Jain Agam me Darshan

Author(s): Mangalpragyashreeji Samni
Publisher: Jain Vishva Bharati
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001983/1

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jaina AmA meM darzana yAviSayIyavilAsavI yatarajilakandatAvapalamakA syAUoSiyasukhacalAtarakhitaHbuDapArAvAreSasapanAkAratAdhArazIrthakaradevanIsabhikaravAnAnavina sUyagaDo dvitIyalaNDa rasuNya Rtipadeva zivabhArata yatiniTa sacinutanika nimittAmA aMgasattANi uvaMgasuttANi mAlAmpaadArthAnIya ekamevanIparaMparAte sAmpAdiguNAvati dalonI kiradevAdina samanumakeranovA kinapate kAkha jiiphaakaaphi jaanaan| jagAradAranA" saMvatpazpatpadanudita nicaracayapatrI sapanAjArIrarupaleparaneTamA TAkAvAlakAya bintisatisvakhasuzmA sAsanatidanale tI kiradevI samatApaleTanajanA yAtakAlaya hidAta 27 kadAcinnAta lAvalIkhAnApakaMgatinalimpanajasaganAmA nivatyatAtikagati saMga ovAiyaM rAyapaseNiyaM jIvAjIvAbhigame RBSIR sarasapanA gaNAdhipati tulasI zye:puSyati sAyakarAna-makarAnamanamAnasAkAyanamAmAliyAnA mAnIta yaslevadatAkajAkhiGagAtAsAdanijAvedAta yastA samaNI maMgalaprajJA

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'prastuta Agama bhagavAna mahAvIra ke darzana yA tattvavidyA kA pratinidhi sUtra hai| isameM mahAvIra kA vyaktitva jitanA prasphuTita hai, utanA anyatra nahIM hai| vAlTara zubiMga ke anusAra bhagavatI ke atirikta aura koI bhI dUsarA graMtha nahIM hai jisameM mahAvIra kA jIvana-carItra, kriyAkalApa itanI prakharatA se prakaTa huA ho| morisa viMTaranitja (Maurice Winternitz) kA abhimata bhI isI prakAra kA hai| unake anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana, kArya, unakA apane ziSyoM ke sAtha evaM apane samparka meM Ane vAloM ke sAtha sambandha tathA mahAvIra ke sampUrNa vyaktitva kA jaisA varNana bhagavatI meM hai vaisA anya kisI grantha meM nahIM hai| prastuta Agama kI viSaya-vastu atyanta vyApaka evaM mahatvapUrNa hai|' ___ 'prastuta zodha-prabandha meM Agama-sAhitya meM pratipAdita tathyoM kA samIcIna vizleSaNa huA hai| sthUla se sUkSma kI ora yaha pragati kA niyama hai| isalie sUkSma tattva kI zodha meM usakI cetanA kA vikAsa hotA rhe| AcArya mahAprajJa

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jaina Agama meM darzana samaNI maMgalaprajJA

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(c)jaina vizva bhAratI prakAzaka : jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM-341306 artha saujanya : sva. zrImatI sohanI devI kI pAvana smRti meM puSparAja saMkalecA, mAtulya phebriksa, icalakaraMjI (mahArASTra) prathama saMskaraNa : jUna 2005 mUlya : 125/- rupaye mudraka kasa : kalA bhAratI zAhadarA, dillI - 110032

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sAdara samarpita prAcya vidyA ke unnAyaka gaNAdhipati gurudevazrI tulasI ke yazasvI uttarAdhikArI bhAratIya vidyA ke zIrSastha vicAraka evaM draSTApuruSa AcArya zrI mahAprajJa ko|

