Gujaratno Rajkiya ane Sanskritik Itihas Part 02 Mauryakalthi Guptakal

Author(s): Rasiklal C Parikh, Hariprasad G Shastri
Publisher: B J Adhyayan Sanshodhan Vidyabhavan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032605/1

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- A mAmalAmAM ITTER ja " mAM TITLETEL '' mA ka >> ke katari TITLE SITTITLE LILI LILE I libert T . THE T TT TT TT TT //// Fifti /////// ni ' IT IS A T This Tim e TT TT Ra I stil a nya che te A TI ATTER : Httt & TELLITE TET '' ARE '' CORNER mAM ja Teliffili 'mAmAM jamA thAya IT ITT III III fiaaN jarA zafilities mAM mAyAnamAM / if ATTEN ET ka mara kerInI ' ' IT ITnI | | A kAma karI T ITLE : TIME TILITY TI HTT nA in this T I ! REATIVITIES . manamAM IT T mAM ! ! ATTITUTE ApaNA ko in ITI gujarAtanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa ga che , mauryakAlathI guptakAla TET 1 rIke bhoLAbhAI jezigabhAI adhyayana-sI zeAdhana vidyAbhavana It is che. mArI ET NI mA te mane Apa jAmakA kaka I ! ! !

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gujarAta sarakAranI Arthika sahAyathI prakAzita gujarAtanuM rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsa graMtha 2. mauryakAlathI guptakAla

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saMzodhana graMthamAlA--graMthAMka 67 zeTha bhoLAbhAI jesiMgabhAI adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda gujarAtano rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa graMtha re moryakAlathI guptakAla saMpAdake rasikalAla choTAlAla parIkha anusnAtaka adhyApaka, saMzodhana-mArgadarzaka ane nivRtta adhyakSa, bho. je. adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda ane hariprasAda gaMgAzaMkara zAstrI, ema. e., pIeca. DI. anusnAtaka adhyApaka, saMzodhana-mArgadarzaka ane adhyakSa, bho. je. adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda zeTha bhoLAbhAI jesiMgabhAI adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana amadAvAda-9

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prathama saskaraNa vi. sa. 2028 kiMmata rU. 975 pai. prakAzakaH hariprasAda ga. zAstrI adhyakSa, bA. je. adhyayana-saMzAdhana vidyAbhavana, 2. . mAga, amadAvAda-9 I. sa. 1972 mudraka H gulAmamAhammada samasuddIna valIullA jI. esa. prinTasa, kALupura, pAMcapaTTI, muAdInI peALa, amadAvAda-1

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- ' , ' ', prastAvanA (1). gujarAtano itihAsa bhAratavarSanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsanA eka ekama tarIke che. bhaugolika maryAdAone laIne temaja emAM vaselI mAnava-jAtionI viziSTatAne laIne ane emanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsanI viziSTatAne laIne e eka ekama banyuM che, mATe e itihAsano. viSaya thAya che. . prAcIna itihAsamAM A pradeza pazcime surASTra ane kaccha nAme, kyAreka uttare Anarta nAme ane kyAreka dakSiNe lATa nAme jANIto hato, paraMtu jAtionA gamanAgamananA ane rAjakIya sattAonA kAraNe uttare Abu-sinehIM ane bhInamAlanA vistArane e ekamamAM samAvavo paDe, pUrva dhArA ane ujajayinI sudhInA mALavA ke avaMti dezane levuM paDe, ane dakSiNe zarmAraka -sopArA sudhI javuM paDe. kAlanA mApamAM Ave tevo eno itihAsa I. pU. cothA saikAnA chellA caraNamAM zarU thAya che. pahelAM lagabhaga ATha zataka sudhI mauryo, yavane, kSatra, guto vagerenAM vizALa rAjyanA ekama tarIke rahI gujarAta IsvI pAMcamA zatakanA uttarArdhamAM svAyatta sattA prApta karI, je lagabhaga IsvI sananA teramA zatakanA aMta sudhI cAlu rahI. e daramyAna maitraka cakravatI dharasena 4 thA( lagabhaga Isa. 643 thI 650 nA tathA solaMkI cakavatIo siddharAja jayasiMha (I.sa. 1094-1142) ane kumArapAla(I. sa. 1142-1172)nA zAsanamAM eNe ghaNA vizALa rAjya ke sAmrAjyanI sthiti bhogavI. vAghelA rAjyanA aMta pachI lagabhaga eka saikA sudhI e dilhI saltanatane. svAdhIna rahyuM, lagabhaga paMdaramA zatakanA AraMbhathI sattara dasakA sudhI gujarAtamAM svataMtra, saltanata pravatI, pachI vaLI lagabhaga aMDhI saikA sudhI e mughale ane marAThAenA vizALa rAjyane ekama banI rahyuM. lagabhaga tere dasaka briTiza zAsana daramyAna gujarAta muMbaI IlAkAnA uttara vibhAga tarIke ane AjhAdI (1947)

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maLyA pachI bAratera varSa sudhI muMbaI rAjyanA bhAga tarIke rahI, 1 lI me 1960 thI samavAyI bhArata saMdhamAMnA samakakSa rAjyanA darajjo dharAve che. A pradezamAM A itihAsakAlamAM je jAtionAM ahIM milana thayAM che teonA RtihAsa teA te te prakaraNamAM ApelA che, paraMtu emAM Anarto, surASTro ane lATAe te te pradezane peAtAnA nAmathI aMkita karyA che, jyAre gujarAe A badhA pradezeAne eka " gujarAta " nAmathI aMkita karyA che. ,, te te jAtinA dharmAMnA sahavAsa paNu gujarAtamAM dhyAna ApavA yAgya che. emAM, AdivAsIenI deva-devIenI AsyA ane emane bhAga dharAvavAnI prathA che; haDappIya saMskRtimAM dekhAtA pazupati ane dhyAnastha yogI ane zaktinAM pratIkAne Adya ziva-zaktinI upAsanAnAM sUcana gaNIe te gujarAtamAM ziva-zaktinI upAsanA prAcInatama upAsanA che; enI pachInA staramAM viSNunI, vAmanAvatAra ane kRSNAvatArarUpe, bhakti paNa pravatamAna dekhAya che. yAgasamAdhi, maMtra-taMtra ane bhakti prAgaidika mAnavAne have kAraNeA che. gujarAtamAM A badhA prakAronI jaDa dekhAya che. viMdhyAcalanI dakSiNe pUrva-pazcimamAM vaidika AryAnuM prasaraNa thatAM emanA yajJayAgAdinA " Rtadhame..." ane varNAzramavyavasthAe A Adya dharmone peAtAnA epa ApI peAtAnA karI lIdhA hatA. brahma-brahmAne jo Anu pratIka gaNIe teA AkhA bhAratavarSamAM virala evAM brahmAnAM maMdira gujarAtamAM vidyamAna thayAM. jaineAnA bAvIsamA tI kara neminAthanAM jIvana ane nirvANanu kSetra surASTra hatuM. giranAra-parvatanI eka kaTaka-zilA upara azeke dha lipi kAtarAvI hatI; A uparAMta tyAM ane anyatra bauddha guphAo, vidyArA, mUrtie Adi hatAM. arthAt jainadharmanA vistAra ane baudhA vyApaka pracAra gujarAtamAM hatAM. yavana, zaka, pahalava Adi jAtionAM deva-devIo ane dhArmika AsthAe paNa A dha-sahavAsamAM haze. pachIthI A jAtio bhAratavarSanA vaidika jainaauddha dharmamAM mAnatI thaI haze, ane emAM samAI gaI haze. pArasIonA Agamana sAthe jaceAstI dharmAMte ahIM vAsa maLyA hatA. araba, tu, aphadhAna ane mughala AkramAe islAmI majahabane ahI vistAra karyAM. pazcimanI prajAonA amale khristI dharmane ahIM sthAna ApyuM. A samagra jIvananA AdhArabhUta kRSi, pazupAlana ane vANijya--jene mATe "vArtA" eveka eka zabda kauTilya vApare che te--mAM paNa A pradezanI

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vizeSatAo rahelI che; zreNIonI prathAothI mAMDIne mahAjananA prabhAvavALI rAjyazAsananI paddhatio sudhInA rAjyataMtranI paNa khAsiyato gujarAtamAM AvelI che. A badhAM vahanane jIvananA eka mahA pravahaNarUpe gujarAte kevI rIte vahevarAvyAM che e enA itihAsane viSaya che. (2). gujarAtano prAdezika itihAsa ghaNo lAMbo che; A pradezane mATe gujarAta nAma prayojAyuM te pahelAM e ghaNo vahele zarU thAya che. purANoe jALavelI rAjavaMzAvaLIo ane rAjavaMsthAnucaritamAM A pradezanA vRttAMtamAM zAyato tathA yAdavonI thoDI peDhIone ja vRttAMta upalabdha che. aitihAsika kAlanA rAjavaMzanA vRttAMtanAM pagaraNa AcArya hemacaMdranA saMskRta thAzraya kAvyathI thAya che. rANuM viradhavalanA mahAmAtya vastupAlanA prazaMsaka somezvara vageree vastupAlacaritanI bhUmikArUpe mUlarAja 1 lAthI mAMDIne rANA viradhavala sudhInA caulukya yAne solaMkI rAjAonA caritanI rUparekhA AlekhI. emAMnA arisiMha tathA udayaprabhasUrie te aNahilla pATakane anulakSIne caulukya vaMzanI pahelAMnA cApotkaTa (cAvaDA) vaMzanIya rUparekhA umerI. jaina prabaMdhasaMgrahomAM vanarAjanIya pahelAMnA keTalAka temaja vIradhavalanIya pachInA rAjAone lagatA vRttAMta graMthastha thayA. | gujarAtanI salatanatanA amala daramyAna ghaNuM sulatAnone lagatA chUTaka itihAsa lakhAyA. emAM "mirAte sikaMdarI', "jhapha-ula vAlIha bI mujhaphphara va AlIha' ane "mirAte ahamadI' jevA saLaMga vaMza-ItihAsa paNa nirUpAyA. AmAMnA chellA graMthamAM te cAvaDA-solaMkI vaMzane pUrva vRttAMta umerIne lagabhaga eka sahastrAbdInA ItihAsane AvarI levAmAM AvyuM. marAThA kAlamAM jaina anuzruti anusAra gujaradeza-bhUpAvalIone paNa saMgraha thayo. briTiza amala zarU thatAM edalajI DosAbhAI jevA vidvAnoe gujarAtano ItihAsa taiyAra karyo, paNa moTe bhAge "mirAte ahamadI'nA AdhAre. sthAnika anuzrutio tathA upalabdha prAcIna sAhitya ane abhilekhonI sAmagrInI tapAsa karIne emAMthI maLatA vRttAMtonuM saMkalana karI gujarAtano itihAsa navesara taiyAra karavAne AdaraNIya prayatna phaoNnse karyo, je Rasa-Mala(rAsamALA)nA nAme 1856mAM prakAzita thaye. muMbaI ilAkAnA

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gujarAtanA jillAonA gaeNjheTiyaranA prakAzita graMtheA parathI kavi nadAza kare 'gujarAta-saOsaMgraha' (1887) taiyAra karyAM, temAMnA 'itihAsa''nA prakaraNamAM jillAvAra graMthAnAM RtihAsaprakaraNAmAM ApelI mAhitInuM saMkalana thayuM, paraMtu abhilekhA, sikkA, sthaLatapAsa ane utkhananA parathI maLatI purAvastukIya mAhitI tyAdi vadhu pramANita sAdhanAnAM anveSaNa tathA sa MzAdhanane AdhAre gujarAtanA saLaMga samIkSita RtihAsa taiyAra thayA, muMbaI IlAkAnA gaeNjheTiyaranA graMtha 1 nimitte, je jillAvAra gaeNjheTiyarAnA badhA graMthA pachI cheka 1896 mAM prakAzita thayA. emAM prAcIna kAlanA itihAsa gujarAtanA Adya ane mahAna purAtattvavida Do. bhagavAnalAla iMdrajIe e mATe taiyAra karelI sAmagrI parathI emanA akALa avasAna pachI bheMsane aMgrejImAM taiyAra karelA. vIsamI sadInA ceAthA dAyakA daramyAna zrI. durgAzaMkara zAstrIe cAvaDA ane sAlakI kAlaneA tathA preA. kAmisariyete aMgrejImAM saltanata-kAlanA tihAsa sa` upalabdha sAdhanasAmagrIne sa Mkalita karI navesara nirUpyA (1937- 1939). e arasAmAM 'kAvyAnuzAsana'nuM saMpAdana karatAM hemacaMdrAcAyanA samayanI aitihAsika bhUmikA nimitte A graMthamAlAnA prathama saMpAdake AraMbhika kAlathI hemacadrAcAryanA samaya sudhInA RtihAsanI saLaMga rUparekhA aMgrejImAM AlekhI. have itihAsanA nirUpaNamAM rAjakIya itihAsanI sAthe sAthe sAMskRtika itihAsanuM mahattva aMkAtuM thayuM hatuM. e pachInA dAyakA daramyAna zrI (pachI DaoN.) kanaiyAlAla munazInI preraNAthI bhAratIya vidyAbhavane 'gujarAtanI kIrtigAthA 'nA graMtha 1 tathA 3 taiyAra karAvI prakAzita karyA, zrI. ratnamaNirAva bhImarAve 'gujarAtane sAMskRtika pratihAsa : islAma yuga ' lakhavA zarU karyAM, gujarAta vidyAsabhAe purANA ane jaina AgamA jevA Akara-graMthAmAMthI gujarAtane lagatI mAhitI tAravavA mAMDI ane DaoN. sAMkaLiyAe gujarAtanI prAcIna Abhilekhika sAmagrImAMthI aitihAsika tathA sAMskRtika bhUgALa ane jAtie vizenI mAhitI aMgrejImAM tAravI. chaThThA dAyakAmAM gujarAtanA maitrakakAlIna RtihAsa vize e graMtha ( eka gujarAtImAM ane eka aMgrejImAM, jemAMnA gujarAtI graMtha. A graMthamAlAnA dvitIya soMpAdake lakheleA che) prasiddha thayA, gujarAtanA caulukayo vize aMgrejImAM eka navA gra Mtha bahAra paDaco, gujarAtanA mughalakAlIna RtihAsaneA graMtha aMgrejImAM prakAzita thayA ane 'gujarAtanI sAlavArI 'ne prA-seAMlaMkIkAlane lagatA graMtha aMgrejImAM pragaTa thayA.

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sAtamA dAyakA daramyAna gujarAta yunivarsiTIe (A graMthamAlAnA dvitIya saMpAdaka pAse) "gujarAtane prAcIna itihAsa' zIrSaka nIce enA prAcIna rAjakIya tathA sAMskRtika itihAsanI saLaMga rUparekhA navesara taiyAra karAvI ne evI rIte enA madhyakAlIna itihAsanI rUparekhA navesara taiyAra karAvavAnI kAryavAhI paNa AraMbhI. gujarAta rAjyanA yunivarsiTI graMthanirmANa borDa gujarAtanA arvAcIna itihAsa vize paNa evuM pustaka karAvavAnuM hAthamAM lIdhuM che. 1947 mAM AjhAdI maLatAM purAvastuvidyAnI pravRttione vega maLe ne 1960 mAM gujarAta rAjya racAtAM gujarAtanA itihAsa-purAvastu-saMzodhanane vadhu protsAhana prApta thayuM. (3) gujarAtane saLaMga ane sarvAgI ItihAsa navesara taiyAra karavAne samaya pAkI gayo hato ne e aMge gujarAta rAjya sarakArane vAraMvAra vinaMtI karavAmAM AvatI hatI. sadgata zrI. baLavaMtarAya mahetAe gujarAta rAjyanA mukhya maMtrI tarIke A mAgaNIne sakriya AvakAra Ape ne pariNAme bho. je. vidyAbhavane gujarAtanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsanI graMthamAlAnI yojanA ghaDI. sarakAre A graMthamAlAnI yojanA maMjura karI ne 1967 nA nabaramAM enI kAryavAhI zarU thaI je. je. vidyAbhavana TrasTa kAryavAhaka samitie A graMthamAlA mATe tA. 5-12-1967nI beThakamAM amane saMpAdako nImI, nIce jaNAvelA vidvAnonI samiti che : 1. munizrI jinavijayajI 2. AcAryazrI DolararAya raM. mAMkaDa 3. DaoN. hasamukha dhI. sAMkaLiyA 4. DaoN. bhogIlAla jayacaMdabhAI sAMDesarA 5. zrI. anaMtarAya ma. rAvaLa 6. AcAryazrI yazavaMtabhAI prANazaMkara zukala che. De. choTubhAI ra. nAyaka

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10 saMpAdakAe baDelI graMthamAlAnI tAtkAlika rUparekhA para vigate carcAvicAraNA karI salAhakAra samitie tA. 19-12-1967 nI kheThakamAM ene AAkharI svarUpa Apyu. A yAjanA anusAra gujarAtanA itihAsanI A graMthamAlAmAM prAcIna pASANayugathI mAMDIne 1960 sudhIneA itihAsa AvarI levAnA rAkhyA che. itihAsanA pUrvApara kAla pramANe enA nava graMtha yeAjAyA cheH graMtha 1 : itihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA graMtha 2 : mau`kAlathI guptakAla (lagabhaga I.pU. 322 thI lagabhaga I. sa. 470) graMtha 3 : maitraka ane anu-maitraka kAla (lagabhaga I.sa. 470 thI I.sa. 942) graMtha 4 : sAlaMkI kAla (I. sa. 942 thI I. sa. 1304) graMtha 5 : saltanata kAla (I. sa. 1304 thI I. sa. 1573) 1573 thI I. sa. 1758) 1958 thI I. sa. 1818) graMtha 6 mughala kAla (I. sa. graMtha 7 : marAThA kAla (I. sa. graMtha 8 : briTiza kAla (I. sa. 1914 sudhI) graMtha 9 : AjhAdI pahelAM ane pachI (I. sa. 1915 thI 1960) graMtha 1 mAM RtihAsanI pUrvabhUmikA-rUpe gujarAtanI prAgaitihAsika tathA mAdha--atihAsika saMskRtionuM nirUpaNa karavAmAM AvyuM che; temaja gujarAtanI prAcIna gALa, jAtio ane kAlagaNanAne paricaya ApavAmAM AvyA che. gujarAtane pramANita rAjakIya itihAsa mauryakAlathI zarU thAya che. graMtha 2 thI dareka graMthamAM pahelAM rAjukIya itihAsa nirUpavAmAM Ave che; enI aMdara rAjyataMtrano paNa samAveza karavAmAM Ave che. e pachI sAMskRtika itihAsanA khaMDamAM sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti, bhASA ane sAhitya, lipi ane dharmAMsapradAyAnAM prakaraNa Ave che. chelle purAtattvanA khaMDamAM sthaLatapAsa ane utkhananamAMthI maLatI mAhitI, sthApatyakIya smArakA, zilpakRti ane citrakalAnuM nirUpaNa karavAmAM Ave che. Ama ahIM rAjakIya pratihAsanI sAthe sAthe sAMskRtika pratihAsanAM vividha pAsAM AlekhavAnuM yAjAyuM che. A mATe te te viSayanA vidvAnAne prakaraNa taiyAra karavA vinaMtI karavAmAM Ave che. maLelAM prakaraNAnuM saMpAdana karavAmAM ekasarakhI paddhati, sa Mdarbha-noMdha, pramANita mAhitI, tarka yukta adhaTana ityAdinuM yathAzakaya dhyAna rAkhavAmAM Ave che. chatAM aghaTane, aTakaLA ane abhiprAyAnI bAbatamAM pharaka rahevAnA. e bAbatamAM

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kRtrima ekavAkyatA sAdhavI ucita na gaNAya; hamezAM e prAmANika rIte sAdhI zakAya paNa nahi. AthI A prakaraNomAM judA judA vidvAnoe ApelAM maMtavya te te vidvAnanAM che e khyAlamAM rAkhavuM ghaTe; saMpAdakone e sarva maMtavya svIkArya che ema mAnI levuM nahi. chellA traNa cAra dAyakAomAM gujarAtanA ItihAsa vize vipula sAmagrI upalabdha thaI che ne e ItihAsanA saMzodhananA kSetramAM aneka utsAhI vidvAno sakriya kArya karI rahyA che. A graMthamAlAmAM e sarvavidha sAmagrIno tathA saMzodhake pratyakSa ke parokSa lAbha levAne yathAzakya prayatna karavAmAM Avyo che. A graMthamAlAmAM ItihAsa ane saMskRtinAM vividha pAsAMonuM saMkalita nirUpaNa karavAnuM joyuM che e enuM viziSTa lakSaNa che. chatAM vigatonI bAbatamAM A graMthanAM prakaraNomAM badhI mAhitI apekSita nathI; graMthanI pRSThasaMkhyAnI maryAdAne anulakSIne mukhya mAhitI saMkSepamAM ApelI che. emAMnI koI bAbata vize jemane vizeSa jijJAsA hoya temane graMthane aMte ApavAmAM AvelI saMdarbhasUci upayogI nIvaDaze. (4) A graMthamAlAmAM graMtha 1 ane 2 nI kAryavAhI sAthe sAthe zarU thaI. emAM graMtha 2 kaMIka vahele taiyAra thayo ne kaMIka vahele chapAI rahyo. graMtha 1 paNa prakAzita thavAnI taiyArImAM che. A graMtha ra mauryakAlathI guptakAla sudhInA itihAsane AvarI le che. emAM lagabhaga I. pU. 322 thI lagabhaga I. sa. 470 sudhInA arthAta lagabhaga ATha zatakanA itihAsane samAveza thAya che. gujarAtane pramANita rAjakIya ItihAsa mauryakAlathI zarU thAya che. mauryakAla ane kSatrapakala vaccenA samayane ItihAsa hajI pUratA pramANamAM prakAzamAM Avyo nathI. IsvI sananI pahelI cAra zatAbdIone AvarI leto kSatrapAla gujarAtanA prAcIna ItihAsane lAMbo mahattvane kAla che. ene lagatI adyatana mAhitI A graMthamAM vigate nirUpAI che e khAsa noMdhapAtra che. sAMskRtika ItihAsanA tathA purAvastuvighAnA khaMDamAM ApelI mAhitI paNa ahIM ja vigate saMkalita thaI che. 1 lA prakaraNamAM ItihAsa-vijJAnanuM svarUpa tathA enAM anveSaNa, saMzodhana ane nirUpaNanI paddhatino saMkSipta khyAla apAya che. pachI itihAsanI vividha sAdhanasAmagrIne paricaya graMtha 2-3-4 ne lagatA samagra prAcIna kAlane anulakSIne ApavAmAM AvyuM che. graMtha 2 nA kALa daramyAna gujarAtanI rAjakIya

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(tathA sAMskRtika bAbatonuM mukhya keMdra girinagaramAM raheluM hoI bhUmikArUpe e nagarane paricaya vigate ApavAmAM AvyuM che. prAcIna kAlanAM aitihAsika sthaLa, jAtio ane saMvata vagerene paricaya graMtha 1 nA aMtima khaMDamAM bhUmikArUpe karAvavAmAM AvyA che. prakaraNa 4 thI 9 rAjakIya itihAsane AvarI le che, jemAM mauryakAla, kSatrapakAla ane guptakAla khAsa noMdhapAtra che. prakaraNa 10 rAjyataMtranI rUparekhA Alekhe che. prakaraNa 11 thI 14 sAMskRtika ItihAsanAM vividha pAsAonuM nirUpaNa kare che, jemAM lipinuM nirUpaNa A graMthamAM prathama vAra ja ApavAmAM AvyuM che. prakaraNa 15 thI 17 purAvastuvidyAnAM vividha pAsAMone AvarI le che. prakaraNe pUrAM thatAM cAra pariziSTa ApavAmAM AvyAM che. pariziSTa 1 mAM siMhapuranA siMhalavaMzane lagatI bauddha anukRti ane emAM jaNAvelA siMhapuranA sthaLanirNayane lagatAM mata-matAMtaronI chaNAvaTa karavAmAM AvI che, jyAre pariziSTa 4 mAM A kAlane lagatI anya anukRtione paricaya ApavAmAM AvyuM che. muMbaI ilAkAnA gejheTiyaranA prathama graMthamAM ApelAM pariziSTa paikInAM be pariziSTa-eka grIka ane remana ullekhone lagatuM ane bIjuM jAvA ane kaMbaDiyA sAthenA saMbaMdha vizenuM-A graMthanA saMdarbhamAM upayogI lAgavAthI ahIM e beune anuvAda ApavAmAM Avyo che. vaMzAvaLIomAM kSatraponI vaMzAvaLIo khAsa noMdhapAtra che. saMdarbhasUcinA prathama khaMDamAM mULa saMdarbho tathA sarvasAmAnya arvAcIna saMdarbhonI ane dvitIya khaMDamAM te te prakaraNane lagatA viziSTa arvAcIna saMdarbhonI vigatavAra sUci ApavAmAM AvI che. zabdasUcimAM manuSyo tathA sthaLenAM vizeSa nAmenI sUci ApI che. amArI A AkhI yejanAno mukhya AdhAra rAjya sarakAranA mAtabara anudAna para rahelo che. A graMthamAlA taiyAra karAvI prakAzita karavA mATe 75% anudAna ApavAnuM maMjUra karI gujarAta rAjya sarakAre amArI saMsthAne itihAsanA viSayamAM gujarAtanI prajAnI tathA gujarAtI bhASAnI sevA karavAnI A je mahAna taka ApI che tene mATe ene jeTaluM AbhAra mAnIe teTale ocho che. gujarAta rAjyanA bhASAniyAmakazrInA vibhAga taraphathI A bAbatamAM

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amane pahelethI je sakriya sahakAra tathA satata mArgadarzana maLela che tene mATe ame e vibhAganA kAryakarone hArdika AbhAra mAnIe chIe. * gujarAtane lAMbA vakhatathI lAgatA eka moTA Isitane phalita karatI A yojanAne pAra pADavAmAM rAjya sarakAranuM sakriya protsAhana hamezAM cAlu raheze evI AzA rAkhIe chIe. amArI A pejanA aMge kiMmatI salAhasUcane ApavA mATe salAhakAra samitinA sarva vidvAna sabhyane upakAra mAnIe chIe. amArA AmaMtraNane svIkAra karI je aneka vidvAnoe A graMthanAM prakaraNa tathA pariziSTa taiyAra karI ApyAM che te sahuno ame hArdika AbhAra mAnIe chIe. gujarAtanA sarvAgI itihAsanI A yojanAnI saphaLatAne mukhya AdhAra evA sahu tajajJa vidvAnonA sahakAra para rahele che. amArA saMpAdanakAryamAM temaja praphavAcananA kAryamAM amArA saha-kAryakara adhyA. kezavarAma kA. zAstrIe badho vakhata sakriya sAtha Apyo che tathA nakazAo, Alekhe, pheTegrApha vagere bAbatamAM Do. kAMtilAla . somapurAe sakriya madada karI che tenI ahIM kRtajJatApUrvaka noMdha laIe chIe. pheTogrApha tathA bloke mATe amane je saMsthAo tathA vyaktionA sainyano lAbha maLyo che teone ame anyatra traNasvIkAra karyo che. A graMthamAM prakAzita thayelAM tamAma citro mATe bhArata sarakAranAM tathA rAjaya sarakAranAM lAgatA vaLagatAM khAtAonA saujanyanI sAbhAra noMdha laIe chIe. gujarAtanI zaikSaNika tathA sAhityika saMsthAo temaja itihAsarasika vyaktio A graMthamAlAne sakriya AvakAra Apaze to A pejanAne vizeSa protsAhana maLaze. -bho. je. a. saM. vidyAbhavana, 2. cho. mArga, amadAvAda-9 tA. 30-3-1971 rasikalAla che. parIkha hariprasAda gaM. zAstrI saMpAdaka

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anukramaNI prastAvanA anukramaNI nakazAo ane citro cANasvIkAra saMkSepasUci zuddhipatraka khaMDa 1 prAstAvika prakaraNa 1 itihAsa-vijJAna le. sikalAla che. parIkha anusnAtaka adhyApaka, saMzodhana-mArgadarzaka ane nivRtta adhyakSa, - bho. je. adhyayana-saMzAdhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda 1. "ItihAsa" artha 2. ItihAsa-vijJAna 3. itihAsanAM jJApaka sAdhana 4. jJApakonI zodha 5. anumAna-prakriyA , che ja 1 *

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15. prakaraNa 2 gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsanAM sAdhanA le. hariprasAda gaM. zAsrI, ema. e., pIeca. DI. anusnAtaka adhyApaka, saze dhana-mAdaka ane adhyakSa, bheA. je. adhyayana-sazeAdhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda 1. gujarAtanA pratihAsanAM sAdhane 2. prAcIna tihAsa-graMthA 3. Abhilekhika sAdhane 4. sAhityika sAdhanA 5. purAvastukIya sAdhane khaMDa 2 rAjakIya itihAsa 1. yAdavakAlIna giripura ane kuzasthalI-dvAravatI 2. moya kAlIna girinagara 3. anumau`kAlIna girinagara 4. kSatrapakAlIna girinagara 5. guptakAlIna girinagara 6. anuguptakAlIna girinagara prakaraNa 4 sau kAla prakaraNa 3 gujarAtanuM itihAsa-pramANita paheluM pATanagara : girinagara le. rasikalAla cho. parIkha le. hariprasAda ga'. zAstrI, ema. e., pIeca. DI. eka phra 1. giranAranA zailekha 2. caMdragupta ane azoka maunuM zAsana 13 20 28 37 <- 2 pa }3 73 74

Page #17
3. cauda dharmalekhone sAra 4. azokanA uttarAdhikArIo prakaraNa 5 - anu-mauryakAla le. hariprasAda ga. zAstrI, ema. e., pIeca. DI. 1. bhAratIya-yavana rAjAonA sikkA 2. minandara ane apaladatanA sikakA 3. gaIbhilla ane kAlakAcArya 4. zakAri balamitra-vikramAditya prakaraNa 6 pazcimI kSatrapa le. raseza caturabhAI jamInadAra, ema. e., pIeca. DI. adhyApaka, itihAsa ane saMskRti vibhAga, mahAdeva desAI samAjasevA mahAvidyAlaya, gujarAta vidyApITha, amadAvAda 104 1. kSatrapAla 2. kSaharAta vaMza bhUmika nahapAna rAjyavistAra kSaharAta rAjyane aMta 106 107 114 115 prakaraNa 7 pazcimI kSatra (cAlu) le. raseza caturabhAI jamInadAra, ema. e. pIeca. DI. 3. cArjana vaMza cArjana jayadAmAM rudradAmA 1 le 125 129 130

Page #18
135 147 149 150. 152 15ra 153. dAmajadathI 1 lo ane enA uttarAdhikArIo kSatrapa rAjyanI paDatI 4. Itara kSatrapavaMza trIju kSatrapakula cothuM kSatrapakula pAMcamuM kSatrapakula TuM kSatrapakula kSatrapa rAjyane aMta pariziSTa pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAonA sikkA le. raseza caturabhAI jamInadAra, ema. e. pIeca. DI. tAMbuM, cAMdI, poTana ane sIsAnA sikkA agrabhAga pRSThabhAga varSa ApavAnI abhinava prathA sikakA paranuM lakhANa vagere vajana, AkAra, kada vagere sikakA-nidhio 167 168 170 173 174 178 180 188 prakaraNa 8 zarva bhaTTAraka le. hariprasAda ga. zAstrI, ema. e., pIeca. DI. zava bhaTTArakanA sikkA zarva bhaTTAraka ane kumAragupta prakaraNa : guptakAla le. hariprasAda gaM. zAstrI, ema. e., pIeca. DI. kumAragupta mahedrAditya 189 194:

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16. 203 204 208 208 18 - skaMdagupta kramAditya trakUTake prakaraNa 10 rAjyataMtra le. hariprasAda gaM. zAstrI, ema. e., pIeca. DI. anu-mauryakAla kSatrapAla zarva bhaTTArakane zAsanakAla gukhazAsana kAla khaMDa 3 sAMskRtika ItihAsa prakaraNa 11 sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti le. bhegIlAla jayacaMdabhAI sAMDesarA, ema. e. pIeca. DI. niyAmaka, oriyenTala insTiTya, ane adhyakSa, gujarAtI vibhAga, ma. sa. yunivarsiTI, vaDodarA 1. dehabhUSA 2. zastravidyA ane yuddhakalA 3. khetI ane vepAravaNaja 4. samudrayAna 5. Arthika sthiti 6. rema ane gujarAta prakaraNa 12 bhASA ane sAhitya le. bhegIlAla jayacaMdabhAI sAMDesarA, ema. e., pIeca. DI. 1. giranAranA lekhe ane enI bhASA 21 220 222 224 227 231 236

Page #20
237 238 2. pAdaliptAcAryanI racanAo 3. vajabhUti AcArya 4. durgAcArya 5. valabhI vidyAke 6. jaina vidyA ane sAhityanI pravRttio 238 240 240 prakaraNa 13 lipi le. pravINacaMdra cimanalAla parIkha, ema. e. pIeca. DI. bhAratIya saMskRtinA adhyApaka, mAtuzrI vIrabAImA mahilA koleja, rAjakoTa 1. brAhmI lipi mauryakAlIna brAhmI 248 mULAkSaro 249 aMtargata svaracihno 214 saMyukta vyaMjana 270 ayogavAha-cihno vagere 272 aMkacihno 273 2. kharoSThI lipi ra74 3. grIka-romana lipi 276 prakaraNa 14 dharma-saMpradAyo le. bhegIlAla jayacaMdabhAI sAMDesarA, ema. e., pIeca. DI. brAhmaNadharma: zaivAdi saMpradAya jainadharma bauddhadharma AjIvaka saMpradAya agnipUjake ledharmo 282 287 288 289 288 290

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20 pariziSTa lakulIza-pAzupata saMpradAyaH utpatti ane prasAra le. jIvanalAla prabhudAsa amIna, ema. e., pIeca. DI. bhAratIya saMskRtinA adhyApaka, rajanI pArekha Asa enDa kezavalAla bulAkhIdAsa kaoNmarsa kaoNleja, khaMbhAta pAzupata saMpradAya lakulIza 263 pAzupata saMpradAyanI zAkhAo 299 283 khaMDa 4 313 purAvastu prakaraNa 15 sthaLatapAsa ane ukhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI le. ramaNalAla nAgarajI mahetA, ema. e., pIeca. DI. adhyakSa, DipArTamenTa opha ArkiyauoNjI enDa ejyanTa hisTarI, phekalTI opha ArTasa, ma. sa. yunivarsiTI opha baroDA, vaDodarA 1. mauryakAla ane anumauryakAla mATInAM vAsaNa mATInI itara cIjo paththaranI cIjo dhAtukAma 2. kSatrapakAla ane guptakAla mATInI vastuo zaMkha ane hADakAnI vastuo dhAtunI vastuo paththaranI vastuo AyAta thatI vastuo 315 317 318 320 328 329 331 332

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21 341 355 357 prakaraNa 16 sthApatyakIya smAraka (1) saurASTra ane kacchamAM le. choTAlAla ma. atri, ema. e. purAtattava-adhIkSaka, pazcima tula, purAtatva khAtuM, gujarAta rAjya, rAjakoTa girinagara tarAka, stUpa, vihAre, guphAo khaMbhAlIDA, taLAjA ane sANanI guphAo DhAMka ane jhIMjhurIjharanI guphAo kacchanI khAparA-keDiyAnI guphAo girinagaranuM cakrabhUta maMdira (2) taLa-gujarAtamAM le. kAMtilAla phUlacaMda semapurA, ema. e., elaela. bI., pIeca. DI. bhAratIya saMskRtinA adhyApaka, bha, je. adhyayana-saMzodhana vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda bharukaccha, tAraMgA ane staMbhanaka raheThANanAM makAna, kalA, taLAvo 361 devanI merI : vihAra ane stUpa kaDiyA DuMgaranI guphAo 358 358 360 362 365 prakaraNa 17 zilpakRtio le. umAkAMta premAnaMda zAha, ema. e., pIeca. DI., DiplomA ina myujhiyoleja nAyaba niyAmaka, oriyenTala insTiTayuTa, ma. sa. yunivarsiTI, vaDodarA saMpAdaka, jarnala opha inDiyana sesAyaTI opha eriyenTala ArTa, kalakattA mauryakAla ane zuMgakAla 377 kSatrapAlIna kalA 378 guptakAlIna zipasamRddhi 394

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22 pariziSTo pariziSTa 1 sihapurane siMhalavaza le. hariprasAda ga. zAstrI, ema. e., pIeca.DI. 1. silenane Anuzrutika vRttAMta 2. yuana kvAMge ApeluM vRttAMta 3. bhinna bhinna matonI samIkSA 4. sahuthI saMbhavita arthaghaTana 405 409 411 416 pariziSTa 2 ke ane mane e nirUpita pazcima bhArata (Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. I, Part 1, Appendix VI : Western India as known to the Greeks and Romans by A. M. T. Jackson, M.A., I.C.S- anuvAda) anuvAdaka, yazavaMta prA. zukala, ema. e. AcArya, ha. kA. ArTasa kaoNleja, amadAvAda 424 429 430 tesIAla, elekajhAnDara ane megenisa tolemI bIje-philAdelaphesa vagere be, pilanI vagere kalodiosa tolemeosa vagere dha periplasa opha dha eriziyana sI' bhAkienesa vagere 433.

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23 pariziSTa 3 jAvA ane kaMboDiyA (Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. I, Part 1, Appendix IV : Java and Cambodia 21 21898) anuvAdaka hariprasAda gaM. zAstrI, ema. e., pIeca. DI. jAvA 45, kaMboDiyA 457 481 488 pariziSTa ja Anuzrutika vRttAMta le. aMbAlAla premacaMda zAha, vyAkaraNatIrtha nivRtta saMyukta pradhAna saMpAdaka, lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI graMthamAlA, lA. da. bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira, amadAvAda 1-7, Arya samudra AcArya vagere 8. lakulIza 9-15. siddhagI nAgArjuna vagere 16-20. azvAvabodhatIrtha vagere 21-22. mAsmika mala vagere 23. pAraka vagere vaMzAvaLIo saMdarbhasUci paribhASA zabdasUci 48 501 505 506 510 523 591 593

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- 6 nakazAo ane citro nakazAo 1. azokanAM cauda dharmazAsananAM sthaLa 2. kSaharAta kSatraponA samayanuM gujarAta 3. kArdamaka kSatraponA samayanuM gujarAta 4. sthaLatapAsa ane ukhanananAM sthaLa 5. sthApatyakIya smArakanAM sthaLa citro paTTa AkRti 1. maurya-kSatrapa-gupta lipi 2. 2. svara saMketo, aMkacihno vagere 3. 3-6. sikkAo paranAM lakhANa 4. 7-20. vAsaNo, ghareNAM ane hathiyAra 5. 21-33. bhATI, paththara, zaMkha ane dhAtuonI vastuo * 6. 34-48. mATI, zaMkha vagerenI vastuo 7. 50-58. mATInI vividha vastuo 8. 59-63. bhATI, hAthIdAMta ane dhAtunI vastuo 64. bAvApyArA guphA, jUnAgaDha 65. uparakoTanI guphAo, jUnAgaDha 66. devanI morInA vihAranuM taladarzana 67. devanI morInA stUpanuM Urdhvadarzana 68. azekanA zilAlekha, jUnAgaDha 69. Ahata mudrA 70. minenTarane sikko 71. apaladata 2 jAne sikko $ $ 24

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15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 25 7ra. bhramakanA sikko 73. nahapAnanA sikko 74. rudrasena 1 lAnA sikko 75. zava bhaTTArakanA sikkA 76. kumAragupta 1 lAnA sikko 77. kaMdaguptanA sikko 78. rela rAkatI bhIMta, devanI meArI 79. kheriyA stUpanA avazeSa 80. khAparA kArDiyAnI guphA, jUnAgaDha 81. uparakATa guphA, jUnAgaDha 82. samudgaka, devanI meArI 83. keMdrIya padaka, devanI meArI 84. kIrtIimukha, devanI meArI 85. guphA, khaMbhAlIDA 86. yuddha, devanI meArI 87. yakSI ke devI, zAmaLAjI 89. mAtA ane zizu, zAmaLAjI 90. cAmuMDA, zAmaLAjI 91. ekamukha zivaliMga, kheDabrahmA 88. bhIlaDI-veze pAtI, zAmaLAjI 92. vAyu 93. yakSa 94-96. yakSa 97. kaeNzinidana, valabhIpura 98. si MhazI`ka staMbha, kaDiyA DuMgara 99. mastaka, kAkAnI si MhaNa 100. mastaka, surata 101. AdinAtha, keATA 102. eNTalAsa, zAmaLAjI 103. vIrabhadra ziva, zAmaLAjI

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RNasvIkAra gujarAta rAjya purAtatva khAtuM, AkRti 68, 45, 98, 99 (phoTogrApha) amadAvAda je. je. vidyAbhavana, gujarAta AkRti 9pa, 82, 87, 90, 97, vidyAsabhA, amadAvAda 101, 103 (bleka). De. Ara. ena. mahetA, vaDodarA AkRti 78, 83, 84, 86 (phoTogrApha) che. umAkAnta e. zAha, vaDodarA Akati 87, 81, 92, 93 (bloka) kumAra kAryAlaya, amadAvAda zrI. choTAlAla atri, rAjakoTa AkRti 64, 5, 70, 80, 81 (phoTogrApha) che. raseza jamInadAra, amadAvAda AkRti 74 (pheTogrApha) 26

Page #28
saMkSepa-sUci prasU. [saMta-prAkRta] a. ko. amarakoza a. ci. abhidhAnacintAmaNi le. hemacandra a. zA. abhijJAnazAkuntala le. kAlidAsa Ame. pa. Azvamedhikaparva ( mahAbhArata ) . Ara. pa. AraNyakaparva ( , ) u. pa. udyogaparva ka. pa. karNaparva ( , ) kA. mA. kAravaNa-mAhAtmya ga. kA. gaNakArikA prabhAca. prabhAvakacarita le. prabhAcandrasUri prajJApanAsUtra mabhA. mahAbhArata ru. saM. rudrasaMhitA (zivapurANa) va. hiM. vasudevahiMDI le. saMghadAsagaNi vi. tI. ka. vividhatIrthakalpa le. jinaprabhasUri ha. vaM.-vi. pa. harivaMza, viSNuparva [cia] bhAirU ___ bhAratIya itihAsakI rUparekhA le. jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra bhAprAli bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA le. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA vI. ni. saM. jai. kA. vIra nirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA le. muni kalyANavijaya gujarAtI gu. e. le. gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho saM. girajAzaMkara vallabhajI AcArya gujhAI gujarAtanA prAcIna ItihAsa le. hariprasAda gaM. zAstrI 27

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pu. gu gumazisthAvA gujarAtane maLela zilpa- le. 2. nA. mahetA sthApatyano vAraso prA. gu. sAM. I. sA. prAcIna gujarAtanA sAMskRtika itihAsanI sAdhanasAmagrI le. muni jinavijayajI purANomAM gujarAta le. umAzaMkara je. jozI maigu maitrakakAlIna gujarAta le. hariprasAda gaM. zAstrI vI. ni. saM. vIra nirvANa saMvata vyava. ma. TI. vyavahArasUtra-malayagirinI TIkA zai. dha. saM. I. zaiva dharmane saMkSipta itihAsa . durgAzaMkara ke. zAstrI le. 3mArI [ aMgrejI) A.I.U. A.K.K. AR AR. ASI A.S.I. ASIR AS. RES. A.S.W.I. Age of Imperial Unity, ed. by R. C. Majumdar (Report on the) Antiquities of Kathiawad & Kachh, by J. Burgess Annual Report Annual Report, Archaeological Survey of India Archaeological Survey of India Archaeological Survey of India-Raport Asiatic Reserches Archaeological Survey of Western India Bombay Gazetteer (Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency). Baroda Museum Bulletin British Museum Catalogue-Gupta Dynasty (Catalogue of the Coins of the Gupta Dynasties and Sasanka, King of Gauda, in the British Museum), by J. Allan BG. BOM. GAZ.S BMB. BMC., G. D.

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CATALOGUE A Catalogue of Indian Coins in the British Museum, Vol. IV (Catalogue of the Coins of the Andhra Dynasty, the Western Kshatrapas, the Traikataka Dynasty and the Bodhi Dynasty), by E. J. Rapson CG Chronology of Gujarat, ed. by M. R. Majmudar CHI Cambridge History of India, Vol. I, ed. by E. J. Rapson C.I.I. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum CORP. INS. IND. D.K.A.) Dynasties of the Kali Age, by F. E. Pargiter K.A. EHD Early History of the Deccan, by R. G. Bhandarkar E.H.G. "Early History of Gujarat' in B. G., Vol. I, part I by Jackson E.H.I. Early History of India, by V. A. Smith E.I., Epigraphia Indica Ep. Ind.) Ency. Brit. Encyclopaedia Britannica G.O.S. Gaekwar Oriental Series HAI History of Ancient India, by A. S. Tripathi H.C.I.P. The History and Culture of the Indian People I.A. Indian Antiquary Ind. Ant. IHC Indian History Congress I.H.Q. Indian Historical Quarterly JA Journal Asiatique Serie J. As. J. As. Ser. Jour. As. Res. Journal of Asiatic Research J.A.S.B. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal JAIH Journal of Ancient Indian History

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J.B.B.R.A.S. Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society JBORS Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society JNSI Journal of the Numismatic Society of India JOI Journal of the Oriental Institute Jour. Bengal Soc. Journal of Bengal Society (J.A.S.B) JRAS. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Jour. R.A. Soc. Jour. Roy.As.Soc.) Lecturers (Carmichael) Lectures on Ancient Indian Nu mismatics, by D. R. Bhandarkar N.S. New Series P.H.A.I. Political History of Ancient India, by He chandra Raychaudhuri PIHC Proceedings of Indian History Congress P.M.C. Punjab Museum Catalogue PWMB Prince of Wales Museum Bulletin PWM. Bulletin SHCGEG Studies in Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat, by H. D. Sankalia SI Select Inscriptions, by D. C. Sircar VGA Vakataka-Gupta Age, ed. by A. S. Alte kar and R. C. Majumdar V.V.R.B. Vallabha Vidyanagar Research Bulletin

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zuddhipatraka pRSTha azuddha zuddha levAya I.pU. 15 18 giyA 2 9 che ja lavAya pU.sa. avI heI, e AvI hoI A saMkIrtanakallolinI kIrtikallolinI gharmAbhyudaya dharmAbhyudaya vRtAMta vRttAMta vasudevahiMDIso vasudevahiMDI vidyApIThanI nAmanA vidyApIThanA nAmane jhiyAdhUmalI ghumalI Vol. II Vol. III jainatIrthasaMgraha jainatIrthasarvasaMgraha Chawang's Chwang's rASTrANAM surASTrANAM vaSNuparva viSNuparva minanagarate minanagarane Skande Studien prahAre prahAra giriniga2 girinagara dhanado dhanadattane kAma kAma vinItake pazcime pazcime jI ja jI 39 56 58 64

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pRSTha azuddha zuddha 77 /1 42 . 47 ft. (AkRti 68) zAlika (AkRti 69) Character zAlike dirAma 82 / 69-70 726. (AkRti pa6) zAlizuka (AkRti pa7) Chraacter zAlizuke disama bhakaccha garvanaro nAkhunusa 4 87 bharukaccha 98 gavarnare nAmbanusa 108 109 114. 116 Uuity 118 * = = = = = = = = * = = * = = = = = = . . . 6 119 nidiSTa nirdiSTa Unity Ksratapas Kshatrapas prakaraNa 7nuM pariziSTa vaMzAvaLIo bAjue bAju e nAmbunasa nAmbanusa nAbunusa nAanusa '121 113 prazna 1990 124 128 156 157 1230 prata vadhyA. prakaraNa 7, Isvaradasa 79 ane 84 Allen JUSI gIka prAti madhyA. prakaraNa 6, Isvaradeva 148-149 160 163 Allan 183 JNSI grIka 184 31-32 186 mudra mudrA

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33 pRSTha paMkti azuddha 187 188 ra che JNRI rAjo bhaTTArakasa JNSI rAjJo bhaTTArakasa che. enA sikkA na hoI 189 che. hoI bhaTTArka 197 bhaTArka 17 OV 19 of p. xlii punanirmANanI 207 nikAya. 210 213 26 237 punanirmANanI nikrAya vAsatA pAdaTI para 206 pAme sunizvita padmAvatI vasatA pAdaTIpa 24 20ke pAse sunizcita padmAvatI mahattvanI sAhityamAM uttarottara ane 239 240 mahatnI 245 sAhityamAM uttarotara 247 255 256. ene 277 2 % 2 - = = = = - R 8 % 2 - kiM. rU. p. 24 pp. 51-52 278 p. 49 naM. 3 ane 4 p. 14 p. 49 pp. 61-62 -cu-lina Antiquary pAzupata AcAryo javAnA mArgamAM -yu-lina Autiquary pAzutapa AcAryuM javAnA 28 3 290

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pa 293 27. 10. 301 303 311 313 = = * = = - - = = = - 6 318 2 3. 326 paMkti athavA azuddha zuddha saMpradAya saMpradAya 27 sAge sAthe maLe che. maLe che. 34 kauriya kauriSya 128; (5) 14; (4) 23 27 nagaratAM nagaranAM samAlocanA karI che. samAlocanA karI che (nakazo naM. 4). dhAvA dhAtavA vasatravATavALAM vasavATavALAM cakalI takalI paTTa , paTTa 7, 11 paTTa 10, paTTa 17, jhAlada jAlata nagara nagarA Infomation Information from from the site. the study ot local collection. 31 Vol. II. Bulletin of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gal lery, Vol. VII J. N. S. L. J. N. S. H. hArmikA hamikA kuMgarA DuMgarA guhAe guhAo 33 3 33 334 335 338 339 340 343 344 345 346 10-11 (kADhI nAkho.) Dha tathA ... dakSiNAbhimukhI che.

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rU". pRSTha paMkti azuddha zuddha ' 348 350 352 353 355 364 366 18 373 374 377 guhAkAra gRhAkAra saMkhyAnI saMkhyA asaMta : aMzataH sAmenI bhIMge sAmenA bhAge rasapUvarka rasapUrvaka pachI e pachIte tUpAnuM tUpanuM roll-cornia roll-cornice slaling sealing matane matano bAlamitra balamitra prakAranA prakAranA (citra naM. 2) kADhI nAkho. (abacus) (base) (pada 25, A. 28) (paTTa 28, A. (8) emAMnA eka zilpanI emAMnA eka zilpa(paTTa 28, A. 92)nI nIce 'paTTa 28 o. 93 paTTa 29, A. 94 paTTa 29, A. 94 paTTa 28, A. 93 paTTa 29, A. 95 paTTa 29, A. 94 trIjI. bIjI paTTa 28 o. 94-95 paTTa 28, A. 93; paTTa 29, A. 95 padra 25, A. 88 paTTa 28, A. 88 375 388 389 390 391 392 tera tene 408 419 sAme rAjyakanyAno para7 ne andArI laghugraMthanuM gAme rAjakanyAno para na aMdarI laghugraMthanA 425 465

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pRSTha 469 473 477 479 481 48} 487 458 499 501 502 504 512 515 517 pati 16 14 . 25 9 16 14 15 5 OM 28 29 7 20 4 " " & paTTa 30. A. 97 19 36. azuddha jeNe vAMdhAnu Artilce budhanu aMdhI ene kArI tyAra aMtapuramAM kartA surasiddhe surasiddha li gayUraNa kAsuM khANya adhyArApa prazna dhaparyAcana vijayasUricarita zrAvaka ariSTineminA kezinidana zuddha jemaNe vAMdhAnuM Article muddatu adhI ane karI tyAre aMtaHpuramAM karatA surasiddha surasiddhe li gapUraNa keAsu bAraNya adhyArApa praznadhaparyAlAcana vijayasi hasUricarita zrAvake ariSTaneminA kaeNzinihUdana

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4-2-1 khaMDa 1 prAstAvika

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prakaraNa 1 itihAsa-vijJAna 1. - 'itihAsa nA a prAcIna bhAratIya vidyAparaMparAmAM itihAsane " purAvRtta 'nI vidyA tarIke- purAvRttone samAvatA veda tarIke sthAna che, paraMtu hAlamAM bhAratamAM 'tihAsa ' zabda aMgrejI ' hisTarI '(history)nA atha mAM vaparAtA thayA che, vaLI e viSayanuM nirUpaNa paNa e rIte thAya che, eTale ene eka vidyA tarIke vicAra karIe tyAre ' hisTarI 'thI pAzcAtya vidyAparaMparAmAM zuM samajAya che eneA khyAla rAkhavA Avazyaka che. jemAMthI 'hisTarI' zabda nIkaLyA che te grIka stAriA ' (istoria) ane lAtina histari(historia)nA mULa atha` jijJAsA (inquiry)-- anveSaNa (investigation) -- sa'zAdhana (research) evA thatA hatA. AvA sAmAnya arthamAM A zabda grIka sAhityamAM prAraMbhamAM vaparAtA. krame krame 'purAvRtta vizenI jijJAsA" ane e mATenAM anveSaNA ane enAM phalitAmAM e maryAdita thaI gayA. aMgrejI * hisTarI' zabda A maryAti amAM che. ' ' A arthamAM tihAsavidyA e vijJAnAnA vartulamAM sthAna prApta kare che. prAcIna bhAratIya paraMparA paNa " itihAsa ''te zAstromAM sthAna Ape che, ane e ene aitidya pramANathI phalita thatA sada gaNI "pramANAdhIna '' mAne che. 2. itihAsa-vijJAna bhautika vijJAna ane mAnavijJAne vamAna kAlamAM nirIkSaNa, prayAga ane anumAnathI pAtapeAtAnAM satya zeAdhavAnA ane sthApavAneA prayAsa kare che, paraMtu AmAM te te viSaya pramANe enA vijJAnanI alaga alaga paddhati dhaDAya 3

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4] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [prache. bhautika vijJAnamAM paNa darekamAM eka ja paddhati hotI nathI. bhautika vijJAnanI apekSAe mAnavavijJAnane potAnI paddhatio judI vicAravI paDe che, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa pitapotAnA viSayanA svarUpa pramANe paNa alaga alaga paddhatio prayojavI paDe che. ItihAsa e vijJAna che, paraMtu emAM pravegane avakAza nathI. e mAnava-- vijJAna che, paNa ene pradeza bhUtakALa che, eTale jeone viSaya vartamAna chetevAM mAnava-vijJAnathI ItihAse judI paddhati apanAvavAnI hoya che; chatAM. itihAsanuM paheluM pagaluM vartamAnamAM je kAMI che tenuM nirIkSaNa karIne, tenuM pRthakkaraNa karIne, tene cokkasa rIte jANIne ja lavAya che. jenuM cihna ke eMdhANa nathI tene sagaDa kADhI zakAya nahi. je ghaTanAonAM avaziSTa cihno vartamAnamAM hoya teonuM ja itihAsa-vijJAna saMbhave. lAMlvA (Langlois) ane seInebe (Seignobos) nAmanA phrenca saMzodhana-zAstrIoe eka sUjha ghaDyuM che, jene aMgrejI anuvAda "No documents, no history"thI. thaye che; arthAta "jJApake nahi, to ItihAsa nahi'. A sUtra dareka itihAsasaMzodhake smaraNamAM rAkhavA jevuM che. 3. ItihAsanAM jJApaka sAdhana je jJApako (jJApaka sAdhano) uparathI bhUtakAlIna mAnavakRta ghaTanAonuM anumAna thaI zake che. tenI mAhitI saMzodhakane ane ItihAsanA lekhakane Avazyaka che. ItihAsane viSaya mAnave upajAvelI ghaTanAo hovAthI vyApaka rIte ema kahI zakAya ke je kAMI mAnavane sparzatuM hoya te badhuM enA ItihAsanuM sAdhana banI zake. mAnavane sparzatA viSayonI je vidyAo racAI hoya te badhAne aitihAsikane upayogI hoya che, eTale eNe sahastrAkSa thavAnI jarUra paDe che. eNe mAnavanA vividha prasaMge upara prakAza pADe te badhAMnI bhALa rAkhavI paDe che, paraMtu mukhyatve itihAsa-saMzodhakoe je sAdhane upayogamAM lIdhAM hoya te uparathI enI yAdI karavAmAM Ave che. A badhAMye sAdhano sAdhanarUpe to. bhautika che, vAtmaya sAdhane paNa; paraMtu itihAsanAM sAdhanA vyavahAramAM be vibhAga karI zakAyaH bhautika sAdhane ane vADmaya sAdhana. A sAdhana uparathI je mAnavakarmo ane emAMthI thayelI ghaTanAo anumita thAya te karmo ke ghaTanAo amuka sthaLamAM ane amuka samayamAM hoya che. AvA

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[ 1 luM] itihAsa-vijJAna . sthalakAlabaddha ghaTanAo ja ItihAsane yogya viSaya banI zake. tethI ItihAsavijJAnane sau prathama kAlagaNanA(chronology)nI ane bhUgoLanI vidyAnI jarUra paDe che. A ja mahattvane laIne A be vidyAo ItihAsanI be AMkhe kahevAI che. kAlagaNanAmAM khagoLavidyA ane e uparathI phalita tithio, saptAha, pakSa, mAsa, varSo, yugo, zatake ItyAdinuM jJAna Avazyaka rahe che, je mATe prAcIna kALathI paMcAMga hayAtImAM AvyAM che. varSone aMkita karavA "saMvatsara" ke "saMvata"nA saMketa upayogI thaI paDe che, je saMto pote pAchA amuka mahattvanI ghaTanAnA sUcaka hoya che; paraMtu paraMparAmAM UtarI AvelAM A saMvato, tithio ItyAdimAM vaividhya eTaluM badhuM hoya che ane kAlanA ghasArAne lIdhe evA virodhe emAM dekhAya che ke emAM anvaya lAvavo e A viSayanA saMzodhakano eka mukhya prayatna hoya che. AvI nizcita ke kAmacalAu saMvata ane varSonI sAMkaLamAM aitihAsika ghaTanAone goThavavI Avazyaka che. amuka ghaTanA kyAM banI e jANavuM paNa enA mATe Avazyaka che, ane emAM khaMDa, deza, pradeza, nagara, gAma, nadI, parvata, vana-jyAM je upalabdha hoya athavA je anumita karI zakAya te mATe bhUgoLavidyAno aitihAsikane upayoga che. emAM prAcIna sthaLanA kayAM vartamAna sthaLanAmane sUcave che e anveSaNa bahu mahattvanuM che. uparAMta amuka pradezonI racanA, AbohavA, vanaspati, prANIo ityAdinuM jJAna mAnava-ghaTanAone vaLAMka ApanAra tarIke Avazyaka che. enAthI AgaLa jaIne bhUstarIya parivartananuM jJAna pASANayuga ane e pahelAMnA himayuganA ItihAsa mATe jarUranuM che. uparAMta purANomAM varNavelAM sthAnene samajavA e paNa jarUranuM che; u. ta. dvArakA. vaLI ItihAsakAlamAM samudramAM javAnAM bArAM purAI jatAM te te sthaLanA svarUpamAM thayelAM rUpAMtara; u. ta. valabhI, mahInagara ityAdimAM. nadIonAM vaheNe to mAnavanA AyuSakALamAM paNa badalAI jAya che. mAnavakRta lAge tevI vastuonA avazeSone abhyAsa ItihAsanAM anumAna mATe vizvasanIya sAmagrI pUrI pADe che. AvA avazeSone vividha rIte zodhI prakAzamAM lAvatI ane vividha bhautika zAstronI madadathI teonAM svarUpa ane samaya jANavA prayatna karatI ane mAnava-jarUriyAtonA mane vijJAnanI daSTie teonAM arthaghaTana karatI purAvastuvidyA (archaeology) e itihAsanI AdhArabhUta bhUmikA ke bhitti bane che. AmAM cIjo, ojAro, hathiyAre,

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla' [pra.. vAhana, ImArato, mUrtio, citra, sikkAo, tAmrapatro, abhilekhe, pothIo ityAdi avazeSarUpe rahelI vastuone samAveza thAya che. A avazeSa varNalipithI aMkita hoya tyAre e vADmaya sAdhana pUruM pADe che. kAladarzaka saMkhyAo (zabdomAM ke aMkacihnomAM)thI aMkita hoya tyAre kAlagaNanAnI sAmagrI pUrI pADe che. vADmaya sAdhana upalabdha na hoya tevA prAcIna yugo sudhI pahoMcatAM AvAM. phakta purAvastukIya sAdhane uparathI je sAmAnya sAMskRtika itihAsa anumita. thAya tevA ItihAsane prA-ItihAsa (pre-history) ane Agha-ItihAsa (proto-history) evAM nAma ApavAmAM Ave che. teone prAlekhana (pre-literary) evI paNa saMjJA ApavAmAM Ave che. A yuganA itihAsane vADmaya sAdhananA mukhya AdhAre anumita thatA ItihAsathI jude pADavA. AvI saMjJAo yojAI che. A viSayamAM jagatanA badhA pradezamAM sarakhI sthiti hotI nathI, eTale eka pradezano ItihAsa-samaya bIjA pradezo mATe Adya ke prAItihAsano samaya hoya. jyAM lipi hoya chatAM UkalI na hoya tevA siMdhu saMskRtinA ItihAsayugo e Adya-ItihAsamAM jAya, tyAre enA samakAlIna misara, sumera, bAbilena ityAdinA vRttAMto ItihAsa-yugamAM Ave. bIjI paNa keTalIka UNapa amuka yugane Adya-ItihAsane viSaya gaNavAmAM kAraNabhUta hoya che. emAM mukhya kAlagaNanAne abhAva ke kAlane sahastrothI ke paMcazatIothI mApavAnuM hoya e UNapa che. Tveda AdimAM vAtmaya sAdhana bharapUra che ane emAMthI vyakti-vizeSone lagato ItihAsa paNa tAravI zakAyache, paNa chatAM kAlanuM mApa sahastrothI thatuM hoya che. ema mahAbhArata ane purANa. tathA bauddha tripiTaka ane jaina AgamomAM ItihAsa sAcavatI aneka anukRtio hovA chatAM teono kAlakrama bahu lAMbA gALAmAM ja mUkI zakAya che, eTale emAMthI tAraMvAto ItihAsa Adha-ItihAsamAM jAya; paraMtu jema jema navAM jJApaka pragaTa thatAM jAya tema tema prAgU-ItihAsa Adha-itihAsamAM ane Adya-ItihAsa ItihAsamAM AvI jAya che. (juo pra. 2.) vADmaya sAdhanane vicAra karIe tyAre eka hakIkata dhyAnamAM levI joIe.. bhANasanI pAse enuM vAcAnuM sAdhana to e mANasa thayo tyAranuM che, paraMtu, zabdo uccAraNa pUruM thatAM vilIna thaI jAya che, eTale jyAM sudhI teonA

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1 ] ItihAsa-vijJAna lipi saMketo vikase nahi ane e lipisakatamAM e baddha thAya nahi tyAM sudhI e itihAsanuM sAdhana thAya nahi; paraMtu ghaNuM prAcIna kAlathI khAsa karI bhAratamAM-vAlmaya sAhitya mukhapAThanI paraMparAthI paNa sacavAyuM che. kadAdi zrutisAhitya A rIte ja lagabhaga enA mULa svarUpamAM sacavAyuM che, eTale lipibaddha na hoya chatAM AvI rIte sacavAyeluM sAhitya paNa itihAsanuM sAdhana thaI zake che. lipibaddha vADmaya sadhanane ItihAsa mATe upayoga thAya te pahelAM te te. lipine--khAsa karIne prAcIna lipiono ukela thayo hovo joIe. A jarUriyAtane lIdhe ItihAsa-saMzodhana mATe prAcInalipividyA (paleography)nuM atyaMta mahattva che. A vidyAne niSNAto te te prAcIna lipimAM baddha bhASAne vyakta kare e pachI ja bIjA ItihAsa saMzodhake AgaLa vadhI zake. paraMtu vAlmaya sAdhanane ItihAsa mATe upayoga karI zakAya e mATe e sAdhane je bhASAomAM hoya te bhASAonuM jJAna Avazyaka che; u. ta. bhAratane prA--muslima itihAsa jANavA mATe Arya saMskRta, ziSTa saMskRta ane prAkRta bhASAonuM jJAna. vaLI teomAM nibaddha sAhitya samajatAM ane emAMthI ItihAsa mATe phalita kADhatAM AvaDavuM joIe. prasiddha jarmana aitihAsika memasena ItihAsanI tAlIma mATe prastuta yuganI bhASAnA abhyAsane ati Avazyaka gaNe che. enI sAthe Law nA-ApaNI paribhASAmAM dharmazAstranA- abhyAsane paNa mahattva Ape che.* A pramANe vAlmaya ane itara bhautika sAdhanane upayoga thaI zake te pahelAM purAvastuvidyA (archaeology), prAcInalipividyA ane vADmaya sAhityanuM jJAna Avazyaka bane che. AmAMthI ja kAlagaNanAnuM jJAna ane sthaLa-mAhitI maLe che. arthAta ItihAsanAM jJApake (documents) purAvastuvidyA, prAcInalipividyA ane vAlmaya sAhitya pUrAM pADe che. bhAratanA prAcIna itihAsanAM AvAM mULa sAdhane (sources) vinsenTa smithe cAra prakAranAM gaNAve che: (1) sau prathama Ave bhAratIya sAhityamAM noMdhAyelI anukRtio (traditions); (2) bIje sthAne Ave paradezI musApharo ane aitihAsikAe bhAratIya viSaye upara karelAM nirIkSaNe (observations); (3) trIje sthAne Ave che purAvastuvidyAnA purAvA. smitha AmAM traNa vibhAga pADe cheH (a) smArakIya (monumental), (A) abhilekhIya (epigraphic),

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ma. (I) mudrIya (namismatic); (4) cothA sthAne Ave che samakAlIna ke lagabhaga samakAlIna bhAratIya sAhitya ke je ItihAsanA viSayone nirUpatuM heya." AvAM ja mULa sAdhane gujarAtanA itihAsa mATe paNa che. (juo pra. 2.) 4. jJApakenI zodha itihAsa e vartamAna jJApake uparathI bhUtakAlIna ghaTanAonuM anumAna che. ethI ItihAsa-saMzodhakanuM A kArya potAnA viSayanAM jJApake (documents) zodhavAnuM che. A kAryanI vyavasthita paddhatio paNa vicArAI che. jarmana saMzadhakoe A kAryapaddhatine "harisTika" (Heuristik) nAma ApyuM che, jene artha thAya che "zodha-paddhati" athavA jJApakone "dhavAnI kaLA.' A paddhatinI kaLAmAM aneka pagalAM hoya che; jevAM ke 1. sAdhana kyAre utpanna thayuM, likhita hoya to kyAre lakhAyuM, ene nirNaya; arthAt sAdhanane samayanirNaya. 2. e kyAM utpanna thayuM ke lakhAyuM ene nirNa; arthAta sAdhanane sthAna nirNaya. 3. ene utpanna karanAra ke lakhanAra keNa ene nirNaya; arthAta kartA-nirNaya. 4. kyA pUrvavatI sAdhanamAMthI e utpanna thayuM che enI zodha; arthAta enuM pRthakakaraNa. 5. kayA mULarUpamAM e utpanna karAyuM, arthAta e sAdhana atyAre mULa rUpamAM che ke emAM pheraphAra thayA che, e nakakI karavuM; arthAta enA asala ke parivRtta svarUpane nirNaya. ka. amuka sAdhanamAM nirUpAyelI bAbatonuM purAvA tarIke keTaluM mUlya gaNAya ene nirNaya; arthAta enI pramANitAne vizvasanIyatAno nirNaya. A cha kramamAM itihAsIya vivecana samAI jAya che. barnahAIma (Bernheim) nAmane jarmana saMzodhaka pahelAM pAMca pagalAMne bahiraMga parIkSaNa (external criticism) kahe che ane chaThThA pagalAne aMtaraMga parIkSaNa (internal criticism) kahe che. ene A saMketa mAnya thayo che

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itihAsa-vijJAna 5. anumAna-prakriyA jJApakonA AvA parIkSaNa ke vivecana pachI atihAsika anumAna-paraMparAothI itihAsa-vastu nirNata kare che. A anumAnanI vIthie vartamAna jJApakathI ghaNe dUra sudhI-kAlamAM temaja viSayamAM-pahoMcI javAya che. A anumAna-prakriyAmAM vacalAM pagalAM goThavavA mImAMsake jene arthapatti kahe che te pramANa vidhAyaka tathA niSedhaka vidhAna karavAmAM ghaNuM prayojAya che. je be padArthonI saMbaddhatA dekhItI rIte ghaTatI na hoya tene ghaTAve tevI bAbatane taka te A pramANanuM rahaya che, jemake puSTa devadatta divase jamato nathI, te e rAtrie jamato haze. aTakaLo karavAmAM paNa A ja bhAge javAya che, paraMtu vaijJAnika saMzodhaka pramANa phalita anumitio ane aTakaLo vacceno taphAvata barAbara dhyAnamAM rAkhIne ja eno sAvadhAnIthI upayoga kare che. ItihAsa-saMzodhanamAM "samarthana" ane "saMgati" zodhavAM ati Avazyaka che. jema vartamAna paryAya (phenomenon) e enA bhUtakALanA paryAyanI sAMkaLamAM kaDIrUpa che tema koI eka kAlamAM ke yugamAM paNa vastuparyAya-ghaTanAo saMkalita hoya che. A saMkalitatA zodhavAmAM "saMgati "nI daSTi ghaNuM upakAraka che; ane tethI koI eka sAdhanathI phalita thatI ghaTanA ke padArtha bIjAM sAdhanothI paNa phalita thAya athavA e phalito sAthe saMgata thAya tyAre e ItihAsanI anumitine vadhAre samarthana maLe che, e daDha thAya che. ItihAsa-saMzodhanamAM eka sAdhanathI anumita thayelI bInAnuM apekSita samarthana meLavavA prayatna hamezAM upakAraka thAya che. A vicArasaraNImAMthI phalita thAya che ke te te pradezano ItihAsa te tenAM upalabdha sAdhanonI maryAdAmAM ja saMbhave, athAta gujarAtane ItihAsa enAM upalabdha sAdhanonI maryAdAmAM ja AMkI zakAya. emAM (1) keTaluMka cekasa anumAnanA nirNayavALuM, (2) keTaluMka athapattithI upapanna kareluM, : (3) keTaluMka saMbhavita taka para AdhAra rAkhatuM ane (4) aTakaLa para AdhAra rAkhatuM ema cAra prakAranuM nirUpaNa thAya. emAM trIjuM ane cothuM ItihAsa banavA mATe vadhAre samarthananI ane tethI vadhAre saMzodhananI apekSA rAkhe. itihAsanA anveSakane hetrI bera (Henry Berr) ane lusieM (Lu-cient) nAmanA vidvAnoe pAMca pagalAMne kAryakrama Apyo che.9 sau prathama

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''' sauya kAlathI guptakAla 10] [pra.. anveSaka peAtAnA praznanA spaSTatAthI vicAra karI le. pachI (1) peAtAnA viSaya paratve anivArya jJApaka sAdhane (documents) zeAdhI le, (2) A zeAdhelAM jJApAnuM pRthakkaraNa karI vivecana kare, (3) vivecita sAmagrInI cALaNI karyA pachI enuM vivaraNa--spaSTIkaraNa kare, (4) ene sajAtIya zreNIomAM saMkalita kare ane dareka zreNImAM kAlakrama pramANe hakIkatAnuM vargIkaraNa kare, ane (5) chevaTe zreNInI aMdara paraspara sabadhAne tapAsI satata thatI kriyA-prakriyA -paraspara thatI AMtarakriyA tapAse. anveSaNanI A kriyAe eka pachI eka thAya che evuM kaMI nathI; keTalIka sAthe, teA keTalIka AgaLa-pAchaLa thAya; paraMtu AvI rIte vigatA niIta karavI ane teone saMkalanamAM mUkavI e aitihAsika mATe Avazyaka che. A pahelI bhUmikA pachI ja kAya kAraNanA saMbaMdheA zeAdhavAnA UMDA pANImAM ene UtaravAnuM heAya che. ghaNAM sthaLeAe pahelI bhUmikAthI sa MtApa. mAnavA paDe athavA pahelI bhUmikA paNa ThIka prApta na thAya. bhAratanA ane gujarAtanA pratihAsamAM keTalIka bAbatemAM adyApi pahelI bhUmikA barAbara prApta karavAmAM muzkelIe che, tepaNa chellA saikAmAM pratihAsanA anveSaNukA mAM ghaNI pragati thaI che, ane tethI ja saLaMga RtihAsA lakhavAnA upakrameA thaI zakayA che. akhila bhAratanA itihAsamAM AveA mahattvanA upakrama. vinsenTa smithe enA alI hisTarI oNpha dRnDiyA''mAM karyAM, ane e pahelAM gujarAtanA saLaMga prAcIna itihAsa mATe DaoN. bhagavAnalAla iMdrajIe ApelI. sAmagrInA AdhAre "Ambe gejheTiyara, vo. 1, pArTa 1'mAM thayA. A cIle AgaLa vadhavAnA A upakramamAM prayatna che.

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(11 itihAsa-vijJAna pAdaTIpe ?. G. J. Garraghan, A Guide to Historical Method, p. 3 2. CH. V. Langlois and CH. Seignobos, Introduction to the Study of History, p. 17 3. "hisTeriyana"nA gujarAtI paryAya tarIke "itihAsakAra" zabda rUDha thayA jevo che, paraMtu itihAsanA jANanAra ke lakhanAra mATe, "itihAsa kare che te" jeno artha thAya tevo zabda vAparavo ThIka lAgato na hato. tethI, pataMjalie mahAbhASyamAM itihAsane jANanAra mATe "aitihAsika" ane purANane jANanAra mATe "paurANika evA je saMskRtamAM rUDha zabdo ghaTAvyA che (The Vyakarana Mahabhasya of Patanjali, ed. by. F. Kielhorn, Vol. II, 2nd edition, p. 284) tene AdhAre "hisTeriyana" mATe "aitihAsika" zabda pracAramAM mUkavA yogya mane lAge che. rasikalAla cho. parIkha, "ItihAsa: svarUpa ane paddhati', pR. 15 7. Theodor Mommsen, 'On the Training of Historians', The Varieties of History, pp. 192 ff. 5. Smith, Early History of India, 4th edition, pp. 9-18. vaLI juo Rapson, Sources of History', Cambridge History of India, Vol. I, pp. 56-62.; R. C. Majumdar, " Sources of Indian History', Vedic Age,. pp. 47f. F. CH. V. Langlois and CH. Seignobos, op. cit., pp. 17-19 19. G. J. Garraghan, A Guide to Historical Method, p. 168; pp.. 169-214

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prakaraNa 2 gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsanAM sAdhanA 1. gujarAtanA itihAsanAM sAdhanA vamAnanI bhUmikArUpe rahelA vRtta vizenI jijJAsAmAMthI enAM anveSaNu, -sazodhana temaja nirUpaNa thAya che ane ene pariNAme uddiSTa sthaLavistAramAM vaselA mAnavIone itihAsa jANavA maLe che. bhArata eka upakhaMDa jeTalA vizALa ane saMkINuM deza che. sAMskRtika dRSTie enA judA judA pradezeAmAM vasatI prajA vacce amuka cokkasa prakAranI ekatA rahelI che, te| bhASA lipi paheraveza khArAka vagere keTalIka bAbateAmAM vaividhya raheluM che. rAjakIya dRSTie paNa A pradezamAM avAranavAra eka ke aneka alaga rAjya sthapAyAM hatAM. hAla paNa saMdhanAM antagata rAjyeA tarIke emAM amuka aMze vahIvaTI svAyattatA pravate che. AthI bhinnatAmAM ekatA e bhAratanA tihAsanuM viziSTa lakSaNa banI rahyuM che. e dRSTie prAdezika itihAsA bhAratIya itihAsanA parizIlana mATe upakAraka nIvaDe che. bhAratanA pradezAmAM gujarAta ghaNA prAcIna kAlathI prAdezika ekama tarIke najare paDe che. gujarAtI lipi pramANamAM arvAcIna che, paraMtu gujarAtI bhASAnuM dhaDatara aneka zatakAthI thayeluM che. sAlakI, saltanata, mughala ane marAThA kAla daramyAna gujarAta rAjakIya ke vahIvaTI vistAra tarIke prAdezika ekama banI raheluM, eTaluM ja nahi, A pradeza "gujarAta'' nAme eLakhAtA thayA te pahelAM ya aneka zataH| daramyAna enI AvI prAdezika lAkSaNikatA pravrutI hatI. bhaugolika tattvA Adi paribaLAnA prabhAve enI prajAmAM je prAkRtika lakSaNa ghaDAyAM che te dRSTie joI e te enI A prAdezika saMkINutAnAM mULa kadAca aitihAsika kAlanA UgamanI ye pahelAM cIMdhI zakAya. briTiza kAlamAM 12

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[13 2 ju] gujarAtanA prAcIna ItihAsanAM sAdhane enI bhASAkIya tathA sAMskRtika prAdezikatA cAlu rahI hovA chatAM enI rAjakIya tathA vahIvaTI prAdezikatA vikIrNa thaI gaI hatI, te enAM sarva saMsthAnA vilInIkaraNa bAda gujarAtanuM rAjya tarIke sthApana thatAM pharI saMkIrNa thaI che. Ama aneka dRSTie gujarAta ghaNA prAcIna kAlathI prAdezika ekama tarIke dekhA de che. AthI bhAratanA eka aMtargata pradeza tarIke rahelA gujarAtanA itihAsanuM nirUpaNa prAdezika ItihAsa tarIke bhAratIya ItihAsamAM upakAraka nIvaDe ema che.. itihAsane vyApa have rAjakIya ItihAsa pUrato sImita na rahetAM prajAnA sarva vargone tathA saMskRtinAM sarva pAsAMne AvarI le che. enA nirUpaNamAM prAgaaitihAsika tathA AghaaitihAsika purAvRttane paNa enI bhUmikArUpe samAvavAmAM Ave che. ekaMdare jotAM gujarAta aitihAsika sAdhananA vaipulya tathA vaividhyanI bAbatamAM sArI samRddhi dharAve che. 2. prAcIna itihAsa-graMtho gujarAtane pramANita itihAsa maurya kAlanA AraMbhathI zarU thAya che. ItihAsanI sAmagrI mATe prAgU-itihAsa ane Agha-ItihAsanI jema have mAtra purAvastukIya ke Anuzratika sAdhana para AdhAra rAkhavo paDato nathI; have to. likhita ane pramANita sAmagrI maLavA lAgI che. e sAmagrIne AdhAre cokakasa samayAMkana thaI zake che ne emAM keTalIka nizcita vigato paNa pUrI zakAya che. alikhita AnuSaMgika sAmagrI emAM pUraka sAmagrI tarIke upakAraka nIvaDe che. te te kAlane lagatA Anuzrutika vRttAMtone paNa saMbhavAsaMbhavanI daSTie cakAsIne, pramANita hakIkata sAthe sAMkaLI zakAya che. pramANita sAmagrIne AdhAre ItihAsanuM hADapiMjara ghaDI zakAya che, eTaluM ja nahi, upalabdha vigatone AdhAre emAM rakta ane mAMsa bharIne enuM AkhuM kalevara upajAvI zakAya che. kAzmIranA prAdezika ItihAsa mATe kavi kalhaNe "rAjataraMgiNI" (I.sa. 1148-50) lakhI ne pachInA keTalAka kavio emAM puravaNI karatA rahyA. emAM kalhaNe prAcIna graMthane AdhAre cheka bhAratayuddha-kAlathI AraMbha karyo che, paraMtu cokkasa samayane nirdeza I.sa. 813-14 thI karyo che, arthAta e agAunA vRttAMtanuM nirUpaNa Agha-aitihAsika prakAranuM che. gujarAtanA prAdezika ItihAsa

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14] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. mATe Avo koI prAcIna graMtha lakhAya lAgato nathI, paraMtu amuka vaMza ke vaMzane lagatA keTalAka graMtha lakhAyelA, enAM pagaraNa siddharAja jayasiMha ane kumArapAlanA samakAlIna hemacaMdrAcAryathI thayAM jaNAya che. evI rIte arisiMha 'udayaprabhasUri somezvara bAlacaMdrasUri vageree vAghelA zAkhAnA rANA vIradhavalanA samaya sudhInA solaMkI vaMzane vRttAMta nirUpo che. alabatta, emAM mukhya viSaya to rANuM viradhavalanA mahAmAtya vastupAla(vasatapAla)nI prazastine che. AmAM sahuthI vadhAre vigato mahAmAtya vastupAlanA parama mitra guja rezvara-purohita somezvare ApI che. arisiMha ane udayaprabhasUrie potAnI kRtione AraMbha selaMkI vaMzanI rAjadhAnI aNahilavADa pATaNa sthApanAra vanarAja cAvaDAnA catithI karIne solaMkI vaMzanI pahelAMnA cAvaDA vaMzanoya vRttAMta Ave che. 3. Abhilekhika sAdhano paraMtu e pahelAMnA rAjavaMzo vize zuM ? upalabdha sAhityamAM eno koI saLaMga ItihAsa jaLavAyo nathI. jaina prabaMdha-graMthomAM keTalAka prAcIna sUrio tathA rAjAone lagatI chUTIchavAI anukRtio Ave che, jemAM valabhI-bhaMgano vRttAMta noMdhapAtra che; paraMtu e pahelAMnA lagabhaga agiyAra zataka jeTalA lAMbA kAlane lagatA rAjakIya itihAsa vize koI graMthomAM bhAgyeja kaMI mAhitI maLe che. A mAhitI mukhyatve prAcIna abhilekhomAMthI prApta thAya che. 18mI sadImAM A prAcIna abhilekho vaMcAvA ane prasiddha thavA lAgyA tyArathI gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsamAM cAvaDA kAlanI pahelAMnA cheka maurya kAla sudhInA ItihAsa para prakAza paDyo che. abhilekho eTale zilA dhAtu Adi padArtho para katarelAM lakhANa. abhilekho te te samayane lagatI vyaktio tathA ghaTanAo vizenAM samakAlIna lakhANo hoI itihAsanA sAdhana tarIke ghaNuM mahatva dharAve che. alabatta, emAM paNa prazaMsAniMdAnI ekataraphI AtmalakSI dRSTithI atyuktio tathA alpoktio karAtI hAIemAMthI tAtvika tatha tAravavAmAM sAvadhatA to rAkhavI paDe ja, paraMtu emAM te te samayanI bhASAmAM lakhAyela ane te te samayanI lipimAM karAyela samakAlIna lakhANonI saMgIna sAmagrI sAMpaDe che. vividha padArtho paranA abhilekhomAM zilAlekho ghaNA jANItA che. zilAlekha sAmAnyataH zaila (meTI zilA), zilAtaMbha, zilAyaSTi ke zilAphalaka para kotaravAmAM Ave che.

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2 juM] gujarAtanA prAcIna ItihAsanAM sAdhana [15 - gujarAta mAM sahuthI prAcIna aitihAsika zilAlekha jUnAgaDha-giranAranA mArga para dAmodara kuMDanI pazcime Avela eka zaila para kotarelo che. A zaila zaMku AkArane che. e jamInathI lagabhaga 36 mITara (12 phUTa) UMco che ne nIcenA bhAgamAM eno gherA rara86 mITara (5 phUTa) jeTaluM che. enI IzAna bAja para "devanA priyadarzI rAjA" arthAta maurya samrATa azoka (lagabhaga pU. I.sa. 273-237) nI cauda dharmalipio dharmalekho)nI lekhamALA kotarelI che (paTTa 13, AkRti 68). A lekhone hAla sAmAnya rIte "azokanAM giranAra zila-zAsano" tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. A lekhone be UbhI oLamAM goThavavAmAM AvyA che. DAbI oLamAM lekha naM. 1 thI 5 ane jamaNuM eALamAM lekha naM. 6 thI 1ra vArApharatI karyA che. teramo lekha ghaNo lAMbe hovAthI ene DAbI haroLa nIcethI jamaNI hareLanA ardhA bhAga sudhI saLaMga laMbAvyo che ne caudamo lekha je ghaNe nAno che tene teramA lekhanI jamaNI bAjue upalA bhAgamAM samAvyo che. lekhamALAnI nIce eka vadhArAnI paMkti kotarI che, jemAM "sarvalakasukhAhara ta hastI" pratIka dvArA bhagavAna buddhano garbhita ulekha karavAmAM Avyo che. A zailalekho be hajArathI vadhu varSo sudhI AbohavAnI asara nIce khullA rahelA, chatAM enA akSara UMDA kotarelA hoI suvAcya rIte jaLavAI rahyA che. samaya jatAM A zailanI AsapAsa jhADI thaI jatAM e sAva adITha-ajJAta thaI gayela. jUnAgaDhathI giranAra taLeTIe javAnI saDaka karAtAM e saDakanI bAjumAM Avelo hoI dRSTigocara thayo, paraMtu saDaka karatI vakhate suraMgane laIne A zailane agni khUNA taraphano eka bhAga tUTIne naSTa thaI gayo, ane emAM lekha naM. 5 no thoDo bhAga tathA lekha naM. 13 ne keTalAka bhAga gUma thayo. AgaLa jatAM enA be nAnA TukaDA maLI AvelA, te janAgaDhanA myujhiyamamAM jALavyA che. emAM lekha naM. 13 nA naSTa bhAganA be khaMDa maLyA che. alabatta, azokanAM giranAra zila-zAsane e enA rAjyamAM aneka sthaLoe kotarAvela cauda zailazAsanonA pAThomAMnuM eka pATha hoI enA lupta rahelA khaMDanI hakIkata ajJAta rahetI nathI. I.sa. 1822 mAM karnala De enuM nirIkSaNa kareluM, paraMtu tyAre enA akSara UkalatA nahotA. azokanA abhilekhonI lipi jemsa prinsepa vagere vidvAnoe 1834-37 daramyAna ukelI. enAM giranAra rola-zAsananuM sAruM livyaMtara 1876 mAM bahAra paDayuM.5 1877 mAM sara alekajhAMDara kaniMgahAme Corpus Inscriptionum IndicarumnA graMtha-1 tarIke azokanA abhilekhone saMgraha prakAzita karyo. je bajesanI bhalAmaNathI I.sa. 1900 mAM e lekhanA saMrakSaNa mATe e zailanA para chAparuM bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM che. vaLI e varSe enI pUrva

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ma.. bAjumAM thoDA aMtara upara Avela eka zaila para azakanA A zailalekhonI nakala karAvavAmAM AvI, jethI mULa zailalekhone kaMI nukasAnI lAge to paNa e lekho jaLavAI rahe azokanA A lekha prAkRta bhASAmAM lakhelA ne mauryakAlIna brAhmIlipimAM kotarelA che. azokanA dharmalekho dharAvatA A zaila para AgaLa jatAM bIjA be lekha kotarAyA. emAMne pahelo lekha zailanI pazcima bAju para kSatrapakAlIna brAhmIlipimAM kotareluM che. A lekha jemsa prinsepa, bhagavAnalAla iMdrajI, dhUhalara, kalahorna vagere vidvAnoe saMpAdita karyo che. e saMskRta gadyamAM lakhAya che. ne ucca gadyazailImAM racAyo che. emAM mukhya hakIkata to girinagaranA sudarzana taLAvano setu rAjA mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAnA samayamAM (zaka) varSa 72 (I.sa15)mAM tUTI gayAnI ne e setu jaladI samarAyAnI che, paraMtu emAM e uparAMta rudradAmAnI tathA Anarta-surASTranA pAlana mATe eNe nImelA amAtya suvizAkhanI je prazasti ApI che te aitihAsika tathA sAMskRtika daSTie ghaNI mahatvanI che. vaLI emAM A sudarzana taLAva maurya rAjA caMdraguptanA rASTriye baMdha bAMdhIne karAvyAno tathA azoka mauryanA rASTriye emAM nahero karAvyAne je vRttAMta Ape che te e jaLAzayanA ja nahi, gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsa para paNa avanavo prakAza pADe che. surASTra para maurya samrATonuM zAsana pravaryuM hovAne sIdhe ullekha A lekha pUro pADe che, jenuM azakanAM zailazAsananuM giranAra zaila paranuM abhilekhana pratyakSa purAvArUpe samarthana kare che. A zaila parane trIjo lekha enI vAyavya bAju para kotareluM che. e lekha gupta samrATa skaMdaguptanA samayane che. emAM sudarzana setu (baMdha) gu. saM. 136 (I. sa. 455)mAM tUTI gayA ne bIje varSa tAtkAlika samarAyAne vRttAMta Apelo che. A be lekho parathI girinagaranA sudarzana taLAva ane enA setu vize ghaNuM jANavA maLe che. trIjA lekhamAM "sudarzana-taTAka-saMskAra-grantha-racanA" samApta thayA bAda eka bIjo khaMDa umeravAmAM AvyuM che, jemAM girinagaranA rakSaka capAlite tyAM cakrabhUta viSNunuM ujaMga maMdira baMdhAvyAne vRttAMta neM che. A lekhanA baMne khaMDa guptakAlIna zailInA saMskRta padyamAM racAyA che. Ama A eka zaila para kotarAyelA abhilekho ekaMdare poNuM AThase varSonA aitihAsika vRttAMtone AvarI le che. gujarAtamAM staMbhalekha maLyA nathI, paraMtu yaSTilekha maLyA che.

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2 juM] gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsanAM sAdhana [17 kacchamAM AMdhImAM maLelA cAra yaSThilekho (I.sa. 130) kSatrapa rAjA cArjana ane rudradAmAnA samayanA che ne emAM amuka amuka vyaktinI yaSTi enA amuka saMbaMdhIo UbhI karAvyAnuM noMdhavAmAM AvyuM che.10 A sthaLe maLela pAMcamo abhilekha (I.sa. 192) tathA khAvaDAmAMthI maLela abhilekha paNa A prakArano che. 11 pachInA kAlanA pALiyA paranA lekhomAM A prakAranA abhilekhonI paraMparA jovA maLe che. bAkInA ghaNAkharA zilAlekha lai ke takatI para kotarelA che. AmAM ghaNA lekha pUrtakAryone lagatA hoya che.12 rAjA kSatrapa rudrasiMha 1 lAnA samayane zaka varSa 103(I.sa. 181)ne gUMdAzilAlekha3 e A prakArano sahuthI prAcIna jJAta zilAlekha che. devanI morInA bauddha stUpamAMnA asthipAtranA paththaranA dAbaDA parane saMskRta padyalekha e stUpanI tathA asthipAtranI sthApanAne vRttAMta Ape che. A lekha kSatrapa-kAlanA aMtabhAgane che. pahelI sahastrAbdInA zilAlekha saMkhyAmAM jUja maLe che. anumaurya kAlanA abhilekhomAM khAsa karIne sikkA lekho ja maLyA che. bhAratIya yavana rAjAo paikI ekritida, 14 minendra 15(AkRti 70) ane apaladata(AkRti 71)nA 16 cAMdInA sikkA gujarAtamAM maLyA che. minendra tathA apaladatane kanma 17 bharukacchamAM lAMbA vakhata lagI calaNamAM hatA. 18 e be rAjAonA tAMbAnA sikkA paNa maLe che. A bhAratIya yavana rAjAonA sikkAonA agrabhAga para rAjAnA uttarAMganI AkRtinI AsapAsa grIka bhASA ane grIka lipimAM temaja pRSThabhAga para koI grIka deva ke devInI AkRtinI AsapAsa prAkRta bhASAmAM ane kharokI lipimAM rAjAnAM nAma ane biruda jaNAvAtAM. rAjakIya ItihAsamAM AvA sikakAlekho mahattvanI mAhitI pUrI pADe che. AnuM sahuthI neMdhapAtra udAharaNa kSatrapa rAjAonA sikkAlekho che. laharAta kSatrapamAM nahapAnanA samayanA keTalAka guphAlekho mahArASTramAM maLyA che, jyAre enA puragAmI rAjA bhUmakanI mAhitI mAtra enA sikkAlekha parathI ja maLe che. kArdamaka kSetromAMnA keTalAkane ullekha zilAlekhomAM Ave che, paraMtu bIjA ghaNA rAjAonI mAhitI mAtra sikakA lekho parathI ja upalabdha thaI che. A sikkA cAMdInA nAnA goLa sikkA che (AkRti 74). enA agrabhAga para rAjAnA uttarAMganI AkRti hoya che ne enI AsapAsa aspaSTa grIka-mana akSaro hoya che, paraMtu I-2-2

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18 ] sauya kAlathI guptakAla [pra. pRSThabhAga para pratIka-samUhanI AsapAsa rAjAnAM tathA enA pitA (ke purogAmI)nAM nAma ane biruda ApavAmAM Ave che.19 A parathI kSatrapa rAjyanA trIseka rAjAe|nAM nAma tathA biruda jANavA maLe che, eTaluM ja nahi, teonI vazAvaLI paNa baMdha esADI zakAya che. zaka sa MvatanA bIjA zatakanA AraMbhathI te A sikkAenA agrabhAga para te te samaye cAlatA varSanI saMkhyA paNa jovA maLe che. A parathI e rAjAeAnA rAjyakAlanI sAlavArInI ghaNI vigate maLI che. Ama kSatrapa rAjAonA sikkAlekhAe temenA RtihAsamAM vipula mAhitI pUrI pADI che.20 traikUTaka rAjAonA sikkAlekhAmAM paNa rAjAnAM tathA enA pitAnAM nAma -biruda maLe che, paraMtu vanI vigata maLatI nathI.21 rAva bhaTTArakanA sikkAlekhA kSatrapa sikkAlekhAnu anukaraNa dharAve che te e nAmanA kAI navA rAjJanI mAhitI Ape che.22 23 gupta samrATeAnA zAsana daramyAna ahI teeAnA sAnAnA sikkA AyAta thatA tenA gheADA namUnA maLyA che, paraMtu tene A prAMta mATe ahIM zatAthI pracalita rahelA kSatrapa rAjAonA cAMdInA sikkA jevA cAMdInA sikkA paDAvavA paDayA hatA. caMdragupta vikramAditya, kumAragupta mahendrAditya ane skaMdagupta kramAdityanA AvA saMkhyAbaMdha sikkA (AkRti 76-77) maLyA che,24 paraMtu emAM varSanI vigata bhAgyeja maLe che. maitrakA, gujarA, rASTrakUTA, cApAkaTA vagere rAjAenA nAmanA sikkA maLyA nathI. sAlakI rAjAenA gheADA sikkA maLyA jaNAya che, paraMtu emanI lAMkhI jAheAjalAlI jotAM e ghaNA jUja ane nAnA che. cheTAudepura pAse Avela kalalA gAmamAMthI maLela tAmrapatra (4 thI sadI)25 e gujarAtanuM sahuthI prAcIna jJAta tAmrapatra che. enA paranA abhilekhamAMthI e pradezanA tatkAlIna rAjA tathA enI rAjadhAnI vize apUrva mAhitI maLI che. valabhInA maitraka vaMzanA rAjAonuM rAjya lagabhaga traNaso varSa jeTalA lAMkhe vakhata cAleluM, chatAM sAhityamAM khAsa karIne enA nAzanA ja vRttAMta nirUpAyA che. sadbhAgye A rAjAenAM sAeka tAmrazAsana maLyAM che,26 jemAM te te rAjAe karelA bhUmidAnane lagatAM rAjazAsana keAtarelAM che. A dAnazAsaneAmAM dAna denAranI prazasti, enA vaMza tathA purogAmIonI prazasti sAthe, ApavAmAM AvI hAI, e vaMzanA sarvAM rAjAonI vaMzAvaLI adha khesADI zakAI che, dAna

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2 juM] gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsanAM sAdhana [19 zAsanonI mitio parathI AmAMnA ghaNAkharA rAjAonA rAjyakAlanuM samayAMkana paNa karI zakAyuM che. dAnanA pratigrahItA, deyabhUmi, dAna sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA adhikArIo ItyAdinI vigato parathI e samayanA brAhmaNa vihAra tathA devAlayo temaja adhikArIo, vahIvaTI vibhAge, jamInanAM mApa vagere vize keTalIka saMgIna mAhitI maLe che. jema kSatraponA ItihAsano mukhya AdhAra emanA sikAo para rahe che tema maitrakanA itihAsane mukhya AdhAra emanAM tAmrazAsano para rahelo che. evI rIte dakSiNa gujarAtanA raikUTako, kaTacurio, gurjara, cAhamAna, sekake, cAlukyo ane rASTrakUTanA tathA saurASTranA seMdhavo, cAlukyo ane cApanA temaja IzAna gujarAtanA paramAranA ItihAsanI mAhitI paNa emanAM tAmrazAsane parathI sAMpaDe che. 27 bhUmidAna zAzvata prakAranuM dAna hoI enuM rAjazAsana tAmrapatro para kotarAvI ApavAmAM AvatuM. gujarAtanAM dAnazAsana tAMbAnAM be patarAMnI aMdaranI bAju para kAtarAtAM. e patarAne eka cheDe be kaDIothI joDavAmAM AvatAM. emAMnI eka kaDInA sAMdhA para rAjamudrAnI chApa lagADAtI ne lekhane aMte rAjAnA svahasta (daskata) paNa kotaravAmAM AvatA. mauryakAlathI anu-maitraka kAla sudhInA samayanA bIjA cheDA abhilekha mATInAM vAsaNo para tathA mudrAomAM kotarAyelA maLe che.28 mudrAnI sUlaTI chApa dharAvatAM keTalAMka mudrAMka paNa maLe che.29 temAM dAnazAsananAM tAmrapatronA kaDInA sAMdhA para lagAvela rAjamudrAnI chApano samAveza thAya che. evI rIte keTalIka dhAtupratimAonI besaNI ke pITha para lekha kotarelA maLe che jemAM e pratimA karAvanAra tathA enI pratiSThA karAvanArane vize mAhitI ApI hoya che. gujarAtane suvarNakAla gaNAtA solaMkI kAlanA abhilekhamAM tAmrapatro, zilAlekho ane pratimAlekho ema traNeya prakAranA saMkhyAbaMdha lekha maLe che.31 tAmrapatra para kotarelAM dAnazAsane parathI maMdira, mahaMto, adhikArIo ane vahIvaTI vibhAgo vize vipula mAhitI maLe che. bhImadeva ra jAnuM rAjya paDAvI laI ceDAM varSa aNahilapuranI gAdI para rahela jayaMtasiMhanuM dAnapatra (vi. saM. 1281) 2 solaMkI vaMzamAM thayela UthalapAthala para navo prakAza pADe che. zilAlekhamAM moTe bhAge maMdira, vAva, killo, masjida vagerene lagatAM pUrtakAryonI hakIkta noMdhavAmAM AvI che. emAM keTalIka vAra rAjAo, mahaMto, vidvAne,

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20] soya kAlathI guptakAla [... amAtyA, sAma tA, nagarA, maMdira tyAdita lagatI suMdara prAstione samAveza thAya che. tA teA kaiTalIka vAra vividha lAgAonI vigatA parathI vividha sthAnika pedAze| vize vipula mAhitI prApta thAya che. dA. ta. prabhAsa pATaNanA sAmanAtha maMdiramAM avAranavAra karAyelA chA~dvArA tathA umerAo vize keTalAka zilAlekhA ghaNI mAhitI pUrI pADe che. Abu, giranAra ane zatru Mjaya para badhAyelAM sudara derAsaro vize tene tene lagatA zilAlekhA parathI vigatavAra mAhitI sAMpaDe che. khAjA pIrAje sAmanAtha pATaNa pAse baMdhAvela masjidane lagatA saMskRta zilAlekha33 aneka rIte noMdhapAtra nIvaDayo che. dhAtupratimAe tathA pASANapratimAe paranA pratimAlekhA parathI te te pratimAnA dAtA, enI pratiSThA, pratiSThAneA samaya tyAdi vize mAhitI maLe che. prasiddha pratimAlekha-sagraheAmAM vizeSata: jaina pratimAlekhA prakAzita thayA che. gujarAtanI bahAra maLelA keTalAka abhilekhAmAM gujarAtane lagatA ullekha Ave che. dA. ta. junnAra(mahArASTra)nA eka guphAlekhamAM34 bharukaccha (bharUca)nA e rahevAsIo, kAsama (uttara pradeza)nA eka zilAlekha(4 thI sadI)mAM pa surASTra (saurASTra)nA eka vANijyakarmo ane mAMkkAra (madhyapradeza)nA eka zilAlekhamAM 6 lATathI Avela paTTavAya-zreNIne. valabhInA maitrakAnA rAjyamAM pazcima mALavAtA samAveza thatA hAI, negAvA(madhya pradeza)mAMthI maLelAM e jJAnazAsana7 e rAjyane lagatAM che, sAlakI vaMzanA rAjyamAM hAlanA gujarAtanI hAranA keTalAya najIkanA pradezanA samAveza thatA hAI, sAMcAra (mAravADa), bhADuMDA (mAravADa), karADu (mAravADa), nADela (mAravADa), khAlI (mAravADa), ratanapurA (mAravADa), citADa (mevADa) vagere pradezeAnA zilAlekhA8 e pradezane siddharAja jayasiMha tathA kumArapAla jevA rAjavIonA vizALa rAjyanI aMtargata gaNAve che. Ama vividha abhilekhA9 rAjakIya tathA sAMskRtika pratihAsa mATe keTalIka chUTIchavAI, paNa pramANita tathA vigatavAra mAhitI pUrI pADe che. 4. sAhityika sAdhanA chatAM kAI rAjAnA caritranI ke kAI rAjavaMzanI huM kAI adhikArI ke sAdhunA citranI saLaMga kaDIbaddha mAhitI keTalIka vAra ene lagatI sAhityika kRtiomAMthI ja sAMpaDe che. dA. ta. solaMkI rAjA siddharAja jayasiddha

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2 juM] gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsanAM sAdhane dUra tathA kumArapAlanA, vAghelA solaMkI rANA vIradhavala tathA vIsaladevanA temaja mahAmAtya vastupAla tathA tejapAlanA caritranuM jeTaluM vigatavAra ane vistRta nirUpaNa teone lagatI sAhityika kRtiomAM thayuM che teTaluM teonA abhilekhomAM nathI thayuM. mULarAja solaMkInA vaMzanI, vAghelA rANuM viradhavalanA kuLanI ane mahAmAtya vastupAlanA kuLanI sAmAnya mAhitI Abhilekhika tathA sAhityika e baMne prakAranAM sAdhanomAMthI maLe che, paraMtu paMcAsara-aNahilavADanA cAvaDA vaMzanI mAhitI Anuzrutika vRttAMta nirUpatA graMthamAM ja maLe che. A graMtha cAvaDA rAjyanA aMta pachI lagabhaga traNaso-cAraso varSa lakhAyelA che.40 A uttarakAlIna anuzrutiomAM keTalIka bAbatomAM ghaNe vigatabheda rahe che, eTaluM ja nahi, emAMnI keTalIka vigatono siddha itihAsa sAthe meLa maLato nathI, AthI AmAMnI kaI vigato aitihAsika gaNavI ne ene meLa kevI rIte meLavo e samasyA banI rahela che. durbhAgye A rAjavaMzanA keI abhilekha ke samakAlIna ullekha maLatA nathI, tethI e uttarakAlIna Anuzrutika vRttatimAMnA ghaNuM muddA saMdigdha rahe che. paraMtu solaMkI vaMzanA itihAsa mATe samakAlIna sAhityanI sAmagrI sArA pramANamAM upalabdha che. hemacaMdrAcArye saMskRta drayAzraya mahAkAvyamAM samakAlIna rAjA siddharAja tathA kumArapAla sudhInA selaMkI vaMzanuM utkIrtana tathA prAkRti dayAzrayamAM kumArapAlanuM carita nirUpyuM che. alabatta, emAM mukhya daSTi rUDha svarUpanuM zAstrakAvya racavAnI che, itihAsa ke jIvanacaritranI daSTie ghaTanAonuM paddhatisara nirUpaNa karavAnI nahi. pariNAme aThThAvIsa moTA moTA soMvALA e mahAkAvyamAMthI kharekharI mAhitI ghaNI thoDI maLe che. A TIke e kAlanAM aitihAsika vyaktio ke prasaMgo vize racAyelAM lagabhaga badhAM kAvyo tathA nATakane lAgu paDe che. kavi bihaNata purI nATikAmAM nAyikAne kalpita pAtrarUpe rajU karavAmAM AvI che, chatAM emAM keTalIka aitihAsika hakIkata maLI rahe che. evI rIte yazazcaMdra racelA mudritavumudra nAme prakaraNa-rUpakamAM siddharAjanI rAjasabhAmAM zvetAMbara tathA digaMbare vacce thayelA prasiddha vAdavivAdanuM vAstavika citra AlekhAyuM che. rAmacaMdrakRta yunIravihIra nAme zataka-kAvyamAM kumArapAle baMdhAvelA pArzvanAtha-ceyanuM kAvyAtmaka varNana karavAmAM AvyuM che. yazapAle morAjhaRTgaya nATakamAM kumArapAle jaina dharmanI dIkSA lIdhI e vastune rUpaka ApI nirUpyuM che. semaprabhasUrinA kumArapAtraprativarSamAM hemacaMdrasUrie kumArapAlane ApelA dharmadhanuM nirUpaNa kareluM che.

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22] te mayakAlathI guptakAla [pra.. kumArapAla, pachI vastupAla kaviono lADIle nAyaka bane che. mahAmAtya vastupAle potAnA naranArAyakhAnad mahAkAvyanA aMtima sargamAM pitAnA pUrvajone. tathA potAne TUMka paricaya Ape che, paNa gujarAtanA itihAsane vadhAre upayogI sAmagrI enA vidyAmaMDaLe pUrI pADela che. vastupAlanAM sukRtonI prazasti vize enA samakAlIna kavioe teramI sadInA bIjA caraNamAM pAMca kAvya racyAM che temAM traNa mahAkAvya cheH somezvarakRta vautiaumudI, arisiMhakRta sujItavIrtana ane bAlacaMdrasUrikRta vasantavAsa, jyAre be khaMDakAvya che: udayaprabhasUrikRta sutasaMvarInosTinI ane siMhasUrikRta vastupatetra: rAti.42 A pAMceya. kAvyonA kavio vastupAlanA samakAlIna ja nahi, enA nikaTasaMparkavALA hatA ne teoe vastupAlanA kuLanuM tathA enAM sukRtonuM je nirUpaNa karyuM che te ghaNuM zraddheya che; paraMtu A kAvyamAM vastupAlanI rAjakIya kArakirdInuM kramika nirUpaNa thayuM nathI ne enAM sukRtonuMya je nirUpaNa thayuM che te prazasyAtmaka hoI atizayoktibharyuM hoya che. A sarvemAM somezvarakRta IfRaurii sahuthI vadhAre vigato Ape che. A pAMceya kAvyomAM AraMbhamAM gurjarezvara bhImadeva ra jAnA tathA dhoLakAnA rANuM viradhavalanA vaMzaya saMkIrtana karavAmAM AvyuM che. emAM sutasaMkIrtana tathA sutautikonTinamAM to selaMkIvaMzanI pahelAMnA cAvaDA vaMzaya vRttAMta ApavAmAM Avyo che, je e vaMzanA saLaMga ItihAsa mATe. prAcInatama sAdhana che. A pAMceya kAvyomAM nirUpAyela prasaMgonuM saMkalana karatAM ane samakAlIna abhilekhamAM jaNAvela hakIkta sAthe enI tulanA karatAM emAMthI. ThIka ThIka ItihAsa jANavA maLe che. kavi somezvare pitAnA surathotsava mahAkAvyanI prazastimAM potAnA pUrvajone vRttAMta nirUpe che temAM e rAjapurohitanA yajamAna evA solaMkI rAjAo saMbaMdhI kaMIka vizeSa mAhitI najare paDe che. udayaprabhasUrie racelA vaDu mahAkAvyanA pahelA, chaThThA ne paMdaramA sargamAM vastupAla tathA zatruMjayane lagatI keTalIka aitihAsika hakIkata Ave che temAM vastupAle karelI zatruMjayanI saMghayAtrAnuM nirUpaNa khAsa noMdhapAtra che. jayasiMhasUri.kRta dRmIramadamana nATakamAM mahAmAtya vastupAle turaSka hammIra (amIra) nA sainyane pAchuM hAMkI kADhI enA madanuM mardana karyuM e vastu nirUpAyuM che. emAM aitihAsika ghaTanAonuM nATayocita Dhabe nirUpaNa kareluM che.43 vaLI vastupAlanA mAtRpakSIya dharmaguru narendraprabhasUrie vastupAlanI prazasti vize be kAvya racyAM. che. nAnA kAvyamAM vastupAla-tejapAla tathA rANA viradhavalanI rUDha prazasti karelI che, jyAre moTA kAvyamAM solaMkI rAjAone, vAghelA rANAone tathA vastupAlanA.

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2 ju] gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsanAM sAdhane [23 pUrvajone paricaya ApIne vastupAlanAM sukRtonuM vigatavAra nirUpaNa karavAmAM AvyuM che. guru nacaMdrasUrie paNa nAnI vastupAla-prazasti racelI. | vijayasenasUrikRti revaMtajirirAjumAM giranAra para ane pAlheNuputrakRta mArA mAM Abu para vastupAla-tejapAle karelAM sukRtinuM varNana maLe che. vijyasenasUri vastupAlanA kulaguru hatA. Anuzrutika vRttAMto ApatA prabaMdhonA saMgraha gujarAtanA prAcIna ItihAsa mATe ghaNI sAmagrI pUrI pADe che. udayaprabhasUrinA ziSya jinabhadrakRta "pravadhAvarcI " (dIsa. 1234) e sahuthI prAcIna jJAta prabaMdhasaMgraha che.44 emAM gujarAta, rAjasthAna ane mALavA sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatAM aitihAsika kuTuMbo ane prasaMgane lagatA anubhutika vRttAMta ApyA che. emAM AgaLa jatAM vastupAlanA avasAna pachInA keTalAka banAvonA ullekha umerAyA che. 45 prabhAcaMdrasUrie pramAvarita(I.sa. 1277)mAM keTalAka jaina prabhAvaka AcAryonuM caritra anubhUtio anusAra AlekhyuM che temAMthI gujarAtanI keTalIka dhArmika tathA sAMskRtika pravRttio para prakAza paDe che. merUtuMgAcArye racela pravaritAmaLi (I.sa. 1305) e gujarAtanA itihAsa mATe sahuthI vadhu upayogI prabaMdhasaMgraha che. emAM vanarAja cAvaDAthI mAMDIne vAghelA varadhavala sudhInA rAjAono silasilAbaMdha vRttAMta sAlavArI sAthe Ave che ne e samaye solaMkI vaMzanI sattA lupta thaI hovAthI emAM e rAjAonI kSatio paNa jaNAvavAmAM AvI che. A saMgrahamAM mukhya dRSTi jaina dharmanI hoI keTalIka itara apekSita mAhitI ApavAmAM AvI nathI, chatAM Anuzrutika vRttAMtanA saMgraha tarIke paNa A graMtha ghaNo upayogI nIvaDyo che. eka bIjA merUtuMgAcArye I.sa. 135nA arasAmAM lakhela sthavirAtrI ke vicAranI mAM cAvaDA, solaMkI ane vAghelA rAjAonI yAdI sAlavArI sAthe ApI che temAM keTalAka vigatabheda jovAmAM Ave che. rAjazekharasUrie lakhela pravacorA ke caturvirAtiprava(I.sa. 1349)mAM prAyaH kamAvarita ane prAcittAmana mAM Apela vRttAMta Ave che, chatAM emAM kaMIka vizeSa mAhitI paNa umerAI che. pravRttittAmaNi ane praznonI vaccenA gALAmAM racAyela vividhatIrthamAM jinaprabhasUrie zatruMjaya, raivataka, abuMda vagere jaina tIrthone lagatA vRtAMta nirUpyA che temAM gujarAtanA itihAsane lagatA keTalAka mahattvanA ullekha

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24] mauryakAlathI guptakAla maLyA che. AmAMnA je prabaMdhomAM racanA-varSa ApelAM che te I.sa. 1308-33 daramyAna racAyA che.* I.sa. 13-1469 daramyAna sematilakasUri, jayasiMhari, dharmaratna, jinamaMDanagaNi ane cAritrasuMdaragaNie kumArapAlacarita lakhyAM. paMdaramI sadInA madhyamAM jinaharSe vastupAlanuM vistRta caritra racyuM, jemAM pahelAMnI ghaNIkharI sAmagrIno upayoga thayo che. A graMthamAM kalpanA karatAM ItihAsanuM pramANa vadhAre che.47 . daramyAna sarvAnaMdasUrie kacchanA dAnavIra jagaDuzAha vize kArita (I.sa. 1260nA arasAmAM) nAme saMskRta prabaMdha ra. kavi maMDalike I.sa. 1304nA sumAramAM petharAja nAme rAsa racyo temAM poravADa pethaDa zAhe karelI zatruMjaya-giranAra vagere jaina tIrthonI yAtrAnuM varNana Ave che. I.sa. 1316mAM pATaNanA samarAsAhe zatruMjaya tIrthano uddhAra karAvyo te vize aMbadevasUrie samara rAsanI racanA karI. e ja prasaMga vize kamurie rAtregacamahAtIrNoddhArajhavava lakhyo, je gujarAtanA tatkAlIna itihAsa mATe ghaNuM upayogI che. padmanAbhakRta sAvaje (Isa. 1456)mAM gujarAta para thayelI khalajI phejanI caDAIne vRttAMta vigate nirUpAyo che. paMdaramI sadImAM lakhAyela svapaddhatimAM vividha khatanA namUnA ApyA che, jemAMnA ghaNA selaMkI kAlanA rAjyataMtra vize vipula mAhitI pUrI pADe che. bhImadeva 1 lAna daMDanAyaka vimala kumArapAla ane vastupAla pahelAM thayo. enA vaMzanI AchI rUparekhA haribhadrasUrikRti prAkRta caMdrapramacarita, apabhraMza neminAthavarita (I. sa. 160) tathA prAkRta maddhinAtha caritanI aMtima prazasti mAM AlekhAI che, paraMtu vimalanuM vistRta carita moDethI lAvaNyasamayanA "vimatravaragha" nAme rAsa (I.sa. 1512)mAM ane paMDita IhaMsakRta vimacaritra (Isa. 1512)mAM maLe che. A saikAmAM vastupAla vize paNa rAsA racAyA. padmapurANAMtargata manAtA dharmAraNa-mArgI mAM cAvaDAvaMzane vRttAMta Ave che. A graMtha 14 mA-15 mA zatakamAM lakhAyo lAge che, 48 paraMtu cAvaDA vaMza vizenA brAhmaNI vRttAMta tarIke khAsa noMdhapAtra che. kRSNa kavie hiMdI padyamAM lakhela ratnamAjha (17 ma-18 mo sai ke49. mAM mukhya hetu siddharAja jayasiMhanuM carita AlekhavAno che, paraMtu hAla je apUrNa graMtha maLe che temAM te solaMkI vaMza pahelAMnA cAvaDA vaMzanuM nirUpaNa

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gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsanAM sAdhane [25 adhUruM raheluM che. jayazikharI ane bhuvaDane lagatA suprasiddha vRttAMta kevaLa A hiMdI kAvyamAM maLe che. saMbhava che ke enI pAchaLa koI prAcIna anuzrutine AdhAra haze.pa0 bhATacAraNe pAse UtarI AvelI anukRtio paNa ItihAsa mATenI keTalIka aya mAhitI pUrI pADe che. 51 saltanata kAla tathA mughala kAla daramyAna muslima lekhakoe sulatAnanA ke saltanatanA itihAsa lakhyA, temAM muslima sattAnI sthApanAthI zarU thato vRttAMta AlekhAto, paraMtu mughala kAlanA aMta bAda marAThA kAlanA AraMbhamAM "mirAte ahamadI" lakhAI temAM zarUAtamAM cAvaDA, selaMkI ane vAghelA vaMzanAya TUMka vRttAMta umerAyA. marAThA kAlanA aMta bhAgamAM yati raMgavijaye pUrvararAmUvI (I.sa. 1809) racI, jemAM mahAvIra svAmInA nirvANathI mAMDIne pitAnA samaya sudhInI gujarAtanI rAjavaMzAvaLIo ApavAmAM AvI che. emAM cAvaDA, solaMkI ane vAghelA vaMzano samAveza thAya che. e pahelAMnI vaMzAvaLIomAM pratihAra vaMzAvaLIno samAveza noMdhapAtra che. e pahelAMnI vaMzAvaLIo evI bIjI vaMzAvaLIonI jema hajI paurANika gaNAya evI che. graMthakAronI prazastio tathA graMthakAro ane lahiyAonI pupikAomAM keTalIka vAra te te samayanA rAjA tathA mahAmAtyano ullekha Ave che, tethI enI sAthe jaNAvela mitio rAjakIya itihAsamAM upayogI nIvaDe che. graMthakAronI puSikAo tathA prazastio parathI gujarAtamAM thayela aneka sAhityika racanAo nI mAhitI maLe che, jyAre lahiyAonI pupikAo parathI ahIM kyA viSayonuM kheDANa thatuM ne ene koNa protsAhana ApatuM ene lagatI vigato maLe che. vaLI vividha sthaLo tathA mitionI vigata paNa maLe che, je tatkAlIna bhUgoLa tathAM kAlagaNanA para prakAza pADe che. hastalikhita pratio parathI keTalAka graMtha prakAzita thayA che ne thatA jAya che, bAkInA graMtha mATe hastalikhita graMthanI yAdIo tathA varNanAtmaka sucio vipula mAhitI pUrI pADe che. hastalikhita graMthonI saMpatti jALavavAmAM jaina bhaMDAroe amUlya phALo Apyo che. A to mukhyataH rAjakIya ItihAsanI vAta thaI, sAMskRtika itihAsamAM tatkAlIna sAmAjika tathA Arthika sthiti, bhASA ane sAhitya, lipi, dharmasaMpradAya ItyAdi bIjI aneka bAbatonuM nirUpaNa karavAnuM hoya che. Ane lagatI

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26] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [y.. sAdhanasAmagrI sarvavidha sAhityamAMthI tAravavAnI hoya che. rAjakIya ItihAsane vizeSataH upayogI evI likhita tathA abhilikhita sAmagrI paNa AmAM keTaleka aMze upakAraka nIvaDe che. dA. ta. hemacaMdrAcAryanA saMskRta TUthAya parathI zrI. rAmalAla cunIlAla modIe kareluM e samayanA gujarAtanI sAmAjika sthitinuM nirUpaNa. mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa, purANe, Agama, dharmazAstra, arthazAstra, kAmazAstra, darzane, kAvya, kAvyazAstra, jotiSa, Ayurveda ItyAdi sarvavidha viSayanA graMtho sAmAnyataH bhAratanA ane kaMIka aMze gujarAtanA sAMskRtika itihAsa vize kaMI ne kaMI mAhitI dharAve che. emAMnA je graMtha gujarAtamAM ke enI AsapAsanA pradezamAM racAyA hoya che te A bAbatamAM vizeSa upakAraka nIvaDe che. dA. ta. gujarAtanA jaina sUrio tathA gujarAtanAM jaina tIrthone lagatA prabaMdha temaja gujarAtanAM tIrtho tathA gujarAtanI jJAtione lagatA purANa-khaMDo tathA paurANika graMze. A prakAranA jaina prabaMdhamAM pramAvarita tathA vividhatIrtha 5 khAsa noMdhapAtra che, purANomAM ndrapurAnA mahezvara-khaMDamAMnuM kaumArikAkSetramAhAbhya, brAhmakhaMDamAMnuM dharmAraNyakSetramAhAnya, pAMcamA khaMDamAMnuM revAkSetramAhAmya, hATakezvara kSetra tathA nAgarajJAtine lagatA cho khaMDa ane sAtamA khaMDamAnuM prabhAsakSetramAhAtamya, vastrApathamAhAtamya, abudakSetramAhAtamya ane dvArakAkSetramAhAbhya.para padmapurANa tathA skaMdapurANamAMnuM dharmAraNyakSetramAhAsya meDha. jJAtine Anuzrutika vRttAMta Ape che. tApImAhAtampa, brahmakSetramAhAbhya, zrImAlapurANa, sarasvatIpurANa ane padmapurANamAMthI jUnuM sAbhramatImAhAsya paNa te te tIrthakSetranuM mAhAtma nirUpe che. zatruMjayanA jaina tIrthadhAma vize dhanezvarasUrikRta rANuMnayamadvimpi nAme graMtha che, temAM enI racanA valabhI rAjA zilAditya (!)nA. samayamAM vi. saM. 477mAM thaI hovAne dAvo karavAmAM Avyo che, paraMtu AMtarika ullekhe parathI e graMtha selaMkI kAlanA aMta pachI lakhAyo lAge che.pa3 vijJA prakIrNaka, saMghadAsa gaNikRta vAkI varAhamihirakRta vRe hitA, jinasenasUrikRta zapurAna, haribhadrasUrikRta samararUi , udyotanasurikRta, 3ImArI, zIlAMkAcAryakRta caDapamahAsiriya, hariNakRta gRhayArA, abhayadevasUrimayagiri vageree AgamagraMtha para lakhelI vRttio, hemacaMdrAcAryanuM tripuSTirApuruSarita ityAdi graMthonuM saMskRtika dRSTie adhyayana karatAM emAMthI pazcima bhAratanI ke gujarAtanI te te kAlanI saMskRti vize vipula mAhitI maLe ema che. evI rIte dhArmika sAhitya, kAvya, nATake, kathAo, dArzanika graMze tathA kAvyazAstra, zabdazAstra, chaMda, keza, nATayazAstra, jyotiSa, Ayurveda ItyAdi

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2 juM] gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsanAM sAdhana gujarAtanA mocana is zAstrone lagatA graMthe vagere parathI paNa mukhyataH te te kAlanAM dharma, sAhitya, vidyA, zAstro vagere vize temaja AnuSaMgika rIte keTalIka bIjI sAMskRtika bAbato vize ThIka ThIka mAhitI maLe che. videzI pravAsIoe bhArata vize lakhelA keTalAka graMthomAMthI paNa gujarAtanI te te samayanI saMskRti vize keTalIka upayogI mAhitI maLe che. "perisa'' nAme grIka pustaka 1lI ke 3jI sadI)mAM kaccha, saurASTra ane dakSiNa gujarAtanA samudrakAMThA tathA vahANavaTA vize sArI mAhitI ApI che. misaranA grIka telamAya(tAlemI)nI "bhUgoLa (rajI sadImAM paNa saurASTra ane lATane lagatA. ullekha Ave che. cInI pravAsI yuana svAMge54 "siyukI" mAM pazcima bhAratanA pravAsanI neMdhamAM bharukaccha, vaDAlI, kheDA, valabhI, AnaMdapura ane surASTranI bhUmi, prajA tathA saMskRtino ane vizeSataH e dareka pradezamAM tyAre (I.sa. 640 nA arasAmAM) pravartatI bauddha dharmanI sthitine paricaya Apyo che. cInI pravAsI I-siMge (I.sa. 671-695).gujarAtanI mulAkAta lIdhI nahotI, paraMtu bhAratanA vasavATa daramyAna pazcima bhAratamAM pravartatI bauddha dharmanI sthiti vize mAhitI meLavIne noMdhI che. emAM eNe karele valabhInA vidyApIThanI nAmanA ullekha khAsa. seMdhapAtra che. araba ane IrAnI musApharanAM sapharanAmAMmAM paNa gujarAtanI prAcIna sthiti vize keTalAka mahattvanA ullekha maLe che. dA. ta. madIe potAnA pustaka I.sa. 943)mAM khaMbhAta ane bharUca vize noMdhyuM che.55 na raddIna mahammada ophise lagabhaga I.sa. 1270) potAnA nAme-- diyatamAM siddharAjanA vakhatamAM khaMbhAtamAM musalamAnone thayelI herAnagatI ane siddharAje emane ApelA nyAyanI bInA siMdhI che. mahamUda gajhanavI sAthe hiMdamAM Avela ala bIrUnIe "vitAvudiH " (lagabhaga I.sa. 1930) mAM valabhInA nAza aMgenI tathA valabhI saMvatanI. mAhitI ApI che. 57 balAjharI (mRtyu I.sa. 82-93)nuM tUTuvutrApa tathA Inta asaranuM miTu-tavArI (Isa. 1330 )59 prAcIna kAla daramyAna gujarAta para thayelA araba humalAonI bInA nedhe che. | vAghelA solaMkI rAjyanI paDatI vize keTalAka muslima itihAsakAronA graMthamAM mAhitI maLe che, jemake alAuddIna khalajInA rAjakavi amIra khuzarenA. lakSAranu-kutUmAM 20 tathA phevaranI 1 liMjhavAna kAvyamAM, 1 mehammada

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26 ] mo kAlathI guptakAla [y. taghalakanA samakAlIna sAmInA tala-s sujAtIna (lagabhaga I.sa. 1350)mAM, 2 giyA---dIna baranInI tArIla-6-pIrojJazAdI ( lagabhaga I.sa. 1358)mAM,63 akabaranA samakAlIna nijhAma-ud-dInanI tAta-pha--AvarI (I.sa. 1593) 14 tathA badaunInI tArIla-vaunI (I.sa. 1595) mAM6pa temaja mehammada phariztAe (I.sa. 1606nA arasAmAM) lakhela tArIla-rU-ritAmAM. urdUmAM lakhAyelA ghaNA RtihAsAmAM mukhya AdhAra A arabI-phArasI graMthAnA levAyA che. muslimone lagatI hakIkatamAM A sAmagrIne upayoga anivA` gaNAya. Ama vividha sAhiyika sAdhanA pI gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsa vize, khAsa karIne cAvaDA ane seAlakI vaMza vize, vipula mAhitI maLe che, eTalu ja nahi, e kAlanAM samAja, dharma, udyoga, vepAra, sAhitya, kalA yAdi vize paNa ThIka ThIka mAhitI upalabdha thAya che. 5. purAvastukIya sAdhane abhilekhA tathA sAhityamAM ullikhita padArthAnA kayAreka pratyakSa namUnA paNuM dRSTigeAcara thAya che. keTalIka vAra A avazeSo likhita sAmagrInI apekSAe keTalIka vizeSa mAhitInA umerA paNa kare che. prAcIna avazeSAmAM keTalAka sthAvara ke jaMgama avazeSA saikAothI dharatInI sapATI para dRSTigocara rahelA hoya che. AvA avazeSo moTe bhAge upekSita rahelA hAya che, teone purAvastunI dRSTi tathA pravRttie khIlatAM have samIkSita ane saMrakSita karavAmAM Ave che. meTA kadanA prAcIna avazeSAmAM khAsa karIne sthApatya ane zilpakalAnI kRtionA samAveza thAya che. gujarAtamAM zaila-utkIrNa (DuMgarAmAM kaMDArela) caityeA tathA vidvArA IsvI sananI Ara Mbhika sadIonAM maLyAM che. e kAlanA keTalAka IMTarI stUpe tathA vidvArA paNa prApta thayA che. devAlayeAnA upalabdha namUnA lagabhaga pAMcamI sadIthI zarU thatAM devAlaya-vAstukalAnA judA judA tabakkA darzAve che, jemAM chAdya prAsAda ane zikharAnvita prAsAda e e viziSTa svarUpa najare paDe che. chAdya prAsAda-zailI khAsa karIne saurASTramAM geApa, visAvADA, khIlezvara vagere sthaLAe dekhA de che: tyAM kaMdarakheDA, sAna phaMsArI, pAstara vagere sthaLoe zikharazailInI saMkramaNa-avasthA paNa najare paDe che. uttara gujarAtamAM lAkaroDA rADA vagere sthaLAe paNa lagabhaga evI zikharazailI jovA maLe che. rekhAnvita zikharanuM pUrNa svarUpa sAlakI phAlamAM vise

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che ] gujarAtanA prAcIna ilihAsanAM sAdhane [29che. moDherAnuM sUryamaMdira, siddhapurane rudramALa, Abu delavADAnI vimalavasahi, kuMbhAriyAnAM derAsara, gaLatezvaranuM zivAlaya, sejakapura ane dhUmalInAM navalakhA maMdira vagere aneka maMdiromAM A nAgara zailInAM moTAM devAlayonA khaMDitaakhaMDita namUnA mojUda rahelA che. uttara gujarAtamAM sUNaka, saMDera, ruhAnI, maNaMda, vIratA, gorAda, dhiNoja, moba, delamAla, khaMDesaNa vagere sthaLee evAM nAnAM devAlayanA prAcIna namUnA rahelA che. zAmaLAjI, moTerA, siddhapura, vaDanagara, kapaDavaMja vagere sthaLoe toraNanA suMdara namUnA jovA maLe che. jaLAzayomAM taLAva, kuMDa ane vAva e mukhya prakAre dekhA de che. aNahilavADanuM sahastraliMga, viramagAmanuM munasara ane dhoLakAnuM malAva e gujarAtanAM jANItAM prAcIna jaLAzayo che. moDherA, vaDanagara vagere sthaLoe jUnA kuMDa ane aNahilavADa, vAyaDa, vaDhavANa, jUnAgaDha, umareTha, kapaDavaMja vagere sthaLoe janI vAva jovAmAM Ave che. DabhoI ane jhajhuvADAnA killA gujarAtanA prAcIna nagaraprAkAranA namUnA tarIke nedhapAtra che. solaMkI kAlanI thoDIka masjido paNa seMdhapAtra gaNAya. prAcIna zilpakRtiomAM moTe bhAge devadevIonI pratimAo maLe che. kavacita bauddha mUrtio najare paDe che. hiMdu tathA jaina dharmanI anekAneka prAcIna pratimAo gujarAtamAM maLe che enuM ghaNuM nirUpaNa zrI kanaiyAlAla davee "gujarAtanuM mUrtividhAna "mAM karyuM che. prAlaMkI pratimAomAM kalAnI pazcimI zailInAM lakSaNa spaSTa varatAya che. gujarAtamAM bhitticitranA prAcIna kAlanA namUnA bhAgye ja maLe che. 67 paraMtu hastalikhita pratiomAM AlekhAyelAM laghucitranA prAcIna kAlanA DAka namUnA jovA maLe che. prAcIna sikakAo enA paranAM lakhANa dvArA maLatI rAjakIya mAhitI uparAMta purAtattvanI dRSTie bIjuya ghaNuM mahattva dharAve che. gujarAtamAM lakhANa vinAnA Ahata sikkAo paNa maLe che, je kSatrapAla pahelAMnA che. kSatrapa, guptA vagere vaMzanA sikakAo te te kAlanAM pracalita tola, mApa, dhAtu, mizraNa, kalA ityAdi dvArA Arthika bAbatamAM tema ja pratIke tathA AkRtionA Alekhana dvArA zilpakalAnI bAbatamAM keTalAka prakAza pADe che.

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soca kAlathI guptakAla [ pra. gujarAtamAM bhArata sarakAranA purAtattva khAtAnI temaja bhAvanagara, rAjakeATa, jUnAgaDha, vaDAdarA vagere saMsthAnAnAM purAtattva khAtAMnI sajAgatA tathA sakriyatA khIlatI gaI. temAM AvA purAtana avazeSAnuM samIkSaNa tathA saMrakSaNa thatuM gayuM. jUnAgaDha pAse kheriyA stUpanAM khaMDeronuM khodakAma thayuM. pATaNa, mULa dvArakA, kAmareja vagere sthaLeAe vaDAdarA rAjyanA purAtattva khAtAe khodakAma karAvI keTalIka navI sAmagrI bahAra ANI, jemAM sahasraliMganA avazeSa khAsa noMdhapAtra che. valabhImAM phAdhara herAse thADu khAdakAma karAvI tyAMnAM khaMDeromAMthI keTalIka sAmagrI meLavI. AjhAdI pachI gujarAta rAjyanA purAtattva khAtAe tathA vaDAdarAnI ma. sa. yunivarsiTInA purAtattva vibhAge A dizAmAM keTaloka gaNanApAtra phALA ApyA che. sthaLatapAsa tathA utkhanananI A sava pravRttione pariNAme gujarAtamAM vaDanagara, TIMbaravA, zAmaLAjI, devanI meArI, dvArakA, valabhIpura, jUnAgaDha. dhUmalI, pATaNa vagere keTalAMka aitihAsika sthaLeAe prAcIna kAlanI vividha sAmagrI sAMpaDI che. evA mAratI avazeSA parathI te te kAlanAM rahevAnAM makAneAnA bAMdhakAma vize kaMIka khyAla maLe che. mATI, paththara, dhAtu vagerenA jaMgama avazeSA parathI prAcIna kAlanI mATIkAma, paththarakAma, dhAtukAma, jhaverAta yAdi hunnarakalA vize temaja te te kAlanI keTalIka raheNIkaraNI tathA mAnyatAo vize keTalAka spaSTa ane saMgIna paricaya prApta thAya che. :30 ] Ama gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsa vize ekadare aneka prakAranI sAdhanasAmragI ThIka ThIka pramANamAM prApta thAya che.

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2 juM] gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsanAM sAdhane [ 31 pAdaTIpa 9. R. C. Parikh, Kavyanusasana, Introduction, pp. ccc-ccci 2. bho. je. sAMDesarA, "mAhAmAtya vastupAlanuM sAhityamaMDaLa tathA saMskRta sAhityamAM tene phaLo," prakaraNa 5 3. de. rA. bhAMDArakara, "azokacarita", pR. 232 8. James Tod, Travels in Il'estern India, pp. 369 ff. 4. James Burgess, Report on the Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kacch, pp. 98 ff. 6. A graMthanI sudhArelI AvRti huze taiyAra karI, te 1925mAM prasiddha thaI. 7. AgaLa jatAM A azokanA zailalekhanI bIjI mULa nakala havAne bhrama thatAM I.sa. 1935mAM e zaila para A hakIkata noMdhavAmAM AvI. noMdhanI vigato mATe juo : ha. gaM. zAstrI, "saurASTranA prAcIna abhilekha" "pathika', julAI-ogasTa, 1968, pR. 46 c. Prinsep, J. A S. B., Vol. VII, pp. 338 ff. Essays on Indian Antiquities; Bhau Daji, J. B. B. R. A. S., Vol. VII, pp. 113 f, 118 f, 125 f.: A. S. W. I. Vol. II, pp. 128 ff. Bhagwanlal Indraji and Buhler, 1. A., Vol. VII, pp. 257 ff. Kielhorn, E. I., Vol VIII, pp. 42 ft. 9. Fleet, C. I. I, Vol. III, pp. 58 f. 20. R. D. Banerji, E. I, Vol. XVI, pp. 23 ff. 29. J. M. Nanavati and H. G. Shastri, J. 0. I., Vol. XI, pp. pp. 237. f, 12. vAva, kUvA, taLAva, devAlaya ItyAdi karAvavAM ene pUrtakArya kahe che. 93. Banerji and Sukthankar, E. I., Vol. XVI, p. 233 98. Eukratides 15. Menander, prAkRtamAM menanTa athavA mirindra. 16. Apollodotus 17. amuka grIka telanA cAMdInA sikkA 18. periplasa, kaMDikA 47 19, A lakhANa prAkRtamAM ke mizra prAkRta-saMskRtamAM lakhelAM ne e kAlanI brAhmI lipimAM kotarelAM hoya che.

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para] kAlathI guptakAla 20. juo prakaraNa 6-7 21. juo prakaraNa 8 22. juo prakaraNa 8 23 24. juo prakaraNa 9 25. A. V. Pandya, V. V. R. B., 1, 2, ; . V. Mirashi C.II,. Vol. Iv, p. 22 26. ha. gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhAga 1, pariziSTa 1 27. ejana; pra. ci. parIkha, "gujarAta itihAsa saMdarbhasUci, khaMDa 2 26-26. M. R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, pp. 93 ff.; 195 ff. 30. U. P. Shah, Akota Bronzes, pp. 28 ff. 31. pra. ci. parIkha, "gui. sa. " khaMDa 2, naM. 201-4ra9, na. A. AcArya, . gu, I. saM", khaMDa 3, naM 3-668 32. Buller, I. A., Vol, VI, pp. 196 ff. gi. va. AcArya, gujarAtanA etihAsika lekho, bhAga 2, naM 165 33. Hultzsch, I. A, Vol. XI, pp. 241 f; gi.va. AcArya, gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekha", bhAga 3, naM. 217 38. Kern, Indian Antiquary, Vol. VI, p. 40, No. 9 34. R. C. Majumdar, Kosam Inscription of the Reign of Maharaja Vaisravana, Ep. Ind., Vol. XXIV, p. 146 34. Fleet, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II, pp. 81 ff. 37. Ep. Ind, Vol., VIII, pp. 188 ff. 38. gi. va. AcArya, "gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho, bhAga 2-3, lekhana. 138, 144 a, 146, 148, 148 a, 148 ba, 148 ka, 149 kha, 149 ba, 150, 151, 155 . a, 156, 157 ke, 167-169, 17-185 vagere 39. gujarAtanA prAcIna abhilekhenI vigatavAra mAhitI zrI. raNajitarAma vAvAbhAIe saMkalita karelI te "buddhiprakAza", pu. 56. (pR. 236-41), 5. 61 (pR. 292-304) ane pu. 62 (pR. 155-59)mAM pragaTa thaI che. phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI taraphathI zrI. gi. va. AcAryo vaMzavAra vargIkRta karI. saMgrahIta karelA "gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekhone bhAga 1 le 1933mAM, 2 je 1935mAM. ane 3 194ramAM prakAzita thayela che.

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2 ju]. gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsanAM sAdhana [33 zrI da. bA. DisALakare New Indian Antiguary nA graMtha 1-3 mAM "Inscriptions of Kathiawad" kAlakrama anusAra goThavIne prasiddha karyA che. | gujarAtanA ghaNA pratimAlekha buddhisAgarasUrikRta "jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha", muni jinavijayajIno "prAcIna jainalekhasaMgraha" bhAga-2, zrI pUraNacaMda nAharakRta "jainasaMgha " vaM 2, vijayadharmasUrikRti prAcInalekhasaMgraha bhAga-1, jayaMtavijayajIne "abuprAcIna jainalekhasaMdeha" tathA "abudAcala pradakSiNAjenalekhasaMdeha" ANaMdajI kalyANajInI peDhIe prasiddha karela "jainatIrtha saMgraha" bhAga-1, muni vizAlavijayajIkRta "rAdhanapurapratimAlekhasaMdeha" ityAdi abhilekhasaMgrahomAM prakAzita thayA che. 40. putasaMaurtana I.sa. 1222-31 daramyAna ane sunnatIrnivonTinI paNa lagabhaga e arasAmAM racAyela che. AmAM A vaMzanI saLaMga rUparekhA AlekhI che. vanarAja vagere rAjAonA vigatavAra vRttAMta tathA teonA rAjyakAlanI vigato merUtuMganA prajittAmaLimAM Apela che. e prabaMdhagraMtha vi. sa. 1361 (I. sa. 1304-5)mAM arthAta samasta selaMkI kAlanA aMta pachI lakhAyelA che. emAM tathA pachInA anya graMthomAM Apela anukRtika mitio pramANe vanarAjane janma vi. saM. 752 (I.sa. 195-96) mAM ane rAjyAbhiSeka vi. saM. 802 (I. sa. 745-46)mAM thaye gaNAya che. upara jaNAvelA graMthe vanarAjanA A samaya karatAM pAMcache saikA pachInA gaNAya. aNahilavADanA cAvaDA vaMza vizene pahelavahelo jJAta ulekha kavi zrIpAle racela vaDanagara-prazasti(I.sa. 115ra)mAM ane emAMya vanarAja vizene vyaktigata ullekha neminAtharava"nI prazasti( I.sa. 1160)mAM maLe che. A ullekha paNa vanarAjanA e samaya karatAM lagabhaga cAra sadI pachInA gaNAya. 41. du. ke. zAstrI, "gujarAtanA madhyakAlIna hindu rAjapUta-yuganA itihAsanAM prabaMdhAtmaka sAdhano", pR. 13 42. ejana. pR. 11. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "mahAmAtya vastupAlanuM sAhityamaMDaLa tathA saMskRta sAhityamAM tene phALo', pra. 6 ane 8 43. zrI du. ke. zAstrI emAM "aitihAsika hakIkata atyakSa che ane te paNa bIjA purAvAonI kasoTIthI jotAM yathAsthita nathI" evuM nedhe che (ejana. pR. 19), jyAre munizrI jinavijayajI "enuM aitihAsika mUlya vadhAre UMcA prakAranuM che" evo mata vyakta kare che (munizrI jinavijayajI, "prAcIna gujarAtanA sAMskRtika itihAsanI sAdhanasAmagrI, pR. 22). 44. munizrI jinavijayajIe ene purAtanakavAsaMgrahanA prakAzanamAM samAveza karyo che. 45. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, ejana, pR. 199 I-2-3

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34] moryakAlathI guptakAla [ 49. munizrI jinavijayajI, vividhatIrthakalpa, prAstAvika nivedana, pR. 2 47. munizrI jinavijayajI, prA. gu. sA. i. sA., pR. 34 48. du. ke. zAstrI, ejana, pR. 24 49. munizrI jinavijayajI, ejana, pR. 37. 50. A sAdhananI ghaNI mAhitI zrI. durgAzaMkara zAstrIe gujarAtanA madhyakAlIna hindu rAjapUtayuganA itihAsanAM prabaMdhAtmaka sAdhanomAM tathA munizrI jinavijayajIe prAcIna gujarAtanA sAMskRtika ItihAsanI sAdhanasAmagrI mAM ApI che. 51. AvI keTalIka anukRtio kavi dalapatarAme "gujarAtanA keTalAeka aitihAsika prasaMge ane vArtAo "mAM tathA "ratnamAla"nI sAthe ApI che. phesaeN Rasa-Mala (rAsamALA)mAM prabo uparAMta AvI anukRtione upayoga karyo che. para. AmAMthI maLatI mAhitI mATe juo umAzaMkara jozI, purANomAM gujarAta, bhaugolika khaMDa. 53. ha. gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta', pR. 487-90 54. A cInI yAtrikanA nAmanuM aMgrejI rUpAMtara Hiouen Thsang, Huan Chwang, Yuen Chwang, Hiuen Tsiang, Hsuan Chwang, Hhuen Kwan zuHand's na 5291Hi alloyd . T. W. Rhys Davidszi 2411 2016 nAmanAM vividha rUpAMtaronI vigate chaNAvaTa karIne e cInI nAmanuM sahuthI nikaTanuM aMgrejI rUpAMtara "Yuan Chwang" (uccAramAM yuIna kvAMga) hovAnuM pratipAdita karyuM che. (T. W. Rhys Davids, "Yuan Chwang or Hiouen Thsang?", On Yuan Chawang's Travels in India, Vol. I, pp. XI ff. Z 2102112 goyadri "yuana svAMga" lakhAya. 44. Elliot and Dowson, History of India as told by its own Historians, Vol. I, pp. 18 ff. 56. ejana, 5, 2, pR. 155 thI 57. ejana, pu. 2, pR. 1 thI. ene aMgrejI, hiMdI tathA gujarAtI anuvAda thayo che. 58. ejana, pu. 1, 5, 113 thI 59. ejana, 5, 2, pR. 244 thI 60. ejana, pu. 3, pR. 67 thI 61. ejana, pu. 3, pR. 544 thI 62. ejana, 6, pR. 572 63. ejana, pu. 3, pR. 93 thI 64. ejana, pu. 1, pR. 177 thI 65. ejana, pu. 1, pR. 477 thI 66. ejana, pu. 6, pR. 207 thI 67. dAhoda (ji. paMcamahAla) pAse AvelI bAgha guphAomAM je bhitticitra che te hAlanA gujarAtanI bahAra, paNa enI pUrva sImA pAse AvelAM che. maitrakakALa daramyAna mALavAne A pradeza maMtronA zAsana nIce hoI rAjakIya tathA sAMskRtika dRSTie A bhitticitrone e kAlanA gujarAta sAthe nikaTa rIte sAMkaLI zakAya (hariprasAda zAstrI, maitrakakAlIna gujarAta', bhAga 2, pR. 682).

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khaMDa 2 rAjakIya itihAsa

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prakaraNa 3 gujarAtanuM itihAsa-pramANita pahelu` pATanagara : girinagara 1. yAdavakAlIna giripura ane kuzasthalI-dvAravatI kAI paNa pradezamAM vaselI prajAne Arthika, rAjakIya, sAmAjika ane dhArmika vikAsa thAya, te te viSayanA vicAro vidyAemAM bahurUpa thAya ane zilpa tathA kaLAone avakAza maLe tyAre teonu kendrita rUpa te te pradezanAM pramukha nagaraza ane rAjadhAnIemAM jovA maLe che, AthI pratihAsamAM enAM pramukha nagarAnAM ane rAjadhAnInAM alaga nirUpaNu te te yuganA samagra vikAsanu keMdrita citraNa Ape che. pahelAMnI sadIomAM nagare mATe asala sthAna pasaMda karavAmAM ane pachIthI teone vikasAvavAmAM mukhya vicAra sa MrakSaNanA rahetA. e pachI nagarezanA vikAsa moTe bhAge rAjakIya kAraNe thatA. nagarA vikase ane vistare te pahelAM kRSi, udyoga ane vANijyanI pragati jarUranI bane che. 1 gujarAtanA pratihAsamAM paNa A tathya dekhAya che. ene purAvA enAM prAcIna nagarAnAM--kuzasthalI-dvAravatI, giripura-girinagara, valabhI, bhinnamAla, aNahillapura ane amadAvAdanAM anveSaNeAmAMthI prApta thAya che. pratihAsanA A graMthabhAgamAM mukhyatve girinagaranA vRttAMta abhipreta che, paraMtu paurANika dbAravatI ke dvArakAnuM mahattva paNa A pratihAsa-yugamAM echuM nathI. vartamAna gujarAta prAcIna mAnata surASTra ane lATanA pradezAne samAve che. uttare gurjara (rAjadhAnI tarIke-rAjasthAnamAM AvelA bhinnamAla sudhInA pradezane arbudagiripradeza sahitane rAjakIya ane sAmAjika itihAsanAM kAraNa ra

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38 ] soca kAlathI guptakAla [31. gujarAta sAthe joDe che. e ja kAraNe pUrvamAM ujjayanI ane dhArAnA vartulamAM e Ave che ane dakSiNe seApArA sudhI enAM caraNa laMbAya che. paurANika anuzrutione Ana-surASTra ane lATa paricita che. mahAbhAratamAM AnamAM ane surASTronA aneka nirdeza che, paNa lATAneA nirdeza nathI, paraMtu sabhApamAM mahanivasina:neA ullekha che. mahAbhArata dvArakAne Ana nagara ke AnanagarI jaNAve che, para Mtu prAcIna kAlamAM Anarta-surASTranu pradeza-yugma prasiddha che. A pradezayugmanI rAjadhAnI kaI ? saiA prathama kuzasthalIne nirdeza che. je kuzAnI A sthalI che te kuzA kANu e paurANika anuzrutienI carcAnA viSaya che. ahIM eTaluM noMdhavuM basa thaze ke mahAbhArata-udyogapa mAM durgaMdhana jevA je aDhAra rAjAee peAtAnI jJAtionAsagA-saMbadhIone uccheda karyo temAM eka rASTrAnAM puzahita (surASTrAnA kurArdika) ne jaNAve che. kuzardikanA jJAti-ucchedane yAdavA sAthe kAI saMbadha che ke nahi e jANavAnu kAI sAdhana nathI, paraMtu mahAbhAratamAM sabhAparvamAM yudhiSThirane zrIkRSNa spaSTa zabdomAM kahe che ke jarAsaMdhanA bhayathI ame palAyana karavAnuM vicArI pratIcI kahetAM pazcima dizAne Azraya lIdhA ane tyAM raivatathI upazAbita ramya kuzasthalI vize niveza karyAM, ane tyAM evA "du saMskAra" karyAM ke strI paNa emAM rahI yuddha kare. tr purANAmAM paNa A khInA eka yA bIjA prakAre nAMdhAI che.4 rC/ jaina anuzrutie paNa khAravatI ' (dvAravatI) zrIkRSNapramukha yAdaveAnI rAjadhAnI hatI evuM kathana kare che. u. ta. zvetAMbara jaina-mAnya pistALIza AgamAmAM saiAthI prAcIna manAtAM bAra aMgeAmAM chaThThA aMga jJAtAdhama kathAnA (jemAM sacavAyelI anuzrutie I.sa. pUrvenA saikAonI gaNAya) pAMcamA adhya yanamAM "kharavatI 'nuM varNana che. "khAravatI'' (dvAravI) nAme nagarI hatI. e pUrvapazcima lAMbI, uttaradakSiNa vistIrNa arthAt paheALI, nava ceAjana paheALI, khAra yAjana lAMkhI hatI ItyAdi. ene sAnA jevA pravara (uttama) prAkAra (kATa) hatA ityAdi. e khAravatI nagarInI bahAra uttarapUrva dizA bhAgamAM raivataka nAme paryaMta hatA tyAdi. e raivatakathI adUra prAMte na Mdanavana nAmanuM udyAna hatu tyAdi. je udyAnamAM surapriya, nAmanu yakSAyatana hatuM. e khAravatI nagarImAM kRSNa nAme vAsudeva rAjA rahe che'.pa

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3 ju) paheluM pATanagaraH giranagara [39 - AryasthAmAcArya(Azare I. 140-15)-viracita prajJApanA nAmanA upAMgamAM sADApacIza AryakSetranI teomAMnAM pramukha nagare sahitanI paraMparA ApI che temAM vIravarsa ca dura dvAravatI nagarI ane surASTra dezane nirdeza che. IsanA cothA pAMcamA saikAmAM thayelA gaNAtA zrIsaMghadAsagaNivAcaka viracita "vasudevahiMDI" nAmanA kathAgraMthamAM majaTTA kahetAM Anarto, vRkSA kahetAM kusaTha (kuzAvarta), surA kahetAM surASTro ane suve kahetAM zuSkarASTro nAmanA cAra janapadone "pazcimasamudrasaMsthitA: pazcima samudrakAMThe AvelA kahyA che, ane A janapadanA alaMkArabhUta vAravatI-dvAravatInuM varNana karyuM che. e nagarInI bahAra raivata nAmanA parvatane TUMke varNanapUrvaka nirdeza che. "A tAravatI nagarImAM dharmabhedonA jevA lekahita karanArA daza dazAre (dazAhejAdavo) rahe che. A uparAMta bIjA prAcIna jaina graMthomAM paNa A anuzruti maLe che. Ama brAhmaNa ane jaina anuzrutio Anarta-surASTranI nagarI tarIke dvAravatIdvArakAne nirdeza kare che. e ja rIte baMne paraMparAo dvAravatI ane yAdavone paNa saMkalita kare che. A anuzrutinI viruddha kazuM pramANa nathI ane emAM kazuM asaMbhavita nathI, e nyAye ene mahAbhArata yuganI eka saMbhavita ItihAsa-vastu tarIke mAnavAmAM pramANabAdhA nathI. A bAbatane harivaMzanI anukRtione AdhAre tapAsavAthI girinagaranA asala sthAna jevA "giripura"nI bhALa lAge che, kadAca dvArakAnA asala sthAnanuM sAmIpya paNa emAMthI phalita thAya. mathurAmAMthI yAdavonA palAyananI kathA harivaMzamAM vaSNuparvanA a. padamAM ApI che, paNa e paribhramaNa kayA kayA sthaLethI thayuM enuM kAI varNana maLatuM nathI, paraMtu aMtima ke upAMtya sthaLane nirdeza che. mokhare raNavida yAdavo hatA, vAsudeva purogAmI-agresara, e rIte saMgha siMdhurAjanA anUpa-kahetAM jalapUrNa pradeze AvI paDyo (mturyapuThThAvAda) ane ahIM badhAne AnaMda thayo. A pradezanuM AgaLa varNana karatAM ene siMdhurAjano viSaya-arthAta siMdhurAjane deza kahyo che. e vipula deza sAgarathI uparobhita hato ItyAdi. tyAM nAtidare vitaka nAme parvata badhI bAjue virAjata hatA (sarvatoDamivirAgate). e parvatamAM droNe cirakAla vAsa karyo hato. emAM ghaNuM puruSo hatA ane e sarva ratnothI bhAsura hato. e rAjAnI vihArabhUmi tyAM ja sArI rIte banAvavAmAM AvI hatI.

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40] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. enuM nAma dvAravatI hatuM. ane e sArI peThe lAMbI ane aSTApopamAM kahetAM kalAsa jevI hatI;10 ityAdi. A vRttAMta uparathI phalita thAya che ke yAdavo mathurAthI siMdha ane kannA pradezamAM thaI saiArASTramAM AvyA. paraMtu A anukRtimAMthI bIjA aneka prazno upasthita thAya che. A siMdhurAja kaNa? ene viSaya kahetAM rAjyapradeza ko ke jyAMthI revataka bahu dUra na hoya ? bhaviSyapurANa pramANe siMdha, kaccha ane bhUjane eka rAjavaMza sAthe saMbaMdha dekhAya che. siMdhu nadInA taTe siMdhavarmA rAjya karatA hatA, tene siMdhudIpa nAme putra hatA, ane ene zrIpati nAme putra hato ItyAdi anukRti bha. pu. Ape che. A anukRti harivaMzanI anukRti sAthe saMvAdI che ema mAnIe to e siMdhurAjane rAjyapradeza raivataka parvata sudhI hato, jyAM eNe sArI peThe lAMbI ane kailAsanI upamA ApI zakAya tevI vihArabhUminI racanA karI hatI, jenuM nAma dvAravatI hatuM. A sthAne zrIkRSNa paNa navI nagarI vasAvI ane tyAM dhruva vAsa karyo. leka 34 mAM ThAravatI prApta karI-pAmyA, ane bleka 35 mAM kRSNa dvAravatI gayA evo spaSTa nirdeza che. zrIkRSNanI hAravatI ke dvArakA kyAM che ke kyAM hatI e moTA vivAdane viSaya che, jenuM mahAbhArata ane purANanA badhA ullekhonuM samAdhAna kare evuM nirAkaraNa zakya lAgatuM nathI, kAraNa ke e badhA ullekhamAM samudra ane raivataka parvatanuM sAmaya svIkRta che, ane hAlanI dvArakA pAse raivataka nathI ane raivataka (giranAra) pAse samudra nathI. paraMtu harivaMzanI A anuzrutinuM, siMdhurAjanI raivatakamAM AvelI vihArabhUminuM nAma dhAravatI hatuM ane e sArI peThe lAMbI ane aSTApada-kailAsa jevI UMcI ane vizALa hatI e tAtparya mahatvanuM che, kAraNa ke e parvata pAsenI DuMgarALa vasAhata sUcave che. A DuMgarALa vasAhatanuM mukhya nagara kayuM haze? harivaMza ane nirdeza kare che. dAna madhu haryazvane madhuvana vinAnuM potAnuM rAjya ApatAM ane e vanamAM lavaNa ene sahAyaka thaze evI khAtarI ApatAM AgAhI kare che ke "ahIM rahete haIza evAmAM ja" mahata-durga giripura tAro "pArthivAvAsa" thaze, jene viSaya kahetAM pradeza surASTra che, je surASTra samudrate pANIthI bharapUra ane nirAmaya che. Anarta nAmanuM mahAna ane vistRta tAruM rASTra thaze. kAlagathI huM AvuM bhaviSya mAnuM chuM.13

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3] paheluM pATanagara girinagara [1 daitya madhu varuNAlayamAM tapavAsamAM jAya che. pachI uparanI bhaviSyavANI pramANe haryazva Acare che. e divya uttama girivaramAM vAsa mATe purane vasAve che. Anarta nAmanuM e rASTra surASTra ane godhanathI bhareluM thoDA kALamAM samRddha thAya che. anupa pradezamAM ane velAvana(samudrakAMThAnA vana)thI vibhUSita, khetaranA anAjathI DhaMkAyelA, killAo ane grAmothI bharelA AbAda evA e rASTranuM rASTravardhana e rAjAe zAsana karyuM. 14 AmAM paNa surASTra evA A Anarta rASTramAM girimAM haryazvapura vasAvyuM enuM arthAta giripuranuM samarthana che. zrIkRSNa-balarAma sarASTramAM AvyA e pahelAM yAdavonAM keTalAMka kuLa tyAM rahetAM hatAM evI harivaMzanI anukRti che. haryadhane-je giripuramAM vasati hato tene-madhumatIthI yadu nAmane putra thayo, ane e pAMca nAgakanyAo sAthe lagna karI pAMca putra utpanna karyAH mucukuMda, padmavarNa, mAdhava, sArasa ane harita. AmAM mAdhava je yeSTha putra hato te yadunA svapuramAM-arthAta saMdarbhathI giripuramAM-yuvarAja tarIke rahyo, ane harite mAtAmahanA sAgaradIpanuM pAlana karyuM. A sAgaradIpa te kaccha ke zaMkhoddhAra saMbhave che. samudra-janya saMpatti ane enA vepAranuM harivaMzamAM varNana che. mucukuMde viMdhya-kSavAna(sAtapUDA)nA pradezomAM, padmavarSe sahyAdrimAM ane enI dakSiNe sArase purIo vasAvI.15 A anuzrutimAM tathya hoya te ema kahI zakAya ke zrIkRSNa mathurAmAMthI jarAsaMdha ane kAlayavananAM AkramaNemAMthI bacavA yAdavone laIne surASTramAM vasatAM pitAnAM sagAMvahAlAM pAse AvyA. AnuM vadhAre samarthana paNa harivaMzamAMthI maLe che. rakamiNI-svayaMvaramAMthI pAchA mathurA AvatAM garUDe 16 (badhI paristhiti samajyo hato e kAraNe) zrIkRSNane vinaMtI karI ke huM revatanI kuzasthalIe jaIza, ramya raivatagirie jaIza, ane tyAM je tamArA vAsane yogya bhUmi haze ane tyAM tamArI ramya nagarI thAya evuM haze te kaMTakeharaNa karI-arthAta vine dUra karI tamArI pAse AvIza.17 zrIkRSNa mathurA pahoMcyA e pachI garuDa pAcho AvI pote zuM karI AvyuM e kahe che. "ApanI pAsethI nIkaLI ApanA vAsagya bhUmi jevA mATe kuzasthalI gaye, AkAzamAM rahI badhI bAjue avalokana karyuM ane eka lakSaNa-pUjita purI joI je sAgara ane jalapUra pradezathI vipula, pUrve ane uttara plavathI kahetAM sugaMdhi tRNathI 8 zItala, badhI bAjue udadhi hema

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42 ] mauya kAlathI guptakAla [ pra. e rIte madhyamAM rahelI ane devAne paNa abhedya evI, '' ityAdi kuzasthalI nagarInuM varNana karI garuDa a Mte kahe che : rAjAonA vAsA mATe viziSTa evI e nagarIttamA purI che, surAlaya evA girizreSTha raivata ke je naMdana jevA che. tene puradrAranuM bhraSaNa karo. tyAM jaI te adhivAsa karAvA. e traNe leAkamAM dAravatI nAme oLakhAze. jo maheAdhi DhAMkelI bhUmi Ape evuM bane teA vizvakarmA yaceSTa karma karaze.19 A ullekhe! e sUcave che ke zrIkRSNe raivatakanA pradezamAM sAgara pAse navI nagarI mATe bhUmi mAgI nagarInuM nirmANa karyu haze, AkAzamAM rahI garuDe karelu. saiArASTranI bhUminu nirIkSaNa e dhyAna kheMce evI bAbata che. badhI bAjue je sAgara dekhAya che te karazasthalInI AjubAju che ema mAnavA karatAM badhI bAjue jyAM sAgara che tevA pradezamAM ene kuzasthalI dekhAya che, ane e rIte ene AkAzamAMthI raivataka paNa dekhAya, arthAt saiArASTranI khe bhaugolika vizeSatAo-badhI bAjue samudra ane UMcA raivataka e enuM khAsa dhyAna kheMce.20 raivataka vize paNa harivaMzanI anuzruti noMdhavI joIe. giripuranu pAlana karatA mAdhavanI saMtatimAM " raivata' thAya che, enA putra RkSane janma. ramya paryaMta zikhare thayA, tethI e paryaMtanu nAma " raivata' thayuM, sAgaranI smRtike raivataka nAme bhUmidhara bhUmimAM prasiddha thayA.21 rivazamAM AvatAM varNana uparathI khe bAbateA spaSTa thAya che. eka te saiArASTramAM raivataka pAse giripura ane bIjI e ke zrIkRSNe giripura, kuzasthalI, za khAdvAra beTa Adi saurASTranAM sthAnAmAM rahetA svakuLanA yAdave pAse Azraya lIdho. AmAMthI eka anumAna thaI zake : zrIkRSNe raivatakathI nAtidU sAgara pAsethI jamIna laIne sAgarakAMThe kuzasthalInuM dvAravatIrUpe navu nirmANa karyuM. A je hAya te kharuM, paNa harivaMzanI anuzrutimAM jo kAMI tathya hoya tA ema kahI zakAya ke raivataka pAse giripura nAme dugA~ hatA, jyAM yAdaveAnA pUrvajo rahetA hatA. rakSaNanI ane AbAdInI dRSTie samudrathI nAtidUra AvelA A giripradeza ane tyAMnuM giripura e zrIkRSNapramukha yAdaveAne " dhruva nivAsa'' mATe yeAgya lAgyAM e anuzrutinuM samana saurASTranI bhaugAlika sthiti kare che.

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3 ju]. paheluM pATanagara girinagara [43 saurASTranI uttare kacchane akhAta che, pUrve khaMbhAtanA akhAta che, dakSiNa ane pazcime arabI samudra che, paraMtu saurASTra prAgU-aitihAsika kAlamAM eka dvIpa haze ema bhUstarazAstrIo kahe che. je khADI kacchanA akhAtane khaMbhAtanA akhAta sAthe joDatI haze te kAle karIne keme krame siMdhu nadInI prAcIna pUrva zAkhAnA temaja lUNI, banAsa, rUpeNa tathA sAbaramatIne kAMpathI bharAI gaI. A kudaratI prakriyAe saurASTrane pUrvottare gujarAtanI mukhya bhUmi sAthe joDI dIdhuM ane je dvIpa hatuM te dvIpakalpa banato rahyo.22 uttara bhArata sAthe joDatA Doka jevA A sAMkaDA bhUmibhAge ane bIjI badhI bAjue laherAtA samudra saurASTrane evI bhaugolika lAkSaNikatA apa ke ethI enI vasAhato ane teonA itihAsanuM e ghaTaka baLa banyuM. eka bAjue bhAratanA pazcima kinArAnI uttara dizAne cheDe ene sthAna maLyuM ane ethI uttara-pazcimathI AvatA mAnavasaMskAranA pravAha tarapha e abhimukha thaye, te bIjI badhI bAjunA samudra ene, jema keTalAka kahe che tema, Culde-sac banAvI dIdhe, arthAta jemAM pravezadvAra che, paNa nirgamanane mArga nathI tevI zerI banAvI dIdho. prAcIna kALathI Akramaka ToLIo athavA yAdavo jevAM Azraya zodhatAM mAnavakuLo emAM paMjAba ane siMdhamAMthI AvI zake, paNa bIjI badhI bAjue samudrane sAme dekhAte joIne nigamanane utsAha rahe nahi. Ama prAcIna kAlathI mAnavakule ane emanI saMskRtionI saurASTra saMgrahabhUmi banI che.23 saurASTranuM bhUmitala paNa Azraya zodhanArAone saMrakSaNa kAje AkarSaka che. uttarapUrva cheDeka bhAga bAda karIe to e sarvatra TekarIothI nimnannatataraMgita thayelI bhUmi che. enI be girimALAo-eka uttara-pUrve ane bIjI dakSiNa-pazcime-samAnAMtara rekhAoe e pradezane kApe che. emAM dakSiNapazcimanI girimALAnA pradeza prAcIna kALathI vasAhata ane ItihAsanA kSetra jevA che. pazcima cheDethI zarU thaI samudrakAMThethI thoDAka mAIlanA aMtare mAMgaroLa (meraTha)thI nAtidUre ene AraMbha thAya che, ane pUrve ziheranI pAse thaIne khaMbhAtanA akhAtanA jaLanI dRSTimAM e namI paDe che. saurASTranA dvIpakalpane dakSiNa bhAge Avare evuM "dhanuSa" (arc) kalpIe to e pradezamAM vadhAremAM, vadhAre UMcAIo che. A dakSiNapUrva vistaratI girimALAmAM sauthI unnata giranAra che, dariyAnI sapATIthI 117 mITara (3666 phUTa) nI UMcAIvALo. gIranI TekarIomAM dariyAkheDuone jamInanI nizAnI tarIke dekhAte, naMdIvale paNa dhyAna kheMce che.

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44] moryakAlathI guptakAla [ma. prAgRtihAsakAlathI je koI mAnava-vasAhata saurASTramAM sthapAI haze te A dakSiNa vibhAgamAM che. yAdavonuM AzrayasthAna paNa e vibhAga ja bane che. e ja vibhAgane giranAra paNa ItihAsa ane dharmanuM kSetra banyo che.24 ApaNe joIe chIe ke "vasudevahiMDI,' (Azare I.sa.ne pAMcame seke) nAmanA jaina kathAgraMthamAM caDatI paDatI anubhavatA eka samudravepArI cArudattanI kathA che. 25 e priyaMgupaTTaNa (ghaNuM karIne baMgALamAM) thI vahANa bharI nAvike ane nokare sAthe "rAjazAsanathI paTTo" meLavI vepAra arthe nIkaLI paDe che. jalamArge jatAM ene leka (jagata) jalamaya dekhAya che. cIna sthAnamAM vANijya karI suvarNabhUmi (sumAtrA ke barmA), kamalapura (kabuja), yavanadIpa vidIpajAvA), ane siMhalathI vaLAMka laIne (varuM ne) pazcime babara (barbori kena), yavana( sikaMdariyAnuM baMdara)mAM ATha keTi dhana pedA karI samuyAtrA karato saurASTrakUlethI ( kinArethI) jatAM, kinAre dekhAya che tevAmAM vAvAjhoDuM thatAM, enuM vahANa naSTa thaI jAya che. eka pATiyAne AdhAre taratAM taratAM sAta rAta mojAMemAM athaDAte kuTAte eka "uMbarAvaIvelA" (uMbarAvatInI kinArApaTI)mAM e pheMkAI Ave che. khArA pANIthI sapheda zarIravALo e eka jALA (kuDaMga) nIce visAme letA hoya che tyAM eka tridaMDI AvI ene potAnA maThamAM laI jAya che ane e tridaMDI suvarNarasanI lAlaca ApI ene hiMsaka pazuothI bharelI aTavImAM laI jaI parvatanI guphAmAM ghAsathI DhaMkAyelA kUvAmAM utAre che. cArudatta rasakuMDamAMthI tridaMDInI tuMbaDI bharI laI deraDI halAve che eTale tridaMDI tuMbaDI "upara kheMcI laI cArudattane laTakato rAkhe che. kUvAmAMthI eka ne vaLagI e upara Ave che. tyAMthI nAsIne vanamAM bhaTakato "catuSpatha" (jyAM cAra mArgo bhegA thAya tevuM sthAna) dekhAtAM tyAM jAya che ane tyAM ene ene jUno saMbaMdhI rudradatta maLe che. rudradatta ene utsAha ApI pharI vepAra karAvavA "rAyapura" laI jAya che ane tyAMthI eka sAthenI sAthe "siMdhusAgarasaMgamanadI"ne oLaMgI uttarapUrva dizAmAM jAya che, tyAdi. Ama A kathA saurASTranA dariyAnA tephAnanI jhAMkhI karAve che. emAM "saurASTrakUla'', enA upara "uMbarAvatIlA', "rAyapura" ane "siMdhusAgarasaMgamanadI"nA nirdeze saurASTranI samudrakAMThAnI bhUgoLano khyAla Ape che. uMbarAvatIvelA e velAkula verAvaLa hoya athavA pAsenA vana ane DuMgarane ullekha jatAM gIramAM Avela naMdIvelA pAsene samudrakAMThe heya.

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3 ju] paheluM pATanagaraH girinagara [5. ApaNe joIzuM ke sAtamI sadImAM A pradezamAM Avele cInI yAtrI yuana kvAMga nedhe che ke "suraTha"(surASTra)nI rAjadhAnIne pradeza "samudrakAMThe jatAM dhorI mArga upara hovAthI tyAMnA vAsIo samudrane upayoga kare che. ane dhaMdhe vepArIo che." harivaMza jyAM giripura havAne nirdeza kare che tyAM girinagara hevAnA purAvA ItihAsa pramANita che, paraMtu itihAsakAlamAM ThArakA pATanagara rahyuM ke girinagara thayuM e praznane paNa vicAra karavo joIe. Do. motIcaMdra jaina anukRtimAM gaNAvelA sADA pacIsa dezane maurya sAmrAjyanI "bhutio" gaNe che. sadgata DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla A abhiprAyanuM samarthana kare che, paraMtu A gaNanAmAM "magadho "nI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha kahI che ane mauryakAlamAM ane e pahelAM magadhanI rAjadhAnI rAjagRhathI pATaliputra AvI gaI hatI ene khulAse De. motIcaMdra evo kare che ke maurya yugamAM paNa rAjagRhanuM dhArmika ane rAjanaitika mahattva rahyuM hatuM, arthAta magadhanI. rAjadhAnI pATaliputra thayA chatAM jaina anuzrutimAM rAjagRha ja mukhya nagara rahyuM, paraMtu teo kahe che ke prAcIna surASTranI rAjadhAnI dhAravatI hatI te jemanI tema rahI hatI. 27 arthAta mauryakAlamAM paNa surASTranI rAjadhAnI hAravatI hatI, paNa je khulAso rAjagRha ane pATaliputra mATe cAle e ThAravatI ane girinagara mATe paNa na cAle ? arthAta ThAravatInuM dhArmika mahattva rahyuM, paNa rAjadhAnI girinagara banyuM. che paraMtu AvI rIte anubhUtine ghaTAvavI paDe enA karatAM ema dhAravuM vadhAre ucita che ke mauryakAla pahelAMnA kAlanI paraMparA emAM che. pachI thayelA. itihAsIya parivartana pramANe e anukRti badalAI nathI. 2. mauryakAlIna girinagara giranAra-jUnAgaDhamAMnA trilekha zaila paranA abhilekhomAMthI ahIM girinagara pUratA ullekha joIe. rudradAmAna abhilekha I. sa. 150 pachI turata ja kotarAyeluM che. 28 enI pahelI paMktimAM ja pharuM tAruM surane nirAzAt (A sudarzana taLAva girinagarathI) e rIte emAM girinagara ane sudarzana taLAvanA ullekha che. abhilekhanI pAMcamI paMkitamAM giri Urjayatane nirdeza che. ane paMkti pa6mAM suvarNa.

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. siktA vilAsinI ane palAzinI nadIonAM nAma che. e uparAMta bIjI nadIene sAmAnya ullekha "prabhUti"thI karyo che. 29 jUnAgaDhamAM bAvA yArAnA nAmathI oLakhAtA maTha pAse jUnAgaDhathI pUrvamAM AvelI guphAonA jUtha sAmenA eka bhoMyarAmAMthI kSatrapa jayadAmAnA patranA arthAta rudradAmAnA putranA samayanA miti vinAnA abhilekhanI trIjI paMktimAM "nire" (girinagaramAM) e nirdeza che.30 gupta samrATa skaMdaguptane lekha I.sa. 458 nI sAlana che. emAM 20 mA ane 38 mA zlokamAM sthaLane nirdeza "nagara" zabdathI karyo che. 31 "nagarathI ahIM "girinagara' ja uddiSTa che emAM zaMkA nathI. rAjadhAnIo ke moTAM zaherone phakata "nagara" ke "pattana" ke "pATaNa" kahevAnA pradhAtanuM e sUcaka che. A abhilekhamAM zloka 28 mAM revataka" ane bleka 2mAM "Urjayata' nAma prayojAyuM che. raivatakamAMthI nIkaLelI nadIo mATe "palAzinI sikatA vilAsinI' evo zabdaprayoga che. keTalAka AmAM palAzinI ane sikatAvilAsina (suvarNasikatA) evI be nadIo ghaTAve che, to keTalAka "sikatAvilAsinI'ne palAzinInuM vizeSaNa gaNe che, paraMtu pUrvApara paMktiomAM Apela bahuvacananA prayogo jotAM ahIM palAzinI, (suvarNa)sikatA ane vilAsinI, e traNa nadIo uddiSTa hevI saMbhave che.31 mahodadhine varSAgamathI thayela mahezvama joIne priyesu (priya prApta karavAnI IcchAvALA) Urjayate tIrAMta upara UgelAM aneka puSpothI zobhita evo nadImaya hasta jANe prasArita karyo (zleka 29)22. AmAM noMdhavA jevuM e che ke -Urjata varSathI thayelA mahodadhine mahendrama jue che, ane priya prApta karavAnI IcchAthI pitAne puSpAbhita nadImaya hasta laMbAve che. UrjAyata uparathI mahedadhi dekhAtuM hoya to kavi AvI kalpanA kare. Ama A abhilekho IsAnA bIjA saikAthI Isa. nA pAMcamA saikA sudhI girinagarane Urjayata ane raivataka girionA sAMnidhyamAM nizcita kare che. (harivaMzanuM giripura paNa tyAM ja hatuM.) A be nAme Urjayata ane raivataka eka ja girine sucave che ke be giri ene e eka carcAspada muddo banyA che. keTalIka brAhmaNa ane jaina anukRtio baMne nAma eka giri mATe vAparatI lAge che. AcArya hemacaMdra "abhidhAnaciMtA

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3 ju] pahelu. pATanagara: girinagara [ 40 maNimAM ubnayA raivatta: (4-97) karI baMnene eka ja gaNe che, paraMtu kadapurANanA prabhAsakhaMDanA vastrApatha-mAhAtmyanA ullekhA temaja bIjA purANAnA ullekhA A khe nAma e girie mATe vApare che ema spaSTa tApa nIkaLe che.33 rakadaguptane abhilekha e najIkanA pahADA mATe e nAma vApare che ema mAnavuM ucita lAge, paNa rudradAmAnA abhilekha suvarNasikatA ane palAzinI UyatmAMthI nIkaLe che ema sUcave che, jyAre ska MdaguptanA abhilekha palAzinI raivatakamAMthI nIkaLe che ema sUcave che. A virodhane parihAra ema thaI zake ke rudradAmAnA samayamAM e badhA pahADA Uyat nAme prasiddha haze ane skaMdaguptanA samayamAM e pahADe! mATe e nAmeA pracalita haze. rudradAmAnA girinagaranA abhilekha pratihAsa mATe mahattvanI khIjI keTalIka ghaTanAenI noMdha le che. sudarzana taLAvane pUrva vRttAMta ApatAM e lekhane racayitA kahe che ke mau` rAjA caMdraguptanA rASTriya (sALA, prAMtika sUkSmA) vaizya puSpagupte karAvelu, azAka mauryanA yavanarAja tuSAphe RSiSTAya (arthAt zAsana nIce laIne) praNALIethI alaMkRta kareluM ane eNe (tuSAphe) rAjAne anurUpa '' vidhAnA ''(racanA) karAvelI (5.8-9). A be nirdezAthI A sthAna maurya caMdragupta (lagabhaga I.pU. 322-298) ane enA pautra azAka (lagabhaga I.pU. 273-237)nI ANumAM hatu e spaSTa thAya che. maurya kAlamAM Anata-saiArASTranuM zAsana-nagara kayAM haze ene spaSTa ullekha nathI, paraMtu ca Mdragupte A sthaLe sudarzana karAvyuM ane azoke ene sudRDha karI praNALIothI alakRta karyuM... e uparathI anumAna karI zakAya che ke maurya yugamAM paNa ' girinagara 'gujarAtanuM adhiSThAna hatuM. sAthI prabaLa purAveA e che ke azoke peAtAnI dharmalipienA jAheranAmA mATe A sthaLane pasaMda karyu,34 . bhAratanA prAMcIna tihAsanA tajjJA eveA mata dharAve che ke caMdragupta maurye peAtAnA vizALa sAmrAjyanA yeAgya vahIvaTa mATe enI alaga alaga pradezAmAM vaheMcaNI karI hatI. A vyavasthA-paddhatinI preraNA ene IrAnanA hakhAmanI zahenazAheAnI zAsanapraNAlImAMthI maLI hatI ema dhAravAmAM Ave che.35 azAkanA abhilekhAmAM te| prAdezika zAsanavyavasthAnA spaSTa ullekhA che.36 bhAratanA pUrva bhAgamAM AvelA pATaliputranA samrATe dakSiNapazcime mahattvanu 2-4

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mo kAlathI guptakAla [x. zAsana-adhiSThAna ujjayinImAM rAkhatA, ane enI dakSiNa-pazcime Ana-surASTra mATe zAsana-adhiSThAna girinagara rAkhatA. A yAjanA yavaneA kSatrA ane guptonA kAla daramyAna paNa cAlu rahI lAge che; 49] caMdragupta maurye purANa-prasiddha hAravatIne badale girinagarane peAtAnuM zAsananagara banAvyuM emAM e peAtAnA pradezanA anubhavane anusaryA hAya ema lAge che. pATaliputramAM vasatA e samrATanI najara AgaLa evu giritraja (rAjagRha) hatuM. giritraja eTale girione vADA. sArASTramAM AvuM sthAna caMdraguptane athavA enA adhikArI puSpaguptane Uyat ane samIpanA girienA vADAmAM sUjhe e saMgata che. hariva MzanI anuzrutinu tathya svIkArIete e bhoMye giripurane 'girinagara' banAvyuM ema mAnI zakAya. jUnI vasAhatA upara ke pAse navI vasAhata vasAvAnI praNAlI qhatihAsa-prasiddha che. 16 janapada vasAvavAnI bAbatanI carcA karatAM kauTilya37 ' bhUtapUrva '' eTale ke jyAM pahelAM vasavATa hAya tyAM paNa janapada vasAvavAnA vikalpa Ape che.38 caMdragupte ke enA adhikArIe giripura pAse ke enI upara * girinagara ' vasAvyu` hoya ke taddana navu girinagara vasAvyuM hoya teA emAM paNa kauTilyanu samarthAMna che. e jAta jAtanA durgAnA vidhAnanI carcA karatAM " pAta durgaM ''nI sUcanA kare che. AvA durgI prastara eTale kaTaka-zilAone--" guhA " enA hAya. ahIM guhAnA artha sAdI guphA nathI lAgatA, paNa girimAMnI aMdaranI khANA ke evA gRhana kare-saMtADe tevA pradeza, (aMgrejImAM jene ravine kahI zakAya tevuM sthAna hoya) ema lAge che. nadIdurgA ane patadu janapadanA saMrakSaNanuM sthAna che.39 zz kauTilye . " samudaya ''nA sthAnanI--sthAnIyanI racanA vize je kahyuM che te girinagarane ThIka lAgu paDe evu che. samudaya-sthAna eTale rAjyAdhikArasthAna, (Seat of Sovereigns) ane sthAnIya eTale killAvALI rAjadhAnI (Fortified Capital) evA zAma zAstrI a kare che.40 Avu sthAnIya janapadanI madhyamAM hAvuM joI e, girinagara e saurASTra janapadanI lagabhaga madhyamAM gaNAya. sthAnIyatuM nivezana vAstuvidyA ke vAstuvide prazasta gaNe tevA dezamAM, nadIonA saMgamasthAne athavA na sukAtuM hAya tevA hadanA aMkamAM athavA kudaratI sarovara OM mAnavaracita taLAvanA aMkamAM karavu. ene AkAra gALa hAya, laMbacorasa hAya athavA cArasa hAya. vAstunI AvazyakatA pramANe (vAstuvaze), ane jyAM pANI

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[49 3ju], paheluM pATanagara girinagara DAbethI jamaNe hoya (kakSaLom) ane jyAM sthalamArga ane jalamArga AvatA hoya tevuM paNya-puTabhedana hoya eTale ke mAlanA pUDAe jyAM UghaDatA hoya tevuM bajAra athavA je AvuM vANijya vepAra mATe anukULa hoya tevuM e sthAnIya hoya.41 mAnasAra (I.sa. 500 thI 700 nA gALAmAM) je sAta prakAranA darbho gaNAve che temAM sai prathama giridurga che. A giridurganA traNa prakAre che : parvatothI AvRta madhyamAM, parvatanI samIpamAM ane parvatanA agra pradezamAM 4ra girinagara jo giritrajanA dhoraNe sthapAyuM hoya to e kadAca pahelA prakArana-parvatothI AvRta madhyamAM evo giridurga hoya. mAnasAra pramANe nagaranuM nAnAmAM nAnuM mApa 100 x 200 daMDa arthAta 400 4 800 hasta (cubit) ane moTAmAM moTuM mApa 7200 x 14400 daMDa arthAta 28,800 4 57,600 hasta ApavAmAM AvyuM che.43 girinagaranA avazeSo hajI pUratA pramANamAM zodhAyA nathI, ane je zodhAyA che te uparathI e kayA prakArano giriduMga haze, eno vistAra keTale haze, e gALa, corasa, ke laMbacorasa haze e cokakasa kahI zakAtuM nathI.44 paraMtu tyAM sthalamAge ane jalamArge vepAra calAvatuM vANijyakendra hatuM enAM sUcano ApaNane maLe che. e pradezamAM kudaratI sarevara haze ke nahi e paNa Aje kahI zakAya nahi, jevuM ke Abu upara nakhI sarovara che ke nainItAlamAM tenI sarovara che; paraMtu jemAM pANI na sukAya tevuM taDAga to caMdragupta karAvyuM hatuM, kadAca setu (baMdha) bAMdhIne, ane e rIte eNe e UNapane pUrI karI. setu bAMdhIne banAvelA A taLAvane lAbha nahera dvArA khetIne maLato hato. kauTilyanuM arthazAstra A bAbatamAM spaSTa Adeza Ape che: "tuvA: sanAM canaH nityAnuSa to fha varSaguNAmaH setuvApu setubaMdha saspenI yoni che, arthAta setubaMdhathI anAja utpanna thAya che. setuthI thayelI vAvaNane varasAdanA guNane paNa lAbha maLe che.45 A setubaMdhanI vyavasthA rAjya karatuM eTale enA upara kara levAto. samAhartAe (eTale AjanA revanyUkalekaTare) durga, rASTra, khANa, vana, vraja, vaNikRpatha upara jema kara ugharAvavAnI najara rAkhavAnI tema setu upara paNa rAkhavAnI.41 i-2-4

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50 ] moryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. caMdragupta maurya pachI biMdusAra amitrana (lagabhaga I. pU. ra9-273) pATaliputranA siMhAsane virAje che. girinagaranA ItihAsamAM ene nirdeza eka bauddha pAlI anukRtinA kAraNe karavo jarUrI che. patavaryuM ane enI TIkA paramatyadIpanI suranA eka rAjA nAme piMgalanI kathA Ape che : "e biMdusAranA rAjyanA soLamA varSamAM gAdIe Avyo. ene naMdaka nAme senApati hato, jeNe piMgalane koI eka "sthiriTTi' (nAstika daSTi-darzana)mAM zraddhAvALo karyo hato. pitAnA navA darzananA ullAsamAM eNe pATaliputranA samrATa dharmAzikane potAnA matamAM lAvavAno vicAra karyo ane moTI senA sAthe e pATaliputra UpaDo (piMpo nA dhammANo go govA vAtuM jato), paNa enuM pariNAma e AvyuM ke piMgala pote ja azokanA bauddha dharmamAM AsthAvALe thayo.47 biMdusAra pachI azokanA zAsana nIce Anarta-sairASTra Ave che enA be purAvAone upara nirdeza thayo che: 1. giranAranI kaTakazilA upara devonA priya priyadarzI rAjAnI dharmalipio ane 2. radradAmAna abhilekha. azokanA girinagarane adhikArI yavanarAja tuSArpha hato. eNe caMdragupta karAvelA taLAvane prajALIothI alaMkRta karyuM hatuM ane rAjAne anurUpa e taLAvanI racanA karI hatI eno nirdeza upara thaye che. bhaDAvaMzanI anuzruti pramANe aparAMta-jemAM Anarta rASTra-lATa samAveza thAya,-temAM dharmapracAra karavA mATe dharmarakSitane mokalavAmAM Avyo hato, je paNa yavana hato.48 girinagaramAM I.pU. trIjA saikAmAM thayelI dharmaghoSaNAmAM mahattva te sAdA sadAcArane ApavAmAM AvyuM che. bhAratavarSanI badhI dizAomAM azokanI A dharmalipio kotarAyelI che. enuM pariNAma lokajIvana upara vicArIe to emAM bhAratIya saMskRtinI ekatAnuM mahattvavALuM kAraNa dekhAze. gujarAtamAM vaselI prajAone sAMskRtika ItihAsa joIe te emAM pazudayA ane dharmasahiSaNutA e be lakSaNo tarI Avaze. eno artha evo nathI ke tyAM prANI-hiMsAne ke paMthakalone sarvathA abhAva hato. AvuM to mAnavasamAjamAM banavuM duSkara! paraMtu gujarAtanA sAMskRtika jIvanamAM samavAyo gva sAdhu (dharmAiipa 12) (sAthe maLIne rahevuM) evuM laDhaNa kaMIka samajAya che. emAM azokanI dharmalipione keTale hise haze enA sIdhA purAvA te maLe nahi, paNa prajAonA sAmAjika-sAmUhika jIvanamAM AvA saMskAro eka vAra rAjazAsanathI ke dharmazAsanathI paDI gayA hoya te jAye-ajAye e prajAne vAraso thAya che

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8 ju]. paheluM pATanagaraH girinagara [51 ane evo vAraso sAcavavAmAM prajAnI prakRti temaja vANijya Adi vyavasAya ane kudaratI baLe paNa madada kare che. - gujarAtamAM azokanA zAsanathI bauddha dharmane prabhAva vadhato cAle tema enA pautra saMpratinA zAsanathI jaina dharmane prabhAva thato dekhAya che. ene sairASTrane pharIthI sara karavo paDyo e nizIthacUrNimAM ApelI jaina anuzrutithI (tenA suviyo vadhA mitra vicA) jaNAya che. saMprati ujayinImAM yuvarAja hato tyAre A pradeza upara potAnI svataMtra sattA pharI sthApita karI haze e itihAsavida muni zrI kalyANavijayajIne mata che.* bRhakalpasUtra uparanA zrIsaMghadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNakRta bhASyamAM be sthaLe nirdeza che (gAthA 292-298: pR. 87: ane gAthA 3ra75-3289: pR. 917kara1) temAM saMpratie jaina dharmane pracAra kevI rIte karyo enuM varNana che (gA. 3283, 3289, pR. 928-25). A anukRtione vaNane AcArya hemacaMdra pariziSTa parva(sarga 11)mAM saMpratinI kathA ApI che temAM vizeSamAM ema kahyuM che ke saMpratie trikhaMDa bharatakSetrane jinAyatanothI (jinamaMdirethI) vaitADhaya parvata sudhI maMDita karyuM (le. 65). saMpratie zatruMjaya para tathA bharukacchamAM jaina maMdira baMdhAvyAM evuM "vividhatIrthakalpa" tathA "prabhAvacarita" jaNAve che.pa0 giranAra uparanAM maMdiro paNa saMpratie pahelAM baMdhAvyAM evI jemAM kiMvadaMtI che. 3. anumauryakAlIna girinagara moryo pachI pATaliputramAM zuMgonuM Adhipatya jevAmAM Ave che. Anarta ke saurASTra upara zuMgenuM Adhipatya haze ke nahi enA sIdhA purAvA nathI, paraMtu kAusesa ema mAne che ke saurASTra upara paNa emanuM Adhipatya haze. 51 paraMtu e pachI yavanonuM (baeNphaTriyAnA grIkanuM) Adhipatya srarASTra upara cembu dekhAya che.para " ahIM eTaluM ja noMdhavuM prApta thAya che ke je bekaTro-grIka sikkAo yavananuM sairASTra Adi pradezamAM Adhipatya hovAnuM sUcave che te ThIka ThIka saMkhyAmAM jUnAgaDhanA arthAta prAcIna girinagaranA sAMnidhyamAM maLyA che. AvA sikkAone eka meTA rAzi-apaladatanA trAMbAnA sikkAone-Isa. 1882mAM eka kheDUtane mATInA ghaDAmAMthI maLe hato.53

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para] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. rAjAdhirAja apaladatanA, jUnAgaDhamAMthI maLelA, rAzimAM be prakAra cheeka cerasa ane bIje goLa ane moTe. corasa sikkAnI cattI bAjue UbhelA epolenI AkRti che, jenA jamaNe hAthamAM tIra che. mathALe ane AjubAju grIka lakhANa che, jeno artha thAya che "rAjA trAtA, pitRpremI (Father-Lover) apaladatano." pAchalI bAjue eNpalanuM tripAI (Tripod), eka maeNne grAma sAthe DAbI bAjue kharoSThI akSara "ra" ane mudraNa pachI prAkRtamAM mAragara tratarasa mAtA che. gALa sikakAonI cattI bAju rasa jevI ja mudrita che. pAchalI bAjue epolenuM tripeIjenI jamaNI-DAbI bAjue khareNI-prAkRtamAM ane AjubAju goLa mudraNa mahIrAnA tratarasa atire che.54 periplasane lekhaka (I.sa. 70) kahe che ke Aja dina sudhI grIka lakhANavALA apaladata ane 5 menanA sikakAo barUgajha(bharUca)mAM pracAramAM che. A ja lekhaka surASTrane (Surastrene) arthAta surASTranuM varNana karatAM kahe che ke "A bhAgamAM Aja dina sudhI sikaMdaranI caDAInAM smArake, jUnAM maMdira, chAvaNIonA pAyA, ane moTA kUvAo vidyamAna che." have itihAsa kahe che ke ATale sudhI sikaMdara AvyA ja na hato, eTale A kathanamAM nirdiSTa maMdira, chAvaNIo ane kUvAo sairASTramAM bekiTrayana-grIka AdhipatyanA avazeSa che ema mAnavAmAM Ave che.pa6 perisane lekhaka (Isa. 70) surASTranI rAjadhAnInuM nAma minanagara Ape che. . ge.no lekhaka kahe che ke paMDita bhagavAnalAla iMdrajI ema dhAratA hatA ke "girinagara" ne bhUlathI "minanagara" lakhyuM che. pa7 TelemI (Ptolemy)nI bhUgoLamAM ullekha che ke soraTha ane monoplesama athavA mAMgaroLa(seraTha)nA aMdaranA bhAgamAM minanagara che. A batAve che ke jUnAgaDha ke giranAra "minanagara" nAme paNa jANItAM hatAM. A nAma "mine" uparathI paDyuM hoya ke minenDaranA "mina" uparathI paDyuM hoya, paraMtu minanagara' to anyatra che, eTale lemIne "agrinagara" e kadAca girinagara heya evI aTakaLa karavAmAM Ave che.58 giranAra mahAtmamAM nirdiSTa maNipura e minanagaranuM sUcaka che evuM sUcana jekasane karyuM che.pa9 A badhI aTakaLomAM che. bhagavAnalAla iMdrajInI aTakaLa vadhAre baMdhabesatI lAge che. azokane saiArASTrane adhikArI yavana tuSApha girinagaramAM ja zAsana karatA

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3 ju] paheluM pATanagara girinagara [53 hatA, enI sAthe bIjA yavane paNa girinagaramAM hoya, e kAyamI rahyA hoya e sthiti prApta che. bekagrIkene girinagara paricita hatuM ane tethI emanA rAjAoe paNa girinagarane pitAnA zAsana-nagara tarIke cAlu rAkhyuM hoya. emanA sikkAomAMthI ema lAge ke A yavana rAjAo Arya saMskRtIkaraNanI" prakriyAmAM hatA, ane milindAnandra) te parama bauddha thaI gayo hato. - jema minanagara "mine"nuM ke menandranuM nagara kalpI girinagaranuM yavanakAlamAM bIjuM nAma paDyAnI kalpanA keTalAka vidvAnoe karI tema pro. lAsena (Lassen) 117411 orta Casita Indiche Alterthum Skande Hi mata jAhera karyo hato ke "yavanagaDhanuM bhraSTa rUpa jUnAgaDha che. kAThiyAvADa gejheTiyarane lekhaka enA A matanuM thoDuMka samarthana paNa kare che. je A nagara pahelAM IrAnI ke baeNTriyana sUbAonuM ane zAhI vaMzanuM sthAna hoya to AvI aTakaLa e dalIla vinAnI na gaNAya, ane e cokakasa pUratI saMbhavita paNa che, paraMtu pote purAtanapura, pUrvanagara, jIrNadurga, jIrNagaDha ane jUnAgaDha evI A nagaranAM nAmanI paraMparAne svIkAravAnA valaNanA che." paraMtu A paraMparA "jUnAgaDha" nAma pracAramAM AvyuM tyAra pachInI lAge che. dA. ta. giranAramAhAbhyamAM, Adau maNipuraM nAma candraketupura smRtam / . . tretAyAM raivataM nAma kalau paurAtanaM puram // eTale jUnAgaDha nAmane kyAre ane kevI rIte pracAra thayo e aMgenAM pramANe ahIM tapAsavAM e jarUranuM che. jinaprabhasUriviracita "vividhatIrthakalpa'" nAmanA graMthamAM revatakagirikalpasaMkSepamAM "nukUda"ne nirdeza che vadhAre spaSTa ullekha revatagirikalpanI vistRta vAcanAmAM che. : "tenapura puvvadisAe uggaseNagaDhaM nAma duggN| tassa ya tiNi naamdhijjaaii| taM jahA-uggaseNagaDhaM ti vA, vaMratuM vA, kuLadu ta va aa2 arthAta tejalapura (tejapAle vasAveluM pura)nI pUrva dizAe ugrasenagaDha nAme durga che, tenAM traNa nAma prasiddha che, te A - ugrasenagaDha, athavA khaMgAragaDha athavA juNadugga. jinabhadrasUrinAM "jukUDa" ane "juduga"ne jUnAgaDhanAM prAkRta nAme gaNI zakAya. jinabhadrasUrie "vividhatIrtha kalpanA ka samayanA lAMbA gALAmAM rahyA che. AcArya jinavijayajI mAne che ke e racatAM ochAmAM ochA trIsathI adhika

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54 ] sauca kAlathI guptakAla [tra. varSA jeTalA samaya lAgyo hAvA joIe. graMthanI pUrNAhuti mATe vi. sa. 1389 (I. sa. 1732-33)nA nirdeza keTalIka pratimAM che, paraMtu graMthanA AMtarika ullekhA uparathI AcArya zrI jinavijayajI anumAna kare che ke saM. 1389 pachI paNa keTalAka kA avazya racAyA hatA.63 jinaprabhasUrine mAhammada taghalakanA darabAramAM mATuM mAnanuM sthAna hatuM,64 meAhammada taghalakanA rAjyakAla I. sa. 1332 thI I. sa. 1351 nA che. giranAranA killA eNe I. sa. 1347 mAM jItyA. A saMdarbhomAM marahUma mAlavI amujhaphara navI sAhebaneA 'jUnAgaDha' nAma vizenA mata cavA yogya che. tee kahe ke che: "mAru mAnavuM che ke meAhammada tagalake e (giranAranA killA) chatI peAtAnA nAma uparathI e killAnuM nAma jUnAgaDha rAkhyuM hatuM, kAraNa ke sulatAnanuM nAma meAhammada jUnA hatuM." AnA samanamAM peAte kahe che ke meAhammada taghalakane ene (sthaLeAnAM navAM nAma pADavAneA) ghaNA zAkha hatA, jemake devagaDhane dolatAbAda banAvavAthI enI sAbitI maLe che.''6pa paraMtu A pachI mahamUda khegaDAe A zaherane "mustaphAbAda" evu nAma ApyuM, paNa A nAma pracAramAM na rahyuM. jUnAgaDha nAma kema pracAramAM rahyuM enuM kAraNa nadavI sAheba e Ape che ke "mArA abhiprAya mujaba jUnAgaDha nAmanA svIkAranuM kAraNa eka e paNa che ke 'jUnA' ane 'gaDha' banne zabdo gujarAtI jhabAnamAM meAjUda che. 'jUnA nA artha purANu ane 'gaDha'nA artha killA thAya che. lAkAe purANA killAnA artha karI sAmAnya rIte enA upayAga karyAM, kAraNa "jUnAgaDha" pratihAsAmAM (muslima itihAse mAM) haMmezAM giranAranA killAnA nAmathI Ave che. jUnAgaDha zabdanA prathama upayega 'tabakAte akabarI'mAM thayA.''66 tAtpa ke tagalaka mohammada jUnAe peAtAnA nAma uparathI A killAnuM nAma 'jUnAgaDha' pADayu', paNa e pracAramAM rahyuM enuM kAraNa e ke leAkA ene purANA duga tarIke oLakhatA hatA. arvAcIna gaNAtA giranAra mAhAtmyamAM purANA puranA nirdeza che H Adau maNipuraM nAma candraketupuraM smRtam / tretAyAM raivataM nAma kalau paurAtana puram // 67

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3 ju] paheluM pATanagaraH girinagara [pA paraMtu e noMdhavuM joIe ke skandapurANamAMnA vastrApathamAhAmyamAM Avo keI ullekha ja nathI, emAM to vAmanasthalI-vaMthaLInuM mAhAmya che. jinaprabhasUrinA "juNukUDa" ane "juduga'nuM sIdhuM saMskRta rUpAMtara to "jUrNa durga" thAya. jUrNa e "kU" dhAtunuM bhUtakRdantarUpa che, ane nUra ene eka artha gharaDA thavuM evo paNa thAya che (hiMsAvacodAco re 2), chatAM "jUdurga" nAmanA ullekho maLyA nathI, je che te "jIrNadurga '' nAmanA che. AcArya hemacaMke "jIrNa "nA huM ne prAkRtamAM vikalpa "u" thAya che ema jaNAvyuM che.68 A niyame "juNaduga"nuM saMskRta rUpAMtara "jIrNadurga" thAya. abhilekhIya nirdezamAM saM. 1386 (I. sa. 1330) nA mehara rAjA, ThapakanA hAthasaNInA lekhamAM karNadurgano ullekha che: mama pitRccena nItunivAsi [ H].69 A ullekha tagalaka mehammada jUnA pahelAne che. A uparathI tAtparya eTaluM nIkaLe che ke I. sa. nA caudamA saikAmAM giranArano killo purANo durga kejUne durga e nAme lokamAM jANato hato; ane ene tagalaka mohammada janAe. potAnA nAma "nA" sAthe joDI janAgaDha nAma pADyuM hoya ane lokonI daSTrie gujarAtI artha "jUno gaDha" baMdhabesato hoI jUnAgaDha nAma pracAramAM rahyuM hoya. apaladata baje A mulakano chelle zAsaka lAge che.70 4. kSatrapAlIna girinagara girinagaramAM monA ane yavano(bekTro-grIka)nA zAsana pachInA samayanA lagabhaga be saikAnA gALA mATe girinagaranA ke Anarta-saurASTranA itihAsa mATe keI sAdhane upalabdha nathI. I. sa. 100nA arasAmAM kSatrapanuM zAsana A pradezamAM hovAnuM jaNAya che. pahelAM noMdhyuM che ke zaka kSatraponA, jUnAgaDhamAMthI maLelA, zilAlekha e sthaLanuM nAma "girinagara' Ape che, temAM kadAmAnA abhilekhamAM varSa kara nI mArgazIrSanA kRSNapakSanI pratipadAnI tithi ApI che (paM. 5). gaNatarI mujaba e tithi I. sa. 150 nI 23 mI navembara (ke 24mI okaTobara)nA arasAmAM Ave, tethI A abhilekha I. sa. 151 ke 15ra mAM kotarAye hovo joIe.71

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5]. moryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. prAcIna kALamAMnA ItihAsanA sAdhana aMge ahIM eka neMdha karavI jarUrI che. caMdragupta mauryano samaya lagabhaga I. pU. 322-298 ane azoka mauryane samaya I. pU. 273-37 gaNAya che te anusAra rudradAmAnA abhilekhanA ullekho cAraso sADI cAraso varSo pachInA gaNAya. rudradAmAnA "lekhake" pAse A mATe zAM sAdhane haze ? caMdragupta ane azokanA pitAnA keI abhile A bAbatanA haze ke je have naSTa thayA che? athavA girinagaranAM daphataromAM AvI haze? athavA phakta AvI anuzruti haze ? saMbhava che ke girinagaranAM daphataromAM sudarzana taLAva jevI mahattvanI bAbata upara noMdha hAya ! lagabhaga cAra varSa pahelAM ketarAyelI azakanI dharmalipionuM vAcana ane jJAna rudradAmAnA "lekhakone saMbhave che. skaMdaguptanA abhilekhamAM mauryo ke kSatrapone nirdeza nathI enuM kAraNa kadAca pachInAM traNa varSomAM anuzrutine lepa ke daktarane nAza hoya, athavA cAlu ghaTanAnuM mahattva ja manAvyuM hoya. je sudarzana taLAvanA nimitte rudradAmAne abhilekha ane skaMdaguptane abhilekha racAyA tenI vAta karIe e pahelAM A abhilekhamAMthI itihAsa ane saMskRti aMge je tAravaNI karI zakAya tenI noMdha karIe. rudradAmAnI ANamAM je pradeza hatA tenI yAdImAM surASTrane samAveza thAya che. suvizAkhane akhila Anarta-surASTranA pAlana mATe nimAyele kahyo che. dradAmAnI mukhya rAjadhAnI ujjayinI haze ane Anarta-surASTra vibhAganI girinagara haze. A abhilekhanA racanArAe potAnA rAjA vize karelA varNanamAMthI keTalIka asAdhAraNa vigato neMdhavA jevI che: "jeNe saMgrAmethI anyatra puruSavadhamAMthI - nivRtta thavAnI karelI pratijJAne prANecchavAsa sudhI satya karI hatI" (paM. 9-10). "jeNe sAme AvelA samevaDiyA zatrune prahAra karavAnuM na cUkyA chatAM karuNA batAvI hatI" (paM. 9-10). rudradAmAnA A varNanamAM e jaina hato enuM samarthana keTalAka batAve che. rudradAmAne A zilAlekha saMskRta gadyane eka viziSTa namUne che. ziSTa saMskRta sAhityamAM ane enA ItihAsamAM enuM keTaluM mahattva che e De. bUlare batAvyuM che.chara girinagara ane saiArASTra mATe enuM mahattva e che ke rudradAmAnuM A jAheranAmuM che ane e ziSTa saMskRta gadyamAM che. lokenI jANa mATe A abhilekha racAya

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[57 3 ju] paheluM pATanagaraH garinagara che ema svIkAravuM prApta thAya che. eno artha e ke lokomAM saMskRtanuM jJAna A lekhane samajavA jeTaluM haze. have je nimitte A abhilekha racAya che tene vicAra karIe. zaka varSa 72 nA mArgazIrSanA kRNapakSanI pratipadAe thayelI ativRSTithI pajene pRthvIne ekArNava jevI karI nAkho. "Urjata girimAMthI suvarNasikatA, palAzinI Adi nadIonA atimAtra thayelA vegathI sudarzana taLAvane setu tUTI gayo (paM. pa-6). je ke anurUpa pratIkAra karavAmAM Avyo hato chatAM girizikhare, taruo, taTe, akAlakA, upato, ThAre, ane zaraNa vidhvaMsakArI yuganA aMta jevA parama ghera vegavALA vAyue levAyelA pANIthI vikSipta (Ama tema pheMkAI gayelAM) ane jarjarIkRta (thayAM) .............paththara, vRkSa, jhADI ane latA-pratAne pheMkAI jAya e rIte e nadItala sudhI khulluM thaI gayuM (5. 6-7). cAraso vIza hAtha lAMbA, eTalA ja pahoLA, ane paMcotera hAtha UMDA bhedagAbaDA)mAMthI badhuM pANI nIkaLI gayuM. sudarzana retInA raNa jevuM atyaMta durdarzana thayuM (--8). "mahAkSatrapanA atisacivo ane karmasacivo amAtya-guNothI yukta hovA chatAM bheda(gAbaDA)ne ati moTApaNune lIdhe utsAha vinAnA vimukha mativALA thayA ane kAMI paNa kAryAraMbha karavAno choDI dIdhe (paM. 17). setubaMdha punaH nahi thAya enA nairAzyathI prajAmAM hAhAkAra thaI gayo (paM. 18). tyAre A adhiSThAna(zAsananagara)mAM akhila Ana-surASTronA pAlana mATe pArthive (rAjAe) niyukta karelA pahalava kulapa-putra amAtya suvizAkhe paure ane jAnapadonA anugrahAthe (lAbhArthe) e kAma pAra pADayuM (anuSThitam). eNe artha ane dharmane vyavahAra yathAvata batAvIne prajAmAM) anurAganuM vardhana karyuM. zakta, dAnta, acapala, nirabhimAnI, lAMca na le tevA e Aryo sArI rIte adhiSThAna karIne (vahIvaTa karIne) svAmInAM dharma, kIti ane yaza vadhe e rIte e kAma pAra pADayuM (paM. 18-20). "mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAe hajAra varSa sudhI gobrAhmaNa ... arthe, dharma ane kIrtinI vRddhi mATe, kara, veTha ane prakriyAo(najarANAM)thI paira ane jAnapada janone pIDyA vinA potAnA koza(khajAnA)mAMthI moTA dhanaugha (dhanapravAha) vaDe moTo kALa javA dIdhA vinA laMbAI ane pahoLAImAM traNagaNo daDhatara setu baMdhAvIne A taLAvane sudarzanatara karyuM" (paM. 15-16).

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58] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. A badhI kriyA thayA pachI A abhilekha racAyo te samaye sudarzana taDAga kevuM hatuM enuM varNana abhilekhanA prAraMbhamAM che: "siddhi. A sudarzana taLAva girinagarathI................ paththarano vistAra (pahoLAI), AyAma (laMbAI) ane uchuya (UMcAI) sAMdhA vinA (sAMdhe na dekhAya e rIte ) bAMdhelA che evI jenI daDha evI sarva pALo hovAthI parvatapAdanuM e pratispadhI suzliSTabaMdha..........akRtrima (kudaratI) setubaMdhathI upapana (yukta). suvyavasthita. praNAlIo, parIvAho ane kacarAmAMthI bacavAnA upAya.....traNa vibhAgo ......... Adi anugraha (sagavaDo)thI moTA upacayamAM che (mahatyuthe vartate)" (paM. 1-ka).73 sudarzana pharI baMdhAI gayuM haze tyAre e le chala haze ema A vAkyathI jaNAya che. ' girinagaranA itihAsamAM sudarzana taLAvanuM vidhAna ati mahatvanI ghaTanA che. A abhilekha girinagaramAM eka mArgazIrSanA kRSNapakSanI pratipadAe paDelI kudaratI Apatti ane enA pratIkAranI jhAMkhI karAve che. prajAmAM hAhAkAra thatAM ane amaladAro nirAza thaI jatAM, lAMca na le tevA e Aryo-pahalava suvizAkha--kevI kAmagIrI bajAvI enuM e abhilekha darzana karAve che. lokone karaverA ke veThathI pIDyA vinA A kArya rudradAmAe pUruM paDAvyuM. rudradAmAnI AzA to hajAra varSa sudhI gebrAhmaNanA hitArthe A sudarzana taLAva cAlu rahe evI hatI, paraMtu lagabhaga 300 varSo pachI A sudarzanane AvI ja bIjI kudaratI Apatti bhAMgI nAkhe che ane guptavaMzano kaMdagupta enuM punarvidhAna karAve che. Anarta-saurASTramAM kSatrapone zAsanakALa lagabhaga I. sa. 100 thI 400 sudhI cAle. pa. guptakAlIna girinigara pachI ahIM magadhanA gupta sAmrAjyanA zAsana daramyAna caMdragupta 2 jA, kumAragupta 1 lA ane skaMdaguptanuM rAjya prava. e traNeya samrAToe A prAMta mATe kSatraponA sikakA jevA cAMdInA sikkA paDAvyA. girinagaranA sudarzananA setunA bhaMga tathA punarvidhAnanI ghaTanA skaMdaguptanA samayamAM banI. skaMdaguptanA abhilekhanA mukhya bhAganuM 1-23 paMktio sudhInA bhAganuM nAma che "sudarzana-TAka-saMskAra-grantha-racanA'. A racanA koI mahAkAvyanA sarga jevI che. kSatrapa pachInuM girinagaramAM saMskRtamAM lakhAyeluM A bIjuM jAheranAmuM che.

