hiTalare potAnA sainyane mAkalI ApyuM. varsAInI sadhine A bIjo bhaga hatA. ' spena : 1936nI sAlamAM yuropamAM potAnuM prabhutva jamAvavAnA phAsisTeTanA prayAsAnuM khIjuM pagaluM bharavAmAM AvyuM ane lokazAhI tathA svata MtratA mATenI e bhAre mahattvanI laDAI nIvaDavAnI hatI. potAnuM prabhutva jamAvavAne mATe harIpha baLe spenamAM kevI rIte laDI rahyAM hatAM tathA pratyAdhAtI pAdarI tathA amIraumarAve! sAme taruNa prajAsattAka kevI rIte jhUjhI rahyuM hatuM te ApaNe AgaLa joI gayAM chIe. Akhare spenanA badhAye pragativAdI pakSA ekatra thayA ane 1936nI sAlanA phebruArI mAsamAM temaNe prajAkIya pakSa sthApyA. vadhatAM jatAM phAsisTa baLAne sAmaneA karavA mATe e pahelAM ja phrAMsamAM prajApakSanI sthApanA karavAmAM AvI hatI. e qAsisTa baLeA phrAMsanA prajAsattAkane jokhamAvI rahyAM hatAM ane temaNe eka khaMDa paNa karyuM hatuM paraMtu te niSphaLa nIvaDayuM hatuM. phrAMsanA prajApakSane prajA taraphathI bhAre utsAhabharyAM AvakAra maLyA ane cUMTaNImAM tene saphaLatA maLavAthI teNe potAnI sarakAra sthApI. e sarakAre majUrone rAhata ApanArA aneka kAyadA pasAra karyAM. spenanA prajApakSane paNa krAsanI ( spenanI pArTImenTa) cUMTaNImAM saphaLatA maLI ane teNe paNa potAnI sarakAra sthApI. teNe aneka sudhArAe karavAnuM tema ja canI sattA upara aMkuza mUkavAnuM prajAne vacana ApyuM hatuM paraMtu ghaNA vakhatathI te potAnA e vacanane amala karI zakyo na hato. e sudhArAonA DaranA mAryAM spenanAM pratyAdhAtI tattvA ekatra thayAM ane pragativAdIo upara humalA karavAnuM temaNe nakkI karyuM. potAnI e tema pAra pADavAne mATe temaNe iTAlI tathA janInI madada mAgI ane e temane maLI paNa kharI. 1936nI sAlanA julAI mAsanI 18mI tArIkhe spenanA mUra lazkaranI sahAyathI janarala kAMkAe baLavA zarU karyAM. e mUrra lazkarane teNe moTAM meTAM vacane ApIne potAnA pakSamAM lIdhuM hatuM. krAMkAe bahu sahelAIthI ane tvarita vijaya meLavavAnI apekSA rAkhI hatI. lazkara tenA pakSamAM hatuM ane e baLavAna dezeAnI tene mada hatI. prajAsattAka lAcAra ane asahAya banI gayeluM lAgatuM hatuM. potAnA upara AvI paDelA jokhamanI ghaDIe teNe spenanI janatAne

Page #813
1480 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana potAnI svataMtratAnI rakSA karavAnI hAkala karI ane tene hathiyAra pUrAM pADyAM. AmajanatAe e hAkalane sAre javAba vALe ane kAMkanI tapa ane havAI baeNbamArA sAme te lagabhaga ughADe mAthe laDI. teNe kAMkone khALI rAkhe. lekazAhIne khAtara laDavAne mATe dezadezathI svayaMsevake AvyA. temaNe AMtararASTrIya daLanI sthApanA karI ane e daLe tenI kaTokaTInI ghaDIe prajAsattAkane kImatI madada karI. paraMtu prajAsattAkanI madade svayaMsevake AvI rahyA hatA tyAre kAMkone sahAya karavAne mATe te moTI saMkhyAmAM iTAlInuM vyavasthita lazkara AvI pahoMcyuM tema ja jarmanI tathA ITAlImAMthI tene eraplene, vimAnIe, ijanere tathA zastrasaraMjAma paNa maLe. phrakanI pAchaLa e be mahAna sattAonA anubhavI lazkarI niSNAta hatA jyAre prajAsattAkanA pakSamAM dherya, utsAha ane balidAnanI dhagaza hatI. 1936nA navembara mAsa sudhImAM baLavAkhoro mADriDanA dvAra sudhI AvI pahoMcyA, paraMtu prajAsattAkanI janatAe eka sarvoparI prayAsa karIne temane tyAM ja khALI rAkhyA. prajAmAMthI "rUka jAo" e pokAra UDyo ane rojeroja tenA upara baeNbamAro ane topamAro thavA chatAM tema ja tenI suMdara imArate jamInadosta thaI gaI dAhaka baeNbamArAne kAraNe tyAM AgaLa vAraMvAra Aga lAgavA mAMDI, tenAM vIramAM vIra bALake tene khAtara maraNazaraNa thayAM te paNa mADi zahera aNajItyuM ane vijayI rahyuM. baLavAkhorenuM lazkara mADriDane sImADe AvI pahoMcyAne be varasa thaI gayAM che. Ama chatAMye te hajI tyAMnAM tyAM ja rahyAM che ane "rUka jAo ne pakAra sAMbhaLe che. ane mADriDa - gamagIna ane sUnakAra banI gayeluM mADi-svataMtratAne vareluM pitAnuM zira UMcuM rAkhI rahyuM che ane te spenanI prajAnA gauravazALI ane ajeya AtmAnuM mUrtimaMta svarUpa banIne UbhuM che. A penanI laData ApaNe samajI levI joIe. e kevaLa sthAnika ke rASTrIya laData nathI paNa ethI vizeSa che. lekazAhI paddhatithI cUMTI kADhavAmAM AvelI pArlAmenTa sAme uThAvavAmAM AvelA baLavAthI ene AraMbha thaze. sAmyavAda tema ja dharma bhayamAM AvI paDyo che e pikAra uThAvavAmAM AvyuM paraMtu prajApakSanA dhArAsabhAnA sabhyomAM sAmyavAdIe te gaNyAgAMDyA hatA ane ghaNuM moTA bhAganA sabhyo te samAjavAdI ane prajAsattAkavAdIo hatA. ane dharmanI bAbatamAM joIe te prajAsattAka mATe sauthI vadhAre vIratApUrvaka laDanArAo te bAska pradezanA kethalika hatA. prajAsattAke dhArmika svataMtratAnI bAMyadharI ApI che - je ke hiTalara jarmanImAM evI svataMtratA ApatA nathI - paraMtu jamInanAM sthApita hite tema ja carca taraphathI apAtI keLavaNInI bAbatamAM te bezaka vAMdhe kAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. paraMtu jamIna ane meTI jamInadArInI phaDala vyavasthA upara te prahAra karaze tema

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148 ja tene aMta ANaze e jyAre Dara pedA thayo tyAre baLave te sIdhIsAdI lekazAhI sAme ja pokAravAmAM Avyo hate. huM AgaLa kahI gaye chuM tema jyAre AvI sthiti pedA thAya che tyAre pratyAghAtIo lekazAhInAM dhoraNe jALavavAnI ke prajAmata pheravavAnI takalIphamAM nathI paDatA. eve prasaMge teo hathiyArane Azaro le che; trAsa tathA hiMsA dvArA prajA upara pitAnI IcchA ThokI besADavAno prayatna kare che. spenanI lazkarI ane pAdarIonI ToLakIne jarmanI tathA iTAlInI be phAsIvAdI sattAone svecchApUrvakano sAtha maLI gayuM. e baMne phAsIvAdI sattAo bhUmadhya samudra upara kAbU meLavavA tathA temAM nakAmathake sthApavAne mATe spena upara pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvavA mAgatI hatI. spenanI khanIja saMpattie paNa e sattAone AkarSI hatI. A rIte spenanuM yuddha e AMtarayuddha nahi paNa vAstavamAM kAnsane apaMga tathA IgleMDane durbaLa banAvIne AkhAye yuropa upara phAsIvAdanI ANa vartAvavA mATenA sattAnA rAjakAraNanI ramatanuM surepI yuddha hatuM. emAM jarmanI ane ITAlInAM hita kaMIka aMze athaDAtAM hatAM paraMtu thoDA vakhata pUratuM te temaNe baMnee sAthe maLIne kAma karyuM. phAsIvAdI spena kAMsane mATe jIvaleNa nIvaDe ema hatuM tema ja te pUrvanA dezo taraphanA tema ja kepa oNpha guDa hopanA dariyAI mArgone jokhamAve ema hatuM. pachIthI jibrAlTara nakAmuM banI jAya ane suejhanI naheranI kazI kiMmata na rahe. Ama, lekazAhInA premane khAtara nahi te pitAnA hitanI daSTithI paNa IMgleMDa tathA krAMsa spenanI sarakArane baLa zamAvI devA mATe hareka prakAranI vAjabI madada Ape evI apekSA kaI paNa mANasa rAkhe. paraMtu pitAnA rASTranA hitane bhege paNa varganAM hite sarakArane kevI rIte prere che e vastu ahIM paNa pharIthI ApaNA jevAmAM Ave che. briTiza sarakAre binadaramyAnagIrInI eka pejanA taiyAra karI. e yejanA ApaNuM jamAnAnA phArasanA eka bhAremAM bhAre namUnA samAna thaI paDI che. jarmanI tathA ITAlI e bane binadaramyAnagIrI kamiTImAM che ane te chatAMye teo baLavAkhorane chaDecoka madada kare che ane temane kAyadesaranI sarakAra tarIke mAnya rAkhe che. teo pitAnAM sane phakanI madade mekale che tema ja temanA vimAnIe spenanAM zahero upara baeNbamAro kare che. A rIte baLavAkhAne madada maLatI rahe e ja binadaramyAnagIrIne artha thaye che. aMgrejonI uzkeraNIthI pheMca sarakAre pitAnI pirinIjhanI sarahada baMdha karI che ane A rIte spenanA prajAsattAkane jema tema karIne pahoMcatI DIghaNuM madada paNa baMdha karI che.

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1482 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana prajAsattAka mATe khorAka laI jatAM briTiza vahANane phAMkanAM eNplene ke naukA kAphalAe DubAvI dIdhAM che ane briTiza vaDA pradhAna cembaraleIne phrAMkanA e kRtyane kharekhAta bacAva karyo che. lekazAhInA phelAvAnA tenA Darane lIdhe briTiza sarakAra ATalI hada sudhI pahoMcI che. gheDA ja divasa upara ITAlI jaDe teNe samajUtI karI che emAM phakane mAnya rAkhavAmAM tema ja spenanA mAmalAmAM tenI munasaphI pramANe vacce paDavAnI ITAlIne chUTa ApavAmAM te eka DagaluM AgaLa vadhI. spenanA prajAsattAke iMglaMDa ke phAMsa upara AdhAra rAkhyo hota yA te temanI salAha pramANe te cAlyuM hota te kyAranoye tene aMta AvI gayA hatA. paraMtu IMglaMDa tema ja kAMsanI nItinI leza paNa paravA karyA vinA spenanI prajAe phAsIvAdane namatuM ApavAnI sApha nA pADI. temane mATe te e videzI humalAkhore sAmenI svataMtratA mATenI rASTrIya laData che. eNe mahAbhArata saMgrAmanuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM che ane temAM dAkhavavAmAM AvelI hiMmata ane sahanazIlatAnA camatkArathI teNe duniyAne cakita karI dIdhI che. e laDatanI sauthI bhayAnaka vastu te kAMkonA pakSanAM iTAliyana ane jarmana eroplenamAMthI zahera, gAmaDAMo tema ja nAgarika vasatI upara karavAmAM Avate boMbamAre che. chellAM be varaso daramyAna prajAsattAke suMdara lazkara UbhuM karyuM che ane tAjetaramAM teNe tenA badhAye videzI svayaMsevakone pAchA mokalI dIdhA che. je ke penane traNacaturthAMza bhAga Aje kAMkonA kabajAmAM che ane teNe mADi tathA velenziyAne keleniyA sAthe saMbaMdha teDI nAkhe che. ema chatAMye navuM prajAsattAka lazkara tene tyAM ja khALI rAkhI rahyuM che tathA ebranA mahAna yuddhamAM teNe pitAnuM pANI batAvI ApyuM che. e yuddha keTalAye mahinA sudhI aviratapaNe cAlu rahyuM hatuM. paradezanI tene jabaradasta madada maLe te sivAya e lazkarane kAMke harAvI zake ema nathI e spaSTa che. khorAkane abhAva e Aje prajAsattAkanI bhAremAM bhAre muzkelI che. khAsa karIne ziyALAnA mahinAo daramyAna khorAkanI taMgI tene bahu veThavI paDI che. pitAnA lazkarane tema ja pitAnA vahIvaTa nIcenA pradezanI vasatIne ja nahi paNa jene kAMkee kabaje lIdhe che te pradezamAMthI nAsI AvelA lAkha Azritane paNa tene khorAka pUro pADe paDe che. rIta : spenanI karUNa ghaTanAnI vAta uparathI have ApaNe cInanI karUNa ghaTanAnI vAta upara AvIe. maMcUriyAmAMnuM jApAnanuM AkramaNa ekadhAruM cAlu rahyuM hatuM ane AgaLa huM tane kahI gayo chuM tema emAM tene briTiza sarakAranI sahAnubhUti hatI. jApAnanA AkramaNane sAmane karavA mATe amerikAe sahakAra ApavAnI karelI

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pUti 1483 darakhAstane IMglaDe tarachoDI hatI. iMglaMDa jApAnane zAthI uttejana Ape che ane e rIte eka baLavAna harophane vadhAre baLavAna banAve che? 20mI sadInA AraMbhanAM varasethI jApAna lagabhaga iMglaMDanA rakSaNa nIce sAmrAjyavAdI sattA tarIke ghaNuM AgaLa vadhyuM che. pahelAM jhArazAhI raziyA sAme eka baLavAna harIpha UbhuM karavAne khAtara te jApAnane madada karatuM hatuM. mahAyuddha pachI yunAITeDa sTeTsa ane soviyeTa rAjya e be iMglaMDanA meTA harIke rahyA che. AthI jApAnane Teko ApavAnI tenI e purANI nIti teNe Aja sudhI eTale ke tenAM keTalAMka mahattvanAM hitone jApAna jokhamamAM mUkavAnI hada sudhI pahoMcyuM tyAM sudhI teNe cAlu rAkhI che. 1933nI sAlamAM amerikAe seviyeTa rAjyane mAnya rAkhyuM tenuM eka kAraNa amerikAnI jApAnanI harIphAI paNa hatuM. ( 1933nI sAla pachInA samaya daramyAna cInamAM ghaNI sarakAre hatI. cAMga-kAI-zekanI rASTrIya sarakAra tyAM hatI. bIjI sattAoe e sarakArane mAnya rAkhI hatI. dakSiNa bhAgamAM kenTIna sarakAra hatI ane ku-mIna-TAMgane pagale cAlavAne te paNa dAvo karatI hatI. dezanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM moTA vistAramAM seviyeTa DhabanuM taMtra paNa hatuM. A uparAMta dezanA aMdaranA bhAgamAM ardhasvataMtra aneka laDAyaka saradAre hatA. pIpiMganI uttare jApAna aviratapaNe TukaDe TukaDe cInane pradeza pacAvI pALe jatuM hatuM. jApAnanA A AkramaNane sAmane karavAne badale vyAMga-kAI-zeka varasovarasa baLavAna lazkarI humalo karIne cInanA seviyeTa pradezane kacarI nAkhavAnA prayAsamAM pitAnI badhIye zakti kharacI rahyo hate. AvA ghaNuMkharA humalAo niSphaLa nIvaDyA hatA ane jyAre cAMga-kAI-zekanA lazkare e pradezane kabaje lIdhe tyAre paNa cInanuM seviyeTa sainya tenA paMjAmAMthI chaTakI jatuM ane dezanA vadhAre UMDANanA bhAgamAM jaIne pitAne kabajo jamAvatuM. cu-tenI saradArI nIce AThamA pAyadaLa sainya cInanI ArapAra 8000 mAIlanI jabaradasta kUca karI hatI te lazkarI ItihAsamAM eka apUrva dRSTAMtarUpa thaI paDI che. jApAnI AkramaNane sAmano karavAmAM vyAMga-kAi-zeka joDe sahakAra karavAnI seviyeTa cIne pitAnI tatparatA batAvI hatI te chatAMye varasa sudhI A jhaghaDe cAlu rahyo. 1937nI sAlamAM jApAne cIna upara jabare humale zarU karyo. ene pariNAme Akhare ApasamAM laDatA badhA pakSe ekatra thayA ane badhAe sAthe maLIne jApAnane sAmane karyo. cIne seviyeTe rAjya sAthe paNa vadhAre nikaTane saMbaMdha bAMdhyo tathA e be dezo vacce binaAkramaNane karAra thaye. jApAnane sAmane atizaya jhanUnathI karavAmAM AvyuM. havAI baeNbamAre calAvIne tema ja mAnI paNa na zakAya evI bIjI aneka hevAniyatabharI

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1484 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana rItAthI jAnamAlane bhAre saMhAra karIne jApAne cInane e sAmane toDI nAkhavAno prayatna karyAM. paraMtu A agniparIkSAne pariNAme cInamAM eka navI ja prajAnuM dhaDatara thayuM ane cInA lokAnI purANI sustI temanAmAMthI UDI gaI. jApAnanA kheMbamArAthI cInanAM memoTAM moTAM zahero rAkhanA DhagalA samAna banI gayAM ane asaMkhya prajAjatAnA jAna gayA. jApAna upara A yuddhanI bhAre tANa pahoMcI ane tenI nANAMkIya tema ja Arthika vyavasthA tUTI paDavAnAM cihno jaNAvA lAgyAM. svAbhAvika rIte ja hiMdanA leAkeAnI sahAnubhUti cInanI prajA tema ja spenanA prajAsattAka tarapha hatI. ane hi MdustAna, amerikA tema ja bIjA dezezamAM jApAnanA mAlanA bahiSkAra karavAnI jabaradasta caLavaLA UpaDI. Ama chatAMye jApAnanuM pracaMDa lazkara cInamAM AgaLa vadhyuM ane tene pajavavA mATe cInA lekAe gerIlA yuddha paddhatine Azaro lIdhe. temanI e pahita bhAre asarakAraka nIvaDI. jApAne zAMdhAI tathA nAnkinane kabajo lIdhe ane jyAre tenuM lazkara kanTena ane haiM kaiA najIka AvI pahoMcyuM tyAre cInAoe peAte ja Aga lagADIne temanAM e mahAna zahezane nAza karyAM. tepoliyane mAskAne kabajo lIdhA hatA tema jApAnI sainye e zaheranAM baLIne khAkha thaI gayelA avazeSonA kabajo lIdhA. paraMtu jApAna cInanA sAmanAne kacarI zakyuM nathI; navI navI Aphata AvI paDatAM tA UlaTA te vadhu ne vadhu sakhata thatA jAya che. sTriyA : have ApaNe pAchAM yuropa jaI e ane tenA karuNa aMta sudhInI AsTriyAnI vAta joI jaI e. e nAnakaDuM prajAsattAka nAdAra banI gayuM hatuM ane temAM aMdaraaMdara bhAre phATaphUTa hatI. vaLI eka bAjuthI nAjhI jarmanI tenA upara dabANa karatuM hatuM ane khIjI bAjuthI phAsisTa iTAlI, viyenA zaheramAM pragatizIla ane samAjavAdI myunisipAliTI hatI paraMtu deza upara teA pAdarIonA prabhutvavALA phAsIvAdane dAra hatA. DAsa tyAMnA caeNnselara hatA ane nAjhIonA AkramaNa sAme oNsTriyAnA rakSaNa mATe te musolinI para AdhAra rAkhatA hatA. varsAInI sulehanI saMdhinA bhaMga karIne iTAlI DAlTsane hathiyA pUrAM pADatuM hatuM ane museAlinI tene samAjavAdIone dAkhI devAnI salAha ApatA hatA. viyenAnA A samAjavAdI majUrone niHzastra karavAne DArTse niNaeNya karyAM ane ene pariNAme 1934nI sAlanI phebruArInI prati-krAMti thaI. cAra divasa sudhI viyenAmAM laDAI cAlI ane tApamA calAvIne amuka aMze majUronAM jagamazadUra dharAnA nAza karavAmAM Avyo. DelTsane emAM vijaya te maLye paraMtu bahAranA AkramaNano sAmane karI zake evA eka mAtra samUhane toDI pADavAne bhoge teNe e vijaya meLavyA.