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AzIrvacana] jaina AgamoM kA eka vizAla bhAga hai - drvyaanuyog| usameM dravyoM kI sUkSmatama mImAMsA upalabdha hai| atIndriya cetanA dvArA upalabdha dravyoM kA jJAna indriya cetanA vAle manuSyoM ke lie sarala nahIM hotA, yahI kAraNa hai ki kabhI dravya kA eka paryAya sambodha meM AtA hai aura kabhI usakA dUsarA pryaay| kAlAvadhi ke sAtha-sAtha paryAya badalate rahate haiM isalie zodha kA dvAra sadA julA rahatA hai, vaha kabhI baMda nahIM hotaa| isI AdhAra para "appaNA saccamesejjA'" isa sUkta kI sArthakatA hai| samaNI maMgalaprajJA ne jaina AgamoM ke kucha binduoM para apanA zodha-kArya kiyA hai| usake kucha uddharaNa paThanIya haiM - 'prastuta Agama bhagavAna mahAvIra ke darzana yA tattvavidyA kA pratinidhi sUtra hai| isameM mahAvIra kA vyaktitva jitanA prasphuTita hai, utanA anyatra nahIM hai| vAlTara zubiMga ke anusAra bhagavatI ke atirikta aura koI bhI dUsarA grantha nahIM hai jisameM mahAvIra kA jIvana-caritra, kriyAkalApa itanI prakharatA se prakaTa huA ho / morisa viMTaranitja (Maurice Winternitz.) kA abhimata bhI isI prakAra kA hai| unake anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana, kArya, unakA apane ziSyoM ke sAtha evaM apane samparka meM Ane vAloM ke sAtha sambandha tathA mahAvIra ke sampUrNa vyaktitva kA jaisA varNana bhagavatI meM hai vaisA anya kisI grantha meM nahIM hai| prastuta Agama kI viSaya-vastu atyanta vyApaka evaM mahattvapUrNa hai|' samaNI maMgalaprajJA kI Agama aura darzana ke kSetra meM gati hai| isIlie prastuta zodhaprabandha meM Agama-sAhitya meM pratipAdita tathyoM kA samIcIna vizleSaNa huA hai| sthUla se sUkSma kI ora yaha pragati kA niyama hai| isalie sUkSma tattva kI zodha meM usakI cetanA kA vikAsa hotA rN| AcArya mahAprajJa 2 8 apraila, 2 (105 aNuvibhA kendra, jypur|

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nAndIvAk jainAgama-sAhitya na kevala bhagavAna vardhamAna mahAvIra ke AdhyAtmika sadupadezoM kA prAmANika saMgraha hai pratyuta eka vistRta kAlakhaNDakI janacetanAoMevaM sAmAjika gatividhiyoM kAjIvanta dastAveja bhI hai| isa dRSTi se hama jainAgamoM ko vividha sUcanAoM kA eka vizvakoSa bhI kaha sakate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yathAvasara prakaTita upadeza cirakAla taka zruti-paramparA se surakSita rahe, parantu kAlAntara meM pratibhA sampanna AcAryoM dvArA saMyojita vAcanAoM meM unheM akSarabaddha kiyA gayA / valabhI meM sampanna vAcanA meM sampUrNa jainAgama sAhitya apane antima rUpa ko prApta kara sakA, jo usI rUpa meM aba taka prAyaH akSuNNa hai| maulika AgamoM para bhASya, cUrNi TIkAdi likhane kI paramparA 1 7vIM zatI I. taka pravartita rhii| phalataH Aja upalabdha hone vAlA jainAgama sAhitya eka vizAla mahAsAgara pratIta hotA hai jisameM pratiSThita ratnarAziyoM kA anumAna karanA bhI kaThina hai| dharma-darzana evaM upAsanA viSayaka anuSThAna ke atirikta jainAgama sAhitya meM sAmudrika, sthApatya, kAvyazAstra, nATyazAstra, kalA, zilpa, jyotizzAstra, vyAkaraNa, bhUgola, khagola, bhuvanasaMkSepa, gaNita, krIr3A-manovinoda evaM lokaparamparAoM - saMskAroM Adi kA hRdayagrAhI nirUpaNa upalabdha hotA hai| jainAgamoM para dRSTi kendrita hote hI sarvaprathama usakI jo vizeSatA dRSTigocara hotI hai vaha hai usakI lokonmukhtaa| jainAgama lokonmukhI hai| usakI pratyeka dezanA janatA ke upayogArtha hai| phalataH ina AgamoM kI pratipAdya-sAmagrI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kI taraha hI sAdhAraNa samAja arthAt AgArika upAsaka-upAsikAoM ke aihalaukika-pAralaukika kalyANa para kendrita bhI dIkhatI hai| cU~ki samanvita dRSTi se jainAgamoM kA vipula sAhitya, I.pU. pA~cavIM zatI se IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI taka arthAt pUrI eka sahasrAbdI meM vyApta rahA hai phalataH isake garbha meM eka hajAra varSoM kI vividha anubhUtiyA~ surakSita haiM, jo saMkalanakAra AcAryoM ke mAdhyama se AI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainAgama-sAhitya meM sArvadezikatA, sArvakAlikatA evaM sArvajanikatA ke darzana hote haiN|