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3 ju] paheluM pATanagaraH girinagara [.59. A abhilekhanA AraMbhamAM surASTranA gotA nimAyelA parNadattanI zaktio ane guNonuM je varNana kareluM che te arthazAstranA upadezanI rUDhi anusAra hoya, athavA A "grantha-racanA"nA kavie karelI parNadattanI stuti hoya, paNa kaMda-- gupta "arthanA" karI kavacita-muzkelIthI-parNadatta pAse e adhikAra svIkArAvyo e jotAM A varNanamAM kaMIka datihAsanI vAstavikatA dekhAya che ke kSatrapa pAsethI thoDA vakhata pahelAM kabaje karelA surASTranuM yogya prazAsana skaMdagupta mATe ciMtAno viSaya hoya ane kadAca koI amaladAra javAbadArI levA taiyAra na hoya. ane parNadatta pote paNa prAraMbhamAM rAjI na hoya ane rAjAnI "arthanA"ne ullaMghI na zakAya mATe ja eNe saiArASTranA zAsakanuM sthAna svIkAryuM hoya, skaMdaguptanA AgrahamAM parNadattanI zaktio ane guNa paNa kAraNa hoya. parNadatta pitAnA putra cakrapAlitane nagaranI rakSA mATe no (paM. 11-12). Ane artha evo ke parNadatta AkhA surASTra upara najara rAkhato hoya ane cakrapAlita girinagarane khAsa amaladAra heya. cakrapAlike pUrvone (pUrvarakSakane) caDI jAya tevI sArI rIte nagaranI rakSA karI (paM. 12). paraMtu A badhuM A abhilekhamAM prastAvanA-rUpe che, enuM nimitta to. sudarzana pharI phATayuM ane enI "saMskAra-racanA" karavI paDI e che. rudradAmAnA samayamAM bhArgazIpanI kRSNapakSanI pratipadAe akALa varSoe Apatti utArI hatI. skaMdaguptanA samayamAM A ghaTanA gupta saMvata 136 nA praupada(bhAdrapadanI chaThanA dine arthAt varSA RtumAM banI. ativRSTine laIne rAtanA tvarAthI sudarzana phATayuM (vimeDha 5. 15). "have thaze, zuM thaze, ema badhI bAjue jane bUma pADavA lAgyA (pravAni:) ane utsuka thaI rAtanA AgalA-pAchalA paheremAM ciMtana karavA lAgyAH zuM sakala lekamAM kSaNamAM durdazanatAne pAmela sudarzana pAchuM aMnidhidarzanavALuM thAya? (le. 30-31) "cakrapAlite gupta saMvata 137 mAM zreSma(ka) mAsanA pUrva pakSanA prathama dine zAstrokta vidhi, nagarajane ane bhunAM saMmAna Adi be mAsa sudhI karyA (le. 35)." Ano artha evo ke gu. saM. 136(I.sa. 455) nA bhAdrapadamAM phATelA sudarzananuM samArakAma gu. saM. 137(Isa. 456) nA grISmamAM pUruM thayuM, ane

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. tyAra pachI zAstrokta vidhi vagere thayAM.74 arthAta I.sa. 455nA bhAdrapada (gasTa-sapTembara)nA chaThThA divase sudarzana phATayuM ane I.sa. 456 nA grISmamAM enuM samArakAma thayuM ane pachI zAstrokata vidhi thayAM. "cakrapAlike dhanane aprameya-gaNAya nahi teTale badha-vyaya karyo. laMbAImAM se hAtha, vistAramAM (pahoLAImAM) aDasaTha hAtha, ane UMcAImAM sAta (?) pu ...200 hAthanuM taLAva bAMdhyuM, sArI rIte ghaDelA paththarathI (.36-37). "jAtithI ducha nahi (anAtitum) evuM ane prathita prasiddha ke vistRta) evuM sudarzana taLAva zAzvata kalpakAla paryata Take evuM bAMdhyuM (laeN. 37). kavi IcchA vyakta kare che: "sudaDha setunA kinArA para zobhA darzAvatAM cakavAka, kauca ane haMsanI pAMkhethI halAvAtuM, vimala salila (yukta).. pRthvI para sUrya ane caMdra (hAya tyAMsudhI raha) (zle. 38). ane nagara paNa vRddhimata, paurajanothI bhareluM, seMkaDo brAhmaNoe gAyelA brahmathI (vedamaMtrathI) jenAM pApa naSTa thayAM che tevuM, so varSa sudhI Itio (Aphato) ane durbhikSathI mukta rahe (le. 39 )." A abhilekhane bIjo vibhAga ghaNe truTita che, topaNa emAM mahattvanA ullekha che. parNadatane "dIpane gotA ane moTAone netA" kahyo che (le. 4). (ahIM "dIpa" tarIke saurASTrane artha samajavo joIe.) eno putra, jeNe goviMdanA caraNamAM jIvita arpaNa karyuM che..... viSNunAM pAdakamala prApta karIne, tyAM meTe dhanavyaya karIne, meTA (lAMbA samaye cakrapAlite cakrabhUta(viSNu)nuM gRha karAvyuM, guptAnA kAlanA varSa 138 mAM" (lai. kara-45); arthAta Isa. 457-58 mAM. jaMyata acala (giri, mAMthI jANe usthita thatuM hoya ema tathA puranA mAthe prabhutva karatuM hoya ema bhAse che (lai. 46). pakSIonA mArgane rituM prakAze che (zle. 47)." abhilekhane A bIjo bhAga pachInA varSamAM Isa. 457-458 mAM lakhAyo dekhAya che, kAraNa ke 23mI paMktimAM surzana-tara-saMkrUra--nA samAMtA evuM kathana che. Ama kaMdaguptanA abhilekhamAM traNa varSane itihAsa che. I.sa. 455 nA bhAdrapadanA chaThThA divase sudarzana taLAva phATayuM, Isa. 456 nA grISmamAM cakrapAlita

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3 ju] pahelu pATanagara : girinagara [ 61. saMskAraracanA pUrI karI, ane I. sa. 457-58mAM Uyat girinI samIpamAM viSNunuM madira bAMdhyuM. girinagaranA pratihAsa e sudarzana taGAgane tihAsa che. AnuSaMgika rIte caMdragupta mauryanA samaya (I.sa. pU. 321-297)thI skaMdaguptanA samaya (I. sa. 457-58) sudhInI sADA sAtasAthI adhika varSonI RtihAsa-zRMkhalA A abhilekhAthI joDAya che. A sADA sAtaseA varSonA gALAmAM girinagara Anata -surASTranuM zAsananagararAjadhAnI nahi, teA rAjyadhAnI--hAvAnu sabhave che.75 I.sa.nA ceAthA-pAMcamA saikAmAM thayelA zrIsa MdhadAsagaNivAcaka-viracita76. "vasudeva'iDI'" nAmanA prAkRta kathAgraMthanA prathama khaMDamAM "sAraTTaphUla" "sura" ane girinagaranA ullekhA Ave che, e uparathI sArASTranA samudrakAMTho jala-vepAra. mATe jANItA hatA ane girinagara sthala-vANijyanuM kedra hatuM ema jaNAya che. " have girinagaranA saMdarbha joIe. ujjayinImAM sAgaracaMdra nAmanA zrImaMta vepArI hatA. ene samudradatta nAme putra hatA. samudradatta amuka dhaTanA joI strIeTamAM virakata thaI jAya che.. ane paraNavAnI nA pADe che. enA pitA sAgaracaMdra vepAranA bahAne "surao-'' mAM Ave che ane girinagaramAM dhana sAvAhanI dIkarI dhanazrI sAthe, yAgya zulka ApI, samudradattanI sagAI karI, lagnanI tithi nakkI karI pAche ujjayinI Ave che, ane samudradattane kahe che: " putra, girinagaramAM mAruM "bhaMDa'-"bhANDa" (mAla) che te mAlane ApaNe viniyeAga karIe, mATe mitrA sAthe tuM tyAM cAla' samudradattanA mitrAne vivAhanI vAta karI, paNa samudradattane na karI. badhA pAchA girinagara' Ave che. tyAM samudradatta dhanazrInuM pANizrahaNa kare che, paraMtu dhanazrInA AvAsamAM jaI ene chetarIne peAtAnA mitrAnA AvAsamAM cAlI jAya che. savAramAM zauca nimitte girinagaranI bahAra nIkaLI mitronI najara cUkavIne e nAsI jAya che. k, "" "samudradatta dezAMtarAmAM bhaTakI keTalAka kALe pAche girinagara kApaDInA vezamAM Ave che. enAM nakha, keza, dADhI ane ruvAMTI vadhI gayAM che, eTale ene koI oLakhI zake nahi. evAmAM eNe dhana sA vAhane (enA) ArAmamAM (bagIcAmAM) AvelA joyA. ene praNAma karI samudradatte kahyuM : 'huM tamArA ArAmamAM kara

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[. 62] mauryakAlathI guptakAla thAuM" dhanadatte "tuM keTalI bhatti (bhaththu-majUrI) laIza" ema pUchayuM, to eNe javAba Apyo ke huM tamArA prasAdane kAMkSI chuM. mane tuSTidAna dejo." "vRkSAyurvedamAM kuzaLa evA e samudata e ArAmane keTalAka divasamAM RtuonAM puSpa ane phUlathI samRddha karyo. dhanadatta e ArAmazrIne joIne ene pitAnI AvArIe (hATe) besADyo. Aya-vyaya(Avaka-jAvakImAM kuzaLa evA e samudradatta "gaMdhayukti" (sugaMdhanA AjanAnI kalA)nI potAnI nipuNatAne laI purajanone unmatta karI nAkhyA. lokoe enuM nAma pUchayuM eTale "vinItaka" evuM nAma jaNAvI e AkhA nagarane vizvAsapAtra thayo. dhana sArthavAhane thayuM ke rAjAne AnI jANa thaze te e ene laI jaze, eTale eNe ene pitAnA "gharamAM" bhaMDArazALAmAM mUkyo ane badhAMne e je Ape te levAnuM ane enI AjJAmAM rahevAnuM kahyuM. dhanadatte tyAM dhanazrInuM "ceTIkama" ne karaDInuM kAma pote jAte karavA mAMDyuM. thoDA samayamAM vinItaka dhanazrInuM sarva viThaMbha-sthAna banya. eka vAra dhanathI pAchalA pahore potAnA saMtatala prAsAdanI suMdara aTArIe vinItakanI sAthe taMbola cAvatI beThI hatI tyAre e nagaramAM rahete eka rAjasevaka "DiDi"77 nAhI phakkaDa thaI ne bhavananI pAsethI nIkaLyo. dhanazrIe tAMbula thuMkatAM e DiDinA mAthA upara paDyuM. kiMDie dhyAnathI joyuM te jANe ke koI devatA! ane enA upara kAmAsakta thaI gaye. DiDie vinItakane sAthe ane dhanazrIno samAgama karAvavA traNeka divasa sudhI ene samajAvyo. pahele divase enI vAta sAMbhaLI dhanazrIe vinItakane kahyuM ke je bIjA keIe evuM kahyuM hatuM te e jIvato na raheta ! trIje divase dhanatrIe kahyuM ke DiDine azoka-vanikAmAM AvavAno saMdeza Apaje. pachI dhanathI azoka-vanikAmAM zayA patharAvI yogamagha" (aneka dravyonA mizraNathI banAvela ati unmAdaka dArU) laIne vinItaka sAthe tyAM AvI. DiDi AvyA eTale dhanazrIe upacArapUrvaka e madya dIdhuM. e pIne DiDinuM zarIra acetana thaI gayuM. dhanazrIe DilinI talavAra kADhI enuM mAthuM chedI nAkhyuM. pachI dhanazrIe vinItakane kahyuM ke teM A anartha karA, tAruM paNa mAthuM huM che chuM. vinItake enA page paDI ene zAMta karI. dhanazrIe batAvelI jagyAe vinItake kUvo khodI DiDine dATI dIdho" ityAdi.78 A kathAmAM girinagaramAM bane te eka kAlpanika kisso che. emAM girinagarane gAma bahAra bagIce, enAM hATa, sAta mALavALA mahela, enI agAzIethI DiDinA

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OMju] pahelu pATanagara : girinagara [63 mAthe tAMbula thUMkatI zeThanI putrI, azokavanakAmAM sa MketasthAna, phUDakapaTa ityAdinu citra Upase che, ane dhanazrInA pAtramAM saiArASTramAM pachInI lokakathAomAM mUta thayelI mijAjadAra seAraThiyANInI paNa jhAMkhI thAya che. girinagara vANijyanuM kevu sthAna haze e paNa A kathA AkhI vAMcavAthI khyAlamAM Ave che. 6. anu-guptakAlIna girinagara A uparAMta AvazyakaNi ane enA uparanI malayagirinI vRtti, vizeSAvazyakabhASya paranI kAcAcAnI vRtti, anuyAgaddAra sUtra uparanI haribhadranI vRtti, anuyAgadAra uparanI maladhArI hemacaMdranI vRtti Adi jaina graMthAmAM girinagaranA ullekhA ane kathAnaka Ave che. emAM girinagaranA eka agnipUjakanuM kathAnaka che, je dara varSe eka gharamAM ratnA bharIne pachI e ghara saLagAvI agninuM tarpaNa karatA. girinagaranI traNa navaprasUtA strIe ujjayaMta upara gaI hatI tyAre cAre emanuM haraNa karI gayA ane tene pArasakUla (IrAnI akhAtanA kinArA) upara vecI dIdhI. zIlAcAnI sUtrakRtAMganI vRttimAM eka hAlaraDuM uddata thayuM che, jemAM raDatA khaLakane girinagara Adi nagarane rAjA kahe che.79 A rIte lagabhaga ADamI sadI sudhInA jaina sAhityamAM girinagaranA ullekha Ave che. maitrakAnAM tAmrapatrAmAM--dhruvasena bIjAnA valabhI saMvata 312 (I.sa. 631)nA tAmrapatramAM ane zIlAditya trIjAnAM va. sa. 346 (I. sa. 664), va. saM. 346 (I. sa. 665) ane va. sa. 357 I. sa. 676 )nAM tAmrapatra-mAM tathA gujaravavaMzanAM tAmrapatrAmAM jayabhaTTa trIjAnAM kalacuri sa Mvata 456(I. sa. 707)nAM tAmrapatrAmAM dAna lenAra brAhmaNAne '' frinagara-vinirmata '' ( girinagaramAMthI nIkaLelA) e rIte eLakhAve che.80 Ama A tAmrapatre girinagaranI I. sa. nA AThamA saikA sudhI smRti sAcavI rAkhe che, paNa maitrakAnAM ane gurvaMzanAM tAmrapatrAmAM "girinagaravAstavya '' ke evA bIjo kAI sIdhA ullekha na hovAthI girinagaranuM I. sa. sAtamA-AThamA saikAmAM mahattva dhaTayuM heAya ema sUcavAya che. I. sa. nA ArDamA saikAnA pahelA dazakA sudhInI girinagaranI abhilekhagata AvI smRti che.

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64] mauryakAlathI guptakAla (pra. cInI yAtrI yuana svAMga (I.sa. 640mAM) A pradezane "suraTha" nAme oLakhe che. e enI parimiti 4000 lI (lagabhaga 667 mAIla) ane enI rAjadhAnI valabhIthI pazcime 500 lI. (lagabhaga 83 mAIla) nA aMtare jaNAve che. 21 e A nagaranuM nAma Apato nathI, paraMtu ene ujajana girinI pAse jaNAve che, tethI e nagara e kAlanAM tAmrapatromAM jaNAveluM girinagara ' hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. ujajata girinI (giranAranI taLeTImAM hAlanA jUnAgaDhanuM sthAna, je valabhInI (hAlanA vaLAnI) pazcime 87 mAIla che te, cInI yAtrIe jaNAvela aMtaranuM samarthana kare che.82 - A rAjadhAnInI parimiti e 30 lI (pAca mAIla) jeTalI Ape che. vaLI e dhe che: "tyAM lagabhaga 50 vidhAre che, jemAMnA moTe bhAge mahAyAna saMpradAyanA che. devamaMdira sauthI vadhAre che. A pradeza samudrakAMThe jatA dhorI mArga upara hovAthI teo samudrane upayoga kare che. ane dhaMdhe vepArIo che. rAjadhAnI pAse ujjata parvata che. A zikhara upara eka vihAra che. enAM ghaNAMkharAM makAne DuMgaramAMthI kerI kADhelAM che. emAM ghaNAM vase che ane saritAo vahe che. saMte ane RSio enI yAtrAe Ave che ane atIndriya zaktivALA RSio tyAM ekatrita thAya che."83 sAtamA saikAmAM bhAratavarSamAM AvelA yuane svAgane sArASTra, enuM nagara ane ene parvata Urjata AvAM dekhAtAM hatAM. Ama chatAM purANonI paraMparAmAM girinagaranuM nAma dekhAtuM nathI. navamI-dasamI sadIomAM rAjazekhara (I. sa. 880 - 2004 parvatane ja girinagara' kahe che, "pa nagaranuM nAma ApatA nathI; arthAta A arasAmAM nagaranuM nAma badalAI gayuM hoya ane parvatane jUnuM nAma vaLagI rahyuM heya. jaina paraMparAmAM "nagara" tarIke girinagaranI smRti kumArapAlanA samaya sudhI to cAlu rahI lAge che. somaprabhAcArye saMvata 1241 (I. sa. 1195) mAM kumArapAlanA mRtyu pachI agiyAra varSe racelA 86 "kumArapAla-pratibodha' nAmanA graMthamAM girinagarane nideza cheH "pachI krame karIne eNe raivata parvatanI heThe rahelA nagara "girinayara" (girinagara) nI pAse AgaLa javA paDAva nAkhe. tyAM rAjAe (kumArapAle bhuvana-maMDana e dazAhane maMDapa joyo tathA akhADA sAthene ugrasenane AvAsa (je). vismita manathI rAjAe muninAthane (hemacaMdrAcAryane pUchyuM: A zuM che? guru kahe che. A ugrasenanuM sthAna girinagara che"87 ityAdi.

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3 ju]. paheluM pATanagara girinagara [ 65 prabhAvarita (vi. saM. 1334, I. sa. 1277-78) nA kartA prabhAcaMdranA samayamAM paNa A avazeSa hatA, paraMtu emanuM kathana evuM che ke raivataka parvatanI nIce durga samIpe pAdaliptAcArya (I. sa. bIje trIje saika) 8 pAsethI nAgAju ne zrInemicarita sAMbhaLI kautukathI sarva AvAsa AdinI, dazArDamaMDapanI ane zrImadugrasenanRpAlayanI racanA karI, ane vaidikamAM vivAhAdinI vyavasthA karI. e badhuM Aje paNa tyAM gayelA dhArmikene jovAmAM Ave che.89 ahIM noMdhavuM joIe ke raivataka parvatanI nIcenA durganuM nAma ApyuM nathI; girinagara' nAma vismRta thayuM haze. vaLI "kumArapAlapratibodha'nI anukRtimAM ane "pra. ca' nI anuzrutimAM thoDIka matabheda che, e paNa nedhavuM joIe. yAdavonA samayanA avazeSo bacI rahyA hoya enA karatAM nAgArjuna (jeNe pAlitANAnuM nirmANa paNa karyuM kahevAya che)90 jevA keIka A racanAo karI hoya e vadhAre saMbhavita lAge. paraMtu ahIM periplasanA lekhake je sikaMdaranA "smAraka-jUnAM maMdire, chAvaNIonA pAyA ane moTA kUvAone nirdeza karyo che te dhyAnamAM levAM joIe. saMzodhako A avazeSone sikaMdaranA mAnatA nathI, paNa saMbhavataH yavana rAjAonA mAne che, e ApaNe joI gayA. AvA ja kaI avazeSo jaina anukRtionA mULamAM na hoya ? athavA jaina anukRti koI mULa paraMparAne anusaratI mAnIe to e neminAthanA nAmanI sAthe saMkaLAyelI koI racanAo hoya? paraMtu Ane uttara meLavavA vadhAre saMzodhananI, khAsa karI giranAranI taLeTImAM ukhanananI AvazyakatA che. ApaNe joyuM ke giranAra mahAtmya je apekSAe ghaNuM arvAcIna che te tretAyugamAM A nagaranuM nAma "revata" hevAnuM ane kaliyugamAM "parAtanapura" hovAnuM jaNAve che, "pArAtanapura" e "jUnAgaDhanuM spaSTa saMskRta bhASAMtara che. jinabhadrasUri "jurNadurga" uparAMta "ugrasenagaDha" ane "khaMgAragaDha" evAM be nAma Ape che. madhyayugIna jaina paraMparAmAM "ugrasenagaDha" ke "ugrasenapura" ane "kheMgAragaDha" vadhAre jANItAM che. Anarta rASTranA prathama ItihAsa-pramANita pATanagarane Avo kaMIka ItihAsa che. e itihAsa girinagara kevuM saMskRti-keMdra haze enI kAMIka sAkSI purAve che. I-2-5

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla A pachInA ItihAsamAM muslima samayanA aMta sudhI paNa A nagara "kheMgAranagara" nAme ke "jUnAgaDha" nAme saurASTramAM potAnuM kedrIya sthAna vadhatA-ochA pramANamAM sAcavI rAkhe che.91 pAdaTIpa 1. The city, as one finds it in history, is the point of maximum concentration for the power and culture of a community. It is the place where the different rays of many separate beams of life fall into focus, with gains in both social effectiveness and significance. The city is the form and symbol of integrated social relationship ; it is the seat of the temple, the market, the hall of justice, the academy of learning. There in the city the goods of civilization are multiplied and manifolded; here is where hunan experience is transformed into viable signs, symbols, patterns of conduct, systems of order. Here is where the issues of civilization are focused; here too, ritual passes on occasion into the active drama of a fully differentiated and self-conscious society. Leuis Mumford, Culture of Cities, Introduction, p. 3 anuvAda: lokasamAjanI zakti ane saMskRti jyAM vadhAremAM vadhAre keMdrita thatI hoya te biMdu e nagara che, ema ItihAsamAMthI samajAya che. e eka evuM sthAna che jyAM jIvananI aneka vibhinna prakAzapaTTIonAM veravikhera kiraNe keMdrita thatAM hoya che ane jene sAmAjika prabhAva ane mahattvane lAbha paNa varelo che. nagara e sAmAjika saMbaMdhanI suzliSTatAnuM pratIka ane AkAra bane che. e dharmamaMdiranuM, vANijyanuM, nyAyAlayanuM ane vidyApIThanuM sthAna che. nagaramAM saMskRtinI vastuo anekagaNI ane aneka prakAranI thAya che. ahIM ja mAnava-anubhavo Atmanirbhara cihno, pratIke, AcAranI bhAta ane vyavasthAnI paddhatiomAM rUpAMtara pAme che. saMskArI jIvananA prazno ahIM ja tIvrapaNe prakAzita thAya che, ane ahIM ja AdhAra vidhione, prasaMgopAtta, saMpUrNapaNe viziSTa ane AtmabhAna-yukata evA samAjanA sakriya jIvana-vyavahAramAM saMkrAMta thavAne avakAza maLe che. " prastAvanA, pR. 3 lUI mampharDa", "nagaranI saMskRti anuvAdaka: AcArya yazavaMta zukala ItihAsamAM nagarone vikAsa kyAre, kema ane kevI rIte thAya che e samajavA mATe 'William B. Munrono City (nagara) uparano lekha mananIya che. Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, Vol. III, pp. 474-482

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1 ] paheluM pATanagaraH girinagara [17 2. Anata - sa. pa., a. 23, lo. 14; Ara. pa., a. 14, lo. 14 tyA. AnartavAsin-ka. pa., a. 4, *lo. 92. surASTra-sa. pa., a. 38, lo. 39-40; u. pa., a. 72, zlo. 14 4tyAdi. bharukaccha-sa. pa., a. 47, *lo. 8. Anartanagara-Ara. pa., a. 21, zlo. 1-9. AnartanagarI- Ame pa., a. 51, zlo. 41 2 25. a 72, so. 11-18 mA 14 3. ma. bhA., sabhAparva, a. 13, so. 48-51 4. bhaa||42 21, purANamA gurAta, pR. 81-42 5. jJAtAdharmakathA, pR. 58 6. pra. sU., pR. 173-4 7. va. hiM., zlo. 1-1, pR. 77; gu tI manuvAha, pR. 82 8. harivaMza (sapA: rAmayaHdra zAstrI 5342,), viSNuparva, a. 56., zlo. 17-23 4. mena, so. 29 10. mena, yo. 23-34 11. bhaa|'42 lezI, purANamA gu0/21ta, pR. 55 12. badhA vikalpanI vyavasthita, vizada ane saMgata carcA mATe juo pu. gu., pR. 42-104. 13. ha. vaM., vi. pa., a. 37, *lo. 29-33 14. ha. vaM., vi. pa., a. 37, zlo. 37-41 15. ha. vaM., vi. pa., a. 38, "lo. 7-34 19. ha. vaM., vi. pa., a. 47, zlo. 27-38 17. ha. vaM., vi. pa., a. 55, zlo. 7-11 18. plavaM gandhatRNe mustakabhidyapi. a. ci, kA. 2, *lo. 543; a. ko., kA. 2, zlo. 132. 'vAbhAtha'-bhaya valaya paaln| manuvAha, 5. 103.-6, 2pane sugaMdha sAvA mustaa-bhaayne| 75yo| yatA. ___16. ha. vaM., vi. pa., a. 55, galo. 101-110-113; a. 58, lo. 32, 36

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68]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. 20. AkAzamAMthI thatAM AvAM vaNane mATe sarakhAvo 4. zA. 4 7, . 8. Akhe surASTra TApu e dvArakA e jANavA jevo mata zrI bhagavAnalAla saMpatarAme rajU karyo che. saurASTra dezano itihAsa, bhA. 1, pR. 6 21. huM. vaM, vi. 2, e. 28, Dho. 44-45 22. Burgess, Reports on the Antiquities of Kathiawar and Kachh, pp. 11-13; B. G., Vol. VIII (Kathiawar), pp. 1 f. 23. Cousens, A. S. I., Vol. XLV, Imperial Series, Introduction, p. 1 24. B. G, Vol. VIII (Kathiawar), pp. 11-12 25. munizrI caturavijayajI ane munizrI puNyavijayajI-saMpAdita vasudevahiNDI, prathama vaMda, prathama saMza, p. 14 6. 3. bhogIlAla sAMDesarA, guja, anuvAda, pR. 189 26. De. motIcandra, sArthavAdu, . 131-122 27. haiM. motI, sArthavAda, . 75, mAma, pR. 7 28. gi. va. AcArya (saM.), gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho, bhAga 1, lekha naM. 6 29. ejana, pR. 8 30. ejana, lekha naM. 9, pR. 17 31. ejana, lekha naM. 15, pR. 6-7 39 34. T. R. L. Sharma, "The Rivers of Junagadh", Summaries of Papers, All India Oriental Conference, XXIV Session, p. 307 32. gu. e. le. pR. 6 33. pu. gu. 5. 49-50, 163-17, 178-79 34. gu. ai. le, bhA. 1, lekha 1, pR. 1-14 34. V. A. Smith, The Early History of India (4th edition), pp. 126, 136, 153; C. H, I, Vol. I, p. 494; The Age of Imperial Unity, p. 62. jUnI IrAnImAM "hakhAmanI" ane aMgrejImAM "Akhaemenian 34. Kangle, Kautilya's Arthasastra, part III, pp. 196 ff. Radhakumud Mookerji, Chandragupra Maurya and His times, pp. 84-85 37. caMdragupta mauryanA samayanI rAjakIya, Arthika, sAmAjika ane dhArmika paristhitine jANavA mATe "kauTilIya arthazAstra' vizvasanIya sAmagrI pUrI pADe che. kauTilya caMdragupta mauryane pATaliputramAM rAjyAsane ArUDha thavAmAM ane moTe sahAyaka hato ane "kauTilIya arthazAstra A kauTilyanI ke enAM vacanane sAcavatI enI ziSya paraMparAnI racanA che. A paraMparA vize ghaNe vivAda thayela che, paNa tAjetaramAM sabaLa dalIlo sAthe che. kAMgalee evo mata rajU karyo che ke A paraMparA na mAnavAne kaI kAraNa nathI, UlaTuM mAnavAne sabaLa kAraNo che. (Kangle, Kautilya's Arthasastra, p. 3, pp. 59 ft.

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3 juM]. paheluM pATanagara girinagara [ 69 38. Ibid., Part I, 11, sUtra 1 (pR. 32) 39. ejana, pra. 21, sU. 1-2 (pR. 35-36) 80. Kautilya's Arthasastra; translated by R. Shamsatrsy, p, 57. Hl. sia 21314 BE 2449 9.- the head-quarters for revenue.' (Part II, p. 70) 41. Kangle, op. cit, Part I, . 21, dU. 3 (9. 36) 42. mAnasAra (saMpAdaka prasannakumAra AcArya), 4. 10 ka. 45, 46, 47 (5, 55) 83. P. K. Acharya, Dictionary of Hindu Architecture, p. 284 Do. AcArya ahIM "100 1200 X4 cubits" ane "7, 200x14,400x4 cubits" jaNAve che, mULamAM "100 daMDaX200 daMDa" ane "7,200 daMDaX 14,400 daMDa" che. tenA hasta gaNatAM "100 X4 hasta X 200 X4 hasta" ane "7, 200X4 hasta X 14,400 44 hasta" gaNAya. 44. maurya-kSatriya-guptakAlanA girinagaranA tathA tyAMnA sudarzana taLAvanA sthAna vize keTalAka vidvAnoe upalabdha avazeSo parathI keTalAka tarka rajU karyA che: (juo Bhagvanlal Indraji & Dr. G. Buhler, " The Inscription of Rudradaman at Junagadh", Indian Antiquary, Vol. VII, p. 257; Ardeseer Jamsedjee, "The Sudarsana or Lake Beautiful of the Girnar Inscriptions," 5. B. B. R. A. S, Vol. VIII, pp. 47 f; che. ma. atri, "kSatriyakAlIna girinagara", vidyApITha, varSa 1, pR. 94-98; 2. nA. mahetA ane priyabALA zAha "saurASTranA keTalAMka prAcIna sthAno", vAyu, pu. 1, 5. 53-55; R. N. Mehta, "Sudarsana Lake', 3. 0. I., Vol. XVIII, pp. 20 ff. paraMtu jyAM sudhI purAvastuya ukhananathI pratIti na thAya tyAM sudhI AmAMnA koI taka sunirmIta na gaNAya. 45. Kangle, op. cit., Part I, p. 118, sU 21-22 (pR. 114-11) 46. ejana. pra. 24, sU. 1 (pR.41). setubandha mATe juo ejana, pra. 19, sU. 20-24 (pR. 33.) 89. R. K. Mukherji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, pp. 69-70; B. C. Law, Conception of Spirits, p. 726; Chatterjee in D. R. Bhandarkar Volume, pp. 329-340. vetavastha, IV, 8 48. H. C. I, P, Vol. IIp. 84 49. vIra unALa saMvata zaura jaina rAkhanA, pR. 81, pA. TI. 63 50. vividhatIrthAlpa, pR. 2; pramavArita, pR. 7pa 51. A. S. I., Vol. XLV, p. 2 52. juo prakaraNa 5.

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mokAlathI guptakAla 43. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. I, Part 1, p. 16 54. Ibid, p. 18 55. Ibid, p. 17 56. Ibid, pp. 15-16 57. Ibid, p. 15, f, n. 3 58. Ibid, p. 15., f, n. 3 59. B. G., Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 544 60. B. G., Vol. VIII: Kathiawar, p. 487, 61. jinaprabhasUri, vividhatIrthakalpa, pa. 6 62. ejana, 5. 10 63. ejana, prAstAvika nivedana, pR. 2 64. ejana, prAstAvika nivedana, pR. 1 65-66-67. maulavI abujhaphara nadavI, gujarAtano itihAsa, bhA. 2, 5 134, pA. TI. 1 68. siddhahema zabdAnuzAsana, saM. 8, . 1, 22, 102 69. gi. va. AcArya, gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekhe, bhA. 7, naM. 256, 5. 86; D. B Diskalkar, Inscriptions of Kathiawad, No. 27, p. 732 zrI. gi. va. AcArye traNa bhAgamAM AvatAM sthaLanAmonI je sUci ApI che temAM te " durga" ne samAveza karavAnuM cUkI gayA che. zrI DisakaLakarane paNa A lekhanA saMpAdanamAM A rathaLanAma blekamAM mUkavAnuM rahI gayuM che. AthI "jIrNadurga"ne A ullekha jaladI dhyAnamAM Ave ema nathI. A ullekha tarapha zrI. zaMbhuprasAda desAIe lakSa reluM che. AcArya zrI jinavijayajI-saMpAdita "jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2 mAM paNa A nAmano ullekha nathI. kItikaumudI, dharmAlyudaya, sukRtasaMkIrtana, revaMtagirirAsumAM paNa nathI. prabandhaciMtAmaNimAM nathI. paraMtu purAtanaprabandhasaMgrahamAM chaNadurgane ullekha vastupAla-tejapAlanA prabandhamAM che (pR. 60), paNa A saMgrahane koI eka kartA nathI, ane A prabaMdhane samaya kahI zakAto nathI. mo. da. desAI kRta "jaina sAhityanA saMkSipta itihAsa mAM pethaDe (samaya vi. saM. 1320-I. sa. 1264) tapAgacchanA AcAryazrI dharmaghoSasUrinA upadezathI 84 jinaprAsAde karAvyA evo ullekha che. enI nIce eka yAdI ApI che temAM "jIrNadurga"nuM nAma che, paraMtu A yAdI koNe karelI che ane kathAre thayelI che ityAdi mAhitI zrI. desAIe ApI nathI. - zrI. DisALakaranA Inscriptions of Kathiawad mAM naM. 38nA abhilekhamAM pachIne ullekha maLe che. zrInIrNakA[ re (paMkti 2). paraMtu A abhilekha vi. saM. 1435 arthAta I. sa. 1378ne che. mohammada taghalake giranArane kirlo sara karyo I. sa. 1347mAM (gu. i., bhA. 2., pR. 134), eTale e pachI 31 varSe A abhilekha chetarAye

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3 ju] paheluM pATanagara girinagara [71 che. abhilekha naM. 47 je vi. saM. 1445 ne arthAta IsvI sana 1389 ne che, temAM jIrNadurgane be vAra ullekha Ave che (paM. 10 ane 17), paNa e bIjI rIte mahatvano che. emAM kathana che ke mallanA mAtAmaha vIrarAja vAghelAe kheMgArane potAnA bhatrIjA bhImadevanA khabhe caDAvI bahAra mokalAvI dIdho ane pote pAdazAha mahammada sAme laDatAM devaloka pAmyo. A mahammada te mehammada taghalaka ( Inscriptions of Kathiawad, p. 35). A abhilekhamAM "revaMtagirino paNa nirdeza che. A uparAMta naM. 64 (vi. saM. 1469-I. sa. 1413)nA abhilekhamAM zrInI prakAra (paM.-7) ane naM. 76 (vi. saM. 1507-I. sa. 1451)mAM be vAra (paM. 14 ane 24) nIku noMdhAyo che. 70. B. G, Vol. I, Pt, 1, p. 19. 72. gu. ai. le, bhA. 1, naM. 6. (pa. 7) A abhilekhanA saMpAdaka kalahorna A divasa I. sa. 150nI 18mI okaTobara athavA adhika saMbhavata: 16 mI navebaranI barAbara hovAnuM jaNAve che (ei, pu. 8, pR. 41). A parathI zrI. gi va. AcArya paNa I. sa. 150nI 16mI navembaranI tArIkha jaNAve che. paraMtu pillaInAM kASThaka( Indian Chronology, Table X, pp. 30-31)ne AdhAre DaoN. hariprasAda zAstrI jaNAve che ke zaka 7ranA mArgazIrSane zukala pakSa I. sa. 150nI 8 mI navembare zarU thato hato ane amAMta mArgazISane kRSNa pakSa 7 mI DiseMbare pUro thatA hato, AthI kalahaine upara jaNAvelI tArIkhe kevI rIte ApI haze e samajAtuM nathI. pillaInAM kASThaka pramANe to zaka 72 nA mArgazIrSane kRSNa pakSa pUrNimAMta mAsanI paddhatie 24 mI okaTobaranA ane amAMta mAsanI paddhatie 23 mI naveMbaranA arasAmAM zarU thAya. 72. juo jarmanamAMthI aMgrejImAM pro. ghATee karelo anuvAda Indian Antiquary, Vol. XLII, pp. 188 ff. 73. gu. e. le., bhA. 1, naM. 6. AcArya girijAzaMkara valalabhajInA anuvAda uparathI thoDAka pheraphAra sAthe bhAvArtha Apyo che. - 74. zrI AcArya "A vidhi karI be mAsamAM samArakAma pUruM karyuM' evo artha kare che. gu. ai. le., lekha naM. 15, pR. 10 75. juo B. G., Vol..I, Part 1, p. 14 79. munizrI puNyavijayajI, jaina Agamadhara aura prAkRta kAGmaya, munizrI hjaariima smRtigraMtha, pR. 728; De. bhogIlAla sAMDesarA, vasudevahiDI, gujarAtI anuvAda, upaghAta, pR. 2 77. prAkRta bhASAnA zabda hiMhi nuM saMskRta rUpa kis ApyuM che ane ene artha rAjakarmacArI-viziSTa adhikAra-saMpanna evo Ape che. havAlo mavamavanAttA , patra 470, . 4 ne apAya che (mo ). va. hiM. mAM ene "navI" vizeSaNa lagADayuM che eTale A artha baMdha bese che. hiMda dezanAmamAlAmAM paNa noMdhAyA che, teno artha "seya vaDe sIvelA vastra-khaMDa" evo Ape che. Desinamamala of

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72] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. Hemachandra, edited by Prof. R. Pischel & Dr. G. Buhler, samt u (. 128) - sthAmilakakRta saMskRta bhANa pAdatADitakamAM ridiyA, ridina,hitri ane dina evA zabdaprayeLo che. De, motIcaMdra riSTi ane dina ne artha "DA athavA dAMDa" evo kare che. zA AdhAre A evo artha karyo che e Apyo nathI. saMskRta kezomAM zihi ke ziklina zabda ApyuM nathI. zabdakalpama hira, hara zabda Ape che ane zabdaratnAvalInA AdhAre tenA artha "khala" "dhUta" ane "sevaka" Ape che. gujarAtImAM DaMgore eTale DAMga ane tophAnI mANasa--e arthomAM ruhAra zabda sacavAye lAge che. gujarAtI "dAMDa" ane hiMdI "DI" zabdone A zabda sAthe saMbaMdha emaNe jaDatho che, ene pramANamImAMsAnI pratimAM eka TippaNamAM hari nanAra thartha: evo havAlo Apyo cheH tuma pR. 150. pA. TI. 4 (3). "nagnATa e gujarAtI "nAgoDa" (vastra vinAne, bezarama) mAM che, athavA "nanATa" saMskRtIkaraNa heya. bhUmikAmAM che. motIcaMdra ane artha eka tarehanA "navA jIna"_AjanI bhASAmAM chela (pR. 62) karyo che te "guMDA" karatAM sAro che. rAjAnI hAjarImAM raheto "chela" e artha svIkArI zakAya. - - 8 ejana, pR. 50-5ra, anu. pR. 60-63 79. De. sAMDesarA, jaina AgamomAM gujarAta, pR. 66 80. gu. e. le, bhAga-1, lekha. naM. 64, vaLI juo huM. . zAstrI, maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhAga 2, pariziSTa 3mAM naM. 50, 65, 26, 72 ane 132. Page #110
prakaraNa 4 mauryakAla A agAunA kAla saMbaMdhI purAvazeSIya sAdhana parathI tatkAlIna mAnavanAM jIvana tathA saMskRtinI kaMIka jhAMkhI thatI, paraMtu ene koI nakkara kaDIbaMdha ItihAsa jANI zakAte nahi; bIjI bAju purANo vageremAM AvelI anuzrutio parathI amuka purAtana rAjavaMza tathA rAjAo vize mAhitI maLatI hatI, paraMtu e anukRtionI aitihAsiktA pratipAdita karatA purAvA maLatA nahotA. gujarAtanA rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika ItihAsanI nakkara ane AdhArabhUta mAhitI meLavI zarU thAya che mauryakAlanA AraMbhathI, khAsa karIne Abhilekhika sAdhanane AdhAre. jUnAgaDha-giranAranA mArga para Avela eka zela (khaDaka ke moTI zilA) para kotarAyelA, devonA priya priyadarzI rAjAnA cauda dharmalekhe e gujarAtanA sahuthI prAcIna jJAta abhilekho che. emAM jaNAvela devane priya priyadarzI rAjA e maurya samrATa azoka hovAnuM pratipAdita thayuM che. A rAjAe dharmabhAvanAnA pracAra mATe potAnA sAmrAjyanA aneka pradezamAM A zilAlekha chetarAvyA hatA ane enI eka prata saurASTranA A sthaLe kotarAvelI che*(nakazo 1). e parathI A pradeza paNa azoka mauryanA zAsana nIce hovAnuM phalita thAya che. A zailanI bIjI bAju para cAra sadI bAda kotarAyela lekhamAM AvatA eka sIdhA ullekha parathI A anumAnane saMgIna samarthana maLe che. e lekhA rAjA mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAM 1 lA nA samayamAM zaka varSa 72-73 (I.sa 150-51) nA arasAmAM lakhAyo che. emAM girinagaranA sudarzana taDAka(taLAva)nA setu (baMdha)nA bhaMga tathA punanirmANane vRttAMta ApavAmAM AvyuM che. A vRttAMtanI aMdara e jaLAzayanI utpatti vize ya keTalIka hakIkata ApavAmAM AvI che. e parathI jANavA maLe che ke A jaLAzaya "maurya rAjA caMdraguptanA rASTriya vaizya puSyagupta karAveluM ; ane azoka mauryana (rASTriya) yavanarAja tuSAphe' ka

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74 ] maurya kAlathI guptakAla [31. E emAMthI naherA karAvI. kSatrapakAlIna zailalekhamAM AvatA A be prAsaMgika ullekhA parathI mau`kAlIna tihAsa para ghaNA prakAza paDe che. paheluM te| A pradeza para mauya` rAjA caMdraguptanuM tathA enA pautra azAkanuM zAsana pravRtyu hovAnuM jANavA maLe che. gautama buddha ane mahAvIra svAmInA samakAlIna rAjA biMbisAra ane ajAtazatrunA samayamAM magadha(dakSiNa bihAra)nA rAjyanA abhyudaya thayelA ane nadhvaMzanA samayamAM magadhanuM sAmrAjya kaliMga (erisA) ane dakhkhaNu sudhI vistaryu hatuM. e daramyAna magadhanI sattA gujarAta sudhI prasarI hatI ke kema e jANavA maLatuM nathI, paraMtu magadhamAM naMdavaMzanI sattAnuM unmUlana karI enI jagyAe mauvaMzanI sattA sthApanAra caMdragupta mauryanu zAsana A pradeza sudhI pravateluM hatu e rudradAmAnA zailalekhamAMnA ullekha parathI spaSTataH jANavA maLe che. A zAsana azoka maunA samayamAM ya cAlu hatuM e ullekha parathI magadhanA maurya sAmrAjyanI sattA A pradeza para cheka cadragupta mau (lagabhaga I. pU. 322-298 )nA samayathI ochAmAM ochuM. azAka mauya ( lagabhaga I. pU. 273-237)nA samaya sudhI cAlu rahI hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. azAkanA giranAra zailekhAne samakAlIna purAvA A uttarakAlIna ullekhanI aitihAsikatA siddha kare che. magadhanA maurya sAmrAjyanuM zAsana saiArASTra para pravarte lu eTaluM te azekanA zailalekhAnA sthAna parathI temaja rudradAmAnA zailekhamAM AvatA girinagaranA ullekha parathI nizcita thAya che. A parathI enI samIpamAM AvelA kaccha tathA taLa gujarAtane pradeza paNa prAyaH magadhanA maurya sAmrAjyanA zAsana nIce heAvAnuM spaSTa thAya che. azAkanuM zAsana gujarAtanI pUrve Avela mALavAmAM 8 tathA dakSiNe Avela kAMkaNamAM 9 pravatuM e parathI A saMbhavane samarthana maLe che. 10 Ama gujarAtane samasta pradeza tyAre magadhanA mau` sAmrAjyanA zAsana nIce hatA e lagabhaga nizcita gaNAya. azokanA zailalekhAnA sthAna parathI temaja rudradAmAnA zailalekhamAM AvatA ullekha parathI mAlUma paDe che ke A pradezanu vahIvaTI vaDuM mathaka tyAre girinagara hatuM. girinagara girinI taLeTImAM prAyaH enI pazcime vaselu jaNAya che. 1 1 A vaDA mathakamAM mauya rAjyane rASTriya12 (rASTrapAla) rahetA. mughala bAdazAhAnA sUbedAronI jema mauya samrATAnA sava rASTriyAnI mAhitI upalabdha nathI, paraMtu rudradAmAnA zailalekhamAM sudarzana taDAka saMbaMdhI ApelA ullekhA parathI emAMnA e rASTriyAnAM nAma jANavA maLe che.

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kazuM] mauryakAla [75 mauya rAjA caMdraguptanA samagra rAjyakAla daramyAna A pradeza mATe e eka ja rASTriya nimAye hato ke enI pahelAM ane athavA pachI bIjA kaI rASTriya paNa nimAyA hatA e jANavA maLatuM nathI. puSyagupta vaizaya hato eTale ullekha che, paraMtu e kayA sthaLane vatanI hato temaja eNe A pradezano vahIvaTa keTalAM varSa karyo e jANavA maLatuM nathI. eNe girinagara pAse Urjata girimAMthI nIkaLatI survaNasikatA, palAzinI vagere nadIonAM nIra ADe setu (baMdha) baMdhAvI sudarzana nAme suMdara jaLAzaya karAvyuM e enuM nedhapAtra kRtya che.13 magadha sAmrAjyanA ATalA dUranA ane chevADAnA pradezanA vaDA mathaka pAse baMdha baMdhAvI AvuM suMdara jaLAzaya karAvavAnI yojanA caMdragupta maurya pAse maMjUra karAvIne amalamAM mUkavA mATe A rASTriyane ghaNo jaza ghaTe che. 14 caMdraguptanI jema enA putra ane uttarAdhikArI biMdusAra( lagabhaga I. pU. 298-273)nA samayamAM paNa magadha rAjyanA rASTriyane vahIvaTa ahI cAlu rahyo lAge che. vityu ane enI paramatyadIpanI vRttimAM jaNAvyA mujaba biMdusAranA rAjyakAlanA 16 mA varSo surASTramAM piMgalaka nAme rAja gAdIe Avyo. 14 e pachI azokanA samaya(lagabhaga I. sa. pU. 273-237)mAM ahIM tuSApha nAme rASTriya thaI gayo hovAnuM jANavA maLe che, rudradAmAnA zailalekhamAM ene ullekha Ave che, tyAM ene yavanarAja tarIke paricaya Apyo che. 'tuSArapha e nAma spaSTataH videzI che; vastutaH e nAma jUnI IrAnI bhASAnuM che.15 paraMtu e parathI tuSAskane IrAnI mAnavAnI jarUra nathI. bhAratamAM vaselA yavane, zake, palava ane kuSANa jema bhAratIya nAma dhAraNa karatA thayA hatA tema IrAnI saMskRtinI asara dharAvatA keTalAka yavane IrAnI nAma dharAvatA thayA hoya te emAM navAI nathI. 17 A yavanarAja te bhAratanI vAyavya sarahada pAse Avela na (yavana) 18 pradezane yavana (grIka) rAja haze ane samrATa azoke ene A pradezane rASTriya nIme haze. sAmaMta rAjAo samrATonA prAMtanA rAjyapAla tarIke adhikAra dharAvatA evA dAkhalA mughala kAlamAM ghaNuM jANItA che. 19 Ama tuSArapha e prAyaH IrAnI nAma dharAvato yavana rAjA hate. saiArASTrane piMgalaka rAjA azokane potAnA matamAM lAvavA mATe pote pATaliputra gayo, paNa tyAMthI bauddha matathI prabhAvita thaI pAcho pharyo ane pitAnA pradezamAM e matanI himAyata karavA lAge; ene maMtrI naMdaka senApati ane putrI uttarA paNa bauddhadhama thayAM 20 uttarakAlIna bauddha graMthamAM Apela A anuzruti atihAsika hoya to azakanA samayamAM saurASTramAM piMgalaka nAme rAjA

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76] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. rAjya karate hevAnuM mAluma paDe che. e rAjA para maurya samrATa azokanuM Adhipatya pravartatuM hevA saMbhave. 21 je piMgalakane enI rAjasattA vaMzaparaMparAgata vArasAmAM maLelI hoya to caMdragupta mauryanA samayamAM paNa saiArASTranA e rAjavaMzanI rAjasattA pravartatI gaNAya. to pachI caMdragupta ane azokanA samayamAM ahIM rASTriyane vahIvaTa hato ene zo artha ghaTAvavo ? kauTilyanA arthazAstramAM rASTrapala tathA atapAlane ullekha Ave che. azokanA abhilekhamAM rAjUka ( rajuka), prAdezika ane yuktane ane rAjUkanA saMbaMdhamAM raThika(rASTrika)no ullekha Ave che.23 rudradAmAnA zailalekhamAM jaNAvela "rASTriya e A rASTrapala ke rASTrika hoya topaNa, jo saurASTramAM tyAre prAdezika rAjasattA cAlu rahelI hoya to, e magadhanA sAmrAjyanA sIdhA zAsana nIcenA prAMtane sUbedAra na hoI zake . rAyacaudharI sUcave che tema A rASTriya sthAnika rAjasattAnI nAmanI hastI cAlu rahevA daIne vAstavamAM samrATa vatI tamAma akhatyAra karanAra hAIkamizanara jevo adhikArI hovo joIe.24 girinagaranA sudarzananA nirmANa tathA vikAsanI pharaja maurya samrATonA rASTrie bajAvI hoI, teonI sattA briTiza sarakAranA resiDaTa ke poliTikala ejanTa karatAM ghaNI sIdhI ane saMgIna hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. kauTilyanA arthazAstramAM surASTrane ulekha Ave che.25 azokanA abhilekhomAM mAtra aparAMta pradezono nirdeza Ave che.26 kaccha, surASTra, Anarta ityAdine samAveza emAM adhyAhata rahela gaNAya. kauTilyanA arthazAstramAM "aparata' nAma prayojAyuM che, te pUrvApara saMbaMdha parathI uttara kekaNa ane dakSiNa gujarAtanA samudra-kAMThA pAsenA pradeza mATe prayojAyuM lAge che. 27 - caMdragupta mauryanA rAjyakALa daramyAna surASTranA vaDA mathaka girinagara pAse rASTriya puSyagupta setu (baMdha) bAMdhIne sudarzane nAme suMdara jaLAzaya karAvyuM. e jaLAzaya paurajanonA vihArasthAna tarIke ghaNuM lokapriya nIvaDayuM haze. vaLI azoka mauryanA rASTriya tuSAphe emAMthI nahera karAvI tyArathI e pIrajanonA vihArasthAna sAthosAtha jAnapada janonA upayogI jaLAzaya tarIke adhika mahattva pAmyuM jaNAya che. mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAna samayamAM ativRSTithI nadIomAM AvelA pracaMDa pUrane laIne sudarzana setu tUTI jatAM jaLAzaya taLiyAjhATaka khAlI thaI gayuM ane enA punarnirmANanI yojanA pahelAM nAmaMjUra thaI tyAre para tathA jAnapada prajAmAM hAhAkAra pravaryAne je ullekha Ave che te parathI A jaLAzayanI e upayogitAnI pratIti thAya che.

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mauryakAla [77 devonA priya, priyadarzI rAjA tarIke potAne oLakhAvatA maurya samrATa azake, kaliMga-vijaya mATenA khUnakhAra yuddhathI thayelA bhAre saMtApa ane pazcAttApa pachI potAnA hRdayamAM jAgelI tIvra dharma-bhAvanAne samagra prajAmAM prasAra karavA potAnA sAmrAjyanA judA judA pradezomAM zaila khaDaka) para je cauda dhamalipio (dhamale) kotarAvI, tenI eka prata girinagaranA sudarzana taLAva pAse Avela zaila para paNa kotarAvI28 (AkRti pa6). e dharmiSTha samrATanA A cauda dharmane sAra nIce pramANe che : 1. AjathI koIe prANIne mArI hemavuM nahi. meLAvaDo karavo nahi, kemake emAM bahu doSa rahele che. pahelAM rAjAnA rasoDAmAM roja lAkho prANI bharAtAM, have traNa ja prANIo bharAya che-be mera ane eka haraNa. A traNa prANIo paNa pachI nahi bharAze. 2. rAjAnA sakala rAjyamAM temaja sarahadI rAjyamAM badhe rAjAe be prakAranI cikitsA karI che. manuSya cikitsA ane pazucikitsA manuSyane tathA pazuone upayogI auSadhio jyAM jyAM nathI tyAM badhe maMgAvI che ne ropAvI che. rastAo. para kUvA khodAvyA che ne vRkSo ropAvyAM che. 3. rAjAe abhiSeka thayAne bArame varSe A pharamAvyuM che. mArA samagra rAjyamAM yukta, rAjake ane prAdezika pAMca pAMca varSe pradezamAM pharatA rahe ne bIjA kAmanI sAthe sAthe Avo dharmopadeza paNa karatA rahe - mAtApitAnI sevA, mitre paricita ane saMbaMdhIone tathA brAhmaNa ane bamaNone dAna, prANIonI ahiMsA, thaDa kharace ane thoDo saMghare iSTa che. pariSada paNa yuktone A saMbaMdhI AjJA karaze. 4. seMkaDo varSa thayAM, prANIonI hiMsA vagere vadhyuM ja che, tethI have rAjAnA dharmAcaraNa vaDe bherIghoSa e dharmaghoSa thaye che. vimAna, hastI, agniskaMdha (teja:puMja) ane bIjA divya rUpo pradarzita karIne rAjAnA dharmopadezathI prANIonI ahiMsA ItyAdi vividha dharmAcaraNa vadhyuM che; ne rAjA A dharmAcaraNane vadhAraze ja. rAjAnA putra, pautra ane prapautra yugAMta sudhI e vadhAraze. dharmopadeza e zreSTha karma che. eTalA mATe A lakhAvyuM che ke jethI A vastunI vRddhi thAya, hAni na thAya. A abhiSeka thayAnA bAramA varSe lakhAvyuM che.

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178] moryakAlathI gupatakAla [pra. 5. rAjA kahe che : kalyANa karavuM agharuM che. meM bahu kalyANa karyuM che. mArA putro vagere e karatA raheze. pApa karavuM saheluM che. ghaNI vakhata thayo, dharmanA mahAmAtra nahotA, tethI abhiSeka thayAne terame varSe meM dharmanA mahAmAtra nImyA. teone yavana, kaMboja ane gaMdhAramAM tathA rASTrika ane bIjA aparAtamAM sarva saMpradAyanA tathA sarva vaNonA dharmAdhikAna tathA hitasukha mATe nImyA che. ahIM tathA bahAranAM badhAM nagaromAM nImyA che. eTalA mATe dharmalipi lakhAvI che ke e lAMbo vakhata Take ane mArI prajA e pramANe varte. 6. rAjA kahe che : ghaNo vakhata thayAM Ama nahatuM te karyuM che ke sarva kAle sarva sthaLe nivedako mArI pAse Ave ane mane prajAnI bAbata jaNAve. huM je kaMI maukhika rIte pharamAvuM ke je mahAmAtrAmAM tAkIdanuM hoya ne te bAbatamAM pariSadamAM matabheda ke vicAraNuM upasthita thAya, to te mane tarata ja nivedita karavuM. kAmanA nikAlamAM mane tRpti hotI nathI. sarva kahitane meM mAruM kartavya mAnyuM che. enAthI kaI caDiyAtuM karma nathI. huM je kaMI puruSArtha karuM chuM te zA mATe ? ke prANIonA RNamAMthI mukta thauM. eTalA mATe A dharmalipi lakhAvI che ke e lAMbo vakhata Take ne mArA putro vagere e pramANe varte. sakriya puruSArtha vinA A karavuM muzkela che. che. rAjA Icche che : sarva saMpradAye sarvatra vase, kemake sarve saMyama ane bhAvazuddhi icche che, paraMtu mANaso bhinna bhinna rUci dharAve che. je vipula dAna de che, paraMtu saMyama ane bhAvazuddhi dharAvatA nathI tenuM dAna atizaya UtaratuM che. 8. ghaNA vakhatathI rAjAo vihArayAtrAe jatA; emAM mRgayA ane evA bIjA mojazekha thatA. abhiSeka thayAne dasame varSe rAjA badhigayA gayA, tethI dharmayAtrA thaI che. emAM brAhmaNo tathA zramaNonuM darzana, teone dAna, jAnapada janone dharmopadeza ityAdi thAya che. rAjAne A ghaNuM game che. 9. rAjA kahe che : loka jAtajAtanI mAMgalika vidhi kare che. mAMdagI, lagna, putrajanma, pravAsa vageremAM bahu mAMgalika vidhi kare che. AmAM strIo ghaNI ane ghaNI jAtanI mAMgalika vidhi kare che, paraMtu e alpala de che. dharmanI mAMgalika vidhi mahAkala de che. emAM dAso ane sevako tarapha savartAva, guruo prati Adara, prANIonI ahiMsA, zramaNa tathA bAhmaNone dAna-e ane evuM bIjuM thAya che. A vidhi karavA jevI che evuM pitA putra bhAI svamI mitra

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4 thuM ] mauryakAla [79 vagere sahue ekabIjAne kahevuM. bIja mAMgalika vidhi anizcita phaLavALI ane mAtra aihalaukika che, jyAre dharmanI mAMgalika vidhi to A lekamAM temaja paralekamAM sarvadA phaLa Ape che. 10. rAjA yaza ke kIrtine mahattvanI mAnatA nathI, sivAya ke mArA mANaso hAla temaja bhaviSyamAM dharmane ArAdhe ane Acare. e bAbatamAM, huM je kaMI puruSArtha karuM chuM te eTalA mATe ke sahu parisTava arthAt apuNya ghaTADe. sakriya puruSArtha vinA A karavuM muzkela che. moTA mANasa mATe e vadhAre muzkela che. 11. rAjA kahe che: dharmadAna jevuM koI dAna nathI. emAM A heya che: - dAso tathA sevako tarapha sadavartAva, mAtA-pitAnI sevA, mitro paricito ane saMbaMdhIone temaja zramaNa ane brAhmaNone dAna, prANIonI ahiMsA. pitA putra bhAI svAmI mitra vagere sahue A karavA mATe ekabIjAne bhalAmaNa karavI. A dharmadAna vaDe A lekanuM sukha maLe che temaja paranuM anaMta puNya prasare che. 12. rAjA sarva saMpradAyane dAna tathA Adara de che, jethI e sarvanI sAraddhi thAya. sAravRddhi bahu prakAranI che, paraMtu enuM mULa che vAksayama. pitAnA saMpradAyanI prazaMsA ane pArakA saMpradAyanI niMdA vinA kAraNe na thAya ane kAraNasara thAya tyAre paNa thoDI ja thAya. para-saMpradAyane mAna ApavAthI e baMne saMpradAyanuM bhaluM kare che. tethI saMyama sAre che. anyonyanA dharmane sAMbhaLe ane seve. A mATe dharma-mahAmAtra, strI-adhyakSa mahAmAtro vagere nImyA che. enAthI sva-saMpradAyanI vRddhi tathA dharmanI dIpti thAya che. 13. abhiSeka thayAne AThame varSe rAjAe kaliMga deza jItyo. tyAMthI deDha lAkha mANasa pakaDAyA, tyAM eka lAkha mAryA gayA ane aneka gaNuM mRtyu pAmyA. pachI devanA priyane tIvra dharma-ciMtana, dharma-raci ane dharma-upadeza thayela che. devonA priyane kaliMga deza jItIne pazcAttApa thayo che. tyAM brAhmaNa, zramaNo vagere je dharmiSTha ja vase che tenA mitro, paricito ane saMbaMdhIone AmAM je kaSTa paDe tenAthI teone paNa duHkha thAya. AthI enA semA ke hajAramA bhAgane kaSTa thAya to ene have devone priya bhAre mAne che. je nukasAna kare tene kSamA karI zakAya teTalI kSamA karavI. devanA priye jItela aTavImAM paNa A nIti rAkhavI. devanA priye dharma-vijayane mukhya vijaya mA che ne e eNe sarva sarahado para prApta karyo che-jyAM aMtika29 nAme yavana rAjA

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80 ] soya kAlathI guptakAla [x. - che ne enI pAra cAra rAjAe che-tulamAya, aMtekina, maga ane alikasudara; nIce ceALa ane pAMDaya. evI rIte rAjAnA rAjyamAM yavana-ka kheAjamAM nAbhaka- nAbhapatimAM bhAja tathA andha-puliMdamAM * badhe devAnA priyanA dharmopadeza pramANe varte che, jyAM devAnA priyanA dUtA nathI jatA tyAM paNa e dharmopadeza sAMbhaLIne e pramANe Acare che ne Acaraze. AnAthI satra je vijaya maLe che te prItinA rasavALA hoya che. e prIti tA kSudra che, paraMtu pAratrika sukha mahAla de che. eTalA mATe A dha`lipi mukAvI che ke mArA putrA vagere navA vijayanI icchA na kare te dha`vijayane ja vijaya mAne. e A leAkane temaja paraleAkanA che. 14. devAnA priya priyadarzI rAjAe A dha`lipi lakhAvI che. kaMIka saMkSepamAM, kaMIka madhyamasara ane ka MIka vistArathI lakhAyu che. rAjya vizALa che; bahu lakhAvyu che te lakhAvIza. keTaluMka madhuratAne laI ne pharI pharI kahyuM che, jethI leke ema kare. emAM kaMIka kAraNasara ke lahiyAnI bhUlathI adhU ruM lakhAyuM haze. azAke karelA A dharmopadezamAM mukhya tattvA sarva saMpradAyAmAM sAmAnya evA udAtta mAnavadhanAM che; aMgata rIte azAka bauddha dharmanA anuyAyI thayA hatA te eNe anyatra khIjA keTalAka abhilekha bauddha saMdhane uddezIne lakhAvyA che.30 emAMnA koI lekha gujarAtamAM kAtarAvyA nathI, chatAM enA rAjyakAla daramyAna ahIM eNe upadezelA sAmAnya dharmo uparAMta bauddha dharmanI paNa vattIochI asara thaI hAvI joI e. saurASTranA rAjA piMgale pATaliputra jaI enI pAsethI bauddha dharmanI bhAvanA jhIlI ane saurASTramAM pAchA pharI tyAM ene prasAra karyAM e anuzruti A tane samarthana Ape che. girinagara pAsenA DuMgarAmAM bauddha bhikSuenA nivAsa mATe vihArA (tathA stUpeA) kaMDArI ApavAnI zarUAta maurya kAlamAM thaI AvAnu jaNAya che. A zarUAta prAya: azAkanA rAjyakAla daramyAna thaI haze.31 bauddha tathA jaina anuzruti azokanA uttarAdhikArI saMprAMta hAvAnu jaNAve che.12 jaina anuzruti anusAra azAkanA putra kunAla hatA te eneA rAjyavArasA kunAlanA putra saMpratine maLelA, paraMtu purANAmAM ApelA mauryavaMzanA vRttAMtamAM azAkanA uttarAdhikArI kunAla thaye| hovAnuM te eNe ATha varSa rAjya karyu hovAnuM

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4 thuM] mauryakAla jaNAvyuM che. kunAla prAyaH "suyazasa" nAme paNa oLakhate evuM keTalAMka purANe parathI jaNAya che.34 bauddha paraMparAmAM vaLI ene "dharmavivardhana" nAme oLakhAve che.35 A parathI kunAla paNa enA pitA azokanI jema bauddha dharmane protsAhana ApatA hovAnuM mAluma paDe che. enA rAjyakAla (lagabhaga I. pU. 237-229) daramyAna magadhanA maurya sAmrAjyanI sattA dUranA prAMtamAM zithila thaI hovAnuM jaNAya che. kunAlanA putra saMpratie saurASTra pradeza, AMdhra deza ane draviDa deza sara karyA evo ullekha nizIthacUrNimAM Ave che.36 saMpratie A parAkrama pate ujayinImAM yuvarAja hato tyAre kareluM evuM muni zrI kalyANavijayajI dhAre che.37 kunAlanuM rAjya pUruM thatAM magadha sAmrAjyanA be ke traNa bhAga paDI gayA lAge che.38 pazcima bhAratanA pradeza para kunAlanA putra saMpratinI sattA pravartI. enI rAjadhAnI prAyaH ujayinImAM hatI, jyAM eNe agAu yuvarAja tarIke zAsana kareluM.39 saMpratie nava varSa (lagabhaga I.pU. 229-220) rAjya karyuM. A rAjA jaina dharmanA prabhAvaka tarIke prasiddha che. gujarAtanAM jaina tIrthadhAmamAM keTalAMka prAcIna jinAlaya saMpratie baMdhAvyAM hovAnuM manAya che. 40 bauddha dharmanA abhyadayamAM je sthAna azakanuM che te sthAna jaina dharmanA abhyadayamAM saMpratinuM gaNAya che.41 pazcima bhAratamAM, khAsa karIne gujarAtamAM, jaina dharmane have je noMdhapAtra prasAra thayo jaNAya che temAM rAjA pratino viziSTa phALo rahelo hovA saMbhava che.42 A badhA ullekho parathI pazcima bhAratamAM, khAsa karIne mALavA ane prAyaH gujarAta para, saMprati dvArA morya zAsana cAlu rahyuM hovA saMbhava che. purANomAM saMprati pachI zAlizuka gAdIe Avyo hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che.* gAga saMhitAmAM e dharmavAdI (chatAM pote) adhArmika hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che.44 eNe 13 varSa (lagabhaga I.pU. 220-27) rAjya karyuM. enA gujarAta paranA zAsana vize temaja enA vaMzajo vize kaMI cekasa mAhitI upalabdha nathI. maurya rAjAoe kula 137 varSa rAjya karyuM e bAbatamAM sarva purANo ekamata che.4pa maurya vaMzanI sthApanA I.pU. 322 nA arasAmAM thaI hoI ene aMta I.pU. 185 nA sumAramAM Avyo gaNAya, paraMtu gujarAtamAM magadhanA e rAjavaMzanI sattA chevaTa sudhI rahI hatI ke tyAM bIjA koI rAjavaMzanI sattA pravartatI hatI e bAbatamAM kaMI mAhitI upalabdha nathI.46

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82] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. bhAratamAM maLelA prAcInatama sikkA Ahata (punch-marked) prakAranA che. enA para alaga alaga paMca vaDe cihna Ahata karelAM hoya che, paraMtu kaMI lakhANa hotuM nathI. A sikkA prAya: cAMdInA ane kavacita tAMbAnA hoya che. cAMdInA Ahata sikkA sAmAnyataH 32 ratIbhAranA hoya che. enA agrabhAga para pAMca cihna Ahata karyA hoya che; pRSThabhAga para kAM to eka moTuM cihna hoya che athavA to saMkhyAbaMdha nAnAM nAnAM cihna hoya che. A sikakA prAga-maurya tathA mauryakAlanA che. gujarAtamAM AvA aneka sikkA maLyA che47 (AkRti pa7). pAdaTIpe 9. Hultzsch, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. 1, pp. I ff.; Hirananda Sastri, The Asokan Rock at Girnar, pp. 8 ff. 2. D. R. Bhandarkar, Asoka, pp. 3 ff. 3. sAmAnyataH A abhilekha "cauda zaila zAsano" (Fourteen Rock Edicts) tarIke oLakhAya che. e giranAra (gujarAta), kAlasI (uttara pradeza), dhaulI (orisA), augaDha (orissA), eraguDI (madrAsa), sopArA (mahArASTra), mAnaserA (ji. hajhArA, vAyavya sarahada, pazcima pAkistAna) ane zahabAjagaDhI(ji. pezAvara, vAyavya sarahada, pazcima pAkistAna)mAM maLyA che. 4. sAmAnyata: A "giranAra zaila zAsano" ("Junagadh Rock Edicts") ke "cauda zela zAsane : giranAra pATha" (Fourteen Rock Edicts : Girnar Version) tarIke oLakhAya che, jyAre A ja zaila para kotarAyelA bIjA be lekha "janAgaDha zila lekha" (Junagadh Rock Inscription) tarIke oLakhAya che. vastutaH A zaila jUnAgaDha zaheranA pUrvanA giranAra daravAjA ane giranAra parvatanI pazcima taLeTInI vaccenA bhAga para lagabhaga aDadhe aMtare, dAmodara kuMDavALI khINamAMthI suvarNarekhA nadI bahAra nIkaLe che tyAM bheMsalA DuMgaranI uttara taLeTInI hAMsamAM che. 4. Bhagvanlal Indraji and Buhler, Indian Antiquary, Vol. VII, pp. 257 ff; Kielhorn, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII, pp. 42 ff 6. ......... mauryaca rAsa : raju] [pata*] ca rASTriyeLa [ na puSyaguptana kAritaM( tam) [1] azokasya mauryasya te [?] yavanarAjena tuSa[ sphenAdhiSThAya prA[T]jhIma ]jhartA ](1) - pitta 8-1 9. Hemchandra Raychaudhuri, Political Hstory of Ancient India, pp. 229 ft.

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*thu...] sauMca kAla [ 83 8. ujjayinImAM azArka nImelA kumAra vahIvaTa karateA hateA (D. R. Bhandarkar, Aloka, p. 48). jaina anuzruti anusAra kumAra kunAla hatA (nizIyasUtra-vizeSarRpUrtti, pR. 361). 9. seApArA(ji. thANA)mAM "cauda rIla zAsane''nA eka pATha kotarAyelA 10. Bom. Gaz., Vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 14 "" 11. giranAra " kharI rIte " gireinagara '"mAMthI vyutpanna thayela che. giri parathI nagarane maLeluM nAma pAchu' giri mATe prayeAjAyuM che. 12. rASTriya eTale rAjAnA sALeA evA arthA paNa thatA. (amarasiMha, nAmaoinAnuzAsana, paMvita 286) Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency nA History of Gujarat ne lagatA graMtha 1, bhAga 1 mAM A zabdane A aM levAmAM AvyA che (pR. 13). paraMtu amarakozanI vRttikAmAM kSIrasvAmI spaSTa kare che tema nATaka sivAya rASTriya"ne a` rASTrAdhikRta, arthAt rASTranA (vaDa) adhikArI evA thatA. vastutaH 'rASTriya" nA mULa a` A ja lAge che. A adhikAra para rAjA prAyaH peAtAnA sALAnI nimaNuka karatA haze e parathI e zabdane AnuSaMgika artha " rAntanA sALe " thayA lAge che. prAMtAnA sUbedAra ghaNI vAra tyAM peAtAnI svataMtra sattA jamAvI detA, tethI e adhikAra para rAjA peAtAnA sALAnI pasaMdagI kare te e svAbhAvika hatuM, kemake rAjadrohanA bhayanI daSTie sALe| sahuthI vadhu vizvAsapAtra gaNAya. 13. 'U`cat' (ujjayaMta) e giranAranuM prAcIna nAma hatuM. suvarNasikatA hAla sonarakha tarIke oLakhAya che. palAzinI e paLAMtarAyA vekaLe! hAvAnu jaNAya che. jogaNiyA DuMgaranI pazcima taLeTImAMthI nIkaLI sudarzana taLAvanI uttara dhAre 'hajAmane cAra' nAmanA pUrvAM-pazcima lakhAyelA DuMgaranI samAMtara enI taLeTImAMthI suvarNarekhAmAM eka veAkaLe paDe che te A hevAnI rAkavatA che. 14. '... It is much to the credit of Chandragupta that he maintained a special Irrigation Department charged with the duty of measuring the lands, and so regulating the sluices that every one should receive his fair share of the life-giving water. 'Although Girnar is situated close to the Arabian sea, at a distance of at least 1,000 miles from the Maurya capitals, the needs of the local farmers did not escape the Imperial notice', ( V. A. Smith, Early History of India, p. 139) 14 a. jue nIce pA. TI. 20; vaLI jue upara pR. 50. 15. Bom. Gaz., Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 14, Ep. Ind, Vol. VIII, p. 46, note

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mauryakAlaccha guptakAla [ , 14. Ep. Ind., Vol. VIII, p. 46, note, Ind. Ant., Vol. XLVIII, pp. 145 . 20. Raychaudhuri, op. cit., p. 314 18. vAyavya sarahada pAse yena, kaMboja ane gaMdhAranA prAMta hatA. AniyAnA zara grInA prathama saMparkane laIne IrAnIo badhA grIkone yauna" tarIke oLakhatA. vAyavya sarahada pAse grIkonuM saMsthAna sthapAyeluM tene pAlimAM "cona" (saMskRtamAM "cavA ') kahetA. 158 mAM kaMdahAra (aphaghAnistAna) pAse azokane grIka bhASAmAM lakhAyela ane grIka lipimAM kotarAyelo lekha maLe che te parathI A yena prAMta kaMdahAranI AsapAsa Avelo hovAnuM spaSTa thayuM che. (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXIV, pp. 1 ff.) 8. dA. ta. mughala bAdazAha akabare aMbaranA rAjA mAnasiMhane baMgALane sUbedAra nimele. jodhapuranA rAjA jasavaMtasiMhane zAhajahAMe mALavAne ane auraMgajhebe gujarAtane sUbedAra nImyo hato. 20. vetavatyu, pR. 67-1; paramathIvanI, . 24 4-7 29. Law, Buddhist Conception of Spirits, pp. 47 ff.; C. D. Chatterji, "A Historical Chraacter in the Reign of Asoka Maurya,' D. R. Bhandarkar Volume, pp. 329 ff. 22. 6. rU. 7 23. Bhandarkar, Asoka, pp. 51 ff, 29 ff. 28. Political History of Ancient India, pp. 189 f. vigato mATe A prakaraNa 10. 25. saurASTra: pazcAtteSa pracavA: sUtA: (ritanaH ) (2. 2. 16 ), kAmbojasurASTrakSatriyazreNyAdayaste vArtAzastropajIvinaH (11. 1. 4) - prAcIna samayamAM A pradeza mATe "surASTra" rUpa prajAtuM, ane e sthaLanAma parathI "saurASTraka evuM vizeSaNa sAdhavAmAM AvatuM. ra6. coLavAnadhAra riSTipeseLijAne vA pi aMge mApaNitA (giranAra zelalekha 5). "aparAnta eTale pazcima cheDo ke sarahada, arthAt pazcima bhAratane samasta sarahadI pradeza. purANomAM "aparAMta samUhavAcaka sthaLanAma tarIke prajAyuM che ne tyAre emAM nAsika, zaIraka, AMtaranarmada, bhArukaccha, mAheya, sArasvata, kaccha, surASTra, Anarta ane abdano samAveza thato. (umAzaMkara jozI, purANomAM gujarAta', pR. 5-7)

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ja zuM ] mauryakAla 27. dvArA sthAntiA pAnAM madhyama tA: (1rU. 15) madhuramaparAnta......2 rAzi eTam (rU. 115) (varSapramANam ) amitaparAtAnAm (4, ) mahAbhAratamAM paNa "aparAMta" nAma A arthamAM prayojAyuM lAge che (mati, 3. 210, rU. 1-2). emAMnuM ajunanI tIrthayAtrAnuM varNana govAkekaNathI prabhAsa sudhInA pazcima kAMDAne mATe "aparAMta" upayukta thayAnuM sUcave che. (umAzaMkara jozI, "purANamAM gujarAta', pR. 5) 28. vigato mATe ja prakaraNa 2. ( Bhandarkar, Asoka, pp. 231 ff.) mULa lekhanA pATha mATe ja Hultzsch, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. I, pp. 1 ff., Hirananda Sastri, The Asokan Rock at Girnar, pp. 8 ff. D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization, Vol. I, pp. 16 ff. ra9. sikaMdaranA mRtyu bAda enA sAmrAjyanA bhAgalA paDaDyA hatA ne emAMnA eziyAI mulaka para sikaMdaranA grIka senAnI Seleucus nI sattA jAmI hatI. enA vaMzanI sattA tyAM lAMbe vakhata cAlI. azokanA samayamAM e vaMzamAM Seleucus ne pautra Antiochus II rAjya karato hato, jene ahIM "aMtika" tarIke ullekha karyo che. A vaMzanI rAjyasattAnuM kedra sIriyAmAM hatuM. enI pAranA videzI rAjAonA tathA azokanA rAjyanI aMdaranA pradezanA paricaya Hie ovat Bhandarkar, Asoka, pp. 26 ff. 30. dA. ta. saMghamAM taDa na pADavA vizenA staMbhalekhe, dharmagraMthonI bhalAmaNane lagatA phalaka lekha ane bauddhatIrthonI yAtrAne lagatA staMbhalekha. (Hultzsch, C.LI. Vol. 1. pp. 159 f; 172 f; 164 f.) 39. H. D. Sankalia, Archaeology of Gujarat, p. 46, No. 1 32. dA. ta. rivyAvahIna, pariziSTa pUrva ane vividhatIrthatvamAM (Raychaudhuri, P. H. A. I., p. 350) 33. Pargiter, Dynasties of the Kali Age, pp. 27 f. hariprasAda zAstrI, purANamAM ApelI mauryavaMzanI sAlavArI', "gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada-ra0muM saMmelana-hevAla', pR. 256. "kunAla"nA "kuzAla" ane "kulAla" pAThAMtara maLe che. 34. matsya purANa, viSNu purANa ane bhAgavata purANamAM (ejana, pR. 255-56)

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86] mauryakAlathI guptakAla pri. 35. rivyavahAramAM tathA phAhyAnanI pravAsanedhamAM (Raychaudhuri, op. ci, p. 350). 39. teNa suraTThavisayo aMdhA damilA ya uyviyaa| ( jinadAsa mahattara, nishiithsuutrviroSasULi, pR. 362) 37. vIra narvAga saMvata maura jaina zAstranA , pR. 81, 5.TI. dUra 38. vigato mATe juo hariprasAda zAstrIne purANamAM ApelI mauryavaMzanI salavArI" vize lekha ("gujarAtI sAhitya pariSada-20muM saMmelana-hevAla," pR. 255-61). vaLI jao H. G. Shastri, "The Puranic Chronology of the Mauryan Dynasty", Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. IX, pp. 387 ff. 39. pI.TI. 37 pramANe. ujajayinImAM kumArane vahIvaTa hovAne ulekha azoke kaliMganA alaga rola-lekha naM. 1mAM karyo che (Hultzsch, p. cit, pp. 92 fr..). 40. zatruMjaya para tathA bharukacchamAM saMpratie derAsara baMdhAvyAM hovAnA ullekho mATe juo ninaTamara, "vividhatIrtha." pR. 2, pramAdrAcArya, "prabhAva carita', 6, 7. giranAranuM mahAvIra maMdira paNa saMpratie baMdhAvyuM hovAnuM manAya che. e sthAna saMpratinI dUka tarIke oLakhAya che. 41. Smith, E. H. I., pp. 202; B. G., I, 1, p. 15. eNe trikhaMDa bhAratavarSane jinAyatanothI maMDita karyuM ane AryAvartanI bahAranA pradezomAM paNa jinAyatane sthApyAM evI anukRti che. (haimavatra, raziSTa parva, 11, 21; nimaNUri, vividhatIrtha, pR. 3, 61) ajJAta utpattivALAM prAcIna jaina maMdiro athavA imAratonuM nirmANa sAmAnyataH saMpratine AropavAmAM Ave che. (Smith, E. H. I., p. 202; Bom. Gaz., Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 15, R. C. Parikh, Introduction to the History, of Gujarat, pp. xxxi f. 82. R. C. Parikh, Introduction to the History of Gujarat, p. xxxii 83. Pargiter, Dynasties of the Kali Age, pp. 27 ff. 88. D. R. Mankad, garunt, p. 23, 11. 89-91 zrI. ke. pI. jAyasavAle zAlizukane kunAlane putra mAnIne enA moTA bhAIne saMprati tarIke oLakhAvela (BORS, Vol. XIV, pp. 397 ff.).

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4 thuM] sau kAla [ 27 zrI. ke. ha. dhruve vaLI paMkti 91mAM svarASTranI jagyAe saurASTra pATha kalpIne zAlizake saurASTrane pIDayo hAvAnA a ghaTAveleA (JBORS, Vol. XVI, pp. 18 f.), paraMtu A badhA kevaLa tarka che. 45. Pargiter, D. K. A., p. 30 46. gujarAtamAM mauya zAsananA sa Mprati sAthe aMta AvyA hovAnuM jaNAya che ema dhAravAmAM AvyuM che. (Bom Gaz., Vol. I, pt. I, p. 15; Sankalia, Archaeology of Gujarat, p. 7) kharI rIte sa MpratinI pachInA samayamAM gujarAtane mATe mau zAsanane lagatA ullekhA maLatA nathI, temaja anya keAI vaMzanA zAsana sabaMdhI ya kaI ullekha maLyA nathI. 47. M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, pp. 37 f.

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prakaraNa 5 anu-maurya kAla magadhamAM maurya vaMzanA chellA rAjA bRhadrathane mArIne enA senApati puSyamitre zuMgavaMzanI sattA sthApI (lagabhaga I.pU. 185). dakSiNamAM enI sattA vidizA (pUrva` mALavA) payaMta pravatatI, jyAre vidarbhamAM yajJasena nAme svataMtra rAjA rAjya karatA hatA.1 puSyamitra zuganI sattA gujarAta para pravartatI hatI ke kema e vize ka MI spaSTa jANavA maLatuM nathI. "azAkAvadAna"mAM puSyamitra bauddha saMdhArAmeA( vihArA )no nAza karavA pATaliputrathI zAkala ane tyAMthI dakSiNa mahAsamudra gayA hovAnu jaNAvyuM che. A ullekha parathI puSyamitre zAkala(ziyAlakoTa-pUrva paMjAba)thI pAtAla (siMdhuno mukhatrikANu) ane surASTra (saurASTra)nA dakSiNa samudra sudhI kUca karI hAvAnu TA dhAre che. A mata anusAra puSyamitra zuMganI sattA saurASTra sudhI prasarI hevI sa Mbhave, paraMtu siMdha-saurASTra pAse AvelA samudrane sAmAnyataH ' apara (pazcima ) samudra" tarIke eLakhavAmAM AvatA, AthI A avadAnakathAmAM ka MI aitihAsika tathya rahelu hAya teApaNa emAM ullikhita dakSiNa samudra parathI puSyamitre saurASTra para kUca karI hevAnuM anumAna tAravavuM e bhAgyeja svIkAryaM gaNAya. *. puSyamitre 36 varSI (lagabhaga I.pU. 185- 149) rAjya kayu" e daramyAna siMdhu pradezamAM bAhalika dezanA yavane(yunAnIo-zrIkA)nI sattA sthapAI. bhAratamAM vaselA A khAlika-yavane ane teonA vaMzajo bhAratIya-yavanA tarIke oLa khAya che. kAbula pradezamAM tathA gaMdhAra dezamAM bAlika-yavanAnI sattA prasAranAra rAjA dimitrapa hatA. ene samaya lagabhaga I.pU. 180-165 nA AMkavAmAM AvyA che.1 enI sattA ekratida. nAme khAlika-yavane paDAvI lIdhI ane bAlika jItI laI AgaLa jatAM kAbula, gaMdhAra vagere pradeza paNa sara karyAM. ekratide 99

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5 muM] anumauryakAla 9i lagabhaga I.pU. 165 thI 155 sudhI rAjya karyuM jaNAya che.' A rAjAe pitAnI sattA saurASTra sudhI prasArI hoya evuM bhAratIya yavana rAjAonA ullekha karatA kaI prAcIna graMthamAM jaNAvyuM nathI, paraMtu enA sikkA saurASTranA judA judA bhAgamAM ane judA judA samaye maLyA che ke e parathI e sikkA tyAM vepAra mATe ke zobhA mATe AyAta thayA hovA karatAM tyAMnA calaNa tarIke prayojAyA hovA joIe ane e parathI eukatidanuM zAsana saurASTramAM pravatyu hovuM joIe evuM anumAna tAravavAmAM AvyuM che. 10 eukatidanA je sikakA ahIM maLyA che te badhA ghaNA nAnA che. ene bola" (grIkamAM "opolus") kahetA; e draznanA chaThThA bhAganA hatA. saurASTramAM e agAu nAnA kadanA (4 ke pa-7 grenanA) Ahata sikakA (paTTa 14, AkRti 69) pracalita hoI, ahIM ekritide AvA nAnA sikkA pracalita karyA haze evuM dhAravAmAM AvyuM che. 10 a gujarAtamAM maLelA A sikakAonI anya vigata prasiddha thaI nathI. ekitida pachI minandara 1 milinda 12 nAme pratApI rAjA thaye. e dimitranA kula sAthe gADha saMbaMdha dharAvato hato. 13 eNe pUrvamAM biyAsa nadInI pAra gaMgA pradezamAM kUca karI; paMcAla ane mathurAnA rAjAone sAtha ApI sAketa (ayodhyA) para AkramaNa karyuM ane cheka pATaliputra sudhI kuca karI.14 dakSiNamAM madhyamikA (citoDa pAse) para AkramaNa karyuM. 15 "mAlavikAgnimitra'mAMnA ullekho parathI mAlUma paDe che ke rAjA puSyamitranA pautra kumAra vasumitre siMdhunA taTe yavana senAne harAvI. A yavana senA te bhAratIya-yavana rAjA minandaranI senA hevA saMbhava che. 17 A anusAra e banAva puSyamitranA rAjyakAla (lagabhaga IpU. 185-149)nA aMtabhAgamAM banyo jaNAya che. 18 minandaranI vijayakUce ene pUrvamAM kaMI kAyamI kabaje bhAgyeja apAvyo, paraMtu dakSiNamAM enuM zAsana saurASTranI pAra dakSiNa gujarAta sudhI pravaryuM hovAnuM jANavA maLe che. 19 apaladara( lagabhaga I.pU. 136-IpU. 87)nA AdhAre straba (lagabhaga I. pU. pa4-I. sa. 24) nedhe che ke bAlika-yavana rAjAoe, khAsa karIne minanda, sikaMdara karatAM vadhAre jAtione vaza karI hatI, kemake keTalIkane eNe pote ane bIjIne ekathIdimanA putra dimitre vaza karI hatI; teoe mAtra pAtAlano ja nahi, paraMtu bAkInA samudrataTa para Avela surASTra ane sAgaradvIpanA rAjyanA 'paNa kabaje lIdhe.20

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90] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. A vidhAnanA arthadhaTana aMge bhinna bhinna mata rajU thayA che. "alI hisTarI opha gujarAtanA lekhaka dhAre che ke dimitre bhAratamAM amuka sthAna sudhI kUca karI ane minandare AgaLa vadhI siMdhakaccha ane saurASTra lIdhAM. 21 TAnuM sUcave che ke dimitre siMdha lIdhuM ane enA sAthI (prAya: kaniSTha baMdhu) apaladate kaccha ane saurASTra lIdhAM. 22 narena darzAve che ke bhAratamAM sattA prasAranAra dimitra te euthIdimane putra dimitra 1 le nahi, paNa aMtimaka pachI sattArUDha thayela dimitra 2 je hato. eNe kAbula pradeza ane gaMdhAra dezamAM sattA prasArelI ane minandare kAlI) siMdhu sudhI AgekUca karelI, paraMtu minandare kaccha-saurASTra lIdhAM hovAnuM bhAgye ja manAya; apaladaranAM vidhAna strabane paNa keTalIka vAra virodhAbhaka ane zaMkAspada lAgyAM che. 23 paraMtu "perisamAM AvatA eka ullekha parathI apaladaranA A vidhAnane samarthana maLe che. "periplasa"ne lekhaka (I.sa. 70-80 ) bArIgAjhA(bhakaccha)nA saMbaMdhamAM noMdhe che ke "AjanA dI lagI grIka lakhANavALA ane sikaMdara pachI gAdIe AvanAra epeleDeTasa ane minanTaranI mudrAvALA, e dezathI AvatA disamanuM calaNa ahIM bArIgAjhAmAM che."24 A ullekha parathI minandare kaccha tathA saurASTra uparAMta dakSiNa gujarAta para potAnuM zAsana pravartAvyuM hovAnuM sUcita thAya che. A bAbatamAM TArna evuM dhAre che ke pahelAM apaladave ane enA pachI minandare bharuka7 sudhInA pradeza para rAjya kareluM, 25 jyAre narena evuM mAne che ke minandara ane apaladata 2 jAnA sikkA A pradezamAM calaNa tarIke vaparAtA nahi, paNa vepAranI rIte AvyA haze ane "periplasa" nA lekhake tyAM e joyA haze. A maMtavyanA samarthanamAM narena nedhe che ke vahAITa heDa jaNAve che ke bharUcamAM meM eke ya grIka sikkA ma hovAnuM sAMbhaLyuM nathI ane Do. jI. pI. Telara, jemaNe amadAvAdamAM trIsa varSa lagI sikakA ekaThA karelA, temane kadI apaladatane kaI sikako maLyo nathI. paraMtu "alI hisTarI opha gujarAta"mAM seMdhAyelI hakIkta parathI "periplasa"mAMnA vidhAnane samarthana maLe che. DaoN. bhagavAnalAla IMdrajIe pacIseka varSo daramyAna saurASTra-gujarAtamAM je sikko ekaThA karelA temAMnA bhAratIya yavana sikakAomAM ekritidanA eka nAnA sikakA uparAMta minandaranA cheDA drampa tathA apaladatanA ghaNA drambha ane tAMbAnA sikakA maLelA.28 bombe eziyATika sosAyaTInI pAsenA keTalAka sikakA bharUca pAse maLelA che. 29 vaLI apaladatanA sikkA ghaNuM moTI saMkhyAmAM

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9i1 5 muM] anu-mauryakAla maLatA hoI e lAMbA vakhata lagI calaNamAM rahyA hovAnuM sUcita thAya che.30 A sarva parathI "periplasa"mAMnA vidhAnane saMgIna samarthana maLe che.. - periplasa"mAM saurASTranA saMdarbhamAM eka evo ullekha Ave che ke "jUnAM devasthAna, gaDhanI rAMga ane bhammariyo kUvA jevI sikaMdaranI caDAInI eMdhANIo ahIM mojUda che."31 paraMtu sikaMdaranI bhArata paranI caDAInI hakIkata vigate noMdhAyelI che ne emAM sikaMdare siMdhanI dakSiNe AgekUca karI hovAne lezamAtra ullekha Avato nathI. AthI "periplasa"nA lekhake ahIM siMdhane lagato ullekha saurASTranA saMdarbhamAM bheLaseLa karI dIdho hoya athavA A eMdhANIo kharekhara sikaMdaranI caDAInI nahi, paNa minandara jevA pachInA yavana rAjanI caDAInI hoya evuM saMbhave che. | game tema, minandara ane apaladatanI sattA A pradezamAM pravartelI ane ahIM teonA sikkA calaNamAM rahelA e lagabhaga nizcita gaNAya. sikakAonA purAvA parathI mAlUma paDe che ke apaladatanA sikkAo minandaranA sikakAo karatAM anukAlIna che,33 AthI "perisamAM Apele "epaleDeTasa ane minandara' e kema te te rAjAnA rAjyakAlanI apekSAe nahi, paNa teonA sikakAonI saMkhyAnI apekSAe34 mukAye havA saMbhava che. 1 minaranA cAMdInA goLa drama (paTTa 3, A. 3 ane 5 14, A. 70) saiArASTramAM tathA dakSiNa gujarAtamAM maLyA che.34 tetradramma ane ddhimma jevA moTA sikakA ahIM maLyA nathI, e ahIM agAu nAnA sikakA pracalita hatA e kAraNe haze,34 e chatAM e obela karatAM moTA che eTalo sudhAre gaNAya. minanTaranA sikAnA agrabhAgamAM vacce rAjAnuM dakSiNAbhimukha ke vAmAbhimukha kirITadhArI uttarAMga ane enI AsapAsa Basileos Soteros Menandrou (rAjA trAtA menanano) evuM grIka lakhANa hoya che; pRSThabhAgamAM grIka devI ethenI premekesanI dakSiNAbhimukha ke vAmAbhimukha AkRti ne ene pharatuM kharekhI lipimAM marana tratarasa menandasa evuM prAkRta lakhANa hoya che, jene artha "mahArAjA trAtA mena-dra" thAya che; uparAMta, eka ekAkSara (monogram) hoya che. minandana rAjyakAla lagabhaga I.pU. 155 thI 130 sudhInA AMkavAmAM Avyo che.35 e bauddha dharma tarapha ghaNo anurAga dharAvatA, AthI enA samayamAM ahIM bauddha dharmane rAja-protsAhana maLyuM hoya te navAI nahi.

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92] mauryakAlathI guptakAla * [. apaladata e minandarane nikaTano saMbaMdhI hovAnuM jaNAya che. narena dhAre che ke e minandarane nAno putra haze.37 ene rAjyakAla lagabhaga I.pU. 115 thI 95 ne AMkavAmAM Avyo che.38 apaladatanA dramma(paTa 14, AkRti cha)nA agrabhAgamAM rAjAnuM paTAvALuM mastaka ane ene pharatuM Basileos Soteros Apollodotou (mahAna trAtA apaladatane) evuM grIka lakhANa hoya che. pRSThabhAgamAM be prakArane ekAkSara (monogram) hoya che ane khareSThI lipimAM "Hdunnasa jJattiranA lapatara (mahArAjA rAjAdhirAja apaladatane) evuM prAkRta lakhANa hoya che. 38 a enA kramanI DhabanA sikkA lAMbA vakhata lagI paDAvA cAlu rahyA, paraMtu e vadhu ne vadhu UtaratI koTInA thatA gayA.38 zaka kSatrapa rAjAoe pitAnA sikakA mATe apaladatanA draznanuM anukaraNa karyuM hoI enI DhabanA sikakA cheka Isa. 78nA sumAra sudhI cAlu rahyA hovA saMbhave che, paraMtu e parathI tyAM bhAratIya-yavana rAjAonuM zAsana eTale badhe vakhata cAlu rahyuM hovAnuM phalita thatuM nathI. UlaTuM, e pachInA koI bhAratIya-yavana rAjAnA nAmanA sikakA maLatA nathI e parathI te tyArabAda A pradezamAM bhAratIya yavana sattA sAbUta na rahI hovAnuM sUcita thAya che. apaladata(lagabhaga I.pU. 115-85)nA mRtyu bAda thoDA vakhatamAM bhAratamAM zAnI sattA sthapAI ane bhAratIya-yavana rAjyanI sattAno hAsa thata gayo. zakoe IrAnamAM zakasthAna (sIstAna) vasAvyuM hatuM ane tyAMthI teo bhAratamAM prAya: bolanaghATane mArge dAkhala thaI pahelAM siMdhamAM AvI vasyA hatA.40 A hiMda-zakasthAna (Indo-Scythia) tarIke oLakhAyuM.41 * pazcima bhAratamAM konI sattA sthapAI e vize jaina sAhityamAM AvI anuzruti ApavAmAM AvI che:4ra ujajananA gaI bhila vaMzanA rAjA darpaNe sarasvatI nAme sAdhvI, je kAlakAcArya-kAlakarinI (sAMsArika avasthAnI) bahena thatI hatI tenuM apaharaNa karI ene parANe aMtaHpuramAM dAkhala karI. kAlakAcAryo tathA ujananA jaina saMghe e sAdhvIne choDI devA rAjapane bahu samajAvyo, paNa eNe dAda dIdhI nahi. chevaTe kAlAcArya pArasaphUla (IrAnanA kinAre jaI tyAMthI 96 zaka zAhIone hiMdukadeza (siMdha) teDI lAvyA. ujajana para AkramaNa karavA jatAM pahelAM teo badhA surASTramAM AvyA. varSAkAla hovAthI teone tyAM rokAI javuM paDyuM. comAsuM pUruM thatAM teoe tyAMthI u.jana tarapha kUca karI.

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paNuM]. anumauryakAla lATa dezanA rAjAe, je mAM gabhi rAjAe apamAna karyuM hatuM teo paNa teonI sAthe joDAyA. sahue maLI ujajanane ghero ghAlyo. laDAImAM Akhare gabhilla rAjA hAryo. zakoe ene padabhraSTa karI sararavatIne choDAvI ane emAMnA eka zAhIe tyAM rAjasattA dhAraNa karI A zaka rAjya sthapAye cAra varSa thayAM tyAM lATanA rAjA balamitre emane harAvI ujanamAM potAnI sattA sthApI. A balamitra AgaLa jatAM vikramAditya tarIke oLakhAve ne "zakAri" tarIke khyAti pAmyo. "vikrama saMvata" nAma A yazasvI rAjavInI yAdagIrImAM apAyuM manAya che. A anusAra zonuM A AkramaNa vi. saM. 1 (I.pU. 5756)nI pahelAM thoDAM varSa para banyuM gaNAya.43 ujajanane gardabhinna rAjAonI, ujanamAM sattArUDha thayelA zaka rAjAnI ane tyAM sattA jamAvanAra zakAri balamitra uphe vikramAdityanI sattA uttara gujarAta, saurASTra ane kaccha para pravartatI hatI ke kema e jANavA maLatuM nathI, paraMtu zakonA AkramaNa samaye saurASTramAM emane roke tevI koI sabaLa sattA hovAnuM jaNAtuM nathI ane dakSiNa gujarAtamAM balamitra nAme rAjAnuM rAjya cAlatuM hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che. A rAja kyA vaMzane hatA ne tyAM e vaMzanI sattA keTalA vakhatathI pravartatI hatI e paNa jANavA maLatuM nathI. jaina anuzruti anusAra e kAlakAcArya ane sarasvatIne (sAMsArika avasthAno) bhANeja hato ne bharakaccha (bharUca)mAM rAjya karato hato.64 muni kalyANa vijayajInA mata anusAra e puSyamitra zuMganA rAjyakAlanA aMte bharUcano rAjA thayela, tyAM eNe kula para varSa rAjya karyuM ne pachI zakone haThAvI ujanamAM ATha varSa rAjya karyuM.4pa ene nAno bhAI bhAnumitra yuvarAja tarIke adhikAra dharAvato hato. je vikrama saMvata kharekhara ujananA rAjA vikramAdityanA nAma sAthe saMkaLAyela hoya ane e vikramAditya te lATa dezano rAjA balamitra hoya, to uttara bhArata tathA pazcima bhAratanA ghaNA bhAgamAM lAMbA kAlathI pravartatA vikrama saMvatanI utpatti dakSiNa gujarAtanA e rAjAnA yazasvI parAkrama sAthe saMkaLAyelI hevAnuM gaNAya. vaLI ujananA gardabhilla ane zaka rAjAonI sattA gujarAta para prasarI hoya ke na hoya, balamitranI sattA dakSiNa gujarAta para hatI ja. zakonI sattA IpU. 1 lA saikAmAM ujanamAM apAyuM nIvaDI lAge che, paraMtu uttara bhAratamAM zaka rAjAmoa ane enA vaMzajo (aja 1 le, ajiliSa, aja ra je vagerenI sattA pravatI ane takSazilA, mathurA vagere pradezamAM teonA "satra" (saM. "kSatrapo') arthAta rASTriya ke sAmatanuM zAsana pratye 47.

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-94]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pra A zaka-zAsananA aMtabhAgamAM paMjAbamAM kuSANa kulanA mahArAjA vima kadIphizanI sattA sthapAI. uttara bhAratanA A zaka rAjAonI ane A kuSANa rAjAnI sattA gujarAta para prasarI hatI ke kema e vize kaMI nizcita mAhitI maLatI nathI, paraMtu saurASTra ane kacchamAM eka ajJAtanAma rAjAnA tAMbAnA sikakA maLe che,48 je A saMdarbhamAM lakSyamAM levA jevA che. A sikakAo para grIka 6414141 24a ells Feruni Basileus. Basileon Soter Megas (21017ene rAjA, trAtA, mahAna) evuM lakhANa hoya che. AvA sikkA rAjasthAna, paMjAba, vAyavya sarahada, kAbula pradeza ane kaMdahAra pradezamAM paNa maLe che.49 A sikakA vima kadaphizanA samayanA havA saMbhave che.50 muni kalyANavijayajInA mata mujaba jaina anuzruti anusAra ujajanamAM balamitra (vikramAditya) pachI nabhasene 40 varSa rAjya karyuM enA rAjyakAlanA pAMcamA varSe mALavA para pharI zakonuM AkramaNa thayuM, tene mAlava prajAe vIratAthI pAchuM haThAvyuM ne enI yAdagIrImAM "mAlava saMvata zarU karyo, je AgaLa jatAM "vikrama saMvata" tarIke oLakhAya; nabhasena pachI se varSa sudhI tyAM gaIbhila vaMzanI sattA rahI.51 A badhe samaye gujarAtamAM zakenI sattA pravatatI jaNAtI nathI, paraMtu chevaTamAM kuSANa rAjAdhirAjanuM Adhipatya pratye lAge che. tyAMsudhI ahIM apaladatanA nAmavALA sikakA calaNamAM rahyA hovAnuM bhAluma paDe che. Ama anumaurya kAlane ghaNA ItihAsa hajI ajJAta ane anizcita che. azoka maurya pachI AdhArabhUta mAhitI minara ane apaladata vize maLe che ane e pachI pAcho laharAta kSatraponA zAsanakAla sudhI aMdhakAra pravarte che. gujarAtane lagatI takAlIna anukRtiomAM vacce kAlakAcArya sAthe surASTramAM thaIne AvelA zakano ane bhakacchanA rAjA balamitrano ullekha maLe che. A sivAya gujarAtanA A kAlanA ItihAsamAM hajI ghaNo khAlI gALo rahelo che.

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[95 5 suM] anumauryakAla : pAdaTIpa 1. kAlidAsanA "mAvinimitra" nATakamAM AvatA ullekho parathI. 2. azokAvadAna (saM. sujitakumAra mukhopAdhyAya), pR. 133-135 3. W. W. Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India, pp. 177 f. 4. Bactria=Bactra ke ba9khanI AsapAsa Avelo pradeza. baba hAlanA aphaghAnistAnanI uttare AveluM che. 5. grIka parathI aMgrejImAM "Demetrius" 6. TAne enI bhAratamAMnI kArakidIne samaya I.pU. 184 thI 167ne AMke che (op. cit., p. 133), jyAre narena A dimitrane dimitra 2 ja gaNe che ne enA rAjyakAlane samaya lagabhaga I.pU. 180-165 ne AMke che (A. K. Narain, The IndoGreeks, p. 53). 7. grIka parathI aMgrejImAM "Eucratides"; enA sikkAo paranA prAkRta lakhANamAM "puti ." c. Narain, op. cit., pp. 53, 70 ff. <-90. B. G., Vol I, p. 1: Early History of Gujarat, p. 16 10. ejana, pR. 16-17. A rAjAnA sikkAo para sAmAnyataH "Basileos Megalou Eukratidou" evuM grIka lakhANa ane rana mahatavana utirasa evuM prAkRta lakhANa hoya che, je baMneno artha "rAjA mahAna eukatidana" evo thAya che. (Sircar, Select Inscriptions, p. 101) 11. aMgrejImAM "Menander"; enA zinakaTa maMjUSAlekhamAM "mane enA sikkAo paranA prAkRta lakhANamAM "mene. (A baMne rUpamAM anusvAra adhyAhata rahelo lAge che.) 12. pAli "nijhindrapaDyo" mAM "fmarindra" prayojAyuM che. 93. Narain, op. cit., pp. 74 f. 14-15. Ibid., pp. 81 f. 16. aMka pa. puSyamitranA azvamedha-azvane siMdhunA dakSiNa taTe pharatAM yavana senAe revAthI baMne senAo vacce bhAre saMgharSa thayo. azvanuM rakSaNa karanAra kumAra vasumitre zatruone harAvyA. ahIM ulikhita siMdhu te jANItI siMdhu nadI nahi, te madhya pradezanI caMbala nadImAM bhaLatI kAlI siMdhu hovI joIe evuM lAge che (IHQ, Vol. I, p. 215: Narain, op. cit., p. 82).

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ha1] mauryakAlathI gupakAla 17-18. Narainop. cit., p. 83 19. TAna A vijaya dimitranA samakAlIna apaladatane Ape che (op. cit., pp. 147 .), paraMtu periplasa"mAM uslikhita apaladata te minandarane purogAmI nahi, paNa anugAmI hovo joIe, evuM narene pratipAdita karyuM che (op. cit., pp. 67 f.) e yathArtha lAge che. 20. Narain, op. cit., p. 35. Patalene=Real zu Gabriel, Saraostasiyalog 2018 Sigerdis=241312414=4765 (Early History of Gujarat, p. 16). Tarn, op. cit., pp. 147 f: pp 233 ff. 21. pR. 16 22. pR. 142-148 23. pR. 50-53; 68-69; 81-82; 93-94 24. pareplasa", kaMDikA 47, Narain, ot, cit., p. 68. Barygaza=bharukaccha dirAma = drachmae (kasma). 25. pR. 147-149; 230 26-27. pR. 68-69 28. E. H. G., p. 16 ra9. Ibid., p. 17, n. 5 30. Ibid., pp. 17 f. 31. "periplasa", kaMDikA 41 32. E. H. G,, pp. 15 f. TA A caDAI apaladatanI hovAnuM dhAre che (pR. 148), paraMtu bharukacchanA saMdarbhamAM uslikhita apaladata minandarane anukAlIna hoI, ahIM minandaranI caDAI abhipreta gaNAya. 33. E. H. G, p. 17; Narain, op. cit., pp. 65 ft; 122 ft. 34. P. H. G., p. 18 34. keTalAka UtaratI kakSAnA bharUca pAse maLelA. be jUnAgaDhamAM maLelA (ejana, pR. 17, pA.TI. 5). 34. ejana 34. Narain, op. cit., pp. 77; 100 R. C. Parikh, Introduction to the History of Gujarat, p. xxxii 34. D. C. Sircar, "The Yavanas", The Age of Imperial Unity, pp. ill f.

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anu-mauryakAla 37. Narain, op. cit., pp. 126 f. 38. Ibid, p. 126 38 a. E. H. G., p. 18 39. E. H, G, p. 17 80-89. Tarn, op. cit., pp. 320 ff; Narain, op. cit., pp. 134 ff. 42. muni kalyANavijaya, vIra nirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR. 53-58; bho. ja. sAMDesarA, jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta, pR. 38 43. muni kalyANavijayajI darzAve che ke vikama saMvatane AraMbha vikramAdityanA rAjyArahaNa pachI terame varSe thayela ne e saMvata vIra nirvANa saMvata pachI 470 varSe zarU thaye. A anusAra zakAri vikramAdityanuM A parAkrama vi. sa. pUrve 13(I. pU. 70-69)mAM thayuM gaNAya. mAdhurI vAcanAmAM vikrama saMvatane tathA vikramanA rAjyane AraMbha va. ni. 470 mAM mAnavAmAM Avyo che, jyAre vAlabhI vAcanAmAM vikramanA rAjyane AraMbha vI. ni. 470 mAM ane vikrama saMvatane AraMbha vI. ni. 483 mAM gaNavAmAM AvyuM che; AthI vIra nirvANanA. samayanI gaNatarI bAbatamAM e be vAcanAomAM 13 varSane taphAvata rahe che. (vI. ni. saM. sai. ., pR. 60, 144 - 6 ) che. pAMDeya Adya zaka rAjAonA abhilekhomAM prayojAyelA saMvatane "Adya zaka saMvata" gaNe che ne enI utpatti zakoe ujajanamAM sattA sthApI tyAre thaI hovAnuM mAnI zakonI sattA tyAM 14 ke 4 varSa rahI e gaNatarIe ene AraMbha I. pU. 71 ke 61, arthAta, vi. saM. pU. 14 ke 4 mAM mUke che. (R. B. Pandey, Indian Paleography, pp. 191 f.) 44. muni zalyANavinaya, putra, pR. -16mo. . sahelA, naina mAma sAhityamAM gujarAta, pR. 38-39 45. sAvinayagI, gjhana, pR. 57-58 46. ujhana, pR. 5, TI. 41 xv. Hemchandra Raychaudhuri, Political History of Ancient India, pp. 437 ff. 48. E. H. G, p. 19 49. E. H. G., p. 19; Age of Imperial Unity, p. 140 50. Tarn, op. cit., p. 354; A. I. U, pp. 140 f. 51. vI. ni. siM. sai. ., 5 58-60 I-2-7

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prakaraNa 6 pazcimI kSatrapa 1 kSatrapAla gujarAtamAMthI moTI saMkhyAmAM ane bhAratanA anya keTalAka bhAgomAMthI alpa saMkhyAmAM amuka jAtanA cAMdInA sikkAo upalabdha thayA che; uparAMta evA tAMbAnA thaDA sikkAo tathA zilAlekho paNa prApta thayA che. e paranAM lakhANo uparathI pazcima bhAratanA kSatrapa rAjAo vize vipula mAhitI prApta thaI che. ItihAsamAM A rAjAo "pazcimI kSatrapo" tarIke oLakhAya che. ' "kSatrapa ane artha A rAjaonA abhilekhomAM kSatra ane mahAkSatrapa zabda vAraMvAra prayajAyelA prApta thAya che. kSatrapa e mULa IrAnI laghavananuM saMskRta rUpAMtara hovAno abhiprAya keTalAka ItihAsavidono che. IrAnanA hakhAmanI vaMzanA rAjA mahAna dArayanA behistUna zailalekha naM. 3 mAM laghapAvana rUpa be vAra prayajAyuM che. chapAvanane artha "pRthvIno rakSaka" ke "prAMtane sUbo" evo thAya che. mahAna dAraye potAnA vizALa sAmrAjyanA vividha prAMto mATe nImelA sUbAo - garvanare kSamrapAvana tarIke oLakhAtA hatA, e enA zailalekhathI spaSTa thAya che. saMskRta kSetra ( saMsthAna) uparathI kSatrapatine prayoga vAjasaneyi-saMhitAmAM jovA maLe che. RgvadamAM rAjyakartA"nA arthamAM e vaparAya che. sAmavedamAM paNa kSatrapa zabda che. brAhmaNa graMthamAM kSatra eTale "zAsita vargane sabhya" ke "lazkarane mANasa" evo artha thAya che. A badhA uparathI kSatrano "pradezane rAjA" ke "ThakarAta ThAkara" e artha phalita thAya che.

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pazcimI kSatra [9 avestAmAM kSati (kSagha = bhUmi ane pati = pAlaka) zabda che, jene artha musipAtra thAya che.10 Ama kSatrapa zabda bhAratIya ane IrAnI ubhaya sAhityamAM lagabhaga eka ja arthamAM prayojAyela prApta thAya che. AthI evuM anumAnI zakAya ke A zabdanuM mULa saMbhavata: bhAratIya-IrAnI AryonI samAna bhASAmAM hoya, paraMtu bhAratamAM ane pracAra, jyAre IrAnanI rAjakIya asara heThaLa bhArata AvyuM ane IrAnathI pahalavo-zake bhArata AvyA tyAre, thayo hovo saMbhave.11 pazcimI kSatrapa ekasAthe 1nA ane kSatrapa ema baMne birUda dharAvatA hatA. AmAMnA kSatrapa birudathI teo koI moTA rAjAnA sUbedAra hovAnuM anubhAna thayuM che, jyAre nA birudathI teo svataMtra rAjasattA dharAvatA evuM maMtavya paNa vyakta thayuM che. 13 vastutaH A rAjyaktao pote ja svataMtra sattAdhIza hoI rAjAnI jema kSatrapa biruda paNa bhUmipAla(bhUpati)nA arthamAM prayojatA hovA saMbhave che. 14 kSatrape kuSANenA uparAja hatA ? atyAra sudhI aneka vidvAna adhyetAoe A praznanI chaNAvaTa karI che, ane ghaNuM ItihAsavido mAne che ke pazcima kSatrapo upara kuSANa rAjAonuM Adhipatya hatuM, arthAta teo kuSANanA uparAja hatA.5 jyAre ekAda be ItihAsakArone A pracalita maMtavya svIkArya jaNAtuM nathI. pazcimI kSatraponA laharAta vaMzanA rAjA nahapAnanA samayanA nAsika guphAnA eka lekhamAM suvarNa ullekha che te cokkasapaNe samakAlIna kuSANonA senAnA sikkA vize ja che ema resana mAne che ane tethI teo nahapAna kuSANano adhIna rAjA hovAnuM maMtavya rajU kare che. 17 A ja lekhamAM nirdiSTa vurAmUTe upara bhAra mUkI de. rA. bhAMDArakara evuM sUcana kare che ke nahapAnanA cAMdInA sikkA mATe A nAma prayojAyeluM jaNAya che, kemake turAja( = kupALa) nAme oLakhAtA enA adhipati rAjA kaphiza(karaphisisa) 1 lA mATe eNe (nahapAne) A ('kuzaNamUle") nAmanA sikakA paDAvyA hatA.18 pazcima bhAratanA rAjyakartAonAM kSatra ane mahAkSatranAM birudathI keTalAka vidvAnoe evuM sUcavyuM ke A rAjAo kuSANanA uparAja hatA, kemake pazcimI kSatramAMnA AraMbhanA rAjAo kuSANa rAjAonA, khAsa karIne kaSki 1 lAnA, samakAlIna hatA ane kaNikke enA vizALa sAmrAjya upara kSatra ane mAlagAne

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mo kAlathI guptakAla [X.. 100] hoddo dharAvatA adhIna rAjyakartAo dvArA sattA sabhALI hatI, je enA zikSAlekhAthI sUcita thAya che. 19 AthI spaSTataH kahI zakAya nahI ke kSatrape ANeAnA uparAja hatA. sunaLa ane rALamUjenA kevaLa ullekhathI kSatrA upara kANAnuM Adhipatya sAbita thatuM nathI. vaLI muLanA ullekha mAtrathI kuSANAnA sikkAonA saMdarbha sUcavA nathI, kemake vedakAlathI sikkA tarIke seAnAnA upayAga thatA AvyA che, tethI raeNpsananuM upayu kta maMtavya svIkAya banatuM nathI. rALanUjene kanherI lekheAmAMnA 20 ddhio sAthe sarakhAvI senA 'varSAkAla pUratA anna mATe maLatI mAsika vRtti' evA enA artha kare che,21 je vAcasamUhanA saMdarbhamAM jotAM vadhAre baMdha khese che. AthI de. rA. bhAMDArakaranuM uparyukta arthadhaTana paNa svIkArI zakAtu nathI. e baijanAtha purI kSatrapa ane mahAkSatrane judI rIte vicAre che: "cASTrananI. jema nahapAna paNa zarUmAM kSatrapa ane pachI mahAkSatrapa hatA. keTalAka samaya pachI UMcA hoddAnA svIkAramAM kAMIka mahattva jaNAya che emAM adhitithI svataMtra thayAnA athavA adhipati dvArA UMcA hoddo pAmyAnA atha abhipreta che. baMnemAM adhipatinuM astitva jarUrI che."22 jo A svIkArIe ta| ene thAya ke mAtra nahapAna ane cAna ja nahi, paNa lagabhaga badhA ja pazcimI kSatrapeA, teA pachI, kuSANu rAjAonA uparAja hAvA joIe, kemake pazcima bhAratanA A rAjAe ha Mmeza kSatrapa-mahAkSatrava tarIke eLakhAtA. A zakya lAgatuM nathI, kAraNa ke kaNi-jUthanA chellA sAta rAjA vAsudevanA rAjyanA aMta I.sa. 241-272 nI vacce kAI samaye AvyA hovAnuM baijanAtha purIe nAdhyuM che, 23 jyAre pazcimI kSatrapeAnuM rAjya ceAthI sadInA cothA caraNamAM asta pAmyuM hatuM. AthI purInuM maMtavya tarkazuddha jaNAtuM nathI. kaNiSkanA zilAlekhA ane sikkAnAM prAptisthAna uparathI temaja enI caDAI enAM Anuzrutika vaNunA parathI kahI zakAya ke pajAba, kAzmIra, si Mdha, uttara pradeza ane baMgALa-bihAra sudhInA pradeza enA rAjyamAM samAviSTa hatA, jyAre nahapAnanA rAjyanI hada uttaramAM ajamera sudhI, pazcimamAM saurASTra sudhI, pUrvamAM mALavA sudhI, ane dakSiNamAM dakSiNa gujarAta, uttara koMkaNa temaja ahamadanagara, nAsika ane pUnA jillAe sudhI hatI. AthI spaSTa thAya che ke kaSkinA rAjyavistAramAM gujarAta-mahArASTranA samAveza thatA na hatA.

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'+'] [171 kaNike enA vizALa sAmrAjyanA sacAlana mATe sUbAe nImyA hatA, je 'kSatrapa' ane 'mahAkSatrapa'' tarIke adhikAra bhAgavatA hatA. eNe enA zilAlekhAmAM enA uparAjonA ullekha karyA che, jemAM bhramaka ke nahapAnane samAveza thatA nathI. kharapatlAna, vanaspara, veztasi ane liyakanI jema jo bhrama ane nahapAna enA uparAjo hoya te kaNika jevA pratibhAzALI kuSANa senApatie enA abhilekhAmAM jarUra emanA ullekha karyA hAya, paraMtu ubhayane anullekha sahaja sAbita kare che ke bhramaka ane nahapAna kayAreya kaNiSkanA Adhipatya nIce na hatA. nahapAnanA lekhAmAM kaSkinA nAmane abhAva A sUcanane Teke Ape che. vaLI kaNiSkanA zilAlekhA ke sikkAonI gujarAtamAM anupasthiti A sUcanane samarthana Ape che. kSatrapa ane mahAkSatrapa tarIke sikkA apanAvelI praNAlikA emanA svataMtra darajjAnuM jevA zaktizALI rAjAe, jo te ene adhIna paDAvavAnI sattA ApI na heAta. paDAvavAnI pazcimI kSatrape e spaSTa sUcana kare che. kaSki hota teA, emane sikkAe A rAjAemAM bIjI paNa eka praNAlikA pracalita hatI : rAnA kSatrapa ane rAjJA mahAkSatrapanAM birudAnI. 'rA'nA thayelA upayAga bhArapUrvaka emane svataMtra daro sAbita kare che. nahapAnanA prApya asaMkhya sikkAomAM mAtra rAnA birudaneA prayAga A matathyane vadhu samana Ape che. agAu joyuM ke saMskRta ane averatAmAM kSatrapa zabda samAna arthamAM "rAjA"nA paryAya tarIke che, eTale A saMdarbhamAM kSatrape| Ama rAjA hevA saMbhave. bhUmipAla( bhUpAla )nA saMdarbhomAM bhramaka 'nA vicAra karavAnuM sUcaka jaNAya che; bhramaka eTale bhUmine dhaNI evA a karIe tA. * A carcA parathI phalita thAya che ke pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAe kuSANu rAjAonA subA na hatA, paraMtu svataMtra darajjo dharAvatA rAjA hatA, arthAt pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAe svataMtra sattAdhIza hatA. 237 emanI jAti pazcimI kSatrapAnA abhilekhomAM sAmAnyataH ekAda apavAda sivAya emanI jAti vize kAI spaSTa ullekha jovA maLatA nathI. nahapAnanA samayanA nAsika guphAnA eka khaMDita lekhamAM enA jamAI uSavadAtane zaka jAtinA kahyo che,24 AthI enA sasarA ghaNu karIne e ja jAtinA haze evu mAnI zakAya.25

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102] mauryakAlathI guptakAla (pra. vAsiSThIputra pulumAvinA rAjyakAlanA 19 mA varSane nAsikanA eka lekhamAM zake, yavane ane pahalavone temaja kSaharatone harAvyAno ullekha che.26 ahIM kSaharAtone alaga ullekha hovAthI teo zakAthI bhinna hovAnuM sUcita thatuM nathI. prAyaH jema AMdhra jAtimAM sAtavAhana kula hatuM tema zaka jAtimAM laharAta kula hoya e taddana saMbhavita che. kAImaka vaMzanA rAjAo zaka jAtinA hoya ema A vaMzanA pahelA puruSa sAmotikanA nAma parathI sUcavAya che, kemake A nAma sIthiyana bhASAnuM che. 27 uttara bhAratamAMthI prApta zAhadUranA varSa 60 nA dAmIjadanA eka khareSThI lekhamAM "zA'ne prayoga che. 28 pazcimI kSatraponA cAnTana kulamAM rAmanad nAmanA traNa rAjAo thaI gayA. rAmIna ane mananA nAmasAmyane dhyAnamAM letAM cASTanakulIya rAjAo zaka jAtinA hoya e saMbhavane vizeSa samarthana maLe che. tistro-gortti nAmanA jaina graMthamAM ravAnA ane maryakuLAno ra9 ullekha che. emAM vIra nirvANa pachI 46 varSa bAda zaka rAjA thaI gayo ane enA. vaze 22 varSa rAjya karyuM, evI noMdha che. A sAthe bIjA rAjavaMzanAya ullekha che. A saMdarbhane dhyAnamAM letAM nahapAna ane cASTanAdi rAjAo. zaka jAtinA havAnA uparyukta maMtavyane samarthana maLe che. keTalAka etihAsika evI paNa aTakaLa kare che ke kAlakAcArya sAthe AvelA zake ja pazcimI kSatrapo. hevA joIe.31 vaLI cASTananA vaMzanA lekhamAM nirdiSTa varSe paNa eka ja saMvatanAM che. je zaka saMvata hovAne mata have nizcita thayo che.32 emanI jAti zaka hoya te ja emaNe projela saMvata pachIthI e nAme oLakhAyo hovAne saMbhava ahIM dhyAnamAM levo ghaTe. vaMzAvaLIe emanA sikkAo. vaMzAvaLIo taiyAra karavAmAM ati upayogI thayA che. uparAMta emanA 20 jeTalA zilAlekho maLyA che, jemAMnA keTalAkamAM varSo ane vaMzAvaLIo ApelI hovAthI sikkAthI sUcita thatI vaMzAvaLIne keTaluMka samarthana maLe che. sikakAomAM e paDAvanAra rAjAnuM ane enA pitAnuM nAma, hovAthI temaja kSatrapa ane mahAkSatrapa ubhayanA sikkAo maLyA hovAthI konA pachI kayo uttarAdhikArI rAjA gAdIe Avyo enI lagabhaga silasilAbaMdha mAhitI.

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pazcimI kSatrapa [103 sAMpaDe che. ghaNA sikkAo varSanI saMkhyA darzAvatA hoI lagabhaga pratyeka rAjAnI upalI ane nIcalI jJAta samaya-maryAdAne paNa khyAla maLI rahe che. pazcimI kSatraponA vaMzavRkSanA34 nirIkSaNathI emAM prAyaH bhinna bhinna che kula (vaMza) hevAnuM ane emAM ekaMdare 32 vyaktio thaI hovAnuM jANavA maLe che. paheluM kuLa kSaharAta kSatraponA nAme oLakhAya che, jemAM bhUmaka ane nahapAna e be ja rAjAonI mAhitI prApta thAya che. bIjuM kuLa cATTanAdi rAjAonuM che, jemAM sAmetikanA putra cAnathI vizvasena sudhI 20 rAjAo thaI gayA. pachInAM cAra kuLonAM vaMzanAma jANavA maLatAM nathI. trIju kuLa svAmI jIvadAmAnA putra rudrasiMha ra jAthI zarU thAya che ane enA putra yazodAmA rajAthI pUruM thAya che. cothA kuLamAMya rudradAmA ra jo ane rudrasena 3 jo ema be rAjAonI jANa maLe che; siMhasenathI zarU thatuM pAMcamuM ane satyasiMhathI zarU thatuM cha kuLa paNa babbe rAjAo vize mAhitI Ape che. samayanirNaya kSatraponA sikakAle tathA zilAlekhamAM te te varSanI saMkhyA ApelI che. moTI saMkhyAone saLaMga krama e varSo koI amuka saMvatanAM hovAnuM sUcita kare che. pazcimI kSatrapanA sAtamAM rAjA rudrasiMha 1 lAthI varSanI saMkhyA jaNAvatA sikkA maLe che, te pUrvenA rAjAonA sikkA samaya nirdeza vinAnA che. rudrasiMha, 1 lAnA sikkA para noMdhAyelI varSasaMkhyA 101 che35 ane chellA jJAta kSatrapa rAjA rudrasiMha 3 jAnI noMdhAyelI varSasaMkhyA 320 che. varSa 101 e sAtamA rAjAnuM che, tethI pahelA rAjAnuM rAjya lagabhaga e saMvatanA AraMbhathI zarU thayuM gaNAya. Ama varSasUcaka A be saMkhyAo kSatrapakALanI upalI ane nIcalI jJAta maryAdA sUcave che. A rAjAonA zilAlekhomAM vaheluM varSa 11 che. e varSa kArdamaka vaMzanA pahelA rAjA cASTananA samayanuM che. cASTanI pUrve nahapAna ane bhUmake sattA saMbhALI havAnA purAvA che, A AthI cASTananA samayanA varSa 11 pUrve A baMne rAjAo thaI gayA hovAnuM anumAna thaI zake. nahapAnanA zilAlekhamAM ulikhita varSo rAjyakAlanAM che. 6 i enA rAjyakAlanAM sAta varSa 41 thI 46 che, eTale eNe ThIka ThIka lAMbA samaya sudhI sattA dhAraNa karelI hevAnuM anumAnI zakAya. cASTananA samayanA zilAlekhamAMthI prApya varSa 11 zaka saMvatanuM che e gaNatarIe vicAratAM nahapAnane rAjya-amala zaka saMvatanA

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-104] mauryakAlathI guptakAla AraMbha pahelAMnAM varSomAM thaye he joIe. bhUmaka nahapAnane purogAmI I enuM rAjya IsunI prathama sadInA bIjA caraNanA aMtamAM zarU thayuM gaNAya.37 hAla ApaNe je arthamAM "saMta' zabda prayojIe chIe te arthamAM pahelAM sAmAnyataH 'jha' zabda vaparAte hato. "saMvata' e te vastutaH "saMvatsara'nuM saMkSipta rU5 che, jene mULa artha che varSa. kSatrapone lekhamAM varSanI saMkhyAnI AgaLa mAtra varSa zabda ja Ave che ane enI agAu rAjha jevA koI kAlasaMvata)ne saMbaMdha darzAvavAmAM Avato nathI, paraMtu varSa' zabdanI pahelAM e samaye rAjya karatA rAjAnuM nAma katareluM hoya che. rAjAnA nAma ane varSa vacce Apela vyAkaraNIya saMbaMdha te jANe e varSa te te rAjAnA rAjyakAlanuM hoya evuM sUcave che.38 cAkhanAdi vaMzanA rAjAonA lekhomAM varSanI saMkhyA saLaMga kramamAM uttarottara vadhatI jAya che. ane e 11 thI 320 sudhInI che, AthI A varSe te te rAjAnA rAjyakAlanAM nahi, paNa koI saLaMga saMvatanAM hovA vize zaMkA rahetI nathI. samakAlIna rAjavaMzo sAthenA saMbaMdha parathI A varSe zaka saMvatanAM gaNavAM joIe evuM moTA bhAganA itihAsavido mAne che. A zaka saMvatano AraMbha vikrama pachI 135 varSe ane IsvI sana pachI 78 varSe thayo che. A gaNatarIe kAImakAdi kSatrapa rAjAo mATe AgaLa aMdAjela varSa 11 thI 320 ne samaya te vikrama saMvata 147 thI 455 ane IsvI sana 89 thI 398 sudhIno gaNAya. kSaharAta vaMzanA be rAjAo bhUmaka ane nahapAne Azare chappana varSa rAjya karyuM hoya te A pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAonA sattA-amalane samagra samaya vistAra Azare I.sa. 23 thI 398 sudhI gaNAya. - 2. kSaharAta vaMza bhAratanA prAcIna itihAsanA prAga-guptakAla daramyAna ahIM koI keMdrastha rAjasattA hovAnuM jaNAtuM nathI. maurya sAmrAjyanA asta pachI bhArata nAnAMmeTAM aneka svataMtra rAjyamAM vaheMcAI gayeluM. IsunA AraMbhanAM varSomAM uttara bhArata kuSANuvaMzI rAjAonI sattA nIce ane dakSiNa bhAratane moTo bhAga sAtavAhana rAjAonI sattA heThaLa hato, tyAre bhAratanA pazcima bhAga upara temaja uttara ane dakSiNane joDatA keTalAka bhAga upara zaka jAtinA kSatrapa rAjAonI ANa pravartatI hatI. pazcima kSatraponI vaMzAvaLInuM avalokana karatAM, upara sUcavyuM tema, emAM kula cha kule hevAnuM jANavA maLe che. AmAM paheluM kula kSaharAta vaMzanA

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6 DuM] pazcimI kSatra 0i5 rAjAonuM che. atyAra sudhImAM upalabdha thayelI sAdhana-sAmagrInA AdhAre kahI zakAya ke kSaharAta vize gujarAtamAM kSatrapa rAjyone AraMbha karyo hate. "kSaharAta"ne artha pazcimI kSatrapa vaMzamAMnA prathama vaMzanA rAjAonA zilAlekhomAM emane kSarAta kSatra ane rAta rAta!" tarIke oLakhAvyA che, jyAre sikakAlekhomAM vara ke chaThTha6) catrapa (ke chatrapa), kSarAta kSatra : 1, rAjJo laharAta, rago ched4 2 vagerethI oLakhAvyA che. dakSiNa bhAratanA sAtavAhana rAjAonA zilAlekhamAM varAta43 rUpa prayojAyeluM che. uttara bhAratanA kSaharAta kSatrapa rAjAonA zilAlekhomAM kSati]44 rUpa che. Ama laharAta mATe vividha rUpa prajAyelAM prApta thAya che. 'sara'nA artha mATe vidyAmAM matabheda che. takSazilApa ane mathurAnAruM kSatrapavaMzI zilAlekhamAM nirdiSTa A zabdanI carcA karatAM ena konI kSadarAtane birudanA arthamAM ghaTAve che. 7 bAbale prAkRta zabda vorA (saM. varavata), aMgrejI (KharaOstra)mAMthI kSadAta prAyo hovAnuM jaNAvI ene kulanAmanA arthamAM ghaTAve che.48 resana Ano virodha karatAM jaNAve che ke virota e te mathurAnA kSatrapa rAjA rAjulanA putranuM nAma che, eTale mosta prAkRtanuM saMskRta rUpa kSAta che e mAnavuM barAbara nathI. keTalAka ItihAsakAro51 lAta e aTaka che ema jaNAvI kSaharAtane telamAyanI bhUgoLamAM ulikhita janatApha (Karatai) nAmanI eka zaka jAti sAthe saMbaMdha hovAnuM sUcave che. gupate dakSiNa bhAratanA bharavADamAM tarata aTaka pracalita hovAnuM jaNAvI sUcave che ke tarata e viharatanuM saMkSipta rUpa hoya.para paraMtu vAsiSThIputra puLamAvinA zilAlekhamAM zaka-yavana-pahalava' tathA sAtavAhanarUtranI jema laharAtavaMzane spaSTa ullekha che pa3 je parathI A zabda vaMzasUcaka hovAnuM nizcita thAya che. Abhilekhika sAmagrInA AdhAre bhAratanA laharAta vaMzanA kula pAMca rAjAonI mAhitI maLe che : takSazilAnA be 54 mathurAne ekapapa ane pazcima bhAratanA be.pa6 pazcima bhAratanA kSaharAta kSatrapa rAjAo paikI ekanuM nAma bhUmaka che, bIjAnuM nahapAna. bhUmakane lagatI mAhitI mAtra enA sikakAle khothI ja maLe che, 57 ane emAM enA pitAnA nAmane ke rAjAnA samayane nirdeza nathI. nahapAnanI mAhitI enA sikkAle, enA samayanA zilAlekho ane nikAlIna sAhityamAMthI prApta thaI che. emAM enA pitAnA nAmano ullekha kyAMya nathI ne enA

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106] mayakAlathI guptakAla [pra. sikakA samayanirdeza vinAnA che, paraMtu enA samayanA zilAlekhamAM varSa 41, 42, 45 ane 46 ApelAM che. bhUmaka sikkAomAM ene eka jagyAe chatrapa chata tarIke, te bIjI jagyAe sAta kSatrapa tarIke oLakhAvyo che, 58 AthI e kSaharAta vaMzano hovAnuM nizcita thAya che. bhUmakane keTalAka vidvAne cASTananA pitA sAmotika sAthe sarakhAve che. silvIna jaNAve che ke zaka "sAmotika'nuM "bhUmaka' e bhAratIya rU5 che.pa9 A sUcana dhyAnamAM laI Tena kanau evI aTakaLa kare che ke nahapAna, cArjanane kAke hoI zake. 10 ubhayanA mata mujaba zaka samane bhAratIya paryAya mUni thAya che, tethI "mUma' e "sAmoti'nuM saMskRta rUpa che. Ama ubhayanAM maMtavya jotAM bhUmakanuM sthAna nahapAna ane cASTrananI vacce Ave, ane te bhUmakane cAinanA pitA ane nahapAnane bhUmakane agraja gaNavo joIe. AthI. nahapAna bhUmakane anugAmI nahi, paNa purogAmI hovAnuM sUcavAya, paraMtu vastutaH nahapAna bhUmakane anugAmI che e te nizcita thayuM che. 3 vaLI bhUmake rAjya karyuM ane sikkA paDAvyA, jyAre sAmotike rAjya karyuM hovAne kaI purAvo hajI prApta thayo nathI. bhUmaka kSaharAta vaMzane hatA, paNa sAmetika e vaMzane hato evAM koI pramANa prApta thayAM nathI.64 Ama bhUmaka ane sAmatika eka ja vyakti che ema darzAvatA sIdhA purAvAo sAMpaDe nahi tyAMsudhI koI nirNayAtmaka saMbhava rajU thaI zake nahi. Ama kanaunuM maMtavya tarkazuddha jaNAtuM nathI. 16 bhUmaka ane nahapAna bhUmakanA sikkAmAMnA lakhANanA akSaronA maroDanuM kada pramANamAM moTuM ane enI paMkitao jADI temaja lagabhaga kATakhUNe kApatI ADI ane UbhI che, jyAre nahapAnanA sikkAlekhanA akSaranA maroDamAM vaLAMka dAkhala thayele jevA maLe che ane enuM kada bhUmakanA akSaranA mareDanA kada karatAM thoDuM nAnuM dekhAya che. vaLI nahapAnanA sikakAnA agrabhAgamAM sau prathama vAra rAjAnI mukhAkRti jovA maLe che, je bhUmakanA sikakAomAM jovA maLatI nathI. uparAMta bhUmakanA sikkAnA agrabhAganuM anukaraNa nahapAnanA sikkAonA pRSThabhAgamAM dekhAya che. 9 A. hakIktoM parathI spaSTa thAya che ke bhUmaka nahapAnane purogAmI hato. 18

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6 ] pazcimI kSatrape [107 kSaharatonA pradeza sAtavAhana gautamIputra sAtakaNie laI lIdhA ane AgaLa jatAM emAMnA keTalAka pradeza sAtavAhano pAsethI cAnAdi kSatrapoe pAchA meLavyA e vigatane lakSamAM letAM nahapAna cASTranane sIdho purogAmI hovAnuM jaNAya che. bhUmakane samaya enA upalabdha sikakAo samayanirdeza vinAnA che, paraMtu enA anugAmI ane prAyaH uttarAdhikArI nahapAnanA samayanA ATha guphAlekhomAMthI keTalAkamAM varSane nirdeza che. A varSonA AdhAre temaja anya sAmagrI parathI nahapAnane samaya nizcita karI enA purogAmI bhUmakane samaya-nirNaya e parathI tAravI zakAya. nahapAnanA samayanA zilAlekhomAM darzAvela varSa rAjyakAlanAM hovAnuM sUcita thAya che. emAM nirdiSTa moDAmAM moDuM sAta varSa 46 che. AthI e ochAmAM ochAM 46 varSa gAdI upara rahyo hovo joIe. bhUmakanA rAjyakAlanA keI cakkasa varSanirdeza maLyA nathI, paraMtu enA sikkAonuM alpa saMkhyA pramANa jotAM eNe dazeka varSa rAjaya karyuM hoya ema dhArI zakAya. je nahapAnanuM rAjaya cAlkananA rAjyArohaNa agAu tarata ja pUruM thayuM heya ane cArjananuM rAjya zika varSa 1 thI zarU thayuM hoya to nahapAnane rAjayakAla lagabhaga IsvI sana 32 thI 8 ne ane enA purogAmI bhUmakano rAjayakAla lagabhaga IsvI sana 23 thI 32 ne hovo saMbhave. rAjyavistAra bhUmakanA sikkAo gujarAta, mALavA, ajamera vagere sthaLoethI prApta thayA che tethI enI sattA che te pradeza para hevAne saMbhava sUcita thAya che; chatAM sikkAonI. prApti mULa sthAnethI thayelI na hoya to enAM arvAcIna prAptisthAno parathI AvuM khAtarIpUrvakanuM anumAna karavuM muzkela gaNAya. nahapAna sAhityika ane purAvastukIya ema ubhaya sAdhane kSaharAta vaMzanA bIjA ane prAyaH chellA rAjA nahapAnanI rAjakIya kArakirdI ane samakAlIna saMskRti vize keTalIka mahattvanI sAmagrI pUrI pADe che. sAhityika sAdhanomAM vacamUtra-niryunni, toya-quortti, jinasenanuM rivaMza-vuLa, merUtuMganI vivALI, vAyupurANa, "parisa" ane Ane sajIne. samAveza thAya che.70 maracatranI nitimAM nirdiSTa kathAnuMsAra71 juvALa te.

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* 109 ] soya kAlathI guptakAla {.. nahapAna ane sAvAhana te sAtavAhana rAjA gautamIputra zAtakaNi hAvAnuM ghaNA itihAsakArA svIkAre che.7ra A kathAmAMnI bIjI badhI vigateA cheDI daI e teAya nahapAna ane sAtavAhana rAjA samakAlIna hatA ane sAtavAhana rAjAe nahapAnane harAvelA e be vigateA aitihAsika jaNAya che.73 eka bIjA jaina gra Mtha tihoya-vaLattimAM mahAvIranA nirvANa samaye pAlakanA rAjyAbhiSeka thayA, teNe 60 varSa rAjya karyuM. pachI 155 varSa vijayavaMzI rAjAege, 40 va muru DavaMzIoe, 30 varSa puSyamitra, 60 varSa vasumitraagnimitre, 100 varSa gAMdhava rAjAee ane 40 varSa naravAhane rAjya karyu74 evA ullekho che. Ama A graMthamAMya vAdaLa naravAhana-nahapAna )neA ullekha che.upa "periplasa"mAM nAmbunusa rAjAnA ullekha che.76 A nAmbunusa te nahapAna che ema moTA bhAganA vidyAnA mAne che.77 purAvastukIya sAdhanAmAM nahapAne paDAvelA sikkAe ane enA samayanA ATha guphAlekhAne samAveza thAya che. sikkAethI nahapAna vize, enA rAjyavistAra vize, ane enA samakAlIna sAtavAhana rAkhta vize keTalIka mAhitI maLe che. enA samayaniya mATe guphAlekhA upakAraka vigatA Ape che; uparAMta tatkAlIna keTalIka sAMskRtika mAhitI emAMthI upalabdha thAya che. vaLI sikkAe enA vaMzanI ane guphAlekhA enI jAti temaja vaMzanI mAhitI Ape che. nahapAnanAM biruda enA cAMdInA sikakAlekhAmAM grIka, brAhmI ane khareSThI traNeyamAM enA mATe mAtra rAnAnuM vizeSaNa prayAAyu che; kSatrapa ke mahAkSatranuM biruda enA ekeya prakAranA sikkAemAM apAyelu nathI. enA jamAInA nAsika ane kArlA guphAnA lekhAmAM jJAnI sAthe kSatravanuM vizeSa biruda vaparAyuM che; enA amAtya ayamanA junnaranA guphAlekhamAM rAjJAnI sAthe vadhArAmAM khe biruda mahAkSatrapa ane svAmI prayojAyelAM che. Ama rAjA, kSatrapa, mahAkSatrapa ane svAmI e cAra biruda enA saMdabhamAM upalabdha thAya che. sikkA ene mAtra 'rAjA' tarIke ja oLakhAve che. enA jamAI ane - amAlanA zilAlekhAmAMya rAjAnuM biruda che; paraMtu zisAlekhAmAM e uparAMta kSetrapa, mahAkSatrapa ane svAmI birudA prayAAyelAM hAI evuM anumAna karI zakAya ke A biru! enA kAI cokkasa arthamAM nahi, paNa zithila arthamAM vaparAyAM

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pazcimI kSatra [109 - hevAnuM vadhu saMbhavita lAge che. upavAdAta ene jamAI hovAthI najIkane sago kahevAya, AthI e potAnA sasarA pratyenA mAnane kAraNe rAnI sAthe satranuM birUda koI cokkasa arthane badale kevaLa mAnArthe nAnA paryAya tarIke prayAje e vAbhAvika che. evI rIte amAtya potAnA adhipati - mAlika mATe mAnasUcaka mAtrapa vApare e paNa sahaja che. Ama A traNeya birada ahIM rAjAnA samAnArthI jevA lAge che. chatAM mahAkSatranuM biruda nahapAnanA rAjya-amalanA prAyaH aMtima varSamAM prayojAyuM hoI evI kalpanA thaI zake ke e jamAnAmAM bhAratamAMnA rAjAo mArajhanA birudathI oLakhAtA haze ane tethI nahapAne paNa mahArAganA paryAya tarIke mahAkSatranuM biruda pracalita karyuM jaNAya che. arthAta eNe TnAnuM mahArAsa na karatAM kSetranuM mAtra rUpa svIkAryuM hovAnuM jaNAya che. nahapAnanA rAjya-amalane samaya enA rAjya-amalana samaya sunizcita karavAnAM sAdhane ati maryAdita ane saMdigdha che. enA sikkAonuM bAhulya jarAya upakAraka thaI paDatuM nathI, kemake e samayanirdeza vinAnA che. jegalambI nidhinA nahapAnanA sikkAomAMthI 2/3 jeTalA sikkAo upara AMdhranA sAtavAhana rAjA gautamIputra zAtakaNue pitAnI chApa paDAvI che, eTale nahapAna ane zAtakaNanI samakAlInatA nahapAnanA samayane jANavAmAM sahAya kare; paraMtu AMdhranA sAtavAhana rAjAonA ja zAsanakAla vize vidvAnomAM ghaNe matabheda pravarte che, eTale sikakAe upayogI thatA nathI. | jinasenanA "harivaMza-purANa"mAMnI ne "pAvali-gAthAmAMnI mAhitI nahapAne keTale samaye rAjya karyuM ene nirdeza kare che. AnA AdhAre nahapAnane I. pU. 100 thI 58 nI vacce mUkavAno prayatna thayo che.8 purANo ane chellA zuMga rAjAonA (Isu pUrvenI 1 lI sadI) samayamAM mUke che, paraMtu ene cekakasa samaya enAthI darzAvAto nathI. Ama Anuzrutika sAhityathI paNa enA samayanirNayane ukela maLatuM nathI. "pariplasa"mAM rAjA nAbunusano ullekha che. A rAjA te ja nahapAna ema moTA bhAganA vidvAne svIkAre che.80 AthI nahapAna "periplasa"nA lekhakano samakAlIna levAnuM sUcavAyuM che. ene samaya, emAM ulikhita rAjAonA AdhAre, nizcita karavAno prayatna atyAra sudhI rahyo che. pariNAme judA judA vidvAnoe ene bhinna bhinna racanAkALa darzAvyo che;81 paraMtu moTA bhAganA vidvAna enI. racanA IsunI pahelI sadInA uttarArdhamAM thaI hovAnuM maMtavya dharAve che.82

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110] mauryakAlathI guptakAla pra.] AthI nahapAnane IsunI pahelI sadInA trIjA-cothA caraNamAM mUkI zakAya. Ama "perisano" AdhAra paNa pUro zraddheya banatuM nathI. zilAlekhomAMnAM varSo ane saMvata nahapAnanA samayanA ATha guphAlekhamAM nirdiSTa varSa 41, 2, 45 ane 46 enA zAsanakAlane jANavAnuM mahattvanuM sAdhana che. A varSe kayA saMvatanAM che e mATe atyAre cAra anumAne upalabdha che : (1) prAcIna zaka saMvata, (2) vikrama saMvata, (3) zaka saMvata ane (4) rAjyakAlanAM varSo. prAcIna zaka saMvata jAyasavAla ane sTena konI A mata dharAve che.83 jAyasavAlanA mata mujaba Ane AraMbha I. pU. 123mAM thaye ane tadanusAra nahapAne I. pU. 82 thI cha7 sudhI rAjya karyuM hovAnuM sUcana emaNe karyuM. sTena konaunA mate ene AraMbha I.pU. 83 mAM thaye heI, nahapAnane I.pU. pa7 nI AsapAsa mUkI zakAya. ubhayane anusarI satyazrAva paNa A varSone prAcIna zaka saMvatanAM hovAnuM svIkAre che.84 paraMtu nahapAnane ATalo badho vahelo mUkavo zakya nathI. vaLI A vidvAnonI dalIla sabaLa nathI. saMvatanA AraMbhakALa vize ja emanAmAM matabheda che. vastutaH to prAcIna zaka saMvatane AraMbha I.pU. 71 ke 61mAM thayo hovAnI sAmAnya mAnyatA che. AthI uparyukta maMtavya svIkArya banatuM nathI. vikrama saMvata A matanA mukhya pravartaka che sara alekajhAMDara kaniMgahama. emane anusarI sTena kanau, bAkhale, yUkreIla, nIlakaMTha zAstrI vagere vidvAno paNa A mata dharAve che. nahapAnanA samayanA sthApatyanAM lakSaNo, zilAlekhonI lipinA akSarenI zeDAsanA mathurAnA lebenI lipinA akSaro sAthenI samakAlInatA, nahapAnanuM chelluM sAta varSa 46 ane aMdhaunA lekhamAMnuM varSa para temaja e be varSa vaccenA cha varSanA TUMkA gALAmAM banelA banAvone87 goThavavAnI zakyatA vagere muddAonI chaNAvaTa karI, temaja vikrama saMvata nahapAnanA rAjyakAlathI zarU thayo hovAnuM mAnI A vidyAne nahapAnanA zAsanakAlane vikrama saMvatanI gaNatarIe I. pU. pa8 thI I.pU. 1ramAM mUke che. Ama nahapAnane Isu pUrvenI pahelI sadImAM mUka paDe ane tadanusAra eNe I.pU. 12 sudhI gAdI saMbhALI hoya ema mAnavuM paDe. cASTana-rudradAmAnA

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63] pazcimI kSatrape [111 aMdhaunA zilAlekhamAMnA varSa 11 ne zaka saMvatanI gaNatarIe mUkatAM I.sa. 89 thAya. AthI te nahapAnanA rAjyanA aMta ane cASTananA rAjyanA AraMbha vacce 67 thIya vadhu varSone gALo paDe che; paraMtu kSaharAta rAjyanuM umUlana karanAra gautamIputra zAtakaNi ane kSaharAta rAjyanA prApta karelA pradezamAMnA uttara pradeza gumAvI besanAra vasiSThIputra puLubhAvi ke vAsiSThIputra sAtakaNinA samaya vacceno TUMko gALo lakSamAM letAM ATalo lAMbo gALo baMnenA zAsana vacce hovAno saMbhava jaNAto nathI. vaLI A samayanA ke enA pachInA samayanA gujarAta, mahArASTra ke kAMkaNamAMthI upalabdha zilAlekhomAM A saMvatanAM varSo kyAMya vaparAyAM hovAnI hajI jANakArI nathI.88 tethI nahapAnanA samayanA zilAlekhomAMnAM varSone vikrama saMvatanA cokaThAmAM goThavavAM yogya jaNAtuM nathI. zaka saMvata A matanA mukhya pravartaka resana 89 che. cASTanAdi vaMzanA rAjAonA sikakAomAM vaparAyele saMvata nahapAnanA lekhamAM vaparAye hovAno saMbhava, nahapAnanA zilAlekhomAM prajAyela DurAna zabda, nahapAna kuSANone sUbo hato vagere muddAonA saMdarbhamAM A mata rajU thayA che. nahapAnanA samayanA zilAlekhomAMnAM varSa 41, 42, 45 ane 46 temaja cAna vaMzanA zilAlekho-sikkA lekhomAM ulikhita varSa para thI 320 ne ekasAthe jotAM e eka saLaMga saMvatanAM varSa hovAnuM vadhAre svAbhAvika lAge; paraMtu tAjetaramAM aMdhI gAmethI cASTananA samayane varSa 1ii no eka zilAlekha prApta thayA che, 90 AthI nahapAnanA samayanA zilAlekhomAM darzAvela varSo have cASTananA samayanA zilAlekhamAMnAM be varSo-11 ane para-vacce paDe che. nahapAna e cATanane purogAmI hovAnuM svIkArIe chIe te pachI nahapAnanA samayanAM e varSo zaka saMvatanAM hovAnuM svIkArI zakAtuM nathI, kemake ema karavA jatAM nahapAna ane cArTana samakAlIna hovAno vicAra rajU karavo paDe; paraMtu bhUmaka, nahapAna, cATana, jayaMdAmA vagerenA sikkAone vigatavAra abhyAsa karatAM Ama jaNAtuM nathI. AthI nahapAnanA samayanA zilAlekhamAM nirdiSTa varSo zaka saMvatanAM hovAno mata pratipAdita thaI zakato nathI. rAjyakAlanAM varSo periplasa"nA AdhAre vidyAnuM eka jUtha 3 A maMtavya rajU kare che. - uparAMta vema kaSkrizanA sikkAo nahapAnanA rAjyamAM pracalita hatA,94

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112] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. bhUmaka-nahapAnanA sikkAo paranAM pratIka spAlira ane ya 2 jAnA sikkAo paranAM pratIke sAthe sAmya dharAve che pa vagere vigato paNa A matanA samarthanamAM dhyAnamAM levAya che. periplasa"nA racanAkAla vize vidvAno ekamata nathI eTale jyAM sudhI ene. samaya sunizcita thAya nahi tyAMsudhI nahapAnane samaya nakkI karavAmAM e nirNAyaka AdhAra na gaNAya. paraMtu tema kaSkrizanA sikakAo nahapAnanA rAjyavistAramAMthI prApta thayA che e purAvo nahapAnanAM varSa rAjyakAlanAM havAnA matane samarthe che, kemake tema kazi e kuSANuvaMzano pahelo rAjA hatA, jyAre kaNiSka trIjo rAjA hato. vaLI bhUmaka-nahapAna kuSANanA, khAsa karIne, kaSkina uparAja na hatA e mata pratipAdita thaye che, 7 eTale nahapAna vema kaphizanA samakAlamAM thaI gayo ema svIkArIe to eNe enA anugAmI evA kaNika calAvela saMvata kevI rIte vAparyo hoya e samajAtuM nathI. atyArA sudhI nahapAnanA samayanuM chelluM varSa 46 ane cASTrananA samayanuM vahelAmAM vaheluM varSa para e gaNatarIe badhAM varSo zaka saMvatanAM hovAno mata pracAramAM hate. paraMtu agAu beMdhyuM che tema tAjetaramAM aMdhI gAmethI maLelA varSa 11 nA zilAlekhathI A mata have TakI zakato nathI, kemake ema karavA jatAM nahapAnano. amala cArjananA amala daramyAna mU paDe che, je mata nahapAna cASTanane, purogAmI hAI svIkArI zakAya nahi. AthI cASTananA samayanA varSa 11 nA zilAlekhathI spaSTa thAya che ke nahapAnanA samayanA zilAlekhamAM kheMdhAyela varSa rAjyakAlanAM varSa hovAM joIe. jaina anukRtiomAM nahapAne 40-4ra varSa rAja karyuM evA ullekha che,8 paraMtu A jaina anuzrutie nahapAnanA samayathI khUba uttarakAlIna che. vaLI jaina anuzrutiomAMnI keTalIka vigato, khAsa karIne vasaMkhyAne lagatI, pramANita na hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che, AthI anya vadhAre pramANabhUta ullekha sAthe baMdha na bese tevI A vigate saMdigdha gaNAya. vaLI emAM gaI bhilla vaMza pachI sIdho nahapAnane ullekha karela che, AthI ene purogAmI bhUmaka anulikhita rahI jAya che, tethI nahapAne 40 varSa rAjya karyuM hovAnI jaina paraMparA sahelAIthI svIkArya banatI nathI. keTalAka nedhe che tema asaMkhya pramANamAM prApta thayelA enA sikkAo enA vadhu dIrgha rAjyaamalanuM sUcana kare che. A gaNatarIe nahapAnanAM jJAta varSe 41 thI 46 ne dhyAnamAM letAM evuM sUcavI zakAya ke nahapAne ochAmAM ochAM 46 varSa sudhI rAjasattA saMbhALI haze.

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pazcimI kSatra [113 nahapAnanuM rAjya varSa 46nA arasAmAM ja pUruM thayuM hovAnuM anumAna upalabdha AdhAra vaDe thaI zake che, arthAt A varSa enA rAjyanA aMtima bhAganuM kahevAya. eTale eNe Azare IsvI sana 32 thI 78 sudhI rAjasattA saMbhALI hevAnuM saMbhave. nahapAnanI rAjadhAnI enA samayanA zilAlekhamAM gavardhana (nAsika pAse), kapUra AhAra (kApura, mahArASTra), cikhalapadra (cIkhalI ?), prabhAsa ( hAlanuM prabhAsa pATaNa), bharukaccha ( hAlanuM bharUca), dazapura ( hAlanuM maMdasora ), zarmAraka ( hAlanuM sepArA, thANA jillo), rAmatIrtha ( saMbhavataH rAmakuMDa, mahArASTra), puSkara (ajamera pAse, nAnaMgola ( saMjANa pAsenuM nAgela), ujana vagere sthaLono ullekha che. A badhAMmAM kaI amuka sthaLanuM viziSTa mahattva darzAvyuM nathI. dareka sthaLe eka yA bIjA prakAranuM dAna ApyAno ullekha che, tethI e badhAM tIrthasthAne hovAnuM sUcavAya; vahIvaTI daSTie teono ullekha nathI e noMdhavuM joIe. A lekhonAM prApti-sthAna hAlanA mahArASTramAM AvelAM che, jyAre dAnanAM sthaLo mahArASTra, gujarAta, madhya pradeza ane rAjasthAnamAM AvelAM che (juo nakazo 2 ). amuka ullekha parathI utAjana, minanagara ane bharUca e sthaLo enI rAjadhAnI mATe sUcavAyAM che. A uparAMta zarmAraka, govardhana, dazapura, puSkara vagereno saMbhava paNa rAjadhAnInA mathaka tarIke sUcavAya che.99 ujajana to strI purUca nI gAthA mujaba ujajananI gAdI upara balamitrabhAnumitra pachI nabhasena (nahapAna) Avyo. 100 AthI ujajana nahapAnanI rAjadhAnI hovAnuM anumAnI zakAya. upavedAte karelAM dAnomAM paNa ujajanano samAveza thAya che, paraMtu A sivAya anya sIdhAM pramANo prApta na thatAM heI ujana nahapAnanI rAjadhAnI hatI e spaSTataH kahI zakAya nahi. mInanagara "pariglasamAM be jagyAe A sthaLano ullekha che. AmAM kaMDikA 41 mAMne ullekha nAbunusa nahapAna)nA saMdarbhamAM che. 10 1 paraMtu pUrvApara saMbaMdha jotAM A ullekha spaSTataH surASTra pradezanA mukhya nagarane ja lAgu paDe che, nahi ke nAbunusanA I-2-8

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114] sau kAlathI guptakAla [x. samasta rAjyanA pATanagarane. AthI mAnanagara nahapAnanA rAjyanuM pATanagara saMbhavI zake nahi. bhaca 'AvazyakasUtra-niyukti' ne AdhAre jAyasvAla nahapAnanI rAjadhAnI bharUcamAM hatI evuM sUcave che, 102 "periplasa'"mAM paNa nahapAnanA rAjyanA je vistAra darzAvyA che temAM bharUcanA samAveza thAya che, paraMtu enA sikkAone eka meTA saMgraha mahArASTranA nAsika jillAnA jogalathambImAMthI prApta thayA che, jyAre bharUcamAMthI enA sikkA hajI sudhI prApta nathI thayA; tepaNa nahapAnane parAjaya sAtavAhana rAjAnA hAthe thayAnI noMdha A graMthamAM che, jene vAsiSThaputra puLubhAvinA eka lekhamAMnA gautamIputra zAtakarNae kSaharAta va Mzane nirmULa karyAnA ullekhathI samana maLe che. nahapAna e kSaharAta vaMzanA prAyaH chellA rAjA hovAnuM manAya che.103 AthI spaSTataH kahI zakAya ke bharUca e nahapAnanA rAjyanI rAjadhAnI hatI.104 rAjyavistAra enA rAjyanI rAjadhAnI vize ghaNAM sthaLAnuM sUcana thayuM che, je parathI ene rAjyavistAra keTalA meATo haze ene sahaja khyAla AvI jAya che. enA rAjyanI bhaugolika sImAe! jANavA mATe e sAdhane che: sikkAnAM prApti sthAna ane zilAlekhAnAM prAptisthAne temaja emAM nirdaSTa sthA. ajamera pAsenA puSkaramAMthI tAMbAnA ceADA sikkAe ane jUnAgaDhamAMthI cAMdInA thADA sikkA maLyA che. mahArASTranA nAsika jillAnA jogalathammImAMthI enA cAMdInA sikkAone eka moTo saMgraha maLyo che. AthI evuM anumAna thaI zake ke nahapAnanA rAjyamAM hAlanA mahArASTra rAjyanA keTalAka pradeza, saurASTra ane uttaramAM ajamera sudhInA keTalAka pradeza samAvI zakAya. enA samayanA zilAlekhAmAM enAM jamAI, putrI ane amAtye keTalAMka sthaLAe dAna karyAnA ullekha che, je sthaLeA prAya: enA rAjyamAM AvelAM haze. ujjainamAM dAna karyAneA, puSkaramAM jaI snAna karyAnA tathA 3,000 gAyA ane eka gAma dAnamAM ApyAnA ullekha che. A uparAMta bharukaccha, zUrpAraka, kapUra AhAra, prabhAsa, dazapura vagere sthaLeAe dAna karyA heAvAnI noMdha che.

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OM' ] pazcimI kSatrapA [115 nAsikanA (sAtavAhana rAjAonA) zilAlekhAmAMthIya enA rAjyanI hadanA khyAla meLavI zakAya che. surASTra, kukura, aparAMta, AkarAvati vagere pradezane nahapAnanA rAjyamAM samAvI zakAya. Ama nahapAnanA rAjyanI hada uttaramAM ajamera sudhI, pazcimamAM saurASTra sudhI, pUrvAMmAM mALavA sudhI ane dakSiNamAM dakSiNa gujarAta ane uttara kAMkaNa temaja ahamadanagara, nAsika ane pUnA jillAo sudhI heAvAnuM saMbhave (jue nakaze. 2). kSaharAta rAjyano aMta ag kSaharAta vaMzanA prApta sikkAe ane zilAlekhAmAM A vaMzanA nahapAna pachInA keAI rAjAe vize kazI ja mAhitI maLatI nathI; sAhityika sAdhanAmAMthI paNa koI vigatA prApta thatI nathI. sAtavAhana pulanA eka lekhamAM gautamIputra zAtakaNi e kSaharAta vaMzane nirmULa karyAnA ullekha che. kSaharAta vaMzanA chello rAjA kAMtA nahapAna hoya kAMtA ene koI anugAmI hoya; paNa jogalathammImAMthI prApta nahapAnanA 13,270 sikkAemAMthI 9,270 sikkAo para gautamIputra zAtakaNie pAtAnI chApa paDAvelI e uparathI spaSTatAH kahI zakAya ke gautamIputra zAtakaNi e kSaharAta vaMzane rAjA nahapAnanA samayamAM nirmULa karyo hovA joI e. Ama nahapAna A vaMzanA chellA rAjA hatA ane enA aMta sAthe A vaMzane paNa aMta AvyA evuM svAbhAvika anumAna karI zakAya.

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116] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. pAdaTIpa 1. saMskRtamAM kSetranA aneka artha thAya che. pradeza, sattA, baLa, kSatriya, sainika, hiMsA ityAdi (jao Sir Monier-Williams saMpAdita A Sanskrit English Dictionary, p. 325.). AmAMnA pahelA arthamAM e uparathI kSatrapati zabda prayojAto hato, jene prayoga vAjasaneyi-saMhitA jevA prAcIna graMthamAM jovA maLe che (ejana, pR. 325), paraMtu praziSTa saMskRta ke prAkRta sAhityamAM A zabdaprayoga kyAMya jovA Hnatten (Rapson, Catalogue, para 80; Bhandarkar, Indian Antiquary, Vol. XLVII, p. 72). 2. bhAratanA zaka rAjAonA lekhamAM zarUAtamAM "hAtrA"nAM kSatra, chatra ke wa zai yilga 34 32 omdai granulu ). Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Book II, (No. 24) pp. 112 ff. (Nos. 61-62) pp. 165 fetc. 3. Rapson, Catalogue, Para 80; Bhandarkar, Indian Antiquary, op. cit., p. 72; Sten Konow, Modern Review, Vol. XXIX, p. 464; K. A. Nilkanta Sastri (Ed.), Comprehensive History of India, Vol. II, p. 263; and Sircar, op. cit., Book 11, p. 112, fn. 2. 3. mULa IrAnImAM "dAyavahuSa"; grIka parathI aMgrejImAM "Darius'. e be parathI ahIM "dAraya" prayojAyuM che. 4. muMbaInA zrI. jamazada kAvasajI kAtrakanA patramAMnI vigatonA AdhAre. 5. A zabdanuM mULa avestAmAM jovA maLe che. emAM chapAta( gha=rAjya, umarAvapaNuM ane vAta=rakSaka, pAlaka)ne ullekha che. A uparathI zatraupana evuM pahelavI rUpa prayojAyuM, je phArasI zevina paryAya che. pahulavI e jUnI IrAnI bhASA che. AmAMthI dArayanA kayuniphorma lekhamAM phAivana zabda vaparAya. jyAre siMkadare dArayane harAvI IrAnane grIsa sAthe joDI dIdhuM tyAre sAthIvananuM satrAsa (Satrapes i.e. Satrap) evuM grIka saMkSipta rUpa pracAramAM AvyuM. (A mAhitI ApavA mATe huM zrI. jamazIda kAvasajI kAtrakane AbhArI chuM.) f. S. G. W. Benjamin, Persia, p. 104. 7. juo upara pAdoMdha 1. 8. 5, 6, 26 9. utareya brAhmaNa, 8, 6; rAtatha grAhmaNa, 12, 1, 5, 2 10. juo upara pAdhi 5. 11. IrAnI sAmrAjyanA zAsanakAla daramyAna bhAratamAM gaMdhAra ane siMdhu pradezamAM A vahIvaTI zabda pracalita thaye haze, ane AgaLa jatAM maurya sAmrAjyanA samayamAM

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pazcimI kSatrapa [9919 ene prayoga prAya: lupta thayuM haze. tyAra pachI bAhalika cavane, zaka-pahalavo ane kuSANo A dezamAM AvyA-te badhA IrAnamAMthI AvelA hoI emanA zAsanakALa daramyAna IrAnane e vahIvaTI zabda bhAratanA e bhAgamAM punaH pracalita thayo hoya. 22. Rapson, Catalogue, para 86; Raychaudhuri, Political History of Ancient India, p. 310; Smith, Early History of India (1957), p. 223, Sten Konow, Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, pp. 140 ff. 93. Sircar * The Saka Satraps of Western India', The Age of Imperial Unity, p. 180 14. jao upara pRSTha 99. 24. Rapson, Catalogue, Introduction, pp. cvi ff.; D. R. Bhandarkar, Indian Antiquary, Vol. XLVII, p. 153, Sten Konow, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II, part 1, p. 67; Levi, Journal Asiatique, 1936, pp. 61 ff.; J. N. Banerjea, A Comprehensive History of India, Vol. II, p. 274; D. C. Sircar, The Age of Imperial Uuity, p. 179; B. N. Puri, India under the Kushans, pp. 21 ff. 94. Sudhakar Chattopadhyay, Early History of North India, pp. 83 f., 105; D. C. Sircar, * The Saka Satraps of Western India', The Age of Imperial Unity, p. 180. 20. Catalogue, Introduction, p. clxxxv 26. Lectures on Ancient Indian Vumismatics, pp. 199 f. 96. Rapson, Catalogue, Introduction, p. cvi; Raychaudhuri, Political History of Ancient India, p. 310; Smith, Early History of India, p. 221: D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, p. 157, n. 1; 'The Saka Satraps of Western India', Age of Imperial Unity, p. 182; Banerjea, Comprehensive History of India, part 2, pp. 240 f.; R. S. Tripathi, History of Ancient India, p. 217, n. 4; Sten Konow, Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, p. 140 20. Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. V, Kanheri Inscriptions, Nos. 15, 18, 21, 28. 29. ovzul E. Senart, The Inscriptions in the caves at Nasik, Epigraphia Indica, Vol VIII, p. 83. Blaid gozlu alte Butado fue 9: Kusana means a monthly stipend, assigned to every monk during a certain period of the year and probably to be applied for his food.' TUTES Radi :

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118]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla ...the distribution of the Kusanamula appears to have been strictly parallel with that of the chivarika or money for clothes reserved for the Varsha time. 22. India under the Kushans, p. 22. 23. Ibid., pp. 60 f. 23. vadhu vigata mATe juo De. raseza jamInadAra, "pazcimI kSatrapa kuSANonA uparAja hatA?" vidyApITha, pu. 1, pR. 56 thI; Rajesh G. Jamindar, "Were the Western Ksratapas Viceroys of the Kusanas ?", The Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute, Vol. XXVI, Parts 1-3, p. 103 ff. 28. Senart, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII, pp. 85 ff., No. 14 A. 25. uSavadAta zaka jAtine hoI ene sasaro nahapAna anya kaI jAtine he joIe ema mAnI e pahulava jAtine havAnI aTakaLa thaI che (Rapson, Catalogue, para 84;), paraMtu zaka jAtinAM judAM judAM kula vacce lagna saMbaMdha jAto ja nahi hoya ema mAnavuM atizayoktibharyuM che. zaka jAtine sthaLavistAra ane emanI saMkhyAvipulatA jotAM e jAtimAM paraspara lagnasaMbaMdha jI zakAya tevAM peTAjUtha arthAta gotra racAyAM hoya e taddana saMbhavita che. 26. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Book II, No. 86 20. Thomas, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1906, p. 215; Satyasrava, Sakas in India, p. 69 26. Sten Konow, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II, part 1, p. 16 ra9. eTale "cAinavaMza" evA arthadhaTana mATe juo AgaLa prakaraNa 7. 30. vasumittaaggimittA saTThI gaMdhavvayA vi sayamekaM / NaravAhaNA ya cAlaM tatto bhatthaTThaNA jAdA // 1507 bhatthaTThaNANa kAlo doNNi sayAiM havaMti bAdAlA / tatto guttA tANaM rajje doNNi ya sayANi igitIsA // 1508 (35TLe maura jaina saMpAdrita "tiroya-pUowtta', pR. rUkara ) 31. De. 2. mAMkaDa, pazcima kSatra", itihAsa-saMmelana nibaMdhasaMgraha, pR. para, 57, 59 32. juo upara pR. 103-04. 33. AmAM mudrAlekha ane mRbhAMDa-lekhaneya samAveza karyo che.

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$ ] pazcimI kSatrapA [ 119 34. jue prakaraNa 7 nuM pariziSTa. A vaMzAvaLIemAM jayAM ' rAkSa - ke 'rAmakSa ' Ave tyAM anukrame 'rAjA kSatrapa' ke rAjA mahAkSatrapa' samajavu. je te rAjAnA zAsanakAla abhilekhAmAM nirdiSTa varSonA AdhAre mUkayA che. 35. jue rudrasiMha 1 lAnA saMdarbha'mAM. 36. jue AgaLa prakaraNa che. 36e jue Journal of Ancient Indian History, Vol. II, Part 1-2, pp. 104 ff. 36 jue AgaLa bhramaka ane nahapAna" vizenI carcA. 36i juo AgaLa " rAjyakAlanAM varSo ' uparanI carcA. 37. jue AgaLa bhUmakane samaya. 38. jue pariziSTa ane pAdanoMdha. 39. EI, Vol. VIII, p. 78 (No. 15), p. 81 (No. 11), p. 82 (No. 12), p. 85 (No. 13); ASWI, Vol. IV, pp. 99 ff. 40. EI, Vol. VII, p. 57 41. Rapson, Catalogue, No. 237-240, bhUmakanA sikkAomAM kharAThI ane brAhmImAM. 42. ejana, na. 243-251. nahapAnanA sikkAomAM khareSThI ane brAhmImAM. 43. D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, p. 197 DaoN. bhAu dAjI sUcave che ke svarAta e mAgadhI rUpa che ane saurASTranuM prasiddha 'khe'gAra' nAma temanA mate vaparAta mAMthI UtarI AvyuM heya ema lAge che: JBBRAS, Vol. VIII (O. S.) p. 239. 44. D. C. Sircar, Ibid, p. 120. patikanA takSazilAnA tAmrapatramAM. 45. EI, Vol. IV, p. 55, fn. 7 46. AR. ASI, 1911-12, pp. 128 f. 47, New Indian Antiquary, Vol. VII, p. 82, fn. 3; ane Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, p. 140 48. JBBRAS, New Series, Vol. III, p. 61 49. JRAS, 1894, p. 549 50. V. R. Deoras, Proceedings of Indian History Congress, Lahore Session, 1940, p. 149. te 'kSaharAta'ne kulanAma gaNAve che, paNa spaSTatA kare che ke lokta ane hirAta vacce keAI sIAA sabaMdha heAvAnuM sAbita thatu nathI.

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120] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. 51. IA, 1884, p. 400; 1926, p. 178: H. C. Raychaudhury, Political History of Ancient India, pp. 436 & 484 para. Y. R. Gupte, IA, 1926, p. 178. ApaNAM bhAratIya nAma devarAta, viSNurAta vagerenI jema laharAta e vizeSa nAma paNa hoya (IA, X, p. 225, fn. 67). 43. Sircar, op. cit., p. 197 54. lAyaka ane ene putra patika: Sircar, op. cit., pp. 120 f. 55. phogalane mathurA najIka gaNezarA pAsethI A rAjAne eka khaMDita zilAlekha He al ( JRAS, 1912, p. 121 24 Raychaudhury, op. cit., pp. 450, 484). 56. kSaharAta vaMzanA eka navA rAjAnA sikkAo maLyA che (jao A. s. Altekar, Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, Vol. XII, p. 5242 H. V. Trivedi, Ibid, Vol. XVII, pp. 89-90. plate 15, No. 9). sikkAnA AdhAre A rAjA kSaharAta kSatrapa arta (ata) hovAnuM sUcavAya che. A rAjAnA prApya sikkAnA agrabhAga upara siMhastaMbha, dharmacaka ane brAhmImAM lekha che: harAta kSatrapala mata. pRSThabhAga upara hAthamAM puSpamALA dhAraNa karelI devanI AkRti ane grIka lekha che. lekhanA akSaronA maroDanA AdhAre A baMne vidvAno laharAta kSatrapa ane bhUmakanA purogAmI tarIke oLakhAve che (ejana), paraMtu A rAjA karone hato ke e bhUmaka-nahapAna sAthe kayA prakArano saMbaMdha dharAvato hato e vize cokkasa mAhitI nathI. ethI A rAjA takSazilA, mathurA ke pazcima bhAratane hate enI jANakArI nathI. enA sattA-pradeza ke samayamaryAdA vize kazuM ja spaSTapaNe kahI zakAya nahi. 57. gujarAta ane mALavAmAMthI enA alpa pramANamAM sikkAo maLyA che. (enA sikkAnA varNana mATe juo prakaraNa 7 nuM pariziSTa.) Anuzrutika sAhityamAM kaI jagyAe ene ullekha nathI. enA anugAmI nahapAnanA samayanA zilAlekhamAMya koI jagyAe enA nAmano nirdeza nathI. 58. juo upara pAdanoMdha 41. 4. Journal Asiatique, Vol. XI, p. 191; Vol. XII, pp. 37-45; A Comprehensive History of India, Vol. II, p. 274 $0. CII, Vol. II, p. 70; Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, p. 142; A Comprehensive Histcry of India, Vol. II, pp. 274, 276, fn. I 61. 3RAS, 1906, p. 211 62. uparanI pAdanoMdha 59 mujaba. 63. juo AgaLa : bhUmaka ane nahapAna. uparAMta Rapson, op. cil, para 87; Gopalachari, Early History of Andhra Country, p. 50

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OM'] pazcimI kSatrapA [121 64. Deoras, op. cit, p. 148 65. kevaLa nAmeAnA amAM rahelA sAmyathI be vyaktie vaccenI samAnatA sAbita thatI nathI; jemake kumAragupta ane ska Mdagupta (Raychaudhuri, op. cit.. p. 505 ). -AyI nAmavAcaka zabdonA a`sAmyathI bhUmaka ane sAmeAtika eka ja hAvAnuM sUcita thatu nathI. 66. bhramaka cASTananA pitA che e satanya svIkArIe te bhramaka ane nahapAna vacce kadAca agraja-anujane sabaMdha hoI zake. tadanusAra pahelAM bhramaka rAnta thayeA hAya, pachI ene anuja nahapAna rAjA thayA hoya, ane pachI nahapAnane putra na heAya teA gAdI bhUmaka (sAmeAtika )nA putrane maLI hoya, evA krama saMbhave; te ja bhUmaka-nahapAnaneA zAsanakALa temaja bhUmaka-cANananA pitAputra sabaMdha e ane sabave! baMdha bese. paraMtu bhUmakanahapAna kSaharAta kulanA hatA ane sAmeAtika-cATana bhinna kulanA hatA. AthI A kulabhedane laIneca uparyuM kta samIkaraNa asvIkAryAM gaNAya. 67. bhamakanA tAMbAnA sikakAnI savaLI bAju nahapAnanA cAMdI ane tAMbAnA sikakAnI avaLI bAju para tevAmAM Ave che (Rapson, op. cit., para 87, 88). eka * vyaktinA sikakAnI savaLI bAjue je bIjI vyaktinA sikakAnI avaLI bAjI hAya te prathama vyakti purAgAmI gaNAya. 68. Rapson, p. cit., para 87 ane Gopalachari, op. cit., p. 50 69. juo AgaLa : ' rAjyakAlanAM varSoM uparanI carcA. . 70. A badhA graMthAmAM nahapAnanuM nAma vividha rIte prayAAyelu jovA maLe che: bahavALa (AvaracasUtra niyutti, jIe pAdanoMdha 36), LavAna (nahavAhana) (ati zrRSabhAcArya -viracita tihoya-vaLatti sa MpAdaka : upAdhye ane jaina, pR. 340 thI 342, leAka 1499 thI 1508); naravAdana (jinasena, rivaMzapurALa, sarvAM 60, leAka 490), nameLa-navaLa-namovAna (vicArazreLI, rR. 2-3); naravaLa (tapALajI-paTTAvatti, bleka 63), nAmbunasa (periplasa, guja. anu., phakarA 41, pR. 18), naravAna ( Ain-i Akbari, Trans. H. S. Jarrett, Vol. II, p. 215 fn. 1) 71. kathAnI vigate mATe jIe : bhA. ja. sAMDesarA, jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta', pR. 291-92. 72. ejana, pR. 92-93, 194; Raychaudhuri, op. cit., pp. 22k fH.; Sircar, op. cit., Book II, Nos. 83, 84, 86 and Bhandarkar, Early History of the Deccan, p. 23 73. gautamIputra zAtaka e nahapAnanA sikakAe para peAtAnI chApa paDAvI che e jogalathambImAMthI prApta sikakAnidhithI naNI zakAyu che temaja vAsiSThIputra puchumAvinA eka lekhamAM gautamIputra zAtakaNi'e kSaharAtene nirmULa karyo hovAnA ullekha che. A be purAvoSIya hakIkatA sAhityika vigatanuM samarthAMna kare che.

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122] 74. soya kAlathI guptakAla jakkAle vIrajiNoM NisseyasasaMpayaM samAvaNNo / takkAle abhisitto pAlayaNAmo avatisudo // 1505 // pAlakarajjaM saTThi igisayapaNavaNNa vijayavaMsamavA / [pra. cAlaM murudayavaMsA tIsaM vassA supustamittammi // 1506 // vasumittaaggimittA saTThI gaMdhavvathA vi sayamekaM / NaravAhaNA ya cAla tatto bhatthaTTaNA jAdA // / 1507 / / (saMpAdaka : upAdhye ane jaina, pR. 342) 75, naravAhana e nahapAna hAvAnu manAya che : Deoras, op. ct., p. 149 ' 76. duSyaMta paMDavA, periplasa", phakarA 41, pR. 18. mULa grIka rUpa Mambaras che (JRAS, 1946, p. 170) -Apha vagere Mambanos pATha svIkAre che. (jIe Lalitkala, No. 3-4, p. 13), uparAMta enAM bIjAM vividha rUpe che: Manbrus, Manbros, Mambarus, Mambaros, Membanes vagere. jIeJRAS, 1907, p. 1043. prAcIna samayamAM jyAre mudraNavijJAna astitvamAM na hatuM tyAre pratyanupratinI. paddhati pracalita hatI. AthI nAmanA mULa rUpamAM pheraphAra thavAne saMbhava rahetA. tethI A nAmanAM vividha rUpe paNa tadanusAra saMbhavita che. 77. jIe upara pR. 109 ane nIce pAdanoMdha 80. 78. JBORS, Vol. I, p. 102; IA, 1917, p. 152. fn. 58; IHQ, Vol. XIV, 143. hiravaMza purANamAM ApelI kAlagaNanAmAM mauya vaza mATe 40 varSoMne atiTUMkA gALe ApyA che te ane nahapAna pachI 280 varSe guptavarA zarU thAya che te dhyAnamAM rAkhI Ama sUcavAyu` lAge che, paraMtu mauryAnI bAbatamAM A kAlagaNanA tarkazuddha jaNAtI nathI ane tethI nahapAnanA samaya vizenI aTakaLa paNa zakAspada jaNAya che. 9. Pargiter, Dynasties of the Kali Age, p. 49; Satyasrava, Sakas in India, p. 62 ane IHQ, Vol. XIII, p. 201 80. ema. lAyare nAmmunasa e nahupAna heAvAnu sUcavyu che (JA, July-August 1897, pp. 120 ff.) uparAMta jIe Schoff, RAS, 1917, p. 829; Sten Konow, IHQ, Vol. XIV, p. 14. periplasa'ne samaya sAmAnya rIte pahelI sadInA uttarArdha ne mAnavAmAM Ave che. e samayamAM pazcima bhAratanA je rAjavaMze thaI gayA te paikI sAtavAhana rAjAomAMthI nAmasAmyanI rIte kAIneya nAmbunusa sAthe sarakhAvI zakIe ema nathI. (jIe Karl Khandalawala, Lalit Kala, No. 3-4, p. 13.) te| vaLI cASTranA irAjAemAMthI paNa koIne nAmbunusa sAthe sarakhAvI na zakAya, kemake periplasa'mAM A vaMzanA ullekha nathI temaja ene racanAkALa paNa cA"nAdi vaze sAthe baMdha besateA nathI, eTale A rAjA kSaharAta varAne heAvAnu kahI zakAya. bhramakane rAjya-vistAra sunizcita nathI tema vistRta paNa nathI. eTale cheka kalyANa sudhI jenu rAjya vistareluM hoya tevA rAjA te nahapAna che, eTale e ja nAmbunusa heAvAne mata vadhAre saMbhavita jaNAya che.

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pazcimI kSa [123 81, oNpha ene racanAkALa I.sa. 70 ane 89 vacce mUke che (TRAS, 1917, p. 830). mekinDalanA mate te I.sa. 80 thI 89 (IA, Vol VIII, p. 108) ane keneDInA mate I.sa. 70-71 ( RAS, 1918, pp. 111-112) che. ghoSanA mate I.sa. 90mAM (IHO, Vol. VII, p. 112) racanAkALa pUro thayo che. kAle khaMDAlAvAlA I.sa. 50 thI 65 sUcave che (Khandalawala, op. cit, p. 15). 82. juo uparyukata pAdhi . paraMtu ramezacaMdra majumadAra vagere vidvAne periplasane IsunI trIjI sadImAM mUke che ( IHQ, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 2-3, pp. 89-97.) Do. majumadAra nAbunusa e nahapAna nathI evo mata dharAve che (ejana, pR. 94), paNa to pachI nAbunusa e ko rAjA che e sUcavatA nathI, eTale emanA matanI A eka nabaLI kaDI dhyAnamAM letAM emane mata svIkArya banato nathI (3. vzil Satyasrava, op. cit., p. 55. 84. ejana, pR. 55 thI 57 64. R. B. Pandey, Indian Paleography, pp 195-196 C4. JRAS, 1926, pp. 643 ff.; EI, Vol. XIV, p. 137; Early History of the Deccan, pp. 20-25, 101; 3BBRAS, 1927, p. 66 87. dA.ta. (1) nahayAnanA rAjyano aMta, (2) kSaharAta vaMzane aMta, (3) cANananAM. kSatrapa tarIke rAjyArohaNa ane zAsanakAla temaja mahAkSatrapa tarIke rAjyArohaNa ane zAsanakAla, (4) jayadAmAnAM kSatrapa tarIke rAjyArohaNa ane zAsanakAla, (5) rudradAmAne kSatrapa tarIkeno rAjyaamala vagere. A badhA banAvo mATe cha varSanA gALA TUMka gaNAya, chatAM taddana asaMbhavita paNa na gaNAya. cAinanA samayane aMdhaune varSa 11 ne lekha maLyA pachI have A muMjhavaNa dUra thaI che, kemake nahapAnanA samayanA lekhamAMnAM varSa rAjyakAlanAM gaNatAM TUMkA gALAne prazna raheto nathI. ce. V. V. Mirashi, "The Date of Nahapana", Journal of Indian History, Vol. XLIII, part 1, pp, 111 ff. 89. Rapson, op. cit, para 89; A. M. Boyer, 14, 1897, pp. 120 ff; Bhandarkar, 14, 1918, pp. 76-78; Raychaudhury, op. cit., pp. 488 f.; Srikant Shastri, Journal of Bombay Historical Society, Vol. I, part I, pp. 135 ff. etc. 6o. Ovo "Andhau Inscription of Castana, Saka 11", JAIH, Vol. II, Nos. 1-2, pp. 104 91. ejana, pR. 109 92. bhUmaka ane nahapAnanA tAMbAnA sikkA gALa che, jyAre cAlTana ane jayadAmAnA sikkA cerasa che. bhUmaka ane nahapAnanA tAbAnA sikakAnA agrabhAgamAM kharoSThI lipimAM rAjAnuM nAma che, jyAre cachana ane jayadAmAnA tAMbAnA sikakAnA agrabhAgamAM grIka lipi

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124] mauryakAlathI guptakAla (pra. ane bhASAmAM lakhANa che. cANana ane jayadAmAnA tAMbAnA sikakAnA pRSThabhAgamAM sau prathamavAra parvatAdi cihno che. A uparAMta nahapAnanA cAMdInA sikakAmAM agrabhAge rAjAnuM uttarAMga sau prathama vAra jovA maLe che, je pachI cAlkana ane enA vaMzajonA cAMdInA sikakAomAM ekadhAryuM cAlu raheluM che. cASTananA sikakAmAMnA paThabhAga uparanAM parvatAdi cihno nahapAnanA tAMbA ke cAMdInA sikakAmAM najare paDatAM nathI. AthI nahapAna ane cAinA vacce purogAmI-anugAmIne saMbaMdha vadhAre svAbhAvika lAge che. 63. Ghosh, IHQ, Vol, VII, p. 122; Gopalachari, op. cit., pp. 53-59. Alteker, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Nagpur Session, 1950, pp. 39-42. Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, op. cit., pp. 43-47; Karl Khandalawala, op. ct, pp. 16-25. 94. Deoras, op. cit, pp. 152-153. vima kakisa=Wema Kadphises II 64. A Comprehensive History of India, Vol. II, p. 274 96. periplasane racanAkAla emAM nirdiSTa rAjAonA zAsanakAlane AdhAre ane e rAjAone samayanirNaya periplasa" parathI nizcita karavAno prayatna haMmeza thayA karyo che, je bIjAMkuracakra (argument in a circle) jevo hoI hamezAM carcAspada ja rahe che. AthI periplasane AdhAra nahapAnanA zAsanakAlane jANavAmAM sahAyabhUta thatuM nathI. 97. juo upara "kSatrapo kuSANanA uparAja hatA ?" e vizenI carcA. - 98. paTTAvalI gAthAmAM 40 varSane ullekha che. (juo BORS, 1930, p. 283.) jinasenanuM harivaMza purANa 42 varSa noMdhe che. (juo Lalit Kala, op. cit., p. 15. Eurid avail Jyotiprased Jain, The Jain Sources of the History of Ancient India, Appendix, A) 99. EI, Vol. VIII, p. 86.; IA, Vol. XLVII, p. 71. joke rAjabadhAnInA mathakane sthAne kharI rIte A sthaLAno ulekha jillAnAM mathaka tarIke thayelo hovAno saMbhava rajU karI zakAya. 100. muni kalyANavijaya, vIra nirvAda saMvata kaura naina zAstramANana, pR. 26-58 101. piriplasa, kaMDikA 38 ane 41 902 JBORS, 1230, p. 290 103. enA samayanA zilAlekhomAM enAM jamAI-dIkarInA aneka ulekha Ave che, jyAre enA keI putrano ullekha Avato nathI e parathI prAya: e aputra hovAnuM kahI zakAya. 104. nahapAnanA samayanA zilAlekhe ane enA sikakAonAM prAptisthAne uparathI enI rAjasattAnuM vaDuM mathaka mahArASTramAM hoya e paNa saMbhave. paNa zilAlekho to uSavadAte kotarAvyA che ane e paNa mAtra guphAdAnane lagatA hoI pazcima ghATanA DuMgaromAMthI maLyA che. vaLI uSavadata mATe kAMya koI adhikArasUcaka vizeSaNa vaparAyuM nathI. eNe dAna to nAsikathI mAMDI puSkara sudhInA vistAramAM dIdhelAM, paNa pazcima ghATanA pradezamAM zilagrahonAM dAna dIdhelAM hoIe jaLavAI rahyAM che ane lekha tyAM kotarelA che, jyAre anyatra AvAM dAna vize mAhitI maLatI nathI.

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prakaraNa 7 pazcimI kSatro (cAlu) 3. cASTrana vaza pazcimI kSatrapAnAM cha kuleAmAM kSaharAta vaMza pachI kAmaka vaMzanA nAmathI prakhyAta eka moTuM kula Ave che. A vaMzane pahelA jJAta puruSa ysAmeAtika ane chellA jJAta puruSa vizvasena hovAnuM sa Mbhave che. moTA bhAganA aitihAsikeA cASTanAdi rAkhtae kAmaka kulanA che evu kanherI guphAlekhane AdhAre mAne che. A lekhamAM rudra( dAmA )nI putrI peAtAne ''kAI maka'' vaMzanI hAvAnuM jaNAve che. A Tima nAma 'kamA' nadI uparathI paDayuM hAvAnI aTakaLa vidvAne e gaNapati zAstrInI arthazAstra paranI TIkAne AdhAre karI hAvAnuM jaNAya che. A e hakIkatAne sAMkaLIne vidvAnAe IrAnathI AvelA zakeA kamA nadInA rahevAsI hovAnI aTakaLa karI emanA vaMzane kAmaka vaMza'' tarIke eLakhAvyA che.4 '' kalhaNanI rAkhatarIimAM marAna evA ullekha chepa ane mahAbhAratanA virATaparvamAM miSTa nAmanA sthaLanA nirdeza che. A e vigateAnA AdhAre byUlara 'zarramarAga' e 'pazrimI kSatrapAnuM biruda hovAnuM sUcave che, paraMtu rAgataraniLImAMnuM 'marAna" e teA vyaktigata nAma che ane tethI enA AdhAre vaMzanuM sUcana thaI zake nahi.8 satyazrAvanA mate gujarAtamAM Avele hAlanA siddhapuranI AsapAsanA pradeza prAcIna kALamAM ma pradeza tarIke oLakhAtA, kemake ahIM kardama RSinA Azrama hatA; tethI kAmaka' e pradezanuM nAma che, vaMzanuM nathI; tyAM rudradAmAnA pUrvajo rAjya karatA hatA. paMratu emanI A dalIla svIkArya banatI nathI, kemake 125

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126] mayakAlathI guptakAla . [pra. siddhapuranuM prAcIna nAma to zrIcaruM hatuM. 10 vaLI siddhapuramAMthI ke enI AsapAsamAMthI hajI sudhI kSatrapakAlanA koI avazeSa maLyA nathI. rAmAyaNanA uttarakAMDamAM eka rAjavaMzane jAya ke zA nAme oLakhAvyo che. teo kaIma prajApatinA vaMzajo hatA ane bAlika (arvAcIna bakha) upara rAjya karatA hatA. 11 A ullekhothI rAyacaudharI IrAnamAM AvelI kadamA' nadIne "jhaphazana' nadI sAthe sarakhAve che, je samarakaMda pradezanI moTI nadI hevAnuM jaNAya che. prAcIna kAlamAM A nadI AmUdarayA nardInI eka zAkhA hatI, je pachInA samayamAM kArAkula sarovara AgaLa retImAM lupta thaI gaI 13 turkastAnanA nakazAmAM A nadIne 40deg ane 4deg pU. rekhAMza tema ja 64deg ane 72deg u. akSAMza vacce vahetI darzAvI che. 14 jhaphazana nadInuM A sthAna dhyAnamAM rAkhatAM ane madhya eziyAmAM thayelI UthalapAthalathI sidarayA ane AdarayA nadI vacce bhaTakatI zaka ToLIone tyAMthI khasavuM paDyuM e dhyAnamAM letAM A nadI e kardama nadI hovAnI rAyacaudharInI aTakaLane samarthana maLe che tAjetaramAM ukhanana dvArA prApta thayela devanI marInA bauddha stUpanA peTALamAMthI maLI Avela zailasamugaka paranA aitihAsika bhAgavALA lakhANamAM "kathika nRpanA 127mA varSe rAjA rudrasena rAjya karato hato tyAre " evo ullekha che. 15 AthI A rAjA rudrasena kathika vaMzano hato evI aTakaLa thaI. to prazna e upasthita thAya ke cASTrana vaMzanA rudrasena nAmanA cAra rAjAo paikIne kaI rudrasena ane A rAjA radrasena eka hoI zake ? ema hoya to cArjana vaMzanA rAjAe kathika vaMzanA gaNAya. to vaLI bIjo prazna e thAya ke "kAmaka vaMza ane "kathika vaMza' paNa bhinna vaMza hoya ke eka ? hajI A prazno vaNaukalyA rahe che.16 A carcAthI cAna vaMzanA rAjAe "kathika' hoya ke na hoya, "kAdamaka hatA e mata vadhAre svIkArya bane che, paraMtu kaherI lekhamAM ulikhita rAjA rudra e rudradAmA le ema nizcita rIte kahevuM muzkela che ane tyAM sudhI emAM nirdiSTa kAmaka' nAma cATana vaMzanA saMdarbhamAM prajavuM ucita jaNAtuM nathI. AthI kSaharAta vaMza pachInA A rAjAomAMnA pahelA rAjA cASTanane nAma uparathI emane rASTavaMzanA rAjA tarIke oLakhavA vadhAre yogya jaNAya che. 7 toya-graMthamAM rAtrino ullekha che. graMthanI chApelI AvRttimAM mathaT evo pATha che, 18 jyAre rA. ba. hIrAlAle maracha (matyadaUT) ne badale

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7muM ) pazcimI kSatra [127 mRtyA (ghamRtya) evo pATha Apyo che. 19 je svIkArya jaNAtuM nathI. satyazrAva marajIThaILa evo pATha Ape che, jyAre jyoti prasAda jaina makavanA. evuM saMskRta rUpa prayoje che. A baMne rUpo svIkArya bane che. A nAma ahIM bahuvacanamAM che tethI e vaMzanuM sUcana kare che. AthI uparyukta anumAnane samarthana maLe che. cArjana kulanI saLaMga vaMzAvaLI vizvasena sudhI che ane emAM kula 20 rAjAo thayA hovAnuM jANavA maLe che. AraMbhanA cAreka rAjAone bAda karatAM pachInA badhA rAjAonA varSavALA sikkAo, keTalAka rAjAonA zilAlekho ane teomAMnA eka-bemAM ApelI vaMzAvaLI e A rAjAonI vaMzAvaLI ane sAlavArI nizcita karavAnAM upayogI sAdhano che. sAhityamAM A vaMza vize khAsa koI mAhitI nathI. nikoca-qwAttimAM cAdRna vaMza 242 varSa rAjya karyuM evo ullekha che. A samayAvadhi vizvasena sudhInI ke rudrasiMha 3 jA sudhInI gaNavI e saMdigdha rahe che. jinasenanA harivaMza purANa 60, 490-91)mAM paNa 242 varSane ullekha che. bannemAM nahapAnanAM 40 varSane alaga ullekha che. Ama kula 282 varSa thAya. purANomAM zakanA rAjavaMzanAM 300 varSa gaNavyAM che. emAM nahapAnano alaga ullekha nathI. Ama traNeya sAhityika ullekha samayAvadhinI bAbatamAM ekabIjAnuM samarthana kare che. sikkolekho ane zilAlekhothI pazcimI kSatrapono zAsanakALa traNa sadI jeTaluM hovAnuM agAu oMdhyuM che, je sAhityika nirdezane samarthana Ape che. cATana sikakAo parathI A rAjAnI temaja enA pitAnI mAhitI sAMpaDe che. zilAlekho enA pitAnI ane enA samayanI mAhitI pUrI pADe che. TolemInI bhUgoLa enI rAjadhAnI upara prakAza pheMke che. mathurA myujhiyamamAM saMgRhIta enuM AkhA kadanuM (mastaka vinAnuM) bAvaluM enA paDachaMda vyaktitvano khyAla Ape che. abhilekhothI spaSTa thAya che ke enA pitAnuM nAma sAmotikara hatuM. sAmatikanA sikkA ke zilAlekha sAMpaDyA nathI, tethI enA zAsana vize kazI ja mAhitI maLatI nathI. Ama A rAjavaMzane sthApaka sAtikane putra cAlTana hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. cASTananA tAMbAnA 23 ane cAMdInA sikkAo maLyA che. cAMdInA sikkA kSatrapa ane mahAkSatrapa ema ubhaya prakAranA che. kSatrapa tarIkenA enA sikkAonA

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128] moryakAlathI guptakAla be prakAra che. baMne prakAranA agrabhAgamAM rAjAnI mukhAkRti ane grIka lekha che, paNa pRSThabhAgamAM thoDe phera che. eka prakAramAM madhyamAM tathA DAbI tarapha caMdrakalA ane jamaNI tarapha sUrya temaja vRttAkAre khareSThI ane brAhmImAM lakhANa che, te bIjAmAM vacce trikUTa parvata, enI Toce ane DAbe caMdrakalA temaja jamaNe sUrya ane nIcenA bhAgamAM nadI sUcavatI rekhA ane khareSThI tathA brAhmImAM lekha che. enA mahAkSatrapa tarIkenA sikkA enA ja kSatrapa tarIkenA bIjA prakAranA sikkA, sAthe sAmya dharAve che. cAlTana - kuSANa sUbe? sAtavAhana rAjA gautamIputra zAtakaNinA hAthe thayelA nahapAnanA parAjaya pachI laharAtee gumAvelo pradeza sAtavAhano pAsethI pAchA meLavavA kuSANee cATanane dakSiNa-pazcima bhAratanA prAMta upara sUbA tarIke nImyo hovAnI aTakaLa dinezacaMdra sarakAra vageree karI che, 24 paraMtu e mATe koI sIdhA purAvAone ullekha emaNe karyo nathI temaja pazcimI kSatrapAe kurANonI rAjaniSThA svIkArI na hatI tethI cATTana kuSANone sUbo hato e maMtavya nirAdhAra Thare che. ene samaya kaccha jillAnA aMdhaumAMthI prApta thayelA cATTananA samayanA cAra zilAlekhomAM varSa para che. 25 sAmAnya rIte A kuLanA rAjAonA sikkAomAM ane zilAlekhomAM nirdiSTa varSo zaka saMvatanAM hovAne mata sarvamAnya che. A gaNatarIe varSa para barobara I.sa. 130-3 Ave. AthI enI sattAnI zarUAta e pUrve eTale ke I.sa. 89 pahelAM thaI hovAnuM anumAnI zakAya. A yaSTimAM cArjhana mATe kSatrapa ke mahAkSatrapa evuM koI biruda ApavAmAM AvyuM nathI, paraMtu emAMnA 'rAjA cArjana sAmotikaputranA (ane) rAjA rudradAmA jayaMdAmaputranA" zabda prayoga parathI tyAre cArjana mahAkSatrapa ane rudradAmA kSatrapa hevAnuM sUcita thAya che. aMdho gAmethI tAjetaramAM prapta thayelA cATTananA samayanA varSa 11 nA zilAlekhamAM ene mAtra kSatrapa tarIke oLakhAvyuM che, eTale e zaka varSa 11 arthAt IsvI sana 89 mAM kSatrapa hato e puravAra thAya che. zaka varSa para nA lekhomAM ene "rAjA" kahyo che. vaLI sikakAomAM ene "rAjA kSatrapa" ane "rAjA mahAkSatrapa" kahyo che. A rAjA kuSANa samrATa kaSki pahelAno uparAja

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7 ] pazcimI kSatrapA [129 ke sakhA hoya ane eNe 11 varSa jeTalA TUMkA gALAmAM paNa kaSTi pravartAvelA saMvata apanAvyA hAya e bhAgyeja sa Mbhave che. ghaNuM karIne zaka sa Mvata zaka jAtinA jaNAtA cAnanA rAjyakAlanA Ara MbhathI ja rArU thayA lAge che. A gaNatarIe ene zAsanakAla I. sa. 78 thI 190 sudhInA hAI zake. TAlemInI bhUgALa anusAra e samaye ujjananI gAdI upara cASTrana rAjya karatA hatA. A graMthanA racanAkALa I.sa. 140 ne! manAya che.26 AthI e spaSTa thAya che ke cAna 140 mAM paNa sattAdhIza hatA. vaLI enA pautra mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAne jUnAgaDhanA zailalekha varSa 12( I.sa. 150-55 )ne che, eTale ema kahI zakAya ke cAnanI rAjakIya kArakirdInA aMta I.sa. 140 ane 150nI vacce koIka samaye, khAsa karIne 140 pachI TUMka samayamAM ja, AvyA hAya. rAjadhAnI ane rAjyavistAra mAtra TeAlemInI bhUgALamAM enI rAjadhAnI ujjainamAM hatI evA eka ullekha che, eTale A sAhityika AdhAra parathI anumAna tAravavu rahyuM. enA samayanA zilAlekhA kacchamAMthI maLyA che, jethI evuM mAnI zakAya ke pazcimamAM kacchathI pUrvamAM ujjana sudhI enuM rAjya vistareluM hatuM. uttare ane dakSiNe enI hada kAMsudhI vistarelI hatI e cAsapaNe jANI zakAyuM nathI. ema chatAM rudradAmAnA zailalekhamAM nirdiSTa enI sattA nIcenA pradezeAmAMnA dhaNA27 agAu sAtavAhana rAjA gautamIputra sAtakaNanI sattA heThaLa hatA; kSaharAtAe gumAvelA A pradezomAMthI keTalAka jItI laI cAne rAjya sthApyuM tyAre zailalekhamAM jaNAvelA ghaNAkharA pradezeA rudradAmAnI madadathI cASTrane prApta karyAM haraze. A anusAra rAjA mahAkSatrapa cAna ane prAyaH khAsa karIne rAjA kSatrapa rudradAmAnA ane/ athavA rAjA mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAnA samayamAM cAna rAjyanA vistAra pUrNAMmAM AkarAM ta ( pUrva-pazcima mALavA ), pazcimamAM kaccha-surASTra, uttare aparAMta hAlanuM rAjasthAna), ane dakSiNe anUpa ( nama dA kAMThA ) sudhI hovA saMbhave che. Ama cAnanI rAjyavistAranI pravRttimAM rAjA kSatrapa rudradAmAne agatyanA kALA hAvAjoI e. jayadAmA e cAnanA putra hatA. enI jANakArI keTalAka zilAlekhAmAMthI28 maLe che. enA peAtAnA sikkA maLyA che,29 paNa emAM mAtra enuM ja nAma che. enA sikkAo ane enA vazajonA zilAlekhA ene 'rAjA', 'kSatrapa' ane 'svAmI' 42-9

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130] mauryakAlathI guptakAla tarIke oLakhAve che. AthI evuM anumAnI zakAya ke e mahAkSatrapanuM pada meLavI zakyo na hato. A uparathI bhagavAnalAla IMdrajI vagere30 vidvAno evI aTakaLa kare che ke enA rAjyakALa daramyAna AMdhra rAjAoe caDAI karI cATTanavaMzI rAjyane nukasAna pahoMcADayuM hoya, paraMtu A aTakaLa svIkArya lAgatI nathI, kemake sAmAnyataH pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAomAM kSatrapa mahAkSatraponA madadanIza rAjA tarIke adhikAra bhogavatA hatA. rAjA mahAkSatrapa cASTananA madadanIza tarIke rAjA kSatrapa jayadAmAne uttarAdhikAra rAjA kSatrapa rudradAmAne maLyo jaNAya che; arthAta mahAkSatrapa cArjanano uttarAdhikAra mahAkSatrapa rudaddAmAne prApta thayo e pahelAM kSatrapa' tarIkene jayadAmAno adhikAra rudradAmAne maLyo hato, tethI jayaMdAmA enA pitAnI pahelAM arthAta kSatrapAvasthAmAM ja akALa avasAna pAmyo hoya ane eno kSatrapa tarIkene adhikAra enA pachI enA putra rudradAmAne maLyo hoya temaja cASTrano mahAkSatrapa tarIkene adhikAra tethI uttarAdhikArI tarIke sIdho enA pautra rudradAmAne maLyo hoya, e ghaNuM saMbhavita lAge che. samaya enA pitAnI hayAtImAM ja "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenuM pada pAmyA vinA e prAyaH akALa avasAna pAmyA hoI ravataMtra rAjA tarIkenuM koI mahatva enuM jaNAtuM nathI. e kayAre "kSatrapa' nimAyo ane kyAre mRtyu pAmyo e jANavAnAM koI sAdhana upalabdha nathI. aMdhaunA yaSilekhothI spaSTa thAya che ke rudradAmA I.sa. 130 mAM kSatrapa hodo bhogavato hato eTale enA pitA jayadAmAnuM kSatrapapada (ane jIvana) e samaya pahelAM samApta thaI cUkyuM hatuM. rudradAmAM I.sa. 130 mAM kSatrapada dharAvate hAI ene pitA jayaMdAmA cASTananA parAkramakALa daramyAna pukhta vayane hovo saMbhave. AthI ene kSatrapapadano AraMbha enA pitA cArjananA mahAkSatrapapadanA AraMbhane samakAlIna gaNAya; arthAta enA kSatrapadane samaya Isa. 130 pUrvane aMdAjI zakAya. rudradAmA 1 lo kSatrapa sattAne abhyadaya cArjananA pautra ane jayadAmAnA putra rudradAmA vizenI mAhitI enA [ pitAnA sikkAo ane zailalekha parathI tema ja enA samayanA aMdhau ane khAvaDAnA zilAlekhamAMthI prApta thAya che. enA cAMdInA sikkAo samayanirdeza vinAnA hoI khAsa upakAraka banatA nathI, paNa zailalekha ane zilAlekha samayanidezayukta hovAthI ene samayanirNaya karavAmAM sugamatA sAMpaDe che.

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7 su] pazcimI kSatrA [ 131 zailalekha A uparAMta enA vyaktitvanAM aneka pAsAMe rajU kare che e sAthe tatkAlIna keTalIka sAMskRtika mAhitI paNa Ape che. rudradAmAnA badhA ja sikkAe cAMdInA jai32 ane mahAkSatrapa tarIkenA che. enA eka prakAranA sikkAemAM gayarAmaputrasa evA samAsa prayeAjAyA che, teA bIjA prakAramAM nayAmasaputrasa ema be alaga pada che. zeSa cihno yathAvat che. prinsa oNpha velsa myujhiyamamAM saMgRhIta A rAjAnA eka sikkAmAM varSa 77 nI rekhAe hAvAnuM paramezvarIlAla guptanuM mAnavuM che, ,33 paraMtu vasUcaka rekhAo spaSTa ane suvAcya nathI. pazcimI kSatrapemAM sauthI vadhu zaktizALI ane pratApI evA A rAjA vize apavAda sivAya samakAlIna ke anukAlIna sAhityamAM kayAMya ullekha nathI. sikkAeAnA saMdarbhamAM bauddha pAli graMthAmAM rudradAmAne ullekha che.34 rAjA mahAkSatrapa rudrasena 3 jAnA sikakA parathI rudradAmA 2 jAnI mAhitI maLe che, paraMtu e rAAnA peAtAnA sikkAo hajI prApta thayA nathI, eTale pAli prathAmAM jukavAmasutravAmajAti vagere sikkAonA ullekha spaSkRtaH cATTananA pautra rudradAmA 1 lAnA saMdarbhomAM hAvAnuM jaNAya che. rudradAmAnA samaya adhonA leikhA varSa para( I.sa. 130 )nA che, jemAM rAjA cAna ane rAjA rudradAmAne sAthe ullekha che, e vaDe ubhayanA saMyukta zAsananuM sUcana maLe che. A vakhate cAna mahAkSatrapa hovA joIe ane rudradAmA ene madadanIza kSatrapa hoya. AthI sUcita varSamAM rudradAmA 'kSatrapa' hatA e spaSTa thAya che. khAvaDAne rudradAmAnA samayanA varSa 62 ke charane leikha thoDAka upakAraka jaNAya che, jeke varSanuM vAcana nizcita banatuM nathI, paraMtu ahI ene 'kSatrapa' tarIke oLakhAvyA hoI ane ene varSe 72ne jUnAgaDha zailalekha 'mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA hAI sa MbhavataH A lekhamAMnuM varSa 62 hAvAnI aTakaLa thaI zake ane teA enA kSatrapakALa zaka varSoM para thI 62 sudhI nizcita rIte ane prAyaH va 62 pachI paNa gheADAMka varSo lakhAyA haiAvAnuM saMbhave. TAlemInI bhUgALa mujaba I.sa. 140 nI AsapAsa cASTrana sattAdhIza hatA, eTale rudradAmA I.sa. 140 ( upara joyuM tema e A samaye 'kSatrapa' hovAnuM vicArIe teA ) pachI mahAkSatrapa'nuM pada pAmyA hoya. va` 72 mAM tA e mahAkSatrapa' hatA e te zailalekhathI spaSTa thAya che ja, eTale enA mahAkSatrapakALanI uttara--maryAdA I.sa. 150 sudhI ane kadAca e pachI paNa theADeAka samaya kheMcI zakAya; arthAt enA anugAmI

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132] mayakAlathI guptakAla [pra. enA rAjyaamalanAM jJAta varSo parathI rudradAmAnA zAsanakALanI uttara maryAdA vadhumAM vadhu zaka varSa 100 sudhI AMkI zakAya.35 ene rAjya-vistAra jUnAgaDhane ene zailalekha enA rAjyavistAranI cokakasa mAhitI Ape che. emAM nirdiSTa pradezamAM pUrva Akara, pazcima avaMti, anUpa, nIta (nimADa), Anarta, surASTra, zvatra, maru, kaccha, siMdha, sauvIra, kukara, aparAMta ane niSAdane samAveza thAya che. A uparathI radratAmAnA rAjyane vistAra arvAcIna sthaLanAmanI bhASAmAM uttare mulatAna sudhI, dakSiNamAM anapa (mAhiSmatI) sudhI, te pUrvamAM mALavA ane nimADa sudhI, ane pazcime samudrakAMThA (eTale siMdha, kaccha, saurASTra, dakSiNa gujarAtanA samudrakAMThA) sudhI hato (juo nakaze 3 ). girinagaranA zailalekhanuM aitihAsika mahatva girinagaranA zailalekhonuM anekavidha mahattva che, paraMtu A zaila paranA traNeya lekhomAM sudAmAnA lekhanuM aitihAsika mahattva savizeSa che. radradAmAnA A zailalekhamAM AraMbhamAM sudarzana taLAvanA tUTI gayelA baMdhanA samArakAmane lagatI prasaMgocita vigato ApI che, paraMtu enuM aitihAsika mahattva AThamI-navamI paMktimAM raheluM che, jemAM e jaLAzayano pAchale ItihAsa ApavAmAM AvyA che. tadanusAra A taLAva caMdragupta mauryanA rASTriya (sUbA) puSyagupta vacce baMdhAveluM ane tyAra pachI enA pautra azoka mauryanA rASTriya yavanarAja ! tuSArpha emAMthI nahero kaDhAvI siMcAInI sagavaDa karelI ane A lekhamAM thayela nirdeza aitihAsika daSTine advitIya namUno che. bhAratanA prAcIna ItihAsamAM A prakArane Abhilekhika purAvo A pahelavahele che. AthI spaSTa thAya che ke kSatrapAla daramyAna enI pahelAMnA lagabhaga cAra zataka pUrvenA jUnA banAvone lagatI te te samayanA sUbAnA nAmanI gauNa vigatone lagatI aitihAsika noMdha paNa rahetI hatI. rudradAmAnI prazasti A zailalekha A uparAMta e rAjAnI kArakirdI ane enA vyaktitvane paNa Alekhe che. A lekhamAMnA rudradAmAnA caritra-citraNa uparathI pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAomAM e sauthI mahAna ane prabhAvazALI rAjA hovAnuM phalita thAya che. A lekhamAM nIce pramANe enI prazasti karavAmAM AvI che :

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17 muM] pazcimI kSatrapa cazasvI para eNe mALavA, sidha ane kaMkaNa jItyAM, AMdhranA sAtavAhana rAjA sAtakaNine be vAra harAvyo, pakaDaze ane najIkanA saMbaMdha hovAne kAraNe choDI mUkyo. paMjAba, rAjasthAna, ujajananA pradeza prApta karyA, paNa enI kArakirdInuM yazasvI prakaraNa te yaudheya paranA vijayanuM che. A samaye yaudhenuM gaNarAjya AkhA bhAratamAM prabaLa ane zaktizALI hatuM. AkhA dezamAM emanI vIra tarIke gaNanA thatI hatI. emanA sikakAo upara bhAlAdhArI ddhAnI AkRti ane caucAkhaca jJaya: evuM lakhANa kotarAvatA hatA. atyAra sudhI emanI sattAne kaI dabAvI zakyuM na hatuM, eTale Ama lAMbA samaya sudhI aparAjita rahevAne kAraNe teo khUba ghamaMDI banyA hatA. emanuM A ghamaMDa rAjA rudradAmAe jabarajastIthI emane ukheDI nAkhI utAryuM. A rIte ghaNAM rAjya chatI laI ane ghaNA rAjAo pAse potAnuM Adhipatya svIkAravI eNe jAte potAnI vIratAnA prabhAve "mahAkSatrapapada dhAraNa karyuM. Ama A lekha ene viroddhA tarIke ane yazasvI rAjA tarIke oLakhAve che. udAracarita enI zArIrika zakti jeTalI prabaLa hatI teTalI ja enI mAnasikaAtmika zakti tejasvI hatI enI pratIti A lekhathI thAya che. enuM zArIrika seMdarya temaja dehasauva kAMtimAna hatuM. ghATIlA zarIravALA A rAjAne svayaMvaramAM aneka rAjakanyAoe varamALA AropI hatI. zarIranA saMdarya sAthe AtmAnuMhRdayanuM sauMdarya enA udAra caritane vadhAre udAtta banAvatuM hatuM. enA AtmAnA sauMda ja ene dharmAbhimukha banAvyuM hatuM, jethI eNe brAhmaNa ane dharmanA vikAsa mATe chUTA hAthe dAna dIdhAM. azvavidyA, gajavidyA, ravivA temaja talavArabAjI ane DhAlabAjImAM paNa eNe prAvINya prApta karyuM hatuM. potAne zaraNe AvelAone e rakSaNa Apato hato. padabhraSTa rAjAone pharIthI sattAdhIza banAvato hato. saMgrAmanA apavAda sivAya sAmAnyataH manuSyavadha na karavAnI pratijJAnuM pUruM pAlana karato hato. AthI phalita thAya che ke eNe ahiMsAnI bhAvanAnuM AjIvana pAlana karyuM ane tadanusAra eNe zatrune paNa zaraNuM ApavAmAM pAchI pAnI karI nahotI. Ama enA dariyAvadila ane kheladilIvALA svabhAvanI pratIti thayA vinA rahetI nathI.

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134] mauryakAlathI guptakAla rudradAmAM ucca koTine vidvAna hato. zabdazAstra (vyAkaraNa), arthazAstra, gAMdharva (saMgIta), nyAya Adi mahAvidyAonAM pAraNa (grahaNa), dhAraNa (smRti), vijJAna (viziSTa jJAna) ane pravega (vyAvahArika upayoga) dvArA eNe vipula kIrti prApta karI hatI. e gadyapadya racanAmAM pravINa hato. ene zailalekha gadyamAM hovA chatAM ghaNe kAvyamaya che. e samasta bhAratanA saMskRta sAhityamAM uccatama gadyazailIno upalabdha Adya namUno gaNAya che. Adarza rAjavInAM aneka lakSaNe enA vyaktitvamAM daSTigocara thAya che. je nimitte eNe A lekha kotarAvyo che te ja enA lokakalyANanI bhAvanAnuM mUrta svarUpa che-UjaLuM pAsuM che. prajApAlaka rAjAnA prajApremI sUbA suvicAkhe e yojanA pAra pADavAnI bhalAmaNa karatAM rAjAe pIrajano tathA jAnapadajananA anugrahAthe temaja emanA upara koI paNa jAtanA navA karaverA nAkhyA vinA pitAnI tijorImAMthI ghaNuM dravya kharcAne e taLAva hatuM te karatAMya vadhAre suddIna banAvyuM. lokakalyANanI bhAvanA sAthe rAjyavyavasthAnI sudaDhatA sAru paNa rudradAmAM eTale ja saciMta hate. enI rAjya-tijorI yogya rIte ja vighaTI, jakAta, ane senA, cAMdI, rane vagerethI bharapUra hatI. amAtyaguNothI yukta evA atisaciva (salAhakAra maMtrIo) ane karmasaciva(kAryakArI pradhAno)nI nimaNUka karI, e rAjyanuM sabaLa ane saphaLa saMcAlana karato hato. Ama eka Adarza rAjavI, vIra yoddhA, ucca koTinA vidvAna, lokakalyANanI bhAvanAne varelA, nItimAna, dharmapremI ane udAracarita sAhityajJa rudradAmAnuM suMdara, tejasvI ane udAtta caritra UpaseluM jovA maLe che enI rAjadhAnI A mATe eya purAvA sAMpaDatA nathI, paraMtu Anarta-surASTrane saghaLe pradeza sUbAnA vahIvaTa nIcenA prAMtane darajajo dharAvato hato e amAtya suvizAkhanI nimaNUkathI spaSTa bane che. AthI enI rAjadhAnI girinagaramAM nahi, paNa anyatra hovI joIe. enA dAdA cASTananI rAjadhAnI ujajanamAM hatI ane cASTananA mahAkSatrapapadano sIdhe uttarAdhikAra meLavanAra rudradAmAnI rAjadhAnI paNa ujajanamAM hovAno saMbhava savizeSa che.