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pUti 1485 daramyAna nAjhI prapaMce to cAlu ja hatA ane 1934nA jUna mAsamAM nAjhIoe viyenAmAM DolphasanuM khUna karyuM. e pachI nAjhI jarmanI osTriyA upara caDAI kare evI janA hatI. hiTalara jarmanInI sarahada oLaMgIne pitAnA lazkarane oNsTriya upara mokalavAnI taiyArImAM hatA paraMtu jarmane sAme TyiAnuM rakSaNa karavAne pite sainya melaze evI musalinIe dhamakI ApI tethI te ema karatAM aTakI gaye. osTriyAne jarmanImAM bheLavI devAmAM Ave ane pariNAme jarmanInI sarahada TheTha iTAlI sudhI AvI pahoMce evuM musolinI icchate nahote. 1975nI sAlamAM hiTalare vidhipUrvaka jAhera karyuM ke oNsTriyAne khAlasA karavAne ke tene jarmanI sAthe joDI devAne tene irAdo nathI. ITAlInA ebisIniyAnA sAhasane lIdhe te nabaLuM paDyuM ane IMglaDa tathA kAMsa sAthenuM tenuM gharSaNa vadhavA pAmyuM eTale musolinIne hiTalara sAthe samajUtI para AvavuM paDyuM. AthI hiTalarane sTriyAnI bAbatamAM game te karavAnI chUTa maLI ane tyAM AgaLa nAjhIonI pravRtti vadhI gaI 1938nI sAlanA AraMbhamAM iMglaMDanA vaDA pradhAna cembaraleIne jAhera karyuM ke, AdhyiAne bacAvavA mATe iMglenDa vacce paDanAra nathI. pachI te banAvo bahu jhaDapathI banavA lAgyA ane esTriyAnA censelara zugnine prajAmata levAnuM nakkI karyuM tyAre hiTalare tenI sAme vAMdho uThAvya. 1938nA me mAsamAM teNe osTriyA upara caDAI karI. tene sAmane karavAmAM na AvyuM ane osTriyAnuM jarmanI sAthenuM joDANa jAhera karavAmAM AvyuM. lAMbA samaya sudhI sAmrAjyanA mathaka banelA A purANuM dezane A rIte aMta AvyuM ane AyiA yurepanA nakazA uparathI bhUMsAI gayuM. tenA chellA caeNnselara zugnigane jarmane e keda karyo ane nAjhIonI IcchAne saMpUrNapaNe anukULa na thavA mATe tenA upara muka calAvavAnI dhamakI ApavAmAM AvI. hajIye te nAjhIone kedI che. oNsTriyAmAM nAjhI jarmananA AgamanathI tyAMnI prajA upara damana ane trAsano koraDo vIMjhAvA lAgyA. jarmanImAM nAjhIonA amalanA AraMbhamAM je trAsanuM sAmrAjya pravatyuM hatuM tenA karatAM paNa A trAsa ane damana vadhAre bhayaMkara hatAM. yahUdIone ethI bhAre sahana karavuM paDyuM ane hajIye teo bhayaMkara yAtanAo sahana karI rahyA che. ane eka vakhatanA ramaNIya ane saMskArI zahera viyenAmAM jaMgalIpaNAnuM sAmrAjya vata rahyuM che ane atyAcAnI paraMparA tyAM AgaLa cAlI rahI che. jeoovAciA : osTriyAmAMnA nAjhIonA vijayane kAraNe yuropa samasamI gayuM hatuM paraMtu cekoslovAkiyAmAM enI asara sauthI vadhAre thavA pAmI. kema ke have te traNa bAjue nAjhI jarmanIthI gherAI gayuM. ghaNA leka

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1486 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana dhAratA hatA ke e pachI cekalevAkiyA upara caDAI karavAmAM Avaze ane enI zarUAta tarIke nAjhIonA kAvAdAvA tathA sarahadanA jillAomAM muzkelIo UbhI karavAnA prayAse phAsisTanI hamezanI rIta mujaba zarU thaI gayA. cekoslovAkiyAnA suDeTana pradezamAM eTale ke prAcIna samayanA bohemiyAmAM jarmana bhASA bolanArA leko vasatA hatA. osTriyA-haMgarInA sAmrAjyamAM temanuM prabhutva hatuM. ceka rAjya mATe temane samabhAva nahoto ane tenI sAme temanI keTalIka phariyAdo hatI ane te vAjabI paNa hatI. temane amuka pramANamAM svayaMzAsana joItuM hatuM, jarmanI sAthe joDAI javAnI temanI jarA paNa icchA nahotI. vaLI temanAmAM evA ghaNuM jarmane hatA jeo nAjhIonA amalanI saMpUrNapaNe viruddha hatA. bohemiyA pahelAM kadIye jarmanIne eka bhAga nahotuM. oNsTriyA lupta thayA pachI hiTalara ceka levAkiyA upara caDAI karaze ema dhAravAmAM AvatuM hatuM ane e saMbhavitatAnA DaranA mAryA ane pitAnI jAtane surakSita banAvavAne khAtara saMkhyAbaMdha leke sthAnika nAjhI pakSamAM joDAyA. AMtararASTrIya daSTie kevAkiyAnI sthiti majabUta hatI. te udyogamAM ghaNo AgaLa vadhe deza hatuM tema ja te susaMgaThita hato ane tenI pAse baLavAna ane kuzaLa sainya hatuM. krAMsa tathA seviyeTa rAjya sAthe te maitrInA karArothI joDAyeluM hatuM ane jhaghaDAne prasaMge IMglaDa paNa tene paDakhe raheze evuM dhAravAmAM AvatuM hatuM. madhya yurepamAM te eka mAtra lekazAhI rAjya bAkI rahyuM hatuM tethI amerikA sahita AkhI duniyAnA lekazAsanavAdIonI tenA pratye sahAnubhUti hatI. lekazAhI baLoe ekasaMpathI kAma karyuM hota te yuddhane prasaMge phAsisTa sattAone parAjya thAta emAM leza paNa zaMkA nathI. suDeTana laghumatIne prazna UbhuM karavAmAM Avyo hato ane temanI phariyAda dUra karavAmAM Ave e vAjabI hatuM, paraMtu madhya yurepanI koI paNa laghumatI karatAM cekoslovAkiyAnI laghumatI pratye ghaNuM sAro vartAva rAkhavAmAM AvatuM hatuM e hakIkata nirvivAda hatI. khare prazna laghumatIne nahote. sAcI vAta te e che ke, AkhAye dakSiNa-pUrva yuropa upara hiTalarane pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvavuM hatuM ane hiMsA tathA hiMsAnI dhamakI dvArA tene pitAnuM dhAryuM karAvavuM hatuM. laghumatInA praznane ukela lAvavA mATe eka sarakAre pitAnAthI banatuM badhuM karyuM ane tenI lagabhaga badhIye mAgaNIone svIkAra karyo. paraMtu eka mAgaNIne svIkAra thaye ke bIjI ane vadhAre vyApaka tathA rAjyanI hastI sudhdhAM jokhamamAM AvI paDe evI duragAmI mAgaNIo thatI gaI. tenA paDakhAmAM zULa samAna thaI paDelA A lekazAhI rAjyane aMta ANavAno

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pUti 1487 hiTalarane IrAde hate e vastu spaSTa thaI gaI hatI. e praznane sulehazAMti bharyo ukela lAvavAnA oThA nIce briTiza nIti hiTalaranA AkramaNane uttejana ApI rahI hatI. briTiza sarakAre e jhaghaDAmAM "madhyastha" tarIke kAma karavAne mATe leDa rensimaeNnane prAga moklI Ape. paraMtu briTananI A lavAdIe te nAjhIonI mAgaNIone namatuM ApavAne ceka sarakAra upara niraMtara dabANa karyA karyuM. chevaTe ceka lekee ransimaeNnanI e atizaya dUragAmI darakhAsta sudhdhAM kabUla rAkhI paraMtu nAjhIone te ethIye vadhAre joItuM hatuM ane potAnI mAgaNI parANe svIkArAvavAne arthe temaNe jarmana sainyane humale karavA mATe taiyAra karI dIdhuM. e prasaMge cembaraleIna jAte e mAmalAmAM vacce paDe ane baceMsageDana AgaLa teNe hiTalaranI mulAkAta lIdhI. tyAM AgaLa teNe hiTalare AkharI kaheNa dvArA karelI mAgaNI kabUla rAkhI. emAM cekoslovAkiyAnA moTA pradezane jarmanI sAthe joDI devAnI mAgaNI karavAmAM AvI hatI. pachIthI IMglaMDa tathA phrAMse potAnA mitrarAjya celaivAkiyA upara, pitAnuM AkharI kaheNa mokalyuM ane hiTalaranI zarate mAnya rAkhavAnuM tene jaNAvyuM ane te ema na kare te tene saMpUrNapaNe tyAga karavAnI dhamakI ApI. temanA mitroe temane dago dIdho e joIne ceka leko te AbhA banI gayA ane coMkI UThyA, paraMtu hatAza ane gamagIna banIne temanI sarakAre e AkharI kaheNane namatuM ApyuM. cembaraleIna pharI pAcho hiTalarane maLavA gayo. A vakhate te rAIna nadI upara AvelA geDabarga AgaLa hiTalarane maLe. A mulAkAtamAM tene mAlUma paDayuM ke hiTalara te hajI vaLI vadhAre mAgatuM hatuM. e mAgaNIo te cembaraleIna paNa na kabUla karI zakyo ane 1938nI sAlanA sapTembara mAsanA chellA aThavADiyAmAM jagavyApI yuddhanI gherI chAyA yurepa upara patharAI gaI. leke "gesa mAska meLavavA mATe doDAdoDa karavA lAgyA ane havAI humalAothI rakSaNa karavAne mATe bAgabagIcAomAM khAIe khedAvA lAgI. cembaraleIna pharI pAcho hiTalara pAse pahoMce. A vakhate te tene myunicamAM maLyo. DelADiyara tathA musolinI paNa tyAM pahoMcyA. cekoslovAkiyA tathA phrAMsanA mitra raziyAne tyAM bolAvavAmAM na AvyuM ane ceka levAkiyA je temanuM eka mitrarAjya hatuM tathA jenuM bhAvi nakkI thavAnuM hatuM tenI e bAbatamAM salAha sarakhI levAmAM na AvI. tAtkAlika yuddha ane caDAInI dhamakI sAthe karavAmAM AvelI hiTalaranI navI ane dUragAmI mAgaNIo lagabhaga saMpUrNapaNe svIkAravAmAM AvI, ane sapTembaranI 28mI tArIkhe jemAM e mAgaNIone samAveza karavAmAM AvyA hatA te myunica karAra upara cAra sattAoe sahI karI.

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148 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana te vakhata pUratI te lAITALavAmAM AvI ane badhAye dezanA lekamAM hAzanI lAgaNI phelAI gaI. paraMtu ene mATe bhAre kiMmata cUkavavI paDI. IgleMDa ane krAMsanI bhAre beAbarU ane mAnahAni thaIyuropamAM lokazAhI upara bhAre phaTako paDyo, cekelaivAkiyAnA rAjyane dehaviccheda thaI gayA, sulehazAMti sthApavAnA sAdhana tarIke prajAsaMghane aMta Avyo, ane madhya tathA dakSiNapUrva yuropamAM nAjhIvAdane jvalaMta vijaya thayuM. ane ATalI badhI kiMmata ApIne kharIdavAmAM AvelI sulehazAMti e te mAtra tahakUbI ja hatI ane e daramyAna dareka deza bhAvimAM AvanArA yuddhane mATe banI zake eTalI tvarAthI zastrasajja thavA lAgyo. myunicane karAra e yuropa tema ja duniyAnA ItihAsamAM dizApalaTo karanAra vastu che. ethI yuropanI navesarathI vaheMcaNI karavAnI zarUAta thaI ane briTiza tathA pheMca e baMne sarakAre chaDecoka nAjhIvAda ane phAsIvAdane paDakhe UbhI rahI. IgleMDe ITAlI ane iMglenDa vaccenA karArane utAvaLathI maMjUra karyo. emAM iTAlInI ebisIniyAnI chatane mAnya rAkhavAmAM AvI tathA iTAlIne penamAM te cAhe te karavAnI chUTa ApavAmAM AvI hatI. iMglaDa, phrAMsa, jarmanI ane ITAlI e cAra sattAo vaccenA karAre mUrta svarUpa dhAraNa karavA mAMDayuM. ene Azaya seviyeTa raziyA tema ja spenamAMnA tema ja bIje ThekANenAM lekazAhI baLane ekatra sAmano karavAnuM hatuM. raziyA: kAvAdAvAo ane prapaMcenAM tema ja mahAna sattAoe karelA pitAnA gaMbhIra vacananA bhaMganAM A varase ane mahinAo daramyAna seviyeTa raziyAe ekadhArI rIte pitAnI AMtararASTrIya pharajo tathA javAbadArIo adA karI, sulehazAMtine pakSa karyo, AkramaNane virodha karyo tathA chevaTa sudhI pitAnA mitra celaivAkiyAne tyAga na karyo e kharekhara eka dhapAtra bInA che. paraMtu iMglaMDa tathA krAMse tenI avagaNanA karI ane AkramaNa karanAra sAthe temaNe maitrI karI. iMglaMDa tathA kose jene dago dIdhe have te cekerelevAkiyA paNa nAjhI vartuLamAM jaI paDyuM ane raziyA sAthenI pitAnI maitrIne teNe aMta ANya. ceka levAkiyAnA TukaDA pADI nAkhavAmAM AvyA che ane bhUkhyAM gIdhanI peThe poleMDa tathA haMgarIe e prasaMgane lAbha uThAvyo che. temAM bhAre AMtarika pheraphAra paNa thavA pAmyA che ane cekoslovAkSiA svayaMzAsana mATe dAvo kare che. celaivAkiyAnA avazeSa have lagabhaga jarmanInA eka saMsthAna eTale ke tAbAnA pradeza tarIke kArya kare che. A rIte seviyeTa rAjyanI paradeza nItine bhAre niSphaLatA maLI che. ane Ama chatAM, te yuropa tema ja eziyAmAM phAsIvAda tathA lekazAhIvirodhI baLonI sAme eka prabaLa ane eka mAtra asarakAraka dIvAla

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1489 banIne UbhuM che. kema ke, iMglaMDa tathA phrAMse chellA thoDA mAsa daramyAna bhalene raziyAnI avagaNanA karI hoya paraMtu te Aje eka baLavAna sattA banyuM che. keTalIka bAbatomAM, khAsa karIne utpanna karavAmAM AvelA mAlanA guNanI dRSTie jo ke tene niSphaLatA maLI che paraMtu ekaMdare jotAM pahelI paMcavarSI yojanA saphaLa thaI che. tyAMnA kArIgara tAlIma vinAnA hatA tema ja mAlanI lAlajA karavAnI vyavasthA paNa ghaNe aMze niSphaLa nIvaDI hatI. bhAre udyoga upara badhuM lakSa kendrita karavAmAM AvyuM hovAne kAraNe rejanA vaparAzanA mAlanI taMgI pedA thavA pAmI hatI ane tene lIdhe prajAnuM jIvananuM dhoraNa jarA nIcuM paDayuM hatuM. paraMtu raziyAne jhaDapathI audyogika tema ja tenI khetIne sAmUhika banAvIne e janAe tenI bhAvi pragatino pAyo nAkhe. bIjI paMcavarSa janAmAM (1933-37) bhAre udyogone badale haLavA udyoge upara vadhAre bhAra mUkavAmAM Avyo. e yojanAne hetu pahelI janAnI UNapa dUra karavAne tema ja rojanA vaparAzanI vastuo pedA karavAno hate. emAM bhAre pragati thaI lekenuM jIvananuM dhoraNa UMcuM thayuM ane hajI paNa te satatapaNe UMcuM thatuM jAya che. saMskRti ane keLavaNInA kSetramAM tema ja bIjI aneka bAbatamAM AkhAye seviyeTa rAjyamAM thayelI pragati adbhuta che. A pragati cAlu rAkhavAne tema ja pitAnI samAjavAdI arthavyavasthAne majabUta banAvavAne te iMtejAra hatuM tethI AMtararASTrIya bAbatemAM raziyAe sulehazAMtinI nIti akhatyAra karI hatI. prajAsaMdhamAM teNe moTA pramANamAM niHzastrIkaraNa karavAnI, sAmUhika salAmatInI tema ja AkramaNa karanAra sAme badhI sattAoe ekatra thaIne pagalAM bharavAnI nItinuM samarthana karyuM. mUDIvAdI mahAna sattAone anukULa thavAne teNe prayatna karyo tema ja sAmyavAdI pakSoe bIjA pragatizIla pakSe sAthe maLIne "prajAkIya pakSe" sthApavAnA prayAso karyA. ' teNe ekaMdare ATalI badhI pragati karI hatI tema ja pitAno vikAsa sAbe have te chatAMye A samaya daramyAna soviyeTa rAjyane bhAre AMtarika kaTokaTImAMthI pasAra thavuM paDayuM. sTelina ane TrasTI vaccenA jhaghaDA viSe to huM tane kahI gayo chuM. pracalita vyavasthAthI asaMtuSTa banelA bhinna bhinna prakAranA leke dhIme dhIme ekatra thayA ane ema kahevAya che ke, emAMnA keTalAka le ke te phAsisTa sattAo sAthe maLI jaIne seviyeTa sAmenA kAvatarAmAM paNa bhaLyA. seviyeTanA jAsUsI khAtAnA vaDe yogaDA paNa evA ke sAthe bhaLe hate ema kahevAmAM Ave che. 1934nA Disembara mAsamAM soviyeTa sarakAranA eka AgaLa paDatA sabhya kirevanuM khUna thayuM. sarakAre potAnA virodhIonI sAme kaDaka hAthe kAma lIdhuM. ane 1937nI sAlamAM aneka leke upara kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM. e mukadamAoe duniyAbharamAM bhAre UhApoha macAvI

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1490 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana mUkyo kAraNa ke temAM aneka jANItI ane AgevAna vyaktio saMDovAyelI hatI. jemane ToskIvAdIo kahevAmAM AvatA hatA tathA jeo narama daLanA AgevAna hatA (rIkAva, TaskI , bukhArina) temanA upara kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM ane temane zikSA karavAmAM AvI. keTalAka UMcA darajajAnA lazkarI amaladAro upara paNa kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. emAM mArzala TucecevaskI mukhya hate. A mukaddamAo tema ja ene aMgenA banane viSe cekasa abhiprAya ApavAnuM mAre mATe muzkela che kema ke e saMbaMdhI hakIkata gUMcavaNabharI ane aspaSTa che. paraMtu e mukaddamAoe seviyeTanA aneka mitro sahita saMkhyAbaMdha lekIne asvastha karI mUkyA ane soviyeTa rAjya viSenA temanA pUrvagrahamAM umere karyo e viSe leza paNa zaMkA nathI. keTalAka lekeno evo abhiprAya che ke, sTelinanA amala sAme eka jabaruM kAvataruM racavAmAM AvyuM hatuM ane e mukaddamAo vAjabI hatA. e paNa have puravAra thaI cUkyuM jaNAya che ke e kAvatarAMne AmajanatAne ke nahatA ane prajAnI lAgaNI cokkasapaNe linanA virodhIonI sAme hatI. Ama chatAM, jeTalA pramANamAM damana calAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM - ane ghaNuM nirdoSa mANaso paNa enA bhoga banyA haze -e anAreyanI nizAnI hatI ane AMtararASTrIya daSTie e vastuo seviyeTanI pratiSThAne hAni pahoMcADI. ArthiA susthiti : 1930nI sAlamAM zarU thayelI ane mUDIvAdI duniyAne varasa sudhI apaMga banAvI mUkanAra vepAranI bhAre maMdImAM Akhare kaMIka sudhAro thavAnAM cihna dekhAvA lAgyAM. ghaNuMkharA dezanI Arthika sthiti amuka aMze sudharavA pAmI paraMtu iMglaMDamAM bIjA deze karatAM e sudhAro vadhu spaSTapaNe jaNAtuM hatuM. pAunDanA mUlyamAM karavAmAM Avela ghaTADe, jakAte tathA sAmrAjyanAM bajAra tathA sAdhanasaMpatti iMglaMDane madadarUpa nIvaDyAM hatAM. jakAte nAkhIne, sarakAra taraphathI Arthika madada ApIne, khetIne aMge sudhArA karIne, tema ja harIphAI ghaTADavAne utpAdakanuM saMgaThana karIne, dezanA aMdaranA bajAranI khilavaNI karavAmAM AvI. janApUrvaka utpAdana karavAne tema ja samagrapaNe vaheMcaNI karavAno prayAsa karavAmAM AvyuM. DenmArka tema ja svIDana tathA norve upara briTiza mAla kharIdavAnuM dabANa paNa karavAmAM AvyuM. A rIte Arthika sthiti sArA pramANamAM sudharavA pAmI paraMtu te AMtararASTrIya vepArane bhege. e dRSTie jotAM e sudhAre AMzika ane maryAdita hate. khare sudhAre AMtararASTrIya vepAranI khilavaNIthI ja thaI zake. vaLI sAthe sAthe e paNa yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke iMglaDe amerikAnuM pitAnuM devuM cUkavyuM nathI ane e cUkavavAne tene irAde paNa nathI. judA judA dezoe