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jaina vizvabhAratI lADanU~ kI prakharamati viduSI samaNI maMgalaprajJAjI kA graMtharatna "jaina Agama meM darzana" eka aisI mAnaka zodhakRti hai jisake parizIlana se Agama-pratipAdya kA eka pakSa pUrNataH vizada evaM avadAta ho uThatA hai| isa graMtha meM tattvamImAMsA, AtmamImAMsA, karmamImAMsA, AcAramImAMsA tathA Agamopalabdha jainetara darzana zIrSakoM dvArA AgamoM kI dArzanika prastuti kA samyak bodha karAyA gayA hai| lekhikA honA svayameva eka mahAn upalabdhi hai, parantu lekhikA yadi naiSThika vratAvalambinI samaNI bhI ho to kyA kahanA? samaNI maMgalaprajJA jI jaina-vADamaya ke sAtha hI sAtha samasta bhAratIya vAGmaya kI adhItI hai| unake vyaktitva meM vidyA ke cAroM hI caraNaadhIti, bodha, AcaraNa evaM pracAraNa-sAkalyena pratiSThita haiN| mujhe pUrNa vizvAsa hai ki aisI pratibhAvadAta tapasvinI lekhikA kA sArasvatopAyanabhUta yaha sadgraMtha jainAgama-sAhitya ke pratyakSa evaM AnuSaMgika- donoM hI prakAra ke pAThakoM kA jJAnavardhana karegA tathA jaina darzana ko AtmasAta karane meM sahAyaka siddha hogaa| samaNyA racitaM prItyA vimalaM mngglaakhyyaa| kalyANAya satA bhUyAd grantharatnamidaM bhuvi / / 18 pharavarI, 2003 abhirAja rAjendra mizra kulapati sampUrNAnaMda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI (uttara pradeza)