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pazcimI kSatrape suvizAkha--gujarAta prAMtane e zailalekhathI spaSTa thAya che ke rudradAmAnA rAjyamAM Anata-surASTra prAMtIya darajjo dharAvatA agraNI pradeza hatA. A prAMtanA vahIvaTa mATe rudradAmAe pahalava jAtinA kulaipanA putra amAtya suvizAkhane mULA tarIke nImyA hatA. suvizAkha arthakAraNa, dharma ane vyavahAranI UMDI samajadArI dharAvatA hatA. suvizAkha svabhAve zAMta, sayamI ane nirabhimAnI hatA; A umadA) ane lAMcaruzavatanI adIthI para hatA. 7] [ 135 enA samayamAM zaka varSa 72( I.sa. 150)mAM ativRSTine laI te nadImAM AvelA pUrane lIdhe girinagaranA sudarzana taTAkanA setu tUTI gayA tyAre suvizAkhe ene samarAvavA mATe bhalAmaNa karI, paraMtu mahAkSatrapanA matisacivAe tathA karmAMsacivAe ene virAdha karyo te setu puna: nahi baMdhAya e nirAzAthI prajAmAM hAhAkAra pravarto, tyAre porajanA tathA jAnapadajAnA anugraha arthe suvizAkhe setu samarAvI rAjAnAM dhama -kIrti-yazamAM abhivRddhi karI. mahAkSatrape e mATe prajAne kara, viSTi ke praNayakriyA vaDe pIDayA vinA peAtAnA kAzamAMthI puSkaLa dhana kharacIne thADA vakhatamAM agAunA karatAM ya traNa gaNA vadhu dRDha setu karIne, duna banelA e sudarzana taLAvane vadhAre 'sudarzana' karyuM. dAmajadathI le rudradAmA 1 lAnA putra ane anugAmI A rAjAnA 'kSatrapa' ane 'mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA samayanirdeza vinAnA cAMdInA traNa prakAranA sikkA upalabdha thayA che, jemAMnA be prakAramAM ene rAmasar ke vAr37 tarIke ane trIjAmAM vAmanabI tarIke oLakhAvyA che. rudradAmAne rudrasiddha nAmane bIjo putra paNa hatA. Ama te ba MnenA 'kSatrapa' ane 'mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkAe upalabdha che, paNa rudrasi MhanA sikkA vavALA che. AthI anumAna karI zakAya ke dAmajadazrI rudradAmAnA jyeSTha putra haze, kemake enA sikkAe enA purogAmIonI jema samayanirdeza vinAnA che. sikkA upara va ApavAnI zarUAta rudrasiMhanA samayathI jaNAya che. AthI spaSTa thAya che ke dAmajadazrI agraja hate| ane rudrasiMha anuja. dAmajadazrInA kSatrapa tarIkenA sikkAo jaNAve che ke e enA pitAnI hayAtImAM mahAkSatrapanA madadanIza tarIke rAjyAdhikAra dharAvatA hatA, eTale I. sa. 150 sudhImAM e 'kSatrapa' thayA heAvA joI e ane pitAnA mRtyu bAda 'mahAkSatrapa'

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136] mauryakAlathI guptakAla ' [ma, banyuM haze. rudrasiMha 1 lAnA zika varSa 102 ane 103 nA "kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkA tema ja varSa 103 ne "kSatrapa' tarIkene zilAlekha maLe che. AthI anumAnI zakAya ke radrasiMha tyAre dAmajadazrInA "kSatrapa' tarIke pharaja bajAvato haze, 38 A AdhAre dAmajadathI A varSomAM eTale ke I.sa. 180-181mAM "mahAkSatrapa" tarIke hovo joIe. dAmajadazrInI kArakirdI vize koI sAdhI mAhitI upalabdha nathI, paraMtu evI aTakaLa thaI zake ke enA pitAnI sAthe 'kSatrapa' tarIkenA hoddA daramyAna eNe keTalAMka yuddhomAM bhAga lIdho hoya ane pitAnA avasAna bAda maLelA bhavya vArasAne sAcavI rAkhyuM hoya. enA bhAI rudrasiMhanA zilAlekhamAMnI ke enA putra rusena 1 lAnA zilAlekhamAMnI vaMzAvaLImAM dAmajadazInuM ke enA koI putranuM nAma ApavAmAM AvyuM nathI, paraMtu dAmajadabI temaja enA putro satyadAmAM ane jIvadAmAnA sikkA maLyA che. jIvadAmAnA mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA eka sikkA paranuM varSa agAu39 100 vaMcAyeluM e parathI resane evuM anumAna kareluM ke dAmajadazrInA mRtyu pachI zarUAtamAM jIvadAmA "mahAkSatrapa' thayo hoya, paraMtu thoDA ja vakhatamAM rudrasiMha 1 lAe enI pAsethI "mahAkSatrapa'nuM pada jhUMTavI lIdhuM hoya; AthI uparyukta gharSaNane laIne jANIbUjhIne emanAM nAma vaMzAvaLImAM ApavAmAM AvyAM nahi hovAnI aTakaLa emaNe karelI.40 paraMtu mahAkSatrapa chavadAmAnA sikkAo paranAM sAta varSa 119 pUrvanAM nahi hovAnuM have pratipAdita thayuM hoIne dAmajadInA uttarAdhikArI jIvadAmA ane rudrasiMha vaccenA gharSaNanI aTakaLa svIkArya banatI nathI. AthI rudrasiMha ane rudrasenanA lekhamAM ApelI vaMzAvaLIomAM dAmajadazrI vagerenAM nAmanA abhAva mATe anya kAraNa hovuM joIe. vaMzAvaLIomAM jaNavelA rAjAone saMbaMdha jotAM mAlUma paDe che ke prastuta vaMzAvaLIeAmAM mAtra sIdhA pUrvajonAM nAma ApavAmAM AvyAM che, arthAt anya puregAmIonAM nAma ApavAmAM AvyAM nathI.41 rudrasiMha 1 le pazcimI kSatraponA uttarAdhikAranA saMbhavita niyama anusAra gAdIne uttarAdhikAra yeSTha putrane sthAne anujane maLe, paraMtu mahAkSatrapa rAjA rudradAmAne koI bhAI na hovAthI ene uttarAdhikAra enA jayeSTha putra dAmajadazrIne maLe che ane ene

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te pazcimI kSatra [137 uttarAdhikAra pachI A niyamAnusAra enA anuja rudrasiMhane maLe che. enA 'kSatrapa" ane "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA cAMdInA sikkA AnuM samarthana kare che. enA sikakAo upara se prathama vAra ja miti katarelI jovA maLe che, je sikkAonA vikAsamAM sImAcihana tarIkenuM sthAna meLavI zake.4ra enA samayanirdezavALA cAra zilAlekha paNa maLyA che.43 pazcimI kSatrapamAM samayanirdezavALA sikakA jema sau prathama enA che tema pUrNa bhAratIya nAma apanAvanAra paNa e pahele ja kSatrapa rAjavI che.44 Ama enuM sthAna be rIte mahattvanuM che. enA varSavALA sikakAoe ghaNI vivAdAspada muddAo upasthita karyA cheH e dAmajadakInA mRtyu pachI gAdIe AvyuM ke ene padabhraSTa karI gAdI meLavI, enI ane enA bhatrIja jIvadAmAM vacce gAdI mATe saMgharSa thayela ke kema, pachI enA rAjyaamala daramyAna koI paDozI ke videzI AkramaNa thayuM hatuM vagere. enA khAsa karIne varSa 110 ane 12 nA "kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkAonA saMdarbhamAM abhyAsIoe bhinna bhinna aTakaLo karI che. resanA mata mujaba A samaya daramyAna eno bhatrIjo jIvadAma "mahAkSatrapa banyo hoya ane rudrasiMha enA madadanIza "kSatrapa' tarIke sattA bhogavato hoya,45 paraMtu sApekSa purAvAnA abhAve A saMgharSanuM anumAna zaMkAspada rahe che. bhAMDArakara ane aLatekaranA mate AbhIra rAjA Izvaradatta radrasiMha pAsethI sattA chInavI laI A samaya (I.sa. 111 - 12) daramyAna rAjya karyuM hoya. IzvaradattanA prApta thayelA phakata be ja varSanA sikkAonA AdhAre A aTakaLa thaI hevI saMbhave che. 46 sudhAkara caTTopAdhyAyanI aTakaLa mujaba A samaya daramyAna AMdhranA sAtavAhana rAjAoe A pradeza jItI lIdhA hovA joIe ane enA madadanIza 'kSatrapa" tarIke radrasiMha A pradeza upara sattA bhogavato hovo joIe.47 agAu jyAre rasiMhanA keTalAka sikakAo hAtha lAgyA na hatA tyAre uparyukta aTakaLo thaI hatI. e samaye enA upalabdha sikakAo paranAM ane zilAlekhomAnAM jJAta varSonA AdhAre enA zAsanAdhikAranI bAbatamAM nIce pramANenI paristhiti mAlUma paDatI hatI : pahelI vAra kSatrapa tarIke : varSa 102-10 3 ,, mahAkSatrapa tarIke : varSa 103-110 bIjI vAra kSatrapa tarIke : varSa 110- 112 >> mahAkSatrapa tarIke. : varSa 113-118 ke saMbhavataH 11948

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138 ] soya kAlathI guptakAla [ma. paraMtu raeNpsananA samaya pachI keTalAka vadhu sikkA hAtha lAgatAM A mAhitImAM keTalAka umereA thayA che. tadnusAra varSa 101 thI 120 sudhInA enA 'kSatrapa' ane 'mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkAnI mAhitI, judA judA abhyAsIee karelA vAcana anusAra ekatra karatAM, nIce mujaba upasthita thAya che: zaka va kSatrapa rudrasiMha 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 1' 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 rudrasena 1lA jIvadAmA A keASThakanI vigateAthI keTalIka samasyA utpanna thAya che : (1) rudrasiMha varSa 102 tathA 103 daramyAna 'kSatrapa' tathA 'mahAkSatrapa' kevI rIte hoI zake ? gUMdAnA zilAlekha parathI spaSTatAH mAlUma paDe che ke A rAjA varSa 103 nA vaizAkhamAM 'kSatrapa' hateA, AthI enA sikkAe paranAM varSe 102 ane 103 nAM vAcana enA kSatrapapada sAthe baMdha khese. varSa 103 mAM pachInA bhAgamAM 'mahAkSatrapa' thayA hAI zake, tA enA e varSoM pUratA sikkA 'kSatrapa' tathA 'mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA hovA ' / / / / rudrasiha ,, mahAkSatrapa rudrasiha rudrasiMddha ,' "2 .. rudrasiha 1 1 rudrasiMha dr ,, ', ,, ,, ,, 29 "" ,, '' ane jIvadAmA

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7 muM] pazcimI kSatra [ 139 saMbhave. paraMtu varSa 101 tathA 102 mAM "mahAkSatrapa' hovA saMbhave nahi. AthI e sikkAo paranA lakhANunA vAcanamAM kAMte varSanI saMkhyAne athavA to rAjAnA birudane pATha saMdigdha gaNAya. (2) evI rIte varSa 109 110 ane 112 daramyAna e 'kSatrapatathA "mahAkSatrapa hato evo enA sikkAonA lakhANanA vAcana parathI bhAsa thAya che. je A varSo daramyAna, agAu noMdhyuM che. tema, A rAjA koI kAraNe mahAkSatrapapadethI kSatrapapade UtarI gayo hoya to paNa e baMne birada varSa 109 ke ane 11ramAM hovA saMbhave, paraMtu varSa 11 mAM saMbhave nahi. Ama 101, 102 tathA prAya: 10 thI 12 (athavA ochAmAM ochuM 110 ) varSonA vAcana saMbaMdhamAM varSanI saMkhyA ke biradamAM kaMIka bhUla rahelI hevAne saMbhava jaNAya che. vaLI je varSo daramyAna rudrasiMhane "mahAkSatrapa' mAnavAmAM Ave che te varSo daramyAna bIjA koI rAjAnA kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkAo maLatA nathI temaja je varSonA enA 'kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikakAo maLe che te samayanA anyanA "mahAkSatrapa" tarIkenA sikakA maLatA nathI, AthI rudrasiMhanA sikakAo paranAM lakhANanA thayelAM vAcanamAMthI ghaNo gUMcavADe Ubho thayo che. rasiMhane rudrasena 1 le, saMghadAmAM ane dAmasena ema traNa putro hatA, paraMtu siMhane uttarAdhikAra dAmajadazInA putra jIvadAmAne maLyo. satyadAmA chavadAmAnA A agrajane eka mAtra sikako maLyo che. je kSatrapa' tarIke ane avAcya samayanirdezavALe che. A varSa jIvadAmAnI "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenI kArakirdI daramyAnanuM arthAta varSa 119 athavA 120 haze evuM agAu resane sUcavyuM hatuM, paraMtu e pachI maLelA keTalAka navA muddAone AdhAre satyadAmAnA sikkAne samaya jIvadAmAnA uparyukta sikkAonA samaya karatAM vaheluM hovAnuM tathA e anusAra satyadAmAM jIvadAmAne agraja hevAnuM rasane pratipAdita karyuM.49 enA 'kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikakA parathI evuM anumAna thAya ke e koI mahAkSatrapanA madadanIza tarIke rAjyAdhikAra bhogavato hato. te e kone madadanIza he ? agAu oMdhyuM tema jIvadAma ene anuja hoIe ene madadanIza saMbhave nahi. tyAre pazcimI kSatraponA uttarAdhikAranA saMbhavita niyamAnusAra gAdIne vArasAhaka peka putrane nahi, paNa anujane maLe, te saMbhava che ke satyadAmA enA. pitA dAmajadazrInA madadanIza tarIke nahi, paNa kAkA rudrasiMhanA madadanIza tarIke, rAjayAdhikAra bhagavate hovo joIe.

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140] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [. sikkAo parathI evuM phalita thAya che ke "mahAkSatrapa' tarIke rudrasiMha 1 lA pachI ene bhatrIjo jIvadAma ane enA pachI pitrAI bhAI rudrasena 1 le uttarAdhikAra prApta kare che. AthI anumAnI zakAya ke satyadAmAM enA kSatrapakALa daramyAna mRtyu pAmyo hovo joIe. e aputra avasAna pAmyA hoya ema jaNAya che. jIvadAmA satyadAmAnA A anujanA mAtra "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA sikakA maLyA che. enA sikkAo paranAM jJAta varSa 119 ane 120 che, paraMtu amarelImAMthI prApta chavadAmAnA eka sikkA upara varSa 100 nuM vAcana bhagavAnalAla iMdrajIe agAu kareluM. e pachI resane evI zaMkA uThAvI ke kAMte ekama ke dazakanA, kata baMne AMkaDA nAza pAmI gayA hoya; arthAta emanA mata mujaba zatakanA AMkaDA pachI dazaka ke ekamanA AMkaDA saMbhave. tadanusAra resane anumAnyuM ke A sikkA paranuM varSa 100thI 103 vaccenuM ekAda hovuM joIe. paNa have A vAcane svIkArya nathI.50 chavadAmAnA 'kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkAono abhAva evuM sUcave che ke e sIdhe ja mahAkSatrapapade pahoMcyo hato. enA kAkA rudrasiMhanA "mahAkSatrapa" tarIkenA sikakA paranuM chelluM jJAta varSa 119 che ane jIvadAmAnuM paheluM jJAta varSa paNa 119 che, AthI spaSTa thAya che ke e varSa 119 nA uttara bhAgamAM rudrasiMhano uttarAdhikArI banyA hovo joIe.51 varSa 120 pachI enA sikkA maLatA nathI, paraMtu enA anugAmI ane uttarAdhikArI rudrasena 1 lAnuM zarUAtanuM jJAta varSa 122 che e enA mUlavAsaranA zilAlekhathI jaNAya che, AthI jIvadAmAne zAsanakALanI uttaramaryAdA varSa 1rara sudhI mUkI zakAya. Ama eno rAjyaamala TUMke ane yazasvI kArakirdI vinAno jaNAya che. rudrasena 1 le chavadAma pachI enA nAnA kAkA rudrasiMha 1 lAne moTA putra rudrasena 1 le gAdIpati banyo. enA cAMdInA sikakAo "kSatrapa" ane "mahAkSatrapa' UbhA prakAranA che. enA kSetra pakAlanA sikkAo varSa 20 ane 121 temaja saMbhavataH varSa 122 ne maLyA che, jyAre mahAkSatrapAlanA sikakAo varSa 124 thI 144 sudhInA, lagabhaga pratyeka varSano, maLyA che. enA samayanA piTInanA thoDAka sikkAo nAma vinAnA maLyA che, paraMtu enA para aMkita varSa 131,

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7 muM] pazcimI kSatra [141. 133 ane 135 nA AdhAre sUcavAya ke e A rAjAnA sikakAo hoya. enA be zilAlekhomAMthI eka mUlavAsaNA jillo jAmanagara)ne varSa 122 no para che ane bIje gaDhA (jillo rAjakeTa)ne varSa 127 (ke 126)ne che. baMne lekha mahAkSatrapALanA che.pa3 jUnAgaDha pAse AvelA ITavAnA khodakAmamAMthI maLela eka mudrAMkalekha enA samayane jaNAya che, je miti vinAne che.pa4 uparAMta devanI morIne bauddha mahAtUpa ane mahAvihAra paNa enA samayanA hevA vize keTaleka saMbhava che.55 rasenanA kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkAomAM paheluM sAta varSa 120 che ane enA pitA rudrasiMhanA "kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikakAonuM chelluM jJAta varSa 11ra che temaja enA najIkanA purogAmI chavadAmAnA kSatrapa tarIkenA sikkAo upalabdha nathI, tethI radrasenanI kSatrapAlanI pUrva maryAdA varSa ra0 thI vahelI havA saMbhave che. enA "kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikakAo paranuM chelluM jJAta varSa 1rara che, je enA kSatrapa paranI uttaramaryAdA che, kemake ene varSa 1rara ne mUlavAsarane lekha ene mahAkSatrapa' tarIke oLakhAve che. enA mahAkSatrapa tarIkenA sikkAo paranuM paheluM jJAta varSa 124 che, paraMtu enA kSatrapakAlanA sikkA paranuM chelluM jJAta varSa 122 hAI temaja enA e varSanA mUlavAsaranA lekhamAM enuM mahAkSatrapapada jaNAvyuM hoI evuM spaSTa thAya che ke eNe varSa 122 mAM mahAkSatrapapada prApta karyuM hatuM. enA sikkA paranuM chelluM jJAta varSa 144 che ane enA anugAmI saMghadAmAnA mahAkSatrapakAlanA varSa 144 nA sikakA maLyA che, eTale rusene varSa 144 nA pUrvabhAga sudhI zAsana saMbhALyuM hovAnuM phalita thAya che. Ama eNe "mahAkSatrapa' tarIke lagabhaga rara varSa (zaka varSa 1rara thI 144= I. sa. 200 thI 222 ) sudhI sattA saMbhALI hovI joIe. enA prApta thayelA lagabhaga pratyeka varSanA sikakAo ane enuM saMkhyA pramANa jotAM evuM anumAna thAya ke eno zAsanakALa bAhya AkramaNa ane AMtarika saMgharSa vinAne hovo. saMbhave. eNe potAnA rAjyavistAra mATe koI prayatna karelA ke kema temaja ene rAjyavistAra keTale hato e vize kazuM ja jANavA maLatuM nathI. ene gaDhAne zilAlekha aitihAsika mahatvanuM che. emAM cArjanathI rudrasena 1 lA. sudhInA sIdhA vArasadAra rAjAonAM nAma ApavAmAM AvyAM che, je AraMbhakAlanA kSatrapa rAjAonI vaMzAvaLI taiyAra karavAmAM upakAraka nIvaDe che. enI bIjI vizeSatA e che ke purogAmIonAM sabiruda nAma ApatA A vaMzane A

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142] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [y. chelle jJAta lekha che. mamua56 vize paNa ahIM pahelI ja vAra jovA maLe che e trIjI vizeSatA che. kSatra, mAtra, rAga ke svAmI bide to sAmAnya rIte emanA sikkA ane zilAlekhomAM jovA maLe che, jyAre mamulanuM biruda prathama vAra ane saMbhavataH chellI vAra ahIM jovA maLe che. enI cothI vizeSatA che emAM ApelI varSa paddhatinI. nahapAnanA nAsika-guphA naM. 12 nA varSa 42 nA zilAlekhanI jema A zilAlekhamAM paNa varSane ullekha prAraMbhamAM che. varSane A rItane ullekha cAchaLanA zilAlekhamAM pahele ane saMbhavataH chelle che. rusene girinagara najIka bauddhabhisaMgha mATe eka vihAra baMdhAvyo hovAnI mAhitI ITavAnA mudrAMkalekhamAMnA mahArAga-dukana-varanA ullekhathI maLe che. vaizAlI( hAlanA basADha)mAMthI prApta mudrA paranA lekhamAMnA 57 rAjJo mahAzatrapasya svAmirudrasiMhasya duhitU rAjJo mahAkSatrapasya svAmirudrasenasya bhaginyA mahAvyA: pramudrAmAyA: \ A ullekhathI prabhudAmA mahAdevI hatI ane e radrasiMhanI putrI tema ja radrasenanI bahena hatI eno khyAla maLe che, paraMtu lekhamAM enA patine nirdeza nathI. A saMdarbhamAM aLatekara evuM sUcave che ke kadAca e pUrva bhAratane kaI hiMdu rAjA hoya, je A zaka kuMvarIne para hoya ke pachI bhAratIya thaI gayelo kAI kupAyuM rAja hoya,58 jyAre je. ena. enarjiyAnuM sUcana bhinna che : A rAjA game te hoya, paNa ene rasiMha ke enA putra radrasena temaja prabhudAmA sAthe sArA saMbaMdho nahi hoya ane ethI enI patnI prabhudAmA pitAne pitRpakSa vaDe oLakhAve che.pa9 pRthivaNa radrasena 1 lAne be putra hovA chatAM e enA vArasadAra na thayA, kemake A samaye radrasenanA be anuja saMdhadAmA ane dAmasena jIvita hatA. uttarAdhikAranA saMbhavita niyama anusAra gAdIne hakaka jyeSTha putrane nahi, paNa anujane maLe, AthI rasena 1 lA pachI enA be anujemAMthI agrajane gAdIne hakaka prApta thAya, paraMtu pRthivISeNanA kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikakA uparane samayanirdeza spaSTatA varSa 144nuM sUcana kare che. agAu joyuM ke rudrasenanuM "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenuM chelluM jJAta varSa paNa 144 che, AthI evI aTakaLa thaI zake ke rudrasene kauTuMbika paraparAnI upekSA karI potAnA zAsananA aMtamAM putra pRthivISeNane "kSatrapa nI hoya, paNa enA "kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkAo eka ja varSanA prApya che ane enA mahAkSatrapa" tarIkenA sikkA upalabdha nathI, eTale evuM anumAna saMbhave ke e

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7 su' ] pazcimI kSatrape [ 143 mahAkSatrapapada pAmyA vinA ja akALa avasAna pAmyA hoya. sadhadAmAnA va 144 nA 'mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA prApta sikkA A anumAnanuM samarthana kare che. paramezvarIlAla guptanuM A aMge evuM matavya che ke rudrasene peAtAnA nAnA bhAI ne kSatrapapada ApavAne badale peAtAnA putrane ApyuM, pariNAme gAdI mATenA saMdha mAM sadhadAmAnA hAthe pitA-putre jAna gumAvyA heAya; 60 joke A mATe koI sabaLa purAvA nathI. ahIM evI paNa aTakaLa thaI zake ke AvI koI laDAI gAdI mATe na thaI hoya, paNa bhAgyavazAt rudrasena ane pRthivISeNa eka ja varSe ekAeka avasAna pAmyA hoya. saghadAmA rudrasena - pRthivISeNunA avasAnanA kAraNe sadhadAmA zake varSa 144 mAM kAyadesara vArasadAra tarIke sIdheA ja 'mahAkSatrapa' banelA jaNAya che, kemake enA 'kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkA prApya thayA nathI. enA sikkAe mAtra varSa 144 ane 145 ema e vanA maLyA che, AthI sadhadAmAnA ati alpa zAsanakALanA saMdarbhomAM aLatekara evu sUcave che ke ajamera-udepura pradezanA mAlaveA sAthenA yuddhamAM e mAryA gayA hoya.61 rAjakoTanA voTsana myujhiyamamAM sadhadAmAne varSa 149 nA sikko chekara tenA AdhAre paramezvarIlAla gupta sUcave che ke sa dhadAmA mAlave! sAthenA yuddhamAM mAryA gayA nahi hoya, paNa e varSa 149 sudhI sattAdhIza haze, para Mtu enA agraja rudrasenanA 'mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA va` 144 ane anuja dAmasenanA 'mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA varSa 145 nA upalabdha sikkAe guptanA maMtavyane nirAdhAra TharAve che. aLatekaranA sUcana mATe kAI sApekSa purAvA na hAI e paNa svIkAya banatuM nathI. 63 dAmasena e saMdhadAmAnA anuja hatA. enA 'kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkA upalabdha na hAI e varSa 195 mAM sIdhA ja 'mahAkSatrapa' banyA hAvAnuM phalita thAya che. enA purogAmI saMdhadAmAnA sikkA paranuM chellu nAta varSa 145 hAI e A varSoMnA uttarabhAgamAM sattAdhIza banyA haze. enA sikkAe paranuM chelluM jJAta va 158 heka4 ane enA anugAmI yaze|dAmA 1 lAnA sikkA para 160 nuM va maLe che, AthI kahI zakAya ke eNe tereka varSI rAjya karyu" haze. enA cAMdInA varSa 148 ane 149 nA sikkA prApya na hatA tyAre paramezvarIlAla gupte mAnelu ke eNe zAMtithI rAjya kayu" nahi hAya,6pa paraMtu enA pATInanA theADA sikkAo maLyA che, jemAM eka para varSa 148 che,66 je

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144] [pra. mauryakAlathI guptakAla emanA khyAla bahAra hoya ema lAge che, ane have A varSane cAMdIne eka sikako paNa maLe che, eTale emanuM sUcana svIkArya banatuM nathI. dAmasenanA samayanA kSatrapo enA "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA zAsana daramyAna be kSatrapa rAjavIonA sikkAo jovA maLe che. varSa 154 ane 155nA enA agraja rudrasena 1 lAnA bIjA putra dAmajadathI 2 jAnA temaja varSa 156 thI 160 sudhInA potAnA putra vIradAmAnA, AthI evuM kahI zakAya ke dAmajadathI 2 jo "mahAkSatrapanA hoddA sudhI pahoMcyA pUrve ja avasAna pAmyuM have joIe. tethI dAmasenane bheSTha putra ane dAmajadazrIne pitarAI bhAI vIradAmA "kSatrapa' tarIke nimAyele e sikakAothI spaSTa thAya che. kSatrapapade e varSa 160 sudhI rahele mAlUma paDe che. 8 daramyAna enA pitA varSa 159-160 sudhImAM avasAna pAmyo hovAnuM jaNAya che, eTale svAbhAvika ja vIradAmAM A samaye mahAkSatrapapade pahoMcavo joIe, paraMtu enA "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA sikakA prApya nathI, jyAre enA anuja yazodAmAM 1 lAkhA varSa 16 nA mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA sikakA maLI AvyA che, AthI anumAna karI zakAya ke dAmasena varSa 160 sudhI jIvye hevo joIe ane e ja varSe "kSatrapa' tarIkenA hedrA daramyAna vIradAmAM mRtyu pAmyo hovo joIe. eTale dAmasene enA bIjA putra yazodAmAnI e ja varSe arthAta varSa 16 mAM "kSatrapa' tarIke niyukti karI hovI joIe, paraMtu e ja varSe dAmasena mRtyu pAmyo hoya ema enA putra ane anugAmI yazodAmAnA varSa 160 nA "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA sikakAthI spaSTa bane che. cazadAmA 1 lo yazodAmAnA varSa 16 nA "kSatrapa" ane "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA upalabdha sikkAo parathI spaSTa thAya che ke e varSa 16 nA pUrva bhAgamAM kSatrapapade AvyA ane uttara bhAgamAM mahAkSatrapapade. enA anuja vijayasenanA A ja varSanA kSatrapa sikakAo Ane samarthana Ape che. yazodAmAnA mahAkSatrapapadanA sikkAo be ja varSanA 160 ane 161 maLyA che, AthI e varSa 161 mAM akALa avasAna pAmyo hovAnuM jaNAya che, kemake enA anugAmI vijayasenanA e ja varSanA mahAkSatrapakALanA sikkAo maLyA che; AthI yazodAmAe mAtra be varSathIya ocho samaye rAjagAdI bhogavI hovI joIe. Ama 160-161 nAM be varSo daramyAna dAmasena, ene putra viradAmA ane ene bIjo putra yazodAmAM mRtyu pAme che. 29 pachI ene trIjo putra vijayasena varSa 161 mAM mahAkSatrapapade AvI dIrghakAla sudhI zAsana kare che.

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7 muM] pazcimI kSatrape [ 145 vijayasena agAu joyuM ke vijayasena eka ja varSa kSatrapapade rahI bIje varSe mahAkSatrapapada pAme che. enA "mahAkSatrapa tarIkenA sikkAo varSa 161 thI 172 sudhInA pratyeka varSanA prApta thayA che.70 enA anugAmInA sikkA varSa 17ra thI zarU thAya che eTale eNe agiyAreka varSa zAsana karyuM kahevAya. ene zAsanakALa zAMtibharyo ane samRddha hate ema samagra gujarAtamAMthI moTI saMkhyAmAM upalabdha thayelA enA sikakAo parathI kahI zakAya. enA rAjyaamala daramyAna koI kSatrapa rAjAnA sikakA prApta thayA nathI eTale evI aTakaLa karI zakAya ke e ekAeka gujarI gayo hovo joIe, jethI e enA uttarAdhikArInI nimaNUka karI zakyo nahi hoya. enA agrajene rAjyanA alpakALane dhyAnamAM letAM ema kahI zakAya ke e mahAkSatrapapade Avyo. tyAre juvAna haze ane tethI pitAne vArasadAra ke anugAmI kSatrapa nImavAnI jarUra jaNAI nahi hoya. enA pachI ene anuja dAmajadathI gAdIe Avyo. dAmajadathI 3 jo enA mAtra "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkanA sikakA varSa 17ra thI 177 sudhInA maLyA che, tethI e vijayasenanA anugAmI tarIke varSa 172 nA uttarabhAgamAM gAdIpati banyA hovAnuM kahI zakAya. enA anugAmInA varSa 170nA sikakAothI spaSTa bane che ke e varSa 177 nA pUrva bhAgamAM mRtyu pAme. rudrasena ra jo dAmajadazrI 3 jAnA jayeka baMdhu kSatrapa varadAmAnA putra sudrasenanA varSa 177 thI 199 sudhInA lagabhaga pratyeka varSanA "mahAkSatrapa tarIkenA sikkA upalabdha thatA hoI dAmajadathI 3 jAnA anugAmI tarIke e sIdhe ja mahAkSatrapa pada thI jaNAya che. enA anugAmI rAjA mahAkSatrapa vidhasiMhanA sikakA varSa 200 thI maLatA hoI kasena varSa 199nA aMtabhAgamAM bAvIseka varSa zAMtibharyuM rAjya karI avasAna pAmya jaNAya che. enA dIrdha zAsanakALa daramyAnanI koI vizeSa mAhitI maLatI nathI. enA rAjyaamalanA uttarabhAgamAM ene putra vidhasiMhane "kSatrapa' tarIke rAjya karato joIe chIe.72 rudrasenane koI anuja nahi hoI ene uttarAdhikAra enA moTA putra vizvasiMhane maLyo lAge che. -2-10

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146] mauryakAlathI guptakAla vizvasiMha kSetrapAlanA enA sikakA paranuM vahelAmAM vaheluM jJAta varSa 190 che. A varSa pUrvenA "kSatrapa' tarIke koI anyanA sikkAo maLatA na hoI vidhasiMha e. pahelAM paNa "kSatrapa' tarIke nimAyo hovo saMbhave. varSa 191 thI 196 sudhInAM cha varSanA enA sikkA hajI upalabdha thayA nathI. enA sikakA paranuM chelluM jJAta varSa 200 heI ane enA anugAmInA "kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkA varSa 201 thI bhaLatA hoI vizvasiMha A ja varSanA uttarabhAgamAM mahAkSatrapapade pahoMcyo hovAnuM spaSTa bane che. enA "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA varSa 200 ane 21 nA sikkAothI Ane samarthana maLe che. enA anuja bhartudAmAnA 'kSatrapa tarIkenA sikkA varSa 204 sudhIne ane "mahAkSatrapa" tarIkenA varSa 204 thI maLatA hoI evuM anumAna karI zakAya ke vizva siMha 204 sudhI mahAkSatrapa pade rahyo hovo joIe.73 bhadAmA enA "kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkA varSa 200 thI 204 sudhInA maLyA che. enA purogAmI rAjA visiMhanA "kSatrapa" tarIkenA sikkA varSa 200 sudhInA upalabdha che ane enA anugAmI rAjA vizvasenanA 'kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkA varSa 205 thI maLe che, AthI bhartIdAmAno kSatrapAla pAMceka varSane hovAnuM jaNAya che. enA mahAkSatrapa kAlanA sikakA paranuM paheluM jJAta varSa 204 che ane chelle jJAta varSa 221 che. enA varSa 208, 28 ane 218 nA varSanA sikakA jANamAM nathI. enA kSetrapAlanA chellA jJAta varSa parathI ane mahAkSatrapAlanA pahelA jJAta varSa parathI eno mahAkSatrapIya amala varSa 204 nA uttarArdhamAM zarU thayAnuM jaNAya che, paraMtu enA zAsanakAlanI uttaramaryAdA nizcita karavI muzkela che, kemake enA amalanA chellA jJAta varSa (221 ) pachI lagabhaga 48 varSa sudhInA koI mahAkSatrapanA sikkA upalabdha thayA nathI, AthI enA potAnA sikakAone AdhAre kahI zakIe ke eNe varSa 204 thI 221 sudhI ochAmAM ochAM sattara varSa mahAkSatrapapada saMbhALyuM hatuM. A daramyAna kSatrapapade ene putra vizvasena hato, jenA kSatrapakAlanA sikakA varSa 226 sudhI maLe che. AthI mahAkSatrapa bhauMdAmAne amala varSa 22 pachI 226 sudhI laMbAye hovo saMbhave che. vizvAsana bhadAmAnA zAsanakAlanA AraMbhathI ja enA putra vizvasenane "kSatrapa tarIke uttarAdhikAra prApta karela joIe chIe. enA kSetrapAlanA sikakA varSa

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7 muM] pazcimI kSatrape [147 25 ane 206 nA temaja varSa 214 thI 226 sudhInA lagabhaga pratyeka varSanA prApya che. Ama eNe varSa 2015 thI 226 eTale ke lagabhaga 22 varSa sudhI sattA saMbhALI hatI. svAmI chavadAmAnA putra rudrasiMha ra jAnA paNa kSatrapa kAlanA sikkA varSa 226 thI maLe che ane pachI agiyAreka varSa sudhI cAlu rahe che. paraMtu A samaya daramyAna vizvasena ke bIje kaI kSatrapavaMzI rAjA mahAkSatrapapade hovAnuM jaNAtuM nathI.74 vaLI rudrasiMha ra Ane pitA svAmI jIvadAmA rAjA, kSatrapa ke mahAkSatrapanAM biruda dharAvato na hato, AthI vizvasena game te kAraNe kSatrapapadethI mahAkSatrapapade gayo na hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che, eTaluM ja nahi, mahAkSatrapa bhartudAmA ane kSatrapa vizvasena A samaye kadAca kudaratI rIte mRtyu pAmyA hoya to paNa emanA rAjyAdhikArane vAraso emanA keI anujane ke putrane maLyo jaNAtuM nathI. AthI vizvasena ane rudrasiMha vacceno sattA-palaTo koI aniyamita prakArano hovAnuM paNa spaSTa thAya che. svAmI chavadAmAne mahAkSatrapa bhartudAmA ke kSatrapa vizvasena sAthe koI sagAIne saMbaMdha hato ke kema e nakkI karavuM muzkela che. chavadAmAnuM "svAmI biruda, enA nAmanuM uttarapada "mA", enuM AkhuM nAma tathA enA putranuM nAma jotAM jIvadAmA cATTana kuLa sAthe kaMI nikaTane saMbaMdha dharAvatA hovA saMbhava che, paraMtu A saMbaMdha pitR-putranI sIdhI vaMzaja-paraMparAne hatA e kahevuM muzkela che. hAlanI upalabdha mAhitI anusAra bhartudAmA cASTana kulane chelle mahAkSatrapa ane vizvasena e kulane chelle kSatrapa tathA chelle jJAta puruSa hovAnuM jaNAya che. A sarva nirUpaNathI ApaNe kahI zakIe ke 13 mahAkSatrapa rAjAo ane cha kSatrapa rAjavIonA sikkA prApta thayA che. Ama sAmotikanA kulamAM cArjanathI vizvasena sudhInA 20 rAjAonI mAhitI maLe che; emaNe lagabhaga 175 varSa sudhI sattA saMbhALI gujarAtamAM pazcimI kSatraponI rAjasattAne abhyadaya pravartAvya. kSatrapa rAjyanI paDatI bhartudAmA pachI cAdRna vaMzanI sattAmAM bhaMgANa paDeluM jaNAya che. ene putra mahAkSatrapapada pAmyA pUrve ja avasAna pAme che. bhartIdAmA pachI to mahAkSatrapapada rudrasena 3 jAnA pitA dAmA 2 jA pAse jovA maLe che, AthI A gALA

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148] mauryakAlathI guptakAla daramyAna mahAkSatrapapade kaI rAjA hovAnuM jANavA maLatuM nathI,7pa jyAre kSatrapapada dhAraNa karelI traNa vyakitao jovA maLe che. vizvasena, rudrasiMha 2 je ane yazodAmA 2 je; AthI evI aTakaLa karI zakAya ke bhadAmA pachI kSatraparvazI rAjAonAM sattAnAM pUra osaravA lAge che ane enI pachInA rAjAonA mAtra kSatrapa tarIkenA sikkAo maLe che, eTale teo koI anya zaktizALI sattAnI adhInatA nIce haze evuM mAnavA prerAIe. paraMtu yazadAmA 2 jA pachInA zeSa rAjAonA sikkAo kevaLa "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenI ja maLe che, AthI A aTakaLa gya jaNAtI nathI. bhadAmA pachInA rAjAonA mAtra "kSatrapa' tarIkenA ane emanA pachInA zeSa rAjAonA kevaLa "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA upalabdha sikakAonA AdhAre evo saMbhava vyakta karI zakAya ke bhartIdAmA-vizvasenanA zAsanakAla sAthe ja cArjana vaMzane aMta AvatAM kSatrapa-mahAkSatrapanI prathAneya aMta Avyo hoya; arthAta have pachI be nahi, paNa eka ja zAsakanI prathA rahI hoya. AthI ema kahI zakAya ke jIvadAmAnA kuTuMbamAM e eka zAsakane kSatra kahevAmAM AvyuM hoya, jyAre e pachInAM kuTuMbamAM ene mAtra tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM Avyo hoya. Ama zaka varSa 226 pachI jANe ke eka ja zAsakanI prathA pracalita rahI hovI saMbhave che. (4) itara kSatrapavaMze vaMzAvaLI uparathI cAlkana vaMzanA chelA jJAta rAjA vizvasena pachI svAmI jIvadAmAnuM nAma jANavA maLe che. A rAjAne ullekha enA putra rudrasiMha ra jAnA sikakAlekhamAM che. jIvadAmAne pitAne ekeya abhilekha upalabdha thaye na hoI enA pitAnuM nAma jANavA maLatuM nathI, tethI enA pitA ane vizvasena vacce paitRka saMbaMdha hato ke kema ane hato to kevA prakArane e vize kaI ja mAhitI prApya nathI. emanA kulanA nAma vize anumAna karavuM muzkela che. jIvadAmAnA kulamAM phakata be ja rAjAono saLaMga vaMza dekhA de che. emAMnA bIjA rAjA yazodAmA 2 jA pachI sikakAo parathI svAmI rudradAmA 2 jAnuM nAma jANavA maLe che, paraMtu e be rAjAo vacce zI sagAI hatI e bilakula spaSTa thatuM nathI. enA pachI radrasena 3 je gAdIe Avyo. A vaMzamAM mAtra A be ja rAjAonI mAhitI maLe che. A vaMzanuMya koI viziSTa kulanAma jANavA maLyuM nathI.

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7 muM] pazcimI kSatrape [149 rudrasena 3 jA pachI enI bahenane putra svAmI siMhasena rAjA thayele jaNAya che. AthI siMhasenanuM kula rUkasena 3 jAnA kula karatAM bhinna hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. siMhasena pachI ene putra rudrasena 4 the gAdIe Ave che. A vaMzamAM A be ja rAjAo thayA hovAnuM jaNAya che. emanA kulanAma vize ya koI mAhitI upalabdha nathI. rudrasena 4 thA pachI rudrasiMha 3 jAnA sikakA parathI enA pitA satyasiMhanI mAhitI prApta thAya che, paraMtu rUkasena 4 thA ane satyasiMha vacceno saMbaMdha spaSTa nathI. satyasiMhanA pitAnA sikkA prApya na hoI enA pitAnI koI mAhitI maLatI nathI. rudrasiMha 3 jA pachI kSatrapa rAjAonA sikkA maLatA nathI, eTale pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAomAM saMbhavataH e chelle rAjA hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. Ama cArjana vaMzanI sIdhI saLaMga maLatI vaMzAvaLI pachI kula cAra jagyAe saMbaMdha tUTe che, jemAMnA ekamAM kula bhinna hovAnuM jaNAya che, zeSa traNa kulenA saMbaMdha vize ekeya bAjue kazuM cokkasapaNe kahI zakAya evI sAmagrI ke purAvA prApta thatA nathI. trIjuM kSatrapala svAmI chavadAmA enI mAhitI enA putra rudrasiMha ra jAnA sikakA uparathI maLe che. cAinanA pitA sAmetikanI jema sikakAomAM ene "rAjA kSatrapa" ke "rAjA mahAkSatrapa' jevAM rAjabiruda vinAne darzAvAyo che, mAtra "svAmInuM vizeSaNa enA nAmanI pUrve jovA maLe che, AthI eNe rAjya karyuM na hatuM e spaSTa thAya che. vaLI bhartIdAmAnA putra vizvasena pachI svAmI chavadAmAne putra rudrasiMha ra je gAdIe AvyuM hovAnuM sikkAothI spaSTa thAya che, kemake ubhayanA sikkAo upara varSa 226 neMdhAyuM che; AthI paNa kahI zakAya ke svAmI jIvadAmAe rAjya karyuM na hatuM. A vaMzanA rAjAonI cAdRnakula sAthenA saMbaMdhonI vigata maLatI nathI. resana evuM sUcave che ke jIvadAmAnuM "svAmI biruda ane sAmAnta padavALuM enuM nAma cASTanakula sAthe najIkane saMbaMdha darzAve che. svAmI chavadAmAM kadAca bhadAmAno bhAI hovAnI aTakaLa paNa emaNe karI che. bhagavAnalAla iMdrajInuM mAnavuM che ke teo cArjana rAjakuTuMbanI kAInAnI zAkhAnA nabIrA hevA joIe.7

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150]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. rudrasiMha 2 jo A trIjA kSatrapakulano e sthApaka hovAnuM jaNAya che. enA cAMdInA upalabdha badhA ja sikkAo "kSatrapa' tarIkenA ane varSa 226 thI 237 sudhInA lagabhaga pratyeka varSanA che, A uparathI eNe agiyAreka varSa sattA saMbhALI havAnuM jaNAya che. enA "mahAkSatrapa' tarInA sikkAo prApta thayA nathI.8 yAdAmA ra je A rAjAnA paNa kevaLa kSatrapAlanA sikkAo ja maLyA che. enA sikakAe (varSa 248 ane 25 sivAyanA) varSa 237 thI ra54 sudhI lagabhaga pratyeka varSanA maLyA che. enA purogAmInA sikkA paranuM chelluM jJAta varSa 237 hoI e A varSanA uttarabhAgamAM sattAdhIza banyo hovAnuM jaNAya che. pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAomAM "kSatrapa' tarIke sikakA paDAvanAra A rAjA prAyaH chelle che, kemake have pachI badhA ja rAjAonA "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkAo maLe che. agAu joyuM tema have pachI 'kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkA maLatA na hoI enA zAsanakALanI nIcalI maryAdA nizcita karavI muzkela che. enA anugAmInA "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA sikakA paranuM paheluM jJAta varSa 270 che, je sudrasena 3 jAnA. sikkAnuM che. rudrasena 3 jAno pitA rudradAmA je paNa mahAkSatrapa banyA hatA. rudradAmA 2 jAne zAsanakALa paMdareka varSa eTale ke varSa 255 thI 270 nI vaccene. hevAnI aTakaLa karIe, to yazodAmAnuM rAjya zika varSa 254 nI lagabhaga najIkamAM pUruM thayuM tevuM saMbhave. Ama eNe lagabhaga aDhAreka varSa rAjagAdI bhogavI haze. enA avasAna sAthe prAyaH trIjA kSatrapakulano aMta Avela. jaNAya che.79 cothuM kSatrapakula svAmI rudradAmA ra jo A samayathI have badhA ja kSatrapa rAjAe emanA nAmanI pUrve svAmI vizeSaNa je che. svAmI rudradAmA ra je emAM pahele rAjA che. cothA kSatrapakulane e sthApaka jaNAya che. ene potAne ekeya sikako Aja sudhI upalabdha thayo nathI, paraMtu enA putra svAmI rudrasena 3 jAnA sikkAothI enA vize mAhitI maLe che. A sikkAo ene "mahAkSatrapa" tarIke oLakhAve che, AthI cASTavaMzIya mahAkSatrapa bhartudAmA pachI ghaNA lAMbA samaye mahAkSatrapapadane prayoga thAya che. AthI evuM anumAna karI zakAya ke eNe jarUra gAdI bhogavI haze.02

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7mu ] (151 enA sikkAonI anupasthitine laI ne eneA zAsanakALa nizcita thatA nathI, paraMtu enA puragAmI-anugAmI rAjAnA sikkA paranAM jJAta varSothI ene saMbhavita samaya vicArI zakAya. enA anugAmI rudrasena 3 jAnA sikkA paranuM pahelu sAta varSe 270 hAI rudradAmAnA rAjyanI uttaramaryAdA meDAmAM meDI saMbhavataH varSa 27 sudhInI mUkI zakIe. enA purAgAmI mahAkSatrapa rAjA bhadAmAnA sikkA paranu chellu sAta varSa 221 che ane purAgAmI kSatrapa rAjA yazAdAmA 2 jAnu chelluM sAta varSa 254 che.83 varSa 226 thI 254 daramyAna 'mahAkSatrapa'nuM pada lupta rahyuM ane e pachI 'mahAkSatrapa'nuM pada punaH sthApita thayuM tyAre 'kSatrapa'nuM pada samULuM lupta thaI gayuM. A sabhava mAnIe te AthI evuM anumAna karI zakAya ke zaka varSa 254 nI AsapAsamAM rudradAmA 2 jAnA rAjya-amalanI pU maryAdA mUkI zakAya. tadanusAra eNe va 254 thI 270 sudhImAM soLeka varSa rAjya kayu heAvAnA saMbhava vicArI zakAya. svAmI rudrasena 3 jo enA cAMdInA ane sIsAnA sikkA khUba moTI saMkhyAmAM prApta thayA che. pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAomAM saiAthI vadhu saMkhyAmAM enA sikkA maLyA che. rudrasenanA upalabdha cAMdInA badhA ja sikkA 'mahAkSatrapa'tarIkenA che. agAu mAMdhyuM tema bhadAmA-vizvasena pachI eka ja zAsakanI prathA hoI enA kSatrapakAlanA sikkAo maLavAnA ke eNe pitAnA mahAkSatrapakAla daramyAna kSatrapapa6 saMbhALyuM hovAnA prazna rahetA nathI, eTale e enA pitA pachI ja gAdIe AvyA e vadhAre saMbhavita che. enA sikkAo varSa 270 thI 302 sudhInA upalabdha thayA che, phakta va 275 thI 279 sudhInA sikkAe prApta thayA nathI.84 enA anugAmInA sikkA paranu pahelu sAta varSa 304 che, AthI evu anumAna karI zakAya ke rudrasenanu rAjya va 302 ane 305 nI vacce pUruM thayuM haze. Ama eNe batrIseka varSoM sattA saMbhALI jaNAya che. ene dI` zAsanakAla ane enA sikkAenuM vipula pramANu enA zaktizALI rAjyanuM, enA sAmarthyanuM, rAjyanI Arthika sadhdharatAnuM ane enI vIratAnuM sUcana kare che. pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAeAmAM prAyaH A chelle prabhAvazALI rAjA hatA. ene anuja putra nahi hAya, AthI eneA gAdIvArasA enA bhANejane maLe che.

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152] moryakAlathI guptakAla pAMcamuM kSatrapakula svAmI siMhasena e rudrasena 3 jAnI bahenane putra che. enA pitAnuM nAma jANavA maLatuM nathI. A rAjAnA mahAkSatrapakAlanA sikakAo varSa 304, 30 5 ane 306 ema traNa varSanA maLyA che. enA puragAmI rAjAnA sikkAo varSa 302 sudhInA hoI enA rAjyanI pUrva maryAdAne varSa 302 ane 304nI vacce mUkI zakAya. enA eka anugAmInA sikkAo varSa 31 thI maLe che eTale enA amalanI uttaramaryAdA varSa 310 sudhI laMbAvI zakAya, paraMtu A gALA daramyAna bIjA be rAjAo-svAmI sakasena 4tho ane svAmI satyasiMhanI mAhitI maLe che, eTale evuM anumAnI zakAya ke ene amala varSa 306 mAM ja pUro thaye haze. svAmI rudrasena 4 the Aja sudhImAM A rAjAne eka ja sikako upalabdha thayo che,85 jenuM lakhANa suvAcya nathI. A rAjAnA nAmanuM pUrvapada ddha paNa spaSTa nathI, paraMtu resana A sikko ene hevAnuM svIkAre che. varSa avAo hoI enA rAjyaamala vize koI aTakaLa thaI zakatI nathI. enA pitA siMhasenanA sikkA chelluM jJAta varSa 306 ane enA anugAmI satyasiMhanA putra rudrasiMha 3 jAnA sikkA paranuM paheluM jJAta varSa 350 che, eTale svAmI rudrasena 4thAne amala A be varSonI vaccenA gALAnA pUrva bhAgamAM mUke joIe. chaThTha kSatrapakula svAmI satyasiMha ene pitAne ekeya sikako prApta nathI, paraMtu cATTananA pitA sAmatika, rudrasiMha ra jAnA pitA svAmI chavadAmA ane rUkasena 3 jAnA pitA svAmI rudradAmA 2 jAnI jema svAmI satyasiMhanI mAhitI enA putra radrasiMha 3 jAnA sikkA parathI maLe che. ene paNa "mahAkSatrapa' tarIke oLakhAve che. enA purogAmI-anugAmInA zAsanakAlane dhyAnamAM letAM ane ene rudrasena 4 thAne sIdhA anugAmI hovAnuM vicAratAM ene rAjyaamala varSa 306 thI 310 nA gALA daramyAna svAmI rudrasena 4 thAnA rAjyakAla pachI, e gALAnA uttara bhAgamAM hovo joIe.

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muM]. pazcimI kSatra [153 rusena 4 thA sAthe ene saMbaMdha jANamAM nathI. reMsana evuM sUcave che ke svAmI satyasiMha e svAmI siMhasenane bhAI hoya, paraMtu e mATe sIdhA AdhAro ApyA na hoI AvI aTakaLa mAnI levI gya nathI; AthI ema kahI zakAya ke svAmI satyasiMhathI zarU thatuM A chaThuM ane chelle kSatrapakula che. svAmI rudrasiMha 3 jo svAmI satyasiMhane putra svAmI rudrasiMha 3 jo e pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAomAM chelle jJAta puruSa che. enA "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA sikakAo varSa 310, 32 87 ane 32 gnA maLyA che. atyAra sudhI pazcimI kSatraponuM chelluM jJAta varSa 310 manAtuM hatuM, paraMtu varSa 320 ne rudrasiMha 3 jAne eka sikako A lekhakane prApta thayA che;89 pariNAme varSa 320 hAlanA tabakke chelluM jJAta varSa che, eTale svAmI rasiMha 3 jAnA zAsanakAlano ane e sAthe pazcimI kSatrapa sattAne aMta zaka varSa 320 arthAta I.sa. 39nI najIka hovAnuM saMbhave che.90 kSatrapa rAjyane aMta uparyukta varSa 320 ne sikako e hAlanA tabakake pazcimI kSatrapa vaMzane chelle upalabdha jJAta abhilekhika purAvo che. tyAra pachInA samayanI kSatrapa vaMzanI ke rAjyanI koI ja hakIkta jANavA maLatI nathI. cASTana kulanA chellA mahAkSatrapa bhartIdAmAnA aMtathI ke pachI svAmI rudrasena 3 jAnA aMtathI pazcimI kSatrapa sattAnAM pUra osaratAM jaNAya che. pazcimI kSatrapomAMnA chellA trAta rAjA svAmI rudrasiMha 3 jAnA samayamAM kSatrapa sattAno aMta Avyo hovo saMbhave che ema enA anugAmI keAI rAjAnA sikkA hajI sudhI maLyA nathI enAthI sUcavI zakAya. te A chelle rAjA kAM to aputra maraNa pAmyo hoya ke koI anya zaktizALI sattAe kSatrapa rAjyano aMta ANyo hoya ema mAnavuM rahyuM. resanathI mAMDI itihAsanA Adhunika samaya sudhInA abhyAsIo lagabhaga evo mata dharAve che ke gupta vaMzanA samrATa caMdragupta vikramAditye pazcima bhAratanI A zaka-sattAne aMta ANyo hoya ane kSatrapa-rAjyane gupta sAmrAjyamAM bheLavI dIdhuM hoya. A matanA samarthako potAnA maMtavya mATe caMdragupta vikramAdityanA samayanA mALavAmAMthI maLelA, traNa zilAlekholara ane caMdraguptanA pitAnA, prakAra-paddhatimAM kSatrapa-sikakAonA sIdhA anukaraNavALA, mALavAmAMthI prApta, samayanirdezavALA cAMdInA sikkAone 3 AdhAra le che ane evI aTakaLa kare

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154] mokAlathI guptakAla [pra. che ke caMdragupta vikramAditya enA adhikArIo sAthe mALavA upara caDI Avyo haze ane mALavA chatI dazeka varSa mALavAmAM rahyo haze. caMdragupta enA duzmana zaka rAjAne sIdhI laDAImAM nahi, paNa dagAthI mArI nAkhe che e bANanA duritamAno ullekha A matane samarthana Ape che.94 A badhA uparathI. aitihAsiko ema sUcave che ke caMdragupta I.sa. 395 ane 400nI vacce mALavA upara caDAI karI kSatrapa sattAno aMta ANyo haze, 5 chatAM pazcima bhArata upara, khAsa karIne gujarAta upara, eNe kyAre caDAI karI haze e nizcita thayuM nathI. ' paraMtu mALavAmAMthI maLelA caMdraguptanA samayanA A abhilekhika purAvAonI carcA vakhate A ja pradezamAMthI upalabdha kSatraponA sikkAo dhyAnamAM levAyA jaNAtI nathI. rAjasthAna ane mALavAmAMthI kSatrapa-sikakAonA traNa nidhi maLyA che : saravANiyA, sAMcI ane gaMdaramI.7 A traNeya nidhiomAM rudrasena 3 jA sudhInA sikakA prApya che; arthAta enA anugAmI kSatrapa rAjAonA sikakA upalabdha thayA nathI, AthI paramezvarIlAla gupta anumAna kare che ke zaka varSa 273 (I.sa. 35 ) sudhImAM 8 ke e pachI mALavA ane rAjasthAna upara kAbU kSatrapae gumAve. paraMtu sotepura (madhya pradeza) nidhimAM rudrasena 3 jAnA sikkA uparanuM chelluM jJAta varSa 301 che eTale viMdhyAcaLanI dakSiNe AvelA pradeza upara kAbU I.sa. 379 pachI gumAvyo hoya. AthI teo kSatraponI rAjasthAna ane mALavA uparanI sattAne Isa. 379 sudhI laMbAve che.99 Ama kSatrapa-sikakAonA upayukta nidhiothI spaSTa thAya che ke caMdraguptanA AkramaNa samaya pUrve te kSatrapAe rAjasthAna ane mALavA uparanI pakaDa gumAvI dIdhI hatI, eTale caMdragupta kSatrapa pAsethI mALavA AvyuM hatuM ema have kahI zakAya nahi. caMdraguma vikramAditya gujarAta upara caDAI karI hovAno koI Abhilekhika purAvAya prApta thayA nathI ke sAhitya ane anukRtimAM paNa A vize koI spaSTa ullekha nathI. enA ke enA putra kumAragupta 1 lAnA koI zilAlekha paNa gujarAtamAMthI maLyA hovAnuM jANavAmAM nathI. mAtra enA pautra kaMdaguptane eka lekha jUnAgaDhanA zaila upara che. caMdragupta vikramAdityanA cAMdInA sikkA gujarAtamAMthI maLyA hovAnuM spaSTataH jANavAmAM nathI. aLatekara caMdraguptA vikramAdityanA cAMdInA sikkA kevaLa pazcima bhAratamAMthI maLyA hovAnI noMdha kare che, 100 paraMtu pazcima bhAratanAM kayAM kyAM sthaLoethI enA sikakA upalabdha thayA che enI kaI spaSTatA emaNe karI nathI, tethI enA sikkA gujarAtamAMthI.

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7muM] pazcimI kSatra [155 maLyA hovAnI hakIkata zaMkAspada rahe che. saMbhava che ke pazcima bhAratanA pUrva bhAgamAM AvelA mALavAmAMthI maLelA sikakAnA saMdarbhamAM emaNe A udAra noMdha karI hoya. kumAragupta 1 lAnA cAMdInA ghaNA sikko amadAvAda jillAmAMthI maLyA che. A nidhimAMthI samudragupta, kAcagupta ane caMdragupta vikramAdityanA sonAnA sikkAonI sAthe kumAraguptanA sikkAo maLI AvyA che. A bAbatamAM paramezvarIlAla gupta evuM sUcave che ke A sikakAo kumAragupta 1 lAnA samayamAM dATavAmAM AvyA haze. 10 ane tethI kumAraguptanA zAsana (I.sa. 415 thI 455) daramyAna ja saurASTra-gujarAta upara guptane adhikAra pratye hoya e vizeSa saMbhave che; arthAt Isa. 45 mAM ke e pachI ja gupta-rAjyanI sattA gujarAta upara sthapAI hovAnuM phalita thAya che. mALavA ane rAjasthAna upara kSatraponI sattA I. sa. 379 sudhI hovAnuM agAu oMdhyuM. A pradeza upara kAbU A samaye jato rahyo hovA chatAMya kSatrapa gujarAtamAM te sattAdhIza hatA e to emanA sikakAothI nizcita bane che. kSatrapamAMnA chellA jJAta rAjA rudrasiMha 3 jAnA eka sikkA paranI miti 320 hovAnuM jaNAyuM che; AthI ema kahI zakAya ke mALavA gumAvyA pachI paNa gujarAta upara lagabhaga 20 varSa sudhI emanI sattA cAlu rahI hatI. Ama pazcimI kSatrapa-vaMzanI sattAne aMta (zaka varSa ra0=I. sa. 398) ane gupta sAmrAjyanI gujarAta paranI hakUmatane AraMbha (I. sa. 415 pachI) e be banAvo vacce 16-17 varSane gALo rahe che. AthI prazna e upasthita thAya che ke gupta pahelAM A pradeza upara A gALA daramyAna kenI sattA pravartatI haze. sANaMda ( ji. amadAvAda ) mAMthI 1,395 sikakAone eka moTo saMgraha maLI Avyo che, jemAM 9 sikakA kSatraponA, 283 sikakA zrI zarvanA ane 1,103 sikakA kumAragupta 1 lAnA che. 103 AmAMthI anya koI gupta rAjAnA sikkA maLyA na hoI zrI zarvanA sikakAonuM sthAna kSatra ane kumAragupta 1 lAnI vacce hovAnuM jaNAya che. 04 zrI parvanA sikakAo agAu maitraka vaMzanA senApati bhaTArkanA che ema sUcavAyuM hatuM, paraMtu have te nizcita thayuM che ke A sikakAo zarva bhaTTArakanA che, je senApati bhaTArkathI bhinna vyakti hovAnuM jaNAya che. 105 zrI zarvanA sikkAo ene "mahAkSatrapa' tarIke oLakhAve che, AthI paramezvaralAla gupta mAne che tema A zrI sarva bhaTTAraka pazcimI

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156] mauryakAlathI guptakAla (pra. kSatrapone harAvanAra ane pachI gujarAtamAM guptAnI hakUmata pUrve rAjya karanAra rAjA hato, 106 jeNe agAu dhelA 16-17 varSanA khAlI gALA daramyAna sattA saMbhALI hoya ane pachI enI pAsethI kumAragupta 1 lAe sattA meLavI heya e ja vadhu saMbhavita lAge che. pAdaTIpe 1. Rapson, Catalogue, para 82 2. mana-vaMza-kamava-nakSatrapa-ha.....putrI (juo ASPI, Vol. V, p. 78, plate 51). 3. #mi mA nAma para sIpu nI tAmuja (juo Ganapati Shastri, Arthashastra. part 1, Ch. II, Verse 11, p. 179. paranI yAdoMdha). zAma zAstrIe paNa arthazAstra paranI aMgrejI TIkAmAM A ja artha Apyo che (jao 7th Edition, p. 76, fn. 12.) pataMjalinA mahAmArga mAM paNa sAvine ullekha che (adhyA. ka, se. 2). 4. paraMtu gaNapati zAstrI ke anya vidvAnoe IrAnamAM AvelI A nadIne cokkasa sthaLanirdeza Apyo nathI. 5. asthIni kSemaguptasya gRhItvA jAhnavIM gte| putre kardamarAjAkhye prabalairanvito valaiH // adhyA. 6, zlo. 200 4. H. C. Raychaudhuri, "The Karddamaka Kings', Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. IX, p. 37 u. On the Relationship between the Andhras and the Western Kshatrapas ', Indian Antiquary, Vol, XII, p. 273, fn. 12 c. Raychaudhuri, IHQ, Vol. IX, p. 31 <. Sakas in India, pp. 68 f. 10. du. ke. zAstrI, gujarAtanAM tIrthasthAne', pR. 7ra 11. zrayate purA sauca vartamaca pranAntiH putro vATTaravara: zrImALano nAma sudharma: (sarga 87, le. 3) utAre rAgA sa : mAtmA: (sarga 87, le. 14) ttioSThi sarSe ameca mahIvA (sarga 87, ple. 19)

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7 su] pazcimI kSatrapA 87, zleA. 29) na santAparatvacA Aya: jAmeya mahAvaja ( sa 87, zlA. 20) v sa rAnA puruSo mAruM mUlaya jAmiH // (sa ayaM rAjA mahAbAhuH kardamasya ilaH sutaH / ( 90, 7) kArdamistu mahAtejAstadAzramamupAgamat ( 90, 8) [157 12. Political History of Ancient India, p. 437, fn. 1. A mATe teo dAracanA lekhanuM saMpAdana karanAra hajha phelDanA AdhAra le che. (juo IHQ, Vol. IX, p. 38.) 13. In Samarkand province the chief river is Zarafshan, which, under the name of Mach, rises in the Zarav glacier in the Kok-su mountain group...... ...Beyond Lake Kara-kul it is lost in the sands, before reaching the Amudarya to which it was formerly tributory.' (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Vol. XXIV, p. 112). 14. Ibid, Vol. XXVII, p. 420 sAmeneA nako 14. Excavation at Devni Mori, p. 121 66 16. vigate carcA mATe juo raseza jamInadAra, "kathika : rAjAo ane saMvata ' Vidya, Vol. XI, pp. 103 ff. 17. bhAratIya itihAsanI paraMparAnuM nirIkSaNa karatAM jaNAya che ke rAjavaMzanuM nAma keTalIka vAra vaMzanA sthApaka rAta ke zaktizALI rAjAnA nAma parathI pADavAmAM AvatuM, jemake caduvaMza, pUruvaMza, ikSvAkuvaMza, raghuvaMza, guptavaMza vagere; AthI ahIM paNa A rAjAomAMnA pahelA rAjA cAnanA nAma parathI A rAjavazane pATanavarA tarIke oLakhavA joI e. 18. juo prakaraNa 7, pAdanoMdha 30. . Catalogue of Sanskrit and Prakrit Manuscripts in C. P. and Berar, p. 16 20. Satyasrava, Sakas in India, pp. 19, 67. cASThananA siAmAMnuM kharAbdImAM ApeluM nAma anasa pAThane samarthana Ape che. 202. Jyoti Prasad Jain, The Jaina Sources of the History of Ancient India, p. 79 21. Pargiter, Dynasties of the hali Age, p. 46, fn. 48 and Introduction, p. xxv 22. keTalAka vidvAne A nAmanA pahele akSara sAheAvAnuM sUcavI ApyuM nAma ghyAmotindra lakhe che, paraMtu aMdhaunA brilekhAmAMnA lakhANane dhyAnathI jotAM pahele| akSara

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla kSA levAnuM spaSTa thAya che, tethI e nAma kSatti che ema phalita thAya che. bhUDase sau prathama A vize dayAna deyuM hovAnuM jaNAya che. (juo nIcaMdra vidyAaMjAra, maka, pu. 2, pR. 852, noMdha 2) 23 tAMbAnA sikkAnI mAhitI mATe juo pariziSTa. 28. Age of Imperial Unity, p. 182; Nilkanta Sastri, Comprehensive History of India, p. 280; Rama Rao, Proceedings of Indian History Congress, 14th Session, p. 56 24. EI, Vol. XVI, pp. 23 ff. 24. R. S. Tripathi, History of Ancient India, p. 440; Nilkanta Sastri, op. cit., p. 278; R. C. Majumdar (Ed.), Age of Imperial Unity, p. 121 27. surANa, kukura, aparAMta, avaMti vagere pradeze. vadhu vigato mATe juo A lekhakane mahAnibaMdhanI hastaprata "kSatriyakAlIna gujarAta: itihAsa ane saMskRti", pariziSTa 6 ThuMThuM. 28. aMdhaunA cAra yaSilekho : ( EI, Vol. XVI, pp. 23 f.); rudradAmAne jUnAgaDhane lalekha (Ibid.. Vol. VIII, pp. 42 ft.) rudrasiMha 1 lAne gUdAno zilAlekha (Ibid., Vol. XVI, pp. 233 f.) jayadAmAnA pautrane janAgaDhano lekha (Ibid., pp. 241 fr.) rudrasena 1 lAno gaDhAne lekha (Ibid., p. 238) 29. enA tAMbAnA sikkAnI vigato mATe juo pariziSTa. 30. Bhagvanlal Indraji, JRAS, 1890, p. 646 24a Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. I, part 1, p. 34, fn. 5; Rapson, op. cit., para 93; Bhandarkar, Early History of the Deccan, p. 29 39. Nanavati & Shastri, "An Unpublished Kshatrapa Inscription from Cutch," 301, Vol. XI, No. 3, pp. 237 ff. and plate opposite page 237 32. A rAjAnA tAMbAnA corasa sikkAone ullekha ke. ena. dIkSite karyo che (juo IA, Vol. XLVIII, pp. 121 .). tAMbAnA traNa sikkAonI dha emaNe ApI che, jemAMnA be paranA lekha adhUrA hovAthI e sikkA rudradAmAnA hovA vize zaMkA rahe che. trIjAmAM kAma vaMcAya che. sikkAonA phoTogrApha ApyA nathI, tethI A vize kazuM cokkasAIpUrvaka kahevuM zakaya nathI.

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7 muM]. pazcimI kSatra [159 33. A myujhiyamanA sikkAo jotAM maukhika carcAmAM emaNe A pramANe jaNAvyuM hatuM; traNeka vakhata A sikkAne pheTegrApha meLavavA prayatna karyo, paNa saphaLatA maLI nahi. A sikkAne rajisTara naMbara 4892 che. 34. pAli graMthamAMnA A ullekha tarapha saMbhavata: sau prathama dhyAna kheMcyuM bila caraNa laie. ulekha mATe juo pariziSTa. 35. rudradAmAnA putra rudrasiMha 1 lAnA lekhamAMnuM jJAta varSa 103 che. tyAre e kSatrapa hato eTale ene moTo bhAI dAmajadazrI e vakhate mahAkSatrapa hovo joIe: jao upara pR. 136. 36. A samAsanA be artha thAya : yavana jAtine rAjA ane yavana pradeza upara rAjya karato rAjA. 37. dasa ne sthAne A pATha vadhAre baMdha bese che. jeo agAu pAdanoMdha naM. 22. ahIM A yuktAkSarane uccAra = jevo thato hoI rAma ne badale rAmanaH prAyu lAge che. 38. ahIM e prazna upasthita thAya che ke dAmajadazrInA "kSatrapa tarIke rAjyAdhikAra bhogavatA raTasiMhanA sikkAo samayanirdezavALA che, to e ja samayanA dAmajadazrInA mahAkSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkAomAM samayanirdeza kema jovA maLato nathI. saMbhava che ke enA rUDhicusta svabhAve ene enA purAgAmIonuM anukaraNa karavA preryo hoya. 36. Bhagvanlal, BG, Vol. I, part 1, pp. 41-42 80. Rapson, op. cit., para 97 X1. Bhagvanlal, op. cit., Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 42 42. sananA mata mujaba samayanirdezavALA sikkAnI zarUAta chavadAmAthI thayelI gaNAya (op. cit, para 98). jIvadAmAnA eka sikkA paranuM varSa 100 che ema mAnI emaNe A vidhAna karyAnuM jaNAya che. have A hakIkata asvIkArya puravAra thaI che. ovel M. R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, p. 70. 43. vAMDha (ji. kaccha) ne zilAlekha aprasiddha che, (juo "kSatrapAlIna gujarAta nI hastaprata, pariziSTa "A.") gUMdAne zilAlekha (EI, Vol. XVI, pp. 233 fr); mevAsA(ji. kaccha)ne zilAlekha (Watson Museum Report, 1923-24, p. 12); ane aMdhaune aprasiddha zilAlekha (juo "kSatrapAlIna gujarAtamAM pariziSTa "A."). 44. jayadAmA, rudradAmA, dAmajada, jIvadAmA vageremAM uttarapada rAmA ane videzI bhASAnI asara sUcave che, jyAre rudrasiMhanA nAmamAM pUrvapada (rudra) ane uttarapada (siMha) ane saMskRta bhASAnAM che.

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160]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. 45. Op. cit, para 99. kadAca kaI videzI sanAnI dakhalagIrI hoya evuM sUcana paNa kare che (saMdara). 85. AR, ASI, 1913-14, pp. 227 ff. 24d Vakataka-Gupta Age, pp. 47-49. aLatekara eka sAthe raeNsana ane bhAMDArakara ubhayanA matane anusare che (sadara). IzvaradattanA samaya vize juo raseza jamInadAra, "rAjA mahAkSatrapa Izvaradatta samaya', svAdhyAya", varSa 1, pR. 106 thI. tAjetaramAM dolatapara (kaccha)mAM AbhIra Izvaradevane zaka varSa 254 ne zilAtaMbhalekha maLe che, paraMtu e Izvaradatta hoya ema lAgatuM nathI (Shobhana Gokhle, Daulatpur Inscription of Abhira Isvaradasa S 254", J. 0. I., Vol. XVIII, pp. 237 ff.) 47. Sakas in India, p. 65 AvI ja aTakaLa teo varSa 101 thI 103 nI bAbatamAM kare che. rudrasiMhanA varSa 103 nA guMdAnA "kSatrapa' tarIkenA lekhamAM enA senApati AbhIra rudrabhUtine ullekha che. A parathI emanuM mAnavuM che ke AbhIra rudrabhUti vadhAre zaktizALI senApati hoya ane tethI eNe sattA chInavI lIdhI hoya; AthI jIvadAmAM rAjya choDI bhAgI gayela hoya ane rudrasiMha kSatrapa tarIke rahevA kabUla thayo hoya (sadara). paraMtu AmAM tathya jaNAtuM nathI. 8. Rapson, op. cit., para 99 49. 9RAS, 1899, p. 379 ane Catalogue, para 101. aLatekare raeNsananA agAunA sUcanane AdhAre satyadAmAne chavadAmAne anuja mAnelo (VGA, pp. 47 f.). 50. juo agAunI pAda 39 thI 42. 51. rudrasiMhane traNa putra hatA : rudrasena 1 le, saMdhadAmA ane dAmasena, chatAM ene rAjyavAra enA putrone nahi, paNa agraja dAmajadazrInA putrone maLe che. agAu joyuM ke rukasiMhanA mahAkSatrapAla daramyAna "kSatrapa " tarIke satyadAmA hatA ane e ja hoddA daramyAna enuM avasAna thayuM. enI jagyAe satyadAmAnA anuja jIvadAmAnI kSatrapa" tarIke niyukti thAya e daramyAna saMbhava che ke rukasiMha mRtyu pAmyuM hovA joIe ane tethI jIvadAmAM sIdhe ja "mahAkSatrapa ne adhikArI banyo hoya. para. A varSa 232 che ema "A Collection of Prakrit Sanskrit Inscriptions, published by the Bhavnagar Archaeological Department" di saMpAdake vAMceluM (juo ejana, pR. 23.), tadanusAra gi. va. AcAryuM paNa "gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho " bhA. 1. mAM tenuM te varSa naMdhyuM che (juo saMdara, pR. 18), paraMtu A vAcanamAM zeSa rahele jaNAya che. reMsana ane bhUMDarse A varSa 122 che ema sUcavyuM che (Catalogue, para 102 ane EI, Vol. X, No. 962 anukrame). AthI A lekhamAM jaNAvela rAjA mahAkSatrapa svAmI dukasena te gaDhAnA lekhamAM jaNAvela rAjA mahAkSatrapa

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[14 svAmI kidAmAne pautra tathA rAjA mahAkSatrapa svAmI rasiMhane putra rAjA mahAkSatrapa svAmI sakasena arthAta sakasena 1 lo hovAnuM nizcita thAya che. 53. mULavAsarane lekha (guela, bhA. 1, naM. 11) ane gaDhAne lekha (ejana, naM. 8). 48. Chhabra Shastri, El, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 174 f. 55. vadhu vigato mATe ja "karthika : rAjAo ane saMvata"e vize A lekhakane av: Vidya, Vol. XI, No. 1, pp. 103 ff. 56. A lekhamAM jayadAmA sivAya rudrasenanA traNeya pUrvajone A vadhArAnuM biruda ApeluM jaNAya che. jyadAmA mahAkSatrapade pahoMcyA pUrve ja avasAna pAmele, tethI enA nAma AgaLa A biruda nathI. AthI phalita thAya ke makamu biruda mAtra purogAmIo mATe ane purogAmIomAM mAtra mahAkSatrapa mATe ja prayojAyuM che. 57. AR. ASI, 1913-14, p. 136 58. VGA, p. 51 temaja EI, Vol. XX, p. 37 pa. CHI, Vol. II, p. 287. ema paNa saMbhave ke ene pati vaizAlIne sthAnika rAjA hoya ane tyAM jANu hoya tethI enuM nAma adhyAhuta rAkheluM hoya ane kSatraponA pitRkulane sagaurava ullekha karyo hoya. dA.ta. sAtavAhana rAjA vAsiSThIputra puLubhAvinI patnI pitakalane sagaurava nirdeza kare che (IA, Vol. XII, p. 278). fo. Bulletin of Prince of Wales Museum, No. 3-4, p. 57 61. VGA, p. 52; PIHC, 1940, p. 100 62. 4R.ASI, 1913-14, p. 32. paraMtu rAjakoTa myujhiyamanA saMgrahamAM saMghadAmAno sUcita sikko hAla upalabdha nahi hovAnI khAtarI A lekhakane che, AthI temaja enA purogAmI-anugAmInA sikkAothI paNa A svIkArya nathI. 63. PWM Bulletin, No. 3-4, p. 57 64. varSa 158 pachI eNe vadhu samaya rAjya nahi karyuM hoya ema jaNAvI resana nedhe che ke varSa 158 thI 161nA gALAmAM AbhIra rAjA Izvaradatta kSatrapa pAsethI rAjya chInavI lIdhuM haze (Catalogue, para 105). paraMtu A sUcana svIkArya banatuM nathI (juo "svAdhyAya, varSa pa, pR. 106 thI). 65. PWM Bulletin, op. cil. ahIM teo vaiTasana myujhiyamamAMnA varSa 149nA sikkAne AdhAra paNa le che, paraMtu AdhAra doSita che (juo yAdoMdha 62). " 66. AR.ASI, 1913-14, p. 245, 3NSI, Vol. XVII, part 1, p. 95 I-2-11

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162] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [> - 67. A sikko prinsa oNpha velsa myujhiyamamAM che. tyAMne noMdhAyelo naMbara 15429 68. varSa 160nA enA be bhAIo yazadAmA ane vijayasenanA "kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkAo maLyA che. juo privemyu keloga, naM. 2495 ane 15248 anukrame. 69. A saMdarbhamAM aLatikara neMdhe che ke pitA-putranA be varSanA TUMkA gALAmAM thayelA akALa avasAnathI rAjakAraNamAM kaI kaTekaTI UbhI thaI hovI joIe, paNa e vize koI nizcita kAraNa ApI zakAya nahi. je ke rAjyavAra to emanA svIkArelA kame ja prApta thAya che. vaLI A samaye evI koI bAhya sattA paNa na hatI ke jeNe zakarAjyamAM koI muzkelI sarjI hoya (VGA, pp. 55-54); joke A badhA banAvo kudaratI rIte ja banyA hoya e sAva asaMbhavita nathI, tethI koI aTakaLane sthAna nathI. 70. enA pratyeka varSanA sArI sthitimAM sacavAyelA sikkA maLe che, tethI resana noMdhe che ke A kSatrapakuLamAM A rAjanA sikkAonI zreNI enI miti, prakAra, kotaraNI vageremAM khUba ja sArI che. A pachI A bAbatomAM paDatI jaNAya che ( Catalogue, para 113). 71. enA varSa 192 ane 103nA sikkAo maLyA nathI. enA upalabdha sikkAonuM saMkhyA pramANa ghaNuM moTuM che. keTalAka samayanirdeza vinAnA sikkAo paNa che, to keTalAkanI kotaraNI sArI nathI. 72. vijayasenanA rAjyanA AraMbhathI (arthAta zaka varSa 161thI) rukasena 2 jAnA aMtabhAga (arthAta zaka varSa 190) sudhI kSatrapa' tarIkeno ekeya sikko Aja sudhI prApta thaye nathI. Ama lagabhaga trIsa varSanA lAMbA gALA daramyAna kSatrapa rAjAonA sikkA maLatA nathI. 73. gi. va. AcArya jUnAgaDhanI sTeTa TrejharImAMthI vizva siMhanA eka sikakA para varSa 211 nuM vAcana karyuM che (GRASB, Vol. 111, No. 2, PP. 97-98); paraMtu emanuM A vAcana svIkArya jaNAtuM nathI, kemake enA anuja bhartIdAmAnA "mahAkSatrapa" tarIke sikkA varSa 204 thI maLe che. sina paNa vizvasiMhanA zAsanakALane lagabhaga varSa 211 sudhI laMbAve che (op. cit., para 116 ), emanuM A vidhAna paNa upara nirdiSTa kAraNane lIdhe asvIkArya bane che. 74, je. ena. benajI (CHI, Vol. II, p. 291) ane aLakara (VGA, pp. 56-47) A saMdarbhamAM sAsAnI AkramaNane ullekha kare che. sAsAnI rAjA varahana 2 je (I. sa. 276thI ra03) I. sa. 284mAM siMdha ane zakastAna jItI le che ane A jitAyelA pradeza upara e enA bhAI varahana 3 jAne "zakAna zAha"nA biruda sAthe gavarnara tarIke nIme che ke aLatekaranA mate sAsAnA samrATanuM bhArata paranuM A AkramaNa ane siMdhanI chata pazcimI kSatraponA bhAvine sIdhI rIte asara karatAM nathI, kemake emanA AkramaNa pUrve saMbhavata: kSatrapoe kadAca siMdha uparano kAbU gumAvye ho, joIe.

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7muM] pazcimI kSatra [163 paraMtu A maMtavyo sAthe sahamata thavA pUratA purAvAnA abhAve, ene zraddheya gaNavA muzkela che. vaLI siMdha pradeza upara pazcimI kSetranI sattA kayAreya hatI nahi. 75. prAyaH AbhIra rAjA Izvaradattano "mahAkSatrapa" tarIke amala A gALAnA aMtabhAga daramyAna thaye hovA saMbhave che (jao svAdhyAya", pu. 5, aMka 1, pR. 106-110). 76. Catalogue, para, 119. jo e bhataMdAmAna bhAI hoya to kSatrapakuLanA rAjagAdInA saMbhavita kama mujaba svAmI jIvadAmAne kSatrapapada maLavuM joIe, paNa sikkAenA AdhAre kahI zakIe ke kSatrapada to bhIMdAmAnA putra vizvasena ane e pachI svAmI chavadAmAnA putra rudrasiMha 2 jAne maLyuM hatuM, eTale sananuM sUcana svIkArya banatuM nathI. 77. 9RAS, 1890, p. 660 98. eka zAsakanI prathAne kAraNe Ama hovA saMbhava che (juo agAu pR. 79 ane 84 ). 79. ahIM eka evuM sUcana rAyacaudharI kare che ke A vakhate (zaka varSa 254 ane ra70) sAsAnI rAjAoe AkramaNa karyuM hovuM saMbhave (PHAI, p. 428). aLakara sAsAnI AkramaNanuM A sUcana svIkAratA nathI. teo vadhumAM kahe che ke A gALA daramyAna (I. sa. 33ra thI 348) to sAsAnI rAjA zApura 2 jAne I. sa. 337-38 mAM mi sAthenA yuddhamAM saMDovAvuM paDayuM hatuM. vaLI gujarAta ke saurASTramAMthI sAsAnI rAjAenA sikkA maLyA nathI. siMha ke yazodAmAnA sikkA para sAsAnI asara jaNAtI nathI (VGA, p. 58). aLatekaranA mate A AkramaNa vAkATaka rAjAonuM hovuM joIe. vAkATaka vaMzamAM pravarasena 1 lo eka ja evo rAjavI hato, jeNe "samrATa" biruda dhAraNa karyuM hatuM ane vijayenI yAdamAM cAra azvamedha yajJa paNa karyA hatA. vaLI enA pitA viMdhyazaktie mALavAmAMthI kSatrapone hAMkI kADhavyA hatA eTale eNe paNa pazcimamAM potAnI sattA vistAravA pazcima bhAratanA kSatrapa rAjA bhartIdAmAne harAvavAmAM kSatrapa rAjA rudrasiMha 2 jAne madada karI hevI saMbhave, nahi to siMha ane yazodAmAM mAtra kSatrapapada dhAraNa karI saMtoSa mAne e mAnI zakAtuM nathI (ejana pR. 58-59). aLatekaranA A sUcananA saMdarbhamAM jaNAvavAnuM ke A samaya daramyAna eka ja zAsakanI prathA pracalita hoI kSatriya ke mahAkSatrapa padane prazna upasthita thatuM nathI ane tethI emanuM sUcana svIkArya banatuM nathI. 80. cASTana kuLanA zarUAtanA cAreka rAjAonAM nAmonI AgaLa ane tyArapachInA kuLanA eka rAjAnA nAmanI pUrve svamina ' biruda jovA maLe che. 81. juo agAu pR. 147-48. 82. aLakara evuM sUcave che ke I. sa. 335 mAM vAkATaka nareza pravarasena 1 lAnI sattA nabaLI paDatAM rudradAmA ra je enA putrane harAvI "mahAkSatrapa banyA hovo joIe (VGA, p. 61); paraMtu vAkATAnI gujarAta upara sattA hovAnA apekSita purAvAo prApta na thAya tyAMsudhI A maMtavya svIkArAya nahi.

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mauryakAthI gustakAla [ . 83. A pachI "kSatrapa' tarIkenA sikkAo maLatA ja nathI, paraMtu kalaktAnA iDiyana myujhiyamamAMnA eka kSatrapa-sikkA upara bI. ena. mukharajIe varSa 270 vAMcyuM che (3NSI, Vol. XXVI, pp. 233 T.; plate 4, No. 3); chatAM emaNe Apelo sikkAno pheTegrApha spaSTa na hoI A vize kaze nizcita abhiprAya ApavAnuM zakaca nathI. 84. saMbhava che ke A pAMca varSanA gALA daramyAna koI rAjakIya kaTokaTI thaI hoya. jAyasvAlanA sUcana mujaba gupta rAjavI samudragupta kSatrapa pradeza upara AkramaNa karyuM hoya, paNa enI alhAbAda prazastimAM caDAIonuM varNana che, temAM kSatrapa uparanI caDAIne ullekha nathI (VGA, pp. 61 f.). vaLI ahIM e paNa noMdhavuM joIe ke A lekha maraNottara che. bIja eka sUcana che ke samakAlIna sAsAnI rAjA zApura 2 jAe I. sa. 356-57 (zaka varSa 278-79) mAM pUrvamAM caDAI karI hoya. paMjAbamAM kidAra rAjAne I. sa, 357 mAM harAvI e saurASTra upara caDAI laI Avyo hoya ane eNe rudrasena 3 jAnA amalane kAmacalAu aMta Aryo hoya, paraMtu saurASTramAMthI sAsAnI sikkA maLyA na hoI A saMbhava svIkArya banato nathI (op. cit., p. 62). trIjuM eka sUcana che ke alhAbAda-prazastimAM nirdiSTa AryAvartane rAjA rukadeva e kAM to rudradAmA 2 je ke sakasena 3 je hoya (Sircar, PIHC, Vol. VII, p. 78); paraMtu A badhA saMbha apekSita purAvA na maLe tyAMsudhI upakAraka nathI. 85. juo Rapson, op. cit, para 127. 86. Ibid, para 128 87. gi. va. AcAryo sonepura-nidhimAMnA be sikkA rudrasena 3 jAnA varSa 310 ane 312 nA nAMdhyA che (Nimismatic Supplement, No. XLII, p. 96); paraMtu A rAjA rudrasena ! je hoya ema manAtuM nathI. paramezvarIlAla gupta AcAryanuM A vAcana saMdigdha havAnuM pratipAdita karyuM che (Bharatiya Vidya, Vol. XVIII, p. 84, p. 7). c. Rapson, op. cit., para 129 89. muMbaInA sadAzaMkara zukalanA aMgata saMgrahamAM A sikko che (raseza jamInadAra, pazcimI kSatraponI salavArI', svAdhyAya, pu. 1, pR. 498). 60. Rasesh Jamindar, A note on an unnoticed Western Kshatrapa Coin, JNSI, Vol. XXX, pp. 198 ff. Page #202
7muM ) pazcimI kSatra [165 eka caMdraguptanA eka mAMDalika rAjAne gupta saMvata 82(I. sa. 401)ne devadharmane lagato che ane bIje caMdragupta sAthe vijaya mATe AvelA enA sAMdhivigrahaka maMtrI vIrasenano samayanirdeza vinAne che. sAMcIno lekha AmrakArdava nAmanA lazkarI adhikArIne gupta saMvata 93 (I. sa. 412) no che. 93. Rapson, op. cid., para 91. caMdraguptanA cAMdInA sikkA paranuM vahelAmAM vaheluM jJAta varSa 90 (I. sa. 409) che, eTale e rIte eNe gujarAta upara sattA sthApI hovAnuM spaSTa thatuM nathI. 44. aripure ca parakalatrakAmukaM kAminIvezaguptazcandraguptaH zakapatimazAtayat / Cowell and Thomas, dRrSacarita p. 194. A eka anukalIna sAdhana hoI enI sapramANatA mATe adhika purAvAnI apekSA rahe. vaLI upalA vAkayamAM ripurane sthAne ripura evAya pATha maLato heI, emAM jaNAvela zakapati e bIjo koI rAjA rahevAnuM manAya che, je himAcaLa pradezanA alipuramAM sattA dharAvato hato. 64. R. S. Tripathi, HAI, p. 251; Allen, Cambridge Short History of India, p. 23; Smith, op. cit., p. 307 96. kadAca pAMcamI sadInA pahelA dazakAmAM saMbhave evuM Ara. esa. tripAThI nedhe che (op, cit. p. 261). 97. anukrame AR. ASI, 1813-14; p. 245; Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sanchi, pp. 61 ff. Blat Indian Archaeology - a review, 1954-55, p. 63 - 98. A traNeya nidhiomAM rudrasena 3 jAnA sikkAo paranuM chelluM varSa 273 ( saravANiyA), 27ra (sAMcI) ane 270 (daramI) che. Page #203
166] moryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. tA. ka. tAjetaramAM kaccha jillAnA delatapura gAmethI paththaranI eka caNilekha maLI Avyo che ane e hAla kaccha myujhiyama bhUjamAM saMgRhIta che. A abhilekha vize bele (eka lekha Do. bhagavAnasiMdha sUryavaMzIne che ane e "buleTina opha dhI myujhiyama enDa pikacara gelerI", vaDodarA, pu. 20, pR. 68, 1968mAM chapAyo che; bIjo lekha zrImatI zobhanA gokhalene che ane e "jarnala opha dhI oriyenTala insTiTayuTa, pu. 18, aMka 3, pR. 237, 1969, vaDodarAmAM chapAyo che.) tAjetaramAM prasiddha thayA che. baMne vidvAna lekhako lekhanuM saMpAdana karatAM bhinna bhinna pATha sUcave che. De. sUryavaMzI zaka varSa 158 hovAnI ane e samaye kSatrapa rAjA pRthivINa hovAnI aTakaLa kare che, jyAre zrImatI zebhanA gokhale zaka varSa 254 hovAnI ane rAjA priyasena hovAnI aTakaLa kare che. ' A lekhamAM saMvatsare zabda spaSTa che, paraMtu enI pachInAM cihna spaSTa vaMcAtAM nathI. baMne vidvAnonuM e aMgenuM vAcana saMdigdha che. vaLI ekama, dazaka ane zatakanA sUcana karatA AMkaDAo mATe joItI jagyA lekhamAM jaNAtI nathI. zataka ane dazakanA AMkaDA aspaSTa che, jyAre ekamane AMkaDo jaNAto nathI; AthI A lekha zaka varSa 158 ke 254 mAM kotarAyo hovAno abhiprAya Apavo muzkela che. pRthivISeNanuM rAjya varSa 144 mAM hatuM; 158 mAM to dAmasenanuM rAjya hatuM; AthI e varSane pRthivISeNa sAthe sAMkaLavuM asthAne che. vaLI "priyasena'' nAmane keI rAjA ItihAsamAM jANavA maLyo nathI. lekhanI hAlata sArI na hovAthI koI spaSTa maMtavya ApavuM muzkela che.

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pariziSTa pazcimI kSatrapa rAjAonA sikkA pazcimI kSatraponA cAMdInA gALa saMkhyAbaMdha sikakAo emane rAjakIya itihAsa jANavA mATenuM ekamAtra mukhya-mahattvanuM sAdhana che, eTale svAbhAvika ja ahIM enI saghaLI bAjuo tapAsavI ane carcavI Avazyaka che. uparAMta A rAjAomAMthI keTalAkanA thoDA pramANamAM tAMbA, piTana ane sIsAnA sikakA paNa prApta thayA che. Ama te bhAratIya janasamUha vedakALathI sikakAonA paricayamAM Avela hato. bhAratIya-grIka rAjAonA vajana, AkAra, paddhati vagerenI daSTie UMcI guNavattAvALA sikakAo kSatrapa pUrve pracalita hatA, je maTe aMze videzI paddhatinA hatA, jyAre kSatraponA sikkAomAM dezI ane videzI ubhaya paddhationuM mizraNa jovA maLe che, tethI ane bIjI aneka rIte bhAratIya sikakAonA itihAsamAM pazcimI kSatraponA sikkAo mahattvanuM sthAna dharAve che. tAMbAnA sikkA bhUmaka ane jayadAmAnA mAtra tAMbAnA ja sikkA prApya che. bhUmakanA sikkA gaLa che, jayadAmAnA cerasa. uparAMta anya keTalAka rAjAonA cAMdInA sikkAonI sAthe sAthe tAMbAnA paNa DAka sikkA maLyA che. nahapAnanA goLa, cASTananA cerasa ane rudrasena 3 jAnA cerasa keTalAka corasa sikkAo nAma ane samayanirdeza vinAnA maLyA che, tethI teone oLakhAvavA muzkela che, paraMtu sikkA taiyAra karavAnI paddhati vagere parathI e sikkAo kSatrapanA hovAnuM anumAnAyuM che. cAMdInA sikkA A sikkAo seMkaDe ane hajAronI saMkhyAmAM upalabdha thayA che. bhUmaka ane jayadAmA sivAya pratyeka rAjAnA cAMdInA sikakA maLI AvyA che.

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168 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. peTana ane sIsAnA sikkA rudrasiMha 1 le, jIvadAmA, rudrasena 1 le, dAmasena ane vIradAmAnA piTana ane sIsAnA sikkA maLyA che. AmAM rudrasiMha 1 lA ane jIvadAmAnA paTananA sikkAo upara samayanirdeza temaja lakhANa bane che, jayAre rudrasena 1 lA ane dAmasenanA sikkA samayanirdezavALA che, paNa lekhavALA nathI, paraMtu samayanirdeza uparathI e sikakA A rAjAonA zAsanakALamAM AvatA hoI emanA hovAnuM anumAna karI zakAya. vIradAmAnA sikkA paNa samayanirdeza ane lekha-yukta che. A uparAMta lekha ane miti vinAnA keTalAka sikakA maLyA che, je A rAjAonA hovAnuM kalpAyuM che. yazodAmA 2 , rudrasena 3jo ane rudrasiMha 3 jAnA samayanirdezavALA ane lakhANa vinAnA sIsAnA sikkAo maLe che, paraMtu samayanirdorA uparathI A sikakAo emanA hovAnuM sUcavAyuM che." agrabhAga tAMbAnA sikkA bhUmakanA sikakA(paTTa 15, AkRti 7ra)nA agrabhAga upara DAbI bAju upalI tarapha phaLavALA tIranuM ane jamaNI bAjue vajanuM cihna che; vaccenA bhAgamAM cakra che ane kinAranI samAMtare khareSThI lipi ane prAkRta bhASAmAM biruda sAthe kevaLa rAjAnuM nAma kotareluM che. nahapAnanA tAMbAnA sikakAnA agrabhAga upara DAbI bAjue vaja ane jamaNI bAjue nIcalI tarapha phaLavALuM tIra ane saMbhavataH brAhmI( ke kharekI)mAM rAjAnuM nAma che. cASTananA sikkA upara dakSiNAbhimukha Ubhelo azva che ane uparanA bhAgamAM grIka lipi ane bhASAmAM lekha che. jyadAmAnA sikakA upara dakSiNAbhimukha vRSabha (ke naMdI) ane parazuyukata trizaLa che temaja grIka lekha ane TapakAMnI hAra che; enA bIjA prakAranA sikkA upara dakSiNAbhimukha hAthI che. rudrasena 3 jAnA sikkA upara dakSiNAbhimukha vRSabha che. Ama tAMbAnA sikkAnA agrabhAga upara tIra, vaja, cakra, parazuyukta trizuLa, vRSabha, azva ane hAthInAM pratIka che. prathama traNa cihnothI khAsa kaMI sUcita thatuM nathI. trizULa ane vRSabha zivadharmanuM sUcana kare che. trizaLa sAthenA parazuthI bhAgavata saMpradAyanuM paNa sUcana maLe che. azva ane gajanAM pratIko,

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7 su] pazcimo kSatrape [ 19 saMbhava che ke, rAjAnI vAhana-saMpatti ke daMDazakti ke aizvaya sUcavatAM hoya. guja e iMdra, lakSmI ane kheranu vAhana paNa hAI zake. cAMdInA sikkA pratyeka rAjAnA cAMdInA sikkA maLatA hoI ahI vyaktigata carcAne sthAne enAM sAmAnya lakSaNAnI carcA karI che. sauthI mahattvanuM ane AkarSaka cihna che rAjAnI dakSiNAbhimukha mukhAkRti. sikkAnA ghaNA bhAga A AkRti rAke che. A AkRti sau prathama hapAnanA sikkA ( pa6 15, AkRti 73 ) upara jovA maLe che, je prathA pachI cheka sudhI cAlu rahe che (paTTa 15, AkRti 74 ). 7 bhAratanA dezI rAjAnA sikkA upara sikkA paDAvanAra rAjAnI mukhAkRti ApavAnI paddhati apavAda sivAya kSetrapakAla pUrve jovA maLatI nathI. raeNpsana A prathAne spaSTataH grIka asarayukta gaNAve che. sikkA upara jIvita rAjAnuM sukha ApavAnI prathA apanAvanAra sau prathama grIka rAjA sika Mdara hatA.10 eNe jyAre bhAratanA vAyavya prAMta upara AkramaNa karyuM tyAre bhAratIya rAnna sabhUtie ene zirastrANadhArI mukhAkRtivALA cAMdInA sikkA bheTa ApelA.11 bhAratamAM AvanAra sau prathama grIka rAjA sika Mdara hatA teA pachI enA Agamana samaye saMbhUtie ene ApelA sikkA upara grIka sikkAnI asara kacAMthI saMbhave ? zrIkA pUrve A prAMta upara IrAnI hakUmata hatI ane IrAnI siglAsa sikkA ahIM bhAratIya Dhabe taiyAra thatA hatA, jenA agrabhAga upara rAjAnI mukhAkRti hatI.12 AthI evuM anumAna karI zakAya ke saMbhUtinA sikkA upara IrAnI siglAsa sikkAnI asara hoya. kSatrape| zakeAnA vaMzo hatA ane IrAnathI AvelA hovAnu manAya che tethI emanA sikkA upara A prathama sa MbhavataH IrAnanI asara darzAvatA hovAnuM sUcavAya.13 bhAratIya-grIka rAjAonA keTalAka sikkAonA agrabhAga upara rAjAnI mukhAkRti ane menegrAma jovA maLe che. apavAda sivAya emanA badhA ja sikkA gALa ane adramsa jevA hatA temaja IrAnI ke bhAratIya Dhabe taiyAra thatA hatA. zaka-palava rAjAonA sikkA upara dhoDesavAra rAjAnI AkRti hAya che. kuSANu vaMzanA pahelA e rAjAenA sikkAo upara mukhAkRti jovA maLe che,15 jyAre kaNiSka ane enA anugAmI rAjAeAnA sikkA upara rAjAnI mukhAkRtine sthAne kAM teA rAjAnI pUrA kadanI UbhI AkRti kAM te palAMThIyukta AkRti hoya che.

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170] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. Ama kSatrapa pUrvenA A traNeya rAjavaMzonA sikkAo tapAsatAM kSatrapa sikAo upara konI keTalI asara hatI e spaSTatAthI kahevuM kaThina che. rAjAnI mukhAkRtine pharate sikkAnI kinArane samAMtara zobhA ApatAM TapakAMnI hAra che. hAra ane mukhAkRtinI vacce vRttAkAre grIka-romana lipimAM lakhANa che. A lakhANanA AraMbha ane aMtanI vacce brAhmI AMkaDAmAM varSacaka saMkhyA hoya che, AraMbhanA thoDA rAjAonA sikkA sivAya. svAmI siMhasena ane svAmI rakasiMha 3 jAnA sikkA upara mitinI pUrve varSe evuM brAhmImAM lakheluM spaSTataH jovA maLe che. 16 paTana ane sIsAnA sikkA paTananA sikkA upara dakSiNAbhimukha Ubhele vRSabha ane vRSabhanI upara varSa temaja grIka-romana lekha hoya che. A prakAranA sikkAo jIvadAmA, rudrasiMha 1 le ane vIradAmAne che. rudrasena 1 lo ane dAmasenanA sikakAo upara dakSiNAbhimukha UbhelA hAthI che ane DAbe jamaNe sUrya-caMdranAM cihno aMkita thayelAM che. sikkAnI kinArane samAMtara TapakAMnI hAra che. sIsAnA cerasa sikkA upara dakSiNAbhimukha vRSabha ane kinArane samAMtara TapakAMnI hAra che. pRSThabhAga tAMbAnA sikkA bhUmanA keTalAka sikakA (paTTa 15, AkRti 71 ) upara DAbe dakSiNAbhimukha siMhanI AkRti che ane jamaNe cakranI AkRtivALA staMbhazIrSanuM cihna aMkita kareluM che. saMbhavataH brAhmI lekha che. enA keTalAka sikakA upara A ja cihno DAbe jamaNene badale jamaNe DAbe jovA maLe che. nahapAnanA sikkA upara vedikA ane vedikAnI madhyamAM moTA pAnavALuM vRkSa che. cASTananA sikkAo para prathama vAra ja trikUTa parvatanI AkRti jovA maLe che. parvatanI upalI TocanI upara ane DAbe caMdranuM ekeka ane jamaNe sUryanuM cihna aMkita kareluM che. brAhmImAM lekha che. jayadAmAnA keTalAka corasa sikkA upara cha zikharavALA parvatanuM cihna che. 17 upalA zikharanI Toce ane DAbe ekeka caMdranuM ane jamaNe sUryanuM pratIka che. sikkAnI kinArane samAMtara TapakAMnI hAra che. ahIM pahelI ja vAra zuddha brAhmImAM.

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7 muM] pazcimI kSatra [171. spaSTa lekha jovA maLe che : rAjJo trAsa svAminAra. enA keTalAka sikkA upara ujajana-pratIka keluM jaNAya che. enA samayanirdeza ane lekha vinAnA sikkA upara parvatAdi cihno uparAMta sau prathama vAra ja nadInuM 18 sUcana karatI vAMkIcUkI rekhA parvatanI nIce aMkti thayelI che. rudrasena 3 jAnA sikkA upara trikUTa parvata, enI nIce nadI, sUrya ane kinArane samAMtara TapakAMnI hAra che. cAMdInA sikkA madhyamAM trikUTa parvatanuM AkarSaka pratIka aMkita che. enA upalA zikharanI: Toce eka caMdranuM ane parvatanI samAMtara DAbI bAjue bIjA caMdranuM temaja jamaNI bAjue sUryanuM cihna che. enI nIce sarpAkAra rekhA che, je nadI havAne saMbhava vizeSa che. A badhAM cihnonI vRttAkAre sikkA paDAvanAra rAjAnuM biruda sAthenuM nAma temaja enA pitAnuM biruda nAma brAhmImAM kareluM che (paTTa 3, A. 5). lakhANanI pharate kinAranI samAMtara TapakAMnI hAra che (paTTa 15, A. 74). cAMdInA sikakAnA pRSThabhAga uparanAM cihno cAkhanathI zarU thAya che, je te pachInA badhA ja rAjAonA sikkA upara ekasarakhI rIte jovA maLe che. cASTananA purogAmIomAMthI mAtra nahapAnanA ja cAMdInA sikkA maLyA che. enA A. sikakAo para (bhUmakanA tAMbAnA sikkAnA agrabhAga parathI sUcita) DAbe nIcalI, tarapha phaLavALuM tIra ane jamaNe vajanuM cihna aMkita che; madhyamAM cakra paNa che; kharakI (paTTa 3, AkRti 4) ane brAhmI lipimAM lakhANa che (pada 15, A. 73). parvatanA pratIkane resane caitya tarIke oLakhAveluM che. AMdhra rAjAonA sikkA upara sAmAnya rIte A pratIka jAyeluM hoI kSatrapAe paNa emanuM anukaraNa karyuM hovAne emane mata19 ThIka ThIka samaya sudhI pracalita rahyo pachI pahelI ja vAra elekajhAMDara kaniMgahame sUcavyuM ke A cihna meru parvatanuM che. deg e bAda bhagavAnalAla IdrajIe 21 ane emane anusarI de. rA. bhAMDArakare paNa A sUcana svIkAryuM, paNa meru parvatanA pratIka tarIke nahi, mAtra sAmAnya arthamAM parvatanA pratIka tarIke. have to e parvatapratIka tarIke nizcita thayuM che. | bhAratanA prAcIna kApaNa sikakAo para A prakAranuM cihna aMkita che ja ane tyAM A cihna upara kUtaro ane mora UbhelA dekhAya che. je e caitya hoya to pachI kUtare ke mera enA para kyAMthI saMbhave ? 22 kUtarA ane morane bauddha dharma sAthe keI saMbaMdha hovAnuM jANamAM nathI. videzanA prAcIna samayanA sikakAo 24

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172] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. ke bhAratamAMnA grIka, zaka, pahalava ane kuSANu rAjAonA sikkAo upara paNa A cihna jovA maLatuM nathI. AthI evuM anumAna thaI zake ke A cihnamAM koI videzI asara jaNAtI nathI. caMdranI AkRti bIjanA caMdra jevI saMbhave che. parvatanA upalA zikharanI jamaNI bAjue aMkita thayeluM cihna resananA mate tArAonuM jhUmakhuM chepaNa paraMtu AraMbhanA traNeka rAjAonA sikkA paranA pratIkanA nirIkSaNathI spaSTa thAya che ke e cihna sUryanuM ja che. bhAratamAM prAcIna samayathI caMdra ane sUrya zAzvatatA sUcavatAM pratIka tarIke savizeSa prayojAtA AvyA che, eTale ahIM paNa caMdranI sAthe sUryanuM sthAna spaSTa thAya che. vaLI parvata ane nadI paNa evI rIte prakRtinAM zAzvata to tarIke sUcavAyAM che.26 cArjananA keTalAka sikkA upara mAtra caMdra ane sUryanAM cihno che to keTalAka 'upara sAthe parvatanuM pratIka paNa che. parvata vinAnAM caMdra-sUryanAM cihnonuM Alekhana viziSTa mahattva darzAve tevI rIte vyakta thayelAM che. 27 kidAmA 1 lAthI parvatanuM mahattva vadheluM ane caMdra-sUryanuM ghaTeluM jovA maLe che. bIje paNa eka pheraphAra noMdhapAtra che : sUryanA pratIkamAM vaccenuM biMba nAnuM thatuM jAya che ane kiraNonA AlekhamAM rekhAone sthAne mAtra TapakAM (kyAreka che to kyAreka sAta) ja jovA maLe che. biMba ane TapakAMnuM kada lagabhaga sarakhuM thatuM jAya che. caMdranuM cihna paNa nAnuM thatuM jAya che. cATTana, 28 rasiMha 1 lA, dAmasena ane dAmajadazrI 2 jAnAra keTalAka sikkAomAM caMdra-sUrya sthAnaphera pAmelA jovA maLe che, arthAta DAbI bAju sUrya ane jamaNI bAju caMdra. AthI koI viziSTa mahattva sUcavAtuM nathI, sivAya ke sikakA pADanAranI bhUlanuM e pariNAma hoya. paTana ane sIsAnA sikkA poTananA sikakA upara trikUTa parvata, TocanI upara ane DAbI bAju e keka caMdra ane jamaNI bAju sUryanAM pratIke cAMdInA sikkAnI jema AlekhAyelAM che. brAhmImAM mAtra rAjAnuM hoddA sAthenuM nAma kotareluM che. AvA sikkA chavadAmA, rakasiMha 1 lA ane vIradAmAnA che. samayanirdeza vinAnA poTana sikkA upara parvatAdi pratIka che, paNa lekha nathI. kinArane samAMtara TapakAMnI hAra che. pioTananA bIjA prakAranA keTalAka sikakA upara parvatAdi cihno che ane vizeSamAM

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7muM]. pazcimI satra [17 parvatanI nIce varSa kotareluM che. kinArane samAMtara TapakAMnI hAra che, paraMtu lekha nathI. rasena 1 lA ane dAmasenanA samayanA sikkA A prakAranA che. sIsAnA sikakA upara parvatAdi cihno, parvata nIce varSa ane kinArane samAMtara TapakAMnI hAra che, paraMtu lekha nathI. yazodAmA 2 je, radrasena 3 je ane rudrasiMha 7 jAnA cerasa sikkA upara trikUTa parvata enI nIce nadI ane enI nIce varSa jovA maLe che. kinArane samAMtara TapakAMnI hAra che. rudrasiMha 3 jAnA. sikakA upara trikUTa parvatanI DAbI jamaNI bAjue caMdra-sUryanAM cihno che. 30 Izvaradatta AbhIra rAjA IzvaradattanA sikakA kSatrapa-anukaraNavALA heI temaja kSatrapa sikkAonI sAthe upalabdha thayA hoI enA sikkAnI carcA ahIM prastuta che. enA mAtra cAMdInA goLa sikkA maLyA che. agrabhAga upara dakSiNAbhimukha mukhAkRti che ane enI pAchaLa brAhmI AMkaDAmAM varSa kotareluM che. vRttAkAre grIka-romana lipimAM lekha che. kinArane samAMtara TapakAMnI hAra che. pRSThabhAga upara trikUTa parvata, ekeka caMdra, sUrya, nadI temaja vRttAkAre brAhmImAM hoddA sAthe mAtra rAjAnuM nAma ane varSa sUcavato lekha che. IzvaradattanA sikkAnI vizeSatA e che ke eNe AMkaDA ane zabdo ubhayamAM varSanuM sUcana karyuM che. upasaMhAra uparyukta varNanathI phalita thAya che ke kSatrapa-sikakA paranA grIka-romana akSara, mukhAkRti, AkAra, tola vagere bAbatamAM grIka asara sUcavAya che, te saMskRta-prAkRta bhASA, brAhmI lipi temaja parvata, nadI, caMdra, sUrya jevAM zAzvatatA. sucavatAM prakRtinAM pratIke bhAratIya asara sUcave che. 31 varSa ApavAnI abhinava prathA kSatraponA cAMdI, paTana ane sIsAnA sikakAo upara varSa ApavAnI viziSTa ane abhinava prathA sau prathama vAra ja jovA maLe che. brAhmI AMkaDAomAM varSa sUcavatI saMkhyA ApavAnI A nirALI paddhatine laIne emanI saLaMga sAlavArI taiyAra karavAmAM sugamatA thaI che. kSatrapo pUrvenA bhAratIya sikkAomAM kyAMya varSa ApavAnI prathA maLatI jovA maLatI nathI, eTaluM ja

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-174] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. nahi, paNa kSatrapo pachI jemanA cAMdInA sikkAomAM kSatrapa sikakAnuM anukaraNa thayuM che tevA gupta rAjavIonA suvarNanA sikkAo (emane kSatraponA samayanirdezavALA sikkAone paricaya hovA chatAMya) varSa vinAnA che, eTale kSatrapa sikkA paranA varSanuM mahattva anekagaNuM vadhI jAya che. kSatrapa-sikakAomAM varSa ApavAnI prathA pahelIvahelI radrasiMha 1 lAnA sikakA upara jovA maLe che, 32 kemake enI agAunA rAjAonA sikkAo varSa vinAnA che temaja emanA sikkAomAM grIka-romana lakhANanA AraMbha ane aMtanI vaccenA bhAgamAM varSa mATe khAlI jagyA paNa dekhAtI nathI, AthI jema nahapAne mukhAkRti ApavAnI prathA AraMbhI, jema cASTane parvatAdi cihno ApavAnI temaja hoddA sAthe pitAnuM nAma ApavAnI zarUAta karI ane jema jayadAmAe mAtra brAhmImAM ja lakhANa kotaravAno prAraMbha karyo, tema rudrasiMhe varSa ApavAnI prathA zarU karI jaNAya che bAhalikanA ane bhAratanA grIka rAjAonA sikkA upara varSa sucavatA AMkaDA jovA maLatA nathI. bhAratamAM prAcIna sikakAo paNa varSa vinAnA ja maLyA che, eTaluM ja nahi, ekAda apavAda ( guptonA cAMdInA sikkAo) sivAya eka muslima amala sudhI A prathA bhAratanA ke bhAratamAMnA keI videzI rAjavaMze ke rAjAe apanAvI hovAnuM jaNAtuM nathI, te pachI kSatrapAe varSa - ApavAnI prathAnuM anukaraNa kyAMthI karyuM ? pAthiyAmAM phAvata 4 thA ( I.sa. pU. 37thI ) pachI sIlpanika saMvatamAM varSa ApavAnI prathA sikkAo upara zarU thayelI jovA maLe che.33 romamAM pahelI-bIjI sadImAM cAMdInA sikakAonA pRSThabhAga upara grIka AMkaDAomAM ane rAjyakAlanAM - varSomAM varSa ApeluM hoya tevA sikakA jovA maLe che.34 ubhayamAMthI kSatrAe kenuM anukaraNa karyuM haze e spaSTataH kahevuM muzkela che. paraMtu IrAnamAMnA zaka ane pahalava rAjAonA saMbaMdhe jotAM ane IrAnamAMthI zakone pahalanA dabANathI bhArata AvavuM paDeluM e aitihAsika vigata dhyAnamAM letAM saMbhavataH evuM anumAna karI zakAya ke kSatrapoe varSa ApavAnI prathA pahala pAsethI svIkArI hoya. sikkA paranuM lakhANa rAjAne potAnA nAmanI sAthe pitAnuM nAma ApavAnI prathA kSatrapa-sikkAenI bIjI mahattvanI vizeSatA che. A prathAthI kSatrapa-rAjAonI saLaMga vaMzAvaLI

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17 muM]. pazcimI kSatrape (175 taiyAra karavAmAM sugamatA sAMpaDI che. pitAnuM nAma ApavAnI A praNAlikA emaNe kyAMthI apanAvI haze e vize paNa saMdigdhatA rahe che. eziyAnA koI prAcIna dezanA ke rAjyanA sikakA upara A prathA jovA maLatI nathI, AthI evI aTakaLa karI zakAya ke kSatrapoe apanAvelI A prathA prAyaH emanI maulikatA sUcave che.35 pRSThabhAga uparanuM lakhANa tatkAlIna bhAratanI pracalita lipio ane bhASAemAM lakhAtuM hatuM. bhUmaka, nahapAna ane rASTrananA sikkAo para khareNI (AkRti 4) ane brAhmI e bane lipimAM lakhANa che, jyAre jyadAmAthI zarU karI aMta sudhInA saghaLA rAjAonA sikakAo upara mAtra brAhmI lipimAM ja lakhANa kereluM che. kharokImAMnuM lakhANa prAkRtamAM che, to brAhmImAMnuM prAkRta-saMskRta mizra bhASAmAM (AkRti 5). zuddha saMskRta lakhANa kevaLa dAmajadazrI 1 lA ane satyadAmAnA sikkA upara kotareluM che. AzcaryanI hakIkata te e che ke rudradAmA 1 lAne jUnAgaDhano zailekha zuddha saMskRta gadyane uttama Adya namUno che toya enA sikkAo paranuM lakhANa prAkRta-mizrita saMskRtamAM che. A lakhANanI bIjI paNa seMdhapAtra vizeSatA che. keTalAka sikkAo para pitAnuM nAma pachI vibhakitamAM ( dA. ta. nAma putra) prajAyeluM jovA maLe che, te keTalAka upara rAmaputra evo samAsa paNa jovA maLe che. sAmAnya rIte rAjA potAnA purogAmanuM nahi, paNa pitAnuM nAma Ape che, e hakIkata cAina, rudrasiMha 2 jA ane svAmI sakasena 3 jAnA sikkA uparathI spaSTa thAya che. apavAda rUpe svAmI siMhasena pitAne sudrasena 3 jAnI bahenanA putra tarIke oLakhAve che. bhAratIya nAma apanAvanAra kSatrapa-rAjAonA nAmanI pUrve zrI je mAnasUcaka pUrvaga jovA maLato nathI. apavAda rUpe dAmajadazrImAM aMtyaga tarIke prayojAyo che. ahIM ene prayoga videzI nAmane bhAratIya banAvavA mATe thayela hovAnuM kahI zakAya.37 pachI vibhaktino prayoga emanA sikakA lekhomAM vAraMvAra thayela che. lagabhaga pratyeka sikkA upara pachI vibhaktine sa (kyAreka ca ) pratyaya be vAra prayojAyela jovA maLe che : eka vAra pitAnA nAma sAthe, bIjI vAra rAjAnA pitAnA nAma sAthe. pitAnA nAmane lAgele 1 pratyaya putranA saMbaMdhamAM sAthe prajA lAge che, paNa sikakA paDAvanAra rAjAnA nAmane lAgelo pachIne pratyaya zuM sUcave che ? ahIM ene saMbaMdha "nA varSa.....mAM" ema varSa sAthe che ke

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176] mauryakAlathI gupatakAla ".....ne sikko " e arthamAM che e vicAravuM rahyuM. varSa sAthe ene saMbaMdha na hoya ema lAge che, kemake zarUAtanA rAjAonA sikkA upara varSasUcaka saMkhyA ApavAnI praNAlikA jovA maLatI nathI. saMbhavataH ahIM ene ......ne sikko " ema svAmitva (mAlikI ) sUcavata artha vadhAre ucita lAge che. saMskRtamAM sAmAnyata: svAmi vasUcaka nAma hamezAM pachImAM ja ApavAmAM AvatuM.38 agrabhAga upara grIka athavA grIka-romana lipimAM lakhANa kotareluM jaNAya che. zarUAtanA traNeka rAjAonA sikkA paranuM lakhANa kaMIka arthavALuM jaNAya che, paNa rudradAmA 1 lAnA zAsanakALathI sikkAo para lakhANa te cAlu rahe che, paraMtu e arthahIna ane mAtra zobhA pUratuM ja raheluM jaNAya che. grIka lakhANane ukelavAnA sau prathama prayatna jasTIsa nyUTane ane paMDita bhagavAnalAle karelA, paNa emane saphaLatA sAMpaDelI nahi.39 e pachI resane lakhANane ukelavAno prayatna karatAM thoDI saphaLatA meLavI. emaNe nahapAnanA sikakA uparane prathama grIka zabda ukelyo ane e zabda jANo hovAnuM ane grIka bhASAne Basilios nahi hovAnuM sUcavI e prAkRtanuM bhASAMtara nahi, paNa livyaMtara che, ema pratipAdita karyuM. resane e paNa spaSTa karyuM ke A lakhANa zuddha grIkamAM mAtra nahapAna ane cASTananA sikakAo upara che, e pachI te grIka-romana lakhANa jovA maLe che. tyAra pachI sArI saphaLatA sAMpaDI eca. Ara. Tane jegalathaMbImAMthI prApta nahapAnanA asaMkhya sikkAone lIdhe. grIka lakhANa e prAkRtanuM liyaMtara che evA resananA maMtavyane TanI saphaLatAthI anumodana maLyuM. emaNe vacale zabda cheratA che ema ukelI batAvyuM. skaTanA vAcana mujaba lekhanuM sAmAnya svarUpa Ama che :41 PANNIS IAEARATAS chaharatasa NAEAPANAS nahapanasa rAjJo AlekhanazailI je jamAnAmAM sikkAzAstranuM alpa kheDANa thayuM hatuM tyAre sikakAo upara suMdara rIte upasAvelI ane mukha uparanI pratyeka rekhAne spaSTa rIte vyakta karatI rAjAnI mukhAkRtinuM Alekhana kaLAnI daSTie sAce ja AkarSaka ane manohara che. A mukhAkRti ekapAzva ( profile ) citra jevI che, chatAMya surekha ane

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7 muM] pazcimI kSatrapa [177 spaSTa che, e seMdhavuM joIe. rAjAnA vAMkaDiyA ane lAMbA vALa paNa suMdara rIte AlekhAyelA che. mAthA upara lazkarI sainikanA Topa jevuM kazuMka paridhAna kareluM che. AMkaDA vALelI mUcha sarasa rIte vyakta thaI che. kaMThanA bhAga upara rUpAMkanayukta sAMkaDI paTI jevuM kaMIka che, je kadAca IrAnI DhabanA lAMbA keTane kalara hovo saMbhave. kAnamAM kuMDaLa paNa zobhI rahyAM che. mukhAkRtinuM AkhuMya Alekhana badhA ja sikakAomAM lagabhaga ekasarakhI zailImAM thayeluM jaNAya che. Ama samagratayA AlekhanazailI vikasita kArIgarInuM sUcana kare che. sikkAnuM nAma kArdApaNa nahapAnanA samayanA nAsika guphAnA be lekhomAM enA jamAI ughavadAte ApelA dAnanA saMdarbhathI keTalAka prakAza prApta thAya che. emAM hApA ( vA) zabda traNeka vAra ullekhAyela che, AthI evuM anumAnI zakAya ke A sikkAo (khAsa karIne cAMdInA) ISagT nAme oLakhAtA haze. resana A sikkAone niHzaMkapaNe A nAmathI oLakhAve che.42 sikkAnA saMdarbhamAM A zabada bhAratamAM prAcIna samayathI prayojAto hato. pAli graMthamAM ane pANininI aTAcArTImAM cAMdInA sikakAne "kApaNa kahyA che. kauTilyanA arthazAstramAM aneka jagyAe A nAmanA sikkAone ullekha Ave che.44 manusmRti ane yAjJavalkasmRtimAM A zabda che, paraMtu manuM kAryApaNane tAMbAnA sikakAnA saMdarbhamAM vApare che. rASavAnu vizeSatAbrija: #ifuM: (TLa:).4pa lAIna nAM nAmaka jaina graMthamAM hAjane ullekha che.46 A badhA saMdarbhothI kahI zakAya ke bhAratamAM Isu pUrve sAtamI-chaThThI sadIthI A zabda pracalita hate. uM ane e be zabdothI banele "#pA' che. varSa eka prakAranuM vajana che, tethI jarSanA vajanane sikko te vASA .47 kaniMgahama #rSane pharSanuM bIja gaNe che. 58 vAcaspati vimIta(baheDA)nA vRkSanuM phaLa te #rSa evo ullekha kare che. 49 nahapAnanA samayanA guphAlekhomAM yurImUche ane suvarNa evAM be nAma paNa che. ubhaya zabdano artha saMdigdha jaNAya che. purANamU zabda repsananA mate I-2-12

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178] mauryakAlathI guptakAla zaMkAspada che.50 de. rA bhAMDArakaranA mate A zabda nahapAnanA cAMdInA sikkA mATe vaparAya che ane nahapAne enA kuSANa adhipati rAjAnI yAdamAM A nAma ApyuM che.pa1 esa. ke. cakravartI bhAMDArakaranA e mata sAthe sahamata thAya che ke A zabda sikkAnA saMdarbhamAM vaparAya che, paraMtu e cAMdInA sikkAnuM nAma che evA bhAMDArakaranA maMtavya sAthe sahamata thatA nathI, kAraNa ke mUDI eka prakAranA sikkAnA nAme ullekhAyelI hoya ane vyAja bIjA prakAranA nAme hoya e zakya jaNAtuM nathI. kurAnamUtra zabdamAM kurANonA sikkAono artha abhipreta che ema svIkArI zakavatI A zabda sonAnA sikkAnA saMdarbhamAM prayojAyo che ema mAne che. ane ullekha to kupAgonA senAnA sikkAnA saMdarbhamAM vaparAyele jaNAya che, kemake lekhamAM 75,000 kArdApaNa = 2,000 suvarNa guNottara Apela che.para kSatraponA sikkAnA nAmakaraNanA anusaMdhAnamAM bIjA paNa ekabe nirdezo che. vinayapiTavanI samaMtaprAsAdri TIkAmAM mAlava ane saurASTranA cAMdInA sikkAne rAma tarIke oLakhAvyA che, jenuM vajana jUnA kArdApaNathI 3/hatuM.pa3 anya bauddha graMthomAM paNa kAmaka, sAma, dAmAvani jevAM rUpo jevA maLe che. sArathIpanImAM DhALa utpAdrito evI vyAkhyA paNa drAmanI ApI che. 54 vaLI uiAvikajJAmAM jApAnI sAthe sattA (kSatrapa%) evuM paNa eka nAma che.55 ' uparyukta carcAthI A sikakAonA nAma vize spaSTatAthI kahevuM muzkela che, paraMtu Amilekhika purAvAone vadhAre zraddheya mAnI vicArIe to nahapAnanA zilAlekhamAM jene traNeka vAra nirdeza che te hAi ( ba) zabda kSatraparAjAonA sikkAnuM nAma hovAno saMbhava vadhAre ucita lAge che. vijJAnane jApAna sAhityaka nirdeza AnuM samarthana kare che. vajana, AkAra, kada resana kahe che ke nahapAnanA cAMdInA sikkA bhAratamAMnA grIka rAjAonA ardha-drama(dragsa)nA jevA hatA.56 tadanusAra badhA ja kSatrapa rAjAoe ane emanA anugAmI gutoe temaja traphUTakAe paNa e vajana apanAvyuM hovAnuM jaNAya che. grIka rAjA minenTaranA sikkA kara thI 3pa greIna( lagabhaga 2 grAma nA hatA, 57 eTale nahapAnanA ane enA anugAmI anya kSatraponA nikA paNa eTalA ja vajananA hovA joIe ema phalita thAya che.

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7 muM] pazcimI kSatra [179 cAMdInA sikakAno vyAsa 05" thI ne rahela jovA maLe che. badhA kSatraponA badhA ja sikkAo ekasarakhA vyAsanA nathI, jema ekasarakhA vajananA nathI. AthI evuM phalita thAya che ke vajana ane kadamAM thatI vadhaghaTa emanA rAjyanI Arthika sthiratAnI paNa vadhaghaTa hoI zake; joke A phalitArtha cokkasa na gaNAya. ATalA prAcIna samayanA sikkAonA vajanamAM keTalIka vAra kudaratI AbohavAne laIne ke e jamInamAM dATelA hovAthI AMtarika rAsAyaNika prakriyAne kAraNe vadhaghaTa thatI hovI saMbhave, keTalIka vAra sikakAonI vadhAre herapherathI ghasArAne kAraNeya enA vajana ke kadamAM ghaTADo thAya; AthI vajana ane vyAsamAM thatI vadhaghaTathI badhe ja vakhata Arthika caDatI paDatInuM sUcana vicAravuM yogya nathI. sikkAone goLa AkAra grIka asara sUcave che ema ghaNAnuM mAnavuM che 58 paraMtu prAcIna bhAratamAM ghaNuM lAMbA samayathI vividha AkAranA sikakAo pracAramAM hatA, jemAM goLa sikakAono samAveza thata. vimudrama/ IsunI pAMcamI sadIne AraMbhakALa nA eka phakarAmAM buddha vividha AkAranA sikkAonI vAta kare che, jemAM rimaMtra (goLa) sikkAo paNa che.pa9 bhAMDArakara kahe che ke kSatrane goLa sikkAo grIka anukaraNanA nathI, kemake keTalAka prAcIna kApaNa sikakAo goLa AkAranA jovA maLe che. 10 zatapatha brAhmaNamAM te zatamAna sikkA goLa hovAno spaSTa ullekha che. 1 sika taiyAra karavAnI paddhati sikkAnA nirIkSaNathI evuM anumAna thaI zake ke ene taiyAra karavA mATe kaI yaMtra ke evuM koI saMpUrNa sAdhana jarUra upayogamAM levAtuM haze. sAMcImAMthI mATInI pakavelI mudrAo maLI che. A mudrAomAM cAMdIne rasa reDIne sikkA taiyAra karavAmAM AvatA haze. mATInAM bIbAMnI madadathI paNa sikkA taiyAra thatA hevAnuM kahI zakAya. AmAM bevaDA bIbA(double die)ne upayoga thato haze. taMkazALa ATalI moTI saMkhyAmAM upalabdha thayelA sikakAo koI TaMkazALamAM taiyAra thatA hovA joIe. A jANavA koI AdhAra maLato nathI eTale kevaLa aTakaLa karavI rahI. sAmAnya rIte rAjadhAnInA nagaramAM TaMkazALa hovAnuM manAya che. A rIte vicAratAM laharAta rAjA nahapAnanA samayamAM saMbhavataH

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moryakAlathI guptakAla [ v, bharUcamAM ane cASTanavaMzIya rAjAonA samayamAM ujjainamAM TaMkazALa hovAne saMbhava rajU karI zakAya, jyAre kSatrapa zAsananA aMtabhAgamAM emanI sattA gujarAta pUratI maryAdita rahI hoya tyAre prAyaH jUnAgaDhamAM TaMkazALa hovAnI aTakaLa thaI zake, paraMtu bharUcamAMthI ane ujajanamAMthI hajI sudhI kSatrapa-sikakAone koI saMgraha hAtha lAgyo nathI, jyAre jUnAgaDhamAMthI cAra saMgraho upalabdha thayA che. vaLI rudradAmAne zailalekha temaja bAvA-pyArA ane uparakeTanI bauddha guphAo paNa jUnAgaDhamAM AvelI hoI kSatraponA samayamAM jUnAgaDhanuM viziSTa sthAna hovAnuM dhyAnamAM laIe te evuM anumAna tAravI zakAya ke TaMkazALa prAyaH AraMbhathI aMta sudhI jUnAgaDhamAM haze, kemake jUnAgaDha cheka sudhI kSatraponA tAbAmAM hatuM. 3 kSatrapa-sikkAonI asara AkAra ane paddhati jemAM zrI sarvane sikakAo kSatraponI asara sUcave che; parvatAdine badale trizuLanI AkRti ApavA jeTalI mAtra pheraphAra che. guma rAjavIenA pazcima bhArata mATe khAsa taiyAra karAvelA cAMdInA sikkA kSatraponA sikkAnA sIdhA anukaraNavALA che. saiphUTaka ane bodhivaMzanA sikkAo paNa kSatrapa-sikkAenI asara heThaLa taiyAra thayA hovAnuM jaNAya che. sikkA-nidhio kSatrapa rAjAone Ama to saMkhyAbaMdha sikakAo prApta thayA che ane thatA jAya che, paraMtu chUTAchavAyA prApta sikkAo karatAM eka ja vAsaNamAM saMgRhIta sikkAonI upagitA vizeSa che. A sikkAo "saMgraha" athavA "nidhi" (hoard) tarIke oLakhAya che. atyAra sudhImAM evA aDhAreka nidhio prApta thayA che. jegalathaMbI ji. nAsika, mahArASTra)mAM caudathI paMdara hajAra jeTalA cAMdInA sikkAone eka nidhi banyo hato, jemAMthI 13,250 jeTalA bacelA sikkA eca. Ara. Tane tapAsa mATe maLelA. AmAM 9,270 sikkA laharAta kSatrapa rAjA nahapAnanA che, jenA upara sAtavAhana rAjA gautamIputre potAnI chApa paDAvelI che, jyAre bAkInA sikkA pherachApa ( counter-stamped) vinAnA che! uparakeTa( jUnAgaDha mAM 1897mAM lagabhaga 1,200 jeTalA sikkA maLelA, jemAM rudrasena 1 lAthI rUkasena 3 jA (saMghadAma, dAmajadathI 2 jA ane

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7 muM] pazcimI kSatrapa [181 [181 yadAma 1 lA sivAya) sudhInA rAjAonA, IzvaradattanA ane keTalAka anabhiya sikakAone samAveza thAya che." | saravANiyA( ji. vAMsavADA, rAjasthAna mAM 2,407 sikkAne nidhi 1911mAM prApta thayelo. gi. va. AcAryanI tapAsamAM 2,397 sikakA hatA. 16 e pachI de, rA. bhAMDArakare enuM punarIkSaNa kareluM. emAM rudrasiMha 1 lAthI rudrasena 3 jA sudhInA badhA rAjAonA, IzvaradattanA ane keTalAka anabhiya sikakAo hatA.67 sonepura( ji. chiMdavADA, madhyapradeza)mAM 1925 mAM 670 jeTalA sikkAono nidhi hAtha lAgele, jemAMthI 37 sikkA gaLAI gayelA. emAM saMghadAmA sivAya sekasena 1 lAthI radrasena 3 jA sudhInA, IzvaradattanA ane keTalAka anabhiya sikkAono samAveza thAya che. 18 vaseja( ji. jUnAgaDha mAM 59 sikakAo 1937 pUrve maLyA hatA. emAM rudrasiMha 1 lAthI rakasena 3 jA sudhInA (saMghadAmA ane yazodAmA 1 lA sivAyanA) rAjAonA sikkA hatA.69 jUnAgaDha myujhiyama : para0 jeTalA sikakA gi. va. AcAryane jUnAgaDha rAjyanI tijorImAMthI prApta thayA hatA. e. esa. gaDhee sau prathama A sikkAo tapAsyA hatA. A uparAMta 206 ane 7 sikakAnA bIjA be nidhio ahIM hatA. ra09mAM 134 sikkA radrasena 3 jAnA che. para0 nA nidhimAM radradAmA 1 lAthI bhartIdAmA sudhInA ( saMghadAmA ane dAmajadazrI 2 jA sivAyanA) sikkAo hatA.30 ziravAla( ji. pUnA)mAM lagabhaga 400 sikkAne nidhi 1846mAM maLe, emAM vijayasena, dAmajadathI 3 jA, rusena 2 jA, vizvasiMha, bhadAmA, vizvasena, rudrasiMha ra jA ane IzvaradattanA sikakA hatA.71 karAda(mahArASTra)mAM 186mAM nidhi maLe, jemAM vijayasena, dAmajadathI 3 jA, rudrasena 2 jA, vizvasiMha, bhadAmA ane vizvasenanA sikkAo hatA.72 chiMdavADA(madhyapradeza)mAM mAtra daza sikakAne nidhi maLe, jemAM rUdrasena 2 jAnA traNa, bhartIdAmAnA traNa, dAmajadazrI 3 jA, vizvasiMha ane vizvasenane ekeka ane eka avAca hato.73 sAMcI(bhopAla najIka )mAM 1916-17 mAM utakhanana dvArA 41 sikkA upalabdha thayA hatA. emAM rudrasena 1 lAne eka, rusena 2 jAnA sAta,

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182 ] soya kAlathI guptakAla [x. vizvasiMhanA khe, bhartR MdAmAnA 11, vizvasenanA ATha, rudrasiMha 2jAnA che, rudrasena 3 jAnA eka ane avAcya nava hatA.74 kAmareja( ji. surata )mAM 11 sikkAo - bhUmakanA traNu, jayadAmA, rudrasena 1 le ane vIradAmAnA ekeka, rudrasena 3 jAnA cAra ane avAcya eka.75 amarelI (geAhilavADa )mAM TIMbAnuM utkhanana karatAM 270 jeTalA sikkAo maLyA hatA. cAMdInA sikkAomAM rudrasena 2jAnA traNa, vizvasi Mhane eka, bha dAmAnA che ane rudrasena 3 jAnA be hatA. tAMbAnA sikkAomAM cha cArasa sikkA rudrasena 3 jAnA hovAnuM manAya che. sIsAnA badhA ja sikkAo enA hatA. poTananA badhA ja sikkAo varadAmAnA hovAnu jaNAya che.76 goMdarau( madhyapradeza )mAM pa sikkA maLelA - vijayasenanA pAMca, rudrasena 2 jAnA cha, bhartRMdAmAnA 17, vizvasenanA dasa, rudrasiMha 2 jAnA traNa, rudrasena 3 jAneA eka ane avAcya nava.77 peTalurIpalema( ji. gantra, AMdhrapradeza )mAM Trejhara TrAya eNkeTa anusAra para, 16 ane 170 ( kula 238 ) ema traNa TukaDe prApta thayelA. vIradAmA, vijayasena, dAmajadathI 3 kle, rudrasena 2 jo, vizvasiMha, bhadAmA, vizvasena, rudrasiha 2. jo, yazeAdAnA 2 o ane IzvaradattanA sikkA hatA.78 sanADiyA( ji. jUnAgaDha ): zrI rUpacaMda nArAyaNa TekacaMdAnIne A nidhimAMthI 125 jeTalA sikkA tapAsa mATe maLelA ane e emanA a Mgata saMgrahamAM che : kAmajadathI ? lAne eka, rudrasiha 1 lAnA traNa, rudrasena 1 lAnA sAta, dAmajadI 2 jAnA e, dAmasenanA dasa, yazeAdAmA 1 lAnA eka, vIradAmAnA pAMca, vijayasenanA 47, dAmajI 3 jAnAM 14, vizvasiMhanA traNa, bhadraMdAmAnA traNu, vizvasenanA nava ane rudrasena 3 jAnA ra. mAhitI aprasiddha che. devanI meArI( ji. sAbarakAMThA )nA utkhanana daramyAna e nidhie maLyA hatA: vihAranI prathama eraDInA pravezadvAra najIkathI 39 sikkAo ane stUpanI prathama pIThikAnA TocanA bhAganA madhyamAMthI A sikkAo. 9 devA( ji. kheDA )mAM prAcIna sikkAyukta mATInuM eka nAnuM vAsaNa prAthamika zALAnA kaMpAunDanA khAdakAmathI maLeluM, jemAMnA nava kSatrapa sikkA a. va. paMDyAne tapAsa mATe maLelA. (emAM rudradAmAM 1 lAnA khe, rudrasena 1 lAnA khe ane vizvasenanA pAMca sikkA hatA).80

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7 muM]. pazcimI satra bAsima ane kuMThinapura(ji. akoTA ane vardhA, mahArASTra)nA moTAbhAganA sikkA ogALI devAyA che. zeSa sikkAo vA. vi. mirAzIne tapAsa mATe maLelA.81 pAdaTIpa 9. A. S. Gadre, Archaeological Department of Baroda State, Annual Report, 1936-37, pp. 17 f. 2. Rapson, Catalogue, pp. 85, 93, 105, 113 3. A. S. Gadre, op. cit, p. 18 8. Rapson, op. cit., p. 112 4. Sounder Rajan, JMSI, Vol. XXII, pp. 118 ff. 6. gujarAtamAMthI upalabdha apaladatanA kAMsAnA sikkA upara vRSabha ane hAthInI AkRtio che eTale enA sikkAnI asarane saMbhava paNa dhyAnamAM levAya. 7. mukha( Head)thI kaMIka vizeSa ane uttarAMga( Bust)thI kaMIka ochI evI A AkRti che. A ja rAjAonA tAMbA, paTana ane sIsAnA sikkAo upara AvI AkRti nathI e neMdhapAtra che. 8. saMbhatinA sikkAnA agrabhAga upara enI mukhAkRti che. juo, Smith Catalo. gue of Coins in Indian Museum, Vol. 1, p. 7; C. J. Brown, Coins of India, p. 23, plate 2, No. 1 ane . . mokSA prAcIna mudrA, pR. 32 c. Rapson, op. cit., para 88 10. Encyclopaedia Britanica, 11th edition, Vol. XVI, p. 619 11. pAdhi 8 mujaba. 12. upAdhyAya vAsudeva, bhAratIya sikke, pR. 65 13. ema paNa bane ke bhAratamAM AvyA pachI bhAratamAMnA grIka rAjAonA mukhAkRtivALA sikkA pracAramAM joI zake che ane emane anusarI kSatrapae paNa mukhAkRtivALA sikkA paDAvyA hoya. 14-15. C. J. Brown, pp. cil., pp. 26, 34 11. A uparathI raeNsana evuM sUcave che ke saMbhavataH A paddhati anya kSatrapa rAjAonA sikkAo upara paNa hovI joIe (op. cit., para 126), paraMtu te pachI grIkaromana lakhANanA aMta ane brAhmImAM ApelI mitinI vacce varSe lakhavA jeTalI jagyA hovI

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mo kAlathI guptakAla ( x. 184 ] joIe, je saMbhavataH dekhAtI nathI; AthI evu anumAna thaI zake ke kSatrapuvaMzanA A be rAjAoe A prathA sau prathama vAra apanAvI hoya ane te kSatrapa sikkAonA itihAsamAM A emanu' pradAna kahI zakAya. 17. Rapson, op. cit., p. 76, plate X 18. A taraMgarekhA prAyaH samudranu paNa sUcana karatI hAya, paraMtu enI maryAdita lakhAI-UMcAI jotAM e nadInuM sUcana karatI hoya e vadhAre saMbhavita lAge che. caMdra arjanI jema rita-paryaMta e AMtarika sAMnidhya vadhAre dharAve che. 19. Catalogue, para 92 and 100; paraMtu AMdhra rAjAonA keTalAka sikkA upara caityanI AkRti che teA keTalAka upara parvatanI ('mAratIya si ', pR. 104-106, - 6). AthI AMdhra rAjAo caitya ane patanAM pratIke bhinna rIte prayAjatA heAvAnu sUcita thAya thAya che eTale raeNpsananu matavya svIkArya banatuM nathI. 20. Nomismatic Chronicle, Vol. XI11, p. 188 21. BG., Vol. 1, part 1, p. 30 22. AR.ASI, 1913-14, pp. 211 f., Lectures, pp. 101 and 105 f. 23. Bhandarkar, Lectures, p. 105 24. I.pU. 1500nA samayanA seAsamAM mineana prakAranA eka mudrAMka upara patanuM cihna jovA maLe che (ejana, pR. 106, pAdanoMdha - 2). 25. Catalogue, para 144, paraMtu repsana kauMsamAM kiraNAvALA sUcanA ullekha kare che ja. 26. jIo cAvacaMdraddivAro. vadhumAM jIo zrApantrAva vazikSitarikSayaMtasamAlTanam / (maigu, pR. 525, pAdaneAMdha 8) 27. jIo Rapson, op. cit., p. 72, plate 10. 28. JNSI, Vol. XIV, pp. 20 f. 29. Rapson, op. ci., p. 90 No. 313-314; p. 108 No. 381 & p. 116, No. 425 anukrame. 30. JNSI, Vol. XXII, pp. 118 f. 31. jayadAmAnA tAMbAnA sikkA upara trizULa ane parazunu cihna dhArmika hAvAnuM kahI zakAya. A sivAya kSatrapAnA sikkA upara koI devadevIonI AkRtio jovA maLatI nathI temaja dhArmi`ka asara sUcavatuM koI spaSTa cihna paNa nathI. ahIM e noMdhavuM joI e ke bhAratamAMnA gIka ane kuSANAnA sikkA upara devadevIonI AkRti ApavAnI prathA sAmAnya hatI. gIka sikkAonu aMzataH anukaraNa karanArA ane kuSANAnA samakAlIna- anukAlIna kSatrapa rAjAonA sikkA dhArmika asarathI mukata che e emanA svataMtratAnA pratIkarUpa gaNAya.

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7 muM]. pazcimI kSatra [185 32. sananA mate varSa ApavAnI prathA sau prathama jIvadAmAnA sikakAmAM jovA maLe che (op. cit, para 98) paraMtu A mata have svIkArya rahyo nathI. (juo agAu prakaraNa 7 ane pAdaTIpa 50 temaja Majmudar ed, Chronology of Gujarat, p. 70.) 33-38. Encyclopaedia Britanica, 11th edition, Vol. XVI, pp. 621 and 620 respectively. 35. misaranA TolemI vaMzamAM TelemI nAmanA ghaNA rAjAo thaI gayA. dA. ta. TelemI 1 , 2 , 10 mo, 12 mo vagere, paraMtu teo e sAthe amaranAma paNa vAparatA ane e rIte pRthakatA darzAvatA hatA. kSatrapamAM rudradAmA, rudrasiMha. rudrasena jevAM ekasarakhAM nAmane laIne pRthatA darzAvavA mATe pitAnuM nAma ApavuM jarUrI lekhyuM hoya, paraMtu A prathAnI zarUAta to cAIne karI che, je samaye enI jarUriyAta na hatI, eTale pitAnuM nAma ApavAnI prathA kSatraponI maulika prathA hevAnuM anumAna thaI zake. 36. Rapson, op. cit., pp. 8l & 95 37. Ibid, para 154 38. dA. ta. zIlaMmavacAromaitranordhana : kumArasyAyuSo bANaH prahartuSidAyuSam // (vimoca, 3. 5, wo. 7) uparAMta juo : alfacaffagra RUTEI (Sircar, Select Inscriptions, p. 357 ) vAramaeRviSayavivarasya (Ibid., pp. 350, 357) kanyA yuvAnasya rasa ( Ibid., p. 412) rAze pravaranaca zAsana ( Ibid., p. 418) 39. 9RAS, July, 1890 40. Ibid., 1899, pp. 359, 363 415BBRAS, 1907, pp. 227 f. 42. Catalogue, para 150, uparAMta kapAcAya vAyudeva, bhAratIya siva, pR. 118 43. juo ]NsI, Vol. XII, p. 197 ane bhAratIya si. p. 14-16. 44. pAnA mitAkSarI ullekhathI ( juo gjhana, pR. 15) 45. 8. 136, vaLI juo rUrU 6-7; 282; paraMtu nAradamRtimAM cAMdInA saMdarbhamAM che - jANo phicara ri isaiH (vAraMpacama, ma. 2, pR. 1774). 46. muni puNyavijayajI-saMpAdita vinA, pR. 66

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8 ] mokalathI guptakAla [ma. 47. JNSI, Vol. XII, p. 197 48. Coins of India, p. 45; Chakravarti, A Study of Ancient Indian Numismatics, pp. 51 f. . 49. mA. 3, rR. 177rU-1774, saMskRta sAhityamAM AvA ghaNA ullekheA che. baheDAMnA phaLanu vajana lagabhaga eka tAlA jeTaluM heAya che (khApAlAla vaidya, saMskRta sAhityamAM vanaspati,' pR. 6) 50. Catalogue, para 57, No. 33. 51. Lectures, pp. 199 f. 52. A Study of Ancient Indian Numismatics, pp. 98 f. 53. JNSI, Vol. XII, p. 198 54. vijayendrasUri, 'rAnta mahAkSatrapa rudradAmA,' pR. 41. " rudradAmaka ''ne bIjo a evA thaI zake ke rudradAmAnA sikkA jevAja namUnAnA khIjA sikAo, je enI pachInA rAjAoe paDAvyA hAya (ejana). 55. pAnedha 46 mujaba. 56. Catalogue, para 88 57. minandara ane apaladatanA sikkA IsunI pahelI-bIjI sadImAM bharUcamAM pracalita hatA ( periplasa, phakarA 47). A sikkA ahIM eTalA badhA pracalita hatA ke IsunI AThamI sadImAM gujarAtanA prAcIna rAjAo enu anukaraNa karatA hatA ( mokSA, prAcIna mudra, 4. 66, 67). aneka videzI jAtionA saMsaCne laIne (ejana pR. 40 ) History of Pali Literature, Vol. II, 58. sikkAzAsrIonuM mAnavu che ke bhAratavAsIo geALa sikkA banAvavA lAgyA. 59. 2. 437. B. C. Law, A p. 399; V. S. Agrawal, JNSI, Vol. XII, p. 194. 60. Lectures, p. 148. uparAMta zruo Smith, Catalogue of Indian Coins, plate 19, No. 7, 11, 12nA geALa sikakA kArbopaNanA che. 61. . . . 16 ane 12. 2. rU. r bharahutanA eka citramAMnA sikakA gALa che (Lectures, p. 149). 62. 3pAdhyAya, mAratIya sio, pR. 112 63. sAMcI ane kAMDapuramAM paNa sikkA taiyAra thatA hatA ema vAsudeva upAdhyAya nAMdhe che (vahI, pR. 22, 112); paraMtu krAMDapuranuM sUcana yeAgya jaNAtu` nathI, kemake e sthaLa kSatrapa-rAjyamAM na hatu.

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97'] pazcimI kSatrape [169 $8. JBBRAS, Vol. XXII, No. 62. pp. 223 ff. 54. Ibid., Old Series, Vol. XX, pp. 201 ff. $$. Rajputana Museum, AR, 1912-13 59. AR.ASI, 1913-14, pp. 227 ff. SC. JRASB, 1937, Vol. III. No. 2, (Num. Sup. No. 47). pp. 95 ff. $6. Ibid., p. 98 190. Ibid, pp. 97 f. 9. JBBRAS, Vol. II, p. 377 62. BG., Vol. I, part I, pp. 48 f. 13. JRASB, Proceedings, Vol. VI. p. 114 08. Catalogue of the Museum of the Archaeology at Sanchi, pp. 61 ff. 4. Annnal Report of the Department of Archaeology, Baroda State, 1935-36, pp. 54 ff. 64. Ibid., 1936-37, pp. 17 f. 04. Indian Archaeology, 1954-55 - a Review, p. 63 06. Ibid., 1956-57, p. 77. euzia D. C. Sircar, IHC, Vol. XXXIII, No. 4, p. 272 and Studies in Indian Coins, pp. 150 ff. 04, Excavation at Devni Mori, p. 104 80. 1966mAM akhila bhAratIya muvA saMmelana. gauhatImAM emaNe A vigato Apato nibaMdha vAMcelo. (1. JNRI, Vol. XXII, p. 113

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prakaraNa 8 zarva bhaTTAraka gujarAtamAM kSatrapa rAjAonA zAsananuM chelluM jJAta varSa zika varSa 320 (I.sa. 398-99) jANavA maLyuM che ane gujarAta para magadhanA gupta sAmrAjyanI sattA kumAragupta 1 lAnA rAjyakAla (I. sa. 415-455) daramyAna prasarI lAge che. A anusAra kSatrapa sattAnA asta ane gupta sattAnA prasAra vacce ochAmAM ochAM 17 ane prAyaH ethI thoDAM vadhAre varSone gALo rahele jaNAya che. A vacagALA daramyAna ahIM zarva bhaTTAraka nAme rAjAnuM rAjya pratye lAge che. A rAjAnA sikkA (AkRti 63) samasta gujarAtamAM moTI saMkhyAmAM maLyA che. enA purobhAga para rAjAnuM uttarAMga ane pRSThabhAga para trizULanuM cihna hoya che. A cihnanI AsapAsa sikkA paDAvanAra rAjAne lagatuM lakhANa hoya che. A lakhANanA akSarone mareDa sArI Dhabane na hoI enA badhA akSara spaSTa ane sunizcita rIte vAMcI zakAyA nathI, chatAM enA AraMbhamAM rAgo mahAkSatrapa ane aMtamAM zrIrAmadAra (ke kavacit zrImadArasa ke madArasa) hevAnuM lagabhaga nizcita che. vaccenA akSarone pATha hajI nizcita thayo nathI. A bhaTArakane agAu valabhInA rAjavaMzanA sthApaka bhaTArka mAnavAmAM Avela ane enA sikakAone valabhInA sikkAo tarIke oLakhavAmAM AvelA, paraMtu "zarva bhaTTArakamAM "zarva" e rAjAnuM vizeSa nAma lAge che ane "bhakAraka" e kharI rIte "svAmIne artha dharAvatuM biruda chekiMtu ahIM e zarvanA apara nAma jevuM, kadAca "za" karatAMya vadhu lokapriya, havA saMbhave che, "rAjA" ane "mahAkSatrapa" e spaSTataH zarva bhakArakanAM biruda che. A zava bhakAraka koNa hato ane e kayAre thayo e eka mahattvane prazna che. enA nAmavALA sikkA gujarAta-saurASTramAM aneka sthaLoe maLyA hoI e rAjAnI sattA A pradezanA ghaNe bhAga para pravata jaNAya che. enA sikkA paranA 18

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zava bhaTTAraka [189 lakhANane AraMbha rANI mAtrAthI thAya che e spaSTata: kSatrapa rAjyanA sikkAenI asara sUcave che, chatAM e kSatraponI jema potAnA pitA ke purogAmInuM nAma tathA sikkA paDAvyAnuM varSa Apato nathI tema ja kSatrapa-sikakA paranuM cihna apanAvate nathI, AthI e kSatrapa vaMzane na hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. kSatrapasikkAonuM anukaraNa dharAvatA gupta samrATonA cAMdInA sikakAonI tathA saiphUTaka rAjAonA sikkAonI adhika asara dharAvatA hoI A rAja kSatrapAlanA aMtanI najIkamAM thayo hovA saMbhave che. kSatraponA rAjyano aMta caMdragupta vikramAditye I. sa. pAMcamI sadInA pahelA dasakAmAM A evuM agAu manAtuM e have zaMkAspada gaNAya che ane gujarAtamAM gupta-zAsana kumAragupta : lAe prasAyuM hovAnuM saMbhave che. 10 sANaMda ji. amadAvAda)mAMthI maLelA nidhimAM 9 sikkA chellA kSatrapomAMnA kaI kSatrapa rAjAnA, 283 sikkA zarva bhaTTArakanA ane 1,103 sikkA kumAragupta 1 lAnA maLyA che.11 e parathI sarva bhaTArakanuM sthAna kSatra ane gutonI vacce hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. 12 e anusAra zarva bhakArake rAja mahAkSatrapa svAmI radrasiMha 3 jAnA rAjyanA aMta (lagabhaga I. sa. 798-99) ane kumAragupta 1 lAI. sa. 1pa-papa)nI sattAnA prasAranI vacce rAjya karyuM gaNAya. A padathI kSatrapa-sattAno aMta zarva bhaTTArake A hevo saMbhave che. A trizuLanA cihna parathI bhakAraka zaiva hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. "za" (= ziva ) nAma paNa A anumAnane Teko Ape che. | sarva bhakAraka kayA kulane hato ane eNe kSatrapone sthAne rAjasattA kevI rIte meLavI haze e vize kaMI mAhitI maLatI nathI. sUcita samayAMkana anusAra e caMdragupta-vikramAdityane samakAlIna gaNAya. caMdragupta I. sa. 401 nA arasAmAM mALavA para vijaya prApta karI tyAM potAnI sattA prasArI 13 tyAre tyAM kSatrapanI sattA prAyaH becAra dasakA agAu lupta thaI gaI hatI, 14 jayAre gujarAtamAM kSatrapone sthAne zarva bhaTTArakanI sattA thoDA ja vakhatamAM sthapAI lAge che. caMdragupta mALavA mATe kSatrapa-sikkAonA jevA cAMdInA sikakA paDAvyA. A sikkA pazcima bhAratamAM maLyA hovAnuM moghama noMdhAyuM che 15 paraMtu caMdraguptanuM rAjya gujarAtamAM prasaryuM hovA vize kaI paSTa purAvo maLyo nathI. 16 zarva bhaTTArake kayAM sudhI rAjya karyuM ane kumAragupta gujarAta kayAre karyuM e nakkI karavuM muzkela che. kumAragupate potAnA lAMbA rAjyakAla (lagabhaga I. sa.

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190 ] sauya kAlathI guptakAla [tra. 415-55)nA pUrvAdha daramyAna e vijaya prApta karyAM hoya, evuM enA sikkAenI vipula saMkhyA parathI sUcita thAya che 17 kadAca za bhaTTAraka pachI enA ekAda uttarAdhikArI paNa thayA hoya. zava bhaTTArakanA sikkAonI vipula sa MkhyA tathA enA judA judA prakAra jotAM enA nAmanA sikkA enA rAjyakAlanA aMta pachI paNa paDAvA cAlu rahyA hoya ema lAge che. keTalAka sikkAonA pRSThabhAga paranA trizUla--cihnanA nAnA hAthAmAM eka nAnu parazu (krasI)nuM pAnuM umeravAmAM AvyuM che, 18 e prAyaH paramabhAgavata gupta samrATonI dhAtmaka asarane laI ne hoya evuM dhAravAmAM Avyu che. zava bhaTTArakanA sikkAnA A prakAra paDAzanA mAlavadezamAM pravatelA guptazAsanane laIne haze ke pachI gujarAtamAM prasarelA gupta-zAsananI sIdhI asarane laIne haze e nakkI karavuM muzkela che, paraMtu gujarAtamAM maLelA kumAraguptanA cAMdInA sikkAonI vipula saMkhyA jotAM gupta--zAsana daramyAna za bhaTTArakanA nAmanA sikkA paDAvA cAlu rahyA hoya e bhAgyeja sa Mbhavita che. AthI bhAgavata dhanI asara rAva bhaTTArakanA rAjyakAlanA uttara bhAgamAM ke enA anugAmInA rAjyakAla daramyAna paDeAzanA pradezamAM pravartatA gupta-zAsana parathI thaI hoya e vizeSa sabhave che. gupta-zAsananA aMta pachI gujarAtamAM zarU thayela maitraka vaMzanA rAjyamAM vaLI pAchA zava bhaTTArakanA nAmavALA sikkA paDAyA karyA lAge che19 ne e parathI zava bhaTTAraka e paramamAhezvara maitraka rAjAone dUranA pUrvaja hAvA saMbhave che evuM dhAravAmAM AvyuM che.20 A sUcana anusAra za bhaTTAraka maitraka kulanA hAya ane e anusAra lakulIzanA ziSya mitranA vazajara1 hovA saMbhave temaja enA vaMzanI rAjasattA gupta zAsananAM pAMtrIseka varSa lupta rahI senApati bhaTTAka nA samayamAM punaH sthApita thaI hovA saMbhave.

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zava bhakAraka [11 pAdaTIpe 1. juo upara pR. 153. 2. vigato mATe juo hariprasAda zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhAga 2, pR. 549-50 3. emAM gharamAdriAma, paramasImata, mahAsAmanta, pAtAnuNAta, samarasa6, paramamAdevara ityAdi bhinnabhinna pATha sUcita thayo che. (ejana, pR. 549-550) 8. JRAS, Vol. XII, p. 34 4. JNSI, Vol. VI, pp. 14 ff. 6. kemake emAM keTalIka vAra " maTTAra', to keTalIka vAra mAtra "mA " hoya che; koI sikakA para mAtra "" maLyuM nathI. 7-8. emAM "rAzo mahAkSatrasa" nathI ane rAjAnuM nAma SaSThIne badale prathama vibhaktimAM prajAyuM che. 6-90. P. L. Gupta, "Who Ruled in Saurashtra after the Western Kshatrapas ? ", Bharatiya Vidya, Vol. XVIII, pp. 83 ff. 11. BBRAS, Vol. VI, pp. ix, xxii. emAM zarva bhaTTArakanA sikakAone e samayanI prathA mujaba "valabhI sikkAo" tarIke oLakhAvavAmAM AvyA che. 12. P. L. Gupta, op. cit., p. 89 22214. A. S. Altekar, JNSI, Vol. VI, pp. 19 f.; P. L. Gupta, op. ct., p. 89 13. udayagiri (ji. gvAliyara) guphAmAMnA samayanirdeza vagaranA eka lekhamAM vijaya mATe rAjAdhirAja caMdraguptanI sAthe Avela enA sAMdhivigrahika virasena zAve tyAM zaMbhUnI guphA karAvI hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che. (Fleet, Corp. Ins. Ind., Vol. III, p. 35); tyAMnI eka bIjI guphAmAMnA lekhamAM mahArAjAdhirAja caMdraguptanA Adhipatya nIcenA mahArAje gu. saM. 802 (I. sa. 401)mAM dharmadAna dIdhAnuM jaNAvyuM che (ejana, pR. 25); ane sAMcI (ji. bhopAla)nA eka zilAlekhamAM gu. saM. 93 (I. sa. 412 )mAM mahArAjAdhirAja caMdraguptanA lazkarI adhikArI AmrakAre dAna dIdhAnuM jaNAvyuM che (ejana, pR. 31 thI). caMdraguptanA cAMdInA sikkA para gu. saM. 90 thI 94 (I. sa. 49-14)nI miti Hu D. (Allan, Coins of the Gupta Dynasties, pp. 49 ff.)

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192]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. 14. mALavAmAM maLelA kSatrapa-sikkAonA nidhiomAM svAmI dukasena 3 jAnI pachInA koI kSatrapa rAjAnA sikkA nathI; emAMnA sikkA zaka varSa 273 (I. sa. 351para) sudhInA ja che. viMdhyanI dakSiNe maLelA kSatrapa-sikAonA nidhiemAMnA sikkA zaka varSa 301 (I. sa. 379-80) sudhInA che. A parathI I. sa. 351 thI 380 sudhImAM mALavAmAM kSatraponI sattA lupta thaI gaNAya. (P. L. Gupta, op. cit, pp. 83 f.) 15. A. S. Altekar, The Coinage of the Gupta Empire, p. 150. eka prakAranA sikkAo para "paramamAvata-mahArAjAdhirAtra-chAtrazuta-vitramAdritya" ane bIjA prakAranA sikkAo para " zrIguptarasya mahAra/gAdhirAva-zrI candraguptavimAca" evuM lakhANa che. baMne prakAranA sikkA jaja maLe che; bIjA prakAranA ghaNAM jaja. (ejana, pR. 152). A sikkAonAM cakakasa prAptisthAna neMdhAyAM nathI. 16. P. L. Gupta, op. cit., p. 85 17. Ibid., p. 89. 18. bi. va. AcArye A sikkAonA A be mukhya prakAra pADyA che. ekamAM sAdA hAthAvALuM trizala-cihna che, bIjAmAM nAnA parazuthI saMyukta hAthAvALuM trizala-cihna che. baMnenA kada, tola tathA lakhANamAM keTaleka spaSTa pharaka che (JNSI, Vol. XV, p. 50). 19, ha. gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta', pR. 552-53. zrI. bhA. la. mAMkaDa A sikkAo paranA judA judA pATha parathI temaja rAjAnI mukhAkRtimAM jaNAtA vaividhya parathI A sikkAo judA judA rAjAoe paDAvyA hovAnuM darzAvyuM che. (1NSI, Vol. XV, pp. 50 ff.) maitraka rAjAoe potAnI rAjamudrAmAM potapotAnuM alaga nAma na ApatAM badhe vakhata vaMzasthApaka zrIbhaTArkanuM ja nAma cAlu rAkheluM e hakIkta A saMbhavane samarthana Ape che. 26. A. S. Altekar, JNSI, Vol. VI, p. 20 21. maitrake prAyaH A mitranA vaMzaja hatA (ha. gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta', bhAga 1, pR. 26-28).

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prakaraNa 9 guptakAla magadhamAM caMdragupta 1 lAnA samayamAM gupta rAjyanA abhyudaya zarU thayA. parAkramAMka samudragupte AryAvarta tathA dakSiNApathanAM aneka rAjyA para peAtAnI ANa pravartAvI. samudraguptanA alhAbAda zilArasta Mbha lekhamAM gupta-zAsana aMgIkAra karanArAomAM zaka-muruDAnA samAveza karavAmAM AvyA che e ullekha pazcima bhAratanA kSatraparAjAne lAgu paDatA hoya evA sabhava kharI. samudragupta(lagabhaga I.sa. 330-70)nA samayamAM te A kSatrapa rAjAe puna: "mahAkSatrapa'" biruda dhAraNa karatA thayA, eTaluM ja nahi, e uparAMta "svAmI" evu vadhArAnuM biruda paNa dhAraNa karatAre e hakIkata e sa Mbhavane samarthana Ape che, kemake "muruDa" e "ravAmI' artha dharAvatA rAka bhASAnA zabda che. gupta-vazamAM samudraguptanA adhikAra enA moTA putra rAmaguptane maLyA lAge che. 4 kAI zaka rAjAe rAmaguptanA parAbhava karI enI patnInI mAgaNI karI, paraMtu rAmaguptanA nAnA bhAI caMdragupte strIveze zatrunI chAvaNImAM jaI ene mArI nAkhyA, evI anuzruti che. A zaka rAjA te pazcima bhAratanA kSatrapa rAjA heAvA bhAgyeja sabhave che.pa caMdragupta vikramAditye I. sa. 401 nA arasAmAM mALavA jItyu ane e pradeza mATe kSatrapa sikkAonA jevA cAMdInA sikkA paDAvyA tyAre pazcima mALavAmAM prAyaH vizvavarmA nAme sAmata rAjAnI sattA pravatelI hatI,7 jyAre gujarAtamAM zava bhaTTArakanuM zAsana hatuM.8 enA sikkA paranA trizUla-cihnamAM AgaLa jatAM nAnuM parazu umerAyu e prAyaH paramabhAgavata guptAnI asara sUcave che. 4-2-13 193

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194]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla kumAragupta mahendrAditya kumAragupta 1 lAnA zAsanakAla (lagabhaga I. sa. 45-55) daramyAna bhagadhanA gupta-sAmrAjayanuM Adhipatya mALavAmAM cAlu hatuM. mAlavagaNa saMvata 493 (I. sa. 476)mAM tyAM vizvavarmAne putra baMdhuva rAjya karato hato. have gupta-sAmrAjyanI sattA gujarAta para prasarI. gujarAtamAM ThekaThekANe kumAragupta 1 lAnA cAMdInA sikakA maLyA che, jemake amadAvAda, sANaMda, bhUja, bhAvanagara, valabhIpura, morabI, jUnAgaDha, amarelI, kheDA ane ANaMda 10 emAM keTalAMka sthaLoe to seMkaDo ane hajAro sikkAonA nidhi maLyA che, 11 jemAMnA ghaNA sikkA gujarAtanAM myujhiyamamAM jaLavAyA che. viramagAma tAlukAnA kumArakhANa gAmamAM gupta-samrATonA senAnA sikakAone eka nAne nidhi maLelo, jemAM samudraguptanA 1, kAcaguptanA 2, caMdragupta 2 jAna che ane kumAragupta 1 lAnA 1 sikakAno samAveza thAya che. AthI A nidhi tyAM kumAraguptanA samayamAM daTAyo hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. emane kumAraguptane sikako dhanurdhArI prakAra che. gujarAtamAM maLelA, kumAraguptanA cAMdInA sikakAoAkRti 6 4)nA, banAvaTanI daSTie, cAra prakAra pADavAmAM AvyA che 13 pahelA prakAranA sikkA caMdragupta ra jAnA cAMdInA sikkAo sAthe ghaNuM sAmya dharAve che. agrabhAga paranA rAjAnA uttarAMganA AlekhanamAM mukhAkRti tathA vezabhUSA kSatrapa-sikkAonuM smaraNa karAve che. varSa gupta-saMvatanuM ApavAmAM AvatuM. pRSThabhAga para vacce gupta-vaMzanA rAjacihna garuDanI AkRti ane enI AsapAsa vartulAkAre "ramamAvata-mahArAgAdhirAzrIgumArapu-mahendrAhityaH " evuM lakhANa (AkRti 6) hoya che. agrabhAga tathA pRSThabhAga para kyAreka kSatrapa-sikkAo para hoya che tevA grIka akSarenA avazeSa dekhA de che. bIjA prakAranA sikkAo para grIka akSare bilakula hotA nathI. trIjA prakAranA sikkA nAnA ane jADA hoya che; enA purabhAga para grIka akSaro hoya che. cothA prakAranA sikkAne eka ja namUne maLe che. enA pRSThabhAga para trizalanuM cihna ane kumAragupta-mahendrAdityanA nAmanuM lakhANa hevAnuM neMdhAyuM che. 14 je A vigata yathArtha hoya che to kumAraguptane A sikakA-prakAra zarva bhaTTArakanA trizalAMti sikakAnI asara darzAve che. 16

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9muM] guptakAla [195 kumAraguptanA samayamAM cAMdInA sikkA uttara pradezamAM paNa pracalita thayA, paraMtu emAM mayUranuM cihna ane chaMdabaddha lakhANa hoya che. 17 kumAragupta 1 lAnA samayamAM sairASTranuM vaDuM mathaka girinagaramAM cAlu rahyuM lAge che, paraMtu e samayamAM nimAyelA A pradezanA goptA (rAjyapAla) ke gekhAo vize kaMI mAhitI maLatI nathI. kumAraguptanA lAMbA zAsanakALa daramyAna ahIM enA saMkhyAbaMdha sikkA pracalita thayA, e enA rAjyakAlanAM saMgIna smAraka gaNAya. kaMdagupta kramAditya - kumAraguptanA rAjyakAlanA aMtima bhAgamAM zatruonA upadravane laIne guptasAmrAjya kyamAM mukAyuM tyAre rAjaputra kaMdagupate potAnA bAhubaLa vaDe zatruone parAbhava karI ene samuddhAra karyo. 18 evAmAM kumAragupta mRtyu pAmatAM rAjyasattA skaMdagupta dhAraNa karI (I. sa. 455). skaMdagupta ghaNA pratApa hato. enA parAkramane yaza zatruo paNa gAtA. zatruone vaza karI eNe sarva pradezamAM goptAonI nimaNUka karI hatI. nikhila surASTranA zAsana tathA pAlana mATe eNe parNadatta nAme guNasaMpanna tathA samartha goptAnI nimaNUka karI hatI. parNadatte girinagaranI rakSA mATe potAnA guNI putra cakrapAlitane niyukta karyo hato. 19 gu. saM. 136 (I. sa. 455)nI varSARtumAM ativRSTi thatAM girinagaranA sudarzana taLAvano setu (baMdha) tUTI gayo, nadIonAM nIra samudramAM ThalavAI gayAM ne khAlIkhama thaI gayeluM sudarzana durdazana banI gayuM. prajAjano sarvataH "have zuM karIzuM ?" e ciMtAthI vihavala thatAM, cakrapAlita e setu samarAvavo zarU karyo ane gu. saM 137(I. sa. 456)nA grISmamAM te sudarzana taiyAra thaI gayuM. 20 gu. saM. 138(I. sa. 457-58)mAM parama bhAgavata cakrapAlite tyAM ghaNuM dravya kharcAne lAMbA samayamAM cakradhArI viSNunuM uttama maMdira baMdhAvyuM, je giri Urjata ( giranAra )nI sAthe upasthita thaIne jANe nagaranA zira para prabhutva karatuM hoya tevuM dekhAtuM.21 kaMdaguptanA cAMdInA sikakA (AkRti u5) pazcima bhAratamAM ghaNuM maLe che. A sikkA traNa prakAranA che : pahelA prakAranA sikkA kumAraguptanA pahelA prakAranA

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196] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. sikkA jevA che. enA agrabhAga para rAjAnA uttarAMganI AkRti ane varSanI saMkhyA hoya che; pRSThabhAga para vacce garuDanuM cihna ane enI AsapAsa vartulAkAra lakhANa hoya che. A lakhANa "gharamamAvata-mahArAgAdhirAva-zrIndragupta mAvitya:" (AkRti 7) che. baMne bAju para grIka akSaronI nizAnIo dekhA de che. 22 bIjA prakAranA sikkAomAM pRSThabhAga para garUDanI jagyAe naMdInuM cihna hoya che. 23 A baMne prakAranA sikkA taLa gujarAta tathA saurASTramAM maLe che.24 kacchamAM trIjA prakAranA saMkhyAbaMdha sikako maLyA che. emAM garuDanI jagyAe vedInuM cihna najare paDe che.rapa veda-prakAranA sikakA atyaMta beDhaba che, paraMtu garuDa tathA naMdI prakAranI sarakhAmaNIe e adhika pramANamAM pracalita hatA.26 skaMdaguptanA cAMdInA sikkAo para varSa ApavAmAM AvatAM. pazcima bhAratanA sikakAo para enA AMkaDA barAbara mudrita thayA nathI ane spaSTa vaMcAyA nathI, paraMtu uttara pradezanA mayUracihnAMkita sikkAo para varSa 144, 145, 146 ane 148 vaMcAyAM che. 27 skaMdagupta gu. saM. 148( I. sa 467-68)nA arasAmAM mRtyu pAmyo jaNAya che. 28 enA mRtyu bAda gupta-sAmrAjyanI sattAne hAsa thayo ane dUranA keTalAka pradeza svataMtra thaI gayA.29 A paristhitino lAbha gujarAte paNa lIdhe lAge che. maitraka kulanA senApati bhaTArke valabhImAM potAnI AgavI sattA sthApI.30 saiphaTake guptakAla daramyAna dakSiNa gujarAtamAM traikUTaka nAme rAjavaMzanI sattA pravatI.31 kaikUTako mULa aparAMta uttara kekaNa)mAM AvelA trikUTa pradezanA vatanI hatA. sikkAo parathI A vaMzanA traNa rAjAonI hakIkata jANavA maLe che. emAM pahelA rAjAnuM nAma mahArAja iMdradatta che. eno rAjyakAla lagabhaga I. sa. 81pa thI 440 ne aMkAya che. enA keI abhilekha maLyA nathI, paraMtu enA putranA sikakAlekho parathI enuM nAma jANavA maLe che. enA putra dahasene lagabhaga I. sa. 440 thI 465 sudhI rAjya karyuM jaNAya che. enA sikakA dakSiNa gujarAta ane mahArASTramAM maLyA che. mahArAja dahasene kalacuri saMvata 207( I. sa. 4pa)mAM maLI nadInI be bAjue AvelA aMtamaMDalI viSaya(jillA)mAMnuM eka gAma kApura gAmamAM rahetA eka

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9] guptakAla [ 197 brAhmaNane dAnamAM dIdhuM hatu.33 dahusena parama vaiSNavaY hatA. eNe azvamedha karyA hatA.35 enA dAnazAsananA dUtaka buddhagupta nAme koI adhikArI hatA. dAhasena pachI enA putra vyAghrasena gAdIe AvyA. enAya sikkA maLyA che temaja enu eka dAnazAsana paNa maLyuM che.36 guptAnA cAMdInA sikkAonI jema traikUTakAnA sikkA paNa kSatrapAnA sikkA jevA che. A sikkA cAMdInA ane geALa che. enA agrabhAga para vacce rAjAnI mukhAkRti ane enI AsapAsa aspaSTa grIka-rAmana akSarA hAya che, paraMtu vanI saMkhyA hotI nathI. pRSThabhAga para vacce trikUTa parvata, enI upara caMdra ane sUryanAM pratIka tathA nIce samudra ke nadI sucavatI taraMgAkAra rekhA hoya che. ne kinArIne aDIne vartulAkAre lekha lakhelA hoya che, jemAM rAjAnA nAma tathA khirunI sAthe enA pitAnuM nAma tathA biruda temaja rAjAneA dharmasa MpradAya jaNAvela che. dahusainanA sikkA para mahArAnevattaputra-paramavaiLava-zrImaddAra)na dUlena evu lakhANa hAya che.37 pAdaTIpA 1. Fleet, Corp. Ins. Ind., Vol. III, pp. 6 ff. 2. Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, pp. 86 ff. e upara pR. 150. 3. R. C. Raychaudhuri, Political History of Ancient India, p. 547; R. C. Majumdar, The Vakataka-Gupta Age, Ch. VIII, pp. 161 ff, 4. R. C. Majumdar, Classical Age, Ch. III, pp. 17 f; R. D. Banarjee, Age of the Imperial Guptas, pp. 29 f. besanagara (vidizA) pAsethI 1969 mAM maLelA mahArAdhirAja rAmaguptanA traNa pratimAlekhAnA samakAlIna purAvA parathI have rAmaguptanI aitihAsikatA pratipAdita thaI che ( G. S. Gai, " Three Inscriptions oy Ramagupta," 7. O. I, Vol. XVIII, 247 ff. ). Pp. 5. bhA. ja. sAMDesarA, " zakAra', puravacana pR. 9-10 6. juo upara pR. 153-56. 7. e kumAragupta 1 lAnA samakAlIna badhruvamAMnA pitA hatA.

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198] mauryakAlathI guptakAla 8. juo upara pR. 155-56. e. Fleet, Corp. Ins. Ind., Vol. III, pp. 81 ff. 20. A. S. Altekar, The Coinage of the Gupta Empire, p. 216; Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, p. 128. 11. dA. ta. sANaMdamAM 1,103, kacchamAM 236, amarelImAM lagabhaga 2,000 ane ANaMdamAM lagabhaga 2,000 ( Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, p. 128 ). 12. C. R. Singhal, J. N. S. I., Vol. Xv, pp, 195 f. A sikkA hAla muMbaInA prinsa oNpha velsa myujhiyamamAM che. Do. paramezvarIlAla guptane e sikkAo tapAsatAM mAlUma paDayuM ke zrI. siMghale caMdragupta 2 jAnA dhanurdhArI prakAranA je cha sikkA jaNAvelA temane eka vastuta: kumAragupta 1 lAne che (Bharatiya Vidya, Vol. XVIII, p. 85, n. 8). 23. A. S. Altekar, op. cit., pp. 218 ff. 14, 3. B. B. R. A. S., Vol. VII, Plate facing p. 3, No. 1 15. elana A citra kharekhara garuDanuM hovAnI zaMkA darzAve che ( B. M. C., G. D; Intr., p. xcvi), paraMtu trizalanuM cihna paNa asaMbhavita nathI (A. S. Altekar, op. cit., p. 227). 15. A. S. Altekar, op. cit., p. 228; P. L. Gupta, Bharatiya Vidya, Vol. XVIII, p. 88. 919. A. S. Altekar, op. cit., pp. 228 ff. 18. Classical Age, p. 24 19-21. skaMdaguptane janAgaDha zailalekha (Fleet, Corp. Ins. Ind., Vol. III, pp. 58 ff.) 22. A. S. Altekar, op. cit., pp. 251 f. 23. Ibid., pp. 252 f. 24-25. B.G, Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 70. 24. A. S. Altekar, op, cit., p. 255 27. Ibid., pp. 251 f; 257 Re, H. C. Raychaudhuri, Political History of Ancient India, p. 581 22. The Vakataka-Gupta Age, pp. 185 f. 30. hariprasAda zAstrI, maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhAga 1, pR. 46-50

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9 su] guptakAla [ 199 31. V. V. Mirashi, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. IV ( Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era), Introduction, pp. xl-xliv trikUTa viSaya( jillA)nA saMbhavita sthAna parathI e paryaMta nAsika jillAnI pAse AvyA hAvAnu spaSTa thAya che (p. xli). 32. Ibid., Introduction, p. 33. Ibid., No. 8 (pp. 22 ff.) kApura e surata jillAnA vyArA tAlukAmAM Avelu kapurA che. 34. tAmrapatramAM ene mavapAmmara arthAt bhagavAna( viSNu nA caraNane sevaka ane sikkA paranAM lakhANamAM parama vaiSNava kahyo che. 35. enA tAmrapatranA AdhAre. 36. vigatA mATe juma graMtha 3. 37. Rapson, op. ct., clxiii-clxiv, 197 ff.

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prakaraNa 10 rAjyataMtra A samagra kAla daramyAna A pradezamAM rAjyataMtranuM svarUpa kevuM hatuMe vize cokkasa mAhitI ghaNI ochI maLe che. makAla mauryakAlanAM samakAlIna sAdhanomAM azokanA giranAra zailalekha mahatvanuM sthAna dharAve che, paraMtu emAM gujarAtanI kaI prAdezika bAbatane ullekha Avato nathI. azokanA abhilekhamAM yona, kaMbaja, gaMdhAra vagere pradezone nirdeza Ave che tevI rIte emAM kyAMya surASTra, Anarta, lATa ke kacchano ullekha Avate nathI. aparAMta(pazcima sarahada)nA saMdarbhamAM raThika (rASTraka) pitinika tathA bhoja-pitinikano ullekha Ave che. emAM pazcima bhAratanI rASTrika nAme prajA uddiSTa che, paraMtu pUrvApara saMbaMdha parathI A ullekha vidarbhane lAgu paData hovo saMbhave che. kauTilyo arthazAstramAM surASTranA ullekha Ave che. emAM eka sthaLe surASTranI kSatriya-zreNIno nirdeza thayela che, e parathI tyAre saurASTramAM kSatriyonI zreNI hovAnuM jANavA maLe che. rAjA mahAkSatrapa rudradAmA 1 lAnA jUnAgaDha zilAlekhamAM maurya rAjA caMdragupta tathA azokanA samayanA ahIMnA rASTriyane ulekha Ave che." A "rASTriya" te kauTilyanA "arthazAstramAM jaNAvela "rASTrapAla" hevAnuM jaNAya che. ujjayinImAM kumAra vahIvaTa karate ho evuM azokanA kaliMga zailalekha parathI jANavA maLe che. janapadano peTA vibhAga rASTra hato ane gujarAtasaurASTrane rASTriya mALavAnA kumAranI nIce hato evuM sUcavAyuM che, paraMtu caMdragupta ane azakanA rASTriya ullekha sIdhe the che; ane kauTilyanA 200

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10 muM ] ( 201 "arthazAstramAM kumAra ane rASTrapAlane pagAra sarakho jaNAvavAmAM Avyo che. vaLI azakane rASTriya yavanarAja hato. taduparAMta, avaMtine pradeza paNa "rASTra gaNAta, AthI gujarAtane rASTriya ujananA kumAranI nIce hevAnuM bhAgyeja saMbhave. saurASTramAM azakanA samayamAM sthAnika rAjA hovAno ullekha Ave che, e parathI tyAMne sASTriya prAMtIya sUbA karatAM sAmrAjyanA hAI-kamizanara jevo hovAnuM dhAravAmAM AvyuM che. 10 saurASTranA girinagaramAM rahI je rASTriya vahIvaTa karato hato tenuM adhikArakSetra keTaluM vistRta hatuM e vize kaMI spaSTa ullekha upalabdha nathI. e kSetra samasta aparAMtane bhAgye ja AvarI letuM hazeparaMtu emAM saurASTra uparAMta kaccha, uttara gujarAta ane dakSiNa gujarAtaneya samAveza thato haze ke kema e nakkI karavuM muzkela che. enI dakSiNe zaparaka(sopArA nI AsapAsanA pradeza mATe de vahIvaTI vibhAga haze e spaSTa che.1 1 kSatrapAlanI jema mauryakAlamAM paNa Anarta-surASTrane eka saMyukta vahIvaTI vibhAga hevo saMbhave che. "priya" parathI A vahIvaTI vibhAga "rASTra" gaNatA hovAnuM phalita thAya che. azokanA trIjA zila-lekhamAM yutayukta), rAjuka(rajajuka) ane prAdesika (prAdezika ) nAme ucca adhikArIone e ullekha Ave che ke enA samasta rojamAM teoe poca pAMca varSa cAlu pravAsamAM rahevAnuM apekSita hatuM. 12 emAM rajajune to bahu lAkha jana vize nImavAmAM AvatA ne teone jAnapada jananA hitasukhanuM dhyAna rAkhavA mAna ane daMDanI bAbatamAM svataMtratA ApavAmAM AvatI. 13 A parathI "rajajuka" paNa "rASTriya" jevA prAMtIya sUbedAra hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che 14 "prAdezika" e "pradeza"ne vahIvaTa karanAra adhikArI lAge che. ene hAlanA jillAnA kalekaTara sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. 15 "yukta" e sarva adhikaraNanA khajAnacI adhikArI hovAnuM jaNAya che. 16 surASTra ke Anarta-surASTranA vahIvaTI peTA-vibhAgo vize kaMI mAhitI maLatI nathI. emAM upara jaNAvyA mujaba "pradeza" nAme peTA-vibhAgo hovA saMbhave che. "viSaya" ane "AhAra' jevA peTA-vibhAge paNa hovAnuM dhAravAmAM AvyuM che. 17 paraMtu evA vibhAge dareka rASTramAM hatA evuM spaSTa thatuM nathI. maurya sAmrAjyamAM A uparAMta bIjA aneka prakAranA mahAmAtra ane (rAja)puruSa hatA, jemAM amAtya ane adhyakSe khAsa dhapAtra che.19

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202] mauryakAlathI guptakAla nagarAdhyakSane "nAgarika" kahetA; rAmAdhyakSane "gopa" kahetA. A sthAnika adhikArIone lagatI pharaje kauTilyanA "arthazAstramAM vigate gaNAvavAmAM AvI che. 20 paura-vyAvahArika ke nagara-vyAvahArika arthAta nagara-nyAyAdhIzane hoddo kumAra ane rASTrapAlanA hoddA jevo ucca kakSAne gaNato. 21 nagarAdhyakSa nagaranA vahIvaTa mATe aneka madadanIze nImeto. 22 emAM pAMpAMca adhikArIonAM cha karaNa ( bodies) hatAM. e karaNa (1) hunnarakalAo, (2) videzI nivAsIo, (3) janma tathA maraNanI noMdha, (4) vepAravaNaja ane tolamApa, (5) utpana cIjonuM vAjabI vecANa ane (6) vecANaverAnI dekhabhALa rAkhatA.23 kedrIya taMtranI jema prAMtIya taMtramAM prazAstA, samAhartA, saMnidhAtA, nAyaka, kAmatika ItyAdinI pharajo dharAvatA adhikArIone paNa samAveza thato haze. vividha khAtAMonA mahAmAtromAM azokanA samayamAM dharma-mahAmAtrane umere thatAM 24 ene lAbha A pradezane paNa maLe hovo joIe. prAMtanA vaDA adhikArIo tathA dharma-mahAmAtra mAraphate devonA priya priyadarzI rAjA azokanI AjJA anusAra ahIMnA prajAjanomAMya dharmabhAvanAne ThIka ThIka pracAra thaye haze. mauryakAlanA tharomAM Ahata 25 sikkA maLe che. enA para kaMI lakhANa. mudrAMkita karyuM hotuM nathI, paraMtu judI judI mudrA vaDe judAM judAM cihna Ahata karyA hoya che. A sikkA mATe bhAge cAMdInA ane lagabhaga 32 ratIbhAra hoya che. enA agrabhAga para pAMca cihna hoya che, jyAre pRSThabhAga para asaMkhya nAnAM nAnAM cihna hoya che. athavA eka moTuM cihna hoya che, athavA eka paNa cihna hetuM nathI. A cihna sikkA paDAvanAra ane maMjUra karanAra judAM judAM adhikRta maMDaLonAM hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che, jemAM nagara-nigamo tathA vaNikazreNIono samAveza thato.26 cAMdInA Ahata sikkAo gujarAtamAM ghaNA nAnA kadanA maLyA che. enA be prakAra che : (1) 5 thI 7 greInanA; svastika, trila ane cakranAM cihnavALA, (2) lagabhaga 4 greInanA-purobhAga para ghATa vinAnA, hAthInuM ane pRSThabhAga para vartula jevuM kaMIka cihna dharAvatA.27 Ahata sikakAonA be nidhi taLa-gujarAtamAM maLyA che. eka bhUtapUrva vaDodarA rAjyanA koI prAMtamAM ane bIjo banAsakAMThA jillAmAM ra6, kAmareja, navasArI vagere anya sthaLoe AvA chUTaka sikkA maLyA che. 29

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10 muM ] rAjyataMtra [207 A uparAMta thoDI saMkhyAmAM A kAlanA tAMbAnA Ahata sikkA paNa maLe che. A sikakAonA agrabhAga para paNa pAMca cihna Ahata karelAM hoya che. AvA chUTaka sikakA gujarAtamAM ThekaThekANe maLyA che, jemake amarelI, hAthaba, kAmareja, kAravaNa, moTerA, vaDanagara vagere sthaLoe.30 anu-maurya kAla anumaurya kAlanA rAjyataMtra mATe gujarAtamAM bhAratIya yavana rAjA ekatida, menandara ane apaladatanA sikkAo ja mukhya sAdhana che. DaoN. bhagavAnalAlane ekritidane mAtra eka bela (e nAmane nAne sikko) maLe, paraMtu e rAjAnA sikkA saiArASTranA judA judA bhAgamAM ne judA judA samaye maLyA che e parathI e sikakA ahIM kevaLa vepAra ke zobhA mATe AyAta thayelA nahi, paNa calaNamAM hovAnuM sucita thAya che. ekritidanA sikkAo paikI sathI nAnA sikakA ja ahIM maLyA che, te A pradezamAM pracalita agAunA nAnA sikkAonI Dhabe haze.32 menandaranA dramma cAMdInA ane goLa che (AkRti 2 ). menandaranA sikakAnA agrabhAga para vacce rAjanuM TepavALuM uttarAMga ane enI AsapAsa Basileo s Soteros Mehandrou 33 evuM grIka lakhANa hoya che; pRSThabhAga para vacce eka grIka devInI AkRti ane enI AsapAsa khareSThI lipimAM mana tratarata naM 4 evuM prAkRta lakhANa hoya che. taduparAMta enuM ekAkSara-cihna (monogram) paNa hoya che.35 apaladatanA cAMdInA drazna (AkRti 3 ) e ja prakAranA che. enA agrabhAga paranA grIka lakhANamAM temaja pRSThabhAga paranA prAkRta lakhANamAM "menandaramenaMdra"ne badale "apaladata" nAma Ave che. enA tAMbAnA sikkA paNa maLe che. keTalAka corasa che ne keTalAka goLa. corasa sikakAnA purobhAga para vacce epile devanI UbhI AkRti ane enI AsapAsa Basile 6s Soteros Kai philopatoros Apollodotou7 evuM grIka lakhANa hoya che, ane enA pRSThabhAga para epolenI tripAI be prakAranuM ekAkSara cihna ane mana trAsa paDhatAM evuM prAkRta lakhANa hoya che. 39 goLa sikakAonA agrabhAga para vacce epolenI UbhI AkRti ane ene karatI "Basileo s Soteros Apollodotou4deg lakhANa hoya che; pRSThabhAga corasa sikkAnA pRSThabhAganA jevo hoya che.41

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204] moryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. pacIsa varSanA gALAmAM pote ekaThA karelA sikkAomAM Do. bhagavAnalAlane gujarAta-saurASTranA menandarane ekeya tAMbAno sikko maLyo nahoto. 42 apaladatanAM tAMbAnA sikkAone eka nidhi jUnAgaDhamAM maLela. e sikakA be prakAranA che? (1) cerasa - agrabhAga para eNpale deva jamaNA hAthamAM bANa laI ubhA che. enI upara temaja be bAjue grIka lakhANa che, jene artha "rAjA trAtA pitRvatsala apaladatana" evo thAya che. pRSTha bhAga para epolenI tripAI, ekAkSara cihna, di akSara ane kharoSThI lipimAM madaranI trata ati evuM prAkRta lakhANa hoya che. (2) goLa ane moTA - agrabhAga para jamaNA hAthamAM bANa laI UbhelA epolo deva, pAchaLa e ja ekAkSara cihna, ne cAre bAju vRttAkAre grIka lakhANa ( Basile os Soteros Apollodotou ; pRSThabhAga para epolenI tripAI enI jamaNI ne DAbI bAju dri ane 4 akSara ne cAre bAju vRttAkAre khareSThI lipi ane prAkRta bhASAmAM mahattata tratA patarata lakhANa hoya che.43 A sikakA enA cAMdInA kramanI jema enI hayAtI bAda calaNamAM cAlu rahyA nahi hoya, tethI ATalI ghoDI saMkhyAmAM maLe che.44 bhAratIya-yavana amala daramyAna ahIM sikakAnuM calaNa kevuM cAlatuM e vize "perisamAMnA lakhANa parathI45 temaja sikkAo parathI mAhitI maLe che. sikkAo paranAM lakhANa parathI e rAjAo Basileus tathA mArA ane Soter (trAtA) jevAM biruda dhAraNa karatA hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che. sikkAomAM rAjAnA uttarAMganI AkRti tathA enA nAmanA lakhANavALA sikakA ahIM A kAla daramyAna zarU thayA lAge che. A sikkA grIka drambha drachm)nA telanA A rAjAonA amala daramyAna pravartatA rAjyataMtranAM bIjo koI pAsAMo vize kaMI mAhitI upalabdha nathI. kSatrapAla : kSatrapAlane rAjyataMtra vize sikkAo tathA zilAlekho parathI keTalIka mAhitI sAMpaDe che. laharAta kulanA sikakAomAM bhUmaka "kSatrapa' ane nahapAna "ji" biruda dhAraNa kare che. 47 zilAlekhomAM nahapAna mATe "rAjA" uparAMta "kSatrapa" biruda paNa prayojAyuM che. 48 chellA zilAlekhamAM "nahapAnanI AgaLa "rAjA", "mahAkSatrapa" "svAmI" e traNa biruda apAyAM che. 49 kArdamaka kulanA cAnTana ane

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10 muM] - rAjyataMtra ri05 rudradAmA mATe kacchanA riAlAlekhomAM mAtra "rAjA" biruda ApyuM che, jyAre teonA sikkAomAM pahelAM "rAjA kSatrapa" ane pachI "rAjA mahAkSatrapa' biruda prajAmAM che.pa1 A parathI sikakA paDAvanAra A sarva zAsako hamezAM "rAjA" evI rAjapadavI dhAraNa karatA hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. "kSatrapa para zabda IrAnanA "kSapAta" ke "kSapAvana" (arthAt "rAjyapAla') parathI prayojAya che. A zabdano artha mULamAM "prAMtIya sUbo' thatuM, paraMtu vAstavamAM ahIM eno artha "bhU-pAla" (rAjA) jevo thato hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che. 54 rAjasattAnI abhivRddhi thatAM rAjA "kSatrapa"ne badale "mahAkSatrapa" kahevAto. A zabdo "rAjA" ane "mahArAja ne maLatA Ave che, paraMtu A rAjAo "mahAkSatrapa" thavA chatAM kadI "mahArAja" tarIke oLakhAtA nahi. kAdamaka kulanA samayamAM te ekI sAthe be rAjAonuM saMyukta zAsana pravartatuM jaNAya che: ekanuM "rAjA mahAkSatrapa" tarIke ane bInuM "rAjA kSatrapa" tarIke Apa A biruda "mahArAja" ane "rAjA" athavA "rAjA" ane "uparAja" jevAM che. baMne zAsako "rAja'padavI dharAvatA ane potAnA nAme sikkA paDAvatA.mahAkSatrapanA madadanIza kSatrapa tarIke prAya: yuvarAjanI pasaMdagI thatI ne mahAkSatrapanI jagyA khAlI paDatAM pote mahAkSatrapanI javAbadArI dhAraNa karate ane potAnI jagyAe pachInA yuvarAjane kSatrapa tarIke nima. A dirAja paddhatine laIne prAyaH dareka rAjAne potAnA purogAmanI hayAtI daramyAna rAjataMtranI tAlIma maLI rahetI. sikkAo paranA lakhANa parathI rAjAonI je vaMzAvaLI tathA sAlavArI baMdha besADI zakAya che te parathI mAluma paDe che ke kSatrapa rAjAomAM uttarAdhikAra sAmAnyataH rAjAnA anujane maLatuM ane anujene krama pUro thayA pachI jeSTha agrajanA jayeSTha putrane maLato.57 kSatrapano adhikAra bhAvI uttarAdhikArIne sAmAnyataH enI sagIra vaya pUrI thatAM ApavAmAM Avato.58 A rAjAo mATe kyAreka "svAmI" ane "bhadramukha" pada paNa prayojAtAM.pa9 kSatrapa" ane "mahAkSatrapa"nI jema e pade viziSTa tAtparya na dharAvatAM mAnavAcaka pada tarIke ja prayojAyAM jaNAya che. 60 mahAkSatrapa rudradAmA 1 lAnA jUnAgaDha zailekhamAM e rAjAne "rAjalakSmI dhAraNa karavAnI guNavattAne laIne sarva varNoe enI pAse jaI pitAnA rakSaNa

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201] * mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. mATe enI pati tarIke varaNI karI hovAno 61 tathA eNe pote "mahAkSatrapa" pada prApta karyuM hovAno ke 2 ullekha Ave che. A prazastimAM potAnA purapArthanI guNavattA temaja prajAnI pasaMdagIno avani raheluM che, paraMtu vAstavamAM te lAyaka uttarAdhikArIne kSatrapa" tathA "mahAkSatrapa' tarIkeno adhikAra, upara jaNAvyA mujaba, kulaparaMparAgata krame prApta thatA lAge che. mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAnI prazasti parathI e samaye rAjAmAM AvA guNo apekSita hovAnuM mAluma paDe che: dehasaiddhava, svara, gati, varNa, sArasanda Adi paramalakSaNavyaMjana dharAvato kAMta deha, sAme AvelA zatruo sAthe yuddha ane zaraNe AvelA zatruo tarapha kSamA, dasyu, vyAla, roga, ItyAdine nagara nigama tathA janapadane anupadrava, sarva prajAne anurAga, garviSTha pratispadhIonuM usAdana, padabhraSTa rAjAonuM pratiSThAna, dharmAnurAganI abhivRddhi, zabda artha-gAMdharva-nyAya Adi mahAvidyAonuM pAraNadhAriNa-vijJAna-prayoga vaDe adhizIlana, azva-gaja-rathanI carcAmAM temaja asi-carma yAdi AyudhonA upayogamAM nipuNatA, pratidina dAna tathA mAna karatA rahevAnI vRtti, yathAhe rIte prApta karela bali-zuka-bhAga vaDe bharapUra keza, uttama gadya-padya 3 kAvya racavAmAM pravINatA, ane dharma tathA kIrtinI abhivRddhi. pUrta kAryo dvArA paNa rAjAnA dharma-kIrtinI vRddhi thatI. 4 rAjAnA sacivonA be prakAra jaNAvavAmAM AvyA che : atisaciva (salAhakAra saciva) ane karmasaciva (kAryavAhaka sacivo. A sacivomAM amAtyanA guNo apekSita hatA. 15 mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAnuM rAjya vizALa hatuM. emAM pUrvApara Akara-avanti, anUpadeza, nIkRta , Anarta, surASTra, dhabra, mara, kaccha, siMdhu, saivIra, kukura, aparAMta, niSAda Adi viSayo pradeza)no samAveza thato. enA vahIvaTI vibhAgomAM AnartA-surASTrano eka saMyukata vibhAga gaNAto.7 emAM vibhAgane mATe kayuM nAma prajAtuM ane ene vahIvaTa karanAra adhikArInA hoddA mATe karyuM nAma pracalita hatuM e jANavA maLatuM nathI. saMbhavataH e vibhAga "rASTra" kahevAtA haze ne eno adhikArI "rASTriya" tarIke oLakhAtuM haze. Anarta-surASTranA vaDA adhikArI mATe A lekhamAM mAtra "amAtya" e sAmAnya zabda prayojAye che. e samasta Anarta-surASTra dezanA pAlana mATe nimAyo hato. kula rudradAmAnA rAjayanA pradezonI yAdImAM dhaba (sAbarakAMThA ) ane kacchane Anarta-surASTrathI alaga gaNAvyA heI, A vibhAgamAM e be pradezono samAveza nahi thatA hoya. e vibhAge mATe judA adhikArI nimAtA haze.

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103] rAjyataMtra [207 girinagaranA sudarzana taLAvanA baMdha tUTI jatAM jyAre e samarAvavAnI mAgaNI thaI tyAre mahAkSatrapanA maticavA tathA kama sacivAe bhAre khaca tathA utsAhanA abhAvane laIne enA virAdha karyAM, tyAre pharI setu(baMdha) naMha baMdhAya e nirAzAthI prajAmAM hAhAkAra pravatyAM. Akhare setunA punarnimANunI yAjanA maMjUra thaI. pArajanA tathA jAnapada janAnA anugraha arthe rASTriya suvizAkhe agAunA karatAMya vadhAre majabUta ane moTA setu baMdhAvIne sudarzana taLAvane vadhAre sudana karyuM . A aMge kara, viSTi ke praNaya-kriyAo vaDe paiArajA tathA jAnapada jatAne pIDyA vinA mahAkSatrape peAtAnA kAzamAMthI aDhaLaka dravya kharce lu ne emAM ghaNA lAMkhA kAla vItelA nahi. AnAthI mahAkSatrapanAM dhama tathA kIrtinI vRddhi thayelI,70 rASTriyanI niyukti mahAkSatrapa karatA.71 rAjA zaka jAtinA hoi, A sthAne lavAnIya niyukti karatA.72 A pade niyukta thatA amAtyamAM AvA guNNA apekSita hatA : yathAvat artha, dha ane vyavahAranAM danAthI anurAga vadhAranAra, zakta, dAMta, acapala, avismita, Aya, a-hA, sArA adhiSThAnavALA.73 mAmAM a-hAya arthAt a-dhanahA e vizeSaNa khAsa noMdhapAtra che, kemake e parathI adhikArIe tyAre paNa lAMcaruzavata letA heAvAnu ne emAM suvizAkha jevA apavAda hAvAnu sucita thAya che. kSetrapa-rAjyamAM, khAsa karIne kSaharAta rAjyanA dakSiNa bhAgamAM, "AhAra'' nAme vahIvaTI vibhAga pracalita hatA. 74 A vibhAga saMbhavataH e samaye gujarAtamAM paNa pracalita haze. "viSaya" ane "pathaka'" jevA bIjA vahIvaTI vibhAge! e samaye ahIM pracalita hatA ke kema e jANavA maLatuM nathI. nAnA vahIvaTI ekameAmAM nagara tathA grAmanA ullekha Ave che.pa nANA-vyavahAramAM ''kArpApaNuM" pracalita hatA. cAMdInA ardha-sma tAlanA kArlApaNuM seMkaDAnI saMkhyAmAM maLe che.76 35 kramma=1 "suvarNa " gaNAtA.99 akSayanAvi( eDI thApaNa )nI rUe enuM 1 TakA ke nA TakA (mAsika) vyAja AvatuM.7 nikrAya(zreNI)mAM AvI dhIradhAra thatI.79 kSatrapa rAjAonA sikkA prAya: cAMdInA, gALa AkAranA, ane mamma tAlanA hoya che. enA agrabhAga para rAjAnA uttarAMganI AkRti ane enI AsapAsa zrIkra-rAmana akSarAnA lisATA tathA sikkA pADavAnA varSanI saMkhyA hAma che; pRSThabhAga para vacce pata, nadI, sUrya, caMdra vagere prakRti-tattvanAM

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ra08 ] mo kAlathI guptakAla [pra. cihna ane enI AsapAsa rAjanA pUrA nAmanuM prAkRta lakhANa hoya che (AkRti 6). kSatrapa rAjyanA lekhomAM zaka saMvatanAM varSa apAtAM. anya adhikArIomAM senApatino ullekha Ave che. A pada para AbhanIya niyukita thatI.80 rAjya -mahesUlanAM mukhya sAdhane bali, zuka ane bhAga hatAM.81 rAjakozamAM suvarNa, rajata, vaja, vaiDUrya ane ratnone saMgraha thato.82 senAmAM azvadaLa, gajadaLa ane rathadaLano samAveza thato.83 AyumAM asi (paga) ane camaDhAlanI khAsa ullekha Ave che.84 Ama kSatrapakAlIna rAjyataMtra vize keTalIka mAhitI maLe che. zava bhaTTArakane zAsanakAla zarva bhaTTArakanA sikkAo kSatraponA sikakA jevA che. vigatavAra sAdhanA abhAve enA samayanA rAjyataMtra vize kaMI mAhitI upalabdha nathI. gupta zAsanakAla gupta samrATonA cAMdInA sikakAomAM kumAragupta mahedrAditya ane skaMdagupta kramAdityanA sikakAo gujarAtamAM saMkhyAbaMdha maLe che. A sikakA ekaMdare kSatrapa-sikkAo jevA che, paraMtu emAM zaka saMvatane badale gupta saMvatanAM varSa ApelAM che ne parvatAdi prakRti tavone sthAne garuDanuM cihna aMkita kareluM che. kaMdaguptanA jUnAgaDha zaila-lekha85 parathI e samayanA sthAnika rAjayataMtra vize keTalIka mAhitI sAMpaDe che. Adarza rAjA zatruone garva toDato ane enA rAjyamAM koI dharmavimukha, Arta, daridra, vyastI, kada, daMDa ke bahupIDita nA hoya evuM manAtuM. " | gupta sAmrAjyanA sarva deza'mAM "ptA" nAme adhikArIo nimAtA.87 enAmAM anurUpa, atimAna, vinIta, medhAvI, mRtimAna, satya-Arjava-audAryanayathI yukta, mAdhuryadAkSiNya-yazathI saMpanna, bhakta, anurA, vRvizeSa-yukta, vizuddha buddhivALo, bhAvavALo aMtarAtmA dharAvata, sarva lekanA hitamAM pravRtta, arthanA vAjabI arjana, rakSaNa, vRddhi ane pAtra-pratipAdana mATe samarthadatyAdi guNo apekSita gaNAtA.88 skaMdaguptanA samayamAM samasta surASTra mATe goptA nimAye hato.89 uttara gujarAta, dakSiNa gujarAta ane kaccha mATe evI kaI alaga vyavasthA thaI haze.

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10 muM] rAjyataMtra [209 guptakAlamAM Anarta ane surASTranA alaga vahIvaTI vibhAga pADavAmAM AvyA lAge che. gupta-sAmrAjyamAM pazcima dizAmAM Avela surASTra pradeza mahattvanuM sthAna dharAvato.90 ahIM "deza" e "rASTranA arthamAM hovo saMbhave. gupta sAmrAjyanA pUrva bhAgamAM moTo vahIvaTI vibhAga "mukti" kahevAto ne enA vaDA adhikArIne "uparika" kahetA. 91 surASTra e bhakti karatAM meTa vibhAga hoya to enA goptAne "rASTriya ke rASTrapAla' kahetA haze. surASTramAM tathA gujarAtanA bIjA vibhAgomAM bhakti, viSaya, AhAra, pathaka dayAdi peTA-vibhAgo haze, paraMtu enA koI ullekha upalabdha nathI, evI rIte rASTriyanI nIce uparika, kumArAmAtya, viSayapati ItyAdi anya adhikArIo paNa haze e spaSTa che. 92 surASTranuM vaDuM mathaka girinagara hatuM ne e nagaranA vahIvaTa mATe enA goptAe potAnA guNI putra cakrapAlitanI nimaNUka karI hatI.93 A parathI nagarapAlakanI niyukti dezano goptA karato hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che. girinagaranA sudarzana taLAvane setu tUTI jatAM, nagarapAlike prajAnA, rAjAnA tathA goptAnA hita arthe e setune punaH baMdhAvI sudarzana taLAva samarAvyuM hatuM.94 A parathI guptakAlamAM AvA pUrta kAryanI javAbadArI rASTranA nahi, paNa nagaranA adhikArIne zire rahetI hovAnuM mAluma paDe che. gujarAtamAM guptakAlanA anya abhilekha maLyA na hoI e samayanA prAdezika rAjyataMtra vize sIdhI vizeSa mAhitI upalabdha nathI, chatAM gupta sAmrAjyamAMthI svataMtra thaI sthapAyelA maitraka rAjyanAM tAmrazAsanomAMthI e kAlanA rAjyataMtranI je vipula rUparekhA jANavA maLe che, tenI ghaNuM bhUmikA ahIM guptakAla daramyAna pravartI haze e spaSTa che. I-2-14

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210] mauryakAlathI guptakAla pAdaTIpa 1. yonakaMbojagaMdhArAnaM ri( rA )sTikapeteNikAnaM ye vA pi aMje AparAtA (giranAra raulalekha naM. 5); sonavoTu namanAmAMtiyuM moLiyu H]YI (giranAra zailalekha naM. 13). pazcima ghATanI guphAomAM mAtra ane mAmona nA ullekha Ave che te mahArASTra ane kaNanI prajAne lAgu paDe che (D. R. Bhandarkar, Asoka, pp. 30 f.) 2. bhojakulanA yAdave vidarbha tathA daMDakamAM vasatA (R. C. Raychaudhuri, PHAI, pp. 46 ff.) 3. khvonasurApUkSatrikhyAta vArtArA pagIvanaH (11. 1, ka) 4. uparano ullekha saMghonA saMdarbhamAM Ave che. A parathI kAbeja ane surASTramAM gaNataMtra pravartatuM hovAnuM mAnavAmAM Ave che (K. A. Nilkanta Sastri, Age of the Nandas and Mauryas, p. 173) pachInA vAkyamAM lichavika, vRjika. malaka, madraka ityAdi prajAono ullekha karelo che, je gaNataMtra anusaratI (arthazAstra, 11, 1, 5). paraMtu surASTrane lagatA vAkyamAM tyAMnI to kSatriya zreNI vArtA (kRSi, vANijya ane pazupAlana ) ane zastra dvArA AjIvikA meLavatI evo ja ullekha karelo che. azokanA samayamAM surASTramAM piMgala nAme rAjA hato e anuzruti paNa gaNataMtranI mAnyatAnI viruddha jAya che. 5. gi. va. AcArya, "gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekho", bhAga 1, lekha 6, paMkti 8 6. "rASTriyane rAja-cAla (rAjAne sALo) evo artha paNa thato (3marorA g. 98). Bombay Gazetteer all y. Hi Dua Early History of Gujurat Hi ene A artha apanAvavAmAM Avyo che ( p. 13). paraMtu kalhanuM pratipAdita kare che tema ahIM A zabda prAMtIya sUbAnA arthamAM prajAyo gaNAya (Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII, p. 46). amarakeza paranI TIkAmAM kSIrasvAmI jaNAve che tema "rASTriya"ne sAmAnya artha "rASTrAdhikRta" (rASTrane adhikArI) che. rASTriya"ne mULa artha "rASTrano vatanI" che. rAjyataMtramAM ene mukhya artha rASTrane adhikArI thatuM haze. A adhikAra para rAjA prAya: potAnA sALAnI nimaNuka karato haze e parathI eno AnuSaMgika artha "rAjAne sALa" thaye lAge che. vaphAdArInI daSTie sALo sahuthI vadhu vizvasanIya gaNAya. rASTriya prAya: hAI kamizanara jevI bhAre sattA dharAvato. * The Rashtriya of the inscription seems to have been a sort of Imperial High Commissioner', and the position of Pushyagupta was probably like that of Lord Cromer in Egypt',

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1muM ] rAjyataMtra [211 (1. cf. the type met with in the Near East after the First World War. The High commissioner acted for the de facto paramount power. His office does not preclude the possibility of the existence of a local potentate or potentates. Note also Wendel Wilkie's observations (One World, p. 13) on the British " ambassador" to Egypt, who is "for all practical purposes its actual ruler" (Raychaudhuri, PHAI., pp. 289 f.). kauTilyanA arthazAstramAM gumAra, pauravyavahArika, phArmAnita, mannina, rASTrapatra, annapAtra vagerene pagAra sarakhe jaNAvyo che (5, 6, 7,). 9. Hultzsch, Corp. Ins. Ind., Voi I, pp. 92 ff. C. H. D. Sankalia, Studies in Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat, pp. 21 f. c. safarg (The Questions of King Milinda), pt. II, p. 250 n.; mahAvaMsa, 13; moviMsa, pR. 18) 20. H. C. Raychaudhuri, PHAI, P, 248 29. D. R. Bhandarkar, Asoka, p. 31 92. Hultzsch, op. cit., pp. 4 f. 13. azekane cotho staMbhalekha (Hultzsch, pp. cit, pp. 121 f.). 98. V. A. Smith, Asoka, p. 94 15. Ibid, p. 94 94. H. C. Raychaudhuri, op. cit., pp. 319 f. 90. H. D. Sankalia, Archaeology of Gujarat, p. 191; SHCGEG, p. 21 18. azokanA mAtra sAranAtha staMbhalekhamAM "vipa" pradezanA arthamAM prayojAyo che ne tyAM paNa da-viSaya arthAta keTanI AsapAsane pradeza evA arthamAM. sAranAtha ane rUpanAthanA kaula lekhomAM "jyAM sudhI tamArA AhAra (hAya)" evo zabdaprayoga Ave che, tyAM mahArane artha "hakUmata nIce pradeza" evo thAya che. kauTilyanA arthazAstramAM A be zabda vahIvaTI peTA-vibhAgo mATe prayojAyA nathI. 19. zauTilya, arthazAstra, 5, 7, 6; 1, 8-10, 2, 5- 6 20. pagana, 2, 36 21. paura-vyAvahArikane pagAra kumAra ane rASTrapalanA pagAra jeTalo hato (auTilya, arthazAstra, 1, 2, 7)..