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pUti 1491 AMkha mIMcIne zastrasajja thavA mAMDayu che tene lIdhe paNa amuka aMze A Arthika sudhArA thavA pAmyA che. dekhItI rIte ja AvA sudhAre salAmata kAyamI nathI hotA. meATA pramANamAM ekArI to hajI kAyama ja che. briTiza sAmrAjya : Aje te iMgleMDa Arthika kaTokaTI pAra karI gayuM che. paraMtu briTiza sAmrAjyanI hAlata ghaNI ja kharAba che ane tenA vikhera mATe kArya karI rahelAM Arthika tema ja rAjakIya khaLA baLavAna thatAM jAya che. tenA zAsake sudhdhAM tene viSenI potAnI zraddhA tathA te cAlu rahe evI AzA gumAvI beThA che. teo potAnA AMtarika praznone ukela karI zakatA nathI. svataMtratA prApta karavAne kRtanizcaya thayeluM hiMdustAna dinapratidina vadhu ne vadhu baLavAna thatuM jAya che ane nAnakaDA paeNlesTAIne e zAsane asvastha karI mUkyA che. mUDIvAdI duniyAmAM iMgleMDanuM mahAna harIph amerikA briTiza sarasAI ne paDakAra ApI rahyu che ane briTiza sarakAranuM valaNa phAsisTa sarakAranI tarapheNanuM hovAthI te iMglaMDathI uttarottara dUra jatuM jAya che. seAviyeTa raziyA saphaLatApUrvaka samAjavAdI vyavasthA nirmANa karI rahyuM che ane e hareka prakAranA sAmrAjyavAdanu virodhI che. briTiza sAmrAjyanI mahAmUlI vastu tarapha iTAlI tathA janI lAbhI najare nihALI rahyAM che. myUniya AgaLa temanI dhamakIothI DarI jaI te teNe namatuM ApyuM tethI e phAsisTa sattA tene khIjA vargonI sattA tarIke gaNavA lAgI che ane tenI sAthe uddhRta ane teADI bhASAmAM vyavahAra rAkhe che. leAkazAhIne vadhAre vyApaka banAvIne tema ja sAmUhika salAmatInA siddhAMtane vaLagI rahIne iMglaMDa potAnI sthiti majabUta banAvI zakyu hAta. paraMtu e cheDIne tene khale hiTalarane TekA ApavAnuM teNe pasaMda karyuM ane have briTiza sAmrAjya viSama paristhitimAM AvI paDayuM che. tenI myUniyanI nItine pariNAme utpanna thatAM aneka vidhI tattvAnA vamaLamAM te sapaDAyuM che. valArlRto: have jarmanI vasAhatanI mAgaNI kare che ane ApaNane kahevAmAM Ave che ke te ' garIba' ane '* asa MtuSTa' sattA che. paraMtu vasAhatA vinAnI nAnI nAnI sattAonuM zuM? ane pelA sAcA ' garIbo vasAhatAnA lokeAnuM zuM? AkhAye dalIla sAmrAjyavAdI vyavasthA cAlu rahevA upara racAyelI che. kAI paNa dezanA sateSa yA te asa MtoSanA AdhAra te dezamAM akhatyAra karavAmAM AvatI Arthika nIti upara rahe che. ane sAmrAjyavAdI vyavasthA nIce haMmezAM asaMtoSa ja rahevAnA kema ke emAM hamezAM asamAnatA rahevAnI. krAMti pahelAMnA jhArazAhI raziyAne asaMtuSTa ane vistaratI jatI sattA kahevAmAM AvatI hatI. sAviyeTa raziyAnA pradeza Aje e che paraMtu te 'saMtuSTa '

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1492 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana che kema ke, have tene sAmrAjyanI mahattvAkAMkSA rahI nathI ane teNe bhinna prakAranI Arthika nIti akhatyAra karI che. khIjI rIte tene kAcA mAla nathI maLI zakatA eTalA mATe jamatIne vasAhatA nathI joItI, kema ke khullA bajAramAMthI te kAcA mAla kharIdI zake che, paraMtu potAnA lAbhane khAtara e vasAhatonI prajAnuM zASaNa karavAne mATe tene vasAhato joI e che. potAnuM halakuM nANuM ApIne temanI pAsethI jarmanIne kAco mAla kharIdave che ane pachI temanI pAse potAnA pAke mAla parANe kharIda karAvave che. chellAM pAMca varasomAM banelA keTalAka mukhya mukhya banAvA viSe tathA temanAM pariNAma viSe huM tane lakhI gayA chuM. kyAM aTakavuM enI mane sUjha paDatI nathI kema ke sarvatra khaLabhaLATa, UthalapAthala, parivartana ane saMdha cAlI rahyAM che. ane sthAnika ke rASTrIya dhoraNe duniyAnA praznonI vicAraNA karavAnuM azakaya banatuM jAya che, pachI tenA ukelanI teA vAtaja zI karavI ? emane jagadgApI ukela kADhavAnI jarUra che. daramyAna jagatanI sthiti uttarottara bagaDatI jAya che ane temAM yuddha ane hiMsAnA dora vartI rahyo che. Adhunika duniyAnu magarUra agraNI yurepa bara avasthA tarapha pAchuM jaI rahyuM che. tenA purANA zAsakavargA duLa banI gayA che ane temane gherI rahelI muzkelIomAMthI mArga kADhavA mATe te bilakula azakta banI gayA che. myUniyanA karAre duniyAnI asthira samatAne UMdhI vALI dIdhI. dakSiNapUrva yuropa nAjhI sattAne vaza thavA lAgyA che ane badhAye dezeAmAM nAjhIonAM kAvatarAM vadhI gayAM che. DenmArka, nAve, svIDana, philaeNMDa, nedharalaeNnDajha, beljiyama tathA lukSamabaga vagere ' Aslo samUha ' tarIke oLakhAtA nAnA nAnA deza e, iMglaMDanI maitrInI kazI kiMmata nathI evI pratIti thavAthI, potAnI taTasthatA jAhera karI che ane kAI paNa prakAranI sAmUhika javAbadArI levAnI nA pADI dIdhI che. dUra pUrvamAM jApAne vadhAre AkramaNakArI valaNa akhatyAra karyuM che. teNe kaeNnTInanA kabajo lIdhA che. hoMgakoMganAM briTiza hitA sAthe te athaDAmaNamAM AvyuM che. paeNlesTAInanI sthiti jhaDapathI bagaDatI jAya che. iMglaMDa ane amerikA vaccenA sabaMdhe pahelAM kadI nahotA eTalA ThaMDA paDI gayA che, cembaraleIna jyAre phAsisTa sattAnI hareALamAM jaI rahyo hato tyAre pramukha rUjhavelTa nAjhI hetue tathA paddhatine vakhADI rahyo hatA. yuropanA jhadhaDAo tathA phrAsisTAnA AkramaNa pratyenA iMglaMDa tathA phrAMsanA valaNathI amerikAne dhRNA UpajI. te e badhAthI aLagu rahyu ane sAthe sAthe moTA pAyA upara teNe zastrasajja thavA mAMDayuM. seviyeTa rAjyanuM paNa ema ja che. pazcimanA deze! joDe maitrI karavAnI tema ja temanI joDe binaAkramaNanA O

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pUti " 1493 karAre karavAnI tenI nIti saphaLa nathI thaI ane tene paNa parANe aLagA paDI javuM paDe e saMbhava che. Ama chatAMye amerikA tathA raziyA e baMne deze jANe che ke, samatA gumAvI beThelI AjanI A duniyAmAM aLagApaNuM ke taTasthatA rahI zake ja nahi ane temAM jhaghaDe pedA thAya tyAre temane temAM ghasaDAyA vinA chUTake nathI. ene mATe e baMne deze taiyArI karI rahyA che. ameriA : yunAiTeDa sTeTsamAMnI pramukha rUjhavelTanI AMtarika nItine ghaNAM vine naDyAM che ane vaDI adAlata tathA pratyAghAtI to tenA mArgamAM ADAM AvyAM che. tAjetaramAM thayelI cUMTaNIomAM koMgresamAMnA ripablikana pakSanA tenA viredhIonuM baLa vadhI gayuM che. ane Ama chatAMye, pramukha rUjhavelTanI vyaktigata lokapriyatA tema ja prajA uparane tene kAbU hajI evo ne e rahyo che. rUjhavelTe dakSiNa amerikAnI sarakAre sAthe mitrAcArIbharyA saMbaMdha khIlavavAnI nIti paNa akhatyAra karI che. meksikomAM tyAMnI sarakAra ane amerikA tathA IMglaMDanAM telanAM hite vacce jhaghaDe pedA thayuM che. mekisakomAM dUragAmI krAMti thaI che ane teNe jamIna uparano prajAne hakka sthApita karyo che. ene pariNAme carca tathA tela ane jamInanAM hita dharAvanArAoe temanA ghaNAkharA viziSTa hakko tathA adhikAre gumAvyA che. AthI e badhAe A pheraphArane virodha karyo hate. tu: jhaghaDAo ane athaDAmaNethI bharelI A duniyAmAM eka. mAtra tuka saMpUrNapaNe zAMtimaya deza hoya ema jaNAya che. deza bahAra tene kaI zatru hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. grIsa tathA bAlkananA dezo vaccenA tenA purANa jhaghaDAne ukela thaI gayo che. seviyeTa rAjya tathA iMgleMDa sAthenA tenA saMbaMdha mitrAcArIbharyA che. elekajhAMDeTAnI bAbatamAM tene phAMsa sAthe jhaghaDe hate. tane yAda haze ke pheMcae pitAnA "meMDeTa" nIcenA sIriyAnA pradezane pAMca rAjyamAM vaheMcI nAkhyA hatA. elekajhAMTA e A pAMca rAjyomAMnuM eka hatuM. emAM pradhAnapaNe tuka vasatI che. kose tukanI mAgaNI kabUla rAkhI che ane tyAM AgaLa teNe svayaMzAsita rAjya UbhuM karyuM che. Ama, kamAla pAzAnI DahApaNabharI deravaNI nIce pitAnA jAti jAti vaccenA tema ja bIjA praznomAMthI mukta thaIne turkIe pitAne AMtarika vikAsa sAdhavA tarapha pitAnuM saghaLuM lakSa vALyuM. kamAla pAzAe pitAnI prajAnI bahu sArI sevA bajAvI hatI. ane 1938nI sAlanA navembara mAsanI 10mI tArIkhe tenuM avasAna thayuM tyAre pitAnI nItine advitIya saphaLatA prApta . thayelI jevAne te bhAgyazALI thaye hate. enA pachI tene jAne sAthI janarala Ismata Inunu tukane pramukha thayo.

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1494 : jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana DhAma : madhya pUrvanA dezomAM 'islAmanA prANadAyI jemane kamAla pAzAe na jhoka Ape. teNe navo pizAka dhAraNa karyo ane pitAnuM madhyayugI mAsa tajI daIne Adhunika jagatanI haroLamAM AvIne Ubho. madhya pUrvanA islAmI deze upara kamAla pAzAnA daSTAMtanI bhAre asara thavA pAmI ane tyAM AgaLa dharmanA nahi paNa rASTrIyatAnA pAyA upara racAyelAM Adhunika rAjya UbhAM thayAM. hiMda jevA dezomAM e asara hajI eTalA pramANamAM thaI nathI. tyAMnI bIjI vastIonI peThe hiMdanI muslIma vastI sAmrAjyavAdI Adhipatya nIce parAdhIna che. saMgharSanA vamaDhamAM sapaDAyeluM gIta : yuropa ane prazAMta mahAsAgara e AjanA saMgharSanAM be moTAM kSetre che. e baMne moTA pradezomAM ugra prakArane phAsIvAda lekazAhI tathA svataMtratAne kacarIne duniyA upara pitAnuM prabhutva jamAvavA mAge che. eka prakArano phAsIvAdI AMtararASTrIya saMgha Ubho thayo che. e saMdha vidhipUrvaka jAhera karyA vinAnI paNa khulle khullI laDAIe laDe che. eTaluM ja nahi paNa vacce paDavAnAM pitAne moko maLe eTalA mATe judA judA dezomAM te hamezAM kAvatarAMo race che ane aneka prakAranI muzkelIo UbhI kare che. yuddha ane hiMsAnAM chaDecaka guNagAna karavAmAM Ave che ane ghaNuM ja moTA pAyA upara jUThe pracAra calAvavAmAM Ave che. je ke AMtararASTrIya sAmyavAde kyAMye AkramaNakArI valaNa dAkhavyuM nathI. tathA ghaNAM varasethI te jagavyApI zAMti ane lekazAhIne pakSa karate Avyo che, te chatAMye sAmyavAda-virodhI pikAranA oThA nIce e phAsIvAdI saMgha pitAnI sAmrAjyavAdI janAo AgaLa dhapAvye jAya che. yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM nAjhIonAM kAvatarAM thayAM hatAM tathA temanA upara kAma calAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. 1937nI sAlamAM prajAsattAkanI sAmenuM kAvataruM khoLI kADhavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. e kAvataruM kegelArDa athavA burakhAvALA nAmathI oLakhAtA lekae racyuM hatuM ane temane jarmanI tathA ITAlI taraphathI zastronI madada maLI hatI. e leke e banA atyAcAra karyA hatA tema ja khUne paNa kyAM hatAM. iMglaMDamAM lAgavaga dharAvatA leke tenI videzanIti phAsisTa dizAmAM vALI rahyA che A AMtararASTrIya phAsIvAda ugramAM ugra svarUpane sAmrAjyavAda che eTaluM ja nahi paNa madhyayuganA samayanI peThe teNe dhArmika ane jAti jAti vaccenA jhaghaDAo pedA karyA che. jarmanImAM kaeNthalika carca tema ja TaeNTesTa e baMnene dAbI devAmAM Ave che. vaLI jarmanImAM tema ja pAchaLanA vakhatamAM ITAlImAM paNa jAtinA khyAlanAM bhAre guNagAna karavAmAM Ave che ane ItihAsamAM jene jeTe jaDe nahi evA vaijJAnika jhanUnathI ane ThaMDe kaleje yahUdIo tema ja temanI jAtimAM UtarI AvelA lokonuM nikaMdana kADhavAmAM

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1495 Ave che. 1938nI sAlanA navembara mAsanA AraMbhamAM pileMDanA eka yuvAna yahUdIe, pitAnI jAtinA karavAmAM AvatA krUra damanathI pAgala banIne paeNrisamAM eka jarmana mutsaddInuM khUna karyuM. A eka vyaktinuM kRtya hatuM paraMtu e pachI tarata ja jarmanImAM sattAvAra rIte AkhIye yahUdI vastI upara trAsanuM sAmrAjya vartAvavAmAM AvyuM. dezamAMnA ekeeka sInegega (yahUdIonAM maMdira)ne bALI mUkavAmAM AvyuM, yadIonI dukAnone moTA pAyA upara bhAMgI toDI pADavAmAM tema ja lUMTI levAmAM AvI tema ja jAhera rastAo upara tema ja gharamAM pisI jaIne asaMkhya yahUdIo upara pAzava humalA karavAmAM AvyA. nAjhI AgevAnoe A badhAye atyAcAranuM samarthana karyuM ane vadhArAmAM jarmanInA yahUdIo upara ATha karaDa pAuMDane daMDa nAkhavAmAM Avyo. ApaghAta thAya che, nAsabhAga thAya che, koNa jANe keTalAye yuganA aparaMpAra zekathI pIDAtA gamagIna nirAdhAra asahAya ane gharabAra vinAnA thayelA dezavaTe nIkaLatA lekene pravAha aviratapaNe vahyo ja jAya che. e mAnavapravAha kyAM jaIne aTakaze ? yahUdIo, suDeTanaleMDamAMnA jarmana lekazAsanavAdIo, phrAMkAe kabaje karelA pradezamAMnA speniza kheDUte, cInAo, ebisIniyAvAsIo vagere Azraya kheLatA lekethI Aje duniyA UbharAI gaI che. nAjhIvAda ane phAsIvAdanAM e kaDavAM phaLa che. e atyAcArothI duniyA kamakamI UThI che ane Azraya zedhatA e nirAdhAra lekone madada karavAne mATe saMkhyAbaMdha saMsthAo UbhI karavAmAM AvI che. ane Ama chatAye iMglaMDa tathA kAMsanI kahevAtI lekazAhI sarakAre nAjhI jarmanI tema ja phAsisTa ITAlI sAthe maitrI ane sahakAranI nIti akhatyAra karI rahI che. A rIte e sarakAre nAjhIo tathA phAsisTonA atyAcArane, saMskAritA ane sabhyatAnA nAzane tathA lAkha mAnavIone gharabAra vinAnA ane vatana vinAnA banAvIne temane nirAdhAra Azrita banAvavAnA kAryane uttejana Ape che. AjanI nAjhI sattAonuM dhyeya A hoya te, gAMdhIjI kahe che tema, "sAce ja, jarmanI sAthe maitrI karI zakAya nahi. nyAya ane lokazAhI e pitAnuM dhyeya che e dAvo karanAra rASTra ane e baMne pratyenI jenI duzmanAvaTa jagajAhera che evuM rASTae be vacce maitrI kevI rIte hoI zake ? athavA IgleMDa sazastra saramukhatyArazAhI tarapha ghasaDAI rahyuM che zuM?" je IgleMDa ane kAMsa jevA deze paNa phAsisTa sattAonuM samarthanA karanArA banI jAya te pachI madhya ane dakSiNa-pUrva yuropanAM nAnAM nAnAM rAjya phAsisTa vartuLamAM saMpUrNapaNe dAkhala thaI jAya emAM kazuM Azcarya nathI. vAstavamAM e badhAM rAjya nAjhI jarmanInA Adhipatya nIce jhaDapathI phAsIvAdanAM khaMDiyAM rAjya banavA lAgyAM che. kAraNa ke jarmanIe iTAlIne

Page #829
1496 jagatanA itihAsanuM rekhAdarzana thApa ApIne pAchaLa pADI dIdhuM che ane phAsisTa samUhamAM have te mAtra laghu bhAgIdAra banI gayuM che. jarmanI tema ja ITAlI e baMne vasAhatanI mAgaNI kare che paraMtu jarmanInuM kharuM svapna te pUrva tarapha eTale ke yukreIna ane soviyeTa rAjya tarapha AgaLa vadhavAnuM che. e vastu pitAnA tAbAnA pradeze jALavI rAkhavAmAM madadarUpa nIvaDaze evI mithA mAnyatAthI prerAIne IgleMDa tathA kAMsa jarmanInA A svanane uttejana Ape evo saMbhava rahe che. be mahAna deza AgaLa tarI Ave che. soviyeTa rAjya ane yunAiTeDa sTeTsa e be Adhunika duniyAnAM sauthI baLavAna rASTra pitAnA vizALa pradezanI aMdara lagabhaga svayaMpUrNa che. ane temane mAta karavAnuM koInuM gajuM hoya ema jaNAtuM nathI. bhinna bhinna kAraNethI e baMne rASTro phAsIvAda ane nAjhIvAdanAM virodhI che. yuropamAM te soviyeTa rAjya e phAsIvAda sAmene eka mAtra aMtarAya che. ene jo nAza thaye hota te iMgleMDa ane kAMsa sahita yurepamAM sarvatra lekazAhI saMpUrNapaNe nAza pAmata. yunAITeDa sTeTsa yuropathI bahu dUra che ane yuropanA mAmalAmAM te sahelAIthI vacce paDI zake nahi; ema karavAnI tenI IcchA paNa nathI. paraMtu yuropa ke prazAnta mahAsAgaranA pradezamAM evI rIte vacce paDavAno prasaMga Avaze tyAre amerikAnuM apAra sAmarthya asarakAraka nIvaDaze. hiMdanI tema ja pUrvanA dezonI UgatI lekazAhIo paNa svataMtratAnA pakSamAM che. vaLI briTanamAM keTalAMka saMsthAno briTiza sarakAra karatAM ghaNuM vadhAre pragatizIla che. lekazAhI ane svataMtratA Aje bhAre jokhamamAM AvI paDyAM che; ane temanA kahevAtA mitre ja temanI pITha pAchaLa ghA karI rahyA hoya e sthitimAM e jokhama ghaNuM ja gaMbhIra banI gayuM che. paraMtu cIna ane spene lekazAhInI sAcI bhAvanAnAM adbhuta ane preraNAdAyI udAharaNe ApaNuM AgaLa rajU karyA che. ane e baMne dezamAM yuddhanI agniparIkSAmAMthI eka navI ja prajAnuM sarjana thaI rahyuM che. vaLI e baMne dezomAM rASTrajIvana ane pravRttinAM ghaNAM kSetramAM punarjAgRti thaI rahI che. 1935nI sAlamAM ebisa niyA upara caDAI thaI 1936nI sAlamAM spena upara humale thaye; 1937mAM cIna upara pharIthI AkramaNa karavAmAM AvyuM; 1938mAM osTriyA upara caDAI karavAmAM AvI ane nAjhI jarmanIe tene yuropanA nakazA uparathI bhUMsI nAkhyuM tathA cekoslovAkiyAnA TukaDA pADIne tene eka khaMDiyuM rAjya banAvI devAmAM AvyuM. dareka varase uparAuparI Aphata AvI paDI. jene Umare ApaNe AvIne UbhAM chIe te 1939nA bhAvimAM zuM lakheluM haze ? ApaNe tema ja jagatane mATe te zI Aphata lAvaze ?