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prarocanA jaina dharma aura darzana kA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama haiN| vahI isakA sabase purAtana srota hai aura use hI pramANa stara kI mAnyatA prApta hai kyoMki usameM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vacana saMkalita haiN| mahAvIra kI vANI Aptavacana hai, isalie vaha svataH pramANa hai| mahAvIra kI vANI kA jo saMkalana Agama ke rUpa meM huA vaha unake jIvana kAla meM nahIM huA, apitu lambe samaya taka zruta paramparA ke rUpa meM calate rahane ke bAda huA, isalie saMkalana kartAoM ne paramparA se jaisA sunA thA vaisA kahane ke lie sambaddha prasaMga aura pariveza ko bhI btaayaa| pariNAmataH Agama apane Apa meM bahuta vistRta ho gayA, usakA svarUpa eka vizvakoza jaisA bana gyaa| usameM vividha prakAra ke viSaya samAhita ho ge| mAnA jAtA hai ki Agama kI saMkhyA jitanI thI, usameM kucha lupta bhI ho gae, phira bhI jitanI Aja upalabdha hai usakI bhI saMkhyA koI kama nahIM, battIsa hai aura usakA vistAra bhI itanA hai ki usake eka chora se dUsare chora taka pAra ho jAnA athavA samagra kA avagAhana kara lenA koI AsAna kArya nahIM hai| usa kAla meM darzana ko darzana mAnakara aura usakI abhivyakti ke lie jaisI eka vizeSa prakAra kI suvyavasthita praNAlI bAda meM vikasita huI vaisI nahIM thI, kyoMki taba na yaha uddezya thA aura na isakA koI prayojana hI thaa| apane anubhava, vicAra aura prApta satya ko sahaja rUpa meM kaha denA bhara thaa| kintu isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM ki vahA~ koI darzana nahIM thaa| koI bhI satya vicAroM ke mAdhyama se prakaTa hotA hai to usake pIche eka darzana to hotA hI hai, usakI abhivyakti meM bhI darzana ke tattva anAyAsa hI A jAte haiN| cU~ki dArzanika zailI aura dArzanika zabdAvalI meM kucha bhI kahA huA nahIM hotA, isalie unheM pakar3a pAnA duSkara hotA hai| Agama kA vizAla sAhitya hai| vahA~ vividha prasaMgoM, sandarbho aura AkhyAnoM kA samAveza hai| unameM se darzana ke tattvoM ko pahacAna lenA aura dArzanika cintana ke dharAtala para abhivyakta karanA apane ApameM eka kaThina kArya hai| bAda ke dArzanikoM ne apanI apekSA ke anusAra kucha tattvoM ko liyA, usakA vivecana kiyA aura usakA vistAra kiyA, para aisA kabhI nahIM ho sakA ki Agama ke samagra dArzanika cintana unameM samAhita ho ske| madhyayuga meM eka prayojana se - kisI ko uttara dene ke lie athavA kisI eka pakSa para uThAe gae praznoM ke lie- vivecana kI apekSA thii| isalie Agama ke sabhI dArzanika pahaluoM para dhyAna dene kI unake samakSa apekSA hI upasthita nahIM huii|

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kisI bhI Agama ko dArzanika grantha nahIM kahA jA sakatA kintu jaina darzana kA srota vahI hai| Agama ke vizAla sAhitya meM dArzanika cintana kisa rUpa meM milatA hai, usakA vaiziSTya kyA hai, kina pahaluoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai, yaha jAnane kI jijJAsA honA bhI svAbhAvika hai| bIsavIM zatAbdI meM katipaya videzI vidvAnoM aura katipaya isa deza ke vidvAnoM ne prayAsa kiyA ki Agama meM dArzanika cintana ke bikhare sUtroM kI parakha kI jaae| prayAsa sarAhanIya thA, kintu yaha saMbhava na thA ki samagratA meM usakI pahacAna kI jA sake aura gambhIratA se usakA adhyayana bhI prastuta kiyA jA sake / jitanA kiyA jA sakA, Arambha kI dRSTi se vaha mahattvapUrNa hai| samaNI maMgalaprajJA jI ne ise zodha kA viSaya banAkara apanI pustaka "jaina Agama meM darzana' meM isa dRSTi se aura isa dizA meM sarvathA mahattvapUrNa aura stutya prayAsa kiyA hai| yaha saMbhavana thA ki sabhI AgamoM ko eka prabandha meM sameTA jA sake, isalie inhoMne Agama sAhitya ke pA~ca aMgoM-AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga aura bhagavatI - ko apane adhyayana kA viSaya bnaayaa| adhyayana kI gambhIratA kI dRSTi se aisA karanA Avazyaka thaa| isa kArya meM samaNI maMgalaprajJAjI ne saphalatA prApta kI hai| apane gambhIra adhyayana aura kauzala se AgamoM ke dArzanika cintana aura vaiziSTya ko parakhA hai tathA bikhare aura pracchanna dArzanika tattvoM kA vivecana kiyA hai jo sAmAnyataH dRSTipatha meM nahI A paate| __ isa pustaka meM sAta adhyAya haiM-viSaya-praveza, Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA, tattva mImAMsA, Atma-mImAMsA, AcAra-mImAMsA aura AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzanajo dArzanika dRSTi se darzana kI apekSAoM ko pUrA karate haiN| isa pustaka meM samaNI maMgalaprajJAjI ne gambhIra adhyayana, dArzanika vivecana kI kSamatA aura sUkSma dRSTi kA paricaya diyA hai jo gurudeva tulasI aura AcArya mahAprajJa ke sAnnidhya tathA zikSaNa kA pratiphala hai, sAtha hI samaNI jI kI apanI pratibhA kA bhI paricAyaka hai| isa kArya se na kevala una pA~ca AgamoM ke dArzanika svarUpa para prakAza par3A hai balki isase anya AgamoM kA isa dRSTi se adhyayana kA mArga bhI prazasta huA hai| isa kArya ke lie samaNI jI ko jitanA bhI sAdhuvAda arpita kiyA jAe, kama hI pdd'egaa| __ bhaviSya meM jisa prakAra ke tulanAtmaka vivecana kI apekSA hai usake lie inhoMne katipaya saMketa bhI die haiN| isase inakI sRjanAtmaka dRSTi suspaSTa hotI hai| maiM svayaM bhI isase kAphI lAbhAnvita huA hU~, isalie samaNI maMgalaprajJA jI ke prati AbhAra vyakta karatA huuN| 19 pharavarI, 2003 rAya azvinI kumAra prophesara evaM pUrva saMkAyAdhyakSa saMskRta vibhAga magadha vizvavidyAlaya, bodhagayA (bihAra) (iv)