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ra12] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. azokanA kaliMga zailalekhamAM "nagaravyavahAraka" zabda prayojAyo che. (Hultzsch, op. cit, pp. 92 ft.) 22. durganivezanA prakaraNamAM "nagarAdhyakSane ullekha Ave che (arthazAstra, 2, 4, 11). smitha dhAre che ke megesthanIe jaNAvela adhikAra-maMDaLone kauTilya ullekha karyo nathI (EHI, pp. 148 f.). paraMtu vamuhacamanirca jAdhiraLa thAt (2, 5, 21) tathA adhyakSAH saMkhyAyaka-lekhaka-rUpadarzaka-nIvIgrAhakoktarAdhyakSa-sakhA: kamANi kuryuH (2, 6, 28)mAM adhyakSanA madadanIzane spaSTa ullekha Ave che. 23. V. A. Smith, Early History of India, pp. 133 ff; R. K. Mookerji, The age of Imperial Unity, Ch. IV, pp. 63 f.; H. C. Raychaudhuri, op. cit., p. 284 24. juo azakane pAMcamo salalekha. 24. Punch-marked 29. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, "bhAratIya sikke '', pR. 48 se 27. B. G., Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 17, n. 1 26. P. L. Gupta, " Punch-marked coins in Baroda Museum," Baroda Museum Bulletin, Vol. X-XI, pp. 63 ff.; AR. ASI, 1917-18, pt. I, p. 30. 26. Baroda Museum Bulletin, 1953-55, p. 67 39. M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, pp. 37 f. 31. B. G., Vol. I, pp. 1, pp. 16 ff. DaoN. bhagavAnalAla iMdrajIe lagabhaga pacIsa varSanA gALAmAM saurASTra ane gujarAtanA bIjA bhAgomAM je sikkAono saMgraha karyo hato temAM bAlika-vana sikAomAM eukatidane eka obola (e nAmano nAno sikko ), menandaranA thoDAka kazma (e nAmanA cAMdInA sikkA) ane apaladatanA ghaNA karmo tathA tAMbAnA be prakAranA sikkA maLelA. dimitrane ekeya sikko maLelo nahi ( Ibid.). 32. Ibid., p. 16. be kamma, traNa kamma vagere moTA sikkA maLyA nathI. 33. A grIka lakhANane artha "rAjA trAtA menandarane (sikko)" evo thAya che. 34. "mahArAja trAtA menandarane (sikko)". 35. B. G., Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 18; P. M. C., VI, p. 379 36. P. M. C, IV, pp. 263, 276. menandaranA mAthA para Tepa hoya che, jyAre apaladate khullA mAthA para paTTI bAMdhI hoya che. "Apollodotou" ane "mati .

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10 muM ] rAjyataMtra [rA 37. arthAt "rAjA trAtA pitavatsala apaladatane (sikko). 38. arthAta "mahArAjA trAtA apaladatane (sikko )". 39. B. G., Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 18 40. arthAt "rAjA trAtA apaladatane (sikko )". 41. B. G., Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 18 42-44. Ibad. 45 juo upara pR. 90, pAdarI pa24. 46. B. G, Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 18 47. juo upara pR, 106, 108. xc. D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization, Vol. I, Book II, Nos. 58-61 49. Ibid., No. 62 50. Ibid., Nos. 63-66 51. juo upara pra. 128 ane 131. para. nahapAnanA prAkRta guphAlekhamAM sAmAnyataH A rUpa prayojAyuM che ( Sincar, op. cit., Nos. 58-60 ). kArdamaka kSatraponA saMskRta zilAlekhamAM temaja prAkRta sikkA-lekhamAM paNa A rU5 vaparAyuM che. nahapAnanA keTalAka prAkRta guphA-lekhamAM ene badale "vatA" rUpa prayojAyuM che (Sircar, op. cit., Nos. 61-62). uttaranA kSatraponA prAkRta zilAlekhamAM "kSatra' ane "kSatrapa' rUpe vaparAyAM che ( Ibid., Nos. 24-26); uparAMta "chatrapa' ane "chatra' rUpAMtara paNa maLe che (B, G, Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 21). 53. grIka sAhityamAM "satrapes' (satrap) rUpa pracalita hatuM. e pahelAM IrAnanA samrATa dArayanA behistUna abhilekhamAM "kSatrapAvana rUpa prayojAyuM che. "kSatrapAvana" e janI IrAnI bhASAno zabda che ne eno artha kSatra-pAla arthAt rAjya-pAla e thAya che (B. G, Vol. I, pt. 1, p. 21, n. 7). ' A jUnA IrAnI zabdanuM pahelavI rUpa "gopana" che ne enuM avestI rUpa "kSapAta' che. ene artha "rAjyapAla thAya che (jamInadAra, kSatrapakAlIna gujarAta: "itihAsa ane saMskRti" pR. 73, pAdaTIpa 5). dAraye nImelA prAMtIya sUbA "kSathapAvana' kahevAtA. IrAnI rAjyanA pradeza para sattA dharAvatA bAhilaka cavanae, "satrapeias" (satrapies) parathI sUcita thAya che tema, "Satrapes" rUpa cAlu rAkhyuM (B. G., Vol. I, pt. , p. 22). bhAratamAM

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mo kAlathI guptakAla [31. 214] IrAnathI AvelA zaka-pahalaveA ane kuSANAnA amala daramyAna A zabda " kSatrapa " rUpe pracalita thayA. " :: 54. jyAre sUkSmAe svataMtra thatA tyAre " kSatrapa'' nA prayAga 'rAjA '' nA arthAMmAM thatA. pahalava dezanA I. sa. 50 nA behissUna lekhamAM Satrapes ton Satrapon ( Satrap of Satraps) e biruda "rAntanA rAjA '' nA arthAMmAM prayAAyu che (B. G., Vol. I, pt, I, pp. 1, 22, n. ). dra 55. emanA sikkAe paranAM lakhANe! parathI A spaSTa thAya che. 56. ekI sAthe baMne pAtapeAtAnA nAmanA sikkA paDAvatA evu e sikkA paranAM lakhANA tathA varSo parathI spaSTata: phalita thAya che. 57. jamInadAra, ejana, pR. 221; jue kSatrapa rAjAenI va`zAvaLI, rudradAmA 1 lA pachI ene meTA putra dAmajadathI 1 leA, enA pachI ene anuja rudrasiMha 1 leA, enA pachI dAmajadazrI 1 lAnA meTo putra satyadAmA, pachI ene anuja jaivadAmA, pachI vaLI rudrasiMha 1 lAno mATe putra rudrasena 1 leA, pachI enA anuja sadhadAmA, pachI ene anuja dAmasena, pachI pAchA rudrasena 1 lAnA meTo putra pRthivIsena ane pachI enA anuja dAmajadazrI 2 je, tyAra pachI vaLI dAmasenanA cAra putrA - vIradAmA, coAdAmA, vijayasena, dAmajadathI 3 ! -- kramaza:, ne pachI pAche vIradAmAnA putra rudrasena 2 jo, enA pachI ene meTA putra vizvasiMha ane enA pachI ene anuja bha dAmA uttarAdhikAra prApta kare che. 58. DaoN. 5. lA. gupta dhAre che ke kAmaka kSatrapa rAjAomAM kSatrapanI nimaNuka mahAkSatrapanA amalanAM chellAM varSo daramyAna karavAmAM AvatI ( Bulletin of the Prince of Wales Museum, Nos. 3-4, pp. 50 f.), paraMtu mahAkSatro ane kSatrapeAnA sikkAenAM varSonI tulanA karatAM kSatrapanA adhikAra mahAkSatrapanA amalanA aMtabhAgamAM zarU thatA hAya evuM bhAgyeja mAlUma paDe che; keTalIka vAra e enA madhyabhAgamAM ane kayAreka enA AraMbhamAM ya zarU thatA. A parathI jaNAya che ke kSatrapapada sAmAnyataH sagIra vaya pUrI thatAM ja prApta thatuM haze (jamInadAra, enjana, pR. 223-24). 59. aMdhaunA brilekhAmAM koIne mATe nahi. jUnAgaDha zailalekhamAM gaDhAnA zilAlekhamAM - cASTana, jayadAmA, rudradAmA-1 ane rudrasiha 1 mATe svAmI ' cASTrana, jayadAmA, rudradAmA 1, rudrasiMha 1 ane rudrasena 1 mATe '* svAmI cASTrana, rudradAmA ane rudrasiM'ha mATe 'bhadramukha ' paNa. (Sircar, op. cit., Nos. 63-66, 67, 69, 72) sikkAo para e paikI mAtra jayadAmA mATe svAmI " pada vaparAyuM che

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10 muM] rAjyataMtra [ ra15 anya kSatrapakulemAM rAjA kSatrapa rudrasiMha 2 jAnA pitA chavAmAM mATe, rAjA mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAM 2 jA ane rAjA mahAkSatrapa rudrasena 3 jA mATe, rAjA mahAkSatrapa siMhasena ane rAjA mahAkSatrapa rudrasena 4 thA mATe tathA rAjA mahAkSatrapa satyasiMha ane rAjA mahAkSatrapa TukasiMha 3 jA mATe "svAmI" pada prayojAyuM che. A parathI "svAmI" pada zilAlekhamAM zarUAtanA rAjAo mATe ane sikkAo para chellA rAjAo mATe pracalita hovAnuM mAluma paDe che. 60. jamInadAra, ejana, pR. 226-27 ' bharatanA "naTarAtrimAM A pada yuvarAja mATe prajavAnuM jaNAvyuM che (sa. 17, zno. 76). ahIM A pada e maryAdita artha dharAvatAM na hoI sAmAnya mAnavAcaka zabda tarIke prajAmAM jaNAya che. jUnAgaDha zailalekhamAM cAina ane jayadAmAM mATe "sugRhItanAnaH" tathA rudradAmA mATe "gurumirakhyaratanImno" evuM pada prayojAyuM che, te "mamuistri" sAthe sAmya dharAve che. __51. A garbhAtprabhRtyavihitasamuditarAjalakSmIdhAraNAguNatassa+varNairabhigamya rakSaNArtha qta tena (pita ) 62. svImaghiAtamAkSatrapanAnA (paMkti 15) 63. rudradAmAne jUnAgaDha raulalekha, paMkti 9-15 64. ejana, paMkti 20 65. ejana, paMkti 17 66. ejana, paMkti 11 A pradezanA sthaLanirNaya mATe juo Sircar, op. cit, p. 172, n. i. ane umAzaMkara jozI, "purANomAM gujarAta", pR. 11-12 67. pArthivena kRtsnAnAmAnartasurASTrAnA(NAM) pAlanArthanniyuktena (paM. 18) 68. paMkti 19 69. juo upara pI. TI. 62. 70. paMkti 15-20 71. juo upara pA. TI 62. 7. Anarta -surASTrane rASTriya suvizAkha palava hato. 73. paMkti 19-20 74. dA. ta. nahapAnanA samayanA nAsika guphAlekhamAM jaNAvela kApUrAhAra (Sircar, op. cit, p. 58)

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mo kAlathI guptakAla 5. Sircar, op. cit., Nos. 67, 69, 70 76. jue upara pR. 167-87. 77-79. Sircar, op., cit., No. 58 90. Ibid., No. 69 81-82. rudradAmAnA junAgaDha zailalekha, paMkti 14 83-84. ejana, pakta 13 16] [x. 85. Fleet, Corp. Ins. Ind., Vol. III, pp. 58 ff.; Sircar, op. cit., Book III, No. 25 86. kSeA. 4-6 87. zla|. 7 88. leA. 8-10 89. niliyAnuM surASTrAna (^o. 11); surASTrAvaniSAnAya (jo. 12 ) 90. zla|. 13 91. jue guptakAlanAM dAmeAdarapura-tAmrapatra ( Ep. Ind., Vol. XV, pp. 130 ff; Sircar, op. cit., Nos. 18, 19, 34, 39). 92. gupta sAmrAjyanA pUrva bhAgamAM upareika kumArAmAtya tathA viSayapatinI niyukti karatA ( ejana ). 93. skaMdaguptanA jUnAgaDha zailalekha, zlA. 20 94. ejana, kSeA. 26-39 95. enu vigatavAra nirUpaNa graMtha 3 mAM rAjyata MtranA prakaraNamAM karavAmAM Avaze.

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khaMDa 3 sAMskRtika ItihAsa

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prakaraNa 11 sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti samAjaracanA vize-varNo ane jAtio vize mauryakAlIna gujarAta paratve kaI khAsa mAhitI maLatI nathI; kSetrapAla vize paNa A bAbatamAM mAhitI nahivata che; paNa guptakAlamAM varNAzrama ane smRtionuM zAsana sthApita thaI cUkyAM hatAM ane samAjajIvana tadanusAra saMgaThita thayuM hatuM ema jaNAya che. varSonA vyavasAya nizcita hatA. anulema lagnonI chUTa hatI, paNa samAjajIvanamAM jJAtivyavasthAnAM baMdhana AvavAne hajI saikAonI vAra hatI. paDAM sIvavAnI kaLA pracalita hatI, paNa puruSa ane strIo moTe bhAge sIvyA vagaranAM, sUtaranAM, UnanAM ke rezamanAM vastro paheratAM. ucca varganA puruSa meTe bhAge be vastro-eka dhotiyuM ane bIjuM oDhavAnuM-paheratA, ane gharabahAra jatI vakhate mAthA upara kaMIka bAMdhatA. strIo eka vastra zarIranA nIcalA bhAga para vaTatI ane vastrane eka TukaDI upalA bhAgamAM chAtI upara bAMdhatI.. kSatrapa rAjAonA sikkA uparathI emanI devabhUSA vize keTalIka mAhitI maLe che. kSatrapa rAjAo lAMbI mUcho rAkhatA ane gAla upara enA AMkaDA caDAvatA. teo lAMbA vALa rAkhatA ane kAna AgaLa thebhiyA rAkhatA. kAnamAM kuMDaLa ane mAthA upara Topa jevuM paheratA haze ema jaNAya che. strIo ane puruSanA keTalAka alaMkArone nAmanirdeza saMbhavataH kSatrapAlamAM racAyelA jainanA prAkRta "aMgavijo" prakIrNakamAM ane cothA pAMcamA saikA AsapAsa prAkRtamAM racAyela jaina dharmakathA "vasudeva- hiMDI"mAM maLe che, jo ke A be graMtho gujarAtamAM ke prAcIna gurjaradezamAM ja racAyelA che evuM nizcayapUrvaka kahI zakAya ema nathI. vividha prakAranAM vastronA saMkhyAbaMdha ullekha "vasudeva hiMDImAM che. pIMchIthI raMgelAM cinAI vastra, zubhra sUkSma ane dhavala "haMsalakSaNa vastra, indravaja upara vIMTALavA mATenuM "palAzapaTa" nAme vastra, taLAI uparanA ochADa mATe "paTTa 219

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rara0] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. tUlikA" nAme vastra, tathA dakula, cInAMzuka kauzala, kasavardhana (?) Adi vastronAM nAma emAM che. khAnapAnanI vividha vAnagIonA ullekha A be temaja anya prAcIna graMthomAM che, paNa e uparathI keI saLaMga citra upasAvI zakAtuM nathI. alabatta, parAgama prA. ghorAma)-pAkazAstrane lagato eka mahattvano ullekha "vasudeva-hiMDImAM che, je batAve che ke pAkazAstra paNa rItasara adhyayanane pAtra gaNAtA viSayomAM eka hato. 3 jUnA kALathI svIkArAyelAM senAnAM cAra aMga-hAthI, azva, padAti ane ratha A samaye paNa cAlu haze. laDavAnuM kAma moTe bhAge kSatriya karatA, paNa yuddhakalAnA AcAryomAM pUrva paraMparAnusAra brAhmaNa paNa haze. kSatriya-zreNionI vAta karatAM "arthazAstra" nedhe che ke kAja surASTra AdinI kSatriya-zreNio khetI-vepAra ane zatrathI AjIvikA meLave che joga-surASTra-kSatriya-brakhyA vArtAstronI vina: 11, 1, 4) TheTha mauryakAlamAM surASTranA zopajIvI varga vizenI mAhitI-je varga zAMtinA samayamAM vArtA-khetI ane tatsaMbaddha vyavasAyamAM vyAkRta raheto haze ane jarUra paDye hathiyAra upADIne laDavA jato haze- sUcaka che. vaLI "arthazAstranA ullekha anusAra, surASTranAM jaMgalomAM hAthIo thatA hatA ane e kaliMga, aMga, karupa Adi pradezanA hAthIo karatAM nAnA kadanA hatA. A hAthIone jaMgalamAMthI pakaDI parIne gajadaLamAM rakhAtA haze ema mAnavuM ucita che. giranAranI taLeTImAMnA mahAkSatrapa rudradAmAnA lekhanI teramI paMktimAM turaMga gaja-rathacaryAne, "asi-carma"( talavAra ane DhAla)nI ane "niyudha" -saMbhavataH kustI-ne ullekha che, e takAlIna saMrakSaNa-vyavasthA ane lazkarI tAlImanI daSTie noMdhapAtra che. zastravidyA ane yuddhakSA vyavasthita adhyayanane viSaya hoI bANa, astra, zastra ane rathacaryAnA zikSaNamAM kuzaLa AcAryo vize ullekha "vasudeva-hiMDI''nI kathAomAM maLe che. vaLI e zikSaNanI paripATI vize paNa keTalIka vAta che. emAMnA agaDadA nAme pAtra AcArya pAse bANavidyA ane zastravidyA zIkhavAne prAraMbha karyo. pachI "zalAkA kAkI, pAMca prakAranI muSTi zI, punAgane che ke, mukhribaMdha zIkhe, lakSyavedhI ane daDha prahAra karavAnI zaktivALe ba, chUTAM pheMkavAnAM ane yaMtrathI pheMkavAnAM ema be prakAranAM bANa ane astramAM niSNAta tha, ane anya prakAranAM tarupatana, chedya, bhedya ane yaMtravidhAnone pAragAmI thA." "vasudeva-hiMDInuM mukhya kathAnaka jemanI AtmakathArUpe rajU thayuM che te

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11 muM] sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti [221 vasudeva anyatra keTalAka rAjakumArane kahe che : "anna, vastra ane apAtra jANuM chuM. page cAlatA athavA hAthI upara beThelA yoddhAne mATe astra che. ghoDesavArane mATe apAtra che, tathA khaga, kanaka, tAmara, bhiDimAla, phUla, cakra Adi vyastra che. Ayudhe choDavAnI traNa rIta-daDha, vidaDha ane uttara paNa jANuM chuM. hAthIne caturAIpUrvaka khelAvavAnAM vividha varNana e graMthamAM che. roSe bharAyelA hAthIne damavAnI ane bhamAvavAnI rItamAM siMhAvalI, daMtAlI, gAtralIna, zArdulalaMghana, purAvaNa vagere che. zatru upara ghA karavAne mATe athavA kuTalajyanA vedhana mATe yoddho pALA paga karIne Ubho rahe e sthitine "vizAkhAthAna" nAma ApeluM che.' yuddhakAlamAM jhaDapI saMdezAvyavahAra agatyano hoya. hAthI ane ghoDA uparAMta jhaDapathI doDatA khepiyAo paNa emAM upayogI thatA haze. vikrama pUrve pAMcamI zatAbdImAM bharukaccha avaMtInA rAjA pradyota athavA caMDapradyotanA AdhipatyamAM hatuM. jaina AgamAMnI anuzruti pramANe pradyotano dUta lehajaMdha eka divasamAM pacIsa yojananI saphara karI zakato hato ane e pradyotanA hukame laIne vAraMvAra bharukaccha Avato hato. Ama navA navA hukamo lAvatA baMdha karavA mATe lekAe ene eka vAra viSamizrita bhAthuM ApyuM hatuM, paNa mArgamAM mAnazukana thatAM lehaja ghe e khAdhu nahatuM. lehajaMghanA zarIrabaLa vizenI anuzruti vicAratAM e mallavidyAmAM pAraMgata hovo joIe. mallavidyAne lagatI bIjI keTalIka anubhutio paNa maLe che. ujajayinIne eka ajeya mahala aNa nAme hate. sopArakane siMdagiri rAja mallAnI sAThamArI karAvato ane je jIte tene ghaNuM dravya Apato. AmAM adraNa prativarSa epAraka jaIne vijyacihna tarIke patAkA laI Avato. AthI sihagiri rAjAe eka mAchInuM baLa pArakhIne ene pi: ane e mAlvika-mAchI mala tarIke oLakhA, bIje varSa aTTaNa Avyo tyAre bhAsTika malle ene harAvI dIdho. eka yuvake potAne harAvyo tethI mAnabhaMga thayelA aNu, surASTramAM enI barAbarI kare evo mala che ema sAMbhaLIne enI zodhamAM sopArakathI surASTra tarapha jato hato tyAM mArgamAM bharukaccha pAse eNe eka baLavAna kheDUtane je. dhanavAna banAvavAnI lAlaca ApIne aTTaNa ene potAnI sAthe ujajayinI laI gayo ane mallavidyA zIkhavI. e kheDUta te phalaDImalla. pachI teo baMne sopAraka AvyA tyAM phalahI ane mAsTikanuM yuddha thayuM. phalahIne aNanuM mArgadarzana hatuM. e bhalayuddhamAM bhAtiyaka hAryo ane maraNa pAmyo. adraNa tyAra pachI kauzAMbI gaye. tyAM eNe kauzAMbInA rAjAnA malla niraMgaNane mallayuddhamAM,

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222] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. parAjaya karIne ene mArI nAkhyo. vAstavika sAmAjika sthiti A kathAomAM nirUpaNa pAmI hoya evo saMbhava che. prAcIna bhArata ane gujarAtamAM mallavidyAnA itihAsa mATe A ullekha agatyanA che, kemake harivaMza, bhAgavata AdimAM kRSNa balarAmanA tathA kaMsanA caritraprasaMgamAM tathA mahAbhArata AdimAM duryodhana, bhIma AdinA caritraprasaMgamAM AvatA mala ane mallayuddhanA nirdeza bAda karIe te, e prakAranA ullekho ke kathAno prAcIna sAhityamAM virala che. gujara-dezamAM mallavidyAnI paraMparA ghaNI prAcIna che ane gujarAtanA jyeSThImalla brAhmaNomAM kaMsa rAjAnA brAhmaNa mallenI paripATInuM sAtatya jevuM vadhu paDatuM nathI.' ApaNu abhyAsapAtra kAlakhaMDamAM khetInI jamInanI mAlikI kheDUtonI vyaktigata haze ane rAjyanI mAlikI nakAmI ane paDatara jamIna pUratI haze ema jaNAya che. e samaye gujarAtane mukhya vyavasAya khetI hatI, ane khetInA vikAsa pratye rAjya taraphathI pUratuM dhyAna apAtuM haze. sudarzana sarovaranuM bAMdhakAma, emAMthI kADhelI nahera, eno baMdha tUTI jatAM prajAmAM vaheMle hAhAkAra ane rAjyanA uccAdhikArIo dvArA rAjyane kharca thayeluM enuM samArakAma-e badhI vigatothI enuM samarthana thAya che. 9 gujarAtanI prajA, lAMbA samudrakinArAne kAraNe, prAcIna kALathI ja vepAravaNajamAM mokhare hatI. grIka lakhANavALA ane sikaMdaranA anuyAyI rAjA apaladata ane minendranI chApavALA sikkAonuM calaNa bArigAjhA(bharUca)mAM che temaja dezI calaNanA badalAmAM jenA upara sAro varAva maLe che tevA sonA-cAMdInA sikkA tyAM Utare che, e prakAranA periplasanA lekhake e graMthamAM karelA ullekhothI sucita thAya che ke kSatrapakAlanA AraMbhamAM videzo sAthe, khAsa karIne grIsa ane rema sAthe, gujarAtane bahoLo vepAra cAlato hato.10 bharukacchane rAjA novAhana (nahapAna) kezasamRddha hatA evI spaSTa noMdha Agama sAhityamAM che. bharUca baMdara prApha-kSatrapa kAlamAM paNa saMbhave che; je ke enI kharI jAhojalAlI kSatrapakalamAM jovA maLe che. bharUca uparAMta sopAraka-sopArA dariyAI vepAranuM moTuM keMdra hatuM. A sivAya dvArakA, mAMgaroLa, prabhAsa, gopanAtha, hAthaba, valabhI, gheghA, nagarA vagere samudrataTe ke samudranI najIka AvelAM sthAne vepAranAM keMdro tarIke susthApita thayAM hatAM ema jaNAya che. jaina Agama sAhityamAM keTaleka sthaLe bharukacchane droNamukha" kahyuM che. jala ane sthala ema baMne mArge jyAM vepAra mATe jaI zakAya te droNamukha; enA udAharaNa tarIke bharaka7 ane tAmraliptinAM nAma ApavAmAM AvyAM che. vepAranuM keMdra hoya tevA nagarane "pattana" paNa kahevAmAM AvatuM. "pattana" be

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11 su'] sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti [223 prakAranAM hoya : jyAM jala mAge mAla Ave te jalapattana, jemake dvIpa (dIva) ane kAnanadIpa ( ? ); jyAM sthalamAge mAla Ave te sthalapattana, jemake mathurA ane Ana Mdapura. vaLI keTalAka TIkAkArAe prAkRta 'paTTaNa" zabdanAM "TTana'' ane "pattana" evAM be saMskRta rUpe| svIkArIne baMnenA judA artha ApyA che; jyAM naukA mAraphata javAya te paTTana" ane jyAM gADAmAM ke dheDe besIne temaja naukAe dArA javAya te "pattana'"; jemake bharukaccha, 11 bharUca baMdarethI nikAsa thatA ane tyAM AyAta thatA mAlanI vigate "periplasa"mAMthI maLe che. kaTha ( coptus), jaTAmAMsI (spikenard), gUgaLa, hAthIdAMta, akIka, pannA, haratALa, sutarAu ane rezamI kApaDa, mulAyama kApaDa, meTI pIpara temaja bhAratanAM anya khajArAmAMthI AvatI bIjI cIjenI A baMdarethI nikAsa thatI. pAkaleza (puSkalAvatI), kAspapAIrI (AjanuM kAzmIra), pAraiApAnIsI (hindukuza), kAlitika (kAbulanI AsapAsaneA pradeza), sithiyA, ejhanI (ujjaina) temaja surASTra anebArigAjhA AsapAsanA mulakanI jarUriyAtanI badhI cIjo ane akIka, pannA, hiMdI malamala, mulAyama kApaDa, jaTAmAMsI, kapha, gUgaLa jevI cIjo bAragAjhA AvatI ane pachI tenI nikAsa thatI. videzI dArU, tAMbu, kalA, sIsuM, paravALAM, pokharAja, badhI tarehanuM kApaDa, kamarabaMdha, laviMga, apAradarzaka jADA kAca, hiMgaLA, mamAre! (antimony), seAnArUpAnA sikkA, rUpAnAM vAsaNa ane lepa jevI cIjenI A ba Mdare AyAta thatI. 12 Ama bharukaccha jalamAge temaja sthalamArge vepAranuM moTuM mathaka hatuM. mukhyatve A dRSTie pradyota jevA mALavAnA rAAne bharukaccha upara Adhipatya jALavavAnI jarUra lAgI haze, kemake cAre bAju jamInathI gherAyela samRddha avatInI lakSmI ekeya baMdara vinA rU MdhAtI hatI. prAcIna sAhityanA purAvA darzAve che ke DeDa I. pU. pAMcamI sadIthI mAMDI, A kAraNe, bharukaccha kAI vAra ujjayinInA, kAI vAra pratiSThAnanA, ane kAI vAra gujarAtanA zAsanamAM hoya, evuM cAlyA karatuM hatuM. bhAratanA hRdayabhAgamAM Avela ujjayinI ane pazcima kinArAnA sAthI dhIkatA baMdara bharukaccha vacce gADha vepArI saMbaMdha hatA. ujjayinI parApUrvathI sAmrAjyAnI rAjadhAnI hoI enI samRddhi savizeSa hAya ema bane. "kutrika" eTale tribhuvananI tamAma vastu jemAM maLe evA "ApaNuM" eTale dukAna te "kutrikApaNuM". pradyota jyAre ava Mti-janapada upara rAjya karatA hatA tyAre ujjayinImAM AvA nava kutrikApaNa hatA. bharukacchanA kAI vepArIe ujjayinInA eka kutrikApaNumAMthI eka bhUta kharIdyo hatA; vaNikanI suddhithI

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224] sauMca kAlathI guptakAla [v. peAte parAjita thayA enI yAdagIrImAM bhUta bharukacchanI uttare bAra yAjana dUra ''bhUtataDAga" nAme taLAva bAMdhyuM hatuM. evI anuzruti nAdhAI che. A prakAranI lekavArtAo kutrikApaNanA vRttAMta sAthe vaNAI gaI che e vastu batAve che ke putrikApaNa jyAre bhUtakALanI vastu banI gaI haze tyAre paNa leAkamAnase enI smRti kevI rIte sa MgharI rAkhI hatI. ujjiyetInI vANijyika samRddhi ane bharukacchane! e sAthenA gADha sapa paNa emAMthI phalita thAya che, 13 prAcIna kALanAM anya baMdarAnI jema bharUca baMdare paNa gulAmeAnA vepAra cAlatA haze. yudhiSThiranA rAjaya prasaMge AvelI bheTAmAM, bharukacchavAsIe dAsIe lAvyA hatA ema 'mahAbhArata'nI eka pADapara parAmAM che.14 bharukacchamAM AvelA eka paradezI vepArIe kaparI zrAvakapaNuM dhAraNa karIne keTalIka rUpavatI sAdhvIbene peAtAnA vahANa upara khelAvI emanuM haraNa karyuM hatuM .15 girinagara -jUnAgaDhanI traNa navaprasUtA strIe ujjaya ta upara gaI hatI tyAre cArA emanuM haraNa karI gayA hatA ane pArasaphUla-IrAnI akhAtanA kinArA upara emane vecI dIdhI hatI, evu paNa eka prAcIta kathAnaka che.16 girinagara pAsenAM jalapattanA paikI prabhAsa athavA enA velAkula-baMdara (verAvaLa)thI irAnI akhAta sudhI vahevAra calate! haze. "rAjaprakSA'', s 83mAM judA judA dezemAMthI AvelI dAsIenI yAdI ApI che temAMthI paNa jagatabharamAM vyApelA gulAmeAnA vepAranuM sUcana thAya che.16a paradezathI dhAnyabharelAM vahANu AvatAM sApArAmAM eka vAra dubhikSanA subhikSa thayA hatA, arthAt paradezathI dhAnyanI AyAta paNa thatI hatI. vepArIenI zreNI ke mahAjana (Trade Guild) vize paNa keTalIka mAhitI maLe che. ''nizIthANu''(Azare I. sa.nA sAtamA saikA)mAM nAMdhAyelI eka anuzruti pramANe sepArAmAM vepArIenAM pAMcasA kuTuMbe hatAM. emane kara mApha thayelA hatA, paNa tyAMnA rAjAe maMtrInA kahevAthI emanI pAse kara mAgyA, paraMtu "ema karavAthI putrapAtrAdie paNa kara ApavA paDaze' ema samajIne vepArIee nA pADI. rAjAe kahyuM ke kara na ApavA hoya teA agnipraveza karAi. AthI pAMcaseA vaNika peAtAnI strIe sAthe agnipraveza karIne maraNa pAmyA. A vaNikoe agAu seApArAmAM peAtAnuM eka sabhAgRha karAvyuM hatuM. temAM pAcaso sAlabhaMjikA hatI. pAMcasA pUtaLIovALu sabhAgRha e dRSTie nedhapAtra haze ane e badhAvanAr mahAjananI paNa samRddhi sUcave che. mApha karelA kara rAjAe levA dhAryA . e sAme virodha karatA badhA vepArIe maraNa pAmyA, e vastu paNa prAcIna zreNIonA

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11 muM] sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti [225 saMgaThananA pratIka jevI che. "nizItha sUtra"nI cUrNinA pUrvatara bhASyamAM A anuzruti noMdhAI che te enI prAcInatA sUcave che. 17 kArIgaronI zreNI saMjogavazAta sthaLAMtara karIne eka pradezamAMthI bIjA pradezamAM jatI. lATa pradezamAMthI madhya pradezanA dazapura(maMdira)mAM jaI vaselA pakavA (paTavA--paToLAM vaNanAra kArIgaro)nI zreNIe tyAM Isa. 436mAM sUryanuM maMdira bAMdhyuM hatuM. Arya samudra eka vAra vihAra karatA sopAraka gayA tyAre emanA anuyAyI, tyAMnA be zrAvakomAM eka zAkaTikagADAM calAvanAra ane bIje vaikaTika-dArU gALanAra hato, e batAve che ke dArU gALavAne vyavasAya bahu halake nahi gaNAto hoya. pAsenA mahArASTramAM paNa kalAle bahiSkRta gaNAtA nahotA ane emanI sAthe bIjAo bhojana laI zakatA evA anya prAcIna ullekhanI tulanA A sAthe karavA jevI che. 12 kokAsa e epArakane eka niSNAta yAMtrika hato. e eka rathakAranI dAsImAM brAhmaNathI utpanna thayela hatuM. rathakAranI badhI vidyA eNe zIkhI lIdhI hatI. eka vAra epArakamAM duSkALa paDatAM e ujajayinI Avyo. tyAM eNe yaMtrakapAta banAvyA ane rAja mATe yAMtrika garuDa paNa taiyAra karyo. 19 "vasudeva-hiMDI" anusAra, kekakAsa yavana dezamAM jaIne e dezanA sArthavAho ane vahANavaTIonA eka suthAra pAsethI UDatAM yaMtro banAvavAnI kaLA zIkhI Avyo hato ane pachI dezamAM AvIne eNe evAM yaMtro taiyAra karyA hatAM. 20 vikasita vepAravaNaja vastuonA kevaLa vinimayane AdhAre na saMbhave; e mATe nANAM ane nANAvaTanI apekSA rahe. prAraMbhamAM keDI jevI cIjone ane tyAra pachI cAMdI, tAMbuM ke anya dhAtuonA TukaDAono nANa tarIke upayoga thavA lAgyo. e TukaDA corasa, laMbacorasa, goLa ke laMbagoLa banavA lAgyA. evA TukaDAo upara nANAvaTIonAM, emanI zreNIonAM ke rAjyakartAonAM amuka cihna aMkita karavAnI prathA pAchaLathI zarU thaI. AvA sikakAne cihmAMkita ke Ata (punch-marked) sikakA kahe che. bhAratamAM jUnAmAM jUnA sikakA A prakAranA che. A sikakA upara pazu, pakSI, vRkSa, Ayudho ke anya sAMketika AkRtio jovAmAM Ave che. emAMnA pratyeka cine artha samajavo muzkela che; jeka emAM amuka akSare vaMcAtA hovAne AdhAre keTalAka rAjAonAM nAma emAMthI kADhavAmAM AvyAM che. A sikakAone prAcInakALa nidAna I.pU. 10 0 0 I-2-15

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rara6] moryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. thI I. sa. nA AraMbha sudhI gaaAmAM Ave che.20 a AvA sikkA gujarAtamAM aneka sthaLoethI maLyA che (AkRti 57 ).10ba enuM vajana lagabhaga 32 ratI hoya che. sikaMdaranA AkramaNa pachI vAyavya sarahada ane aphaghAnistAnanA bhAratIya- yavana rAjyanI sthApanA thaI enA rAjAo paikI minenTare I. sa. pUrve 150 nA arasAmAM gujarAta ane mALavAnA rAjAone harAvyA hatA ane gujarAtanI sarahade AveluM siMdha paNa enA tAbAmAM hatuM e vakhate enA sikkA gujarAtamAM pracalita thayA hoya e saMbhave che. e pachI traNa-cAraso varSa sudhI gujarAtanA kSatrapa, zarva ane gupta sikkAo upara bhAratIya vana ardha-dranI spaSTa asara jaNAya che. sikkA upara rAjAnI mukhAkRti chApavAno AraMbha bhAratamAM sei prathama grIkoe karyo, ane pachInA sikakA upara e asara ciraMjIva banI gaI gujarAtamAM minenTara ane apaladana(2 jAnA sikkA maLe che. (AkRti 58-59). periplasatA samaya sudhI e bharUcamAM calaNamAM hatA. 20 kSatrapa vaMzano itihAsa jANavAnuM mukhya sAdhana sikkA che. trapa rAjAonI AnupUrva sikkAone AdhAre nakakI karI zakAI che. pazcimI kSatraponA cAMdInA goLa nAnA bahusaMkhya sikkA maLyA che. cAMdI uparAMta tAMbAnA, paTananA (arthAt tAMbu, jasata, kalAI ane sIsuM e cAra dhAtuonA mizraNathI banelI dhAtunA che ane sIsAnA sikakA paNa DAka maLyA che. kSatraponA sikakAomAM videzI ane dezI uya paddhationuM mizraNa jovAmAM Ave che. sikakA nA agrebhAga upara grIka akSare ane rAjyanI mukhAkRti chApavAnI paddhati videzI asara mucave che, te pRSThabhAga upara brAhmI lipimAM prAkRta saMskRta bhASAnuM lakhANa bhAratIya asara sucave che; jo ke AraMbhakALanA traNeka rAjAo brAhmI uparAMta kharoSThI lipi paNa prayoje che. 21 kSatrapamAM jUnAmAM jUnA sikkA laharAta bhUmakA ane nahapAnanA che (AkRti 60-6 1). nahapAnanA rAjyakALanA uttara bhAgamAM dakSiNApathanA gautamIputra zAtakaNie gujarAtamAM potAnuM rAjya vistAryuM haze, kemake mULa nahapAnanA sikkA upara gautamIputranI chApa mArI hoya tevA hajAro sikakA maLyA che, joke pAchaLathI gujarAtanI jarUriyAta anusAra grIka ardha-- drampanI AkRtinA sikakA eNe paDAvyA hatA. kAdaMbhaka kSatrapa rAjakulanA sthApaka cArjune AraMbhelI paripATI pramANe, cAMdInA sikkA upara rAjanI sAthe enA pitAnuM nAma paNa aMkita kareluM hoI asaMdigdha vaMzAvalI banI rahe che.

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11 muM] sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti [227. vaLI e vaMzanA pAMcamA rAjA radrasiMha 1 lAe cAlu karelI prathAnusAra, cAMdInA sikkA upara rAjAnI mukhAkRtinI pAchaLa zaka saMvatamAM varSane ulekha hoI pratyeka rAjAnI rAjyakALano paNa nirNaya thaI zake che. joke bIjI dhAtuonA ghaNuM sikkA upara varSa ke lekha hoto nathI ane tethI e sikkA kayA rAjAnA ke kayA samayanA che e khAtarIpUrvaka kahI zakAtuM nathI, to paNa eka sAmAnya kathanarUpe te uparanuM vidhAna sAcuM che. kSatraponA sikkAomAM vaparAyelI cAMdI rAjasthAnanI khANomAMthI AvI hovAno abhiprAya, e sikakAonI rAsAyanika Adi tapAsathI prApta thayelA purAvAo dArA hamaNAM vyakta thayo che.23 kSatrapanA cAMdInA sikakA "kApaNa" tarIke oLakhAtA evuM anumAna karavAmAM AvyuM che. "ka" ane "paNa" e be zabdono kApaNa" banyo che. "kaI" eka vajana che. AthI kaI vajanano sikako te kApaNa, ema jaNAya che. enuM prAkRta rUpa "kahAvaNa" evuM "aMgavija" prakIrNakamAM AvyuM che. sikkAnuM "khattapaka" (saM. kSatrapa) evuM nAma paNa emAM che e kSatraponA mukhya calaNa "kApaNa"no paryAya haze ? "aMgavija" prakIrNakamAM 'saraka' nAme sikkAno ullekha che te bhAratIya-yavana rAjAonA calaNane eTara" (state) che. bauddha "vinayapiTaka" paranI "samaMtapAsAdikA" TIkAmAM mALavA ane saurASTranA cAMdInA sikkAne "rudrAmaka" kahyo che, e to zAsaka radradAmAnA nAma uparathI che. rudradAmAe paDAvelA sikakA " dAmaka" kahevAtI haze. aMdAje A samayamAM bodhi nAme vaMza gujarAta upara rAjya karI gayo. enA astitva mATe sikkA sivAya bIjo koI purAvo hajI maLyo nathI. enAM rAjyakAla ane rAjaya sImA vize paNa nizcayapUrvaka kazuM kahI zakAya ema nathI, e vaMza e kALe kayA nAme oLakhAto haze e vize paNa nakakI na kahevAya. enA rAjAonAM nAponA uttara bhAgamAM "bodhi" zabda Ave che, tethI ja e vaMzane saMzodhakoe bodhivaMza kahyo che. sikkAo uparathI zrabodhi, zivabavi, candrAdhi ane varabodhi evAM e rAjAonAM nAma maLe che. emanA sikkA sIsAnA che. enI bIjI bAju kerI hoya che. 24 samayanirdezavALA sikkA maLe te ja A rAjavaMza upara kaMIka vadhu prakAza paDe. pAMcamI sadInA pahelA dasakAmAM prAyaH gujarAta upara guptavaMzanA caMdragupta bIjA athavA vikramAdityanuM zAsana sthapAyuM ane tyArapachI gupta rAjAonA sikkA gujarAtamAMthI maLavA zarU thAya che. guptayuganuM sAhitya temaja citrakalA ane zilpasthApatya prazaMsanIya che tema e kAlanA sikkAonI kArIgarI paNa AkarSaka

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(228] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. che. gupta rAjAo vaiSNava hatA. emanA sikkAo uparanI garuDanI AkRti temaja lakhANothI paNa e jaNAya che. gupta rAjAo sAmAnyataH senAnA ane tAMbAnA moTA sikakA paDAvatA, paNa gujarAtamAM gupta-zAsana sthapAyA pachI emaNe pazcima bhArata mATe sthAnika DhabanA sikkA paDAvyA. 25 mALavA ane gujarAtamAM kSetrapAla pahelAMthI cAMdInA nAnA sikkA-lagabhaga ardhA IMca vyAsavALA ane vajanamAM 3pa thI 40 grenanA-pracalita hatA, tevA emaNe paDAvyA. kSatrapa sikkA upara varSa zaka saMvatamAM apAtAM, paNa gupta sikA upara e gupta saMvatamAM apAvA lAgyAM. caMdragupta pahelAnA rAjyArohaNanA varSathI (Isa. 319-20thI) gupta saMvata zarU thAya che. pazcima bhAratamAM sau prathama sikkA paDAvanAra gupta rAjA caMdragupta bIje che ane ene pahele sikako gupta sa. 901 I. sa. 409 )ne maLyo che. caMdragupta bIjAnA rAjyakAlano I. sa. 44mAM aMta Avyo hoI enA thoDAka ja sikkA upalabdha che. caMdragupta bIjAnA putra kumAragupta gujarAta upara lagabhaga cALIsa varSa rAjya karyuM hoI enA bahusaMkhya sikkA gujarAtamAMthI maLyA che (AkRti 64). amarelI, sANaMda ane ANaMdamAMthI kumAraguptanA sikkAonA nidhio maLyA che tathA amadAvAda, kheDA, bhAvanagara, morabI, jUnAgaDha. valabhIpura, bhUja vagerethI enA sikkA jaDyA che. 26 cAMdInA sikkA pachI kevaLa gujarAtamAM maryAdita na rahetAM uttara pradezamAM paNa pracalita thayA jaNAya che. e sikkAomAM garuDane sthAne mayUranI AkRti aMkita karAtI. 27 kumAra-kAttikeyanA vAhana pratye Ama kumAraguptane pakSapAta dAkhavavAnuM mana thayuM haze, paNa sikakA uparanA lakhANamAM, ene vizenA "parama bhAgavata" vizeSaNathI e zaiva nahi, paNa vaiSNava hato, e spaSTa thAya che. kumAraguptanA sikkAono eka nidhi mahArASTranA satArA jillAmAMthI maLe che, paNa guptAnI sattA tyAM sudhI prasarI nahotI, eTale gujarAtamAMthI e sikkA vepArI ke anya saMbaMdhone nAte tyAM gayA haze evuM anumAna thAya che. 28 samudragupta, kAcagupta (rAmagupta ?), caMdragupta bIje tathA kumAraguta lAnA sonAnA sikkA paNa gujarAtamAMthI kavacita maLyA che. 29 kumAraguptanA putra kaMdaguptanA sikkAonI racanA upara pramANe ja che (AkRti 65,30 paNa keTalAkamAM garuDane badale naMdInuM pratIka hoya che. joke rAjAne biruda te parama bhAgavata" lagADeluM hoya che. A pahelAMnA sikkAomAM grIka lipinA aspaSTa akSaro jovAmAM AvatA tene have lopa thAya che. grIka lipi pratye rAjA ane prajAnuM, dekhItA kAraNasara, durlakSa thatuM

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11 muM] sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti [rara9 jatuM hatuM, chatAM guptakAla sudhI grIka bhASAno abhyAsa gujarAtamAM kaMIka pracalita hato ema sikakAone AdhAre kahevuM vadhAre paDatuM nathI. ApaNuM abhyAsapAtra kAlakhaMDanA chevaTanA bhAgamAM dakSiNa gujarAta ane mahArASTra upara rAjya karanAra taikUTaka vaMzanuM astitva sikkAo dvArA ja jaNAya che. e vaMzanA dahasena ane vyAdhrasenanA sikkA maLyA che. emane samaya lagabhaga I.sa. 451 thI I.sa. 490 sudhIne che. e rAjAo paNa pitAne parama bhAgavata' kahe che. emanA sikkAomAM paNa brAhmI lipimAM saMskRta lakhANa uparAMta rAjAnI mukhAkRti sAthe aspaSTa grIka akSaro hoya che.32 (I.sa. pUrve pAMcamI sadIthI I.sa. pUrve bIjI sadI sudhImAM traNa varSomAM kyAreka racAyelA) "baudhAyana dharmasUtra" jevA prAcIna graMthamAM "samudrasaMdhAna " arthAt TIkAkAra goviMdavAmInA zabdamAM kahIe te "IpAMtaragamana"ne vizeSataH brAhmaNo mATe niSedha karyo che. e batAve che ke dIpAMtaragamana sAdhAraNa ghaTanA hatI. lAMbA samudrakinArAne kAraNe ane e kinArA uparanAM nAnAMmoTAM aneka baMdarane kAraNe gujarAtanA pararASTriya ane sAMsthAnika saMbaMdha ghaNuM prAcIna che, joke ATalA prAcIna samayane mATe upalabdha pramANasAmagrI jhAjhI nathI. "je jAya jAve te kadI na pAcho Ave, ane Ave te pariyAMnAM pariyAM cAve teTaluM dhana lAve" tathA "laMkAnI lADI ane ghAne vara" jevI paraMparAgata uktio prAcIna vRttAMtone sAcave che. silenamAM racAyela pAli graMthe "dIpavaMsa" (Isane cotho seke) ane "mahAvaMsa" (I.sa.ne chaThTho seke) anusAra, siMhaladIpa athavA laMkAnI saMskRtine AraMbha lATa rAjA siMhabAhunA putra vijayanA AgamanathI thayuM hatuM, ane e TApunuM siMhaladvIpa nAma, tyAM Arya vasAhatanI sthApanA ane bhAratIya Arya bhASA siMhAlIne tyAM udgama ane vikAsa paNa ene AbhArI che. vijaya aputra hAI eNe surASTrathI teDAvele ene bhAI pAMDu vAsudeva silenane rAjA thayo ane enA vaMzajoe tyAM rAjya karyuM.33 gujarAta ane silenano saMparka tyArapachI saikAo sudhI cAlu rahyo haze. gujarAtathI jAvA jatAM vahANa silenanAM baMdaroe bhatAM evI prAcIna anukRti che. silenanI eka rAjakumArI sudarzanAe tyAMthI bharUca AvI, azvAvabodha tIrthamAM 'zakunikAvihAra' nAme jaina maMdira baMdhAvyuM hatuM evI anukRti aneka prAcIna jaina graMthamAM noMdhAI che, ane ene nirdeza karatAM zilpa aneka jaina maMdiromAM che. e prasaMgane cokakasa samayanirNaya karavo muzkela che, paNa vijaya

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230] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. silenamAM vasAhata sthApyA pachI keTalAka samaya bAda e banyo hoya e saMbhavita che. gujarAtano vijaya silena gaye tema silenanI eka rAjakanyA bharUca AvIne rahI ane tyAM eNe anekavidha dAnapuNya karyA eTaluM tathya to A anuzrutimAM haze emAM saMdeha nathI. zakunikAvihAra'mAM jIrNoddhAra aneka vAra thayA. muslima samayamAM 'zakunikAvihAranI masjida banI gaI. Aje paNa e marijada bharUcamAM che; gujarAta ane silenanA sAMskRtika saMparkanI yAda e tAjI kare che.34 eka saMnivezamAM be daridra bhAIo hatA, teoe sarASTramAM jaIne eka hajAra rUpaka upAjita karyA hatA evuM eka prAcIna kathAnaka jaina Agama sAhityamAM che.35 surASTranI vepArI jAherajalAlI ane dIpAMtaragamanane vigatavAra ullekha "vasudevahiMDI"nA "gaMdharvadattA saMbhakamAM maLe che. paizAcI prAkRtamAM racAyelI, guNADhacanI lupta "bRhakathA I.sa. ne pahelo athavA bIjo saikInuM e jaina dharmakathA tarIke rUpAMtara hoI emAMnI kathAo, kharekhara to, enA kartA saMghadAsagaNinA samaya karatAM jUnI che. vepArIo judA judA prakArano mAla vahANomAM bharIne samudramArge dezaparadeza pharatA. samudrayAtrA zarU karatAM pahelAM rAjyazAsanano paka levAmAM Avato ane pavana tathA zakuna anukULa hoya tyAre dhUpadIpa karIne vahANa calAvavAmAM AvatuM. "vasudevahiMDI mAM cAmudatta nAme eka vepArIne samudramArge aneka dezone pravAsa karato varNavyo che. cArudata priyaMgupaNa nAme eka baMdarethI UpaDe che. e pahelAM cInasthAna athavA cIna ane tyAMthI suvarNa bhUmi athavA sumAtrA ga. pachI e pUrva ane dakSiNa dizAnAM baMdaroe gayo ane tyAMthI pAcho pharatAM eNe kamalapura, yavIpa athavA jAvA ane siMhala athavA silonamAM tathA pazcima dizAe AvelA barbara ane yavana dezamAM vepAra karyo ane ghaNuM dhana pedA karyuM. ghara tarapha pAchA pharatAM surASTranA kinArA pAse AvI pahoMcyA tyAre kinAro daSTimaryAdAmAM hato te vakhate ja, samudranA tophAnane kAraNe enuM vahANa bhAMgI gayuM. vahANanA eka pATiyAne AdhAre sAta rAtrio samudramAM gALyA pachI "uMdharAvatI velA" nAmathI oLakhAtA kinArA upara mojAMo vaDe e pheMkAI gayo. "A uMbarAvatI velA" surASTra athavA kacchanA kinArAnuM keI sthAna haze evuM anumAna thAya che. A sivAya khulkI mArge paNa aneka ghAMTIo vaTAvIne dUNa, khasa ane cIna bhUmi sAthe vepAra calAvavAmAM Avato. TaMkaNa deza ane tyAMnI TaMkaNa nAme pahADI prajA sAthe mAlanA vinimayanuM paNa varNana maLe che.37 TaMkaNa loka vizenA ullekha jaina AgamonI TIkAomAM temaja mahAbhAratamAM paNa che. jaina AcArya kAlakAcArya suvarNabhUmi

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11 muM]. | sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti [31 gayA hatA e anuzruti prasiddha che. emAM ulikhita suvarNabhUmi e sumAtrA athavA e nahi to brahmadeza saMbhave che. kekakAsa yavana dezamAM jaIne yaMtravidyA zIkhI lAvyA hatA tema yavanadezamAMthI AvelA dUte pradhAnaputrane thayelA kADhane IlAja batAvyo hato, e batAve che ke grI ane grIsa sAthe satata vyavahAra hato.39 pAlItANA sAthe jemanuM nAma joDAyeluM che te pAdaliptAcArya grIka mULanA muraMDa vaMzanA rAjA sAthe temaja yavano-grIko sAthe gADha saMparkamAM hatA e sUcavatAM ghaNAM kathAnaka che.40 roma sAthe gujarAtane satata ane jIvaMta vANijyika saMparka hato. mATInAM rAtAM cazcakita vAsaNo( Red Polished Ware ) nA nAnAmoTA khaMDita avazeSa gujarAtamAM aneka sthaLoethI maLyA che, enI kArIgarInuM mULa remana hovAnI aTakaLa vidAnoe karelI che. 41 IsavI sananI AraMbhanI sadIomAM pazcima bhAratane roma sAtheno vepAra vikasele hato, e samaye bhAratamAM A kalA AvI hoya. vaDodarA pAse akoTAmAMthI ane sANaMda pAsethI dArU bharavAnI romAna koThI( amphora) nA avazeSo maLyA che te A daSTie sUcaka che. gujarAtamAM kyAMka romana sikkA maLyA che te paNa A pararASTriya saMparkanuM samarthana kare che. "dInAra" nAme suvarNanA sikkA e samaye pracalita hatA. upalabdha prAcIna pAThaparaMparAo uparathI punarghaTita thayelA mUla "paMcataMtra" mAM (samaya I. sa. 100 ane 5 nI vacce), "vasudeva-hiMDI"mAM (mUla pATha, pR. 43, 289), saMskRta sAhityamAM temaja jaina sUvonI prAkRta cUNio. ane saMskRta TIkAomAM "dInAra" zabda seMkaDo vAra vaparAyela che. "dInAra" e romana mULano zabda che ane leTina denarius uparathI vyutpanna thayelo che. roma ane bhAratanA vepArI ane Arthika saMparkane pariNAme IsavI sananI pahelI athavA bIjI sadImAM bhAratamAM e vaparAvo zarU thayuM haze evuM anumAna thAya che. AMtararASTriya saMparkonI smRti bhASAnA prayogo dvArA kevI rIte sacavAI enuM eka lAkSaNika udAharaNa ahIM maLe che.

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232] moryakAlathI guptakAla Tjha, pAdaTIpe 1. jamInadAra, "kSatriyakAlIna gujarAta itihAsa ane saMskRti, pR. 472 2. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "vasudeva-hiMdI" (gujarAtI bhASAMtara), prastAvanA, pR. 30-31 3. ejana, pR. 36-37. dakSiNa bhAratanA eka zilAlekha (Rice, Mysore Ins. scriptions, p. 197)mAM jaNAvyA pramANe, sthAnanuM puru nAme agrahAramAM vecaka, bhUtavidyA, tarka, kAvya zastravidyA ane karmakAMDa zIkhavanArA AcAryo uparAMta pAkazAstranA paNa AcArya hatA. vasudeva-hiMDI " jevA kathAgranthanA ullekhane, AthI, samakAlIna aitihAsika dastAvejanuM sabaLa samarthana maLI rahe che. x. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, pp. 31 f. 5. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "vasudeva-hiMdaDI", prastAvanA, pR. 37-38. prAcIna zastravidyAnI paraMparA sadIo pahelAM lupta thaI hovAne kAraNe A ullekhomAMnI keTalIye paribhASA ane kriyAonA spaSTa artha Aje samajI zakatAM nathI. alabatta, "kumArasaMbhava"nA trIjA sarganA 70 mA zloka uparanI mallinAthanI TIkAmAM vizAkhA Adi sthAnonI samajUtI ApatA zloka che. "jabudvIpa-prajJapti" uparanI zAMticaMdranI vRtti(patra 201)mAM paNa vizAkhAsthAnanI samajatI ApI che. 6. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta', pR. 111 7. ejana, pR. 6-7 8. mallavidyAvizvaka svataMtra racanAomAM ajJAtaktaka "madhapurANa" ( Gaekwads Oriental Series, naM. 144), tathA kalyANIne caulukya rAjA somezvara-kRta sarvasaMgrahAtmaka saMskRta graMtha "mAnasollAsa"mAMnuM mallavinoda" prakaraNa gaNAvI zakAya. A baMne pratye madhyakALanA hovA chatAM prAcIna paraMparAo jALavI rAkhe che ema mAnavuM vadhAre paDatuM nathI. gujara dezamAM madhavidyAnA itihAsa mATe juo sAMDesarA, "jhIma jJAti ane mallapurANa". 9. jamInadAra, uparyukta, pR. 469-70 10. ejana, pR. 465 11. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta', pR. 110-12 12. periplasa (gujarAtI anuvAda), kaMDikA 48-49 13. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, 'jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta', pR. 44-45, 111-12 98. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, p. 47 15. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, jana Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta', pR. 112 16. ejana, pR. 66

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11muM] sAmAjika ane Arthika sthiti - ri3 16. dAsa-dAsIthI gulAmo abhipreta che e carcAspada che. (saM.). 17. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, uparyukta, pR. 28 18. ejana, pR. 186, 208 19, ejana, pR. 51 20. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "vasudeva-hiMDI" (guja. bhASAtara), prastAvanA, pR. 31 20 a. vAsudeva 3yAya, "mAratIya vide", adhyAya 2 2004. M. R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, Pp. 37 f. 20 ka. juo upara prakaraNa 5. 21. jamInadAra, uparyukta, pR. 233 rara. ejana, pR. 238 23. ejana, pR. 237 28. Rapson, Catalogue of the Andhra Dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikataka Dynasty and the Bodhi Dynasty, Introduction, pp. clxivclxv, 211 24. M. R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, p. 128 26. juo upara prakaraNa 9. 20. A. S. Altekar, The Coinage of the Gupta Empire, pp. 228 ff. 28. Ibid., p. 217 ra9. juo upara prakaraNa 9. 30. Ibid, pp. 250 ft. 31. Ibid, pp. 252 ft. 32. juo upara prakaraNa 9. 33. rAjakumAra vijaya ane enA anuyAyIo lATha-pUrva baMgALanA koI baMdarethI nahi, paNa gujarAtamAMthI samudramArge sapArA thaIne laMkA gayelA e mata mATe juo A. L. Basham, "Prince Vijaya and the Aryanization of Ceylon," The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. I, pp. 163 ff. anya mato tathA A praznanI vigatavAra carcA mATe juo have pachI pariziSTa 1. 34. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "gujarAta sAhitya ane anukRtimAM silona', "saMzodhananI keDI', pR. 166-74

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234] mauryakAlathI guptakAla 35. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta'', pR. 204 36. bhe. ja. sAMDesarA, "vasudevahiMDI" (gujarAtI bhASAntara), pR. 188-189 37. ejana, pR. 191 38. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta', pR. 39-41 39. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "vAsudeva-hiMDI" (gujarAtI bhASAntara), pR. 47 40. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta'', pR. 98 89. M. R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, pp. 97 f; vaLI juo nIce prakaraNa 15.

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prakaraNa 12 bhASA ane sAhitya lagabhaga I. pU. 320 thI lagabhaga I. sa. 470 sudhInA Azare ATha zatAbdInA lAMbA samaya daramyAna gujarAtanI bhASA ane sAhityanA abhyAsa mATenI pratyakSa sAmagrI pramANamAM alpa che. jUnAgaDhanA pAdaramAM, giranAranI taLeTImAM AvelA eka khaDaka upara bhAratanA traNa aitihAsika mahattvanA lekha kotarelA che. emAMno eka te samrATa azoka( I. pU. ra73-237)no prAkRta zAsana-lekha; enI prAkRta bhASA pazcima bhAratamAM sarvasAmAnya rIte samajAtI hovI joIe. jena AgamasAhityanI eka vAyanA saurASTranA valabhImAM thaI ane samasta jaina zrata valabhImAM I. sa. nA pAMcamA saikAmAM lekhAdhirUDha thayuM temAM A pradezanI bolAtI bhASAnI kaMIka asara avazya jhilAI haze. pANinI zikSA'nA lekhake (nidAna I pU. pAMca saika) saurASTranI strIonA nAsika uccAraNane nirdeza karatAM nIcenI leka TAMkyo che. : yathA saurASTrikA nArI takrA~ ityabhibhASate / ___tathA raGgAH prayoktavyAH khe aroM iva khedayA // 26 // I. sa. nI pAMcamI sadI AsapAsa, ahIMnA prAcIna bhUbhAgamAM kaI sthaLe, vAcaka saMdhadAsagaNie prAkRta gadyamAM racelI, mahAkAya dharmakathA "vasudeva-hiMDI" (pR. 24)mAM udbhUta thayelA eka padyamAM apabhraMzanAM paNa rUpa che. je kAlakhaMDanI ApaNe vAta karIe chIe temAM prAraMbhamAM prAkRtanuM ane pAchaLathI apabhraMzanuM eka rUpa lakabhASA tarIke pracalita hovuM joIe.' prastuta kAlakhaMDamAM tema tyAra pachI paNa sAhityaracanA ane vADuM - pAsanAnI saritA gujarAtamAM kadI paNa kRzAMgI nahotI, prAcIna kAlathI A tarapha solaMkI yuganI najadIka AvatA jaIe tema te uttarottara supuSTa thatI 235

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sau kAlathI guptakAla (31. 236 ] jaNAya che. e vADmayanA saMkSipta paricaya ApavA mATe paNa moTA graMtha joI e. paNa A prAcIna kAlakhaMDanA sAhityanA paricaya teA thADIka upalabdha racanAe temaja keTalAka viprakIrNa sAhityika ullekhAne AdhAre ApavAne prApta thAya che, tepaNa ahIMnA prAcIna bhUbhAganI vidyAkIya ane sAhityika pravRttienI pratihAsalakSI kalpanA karavA mATe e paryApta thaI paDe ema che. upalabdha racanA tathA anupala dha racanAo vizenA ullekhA prAyaH saMskRta ane prAkRta kRtine lagatA che. giranAranI taLeTImAM azekanA zAsanalekhavALA khaDaka uparane zaka-kSatrapa rudradAmAne saMskRta gadyamAM kAtarAyelA lekha (I. sa. 150 ) praziSTa saMskRta sAhityanA prAcInatama namUnAo paikI eka che; e ja khaDaka uparanA gupta samrATa skandaguptane saMskRta kavitAmAM racAyelA lekha (I.sa. 456-57) alaMkRta prazastikAvyanA suMdara namUnA che. A baMne lekha saMskRta sAhityaracanAnI vikasita paraMparAnA asaMdigdha pratinivio che. prAcIna ane madhyakAlIna bhAratamAM sudI kAvyo ane nATakA paNa zilAlekharUpe kotarAyelAM maLe che tathA AvI aneka nAnImeTI kRtio abhilekharUpe sacavAyelI che. bhAratIya vidyAviSayaka aMgrejI sazodhana-sAmayika India Antiquary ( Vol. 42 )mAM, mULa jamanamAMthI anUdita thayelI "Indian Inscriptions and the Antiquity of Indian Artificial Poetry'' e zIrSIka nIcenI DaoN. pyUlaranI lekhamALAmAM saMkhyAbaMdha saMskRta abhilekhA paratve A prakAranuM viziSTa pRthakkaraNAtmaka adhyayana rajU karavAmAM AvyuM che. emAM pR. 188-93 mAM rudradAmAnA prastuta lekhane sAhityazAstranI dRSTie aitihAsika abhyAsa rajU thayA che. IsavI sananI bIjI sadInA uttarArdhamAM A prakAranI alaMkRta kAvyaracanAnA viziSTa vikAsa thayA hatA ema DaoN. nyUlara mAne che. rudradAmAnA A lekhanI gadyazailI hariSenA ceAthI sadInA prazasti-lekhanA gadyabhAganI zailIne aneka rIte maLatI Ave che. sudarzana sarovaranA bAMdhakAma vizenA A lekhamAM zabdAla kArA-ane emAMye anuprAsa-nuM bAhulya dhyAna kheMce che; camakanA upayoga paNa che. arthAlaMkAromAM upamA, uprekSA, atizayeAkti, parrikara Adi che. lAMbA samAsanuM ahIM bAhulya che, je alaMkRta gadyazailInuM eka lakSaNa gaNAya che. sudarzana sarevaranA khInna chAMdvAra vizene skaMdaguptanA lekha vividha chaMdAmAM che. enA pUrvArdhane "suzana-taTAka-saMrakAra-graMtharacanA'' kahela che

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12 suM] bhASA ane sAhitya [ 237 ane uttarArdhamAM sareAvaranA kinAre girinagaranA nagarapAlaka cakrapAlita cakrabhRt viSNunuM maMdira bAMdhyAnuM varNana che. guptakAlathI sudRDharUpe sthApita thayelA bhAratIya saMskAritAnA keTalAka Adaza A lekhamAM subhaga kAvyamaya nirUpaNa pAmyA che. A baMnemAMthI eke lekhamAM kAvyapraNetAnA nAmeAllekha nathI, paNa saMskRta sAhityazAstramAM varNavelI vyutpatti dharAvatA kavienI paraMparA rAjadarabAramAM nizcita sthAna pAmI cUkI hatI e AA uparathI spaSTa che. uttara gujarAtanA tIdhAma zAmaLAjI pAme devanI meArI gAmanI sImamAM, bhAja rA^nI TekarI tarIke oLakhAtA TIMbAmAMthI kSatrapakAlanA eka bauddha stUpa ane vihAranuM utkhanana thayuM che temAMthI maLelA buddhanA avazeSAne sAcavatA zaila1-samuka upara pAMca paMktine eka lekha saMskRta padyamAM katarelA che. saMskRta padma-abhilekhAmAM e prAcIna jaNAya che. kula cha zloka emAM che. emAM dekhAtI keTalIka aniyamitatA prAkRtanI asara sUcave che. emAM pahelA zloka anuSTupa che, bItee-trIjo ane pAMcamA-chaThTho AryAmAM che, ane ceAthe gItimAM che. kRti saMkSipta che, paNa abhilekhArUpe maLatI gujarAtanI sauthI prAcIna sa'skRta racanAomAM ullekhanIya che. je kAlakhaMDanI ApaNe vAta karIe chIe temAM girinagara, valabhI, bharukaccha Adi gujarAtanAM rAjakIya uparAMta sAMskRtika keMdra hatAM. tyAM temaja anya sthAnAe sAhityapravRtti brAhmaNu, jaina temaja bauddha vidvAne dvArA satata cAlyA karatI hatI, temaja emanA vAdavivAdo ane spardhAne kAraNe ekaMdare ene vega maLateA hateA. A sAhityapravRttinuM ane tyAM sudhI kAlAnukramika avalokana ApaNe karIzuM; joke graMthakArAnA samaya sunizcita na hoI kAlAnukrama paratve matabheda rahevA saMbhava che. sA pahelAM pAdaliptAcAnI racanAe je e, kemake emane samaya IsavI sananI prAraMbhika zatAbdImAM nizcita karavAmAM AvyA che.ra pAdaliptAcArya eka prabhAvaka jaina AcArya hatA ane emanuM nAma saiArASTranA prasiddha jaina tI pAdaliptapura--pAlItANA sAthe joDAyeluM che. emanuM para'parAgata vistRta carita prabhAcadrasakRita '"prabhAvakacarita'mAMnA 'pAdaliptasUririta 'mAM maLe che. jaina Agama sAhityamAM noMdhAyelI anuzrutio anusAra, pAdaliptAcA` pATaliputramAM maruDa rALanA darabAramAM hatA. emanAM buddhicAturyAM, ma Mtrazakti ane ya MtravidyApravINatAnI aneka vAte nAMdhAyelI che. "prabhAvakacarita''mAM

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: 238 ] sau kAlathI guptakAla [Y=. lakhe che ke pAdaliptAcAya eka vAra tIyAtrA karatA sArASTramAM DhaMkApurI (DhAMka) gayA hatA. tyAM emane siddha nAgAju naneA samAgama thayA. pachI nAgAju te peAtAnA e gurunA smaraNurUpe zatruMjayanI taLeTImAM 'pAdaliptapura' nAmanuM nagara vasAvyuM, zatru Mjaya upara jinacaitya karAvI tyAM mahAvIranI pratimA sthApita karI ane tyAM ja pAdaliptasUrinI mUrti paNa sthApI. 4 pAdaliptAcArya 'taraMgavatI'' nAme eka vikhyAta prAkRta dharmakathA racI hatI, jenA ullekhA AgamasAhityamAM temaja anyatra aneka sthaLeAe prApta thAya che. mULa kathA teA saikAo pahelAM nAza pAmI gaI che, paNa pAdalipta pachI thayelA, paraMtu jene samaya sunizcita thaI zakayo nathI tevA AcAya vIrabhaTTa vIrabhadranA ziSya nemiyadra 1900 prAkRta gAthAomAM karelA ene sakSepa mAtra hAla upalabdha che.pa pAdaliptAcArye Agama graMtha "yAtikaraDaka' upara vRtti lakhI hatI ema Agama sAhityanA suprasiddha TIkAkAra AcAya malagirinA kathana uparathI spaSTa che. A vRtti naSTa thaI gaI hovAnuM manAtu hatuM, paNa keTalAka samaya pahelAM enI hastalikhita prati munizrI puNyavijayajIne jesalameranA bhaMDAramAMthI maLI AvI che. pAdalipte dIkSA ane pratiSThA-vidhi vize "nirvANakalikA" nAme jANIte graMtha racyA che. A uparAMta "prabhAvakacarita"mAMnA 'pAdaliptasUricarita'mAM emaNe 'praznaprakArA' nAme nyAtigraMthanuM nirmANa karyuM. hovAnA ullekha che. cUrNi`omAM kAlajJAna" nAme eka racanAnuM kava paNa pAdalipta upara Aropita kareluM che. ene viSaya paNa yAtiSanA haze ema nAma uparathI anumAna thAya che. pAdaliptasUrinI keTalIka prAkRta gAyAo hAla-kRta prAkRta subhASitasa'gra'"gAthAsaptazatI"mAM uddhRta karelI che. vabhUti AcAya e bharukaccha nivAsI eka jaina AcArya hatA. te eka prasiddha kavi hatA; joke emanuM koI kAvya sacavAyuM nathI. zaka-kSatrapa nabhovAhana ke nahapAnanA teeA samakAlIna hoI emane samaya paNa I.sa. nA bIjA saikAnA pUrvA gaNavA joi e. 'vyavahArasUtra"nA bhASyamAM tathA e uparanI AcAya malayagirinI TIkAmAM vajrasUti AcAya vize nIye mujaba kathAnaka maLe che : bharukacchamAM nabhAvAhana rAjA hatA. ene padmAvatI nAme rANI hatI. e nagaramAM vabhUti nAme AcAryaM rahetA hatA. teeka moTA kavi hatA, paNa rUpahIna ane atyaMta kuza hatA. emane zidhyAdi parivAra paNa naheAte|. emanAM kAvya rAjAnA aMtaHpuramAM gavAtAM hatAM. e kAvyAthI padmAvatI devInuM citta AkarSAyuM hatu ane e racanAonA kartAne jovAne e utsuka banI hatI. eka vAra rAjAnI anujJA

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para muM] bhASA ane sAhitya [ ra39 laIne tathA yogya bhaTaNuM sAthe laIne aneka dAsIo sahita e vajubhUtinI vasati tarapha gaI padmAvatIne vasatinA bAraNumAM UbhelI joIne vajubhUti pote ja, parivArane abhAve, hAthamAM Asana laIne bahAra nIkaLyA. padmAvatIe pUchayuM, "vajubhUti AcArya kyAM?" vajabhUtie uttara Apyo, "bahAra gayA che". paNa dAsIe rANIne nizAnIthI samajAvyuM ke "A ja vajubhUti che". AthI padmAvatI virAga pAmIne, vicAra karIne bolI ke "he kasarumatI nadI ! tane joI ane tAruM pANI pIdhuM! tAruM nAma sAruM che, paNa darzana sAruM nathI."7 pachI pote ANeluM bheTazuM rANIe vajubhUtine saMpyuM, ane pote emane oLakhatI ja nathI evo dekhAva cAlu rAkhI, "AcAryane A Apajo", ema kahIne e pAchI cAlI gaI8 yAkAcAryakata "nirA" vedAMganA abhyAsIo mATe ati mahattvane graMtha che tenI upara prasiddha TIkA racanAra durgAcArya I. sa. nA pahelA ke bIjA saikAmAM gujarAtamAM ( ja busaramAM ) thaI gayA. teo durga athavA bhagavadurga tarIke paNa oLakhAya che. "nirukta "nA bIjA TIkAkAra skaMdasvAmIe potAnA puragAmI graMthakAra tarIke emane nirdeza karyo che. TIkAnA judA judA adhyAyane aMte durgAcArya potAne "jabUmArgAzramavAsI' tarIke oLakhAve che (udAharaNa tarIke juo cha ayAyane aMte rUti varSA niruktavRttau jambUmArgAzramavAsinaH AcArya-bhagavadurgasya kRtau SaSTho'dhyAyaH / ). A "jaMbUmArgAzrama" e lATa-madhya gujarAtamAM jaMbusara AsapAsanuM kaI sthAna che ema Do. zAhe sAdhAra rIte batAvyuM che. "nirukta "nA bIjA TIkAkAra skaMdasvAmI I. sa. nA cothA saikAnA uttarArdhamAM thaI gayA; emane kAryakSetra moTe bhAge ujajayinI hatuM, paNa emanA "zvedabhASya "mAne ullekha darzAve che ke teo valabhInA nivAsI ane bhartadhruvanA putra hatA. vaidika vidyA ane vaidAMgane kevo UMDo abhyAsa gujarAtamAM thato hato enAM lAkSaNika udAharaNa tatkAlIna sAhityarAzimAMthI bacelA A virala avazeSa pUrA pADe che. lANAyana gautasUtrane saMbaMdha lATa sAthe heya e saMbhavita che. jyotirveida AryabhaTanA vidvAna ziSya lAdeva paNa lATavAsI hoya e taddana zakya che. * emano samaya I. sa. 285-300 AsapAsano kare che. varAhamihirakRta "paMcasiddhAMtikA"nA ullekha anusAra lATAcArye poliza ane ramaka siddhAMtanuM pratipAdana karatA graMtha racyA hatA. emane "sarva siddhAMtaguru'biruda maLyuM hatuM.'

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240 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [. mahAna cInI musAphara yuena svAMga I.sa. 641 nA arasAmAM valabhI Avyo hato tenI noMdha anusAra, valabhI najIkanA vihAramAM sthiramati ane guNamati nAme bauddha AcArya rahyA hatA ane tyAM emaNe prasiddha graMtha racyA hatA. A vihAra valabhI najIka taLAjAnA DuMgaramAM haze. aitihAsika pramANone AdhAre, sthiramati ane guNamati Isa. nI cothI sadImAM thayA hovAnuM saMbhave che.12 A baMne vidvAnonA mULa 2the hAla bhAgyeja upalabdha che; mULa graMthonA cInI anuvAda che te uparathI e racanAono zeDoka paricaya maLI rahe che. sthira matinA eka graMtha "mahAyAna-prAvezika "ne cInI anuvAda maLe che. guNamatinA "lakSaNAnusArazAstrane cInI anuvAda paramArtha karyo hato. A uparAMta sthiramatie vasubaMdhunA "abhidharmakAza", "abhidharmasamuccaya', "viMzikA" vagere graMtho upara temaja "madhyAtavibhAga" ane "kAzyapa-parivarta" upara paNa TIkA karI hatI tathA keTalAka yogAcAra graMtha racyA hatA. "mahAyAnadharma-dhAvaziSata zAstra"mAM sthiramatie bedhisavonAM carita varNavyAM che. guNamatie vasubaMdhunA "abhidhamakAza" upara vRtti lakhI bhAvavivekanA mAdhyamika matanuM khaMDana karyuM che. 13 valabhInI sAhityika ane vidyAkIya prakRttine paripAka kharekhara to ghaNo moTo hovo joIe, paNa ApaNA abhyAsapAtra kAlakhaMDa para uparyukata ceDA bacelA ullekhothI ja saMtoSa mAnava paDe che. [A ja samayamAM jaina vidyA ane sAhitya paratve mahanI pravRttionuM gujarAta ane emAM valabhI keMdra hatuM. IsavI sananA AraMbhakALe madhya bhAratamAM ujayinI, uttara pradezamAM mathurA ane pazcima bhAratamAM surASTra jaina dharmanAM ke dra banyAM hatAM. jaina zratane saMkalita karavA mATenI prathama pariSada mahAvIranA nirvANa pachI bIjI zatAbdImAM pATaliputramAM maLI hatI. e samaye agiyAra aMga saMkalita karavAmAM AvyAM hatAM ane cauda pUrva mAMthI je kaMI bacyuM hatuM te bAramA aMga daSTivAda" tarIke ekatra karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, paNa samaya jatAM mRta pharI vizRMkhala thayuM ane ene vyavasthita karavA mATe vIra nirvANa pachI navamI zatAbdImAM I. sa. 300nA arasAmAM mathurAmAM Arya kaMdile ane valabhImAM Arya nAgArjune lagabhaga eka samaye paripade bolAvI.14 durbhAgye A baMne AcArya parasparane maLI zakyo nahi ane pariNAme baMnee tayAra karAvelI jaina mRtanI vAcanAomAM ghaNAM agatyanAM pAThAMtara rahI gayAM. emAMnI eka vAcanA mAtharI vAcanA" tarIke ane bIjI "valabhI vAcanA" tarIke oLakhAya che.

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12 muM] bhASA ane sAhitya [241 A pachI keTalAka samaya bAda valabhImAM AkhuMya jaina zrata vyavasthita rIte lekhAdhiraDha karavAmAM AvyuM. dUSyagaNinA ziSya devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNanI adhyakSatA nIce vIra nirvANa saM. 980 = I.sa. 453-54 athavA vAcanAMtara anusAra vIranirvANa saM. 993=I.sa. 466-67 mAM valabhImAM eka pariSada thaI temAM jaina zratanI chevaTanI saMkalanA thaI ane AkhuM jaina zruta pahelI vAra ekasAmaTuM lipibaddha karavAmAM AvyuM. emAM Arya kaMdile taiyAra karelI jaina zrutanI mAtharI vAcanA devaddhi gaNie mukhya vAcanA tarIke sarvasaMmatithI cAlu rAkhI hatI ane Arya nAgArjunanI vAlabhI vAcanAnA mukhya pAThabheda "vAyAMtare kuLa (saM. vAvanAntare puna:) athavA evA arthanI noMdha sAthe svIkAryA hatA. valabhI vAcanAnA vizeSa bheda pachInA samayanI TIkAcUrNimAM "nALunIyAnuM paThanti" evI noMdha sAthe TAMkyA che, eTale adhyayana-adhyApanamAM vAlathI vAcanAnuM mahattva paNa svIkAravAmAM AvatuM hatuM e nizcita che. devaddhigaNie jaina zratanI eka pUrvakAlIna vAcanAne sarvamAnya banAvavAnuM tathA bIjI vAcanAnA mukhya pAThabheda sAcavI rAkhavAnuM mahattavanuM kArya karyuM. AvI rIte taiyAra thayelI adhikRta vAcanAnI hataprata dezamAM jude jude sthaLe mokalavAmAM AvI hoya e saMbhavita che. A pariSadanA saMdarbhamAM jatAM nidAna gujarAtamAM hastalikhita graMthabhaMDAronI saMsthA vyavasthita svarUpe astitvamAM hatI ema mAnavuM prApta thAya che. A pariSada jaina itihAsamAM eka zakavartI ghaTanA che ane enA sthAna tarIke valabhInI pasaMdagI karavAmAM AvI e sucaka che. devaddhi gaNi kSamAzramaNa, paraMparA anusAra, jaina Agama paikInA "naMdivarganA kartA che. "naMdisUtra"nA prAraMbhamAM devaddhigaNinI guruparaMparA ApavAmAM AvI che te anusAra teo mahAvIrathI batrIsamA yugapradhAna AcArya che. dUSyagaNi kSamAzramaNanA ziSya bhadi AcAryane mata "sUtrakRtAMga sUtra"nI cUNimAM TAMkelo che. 15 bhadi AcArya e devagiNinuM bIjuM nAma hatuM ke emane mAnArthe "bhadi (saM. marphI) AcArya eTale mukhya AcArya kahetA ke pachI bhadi AcArya dUdhyamaNinA bIjA ja koI ziSyanuM nAma haze e vize nizcitapaNe kahevuM muzkela che. A bhadi AcArya devarkiMgaNithI abhinna hoya ke bhinna, paNa teo valabhInivAsI hatA ane jaina siddhAMta para emaNe kaMIka mahattvanI racanA karI hatI ema "sUtrakRtAMga mutramAMnA ullekha parathI spaSTa che, paNa e racanA hAla upalabdha nathI. I-2-16

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242] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. mahAna jaina tArkika, kavi ane stutikAra siddhasena divAkara ke jeo vRddhavAdInA ziSya hatA temanI karmabhUmi ujayinI ane AsapAsane pradeza hatI, paNa jIvananA uttarArdhamAM gujarAtamAM-bharUca AsapAsanA pradezamAM emaNe vihAra karelo hoI emanI sAhityaracanAono paricaya ahIM prastuta thaze. jaina paraMparAmAM siddhasena divAkarane rAja vikramAdityanA samakAlIna gaNavAmAM Ave che ane vikramane emaNe jainadharma karyo hovAnuM manAya che. emane vizene paraMparAgata vRttAnta "prabhAvacarita' aMtagarta vRddhavAdiyaritamAM tathA "prabaMdhakoza"--aMtargata vRddhavAdi-siddhasenasUri-prabaMdhamAM che. emanA samaya vize vidAnomAM jabare matabheda che ane judA judA vidvAnoe IsavI sananI pahelI sadIthI sAtamI sadI sudhI emane samaya gaNyo che. 16 paNa "sanmatikanI prastAvanAmAM 17 paM. sukhalAlajI ane paM, becaradAsajIe emano samaya vikramane pAMca saiko gaNe che. misazArloTa kaue siddhasenane samudraguptanA samakAlIna gaNyA che, 18 eTale samayadaSTie emanI kRtionI vicAraNA ahIM anucita nathI. siddhasena divAkaranA traNa graMtha upalabdha che: "sanmAtitaka', "batrIsIo" ane "-vAyAvatAra." "sanmatitaka'mAM mULa graMthakArano uddeza samajavatAM paM. sukhalAlajI lakhe che: "jaina darzananA prANarUpa ane jaina AgamonI cAvIrUpa anekAMtada chanuM vyavasthita rUpe navesarathI nirUpaNa karavuM, tarkazailIe enuM pRthakakaraNa karI tArkikemAM temanI pratiSThA sthApavI, darzanAMtaromAM jaina darzananuM thAna zuM che athavA jaina darzana sAthe darzanAMtareno zo saMbaMdha che e darzAvavuM, anekAMtadaSTimAMthI phalita thatA bIna vAdonI mImAMsA karavI, potAnA samaya sudhImAM dArzanika pradezamAM carcAtA muddAone anekAMtadaSTie nirUpavA ane pitAne phurela navIna vicAraNAne prAcIna temaja pratiSThita anekAMdaSTinA nirUpaNane Azraya laI vidvAna samakSa mUkI''.19 A mULa prakaraNa 166 prAkRta ArtAomAM racAyeluM che; jeke siddhasena janme brAhmaNa hoI tathA saMskRta vidyAnA vAtAvaraNamAM ucharyA hoI emanuM prAkRta paNa saMskRta asarathI mukta nathI. "sametitarka" upara abhayadevasUrilI "tattvabodhavidhAvinI" athavA vAdamadArNava '' nAme saMskRta TIkA jaina tattvamImAMsAne AkaragraMtha che. dAviMzikAo athavA batrIsIo' eTale batrIsa batrIsa leAkomAM racAyelI kRtiomanI bAvIsamI batrIsInuM nAma "nyAyAvatAra' che te sAmAnya rIte alaga racanA gaNAya che. A sarva batrIsIo prauDha ane kavitvapUrNa zailIe saMskRta

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12 muM] bhASA ane sAhitya [243 chaMdomAM racAyelI che. A batrIsIomAMnI keTalIka stutyAtmaka, keTalIka carcAtmaka ane keTalIka dArzanika che. "kalyANamaMdira stotra" paNa siddhasenanI kRti che. nizItha sUtra" upara siddhasene eka TIkA racI hatI ema "nizIthacUrNimAnA ullekhothI jaNAya che, paNa e TIkA Aje upalabdha nathI." siddhasena vizenA keTalAka ullekha Agama sAhityamAM che, je sUcave che ke emaNe bIjI paNa tio racI hoya. emAM sauthI mahatvane ulekha kevalIne kevalajJAna ane kevala-darzana yugapat thatuM hovAnA emanA matane che. Agamika mata evo che ke kevalIne kevalajJAna ane kevaladarzana yugapata thatuM nathI, paNa eka samaye kevalajJAna ane bIje samaye kevadarzana ema vAraMvAra thayA kare che. siddhasena A matane tarkathI asiddha gaNe che. jinabhadrANi kSamAzramaNa jevA pachInA AcAryoe siddhasenanA A matanuM khaMDana karyuM che. Agama sAhityamAM siddhasena ane jinabhadranAM A matAMtaranI vAraMvAra noMdha levAmAM AvI che. ra1 gujarAtanA mahAna tArkika ane tattvajJa malavAdInI kRtio vize have joIe. malavAdI valabhInivAsI jaina vidvAna hatA. jaina nyAyanA sarvottama graMtho paikI nayacaka athavA "dAdAniyacakanA kartA eo che. prabhAcaMdrasUrikRta "prabhAvarita" anusAra, jiyazasa athavA jinayama, yakSa ane mA e traNe bhAIomAM mala sethI nAnA hatA. emanA eka mAmA vetAMbara jaina sAdhu hatA ane emanuM nAma jinAnaMdasUri hatuM. naMda athavA buddhiAnaMda nAme eka bauddha sAdhue bharUcamAM vAdavivAdamAM jinAnaMdasUrine parAjaya karyo hato, AthI jinAnaMdasUri bharUcathI valabhI AvyA ane tyAM potAnA bhANejene ziSya banAvyA. traNe jaNa valabhImAM ucca vidyAdhyayana karIne zAstranipuNa banyA. jitayazase "vizrAMtavidyAdhararara nAme vyAkaraNagraMtha upara nyAsa lakhyo, thase tipane nimittAchaMgAdhinI" nAme graMtha race, ane malle potAnA suprasiddha graMtha "nayacakranI racanA karI. pachI malla bharUca gayA ane tyAM pitAnA mAmAnA pratispadhIne vAdamAM parAjaya karI emaNe "vAdI" biruda meLavyuM. A ghaTanAnuM varSa "prabhAvaka carita" vIranirvANa pachI 884 (I. sa. 357 pa8) Ape che. 24 durbhAgye mUla "nayacaka " avikala rUpe atyAre upalabdha nathI ane mukhyatve siMha kSamAzramaNa(I. sa. 700 AsapAsa)nI TIkAne AdhAre mULa graMthanA pAThanuM punardhATana karavuM paDe che.

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244] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. AcArya hemacaMdra "siddhahema" uparanI bRhaddIkAmAM ra5 malavAdIne "tArkikemAM zreSTha" (anumakTavarjina tA :) kahIne biradAvyA che. jaina nyAyanA mahAgraMtha "sanmatitaka' upara mallavAdIe TIkA racI hatI evI paNa anuzruti che. bauddha vidvAna dharmakIrtikRta "nyAyabiMdu"nI dharmottaraskRta TIkA upara mallavAdIe Ti paNa lakhyuM hatuM ema kahevAya che. 26 vaLI "padmacarita" nAmanuM rAmakathAviSayaka (jaina paraMparAmAM rAmane 'padma' kahe che) 24,000 lekapramANanuM mahAkAvya mahalavAdIe rahyuM hovAnuM "prabhAvakacarita"--aMtargata "malavAdicarita' nedhe che: zrIpadmacaritaM nAma rAmAyaNamudAharat / caturvizatiretasya sahastrA granthamAnataH // 70 // A graMtha paNa anupalabdha che. pAdaTIpe 1. valabhInA rAjA dharasena bIjAnA eka tAmrapatra(I. sa. 478)mAM enA pitA guhasenane saMskRta, prAkRta ane apabhraMza e traNe bhASAomAM prabaMdharacanA karavAmAM nipuNa (saMtarAtA graMrAmApAtracativadhavaparanAnipuNatAntara:) kahyo che (gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekha, naM. 50), paraMtu e tAmrapatra banAvaTI jaNAyuMhovAne kAraNe e ulekha AdhArabhUta na gaNAya. 2. M. B. Jhavery, faafurafeen, Introduction, folio 16 3. bha. ja. sAMDesarA, "jana Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta', pR. 8 4. prabhAcandra, prabhAvakacarita, 5, 247-306 5. A saMkSepano jarmana anuvAda che. ghUmene karyo che. jarmana anuvAdanA gujarAtI bhASAMtara mATe juo "naina sAhitya saMzodhavA", khaMDa 2, aMka 2, pariziSTa. 6. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, uparyukta, pR. 98-99 7. kaceramatI nadI vizenA A ekamAtra upalabdha ulekha uparathI anumAna thAya che ke kAM to emAM pAchuM rahetuM nahotuM athavA e pANuM besvAda hatuM. e nadI prasiddha hoI lokoktimAM A rIte sthAna pAmI hatIH "vi ti ramatI, vIrya te vALiyuMvAM tuha nAma na dNsgyN'| atra kaseru nAma ndii| tasyAH prsiddhirtiiv| na varaM na ofsaddhAnu tA: panIyAmati : ("vyavahArasUtra', bhASyagAthA 58-59 uparanI

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12 muM] bhASA ane sAhitya [245 malayagirinI vRtti). bharukacchavAsI AcArya vize A ullekha hoI kasara nadI lATamAM athavA AsapAsanA pradezamAM AvelI haze. 8. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, uparyukta, pR. 166-67 9. umAkAMta zAha, gujarAtanA keplAka prAcIna paMDito', buddhiprakAza, pu. 99, pR. 302-08 10. jemanA mata jaina TIkA-cUrNiomAM TAMkelA che te lATAcArya lATanA haze ema jaNAya che ("jaina Agama sAhitya gujarAta.pR. 162-63). saMskRta kAvyazAstramAMnI lATI rIti ane lATAnuprAsane saMbaMdha paNa lATa sAthe haze. vADmaTanA TIkAkAra siMhadevagaNie lATI rItine hAsyarasa sAthe joDI che. Aje paNa lATavAsIonA svabhAvanuM vinoda eka lAkSaNika aMga che. 11. umAkAMta zAha, uparyukta, pR. 308 12. raseza jamInadAra, kSatrapAlIna gujarAta : itihAsa ane saMskRti" pR. 430-32 13. ejana, pR. 328-29 14. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, pR. 104 15. bho. ja, sAMDesarA, uparyukta, pR. 108-09 15. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, Eng. Trans., Vol. II, p. 477, note 17. 5. 35-43 26. Charlotte Krause, "Siddhasena Divakara and Vikramaditya", Vikrama Volume, pp. 231 ff. 19. "sanmatiprakaraNa", anuvAda ane prastAvanA, 5. 145 20. bho. ja. sAMDesarA. uparyukta, pR. 197 21. ejana 22. A graMthane ullekha hemacaMdra potAnA vyAkaraNamAM karyo che (purAtatva, pu. 4, pR. 21), tyAM vAmanane ene kartA gaNela che (R. C. Parikh, Karyanukasana, Vol. II, Introduction, pp. lxxv;-lxxvii). 23. mAra, pramAdita, 10 (mazrAviricarita ) 24, ujhana, 6 ( vinayasiMharivarita), 83 25. 2, 2, 31

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24 ] sauMca kAlathI guptakAla [x. 26. keTalAka vidvAneA dharmottarane I. sa.nA 8 mA saikAmAM mUke che ( vidyAbhUSaNa, History of Mediaeval School of Indian Logic, pR. 34-35). vaiyAkaraNa vAmana, jenA upara hemacaMdre " vizrAMtavidyAdhara 'nuM kartRtva Apyu che te, maeNkaDAnala ( A History of Sanskrit Literature, p. 432) AdinA mata pramANe prAya: chaThThA saikAmAM thaI gayA. dharmAMttara upara TippaNu lakhanAra mI~vAdI " nayacakra''nA kartAthI bhinna na hoya tA " prabhAvakacarita ''mAM ApelA paraMparAgata varSamAM kaMIka bhUla che ema gaNavu AI e. madhavAdInA samayanI carcA mATe jue vidyAbhUSaNa, A History of Indian Logic, pR. 194-95. emAM paraMparAgata vane vIranirvANane badale vikrama (athavA rAka) saMvatamAM gaNIne madhavAdIne IsavI navamI sadImAM mUkyA che. A sAme " nayacakra '"nA vidvAna saMpAdaka munizrI jakhuvijayajI (vizALa mArata, pu. 43, pR. 415) vividha pramANeA rajU karI paraMparAgata vanuM samana kare che. A mata temaja sanmatitaka upara madhuvAdIe TIkA racI heAvAnI anuzruti svIkArIe te, siddhasena divAkarane I. sa. 358 pahelAM mUkavA joIe. DaoN. raseza jamInadAra madyavAdIne I. sa.nI ceAthI sadInA uttarArdhamAM ke pAMcamI sadInA pUrvACmAM mUke che ( kSatrapakAlIna gujarAta : itihAsa ane saMskRti", pR. 413) C/C/ 66 ..

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prakaraNa 13 lipi gujarAtamAM mothI gupta sudhInA lagabhaga AThaso varSanA gALA daramyAna traNa lipiomAM lakhANa upalabdha thAya che. brAhmI, khareSThI ane grIka-ramana. AmAMnI brAhmI lipinAM lakhANa maurya samrATa azokanA samayathI maLe che, jyAre kharaDI ane grIka-romana lipio I. pU. bIjI sadIthI I.sa.nI bIjI sadI daramyAna prajAtI najare paDe che. I. sa. nI trIjI sadIthI A baMne lipio bhAratanA itara pradezanI mAphaka ahIM paNa lupta thAya che ane teonuM sthAna paNa brAhmI le che. A brAhmIne uttarotara vikAsa thatAM emAMthI A pradezamAM enAM vividha svarUpa vikasyAM. 1. brAhmI lipi brAhmI lipinAM keTalAMka mahattvanAM lakSaNa nIce pramANe che : (1) akSaro tathA enI paMktio DAbethI jamaNe lakhAya che. (2) ene pratyeka akSara vanyAtmaka saMketa che. arthAta jevuM bolAya che tevuM lakhAya che ane jevuM lakhAya che tevuM vaMcAya che. (3) emAM svara ane baMnenAM kula 63 ke 4 cihna che. 1 (4) anusvAra, visarga vagere mATe alaga alaga cihana che. saMskRta zabdazAstramAM ravare ane vyaMjanonA javanivarNa uccAraNanAM sthAne anusAra vaijJAnika krame goThavAyA che; lipinA saMjJAvarNa samaya jatAM bhASAnA e vanivarNone kama anusAra goThavAyA che. 247

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248 (6) bajanonI sAthe svarane saMyoga antargata svaracihane (medial vowel-signs) dvArA vyakta karavAmAM Ave che. (7) badhAM ja vyaMjana-cihanomAM "a" adhyAhata rahela gaNAya che. mauryakAlIna brAhmI gujarAtamAM mauryothI gupta sudhInA samaya daramyAna brAhmI lipinI traNa avasthA najare paDe che : pahelI moryakAlIna avasthA, je lagabhaga samagra bhAratamAM e vakhate lagabhaga ekasarakhI hatI; bIjI kSetrapAlIna avasthA (I.sa. 1 thI 300), jemAM prAdezika rUpAMtara thayelAM jovA maLe che ane trIjI uttarakSatrapAlIna ane guptakAlIna avasthA (I.sa. 300 thI I.sa. 470 ), jemAM rUpAMtara vadhu prAdezikapaNe thayelAM jovA maLe che. AmAMnI trIjI avasthAne vikAsa samaya jatAM maitrakakAlamAM vyApakapaNe thayelo varatAya che. brAhmI lipinuM mauryakAlIna svarUpa ane ene uttarakAlamAM thayela vikAsa pake 1 mAM darzAvavAmAM AvyA che, jemAM pAMca khAnAomAM anukrame mauryakAlIna, kSatrapakAlIna (I.sa. 1 thI 300), uttarakSatrapakAlIna (I.sa. 300 thI I.sa. 400), gupta rAjAonA abhilekhamAM ane zaikUTaka rAjA(dahasena)ne abhilekhomAM prayojAyelA varSonA maroDa goThavyA che. | gujarAtamAM brAhmI lipinA sauthI prAcIna namUnA maurya samrATa azokanA giranAra zaila-lekhomAM prApta thayA che. A giranAra zaila-lekho uparAMta uttara mauryakAlano eka mRtpAtra lekha somanAthamAMthI maLI Avyo che, jene samya I. pU. 200 nI AsapAsano che. brAhmInI moryakAlIna avasthA jANavA mATe A be sAdhana sahAyabhUta thAya che. mauryakAla daramyAna brAhmInA 36 varNa prayojAyelA maLe che, jemAM 6 svara (34, 3, 6, 3, 6, zo), 1 agavAha (anusvAra), 23 sparza varSe (2, 3, 4, gha, ca, cha, , , , , , , , , , , dha, na, 5, 6, , ma, ma), 4 aMtaHstha (1, 2, 3, va) ane 2 uSmA(sa, ha)ne samAveza thAya che. joke mauryakALa daramyAna 46-47 varNo saMskRta-prAkRta varNamAlAmAM pracAramAM hatA, paraMtu ahIM lekhanI bhASA mAtra prAkRta hovAthI temaja vaNene prayoga prAsaMgika hAI 36 varNa jovA maLe che.

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13 muM] lipi [249 mULAkSare (a) mauryakAlIna gujarAtamAM brAhmI lipinA AdA namUnA tarIke azokanA zaila-lebo upalabdha thatA heIne brAhmI varNamAlAnA mULAkSaranuM mauryakAlIna svarUpa paTTa 1 nA pahelA UbhA khAnAmAM darzAvavAmAM AvyuM che. emAMnA amuka varSonA svarUpanI bAbatamAM nIcenA muddA naMdhapAtra che : - eka sIdhI UbhI rekhAnI DAbI bAjue madhyamAM be trAMsI rekhAo jeDIne A varNa sAbita thayo che. sAthe sAthe enI DAbI bAjunI trAsI rekhAene goLa maroDa ApavAnI pravRttine laIne bIjA be maroDa prayojAtA jevA maLe che. - A svaranuM alaga saMketacihna prayojAtuM nahotuM. enA saMketacihnanI UbhI rekhAnI Toce jamaNI bAju nA aMtargata (medial) ravaracidanI nAnI ADI rekhA pracalita paddhati mujaba 4 joDIne A svara sAdhita thayo che. e karNasthAne hAI karNa" kahevAto haze. gu. "kAna'.) 2, 3, 4 ane teno mATe svataMtra cihna prajAtAM. T- be sarakhI trAsI rekhAone upale cheDethI kATakhUNe joDatAM ja banyA che ane e mareDanI sAthe sAthe enI trAsI bhujAone bahirgoLa vaLAMka apAvA lAge che, je vikAsane sUcaka che. Ta-nA cihnamAM enA vartamAna mareDane nIcale mukhya bhAga najare paDe che. 3- A varNanA ravarUpamAM, zire rekhAnA umerA sivAya kaMI ja pheraphAra thayo nathI. arthAta "Dha" varNanuM svarUpa mauryakAlathI mAMDIne Aja sudhI (nAgarI, gujarAtI ane kaithImAM eka ja rahyuM che. "& e Dha rahyo che' e prakAranI rUDhiprayoga karavAmAM Ave che te A varNanA vikAsanA saMdarbhamAM tapAsatAM sArthaka jaNAya che. -nuM cihna spaSTataH panA cihna parathI sAbita thayuM che. azokanA giranAra zaila-lekhAmAM prayojAyelA vanA maroDa tapAsatAM jaNAya che ke emAM sIdhA, vaLAMkavALA ane mitra ghATanA maroDa projAyA che. keTalAka akSaromAM sIdhA maroDanI sAthe sAthe teonA vaLAMkadAra maroDa prayojAyA che; dA. ta. 3, 4, ga, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6 vageremAM. AvA akSaronA

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250 ] mo kAlathI guptakAla [x. sIdhA ane vaLAMkavALA mareDAnI vaparAzanI daSTie tulanA karatAM moTA bhAganA akSaronI bAbatamAM sIdhA bharoDA karatAM vaLAMkadAra maroDa vadhAre pramANamAM prayAAyA che. e uparathI piravata nanuM vadhAre valaNa ekadare vaLAMkadAra maroDA tarapha vadhatuM tu kahI zakAya. vaLI A vargonA maroDAne kSatrapa ane guptakAlIna maroDA sAthe sarAvatAM emAM paNa, A valaNa uttarottara spaSTataH vadhatuM jatuM mAlUma paDe che. A avaleAkana uparathI eTaluM spaSTa thAya che ke brAhmI lipinA ghaNA mULAkSara mULa sIdhA-surekha svarUpanA hovA joI e. azAkanA samaye judA judA pradezAmAM brAhmI lipinuM svarUpa hatuM; joke jUja akSarAnA marADAmAM vaividhya najare paDe bAbatamAM e prazno udbhave che: (1) azekanA abhilekhAmAM sAmAnyataH ja prakAranA mareDa jovA maLe che te zAthI? (2) je alpa pramANamAM akSarAnA vividha mareDa maLe che te keAI prAdezika viziSTatAonA sUcaka che ke kema? ekasarakhuM ja kharuM. A eka (1) pahelA praznanI samIkSA karIne pyUlara ane dAnI evA anumAna para AvyA che. pa ke azokanA abhilekhAnA lakhANa rAjadhAnImAMthI rAjyanA judA judA pradezamAM mokalavAmAM AvatAM, nahi te uttara, dakSiNa, pUrva ane pazcimanA dUradUranA pradezAmAM eka ja prakAranI lipi kevI rIte dekhA de che e samAvavu muzkela che. byUlara vigatamAM UtaratAM jaNAve che ke azAkanA badhA abhilekhAnA zAbdika pAThanA musaddA pATaliputranA mukhya sacivAlayamAM taiyAra karavAmAM AvatA ane tyAMthI enI nakale prAMtika sukhAe para meAkalI ApavAmAM AvatI, parathI prAMtika lekhaka ( lahiyA) prAdezika kheAlI pramANe enI sudhArelI prata taiyAra karI salATane ApatA. A prata taiyAra karavAmAM lahiyAe upara jANyeajANye mULa pratanA akSarAnA marADanI asara thatI. vaLI e lahiyAe kaMI huMmezAM e pradezanA vatanI naheAtA. keMdramAMthI ke bIjA pradezeAmAMthI AvatA saMdhyAe, moTe bhAge, peAtAnA vatananA ke agAunA vahIvaTanA pradezAmAMthI sacive| vagere lAvatA A banne kAraNeAne laIne abhilekhAmAM sAmAnyata: prAdezika vaividhya na Ave e ravAbhAvika che. paraMtu azeAkakAlIna brAhmI lipinA aprAdezika svarUpa vize upara jaNAvelAM kAraNa vAjabI lAgatAM nathI. abhilekhAnA zAbdika pADanA musaddA magadhanI rAjadhAnImAMthI mekalAtA ane emAM prAdezika khAlI pramANenA zAbdika pheraphAra karAtA, teA pachI bhASAnI jema lipimAM paNa prAdezika lakSaNA AvyA vinA rahe nahi, kAraNa ? lekhA prajAjane samakSa mUkavAnA hatA, tethI te samaje

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13 muM] lipi [251 evI emanI bhASAmAM pheraphAra karAto, to pachI e ja kAraNasara lekane jANItI lipimAM lakhavA mATe lipimAM paNa pheraphAra karavo paDe. je bhASAnI jema lipimAM paNa tyAre prAdezika bheda pravartatA hoya ane abhilekha mATenI AkharI prata taiyAra karI ApanAra lahiyo prAdezika bolI-bhedane pUre mAhitagAra hoya, te e pratanA lakhANamAM sthAnika lipinA mareDa AvyA vinA rahe nahi, paraMtu azokanA abhilekhomAM belInA spaSTa bheda hovA chatAM, evA lipi-bheda dekhA detA nathI e hakIkata che, AthI enuM kharuM kAraNa e jaNAya che ke e samayanI pracalita brAhmI lipinI utpattine ghaNe ocho samaya thayo haze ane tethI emAM evA prAdezika maroDa ghaDAyA nahi hoya. nyUlara paNa brAhmI lipinI utpatti azokanA samaya pahelAM thoDA saikAo upara ja thaI hovAnuM mAne che ke (2) azokanA giranArAdi abhilekhamAM akSaranA maroDanuM je thoDuM vividhya jovA maLe che te koI prAdezika viziSTatAonuM sUcaka che ke kema e bAbatamAM mukhya be mata pravarte che : eka mata khUlara, ojhA ane pAMDeyane che, jeo A maraDa-vaividhyane Akasmika ke upalaka nahi mAnatAM prAdezikatAnuM sucaka mAne che. jyAre bIjA matanA puraskartAo - upAsaka ane dAnI - A maroDa-vavidhyane upalaka ane Akasmika mAne che; emane mate emAM koI tAttvika vaividhya jaNAtuM nathI. bUlare azokanA abhilekhomAM prApta maroDa-vaiviya kayA kayA lekhamAM samAnapaNe jovA maLe che e zedhI, emane uttara ane dakSiNI zailInA evA be mukhya vibhAgamAM vargIkRta karela che.giranAra, sidApura, dhaulI ane jaugaDanA abhilekhomAM 3, 3, , , 5, 6, 1 ane ra sAthenA badhA saMyuktAkSaro temaja aMtargata huM lagabhaga samAna svarUpe prajAyA che, eTaluM ja nahi, teonA maroDa uttaranA lekhothI judA paDatA hoIe dakSiNI zailInA dyotaka che, bAkInA abhilekha uttarI zailInA dyotaka che. ojhAe A vaividhya mATe amuka aMze dezabhedane kAraNabhUta gaNe che, to enI sAthe keTaleka aMze lekhakanI rUci tathA varAne paNa kAraNabhUta TheravyAM che. pAMDeye A maraDavaiviya prAdezika hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che, paraMtu e aMgenAM kaI kAraNa ke udAharaNa ApyAM nathI. upAsake 10 bUlarAdinA dezabheda aMgenA matanuM khaMDana karatAM jaNAvyuM che ke nyUlara jaNAve che tevAM dakSiNa zailIne alaga pADatAM mareDa-vaividhya te.

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252] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. emaNe jaNAvelA mAtra dakSiNI lekhamAM ja jovA maLe che evuM nathI, evA maraDa te emaNe gaNAvelA uttarI zailInA lekhomAM paNa jovA maLe che. vaLI jyAM sudhI eka ja pradezamAM AvelA abhilekhomAM mULabhUta vividhatAonuM astitva hoya tyAMsudhI lekhananAM prAdezika svarUpa tAravI zakAya nahi; dA. ta. giranArane dakSiNI zailIno ghAtaka gaNavAmAM Ave to enI dakSiNe AvelA sopArAnA lekhane paNa dakSiNa zailIno gaNave joIe, paraMtu teonI vacce samAnatA karatAM mULabhUta taphAvata jovA maLe che (jemake 3 nA bhareDa). vaLI akSaranA maroDonuM vaividhya judA judA lekhomAM alaga alaga che. evuM nathI, keTalIka vAra to ekanA eka abhilekhamAM paNa akSaranuM maroDa-vaividhya dekhA de che. A maraDa-vaividhyane prAdezika dharaNe tAravI zakAtuM nathI, chatAM A mareDa- vaividhya AvyuM che e hakIkata che. ene mATe upAsaka dezabhedane badale padArthabhedane kAraNabhUta lekhe che. azekanA abhilekhonI AMtarika tulanA karatAM teo jaNAve che ke zailalekho ane staMbhalekhonAM abhilekhano vacce pharaka najare paDe che ane zailalekhonI sarakhAmaNIe staMbhalekhonuM abhilekhana vadhAre sacoTa ane kalAtmaka che, vaLI staMbhalekha karatAM zailekhomAM sIdhA maroDa adhika pramANamAM prayojAyA che, A uparathI kahI zakAya ke staMbhalekha kuzaLa zilpIone hAthe kotarAyA che, jayAre zailalekha sAmAnya kakSAnA sthAnika kArIgarone hAthe kotarAyA che. A uparAMta kAMto chetaranAranI vyaktigata kalAtmaka lAkSaNikatAone laIne agara to chetaranAranA hAthamAM AvelA musaddAnI prAMtika kArakune karelI nakalane laIne paNa A vaividhya AvyuM hoya. upAsakanI jema dAnIe paNa azokanA abhilekhomAM kaI prAdezika bheda na hovAnuM pratipAdana karyuM che. dAnIe eka paTTamAM uttara ane dakSiNI zailIne gaNAvAtA lekhonA mareDa sAthe sAthe goThavIne banAvI ApyuM che ke uttara ane dakSiNI zailIone agala kare tevo kaI AdhAra bhAgyeja sAMpaDe che. A Akhoya prazna kharekhara abhilekhavidyAne che ema jaNAvIne teo spaSTa kare che ke 11 staMbhalekho ane zailalekho kotaravAnI bAbatamAM rataMbhalekha vadhAre sArI rIte kotarAyA che e sAcuM, paraMtu zailalekhane staMbhalekhothI alaga pADI zakAya nahi, kAraNa ke teonA lekhananI prakriyAmAM mULagata rIte koI bheda che ja nahi. uttara ane dakSiNa, pUrva ane pazcima, evAM prAdezika vagIkaraNa paNa pADI zakAtAM nathI. kAraNa? judA judA pradezamAM eka ja prakAranI lekhana-paddhati prajAtI najare paDe che. eTaluM kharuM ke judA judA lekhe potAnI AgavI

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13 muM] lipi lekhanazailIo dharAve che. brAhmI lipimAM ekanA eka akSaranAM be ke traNa prakAranAM ravarUpa jovA maLe che te lekhanazailI ke TAMkavAnI tailIne AdhAre ghaDAyAM hovAnuM jaNAya che, paraMtu emAMnI koI paNa zailIne kaI cokkasa pradeza sAthe sAMkaLI zakAtI nathI. uparanAM sarva bhinna bhinna maMtavya dhyAnamAM letAM eTaluM to spaSTa thAya che ke azokanA abhilekhomAM raheluM maroDonuM vaividhya kaI prAdezika bheda sUcavatuM nathI. evI ja rIte e vaividhya padArthabhedane kAraNe paNa hevAnuM jaNAtuM nathI. ahIM e noMdhavuM jarUrI che ke zailalekhe ane staMbhalekhonA akSara-maraDa vacce pharaka rahelo hovAnuM jaNAvIne upAsaka e aMge kuzaLa zilpIo ane sthAnika kArIgaronI kalpanA kare che e barAbara nathI, kemake, dAnI jaNAve che tema, zaileno ane staMbhalekhonA akSaro vacce keI viziSTa maroDa-bheda rahele nathI. emAM je pharaka rahe che te zaila ane staMbhanI sapATInA ochAvattA sapATapaNAne lIdhe abhilekhanamAM AvatI AchIvattI saraLatA ane saphAIne laIne che. jema pradezabheda ke padArthabhedane kAraNe A maroDa-vaividhya hovAnuM jaNAtuM nathI tema lahiyA ke salATanA aMgata bhareDane kAraNe e bheda hovAnI ojhA ane nyUlare karelI kalpanA paNa yathArtha jaNAtI nathI, temaja dAnI kahe che tevI lekhanazailI ke TAMkavAnI zailIne kAraNe hovAnuM paNa puravAra thatuM nathI. kAraNa? upAsaka noMdhe che tema ekanA eka lekhamAM aneka maraDa dekhA de che, eTaluM ja nahi, kyAreka to ekanI eka paMktimAM paNa eka akSaranA vividha moDa prayojAtA najare paDe che. vaLI AvA bhareDa kaI khAsa lekhamAM ja najare paDe che evuM nathI, badhA ja lekhamAM A pravRtti jovA maLe che, eTale lekhanazailI, TAMkaNazailI, lahiyAnA aMgata mareDa ke salATanI aMgata laDhaNa A vaividhya mATe javAbadAra jaNAtAM nathI. vadhu saMbhavita to e che ke brAhmI lipinA keTalAka akSara (dA. ta. giranAramAM 35, 3, 2 vagere)mAM samaya jatAM thoDoka maraDabheda pracalita thayo hato ane azokanA samayamAM lahiyAo pitAnAM lakhaNamAM (ghaNuM karIne potAnI ruci pramANe) jUnA tathA navA moDe prajatA hatA. A uparAMta, jyAre e lakhANa zilA para kotaravAmAM AvatuM tyAre karavAnI prakriyA daramyAna keTalAka akSaromAM jANeajANe keTalAka vadhu vilakSaNa maroDa paNa UbhA thatA. Ama A be kAraNone laIne A samayamAM keTalAka akSaranA babbe traNa-traNa ke enAthI vadhu bhareDa jovA maLe che.

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ra54] moryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. (A) kSatrapakAlIna gujarAtamAM moryo pachI bhAratIya-grIkAnI ANa vartatI hatI. A bhAratIyagrIkanA sikkA maLe che, paNa e sikkAo paranAM lakhANa grIka ane kharoSThI lipiomAM karelAM che. A samayamAM brAhmI lipinAM lakhANa upalabdha thatAM nathI. I. sa. 1 nA arasAthI gujarAtamAM brAhmI lipimAM lakhANa kaDIbaddha maLe che. I. sa. 1 thI 400 nA lagabhaga 40 varSanA kSetrapAla daramyAna projAyelI brAhmI lipine mauryakAlIna brAhmI lipi sAthe sarakhAvatAM spaSTa jaNAya che ke rUpAMtaranI prakriyAne laIne teonI vacce ThIka ThIka aMtara paDI gayuM che, tethI A kSatrapakala daramyAnanI brAhmI lipine 'kSatrapAlIna brAhmI lipi tarIke lekhavI ucita che. kSatraponAM laharAta ane kAmaka kulanA zilAlekho, zailalekhe, ane sikkAo vipula pramANamAM maLe che. sikakAo laghu kadanA hovAthI teonA para kotarAyelA akSara(AkRti 5)nA maroDa saMkula banyA che, chatAM paNa zilA paranA lekhonI sAthosAtha A samayanI lipinuM svarUpa jANavAmAM sikkAo ThIka ThIka sahAyabhUta thAya che. vaLI A samayanAM muddAo, mudrAMke, mRtpAtro vagere para lakhelAM TUMkAM lakhANa paNa maLe che. samakAlIna AbhIra rAjA IzvaradattanA sikkAo ane IzvararAtanuM eka tAmrapatra upalabdha che. A tAmrapatra gujarAtanA tAmrapatra paranA lekhomAM prAcInatama namUno che. A tAmrapatra ane devanI morInA sUpamAMthI maLI Avela asthipAtra parano lekha-baMne I. sa. 400nA arasAmAM che. I. sa. 1 thI I. sa. 300nA gALA daramyAnanI lipinI sarakhAmaNIe I. sa. nI cothI sadInAM lakhANonI lipi vikasita jaNAya che. vaLI A uttara kSatrapakAlIna lakhANonI lipi guptakAlIna lakhANonI vadhu nikaTanI jaNAya che, AthI ahIM paTTa 1 mAM I. sa. 1 thI 300 sudhInA maroDa bIjA UbhA khAnAmAM ane I. sa. 300 thI 400 sudhInA maroDa trIjA UbhA khAnAmAM goThavyA che. kSatrapakAlIna lekhomAM badhA maLIne 42 varNa prayojAyA che. mauryakAlamAM prayojAyelA 36 varNomAMthI ahIM no prayoga thayela nathI. bAkInA 35 vaNa uparAMta ahIM chuM, R e be svara, sa, za, Sa, Dha e cAra vyaMjana ane visargano prayoga thayeluM jovA maLe che.

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lipi 13 muM] [255 kSatrapakAlIna lekhomAM prayojAyelA varSonI, mauryakAlIna vaNenA maroDa sAthe tulanA karatAM jaNAya che ke 5, ga, 2, 3, 4 ane vargonuM svarUpa lagabhaga mauryakAlIna che, jyAre bAkInA varSonA svarUpamAM ThIka ThIka rUpAMtara thayAM jaNAya che. mauryakAlathI kSatrapAlanA AraMbha sudhI ene kSatrapakAla daramyAna thayelAM rUpAMtarane kAraNe brAhmI viziSTa svarUpa pAmI che. A rUpAMtaranI prakriyAmAM (1) zirorekhAno prayoga, (ra) vargonA parimANamAM pheraphAra, (3) tvarAthI ane cAlu kalame lakhavAne kAraNe vadhu gALa maroDane pracAra vagere kAraNabhUta jaNAya che. (1) zirekhAne praga mauryakAla ane kSetrapAla vaccenA gALAmAM brAhmI lakhANa gujarAtamAMthI upalabdha thayAM nathI, paraMtu bhAratavarSanA itara bhAgamAMthI A kALa daramyAna lakhAyelAM brAhmA lakhANa maLyAM che te parathI ema jaNAyuM che ke A samaya daramyAna brAhmI lipimAM keTalAMka mahattvanAM parivartana thayAM hatAM. khAsa karIne pahoLI athavA dhAradAra kalamanuM navuM sAdhana apanAvavAne laIne akSaranI UbhI rekhAone TocethI jADI karIne nIce jatAM dhIme dhIme pAtaLI karavAnI laDhaNu pracalita banI hatI. 13 Ane laIne akSaranI Toce jANe ke nAnI zI zirorekhA umerAvI zarU thatI hoya evo bhAsa thAya che. nahapAnanA samayanA lekhomAM akSara AvA prakAre karyA jaNAya che; dA. ta. 3, 4, 5, 3, 4 vagerenA pahelA maroDa. rudradAmAnA samayathI akSaronI To baMdhAtI spaSTapaNe jovA maLe che ane nAnI zI ADI rekhA ravarUpe zirerekhA vyakta thavA lAgI che. A valaNa uttarottara vadhatuM jAya che. je varNonAM mathALAM sIdhI UbhI ke trAMsI rekhAvALAM che teone mathALe zirekhA baMdhAI che, jemake , , , , gha, ca, cha, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, , ma, ma, ca, , 4, 5, 6, 3, TU ane nA bhareDa. AmAMnA 1, , mA ane sa jevA be TocavALA varSomAM teonI DAbI bAjunI UbhI rekhA para ane ra mAM enI madhyanI UbhI rekhA para zirorekhA nizcitapaNe karavAmAM Ave che, jayAre teonI jamaNI bAjunI UbhI rekhAne mathALe kyAreka zirorekhA baMdhAtI najare paDe che. ka, mA ane manI bane trAMsI Toce para mukhyatve zirorekhA karavAmAM Ave che.

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[. 256] mauryakAlathI guptakAla kSatrapakAlanA AraMbhamAM 3 ane 7 nI Toce zirekhA thatI jovA maLatI nathI, paraMtu ceDA samaya pachI teonI Toca para paNa zirorekhA nizcitapaNe thavA lAge che. (2) vaNenA parimANamAM pheraphAra kSatrapAlamAM keTalAka varSonA maroDa, agAu laMbAI-pahoLAImAM lagabhaga sapramANamAM hatA te, UMcA-pAtaLA banelA jaNAya che; jemake 5, 6 ane 7 nA maroDa. A vargomAM sIdhI UbhI rekhAnI nIce taraphanI, laMbAI vadhI che ane uparathI nIce tarapha jatAM A rekhA pAtaLI thatI jaNAya che. kalamanA kasabane laIne A prakAre A varNonA maroDa ghaDAyA che. vaLI keTalAka akSaronI UMcAI ghaTe che ane pahoLAI vadhe che; jemake gha, 5, 2, 5, 4 ane huM nA maroDa A varSomAM DAbI bAjunI sIdhI UbhI rekhAne thoDI TUMkI karI nAkhavAmAM AvelI che. evI rIte jamaNI bAjunI rekhAne thoDI UMce laMbAvI enI Tocane DAbI bAjunI TocanI sapATIe rAkhavAmAM AvI che, AthI AvA vargomAM UMcI rekhA TUMkAIne madhyama kadanI bane che ane nIcI rekhA paNa labAIne madhyama kadanI bane che. A pravRtti kSatrapAlanA AraMbha pahelAMthI zarU thaI hatI ema bhAratanA Itara bhAgomAMthI upalabdha thayelA tatkAlIna lekho parathI jaNAya che.14 A jAta nI prakriyAthI A varNa je agAu mauryakAlamAM goLa mareDavALA hatA te, sIdhA maroDavALA banyA che. AgaLa jatAM A vaNe pAchA goLa maroDa dhAraNa kare che. 2, che ane ra mAM sIvI UbhI rekhAne TUMkI karavAmAM AvelI che. (3) vaNenA vaLAMkavALA reDane pracAra kSatrapAlIna vargonA momAM sIdhI rekhAvALA mareDa vaLAMkavALA banatA jAya che. A valaNa cheka mauryakAlathI amuka aMze zarU thayeluM, je uttarottara vadhatAM kSetrapAlamAM vyApaka baneluM jaNAya che. A vaLAMkavALA bhareDathI akSaro vadhu jhaDapathI lakhAya tevA ane dekhAvamAM vadhu maDadAra hovAnuM mAlUma paDe che. kSatrapAlanA AraMbha sudhImAM Avo vaLAMkadAra maroDa keTalAka varSoe laI lIdhe hato; jemake , , , , , , , , , , ma, 2, 4 ane sAmAM, jyAre keTalAka varNa kSatrapAlanA AraMbhamAM sIdhA mareDavALA hatA te

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13 muM] lipa [257 AgaLa jatAM vaLAMkadAra maroDavALA thayA; jevA ke 3, 3, , , , , , , 2 ane huM nA maroDa. A vaLAMkavALA maroDomAM 34, 3, 15 ka. 4 ane 2mAM sIdhI UbhI rekhA nIce tarapha laMbAIne DAbI bAjue vaLAMka dhAraNa kare che. mAM kyAreka madhyanI ADI rekhA nIce tarapha mUkIne vaLAMka dhAraNa karatI jaNAya che; jemake trIjA khAnAnA nA maroDa. je vargomAM sIdhI UbhI, ADI ke trAMsI rekhAo dvArA khUNuM banatA hatA teo ahIM goLa vaLAMka dhAraNa kare che; dA. ta. 3, , 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, huM ane zuM nA moTA bhAganA maroDomAM. ahIM keTalAka varNa to kSatrapakAlanI zarUAtamAM bIjA khAnAmAM) aMzataH ane aMtabhAgamAM ghaNe aMze goLa maroDavALA banyA che. sAdhAraNa rIte AvA varNa cAlu kalame lakhAyAnuM jaNAya che; dA. ta. 2, 4, 3, , , , , huM nA moTA bhAganA maroDa goLa che. kSatrapakAlamAM lipi-vikAsanI prakriyAnAM keTalAMka sAmAnya lakSaNa tapAsyA pachI, have A samayamAM gujarAtamAM prathama vAra prApta thatA 3, , 3, 4, 5 ane 8 vargonuM svarUpa tapAsIe. - A svaranuM mULa svarUpa jANavA maLatuM nathI, paraMtu pachInAM svarUpo parathI e ravarUpa hasya nAM traNa biMduonI nIce cothuM biMdu mUkatAM ghaDAtuM haze ane vakhata jatAM enAM upalAM ane nIcalAM biMduone eka sIdhI UbhI surekhAthI sAMdhavAmAM AvI haze. - cArjana-radradAmAnA aMdhaunA lekhamAM A ravara prayojAyo che. be trAMsI rekhAone vaccethI paraspara dubhAgIne A svara sUcavavAmAM Avyo che. - A cihna ardhavRttAkAra TanA cihna parathI sAdhita thayuM che. emAM enA vartamAna mareDane nIcale mukhya bhAga najare paDe che. - azokanA giranAra zailalekhamAM A varNa prayojAyo na hato, paraMtu anya pradezomAM kotarAyela azokanA lekhamAM eno prayoga thayo hato. maurya kAlamAM be trAMsI surekhAothI upalI Toce banatA khUNAnI madhyamAM eka sIdhI. -2-17

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258 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [, UbhI rekhA nIcenI tarapha dorIne A varNa mukhyatve sUcita karavAmAM Avato hato. 16 kSatrapAlamAM A varNa enA vikasita svarUpe prayojAyela prApta thAya che. be trAMsI rekhAo ane teonI vaccenA khUNAe saLaMga goLa bharaDa dhAraNa karyo che, tyAre madhyanI sIdhI UbhI rekhA kadamAM nAnI banI che ane kyAMka kyAMka enAM sthaLa tathA AkAramAM pheraphAra paDyo che. A varNanA mukhya vRttAkAra maroDamAM kSatrapAla daramyAna vikAsa thato rahyo che. - A varNa paNa azokanA giranAra zailalekhomAM prayojAyo na hato, paraMtu anya pradezanA samakAlIna lekhomAM 7 prayojAyo hovAthI enuM svarUpa jANavA maLe che. tyAM eka sIdhI UbhI rekhAne nIcale cheDethI jamaNI bAjue vALI, UbhI rekhAnI madhyamAM jamaNI bAjue nIcenA jevo eka vaLAMka joDIne A varNa sUcavAta. kSatrapAlamAM A varNa 5, 6 ane varNonI mAphaka sIdhA bhareDano banyo che. - A varNanuM mauryakAlIna svarUpa jANavA maLatuM nathI, paraMtu e pachInA kAlanuM svarUpa I pU. bIjI sadInA sAMcI ane hAthIguphA lekhomAM jovA maLe che. 18 A varNa samakAlIna 4 nA vaLAMkadAra maraDa sAthe ghaNuM ja sAmya dharAvato dekhAya che. kSatrapAlamAM paNa A varNa samakAlIna 3 sAthe ghaNuM ja sAmya dharAve che. kSetrapAlamAM prayojAyelA varSomAM keTalAka varNa teonA maroDanA vikAsanI daSTie temaja AkAra-viziSTayanI daSTie mahattvanA che. rU nAM traNa biMduoe kyAMka kyAMka nAnI zI rekhAonuM sthAna levA mAMDayuM che. to mAM agAunI UbhI rekhAe trAMsI rekhAnuM svarUpa dhAraNa karyuM che, jethI aMgrejI kakakAnA chellA akSara X jevo ene maroDa (pahele maroDa) banyo che. AgaLa jatAM Akhoya maroDa cAlu kalame lakhAtAM goLa rUpa dhAraNa kare che, jemAM upalI ADI rekhAmAM vacce khAMcA pADavAmAM Ave che. nA mauryakAlIna be maroDono gAMTha vagarano maroDa kSatrapa kAlanA AraMbhamAM prayojAto rahyo che, sAthe sAthe gAMDavALA maraDanI gAMThane triveNu-rUpe vistArIne sAdhita karavAmAM Avyo che. gAMTha vagarano maroDa samakAlIna dekhanA lekhomAM 19 ane trikoNAkAra svarUpane maroDa samakAlIna utaranA lekhomAM prayojAto jaNAya che. nahapAnanA samayamAM dakhaNa ane uttarI bane maroDa prajAtA hatA, paraMtu AgaLa jatAM mAtra

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13 muM] lipi [ 259 trikoNavALA uttarI maroDa ja prajAvo cAlu rahe che. cothA maroDamAM upalA avayavanI madhyamAM khAMce pADyo che, je vilakSaNa che. janI trAMsI rekhAoe saLaMga kalame lakhAvAne kAraNe goLa bhareDa dhAraNa karyo che. AgaLa jatAM uparano goLa vaLAMka sIdhI rekhAnuM svarUpa dhAraNa karato jaNAya che. ra ane cha nA agAunA marenI UbhI rekhAne TUMkI karIne ra mAM nIcenA ardhavRttAkArane kalAtmaka vaLAMkavALo banAvIne ane jemAM baMne bAjunAM ardhavRttone alaga alaga vRttanuM svarUpa ApI ADA aMgrejI AThaDA (4) jevA kalAtmaka maroDa prayojavAmAM Ave che. 3 nA mauryakAlIna vikasita mareDa pahelA khAnAnA chellA be maroDa)nA nIcalA cheDAne jamaNI bAjue laMbAvatAM kSatrapakAlIna mareDa ghaDA che. kalama uThAvyA vinA tvarAthI lakhavAne kAraNe A maroDa ghaDAyuM hovAnuM jaNAya che. I m ne mauryakAlIna maroDa kSatrapAlanA AraMbhamAM prayojAto hato. e maraDano A samaya daramyAna vikAsa thayo che. nIcenI ADI rekhA uparanI tarapha bahirgoLa vaLAMka dhAraNa karavA lAgI; dA. ta. bIjo ane trIjo maroDa, je vaLAMka akSarane cAlu kalame lakhavAne kAraNe kSatrapAlanA aMta samaye navo ja maroDa dhAraNa kare che jemake trIjA khAnAnA). e bhareDamAM sIdhI UbhI rekhAne nIcale cheDethI DAbI bAjue vALI enuM vRtta banAvIne, ene jamaNI bAjue laMbAvavAmAM Ave che. cothA saikAmAM racAyelo A maraDa cheka navamAM zataka sudhI prayojato rahyo che. bIjA khAnAnA trIjA maroDamAM ane trIjA khAnAnA maroDamAM upalI ADI rekhAne khAMcAdAra (taraMgAkAra) banAvI che. bIjA khAnAno pahele ane chelle maroDa viziSTa che. saMbhavataH uparanI taraMgAkAra ADI rekhAnA dareka pAMkhaDAne madhyanI ADI rekhA sAthe alaga alaga joDIne cAlu kalame lakhatAM A maraDa ghaDAyAnuM jaNAya che. 21 tanA vividha maroDamAM pahelA moDanI trAsI rekhAone saLaMga adha gaLa mareDa ApIne sAbita karavAmAM Avela maroDa (bIjA khAnAne chelle ane trIjA khAnAnA baMne maroDa) vizeSa prajAto rahyo che. enA UlaTAsUlaTI maroDe(bIjA khAnAnA vacalA bane maroDa)mAM trIjo moDa anukAlanA saMdarbhamAM tapAsatAM vikAsane sUcaka che. enuM varUpa A varNanA vartamAna svarUpanI nikaTanuM che. 2 nA maurya ane kSetrapAlIna ravarUpa vacce ghaNuM aMtara paDI gayuM che. bIjA pradezamAMthI maLatAM vacalA gALAnAM ravarUpo uparathI jaNAya che ke enA mauryakAlIna mareDane cAlu kalame lakhatAM ene madhya bhAga dhIre dhIre

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260] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. saMkula banato gayo ane nIcalI rekhA goLa vaLIne jamaNI tarapha vaLavA lAgI.22 pahelo maroDa e svarUpanuM surekha svarUpa darzAve che. e svarUpanA kauzika avayavo samaya jatAM goLa maroDavALA bane che. Ane laIne banate mareDa samakAlIna 4 nA maroDane ghaNe aMze maLato banyo che; joke 4 nI pITha nI apekSAe saheja UMcI che. dha ne enA mauryakAlIna maroDa karatAM UlaTo maroDa ahIM prayojAyo che; jeke azokanA bIjA keTalAka lekhomAM giranAranA dha karatAM UlaTuM (kSatrapAlamAM prayojAyuM che tevuM) svarUpa prajAyuM hatuM. 23 na no vikAsa samakAlIna La nI mAphaka thayo che. mane pahelo maroDa mauryakAlIna maroDanI nikaTane che. mauryakAlamAM AraMbhAyelI uparanI nAnI rekhAne DAbI bAjue khaseDavAnI pravRtti ahIM paNa cAlu rahI che. e rekhAnI nIce bAkInI sIdhI rekhAone vaLAMkavALo maraDa apAyo, jemAM ADI rekhAnI madhyamAM khAMco pADIne be bahirgoLa vaLAMka karavAmAM AvyA. pariNAme mane kSatrapakAlIna maroDa vartamAna bALabodha sra nA maroDane maLato banyo che. ma nA mauryakAlIna maroDanI sAthosAtha ene surekha maroDa paNa ahIM AraMbhamAM prajA che; joke A samaya daramyAna ma nI DAbI ke jamaNI trAMsI rekhAne vaLAMkavALI karavAmAM AvatI jovA maLe che. trIjA khAnAnA pahelA maroDamAM nIcenI rekhA lupta che, je sikkAonA nAnA kadane kAraNe hovAnuM jaNAya che. 4 nI jamaNI UbhI rekhAne goLa mareDa ApIne DAbI tarapha jhukAvavAnI pravRtti ahI AraMbhAI che, je dakSiNI asaranI sUcaka che. 24 va mAM zirorekhAnA umerAvA sAthe upalI rekhAnI UMcAI ghaTI che ane kyAreka to varNanA nIcalA goLa ke trikoNa avayavane jANe ke zirorekhA sAthe sIdho joDI dIdho hoya ema lAge che. Ama mauryakAlIna vargonA maroDa sAthe kSetrapAlIna vargonA maroDanI tulanA karatAM keTaleka aMze kSatrapakAlIna vargonA maroDamAM rUpAMtara thayAnuM jaNAya che. keTalAka varSonA parimANamAM pheraphAra thayA che, sIdhI rekhAvALA maroDa vaLAMkadAra banyA che. emAMya rekhAone khAMcAdAra (taraMgAkAra) ApavAnI pravRtti khAsa noMdhapAtra che. cethA saikAmAM vikasita svarUpa pAmelA varNa ghaNe aMze, teonAM anukAlIna svarUponI avasthA pAmelA jaNAya che. mauryakAlIna brAhmI lipi, upara joyuM tema, koI prAdezika lakSaNo dharAvatI nahotI, paraMtu samaya jatAM e lipimAM prAdezika rUpAMtara thatAM gayAM. kSatrapakAlIna

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13 muM] lipi [261 brAhmI lipinA vikAsamAM ravAbhAvika rUpAMtaranI prakriyA uparAMta keTalIka svAbhAvika bAhya asaro paNa varatAya che. ' kSatrapavaMzanAM rAjale paikI laharAta kulanA rAjAonA zilAlekha gujarAtamAM maLyA nathI, paraMtu emanA sikkAo ahIMthI maLyA che. A kSaharAta kSatraponA je zilAlekha maLyA che te mahArASTramAM AvelI guphAomAM kotarelA hovAthI enI lipi pazcima dakhaNanI prAdezika asara dharAvatI hevA saMbhave che. A leo upara sAtavAhana vaMzanA AraMbhika samayanA abhilekhonI lipinI spaSTa asara jovA maLe che, to vaLI raNa jevA keTalAka akSaromAM mathurAnA zaka kSatrapanA lekhanI lipinI asara paNa bhaLI jaNAya che. A samaye zako ane yavanono pazcima dakhaNamAM saMparka jatAM uttara bhAratanI keTalIka asara dAkhala thaI hevAnuM taddana ravAbhAvika che. 25 kArdamaka kulanA kSatrapa rAjAo ujajenathI rAjya karatA hoI emanA abhilekhomAM pUrva mALavAnI lipinI asara rahelI che, paraMtu samaya jatAM A lipi para pazcima dakhaNanI lipinI asara AvatI gaI A asara samakAlIna sAtavAhana sAthenA sArA-narasA saMparkane laIne AvI manAya che, paraMtu e agAu kSaharAta kSatranA samayanI lipinI asara paNa AvI haze, je lipimAM paNa pazcima dakhaNanI sapaSTa asara rahelI hatI. A rIte kSetrapAla daramyAna gujarAtamAM eka navo lipi-prakAra ghaDAye. A lipi-prakAramAM uttara ane dakSiNI zailInI asaranAM cihna nIce pramANe varatAya che : 3, 3, , ga ane ra nA nIcalA cheDAone DAbI bAjue vALavA, va temaja mAM DAbI bAjunI UbhI rekhAmAM ane ko temaja na mAM upalI ADI rekhAmAM khAMcA pADavA, 4 nI UbhI rekhAne DAbI bAjue vALavI, vagere dakSiNI zailInAM lakSaNo vyakta kare che jyAre raNe nA nIcenA cheDe trikoNAkAra bana, 5 nI DAbI bAjune aMdaranI tarapha vALavI, saMyuktAkSaromAM ca ne dUkAkAra maroDa27 aicchikapaNe prajo , vagere uttarI rolInI asaranAM dyotaka che. A parathI gujarAtanI A lipimAM uttarI zailInI sarakhAmaNIe dakSiNI zailInI vizeSa asara rahelI jaNAya che. A asara kSatrapa kAlanA uttara bhAgamAM savizeSa pramANamAM dekhA de che jemake ane na jevA akSaromAM nIcene vRttAkAra thavA lAge che, ca, , ra vagerenA nIcalA cheDA DAbI bAjue vadhu gaLa vaLIne saheja upara caDatA banyA che.

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262 ] (i) guptakAlIna mo kAlathI guptakAla [pra. guptakAla daramyAna gujarAtamAMthI khareAhI ane grIka-romana lipine vaparAza bilakula baMdha thayeA. have sarvatra brAhmI lipinuM pracalita svarUpa prayeAjAvA lAgyuM. brAhmI lipinuM guptakAlIna svarUpa enA kSatrapakAlIna svarUpatI tulanAe tapAsatAM jaNAya che ke keTalAka varNamAM rUpAMtara vizeSa thayu che., tethI brAhnInA guptakAlIna svarUpane darzAvavA mATe paTTanA ceAthA ane pAMcamA khAnAmAM A kALanA anukrame ska MdaguptanA zailalekhamAM28 ane traikUTaka dahasenanA tAmralekha temaja sikkAlekhAmAM prayeAjAyelA varNInA bharADa geAvyA che.29 (vaLI jue AkRti 6-7.) guptakAlamAM eka dare 37 vaNu prayeAjAyA che, jemAM jihavAmUlIya30 ane 4 nA prayAga gujarAtamAM prathama vAra maLe che. AmAMnA haiM ne sAdA-sIdhe marADa jotAM jaNAya che ke enuM mULa svarUpa paNa evu ja hAvuM joI e. eka sIdhI UbhI rekhAne upale ane nIcale cheDe, jamaNI bAjue eka eka nAnI ADI rekhA joDIne, A varNa prayAjAyA che. A sivAyanA guptakAlamAM prayeAjAyelA varNAnuM svarUpa tapAsIe : (1) 1, 431 ane haiM varNAnA marADa bahudhA mau`kAlIna che, jyAre bAkInA moTA bhAganA varNanA maroDa kSatrapakAlamAM ghaDAyA hovAthI tenuM kSatrapakAlIna svarUpa ahIM cAlu raheluM najare paDe che: jemake A, A, 4,32 la, 1, 2, 5, 4,33 6, 1, 5, 6,34 ma, ca, 6, 7, va, sa ane 6 nA maroDa bahudhA kSatrapakAlIna svarUpa dharAve che. (2) A samaye Ta ne mathALe zirorekhA baMdhAvI zarU thaI che. zirArekhAnI bAbatamAM ahIM e muddA nAMdhapAtra che: eka tA, guptAnA lekheAmAM zirekhA sAdhAraNa rIte nakkara biMdu-svarUpe prayAAI che, jyAre traikUTakAnA lekhAmAM e nAnI ADI rekhAnA ravarUpe vyakta thaI che; bIjuM, agAu e TAcavALA vargonI mukhyatve ane TAse zirorekhA karavAmAM AvatI; dA. ta. 4, A, 5 ane 6 nA maroDa; guptakAlamAM teenI jamaNI bAjunI UbhI rekhAne mathALe zirorekhAne sadaMtara abhAva jovA maLe che. (3) 4, 3, 4 ane va jevA akSaronI U'cAI teenA kSatrapakAlIna maroDAnI apekSAe ghaTelI jaNAya che, AthI akSaronA maroDamAM kalAtmakatAnuM pramANa

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13 muM] [263 kaMIka ochuM thayeluM hovAnI chApa paDe che, paraMtu vAstavamAM to ja, 7 ane ja jevA akSaronA maroDa vadhAre pramANamAM vaLAMkadAra svarUpe prayojAyA che. guptakAlIna brAhmIne bhAratanI tatkAlIna itara pradezanI brAhmI lipi sAthe sarakhAvIe to spaSTa jaNAya che ke gujarAtamAM brAhmI lipinA rUpAMtaranI prakriyA lAMbA samayathI cAlI Ave che te A samaye paNa cAlu rahI che. kaMdaguptane giranAra zailalekha saiArASTranA prAdezika lipi-maroDamAM lakhAyo che. A lipiprakAra dekhItI rIte A pradezanI prAphakAlIna (kSatrapAlIna) lipinuM anusaMdhAna dharAve che. uttara bhAratanA samakAlIna lipi-prakAranI sarakhAmaNIe A pradezanA A lipi prakAramAM dakSiNI zailInI keTalIka spaSTa asara tarI Ave che;35 dA. ta. a , ane ra nA nIcalA cheDAone DAbI bAjue goLa vALavA, 4 nI jamaNa bhujAne goLa maroDa Apa, aMtargata 4 nA cihnane DAbI ke jamaNI bAjue goLa maroDa Apavo 36 vageremAM. uttara gujarAtamAMthI A samayanA koI lekha maLyA nathI, paNa dakSiNa gujarAtamAM naikUTaka vaMzanA da hasenanA tAmralekha ane sikkAlekha maLe che. saikUTaka vaMzane mULa pradeza-trikUTa koMkaNamAM Avela hato ane e vaMzanA rAjAoe kalacuri saMvata apanAvyo hato, je pazcima dakhaNamAM zarU thayo jaNAya che. Ama kekaNanA saikUTakenI sattA dakSiNa gujarAtamAM prasaratAM gujarAta para dakhaNanI keTalIka asara prasarI hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. gujarAta para dakhaNanI asara kSatrapAlanA cheka AraMbhathI thavA lAgI hatI, je naiphUTakanA samaye vadhu vyApaka banatI jAya che. saurASTranA guptalekhamAM jaNAtI dakSiNI zailInI adhika asara pAchaLa dakhaNanI A asara hevI saMbhave. dahasenanA lekhamAM to dakSiNI zailInI asara saurASTranA guptalekha karatAM vizeSa jovA maLe che.37 dA. ta. upara kaMdaguptanA lekhanA saMdarbhamAM kathita dakSiNI lakSaNo uparAMta 6 nA maroDamAM upalA biMdunuM bahirgoLa (taraMgAkAra) rekhAtmaka svarUpa, 6 nA moDamAM madhyanuM keNika svarUpa, vaoN mAMDaTa aMtargata sau nA nUtana maroDano prayoga thavo, vagere. A trakUTaka lipi-prakAranA ugamathI thoDA samayamAM gujarAtamAM eka viziSTa prAdezika lipino uddabhava thAya che. ahIM eTaluM neMdhavuM basa che ke skaMdaguptanA zailalekha, agAunA ( brAhmInA kSetrapAlIna) lipi-prakAranI ane have pachI trakUTakelI asarathI vikasanAra maitrakakAlIna lipi-prakAranI vaccenuM aMkeDe pUro pADe che. 39

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264] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. upara varNonA maroDane AdhAre bhauthI gupta sudhInA AThaso varSanA gALAmAM brAhmI lipinuM svarUpa ane emAM AvelA kramika rUpAMtaronI carcA karI. lipividyAmAM varSo ane teonuM ravarUpa savizeSa mahattvanAM gaNAya che, tema chatAM aMtargata svaracihno, saMyukata vyaMjana, saMketacihno ane aMkacihnonuM svarUpa ane teonuM kramika rUpAMtara paNa sarvAgINa lipi-vikAsa samajavA mATe jANavuM jarUrI che. varNonA vikAsanI sAthe sAthe teonA AkAra-prakAramAM pheraphAra paDavAne kAraNe teonI sAthe joDavAmAM AvatAM aMtargata svaracihnone joDavAnI paddhatimAM pharaka paDe che, vaLI varNanI sAthe ja e cihna prajavAnAM hovAthI teonA maroDomAM paNa rUpAMtara thayA kare che. evI rIte vargonA maroDamAM rUpAMtara thatAM, teone paraspara saM javAnI paddhatimAM paNa phera paDe che. vaLI Akhoya saMyukta vyaMjana cAlu kalame lakhavAnI pravRttine kAraNe paNa yukta vyaMjanonA maroDamAM rUpAMtara thayA kare che. e bAbata saMketacihnone paNa eTalI ja lAgu paDe che. ane prajavAnI paddhati paNa lipino bhAga che, emAM paNa rUpAMtara thatAM rahe che. A bAbata dhyAnamAM letAM teonuM svarUpa ane emAM thatAM rUpAMtarone TUMkamAM nirUpavA mATe para taiyAra karyo che. emAM traNa UbhAM khAnAmAM anukrame maurya, kSatrapa ane gupta e traNe kAlanA amuka amuka mahattvanA namUnA ApIne teonAM ravarUpa ane vikAsa darzAvavA prayAsa karyo che. aMtargata svaracihane jyAre vyaMjanamAM ( sivAyanA) svara bheLavavAmAM Ave che tyAre hAla to te te svaranA mULa cihnane badale te te svaranuM eka judI jAtanuM ja cihna prayojavAmAM Ave che. A cine aMtargata svaracihna (medial vowel-sign) kahevAmAM Ave che, jyAre varanA mULa cine AraMbhika ke mULa svaracihna (initial vowel-sign ! kahe che. A kAla daramyAna vyaMjanomAM A aMtargata svaracihna kevI rIte joDAtAM e pa-2 mAM batAvavAmAM AvyuM che. AraMbhika ke mULa svaracihno ane vyaMjanacikronI jema aMtargata svaracihnonA mareDamAM paNa deza-kAla anusAra ghaNAM parivartana thayAM che. teonAM sauthI jUnAM svarUpa mauryakAlIna abhilekhomAM dekhA de che. azokanA giranAranA zailalekhomAM ekadare ATha aMtargata svaracihna prayojAyAM che: sa, huM chuM, 3, 5, 7, che ane lo. vyaMjana-cihnothI vyakta thatA vyaMjanone akArAMta gaNelA hovAthI 4 nA alaga svaracihnanI AvazyakatA UbhI thatI

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13 muM]. lipi [25 nathI, jyAre bAkInAM aMtargata varacihana ( , 2, 4, 8 ane sau ) lekhonI prAkRta bhASAne kAraNe prajAmAM nathI. AgaLa jatAM kSatrapakAlathI 4 ane zInA aMtargata svaracihna maLavA lAge che. Aje te svaranAM muLa cihnone badale te te varanuM judI jAtanuM cihna vyaMjananI sAthe prayojavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu mauryakAlamAM amuka aMtargata ravaracihno mULa svarUpe ke enA uparathI sAdhita thayelAM prayojAtAM hatAM,40 dA. ta. che ane jo mAM mane mauryakAlamAM vikalpa prajAta moDa41 spaSTapaNe varNane mathALe bheLaveluM jaNAya che, jyAre amuka aMtargata ravaracihna mULa svarUpa parathI sAdhita thavAne badale ravataMtrapaNe paNa zodhAyAM hatAM 42 aMtargata svaracihno joDavAnI paddhati ghaNI saraLa jaNAya che. A svaracihna mULAkSarane mathALe ke mULAkSaranI nIce, jamaNI ke DAbI bAjue joDAtAM jovA maLe che. sAmAnya rIte judA judA svaracihna vyaMjanAkSaranA nizcita aMga sAthe joDAya che; jemake 3, 6, zuM nAM aMtargata svaracita mULAkSarane mathALe jamaNI bAjue joDAya che; dA. ta. 1, 9 ane vI nA maroDa. ane 4 nAM aMtargata svaracihna mULAkSarane nIcale cheDe jamaNI bAjue joDAya che (dA. ta. 3 ane 4 nA mareDa), jyAre trI nuM aMtargata svaracihna mULAkSarane nIcale cheDe DAbI bAjue prayojAtuM hovAnuM enA kSatrapa kAlIna prayoga parathI sUcita thAya che. 9 ane che nAM aMtargata svaracihna mULAkSarane mathALe DAbI bAjue prajAya che; dA. ta. ane jo nA maroDa. zo nuM aMtargata svaracihna mULAkSarane mathALe UbhuM prayojAya che (dA. ta. che ne mareDa). evI ja rIte sau nuM aMtargata svaracihna paNa varNane mathALe ubhu prajAtuM hevAnuM kSetrapAlIna pI parathI sUcita thAya che. svaracihnone joDavA mATenAM sthAnone lagatI A paddhati sAmAnya rIte mULAkSaranA upalA cheDA ane nIcalA cheDA sIdhA ane UbhA hoya tyAre barAbara baMdha bese che, paraMtu jyAre A cheDA trAMsA ke goLa hoya tyAre keTalIka vAra svaracihno joDavAnAM sthAnomAM pheraphAra karo paDe che. A paddhati ane prakriyA pachInA samayamAM paNa lAgu paDatI jaNAya che. aMtargata svaracihnonuM svarUpa ane emAM thatAM rUpAMtara varNonAM rUpAMtaronI prakriyAne susaMgata jaNAya che. | mA nuM aMtargata svaracihna mauryakAlamAM eka nAnI ADI rekhA-rUpe sAmAnyataH varNane mathALe jamaNI bAjue karNa-kAnane sthAne joDIne vyakta

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266] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. karavAmAM AvatuM hatuM (dA. ta. ), paraMtu jyAre varNanI Toca ADI rekhAvALI ke vaLAMkavALI hoya tyAre A aMtargata svaracihna varNanA upalA cheDAne badale madhya bhAgamAM joDAya che; jemake nA ane thA na mareDa. kSetrapAlamAM A aMtargata svaracihna mukhyatve mauryakAlIna svarUpe prayojAya che (jemake sI ); sAthosAtha enI nAnI ADI rekhA laMbAImAM vadhIne vaLAMkadAra bhareDa paNa kyAMka kyAMka dhAraNa karavA lAgI che dA. ta. va mAM, je vikAsasUcaka che. ahIM thA mAM A aMtargata ravaracihnane moryakAlIna paddhatio vacce na prajatAM varNanI Toce prayojyuM che. 8 mAM stra nI Tocane vaLAMkavALo maraDa ghaDAyo hovAthI A svaracihna varNane mathALa umeravAne badale enA madhyabhAgamAM umeryuM che. guptakAlamAM kSatrapakAlIna I mAM dekhA detA A aMtargata svaracihnanA vaLAMkavALA maroDano pracAra vadhe che; jemake rA ne mareDa. ahIM thA ane strI agAunI mAphaka prayA che. Tu nuM aMtargata svaracihna mauryakAlamAM eka ADI rekhAne jamaNe cheDe eka UbhI rekhA joDIne kATakhUNAkAre varNanI Toce jamaNI bAjue prayojavAmAM AvatuM (dA. ta. si); keTalIka vAra e khUNAne badale vaLAMkadAra maraDa paNa prayojAto hato (dA. ta. ji). giranAranA zailalekhamAM A vaLAMkadAra mane vaparAza vadhAre pramANamAM najare paDe che. mAM A aMtargata svaracihnanI ADI rekhA varganI ADI rekhAmAM bhaLI gaI che. dhi mAM TocathI saheja nIce vaLAMkavALI rekhA dvArA A aMtargata svaracihna vyakta karavAmAM AvyuM che. kSatrapAlamAM A aMtargata svaracihnane goLa vaLAMkadAra maroDa prayojAya che. A vikasita maroDa varNane mathALe jamaNI bAjuethI vaLAMka laIne mukhyatve DAbI bAjue mUke che (jemake ti, vi ane laya nA maroDa), paraMtu kyAreka ene nIcenI tarapha jhukAvavAne badale saheja uparanI tarapha kalAtmaka rIte caDAvavAmAM Ave che (dA. ta. mi ne mareDa). guptakAla daramyAna A aMtargata svaracihnanuM kSatrapakAlIna svarUpa kyAMka kyAMka prajAtuM rahyuM che jemake ni), paraMtu enI tulanAe eno vikasita maroDa vyApaka pramANamAM A samaye pracalita bane che (dA. ta. ti, mi ane thi ne maroDa). agAu DAbI bAjue mUkIne adhavaccethI aTakI jatA A aMtargata svaracihnananA mareDane ahIM AgaLa laMbAvIne varNanA mathALA sAthe sAMkaLyo che, jethI pUrNattAkAra ke ( jyAM be Toca hoya tyAM) ADA ardhavRttAkAra jevo maroDa banyo che.

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13muM]. lipi [267 { nuM aMtargata svaracihna mauryakAlamAM aMtargata 6 nA cihnanI ADI rekhAne jamaNI bAjue laMbAvI ene cheDe UbhI rekhA joDIne (arthAta aMtargata huM nA maroDamAM enA jevo ja bIjo maraDa jamaNI bAjue joDIne) vyakta karavAmAM Ave che (jemake ). A aMtargata ravaracihna ane tha sAthe samakAlIna Li ane nI mAphaka jeDAyuM che. kSatrapAlamAM A aMtargata svaracihnano vikAsa thayela najare paDe che. ahIM enI DAbI temaja jamaNI bAjunI rekhAo saLaMga vaLAMka dhAraNa karIne goLa maroDa varNanI Toce prayojAya che (jemake ane bI nA maroDa). vaLI sAthosAtha kayAreka DAbI bAjune vaLAMka jamaNI bAju tarapha vaLe che ane jamaNI bAjuno vaLAMka DAbI bAju tarapha vaLe che, jemAM DAbI bAjunA vaLAMkanA pramANamAM jamaNI bAju vaLAMka ghaNo lAMbo che (jemake tI ane pa nA maroDa). guptakAlamAM e kSatrapakAlIna maroDa kyAMka kyAMka prayojAyo che jemake tI ne maroDI, paraMtu bahudhA enAthI UlaTI prakriyAnuM sUcana karato maroDa ahIM vyApakapaNe prayojAyo che (dA. ta. ravI ane pa nA maroDa). e be maroDe paikI UlaTI dizAno A maroDa enA vartamAna svarUpa tarapha vikAsa karavAnI dizAnuM sUcana karatuM hoIne khAsa noMdhapAtra gaNAya. nI mAM A aMtargata svaracihnanA vRttano jamaNa cheDI adhavacce aTakI na jatAM laMbAIne pUrNavattanuM svarUpa dhAraNa kare che. 3 nuM aMtargata ravaracihna mauryakAlamAM varNanA nIcalA cheDe jamaNI bAjue svaranuM mULa svarUpa joDIne sUcavAya che. A jAtanuM joDANa varNana nIcalA cheDe UbhI (ke trAMsI) rekhAvALo hoya, tyAre sahelAIthI thaI zake che. A joDANa vakhate A aMtargata svaracihanI UbhI rekhA varNanA nIcalA cheDAnI UbhI rekhA sAthe ekAkAra thatI hoI, pariNAme to varNanA nIcalA ubhA cheDe ADI rekhA ja joDavAmAM AvatI hoya ema jaNAya che (jemake ne maroDa); paraMtu jayAre vaNano nIcale cheDe ADI rekhAvALo hoya tyAre A aMtargata 3 nuM cihna enI jamaNI bAjue nIce (dA. ta. 7 mAM) ane e nIcalo cheDe goLa maroDavALo hoya to emAM paNa bahirgoLanI nIce eka UbhI rekhA joDIne sUcavavAmAM Ave che (jemake mu). kSatrapa ane gupta kAlamAM A aMtargata svaracidanI nIce joDAtI ADI rekhA jamaNI bAjue ane UbhI rekhA DAbI bAjue goLa vaLI ane dhIme dhIme saheja upara caDI; joke A prakriyA daramyAna varNonA maroDamAM rUpAMtara thatAM e goLa vaLAMka, DAbI athavA jamaNI bAjue

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268] [pra. moryakAlathI guptakAla paNa keTalAka varSo sAthe prayojAvA lAgyo; dA. ta. kSatrapAlamAM mu nA baMne bhareDa ane guptakAlane 3 ne maroDa. nuM aMtargata svaracihna mauryakAlamAM 3 nA cihnamAM evaDuM ja cihna umerIne varNane nIcale che. jamaNI bAjue jeDI vyakata thAya che; jeke enI UbhI rekhA varNanI UbhI rekhA sAthe ekAkAra thatI hovAthI, jeNe varNane nIle chebe ADI rekhAo joDIne e sUcavavAmAM AvatuM hoya ema jaNAya che (jemake tra). ghU mAM e be ADI rekhAomAMnI upalI ADI rekhA cApa upara jeDI che. jhU ane jU mAM nIlA cheDA ADA ane goLa hovAthI A be rekhAo sahajapaNe joDAIne kaNadAra banI che. samaya jatAM aMtargata 3 nA cihnanI mAphaka A aMtargata svaracina paNa goLa bhareDa prayojAya che ane e jamaNI athavA DAbI bAjue vaLavA lAge che. kyAMka kayAMka ene vilakSaNa maroDa najare paDe che; dA. ta. kSatrakAzamAM - nA eka mareDamAM e aMgrejI mULAkSara "E" jevo banyo che. ra ne nIcalo cheDo sAdhAraNa goLa maroDavALo hovAthI ene nIcale cheDe aMtargata 3 ke 4 nAM cihna joDatAM AkAra -bhrama thAya ne e nivAravA mATe 2 nI jamaNI bAjue madhyamAM A svaracita prAjavAmAM AvatAM. ka nA lapakAlIna ravarUpamAM ardhavRttAkAre ane guptakAlIna ravarUpamAM be trAMsI surekhAo vaDe A aMtargata svaraci sUcavAyuM che. trakAlanA mU ne bIjo maraDa noMdhapAtra che. varNanA nIpalA cheDe sAdhAraNa rIte prayojAtI ADI rekhA (pahelA maroDamAM che tema, ahIM aMtargata 3 nI laMbAvelI pUchaDIne cheDe, cAlu kalame, jeDI dIdhI che. nA aMtargata svaracino mokAlIna prayoga prApta thato nahi hovAthI enuM e kAlanuM svarUpa jANavA maLatuM nathI. kSetrapAlamAM A aMtargata svaraci varNanA nIcenA bhAgamAM, DAbI bAjue nIcethI vaLAMka letI UbhI rekhA joDIne prAyo che. AraMbhamAM eno vaLAMka ocho hato jemake che ane che, paraMtu samaya jatAM e vadhu vaLAMkadAra maraDa raNa kare cheguptakAlamAM paNa e vaLAMkadAra maroDa prayojAyo che. e vaLAMkadAra maroDane paNa varNanI sAthe cAlu kalame lakhatAM teo nI kalAtmakatAmAM vadhAre thAya che (jemake rU 5, 3. Ane kAraNe A aMtargata svacahna samakAlIna aMtargata 3 nA marothI alaga paDI Ave che. aMtargata 9 nuM cihna mauryakAlamAM varNane mathALe DAbI bAjue eka nAnI ADI rekhA joDIne sUcavAtuM (jemake re mAM). pachInA kAlamAM e ADI rekhA

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13 muM] lipi [269 vaLAMkavALI (kyAreka taraMgAkAra dhAraNa karatI) bane che. kSatrapakAlamAM A aMtargata svaracihna ane i sAthe te te kAlanI pracalita paddhati mujaba prayojAyuM che. kSatrapAlamAM dakSiNI asarane kAraNe ma nI DAbI bAjue madhyamAM aMtargata svaracihna joDavAnI pravRtti vadhI che, je samaya jatAM vadhu vyApaka banatI jaNAya che. guptakAlamAM che ane bIjo maroDa)mAM A aMtargata svaracita goLa maraDe, varNana nIcalA-DabA cheDe prayojAyuM che, je vilakSaNa che. gutakAlIna menA pahelA svarUpamAM ene mareDa A aMtargata varacihnanA arvAcIna bhareDane maLato bane che, je apavAdarUpa gaNAya. aMtargata je nuM svaracihna aMtargata 9 nA cihnanI ADI rekhAnI nIce eka samAMtara ADI rekhA umerIne mauryakAla daramyAna prayojavAmAM AvatuM. nai mAM e be rekhAo trasI banI che, jyAre hai mAM e be samAMtara rekhAo che nI DAbI bAjue madhyamAM prayojAI che. kSetrapAlamAM bahudhA e maoNDa pracalita rahele jaNAya che (jemake nai ane lai ne maroDa); jyAre kyAMka kyAMka ene vikAsa thayela najare paDe che; dA. ta. phI mAM nAnI ADI rekhAo laMbAImAM vadhIne vaLAMkadAra mareDa dhAraNa karI varNane mathALe joDAI che. guptakAlamAM paNa A aMtargata svaracihna goLa bhareDe prayojAtuM jovA maLe che. aMtargata zo nuM cihna mauryakAlamAM, mULAkSara nA vaikalpika varUpane varNane mathALe joDIne sUcavAya che jemake jo ane jo mAM. - mAM nA nI Toce aMtargata 3 ane varNanI DAbI bAjue madhyamAM aMtargata jeDIne (athavA so nA mULa mareDane trAMse karI ' nI DAbI rekhAmAM ekAkAra karIne sUcavAye hovAnuM jaNAya che. ghI mAM te aMtargata 3 ane aMtargata 9 e baMnenI ADI rekhAo anukrame jamaNI bAjue ane DAbI bAjue madhyamAM joDI hovAnuM sUcita thAya che. samaya jatAM aMtargata lo nuM cihna aMtargata ane aMtargata 9 nA maroDa ane paddhati mujaba prajAtuM najare paDe che. kSatrapa ane guptakAlanA namUnAo A bAbatane spaSTa kare che. sau nA aMtargata svaracihnane mauryakAlamAM prayoga thayela maLatuM nathI. kSatrapAlamAM traNa prakAre A aMtargata varacihna upalabdha thAya che: vau sAthe eka prakAre, mau sAthe bIjA prakAre ane cau ane sau sAthe trIjA prakAre. va mAM aMtargata go nA cihnanI Toce DAbI bAjue, vadhArAmAM eka nAnI ADI rekhA umerelI che. enuM parivartita svarUpa cau ane sau nI sAthe joDAyelA aMtargata sau nA cihnamAM vyakta thAya che, je pAchaLanA lekhomAM (juo guptakAlIna

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270] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. namUnAo. ) baMne bAjunA vaLAMkadAra mareDa sAthe prayojAyeluM jovA maLe che. mau mAM ma nuM joDAyeluM svarUpa na to azakanA koI lekhamAM maLe che ke na te pAchaLanA lekhomAM eno pracAra thayelo jovA maLe che, AthI A cihna mauryakAla pahelAMnuM hoya ane lekhakane enI jANakArI hoIne eNe eno prayoga karyo hoya ema saMbhave.43 Ama ekaMdare mauryathI gutonA kAlAvadhi daramyAna aMtargata svaracihnone ThIka vikAsa thayo che ane teonA surekha moDa dhIme dhIme vaLAMkadAra maroDa dhAraNa karatA thayA che, jene laIne akSaranI kalAtmakatA vadhI che. saMyukta vyaMjane brAhmI saMyukta vyaMjano vyaMjananI nIce vyaMjana Ubho joDIne prajAya che (juo paTTa 2). A prakriyAmAM sAmAnya rIte upalA vyaMjanane kadamAM sAdA vyaMjana jeTalo rAkhavAmAM Ave che, jyAre nIcalA vyaMjananuM kada ThIka ThIka ghaTADavAmAM Ave che; dA. ta. mauryakAlIna rasa, , sva; kSatrapakAlIna jJa; guptakAlIna vu, vageremAM. saMskRta vyAkaraNanI daSTie to pUrvane vyaMjana halata hoIenuM kada ghaTADavuM joIe, paraMtu lekhanamAM e kAM to nahi phAvavAne kAraNe agara saMyukta vyaMjanonI kalAtmakatA ghaTavAnI dahezatane kAraNe UlaTI prakriyA svIkArAtI najare paDe che. vyaMjanone paraspara joDatI vakhate, je pUrva vyaMjanane nIcale cheDe be pAMkha hoya te, uttara vyaMjanano upase cheDe bahudhA pUrva vyaMjanane jamaNe cheDe jovAmAM Ave che; dA. ta. mauryakAlIna , ; kSatrapakAlIna , , , W; guptakAlIna tri, , , ya vageremAM. pUrva vyaMjananI nIce uttara bhaMjana joDavAnI sAdhAraNa paddhatinI bAbatamAM mauryakAlamAM ane eya giranAranA zailalekhomAM, kyAMka kyAMka noMdhapAtra aniyamitatAo jovA maLe che, jemake Ta ane stra mATe tenI nIce ra ane nI nIce 2 joDavA joIe, ene badale uttara vyaMjano (Ta ane cInI nIce pUrva vyaMjane (2 ane 3) joDyA che. evI rIte temaja ne mATe tana maroDa ja prayojAya che. uttara vyaMjana ane pUrva vyaMjananA vyakramanI A lekhamAM varatAtI aniyamitatA lahiyAnI aMgata vilakSaNatA gaNAya ke pachI e samaye AvA saMyukta vyaMjanomAM pUrva-uttara vyaMjanenAM sthAna nizcita thayAM nahotAM ema manAya e nakkI karavuM muzkela che. pachInA samayamAM amuka aTapaTA saMyukta vyaMjanomAM baMne prakAranA sthAnakrama vikalpa jovA maLe

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ra71 13 muM] lipi che ne e vikalpa lekhanamAM tathA mudraNamAM adyApi cAlu che (dA. ta. cinha ane cihna) e ahIM neMdhapAtra gaNAya. mauryakAlamAM pUrva vyaMjana ke uttara vyaMjana tarIke ra prajavAne hoya tyAre meTe bhAge enI sAthe joDAtA vyaMjananI UbhI rekhA ke trAMsI rekhAmAM ra ne sarpAkAra maroDa ekAkAra thAya che; dA. ta. , teM ke tra nA maroDa. kSatrapAla ane guptakAlamAM pUrva vyaMjana ke uttara vyaMjana tarIke ra potAnA nizcita sthAne joDAya che. pUrva vyaMjana tarIke ra ne prajatI vakhate enI nIcenA goLa avayavano sAdhAraNa rIte lopa karavAmAM Ave che, tethI uttara vyaMjananI Toce eka UbhI rekhA umerI hoya evuM dekhAya che, jemake cya ane . uttara vyaMjana tarIke kSatrapakalamAM 2 ne sarpAkAra mareDa dekhA de che (dA. ta. tra), jayAre guptakAlamAM ene surekha vaLAMkadAra maroDa prayojAya che (jemake tra). kSatrapakAlathI varSonI Toce zirorekhA baMdhAvA lAgI hatI. saMyukta vyaMjana praye jatI vakhate bahudhA vyaMjananI TocanI zirorekhAne lepa karavAmAM Avato. jo ke kSatrapAlamAM rcA nA vaccenA ca nI Toce ane 8 mAM 2 nI Toce zirorekhA yathAvata rahI che. jema pUrvane ? uttara vyaMjana sAthe joDAya tyAre enA nIcalA goLa cheDAne lepa karavAmAM Avato, tema pUrvanA nI bAbatamAM paNa karavAmAM AvatuM; jemake kSa ane kamI nA maroDa. kSatrapakAlIna jJa ane guptakAlIna DuM nA maroDa parathI sUcita thAya che ke je uttara vyaMjananAM mathALAM ADI rekhAvALAM hoya ane pUrva vyaMjananA nIcalA cheDA ADA ke goLa hoya to teonA saMjana vakhate vacce eka nAnI UbhI surekhA umeravAmAM AvatI, jethI e saMyukta vyaMjane spaSTapaNe UkalI zake. guptakAlIna jJA mAM pUrva vyaMjana ganI nIcalI ADI rekhA ane uttara vyaMjana ra nI upalI ADI rekhA ekAkAra karI goLa maroDa Apyo che. saMyukta vyaMjanane cAlu kalame lakhavAnI pravRttine e sUcaka che. kSetrapAlathI uttara vyaMjana tarIke ca nA be maroDa prajAvA zarU thayA che: eka ta ca ne samakAlIna pracalita svarUpano maroDa ane bIjo vaLAMkavALa-dUkanA AkArane mareDa (juo kSatrapakAlIna ca nA tathA guptakAlIna ca nA babbe maroDa.). dUkanA AkAranA maroDane pravega samaya jatAM pahelA maroDanI apekSAe vadhu ne vadhu pracalita banatuM jAya che. ekadare brAhmI saMyukata vyaMjane vargonA vikAsane anurUpa banavAnI sAthosAtha cAlu kalame lakhAvAne kAraNe kalAtmaka banatA jAya che.

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272] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pra. agavAha - cihno anusvAra, visarga, jihavAmUlIya, upamAnIya--e ayogavAhanAM cihna pa-2 mAM darzAvavAmAM AvyAM che. anusvAra biMdu-svarUpe karavAnI paddhati cheka mauryakAlathI dekhA de che. pachInA samayamAM biMdu svarUpanA vikalpa nAnI ADI rekhA jevuM svarUpa paNa prajAtuM najare paDe che, jemake kSatrapakAlIna chuM ane guptakAlIna nAM mAM. mauryakAlamAM anusvAranuM biMdu varNanA uparanA DAbA khUNAmAM karavAmAM AvatuM (dA. ta. ane ), je samaya jatAM varNanI Toce karAvA lAgyuM. visarga anusvAranI mAphaka bahudhA be biMdurasvarUpe ane kavacita be nAnI ADI rekhA svarUpe prayojAya che. mauryakAlamAM eno prayoga maLato nathI, pachInA lekhomAM e niyamita maLe che. visarganuM cihna varNanI jamaNI bAjue karavAmAM Ave che. je saMyukata vyaMjana sAthe ene prajavAnuM hoya to e mukhyatve pUrva vyaMjanane lakSamAM rAkhIne karavAmAM Ave che jemake 7: ane tya: nA maroDa. gavAhamAM anusvAra ane visarga uparAMta A kAlAvadhimAM guptakAlamAM jihavAmUlIyano prayoga maLe che. saikUTaka dahananA tAmrapatra-lekhamAM ene prayoga thayo che. upamAnIne namUno prApta thato nathI. "" ane "ra" nI pahelAM visarganuM uccAraNa viziSTa rIte thAya che, jene jihavAmUlI kahevAmAM Ave che. evI ja rIte "1" ane "+" nI pUrva visarganuM uccAraNa paNa juduM hoya che, jene upaSmAnIya tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che. prAcIna kALamAM bane mATe viziSTa cihana prayojAtAM. jihavAmUlIyanuM cihna samakAlIna ma varNanA maroDane maLatuM hatuM. ahIM prayojAyela maroDa dakhaNamAM prayojAyelA enA samakAlIna mareDane ghaNe aMze maLatA jaNAya che. 44 ke dakhkhaNanI sIdhI asara nIce hovAthI A jAtanuM sAmya svAbhAvika gaNAya. jihavAmUlIyanuM cihna vyaMjanane mathALe joDAya che. eno maroDa ma vargane maLato hovAthI enA nIcalA bhAganI jamaNI trAMsI rekhAnI sAthe cAlu kalame akSara joDAya che; jemake *#aa. jihavAmUlIpanuM cihna jeDatI vakhate akSaranI zirorekhAne lepa thAya che. vaLI pachInA vyaMjananI sAthe joDavAnAM aMtargata svaracihna jihavAmUlIyanA cihna sAthe joDavAmAM Ave che.

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13 muM] lipi [273 halaMta vyaMjane halaMta vyaMjana athavA svara-rahita vyaMjane ke jene rUDha gujarAtImAM khoDAvyaMjana' kahe che, teone mukhya AkAra to mULa (akArata) vyaMjana jevo hoya che, paraMtu teonuM halaMta svarUpa darzAvavA emAM hAla nIce amuka cihna ( 'ekAranI varaDInuM) umeravAmAM Ave che. sAmAnya rIte jotAM svarAtmaka mULAkSaranI jema vyaMjanAtmaka mULAkSaremAM paNa svataMtra cihna hovAnI apekSA rahe, paraMtu enA uccAraNamAM akAra umerAtuM hovAthI vyaMjana-cihno akArAMta hovAnuM gaNavAmAM AvyuM che ne AthI aMtargata 3 nA cine badale svara-rahita vyaMjananA cinI AvazyakatA UbhI thaI che. prAkRta bhASAmAM halaMta vyaMjananI bhAgyeja jarUra paDatI hoI AraMbhika aitihAsika kAlanA lekhamAM eno prayoga dekhA detA nathI. havaMtane praga bhAratamAM nahapAnanA nAsika-lethI maLavA lAge che. AraMbhamAM halaMta vyaMjana darzAvavA vyaMjanamAM koI cihna umerAtuM nahi, paNa ene enI pahelAMnA akSaranI nIce jamaNI bAjue nAnA kadane lakhIne sUcavavAmAM AvatuMarthAta enA sthAnabhedathI enuM halaMtapaNuM sUcavavAmAM AvatuM, jemake siddha (paTTa 2). guptakAlamAM paNa evI ja rIte halata akSara darzAvavAmAM Avato, jemake zat (paTTa 2). virAmacihyo kSetrapAla tathA guptakAlanA abhilekhomAM ahIM virAmacihnone praga kavacita thayA che. devanI marInA lekhamAM pUrNavirAma be UbhA daMDathI sUcavAyuM che. kaMdaguptanA jUnAgaDha zailekhamAM eka ke be UbhA daMDanAM cihna prayojAyAM che. aMkacihno gujarAtamAM aMkone mauryakAlIna prayoga maLato nathI. kSatrapakAlIna sikkAlio ane zilAlekhamAM aMka prayojAyA hovAthI teonuM tarakAlIna svarUpa jANavA maLe che (juo paTTa 2, khAnuM 2). A aMka brAhmInA tatkAlIna pracalita prAcIna zailInAM aMkacihno dvArA vyakta thayA che. brAhmImAM e vakhate zUnyanA prayogavALI nUtana zailI (dazaguNottara paddhati, pracalita banI nahotI. aMka sUcavavA mATe 1 thI 10 sudhInAM dasa ci. uparAMta 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 89, temaja 100, 208 300 vagerenAM alaga alaga cihna prayo-2-18

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274] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. jAtAM hatAM. gujarAtamAM A samaya daramyAna 300 sudhInAM aMkaci prayojAyAM che.45 A ekacihno dvArA saMthAo lakhavAnI paddhati saraLa hatI; dA. ta. 199 nI saMkhyA lakhavA mATe 100, 40 ane 9 mATenAM traNa cihna prajAtAM, jyAre 2017 mATe 200 nuM ane 7 nuM evAM phakata be ja cihna prAjavAM paDatAM. 1, 2 ane 3 mATe anukrame eka, be ane traNa ADI rekhA karavAmAM AvatI; bIjA aMkonAM cihna vilakSaNa akSare ke yukta vyaMjanonA jevA AkAra dharAve che. sapakAlIna aMkacine guptakAlamAM prApta thatA teonA maroDa sAthe sarakhAvatAM jaNAya che ke 30 sucavatAM aMkacihnono maroDa baMne jagyAe alaga che, jayAre bAkInA traNa aMko(ka, cha ane 200)ne mareDa ekasarakhA che. 10 nA guptakAlIna cikranA upalA bhAgamAM agAu dekhA dete taraMgIkAra lupta thayo che juo peTa 2, khAnuM 3 }. ekaMdare joIe to sauthI mukhA sudhInA lagabhaga AThaso varSanA gALA daramyA brAhmI lipimAM ThIka ThIka rUpAMtara thayuM hovAnuM jaNAya che. va, aMtargata ravaracijo ane saMyukata vyaMjanonI bAbatamAM A rUpAMtara mATenAM keTalAMka kAraNanuM anumAna karI zakAya : (1) vaNene cAlu kalame lakhavA. 2) ene laIne svAbhAvikapaNe vargone gera maroDa ApavAnuM valaNa pravartavuM. ( 3 ) dhAradAra sAdhanane te manamAM proga thavo. (4) zirorekhAno pracAra karo ane (': akIya tema bhagalika kAraNosara A pradezanI lipi para ane pradezonI lipinI asara thavI A badhAM kAraNo e brAhmI lipine rUpAMtaramAM bhAga bhajavyo che. ane mAre che gujarAtamAM brAhma no eka viziSTa lipi prakAre ghaDAya che. gujarAtanA A prAdezika lipi prakAramAM utarI rolI ane divyAM relInuM ThIka ThIka pramANamAM ni baNa thayuM che, jemAM lapakAlanA AraMthI avA mAMDelI dakhaNa lI adAra dhIre dhIre vyApaka banatA, dakSiNI elInI 6 6 asara uttarI lokonI sarakhAmaNIe vI hevAnuM jaNAya che. gujarAtamAM cothA-pAMcamA seDAmAM jaDAvo zarU lipe prakAra pachInA maitrakakAlamAM vikAsa pAme che ane cheka mAM sekA sudhI e lipa-prakAra samagra gujarAtamAM prabhAto rahyo che. 2. kharI lipi gujarAtamAM bhAra ya lokonA ane zarUAtamAM trapa rAo ! sikkAo para reDI rimiyAM TUMka lakhANa maLe che. A lipimAM lakhAe ke zilAlekha gujarAtamAMthI mA thI.

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13 muM] lipi ri75 pachI lipi ArAmI lipimAMthI ghaDAI che.47 IrAnanA hakhAmanI sAmrAjya I . chaThThA saikAmAM bhAratanA pazcimottara pradezamAMnA thoDA bhAga para sattA jamAvI. IrAnAone laIne emanI rAjakIya lipi ArAmane bhAratanA e bhAgamAM praveza thayo; paraMtu ArAmI lipimAM 22 akSara hatA, je bhAratIya bhASAonAM kevaLa 18 uccAraNo ja vyakta karI zake ema hatA. vaLI emAM svara temaja aMtargata svaracihnomAM harava dIrthane bheda nahato,48 AthI e videzI vipi bhAratIya bhASAonA lekhana mATe apUrNa hatI. pariNAme ene bhAratIya bhASAonuM vAhana banAvavA mATe kharo cha49 agara bIjA koI vidvAne ene AdhAre navA akSaro tathA hasva svaro ane enAM aMtargata svaracihnonI janA karIne sAmAnya vyavahAra mATe kAmacalAu lipi ghaDI. Ama IrAnIenA saMparkane kAraNe, I. pU. pAMcamI sadImAM kharekI lipi ubharI.pa0 ArAmI lipine AdhAre A lipi ghaDAI hevAthI emAM ArAmInAM keTalAMka lakSaNa svAbhAvika rIte AvyAM che. khareSThI lipinAM mukhya lakSaNa A pramANe che: (1) A lipimAM vargo ane paMktio jamaNI bAjuthI DAbI bAju tarapha lekhAya che; (2) dIrgha svaro jevA ke , , , che ane sau ne temaja 4 ane 2 ne emAM sarvathA abhAva che, vaLI teonA aMtargata svaracihna paNa nathI; (3) ene laIne svare temaja teonAM aMtargata svaracihnomAM hasva-dIrthane bheda nathI; (4) saMyukta vyaMjanonAM alaga alaga rUpa evAM te vilakSaNa svarUpe maLe che ke jethI teonuM paThana saMzayayukta rahe che. A lakSaNe A lipinI maryAdA sUcave che. A maryAdAone laIne emAM prAkRta lakhANa lakhAtAM, paraMtu saMskRta lakhANa lakhI zakAtAM nahi, kemake saMskRta varNamAlAnI keTalIka jarUriyAto e pUrI pADI zakatI nahi. vaLI IrAnI sAmrAjyanA zAsanakAla daramyAna mukhyataH pazcimottara bhAratamAM e prathalita thaI hatI ne e videzI zAsanane aMta AvatAM enI vahIvaTI mahattA rahI nahi. joke pachInA bhAratIya strI ane zaka pahala tathA kupANI ane kSatrapAe ene upayoga cAlu rAkhe, paraMtu A lipi enI maryAdAone kAraNe brAhmI lipinI barAbarI karI zakI nahi, ethI thoDA ja vakhatamAM A videzI sattAoe vahIvaTamAM paNa brAhmI lipi svIkArI lIdhI, AthI dhIme dhIme karIne lagabhaga I. sa. nI trIjI sadImAM kharoSThI lipi lupta thaI gaI gujarAtamAM bhAratIya-grIkenA samayanA tAjA pAnandra ane apaladata bIjAnA sikakAo para A nipimAM anukrame "marajhama tarasa mena " ane "du

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206 ] maurya kAlathI guptakAla [31. (6 ratnasa atiragara atasa" lekha keAtarelA che. zarUAtanA kSatrapeAnA sikkA para paNa khareASpI lakhANa maLe che; dA. ta. nahapAnanA sikkAo para 'ro jIdUratata navanasa" (AkRti 4) ketaravAmAM Avela che. A lakhANonI lipi bhAratanI tatkAlIna khareSThI-lipine maLatI che. lakhANa TUMkAM ane eka ja prakAranAM hovAthI bhAratIya zrIke! ane kSatrapeAnA samaya daramyAna A lipinA svarUpamAM kAI noMdhapAtra rUpAMtara thayuM che ke kema e kahI zakAtuM nathI. I. sa. nA khA saikAthI kSatrapeAnA sikkA para khareSThI lipinA thatA prayoga lupta thatA jaNAya che. grIka-rAmana lipinAM theDaka ahIta AMkana bAda karatAM e samayathI gujarAtamAM brAhmI lipi ja ekamAtra lipi banI rahe che. grIka-rAmana lipi zrIkAe prAcIna phIniziyana lipimAMthI I. pU. sAtamI zatAbdInA arasAmAM grIka lipinuM nirmANa karyuM. AraMbhamAM te! A grIka lipi paNa jamaNethI DAme lakhAtI hatI, paraMtu pAchaLathI e DAbethI jamaNI dizAmAM lakhAvA lAgI.pa1 zrIkAe phIziyana ane semiTika kulanI bIjI kiSine AdhAre grIka lipine vikAsa karyAM, jemAMthI vartamAna rezamana sipi ghaDAI, rAmana sAmrAjyane abhyudaya thatAM rAkhIe grAnA aneka sAMskRtika siddhie apanAvI hatI, jemAMnI grIka lipi paNa eka che. mane e ene apanAvIne enA vikAsa karyAM, tethI A! kiSei grIka-remana lipine nAme eLakhAya che. grIkoe vamAna rAmanI lipinA 26 mULAkSaro paikInA 22 akSara vikasAvyA hatA. mAtra emAM ravAnAM kAlamAna hasva-dAtAne bheda) AraMbhamAM jovA maLatAM nathI. A grIka-rAmana lidhemAM brAhmInI mAphaka vyaMjana sAthe svara bheLavavAnI paddhati hatI, paraMtu ene mATe vyaMjananA cihnanI pachI svara cettu alaga mUkavAmAM Avatu, svarAnAM aMtargata svaracihna prAjavAmAM AvatAM nahi; dA. ta. MIA, ME, MO vagere. evI rIte saMyukta vyaMjana sUcavavA mATe vyaMjanacihna pachI khIju vyaMjanacihna alaga mUkavAmAM AvatuM; dA. ta. mATe NDR lakhAtuM, zrIka-rAmanalipinI A paddhati Aje paNa rAmana lipimAM cAlu rahelI jovA maLe che. sikaMdaranA AkramaNaeN pUrva madhya eziyAmAM ane bhAratanA pazcimAttara pradezAmAM grIka saMskRtinI asara vyApaka banI; bhAratanA pazcimAttara pradezamAM zrIkeAnI sattA pravartI. grIka leka paNa A praderAmAM ene kAraNe vasyA. e bhAratIya-trIkoe vyavahAramAM peAtAnI lipi uparAMta sthAnika praznanI khareTI

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13 su' ] lipi [ 277 lipi apanAvI. emanA sikkAo para A baMne lipimAM lakhANa maLe che. gujarAtamAM bhAratIya-grIkemAMnA mInandra (AkRti 3) ane apaladata khIjAnA sikkAe prApta thayA che. A sikkAe paranAM grIka lakhANonI lipi tatkAlIna grIka lipine maLatI che; joke e lipi vartamAna rAmana lipine ghaNe aMze maLatI jaNAya che; dA. ta. mInandranA sikkA para rAjAnuM nAma MENANDR e akSare dvArA sUcavAyuM che,pa2 jemAMnA chellA be akSarAnA maroDa saheja judA paDatA jaNAya che, jyAre bAkInA marADa razamana kakkAnA lekhananA pahelA prakAra(pahelI ebIsIDI ne maLatA che. pachInA kSatrapa rAjAenA sikkAe upara ''grIka-remana bhASA tathA lipinAM lakhANa dekhA de che kharAM, paraMtu tyAM sApa gayA ane lisoTA rahyAnI jema mAtra rUDha paraMparArUpe evA ghATanAM cihna kAtarAtAM eTaluM ja'53 tene mATe kahI zakAya. arthAt gujarAtamAM kSatrapakAla daramyAna grIka lipinAM cihna ahInapaNe mAtra rUDha paraMparAne kAraNe prayAjAtAM rahyAM. samaya jatAM e paNa lupta thaI gayAM. pATIye| 1. gaurIzaM zonnA, "mAratIya prAcIna jivimAA,' rR. 46, pAvaTIpa naM. 2 2. beTa-rA khAddhAramAMthI eka mRtpAtrakhaMDa para cAra akSarAnuM mrAjJI lipimAM lakhANa maMsa )maLyuM che, jene agAu mauca'kAlanuM gaNavAmAM Avelu. juo Hiranand Shastri, Annual Report, Archaeological Department, Baroda State, 1939, p. 24; ane M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, pp 93-94, plate XVII A. paraMtu A lekhanA akSarAnA marADa uparathI jaNAya che ke e lekha maurya kAlanA nahi, paNa I. sa. nA khInna saikAnA hAvA jeIe. 3. ayeAgavAha eTale anusvAra, visaryAM, uSmAnIya ane jihvAmUlIya. A lekhamAM paikI mAtra anusvAra prayAAyA che. anusvAra mATe juo paTTa 2 mAM ane thaM nA marADa. 4. jemake paTTa 2 mAM mane marADa. giranAranA zailalekheAmAM temaja ciraiguDDI ane gujjaranA laghu kaula-lekhAmAM aMtagata AdanuM cihna a nI Toce joDeluM che, jyAre azAkanA anya pradezamAMthI maLatA lekhAmAM

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ra78 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla e aMtargata svaracihna X nI jamaNI UbhI rekhAnI madhyamAM joDavAmAM AvyuM che. juo Ahmad Hasan Dani, Indian Palaeography, plate 3-A and 4-A. jo ke giranAra vageremAM prayojAyeluM svarUpa pracalita paddhatine susaMgata hovAthI zuddha gaNAya, Ama chatAM anya pradezanI mAphaka gujarAtamAM samaya jatAM ya sAthe aMtargata nuM cihna ecchikapaNe madhyamAM joDavAnI prathA cAlu thaI ane e ghaNuM lAMbA samaya sudhI cAlu paNa rahI hatI. juo cothA ane pAMcamA khAnAnA enA mareDa. 4. G. Buhler, Indian Palaeography, p. 60; Dani, Ibid., p. 35 6 G, Bihler, tbid., pp. 51-52 7. Ibid, p. 49 8. 3olI, "mAratIya prAcIna lapimA,'' pR. 45 <. Rajbali Pandey, Indian Palaeography, Vol. I, p. 18 20. Upasak, History and Palaencraphy of Mauryan Brahmir Scrip!, pp. 25-30 22. Dani, Indian Palaeography, pp. 34-35 12. visarga mATe juo paNa 2 mAM saMketa-cihnomAM ma: ane : na mareDa. 13. juo Dani, Indian Palaeography, p. 52 14. Dani, Ibid., pp. 63-65 15. aMtargata A nuM cihna ahIM UbhI rekhAnI madhyamAM prayojAyuM che. bhAratanA itara pradezamAM A paddhatino prayoga ghaNA lAMbA samayathI cAlyo Ave che. jeo pAdaTIpa naM. 4. 14. gyll Buhler, Indian Palaeography, Plate 2, line 37 20. Buhler, lbid., Plate 2, line 38 18. golA, "mAji." jipipatra tIsara, sAMcInA cha mAM ane hAthI kAnA 9 mAM 19. juo solA, na, trivitra navamI. 20. zokSA, kana, RiSipatra chaThI 21. mathurAnA kuSANa lekhamAM A maroDanuM rALa svarUpa sUcavato mareDa prajA che-juo kSA, putrI, britiSatra che. e mareDa parathI ahIM prayojAyelA goLa maroDanuM svarUpa samajI zakAya che. aDIno reDa sena pahelAnA bhUlavAsara lekhamAM prApta thAya che.

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lipi 13 muM] [279 22. juo rIkSA, "mAhi" jhipapatra vAMcava, mahAkSatrapa saMDAsanA samayanA mathurAnA jaina lekhomAM su ne mareDa. - ra3. jagaDano alaga lekha, dihI-parAne staMbhalekha, rUpanAtha, mAskI, yiregaDI ane gujaranA gauNa haulalekha: A saghaLA lekhamAM dha ne giranAranA 5 thI viparIta maroDa prayA che. juo : C. S. Upasak, History and Palaeography of Mauryan Brahmi Script, Appendices Nos. XXV-XXIX 24. jJA, "mA " sTifuntra 12-15 nA 4nA maroDa sAthe sarakhAvo. 24. Dani, Indian Palaeography, p. 95 26. mALavAnA kSatrapa zarUAtamAM te kuSANenI asaravALI lipi prayojatA hatA, paraMtu sAtavAhananI asarathI emanI lipinuM svarUpa (AgaLa jatAM) badalAI gayuM hatuM. Dani, Ibid., p. 95 ra7. dA. ta. paru 2 mAM saMyuktAkSaromAM 4 bIne mareDa 28. guptAnA zilAlekhomAM azokanA giranAra kaulalekhonI samIpamAM e ja kaula para kotarAyele skaMdaguptane lekha mAtra maLe che. joke gukhonA cAMdInA ane tAMbAnA sikkA gujarAtamAMthI vipula pramANamAM maLyA che, paraMtu teonAM bIbAM uttara bhAratamAM banyAM hovAthI sikkA lekha A pradezanI tatkAlIna lipinuM svarUpa samajavAmAM sahAyabhUta thatA nathI. ra9. guptAnA ane saiphUTakonA lekhanI lipiomAM uttarI zailI ane dakSiNI zailInI asara varatAtI hovAthI, teone be alaga alaga khAnAMomAM beThavavAnuM ahIM munAsiba mAnyuM che. 30. jiddAmUlIya mATe juo pa mAM saMketa -cihnomAM va ne maroDa. enuM vivecana AgaLa jatAM karavAmAM Avaze. 31. A varNanI DAbI bAjanI UMcAI ahIM ghaTelI jovA maLe che. uparAMta e avayavamAM uparane adha bhAga kSatrapAlamAM aMdaranI bAjue vadhAre dabAyele hato te ahIM saheja ja jaNAya che. A roDane mathALe enA kSatrapakalIna maroDanI jema zirorekhA che. 32. A svaramAM aMtargata svaracihna agAunI mAphaka svaicchika rIte varNanI Toce agara varNanI jamaNI UbhI rekhAnI madhyamAM joDeluM che. agAu sAdhAraNuM rIte varNanI Toce aMtargata svaracihna joDavAmAM AvatuM (jemake pahelA khAnAne mareDa), paraMtu varNanI jamaNuM Toce zirorekhA thatI nahi hovAthI, e varNanI DAbI zirorekhAvALI Toce joDeluM che (cothA khAnAne bIje maroDa), je vadhu yathArtha gaNAya.

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mo kAlathI guptakAla [31. 20] 33. tA ne pAMcamA khAnAnA marADa kSatrapakAlathI savizeSa prayAnnatA Ave che. chellA khAnAnA mareDa kSatrapakAlamAM kavacit prayAnnatA najare paDe che, je mareADAmAMne! chello mareDa vana! vamAna nAgarI mareDanI nikaTanA banyA che 34. A vaNuno agAu DAbI bAjue aMdara vaLatA ane aDadhethI rokAI jatA vaLAMka, guptakAlamAM pUrNa ge!La-maroDa dhAraNa karIne, cheka nIcenI rekhAne sparza karavA lAgyA che. vaLI A vahunI DAbI bAjunI UbhI rekhA uparanA bhAgethI saheja aMdaranI tarapha dabAtI jovA maLe che. 35. Dani, Indian Palas grapy, p. 166 36. aMtagata 3 nA cihna mATe jIo paTTa 2 mAM 37. Dani, Indian Palaeography, p. 166 38. paTTa 2 mAM kSatrapakAlIna au ane guptakAlIna pau nA marADa sarakhAvA. gu ane punA mareDa. 39. Dani, Indian Palaeograhhy, p. 165 40. jue G. Buhler, Indian Palaeograply, p. 31; Upasak, History and Palaeography of Mauryan Brahma Script, p. 105 41. giranAranA, aMgrejI 2 ne maLatA, mADathI viparIta dizAnA mareDa vikalpe sau kAlamAM paNa prayetA hatA, dA. ta. jaugaDanA abhilekhamAM evA maroDa praye:jAyA che. jue sonnA, "mAtrAddhi'', jipivatra ghUmarA. 42. Upasak, History and Palaeography of Mauryan BrahmaScript, p. 105 43. kolA, "mAtrAhi", pR. 3, pATIpa naM. 2 ane rR. buka 44. jae Dani, Indian Palaeography, Plate 15-B, in Nos 8 and 11. 45. joke nahapAnanA samayanA nAsikAdi lekhAmAM 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 8000 ane 70000 nAM AMkacihna prayeAyelAM maLe che. jue konnA, ''mAtrAhi'', lipipatra 75 vAM. 46. 6khkhaNanA lekhA dakSiNI zailIe lakhAyelA heAvAthI vyApaka amAM dakSiNI zailInI asara gujarAtanI lipi para thayelI heAvAnuM vidvAnee pratipAdana karyuM che. 47. ArAmI pradeza eTale sIriyA-meseTemiyAnA amuka bhAga. A pradezanI bhASAne ArAmI bhASA ane lipine ArAmI lipi kahe che. A lipimAMthI khareAThI dhaDAI che. juo Buhler, Indian Palaeography, pp. 35-37, ane bonnA, "mAtrAhi,'' rR. 31-37 ane 17-18, 48. sonnA, 'mAtrAddhi,'' rR. 17-18

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13 su'] lipi [ 281 49, I. sa. 668 mAM racAyelA bauddha vizvakoza lphA-yuana-yu-lina"mAM kharoSThI lipi bhAratanA kia-kSu-se-TA ( khareSTha) nAmanA AcArye karI hAvAnu jaNAvAyuM che. jue Indian Autiquary, Vol. XXXIV, p. 21. 50. Buhler, Indian Palaeography, p. 37 51. mokSA, mAtrAddhi', pR. 26; grIka lipinAM lakSaNA mATe ja Bloomfield, Language. pp. 289-290. 52. jIe M. R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Guajrat, Plate XII, mInandane sikko. 53. hariprasAda zAstrI, gujarAtanA prAcIna itihAsa," pR. 67 66

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prakaraNa 14 dharmasaMpradAya ApaNA abhyAsaviSayaka kAlakhaMDa daramyAna gujarAtanA dharmasaMpradAya ane dhArmika paristhiti vize mAhitI ApatAM cokakasa ane sIdhAM sAdhana apa pramANamAM upalabdha che. viprakIrNa aitihAsika pramANe uparathI enuM saMkSipta saMkalana ane sAradehane ahIM karyuM che. gujarAtamAM pracalita Arya dharmanA mukhya traNa saMpradAya hatA : brAhmaNa, jaina ane bauddha. brAhmaNa dharma vaLI zaiva ane vaiSNava e be paMthomAM vahecAyela hate. brAhmaNa dharma zaiva saMpradAya rudradAmA, subhUti, rusiMha vagere nAmo uparathI kSatrapa athavA nidAna emAM amuka varga zivabhakata haze, evuM anumAna thAya che. kSatrapa Ama te videzI hatA, paNa emane koI viziSTa lakSaNovALA mULa dharma hato ke kema athavA evo dharma teo sAthe lAvyA hatA ke kema e nakakI karavuM zakya nathI. prAcIna bhAratamAM AvanAra badhI videzI prajAonI jema zakAe bhAratIya saMskRtimAM ane bhAratIya samAjajIvananA cokaThAmAM goThavAI javAno prayatna karyo hato. zakonA vaMzaja evA pazcima bhAratIya kSatraponuM lagabhaga saMpUrNa bhAratIyakaraNa thaI gayuM hatuM. e samaye pracalita dharmone emaNe svIkAra karyo haze, paNa enI vigato prApya nathI. cArjhana Adi vaMzanA vIsa jeTalA puruSomAMthI nava puruSonAM nAmonA pUrvArdhamAM "rudrI maLe che e sUcaka che. jayadAmAnA tAMbAnA corasa sikkA uparanAM vRSabha ane zivanAM pratIka A dRSTie vicAravA jevAM che, kemake e baMne pratIka zivanAM che. svAmI chavadAmAna, mALavAmAMthI maLelA, zilAlekhamAM e potAne svAmI mahAsena-kArtikeyano upAsaka gaNe che, je 282

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14 muM] dharmasaMpradAya [283 AthI kSatramAM ziva ane kArtikeyanI upAsanA vizeSa bhAve pracalita hatI ema mAnI zakAya. beeka varSa mATe kSatraponI sattA paDAvI lenAra AbhIra rAjA mahAkSatrapa IzvaradatanuM nAma, AbhIra senApati rubhUtinuM nAma tathA tAjetaramAM maLelA delatapura(kaccha)nA zilAlekhamAMnA IzvaradevanuM nAma paNa A daSTie beMdhapAtra che. prabhAsa pATaNanA I. sa. 169nA eka lekha anusAra, sAme prabhAsamAM somanAthanuM senAnuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM, zivanI AjJAthI tyAM potAnI paddhatisaMpradAya paraMparA sthApI tathA e sthAna pAzupatone arpaNa karyuM. pirANika ullekho paNa kahe che ke zive pote prabhAsamAM somazarmA-rUpe AvI A maMdira baMdhAvyuM hatuM. A bane paraMparAone saMkalita karatAM ema sUcita thAya ke soma athavA semazarmA nAme aitihAsika vyakti thaI haya, jeNe prabhAsamAM soma-siddhAMta pravartAvyo. somanAthanA khaMDera : maMdiranA utpanana vakhate enA pAyAmAMthI maLelAM ThIkarAM vagere, prAcIna sthAnanI vAtane pratyakSa samarthana Ape che. vaLI purANamAM somazarmAne rudra-zivanA 27 mA avatAra ane pAzutapa saMpradAyanA pravartaka lakulIzane 28 mA avatAra gaNAvyA che, eTale somazarmA lakulIzanI pUrve thayA hoya. upalabdha pramANonI ekaMdara mImAMsA karI jamInadAre anumAna karyuM che ke somazarmA IsavI sananI pahelI sadInA pUrvArdhamAM thayA heya. manAthanAM tIrthonI sthApanA ane enA uttarottara ukaIne kAraNe gujarAtamAM zaiva saMpradAyanA prayArane viziSTa vega maLyo haze. pAzupata saMpradAyanA pravartaka lakulIza athavA nakulIza e mahezvarane avatAra gaNAya che ane emane prAdurbhAva madhya gujarAtanA kAyAvarohaNa kAraNa mAM thayo hato. A avatAranAM vividha varNanAMtara purANomAM che, tathA lakulIzanI Urthame mUrtio prAcIna ane madhyakAlIna zilpomAM jovA maLe che. lakulIzano samaya vidvAnoe IsvI sananI pahelI ke bIjI sadI nakkI karyo che. Ama eka prAcIna zaiva saMpradAyanI utpatti revAkAMThAnA vistAramAM kAravaNamAM thaI hatI. skaMdapurANanA revAkhaMDamAM ulikhita revAkAMThe e zaiva tIrthonA pradeza tarIke jANIto che, eTale pAzupata paraMparAe paNa zaiva saMpradAyanI lekapriyatAmAM phALo Ape haze. enA vistAra ane prabhAva kALAMtare vadhyA haze. solaMkI kAlamAM somanAthanA gaMDa-rakSaka pAzupata AcAryo hatA. e saMpradAyanuM sAhitya paNa sArA pramANamAM racAyuM haze, jemAMthI bhA sarvajJakRta "gaNakArikA" e prAcIna graMtha banyo che.

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284] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. zAmaLAjInA ukhananamAMthI keTalAMka zaiva zipa maLyAM che. emAM bhIlaDInA vezamAM pArvatI, mAhezvarI mAtRkA, cAmuMDA mAtRkA, ( saMbhavataH zivanuM) dhaDa ane paganuM zipa vagere che. devanI morInA ukhananamAMthI zivaliMga sAthe ITonI vedikA maLI che e ja vistAramAMthI bIjI eka vedikA maLI che, jemAMthI chUTuM paDeluM zivaliMga anyatra dAyeluM hatuM. AnaMdapuranA eka daridra brAhmaNe bhUlezvara (prA. bhullirasara) vyaMtaranI upAsanA karI hatI evo ullekha "Avazyaka sUtra"nI cUrNimAM che. jaina zAstromAM ghaNI vAra ziva, brahmA Adi brAhmaNa dene vyaMtara' athavA vAnamaMtara' tarIke vaNe velA hoya che, eTale ahIM bhUlezvara mahAdeva uddiSTa che. A prakAranA ullekhomAM bIjA umerA thaI zake, paNa ekaMdare sAhityaka ane purAvastukIya pramANane AdhAre A samayamAM gujarAtamAM zaiva dharmane vyApaka prasAra hovAnuM anumAna thAya che. vaiSNava saMpradAya kRSNa vAsudeva ane yAdavo mathurAthI AvI dvArakA ane AsapAsanA pradezamAM vasyA evI anuzruti che. Ama prAcIna kAlathI vAsudeva-pUjAne anukULa vAtAvaraNa A pradezamAM pedA thayuM. zrIkRSNa viSNunA avatAra gaNAyA. gupta rAjAo parama bhAgavata-vaiSNava hatA ane brAhmaNa saMskRti, brAhmaNa dharma tathA saMskRta bhASAnA pakSapAtI hatA. gujarAtamAMnA teonA sikakAo paranA lakhANamAM teone "parama bhAgavata' kahelA che. mahAbhAratanI aMtima saMkalana saMbhavataH gutta kAlamAM thaI hatI, ane vAyupurANa Adi purANa ane keTalAka mRtigraMtho e samaye pracAramAM AvyA hatA. emAM nirUpita Adarzoe samasta samAja upara UMDI asara karI hatI, je TheTha arvAcIna kAla sudhI cAlu rahelI che. e badhI vizeSatAo gupta rAjAo ane emanA adhikArIoe ochAvattA pramANamAM gujarAtamAM dAkhala karI haze, ane parama bhAgavata gupatanA abhimata vaiSNava dharmane gujarAtamAM prasAra thaye haze. skaMdaguptanA giranAranI taLeTImAMnA lekhamAM sudarzana sarovarane kAMThe cakramRta viSNunuM maMdira baMdhAvyAno ullekha che, vaLI giranAramAM ghaNA vedapAThI brAhmaNa hovAnuM e ja lekhamAM kahyuM che, e paNa brAhmaNa saMskRtine tyAM abhyadaya banAve che. nagaramapi ca bhUyAd vRddhimatpaurajuSTaM dvijabahuzatagItabrahmanirnaSTapApaM /

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14 muM]. dharmasaMpradAye 2i85. A lekhane AraMbha balinI lakSmIne haranAra viSNu( vAmanarAvatAra)nI stutithI thAya che. cakrapAlitane "govindapAdArpitajIvita kahe che. A uparyukta maMdira baMdhAvyuM te samaye kaMdaguptanA saurASTranA sUbA parNadate potAnA putra cakrapAlitane girinagaranA rakSaka tarIke nImyo hato. A "cakrapAlita (caka arthAt sudarzana cakra vaDe rakSita) nAma paNa viziSTa vaiSNava asara darzAve che. e ja rIte TheTha mauryakAlathI te guptakAla sudhI gujarAtanA tatkAlIna pATanagara girinagara sAthe satata joDAyelA 'sudarzana' sarovaranA nAmane paNa kadAca vaiSNava asara gaNI zakAya. viSNunI pUjA, upAsanA temaja bhAtano pracAra uttarottara vadhato ja hato ane viSNunAM maMdira gujarAtamAM anyatra paNa hovAM joIe. prabhAsamAM je sthAne zrIkRSNane pAradhInuM bANa vAgyuM hatuM te sthaLa (bhAlakuM- bhallakezvara tIrtha) ane samudra kinAre tyAM emane dehotsarga thayo hato te sthAna ( dehotsarganuM maMdira ) atiprAcIna tIrtha hovAM joIe, jeka teonI prAcInatA samayakamamAM sthApita karavA mATenAM cakakasa pramANa nathI. paNa A ja prakAranA eka vaiSNava maMdira-bhavIgRha vizeno vigatavAra ullekha jaina Agama sAhityamAM maLe che : tyAM bhalI bANathI vIMdhAyelA pagavALA vAsudevanI mUrti hatI; sArthanI sAthe bharukacchathI dakSiNApatha jatA eka jaina sAdhue eka bhAgavatanebhAgavata dharmAnusArIne e batAvI hatI. bharUcathI dakSiNApatha javAnA mArga upara kAmuM bAraNamAM bhallIgRha hatuM. kesuM bAraNe te atyAranA kosaMbA AsapAsane pradeza hovo joIe. gujarAtamAM anyatra paNa viSNumaMdiro haze, paNa mULa maMdironA avazeSa ke ene lagatA sAhityika ke bIjA ullekha khAsa sacavAyA lAgatA nathI. sUrya pUjA gujarAtamAM e kALe sUrya pUjA paNa thatI haze. prabhAsamAM sUrya pUjA thatI hatI evo ullekha "mahAbhAratanA vanaparvamAM che. 10 prabhAsanuM bIjuM nAma bhAskarakSetra che. "bhAskara' eTale sUrya ane prabhAsa eTale ati prakAzamAna. Ama A baMne zabda sUrya-pUjAnuM sUcana karatA hoya ema bane. A vize eka kathA "skaMdapurANanA prabhAsa khaMDamAM jovA maLe che. sUrya bhagavAna prabhAsamAM pitAnI pUrNa kaLAthI prakAzatA hatA. emanI eka strI saMjJA emanuM teja sahana karI zakI nahi tethI potAnA ja svarUpanI chAyA nAme strIne sUrya pAse

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286] moryakAlathI guptakAla pri. mUkI e piyara cAlI gaI. sUrya chAyAne ja saMjJA samajatA hatA. chAyA sUryanA asahya prakAzathI emanI pAse jaI zakatI nahotI. AthI sUrya potAnI soLa kaLAomAMthI bAra kaLA prabhAsanAM para sUryamaMdiramAM mUkI dIdhI, ane cAra pote rAkhI. A kathAnaka anusAra saMbhava che ke prabhAsamAM jUnA samayamAM sUrya pUjA pracalita haze.11 prabhAsamAM Aje paNa sUryama dirano avazeSa che te e jUnI paraMparAnuM sAtatya batAve che. "nizItha sUtra"nI cUrNi( u. 11 mAM AnaMdapuranuM bIjuM nAma akasthalI ApyuM che. arka eTale surya " a lI " nAmanuM nirvAcana eka ja rIte zakaya che, ane te e ke prAcIna arkasthalI paNa keTavarkanI jema sUrya pUjAnuM kedra hoya. je kAlakhaMDanI ApaNe carcA karIe chIe temAM sUryapUjAne keTale pracAra haze e nimita rUpe kahevAnuM zakya nathI. joke pachInA samayamAM gujarAtamAM sUryapULa sarvatra vyApaka banI hatI ane sUryanAM nAnAM moTAM puSkaLa maMdira banyAM hatAM, e jotAM pUrva kALe paNa sUrya pUjA pracalita hoya ema mAnavuM ucita che. pUrtadharma brAhmaNa dharmanI vividha zAkhAonI vAta sAthe pUrvadharmane ulekha paNa Avazyaka che. vAva, kUvA, taLAva, devAlaya Adi kApaNI bAMdhakAma karavAM tathA anakSetra, vADIo vagere paramArtha sthApavAM ene dharmazAstromAM pUrtadharma' kahyo che; azihotra, tapa, satya, vedonuM pAlana, Atithya ane vizvadeva e ISTa dharma che. e baMne maLIne chaMpUrva thAya. pUrva dharma AcaravAne aMdhakAra samAjanA sarva vargone hato. sudarzana sarovaranuM bAMdhakAma tathA ene kSatrapaTalamAM ane guptakAlamAM ema be vAra jIrNoddhAra e prAcIna gujarAtamAM pUrtadharmanuM bahu gaNanApAtra udAharaNa che. kSatrapa rAjAonA lekhomAM paNa pUrtadharmanAM nAnAMmoTAM keTalAMka kAryonA ullekha maLe che. prAcIna gurjara dezamAM-khAsa karIne gujarAta ane rAjasthAnamAM--sarovara, vAva ane kUvAnA bAMdhakAmane savizeSa mahatva maLeluM che. gujarAta ane rAjasthAna vAvone pradeza che. pIvAnA pANI temaja khetI baMne mATe sarovara ane vAva a yupayogI hatAM. TheTha sudarzana sarovaranA samayathI mAMDI arvAcIna kAla sudhI sarovara ane vAvanI A saMskRtinuM sAtatya gurjaradezamAM rahyuM che ane ItihAsamAM yAdagAra hoya ane sAhityamAM enI smRti sacavAI hoya temAM saMkhyAbaMdha saravare ane vAto gurjara dezanA vRttAMtamAM jaNAya che ane e paikI keTalAMka te Aje paNa avazeSarUpe ke lagabhaga avikala

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14 muM] dharmasaMpradAye [287 svarUpe vidyamAna che. gujarAtanA sAMskRtika ItihAsana zILA sAtatyamAM A jaLAzayana tathA e bAMdhanArAono phALo jevo tevo nathI. jaina dharma bAvIsamAM jaina tIrthaMkara neminAtha dvArakAnA yAdava rAjakumAra hatA ane, anuzruti pramANe, emanuM nirvANa ujajayaMta-giranAra upara thayuM hatuM. emanI pUrve paNa gujarAtamAM jaina dharmano pracAra keI svarUpe haze, paNa emanA samayathI to gujarAtamAM jaina dharmane vega maLyo haze. maurya ane kSatrapAlamAM gurjaradezamAM jaina dharmanI kapriyatA cAlu rahI hatI ane I. sa. nA cothA saikAnA AraMbhamAM tathA pAMcamA saikAnA uttarArdhamAM Agama sAhityanI saMkalanA mATe agatyanI paripade valabhImAM maLI, e batAve che ke pUrva bhAratamAM uddabhavelA jaina dharmanuM kendrasthAna e kALe pazcima bhArata hatuM. Arya khapUTa, kAlakAcArya, pAdaliptasUri, vajubhUti, nAgArjuna vagere prabhAvazALI jaina AcArya A kAlamAM thaI gayA. Arya khapuTa athavA khapuTAcArya I. sa. pUrve pahelI sadImAM vidyamAna hatA. emanuM prattikSetra bharUca AsapAsane pradeza hatuM. bauddho sAthenI emanI spardhA, ane vivAnI anukRtio Agama-sAhityamAM temaja "prabhAvaka-carita" vageremAM noMdhAI che. emanA samayamAM azvAvabodha' nAme jaina tIrtha bharUcamAM hatuM, jenI AbAdI nidAna vastupAla-tejapAlanA samaya sudhI cAlu rahI hatI. 12 paMcamIne badale caturthIne divase payuM paNuparvanI ujavaNI zarU karAvanAra kAlakAcArya ujajayinInA gaI bhilonA uchera mATe pArasakUla arthAta IrAnane kinArethI, zakone teDI lAvyA hatA. teo tyAMthI prathama surASTramAM AvyA hatA. e samaye bharUcamAM kAlakAcAryanA bhANeje balamitra-bhAnumitra rAjya karatA hatA. kAlakAcAryane samaya paNa I. sa. pUrve pahelI sadIne che. 13 pAdaliptapura-pAlItANAnuM jaina tIrtha pAdaliptasUrinI rakRti jALavI rAkhe che, jene ApaNe abhyAsapAtra kAlakhaMDamAM tIrtha tarIke pAlItANAnI prasiddhi pachInA samaye jeTalI vyApaka nahotI. giranAra paNa jaina tIrtha hatuM. vajabhUti AcArya bharUcamAM rahetA hatA ane eka vikhyAta kavi hatA. 14 zAtara (sAdhune vasati ApanAra gRhastha) kene kaheto e vize lATAcAryane mata Agama sAhityamAM TAMkele che. A lATAcArya lATavAsI ja haze. 15 prasiddha jaina tArkika ane stutikAra siddhasena divAkare pitAnI uttarAvasthAmAM bharUca AsapAsanA pradezamAM vihAra karyo hate. bharUcane rAjA novAhanA

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288] mauryakAlathI guptakAla (pra. uttarAvasthAmAM jaina sAdhu tha hato ane eNe "bhUtabali' nAma dhAraNa karyuM hatuM evI eka anuzruti che. 16 jaina AgamanI valabha-vAcanA Aya nAgArjune saMkalita karAvI hatI ane sarva jaina Agama devaddhigaNinI adhyakSatAmAM prathama vAra valabhImAM lipibaddha thayA hatA. saurASTranuM prabhAsa athavA caMdraprabhAsa eka prAcIna jaina tIrtha hatuM.17 DhaMkApurI (DhAMka) paNa eka jaina tIrtha hatuM, jyAM yAtrA-prasaMge gayelA pAdaliptasUrino siddha nAgArjuna sAthe samAgama thayo hato.18 nAgArjune zeDhI nadInA kinAre pArzvanAthanI pratimAnI pratiSThA karI staMbhanaka tIrtha sthApyuM, jyAM atyAre thAmaNa AveluM che. 19 uttara gujarAtamAM vaDhiyAramAM AveluM jaina tIrtha zaMkhezvara e prAcInatara jaina anuzrutionuM zaMkhapura jaNAya che ane enI sthApanA zrIkRSNanA samayamAM thayAnuM manAya che. Ama aneka jaina tIrtha gujarAtamAM hatAM. saurASTranA DuMgaramAM jaina sAdhuo mATe aneka vihAra A samayamAM kerAyelA che. jUnAgaDhamAM giranAranA daravAjA pAse hAla bAvA yArAnA maTha nAme oLakhAtI guphAo che te jaina hovAnuM jaNAya che. DhAMka gAma pAsenA DuMgaranI pazcimanI dhAre keTalIka guphAo che temAM AdinAtha, zAMtinAtha, pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra vagere tIrthakaronI pratimAo karelI che. sANAnI guphAo paNa jaina tIrthanI hovAnuM manAya che. A badhI vigato gujarAtamAM jaina tIrthanI lekapriyatA sUcave che. bauddha dharma A samayamAM jaina dharmanI jema bauddha dharma paNa gujarAtamAM pUrNa kaLAe prakAzato jovAmAM Ave che. I. sa. pUrve trIjA saikAmAM azekanA samayamAM A pradezamAM bauddha dharmane pracAra zarU thaI gayo haze ema jaNAya che. gujarAtamAM keTalAMka sthaLoe bauddha bhikSuo mATe InTarI vihAra ane stUpo baMdhAyA che, te keTalIka jagyAoe DuMgaromAM vikAro ane sailagraha kotarAyelAM che. jevAM ke jUnAgaDha, sANA, taLAjA, khaMbhAliDA ane rANapura(baraDA pahADanI pazcima taLeTI najIka)mAM. sANA ane rANapura baraDA)mAM anukrame bhImezvara ane dhiMgezvara mahAdevanAM liMga pUjAya che te hakIkate bauddha stUpo ja che. DhAMka pAse jhIMjhurIjharanI guphAo paNa jANItI che. jUnAgaDha pAse boriyAno I TerI bauddha stUpa ane ITavAne bauddha vihAra maLe che. bauddha dharmanA baMne saMpradAya-hInayAna ane mahAyAna-ahIM pracalita hovAnuM e uparathI jaNAya che.