Page #830
akabara ane azaka vacce sAmya abbAsI sAmrAjya -nI jAherajalAlInI 529; -nA vijaye 533; -nAnI parAkASThA 262 vaye gAdI upara Ave che para9; -nA amAnullA aphaghAnistAnano amIra sahAyako pa39; -nI dharmacarcA 536; eTale ke zAsaka bane che 1216; -nA -nI dhArmika jijJAsA pa35; -nI sudhArA ane paradezagamana 1217-20 rAjadhAnI pa39; -nI rAjanIti amRtasara -nI mahAsabhA 1128-9; 531; -nuM maraNa 537; - hiMdanI zIkha dharmanuM mukhya dhAma 551; Adhunika rASTrIyatAne janaka 530 -mAM loke pAgala bane che 1126 akhila hiMda TreDa yuniyana koMgresa -nI amerikA ane iMglenDa vacce yuddhane sthApanA 1123 AraMbha 615; -nI krAMti 591; -nI ajamalakhAna, hakIma -mahAsabhAnI | mAyA saMskRti 289; -mAM kolaMbasanuM amadAvAdanI beThakanA pramukha 1132 Agamana 415 aphaghAna vigraho 703-4 arabastAna -upara mahaMmada sAhebanI aphaghAnistAna -upara aMgrejonI caDAI asara 218; -mAM 1930nI sAlathI zarU thayelI maMdInI asara 1205; 703-4; -no hiMda sAthe nikaTano saMbaMdha 1215; briTiza ane -mAM mahAyuddha pachI briTizonuM prabhutva raziyana sAmrAjya vacce AveluM 1202 arabI pAzA 1157 madhyavartI rAjya 1215; -mAM amAnullA sAme virodha ane baMDa arAjakatAvAda e eka Adarza ane 1219-20; -mAM rAjamahelanI philasUphI che 877; -ne artha 875-1 krAMtio 1216 arjunasiMha graMtha sAhebane saMgraha kare che 551; -pAMcamA zIkha guru 551 aphaghAnI, jamAludIna 1157; misarane arthazAstra -(cANakyanuM) Izu pahelAMnI 19mI sadIne mahAna sudhAraka 953 cothI sadInA hiMda tarapha DekiyuM aphINano vigraha 681 karavAnI bArI 225; cANakyane abulaphajhala 534 rAjanItine graMtha 88 abubakara -mahaMmada sAheba pachI khalIpha alAudIna khIlajI -citoDa jItI le banyA 250-2 che 368 abdurrajhAka-herAtane pravAsI 442-4 alI -khalIpha bane che 256 abdula karIma -meronA baLavAna altamaza-dilhIne eka gulAma bAdazAha nAyaka 1274, 1401 397 abdula gaphArakhAna -sarahada prAMtanA netA albarUnI 366; -eka Araba pravAsI 1149 221, 263 abdula hamIda-tukIne sulatAna 962-3 allAhAbAda -nI sthApanA 534 abbAsI khalIphe 260; -nA amalane asTara -AyarlenDanI svataMtratAnA AraMbha 259 mArgamAM dakhalarU5 938; -nI jamIna

Page #831
1498 sUci jemsa pahelo japta kare che 51, AIjheka nyUTana IglaMDano mahAna 972; -nI vasAhatano AraMbha 932; gaNitazAstrI 485 -mAM homarUla sAme baLavAnI taiyArI AInsTAIna, AlbarTa 1415; 943 -Ajano eka mahAna vaijJAnika-861; azIkAgA gunazAhI 469 -no siddhAMta 1339 * azeka ane akabara vacce sAmya para; AkhAyamenIda vaMza -IrAnane prAcIna nI kartavyaparAyaNatA 112; -nI rAjavaMza 812 kaliMga uparanI chata ane tethI tene AgagADI -ne AraMbha 603 thayelo kheda 109-10; nI jIvadayA AjhaTeka leke -lazkarI prajA hatI 3ra0 112; -nuM rAjyArohaNa 109; -no AnaMdamaTha' 741 allAhAbAda pAsene prAcIna staMbha AphrikA -upara yurepanAM rAje tUTI 57; -viSe eca. jI. velsane mata 18 paDe che 685; -19mI sadImAM yuropanAM asahakAra -nI pahelI avasthAne aMta sAmrAjyano zikAra bane che 954 1133; -ne kAryakrama 1129, 1131 AmanI sabhA -juo pArlAmenTa Ayariza prajAsattAka -nI ahamadakhAna, sara saiyada-hiMdanA musala jAherAta 1093-4 mAnanA netA 743-4 ahamadazAha durAnI -nI hiMda upara Ayariza phI sTeTa -nI sthApanA ane AyarlenDanA rASTravAdIomAM paDelA caDAI papa4. bhAgalA 1096 ahalyAbAI -AMderanI prajAvatsala mahA AyarlenDa -ane iMglaMDa vacce saMgharSa rANI 700-1 519; -ane iMglenDa vacce samajUtI aMkla Temsa kebIna -gulAmI vidhI ane AyarlenDanA rASTravAdIomAM eka mazahUra navalakathA 922 paDelA bhAgalA 1096; -nA kheDUtonI aMgakora 304, 810; kaDiyAnA durdazA 936-7; -nA rASTravAdIomAM sAmrAjyanuM bhavya pATanagara 231; -no paDelA bhAgalA 1096; -nI ajeya kudaratI ApattithI thayelo nAza 232 svAtaMtrya bhAvanA 929; -ne greTa briTana aMgrejo -ane ce vacce laDAI ane sAthe joDI devAmAM Ave che 935; aMgrejone vijaya 5557; -cIna -ne pArlAmenTa ApavAmAM Ave che pAse baLajabarIthI aphINa levaDAve ane te pAchI laI levAya che 934 che 681; -TIpu sulatAnane harAve che -5; -ne be bhAgamAM vahecI nAkha680; -nI aphaghAnistAna upara caDAI vAmAM Ave che 1095; -no prAcIna 702-4; -nuM cInamAM Agamana 469; itihAsa 930-1; -mAM InTarane -- baMgALanA svAmI bane che papa8; baLavo 1093; -mAM punarjAgRti -brahmadeza chatI le che ane khAlasA 940-1; -mAM glaeNka eNnDa Tenano kare che 701-2; -siMgArano kabaje kera 1095; -mAM sInaphIna caLavaLa le che 788; -hiMdamAM potAno vepAra 1093; -mAM sInaphIna caLavaLane zarU kare che 545; -hiMdamAM pratyAghAtI AraMbha 941-2; -mAM homa rUla baLAne uttejana Ape che 720 caLavaLa 939

Page #832
ArakAjha humale' 1260 Araba sAmrAjya nA vistAra 254 -5; mAM paDelA bhAgalA 260 Akhe-Adhunika vijJAnanA janaka 262; upara islAmanI asara 218; -cIna pAsethI kAgaLa banAvavAnI kaLA zIkhyA 200-1; temaNe lIdheleA sidhano kabajo 218; -nA vaibhavavilAsa ane adhAgita 2557, 260-2; -nI prakRti 246-7; -nI vijayakUca 253-5; -nI sahiSNutA 258; -ne spenamAM praveza 254; -spena jItI le che 326 Arthika rASTravAda 324851 Arthika sAmrAjya 9257 Arthika sAmrAjyavAda 796-7 ArnolDa -nuM khalidAna 395 A lAkA 36 A samAja 738 Aryo -khaDatala prajA 28; -nuM yureApamAM * Agamana 27 AlphamAra 506 Albukarka 441,463; -gAvAmAM satIne rivAja adha kare che 731; -malAjhA sara kare che 456 AviyAM-mAM peApa vasavATa kare che 398 AMdhra sAmrAjya 171; -nA phelAvA 139 jhAkhelA 330 iTAlI -upara nepeAliyananI caDAI ane tenI asara pa59; -eka rASTra ane che 837; TrIpAlI khAlasA kare che 1263; bhAgalA 834-5; -nI mahAyuddha pachI durdazA 1264; -ne eNbisIniyA harAve che 911; -mahAyuddhamAM mitrapakSe joDAya che 1269; -mAM 1844nI krAMti 835; mAM phAsIvAdane vijaya 1269; -- 1499 -mAM phAsisTAnuM rRmana 1270-1; -mAM renesAMsa' 481-3 . itihAsa Aje zALAkaoNlejomAM bhaNAvAtA 19; -ekasUtra ane akhaMDa vastu che ; teNe ApaNane zuM zIkhavavuM joIe 12; unnajjvaLa yugA 13; nA banAveA 12; -nI jaDavAdI dRSTi 891; -nI nATaka sAthe sarakhAmaNI 55; -ne amuka hissAmAM vahe'cI na zakAya 2 271-2; -nA viSaya 12; -manuSyanA jIvana saMgrAmanI kathA 101; -viSenuM bhrAmaka valaNa 100; viSe kAla mAsa 889-90; -zIkhavA mATe nakazAnI -jarU2 55; zuM. che? 19 ivijhIzana 169,330,487-8,495; neA AraMbha 396 -~ inDalajansa -eTale 350-1 insTITayUTsa Apha jasTIniyana 246 ibna khatUtA -AphrikAne eka mUra pravAsI 371; -nI kArakidI 1178 ibna rada -karaDAvAnA eka nAmIcA philasUpha 328 ibna sAuda, 12016-hejAaneA bAdazAha ane che 1203 ibnasInA -eka mahAna Arama hakIma 340 ibnasInA -eka Araba tattvavettA 816 irAka upara iMgsa'DanA menDeTa 1206-7; prajAsa'dhanuM sabhya ane che 1212; -mAM iMgleMDanuM bhASaNa damana 1212; ~mAM maeNnDeTa sAme vidha ane ramakhANa 1208; ~mAM sara pasI saeNkasanI ApakhudI 1209 iraeNsmasa -eka prakhyAta Daca vidvAna 576 ilijhAbetha "isTa iMDiyA kaM panIne vepArane paravAne Ape che 459; -nA samayanuM IMgleMDa 513

Page #833
1500 sUci iliyaDa, 28-9 jItI levAnI kezila AraMbhe che ivAna -raziyAnA sAmrAjyane pAye 307; - IlijhAbethanA samayanuM pa13; nAkhe che 423 -jarmanI sAme yuddha jAhera kare che * isTa inDiyA kaMpanI pa23; -AraMbhamAM 993; -jApAnane pakSa tajIne hiMdanA hunnaraudyogane uttejana Ape yunAITeDa sTeTsane pakSa kare che che 711; -nA hiMdamAMnA amalano 1256; -nA udyogIkaraNamAM hiMdanI aMta 708; -nI nItinA pariNAme lUMTano phALo 608; -nA kaparA bihAra ane baMgALamAM paDelA bhISaNa prazno 908; -nI audyogika kSetramAM dukALa 722; -nI sthApanA 459; paDatIno AraMbha 882-3; -nI pUrvanI -nI hiMda upara hakUmata pa62; -ne laDAI mATe taiyArI 1256; -nuM kharca baMgALamAM "dIvAnI sattA maLe che 512; -narmana loko jItI le che 721; hiMdanA gRhaudyogone nAza 280; -prajAsattAka bane che pa16; -mAM kare che 684 AgagADIno AraMbha 603; -mAM ismata pAzA 1117; -lesAM pariSadamAM AMtaravigraha 515-7; -mAM audyotukane pratinidhi 1110 gika krAMtino AraMbha 193; -mAM islAma -teNe hiMdu kaLAnI unnatimAM kArakhAnAMnA majAranI durdazA 871; Apela phALo 361; -nA udaya vakhate -mAM majUra caLavaLano AraMbha 876-2; yuropa ane eziyAnI sthiti 249- -mAM zAnta krAMti 576; -mAM sArvatrika 50; -nI hiMdu dharma upara thayelI haDatAla ane tene karuNa aMta 1246; asara 430; -no AraMbha 249; -ne .-mAM strIone matAdhikAra ApavAmAM udaya 218; -no cInamAM praveza 199- Ave che 983; - misarane kabaje le 200; -ne saMdeza 251; -mAM phATaphUTa che 685; -mAM hiMdathI AvatI vastuo ane jhaghaDA 256 baMdha karavAmAM Ave che 711-romanI ikA -devAMzI gaNAto prAcIna parano . dhArmika hakumatamAMthI chuTuM thAya che rAjA 322-3 464 iglaDa -ane amerikA vacce yuddhano I tAI-je -keriyAnI krAMtine AgevAna AraMbha 615; -ane jarmanI vacce ane koriyAnA rAjavaMzano sthApaka hitavirodha 912; ane dakSiNa AphrikA- 468 nuM yuddha 912; ane krAMsanI sAmrAjya- IrAna -upara arabI saMskRtinI asara vAdI paddhatinI tulanA 1213; ane 814; -upara raziyA ane iMgleMDanuM krAMsa vaccenuM gharSaNa 1255; ane dabANa 82; -upara raziyA ane krAMsa vacce sAta varasane vigraha iMgleMDanuM prabhutva 685; -khalIphanA pa89-90; -ane krAMsa vacce se amala nIce Ave che 813; -mAM varasanuM yuddha 406-7; - ane misara 'mijalasa" eTale ke dhArAsabhAnI vacce samajUtI 1175; -ane raziyA sthApanA 822-3; -mAM rASTrIya vacce gharSaNa 687 -ane spena vacce pakSanI sthApanA 822; -mAM rASTravAdane yuddha 458; - abAdhita vepAranI nIti udaya 822 akhatyAra kare che 907; -AyarlenDa Izu -nA devatva viSe vAdavivAda ane

Page #834
jhadhaDA 149; -nI jIvanakathA 144pa; -nuM balidAna 147 uttara hiMda -mAM islAmane praveza 272 utpAdana -nI caDiyAtI rIteAnI asara 60 upayeAgitAvAda 868 umara -trIjo khalIpha 251-2 umara khayyAma phArasInA eka mazahUra kavi 815 usmAnI turko yurepamAM praveza kare che ane kaoNnsTAnTinepalane kbajo le che 408 usmAnI sAmrAjya 855-7; ~ane raziyA vacce vigrahA 959; -nA bhAgeA 959; baMne vistAra 421 kaTa oNpha yuniyana -AyarlaeNnDane greTa briTana sAthe joDI detA kAyadA 935 eNTilA hraNa lokonA parAkramI saradAra 239 eNDigTana, sara A ra iMgleMDanA eka khagALazAstrI 1341 eNDAlTsa, gusTevasa svIDanane bahAdura rAjA 509 eNmisIniyA -iTAlIne harAve che 911; -upara museAlinInI caDAI 1478; eNmmeTa raoNbarTa -eNkaTa oNpha yuniyana sAme AyarlaeNnDamAM jAgelA baLavAne AgevAna 936 eNrisToTala -pleTAnA ziSya ane grIsane mahAna philasUpha 80 eNlanakhI, laeNDa 1168 eNlekajhAMDara -(leninaneA bhAI)nuM balidAna 602 eNlekajhAMDara pahelA ( jhAra ) yuropamAM pratyAdhAtane AgevAna 967 eNlekajhAMDriyA "khristI vidyAnuM kendra ane che 948 TaoNlemInA samayanA misaranuM sUci pATanagara 116; -mAM hiMdIonI vasAhatA 139 1501 eziyA -upara yuropanuM prabhutva 685; -nA dharmAM 21; -nI mahattA 216nuM yureApa upara prabhutva 20 eNMgalsa -kA mAsanA sahakA kartA 65 kAndela, Deniyala-AyalenDaneAM eka netA 936 oNkasapharDa vidyApITha pa11 oNgasTasa sIjhara -rezamanA prathama samrATa 131-2, 151 egeAtAI caMgIjhakhAnane putra ane vArasa 380 entara -nA sadupayoga ane durupayoga 187 eNDesI 28-9 eme tAkaco jApAnaneA eka dha - sapradAya 1294 oNrthoDoksa carca 309 eNlimpika ramatA 33,160,33pa; ane rAmana carca vacce taDa paDavAnuM kAraNa 1 Avana, raoNbarTa iMgleMDanA mAnavahitavAdI 872-4 oNsTriyA --ne praziyA harAve che 881; -ne hiTalara jama nI sAthe joDI de che 1485; -sa iyA sAme yuddha jAhera kare che. 992 oNsTreliyA briTiza sAmrAjyanuM svarAja bhAgavatuM sa MsthAna bane che 898 audyogika krAMti -nAM pariNAme 594-5,830; -ne Arbha 591; -ne phelAvA ane tenI asara 682 audyogika mantrA -nI prakRti ane temanA sa`gaThananA Arabha 691-2 audyogika mUDIvAda -nI viSamatA 694

Page #835
1502 auraMgajheba -guru tega bahAdurane phAMsIe caDAve che 551; -chaLathI zivAjIne keda kare che para; -nuM maraNa 546; -mogala vaMzano chello mahAna bAdazAha 541-2; -sAme thayelAM baMDa 550 1ra6; -nuM harIpha roma 117; -ne remanoe karele nAza 128 kArbAIla 607,623,640;-eka mazahUra aMgreja lekhaka 503 kAlvina - eNTesTaMTa hilacAlane eka netA 488 kAvura -ITAlInI ekatA sAdhanAra eka samartha mutsaddI 836 kALidAsa -saMskRta bhASAne adbhuta kavi 179 "kALI koTaDI" papa-8 kAMga-hI -cInI bhASAne keSa taiyAra karAve che pa65-6; -mahAna maMcuM samrATa 564-5 kicalu, De. -nI dharapakaDa 1126 kipaliMga, rUDayArDa -eka sAmrAjyavAdI aMgreja kavi 911 kITsa -eka suprasiddha aMgreja kavi kaniSka bauddhadharmI kuzAna samrATa 140 kabIra 431-2 kamAla pAzA 961,1494; -khilAta rada kare che 1114 -tarapha aMgrejonI sAzaMka najara 1101; -turka prajA- sattAkane pramukha bane che 1113-4; -tukamAM laeNTina lipI dAkhala kare che 1120; -nA tukane Adhunika deza banAvavAnA prayAse 1112-22; -nI rAjanIti 1111; -nuM saMgaThana kArya 1103; -ne sulatAna dharmabahAra mUke che 1106; -ne vijaya 1110; -sulatAniyata rada kare che 1113; karjhana, lorDa 1164; -lesAM pariSadane briTiza pratinidhi 1110 kalakattA -nI " kALI koTaDI" 557; -nI sthApanA 545 kAsu -suMga vaMzanA sthApaka 291 kAkAtomI kAmAtarI -phUchavArA kuLane sthApaka 208 kAnTa, imaeNnyuala -mahAna jarmana philasUpha 849 kAnyakunja -viSe daMtakathA 210 kAbA 247 kAmAkurA gunazAhI 469 kAyado ane vyavasthA 943-4, 654; -nA siddhAMtanuM kArya 871 kAyamI jamAbaMdhI 722-3 kALuM ja -ane roma vacce saMdhi 126; -ane roma vaccenAM yuddho 127-8; -nI sthApanA 29; -nuM rAjyataMtra kI-se -nuM keriyAmAM Agamana 204; -nuM potAnA sAthIo sAthe keriyAmAM prayANa 51-2 kIna jAti -juo suvarNa tAra ku kalakSa kalAna" -yunAITeDa sTeTsamAM " habasIo upara trAsa vartAvanAruM ardhagupta maMDaLa 920 kutabuddIna -dilhIne pahele gulAma bAdazAha 366-7 kutubaminAra 367 kudaratI viNAmaNa -no siddhAMta 85-9 kublAIkhAna 388; -cInano maMgala sUbe 381; -cInamAM yuAna vaMza sthApe che 384; -nuM maraNa 385; -no pipa uparane patra 388; -samrATa bane che ane AkhuM cIna jItI le che 383-4 ku-mina-TAMga 1284; -cInano prajApakSa 780; -mAM paDelA bhAgalA, 1289