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kRtajJatA-jJApana bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA artha rUpa meM evaM gaNadharoM dvArA sUtra rUpa meM grathita tathA uttaravartI jainAcAryoM dvArA saMrakSita jaina Agama rUpI bahumUlya dharohara vartamAna meM hameM prApta huI hai| isa prApti ke lie sampUrNa pUrvavartI paramparA ke prati hArdika vinamra prnnti| isa anupameya jJAnarAzise paricaya evaM isake prati zraddhA-saMvega utpanna karane vAle mere dIkSA-zikSA guru AcAryazrI tulasI jinakI divya-sannidhi adhyAtma jagata meM bar3hane kI mujhe satata preraNA detI rahatI hai, usa divyAtmA ke prati zraddhA samarpita karate hue yaha AkAMkSA karatI hU~ ki vaha satata mere lie prakAza stambha banI rhe| AcArya tulasI kesakSama uttarAdhikArI zruta-sAgara, Agama-arNava AcAryazrImahAprajJa jI, jinake pAdAravindoM meM baiThakara zruta-parAga ko baTorane kA svarNima avasara mujhe prApta huaa| jinakI antazcetanA sphurita prajJA ne nibiDa ajJAna aMdhakAra meM mere jJAna ke dIpa ko prajvalita kiyA hai| una pUjArha pUjyapravara ke caraNoM meM zraddhA-saMpUrita vinIta zraddhA-sumana samarpita karate hue mujhe Antarika Ananda kI anubhUti ho rahI hai| yadyapi ApazrI kA hara kSetra meM hameM mArgadarzana upalabdha hai tathApi isa prastuta zodha-prabandha kI saMyojanA meM ApazrI kA sAkSAt dizAnirdeza bhI prApta huA, taba hI maiM yaha durUha kArya sampanna kara sakI huuN| karuNA evaM komalatA yukta ApakA kuzala netRtva bhaviSya meM bhI mujhe pragati patha agrasara karatA rahe, yahI apane prati maMgalakAmanA karatI huuN| terApaMtha dharmasaMgha ke navodita tejasvI bhAnu zraddheya yuvAcAryazrI mahAzramaNajI kA adhyAtma-abhimaNDita AbhAvalaya mere bhItara adhyAtma-sphuraNA utpanna karatA rhe| saMgha mahAnidezikA mahAzramaNI sAdhvI pramukhAzrI jI, jinakI kuzala anuzAsanA meM sAdhvI samAja nirantara vikAsa ke patha para gatizIla hai| jinake preraNA-pradIpa ne mere puruSArtha ke dIpa ko sneha-dAna diyA hai| unake prati maiM apanI hArdika zraddhA praNati prastuta karatI huuN| sAdhvI aNimAzrIjI kA vAtsalyapUrNa AzIrvAda evaM sAdhvI sudhAprabhAjI kI maMgalakAmanA bhI merI zruta sAdhanA kI pragati meM nimitta banatI rahI hai| niyojikAjI Adi sabhI samaNIjI ke prati apanI kRtajJatA jJApita karatI hU~ jinakA