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- 14 muM] dharmasaMpradAye . [289 prAcIna bauddha sAhityamAM bharukaccha ane sopAraka-se pArAnA puSkaLa ullekha Ave che te uparathI e nagaronI AsapAsanA pradezamAM bauddha dharmane sAro pracAra hevAnuM siddha thAya che. 22 jaina Agama-sAhitya anusAra bharUcamAM bauddha sUpa ane mUrti hatAM. e mUrtine namAvavAne camatkAra khapurocAryo karyo hato (jethI mUrti "nirmathanAmita' tarIke oLakhAtI hatI.) ane adhAvabodha tIrtha bauddhonA kabajAmAMthI emaNe choDAvyuM hatuM. 23 zAmaLAjI pAse devanI morImAM vizALa bauddha vihAra ane stUpa maLyAM hatAM e jotAM bharUcamAM ane gujarAtamAM anya sthaLoe bauddha dharmanAM AvAM dhAma hoya e zakya che. valabhI jema jaina dharmanuM tema bauddha dharmanuM paNa moTuM kendra hatuM. jhaghaDiyA pAse kaDiyA DuMgarAmAMnI guphAo thoDA samaya pahelAM jANavAmAM AvI che. bauddho ane jaine vaccenAM spardhA ane vAdayuddho vizenAM aneka kathAnaka jaina AgamanI TIkA-cUNiomAM ane uttarakAlIna sAhityamAM maLe che, emAM tane sAre aMza che te A uparathI puravAra thAya che. devanI morIno mahAvihAra e gujarAtane sauthI moTo bauddha avazeSa hatA. paNa abhyAsIo vastulakSI kapanA prayojIne sAhityika sAmagrInuM ucita saMjana karavAnuM rahe che ane samagra bhAratanI jema gujarAtamAMthI paNa bauddha dharma kame krame kema vilupta thaI gayo enAM kAraNa paNa vicAravAnAM rahe che. AjIvaka saMpradAya jaina ane bauddha saMpradAyanI sAthe AjIvaka saMpradAyano paNa vicAra Ave. kAlakAcArya AjIvaka pAse aSTAMga mahAnimittane abhyAsa karavA mATe gayA hovAno ullekha saMghadAsagaNinA paMcakalpa bhASyamAM che. 24 AjIvaka niyativAdI heI nimittazAstrane vizeSa abhyAsa karatA haze. gujarAtamAM jaine ane bauddhonI jema AjIvakonI vastI paNa ochAvattA pramANamAM hoya e zakya che. agnipUjake agnipUjaka vizene eka rasaprada ullekha jaina AgamonI TIkA-cUrNimAM maLe che. girinagaramAM eka apUjaka vaNika dara varSe eka gharamAM ro bharIne pachI e ghara saLagAvIne agninuM saMtarpaNa karatA hatA. eka vAra eNe ghara saLagAvyuM. e samaye khUba pavana vAze tethI AkhuM nagara baLI gayuM. bIjA eka nagaramAM eka vaNika A pramANe agninuM saMtarpaNa karavAnI taiyArI kare che i-2-19

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ra90] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. ema tyAMnA rAjAe sAMbhaLyuM eTale girinagaranI Aga prasaMga yAda karIne eNe enuM sarvasva harI lIdhuM .25 e samaye paNa gujarAtanA mukhya nagare ane baMdaramAM paradezI vepArIonI vastI sArA pramANamAM haze, ane agnipUjaka vizene A ullekha IrAnI jarathostI vepArIo vizena hovo joIe. gujarAtanAM baMdarethI IrAna sAthe parApUrvathI bahoLo vepAra cAlatA hatA e jANItuM che. leka dharmo zaiva-vaiSNava, jaina, bauddha-e zAstraparaMparAsaMmata ane saMgaThita saMpradAyo uparAMta alusula lekaparaMparAthI keTalAya lekadhama samAjamAM cAlyA AvatA hatA. vyakitao, kuTuMbo ke samAje saMgaThita saMpradAyane svIkAra kare to paNa lokadharmane sAmAnyataH anAdara na kare ema Aja sudhI banatuM AvyuM che. prAcIna gujarAtamAM paNa ema ja hatuM. lekadharmomAM nAga ane yakSanI pUjA sauthI vadhu lokapriya hatI. bharUcathI ujayinI javAnA naTapika nAme gAmamAM nAgacUDa hatuM.26 AnaMdapuramAM yakSanI ane nAgavalikA(?)mAM nAganI pUjA thatI. 27 dArakA pAse naMdana udyAnamAM surapriya nAme yakSanuM Ayatana hatuM.8 bhakaccha pAsenA guDazastra nagaramAM yakSa jaina sAdhuone upadrava karato hato tane khapuTAcAryuM zAMta karyo hato. 29 aneka nagaronA parisaramAM AvelAM udyAnomAM yakSAyatana hatAM ane tyAM loke yAtrAe ke unNIe jatAM. 'saMkhaDi' eTale ujANI. AnaMdapuranA loko zaradaRtumAM prAcIvAhinI sararavatInA kinAre jaI saMkhaDi karatA. prabhAsa tIrthamAM ane abudha parvata upara yAtrAmAM saMkhaDi thatI.31 kuM lakheTha nAme vyaMtaranI yAtrAmAM bharukacchanA leke saMkhaDi karatA.32 lATa dezamAM giriyA athavA maravAla-saMkhaDi nAme utsava thato.33 dakSiNa gujarAtamAM koI DuMgarALa pradezamAM giripUra sAthe joDAyela A utsava haze. e utsavanuM bIju nAma bhUmidAha hatuM, eTale agni saLagAvavAno koI vidhi emAM hoya ema bane. e uvanuM varNana maLatuM nathI, paNa kekaNAdi dezomAM giriyajJa nAme utasava dararoja saMdhyAkALe thato hovAno ullekha anyatra che 34 te kadAca A heya. nagaradevatAnI sAthe grAmadevatA, kabUTa-devatA, kSetradevatA kSetrapAla vagerenA ullekha prAcIna sAhityamAM maLe che te zAstramAnya dharmonI sAthosAtha vahetA rahelA lokadharmo upara keTaleka prakAza pADe che.

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4 muM] masadA pAdaTIpa - 9. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XVI, p. 232 2. gi. va. AcArya, "gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekha", bhAga 1, lekha naM. 7 3. Shobhana Gokhale, " Daulatpur Inscription of Abhira isvaradeva S 254," Journal of Oriental Institute, Vol. XVIII, pp. 237 . 4. gi. va. AcArya, upayukta, bhAga 2, lekha naM. 155 pa. juo pariziSTa. 6. raseza jamInadAra, "kSatrapakAlIna gujarAta: ItihAsa ane saMskRti', pR. 361-62 7. gi. va. AcArya, uparyukta, bhAga 1, lekha naM. 15 8. balarAma ane kRSNa surASTra deza choDIne pAMDavo pAse dakSiNa mathurA jatA hatA. mArgamAM kesuMbAraNya (prA. kasuMbArana) nAme nagaramAM AvyA. e samaye kRSNanA moTA bhAI jarAkumAra, emanA hAthe kRSNanuM maraNa thaze evI bhaviSyavANuM tIrthaMkara neminAthe bhAkhI hovAne kAraNe e aniSTane saMbhava TALavA sAru dvArakAne tyAga karI araNyamAM jaI rahyA hatA te zikArIrUpe AvyA ane DhIMcaNa upara eka paga rAkhIne sUtelA vAsudevane mRga dhArI, emanA paga upara marmasthAne bANa mArI emanA mRtyunuM kAraNa banyA. e sthaLe je maMdira thayuM te bhallIthaha" tarIke oLakhAtuM. 9. bho. ja. sAMDesarA, "jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta," pR. 26-57 113-14 10. adhyAya 132, zloka 7 11. jamInadAra, upayuMkta, pR. 370-71 12. bho. ja, sAMDesarA, "jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta", pR. 58-60 13. ejana, pR. 37-41 14. ejana, pR. 165-166 15. ejana, pR. 162-163 16. jamInadAra, uparyukta, pR. 128 17. sAMDesarA, uparyukta, pR. 105-106 18. ejana, pR. 99 16. jinaprabhasUri, vividhatIrthakalpa, 10 20. sAMDesarA, uparyukta, pR. 173-174 21. jamInadAra, uparyukta, pR. 376

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292] mauryakAlathI guptakAla ]jha. 22. vigatavAra ullekho mATe "svAdhyAya" pu. 1, aMka 3 mAM, De. umAkAMta zAhane lekha, gujarAtamAM bauddha dharma'. e vistRta lekhamAM gujarAtamAMnA bauddha dharmane kAlAnukramika itihAsa apAya che. 23. sAMDesarA, uparyukta, khapaTAcArya 24. ejana, pR. 39-40 25. ejana, pR. 66 26. ejana, pR. 91 27. ejana, pR. 94 28. ejana, pR. 203 29. ejana, pR. 59 30. ejana, pR. 19 31. ejana, pR. 15, 106 32. ejana, pR. 110-111 33. ejana, pa. 160 34. ejana, 5 53

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pariziSTa lakulIza pAzupata saMpradAya: utpatti ane prasAra zaiva dharmanA vikAsa ane prasAra sAthe enA anuyAyIomAM keTalIka judI judI vicArazreNIo tathA kAryaNIo ghaDAI, jenA pariNAme zaiva dharmanA cAra saMpradAya - (1) zaiva, (2) pAzupata, (3) kArUNika siddhAMtI ke kAlamukha ane (4) kApAlikI- pracAramAM AvyA. AmAM zaiva saMpradAyano pracAra gujarAtamAM jovA maLatuM nathI, kAlamukha ane kApAlika saMpradAyonA pracArano ullekha kavacita Ave che, jayAre nakulIza athavA lakulIza pAzupata matano pracAra vyApaka pramANamAM jovA maLe che. pAzupata saMpradAya pAzupata (mAhezvara) saMpradAyanA sathApaka tarIke zrIkaMThano ullekha maLe che. emAMthI kALAMtare keTalIka zAkhAo nIkaLI. emAM lakulIza je zAkhA zarU karI te jate divase "lakulIza pAzupata saMpradAya'nA nAme oLakhAI. prabhAsa pATaNamAM zaiva dharmanI saMmasiddhAMta' nAme eka zAkhA semazarmAe zarU karelI. teo purANomAM rudra-zivanA sattAvIsamA avatAra tarIke ane lakulIza aThThAvIsamA avatAra tarIke AlekhAyA che. kAlagaNanAnI daSTie A semazarmA ane lakulIzanA pitAmaha somazarmA eka hevA saMbhave che. prabhAsanA somanAthanI utpatti hAla sema(caMdra) dvArA samajAvavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu mULamAM e A samasomazarmAne laIne hoI zake. purANomAM semazarmAnA cAra ziSya gaNAvyA che : akSapAda, kaNAda, ulUka ane vasa. lakulIza - purANamAM, amuka anya graMthomAM ane abhilekhamAM lakulIza ane emanA saMpradAyanA aneka ullekha jovA maLe che. AmAM lagabhaga badhAM ja

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294 ] sauya kAlathI guptakAla [x. purANomAM, amuka anya graMtheAmAM ane sAra MgadevanA samayanI vi. sa. 1943 (I. sa. 1287)nI siMtrA prazasti nAme jANItI devapattana-prazastimAM lakulIzane zivanA (28 mA) avatAra tarIke AlekhyA che. jUnAmAM jUnA graMtha(vAyu purANa)mAM lakulIzanuM nAma rudranA 28 mA avatAra tarIke ane ATha varSanA brahmacArInA svarUpa tarIke jovAmAM Ave che te vAyupurANamAM che.1 enA AvirbhAva vize emAM evI kathA che ke dvApara yuganA aMta ane kaliyuganA prAraMbha e benI vaccenA gALAmAM jyAre kRSNa dvaipAyana tarIke viSNunA avatAra thaze ane bhagavAna vAsudeva-rUpe chaThThA aMzanA avatArane mathurAnA vasudeva yAdava ane enI patnI devakInA putra tarIke prAdurbhAva thaze tyAre bhagavAna rudra kAyAvarANa kSetramAM eka mRta brahmacArInA zarIramAM praveza karaze ane brAhmaNonA nivRtti-dharmanuM rakSaNa karaze. 11 trevIsamA adhyAyamAM A bhaviSyavANI Ave che te pahelAMnA 15 thI 22 mA adhyAyAmAM ane 23 mA adhyAyanA 1 thI 201 zlakAmAM pAzupata-yAganAM agAnuM vistArapUrvaka vana che ane AgalA kapeAmAM thayelA rudrAvatArI puruSAnAM nAma, emanA cAra ziSyonAM nAma ane emanA yAgamAM pAraMgatatAnuM varNana paNa che. emAM ulkASThAmamAM rudrane avatAra vizvarUpa nAmanA Atreya geAtranA brAhmaNa ane enI strI sudarzanAnA putra tarIke thayAne ullekha nathI temaja vizvarUpanI gerahAjarImAM thayelA camatkArane ane kAcabAe zaba upADI gayAnA paNa ullekha nathI. krU purANa, liMgapurANa ane zivapurANamAM A ja kathA lagabhaga e svarUpe kaMIka judA zabdAmAM varNavelI jovA maLe che. 'kAravaNamAhAtmya'mAM lakulIzanA janmanI kathA ApI che.12 emAM brahmAnA mAnasa putra atrinA vazamAM atrithI chaThThI peDhIe lakulIzane janma vizvarUpa nAmanA brAhmaNa ane enI patnI suda nAnA putra tarIke thayA heAvAnu jaNAvyuM che.13 lakulIzanA bALapaNanu carita alaukika camakArAthI bhareluM che. emAM lakulIzanA deDane liMga sAge sAMkaLavAmAM Avela che e noMdhapAtra che. kumAra lakulIzanA saMbaMdhamAM devakhAta taLAva, urvA nadIne kAMDA, cakrapura gAma, kAyAvarAhaNa gAma, hRdeva, zivaliMga ane brahmazvara zivAlayanA ullekha lakSamAM levA jevA che. vAyu ane kUrma purANAmAM14 'nakulI' zabda vaparAyA che. liMgapa ane ziva purANAmAM16 ene mATe 'lakulI' zabda vaparAyelA jovA maLe che, jyAre

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14 muM] amaxdAye rahA rakaMdapurANamAM nakulI' athavA "lakulIne badale "lakuTI' zabdano ullekha karyo che. 17 AcArya haribhadra 18 ane rAjazekharasUri 19 emanA "paddarzanasamuccaya'mAM nakulIza' zabda prayoje che. mAdhavAcAryo "sarvadarzanasaMgraha"mAM pAzupata matanA siddhAMtonI carcA karatA zIrSakamAM "nakulIza-pAzupatadarzanalakheluM che, eTale e paNa "nakulIza" zabda prayoje che. AtmasamarpaNamAM lakulIza'21 ane enA paryAya-rUpe lakulI'22 ('lakulina) zabda prayojela jovA maLe che. zilAlekhamAM emanuM nAma "lakulIza' tarIke jaNAvyuM che.23 "kAravaNamAhAsya'mAM "lakulIza" zabda prayoje che ane e lagabhaga traNeka vAra ullekhAye che. 24 Ama sAhityika ane Abhilekhika ullebamAM nakulI', "nikulIza', lakulI', 'lakuTI' ane 'lakulIza'- evA zabdaprayoga jovA maLe che. A badhAM rUpa eka ja vyaktitva nAmanAM gaNAya che. . A nAmonA mULamAM nakulI-lakalI -laTI zabda rahe che. bhASAzAstranI dRSTie "nakulI" ane "lakulI' vacce abheda rahe che. e anusAra "nakula" ke 'lakula' zabda paNa samAna gaNAya. lakulano artha ahIM "lakuTa' hovAnuM jaNAya che. "lakuTIne artha daMDa che; . ane lakulIzanAM zilpa-svarUpamAM emaNe eka hAthamAM lakuTa-daMDa dhAraNa karela hoya che. prAyaH laphaTa e A zaiva saMpradAyanuM viziSTa lakSaNa haze ane e saMpradAyanA mANasa mULamAM zivanA "lakuTI' svarUpanI upAsanA karatA haze. AgaLa jatAM lakI' upAsakonA ArAdhya deva tarIke ziva lakulIza' (arthAta "lakuTIza') tarIke oLakhAyA haze. janmasthAna lagabhaga badhA ullekha lakulIza kAyAvarohaNa-kAyAvatAra( kAravaNamAM jagyAnuM jaNAve che. vAyupurANamAM kAyAvarohaNa nA maLyuM che, je paNa

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ra96] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. uttarakAlIna kUrmapurANa, liMgapurANa ane zivapurANamAM 29 'kAyAvatAra' nAma ApyuM che. abhilekhomAM siMtrA-prazastimAM lakulIzanA janmasthAna tarIke lATa dezamAM AveluM "kArohaNa" sthaLa gaNAvyuM che. arthAta ahIM kAyAvarohaNune badale kArohaNa" zabda prayojAyela jovA maLe che. "kAravaNamAhAsyamAM lakulIzanA janmasthAna tarIke be sthaLono ullekha Ave che:31 1. ulkAgAma32 ane 2. kAyAvatAra.33 vizeSamAM A mAhAtamyamAM judA judA sthaLe "kAyAvatAranA paryAyarUpe "kAyAvarohaNa", "kAyArepaNuM, "kArehaNa ane "kAravaNa' zabda prayojAyelA jovA maLe che. A sthaLa lATa dezamAM ke bhRgukSetramAM AvyuM hovAnuM uparyukta ullekhomAMnA keTalAkamAM jaNAvyuM che. 5 - kAyAvarohaNa 6 e mULa nAma lAge che. emAMthI bhraSTa thayeluM nAma kArehaNa" ane pachI chelle kAraNe thayeluM jaNAya che.37 eTale ahIM ullekhela kAyAvarohaNa (ke pachI kAyAvatAra) e AjanuM kAraNa.38 bIjA vidvAnonI jema khUlara paNa A ja mata dharAve che.39 kAravaNane prAcIna lATamaMDalamAM samAveza thato hato ane lATamaMDalanuM keMdra bharakaccha, bhU kare che ke bharUca hatuM. A sthaLa ane ora (urjA) nadI kAravaNa sAthe saMkaLAyelAM hovAnuM anuzruti sUcave che.40 kAraNa vaDedarAthI 15 mAIla (2445 ki. mI.) dakSiNe ane DabhoIthI 7 mAIla (114 ki. mI.) pazcime AveluM che. enI prAcInatAnI pratIti karAvatA ane A sthaLa pAzupata saMpradAyanA sthApaka lakulIza sAthe saMkaLAyAnA aneka purAvA Aje paNa prApta thAya che. 41 gaNakArikA' (gA. o. sirIjha, naM. 15)mAM pariziSTa-4 tarIke chapAyela kAravaNamAhAsya'42 nAme graMthathI judA prakArane "kAyAvarohaNabhADA mya" nAmano graMtha che, jene AdhAra AdipurANamAM hoya evuM jaNAya che. ene sArAMza ane emAMnA keTalAka utArA Do. epha. Dabalyu. Tomase ane Do. vitaranibe ApelA che.43 emAM jaNAveluM kAyAvarohaNa dakSiNa bhAratamAM hevAnuM emaNe jaNAvyuM che. enI catuHsImAnuM varNana karato leka nIce mujaba che : pUrvAmbhodhitaTe ramyaM puNDarIkapurasya c| 1 coganatrayImAnta vebaita phaLa /

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14 muM ] dharmasaMpradAye [297 A parathI jaNAya che ke e kAverI nadIthI dakSiNa dizAmAM pUrvasAgara(baMgALanA akhAta)ne kAMThe puMDarIkapura nAmanA nagarathI traNa yojana dUra AveluM hatuM. e hastapratamAM je vizeSa hakIkata che te uparathI ema jaNAya che ke gArca gotranA puMDarIke kAyAvarohaNezvaranAM liMga kAMcI, kuMbhakoNama ane puMDarIkapurathI eka bejana dUra pUrva sAgaranA taTe sarva tIrthonI pAse sthApyAM hatAM ane Ama kAyAvarohaNanuM mAhAtmya dakSiNa bhAratamAM ane pUrva-pazcimanAM sthAne lagI pahoMcI gayuM hatuM "lakulIza' nAmanA be mahApuruSa che. sAletaranA mata pramANe lakulIza nAme be dhArmika mahApuruSa thayA, temAMnA eka pahelI zatAbdImAM thayA.44 bIjA lakulIza e che ke jene De. mUlare ane mi. levisa rAIse 11 mA saikAnA AlekhyA che. A lakulIza dakSiNa bhArata ane gujarAta vacce sAMskRtika ekama samAna hatA.45 DaoN. huzenA mata pramANe emaNe potAnI kArakirdIne AraMbha tamiLanADu rAjyanA uttara ArkoTa jillAnA melApADA gAmathI karyo haze.41 I. sa. 1036 mAM teo maisUra rAjayanA zIkarapura tAlukAnA ballIgrAmamAM sthira thayAnuM jaNAya che. 47 A AcArya Akhare lATa dezamAM AvelA kArehaNa gayA.48 lakulIzane samaya vi. saM. 1343(I. sa. 1287)nI siMtrApazaritamAM kahyuM che ke ziva bhAraka zrI lakulIza-rUpe avataryA hatA ane lATa dezamAM AvelA kArehaNamAM rahetA hatA.49 vi. saM. 1028(I. sa. 971 )nA ekaliMgajI pAsenA nAthanA maMdirabhAnA zilAlekhamAM lakhyuM che ke ziva lakulI-rUpe bhRgukaccha dezamAM avataryA hatA.50 vi. saM. 999(I. sa. 943)nA maisuranA hemAvatI pAsethI maLelA zilAlekhamAM lakulIza muninAtha cillaka-rUpe pitAnAM nAma ane dharmane jALavI rAkhavA mATe avataryAne ullekha che.pa1 A lekha parathI jaNAya che ke pAzupatAcArya lakulIza dazamI zatAbdI pahelAM thaI gayA che, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa I.sa. 943 mAM te emane mata

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298] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. bhulAvA lAgyAthI ene jorathI pracAra karavA mATe e pharI avataryAnI vAta cAlI che. arthAt dazamA zataka pahelAM lAMbA vakhate teo thayA hovA joIe.para zivapurANa, liMgapurANa ane kUrmapurANa uparAMta vAyupurANa jevAM prAcInatara purANomAM paNa lakulIzanA avatAranI vAta che, eTale teo I.sa.nA trIjA tathA cothA zataka pahelAM thayA hatA ema mAnavuM svAbhAvika che.pa3 vAsudevanA samAMtare lakulIzanA janmanA purANomAM maLatA ullekha parathI DaoN. rA. ge. bhAMDArakara lakulIza I.sa. pUrve bIjA saikAmAM thayAnuM gaNave che,4 paNa gu. saM. 61(I. sa. 380-81)ne mathurA-zilAlekha parathI Do. devadatta rA. bhAMDArakara lakulIza I. sa. nI bIjI zatAbdInA pahelA caraNamAM thayAnuM jaNAve che.55 prastuta lekhamAM upamitezvara ane kapilezvara nAmanAM be zivaliMganI pratiSThA, karyAnI noMdha che. A pratiSThA karanAra Arya uditAcArya "kuzikathI dasamAM (kurimena), parAzarathI cothA, bhagavAna kapilanA ziSyanA ziSya ane upamitanA ziSya" hovAnuM e lekhamAM lakhyuM che, A uparathI I.sa. 380-81 mAM kuzikanI eTale ke lakulIzanA ziSyanI dasamI peDhIne puruSa vidyamAna hato ema Thare che. A virakta leka hoI peDhI dITha paccIsa varSa gaNavAmAM Ave te kuzikano samaya lagabhaga (I.sa. 38 0-50=) I.sa. 130 ne Ave. enI eka peDhI pahelAM lakulIza gaNAya, eTale lakulIza Isa. bIjA zatakanA pahelA caraNamAM vidyamAna hoya evo saMbhava lAge che.pa6 lakulIzanA avatArane lagatA paurANika vRttAMta te lakulIzane vAsudevanA samakAlIna kahevA lAgyA che, pa7 paNa eno artha pAzupata matano ane pAMcarAtrane ugama lagabhaga samakAlIna che ema karIe to ja badhA aitihAsika purAvAone meLa bese che. 58 vaLI mahAbhArata-zAMti parvanA nArAyaNIya upAkhyAnamAM pAMcarAtra sAthe pAzupata-zAstrano ullekha che, paNa pataMjalie zivabhaktane zivabhAgavata kahyA che, pAzupata kahyA nathI. e sarva uparathI tathA gu. sa. 6 nA mathurAnA zilAlekhanA spaSTa pramANathI pataMjali pachI keTalAka vakhate, ghaNuM karIne I. sa. bIjA zatakanA AraMbhamAM, lakulIzano janma AlekhI zakAya.59 ziSya-maMDaLa purANa vagere sAhityika graMthomAM ane abhilekhomAM lakulIzanA cAra ziSya gaNAvyA che, jeo 1. kuzika, ra. gArga (garga), 3. mitra ane 4. kauruSya (kuruSa) nAma dharAvatA hatA.

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14 muM] dharmasaMpradAya [ ra9 sAhityanI daSTie sauthI jUne ullekha vAyupurANamAM jovA maLe che.* emAM "ziSya" zabda vAparyo nathI, paNa enA arthamAM "putra" zabda prayo che. emAM zaMkara kahe che ke huM kAyAvarohaNa kSetramAM nakulI-lakulIza nAme brAhmaNa thaIza ane mAre tapasvI evA putro thaze:- 1. zika, 2. gAyuM 3. mitra ane 4. kauraliMgapurANamAM cAra ziSyonAM nAma anukrame "zika', gArme', "mitra" ane "karUdhya' ema gaNAvyAM che. 13 - zivapurANa A nAmanA zabda anukrame "zika' "garga,' "mitra' ane "kauruSya' Ape che. 64 abhilekhonI daSTie sauthI jUne ullekha gu. saM. 6 (I.sa. 381)ne che, paNa emAM cAre zigonAM nAma gaNAvyAM nathI, emAM phakta kuzikano ja ullekha che pa ekaliMgajInA nAtha maMdiranA vi saM. 1028(I.sa. 811)nA zilAlekhamAM paNa kuzikAdi ziSyonA ulekha Ave che. 66 paNa lekha khaMDita hovAthI bAkInA traNa ziSyanAM nAma vAMcI zakAtAM nathI, pAzupata saMpradAyanI zAkhAo lakulIzanA A cAra zimAMthI cAra zAkhAo zarU thaI evuM siMDyAprazasti | vi. saM. 1343=Isa. 1280 mAM nepyuM che. 7 1. kauzika zAkhA kuzika lakulIza paTTaziSya hatA. mathurAnA gu. saM. 6 (I.sa. 380-81)nA zilAlekhamAM A zAkhAnA zinI paraMparA ApI che. 18 naravAhananA vi. saM. 1028 (Isa, 971)nA udepuranA zilAlekhamAM kauzikano ullekha karI A zAkhAnA sAdhuo zarIre bhasma lagAve che, valkala pahere che ane mAthe jarA rAkhe che, evuM nedhyuM che. jaina vidvAna lakulIza ane kauzikathI prAraMbha thatA aDhAra tIrthakarono ullekha kare che. bhAva sarva paNa Ane ullekha karyo che. A badhA sAdhu kadAca A zAkhAnA anuyAyIo hoya. A zAkhA khAsa karIne mevADamAM pracalita hatI.71 mevADa e gujarAtanI sarahade AveluM hoI A zAkhA gujarAtamAM paNa pracalita haze, e taddana svAbhAvika che. ( '

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300 ] moryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. gujarAtanA abhikhele mAM jaNAvelAM brAhmaNanAM gotromAM A gotrane samAveza thAya che, paraMtu e parathI kauzika getranA brAhmaNa kauzika zAkhAnA pAzupata sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA hatA ke kema e kahevuM muzkela che. 2. gAgya zAkhA kumArapAlanA samayanA va. saM. 850 (I.sa. 169)nA prabhAsapATaNanA zilAlekhamAM temaja vi. saM. 1343(I.sa. 1287 nI siMtrA-prazastimAMja gAgye gotranA sAdhuone ullekha Ave che. zilAlekhamAM sAdhuonAM keTalAMye gotrone ullekha Ave che. sAdhuonA saMdarbhamAM getrane artha "guranA ziSyoevo thAya che, ema abhinavagupta jaNAve che eTale gArge gotrano artha gArganA ziSya evo ghaTAvI zakAya.75 kumArapAlanA samayamAM prabhAsapATaNanA zilAlekhamAM bhAva bRhaspatine tathA siMtrA prazastimAM kArtikarAzi, vAlmIkirAzi, ane vAlmIkirAzinA ziSya gaMDa tripurAMtakane A zAkhAnA gaNAvyA che.77 A tripurAMtaka somanAtha maMdiramAM chaThThA mahattara tarIke nimAyA hatA. emaNe tIrthasthAnamAM pAMca maMdira baMdhAvyAM hatAM. A parathI A gotrane pracAra gujarAtamAM sArA pramANamAM hato evuM jovA maLe che. gujarAtanA abhilekhamAM jaNAvelAM brAhmaNonAM gotromAM A gotrane samAveza thAya che, paraMtu e parathI gAgye gotranA brAhmaNa gAgya zAkhAnA pAzupati sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA hatA ke kema e kahevuM muzkela che. 3. maitra athavA maitra zAkhA lakulIzanA 'mitra' nAme paTTaziyamAMthI udbhavelI zAkhAne "maiya' kahe che. siMtrA-prazastimAM Ane mATe "maitreya' evuM rUpa prayojeluM che. e azuddha che, kemake "maya" ane "maitreya' e zabdonI utpatti judA judA zabdomAMthI thayelI che, temaja paurANika paraMparAmAM e be nAma taddana judI judI jAtionAM gaNAvelAM che. emanI utpatti temaja vRtti bhinna bhinna jaNAvelAM che. 80 "manusmRti (I.sa. pU. 200-I.sa. 200)mAM jaNAvelA "maitra 81, vaijayaMtI (11 mI sadI) kozamAM jaNAvelA "maitra'-"maitraka 82 ane Sadarzanasamuccaya'(I.sa. 1348)mAM jaNAvelA "maitya' e sarva eka ja jAtinA nAmanAM rUpAMtara hovAnuM jaNAya che.

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14muM] 3i01 A parathI valabhInA maitraka rAjavaMzanA rAjAone "maityo' tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya evuM . hariprasAda zAstrAe sUcavyuM che. 3 e maitrake paNa parama mAhezvara hatA ane emanI rAjamudrAnuM lAMchana zivavAhana naMdInuM hatuM.84 vaLI AgaLa jatAM A vaMzanA rAjA "bampa'85nA pAdanuM dhyAna dharatA hatA, je emane saMpradAyanA vaDA dharmAcAryo hovAnuM jaNAya che. A vaMzanA sthApaka bhaTArka senApati hatA,87 je parathI e kuLanA puruSo laDAyaka dhaMdhA sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA hovAnuM sUcita thAya che. senApati bhaTAke pitAnA rAjyanI sthApanA valabhIpuramAM I.sa. 470nA arasAmAM karI. enA bIjA putra droNasiMhane I.sa. 500 nA arasAmAM mahArAja tarIke rAjyAbhiSeka tha.88 enA vaMzaja dhruvasena bIjA( lagabhaga I.sa. 628 thI 643)ne uttarAyaNanA cakravatI hInA jamAI thavAnuM bhAgya maLyuM.89 ene putra dharasena 4 tho. paramabhakAraka mahArAjAdhirAja paramezvara ' ane "cakavartI' jevAM mahAbhiruda dharAvate thayo.90 AmAMnAM pahelAM traNa mahAbiruda chellA keTalAka vaMzajoe paNa cAlu rAkhyAM. A maitraka vaMzanI rAjasattAne vi. saM. 845 (I.sa. 788-89) mAM aMta Avyo. 1 A rIte je maitrakoe valabhIpuranI rAjadhAnImAMthI lagabhaga AkhA gujarAta para traNa sadIo (I. sa. 470 thI 788-89) jeTalA lAMbA kAla sudhI rAjasattA dharAvI te pAzupata saMpradAyanI ma" athavA "mitra' zAkhAnA hevAnuM jaNAya che. 4. kauruSya zAkhA lakulIzanA cothA ziyanuM nAma kauruSa hatuM, paNa sAhityamAM kAkInA nAma parathI zaiva-zAkhA zarU thayAnA ullekha maLe che. 3 rAmAnuja ane bhAskarAcArya kArukIne badale anukrame "kAlAnana" ane "kAraka-siddhAMtI' kahe che, tethI The. rA. go. bhAMDArakara "kAruka" ane "kAlAnana'ne eka gaNe che.94 A "kAruka zabda ghaNuM karIne lakulIzanA cAra ziSyomAMnA trIjA ziSya kauriyanuM apabhraSTa rUpa haze athavA "kauruSa' e kAruka'nuM saMskRta rUpAMtara thayuM haze, ema . rA. ge. bhAMDArakara sUcave che.95 A sUcanane I.sa. 1177 nA eka zilAlekhathI puSTi maLe che. emAM kAlAnanene lakulIgama- samayanA anuyAyI kahyA che. aMmarAjane taMDIkaDA zilAlekha AnAthI paNa majabUta

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302] . mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. purAvo pUro pADe che. emAM kAlamukha sAdhuonI zAkhAne datihAsa Apyo che ane A zAkhAnuM mULa lakulIzathI gaNavAmAM AvyuM che.' A zAkhAne gujarAtamAM pracAra hovAnI saMbhAvanA che. Da. pAThaka kAlAnana-kAlamukha sAdhuo kauruSanA ziSya hatA evuM sUcave che 97 kAlamukho ane kApAlike eka hovAnuM thI. durgAzaMkara zAstrIe jaNAvyuM cha98 gujarAtamAM kApAlikone pracAra hovAnA purAvA "moharAjaparAjaya' nATakamAMthI maLe che,99 eTale A zAkhAne pracAra gujarAtamAM hatuM e taddana saMbhavita che. Ama A kAlamAM lakulIza pAzupata mata gujarAtamAM prAdubhUta thaI bIje prasaravA lAgyo hato, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa lakulIzanA paTTa-ziSyo dvArA prAdurbhata thayelI keTalIka zAkhAo paNa prasaravA lAgI hatI. A kALanAM maLI AvatAM zilpa-svarUpo, sAhitya-graMtho vagere enI spaSTa pratIti karAve che. solaMkIkAlamAM to e rAjadharma tarIke ane sAmAnya prajAnA bhakti-dharma tarIke sarvavyApI asara kare che, je Aje paNa dhArmika utsavo, sAhityika prakAra, nAmakaraNa vigere dvArA pratIta thAya che. pAdaTIpa 1. (1) trahmasUtrovara rAmAnunIyaM bImAdhyam 2-2-35, (2) vyAsaratatrasUtracopari vAtapriAtA mamatInAnI TI 2-2-37 vagere. AmAM graMtho paratve nAma-phera Ave che. vAmana purANa "kAlamukhane badale "kAlavadana" zabda prayoje che. 2. V. S. Pathak, Saiva Culis in Northern India 3. Ibid, p. 24 3 a. zivapurANa, saMhitA, sa , . 5, koi 1; fpurANa, 3 raka 4. dA. ta. (1) vAyupurAna, 1, 3. 23, stro 22-114; (2) kUrmapurA, laMs 1, pA. rU; (2) purANa 34. 24, zno 124-128; (pa) zivapurANa, 6. , . 5, 6o 43-60; (5) OMvapurANa, . 5, 3. 82 swo, 48-64

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11.4 bhu] [303 5. I. . (1) AtmasamarpaNa, gaNakArikA, pari. 1, pR. 25; (2) kAravaNamAhAtmya, gaNakArikA, pari. 4, 4tyAdi 6. Abhilekhika ullekha mATe juo, durgAzaMkara zAstrI "rIva dharmane saMkSipta itihAsa" (za. 5. sa. 4.), 5. 75. 7. pAdaTIpa 4 mAM ullekhita purANa naM. 1 thI 4 8. 6.. ta. AtmasamarpaNa, gaNakArikA, pari. 1, pR. 25 4. ji. pa. sAyA (sa.), "Y042zatanA metihAsi samA' (Y. me. se.), In 3, na. 222 10. vAyupurANa, khaMDa 1, a. 26 11. ejana 12. kAravaNamAhAtmya (kA. mA.), gaNakArikA (ga. kA.), pari. 4, pR. 38-57 13. ejana, pR. 51. atri-Atreya-agnizarmA-somazarmA-vizvarUpa-lakulIza 14. kUrmapurANa, khaMDa 1, a. 53 15. liMgapurANa, a. 24. 19. zivapurANa, ru. saM., 3, a. 5 17. skaMdapurANa, avaMtikhaMDa, a. 5, zloka 48-63 18. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, gaNakArikA, pari. 2, pR. 27 16. ejana, pari. 4, pR. 35 20. mAdhavAcArya, sarvadarzanaprasaMgraha 21. AtmasamarpaNa, gaNakArikA, pari. 1, pR. 25 22. ejana 23. 1. ta. (1) mesin| vi. sa. 1028 no zikSAle (Journal of the Bumbay Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXII, p. 166 ) (2) sA2 gavatA samayanI sitrA-nAme jAtA vi. sa. 1743 pahana52rita (a. . se., mA. 3, na. 222) 24. kAravaNamAhAtmya, gaNakArikA, pari. 4, pR. 57 25. kApAliko zivanA kapAlI svarUpane ArAdhe che tema. 29. vAyupurANa, khaMDa 1, bha. 23, zloka 222

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304] mauryakAlathI guptakAla 27. kUrmapurAna, laMDa 1, ga. parU, wo 10 28. striApurA, 3. ra4, wo 120 29. zivapurA, ru. saM., sa rU, 3. 5 30. gu. e. le., bhA. 3, naM. ra22, zloka 14-15 31. A graMthamAM AvA ghaNA virodhAbhAsa ane bhUlo jovA maLe che ane saMpAdaka paNa e tarapha dhyAna doryuM che. 32. zaravAmAhAtamya, jaLAza, pari. 4, pR. 37 vaDodarA jillAmAM AveluM hAlanuM avAkhala gAma e A ukAgrAma hovAnuM anukRti jaNAve che ane ahIM -avAkhalamAM "devaku" nAmanA taLAvane loka ka. mA. mAM jaNAvela devakhAta" tarIke oLakhAve che (R. N. Mehta, "Avakhal-The Traditional Ulkagrama of Karavanamahatmya", Journal of Oriental Institute, Vol. XI, pp. 169 f.) De. 2. nA. mahetAe A sthAnanI purAvastukIya tapAsa karelI ane emAMthI maLelA avazeSo parathI enI prAcInatA tAravavA emaNe prayAsa karyo che (ejana, pR. 170 thI). A uparAMta bAla-lakulIzanuM devakhAtamAMthI adazya thaI urjA nadIne kAMThe punaH pragaTa thavuM ane aMte pazcima mALe kAyAvarohaNa-kAravaNa tarapha prayANa karavuM e bhaugolika daSTie keTaluM saMgata che ene prazna paNa A lekhamAM rajU thayo che (ejana, pR. 169). 33. sAravaMmAnya, pArivA, pari. 4, . 11 34. ujJana, 5. 2, 14 35. dA. ta. 1. gu. e. le, bhA. 3, na. ra22; 2. va. ma., . . . , pR. 11; 3. gana, . 54 36. kAyAvarohaNa" ke "kAyAvatArane zAbdika artha kAyAmAM avarohaNa" arthAta avatAra evo thAya che. zive A sthaLe kAyA dhAraNa karI avatAra lIdhAnuM purANamAM tathA kA. mA. vageremAM jovA maLe che. 3. Journal of the University of Bombay, Vol. 18, Part 4, p. 44 38. Ibid. 36. B. A. Saletore, Main Currents in the Ancient History of Gujarat, p. 45 40. sa. ma., . ., vari. 4, 9 kada

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14 muM] dharmasaMpradAye ' [305. 41. vigata mATe jao M. R. Majmudar, "Antiquaries in Karvan with reference to Lakulish Worship", Journal of the University of Bombay, Vol. 18, part 4, pp. 43 to 67. 42. A pratanA vadhu varNana mATe juo "vallabha vidyAnagara saMzodhana patrikA", graMtha 1, aMka 1, pR. 18-19. 83. Catalogue of South Indian Sanskrit Manuscripts of the Library. of the R. A. Society of Great Britain and Ireland, App., p. 274 XX. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1907, p. 27; Ibid. paNa lakulIza bIjI zatAbdInA AraMbhamAM thayAnuM have lagabhaga sarvamAnya banyuM che. juo maisUra rAjyanA I.sa. 943nA zilAlekhamAM Avato ullekha. A lakulIzanA saMdarbhamAM che evuM sAletara noMdhe che ( Main Currents in the Ancient History of Gujarat, p. 44). 84. B. A. Saletore, Main Currents in the Ancient History of Gujarat, p. 45 46. Ibid. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid. 49. Indian Antiquar, Vol. I, p. 271; gu. e. le.. bhA. 3, naM. ra22, zloka 14, 15 40. Bhavanagar Inscriptions, p. 69, vs. 9 to 11 49. Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. 12, p. 92 (Translation) para. durgAzaMkara ke. zAstrI, "zaiva dharmane saMkSipta itihAsa", pR. 45 53. ejana 48. R. G. Bhandarkar, Vaishnavism, Shaivism and other Minor Religions, p. 166 44. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXI, p. 7 56. Ibid. 57. dA. ta. fpura, . 24 gASTri. 58. du. ke. zAstrI, "zaiva dharmane saMkSipta itihAsa", pR. 46 59. ejana I2-2 0

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla (pra. 60. vAyupurANa, ma 23, jo 222 61. A purANamAM ja emane brahmacArI zarIravALA kahyA che eTale "putra" zabda "ziSyanA arthamAM vAparyAnuM spaSTa che. 62. ejana 63. vipurA, ka. 12, ova 131 64. zivapurA, ru. saM., 2, 3, 5, kova 50 44. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXI, pp. 1 ff. 1. Journal of Bombay Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXII, p. 167 fu. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. I, p. 281 68. Ibid., Vol. XXI, No. 1, Lines 5 to 9; vAyuvarArA pravA, "zivAM", 5. 24 64. kuzikAdayo'nye bhasmAMgarAgataruvalkajaTAkirITalakSmANa AvirabhavanmunayaH puraannaaH| 70. haribhadra, SaDdarzanasamuccaya 71. sI. . sa. i. pR. 159 72. dA. ta. hariprasAda gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", pari. 3, le. naM. 24, 54, 61, 67, 71 ane 100 73 gu. e. le, bhA. 2, naM. 155 74. gu. e. le., bhA. 3, naM. 22 75. tuM traloka, 3, pR. 296 76. gu. a. le, bhA. 2, naM. 155, zloka 12 77. gu. e. le, bhA. 1, na. 222 78. dA. ta. hariprasAda zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta" (2. gu.), pari. 3, lekha naM. 64, 69, 78, 79. 79. gu. ai. le, bhA. 3, naM. ra22, zloka 16 80. "mitra"nuM mULa "mitra" che. "maitreya"nuM mULa "mitrA" che (strIkhyo Dha-vani, aSTAdhyAyI, 4, 1, 120); mitreya " jAti utpattithI temaja vRttithI paNa cheka bhinna jati che (juo mi. gu., bhA. 1, pR. 22, pAdaTIpa 20). ma ne maTTanI jema sainya ne maitreya paNa bhinna hovA chatAM lokonA pramAdabharyA uccAraNathI abhinna jevA jaNAtAM samAnArtha gaNuI jAya e asaMbhavita nathI (mai. gu., pR. 27, pA. TI. 33).

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14 muM] dharmasaMpradAya 81. vaizyAnu jAyate prAtyAt sudhanvAcArya eva ca / / . IT vimA 2 mitraH savita va ra aa (10, 22) 82. mai. gu, pR. 27, pA. TI. 34 83. meM. gu., pR. 25 thI 28 84. ejana, pR. 5ra 85. "G" zabda zaiva dharmaguru mATe vaparAto temaja bauddha dharmaguru mATe paNa 442121 (Bombay Gazetieer, Vol. I, part 1, pp. 84-85). 86. sai. gu., pR. 133 87. meM. gu., pR. 45, 49 88. ejana, pR. 55 89. ejana, pR. 107 90. ejana, pR. 113 91. ejana, pR. 155-164 92. keTalAka sthaLe trIjA ziSya paNa gaNAvyA che 93. masiddhAntA AtA: 61 2 | sarve te pazavo jJeyA bhairave mAtRmaNDale // taMtrAloka, 8, pR. 184 bhausale kArake caiva mAyAtattvaM prakIrtitam / ejana 1, pR. 70 Page #345

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khaMDa 4 purAvastu

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prakaraNa 15 sthaLatapAsa ane utakhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI gujarAtanI purAvastuviSayaka tapAsa paNa bhAratIya purAvastuviSayaka tapAsanI mAphaka ogaNIsamI sadI tathA vIsamI sadImAM vikaselI pravRtti che. zarUAtamAM karnala ToDa jevA saMzodhake temaja enI pahelAMnA musAphare gujarAtamAM joyelI vastuonAM, makAne ane nagaromAM varNane karatA, paNa emAMthI itihAsa tAravavAne prayAsa pramANamAM ocho thato. gujarAtamAM paNa purAvastuo paikI zilAlekhe, mudrAo vagerenuM adhyayana prathama zarU thayuM, paNa prAcIna TIMbA, TekarA vagere tapAsavAnuM ane teone ukhanana dvArA vyavasthita abhyAsa karavAnuM kAma pramANamAM navuM che. bAriyA sUpa jevA stUpanuM ukhanana paMDita bhagavAnalAla iMdrajI jevA vidvAnoe karyuM, paNa ene vyavasthita ItihAsa e kAlanAM ukhananenI kakSA jotAM na maLe e svAbhAvika che. | gujarAtamAM purAvastu-vidyAne abhyAsa karanAra saMsthAo paikI bhArata sarakAranA "bhAratIya purAvastu sarvekSaNa (Archaeological Survey of India) jevI jUnI saMsthAnA ghaNA kAryakartAoe gujarAtamAM potAnuM lakSa keMdrita karyuM ane mUrtio temaja keTalAMka prAcIna sthaLe, ImArata vagerene abhyAsa karyo te enA vArSika hevAla tathA svataMtra graMtha tarIke prasiddha thayo che. siMdhu nadInI saMskRtinI zedha gujarAtamAM karavAmAM A saMsthAnA aneka kAryakartAone ghaNo moTo phALo che. taduparAMta e saMsthA ApaNI prAcIna ImAratonA saMrakSaNanuM paNa uttama kArya kare che. gujarAtamAM dezI rAje paikI vaDodarA, jUnAgaDha, bhAvanagara vageree purAvastunI tapAsa mATe keTalAka vyavasthita prayatna karelA, tethI e rAjyanAM keTalAMka sthaLo tathA ImArato vagerenI mAhitI prApta thAya che. dezI rAjyanA vilinI 21 ..

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312] sauMca kAlathI guptakAla [pra. karaNa pachI saiArASTra sarakAranA purAvastu khAtAe saiArASTramAM keTalAMka utkhanana ane sthaLa-tapAsa karyAM. saiArASTra sarakAranuM muMbaI rAjyamAM vilinIkaraNa thayuM tyAre A kA kartAe muMbaI rAjyanA purAvastu khAtAmAM pravRtti karatA ane tyAra bAda gujarAta rAjyanI sthApanA pachI gujarAta rAjyanA purAvastu khAtAmAM peAtAnI pravRttie calAve che. A baMne sarakArI khAtAMo uparAMta gujarAtanA purAvastunA vikAsamAM vidyAsaMsthAe paikI pUnAnI Dekkana kaoNleje tathA vaDodarAnI mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTInA purAvastu - vidyAvibhAge paNa A kSetramAM neoMdhapAtra kAma karyuM che. Dekkana kaeNAleje dvArakA jevAM sthaLAnAM utkhananemAM ghaNA phALA ApyA che, jyAre mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTInA purAvastu-vidyAvibhAgatI sthApanA thaI tyArathI e vibhAga gujarAtamAM sthaLa-tapAsa tathA utkSatanA karIne gujarAtanAM aneka atihAsaka sthaLeAe thayelI mAnavapravRttinA tihAsane vyavasthita karavAnA prayatna kare che. A tamAma sasthAemAM kAma karanAra aneka khyAtanAma kArya kartAnA prayatnane pariNAme gujarAtane RtihAsa aneka kSetrAmAM vistRta thayA che. purAvastusAmagrInA anveSaNanI A pravRttie te te kALanA bhautika padArthAnA enA sthaLeAnI samagra paristhiti samena abhyAsa karIne gujarAtanA tihAsanAM aneka aMdhakAramaya gaNAtAM pAsAM para navA prakAza pheMkayo che ane ene lIdhe je citra Upase che tenuM atre mau`kAlathI guptakAla sudhInI samayamaryAdAne anulakSIne, Alekhana karavAmAM Avyu che. mauya zAsanakAlanI zarUAtathI guptazAsanakAlanA aMta sudhIneA samaya eTale I. pUrve cAthI sadInA ceAthA caraNathI I.sa. nI pAMcamI sadInA trIjA caraNa sudhIteA Azare AThaso varSanA samaya che. A samaya daramyAna gujarAtanI bhautika sAmagrI kevA prakAranI hatI e jANavA mATenAM sAdhanA tarIke utkhananeAe ghaNA bhAga bhajavyo che. khAsa karIne nagarAnA utkhanana dvArA maLelI kAlagaNanAne lIdhe I. pU. nI keTalIka sadIonI bhautika sAmagrI jANavAmAM AvI che, ane evI sAmagrI bharUca, kAmareja ( ji. surata ), TIMbaravA ( ma. sinera, ji. vaDAdarA ), jokhA ( tA. kAmareja) ane dhAtavA (tA. kAmareja) jevAM sthaLeAe utkhananamAM tathA sAThoda (tA. DabhAI, ji. vaDAdarA), jAlata (tA. dAhoda, ji. pAMcamahAla ), sAmanAtha, AmarA ( ji. jAmanagara), kheDa vasAI (ji. jAmanagara ), valabhIpura ( ji. bhAvanagara) vagere sthaLeAethI maLelI hoI ene AdhAre A

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15 su'] sthaLatapAsa ane utkhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [ 313 kAlanI sAmagrI varNavI che. nagarA ( kha MbhAta pAse ), kATA ( vaDeAdarA ), vaDanagara (ji. mahesANA ), zAmaLAjI ( ji. sAbarakAMThA ), sAmanAtha vagere sthaLAe prApta thayelA avazeSeA parathI je prakAranI bhautika sAmagrI I. sa. nI prathama sahasrAbdInA pUrvArdhanA gherAmAMthI maLe che te dvArA guptazAsanakAlanA aMta sudhInI gujarAtanI paristhitinI samAleAcanA karI che. atyAra sudhI prApta thayelI sAmagrIne pariNAme gujarAtanI bhautika sAmagrI paikI mATInI vastuo kAlakrame nIce jaNAvelA khe tabakkAomAM vaheMcAI jatI dekhAya che ane enA AdhAre paDelA vibhAge dvArA A citranA khIjA azAnA abhyAsa karyA che. A abhyAsa bhautika padArthA dArA patihAsa-Alekhanane hAI ene mATI, paththara, dhAtu, hADakAM AdinI vastuo, bAMdhakAmA Adi vibhAgeAmAM vaheMcI devAmAM AvyA che, paraMtu ema karavA jatAM enA kAlaniNaeNya para pUratu lakSa ApavAmAM AvyuM che. ahIM sthaLa-maryAdA jotAM dareka kSetratapAsanuM vigatavAra varNana ApavuM azakaya che, tethI e tapAsa parathI nIkaLatI aitihAsika sAmagrI ApavAmAM AvI che. mau kAla ane anu-mo kAla sATInAM vAsaNa mATIkAmamAM mATInAM vAsaNa mukhya sthAna dharAve che, je hAla mATe bhAge khaMDita hAlatamAM maLe che. nagarA, 1 TIMbaravA,ra bharUca ane sAmanAthanA sAthI jUnA thara mau`kAla karatAM jUnA hovA bAbata jhAjhI zakA nathI. e tharAmAMthI kALAM-ane-lAla, sAdAM lAla temaja barachaTa lAla vAsaNA maLe che. A mATInAM vAsaNAnA tharAmAM mau`kAlanA zrImaMta vargomAM vaparAtAM kALAM caLakatAM vAsaNu gujarAtamAM maLI AvatAM hoI, mATInAM A cAra prakAranAM vAsaNa gujarAtamAM prAg-maukAla, mau kAla ane anumaurya kAlamAM I. sa. pUrva prathama sadI sudhInAM prApta thAya che. kALAM-ane-lAla vAsaNa vAsaNone kAMThe kALA ane nIcenA bhAga lAla hoya che. A vAsaNomAM mukhyatve thALI, vADakA ane lATA jovAmAM Ave che (paTTa 4, A. 7, 8, 9). A vAsaNamAM keTalIka vAra AkhAM kALAM athavA lAla vAsaNa paNa najare paDe che. A kALAM-ane-lAla vAsaNa bhAratanA judA judA bhAgeAmAMthI maLyAM che.

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314] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. prAcIna mahezvara (ji. nimADa, madhya pradeza), tripurI (ji. jabalapura, madhya pradeza), nagarA, bharUca vagere sthaLAmAMthI A vAsaNuM ghaNuM pramANamAM maLe che, tethI e A kAlanAM gAma zodhavAmAM madadarUpa thAya che. kALAM-ane-lAla vAsaNa samagra bhAratamAMthI prApta thatAM hoI e akhila bhAratIya pravRttinAM sUcaka che. uttaranAM kALa caLakatAM vAsaNa kALAM-ane-lAla vAsaNonA tharamAM kALAM puSkaLa caLakatAM vAsaNa kavacita maLI Ave che. gujarAtamAM nagarA, TIMbaravA, bharUca ane khA'-e cAra sthaLoethI ane saurASTramAM somanAthamAMthI A vAsaNa maLyAM che. A vAsaNane 24*999 Hi Northern Black Polished (&shi N. B. P.) Ware arthAt "uttaranAM kALAM caLakatAM vAsaNa kahe che. paraMtu A zabda A vAsaNone caLakATa ghasIne poliza karavAthI Ave che ema darzAve che, je nitAMta asatya che. A vAsaNone saMpuTamAM pakavavAthI ja A caLakATa Ave che, tethI ene mATe KN. B. P.' e rUDha zabdanI rUe ja prayojAya che. gujarAtamAMthI A vAsaNa mAtra kALA raMganAM maLyAM che, paraMtu uttara pradezamAMthI emAM kALA uparAMta senerI, rUperI vagere raMga paNa dekhAya che. A vAsaNa moryakAlamAM bhAratanA judA judA bhAgomAM phelAyAM hevAne pUrato saMbhava che. gujarAtamAM e jUja pramANamAM maLe che tema bIjA pradezamAM paNa bIjA vAsaNonI sarakhAmaNImAM enuM pramANa najIvuM che, kAraNa ke enI banAvaTa muzkela hoI e DAM banatAM haze. emAM vADakA ane thALI jevA ghATa dekhAya che. keTalAka pAtrakhaMDa para Ahata bhAta ane bIjA keTalAka para upasAvelI bhAta najare paDe che (paTTa 4, A. 11-11). A vAsaNa mauryakAla temaja anumauryakAlamAM maLI Ave che ane e kAlakrama nakkI karavAmAM ghaNAM upayogI che. lAla vAsaNe lAla vAsaNamAM taddana sAdAM tathA geru lagAvelAM vAsaNone samAveza thAya che. A vAsaNa sAmAnya vaparAzanAM hoI e ghaNA moTA pramANamAM maLatAM hoya che, paraMtu eno vaparAza paNa lAMbe samaya sudhI cAlu rahele hAI e samayAMkana mATe bharosApAtra hetAM nathI. chatAM enA para lagAvelA gerane lAkSaNika raMga heya che ane lAMbA anubhava pachI enI prAcInatA samajAya che, paraMtu mAtra A vAsaNonA ekamAtra purAvA parathI e sthaLane samaya nakakI karavAmAM bhaya rahelo che. A vAsaNamAM ghaDA, mATalAM, kaleDAM, loTA vagere rojiMdA vaparAzanAM

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15 su] sthaLatapAsa ane utkhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [ 315 sAdhana hoya che. rAMdhavA mATe paNa A prakAranAM vAsaNa vaparAtAM hAvAnA purAvAo che. lAla barachaTa vAsaNA A vAsaNa lAla vAsaNAnI sarakhAmaNImAM halakI banAvaTanAM che. emAM dhaDA, thALIe (paTTa 4, A. 12) vagere jovAmAM Ave che. A dhaDAnI DAka para athavA upalA bhAga para tarelI bhAtA hAya che ( paTTa 4, A. 13-14). A vAsaNa lAMbA samayathI banatAM hatAM ane e lAMbI paraparA sAcavatAM dekhAya che. mATInI ittara cIjo mATInAM vAsaNo uparAMta A kAlamAM mATInI bIjI nAnI moTI vastu banAvavAmAM AvatI. A vastuemAM maNakA ( pa6 4. A. 15), DhIMgalIo (5TTa 4, A. 16), kAnanI buTTIe ( 56 4, . 19 ) tathA zaMku-AkAranA dATAe (paTTa 4, A. 17-18 ), zarIra parathI mela kADhavAnAM jhAMva (meliyAM) vagerene samAveza thAya che. mATInA maNakAomAM geALa ane sepArI-vATanI keATIe jovAmAM Ave che. A maNakA sArI rIte banAvelA hoya che. e lAMbA samaya sudhI maLI AvatA hoya che. A vividha jAtanA maNakA A kalAmAM sAmAnyataH jovAmAM Ave che, vaLI enI sAthe zaka-AkAranI sAteka prakAranI vastu maLe che. enA ceAsa upayega zo haze e spaSTa nathI, paraMtu ene "dATA' kahevAne cAla jovAmAM Ave che. A kAlamAM mATInI nAnI DhIMgalI banAvavAmAM AvatI. A DhIMgalInI banAvaTa sAmAnya prakAranI rahetI, enuM nAka upasAvI kADhavAmAM AvatuM, mAM ane AMkhAnI jagyAe khADA pADavAmAM AvatA, hAthapaga nAnA rakhAtA athavA paganI jagyAne bhAga mAtra geALAkAra banAvIne paga alaga batAvavAmAM AvatA na hatA. Ama vividha jAtanI DhIMgalI banatI, A kAlamAM AmUkaze! paikI kAnamAM paheravAnAM geALa kuMDaLeA mATImAMthI paNa banAvatA. taduparAMta zarIra parane mela kADhavA mATe lIMbaceArasa AkAranAM jhAMvAM athavA meliyAM pazu banAvavAmA AvatAM. A uparAMta bALakone ramavA mATe cakaraDIe banAvatA hoya ema lAge che.10 mATInA banne upayAga bAMdhakAmamAM thatA. taLAvanI pALa mATInI bAMdhavAmAM AvatI.

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.316 ]. mokAlathI guptakAla [>, mATInI ghaNI pALo maLI AvI che. aitihAsika kAlamAM nagarAnA ukhananamAM mATInI pALa maLI AvI che, paraMtu gujarAtanA itihAsamAM sauthI prakhyAta pALa jUnAgaDhanA sudarzana taLAvanI pALa athavA setu che. ene mATe suvizAkha tathA cakrapAlike zailalekhomAM uttama prakAranI mAhitI ApI che, tene AdhAre mAlUma paDe che ke mULa caMdragute bAMdhelA taLAvanI pALa I. sa. 150 nA mArgazIrSa mAsamAM tUTI ane tyAra bAda I. sa. 455 mAM tUTI. e hevAla sAtaso varSano itihAsa sAcave che, paraMtu A setunA avazeSo mATe ghaNI ochI mAhitI prApta thaI hatI. A setu zodhavAnA prayAsamAM 1878 mAM bhagavAnalAla iMdrajIe jarasA phakIranA takiyA (atyAre jaDezvara mahAdevanA maMdira) pAse, giranAra javAnA raste bhavanAthanA nAkA tarapha e setu darzAvyo, paraMtu e setunuM sthaLa barAbara na hatuM. pachI 1891-94 mAM khAna bahAdura aradezara jamazedajIe uparakoTanI pAchaLa ene vistAra batAvavAno prayAsa karyo hato. A pachI tAjetaramAM 1967-68mAM navesara sthaLa-tapAsa karI, A Akho prazna DaoN. ramaNalAla mahetAe pharI eka vAra tapAsya. 11 A purAvastunI tapAsane pariNAme rudradAmAnA lekhamAM darzAvela parvatapAdapratispadhI setu zodhI kADhavAmAM Avyo. lekhamAM lakhyA pramANe mRttikopalamaya setu mATI ane paththarothI bAMdhavAmAM Avyo hato. uparakeTanI pAsethI A setu zarU thato ane e dhArAgaDha daravAjanI aMdara thaIne khAparA keDiyAnI guphAo pAse thaI, jogaNiyA DuMgara tarapha jato ane e DuMgaramAM ene meLavI levAmAM Avyo hato. DuMgara para pagathiyAM tathA parivAha banAvavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. A setu Azare eka kilomITara lAMbe, eno pAyo se mITara pahoLo ane uparano bhAga 1 mITara pahoLo hato. enI upalI sapATI ekasarakhI hatI ane tethI jamInanI UMcAI lakSamAM letAM e setunI UMcAI Azare 17 mITara thatI hatI, paNa enI UMcAI jude jude sthaLe judI judI hatI. A AkhuM bAMdhakAma Azare 9,43,500 ghana mITara mATInuM hatuM. rudradAmAnA vakhatamAM e tUTatAM eno 26,225 ghana mITara bhAga levAI gayo hato ane skaMdaguptatA vakhatamAM 10,400 ghana mITara bhAga levAI gayo hato. A mATI ane paththarano bAMdhele setu Aje chinnabhinna avasthAmAM paDelo che ane enI upara UgelAM jhADa, AjubAjunI paththaranI khANo ane

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15 muM] sthaLatapAsa ane ukhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [317 enA paranI kabarone lIdhe ene pArakhavo muzkela hato, paraMtu enAM tamAma lakSaNa tapAsavAthI ane AjubAjunI bhaugolika sthiti parathI samajAya che ke giranAra parvatamAMthI nIkaLatAM senarekha ane bIjAM jharaNAMonAM pANIne rokIne A taLAva banAvyuM hatuM. A jharaNuM ubeNane maLatAM ane ubeNa ojhatane maLatI. A taLAva mATIthI purAI na jAya mATe enAM pANI AvavAnA bhAga tarapha mADhavidhAna karavAmAM AvyuM hatuM tathA enAM pANIno upayoga mATe emAMthI. pranALa kADhavAmAM AvI hatI. jUnAgaDhanA A charNa setunA jevA ghaNA setuo gujarAtamAM sAbarakAMThA, ghUmalI, kheDA, godharA vagere sthaLe jovAmAM Ave che. emAM mATI, paththara ane Ine upayoga karavAmAM Avato. jalAzo bAMdhavAnI A paraMparA ghaNe lAMbo. samaya cAlu rahI. taduparAMta ghare bAMdhavA mATe mATIne upayoga thato. jyAM ITarI ImArato dekhAya che tyAM A kAlamAM Azare 19 thI 22" nI laMbAInI IMTa vaparAtI hevAnA purAvA maLyA che. Ama samagra rIte jotAM prAga-maurya, maurya, ane anumaurya kAlanAM gujarAtanAM gAmomAM mATInI aneka vastuono upayoga karavAmAM Avato. paththaranI cIja A uparAMta paththara, dhAtuo tathA hADakAM, chilI vagerene ghaNe upayoga, thato hovAnA purAvA che. A kAlamAM paththaranA maNakA, kAnanAM kuMDaLo tathA nizA, nizAtarA jevI rojiMdA vaparAzanI vastuo, goLa lakhoTA vagere banAvavAmAM AvatAM. mauryakAlanA tharamAMthI maLatA maNakAo paikI caTe paththaranI cokIo lAkSaNika gaNAya che. A cokIo jAlata,12 jokhA, 13 nagarA, dhAtavA 15 vagere sthaLoethI maLI AvI che. mauryakAlamAM sphaTikanAM ane kAcanAM kAnamAM paheravAnAM kuMDaLa paNa viziSTa AbhUSaNa che. A kuMDaLe zrImaMta vAparatA haze, jyAre bIjA leke mATInI ke evI sastI banAvaTanI vastuo vAparatA. ghara-vaparAzanI vastuomAM pAyAvALI nAnI nizAo A kAlamAM vaparAtI hatI. ane enI upara judI judI vastuo vATavA mATe khAsa banAvelA nizAtarA paNa vAparavAmAM AvatA. A kAlamAM paththaranI mUrtio banatI temaja paththaramAM guphAo kotaravAmAM AvatI, paraMtu enA namUnA gujarAtamAMthI maLyA nathI.

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318] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pra dhAtukAma gujarAtamAMthI paththara uparAMta dhAtunI vastuo maLI che. A dhAtuomAM lokhaMDa, tAMbuM, cAMdI, senuM ane sIsuM gaNavAya. dhAtuo paikI lekhaMDano upa ga mauryakAla pahelAM sAmAnya banI cUkyo hate. lokhaMDane upayoga karanAra prajAe nagarA, TIMbaravA, jAlata, sAThoda, bharUca, kAmareja, jekhA, dhAtavA, vaNesA (ma. palasANa, ji. surata) vagere gAma vasAvyAM hatAM. A gAmomAM nagara, TIMbaravA, bharUca, kAmareja jevAM gAma lekhaMDa vAparanAra prajAe I. pU. prathama sahastrAbdImAM pahelavahelAM vasAvyAM hatAM, paraMtu jekhA ane dhAtavA jevAM sthaLoe A kAla karatAM prAcIna kAlanAM gAmaThANa para punarvasavATa karyo hato. A gAmanA abhyAsa parathI lAge che ke A kAlamAM keTalAMka gAma ane nagara prathama vAra astitvamAM AvyAM ane tethI eka kalpanA karI zakAya ke bhAratamAM vastI vadhatI jatI hatI ane eNe jaMgale sApha karIne navI vasAhato UbhI karI hatI. A lokonAM lekhaMDanAM ojAree jaMgale sApha karavA mATe vadhu sArI sagavaDa karI ApI hovAne pUrato saMbhava che. A kAlamAM lekhaMDanAM ojAro ane kIDA jotAM ahIM lokhaMDa gALanAra tathA ojAro banAvanAra luhAre astitva dharAvatA hatA. emaNe banAvelAM bhADAM (pa , A. 20), chINI jevAM ojAra, khAlA vagere mAM che, paraMtu lekhaMDa ghaNuM khavAI jatuM hovAthI e sArI sthitimAM maLatuM nathI. lekhaMDa uparAMta tAMbAnI vastuo paNa maLe che, temAM prAcIna sikkAono samAveza thAya che. gujarAtamAM bhAratanA anya bhAgenI mAphaka sauthI prAcIna sikkAomAM Ahata(punch-marked)ne nAme jANItA sikkA vaDanaga216 nagarA 17 kAmareja,18 dhAvA 19 jevAM sthaLoethI maLyA che. A sikkAone lIdhe vepAra-udyoganI sagavaDa vadhatAM ene vikAsa thavAthI gujarAtanAM baMdare tarapha lokonuM AkarSaNa vadhatuM dekhAya che. taLa-gujarAtanAM sthaLAmAM bharUcanA ghaNa ullekha A kAlathI maLatA hovAnuM sAhityanA abhyAsIo jaNAve che. Isu pUrvenI prathama sahastrAbdInA vasatravATavALAM bahu DAM sthaLoe ukhanana thayeluM hoI A kAlanI ghaNI ochI vastuo ApaNane jANavA maLe che. tAMbA uparAMta cAMdInA sikkA paNa maLyA che. taduparAMta tAMbA para senuM caDAveluM kAnanuM ghareNuM dhAtavAmAMthI maLyuM heIenI madadathI A kAlanI dhAtuonuM jJAna ApaNane maLe che.

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15 su'] sthaLatapAsa ane utkhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI | 319 A kAlamAM lokhaMDanAM ejArAnA upayAganI sAthe sAthe hADakAnAM bhAleDAM, aNI vagere vastuo maLI Ave che te parathI lAge che ke A kAlamAM lAkhaMDa zeDuM moMghu haze ane tethI lokhaMDanAM bhAlADAMnI sAthe hADakAnAM bhAleDAM, aNI vagerenA upayega thate haze. hADakAmAMthI A vastu banAvavAnuM saheluM che, khAsa karIne nAnAM lAMbAM majabUta hADakAMnA kakaDA karIne emAMthI anukULa kakaDAne joI te ghATa ApI ene retI sAthe athavA ekalA paththara para ghasIne joItI vastue! banAvI levAmAM AvatI. e rIte khAtI vastuemAM bhAleADAM, aNI tathA ghaMTanI TAkarI jevI vastue maLI AvI che. A padArtho nagarA, TIMbaravA, 1 jokhA,22 dhAtavAra3 vagere sthaLeAethI maLe che. 20 A kAlanI bIjI vastuemAM DAMgara ane kaMsArInAM A jevA padArtha gaNAvI zakAya. DAMgara maLatAM ahIMnI khetInI paristhiti spaSTa thAya che. gujarAtamAM aniyamita rIte varasAda paDatA hoI pANIne saMgraha karavAnI jarUra hoya che. jarUrane saMtApavA mATe jalAyA bAMdhavAnI prakRtti gujarAtamAM lAMbA samayathI cAlu hevAnA purAvA prApta thAya che, jenI mAhitI upara ApI che. A tamAma padArtho parathI gujarAtanu . pU. nI prathama sahasrAbdInA uttarAnI sthitinu dana karatAM samajAya che ke ahIM samudranI pAse temaja narmadA ane tApI tathA heraNu jevI nadIne kinAre ane nadI kinArAthI dUranA bhAgeAmAM gAmA ane nagara vasI cUkayAM hatAM. AjanA jeTalI e jamAnAmAM gIca vastI na hatI. cittA jevAM jaMgalI prANIenI sAthe gAya, bheMsa, kUtarAM jevAM pALelAM prANIe astitva dharAvatAM hatAM.24 gAmeA ane nagarA killebaMda hAvAnA purAvA maLyA nathI, paraMtu sa Mbhava che ke kAMTALA ceAra jevI vanaspatine emaNe saMrakSaNAtmaka upayega karyo hoya. A gAma khetI para nirbhara hatAM ane meTAM nagaremAM vepAra-udyoga paNa sArA pramANamAM cAlatA. gujarAtamAM A kAlamAM vastInuM pramANa pAchalA kAlane mukAbale sAruM hatuM. A kAlamAM gujarAtamAMthI maLatA padArthA jevA padArtha rAjasthAna, mALavA, mahArASTra, uttara pradeza, dakSiNa bhArata vagere sthaLAethI maLatA hoI A kAlamAM bhautika saMskRtimAM ekatra thaI cUkayu hovAnA pUratA purAvA prApta thayA che. 2. kSatrapakAla ane guptazAsanakAla jyAre A kAla vaTAvIne ApaNe pratihAsanA bIjA tabakkAmAM AvIe chIe tyAre bhautika saMskRtinA ghaNA aMza badalAI gayelA dekhAya che. A

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320] sauya kAlathI guptakAla [pra. badalAyelA aMzAne lIdhe I.sa.nI zarUAtanI saMskRtine I. pU. nI saMskRtithI judI pADavA mATenAM sAdhana prApta thAya che. A sAdhaneAmAM mATIkAma ghaNA agatyanA bhAga bhajave che. pAchalA kAlanAM kALAM-ane-lAla vAsaNa lupta thaI jAya che. ane uttaranAM kALAM caLakatAM (N.B.P.)vAsaNa paNa maLatAM nathI. e kAlanAM lAla vAsaNA tathA lAla barachaTa vAsaNAnI paraMparA cAlu rahe che, paraMtu emAM bIjA navAM vAsaNa umerAya che. A umerAyelAM vAsaNAmAM lAla epavALAM vAsaNa, rAmana kAThIe, barachaTa kALAM ane lAla vAsaNo vagerene samAveza thAya che. taduparAMta mudrAmAM ane paththaranI vastuemAM paNa pheraphAra dekhAya che. A samagra pheraphArane lIdhe A kAlane pAchalA kAlathI chUTA pADavAnuM zakaya bane che. A kAlamAM maLatI vastuomAM mATInI, paththaranI, dhAtunI tathA hADakAM, zaMkha, hipeAlI vagerenI vastuone samAveza thAya che. mATInI vastuo mATInI vastuemAM judI judI jAtanAM vAsaNA, mudrAe, mUrtio, maNakA, ramakaDAM vagerene samAveza thAya che. A kAlamAM sAdAM temaja ghUMTelAM lAla vAsaNu temaja sAdAM tathA dhUMTelAM kALAM vAsaNa, barachaTa kALAM-ane-lAla vAsaNa, cItarelAM vAsaNa, lAla epa caDAvelAM vAsaNa, sapheda mATInAM vAsaNa, kAcanA epa caDAvelAM vAsaNa, rAmathI AyAta thayelI kAThIe, abarakha chAMTelAM vAsaNa ane suzobhita vAsaNa ema vividha prakAranAM ghaDataranAM vAsaNa maLI Ave che. sAdAM temaja ghUMTelAM lAla vAsaNa A kAlamAM sAdAM temaja ghUTelAM lAla vAsaNa saiAthI vadhu pramANamAM maLatAM hAya che. A vAsaNAnI ekaMdara banAvaTa sArI heAya che. rojiMdA vaparAzanAM A vAsaNeAmAM vADakA, kUMDAM, leATA, ghaDA, mATalAM, keDIe, thALIe, kaleDAM vagerene samAveza thAya che. A vAsaNa rojiMdA vaparAzamAM ghaNA lAMbA samaya sudhI cAlu rahelAM hoI tenA kAlagaNanAmAM upayoga thatA nathI. A vAsaNA sthAnika kuMbhAra banAvatA haze, paraMtu A ku MbhAra dareka gAmamAM hotA nathI, tethI e vAsAe thADu dhaNuM sthaLAMtara karyuM" hovAnA pUratA sabhava che. enI vigatA vadhu kAma karIne tAravavAnI bAkI che. sAdAM temaja ghUMTelAM kALAM vAsaNu A vAsaNa upalA vargamAM AvatAM vAsaNAnI mAphka vaparAtAM hovAnu samajAya che, paraMtu emAM nAnA vADakA jevA ghATa maLatA nathI, mATe bhAge

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15 muM] sthaLatapAsa ane ukhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [321. mATalAM, nAnA ghaDA, kaleDAM vagere vAsaNa A prakAranAM banatAM. A vAsaNo banAvavAnI paraMparA paNa ghaNI lAMbI cAlelI hoI ene paNa AgaLa varNavelAM vAsaNonI mAphaka samayAMkanamAM upayoga thato nathI. kALAM-ane-lAla barachaTa vAsaNa A vAsaNanuM pata kALAM-ane-lAla vAsaNanI sarakhAmaNImAM jADuM ane moTA kaNanI mATIvALuM che. A vAsaNane aMdarano bhAga temaja kAMThe kALe ane bahArane bhAga lAla raMgano hoya che. A vAsaNanA ghATa jUnA kALAM- ane-lAla vAsaNo karatAM judA che. pahelA meMnI hAMDalI A prakAranAM vAsaNomAM mukhyatve jovAmAM Ave che. enA peTa upara keTalIka vAra karNikA hoya che ane ene kavacita suzobhita karavAmAM Ave che. A uparAMta thALIo, DhAMkaNAM vagere A prakAranAM vAsaNamAM dekhAya che. A vAsaNanA ghATa parathI e AgaLanA kAlanAM kALAM-ane-lAla vAsaNanAM sIdhAM anugAmI lAgatAM nathI, enuM ghaDatara barachaTa lAla vAsaNa jevuM che ane enA ghATa paNa enI sAthe saMbaMdha dharAvatA hoya evA che. e parathI lAge che ke A vAsaNa pakavavA mATe nI lohita vAsaNa pakavavAnI paddhatino upayoga karavAmAM Avyo che. cItarelAM vAsaNa A kAlanAM vAsaNamAM viziSTa prakAranAM ragelAM vAsaNa maLe che, temAM moTe bhAge lAla ghUMTelAM vAsaNa upara kALA raMge citrakAma kareluM hoya che. A citrakAmamAM sAdI lITIo temaja aneka jAtanI bhAto jovAmAM Ave che. khAsa karIne A vAsaNa rAjasthAna tarapha raMgamahAla vagere sthaLoe maLatAM vAsaNo sAthe saMbaMdha dharAve che. A vAsaNe dakSiNa gujarAtane mukAbale uttara gujarAtamAM vadhAre pramANamAM maLe che, paraMtu bIjAM vAsaNenI sarakhAmaNImAM enuM pramANa ochuM che. A jAtanAM cItarelAM vAsaNonI sAthe e ja jAtanAM lAla raMganAM vAsaNo para dhoLA paTA pADIne enI para kALA raMge bhAta pADavAmAM AvatI hovAnA purAvA paNa prApta thAya che. A vAsaNane cItaravAnI paddhatinI zarUAta A yugamAM thaI cUkelI hovA chatAM ene vikAsa guptakAla pachI vadhu pramANamAM thayela hoya che. I-2-21

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322] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. A jAtanAM cItarelAM vAsaNamAM ghaDA jevAM vAsaNa vadhu pramANamAM maLe che. vaDanagara5 (pada 7, A. 56, 57, 58), nagarA, zAmaLAjI 27 (paTTa 5, A. 24) vagere sthaLoethI A jAtanAM vAsaNa maLI AvyAM che. suzobhita vAsaNe A kAlamAM vAsaNa cItaravAnI paripATI vikasavA uparAMta, enI upara ja bIbAMthI upasAvelI chApo vaDe ene suzobhita karavAnI paddhati paNa astitva dharAvatI mAlUma paDe che. A rIte suzobhita karelAM vAsaNa para lITIo, phUle, pazuo ane paMkhIonI AkRtio jovAmAM Ave che (paTTa pa, A. 25 paTa 6, A. 34, 35; paTa che, A. 5, para che. A suzobhanavALAM vAsaNonuM pramANa paNa sAmAnyataH e hoya che. lAla opa caDhAvelAM vAsaNa A kAlanAM viziSTa vAsaNomAM lAla opa caDAvelAM vAsaNonuM mahattvanuM sthAna che. aMgrejImAM Red Polished Ware( lAla lIsA vAsaNo)ne nAme jANItAM A vAsaNa sArI rIte cUMTelAM lAla vAsaNane maLatAM AvatAM hoya che, paraMtu e gALelI jhINI mATInAM banAvelAM hAI enuM pota suMvALuM ane ene garbha ekasarakhI garamIne lIdhe vacce kALAza vinAno hoya che. A garbhane lIdhe A vAsaNanAM ThIkarAM lAla vAsaNathI judAM paDI jAya che. A prakAranA potamAM lAMbI DokavALAM ane sAMkaDA vALAM kuMja jevA vATanAM vAsaNa, vADakA (pa , A. 46, 48), leTA (paTTa 6, A. 48), rakAbI, nALacAMvALA karavaDA (paTTa 6. A. 47 ) vagere jovAmAM Ave che. A vAsaNa bhAratamAM banAvavAmAM AvatAM hovAnuM ene ghATa parathI samajAya che, paraMtu A jAtanAM vAsaNa romathI AyAta thatAM hatAM ema arikAme 28(poMDicerI pAse mAMthI maLelAM keTalAMka vAsaNa parathI spaSTa thAya che, AthI A vAsaNa romana banAvaTanAM ke enI asara nIce bhAratamAM banatAM hovAno abhiprAya che. remana keDIe lAla opa caDAvelAM vAsaNa bhAratamAM banatAM tathA romathI AyAta thatAM hatAM, tenI sAthe romathI AyAta thatAM viziSTa vAsaNamAM aNIdAra taLiyAvALI,

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15 su] sthaLatapAsa ane utkhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [ 323 30 ane pakaDavAnA hAthAvALI keADIone samAveza thAya che. pILAza paDatA raMgavALo, daLadAra kADIonuM meAM lAMbu ane enI DAkanI baMne bAjue e pakaDavAnA hAthA rahetA. A vAsaNamAM dArU, elIvanuM tela vagere pravAhI padArtho bharIne e ApaNA dezamAM lAvavAmAM AvatAM. taLa-gujarAtamAM A vAsaNa nagarA,29 zAmaLAjI, devanI meArI,31 dhAtavAra vagere sthaLothI ane saiArASTramAM valabhIpura,33 sAmanAtha,34 dvArakA,35 pIMDArA 6 vagere sthAethI maLyAM che, roma sAthenA vepAranA e saMgIna purAvA hAI enAM prAptisthAna I. sa. nI prathama sahasrAbdInA pUrvArdhamAM vidyamAna hovAnA dRDha AdhAra sAdhakane maLI rahe che. bhAratanA ghaNA bhAgeAmAMthI A vAsaNa maLI AvyAM che. A vAsaNanA jevAM vAsaNa IrAnamAM sAsAnI vaMzanA samayamAM banatAM hatAM, tethI saMbhava che ke Aje jene romana kADI kahevAmAM Ave che te prakAramAM IrAnI keDIe paNa hAya ! sapheda mATInAM vAsaNa kvacit A kAlamAM sapheda mATInAM vAsaNa maLe che, paraMtu enI mAtrA atya5 che. vaDanagaramAMthI37 AvAM vAsaNa prApta thayAM hatAM. epa caDAvelAM vAsaNa mATInAM vAsaNo para kAcane epa caDAvelAM vAsaNa musalamAna yugamAM ghaNAM maLe che, paraMtu A kAlamAM lIlA athavA sAnerI jevA raMgane! epa caDAvelAM mATInAM vAsaNa kavacit maLI Ave che. abarakha chAMTelAM vAsaNa keTalIka vAra abarakha chAMTelAM vAsaNa A kAlanA tharomAMthI maLe che, temAM ghaDA ane hAMDalI jevA mukhya ghATa najare paDe che. A vAsaNAmAM akharakhanuM pramANa vadhAre hAI ene caLakATa viziSTa prakAranA che. Ama rojiMdA gharavaparAzanAM ane bheAjanAdi vakhate upayAgamAM AvatAM mATInAM vAsaNAmAM aneka prakAranI vividhatA A kAlamAM jovAmAM Ave che. mATInAM vAsaNo uparAMta enA IMTA, mUrti, ramakaDAM, maNakA, mudrAMkane vagere aneka vastuo banAvavA mATe upayoga karavAmAM AvatA. IMTo mATInI bhIMta vaDe pIMDherI makAna baMdhAtAM, paraMtu e uparAMta "bhaDadAM'' arthAt pakavyA sivAyanI IMzanAM makAna paNa A kAlamAM banatAM hevAnA spaSTa

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324] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. purAvA che. A kAlamAM pakavelI ITe paNa sArA pramANamAM banatI. A ITa 18" x 1" x 1" thI 3" ne kadanI sAmAnyataH jovAmAM Ave che, paraMtu e uparAMta bIjA kada paNa jANItAM hatAM. I Tona sAmAnya ghATa laMbacorasa hato. paNa e uparAMta jarUra pramANe deTane eka khUNo goLAkAra banAvo, lAMbI daMDA jevI ITo banAvavI, carasa ITa rAkhavI vagere prakAre jAta jAtanI ITa A kAlamAM banAvavAmAM AvatI. sthApatyamAM A ITAno upayoga thatohovAnuM devanI marIne bauddha stUpanA abhyAsa parathI samajAya che. ITa sAdI ane suzobhita ema baMne prakAranI banatI. sAdI ITA sAmAnya kAmakAjanI hatI, paraMtu suzobhita daITa, lAkaDAmAM thayelAM kotarakAmanuM ke paththaranA kotarakAmanuM pratibiMba pADatI. emAM aneka prakAranAM kalAtmaka kAma thatAM hatAM ema samajAya che. gujarAtamAM adyAvadhi prApta thayelI ITAmAM sauthI vadhu AkarSaka ane suzobhita daITa devanI morInA bauddha stUpanI che.39 A ITAnA abhyAsa parathI samajAya che ke ITo pADavAnuM tathA e pakavavAnuM kAma khullAmAM thatuM. Aje jema kuMbhAre khullI jagyAmAM kAma kare che tema e vakhate paNa e kAma karatA. je jagyAe e kAma karatA te sthaLoe kUtarAM tathA vAcharaDAM yatheccha pharatAM hovAnuM samajAya che. eka ITa para paDelAM pagalAne abhyAsa karIne zrImatI DelI sAhe40 jaNAvyuM che ke ahIM AvatAM kUtarAMne leke hAMkI kADhatA ane tethI e doDIne nAsI jatAM. vAcharaDAMnAM pagalAM tathA kALajI vagaranA mANasonAM pagalAM paNa ITa para maLI AvyAM che. ITamAM bAjarI ke DAMgaranAM choDAMnI jarUra pramANe meLavaNI karIne mATIne yogya rIte keLavavAmAM AvatI hatI. palI ITa jotAM samajAya che ke A kAlanA loko I Ta ghaNI sArI rIte pakavatA hatA. emaNe banAvelI ITa AjanA jamAnAnAM bAMdhakAmamAM Azare 1600 varSa pachI paNa kAmamAM Ave che e parathI emanA kAmane ApaNane khyAla Ave che. ITa uparAMta makAnanAM chAparAM mATe A kAlamAM naLiyAM banAvavAmAM AvatAM. A naLiyAM laMbacorasa ghATanA hatAM. enI eka bAju para be kANAM rAkhavAmAM AvatAM. A naLiyAM sapATa hatAM. ane e rIte Aje vaparAtAM "meMgalora TAIlasa"nAM purogAmI jevAM e hatAM. madhyakAlamAM vaparAtI nALo karatAM e judAM hatAM. enI upalA bhAganI dhAra saheja UpaselI hatI tathA vacce lITIo pADavAmAM AvatI. ITavA, devanI morI,41 kAmareja vagere

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15 muM] sthaLatapAsa ane ukhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [325 sthaLoethI AvAM naLiyAM maLI AvyAM che. gujarAta uparAMta mahArASTramAMthI paNa A makAnanAM chAparAMnA chAgha tarIke vaparAtA padArtha maLe che. enuM pramANu apa hovAthI ema lAge che ke ghaNA ochA loka AvAM naLiyAMvALAM chAparAMnAM makAna batAvI zakatA haze. ITonA killA bAMdhavAmAM AvatA. A prakAranA killA zAmaLAjI, zaherA vagere sthaLoe jovAmAM AvyA che. taduparAMta taLAvanI mATInI pALanI upara ITo pAtharavAmAM AvatI hovAnA purAvA devanI morI pAsenAM jalAzanA abhyAsathI prApta thAya che. mUtio ane ramakaDAM mATInI ITo kalAmaya banAvavAmAM AvatI hatI, eTaluM ja nahi, paNa mATInI vividha prakAranI mUrtio ramakaDAM vagere banAvavAmAM AvatAM. A mATInI mUrtio ane ramakaDAM, deva, devIo, tathA mAnava AkRtio, jAnavaro tathA lakhoTIo, gADAM ane cakaraDIo jevI aneka vastuo gaNAvI zakAya. mUrtio ane mAnava-AkRtio jotAM samajAya che ke keTalIkanI banAvaTa sAdI hatI. bhATIne hAthathI ghATa ApavAmAM Avato. AvI AkRtimAMnI banAvaTa sAmAnya prakAranI hatI, paNa enI sarakhAmaNImAM keTalIka AkRtio bIbAMmAM banAvavAmAM AvI hoya ema lAge che. A AkRtio ghaNI suMdara che, paraMtu AvI AkRtionI adyAvadhi prApta thayelI sarvottama kakSA devanI morInI bauddha mUrtionI chejha 2 (paTTa 24, A. 86). I. sa. 375 pahelAM taiyAra thaI cUkelI A manohara mUrtionI banAvaTa tathA ene pakavavAnI paddhatino abhyAsa karavAthI e kAlanA kArIgaroe je ucca kakSA prApta karI hatI tene sAro khyAla Ave che. mATInAM ramakaDAMmAM goLa lakhoTIo sArA pramANamAM maLe che. A lakhoTIo judA judA kadanI maLatI hoya che. ene keTalIka vAra gophaNanA goLA tarIke oLakhavAmAM Ave che, paNa A kAma mATe e ghaNI nAnI hoya che. pakavelI lakhoTIthI bALaka ramatAM haze. ene bIjo upayoga be pachavALI galelanI goLI tarIke kadAca thato hovA saMbhave che, paNa AvI nAnI lakhoTIo gophaNa tarIke vaparAya ema nathI. mATInI lakhoTIo uparAMta paMyAM ane cakaraDIo paNa sArA pramANamAM banAvavAmAM AvatAM. A ramakaDAM bALakee jAte banAvyAM hovAno saMbhava ghaNo

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326] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. che. A paiyAM hamezAM ThIkarAmAMthI banAvavAmAM AvatAM. tUTelA ghaDA ke mATalAnAM ThIkarAMne toDIne ene goLa ghATa ApavAmAM Avato ane tyAra bAda enI dhArane paththara para ghasIne suMvALI banAvavAmAM AvatI. sAmAnya rIte ThIkarAMnI A goLa cakatIo judA judA kAlanA tharomAMthI maLI Ave che. paraMtu A cakatIonI vacce keTalIka vAra eka ke be kANAM pADelAM hoya che. jyAre eka kANAvALI caktI maLe tyAre ene upaga zo haze e prazna thAya che. AvI nAnI cakatIne dorI bAMdhIne goLa pheravavAmAM Ave che, paraMtu emAM lAkaDAnI dAMDI nAkhIne eno cakalI tarIke paNa uga thato hoya che tethI jyAre eka kANuvALI mATInI AvI cakatI maLe tyAre eno upayoga saMdigdha rahe che. paraMtu AvI goLa cakatInI vacce najIka najIka be kANAM pADelAM hoya tyAre e bALakanAM ramakaDAM tarIke vaparAtI hovAnI bAbatamAM jhAjhI zaMkA rahetI nathI. AvI jAtanI cakaraDI uparAMta atyAre lAkaDAnI nAnI cakaraDI maLe che tevI jAtanI mATInI cakaraDI nagarAmAMthI maLI AvI che, te parathI samajAya che ke kSatrapa ane guptakAlamAM A jAtanI cakaraDIo vaparAtI hatI. mATInI bIjI vastuomAM baLada, hAthI, geMDA, nIlagAya vagere prANuonA ghATanAM ramakaDAM, mAnatA mATe banAvavAmAM AvatAM nAnAM corasa taLAva, maNakA vagere vagere gaNAvI zakAya. mATInAM jAnavara paNa jarUra pramANe banAvavAmAM AvatAM ane teonI banAvaTa pramANamAM sArI rahetI. kayuM anavara banAvavAmAM AvyuM che e ghaNI vAra sahelAIthI samajAya evuM hoya che, paNa keTalAka beDoLa ghATa parathI e karyuM jAnavara haze e jANavuM muzkela paDe che. paraMtu mATInAM paiDAMvALAM ramakaDAM banAvavAmAM AvatAM hovAnuM maLelAM paiDAo parathI lAge che. paiDAMnuM sAla eka bAjue athavA baMne bAjue upaseluM hoya che, ane e lakSaNathI e eka kANAvALo cakatIthI judAM paDe che. AvAM paiDAMvALAM sAdhanomAM mATInuM nagarAmAMthI maLeluM gADuM khAsa dhyAna kheMce evuM che. A gADuM nAnI corasa mATInI cakarI che. enI upalI dhAra vALelI che ane enI dharI tathA AgaLano bhAga enI sAthe besADavA mATe emAM kANAM rAkhavAmAM AvyAM hatAM. dharI besADavA mATe emAM ArapAra kANuM pADavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, jyAre gADAne dhUMsarIvALo bhAga besADavAnuM kANuM ArapAra jatuM na hatuM. A bhAga lAkaDAMnA banAvelA hazeH AvAM mATInAM gADAothI bALake

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15 muM] sthaLatapAsa ane ukhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI 3ira ramatAM hovAnuM mRcchakaTika jevAM nATaka dvArA samajAya che. mATInA pAsA maLI Ave che. A pAsAo para ekathI cAra AMkaDA samajAya tevAM nizAna hoya che. pAsAo vaDe ramAtI ramatane A parathI khyAla Ave che. A uparAMta nagarA,43 zAmaLAjI4 vagere sthaLoethI samarasa athavA laMbacorasa ghATanI pakavelI mATInI vastuo maLI Ave che, temAM UtaravA mATe pagathiyA jevI racanA che ane enI upara dIvA mUkavA mATe rAkhelI hoya tevI banAvaTa dekhAya che. A jAtanI vastuo bhAratanA judA judA bhAgomAMthI maLI Ave che. e mAnatA mATe banAveluM taLAva havAne abhiprAya che. AvAM taLAva devane caDAvavAmAM AvatAM hovAno saMbhava che. mATInI bIjI vastuomAM maNakA gaNAvI zakAya. maNakAnA dANA gaLa paNa (pada 5, A. 27 ) athavA sopArI ghATanA Ave che, paNa sopArI ghATanA maNakA ghaNA maLe che. e kALA athalA lAla raMganA hoya che ane sArI rIte banAvelA hoya che. A maNakA judA judA kAlanA tharomAMthI maLatA hoI enA baLe kAlagaNanA thaI zakatI nathI athavA enI bIjI koI viziSTatA hAlane tabakake jANItI nathI. maNakA uparAMta baMgaDI, kAnamAM paheravAnAM tATaka vagere mATInAM AbhUSaNa paNa banAvavAmAM AvatAM. AvAM AbhUSaNa uparAMta jhavAM" paNa A yuganA avazeSomAM maLI Ave che. paraMtu mATInI mudrAo ghaNI AkarSaka hoya che. e nagarA, vaDodarA, TIMbaravA, vaDanagara vagere sthaLoethI maLI che. e vividha prakAranI hoya che. mukhyatve e goLAkAra hoI enI upara chApa hoya che. A chApa enI para bIbuM dAbIne pADavAmAM Ave che. A chApane abhyAsa karatAM samajAya che ke keTalIka mudrAo para mAtra akSaro hoya che, jyAre bIjI ghaNI mudrAo para AkRtio hoya che. AvI mudrAomAM prathama prakAranI mudrAomAM buddha, mahAsena, vijayamitra athavA zrI jayamitra AdinI nagarAmAMthI4pa maLelI mudrAo ane TIMbaravAmAMthI*. maLelI mudrA tathA vaDanagaranAM mudrAMka gaNAvI zakAya, jyAre chApavALI mudrAomAM garuDa, ghuvaDa, trizala, naMdI, phUla athavA AsapAtravALI mAnava-AkRtinI mudrA vagere namUnA che. A mudrAo mATI narama hoya tyAre enA para bIbuM dAbIne taiyAra karavAmAM AvatI, paNa keTalIka vAra mArIne goLo laIne enA para bIbuM dabAvavAmAM AvatuM, te keTalIka vAra e paTTI vALIne banAvavAmAM AvatI. ghaNI mudrAone pAchaLa bhAga derA ane gAMThanAM nizAna sAcave che te parathI ene je upaga thatuM hoya tenI kalpanA karI zakAya che.

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[5. 328 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla mATInI viziSTa vastuomAM A kAlamAMnI dIvIo maLI AvI che. e hAthathI banAvelI ane cAka para utArelI hoya che. A dIvIonI vATa pramANe enI racanA thayelI hoya che. A dIvIo pramANamAM nAnI ane traNacAra prakAranI maLe che. sAdI dIvI tarIke keDiyAM vaparAtAM haze, paNa keTalIka vAra viziSTa rIte vALelI kAravALAM koDiyAM dIvI hovAnuM spaSTa samajAya che. keTalIka dIvIo UbhA ghATanI tathA ghaNI beThA ghATanI hoya che. Ama mATInI aneka prakAranI vastuo A kAlamAM vaparAtI temAM keTalIka AgaLanA kAlanI cAlu rahelI hatI ane keTalIka emAM navI umerAtI hatI. mATInI A vastuo sAmAnya vaparAzanI temaja koI khAsa prasaMge vaparAtI vastuo hatI. A kAlanI temaja mATIkAmanI zodha thayA pachInI koI paNa vasAhata para mATInI vastuo sauthI vadhu pramANamAM maLatI hoya che. mATInI vastuo uparAMta zaMkhanI baMgaDIo ane maNakA banAvavAno A kAlamAM sAro udyoga hato. A udyoganI nizAnI prabhAsa pATaNa:8 (paTTa 8, A. 60-61), amarelI:9 (paTTa 6, A. 40, 41, 42, 44, 45), jUnAgaDha, valabhI,51 vaDanagara, pa2 nagarA,53 vaDodarA,pa4 kAmareja,55 zAmabAjIpa (paTTa 5. A. 29 ), vagere aneka ThekANe dekhAya che. zaMkhanA udyoga mATe kAco mAla dArakA pAsenA samudramAMthI maLe che; e uparAMta dakSiNa bhAratanA samudramAMthI e maLe che. gujarAtane udyoga dvArakAnA kAcA mAla para AdhAra rAkhato haze. zaMkhanI vastuo banAvavA mATe zaMkhanI judA judA kadanI goLa patarIo banAvatA ane ene sApha karIne enI baMgaDIo banAvatA. zaMkhanA vaccenA jADA bhAgamAMthI maNakA banAvatA haze. zaMkhanI baMgaDI sAdI (pada 6, A. 40) tathA suzobhanavALI (paTTa 5, A. 29; paTTa 6, A. 41, 43, 44, 45) banatI. suzobhanomAM sAdI lITIo ane UMDI lITIo mukhya che. e uparAMta cUDI banAvavA mATe enI be bAju upasAvIne enI vacceno bhAga maDhatA haze. suzobhita baMgaDInI bahAranI bAju para aneka prakAranAM suzobhana rakhAtAM. enA eka prakAramAM baMgaDIne zArIne enA upara bhAta upasAvavAmAM AvatI. zaMkhanI baMgaDIne suzobhita karavA mATe ene lAla raMge raMgavAmAM AvatI. A lAla raMganI judI judI chAyA dekhAya che, paNa A raMganI lAMbe gALe zaMkha para thatI asarane lIdhe e khavAI jato hoya che.

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15 muM] sthaLatapAsa ane ukhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [329 zaMkhanA maNakA (paTTa 6, A. 42) pramANamAM ochA maLe che, paNa e goLa, corasa ane evA bIjA ghATanA maLI Ave che. zaMkhanI sAthe chipalInI banAvelI vastuo kvacita maLI Ave che. AvI maLelI vastuomAM nagarAmAMthI prApta thayeluM triratna AkRtinuM eka padaka A padArthane sAro namUno che. A tharamAMthI keDI tathA bIjI dariyAI chipAlIo paNa prApta thAya che. A kAlamAM hADakAMnI aNIe, bhADAM vagere maLatAM ochAM thAya che, paNa ene badale pAsA ane aMjanazalAkA jevI hADakAMnI ane hAthIdAMtanI vastuo maLe che. hADakAM ane zIMgaDAnI kAMsakIo paNa A kAlamAM maLatI heI eka anumAna thaI zake che ke have dhAtu gALavAne udyoga va hato ane emAMya khAsa karIne lokhaMDanA vaparAzanuM pramANa vadhatAM hADakAMmAMthI je mAraka sAdhana banAvavAmAM AvatAM hatAM te banAvavAnuM baMdha athavA ghaNuM ochuM thayuM ane pachI hADakAMnA prasAdhana tathA ramatanAM sAdhana mAtra banAvavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. jyAre A kAlamAM lokhaMDane vaparAza vadhe ema lAge che tyAre A kAlanA maLelA namUnAomAM lekhaMDa gALavAnAM sAdhana zAmaLAjI tathA devanI marImAMthI maLyAM che (paTTa 7, A. 55) e sUcaka che. zAmaLAjI, vastAna DuMgarI (tA. mAMgaroLa, ji. surata) ane dhAtavA jevAM sthaLoe lekhaMDa gALavAno vyavasthita udyoga cAlato hato. zAmaLAjImAMthI lekhaDa gALavAmAM vaparAyelI mUsa ane dhamaNanI bhUMgaLI maLI che. gALelA lekhaMDanA avazeSovALI mUsa ghaNI mAhitI Ape che. dhAtavAmAMthI maLelA lokhaMDa gALavAnA kITA tathA lekhaMDa banAvavA mATenI kAcI dhAtu jotAM lAge che ke A vakhatanA luhAra sthAnika padArthomAMthI lokhaMDa banAvatA. vastAna DuMgarInA lekhaMDanA kITAomAM meMgenIjha ane lokhaMDa bhegAM hovAnuM dekhAya che, tethI lAge che ke lekhaMDamAM bIjI dhAtuonI meLavaNI karavAnuM jJAna A kArIgarone havAne pUrato saMbhava che. A hakIkta spaSTa karavA bIjA vadhu prayoga jarUrI che. lekhaMDanI vastuomAM chINI (paSTa 8, A. 63), bhAleDAM, charIo, khIlA, sAMkaLa, tavethA, kAtara vagere gaNAvI zakAya. A vastuomAM khIlAnuM pramANa ghaNuM vadhAre hoya che, ane e svAbhAvika che, kAraNa ke khIlA aneka kAmamAM vaparAtA. khAsa karIne goLa mAthAMvALA ane laMbacorasa ghATanA aNIdAra khIlA vadhAre pramANamAM vaparAtA (pada 8, A. 62). charIomAM keTalIka AkhI ja lekhaMDanI banAvatA, jyAre bIjI charIonI upara lAkaDAne ke evI koI

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mo kAlathI guptakAla [ pra. 330 ] vastunA hAthA khesADavA mATe pAchaLa dumAla rAkhatA. AvI dumAladAra charIonA TukaDA maLyA che. bhAleADAnI pAchaLanI bAjue tIranuM rADu besADavA kheAlI rAkhatA athavA ene dumAladAra banAvatA. A kAlamAM gharamAM sAmAnya vaparAtAM lokhaDanAM sAdhana paNa banAvavAmAM AvatAM. A lekhaMDanAM sAdhana jamInamAM daTAI rahevAthI kaTAI jatAM hoya che tethI tAMbAnAM ke evI bIjI dhAtunAM sAdhane jeTalA sArI sthitimAM e maLatAM nathI. A kAlanA leAka leAkhaDanA pittaLa sAthe upayAga karatA hoya evA keTalAka namUnA che. khAsa karIne zAmaLAjI pAsethI maLelI grIka deva eNTalAsanI pratimA( paTTa 34, A. 101 )! abhyAsa karavAthI samanvaya che ke e kAI meTI mUrtine bhAga che ane ene bIjI mUrti sAthe joDavAnuM kAma lekhaDa bajAvyuM hatuM. jyAre AvI pittaLanI vastuo maLe tyAre ApaNe tyAMnA kasArAee ane mUrti banAvanAra!e sAdhelA vikAsa mATenA e sArA namUnA che. gujarAtamAM tAMbAnI vastuo paikI DabbI, a MjanazalAkA, mudrAe!. valayA ( paTTa 5, A. 31, 32 ), vITIe (paTTa 5, A. 33) vagere maLI Ave che. tenuM ghaDatara sAruM hoya che. devanI morInA 1 stUpamAMthI maLelI yuddhanA avaze sAcavatI DabbI para DhAMkaNu uparathI besADI devAya evuM banAveluM che. nagarAmAMthI suzobhanayukta DhAMkaNa maLyuM che.dara AvA avazeSo parathI e kAlanA kArIgara peAtAnA dhaMdhAnA sArI rIte mAhitagAra hovAnuM samajAya che. tee dhAtu DhALavAmAM, enA para kotarakAma karavAmAM, patarAM TIpIne ene cAgya ghATa ApavAmAM ane evAM bIjA kAmeAmAM yogya kuzaLatA dharAvatA DrAya ema emaNe banAvelI vastu tapAsatAM lAge che. A kAlanA tAMbA ane kAMsAnI vastuomAM paradezathI, khAsa karIne romana sAmrAjyamAMthI,63 AvatI vastuone samAveza thAya che. Ane suMdara namUne akATAmAMthI maLele tAMbAnA loTA parane! hAce che. enI upara hADI para kheDelA kAmadevanI pratimA che. tAMbAnI sarakhAmaNImAM sIsAnI vastue echI maLe che, paNa emAM mudrAe ane AbhUSaNone samAveza thAya che. mudrA ane sikkAnI carcA atre aprastuta hoI mAtra sIsAnAM AbhUSaNu zvetAM e vakhate e prakAranAM karNAbharaNa jovAmAM Ave che. eka prakAranAM AbharaNa sIsAnAM patarAMmAMthI banAvavAmAM Ave che, jyAre bIjo prakAra sIsuM DhALIne banAvavAmAM Ave che. A sIsu rAjasthAna taraphathI gujarAtamAM AvatuM heAvAnuM samajAya che. sIsAnI vastunA pramANamAM cAMdInI vastu echI maLe che. emAM saiAthI vadhu pramANamAM sikkA

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15 muM] sthaLatapAsa ane utpanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [331. maLe che, jenI carcA anyatra karavAmAM AvI che. gujarAtanI kSatrapa-TaMkazALamAM vaparAyelI cAMdInI parIkSA parathI ema samajAya che ke e TaMkazALamAM paradezathI AyAta thayelI cAMdI vAparavAmAM AvatI.64 TaMkazALamAM je muddAo para chApa mAravAmAM AvatI te spaSTa hatI. keTalIka vAra e barAbara mArI na hoya tevI dekhAya che. A kAlanI senAnI vastuo ghaNI geDI maLI che. e pachI devanI morInAkapa stUpanA samugakamAMthI maLelI tAMbAnI dAbaDInI aMdaranI senAnI zIzI surekha banAvaTanI che. eno dATa paNa sArI rIte banAvelo che. senAnI mudrAo ghaNI thoDI che. TIMbaravAmAMthI maLelAM sonAnAM patarAMnA goLa AbhUpaNanA bhAga para senAnA tAranI sAMkaLI jaDIne enI para manohara bhAta upasAvavAmAM AvI che. sAmAnya rIte sonAnI vastuo na maLavAnA kAraNamAM sonAnI kiMmata tathA enI vastuo bhAgIne navA navA ghATa banAvavAnI vRtti vadhu bhAga bhajavatI lAge che. bhAratIya samRddhinI vAtomAM suvarNanI je aDhaLaka kathAo pracalita che tenI sarakhAmaNImAM sonAnI vastuonI sAmAnya achatanuM atyAra sudhI maLeluM jJAna sarakhAvavA jevuM che. A kAlamAM paththaranI upayogitA ochI thaI na hatI. dhAravALAM ojAra ane zastro tarIke paththarane upaga nahivat thaI gayo hato, paNa paththaranI mUrtio, maNakA, nizA, nizAtarA, ghaMTI, piMDalA, DabbA, rukkA (paTTa 5, A. 30) vagere aneka prakAranI vastuo banAvavAmAM AvatI tathA paththaranI pharza baMdI paNuM karavAmAM AvatI. taLAvonA bAMdhakAmamAM paththarano upayoga thato. khaDakomAMthI guphAo kotarI kADhavAmAM AvatI. Ama aneka rIte paththarone upayoga cAlu rahyo hato. paththaranI mUrtio, guphAo, lekho vagerenI carcA anyatra karavAnI hoI ahIM bIjI vastuonI vigato ApI che. paththaranA goLa lakhoTA tathA bIne ramakaDAM (paTTa 5, A. 26) banAvavAmAM AvatAM. A kAlamAM kuMbhAra mATInAM vAsaNa ghaDavA mATe TapalAnI nIcenA bhAgamAM rAkhavAmAM AvatA piMDalA paththaranA banAvatA (paTTa 8, A. 53). A piMDalA nAnA ghaDAnA ghATano nakkara ane lIso hoya che. mATInA vAsaNanI aMdara ene rAkhavAmAM Ave che ane vAsaNa narama hoya tyAre enI upara Tapala mArIne enI madadathI ene moTuM karavAmAM Ave che. A uparAMta sAmAnya vaparAzanI nizAo temaja nizAtarAo ghaNuM maLe che. A nizAo AgalA kAlanA jevI pAyAvALI hoya che. e sAdI ane

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332] sau kAlathI guptakAla [x. suzobhita ema baMne prakAranI banAvavAmAM AvatI. mATe bhAge e kharatA paththaranI hatI. nizAtarA lakhagALa banAvAtA ane cit gALa nizAtarA vaparAtA. ghaNA vaparAzathI enI para caLakATa AvatA hatA. ghaNA vaparAyelA nizAtarA athavA tUTI gayelA nizAtarA nAkhI devAmAM AvatA. suzobhita nizAnI eka bAju para vRkSa, pazu vagere suzeAbhane jovAmA Ave che. paraMtu A kAlamAM dhyAna kheMce tevA avazeSAmAM ghaTI che. AjanA yugamAM vaparAtI ghaTI karatAM e judI che. enA uparanAM paDa para pheravavA mATe UbhA khIla hAtA nathI, paNa ADA khIla heAya che. enA nIcenA paDa paranA vaccene khIla paththarane banAvavAmAM AvatA. ghaMTInuM nIcenuM paDa enA vaccenA geLAkAra khIlAne lIdhe zivaliMga jevuM dekhAtu hAI keTalIka jagyAe ene AvA upayoga thatA jovAmAM Ave che. A dhaMTIe thADA saikA sudhI cAlu rahI, pachI emAM pheraphArA thayA che. e zAmaLAjI, valabhI, geApa, ghalA, nagarA jevAM aneka sthaLeAe dekhAya che. AjanI ghaTI karatAM ene vadhu jADA paththaramAMthI banAvatA, paNa ene vyAsa AjanI dhaMTIne mukAbale eche rahetA. A kAlamAM paththarAnI vastue ghaDIne banAvavAmAM AvatI, paraMtu keTalIka DabbA jevI vastue sarANa para caDAvIne sApha karavAmAM AvatI hovAnA purAvA che. khAsa karIne devanI mArImAMthI7 maLelA paththaranA samudgaka ( dAkhaDA ) ( paTTa 21, A. 82 ) sarANa para caDAvIne lIsA karavAmAM AvyA hateA, e parathI Ama samajAya che. AvI rIte rakAbI jevA padArtho paNa banAvavAmAM AvatA hovAnuM devanI merImAMthI maLelA namUnA parathI samajAya che. keTAmAMthI maLeluM DhAMkaNu paNa AvI ja banAvaTanuM che.68 gujarAtamAMthI maLelI AvI vastuo parathI nAnI merI vastuo banAvavAmAM ahIMnA lAka kurALa hatA ema samajAya che. A kAlamAM paNa paththaranA aneka prakAranA maNukAe upayoga thatA. enA dANA gALa, rAyaNa ghATanA, baMne bAju para kinAravALA ema aneka ghATanA banatA hatA. e ca, cAlsIDAnI, akIka, sphaTika tyAdi vividha jAtanA adhikamatI paththaronA banatA. enA para kavicat sapheda suza!bhata paNa AlekhavAmAM AvatAM. paththaranAM suzobhita padaka rAmana sAmrAjyamAMthI gujarAtamAM AyAta thatAM hovAnuM kAravaNamAMthI maLeluM strInI upasAvelI AkRtivALu padaka darzAve che.6 A kAlamAM paththaranI phazabadI mATe, Aje jema TAsa vAparavAmAM Ave che tema, paththaranI zilAe vaparAtI hevAnA purAvA devanI merInA vihAranI

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15 su'] sthaLatapAsa ane utkhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [ 333: muddanI mUrti rAkhavAnI eraDImAMthI maLyA che. e uparAMta paththaranI mudrA paNa banAvavAmAM AvatI hAvAnuM valabhI. tathA devanI meArI.1 (padma 7, A. 54) jevAM sthaLAethI maLelA avazeSa darzAve che. A kAlamAM DAMgara,72 kAdarA3 jevAM dhAnyanA avazeSa maLyA che. A vakhatamAM meTA jamaNavAre mATe kheAdavAmAM AvatI lAMkhI cUla nagarA,74 vaDanagarapa ane zAmaLAjI 6 jevAM sthaLoethI maLI che, e parathI sAmUhika bhAjanasamAraMbhAnI vigatA prApta thAya che. rasAI thaI gayA pachI A cUla vadhAvavAmAM AvatI ane enI pUjA karavAmAM AvatI hAvAnAM eMdhANa nagarAmAMthI prApta thayAM che. A kAlamAM paththaranI rakSaNAtmaka pALa bAMdhavAmAM AvatI7 ( paTTa 10, A. 78 ). ghaNAM taLAvAnI pALa para pANI rahe te bAjue vyavasthita rIte paththara gAThavavAmAM AvatA. Ama paththarAtA vipula upayAga thatA dekhAya che. paththaranAM AbhUSaNAnI sAthe kAcanA maNakA ullekhanIya che. kAcanA aneka prakAranA maNakA uparAMta baMgaDIo, kAcanI zIzI vagere vastue A kAlamAM gujarAtamAM vaparAtI dekhAya che, paraMtu e bahArathI AyAta thatI hatI ke sthAnika banAvaTanI hatI e bAbata tapAsa karatAM samajAya che ke keTalIka vastu rAmana anAvaTanI hatI, jyAre bIjI sthAnika haze. Ama A kAlanAM gAmeA ane nagarAmAMthI maLatI nAnI meATI vastuonA adhyayanathI samajAya iM ke kSatrapa ane gupta kAlanA gujarAtanI samRddhi sArI hatI. ahIM mATI, dhAtu, za Mkha-hipAlI, hADakAM, hAthIdAMta, tAMbu, pittaLa, kAMsu, leAkhaMDa, sIsuM, sonuM, cAMdI temaja vividha prakAranA paththara, kAca, rezama vagere aneka padArtho vaparAtA hovAnA purAvA prApta thAya che. jema jema purAvastune abhyAsa vadhateA jAya che tema tema A yAdI vistRta thatI jAya che. jyAre A bhautika padArthAnAM utpatti-sthAnene vicAra karavAmAM Ave tyAre samajAya che ke kAMsu", paththaranI vastuo, cAMdI, mATInI kADIo vagere rAmana sAmrAjyamAMthI gujarAtamAM AvatuM. rAjasthAnamAMthI pArevA, sIsu, ane bIjA padArtha AvatA haze. vaiDU ( Lapis-azuli ) jevA paththara IrAna tathA khadakasAna jevA madhya eziyAnA pradezamAMthI AvatA. paththaranI vastuo mUrti e vagerenI banAvaTa siMdha, paMjAba ane gadhAranA pradeze| sAthenA atrenA sabadhA darzAve che.

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334 ] mo kAlathI guptakAla [x. A bahAranA pradezamAMthI bharUca, nagarA, kAmareja, variyAva ( tA. coryAsI, ji. surata), valabhI, seAmanAtha, dvArakA Adi baMdarAe mAla AvatA ane tyAMthI dezanA bIjA bhAgAmAMya pahoMcatA . khAsa karIne nagarAthI vastu tArApura, dahegAma, niDayAda, kaThalAla thaI zAmaLAjI mAraphate rAjasthAna tathA uttara bhArata pahoMcatA. bharUcathI kAravaNa, vaDAdarA, jhAlada para rastA hovAnAM eMdhANa che. amadAvAda jillAnuM sANaMda valabhI ane nagarA jevAM baMdarAne aMdaranA bhAge sAthe sAMkaLI letu haze. rAjasthAnanAM bhInamAla jevAM nagara paNa A kAlamAM gujarAta sAthe saMkaLAyelAM hovAnA pUratA saMbhava che. gujarAta ane sArASTranAM A kAlanAM gAmonuM kada jotAM emAM Azare cAra corasa kilonITaranA kadanAM rAhera ghaNAM AchAM haze. akoTA eka kilAmITara lAMbuM ane aDadhA kilomITara paheLu haze. kAmarejanI saMmagra laMbAI khe kilomITarathI vadhu nathI ane pahoLAI aDadhA kileAmITara karatAM vadhu nathI. prAcIna bharukaccha paNa bahu moTuM nathI. valabhInI laMbAI paNa e kilAmITarathI gheADI ochI che. TIMbaravA bhAgye 2004200 mITaranuM gAma che. dhAtavA ane jokhA paNa enA karatAM meTAM nathI. jUnAgaDhanuM kada paNa khAvApyArAnI guphAthI zarU karIne khAparA koDiyAnI guDhDhA ane gadecI mAtA karatAM vadhAre laMbAI darzAvatuM hAvAne saMbhava lAgateA nadhI, jyAre enI paheALAI labAI karatAM echI che. vaDanagara paNa valabhI karatAM meTuM nathI. jhAlada paNa eka kilAmITara karatAM vadhAre lAMbuM nathI. nagarA enA unnata kALamAM Azare eka cArasa kilomITara karatAM ghaNuM moTuM nathI. dvArakA AnA karatAM paNa nAnuM haze, jyAre pIMDArAnI paNa AvI ja dazA che. A jotAM samAya che ke prAcIna gujarAtanAM meTAM nagara paNa Azare cAra cArasa kilemITara karatAM meTAM nathI; paNa ghaNAM nagarAnuM kada A mApa karatAM Adhu che, tethI prAcIna nagara ghaNAM meTA hovAnI likhita ane pracalita vAtA tapAsa karavA jevI lAge che. saMbhava che ke emAM kavi-kalpanAnuM tattva ghaNuM vadhAre hAya. A nagareAnA kadanI parIkSA parathI enI vastInI kalpanA karIe te prAcIna gujarAtanAM ghaNAM nagarAnI vastI bahu hoya ema lAgatuM nathI. valabhI jevAM nagarAnI vastI 15,000 karatAM vadhu hAvAneA saMbhava nathI. jUnAgaDha paNa enA karatAM vadhAre vastIvALuM nahi hAya. akoTAnI vastI bhAgyeja 6, 000 jeTalI hoya. kAmareja paNa 8 thI 10 hajAranI vastIvALuM gAma haze. vaDanagara enA karatAM khAsa meTuM nahi.

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15 su] sthaLatapAsa ane utkhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [335 jyAre nagareAnI vastI ochI hatI tyAre gAmeAnI vastI enA karatAM paNa ochI hatI. A kAlamAM 500 mANasAnI vastIvALAM gAma pramANamAM thADAM hatAM. samagra rIte A kAlamAM gujarAtanI vastI gayA kAla karatAM vadhI haze, paNa enuM pramANa AjanI sarakhAmaNImAM ghaNuM enDru hatu ane tethI puSkaLa vastIvALA dezanI kalpanA e kavimAnasanA paripAka lAge che. A nagarenI AjubAju chUTIchavAI vastI hovAnA ane nagarAe enI AjubAju parAM vikasAvavA mAMDayAM hAvAnA pUratA saMbhava che. nagara jevAM samudrakAMThAnAM nagareAnI aMdarathI maLelAM hADakAMneA abhyAsa karatAM samajAya che ke A gAmeAmAM gAya, bheMsa, bakarAM, gheTAM, haraNa, UMTa, nIlagAya, uMdara, kALa, neALiyA, kUtarA, maraghAM, cittA, dheDA, gadheDAM, mAchalAM ane kAcabA jevAM prANI9 astitva dharAvatAM hatAM. A prANIenAM hADakAM aMdarathI maLelAM hAI enA parathI spaSTa thAya che ke A gAmeAnI AjubAju ghAsanAM medAneA ane jaMgaleAnA pradeza ghaNA moTA haze; eTale ke A gAmeAnI AjubAju khetare, enAthI dUra carANu ane enAthI dUra jaMgalAnuM astitva hovAnI kalpanA thaI zake. arthAt AjanI sarakhAmaNImAM e kAlamAM jaMgalI prANIe tathA jaMgalenuM pramANa vadhAre hovAnuM samajAya che. akATA jevAM sthaLAnA utkhanananA abhyAsa parathI gujarAtanI nadIomAM AvatI relane pariNAme thatI takalIphanAM eMdhANa paNa maLe che. A e dhANA parathI temaja nadI taraphanA bhAga pAse bAMdhavAmAM AvelI devanI meArInA stUpanI vizALa dIvAla parathI gujarAtanI nadIe relathI sAruM nukasAna karatI haze ema spaSTa thAya che. AvAM teAphAnAmAM meTAM sarevarAnI pALA tUTatAM ghaNuM nukasAna thatuM haze. gujarAtamAM relanAM nizAna purAvastunA abhyAsamAM Thera Thera dekhAya che. tema ApaNe tyAM pANInI taMgI nivAravA mATe jalAzayeA bAMdhavAnI pravRtti paNa eTalI ja vegavAna hatI ema lAge che. sAbarakAMThAnA zAmaLAjImAM tathA enI AjubAju baMdhAyelAM jalAyA, jUnAgaDhanuM sudarzana, kheDAnuM mATuM taLAva vagere taLAvAnI jarUra pANInA saMcaya karavA mATe hatI. enI vyavasthA rAkhavAnI ane ene sAcavavAnI jarUra parathI ApaNA pradezamAM vAparavAnA tathA khetI

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336] sau kAlathI guptakAla [ pra. mATenA pANInI taMgI rahetI hovAnuM, tathA varasAda aniyamita hovAnuM darzana paNa thAya che. A purAvastunA thayelA abhyAsathI lekhaDaneA upayAga karanAra prajA khetI para nirbhara rahetI, paraMtu vepAra temaja udyogamAM bhAga lenAra, nAnAM nagare ane gAmAmAM peAtAnuM jIvana gujAranAra prajAnAM AchAM darzana paNa thAya che. pAdaTIpA 1. mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTInA purAvastuvidyA vibhAga dvArA thayeluM utkhanana : 2. nA. mahetA, nagarA', "svAdhyAya", pu. 4, pR. 106 thI 2. mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTInA purAvastuvidyA vibhAga dvArA thayeluM utkhanana : R. N. Mehta, Excavations at Timbarva, pp. 6 ff. 3. Archaeological Survey of India dvArA thayeluM... utkhanana : Indian Archaeology, 1959-60 -- a Review, p. 19 4. bhUtapUrva saurASTra ane muMbaI sarakAranA purAtattva-vibhAga tathA mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTInA purAvastuvidyA vibhAga dvArA thayeluM. utkhanana : Indian Archaeo<< logy, 1955-56, -- a Review, p. 7; Indian Archaeology, 1956-57, - Ta Revieo, pp. 16 f. 5, ejana 6. ejana 7. ejana 8. mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTI dvArA thayelI sthaLa-tapAsa 9. ejana 10. A vastune paricaya (1) R. N. Mehta,Excavations at Timbaroa (2) ramaNalAla nAgarajI mahetA, 'nagarA', ejana ane (3) mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTInAM sthaLa-tapAsamAM thayelAM sonAmAMthI maLelI vastuo parathI ApavAmAM AvyA che. emAMnA keTalAka hevAla have pachI prasiddha thaze. atre e sa`zeAdhanA parathI prathama vAra mAhitI ApavAmAM AvI che.

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15 muM] sthaLatapAsa ane ukhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [337 19. R. N. Mehta, 'Sudarsana Lake', 3. 0. I., Vol. XVIII, pp. 20 ff. agAunAM anveSaNe mATe juo : 1. Bhagvanlal Indraji Pandit and Dr. G. Buhler, The Inscription of Rudradaman at Junagadh,' Indian Antiquary, Vol. VII, p. 257 2. Kh. B. Ardeshar Jamsed jee, The Sudarsana or Lake Beautiful of the Girnar Inscriptions B. C. 300-A. D. 450, JBBRAS, Vol. XVIII, pp. 47 ff. 3. Manishankar R. Trivedi, 'The Sudarsana Lake of Girnar'. khAna bahAdura aradezara jamazedajIe kSatrapAlIna setunA avazeSa jUnAgaDha zaheranA dhArAgaDha daravAjAnI uttare Avela TIMbe ane gaNiyA DuMgaranI pazcima dhAra vaccenA bhAgamAM zodhyA ne e setu (baMdha) sudarzana jaLAzayanI uttara pALa hovAnuM darzAvyuM AgaLa jatAM dhArAgaDha daravAjAthI azakanA zaila tarapha eka bIjI pALa najare paDatAM e pALa mauryakAlIna setu hovAnuM emaNe sUcavyuM. emanA mata mujaba sudarzana taLAvano mULa vistAra lagabhaga azoka-zaila, vAghezvarI (giranAra) daravAje, uparakoTavALo TIbo ane dhArAgaDha daravAjA sudhI hato, jyAre rudradAmAnA samayamAM tUTelI pALathI dUra uttaramAM navI pALa bAMdhIne e jaLAzayane dhArAgaDha daravAjAthI uttare TIMbA sudhI tathA uttarapUrve jogaNiyA DuMgara sudhI vistAravAmAM AvyuM. pachI A mata visAre paDavo ke hAla A setunA avazeSa hastI dharAve che e lagabhaga sahu bhUlI gayA. tAjetaramAM 1967nA AraMbhamAM zrI choTubhAI atrie kSatrapAlIna girinagara vizenA lekhamAM A matano achaDato ullekha karele ("vidyApITha," pu. 5, pR. 94-98). DaoN. ramaNalAla nA. mahetAe karelI prathama sthaLatapAsanuM pariNAma "vA" (pu. 1, pR. 53-55)mAM pragaTa thayuM e pachI 1969tnA AraMbhamAM ame e sthaLanI mulAkAta laI tapAsa karI to amane sudarzananA kSetrapAlIna setunI bAbatamAM khA, ba. aradezara jamazedajI ane De. 2. nA. mahetAnA mata vacce jhAjho phera na hovAnuM mAluma paDayuM (ke. kA. zAstrI, sudarzana taLAva', "svAdhyAya." pu. 7, pR. para). DaoN. mahetAe e setune pazcima cheDe dhArAgaDha daravAjAnI aMdara batAvyo che te vadhAre baMdha bese che. vaLI rudradAmAnA zailalekhamAM thayelA ullekha parathI zrI. aradezare kaheluM e jaLAzaya vistAramAM agAunA karatAM traNagaNuM thayuM e arthaghaTana zaMkAspada che; ane dhArAgaDha daravAjAthI azonA lekhavALA zaila tarapha jatI paththaranI pALIne samayanirNaya vadhu purAvastukIya anveSaNa mAgI le che. -saMpAdako 12. mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTI purAvastuvidyA-vibhAganA saMgrahamAM 13. ejana i-2-22

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338 ] sau kAlathI guptakAla [x. 14. ejana 15 ejana 16. B. Subba Rao & R. N. Mehta, "Excavation at Vadnagar'', Journal of the M. S. Uniuersity of Baroda, Vol. IV, No. 1, p. 22 17. ramaNalAla nAgarajI mahetA, 'nagarA', "svAdhyAya', pu. 4, aMka 1, pR. 111 18. Annual Report of the Archaeological Department, Baroda State, for 1935-36, pp. 45 ff. 19. mahArA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTI dvArA dhAtavA gAme thayelA utkhananamAMthI prApta 20. ramaNalAla nAgarajI mahetA, 'nagarA', "svAdhyAya'", ejana, pR. 112 21. R. N. Mehta, p. cit., p. 25 22. mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTInA purAvastuvidyA vibhAga dvArA thayeluM. utkhanana 23. ejana 24. zrImatI DaoN. DAlI ra. zAha pAsethI maLelI mAhitI. zrImatI zAhe gujarAtamAM prAcIna prANIenAM asthione vyavasthita abhyAsa karyAM hAI emaNe ApelI mAhitI parathI A hakIkatA ApI che. 25. B. Subba Rao & R. N. Mehta, op. cit., pp. 26 ff. 26. ramaNalAla nAgarajI mahetA, ejana, pR. 107 thI 27. R. N. Mehta & A. J. Patel, Excavation at Shamalaji, p. 36 28. R. E. M, Wheeler, 'Arikamedu', Ancient India, No. 2, Pp. 34 ff. 29. ramaNulAla nAgarajI mahetA, ejana, pR. 108 30, R. N. Mehta & A. J. Patel, op. cit., p. 17 31. R. N. Mehta & S. N Chowdhary,Excauation at Deoni Mori, p. 77 32. dhAtavAnA ma. sa. yunivarsiTInA purAvastuvidyA vibhAga dvArA thayelA utkhananamAMthI, 33. R. N. Mehta, Valabhi of Maitrakas ", 7. 0. I., Vol. XIII, p. 247 2 34. In the collection of the Deccan College, Poona 35. Z. D. Ansari & M. S. Mate, Excuation at Dwarka, p. 72 36. Information from the site

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15 muM] sthaLatapAsa ane ukhanana dvArA maLatI mAhitI [339 36. B. Subba Rao & R. N. Mehta, op. cit., pp. 27 f. 38. R. N. Mehta & A. J. Patel, op. cil, pp. 33 . 36. R. N. Mehta & S. N. Chowdhary, op. cit., pp. 77, 116 ff. 40. Ibid, pp. 172 f. 41. Ibid., p. 45 42. Ibid., pp. 140 ft. 43. ramaNalAla nAgarajI mahetA, "nagarA', ejana, pR. 108-109 44. R. N. Mehta & A. J. Patel, op. cit., p. 44 45. ramaNalAla nAgarajI mahetA, ejana, pR. 109 X$. R. N. Mehta, op. cit., p. 25 80. B. Subba Rao & R. N. Mehta, op. cit., pp. 31 f. 48. ma. sa. yunivarsiTI ane saurASTra sarakAranA utpananamAMthI. jao upara pA. TI. 4. xe. S. R. Rao, Excavation at Amreli, p. 109 50. tAjetaranAM saMzodhana parathI. 49. R. N. Mehta, "Valabhi of the Maitrakas," op. cit., p. 248 42. B. Subba Rao & R. N. Mehta, op. cit., p. 39 53. ramaNalAla nAgarajI mahetA, "nagarA", "svAdhyAya." pu. 4, pR. 112 48. B. Subba Rao, Baroda through the Ages, pp. 71 ff. 55. tAjetaranAM saMzodhana parathI. 56. R. N. Mehta & A. J. Patel, op. cit., p. 44. 57. Ibid., pp. 48 ff. M. R. N. Mehta, "Vastan Dungri-An Archaeological Site," Bulletin of the Chunilal Gandhi Vidyabhavan, No. 5, p. 56 59, tAjetaranA saMzodhana parathI. co. R. N. Mehta, "Vastan Dungri-An Archaeological Site," op. cit. $9. R. N. Mehta & S. N. Chowdhary, op. cit., pp. 119 f. 52. R. N. Mehta, Excavation at Nagara, p. 113 83. M. D. Desai, Some Roman Antiquities from Akota near Baroda, Vol. II, Pt. I-II, pp. 21 ff.

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340] mokalathI gupatakAla 58. K. T. M. Hegde, "Chemical and Spectrometric Studies of Kashatrapa Silver Coins," . N. S. L., Vol. XXIX, pt. 1, p. 63 84. R. N. Mehta & S. N. Chowdhary, op. cit., p. 120 84. R. N. Mehta, op. cit., p. 27 FU. R. N. Mehta & S. N. Chowdhary, op. cit., pp. 118 f. sc. B. Subba Rao, Baroda through the Ages, pp. 71 ff. 69. R. N. Mehta, "A Roman Cameo from Karvan", journal of the M.S.University of Baroda, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 133 70. valabhInA saMgrahasthAnamAMthI. 07. R. N. Mehta & S. N. Chowdhary, op. cit., p. 122, pl. XXXVI-2 72. ejana; 2. nA. mahetA, "nagarA", uparyukta, pR. 113; R. N. Mehta, Excavation at Nagara, p. 153 73. ejana; Ibid. 74. ejana, pR. 106; Ibid, pp. 31, 33 64. B. Subba Rao & R. N. Mehta, op. cit., pp. 23 f. 05. R. N. Mehta & A, J. Patel, op. cit., p. 11 10. R. N. Mehta & S. N. Chowdhary, op. cit., p. 64 78. ramaNalAla nAgarajI mahetA, "sAbarakAMThAnAM prAcIna jalAza', "vidyApITha", varSa 1, 5, 104 thI 79. zrImatI DolI ra. zAhanA saujanyathI maLelI mAhitI.

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prakaraNa 16 sthApatyakIya smArako (1) saurASTra ane kacchamAM gujarAtabharamAM adyaparyata jJAta thayelAM sthApatyakIya prAcIna smArake paikI prAcInatama smAraka saiArASTramAM AvelAM che. A kAlanAM smArakAmAM caityagRho ane vihAre jevAM ghaNAM samAraka kaula-ukIrNa guhAnA prakAranAM che. keTalAMka dhArmika smArakomAM tenA saMpradAyanAM asaMdigdha cihna rahelAM che, jyAre racanAkALa ane bIjAM keTalAMka smArakomAM evAM cihna rahelAM nathI. abhilekhanA abhAve vAstuzailI tathA zilpaulIne AdhAre enA nirmANanuM samayAMkana karavAmAM Ave che. e bAbatamAM keTalIka vAra tomAM abhiprAyabheda pravarte che. saurASTra ane kacchanAM A kAlanAM sthApatyakIya smAraka nIce pramANe che : girinagara satata vasavATa, khetI ane dhovANanA kAraNe girinagaranI akabaMdha nizAnIo prApta thavI muzkela kharI. pASANunI sulabha vipulatAnA kAraNe girinagaranAM makAna ghaNe aMze paththaronAM baMdhAtAM haze, ema chatAM vividha prakAranAM dhArmika sthApatya ITa-nirmita athavA zaila-utkIrNa banAvavAnI praNulI haze ema stUpa-vihArAdinA rahelA avazeSo uparathI kahI zakAya. IsunI sAtamI zatAbdImAM tyAM 50 saMghArAma (vihAra) ane lagabhaga 100 devAlaya hatAM. sudarzana-tAka samrATa candragupta mauryanA sALA ke saiArASTranA rASTriya (rAjyapAla) vaizya puSpagupta giranAranI upatyakAmAM I.pU. 320 nI AsapAsa sudarzana-sarovaranI racanA karAvI hatI. 21

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342] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pra. mauryakAlIna sudarzananA kAMThA majabUta hatA. samagra bAMdhakAma sAMdhA vagaranuM nakkara hatuM. vacce kudaratI baMdha paNa hato. yogya jagyAe garanALAM (jhaTI), nahera (parIvAha) ane cALaNI (mIDhavidhAna) ItyAdi paNa hatAM.5 samrATa azoka vatI (saurASTramAM) rAjya karatA (rAjyapAla) yavanarAja tuSAraphe ene praNuLIothI alaMkRta karyuM hatuM. enA taTa upara aTALI (satra), chatrI (35tae5), daravAjA (DhAra), ArAma-sthAna (ra) ane toraNa (3chUca) Adi hatAM. samagra bAMdhakAma evuM to majabUta hatuM ke lagabhaga I. pU. 320 thI mAMDI I. sa. 150 sudhInAM lagabhaga 70 varSo daramyAna emAM khAsa kazuM nukasAna thayuM jaNAtuM nathI. - ativRSTithI nadIomAM AvelA bhAre pUrane laIne A jaLAzayana baMdha I. sa. 1pa mAM ane pharI I. sa. 455 mAM tUTI gayele tyAre te te samayanA zAsakoe ene vinA vilaMbe samarAvela. I. sa. 456 mAM majabUta rIte samarAvelA sudarzana sarovaranuM astitva tyAra bAda keTale kALa TakayuM e ApaNane jJAta thatuM nathI. hAla enA avazeSa naSTaprAya thaI cUkyA che; have to kyAMka kyAMka enAM cihna mAtra rahyAM che. beriyA rUpa jUnAgaDha relave sTezanathI agnikoNa tarapha lagabhaga cAreka mAIla dUra "ane jUnAgaDhathI giranAra javAnA rasate, rasto pUro thaye giranAranA pravezadvAranI dakSiNe lagabhaga beka mAIla dUra" AvelI bAriyA nAmanI upatyakAnI dakSiNa-pazcime dAtAranI TekarIo ane pUrvottare giranAranAM zikhara AvelAM che. upatyakAmAMthI guDAjaLI ane hemajaLIo nAme be jharaNuM vahe che. A stUpa bariyA vistAramAM Avela hAI enuM nAma paDyuM "boriyA-tUpa. enI upara lAkhA nAme bahAravaTiyAne vAsa thayo hovAthI "lAkhAmeDI" enuM bIjuM nAma che. I. sa. 1888 nI nAtAlamAM kempabele enuM ukhanana karyuM, jeno hevAla kAusase lakhyo hato. prastuta tUpa prAya: 1881283 Icane mApanI mRttikAnirmita pakava ITano bane che. ukhAna vakhate enI UMcAI lagabhaga 45 phUTa hatI. tenI Toca uparathI lagabhaga 184820 phUTanA mApanI khAI khodavAmAM AvI hatI. ukhanana daramyAna lagabhaga 39 phUTanI UMDAIethI pratara-sthApatyanA keTalAka avazeSa prApta thayA hatA, jeno hAla patto nathI ! je ke I. sa. 1900 sudhI giranAra upara kyAMka kAMTALA tAranI ADazathI teone rakSavAmAM AvelA hatA. 10

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16 muM] sthApatyakIya smAraka [344 prastuta avazeSa bahudhA vedikA / hArmika ane chatrAvalinA khaMDa hatA.11 stUpanA aMtarbhAgamAMthI prApta thayelA A prakAranA sthApatyakIya avazeSo uparathI anumAna karI zakAya ke agAu e jagyAe koI laghutUpa hatuM, jene jIrNoddhAra karatI veLAe enA kadamAM asAdhAraNa vadhAro karavAmAM AvyuM ane pariNAme pelA (khaMDita) avazeSone aMtarbhAge yathAvata AvarI levAmAM AvyA, arthAt pUrvasUpano zirobhAga uttara-tUpane aMtabhaMga bane. chatrAvalinI nIcenA ane hArmika / vedikAnA lagabhaga kendra bhAgethI eka samacorasa ghaDelI zilAmAMthI eka mRttikAnirmita pakava DAbalI prApta thaI jemAMthI kramazaH tAMbAnI, cAMdInI ane sonAnI anyathI nAnI DAbelIo nIkaLI. prastuta DAbalIomAMthI motI ane bhasmAdi pavitra avazeSa maLI AvyA hatA. 13 vadhu prAptinI AzA na hovAthI e utakhanana bahu AgaLa vadhAravAmAM AvyuM nahotuM. tUpamAMthI pratimA, zilpa ke lekhAdi kazuM prApta na thatAM enuM samayAMkana tatkALa thaI zakayuM nahotuM, paraMtu sAmAnya rIte ene adyaparyata kSatrapAlIna gaNavAmAM Ave che. 14 jUnAgaDhanI AsapAsathI prApta thatI prAcIna vividha mRttikA-nirmita pakava ITonA parimANapa uparathI enuM samayAMkana karavuM jarA kaThina kharu, ema chatAM eTaluM to kahI zakAya ema che ke boriyA-khUMpavALI ITa prAyaH mauryakAlIna ke pachI anumauryakAlIna che. 16 harmika ke vedikAnA avaziSTa khaMDone to hAla patto nathI, paraMtu ukhanana veLAnA enA chAyAcitra7 uparathI ema mAnI zakAya ke uttara bhAratanI anya uttarakAlIna harmikA vedikA karatAM prastuta harmikAvedikA ThIka ThIka pUrvakAlIna che. khAsa to sAMcInA sUpa uparanI chatrAvaline pharatI hamikA joDe 18 prastuta hamikA | vedikA khUba sAmya dharAve che. Ama racanAzailInI tulanAtmaka dRSTie jotAM ema anumAna karI zakAya ke bariyA-tUpamAMthI prApta thayelI harmika vedikA I. pU. prAya: dvitIya zatAbdInA AraMbhanA ke pachI prathama zatAbdInA aMtanA samayanI haze (paTTa 18, A. 79). Ama boriyAnA mULa ane jIrNoddhAra karelA e baMne stUpa maurya ke anumauryakAlIna hovAnI saMbhAvanA nakArI zakAya ema nathI. ukhanita boriyA stUpanI samIpamAM eka bIje stUpa paNa Avela che, jene loko baDI lAkhAmeDI' kahe che. enI bAjumAM vihAranA bAMdhakAmanAM cihna paNa najare paDe che. 19

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344 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. ITivA-vihAra jUnAgaDhathI IzAnakANa tarapha lagabhaga traNeka mAIla dUra, bhavanAthanI uttare, ITavA nAmane vistAra Avela che. je gaNiyA nAmanA kuMgarA ane giranAra parvatanI vacce AvelA A vistAramAMthI pracura pramANamAM pakava ITa maLI AvatI hovAthI leke e e sthaLavizenuM ITavA' nAmakaraNa karyuM che. bauddha jaNAtA vihAranA sthApatyakIya avaze ahIM AvelA che. I. sa. 1949 mAM A sthaLanuM ukhanana sva. zrI gi. va. AcAryuM karyuM hatuM. 20 vihAranA mukhya prAMgaNamAM be staromAM pAkI IMTo bichAvelI hatI. pazcimI dIvAlane aDIne pa3 X 83 phUTanA mApanI eka vyAsapITha banAvelI hatI. prAMgaNanI tarapha 10 x 10 phUTanA mApanA oraDA banAvelA hatA. pUvI hAramAM AvA cha oraDA AvelA hatA, je paikI dakSiNa bAjuthI cothe oraDe 26 phUTa laMbAIno bevaDa oraDo hato. takSazilAnA eka vihAranI pUrva bAjue paNa Avo eka bevaDa oraDo Avela hatorala e ullekhanIya che. ukhanana daramyAna mATInuM pakaveluM eka mudrAMkana, cAMdInA tathA tAMbAnA thoDA sikakA, mRttikA-nirmita pakava cIjavastuo-kuMjA, pyAlA, kaTorA, gaTaranAM DhAMkaNAM, pASANanirmita lAM, vATavAnI cAra pAyAvALI zilAo tathA batAo, viziSTa ane sAmAnya kaulAlakhaMDo ThIkarAM), abarakhanA TukaDA yAdi prApta thayuM hatuM. jenA AdhAre vihAranAM prakAra ane samaya nakakI thayAM che tevI mahattvanI prApti thaI hatI mRttikA uparanA pakava mukananI. 101 IMcanA vyAsanuM prastuta mudrAMkana vartulAkAra che. ene kendrabhAge caityanuM pratIka che. ghaDiyALanA caMdAmAM jayAM navo aMka Ave che te jagyAethI emAM brAhmI lipimAM ApelA lakhANanI vAcana che : mahArAnarasenavihAre mikSusaMghacA arthAta prastuta mudrA mahArAja sena(nirmita) vihAranA bhikSusaMghanI che. bhAratanA prAcInatama bhikSusaMdhanI adyaparyata prApta thayelI mudrAo paikI eka A mudrAMkanane paNa gaNavAmAM Ave che. emAM ApelA lakhANanA ane enI lipinA maroDanA AdhAre ene kSatrapa rAjA rudrasena (prathama)nA samayanuM, I. sa. 199-232 nI vaccenuM mAnavAmAM Ave che, ane tethI ja prastuta vihArane paNa IsunI dvitIya tRtIya zatAbdIne gaNavAmAM Ave che. kSatrapa bauddha dharmane pratsAhana ApatA hovAthI ulikhita bhikSusaMghane bauddhadhama mAnavAmAM Avyo che. prastuta mudrAMkananA AdhAre ITavA-vihArane rudrasena-vihAra tarIke paNa oLakhavAmAM Avyo che.23

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16 muM] sthApatyakIya mAke [345 jenA AdhAre ITavA-vihAra-vAsIonA dharma prakAra ane samaya nizcita karavAmAM AvyA che te te che mudrAMkana (sealing), ravayaM mudrA ( seal) nahi! bhInI mATInA nAnA pocakA upara mULa mudrAnuM aMkana karI, chApa mArI, ene pakavI levAmAM Avela che. A prakAranuM mudrAMkana ITavAmAMthI maLI AvyuM eTalA uparathI ja mudrAMkananuM lakhANa ITavA-vihArane uddezIne ja lakhAyeluM siddha thaI jatuM nathI. e mudrAMkana anyatra AvelA rukana-vihAramAMthI ITavA-vihAramAM AvyuM hoya e paNa saMbhavita che. A mudrAMkana je kaI rusena-vihAranuM hoya temAM vasatA bhisaMdha je bauddhadharmo hoya te samAnadharmI joDe saMbaMdhanA niyama ITavA-vihAra-vAsIo paNa bauddhadharma mAnI zakAya, anyathA vadhu spaSTa purAtattvakIya purAvA apekSita rahe che. ukhananamAMthI prApta thayelA purA-avazepa bahudhA kSatrapakAlIna hovA chatAM e noMdhapAtra che ke je mRttikA-nirmita pakava ITa vaDe A vihAra bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM che te ITa eriyA-stUpanI I TenA, 18 x 1243 IcanA, mApanI havAthI e paNa maurya ke anumauryakAlIna levAnuM nakArI zakAya ema nathI. jema giranAranI eka ja zilA upara maurya, kSatrapa ane gupta samavanA abhilekha AvelA che, tema mauryakAlIna ImAratono upayoga paNa ochAmAM ocho kSatrapakAla sudhI cAlu rahI zakyo hoya, jethI ITavA vihAranA mauryakAlIna bAMdhakAma mAMthI kSatrapakAlIna avazeSa prApta thAya e yogya che, ema ja thavuM joIe. atre e paNa ullekhanIya che ke ITavA-ukhananamAM uparanA thoDA stara khaseDI vihAranI pharasabaMdhI sudhI ja khedakAma karavAmAM AveluM, arthAt koI paNa bAMdhakAmane pAye sudhdhAM khodI kADhI enI nIcenA stara tapAsavAmAM AvyA nathI. athavA anya zabdomAM, AraMbhika vartamAna bhUmitaLathI AraMbhI aMtima prAkRtika bhUmi sudhI stara-racanA stara-vijJAnanI daSTie abhyAsa karavAmAM AvyuM nathI. tethI vihArane kSatrapakAlIna ja mAnavAne ane maurya ke anumauryakAlIna levAnI zakyatAne nakAravAne kazuM kAraNa rahetuM nathI.24 bAvAcAra-guphAo vana-upavanamAM dharmasaMghe mATe banelAM mAtra chAparAvALAM AzrayasthAnomAM Rtu-anusAra zItoSNa vAtAvaraNanI tIvratA adhika varatAtI heI, bhagavAna buddhanA samayathI ja vividha Azraya-sthAna banyAM hatAM, je paikI zaila-ukIrNa guhAe prAcInatama hatI. svayaM bhagavAna buddha rAjagRha mukAme sAtapaNI guhAomAM cheDe

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346]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. kALa vyatIta karyo hato 25 ema chatAM maurya kAla sudhImAM zaila-ukIrNa guhAonuM nirmANa saurASTramAM thayuM hatuM ke kema e anizcita che. 26 gujarAtanI prAcInatama zaila-utkIrNa guphAo jUnAgaDhamAM uparakeTanI dakSiNe thoDe aMtare AvelI che. enI pAse bAvApyArA nAmanA bhUtapUrva saMtane maTha Avela hoI A guphAo paNa e nAmathI pracalita banI che. pUrve uttara ane dakSiNe ekeka thaI prastuta guphAo traNa hAramALAmAM goThavAyelI che (juo paTTa 9, A. 64). pUvI hAramALA mukhyatve pazcimAbhimukhI che, paraMtu enI mukhya-guphA jJa prAMgaNa 3 nI pazcime pUrvAbhimukhI che. be, Dha tathA ja pazcimAbhimukhI ane ta tathA TU dakSiNAbhimukhI che. tathA pazcimebhimukha ane ta tathA 2 dakSiNAbhimukhI che. A cAre guphAo nAnAM-nAnI che. prAMgaNa 4 nI pazcime pUrvAbhimukhI mukhya guphA 4 Adima prakAranI maitya-guhAkAra che. enI ubhaya bAjue ekeka nAnI-nAnI oraDI tathA Ta AvelI che. mukhya guphA 8 nI osarI (sanI dakSiNa bAjue be bhAgamAM bIjI traNa , 4 ane guphAo AvelI che. uttarI hAramALA dakSiNAbhimukhI che. emAM cha (6 thI 2) ane uttarAbhimukhI dakSiNI hAramALAmAM sAta nAnI moTI guphAo (1 thI ) AvelI che. traNeya hAramALAnI saghaLI guphAonA agrabhAge osarI AvelI che. uttarI hAramALAnI pazcima taraphI aMtima traNa guphAo , gha tathA ne ne jhUmakhAnI osarI mAM lagabhaga 16 phUTa pahoLI che (ene pazcima bhAge, be staMbhathI chUTI paDatI, enI pahoLAI jeTalI lAMbI AyatAkAra ma raDI AvelI che), jyAre bAkInI osarIo pahoLAImAM ochI che. pUrva hAramALAnI dakSiNa taraphI aMtima guphA ja nA agrabhAge eAsarIne badale lagabhaga erasa AkAranuM prAMgaNa gha AveluM che ane enI traNa bAjue eTale kotarelo che. osarIomAM ane kavacita anyatra kotarAyelA staMbho ane ardha-staMbha sAdA ane samarasa che. uttarI hAramALAnI ma osarInA AraMbhanA traNeya staMbho uparanA bhAge aSTakoNa che. pUrva hAramALAnA kendramAM AvelI mukhya caityaguphA nI pachIta ardha vRttAkAra che. enA madhyabhAge AvelAM cAra staMbha ane caitya saMpUrNapaNe naSTa thaI gayAM che. caitya pachIta joDe saMyukta hatuM ke enAthI svataMtra hoya to zaila-utkIrNa hatuM ke prastara-nirmita e spaSTa thaI zakayuM nathI. IsunI prathama be zatAbdIo daramyAna ketarAyelI bhAja, nAsika, ajaMTA naM. 9 ane 10 Adi pUrvakAlIna

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sthApatyakIya smAraka [347 guphAomAM adharAkAra pachIta hovAne kAraNe caitya pachItathI svata tra hatuM, mATe prastuta 4 guphAmAM paNa svataMtra haze ema anumAna karI zakAya, 28 chatAM paNa e prastara-nirmita hatuM ke zaila utkIrNa e have sunizcita thaI zake ema nathI. prastuta guphAomAM zirapAMkana ke alaMkaraNa nahivata hovAthI enA je thoDA namUnA maLI Ave che te khUba upayogI che. uttarI hAramALAmAM ma osarInA mukhabhAga upara ardhavRttAkAramAM kotarAyele cetya-gavAkSara enI bAjunI ca-ra4 osarIonA mukhabhAga upara kotarAyelA lagabhaga vartulAkAra caitya-gavAthI" judo tarI Ave che, ema chatAM ardhavRttAkAra caityagavAkSane Adima prakArane mAnI zakAya nahi.31 pUrva hAramALAnA caityagRhavALA jhUmakhAnI osarI 4 nA chaye staMbha upara, vitAna tarapha, siMha-vyAla yukta nAgadaMta (brekeTa) Avela che. osarIne baMne cheDe, dIvAla upara, AchA bhAskarthamAM ekeka sapakSa siMha-vyAla kaMDAravAmAM Avela che. A jhUmakhAnI dakSiNe ene aDIne AvelA - guphAovALA jhUmakhAnA prAMgaNa che nA pravezadvAranI baMne bAjunI dIvAlane aDIne, jamIna upara ekeka vyAla-mukha kaMDAreluM che.32 - guphAonA pravezadvAranA bAhya cokaThAnA UrvabhAge keTaluMka alakaraNa kareluM che.33 lagabhaga e ja prakAranuM alaMkaraNa dakSiNI hAramALAnI guphAnA pravezadvAra upara paNa jovA maLe che. 34 prastuta svastikAdi alaMkaraNa bauddhadharmasUcaka che ke jainadharmabedhaka sarva mAnya nirNaya levAyo nathI.35 anyatra AvelI pUrvakAlIna zaila-utkIrNa guphAonA staMbho joDe sAmya dharAvatA prastuta guphAonA adhikAMza staMbha sAdA ane samarasa che. dakSiNa hAramALAnI 4 guphAnA madhyabhAge Avela staMbha vizeSa ullekhanIya che. e aSTakoNa staMbhanA trikhaMDI zItala heThaLa amukhI degaDI jevI kalazAkRti AvelI che. nAsikanA nahapAna-vihAramAM A prakAranA staMbha AvelA che.37 pUva hAramALAmAM caityagRhathI dakSiNa bAjunI gupha ra ja nA pravezadvAranA cokaThA upara, bAhya bhAge je utkIrNa alaMkaraNa karavAmAM AvyuM che temAM baMne bAjue ekeka staMbha paNa kaMDArela che. 28 prastuta utkIrNa taMbhanAM zIrSa rAmezvara, elerA ane bharaDutanAM sta bha-zIpa joDe sAmya dharAve che.39 bAvApyArA-guphAonA alpatama alaMkaraNanuM zilpakAma bhale pAchaLathI thayuM hoya, caityagRhAdi guphAonuM kaMDArakAma I.pU. bIjI zatAbdInA aMta sudhImAM pUruM thaI gayuM haze.4deg azokanI dharmaAjJAone I.pU. trIjI zatAbdImAM

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348] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [4. zirodhArya karI cUkelA girinagaramAM I. pU. bIjI zatAbdInA aMta sudhImAM paNa pUrNa prAkRtika suvidhAo hovA chatAMye, zaila-utkIrNa-guhAvihAra na ja banyA hoya e kema bane ? prastuta guphA samUha kayA dharmAvalIo mATe banAvavAmAM Avyo hato athavA emAM kyAre-kyAre kayA-kayA saMpradAyavAdIono vAsa thayo hato enuM adyApiparyaMta prApta thayelAM aitihAsika sAdhano dvArA anumAna mAtra thaI zake. bhaviSyamAM vadhu spaSTa purAvA prApta thAya to ja e aMge asaMdigdha nirNaya laI zakAya. kahevAtAM bauddha bAMdhakAmane anyadharmIya bAMdhakAmothI judI pADatI koI viziSTa sthApatya-racanA zelI na hovAthI sthApanA bauddha sthApatya, jaina sthApatya Adi bheda vastutaH pADI zakAtA nathI. zilpAdibhedathI AvA bheda zakya bane che athavA to emAM vasanAra saMpradAyanA prakAra anya sAdhanothI nakakI thaye je te dharmanA nAma sAthe sthApatyanA nAmane joDavAmAM Ave che. prastuta samUhanI , 7 ane gha guphAomAM benAM pravezadvAro upara je je ukIrNa dharma-pratIkenuM alaMkaraNa karavAmAM Avela che te paikInAM adhikatama pratIko mathurAnA jaina stUpa41 upara prApta thAya che, jyAre amarAvatI,jara bhAjA ane beDasA Adi sthaLoe emAMnAM kaI koI pratIka AvelAM che, A uparathI prastuta guphA-samUhane jaina-guphAo mAnavAmAM Ave che;44 paraMtu jyAre A pratIke ubhaya saMpradAyonA bAMdhakAma uparathI maLI ja Ave che tyAre mathurAnA jaina-stUpa ane prastuta guphAo upara enI saMkhyAnI adhika hovAne kAraNe ja mathurAno stUpa jaina hoI prastuta guphAone paNa jaina niHzaMkapaNe kalpI zakAya nahi. vaLI prastuta guphAonI kaMDAraNI vakhate ja e pratIkenI paNa racanA karavAmAM AvI haze ke kema e paNa zaMkAspada che. prastuta rathaLethI kSatrapa rudrasiMha pahelA eka zilAlekha khaMDita sthitimAM prApta thayo che, jemAM AvatuM "kevalI" pada jaina darzananI tAMtrika zabdAvalinuM ghAtaka hoI A guphAone paNa jaina saMpradAyIo mATenI mAnavAmAM Ave che.45 A mAnyatA paNa niHzaMka nathI ja, kAraNa ke prastuta zilAlekha e sthaLethI chUTo maLI Avele, nahi ke kaI dIvAlamAM jaDAyela. vaLI zaila-utkIrNa guphAomAM chUTI zilA upara lekha kotarAvavAnI AvazyakatA paNa zI ? kaI guphAnI ja yogya dIvAla upara lekha kotarI zakAyo hota, prathamathI ja ke pachI lAMbA kALa

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16 ]. sthApatyakIya smAraka [39 bAda paNa ! A uparathI traNeka anumAna bAMdhI zakAya : (1) guphAone dhArmika upayoga baMdha thayA bAda koI A lekha e upekSita sthaLe mUkI gayuM hoya, (2) lekha vAcanakSama na jaNAtAM, khaMDita jaNAtAM, binaupayogI jaNAtAM ke koI paNa kAraNe sababa koIe paNa ene tyAM AgaLa saMgrahI rAkhyuM hoya, ke (3) pachInA keI paNa samaye e guphAomAM jaina sAdhuone vAsa thayo hoya te teo anyatrathI e lekha atre lAvyA hoya; e sivAya chUTI zilA uparanA lekhane zaila-guphA sAthe sAMkaLa buddhigamya jaNAtuM nathI. ITavA-vihAra-vAsIo je bauddhasaMpradAyI hoya to e vakhate ane pAchaLathI IsunI sAtamI zatAbdImAM 46 prastuta guphAomAM paNa bauddhadharmIono vAsa rahyo hovAnI zakyatA kharI. khAparA-keDiyA guphAo jUnAgaDha relave sTezanathI lagabhaga pUrvamAM pAMceka pharlogane aMtare, uparakoTanI uttare, zaila-ukIrNa guphAonuM vizALa jUtha AveluM che. varSo pahelAM tyAM koI bahAravaTiyA khAparA-koDiyAne vAsa haze tethI guphAo paNa emanA nAme oLakhAya che.47 navAbI samayamAM A guphAomAM ane enI AsapAsa paththaranI khANo khodAtI hatI tethI guphAone khUba nuksAna pahoMcyuM che.48 enI upara pUrepUro majale ane dakSiNano adhikAMza bhAga naSTa thaI gayo che (paTTa 19, A. 80). e vartamAna sthitimAM tenI pUrva-pazcima laMbAI lagabhaga 250 phUTa tathA vadhumAM vadhu pahoLAI lagabhaga 80 phUTanI che.49 prastuta guphAonuM mULa mukhya pravezadvAra kayAM haze e have nizcita thaI zake ema nathI. bhAratIya purAtattva sarvekSaNe enA karelA purA-raNa bAda hAlamAM enA dakSiNa bAjunA lagabhaga madhyabhAga bAjuthI aMdara jaI zakAya che. enA pazcima bhAge khAsa nukasAna thayuM jaNAtuM nathI. pazcima bAjunA prathama khaMDanA madhyabhAge AvelA kuMDanA cAreya khUNAo upara ekeka staMbha Avelo che. enI pUrve AvelI 61 4 60 phUTanI vizALa guphAnA madhyabhAge paNa cAra samarasa kuMDa AvelA che. dareka kuMDane khUNe ekeka thaI 16 staMbha vitAnane Teke Ape che. kuMDamAM UtaravA mATe ekeka bAjue sopAnazreNI kAtarelI che. kuMDane pharatI eAsarImAM dIvAlane aDIne cetarapha eTale paNa kotarela che. A caturmuDI khaMDanI pUrve bIje bhavya khaMDa Avela hato, paNa ene dakSiNa bhAga bilakula naSTa thaI gayela hoI have te enI racanAne paNa pUro khyAla AvI zakato

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350] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [>, nathI. enI uttare AyatAkAra osarI jevI eka guphA AvelI che. enI uttarano bhAga naSTa thaI gayo che. A naSTaprAya vizALa khaMDanI pUrve AvelI che A jUthanI pUrva avaziSTa guphA prastuta jUthanI guphAo taddana sAdI che. avaziSTa rahelA staMbha paNa bilakula sAdA ane prAyaH carasa che. Ama A jUthanuM AgavuM lakSaNa ja che sAdagI. guphAonI ane kuMDAnI dIvAla upara ane keTalAka staMbhonI sapATI upara zaMkha-lipimAM aneka ukIrNa akSaro najare paDe che.pa0 alaMkaraNahIna prastuta kaula-ukIrNa guphAsamUhanA samayAMkananuM enI kaMDAra- laDhaNanI tulanAmaka dRSTie anumAna karIne karI zakAya. enA sIdhAsAdA bhArekhama cerasa staMbha bAvAyArA-guphAonA keTalAka staMbhe jeDe arzataH sAmya dharAve che. enA kuMDa uparakoTa-guphA-samUhanA eka mAtra kuMDa jevA ja che. I. sa. pUrvethI AraMbhI I. sa. nI dvitIya zatAbdI sudhImAM enI kotaraNI pUrI thaI havAne saMbhava che. prastuta guphAo bauddha saMpradAyanI hatI ke jaina saMpradAyanI e aMge sUcana karatuM eka paNa purAvatukIya sAdhana adyApiparyata prApta thayuM nathI. pratyakSa ke parokSa koI ja prakAranA purAvAnA abhAve prAthamika anumAna karavuM paNa ayogya gaNAya. uparakeTa-guphAo jUnAgaDha relave sTezanathI pUrve lagabhaga paNa mAIlane aMtare mahamUda begaDAe jUnAgaDhane pharatA baMdhAvelA gaTanI pUrva rAMganI lagabhaga uttara bAjue, vikhyAta uparakoTa Avela che.pa1 enA vartamAna mukhya pravezadvAranI uttare kahevAtI bauddha guphAono nAno-ze paNa mahattvano samUha Avela che. enI uparanA bhUmitaLa upara pAchaLanA samayamAM kAMI bhAMgaphoDa ke pheraphAra thayA hoya evAM cihna daSTigocara thAya che, paraMtu aMdaranA sthApatyane vizeSa nukasAna thayuM nathI. be mALavALI prastuta guphAomAM praveza karatAM, sopAna-raste nIce UtaratAM, sarva prathama lagabhaga 11 phUTano samarasa kuMDa Ave che.para enI bAjumAM madhyabhAge upara-nIcethI khullI cha-staMbhayukta guphAo AvelI che. enI osarImAMthI nIcenI guphAnuM taLiyuM ane upara khulluM AkAza joI zakAya che. eAsarInI dakSiNa bAjunI dIvAla sivAya traNa bAjue moTA moTA gokha heThaLa

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16 muM] sthApatyakIya smAraka [351 dIvAlabhara oTalA paNa kaMDArelA che. gekha uparanuM kaMDArela alaMkaraNa naSTaprAya thaI gayuM che. IzAna bAjue raDA jevI eka nAnI guphA AvelI che. tenA vitAnamAM dhUmamArga jevuM jaNAtuM eka vRttAkAra chidra uparanA bhUmitaLa sudhI jAya che. e nAnI guphAnI pAse thaIne nIcenA, bIjA mALamAM javAya che. nIce pUrva bhAge AraMbhamAM ja siMhAsana jevI UMcI cokI kaMDArelI che. siMhAsananI dakSiNa bAjanA madhyabhAge cAra staMbha evI rIte kotarelA che ke e cAreya sahitane madhya bhAga maMDapa jevuM jaNAya che. uparanAM baMne vitAna khullAM hoI bheMyataLiyAnA A maMDapa jevA vistAra upara ja, ane bIje nAha, khUba prakAza paDe che. A mukhya guphA-khaMDanI pazcime be guphA AvelI che : dakSiNa bAjue lagabhaga samarasa nAnI, ane uttara bAjue AyatAkAra moTI (paTTa 10, A. 65). mukhya guphAnI uttare, pUrva ane dakSiNe, dIvAlabhara, moTA moTA gokhonI nIce bhUmitaLa upara oTalA kotarelA che. gokhanI uparanA bhAge alaMkaraNArthe vedikAyukta gavAkSa kaMDArelA che. emAMthI babbe strIonuM ke strI-puruSa baMnenuM ekeka joDakuM DokAya che. (paTTa 20, A. 8).53 prastuta cItyagavAkSo pazcima bhAratanA prAcInatama rItyagavAkSo karatAM uttarakAlIna ane gopanA maMdiranA elerAnA tathA ajaMTAnI guphA naM. 1 nA caityagavAkSo karatAM pUrvakAlIna jaNAya che. 54 prastuta guphAomAM cAra prakAranA staMbha neMdhAyA che :55 prathama prakAranA be vRttAkAra staMbhanI yaSTi upara sarpAkAra vakrarekhAonuM alaMkaraNa kaMDAreluM che. enI bAjunA be ardhastaMbha upara e ja prakAranuM savya apasavya alaMkaraNa traNa khaMDemAM upasAveluM che. bIjA prakAranA staMbha corasa che. enI alaMkAra-zanya kuMbhI paNa samarasa che. enuM zIrSa vRttAkAra ane zItala cAra bhAge kApelAM adhe mukhI sopAna jevuM che. trIjA ane cothA prakAranA staMbha vacce thoDe phera che. baMne prakAranA staMbhanI kuMbhIo tathA yaSTio vacce sAmya che, jyAre enA zIrSabhAga tathA enA alaMkaraNamAM azataH asAmya che. babbe puSTa mAnavadehothI jANe ke sAyAsa UMcakAyelAM vakra vela ane vizALa patrothI alaMkRta jagatanI upara AvelI kuMbhInuM snigdha mAdhuryabharyuM rUpAMkana, rUpALI I DhaNuomAMthI laTakatI puSpamALAo ane enI nIcenA padmapaTala hadayaMgama che. yaSTine vRttAkAra vacce vaccethI hAMsa pADI evI rIte upasAvela che ke e bahukoNa dekhAya che. eka staMbhamAM yaSTinA uparanA bhAge, zISabhAganI

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35ra] mauryakAlathI gustakAla [pra. nIce, adhabeThelAM gheTAMnuM rUpAMkana karavAmAM AvyuM che, te bIjImAM e ja jagyAe "AMkAyukata kumuda (athavA kaMkaNAkRti )5nI racanA karavAmAM AvI che. dareka stabha-zIrSamAM gherA bhAskarSamAM kaMDArelI nArI-pratimAo vibhinna mudrAo darzAve che. zIrSatale corasa phalakanI cAreya bAjuonA aMtabhAge babe pArtha vyAla e rIte kaMDArelA che ke viruddha dizAnA pAse-pAsenA babbe vyAlone, khUNA upara, eka ja mukha che. dareka bAlanI pAchaLa ekeka puruSa Ubho che. dareka bAjunA baMne puruSonI vacce ekeka adhabeThelA saMmukha vyAla che. prastuta staMbhonuM saMpUrNa alaMkAra-vidhAna aditIya che. emAM kaMDArAyelAM alaga-alaga alaMkaraNa anyatra upalabdha thAya che kharAM, paraMtu e sarvenuM sAmaMjasyayukta saMyojana kevaLa A jagyAe ja thayeluM jaNAya che.pa9 - virala sthApatya-vidhAna ane suramya suzobhana-zailI darzAvatI prastuta guphAono upayoga zo hato ? saurASTranAM prAga -maitrakakAlIna adhikAMza sthApatyone bauddha ke jaina dharma joDe saMkaLAyelAM mAnavAmAM AvatAM hoI zaila-utkIrNa guphAone paNa bauddha ke jaina dharmasthAna mAnavAmAM Ave che. 61 paraMtu prastuta guphAonA saMpUrNa racanA-vidhAnane lakSyamAM letAM koI paNa dharmanA bhikSuonA vikAra-sthAna tarIke ene upayoga thayo hoya e zakya jaNAtuM nathI. tatkAlIna rAjaya-vidhAyakonA AvAsa uparakoTa vistAramAM kyAMka AvelA hovAno saMbhava che, ethI rAjaya mahAlayonA pramoda-udyAna vaccenuM pramodabhavana (nRtya-nATaya zALA ke evuM kazuM ka) prastuta guphAo hovAnI zakyatA nakArI zakAya ema nathI. guphAonI saMracanA A daSTie avalokanIya che. nIcenA bhAge AvelI guphAonA mukhya khaMDamAM eka bAjue zaila-utkIrNa siMhAsana che, jenA cokI jevA kotarelA bhAgamAM rUnI jADI gAdI bichAvI zakAya. tyAM besatA rAjaya-nAyakanI taddana sAmenI bhIMge jarA aMdhAruM rahe che, jyAM gAyaka-vAdaka vaMdane besavAnI vyavasthA hoI zake, jyAre siMhAsananI jarA DAbenI sAmI bAjue, cAreya staMbhanI vacce lagabhaga 144 14 phUTane maMDapAkAra khullo vistAra che. nIcenA ane uparanA majalAnA barAbara A vistAra uparanA bhAga tadra khullA hoI ATalA bhAgamAM ja khUba prakAza Ave che, jyAre tenI cotaraphanA bhAga jarA aMdhArAmAM rahe che. nRtyanATayAdi mATe kevI Adarza racanA che ! dIvAlamara, pharatA pahoLA eTalAo upara gAdIe bichAvI anya rAjyapuruSo paNa raMgamaMcane barAbara nihALI zake. pazcima bAjunI nAnI moTI be guphAo kalAkAro mATe "Green Room" ane vizrAmakakSanI garaja sArI

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16 muM] sthApatyakIya smAraka [35 zake. raMgabhavananI dIvAla upara caitya-gavAmAMthI DokAtI strI-puruSanI ke strIonI joDalIo jANe ke raMgamaMca uparanA raMgapradarzanane rasapUrvaka nihALI rahI che ! staMbhazIrSa upara kaMDArAyelI namaNI nArIonI vividha bhAva-bhaMgimA paNa sUcita vAtAvaraNane khUba anukULa che, ane zIrSatala uparanA pelA vyA? raMga-pradarzananI emanA para thatI asara sAkSAt joyA vinA teonuM kaMDArakauzalya samajI zakAya ema nathI, adhabeThelI emanI dehayaSTi ane gUDhAzcaryabharyA emanA mukhabhAva nIrakhavAthI jaNAI Ave ke emane kaMIka vicitra anubhava thayo che. saMkSepamAM, staMbhonI jagatIthI AraMbhI zIrSatala sudhInI ane siMhAsana, maMDapa tathA beThakonI vyavasthAthI caya-gavAkSo sudhInI saghaLI racanA eka Adarza raMgabhavanane chAje evI che. dharatInA peTALamAM AvelI A guphAo kudaratI rIte ja vAtAnukUlita che e A raMgabhavananI tatkAlIna noMdhapAtra vizeSatA che. mAtra nIcenA majalAnI guphAo uparathI ene raMgabhavana mAnI levAnI AvazyakatA nathI, uparanA majalAnI racanA paNa nIcenA raMgabhavananA eka bhAgarUpe ja che ane tethI ja prastuta saMpUrNa sthApatyane pramodabhavana nAma ApavuM upayukta che. bahArathI pramodabhavanamAM AvatA mahAnubhAvo ke kalAkAro guphAmAM. pravezatAM ja kuMDamAM bharelA jaLathI harata-mukha-pAda prakSAlana karI tAjA thaI zake. jemane nIce raMgabhavanamAM na javuM hoya temane mATe uparane majale paNa ArAmAthe beThakavyavasthA che. ema chatAM kAryakrama kyAM pahoMce athavA kevoka cAle che enI jANa teo uparathI ja nIce DekAIne meLavI zake ! dakSiNa bAjunI dhUmamArga yukta oraDImAM khAdya-peya padArtho banAvI zakAya. AjathI Azare 1600 varSo pahelAMnA eka Adarza pramedabhavanamAM AnAthI vizeSa kaI suvidhA hoI zake?63 staMbha uparanA alaMkaraNanI zailIne kAraNe uttarakAlIna jaNAtI A guphAonuM kaMDArakAma jUnAgaDhanI anya zaila-ukIrNa guphAonA samayanuM, Isa.nA AraMbhanI AsapAsanuM, hoI zake che; kuMDa ane oTalA pAchaLathI kaMDArelA nathI ja, e darzAve che ke guphAone bhAvI upayoga kaMDArakAma zarU karyA pahelAM sunizcita hato ja. Avazyaka kaMDAraNI pUrI thaye upayoga zarU karyA bAda, yogya pArzvabhUmikA pUrI pADe tevuM rUpakAma pachInI pAMceka zatAbdIo sudhI keTake kaTake cAlu rahyuM hoya, jeke zIrSatala uparanA vividha vyAla te IsunI prAyaH ditIya zatAbdInA jaNAya che, e zakyatA hAla turata saMpUrNapaNe nakArI zakAya. I-2-23

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[ pra. 354] mauryakAlathI guptakAla ema nathI.64 rUpakAma chevaTa sudhI apUrNa ja rahyuM che e A vidhAnanA saMdarbhamAM ullekhanIya che. 5 jUnAgaDhanI anya guphAo jalakRta-vAlukAma-veta pASANanI 11 jUnAgaDha ane enI AsapAsanA vistAramAM bahulatA hovAne kAraNe vega sthaLoe zaila-ukIrNa guphAonI paNa vipulatA che. upara varNavelAM mukhya jUtha sivAya paMcezvara, mAI gaDhecI ane mAtrI maMdiranI guphAo ullekhanIya che. kALavA cokathI jarA agni keNa tarapha lagabhaga cAreka pharloga dUra AvelI paMcezvaranI guphAo prAkRtika paribaLothI prAya: jIrNazIrNa thaI gaI che. enI kaMDAraNImAM nedha-ogya kazuM nathI. ' narasiMha mahetAnA cArAnI pAchaLanA bhAge lagabhaga beeka pharloga dUra beeka guphAo AvelI che. enI AgaLanA bhAge mAI gaDhecI nAmanI daragAha AvelI haI guphAoe paNa e ja nAma prApta karyuM che. 67 guphAnI upara maMdiramAMthI parivartita karelI majida AvelI che. ra6413 phUTanA vistAravALI mukhya guphAnI aMdara, pazcima bAjue, lagabhaga 8 x 6 phUTanI nAnI guphA AvelI che. staMbha ane enI uparanAM ala karanuM muslima kabajedAroe rUpAMtara karI nAkhyuM che. bAvA yArA guphAonI dakSiNa-naiRtya mAtrImaMdira tarIke jANItA devasthAnavALI avaziSTa guphAnI AsapAsanI anya guphAone khANiyAoe khAdI kADhI haze. guphAnI eAsarInA agrabhAganA be khaMDita staMbhanI pIThikA samacorasa che, jyAre yaSTi aSTakoNa che. emAM paNa vizeSa seMdhapAtra bIjuM kazuM nathI. 8 uparyukta saghaLI guphAo jUnAgaDhanI pUrva uttara-dakSiNa laMbAyelI lagabhaga daseka phaganI rekhA upara alaga-alaga aMtare AvelI che. prastuta guphAo koI cokkasa saMpradAya mATe kaMDAravAmAM AvI hatI ke dezakAlAnusAra emAM paNa baMne saMpradAyanA bhikSu rahetA hatA e aMge kazuM anumAna thaI zake ema nathI. uparyukta sthaLa sivAya bIjA paNa aneka sthaLoe zaila-utkIrNa guphAo haze kharI, paraMtu emAMnI keTalIkane saMpUrNa nAza thaI gaye haze, jyAre keTalIka uparathI hajI kAlakarmagata pade UMcakAyo nathI.70

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sthApatyakIya smArako [ 355 16] khabhAlIDAnI guphAe rAjakATa jillAnA gAMDaLa tAlukAmAM vIrapuranI najIka khaMbhAlIDA nAme1 nAnuM gAmaDuM AveluM che. enI pAsethI vahetA ane bhAdara nadIne maLatA eka jharaNAne kAMThe AveluM zaila-utkIrNa guphAonuM jUtha saiArASTranI sarve guphAemAM viziSTa bhAta pADe che. saiArASTranI A prakAranI anya guphAeAnA mukhya dvAra upara kazu zilpAMkana jovA maLatu nathI, jyAre prastuta samUhanI eka guphAnA mukhadAra upara pUrNa kadanI mAnava-pratimA kaDAravAmAM AvelI che.73 prastuta samUhamAM guphAenAM nAnAM-meTAM pAMca jhUmakhAM che. prathama jhUmakhAmAM vividha parimANa dharAvatI sAta guphA che. bIjAmAM traNa che, je paikInI vacalI caitya-guphAnA mukhadrAra upara DAbI bAjue padmapANi avalokitezvara ane jamaNI bAjue vajrapANi nAmanA bedhisattvA tathA vRkSacchAyA heThaLa bhakta-samudAya Adi kaMDArelAM che. aMdaranA bhAge avRttAkAra pachI e naSTaprAyaH stUpa AvelA che. trIjA jhUmakhAnA teA have bhagnAvazeSa ja bAkI rahyA che. jharaNAne DAbe kAMThe AvelA ceAthA jhUmakhAmAM traNa nAnI guphAo che ane jamaNe kAMThe uparavAsa AvelI ekamAtra guphAne pAMcamAM jhUmakhAmAM gaNavAmAM AvI che. zilpAMkananA laDhaNa uparathI prastuta guphA-samUhane IsunI !jI cAthI zatAbdInA samayanA mAnavAmAM Ave che.74 bIjA jhUmakhAnI vacalI guphAnA mukhaddAra upara kaMDArAyelI padmapANi avalAkitezvaranI ane vajrapANinI pUrNa kadanI pratimAone AdhAre mAnI zakAya ke e guphAe bauddha saMpradAyanA bhikSuenA AvAsa mATe kaMDAravAmAM AvI hatI, ema chatAM kAI paNu samaye emAM jaine vasyA hatA ke kema e prazna anuttara che. taLAjAnI guphAo bhAvanagara jillAnA, zetru MjI nadIne kAMThe AvelA taLAjA gAmanI lagabhaga pazcima dizAe AvelI 320 phUTa UMcI TekarInI pazcimeAttara bAju upara zaila- utjhINuM 30 guphAonA samUha AvelA che.75 emAM lagabhaga 20 jeTalAM pANInAM TAMkAM paNa AvelAM che. e 30 guphAo paikI, lagabhaga 100 phUTanI UMcAIe AvelI ebhala maMDapa nAmanI guphA vizeSa ullekhanIya che. chapax67 phUTanA vistAravALI A guphA 17 phUTa UMcI che. enA mukhabhAga upara vizALa tridala caitya--gavAkSa kaMDArelA che. khAvA-pyArA guphAonA avRttAkAra caitya-gavAkSa

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356] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. prastuta tridalanA uparanA ardhavRtta sAthe sAmya dharAve che. agrabhAge agAu AvelA cAra aSTakoNa staMbha naSTa thaI cUkyA che. tridala caitya--gavAkSa ane enI nIcenI vedikAne kAraNe mukhabhAganI vizALatA bhavya jaNAya che. e bhavyatAmAM ora vadhAro kare che, aMzata: AyatAkora vizALa khaMDanI anAvRta sAdagI. ene staMbhanA TekAnI paNa AvazyakatA jaNAI nathI. ebhala-maMDapathI uparanI bAjue momeDI, camelI, beDiyAra, rAMkA-vAMkAnI dukAna ane narasiMha mahetAnI zALA e nAmanI guphAomAM kazuM vizeSa noMdhapAtra nathI. thoDI vadhu UMcAIe caitya-guphA AvelI che. cityano madhyabhAga naSTa thaI gayela che, te raNa ane pIThikA avaziSTa rahyAM che. toraNa vitAna joDe saMyukta che. caitya pachAta joDe saMyukata hovAne badale enAthI svataMtra kaMDAreluM hatuM. caityagavAse, vedikA ane caityanI zailI uparathI prastuta guphAo AraMbhika IsavI sanamAM kaMDArAyelI hovAnuM anumAna che.77 paraMparAgata rIte A guphAone bauddha saMpradAyanI mAnI svIkArI levAmAM AvI che, paraMtu enAM kAraNonI tajajJomAM vizepa chaNAvaTa78 thaI nathI, sANAnI guphAo jUnAgaDha jillAnA UnA tAlukAmAM vAMkiyA nAmanA gAma pAse sANAnI TekarIo AvelI che. enI upara paNa sAdagImAM jUnAgaDha ane taLAjAnI guphAo joDe sAmya dharAvatI lagabhaga dara zaila-utkIrNa guphAone vizALa samUha Avela che.79 taLAjAnA ebhala maMDapa jevI ahIM paNa ebhala maMDapa nAmanI guphA che. e 683 4 61 phUTanA vistAranI ane 16 phUTa UMcAIvALI che. enA agrabhAge che staMbha hatA, aMdaranA bhAge eka paNa nahi. lagabhaga 120 phUTanI UMcAI e bhImarI nAmanI guphA AvelI che. enA agrabhAge eAsarI paNa che. cAra aNu staMbhanAM zIrSa ane kuMbhI kaLazAkAra che, jyAre zIpatala ane jagadI- ka samAcAra che. bhImarInI bAjumAM 31 4 18 , vistAramAM AvelI caitya-guphA 13 phUTa UMcI che. enI pachIta ardhavratA che. alaMkRta citya avaziSTa che, paraMtu enuM teraNa naSTa thaI gayuM che. ene pharo yathArtha pradakSiNAmArga nathI..

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16 muM] | sthApatyakIya smAraka (357 - A guphAo I. sa. nA AraMbhanA samayanI hovAno saMbhava che. e kyA saMpradAya mATe hatI e to hAla turata mAtra aTakaLano viSaya che.81 DhAMkanI guphAo - rAjakoTa jillAnA upaleTA mahAlanA gAma DhAMkanI pazcime AvelI nAnI TekarInA paNa pazcima bhAge gALImAM AvelI keTalIka zaila-utkIrNa guphAo spaSTapaNe jaina guphAo che. lagabhaga 7 4 4 phUTanI nAnI-zI prathama guphAnI, pravezadvAra sivAyanI, traNa bAjue 22 iMcanI laMbAI-pahoLAIvALo ekeka gokhale Avela che. dareka gokhalAmAM kaMDArelI AdinAthanI padmAsanastha digambara pratimAonA zirobhAge trichatra, nIcenI baMne bAjuo upara ekeka cAmaravAhaka ane UrvabhAge baMne tarapha ekeka UDato gaMdharva paNa kotarela che. A guphAnI jarA uttare uparanA bhAge khaDaka upara a85mUrta zipamAM keTalIka pratimAo kaMDArelI che, je paikI AdinAtha, zAMtinAtha ane aMbikA Adi ullekhanIya che. tIrthakaronI digambara pratimAonI kaMDAraNInA laDhaNanA AdhAre prastuta guphA-samUhane IsunI trIjI zatAbdInI AsapAsano gaNI zakAya.82 jhIMjhurIjharanI guphAo DhAMkathI pazcime pAMceka mAIla dUra siddhasara nAmanA gAma pAse jhIMjhurIjhara nAme gALI AvelI che. emAM ane enI AsapAsa keTalIka guphAo AvelI che, je paikI eka guphAmAM vedikAthI joDAyelA be aSTakoNa staMbha IsunI pahelI bIjI zatAbdInA samayanA jaNAya che.83 saurASTranI prakIrNa guphAo jUnAgaDha jillAmAM prabhAsa pATaNa mukAme "prAcIna guphAo," savanI (tA. pATaNa-verAvaLa) mukAme "maMdoranI guphAo" ane jetalavaDa (tA. visAvadara) mukAme "pethalanI guphAo," jAmanagara jillAmAM dhUmalI (tA. bhANavaDa) pAse "rANapura ane bhavanezvaranI guphAo" ane rAjakoTa jillAmAM hiMgoLagaDha (tA. jasadaNa) najIka "bhaiyarAnI guphA"84 AvelI che. e guphA-samUhamAM kazI noMdhapAtra viziSTatA nathI.

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358] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. " uparyukta sivAya saurASTramAM rANAvAva, rAjulA Adi aneka sthaLoe prAkRtika bhayarA prakAranI guphAo AvelI che, je bhUminA peTALanAM kotaro ja che. kacchanI khAparA-keDiyAnI guphAo adyApiparyanta ema manAtuM hatuM ke kacchamAM prAga maitrakakAlIna sthApatyakIya smAraka avaziSTa rahyA nathI, paraMtu I. sa. 1967 mAM ke. kA. zAstrIe kacchanA lakhapata tAlukAnA jUnA pATagaDha nagaranI pUrva-dakSiNe ane kaTezvara mahAdeva tathA kaTezvarI mAtAnAM maMdirothI pazcima bAjunA pahADamAM IsunI prAya: trIjI zatAbdInA samayanI zaila-utkIrNa guphAo zodhI kADhI che.85 bahAravaTiyA khAparA-koDiyAnA nAma sAthe saMkaLAyelI A guphAonI saMkhyA ochAmAM ochI be te haze ja, paraMtu emAMthI pUrva bAjunI osarI ghATanI guphA ane pazcima bAjunI guphA AgaLane osarI jevo bhAga saMpUrNa naSTa thaI gayelAM che. avaziSTa bhAgamAM aMdAje 8 4 8 phUTanA mApane bhamatIyukta khaMDa, enA pravezadvAra uparanuM have aspaSTa bhAtavALuM kotarakAma, aMdAje 10 8 phUTanA mApavALo bIjo khaMDa, 16 X 8 phUTanI paDasALa, emAM AvelA aMdAje ATha phUTanA gherAvAvALA be staMbha Adi ullekhanIya che. kacchamAM bauddha patharAyelA hatA te kALamAM kotarAyelI manAtI A guphAonA uparyukta baMne staMbhonA zirobhAganI hAMsa bauddha staMbhonA ghATanI hevAthI e bauddha guphAo hevAnuM anumAnI zakAya. girinagaranuM cakabhRtu-maMdira | guptakAlIna zaila-utkIrNa sthApatya prApta thayAM nathI, paraMtu uttara bhAratamAM anyatra vipula pramANamAM astitva dharAvatAM. chatAM gujarAtamAM guptakAlIna prastara- nirmita sthApatya paNa adyaparyanta prApta thayAM nathI, ema chatAM gupta samrATa skandaguptanA jUnAgaDha zaila-lekha uparathI ema spaSTa anumAnI zakAya ke guNoe gujarAtamAM paNa prastara-nirmita maMdira baMdhAvyAM hatAM kharAM. uparyukta zailalekhamAM jaNAveluM cakrabhUta-maMdira girinagaramAM kaI jagyAe AvyuM hatuM e haju sunizcita thayuM nathI. vartamAna dAmodara maMdiranA maMDovaranAM keTalAMka pratimazilpa, maMdiranI pUnya-mUrtio ane ardhasta guptakAlIna hovAnuM manAya che, paraMtu e mAnyatAne AdhAre vartamAna dAmodara maMdiranI jagyAe ke enI AsapAsamAM guptakAlIna cakrabhUta maMdira AveluM hatuM ema nizcayapUrvaka kahI zakAya nahi. uparakoTanA vistAramAM kaI paNa jagyAe kadAca e

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16 muM ] sthApatyakIya mArake [3ve hovAno saMbhava paNa kharo. dAmodara maMdiranAM guptakAlIna gaNAtAM pratimA zilpa pelA bhagna maMdiranAM paNa hoya ke guptakAlanA koI anya ajJAta maMdiranAM paNa heya. atyAra sudhI prApta thayelI mAhitInA AdhAre kazuM sunizcita vidhAna thaI zake nahi. kaccha-saurASTramAM A sivAya anyatra guptakAlIna sthApatya ke maMdira adyApiryata nedhAyuM nathI. gopanuM maMdira guptakAla-maitrakakAlanA saMdhikALanuM che, tenuM nirUpaNa graMtha 3 mAM karavAmAM Avaze. jaina anuzruti anusAra mauryavaMzanA rAjA saMpratie, ujjayinInA vikhyAta rAjA vikramAdiye temaja dakSiNanA rAjA sAtavAhana ke hAle zatruMjaya tIrthane uddhAra karyo hato." DhakApurI DhAMka)91nA siddha nAgArjune potAnA guru pAdaliptAcAryanI preraNAthI zatruMjayagirine samuddhAra karAvyo tathA tyAM AdIzvaranuM caya karAvyuM temaja e girinI taLeTImAM gurunA nAma parathI pAdaliptapura (pAlitANuM) vasAvyuM.92 jaina anukRtio uparAMta zatruMjaya para jAvaDe karelA tIrthoddhAranuM paNa vigatavAra nirUpaNa thayeluM che. bhAvaDane putra jAvaDa madhumatI(mahuvA)ne svAmI hatA. eNe takSazilAnA dharmacakramAM rahelI bhadeva AdinAtha)nI pratimA madhumatImAM lAvI, tyAMthI saMgha laI zatru jaya jaI, tyAM AcArya svAmInA varada haste pratimAnI pratiSThA karAvI.93 A tIrthoddhArane samaya vi. saM. 108 (I. sa. 51-para) gaNAya che.94 A pachI dhanezvarasUrinI preraNAthI surASTranA (maitraka, rAjA zilAditye A tIrthano uddhAra karele evuM zatruMjayamAhAmyamAM jaNAvyuM che. A rAjane samaya emAM vi. saM. 477I. sa. 20-21)ne jaNAvyo che.5 ujayaMta-raivataka para A kALa daramyAna koI tIrthoddhAra thayAnI anukRti nathI, paraMtu tyAM aMbikA devInI mUrti sthapAyAnI je anuzruti maLe che te A kAla sudhImAM pracalita thaI hevA saMbhave che. 2. taLa-gujarAtamAM mauryakAlanA tathA anumauryakAlanA keI sthApatyakIya avazeSa taLagujarAtamAMthI prApta thatA nathI, paraMtu jaina anuzrutimAM evI keTalIka imAratane

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360] mauryakAlathI gupta kAla [pra. ullekha Ave che, je A samaya daramyAna baMdhAI heya agara astitva dharAvatI | hoya ema lAge che. ' bharukaccha bharukacchamAM ghaNA ja prAcIna kALathI vIsamA tIrtha kara munisuvratanuM caitya hatuM, je "azvAvabodhatIrtha'nA nAmathI oLakhAtuM hatuM.97 silenanI eka rAjakumArI(sudarzanAe98 ene jIrNoddhAra karAvI emAM covIsa devakulikAo, paSadhazALA, dAnazALA, adhyApanazALA vagere baMdhAvI e tIrthane "zakunikAvihAra' nAma ApyuM hatuM, je "samaLI vihAra' tarIke paNa oLakhAtuM. jaina anukRtio pramANe A prAcIna tIrthane jIrNoddhAra I. pU. ra sadImAM thaI gayelA rAjA saMpratie karAvyo hato. 100 I. pU. 1 lI sadImAM prasiddha jainAcArya khapUTAcArya bharukacchamAM rAjA balamitranA samayamAM thayA.101 emaNe bharukacchanuM azvAvabodha tIrtha bauddhonA kabajAmAMthI choDAvyuM.02 Anuzrutika vRttAMta pramANe bharukacchanA bauddhadharmanA upAsya buddhanI mUrti tathA stUpa emane namI paDyAM ane ardhanamelI avasthAmAM rahelI e mUrti nigraMthanamita' nAme oLakhAI. A parathI jaNAya che ke bharukacchamAM bauddha stUpa tathA caitya e samaye astitvamAM hatAM. hAla enA koI avazeSa jovA maLatA nathI. A tIrthane sAtavAhana rAjAe jIrNoddhAra karAvyo tyAre pAdaliptasUrie enA vajadaMDanI pratiSThA karI hatI,103 vaLI A prAcIna tIrthane samuddhAra siddhasena divAkaranA upadezathI rAjA vikramAditye (gupta samrATa caMdragupta bIjAe?) karAvyo hate. 104 tAraMgA veNIvatsarAja nAme bauddhadharmAnuyAyI rAjA Arya khapUTAcAryane samakAlIna hato. eNe giri (tAraMgA) para tArAphara (tArApura) nAmanuM nagara105 vasAvI emAM bauddhadevI tArAnuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM hatuM.10 Arya khapUTAcAryanA upadezathI e rAjA jainadharmI banyo tyAre eNe tyAM (mahAvIranI) zAsanadevI siddhAyikAnuM maMdira baMdhAvyuM , A

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16 su'] staMbhana sthApatyakIya smArakA [361 pAdaliptAcAya nA ziSya nAgAju ne108 seDhI nadInA kAMThe Avela staMbhanaka(thAmaNA)mAM pArzvanAthanI mUrti pratiSThita karI hatI109 e parathI tyAM jaina madira baMdhAyuM hovAnuM sUcita thAya che. hAla tyAM enA koI avazeSa maLyA nathI. raheThANunAM makAna I.sa. 1-400 nA kSatrapakAla daramyAnanA taLa-gujarAtamAMthI prApta thayelA sthApatyAvazeSa bahudhA utkhanana dArA akeTA, vaDanagara, zAmaLAjI, kAmareja, devanI merI vagere sthaLeAethI maLyA che. A avazeSAmAM sAmAnya raheThANunAM makAno uparAMta bauddha vihArA ane stUpene samAveza thAya che. sAmAnya vasavATanAM makAna mATe bhAge IMTAnAM bAMdhavAmAM AvatAM. A kAlamAM ITA meoTA kadanI (15'' thI 17'' x 10'' thI 12'' x 2' thI 2OM') arthAt (37.5 thI 43.5 x 25 thI 30 x 5 se. mI.) vaparAtI. enA caNataramAM mATI vaparAtI. vaDAdarA-akATAmAMthI prApta thayelA AvA eka meTA makAnanuM kada 70 x 40 phUTa (21 x 12 mITara) jaNAyuM che. traNa eraDA ane parasALavALu A samayanuM eka IMTerI makAna vaDanagaramAMthI paNa maLI Avyu hatu. makAneAnA bAMdhakAmamAM paththaranA upayega thayeleA najare paDe che. nagarAmAM A samayanAM IMTerI temaja piMDArI makAnAnA avazeSa utkhanana daramyAna mAlUma paDayA hatA. kAravaNa tathA kAmarejamAM A kAlanI IMTerI mAratA astitva dharAvatI mAlUma paDI che. zAmaLAjImAM paNa AvAM IMTerI makAneAnA avazeSa prApta thayA hatA, paraMtu tenuM UMDuM. utkhanana karavAmAM AvyuM na hatu tethI enA saMpUrNa taladAnane khyAla AvI zakayo nathI. 110 killA kSatrapakAlamAM keTalAMka nagarAnI AjubAju killA bAMdhavAmAM AvatA hatA. A kAlanA evA eka killAnA avazeSa zAmaLAjImAM che. IMTonA A killAnA 400 mITara laMbAInA ane 200 mITara paheALAInA avazeSa maLyA che. caNatara mATInuM che. enI cAtarapha pANInI khAI hovAnI nizAnIe che. e killAnA ghaNAkharA bhAga daTAI gayA hovAthI enA pravezadvAra vagerenI pUratI mAhitI maLatI nathI.1 1 1 kAmarejanAM khaMDera jotAM enI traNa bAjue UMDI khAI ane eka bAjuthI upara caDavAne mAga che. ahIM IMTonuM bAMdhakAma dekhAya che.112

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362 ] taLAvA sau kAlathI guptakAla [34 sAbarakAMThA jillAnA bhilADA tAlukAnAM keTalAMka gAmA pAse taLAvanuM AMdhakAma A kAlamAM thayu hAya ema lAge che. pavatAmAM je sthaLe nALAMee khINa pADI hAya ane jyAM nIce majabUta paththara hAya tyAM enI para mATInA baMdha bAMdhIne pANI rekI taLAvA bAMdhavAno prayAsa thayeleA che. A taLAveAmAM je bAjue pANI bharavAmAM AvatuM te bAjune IMTA athavA paththara vaDe majabUta banAvavAmAM AvatI. A taLAvAmAM badhanI laMbAI sthaLa paratve judI judI rahetI, paraMtu lagabhaga 1000 phUTa (300 mITara ) lAMbA baMdha baMdhAtA hovAnAM eMdhANa maLyAM che. taLAvAnI pALeAnI UMcAI paNa 6 phUTa (1.8 mITara)thI mAMDI pa6 phUTa (168 mITara) sudhInI rAkhavAmAM AvatI. emAMnI mATI pALenI nIcenI jADAI 250 phUTa (75 mITara) ane uparanI 40 phUTa (12 mITara) jeTalI rakhAtI. A pALeA dhAvAI na jAya e mATe takedArI tarIke vadhArAnI paranALA rAkhavAmAM AvatI. AvI paranALe! ebAra (tA. bhIlADA) ane dadhAliyA( tA. meADAsA )nAM taLAveAmAM khaDakamAMthI kotarI kADhavAmAM AvI che.113 uttara gujarAtamAM delamAla tA. cANasmA, ji. mahesANA )nI pUrvamAM pALenI ke pAlinI devInuM maMdira jenA kAMThe hAla UbhuM che tyAM Avu eka prAcIna taLAva che. mallapurANamAM ene vRddhasara tarIke eLakhAvavAmAM AvyuM che.114 devanI meArI sAbarakAMThA jillAmAM AvelA zAmaLAjI pAse devanI meArI nAmanA gAmanI ane enI pAse vahetI mezvo nadInI vacce bheAjarAjane Tekare ane enI bAjumAM eka lakhacArasa TekarA AvelA hatA. e bane TekarAemAM meTA karatI ITA ane lAla cakacakita gRhmAMDanA avazeSa maLI AvatAM vaDAdarAnI mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTInA purAtattva khAtAe utkhanana karIne tyAMthI A samayane eka moTA IMTarI stUpa ane e IMTerI vihAra zodhI kADhavA hatA. vihAra laMbaceArasa TekarAnuM kheAdakAma karatAM atyaMta khaMDita avasthAmAM 160x150 phUTa (48x45 mITara) vistAranA eka vihAranA avazeSa maLI AvyA hatA. enuM pravezadvAra uttara tarapha hatuM. vihAranI vacce mATe khullo coka ane enI cAre bAju hareALAdha ATha ATha koTaDI hatI. A kATaDIe

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16 muM] sthApatyakIya smAraka [31 10 49 phUTa (34 27 mITara) jeTalA kadanI hatI ne enA 3 phUTa 0.9 mITara) pahoLA pravezadvAramAM caNiyArAvALuM bAraNuM hatuM. cokamAM pAkI ITanI pharasabaMdhI hatI. dIvAla moTI ITonI bAMdhelI hatI ane enA upara bekANAMvALAM laMbacorasa naLiyAMnuM ekaDhALiyuM chAparuM hatuM. pAchalI haroLanA vacalA khaMDamAM paththaranI pharasabaMdhIvALuM bhoMyataLiyuM hatuM. vihAranA naiRtya khUNe mArI hatI. A parathI lAge che ke A vihArane eka vakhata te saMpUrNa jIrNoddhAra thaye haze. mULa vihAranI pharasabaMdhI para temaja bhItanI bahAra mATI pUrIne ene jIrNoddhAra karyAnI nizAnIo maLI AvI hatI. vihAranI pachavADe keTa bAMdhavAmAM Avyo hato. | vivAranA bAMdhakAmamAM vaparAyele lAkaDAne kATamALa saMpUrNa nAza pAme hato, paraMtu judI judI jAtanA lokhaMDanA khIlA, sAMkaLo vagere lAkaDakAmanI sAkSI pUratAM hatAM. dareka khaMDane eka ja bAraNuM hatuM e bAraNAMnAM caNiyArAM parathI nakkI thayuM hatuM. khaMDa judA judA kadanA hatA. khUNA paranI oraDIo para pahoMcavA mATe nAnI naverI mUkavAmAM AvI hatI. agnikhUNAmAM eka oraDI bahAranA oTalA para hatI. A oraDImAM dAkhala thavA mATe vihAranA aMdaranA bhAgamAMthI bAraNuM mUkavAnI vyavasthA hatI. devanI morInA A moTA vihAranI pUrvamAM eka nAnA vihAranA avazeSa khodI kADhavAmAM AvyA hatA. A vivAranI racanA uparanA vihAra jevI ja hatI, paNa e kadamAM nAno hato. A vihAranuM pravezadvAra pazcimAbhimukha hatuM. A vivArano mAtra thoDe bhAga tapAsavAmAM Avyo hato.1 15 devanI morInI bauddha vasAhata para bIjA vihAra hovAno saMbhava kharo, paraMtu enuM agharuM thayuM nathI. bAMdhelA bIjA vihAra gujarAtanAM gAme ane nagara heThaLa daTAyelA haze, paraMtu enI mAhitI mATe vadhu tapAsa apekSita che. 116 pa A vihAranI pAsenA bhojarAjanA TekarAnuM khodakAma karatAM emAMthI eka sUpa maLI Avyo hato paTTa , A. 60 ). ene upale ane bahAranA bhAga tUTI gayelo hato. mojUda rahelAM khaMDeromAM traNa pIThikAvALo stUpa hovAnuM mAluma paDayuM hatuM. pAyAnI upara eka cerasa pIThikA, enI upara bIjI nAnA kadanI corasa pIThikA, enI upara trIjI nAnI pIThikA ane enI upara goLArdha aMDanA avazeSa maLyA hatA. nIcalI pIThikA 86 86 phUTa(258 258 mITaranI hatI

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364] mauryakAlathI guptakAla ane stUpanI hAlanI UMcAI lagabhaga 40 phUTa (12 mITara) hatI. nIcenI pIThikA jamInathI 8 phUTa (24 mITara) UMcI hatI. A pIThikAno upayoga pradakSiNa-patha tarIke thato haze. A pIThikAnI dIvAlanI eka bAjue kuMbha-kaLazathI zobhatA bAra bhIMtA (ardha-caNelA staMbho) evI rIte goThavAyelA hatA ke dIvAlanI dareka bAjue agiyAra gALA ( taMbha-aMtarAla) paDe. A thAMbhalIonAM sara( capitals) ghATamAM bhAratIya-koridhiyana zailImAM hoI bhAratIya-grIka ke bhAratIya-bAlika asara spaSTa vartAtI hatI. sarAM paranA pATaDAmAM phUlavelanAM suzobhanothI aMkita traNa padrikAo (friezes) AvelI hatI. A AkhIye paTTikAmAM AMtare AMtare vividha thara AvelA hatA. emAMnA ekamAM nAnA ceramenI, bIjAmAM moTAM pAMdaDAMvALI velanI ane trIjAmAM hArabaMdha ToDalAnI saLaMga paTTI kADhelI hatI. thAMbhalIonAM sarAMmAMnI sauthI uparanI kevALamAM paNa ToDalA, vela ane rasA jevI bhAta hatI. AmAMnAM ghaNAM suzobhana veravikhera sthitimAM maLyAM hatAM(pada 22, A. 83, 84). nIcalI pIThikAnI uparanA mathALAnA bhAgamAM 8 phUTa(ra4 mITara)no pradakSiNAmArga mUkIne enAthI thoDI nAnA kadanI pIThikA 70 x 70 phUTa (21 - 21 mITara) vistAranI AvelI hatI. ene pharatI jagyA paNa pradakSiNApathanI garaja sAratI. A bIjI pIThikAnI dIvAlamAM paNa dareka bAjue nava nava gALA paDatAM dasa dasa bhAMtA (ardhamUrta staMbha) AvelA hatA. emAMnA pAMca pAMca gokhalAomAM buddhanI mUrtio padharAvelI hatI. e mUrtio pakavelI mATInI be phUTa (16 mITara) jeTalI UMcI che ne emAM padmAsana para zAsanamAM birAjelA dhyAnastha buddhanuM mudita karuNAmaya ravarUpa pragaTa thAya che. dareka bAjue madhyagALAnA mathALe lagabhaga savAtraNa phUTa (11 mITara) UMcAInI aityAkAra kamAna AvelI hatI. vaLI A madhyagALAnI staMbhAvalimAM pUrNa kuMbha tathA Asanastha siMhonI AkRtio katarelI hatI. A rUpakanomAM temaja pratimAnI vezabhUSAmAM gaMdhAranI bhAratIyagrIka zilpazailI dekhA detI hatI. pratimAo ane tAraNonA ghaNAkharA avazeSa enI mULa jagyAethI nIce tUTI paDelA maLyA hatA. A bIjI pIThikAnI upara trIjI nAnI pIThikA hovAnI zakyatA haze, jeNe ghaNuM karIne aMDanI pIThikAnI garaja sArI haze. tUpAnuM ardhagoLa aMDa bahArathI vartuLAkAra dekhAtuM hatuM, paraMtu eka takatImAM kotarelI stUpanI nAnI AkRti parathI A aMDa goLArdha AkAranuM hovAnuM tathA enI upara chatra hovAnuM sUcita thatuM hatuM. enI aMdaranI racanA barAbara jaLavAI rahelI hatI. aMDanA keMdra para eka corasa AkAra racI enI AsapAsa

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16 muM] sthApatyakIya smArake [365 pIpaLAnA pAnanA ghATavALAM (zaMkhAvRta) valaya racavAmAM AvelAM hatAM. A keMdranI upara aMDanI aMdaranA bhAgamAM bhagavAna buddhanI pUrvAbhimukha pratimA mUkelI hatI. enI nIce keMdramAM mATInA pAtranI aMdara paththarane dAbaDo hato. A dAbaDAnI bAjuo para temaja enA taLiyA para saMskRta padyamAM abhilekha kotarele che. 117 lekha parathI e jANavA maLe che ke pahelAM A sthaLe mahAvihAra baMdhAyo hato ane pachI enA Azraye keIka rAjA rudrasenane rAjyakALa daramyAna ane kathika rAjAonA 127 mA varSe 118 agnivarmA ane sudarzana nAmanA bauddha bhikSuoe vihAranI uttare A mahAtUpa baMdhAvyo hato. dAbaDAnA DhAMkaNuM upara bahAranA, bAjunA ane aMdaranA bhAgamAM pAli tripiTakamAMnuM pratItya-samupAdanA siddhAMtane lagatuM sUtra kotareluM che. A sUtramAM bAra nidAnenI utpatti ane nirodhenuM rahasya darzAvyuM che.119 paththaranA dAbaDAnI aMdara tAMbAnI dAbaDI, dhAtunA TukaDA ane eka maNake mUkelo hato. tAMbAnI dAbaDImAM buddhanA zarIrAvaze sAcavatI sonAnI zIzI, rezamI vastranI be kothaLI, pUjAne sAmAna, caMdananA lAkaDAnA baLelA kaTakA vagere hatAM. tUpanI uttare eka jADI dIvAla bAMdhelI hatI te vihAranA koTanI jema nadInI rela sAme rakSaNa mATe haze. stUpanI bAjumAM cAra nAnA stUpa hatA te mAnatA mATe baMdhAvelA pratIka-tUpo (Votive stupas) hovAnuM jaNAya che.120 A stUpanI uparanI hArmika tathA chatrayaSTi taddana nAza pAmyAM hatAM tethI enA ravarUpa vize koI cokkasa mAhitI maLI na zakI.121 zAmaLAjI pAse mezvo nadIne baMdha baMdhAtAM A badhA avazeSa evI rIte racAyelA "zyAma sarovaramAM pANI nIce garaka thaI gayA che. kaDiyA DuMgaranI guphAo | bharUca jillAnA aMkalezvara pAsenA jhagaDiyA-netraMga tarapha jatAM jhAjhaporanI. pAse lagabhaga 500 phUTa(150 mITara UMcAIne DuMgarALa pradeza AveluM che temane eka kaDiye DuMgara kahevAya che. A DuMgara para khaDakamAMthI kotarI kADhelI A samayanI sAteka guphA maLI AvI che temaja DuMgaranI taLeTImAM eka ja paththaramAMthI kotarI kADhele eka sihataMbha che. enI AsapAsa jamInamAM daTAyelA aneka I TerI sthApatyAvazepa paNa jovAmAM Ave che. DuMgara upara sauthI UMcenI be guphAomAMnI ekamAM praveza karatAM jamaNI bAjunI dIvAla para brAhmI lipimAM eka abhilekha (5' x 1" arthAta

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366] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. 12 x 6 mITara) che. lekha taddana ghasAI gayo che. enI traNeka lITInA akSara spaSTrapaNe brAhmI lipinA jaNAya che. DAbI bAjunI dIvAlamAM mAtra rekhAomAM aMkita thayelAM hAthI ane vAnaranAM zilpa che. AgaLa varaMDA ane aMdaranA bhAgamAM pASANamAM kAtarI kADhelI beThako vALA khaMDanI sAdI racanA boddha vihAranI pratIti karAve che. pahelI guphAnI aMdaranA khaMDa 24'-'7-" (72 42.2 mITara) vistArano che ane enI UMcAI 8'-9' (26 mITara) che. emAM AvelI beThaka 4' - 10 x 2-3' (194 x mITara) mApanI che ane e be phUTa UMcI che. be nAnA staMbha che temaja pravezadvAra AgaLa be moTA staMbha che. sauthI AgaLa varaMDe 11'-6" (3-4 mITara) samacorasa che. staMbhonI kuMbhIo laMbacorasa tathA staMbhadaDa aSTakoNa che ane e sAdAM che. varaMDA para vedikA-bhAtanI kotaraNI che. bIjI guphA paNa taddana sAdI che. enI aMdarano oraDo che" -8" (2-3 mITara) samacorasa che, ane varaMDe 1-7" x 7'- 9" (3 45 X 23 mITara) vistArano che. varaMDAnI sapATa chatane TekarI rAkhatI dIvAlanA AgalA cheDe kapAtaghATanI kAnasa (roll-Cornia ) che. trIjI guphAne to koIe vasavATa mATe upayogamAM laI ene Adhunika DhabanI banAvI enA raMgaDhaMga badalI nAkhyA che. pachInI cothI guphAne varaMDo 31 phUTa (93 mITara) lAMbI che. pAMcamI guphA anya guphAo karatAM bahu nIcI sapATIe che. aMdara khaMDa ane AgaLa varaMDAnI racanA ahIM paNa che. chaThThI guphA taddana sAdI che. emAM varaMDAmAMthI khaMDamAM javA mATenuM pravezadvAra bhAMgI gayuM che. e pachInI sAtamI guphA bilakula khaMDita hAlatamAM che. A guphAonI AsapAsa pANInA TAMkAM paNa che. nIcethI upara pAtaLA thatA jatA eka ja paththaramAM kaMDArele 11 phUTa (33 mITara) UMco eka zilAtaMbha ahIM Avela che. staMbhanA zirobhAge be-zarIravALI ane eka-mukhavALI eka siMhAkRti che. A siMhastaMbha bauddha dharmanI yAdamAM Ubho karAyA hoya ema lAge che. guphAnI sAdAI, lekha, staMbhone AkAra ane vedikAnI bhAtamAM kASThakalAnuM anukaraNa, temaja bhaMyataLiyAmAM lAkaDAnA staMbha besavA mATe karelAM kANAM

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16 su* ] sthApatyakIya smArakA [3Y=7 tathA vaDikAnAM spaSTa kapAta tathA prAcIna zilAstaMbha vagere parathI A cukAo IsunI lagabhaga pahelI khIjI sadInI hovAnuM jaNAya che.122 I. sa. 400thI 470 sudhI gujarAtamAM guptAnI sattA rahI, paNa taLagujarAtamAMthI A samayanA koI sthApatyAvezeSa prApta thayA nathI. pAdaTIpeA 1. phakta uparakoTanI aMdaranA bhAge vividha vasAhatI stara aMzataH jaLavAI rahyA hAvAne sabhava che. 2. nIce pramANe cha parimANeAnI IMTo jUnAgaDhanI AsapAsathI prApta thAya che (mApa iMcamAM che ): (1) 19 x 12 x 3 (2) 18 x OM x 3IsAnarekha-taTa (3) 16 x 11 x 3 uparakeTa (4) 16 4 7OM x 3 (5) (6) khAyiA ane IMTavA 171 x 13 x 3 senarekha- taTa 13 x rlR x 3 3. Huen Tsiang, Buddhist Records of the Western World (Eng. trans. by Beal), Vol. II, p. 26 9 4. Ibid. 5. Raj Bali Pandey, Historical and Literary Inscriptions, pp. *61-62, f. n. 3 6. vigate mATe jue upara prakaraNa 3. 7. viganA mATe jue upara prakaraNa 15. 8. khAra vRkSAnI vipulatAne kAraNe upatyakAnuM nAmakaraNa 'eriyA' thayuM. enI adhiSThAtrI che eradevI. jema badarInAtha tema eradevI. giranAra upara javAnA pravezadvAranI dakSiNethI tyAM javAnA mArga phaMTAya che. jIpa jevuM vAhana kheAradevInA maMdira sudhI jaI zake che.