Page #836
sUci 1503 kuzAna loko e sthApeluM sAmrAjya pariNAme 410-1; -nI sthApanA 140-1 156-7 kuzAna sAmrAjya-nI adhogati 177; kesTenTAIna teNe khristI dharmane ' -ne vistAra 140, 171 - karelo aMgIkAra 159; -romana sAmrAkuzAne temaNe apanAvelI Arya jyanI rAjadhAnI kesTAnTinepala - rAjyapaddhati 143 khaseDe che 156-7 kuMbhameLo -tenI hyuenasAMge lIdhelI ke paranikasa 484 mulAkAta 215 keraDAbA -mUra amala nIcenA spenanI kRSNadevarAya -vijayanagarane eka rAjA 445 rAjadhAnI 328 ketherAIna -raziyAnI kAryadakSa samrAjJI kernAlisa, lerDa -jamInadArI paddhati cAlu kare che 722 keneDA -mAM aMgreje ane e vacce koMgreva -Ayariza kI sTeTane pramukha yuddha 556 1097 , kenTena 463; -maMcUo sara kare che. 466 kesutha, losa -haMgarInI rASTrIya caLakepa oNpha guDa hopa -nI zedha 414 vaLanA netA 832 kepiTala" -bahAra paDe che 880-1; keriyA -eka nirALA rAjya tarIke maTI -sAmyavAdanuM bAibala 695 jAya che 778;-nA itihAsanA kembrija vidyApITha 511 AraMbha para; -nI AjanI durdazA "kera" -nA amalane AraMbha 643-4 202; -ne jApAna potAnA sAmrAkeloga - keloga karAra karAvavAmAM AgaLa jyamAM bheLavI de che 1297; -no paDato bhAga lenAra amerikAno videza prAcIna itihAsa 203-4; kamAM maMtrI 1261 kI-se tathA tenA sAthIonuM agamana keloga karAra" 1261-2 pa1-2; -mAM krAMti 468; -mAM kesamenTa, sara rojara -eka Ayariza jApAnano pagapesAro 768; -mAM dezabhakta 1093 jApAna sAme baLavo 79; -mAM svataMtra rAjyanI sthApanA 303 kesalare -viyenAnI pariSadamAM igleMDane pratinidhi 677 keTe 418; -AjhaTeka sAmrAjyane nAza kekasa, sara pasI -irAkano briTiza kare che 320-1 hAI kamizanara 1209 kolInsa, mAikala -sInaphIna baLavAne keDa nepoliyana " 662 eka netA 1094 keta, oNgasta -eka mazahara kheMca kelaMbasa -amerikA pahoMce che 415 philasUpha 867-8 krAMti -kANuM pedA kare che? 620; kantI, nikale -eka iTAliyana pravAsI -jIvananI kAramI vAstavikatAo nagna 442 svarUpe khullI kare che 651; -nI kenyUziyasa -21; nA upadezanI cIna paddhati 229; -no vikAsa 82-9 upara thayelI asara 64 . kImiyana vigraha 58, 900 kensTATinepala 496-7; -nA patananAM krIsasa -ne sAyarasa harAve che 37

Page #837
1504 sUci krajheDa 310; -ne AraMbha 264, 339; gAMdhI -Irvina karAra 1149 -bALakanI 338 gAMdhIjI 11, 726; -ane TaoNlsTaoNya koTakIna -eka raziyana arAjaktAvAdI vacce patravahevAra 977; -khilAphTane 877 prazna apanAvI le che 1134; -caurIkomara, lorDa -misaramAM briTiza caurAnA ramakhANane kAraNe asahakArane ejaMTa 51 kAnUnabhaMgane bhAga mekupha rAkhe che kromavela, oNlIvara -igleMDanA AMtara 1133; -nA netRtva nIcenI AjhAvigrahamAM prajApakSane netA 516-7; dInI laDatanI viziSTatA 6-7; -nI -saramukhatyAra bane che 516 giraphatArI ane sajA 1133; -nI kalAIva 555; -ApaghAta kare che 651; , bIjI goLamejI pariSadamAM hAjarI -nAM kUDakapaTe 557-8 1149; -nI mAMdagI ane jelamukti kilayopeTrA -TaoNlemI vaMzanI chellI 1138; -ne prApavezana karavAne rANI 947; -misaranI rAjakuMvarI saMkalpa 563; raoNleTa bilanA viro131-2 dhamAM zAmela thAya che 1124; - satyAgrahasabhA sthApe che 1125; khalIpha -umaiyA zAkhAnA 256; -nira- -hiMdanA mahAna netA 5-6 kuza ane Apakhuda rAjA bane che bina 155; -eka aMgreja itihAsakAra 256 152, 583 khilAta -ne prazna gAMdhIjI apanAvI gIDIsa, sara kalaeNnDa -1363 le che 1134 guptayuga -jIta ane vijayene jamAne khetI. teNe samAjajIvanamAM kareluM 182; -daramyAna saMskRta vidyAnuM parivartana 56 punarutthAna 178 khristI dharma -nA aMdara aMdaranA jhaghaDA gupta sAmrAjya -no AraMbha 178 242; -nA judA judA paMthe vacce gulAbasiMha -kAzmIranA rAjAone jhaghaDA 159-60; -nI AjanI pUrvaja 702 sthiti 150; -nuM hiMdamAM Agamana gulAmane vepAra 592, 672, 915-6; 149-50; -no cInamAM praveza -tene gerakAyade TharAvavAmAM Ave che 199-200; -no vijaya 148; -mAM paDelA be bhAga 160; -mAM matabhedo 149; - yuropamAM vidyA ane kaLA gulIvarsa TrAvelsa -933 jALavI rAkhavAmAM tene kALo 24. guru goviMdasiMha -dazamA ane chellA -rAjadharma bane che 148; -romana zIkha guru 551 sAmrAjyane rAjadharma bane che 159 * geTe -jarmanIne sAhityasamrATa 847-8 khriratI mizanarI -sAmrAjyanI sarahadane gaeNribAlhI -iTAlInA mukti saMgrAmane eka agragaNya nAyaka 835-6; -nI rakhavALa 686 adbhuta vijayakUca 876-7 gaNerAzakara vidyAthI -nuM balidAna gelIliye, 484 95-6 gerisana, viliyama loIDa -amerikAnI gavarnamenTa opha inDiyA ekaTa 1154 gulAmI virodhI caLavaLane netA 917

Page #838
geAkhale, geApALa kRSNa --hiMdanA vinItAnA AgevAna 746 gAgAla -raziyAnA sAhityakAra 977 gaeNDake "krUjheDanA saradAra 336 gAthika sthApatya -nA yuga 352-3 gAbelsa, DaeN. jaoNsepha -hiTalaranA pracAramaMtrI 1412 geriM'ga, haramana, 1412 gaeNAkI, maeNksima -eka AgevAna kheovika sAhityakAra 97 gAlDana hAInDa' -pRthvInI pradakSiNA karanAra khIjuM vahANa 458 gAvA -kira`gI sara kare che 441 goLamejI pariSada 1149 gautama buddha 809; --nuM jIvana 65 gauravazALI sulemAna ---usmAnI samrATa 409 gra'thasAheba zIkhAneA dharmagraMtha 551 grAma 5'cAcatA -neA madhyakAlIna hiMdamAM prabhAva 226; -viSe sara cArlsa maeNTakArpha 716; -hiMdanA sAmarthyanA kAraNabhUta 193 grithi, 1094 sUci grIka loko 28-9; -nI rAjyavyavasthA 31 grIsa -nAM nagararAjgyAnI samAnatA 33; ~nI saMskRti 23; -ne turkInA Adhipatya sAme khaLavA 678 gruseTa, rene, 919; *AMsane eka kalAvivecaka 805-6 gaeNneDA -dakSiNa spenamAM AkhAe sthApeluM rAjya 329-30 gleMDasTana -iMgsa'DanA eka AgevAna rAjapuruSa 903; -nA AyarlaeNnDa mATenA hAmarUla khIlanI niSphaLatA 940 plaeNDiyeTA nI kustI 159 ASa, araviMda maMgALanI rASTrIya caLavaLanA eka netA 745 1501 carca -inkvijhIzananI sthApanA kare che 396; -nuM damana 395; -sAme proTesTa'Ta khaLave 489-90; -sauthI moTA cUDala jamInadAra pa21 caMgIjhakhAna -khArajhamanA sAmrAjyane jamInadosta kare che 376; -nuM maraNa ane tenA sAmrAjyanA vistAra 377; -neA janma 273; maMgeAla leAkAne mahAna saradAra 340 caMdragupta -gupta sAmrAjya sthApe che 178 ca'dragupta maurya 867 cANakya -caMdragupta mauryane sAthI ane pradhAna 86; -nuM * arthazAstra' 88 cArvAka hiMdane eka nirIzvaravAdI klisUpha 223 cArlsa -jIe zAla maeNna cArlsa' pAMcame -samrATa ane ae 496; -haeNpsabarga vaMzI samrATa 489 cArlsa pahelA -neA pArlamenTa sAthe jhaghaDA ane tene ziraccheda 514-6 cArlsa mATe ga 266; -spenanA ArakhAne harAve che rUpapa; spenanA AkhAne yuropamAM AgaLa vadhatA aTakAve che 326 citADa, 438 cina vazane AraMbha 118 ciyena-laMga -ne iMgleMDanA rAjA uparane patra 572; -mac samrATa pa70-1 cIna -ane jApAnaneA mukAbalA 765-6; -ane rezamanA sa`5 189; -ane hiMda 24-5; -ane hiMdanI tulanA 1295; -upara * gAya jAtinuM AkramaNa 292-3; -upara jabaradastIthI aphINa lAdavAmAM Ave che 7pa0-1; -upara paradezI sattAonuM AkramaNa 753-6; upara pazcima taraphathI thayelI caDAI 49-50; -upara ma'cUe kAbU jamAve che 564; -upara

Page #839
1506 t sUci hiMdanA vicAranI thayelI asara 196; aphINano vepAra 749; -mAM sarakArI -tarapha jApAnanA AkramaNakArI valaNane amaladAre nImavA mATe parIkSAnI AraMbha 767; -nI atUTa sAMskRtika prathA 122; -mAM sAmyavAdano vikAsa paraMparA 192; -nI AjanI adhe- 1284; -mAM sAmyavAdI sarakAranI gati 193; -nI jIvanadaSTinI sthApanA 1292; -mAM hana vaMzanA viziSTatA 779-80; -nI mahAna amalano AraMbha 121-2; -mAM dIvAla bAMdhavAnuM kAraNa 290; -nI hiMdanA bauddha dharmopadezakanuM gamana saMskRtinI akhaMDita paraMparA 24-5; 196-7; -mAMthI maMcU amalano -ne jApAna harAve che 768; -ne aMta 782; yunAiTeDa sTeTsamAM madhya eziyAnI gopa jAtione cInI mArIne javAnI paravAnagI upadrava 289-90; -no rema sAthe Ape che 759; -llADIsToka baMdara saMparka 121; -no sauthI gauravazALI sahita potAno thoDe mulaka raziyAne yuga 200; -pAsethI jarmanI baLa- ApI de che 758 jabarIthI tene pradeza paDAve che 769; cInanI mahAna dIvAla 290; --nA bAMdha--prAcIna itihAsano hiMdane sahedara kAma AraMbha 120 49; -mAM aphINano bekAyadA vepAra cInI kaLA -nI siMga yugamAM unnati 463 681; -mAM aphINa lAvavAnI cInI cembaraleIna -nI hiTalaranI mulAkAta sarakAre karelI manAI 749; -mAM khristI ane islAma dharmanuM Agamana cesTaraTana . ke. 1223 199; -mAM cina vaMzano amala eNheva -raziyana sAhityakAra 977 118-9; -mAM taMgavaMzano aMta ane eMga-ho -muMga-lane naukA senApati 462 suMgavaMzanI sthApanA 290-1; -mAM caitanya-16mI sadIne baMgALI saMta432 tepiMga baLavo 752; -mAM parIkSA cola sAmrAjya -samudra upara prabhutva laIne sarakArI amaladAre nImavAnI jamAvanAra sattA 219 prathA rada karavAmAM AvI cha79; cesara 485;-IglaMDana Adi kavi 357 -mAMnI prAcIna samayanI vastI caurI caurA -nuM ramakhANa ane tenuM gaNatarInI prathA 199; -mAM phiraMgI pariNAma 1133 enuM prathama Agamana 463; -mAM cAMga-kAi-zeka 1483; -nI sAmyavAda bephTara caLavaLa 771-2; -mAM virodhI nIti 1287 madhyastha rAjataMtrane vikAsa 118; cAMga-se-lIna, 1290, 1298 -mAM madhyastha sarakArane thayelo vikAsa pA; -mAM maMgela amalane jamInadArI paddhati 720 AraMbha ra93; -mAM maMcU amalane jarathuSTra 69 AraMbha 465-6; -mAM mizanarIonAM jarmanI -ane iMglenDa vacce hitakaratUke 751; -mAM miMga vaMzane virodha 914; -cIna pAsethI baLaaMta 465; -mAM miMga vaMzanI jabarIthI tene pradeza paDAve che 769; sthApanA 461; -mAM yuAna vaMzano -nAnAM nAnAM rAjyane zaMbhumeLa aMta 393; -mAM vadhato jato 839-40; -nI IgleMDa sAthe lazkarI

Page #840
* sUci 1507 spardhA 987; -nI audyogika pragati hAsanI viziSTatA 207; -nA ititathA tene asaMtoSa 996; -pratyenI hAsano AraMbha 205-6; -nA cIna briTiza nItimAM thayela pheraphAra 1257; taraphanA AkramaNakArI valaNano AraMbha -beljiyamanI taTasthatAno bhaMga karI 767; -nI raziyA sAthe saMdhi tenA upara AkramaNa kare che 992; 1295; -nuM cIna upara AkramaNa , -mAM asaphaLa "kApapuza" 1229; 1032; -nuM maMcUriyA upara AkramaNa -mAM kIlanA naukAdaLanA sainikone 1298-9; -nuM rAjyabaMdhAraNa 764; 'baLo 1rara7; -mAM khAnagI lazkare -no keriyAmAM pagapesAre 764-8; 1230; -mAM calaNane phUlAvo ane -prajAsaMdhamAMthI nIkaLI jAya che 1302; tenAM pariNAme 1234-5; -mAM 30 -mahAsattAonA vartuLamAM dAkhala thAya varasane vigraha 59; -mAM nAjhI che 777; -mAM kapAsa tathA cAno choDa trAsano AraMbha 1410-11; -mAM dAkhala thAya che 297; -mAM cInI nAjhIone vijaya 1405; -mAM saMskRtine praveza 206; -mAM bauddha prajAsattAkanI jAherAta 1227; -mAM dharmanuM Agamana 207; -mAM thayelo * majUra saMgaThana tathA samAjavAdI loka- , bhayaMkara dharatIka5 1295; -mAM zAhI pakSanI sthApanA 846; -mAM sAmyavAdane vikAsa ane tenuM damana yahUdIonI durdazA 1411-2 1295-6; -mAM, zaguna amalano jarmana sAmrAjya -no AraMbha 843 AraMbha 495-6 -mAMthI zaguna jalAluddIna rUmI -phArasI bhASAne eka zAhIne aMta 763; yuropanuM vaphAdAra mahAkavi 816 ziSya 766; -raziyA sAmenA yuddhane jaliyAvAlA bAga -nI katala 653, mATe taiyArI kare che 774; raziyAne 1127 parAjaya kare che 689 jasTIniyana -iTAlImAMthI gethI lokone jige jApAnanI eka samrAjJI ra05 hAMkI kADhe che 243 ' . naM da A 5, 406 jahAMgIra 540; -guru arjunasiMhane jInsa, jemsa -iMglaMDano eka gaNitaribAvIne mArI nAkhe che papa1 zAstrI 1341 jAtionI utpatti" -DArvinanuM yuga- "jIda pakSa -krAMsanI krAMtino uddAma pravartaka pustaka 65 prajAtaMtravAdI pakSa 631 jAnisAra -usmAnI turkoe UbhuM kareluM " jIvanionI utpatti" -DArvinanuM A viziSTa prakAranuM sainya 409-10,lpa7 yugapravartaka pustaka(juo,jAtionI jApAna ane cInano mukAbale 765-1 utpatti") 856 -ane raziyA vacce vigraha ane temAM raziyAne parAjaya 75; audyogika jIsasane saMgha" -tenuM dhyeya 49 ane sAmrAjyavrAdI rASTa bane che juliyana -khristI dharmano virodhI pUrvanA 763-4; keriyA upara potAnI hakumata romana sAmrAjyane samrATa 242 jamAve che 778; -keriyAne potAnA phyuliyasa sIjhara -nuM khUna 130; romana sAmrAjyamAM bheLavI de che 127; eka mahAna senApati ane iMglaMDano -cInane harAve che 768; -ne Iti- vijetA 130

Page #841
* 1508 ' 'jaeNkeAkhina'phrAMsanI krAMtine eka pakSa 631 jeneAA "iTAlInuM eka vepArI zahera 336 jenTAIla, jiyAvAnI -iTAlIne phAsIvAdI philasUpha 1280 jemsa pahelA -alsTaranI jamIna japta kare che 519; -rAjAonA daivI adhikAranA purartA 513 jemsa bIjo, 5167 jerusalema -krUjheDarI jItI le che 336; -mAM khristI yAtrALuonI pajavaNI 310 jesyuITa 489, 530-2 jonapura -eka nAnakaDu rAjya 438 oNsepha -AsTriyA haMgarInA samrATa 897 nasepha, krAMsisa, 992 jaoNsephAIna -nepoliyananI prathama patnI 667 jyorja pahelA -alsTaranI jamIna japta kare che 932 jyoja trIjo --tenA upara cInanA samrATane patra 572-3 jyA, laeNAIDa --nI yuddhavirAma mATe sInaphInavAdIone apIla 1095 jhakariyA esiliyasa, 1104 adhalula pAzA -nI kArakidI 1159; -nI dharapakaDa 1160; -nu avasAna 1170; -misarane sauthI mahAna Adhunika netA 953 asIsa nI grIsa upara caDAI ane pujaya 72-4 *zI 771; cInanI eka samaya rAjyakartA 661 jheheraoNpha, sara esIla 1104 jhIneveva patra' -ane iMgla DanA rAjakAraNamAM tenI asara 1258 TAIlara, vaeNTa nuM maDa 405 sUci TAgeAra, devendranAtha 738 TiLaka, lAkamAnya -janatA sudhI paheAMcanAra navabhAratanA pahelA rAjakIya netA 745-6; -nuM avasAna 1129 TIpu sulatAna 560; -aMgrejonA kTro duzmana 700; -ne aMgrejo harAve che 680 TuragenIva -raziyAnA sAhityakAra 977 TenisakAnI pratijJA' 626 TeneATIlana- mekisakeAnI rAjadhAnI 320-1 Tela, viliyama 407 TAkiyA -jApAnanI rAjadhAnI ane che prAcIna " 764 ToDaramala 721; -akbaranA nANAM pradhAna 539 TaoNnI, Ara. eNca. -eka aMgreja lekhaka 910 TaoNlemI -sikaMdaranA eka senApati 84 TaoNlsTaoNya -ane gAMdhIjI vacce patravahevAra 977; -raziyAneA mahAna sAhityakAra ane vicAraka 977 TreDa yuniyana eNkaTa 1141 TreDa yuniyana kaeNoNMgresa -mAM bhAgalA 1142 TraeNveliyana -eka aMgreja itihAsakAra 339,838 TraeNTskI 972,1462; -ane DaeNlina vacce jhaghaDA 1355-6; ne kAyamI krAMtinA siddhAMta 1317 TrAya -nA dherA 29 Daca IsTa inDiyA ka`panI 523; -nI sthApanA 459 DAcara, janarala 1128 DAyarekaTarI ' nA amalane Arbha 648 DAvina -iMglaMDanA mazahUra nisarga zAstrI 695, 856-7