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pratyakSa evaM parokSa sahayoga merI sRjanadharmitA meM sahayogI banA hai| samaNI zIlaprajJA, RtuprajJA, ArogyaprajJA evaM maitrIprajJA kA prUpha nirIkSaNa meM smaraNIya sahayoga prApta huaa| jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna ke bhUtapUrva kulapati pro. bhopAlacandra lor3hA kA Agraha bharA sujhAva isa zodhakArya ke prArambha kA hetubanA hai| saMsthAna kI vartamAna kulapati zrImatI sudhAmahI raghunAthana tathA kulasaciva DaoN. jagatarAma bhaTTAcArya kA bhI yatheSTa sahayoga upalabdha hotA rhaa| veda-vijJAna evaM jaina-vidyA ke vizruta vidvAn pro. dayAnanda bhArgava ke gambhIra jJAna evaM anubhavoM kA bharapUra lAbha mujhe isa kRti ke praNayana meM prApta huaa| unake zrama evaM preraNA kauzala se hI prastuta prabandha isa rUpa meM prastuta ho sakA hai| pro. abhirAjarAjendra mizra, kulapati sampUrNAnanda vizvavidyAlaya evaM pro. rAya azvinI kumAra ne prastuta grantha kA Adi vAkya likhakara apane vidyA prema kA paricaya diyA hai| DaoN. harizaMkara pANDeya kA bhI samaya-samaya para smaraNIya sahayoga prApta hotA rhaa| isa zodhaprabandha kI saMracanA meM maiMne aneka vidvAnoM kI kRtiyoM kA upayoga kiyA hai| unake zrama-sIkaroM se yaha zodha-prabandha anuprANita huA hai| 'mohana kampyUTara seMTara' ne isa zodha-prabandha ke TaMkaNa kArya ko sajagatA se saMpAdita kiyA tathA zrI dIpArAma khojA ne ise pustakAkAra seTiMga karane meM vizeSa zrama kiyA hai| ina sabhI ke prati maMgalakAmanA / "jaina AgamoM ke dArzanika cintana kA vaiziSTya" nAmaka pI-eca.DI. kI upAdhi ke lie jaina vizva bhAratI saMsthAna ko prastuta zodha-prabandha "jaina Agama meM darzana" nAma se pAThakoM ke sammukha prastuta hai| yaha grantha jijJAsu ke jJAna kA nimitta bane aura merI zruta-sAdhanA nirantara gatizIla banI rahe, isI zubhakAmanA ke sAtha 27 apraila, 2005 samaNImaMgalaprajJA nidezaka, mahAdevalAlasarAvagI anekAnta zodhapITha jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna (mAnya vizvavidyAlaya) lADanUM - 341 306 (rAja.) bhArata (vi)