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368] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [5. 6. H. Cousens, 'Report on the Boria or Lakhamedi Stoop near Junagadh', Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. 60, Part 1, No. 2, pp. 17-23 20. Vallabhaji Haridatta Acharya, A short Account of the Principal Places of Antiquity in and about Junagadh 99. M. R. Majmudar (Ed.), Chronology of Gujarat, p. 90 12. Ibid., Plate XV B. vRttAkAra prastarakhaDAnA agrabhAge dekhAya che te samarasa zilAnuM vistRta chAyAcitra janAgaDha-myujhiyamamAM pradarzita kareluM che. prastuta zilAne myujhiyamanA mULa bhavana, hAlanA khAdI-bhaMDAranAM pagathiyAM pAse varSo pahelAM paDelI joI hovAnuM janAgaDha-myujhiyamanA bhUtapUrva kayureTara zrI jozIpurAe A lekhakane eka vAra kahyuM hatuM. hAlamAM e zilAno patto nathI. 13. e pavitra avazeSa janAgaDha-myujhiyamamAM surakSita rAkhavAmAM AvyA che. 14. jUnAgaDha ane enI AsapAsanAM sthApatyakIya smAraka bahudhA kSatrapakAlIna hovAthI enA saMdarbhamAM ja prastuta sUpane lagatI vigato vividha prakAzamAM apAtI AvI che. 15. pAdaTIpa 2 juo, 16. uttara bhArata ane gujarAtamAMthI maLI AvatI vividha samayanI IMTanAM parimANa mATe o "kumAra", aMka 515, pR. 418. 20. M. R. Majmudar, op. cit., Plate XV B ?c. Percy Brown, Indian Architecture (Buddhisht & Hindu), Plate XII, 1 19. cho. ma. atri, akSatrapakAlIna girinagara', "vidyApITha", varSa 1, pR. 96 20. gi. va. AcArya, 'janAgaDhamAM giranAranI ITavA TekarInA bauddha vihAranuM khodakAma, "gujarAta samAcAra', kabara 1949 (M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, p. 92). 29. M. R. Majmudar, op. cit., p. 91 22. B. Ch. Chhabra "Intwa clay-slaling", Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 174 f. 23. M. R. Majmudar, op. cit., p. 91 24. prazna thaI zake che to pachI mauryakAlIna vihAramAMthI kSatriyakAlIna purA-avazeSa ja kema maLyA, mauryakAlIna kema nahi? prAyaH mauryakAlIna vihAramAM ja kSatrapAlIna bhikSuo vAsa karatA hatA. vaLI prApta thayelA vihAranI nIcenA stara to khodAyA ja nathI. Ama avazeSa kSatrapakAlIna ja prApta thaI zakatA hatA; IMTe kSatriyakAlIna nathI e ja svayaMsiddha purAvo che ke vihAra paNa kSatrapakAlIna nathI.

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15 ] sthApatyakIya smAraka (356 . 24. Chul lavagga (VI. 2. 2) as quoted by H. Sarkar, Studies in Early Buddhist Architecture of India, p. 8 24. (1) Percy Brown, op. cit., p. 30 (2) V. A, Smith, History of Fine Art in India & Ceylon, p. 16 (3) Sankalia, op. cit., p. 46, f. n. 1 20. Burgess, Report on the Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kachh, Plate XVII, p. 139 pc. Ibid.; Sankalia, op. cit., p. 47 26. Burgess, op. cit., Plate XVI 30. Ibid., Plate XIX 31. Ibid., p. 139; Sankalia, op. cit., p. 47 32. barjese ke anya koI vidvAne A baMne vyAlonI noMdha lIdhelI nathI. gjoraan ollen -3famiz Hiz oral M. A. Dhaky, "Vyala Figures of the Temples of Gujarat," Journal of the Gujarat Research Society, Vol. 23, No. 4, p. 92. 33. Burgess, op. cit., Plate XVIII-2 & 3 34. prastuta alaMkaraNanI paNa vidvAnoe neMdha lIdhI nathI. 34. Burgess, op. cit., p. 141; Sankalia, Archaeology of Gujarat, pp. 48 f. 34. (1) Burgess, op. cit., Plate XVIII-4 (2) Sankalia, op. cit., p. 48 36. Fergusson & Burgess, The Cave Temples of India, Plate XXIII 36. Burgess, A. K. K., Plate XVIII-2; Sankalia, op. cit., p. 48 alaMkaraNArthe staMbhone ahIM staMbha ke ardha-staMbha kahevAmAM AvelA che. 36. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 48 89. Ibid., p. 49 81. V. Smith, Jain Slapa and Other Aniquities of Mathura, Plate XI y-2-28

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370] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [> 82. Burgess, Amaravati, pl. XXXVIII as referred to by Sankalia, Archaeology of Gujarat, p. 49, f. n. 1 83. Fergusson & Burgess, The Cave Temples of India, pl. VII. XX. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 48 45. Ibid. 46. juo upara pAdanoMdha 3-4. 8o. James Tod, Travels in Western India, p. 367 De janAgaDhatI mulAkAta lIdhI tyAre, I. sa. 1822 mAM loko prastuta guphAone kheMgAra-mahela paNa kahetA hatA. kaccha-saurASTranAM anya sthApatyo sAthe paNa khAparAkoDiyAnuM nAma saMkaLAyeluM che, 8. Burgess, op. cit., p. 145 49. Ibid., p. 145 45. Ibid., p. 146; Plates XXVI-XXVII 49. Tod, op. cit., Sketch on p. 362 42. Burgess, op. cit., Plate XXII. The top of the plate indicates west. :43. Sankalia, op. cit., pp. 49 f. 54. Ibid., p. 49 55. Ibid., pp. 50 . 44. Burgess, op. cit., plate XXIV 57. Ibid., p. 143. base ene serrated torus kahela che. e zikharanI ghaMTikAne maLatI zilpa-racanA che. 58. Ibid., Plate XXIV 46. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 51 69. dharmasthAna na mAnavAmAM AvatAM hoya to bauddha ke jaina mAnavAno artha paNa ze ? jainadhama rAjAnA snAnAgArane "jaina" mAnavAne kazo artha nathI ! 41. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 51 6. Burgess, p. cil, p. 144. prastuta guphAo pramAda-bhavana hovAnI zaMkA trIja anucchedamAM vyakta karavAmAM AvI ja che, jyAre vastuta: ema ja hovAnI ahIM sakAraNa sthApanA karavAmAM AvI che.

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16 su'] sthApatyakIya smArakA [ 371 63, prastuta prame|dabhavana jAhera janatA mATenuM nahi, paraMtu mukhya-mukhya rAja-puruSo mATenu', rAja-mahAlayAnI jema khAnagI mAlikInu` hatu` ema kathita aghaTanamAM abhipreta che. Ama enuM ati vizALa hovuM Avazyaka nahetuM. 64. Sankalia, ob. cit., p. 51 65. M. R. Majmudar, op. cit., pR 37 upara prathama anucchedamAM khAvApyArA guphAenI vigata ApI che, paraMtu dvitIya anucchedamAM ApelI vigatA tA uparakoTanI guphAone lAgu paDe che. evI ja rIte pR. 92 upara uparakeATanI guphAonI vigatAmAM khIjA-trAnta anucchedamAM Majority of.........to be Buddhist e nava 5ti kharekhara te khAvApyArA guphAone lAgu paDe che. 66. samudratalanirmita prastuta jalakRta pASANa e vAtanu sAkSya pUre che ke sudUrana bhUtakALamAM samudra giranAranI samIpe Avele hatA. 67. Burgess, op. cit., p. 141 68. Ibid. 69. Ibid., p. 147 cha.. tA. ka.- tAjetaramAM gujarAtanA purAtattva khAtA taraphathI uparakoTa mukAme nIlama teApanI nIcenA bhAgethI eka bhagna zaila-ulTI*-guphAne avaziSTa bhAga zeAdhI kaDhAyeA che. 71. Majmudar, op. cit., pR. 90 ane 93 upara khaMbhALiyA 'chapAyela che e kharekhara khU bhAlIDA 'joIe. 72. bhUtapUrva saurASTra ( pAchaLathI muMbaI ) rAjyanA purAtattvavida zrI puruSAttama 5DayAe I. sa. 1959mAM prastuta guphAsamUha zeAdhI kADhele che. Indian Archaeology 1958-59 --A Review, p. 70; pl. LXII A 73. prastuta pratimA sahita sArAye mukhabhAgane, pachInA keI ajJAta nivAsIoe cUnAthI dhoLI dIdhelA che. 74. Indian Archaeology 1958-59~A_Reviece, p. 70 75. Burgess, ep. cit., pp. 147 f. 76. Sankalia, oh. cit., p. 52 77. Ibid. 78. Burgess, Report on A. K. ., p. 92; Majmudar, op. cit., p. 92 79. Burgess, op. cit., p. 149 80. Sankalia, op. cit., p. 53

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372] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. 81. De. sAMkaLiyA A guphAone jana hovAnuM kahyuM che. Sankalia, op. cil, p. 53 82. Ibid., p. 167 83. Ibid., p. 54 84. jasadaNanA darabArIzrIe ApelI mAhitI uparathI prastuta guphA zrI cho. ma. atrie I. sa. 1960 mAM noMdhI che. 85. gujarAta samAcAra, tA. ra7-8-1967; ke. kA. zAstrI, "karachanA prAcIna | ItihAsamAM DokiyuM', "pathika" varSa 1, aMka 10-12, pR. 31-32 86. ke. kA. zAstrI, kacchanA prAcIna itihAsamAM DokiyuM, pathika," aMka 10-11, 5. 31-32 87. dhArmika hetuo mATe baMdhAtAM sthApatyonA nirmANa mATenA padArtha paNa kavacita dhArmika svarUpa pAmI dhArmika AvazyakatA banI jatA hoya che. ethI ja yogya mATInI sulabhatA hoya tyAM I Tone badale pASANanAM ane yogya paththaranI sulabhatA hoya tyAM ene badale mRttikAnirmita paphava IMTonAM sthApatya paraMparAgata baMdhAya kharAM. ethI ja giranAranI AsapAsa mRttikAnirmita padgha I TonA banelA boriyA stUpa ane iMTavA vihAra AvelAM che. A niyama guptakAla daramyAna junAgaDha AsapAsa pracalita hato ke kema e hAla turata nizcayapUrvaka kahI zakAya ema nathI. paraMtu guptoe uttara bhAratamAM prastara-nirmita sthApatyanI racanA karI che e uparathI anumAnI zakAya ke guptakAlamAM TonuM dhArmika mahatva nahotuM. mATe giranAramAM paNa kadAca prastara - nirmita maMdira bAMdhavAmAM AvyuM hoya. vaLI, vartamAna dAmodara maMdiranAM maMDovaranAM keTalAMka pratimA-zilpa guptakAlIna manAya che. e prastara-nirmita che. ethI enA kAla-nirNayanI mAnyatA anyathA na hoya to hAla turata eTaluM anumAna thaI zake ke prastuta cakrabhakta maMdiranA bAMdhakAmamAM pASANano paNa upayoga thayo hato. cc. Pandit Bhagwanlal Indraji, Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. I, pt. I, p. 70. pUjA mATenI mUrtio kALA grenAITanI nahi, paraMtu rAtA grenAITanI banelI che. vaMthaLInA vAmananI ane prastuta dAmodarajInI janI mUrtio lagabhaga sAmya dharAve che. 89. trilekhazilA paranA skandaguptanA zilAlekhanA aMtima bhAgamAM kahyuM che ke cakabhata-viSNunuM maMdira "Urjata girimAMthI unnata thatuM hoya tema nagaranA zira upara enI prabhutA darzAvatuM prakAze che." Ama maMdira girinagaranA zirobhAgamAM hatuM, - giranAramAMthI to jANe ke unnata thatuM hoya evo mAtra bhAsa thato hato. girinagarane zirobhAga je uparakoTa vistAramAM hota to kahevAtI mahamUda begaDAnI masjidanI jagyAe ke enI AsapAsamAM AvelA maMdiranuM zikhara senakhane kAMThe vaselA girinagaranA koI paNa bhAgamAMthI uparyukta ramya kalpanA mujaba jarUra dekhAtuM heta (atri, uparyukta).

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16 muM] sthApatyakIya smAraka 3i73 90. vividhatIrtha|, zatrunayatIrtha|, wo. rUpa; DaoN. hariprasAda zAstrI, zatruMjayagirinAM jaina maMdiro ane enA uddhArake ", "gujarAta saMzodhana maMDaLanuM trimAsika," pu. 26, pR. 304 91. Dhaka (DhAMka) e jaina paraMparA pramANe zatruMjayanA pAMca phUTa(ka)mAMnuM eka gaNAya che. A pAMca TUka te TuMka (DhAMka), kadaMba (kadaMbagiri), lauhitya, tAladhvaja (taLAjA) ane kadapa nAme oLakhAya che. 92. vividhatIrthaM5, zatrunayatIrtha|, ko, 10 fvavidhatIrthajapa, zatrugacarthava5, ko. rU; Anuzrutika vRttAMta mATe ja pariziSTa, 7; goviMdarAja prabhUtavarSanA devalInA valabhI saMvata 500(I. sa. 818-19)nA dAnapatra (EI, XXXV, pp. 269 f.)mAM ulikhita "cittAna" (pAlitANA ) te spaSTataH A pAdaliptapura che. vartamAna "pAlitANA" zabda "padrajittAna"mAMthI vyutpana thayelo lAge che (gu. prA. i., pR. 57 pAdaTIpa) 93. vividhatIrtha|, zatrunAtIrtha janma, . 7-84; dhanezvara suri, zrI zatruMgAmArca (gu. bhA.), pR. 760-768 94. vi. sI. . mAMne zatrujhacatIrthakalpa' lo. 71 5. zatruMjayamAhAsya (gu. bhA.), pR. 769. A tIrthomAM potAnuM varcasa jamAvanAra bauddhono parAbhava e sUrie karyo ane valabhInA rAjA zilAdityane jaina matane bodha Apyo. A rAjA yaduvaMzano hato ane vi. saM. 477 mAM thayo. enA AgrahathI dhanezvarasUrie "zatruMjayamAhAbhya" lakhyuM evuM e graMthanA Adi ane aMtamAM jaNAvyuM che. paraMtu A hakIkata sapramANa jaNAtI nathI. kAraNa ke A mAhAtamya graMthama pachI kumArapAla, bAhaDa, vastupAla vagere prabhAvake thaze ema kahIne cheka vi. saM. 1371 sudhInA tIrthoddhArano ullekha karyo che tethI A graMtha 14 mI sadI pahelAM racAyo na hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che. jinaprabhasUrie racelA " zatruMjaya tIrthakalpa'mAM vi. saM. 1371mAM thayela tIrthoddhAra sudhInA banAva gaNAvyA che, temAM kyAMya dhanezvarane ke rAjA zilAdityane kaMI ullekha Avato nathI, jyAre vi. saM. 1587mAM vikadhIragaNae racelA "zatruMjayatIrthoddhAra-prabaMdha "mAM AcArya dhanezvara ane dharAdhipa zilAdityano nirdeza Ave che, e parathI A mAhAmya vi. saM. 1385-1587nA gALAmAM lakhAyuM hovAnuM phalita thAya che. 96. The. hariprasAda zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhA. 2, pR. 487-489 tatha "gujarAta saMzodhana maMDaLanuM vaimAsika", pu. 26, pR. 304-305 7. "advAvabodha' tIrthanA anukRtika vRttAMta mATe juo pariziSTa 3 tathA vividhatIrthamAM 10 mA vAvolatIrthaksa", pR. 20-21. 8. sudarzanAnA AnukRtika vRttAMta mATe juo pariziSTa 3.

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374]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. 99. vividhatIrthavmAM 10 mo vAvavadhatIrthAlpa, pR. 20-21 tathA pramAvaritamAM cha DuM vikasidarivarita, pR. 41, le. 42-65: somamatA kumArapAtrapratirodha, pR. 470, . 1ra9-31; mo. 6. desAI, "jaina sAhityano saMkSipta itihAsa', pR. 270, Ti. 311. A tIrthanuM nAma "zakunikA (samaLI) vihAra kema paDavuM enA Anuzrutika vRttAMta mATe juo pariziSTa 3. 100. pravajavarita, guja, anuvAda "prabaMdhAryAlocana," pR. 37, paMkti 11 tathA pU. 38, paMkti 10-17. saMpratinuM rAjyArohaNavarSa vi. ni. sa. 25 eTale ke vi. saM. pU. 175 gaNAya che(ejana. pR. 38, paMkti 16). 101. pramANitanA vAritaricarita mAM Arya khapUTAcAryane bharukacchanA balamitra-bhAnumitra tathA kAlakAcAryanA samakAlIna kahyA che ke, 143-146; pravanya. jinatAmaNi pR. 143-146 tathA kumArapa4prativo, "ugAryavapurAvAryavathA', pR. 44-43). muni kalyANavijayajInA mata pramANe vIra nirvANanI pAMcamI zatAbdI arthAta I. sa. pU. 1 lI sadInA arasAmAM teo thayA (bha. ja. sAMDesarA, "jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta', pR. 38 ). 102. pramAvarita, 5, bleka 224 103. pramArita, gu. anuvAda, " prabaMdhAryAlocana', pR. 37, paMkti 19-20. pAdaliptasUri IsunI pahelI sadImAM eTale bAlamitra-bhAnumitra tathA Arya khapUTAcAryanA samakAlIna hoya ema keTalAka vidvAnonuM mAnavuM che (juo pAdaliptasUrikRta 'nirvAna Ii ', prastAvanA, pR. 16; bhA. ja. sAMDesarA, "jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta," pR. 99; ha. ga. zAstrI, "gujarAtane prAcIna itihAsa" pR. 57), jyAre uparyukta "prabaMdhAryAlocanamAM emane samya vikramanA trIjA saukAne pUrvArdha arthAt IsunI bIjI sadIne uttarArdha jaNAvela che (ejana, pR. 9, paMkti 6). 104. siddhasena divAkara vikramanA cothA-pAMcamA saikAmAM (eTale ke IsunA cothA saikAmAM) thaI gayA (ejana pR. 49, paMDita 3-4), ane ethI je vikramAdityanI ahIM vAta karI che te vikrama saMvatanA pravartaka balamitra-vikramAdityanI nahi. paNa guptavaMzI candragupta bIje (gAdInazIna I. sa. 376) je "vikramAditya" tarIke oLakhAtA tenI hovAno saMbhava che. I. sa. 401 sudhImAM gujarAta para enuM Adhipatya sthApAI cUkyuM hatuM (gu. prA. I., pR. 78 ). 105. A sthaLa tAraMgA hovAnuM jaNAya che. 106. tAraMgAnA DuMgaranI taLeTInI uttara dizAmAM hAlanA ajitanAtha jaina maMdirathI deDha mAIlanA aMtare tAraNa mAtAnuM sthAnaka AveluM che, temAM sthApita karelI tArAdevInI zveta pASANanI mUrtinI pATalI para ceima hetupramavA vALA pleka kerele che. A sthAnakanI bAjumAM dhAraNadevInuM sthAnaka eka guphAmAM che. ahIMnI bIjI eka guphA "jogIDAnI guphA"

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16 muM] sthApatyakIya smAraka [375 tarIke oLakhAya che. emAM tAmravarNa pASANa para badhivRkSa nIce cAra buddhamUrtio kaMDArelI che. A samagra sthAnaka keke atyaMta prAcIna paraMparAne jALavI rAkhavuM jaNAya che. 107. kumArapAtarodha, AryapuTIcAryavathA, pR. 442. tAraMgA tIrtha paranuM hAlanuM siddhazilA nAmanuM sthAnaka siddhAyikA maMdiranA sthAne hovAnuM jaNAya che. A sthAna hAlanA mukhya maMdira ajitanAtha prAsAdanI vAyavyamAM ardhA mAIla para eka UMcI TekarI para AveluM che tyAM cAmukhajInI mUrti tathA ajitanAthanAM pagalAM pratiSThita che, te parano lekha saM. 1836 (I. sa. 1779-80)no che. 108. nAgArjuna pAdaliptanA ziSya hovAne kAraNe teo lagabhaga emanA samakAlIna gaNAya. pAdaliptanA samayanI carcA mATe juo upara TippaNa 7. nAgArjunanA vRttAMta mATe juo pariziSTa 3. 19. vividhatIrtha, 51 taimanaspazino, pR. 104-105 110. 2. nA. mahetA gujarAtane maLela zilpa sthApatyane vArasa ". pR. 15-16 111. ejana pU. 16 112. ejana pR. 16-17 113. ejana pR. 18 114. ejana pR. 18-10 115. ejana pR. 23-24; R. N. Mehta & s. N. Chaudhary, Excavation at Devni Mori, pp. 34-45, fig. 13; pls. II-VIII 116. ejana, pR. 25 999. Excavation at Devni Mori, pls, IX, X, XII-XIX, XXXI, Fig. B; XXXIV, XXXV; also pp. 45-62 996. K. F. Sompura. *The Problem of Kathika Dynasty in Gujarat', Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 59-65 119. u. pre. zAha, gujarAtamAM bauddha dharma', "svAdhyAya," pu. 1, pR. 290 120. "guprAI." pR. 74 121. gumazisthAvA, pR. 22. devanI morI vizenI vistRta mAhitI mATe juo 2. nA. mahetA ane esa. ena. caudharInuM Excavation at Deuni Mori; 2 nA. mahetA, gujarAtamAM bauddha mahAvihAra" "kumAra" aMka 471; ha. gaM. zAstrI, "gujarAtane prAcIna itihAsa", pR. 72-74; u. pre. zAha, "gujarAtamAM bauddhadharma' "svAdhyAya", , , pR. ra86-92 122. jayeMdra nANAvaTI, kaDiyA DuMgaranI bauddha guphAo ane siMhastaMbha", "kumAra" kalA-aMka (pa28), pR. 72-73

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prakaraNa 17 zilpakRtio prAcIna sAhityamAM gujarAtanA judA judA vibhAgo mATe Anarta, aparAMta, lATa, surASTra vagere prayoga thatA hatA, eTale ApaNe jyAre gujarAtanI prAcIna zilpakalA ke sthApatya-kalA ke datara kalAonI carcA karIe tyAre e yAda rAkhavuM ghaTe ke mauryakAlanuM gujarAtanuM zi95, kSatrapakAlIna gujarAtanuM zilpa evA prayogone artha mauryakAlamAMnuM hAlanA gujarAtamAM samAyelA pradezonuM zilpa, athavA kSetrapAlanuM hAlanA gujarAtanA judA judA jillAonuM za95 ItyAdi raheze. bIje yAda rAkhavA lAyaka muddo e che ke prAcIna kAlathI mAMDIne selaMkIkAlanA aMta sudhI gujarAta pradeza ane marabhUminI, khAsa karIne pazcima ane dakSiNa rAjasthAnanI sAMskRtika ekatA ghaDAtI gaI hatI. kSatrapa kAlamAM kAmaka athavA pazcimI kSatraponA nAmathI oLakhAtA rAjavaMzIenuM sAmrAjya rAjasthAna ane gujarAta temaja mahArASTranA keTalAka bhAgomAM ane pUrvamAM ujajana sudhI phelAI cUkyuM hatuM eTale eka prakAranA rAjakIya ekamanI sAthe sAMskRtika ekama ghaDAya e svAbhAvika che. anuguptakAlamAM eka bAju rAjasthAnamAM jAlora -- bhaMDera tarapha gurjara pratIhAre tathA bIjI bAju madhya gujarAtamAM nAMdIpurInA gurjara hoI Ama rAjasthAna ane gujarAtane rAjakIya temaja sAMskRtika gADha saMbaMdha cAlu rahelo joI zakAya che. A muddo dhyAnamAM rAkhIne ApaNe judA judA kAlanI gujarAtanI zilpakalAnI vicAraNA karIe. koI paNa kAlanA gujarAtanA zilpAvazeSa pUratA pramANamAM na maLyA hoya tevA kissAomAM rAjasthAnanA avazeSa khAsa dhyAnamAM rAkhavA joIe. lagabhaga solaMkIkAla sudhInI gujarAta-rAjasthAnanI zilpakalA temaja sthApatyakalA tarapha vidvAnonuM vizeSa dhyAna te chellAM pacIsa-trIsa varSothI gayeluM che. ane e samayamAM ghaNuM navA avazeSa gujarAta temaja rAjasthAnamAMthI 376

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-17 muM ] zilpakRtio [ 377. jaDI AvyA che. Ama pazcima bhAratanI zilpasthApatyakalAnA itihAsanI khUTatI kaDIo dhIre dhIre umerAtI jAya che. mauryakAlanuM niHzaMka gaNAvI zakAya tevuM koI zilpa gujarAtamAMthI haju sudhI jaDyuM nathI rAjasthAnamAM rATanA khodakAmamAM maurya caLakATavALI pASANanI chatrInA TukaDA maLyA che. madhya gujarAtamAM, kAravaNa pAse TIMbaravAnA khedakAmamAMthI maLelI mAtRkAnI nAnI mUrti kadAca uttaramaryakAlIna haze? | gujarAtamAMthI zuMgakAlanAM zilpa jaDamAM nathI, paNa rAjasthAnamAMthI reDha,4 sAMbara, lAlasATa nagarI vagere sthaLoethI zuMgakAlIne mATInI nAnI pratimAo ane pASANanA staMbho temaja saMkarSINa ane vAsudevanI pUjA-zilA paTTanA prAkAranA ullekha maLyA che.8 besanagara (vidizA) pAsethI grIka rAjadUta hiliodare pratiSThita karela garuDadhvaja paNa maLe che. rAjasthAna ane gujarAtamAM kRSNa-pUjA temaja pAMcarAtra- mata pramANenI vAsudeva-saMkarSaNa AdinI pUjAnA anya avazeSa maLavA ghaNe saMbhava che. vaLI, gujarAtamAM I. pU. pahelA-bIja saikAomAM grIkAnuM (beTriyana grIkonuM rAjya temaja emanI sIdhI sAMskRtika asara hovAno pUrepUro saMbhava che. saiArASTramAM amarelInA khodakAmamAMthI dADhIvALA grIkanI AkRtivALI mATInI takatI maLI che. pazcima bhAratanI, khAsa karIne hAlanA mahArASTranI guphAomAMnA abhilekhomAM yavanoe dAna karyAnA ullekha Ave che. ane kAle najadIka dhenukAkaTamAM yavanenI vastI hovAnuM kArlAnA staMbha paranA eka abhilekha uparathI 'paSTa thAya che. 10 A uparAMta TolemIe noMdhyA pramANe bharUcanI baMdaragAhamAM grIka sikako vaparAzamAM cAlu hatA. pazcimI kSatrapoe grIka drA drachme nA anukaraNamAM potAnA sikkA pADyA che ane gujarAta-saurASTramAMthI judAM judAM sthaLoethI eutida menandara vagere bAlika grIkanA sikakA maLyA che te hakIkata temaja rAjasthAnamAM bairATa vagere sthaLoethI viviokalI apaladata, menejara, aMtilakida vagerenA sikakA maLyA che e badhI hakIkata jotAM, ane paMtajalie jIvana manim evo kare ullekha jemAM gujarAta-rAjasthAnamAM temaja mahArANamAM kAryA, junnara, pittaloDA vagere sthaLe sudhI grIka prajAnI sIdhI asara mAnavAmAM kAMI ja harakata nathI. briTiza amalanA aMta sudhI gujarAta rAjasthAnamAM koI moTAM agatyanAM sthaLoe bhAgyeja khodakAma thayAM. ane e pachI Aja sudhImAM thayelAM khodakAma paNa gujarAtanA rAjakIya temaja sAMskRtika ItihAsanI khUTatI kaDIo meLavavA

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378] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. jeTalAM pUratAM nahi hevAthI I.sa. nI zarUAta pahelAMnAM gujarAtanAM zilpa haju ApaNe meLavI zakyA nathI. A sthaLe eTaluM yAda rAkhavA jevuM che ke prAcIna aMkoka, hAlanA vaDodarA pAsenA "akoTA gAmanuM zivAlaya je hAlanA vaDodarAmAM "bhAmanAtha' nAmathI oLakhAya che tenA kArakhAnAnI nIce jamInamAM UMdhA jaDelA paththaro para je zilpInAM cihna mason's marks) che te I. pU. trIjA sekAnA AsapAsanI brAhmInA akSara jevAM lAge che. 11 Ama gujarAtamAM jude jude sthaLe vadhu sthaLa-tapAsa (exploration) ane khodakAma thAya te mauryakAlathI mAMDIne kSatrapakAlanI kalAnA avazeSa maLI AvavAnI zakyatA rahe che. lagabhaga I. sa. 1 lI sadInI zarUAtathI te I. sa. 40 0 sudhInA samayanI kalAne ApaNe kSatrapakAlIna kalA tarIke oLakhIzuM. sadbhAgye A kAlanA ThIka ThIka avazeSa ApaNane maLyA che. taLAjanI ebhala maMDapa, jUnAgaDha pAse khAparAkADiyAnA mahela tarIke oLakhAtI saMbhavataH bauddhavihAranI guphAo, uparakoTanI guphAo, bAvAyArAnA maTha nAme oLakhAtI guphAo, temaja jetapura pAse AvelI khaMbhAlIDAnI guphAo A kAlanI che. 12 bAvApyArAnI guphAomAMthI keTalIka I. pU. nA samayanI manAya che, paNa cekasa nirNaya karavA jeTalAM sAdhana upalabdha nathI. kSatrapakalanA anya avazeSamAM giranAranAM jaMgalamAM beriyA stUpa, jUnAgaDha pAse davA TekarInA khodakAmamAMthI maLela rudrasena-vihAra, sANAnI guphAo 14 ane zAmaLAjI pAse devanI mArIne bauddha stUpa tathA vihAra, 15 jhaghaDiyA pAse kaDiyA DuMgaranI guphAo, zAmaLAjI pAsethI maLelI keTalIka gaNo dwarfs)nI AkRtio tathA mAtRkAo, temaja jUnAgaDha, amarelI, kAravaNa, vaDodarA, kAmareja, vaDanagara vagere sthaLoethI maLelI mATInI mUrtio gaNAvI zakAya. kAravaNathI balI paththaranI pAyAvALI nizAne mathALe be ekazRMgI pazuonI ane vacce eka vRkSanI AkRti kotarelI che. A nizAnA ketarakAmamAM spaSTa rIte hakhAmanI (Achaemenian ) asara che ane A temaja Ane maLatI kAravaNa pAsenA salADa gAmethI maLelI nizA I. sa. nI zarUAtanA AsapAsanA samayanI che. jUnAgaDhamAM uparakoTanI guphAonA be majalA pADelA che. pahelA athavA upalA majale eka kuMDa che, je snAnAgAra hovAnI barjese saMbhAvanA sUcavI che. e traNa bAju chAparAvALI osarI (vaDa) che. ene aDIne eka moTo oraDe che. enI chata athavA chAparAne cha thAMbhalAone Take che. parasALa (corridor)mAM

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17 su'] zilpakRtio [ 379 dIvAleAmAM, agni ane pazcima dizAe, pASANanI kheDakA ( stone-bench recesses ) keAtarelI che, ane enA uparanA bhAgamAM dIvAlemAM caityagavAkSanAM suzAbhana ke|tarelAM che ( citra na. 2 ). e suzAbhaneAthI yukta pATaDAnI nIcenA bhAgamAM ceAkaDAnI bhAta (chequer pattern) che. AvI bhAta devanI merInA rUpa upara che. nIcenA majale, parasALavALI eraDIe, pASANanI ArAmagAha eThakA, caityagavAkSanA suzeAbhana vagere che.17 bAvApyArA manI guphAe! karatAM ahIMnI caitya-gavAkSanI AkRti vadhu vikasita ane tethI karIne vadhu arvAcIna gaNAya. ene aMdaranA kAtarelA bhAga lagabhaga geALa thaI gayA che. enA nIcenA bhAgamAM vaidikAnuM alaMkaraNa (aildesign) nedhapAtra che, jyAre vacce e strIe jANe gavAkSamAMthI jAtI hoya tema, emanAM ardhA zarIra kArelAM dekhAya che. gavAkSanA nIcenA be cheDA bahAranI bAju vistarI su Mdara sutheAbhanamAM pariName che. gavAkSanI aMdaranA ane bahAranA bhAga vaccenI paDALI paTTI upara nAnI buTTIe che. 18 pazcima bhAratanI prAcInatama guphAmAM maLatA gavAkSA karatAM anukAlIna hovA chatAM A gavAkSaAkRtie, saiArASTramAMnA, pAMcamA saikAnA gopanA maMdira paranA gavAkSo karatAM te| jUnI che ja. uparakATanI guphAonA sta MbhAnA sAMkaLiyA cAra vibhAga pADe che. upalA majale parasALamAM be staMbha gALa che. enA upara trAMsAM gUMcaLAMnI bhAta (spirals) pADelI che.19 uttaranI dIvAla para nAnA staMbhAnA traNa bhAgamAM, ekamekathI UlaTI dizAmAM, A bhAta jAya che.20 parasALanA geALa staMbhA, jete arjesa ane sAMkaLiyA "bI'' saMjJAthI eLakhe che tenI aSTakANa kuMbhI (abacus) para patravallInI bhAta ( leaf-and-scroll design ) che. e staMbhAnAM zI gALa che ane enA upara pazunI AkRtie kAtarelI che. "sI" sajJaka nAnA thAMbhallAnAM zA` temaja ku bhIe aSTakANu che. tabhAnA bIjA prakAramAM AgalA khaMDanA cAra thAMbhalA samacArasa che, paNa vaccenA bhAgamAM e aSTakANa che. kuMbhI (pIphrikA) cArasa, sAdI ane alaMkaraNa ke bhAta vinAnI che. staMbhanuM zIpa yaDatA kramanA cAra tharAnuM baneluM che. trIjA prakAranA sta Mbha e cAra sta MbhAnI mAkhare AvelA che. enI besaNI samacArasa AkAranI ane UtaratA thAnA suMdara ghATanI ane patrAvalithI

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-380] moryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. suzobhita che. 21 ene thAMbhale lagabhaga goLAkAra lAge eTalA badhA pahelavALo che. enA mathALA para vacce strIonI judI judI jAtanI AkRtio kotarelI che. e ghaNI jIrNa thayelI hovAthI enI kalAnI vizeSa carcA karavI muzkela che. enA upara cAre bAju beThelA siMhanI AkRti najare paDe che. nIcalA majalAmAM AvelA cothA prakAranA staMbha paNa lagabhaga A ghATanA thoDIka vigatemAM pharakavALA che. DaoN. sAMkaLiyAne mate pahelA be prakAranA staMbha 5 mI-6 ThThI sadInA ane bIjA be prakAranA 6 ThThI - 7 mI sadInA che. paNa ApaNe e yAda rAkhavuM joIe ke trIjA prakAranA staMbhonI besaNInI patravallI spaSTa rIte grIka asaranI che. uparanA siMha paNa kSetrapAlIna ane kumANakAlIna siMhane maLatA che. uparakeTanI guphAnA upalA majalAnI uparanA bhAgamAM sAphasUphI karAvatAM mATInI keTalIka AkRtio uparAMta rudrasena rAjAne eka sikako paNa maLyo hato.23 e hakIkata ane dIvAla paranA caitya-gavAnI kalA temaja keTalAka staMbhanAM judAM judAM alaMkaraNa vagerenuM kAla jevI guphAonAM tathA devanI morInA stUpanAM alaMkaraNo (motifs) sAthe maLatApaNuM vagere jotAM A guphabone ATalI badhI anukAlIna mAnavAnuM yogya nathI. vAstavika rIte uparakoTanI guphAne I. sa. nA bIjAthI cothA saikA sudhImAM mUkavI joIe. enAM prANIo, strIo, ke patravallI Adi AkRtione guptakAlIna ke maitrakakAlIna zilpakRtio sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya ema nathI. - I. sa. 1949mAM jUnAgaDha pAse azokanA zilAlekhathI Azare pAMceka ki. mI. ( traNeka mAIla) dUra davA TekarInuM badakAma karatAM tyAM rudrasenavihAranA avazeSa maLI AvyA hatA. bhATIkAmanI nAnI AkRtio ke chAparAnA thApalA vagere khodakAmamAM maLelAM, paNa sauthI agatyanI je vastu maLelI te to lagabhaga eka iMca vyAsanuM mATInuM pakaveluM eka nAnuM mudrAMkana ( sealing che, jenA upara rAjyanI AkRti che ane brAhmI lipimAM mahaitra sudra vidyAre fmAsaMghaca evuM lakhANa che. 24 bhAratabharamAM maLelI bhikSusaMdhanI prAcIna mudrAomAMnI eka evI A muddA parathI manAya che ke mahArAja rudrasena pahelA (I.sa. 200-222)nA samayamAM A vivAra bhisaMdha mATe baMdhAyo haze. AgaLa ApaNe joIzuM tema devanI morInA stUpamAMthI maLelA buddhanA zarIradhAtu sAcavatA pASANanA dAbaDA upara paNa mahArAjA rudrasenanA samayamAM kathika rAjAonA 127 mA varSamAM stUpa banyAnI hakIkata kotarAyelI che. devanI morInA lakhANavALA rudrasena paNa A

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17 suM] zilpakRtio [ 381 rudrasena pahelA ja haze? ne ApeluM varSa zaka saMvatanI gaNatarInuM heAya te e stUpanuM mULa racanAva I. sa. 205 Ave che, paNa bIjAM keTalAMka kAraNAne lIdhe A saMvatanuM varSa I. sa. 248 AsapAsathI zarU thatA ane kalara nAme oLakhAyelA saMvatanuM hAvAnuM have manAya che. jUnAgaDha pAse giranAranAM jaMgalamAM mATInI pakavelI IMTAnA banAvelA ane khAriyA stUpa nAme eLakhAte! stUpa ghaNAM varSoM upara maLyA hatA. emAM bhUtaLathI paNa ThIka krIka UMDANamAM mUkelA avazeSa muddanA zarIrAvazeSa hatA ke bIjA kAI prakAranA avazeSa hatA enI khabara nathI.kAtarelA ane ghaDelA pASANanA TukaDA paNa ahIMthI maLyA che, je stUpanA mathALAnA chatranA athavA te| stUpanI cAre bAjunI pASANanI vaizvikA( railing )nA paNa hoI zake. ahIMthI maLelA avazeSa jUnAgaDha myujhiyamamAM sacavAyelA che.25 jetapura pAse cAreka mAIla dUra bhAdarane maLatI eka nAnI nadI ke vaheLA pAse, khaMbhAlIDAmAM bauddha guphAo judAM judAM pAMca nAnAM nAnAM jUtheAmAM kAtarAyelI maLI che. pahelA samudAyamAM sAta nAnI meATI guphAo che, je bhikhkhuene rahevAnI AraDIe--vihAra haze. bIjA samudAyamAM traNa guphAe che, jemAMnI vacalI caityaguphA hatI. enI bahAranI dIvAla upara dhisattvAnAM moTAM zilpa kAtarelAM che, jyAre enA cApAkRti cheDA apsidal end)nA bhAge aMdara eka jINuM stUpa che. edhisattvA tarIke meLakhAtI AkRtimAM ( jue paTTa 23, A. 85 ) eka bAju padmapANi avalokitezvarane ane bIjI bAju vajrapANine vRkSa nIce ubhelA batAvyA che. AjubAju paracArakA-sevakAnI bIjI AkRti paNa che.26 paththaranI jAta ane havAmAnane kAraNe A zilpa kaMIka khavAI gayelAM che. mukhAkRti vagere keTalAka bhAga khAMta ane jINu che. paNa kaTa nIce bhAga DIka jaLavAI rahelA che. vastraparidhAna vagerenI zailI jotAM A zilpane cothA saikAthI jUnuM gaNavu kIka nathI. guphA kadAca vadhu jUnI hAya. prAcIna guphAomAM ghaNI vakhata evu bane che ke koI dIvAla upara pAchaLathI zilpAkRti kotarI kADhI hoya, paNa AvA kissAe!mAM sthaLatapAsa uparathI paNa keTalIka vakhata nakakI anumAna karavuM muzkela thaI paDe che. eTale anya pramANeAnA abhAve atyAre ApaNe zrI pI. pI. pAMDavAnuM A anumAna svIkArIe chIe. trIjA, ceAthA ane pAMcamA samudAyamAM thoDIka ja guphA che.

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sau kAlathI guptakAla [31. taLAjAmAM trIsa karatAM vadhu guphA jaDI che. zetruMjI nadInA mukha pAse, pahADanI vAyavya dizA taraphanI khAjue maLelI A guphAomAMnI eka je khAsa prakhyAta che te sauthI moTI che ane ebhalamaDa'nA nAmathI eLakhAya che. mukhabhAgamAM rautya-gavAkSanI moTI AkRtio che ane enI nIce vedikAnI pahALI paTTInI bhAta che. ahIM eka nAnI zaiya-guphA paNa che, jemAM stUpanA TAca-bhAga (cpital ) chata-chAparAne aDake che. AvI racanA mahArASTramAMnI karADa, phUDaLa, mahADa ane junnaranI guphAomAM najare paDe che. A guphA DIka ThIka jUnI, I. sa. nI zarUAtanA samayanI ke pahelI sadInI lAge che. A guphA bauddha hovAnI mAnyatA che. taLAjAnI guphAe paranI--khAsa karIne ebhalamaMDapa paranI--caitya-gavAkSanI AkRtie viziSTa prakAranI ane jUnAgaDhanI bAvApyArAnA maDavALI guphAnA caitya-gavAkSanI AkRti karatAM vadhu vikasita lAge che. 27 382 ] lagabhaga A ja samayanI, sArASTramAM vAMkiyA pAse sANA mukAme Azare 62 guphAe (zailasA) maLe che. emAMthI sauthI moTI taLAAnA ebhalama`Dapa jevI che. chAparAne-chatane Teko ApatA staMbha upara moTA pUrNaghaTanI AkRtie che ane staMbhAnI bhIe nAsikamAMnI nahapAnanI guphAnI bhIe jevA ghATanI che. ahIMnI zaitya-guphAmAM ATha phUTanA vyAsanA sAde alaMkaraNa - suzAbhana vinAnA stUpa che. cukAmAM pradakSiNA mA` nathI. A guphA paNa bauddha gaNAya che.28 saurASTramAM rAjakoTa jillAnA upaleTA mahAlamAM DhAMka pAse keTalIka guphAe che. AmAM DhAMka gAma najIkanI, pahADa upara kAtarelI keTalIka zilpakRtie ane e sAthenI nAnI guphA je bauddha manAtI te te jaina che ema Do. sAMkaLiyAe puravAra karyuM che, paNa DhAMkanI pazcime lagabhaga pAMca mAIla dUra siddhasara pAse jhIMjhurIjhAra nAmanI nAnI khINamAM bIjI keTalIka guphAe che je bauddha manAya che, temAMnI eka haju kaMIka sArI hAlatamAM che ane emAM jUnI DhabanI paheALI paTTInI vedikAnI bhAta paNa che. keTalAka lekha maLyA che tenA AdhAre e guphA Azare zrIjI sadInI manAya che.29 kSatrapAnA rAjyakAlamAM gujarAtamAM bauddha dharmane ThIka ThIka pracAra hatA ene vadhu purAvo ane vadhu agatyanA tathA sacoTa dAkhalA zAmaLAjI pAse devanI mArImAM maLyA che. tyAM 'bhoja rAjAnA TekarA' nAme oLakhAtA TekarAnuM vyavasthita khAdakAma karatAM eka bauddha stUpa temaja enI bAjumAM eka moTA vihAra

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17 su ] zalpakRtio [ 383 maLI AvyA hatA. uparAMta tyAM baddha vihArAnA avazeSa paNa stUpanI AjubAjumAM hatA, paNa saogAvazAt A badhA avazeSa khAdI zakAyA nahi.30 devanI meArIne mahAvihAra31 IMTerI AMdhakAmanA che, ene eka vakhata saMpUrNa jIrNoddhAra thayA haze, kAraNa ke mULa vihAranI badI para temaja bhAtAnI bahAra, mATI pUrIne enA jIrNoddhAra karavAmAM AvyA hatA. vihAranA bahAranA bhAga para echAmAM ochA be vakhata pheraphAra thayAnAM eMdhANa maLyAM hatAM. vihAranI bahAranAM je khetaramAM paNa mAratAnA avazeSa che ane jemAM mIta keTalAka vihAra daTAyelA hevAnA saMbhava che te paikI ekamAMthI bauddha deva ja bhalanI nAnI AkRti jaDI AvI che. e stUpa bhagnAvazeSa thayelA maLI AvyA hAvAthI enI bahAranI racanA kevI hatI e nakkI karavA mATe pUratA purAvA upalabdha nathI. AjanI paristhitimAM enI nIcenI pIThikA, pradakSiNAmAM ane enI uparane geAkha tathA bhAvALI bIjI pADikAnA keTalAka bhAga saraLatAthI samAya che. bAkInA ghaNA bhAga tUTI gayA hAI stUpanI racanA aMgenA ghaNA savAleAnA javAba ApI zakAya ema nathI. paNa stUpane judI judI AkRtio alaMkaraNA vagerethI ghaNA suzobhita karavAmAM AvyA hatA e maLelA avazeSo parathI spaSTa thayuM che. DaoN. ramaNalAla mahetAnA zabdamAM kahIe teA " mahAtUpanI nIcenI pIThikAnA madhyabhAge nAnI thAMbhalIe hatI. tenI kuMbhA, staMbha ane garAM suDALa hoI zarAM te khUba suzobhita che. e sugAbhaneA gAMdhAra ane pAzcAtya zailInI yAda Ape che. stUpanI dareka bAjue AvI thAMbhalIo hatI, te paikI dakSiNa bAjue daza thAMbhalI hovAnA purAvA che. pazcima bAju para paNa AvA purAvA che. paratu stUpanA khUNA tUTI gayA che. je tUTelA khUNA upara e bAju parathI joI zakAya evI thAMbhalInI kalpanA karavAmAM Ave te svapanI nIcenI pIThikA bAra thAMbhalIvALI hatI ema kahI zakAya. A manerama zarAvALI thAMbhalIo bhAtane vibhakta karIne teja-chAyAnA baLe stUpane vadhu ramaNIya banAvatI ane prathama pIThikAnI kevAla te| stUpanA sauMdaya mAM khUba vadhArA karatI. A kevAlane suzobhita karavA mATe traNa prakAranAM suzebhA vAparyA che. sAthI nIcenuM sugeAbhana nAnA cArasAnuM che. A coraseAmAM eka kAtarelA ane eka karyA vagaranA hAI A taddana sAdo jaNAtA ghATa vizALa paTTImAM hoya tyAre ramaNIya lAge che. A samatala ghATa upara sugeAbhane nA banne ghATa

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384 ] soca kAlathI guptakAla [ ma.. velabhAtanA che. meTAM pAMdaDAM ane vacce geALAvALI A manArama velanuM udbhavasthAna paNa pAzcAtya hovAnuM anumAna thaI zake ema che. prathama suzAbhana karatAM e saheja AgaLa AvatuM suzAlana che. enI upara trIjuM suzAbhanaTADalAnu che. hArabaMdha mUkelA A TeADalAe prathama ane suzAbhanA karatAM vadhAre AgaLa AvIne surobhita pravAlane aikaya bakSe che. A traNe suzobhane IMTAmAM banAvelAM che. mAtra gaNatarI khAtara kahIe te! A traNa suzAbhaneAnI paTTI lAMkhI mUkavAmAM Ave teA e 1032 phUTa eTale ke Azare doDha kalaMga lAMbI thAya.'32 kevAlane mathALethI, prathama pIThikA upara pradakSiNApatha che. pradakSiNApatha upara javAnAM pagathiyAM nathI, paNa eka anumAna e thAya che ke e kadAca pUrva bAjue hAya. stUpanA sAthI ramaNIya bhAga te enI bIjI pIThikA hatA. jo ke ene ghaNAkharA bhAga tUTI gayA hatA chatAM paNa bacelA avaze! parathI eneA kaMIka khyAla AvatA hateA. A pIphrikAnA kuMbhanI upara stUpanA bhAga upara dareka bAjue gAkha mUkavAmAM AvyA hatA. A geAkhane suMdara kuMbha, staMbha ane kamAnAthI alaMkRta karavAmAM AvyA hatA. AmAM judI judI bhAtanAM ala kareNu ( motifs) hatAM, jenA jhINavaTabharyo abhyAsa karavAthI mAlUma paDyuM che ke guptayuganI ga MgA-yamunA vaccenA pradezanI ane samagra madhyadezanI kalA vize je ema mAnavAmAM Ave che ke samasta uttara bhAratamAM ane dakSiNamAM ajaMTA, leArA sudhI je suMdara citra ane zilpakalA maLe che te badhA guptakalAnA, enI asaranA, enI paraparAnA thayelA, enA vaMzaja che. ane kalAvazeSAmAMnA moTA bhAganAM suMdara tattvAnuM mULa guptakalA che e have pharI vicAravuM paDaze. A badhA kalAvazeSAmAMnAM badhAM alaMkaraNAnuM mULa guptakalAmAM na paNa hoya. kSatrapa ane kuSANu rAkhtaonA samayamAM keTalAMka suMdara suzobhana ( motifs) zarU thayelAM ane sArI rIte pracalita thayelAM hatAM e A stUpanA avazeSAe sAbita karyuM che. guptakalAnI pArzvabhUmikAmAM, prAcIna bhAratanI madhyapradezanI, sAMcI bhararhutamAM maLatI kalA ane kSatrapa tathA dhANAnA rAjyavistAramAM vikaselI kalA che ene barAbara khyAla rAkhIe te guptakAlIna kalAmAM, guptAne ke emanA rAjyAzrayane keTalA hissA hatA ene vadhAre sAco khyAla Avaze. bikAneranAM raMgamahAla, suranagaDha, kAlibaMga, hanumAnagaDha, muMDA, pIra sulatAnakI gherI vagere sthaLAethI maLelA mATIkAmanA phalaka,33 devanI meArInA bauddha ane mathurAnA bauddha, jaina ane hiMdu kyANakAlIna avazeSa gere A viSayamAM ghaNA prakAza

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[385 17 muM] zilpakRtio pheke che. emAM paNa devanI morInA stUpanA avazeSa te bhAratIya kalAnA ItihAsamAM eka navo dRSTikoNa rajU karavAmAM agatyano bhAga bhajave che. tUpanA kaTibhAga paranA A manahara gokhanI AjubAjunI jagyAmAM prathama pIThikA jevI thAMbhalIo ane enI vacce maitya-gavAnAM suzobhanonI aMdara bauddha pratimAo sthApavAmAM AvI hatI. taduparAMta keTalAka gavAkSonI maLe goLAkAra suzobhana hatAM, jyAre bIjA gavAkSAmAM gaNa ke grAsa-mukha gaNAya tevAM mukha hatAM. A suzobhananI ramaNIyatAmAM vadhAro karavA cerasa suzobhita I. vaparAtI ane enA upara sAdA cerasa (checker pattern), zaMkha, grAsa, pAna ityAdinI bhAta tathA AkRtio kaMDArelI hatI. pratyeka gekhanI madhyamAM, mATInI banAvelI, mATInA phalakanI pazcAdabhU upara upasAvelI (kaMDArelI ane pachI pakavelI) buddhanI dhyAnastha mUrtio birAjelI hatI (juo paTTa 24, A. 86), jethI stUpanA pradakSiNA patha upara pharatAM pharatAM upAsaka temaja zramaNonI dRSTi jJAna, anukaMpA ane kAruNyanA prabhAvanidhi evA samyaphasaMbuddha tathAgata bhagavAnanAM caraNakamaLa para rahe ane emanA upara samyaphasaMbuddha dazamala zAkyamuninI mudita ane karuNAyukta dRSTi paDe. mATInI A bacelI pratimAo banAvI sthAnika klAkAree ucca kakSAnAM sopAna siddha karyA che. Azare be phUTa (60 se. mI.) jeTalI UMcAInI A pratimAo dUrathI ekasarakhI lAge, paNa sUkSma avalokana karatAM jaNAya che ke vastro, Asane tema dehayaSTinuM vaividhya kalAkAroe rajU karyuM che. buddha bhagavAnanuM uttarIya keTalIka pratimAomAM beu khabhA ane hAtha DhAMkIne aMga upara oDheluM che, jyAre keTalIkamAM jamaNe hAtha tathA khabho khullA che. pahelI Taba gAMdhAra kalAne nAme oLakhAtI kalAmAM vadhu pracAra pAmelI e jANItI vAta che. uttarIya olyA pachI enA je vaLa (vallIo-folds) paDe te judI judI mUrtiomAM judI judI rIte batAvyA che, keTalIkamAM ukIrNa bevaDI rekhA vaDe, kaImAM upasAvelI rekhA vaDe dayAdi. mastaka uparanA keza dakSiNAvarta nAnA gUMcaLAmAM batAvyA che, athavA keTalIka pratimAmAM UbhA oLelA che. mukhAkRti paNa judI judI che. keTalIka mukhAkRti guptakAlanI suMdara buddha pratimAonI yAda Ape che. keTalIka pratibhAomAM mastaka upara uNI ne AkAra che, bIjImAM nathI. A badhI pratimAo temaja stUpanA judA judA bhAga paranAM judAM judAM alaMkaraNonA prakAra vagere jhINavaTabharyo abhyAsa mAgI le che. I-2 25

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla tUpanI uparanI habhikA ane chatrayaSTi taddana nAza pAmyAM hatAM ane enA koI avazeSa maLyA nahi, paNa stUpanI aMdaranI bAMdhaNI aNIzuddha rahI hatI. stUpanA aMDanA kedra upara eka corasa racanA karIne enI AjubAju zaMkhavalaya (volutes) racavAmAM AvyAM hatAM, eTale ke ITa e rIte caNAI hatI. A valayanI bAjuo pahoLI ane eka bAju aNiyALI banAvIne ene pIpaLAnA pAnano ghATa ApavAmAM Avyo hato. AkhIye racanA judI judI dizAmAM pharatI rahe ema judA judA thara goThavAyelA hatA. AvA pIpaLAnA pAnanA ghATavALAM valayonI vacce A stUpa jenA aMge baMdhAyo te buddhanA zarIrAvazeSanuM pAtra athavA dAbaDe mUkavAmAM Avyo hato. sacavAyela A dAbaDAne mATInA uparathI tUTelA) ghaDAnI vacce mUkIne I TerI pharasabaMdhI upara mUkelo hato. pArevA paththarano, sAta iMca vyAsa ane pAMca IMca UMcAIne A dAbaDa saMghADA para utArIne banAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM. enuM DhAMkaNuM DhAMkaNAnI Toca upara dako ane dAbaDAno mukhya bhAga alaga alaga banAvavAmAM AvyAM lAge che. AkhAye DhAMkaNa para bahAra, bAju para ane aMdaranA bhAga para I.sa. nI zarUAtanI sadIomAM vaparAtI brAhmI lipimAM "nidAnasUtra' athavA pratItyasamupAdano bauddhadharmane vikhyAta siddhAMta kotarele che. A sUtra bIjA stUpamAMthI paNa maLI AvyuM che. bAra nidAnonI utpatti ane nirodhanI vAta emAM darzAvI che. paNa kharo aitihAsika mahattvane lekha to dAbaDAnI bahAranI bAju cAre tarapha ane taLiyAnA bahAranA bhAga upara pUro thato saLaMga lekha che.34 e parathI mAlUma paDe che te kathika rAjAonA 127 mA varSamAM, nRpati rudrasena rAjya karato hato tyAre, mahAvihAranA Azraye A mahAtUpanI racanA thaI. A sUpa sAdhu agnivarmA ane sudarzane nAmanA be zAkya bhikSuoe karAvyo. paththarano A dAbaDo mahAsena nAmanA niSNue banAvaDAvyo. buddhanA avazepanuM pAtra jyAMthI maLyuM hatuM tenA uparanA bhAgamAM caNatara vacce bhagavAna buddhanI mATInI eka AkRti caNI levAmAM AvelI maLI hatI (paTTa 12, A. 6 ). enI kalA ane stUpanA bahAranA bhAgamAM pradakSiNAmArgamAMnAM gokhamAMthI maLatAM ziponI kalA eka lAgI che eTale bahAranI kotaraNI ane AkRtio pAchaLanA samayanA saMbhavita jIrNoddhAramAM banI hoya ema mAnI

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17 muM]. zilpakRtio [387 zakAya nahi ane kalAnA A badhA namUnAone cethI sadInA uttarArdhathI- I. sa. 375 thI anukAlIna mAnI zakAya nahi. | gujarAtamAM I. sa. nA cothA saikAnA aMtabhAgamAM sarjAyelI A kalAkRtio gujarAtanI kSatrapakAlanI saMskRtinuM manohara citra rajU kare che. jyAre madhyapradezanI guptakalAnI sIdhI asara ahIM nahotI tyAre A stUpa banyo hato. caMdragupta bIjAnA samayanA pahelAM A pradeza para gutAne adhikAra ja na hato. zAmaLAjI ane devanI morI AsapAsathI je prAcIna hiMdu pratimAo maLI che temAMthI keTalIka pratimAone A lekhake I. sa. 400 AsapAsanI gaNI hatI.35 A anumAna zilpazailInA gujarAta-rAjasthAnanA upalabdha judA judA namUnAonA vikAsa vagerenI daSTie bAMdhyuM hatuM. devanI merInA stUpanA avazeSae have e siddha karI ApyuM che ke kSatrapAlamAM, nidAna I. sa. nA trIjA-cothA saikAmAM, A pradezamAM kalAsarjana e keTie pahoMcyuM hatuM ke je samagra uttara bhAratanI tatkAlIna kalAkRtionI AgalI haroLamAM besI zake ane e ja samayamAM ahIM je ziva pAzupata saMpradAyanI pratimAo vagere thaI gema mAnavAmAM AvyuM hatuM e bilakula vAjabI ja hatuM. devanI morImAMnA eka prAcIna zivaliMgavALA khaMDita devAlayanA pAyA khodatAM evA purAvA maLI AvyA ke ahIM samayamAM je jAtanI I TAnA bauddha vihAra ane tUpa banyA barAbara tevI ja ITanA e samayanA zaiva maMdiranA pAyA pelA zivaliMganA pIThanA pAyAnI nIce mojUda hatA. eTale bauddha stUpanAM samakAlIna keTalAMka zaiva zilpa zAmaLAjI ane AjubAjunA pradezamAM maLavAnI saMbhAvanA haju paNa UbhI rahe ja che. zAmaLAjInI AjubAjunA pradezamAMnAM upalabdha zilpomAMthI nIcenAM zipone cokkasa rIte kSatrapakalamAM gaNAvI zakAya : (1) kamare hAtha daI tribhaMgamAM UbhelI ane paga pAse UbhelA nAnA bALaka sAthenI yakSI ke kaI devInI pratimA 7 (paTTa 25, A. (7) (2) mAtA ane zizunI adhaMkAya khaMDita mUrti (paSTa 26, A. 89 ) A mUrtimAM mAtAnuM mukha, chAtIne bhAga, hAtha ane zizu sacavAyelAM che. mAtAnA zira upara kezaguMphananI AgaLanA bhAgamAM puSpamAlA vacamAM cakrAMkita cUDAmaNivALI che.38

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388] mauryakAlathI gustakAla [pra. | (3) bhIlaDI-veze pArvatInI UbhI pratimA nirvivAda rIte kSatrapakAlIna che. 39 saMbhava che ke e I. sa. nA cethA saikAnI heya. A zilpamAM pArvatIne aMga paranA vyAghracarmamAM vAghanuM mukha kuSANakAlIna mathurAnAM zilpomAM maLatA sinA mukha jevuM hoI Ane siMhacarma kahIe to paNa cAle. paNa mukhya vAta to e che ke kurANakAlamAM mathurAmAM jevAM siMhanAM mukha thatAM tevuM ja A mukha (paTTa 25, A. 28) hAI pArvatInuM A zilpa cothA saikA pachInuM to nathI ja. (4) zAmaLAjImAMthI maLelI cAmuMDAdevInI ubhI pratimA paNa kSetrapAlanI che 40 (5TTa 27, A. 90). cAmuMDAnI A pratimAmAM devInA hAthamAM kApeluM asuranuM je mastaka che te spaSTa rIte grIka athavA grIka-romana chAyAnuM che, eTale A pratimAne agAu gaNAvI che tema I. sa. nA cothA saikAmAM banelI gaNavI e ja iSTa che. A pratimA saptamAtRkAonAM zilpanA eka samUhamAMnI che. je samUhamAMnI vadhate oche aMze khaMDita anya mAtRkAondrI , vaiSNavI, vArAhI, svAhA athavA AgneyI-paNa kSetrapAlanI ja gaNavI joIe. dupaTTAnA aMtabhAga temaja avastranI vayamAM pATalInA sthAne chetarelI gomUtrikA-ghATanI AkRti (zi@zag pattern) ane vastranI kalAmaya valIo vagere khAsa noMdhapAtra che, kemake emAM grIka ane gAMdhAra kalAnI asaro spaSTa dekhAya che. keTalIka mAtRkAonI keDe batAvelA be-sarI ke traNa-sarI kaMdarA paNa prAcIna paripATInA sUcaka hoI A AkRtio temaja evI evI viziSTatA dharAvatI upara naM. 1 mAM nedhelI strI-AkRti (pa9 25, A. 87) nirvivAda rIte kSatrapa kAlanI suvikasita kalAnA, Azare I. sa. cothA saikAnA, avazeSa che. mathurAnA surApAnathI unmatta strI-puruSonA samUhavALA eka phalakamAMnI41 zrI AkRti sAthe upara naM. 1 mAM noMdhelI zAmaLAjInI strI AkRtinAM aMgonI racanA sarakhAvavAthI spaSTa thaze ke moTA javana bhArapUrvaka dehavaLAMka vaDe darzAvavAnI A zailI kSatrapa temaja kuSANa zilpomAM pracalita hatI. (5) kheDabrahmAmAMthI maLeluM lagabhaga cAra sADAcAra phUTa (1-2 thI 135 mITara) UMcuM moTuM ekamukha zivaliMga, je pahelAM himatanagara myujhiyamamAM surakSita hatuM ane je hAla vaDodarA myujhiyamanA kaMpAuMDamAM opana-era kalekazanamAM che te (paTTa 2, A. 91), paNa kSatra pakAlIna che. bhavya meTuM zivamukha mathurAnAM kurANakAlIna ziponI yAda Ape che. gaLAmAM hAra paNa prAcIna Dhabane che. pazcima bhAratanAM kSetrapAlIna zi9pamAM AMkho saMpUrNa khUlelI hoya che, AMkhanI kIkIo ghaNuM kharuM batAvavAmAM AvatI nathI.

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17 muM ] zilpakRtio [389 mathurAnAM kuSANakAlIna zilpomAM uparanI pAMpaNa kaMIka DhaLelI rahevAthI AMkho saMpUrNa khUlelI nathI hotI eTale ghaNuM vidyAne pazcima bhAratanAM kSetrapAlIna zipone oLakhavAmAM niSphaLa nIvaDe che. pazcima bhAratamAM kSatrapAlanAM zipamAM khullI AMkhone je rivAja hato tenI pratIti kaherI ane kArlAnAM zilpa, khAsa karIne kArlAnAM yugala ane kaherImAMnA sAtavAhana rAjavIo vagerenAM zi95, jevAthI thaze. kArlAnI guphAnA pravezadvAranI be bAjue kotarelAM UbhAM naranArInAM zilpone zAmaLAjInAM upara nedhelAM zilpa sAthe sarakhAvavAthI spaSTa thaze ke kSatrapakalamAM pazcima bhAratanI zilpalAe potAnuM viziSTa rUpa dhAraNa karyuM hatuM ane prAdezika thoDIka lAkSaNikatAo bAda karatAM, samajAze ke, kArlAnAM ane zAmaLAjInAM zilpa pazcima bhAratanI kSatrapakAlIna kalAnA UMcI koTInA namUnA che. eTale khullI, visphArita moTI AMkhovALA ekamukha zivaliMgane kSatrapAlanuM ja gaNavuM joIe.42 kheDabrahmA eka prAcIna sthAna che, jyAMthI kSatra pakAlIna ITa vagere avazeSa maLelA che. (6) IDaranA zAmaLAjI AsapAsanA pradezamAM AkAzaliMga arthAta AkAzAchAdita liMga (open-to-sky Lingas) sthApelAM hoya tevAM ITAnAM pIThavALAM zaiva maMdiranA avaze maLelA che.43 AvA avazeSamAM saMbhavataH mAtRkAo ke nAgaNo vagerenI pASANamUrtio mukAtI haze. AvI mUrtiono eka samUha vaDedarA myujhiyamavALA zrI vI. ela. devakara Azare aDhArathI vIsa varSa para laI AvelA, paNa e mUrtio kyA sthaLethI (zAmaLAjI ke enI AjubAjunAM kayAM gAmomAMthI) maLelI ene spaSTa ullekha Aja sudhI emaNe jAhera karyo nathI, chatAM e zilpa zAmaLajI AsapAsathI ANelAM che e nirvivAda che. e samUhamAM nAnA kadanI gaNonI athavA judA judA devonI ke yakSanI pAMca AkRti khAsa noMdhapAtra che (paTTa 28, A. 92-93 tathA paTTa 29, A. 94-96). emAMnA eka zilpanI nIce be akSara jUnI brAhmI lipimAM karelA che, te "vAyu" athavA "vAsu" zabda tarIke vaMcAyA che. 44 A nAma pratimAnuM ke enA ghaDanAranuM hoI zake. A akSara pAchaLathI paNa kadAca koIe kotaryA hoya. nAnI ghaMTikAono hAra upavIta mAphaka dhAraNa karanAra A deva ke gaNu koNa haze e samajAtuM nathI. bIjA yakSanI AkRti (paTTa 28, A. 93). kalA-zailIe pittalakhorAnA yakSanI ane sAMcInA anya ya-gaNanI AkRtionI paraMparAnI hoI e spaSTa rIte ThIka ThIka jUnI che45 ane I. pU. nI pahelI sadIthI mAMDI Isa. nI bIjI sadI sudhInI gaNI zakAya tevI che. samayAMkana

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390 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla bAbata ATalI aspaSTatA rAkhavAnuM kAraNa e che ke ApaNane khedakAmanA nizcita staramAMthI athavA spaSTa abhilekhavALI pratimAo haju sudhI maLI nathI. bAkInI AkRtiomAM paTTa 29, A. 94 tarIke rajU karelI AkRtinA DAbA hAthamAM zaMkha hoI ane jamaNe hAthamAMnuM Ayudha khaMDita khaga jevuM lAgatuM heIe keI deva ke yakSanI pratimA haze.46 hAtha khaMDita hovAne kAraNe cothI AkRti (paTTa 29, A 95)nAM Ayudha spaSTa nathI, paNa e paNa koI deva ke yakSanI pUjAtI pratimA lAge che ke pAMcamA yakSanA mastaka parano mukuTa, khabhA para laTakatA vALanI racanA, jamaNe hAthamAM dhAraNa karela khaTvAMga jevo khoparIvALo daMDa vagere ( paTTa 29, A. 96) jotAM e kaI zaiva gaNanI ke tAMtrika devanI ke kaI yakSanI AkRti hoI zake 48 A AkRtiomAM trIjI ane cothI (paTTa 28, A. 94-95) AkRtiomAM hAtha ane mastaka athavA hAtha ane zipano pIThane bhAga joDatI pApANanI katarelI paTTIo che. A Dhaba mathurAnAM kuSANakAlIna zilpomAM paNa najare paDe che. "vAyu" athavA "vAsu" akSaravALI pratimAnA gaLAno alaMkAra prAcIna zailIne che. cothI tathA pAMcamI (paTTa 29, A. 95 tathA 96) pratimAnA mastaka paranA mukuTanI racanA paradezI-zaka ke IrAnI-asaranI lAge che. (7) zAmaLAjI AsapAsathI zrI. devakare ANelAM zipamAM mastaka ane hAtha vinAnA, ghUMTaNa nIcethI tUTelA pagavALA ane samabhaMge UbhelA keI deva ke yakSanuM zilpa khAsa noMdhapAtra che. pArevA-paththara(schist)nAM banelAM zAmaLAjInAM A badhAM zipamAM phakta A ja zilpa para caLakATanI thoDI thoDI nizAnIo jaLavAI rahI che. A zilpanI DamAM ekAvalI-hAra sUcave che ke e gumakAla pachInuM to nathI ja, paNa dhAtiyAnI valIo ane doraDA-ghATane AmaLA vALelo kamarabaMdha e baMne anukrame gAMdhAra-kalA ane mathurAnA kuSANakAlIna kamarabaMdhonI yAda Ape che. A zilpane cothA saikAnA uttarArdhamAMnuM to gaNavuM ja joIe.49 (8) sagata De. devadatta rAmakRSNa bhAMDArakarane I. sa. 1914-15 mAM valabhImAMthI maLelAM zipamAM mastaka vinAnI zinidhUdana kRSNa ane mahiSamardinInI AkRtio khAsa dhapAtra che. jhINavaTathI abhyAsa karanArane khabara haze ke AmaLA ghATanA daDA jevA kamarabaMdhanI AmaLAnI bhAtamAM kurANakAla ane e pachInA samayamAM spaSTa pheraphAra thato jAya che. valabhInAM A be zipone kamarabaMdha kSatrapAlanA kamarabaMdhonI bhAtano che. kRSNanA DAbA hAthano paMjo kaMIka vadhu

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17 muM] zilpakRtio [ 39 paDate pahoLo lAge che. A viziSTatA gAMdhAra-kalAnI buddha-pratimAomAM paNa jovA maLe che. samaya rIte jotAM A baMne zipane kSatrapAlanA I sa. nA cothA saikAmAM banelAM gaNavA yogya che50 (paTTa 30, A. 97). (9) kaherI ane kArlAnAM kSatrapakAlIna zilpa ane zAmaLAjInAM kSatrapakAlIna ziponI zailI mULabhUta rIte eka ja che tenI sAbitI ApatuM ane nahapAna vagerenA zika kSatrapa sAmrAjyanI rAjakIya temaja sAMskRtika ekamanI saMbhAvanAne siddha karatuM, temaja kArlA ane zAmaLAjInI vaccenA pradezanI kalAnI khUTatI kaDI pUrI pADatuM eka nAnuM zipa DAMgamAM AvelA AhavAmAMthI maLeluM che. A zipa khaMDita che ane phakata mAthuM tathA dhaDane thaDe bhAga ane jamaNo hAtha tathA DAbA hAthanI Do bhAga bacelA che. mAthA upara jUnI DhabanA traNa pAMkhiyAvALA mukuTa jevuM kAMIka pahereluM ke bAMdheluM che. hAthamAM ghaNI baMgaDIo che. chAtIne uparano bhAga tUTI gayA che. jamaNo hAtha koNIthI vALI, UMco karI emAM kamaLa pakaDeluM che. A kamaLa ane hAtha tUTI na jAya mATe paththaranI ja eka paTTI, ene ane mastakane joDatI evI, kotarIne rahevA dIdhI che. A lakSaNa mathurAnI kuSANakAlIna mUrtiomAM jovA maLe che, khAsa karIne guptakAla ane e pachInAM zi9pomAM AvuM bhAgyeja jovA maLe che. mukha suMdara che, bharAvadAra che, nIceno oSTha kaMIka jaDe AgaLa paDato che. mAthAnI pAchaLa vALanI laTakatI veNI capaTI dekhAya che ane vALanI nizAnI nathI tethI to e barAbara dUbahU nahi karatAM veNInuM sUcana mAtra ja che athavA to vALane evI rIte capaTI ghATanA kaI vastra ke alaMkAramAM seravI devAmAM AvatA haze. paNa A lakSaNa paNa prAcIna pratimAomAM jovA maLe che. A pratimAne karyAnA I. sa. pahelAbIja saikAnAM zilpo sAthe sarakhAvatAM samajAze ke A pratimA paNa I. sa. nA bIjA saikA jeTalI jUnI koI devI ke yakSiNInI che. A ja zailImAM A pachI paNa I. sa. cothA saikAmAM banelAM zAmaLAjInAM keTalAMka zilpa--khAsa karIne bhIlaDIvepamAM pArvatI (paTa 25, A. 88051 tathA bALaka sAthe mAtAnuM eka mAthuM ane dhaDavALuM eka zilpa (paTTa 26, A. 89) para-sarakhAvavAthI samajAze ke kArlA, kaherI ane nAsikathI mAMDI nidAna uttara gujarAta sudhI eka ja kalAzailI kSatrapakalamAM pracalita hatI. AhavAnuM A zi95 gujarAtanI kSatrapakAlIna zilpakalAnA ItihAsamAM eka agatyano namUno che. agatyane namUno eTalA mATe ke e kArlA, kaherI ane zAmaLAjI vaccenA pradezamAMthI maLavAthI vacalA pradezanI kSatrapakAlIna kalAnI khUTatI kaDI pUrI pADe che ane DAMga tathA dakSiNa gujarAtamAM

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392 ] maurya kAlathI guptakAla [ x. khIjA agatyanA avazeSa maLavAnI vizvasanIya saMbhAvanA UbhI kare che. rAjapIpaLA pAse kaDiyA DuMgaranI guphAo pAse be siMhAnA sayAjanavALA staMbha (54 31, A. 98 ) maLI AvavAthI A saMbhAvanA vadhu joradAra bane che. (10) kSatrapakAlanuM eka mastaka gheADAM varSo upara saurASTramAM kAkAnI siMhamAMthI maLeluM tenI vigatavAra carcA zrI. jayedra nANAvaTI ane zrI. madhusUdana DhAMkIe karI e kSatrapakAlIna hovAnuM darzAvyuM chepa3 ( jue paTTa 32, A. 99 ). (11-12) sAjitrAmAMthI maLeluM khIjuM eka kSatrapakAlIna mastaka vallabhavidyAnagaranA saMgrahAlayamAM che.54 suratanA myujhiyamamAM saMgrahAyeluM trIjuM eka mastaka paNa kSatrapakAlIna manAya chepapa ( paTTa 33, A. 100). e kadAca kSatrapakAlanA aMta-bhAganuM hoI zake. (13) hamaNAM kacchamAM dolatapura pAsenA eka khetaramAMthI eka nAnu mastaka lagabhaga pAMca-sADApAMca se TimITaranI UMcAInuM kacchanA ja koI sthAnika kharatA paththara(sandstone )nuM banelu maLelu.pa6 A mastaka para UMcI TopI--ghATanA mukuTa che, je IrAnI TopInA ghATa para bhAratIya zailInI bharatakAmanI bhAtavALA che. enA AgaLanA bhAgamAM geALAkAra caitya-AkRti ane enI madhyamAMthI laTakatA AbhUSaNanI paripATI mathurAnAM kuSANukAlIna zilpeAmAM pracura pramANamAM maLe che, AthI mastaka nirvivAda rIte kSatrapakAlIna--I.sa. nA trIjA-cothA saikAnu sAbita thAya che. mastakanI pITha para laTakatI veNI-ghATanI racanA che e paripATI paNa AhavAnI pratimAnI pITha upara jovA maLe che, eTalu ja nahi, paNa AgaLa jaNAvyuM tema tera( prAcInanagara )nI hAthIdAMtanI yakSI-pratimA vageremAM temaja gAMdhAranAM samakAlIna zilpeAmAM maLe che. A mastakane kSatrapakAlIna gaNavAmAM vivAdane sthAna ja nathI ane tethI A mastakamAM paNa mukhAkRti temaja visphArita AMkhAnI pAMpaNAnI racanAnA AdhAre zAmaLAjInI kSatrapakAlIna gaNAvelI pratimAenI AMkhe bAbatanAM A lekhakanAM anumAnane puSTi maLe che. A mastakanA mukuTanI racanAne maLatI AvatI mukuTa-racanAvALu eka mastaka zAmaLAjImAMthI maLeluM te vaDAdarA myujhiyamamAM che te paNa I. sa. nA cothA saikAnuM gaNI zakAya. A mukuTa-racanA tathA mukhAkRtinI racanAnI sAthe sarakhAvavA lAyaka ane I. sa. nI cothI sadImAM sahelAIthI mUkI zakAya tevuM eka agatyanuM viSNunuM zilpa bhinnamAlamAMthI maLelu hAla vaDeAdarA myujhiyamamAM che.pa7 A zilpa ane kaccha-dolatapuranuM mukha gujarAta-rAjasthAnanI ekasarakhI kalApara'parA sUcave che.

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17 muM] zilpakRtio [393 (14) delatapuranuM mastaka ane bhinnamAlanI viSNunI pratimAnI sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya tevI paNa jarA vadhu UMcA pI-ghATanA mukuTavALI viSNunI eka nAnI khaMDita pratimA surata jillAnA tenA gAmamAMthI maLI che te paNa kSatrapakAlanA aMtabhAgamAM, Isa. nI cothI sadImAM, banI hoya ema lAge che.pa8 A pratimAnI kaTi upara mUkelA DAbA hAthamA zaMkha che ane mathurAnI viSNu- pratimAo temaja bhinnamAlanI viSNu-pratimA sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya tevI Dhabe hAtha goThavela che. gaLAmAMnI hAMsaDI gAMdhAra zipamAM maLatI hAMsaDInI yAda Ape che. mAthA parano mukuTa mathurAnI eka samaye IMdra tarIke oLakhAyelI ane have | viSNupratimAnI UMcI TopI jevo che. mukuTanI be bAjuthI nIkaLatI javALAo ke kiraNonI racanA viSNu e AdityanuM svarUpa che enI sUcaka che. Ama rAjasthAnathI mAMDIne dakSiNa gujarAta sudhI kSatra pakAlIna zinI eka paraMparA upalabdha thaI che. (15) A paraMparAnI eka nAnI strI-AkRti jenA mAthA upara nAganI pheNa che ane bAjumAM eka nAnI zizu AkRti che ane je vaDanagaranA khodakAmamAMthI maLelI te paNa kSatrapa ane guptakAlanA saMdhikALanI ke kSatrapAlanA aMtakALanI lAge che.pa9 khodakAmamAM je tharamAMthI A nAnuM zipa maLyuM che te thara A ja samayane hAI uparanuM anumAna lagya Thare che. (16) zAmaLAjI pAse me nadInA baMdhanA pAyA khodatAM nAgadharA nAmanA sthaLethI nadImAM ghaNI UMDAIethI eka dhAtuzilpa maLeluM, je koI moTA dhAtuzipanI nIcenA bhAganuM bhAravAhaka( Atlas nuM zilpa lAge che(paTTa 34, A. 102). A zilpa ghaNI rIte agatyanuM che. gAMdhAranAM ziponI yAda ApatuM A dhAtuzilpa niSNAtonA mAnavA pramANe gAMdhAramAM nahi, paNa saMbhavataH A ja pradezamAM baneluM ane kSatrapakAlanuM che. A zilpa maLavAthI koI paNa viThAna sahaja ja rIte AzA rAkhe ke devanI morI ane zAmaLAjImAM vadhu khodakAma thayAM hota to bIjAM dhAtuzilpa paNa maLI Avata. gujarAtanI pASANazilpakaLA ja nahi, paNa dhAtuzilpakaLA paNa ghaNI vikAsa pAmelI hatI e A zilpa jotAM spaSTa thAya che. (17) kSatrakAlamAM mATIkAmanI nAnI moTI mUrtio paNa banatI. devanI morInA stUpamAMthI maLelAM buddhanI pratimAonAM mATInAM phalaka temaja stUpanA judA judA bhAgonA alaMkaraNarUpe katarI ane pachI pakavelI ITo paranI phUla

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394 ] soya kAlathI guptakAla [x. velAnI bhAtA, bhaumitika AkRtionI bhAtA vagere e vAtane puSTi Ape che ke gujarAtanA zilpIe-kalAkAre pASANu, dhAtu temaja mATIkAmamAM paNa peAtAnI suvikasita kalAne AviSkAra karI zakA hatA. AmAMnI keTalIka bhAte (motifs) rAjasthAnamAM jUnA bikAnera rAjyanAM raMgamahAla, baDe|pala vagere sthaLeethI maLelI IMTA upara temaja siMdhamAM mirapurakhAsanA bauddha stUpanA avazeSomAM maLe che. Ane guptayuganI sAranAtha, bhramarA Adi sthaLAethI maLelI bhAtA sAthe sarakhAvatAM jaNAze ke guptakAlanAM keTalAMka alaMkaraNa, keTalIka bhAtA vagere kSatrapakAlanA rAjasthAna, gujarAta ane siMdhanA avazeSAmAM maLI AvatI bhAtA vagerenAM anugAmI che. gupta-sAmrAjya jema jema vadhatuM gayuM tema tema enI sAMskRtikra asara jema jitAyelA pradezeAmAM thaI tema ja svAbhAvika rIte ja, mAnavanI prakRti anusAra ja, A pradezanI sAMskRtika asara gupta sAmrAjyanA keMdrIya pradezAmAM pazu apanAvAI. sAMskRtika vinimaya ha MmezAM ubhayapakSI hoya che, ekapakSI nathI hotA. kSatrapakAlanI mATIkAmanI kalAnA anya namUnAaimAM jUnAgaDha ane amarelInA khAdakAmamAMthI maLelA avazeSa paNa noMdhapAtra che. 1 guptakAlIna zilpasamRdi gujarAtamAM guptakAlanI eTale ke gupta rAjavInI rAjakIya ane enI anugAmI sAMskRtika asara lagabhaga I. sa. 395 ane 405 AsapAsa prAya: cadragupta khIjAe gujarAta para rAjasattA prasArI te bAda zarU thAya che ane gujarAtamAM moTA pramANamAM kumAraguptanA sikkA maLe che temaja caMdragupta bIjAnA raDyAkhaDyA sikkA paNa maLyA che e uparanI vAtane puSTi Ape che. gupta pachInA gupta rAjAeAnA sikkA gujarAtamAM maLyA nathI ane beMke zarUAtanA maitraka rAjavIe peAtAne 'senApati' kahevaDAvatA ane joke dharasena 1 lAe peAtAnA parama svAmInA ullekha paNa karyA che ane joke maitrakAe gupta rAjAonI rahIsahI dhUMsarI lagabhaga I. sa. para5 pachI pheMkI dIdhI teApaNa eTalu tA spaSTa che ke guptAnI rAjakIya asara gujarAtamAM pramANamAM alpajIvI rahI; lagabhaga ekase| vaSa~thI vadhAre vakhata na rahI. vAstavika rIte te A asara I. sa. 470 AsapAsa bhaTArkanA samayathI ja kSINa thavA lAgI hatI. ApaNe upara joI gayA tema gujarAtane peAtAnA zilpakalAne utkRSTa vArasA hateA ane tethI ja uttarapradeza AsapAsanAM guptakAlIna zilpenI zailInAM

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17 muM] zilpakRtio 3i95 ja zilpa gujarAtamAM durlabha che. je kAMI gupta asara dekhAya che te pAMcamA chaThThA saikAnI samagra uttara bhAratanI kalAnI sarvasAmAnya sAMdaryabhAvanA temaja vArasAnuM pratibiMba che. guptakAlamAM eTale ke I. sa. nA pAMcamA saikAmAM mUkI zakAya tevI gujarAta ane rAjasthAna(khAsa karIne dakSiNa ane pazcima rAjasthAna)nAM zipamAM upalabdha thatI zilpakalA guptakAlIna hovA chatAM sAranAthanI guptazailIthI bhinna che. samagra gupta-sAmrAjyanA judA judA moTA vibhAgomAM prAdezika vArasAgata paraMparA ane asara hevI ane tethI prAdezika viziSTa lakSaNovALI bhinna bhinna chatAM guptakAlIna zailIo hovI e ja ravAbhAvika che. sAranAthanAM zipamAM puruSa-zarIranAM aMga kaMIka vadhu paDatAM sukomaLa che, jyAre devagaDha, maMdAra ane samagra pazcima bhAratanI guptakAlIna strI-puruSanI AkRtio vadhare sudaDha bAMdhAnI ane sAMcI-bharatanI paraMparAmAM utarI AvelI che. A daSTibiMdu dhyAnamAM rAkhavAthI gujarAta temaja rAjasthAnanAM guptakAlIna (ane anuguptakAlIna) zipa oLakhavAnuM temaja ahIMnI zilpakalAne kramika vikAsa samajavAnuM saraLa thaI paDaze. ApaNe joyuM tema bharahuta ane sAMcInI kalA paraMparA anusAra taddana khUlelI pAMpaNavALAM netra kSatrapAlamAM pazcima bhAratanAM zimAM thatAM kSatrapakAlIna zilpa, mathurAnAM kuSANakAlIna zipanI mAphaka ke bharaDutanAM zilponI mAphaka, bhautika jIvana tarapha abhimukha dekhAya che, jyAre ardhamAlita netravALAM guptakAlIna zipamAM aMtamukha jIvana ane AdhyAtmika AnaMdanI jhAMkhI thAya che. sazakta, sudaDha ane kaMIka aMze skUla bAMdhAnAM kSetrapAlInakuSANakAlIna zilpo bharaDutanAM I. pUrve bIjI sadInA stUpamAMnA lokajIvananuM pratibiMba pADatAM zilponI yAda Ape che. guptakAlIna zilpomAM pagano ghUMTaNa ane pIMDInI nIceno bhAga dhIre dhIre pAtaLo thato jAya che. kSatrapakAlIna zimAM ghUMTInI uparano A bhAga pramANamAM vadhu dhULa bane che. sUkSmadaSTithI jonArane zAmaLAjInAM kSatrapa ane anukSatra kAlanAM zi95mAM A badhA bheda maLI Avaze. dAkhalA tarIke, vIrabhadra ziva nAmathI oLakhAtI zivanI je pratimAmAM atyaMta bArIka vastramAMthI zivanuM UrdhvaliMga dekhAya che te pAMcamA saikAnI, paNa pazcima bhAratamAM kSatrapakAlIna cothA saikAnAM zilponI paraMparAmAMthI UtarI AvelI ane pUrva bhAratanAM guptakAlIna zipothI judI paDatI, pratimA che. A pratimAnA pagane cothA saikAnA uttarArdhanI zAmaLAjImAMthI maLelI

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396] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pra. dibhuja UbhA gaNezanI pratimAnA paga sAthe sarakhAvavAthI uparanuM vidhAna samajAze. bhIlaDI-veze pArvatInA pagano e ja bhAga gaNezanI pratimAnI Dhabano che, jyAre TIMToImAMthI maLelI vINAdhara ziva ane kaMda-mAtAvALI pratimA je lagabhaga I. sa. nA sAtamA saikA AsapAsanI che tenAthI judo tarI Ave che. raMgamahala, baDopala vageremAMthI maLelAM ane hAla bikAnera myujhiyamamAM surakSita mATIkAmanAM zilpaphalaka vize uparanAM vidhAnanI daSTie vicAratAM jaNAze ke A phalake moTe bhAge kSatrapakAlIna che. guptakAlIna gujarAtanAM zilpomAM spaSTa rIte guptakAlIna gaNAvI zakAya tevAM mukhya mukhya zi95 nIce pramANe che: (1) zAmaLAjImAMthI maLelI vIrabhadra-ziva (paTTa 35, A. 103) tarIke jANItI pratimA tathA naMdinuM zilpa (I. sa. 5 mI sadI). 4 (2-4) vaDodarA myujhiyamamAM sacavAyelI be mAtRkAo, je devanI morI pAsenA gAmamAMthI maLelI bIjI mAtRkAonA samUhamAMnI 5 che. A mAtRkAo spaSTa gupta-asaranI I. sa. pAMcamA saikA AsapAsanI che. (5-6) uttara gujarAtanAM aMbAjI pAsenI vAvanA be gaNa-4A gaNonA kezanI racanA madhyabhAratanAM guptakAlIna zilpa sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya che. (7) gopanA maMdiranI UbhaNInI pharate dIvAla paranI keTalIka AkRtio A AkRtio kSatrapAlanA aMtabhAganI hoI zake, paNa pUratA purAvAnA abhAve tathA gopanA maMdirane samaya nizcita na hevAthI ane A lekhakanA mAnavA pramANe gopanuM maMdira ochAmAM ochuM pAMcamA saikAnuM hovAthI A zilpone ApaNe atyAre kAmacalAu rIte gujarAtamAM guptakAlanA aMta-samayanAM gaNIe. (8) zAmaLAjI AjubAjuthI maLeluM mastaka vinAnuM mATInuM pakaveluM ( terracotta nuM) nAnuM zilpa, 8 je ubhaDaka beThelI yakSI ke mAtRdevI mUrti lAge che te, I. sa. nA pAMcamA saikAne agatyane namUno che. (9) lagabhaga aDhI phUTa (75 se. mI.) UMcI kAyotsarga mudrAmAM UbhelA tIrthakara zrI AdinAthanI khaMDita pratimA I. sa. nI pAMcamI sadInA uttarArdhanI lAge che (paTa 33, A. 101). ene abhilekha hoya te e ane pAdapITha maLyAM nathI. A pratimAnAM ardhamAlita cAMdIvALAM netra ane enI dehayaSTi

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17 muM] zilpakRtio [ 397 uttama prakAranI guptakalAnI yAda Ape che. laMbagoLa mukha bAghanI guphAnAM zilponI paripATInI yAda devaDAve che, paNa kaTi nIcenuM dhotiyuM ane vaccenI pATalInI kalAmaya bhAta zAmaLAjInAM anya ziponI yAda Ape che. 49 I. sa. 460 ane 500 nI vaccenA samayanuM A zilpa zvetAMbara jaina paraMparAnuM che ane Aja sudhI maLelI tIrthaMkara-pratimAomAM sarvatra tIrthakaranI A jUnAmAM janI upalabdha tIrthaMkara pratimA hAI katAbaMra-digaMbara mUtibhedanA samaya upara e agatyano prakAza pADe che.* anyatra jyAre guptakAla cAlu hatA tyAre I. sa. 500 pachI gujarAtamAM enI asara lupta thavA lAgI ane I. sa. 550 pachI to guptakalAnI nahi, paNa prAcIna pazcima bhAratIya zailInI kRtio thavA lAgI. kSatrapa, gupta ke anugupta chaThThA saikAnAM zilpomAM ApaNane abhilekha athavA saMvata bhAgyeja maLyA che. evA saMjogomAM gujarAtanAM zipamAM gupta ane maitrakakAlIna zilpo vacce spaSTa vibhAga pADatI rekhA doravI agharI che. haju vadhu saMzodhanane avakAza che, eTale je zilpa saMbhavataH I. sa. 500 pachInAM lAge che te maitraka-kAlIna zipa tarIke pachInA graMthamAM nirUpAze. pAdaTIpa 1. AnI vigatavAra carcA graMtha 1 mAM ApavAmAM AvI che. 2. Dayaram Sahani, The Excavations at Bairat, pp. 18, 25 ff. 3. R. N. Mehta, Excavations at Timbarva, p. 19, fig. 12 8. K. N. Puri, Excavations at Redh, Plates XII-XV and XVI. XVII. 4. Dayaram Sahani, Excavations at Sambhar, Plates S. U. P. Shah, " Sunga Railing Pillars from Lalsot", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. LXXXII, No. 1, pp. 70-71 and plate 6. D. R. Bhandarkar, Archaeological Remains at Nagari 8. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, 'rAjasthAnameM bhAgavatadharmakA prAcIna kendra'. " nAgarI pracAranI pratri ', varSa 26, maM 2-2, pR. 116-122

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38] mauryakAlathI guptakAla 4. S. R. Rao, Excavations at Amreli, pp. 97, 93-94; plates XXIIA and XVIII, XIX 20. D. D. Kosambi, The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India, p. 140 29. U. P. Shah and R. N. Mehta, "A Few Early Sculptures from Gujarat", Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 160 12. umAkAMta che. zAha, gujarAtamAM bauddhadharma', "svAdhyAya', pu. 1, pR. 27322 23. M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, p. 37; H. D. Sankalia, Archaeology of Gujarat, p. 49 14. De. umAkAMta zAha, uryuMkata saMdarbhe gujarAtamAM bauddhadharmamAM A badhAnA AgalA saMdarbho sAthe carcA karI che. 94. R. N. Mehta and S. N. Chowdhari, Excavation at Devni Mori 16. zrI. amRta vasaMta paMDayAe guphAono prathama ullekha vallabhavidyAnagara patrikA, aMka 2 mAM pleTa-5 bI mAM karyo hato. A pachI "kumAra", varSa 44, aMka 12-kalAravi aMkamAM pR. 72-73 mAM zrI. jayeMdra nANAvaTIe kaDiyA DuMgaranI guphAo upara vadhu tapAsa karI vadhu vigatavAra lekha lakhe che. 20. H. D. Sankalia, Archaeology of Gujarat, Plate XIII, Fig. 22 and Burgess, Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kutch, Plate XXI; For the ground-plan of both stories, vide Burgess, Ibid., plate XXII. re. Burgess, Ibid., Plate XXIII, Fig. 7 re. Burgess, Ibid., Plate XXIII, Fig. 6, "B" Pillars of Burgess 20. Burgess, Ibid., Plate XXIII, Fig. 5, "C" Pillars of Burgess 29. Burgess, Ibid., Plates XXI, XXIV 22. H. D. Sankalia, Archaeology of Gujarat, pp. 49-51; Burgess, Ibid, pp. 141-143; hariprasAda zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", pR. 647-48 23. Indian Archaeology 1958-59 : A Ratio, pp. 70-71. rudrasena karyo? pahelo, bIje ke trIje ? 28. M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, pp. 91-92 25. Ibid., p. 90, Plate XV B 28. Indian Archaeology 1958-59: A Review, p. 70 and Plate

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17 muM] zilpakRtie [ 399 20. H. D. Sankalia, Archaeology of Gujarat, pp. 51-52 28. Ibid., p. 52 26. Ibid., pp. 52-53; Burgess, Archaeological Survey, Western India, Vol. II, p. 152; H. D. Sankalia, " Dhank Caves " Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 426-30 30. A sthaLa nAgArjunI kaDA mAphaka eka vizALa sarovara ane baMdhanI yojanAmAM DUbI javAnuM hovAthI ahI haja vadhu khedakAma Avazyaka hatuM e to maLelA avaze parathI enA abhyAsI vidvAne samajI zake che. kamanasIbe A ukhanana ghaNuM moDuM zarU karavAmAM AvyuM ane dIrdha dRSTinA abhAve vadhu khodI zakAyuM nahi, chatAM je thayuM te mATe mahArAjA sayAjIrAva vizvavidyAlayane dhanyavAda ghaTe che. 31. 2. nA. mahetA, "gujarAtamAM bauddha mahAvihAra, "kumAra", aMka 471, pR. 63-6C; S. N. Chowdhary, Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. IX, pp. 451-459; R. N. Mehta and S. N. Chowdhary, Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. XII, pp. 173-176 32. 2. nA. mahetA, "gujarAtamAM bauddha mahAvihAra", "kumAra", aMka 471, pR. 5 33. A badhAnI carcA tathA citro mATe juo : U. P. Shah, "Terracottas from the Bikaner State", Lalit Kala, No. 8, pp. 55-62 and Plates. 34. lekhanA vAcana tathA artha mATe juo : R. N. Mehta and S. N. Chowdhary, Excavation at Devni Mori 34. U. P. Shah. Sculptures from Samalaji and Roda, pp. 117-134; Fig. 10, 12-14, 23-25, 35-38, 42 36. A badakAma mArI vinaMtIthI De. 2. nA. mahetAe mArI hAjarImAM kareluM. 37. U. P. Shah, p. cit., Fig. 42, p. 125 38. Ibid , Fig. 23, p. 121 39. Ibid, Fig. 25, p. 121 40. Ibid., Fig. 38, p. 124 41. mathurAnA phalaka mATe juo V. S. Agraval, The Heritage of Indian Art, fig. 28 42. Ibid., Fig. 54, p. 127 43. AkAzaliMganI prathA prAcIna che, ahicchatranA avazeSomAM paNa maLI che ane ene paurANika AdhAra che ema Do. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAle jaNAvyuM che.

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[pra. 400 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla 88. U. P. Shah, Sculptures from Samalaji and Roda, Fig. 55, pp. 127-128 45. Ibid., Fig. 58 46. Ibid, Fig. 56 47. Ibid., Fig. 57 48. Ibid., Fig. 59 49. Ibid, Fig. 51 and 1/, p. 126 50. Ibid., Fig. 12, pp. 24-25 and 118 51. Ibid., Fig. 25 para. Ibid., Fig. 23 43. J. M. Nanavati and M. A. Dhaki, Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. X, pp. 223, 225 and Plate 4. M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, Vol. I, Plate XVIII, p. 313 44. Ibid., Plate XX, p. 315 56. umAkAMta ke. zAha, gujarAtanA kSetrapAlIna eka zilpanuM mastaka", "svAdhyAya," pu. 5, aMka 2, pR. 196-198 (pAchalA pUThA paranuM citra) 57. U. P. Shah, op. cit., Fig. 10, p. 118 4. M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, Plate XLIV, p. 209 DaoN. maMjulAla majamUdAre Ane temaja bhinnamAlanA viSNune maitraka-gurjara kAlanA avazeSomAM varNavyA che, paNa bhinnamAlana viSNunuM emaNe ApeluM varNana batAve che ke e pratimA maitraka gurjara-kAlanI hoI zake nahi. 46. Journal of the M. S. University of Baroda, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. 19 f, Fig. 18 $o. Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. XI, No. 4, pp. 309 ff, Fig. 1-3 $9. S. R. Rao, Excavations at Amreli, (Bulletin of the Baroda Museum, Vol. XVIII) 82. U. P. Shah, Sculptures from Samalaji and Roda; also vide Sculptures of Parvati and Ganesa from Tintoi (Ibid., Fig. 53, p. 126).

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208 ] zilpakRtio (roq 43. U. P. Shah, "Terracottas from Old Bikaner State", Lalit Kala, No. 8, pp. 55-62 98. U. P. Shah, Sculptures from samalaji and Roda, Fig. 1-2, p. 117 54. R. N. Mehta, "Five Sculptures from Devni Mori", Journal of Indian Society of Oriental Art, Special Number on Western Indian Art, (1965-66), p. 27, and Plate XX; U. P. Shah, op. cit., Fig. 27-28 {$. Vide R. T. Parikh's paper on " Two Gana Sculptures from Gujarat", Journal of Indian Society of Oriental Art, New Series, Vol. II, pp. 52 f. 90. M. R. Majmudar, op. cit., Plate XXIV, p. 126 68. zrI. devakare ANelAM A zilya cokkasa kyA kayA sthaLethI maLyAM enI mAhitI emanA taraphathI maLI nathI. sk. U. P. Shah, Akota Bronzes, p. 26, Fig. 8A, 8B 9o. at 421 mi? 21: U. P. Shah, "The Age of Differentiation of Svetambara and Digambara Images." Bulletin of the Prince of Wales Museum, No. 1, pp. 30-40

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pariziSTo

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pariziSTa-1 siMhapurane siMhalavaMza gujarAta ane silona vacce vANijyika tathA sAMskRtika saMbaMdha hovAnA ullekha bhAratanA prAcIna sAhityamAM te maLe che ja, paraMtu silonanI sthAnika anuzrutio silenamAM pahelI bhAratIya vasAhata sthapAyAno je vRttAMta Ape che temAM e ghaTanA bhagavAna buddhanA parinirvANanA dine banI hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che ne emAM silonamAM bhAratIya saMsthAna vasAvanAra rAjaputra vijaya stra pradezano hevAnuM jaNAvyuM che, jene keTalAka lATa (gujarAta) tarIke ghaTADe che. silenanA prAcIna pAli sAhityamAM Anuzrutika vRttAMta nirUpatAM je pustaka che temAM dIpavaMsa (dvIpavaMza) tathA mahAvaMsa (mahAvaMza) suprasiddha che. e baMne pustakomAM e dvIpanA prAcIna rAjavaMze tathA teo dvArA tyAM bauddha dharmanA thayelA prasAra vizenA Anuzrutika vRttAMta AlekhavAmAM AvyA che. e baMne pustakonI sAdhanasAmagrI, silenamAM pAli tripiTaka para zarUAtamAM jUnI siMhalI bhASAmAM gadyamAM je aThakathA(arthakathAo lakhAyelI te parathI levAI lAge che. paraMtu e mULa akathAo ghaNA samayathI lupta thaI gaI che. emAM pahelAM mahindra(mahendra)nA Agamana sudhIne vRttAMta Apyo haze ne pachI tyAMnA rAjA mahAsena(I. sa. 274-302)nA samaya sudhIno vRttAMta umeryo haze. e parathI cothI sadInI Akhare pAli padyamAM dIpavaMsa lakhAyo. pAMcamI sadImAM buddhaghaSe siMhalI aThakathAo parathI pAli aThakathAo lakhI tyAre vinayapiTaka paranI samatapAsAdikA nAme aThakathAnI prastAvanAmAM e vRttAMta nirUpyo ne emAM keTalIka mAhitI umerI.4 pAMcamI sadInI Akhare mahAnA nAme sthavire pAli padyamAM mahAvaMsa ra, temAM silenanI e prAcIna anukRtionuM suMdara ane vistRta nirUpaNa kareluM che."

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01] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. A anuzrutiomAM siMhapuranA rAjaputra vijayane lagatI anuzruti ahIM seMdhapAtra che. dIpavaMsamAM Apela A vRttAMta TUMkamAM A pramANe che: vaMgarAjane susImA nAme kuMvarI hatI. ene siMhathI sihabAhu nAme putra ane sIvelI nAme putrI janmI. siMhabAhu soLa varSane thatAM siMhanI guphAmAMthI palAyana thayo. eNe tyAM dezamAM siMhapura nAme nagara vasAvyuM ne e tyAM rAjya karavA lAgyo. rAjA siMhabAhune 32 putra thayA. emAM vijaya sahuthI moTA hatA. enA durvartAvathI kupita thaI rAjAe ene enAM anucare, patnIo, bALako, sagAMo, dAsIo, dAsa ne bhUtako sAthe rAjyamAMthI dezavaTo dIdho. e leka moTAM vahANamAM dariyAmAM ravAnA thayA tyAre bALakanuM vahANa nAgadvIpa tarapha ane strIonuM vahANa mahilArASTra tarapha taNAI gayuM, jyAre puruSonuM vahANa dariyAmAM AgaLa ne AgaLa cAlyuM ne teoe rasto khoyo temaja mAla kho. teo zUrpArakamAM UtaryA, paNa tyAM emaNe kanaDagata karatAM teone potAnI salAmatI mATe tyAMthI bhAgavuM paDayuM. tyAMthI saphara karI teo bharukaccha gayA ne tyAM traNa mAsa rokAyA. tyAM paNa teo kanaDagata karavA lAgyA ne tethI emane tyAMthI paNa palAyana thaI pharI pAchA vahANano Azraya levo paDyo. dariyAmAM emanuM vahANa pavananA sapATAthI haMkArAI gayuM. teo pAcho mAla khoyo. chevaTe teo laMkAdvIpa pahoMcyA. tyAM emaNe tAmraparNI sAme praveza karyo. je divase bhagavAna buddha parinirvANa pAmyA te ja divase vijaya ane enA sAthIdAra laMkAdhIpamAM UtaryA. mahAvasamAM A vRttAMta bahu vistArathI Ape che. ene jarUrI sAra A pramANe che: agAu jaMgadezamAM vaMgarAja thaye. kaliMgarAjanI putrI e rAjAnI rANI hatI. e rAjAne e rANIthI eka putrI thaI e ghaNI rUpALI ane kAmuka hatI. svara-vihAranI IcchAthI e magadha jatA sAthe (vaNajAra) sAthe ekalI nIkaLI paDI. A dezamAM jaMgalamAM siMha sAthe para humalo karyo. bAkInA bIje bhAgI gayA, jyAre kuMvarI siMha tarapha cAlI. siMha enA para mohita thaI enI pAse AvyA. e paNa gabharAyA

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1 luM] siMhapurane siMhalavaza [407 vinA enAM aMga paMpALavA lAgI. siMha ane pitAnI pITha para besADI guphAmAM laI gayo ne eNe eno sahavAsa karyo. e sahavAsathI kaMvarIne joDakuM jammu-eka putra ane eka putrI. putranA hAthapaga siMhanA jevA heI, enuM nAma "siMhabAhu" paDyuM; ne putrInuM "siMhasIvalI". soLa varSane thatAM, putre mAtA pAsethI A vAta jANI. eka divasa siha zikAra karavA gayA hatA tyAre siMhabAhu mAtAne jamaNuM khabhA para ane bahenane DAbA khabhA para besADI tyAMthI palAyana thayo. teo sImA paranA eka gAmamAM pahoMcyAM. tyAM tyAre vaMgarAjanA senApatino mukAma hato. eNe emane vastra ApyAM ne bhojana karAvyuM. emane paricaya pUchatAM, kuMvarI senApatinI phoInI dIkarI nIkaLI. ene laIe vaMganagara gaye ne eNe ene potAnI patnI tarIke) sAthe rAkhI. jayAre siMha guphAmAM pAcho pharyo tyAre e traNe jaNane tyAM na jotAM e ghaNo du:khI thaye ne sImA paranAM gAmamAM emane zodhavA lAgyo. e gAma khAlI thatAM gayAM. sImA paranA lokoe rAjAne siMhanI raMjADa vize phariyAda karI. rAjAe nagaramAM DhaMDhere piTAvI siMhane pakaDI lAvavA mATe moTuM nAma jAhera karyuM. siMhabAhue mAtAnI nA chatAM A bIDuM jhaDapyuM ne siMhane bANathI mArI, enuM bhAthuM laI e nagaramAM AvyuM. daramyAna vaMgarAja mRtyu pAmyo hato. rAjA aputra hato. maMtrIoe siMhabAhunA parAkrama tathA rAjA sAthenA saMbaMdhanI vAta jANI ane rAjA thavA vinaMtI karI, paNa eNe e rAjaya potAnI mAtAnA patine ApI dIdhuM ne pote siMhasAvalIne laI potAnA janmasthAne jaI tyAM siMhapura nAme nagara vasAvyuM. DhADha dezamAM e nagaramAM rAjA siMhabAhu siMhasAvalIne rANI banAvI rAjya karavA lAge.10 samaya jatAM e rANIne soLa vAra joDakA putra janmyA. emAM vijaya jaNa hato. samaya jatAM rAjAe eno uparAja (yuvarAja) tarIke abhiSeka karyo. vijaya ane enA sAthIo durAcArI hatA; teoe aneka asahya duSkarma karyA. mahAjana rAjA pAse e aMge phariyAda karatuM ne rAjA kuMvarane samajAvato, paNa e sudharato nahi. chevaTe mahAjane gusse thaI rAjAne kahyuM: "tamArA putrane mArI nAkho." rAjAe vijaya ane enA sAta

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408] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. sAthIone adhuM mAthuM muMDAvI, naukAmAM nAkhI sAgaramAM ravAnA karyA. emanI patnIone tathA emanAM bALakone paNa ravAnA karyA. puruSo, strIo ane bALako alaga alaga ravAnA thaI alaga alaga dvIpamAM UtaryA ne rahyAM. chokarAM je dvIpamAM UtaryA te "nagnadIpa" kahevAya; strIo tyAM UtarI te "mahilAThIpa" kahevAyo. vijaya paraka pattanamAM Utaryo. 12 sAthIonAM duSkarmone laIne tyAMthI e gabharAI pharI naukAmAM caDyo ne je divase tathAgata (buddha) nirvANa mATe be zAlavRkSo vacce sUtA te divase laMkAmAM tAmrapaNa pradezamAM Utaryo. A pachIno pariccheda 13 laMkAdIpamAM vijaye kevI rIte pitAnuM rAjya sthApyuM ne tyAM eno rAjyAbhiSeka kevI rIte thayo e nirUpe che. ahIM emAMnA nIcenA muddA noMdhapAtra che : | vijaye laMkAdIpamAM tyAMthI thoDe dUra jaI, kuvarNA nAme yakSiNIne vaza karI ene potAnI sAthe rAkhI. thoDA divasa pachI e tyAMthI tAmrapaNuM Avyo ne tyAM eNe tAmrapaNuM nAme nagara vasAvyuM. enA amAtyAe anurAgrAma vagere gAma vasAvyAM; purohite upatiSyagrAma vasAvyuM. rAjA siMhabAhu siMha (mArI) lAvelo, tethI e "siMhala' kahevAyo; e saMbaMdhane laIne e badhA (vijaya ane enA sAthIo) paNa siMhala' kahevAyA. 4 amAtyAnI vinaMtIthI vijaye pitAne rAjyAbhiSeka karavA vicAra karyo, paNa mahiNI tarIke kSatriya-kanyA joIe, AthI amAtyAe dakSiNa madhurA (arthAta madurA) dUta mokalyA. tyAMnA pAMDu (pAMca) sajAe vijayane mATe potAnI kuMvarI mokalI temaja enA amAtyo vagere mATe paNa bIjI kanyAo mokalI. | vijayane yakSiNIthI eka putra ane eka putrI hatAM. have vijaye emane kADhI mUkyAM. enAM saMtAna sumanakUTa parvata para jaI rahyAM. e meTAM thatAM emanAmAMthI puliMda utpanna thayA. have vijaye rAjayakanyAne svIkAra karI potAno rAjyAbhiSeka karAvyo ne agAunuM duSTa AcaraNa tajI, tAmraparNa nagaramAM rahI laMkA para 38 varSa rAjya karyuM. e pachIne vRttAMta 15 TUMkamAM A pramANe che:

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siMhapurane siMhalavaza [409 vijaya vRddha thaye, paNa ene putra nahato, AthI eNe pitAnuM rAjya saMbhALavA potAnA bhAI sumitrane patra mokalyo. thoDA samayamAM vijaya mRtyu pAmyo ane amAe upatidhvagrAmamAM rahI rAjyane kArabhAra calAvyo. siMhapuramAM rAjA siMhabAhu pachI eno putra sumitra rAjA thayo hato. vijayano patra maLatAM eNe potAnA kaniSTha putra pAMDu vAsudevane laMkA mokale. zAkaya zuddhodananA bhAI amitAdananI putrI bhadra kAtyAyanI sAthe enuM lagna thatAM, amAtyoe upatidhvagrAmamAM pAMDa vAsudevane rAjyAbhiSeka karyo. daramyAna eka varSa laMkAdIpa rAjA vagarano rahyo hato. pAMDa vAsudeve 30 varSa rAjya karyuM. e pachI enA cha putra abhayano rAjyAbhiSeka thaye. enI bahena citrA potAnA mAmA dIrdhAyunA putra dIghagrAmaNIne paraNI hatI ne ene eka putra thaye hato, paNa "e putra mAmAone mArI nAkhaze evI bhaviSyavANIne laIne mAmAone bhaya raheto hoI ene gupta rIte ucheravAmAM Avelo. enuM nAma "pAMka abhaya" pADavAmAM AveluM. rAjA abhaya enA tarapha sahAnubhUti dharAvato, tethI abhayanA bhAIoe ene padabhraSTa karyo. abhaye 20 varSa saya kayuM; pachI 17 varSa gAdI khAlI rahI. chevaTe pAMDuka abhaye virodhI mAmAone mArI anurAdhapuramAM pitAne rAjyAbhiSeka karAvyo. Ama A anuzruti anusAra laMkAmAM vijyanA vaMze kula 88 varSa rAjya karyuM ne have enI jagyAe zAkya jAtinA rAja pAMDuka abhayanA vaMzanI sattA pravatI. sAtamI sadImAM bhAratanI yAtrA karanAra cInI mahAzramaNa yuana svAMge dakSiNa bhAratamAMthI siMhala (silena) vize je mAhitI meLavI hatI temAM e tyAM sthapAyela pahelI bhAratIya vasAhata vize be kathA nirUpe che. pahelI kathAno sAra A pramANe che:16 dakSiNa bhAratanA eka pradezanI rAjakanyA paDezanA pradezamAMthI pAchI pharatAM mArgamAM siMhanA saMparkamAM AvI ne ene sahavAsa pAmI. enAthI

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410] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. ene eka putra ane eka putrI thayAM. meTo thatAM putre mAtA pAsethI badhI vAta jANI ne pachI e tyAMthI mAtAne tathA bahenane laIne palAyana thayo. teonI zodhamAM bhamatA siMhanI raMjADanI phariyAda maLatAM rAjAe siMhane mAravA inAma jAhera karyuM. mAtAe nA pADavA chatAM putra siMhane mAravA gaye ne eNe charI vaDe ene mArI nAkhyo. pachI rAjAe tyAre e juvAnane paricaya pUcho tyAre ene eNe karela pitRhatyA mATe tiraskAra thayo. rAjAe siMhanI hatyA mATe jAhera karyA mujaba inAma to ApyuM, paNa pitRhatyAnA gunA mATe ene dezavaTo dIdho. mAtAne rAjyamAM rAkhI, paNa bahenane ya judI naukAmAM ravAnA karI. chokarInI naukA IrAna pahoMcI ne tyAM mahilAdezamAM vasI. kumAranI naukA ranadIpa pahoMcI. tyAM e vepArIonI kanyAone para ne ene putrapautrAdi parivAra thayo. kumAre pATanagara vasAvyuM. bIjAoe bIjAM nagara vasAvyAM. kumAre siMha pakaDela tethI e "siMha" kahevAte; AthI e dezanuM nAma paNa "siMha" paDayuM. bIjI kathA 17 enA karatAM judI jAtanI che. ene sAra A pramANe che : ratnadIpamAM eka moTuM lehanagara hatuM tyAM rAkSasIo rahetI hatI. e vepArIone lalacAvatI ne pachI teone lehapiMjaramAM pUrI detI. jabUdIpamAM siMha nAme eka moTA vepArI hato. ene siMhala nAme putra hato. eNe pa00 vepArIo sAthe ratno zodhavA dariyAI saphara kheDI. e ranadIpa pahoMcyo. tyAM rAkSasIo vepArIone lalacAvavA lAgI. siMhala A jAgI sAvadha thaI gayo, sAthIone laI e samudrataTe gayo ne tyAMthI jaMbUdIpa tarapha ravAnA thavA taiyArI karI. tyAM rAkSasIo AvI pahoMcI ane sAthIone lalacAvI pAchA laI gaI. rAkSasIonI rANI siMhalane samajAvI zakI nahi. pachI e chAnImAnI siMhalanA pitA pAse vahelI pahoMcI gaI ne huM siMhalanI patnI chuM ne mane eNe tarachoDI dIdhI che' ema kahI siMhanI sahAnubhUti meLavI tyAM rahI. siMhale AvIne pitAne badhI vAtathI vAkepha karyA, paNa emaNe enI vAta mAnI nahi. rAkSasIonI rANI madharAte ratnadIpa cAlI gaI ne tyAMthI rAkSasIone laI pAchI pharI. rAte sahune mArI nAkhI, khAI jaI badhI rAkSasIo ratnadIpa jatI rahI.

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1 luM] siMhapurane siMhala vaMza [411 siMhala potAnA sAthIonI khabara kADhavA TukaDIo laI pAcho ratnadIpa gayo. rAkSasIo gabharAI ne tyAMthI nAsI gaI. siMhale vepArIone choDAvyA. siMhale pATanagara vasAvyuM. bIjAoe bIjAM nagara vasAvyAM. siMhala ranadIpano rAjA che. enA nAma parathI e dIpanuM nAma 'siMhala' paDyuM. AmAMnI pahelI kathA silenanI anukRti sAthe ghaNI maLatI Ave che, jyAre bIjI kathA "mahAvaMsa''mAM jaNAvelA yakSiNIo ane yAkSaNIonI rANIne lagatA vRttAMta sAthe keTaluMka sAmya dharAve che, paraMtu AmAM aneka vigatono bheda rahe che. emAM be traNa muddA khAsa noMdhapAtra che. eka to e ke A kathAomAM vaMgadezano, vaMganagarane ke siMhapurano ullekha Avato nathI. pahelI kathAmAM siMhalane dakSiNa bhAratane ane bIjI kathAmAM ene jabUdIpa vatanI kahyo che. bIjuM, A kathAomAM vijayanuM nAma paNa AvatuM nathI, baMne kathAomAM siMhala pote ja silena gayA hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che. pahelI kathAmAM ene siha ane kuMvarIne putra ane bIjI kathAmAM siMha nAme mAnavano putra kahyo che. trIju, baMne kathAomAM silenanuM mULa nAma "ratnApa" ApyuM che ne pachI enuM nAma "siMha" paDayuM hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che. A anuzrutio sAtamI sadImAM dakSiNa bhAratamAM pracalita haze evuM jaNAya che. upara jaNAvelA Anuzrutika vRttAMtomAM je keTalIka alaukika ghaTanAo Ave che tene kevaLa sAMpradAyika zraddhA ja svIkArya gaNI zake, chatAM emAMnI keTalIka azraya vigatone laIne e vRttAMtone sadaMtara asvIkArya gaNavA e paNa nitAMtadaSTino bIjo prakAra gaNAya. AthI ItihAsakAroe A vRttAMtamAMthI keTalIka aitihAsika saMbhAvanAo tAravavAno prayatna karyo che, paraMtu A vRttAMnI amuka vigatomAM evo bheda rahelo che ke emAMthI bhinna bhinna arthadhaTana thayAM che. khAsa karIne eka bAju vaMgadeza, vaMganagara ane magadhano ullekha ane bIjI bAju zUrparaka ane bharakacchane ullekha-e be vacce meLa meLavavo muzkela banyo che, AthI silonamAM siMhala vasAhata sthApanAra siMhapurano rAjaputra je A dezano vatanI hato te

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[pari. 412] mIkAlathI guptakAla pradeza pUrva bhAratamAM Avela rADha-lADa deza ke pazcima bhAratamAM Avela lATa deza e vikaTa prazna upasthita thayo che. e mata-matAMtara anusAra kaI siMhapura baMgALamAM hevAnuM, koI orissAmAM hovAnuM, te kaI gujarAtamAM hovAnuM dhAre che. A praznanI svataMtra carcA karatAM pahelAM, bhAratanA, baMgALanA, orissAnA ane gujarAtanA saMdarbhamAM judA judA vidvAnoe je judA judA mata rajU karyA che teonI TUMka samIkSA karI laIe. . rAdhAkumuda mukarajInA Indian Shipping(1912 mAM siMhala(siMhabAhu)ne baMgALAno rAjA18 tathA vijayane baMgALAne rAjaputra kahevAmAM AvyA che. emAM rAjA siMhale ravAnA karelAM vahANa siMhapurathI nIkaLyAM ne rastAmAM sudhArA( dakhaNanA pazcima kinAre Avela vartamAna vasaI pAse)ne aDIne gayAM evuM jaNAvyuM che. 20 vaLI ajaMTAnA eka citramAM AlekhelA prasaMga vijaye silenamAM karelA utarANane lagate hevAnuM paNa emAM svIkAravAmAM AvyuM che, ra1 paraMtu siMhapura baMgALAnA rAjA siMhalanuM pATanagara hoya ne chatAM tyAMthI silena jatAM rastAmAM sopArA Ave e be viruddha jaNAtAM vidhAno meLa meLavavA emAM kaMI prayatna karavAmAM Avyo nathI. evo prayatna Cambridge History of IndianA graMtha 1 (1920)mAM Do. bAne silenanA prAcIna ItihAsane lagatA prakaraNamAM karyo che. emAM e vaMga tathA kaliMganA ullekhane aDha-lATa(gujarAta)nA ullekhathI alaga pADI silenamAM dezAMtargamananA be bhinna pravAha tArave che : (1) orisA ane kadAca dakSiNa baMgALAmAMthI, mukhyataH draviDene ane (2) lATa dezanA siMhapura (saMbhavataH arvAcIna sihora) ane sepArAmAMthI, mukhyataH Aryo. teo dipavaMsa tathA mahAvaMsamAM A be hilacAlane eka karI siMhabAhune pUrvamAM tathA pazcimamAM mUkyo hovAnuM sUcave che. 22 gIgare 1926 mAM silenane TUMke itihAsa AlekhatAM dIpavaMsa tathA mahAvaMsamAM nirUpela A vRttAMtanuM vivecana karatAM jaNAvyuM ke vijaya cokkasa rIte aitihAsika che, paraMtu banAvanI vigata daMtakathAnA AvaraNamAM DhaMkAI gaI che. vijaya hiMdanA kayA bhAgamAMthI gayele e prazna hajI vivAdagrasta che. mahAvaMsa trA dezane vaMgathI magadha javAnA mArga para Avela jaNAve che, jyAre dIpavaMsa ene sopArI ane bharUcanI haroLamAM mUkato jaNAya che. Do. bAneM sUcave che tema A vRttAMtamAM dezAMtargamananA be judA judA pravAha mizrita thayA hoya e

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1 luM] siMhapurane siMhalavaza [413 asaMbhavita nathI, paraMtu vadhAre saMbhavita e che ke dISavaMsa sahuthI prAcIna hoI emAM A anukRtinuM sahuthI jUnuM svarUpa jaLavAyuM che; e anusAra susImAM vaMgarAjanI kuMvarI kharI, paNa enA putre siMhapura lAdeza(gujarAta)mAM vasAveluM gaNAya.23 e varSe silenanA hisTorikala esosiyezana samakSa vaMcAyelA nibaMdhamAM menDisa nAme vidvAna mahAvaMsamAM nirUpAyelA A vRttAMtamAM rahelA virodhanI chaNAvaTa karI jaNAvyuM ke enA lekhakane jANe lALa baMgALAnI samIpa Avela hoya evI chApa rahelI lAge che, paraMtu sopArAnA ullekha parathI DhADha e lATa (gujarAta) hovAnuM spaSTa thAya che ne gujarAta to baMgALAthI hajAreka mAIla dUra AveluM che. siMhapura e sihora che. 24 A arasAmAM zrI. ratnamaNirAva bhImarAve vasanta rajata mahotsava graMtha (1927) mATe gujarAtanuM vahANavaTuM" nAme lekha25 taiyAra karyo temAM emaNe pro. rAdhAkumuda mukarajInA matanuM khaMDana karI darzAvyuM ke siMhapurathI silena javA nIkaLela vijaya sopArI AgaLa A e jotAM baMgALAnA baMdarethI nIkaLele mANasa Akho kinAre pUrvathI pazcimano caDI, vacamAM silena vaTAvI pachI tyAM Utare to ja vacce sopArA Ave ane evuM banavuM azakya che, AthI je siMhapura saurASTravALuM hoya ane tyAMthI ja vijaya nIkaLyo hoya to rastAmAM sopArA avazya Ave. 26 vaLI vijaya baMgALAno hato ema mAnI laIe to e tyAMthI pahelAM jamInamArge gujarAta Avyo hoya ne ahIMthI vahANamAM nIkaLyuM hoya ema banI zake. vaLI A saMdarbhamAM zrI. ratnamaNirAva silena ane gujarAta vacce jUnA vakhatathI rahelA nikaTa saMbaMdhane paNa nirdeza kare che: ""laMkAnI lADI ne ghoghAne vara e gujarAtI kahevata vepArArthe vaselA gujarAtIonAM saMsthAnanI vastIne lagatAM lagnane lIdhe ja utpanna thayelI che ane gujarAtI vAtamAM laMkAnI bAbate ghaNI Ave che. bIjuM khAsa noMdhavA lAyaka te e che ke "vividhatIrthakalpa' nAmanA jaina graMthamAM prAcIna kALamAM kaI silonanI rAjakanyAe bharcamAM "zanikAvihAra' baMdhAvyAne ulekha che."28 vaLI e noMdhe che : "eTaluM to siddha che ke silena sAthe gujarAtane prAcIna kALathI je saMbaMdha che te tAmilanA silenathI cheka pAsenA kinArA sivAya hiMdanA bIjA koI paNa bhAga karatAM vadhAre che.29

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14]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pAra. A ja varSe (1927mAM) kuMvara zivanAtha siMgha senagAre rAjaputra vijaya vaMgathI magadhanA mArga para Avela ==ADha pradezamAMthI silona gayele, paraMtu e pachI 800-1000 varSe lakhAyela dIpasa tathA mahAvaMsamAM rADhasilenanA sIdhA samudramArgane badale e samayane suparicita bharukaccha-zarmArakasilenane samudramArga kApI levAmAM Avyo evuM pratipAdita karyuM che, eTaluM ja nahi, vijaya senagAra rAjapUta jAtine hato evuM paNa sUcavyuM che, kemake zRMgI RSinA kulamAM janmelA teonA pUrvaje AgaLa jatAM aMga dezamAMthI rADha dezamAM gayelA ne emAMno ja uphe vijaya nAme eka pUrvaja silona gayele evI anuzruti senagAra lokomAM pracalita che.30 1933 mAM muhammada zAhidullAhe silenamAM pahelI Arya-vasAhata koNe vasAvI e praznanI chaNAvaTa karatAM, dIpavaMsa tathA mahAvaMsamAMnI vigatamAM rahele keTaleka bheda darzAvI, e baMne kathAo eka ja mULamAMthI levAI hoI e benI vigatenuM saMyojana sUcavyuM ne e anusAra vijaya vaMga-magadha vacce AvelA lALa (rADha ) dezanA siMhapurathI nAgadIpa (jAphanA), mahilAdIpa (mAladIva), zaIraka (sepArI ane bharukaccha (bharUca) thaI pachI tyAMthI laMkA gayo hovAnuM pratipAdita karyuM. A saMdarbhamAM emaNe evI kalpanA rajU karI ke vijayane pahelAM laMkA javAno vicAra nahi hoya. pazcima samudramAM cAMciyAgIrI karatAM ene dakSiNa samudra tarapha pAchA pharavuM paDayuM haze ne kadAca dariyAI tophAnane laIne vahANa tUTI jatAM ene silonamAM rahI javAnI pharaja paDI haze. vaLI kaliMganuM siMhapura rATa dezanA siMhapuramAM rahelA enA vaMzanA mANasoe pachI vasAvyuM haze ne gujarAtanuM trATa nAma paNa kadAca A jAda nAma parathI paDayuM haze. AgaLa jatAM lATa gujarAta nA mANaso paNa silona jaI vasyA haze, paraMtu pahelI Arya-vasAhata rADha(pazcima baMgALA)nA mANasoe ja karelI. siMhalI bhASA rADha pradezanI belI sAthe ghaNuM sAmya dharAve che e muddo paNa A anumAnanuM samarthana kare che. 31 1938 mAM zrI. rasikalAla cho. parIkhe vyAnurAsananI prastAvanAmAM hemacaMdranAM jIvana tathA samayanI pazcAdabhUmi-rUpe gujarAtanA itihAsano paricaya Apyo temAM silenanA "siMhaladvIpa" nAma, tyAMnI siMhalI bhASA ane enA ArthIkaraNanuM mULa lATa(gujarAta)nA siMhapuramAM rAjya karatA rAjA siMhabAhunA putra vijayamAM raheluM hovAnuM pratipAdana karyuM 32 ne enA samarthanamAM zrI. ranamaNirAvanI dalIlone havAlo A.33

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1 lu'] siMhapuranA siMhalavaza [415 1940 mAM zrI. maNibhAI dviedIe lATanu siMhapura te saiArASTranu zihora nahi, paNa tApI nadInA taTa pAse senagaDhathI sAteka mAIlane atare AveluM sIMgapura hovAnuM sUcavyuM.3 34 pachI vaLI baMgALAnA katihAsamAM DaoN. rAyacaudharIe darzAvyuM ke vaMganA ullekhane laIne rAjane rADhA tarIke ja oLakhavu joIe ne siMhapurane e pradezamAM Avela siMgura (ji. hugalI) tarIke oLakhI zakAya,35 paraMtu moM zUrpArakanA ullekha vize kaMI spaSTatA karavAmAM AvI nathI. bhAratIya vidyAbhavananA His and Culture of tle Indian People nA graMtha 2( 1951 mAM Do. kRSNasvAmI AyaMgare vijaya ane enA sAthIdAro baMgALAthI, prAyaH tAmraliptithI, silAna gayA hovAnA mata apanAvyA.36 1951 mAM silenanI yunivarsiTImAM " rAjaputra vijaya ane sileAnanA ArthIkaraNa '' viSe vyAkhyAna ApatAM DaoN. azAme A nuzrutika vRttAMtanI vigatenu pRthakkaraNa karIne emAMnI keTalIka vigate AgaLa jatAM pachInI sthiti parathI umerAI hovAnuM darzAvyuM ne mULa kathAmAM prAyaH lATa ane zUrpArakanA ja ullekha hatA, te AgaLa jatAM kArane 'lADha'samajI enI samIpane vaMgadeza umeravAmAM AvelA ema sUcavyuM, kemake buddhu-mahAvIranA samayamAM lADha ane vaga e baMne pradezAmAM Aya sabhyatA prasarelI nahAtI. siMhalI bhASAmAM nAmanA prathamA ekavacanane pratyaya tathA mane sthAne ghaNI vAra thatA rUnA prayAga pUrva bhAratanI mAgadhInI asara darzAve che, paraMtu e te azokanA samayamAM prasarelI mAgadhI bhASAnI asarane laIne hoI zake. sanI jagyAe ghaNI vAra prayAjAte haiM pazcima bhAratanI asara sUcave che. vaLI sileAnanA prAcIna rAjAonAM nAmeAmAM AvatA grAmanI rAjada paNa A anumAnanuM samana kare che, kemake A zabda prAgyuddha kAlamAM pazcima bhAratamAM ghaNA pracalita hatA. siMhala prajAnA nAma parathI paDelusa haladIpa'' nAma paNa pazcima bhArata sAthenA sabaMdha darzAve che, kemake siddha prAcIna kAlamAM pazcima bhAratamAM ja ghaNA thatA. 'vijaya'" e te| mULamAM koi urphe Da aparAdhIonA ane A dvIpane jabarajastIthI jItI lenAra AokAnA vijayI netAne apAyeluM guNavAcaka nAma haze. silenamAM parivrAjakAnA vezamAM pAMDu vAsudeva ane enA sAthIonuM thayeluM. Agamana e AgaLa jatAM bhAratanA e ja bhAgamAMthI thayeluM paNa zAMtimaya dezAMtaga mana haze. A e prakAranAM dezAMtamano dvArA silenamAM A sabhyatA sthapAI, jemAM draviDa ane Adima saMskRtinAM tattva paNa bhaLyAM.37

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[ pari. 416] mauryakAlathI guptakAla Do. harekRSNa mahetAbe orissAnA itihAsa(1959)mAM A siMhapura te kaliMganuM pATanagara hovAnuM ne hAla gaMjAmanI pazcime 115 mAIlanA aMtare AveluM hovAnuM sUcavyuM.38 1966mAM DaoN. hariprasAda zAstrIe mahAvaMsamAM ApelI vigato tapAsI e parathI sUcavyuM ke siMhapura viMganagarathI magadha jatA mArgamAM AveluM hoI lADha (rADhA) pradezanuM 'siMgura hovuM joIe, jyAre zaIraka e pazcima samudrataTe AveluM sopArA che e kAraNe, vaMganagara samIpa AvelA siMhapurathI saphare nIkaLelo rAjaputra vijaya pahelAM pUrvasamudra tathA dakSiNa samudra oLagI rasI pazcima samudranA zaparaka sudhI Avyo hoya ne pachI tyAM pratikULatA jaNAtAM tyAMthI pAchA dakSiNa samudra tarapha jaI laMkAdvIpamAM Utaryo hoya evuM mAnIe to ja badhA muddAone meLa maLe.39 1968 mAM Do. ramaNalAla nA. mahetAe paNa "mahAvaMsamAMnI vigate tapAsI e parathI lagabhaga evuM ja tAtparya tAravyuM: mAtra sopArAnA ullekha parathI ajhane lATa mAnI vijayane gujarAtano gaNAya nahi. vaMga ane magadhanI vacce AvelA lADha (rADha) pradezamAMthI nIkaLI vijaya samudramAM bhaTakato bhaTakato sepArA Ave, paNa tyAM dagAnI gaMdha AvatAM e laMkA pAcho jato rahyo. A anuzruti mULamAM pUrva bhAratanA bauddhonI hAya ne AgaLa jatAM pazcima bhAratanA lokonA pravAhane laIne emAM sopArAne ullekha umerAyo hoya evuM paNa saMbhave.40 Ama A Anuzrutika vRttAMtanI vigato parathI vidvAnoe bhinna bhinna anumAna tAravyAM che. emAM silenamAM pahelI Arya vasAhata sthApanAra rAjaputra vijaya je DhAjha dezamAMthI tyAM gayele te pradeza lADa-lADha (rADha) ke lATa (gujarAta) e ghaNuM mahattvano vivAdagrasta muddo che. gujarAtanA itihAsamAM Anuzrutika vRttAMta tarIke A ghaTanAne samAveza thAya ke nahi eno AdhAra enA para rahelo che. dIpavaMsa ane mahAvaMsamAM silenamAM vaselI Arya-vasAhata vize koI prAcIna anuzruti jaLavAI rahI che e cokkasa che, paraMtu enI vigatomAM keTalIka jarUrI vigato khUTe che e paNa spaSTa che. siMhalanI mAtA vaMga(baMgALA)nI kuMvarI hatI, siMhale DhADha dezamAM siMhapura vasAvyuM ne tyAMthI dezavaTa pAmele eno putra vijaya sopArA thaI laMkA gayo, eTalI vigata e baMne mAM

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siMhapurane siMhala vaMza [417 maLatI Ave che. "magadha jatA sAthe sAthe " ane pachI tarata ja "lALa rASTramAM aTavImAM" evo saMdarbha41 mAtra mahAvaMsa Ape che ne kUparaka pachI bharakacchanI sapharano ullekha mAtra dIpavaMsa kare che. je lALa deza viMga ane magadhanI vacce Avela rADha-lATa pradeza hoya ne chatAM tyAMthI nIkaLeluM vijayanuM vahANuM paraka thaI laMkA gayuM hoya to e vahANa pUrva samudramAMthI dakSiNa samudramAM AvI, laMkAne TApu vaTAvI, pazcima samudramAM jaI, tyAMthI vaLI dakSiNa samudra tarapha pAchuM pharyuM, evuM ja dhAravuM paDe. Iraka pachI jaNAvela bharakacchano krama paNa e ja rIte baMdha bese che. dIpavaMsa ane mahAvaMsanI bhaugolika vigatone yarthAtha mAnIe, to AvI drAviDa prANAyAma jevI kalpanA karavI anivArya che, paraMtu A vRttAMtamAM siMhapurathI zaIraka sudhInI sapharamAM AvA babbe dizA-palaTA thayA hovAno lezamAtra ullekha nathI e parathI A vRttAMtanI tamAma vigato yathArtha na paNa hoya evI zaMkA upasthita thAya che. rAtra deza to pUrva bhAratano lADha (rADha) dezakara hoI zake tema pazcima bhAratano loTa(gujarAta) deza43 paNa hoI zake. siMhapura rADha dezanuM siMgura44 hoya tema saurASTranuM siMhapura (ke dakSiNa gujarAtanuM sagapura ) paNa hoI zake.4pa siMhalI bhASA para pUrva bhAratanI bhASAnI jema pazcima bhAratanI bhASAnI paNa asara rahelI che;46 AthI 4 dezanA linirNaya mATe jema vaMga-magadhane ullekha pUrva bhAratanA rADha pradezanuM samarthana kare che tema zarmAraka-bhakacho ullekha pazcima bhAratanA lATa dezanuM samarthana kare che. AthI keTalAke A vRttAMtamAM bhAratanA be judA judA bhAgomAMthI silonamAM judA judA samaye thayelAM be aMtargamananA vRttAMtonuM mizraNa thaI gayuM hovAnI kalpanA karI che,47 paraMtu emAM vaMga ane lATa vaccenI vigato chUTI pADavI muzkela paDe. emAM ya je vijayane pUrva bhAratane ane pAMDu vAsudevane pazcima bhAratano mAnavAmAM Ave to e benuM eka ja kuLa ane eka ja sthAna hovAnI vigatone sadaMtara asvIkArya gaNavI paDe. mane lAge che ke enA karatAM dIpacaMsa ane mahAvaMsa e baMnenA vRttAMtamAM jeTalI vigato sAmAnya che teTalI ja lakSamAM laIe to ghaNI asaMgati nivArI zakAya. A vigato anusAra siMhabAhu-siMhalanI mAtA raMgarAjanI kuMvarI hatI, ene siMhathI be saMtAna thayAM, emAMnA siMhale lATa dezamAM siMhapura vasAvyuM ne vijaya zarmAraka thaI laMkA gaye, e A vRttAMtanA mukhya muddA -2-27

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418] [pari. moryakAlathI guptakAla gaNAya. siMha nara ane mAnava mAdAno sahavAsa ane emAMthI siMhabAhu svarUpanA mAnava-putranI utpattine lagatI kathA e bhAratanI tathA anya dezanI aneka lekakathAomAM AvatI daMtakathA jevI dekhAya che. prajananazAstranI dRSTie evI narasiMha saMtatinI utpatti saMbhavita paNa na lAge, paraMtu A kathAnA mULamAM siMha ke siMhala nAme koI vyakitavizeSa ke jAtivizepanuM tathya raheluM hoya ne AgaLa jatAM ene AvI daMtakathA tarIke nirUpavAmAM AvyuM hoya evuM paNa saMbhave. A anusAra vaMga dezanI rAjakanyA lATa dezanA siMha nAme koI vIra puruSane paraNI hoya,49 e benA saMgamAMthI siMhalanI utpatti thaI hoya ne e siMhalane vaMza "siMhala ti" tarIke oLakhAye hoya; arthAta siMhala natinA mULa puruSa siM halamAM mAtRpakSe vaMgakanyAnuM lehI raheluM hoya, paNa enuM potAnuM kuLa temaja vatana lATa dezanuM hoya ne eNe dezavaTo dIdhelA siMhalo50 lATa dezanA siMhapuramAMthI nIkaLI pUraka thaI laMkA gayA hoya. siMhalanI sapharanA niHpaNamAM Avato zarakane ullekha pachataH DhADha deza pazcima bhAratamAM hovAnuM sUcave che. sihadezanI sudarzanA nAme rAjakanyAe bharukacchamAM 'zakunikA vivAra' baMdhAvelo ne e vivAranuM nirmANa saMprati che. pU. 229-220)nA samaya pahelAM thayeluM,pa1 e parathI lATa ane laMkA vacce moryakAlamAM sAMskRtika sabaMdha pravartato hovAnI pratIti thAya che. gujarAtI lekakathAomAM AvatA laMkAnA ullekha tathA kAnI lADI ne ghAno vara" e gujarAtI kahevata gujarAta ane silAna vakhya maghakAlamAM cAlu rahelA vANaka tathA sAMskRtika saMbaMdhonuM pratibiMba pADe che. siddhapura ( tathA sIgapura , samudrataTathI thoDA mAIla aMdara AnaMluM che, paraMtu tyAMthI dekhAvaTI pAmelA siDale enI najIkanA baMdarathI dariyAI sakare ravAnA thayA gaNAyapara "sihala" evuM nativizeSanuM saMbhAta nAma saiArASTranA silapura (zihera sAthe sArI rIte baMdha bese.53 hAla gIranuM , gala ja siMhonI vastI dharAve che ne gaI sadInA madhya sudhI sihoranA 6 garomAM paNa siMhanI vastI hatI. 54 A badhA judA lakSamAM letAM silenI utpatti lATa gujarAta nA puruSa ane vaMga baMgALAnI grInA saMyogathI lATa dezamAM thaI hoya che tyAMthI dezavaTo pAmelA 'TalAka tophAnI siMhale se pAra thaI lakAmAM jaI rahyA hoya, e taddana saMbhavita lAge che.

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siMhapurane siMhala vaMza [419 siMhapurane rAjaputra vijaya, bhAratamAM je divase bhagavAna buddha parinirvANa pAmyA te ja divase laMkAdvIpamAM Avela evuM silenanI bauddha anuzrutimAM jaNAvavAmAM AvyuM che e to spaSTataH sAMpradAyika dRSTie upajAveluM jaNAya che, kemake azoka mauryanA samakAlIna devonA priya tirU( tiSya)nI pahelAM tyAM vijaya vagere pAMca ja rAjA thayA, chatAM teoe 38+3+2 070 + 6 =218 varSa rAja karyuM ne vacce gAdI 1+13=18 varSa khAlI rahI, e rIte vijayanA rAjyAbhiSekathI devanA priya tisyanA rAjyAbhiSeka sudhImAM kula 236 varSa vItyAM evuM jaNAvyuM che emAM keTalAka rAjAonA rAjyakAla vadhAre paDatA lAMbA gaNAvavAmAM AvyA che.55 rAjyArohaNa-samaye 37 varSanI vayano thayelo pAMDuka abhaya 70 varSa rAjaya kare ne enA pachI gAdIe Avele ene putra musivA 60 varSa rAjya kare e dekhAtI rIte kapolakalpita jevuM lAge che. vastutaH devonA priya tisanI pahelAMnA pAMca rAjAone rAjyakAle jaNAvyuM che tenA karatAM lagabhaga so varSa jeTale ocha gaNAya. e hisAbe tyAM vijayanuM Agamana naMdavaMzanA rAjakAla daramyAna I. pU. cothI sadImAM thayuM gaNAya. silonanI anukRti anusAra tyAM vijaya, pAMDu vAsudeva ane abhaya e traNa ja siMhanuM rAjya pravarte luM, je kula 38(+i)+30+2 = 89 varSa jeTalo samaya ja raheluM, chatAM laMkAne siMhaladvIpa' nAma maLyuM, tyAMnI mukhya prajA siMha" nAme oLakhAIne teonI bhASA paNa siMhalI" nAme jANItI thaI e parathI mAlUma paDe che ke silenamAM tyAre vijaya ane pAMDu vAsudeva sAthe gayelA siMhanI sAMskRtika asara ghaNI vipula tathA prabaLa hovI joIe. pAdaTIpa 2-3. Wilhelm Geiger, The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, Introduction, p. x 4. ejana, pR. 11; G. C. Mendis, "Ceylon", Comprehensive History of India, Vol. II, p. 568 5. W. Geiger, op. cil. pp. xi f, rAjA dhAtusenano rAjyakAla I. sa. 109-57ne kI, ahIM "mahAvasa"nI racanA chaThThI sadInA AraMbhamAM thaI hovAnuM jaNAvyuM che, paraMtu have e rAjAne rAjyakAla I. sa. 460-478 ne AMkvAmAM Ave che (D. C. Sircar, "Ceylon", Classical Age, p. 285) ne mahAnAmAM pAMcamI sadInA chellA

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420 ] soya kAlathI guptakAla [vi. raNamA thayA hovAnuM gAgAya che ( N. K. Bhagwat, mahAvaMso or the Great Chronicle, Introduction, p. vii). "bhAvasa" mukhyataH anurAdhapuranA mahAvihAra anuzrutika vRttAMta Ape che. 9. 9, 1-31 7. pariccheda 6 : vijayAgamanaM 8. ekAkinI sA nikkhamma satthena saha aJJAtA agA sericArasukhatthinI / magadhagAminI // 4 // satthaM abhiddavi / [5] 8. lALaraTThe aTaviyA sIho 10. lALaraTThe pure tasmiM sIhabAhu narAdhipo / rajjaM kAresi katvAna mahesiM sIhasIvaliM // 36 // 11. naggadIva = nagnadvIpa, paNa bhUNa zabda 'nAgadvIpa' haro. 12. suppAra ke paTTanamhi vijayo pana okkami / [46] 13. pariccheda 7 : vijayAbhiseko 14. sIhabAhunarindo so sIhamAdinnavA iti / "sIhalo", tena samvandhA ete savvepi "sIhalA" // 42 // 15. pariccheda 8-10 19. Hiuen Tsiang, Buddhist Records of the Western World (Eng. Trans. by Beal ), Vol. II, pp. 236ff. 17. Ibid., pp. 240 ff. 18. 5. 18 18. pR. 157 20. 5. 98-70; vaNI yo pR. 42. 21. 5. 42 22. 5. 548-48 23. W. Geiger, "A Short History of Ceylon", Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. II, pp. 1 ff. 24. G. C. Mendis, "Ancient Routes from North India to Ceylon", Indian Daily Mail, 26th June 1926 ( ratnabhazirAva lIbharAva, "gurAtanu vahAeAvaTu" 5. 38 )

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1 luM]. siMhapurane siMhalavaMza [421 25. pR. 182-219. A lekha alaga pustikArUpe paNa mudrita thayela che. "gujarAtane sAMskRtika itihAsa, islAma yuga," khaMDa 4 mAM eno pariziSTarUpe samAveza karyo che. 26. ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva, "gujarAtanuM vahANavaTuM, pR. 7-8, pAdaTIpa 27. ejana, pR. 8, pAdaTIpa 28. ejana, pR. 7-8 29. ejana, pR. 7 30. Sengar, "Where did Prince Vijaya come from?", Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. III, pp. 403 ff. 39. M. D. Shahidullah, "The First Aryan Colonization of Ceylon", Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. IX, pp. 742 ff. - 32. R. C. Parikh, "Introduction to the History of Gujarat as a Back-ground to the Life and Times of Hemachandra," Kavyanusasana, Introduction, p. xviii 33. ejana, pAdaTIpa aMte bhinna mata mATe zrI. seMgAranA lekhane paNa ullekha karyo che. 34. maNibhAI dvivedI, "purAtana dakSiNa gujarAta," pR. 189-93 vaLI A sIMgapura pAse sIMgalabArI ane sIMgalabANa nAme sthaLe hovAnuM paNa ahIM noMdhavAmAM AvyuM che (pR. 193), 34. Raychaudhuri, "Physical and Historical Geography", History of Bengal, Vol. I, p. 30 36. S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar," Ceylon", Age of Imperial Unity, p. 235 30. A. L. Basham, "Prince Vijaya and the Aryanization of Ceylon," The Ceylon Historical Fonrnal, Vol. 1, pp. 163 ff. 36. Mahtab, History of Orissa, Vol. I, p. 5 39. hariprasAda zAstrI, "silonamAM sthapAyelo siMhapurane siMhala-vaMza," "pathika," dIpotsavI aMka, saM. 2022, pR. 11-14 40. ramaNalAla nA. mahetA, vijayanI kathA-keTalAka prazno, "vidyApITha," varSa 6, 'pR, 102-7 41. juo upara pAdaTIpa 8 ane 9.

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422] sau kAlathI guptakAla 42. pazcima baMgALAmAM Avela amuka pradezane sAMskRta lakhANAmAM rADhA, sAhityamAM chADha ane ceALa rAjyanA abhilekhAmAM jhADa kahevAmAM Avye! che Raychaudhuri, op. cit., p. 39; Shahidullah, op. cit., p. 745). [pari. jaina prAkRta H. C. 43. AraMbhika rAtaEAmAM A nAma samagra gujarAta mATe praye!tu: dakSiNa gujarAtanA aMmAM e AgaLa jatAM maryAdita thayuM. 44. JASB, 1910, p. 604; H. C. Raychaudhuri, p. cit., p. 39 45. "siMha", "siMga" ke " siMdha" pUrvapada dharAvatAM sthaLanAma bagALa ane gujarAta uparAMta mahArASTra, madhyapradeza, paMjAba ane erissA jevA anya pradezamAM paNa pracalita che. dA. ta., siMhagaDha (ji. pUnA), siMgapura (khAnaderA, sihArA (ji. jabalapura), siMhAra (ji. bheApAla ), sidhapuram (erissA) vagere ( Imperia Gazetteer of India, Vol. XXIII). vartamAna kaTAsa (ji. jhelama, pazcima pannA ) paNa prAcIna siMhapura hAvAnu manAya che ne e prAcIna nAmane viSNunA nRsiMha-avatAra sAthe sAMkaLavAmAM AveluM che (N. L. Dey, Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India, p. 127 ). ** 46. DA~. gIgara (Wilhelm Geiger, Grammar of the Sinhalese Language, pp. 1-3) tathA DA~. su. ku. ceTarajI (S. K. Chatterji, Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, pp. 15, 72 f., 176; Indo-Aryan and Hindi, p. 71) mULa ane mukhya asara pazcima bhAratanI bhASAnI thaI hAvAnu mAne che. 47. jue upara DA~. khAneTanA tathA DaoN. bAAmane mata. 48, haiM. khazAmanA mata anusAra evuM phalita thAya. 49. vagathI lATa dhaNuM dUra gaNAya, paNa yAdavene lagatA vRttAMtamAM kAravatI(saurASTra)na: zrI kRSNanA pautra aniruddha ane zANitapura( AsAma )nA bANAsuranI putrI uSA vacce lagna thayAnuM Ave che, AthI vaga-lATa jeTaluM aMtara e pachInA A kAlamAM asaMbhavita na gaNAya. ** 50. siMhala sAthenA saMbaMdhane laIne vijaya ane enA sAthIe paNa siMhaleA ' tarIke eLakhAtA (jue upara pA. TI. 14). jAtionAM nAme parathI janapadonAM nAma paDe enA aneka dAkhalA bhAratanA prAcIna itihAsamAM paNa maLe che (D. R. Bhandarkar, Lectures on the Ancient History of India, pp. 13 ff.). 51. pramASantrAvAye, "pramAvavarita," rU. vinayasisUriparita, jo. 42-76; binapramasUri, "vividhatIrthaMlpa', 10. badhAvavodhatIrthalpa, pR 20-21

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1 luM] siMhapurane siMhala vaMza [4ra3 para. e baMdara valabhI ke hastavapra hoI zake. valabhIne ullekha pANininA gaNapATha (4-2-82) mAM Ave che (ha. gaM. zAstrI, "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhAga 1, pR. 167); hastavaprane ullekha Periplus(1 lI sadI)mAM Ave che. (ejana, bhAga 2, pariziSTa pU. 32). hAla bhAvanagaranI khADI tarIke oLakhAtI khADI tyAre valabhI sudhI aMdara laMbAI hatI e khADI sihorathI bAreka mAIla jeTalI ja dUra hoya. 53. etihAsika kAlanA bhAratIya rAjavaMzomAM cothI sadI sudhImAM "siMha"nAmAMta mAtra pazcimI kSatraponA vaMzamAM ja prayojAyela che e hakIkata A saMdarbhamAM lakSamAM levA jevI gaNAya. 47. A. S. Altekar, History of Important Ancient Towns and Cities in Gujarat and Kaihiawad, p. 46 44. W. Geiger, The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, Introduction, pp. xx-xxi 56. A nAma arabI "saranavIra" ane phiraMgI Ceilao dvArA vartamAna "silAna" tarIke rUpAMtara pAmyuM che.

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pariziSTa 2 grIka ane romanoe nirUpita pazcima bhAratamAM bhAratane ullekha karanArA prAcInatama grIka lekhaka haredetara ane heketeonA pazcima bhArata vize kaMI khAsa mAhitI ApatA nathI. tesIAsa( Azare I. pU. 400)ne IrAnamAM khabara paDI ke vAmane(Thi gujIonI eka jAti bhAratamAM rUpAnI khANenI pADozamAM rahetI hatI, je pradezane lAsana udepura(mevADa)nI najIka darzAve che. A vAmananA varNana (Photios Bibl. LXXII, 11-12 uparathI ema spaSTa thAya che ke A loko te hAlanA bhIle che. tesIAsa ema paNa darzAve che (Photios Bibl. LXXII. 8) ke sAradosa parvatathI pahoMcatAM paMdareka divasa lAge tevA aNavaNyA pradezamAM eka evuM sthaLa che, jyAM loko sUrya ane caMdranI ArAdhanA kare che ane jyAM pratyeka varSe 35 divasa sudhI sUrya potAnA upAsakonA kalyANa mATe potAnI uSNatA prasAre che. A sthaLa dekhItI rIte ja mAravADamAM kyAMka AveluM hovuM joIe ane kadAca e uslikhita sthaLa Abu parvata hoya. elekajhAnDara (I. pU. 326-25) gujarAta sudhI pahoMcyo na hato ane enA sAthIone dezanA A bhAga vize kAMI paNa kahevAnuM nathI, paraMtu megesthinIsa(Azare I. pU. 300 )nI vAta judI che. selyukasa niketonA elacI tarIke e caMdraguptanI sAthe rahyo hato ane eNe cAra graMtha bharIne bhAratane vRttAMta lakhe hato, jenA saMkhyAbaMdha aMza mukhyatve be, hinI ane eriyananA hAthe jaLavAyelA che. bhAratavAsIonI rItabhAtano je sAmAnya vRttAMta eNe lakhyo che te adhikAMze uttara bhAratanA je lekenI ene aMgata jANakArI hatI temane sparze che, paNa eNe bhAratanuM bhaugolika varNana sudhdhAM kareluM che, kemake eriyana ApaNane jaNAve che (Ind. VII) ke bhAratanI ToLIonI kula saMkhyA 118 jeTalI eNe gaNAvI che ane linI (6, 17 thI) 24

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2 ju] zrIkA ane rAmane e nirUpita pazcima bhArata [45 teA 90 jeTalI kharekhara gaNAve paNa che, jemAM eriyane darzAvelI cha ke 8 vadhu TALIone umerI zakAya. e vAta sAcI che ke plinI spaSTa rIte ema kahetA nathI ke peAtAnI bhaugolika vigatA eNe megesthinIsamAMthI lIdhelI che ane peAte bhArata vize graMtha lakhanAra senekAmAMthI avataraNA Ape che, paNa senekA sudhdhAM (plinI 6, 17) ToLIenI saMkhyA 118 gaNAve che, jemAM e megesthinIsane anusaryA hovA joIe. vaLI plinI kahe che (ejana) ke pratyeka prajAnAM lazkarI daLeAnA vRttAMta megesthinIsa ane dAyAnIsiyasa jevA lekhaka bhAratIya rAjAe sAthe rahyA hatA temaNe ApelA che; ane eNe peAtAnA 6 TTA graMtha mATenA AdhArAnI je yAdI ApelI che temAM e dAyAnisiyasanA ullekha karatA nathI, e uparathI ema phalita thAya che ke eNe potAnA vRttAMta megesthinIsamAMthI ja tAravelA hovA joI e. ga`gAriDI, medoliMga, annArI, prAsI, megallaI, asnegI, ereTI, sArATarATI, eTAculA, cAranI ane pAnDI (6, 19) vagere daLenAM nAma hovAM che je, nIce dazAvyuM che te pramANe, bhAratanA badhA bhAgAnuM jJAna pradarzita kare che. bAkInAM je nAmeAnA plinIe ullekha karyAM che te eNe megenthinIsamAMthI, kadAca senekAnA graMthanA mAdhyama dvArA, lIdhelAM hovAM joI e e anumAna sayuktika che. plinInA pADanI vikRti ane megesthinIsane TALIenAM nAmeAnI jANakArI teonAM prAkRta rUpeAmAM thaI hatI e hakIkata likhita jAtiomAMnI ghaNI jAtione pArakhI batAvavAnA kAmane atizaya vikaTa banAve che. plinInA vRttAMtanA je bhAganuM pageru keTalIka nizcitatAthI megesthinIsa sudhI laI jaI zakAya ema che te hipesIjha(bIAsa)thI pAlItrA ( paTanA ) (Nat. Hist. VI. 17) sudhInA rAjamArganA judA judA tabakkAonA varNanathI zarU thAya che. pachInuM prakaraNa gagA ane enI zAkhAone vRttAMta Ape che ane kaliMganA ga`gAriDIne, emanI rAjadhAnI paTelIsa sahita, gaMgA-kAMThe AvelI khUba dUranI prajA tarIke ullekha kare che. 19 mA prakaraNamAM gaMgAriDInAM lazkarAnu varNana ApyA pachI plinI 13 TALIonI yAdI Ape che, je paikI sa MtApakAraka rIte oLakhAvI zakAya tevI TALIo te mAdAgali ga (trikali ge!) Caldwall Drav, Gr.), meli'dI (sarakhAvA varAhamihirane mAlidya paMta, pR. saM. 14) ane thALyutI (maeNkakrinDala '"tAluktI' vAMce che ane ene gaMgAnA nIcANavALA bhAgamAM Avela tAmalukanA tAmraliptakA tarIke oLakhI batAve che) che. A pachI e 30 nagarA, 1,00,000 pAyadaLa, 2,000 hayadaLa ane 1,000 hastidaLavALA adarI(telaMgaNanA AMdhrA)no ullekha kare che. A pachI viSayAMtara karIne e dardI

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426] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. (siMdhu nadInA upalANanA dara)ne suvarNanI bAbatamAM samRddha tarIke ane satI(mevADa, lAsena)no cAMdImAM samRddha tarIke ane e pachI polIbothA pATaliputra)nA prAsI( prAcIna saghaLI TALIomAM e sauthI vadhAre khyAtivALI ane zaktizALI TALI, je 6,00,000 pAyadaLa, 30,000 yadaLa ane 8,000 hastidaLa dharAvatI e tarIke paricaya Ape che. AmAMthI aMdaranA bhAgamAM jatAM e monIDasa sIMgabhumanA muMDA che ane suArI madhya bhAratanA zibara che, jeonI vacce melIasa (mahendra mAle )hevAno nAmardeza kare che. e pachI AyAnita parvata (yamunA je methorA mathurA) ane krIsa borA mekinDala "kerIsebArA' vAMce che. eriyana Tud. VIII. kalIse rA-kRSNapura )nI vacce vahe che tene keTalAka khyAla ApyA pachI e siMdhu nadI tarapha vaLe che, jenI gaNIsa zAkhAo paikInI keTalIkanuM varNana che prakaraNa 10 mAM Ape che. A pachI viSayAMtara karIne e bhAratanA kinArAnuM varNana kare che. e gaMgAnA mukhathI zarUAta kare che, jyAMthI poInTa kaliMgana (poInTa godAvarI) ane daMdagudA nagara(kaniMgahAmanuM rAjamahenDI, paNa vadhAre saMbhavita rIte pazcimanI guphAonA abhilekhanuM dhanakaTaka athavA dhenukAkaTa) sudhI e 6rapa mAIla gaNAve che. tyAMthI trapInA bajesa pramANe kocIna pAsenuM tirupanatara nuM aMtara 1rara mAIla gaNAve che. tyAMthI 50 mAIlanA aMtare paribulanI bhUzira che, jyAM bhAratanuM sahuthI prasiddha hATa AveluM che. e ja prakaraNamAM AgaLa jatAM arabastrI ( athavA salabe strI ane ore lI. mekaphreinDala mAM sAgarakAMThe tomula nAmanuM nagara jaNAvyuM che, te eka utkRSTa hATa che, jyAM AgaLa pAMca nadIo ekI sAthe sAgaramAM rahe che. emAM to zaMkA ja nathI ke A be sthAna eka ja che ane be judAM nAma judA judA AdhAremAMthI levAyAne kAraNe che, ane je sthAna udiSTa che te cAmula athavA ceula tolemInuM simu) che ane pelI pAMca nado te ceulanI uttare muMbaInA bArAmAM paDatI nadIo che. perImulathI siMdhunA pAtAlIpa sudhInuM aMtara ra0 mAIla che. e pachI pilanI siMdhu ane yamunAnI vacce 25 mAIlanA vistAra upara patharAyelAM parvato ane raNonI vartelamAM purAyelI pahADI ToLIo (jAtio) varNave che, jemAM keIsI (satalajanA mULa AgaLanA pradezamAM vasatA Arr. Ind. IV mAM nirdiSTa kekIo ane purANomAMnA keka), jaMgala(...vana)mAMnI seTrIbenI, pa00nuM hastidaLa ane jenI saMkhyA ajJAta che tevuM hayadaLa ane pAyadaLa dharAvatA megalI (mekala), krAIsI (kara), parasaMga (pAraza, enI pahelI traNa zrutio.

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2 ju] cIke ane remanee nirUpita pazcima bhArata [427 parasagna sAthe maLatI Ave che tethI apabhraSTa), ane 30,000 nuM pAyadaLa, 300 nuM hastidaLa ane 800 nuM hayadaLa dharAvatA asmagI(varAhamihiranA azmaka)no samAveza thAya che. A ToLIo siMdhu vaDe pUrI rakhAyelI che ne 625 mAIla sudhI parvata ane raNanA vala vaDe gherAyelI che. pachI Ave che dArI ane surI ane e pachI vaLI Ave che 187 mAIla para vistarelAM raNa. siMdhanA dhAra ane saira sAthe teone yathArtha rIte baMdha besADAya ke nahi, paNa teone kayAMka raNanI vacce mUkavA raheze. enI nIcenA pradezamAM samudrakAMThe DuMgaromAM rahenArI rAjA vinAnI pAMca ToLI Ave che--mAlatIkArI, siMgabI, mArobI, rAgI ane merunI. AmAMnI ekene saMtoSakAraka rIte oLakhAvI zakAya ema nathI, paNa teone kacchamAM goThavI zakAya. pachI Ave che bhAratamAM sauthI UMco parvata jenI bIjI bAjue senArUpAnI khANa AvelI che te kApitAniyA (Abu parvate AvarI lIdhelI merI jAti. kApitAliyAnuM Abu sAthenuM samIkaraNa pUratuM saMbhavita che, paraMtu A parvatane ApelA nAmane purANonA kapiNDala" sAthe sAMkaLavuM joIe. kapiSkale yajurvedanI eka vAcanAne potAnuM nAma ApyuM che, jo ke ene arvAcIna pratinidhi, kethala, te AbuthI ghaNe dUra paMjAbanA karnAla jillAmAM Avela che. eriyana enA kasAIne (IND. IV ) hAddhiAtIsa(rAvI nA mULane pradezanI AsapAsa goThave che. kApitAliyA ane nerI pachI phakta 10 nuM hastidaLa dharAvatA, paNa bahusaMkhya pAyadaLavALA retI Ave che. abhilekhonA temaja purANanA aparAMta te ja A hovA joIe. megethinIe enA prAkRta rUpa (avarAta; orAta) uparathI A nAma jANuM hovuM joIe. A pachInI ToLInI pAse hastidaLa nathI, paNa phakta hayadaLa ane pAyadaLa ja che. enuM nAma sAmAnya rIte "suarataratI'' (nabI) tarIke vaMcAyuM che, paraMtu ene vadhAre sAro pATha "varatAtI" (mekali ) che, jenuM sudhAreluM rUpAMtara "varatI" te parANika yAdIomAMnA che kekaNo paikI 6 ka"Taralattane maLatuM Ave che (vilsana osi. rIsa. 15, 47). e leke thANe jillAnA madhya bhAgamAM ane vAlIonI vanya ToLInA dezamAM vasatA hatA. pachI Ave che odonabiorisa, jeonuM nAma udumbara vRkSa (Ficus Glomerata) sAthe saMkaLAyeluM che, ane je pANininA audumbarI zA (ja. 1. 13) nathI, paNa jemane dakSiNa thANAmAM mUkavA paDe. e pachI arabastrI oratI (nabInuM arabastrI theresa ane mekajhinDalanuM salabastrI heratI) athavA oratI ke koMkaNIone astra vibhAga Ave che. arabastrane

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428] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. varAhamihiranA naiRtya vibhAganA Arava (BR. S. 14. 17) sAthe sAMkaLI zakAya. teone barbara (sAtamA athavA sahuthI uttare AvelA kekaNanA) sAthe jaNAvavAmAM AvyA che. A jAti magarane upadrava dharAvatA bhejavALA pradezamAM eka suMdara nagara dharAvatI hatI ane pAMca nadIonA saMgama pradezamAM te mUla( ceula)nuM moTuM hATa paNa ane rAjA pAse 1,600 nuM hatidaLa, 1,50,000 nuM pAyadaLa ane 5,000 nuM hayadaLa hatuM ane tethI dakhaNane temaja dariyAkAMThAno ghaNo moTo bhAga enA kabajA heThaLa hovo joIe. A rAjya pachI caramInuM rAjya Ave che, jenuM sainya ghaNuM nAnuM che, ane e pachI Ave che. pAMDI (trAvaNakoranA pAMDya), je 300 nagaro, 1,50,000 nuM pAyadaLa ane 50 nuM hastidaLa dharAve che. e pachI 13 jAtionI nAmAvali Ave che, jemAMnI keTalIkane saMta mATine siMdhu pradeza AgaLanI arvAcIna rAjapUta jAtio tarIke oLakhI batAvI che, kemake temAMnuM chelluM nAma "orI ' che, "je pAtALaddIpa sudhI pahoMcI gayA che" ane jene nizcayAtmaka rIte kAThiyAvADanA saurASTro tarIke oLakhI zakAya ema che. paNa ApaNe ema mAnI levuM joIe che ke pazcima sAgarakAMThAnI jAtionAM nAma ApyA pachI je biMduthI eNe zarUAta karI te biMdue AvatAM sudhImAM megethinIsa dakhkhaNanA aMdaranA bhAganI jAtio varNave che, paNa gaLe Utare tevuM samIkaraNa kevaLa teligo athavA teluguo sAthe deraMgInuM che. osTrI pachI Ave che dakSiNathI uttara sudhI siMdhunA pUrva kAMThe vasatI janajAtionI yAdI-matheI (sarakhAvo bAhIkanagara mAnya" pANini, 4, 2, 117), boliMgI (bhauliMgI, eka zAlva janajAtiH pANini, 4, 1, 173), gallI tAlutI (saMbhavataH telakhalInuM apabhraMzarUpa, eka bIjI zAlva janajAti, ejana) DimurI, memarI, adabI, esI (jayapuranuM matsya ?) AbI, surI (pAThAMtara-AbhIo urI), salI ane e pachI 250 mAIlano raNapradeza, e pachI traNa vadhu janajAtio ane vaLI bIjA raNapradezo pachI cAra athavA pAMca (pAThAMtara anusAra) vadhu janajAtio, ane e pachI AsInI, jenI pATanagarI busephala (jalAlapura) che (kaniMgahama, ezya. yogrA, 199). megesthinIsa e pachI parvatIya janajAtiono ane siMdhupAranI 10 jAtione nirdeza kare che, jemAM orasI (urazA), takSilI (takSazilA) ane yulinI(puSkalAvatInA lokono samAveza thAya che. caMdraguptanA putra atriokedIsa(biMdusAra)nA darabAramAM elacI tarIke gayelA demAkAsanI kRti vize kaMI paNa jANavA maLatuM nathI, sivAya ke e be graMthamAM hatI ane e bhArata vizenA saghaLA vRttAMtamAM sauthI vadhAre avizvasanIya gaNatI (brebo, 2, 1, 9).

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2 ju] cIke ane remanee nirUpita pazcima bhArata [4ra9 telemI bIjo--philAdelaphesa( mRtyu I. pU. 247)ne bhArata sAthenA vepAramAM rasa hato ane eNe nAIla nadI paranA kosathI rAtA samudra para AvelA berenika sudhI sArthavAha-mArga kholyo hato (be, 17, 6, 45); ane saikAo sudhI bhAratane vepArI saMbaMdha A baMdarane athavA paDazanA miosa herasane Azraye rahyo. eNe bhAratamAM dekhAtI rIte ja azoka pAse). dAyanisiyasa nAmane dUta paNa mokalyo hato, jeNe skinInA kahevA pramANe (6, 17) bhAratIya bAbato vize eka vRttAMta lakhe che, jenA koI cokkasa TukaDA rahyA jaNAtA nathI. paraMtu egAthArakhAI dIse (janma Azare I. sa. 250) vRddha vaye rAtA samudrane je vRttAMta lakhe che tene TukaDAomAMthI ApaNane jANavA maLe che. A vRttAMtanA diodoresa( 3, 12-48) ane phetiasa (Muller's Geogr. Gr. Min. 1, 111 fi.) saMkhyAbaMdha utAra Ape che; emAM ema kahe che ke enA samayamAM patana (pAtAla) sAtheno bhAratIya vepAra yemenanA sebiyanonA hAthamAM hata (mUlara, 1, 197). vastutaH ekasesa( nIce juo)nI saphara sudhI bhArata ane misara vacce sIdhe vepAra sthapAyo na hato. Araboe hATa tarIke vAparelA pAtALane ullekha ema batAve che ke haju ApaNe linavALA pahelA kAlamAM chIe (nIce juo). maurya sAmrAjyanuM patana (Azare I. pUrve 180) thayA pachI baeNTriyAnA grIkoe emanI sattA bhAratamAM vistArI. euthIdemesano putra dimitriosa, jenA vijayone ullekha jasTIne (41. 6) ane boe (11. 2. 1) karele che te, emane agraNI hatA, paraMtu pUrvamAM ane dakSiNamAM ghaNA moTA vistAra paranA vijayo minose (Azare I. pU. 110) meLavyA hatA. e cheka jamunA sudhI dhasI gayo hato ane pattalinI siMdhane nIcale bhAga)thI saraosTasa(surASTranAM ane sigaratIsa(linInuM sigerasa?)nAM rAjyo sudhI Akho kAMThe eNe jItI lIdhuM hatuM (bo 11. 2. 1). perilasanA lekhake (Azare I. sa. 250) bonAM A kathanonuM samarthana karyuM che. e jaNAve che ke enA samayamAM minendro ane apolesana grIka abhilekhevALA drakhamaI ("kamma" sikkA) berigAjhAra (bharakaccha: bharUca) khAte hajI calaNamAM hatA (peri. 47). aledotosane have sAmAnya rIte minendro ( Azare I. pU. 100) uttarAdhikArI dhAravAmAM Ave che (baeNTriyana sikakAonuM briTiza myujhiyama kaeNTega, pR. 33). luTArka (Reip. Ger. Princ. ) jaNAve che ke minenkosanuM

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430 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pari. zAsana eTaluM badhuM narama hatuM ke enA mRtyu prasaMge enA tAbAnAM nagaree enI bhasmanA kabajA mATe takarAra jagAvI hatI ane Akhare bhasma vaheMcI lIdhI hatI. sIjhIkasanA eudAsase (Azare I. pU. 110) bIjAonI sAthe bhArata sudhInI be ghaNI saphaLa saphara karI hatI. pahelI saphara vakhate emane mArga batAvanAra eka bhAratavAsI hatA, jenuM vahANa ijiptanA samudrakAMThe bhAMgI paDyuM hatuM. pisadaniosamAMthI eudesisanI pravRttionI vArtA TAMkatAM abe (2. 3. 4) bhArata sudhInI A be samuyAtrA karatAM AphrikAnI jaLamArge pradakSiNA karavAnA enA prayatna upara vadhAre bhAra mUke che, paraMtu bhArata sAthenA sIdhA vepAranA AraMbha-lekhe sapharonI agatya ghaNI moTI che. eka tolemI sudhInA bhUgoLavidoe bhArata vizenuM pitAnuM jJAna megesthinIsanI tathA elekajhAndaranA sAthIonI kRtiomAMthI ja lagabhaga pUrepUruM tAravyuM hatuM. e paikI zAstrIya bhUgoLane sthApaka eretAsthinIsa (Azare I. pU. 275-194) bhAratanI pazcimathI pUrva sudhInI pahoLAI te enI uttarathI dakSiNa sudhInI laMbAI karatAM vadhAre che e khyAlane sauthI pahelI vyApaka prasiddhi ApanAra tarIke ullekhapAtra che. A bhUla bhAratanA nakazAne tolemIe vikRta karyo hato enA mULamAM rahelI che. eresthinIsano TIkAkAra hiparasa (Azare I. pU. 100 ) A bAbatamAM megenisanA vadhAre sAcA vanane anusare che ane anyathA judAM judAM sthaLonuM bhaugolika sthAna nizcita karavA mATe khagoLazAstrane sauthI pahelA upaga karanAra tarIke noMdhapAtra che. ee (Azare I. pU. 6 7 thI I. sa. 23) bhArata vizenuM potAnuM jJAna, potAnA purogAmIonI mAphaka mukhyatve megesthinIsa ane elekajhAnDaranA anuyAyIonI kRtiomAMthI tAravyuM hatuM, paNa damAskasanA nikAlAosa(entonI ane kilaopAtrAnAM saMtAnone zikSaka ane hareDane rAjadUtone AdhAra TAMkIne porasa nAmanA eka rAjA taraphathI oNgasa (mRtyu I. sa. 14) pAse AvelA traNa bhAratIya rAjadUtono vRttAMta umere che (15. 1. 72). A dUto je bheTo lAvelA temAM hAtha vinAne eka mANasa, sarpo, eka meTo kAcabo, eka moTuM tetara ane samrATanI prajAne potAnA pradezamAM thaIne mukta javaraavara karavAnI temaja vepAra karavAnI chUTa ApatA, carmapatra para grIka bhASAmAM lakhAyelA, patrano samAveza thato hato. A rAjadUtonI sAthe bargosI( bharUca, A nAmane sauthI pahele ullekha)thI eka karmonokhIgasa (bamaNAcArya, lAsena) Avyo

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2 ju] cIke ane romanoe nirUpita pazcima bhArata [431 hato, jeNe pAchaLathI bhAratavAsIonI parApUrvathI cAlI AvatI praNAlI pramANe ethensamAM agninAna karyuM hatuM. elacIkhAtuM bharUcathI AvyuM hatuM ane aMtio thaI pasAra thayuM hatuM e hakIkata ema darzAve che ke eNe IrAnanA akhAtano mArga lIdho hato. je lAMbA samaya sudhI vepArane mukhya mArga rahyo hato pari. 5. 36 che. je A elacIkhAtuM bharUcanA vepArIoe ubhI karelI naradama vANijyika kalpanAlIlA na hoya to je rAja porosanI heThaLa 60 : khaMDeyA rAjA hatA te bhAratIya-zika kelekadaphIsa, je parasanA jUnA rAjaya para temaja vAyavya hiMdanA bIjA ghaNA mulaka para sattA dharAvate, tenAthI e bIje zI rIte hoI zake e samajavuM muzkela che. je A sAcuM hoya to e ema darzAve che ke ApaNI sananA AraMbha kALe bhAratIya-zaka sattA dakSiNamAM cheka bharUca sudhI vistarI hatI. elacIkhAtAe irAnanA akhAtavALe bhAga lIdho ane ene udeza romana sAmrAjya sAthe vANijiyaka saMbaMdha cAlu karavAno hato e hakIkata ema batAvatI jaNAve che ke A samaye bharUca ane rAtA samudra uparanAM misarI baMdaro vacce sIdho vANiyika saMbaMdha na hato. ema chatAM ema jaNAve che ke enA samayamAM arabI ane bhAratIya mAlasAmAna rAtA samudra paranA bhasa hAramAsa( rAsa abu samara pAse thI nAIla nadI uparanA kotara dhAM kaTa lai javAta hatA (17. 1. 5 ane 16. 4. 28 ane tAlIonA samayamAM "sAmudradhunIomAMthI bahAra paDIne rAtanA samudra vATe mAMDa 20 vaDA saphare nIkaLavAnuM sAhasa karatAM hatAM, jyAre potAne divasomAM miesa horamosathI bhArata sudhI ane dathiopiyAnA mukhya bhUmipradeza sudhI 20 jeTalAM vahANone moTo kAle saphare nIkaLI zakate, e rIte bhAratIya vepAramAM thayelA vadhArAnuM e vistArathI varNana kare che (2. 5. 12 ane 1 5 1. 13). ema lAge che ke A sthAne ApaNe ptinInA bhAratIya vepAranA bIja kAla sAthe prasaMga pADavAno che, jayAre sigerasa (saMbhavataH jIrA) e misaranA vahANavaTInuM lakSya hatuM ( juo nIce). A vigato caibAe misaramAM pite iliyasa gelasa sAthe rahyo tyAre jANI hatI, paNa e enA samakAlIna dioderasane ajJAta hatI. diodarase bhArata vize pitAno vRttAMta pUrNa paNe megenisamAMthI tAravyo hato ( diodo. 2. 3-4ra) ane ene pUrva vize, honDayana ArkipelegomAMnA eka TApu(bAlI, lAmena anusAra nA, anita samayavALA jaMbUlasa nAmanA mANase kahelI * arthona ivI. - saM.

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432] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pari. vArtAo uparAMta kazuM jJAna na hatuM (diode. 2. pa7-6). pimponiasa melA(I. sa. 43)ne paNa bhArata vize kazI tAcha mAhitI na hatI. linI (I. sa. 23-79) jeNe pitAne prAkRtika ItihAsa I. sa. 77mAM pragaTa karyo te bhArata vize mukhyatve megesthitIsamAMthI tAravele ThIka ThIka pUrNa kahI zakAya tevo vRttAMta Ape che (upara juo). vaLI, e be samakAlIna bAbato vize mUlyavAna mAhitI paNa Ape che : () jayAM kalodiyasa (I. sa. 4-54)nA zAsanakALamAM rAtA samudranA AdivAsI pradezanA eka kheDUta enI saplekesana mukta karelo gulAma RtunI asarane pariNAme kheMcAI gayo hato te pAcho pharyA pachI rAjAe samrATa pAse cAra rAjadUta kalyA, jenI saradArI rAcIese lIdhI hatI (6. 22) te laMkA (tAbAnIno vRttAMta. (2) phakta e gALAmAM ja jANavAmAM AvelA jaLamArge rahIne elekajhAnDiyAthI bhArata sudhInI sapharano vRttAMta (6. 23). niArakasanA samayathI potAnA samaya sudhIne vahANavaTAne itihAsa ptinI traNa kAlamAM phALave che : (ka) arabastAnamAMnA sTAgrasa(rAsa pharataka)thI pAtAlI (siMdhamukhane trikoNa) sudhI hipelasa nAme oLakhAtA maityanA pavananI madadathI thatI 1332 mAIlanI sapharane samaya; (kha) svAgrasa( rAsa pharataka)thI sAIgerasa (telemI-miligIrIsa, periplasa-melijhigarA, prAyaH jaMjIro, ane kadAca bo jene sAIgaratIsa kahe che te) sudhInI sapharavALo samaya; | (ga) jyAre jaLa-vyavahAra alekajhAndriyAthI nAIlanA uparavAsamAM kepTasa sudhI thato hato ane tyAMthI UMTa dvArA raNa-pradezamAM thaIne (pheula upasAgaramAMnA) berInIsa sudhInI 250 mAIlanI sapharane Adhunika kAla. tyAMthI vepArIo grISmanI madhyamAM lubdhakanA udaya pahelAM nIkaLI paDatA ane 30 divasamAM ekelIsa (ghAllA) athavA kena (hina gherAba) pahoMcI jatA hatA. okelIsa baMdara upara bhAratIya vepAranI ghaNI avarajavara hatI. okelIsathI mujhIrIsa (musthirI, kAMgAnura) sudhInI saphara 40 divasanI che, je pADozanA nItrIAsa(meMgalora)nA cAMciyAonA kAraNe jokhamakAraka che ane kAMThAthI rastAo sudhInA aMtarane kAraNe agavaDakAraka che. bIjuM vadhAre sAruM baMdara te

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2 ] cIke ane remanee nirUpita pazcima bhArata [433 bekAra (kallaDa, yule) che, je paMDiyana (pAMca) rAjya-jenI rAjadhAnI madurA (madurA) che temAM AvelI nIAsiDaeNna tolemI-melakiDA, periplasa-nelakiMDA) jAtine hastaka che. ahIM hADakAMomAM konArA( kaTTanADu)thI pIpara lAvavAmAM Ave che. vahANo Disembara athavA jAnyuArImAM rAtA samudramAM pAchAM phare che. e te spaSTa che ke ptinI jenA upara khUba bhAra mUke che te vahANavaTAno Adhunika sudhAro mAsu pavanone upayoga karavAmAM nahi, paNa hiMdI mahAsAgaramAM thaIne sIdhA malabAra-kinAre trATakavAmAM raheluM che. je vahANe A mArgano Azraya letAM hatAM te linInA samayamAM tIraMdAjonuM rakSaka daLa sAthe rAkhatAM hatAM, paNa periplasanA lekhakanA samayamAM ema thatuM na hatuM e hakIkata I. sa. nA pahelA saikAmAM malabAra sudhIno sIdhe jaLamArga navo ane apari. cita hatA evA bIjA sUcanarUpe che. comAsu pavanone "hipelasa" nAma ApavAmAM AveluM e vize nIce perisa aMge varNana karIzuM tyAre carcAze. je dionisiora parigatIse hephIana( I. sa. 17-138; krAIsTana zrIca, Literatur Geech pR. 57)nA Adhipatya heThaLa lakhyuM hovAnuM tAjetaramAM puravAra thayuM che te bhAratanuM bahu uparachalluM varNana Ape che, paNa eNe siMdhu nadIne kAMThe geDosaI ( 1. 1087-88)nI pUrve vasatA dakSiNAya zakonI kiMmatI noMdha karelI che. ' - elekajhAnDiyAno kalodirA tAleosa suIsanA kahevA pramANe mArakasa oreliyasa enToniyasa(I. sa. 16-181 nA Adhipatya heThaLa vasato hato. e samaye je jagata paricita hatuM tenA bhogolika varNananA bhAgarUpe eNe bhArata vizeno vRttAMta ekaTho karyo hato ane potAnI moTA bhAganI sAmagrI tAyarana merinosa jenI racanA chevAI gaI che, paNa jeNe I. sa. 130nI AsapAsa lakhyuM hovuM joIe, tenAmAMthI tAravI hatI. telemAne (athavA enI pahelAM merinosa) bhArata vize ghaNuM vizALa tAna hatuM, je amuka aMze vahANavaTIo ane vepArIo sAthenA saMbaMdhamAMthI ane amuka aMze purANomAM che tene maLatIpaNa prAkRtamAMthI lIdhelI bhAratIya nAmAvalimAMthI eNe tAravyuM hatuM. eNe megesthinIne ane alekajhAnDaranA sAthIone bhAgye ja kazo upayoga kare che, paNa eNe taiyAra karela bhAratane nakazo eresthanIsane, pazcima pUrva sudhInI bhAratanI pahoLAI uttarathI dakSiNa sudhInI enI laMbAI karatAM ghaNI vadhAre che e bhrAmaka khyAla pakaDI levAthI dUSita thayelo che. potAnA I-2-28

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434 ] mauya kAlathI guptakAla [ pari. sAtamA graMthanA pahelA prakaraNathI bhAratanuM varNana ApavAnuM telenI zarU kare che, je gaMgAnA pradezamAM samAtA bhAratane nirUpe che. pahelAM e nadIonAM, dezanAM, nagarAnAM ane bhUziranAM nAmeA Ape che ane sidhunA pAzrcAtyatama mukhathI te gaMgAnA pairahyatama mukha sudhInA bhAratane AkhA samudrakAMTho e varNave che. pachI e pa`tAne ane nadIone teonI zAkhAe sahita vigate varNavIne bhAratanA vividha deze temaja e pratyekanAM nagarAnA varNanamAM Utare che. vAyavyathI zarU karIne e krame dakSiNa tarapha vaLe che ane a Mte e samudrakAMThAthI dUra AvelA TApuonI nAmAvali Ape che. pazcima bhAratanA eNe ApelA vRttAMtane khyAla karatAM, kinArAnAM ane aMdaranAM nagarAnAM mathALAM heThaLa alaga alaga varNavelAM pratyeka dezanAM nagarAne bhegAM levAthI sugamatA thaze. kAA( kAkhula ) nadI sAthenA saMyeAgathI mAMDIne siMdhu nadInA nIcalA pravAhanI baMne bAjue AvelA samasta pradezane te "inDA-sithiyA" evuM nAma Ape che ane enA traNa vibhAgAne pAtalInI nIcaluM siMdha ), eberiyA ( vAMcavAnuM sebiriyA, arthAt saivIra athavA upaluM sidha ane mulatAna) ane surAnI ( surASTra athavA kAThiyAvADa ) tarIke jaNAve che. ApaNe joyu ke dAyeAnisiyAsa siMdhu nadInA dAkSiNAtya sithiyanA(zakA)ne eLakhatA hatA ane ApaNe emane periplasamAM pharI maLIzuM (prakaraNa 38 ane AgaLa ). e siMdhunAM sAta mukha varNave che, paNa e nadI satata peAtAnA pravAha adalatI rahetI hovAthI eNe ApelAM badhAM nAma ( sagapA, sintheAna, kharIphrAna, saparA, sabalIssA ane lenIkhare ) hAlanI zAkhAe sAthe meLavI batAvavAnI AzA rAkhavI vyartha che. mAtra eTaluM batAvavuM zakya che ke 'sinthAna'mAM nadInu bhAratIya nAma (siMdhu) jaLavAI rahyuM che ane enu parastyatama mukha (lAnIbare) prAyaH hAlanI kArI athavA loNI ane mAravADanI lUNI nadI e baMnenu pratinidhitva kare che. teAlemIne kacchanA astitvano khyAla ja na hatA. joke raNane e 'kaDInA akhAta' tarIke eLakhatA hateA eno keTaleka khulAsA A hakIkata pUrI pADe che. A kAraNe e surAcIna( surASTra athavA kAThiyAvADa)ne raNanA dakSiNa bhAgamAM geAThavavAne badale khoTI rIte sidhunA mukhatrikoNa pradezamAM geAThave che. teAlemI inDA-sithayA(kAhATa, jaMtu ane DerA IsmAIlakhAna)nA vAyavya bhAgamAM pAMca nagarAnA jUthanuM varNana kare che, jemAMthI nigahame ( enziyanTa jyogrAphI, pRSTha 84 ane AgaLa) ajagarane khaMtu sAthe ane andrapAnane darakhana sAthe sarakhAvyAM che, jyAre aratAata, sakhanA, ane kedranAnAM sthAna ajJAta

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2 ju ] thIke ane rAmane e nirUpita pazcima bhArata [ 435 rahyAM che. A pachI teAlemI siMdhunA pazcima kAMThAthI samudra sudhInAM 12 gAmAnI yAdI Ape che. A paikI kaniMgahame ( eziyanTa jayAgrAphI, pR. para ) embeAlImAne aTakanI upara 60 mAIle AvelA amba sAthe sarakhAvyu che, ane pasipIDAne senTa-mArTine Araba bhrugeAvidenA mesabhaida tarIke eLakhI batAvyuM che ne cinAba ane si MdhunA saMgama thAya che tyAM miThAnakeTa pAse mUkI Apyu che. yAdImAM pisapADA pachI tarata je nAma Ave che te seAsIkAnA che, je meAsIkanosanuM apabhraMza rUpa hAya ema sAmAnya rIte manAyuM che ane chellAmAM chellA adhikArI vidvAne ( janarala hega, dhI insa DelTA kanTrI, pR. 130) ene bhAvalapuramAM mUkI ApyuM che, joke kAne gahama ( ensiyanTa jyogrAphI, pR. 2pa7) ene elera AgaLa mUke che, je teAlenIe jaNAvelA aMtara sAthe kaMIka vadhAre meLamAM che. yAdImAMnuM sahuthI dakSiNanu nagara kolaka te maeNkakrinDala dhAre che temA eriyananuM kAkala (karAMcI) DeAya ema barAbara khesatuM nathI, kemake telemI ene si'dhunA pazcima mukhanI uttare 1 aMza AgaLa geDave che. A pachI mukhatrikaiANu pradezanAM je me meTAM nagare ne telemI ullekha kare che te paikI pAtAlane janarala hega haidrAbAdathI agnie 35 mAila para (uparyukta, pR. 19) ane khabarIne zAhabaMdara pAse gAThave che (aMjana, pR. 31 ). barabarInA krUrI vAra ullekha periplasamAM thAya che (prakaraNa 38), jyAM enuM nAma kharakharIkAna che. siMdhu nadIno sAgara sAthe saMgama thAya che tyAMthI si Mdhune DAme kAMThe AvelAM nava nagarAnAM nAma tAlemI Ape che, paNa e paikI bahu echAMne saMteASakAraka rIte oLakhI batAvAya ema che. hyuelenanA siddhAMtane AdhAre panAsA eesanapura ja heAI zake (senTa mArTina). boTaiyA e ArabonuM sudhiyA ja hovuM joIe, joke e nadInI avaLI bAjue che (juo huga, ejana, pR. 57 ane AgaLa ). nAprammane yule anusAra nauzAharA AgaLa mUkI zakAya. kamIgara e be seAsIkAnAvALI jagyA hoya te| e ArAra na heAI zake (maeNkakrinDala), bInagara e mInanagarane vikRta pATha hAvAnuM sAdhAraNa rIte manAyuM che( sarakhAvA periplasa, prakaraNa 38 ). haMga(uparyu kta, pR. 32, TIpa 47) tuztula kirAma paragaNA zAhadAdapura(haidrAbAdanI IzAne )mAM eka mAnanagara jaNAve che e rIte ullekha kare che. paramalI, sidrosa ane epItosA hajI sudhI eALakhI batAvAyAM nathI, paraMtu tenuM pageruM kAM te| haidrAbAdamAM athavA thara pArakaramAM zeAdhavu joI e. yule anusAra kasAzmanAne lUNInA vaLAMkamAM Avela sivAnA tarIke pArakhI zakAya. e bIjuM ema sUcave che ke tAlemIe lUNIne siMdhunA pUrvanA mukha tarIke gU McavI mArI hatI.

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[ pari. 436] mauryakAlathI guptakAla surAtrInI(kAThiyAvADa)ne kAMThe tenI pahele je ullekha kare che te barakInA dvIpa(dvArakA beTa)no che; e pachI baraDAnA DuMgarA AgaLa baraDAkasImA zahera Ave che te porabaMdara ja hovuM joIe (yule). e pachI surAstra gAma Ave che, je kadAca verAvaLa sAthe maLatuM hoya; joke ene ghaNe uttare mUkavAmAM AvyuM che. surAstra e sAbhiprAya rIte jUnAgaDha na hoI zake (lAsena), kemake e samudrakAMThe nathI ane temanA samayamAM e gAmaDuM nahi, paNa nagara hatuM; joke tolemI eno kayAMye nirdeza karato nathI e kharekhara vicitra che. AgaLa jatAM dakSiNe telemI menaglarasana(mAMgaroLa)ne bajArano nirdeza kare che. inDosithiyAnA samudra kinArAnI pUrva sImA te maphIsa (mahI) nadInuM mukha hoya tema lAge che. inDo-sithiyA vizene telemIne vRttAMta siMdhu (eTale ke lUNI) nadInI pUrve ane tyAMthI thoDeka aMtare eNe mUkelAM sthAnonI yAdInA nirdeza AgaLa pUro thAya che. e sthAno che. lokI, je pArakhI zakAyuM nathI, paNa jene mevADamAM kayAMka mUkavuM joIe, saMbhavataH udepurathI IzAna khUNe 7ra mAIla para AvelA prAcIna pUra nagara AgaLa athavA te saMbhavataH udepurathI ra bhAI para AvelA prAcIna AhADa zahera AgaLa mUkavuM joIe ( TeDakRta rAjasthAna, 1,677-78). sarabana je temanA nakazAmAM mahInA uparavAsamAM apakopA parvata(aravallI)mAM darzAveluM che tene ratalAmathI vAyavya khUNe 10 mAIla para Avela saravana tarIke oLakhavuM ghaTe che. nimacanI pAse saravani karIne eka bIju sthAna paNa che, jene kadAca telemIe savana sAthe gUMcavyuM hoya. okasamIsa jene senTa- mArTina samI tarIke oLakhAve che ane yule ajamera tarIke oLakhAve che, paNa baMnemAMthI eke saravana sAthe dizA ane aMtara beu daSTie baMdhabesatAM nathI. upara sUcavyuM tema je tolemIe saravana ane saravani vacce goTALo karyo hoya to kadAca ekasamIsa udepura pAsenuM AhADa hoya. anyathA oksomIsa IDara paNa hoI zake. A praznano ukela AhADa ane IDaranA samayanA vadhu nizcita jJAnanI madadathI lAvI zakAya. erabadane kAmacalAu dhoraNe yuke anusAra Abu upara mUkI zakAya. - asilTane siddhapura najIka zodhavuM joIe, joke senTa-mArTina anusAra ene e sthAna tarIke oLakhAvI zakAya ema nathI. vaDanagara (agAunuM AnaMdapura ane ati prAcIna nagara) e kadAca enuM Adhunika pratirUpa haya.

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2 ju] cIke ane remanoe nirUpita pazcima bhArata [ 37 thiokilA kadAca devaliyA (yule) athavA IzAna sairASTramAM AveluM thAna (barjesa) hoya. astaka e sapramANa rIte bhAvanagara pAsenuM hastaka--hAthaba (bUlara) che. -sithio cheDA pachI pazcima kinAre nIce utaranAM tolemI lArikanuM varNana Ape che. e kinArAnI uttara sImAe mophIsa nadInuM mukha hatuM. purANa ane abhilekhamAM enuM nAma "lATache. temanI ene kAMThe AvelA kidarI gAmano ullekha kare che, je kadAca "kApidarI' azuddha pATha hoya ane e mahInI tarata ja dakSiNe AvelA vIrthadhAma kAvI (abhilekhomAMnuM kApikA) hoya. e pachI Ave che malenI bhUzira, jenI tolemIe potAnA graMthamAM temaja nakazAmAM lArikAmAM samAveza karyo che, ke khaMbhAtanA akhAtanI pUrva bAjue koI evI tarI AvatAM anukuLa paristhitivALI ucabhUmi nathI. ene e bharUcanI pazcime 23deg para goThave che, e jotAM saMbhavataH e akhAtanI bIjI bAjue sairASTramAM pAveluM gopanAtha poInTa (riplasamAMnuM pApikI) hoya. eNe ApeluM nAma laI kAMThAnA nAme oLakhAtA pAsenA chIcharA pANIvALA vistAramAM TakI rahyuM che. tolenI nasa (narmadA nadInA mukhane maleo bhUziranI uttare mUke che tenI sAthe A meLAmAM che. nadInI dakSiNe kamanI che, jene kamaNija athavA abhikhAmAMnA karmaNeya sAthe eTale ke suratanI upara tApIne kAMThe Avela kAmareja sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. ane paraplasa prakaraNa 43 mAMnA kampanI tarIke dhAravAmAM AvyuM che, je berIgojhAnA akhAtanI jamaNI (pUrva) bAjue hironA nAme oLakhAtI TekarInI sAmI bAju AveluM gAma hatuM. paNa kadAca e baMnene alaga pADIne kamonInuM sAmya elapADanI uttare AvelA kI sAthe zodhavuM e uttama che. e pachI je nagara ullekhAyuM che te nosAripa che, jene ghaNuM karIne nausArikA vAM. joIe, kemake e abhilekhomAMnuM navasArakA ane hAlanuM navasArI che. lArike TheTha dakhaNanuM nagara te polIpolA che, je phUlapADA junA suraja tarIke oLakhAvAyuM che, paNa e dakSiNamAM ghaNuM Ave che. bilimorA e kadAca enuM saMbhavita sthAna che, jene ke nAma ekabIjAne maLatAM AvatAM nathI ( sivAya , pilI te draviDa bhASAnuM pulI ke polI= vAgha che, jene ThekANe pAchaLathI bIlI=balADI goThavAyuM hoya). lArikAnA aMdaranA pradezanAM nagaranI yAdInI zarUAta tolemI agrInagarathI kare che, jene yule anusAra ujajainathI agni khUNe 35 mAIla dUra AvelA Agara sAthe meLa pADI zakAya. abhilekhomAMnuM Akara te ja Agara. e pachInuM

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438 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. nagara siripalla che, je oLakhAvI zakAyuM nathI, paNa zAhajahAMpurathI dUra nahi tevA aMtare, AgarathI agni khUNe trIseka mAIle ene zodhavuM joIe. enuM Adhunika nAma saMbhavataH zirola hoya. banmyogorAne pavanagaDha (yule) sAthe nahi, paNa hyuenatsiaMganI "brAhmaNonI nagarI' (bIla, sI-mu-kI, 2.262) sAthe ene sarakhAvI zakAya, je enA samayamAM mALavAnI rAjadhAnIthI vAyavya khUNe 200 lI (Azare 33 mAIla) dUra hatuM. aMtara ane dizA ApaNane jAvaro najIka lAvI de che. sejhekIna ane gerI saMtoSakAraka rIte oLakhI zakAyAM nathI, paraMtu kAmacalAu rIte teone anukrame ratalAma ane badanAvAra AgaLa mUkI zakAya athavA yulee sUcavyuM hatuM tema ragerI kadAca dhAra hoI zake. tyArunIsanI rAjadhAnI ochInI e ujajaina che, je Azare I.sa. 130 mAM rAjya karanArA kSatrapa cASTananI rAjadhAnI hatI. enA rAjyamAM pazcima mALavA, pazcima khAnadeza ane hanI dakSiNe AvelA samasta gujarAtano samAveza thato hatA. eno patra radradAmA (I. sa. 152 enA giranAranA abhilekhamAM (Ie. 7. 259) ApaNane jaNAve che ke enA potAnA rAjyamAM mAravADa, siMdha ane paMjAbanA nIcalA bhAgano paNa samAveza thato hato. tolema ujajaina pachI mInanagarano ullekha kare che, je mAnapuranI AsapAsa kyAMka hovuM joIe. e pachI ApaNe godAvarI-khINathI khAnadezane chUTI pADatI pavartadhAra upara AvelA TIArA athavA cAMdera yule) AgaLa AvIe chIe; ane chevaTe e nadI para AvelA nAsika, hAlanA nAsika, AgaLa AvIe chIe. nAsika e kayAre paNa cATTananA Adhipatya heThaLanA pradezano bhAga hatuM ke nahi e khUba zaMkAspada che, kemake nAsikanI guphAomAMnA abhilekhone AdhAre ApaNe jANIe chIe ke talemIne rAmakAlIna pulumAyinA pitA gautamIputra zAtakaNie dezane e bhAgamAMthI kSatrapone hAMkI kADhyA hatA. potAnI yAdIomAMnI ekamAM tolee ujajainathI dakSiNa tarapha jatA mArga para nAsika AveluM hovAnI noMdha saMbhavataH joI hoya ne e parathI eNe evo nirNaya tAravyo hoya ke baMne eka ja rAjyamAM AvelAM hatAM. sAdanoInA arIakImAM, dakSiNamAM cheka bAlaTapaTaNA (mahADa pAse) sudhInI kAMkaNapaTTIno tathA godAvarI ane kRSNa vaccenA dakhaNano samAveza thato hato. e nAma varAhamihiranI bRhatsaMhitAnA adhyAya 14mAM "Aryaka' rUpe Ave che. jAtidarzaka nAma sAdInoIne khulAso karavo ocho saheluM che. abhikartAnA arthamAM sAdhana zabda sAthe ene sUcita saMbaMdha (lAsena) ane

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2 ju] cIke ane mane e nirUpita pazcima bhArata [439 gujarAtanA kSatrapa sAthe ene lAgu pADavAnuM nirvAhya nathI. sAdhana zabdanA A arthaghaTana mATenuM eka mAtra pramANe te vilsanane saMskRta koza che ane A samaya sudhI AvatAM eTaluM nizcita che ke arIakI gujarAtanA kSatraponuM nahi, paNa godAvarI kAMThe AvelA paiThananA zAtakaNionuM hatuM. varAhamihiranA zAMtike sAthe sAdInoIno bhAMDArakare yojele saMbaMdha paNa kaMIka asaMtoSakAraka lAge che. tolemIe ApeluM nAma saMbhavataH "zAtakaNi" athavA "sAtavAhananuM apabhraSTa rUpa hoI zake. A pradezanA kAMThAnAM nagara te che-sopArA (vasaI pAsenuM supArA), jenI dakSiNe tolemAM goariyA (vaitaraNI) nadI darzAve che; doMgA (kadAca bhIvaMDInI uttare 10 mAIla para AveluM dugADa), jenI dakSiNe benDA nadI (bhIvaMDInI khADI ) che; sImIllA, bAra ane bhUzira, linInAM oTomula ane perisula ane Adhunika cela (mula); milikIgIrIsa, TApu arthAta periplasamAMnuM elijhagArA ane prAya:) hinInuM sigerasa ane hAlanuM jaMjIrA; hipokaura, kolAbA jillAnuM ghaDegAMva athavA to kuDA (yule); bIpaTaNI, je prAyaH perisamAMnuM palapaTamaI ane mahADa najIkanuM pALa che te. - sAdInoInA aMdaranA pradeza kAMThAnI paTTI karatAM vadhAre vistRta hatA. temAM zaheranI be yAdIo Ape che : eka benDA jeno dakhaNamAMno pravAha bhImA nadI tarIke oLakhAya che tenI pazcime (eTale ke uttare) AvelAMnI ane bIjI te benDA ane cUDosTomasa (ahIM mAlaprabhA ane kRSNa athavA saMbhavataH zAkhAo sahitanI tuMgabhadrA) vacce AvelAMnI. pahelI yAdImAMnAM pUrvatama nagara, malippala ane sarIsabIsa saMtoSakAraka rIte oLakhAvI zakAyAM nathI, paNa teone haidrAbAdanA agni khUNe nijhAmanA pradezamAM zodhavAM joIe. pachI Ave che periplasa prakaraNa 51 mAM paiThaNanI pUrve 10 divasanA mArge AveluM hovAnuM ulikhita ane tethI lagabhaga kulabarganA akSAMza para raheluM nagara. kulabarganI sAthe yulee ene sarakhAvyuM che. aMtara ane dizA baMne devagIra ( vipharDa ane bIjA), junnara (bhagavAnalAla), athavA kolhApura (phUlITa) sAthe enuM sAmya sthApavAnuM azakya banAve che. e dArura athavA dhArura che (bhAMDArakara) e anumAna atyAra sudhImAM thayeluM uttama anumAna che, paraMtu bhAra jillAmAM AveluM dArura e uttare khUba dUra AveluM che eTale haidrAbAdanI pazcime 50 mAIlanA aMtare AvelA dhArane ja sahuthI vadhu saMbhavita sthAna tarIke svIkAravuM joIe. tolemI sagara pachI baithanano ullekha kare che, je periplasamAMnuM piMthana ane gadAvarI kAMThe AveluM hAlanuM paiThaNa che. ApaNo graMthalekhaka ene sirotolemAIosa,

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- 440 ] - mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari, je nAsika guphAlekhomAMne zrI pulumAyi che tenI rAjadhAnI gaNAve che. maithana pachI devapAlI Ave che, jene ahamadanagaranA parAmAMnA AjanA devalI sAthe khuzIthI sarakhAvI zakAya. gemelIbA, je pachInuM sthAna che tene ahamadanagara ane junnaranI vaccenA bhAga upara kyAMka mUkavuM joIe. junnara, je prAcIna nagara che tene tolemInA mInagara sAthe sarakhAvavAnuM che, joke A nAma samajAvavuM saheluM nathI. arIakImAMnI nagaronI bIjI yAdI nagarorIsa(nagarapurI)thI zarU thAya che, je prAyaH pUnA che, je tyAre paNa mahatvanuM sthaLa hovuM joIe, kemake TheTha bhoraghATa sudhInA dhorI mArganA zirobiMdu upara e AveluM che. tabaso (sarakhA varAhamihiranuM tApasa-Azrama ane tolemIne potAnuM tabaI) e kadAca paMDharapuranuM pavitra zahera hoI zake. daDInuM prAcIna nAma ( bijApura jillAmAM uttare AveluM IDI) jaLavAI rahyuM che. e pachI Ave che. tiripaMgalIDA (kuraMdavADa rAjayanuM tikiTa?) ane e pachI belIo karasanI rAjadhAnI hipokIro. kolhApura pradezamAMthI jenA sikakA maLI AvyA che te vilivAyaznara sAthe A rAjAnuM sAmya Do. bhAMDArakare batAvyuM che. enI rAjadhAnI kadAca bijApura jillAnA siMdagI tAlukAmAMnuM hippI hoI zake. tolemInI yAdImAMnuM e pachInuM nagara seu budAu oLakhI zakAyuM nathI, paNa enI pachI sirimAlaga nAma Ave che te bijApura jillAnA e ja nAmanA tAlukAmAMnuM siranAla hovuM joIe. kallIgerisane kahagiri sAthe (mekaphrinDala) nahi, paNa kRSNanA mArgacheda para AvelA galagalI sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya, ane moDegaulA e mudagala (maikajhiDala) nahi, paNa ghATaprabhAne kAMThe AveluM muDhela che. peTIragalane ghaNuM karIne penegala vAMcavuM joIe ane to pachI e junA gAma pananagala athavA dhAravADa jillAnA hegalanuM pratinidhitva karI zake. yAdImAMnuM chelluM nAma banAuesI che, te kannaDamAM sirasIthI Azare 10 mAIla para AveluM vanavAsI che, je ghaNuM prAcIna nagara che. jyAM zAtakaNionI eka judI zAkhA rAjya karatI hatI. telemIe varNavele pazcima hiMdano A pachIno vibhAga te cAMciyA-kAMThe che. telemI pAMca dariyAI baMdara paNa aMdaranA pradezanAM phakta be ja zahera jaNAve che. e te spaSTa che ke bhUmi-pradezanI bAjue cAMciyAone zAtakarNi onA mulakoe gherI lIdhA hatA ane emanA kabajAmAM ghATathI upara bahu

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2 juM] coke ane romane e nirUpita pazcima bhArata [441 ocho pradeza hato; joke emanI rAjadhAnI mauso pallI e pradezamAM AvelI hatI. samudrakAMThe AvelAM sthAna uttarethI dakSiNa A pramANe hatAM: maMDagara, je periplesa (prakaraNa 53 mAMnuM maMDagara che ane jene beMkoTanI khADInI dakSiNe AvelA maMDanaH sAthe saMtoSaprada rIte sarakhAvAyuM che. bijhanIona, je Do. bhAMDArakare sau prathama darzAvyuM che te pramANe abhilekhomAMnuM vaijayaMtI che. ene kAM to ciluna AgaLa athavA vAsiTI nadInA mukha upara Avela DAbhela AgaLa mUkI zakAya. kekaNanA A bhAgamAM cikuna e sArI evI prAcInatAvALuM ekamAtra nagara che ane je e vaijayaMtI na hoya to tolemI ene sAva cUkI gayo che. nAmanuM uccArasAmya bijhentIonanA jayagaDha (bhAMDArakara) sAthe athavA vijayadurga (vinsenTa) sAthe maLatApaNuM sUcave che. e baMne sthAna mukAbale Adhunika che. kAMkaNamAM saMgamezvara ane sAvaMtavADI sImAnI vacce rekhara kaI ati prAcIna nagara che ja nahi. kheranIsesa sAmAnyataH gevAna dIpakalpa tarIke svIkArAyuM che. agara nagIna nadInI jarAka uttare mukAyuM che ane pocuM gIjha pradezamAM AvelI rAmasanI bhUzira sAthe enuM sAmya sthApI zakAya. A sthaLe nAgIna nadIne sAmAnya rIte kAlI nadI dhAravAmAM Ave che, jeke enA uparavAsamAM e tApI nadI hoya ema lAge che, ane nAnAghATa sAthe thayelA gUMcavADAne kAraNe tolemI eno saMbaMdha govArIsa ane benDA nadIo kempabela) sAthe javAne prerAyo che. cAMciyA-kAMThe dUratama dakSiNe AveluM hATa nitrA te hinInuM nitriasa che ane yulee saMtoSakAraka rIte ene netravatIne kAMThe Avela meMgalora sAthe sarakhAveluM che. cAMciyAonAM pradezAntargata zahera olojIro ane rAjadhAnInuM nagara mausapallI che, je baMnene kRSNa nadInA mULa AgaLanA DuMgarALa pradezamAM zodhavAnAM che ane kAmacalAu dhoraNe anukrame karADa ane karavIra(kolhApura)nAM prAcIna nagaro sAthe jeono meLa meLavI zakAya. A kAMThA aMge temano vRttAMta pUro karavAne hetanIsiyA (saLagI gayelA TApuo ?) trikIba ane peperInI TApuono ullekha karavo ja jarUrI che. ApaNane ahIM bAkInA bhArata vizenA enA vRttAMta sAthe nisbata nathI. barasa samrATa enToniyasa pAyasa (I. sa. 154-181 ) pAse bhAratathI mekalavAmAM AvelA keTalAka rAjadUtone bebIlena khAte maLe hato ane e

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[ pari. 442] mauryakAlathI guptakAla paikInA saMndamIsa ane sadanIsa pAsethI ene brAhmaNonA rivAjo vizeno temaja ardhanArI-svarUpanI zivanI pratibhA dharAvatA zaila-maMdisno vRttAMta maLyo hato. lAsana (3. 62 ane 348) sadanIsane sAdInoI sAthe sAMkaLe che ane maMdirane pazcima bhAratamAM mUke che, paNa A baMnemAMthI ekeya nirAkaraNa jarUrI nathI. A elacImaMDaLa mokalavAno hetu ajJAta che. dha periplasa opha dha eriTriyana sI' (eriTriyana samudrano bhomi) agAu joke bhUlathI eriyana(I. sa. 150)ne nAme caDAvavAmAM AvyuM hatuM te pUrva AphrikA ane bhArata sAthenA misarI vepArano vRttAMta che, je potAnA sAthIo mATe alekajhAnDiyAnA eka vepArIe lakhele che. eka ja hastapratamAM e jaLavAyuM che ane keTaleka ThekANe ene pATha ghaNo dUpita che. A kRtino racanA-samaya khUba vivAdagrasta che. ene lagatA mukhya abhiprAya A pramANe che : (1) perisa linInI pahelAM lakhAyuM hatuM ane eNe eno upayoga karyo hato ( vinsenTa, vAnabeka ane glesara). vinsenTa ane svAnakhekanI dalIlanuM pUruM khaMDana karyuM che (Geogr. Gr. Min. I.XCVIII). glesarano dAvo evo che ke (elaeNnDa 1881, pR. 45) perisamAMno malIkhasa te nabathiyA(I. sa. 49-7 )ne mAlakasa trIje che ane pariplasa merene ithiopiyAnI rAjadhAnI tarIke oLakhe che, jyAre pUrva AphrikA upara nIce caDAI laI gaye (I. sa. 68) tyAre e lagabhaga alopa thayuM hatuM. ane chellI vAta e ke periplasane lekhaka besilisa athavA besilIsa che, jene plinI potAnA 6 ke graMtha mATenA pramANa tarIke jaNAve che. Ano ema javAba ApI zakAya ke malIkhasa e "malika' khitAba che ane kaI paNa Araba zekhane e lAgu karela hoya (renoDa): vaLI periplasa mereno khAtarIpUrvaka muddala ullekha karatuM nathI ane besilisa tolemI philAdelaphesano samakAlIna hoya ke na hoya, paNa e egatharakhAIdAsa (Azare I. pU. 200 , je ene TAMke che ( Geog. Gr. Min. I. 156) teno pUrvakAlIna che. (2) pariplasa plinInI kRtinA samayamAM ja racAyuM hatuM, paNa emAMnA keIe bIjAno upayoga karyo nathI (sAlamAsInsa). A matanuM mUlare khaMDana karyuM che (uparyukta, pR. 155). (3) perisa I. sa. 161 pachI racAyuM hatuM (DoDela). mUlare darzAvyuM che ke (ejana) dedivelanI dalIla uparathI nirAkaraNa upara AvI zakAtuM nathI.