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1509 turkI -upara grIkonuM AkramaNa 1105, -nI durdazA 1101; prajAsattAka bane che 1113; -mAMthI sulatAniyatane aMta 1113 tegabahAdura -navamA zIkha guru 551 tejAnAnA TApuo 445, 457 tejI maMdI -nI ghaTamALa 1353 tepiMga baLavo -tene dAbI devAmAM Ave _ che 758 telugAvA AyAsu - zahera vasAve che 470 taimura dilhI jItI le che 425; -nI karatA 424; -nuM maraNa tathA tenA sAmrAjyane nAza 426 taiyabajI, bahuddIna -rASTrIya mahAsabhAnA eka AgevAna 743 trIne AMtararASTrIya saMgha -nI sthApanA 885 se-suMga-thAMga -eka cInI senApati Dikansa iMglaMDano eka mazahUra navala- kathAkAra 853 DijharAyelI -suejhanI naheranA zera kharIde che 50; igleMDane eka mahAna mutsaddI 903 DiyAjha, bALelomiyu -kepa oNpha guDa hopa pahoMce che 414 , Dispensezana -eTale 350 Dika haMgarInI rASTrIya caLavaLanA netA 832 phi, Deniyala raoNbinsana krajhane lekhaka 519 DI velerA 1094; -nI saphaLatA 1454; -potAnI nIti badale che 1098 dUmAM -raziyAnI dhArAsabhA 933 DenTana 645; -kAsanI krAMtine eka netA 638; -nI katala 647 Devisa, oNpharasana yunAITeDa sTeTsanAM baLavAkhora saMsthAneno pramukha 918 Dominika -eka khristI saMta 396 Dominikano saMdha 396 sAphasa 1483; --oNsTriyAne eNkselara 1416;-nuM nAjhIoe kareluM khUna 1485 Ika, sara krAMsisa 512-eka aMgreja cAMciya 5%; -nI pRthvInI pradakSiNA 458 takSazIlA 86; -nI mahAna vidyApITha 262; -bauddha saMskRtinuM kendra 140 taMgavaMza -nA amalano AraMbha 198 tAnasena -hiMdane mazahura saMgItakAra 534. tArA vinAnI pariSadamAM krAMsane pratinidhi 678 tilaka - mahamUda gajhanInA hiMdu sainyane senApati 361 tutakhAmana -prAcIna misarano eka samrATa 807 ja-53 tharmopolI -nA yuddhamAM smArTanAe dAkhaveluM apUrva zaurya 74 thiyeDarika -gethalokone saradAra romano rAjA bane che 240 thiyoDeziyasa -romanA pUrva tathA pazcimanA sAmrAjyane joDI de che 242 theMkare 853; -eka aMgreja sAhityakAra 559 9. dakSiNa amerikA upara yunAITeDa sTeTsanuM varcasva 925; -mAM maMdIne kAraNe UbhI thayelI kaTokaTI 1360 dakSiNa AphrikA ane iMglaMDa vacce yuddha 912 dakSiNanA suge 293,303 dakSiNa hiMda -nA rAjavaMze 362-3; nA lokoe maleziyAmAM vasAvelAM saMsthAno 230; -nI pUrvanA deza

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1510 sUci mAMnI vasAhato 174-5; -nI sthiti- dharma saMsthApake -temaNe duniyAnA iticustatA 138; -nuM AMdha sAmrAjya hAsamAM Apela phALe 66-7; 171; -no Arya paraMparA jALavI dharma -viSe kAla mArkasane mata 146 rAkhavAmAM phALo 139; -no dariyA navarojI, dAdAbhAI -no hidanI mAthAdITha pAranA dezomAM vasAhata sthApavAne Avakano aMdAja 1143;-svarAjyanI AraMbha 173-4; -no pazcimanA deze pahela vahelI ghoSaNA karanAra rASTrIya joDe vepAra 171; -ne yuropa sAthe mahAsabhAnA AgevAna 743 . vepAra 139 nAiTiMgela, phalerensa 725,900 datta, baTukezvara 1146 - nAdIrazAha -IrAnane zAsaka bane che datta, ramezacaMdra -hiMdane eka arthazAstrI 821; -nI hiMda para caDAI papa9 710. dayAnaMda sarasvatI Arya samAjanA nAnaka -nuM mRtyu papa1;-zIkha saMpradAyanA saMsthApaka 738 saMsthApaka 432 darAyasa -nuM sAmrAjya 37,71; -no nAnAphaDanavIsa 700 grIsamAM thayelo parAjaya kare nAni -cInI prajAsattAkanI rAjadhAnI dAIniyana -nAma kevI rIte paDyuM 209 bane che 781 dAImpo 295 nAlaMdA -bauddha vidyAnuM kendra 212 dAne 481; -ITAlIne mahAkavi 357 nAhazapAzA 1170 dAsa, jatIndranAtha -nuM avasAna 1147 ninevA 24, -aisIriyana lokonuM dire -krAMsane eka buddhivAdI 582 pATanagara 808; -nuM pustakAlaya 808 dilhI 56,367,525; -briTiza hiMdanuM "nItisAra', 286, 344; -madhyakAlIna pATanagara bane che 747; -mAM hiMdu hiMda viSe mAhitI ApatA graMtha muslima aikyanuM apUrva dazya 1126; 225-6 -megala sAmrAjyanuM pATanagara bane che "nIladarpaNa', 741 4378; -viSe ibnabatutA 1179 nedharalenDjha, 457, 499-500; -nA dIne ilAhI -akabare sthApelo dharma 536 rAjyanI sthApanA 678; -no spena duniyA -AjanI 13,25; -nI bhinna | sAme baLavo 504 bhinna prajAomAM raheluM sAmya 9-10; nepALa -ne aMgreje harAve che 701 -no ItihAsa saLaMga ane paripUrNa nepoliyana kansala bane che 661-2; vastu che 134; -mAM utpAto phATI ( -nI kArakirdIne AraMbha 648; -nI nIkaLavAnAM kAraNe 17 truTIo 667; -nI mahattA 673-4; ple 555 -nI raziyA upara caDAI ane tenAM desUlIna, mIla -Astiya upara humale vaLatAM pANuM 668-9-nuM punarAgamana laI janAra TeLAne AgevAna 644 . ane chevaTanuM patana 670-1; dostovaskI -eka raziyana sAhityakAra -no gAdItyAga 669; -no tenA putra uparane saMdeza 675; -pratikrAMtine draviDa saMskRti 41 AgevAna 658; -samrATa bane che "dha veltha oNpha nezansa' eNDama smithanuM 663; -viSe eca. jI. velsane arthazAstra viSenuM pustaka 709 abhiprAya 657

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nelsana -nepeAliyananA kAlAne nAza kare che 64 neharu, meAtIlAla -gAMdhIjInA asahakAranA TharAvane Teko Ape che 1129 neAkarazAhI, 734 nAna, mAnTegyu -baeNMka oNpha iMglaMDano gavarnara 1362 ne!sAsa -krITanuM prAcIna nagara ra3; -ne nArA 28 nyUTana, Aijheka 855 nyUyaeNAka -gulAmInA vepAranuM baMdara 916; -nI Arthika kaTokaTI 1354; -nI sthApanA 11 punAmAnI nahera, 927-8 paraseAmama -grIka saMskRtinuM kendra 116 parivartana -nuM cakra 18; sajIva vastuenI prakRti che 16-7 pavitra rAmana sAmrAjya 2756,307, 346,397,400,619; turka samrATane khaMDaNI Ape che 497; -nI sthApanA 161-2; -nA aMta 162 pavitra sa`dha -jjIe 'hAlI eNlAyansa pazcima eziyA -itihAsamAMthI lagabhaga lupta thaI jAya che 804; -ne prAcIna itihAsa 1176-7 pazcima yuropa -mAM kisAneAnAM khaMDa 405 pahele! AMtararASTrIya majUra soMdha -nI sthApanA 880 pAMcavI. ceAjanA -upara jagadgApI maMdInI asara 1625; -nA AraMbha 1321-2 pAkha -mAM lazkarI kAyadAnA amala 126-7 pAI thegeArAsa 64 pAejha --teNe ApeluM vijayanagaranA rAjAnuM varNana 445 pAgAna brahmadezanI prAcIna rAjadhAnI 451 sUci 1511 pATalIputra 48; -nA vistAra ane bhavyatA 89-90; ~mauya sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI 89-91 pANIpata hiMdanuM purANuM raNakSetra 555 pArasIe -nuM hiMdamAM Agamana 169 pAnela, cArlsa sTekha -AyarlaeNnDanA heAmala pakSane netA 939 pAla maeNnTa nA hAthamAM sarvoparI sattA Ave che 517; -nI zAsana paddhati 901; ~ AraMbha 348; -ne vikAsa 5112 pijherA 4086 -perunA prAcIna rAjyanA nAza kare che. 322 pirAmiDa| 946-7 pillumskI, 884 pITara -nA sudhArA 1966 pITara, mahAna Adhunika raziyAne pAyA nAkhanAra rAjA 587 pITarsabarga -nI sthApanA 587 puruSapura -jIe pezAvara pulakezI -cAlukya rAjyanA sa'sthApaka 210 puzkina --raziyAnA mahAna kavi 977 puSyamitra -mauya vazI rAjyane hAMkI kADhI samrATa ane che 133 pUnuM rAmana sAmrAjya 348-9; -nuM patana 408 pRthvIrAja cAhANu -dilhInA rajapUta rAjA 359 peIna TaeNAmasa, 865-6 pekiMga nI lUMTa 773 peTrArka 4916 -iTAlIne eka kavi 357 paeNTrika AyarlaeNnDamAM khristI dharma dAkhala karanAra saMta. 930 gaeNTriziyana -ane plekhiyana vaccenA jhaghaDA 124-5 pensilaveniyA 611 pepIjha, semyuala teNe karelA cAnA pahelavahelA ullekha 570

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sUci 1512 paeNrikTisa -eNthensanA mazahUra rAjapuruSa 78 paeNrisa 308; -nA lAke khAstiyanI prAcIna jelane kabajo le che. 626; -nI janatA rAjArANIne vartAIthI paeNrisa laI Ave che 633; -mAM krAMsanA jIvanapravAhanuM kendra 355; -mAM krAMsanI krAMtine! AraMbha 578 paeNrisa kAmyuna -nI sthApanA 634; --ne kacarI nAkhavAmAM Ave che 644; videzI sainyane sAmane karavAmAM AgevAnI le che 636 peru 289; -dakSiNa amerikAnI prAcIna sa'skRtinuM eka kendra 321-2; -mAM iMkAonuM rAjya 289 paeNlesTAIna ne prAcIna itihAsa 29 30; --mAM ArA ane yahUdI vaccenA jhaghaDA 1194-5; -mAM Arabe trAsavAdane Azare le che 1198 9; -mAM khAlpha jAherAta sAme ugra viredha 11936 -mAMnI briTeza rAjanIti 1191; --mAM yahUdIone vasavATa 11936 -yahUdI khristIo ane musalamAneAnI pavitra bhUmi 1191 pevlAva -eka mazahUra mAnasazAstrI 1343 pezavA -sattA hAtha kare che 553 pezAvara -kazAna sAmrAjyanI rAjadhAnI 140, 171 paeNnsAnjhI, Ara 1425 pApa ane phrAMsanA rAjA vacce camaka 397; -ane samrATa vacce spardhA 305-6; --AviyAM zaheramAM vasavATa kare che 398; upara kukhyAI khAnanA sa Mdeza 388; teNe ke"ka jAtinA saradAra cArlsanI madadanI karelI mAgaNI 161; -nI cUMTaNI karavAnI rIta 342; -nI dharma AjJA 397; -nI sattA ghaTatI jAya che 588; -nuM damana 395; -ne daivI adhikAra 400; -ne pUnA rezamana sAmrAjya sAthenA sa'kha'dha tADI nAkhavAne ni ca 161; -riMgIe tathA spenavAsIne duniyA vaheMcI Ape che 416; -musalamAne pAsethI jerusalema pAchuM meLavavA mATe *jheDa jAhera kare che 334; -AmanA khApa ane kaeNthalika carcaneA vaDA 161 paeNmpI rAmanA eka mazahUra senApati ane juliyasa sIjharaneA pratispadhI 130 pArasa -sika Mdara sAme bahAdurIthI laDanAra hidI rAjA 83 peTa Ara -jApAnane hAtha Ave che 775 porTugAla -mAM prajArAttAkanI sthApanA 1400 pAla -khristI dharmanA pracAraka 148 pelaeNDa -alaga deza tarIke yuropamAMthI adRzya thAya che. 678; -nA bhAgalA ane eka rASTra tarIke tene aMta 590; --yuropane pachAta deza 587 peAleA, nikAlA 388 peAlA, mArkA -peAtAnA pravAsanuM pustaka lakhe che ka91; nA pravAsanA AraMbha 388; -nuM maraNu 396; -nuM svadezagamana tathA tene kArAvAsa 391; --magAla bhASA zIkhe che 390 peAleA, miyA 388 myunika vigrahe! 127-8 prAsaMdha -maMcUriyAnA banAvanI khAmatamAM tapAsa karavA kamizana nIme che 1301; - lITana hevAla maMjUra rAkhe che 1302 'pratikULa vepAra tulA' 1380

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pratyakSavAda 867 praziyA -oNsTriyAne harAve che 841; -nA rAjyanA udaya 510; yurepanuM mahattvanuM rAjya bane che 586 prAcIna grIsa -nI yuropa upara asara 24 primeA 6 rIverA -spenaneA lazkarI sara mukhatyAra 1401 * prinsa ' -maeNksiAvelInuM kuTila nItinuM pustaka 45 prATesTaTa khaLave 488093 yuddAma - arAjakatAvAdIoneA netA 877 plAsInuM yuddha -tenAM piraNAmA 558 pleTo -grIsane mahAna philasUpha ane sakreTisane ziSya 78080 plebiyana -ane peTriziyana vaccenA jhaghaDA 124-6 phaTakAsALa -nI zodha 601 phatehapura sIkrI 539 pharDinAnDa 330 pharDinAnDa, phrAMsIsa -tathA tenI patnInuM khUna 991 phAuda -aMgrejone maLatiyA misaranA rAna 1162 phAsTa' -geTanuM advItiya nATaka 848 phArasI kaLA baMne suvarNa yuga 818 phAsIvAda -nI sthApanA 1267; -ne iTAlImAM vijaya 1269; viSe museAlinI 1280 phAhyAna -- hiMdanA pravAsa 181 phikeTa -rASTravAdI jarmana philasUpha 839 phiniziyana leAkeA --prAcIna samayanI dariyA kheDanAra prA 28 kridozI 815; -IrAnanA eka mahAkavi 82; -ne mahamUda gajhanIe ' zAhanAmuM ' lakhavAnI karelI AjJA 271 phigI --Ara pAsethI tendranAne vepArI chInavI le che. 456; -e suci 1513 karelI vaDe nI bhUziranI zodha 414; -nI 5DatI 545; -nA hiMdamAM praveza 439; --pUrvanA dezAmAMthI vidAya le che 459; -viSe cInamAM sArI chApa hAvAnuM kAraNa 463 phirAjazAha taghalakha 4367 philipa khIjo 508; --spenanA rAnta 500 philipAIna TApue -upara prAcIna hiMdI saMskRtinI asara 797; -upara yunAiTeDa sTeTsanI hukUmata 796; -upara hiMdI saMskRtinI asara 176; ne spena kabajo le che 456; -mAM rASTrIya bhAvanAne udaya ane spena sAme maLavA 798-9 phiDiyasa -grIsane mazahUra mUrtikAra 76 phUMchavArA -jApAnanuM eka zAsaka kuTuMba 208, 294 phaeNbiyana sAsAyaTI 881; -nI dhIme dhIme sudhArA karavAnI rIta 127-8 phaeNbiyasa -nI yuddhanIti 127; rAmane eka senApati 127 phaijhala, amIra --sIriyAnA rAjA bane che ane tyAMthI tene hAMkI kADhavAmAM Ave che 1187; ane irAkanA rAjA banAvavAmAM Ave che. 1208-9 phaijhI 534 cUDala vyavasthA 282-6; -nI utpatti 283; -mAM jamIna e ja sa`patti 412; ~mAM samAnatAne abhAva 283-4 krAMkA, janarala ne maLavA 1403-4; --spenamAM baLavA pAkAre che 1480 krecA -ane aMgrejo vacce hi'mAM laDAI ane temAM aMgrejone vijaya 555-7; -hiMdamAM peAtAne vepAra zarU kare che 546 phrAMsa -ane iMgleMDa vacce sAta varasane

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1514 vigraha 58-90; -ane iMglaMDa bacA-I-sAku-amAnullA sAmenA vacce so varasane vigraha 406-7; baLavAne AgevAna 1220 -ane iMglaMDa vaccenuM gharSaNa 1255; bAunI-akabaranA rAjyakALane -ane iMglaMDanI sAmrAjyavAdI itihAsakAra 535 paddhatinI tulanA 1213-4; ane banArasa-brAhmaNa vidyAnuM kendra 212; jarmanI vacce e rASTranA AraMbha -hiMdanuM sauthI prAcIna zahera 56 kALathI cAlatI AvelI harIphAI 29; barbara jAtionA rema upara humalA ane siyAma vacce gharSaNa 790; 157-8 -nI sIriyAmAM bhAgalA pADIne rAja barbara loke-nuM romana sAmrAjya upara karavAnI nIti 1187; -ne bismArka dabANa-156 harAve che 842-3; -no vikAsa bali geIma cInano amerikana mitra 750 355; -mAM DAyarekaTarInA amalane baMgALa -aMgrejonA kabajAmAM jAya che AraMbha 648; -mAM prajAsattAkanI papa8; -nA bhAgalA rada karavAmAM AvyA sthApanA 844; -mAM pratikrAMtine 747; -mAM 1770nI sAlamAM paDelo AraMbha 648;-mAM bIjA prajAsattAka bhISaNa dukALa 159-60 aMta 833; -mAMthI nepoliyananA bAIjhAda-IrAnane eka mahAna citrakAra bIjA sAmrAjyane aMta 842-3 ( 810, 817 krAMsanI krAMti 69; -nI viziSTatA 621 bAkunIna, mAIkala-eka AgevAna krAMsisa, jheviyara -eka phiraMgI mizanarI arAjakatAvAdI 877 bAbara -nAM saMsmaraNe parapa-6; -ne krAMsisa, saMta -eka mazahUra khristI hiMdamAM AvavA mATe AmaMtraNa 437; sAdhu 3956 -no vijaya ane mogala sAmrAjyano krAMsisane saMgha 395-6 AraMbha para3-5; -rANuM saMgane harAve kreDarika pahela -hehena sTophena vaMzane che 528 jarmana samrATa 343 bAyarana 850; iMglaMDane eka suprasiddha phreDarika, bArabejha -juo pheMDarika kavi 678-9 pahelo bAraDolI -nI laData 1145 keDarika bIje 487 -duniyAnI ajAyabI bAbiyara-eka kUca kavi 656 342; -vicakSaNa jarmana samrATa 339 bAlAditya-mIhira gulane harAve che 184 phreDarika, mahAna-praziyAne samartha bAljhAka-krAMsano eka samartha navalarAjai 586 kathAkAra 850 phaoNrensa 355; -madhya yuganA samaya bAphara jAherAta-sAme pelesTAInamAM phATI daramyAna yuropanuM Arthika kendra 481; nIkaLelo ugra virodha 1193 -mAM "renesAMsane pahelavahelo udaya bAstiyanuM patana 627 481 bismArka-jarmana sAmrAjyano vaDe bagadAda-abbAsI khalIphenI rAjadhAnI pradhAna bane che 845; -jhAranI bhalI 261; -nI samRddhinI parAkASThA 261; lAgaNI meLave che 841; -nA sudhArA -no maMgalee karelo nAza 382 845; -nI rAjanIti 840-1;

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sUci 125 135; -ne cInamAM praveza 121-2; -ne jApAnamAM praveza 207; -no mUrtipUjA viSe aNagamo 142 brahmadeza -cInanuM khaMDiyuM rAjya 701; -aMgrejo jItI le che ane tene khAlasA kare che 701-2; -ne hiMdathI judo pADavAmAM Ave che 1153 brahmI vigraho 701-2 brAjhIla -porTugAlathI chUTuM paDI jAya che -praziyAne vaDA pradhAna thAya che 840; -kAMsane harAve che 84ra-3 bIjagaNita -nI pahelavahelI hiMdamAM thayelI zodha 229 bIje AMtararASTrIya saMgha-nI sthApanA 883; - mahAyuddha AvatAM tUTI paDe che 85 buddha -juo gautama buddha buddhivAda -no yuropamAM udaya pa79-81 bephena yuropane mahAna saMgItakAra pa92 baeNnarajI, mezacaMdra -rASTrIya mahA sabhAnI pahelI beThakanA pramukha 743 baeNnarajI, surendranAtha rASTrIya mahA sabhAnA eka AgevAna 743 bebIna 807-8 beriMga, paeNjara misaramAMne pahelo briTiza ejaTa 951 beriMga, vAITasa -eziyA ane amerikA vaccenI sAmudradhunI zodhI kADhe che 574. belAkuna haMgarInI krAMtine sAmyavAdI netA 1231 beljiyama -nI taTasthatAno jarmanI bhaMga kare che 992;-yuropanuM samarAMgaNa 989-90 baeNkasara caLavaLa 771-2 bonApArTa, luI -krAMsane samrATa bane brAhmasamAja 738 brAhmaNa dharma -bauddha dharmane hiMdamAMthI hAMkI kADhe che 133 brAhmaNa rAjya -no udaya ane vistAra 440. briyAM - kAMsane eka mutsadI 84, 1262 buno, janArdo 484 bleka enDa Tena nA AyarlenDamAM julama 1095 bleriyATa eNplenamAM pahelavahelI briTiza khADI oLage che 982 bhagatasiMha 1146 bhAskarAcArya hiMdane eka mahAna gaNitazAstrI 229 makA -pahelAM aneka devadevIonuM mathaka - 247 majjApahita -jAvAnA sAmrAjyanuM pATa nagara 448; -nuM sAmrAjya 449-51 majjApahitanuM sAmrAjya -no udaya 235 mathurA 270-1; bauddha vidyAnuM kendra 138 madrAsa -nI sthApanA 545 madhya eziyA -nI gopa jAtie 136-7; -nI gopajAtionuM prayANa 289; -nI gopajAtionuM hiMdamAM Agamana 137. mano siddhAMta 680,684,923 manilA geliyana 457 beraDIna 1286; cInane raziyana salAhakAra 1284; -mosko pAcho phare che 1291 bolIvara, sAyamana -dakSiNa amerikAnA svAtaMtryane puraskartA 680 baeNlDavIna, sTenlI 1259,1386 besTanano cAne meLAvaDo 614 bauddha dharma -jApAnano rAjadharma bane che 208; -nA saMpradAye 141; -ne brAhmaNa dhame hiMdamAMthI hAMkI kADha

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1516 481 sUci manuSya teNe AraMbhamAM pragati kevI maMgukhAna -nuM maraNa 383; -maMgala rIte karI 61 samrATa 381 manuSyanA adhikAronI jAherAta"632-3 maMgela loke 372; -caMgIjakhAnanI manuSyano avatAra' -DArvinanuM eka saradArI nIce kuca kare che 340; suprasiddha pustaka 857 -cInamAM saMga amalane aMta lAve marAThAo -ne ahamadazAha durAnI harAve che 290; --nI prakRti 386; -nI che 554 vijayakUca 372-3 marAThA saradAre 555 maMgala sAmrAjya -pAMca bhAgomAM vaheMcAI malAkkA -nI sthApanA 452; -nuM jAya che 385-6 : sAmrAjya 453-4; -ne phiraMgIo maMcUo -kena sara kare che 466; -cIna sara kare che 458 upara potAno kAbU jamAve che 564; maleziyA 304,447; -mAM dakSiNa hiMdanA -cIna jItI le che 465-6 lokoe vasAvelAM saMsthAne 230-6; maMcUriyA -upara jApAnanuM AkramaNa -mAM bauddha dharmane phelAvo 230; 1298-99 -mAM bhAratI Arya saMskRtine praveza mAIlAMjelo -iTAlIno mahAna citrakAra 171 mAdha meLe 39 mahamadaalI -Adhunika misarane janaka mAmeluka -misaranuM viziSTa prakAranuM sainya 949 410 mahamada gajhanI -teNe phiradezIne ApelA mAyA saMskRti 289 vacanano karelo bhaMga 271; -nI hiMda mAyApana saMdha - amerikAnA prAcIna upara caDAIo 269 rAjyano saMdha 319 mahamada taghalakha -potAnI rAjadhAnI mArkasa oreliyasa --philasUpha romana dilhIthI dolatAbAda khaseDe che 370-1 samrATa 166 mahamada bina kAsIma -siMdha jItI le che mArkasa, kArla 846, 878-80, 1469; 267 -AMtararASTrIya majUra saMgha sthApe che mahaMmada sAheba -islAmanA pegaMbara 21 880; -nuM maraNa 882; -no ItimahAdajI ziMde 700 hAsano siddhAMta 883; -samAjavAdane mahAyAna bauddha dharmane eka saMpradAya payagaMbara 695 141-3 mArkasavAda 881, 888 mahAyuddha -no AraMbha 992; -pachI mAseI 355 iMgleMDa ane amerikA vacce harIphAI mArsejha -krAMsanuM rASTragIta 639 1372-3; -pachI yurepanI durdazA mAlAsTA 885; -eka ITAliyana 1353 arAjakatAvAdI 877 mahArASTra -viSe hyuenasAMga 218-9 minTanmelI sudhArA -nI jAherAta 747 mahAvIra 64 mirAba -kAsanI rASTasabhAmAMnA vinItA mahAsabhAnAM pradhAna maMDaLe 1155 daLanA netA 631; -nuM maraNa 635 mahetA, phirojazAha -rASTrIya mahAsabhAnA mila, jona TuarTa -eka aMgreja vinIta AgevAna 743 philasUpha 868

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sUci 1517 milTana -igleMDano eka mahAkavi 45 mUDIvAdI sudhAro -tene phALe 190 mitnara, leDara 1160 mura leka 327. misara ane iMglenDa vacce samajUtI maeNkicAvelI -iTAlIne eka mutsadI ane 1175; -ane hiMdanI tulanA 1157; kuTila nItine puraskartA 485 -upara nepoliyananI caDAI 660; mekaDonAlDa, rasse 884, 1441; -vaDe -usmAnI tuka sAmrAjyano bhAga bane pradhAna bane che 1258;-rASTrIya sarakAra che 999; -nA lokoe miznara sthApe che 1374, 1389-90 kamizanane karelo bahiSkAra 1160-1; mekisake 289;-nA saMvatane AraMbha 319 -nI bAbatamAM aMgrejo ane teM maeNkasvinI -nuM balidAna 1094 vacce samajUtI 952; -nI mahAna megelana 456; -pRthvInI pradakSiNAe saMskRti 23,53; -nuM mahattva 1157; nIkaLe che 417-8; -spenane nAgarika -briTananuM rakSita rAjya bane che 954; bane che 416 -mAM iMglaMDanA pagapesArAno AraMbha maeNgesthanIsa 172; -caMdragupta mauryanA 50-1; -mAM rASTravAdane udaya 953; ' darabAramAM selyukasane elacI 88 -mAM strIonI jAgrati 1174; -sauthI maeNgnA kAryo pa1 1;-aMgreja prajAe julamI prAcIna rASTra 946 rAjA pAse meLavelo hawTe 347 mihiragula 183-4 meMjhInI 870; -ITAlInA rASTravAdane miMga vaMza 461; -no aMta 465 pegambara 835-6 miMgayuga -daramyAna cInanI kaLAnI unnati merIna pa77. 463 meTApha, sara cArlsa -no hiMdanAM grAmamInenDara -nI hiMdanI vAyavya sarahada paMcAyata viSe abhiprAya 616 upara caDAI 137 maeNTaraliMka -nAM pustako 13 mIra jAphara -no daLe 558 meTanika -esTriyAne videza maMtrI mIrata kesa 114pa ane yuropana nAmIca mutsadI 670; -viyenAnI pariSadane karatAkAravatA mudraNakaLA -nI asara 478-9 677 meselinI -iTAlIno saramukhatyAra bane "meTika paddhati" -no AraMbha 646 che 1271; -iTAlImAM sattA hAtha kare meDicI kuLa -phaoNrensanuM zAsaka kuLa 345 che 1268-9;-nI ebisInicA upara menDeTa -eTale 1186, 1206 caDAI 1478; -nI kArakirdI 1265-7; megnevika 972 -papa sAthe samajUtI kare che 1272 me phalAvara " vahANa pa13, 610 mUka viliyama" -juo viliyama epha memelyuka -prAcIna misaranI lazkarI koma eNreja 505 mUDIvAda 607-8; -nI kaTokaTInuM nidAna meraTa -nuM khUna 645; --kAMsanI 1368; -nI pragati 980;-nuM pariNAma krAMtine eka netA 635 911; -ne paDakAra 981; -ne pariNAme merIDItha, peja -aMgreja kavi ane rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanA tIvra bane che 686; navalakathAkAra 837 -vyakti vyakti vacce ane rASTra rASTra merI luIsa -osTriyAnI rAjakuMvarI vacce spardhAne siddhAMta 910 ane nepoliyananI patnI 667

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1518 maeNthAna - nI laDAImAM darAyasanA parAjaya 72 meAgala sAmrAjya -523; -nI sthApanA 437; ne aMta 542-3 mAjhA yuropanA eka mahAna saMgIta mazahUra kAra 592 meTle -Daca prajAsattAkanA itihAsakAra 504 mentakiyA krAMsanA eka rAjanItijJa 21 meAsala nuM mahattva -1183 meAhana-jo-daDA 19, 56, 8067; -nI prAcIna saMskRti 323-5 mauya sAmrAjyanI sthApanA 85; -neA aMta 135 myUnica karAra 1488 yahUdI -nI yAtanA 1192-3 yaMtra -nA sadupayoga ane durupayoga 187-8 yA -cInanA prathama samrATa 50 cAkuba bega -ma cUe sAmenA baLavAne nAyaka 759 -60 " cAtrI pUne ' iMgla'DamAMthI amerikA jaI vase che 610 cAMtrika krAMti -audyogika krAMtinuM pariNAma 683; -nuM pariNAma 685 yuAna vaMza -ne ata 393 yuAna-zIha-kAI -cInanA prajAsattAkanA pramukha bane che ane tene dhAka de che 783; -cInane eka sama puruSa 781 yunAiTeDa sTeTsa -ane spena vacce yuddha 99; jApAnanAM dvAra kheAlAvavA prayatna kare che 762-3; -dakSiNa amerikA tathA yuropanA dezane nANAM dhIravAM baMdha kare che 1354; -nAM mULa sasthAne 611; -nI apU samRddhi 1240; -nI audyogika pragati 684; nI pragati sUci 913; -nI philipAIna TApuo upara hakUmata 799-800; -nI sthApanA 616; -nuM dakSiNa amerikAnAM rAjyA upara prabhutva 680; -nuM dakSiNa amerikA upara varcasva 925; -mAM Arthika kaTokaTI 13546 -mAM Arthika maMdInAM bhISaNa piraNAmeA 1356-8; -mAM gulAmInI prathA 1314-6; -mAM gulAmInI prathA baMdha karavAnI 917; -mAM habasIonI kaphoDI sthiti 921 caLavaLa - khaLa yuropa -AjanuM 20; -upara rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAnuM prabhutva 688; -upara vyApeluM bhayanuM sAmrAjya 988; -19 mI sadInuM preraka 802; -kaeNthalika ane proTesTaTa evA khe saMpradAyanA rAjAomAM vahecAI jAya che 498; -nI Adhunika bhASAne udaya 485; -nI islAmanA udaya vakhatanI sthiti 249; -nI ujjavaLa khA para0-1; -nI mahattA `20; -nuM eziyA upara prabhutva 685; -nuM bAlkanIkaraNa 1233; -ne! aMdhakAra yuga 190-1; -ne dakSiNa hiMda sAthe vepAra 139; -prAcInakALanuM 27; -prAcIna grIka saMskRtinuM kada 24, 776 -bhayakara pleganuM zikAra ane che 405; -mAM 1830nI krAMti 679; -mAM 1848nI krAMti 832-4; -mAM aMdhakAra yuga 241-3; -mAM AryAMnuM Agamana 27; ~mAM dariyAI mArgo zeAdhavAnI kaziza 413-5; ~mAM dArugALA dAkhala thAya che 404; -mAM nagarajIvanane vikAsa 354; -mAM prAcIna sa'skRtine aMta 192; -mAM buddhivAdanA udaya 579; mAM madhyamavarga AkramaNAtmaka valaNa akhatyAra kare che 312; -mAM

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sUci 1519 karenesAMsa athavA navajIvanane yuga barAjataraMgiNI' -kAzmIranA itihAsanuM 481-6; -mAM saMhAranAM sAdhana pustaka 41 vadhAravAnI harIphAI 987; -mAM rAjA mAnasiMha -akabarano senApati 534 zastrasaraMjAmanI harIphAI 988 rAjArAja -cola samrATa 219; silAna cuMga-lo -miMgavaMzI cInI samrATa 462 jItI le che 219 rItama -jApAnane eka rAjapuruSa rAjendra -ola samrATa 219; -brahmadeza 295-6 tathA baMgALa jItI le che 220 raNajitasiMha -zIkha rAjya UbhuM kare rANuM pratApa -akabaranuM Adhipatya che 702; -zIkha rAjya sthApanAra svIkAravA nA pADe che pa31-2 saradAra 552 rANA saMga -ne bAbara harAve che pa28 rasImena, lerDa 1487 rAmakRSNa paramahaMsa -738 raziyA ane iMglenDa vacce gharSaNa 687; rAmamohana rAya, rAjA -731; brAhmaane jApAna vacce vigraha ane temAM samAjanA saMsthApaka 737-8 raziyAno parAjaya 775; -ane tarko rAmAnaMda -caudamI sadInA eka hiMdu vacce vigraha 959; -e pUrva tarapha saMta ane kabIranA guru 431 karelI pragati 773-4; -nA phelAvAthI rAmAnuja -vaiSNava mAga AcArya 431 aMgrejone gabharATa 681; -nI slAva rASTravAda -163, 165, 1185; - eTale prajAo khristI dharma aMgIkAra kare 686; -nAM pariNAme 689-90 che 341-2; -nuM pazcimIkaraNa 587; rASTrasabhA -e karelA sudhArA 634; -ne jApAna harAve che 689; -no -no aMta 635; badhAye dhUDala maMcUriyA ane kokesasamAM dhasAro hako phagAvI de che 631-2 774; -mAM Adhunika sAhityane rASTrIya saptAha -1128 phAla 977; -mAM 1905nI krAMti rASTrIya saMmelana" -nI beThaka 637 776; -mAM kheDUtonAM baMDa 967; rASTrIyatA -nI bhAvanA 281; - nI -mAM jhAranA amalano AraMbha 965; bhAvanAnuM yuropa upara prabhutva 688; -mAM DUmAnI sthApanA tathA jhAre tenI -nI bhAvanAne pUrvanA dezomAM thayelo vAraMvAra karelI avagaNanA 973-5; vikAsa 688 -mAM damanano dora 964-5; -mAM rizeli -jarmanInA peTesTaMTane madada mihilIjhama eTale ke zunyavAdane Ape che pa02; -kAMsane kuzaLa mutsaddI phelAvo 679 -mAM sAmAjika lokazAhI 490 pakSanI sthApanA 970; -mAMthI sarpha prathA nAbUda karavAmAM Ave che 967; rIcaDa -kraDamAM janAra iMglaMDane rAjA yuropI tathA eziyAI sattA 965: 337 -glADavonTeka baMdara sahita ghoDo rIle, Do jese -philipAIna TApuonI cInI pradeza samajUtI dvArA cIna rASTrIya caLavaLane netA 798 pAsethI paDAve che 758; -sAthe ruDApha nahemsabarga vaMzano sthApaka jApAnanI saMdhi 125 jarmana samrATa 394 rAITa bhAIo -eroplenanA zodhaka 982 rudananI divAla 115

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1520 rUjhavelTa -bIjI vAra pramukha cUMTAya che 1435; -nI nItinuM dhyeya 1432; --yunAiTeDa sTeTsane pramukha bane che 1430 rUrika -raziyAnA rAjyane pAyA nAkhe che 279 sA 655; phrAMsane eka prakhyAta vicAraka 581-2 raiJAzAha pahelavI IrAnanA zAsaka ane che 824 reDa inDiyanA -amerikAnA AdivAsIe ra nesAMsa' 477 raeNpheIla -ITAlIneA kaLAkAra 481 raeNphamezana -478, 488; -nuM pariNAma 494 phUle, "sara vAlTara 512 reTiyA -tenuM mahattva 600 rA, sara Tomasa -jahAMgIranA darabAramAM AvelA agreja elacI 544 raeNAjara ekana 357 robarTa brUsa -a'grejone harAve che 407 rAkhsapiyara ne mRtyudaMDa 648; ke phrAMsanI krAMtine eka netA 645 rAma -ane kAtheja vacce saMdhi 126; -ane kAthe ja vaccenAM yuddo 127-8; --ane grIsanAM nagara rAjyenI tulanA 123; -ane cInano saparka 189; --upara arkhara jAtinA humalA 157-8; teNe UbhI karelI jagad vyApI AdhipatyanI 5nA 152; 'duniyAnI svAminI' 121; -duniyAnuM kendra 166; nA dhanikA tathA temanAM vaibhavavilAsa 159; -nA pazcimanA sAmrAjyane aMta 158, 240; -nA bizapanuM mahattva 1601; lokAnuM vaibhavavilAsanuM jIvana 12830; -nI sthApanA 29; -nI sthApanA ane vikAsa 123-4; --nuM harIpha 1 sUci kAthe ja 117; nuM khristI dharmanI STie mahattva 160; -nuM pUrvanuM sAmrAjya 158-60; -nA cIna sAthe sAMpa 1216 nA rAjavahIvaTa 123-6; -mAMthI hiMdamAM ghasaDAI jatuM seAnuM 141 rAmana kethalika carca 160, romana loko --nI dha sahiSNutA 147 romana sAmrAjya upara khakhkhara jAtionuM dekhANa 156; -nA jAheAjalAlInA kALanI saMskRti 154; -nI sAsAnI rAjAe sAthe laDAI 169; -ne khe bhAgamAM vaheMcI nAkhavAmAM AvyuM 157; -ne AraMbha 153; -ne unnatikALa 155; -ne varatAra 133, 152; --mAM dhArmika sahiSNutA 147; -viSe leAkeAnI mAnyatA 167-4 raeNleTa bila -sAme hiMdabharamAM vidha 1124 lazkarI sAmyavAda 1305 laMDanaDarI ne dherA 932-3 lAIlI, rUje dI phrAMsanA rASTragItane lekhaka 639 lAse 21, 64 lAjapatarAya, lAlA 1144 lAvala --krAMsanA eka mutsaddI 1478 linDabarga, cArlsa -eNreplenamAM eka majale ATlAMTika pAra kare che 982 ligneTa, vilhema -jarmanInA mansUra netA 885; -nuM khUna 1228 limerikanI saMdhi ane tene bhaMga 933; -nA verI 933 liyAnArdo da vincI -iTAlIne adbhuta mUrtikAra 481-2 liyeAniDasa -tharmopeAlInA yuddhamAM jIvana 'ta laDanAra spAnane saradAra 74-5 liyonsa 355

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livi'gsTana, DaeNviDa 954 lisbana eziyA yureApa vaccenA vepAranuM moTuM mathaka 456 sUci liMkana, abrahAma nuM khUna 920; -ne AMtaravigraha TALavAnA prayatnamAM maLelI niSphaLatA 918 lI-- Mga-cAMga -tepi`ga baLavA zamAvI de che 758 lITana kamizana -neA hevAla 1301-2 lITana, laeNrDa -maMcUriyAnI bAbatamAM tapAsa karavA prajAsatre nImelA kamizananA pramukha 1301 lIDana 507 lIvarapula -gulAmInA vepAranuM moTuM " kendra 915 yuAMga pradita -siyAmanI krAMtine netA 1221 lukSamakha, rAjhA nuM khUna 1228 lUI aDhArame "nepeAliyananA patana pachIne phrAMsane rAjA 678 lUI caudame 503, 569, 565, 576; -nuM maraNa 584 lUI paMdaramA 584 lUI seALame 622; -tene karavAmAM AvelA mRtyudaMDa 638 'lejhe phaeNra' 694, 860, 1276; -nI philasUphI 607 lena pula -ne spenanA seresana leAkA viSe abhiprAya 33ra lenina trIjo AMtararASTrIya saMdha sthApe che 885; -nA bhAIne apAyelI phAMsI 970; -ne pAla menTarI paddhati viSe mata 971-2; -mArksavAdane mahAna puraskartA 894; -raziyAnI mahAna krAMtine nAyaka 6 lesepsa pharDinAnDa 6 -suejhanI nahera bAMdhanAra krAMsavAsI 927 1521 lesela, DimAnDa -jamanInI majUra caLavaLane netA 845 laeNAIDa, jgyAja -ne vada pakSane kacarI nAkhavAne prayAsa 1172; -misaramAMnA hAi kamizanara 1170 leAkazAsana-jIe leAkarazAhI leAkazAhI nA vicArAnA nAza 1349; -nA vicArAnA phelAveA 863; -nA vicAreAne vikAsa 983; -nI UNapa 694; -ne Adaza 693 leAkA pariSada 1257-8 lAyanera -bhamatuM sarAvara 388 lAyeAlA, iMgneziyasa nave| dharmasaMdha sthApe che 489 laeNArensa, kala 1186 973 - leAhiyALA ravivAra' 776, lyUthara 490; -kheDUtAne kacarI nAkhavAnI rAjAne ApelI salAha 491; -ca sAmenA maLavAne nAyaka 498 varlDa sva-iMgleMDanA eka mahAkavi 853 vardU caLavaLa 1174 vada pakSa -nI dhArAsabhAnI cUMTaNImAM chata 1163; -ne kacarI nAkhavAne laeNDa laeNAIDane prayAsa 1172; -ne AraMbha 1160 varALayatra -nI zodha 601 vargavigraha 891-2 vaNa vyavasthA -hiMdanI samAjavyavasthAne majabUtapaNe TakAvI rAkhanAra 194 vaDe -nI bhUziranI zeAdha 419 varsAI -nI mahelAtA 503; khaLa }}-- sthApanA 539 valaMdAe 460; -ne cInamAM praveza karavAnI paravAnagI na maLI 464