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2 ju] zake ane mane e nirUpita pazcima bhArata [443 (4) maLela mata ke periplasa I. sa. 80 ane 89 vacce lakhAyuM hatuM mUlara). (5) periplasa trIjA saikAnI madhyamAM lakhAyuM hatuM (renoDa, Mem. de 1 Ac. des Inser. 24, bhAga 2, bhASAMtara i. e. 8 mAM, pR. 330 ane pachI.). pasaMdagI mUlara ane renoDanA mato vacce ja karavAnI rahe che. mUlara I. sa. 80 ane I. sa. 89 vaccenA samayane pakSe dalIla kare che, kemake periplasano lekhaka bhArata vize gaMgAnI pAranA pradezo aMge ptinI karatAM vadhAre jANato nathI, jyAre tolemInuM jJAna ghaNuM vadhAre che; periplasa silenane peleIsImondu kahe che je temane mATe januM nAma che (7. 4. 1), kAraNa ke I. sa. 10pamAM nAza pAmeluM nabathiyana rAjya pariplasanA lekhakanA samaye hajI astitvamAM hatuM: hipAlesa aMgeno pariplasano vRttAMta darzAve che ke plinI karatAM e pAchaLanA samayano che ane perisamAM rAjA sakAlIsano ullekha che, je I. sa. 77-88 mAM rAjya karanAra, ebisiniyana yAdIomAMne jhA hakalI hovo joIe. Ane javAba ema ApI zakAya ke periplesa e pUrva eziyAnI bhUgoLa nathI, paNa amuka baMdaro sAthe prasaMga pADatA vepArIo mATenI mArgadarzikA che; silona mATe telemIne potAnI yAdImAMthI tAbanI, palasIdu ane salikI e traNa nAma maLyAM hovAM joIe ane eNe palAIno artha "agAunuM karIne ene sAmethI juduM pADavAnI bhUla karI che ane eTale sImonDanI jUnA nAma tarIke tathA salikInI Adhunika nAma tarIke eNe noMdha karI che. vizvanI 6. 22)mAMthI ApaNane jANavA maLe che ke peleI samaju e silenamAMnA eka gAmanuM ane eka nadInuM nAma hatuM, jyAMthI vistArIne e nAma A dIpane ApavAmAM AvyuM hatuM, jyAre traNe nAma bhegAM vaparAzamAM hatAM nabathiyana rAjA malakhana mAtra kabIlAno zekha hato (noDa) ane koI cokkasa samaya darzAvato nathI; perisamAMno hipelesane lagato vRttAMta linI karatAM avazya pAchaLano che; ane periplesamAM khosakAlIsa te ebisiniyana vaMzAvalImAMno jhA sagala athavA jhA asagala che, jeNe I. sa. 246-47 mAM rAjya karyuM hatuM (noDa). AmAMthI phalita thAya che ke renaDe darzAvela perilasanA lekhanano samaya (I. sa. 25 ) e evo ekamAtra samaya che, je hakIkata sAthe ane khAsa karIne bhAratIya hakIkato sAthe susaMgata che. nIce je kaMI neMdhyuM che tenAthI samajAze ke plinInA samayathI hipelesavALI daMtakathAno vikAsa, siMdhamAMnA

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444 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. harIpha pArthiyane pahalavo), membarosane ullekha ane temanA samayathI mananagara ojhInIne enI rAjadhAnI tarIke uthalAvI pADavuM te, baeNTriyA(bAlika)nuM svAtaMtrya ane saragenIsa tathA sanadAnIsanI ne--A badhA evA muddA che je sabaLa rIte renoDe darzAvelA samayane pakSe jAya che. periplasanA lekhakanA samayamAM bhArata sAthe vepAra karanArAM vahANa mesa harasa( rAsa abu samara pAse thI athavA berenika phAula upasAgaramAMthI nIkaLatAM ane rAtA samudramAMthI maujhA (khAnI uttare ra5 mAIla dUra AveluM mUsA) sudhI utarI AvatAM ane tyAMthI sAmudradhunIomAM pANI pUruM pADanAra ekalisa ghillA) pahoMcI jatAM. tyAMthI teo arabI samudra kinAre kinAre kanI (hakamAutamanuM hinja churAbI sudhI AvatAM ane vATamAM je bhArata sAthe vepAra karanArAonuM moTuM hATa hatuM, paNa pAchaLathI jeno rAjA elIjhare (hastapratamAMnA kaijhapa aMge mUlaranI aTakaLo nAza karyo hato te yuTaeNmena arebiyA (eDana) thatAM AvatAM. kanIthI bhArata AvavAnA jaLamArga phaMTAya che, ane keTalAMka vahANa siMdhu ane AgaLa berIgAjhA sudhI haMkAre che, to bIjA sIdhAM lAbhirike malabArakoThe)nAM baMdara sudhI pahoMcI jAya che. lAmirike pahoMcavAne bIje paNa jaLamArga hato, je aromeTA (guarjAI bhUzira)thI zarU thato. A traNe sapharamAM vahANa varSARtune upayoga karatAM hatAM ane julAI mAsamAM misarathI nIkaLatAM hatAM. varSARtune periplasa (prakaraNa 57) anusAra je nAvike samudra vATe pahelavahele sIdho mArga zodhI kADhayo tenA nAma uparathI "hipelesa' kahevAmAM AvatI hatI. plinInA zabdone (6. 23 ) AdhAre evuM anumAna tAravavAmAM Ave che ke A nAvika I. sa. pahelA saikAnA madhya bhAgamAM jIvatA hatA, paraMtu ApaNe apekSA rAkhIe te pramANe linIne potAne ja vRttAMta darzAve che ke kAMThe kAMThe vahANa haMkAravAmAMthI sIdhI saphara sudhInI pragati krame krame thaI hatI, jenI aneka avAMtara avasthAo hatI, paNa e sarvamAM vadhate oche aMze upaga varSARtuno thato hato. eTale je nAvike mAtra chelluM pagaluM bharyuM tenA nAma uparathI mosamI pavananuM nAma pADavAne kaze ja artha na hato. vaLI je ke hinIne pUrvanA samudramAM masamI pavananA sthAnika nAma tarIke hipelesa paricita che, chatAM sIdhA jaLamArganA zodhakanA nAma tarIke e nAma hovA vize e kazuM ja kahetA nathI, eTale anumAna evuM lAge che ke nAvika hipelosa e khalAsIonI kalpanAnuM pharajaMda che, je mosamI pavananA sthAnika nAma uparathI UpajeluM che ane e plinInA hevAlamAM nahi, paNa periplesamAM

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2 ju] cIke ane remanee nirUpita pazcima bhArata [445 Ave che e ema batAve che ke ptinI karatAM pariplasano lekhaka ghaNo anukAlIna che. siLiyA (siMdha) javA nIkaLela vepArI uttare nIcANamAM AvelI jamIna sudhI pahoMce tyAre ene sinthasa (siMdhu) nadInA sapheda pANIne ane pANImAMnA sarpone bheTa thAya che (prakaraNa 38). nadIne sAta mukha che ane vacalA sivAya badhAM nAnAM ane kAdavavALAM che. vacalA mukha upara barabarI kona(zAhabaMdara, hega, pR. 31)nuM baMdara AveluM che, jyAMthI ekabIjAne satata hAMkI kADhanArA pArthiyane (pahalavo) jenA para rAja kare che te rAjadhAnI mInanagara (zAhadAdapura najIka, hega, pR. 32) sudhI vepArI jahAjane mAlasAmAna nadInA uparavAsamAM laI javAmAM Ave che. (prakaraNa 39) A jhaghaDatA pAthiyo aradezara pApakAna upara humalo karavA mATe kuSANa sAthe joDAyelA karInanA pahalavonA avazeSa hovA joIe (jarna ezi, :186 6H 7. 134). AyAtamAM vastro. phUlanI bhAtavALuM sutarAu kApaDa, paravALAM, zilArasa, lebAna, pokharAja, kAcanAM vAsaNa, cAMdInI tAsaka, tejAnA ane dArU hoya che ane nikAsamAM kaTha (ku), gUgaLa, haratAla, javarAMkuza, pirejA, vaidUrya, mANeka, tibeTanuM polAda, sutarAu mAla, rezamI dorA ane gaLI hoya che. AyAtanI yAdI batAve che ke sithiyAnA leka sudharelI prajA hatA ane kaI rIte jaMgalI bhaTakatI prajA na hatA. A pachI perisa(prakaraNa 40 mAM e divase mAM je kadAca dariyAnI sapATInI nIce hatuM (hega pR. 22, banesanuM Travels into Bokhara, 3, 309 ane AgaLa) ane moTA ane nAnAmAM kyAranuM ye vibhakata thaI gayuM hatuM te raNa irina ne cokasAIbharyo vattAMta Ave che. baMne bheja ane kAdavavALA chIcharA pradeza hatA ane jamIna parathI najare paNa paDatA na hatA eTale vahANavaTIone mATe jokhamakAraka hatA. AjanI mAphaka tyAre para raNanI dakSiNa ane pazcima hade sAta TApuo ane zirobhUmi barake AvelAM hatAM; barake (dvArakA) khAsa bhayakAraka sthAna hatuM, jenI paDoza aMgenI cetavaNI vahANone moTA kALA jaLasarpone maLavAthI thatI hatI. e pachInuM prakaraNa (1) berIgAjhAnA akhAtanuM (khaMbhAtanA akhAtanuM) ane ene lAgelI jamInanuM varNana kare che, paNa A pariccheda ApaNe ekamAtra hastapratanA nakalakArane hAthe khUba dUSita thayo che ane saMpAdakonI aTakaLothI ethI paNa vadhAre dUSita thayo che. AnA sAdAmAM sAdA zuddhIkaraNa pramANe (eprenTIsanuM eriAkesarA) ApaNe lekhaka kahe che ke barake (dvArakA) pachI

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446] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pari. bArIgAjhAno akhAta ane arikI taraphane pradeza Ave che, je mambaresanA rAjyano ane samasta bhAratane prAraMbha che. mambaresa saMbhavataH makhatraposano athavA "mahAkSatrapa'nA ene maLatA koI grIka rUpAMtarano bhraSTa pATha hevAne saMbhava che. "mahAkSatrapa' A samayamAM (I. sa. 250) ahIM zAsana karanArA kahevAtA "sAha rAjAo'nuM biruda hatuM. hastapratanI vAcanAnusAra lekhaka AgaLa cAlatAM kahe che ke "A dezano aMdarano bhAga je sithiyAnA "IbIriyA" (sebiriyA-savIra vAMcavuM) jillAnI sarahade Avelo che te ..... (nAma, je kadAca bharu che, te pAThamAMthI nIkaLI gayuM che. kahevAya che ane samudrakAMTho sirAstrInI (surASTra) kahevAya che. AjanI mAphaka tyAre paNa A pradezamAM tera, anAja, cokhA, kapAsa ane barachaTa sutarAu kApaDanI vipulatA hatI ane leke UMcA ane sAmaLA hatA. dezanuM pATanagara mInanagara hatuM, jyAMthI bArIgAjhA sudhI mabalakha rU laI javAmAM AvatuM hatuM. A mInanagara e kadAca viMdhya pradezamAM mAnapuranI pAse tolemAe mUkeluM e ja nAmanuM nagara che, paNa asala je maNipurane nAme oLakhAtuM hatuM (kAThi. gejhe. 487) te jUnAgaDha sAthe (bhagavAnalAla) maLatuM AvatuM hoya e saMbhava vadhAre che. ApaNe lekhaka kahe che ke dezanA A bhAgamAM jUnAM devAlaya, nAza pAmelI chAvaNIo, meTA kUvA, (e kahe che ke elekajhAnDaranI kucanA avazeSa jovA maLatA hatA, paNa e minendro ane apolotasanAM bAMdhakAma hovAno saMbhava vadhAre che. A kathana mAnapura karatAM saurASTrane vadhAre nirdeze che. kAMThe kAMThe babarIphonathI atakapra (hAthaba) ane bArIgAjhA (bharUca) sAmenI pApikI(gopanAtha)nI bhUzira sudhInI saphara 300 = sTeDiyA =300 mAIlanI hatI te sthUla gaNatarIe sAcI che. e pachInuM prakaraNa (42) khaMbhAtanA akhAtane uttara bhAga 300 sTeDiyA pahoLo che ane uttara tarapha maIsa (mahI) nadI tarapha vistare che ema varNave che. bArIgAjhA javA nIkaLelAM vahANuM prathama uttare barionIsa (pIrama) TApuone vaTAvIne pachI pUrva tarapha bharUcanI nadI namnadiosa(narmadA)nA mukha tarapha vaLe che. vahANa haMkAravAnuM (prakaraNa 43) pUrva kinArA paranA karmonI (kIma) gAmanI sAme AvelA (kadAca koI vahANa bhAMgavAne lIdhe e nAme oLakhAtA) hIronI jevA khaDaka ane kharAbAone kAraNe ane pApikI (kadAca durbhAgI artha dharAvatuM khalAsInuM nAma ) pAse pazcima kinAre vahetAM pravAhanA kAraNe muzkela che, eTale sarakAra je lAMbAM hoDakAMne trapaga athavA koTuMba (kATiyA) kahe che temAM mAchImArene vahANonI sAme mokale che (prakaraNa 44) ane teo teone bharatIne

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2 ju] cIke ane mane e nirUpita pazcima bhArata [447 lAbha laIne tANatA tANatA uparavAsa tarapha 300 sTeDiyA jeTale dUra bArIgAjhAmAM lAvI mUke che. A saMbaMdhamAM ApaNe lekhaka narmadAmAMnA UMDA khADAnuM (prakaraNa 45) ane ajANyAM vahANa ene lIdhe kevAM phasAya che enAM jokhamonuM (prakaraNa 46) dUbahU varNana kare che. bArIgAjhAthI (eTale ke, ApaNe joyuM tema sauvIra athavA mulatAnanI sarahade lAgelA AkhA rAjyamAMthI) aMdaranA pradezamAM arIoI (mahAbhArata ane purANonA aro, je paMjAbamAM rahetA), akhasIoI (pUrva aphaghAnistAnanA lake), gaMdAI (vAyavya paMjAbanuM baMdhAra), prophlesa (pezAvara pAse) ane teonI pAra baeNTriyanaI (baMkhanA) loko je ghaNI laDAyaka prajA che te (prajAo) vase che, je pota potAnA svataMtra sArvabhauma rAjAonI ANa mAne che. A je jillA varNavyA te prAyaH kuSANonA che, jeo trIjA saikAnA bIjA caraNamAM pArthiyana sAmrAjyanA bhukA thayA tyAre aradezara upara hallo karavAmAM karIne pahalavo sAthe bhaLyA hatA. ApaNo lekhaka kahe che ke A pradezemAMthI elekajhAnDare bhArata upara TheTha gaMgAnA pradeza sudhI caDAI karI hatI. eriyana I. sa. 150 nA samayathI elekajhAnDara vizenI daMtakathAne je vikAsa thayo che tenuM A eka rasaprada nidarzana che. ApaNA lekhakane bArIgAjhAmAM hajI calaNamAM rahelI minendro ane apolatadesanI jUnI drakhamAI maLI hatI. e ja rAjyamAM pUrva tarapha (prakaraNa 48 ) jhInI nagara AveluM che, je agAu rAjadhAnI hatuM ane jyAMthI akIka, cInAI mATInAM vAsaNa, malamala ane sutarAu mAla bArIgAjhA lAvavAmAM Ave che. prekalesanI pAranA pradezamAMthI kaka, gUgaLa ane traNa jAtanA javarAMkuza, kAberinI, peTApapigika ane kabalitika (A chelluM, kAbulathI) Ave che. ApaNane prasaMgopAtta e paNa jANavA maLe che ke misara sAthenA rItasaranA vepAra uparAMta bArIgAjhAne arabastAnamAMnA maujhA sAthe (prakaraNa 21 ), pUrva AphrikAnA kinArA sAthe (prakaraNa 14) ane IrAnanA akhAtanA AgaLanA bhAgamAM AvelA epologasa (obellAha) sAthe ane enA pUrva kAMThe Avela omana sAthe (prakaraNa 36) vANijiyaka saMbaMdha hatA. bArIgAjhAmAM thatI AyAtomAM surA, kAMsuM, kalAI, sIsuM, paravALAM ane pokharAja, badhI jAtanAM vastra, khUlatA raMganA kamarabaMdha (Adhunika jamAnAnAM barlinanA UnanAM sukhasAdhana jevAM), zilArasa, mIThI lavaMga, sapheda kAca, hIMgaLo, AMkha mATe suramo, senA-rUpAnA sikkAo ane lepane samAveza thato hato. taduparAMta rAjAne mATe

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448] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. mUlyavAna cAMdInI tAsaka, saMgIta-vAdyo (saMgItanI peTIo bhAratanA rAjavaMzIone hajI priya che), aMtaHpura mATe lAvaNyamayI kanyAo (A bhAratIya nATakamAM prasiddha evI yavanI dAsIo che ), UMcI jAtanI surA, vastro ane uttama sugaMdhIdAra padAthe AyAta thatA hatA. A rAjAo ke anargaLa vaibhava bhagavatA hatA e A yAdI darzAve che. bArIgAjhAmAMthI thatI nikAsomAM jaTAmAMsI, kaTha, gUgaLa, hAthIdAMta, akIka, pannA, haratAla, sutarAu vastra, rezama, rezamI derA, lAMbI pIpara (tejAnA, ane kAMThAnAM baMdaroethI caDatA bIjA mAlasAmAnane samAveza thato hato. ApaNe graMthakartA sAcuM kahe che (prakaraNa 50) ke bArIgAjhAthI kAMTho dakSiNa tarapha vaLe che ane e pradeza dakhiNabadIsa (dakSiNApatha) tarIke oLakhAya che. aMdaranA bhUmipradezane moTo bhAga verAna che ane emAM rAnI pazuono trAsa che, jayAre vistArI ToLIo cheka gaMgA sudhInA bIjA pradezomAM vase che. dakhiNabadIsamAMnAM (prakaraNa 51) mukhya nagara bArIgAjhAnI dakSiNe ra0 divasanI musApharI mAgI letuM paThANa (uThaNa) ane je paThANanI pUrve 10 divasanI musApharI mAgI lenAruM ghaNuM moTuM zahera tagara (dhArara) che. paIThANathI pannA Ave che ane tagarathI sutarAu kApaDa, malamala ane (pUrva) kinArethI caDele bIje sthAnika mAlasAmAna Ave che. bArIgAjhAnI dakSiNe AvelAM nAnAM baMdara te che akabareu (kadAca musalabhAna lekhakoe ullekheluM khIrUna ane navasArInI Adhunika kAverI nadI), sapArA (vasaI pAsenuM supArA) ane kaviena, jene moTA saraganIse hATa banAvyuM hatuM, paNa jyAre sandanIsa ene svAmI banyo tyAre ene khUba nukasAna pahoMcyuM hatuM, kemake enA samayathI A baMdare mulAkAte AvatAM grIka vahANone bArIgAjhA sudhI rakSakonI dekhabhALa heThaLa mokalavAmAM AvatAM hatAM. A rasaprada vidhAna perisanA samaya aMgenA spaSTatama nirdezamAMnuM eka che. bhAMDArakare darzAvyuM che tema "meTA saraganIsa' zabdathI nAno paNa apekSita che, je yajJazrI zatakaNi (I. sa. 141) sivAya bIjo koI hoI na zake ane periplesa enA samaya pachInuM hovuM joIe. graMthamAMno sandanIsa te gujarAtane zAsaka hovo joIe ane ene kSatrapa saMghadAmA (I. sa. 224) sAthe sarakhAvI zakAya. kalIenanI dakSiNe (prakaraNa 53) sanila (caula, mAMdAgara (mAMDaNagaDha), palaI tamaI (mahADa pAsenuM pAla), melIjhigara (prAyaH jaMjIrA) ane bijhantIona (je agAu turosaboasa kahevAtuM hatuM tene mATe prAyaH bIjuM nAma

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2] cIke ane temanee nirUpita pazcima bhArata [449 ApavAmAM AveluM che) ane topAronA nAma gerasamajUtI che (mUlara, Geogr. Gr. Min. 1, 296). AnI dakSiNe sesekrIenAI (baLelA TApuo), gadaI ( aMgeTIva), kheranI sosa (gevA) pAse kenatAI (senTa Ine TApu) ane lUka (lAkAdI) e TApuo AvelA che, je badhA cAMciyAonAM AzrayasthAna che. pachI Ave che limIrike (tAmila pradeza), jenAM pahelAM bajhAra te naurA (kannanora athavA tellIcerI, nahi ke henAra je uttare ghaNe dUra AveluM che) ane tidIsa (bepura pAsenuM kaluMDI) ane emanI dakSiNe mujhirIsa (kAMgAnura) ane neviMdA (kalADA). tindIsa ane mujhirIsa keprobotra(keralaputra arthAta cera rAjAne tAbe hatA ane nekiMdA penDIonA madurAnA pAMca rAjA)ne tAbe hatuM. mujhirIsa erike (uttara kenDana) temaja Ijipata sAthe vepAra karatuM atyaMta samRddha hATa hatuM. nelajiMdA samudrathI 12 * sTeDiyA dUra nadInA uparavAsamAM AveluM hatuM ane vahANo nadInA mukhamAM AvelA bekare gAmathI mAlasAmAna caDAvatAM hatAM. ApaNo graMthakartA A baMdaroe tathA dUra dakSiNe, temaja pUrva kAMThe cAlatA vepArano rasaprada vRttAMta Ape che, paNa enI kRtinA A bhAga sAthe ApaNane nibata nathI. hIrAliAna mAnasa I. sa. 400 nI AsapAsa thaI gayo te tolemInI pachInA samayano agraNI bhUgoLavida che, paNa enuM kArya mukhyatve tolemAe tegorA nAmanA eka ajANyA bhUgoLavidamAMthI lIdhelAM aMtaranI bhUlo sudhAravAnuM rahyuM che. tolemInA pazcima bhAratanA vRttAmAM e koI navI hakIkato umerato nathI. bAInIamanA sTephonase I. sa. 450 nI AsapAsamAM (athavA kAI paNa rIte e jenuM avataraNa Ape che te mAkienosa pachInA samayamAM) eka moTo bhaugolika keza lakhyo hato, jeno saMkSepa "haralAosa karIne koI ke Ape che. e je bhAratIya nAmo Ape che te adhikAMze hekAI osamAMthI, erIAnosamAMthI, ane khAsa karIne dAnI sanAM parAkramo vize koIka dAyanesese lakhelA basmArikA nAmanA kAvyamAMthI lIdhelAM che, paNa enI bhUgoLa khAssI azuddha che. e barake dvArakA)ne TApu ane bArIgAjhA(bharUca)ne geDrAsiyAnuM zahera kahe che. e je zahere gaNave che temAM agenTI (hekAteIesamAMthI utAreluM), bArIgAjhA (bharUca), bukephalA (jalAlapura), bAIjhentIona (cipaluno, gerIA, goragIpIA, vaNelAM vastro mATe prasiddha darzaniA, dAye-2-29

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450 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla . [pari. nI polIsa nIsA ? ), kAThiyA (mulatAna ?), kiperesa ane kApIrirasa (kAzmIra), mAraganA, masAkA (svAtamAM), nIsA, pAlImbaDyA (pATaliputra), siMdhu pAsenuM panaIerA, pAtAla ( siMdha-haidarAbAdanA agnikhUNe pAMtrIsa mAIla), rahoDI, rahoganI, gaMDArIkemAMnuM rahena, sanIA, sesIndIona, meTA akhAta upara AveluM sinda (kadAca tolemInuM asinda, vaDanagara ), salImnA, ane takSilAno samAveza thAya che. e saMkhyAbaMdha jAtio paNa gaNAve che, je paikInI erabItAI (makarANa), paMDAI (pAMDya), belI-gI (bhauli gI sAllo) ane saMbhavataH salaMgAI (sAla kAyana) sivAyanI koI paNa pazcima kinArAnI nathI. je kesamasa inTikoDyusa vahANavaTI ane sAdhu hato teNe I sa. 53 ane 550 vacce potAnI "TopogrAphiyA krizciyAnA" lakhI. e bhArata vize vitaMtra jJAna darzAvanArA prAcIna lekhake paikIne chelle che. e jaNAve che ke sinhA siMdha)thI bhAratanI zarUAta thAya che ane bhArata ane IrAna vaccenI sarahada te siMdhu nadI che. bhAratanA mukhya baMdara sindu (debala, je kasturI ane jaTAmAsInI nikAsa kare che; oraheThA (surASTra arthAta verAvaLa, jene potAno rAjA che; kalphIANuM (kalyANa je pittaLa, sIsama, lAkaDAnAM pATiyAM, ane kApaDanI nikAsa karatuM moTuM baMdara che, jene potAno rAjA che ane jemAM dariAnI pAdarI heThaLa khristIonI vastI che; sIbora jene paNa potAne rAjA che ane tethI je kalphIAnAnI khUba najIka che te supAra hoI zake nahi. paNa je AranuM sindabura evuM govA hovuM joIe; paratI, maMgarUtha (mAMDalara), selotanA, ane puDepanA, je para pradeza ( malabAra) mAlenAM pAMca vAra che, jyAM paNa ghaNA khristIo che. mAlanI dakSiNe pAMca divasanAM dariyAI saphare sIleba athavA tabanI (silona ) AveluM che. e be rAjyomAM vaheMcAyeluM che, jemAMnA ekamAM hAyasIntha-zilA maLI Ave che, TApumAM ghaNAM maMdira che, ane IrAnI khristIonuM devaLa che ane bhArata, IrAna ane ithiyopiyAthI AvatAM rezama, agara, laviMga, caMdana vagerenA sodA karatAM vahANa vAraMvAra vAM lAMgare che. bhAratanA pUrva kinAre mArAe { silenanI sAmenuM mArAvA che, tyAMthI zaMkha chIpanI nikAsa thAya che; e pachI kAbera ( kAverIpaTama athavA pegu. yulenuM Cathay, prastAvanA, pR. 177) je elebenDinamanI nikAsa kare cheAgaLa jatAM laviMgano pradeza Ave che, ane saMDuthI AgaLa jatAM Ave che. rijhanitA (cIna je rezama upanna kare che. bhAratamAM upara AgaLa jatAM (eTale ke uttare AgaLa jatAM) veta uoI athavA dU maLe che, jemanA rAjAnuM nAma

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2 ju] cIke ane remanee nirUpita pazcima bhArata gallasa (abhilekhemane mihira kula) che, je 1,000 hAthIo ane aneka ghoDesavAra laI vahe caDe che ane loko pAsethI khaMDaNI vasUla karato bhArata upara julma vartAve che. enuM lazkara eTaluM moTuM hovAnuM kahevAya che ke eka vakhate ghere ghAlelA eka nagaranI AsapAsanI khAInuM pANI pI jaIne eNe e sUkavI nAkhI hatI ane korA paDelA kAdavamAM thaIeNe kUca karI hatI. pitAnA 11 mA graMthamAM kesamasa bhAratanAM rAnI pazuone thoDeka vRttAMta Ape che, paNa enI kRtinA A bhAganI ahIM noMdha levAnI jarUra nathI. I. sa. 641-42 mAM Araboe misara upara jIta meLavI ene kAraNe sAmrAjya sAthenI jUnI saMbaMdharekhA kapAI gaI te pahelAMnA bhAratanI A chelI jhAMkhI che.

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pariziSTa 3 jAvA ane kabaDiyA eka prasaMge gujarAtanA prAcIna ItihAsane prAMtIya saMkucitatAmAMthI choDAve che ne enAM rAjakulone mahAna vijetAo ane sAMsthAnikamAM ucca sthAna apAve che. A prasaMga te chaThThI ane sAtamI sadImAM siMdha ane gujarAtanA samudrakAMThAothI gayelAM vahANanA kAphalAoe jAvAmAM ane kaMboDiyAmAM vasAhata karI e anukRti che. jAvAnI anukRti e che ke I. sa. 63 nA arasAmAM kujarAta ke gujarAtanA kasamacitra ke bAlya anya rAjAnA putra "vijaya salAcalanI AgevAnI nIce hiMduoe e TApunA pazcima kinArA para vasavATa karyo hato. sara TemapherDa rephanne nevelI e vasavATanI vigato e che ke gujarAtanA rAja kasamacitra, je arjunano dasame vaMzaja hato tene enA rAjyanA AgAmI vinAza aMge cetavaNI ApavAmAM AvelI. e anusAra eNe potAnA putra bhravijaya salAcalane 5000 anuyAyIo sAthe ravAnA karyo. emAM che moTAM ane te nAnAM vahANamAM kheDUto, kArIgaro, sainika, vaidyo ane lekhake hatA. cAra mAsanI saphara pachI kAphalo eka TApue lAge, jene teoe jAvA mAnyo. pitAnI bhUla jaNAtAM nAvike samudra bhaNI vaLyA ne chevaTe javAnA TApumAM Avela matarama pahoMcyA. rAjaputre menTaMga kumulana nAme nagara baMdhAvyuM. eNe pitA pAsethI vadhAre mANasa magAvyA. 2000 nI kumaka AvI pahoMcI, temAM paththara ane pittaLanI kotaraNI karanAra kArIgara hatA. gujarAta ane bIjA deza sAthe bahoLo vepAra khIlyo. mataramano upasAgara ajANyAM vahANathI bharAto ne je maMdira pATanagara pachIthI brambanma tarIke oLakhAyuM temAM ane, bhUvijyanA pautra adiM vijayanA rAjyakALa daramyAna arthAta lagabhaga I. sa. 66 mAM kedu pradezamAMnA bora buddoramAM -e baMne sthaLoe baMdhAyAM. dezAMtargAmI rAjaputranA pUrvajoe potAnA rAjyanuM nAma badalIne "gujarAta' rAkheluM e vidhAna parathI lArsana evuM ghaTAve che ke anuzruti Adhunika che. anuzrutinA satya 452

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3 ju] jAvA ane kaDiyA [453 sAme kahevAne badale A vidhAna enA samarthanamAM prabaLa dalIlarUpe che. dakSiNa mAravADa mATe "gujarAta' nAmane eka ghaNe prAcIna ullekha hyuena sikaMga (I. sa. 630)nuM "kina-cele" ke "gurjara" che. jyAre yuena siaMge lakhyuM tyAre AbunI pazcime pacAsa mAIle AvelA bhInamAlano gurjara rAjA kSatriya gaNAI cUkyo hato, tethI enuM kula prAyaH keTalAka vakhatathI, kadAca I. sa. 490 jeTale pahelethI, sattArUDha thayeluM, jyAre valabhI ane uttara gujarAta parane mihira ke gujara-vijaya pUro thayeluM. rAjaputranA Agamana pachI gujarAtamAMthI maLelI kumakanI vigato darzAve che ke pitRrAjyane je tephAna nAza kare e ene bhaya hatA te zamI gayuM hatuM. A 7 mI sadInA AraMbhamAM bhInamAlanA gurjarenI je sthiti hatI tenI sAthe baMdha bese che, jyAre magadhanA zrIharSa (606641)nA pitA prabhAkaravardhana (I. sa. 600-6 6) vaDe teono parAjaya thatAM teoe bhInamAlamAM temaja bharUca ane valabhImAM potAnI sattA jArI rAkhI hatI. gurjara ane mahAna dariyAkheDa mihira ke mahera vaccenA gADha saMbaMdha parathI e saMbhavita bane che ke jAvA gayelA kAphalAone doranAra kaptAne ane nAvike mahera jAtinA hatA. kadAca emanA mAnamAM ja jAvAnA navA pATanagarane "menTana'' nAma maLyuM, jema pachInA kAlamAM e bramhanuma ke brAhmaNonuM nagara kahevAyuM. bharUcanA gurjare bauddha nahi, paNa Adityabhakta hatA, e hakIkata kaMI muzkelI UbhI karatI nathI, kemake bhInamAlanA gujaranI hyuena tsiaMge i. sa. 640 mAM mulAkAta lIdhelI te bauddha hatA ane valabhImAM bauddha dharma, zaiva dharma ane sUrya pUjA rAjyane samAna Azraya pAmyAM jaNAya che. | gujarAta ane enA rAjA uparAMta jAvA ane kaMboDiyA e baMnenI anuzrutiomAM hastinagara ke hastinApurana, takSikAno ane rAmadezano ullekha Ave che. A nAmonI bAbatamAM tathA je gaMdhAra ane kaMboDiyA je badhAM sthaLa bhAratanA vAyavyamAM AvelAM che tenI bAbatamAM paNa zuM A nAmono prayoga kAbula, pezAvara ane pazcima paMjAba sAthe aitihAsika saMbaMdha sUcave che ke zuM e bhAratanAM brAhmaNa ane bauddha lakhANamAM jANItAM nAmonA, videzI vasAhatIo ane dharmAgIkAra karanArAoe karelA mAtra sthAnika viniyogo ane gRhItArtho ja che e prazna upasthita thAya che. mahAbhAratamAM jaNAvelAM nAmonA jAvAnAM sthaLone thayelA vistRta viniyoga mahAbhAratanI jAvA-vAcanAmAM karavAmAM AvyA che evuM repharlsa batAvyuM che, chatAM e lakSamAM levAnuM che ke upara jaNAvelAM sthaLa kaMboja ke kAbula, gaMdhAra ke pezAvara, takSilA ke pazcima

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[pari. 454] mauryakAlathI guptakAla paMjAba ane ramAdeza (paSTataH dakSiNa paMjAba) e siyAmanI rAjadhAnI ayodhyA jevAM ke kaMboDiyAnI akAlIna rAjadhAnI intha-patha-purI arthAta indrapraratha ke dilhI jevAM nathI. A nAma teonI khAsa khyAtine laIne athavA teonI bhaugolika sthitine laIne jAvA ane kaMboDiyAnA vasAhatIoe ke dhagIkAra karanArAoe svAbhAvika rIte pasaMda karelAM sthaLAnAM che. AthI kaMboja, gaMdhAra, takSilA ane ramAdezane jAvAnI ane kaMboDiyAnI daMtakathAomAM ane tyAMnAM sthaLanAmomAM je agragaNya sthAna ApeluM che te bhAratanA uttara pazcima bhAga ane malAyA dvIpasamUha vaccenA yathArtha ane aitihAsika saMbaMdhanI nizAnI che e gRhItArtha mATe sArI bhUmikA hovAno dAvo karI zakAya. e traNa dezanA sthApatyakIya avazeSomAMnI dalIlathI A gRhItArthane saMbhAvanA maLe che, kemake e avazeSo amuka viziSTa lakSaNenI bAbatamAM, rUpAMkanamAM tathA vigatamAM baMnemAM evuM spaSTa sAmya darzAve che ke, mi. phargyusananA mate, e prabaLa ane sIdho saMbaMdha sthApita kare che. 10 jAvAmAM gujarAtanI vastI hovAnI tarapheNamAM trIjI dalIla te mALavAnA rAjAonI vasAhata ane sAhasayAtrAnI anukRtio che, je dakSiNa bhAravADamAM hajI pracalita che. 11 vaLI mAravADamAM tathA gujarAtamAM hajI suprasiddha evI kahevata che: je jAya jAve te kadI nahi Ave; Ave to sATha piDhI baThake khAve.12 eka vadhu vAra gujarAta sAthenA saMbaMdhane jAvA-vRttAMtamAMnI vigatathI Teke maLe che, kemake e lauta mIrAne sAMsthAnika kAphalA mATenuM prayANabiMdu banAve che. A sara esa. rephalse rAte samudra hovAnuM dhAreluM, paraMtu mihira ke mahera sUcavI zakAya, kemake pazcima bhAratamAM junaide tUTelA nagara mATe "baharimada" (maherano samudra ?) e kAMI zaMkAspada araba nAmane maLatuM Ave che. A purAvAnI sAme be vicAra rajU thayA che :13 (a) bhAratanA pUrvataTathI jAvA sudhInA mArganI tulanAe joIe te gujarAtathI jAvAnI sapharanI meTI laMbAI (A) bhAratamAM kaI lokoe vijaya karI zake tevo kAphalo mokalavAne pUratuM vahANavaTuM jANyuM nathI. sapharanI laMbAInI bAbatamAM e yAda rAkhavAnuM che ke baMgALa, orissA ane godAvarI tathA kRSNanAM mukhamAMthI saMsthAna vasAvavA mATe sumAtrA vadhu anukULa sthiti dharAve che ema chatAM javAnI kAM to kaMboDiyAnI bAbatamAM siMdha ane saiArASTrathI thatuM aMtara te vadhu moTuM nathI ne keTalIka bAbatamAM vahANavaTuM orissA ane baMgALAnA samudrataTathI thatA vahANavaTA karatAM

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3 ju] jAvA ane kabaDiyA | ka55 vadhu salAmata ane vadhu saraLa che. hiMduonA koI vargane pUratI AvaData ane dariyAI sAhasaprIti nathI ke jenAthI teo gujarAtamAMthI jAvAmAM vasAhatIonAM daLa laI jaI zakyA e mAnyatAne vAjabI TharAve, e bIjA vAMdhAnA javAbamAM kahevAnuM ke e gRhItArtha bhUlabhareluM che. hiMduono moTo bhAga sarvakAle dariyAkheDu jIvanathI vimukha rahela che ema chatAM emAM noMdhapAtra apavAda rahelA che. chellAM be hajAra varSa daramyAnanA gujarAtanA samudra-kinArAnI noMdha malAyA dIpasamUhamAM uttarapazcima bhAratanA saphaLa bIjAropaNanI khAtarI ApavAne samartha evI dariyAkheDa mATenI pratibhA darzAve che. 14 sumAtrAnI bhAratIya vasAhata pUrepUrI bhAratanA pUrva samudrataTathI hato ne baMgALA, orissA ane mamulipaTamo jAvA ane kaMboDiyA-baMnenA saMsthAnIkaraNamAM moTo phALo hato e niHzaMka che. 15 bhAratanA vAyavya samudrataTamAMthI jAvAmAM mANasanAM meTAM daLa jaI vaselAM enA samarthanamAM kAraNa ApavAmAM AvyAM che ne AvA sthaLAMtaranI bAbatamAM rajU thayelA vAMdhAomAM bhAgyeja kAMI vyAvahArika baLa raheluM che evuM batAvavA mATe purAvo ApavAnuM sUcavAyuM che. gujarAta vijaya ane jAvA tathA kaMboDiyAnI vasAhatAnA samaya ane saMjogono vicAra karavAno rahe che. jAvAno samayanirdeza zaka para5, arthAta I. sa. 603, e sAtamI sadInA AraMbha pahelAM ane pachI ochAmAM ochI adhI sadI sudhI cAlelI prakriyAmAMnA ke kendrIya banAvane sUcavatA samaya tarIke svIkArAya. daMtakathAomAMnI rame te romano nirdeza kare che evuM romanA vANijyika ke rAjakIya abhyadaya parathI saMbhavita banatuM nathI evuM mAnavA mATe kAraNa apAyAM che. jAvA ane kaMboDiyAnA sthApatyamAMnuM noMdhapAtra romana tattva ema sUcave che ke mahAna romana rathapationI smRtie sthAnika daMtakathAomAM romane mATe sthAna rAkheluM. paraMtu romana tattva jAvA ke kaMboDiyAnI imAratomAM sIdhuM AvyuM jaNAtuM nathI; jema kRSNAnA mukhamAMnI amarAvatImAM praziSTa lakSaNa paMjAba(tAhiyAnA mArge ja AvyAM tema jAvAnI bAbatamAM e rAjaputranAM aMgata racio ane abhyAsa vaDe nahi, paNa vijaya ane vasAhatanA prasaMga tarIke AvyAM, 16 to jeNe paMjAbamAMthI hiMduonI moTI vasAhatane jAvAmAM relI te talilA pAsenA rUmano rAjA koNa hato ? roma sAthe AkArasAmya dharAvatAM nAma vAyavya hiMdamAM maLe che. emAMnAM kAI rAjaputranuM biruda samajAvavA mATe pUratA mahattvanAM nathI.17 dakSiNa paMjAbamAM, mAravADamAM ane uttara siMdhamAM khArI jamInane lAgu paDAyelo rAma ke rama zabda che 18 jemAM mALavAnA yazadharmAe

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456] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. prasiddha zvetadraNa vijetA mihirakulAI 500-500 ne lagabhaga I. sa. pa3 mAM spaSTataH harAvela, te mUlatAnanI dakSiNapUrve lagabhaga 60 mAIla para Avela karAranI moTI laDAIne rUmabhUmimAM lAgelI nirUpavAmAM AvI che.19 A mahAna vetaddaNa-parAjaya spaSTataH rumano je rAjaputra samudramArge jAvA jaI rahyo tenI daMtakathAnuM mULa che. karanI laDAIne samaye dakSiNa paMjAba, uttara siMdha sAthe, uttara siMdhamAMnA arorane zAha rAnI nIce hatuM; teone sikkA batAve che ke teo tadruNa hatA, eTaluM ja nahi, mahAna vijetAo taramANa ane mihirakule je javalA kulane vibhUSita kareluM te ja kulanA paNa hatA. mihirakula sAthenA ATalA gADha saMbaMdha parathI e saMbhavita che ke arora rAjyanA uttara bhAgano akhatyAra dharAvatA rAjAno kaTTaranA parAjaya tathA parAbhavamAM hisso rahelo hato. je dakSiNa paMjAbano parAjita rAjA potAnA vijetAnI sAmaMta tarIke rahevA azakta ke nAkhuza hoya che ane saharAnI sattA dakSiNamAM kAThiyAvADanAM somanAtha ane dIva baMdaro jeTale ane prAyaH siMdhu-mukhamAMnA devala baMdara jeTale paNa dUra prasarelI, e jotAM ene aroranA samudrataTe javAmAM ke dIva ane siMdha tathA gujarAtanAM bIja baMdaromAM potAne tathA potAnA anuyAyIone samudramArge jAvA laI javAne pUrato vAhanavyavahAra zodhavAmAM koI gaMbhIra muzkelI Ave nahi, 20 to jene kaMbajanI kathA krA tega ke thana, spaSTataH mahArAja, kahe che te rAjA A hAya.21 jAvAI sAhasanI saphaLatAthI bIjA ema karavA lalacAyA, kemake khAsa karIne 6 ThThI sadInA uttarArdhamAM ane lagabhaga AkhI 7 mI sadImAM uttara bhAratanA rAye dezAMtaragamananI abhiruci dharAvI. sAsAnIo ane turko vaDe Isa. 550 ane 600 nI vacce thayelA emanA parAjaye zveta dune mATe siMdhu athavA kAbula-khINa vATe uttara tarapha pAchA haThavAno mArga baMdha kare. je emanA para sata dabANa karavAmAM Ave to vikalpa kAzmIra tarapha pAchA haThavAne ke samudra tarapha dakSiNe ke pUrve AgaLa vadhavAno hato. jyAre 7 mI sadInA zarUAtanAM varSo I. sa. 600-606)mAM magadhanA zrIharSanA pitA prabhAkaravardhane gaMdhAranA rAjAne, praNane, siMdhanA rAjAne, gujarone, lATone ane mAlavanA rAjAne harAvyA tyAre ane jyAre lagabhaga 20 varSa pachI zrIharSa pote vadhu parAjaya karyA tyAre vadhu humalAothI bacavA ane jAvAnI samRddhimAM bhAga paDAvavAne Atura evA ghaNuM nirvAsito gujarAtanAM baMdaremAM bhegA thatA. e noMdhapAtra che ke prabhAkaravardhananA

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3 ju] jAvA ane beDiyA [457 vijayenI vigato jAvAnI daMtakathAomAM gaMdhAra ane lATa e baMne kevI rIte jaNAvyAM che. paMjAbanA audIcya (uttaranA loko ) samudrakAMThA tarapha kevI rIte jaI zakyA, mAravADanI kathAo mALavAnA rAjAne dezAMtaragamanamAM kevI rIte bhAga Ape che, kAphalA siMdha ke gujarAtanA kAI baMdarathI kevI rIte nIkaLyA hoya, ane kAbula-khINa ane pezAvaranA vihAra ane dezAMtaragAmIo sAthe tU tathA ajaMTA guphAonI kotaraNIo e baMne jemane paricita hoya tevA kArIgaro ane zilpIoe saphara karI heya, e samajAve che. 7 mI sadInA uttarArdha daramyAna uttaramAMthI turkonuM ane ArabonuM samudramArge ( I. sa. 630) temaja IrAnamAM thaIne (I. sa. 650-661) thayeluM Agamana, 23 I. sa. 64pa650 mAM magadhathI bamiyanamAM thayelI cInI phejanI vijayI pragati, advitIya brAhmaNadhama amAtya caca vaDe bauddha sAparAyAnuM patana (I. sa. 642 ) ane eNe jATa leke para karelA sitama uttaranA bhAratIyonI siMdha ane gujarAtanAM baMdarothI dakSi tarapha ThIka ThIka satata rIte thatI hilacAlamAM pariNamyAM hovAM joIe. 24 agrima dezAMtaragamanamAM anuyAyIo bhayane lIdhe khasyA haze to paNa agraNIone to sAhase tathA javAnI samRddhinA samAcAre protsAhita karyA haze. elekajhAnDarane (sikaMdarane) siMdhunA mukhathI. trAjana(I. sa. 116 )ne tADagrIsanA , mukhathI, ane mahamUda gajhanavIne somanAthathI samudra kheDavA je laganI lAgelI te ja laganIe zaka, draNa ane gurjara rAjAone pitAnA anuyAyIone mANeka ane suvarNanI bhUmi tarapha dakSiNamAM daravAne preryA haze jAvAmAM sAtamI ane AThamI sadI daramyAna vaselA hiMduonA Agamana ane teonI sthiti vize araba musAphare sulemAna (I. sa. 850) ane masUdI(I. sa. 815)e nIcenI vigato ApI che : javALAmukhIo pAsenA lekane joLI cAmaDI, vIMdhelA kAna ane muMDana karelAM mastaka che. emane dharma brAhmaNI ane bauddha bane che, teone vepAra sahuthI kiMmatI padArtho-kapUra, agara, laviMga ane caMdana-no che. kaMboDiyA jAvA ane kaMboDiyA vacceno gADha saMbaMdha, vArApharatI jAvAmAM kaMboDiyAnuM ne kaMboDiyAmAM javAnuM sthapAtuM Adhipatya, ane vasAhatIonI jAvAmAMthI kaMboDiyA javAnI saMbhAvanA jAvA ane kaMboDiyAnI anukRtio tathA ImArato

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458 ] maurya kAlathI guptakAla [ pari * vAyavya bhAratamAM thayelI sAmAnya utpatti kema darzAve che e samajAve che. prazna rahe che kakhAyiAnAM leAkeA ane RmAratA uttara hiMdu tattva dharAve che ke je dakSiNa ane pUrvamAM samudramAge nahi, paNa himAlaya ane tibeTa thaI ne yaMgase-kiaMganI khINa tarapha yunAna ane aMgakAra sudhI jamInavAre pravezyu ? 'ka khADiyA' nAma koI vAstavika jAti athavA boja ke kApyula-khANa sAthe aitihAsika saMbaMdha sAbita kare che ke kema e evA muddo che ke je vize vidvAne matabheda dharAve che. sara eca. yule mAnatA ke e saMbaMdha taddana sAhityika hatA ne kakhADiyAnA anukAlIna pATanagara thapatha-purI ke ndraprastha( dilhI )nI ane AsAmanA pATanagara aApyA ke AvanI bAbatamAM hatuM tema navI vasAhatane prAcIna pUjA bhAratIya sthaLa--nAmeA lAgu pADyAnI pAra koI sa MbaMdha astitva dharAvate nahi. A niyama kaMboDiyAne lAgu pADavAmAM vAMdhA e che ke kAbula-khIthI AvelA dezAMtargAnIe sivAya e nAma atizaya dUranuM te tirdbhUta ane magadhanI vadhu najIkanI ane vadhu pavitra bhUmienAM sthaLe karatAM pasaMda karavA mATe ghaNI alpa khyAti dharAve che. A kAraNane laIne ane e matane sthApatyanI be kaulIe vacce rahelA noMdhapAtra sabaMdha vaDe samarthana maLe che e kAraNe kaMboja arthAt kAbula-khANamAMthI AvelA dezAMtargAmIee kAcIna-cInanA eka bhAgane 'kaMboDiyA' nAma Apelu eve mi. phargyu sananA niNaeNya svIkAravAnuM salAhabharyu lAge che. bhAratamAMthI hiMdI-cInamAM ekathI vadhu dezAMtaragamana thayAM hAvAnI nizAnIo rahelI che. emAM sahuthI pahelA te zeka (I. sa. pUrve 240 )nA samaya pahelAM hiMdIcIne bauddha dharma aMgIkAra karyAnA kalpita nRttAMta che. I. sa. pahelI sadImAM hugalI paranA tAmaluka ke ratnAvatImAMthI yavanA ke zakAnuM thayeluM dezAMtaragamana teAlemA I. sa. 160)e nAMdhelAM saMkhyAbaMdha bhAratIya sthaLanAmeA29 sAthe susa Mgata che. A dezAMtaragamananI hyuenasiganuM ka'khADiyA mATenuM yavana (mena-mA-na) nAma nizAnI haze.30 zake-AkramaNa pausanaAsa( I. sa. 170 )nA kocIna-cIna mATenA ' sakia ' nAmane tathA bhAratIyeA sAthe mizra thayelA sIthiyana leAkeAnA eNe karelA vanane vadhu sphuTa kare che.31 5 mI ane 6 ThThI sadIe daramyAna navu dezAMtaragamana thayu jaNAya che. boDiyA samudrataTa ane a MtabhUmimAM vibhakta hatuM te 'khoja' nAma tene lAgu paDatu 32 cInI-lakhANA I. sa. 617 mAM kaMboDiyAnA rAjA taraphathI Avela elacImaMDaLanI noMdha le che.33 boDiyAnA vaMcAyelA abhilekhA paikInA ghaNA eka brAhmagudhI rAjavaMzanA che, jene sthAnika AraMbhika samaya sAtamI

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3 ju] jAvA ane kamaDiyA [ 459 sadInAM AraMbhika varSomAM paDe che.34 enA rAjAomAMnA eka seAmazarmA ( I. sa. 610) maMdiremAM rAja mahAbhAratanAM pArAyaNa karAvatA evuM noMdhAyu che.35 je bauddho uttarI zAkhAnA heAvAnu jaNAya che teonA tAjA Agamanane sahuthI prAcIna vaheMcAyelA abhilekha I. sa. 95( zaka 875)nA arthAt lagabhaga 350 varSa pachInA che.36 daramyAna, upalabdha mAhitI mujaba, mekAMga nadInA lagabhaga 200 mAIlanA uparavAsamAM tAle sa~pa sarAvaranA uttara taTa para Avela navu pATanagara aMgakAra I. sa. 1078 (zaka 1000) sudhI sthapAyu nahatu.37 tepaNu e pavitra sarAvaranI bAjunA bhAga kayAranAya pavitra manAtA ne jemAMnuM nAkhAnavATa ke nAganuM mAMdera anukAlIna ane uttama namUnAemAMnu eka che te maMdiranI zreNI I. sa. 825 (zaka 750) jeTalI vahelI zarU thaI hatI, ane nAkheAnavATa pAte I. sa. 950nzaka 875 )mAM pUruM thayeluM ane vibhUSita thatuM jaNAya che.39 9 mI ane 10 mI sadI daramyAna jAvA ane koDiyA vacce vijaya dvArA mane e vagara paNa gaNanApAtra vinimaya thatA.40 abhilekhAmAM ghaNA eka uttaranI ane eka dakSiNanI evI be bhAratIya lipiemAM lakhAyelA che,41 tethI samudramArge be dezAMtaragamana thayAM lAge che: eka erirasA ane masulipaTamanA samudrataTAthI ane bIjuM, rumadezanA rAjaputranI e ja daMtakathA sAthe, siMdha ane gujarAtanAM baMdarAethI.42 prazna rahe che ke kAzmIra ane kamaDiyAnA sthApatya vacce phargyusane avaleAkeluM gADha sAmya temaja khADiyAnAM dharma ane kalAmAM phargyusane mAnya kareluM uttaranuM tattva samajAve tevA AvA bhinna dezAMtaragamanana! nizAnI keTale sudhI rahelI che.43 je uttaramAMthI A paMjAba ane kAzmIranI asara lAvyA hoya te leAkA te je hajI peAtAne merI kahe che ne ka eDiyAnAM maMdira, sarAvA ane setuenI bhavyatA sthapatie tarIkenA jemanA kauzalane AbhArI che te leAkeA che.44 jeee 11 mI sadInA AraMbhamAM peAtAnu nAma AkhA kaboDiyAne yAranuM ya ApeluM te lAko vize albInI I. sa. 1031) kahe che: merI sapheda paDatA, TUMkA kadanA ane turka-jevA bAMdhAnA che. te hiMdunA dharmo anusare che ne kAna vIMdhavAnI prathA dharAve che.45 e dhyAnamAM raheze ke mAhitI maLe che tyAMsudhI aMgakAranI samIpanA bhAganI spaSTa pavitratA I. sa. 178 ke jyAre ene pATanagara tarIke pasaMda karavAmAM AvyuM te pahelAM AchAmAM ochAM 250 varSo sudhI TakI che. R A muddo sthapatie samudramAge nahi AvelA tema gagAkhINanI nIce thaI naha AvelA, paNa kAzmIra ane himAlayanA pRSThabhAgane mAge AvelA, e phargyusananA

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46] mo kAlathI guptakAla [ pari. mata sAthe baMdha bese che.46 purAvA adhUrA ane keTaleka aMze kAlpanika hAvA chatAM nIcenI vicAraNAe kAbula-khANa ane pezAvaranA AraMbhika ( I.sa. 100-500) sthApatyamAMnAM mana ane grIka tattvAne je mAga ane mAdhyama dvArA kakhADiyAmAM aMdaranA bhAgamAM lAvavAmAM AvyAM hoya te sUcave che. kadAca e svIkArAya ke ekathelAI TA ke zveta aa ane kaDArAITa arthAt gAMdhAra ane pezAvara dezamAMnA anukAlIna nAnA yuecIemAMnA eka bhAga zrIharSoMnA pitA(I. sa. 190-606 nI pahelAM ane e pachI zrIha( I. sa. 606-642 )nI peAtAnI pahelAM kAzmIra tarapha pAchA haDelA.47 vaLI evuM mAnI levu vAjabI lAge che ke kAzmIramAMthI tee tibeTamAM khasyA te tee pazcimI turko hatA, jenI madadathI sAtamI sadInA uttarArdhamAM tikheTI sattA ane sabhyatAne sthApaka AAMgabasana ke sroMgatjhanagaMge (I. sa. 640-698) tArIma-khINa ane pazcima cIna para pharI vaLelA.48 AThamI sadInA pahelA varSa (I. sa. 701) daramyAna nepALamAM ane brAhmaNAnA dezamAM thayelA baLavAne sroMgatjhananA uttarAdhikArI dAnsarege kacaDI nAkhyA,49 te baMgALAmAM tibeTanuM Adhipatya eTalI dRDha rIte sthapAyuM ke 200 thI vadhu varSa sudhI baMgALAnA upasAgara tikheTanA samudra tarIke eLakhAyA.50 I. sa. 709 mAM pAmiramAM thaI ne thayelI cInI AgekUcane si MdhanA muhammada kAsimanA sAthI mahAna araba sainika koTieJAe rAkaco kahevAya che,pa1 paraMtu cInI lakhANeA pramANe A parAjayane araba ane tibeTanAM saMyukta sainyAnA parAjaya varDa I. sa. 713 mAM bhUMsI nAkhavAmAM AvyA.12 pachInAM varSomAM, cInamAM thayelAM teAphAnene sahAre, tibeTe upalI heaMdhA paranA hAsI sudhI pUrva jItI lIdhuM ane I sa. 729 mAM cInanuM Adhipatya mAnya karavAnuM baMdha karyuM. I. sa. 750 nA arasAmAM e ceADA vakhata cInanA sAthI zade turkA vaDe e niLa thayA teApaNu tibeTanA rAjAe nIce yaMgasekiyaMga khINa jeTale sudhI peAtAnI sattA phelAvI ke I. sa. 787 mAM cInaneA zahenazAha, barmAnI pUrve Avela yunAnanA rAjA, amuka hiMdI uparIo ane Arae tibeTa sAmenI saMdhimAM joDAyA. mahAna thisaRAMga (I. sa. 803-845) ane enA uttarAdhikArI thitasAMga tI (I. sa 878-901)nI nIce tibeTanI sattA vadhI, tethI e ghaNu saMbhavita lAge che ke navamI sadI daramyAna te yunAna para pharI vaLI tyAM vaselA.13 je dakSiNapUrve yunAnamAM gayA te tibeTIemAM kiDArAI TA ane zveta dUA hatA ene e hakIkatathI samarthana maLe che ke lagabhaga I. sa. 1290 mAM, mArkApelA ane razIda-ud-dIna e ane pramANe, yunAnanuM pracalita nAma

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3 muM : jAvA ane beDiyA [461 kArajaMga hatuM, jenuM pATanagara yacI hatuM ane jenA leka khAsa bhASA bolatA.54 kArajaMga nAma mogala hatuM. eno artha kALA leke thatuM ane e cagaMjaMga ke veta tarIke oLakhAtI amuka UjaLI ToLIothI rahevAsIenA samUhane bheda batAvavA prayajAtuM. kArAcaMgano rAjA hiMdu utpattino hato e enA biruda "mahArA" ke "mahArAja'thI darzAvAya che. hiMdu tattva kAbulakhINamAMthI AvyuM e ene hiMdu nAma kaMdahAra arthAt gaMdhAra ke pezAvarathI darzAvAya che. A nAma yunAna mATenA bama gaMdAlariTa( gaMdhAra-rASTra rUpe hajI pracalita che.papa yunAnanI ane pezAvaranI AsapAsanI bhUmio vize razIdauddIna je vicitra goTALo kare che te kadAca enA samayamAM e be sthaLo vacceno saMbaMdha hajI jANamAM hatA te kabUla rakhAta e hakIkatane kAraNe che. 5 yunAnanA cagaM jaga jevA ajANyA tonI vadhu nizAnI dakSiNapUrve anIna ke hanalImAM maLe che, jemanuM nAma dUNo sUcave che ke jemano cAMdInA ghareNAM mATeno zokha emane emanA pADozIothI tarata ja alaga pADe che ne emane bhArata sAthe sAMkaLe che. pa7 A nizAnIone dUNo ane kiDAronA yuvAna ane anIna taraphanA saMbhavita dezAMtaragamanane nizcita karatI tarIke svIkAravAmAM Ave to paNa anIna ane aMgakora vacce gaNanApAtra gALo rahe che. kaMboDiyAnA traNa sthAnika muddA A gALo pUravAmAM keTalAka phALo Ape che. pahelo muddo e che ke siyAma ane kAcIna-cInanA lokothI UlaTI rIte mera loka mAMgeIDanI ghaNI a85 nizAnIvALI, bIjI hiMdIcInI bolIonA tArarava vinAnI bhASAvALI ane cAlI sivAyanA bhAgamAM TUMkA kApelA vALavALI prabaLa sudaDha jati hatA; bIje mudo e che ke mera loke uttarI utpattine dA kare che; ane trIjo e che ke nAnavATane maLatA mahattvanA sthApatya-avazeSa aMgakorathI uttare sATheka mAIla para siyAmanI sImAonI aMdara maLyA che. 58 eka vadhu muddo vicAravAne che: "veta dUNe ane kiDAmAMthI thayelI utpatti kaMboDiyana pUjAnA nAga pAsA sAthe keTale sudhI susaMgata che? hyuena tsiaMganI tArIna, ekasasa ane rAtakhINanI vigatomAM nAgapUjAnI spaSTa vRddhi jeTaluM kaMI nedhapAtra nathI. I. sa. 400 mAM phAlyAne e dezamAM nAgane bhAgyeja ullekha karyo che; nAgone I. sa. para mAM suga-yunanI najare kaMI vadhu mahattva maLyuM lAge che; ane mahAyAnanA pratipAdaka hyuena-siaMgane mana nAge sarvatra che, je sarva Apattio, dharatIkaMpa, tephAne ane rogonA kAraNabhUta che. bauddha dharma rAjyadharma haze, paraMtu bhAgyanuM rahasya nAgane prasanna karavAmAM raheluM che.pa9

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462] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [para. pAMcamI ane chaThThI sadI daramyAna vAyavya hiMdamAM vadhelI nAgapUjAnI A spaSTa mahattA aMzataH pUrvakAlIna bauddha dharmanI paDatIne lIdhe ane aMzata: hyuena siaMganA protsAhaka addabhuta rasika svabhAvane lIdhe thaI haze. chatAM ATalI noMdhapAtra mahattA e saMbhavita rIte TharAve che ke maeNTriA kAbula ane paMjAbanA pAMcamI ane chaThThI sadInA mahAna vijetAomAMnA je keTalAkanI nizAnI kamAuM ane gaDhavAla DuMgaronA nAgapUjaka nAgamAM ane TakkomAM rahI haze temane mATe nAga e pUjAne mukhya padArtha hato. maMdira-avazeSo darzAve che ke prAya: siMdhu pArathI lAvelA praziSTa sthApatyanuM jJAna dharAvatA, kAzmIranA sAtamI ane AThamI sadInA rAjAo nAgapUjaka hatA. 1deg tibeTamAM thayela dharmanuM navamI sadInuM saMskaraNa mukhyatve kAzmIramAMthI AveluM hatuM ane sudhArelA dharmanA aDhAra mukhya devomAM mahAna nAgane sthAna hatuM e hakIkata e matanuM samarthana kare che ke tibeTamAM thaIne kAzmIranAM nAgamaMdiranI yojanA ane praziSTa vigato pasAra thaI, je vadhu saMpatti ane vaibhavamAM kaMboDiyAmAMnA aMgakAranA nAkhonavATamAM punarAvartana pAme che. 1 siyAmI pUjArIoe moTA maMdirane buddhanI pratimAothI bharyuM te pahelAM e nAgapUjAne arpaNa thayeluM hatuM e vize lepha. gAniera ane sara eca. yule e baMnee zaMkA uThAvI che e kharuM che. A vAMdhA chatAM ane pratibhAomAMnI keTalIka pahelethI bauddha hovA chatAM, mahAna nAkhenamAM bauddha dharmanI badhI nizAnIo prakSita che evA mi. phargyusananA nirNayone svIkAravAno inakAra karavo muzkela che. sthAnika saMjogo ane pUjAuM tAle saipa saravara A nirNayanuM samarthana kare che. je potAnI meLe sarovarane sUkI mosamamAM khAlI kare che ne varSARtumAM malyane jaLapAka temaja dhAnyane jamInapAka ApIne ene pAchuM bharI de che tevI moTI kudaratI praNALI vaDe mekaga nadIne joDAyelA, 10 0430 mAIla vistAranA, mahAsarovara tAle laeNpa karatAM vadhAre pavitra kayuM nAgathAna kalpI zakAya? jaLanA rakSaka svAmI tarIke karatAM nAganuM vadhAre lAkSaNika kArya zuM? vaLI aMgakora ane yunAnanI vacce, bahu dUra nahi, vAMkAcUkA vyAla tarIkenA nAganuM vaDuM mathaka hatuM. yacI nagaranI pazcime dasa divasanA aMtare AvelA kararajanamAM mArko pole(I. sa. 1290 e dasa pAda lAMbAM, ghaNAM moTAM mAthAM, roTalA karatAM moTI AMkho, mANasane Akho gaLI zake tevA aNIdAra dAMtathI suzobhita mukho, pAnIo mATenA paMvALA be AgalA paga ane maMjUSA jevaDA moTA kadanAM zarIra dharAvatA sarpo ane moTA ajagaronI bhUmi joI hatI.

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3 ju] jAvA ane kabaDiyA [463 e umere che: "A ajagare rokI zake tevAM pitA ane mAtA vinAnAM siMha tathA rIMchanAM baccAMne gaLI jAya che. dareka mANasa ane pazu teonA bhayamAM dhrUjatAM rahe che." A zemAM paNa nAga saMskArane lagatAM rakSaka tavarUpe hato. enI aMdarathI nIkaLatuM pitta haDakAyA kUtarAnA DaMsane rUjhave che, sakhata majUrI karatI strIne chuTakAro karAve che, khaMjavALa maTADe che ke e vadhAre kharAba paNa nIvaDe. vaLI e chevaTamAM noMdhe che ke A ajagaranuM mAMsa uttama AhAra ane lahejatadAra che. 3 pAdaTIpe 1. sir Stamford Raffle's jata. II, 83. jAvAthI hiMduo beniomAMnA baMjara massIna pAse jaI vasyA; e prAyaH hiMdu vasAhatomAM sahuthI pUrvanI che (Jour. R. A. Soc. IV. 185 ). hiMdu AkRtiovALAM rADiyAtI kArIgarInAM maMdira vAhUmAM paNa che; e samudrataTathI 400 mAIla dUra che. Dalton's Diaks of Borneo jour. Asiatique (N. S.) VII, 153. hiMdu asarane taddana pazcimamAMthI dAkhalo TAMkIe. 1873mAM eka bhAratIya sthapati esiniyAmAM geMDara khAte mahela bAMdhato maLyo hato. Keith Johnson's Africa, 269 2. Raffle's Jaza, II, 65-85. Lassen's Indische Alterthumskunde, II, 10, 40; IV, 460 sarakhAvo. 3. Rafle's japa, II. 87 4. Tod's Annals of Rajasthan (Third Reprint) i. 87 sarakhAvo. aDhAra varSanA sarerAza rAjyakAla sAthe lagabhaga I. sa. 1200thI pAchaLa gaNatAM, ogaNacALIsa cohANa uttarAdhikArIone samaya I. sa. 498 Ave che. 5. bhInamAla paranI pR. 467nI noMdha sarakhAvo. & sl16H ( Ancient Geography, 43 a4 Beal's Buddhist Records, I. 109 note 92) pramANe hastinagara ke ATha nagaronuM sthaLa pezAvarathI 18 mAIla uttare svAta nadI para AveluM che. vedika ane prAcIna mahAbhArata-samayamAM hastinApura gaMdhAranuM pATanagara hatuM (Hewith Jour. Roy. As. Soc., XXI. 217). sAtamI sadImAM e puSkalAvatI kahevAtuM (Beal's Buddhist Records, I, 109). | siMdhunI pUrve AvelA dezanuM pATanagara takSilA aTakathI lagabhaga 40 mAIla pUrve kAlakasaraI pAse zAhaDerImAM AveluM hatuM (Cunningham's Ancient Geography,

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464] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pari. 105). kaniMgahama (ejana 1-) pramANe takSilA alekajhAndaranA samayathI IsvI pAMcamI sadI sudhI moTuM zahera rahyuM hatuM. pachI ene spaSTatA mahAna vaita huNa vijetA mihirakule (I. sa. 500 550 ) ujajaDa karI 100 varSa pachI hyuena siaMge enI mulAkAta lIdhI tyAre e deza kAzmIra nIce hato, rAjakula lupta thayuM hatuM ne amIra 24711 HII Asal Sal ( Beal's Buddhist Records, I. 136). rumadezanA ullekha siyAma ane kaMboDiyAnI temaja jAvAnI anukRtiomAM rahelA che. rumanA kAphalA baMgALa ane orissAnI anuzrutiomAM paNa samudrakAMDA para humalo karatA noMdhAyA che (Fergusson's Architecture, III. 640 ). rumanA ullekhane kAbeDiyana maMdira mahAna alekajhAnDaranI kRti hatAM e anuzruti sAthe DatAM karnala yule (Enc)". Brit., Article on Cambodia) sumane grIsa ke eziyA mAinoranA musalamAnI arthamAM dhaTAve che ( Architecture, III, 640). vividha ullekhoe phargyusanane sUcavyuM ke A parAkrama baMgALanA upasAgaramAM kheDAyelA romana vepAranI aspaSTa smRti che, paraMtu mane niyama hato ke koI kAphalo silonanI Ya 42112 xal ons be this (Reinaud Jour. As. Ser. VI, Tom. I, page 322). A niyama prasaMgavazAta bAjue mukAto haze; jemake I. sa. 166 mAM jayAre zahenazAha mAsa oreliyase samudramArga cInamAM elacI mokalele. chatAM e asaMbhavita lAge ke baMgALanA upasAgaramAM romana vepAra javA ane kaMboDiyAnI anukRtimAM vasAhatI ane sAMsthAnika tarIke sthAna pAmavAne kadI pUra sakriya hato. remanA saMbaMdha bhAratanA pazcima bhAga sAthe gADha ane mahAvanA hatA, nahi ke pUrva sAthe. mA enTonInA samayathI jasTiniananA samaya sudhI eTale ke I. 5. 30 thI I. sa. papada sudhI pArtheiAI o ane sAsAnIo sAme maitrIbaddha tarIkenA emanA rAjakIya mahatve tathA pUrva ane pazcima vaccenA mukhya vepAramArgomAMnA ekanA niyAmaka tarIkenA vANijyika mahave kuSANe ke zako je siMdhukhINa ane baeNkriyA para sattA dharAvatA teonI maitrIne roma mATe sahuthI bhAre mahatvanI bAbata banAvI. e maitrI gADha hatI e hiraana elacIone siMdhunA uparavAsamAM ane kuSANo ke bhAratIya zonA mulakamAM thaIne romanA elacI khAtAmAMthI pAchI karatAM rakSaNa ApatA romana senApati kabuloe I. sa. 60 mAM batAvyuM che (Rawlin. son's Parthia 271 sarakhAva. ), gADha saMbaMdha tolemI( I. sa. 166)e ane lagabhaga 100 varSa pachI (I. sa. ra47) "periplasa"nA kartAe noMdhelI siMdhukhINa ane baeNkaTriyAnI sacoTa vigato vaDe temaja periplasa"mAM jaNAvelI siMdhanA rAjAo mATe judI mUkelI bheTenI khAsa kiMmata vaDe darzAvAya che. A lAMbA saLaMga saMbaMdhanuM eka pariNAma e hatuM ke kuNane ane pezAvara tathA paMjAbanA bIjA rAjAone remana sikkAo. khagoLa ane sthApatyanuM jJAna prApta thayuM. keTalAka aphaghAna ke baeNTriyana sikkAo para "rama" zabda hoya che, je spaSTatA kaI adyAna zaheranuM nAma che. Ama chatAM rame vAyavya hiMda para Adhipatya jamAvavA koziza karelI evuM dhAravAne kaMI kAraNa jaNAtuM nahI; koI sthAnika rAjane ramanA mahAna nAmane upayoga karavA devAmAM Avato evuM dhAravuM to enAthIye ochuM saMbhave che. e saMbhavita lAge che ke baMgALanA upasAgaramAM

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jAvA ane kaDiyA [45 rUmanA kAphalAnA amuka ullekha araba ala-ramInA arthAt laMbarI ke vAyavya sumAtrAnA, spaSTataH malabAra kAMThAnA kAsbiyana laghugraMthanuM romAniyAnA kAphalAone lAgu paDe che (Yule's Cathay I, LXXXIX Note and Marco Polo II, 243.). 6. $42400Architecture, III., 640; Ency. Brit., Cambodia ni ya sarakhAvo. 8. Java I, All. phargyusananuM Architecture, III, 640 sarakhA. 6. Four. Roy. As. Soc. (N.S.) I, 356 ni ya na sezidaj Architectaare, III, 631 ja . 10. jAvAnA avaze vize mi. phargyusana lakhe che ( Architecture, III, 64- 648) : bero boddoranA mahAmaMdiranA sthApatyanAM zailI tathA lakSaNa ajaMTAnI pazcima ghATa paranI ane sAlaseTanI anukAlIna guphAonAM zailI tathA lakSaNa sAthe lagabhaga maLatAM Ave che. zailInuM sAmya gaMdhAranA takhta-I-bahInAM makAno sAthe lagabhaga sarakhI nikaTatA dharAve che (ejana, 647). vaLI (pR. 637) e kahe che: jAvAmAM AvelA hiMduo hiMdanA pazcima kinArethI AvelA. teo siMdhunI khINamAMthI AvelA, gaMgAnI khINamAMthI nahi. vaLI pharI, aja TA guphAomAMnI na. 16 nuM varNana karatAM, mi. phargyusana ane mi. basa ( Rock-Cut Temples, 345, Note 1). lakhe che: A AkRtionI racanA jAvAmAMnA bora boddora maMdiramAMnI sAthe evI lagabhaga ekasarakhI che ke baMne 7 mI sadInA uttarArdhamAM ke kAMIka pachInA samayamAM eka ja zilpIe karelI kRtio hovI joIe. bauddho 5 mI sadImAM jAvAmAM nahotA. teo e pachI jaladI javA lAgyA haze, kemake bora beddoramAM gaNanApAtra sthAnika tatva raheluM che. 11. dariyAvATanI jAvAnI sapharone lagatI anuzrutio mAravADamAM rahelI che. eprila 1895 mAM bhInamAlamAM eka bhATe ujananA bhoja rAjAe potAnA putra caMdrabana para gusse thaI ene kevI rIte kADhI mUkyo e nirUpeluM. e putra gujarAta ke kAThiyAvADanA baMdare gayo, eNe tyAM vahANa meLavyAM ne jAvA tarapha haMkAryo. eNe potAnI sAthe potAnA brAhmaNa tarIke mAdha paMDitanA putrane lIdho. bIjI kathA duHkhabhaMjaka vikame, pitAne putra zatrunA zApathI zilAmAM pheravAI jatAM, vilApa karatI jAvAnI strIne kevI rIte svapnamAM joIe kahe che. vikrama saphara karI jovA gayo, eNe tyAM e strIne zodhI kADhI ane zApa dUra karyo. trIjI daMtakathA pramANe vara paramAranA pautra caMdravane svapnamAM eka suMdara strI joI. eNe enI zodhamAM badhe pravAsa karyo. chevaTe eka RSie ene kahyuM ke e chokarI jovAmAM rahe che. eNe dariyAvATe prayANa karyuM ne ghaNuM bhaye ane vismaye pachI eNe jAvAmAM svakumArIne zodhI kADhI. bhInamAlanA loke nIce jaNAvelI gujarAtI kahevatathI mAhitagAra che. je jAya jAve te kadI nahi Ave; Ave to sAta piDhI baiThake khAve. 12. bIjI vAcanA che : I-2-30

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mo kAlathI guptakAla [ pari. je Aca jAve te pharI na Ave; jo pharI Ave te pariyAM paricAM bhAve, eTalu dhana lAve. 46} 13. As. Res. XIII. 157 mAM Crawford (I. sa. 1820) ane Ind, Alt. II. 1046 mAM Lassen sarakhAve. 14. nIcenI vigatA gujarAtanA hiMdu vahANavaTAnA upalabdha purAvAnA sAra Ape che. grIka lekhake pramANe, emanAM vidhAnAne atizayoktithI mukta rIte svIkAravAM muzkela hevA chatAM, jyAre I. pU. 325 mAM alekajhAndara siMdhu tarapha nIce UtaryAM tyAre nadIe daracAI vepAranI nizAnI batAvelI nahi. e samaye siMdhunA mukha AgaLa dariyAI vepAra eTalA alpa hAya ke emanI najara bahAra rahe, te ema dhAravuM vAjamI lAge che ke alekajhAntaranAM vahANa-bAMdhakAma ane kAphalAe UMDI dariyAI sapharanI zarUAta karAvI, jene IsvI sana pahelAMnI ane pachInI sadIe daramyAna pazcima bhAratamAM pravezelI ane tyAM zAsana karatI dRDha ane prabaLa uttarI janajAtionA saLaMga vaMze vikasAvyA karI.* * alekajhAntare siMdhu para peAtAnI hADIe baMdhAvI ( Mc Crindle's Alexander, 77 ) te A hADIe hAyaDesTisa (jhelama) para (pR. 134 TI. 1.) laI gayA (pR. 93 ane 131), jyAM eNe keTalIka dezI hADIo joI; eNe trIsa halesAMvALI nAnI capaTI hADIenA nAnA kAphalA badhAvyA; eNe gAdIe baMdhAvI ( pR. 156-157); enA nAvikagaNamAM phiniziyano, sAdapriyA, kAriyana ane ijilziyana hatA. vinsanTa pramANe ( Periplus, I. 25, 35, 254) egetharikadIsa(I. pU. 200)nA samayamAM arabastAna ane sileAnanAM baMdara pUrepUrAM gujarAtanA leAkeAnA hAthamAM hatAM. IsvI bIjI sadI daramyAna jyAre mahAna rudradAmA (I. sa. 143-158) nIce saurASTrane siha ke kSatrapa vA sattAnI parAkASThAe hatA tyAre zienthA eTale siMdhunA hiMdI ricAvATe cInamAM bheTA lAvatA (Journal Royal Asiatic Society for January 1896, page 9). I. sa. 166 mAM (kadAca upara jaNAvelA che. te ja) rAmana zahenazAha mArkasa oreliyase hAthIdAMta, geMDAnAM zIgaDAM ane bIjI cIjo 1--spaSTataH pazcima hiMdanI pedAza laIne elacIene dariyAvATe cIna meAkalelA (De Guignes Huns, I Part. I, 32 ). I. sa. trIjI sadImAM I. sa. 247 mAM periplasanA kartA (Mc Grindle 17, 52, 64. 96, 109) pUrvaAphrikA ane IrAnanAM baMdarAmAM meTAM hiMdu vahANA ane seAkotrAnA uttara samudrataTa para hiMdu vasAhatA avaleAke che. lagabhaga eka sadI pachI, dIvenI ke dIvanA cAMciyA jeone mahAna konsTenTAina ( I. sa. 320-340 ) pAse khAna meAkalavA paDelA, jemAMne eka thIephilasa. pachIthI khristI bizapa hatA, tene sadigdha ullekha (Wilford in Asiatic Researches,IX. 224) Ave che, joke kSatrapeA (I. sa. 70-400) dariyAvATe temaja jamInavATe zAsana karatA hatA e ghaNu saMbhavita che, chatAM tAjI dariyAkheDu zakti zveta hUNA(I. sa. 450-550 )nA juana-juana ke avarA ( I. sa. 30-450)nA sidha ane saurASTranA samudrataTe paranu Agamana darzAvatI

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3 ju jAvA ane kaDiyA jaNAya che. 5 mI ane 6 ThThI sadI daramyAna siMdha ane gujarAtanAM baMdara pUrvamAMnA nAvika sAhasanAM mukhya kedromAM najare paDe che. navA AgaMtukanA dharma para samudrano kevo prabhAva paDato e navA ke parizodhita devo ziva-manAthanA posIna ane kRSNa-dvArakAnA epolo ke seMTa nikolasanI AsapAsa ekaThI thayelI khyAtithI darzAvAyuM che (Tod's Anals of Rajasthan, I, 525 sarakhAvo). pAMcamI sadImAM (Yule's Cathay, I. lxxviii) isapahAnanA hamajhA pramANe yuphetisa paranA kuphA pAsenA hIrA mukAme hiMda ane cInanAM vahANa hamezAM laMgaratAM. 6 ThThI sadInA AraMbha(I. sa. 510-519)mAM eka IrAnI elacI dariyAvATe cIna gayele (ejana, 1, 74). lagabhaga e ja samaye (I. sa. para6) kaeNsamasa (ejana, 1, 178) siMdhu ke debala ane orahoTa eTale soraTha ke verAvaLane silona sAthenA vepAranAM agrima sthAna tarIke varNave che. 6 ThThI sadImAM, spaSTata: veta haNo ane mihirI vaDe hAMkI karAyelA, siMdhu deza ane kacchanA ja e baharIna akhAtamAMnA TApuomAM svATa karyo ne je kAphalA lagabhaga I. sa. 570 mAM mahAna sAsAnI nauzIravAne (I. sa. 56-57) nIcalA siMdhu deza ane kadAca silona para AkramaNa karyuM kahevAya che te kAphalAne kadAca mANasa pUrA pADelA. Reinaud's Memoire Sur L'Inde 125. nauzIravAnane seriMgadIpanA Riool 4:21en seien Hing 24 Cault (Elliot's History, I, 407; Tabari. II, 221) silonanI A saphara vize saMdeha Ubho kare che. 6 ThThI sadInA aMtamAM karAMcI ke devalasiMdhI silenanA rAjAnI bheTamAM raheluM hoI zake nahi. e upalA siMdhamAMnA aroranA zaharAI rAjAonA, kadAca zAhI tegIna deveja (zAhInadevamAM saMkSipta)nA kabajAmAM hatuM (Cunningham, Oriental Congress, I. 242 sarakhAvA). gerarejha (J. As, Ser. VI, Tom. XIII, 182 Note 2) pramANe A serenadIpa e suranadeba eTale ke sIriyA ane aMtiyaka sthaLo che, jene nauzIravAne lIdhAM hovAnuM jovAmAM AvyuM che. gujarAta ane silona vacce gADha saMbaMdha sucavatA jaNAya tevA ghaNA bIjA ullekha eTalA ja saMdigdha che. mahAbhArata(I. sa. 100-300 )mAM siMhalo vaidarya, hAthIonA sAja ane mauktika-rAzio lAve che. rAmudraguptanA anilekha(I. sa. 35)mAM siMhalakane artha (Early Gujarat History, page 64 and note 5) anizcita che. mihirakula (I. sa. pa30)ne ke lalitAditya(I. sa. 700 )ne silona-vijaya aitihAsika hoI zake nahi. I. sa. 1005 mAM jyAre mulatAnanA karmAziyana rAjA abula phAthA para gajhanInA mahamUde humalo kare tyAre e silena gayelo (Reinaud's Memoire 225). jyAre somanAtha levAyuM (I. sa. 1025) tyAre loko silenanI saphare nIkaLyA (ejana 270). lagabhaga e ja samaye (Fergusson, Architecture, III. 612) suvarNa dvIpakalpa mATenA baMdara tarIke kaNa nadInA mukhamAnA amarAvatInuM sthAna gujarAta ane hiMdanA pazcima kinArethI thatI sIdhI saphare laI lIdhuM hatuM. I. sa. 630 mAM zuena tsiaMge (Beal's Buddhist Records, II, 269) surASTranA lokone vepAra ane

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468] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. vepArI cIjonA vinimayamAM rokAI, dariyAmAMthI potAnuM gujarAna meLavatA tarIke varNavyA che. e vaLI avaloke che ke IrAnanAM zaheramAM hiMduo vasyA hatA ne potAnA dharmanuM pUrNa AcaraNa bhogavatA hatA (Reinaud's Abulfeda, ccclxxxv ). zarUAtanA (I. sa. 637-770) muslima dariyAI humalAomAM araba nahi, paNa jAtanuM varcasa hatuM, e vAta, A dariyAkheDu sAhase arabastAnamAM nahi, paNa IrAnI akhAtanA jATa-vastIvALA kinArAomAM zarU thayelAM, 50 thI vadhu varSathI rAjyanA araba vaDAo teone manAI karatA ne bhUmadhyamAM jyAM neTa tava nahatuM tyAM arabo dariyAmAM sattAhIna hatA e hakIkata vaDe ghaNI saMbhavita thAya che (Elliot, I. 416, 417 sarakhAvo). 7 mI ane 8 mI sadIomAM jyAre gujarAtathI jovA ane kaMboDiyAmAM dariyAvATe mukhya dezAMtaragamana thayAM tyAre cInI kAphalAoe dIvanI mulAkAta lIdhI (Yule's Cathay, LXXIX), ne I. sa. 759 mAM arabo ane IrAnIoe kenTInane ghero ghAlyo ane dariyAvATe jatAM ane pAchA pharatAM koThArone lUMTathI e hakIkata sUcave che ke jATa loko nAviko temaja cAMciyA hatA.* * pachInA samaye (I. sa. 1342) cAMciyAo sAmenA rakSaNakAra tarIke ebisiniyanonA saMrakSaNa sAthe kaMdahAra(bharUcanI uttare Avela gaMdhAra)thI cInanI saphare gayeluM inna batutAnuM moTuM vahANa sarakhA (Reinaud's Abulgeda, clxxv). siMdha, kaccha ane gujarAtanA samudrataTe para jaTa uparAMta uttaranI AgaMtuka janajAti. omAMnI keTalIya jatio dariyAmAM noMdhapAtra utsAha dAkhavatI, e yAda rAkhavAnuM che ke thANAnA aMkazAstrIya ahevAlamAM ApelI vigato (Bombay Gazetteer, XIII, Part II, 433) mujaba dariyAI sAhasane A noMdhapAtra Ubharo uttaranA AgaMtuka lokonA jemane laIne ja nahi, paNa e hakIkatane laIne haze ke emAMnA keTalAka, kadAca lohakAma karatA prasiddha turko (I. sa. 580-680) potAnI sAthe lohacuMbakanuM jJAna lAvyA ne dhArmika kauzala ane guptatA dharAvatA sthAnika zramaNoe saLiyAne daivI macchI-yaMtrano ghATa Ape; telanI katharoTamAM taratA e yaMtra sAthe e vahANanA koI khAnagI bhAgamAM masalata karato ne jyAre tArAo chupAI jatA tyAre nAvikane kaI dizAmAM haMkAravuM e bAbata doravaNI Apato. AgaMtuka dariyAkheDu vargomAM, makarANa ane siMdhanA dariyAkinArAo para bauddha, karma ane mera loko hatA ne kaccha ane saurASTranA dariyAkinArAo para gADha rIte saMkaLAyelA mera ane gujara loko hatA. 7 mI ane 8 mI sadIomAM gujara, mukhyatve cApa ke cAvaDA kulanA, dvArakA ane somanAtha e baMne sthaLoe ane vaLI aMdaranA bhAgamAM, sattArUDha thayA hatA. agAu noMdhyA pramANe, A parivartana joTa leka IrAnI akhAta ane rAtA samudranA kinAre vasavA kema mathatA e samajAve che. lagabhaga I. sa. 740 mAM je cApo ke cAvaDAo daDha sadI sudhI dvArakA ane somanAthamAM sattA dharAvatA hatA teoe aNahilavADa pATaNamAM potAnI sattA sthApI. teonI anuzruti pramANe rAjA vanarAje (I. sa. 720-780) ane enA uttarAdhikArI garAje (I sa. 806-841) cAMciyAgIrI nAbUda karavA ghaNA prayatna karyA. yogarAjanA putrae

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3 ] '' jAvA ane kaDiyA [19 AbohavAnA dabANane vaza thaI verAvaLamAM AvI paDelAM keTalAMka baMgALA ke boTanAM vahANone lUTayAM, rAjAe kahyuM: "mArA putra, mahAmahenate ApaNe rAjavI kakSAnA cAvaDA thavA mathatA hatA; tamAro lobha ApaNane cAre tarIkenA ApaNA jUnA upanAma para pAchA pheke che.) yogarAje svastha thavA nA pADI ne citArohaNa karyuM (Dr. Bhagvanlal's History, 154). A vAta dRSTAMtakathA hovAnuM jaNAya che. cAMciyAgIrI nAbUda karavAnA yogarAjanA prayatnoe jATa lokonA moTA samUhane gujarAtanA dariyAkinArAothI hAMkI kADhavA lAge che. I. sa. 834-35 mAM igna athIra (I. sa. 834) mujaba, dujAtha ke jATa lokothI bharelo kAphalo tAigrisa nadI para Utaryo, teone aTakAvavA mATe khaliphAtanuM saghaLuM saunya mAlavuM paDeluM. je muslimonA hAthamAM paDavA teone grIka sAmrAjyanI sImA para Avela anArabe tarapha mokalavAmAM AvyA. daMtakathAmAM jaNAvyA mujaba, cAvaDA rAjAnA je putrone, arthAta cIro mero ane gujarene emaNe hAMkI kADhelA te jATa loko karatAM cAMciyA tarIke ochA bhayAnaka nIvaDavA nahi. 1 uttaranA lokonI aMtabhUmi jAti nAvikatvane kevI tatparatAthI jIte che enA daSTAMta tarIke pinTasanA kaeNnkone sarakhAvo, je lagabhaga I. sa. 279 mAM thoDAM varSomAM pirasathI bhUmadhyanAM baMdaro tarapha pasAra thayA ne jeNe potAnI pAchaLa grIka sapharanI hadarUpa mAlyAne choDIne jibrAlTara thaIne bATika tarapha saphara karI ( Gibbon. I. 404-405). lagabhaga 50 varSa pachI, I. sa. 892 mAM, ala-bilAdurI, dariyAo upara pharI vaLatA cAMciyAo tarIke mera lokone ane saurASTra arthAt devapATaNa ke somanAthanA je loko cora ke gujara hatA temane varNave che.* * Reinaud's Memoire, Sur L'Inde, 200. coravADa arthAta verAvaLa ane mAMgaroLa pAsenA prAcIna caura ke cApa dezanA vepArIo hAla muMbaImAM thApaDiyAo tarIke jANItA che. cApaDiyAnI prApta samajUtI emanA moTA ane bhAre zirovastranA upahAsAtmaka ullekhamAM kahevAya che tema chAparAvALA mANaso che, paraMtu porabaMdaranuM zirovastra khAsa moTuM nathI tema lAvaNya vagaranuM nathI tethI e pracalita khulAso zleSa karatAM vadhu bhAgyeja hoI zake. A sUcave che ke "cApaDiyA" nAma jeoe vaLI potAnuM nAma cAMpAnerane ApeluM te gurjaronI prAcIna cApa janajAtinI nizAnI che. cauronuM e rAtA samudramAMthI AvelA hovAnI anukRtio sAthe ane sAmudrika arabastAna tarIke De kareluM varNana (Western India, 250, 256) soketrAne badale zaMkhoddhAra eTale ke dvArakAnI uttare Avelo TApu ghaTAvavAnuM pariNAma che. bilAdurI (Reinaud, Sur L'Inde, 169) AgaLa jatAM nedhe che ke IrAnI ane araboe je jAtanI vasAhata hiMdamAM karelI te ja jAtanI vasAhata jATa ane bIjA hiMdIoe IrAnamAM karI hatI. 9 mI ane 10 mI sadIo daramyAna je gujarAta rAjya jAvAmAM sthapAyuM hatuM te sattAnI Toce hatuM (Ditto, Abulfeda,

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470] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pari. " ccclxxxvii), 10 mI sadInI zarUAtamAM (I. sa. 915-930) masUdI (Yules Marco Polo, II, 344; Elliot, I, 65) sokotrAne je hiMda ane cIna javA nIkaLelAM araba vahANone pIcho pakaDe che te bavArIja kahevAtA hiMdI cAMciyAonA jANutA akhADA tarIke varNave che. 10 mI sadInA AraMbhanA vepArI kAphalA mAtra araba nahotA. aNahilavADanA cIro bhoTa ane cInamAM kAphalA mokalatA (Ras Mala, I, 11). ne mera ane caura e ekalA ja cAMciyA nahotA. 10 mI sadInI Akhara taraphanA samaye (I. sa. 980) kathAmAM graharipu tarIke oLakhAto grahari cUDAsamA, soraTha ane giranArano AhIra, mahAsAgaramAM eTalo badhe AvajA karato ke koI salAmata nahotuM (Ditto, I 11). 11 mI sadImAM (I. sa. 1021) ala berunI (Sachau, II, 104) noMdhe che ke bavArija, jenuM nAma beharA ke bIrA nAmanI temanI hoDIo parathI paDeluM che te kacchanA ane somanAthanA mera nAme dariyAkheDu loko hatA; somanAtha pUrva AphrikAmAMnA sophAlA ane cInanI vacce vepAra karatA vepArIo mATenuM mulAkAtI mathaka hatuM. lagabhaga e samaye (I. sa. 1025) jyAre gajhanInA mahamUdane sAmano karavAmAM nirAza thayA tyAre somanAthanA saMrakSako dariyAvATe palAyana thavA taiyAra thayA,+ ne pitAnI phateha pachI mahamUde silona jItavA dariyAvATe caDAI karavI ja hovAnuM kahevAya che (Tod's Rajasthan. I. 108). bAramI sadImAM drisI (I. sa. 1135) avaloke che ke tAtarIya diharAmI, eTale ke gupto (I. sa. 319-500) ane veta huNe(I. sa. 500-580 )nA siMdha ane gujarAtanA sikkA mADAgAskara temaja malAyA TApuomAM calaNamAM hatA (Reinaud's Memoires, 236 ), ne jAvAnA vepArIo mADAgAskaranA lokone samajI zakatA (Ditto, Abulfeda, cclxxii). * | abulapheDA anusAra I. sa. 1334 mAM (Reinaud's Abulfeda, cccxlix) gherAyelAmAMnA keTalAka silona nAsI gayA. pharistAha (Briggs Muhammadan Power, I, 75) lakhe che ke somanAthanA patana pachI mahamUda silona ane pegu jItavA kAle ravAnA karavA mAgato hato. barDa anusAra (Mirat-i-Ahmedi, 146) silona ke siranadIpa rAjA vijayabAhu svataMtra thayo tyAMsudhI somanAthanA tAbAne mulaka rahyuM e be bhASAonuM sAdhAraNa tava mADAgAskaramAM temaja jAvA ane boDiyAmAM gujarAtanI thayelI vasAhatonuM pariNAma thayeluM hovuM joIe, paraMtu A zaMkAspada che, kemake e sAdhAraNa tava kAMto arabI kAMto poliziyana hoya. aNahilavADanI sattAnI paDatI thatAM (I. sa. 1250-1300) enuM naukAdaLa samudramAM vyavasthA jALavatuM baMdha thayuM. I. sa. 1290 mAM mArko polone (Yule's Ed. II, 325, 328, 341) gujarAtanA loko sahuthI vadhu maraNiyA cAMciyA hovAnuM mAluma paDeluM. sauthI vadhu cAMciyA vahANo dara varSe potAnI sAthe potAnAM bairAMchokarAM laIne ravAnA thatAM ne Akho unALo bahAra rahetAM. teo 20 thI 30 kAphalAomAM joDAtAM ne pAMca

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3 juM]. jAvA ane kAThiyA [71 mAIla dUra dariyAI nAkAbaMdhI kastAM. sametrAne hiMdu cAMciyAonA samUho herAna karatA, je tyAM DerA nAkhatA ne potAnI lUMTa vecavA mUkatA. 50 varSa bAda Ibna batutA (Elliot, I. 344-345 mAM) e ja phariyAda kare che. musalamAna-abhyadaye rAjapUta saradArane dariyAkinAre hAMkI kADhI cAMciyA karI dIdhA hatA. teomAM sahuthI noMdhapAtra umero. gohilone hato, je mokhaDAjI gohila nIce pIrama TApu paranA enA killAmAMthI dariyA para amala karatA. enI sattA I. sa. 1345 mAM mahammada taghalake toDI tyAM sudhI Ama cAlyuM (Ras Mala I. 318). musalamAna vaDe UthalI paDAyA pahelAM gujarAtanA rAjapUta nAvike kevAM meTAM vahANa calAvatA e krIara eDarike batAvyuM che, jeNe I. saM. 1321 nA sumAramAM 700 lokone laI jatA vahANamAM hiMdI mahAsAgara oLagelo (Kerr's Voyages, XVIII, 324 mAM sTIvansana). rAjapUto keTale dUra jatA e I. sa. 1270 mAM (Howorth's Mongols, I, 247 mAM Yule's Cathay, 57) sumenA ke manatha ane cIna vacce saphara karatAM vahANonA nirdezathI darzAvAyuM che. phiraMgIonA Agamana (I. sa. 1500-1508) sudhI amadAvAdanA sulatAnoe samudrAdhipati tarIkenI potAnI sthiti jArI rAkhelI. paMdaramI sadImAM baMDaNI bharatAM videzI baMdaronI rAjya-yAdImAM* jAvA dekhA de che ( Bird's Gujarat, 131). e khaMDaNI rAjanaukAdalanA rakSaNanA badalAmAM jAvA sAthenA gujarAtI vepArIo vaDe apAtA verA ke vahANa paranA kararUpe hatA.5 * jyAre I. sa. 1535 mAM eNe bahAdurane suMdara ratnajaDita paTe meLavyA tyAre humAyue kahyuM: A samudrAdhipatinA zaNagAra che (Bayley's Gujarat, 386). $ 1736-37nI Bombay Public Diary 10, pages 197-207 mAM mAnavaMtI kaMpanInA rakSaNa nIce vepArIoe surata ke khaMbhAtamAMthI AyAta ane nikAsa karelA badhA mAla paranA be TakAnI nedha sAthenAM surata ane khaMbhAtanA mahesUla- , mathALAM sarakhAvo. pUrva AphrikAmAM, I. sa. 1498 mAM (J. As, Soc. of Bengal, V. 784) vA da gAmAe khaMbhAta ane hiMdanA bIjA bhAgamAMthI AvelA nAvikone joyelA, je uttara tathA dakSiNamAMnA tArAonI madadathI potAne doravaNI ApatA ne jemane potAnAM sAmudrika sAdhana hatAM. I. sa. 1510 mAM alabu javA ane malAkkAmAM prabaLa hiMdu tattva joyeluM. sumAtrAmAM paramezvara nAme hiMdu rAjya karato hato, jeno cInI mAtAthI thayelo putra rAjapUta kahevAto (Commentaries, II, 63; III, 73-79). samudra parano amala yuropiyana pAse gayA tyAre gujarAtanA hiMduo vepArIo, khalAsIo ane cAMciyAo tarIke noMdhapAtra hiMmata ane AvaData batAvatA rahyA. sattaramI sadImAM phrenca musAphara menDe (I. sa. 1638, Travels 101-108)ne uttara sumAtrAmAM acIna gujarAta sAthenA vepAranuM mahAna keMdra mAluma paDeluM. 17 mI ane 18 mI sadIo daramyA kaccha-mAMDavInA ane uttara saurASTramAMnA navAnagaranA saMganiyo ke saMgara rajapUto ghaNuM bhayAnaka hatA. I. sa. 1750 mAM grojha saMganiyananI nAnI jhare IrAnI akhAta tarapha jatI hoDIone herAna karatI hovAnuM

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla [parei. varNave che, je ke e meTAM vahANe para bhAgyeja humalo karatI. 1803 ane 1808 vacce (Low's Indian Navy, I. 274) beTamAMthI AvelA cAMciyAo emanAthanA jIrNa zIrNa maMdiramAM jaI vasyA. 1920 mAM jyAre aMgrejoe vAghera pAsethI beTa ane dvArakA lIdhAM tyAre cAMciyAomAM vAghere uparAMta vADhelo-rAThoDenI zAkhA, bhaTTIo, khAravA, lohANuM, makavANA, rAThoDa ane vAdharIo hatA. cauranI nizAnI AramaDAnA pADozI saradAramAM rahI.+ + A vADhele hemilTana (I. sa. 1720)nA Warels of Chance (New Account I. 141) hovAnuM jaNAya che. A cAnsa te diva pAsenuM cAMca che; e je parathI bhATiyAone cAMciyAonuM muMbaInuM nAma maLyuM che te sthaLa che. 18 mI. sadInA aMtanI najIkamAM cAMcanA bhATiyAoe thANAnA samudrataTa para dahANunI pAse cAMciyAonI vasAhata karI lAge che. mejara prAIsa (Memoires of a Field Officer, 322) suratathI muMbaInI musApharI karatAM e nAmanI cAMciyAI komanA mulaka evA cAMciyA jaMgalamAM thaIne dahANu pAse pasAra thatAM karela sAvadhatAbharelA veganI neMdha le che (I. sa. 1792 jana). ne saurASTranA saradAromAMthI dariyAkheDane ja prema jato rahyo nahoto. cAlu sadInI zarUAtamAM (I. sa. 1825) ToDa (Western India 452; Ras Mala I,245 sarakhAvo), kevI rIte bhAvanagaranA bicha(? vijaya) siMghane ene darabAra e ene mATe zokha hato ne vahANa banAvavAM e enA mukhya rasa ane AnaMdano viSaya hato, vaLI kevI rIte kacchanA rAva ghore (I. sa. 1760-1778) mAMDavImAM vahANa banAvarAveluM ne sajAveluM tathA emAM mANasa pUrA pADelA ne pachI e vahANa yuropiyana ke bIjI bahAranI madada vinA salAmata rIte igleMDanI saphara karI malabAra-kinAre pAchuM phareluM, jyAM naiRtyanA pavananI mesamamAM AvI pahoMcatAM e tuTI gayuM lAge che, e badhuM kahe che.* * sara e. bansa [JI. Bombay Geog. Soc. VI ( 1835) 27,28] pramANe kacchanA lokonI vahANavaTAmAMnI ane vahANa banAvavAmAMnI khAsa AvaData kacchanA rAmasiMdha mAlama nAme juvAna rajapUta ladhe hatI. e lagabhaga eka sadI pahelAM heleMDa jaIne e kalAo zIkhelo (Bombay Gazetteer, . 116. Note 2 juo). 15. pharDa (I. sa. 1822) mAnato ke badhI hiMdu asara liMga ke uttarapUrva madrAsamAMthI AvI. phargyusana (Ind. Arch. 103, Ed. 1876) kahe che : amarAvatInA suMdara avazeSa darzAve che ke kRSNa ane godAvarInA mukhamAMnA uttara ane uttarapazcima hiMdanA bauddhoe pegu, kabaDiyA ane chevaTe jAvAnA TApumAM saMsthAna vasAvelAM. devaraniyara (I. sa. 1666 : Bal's Translation, I. 174) sarakhA. masulIpaTama e baMgALanA upasAgaramAM ekamAtra evuM sthaLa che, jyAMthI vahANo pUrva tarapha baMgALA, ArAkAna, pega, siyAma, sumAtrA, kocIna-cIna ane manilasa mATe ane pazcima tarapha heramujha, makhA ane mADAgAskara mATe saphara kare che. abhilekha (Indian Antiguary,

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3 ju] jAvA ane kahiyA [473 V, 314; VI, 356) jAvAnI daMtakathAoe jALavelA, kaliMganA kinArA ane jAvA vaccenA saMbaMdhanA kharApaNAnI pratIti karAve che. zakonA pUrvanA pravAsa paranA De. bhAMDArakaranA rasaprada lekhamAM samajAvyA mujaba (Jour. B. B. R. A. S. XVII) amuka abhilekho mAgadhI tAva paNa darzAve che, je jovAmAM sumAtrAmAMthI ane sumAtrAmAM kAMto baMgALAnA athavA to orissAnA dariyAkinArethI pahoMcyuM haze. pachInI mAhitI pUrva tathA dakSiNa bhAratIya hisso vadhAravA tarapha vaLe che. Notices et Extraits des Manuscripts de la Bibliotheque Nationale, Vol. XXVII (Partie II) 2 Fasicule, Page 350 sarakhAvo. 15. Beal's Buddhist Records, II, 222 note 102 Hi aziat (124340l sarakhAvo. tAhiA pocArA eTale baeNTriyA haze, paNa paMjAba vadhAre saMbhavita lAge che. (Beal's Life of Hiuen Tsiang, 136 Note 2 21201QI.) 17. idrisI I. sa. 1135 (Elliot, I. 92) : mulatAna ane sIstAna vaccenA raNanI sarahada para vacalA vAMdhAnuM romAlA nagara che. kaniMgahama (Ancient Geog, 252) : jyAM nArA-janI siMdhu kacchanA raNamAM dAkhala thAya che tenI pAse eka romaka hATa che. 18. Cunningham's Num. Chron. 3rd Ser. VIII, 241, mahAbhAratanA RIHTO ( Wilson's Works, VII, 176; Cunningham's Anc. Geog., 187) khArA pATamAMnA ekamAMthI potAnuM nAma lIdhuM haze. Inna khuradAdabaha (I. sa. 912) rumAlA( Elliot, I, 14, 87, 92, 93)ne siMdhanA dezomAMnA eka tarIke jaNAve che ne ramAlA nagaranA saMbaMdhamAM ala IdrisI I. sa. 1153 (Elliot, I, 74, 93) kalabatAthI traNa divasanI musApharIne pradeza jaNAve che. ?c. Cunningham's Numismatic Chronicle 3rd Ser. VIII. 236. kAsurane samaya anizcita che. phargyusana (Arch., III, 746 ) ene I. sa. 144 mAM mUke che. e spaSTataH vahelo hato, kemake I. sa. 532 nA eka abhilekhamAM mALavAno rAjA yazodharmA guptAe ke haNee kadI nahi dharAvelA pradeza dharAvatA hovAno dAvo kare che. Cunningham's Num. Chron. 3rd Ser. VIII, 236. History Text 76, 77 sarakhAvo. 20. Jour. As. Soc. Bl. VII (Plate I) 298; Burnes' Bokhara, III, 76; Eliot's History, 1, 405. jene zAharAI baMdara tarIke jaNAveluM che te dIva 7 mI ane 8 mI sadImAM cInI vahANa mATe mulAkAtanuM mathaka hatuM (Yule's Cathay, I, Lxxix). 21. I. pU. 30 mAM augasTasa pAse gayela elacImaMDaLanA paMjAbI porasanI jema (joke A porasa alekajhAnDaranA porasanA pradeza para rAjya karato hovAne lIdhe e tarIke I-2-21

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474] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pari. oLakhAto haze.) kA mAnItuM pArtheiyana nAma krAtisa hovAnuM lAge, paraMtu kAtisa nAmane koI dAkhala kata huNa saradAromAM noMdhAye nathI ne kA bata ke svAmI buddha jevAmAM ka"ne upayoga kabaDiyAnI daMtakathAnA kA thAMgane artha parama svAmI thAya che ema mAnavA mATenI bhUmikA jaNAya che. 22. Epigraphia Indica, I, 67 23. I. sa. 637 mAM dhADapADuoe omanamAMthI thANa para ane baharInamAMthI bharUca ane siMdha para hallo karela(Reinaud's Memoire Sur L." Inde. 170, 176). 24. I. sa. 650 nA arasAmAM cInanuM sainya magajamAMthI gaMdhAra nadIe gayeluM e niHzaMka lAge che. zahenazAhe zrIharSane aMga-ha-buese nAme elacI meka. uaMga-ha-yuese pahoMce te pahelAM zrIharSa mRtyu pAmyo hato (mRtyu I. sa. 642), ane enuM sthAna (sena-kutI) alana-cuna maMtrIe jhUMTavI lIdhuM hatuM. sattA jhuMTavI lenAre elacIne hAMkI kADhaze e tibeta cAlyA gaye, je tyAre mahAna saMgalsanane tAbe hatuM. tibetamAMthI ane nepAlanA rAja pAsethI madada laI uga pAcho pharyo teNe alanane harA ne eno gaMdhAra nadI (khiena-to-vI) sudhI pIcho karyo. praveza bApUrvaka meLavavAmAM Ave, lakarane pakaDavAmAM AvyuM. rAja, rANI ane rAjAnA kuMvarone keda karI cIna laI javAmAM AvyAM, ne pa80 zahera tAbe thayAM. maeNjisTreToe prAcInonA madiramAM vijaya jAhera karyo ne zahenazAhe ouaMgane a-sana-ta-pherene daraje caDAvyo (Journal Asiatique Ser. IV. Tom. X. pages 81-121). anuvAdaka dhAre che ke AkhuM yuda hiMdanA pUrvamAM thayeluM ne gaMdhAra nadIne ulekha e bhUla che. A matanuM kharApaNuM zaMkAspada che. A samaya cInI sattAnA sahuthI vizALa prasArano che e yAda rAkhavAnuM che. teo baTuka ane prAyaH biyana dharAvatA. Yule's Cathay I. Jxvii. Jour. As. Soc. Ser. V. Tom. X. 289-291 mAM juliyana sarakhAvo. 25. A tophAnonI bAbatamAM Beal's Life of Higen Tsiang, Max Mullers India, 286 jAo. araba lekhake cace jATa lokone keTalI halakI dazAmAM utArI dIdhelA e avaloke che. jAvAmAM pazcima bhArata ane pUrva bhAratanI olAdanuM tulanAtmaka mahattava sarakhAvatAM e yAda rAkhavAnuM che ke pazcimI tavanA tharanI upara 8 mI sadImAM baMgALAnA tibetI vijayamAMthI palAyana thaI AvI vaselA uttarakAlIna baMgALA ane kaliMgano thara rahelo che, bAbu gurakhAonI sAthe lAgelA, ane 9 mI ane pachInI sadIomAM jyAM potAnA dharmanuM have mAna rahyuM nahotuM te pradezamAMthI cAlyA AvatA bauddhonA samUhone thara rahelo che. 26. I. sa. 116 mAM bebilona ane kosinanA kabajA pachI hethine tAigreisa ane IrAnI akhAtamAM nIce saphara karI, dakSiNa samudranAM nIra para vahANa haMkAryA, hida vize pUchaparacha karI ne pote tyAM javA mATe have vadhAre paDato vRddha thayo hovAthI e Panz 491 (Rawlinson's Ancient Monarchies, VI. 313). 29. Reinaud's Abulfeda. cccxc

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3 ju] jAvA ane kaDiyA [475 28. "kAMboja" nAmanuM mULa "kAjapura" lAge che, je telemI (I. sa. 100)nA kabIrAmAMnA vartamAna rUpamAM lagabhaga jaLavAI raheluM kAbulanuM januM nAma che. e zabda anizcita rIte Akaminiyana kembisIsa (I. pU. para9-521), behIstuna abhilekhanA kabujI sAthe saMkaLAyela che. azokanAM zAsana(I. pU. 240)mAMnA pAMcamAmAM kAja gaMdhAra ke pezAvara ane yena ke beTriyA vacce madhya aMtara dharAve che. je vAskana anizcita samaya I. 5. 500 thI I. 5. 200 sudhI vistare che. enA jaNAvyA mujaba kAbAja leke saMskRta bolatA (Muir's Sanskrit Texts, II. 355, note 145). mahAbhAratanA chellA yuddha(I. sa. 100 thI 300) [J]. Roy. As. Soc. (1842) VII. 139-140]mAM spaSTataH bamiyana pAsenA kabaje zako, darada ane huNo sAthe pleccha gaNatA. eka vRttAMta (Fergusson, III. 665) kAbe jenuM mULa sthAna siMdhunI pUrve takSiAnI AsapAsanA dezamAM mUke che. A ghaNuM karIne kharuM nathI. mULa sthAnamAM rahelA kobAnI nizAnI hiMdukuzanA kaumAjamAM rahelI lAge che. ra9. Hunter's Orissa, I. 310 juo. 30. siyAmanI dakSiNa pazcime Avela yavana (Beal's Life of Higen Tsiang, xxxii). 31. Bunbury's Ancient Geography, II. 659 mAM udAhata, banaberI sUcave che ke seniyase potAnI mAhitI cInamAMnA elacI mArkasa oreliyasa (I. sa. 166) pAsethI meLavI haze. 32. Jour. Bengal Soc. VII (1). 317 33. Remusat Nouveaux Melanges Asiatiques, l. 77 in Jour. Asiatique Series, VI. Tom. XIX, page 199 Note 1; Fergusson's Architecture, III, 678 38. Barth in Journal Asiatique Ser. VI. Tom. XIX, page 150 34. Barth in Journal Asiatique. X. 57 38. Barth in Jour. As. Ser. VI. Tom. XIX. Page 190; Journal Royal Asiatic Society. XLV (1882), cii 39. Barth in Journal Asiatique Ser. VI. Tom. XIX. pp. 181, 16 38. mi. phargyusana (Architecture, page 666) ane karnala yuke (Ency. Brit. Cambodia) khenavATane zahera-vasAhata tarIke sthAnika bauddho gharAve che e svIkAre che. AnI viruddhamAM e dhyAnamAM rAkhavuM joIe ke (ejana) "nagarane sthAnika apabhraMza "aMgakora thAya che tethI "nagara" sthAnika "nakhAnanuM mULa bhAgye ja hoI zake. vaLI sthAnika bauddho e maMdira buddhanuM hovAno dAvo kare che tethI teone nakhanamAM enA

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47; ] mo kAlathI guptakAla [ pari sanA mULa artha karatAM khIju evu' kAI mULa maLyu hovu joIe. A pheraphAranuM nAga arthAt samAM ke sIthiyana arthAt hAlanA nAgara ke gujarAtanA nAgara-brAhmaNamAM gADha samAMtara rahelu' che. 39. Barth in Journal Asiatique Ser. VI. Tom. XIX, 190 40. Yule's Marco Polo, II. 108; Reinaudes Abulfeda, cdxvi 41. Barth in Journal Asiatique Ser. VI. Tom. XIX. 174 42. mi. phargyusane kalaMbeADiyAmAMnA dezAMtaragamananA samaya mATe ceAthI sadI sUcavelI. pachIthI tee vasAhatIo ghaNe aMze AvAnA gujarAtI vizvetAe ja hovA joIe evA niNaeNya para AvyA (Architecture, III. 665-678). 43. Fergusson, Architecture, 665. Tree and Serpent Worship, 49, 50 sarakhAveA. kabADiyAnA leAkeA bhAratIya sUryapUjaka lAge che. te filAthI AvelA hovAnu jaNAya che. maiM 44. 'mera' nAma dvIpakalpanA prAcIna sAhitya ane kalAe mATenA pAribhASika zabda tarIke apanAvAyu che. Barth, J. As. Ser. V1. Tom. XIX. 193; Renan, ejana, page 75 Note 3 ane Ser. VII. Tom. VIII. page 68; Encyclopaedia Britannica Art. Cambodia mAM Yule sarakhAvA. kakhADiyA ane kAbula-khINanI kRtinuM sAmya hana (I. pU. 206-I. sa. 24) ane veI (i.sa. 386-556) vazeAnA cInI lekhako vaDe thayelI pina arthAt kAphInI keka beAja(kAbulakhANu)nA kArIgarAnI prazaMsAnuM smaraNa karAve che, jenu kauzala senA cAMdI tAMbA ane kalaInAM vAsaNa ane bIjI cItte banAvavAmAM hatuM enA karatAM zilpakalA ane suthArI kalAmAM ehuM vikhyAta nahAtu. (Specht in Journal Asiatique II (1883), 333 and Note 3). navamI sadIne eka abhilekha kAMbeAjanA rAmanA putra acyuta sthapatinA ullekha kare che (Epigraphia Indica, I. 243). 45. Renaud's Abulfeda, cdxxi; Sachau s Alberuni, I 210 46. Fergusson's Architecture III. 666 47. kAzmIramAMnA sayukata kedArI-ephathalI zAsana mATe Cunningham's Ninth Oriental Congress, I. 231-2 jue. rAjAenu nahi, teA nAmeAnu ekapaNu ekathalIe ane kedArIo vaccenA sabaMdha keTale gADha hatA e darzAve che. sikkA yuecI ke kedArI rAAne gucchAdAra vALavALe ane zveta dRNa ke ethalI rAntane TUMkA kApelA vALavALA AlekhIne eka taphAvata jALave che. 48. I. sa. 700 nA sumAramAM uMruttI, kAzagara, kheteAna ane tArIma khINamAMnu kucI gheADAM varSa mATe tikhetI thayAM (Parker's Thousand Years of the Tartars, 243). I. sa. 691 mAM je pazcima turko keTalAMka varSothI paDatI pAmatA jatA ane vibhakata hatA te mahAna pUrvI' tuka' vijetA merace| vaDe tUTI gayA. masUdImAMne nIceneA phakarA ( Prairies

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3 juM] jAvA ane kaMboDiyA [477 'D'Or, J. 289) tibetamAM veta huNa ke mihira sattAnA sthApanane Teko Ape che: amara (tu mATe sAmAnya zabda)nA putra hiMdanA loko sAthe mizra thayA. teoe tibetamAM rAjya sthApyuM, jenA pATanagarane emaNe meDa kahyuM. xe. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Articles Tibet and Turkestan. 50. Ina hIkala ane ala istamrI (I. sa. 50) e baMne baMgALanA upasAgarane Canada 21212 58 9. Reinaud's Abulfeda, (clclviii; Encyclopaedia Britannica, Artilce Tibet page 345) sarakhAvo. 47. Yule's Cathay I, lxxxi 42. Ency. Brit., China, 646 53. thisage tibeTanI sattA prasAravA uparAMta hiMduo sAmenA joDANamAM mahAna haruna-ara-razIda(I. sa. 788-809)nA putra mAmUna sAthe joDAvA pUrato e mahatvano hato] tibetamAM ghaNA vidvAna hiMduo AsthA, saMskRta graMthono anuvAda karAvyo, lAmAvAda sthira karyo ane ghaNAM maMdira baMdhAvyAM. e noMdhapAtra che ke (abhilekho vaMcAya che tyAMsudhI) nanavATanAM maMdironI zreNu thisoMganA rAjyakAla (I. sa. 803-845) daramyAna zarU karAI hatI. 48 Yule's Marco Polo II. 39-42; J. R. A. Soc. I, 355 55. Yule's lour. R. A. Soc. (N. s.) I 356 pa6. Jour, R. As. (N. S.) 1. 355 mAM Yule sarakhAve. dakSiNa pazcima aphaghAnistAnamAMnuM kaMdahAra e kedArIo ke nAnA yuecaonA, potAnAM saMsthAnone pitadezanuM nAma ApavAnA zokhanuM bIjuM dRSTAMta che. 57. Yules Marco Polo I. 82-84 sarakhAvo. 4. Yule in Ency. Brit. Art. Cambodia 724, 725, 726 59. phA sthAne (I. sa. 400) kanejanI 50 mAIla uttarapazcime eka nAgamaMdira joyeluM (Beal's Buddhist Records, I. 40), jeno eka vetakarNavAna nAga deva hato. e dhe che : nAga mosamI varSA Ape che ne sarva rogo ane Apattione dUra rAkhe che. varSAne aMte nAga nAnA vetakaNuvAna sarSamAM pheravAI jAya che ne pUjArIo ene bhojana karAve che.. tarahutamAM verAna kapilavastumAM phA sthAnane taLAva batAvAyuM hatuM ne emAM eka nAga hato, je, e kahe che, hamezAM buddhanA stUpanI satata cakI ane rakSA kare che ne tyAM rAte ane savAre pUjA kare che (ejana, 1. 50). suga-yuna (I. sa. 518) svAta(uthAna)mAM eka taLAva ane pacAsa pUjArIovALuM eka maMdira jue che (Beal's Buddhist Records, I. 69). maMdira nAgarAjanuM maMdira kahevAtuM, kemake ene nAga bhaMDoLa pUrA pADe che. eka bIjA phakarAmAM (ejana, 92) e avake che ke pissI(phArsa)nI sarahada paranI sAMkaDI bhUmimAM nAga nivAsa karate

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478 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. hatA ne varasAdane aTakAvato ane baraphane Dhagalo karato hato. hyuena tsiaMga (ejana, 1, 20) nedhe che ke belara DuMgaronI pUrva tArIma nadInI uttare Avela kucamAM zena azvo ardha nAga-azvo che ne zena manuSpo ardha nAga-manuSya che. kucanI pazcime 150 mAIla para Avela akasumAM bhayaMkara nAgo musApharone UDatI retI ane kAMkarAnAM tophAnothI kanaDe che (ejana 25); akasunI uttarapUrve 100 mAIla para Avela uSNa sarovara ke jehaImAM nAga ane matsya sAthe vase che. bhIMgaDAMvALA rAkSase sapATI para UMce Ave che ne musApharo emanI prArthanA kare che (ejana, ra6). eka ahaMta (pRSTha 63) prArthanA kare che ke pote nAgarAja thAya. e nAgarAja thAya che, kharA nAgarAjane mArI nAkhe che, ene mahela le che, nAgone potAnI sAthe joDe che ne vaMToLiyA tathA vAvAjhoDAM lAve che. kaniSka enI sAme Ave che ne ata brAhmaNanuM rUpa laI kaniSkanA sUpone toDI nAkhe che. kaniSkanA khabhAomAMthI moTI puNya-jyota nIkaLe che ne "hmaNa nAgarAja kSamA yAce che. pUrvajanmanAM duSkatonA phaLarUpa enI duSTa ane tAmasI prakRtie ahaMtane nAgarAja thavA prArthanA karAvI hatI. vAdaLa gherAtAM to sAdhuo jANatA ke nAgarAja upadrava karavA mAge che. maThanI ghaDiyALa vagADavAmAM AvatI ne nAgarAjane prasanna (ke bhayabhIta) karavAmAM Avato (ejana, 64-66). nAga zaktizALI jAnavara, megha -ArahI, vAyu-saMcAlaka, jala-vihArI jAnavara, chatAM jAnavara ja hatA. jalAlAbAda(ke bojiAmAM)nA nAgano vRttAMta uttama che. buddhanA samayamAM nAga buddhane dUdhavALo hato. eNe potAne svabhAva gumAvI nAganI guphAmAM puSpa mUkyAM, pote nAga thAya evI prArthanA karI ne khaDaka parathI kUdako mAryo. eNe dezane verAna karyo ne eTaluM badhuM nukasAna karyuM ke tathAga (bu) ene dharma aMgIkAra karAvyo. nAge buddhane potAnI guphA levA kahyuM. budde kahyuM : nA, huM mArI chAyA mUkato jaIza; tamane krodha thAya te mArI chAyA tarapha je ne e tamane zAMta karaze (ejana, 94). bIje lAkSaNika nAga svAta nadIne apalAla che (ejana, 68). kazyapa buddhanA samayamAM alAla gaMgI nAme maMtrakAra hatA. gaMgAnA maMtra nAgAne zAMta rAkhatA ne pAka bacAvatA, paraMtu loko akRtajJa hatA ne koI bhAga ApatA nahi. gaMgIe zApa dIdhuM ke huM jherI ane bhayaMkara nAga jagyuM. e svAta-khINanA nAga alAla tarIke ja . eNe khAro pravAha kADhayo ne pAka bA. svAtanI suMdara ane pavitra khINanI honAratanI vAta zAka(buddha)ne kAne pahoMcI. e maMgala gayA ne parvatanI bAju para idranI gadAthI prahAra karyo. alAla bahAra Avyo, budde ene upadeza dIdho ne dharma grahaNa karAvyo. bAra varSomAM eka vAra pAkane nukasAna kare e zarata e kaI vadhu upadrava na karavA kabUla thaye (ejana, 122). takSazilAnI pazcime sAteka mAIla para Avela ja sarovara nirvAsita kabajInuM priya sthAna hatuM tyAM elApatra nAgarAja raheto hato. e bhikSu hato, jeNe pUrvabhavamAM eka vRkSane nAza kare . jyAre pAkane varasAdanI ke sArI AbohavAnI jarUra paDatI tyAre zamana ke vede lokone elApatranA saravare prArthanA karavA laI jatA (pRSTha 137). je kAzmIra kadAca kabajInA pUrva dizAnA vijayamAMnuM vizrAmasthAna hatuM

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3 juJ. jAvA ane kaDiyA [479 tene pradeza prAcIna kALamAM nAga sarovara hatuM.' | | kAzmIramAM hajI gaMdhAranI nizAnI che. Ency. Brit. Kashmir, page 13 sarakhAvo : kAzmIranI jAtio gaMdhAra, khasa ane darada che. mAdhyati jaLane kADhI mUkavAM, paNa eka nAne bhAga nAgarAja mATe ghara tarIke rahevA dIdhe (1, 150). A vAtano zo artha che? je pahADI pradezamAM loko khINamAM rahe che tyAM nadI ekI sAthe sahuthI vadhu taraMgI ane sahuthI vadhu bhayAnaka zakti che. bhAgyeja koI evI mosama Ave che ke jyAre nadI kAM to potAnAM pUrothI athavA to potAnA khAlIpaNAthI nukasAna na kare ane keTalIka vAra himarAzio ane bhUmialano AkhA pravAhane rodhe che ne khINane pAyamAla kare che. nadInA pUrA sukAI javA jeTaluM bhAre ane vicitra aniSTa koInI icchAnuM, koInA kopanuM pariNAma hovuM joIe. nAga kupita che; ene bhoga joIe. vaLI nadI sarovaramAM baMdhAya che, sarovara mATInI pALane mathALe pahoMce che ne pararUpe dhase che. mAtra nAga ja verAna karI zake tema e verAna kare che. zaktinA ATalA bhayaMkara paracA pachI peDhIo sudhI nAgone lagatA tamAma saMzaya marI jAya che (Drew's Cashmere and Jammoo, 414-421 sarakhAvo). hiMdamAM cInI sApanuM sthAna nAga le che. cInamAM nAga ajJAta che; hiMdamAM nAga karatAM koI zakti vadhAre bhayAnaka nathI. baLavAna bhAre sApa nAne zAMta nAga kevI rIte thaI zake, kevI rIte nahi? je sarSa potAnuM rUpa badalavAne samartha na hoya to e pUjAuM banI zake ? pUjA rUpane nahi, prakRtine ghaTe che. vaLI pUjita sarpa rakSaka bane che. mahAna mAnuSI dhisatva potAnuM nAgarAjamAM parivartana kare che ne anavatapta sarovaramAM rahe che, jenA zItala jalana pravAha jagatane samRddha kare che : (Buddhist Records, II. 11 ). svAtanA eka devAlayamAM buddha nAganuM rUpa le che ne loko enA AdhAre jIve che (125). rogacALAe svAtane pAyamAla karyo. buddha suma nAme sarSa thAya che ne je enuM mAMsa cAkhe che te badhAne roga maTI jAya che (126)je eka nAgakanyA, potAnAM pApane lIdhe sarSarUpe janmI che ne sarovaramAM rahe che te buddhane cAhe che, je tyAre zAka-rAja hatA. budhanuM puNya e kanyAne enuM gumAveluM manuSyarUpa pAchuM apAve che. e sarovaramAM jAya che, kanyAnA sarSa-saMbaMdhIne haNe che ne ene paraNe che. zAkatha sAthenA lagna vaDe paNa kanyAmAMthI enI sarSa-prakRti cAlI jatI nathI. rAte enA mastakamAMthI nava phaNAvALo nAga nIkaLe che. zAka navA phaNAone mArI kADhe che ne e prahAranA samayathI hamezAM rAjakulane zirovedanA thayA karI che (132). A chellI vArtA bauddhadharma vadhAre aziSTa ane vadhAre bhayAnaka je janajAtio eno upadeza grahaNa kare tenA para kevI asara kare che e darzAve che. dharma aMgIkAra karanArAo mAnava banavA pAme che, jene sarSa-mastaka dekhAyA kare ne janA khamIramAMnuM badhuM naSTa thaI gayuM na hovAnuM darzAve. bIjI vArtAomAM saMskArabaddha sarpa tarIke buddha bauddhadharmamAM saMhArakamAMthI rakSakanI pUjAmAM thayelI naitika pragati batAve che. bAkInI vArtAo zaktipUjAmAMthI manuSya arthAta mananI pUjA tarapha thayelI anurUpa bauddhika pragati darzAve che. jalazakti keTalIka vAra kRpALu ane upakAraka to keTalIka vAra bhayAnaka ane hAnikAraka, bodhisatva bane che, je hamezAM kRpALu hoya che, ke enI zubhecchAne kyAreka aniSTa zaktionA kepa AgaLa namatuM jokhavuM paDe che.

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480] maurya kAlathI guptakAla [pari AthI brAhmaNadharma nArAyaNa eTale samudrane ziva ke somanAtha eTale samudrAdhipatimAM pherave che. bIjAM pAsAMnI jema A pAsAmAM dharma, prakRtinI ja zaktione zarUAtamAM mANase namavuM paDe che. enI pUjAmAMthI mAnava ke abhijJa citta jene kauzalamAM tathA jJAnamAM thayelA vikAroe ene zaktione svAmI banAve che tenI pUjAmAM pasAra thAya che. A uccatara Adarzo ghaNe aMze khAlI bhapako che. bauddha vArtAkAra sarovarane sUkave; e sarovarane nAgarAja mATe rAkhI javAnI kALajI rAkhe che. agresaro ane vasAhatIonI bhayAnaka laDatonI aMdara ApattikAlamAM buddhano AtmA jato rahe che ne zaktinA pUrvakAlIna ane vadhu avinAzI AtmAne khAlI maMdira sAMpato jAya che. A zakti te nAgarAja che, je sarevaramAM lAMbA vakhatathI vasyo che; e sarovarane zAMti vAste budde sUkavI devAnuM TALyuM che. 60. mi. phargyusana (Architecture, 219) kAzmIranA maMdirone I. sa. 600 ane 1200nI vacce mUke che ne emAMnA sahuthI moTA evA mArtaDa maMdirane I. sa. 7pa0 nA arasAmAM mUke che. e kahe che ke praziSTa tava khoTuM hoI zake nahi. thAMbhalA pAsAdAra che. grIsanuM Derika svarUpa prAyaH 4thI ane 5 mI sadInA gaMdhAra vihAromAM lIdheluM che. phargyusanane khAtarI thaI hatI (ejana, 289) ke kAzamIranAM maMdiro bAMdhanArAone dharma nAgapUjA hato. kaMboDiyAmAM brAhmaNa-avaze javAmAMnA avazeSo jevA hatA (ejana. 667), paraMtu nakhanavATa zreNI ane kAzamIranAM maMdiro vacceno saMbaMdha acUka hato (ejana, 297, 665). nAgapUjana baMnenuM dhyeya hatuM (ejana, 677-679). adhUrI mAhitI phargyusanane nakhanavATano samaya teramI sadIthI vahele na AMkavAnI pharaja pADelI (ejana, 660, 679 ). abhilekhone purAvo, je (J. As. Ser, VI, Tom. XIX. page 190) maMdironI lAMbI zreNImAM sahuthI uttarakAlIna evA A maMdirane samaya 9 mI ane 10 mI sadIo jeTalo pAcho laI jAya che e kAmIramAMnA mArtaDa maMdiranA ane aMgoramAMnA mahAna nakhonavATa maMdiranA nirmAtAo vacce rahelA koI sIdho saMbaMdhanI saMbhAvanAmAM ghaNo umero kare che. 49. Ency. Brit. Art. Tibet, 344 52. Ency. Brit. Art. Cambodia 63. Yule's Marco Polo, II. 45, 47

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pariziSTa 4 Anuzrutika vRttAMta 1. Arya samudra AcArya ane Arya maMgU AcArya sopArA jemanI vihArabhUmi hatI tevA Arya samudra AcArya ane Arya maMgU AcArya vize A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che? naMdisUtra"nI "sthavirAvalI"mAM Arya samudra pachI Arya maMgUne vaMdana karyA che e uparathI jaNAya che ke Arya samudra Arya maMgUnA guru hatA. Arya samudra zarIre durbaLa hatA e kAraNe AhAranI vAnIo judA judA mAtraka(nAne pAtra)mAM levAmAM AvatI hatI, jyAre Aya maMgU baMdhI cIjo eka ja pAtramAM letA hatA. judA judA pAtramAM lAvelI vAnIone teo upayoga karatA nahotA. eka vAra baMne AcArya vihAra karatA sopAraka gayA. baMne AcAryonI gocarI vaheravAnI rItabhAtamAM bheda joI tyAMnA be zrAvake, je paikI eka gADAM hAMkato hato ane bIjo dArU gALavAno dhaMdho karato hato te, baMnee Arya maMgU pAse AvIne pUchayuM tyAre Arya maMgUe gADAvALA zrAvakane khulAso ApatA kahyuM : he zAkaTika ! tamAruM je gADuM dUbaLuM hoya tene doraDAthI kasIne bAMdhe to ja e cAlI zake che. bAMdhyA vinA ene calAvavAmAM Ave to e tUTI paDe. majabUta gADuM bAMdhyA vinA cAlI zake eTale ene tame bAMdhatA nathI. pachI bIjA zrAvaka vakaTikA eTale dArU gALanAra ne ene ya daSTAMta ApI emaNe samajAvyuM ke tamArI je kUMDI dUbaLI hoya tene tame vAMsanI peTIothI bAMdhIne pachI emAM tame madha bharo che, paNa majabUta kUMDIne bAMdhavAnI jarUrata paDatI nathI, tema Arya samudra dUbaLA gADA jevA agara dUbaLI kuMDI jevA che, jyAre ame majabUta gADA agara kUDI jevA chIe. Arya samudra 481

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482] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pari. sArI rIte yogasAdhanA karI zake e mATe emanA mATe A rIte AhAra levAmAM Ave che." Arya maMgUnuM zarIravAthya sAruM hatuM. teo ughata-vihArI hatA. teo bahuzruta vidvAna hatA. emane ziSya parivAra paNa ghaNo hato. Arya maMgU* Arya samudra ane Arya suhastInA mato vize nedha maLe che ke "Arya maMgU zaMkhanA traNa prakAra mAnatA hatA: 1. ekabhAvika, 2. baddhAyuSka ane 3. abhimukhanAmatra. Aryasamuda be prakAra gaNAvatA : 1. baddhAyuSka ane 2. abhimukhanAmAtra, jayAre Arya suhastI mAtra abhimukhanAmagotra jaNAvatA 2. kAlakasUri saurASTramAM DhAMkamAM kAlakasUrinA AgamananI ane emanA bharUcanA prasaMgenI anuzruti A prakAre jANavA maLe che : ujajenanA rAjA gabhile jayAre kAlakAcAryanI bahena sAthvI sarasavatInuM saudarya joI ene baLajabarIthI upADI potAnA aMtaHpuramAM rAkhI tyAre kAlakAcArya bhAre kSubdha thayA. emanuM kSAtrateja aMdarathI pokArI UThayuM ne ene badale levAnI emaNe pratijJA karI. e pratijJA mujaba teo pArasa-phUla (IrAnI gayA ane tyAMnA 96 zika zAhI rAjAone hiMdugadeza hiMdustAna)mAM laI AvyA. teo pArasathI sIdhA saurASTramAM DhAMka nagaramAM AvyA. varSAkAla hovAthI AgaLa vadhI zakAya ema nahotuM tethI tyAM AvelA rAjAoe saurASTranAM 96 maMDaLa banAvI deza vaheMcI lIdhe. e samaye bharUcamAM kAlakAcAryanA bhANeja rAjA balamitra ane yuvarAja bhAnumitra nAmanA bhAIe rAjya karatA hatA. varSAkAla pUrNa thatAM e 96 zaka rAjAoe ane bharUcanA balamitra sAthe maLIne ujenI upara humalo karyo. AcArya gaI bhilanI gardabhIvidyAne niSphaLa banAvI ene harAvyo ane pote prAyazcitta laI potAnI bahenane paNa saMyamamAM sthira karI. kAlakAcArya eka vakhata bharca AvyA tyAre rAjA balamitranI bahena bhAnuzrInA putra balabhAnue kAlakAcAryanI dezanA sAMbhaLI dIkSA lIdhI. AthI racha thayelA balamitra rAjAe kalikAcAryane nirvAsita karyA.

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4 thuM] Anu kRtika vRttAto [484 bIjI eka kathA mujaba kAlakAcAryanA bhANeja rAjA balamitra-bhAnumitre emanA purohitanI zikhavaNIthI emane nirvAsita karyA. trIjI eka kathA mujaba rAjAe AkhA nagaramAM aneSaNa karAvI eTale AcAryane kyAMyathI bhikSA maLI zakatI nahi, AthI emaNe e nagaramAMthI vihAra karyo. kAlakasUrie "prathamAnaga" ane "kAlakasaMhitA"nI racanA karI hatI, paraMtu e graMtho upalabdha thayA nathI. keTalAka vidvAne "prajJApanA sUtra"nA kartA Arya zyAmAcAryane ja kAlakAcArya mAne che. kAlakasUri vi. sa. pUrve 5 (I. sa. pUrve 61) mAM svargavAsI thayA haze ema paM. kalyANavijayajInuM mAnavuM che (prabaMdhAryAlayana, pR. 26). 3. balamitra-bhAnumitra lAdezanA mukhya nagara bharukacchamAM balamitra nAme rAjA rAjya karato hato. e bhAnumitrano moTo bhAI hato ane kAlakAcAryane bhANeja thato hato. e balamitrane balabhAnuzrI nAme eka bahena hatI, tene bhAnu nAmane putra balamitrane. bhANeja thato hato.7 A balamitra rAjAnA samayamAM ja Arya khapUTAcArya ahIM bharUcamAM AvyA hatA. kAlakAcArya pArasaphUlathI je 96 zAhI-zaka rAjAo-ne saurASTramAM lAvyA hatA temanI sAthe ja balamitre ujajenanA gabhilla upara caDAI karI ene parAsta karavAmAM sahAya karI hatI. prabhAvacarita" temaja "vyavahAra-cUNi" vageremAM ujajenanA siMhAsana upara zAhI rAjAne besADavAno ullekha che, jyAre "kahAvelI'mAM ujajonInA rAjasiMhAsana upara lATanA rAjA balAmatrane besADyAno ullekha karyo che. vastutaH laDAI jItyA pachI tarata to ujjainInI gAdI upara zaka rAjA beThe hato, paNa e tyAM bahu TakI zakyo nahi. lagabhaga 4 varSa pachI balamitra ane bhAnumitre ene ujajenImAMthI kADhI mUkI ujajenI upara potAno adhikAra jamAvyo hato.10 balamitra ane bhAnumitranA AgrahathI kAlakAcArya bharUcamAM varSo-mAsuM rahyA hatA. e samaye balamitranA bhANeja balabhAnune kAlakasUrinA upadezathI dIkSA

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484 ] maurya kAlathI guptakAla [ pari. levAnA vicAra thatAM AcAya zrIe ene peAtAno ziSya banAvyA hatA. A prasaMgathI gaMgadeva purAhite rAjAne bharamAvI khaTapaTa UbhI karI. piraNAme kAlakAcAya cAmAsAmAM ja vihAra karIne pratiSThAnapura tarapha vihAra karI gayA hatA, tyAMnA rAjAnI vinaMtIthI emaNe pAMcamane badale caturthInA divase pa paNAnuM sAMvatsarika parva UjavyuM hatuM . 11 4. A khapuTAcA jemanI vihArabhUmi bharUca, guruzastrapura1ra Adi pradezamAM hatI te Aya khapurAcAya vize A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che : Aya` khapuTAcA eka samartha vidyAsiddha AcAryAM hatA. emaNe peAtAnI maMtravidyAne upayAga jaina zAsananI surakSA khAtara ja karyAM hatA. e vize keTalAka prasaMge A prakAre che : viMdhyAcalanI bhUmimAM lATa dezamAM AvelI revA nadIne kinAre vaselA bhRgukaccha nagaramAM jyAre kAlakAcA nA bhANeja mitra rAjA hate| tyAre A khapuTAcA` e nagaramAM vidyamAna hatA. emaNe sa` saMdha samakSa bauddhone vAdamAM parAjita karyA hatA. guDazastrapurane bahukara nAmanA boddha AcArya jaina AcAya sAthe vAda karavA bharUca AvyA, paNa vAdamAM e parAjita thatAM kreAdhAvezamAM anazana karI, kALadharma pAmI yakSapaNe utpanna thayA. e guDAstrapuramAM rahelA jaina saMghanA sAdhuene pajavavA lAgyA. tyAMnA saMdhe A khapuTAcA pAse be sAdhue dArA badhA samAcAra meAkalyA. A khapurAcAnA bhANeja bhuvana muni nAme emanA ziSya hatA. e evA tIkSNa buddhivALA hatA ke eka vAra sAMbhaLavA mAtrathI game te vidyA zIkhI letA. e ziSyane emaNe AnA karatAM kahyuM : 'vatsa ! huM guDastrapura jau chuM. tu kutUhalathI paNa A khAparIne kadI ughADIne joIza nahi.' AcAya guDazastrapura gayA, khaMDukara yakSanA maMdiramAM pradeza karI vastra eDhIne sUI gayA. pUjArI AvyA, paNa te UThayA nahi. pachI te rAjAnA AdezathI emanA upara rAjasevake lAkaDIethI prahAra karavA lAgyA tyAre e prahAra sIdhA aMta:puranI rANIne vAgavA lAgyA. bhAre kAlAhala macI

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4 thuM] AnukRtika vRttAMta [485 gayo. rAjAe jANyuM ke A keI vidyAsiddha puruSa lAge che, tethI e rAjA AcArya pAse AvI mAphI mAgI karagaravA lAgyo. AcArya UThayA. emaNe yakSa ane bIjI mUrtione pitAnI pAchaLa AvavA AjJA karI eTale e badhI cAlavA lAgI. pASANunI be moTI kuMDIo paNa e rIte pAchaLa calAvI. gAmanA sImADe AvIne yakSa ane bIjA vyaMtara devane mukta karyA eTale e mUrtio potAne sthAne cAlI gaI, paraMtu be kuMDIone tyAM ja rahevA dIdhI. A tarapha bharUcathI samAcAra AvyA ke emano bhANeja ziSya bhuvana muni vidyA prabhAvathI zrAvakane gherathI svAdiSTha AhAra pAtromAM bharAvI, AkAzamArge uDADI magAvI jame che, ane e bauddha leke sAthe bhaLI gayuM che. A sAMbhaLI AcArya tAbaDatoba bharUca AvyA. AcAryuM pelAM UDatAM pAtronI AgaLa zilA. goThavI eTale badhAM pAtra, enI sAthe athaDAIne bhUke thaI gayAM, tethI AcArya AvyAnuM jANI ziSya karIne tyAMthI nAsI gaye. pachI te AcArya bauddho pAse gayA. bauddhoe emane kahyuM ke "bhagavAna buddhane caraNe paDo." tyAre AcAryo buddhamUrtine uddezI kahyuM : "Ava, vatsa ! zuddhoMdanasuta ! mane vaMdana kara." eTale buddhimUrtie AcAryanA pagamAM paDI namaskAra karyA. tyAM dvAra AgaLa eka stUpa hato tene paNa page paDavA AjJA karI, tyAre e namI paDyo. pachI buddhanI mUrtine UThavA AjJA karI tyAre e adho namelI avasthAmAM rahI eTale e "nigraMthanamita" evA nAmathI oLakhAvA lAgI. e ja rIte pATaliputranA rAjA dAhaDane enAM svecchAcArI zAsanonA kAraNe daMDa devA emanA ziSya mahedrasUrine kaNeranI be maMtarelI seTI ApIne tyAM mokalyA hatA. emaNe tyAMnA rAjA ane bIjA 500 brAhmaNono garva utArI dIdhe hato. 13 A khapuTAcAryanA sattAsamaya vize A prakAre ullekha maLe che : bha. mahAvIranA nirvANa pachI (484 arthAta I pU. 6 3 varSa) Arya khapurAcArya nAme guru thayA. 14 5. kalyANavijayajInA maMtavya mujaba A emane svargavAsanuM varSa hovuM joIe. 15

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mauryakAlathI gupatakAla [pari. 5. vajasenasUrei ane jinadatta zreSThI eka vakhata mATe bAravaNI dukALa paDatAM sAdhuone bhikSA meLavavAnI muzkelI paDavA lAgI, AthI Arya vajIsvAmI rAvarta giri 16 upara anazana karavA jaI rahyA hatA te vakhate emaNe potAnA ziSya vasenAcAryAne jaNAvyuM ke je divase tamane zasahastra mUlyavALA pAkanI bhikSA maLe tenA bIjA divasathI sukALa thaze. keTalAka samaya pachI vajasenAcArya vihAra karatA sopAraka nagaramAM AvyA. ahIM sopArakamAM jinadatta nAme zreSThI ane enI IzvarI nAme patnI vasatAM hatAM. anAja na maLavAthI emanuM AkhuM kuTuMba bhAre viTaMbaNu bhagavatuM hatuM, AthI emaNe AvA du:khathI kaMTALI jIvanano aMta lAvavA vicAra karyo. chevaTano lakSa mUlyano pAka rAMdhI IzvarI emAM viSa nAkhavAno vicAra karI rahI hatI tyAre vajasenAcArya tyAM bhikSA mATe AvI caDyA. IzvarIe pramudita manathI e pAka emane vahorAvyA ne badhI vAta AcArya AgaLa nivedita karI tyAre gurue je AgAhI karI hatI te mujaba vajasenAcArye emane kahyuM: "have tamAre vyAkuLa thavAnI jarUra nathI, kemake AvatI kAlathI sukALa thaze." ene bIje ja divase anAjathI bharelAM vahANa sopAraka baMdare AvI pahoMcyAM. badhA leka nizcita thayA. zreSThI jinadatta ane IzvarI baMnee potAnA cAra putro 1. nAka, 2. caMdra, 3. niti ane 4. vidyAdharanI sAthe A. vajanasUri pAse dIkSA lIdhI. e cAra nAge, caMdra, niti ane vidyAdhara e nAmathI sAdhuonI cAra zAkhA zarU thaI. 17 Arya vajIsvAmIno janma vIra ni. saM. 496 (vi. saM. 26, I. pU.30) mAM ane svargavAsa vIra ni. saM. 184 (vi. saM. 114, I. sa. 18)mAM thayo hato 18 e uparathI vajasenano samaya paNa e ja ( bIjI zatAbdI) manAya. 6. navAhana bharukaccha( bharUca)mAM navAhana nAme rAjA rAjya karato hato. eno khajAno bahu meTo hato. e samaye dakSiNamAM godAvarI nadInA kAMThe AvelA pratiSThAna paiThaNImAM zAlivAhana19 nAme bali rAjA hato tenI pAse sainyabaLa bahu moTuM hatuM. navAhana ane zAlivAhana baMne ekabIjAnA zatru hatA.

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zuM] AkRtika vRttAte [487 zAlivAhana pratyeka varSe navAhana upara caDAI karato, paraMtu navAhana potAnA sainikone yatheSTha dravya Apato hato ane je sainika zatru sainikanAM hAtha ane mastaka kApIne lAvate tenuM vizeSa saMmAna karaoN hato. pariNAme zAlivAhananuM sainya hArI jatuM ane ene raNamedAna mUkIne bhAgI javuM paDatuM. eka divase zAlivAhananA maMtrIe rAjAne salAha ApatAM jaNAvyuM ke "rAjana ! A rIte navAhanane harAvavo saMbhavita nathI; keI yutithI ja ene parAsta karI zakAya. mane ema sUjhe che ke tame mArA upara koI doSAropaNa karI mane dezavaTo Apo." pachI to eka pazcaMtra racIne maMtrIne rAjyamAMthI nirvAsita karI devAmAM AvyuM. maMtrI bharakaccha tarapha ravAnA thaya ne eNe eka maMdiramAM jaIne nivAsa karyo. sAmaMtarAjamAM e vAta badhe prasarI gaI ke zAlivAhane potAnA maMtrIne kADhI mUkyo che. A vAtanI khabara jyAre nabhovAhanane paDI tyAre eNe pitAnA adhikArIo mAraphata maMtrIne bolAvyo ane maMtrI-pada svIkAravA nimaMtraNa mokalyuM. pahelAM to maMtrIe AnAkAnI karI, paNa jyAre novAhane pote AvIne maMtrIpada svIkAravA Agraha karyo tyAra e taiyAra thayo. maMtrIe dhIme dhIme rAjakuTuMbamAM potAno vizvAsa jamAvavA mAMDyo, AthI badhA ene AdaranI daSTie jovA lAgyA. pachI to eNe rAjAne puNyakAryo karavAnI salAha ApI rAjakozanA dravyathI stUpa, maMdira, taLAva, vAva, kUvA vagere banAvavA kharca karavA mAMDyuM. maMtrIe guptacara dvArA zAlivAhanane patra mokalI jaNAvyuM ke "have zatru para caDAI kare." khabara maLatAM ja zAlivAhane bharukacchane cAre taraphathI gherI laI yuddha karyuM, paraMtu novAhananI pAse hajIye khajAnAmAM puSkaLa dravya hatuM ane eNe potAnA sainikone khUba kaba ApyuM, pariNAme zAlivAhanane parAjita thaI pAchA pharavuM paDayuM. pachI e maMtrIe rAjakozanuM dravya vizeSarUpe kharacavA mAMDayuM. A vakhate eNe rANIo mATe kiMmatI AbhUSaNo karAvI ApyAM. pachI maMtrIe pharIthI zAlivAhanane patra mokalI caDAI karavA sUcavyuM. zAlivAhana A vakhate bhAre taiyArI sAthe AvyuM. rAjAno khajAno khAlI thaI cUkayo hato tethI enI senA hArI gaI ane bharUca upara zAlivAhanane adhikAra thaI gaye. itihAsamAM prasiddha pazcima bhAratane kSaharAtavaMzIya zaka kSatrapa nahapAna te ja AgamomAM ulikhita navAhana che.20 e I. sa. nA bIjA zatakamAM vidyabhAna hato. 21

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sau kAlathI guptakAla 7. AcArya vajrabhUti bhRgukacchavAsI AcAya vajrabhUti kadarUpA ane dUbaLA hatA. emanI pAse ziSyaparivAra paNa nahotA, paraMtu te meTA kavi hatA. emanAM kAvya rAjAnA tapuramAM paNa gavAtAM. 49 ] [ pari. e samaye bharUcamAM nabhAvAhana rAjA rAjya karatA hatA. enI rANI padmAvatIne vicAra thayA ke AvAM kAvyAnA kartA AcAryanAM darzana jarUra karavAM joI e. eka divase rANI rAjAnI AjJA laI bheTaNuM sAthe laI aneka dAsIenA parivAra sahita vajrabhUti AcAryanI vasati pAse jaI paheAMcI. padmAvatIne vasatinA bAraNAmAM AvelI joI AcAya pote ja Asana laI bahAra padhAryA. ' padmAvatIe pUchyuM: vajrabhUti AcAya kayAM che ? ' vajrabhUtie uttara ApyA ke ' teo bahAra gayA che.' paraMtu dAsIe zArAthI samAvyuM ke 'A ja vajrasUti AcAya che.' tyAre e nirutsAha thatAM vicAra karIne kholI ke he serumatI nadI !22 tane joI, ane tAru pANI pIdhuM ! tAruM nAma sAruM che, paNa tAruM darzIna sAruM nathI.' pachI teA rANIe pote emane eLakhatI nathI evA dekhAva karI, AcAryanI AgaLa bheTaNuM mUkI jaNAvyuM ke ' A AcAryazrIne Apajo.' ema kahI e pAchI vaLI. 23 8. lakulIza kAyAvarAha( kAravaNa )nA pAzupata zaivAcA lakulIza vize A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che : lakuTIza ke lakulIza eTale hAthamAM daMDa dhAraNa karelA hAya tevA zi. zilpasvarUpamAM paNa emanA eka hAthamAM daMDa ane bIjA hAthamAM bijoru hoya che. brahmAnA mAnasaputra atri devaviSenI chaThThI peDhIe lakuTIza-lakulIzano janma vizvarUpa nAmanA brAhmaNa ane enI patnI sudanAnA putra tarIke thayA hatA. lakulIzanI traNa varSanI uMmara hatI tyAre zrAvaNa vadei amAvAsyAnA divase sUrya grahaNu thatuM heAvAthI vizvarUpe kurukSetramAM snAna karI, dAna ApI puNyaupArjana karavAno vicAra karyAM.

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4 thuM] AkRtika vRttAMta [489 kurukSetra jatA vizvarUpe patnIne agnihAmanI Ahuti ApavAne Adeza karela te mujaba sudarzanA eka brAhmaNane bolAvavA gaI paNa sudarzanAe ghera AvI joyuM to huta dravya khalAsa thaI gayAM hatAM tethI brAhmaNane pAcho vALyo. Ama roja banavA lAgyuM. vizvarUpa kurukSetrathI pAchA AvyA tyAre sudarzanAe badhI hakIkata kahI saMbhaLAvI. eka divase vizvarUpe chUpI rIte badhuM joyuM tyAre lakulIza bALakane ja pAraNAmAMthI bahAra nIkaLIne Ahuti Apate nihALe. pitAe majAkamAM kahyuM : "bhAI ! tane bahu sadI paDI haze !' A sAMbhaLatAM ja bALaka mUchita thaI gayo. pachIthI zuddhimAM Avyo ja nahi tethI enuM zaba gAmamAM AvelA maMdiranA taLAvamAM padharAvavAmAM AvyuM. A zaba pANImAM jalezvara liMgano saMsparza thatAM sajIvana banyuM. chokare pANImAM ramata dekhAya. mAbApa ane lokone harSa thayo. ghera AvavA vinaMtI karI, paNa lakulIza ghera pAchA na pharyo, e to jaMgalamAM kyAMya adazya thaI gaye. pharI e cakrapura gAmamAM pragaTa thayA. lake enI pAchaLa gayA ane mAbApe ene ghera AvavA vinaMtI karI. bALake kahyuM : "huM sAmAnya jIva nathI, paraMtu zaMkarano avatAra chuM. huM tamane mAbApa tarIke nathI mAnato. huM mArA paMthe jauM chuM." eTaluM kahI e kAyAvarohaNa tIrtha tarapha gayo. tyAMnA zivAlayamAM devanI stuti karI emAM lIna banI gayo.24 vAyupurANa (a. ra3, liMgapurANa (a. 24), kUrmapurANa (a. 13) ane zivapurANa (saMhitA , a. 5) vagere purANomAM mahezvara kahe che ke 28 mA mahAyuganA kaliyugamAM jyAre yAdavomAM uttama vAsudevane janma thaze tyAre huM paNa nakulIzvara (lakulIza, lakulI) brahmacArI brAhmaNarUpe avatAra laIza. A avatAra kAyAvatAra athavA kAyAvarohaNa nAmanA sthaLamAM thaze tyAre mAre kuzika, gArgyu, mitra ane kauruSya nAmanA cAra tapasvI, legI, vedapAraMgata ane UrdhvaretA brAhmaNe ziSyo haze. A pAzupate zarIre bhasma coLIne mahezvara-ganA che AzrayathI rukamAM jaze. 25 9. siddhagI nAgArjune je kaMkApurInA nivAsI siddhayogI nAgArjune pAlItANA nagara vasAvyuM temanAM vize A prakAre anukRti jANavA maLe che? i-2-3ra

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490 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari. TaMkApurImAM kSatriya jAtinA saMgrAma ane enI patnI suvatAne nAgArjuna nAme putra hato. eNe bAlyAvasthAmAM ja eka siMhane mArIne potAnuM kSAtrateja batAvyuM hatuM. eNe oSadhio dvArA pAdalepathI AkAzagAmI vidyA ane suvarNarasanI siddhi karavAno nirNaya karyo hato, AthI e oSavio ane jaDIbuTTIo zodhavA mATe jaMgale, parvata ane guphAomAM roja bhamyA karato. eka samaye A. pAdaliptasUri saurASTranAM tIrthonI yAtrA karatA karatA DhaMkApurI DhAMka)mAM AvyA. nAgArjunane AcAryazrInA AgamananA samAcAra maLyA. e jANato hato ke AcAryazrI pAdalepa dvArA AkAzagAmI vidyAthI pratidina pAMca tIrthonI yAtrA karatA hatA. nAgArjune eka ziSya mAraphata pote siddha karelA rasanI kUpikA AcAryazrIne bheTarUpe mokalI. AcAryo e kUpikA e ziSyanI sAme ja pachADIne phoDI nAkhI ane potAno pezAba eka kAcanI kUpikAmAM bharIne mokalatAM jaNAvyuM ke "rasakUpikA A che. nAgArjune e kholIne jotAM lAgaMdhavALo pezAba che ema jANI kUpikA bhAMgI nAkhI, tethI agni pragaTa thatAM pezAbavALI badhI mATI suvarNamaya banI gaI. nAgArjuna to A joI Azcaryacakita thaI gaye. e surijI pAse AvyA ane AkAzagAmI vidyA temaja suvarNasiddhino AmnAya jANavA sUrijInI sevA karavA lAgyo. e hamezAM AcAryazrInA lepavALA paga ane svAda, rasa, gaMdha dvArA 107 oSadhio oLakhI zakyo. pAdakSepa karI e DuMka. kUkaDAnI jema UDyo. be-cAra vakhata paDavAthI vAgyuM tyAre AcAryazrIe pUchyuM: "A zuM ?' pachI te eNe badhI hakIkata kahI dIdhI. AcAryazrIe enI kuzaLatAthI khuza thatAM oSavione tamAma AmnAya batAvI dIdhe. nAgArjune pAdaliptasUrine rasasiddhino upAya pUcho. AcAryazrIe jaNAvyuM ke "je tuM kAMtipurathI pArzvanAthanI mUrti lAvIne emanI samakSa rasa bAMdhIza te ja e baMdhAze, anyathA nahi." e kAMtipura gaye. kaI paNa prakAre AkAzamAge pArzvanAthanI mUrti laI AvI seDhI nadInA kAMThe rasa sAdhatAM koTivedhI rasa siddha tha. A rasanA be kuMpA DhAMka parvatanI guphAmAM eNe saMtADyA hatA. pAdaliptasUrie ApelI A vidyAnA badalAmAM nAgArjune potAnA gurunA nAmasmaraNa mATe zatruMjayanI taLeTImAM pAdaliptapura (pAlItANA) nagara vasAvyuM. zatruMjaya upara jinamaMdira baMdhAvI emAM mahAvIra svAmInI mUrti ane guru pAda

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* zuM] AkRtika vRttAMta [491 liptasUrinI pratimAo sthApita karI. AcAryazrIe A mahAvIra pratimA AgaLa " nura " padathI zarU thatuM stotra racI stuti karI, jemAM emaNe suvarNa siddhine AmnAya gopavyo che, je Aje paNa samajAto nathI.21 10 nAgArjunasUra valabhIpuramAM nAgArjunasUrie karelI AgamavAcanA vize A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che? upA. vinayavijayajI jevA keTalAka vidvAno evI mAnyatA rajU kare che ke sthavira devardhigaNie valabhIpuramAM siddhAMto pustakamAM lakhAvyA te ghaTanAnuM nAma "vAlabhI vAcanA' kahe che ane e kAraNe kaMdilAcArya ane devardhigaNi (jemanA samayamAM 150 karatAM vadhu varSono gALo che, temane samakAlIna mAnI lIdhA che. eo "le prakAzamAM A prakAre jaNAve che : valabhyAM mathurAyAM ca sUtrArtha ghaTanAkRte / valabhyAM saMgate saMghe devardhiragraNIrabhUt / mathurAyA saMgate ca skandilAryo'graNIrabhUt // - valabhI ane mathurAmAM sUtra ane arthanuM saMghana-Agama vAcananuM saMmelana thayuM. valabhImAM je zramaNa saMgha ekatrita thayo temAM devardhigaNi pramukha hatA27 ane mathurAmAM zramaNa saMgha ekaTho thaye temAM kaMdila Arya pramukha hatA. upA. vinayavijayajInI A mAnyatA taddana nirAdhAra che, kemake "kahAvalImAM bhadrezvarasUri A viSayano hoTa A rIte kare che : mathurAmAM skaMdila nAkhe zrutasamRddha AcArya hatA ane valabhIpuramAM nAgArjunasUri hatA. e samayamAM duSkALa paDatAM emaNe potAnA sAdhuone bhinna bhinna dizAmAM mokalI dIdhA. game te rIte duSkALano samaya vyatIta karIne subhikSanA samayamAM pharI teo ekaThA thayA ane abhyata zAstronuM parAvartana karavA lAgyA tyAre emane mAluma paDyuM ke prAya: e bhaNelAM zAstro pote bhUlI cUkyA che. A dazA joIne AcAryoe mRtano viracheda thato rokavA mATe siddhAMtono uddhAra karavo zarU karyo. je je AgamapATha yAda hato te e ja rIte sthApita karyo ane je bhulAI gaye hato tene lagatAM sthaLa pUrvApara saMbaMdha jaIne vyavasthita karavAmAM AvyAM. 28

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292 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ para. vaLI, siddhAMtano uddhAra karyA pachI skaMdilAcArya ane nAgArjunasUri paraspara maLI zakyA nahi, A kAraNe emaNe uddhAra karele siddhAMta tulya hovA chatAMye emAM kyAMka kayAMka vAcanA bheda rahI gaye. kaMdilAcA mathurAmAM bamaNusaMghane ekaThA karI AgamavAcana karI te skAMdilI vAcanA ke "mAdhurI vAcanA nAmathI prasiddhi pAmI. e ja rIte kaMdilAcAryanA samaye ja valabhImAM maLelA zramaNa saMghanA pramukha AcArya nAgArjunasUri hatA ane emaNe ApelI vAcanA "nAgArjunI vAcanA" agara "vAlabhI vAcanA" e nAmathI prasiddhi pAmI 29 mAdhurI vAcanA vIra nirvANathI 8 27 ane 840 nI vacce koI varSa thaI30 valabhI vAcanA paNa e ja samaye thaI 11. siddhasenasUri vRddhAvAdisUre ane siddhasenasUrinA bharUcanA prasaMgenI anuzruti A prakAre jANavA maLe che : gauDa dezanA kezalA gAmanA rahevAsI mukuMda brAhmaNe Aya kaMdilasUri pAse vRddhAvasthAmAM dIkSA lIdhI hatI. mukuMda munie bharUcamAM "nAlikelavasati," (nAriyeLa pADA) nAmanA cetyamAM besI karelI ArAdhanAthI sarasvatI devInI prasannatA meLavI vAdazakti prApta karI tethI emane AcAryapadavI prApta thatAM emaNe raddhavAdisari tarIke nAmanA meLavI e samaye vikramAditya rAjA rAjya karI rahyo hato. eka divase devarSi brAhmaNa ane devazrInA putra siddhasena nAme veda pAraMgata vidvAna emanI pAse AvyA. emaNe vRddhavAdI sAthe zAstrArtha karyo. je hAre te jItanAra ziSya bane evI zarata kabUla karavAmAM AvI. siddhasenanI hAra thavAthI e emano kumudacaMdra nAme ziSya thayA. eNe jaina zAstrono abhyAsa karI AcArya padavI prApta thatAM siddhasenasUri' nAmathI khyAti meLavI. kavitvazaktithI vikramAditya rAjAne prasanna karI, divAkara'nuM biruda meLavI rAjasabhAmAM sthAna prApta karyuM. ekadA siddhasenasUrie rAjAne pUchIne ujayinIthI pratiSThAna tarapha vihAra karyo. teo bharUcane sImADe pahoMcyA tyAre tyAM govALiyA ekaThA thaIne emanI pAse AvyA ane dharmopadeza karavAnI AcAryane vinaMtI karI, e

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AnukRtika vRttAMta [ 493 uparathI emaNe prAkRta bhASAmAM rAsa gAIne dharmopadeza karyo. pAchaLathI e lekee e dharmopadezanA sthaLe saMsmaraNarUpe tAlArAsaka' nAme gAma vasAvyuM ane jenee tyAM jinAlaya paNa baMdhAvyuM hatuM. pachIthI siddhasenasUri bharUcamAM gayA te vakhate tyAM balamitrano putra dhanaMjaya nAme rAjA rAjaya karato hato. rAjAe utsavapUrvaka AcAryano nagarapraveza karAvyo. e ja avasare bharUcanA upara rAjAnA zatruoe humalo karyo, paNa siddhasenasUrie sarvapaprayogathI sainike banAvI ApIne ene bacAvI lIdhuM. A uparathI emanuM siddhasena' nAma sArthaka karI batAvyuM. A. hemacaMdrasUrie "siddha vaya: - kaviomAM siddhasenasUri sarvottama kavi che' ema kahIne emane aMjali apa che. emaNe nyAyAvatAra, samati prakaraNa ane drAviMzaddhAtrizikA vagere graMtha racelA prApta thAya che. 12. malavAdisUri valabhI nagaranA rahevAsI madhyavAdimUri vize A prakAre anukRti jANavA maLe che33. malavAdI nAmanA traNa AcAryono patto maLe che. nAmanI ekatAnA kAraNe traNe AcAryonA jIvanaprasaMga seLabheLa thaI gayA che. prabhAvaka carita'mAM A prakAre ullekha che : valabhInagaramAM durlabhadevI nAmanI strIne 1 jinayaza, 2 yakSa ane 3 malla nAme traNa putra hatA. A durlabhadevInA bhAI jinAnaMdasUri nAme eka jainAcArya hatA. jinAnaMdasUrie potAnA e traNe bhANejane dIkSA ApI potAnA ziSya banAvyA hatA. traNe ziSyone bhaNAvI emaNe moTA vidvAna banAvyA. guru pAse eka adbhuta pustaka hatuM. e pustakane vAMcavAno devI niSedha hato, kemake enAthI upadrava thavAnI saMbhAvanA hatI, paraMtu malla muni bhAre tejasvI hovAthI gurune bhaya hato ke A bALa muni A pustaka vAMcavA utAvaLA banaze ane anartha sajaze. AthI emaNe potAnI bahena samakSa mallA munine e pustaka nahi ughADavA samajAvyA.

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44 ] soya kAlathI guptakAla [ pari. ekadA jinAnaMdasUri valabhIthI vihAra karI bharUcanA 'zakunikA--vihAra'nA danAthe gayA, ahIM naMda nAmanA bauddhAcArya dhI emane vAda karavA AhavAna ApyuM. naMdanA vitaMDAvAdathI AcAyano parAjaya thayeA. ahIM valabhImAM gurunI gerahAjarImAM malla munine e pustaka jovAnI utkaMThA tIvra khanI. emaNe pustaka kheAlatAM nIceno bleka vAMcyA : vidhi - niyama - bhaGga - vRttivyatiriktatvAdanartha kamavocat / jainAdanyacchAsanamanRtaM bhavatIti vaidharmyam // -jaina sivAyanAM bIjAM darzIna je kAMI kahe te vidhi, niyama, bhAMgAprakArA ane vRtti rahita hovAthI ana karanArAM che, mATe e asatya che temaja adhama rUpa che. mala muni e zlokano artha vicArI rahyA hatA tyAM ja zrutadevIe adRzya rIte e pustaka emanA hAthamAMthI jhUMTavI lIdhuM. A pustaka A rIte javAyI mA munine bhAre zezaka thayA. teo AkraMda karavA lAgyA. emanI mAtA dula bhadevI temaja saMdhane paNa A vAtanI jANa thatAM pArAvAra du:kha thayuM. pachI teA malla munie peAtAnI bhUlanA prAyazcitta-rUpe baraDAnI pADInI eka guphAmAM jaI tapazcaryApUrvaka sarasvatInI ArAdhanA karavA mAMDI. sadhe emanI A prakAranI sAdhanAthI dula thayelA dejo, pAraNAM karAvI yogya AhAra vaheArAvyA. devI prasanna thayAM tyAre emaNe pelA pustakanI mAgaNI karI. devI e pustaka nahi, paNa e pustakanA eka zlokamAMthI tu sa` a meLavI zakIza ' evuM varadAna ApI aMtati thaI gayAM. malla munie daza hajAra zlokapUrano 'dAdazAratayacakra' nAme adbhuta graMtha cyA. jinAnaMdasUri vallabhI AvyA ane sadhanI vinaMtIthI AcArye emane AcAya padathI alaMkRta karyA. bauddhAcAya naMde guru jinAnadArane vAmAM harAvyA hatA e jANIne mallAdisUri bharUca AvyA. emaNe naMdane vA mATe lalakAryAM. nade upekSA batAvatAM kahyuM ke 'A teA bALaka che, e zuM mArI sAthe vAdamAM TakavAno che ?' jyAre malla munie Agraha karIne kahyuM tyAre rAjasabhAmAM baMne vAdIone

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4 thuM] - AkRtika vRttAMta [49 zAstrArtha the. cha mahinA sudhI akhaMDa rIte vAda cAlyA karyo. chevaTe bauddha vAdI mala muninA pUrvapakSa yAda na rAkhI zakavAthI hArI gayo. naMdane enA parivAra sAthe bharUcamAMthI cAlyA javAno rAjA taraphathI hukama maLyo. maharine "vAdI' birudathI alaMkRta karavAmAM AvyA. bharUcanA saMghe madhyavAdirinAM mAtA durlabhadevIne bharca belAvI lAvI emanuM bahumAna karyuM. A. hemacaMdrasUrie tethI ja kahyuM che ke "anumanjhavAne tajI -tArkikamAM malavAdI sarvottama che.' malavAdisUrie je dvAdazAniyacakra' graMtha racyo te upalabdha thayo che, paraMtu emanAM 'padmacarita' ane "sanmatiTIkA' nAmanA graMtha hajI sudhI maLI AvyA nathI. mallavAdisUrinA sattAkALa vize "prabhAvacarita'nA vijayasiMharicaritamAM A prakAre ullekha che : zrIvIravatsarAdatha zatASTake caturazItisaMyukte / jigye ca mallavAdI bauddhAMstadvyantarAMzcApi // 3 // * - mahuvAdirie vIranirvANu saM. 884 ( vi. saM. 14, I. sa. 35758)mAM bauddha ane emanA vyaMtarane jItI lIdhA. - jinayaza sUrie pramANazAstrane eka graMtha racyo te alla rAjAnI sabhAmAM kahI saMbhaLAvyo. vaLI, emaNe "vizrAMta-vidyAdhara vyAkaraNa" upara nyAsagraMthanI racanA karI. yakSAcAryo yakSasaMhitA' nAmane aSTAMga-nimittane graMtha racyo hato, paraMtu A baMnenA graMtha hajI sudhI maLI AvyA nathI. 13. devadhigaNi kSamAzramaNa saurASTranA valabhInagaramAM Agamane pustakArUDha karanArA devardhigaNi kSamA zramaNanA jIvana vize A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che : saurASTranA verAvaLa pATaNamAM rAjAnA sevaka kAmadhi nAmanA kSatriya ane emanI patnI kalAvatInA putrapaNe devadhine janma thayo hato. te ,

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla [5ra. - devarSi bhaNIgaNI yauvanAvasthAmAM AvyA tyAre ene be kanyAo para NAvavAmAM AvI hatI. ene zikArano zokha hovAthI ghaNI vakhata e sAthI mitronI sAthe jaMgalamAM zikAra karavA jatA. devadhi pUrvabhavamAM hariNagamedhI nAme deva hatA, jeNe brAhmaNa devAnaMdAnA garbhane kSatriyANI trizalAnA udaramAM mUkyo hato. e deve saidharmedrane potAnA aMtima samaye jaNAvyuM hatuM ke mArA sthAne je navo hariNagamelI deva Ave te huM jyAM janma lauM tyAM mane pratibaMdha kare evI vyavasthA karI Apo." IMdra kahyuM : "khuzIthI, evI vyavasthA thaze, paraMtu tamArA devabhavananI bhIMta upara tame e neMdha karaze, je vAMcIne e deva tamane pratibodha karavA Ave." navo deva Avyo, teNe bhAta upara lakhAyeluM A leka vAgye : svabhittilikhitaM patraM mitra ! tvaM saphalIkuru / hariNagameSI vakti saMsAraM viSamaM tyaja // -he mitra ! pitAnI bhIMta upara lakhelA patramAM tuM saphaLa kare, ema hariNagamelI kahe che ane kahe che ke A viSama saMsAra choDI de. A lekha mujaba navA hariNagamedhIe eka-be prayatna karyA chatAM devardhi kazuM samajyA nahi. chevaTe eNe trIje upAya yojyo. devadhi A ja jaMgalamAM zikAra karavA gayA hatA. tyAM eNe potAnI saMmukha siMha, pAchaLa khAI, baMne bAjue dAMtavALA be sUvara, nIce dharatIkaMpa ane uparathI paththaranA varasAdanuM bhayaMkara dazya joyuM. A joI enAthI cIsa paDAI gaI : "mane bacAvo, bacAvo. deve ene upADIne lahityasUri pAse mUkI dIdho. AcAryo ene dIkSA ApI. e bhaNIgaNIne vidvAna thayA. upakezagathvIya devaguptasUri pAsethI eka pUrva artha sahita ane bIjuM pUrva mULa bhaNIne "kSamAzramaNanI yogyatA prApta karI. emaNe zaMtrujaya upara jaI kapardI, gomukha yakSe ane cakezvarI devInI sAdhanA karI, Agamane pustakArUDha karavAnI siddhi prApta karI. devardhigaNi samAcamaNe vIra ni. saM. 98 (vi. saM. 50-I. sa. 454)mAM badhA siddhAMtagraMtha pustakArUDha karyA. emaNe "naMdisatra"nAme siddhAMta graMtha paNa racyo che. 34 devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNe valabhIpuramAM jaina siddhAMtagraMthane pustakArUDha karyA, e vize A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che :

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[497 4 thuM] Anuzrutika vRti mathurAnI "skAdilI vAcanA ane valabhIpuranI "nAgArjunI vAcanA thayA pachI lagabhaga so-doDhasothI ye vadhu varSa vyatIta thayA pachI devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNanI adhyakSatAmAM valabhInagaramAM vIra nirvANa saMvata 980( vi. saM. pAM, I. sa. 454)mAM pharIthI bamaNasaMgha ekatrita thaye ane mAtharI temaja vAlabhA vAcanAonA samaye lakhAyelA siddhAMto uparAMta je je graMtha, prakaraNa vagere mojUda hatAM te badhAM lakhIne surakSita karavAno nizcaya karavAmAM AvyuM. A kArya-saMghaTanA samaye mAthura paraMparAnA agraNI yugapradhAna devagiNi kSamAbamaNa hatA ane vAlabhI para parAnA pramukha kAlakAcArya ane upapramukha vAdivetAla zAMtisUri hatA. e vize nIcenI gAthAthI sUcana maLe che : vAlabbhasaMghakajje ujjamiaM jugapahANatullehiM / gaMdhavvavAiveyAlasaMtisUrI lahIehiM // -valabhI saMghanA kAryamAM yugapradhAna tulya gaMdharvavAdivetAla zAMtirie lekhanakAryamAM udyama karyo. ema jaNAya che ke baMne vAcanAnuyAyI saMghomAM avazya saMgharSa ubho thayo haze tethI aneka prakAranI kApakUpa pachI ja baMne saMghamAM meLa thayA pachI baMne vAcanAnA siddhAMtone paraspara samanvaya karavAmAM AvyuM. banI zakayuM tyAMsudhI bhedabhAva maTADI daI ene ekarUpa karI devAmAM Ave ane je mahattvapUrNa bheda hato tene pAThAMtararUpe TIkA, cUrNimAM saMgRhIta karavAmAM Avyo. je keTalAka prakIrNa graMtha kevaLa eka ja vAcanAmAM hatA te tevA ne evA ja pramANa mAnavAmAM AvyA. A prakAranI vyavasthA pramANe A. kaMdilanI mAdhurI vAcanA anusAra badhA siddhAMta lakhavAmAM AvyA. jyAM jyAM nAgAjunI vAcanAno matabheda temaja pAThabheda hato te TIkAomAM lakhI levAmAM Avyo, paraMtu je pAThAMtarane nAgAjunAnuyAyI koI paNa rIte choDI devAne tayAra nahatA teone mUla sUtramAM vAcaLatare pu' zabdanI sAthe ullekha karavAmAM Avyo. A rIte devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNe valabhImAM Agamone pustakArUDha karyA, ene "AgamavAcanA kahI zakAya nahi.35

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498 ]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pari. 14-15. rAzilasari ane jIdevasUri banAsakAMThA jillAmAM DIsA pAse AvelA vAyaDagAmamAM vAyaDajJAtIya zeTha dharmadeva ane enAM patnI zIlavatI nAme rahetAM hatAM. emane mahIdhara ane mahIpAla nAme be putra hatA. nAno putra mahIpAla ghaNuMkharuM paradezamAM kArya karato hato. vAyaDaganA AcArya jinadattasUri vAyaDa ane enI najIkanA pradezamAM vicaratA hatA. emanA upadeza sAMbhaLI saMsAra upara virAgya thatAM mahIdhare dIkSA lIdhI. bhaNIgaNIne gItArtha thatAM gurue emane AcArya padavI ApI, potAnI zAkhAne anusare emanuM 'rAzi sUri' nAma pADI emane potAnI pATa besADayA ne jinadattasUri kALadharma pAmI gayA. mahIpAla rAjagRha nagaramAM vicaratAM digaMbarAcArya zrutakIrtinA paricayamAM AvyuM. eNe emanI pAse dIkSA lIdhI ne e "suvarNakati nAmathI prasiddhimAM AvyA. zrutakIrti AcArye emanI yatA joI emane "apraticakravidyA' ane "parakAyapravezavidyA' e nAmanI be vidyAone AmnAya ApI potAnA paTTadhara banAvyA. mahIpAlanI mAtAe rAjagRha taraphanA vepArIo pAsethI mahIpAlanI dIkSAzikSAnA samAcAra sAMbhaLI emane maLavA e rAjagRha tarapha gaI. zIlavatIe potAnA be dIkarAomAM eka tAMbara ane bIje digaMbara ema be mata joI baMnene eka mArganA anuyAyI karavAnI daSTie suvarNakIrtine kahyuM : "jinezvarane te eka ja mArga-siddhAMta heya, emAM vaLI bheda kevA che AthI tame baMne bhAI ekaThA thaIne sAcA mArgano nirNaya karo, jethI huM paNa e mArgane anusara.' mAtAnAM lAgaNIryA vacanothI suvarNakIti vAyaDa tarapha AvyA. mAtAe baMne munione AcAramArga temaja tyAga joI baMne AcAryone judI judI rIte pitAne tyAM gocarI levA bolAvyA. vetAMbara mAganuM vizuddhatara vAstavikapaNuM mAtAe sapramANa batAvatAM suvarNakIrtine zvetAMbaramArga grahaNa karavA anurodha karyo. rAzi sUrie paNa emane khUba samajAvyA tyAre digaMbara suvarNakIrtie vastrane svIkAra karI zvetAMbara mArga apanAvyA. kavetAMbara saMpradAyanA siddhAMta thoDA samayamAM ja bhaNIgaNI gItArtha thatAM rAzivasUrie potAnA bhAI suvarNakIrtine AcAryapadavI ApI "vadevasUri nAme pitAnA paTTadhara banAvyA.

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4 3 ] Anuzrutika vRttAMtA [ 499 kAI yAgIe jIvadevasUrinA ziSyanI vAcA baMdha karI dIdhI hatI ane eka vAra emanA samudAyanI sAdhvI upara yAgacUrNa nAkhI paravaza karI hatI, paraMtu AcArye peAtAnI apUrvAzaktithI baMne prasa MgeAmAM yAgIne parAjaya karI ene yeAgya zikSA karI hatI. A AcAyanA samayamAM ujjainamAM vikramAditya rAjA rAjya kAM hatA. eNe saMvatsara calAvavA mATe pRthvInuM RNa cUkavavA dezedeza peAtAnA maMtrIne meAkalyA hatA. teomAMneA lIMbA nAmanA pradhAna vAyaDa AvyA. eNe ahIMnA mahAvIrama dine jINu joI enA uddhAra karAvyA ane enA dhvaja-daMDanI pratiSThA vi. saM. cha mAM jIvadevasUrinA hAthe karAvI, vAyaDamAM lalla zeDa jyArathI jainadharmI banyA tyArathI ja vAyaDanA brAhmaNe emanA upara ane chavadevasUri upara dveSabhAva rAkhavA lAgyA hatA. pariNAme eka vAra eka mRtaprAya gAya jIvadevamUri-adhInastha mahAvIracaityamAM vALI dIdhI. savAre jyAre sAdhuoe joyuM te deranA maMDapamAM ja gAya bharelI hAlatamAM paDI hatI, eTale jIvadevasUrie ekAMta sthAnamAM khesIne pAte siddha karelI parakAyapravezinI vidyAthI potAnA prANa bahAra kADhI gAyanA zarIramAM praveza karAvyA, AthI gAya tyAMthI UDIne brahmAnA madiramAM gabhagRhamAM jaI ne paisI gaI te nizcetana thaI DhaLI paDI. pUjArIe A camatkAra-bharI ghaTanAnI vAta brAhmaNAne kahI. utpAta jevI ghaTanAthI brAhmaNo vicAramAM paDI gayA. emane jaNAyuM ke gaI kAle keTalAka yuvakoe jainene cheDayA enuM A pariNAma che. vicArazIla brAhmaNo jIvadevasUri pAse AvI AjIjI karatA kahevA lAgyA : gurudeva ! A gAya jIvatI UDIne bahAra jAya evA upAya kara.' paraMtu AcAya zrIe emanI vinaMtI upara dhyAna na ApyuM. emaNe pAse kheThelA lakSa zeDane vInanyA ke 'AcAya zrIne kahIne amane A saMkaTamAthI bacAvI de.' lala zeDa teA A badhuM jANatA hatA eTale brAhmaNAne ThapakA ApI kahyuM OM 'tamAre A saMkaTamAMthI tamArA uddhAra karavA hoya teA jainA sAthe sulehanAmuM thaI zake tevI A zaratA kabUla karavI paDaze. jue, jenA vAyaDamAM game te dhArmika utsavA Ujave emAM kAI e kAI prakAranuM vighna UbhuM na karavuM. vAyaDamAM je kaI dhArmika kAya vyavasthA thAya temAM mahAvIranA sAdhuone bhAga pahelA raheze. jIvadevasUrinI gAdIe je AcAya bese temane suvaNa yajJApavIta paherAvIne brahmAnA maMdiramAM paTTAbhiSeka karavA.

Page #537
pa00]. mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pAra. brAhmaNoe uparyukta zarato kabUla karI tyAre chavadevasUrie ekAMta sthAnamAM jaI potAnA prANa kheMcI gAyanA zarIramAM praveza karAvyA. gAya UThIne bahAra gaI ke tarata AcArye potAnA prANa saMkelI lIdhA. A prasaMga pachI che ane brAhmaNe vacce kadI kaleza thayo nahi. chavadevasUrie maraNa nikaTa jANI ganI vyavasthA karI, anazanapUrvaka samAdhimaraNa prApta karyuM. A AcAryanA svargavAsa samaye ja pelA yogIne AcArya mahAta karyo hato te vAyaDamAM AvyuM ane mRtaka vadevasUrinuM moM jovA eNe vinaMtI karI. kemake chavadevanuM kapAla eka khaMDanuM hovAthI ene e levuM hatuM, paraMtu AcArya agAu ApelI salAha mujaba e kapAla gaNavachedake pheDI nAkhyuM hatuM tethI e gIne IrAdo bara na Avyo. eNe nirAza vadane jaNAvyuM: vikramAditya ane A AcAryane eka-khaMDa kapAla hatuM, je eka bhAgyazALI mAnavInuM lakSaNa gaNAya che. e pachI yogIe AcAryanA agnisaMskAravidhimAM bhAga lIdhe. paM. zrI kalyANavijayajI chavadevasUrinA samaya vize "prabaMdhAryAlocana." (pR. 34)mAM noMdha kare che : "vikramAdityanA maMtrI lIMbAe vAyaDamAM caityane uddhAra karAvyAno ane vikrama saMvata 7 mAM chavadevasUrie enI pratiSThA karAvyAne, prabaMdhamAM ullekha che ane A uparathI chavadevasUri vikramAdityanA samakAlIna hatA ema mAnavAne kAraNa maLe che, paNa vAstavamAM e AcArya eTalA badhA prAcIna nahotA ema prabaMdhanI keTalIka vAto uparathI siddha thAya che. pahelI vAta to e ja che ke deva prathama zrutakIrtAinA ziSya suvarNakarti nAme digaMbara muni hatA ema prabaMdhakAre jaNAvyuM che, zrutakIti kayAre thayA e ApaNe jANatA nathI, chatAM baMne saMpradAyanA lekha uparathI eTaluM to nizcita che ke vikramanI bIjI zatAbdImAM digaMbara ane tAMbaranI paraMparAo judI paDI hatI.37 A sthitimAM chavadevane prathamAvasthAmAM digaMbara mAnIne emane vikramAdityanA samakAlIna mAnavA yuktisaMgata nathI." chevaTe teo nirNaya karatAM jaNAve che ke "prastuta prabaMdhanA caritanAyaka chavadevamUri prasiddha vikramAdityanA samayanA nahi, paNa e samayathI lagabhaga 500-600 varSa pachInA puruSa hatA. lalla zeTha dvArA je brAhmaNe e jainonI sAthe zarate karelI te brAhmaNe kAlAMtare sattAhIna ane jAgIrahIna thaI jatAM jainonA Azrita bhojake thayA hatA ema huM mAnuM chuM. 38

Page #538
4 thuM] AkRtika vRttAMta [ 501 15. lATAcArya lATa dezanA AcArya ke lATAcArya nAmathI prasiddha AcArya vize. A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che : jaina munie potAne rahevA mATe makAna ApanAra gRhasthane "zayAtara' kahe che. zayyAtaranA gharanAM AhAra- pANI teo letA nathI. eka ja gurunA ziSyo jagyAnI saMkaDAzane lIdhe judA judA gRhasthonAM makAnamAM rahe tyAre zayyAtara kene mAnavo, ene khulAso evo maLe che ke amuka saMgomAM dareka makAnanA mAlika zayAtara manAya ane amuka saMgomAM mULa upAzrayane mAlika ja zayyAtara manAya. A bAbatamAM lATAcAryane mata e che ke je makAnamAM sakala ga7nA chatrarUpa AcArya rahetA hoya tene mAlika zayyAtara manAya, bIjA makAnanA mAlikane zayyAtara mAnavA nahi.39 prasiddha jyotiIi varAhamihire potAnI graMtharacanAmAM siMhAcArya, yavanAcArya, AryabhaTa, pradyumna, vijyanaMdi nAmonI sAthosAtha lATAcAryane paNa AdhArabhUta pramANa mAnyA che. 16. adhAvabodhatIrtha adhAvadhatIrtha bharUca nagaramAM hatuM, e vize A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che : bhRgupura( bharUca)mAM jitazatru rAjAe azvamedha yajJa karavAno AraMbha karyo. emAM chellA divase homavA mATe eka jAtimAna ghaDAne lAvavAmAM AvyuM. revA nadInAM darzanathI e ghoDAne jatismaraNa jJAna thayuM. - vIsamA tIrthakara muni suvatavAmI pUrvabhavanA mitra e azvane pratibodha karavA pratiSThAnapura(paiThaNa)thI 120 gAuno ugra vihAra karI bharUcamAM AvyA. jitazatru rAjA e azvanI sAthe bhagavaMtane vaMdana karavA Avyo. rAjavIe yajJanuM phaLa pUchayuM. bhagavaMte prANIne vadhathI narakanuM phaLa batAvyuM. e samaye pelA azvane AMkhamAM AMsu AvyAM. rAjAe kAraNa pUchatAM bhagavaMte ene pUrvabhava kahevA mAMDyo : | caMpAnagarImAM suraside nAme rAja hato tene atisAra nAme parama mitra hato. surasiddha dIkSA lIdhI. e kALadharma pAmI deva thayo. tyAMthI cyavI tIrtha kararUpe mAre avatAra thaye.

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mauca kAlathI guptakAla [ pari. matisAra bIjA bhavamAM sAgaradatta nAme sA`vAha thayeA. e mithyAdaSTi hAvA chatAM vinIta hatA. eNe eka zivAlaya baMdhAvyuM hatu. eka veLA jinadha nAmanA zrAvaka mitra sAthe e eka jainAcArya pAse gayA. emaNe jinAlaya baMdhAvavAthI thatA puNya vize upadeza ApyA. e upadezathI eNe suvarNamaya jinapratimA banAvI ane e traNe kA enI pUjA karatA hateA. 502] uttarAyaNanA divase liMgapUraNa pa` UjavAtuM. e divase sAgaradatta enA zivAlayamAM gayA. tyAM jaTila tApaseAe thrInI liMgapratimA banAvI. ghInA kAraNe aneka kIDIe tyAM AvI. jaTila tApaseAe ene nirdaya rIte kacaDI nAkhI. A joI sAgaradatta emanA dharmanI niMdA karI. jiTaleAe enA bhAre tiraskAra karyAM. e divasathI e sAvahu kRpaNa banI dhavimukha thayA, AthI eNe tiya canuM Ayudha bAMdhyuM te ene bIjA bhavamAM azrvarUpe avatAra thayA. ene upadeza ApavA huM ahIM AvyA chuM. cha mahinA pachI e azva maraNa pAma deva thayA. avadhijJAnatha potAne pUrvabhava joI eNe bhRgupuramAM ratnamaya jinAlaya baMdhAvyuM. emAM mULanAyaka tarIke muni suvrataravAnI ane azvanI pratimA sthApana karI tethI A tInuM nAma 'adhAvakheAdhatI' paDayuM.40 17. zakunikAvihAra bharUcamAM AveluM azcAvakhAdhI 'zakunikAvihAra' nAmathI prasiddhi pAmyuM e vizenI anuzruti A prakAre jANavA maLe che : siMhaladIpanA siMhapura nAme nagaramAM caMdragupta rAnta ane caMdralekhA nAme rANIne sAta putrA upara sudanA nAme putrI janmI. e vidyA ane kalAe bhaNI yuvAvasthAmAM AvI. ekadA dhanezvara nAmanA sArthavAha bharUcathI keTalAMka vahANAmAM kariyANu, bharIne siMhaladIpa UtaryAM ane rAjA pAse AvyeA. rAjakanyA sudarzanA rAjA pAse kheDI hatI. sUMTha, marI vagerenA namUnA batAvatAM dhanezvarane chIMka AvI tyAM e " namA arihaMtANuM '' padma kheA. A pada sAMbhaLI suzanAne mUrkha AvI gaI. rAjA te vANiyA upara rASe bharAyA. suzanAne cetanA AvatAM eNe jAtismaraNajJAnathI 'dhanezvara tA mArA dharmAMbadhuM che' ema kahI ene cheDAvyA. rAjAe kAraNa pUchatAM sudarzanA peAtAnA pUrvabhava kahevA lAgI :

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4 thu] Anuzrutika vRttAMtA [ 503 "huM pUbhavamAM bharUcamAM narsIMdAnA kAMThe rahetA eka vaDalA upara samaDI-rUpe rahetI hatI. varSAkALamAM sAta divasa sudhI ekadhArI varSA thaI. AThamA divase bhUkhathI UDatI UDatI eka zikArInA dharanA AMgaNethI mAMsaneA TukaDA laI huM UDI. zikArI bANa laI mArI pAchaLa paDayo. eNe mane khANathI vIMdhI nAkhI. karuNa rudana karatI, AkuLavyAkuLa thatI evI mArA upara eka jaina sAdhue pANI sIMcyuM. maratAM maratAM mane emaNe navakAramaMtra saMbhaLAvyA. marIne huM tamArI putrI sudarzanArUpe avatarI. dhanezvare tame arihaMtANaM' pa6 kheAlatAM e navakAranA smaraNathI mane jAtismaraNa-jJAna thayuM.' ' pachI e sudanA mAtA-pitAnI anujJAM laI potAnAM aneka vahANAmAM ki MmatI dravyA ane khAnapAnanI vividha sAmagrI bharI dAsa, dAsI, tAkAnA parivAra sahita dhanezvara sAvAhanI sAthe bharUca baMdare UtarI. dhanezvare tyAMnA rAjAne rAjakanyA sudAnAnA AgamananA sa MdezA mekalyA. rAjA peAtAnA piravAra sAthe e rAjakanyAnuM svAgata karavA bheTaNAM sAthe sAme AvyA. rAjAe ene pravezAtsava karyo. sudarzanAe azrAvakheAdhatInAM darzana, vaMdana, pUjana karyAM, tIrthomAM upavAsa karyAM. rAjAe AvI dhArmika vRttinI rAjakanyA mATe ghaNI badhI anukULatAeA karI ApI. eka divase sudanA bharUcamAM AvelA ( bhAnu ane bhUSaNa nAmanA ) zrutadharA pAse jaI vaMdana karI, vinIta bhAve pUchavA lAgI : bhagavan ! kayA kanA kAraNe huM pUrvabhavamAM samaDI hatI ?' AcArye uttara ApyA ke 'vaitADhya parvatamAM AvelI suramyA nagarImAM zaMkha rAjAnI tuM vijayA nAme putrI hatI. mAhiSa gAma jatAM te nadIkinAre kuphruTa sarpa joyA. rAvaza te ene mArI nAkhyA. pachI nadIkAMDe rahelA eka jinAlayamAM te bhagava MtanI pratimAne bhaktithI vaMdana karyuM. caityathI bahAra nIkaLatAM vihArathI thAkI gayelAM eka sAdhvInI teM sevA- zuzruSA karI. " e kukuTa sapa` marIne zikArI thaye ane pUrvabhavanA verathI eNe tane ANuthI vIMdhI nAkhI. vagere dharmakAryo kara.' bIjA bhavamAM samaDI thaI. have tuM jinepaSTi dAna

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504] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [pari A sAMbhaLI sudarzanAe potAnuM badhuM dhana sAta kSetromAM vAparavA mAMDayuM. azvAvabodhatIrthano eNe uddhAra karAvyo, emAM covIsa devakulikAo rathApita karI, tathA pauSadhazALA, dAnazALA ane adhyayanazALA vagere baMdhAvyAM. AthI e uddhAra pAmeluM dhAvabodhatIrtha enA pUrvabhavanA nAmathI zakunikAvihAra ' "sauliyAvihAra' samaDI-vihAra' nAmathI prasiddhi pAmyuM.41 Arya khapurAcAryanA samayamAM ke e agAu bauddhoe avAvabodhatIrtha upara kabaje karI lIdho hato tethI Aya purAcArya bauddhone vAdamAM parAjaya karI "bilADA pAsethI dUdha choDAvavAmAM Ave tema' e tIrtha choDAvI jaina saMghane adhIna karAvyuM hatuM. 2 18. bhalIgruha bhRgukacchathI dakSiNA patha javAnA mArgamAM "bhallIgRha' nAmathI oLakhAtA bhAgavata saMpradAyanA eka maMdira vize A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che : eka jaina sAdhu sArthanI sAthe bharukacchathI dakSiNApatha jato hato tene kaI bhAgavate pUchayuM : "bhallIgRha zuM che ?" sAdhue e vize vRttAMta kahevA mAMDayuM: "dhI pAyana nAme je parivrAjaka sAMba Adi surAmAM yAdavakumArone hAthe maraNa pAmI deva thayA hatA temaNe dvArikAnuM dahana karyA pachI balarAma ane kRSNa surASTra deza choDIne pAMDavo pAse dakSiNa mathurA tarapha jatA hatA. dvArakAthI pUrva tarapha nIkaLI teo hastika95 (hAthaba) nagaramAM AvyA, tyAMnA rAjA acchadaMtane harAvI dakSiNa tarapha jatAM teo kasuMbAya nAme araNyamAM AvyA. tyAM kRSNane tarasa lAgatAM baladeva pANI levA gayA. e samaye kRSNanA ja moTA bhAI jarAkumAra, emane hAthe kRSNanuM maraNa thaze evI bhaviSyavANI neminAthe bhAkhI hovAne kAraNe dvArakAne tyAga karIne araNyamAM jaI rahyA hatA te, zikArI-rUpe AvyA ane DhIMcaNa upara eka paga rAkhIne sUtelA vAsudevane mRga dhArI, emanA paga upara marmasthAne bANa mArI emanA mRtyunuM kAraNa banyA. bhalI' eTale bANathI vIMdhAyelA pagavALI kRSNa vAsudevanI mUrti je maMdiramAM che te "bhallIgRha' nAme oLakhAyuM che. A vRttAMta sAMbhaLIne bhAgavata pUrvaka vicAravA lAge ke "je ema nahi hoya te A zramaNane huM ghAta karIza." pachI e gaye ane eNe vAsudevane paga bANathI vIMdhAyelo che, eTale pAchA AvIne sAdhune khamAvyA ane kahyuM: meM A pramANe ciMtavyuM hatuM mATe kSamA karo.44

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4 thuM]. AkRtika vRttAMta pi05 19. bhUtataDAga bharukacchathI 12 jina dUra baMdhAyelA bhUtataDAga' vize A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che : bharukacchanA eka vANiyAe ujajainInA kutrikApaNamAMya jaI bhUtanI mAgaNI karI. enuM eNe daza hajAra mUlya jaNAvyuM. vANiyAe e rakama cUkavI ApI. vepArIe zarata mUkI ke "bhUtane satata kAma ApavuM paDaze, nahitara e kharIdanArane mArI nAkhaze.e zarata maMjUra rAkhI vANiyAe bhUta kharIdyo. pachI te vANi je je kAma batAvato te badhAM bhUta kSaNavAramAM pUrAM karI deto. eNe bhUta pAse eka staMbha-thAMbhalo taiyAra karAvyo. vANiyAe bIjA kAmanA abhAvamAM e staMbha upara caDavA-UtaravAnuM kAma soMpyuM. pachI te bhUte thAkIne potAnI hAra kabUla karI. A parAjayanA cihnarUpe bhUte vANiyA AgaLa evI IcchA vyakta karI ke "gheDA upara savArI karIne cAlatAM jyAM tuM pAchuM vALIne joIza tyAM huM eka taLAva bAMdhI ApIza." vANiyAe 12 jana dUra jaI pAchuM vALIne joyuM ane bhUte e sthaLe e taLAva bAMdhyuM, je "bhUtataDAga" nAmathI prasiddhi pAmyuM. 46 A taLAva bharUcanI uttaramAM hatuM. 20 kutrikA paNa bharUcamAM kutrikA paNa hatuM e vize A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che : - kutrikA paNaH kutrika-traNa bhuvana ane ApaNa-dukAnaH arthAta traNa bhuvananI cetana-acetana sarva vastuo jyAM maLI zake tevI dukAna. avaMtijanapada upara rAjya karatA rAjA caMDapradyotanA samaye ujajainImAM 9 kutrikA paNa hatAM. bharUcanA eka vaNike ujajayinInA eka kutrikApaNamAMthI dasa hajAranI kiMmate bhUta kharIdyo hato, jeNe bharUcamAM bhUtataDAga bAMdhyuM hatuM.47 bharUcamAM paNa eka kutrikA paNa hatuM.48 ra1. mAsmika mAla ane phalahI malla sopArakanA mAsmika malla ane bharUcanA phalahI malla vize A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che : I-2-33

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506] mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pari. Avazyaka-cUrNimAM jaNAvyuM che ke te pArakane siMhagiri rAjA mallonI sAThamArI karAvato hato ane jene vijaya thAya tene puSkaLa dravya Apato hato. prativarSanI sAThamArImAM ujajainIne aNu malla vijayacihna tarIke patAkA laI jato hato, AthI siMhagiri rAjAe eka mAchInuM baLa pArakhI ene mallavidyA zIkhavA preraNA karI mala banAvyA. bIje varSe A mAsmika male aNane harAvI dIdho. parAjayathI mAnabhaMga thayelo aNa saurASTramAM kaI malla hevAnA samacArathI sopArakathI sIdho saurASTra tarapha jaI rahyo hato, tyAM bharukacchamAM eka kheDUtane eka hAthe haLa kheData ane bIje hAthe phalahI-kapAsa cuMTato je.49 aTTaNa saurASTra na jatAM A kheDUtane lAlaca ApI ujajainI laI gayo ane eNe ene mallavidyA zIkhavI. e phalahI bhalla tarIke prasiddhi pAmyo. e baMne sAThamArI prasaMge sopArI AvyA. bhAsmika mahala sAthe phalahI mallanuM yuddha thayuM. trIje divase bhAsmika malla hAryo ane chevaTe maraNa pAmyo.50 22. yaMtrapratimA bRhakalpa-bhASya mAM yaMtrapratimA vize A prakAre mAhitI maLe che: 51 A. pAdaliptasUrie rAjAnI bahenanA samAna AkAranI yAMtrika pratimA banAvI hatI. e pratimA hAlatA-cAlatI, unmeSa-nimeSa karatI, hAthamAM paMkho laIne AcAryanI saMmukha UbhI rahelI batAvI hatI. brAhmaNoe rAjAne bhramamAM nAkhI pAdaliptasUrinA cAritrayamAM zaMkA upajAvI, tethI AcArya e pratimAnAM yaMtra vikherI nAkhyAM. yavana dezamAM AvAM strI-svarUpa pracura pramANamAM karavAmAM Ave che. 23. sopAraka muMbaInI uttare thANA jillAmAM samudranA kinAre sopArA nAmanuM nagara AveluM che.12 ahIMnA siMhagiri rAjAne mallavidyAno bhAre zokha hato. prativarSa e bhalenI sAThamArI karAvato. eNe ja ahIMnA eka mAchIne pothI mAsmika malla nAmathI prasiddhi apAvI hatI.53 sopAraka jaina dharmanuM kedra hatuM. ahIM Arya samudra, Arya maMgU54, ane Arya vajIsvAmInA ziSya vasenAcArya A nagaramAM AvyA hatA. vajasenAcAryanA

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4 thru ] Anuzrutika vRttAMtA [ 507 cAra ziSya 1. nAgendra, 2. caMdra, 3. nivRti ane 4. vidyAdharanA nAmathI sAdhuenI cAra zAkhAe pravatI hatI.55 ahIMnA jinAlayamAM jIvaMtasvAmI RSabhadevanI pratimA hovAthI e jaineAnI tI bhUmi hatuM.pa6 varNAzramamAM nahi mAnanArA jaina dharmanA anuyAyIomAM ahIMnA vaikaTika ( dArU gALanArA-kalAla ) ane zAkaTika (kheDUta) gRhasthAnI vAta jANItI che. A pradezamAM kalAle paNa khIjAonI sAthe bheAjana laI zakatA hatA.57 sApAraka dariyAI khadara hovAthI vepAranuM moTuM mathaka hatuM. paradezathI keTalAMya vahANa mAla bharIne rAja AvatAM hatAM ane ahIthI khIjA dezomAM jatAM hatAM. ' nizIthacUrNi` 'mAM ullekhAyelI eka anuzruti mujaba-sApArAmAM vepArIenAM pAMcase| kuTuMba rahetAM hatAM. tyAMnA rAjAe emane kara mApha karyo hateA, paNa maMtrInI salAhathI rAjAe emanI pAsethI karanI mAgaNI karI. paraMtu 'rAjAnI mAgaNI svIkAravAthI putra-pautrAne paNa A kara ApavA paDaze' ema vicArI vepArIee kara ApavAnI nA pADI. rAjAe kahyuM ke kara ApavA na heAya te| agnipraveza kare.' AthI pAMcasoya vepArIoe peAtAnI patnI sahita agnipraveza karI jIvananeA aMta ANyA. A vepArIoe pAMcaseA zAlabhaMjikAethI zeAbhatu eka suMdara sabhAgRha tyAM banAvyuM hatuM ke jayAM vepArIe sAdA karatA ane pArasparika vAMdhAone nikAla karatA.58 ahIMnA prasiddha zilpI kAkAsa ujjainImAM peAtAnuM nasIba ajamAvavA gayA tene vize 'AvazyakacUrNi 'mAM A prakAre anuzruti jANavA maLe che: 19 sApArakamAM eka rathakAra-sutAra rahetA hatA. enI dAsIne brAhmaNathI eka putra thayA. e dAsaceTa guptapaNe rahetA hatA. huM jIvIza nahi evuM vicArI e rathakAra peAtAnA putrAne pAtAnI vidyA zIkhavavA lAgyA, paNa putrAnI buddhi maMda hovAthI teo ka MI paNa zIkhyA nahi. pelA dAsaceTe rathakAranI badhI vidyA saMpAdita karI. rathakAra maraNa pAmyA. e nagaranA rAkhtae dAsaceTa(kAkAsa)ne AkhuM ghara ApI dIdhuM. e kAkkAsa dharaneA mAlika banyA. ekadA sApArakamAM dukALa paDyo. keAAsa peAtAnuM nasIba ajamAvavA ujjainI gayA. peAtAnI jANa karavA eNe yAMtrika kabUtarA dvArA rAjAnA gaMdhazAli ( eka prakAranA sugaMdhI cAkhA ) caNavA mAMDayA. kaThArIee rAjAne phariyAda karI. tapAsa karatAM kAkkAsa najare paDyo. ene rAjA pAse lAvavAmAM AnyA. rAjAe ene eLakhyA ane enA bharaNa pApaNanI vyavasthA karI.

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508) mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pari. kAkAse rAjAnI AjJAthI garuyaMtra banAvyuM. rAjA rANI ane A kAkAsa sAthe AkAzamAM viharavA lAgyAM. je koI rAjA ene namate nahi tene e kahetA ke huM AkAzamArge AvIne tamane mArIza, AthI bIkanA mAryA badhA rAjA ene vaza thayA hatA. ujajainIne rAjAnuM nAma hatuM jitazatru, paNa tela vaDe dAjhI javAthI e kALo paDI jatAM kAgaDAnA varNa jevo lAgatAM loko ene "kAkavaNa' nAmathI oLakhatA hatA. e rAjAne bIjI rANIo paNa hatI. paTarANI jyAre gayaMtramAM besI pharavA jatI tyAre bIjI rANIo pUchatI : amane besADaze ? rANIe emanI mAgaNIne dAda na ApI tyAre eka rANIe, jyAre A garUyaMtra UDavAnI taiyArI karatuM hatuM tyAre, enA pAchA pharavAnI eka khIlI kADhI lIdhI. garUDayaMtra UDayuM, paNa pAchA pharavAno vicAra thayo tyAre khabara paDI ke pelI khIlI nahotI. Akhare e garuDayaMtra kaliMga dezamAM pahoMcyuM ane jamInathI - thoDe dUra enI pAMkha bhAMgI jatAM e tyAM paDayuM. kaphakAsa rAjA-rANIne tyAM mUkI nagaramAM gayo. tyAMno rathakAra ratha banAvI rahyo hato. emAM eNe eka caka banAvyuM hatuM ane bIjuM aDadhuM ghaDyuM hatuM. kokakAse rathakAra pAse ojAra mAgyAM. rathakAre kahyuM : "A ejAra te rAjAnAM hovAthI bahAra apAtAM nathI, eTale gherathI mArAM ojAra lAvI ApuM.' ema kahI e ga. daramyAna ahIM kekakAse evuM cakra banAvyuM ke UMcuM rakhAya te upara jAya, koI sAthe athaDAya to e pAchuM phare, ane pAchaLa mAM rahe tema rAkhe to paDe nahi. A rIte cakra banAvIne kakkAsa ene tapAsato hato, evAmAM pele rathakAra tyAM AvyA ane eNe joyuM to caka taiyAra thaI gayuM hatuM. bahAnuM kADhI e tyAMthI gayo ane eNe rAjAne kahyuM ke "kekAsa Avyo che, jenA baLathI badhA rAja vazamAM levAyA che. rAjAnA hukamathI kakkAsane pakaDavAmAM AvyuM. ene mAravAmAM Avyo tyAre ja eNe kahyuM ke kAkavaNuM ane enI rANI amuka jagyAe che. e uparathI rAjAe kAkavaNuM ane enI rANIne pakaDI lIdho ane emane bhojana ApavAnI nA pADI. nagarajanoe apayazanI bIkathI kAkapiMDa pravartAvyA, jethI e dvArA rAjA-rANIne AhAra maLI zake. rAjAe kekkAsane kahyuM : "mArA putra mATe cAre bAjue sAta mALane mahela banAva ane enI vacamAM mArA mATe banAva, jethI huM badhA rAjAone ahIM lAvI zakuM.' kAkAe evo mahela banAvI Ape.