Page #855
1522 : sUci vallabhabhAI, saradAra -bAraDolInI saphaLa vu-sAna-kavI -miMga samrATano bevaphA laDatanA AgevAna 115 senApati 465 vAsko DI gAmA 456, 476; -hiMda venisa --nI sthApanA 354-5 pahoMce che 415 venDI -no baLavo 642 vAMga-Ana-zI-nA sudhArA 291-2 veba, sIDanI, 882 vikaTara menyuala -samagra iTAlIne veliMgTana -nepoliyanane harAvanAra aMgreja rAjA bane che 837 senApati 671 vikaToriyA -- iglaMDanI rANI 997; velsa, eca. jI. 399, 653; --no hiMdanI samrAjJI bane che 898 | nepoliyana viSe abhiprAya 657 vikramAditya -no rAjadarabAra 180 vesTapheliyA -nI saMdhi pa76, 586 vilipha 511; carcanI gerarItione veTa, jemsa -varALathI cAlatuM eMjina TIkAkAra ane bAibalane aMgrejImAM zeLe che 601 prathama anuvAda karanAra 398 oNlleyara, 586,651-2,861; -kAsano vijayanagara -nI sthApanA 442; -nuM eka mazahUra lekhaka 581 rAjya 440; -nuM videzI pravAsI- vaiziMgTana, jyorja -amerikana sainyano oe kareluM varNana 443-5; -no senApati ane amerikAne pahele aMta 446 pramukha 615-7 vijayapAla -caula sAmrAjyane prathama vaijJAnika paddhati 262 ' samrATa 215 vaijJAnika samAjavAda 881 vijetA viliyama -IgleMDa jItI le vaidika dharma 66 che 280. vijJAna -nA camakAro 860-1; -nI zaka ko -no hiMda upara humalo ane siddhio 135ra; -ne vijaya 696 vasavATa 133 viTToriyA -duniyAnI pradakSiNa karanAra zamInane hatyAkAMDa, 1286 paheluM vahANuM 418 zastrasaMnyAsa pariSada, 1422 viyenAnI pariSada -no hetu 678; -mAM zaMkarAcArya -nI kArakirdI ane kArya karavAmAM AvelI yurepanI punarghaTanA siddhi 222-3 677-8 zArlamena -teNe karelI pavitra romana vidhI popa 598 sAmrAjyanI sthApanA 161; popanI viliyama epha ereMja -nuM khUna 508; madade jAya che 275; -nA sAmrAjyanA -spena sAmenA nedharaleMsanA bhAgalA 279; nA sAmrAjyane baLavAne vIra netA 505 vistAra 278; -nuM mRtyu 278; -no viliyama bIje, 517-8 romana samrATa tarIke abhiSeka ra75; vihema bIjo 986,992; bismArkane --no hArUna ala razida sAthe saMparka rukhasada Ape che 847 277 vivekAnaMda, 738-9 zAha abbAsa -IrAnane eka mahAna viSaSNugupta -juo cANakya rAjyakartA 918 -tI -cInanA hana vaMzane mahAna zAhajahAna, 540 samrATa 121 zAhajI bhAMsale -zivAjInA pitA para

Page #856
sUci 153 zAha tamarU -IrAnane saphAvIvaMzI rAjA zetuka taizI -jApAnanA itihAsano eka 818; -humAyune madada karanAra IrAnane mahApuruSa 208 samrATa 528 zraddhAnaMda svAmI 1126. zAhanAmA 8156-mahAkavi phiradezInuM zrIvijaya 304 -nA sAmrAjyanI kArakidI mahAkAvya 82 447 zAhabuddIna ghorI -lAhora jIte che zrIvijayanuM sAmrAjya -tene aMta 235; 559-60 -tene vistAra 233; -vepArI ane zAMghAI -upara cInanA rASTrIya daLanI dariyAI sattA dharAvanAra sAmrAjya 233 kUca 1289 zinTo dharma 206; -nI asara 762 sattAonI samatulA 980 zivAjI -nI kArakidI papara-3 satyapAla, Do. -nI dharapakaDa 1126 zIkha dharma, papa6 satyAgraha -aniSTa sAmene ahiMsaka zIkho -nuM baMDa ane zIkha rAjyanI pratikAra 1131 sthApanA papa1-2; -laDAyaka kema saphArIvaMza -IrAnano eka rAjavaMza bane che pa51 818; -no aMta 820-1 zIlara -eka jarmana kavi 849 samAjavAda 873; -nuM dhyeya 886-7; zaha-havAMga-TI-cInane prathama samrATa -no siddhAMta 882;-mUDIvAdanuM pharajaMda 118-20; teNe cInanI mahAna dIvAla 685 bAMdhavAne karela AraMbha 120 samudragupta -nI dakSiNanI jIta 179 zukrAcArya --nItisAra nAmanA graMthanA sarahadaprAMta -mAM apUrva rAjakIya jAgRti lekhaka 225 1148 zugniga -oNsTriyAne eNkselara 1485 saphe -nI prathA 491-2 zusTara, morgana -eka amerikana zarApha salAdIna khristIo pAsethI jerusalema - 823 * pAchuM jItI le che 337; -nuM maraNa zekasapiyara 513; iMglaMDane mahAkavi 340; -misarano sulatAna bane che 485 zekha sAdI -phArasIne eka mahAkavi 815 saMbhAjI -ne mogalo ribAvIne mArI zerazAha -humAyune harAvI dilhInI gAdI nAkhe che papa3 pacAvI pADe che pa28 saMskRta -nI putrIo 42; -hiMdanA zelI -eka suprasiddha aMgreja kavi AryonI bhASA 42 850-1 saMskRti -eTale 62; -nI kaseTI 14 ze, jorja barnADa 1461; -phebiyana sAyamana kamizana -ne bahiSkAra 1144 sosAyaTIne AraMbhane eka sabhya sAyarasa -IrAnane samrATa 37; -nuM 881 sAmrAjya 37 zaguna -jApAnanA vaMzaparaMparAgata zAsake sAta varasane vigraha 589-90 296-7; -jApAnane kharekhara zAsaka sAdhu piTara -jerUsalemamAM khristI yAtrA296,469 -pitAne hoddo choDI de zuonI thatI kanaDagatanI vAta yuropamAM phelAve che 310 948 * 1 3s

Page #857
1524 sUci sAnakrAMsiska -amerikAnuM eka mahattvanuM suejhanI nahera 685 -khullI mukAya che baMdara 763 950 sAmAjika karAra" -senuM yugapravartaka suna-cAta-sena 780, 1283-4; pustaka 581 -cInanA prajAsattAkano pramukha bane sAmyavAda - mU da - DIvAdano zaa 87 che 781; -nuM maraNa 1286 sAmyavAdI jAheranAmuM 695,879 sumAtrA 304 sAmrAjya --nA prakAre 925-6 suvarNa tAtaMra jAtisaMga samrATanI sAmrAjyavAda 165; -nAnA udyogavAdanI madade Ave che ane cInamAM ThasI saMtati 685; --mUDIvAdanI chellI paDe che 292-3 avasthA 1365 sugavaMza -nI sthApanA 191; -ne aMta sArvabhauma rAjya -nI kalpanA 164-5 293. sArsaphilDa limerikanA gherA vIra sena, kezavacaMdra 738 yuddho 933 senagupta, jatIndra mehana -nuM avasAna 1445 sAsAnI vaMza 168;-IrAnano eka prAcIna seresanI sthApatya 2567 rAjavaMza 813 sejuka tu -212; -ItihAsamAMthI sAsAnI sAmrAjya -no aMta 169 vidAya le che 409; -bagadAdane kabaje sikaMdara -itihAsane prathama vizvavijetA le che 264; -bagadAdanA rAjyano 81; -nA maraNa bAda tenA sAmrAjyanI punaruddhAra kare che 305 vahecaNI 84; -ne sAmrAjyanA selyukasa -812; -nI hiMda upara caDAI traNa bhAga 116; -nI hiMda para re ane tene parAjaya 88;-sikaMdarano caDAI 83 eka senApati 84 siyAna -mazahura turka zilpI 810 seMTapiTarsabarga -nI sthApanA 966 siyAma -ane krAMsa vacce gharSaNa 790; se varasane vigraha 406-7 -cAre bAjuethI videzI sattAothI sekaTisa nuM balidAna 78-9 gherAI jAya che 789 -mAM rAjya sagA -jApAna upara potAnuM prabhutva kAMti 1221 jamAvanAra prathama kuTuMba 207 sirAjIdaulA -baMgALane navAba papa7 selsabarI -iMglaMDane vaDA pradhAna 951 silena rAjArAja jItI le che 219 eviyeTa -eTale 973 siMgApora - aMgrejonA kabajAmAM Ave che skaMdagupta-huNa lekane harAve che 183 788 skeTa, velTara -ilaMDane suprasiddha navala siMDIkelijhama 892 kathAkAra 853 sIAna-kUtaMgavaMzI cInanI rAjadhAnI sTeka, saralI -nuM khUna ane iglaDe 114 . uThAvela tene lAbha 1167 sInazIna caLavaLane AraMbha 941-2; sTeTsa janarala -kAMsanI pArlAmenTa 625 -ne phelAvo 1093-4 sTenlI, hetrI 954 sIriyA -nA bhAgalA 1187-nuM lITana 513 svAtaMtrya yuddha 1188-9; krAMsane sTelina -ane TrasTI vacce jhaghaDo menDeTa tarIke maLe che 1186 1355-6

Page #858
sUci 1525 spena-ane iMgleMDa vacce yuddha 458; 251; -nuM makkAmAM punarAgamana 250; -ane yunAITeDa sTeTsa vacce yuddha -pracalita sAmAjika rUDhionA kaTTA 799; -Araba sAmrAjyamAMthI chUTuM dumana 253 thAya che 327; -khristI rAjya tarIke hana vaMza -nA amala daramyAna cInamAM pharIthI UbhuM thAya che 45; -thI dakSiNa bauddha dharmanuM Agamana 121 amerikAnAM speniza saMsthAne chUTAM haragoviMda -zIkha guru papa1 paDI jAya che 679-80;-prajAsattAka harappA 56,806; -nI prAcIna saMskRti bane che 1275; -philipAInsa pa24-5 TApuono kabajo le che 456; -mAM harSa -nI dAnazIlatA ane aparigraha Araba amalano AraMbha 326; -mAM 215 -pitAnI bahena rAjyazrIne Arabo upara gujAravAmAM Avela ugAre che 210-1; -nuM maraNa 218 julama 330-1; -mAM Arabono praveza hasa, jana -upara vikalIphanA vicAronI 254; -mAM rAjAzAhIne aMta ane asara 399; -prAganI vidyApIThano prajAsattAkanI sthApanA 1401; -mAM AcArya 399; -nuM balidAna 487; romana carcanuM prabhutva 1400; -mAM -nuM balidAna ane tenI asara 399 lazkarI baLavo 1274; -mAMthI haMgarI mAM krAMti 1231; Araba amalano aMta 330; -mAMthI hAine, hAinarika -eka jarmana kavi 449 Araba saMskRtino aMta 332; -mAMthI hAphijha - phArasIno eka mahAkavi 817 IvijhIzanano aMta 666; -mAMthI hArIjha -kAMtavAnuM yaMtra zodhI kADhe che rAjAzAhIne aMta 125; sAme 601 nedharalenDjhano baLavo 504-10-sAme e hArUnala razIda -no darabAra 262; -no philipAIna TApuone baLavo 798-9 zArlamena sAthe saMparka 277 ' sTeva, hariyeTa bIcara -"aMkala Temsa hArTa, sara raoNbarTa -cInamAM eka kebina'nI lekhikA 922 aMgreja adhikArI 772 eMgalara, eNsvAlDa eka jarmana halema 506 philasUpha 1409 hA -16mI sadIne AgaLa paDatuM smitha, eDama 861; -iMglaMDano Adi vaijJAnika 484 arthazAstrI 709 hiTalara, eDolpha 1407; -esTriyAne svarAjya pakSa --nI sthApanA 1133 * jarmanI sAthe joDI de che 1485; sviTjharalenDanA rASTrano udaya 40-8; - -cembaraleIna mulAkAta 1487; -jarmanIne censelara bane che 1410; -nuM prajAtaMtra 499 sviphaTa, jonAthana -gulivarsa TrAvelsane -jarmanImAM sarvasattAdhIza bane che lekhaka 518, 933-4 1420; -nI saphaLatA 1419; -no jarmanImAM vijaya 1405; Avehajarata mahaMmada temaNe ArabamAM riyAnA niSphaLa baMDane yejaka 1229 ANelI jAgrati 218; -nuM duniyAnA hiTalaravAda 1405; -nI asaro 1416 tamAma rAjAo tathA samrATa uparanuM hinDanabarga -nuM maraNa 1408-9, 1420 pharamAna 250-1; -nI jIvanakathA videzI -jApAnane eka kuzaLa mutsaddI ane hijarata 248-9; -nuM avasAna 470

Page #859
1526 hiraDeTasa 37, 75, 78; -prAcIna nanI nIti 709; -pAko mAla grIsano itihAsakAra 71 banAvanAra deza tarIkenuM sthAna khAI hirlDabrenDa-AgaLa garviSTa jarmana bese che ha12; -prAcIna 44; -mAM samrATa baraphamAM ughADe page cAlIne 1857ne viplava 705-7; -mAM khaDe thAya che 309 aMgrejI keLavaNIne AraMbha ane hiMda ane cIna 24-5; -ane cInanI tene hetu 735; -mAM aMgrejI hakU matane AraMbha 558; -mAM aMgrejonI tulanA 1285; -ane misaranI sattA sarvoparI bane che 680; -mAM tulanA 1157; -aDhAramI sadImAM udyogapradhAna deza 710; ApaNuM aMgreje potAne vepAra zarU kare che vayevRddha mAtA 96; -upara mane 545; -mAM iralAma sAme kaDavAza nDaranI caDAI 137; -upara musala thavAnAM kAraNe 314-5; -mAM mAnanA humalAonI asara 362; udyogavAdanI pragati 741; -mAM -upara zaka lokone humale 13; khristI dharmanuM Agamana 149-50; -upara sikaMdaranI caDAI 83; -nA -mAM TreDa yuniyana ekaTa karavAmAM udyoga dhaMdhAne nAza 70-4; -nA A 1141; -mAM dharmanI bAbaudyogeno nAza karavAnI aMgrejonI tamAM jabaradastInuM tattva dAkhala thAya yukti prayuktio 609; -nA bhUta che 402; -mAM dharmo pratye udAra kALanA ujvaLa yuga 13; -nA valaNa 169; -mAM dhArmika jhaghaDA rAjakAraNamAM bebano praveza 745; 169; -mAM nokarazAhI sarakArano -nA vicAronI cIna para thayelI amala 734-5; -mAM paDelA bhISaNa asara 196; -nAM dezarA 739; dukALa 724--5; -mAM paLAyelo. -nI atula sAMskRtika paraMparA 192; pahelavahele satyAgraha dina 1125; -nI AjanI agati 193; -nI -mAM pArasIonuM Agamana 169; AjanI durdazA 26; -nI AjhAdInI -mAM prAcIna kALathI cAlI AvelI mAnyatAonI bAbatamAM svataMtratA laData 6-7; -nI AjhAdInuM dhyeya 14; -nI ekatA pa25; -nI garI 401; -mAM prAMtIya bhASAone udaya bAInuM kAraNa 714; -nI grAma 433-4;-mAM pheMce pitAne vepAra vyavasthA 193; -nI grAma vyavasthAne zarU kare che 546; -mAM bIja gaNiaMta 718-9; -nI jJAti vyavasthA tanI thayelI zedha 229; -mAM 45; -nI prAcIna samayamAM hunnara briTiza mUDane dhasAre 1139; -mAM udyoganA kSetramAM sarasAI 186-8; madhya eziyAnI gepa jAtionuM Agamana 137: -mAM musalamAnI -nI bhASAe 42; -nI bhaugolika amalano AraMbha 360; -mAM megala racanA 171; -nI saMskRtine phelAvo 311; -nI sAMskRtika ekatA 223-4; sAmrAjyanI sthApanA 437; -mAM catrodyogano AraMbha 731; -mAM -nI strIonuM kArya 17; -no svAtaMtrya saMgrAma 98-9; -no paradeze sAthe rASTrIya vicArene phelAvo 741; -mAM vepAra 44; -no bhUtakALa 8; -ne rASTrIyatAnI bhAvanAne udaya 737; svAtaMtrya dina 92; -para briTa- . -mA vAsko DI gAmAnuM Agamana rAjU'

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sUci 1527 346 415; -mAM sarakAranI damananIti upara aiTilAnI AgevAnI nIce 132,1150-51;-mAM hiMdu-muslima AkramaNa 239; -nuM hiMdamAM Agamana vaimanasya 1134; -mAM hiMsaka pravRtti 183; -ne hiMda upara amala 184 1146; -mAM hUNa lokonuM Agamana hegala -eka jarmana philasUpha 849 183-5; -mAMthI grAma paMcAyatone heDIna, na 389 aMta 716-9 henilAla -kArbejane mahAna senApati hiMdanA A 28; -ane grIka Aryone 12-8 mukAbalo 45; -ahIM AvyA hetrI AThame IgleMDane ghaNAM lagno pahelAMnI hiMdanI saMskRti 41; -nA karanAra rAjA 490 prAcIna graMthe 40; -nI grAma vyavasthA hepsabargavaMza -jarmanIne eka rAjavaMza 45; -nI prakRti 45; nI mukhya bhASA 42; --nuM itihAsa lakhavA hesTiMgsa, rana -hiMdane pahelo' gavarnara tarapha durlakSa 40; -no unnatikALa 47 janarala pa61. hiMdI rASTrIya mahAsabhA -gAMdhIjIne haidaraalI 557,700; -aMgrejone kaTTo . asahakArano kAryakrama svIkAre che duzmana 560 ' 1129; -thI eka koma tarIke hora, sara semyuala 1426; -nI musalamAno aLagA rahe che 743-4; ebisIniyA viSe lAvala sAthe -nI mAgaNuM 1156; -no AraMbha samajUtI 1478 742-3; -mAM paDelA bhAgalA 745 holI elAyansa"826,924,967; -nI hiMdI sanadI nokarI 734 sthApanA 678 hiMdI saMskRti -no phelAvo 311 helI romana empAyara -juo pavitra ! hiMdu dharma, 21; -upara islAmanI romana sAmrAjya asara 430 hehenajhelarnavaMza -praziyAno eka hiMdu rASTravAda 1135 rAjavaMza 586 hiMdu saMskRti -potAnI AsapAsa kavaca hanasTAphena vaMza -jarmanIne eka race che 316 rAjavaMza 343 hInayAna - bauddha dharmano eka saMpradAya hyuenasAMga -jJAna ane vidyAnI zodhamAM 141-3 nIkaLelo mahAna pathika 1-4; -nuM humAyu -dillInuM rAjya gumAve che ane svadezagamana 216; -nuM hiMdamAM pAchuM meLave che para8-9; -nI mAMdagI AgamananuM kAraNa 211; -ne hiMda ane bAbaranuM mRtyu para7. AvatAM veThavAM paDelAM kaSTa 212-3; hulAgu -IrAnane maMgala sUbo 382 -no mahArASTranA loko viSe UMce husena, zarIpha 1186 abhiprAya 218-9; -no hiMdanA haMga-vuM - yuAna amala sAmenA cInI loko tathA rAjavyavasthA viSe baLavAne AgevAna ane miMga abhiprAya 214 vaMzano prathama samrATa 461 hyuM ke peTa 355; -krAMsanA rASTranA pAye haMgasina-cAna -cInamAM tepiMga baLavo nAkhe che 279 zarU kare che 752 hyuga, vikaTara -kAsane suprasiddha kavi haNa loka -nuM pazcimanA romana sAmrAjya ane navalakathAkAra 849

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cha rUpiyA