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4 thuM] anukRtika vRttAMta [ pa09 have kekANe zakunayaMtra racI kAkavarNanA putrane e dvArA patra mokalyo ke "tame ahIM Ave eTalAmAM A rAjAne huM mArI nAkhuM chuM. tamArAM pitA-mAtAne ane mane choDAvo." divasa paNa nakakI karyo. eka divase rAjA putra sAthe mahelamAM beTho hato tyAre kekAe khIlI upara prahAra karyo eTale e mahela saMpuTa-biDAI gayo. rAjA ane eno putra maraNa pAmyA. kAkavarNanA putre e nagara potAne adhIna karyuM ane potAnAM pitA-mAtA temaja kokAsane mukta karyA. bIjAonuM evuM kathana che ke kakkAsane vairAgya thatAM eNe ApaghAta karyo. ra4. revatAcala keTinagarI(koDInAra)nA rahevAsI samabhaTTa ane enI patnI aMbikAnI anuzruti A prakAre jANavA maLe che : kasarahada nagaramAM cAra vedane pAragAmI sarvadeva nAme brAhmaNa ane enI panI satyadevIne aMbAdevI nAme putrI hatI. ene keTinagarI(keDInAra)nA somadeva bhaTTa brAhmaNa sAthe paraNAvI hatI. emane vibhAkara ane zubhaMkara nAme be putra thayA hatA. ekadA neminAtha bhagavAnanA ziSya sudharmasUrinA cAritradhArI be ziSya bhikSA mATe aMbAdevInA ghera AvyA. aMbAdevIe khUba bhaktithI emane zuddha AhAra paherAvyA. ene pati sAmadeva ghera Avyo tyAre e khUba AkrozathI kahevA lAge : vizvadeva-mahAdevanI kriyA karyA vinA raIne sparza kema karyo?" Ama kahI aMbAdevIne bhAre tiraskAra karyo, eTaluM ja nahi, ene mArapITa paNa karI. gharanAM bIjAM mANasoe ene choDAvI. apamAna sahana na thatA aMbAdevI enA be putrone laIne gherathI cAlI nIkaLI. nAnA bALakane eNe keDa para teDI lIdhA ane moTAne AMgaLI jhAlI calAvatAM vicAravA lAgI ke "jaina munine dAna ApavAthI bhAre parAbhava thaye che to e dharma ja mane zaraNarUpa thAo.' ema dhArI e utAvaLe pagale giranAra tarapha cAlI. dhIme dhIme e parvatanI taLeTImAM AvI pahoMcI. e tRSA, sudhA ane cAlavAthI khUba thAkI gaI hatI ane parvata bahu UMce hatuM chatAM hiMmata rAkhI zubha bhAvanAthI e parvata upara caDI. neminAtha bhagavAnane khUba bhAvathI vaMdana karyuM. caityamAMthI bahAra AvI e AmravRkSa nIce

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510 ] sau kAlathI guptakAla [ pazci visAme levA kheDI. kSudhAtura bALake pAkelI AmravRkSanI bhUkha mAgI eTale eNe e ApI. neminAthanuM smaraNa karI eNe baMne putro sAthe zikhara uparathI jhapApAta karyAM. e devI banI. bAdevInA gayA pachI sAmabhaTTane bhAre pastAvA thayA. e enI pAchaLa giranAra gayA. abAdevI ane bALakone mRta sthitimAM joyAM. e paNa eka bhayAnaka kuMDamAM paDayo. marIne vyaMtara-rUpe e devInA vAhanarUpe siMhano avatAra pAmyA.60 25. girinagara girinagaramAM eka agnipUjaka vaNika dara varSe eka gharamAM ratno bharIne pachI e dhara saLagAvI agninuM satarpaNa karatA hatA. eka vAra eNe niyama mujaba ghara saLagAvyuM, e samaye pavana khUba phUMkAyA, tethI AkhuM nagara khaLI gayuM. khIjA eka nagaramAM eka vaNike A rIte agninuM sata karavAnI taiyArI karI che ema tyAMnA rAjAne khabara paDI, AthI girinagaranI Agano prasaMga yAda. karIne eNe enuM sarvasva haraNa karI lIdhuM....61 26 staMbhanapha staMbhatIrtha ane sta Mbhanapura agara staMbhanakapura e be nAma aitihAsika graMtheAmAM maLI Ave che. sarakhAM nAmathI baMne eka hoya evA AbhAsa thAya che, paraMtu baMne nAmeAvALAM gAma judAM judAM che. jaina gaMthAnA AdhAre pArzvanAthanI mUrti AgaLa siddha nAgArjune rasanuM rataMbhana karavAthI staMbhanapura-thAMbhaNA gAma zeDhI nadInA kinAre vasyuM evI anuzruti jANavA maLe che. siddha nAgAju te guru pAdaliptasUri pAsethI kArTiledhI rasa siddha karavAno upAya pUchatAM AcAya zrIe jaNAvyuM ke 'pratApazAlI pArzvanAthanI pratimA saMmukha sulakSaNI padminI strI je divya eSadhinA rasathI zuddha karelA pArAnuM khalamAM mana kare teA koTivedhI rasa utpanna thAya.' nAgAju ne evI pArzvanAthanI pratimA meLavavA enA pitA vAsuki pAsethI mAhitI meLavI. asala dvArikAmAM samudravijaya rAjAe pArzvanAthanI bharAvelI anupama pratimA paNa dvArakA samudramAM DUbI jatAM sAthe DUbI gaI hatI. kAMtipuranA dhanapati nAmanA zeThe vepArArthe peAtAnA vahANane samudramAge laI jatAM daivI

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4 thuM] Anuzrutika vRttAMtA [ 511 sUcanathI e pratimA bahAra kADhI kAMtIpuramAM bhavya jinAlaya baMdhAvI emAM ene pratiSThita karI hatI.62 nAgArjuna e zeThane tyAM kapaTI sevaka banIne kAMtIpuramAMthI e pratimAne AkAzamArge uDADI lAvyA ane zeDhI nadInA kAMThe eka suMdara jagyAmAM ene sthApita karI. have padminI strI mATe eNe mAhitI meLavI ke pratiSThAnanA rAjA zAlivAhanane caMdralekhA nAme sulakSaNI padminI strI hatI. eTale nAgArjune tyAM thoDA samaya rAjasevaka banI caMdralekhAnuM haraNa karyuM. ane mAkAzamAge ene zeDhI nadInA kAMThe laI AvyA. bhayabhIta rANIne nAgArjune sAcI hakIkata samAvI. A rIte e rAja rANIne lAvatA ane divasa thatAM enA mahelamAM mUkI AvatA. e mUrti ane rANInI sahAyathI eNe koTivedhI rasa siddha karavA pArAnuM sta Mbhana karyuM ane siddhi meLavI. e jagyAe nAgArjune sta Mbhanapura agara sta Mbhanakapura ( cAMbhaNA-thAmaNA : umareDa pAse, ji. kheDA ) gAma vasAvyuM. 27. staMbhatI Aje khaMbhAta nAmathI oLakhAtA nagara staMbhatItha vize jaina temaja brAhmaNa graMthAmAM vividha anuzrutie sa MgharAyelI jANavA maLe che. sa. 1368 mAM staMbhanakanI pArzvanAtha pratimAne kha'bhAta lAvavAmAM AvI tethI e gAma sta Mbhapura nAmathI khyAti pAmyuM. 'skaMdapurANu'nI aMtargata gujarAtanAM aneka tIrthakSetrAne lagatA khaMDa che temAM mAhezvarakhaMDamAMnA kaumArikAkhaMDamAM mahIsAgarasaMgamakSetranAM tItha varNavyAM che. mahInadInA kAMThe mahI sAgarane maLe che tyAM sAta keza (gAu) pramANanuM mahIsAgara-sa MgamakSetra che.63 enuM bIjuM nAma guptakSetra paNa che. kArtikeye A (khaMbhAtanA) sthaLe tArakAsura daityane mArI tyAM vijayastaMbha rApyA ane sta Mbhezvara zivaliMganuM sthApana karyuM eTale e sthaLanuM nAma 'staMbhatIrtha' thayuM. khIje sthaLe ema kahyuM che ke mahIsAgara-saMgamakSetre brahmAnI sabhAmAM staMbha (gava`) karyAM tethI enuM nAma 'staMbhatIrtha' paDyuM.14 zrI. ratnamaNirAva joTa 'kha MbhAtano ptatihAsa"mAM 'khaMbhAta' nAma 'sku MbhatI -' mAMthI nIkaLyuM che e mata rajU karatAM kahe cheH 'bha e vaidika deva che ane enA a zivanuM yeAtiya liMga evA thAya che. ghaNA ja prAcIna kALathI gujarAtanA

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512] sauya kAlathI guptakAla [ pari. A kinAre zaiva matAnuM khAsa sthAna hatA ane liMgapUjAnA A kinArA upara AraMbha thayA, ema mAnavAne kAraNa che. bhane sta MbhAkAra zivali gamAM adhyAropa thayA che ane ene purANA ane zaivAgamA li MgAdbhava mUrtine nAme pAchaLathI jANavA lAgyAM ane AvA prakAranA liMganA mAhAtmyane lIdhe 'ka MbhatI' uparathI 'khaMbhAyata' nAma paDayuM che, jene ApaNe 'khaMbhAta' evA TUMkA nAmathI Aje khelIe chIe.'65 zrI. umAza'kara jozI zrI. joTanA uparyukta mata rajU karI niSka kADhatAM kahe che: "khaMbhAta nAma kuMbhatI uparathI AvyuM hoya tepaNa ene liMgapUjA sAthe-ane e paNa aitihAsika kALamAM sabaMdha haze ema nizcayapUrvaka kahevu muzkela che.'66 pATIyA 1. maMtrisUtranI sthavirAvalI gAthA : 27, 28 2. vyavahArasUtra-maniTiIA, uddeza 6, pR. 44 3. vyavahAramASya u. 6, gA. 241 thI 246; vyava, manAiriTIvA, u. 6, pR. 43, 44 4. zrAvapratimaLasUtra nA TIkAkAra devedrasUri vadAruvRtti, pR. 92mAM ane ratnazekharasUri TIkA, pR. 192 mAM eka bIna A` magne mathurA-magU' nAmathI ullekha kare che, paraMtu nizIthavruSi (bhA. 3, pR. 650-51), AcArAMnavRni (uttarabhAga, pR. 80,) ane nRpa-maniTiIA (pR. 44) bane A* mAMgene eka mAnI vRttAMta Ape che: eka vAra A magU mathurA gayA tyAre zrAvakA rAja puNya bhAvanAthI svAdiSTha AhAra vaheArAvavA lAgyA. bIjA sAdhue te cAlyA gayA, paNa Aya magUe jIbhanI lAlacathI tyAM sthira vAsa karyAM. teo AleAcanA karyA vinA kALadharma pAmI, mathurAmAM cakSaNe utpanna thayA. peAtAnA pUrvabhava joI, peAtAnI thayelI bhUla samajI emanA ziSyA AnI rasamRddhimAM phasAya nahi e mATe upAya yAye, ziSyA jyAre nagara bahAra lle jaI pAchA AvatA tyAre e tyAM sthApita karelI pratimAmAM praveza karI jIbha sAMkhI karIne bahAra ka!DhI rAkhatA. muniee Ama karavAnuM kAraNa pUchatAM peAtAnA pUrvabhava ane rasaleAlupatAnA kaTTu pariNAmanI vAta kahI sa MbhaLAvatA. 5. gRhapamAya, gA. 344, vibhAga 1, 5tra 44, 45

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4 thuM] AnukRtika vRttAMta [513 6. juo pramAvaritamAM kAlakaricarita' tathA zrI aMbAlAla che. zAha kAlakakAthAsaMgraha. 7. pramANita kAlakaricarita, lo. 94, 95 8. ejana, tatrAhita vamitro rAnA vamA sama: II vaDhavAgAme yopiyA nidhi: 18 pAdaliptasUricarita 9. ejana, kAlakasUricarita, le. pa6 10. ejana, zlo. 90 11. ejana, le. 101-114 12. guDazastrapura sthaLane hajI nirNaya thayo nathI, paraMtu kathAsaMdarbha uparathI jaNAya che ke e nagara bharUcathI bahu dUra nahatuM. 13. varacakrUtrakULatti, pramAvarita'mAM pAdaliptasUri carita, ' AnamAra'mAM "Arya khapuTacarita' 14. pramAritamAM vijayasiMharicarita', le. 79 15. prabhAvacarita-bhASAMtaramAM "prabaMdhAryAlocana', pR. 38 16. Arya vajI svAmIe bIjA durbhikSanI zarUAtamAM eka parvata para jaIne anazana karI dehatyAga karyo te vakhate ke tyAM AvI potAnA ratha sAthe pradakSiNe karI hatI ane e kAraNathI ja e parvatanuM nAma "rathAvarta giri" paDavuM hatuM. rathAvata parvata jainonuM eka prasiddha tIrtha hatuM. A parvata saMbhavataH dakSiNa mALavAmAM vidizA(bhIlasA)nI pAse hato. "AcArAMga-niyukitamAM paNa Ane tIrtha tarIke ullekha thayo che. have je vajasvAmInA svargavAsa pachI ja A nAma prasiddhimAM AvyuM hoya to Ane artha eTalo ja thAya ke Avo ullekha karanArI "AcArAMga-niyuktinI racanA vaja svAmI pachI thaI che, ane je "AcArAMganiyukitane zrutakevalI bhadrabAhukatRka mAnavAmAM - Ave to "rathAvarta" e nAma vajasvAmInA svargavAsanA samayathI nahi, paNa e pUrvanuM che, ema mAnavuM joIe. pramAvaritanA anuvAdamAM juo, 'prabaMdha paryAlocana, pR. 17. vaLI, A rathAvata giri kuMjarAvarta girinI pAse Avelo hato. marajIsamAdhi prakAra (gA. 467 thI 473) mujaba-vaja svAmI pAMcaso sAdhuonI sAthe rathAvata parvata para AvyA hatA. tyAM eka kSullaka-nAnA sAdhune mUkIne teo bIjA parvata upara gayA * hatA. mulakanA kALadharma pAmyA pachI lokapAloe rathamAM AvIne emanI zarIrapUjA karI hatI, AthI e giri "rathAvarta giri' tarIke lokamAM prasiddha thaze. bIjA parvata upara vajasvAmI maraNa pAmyA. I hAthI upara AvIne e sthAnanI pradakSiNA karI tyArathI e giri "kuMjarAvata" tarIke oLakhAya.

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514 ] sau kAlathI guptakAla [pari 17. lAcArAMgasUtra-magiriTIjA, pR. 395-96; pasUtra-suvodhiA, pR. 5136 pasUtra-LiAvachI, pR. 170-71; vasUtra-vIviA, pR. 151 18. pramAvavatinA anuvAdamAM jue prabaMdhaparyAlAcana,' pR. 17. 19. pratiSThAnanA rAjA zAlivAhane peAtAnA parAkramathI ja ghaNA dezone jItI laI peAtAnA rAjavaisavane samRddha karyAM hatA. 20. Avaca-yUni, 2, pR. 200-1 21. Select Inscriptions, naM. 58, paNa 1 22. kaMserumatI nadI lATamAM AsapAsanA pradezamAM AvI haze, emAM pANI rahetu nahi hoya agara enu pANI sAru' nahi hAya. 23. vyavahAramASya, gA. 58, 59; vyavahArasUtra-magirivRtti, vibhAga 4, peTA vibhAga 2, pR. 14, 15 24. vAravaLamAhAtmya. vaLI, vAyupurALa, puirA vageremAM paNa A hakIkata prakArAMtare maLe che. 25. durgAzaMkara zAstrI, zaivadharmanA sa MkSipta itihAsa,'' pR. 43, 44 26. pramAvavatimAM 5 muM 'pAdaliptasUricati'; prabaMdhajozamAM 5 me| pAdaliptasUriprabaMdha'; purAtana-prabaMdhasaMtramAM 44 me 'pAdaliptasUriprabaMdha', pR. 92. e graMthamAM 43 mA 'nAgArjunaprabaMdha'(pR. 91)mAM A prakAre thADA phera che : rAjaputra raNasiMhanI bheApalA nAmanI putrI upara nAgarAja vAsukine prema thatAM nAgArjunane janma thayeA. vAsue putrasnehavaza badhA prakAranI eSadhionAM pAMdaDAM ene khavaDAvyAM. enA prabhAvathI e badhI siddhivALe thayeA. pratiSThAnapuramAM zAlivAhana rAntanA kalAguru tarIke e niyukta thayA. vaLI, rasasiddhi mATe pAdaliptasUrie sUcavelA, upAya mATe nAgArjune pitA vAsukine pArzvanAthapratimA meLavavAne upAya pUchyo. A sivAyanI bIjI badhI hakIkatA zabdapherathI sarakhI che. 27. jue 'devidha'gaNi'. 28. 'kahAvalI', patra 298 29. vIranirvALasavat gaura nainALanA, pR. 11-111 30. ejana, pR. 104 31. ejana, pR. 110

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4 thuM] anukRtika vRttAMto [515. 32. kamAvavaritamAM "vRddhavAdisUricarita' 33. pramAvarita 10, mallavAdisUriprabaMdha 34. ejana, devardhigaNicarita' 35. vIranirvANasaMvata zaura vena vALanA, pR. 112-117 36. pramANitamAM ane pravaMdhozamAM chavadeva-ricarita' 37. digaMbarAcArya devasenanA ullekha pramANe vIra ni. saM. 606 (vi. saM. 136I. sa. 80) ane zvetAMbarIya ulekha pramANe vIra. ni. saM. 69 (vi. saM. 139)mAM digaMbaramatanI utpatti thaI hoya ema jaNAya che. 38. paM. zrIkalyANavijayajInA kathana mujaba bhojaka jJAtinuM hajI paNa AdarasUcaka vizeSaNa "ThAkora" che, e sUcave che ke pUrve e jJAti jAgIradAra haze e nizcita che. e lokonuM pAlanapuranI AsapAsanA pradezamAM DhAgara paragaNAmAM-jemAM vAyaDa paNa Avela che tyAM - mAna che ane jaino upara keTalAka paraMparAgata lAgI che. AthI paNa e lokone A pradezamAM pUrve adhikAra ane vasavATa hovAnuM jaNAI Ave che. jyArathI e lekae vAyaDa eyuM tyArathI ja adhika paricaya ane saMbaMdhanA kAraNe emaNe jaina maMdironI pUjA bhakita karavAnuM zarU karyuM haze ane jainoe emane lAgA bAMdhI ApyA haze. daMtakathA pramANe emane hemacaMdra jana banAvyAnuM ke bIjI daMtakathA pramANe kharataragachIya jinadattasUrie jaina dharmamAM levarAvyAnuM ane jainane ghera bhojana karavAthI bhejaka nAma paDavAnuM kathana yathArtha jaNAtuM nathI, kAraNa ke bhojaka zabda navAMgIvrattikAra abhayadevasUrinA vakhatamAM paNa pracalita hato ane eno artha pUjaka" e thato hato. AthI mAnavAne kAraNa maLe che ke prasiddha AcArya hemacaMdra ane jinadattasUrinI pahelAM ja e lakone vAyaDagacchanA ja keI AcAryo jena maMdironA pUjaka tarIke kAma karI lIdhA haze. ane e AcAryanuM nAma jinadattasUri paNa hoya to navAI nathI, kAraNa ke vAyaDa gacchamAM dareka trIjA AcAryanuM nAma "jinadattasUri' ja apAtuM hatuM: "prabhAvakyaritra' anuvAdamAM prabaMdha paryAcana', pR. 44-45 39. vadaqmASya, gA. 3531, TIkA bhA. 4, pR. 983; nimASya gA. 1139 nizIthagRSi, bhA. 1, pR. 255 40. 'vividhatIrthajara, 10 me 'karavAvavadhatIrthakalpa' pR. 20; "mAvati ' mAM 6 ThuM "vinarsirita', ple 8-39, pR. 41 41. "vividhatIrtha45 mAM 10 me ravavavadhatIrthaT', pR. 20. 21. kamavacaritamAM 6ThThA 'vijayasUricaritamAM "dhanezvarane badale "jinadAsa nAma che ane kathAmAM thoDo ghaNo pheraphAra che to . 42-65, pR. 41).

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516] . mauryakAlathI guptakAla [ pari. 42. mArgAremsa pharva kSIra saujanyo moracata ! ___azvAvabodhatIrtha zrIbhRgukacchapure hi yaiH // 224 // -prabhAvakacarita, pAdaliptasUriprabaMdha 43. nizIthavULa mALa, gA. 2330 nI cUrNi, bhA. 3, pR. 479 44. uttarAdhyayana-nemicaMdrasUrivatti, pR. 40-41, "vadAruvRtti', pR. 17, 19; vaLI sattA pR. 15, 16; sthAnAM sUtra-amacavamUri-vRtti, pR. 433-jaina Agama - sAhityamAM gujarAta' pR, 56, 113-114 45. juo "triAja." 46. " vR trA -mArga" gAthA. 4220-4223, TIkA, vibhAga 4, 5tra 1144-46 47. juo "pUtatA." 48. " vR tva-mArga' gA. 4214-223, vibhAga 4, patra 963 48. egeNaM hattheNaM halaM vAheti, ekkeNaM phalahIo uppADei / 50. "mAcAra cULa, uttarabhAga, pR. 152, 153 51. vRda -mANa' gAthA 4915, vibhAga 5, patra 1315-16 para, phuga ca samutale sopAra nAma nA. uttarAdhyayana-nemisUrI, pR. - 79. vaLI juo savAra-cUrNi, uttara bhAga, pR. 15ra. 53. juo "mAsTika malla ane phalahI ma." 54. juo Arya samudra ane Arya maMgU." 55. juo 'vaja senasUri ane jinadatta zreSThI." 56. sopA nIvattaravAmithIRSamatimA-vividhatIrthaqmAM ka. caturatamahAtIrthanAmAM , pR. 85 57. juo "Aryasamudra ane Arya maMgU". 58. nizIthamANa, gA. 5133-34; nizIthavULa, bhA. 1, pR. 1020; vaLI vRdgha -semazaurtA , bhA. 1, pR. 708 59. sAvaracavULa, patra 540-41. AvI kathA vasukI , pU. 61-64 mAM thoDA pheraphAravALI jovA maLe che. A kathAthI vasuvahiMdImAM batAvelA pheraphAranI AchI noMdha A prakAre che :

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Anuzrutika vRttAMta [517* (1) kakkAsanA pitAnuM nAma dhanada sutAra hatuM. (2) bALapaNamAM ja mAtApitAnuM maraNa thayuM hatuM. (3) kAsa" nAma paDavAnuM kAraNa e hatuM ke e khAMDaNiyA pAse besIne DAMgaranI phUsakI (kukasa) khAto hato. (4) kakkAsa yavana dezamAM jaIne A yaMtravidhA zIkhI lAvyo hato. (5) enI mAtRbhUmi tAmralipti hatI ane tyAM dukALa paDyo hato. (6) AkAzagAmI yaMtra ane yaMtramAM derInI. karAmata hatI. (7) kekkAsa ane rAjA ema be jaNa hamezAM gaganavihAra karatA hatA. (8) paTarANInI haThanA kAraNe Apatti AvI paDI. (8) kakkAse bIjA rAjAne ratha taiyAra karI Apyu. (10) be yAMtrika ghoDAonI racanA ane be kumAronuM uzyana, (11) cakayaMtranI racanA ane e dvArA bIjA kumArone nAza. (12) kokAsane vadha. karavAmAM Avyo hato. 60. pramANitavijayasiMhasUricarita', . 80-110, pR. 44; ane vividhatIrthamAM 61. "aMbikAdevIka', pR. 107 61. vR-ipUrvabhAga, pR. 7; savaracavamUtra- jiriTInA pR. 88; virapAvarathama Sya-yAcArItrA, pR. 278, anuyordvAra-ramadIyA TI, pR. 18; manuyoga dvAra-hemacaMdrIya vRtti, pR. 27 62. pramAritanA 'abhayadevasUricaritamAM A prakAre pheraphAra che: kAMtI nAmanI nagarIne rahevAsI dhaneza nAmane zrAvaka samudramAM pravAsa karI rahyo tyAre eka jagyAe enAM vahANa devatAe khaMbhita karI dIdhAM. zrAvaka samudrAdhiSThita devatAnI pUjA karI tyAre eNe kahyuM ke "A sthaLe traNa jinapratimAo rahelI che te kaDhAvIne tuM laI jA." dhaneze e pratimAo kaDhAvIne sAthe lIdhI. emAMnI eka cArUpamAM, * bIjI pATaNamAM AMbalInA jhADa nIce AvelA ariSTineminA maMdiramAM ane trIjI seDhI nadInA kAMThe AvelA staMbhanaka-thAMbhaNuM (kheDA jillAnA ANaMda tAlukAmAM AvelA umareTha nAmanA gAmanI pAse AvelA thAmaNA) gAmamAM--ema traNa traNa sthaLe padharAvI. (juo li. 138-142). 63-64. purANamAhAtamya, kaumArikAkhaMDa, 66-125 65. khaMbhAtane itihAsa, pR. 23 66. purANomAM gujarAta, pR. 213

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Page #556
vaMzAvaLIo 1. maurya vaMza caMdragupta biMdusAra azoka kunAla saMprati zAlika somazarmA zatadhanvA bRhadratha 2. kSatrapa vaMza bhUmaka (aa kSa) nahapAna (rA kSa 41-45) (rA makSa 46) dakSamitrA (pati uSavadAta) 519

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520 ] dAmajaMdazrI 1 le (rA kSa ane rA sakSa) satyadAmA (rA kSa) vIradAmA (rAkSa 15-16 0) sau kAlathI guptakAla (2) sAmeAtika (rA kSa 11) cASTrana (rA makSa para) jayadAmA (rAkSa) rudradAmA 1 lo (rAkSa para) (rAmakSa 72) jIvadAmA (rAmakSa 119-20) pRthivISeNa (rA kSa 144) yazeAdAmA 1 le (rA makSa 160-161) rudrasena 2 jo (rA makSa 177--199) ra T rudrasiMha 1 lA (rA makSa 102-119) rudrasena 1 lA saMghadAmA (rAmakSa (rA makSa (rAmakSa 122-142) 144-145) 145-158) dAmajada 2 jo (rAkSa 154-155) vijayasena (rAmakSa 161-172) dAmasena dAmajaMdazrI 3 jo (rAmakSa 172-177) vizvasi ha bhadAmA (rA kSa 190-200; rA bhakSa 200-301) (rA kSa 200-204; rA bhakSa 204-21) vizvasena (rAkSa 205-206 ane 214-226)

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vasAvaLIo svAmI jIvadAmA radrasiMha ra je (rAkSa 226-237) yazodAmA ra je (rAkSa 237-254) rudradAmA ra jo (rA yakSa) rudrasena jo (rA makSa ra70-302) putrI (5) siMhasena (rA makSa 304-306) rudrasena 4 the (rA bhakSa) satyasiMha (rA bhakSa) radrasiMha 3 je (rA makSa 310-320) rA kSa = rAjA kSatrapa; rA makSa = rAjA mahAkSatrapa ahIM ApelAM varSa mULa abhilekhomAM ApelAM varSa che. -2-34

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122 ] rAmagupta mauya kAlathI guptakAla 3. gupta samrATa caMdragupta 1 le I samudragupta caMdragupta 2 jo (vikramAditya) I kumAragupta 1 le (maheMdrAditya) I skaMdagupta (kramAditya) 4. trUTaka vaza IMdradatta daDusena (207) vyAghrasena (241)

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saMdarbhasUci aitareyabrAhmaNa zatapathabrAhmaNa mahAbhArata sAmAnya 1. mULa saMdarbho (a) veda saM. kAzInAtha zAstrI AgAze pra. AnaMdAzrama mudraNAlaya, pUnA; 1896 saM. abe bera pra. caukhambA saMskRta sirIjha oNphisa, vArANasI; 1964 (A) ItihAsa-purANa - grantha 1 : sAtiparva 21. V. S. Sukthankar pra. bhAMDArakara oriyenTala risarca insTiTayUTa, pUnA; 1933 - grantha 2 : samAparva 7. Franklin Edgerton pra. bhAM. o. ri. I., pUnA; 1944 - grantha 3 : mAragarva saM. V. S. Sukthankar pra. bhAM. o. ri. I., pUnA; 1942 - grantha 6 : 3o parva saM. S. K. De pra. bhAM. e. ri. i., pUnA; 1940 1 Tv 06 523

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524] harivaMza rAmAyaNa agnipurANa kUrmapurANa bhAgavatapurANa matsyapurANa liMgapurANa vAmanapurANa vAyupurANa viSNupurANa zivapurANa skandapurANa kAravaNamAhAtmya gargasaMhitA soya kAlathI guptakAla grantha 10 : pava saM. P. L. Vaidya pra. bhAM. e. ri. ., pUnA; 1954 grantha 18 : AmaMdhiva sa. R. D. Karmarkar pra. bhAM. e. ri. i., pUnA; 1960 sa. rAmacaMdra zAstrI ki MjavaDekara pra. citrazAlA mudraNAlaya, pUnA; 1936 ---- bhAga 3 pra. lakSmI veMkaTezvara mudraNAlaya, muMbaI; sa'. 1992 pra. AnaMdAzrama mudraNAlaya, pUnA; 1900 pra. AnaCdAzrama mudraNAlaya, pUnA; 1900 pra. gItA presa, geArakhapura; vi. saM. 2008 pra. AnadAzrama mudraNAlaya, pUnA; 1907 pra. lakSmI veMkaTezvara presa, kalyANu; vi. sa'.1981 pra. veMkaTezvara presa, muMbaI, vi. sa. 1986 pra. AnaMdAzrama mudraNAlaya, pUnA; 1905 sa. munilAla gupta pra. gItA presa, geArakhapura; vi. sa. 1990 pra. AnaMdAzrama mudraNAlaya, pUnA, 1905 khaMDa 1 : mAhezvara khaMDa saM. kSemarAja zrIkRSNadAsa pra. lakSmI-veMkaTezvara presa, mubaI khaMDa 5 : AvantyakhaMDa saM. kSemarAja zrIkRSNadAsa pra. lakSmI-veMkaTezvara presa, muMbaI gaLAriA ( G. 0. S. No. XV )mAM Appendix IV x. Central Library, Baroda; 1920 pra. veMkaTezvara presa, muMbaI, 1910

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mallapurANa yugapurANa petavatthu azokAvadAna divyAvadAna saMdarbha sUci [525 saM. bho. ja. sAMDesarA ane ra. nA. mahetA pra. oriyenTala InsTiTyUTa (gA. o. si. naM. 144), vaDodarA, 1964 ( saMhitA-aMtargata) saM. De. 2. mAMkaDa pra. cArutara prakAzana, vallabha vidyAnagara; 1951 (I) bauddha tripiTaka ( suttapiTake khuddakanikAye vimAnavatthu-petavatthu theragAthA-therIgAthA) pra. Pali Publication Board, Na landa; 1959 (I) tripiTaketara bauddha dharma saM. sujitakumAra mukhopAdhyAya pra. sAhitya akAdamI, nyU dilhI, 1967 bauddha saMskRta granthAvalI-20 saM. vaidya parazurAma zarmA pra. mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA; 1959 saM. R. D. Vadekar pra. yunivarsiTI opha bekhe, muMbaI 1940 bauddha saMskRta granthAvalI-1 saM. vaidya parazurAma zamAM pra. mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA; 1958 (u) bauda vaMza mahAbodhivaMsa saM. S. A. Strong 31. Pali Text Society, London; 1891 dIpavaMsa saM. Oldenburg 31. Pali Text Society, London; 1879 milindapaJho lalitavistara upatissa

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526] mauryakAlathI guptakAla mahAnAma anuyogadvArasUtra aMgavijjA maharvisa (Devanagari Pali Text Series No. 2) saM. N. K. Bhagwat 34. University of Bombay, Bom bay; 1986 - Eng. Trans. by Wilhelm Geiger 11. Pali Text Society, London; 1912 (9) jaina Agama maladhArihemacandrasUrikRta vRtti sAthe pra. Agodaya samiti, muMbaI 1924 - haribhadrasUrita vRtti sAthe pra. RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI zvetAMbara saMsthA, ratalAma sa. puNyavijya muni pra. prAkRta grantha pariSada (granthoka 1), vArANasI; 1957 abhayadevasUrikRta vRtti sAtha pra. Agamedaya samiti, muMbaI, vi. saM. 1976 ninAsafmadattarata sULi sAthe pra. R. ke. dhe. saMsthA, ratalAma; vi. saM. 1998 - niryulita ane macarita vRtti sAthe pra. Agamodaya samiti, muMbaI 1928-32 cULa (pUrvabhAga ane uttarabhAga) pra. R. ke. ve. saMsthA, ratalAma niyukti bhane malayagirikRta vRtti pra. Agamedaya samiti, muMbaI 1928-2 nemicandrasUrita vRtti sAthe saM. vijayamaMgasUri pra. zeTha puSacaMdra khemacaMdra, valAda, 1937 aMtakRddazAsUtra AcArAMgasUtra AvazyakasUtra uttarAdhyayanasUtra

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kalpasUtra jambUdvIpaprajJapti jJAtAdharmakathA naMdisUtra saMdarbhasUci pi27 upAdhyAyadharmazAkRta visTIvRtti sAthe saM. paM. dAnavijaya pra. bhAvanagara; vi. saM. 1978 - navanayata vapitti sAthe saM. 5. maphatalAla jhaveracaMda pra. mahepAdhyAya yazovijaya pustakAlaya, rAdhanapura; vi. saM. 1991 - upAdhyAya vinayavijayakRta subodhikAvRtti sAthe pra. devacaMda lAlabhAI jaina pustaka hAra phaMDa, surata; vi. saM. 1967 vAcakazAnticaMdrakRta vRtti sAthe pra. ke. lA. je. pu. phaMDa, muMbaI, vi. saM. 1976 abhayadevasUrikRta vRtti sAthe pra. Agodaya samiti, muMbaI, 1916 manirita vRtti sAthe pra. Agamedaya samiti, muMbaI 1924 mAMDya-jULa sAthe (bhAga 1 thI 5) saM. AcArya vijaya premasUri - vi. saM. 1995-96 - jUni sAthe (bhAga 1 thI 4) saM. upAdhyAya amaracandra ane muni kanahaiyAlAlajI pra. sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1957-1960 macariskRta kRtti sAthe (pUrvAdha-uttarArdha) - pra. Agamedaya samiti, mahesANuM; vi. saM. 1974-75. saMdhadAsagaNikSamAzramaNakRta bhASya, malayagirikRta pIThikAvRtti bhane AcAryakSemakIrtikRta vRtti sAthe (bhAga 1-6) saM. muni caturavi ane muni puNyavijaya pra. jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1933 1942 nizIthasUtra A vijayapremasUri prajJApanAsUtra bRhatkalpasUtra

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para8] bharaNasamAdhi vizeSAvazyakabhASya vyavahArasUtra zrAddhapratikramaNasUtra samavAyAMgasUtra sthAnAMgasUtra mauryakAlathI guptakAla "pIvAmAM mudrita pra. Agamaya samiti, muMbaI vi. saM. 1983 jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNakata - voTathAvAryakrata tti sAthe pra . ke. dhe. saMsthA, ratalAma saMghadAsagaNikSamAzramaNakRta bhASya tathA malayagiri ta vatti sAthe saM. muni mANeka, amadAvAda ratnaro varasUti vRtti sAthe pra. de lA. je. pu. phaMDa, muMbaI, vi. saM. 1968 - devendrasUrita vantAtti sAthe pra. de. lA. je. pu. phaMDa, muMbaI, vi. saM. 1968 amacavevamUrita vatti sAthe pra. Agamedaya samiti, muMbaIvi. saM. 1974 rAmacalevabhUti patti sAthe (bhAga 1-2) pra. Agamedaya samiti, muMbaI, vi. saM. 1976 (2) Agotara jaina dharma tapAgaccha-paTTAvalI saM. kalyANavijayajI pra. vijayanItisUrIzvarajI jaina lAIbrerI, amadAvAda, 1940 nirvANakalikA saM. mehanalAla bhagavAnadAsa jhaverI pra. nirNayasAgara mudraNAlaya, muMbaI, 1926 topatti bhAga 1-2 saM. A. nA. upaSya ane hIrAlAla jaina pra. jaina saMskRtisaMrakSaka saMgha, selApura, 1943, 1951 lokaprakAza pra. jainagranthaprakAzaka sabhA, amadAvAda, vi. saM. 1990 dharmasAgara upAdhyAya pAdaliptAcArya yativRSabha kmiyavijayamaNi

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siddhasena divAkara - kakkasUri janaprabhasUri jinabhadra bhAcandrAcArya merutuMgAcArya - saMdarbha sUci sanmatita traNa (bhAga 1-5) sa. 5. sukhalAla saMdhavI ane 5. khecaradAsa dozI pra. gujarAta purAtattva maMdira, amadAvAda; vi. sa. 1980-1987 guja. anu. ane prastAvanA pra. jaina granthamAlA, amadAvAda; 1932 [para9 (e) jaina prabandhA zatruMjayamahAtIrthoddhAraprabandha vividhatIrthaq ( siMghI jaina granthamAlA, granthAMka ( 10 ) sa. jinavijaya pra. siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, zAntiniketana; 1934 prathambAvarI ( purAtanapravanyasaMpra lRne ate) saM. jinavijaya muni pra. siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, kalakattA; 1936 purAtanapravanyasaMprada ( siMghI jaina canthamAlA, granthAMka 2) sa. jinavijaya muni pra. siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, kalakattA; 1936 mAvaparita (si`ghI jaina granthamAlA,granthAMka 13) sa, jinavijaya muni pra.siMghI jaina zAstra zikSApITha, muMbaI, 1940 guja. bhASAMtara : prabhAvakacaritra prabandha-paryAlAcana : muni kalyANavijaya pra. jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAvanagara; vi. sa. 1987 pravanyacintAmaLi (si'. jai. granthamAlA, granthAMka 1) sa, jinavijaya muni pra. siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, zAntiniketana; 1933

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530 ] merutuMgAcArya rAjazekharasUri abhinavagupta amarasiMha kauTilya sau kAlathI guptakAla sthavirAklI vicArazreNI sa, muni jinavijayajI pra. jaina sAhitya sazeAdhaka, khaMDa 2, a 3-4 pUnA, 1925 pravanporA ( ke vastuviMzativanya ) ( sa . jai. granthamAlA, granthAMka 6) saM. jinavijaya pra.siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, zAntiniketana; 1935 (e) zAsrIya graMthA tantrAo (Kashmir Series of Texts & Studies, Nos. XXI1I-VIII) Vols. I--XII se. muku MdarAya zAstrI vagere pra. alAhAbAda; 1918 thI; zrInagara; 1938 amorI ( 4 thI AvRtti ) sa. Wasudev Laxman Shastri Pansikar pra. niyasAgara mudraNAlaya, muMbaI, 1913 amarorA (guja. anu. sAthe) sa. anu. pra. dhacaMdra kaivalacaMda khaMDAla, miyAgAma; 1911 nAmaliGgAnuzAsana ( amarakoza ) sa. R. G. Bhandarkar & Vamana charya Jhalkikar AvRtti 5 mI x. Department of Public Instrue-tion, Bombay; 1896 arthazAstra ( pragnya 1-3 ) sa. ta. gaNapati zAstrI pra.trivendrama saMskRta sirIjha, naM. 79, 80, 82; trivendrama, 1924-1925

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kSIrasvAmI pataJjali pANini bharata bhAsarvajJa bhAva sarvajJa mallavAdI saMdarbha sUci arthazAstra ( mA--1) sa. R. P. Kangle pra.yunivarsiTI oNpha eNmbe, muMbaI, 1960 Eng. Trans. by R. Shamasastry Ed. - 7th [ 531 pra. Mysore Printing and Publish-ing House, Mysore; 1961 nAma liMgAnuzAsana paranI vRtti : amarakozodghATana sa. haradatta zarmA ane ena. jI. saradesAI pra. eriyenTala buka ejansI, pUnA; 1941 vyArAmahAmAnya (Vols. I-III) sa, F. Kielhorn AvRtti-20 x. Department of Public Instruetion, Bombay; 1892,1906,1909 aSTAdhyAyI (traMtha 1-2) sa. zrIzacandra vasu pra. meAtIlAla banArasIdAsa, dilhI; 1962 (punarmudraNa) nATayazAstra (G.O.S., Nos. 36, 68, 124,. 145), Vol. I-IV sa.... M. Ramakrishna Kavi and J. S. Pade pra. eri. insTi., vaDAdarA; 1926, 1934, 1954, 1964 gaNakArikA sa'. C. D. Dalal pra. gA. e. si., naM. 157; vaDAdarA; 1920 dvAvAranacaca (bhAga 1 thI 4) sa'. AcAya vijayalabdhisUri pra. labdhisUrIzvara jaina graMthamAlA graMthAMka 20,. chANI; 1948-1960

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla rAmAnujAcArya rAjazekhara - dAdarAnagara (bhAga-1) saM. muni caturavijaya ane paMDita lAlacandra pra. gAyakavADa prApya granthamAlA, graM. 116; vaDodarA: 1952 mAnasAra 2. P. K. Acharya 24. Oxford University Press; 1933 brahmasUtra upara zrImaM (Bombay Sanskrit Series, No. LXVIII) saM. vAsudeva zAstrI athaMkara pra. gavarnamenTa senTrala presa, muMbaI, 1914 kAvyamImAMsA AvRtti-3 jI zi. C. D. Dalal and R. A. Sastry pra. gA. e. si. naM. 1; eriyenTala insTiTyUTa, vaDodarA, 1934 chelapaddhati (G.0.S, No. XIX) saM. C. D. Dalal and G. K. Shri gondekar pra. senTrala lAibrerI, vaDodarA, 1925 rafgar (Vizianagram Sanskrit Series, No. 12 ) Parts I-II saM. sudhAkara divedI 31. E. J. Lazarous & Co., Benares; 1995, 1899 brahmasUtra upara mAmatI TIkA R. Anantakrisna Sastri (Rev. ed. - Bhargava Sastri) pra. nirNasAgara presa, muMbaI 1938 ratnAvazrI (ndrakuma, da ka mAM ulikhita) varAhamihira vAcaspati mizra

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saMdarbhasUci [534 sAyaNamAdhavAcArya somezvaradeva haribhadrahi hemacandra sarvadarzanasaMgraha saM. vAsudeva zAstrI athaMkara pra. bhAMDArakara oriyenTala risarca insTiTayUTa, pUnA; 1924 mAnasolTa (G. O. SNos. 28, 84, 188) saM. Gajanan K. Shrigondekar 34. Central Library, Baroda; 1925, 1989, 1961 SaDdarzanasamuccaya saM. dAmodara zAstrI pra. cokhaMbA saMskRta sirIjha, banArasa, 1928 abhidhAnacintAmaNi saM. haragoviMdadAsa becaradAsa pra. yazovijaya granthamAlA, graM. 417; bhAvanagara; 1915 dezInAmamAlA 21. G. Buhler and R. Pischel AvRtti-ra jI pra. bhAM. o. ri. I., pUnA, 1938 - dayAzrayavya (kAmacativANita kRti sAthe) bhAga 1-2 saM. AbAjI viSNu kAthavaTe pra. rAjakIya granthamAlA, muMbaI, 1915, 1921 - siddharI dvAnuzAsana (jaina yazovijaya granthamAlA, graMtha 3 ) pra. yazovijaya jaina pAThazALA, banArasa, 1905 (o) lalita sAhitya sukRtasaMvIrtana (tiaumudIne aMte siMghI jaina granthamAlA, graghAMka 32) saM. puNyavijya sUri pra. siMghI jaina zAstra zikSApITha, muMbaI 1961 arisiMha Thakkura

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'pa34] moryakAlathI guptakAla aMbadebasUri indrahaMsagaNi udayaprabhasUri samaKIRTyu (vIna gurjara vyasaMghamAM mukita, G. O. S., No. XIII) saM. ci. DA. dalAla pra. ori. InTi , vaDedarA; 1920 vimalazAhacarita pra. paMDita hIrAlAla, jAmanagara dharmAnuramahAvya (si. je. granthamAlA, granthAMka 4) saM. muni caturavijaya ane muni puNyavijaya pra. siMghI jainazAstra zikSApITha, muMbaI, 1949 - sutarliorinI (G. O. S., No. X. dRzmIramamananI AvRttimAM Appendix III rUpe) saM. C. D. Dalal pra. ori. isTi, vaDodarA, 1920 kuvalayamAlA saM. AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhe pra. bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, muMbaI, 1959 rAjataraMgiNI saM. M. A. Stein 2 juM punarmudraNa pra. munazIrAma manaharalAla, dilhI, 1960 abhijJAnazAkuntala saM. nA. bA. goDabele AvRtti - AThamI (vA. la. paNazIkara) pra. nirNayasAgara presa, muMbaI1922 - mAlavikAgnimitra saM. S. M. Paranjape pra. M. V. Agashe, Poona; 1918 udyotanasUri -kalhaNa -kAlidAsa

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cAritra suMdaragaNi jayasiMhasUri (kRSNagacchIya) ha (vIrasUri-ziSya) jinamaMDanagaNi jinasenasUri jina harSa sada sUci [ 535 vijhmavaMzIya (Bombay Sanskrit Series, No. XVI) sa'. S. P. Pandit AvRtti-3 -3 jI (Rev. by B. R. Arte) x. Department of Public Instruetion, Bombay; 1901 kumArapAlacaritra mahAkAvya saM. muni caturavijaya pra. jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAvanagara; vi. saM. 1973 kumArapAlacaritamahAkAvya saM. zAntivijaya gaNi pra. gADIjI jaina upAzraya, muMbaI, 1926 vastupAatena:pAprAti (ghUmmIramaramaryananA pariziSTarUpe mudrita) sa. C. D. Dalal pra. meriyenTala insTiTyUTa, vAdarA; 1920 hammIramadamardana sa. C. D. Dalal pra. oriyenTala insTiTyUTa, vAdarA; 1920 kumArapAlaprabandha saM. muni caturavijaya pra. jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAvanagara; vi. sa. 1971 arivaMzapurALa (pUrvAdha'-uttarAdha') sa. paMDita darabArIlAla nyAyatItha pramANikayacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA samiti, muMbaI vastupAlacarita saM. muni kIrti`vijaya amadAvAda; 1941

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536] mauryakAlathI guptakAla dhanezvarasUri narendraprabhasUri nemicandrabhUri padmanAbha zatrujayamAhAtmya saM. hIrAlAla haMsarAja zrAvaka pra. nirNayasAgara presa, muMbaI, 1889 vastupAtraprasArita (moTI) tathA vastupArita(nAnI). (maraMvAramoSinA pariziSTa rUpe mudrita). saM. lA. bha. gAMdhI pra. ori. Insi., vaDedarA: 1942 mahacAnavamaniveza (prA. gra. pari. granthAMka 5) saM. muni puNyavijya pra. prAkRta grantha pariSada, vArANasI; 1962 - taraMgavatIsaMkSepa jarmana anuvAda : bhUmena guja. anuvAda : muni jinavijayajI : "taraMgavatI" pra. jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka, paM. 2, aM. 2, pUnA; 1924 kAnhaDadeprabandha saM. DAhyAbhAI pI. derAsarI AvRtti-2 jI pra. jA. DA. derAsarI, amadAvAda, 1926 - guja. anu. DAhyAbhAI pI. derAsarI pra. jA. DA. derAsarI, amadAvAda, 1924 madhurA ("zaura rAvathI vya'mAM mudrita) saM. dazaratha ojhA ane dazaratha zarmA pra. nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, vArANasI, vi. saM. 2016 harSacarita saM. S. ]). Gajendragadkar 31. A.P. Bapat and Brothers, Poona - Eng. Trans. by E. B. Cowell and F. M. Thomas (reprint) pra. motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dilhI, 1961 pAlhaNaputra bANabhaTTa

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saMdarbhasUci [537 bAlacandrasUri bilhaNa bhadrezvarasUri mAladhArI hemacandra mallinAtha maMDalika vasantavicAra maM ca (G. O. S. No.VII) 21. C. D. Dalal pra. senTrala lAIbrerI, vaDodarA, 1917 karNasundarI saM. durgAprasAda vrajalAla ane kAzInAtha pAMDuraMga pra. nirNayasAgara presa, muMbaI, 1888 vaLI ( hastalikhita mudraNaprata). saM. muni puNyavijaya bhavabhAvanAvRttikathA kumArasaMbhava paranI saMgIjIvanI vyAkhyA saM. vAsudeva lakSmaNazAstrI paNazIkara AvRtti 12 mI pra. nirNayasAgara presa, muMbaI 1935 pathadarAsa (kAvIna gurjara prahamAM mudrita) saM. ci. DA. dalAla pra. senTrala lAIbrerI, vaDodarA, 1920 moharAnaparAgaya (G. O. S. No. IX) saM. muni caturavijayajI pra. senTrala lAIbrerI, vaDodarA, 1918 mudritakumudracandra prakaraNa pra. yazovijaya jaina graMthamAlA, banArasa, vIra saM. 2432 jUrvarAranavaMzAvarI ("svAdhyAya', pu. 5 aMka 3 mAM prakAzita) saM. aMbAlAla premacaMda zAha pra. ori. inTi, vaDodarA, 1968 kumAravihArazataka pra. jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAvanagara, vi. sa. 1966 yazaHpAla yazazcandra raMgavijaya rAmacandragaNi -2-35

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mauryakAthI guptakAla lAvaNyasamaya vimalaprabandha saM. maNilAla bakerabhAI vyAsa pra. saMpAdaka, surata; 1914 vastupAla vijayasenasUri naranArAyaNAnanda 24. C. D. Dalal and Ananta krishna Sastry pra. ori. InTi, vaDodarA, 1916 revaMtagirirAsu (prAcInagUrjarakAvyasaMgrahamA mudrita G. O. S. No. XIII) 7. C. D. Dalal pra. senTrala lAIbrerI, vaDodarA, 1920 pattamAkurivarica (prAkRta granya pariSadu, granthoka 3) saM. amRtalAla mohanalAla bhojaka pra. prAkRta grantha pariSada, vArANasI, 1961 vAtArita ( guMgara: caturmAmAM prakAzita) saM. motIcandra ane vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla pra. hindI grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, muMbaI 1959 zIlAMkAcArya zyAmilaka sarvAnandasUri saMghadAsagaNi vAcaka jagaDucaritra saM. maganalAla dalapatarAma khakhara pra. saMpAdaka; 1896 vasudevahiNI (rava 1-2) saM. muni caturavijaya ane muni puNyavijaya pra. jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1930 1931 somaprabhAcArya kumArapAtraprativarSa (G.0.S. No. XIV) saM. muni jinavijaya 36. Central Library, Baroda; 1920

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somezvaradeva somezvaradeva haribhadrasUri haribhadrasUri (bRhad ga7) saMdarbhasUci [539 kIrtikaumudI saM. puNyavijayasUri pra. siMghI jainazAstra zikSApITha, muMbaI1961 surathotsava saM. zivadatta paMDita ane ke. pI. paraba pra. nirNayasAgara presa, muMbaI, 1902 samarAiccakahA saM. Hermann Jacobi 34. Asiatic Society, Calcutta; 1926 azvinAthavarita (aprasiddha) (me. da. desAInA "jaina sAhityane saMkSipta ItihAsa', pR. 279 mAM ulikhita). vandrapramavAmacarita (aprasiddha-pattanA prAca jaina bhAThAgArIya grantha sUci, bhAga 1, pR. 2para mAM ulikhita) eri. InTi, vaDodarA: 1937 - neminAthavarita (emAMnA sanatakumAracaritanI AvRtti sAthe aMtima bhAga) saM. Hermann Jacobi 34. Muncheri, 1920 neminAthavarita, graMtha 1 saM. madhusUdana modI ane harivallabha bhAyANI pra. lA. da. vidyAmaMdira, amadAvAda, 1970 bRhatkathAkoza saM. A. N. Upadhye pra. nirNayasAgara presa, muMbaI, 1943 triSadazApupurata (bhAga 1-4) saM. helana ema. jahonsana pra. eri. InTi, vaDodarA, 1931-1956 dayAzraya #Avya (saMskRta) grantha 1-2 34. Department of Public Instru ction, muMbaI, 1915, 1921 hariSeNa hemacandrAcArya hemacandrAcArya

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480] mAyakAlathI guptakAla - 641941 7/24 (2134) : garnaafta : saM. zakara pAMDuraMga paMDita 31. Department of Public Instruc tion, Bombay 1900 - pariziSTaparva (sthavirAvalIcarita): triSaSTizalAkA gonaftas' ufrir 21. Hermann Jacobi 34. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta; 1883 FloYTHIAT (G. O. S. No. 1) 2. C. D. Dalal and R. A. Sastry 2419-3 oy (Rev. by K. S. Rama swami Sastri) 34. DIR. dze., 4SIERI; 9638 rAjazekhara ($) HHA wil Cunninglam, A. (Ed.) Diskalkar, D. B. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka (1st ed.). Cacutta; 1877 Inscriptions of Kathiawad, Pub. in New Indian Antiquary, Vols. I-III; Karnatak Publishing House, Bombay; 1944 Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. III: Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and Their Successors. Calcutta; 1888 Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State. Baroda; 1943 Fleet J. F. Gadre, A. S.

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saMdarbhasUci [541 Hultzsch, E. (Ed.) Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. I: Inscriptions of Asoka (New ed.). London; 1925 Mirashi, V. V. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. IV : Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Ghedi Era. 2 Parts. Ootacamund; 1955 Select Inscriptions bearing on Indian History and Civilization, Vol. I. Calcutta; 1942 Sircar, D. C. AcArya, girijAzaMkara vallabhajI (saM.) gujarAtanA aitihAsika lekhe, bhAga 1-3 pra. phaoNrbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI 1933, 1935, 1942 AcArya, na. A. (saM.) gujarAta itihAsa saMdarbhasUci, khaMDa 3 pra. gujarAta ItihAsa pariSada, amadAvAda 1966 jainasaMgrahuM, vaMda 2. sattA , vI. saM. 2453 nAra, pUraNa caMdra (2) parIkha, pravINacaMdra ci.(saM.) gujarAta ItihAsa saMdarbhasUci, khaMDa 1-2 mAM prakAzita khaMDa 2 : abhilekho pra. gujarAta itihAsa pariSada, amadAvAda; 1962 buddhisAgarasUri (saM.) muni, jayaMtavijayajI jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 1 le pra. zAha lallubhAI karamacaMda dalAla, muMbaI; vi. saM. 1973 AbU bhAga 2 : abuMdaraprAcIna-jaina-lekha saMdeha pra. vijayadharmasUri jaina graMthamALA, unAna; vi. saM. 1994

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542 ] muni, jinavijayajI muni, vizAlavijayajI vijayadharmasUri zAstrI, hariprasAda gaM. zAha, akhAlAla pre. Allan, John soca kAlathI guptakAla -- Akhu bhAga 5 : a`dAcala pradakSiNA jaina lekhasa dAha pra. yazeAvijaya jaina graMthamALA, bhAvanagara; vi. saM. 2005 prAcIna jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2 jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAvanagara; 1921 rAdhanapurapratimAlekhasa dAha pra. yazovijaya jaina graMthamALA, bhAvanagara; 1960 prAcInalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 1 lA sa. muni vidyAvijayajI pra. yazovijaya jaina graMthamAlA, bhAvanagara; 1929 maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhAga 1 pra. bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda; 1955 jainatI sava saMgraha, bhAga 1, khaMDa 1 pra.zeDa ANaMdajI kalyANajI, amadAvAda; 1953 (kha) sikkA Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum; Catalogue of the Coins of Ancient India, London; 1986 Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum; Catalogue of the Coins of the Gupta Dynasties and of Sasanka, King of Gauda, London; 1914

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Altekar, A. S. Rapson, E. J. bhalatekara, a. sa. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, McCrindle, J. W. Megasthenes and Arrian Ptolemy (ga) saMdarbha sUci [543 The Coinage of the Gupta Empire (Corpus of Indian Coins, Vol. IV) Numismatic Society of India, Banaras; 1957 Catalogue of Indian Coins in the British Museum, Vol. IV: Catalogue of the Coins of the Andkra Dynasty, the Western Kshatrapas, the Traikutaka Dynasty and the Bodhi Dynasty, London; 1908 - guptakAlIna mudrAe~ paTanA, 1964 mAratIya size. prayAga; vi. sa. 2005 grIka ane laeNTina thA Ancient India as described in Classical Literature. Westminstr; 1901 Eng. trans. by Ancient India as McCrindle : described by Megasthenes and Arrian, Calcutta; 1877 Eng. trans. by McCrindle : Ancient India as described by Ptolemy (Calcutta; 1825). Ed. by S. N. Majumdar (Calcutta; 1927) - Periplus Maris Erythraei Eng. trans. by W. H. Scott: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, London; 1912

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488) mauryakAlathI guptakAla Hiuen Tsiang Hwui-li - UR 24421. Ojoy. 244. gotadt 4321. haribhAI saMzAdhana maMdira, aliyAbADA; 1960 (gha) cIna graMtho Siyuki. Eng. trans. by S. Beal : Buddhist Records of the Western World. London; 1884 Eng. Trans. by S. Beal: Life of Hiuen Tsang. London; 1911 On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, Ed. by T. W. Rhys Davids and S. W. Bushell. 2 Vols., London; 1904-1905 Eng. trans. by J. Takakusu : A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised in India and the Malay Archipelago. Oxford; 1896 Watters, T. I-tsing abUla phajhala amIra khuzaro (ca) arabI ane phArasI gra 37754-53796 (2nd ed.) Eng. trans. by H. Blochmann, Delhi; 1965 khajhAinu-la phutU ha Eng. trans. by Elliot in History of India as told by its own Historians, Vol. III. Ed. by Dowson, London; 1871 - debalarAnI va khijrakhAna Eng. trans. by Elliot in HIH, Vol. III. Ed. by Dowson, London; . 1871 ..

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saMdarbhasUci [545 al bIrUnI isAmI Inna asIra kitAbula hinda - Eng. trans. by Elliot in History of India as told by its own ___Historians, Vol. II. Ed. by Dowson, London; 1869 - Eng. trans. by E. C. Sachau : ___Al Beruni's India, London; ___1910 - gupa. anu. apahuvAmAna muTumAna pannI : ___ "masamenInu hi" pra. patnI enDa sansa, porabaMdara, 1934 phutuda-us salAtIna Eng. trans. by Elliot is History of India as told by its own Historians, Vol. VI. Ed. by Dowson. London; 1875 kAmilu-t tavArIkha Eng. trans. by Elliot in History of India as told by its oun Historians, Vol. II, pp. 244 ff., Ed. by Dowson, London; 1869 jAme-ula-hikAyata Eng. trans. by Elliot, in HIH, Vol. II. Ed. by Dowson. London, 1873 tabakAta-i-akabarI Eng. trans. by Elliot in HIH, Vol. V. ff. 177 ff. Ed. by Dowson, London; 1873 tArIkha-i-badaunI Eng. trans. by Elliot in HIH, Vol. V. Ed. by Dowson. London; 1873 ophIsa, nUruddIna mohammada nijhAma-ud-dIna badaunI

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48$] mauryakAlathI guptakAla araft, foren-36- phariztA tArIkha-i-phIrojhazAhI Eng. trans, by Elliot in HIH, Vol. III. Ed. by Dowson. London; 1871 tArIkha-i-phariztA Eng. trans. by Elliot in HIH, Vol. VI. Ed. by Dowson. London; 1875 phutUhula-buladAna Eng. trans. by Elliot in HIH, Vol. I Ed. by Dowson. London; 1867 marUju-la jhahaba Eng. trans. by Elliot in HIH, Vol. I. Ed. by Dowson. London; 1867 balAjharI masaUdI 2. arvAcIna graMtha Altekar, A. S. Bhagvanlal Bhandarkar, R. G. A History of Important Ancient Towns and Cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad. Bombay; 1926 (Vide Jackson) Early History of the Deccan 3rd. ed. Calcutta; 1928 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vols. II-VIII. Bombay; 1876- 1884 A History of Gujarat, Vol. I. London; 1938 Campbell (Ed.) Commissariat, M.S.

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saMdarbhasUci [48 Cunningham, A. Dey, Nundolal Forbes, A. K. Jackson Ancient Geography of India Ed. by S. N. Majumudar. Cal cutta; 1924 The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India. London; 1927 Encydopaedia Britannica. 11th ed. Vols. 1-XXIX, Cambridge; 1910-1911 Ras Mala, Vol. I. London; 1924 gjor. 240. PQWISCHIS 664214: 2174341011" AvRtti 3 jI. amadAvAda, 1922 Gazettcer of the Bombay Presi dency, Vol. I, Part I. History of Gujarat: Early History, prepared from notes by Bhag vanlal Indraji. Bombay; 1896 Historical and Cultural Chronology of Gujarat. Baroda; 1960 The Vakataka-Gupta Age. (Re. printed) Banaras; 1954 The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol. 1: The Vedic Age. London; 1952 - Vol. II: The Age of Imperial Unity. Bombay; 1953 - Vol. III. The Classical Age. Bom bay; 1954 A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (New ed.). Oxford; 1963 Majmudar, M. R. (Ed.) Majumdar, R. C. and Altekar A.S. Majumdar, R. C. and Pusalkar, A. D. (Ed.) Monier-Williams

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58 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla Pargiter, F. E. Parikh, R. C. The Puranic Text of the Dynasties of the Kali Age. London; 1913 Introduction to the History of Gujarat as a background to the Life and Times of Hemachandra published in Kavyanusasana, Vol. II. Bombay; 1988 Rapson, E. J. (Ed.) Raychaudhuri, H.C. Smith, V. A. Tripathi, R. S. jamInadAra, raseza Cambridge History of India, Vol. I. Cambridge; 1922 Political History of Ancient India, 5th Ed. Calcutta; 1950 Early History of India. 4th Ed. Oxford; 1924 History of Ancient India. 2nd Ed. Varanasi, 1960 kSetrapAlIna gujarAta : ItihAsa ane saMskRti (aprasiddha mahAnibaMdha). bho. je. vidyA bhavana, amadAvAda, 1966 gujarAtane sAMskRtika ItihAsa : IslAma yuga, khaMDa 1 pra. bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1945 purANomAM gujarAta (bhaugolika khaMDe) pra. bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1946 gujarAtane prAcIna ItihAsa pra. gu. va. sosAyaTI, amadAvAda, 1918 jaina sAhityane saMkSipta itihAsa prajena zvetAMbara kaoNnpharansa, muMbaI 1933 joTa, ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva jozI, umAzaMkara desAI goviMdabhAI hAthIbhAI desAI, mohanalAla dalIcaMda '

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saMdarbhasUci [549 nadavI, abujhaphara bhagavAnalAla saMpatarAma zAstrI, durgAzaMkara kevalarAma zAstrI, hariprasAda gaMgAzaMkara guja. anu. choTubhAI ra. nAyaka : gujarAtano | ItihAsa, bhAga 2 pra. bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1955 saurASTra dezane itihAsa, bhAga 1 le pra. bhagavAnalAla ane kRpAzaMkara, muMbaI1868 gujarAtane madhyakAlIna rAjapUta itihAsa, bhAga, 1-2. AvRtti: zedhita-vardhitA saMskaraNa pra. bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1953 gujarAtane prAcIna itihAsa pra. gujarAta yunivarsiTI, amadAvAda, 1964 - maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhAga 1-2 pra. bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1955. jaina Agama sAhityamAM gujarAta pra. je. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1952 munizrIhajArImalasmRtigrantha, vyAvara; 1965 vIranirvANa saMvat aura jainakAlagaNanA pra. kalyANavijaya zAstrasamiti, jAlora; vi. saM. 1987 pAIasaddamahaNNavo (prAkRtagranthapariSada, granthAMka 7) saM. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ane dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA pra. prAkRta grantha pariSadu, vArANasI, 1963 vAvara, mA 1-6 pra. caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja Aphisa, vArANasI; 1962 sAMDesarA, bhogIlAla jayacaMda bhArilla, zobhAcanda muni, kalyANavijaya seTha, haragovindadAsa trikamacaMda bhaTTAcArya, tArAnAtha tarkavAcaspati

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2. prakaraNavAra [[sAmAnya saMdarbha sUcimAM jaNAvelA graMtha sivAyanA graMthonI tathA nirdiSTa lekhonI ] Garraghan, G. J. Langlois Ch. y. and Seignobos, Ch. prakaraNa 1 A Guide to Historical Method. 4th Printing. New York; 1957 Eng. Trans. by G. G. Berry : Introduction to the study of History (4th impression). Lon don; 1982 Majumdar, R. C. Mommsen, Theoder Rapson, E. J. "Sources of Indian History," History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol. 1:Vedic Age, (2nd impression). London; 1952 "On the Training of Historians," Varieties of History. Ed. by Sten Fritep. Sixth Printing. New York; 1960 "Sources of History," Cambridge History of India, Vol. I: An cient India. Cambridge; 1922 "ItihAsa: svarUpa ane paddhati" pra. gujarAta yunivarsiTI, amadAvAda, 1969 prakaraNa 2 "gujarAtanA keTalAeka aitihAsika prasaMgo ane vArtAo" pra. phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI 1933 parIkha, rasikalAla choTAlAla kavIzvara dalapatarAma DAhyAbhAI 550

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saMdarbhasUci pharbasa, elekajhAnDara kirloka bhAMDArakara, de. rA. muni, jinavijayajI raNajitarAma vAvAbhAI -ratnamAla ane gujarAtanAM rAjyo tathA rAja vaMzIonI tavArIkhane saMgraha pra. revAzaMkara aMbArAma bhaTTa, amadAvAda, 1993 guja, anu. raNachoDabhAI udayarAmaH rAsamALA, bhAga 1 le. AvRtti 3 jI pra. phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI, 1922 guja. anu. bharatarAma bhAnusukharAma mahetA "azokacarita" pra. gu. va. sosAyaTI, amadAvAda, 1927 prAcIna gujarAtanA sAMskRtika ItihAsanI sAdhana sAmagrI pra. gujarAta sAhitya sabhA, amadAvAda, 1933 gujarAtanA itihAsanAM sAdhano, buddhiprakAza" pu. 56,61, 62.gu.va. sosAyaTI amadAvAda, 1909, 1914, 1915 gujarAtanA madhyakAlIna hiMdu rAjapUta yuganA ItihAsanAM prabaMdhAtmaka sAdhana pra. phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI1932 saiArASTranA prAcIna abhilekho, "pathika", varSa 7, aMka 10-11. amadAvAda, 1968 mahAmAtya vastupAlanuM sAhityamaMDaLa tathA saMskRta sAhityamAM tene phALo pra. bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1957 E. I, Vol. XVI, pp. 28 ff E. T., Vol. XVI, p. 283 zAstrI, durgAzaMkara kevaLarAma zAstrI, hariprasAda gaMgAzaMkara sAMDesarA, bhogIlAla ja. Banerji, R. D. Banerji and Suk thanker Bhagwantal Indraji and Buhler " The Inscription of Rudradaman at Junagadh," 1. A, Vol. VII, pp. 257 ff. Bombay; 1878

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442] mauryakAlathI guptakAla Bhau Daji . Buhler, G. Burgess James Hultzsch, E. Kern, H. J. B. B. R. A. S., Vol VII, pp. 113 f., 118 f., 125 f. - A. S. W. I., Vol. II, pp. 128 ff. "Eleven Land-grants of the Chau lukyas of Anahilvad" 1. A., Vol. VI, pp. 180 ff. Bombay; 1877 Report on the Antiquites of Kathia wad and Kacch Indian Museum, London; 1826 "A Grant of Arjunadeva of Gujarat dated 1264 A. D." 1. A., Vol. XI, pp. 241 ff. Bombay; 1882 "The Inscriptions of Junnar." Indian Antiquary, Vol. VI, pp. 39 ff. Bombay; 1877 "Junagadh Inscription of Rudra daman" E. l., Vol. VIII, pp. 42 ff. Calcutta; 1905-06 "Kosam Inscription of the Reign of Maharaja Vaisravana", Ep. . Ind., Vol. XXIV, p. 146. Delhi; 1937 "An Unpublished Ksatrapa Inscrip tion from Cutch" J. 0. l., Vol. XI, pp. 237 1. Baroda; 1962 "Some Newly Discovered Inscrip tions from Gujarat," V.V.R.B., Vol. I, Issue 2, English Section, pp. 1 ff., Vallabh Vidyanagar; 1957-58 Kielhorn, F. . Majumdar, N. G. Nanavati J. M. and Shastri H. G. Pandya, A. V.

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Prinsep Rhys Davids, T.W. Shah, U. P. Sten Konow Tod, James Acharya, P. K. Ardesar, Jamsedjee Bhagvanlal Indraji and Buhler, G. Buhler -2-36 sada sUci [553 J. A. S. B., Vol. Vll, pp. 338 ff. Essays on Indian Antiquities "Yuan Chwang orHiouen Thsang?", On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, Vol. I. London; 1904 Akota Bronzes Department of Archaeology, Govt. of Bombay, Bombay; 1959 Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II; Part I: Kharoshthi Incriptions. Govt. of India, Calcutta; 1919 Travels in Western India. London; 1839 prakaraNa 3 Dictionary of Hindu Architecture London; 1927 "The Sudarsana or Lake Beautiful of the Girnar Inscriptions," J. B. B. R. A. S., Vol. VIII, Bombay The Inscription of Rudradaman at Junagadh," Indian Antiquary, Vol VII, pp. 257 ff. Bombay; 1878 Eng. trans. by V. S. Ghate: "The Indin Inscriptions and the Antiquity of Indian Artificial Poetry", Indian Antiquary, Vol. XLII, Bombay; 1913 ""

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148) mauryakAlathI guptakAla Burgess, James Chatterji Cousens, Henry Kangle, R. P. Mehta, R. N. Report on the Antiquities of Kathi awar and Kachh. London; 1876 "A Historical Character in the Reign of Asoka Maurya", D. R. Bhandarkar Volume Somanatha and Other Mediaeval Temples in Kathiawad A. S. I, Vol. XLV (Impcrial Series ). New Delhi, 1931 Kautiliya Arthasastra, Part III: A Study, University of Bom bay, Bombay; 1965 "Sudarsana Lake," J. 0. I., Vol. XVIII, pp. 20 ff. Baroda; 1968 Buddhist Conception of Spirits ( Calcutta Oriental Series No. II. E. 4). Calcutta; 1923 Chandragupta Maurya and His Times. Madras; 1943 Culture of Cities. London; 1945 "City," Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, Vol. III (Ed. by R. A. Seligman). New York; 1935 . In lian Chronology. Madras; 1911 Law, B. C. Mookerji, Radha Kumud Mumford, Leuis Munro, William B. Pillai, L. D. Swamikannu Sharma, T. R. L. " The Rivers of Junagadh," Sum maries of Papers, All India Oriental Conference, XXIV Session. Varanasi, 1968

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atri, cho. ma. paMDala, dharmacaMda kevaLacaMda saMdarbha sUci [555 kSatrapakAlIna girinagara," "vidyApITha," varSa - 5, pR. 94 thI. amadAvAda, 1967 amarorAne guja. anuvAda. pra. dha. ke. paMDela, miyAgAma; 1917 , saiArASTranAM keTalAMka prAcIna sthAna, "vA.'' pu. 1, pR. 5thI. rAjakoTa; 1968 " jaina Agamadhara aura prAkRta vAGmaya," munizrI hajArImala smRtigraMtha, byAvara; 1935 sArthavAha pra. bihAra-rASTrabhASA-pariSadu, paTanA: 1953 mahetA, ra. nA. ane zAha, priyabALA muni puNyavijayajI motIcandra prakaraNa 4 Barua, B. M. Bhagvanlal Indraji and Buhler Bhandarkar, D. R. Chatterji, C. D. Asoka and his Inscriptions. Cal cutta; 1946 "The Inscription of Rudradaman at Junagadh," Indian Antiquary, Vol. VII, pp. 257 ff. Bombay; 1878 Asoka. Ed. 3rd. Calcutta; 1955 "A Historical Character in the Reign of Asoka Maurya," D. R. Bhandarkar Volume. "Historical Contents of the Yuga purana", JBORS, Vol. XVI, pp. 18 ff. Patna; 1930 "Historical Data in the Garga samhita and the Brahmin Empire", JBORS, Vol. XIV, pp. 397 ff. Patna; 1928 Dhruva, K. H. Jayaswal, K. P.

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449] Kielhorn, F. Law, B. C. Mookerji, R. K. Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (Ed.) mauryakAlathI guptakAla "Junagadh Inscription of Rudra daman" Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII, pp. 42 ff. Calcutta; 1905-06 Buddhist Conception of Spirits (Calcutta Oriental Series No. II. E. 4). Calcutta; 1923 Chandragupta Maurya and His Times. Madras; 1943 A Comprehensive History of India, Vol. II: The Mauryas and Satavahanas. Bombay; 1957 Archaeology of Gujarat (including Kathiawar). Bombay; 1941 The Asokan Rock at Girnar. Baroda; 1936 "Thc Puranic Chronology of the Mauryan Dynasty", Journal of the Oreintal Institute, Vol. IX, pp. 387 ff. Baroda; 1960 Sankalia, H. D. Sastri, Hirananda Shastri, H. G. prakaraNa 5 Narain, A. K. Pandey, R. B. Sircar, D. C. The Indo-Greeks. Oxford; 1957 Indian Paleography. Ed. 2nd. Varanasi; 1957 "The Yavanas," The Age of Imperial Unity. Bombay; 1953 The Greeks in Bactria and India Cambridge; 1938 Tarn, W. W.

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saMdarbhasUci [557 prakaraNa 6 Altekar, A. S. Bakhle Banerjea, J. N. Benjamin, S. G. W. "Kshaharata (?) Copper Coin", Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, Vol. XII, p. 5. Bombay; 1950 - Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Nagpur Sossion, 1950, pp. 39 ff. JBBRAS (New Series ), Vol. III, p. 61 "The Satraps of Northern and Western India", A Comprehensive History of India, Vol. II, pp. 263 ff. Bombay; 1957 Persia ("The Story of Nations' Series ) London "Dekkan of the Satavahana Period", Indian Antiquary, Vol XLVII, pp. 69 ff. 114 ff. Bombay; 1918 : - Lectures on Ancient Indian Numis matics. Calcutta; 1921 JBBRAS, Vol. VIII (O.S.), p. 239 JA, 1897, pp. 120 ff. Paris, 1897 Early History of North India Calcutta; 1958 - The Sakas in India. Ed. 2nd. Santiniketan; 1967 Proceedings of Indian History Congress, Lahore Session, 1940, p. 149 Bhandarkar, D. R. Bhau Daji Boyer, A. M. Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar Deoras, V. R.

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44C) mauryakAlathI guptakAla Gbosh, H. C. Gokhle, Shobhana Gopalachari Gupte, Y. R. "The Chronology of the Western Ksatrapas and the Andhras", IHQ, Vol. VII, pp, 117 ff. Cal cutta; 1931 "Andhau Inscription of Castana, Saka 11", Journal of Ancient Indian History, Vol. II, Parts 1-2, pp. 104 ff. Calcutta; 1970 Early Hisotry of the Andhra Country. Madras; 1941 "The Kshaharatas. Were they exterminated or have they left any traces in the Population of the Deccan ?" I. A., Vol. LV, p. 178. Bombay; 1926 The Jain Sources of the History of Ancient India. Delhi; 1964 "Were the Western Kshatrapas Viceroys of the Kusanas ?* The Journal of the Ganganath Jha Research Institute, Vol. XXVI, Parts 1-3, pp. 703 ff. Allahabad; 1970 "Problems of Saka-Satavahana History" JBORS, Vol. XVI, pp. 227 ff. Patna; 1930 JRAS, 1918, pp. 111 f. . "Editorial Articles", Lalit Kala, Nos. 3-4, pp. 11 ff. New Deihi; 1956-1957 Jain, Jyoti Prasad Jamindar, Rasesh C. Jayaswal, K. P. Kannedy Khandalawala, Karl & Moti Chandra

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Lawyer, M. Levi, Sylvain Majumdar, R. C. McCrindle Mirashi, V. V. Nilkanta Sastri, K. A. Pandey, R. B. saMdarbhasUci - (446 J. A., July-August, 1897, pp. 120 ff. Paris Journal Asiatique, Vol. CCXXVIII, pp. 61 ff. Paris IHQ, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 2-3, pp. 89 ff. Calcutta; 1962 "Periplus of the Erythrean Sea" IA, Vol. VIII, p. 108. Calcutta; 1879 "The Date of Nahapana," Journal of Indian History, Vol. XLIII, pt. 1, pp. 111 ff. Trivandrum; 1967 A Comprehensive History of India. Vol. II. Bombay; 1954 Indian Paleography, Ed. 2nd. Varanasi; 1954 India under the Kushans. Bombay; 1965 "The Northern Kshatrapas",JRAS, 1894, p. 541 The Sakas in India. Labore, 1947 JRAS, 1917, p. 829 "The Inscriptions in the Caves at Nasik," Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII, p. 83. Calcutta; 1905-06 "Kanheri Inscription of the Time of Vasisthiputra Sri Satakarni" ASWI, Vol. V, pp. 28 ff. Journal of Bombay Historical Society, Vol. I, pt. 1, pp. 135 ff. Puri, B. N. Rapson & Indraji Satyasrava Schoff Senart, E. Shastri, Srikant

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560] . Sircar, D. C. :: mauryakAlathI guptakAla "The Saka Satraps of Western : India," The Age of Imperial Unity. Bombay; 1960 Sten Konow Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. II, Part 1: Kharoshthi Inscriptions. Calcutta; 1929 - Modern Review, Vol. XXIX, p. 464. Calcutta; 1881 - "Dr.Banerji on Sakas and Kusanas", Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, pp. 134 ff. Calcutta; 1938 - New Indian Antiquary, Vol. VII, p. 81 Thomas, F. W. Trivedi, H. V. "Sakastana", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1906, pp. 181 ff.; 460 ft. "Notes on Some Western Ksha trapa Coins", The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, Vol. XVII, Part 1, pp. 89 ff. Bombay; 1956. , JRAS, 1912, p. 121 Vogel jamInadAra, raseza pazcimI kSatrapo kuSANanA uparAja hatA ? "vidyApITha," pu. 1, pR. 56thI. amadAvAda, 1967 mAMkaDa, De. 2. : ' : "pazcimI kSatrapa,' "ItihAsa-saMmelana-nibaMdha saMgraha" (sane 1943), pR. 45thI. . , , amadAvAda, 1948

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Acharya, G. V. Altelkar, A. S. Banerji, R. D. Banerji, R. D. and Sukthankar Bhandarkar, D. R. Bhandarkar, R. G. Buhler, G. Chakraborty, S. K. Chhabra Shastri, saMdarbhasUci prakaraNa 7 "Three Hoards of the Coins of the Western Kshatrapas," JRASB, Vol. III, No. 2, Numismatic Supplement No. XLVII, pp. 95 ff. Calcutta; 1937 Proc. IHC, Lahore Session, 1940, pp. 100 ff. "The Andhau Stone. Inscriptions of the time of Chastana and Rudradaman, Year 55," EI, Vol. XVI, pp. 19 ff. Calcutta; 1921 [51 "Three Kshatrapa Inscriptions", EI, Vol. XVI, pp. 233 ff. Calcutta; 1922 "Kshatrapa Coins from Sarvania" AR. ASI, 1913-14, pp. 227 ff. Calcutta; 1917 The Early History of the Deccan. Calcutta; 1928 "On the relationship between Andhras and the Western Kshatrapas", IA, Vol. XII, pp. 273 ff. Bombay; 1883 A Study of Ancient Indian Numismatics. Mymensingh; 1931 "Intwa Clay Sealing", EI, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 174 f. Delhi; 1953

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498) mauryakAlathI guptakAla Diskalkar, D. B. : "Mewasa Stone Inscription", The Annual Report of the Wat son Museum of Antiquities, 1923-24, pp. 12 f. Rajkot "Numismatic Notes", 14, Vol. XLVIII, pp. 120 ff. Bombay; 1919 Dixit, K. M. Dodge, J. V. and Kasch, H. E. Ghosh, A. (Ed.) Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. XXIV. London; 1964 Indian Archaeology 1954-55 --a Review. New Delhi; 1955 "Daulatpur Inscription of Abhira Isvaradeva", JOI, Vol. XVIII, pp. 237 ff. Baroda; 1969 Gokha hobhana Gupta, P. L. Hamid, M. M. & others Bharatiya Vidya, Vol. XVIII, No. 3-4, pp. 84 ff. Bombay - "The Karddamaka Kshatrapas of Western India", BPWM, No. 4, pp. 49 ff. Bombay; 1953-54 Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sanchi, Bhopal State. Calcutta; 1922 JRAS, 1890, p. 646 "A Note on an Unnoticed Western Kshatrapa Coin", INSI, Vol. XXX, pp. 198 ff. Varanasi; - 1968 Indraji, Bhagwanlal Jamindar, Rasesh

Page #600
saMdarbhasUci ( 498 Kielhorn, F. Luders, H. Majumdar, R. C. & Altekar, A. S. (Ed.) Mehta, R. N. & Chowdhary S. M. Mukherjee, B. N. "Junagarh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman I, year 72" EI, Vol. VIII, pp. 36 ff. Calcutta; 1905-6 "Mulwasar Stone-Inscription of the time of Rudrasena I, year 122", El, Vol. X, Appendix, No. 962. Calcutta; 1912. The Vakataka-Gupta Age Varanasi; 1960 Excavtaion at Devnimori. Baroda; 1966 "A Note on an Unnoticed Kshatrapa Coin", INSI, Vol. XXVI, Pt. II, pp. 233 ff. Varanasi; 1964 "An Unpnblished Kshatrapa In scription from Cutch", JOI, Vol. XI, No. 3, pp. 237 ff. Baroda; 1962 A Comprehensive History of India, Vol. II. Bombay; 1957 Dynasties of the Kali Age. London; 1913 JRAS, 1899, pp. 379 ff. Proc. IHC, 14th Session, p. 56 "The Karddamaka Kings", IHQ, Vol. IX, pp. 37 ff. Calcutta; 1933 Nanavati, J. M. & Shastri, H. G.. Nilkanta Sastri, K. A. (Ed.) Pargiter, F. E. Rapson, E. J. Rama Rao Raychaudhury, H. C. Satyasrava Sakas in India. Labore; 1947

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54 ] Senart, E. Sircar, D. C. Spooner, D. B. Sud, Hiralal (Ed.) Suryavamshi, B. S. Trivedi, H. V. jamInadAra, raseza zAstrI, 6. zAstrI, ha. gaM. vidyAlaMkAra, jayacandra sauya kAlathI guptakAla "Kanheri Inscription of the time of Vasisthiputra Sri Satakarni", ASWI, Vol. V, pp. 78 ff. No. 8 Proc. I. H. C., 7th Session, pp. 78 ff. "Excavations at Basarh'', AR. ASI, 1913-14, pp. 98 ff. Catalogue of Sanskrtt & Prakrit Mss. in C. P. & Berar "Daulatpur Stone-pillar Inscription of Isvardeva Abhira", Bulletin of the Museum and Picture Gallery, Vol. XX, pp. 67 ff. Baroda; 1968 "Notes on Some Western Kshatrapa Coins', JNS, Vol. XVII, pt. 1, pp. 89 ff. Bombay; 1955 kathika: rAjAe ane saMvata'', Vidya, Vol. XI, No. 1, pp. 108 ff. Ahmedabad; 1968 'pazcimI kSatrapAH rAjavaze ane samayanirNaya', "svAdhyAya', pu. 5, pR. 261thI. vaDAdarA; 1968 pazcimI kSatrape|nI sAlavArI', "svAdhyAya", pu. 1, pR. 478thI. vaDedarA; 1968 'rAjA mahAkSatrapa IzvaradattanA samaya', "svAdhyAya", pu. pa, pR. 106thI. vaDAdarA; 1967 "gujarAtInAM tItha sthAne ''. amadAvAda; 1950 ''maitrakakAlIna gujarAta". amadAvAda; 1955 ''mAratIya kRtijJAsI rUparelA", pu. 2,aAddAvAra; 1933

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Acharya, G. V. Agrawal, V. S. Bhandarkar, D. R. Brown, C. J. Chakraborty, S. K. Cunnigham, A. Dodge, J. V. & Kasch, H. E. Gadre, A. S. Ghosh A. (Ed.) Hamid, M. M. & others sa'dasUci prakaraNa 7 pariziSTa - [565 Rajputana Museum, AR, 1912-13 JNSI, Vol. XII, pp. 197 ff. Bombay; 1950 "Excavations at Besnagar", AR. ASI, 1913-14, pp. Calcutta; 1917 186 ff. Lectures on Ancient Indian Numismatics. Calcutta; 1921 Coins of India. Calcutta; 1922 A study of Ancient India Numismatics. Mymensingh; 1931 "Coins of Indo-Scythians", Num. Chr., Vol. XIII, pp. 188 ff. 1888-92 Coins of Ancient India from earliest times down the 7th Cent. A. D. London; 1891 Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. XVI, London, 1964 Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of Baroda State, 1936-37, pp. 17 ff. Baroda; 1938 Indian Archaeology 1954-55-a Review, New Delhi; 1955 Indian Archaeology 1955-56-a Review. New Delhi; 1956 Catalogue of the Museum of the Archaeology at Sanchi, Bhopal State. Calcutta; 1922

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla Indraji, Bhaga wanlal Law, B. C. Mehta, R. N. & Chowdhary, S. N. Rapson, E. J., Sastri, Hirananda "The Coinage of Western Ksha trapas," JRAS, pp. 639 ff. London; 1890 A History of Pali Literature, Vol. II. London; 1933 Excavation at Devnimori. Baroda; 1966 "The Coinage of the Mahaksha trapas & Kshatrapas of Saurashtra & Malwa", JRAS, 1899, pp. 357 ff. London Annual Report of the Archaeolo gical Department of Baroda State, 1935-36, pp. 54 ff. Baroda; 1938 "The Nasik board of Nahapan's Coins", JBBRAS, Vol. XXII, pp. 223 ff. Bombay; 1908 - "Uparkot Hoard", JBBRAS, Vol. XX, pp. 20 f. Bombay; 1902 IHQ, XXXIII, No. 4, pp. 272 ff. Calcutta; 1957 - Studies in Indian Coins. Delhi; 1968 Catalogue of the Coins in India Museum, Vol. I. Oxford; 1906 JNSI, Vol. XXII, pp. 118 ff. Varanasi; 1960 Scott, H. R. Sircar, D. C. Smith, V. A. Sounder Rajan

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Stevenson, J. D. D. vijayendrasUri, muni vaidya, bApAlAla zAstrI, ha. gaM. baMdyopAdhyAya, rA. dA. Acharya, G. V. Altekar, A. S. Gupta, P. L. Mankad, B. L. Mirashi, V. V. sada sUci [567 "Some remarks on Specimens of Saurashtra Coins", JBBRAS, Vol. II, pp. 377, ff. Bombay; 1847 "rAjA mahAkSatrapa rudradAmA.' bhAvanagara; 1937 'saMskRta sAhityamAM vanaspati". amadAvAda; 1953 maitrakakAlIna gujarAta'. amadAvAda; 1955 "prAcIna mudrA". hiMdI anuvAda-- rAmacandra varmA. nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI; vi. saM. 1981 prakaraNa 8 "Legend on Valabhi Coins", JASB, Num. Suppl., No. XLVII, pp. 99 ff. Calcutta; 1938 "Interregnum in the Reign of Mahakshatrapa Svami Rudrasena III (348-378 A. D.)" JNSI, Vol. VI, pp. 19 ff. Bombay; 1945 "Who Ruled in Saurashtra after the Western Kshatrapas?" Bharatiya Vidya, Vol. XVIII, pp. 83 ff. Bombay; 1961 "Valabhi Coins in the Baroda Museum", JNSI, Vol. XV, pp. 50 ff. Bombay; 1953 "The Legend on Valabhi Coins", JNSI, Vol. VI, pp. 14 ff. Bombay; 1945

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pa68] mauryakAlathI guptakAla zAstrI, hariprasAda gaM. maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhAga 1-2 bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1955 prakaraNa 9 Banejee, R. D. Age of the Imperiul Guptas Benares; 1933 Pasak, R. D. "Damodarpur Copper-plate Inscri ptions of Gupta Kings", EI, Vol. XV, pp. 130 ff. Gai, G. S. "Three Inscriptions by Ramagupta" J. J. J., Vol. XVIII, pp. 247 ft. Baroda; 1964 Gupta, P. L. "Who Ruled in Saurashtra after the Western Kshatrapas?" Bharatiya Vidya, Vol. XVIII, pp. 83 ff. Bombay; 1961 Majumdar, R. C. "The Expansion of the Gupta Empire", The VakatakaGupta Age, Ch. VIII. (Reprint). Banaras; 1954 Singhal, C. R. "A Hoard of Gupta Gold Coins Found in Gujarat", J. N. S. I., Vol. XV, pp. 195 f. Bombay; 1953. zAstrI, hariprasAda gaM. maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhAga 1 bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1955

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sAMDesarA, bhA. ja. Bhandarkar, D. R. Gupta, P. L. Kielhorn Mookerji, R. K. Nilkanta Sastri, K. A. (Ed.) Sankalia, H. D. 4-2-37 sadabhasUci [pa 'purAvacana', "zakAri [vikramAditya] : le. rA. dA. baMdyopAdhyAya; guja. anu. bhImabhAI desAI; gAMDIva sAhitya ma Mdira, surata; 1945 prakaraNa 10 Asoka (Third Edition), Calcutta; 1955 "Punch-Marked Coins in Baroda Museum", Bulletin of the Museum & Picture Gallery, Baroda, Vol. X-XI, pp. 63 ff. Baroda; 1965 "The Kardamaka Kshatrapas of Western India", Bulletin of the Prince of Wales Museum, No. 4, pp. 49 ff. Bombay; 1953-54 Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII, pp. 46 ff. Calcutta; 1905-06 "Chandragupta and the Maurya Empire", The Age of Imperial Unity, Ch. IV (2nd Ed.). Bombay; 1953 Age of the Nandas and Mauryas Banaras; 1952 Archaeology of Gujarat (including Kathiawar), Bombay; 1941

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mauryakAlathI guptakAla Smith, V. A. - Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat. Poona; 1949 Asoka the Buddhist Emperor of India ('Rulers of India' Series); 2nd Ed. Delhi, 1964 Catalogue of Coins in the Punjab Museum, Lahore, Vol I: IndoGreek Coins. Oxford: 1914 Whitehead, R. B. prakaraNa 11 Basham, A. L. Rice, B. L. jeTa, ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva "Prince Vijaya and the Aryaniza tion of Ceylon," The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. I, pp. 163 ff. Dehiwela; 1951 Mysore and Coorg from Inscrip tions. London; 1909 gujarAtanuM vahANavaTuM ', "vasaMta rajata mahotsava smAraka graMtha" amadAvAda, 1927 yeSThImadharAti ane malapurANa bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1948. - gujarAtanA sAhitya ane anukRtimAM silena', "saMzodhananI keDI". gUrjara graMtharatna kAryAlaya, amadAvAda, 1961 sAMDesarA, me. ja. Jhavery, M. B.: prakaraNa 12 Introduction, faaluzaroan Bombay; 1926

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saMdarbhasUci [571 Kapadia, H. R. Krause, Charlotte Macdonell, A. A. Vidyabhusana, S. C. Winternitz History of the Canonical Literature of the Jains. Bombay; 1941 "Siddhasena Divakara and Vikra maditya", Vikrama Volume, pp. 231 ft. Ujjain; 1918 A History of Sanskrit Literature (Reprint). Delhi; 1962 History of Mediaeval School of Indian Logic. Calcutta; 1909 Eng. trans. by Mrs. S. Ketkar and Miss H. Kohn : History of Indian Literature, Vol. II Calcutta; 1933 vIra nirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA ___ jAlora; vi. saM. 1987 vizAstra mArata, pu. karU, pR. 15 kalakattA; 1953 "jaina sAhityano saMkSipta ItihAsa pra. jaina zvetAMbara konpharansa, muMbaI 1933 "sanmatiprakaraNa", prastAvanA. amadAvAda, 1932 muni, kalyANavijaya muni, jaMbUvijaya desAI, mohanalAla dalIcaMda paMDita, sukhalAla ane paMDita, becaradAsa dezI zAha, umAkAnta che. gujarAtanA keTalAka prAcIna paMDita', "buddhiprakAza', pR. 9, pR. 302-08 amadAvAda, 19para prakaraNa 13 Bloomfield, Leonard Language (Reprinted ). London; 1961 Buhler, G. Eng. trans. by Buhler: Indian Palaeography (Reprint). Calcutta; 1962

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W?] mauryakAlathI guptakAla Dani, Ahmed Hasan Indian Palaeography Oxford; 1963 Franke O. and Eng. trans. by C. A. Cameron : Pischel, R. "Kashgar and the Kharosthi", IA, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 31 ff. Bombay; 1905 Pandey, Raj Bali Indian Palaeography, Part I Banaras; 1952 Sastri, Hirananda Annual Report .of the Archaeo logical Department, Baroda State, 1937-38. Baroda; 1939 Upasak, C. S. History and Palaeography of Mauryan Brahmi Script Nalanda; 1960 tar, shtrime bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, tIsarA saMskaraNa. faecat; fa. D. 209EUR prakaraNa 14 Banerji, R. D. Gokhle, Shobhana "The Sanchi Inscription of Swamin Jivadaman : 13th year", Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XVI, pp. 230 ff. Calcutta; 1922 "Daulatpur Inscription of Abhira Isvaradeva S 254", Journal of Oriental Institute, Vol. XVIII, pp. 237 ff. Baroda; 1969 Sculptures from Samalaji and Roda in the Baroda Museum. Baroda; 1960 Shah, U. P.

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saMdarbhasUci [5 zAstrI, 6 ke. "vaiSNava dharmano saMkSipta itihAsa" (dvitIya AvRtti). phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI 1939 "zaiva dharmano saMkSipta itihAsa". phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI 1936 gujarAtamAM bauddha dharma", "svAdhyAya", pu. 1, pR. 271 thI. vaDodarA; vi. saM. 2020 (I. sa. 1964) zAha, umAkAnta che. pariziSTa Bhandarkar, D. R. "Mathura Pillar Inscription of Chandragupta II: G.E. 61". Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXI, pp. 1 ff. Delhi; 1981 "Eklingji Inscription of the Time of Naravahana of Nagahrada", Journal of the Bombay Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXII, pp. 166 f. Bombay. Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems (Re-print). Varanasi; 1965 Bhandarkar, R. G. Buhler, G. (Ed). "Cintra Stone Inscription of the time of Vaghela King Sarangadeva", EI, Vol. I, pp. 271 ff. Delhi; 1892. Epigraphia Iudica, Vol. XXIII, pp. 161 ft.

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574 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla Majmudar, M. R. Mehta, R. N. Pathak, V. S. Peterson, Peter Saletore, B. A. Thomas, F. W. and Winternitz "Antiquraries in Karvan with reference to Lakulish Worship", Journal of the University of Bombay, Vol. XVIII, Part 4, pp. 48 ft. Bombay; 1950 "Avakbal - The Traditional Ulka grama of Karavana Mahatmya", Journal of Oriental Institute, Vol. VI, pp. 169 ft. Baroda; 1956-57 Saiva Cults in Northern India Varanasi; 1960 A Collection of Prakrit and Sanskrit Inscriptions (Bhavanagar Inscriptions ). Bhavnagar Main Currents in the Ancient History of Gujarat.Baroda; 1960 Catulogue of Syuth Indian Manu scripts of the Library of the R. A. Society of Great Britain and Ireland, App., p. 274 kalyANa zivAMka. gorakhapura, 1933 "zaiva dharmano saMkSipta itihAsa" pra. phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI, 1976 maitrakakAlIna gujarAta", bhAga 2 bhe. je. vidyAbhavana amadAvAda, 1955 'kAravaNanA lakulIza ane temano pAzupatadharma, "vallabha vidyAnagara saMzodhana patrikAo, graMtha 1, aMka 1, pR. 17thI. vallabhavidyAnagara 1957 pRthurAga-rAsau, Eng. trans. by J. Beames, Indian Antiquary, Vol. I, pp. 269 ff. Bombay; 1872 agravAla, vAsudevazaraNa zAstrI, durgAzaMkara ke. zAstrI, hariprasAda gaM. dIvAnajI, prahalAda caM. canda gharadAI

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saMdarbhasUci (404 prakaraNa 15 Ansari, Z. D. & Mate, M. S. Bhagvanlal Indraji & Buhler, G. Desai, M. D. Ghosh, A. (Ed.) - Excavations at Dwarka Pouna; 1966 "The Inscription of Rudradaman at Junagadh', Indian Antiquary, Vol. VII, p. 257. Bombay; 1878 Some Roman Antiquities from Akota near Baroda, Bulletin of the Paroda Museum and Picture Gallery, Vol. II, Pt. I-II. Baroda; 1951 Indian Archaeology 1955-56-a Review. New Delhi; 1956 Indian Archaeology, 1956-57-a Review, New Delhi; 1957 Indian Archaeology 1959-60--a Review, New Delhi; 1960 "Chemical and Spectrometric Studies of Kshatrapa Silver Coins", J. N. S. l., Vol, XXIX, pt. 1, p. 63. Varanasi; 1967 "The Sudarsana or Lake Beautiful of the Girnar Inscriptions B. C. 300--A. D. 450", JBBRAS, Vol. XVIII, pp. 47 ff. Bombay Excavation at Nagara Baroda; 1970 - Hegde Jamshedji, Ardeshar Mehta, R. N.

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maukAlathI guptakAla - Excavations at Timbarva (M. 8. University Archaeology Series, No. 2). Baroda; 1955 - "A Roman Cameo from Karvan", Journal of the M. S. University of Baroda, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 133. Baroda; 1952 - "Sudarsana Lake," J. 0. l., Vol. XVIII, pp. 20 ff. Baroda; 1968 - "Valabbi of the Maitrakas," J. 0. I., Vol. XIII, p. 247. Baroda; 1964 -- " Vastan Dungri- Au Archaeo logical Site," Bulletin of the Chunilal Gandhi Vidyabhavan, No. 5, pp. 56 ff. Surat; 1958 Excavation at Devnimori Baroda; 1966 Excavation at Shamalaji Baroda; 1967 Excavation at Amreli (Museum & Picture Gallery, Baroda, Bullatin Vol. XVIII). Baroda; 1966 Mehta, R. N. and Chowdhary, S. N. Mehta, R. N. and Patel, A. J. Rao, S. R. Sastri, Hirananda - Annual Report of the Archaeolo gical Department, Baroda State for 1935-36. Baroda; 1938 Subba Rao, B, Baroda through the Ages Baroda; 1953

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Subba Rao, B. and Mehta, R. N. Trivedi, M. B. Wheeler, R. E. M. atri, cheATubhAI ma. mahetA, ra. nA. mahetA, 2. nA. ane zAha, priyabALA zAstrI, ke. kA. Acharya, V. H. Brown, Percy sada sUci " Excavation at Vadnagar, Journal of the M. S. University of Baroda, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. 19 ff. Baroda; 1955 [577 19 The Sudarsana Lake of Girnar Arikamedu', Ancient India, No. 2, pp. 17 ff. Delhi; 1946 'kSatrapakAlIna girinagara', "vidyApITha", pu. pa, pR. 94 thI. amadAvAda; 1967 'nagarA', ''svAdhyAya", pu. 4, pR. 101 thI. vaDAdarA; 1966 sAbarakAMThAnAM prAcIna jalAzayA', "vidyApITha", varSa 1, pR. 104 thI. amadAvAda; 1963 'saiArASTranAM keTalAMka prAcInasthAnA', "vA", pu. 1, pR. 50 thI. saiArASTra yunivarsiTI, rAjakATa, 1968 prakaraNa 16 'sudarzana taLAva', "svAdhyAya," pu. 7, pR. 49 thI. amadAvAda; vi. sa'. 2025 A Slort Account of the Principal Places of Antiquity in awl about Junagadh Indian Architecture ( Buddhist & Hindu) Fifth Edition. Bombay; 1965

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MUC) mauryakAlathI guptakAla Burgess Chhabra, B. Ch. Cousens, H. Dhaky, M. A. Notes on the Amaravati Stupa Madras; 1892 - Report on the Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kachh (ASWI, Vol. II). London; 1876 "Intwa Clay-Sealing", Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 1741., Delhi; 1953 *Report on the Boria or Lakhamedi Stoop near Junagadh', Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. 60, Part 1, No. 2. Calcutta; 1891 "The Vyala Figures on the Temples of Gujarat,"Journal of the Gujarat Research Society, Vol. XXIII, pp. 293 ff. Bom bay; 1961 The Cave Temples of India London; 1880 Indian Archaeology 1958-59-A Review. New Delhi; 1959 Excavation at Devnimori Baroda; 1966 Historical and Literary Inscrip tions. Varanasi; 1962 Archae-logy of Gujarat Bombay; 1941 Studies in Early Buddhist Archi tecture of India. Delhi; 1966 Fergusson & Burgess Ghosh, A. (Ed.) Mehta, R. N. and Chowdhary. S. N. Pandey, Raj Bali Sankalia, H. D. Sarkar, H.

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Smith, V. A. Sircar, D. C. Sompura, K. F. Tod, James saMdarbha sUci [579 History of Fine Art in India do Ceylon, Second Edition. Oxford; 1980 - Jain Stupa and Other Antiquities of Mathura, ASI (NS), XX. Allahabad; 1901 "Devali Plates of Govinda, Vala bhi 500" EI, Vol. XXXV, pp. 264 ff. Delhi; 1968 "The Problem of Kathika Dynasty in Gujarat", Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. XV, No. 1, pp. 69 ft. Baroda; | 1966 Travels in Western India London; 1839 kSatrapakAlIna girinagara', "vidyApITha," pu. 5, pR. 94 thI. amadAvAda, 1967 jUnAgaDhamAM giranAranI ITavA TekarInA bauddha vihAranuM khodakAma', "gujarAta samAcAra" amadAvAda, okaTobara, 1949 kaDiyA DuMgaranI bauddha guphAo ane siMhastaMbha, "kumAra", kalA-aMka (pa28), pR. 72-73. amadAvAda, 1967 "gujarAtane maLelo zilpasthApatyane vAraso" amadAvAda, 1968 kacchanA prAcIna itihAsamAM DokiyuM', pathika', varSa 1, aMka 10-12, pR. 31-32. amadAvAda, 1967 "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhAga 2 bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1955 atri che. ma. AcArya, gi. va. nANAvaTI, ja mahetA, ra. nA. zAstrI, ke. kA. zAstrI, ha. gaM.

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WCO] Pillo, 6. . mauryakAlathI guptakAla "ajoraidhi vile yat", "2917414," y. 9, Y. 260; 431Eri, la. 2. 2020 prakaraNa 17 Agraval, V. S. Bhandarkar, D. R. Burgess Chowdhary, S. N. The Heritage of Indian Art New Delhi; 1964 Archaeological Remains at Nagari Memoir, A. S. I. Report on the Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kachh (Archaeological Survey of Western India, Vol. II). London; 1876 "Excavation of a Buddhist Stupa and Vihara at Devni-Mori near Shamalaji", Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. IX, pp. 451 ff. Baroda; 1960 -- "A Bronze Statuette of Atlas from Samalaji", J. 0. I., Vol. XI, pp. 209 ff. Baroda; 1962 Indian Archaeology 1958-59 -- A Review, New Delhi; 1959 The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India. London; 1965 Excavations at Timbarva Baroda; 1955 -- "Five Sculptures from Devni Mori," Journal of Indian Society of Oriental Art, Special Number on Western Indian Art (1965-66). Calcutta Ghosh, A. (Ed.) Kosambi, D. D. Mehta, R. N.

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saMdarbhasUci Mehta R. N. & Chowdhari, S. N. Nanavati, J. M. Pandya, A. V Excavation at Devnimori Baroda; 1966 - "Preliminary Note on the Excava tions of the Devnimori Stupa 1962-63", Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. XII, pp. 173 ff. Baroda; 1962 "A Ksatrapa Head from Saurastra", Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. X, pp. 223 ff. Baroda; 1961 "The Kadio Dungar Rock-cut Monasteries near Broach," Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin, Vol. I, Issue 2, Plate V B. Vallabh Vidyangar; 1957-58 "Two Gana Sculptures from Gujarat," Journal of Indian Society of Oriental Art, New Series, Vol. II,1967-68;Calcutta Excavations at Rairh Excavations at Amreli (Museum & Picture Gallery, Baroda, Bulletin Vol. XVIII). Baroda; 1966 The Excavations at Bairat Excavations at Sambhar Archaeology of Gujarat Bombay; 1941 Parikh, R. T. Puri, K. N. Rao, S. R. Sabani, Dayaram Sankalia, H. D.

Page #619
582 ] Shah, U. P. Shah, U. P. & Mehta, R. N. Subba Rao, B. & Mehta, R. N. sauya kAlathI guptakAla "Dhank Caves", Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 426 ff. London; 1938 - -- "Age of Differentiation of Digambara and Svetambara Images and the Earliest Known Svetambara Bronzes," Bulletin of the Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, No. 1, pp. 30 ff. Bombay; 1952 Akota Bronzes. Bombay; 1959 Sculptures from Samalaji and Roda in the Baroda Museum Baroda; 1960 "Sunga Railing Pillars from Lalsot", Journal of the Ameri can Oriental Society, Vol. LXXXII, No. 1. New Haven; 1962 "Terracottas from the Bikaner State", Lalit Kala, No. 8. New Delhi, 1960 'A Few Early Sculptures from Gujarat,' Journal of the Oriental Institute, Vol. I, No. 3, pp. 160 ff. Baroda; 1951 "Excavation at Vadnagar," Journal of the M. S. University of Baroda, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. 19 ff. Baroda; 1955

Page #620
saMdarbhasUci [583 apravAla, vAsudevazaraNa nANAvaTI, jayeMdra mahetA, 2. nA. ane caudharI, sUryakAnta zAstrI, hariprasAda zAha, u. pre. 'rAjasthAnameM bhAgavatadharmakA prAcIna kendra', "nAgarI prajArijI patra" varSa 26, aMka 2-, pR. 116-122 kaDiyA DuMgaranI bauddha guphAo ane siMhastaMbha', kumAra',varSa44, aMka 12, pR. 72-73. amadAvAda, 1967 gujarAtamAM eka prAcIna bauddha mahAvihAra', "kumAra", aMka 71, pR. 93 thI. amadAvAda, 1963 "maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhAga 2 bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1955 gujarAtamAM bauddha dharma', "vAdhyAya." pu. 1, pR. 271 thI. vaDodarA; vi. saM. 2020 - gujarAtanA kSetrapAlIna eka zilpanuM bharataka, ravAdhyAya"5, pR. 196 thI. vaDodarA; vi. saM. 2024 pariziSTa 1 History of Important Ancient Towns and Cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad. Bombay; 1926 "Prince Vijaya and the Aryani zation of Ceylon", The Ceylon Historial Journal, Vol. I. Dehiwela; 1951 Introduction, FETCH or the Great Chronicle. Bombay; 1936 Lectures on the Ancient History of India (Carmichael Lectures). Calcutta; 1919 Altekar, A. S. Basham, A. L. Bhagwat, N. K. Bhandarkar, D. R.

Page #621
584 ] Chatterji, S. K. Dey, N. L. Geiger, Wilhelm Krishnaswami Aiyangar, S. Mahtab, H. Mendis soca kAlathI guptakAla - Raychaudhuri, H. C. The Origin and Development. of the Bengali Language. Calcutta; 1926 Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India. London; 1927 Introduction, The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon London; 1912 "A Short History of Ceylon," Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. II, pp. 1 ff. Calcutta; 1926 Grammar of the Sinhalese Language Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XXIII, New Edition. Oxford; 1908 "Ceylon," Age of Imperial Unity, Ch. XV. Bombay; 1951 History of Orissa, Vol. I Cuttack; 1959 "Ceylon", Comprehensive History of India, Vol. II: The Mauryas & Satavahanas. Bombay; 1957 "Ancient Routes from North India to Ceylon," Indian Daily Mail, 26th June, 1926 "Physical and Historical Geography," History of Bengal, Vol. I, Ch. I. Dacca; 1943

Page #622
saMdarbha sUci [585 Sengra, K. S. S. "Where did Prince Vijaya come froin ?" Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. III, pp. 493 ff. Calcutta; 1927 Shahidullab, MD.: "The First Aryan Colonization of Ceylon," Indian Hist rical Quarterly, Vol. IX, pp. 742 ff. Calcutta; 1933 Sircar, D. C. "Ceylon," Classical Age, Ch. XIV Bombay; 1954 dvivedI, maNibhAI purAtana dakSiNa gujarAta pra. lekhaka, navasArI, 1940 mahetA. ramaNalAla nA. ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva 'vijayanI kathA-keTalAka praza', "vidyApITha," 1 varSa 6, pR. 102 thI. amadAvAda, 1968 gujarAtanuM vahANavaTuM ("vasaMta rajata mahotsava | mArakagraMthamAM mudrita). amadAvAda, 1927 - gujarAtane sAMskRtika ItihAsa ilAmayuga, che : " khaMDa 8; : pra. bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1958 zAstrI, hariprasAda gaM. 'silenamAM sthapAyelo siMhapurane siMhala vaMza pathika" dIpotsavI aMka, saM. 2022. amadAvAda, 1966 - maitrakakAlIna gujarAta, bhAga 1 bhe. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda, 1955 I-2-38

Page #623
58] Jackson, A. M. T. Campbell (Ed.) muni, kalyANa vijaya jI joTa, ratnamaNirAva bhImarAva jozI, umAzaMkara muni, kalyANuvijaya zAstrI, durgAzaMkara ke. mauya kAlathI guptakAla pariziSTa ra "Western India as Known to the Grees and Romans", Gaze - teer of the Bombay Presi lencj, Vol. I, Part I, Appendix VJ. Bombay; 1896 pariziSTa 3 t "Java and Cambodia, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. I, Part I, Appendix IV. Bombay; 1896 paziMza 4 '' vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA. jAlora vi. saM. 1987 khaMbhAtano itihAsa pra. khaMbhAta rAjya, khaMbhAta; 1935 purANeAmAM gujarAta (bhaugolika khaMDa) pra. bho. je. vidyAbhavana, amadAvAda; 1946 ' prabaMdha-paryAlAcana,' (guja. anu.) " zrI prabhAvakacaritra '', pra. jaina AtmAnaMda sabhA, bhAvanagara; vi. saM. 1987 zaiva dharmono sakSipta itihAsa pra. phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI, 1936

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paribhASA adhaMkAya bust trAMsA gUMcaLAnI bhAta spiral ardhamUrta staMbha pilaster toraNa gateway azruti tradition pakavamRttikA terracotta 24.64744 epigraph, inscription patravallI-bhAta leaf-and-scroll alaMkaraNa motif design Adya-ItihAsa proto-history pArevA-paththara schist Ahata punch-marked pIThikA plinth, basement eka pArzva profile purA-rakSaNa conservation utakhanana excavation 42142g Reall archaeology uttarAMga bust pratIka stUpa votive stupa kapota-ghATanI kAnasa roll-cornice prAgU-datihAsa pre-history kAlagaNanA chronology prAga-lekhana pre-literary ke lAlakhaMDa pot-sherd prAcInalipividyA paleography kSetratapAsa exploration bhAravAhaka Atlas kharato paththara sandstone alliat pilaster gemUtrikA-ghATa zigzag-pattern mATInuM pakaveluM-terracotta 2141 la apsidal yais sealing caitya-gavAkSa chaitya-window Ecis pottery cekaDAnI bhAta chequer pattern laghucitra miniature painting 3114* document qell fold 2.1 bracket Grid ceiling

Page #625
588] mauryakAlathI guptakAla vizrAmakakSa green-room vedikA railing zaMkhavalaya volute zaMkhAvRtta volute zirAvaTI capital zaila rock zaila-utkIrNa rock-cut zaila-zAsana rock-edict 213 capital sarvekSaNa survey suzobhana motif sopAna-zreNI stair-ase 24'442/149 capital sthaLatapAsa exploration 7417:14 monumental harmika pavilion

Page #626
vizeSa nAmonI zabdasaci akabara 28, 84 akabareu 448 akoTA 183, 231, 313, 330, 332, 334, 335, 361, 378 akSapAda 293 agnimitra 108 agnivarmA 386 aMgrahAra 232 agrInagara para achata 504 acuta 476 aja 1 le 93 aNahilapura 19 aNahilavADa 21, 29, 470 aNahillapura 37 anavatapta 479 anA zarabe 469 aniruddha 422 atri 488 anIna 461 anupa 41, 129, 132, 206 anu-mauryakAla 312, 359 anurAdhagrAma 408 anurAdhapura 49 andrapAna 434 abra-pulinda 80 aparAMta 76, 70, 84, 85, 115, 128, 132, 158, 200, 201, 206, 376 apaladatta 17, 51, para, 55, 90, 92, 94, 96, 143, 186, 203, 24, 212, 213, 226, ra5, 277, 377 apaladara 89 a5lAla 478 ajamera 17, 113, 114, 15, 143, 436 ajaMTA 384, 412, 457, 465 ajiliSa 93 ajAtazatru 74 ajitanAtha 374, 375 aTaka 435 aTakI 417 aTTaNa 221, 506 aNahilavADa pATaNa 14 589

Page #627
590 ] moryakAlathI guptakAla apraticakrAvidyA 498 apokApA 436 apologasa 447 apaladatta 203 apiladetasa 429, 446 aphaghAna 464 aphaghAnistAna 84, 226, 447 abarakha 323 abujhaphara nadavI 54 abula phAthA 467 abula pheDA 470 abhaya 49 abhayadevasUri, 26, 242, pApa abhimukhanAmagotra 482 "abhidhamakeza" 240 "abhidharmasamuccaya' 240 abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi 46, 47 abhinavagupta 300 amarakeza' 83, 210 amadAvAda 37, 90, 155, 189, 194, 228, 334, 471 amarAvatI 348, 455, 467, 47ra amarelI 140, 182, 194, 198, 203, 228, 328, 377, 378, 394 amitrata 50 amitedana 49 amIra 22 amIra khuzare 27 amUra 477 amRta vasaMta paMDyA 182, 398 aba 43pa aya ra je 1ra ayama 108 ayodhyA 89, 454, 58 agenTI 449 arado 447 araTrIoI 447 arasIoI447 aratoa 434 aradezara 447 aradezara jamazedajI 316, 337 aradezara 445 araba 454, 57, 46 0, 474 arabaratAne 466, 468, 468 arabaMnnI 4ra6, 427 arabI 470 arabI samudra 43, 444 aravallI 436 arikAmaDu 322 arikI 446 aripura 165 arisiMha 14, 22 ariSTanemi 517 arIakI 438, 30, 440 arebiyA 444 ameTA 444 arora 467 arorA 456 akasthalI 286, ajuna para "arthazAstra 49, 220

Page #628
alI 428 ardivijaya 4para arju6 23, 84, 290 'amu dAcala,pradakSiNAainalekhasaMdeha'33 'aNu daprAcInajainalekhasaMdeAha' 33 agara 441 ala IstapI 47 alana-yuna 474 ala-bilAdurI 469 alakhu 471 alakherunI 470 anna-2mI 465 arlI hisTarI oNpha inDiyA' 10 alI hisTarI oNpha gujarAta 90 zabdasUci alAuddIna khalajI 27 alekajhAndara 446, 447, 457, 464, 466, 473 alikasudara 80 alipura 165 alekajhAnDriyA 432, 442 albInI 27, 459 alhAbAda 193 alliAphedIsa 428 avarAta 427 'avadAnakathA' 88 avaleAkitezvara 355, 381 avaMti 132, 158, 206, 223, 15 avestA 99 azAka maurya 15, 16, 31, 47, 50, 11, para, pa6, 62, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 8, 81, 83, 85, 86, 132, 200, 201, 202, 210, 211, 212, 235, 236, 248, 249, 250, 253, 253, 267, 258, 264, 270, 288, 337, 347, 381, 419, 458, 475 azAkavanikA 62, 63 'azeAkAvadAna' 88 azvamedha 95, 163, 197 abhAvamedha 229, 287, 289, 591 303 adhAvodhatI 360, 51, 52, 503, 504 'aSTAdhyAyI' 177 asinda 436, 450 azmaka425 asmagI 425, 427 astakax 446 ahamadanagara 100, 115, 440 aLatekara 137, 142, 143, 160, 162, 163 aMga 220, 414 aMgakAra 458, 459, 461, 462, 475, 480 aMkalezvara 365 aTTaka 378 'a'gavizvamA' 26, 177, 178, 219, 227 agediva 449 aMgrejI 268, 34, 322

Page #629
592 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla aMtamarDalI 196 aMtialakida 377 aMtio471, 467 aMtekina 80 aMdarI 425 aMdhau 110, 111, 112, 128, 130, 131, 157, 158, 159, 214, 257 aMbadevasUri 24 aMbara 84 - aMbAjI 357, 396 aMbAdevI 500, 510 aMbikA 354, pa09 aMmarAja 301 AIne akabarI" 107 Audha 458 Akara 132, 206, 437 AkarAvati 115 129 AkAzaliMga 389, 399 AkIlIniyana 475 AkhyAnakarmANakoza' 53 Agama 6, ra30, AgamavAcanA 497 Agama sAhitya 222, 235, 289 Agara 437 AgneyI 388 'AcArAMgacUrNi' 512, 517 AcArAMga-niryukita 513 ANaTTA 34 ANaMda 194, 198, 228 ANaMdajI kalyANajI 33 Aditya 393, 453 AdinAtha 288, 357, 359, 396 AdipurANa 296 AdIzvara 359 Atreya 294 Anarta 16, 37, 38, 30, 40, 41, 47, 28, 50, 51, 56, pa7, 18, 61, 65, 7, 84, 132, 134, 135, 201, 200, 206, 209, 215, 376 Anartanagara 38 AnartanagarI 37 AnaMdapura 23, 223, 284, 286, 290, 436 AphrikA 442, 447, 470 AkhI 428 Abu 20, 29, 49, 4ra7, 436, 453 AburAsa 23 AbhIra 160, 16, 163 AmarA 32 AmrakArdava 16 5, 19t AmUdariyA 126 AniyA 84 Ayonisata 426 Araba 435, 457, 469 AramaDA 472 ArAkAna 47ra Arora 435 ArkoTa 297 ,

Page #630
zabdasUci [59, ArSaka 438 Arya maMgU 481, 482, 506, 512 AryabhaTa 239, 501 AryabhASA 229 Arya vajIvAmI 486, 506, 513 Arya zyAmAcArya 39, 483 Arya samudra 481, 482, 506 Arya suhastI 482 AvazyakasUtra-cUNi 5-6, 507, 51 3 AvazyakasUtraniryukita' 107, 114, 517 AsAma 422, 458 AhavA 391, 392 AhADa 436 Ahira 470 AMtara-narmada 84 AMdhra 81, 137, 171, 182, 184, 425 dakviAkuvaMza 157 ijipta 449 I-siMga ra7 IthiopiyA 431, 2, 450 IkisI 470, 473 Intha-patha-purI 454, 458 inDiyana Arkipelega 431 I-DI 44 I-De-sithio 434, 436, 437 Indikolyusi 450 Izna athIra 468 Ina asIra 27 Igna khuradAdabaha 473 igna batutA 471 danta hIkala 47 Irina 445 Iliyasa 43 IlorA 384 isavahAna 467 sAmI 28 prastAriA 3 Idra 168, 478, 496, 513 IMdradatta 196 indraprastha 454, 458 iMdrahaMsa 24 IDara 389, 436 IbIriyA 446 ITavA 141, 288, 324, 344, 345, 367, 378 ITavA-vihAra 349 IrAna 47, 92, 99, 126, 156, 174, 205, 213, 214, 275, 287, 29, 333, 40, 424, 43, 447, 45, 457, 466 468, 474, 482 IrAnI pa3, 63, 75, 16, 169, 177, 224, 3ra3, 45, 469 IrAnI akhAta 224, 471 Isu 104, 19, 10, 177, 186, 341, 349, 355, 374 Izvaradatta 137, 16, 161, 163, 173, 181, 182, 254, 283

Page #631
59 ] Izvaradeva 283 IzvarI 486 ugrasena 64 ugrasenagaDha 53, 65 ugrasenapura 65 ujjaina 92, 93, 94, 97, 113, 114, 129, 333, 171, 18, 201, 223, 376, 437, 438, 465, 499 ujjanta giri 64 ujjayaMta 63, 64, 224, 287, soca kAlathI guptakAla 359 ujjayinI 34, 48, 51, 56, 61, 81, 83 86, 200, 221, 223, 224, 25, 239, 240, 242, 287, 290, 359 ujjaina 482 ujjainI 483 ujjainI 482, 492, 505-507 'uttarakAMDa' 126 uttarapradeza 20, 319 uttarA 7pa udayagiri 161, 193 udayaprabhasUri 14, 22, 23 uditAcA 298 udumbara 427 udepura 143, 424, 436 udyotanasUri 26 utAI 450 upakezaga7496 upatigrAma 408, 409 upamita 298 upamitezvara 298 uparakATa 180, 31, 337, 349, 35, 367, 271, 378, 380 upaleTA 357 umareTha 29, 111, 517 umAzakara jozI para urasA 428 urI 425 urvA 296 ulUka 293 ulkAgAma 296 ukAgrAma 304 uSavadAta 101, 109, 118, 124, 177 uSA 422 ubarAvaI velA 44 ubharAvatI velA 44, 230 Uyata 45, 46, 47, 27, 6, 61, 64, 83, 191, 372 uru sI 476 RkSa 42 RkSavAna 43 Rgveda 6, 7, 98 RSabhadeva 359, 507 ekratiH 88, 89, 95, 203, 212, 377 euthIrdima 89, 90 euthIdemAsa 429 eudAkasesa 430 eesanapura 435

Page #632
ekabhAvika 982 ekaliMgajI 297, 299, 303 egAthArakhAIdAsa 429 aMgetharikadIsa 466 egetharakhAIdAsa 442 eNTalAsa 330 eDana 448 ethenI promekAsa 91 eNthensa 431 entAnI 430 entAniyasa 433 entAniyasa pAyasa 441 endAkasesa 429 'ensTinTa yogrAphI' 428, 434, 435 epItausA 435 epeAlA para, 203, 467 epeAlegAsa 447 epeleDeATasa 90, 91 epreAsTIsa 445 ethalI 476 ethalAiTe 460 ebiriyA 474 ebisiniyana 443, 468 ebisiniyA 463 ebhalamaDapa 378, 382 embelImA 435 erike 449 zabdaci [595 'eritriyana samudranA lAmiyA' 442 erIAneAsa 449 eyuDI 82 ereteAthanIsa 430, 433 eriAkesapheArA 445 eriyana 424, 45, 426, 435, 442, 447 elApatra 478 elIjhara 444 elekajhAMdara 424, 430, 433 elekajhAnDriyA 432, 433 elera 465 eziyA 17pa eziyA, madhya 333 eziyA mAInora 44 aiMgIdeI 449 aMdrI 388 AuMga-ha-yuense 474 kasasa 463 ekasAmIsa 436 ekIlisa 444 AkelIsa 432 Agaratasa 430, 473 ojhA 253 ejhInI 223, 438, 444, 447 eTAmula 426, 439 ATAmulA 425 odAnabiorisa 427 okhela 89, 212 omeAllAha 447 emana 474 AmInAgara 440 era nadI 296 erabadara 436

Page #633
596 ] ArakhItAI 450 orahATa 47 orAta 427 ArasI 428 erissA 74, 82,412,416, 417, 454, 455, 45, 464, 473 AreTI 425, 426, 427 eresTrI 428 A hADA 450 olapADa 437 AlAkhAirA 441 ArlaeNnDa 442 autaumUla 428 audIcya 457 audumbarI zAllI 427 aura'gajheba 84 oreliyasa 433 kakkasUri 24 sauya kAlathI guptakAla kaccha 17, 24, 27, 40, 41, 43, 74, 76, 84, 90, 94, 128, 129, 132, 159, 16, 166, 196, 198, 201, 205, 206, 208, 283, 358, 370, 467, 468, 47, 472, 473 19 kaTasuri kaTAsa 422 kaTezvara 358 kaTezvarI 3pa8 DelAla 334 kedanADu 433 phaDaluDI 449 kaDiyA 283 kraDiyA DuMgara 365, 378, 392 kaNAda 293 kaSmi 99, 100, 101, 112, 128, 129, 169, 478 kagiri 440 herI 389, 391 katesipheAna 474 kathika 126, 365, 386 kathikavaMza 126 kasi . 99 kaphiza 94 kasisa 99 kadaMba 373 kada giri 374 kaniMgahama 15, 110, 171, 177, 428, 434, 435, 426, 464, 473 kunI 444 kanaiyAlAla dave 29 kannaDa 440 kannatAra 449 kanherI 100, 126 kapaDavaMja 29 kapila 298 :pardi 496 kapilavastu 477 kapilezvara 298 kapila 427 khalitaka 447 phakhIlA 443

Page #634
zabdasUci [597 kabIrA 47pa kamaNijaja 437 kamanI 437 kamalapura 44, 230 kamAuM 462 kabIsolAI 427 kanuja 44 konI 437, 446 kararajana 462 karavIra 441 karADa 382, 44 karAda 181 karIne 445 karura 456 42.5 220 karAMcI 435, 467 karka 468 karNasuMdara 21 kardama 125 kaImarAja 125 kardamA nadI 125, 126 kamila 125 kapUra AhAra 113, 114 karmaNeya 437 kalakattAnuM inDiyana myujhiyama 164 kalacuri 381 kalachalA 18 kalabatA 473 kalAvatI 495 kaliyuga 65, ra94, 489 kaliMga 74, 77, 79, 86, 200, 212, 220, 412, 416, 425, 426, 472, 473, 474, 50 8 kaliMgarAja 406, kalIena 448 kalaDa 43 3 kalADA 439 kaliena 448 kalI ANuM 450 kalphIAnI 450 kalIgerisa 440 karyApa 479 kahaNa 13, 125 kalyANa 450 kalyANavijayajI 51, 81, 93, 374, 483, 445, 500, 51pa kalyANI 232 kasamacitra para kasavardhana 220 kase nadI 245 kasarumatI 239, 4/8 karamatI nadI 244, 514 kahAvalI 483, 491 kaMDIno akhAta 434 kaMdahAra 84, 94, 465, 468, 477 kaMbeja 78, 84, 200, 453, 454, 456, 458, 476 kabajiA 478 kaMbujIya 475 kaMDiyA kapara-455, 457-462 464, 468, 470, 472, 474,

Page #635
pa98] mauryakAlathI guptakAla 476, 480 kaMsa 222 kAunsa 51 kAkavaNuM 508, 509 kAkAnI siMhaNa 392 kAcagupta 154, 194, 228 kAThiyA 450 kAThiyAvADa 434, 436, 456, 465 kAThiyAvADa gejheTiyara' 53 kAtyAyanI 409 kAroborinI 447 kAnanadIpa 224 kAnhaDade prabaMdha' 25 kApAlika 293, 302 kApikA 437 kApitAliyA 427 kApiDarI 437 kApura 13, 196 kApurAhAra 215 kAbula 88, 90, 94, 434, 447, 453, 456-458, 460-462, 475, 476 kAbera 450 kAmareja 30, 182, 202, 203, 3 12, 318, 324, 328, 334, 36 , 378, 437 kAmadhi 49pa kAmila-ta tavArIkha' 27 kAmboja 211, 475 kAyAvatAra 296 kAyAvarohaNa 283, 294, 296, 299, 304, 488, 489 kAyAvarohaNezvara 297 kAraNuM 23, 283, 285, 296, 332, 334, 337, 378, 488 kAravaNa mAhAbhya' ra94-296, 514 kArAkula saravara 126 kArajaMga 46 kAruka 30 kArakasiddhAMtI 30 kAruNika 293 kAra 473 kAruSya 299 kArohaNa 296, 297 kArtika rAzi 300 kArtikeya 283, 51 kAma 126 kArdamaka 17, 12, 103, 104, 125, 204, 205, 214, 226, 254, 261, 376 kAmarAja 125 kAmeya 126 kAle khAMDavAlA 123 kArlA 389, 391 kAle 377 kApaNa 171, 177-179, 186, 207, 227 kAlakasaI 46 3 kAlakasaMhitA' 483 kAlakasUri 92, 482, 483 kAlabhAcArya 92-94, 12, 230,

Page #636
zabdasUci pi99 287, 289, 374, 482-484, 497 jJAna 238 kAlamukha 293, 302 kAdavadana 302 kAlasI 82 kAlAnana 301, 32 kelibaMga 384 kAlI 44 kAlIsiMdhu 95 kAnDiyana 465 kAvI 437 kAverI ra90, 448 kAverIpaTama 50 "kAvyAnuzAsana' 46 kAzagara 476 kAzmIra 13, 100, 223, 4pa0, 456, 45, 460, 465, 464, 476, 478, 480 kApa-parivarta 240 kAsahada 509 kAsima 460 kAspapAIrI 223 kApIrirasa 450 kAhApaNa 117, 178 kAhAvaNa 227 kALavA 354 kAMgale, pra. 68 kAMcI 297 kAMDapura 186 kAMtIpura 400, 510, 511 kAMtI 517 kaboja 210, 220, 45 kabajapura 475 ki--se-ro 281 kiDArAITo 460 kiDA 461 kitAbu hindI 27 kidAra 164 kina-ce- 453 kirADu 20 kirAma 435 kiperesa 450 kIrtikaumudI' 22, 70 kIma 437, 446 kalahorna 16, 7, 210 kadarakheDA 28 kukara 15, 132, 158, 206 kukakura 53 kuca 478 kucI 476 gujarAta para kuDA 439 kutrika 223 kutrikA paNa 505 kunAla 80, 81, 85, 86 kupha 467 kubera 169 kamarakhANa 194 kumAra 21 kumAragupta 18, 58, 12, 154 156, 188-190, 194, 195)

Page #637
100 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla : 228, 394 kuMbhAriyA 29 kumArapAla 14, 20-22, 24, 64, kUDA 38ra 30 0 "kUrmapurANa" ra94, 296, 298, kumArapAla-carita' 24 489 kumArapAla-pratibaMdha 21, 64, 65 kRSNa 24, 38, 40, 41, 222, kumAravihAra 21 284, 285, 288, 291, 377, kumudacaMdra 492 390, 42, 467 kumulana para kRSNapura 4ra6 kurukSetra 488, 489 kRSNasvAmI AyaMgara 415 kuTuMdavADa 440 kRSNa 438-441, 454, 455, kulabarga 439 47ra, pa04 kulAla 85 ke. kA. zAstrI 358 kulepa 57, 135 kekaoI 426 kuvarNA 408 ke 4ra6 'kuvalayamAlA' 26 kedArI 476, 477 kuzaNamUla 117, 178 kedArI-ephathalI 476 kuzaNumUle 100, 177 kedu para kuzardika 38 kena 43ra kuzasthalI 37, 38, 41, 42 kenTona 468 kuzAla 85 kenItAI 449 kuzAvarta 39 keneDI 1ra3 kuzika 298, 299, 489 kebotrasa 449 kumANa 94, 99, 101, 1i7, 124, kempabela 342, 44 128, 142, 172, 178 kebisIsa 475 kuSANuvaMza 184, 214, 278, 279, keralaputra 449 388-392, 445, 447, 464 kerIse borA 4ra6 kuSANuvaMza 112 kevalI 243 kuMjarAvarta giri 513 kevaLacaMda 67 kaMDalameTha 290 kaijhapa 444 kuMDinapura 183 kaithala 427 kuMbhakoNama 297 kailAsa 40

Page #638
[601 keA 434 kekala 435 kekAsa 225, 231, 5-7, 504, 509, 516 kacIna 4ra6 kecIna-cIna 458, 465, 47ra kajhelekadaphIsa 431 keTiebA 460 keTiyA 446 keTInagarI 509 keTuMbA 446. keTTonArA 433 keDInAra 509 koDha 231 kedranA 434 konI 106 kanDana 449 kensTanTAIna 466 kepTosa 429, 431, 43ra kebalitika 223 komeziyana 467 karabule 464 keriyana 466 kerI 434 kolAbA 439 kelhApura 439, 440, 441 kozalA 492 kasama 20 kosamasa 450, 4pa1, 467 kosaMbA 285 kasuMbAraNya 285, 291, 504 kosaMbAranna 291 kohATa 434 kAMkaNa 74, 6, 100, 111, 133, 196, 210, 263, 438, 441 kAMkaNIo 427 kauTilya 48, 49, 76, 177, 200, 212 kauTilya arthazAstra' 68, 76, 200, 201 kaumArikAkhaMDa 511 "kaumArikAkSetra-mAhAsya26 kaujasa 475 kauriya 301 kaurUSa 298, 299, 301, 302 kauruSya 489 kauzAMbI 221 kauzika 209, 300 kauzaya 220 krAIsI 26 krAIsTa 433 krApharDa 472 kIborA kara6 kalaborA 426 kaladisa 432, 433 kalodiyasa 432, 433 kasoanA 435 kSatrapa 29, 105, 116, 1rapa, 130, 213, 214, 3ra6 kSatrapaka 178, 466 -2- 39

Page #639
62] mauryakAlathI guptakAla kSetrapAla 109, 201, 219, 222, 2pa6, 2pa7, 269, 271, 272, 337 kSatraparvaza 189 kSatrapAvana 213 latrava 116, 213 kSazrapAta 205 pAvana 98, 205 kSaharAta 103-106, 111, 114, 115, 120, 122, 23, 125, 129, 254, 261, 487 laharAta vaMza 105 kSIrasvAmI 83, 210 kSemagupta 15 kSedrakI 436 khakharAta 105 khagarAta 119 khajhAInuM-la-kutUha 27 khatapa 116, 213 kharUpaka 178, 227 khapuTa 287 khapuTAcArya 36, 289, 20, 36 0, 374, 483, 484, 45, 503 khabIrUna 448 kharataragaccha pa15 khara5lAna 101 kharIphrena 434 khareSThI lipi 17, 91, 92, 102, 23, 128, 168, 171, 175, 203, 204, 254, 262, 274, 26, 281 khalajI 24 khaliphAta 468 khasa 479 khaMgAragaDha 53 khaMDosaNa 29 khaMbhAta 27, 43, 313, 437, 445, 446, 471, 510-512 khaMbhAtano itihAsa' pa1 khaMbhAyata pa12 khaMbhAliDA 288 khaMbhAlIDA 355, 371, 378, 381 khAnadeza 422, 438 khAparA-keDiyA 316, 349, 358, 370, 378 khAparA-keDiyAnI guphA 334, 349 khAvaDA 17, 130, 13 khAMDaNiyA 516 khiena-to-vI 474 kheDabrahmA 388, 389 kheDA 27, 182, 194, 228, 317, 335, 511 kheranIsesa 441, 449 kheMgAra 71, 119 kheMgAragaDha 65 kheDiyAra 356 khetAna 76 khera 459, 465, 46 gajhanI 467, 470 gaDhavAla 462 gaDhA 141, 158, 160, 161, 214 gaDhecI 334, 354

Page #640
zakhasUci 1603 gaNakArikA' 283, 296 gaNapatizAstrI 125, 156 gaNAvacchedaka 500 gaNeza 396 gaNezarA 120 gaDhe, e. esa. 181 gaCra 182 garuDa 41, 42, 225, 228 garuDadhvaja 377 gaga 299 gardaziyala 92, 93, 94, 112, 482, 483 gardabha vidyA 482 galagalI 44 gallItAlutI 428 gaLatezvara 29 gaMgadeva 484 gaMgA 89, 384, 465, 426, 434, 443, 447, 448, 465 gaMgAkhINa 450 gaMgAriDI 425 gaMgI 479. gaMjAma 416 gaMDa-rakSaka 283 gaMDArIka 45 gaMdAreoI 447 gaMdAlariTa 461 gaMdharva 108 gaMdharvadattAtaMbhaka 230 gaMdhAra 78, 84, 88, 9, 116, 200, 333, 453, 454, 456, 457, 460, 465, 467, 468, 474, 475, 479 gAthAsaptazatI' 238 gAga saMhitA 81 gAgye ra97-300, 489 gAniera 462 gAMdharva 134 gAMdhAra 383, 391, 392, 393 gAMdhArakalA 390 giranAra 15, 16, 20, 23, 24, 40, 43, 44, 5, 52, 54, pa5, 64, 65, 70, 73, 74, 82, 185, 21, 220, 235237, 248-253, 27, 258, 267, 265, 266, 270, 277287, 284, 287, 288, 316, 341, 371, 378, 438, 470, pa09, 510 'giranAra-mahAmya 53 girinagara 16, 37-73, 76, 77, 80, 83, 132, 135, 15, 201, 207, 209, 224, 237, 285, 289, 20, 341, 348, 372, 510 girinayara 64 giripura 37, 39-42, 46, 48 giriyA 200 giritraja 48, 49 gi. va. AcArya 32, 70, 160, 164, 181, 192, 344 gIgara 412, 422

Page #641
604] mauryakAlathI gustakAla gIra 44 guaphaI 444 , gujarAtanuM mUrtividhAna, 29 'gujarAtanuM vahANavaTuM' 413 gujajara ra79 guDazastra 290 guDazastrapura 484, 513 guNamati 240 gupta 29, 153, 155, 156, 165, 174, 180, 149, 193, 226, 264, 279 guptakalA 384, 387 guptakAla 209, 216, 219, 229, 262, 267, 266-269, 273, 280, 326 guptakAlIna 250, 271, 27ra guptakSetra 51 guptavaMza 122, 157, 227 guta samrATa 190 gupta saMvata 194208, 228 gurjara 18, 37, 400, 453, 456, 457, 468, 468 gujaradeza 222, 23, 286, 287 gurjaradezabhUpAvalI' 25 gurjara-pratIhAra 376 gujaravaMza 63 gurjara-vijaya 453 gUMdA 138, 158, 159 gejheTiyara 53 ger3AsiyA 449 geI 433 gemelIbA 440 gerarejha 467 gerIA 449 gelasa 431 gokhariyA 439 gajha saMganiyana 471 godAvarI kara6, 438, 439, 454, 472, 481 godharA 317 gopa 28, 332, 379, 396 gopanAtha 222, 437 goptA 209 gomukha 496 goragIpI 449 gorAda 29 golasa 451 govardhana 113 govA 441, 448, 450 govArIsa 441 goviMda 60 goviMdasvAmI 229 gohila 471 gohilavADa 182 geMDara 463 geDala 355 goMdaramI 154 gauDa 49ra gautama buddha 74 gautamIputra sAtakarNi 107, 108, 111, 11, 121, 128, 129, 180, 226, 438

Page #642
zabdasUci [605 gaudarama 182 gauhattI 187 goMdaramI 165 graharipu 70 grahAri 470 grIka 3, 17, 27, para, 84, 85, [88, 169, 172, 174, 176, 179, 183, 184, 194, 204, 213, 226, 229, 231, ra75, ra77, 364, 377, 460, 466, 468 grIka-romana 17, 170, 173, 174, 176, 207, 247, 276, 277 grIka-romana lipi 262, 276 grIca 433 grIsa 222, 464, 480 glesara 442 gvAliyara 191 ghalA 332 ghallA 444 ghATaprabhA 440 dhUmalI 29, 30, 317, 3pa7 ghoDegAMva 439 ghoghA 229 ghora 47ra ghopa 123 "caupanamahApurisacariya' 26 caule 448 cakrapAlita 16, 59, 10, 195, 209, 285, 316 cakapura 294, 489 cakrabhUta 207, 358, 372 cakravatI, esa. ke. 178 cakrezvarI 496 caca 4pa7 caThana 157 "caturvizatiprabaMdha' 23 catrapa 105 camelI 356 caramI 428 caharada 105 caMgajaga 461 caMDa pradyata 221, 505 caMdra 486, 507 caMdraketupura 54 caMdragupta 16, 18, 47-50, 58, 73-76, 132, 153, 154, 165, 149, 191, 193, 194, 200, 227 228, 316, 341, 360, 374, 387, 394, 424, 428, 52 caMdragupta maurya 47,56, 61, 68 caMdragupta vikramAditya 155, 189, 192, 193 "caMdraprabhacarita' 24 caMdraprabhAsa 288 caMdrabana 465 caMdrabodhi 227 caMdralekhA 502, 511 caMdravana 465 caMpAnagarI para caMbala 95

Page #643
}} ] cANasmA 362 cAnsa 472 cApa 19 cApaDiyA 469 cApAkaTa 18 cAmula 426 cAmuMDA 284, 388 cAmuMDAdevI 388 soca kAlathI guptakAla cAramI 425 cAritrasuMdaragaNi 24 cArudatta 44, 230, 517 cAvaDA 14, 21-25, 28, cAvaDA kula 468 cASTana 100, 102-104, 106, 107, 110, 111, 121-130, 134, 143, 147, 149, 110, 152, 113, 163, 167, 172, 174, 176, 180, 204, 214, 215, 226, 257, 282, 438 cASTana vaMza 118, 126, 117 cAhamAna 19 cAMca 472 cAMdAra 438 cAMpAnera 469 cikhalapatra 113 citADa 20, 89 cinAba 431 cipaluna 449, 441 cIna 230, 45, 460, 464, 46, 467, 47, 471, 479 cInAMzuka 220 cInI 240 cuDAsamA 470 cela 426, 428, 439 ceTarajI 422 cemula 439 cera 449 cAravADa 469 cALa 80 corA 469, 470 chatra5 105, 106, 213 chatrava 116, 213 hera6 105 harata 176 harAta 105, 106 chiMdavADA 181 cheTA udepura 18 cheTAlAla atri 337 'jagaDucarita'24 jagaDuzAha 24 jabalapura 324, 422 jamazIda kAvasajI 116 jamunA 429 jambulasa 431 jayagaDha 441 jayadAmA 46, 111, 123, 24, 128, 132, 131, 158, 119, 161, 167, 170, 174, 175, 182, 215, 282 jayapura 428 jayamitra 327

Page #644
zabdasUci [107 jayazikharI 25 jayasiMha 20 jayasiMhasUri 22, 25 jayaMtavijayajI 33 jayendra nANAvaTI 392, 398 jarasA 316 jarAkumAra 291, 504 jarAsaMdha 38, 41 jarnala opha dhI orienTala insTITayuTa' 166 jalAlapura 428, 449, 478 jalevara 489 jazavaMtasiMha 84 jasadaNa 357 jasTiniana 464 jasTIna 429 jaMjIrA 432, 439, 448 'jaMbuddIpa prajJapti' 232 jaMbumArga 239 jaMbuvijaya 246 jaMbusara 239 jabUdIpa 410 jabhala 383 jATa 457, 467-469 jAnhavI 156 jAphanA 414 jAmanagara 141, 312, 3pa7 jAme-ulU-hikAyata' 27 jAyasvAla 86, 110, 114, 164 jAlata 312, 317, 318 jAlera 376 jAvaDa 359 jAvanI 457 jAvarA 438, 456 jAvA 44, 230, 452-57,459, 463-465, 468, 473, 476 480 jitayazasa 243 jitazatru 501 jinadatta 486 jinadattazreSThI para 6 jinadattasUri 115 jinadharma para jinaprabhasUri 23, 53-55 jinabhadra 23, 243 jinabhadrANi 243 jinabhadrasUri 53, 65 jinamaMDanagaNi 24 jinayaza 493 jinayaza sUri 495 jinavijayajI 33, 53, 54, 7. ' jinasena 17, 109, 24, 127 jinasenasUri 26 jinaharSa 24 jinAnaMdasUri 243, 493, 494 jinezvara 488 jibrAlTara 469 karNagaDha 53 jIrNadurga pa3, 70, 71 jIvadAmA 103, 136-140, 147- 149, 15ra, 159, 160, 163, 168,170, 172, 214,215, 282

Page #645
608] moryakAlathI guptakAla chavadevasUri 498, 499, 500 jIvaMtasvAmI 507 juraNaphUDa 53, 55 juNadurga 53, 55, 65 junaida 454 junnara 108, 382, 439, 440 junnAra 20 jUnAgaDha 15, 29, 30, 33, 45, 46, 51-54, 64-6, 73, 82, 96, 114, 129 131, 132, 141, 154, 158, 162, 175, 180, 181, 194, 198, 200, 204, 25, 208, 2 14- 16, 224, 228, 235, 273, 288, 311, 316, 317 328, 334, 335, 337, 342, 344, 349, 350, 323, 354, 356, 358, 36 8, 370, 372, 378, 380-382, 394, 436, 446 jUrNadurga 55 jetapura 378, 381 jetalavADa 357 jesalamera 238 jaina 370 jainatIrthasaMgraha' 33 jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha 33 jenalekhasaMgraha' 33, 70 jaina saMpradAya 350 jokhA 312, 317-319, 334 gaNiyA 83, 316, 337 jegalathabbI 114, 115, 121 jegalathaMbI 176, 180 jogIDAnI guphA 374 jeTa 512 jodhapura 84 jogaDa 251, 279 jaigaDha 82 jayeSThI ra22 yeSThImalla 232 grA 428 jyoti prasAda jaina 127 jatiSkaraMDaka 238 rja, senTa 449 jhaghaDiyA 289, 378 jhaghaDiyA netraMga 365 jharakazana 126 jharaNazana nadI 126 karmonekhIgasa 430 jhAasagala 443 jhAsagala 443 jhAjhapora 365 jhAlada 334 jhiyA-uda-dIna baranI 28 jhIMjhurIjhara 288, 357 jhIMjhurIjhAra 382 jhIMjhuvADA 29 jhelama 422, 466 regarI 438 jhokAlIsa 443 TaMkaNadeza 230 TArsa 90, 95, 96 TibeTa 464

Page #646
zabdasUci [609 TIArA 438 TITAI 396 TIMbaravA 30, 312-314, 318, 319 327, 331 334, 377 TIMbA 182, 237, 337 TekacaMdAnI 182 Telara, jI. pI. 90 Tevaraniyara 472 TapogrAphiyA 450 TolemI para, 127, 12, 131, 185, 37 Trejhara Trova ekaTa 182 TauDa 15, 31, 370, 468, 47ra Thapaka papa DabhAI 29, 296, 312 DAbhela 441 DAMga 301 DimurI 428 DiMDa 62 DisakaLakara 70 DIsA 498 Dekkana kaeNleja 312 DerA IsmAIlakhAna 434 DoDavela 442 Derika 480 DelI ra. zAha 338 kyubreIla 110 taMka 373 DhaMkApurI 238, 288, 359, 490 DhAgara 515 DhAMka 288, 357, 359, 373, 382, 482, 490 havANa 121 NaravAhaNa 108 PhavAhana 121 takSazilA 93, 105, 119, 10, 359, 468, 478 tazilA 450, 453, 454. 455, 463, 468, 475, 476 talilI 428 takhta-I-bahI 465 tagara 448 tagalaka mohammada jUnA 54, 55 tattvabodhavidhAyinI 242 tathAgata 478 taprobanI 450 tabakAta-I akabarI' 28, 54 tabasa 440 tabasoI 440 tamiLanADu 297 taradrata 477 taraMgavatI 238 taLAjA 24, 288, 355, 3pa6, 373, 378, 382 kaMDIkADA 301 tAIjhIsa 457, 468, 474 tApasa 440 tAtarIya 470 tApI 319, 415, 437, 441 tApImAhAbhya" raka tAbanI 443 tAbAnI 432

Page #647
610 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla tAluka 425, 458 " tileya-patti' 12, 107, tAmila 413, 449 108, 126 tAmrapaNuM 406, 408 turanesabeasa 448 tAmraliptaka 425 turaSka 22 tAmralipti 222, 45, 516 turka 456, 457, 459, 46, tAyara 433 468, 476 tArakAsura 511 turkastAna 126 tAraMgA 360, 374, 375 tulumA 80 tArA 360 tuSApha 47, 11, 12, 73, 75, 76, tArAphara 360 132, 342 tArAdevI 374 tuhaphatula kirAma 435 tArApura 334, 360 tuMgabhadrA 439 tArIkha-I-pharistA' 28 tegIna 467 tArIkha-I-phIrojhazAhI 28 tejapAla 21, 23, 53, 287 'tArIkha-I-badInI 28 tejalapura 53 tArIne 46 1 tera 38ra tArIma 476 telaMgaNa 45 tArI-khINa 46 7 tailiMgo 428 tArIma nadI 478 teluguo 428 tAladhvaja 373 tellIcerI 449 tAlArAsaka 493 tesIAsa 424 tAlesepa 459, 462 tailakhalI 428 tAlukatI 42pa tapAna 449 tAhiyA 455, 473 taramANa 4pa6 nikaTA 440 telamAya 27, 105 hindIsa 449 tolemI 27, 26, 429-444, tibeTa 445, 458, 467, 462, 446, 449, 450, 458, 464, 474, 476, 477 475 tiradrata 458 tolemesa 433 tiripaMgalIkA 440 jhinistA 450 tirupanatara 426 tyArunIsa 438

Page #648
zabdasUci trapagA 446 trAjana 4pa7 trAvaNakora 428 trikadIba 441 trikaliMgA 425 trikUTa parvata 128, 170, 172, 173 trikUTa viSaya 199 tripAThI, Ara. esa. 165 tripiTaka 6, 365 tripurAMtaka 300 tripurI 314, tribhuvana 223 trizalA 496 trizULa 168 'triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita' 26 trizikA 240 tratA 54 tretAyuga 65 pInA 426 auphUTaka 19, 178, 18, 149, 196, 229, 248, 262, 263, 272, 279 thara 474 tharapArakara 435 thANA 83, 113, 420, 472, 506 thAna 437 thAmaNA 288, 361 thAlyunI 425 thAMbhaNuM 510, 511, 517 thiokilA 437 thita sega-tI 460 thisoMga 460, 477 thIophisa 466 thana 456 theresa 427 dakSiNapatha 193, 448 dakhiNabadIsa 448 dakhaNa 74, 258, 437 dabAliyA 362 damAskasa 430 darada 479 darabana 434 darpaNa 92 darzaniA 449 dazapura 113, 114, 225 dazAha 64 dahANuM 47ra dahegAma 334 dahasena 196, 197, 229, 248, ra62, 263, 282 daMdagudA 4ra6 dAnI 252, 253 dAmajada 102 dAmajadazrI 135-137, 139, 144, 145, 159, 172, 175, 180, 182, 214 dAmasena 139, 14-144, 160, 166, 168, 170, 172, 173, 214 dAmajada 102 dAdara 15, 358, 359, 372 dAmodarakuMDa 82

Page #649
612 ] dAmAdarapura 216 dAyAnIsiyasa 425, 429, 434 dAyAnIsApAlIsa 450 dAyAnIseAsa 449 dAya 98, 116, 157, 213 dArayavahuSa 116 dArI 427 dArura 439 dAsareTa 107 dAhaDa 485 dAheAda 34, 312 didArasa-diodarAsa 429, 431, 432 dinisisa 433 digaMbara 21, 397 digaMbarAcArya 515 mauca kAlathI guptakAla dimitra 88-90, 212 dimitriesa 429 dilhI 279, 454, 458 divAkara 360 diharAma 470 dIkSita, ke. ena. 158 dInAra 231 'dIpatra sa' 229, 405, 406, 412414, 417 dI grAmaNI 409 dIrghAyu 409 dIva 223, 456, 466, 468, 472, 492 dugADa 439 dujAtha 469 durgAcA 239 durgAzaMkara zAstrI 34, 302 duryodhana 222 dula bhadevI 493, 494, 495 duSyagaNa 241 duSyaMta paMDayA 122 debala 45, 467 demAkeAsa 428 deraMgI 428 delamAla 29, 36ra delavADA 29 devakara 390, 401 devakI 294 devagaDha 54, 395 devagIra 439 devaguptasUri 496 devadatta 9 devadatta rA. bhAMDArakara 298, 390 devanI meArI 17, 30, 126, 141, 182, 254, 273, 284, 289, 323-325, 329-332, 335, 361-363, 378-380, 382385, 387, 393, 396 devapattana 294 devapattana prazasti 303 devapATaNa 469 devapAlI 440 devarAta 120 devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa 241, 288, 2491, 495-497 devala 456

Page #650
zabdasUci [ 613 devalarAnI-va-khijakhAna' 27 devalasiMdhI 467 devaliyA 437 devalI 373, 440 devazrI 492 devasena pApa devA 182 devAnaMdA 496 devendrasUri 512 dezInAmamAlA" 71 dadavela 442. densaga 460 delatapura 160, 166, 283, 392, 393 dolatAbAda 54 doMgA 439 drakhamaI 429 drakhamAI 447 dragsa 89, 96, 204, 212, 226 draviDa 81, 437 koNa 39 droNasiMha 301 kAdazAniyacaka 243, 494, 49pa dvArakA 5, 30, 37-40, 45, 222, 284, 287, 290, 323, 334, 436, 445, 449, 467-469, 472, 504, 510 'dvArakAkSetramAhAsya" 26 dvAravatI 37-40, 42, 45, 422 ditrizaThAviMzikA' 493 dvIpa 223, 436 dvaipAyana 294, 504 yAzraya" 21, 26 "dha periplasa opha dha eziyanasI" 442. dhanakaTaka 426 dhanada 516 dhanadatta 62 dhanapati 510 dhanazrI 61, 62, 63 dhanaMjaya 493 dhaneza 517 dhanezvara 52, 53 dhanezvarasUri 26, 359, 373 dharasena 301, 394 dharmakIrti 244 dharmacaMda kevalacaMda paDela 67 dharmaghoSasUri 70 dharma deva 498 dharmaratna 24 dharmavivardhana 81 dharmAsyudaya ra2, 70 "dharmAraNyakSetra-mAhAbhya' 26 dharmAraNyamAhAbhya" 24 dharmAzoka 50 dhAtavA 312, 317, 318, 319, 323, 334 dhAtusena 419 dhAra 438 dhAraNadevI 374 dhAravADa 440 dhArA 38 dhArAgaDha 31, 337

Page #651
614] mauryakAlathI guptakAla dhArura 439, 448 dhAlA 43ra dhiNoja 29 dhiMgezvara 288 dhI inDasa DelTA kanTrI 435 dhenukAkaTa 377, 426 dhoLakA 29 dhIlI 82, 251 dhruva 40 dhruvasena 63, 301 nakulI 295, 299 nakulIza 283, 295 nakulIzvara 489 nakhI 49 nakhenavATa 475 nakhana 47pa nakhanavATa 477, 480 nagarapurI 440 nagarA 222, 312-314, 317- 319, 3ra3, 323, 323, 324, 332-334 nagarI 377 nagarIsa 440 nagnadIpa 408 naTapiTaka 280 naDiyAda 334 nadavI sAheba 54 nAgInA 441 nabathiyana 443 nabathiyA 442 nakasena 94, 113 navAhana 121, 222, 238, 247, 487, 488 namasa 437 namnadiosa 446 nayacakra' 243, 246 naracaMdrasUri 23 naranArAyaNAnaMda' 22 naravahaNa 121 naravAhana 108, 121, 12, 299 narasiMha mahetA 354, 356 narena 90, 92, 95, 96 narendraprabha 22 narmadA 129, 319, 437, 446, 447 navalakhA 29 navasArikA 437 navasArI 22, 437, 448 navAnagara 471 nahapAna 17, 99, 10115, 118-124, 127, 128, 142, 167-171, 174-180, 204, 213, 215, 222, 226, 238, 258, 273, 280, 347, 382, 391, 486, 487 naharahaNa 121 nahaNa 121 naMda 494, 49pa naMdaka 50, 75 naMdavaMza 74, 419 naMdanavana 38 naMdisUtra' 241, 481, 486 naMdIvelA 44

Page #652
zabdasUci [15 nAIla ka29, 431 nAkhonavATa 459, 465, 462 nAga 459, 465, 462 nAgadvIpa 406, 414 nAgadharA 393 nAgamaMdira 477 nAgara 26 nAgarAja 477-480, 514 nAgavalikA 290 nAga sarovara 479 nAgArjuna siddha 65, 238, 247, 288, 359, 361, 375, 489, 57, 511 nAgArjunasUri 24, 241, 491, 492 nAgAjunIkaDA 399 nAgArjunI vAcanA 492, 497 nAgendra 486, 57 nAgrasma 435 nADela 20 nAnaMgola 113 nAnAghATa 441 nAbhaka-nApati 80 nAkhanusa 108, 10, 113, 121 123 "nyAyAvatAra' 242, 493 nAragola 113 "nAradasmRti' 185 nArA 473 nArAyaNa 182 nAriyeLI pADA 492 nAlikala vasati 492. nAsika 99, 101, 102, 113115, 124, 142, 177, 180, 199, 215, 273, 28, 347, 382, 391, 438, 440 nAsikya 84 nAMdIpura 376 niArakasa 432 nikAlAosa 430 nikelasa, seMTa 467 nijhAma 439 nijhAma-uddIna 28 nitrA 441 nitriasa 432, 441 'nidAnasUtra' 386 nimaca 436 nimittAjIMgabodhinI' 243 nimADa 132, 314 nirukata 239 niraMgaNa 221 nivRti 486, 507 "nizIthacUrNi" 51, 81, 224, 243, pa07, 512 nizItha-sUtra' 225, 243, 286 niSAda 206 nIAsinDona 433 nIro 442 nIlakaMTha 110 nIvRta 132, 2016 nIsA 450 nRsiMha 422

Page #653
u16] maurya kAlathI guptakAla naruddIna 26 nenI 49 nepALa 46, 474 nemicarita' 65 nemicaMdra 238 neminAtha 65, 287, 291, 504, 509 neminAthacariu 33 neminAtha carita' 24 nerI 4ra7 nelajhiMdA 433, 449 nainItAla 48 ne gAvA 20 nokhkhI 427 nosesa 184 naura 449 nauzAhara 435 nauzIravAna 467 nausArikA 437 nyUTana, jasTIsa 176 paThANa 448 pakidarI 437 paTanA 425 "paTTAvali-gAthA' 109 patika 119 pataMjali 11, 156, 298, 377 pattana 222 pattalinI 429, 434 padma 244 'padmacarita' 244, 495 padmapANi 355 'padmapurANa 24, 26 padmavarNa 41 padmAvatI 238, 239, 488 padminI 51 panaIepharA 450 pananagala 440 panAmA 435 paraTelIsa 425 parabalI 435 paramatyadIpanI 50, 75 paramAra 19, 465 paramezvarIlAla gupta 131, 143, 154, 155, 164, 165, 198, 214 parasa 427 pasaMgI 426 parNadatta 59, 60 pakuMpaNuM 59 palaIutamaI 439, 448 palAIsIdu 443 palasANuM 318 palAzinI 46, 47,57, 75, 83 pavanagaDha 438 pazcimaghATa 124, 210 pasipIDA 435 pahalava 75, 12, 105, 118, 172, 174, 215, 444, 445, 447 paLAMziyo 83 paMcaka95 289 dAnAbha 24

Page #654
zabdasUci paMcamahAla 34, 312 paMcasiddhAMtikA' 239 paMcAla 89 paMcAsara 21 paMcezvara 354 paMjAba 43, 88, 94, 100, 133, 164, 333, 422, 438, 453, 454, 357, 468, 462, 664, 473 paMDAI 450 paMDina 433 paMDharapura 440 pAkistAna 82 pATaNa 27, 30, 4, 517 pATaliputra 25, 27, 28, 50, 5, 68, 75, 80, 88, 89, 237. 24, 250, 226, 250, 285 pATagaDha 358 pANini 177, 235 223, 248 pAThaka, Da. 30 pAtAla 88, 89, 420, 435, 450 pAtAladIpa 426, 428 pAtAlI 432, 434 pAdalipta 238, 375 pAdaliptapura 237, 238, 287, 359, 490 pAdaliptasUri, pAdaliptAcArya 65, 231, 237, 238, 287, 288, 359-361, 374, 490, 49, 506, 50, 514 pAdaliptasUricarita' 237, ra38 pADI 425 pApakAna 445 pApikI 437, 46 pAmira 426 pArasakUla 63, 92, 224, 287, 482, 483 pAropAnIsI 323 pArthi AI 464 pArthiyana 444, 445, 447, 474 pArthiyA 174 pAva tI 284, 388, 396 pArzvanAtha 21, 288, 361, 490, 511, 511, 514 pAla 448 pAlanapura 498, , pAlyapura 515 pAli 159, 17, 229, 405 pAlitANA 65, 23, 287, 359, 373, 490 pAlinIdevI 362 pAlIbADyA 425, 426 pAlIothA 450 pAhaNa 23 pAzupata 283, 293, 298, 30, 488. 489 pAzupata saMpradAya 301, 387. pAzupatAcArya 27. pAstara 28 pAMcarAtra 298, 377 I--40.

Page #655
mauryakAlathI guptakAla pAM 504 nA puMDarikapura 297 pAMDu 408, 409 pUnA 100, 115 181, 312, pAMDuka abhaya 409, 419 . . 422, 440 pAMDuvAsudeva 229, 409, 417, 419 pUra 436 pADeya 97 pUraNacaMda nAhara 33 pAMDya 80, 40 8, 420, 433, pUrva AphrikA 436, 471 449, 450 pUrvanagara 53 piMgala 50, 80, 210 pRthivISeNa 142, 143, 166 piMgalaka 75, 67 . pRthivIsena 214 pitinika 200 pigu 470, 472 pittaloDA 377 piguthule 450 pittalakhorA 389 peTalurIpalema 182 pIpara 450 paTarIgala 440 pIrama 446, 471 peTrapapigika 447 pIrasulatAnakI gherI 384 petavaltha" 50, 75 pIreja 20 pathaDa 24, 70 pIMDArA 323 pethaDarAsa 24 pupatanA 450 penegala 440 puNyavijayajI 238 penDIona 449 purAtanapura 53 peperInI 441 purAtanaprabaMdhasaMgraha' 33, 70 pirijhatIsa 433 puruvaMza 157 periplasa" 27, 31, 12, 65, 90, puruSottama paMDayA 371 ! 91, , 107-114, 122puliMda 48 124, 186, 204, 222, 226, pulumAyi 438, 44 423, 420, 43ra-45, 437, puSkara 113, 14, 124 439, 441-445, 448, 464, puSkalAvatI rara3, 4ra8, 463 puSyagupta 47, 73, 5, 6, 132, parimala 426, 439 34 pelesIme 443 puSyamitra 88, 9, 93, 5, 108 pezAvara 82, 44, 453, 457, puLubhAvi 12, 11 60, 465, 463, 468, 475

Page #656
zabdasUci [ 19 paiThaNa, paThana 439, 448, 486, prabhAkaravardhana 453 56 , 501 prabhAcaMdra 65 ' : pikaleza 223 prabhAcaMdrasUri 237, 243' , " piokharAja 445 prabhAcaMdrAcArya 4rara . . . ' picArA 473 'prabhAvaka carita' 23, 26, 51, 65, pitana 429 237, 238, 242-244, 246, pinTasa ka69 287, 422, 483, 493, 495, piniasa melA 432 513 piorabaMdara 436, 468 prabhAsa 113, 114, 222, 224, porasa 473 285, 29 piresa 430, 431 prabhAsakSetramAhAsya' 26 palileziyana 470 "prabhAsakhaMDa 47 pilIlA 437 prabhAsapATaNa 20, 113, 283, 30, pisIdena 467 328, 357 posIdenisa 430 prabhudAmA 142 pissI 477 pravarasena 163 paMDicerI 322 praznaprakAza" 238 parAtana 6pa prAIsa, mejara 472 parAtanapura 54 prAcInalekhasa graha' 33 paisanisa 458 prAcIna jainalekhasaMgraha' 33 'prajJApanA sUtra 39, 483 prAsI 425, 426 . * pratiSThAna 492, 511 prinsa oNpha velsa myujhiyama 131, pratiSThAnapura 484, 5-1, 514 162 pratIhAra 25 prinsepa, jemsa 15, 16 prathamAnuga' 483 priyadarzI 73. pradyumna 501 priyasena 166 pradyota 221, 223 priyaMgupaTTaNa 44, 230 'prabaMdhakeza" 23, 242 prekalesa 447 prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi' 23, 33, 70 pretegorAsa 449 prabaMdhAryAlacanI 374, 483, 500 yulitI 428 prabaMdhAvalI' 23' plesamendu 443 -

Page #657
620 ] mauryakAlathI guptakAla plinI 424-426, 420, 4a 433, 439, 441-445 luTArka 429 pharistAha 470 phalahImala ra21, 505, pa06 phargyusana 454, 458, 459, 42, 464, 465, 472, 473, 475, 48. phAula 444 phatega 456 phAga 474 phA-yuana-yu-lina 281 phArbasa 32 phArsa 477 phA-sthAna 86, 465, 477 phiniziyana 466 philAdelaphesa 429, 442 phiraMgI 471 kutU usala salAtIna 28 kutUha-buladAna' 27 phUlapADA 437 phogala 120 phetiasa 429 phetisa 474 phrA beta 474 phrA mAnI 474 phrA thoMga 474 phrIara eDerika 471 kenke 469 lITa 439 phalyuelena 435 bajagara 434, 449 baDopala 394, 396 batutA 468 batrIsIo 242 badakasAna 333 badanAvAra 438 badarInAtha 367 badaunI 28 badhAyuSka 482 banaberI 475 banAuesI 44 banAsa 43 banAsakAMThA 202 . bamiyana 457, 475 bogarA 438 barakInA 436 barake 445, 449 baraDo 288, 436, 494 baraDAkasImA 436 baradasa 44 baranesa 445 barabarI 435 barabarIkAna 44, 435, 445 barionIsa 446 barUjha para bargosI 430 bajesa 15, 369, 370, 378, 426, 437, 465 barDa 470 barnahAma 8 bansa, sara e. 472

Page #658
zabdasUci [21 barbara 44, 428 barmA 44, 460 bama 461 balabhAnuM 483 balamitra 93, 94, 113, 287, 374, 482-484, 493 balamitra-vikramAditya 374 balarAma 41, 222, 291, 504 bakha 126, 447, 474 balAjharI 27 ballIgrAma 297 bavArIja 470 bazAma 415 bazADha 12 basArikA 449 baharimada 454 baharIna 467, 474 bahukara 484 baheDA 186 baMgALa 44, 100, 233, 412, bAdha 34 bATIpaTaNA 439 bANa 154 bANAsura 422 bApAlAla vaidya 186 bAbilena 6 bAbu 474 bAravatI 38, 39 bArigAjhA 180, 222, 223, 429, bArIgAjhA 4i37, 444-449 bAneMTa 412 bAlacaMdra 22 bAlacaMdrasUri 14 bAlI 20, 431 bAlaTIpaNuM 438 bAlyaaca 452 bAlTika sa69 bAvApyArA 46, 288, 345-347, 350, 354, 355, 378, 379, 382 bAsima 183 bAhIkanagara 428 bAhalika 88, 126, 174, 213, 444 bAhalika-yavana 88, 89, 212 bikAnera 384, 394, 396, 440 bijI 472 bijhantIona 441, 448 biyana 474 biyAsa 89 bilAdarI 468 bilimerA 437 baMgALano upasAgara 464, 472, 477 baMgALA 454, 455, 464, 469, 473 baMjara massIna 463 baMdaragAha 377 baMdhuvarmA 194 baMnu 434 bAI9tIama 449 bAkhala 110

Page #659
622] maukAlathI guptakAla bihalaNa 21 bihAra 74, 100 biMdusAra 50, 75, 428 biMbisAra 74 bIAsa 425 bInagara 435 bIla 438 bIrA 470 bIlezvara 28 bukephalA 449 buddha 15, 345, 364, 385, 386, 405, 415, 418, 478, 479, 485 buddhagupta 197 buddhaSa 179 buddhAnaMda 243 buddhisAgara 33 budhiyA 435 'buleTina oNpha dhI myujhiyama enDa pikacara gelerI" 166 busephala 428 bRhatkathA' 230 bRhatkathAkeza" 26 bRhakalpabhASya" pa06 'bRhakalpasUtra' 51 bRhaddIkA" 244 bRha 88 bRhatsaMhitA' 26, 438 bekare 449 beTriyana pa2, 53, 377, 429 bekaTriyA 51, 429, 462, 446, 473, 475 bephaTro-grIka 51, 23, 55 becaradAsajI 242 beTa-zaMkhoddhAra 277 bevasAI 312 beDasA 348 bena, je. ena. 165 benDA 439, 441 bepura 449 bebAra 362 bebIlena 441, 474 berigAjhA juo bArigAjhA'. berinasa 432 berenika 429, 444 belIkurosa 440 besanagara 197, 377 besauda 435 besilisa 442 beharA 470 behistUna 98, 213, 47pa beMkeTA 441 baijanAtha purI 100 authana 439, 440 bairATa 377 bokhArA 445 beTa 469 beraiyA 435 bodhigayA 78 bodhivaMza 180 bAmbe eziyATika sosAyaTI 90 "bombe gejheTiyara10

Page #660
eradevI 367 meriyA 30, 288, 342, 343, 345, 367, 378, 381 berAbaMdara 452, 465 ernie 463 melanaghATa 92 melagI 428, 450 meleAra 478 medhAyanadha sUtra' 229 bauddha 180, 237, 281, 288, 324, 358, 366, 370, 385, 394, 457, 432, 468, 480 bauddha dharma 80, 91, 171, 288, 289, 344, 382, 479 bauddha saMpradAya 30, 356 pyUlara 16, 16, 236, 250, 253, 253, 297, 437 'brahmakSetramAhAtmya'26 jambanuma 52, brahmadeza 231 413 zabdasUci brahmA 294, 488, 499 brahmambara 294 bAhyakhaMDa'26 brAhmI lipi 16, 31, 120, 128, 168, 170-175, 183, 247- 250, 253-255, 260-264, 27, 271, 274, 275, 344, 365, 366, 378, 380, 386 briTiza 377 [ 123 bhagavadurgA 239 bhagavAnalAla kendrajI 1, 16, para, 90, 131, 140, 149, 171, 176, 273, 204, 212, 311, 316, 439, 446 bhagavAnalAla saMpatarAma 68 bhagavAnasiMdha 166 bhaTThA 126 bhaTArka 155, 190, 192, 196, 394, 301 bhagni AcArya 241 bhaTTI 472 bhadramukha 142, 161 bhadrabAhu zrutakevalI 513 bhammariyA kUvA 91 bharadbhuta 186, 395 bharukaccha 17, 20, 27, 38, 11, 86, 90, 94, 96, 113, 114, 221-224, 237, 238, 245, 285, 289, 290, 296, 334, 360, 374, 406, 414, 417, 418, 429, 483, 486, 427, 506 bharUca 20, 27, para, 90, 93, 96, 113, 114, 18, 186, ' 222-24, 229, 230, 242, 243, 285, 287, 290, 296, 312-314, 318, 334, 365, 377, 413, 414, 429-431, 437, 446, 449, 453, 468, 474, 482, 484-486, 488,

Page #661
624] 492-495, 501-103, 105, 513 bhata dAmA 146, 147, 148-151, 153, bha dhruva 239 162, 181, 182, 214 bhallIgRha 285, 291, 504 bhakSukezvaratIrthaM 285 bhavanAtha 316, 344 bhavanezvara 357 'bhaviSyapurANa'40 bhAudAjI 119 'bhAgavatapurANa'85 bhAgavata saMpradAya 168 bhAjA 348 bhAcuMDA 20 bhANavaDa 357 bhAdara 355 bhAnuM 103 bhAnuzrI 482 bhAnumitra 93, 113, 287, 374, 482, 483 bhAratIya zake 464 bhAratIya vidyAbhavana 415 mauya kAlathI guptakAla bhArukaccha 84 bhAvanagara 30, 194, 228, 311, 312, 355, 477, 472 bhAvabRhaspati 300 bhAvalayuga 435 bhAsana 283 bhAskarakSetra. 285 bhAskarAcArya 301 bhAMDArakara 99, 100, 137, 1o, 171, 178, 179, 181, 439 441, 448, 473 bhinnamAla bhInamAla } 37, 392, 393, 40, 413, 465 bhIma 222 bhImameArI 356 bhImadeva 1 lA 24 bhImadeva 2 jo 19, 22, 24, bhImadeva vAgheleA 71 bhImanAtha 378 bhImA 439 bhImezvara 288 bhIra 439 bhIlaDI 284, 388, 396 bhIlasA 513 bhIlADA 362 bhAvaDI 439 bhukti 209 bhuvaDa 25 bhuvanamuni 485 bhuvA muni 484 bhUja 40, 166, 194, 228 bhUta 224, 105 bhUtataDAga 24, 205 bhUtabali 288 bhramaka 17, 101, 103-106, 111, 112, 119, 120-123, 167, 168, 170, 173, 175, 182, 204 bhUmadhya 469

Page #662
ravi 1625 bhUmarA 394 bhUlezvara 284 bhUlezvara mahAdeva 284 bhUlisTara 284 bhUSaNa 513 bhRgukaccha 296, 297, 484 488, 504 bhRgukSetra 296 bhRgupura 501 bheMsale 82 bheja 80, 237, 382, 414, 515 bhoja-pitinika 200 bhojarAja 363 bhopalA 514 bhopAla 181, 191, 422 bharaghATa 440 bhayarAnI guphA 357 bhauliMgI 428 bhauliMgI sAo 450 bhravijaya 45ra makarANa 4pa0, 468 makavANA 472 nakhatrapAsa 446 makhA 472 maga 80 magadha 45, 58, 74-76, 81, 88, 148, 193, 194, 414, 416, 417, 453, 456-58 maNipura 52, 54, 446 maNibhAI dvivedI 415 maNda 29 matarama 4para bharavAla-saMkhaDi 290 bhasya 428 masyapurANa 85 atisAra 50, 502 mathurA 39, 40, 41, 89, 93, 10, 110, 12, 127, 226, 241, 26, 278, 279, 284, 291, 298, 299, 348, 384, 388-363, 399, 406, 49, 492, 497, 504, 512 mathurA-maMgu 512 mathAI 208 madurA 48, 433, 449 mudraka 210 madrAsa 82, 47ra madhu 41 madhumatI 41, 359 madhurA 408 madhusUdana DhAMkI 392 madhu-ha % 40 madhyapradeza 20, 113, 154, 181, 182, 225, 314, 387 madhyamikA 89 manihasa 47ra. manuM 177 "manusmRti 177, 300 mamikhala 479 marasa 446 I-2-4

Page #663
sauya kAlathI guptakAla 626 ] 'marasamAdhi, prakaraNa' 113 marAThA 12, 25 maru 132, 206, 446 maruDa 193, 237 laI 437 malabAra 433, 444, 45, 465, 472 malayagiri 26, 238, 245 malAkkA 471 malAyA 454, 455, 470 malAva 29 malika 44ra malippala 439 malIkhasa 942, 443 malee 437 mala 71, 243, 493, 11, 506 malaka 210 'mallapurANu' 232, 362 mallamuni 44, 45 mallavAdI 243, 244, 246, 493, 494 mallavidyA pa06 mavinAda 232 mallusUri 495 'mallinAthacarita' 24 masaUdI 27 masAkA 450 masulima 455 madI 457, 470, 876 mahamUda gajhanavI 27, 457, 467,470 mahamUda begaDA 54, 350, 372 mahammada taghalaka 71, 471 mahADa 382, 438, 439, 448, 509 mahAnAma 405 'mahAbhArata' 6, 26, 38, 40, 125, 224, 230, 285, 298, 447, 453, 459, 463, 473, 475 'mahAbhASya' 10 mahAbhAja 210 mahAyAna 240, 288, 461 'mahAyAna-dharma-dhAvaziSatazAstra' 240 mahAriTha 210 mahArAjA sayAjIrAva yunivarsiTI 312, 362 mahArASTra 20,82, 10, 111, 113, 124, 180, 183, 21, 225, 261, 319, 377, 382 'mahAvasa' 229, 406, 406, 411- 414, 416, 437, 419 mahAvIra 25, 74, 240, 288, 415, 485, 490, 491, 499 mahAsena 327, 386, 405 mahAsena-kArtti kaeNya 282 mahindra 405 mahilAdeza 409 mahilAdIpa 408, 414 mahilArASTra 406 mahiSamardinI 390 mahI 436-138, 446, 111 mahIdhara 498 mahInagara 5

Page #664
zabdasUcI 127 mahIpAla 498 mahIsAgara 511 mahuvA 359 mahendra 405, 426 mahendrasUri 485 mahendrAditya 18, 194, 208 - mahera juo mera' maherone samudra 454 mahezvara 26, 283, 324, 489 mahezvara-yoga 488 mahesANA 313, 362 maMjulAla majamUdAra 400 maMgarUtha 450 maMDagara 441 maMDagaDha 441 maMDora 376 maMDalika 24 maMdasora 2, 113, 225, 395 maMdele 475 maMdara 367 mAIgaDhecI 354 mAgadhI 119, 473 mAdha 465 mADAgAskara 470, 72 bhAsmika malla 505, 506 mAtRkA 284 mAtrI 354 mAthurIvAcanA 97, 24, 241, 492, 497 mAdhava 41, 42 mAnapura 438, 446 "mAnasAra" 49 mAnasiMha 84 mAnaserA 82 mAnasollAsa' 232 mAtthava 428 mAmUna 477 mArakasa 433 mAraganA 450 mAravADa 20, 424, 434, 438, 453-455, 457, 465 mArAllA 450 bhArabI 427 mArka enTonI 464 mArkasa oreliyasa 464, 466, 475 bhAkienesa 449 mArkopole 46, 470 bhATina, senTa 435, 436 - mArtaDamaMdira 480 mAlakesa 442 mAlatIkArI 427 mAladIva 414 mAlaprabhA 439 mAlava 94, 143, 178, 190, 456 mAlavagaNa saMvata 194 mAlavikAgnimitra' 89 mAliMdha 425 mATA 468 bhAskI 279 mAhiSa 53 mAhiSmatI 132

Page #665
28] mauryakArI guptakAla mAya 84 mAhezvara ra3, 301, 511 mAhezvarI 284 mALavA 20, 23, 72, 81, 84, 88, 10, 17, 115, 12, 129, 133, 153, 154, 163, 189, 192, 200, 223, 226, 279, 319, 438, 454, 455, 513 mAMgaroLa 43, 52, 222, 329, 436, 469 mAMglemara 450 mAMDaNagaDha 448 mAMDalika 165 mAMDavI 472 mAMdAgara 448 miesa 420, 431 . miThAnakoTa 435 mitra 190, 192, 298-300, YLE minanagara para minandara , 17, 31, 2, 5, 89- mine dara 92, 94, 6, 18, sena 186, 203, 204, 12, * | 222, 226, 275, ra77, milinda 31, 89, 53 misara 6, 27, 185, 429, 431, 444, 447, 451 misarI 431, 442 mihira 453, 454, 467, 477 mihirakula 451, 456, 464, 467 mInanagara 113. 114, 435, 432, 444, 445, 446 mIna juo "minandara. mIMDhoLA 196 mukuMda 492 mukharajI, bI. ena. 164 mughala 12, 25, 74 mucukuMda 41 mujhIrIsa 432, 449 mudagala 440 mudritakumudacaMdra' 21 munasara ra9 muni kalyANuvijayajI 94, 97 muninAtha 64 muninAtha ciluka 297 munisuvrata 36 0 munisuvratasvAmI 501, 52 musthirI 432 muruDa 108, 231 mulatAna 132, 420, 434, 447, 450, 467, 473 musulipaTama 459, 472 mustaphAbAda 54 muhammada 460 muhammada zAhidullAha 414 menandra ) 377 minendrosa 420, 446, 447 mineana 184 mirapurakhAsa 394 "mirAte ahamadI' 25 mirAsI, vA. vi. 183 miligegIrIsa 432, 439

Page #666
zathi [29 muMDA 3/4 muMbaI 32, 116, 164, 336, 371, 468, 472, 506 mUlatAna 456 mUlarAja 21 mUlavAsara 14 mUsA 444 mULadvArakA 30 mULavAra 161 "mRcchakaTika' 327 mekaphrinDala 123, 425, 427, 435, - 440 maeNkaDonala 246 mekala 4ra6 mekaga 459, 462 megarI 428 megalI 426 megahalaI 425 megesthinIsa 212, 424, 425, 427, 28, 430-433 meDa 477 meDu 322 meArA 4ra6 menDisa 413 mendana 53 menTaMga kumulana para membarosa 444 mera 44, 453, 454, 468-470 merinesa 433 merUtuMga 107 merUtuMgAcArya 23 meru parvata 17 melApADA 297 melaDiMDo 433 melijhigara 432 melijhigArA 439 melIasa kara6 melIjhigara 448 mevADa 20, 299, 424, 426, 436 mevAsA 159 mezvo 365, 303 mesI 428 mesopoTemiyA 28* mehara 55 meMgalora 324, 432, 41 maitraka 18, 34, 63, 190, 301, 359, 324, 400 maitreya 306 maitrya 300, 301 maisUra 297, 305 mee 93 mokhaDAjI gohila 471 mAkhAnI 44 mogala 461 moTaLa 28 moDAsA 362 moDegIlA 44* moDha 26 merA 29, 203 motIcaMdra 72 motIcaMdra jaina 5 mo. da. desAI 70

Page #667
630] mauryakAlathI guptakAla modarA 433 magaliMga 425 moglesama para mone glesena 436 monIDIsa 426 mophIsa 436, 437 memasena 7 morabI 194, 228 merameDI 356 moranI 427 maliMdI 425 mosiMkanesa 435 mehaparAjaya' 21 mehammada ra7 mohammada jUnA 54 mohammada taghalaka 27, 28, 54, 70 mohammada pharistA 28 maharAjaparAjaya' 302 megalAIDa 461 maujhA 444, 447, mauryakAla 202, 255, 259, 260, 265, 267, 268, ra70, 313 mausapallI 441 yUlara 443-444, 449 pesa horamasa 444 yakSa 243, 493, 512 yakSAcArya 395 yakSasaMhitA' 45 yacI 461, 462 yajurveda' kara7 yadu 41 yaduvaMza 157, 373 yamunA 384, 426 yavana 44, 88, 95, 105, 117, 261, 377, 458, 516 yavana-kabAja 80 yavanagaDha 53 yavanarAja 132 yavanadIpa 44 yavanAcArya 501 yazacaMdra 21 yazapAla 21 yazodAmAM 103 143, 148, 148, 150, 151, 12, 13, 148, 173, 181, 182, 214, 455, 473 yaMgasekiAMga 458, 460 yAjJavalkaya smRti' 177 yAdava 38-40, 210, 284, 287 yAska 239, 47pa viregaDI ra79 yuana svAMga 27, 34, 45, 64, 240, 409 (juo "hyuenasikaMga') yuecI 460, 406, 477 yukrena 444 yudhiSThira 38, 224 yunAna 458, 46 0-462 yunAnI 88 yukretisa 467 yule 433, 435-439, 441, 458, 42, 464, 465, 475

Page #668
cemena 429 yAgarAja 468, 469 ceAna 84, 200, 475 yodheya 133 sAmeAtika 102, 13, 106, 121, 127, 228, 147, 149 'raghuvaMza'157 rajuka 201 raThika 200 zabdasUci raNajitarAma vAvAbhAI 32 rasiMha 514 ratalAma 436, 438 ratanapurA 20 ratnadvIpa 410, 411 ratnamaNirAva 413, 414, 511 'ratnamAla' 24 ratnazekharasUri para 'ratnAvalI'458 rathAvagiri 486, 113 ramaNalAla mahetA 316, 383, 416 ramezacaMdra majumadAra 123 razIda-ud-dIna 460, 461 rasikalAla che.. parIkha 414 raseza jamInadAra 118, 16o, 2gamahAla 384, 394, 396 raMgavijaya 25 rA. gA. bhAMDArakara 298, 301 rAjagRha 45, 48 246 rAcIasa 432 rAjakATa 30, 141, 143, 11, 355, 357, 382 'rAjatara'giNI' 13, 125 rAjapIpaLA 392 rAjamahendrI 426 rAjazekharasUri 23, 295 rAjasthAna 23, 113, 129, 133, 154, 181, 227, 286, 319, 334, 376, 377, 392, 394, 436 rAjula 105 rAjulA 358 rAThoDa 472 [ 631 rADha 412, 434, 415-417, rADhA phara rANapura 288, 357, 358 rAtA samudra 429, 433, 444, 469 rAdhanapura-pratimAlekhasaMdeha' 33 rAdhAkumuda mukarajI 412, 413 rAma 476 rAmakuMDa 113 rAmagupta 193, 197, 228 rAmatI 113 rAmalAla cunIlAla modI 26 rAmasanI bhUzira 441 rAmasi dha 472 rAmAnuja 301 'rAmAyaNa' 26, 126 rAyacaudharI 76, 126, 163, 415 rAyapura 44 rAruMgI 427 rAvI 427

Page #669
632] mauryakAlathI guptakAla rusena 1 le 126, 136, 141 144, 158, 160, 161, 168, 170, 17, 173, 180-182, 214, 278, 344, 365, 381, 381, 386 rudrasena 2 je 145, 181, 182, 214 rAzilasUri 498 rAsa abu semara 431, 444 rAsa pharataka 432 rAsamALA' 34 rASTrakUTa 18 rASTavardhana 41 rAMkA-vAMkA 356 raphamiNI 41 rudra 15ra, 283, 293 rudradatta 44 rudradAmaka 178, 227 rudradAmA 1 le 16, 17, 45-47, 50, 55-58, 73-76, 120, 123, 125, 126, 128-136, 158, 159, 161, 172, 175, 176, 186, 200, 205, 26, 214-216, 236, 255, 2pa7, 337, 438, 46 rudradAmA 2 je 103, 147, 148, 150-15ra, 164, 215 rUdrabhUti 160, 282, 283 rudramALa 29 phuleka 489 rudrasiMha 1le 17, 103, 119, 135-140, 142, 158-161, 163, 168, 17, 12, 174, 181, 182, 214, 227, 348 rudrasiMha ra je 103, 147, 148, 150, 152, 181, 182 rudrasiMha 3 je 127, 152, 153, 155, 165, 173, 149, 215 rudrasena 3 je 147, 149-1para, 54, 164, 165, 167, 17, 175, 181, 182, 192, 215 rudrasena 4 the 15ra, 153 rusena-vihAra 344, 345, 378 ramadeza 45, 453, 454, 456, mAdeza459, 464, 465 rUmAlA 473 ruhAvI 29 rUpacaMda 182 rUpanAtha 211, 279 rUpeNa 43 reDha 377 renoDa 442-444 resana 99, 100, 105, 137- 140, 15ra, 153, 159-163, 169, 171, 172, 176-178, 183-185 rephalsa, 45ra-454 revata 54 revaMtagiri 71 "revaMtagirika95 53 revaMtagirirAsa" 23, 70 revA 4/4

Page #670
zabdasUci revAkAMThA 283 'revAkSetramAhAtmya'26 'revAkhaDa' 283 raivata 27, raivatigira 41 rADA 28 rezama 163, 174, 222, 231, 320, 323, 455, 464, 473 rAmakahATa 473 rAmana 183, 231, 322, 330, 455, 460, 464 rezamAniyA 465 38-42, 46, 64, 65 mAlA 473 roma 455 oNMganI 450 oNDI 450 rDAna 450 lakuTI 295 lakuTIza 488 lakulI 25, 489 lakulIza 190, 283, 293, 294, 296-299, 305, 488, 489 'lakSaNAnusArazAstra' 240 lakSmI 169 lakhapata 358 lalitAditya 467 19 499, 500 lava 40 lakA 229, 48, 413, 416 4-2-42 419, 432 lakAdvIpa 406, 419 lakharI 45 lAkaDA 28 lAkkAdIvA 449 lAkhAmeDI 342. lATa 20, 27, 37, 38, 10, 93, 200, 225, 229, 239, 296, 297, 376, 412, 416, 437, 456, 457, 483, 501, 514 lATadeva 239 lATamaDala 296 lATAcAya 239, 241, 287, 501 lADa 412, 414, 422 lA 233, 416, 417, 422 lAtita 3 lAmAvAda 477 lAmirika 444 lArikI 437 lArike 437 [ 633 lAlaseATa 377 lAsena 13, 424, 42, 430, 431, 433, 438, 452 lALa 405-407, 411-418 lAMvA 4 livika 210 limIrike 449 liyaka 101 'liMgapurANa' 294, 296, 298, 299, 489, 114

Page #671
134] mauryakAlathI guptakAla liMgapUjA 511 lIMbA 499, 500 lusi 9 lUI mampharDa 66 lUke 449 lUNuM 43, 434-436 lekhapaddhati' 24 levisa 297 lekaprakAza 491 lenIbare 434 lehajaMgha 221 lehanagara 410 lehANuM 472 lehityasUri 496 lauNI 434 lautamIrA 454 lauhitya 373 yUDarsa 160 ghUmena 244 vApANa 355, 381 vajubhUti 238, 239, 287, 488 vajasenasUri ) , vasenAcArya 11 vajasvAmI 359, 13 vaDanagara 29, 30, 203, 313, 318, 322, 3ra3, 323, 328, 333, 234, 36 1, 378, 393, 436, 450 vaDanagara-prazasti' 33 vaDAlI 27 vaDodarA 30, 166, 202, 231, 296, 304, 31-313, 324, 334, 361, 32, 78, 388, 389, 392, 396 vaDhavANa 29 vaDhiyAra 288 vaNesA 318 vatsa 293 vanarAja 14, 23, 33, 468 vanaspara 10 varatAtI' kara7 varabodhi 227 varalatta 427 varalIo 4ra7 varahana 162 varAhamihira 26, ra39, 45, 427, 28, 438-44, pa06 variyAva 334 vardhA 183 valabhI 5, 14, 18, 20, 26, 27, 30, 37, , 64, 19, 194, (196, 222, 228, 235, 237, 23-241, 287-289, 301, 312, 323, 324, 332-334, 340, 373, 390, 42 3, 453, 491, 493-497 vallabhavidyAnagara 392, 98 vasaI 412, 439, 448 vasatapAla 14 vasaMta-rajata mahotsava graMtha' 413 'vasaMtavilAsa" 22 vasumitra 88, 95, 108

Page #672
zabdasUci [ 135 vasudeva 221 vasudevahiDI" 26, 30, 44, 61, 219, 225, 23-232, 235 vasubaMdhu 240 vaseja 181 vastAna DuMgarI 329 vastupAla 14, 21-24, 287 vastupAla-tejapAla-prabaMdha' 70 vastupAla-tejapAla-prazasti' 22 vastupAlaprazasti' 23 vastrApathakSetra 26 vastrApathamAhAbhya' 47, 55 vaMga 406, 411, 412, 415, 417, 418, 422 vaMganagara 407, 411, 416 vaMgarAja 406, 407, 413, 417 vaMthaLI 55 vaMdAruvRtti" pAra vAkATaka 16 3 vAglaTa 245 vAghera 472 vAghelA 14, 21, 23, 25, 27 vAghezvarI 337 vAcaspati 177 vAjasaneyi-saMhitA' 98, 116 vADhela 72 vAdamahArNava' ra4ra. vAmana 246, 372 vAmanasthalI papa vAmanAvatAra 285 vAyaDa 29, 498-500, 515 vAyaDagaccha 498 "vAyupurANa 107, 284, 294, 295, 298, 299, 489, 514 vArAhI 388 vAlabhI vAcanA 97, 24, 241, 91, 497 vAlamIki rAzi 300 vAva 396 vAsiSThI 441 vAsiSThIputra puLubhAvi 12, 105, 114, 121, 16 vAsuki 514 vAsudeva 38, 39, 100, 284, 285, 291, 294, 298, 377, 399, 409, 489, 54 vAsudeva upAdhyAya 186 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla 45 vAsko-da-gAmA 471 vAhU 463 vAMkiyA 356 vAMDha 159 vAMsavADA 181 vikrama 104, 465 vikramAditya 18, 93, 94, 97, 153, 154, 189, 193, 242, 227, 359, 366, 374, 492, 499, 500 vicArazreNa' 23, 107 vijaya 108, 230, 405-409, 411-417, 419, 422, 476, 472

Page #673
36] mauryakAlathI guptakAla vijayadurga 441 vidharmasari 33 vijayanaMdi 501 vijayamitra 327 vijayabAhu 470 vijayasiMhari 45, 513 vijayasena 23, 143, 145, 162, 181, 182, 214 vijayA 503 vijayendrasuri 186 vidarbha 200, 210 vidizA 88, 197 377, 486, 513 vinayapiTaka 178, 405 vinayavijayajI 401 vinItaka 62 vitaranijha 296 vibhAkara 500 vima kadaphiza 94 vimala 24 "vimalacaritra' 24 'vimalaprabaMdha" 24 vimalavasahi 29 virATaparva 125 vilAsinI 46 vilivAyakUra 440 vipharDa 439 visana 439 "vividhatIrthakalpa' 23, 26, 51, 53, 413, 516, 517 vivekathIragaNi 373 vizAkhAsthAna 21, 232 vizAlavijayajI 33 vizeSAvazyakabhASya" 517 vizrAMtividyAdhara 243 vizrAMta-vidyAdhara-vyAkaraNa 495 vizvakarmA 42 vizvadeva pa09 vizvarUpa 294, 488, 489 vizvavarmA 193, 194 vidhasiMha 145, 146, 162, 181, 182, 214 vizvasena 125, 127, 146-149, 1pa1, 163, 181, 182 viSNu 16, 60, 199, 237, 285, 393, 400 "viSNupurANa 85 viSNurAta 120 visAvadara 357 visAvADA 28 viMdhya 41, 154, 192, 446, 484 viMdhyazakti 163 vIratA 29 vIradAmAM 144, 145, 168, 170, 172, 182, 214 vIradhavala 14, 21, 22 vIrapura 355 vIrabhadra 238 vIrabhadra ziva 395, 396 vIramagAma ra9, 194 vararAja vAghelA 71

Page #674
zabdasUci [637 vIrasena 165, 191 vIsaladeva 21 vRjika 210 vRddhadeva 294 vRddhavAdI 242, 492 vRddhasara 36ra vRSabha 168 vRSabhAcArya 121 veI 476 veNuvatsarAja 360 tema kakisa 111, 112 velAkUla 44, 224 velAvana 41 verAvaLa 224, 357, 436, 420, 467, 468, 495 vezyasi 101 vijayaMtI 44 vitaraNa 439 vatADhaya 51, 503 vaizAlI 142, 161 viNavI 388 voTasana myujhiyama 143, 161 'vyavahAracUNi 483 vyavahArasUtra" 238, 244 vyArA 199 vahAITaheDa 9 0 zaka 16, 73, 75, 93, 94, 101, 105, 116, 16, 163, 165, 166, 172, 174, 192, 207, 227, 261, 433, 434, 457, 473, 483, 487 zaka-pahalava 117, 169, 214, 275 zaka-musDa 193 zaka saMvata 104, 110, 128, 208 zakasthAna 92 zakunayaMtra 508 zakunikAvihAra ra29, 23, 36, 413, 418, 484, pa02, 504 "zatapathabrAhmaNa 179 zatrujya 20, 22-24, 51, 86, 238, 359, 373, 490, 496 zatruMjayagiri 359 zatruMjaya mahAtIrthoddhAraprabaMdha' 24 "zatruMjayamAhAsya' 26, 359, 373 zarva bhaTTAraka 18, 155, 165, 188-181, 193, 194, 208, . 226 zahabAjagaDhI 82 zaharAI 467. za kara 449 zaMkha 503 zaMkhapura 288 zaMkha lipi 350 zaMkhezvara 288 zaMkhoddhAra 41, 42, 468 zaMbhu 19 zaMbhuprasAda desAI 70 zAkala 88 zAkya 478 zAkya muni 385 zAkyarAja 479

Page #675
638] mauryakAlathI guptakAla zAtakaNi 108, 19, 111, 114, 438-440, 448 zApura 163 zAma zAstrI 48, 156 zAmaLAjI 29, 30, 237, 284, 289, 323, 322, 323, 325, 327-329, 33ra-335, 361, 362, 365, 378, 382, 387 389, 301-303, 395-397. zAlivAhana 486, 487, 511, 514 zAlika 81, 86, 87 zAstra 427, 4ra8 zAhajahAM 84 zAhajahAMpura 438 zAhaDerI 463 zAhadAdapura 435, 445 zAhabaMdara 435, 445 zAharAI 473 zAhI taMgIna deveja 467 zAhInadeva 467 zAMtika 439 zAMticaMdra 232 zAMtinAtha 288, 357 zAMtisUri, vAdivetAla 497 ziezo 466 ziyAlakoTa 88 ziravAla 181 zila 438 zilAditya 26, 359, 373 ziva 283, 396 zivadharma 168 zivanAthasiMgha senagAra 14. zivapurANa' 294, 296, 298, 299, 489 zivabodhi 227 ziva bhaTTAraka ra97 zivabhAgavata 298 zihora 43, 415 zIkarapura 297 zIlavatI 498 zIlAcArya 63 zIlAditya 63 zIlAMkAcArya 26 zuddhodana 409, 485 zuMga 377 Iraka 84, 113, 21, 406, 408, 414-417 zRMgI RSi 414 zeDhI 288, 361, 510, 511 zetruMjI 355, 382 zena-azvo 478 zaivadharma 284, 293 zaivAcArya 488 , zeDAsa 110 zoNitapura rarara zobhanA gele 166 zyAma saravara 365 sthAmilaka 7ra zramaNAcArya 430 zrAvaka pratikramaNusUtra' 512 zrIkaMTha 293

Page #676
zabdasaci [ 69 saparA 434 sabanA 434 sabalIsA 434 "sabhAparva" 38 samarakaMda 126 samarAIzcakahA" 26 samarArAsa" 24 samarAsAha 24 samaLIvihAra 360, 504 samaMtaprAsAdikA' 178, 405 samudragupta 155, 164, 193, 194, 228, 242, 467 samudradatta 61, 62 saraosTasa 429 saraganIso saragenIsa 44, 448 zrIpati 40 zrIpAla 33 zrIbAdhi 227 zrImAlapurANa 26 zrIsthala 126 zrutakIrti 498, 500 mRtadevI 494 zvatra 132, 206 zvAna beka 442 tahastI 15 zvetAMbara 21, 243, 397 padarzanasamuccaya 295, 300 sauliyAvihAra 504 sakia 458 sagapA 434 satalaja 426 satyadAmAM 136, 139, 147, 16, 175, 214 satyadevI 509 satyazrAva 125, 127 satyasiMha 103, 149, 15ra, 153, 215 sadAzaMkara zukala 164 sanADiyA 182 sanIA 450 sandanIsa 442, 448 sandamIsa 442 sandAnIsa 444 sanmatiTIkA 495 sanmatita 242, 244, 246 sanmatiprakaraNa 493 saranazIba 423 sarabana 436 saravana 436 saravaniyo 436 saravANiyA 154, 15, 181 sarasvatI 92, 93, 482, 492, 484 "sarasvatIpurANa 26 sarIsabIsa 439 "sarvadarzanasaMgraha' 295 sarvadeva 509 sarvAnaMdasUri 24 salabastrI 426, 427 salageI 450 salADa 378

Page #677
640 ] salikI 443 saleApatanA 450 savanI 357 savelAcala 4para saharAya 456 sahasraliMga 29, 30 sahyAdri 41 saMkaNu 377 sa Mganiya 471 saMgamakSetra 511 sagamezvara 441 sagara 471 sagrAma 490 sadhadAmA 139, 141-143, 167, 161, 180, 181, 214, 448 sadhadAsagaNuM 26, 39, 11, 61, 230, 289 saMjANu 113 saMDera 29 sau kAlathI guptakAla saMprati 51, 80, 86, 87, 359 saMbhUti 169, 183 sAIMgaratIsa 432 sAI gerasa 432 sAI priyana 466 sAketa 89 sAgacaMdra 61 sAgaradatta 102 sAThAda 312, 318 sANaMda 155, 189, 194, 198, 228, 231, 334 sANA 288, 356, 378 sAtakaNi 111, 133 sAtapUDA 41 sAtavAhana 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 122, 128, 161, 18, 261, 359, 389, 439 sAdInAI 438, 439, 442 sAbarakAMThA 182, 206, 313, 317, 335, 362 sAbaramatI 43 'sAbhramatImAhAtmya' 26 sAmaveda 98 sAranAtha 211, 394, 395 sArasa 41 sArasvata 84 sAra gadeva 294, 303 sAlamAsInsa 442 sAlavAhana 108 sAlaseTa 465 sAla kAyana 450 sAleteAra 297, 305 sAva tavADI 441 sAsAnI 162-164,456, 464,467 sAharAya 457 sAMkaLiyA 380, 382 sAMcI 154, 165, 179, 181, 186, 191, 258, 395 sAMcAra 20 sAMba 504 sAMbara 377 sikaMdara para, 65, 85, 89-91, 116, 169, 226, 276, 457

Page #678
zabdasUci [641 sikaMdariyA 44 siranAla 440 sigaratIsa 429 sirapala 438 sigerasa 429, 431, 439 sirasI 440 siglesa 169 sirAtrI 446 sithiyana 434 sirimAlaga 440 sithiyAM 223, 445, 446 sirotolemAIesa 439 sidApura 251 silena 228, 23, 366, 405, sidrosa 435 409, 11-416, 418, 19, siddhapura 29, 125, 126, 436 423, 444, 450, 464, 46 6, siddharAja 14, 20, 21, 24, 27 417, 470 siddhazilA 375 silvIna 106 siddhasara 357, 382 sivAnA 435 siddhasena divAkaro242, 243 287, sihora 412, 13, 418, 42, siddhasenasUri 360, 374, 492, 423 493 siherA 422 "siddhahema' 244 siMgalI 427 siddhAyikA 360, 375 siMgura 415-417, 422 sinora 312 siMdhapurama 422 sinthana 434 siMghala 188 sinthasa 445 sitrA 294, 297, 299, 303 sinda 450 'siMtrA-prazasti' 296, 300 sindabura 450 siMdagI 44 sindu 450 siMdha 40, 43, 88, 9092, 95, simula 426 , 10, 132, 133, 162, 226, siyAma 454, 465, 464, 472, 333, 433, 438, 445, 4pa0, 475 454-457, 459, 40, 468, siyAmI 462 470, 473, 474 'siyukI' ra7, 438 siMdhavarmA 40 siradarayA 126 siMdhu 40, 43, 88-90, 95, siranadIpa 470 116, 206, 311, 4ra6, 4ra7, -2-43

Page #679
642] mauryakAlathI gustakAla 433-436, 443-445, 456, 456, 457, 463-467, 473, 475 siMdhukhINa 464 siMdhudvIpa 40 siMdhurAja 30, 40 siMhagaDha 422 siMhagiri ra21, 506 siMhadevasUri 245 siMhapura 406, 407, 409, 411 419, 422, 502 siMhabAhu 229, 406-49, 412, 414, 417, 418 siMhala 44, 230, 408-412, 416-419, 422, 467 siMhalaka 467 siMhaladIpa 229, 414, 41pa-419, 502 siMhalI 44, 417, 419 siMhavaMza 466 siMhasIvalI 407 siMhasena 103, 149, 152, 153, 70, 175, 215 siMhAcArya 501 siMhAlI 229 sIjhIksa 430 sIthiyana 102 sInila 448 sIbAra 450 sImIlA 439 sIriyA 85, 280, 467 sIlI 428 sIledIba 50 salyusika 174 sIvalI 406 sIstAna 92, 473 sIMgapura 415, 417, 421 sIMgabhuma 426 sIMgalabANa 421 surataratI 427 suArI 426 suIdasa 433 sukRtakIrtAikallolinI' 22, 33 sukRtasaMkIrtana 22, 33, 70 sukhalAlajI, paMDita 242 sudarzana 16, 45, 4, 5-61, 69, 70, 76, 77, 83, 134, 135, 195, 207, 209, 229, 236, 284-286, 316, 335, 337, 341, 342, 373, 386 sudarzanA 294, 36, 418, 488, 489, 502-504 sudharmasUri 509 sudhAkara caTopAdhyAya 137 supArA 412, 439, 448, 4pa0 suma 479 sumanaphUTa 408 sumAtrA 44, 230, 454, 455, 465, 471-473 sumitra 49 sumenA 471 sumera 6

Page #680
zabdasUci [ 643 suyazas 81 suraThA 39 suraTha 45, 64 surata 182, 199, 312, 318, 329, 334, 392, 393, 437, 471, 472 surathotsava' 22 suranadeza 467 surapriya 38 surammAnagarI 53 surASTra 27, 37-41, 45, 48, 50, para, 56, 59, 76, 4, 88, 94, 113, 115, 12, 134, 135, 158, 164, 20, 206, 208, 220, 240, 359, 376, 434, 446, 420, 504 (juo "saurASTra'.) surAtra 436 surAtrInI 434, 436 surI 4ra7, 428 suvarNa 100, 177, 178, 207 suvarNakIti 498, 500 suvarNadvIpaka9pa 467 suvarNarekhA 82, 83 suvarNasiktA 45-47, 27, 75, 83 suvizAkha 16, 56-58, 134, 135, 207, 215, 316 suvratA 490 susImAM 406, 413 suga-yuna 465, 477 sUNaka 29 "sUtrakRtAMga' 63, 241, 436 sUryavaMzI, De. 166 sUratagaDha 384 seInabo 4 sejapura 29 sejhenTIona 438 seTInI 4ra6 seDhI 49, 517 setI 426 sena-kutI 474 senAta 117 senekA 425 sendraka 19 sebiriyA 434 serigadIpa 467 serenadIpa 47 selyukasa niketora 424 sesIndIona 450 sesekrIenAI 449 saidhava 19 sebiriyA 446 soubuddAu 440 saMketrA 466, 468, 470 sojItrA 392 seDAsA ra79 senakaMsArI 28 senagaDha 415 sonarekha 83, 317, 367, 37ra sonepura 154, 164, 181 sopAraka ra22, 225, 249, 506, 507

Page #681
644] mauryakAlathI guptakAla sopArA 38, 82, 43, 13, 201, 221, 222, 224, 412-414, 416, 418, 439, 481, pa06 sophAlA 470 sema 283 somacaMdra ra93 sematilakasUri 24 semadeva 59 somanAtha 27, 283, 293, 30 , 312-314, 323, 334, 456, 457, 467-472, 480 somaprabhasUri 21 samaprabhAcArya 64 somabhaTTa 509, 510 somazarmA 283, 293, 459 somasiddhAMta 293 sametrA 471 somezvara 14, 232 soraTha para, 467, 470 solaMkI 12, 14, 19-29, 235. 283, 302, 376 salImnA 450 sosIkA 435 saudharmendra 496 saipArA 448 sairATarATI 45 saurASTra 20, 27, 28, 40-44, 47, 21, 56, 58, 60, 61, 64, 65, 73, 80, 84, 87, [89-91, 94, 119, 178, 148, 203, 212, 227, 355, 370, 392, 417, 418, 422, 434, 437, 446, 454, 466-468, 472, 482, 483, 490, 495, pa06 (juo "surASTra".) sauvIra 132, 206, 446, 447 skaMdagupta 16, 18, 46, 47, 56, 58-61, 121, 195, 196, 190, 208, 216, 228, 236, 26, 263, 284, 285, 358, 372 'skaMdapurANa 26, 47, 55, 2 83, 285, 295 skaMdasvAmI 239 skaMdila 249, 241 kaMdilasUri 492 skaMdilAcArya 491, 492 skaMdilI vAcanA 492, 497 bha 511 khaMbhatIrtha 511, 512 skaTa, eca. Ara 176, 180 oNpha 123 sTena kaeNnI 15, 110 sTephAnasa 449 staMbhatIrtha 510 staMbhanakapura 288, 361, 510, staMbhanapura ( 511, 517 staMbhezvara 511 sthalapattana 223 sthavirAvalI" 23, 481 sthiramati 240

Page #682
snee 424, 428, 429, 430 stro'gadganaga'e 460 sroiMgamasana 46 0 snAnaguDu2 232 spAlira 112 sAsa 432 nyUDAsTAmAsa 439 svAta 450, 463, 477 svAtaMkhINa 461 svAhA 388 smitha, vinsenTa 7, 10, 212, 441, 442, 466 hakhAmanI 47 hajhArA 82 hadramAuta 444 hanumAnagaDha 384 zabdasUci humajhA 467 hamIra 22 hammIramadamardana' 22 haramAlAesa 449 harigameSI 496 harita 41 hariprasAda zAstrI 71, 301, 416 haribhadra 63, 295 haribhadrasUri 24, 26 'hariva'za' 39, 40-42, 45, 46, 48 'harivaMzapurANa' 26, 107, 109, 122, 124, 127 hariSe 26 haruna-ar-razIda 477 harekRSNa mahetAba 416 hajha phelDa 117 hazva 40, 41 hapura 41 [ 645 harSa 301, 453, 456, 460, 474 harSacarita' 154 hameAlAesa 449 hastakavapra 437 haratavapra 423 hastika5 504 hastinagara 453, 463 hastinApura 453, 463 hAIdrAotIsa 427 hATakezvarakSetra 26 hAthaba 203, 222, 437, 446, 55 hAthasaNI 55 hAthIguphA 258 hAyaDessisa 46 hAyasInthe 450 hipesIjha 425 hippakhAsa 430 himAcaLa 165 himAlaya 458, 459 hirakeIna 464 hirAna 437 hiliedAra 377 hisTArikala eNsesiyezana 413 hisnallurAkha 444 histadhArAkha 432 hippagI 540

Page #683
646 ] hippAlAsa hipelasa hipelAsa hippAkaura ) hippAkorA mausalathI guptakAla 433, 435, 443, 444 439, 440 hiM gALagaDha 357 hiMdIcIna 458, 461 hiMdI mahAsAgara 471 hiMdu 458, 463, 471, 472 | hiMduMgadeza 92, 482 hiMdukuza 223, 405 hiMdustAna 482 hiM matanagara 382 hInayAna 288 hIrA 467 hIrAkila hIrAlAla, rA. ba. 126 449 hIrA 446 hIrAdAtasa 424 hugalI 415, 458 huza 297 haripTika 8 Na 456, 457, 467, 464, 467, 473 hekAteI Asa 449 hega 445 heyina 474 hunnIkhera 9 heptanIsiyA 441 hephrIzmana 433 hemacaMdra 21, 26, 46, 51, 55, 63, 244, 246, 414, 115 hemacaMdrasUri 493, 495 hemacaMdrAcAya 14, 26, 64 hemAvatI 297 hemilTana 472 heraNu 319 herAsa, phAdhara 30 herADa 430 haidrAbAda 435, 439, 450 hA vA 460 hAnalI 461 hAnAr 449 hAramujha 472 hAramAsa 429, 431 hAlaeNnDa 472 hAsI 40 DhAMgala 440 hyuena siga 438, 453, 458, 461, 42, 464, 467, 473, 478 ( jue 'yuana svAMga'. )

Page #684
zAhabAjagaDhI - mAnaserA azoka maurvenA samayano nakazo kAlase r, Dious ---- -- - - verAgaDA ? --- - - - S azoka mauryanAM S cauda zailazAsanane The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles masured from the appropriate base line.

Page #685
nakazo 2 Dental kAta samayanuM gujarAtI mai dayapura ayior kg nag +pAra dumaNa - nAno nAsika saMta paricaya C .govardhana + zilAlekhomAM kallikhitaththo jAdara volathI A zilAlekhoLAM prApta-sthAna - zUna" "jUra sikkAbaMdhinAM prApti-sthAna | viziSTa kArlIjha. The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.

Page #686
6 2 kArdasaka kSatrapa samayanuM gujarAta | saMketa paricaya + zilAlekhomAM uslikhita sthaLo LA, zilAlekhonI prasta-sthAna 0 sikkALanI prApti-sthAnA ka +kukura avaA.mevAsA gvana saravaNayA F9 + | kava ida2main mUlavAlmI guM devAo ane guhA uparoTalAThI ( I chiMdavADAd, Dbsolopa2* sevana - jUoli Id * amarelIu) 2 kAmareja0. vAMso + anUpa amarAvatIu kampaTIu kaNakanyapas "avala *bAsimam The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate baes line.

Page #687
nakazA 4 *pA flagi pAkistAna kacchano akhAta paDA malI. a 2 bI, anida! "beDana ais savo nAga somanA khaMbhAlIDA amarelI zvetakSa OM da sthApatyakIya smArakonAM sthaLa hIMgoLagaDha valabhIpu MULLERY khaMbhAtanAM akhAta bhArata JASON2 .. Bunn dudhALu u .. varNA ca *jhAmora * kamareja ... Vaugroun The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.

Page #688
$1441 karachano akhAta pIMDArA ba ve dho A "beDavasaI *nAgaDha sAmanAtha sa mu gamatI tamIpura khaMbhAtano sthaLatapAsa ane utakhanananAM sthaLa gAma ma .nA.. "" devanI pezo zALA ra *TIbadha mI * vastAnagarI vAtavA kAma -jokhA parNasa nipAba " nakazA pa * pradhA The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line,

Page #689
paTTa 1 } : l 'j` h 4 4 %1x4 d lmwj@ btn ldn : tm yh mh dmh pp bh dwr@ - V pr n wr d ww l adhr lakoma .*3 | th wn | a[* * * * * * bw r w J LL. LT h | 7 | t 3 tnn || w nh bh 3 25 [50 w 0 | 4 | b : 1 bb bb w m ry | | hdd Hyt | | |aa| 32 | w 11 w 67 n) 88) oh al-arn 888 t 88 888 y bt lyly bb |a qryh lt b h 3 brr lyly 2 | ly ly ly l khr 2 t 3 add m 2 lHlm * 88 | EEE EEEEE EE acobsd job 8 A | (3 * AA nh nt h r ndrd 1 2 C ) ` m t m`mwly sy Hy r ml | | | | | | b h nyt ny ll mm 5 AkRti 1. judA judA kAlanI lipinA mULAkSara

Page #690
5 2 - bIrthakalInakSatrapakAlIna guptakAlI kA aa yA siAkAmAlA cAla F EO FOHI 02 svaracihano ata ta meki mI jomAnAmA mAna kasaka jana 2 - 2 jI 4 kima bIjI SP le] jamA 12 mae cihano atithino saMyuktAkAro ! $ tra: mitha dha : - ka K2che ? * 7i49 10 , AkRti 2

Page #691
56 3 3. BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROY 8. Pjh2jP992947 sana pahana satara ichaora 4. J 5x5}}v Jya Jsr37 Ud J} rAjJo mahAkSatrapa saru drasI isa putra sa rAjJo mahAkSatrapa sa rudrasenasa vyvtzdz: 5. U!vapazvije paramabhAgavata mahArAjAdhirAja zrI kumAragupta mahendrAdityaH AkRti 3-6. judA judA kAlanA sikkAe paranAM lakhANa

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20 1|, :-20 15 sa na vAsaNA,ghareNAM ane hathiyAra

Page #693
pahe cr You 31 30 W A. 21-33. mATI, paththara, za Mkha ane dhAtunI vastu 3.

Page #694
III, indi rUpa 34 FETITIE ** 'Insity" YO 5 ---- A. 34-49. mATI, zaMkha vagerenI vastuo

Page #695
, sa Fri # G ' S 50 . SS) A. 50-58. mATInI vividha vastuo

Page #696
5 $3 60. 61 A. 59-63. mATI, hAthIdAMta ane dhAtunI vastuo yu Ta

Page #697
g D D D D D = CT 0 0 0 I - STD O 0 0 0 ... D D F tala-hI guphAo, nAgaDha. lAvApyArA,

Page #698
paH 10 A. 65. uparakeTanI guphAo, jUnAgaDha

Page #699
paTTa 11 5. na _'" ka . E HE SECTIPS, Grid E. NEW Bad HTTRE che ' nir - uM ke eka TETHITI it dezI sorI vihAranuM taladarzana AkRti 6 6

Page #700
AkRti cha 54 12 devanI morI-stUpanuM Urdhvadarzana ****

Page #701
UN NOU 395 S . Vernd 3YYNY GS ST 2 . DO OS 2049 338. 00 9-13

Page #702
para 14 A. 69. Ahata mudrA A. 70. minenTarane sikako A. 71. apaladata 2 jAne sikako

Page #703
paSTa 15 A. 72. bhUmano si ko A. 73. nahapAnano sikko A. 74. rudrasena 1 lAno sikako } }; Ef I

Page #704
5 16 A. u5. zarva bhaTArakanA sikakA A. 76. kumAragupta 1 lAne sikko A. 77. skaMdaguptano sikko

Page #705
A. 18. rela roka nI bhIMta, devanI morI

Page #706
-jaDa gadhvaja - 1 kaneka muvI kAra AkRti 78 beriyA stUpanA avazeSa

Page #707
5 19 AkRti 80, khAparA keDiyAnI guphA, jUnAgaDha,

Page #708
TTa 20 AkRti 81. uparakoTa guphA, jUnAgaDha

Page #709
paTa 21 mukAma T ** *** * pa.- na nanana +nanana na - - ---- nanana + + *** -- - b hm ml shmsh nAgaDA che, ke je je ka - kakakara - " ATara che . te eka E kirI ka. , jA AkRti 82. samudgaka, devanI mArI

Page #710
pa6 22 AkRti 83. kendrIya padaka, devanI morI AkRti 84. kIrtimukha, devanI morI

Page #711
h? are

Page #712
paTTa 24 AkRti 86, buddha, devanI morI

Page #713
para 25 AkRti 87. yalI ke devI, zAmaLAjI

Page #714
2 . R, HI R AkRti 89. mAtA ane zizu, zAmaLAjI

Page #715
52 27 | - 99. cAmuMDA, zAmaLAjI A. 91. ekamukha zivaliMga, kheDabrahmA

Page #716
paSTa 28 AkRti 92. vAyu AkRti 88. bhIlaDAvaze pArvatI AkRti 93. yala

Page #717
nara thI nI AkRti 94. yakSa AkRti 95, yakSa AkRti 96. yakSa

Page #718
52 30 AkRti 97 koziniydana, valabhIpura

Page #719
paTTa 31 Akrati 98. siMhazIrSaka staMbha, kaDiye DuMgara

Page #720
AkRti 99. mastaka, kAkAnI siMha 54 32

Page #721
2 C 10 M mei sii 5 pii C Xue Yi Zhu pat

Page #722
pa6 34 - AkRti 102. eTalAsa, zAmaLAjI

Page #723
para rUpa AkRti 10 3. vIrabhadra ziva, zAmaLAjI

Page #724