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viSayAnukrama pR. saMkhyA prathama adhyAya : viSaya praveza 1-22 dvitIya adhyAya : Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 23-80 Agama kI paribhASA ( 2 3 - 2 4); jaina AgamoM kA udbhava ( 2 4 - 2 5); Agama vAcanA (2 6 - 29); Agama-viccheda krama ( 3 0 - 3 1 ); AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa ( 3 1 - 3 2); pUrva sAhitya (32-33); aMgapraviSTa evaM aMgabAhya (33-61); mUla evaM chedasUtra (6263); AgamoM kI saMkhyA (63); dasa prakIrNaka (64) Agama ke kartA (64-65); Agama svIkRti kA mAnadaNDa (65); Agama kA prAmANya (65-66); AgamoM kA anuyoga meM vibhaktikaraNa (66); AgamoM kI bhASA (66 - 6 8 ); AgamoM kA vyAkhyA sAhitya (68-71); digambara AmnAya mAnya Agama (71-74); jaina AgamoM kA Adhunika sampAdana, anuvAda evaM bhASya (75); pAzcAtya vidvAn (75-77); bhAratIya vidvAn (77-80) tRtIya adhyAya : tattva-mImAMsA 81-140 tripadI meM antarnihita anekAnta (82); anekAnta ke abhAva meM AcAra kI anupapannatA (82); anekAnta kA AdhAra anubhava kA prAmANya (82); pramANa-mImAMsA kI AdhArabhRmi nayavAda (83); paJcavidha jJAna vicAraNA (83) dravyamImAMsA-anekAnta aura vastuvAda (84); jaina darzana kA dvaitavAda (84-86); jagata kA mUla kAraNa (86-87); vedoM meM jagat ke mUlakAraNa kI khoja(87); upaniSad meM vizvakAraNatA (87-89); yUnAnI dArzanikoM kA mantavya (89) jaina AgamoM meM vizva (89-90); jaina darzana meM loka-aloka kA AkAra (90-93); loka kI avasthiti (93-94); vizva-vyavasthA ke sArvabhauma niyama (94-95); loka ke ghaTaka tattva (95-96); bhagavAna mahAvIra kI maulika avadhAraNA (9 6 - 97); pradeza aura paramANu (97-98); astikAya pradezAtmaka (98); astikAya (vii)

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zabda vimarza (98-99); astikAya kA svarUpa (100); bhagavatI meM astikAya kI avadhAraNA (100-101); astikAya kA loka vyApitva (101-02) astikAya kI vividhatA (102-10 3); dharmAstikAya-adharmAstikAya (103); dharma-adharma kI upayogitA (104): cAra astikAya ke aSTa madhyapradeza (105-106); jIvapudgala kI gati loka meM hI kyoM ? (106 - 108); dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya kI tulanA (10 8 -109); paryAyavAcI abhivacana (109 - 110): dharmAstikAya Adi ke pradezoM kA svabhAva baMdha (110); AkAzAstikAya (111) pudgalAstikAya (111 - 1 1 2 ); pudgala kI dvirUpatA (1 1 2 - 1 1 3 ); paramANu kI sapradezatA-apradezatA (1 1 4 - 115); skandha kI sapradezatA-apradezatA (115); paramANu-pudgala kI zAzvatatA-azAzvatatA (115); pudgala ke parivartana kA niyama (115-116); pudgala ke guNadharma meM parivartana ke niyama (116) paramANu kA vikhaNDana (116); paramANuH sUkSma evaM vyAvahArika (117); padArtha kI dvirUpatAH bhAramukta yA bhArayukta (117-118); pudgala kA pariNamana (118-120); pudgala kI grAhyatA-agrAhyatA (120); pudgala pariNati ke prakAra (121-122); prayoga pariNata pudgala (122); jIvakRta sRSTi (1 2 3 - 1 2 4); prayoga evaM visrasA baMdha (124); baMdhana pratyayika baMdha (1 2 5- 1 2 7); bhAjana-pratyayika baMdha (127); pariNAma pratyayika baMdha (128); paramANu kI gati ( 1 2 8 ) mana evaM bhASA paudagalika (129); zabda zravaNa kI prakriyA (129-131); jIva aura pudgala kI anuzreNI gati (131-132); paribhogya-paribhoktA (1 3 3 -134); tamaskAya evaM kRSNarAjI (134); tamaskAya kA prArambha evaM anta bindu (134); kRSNarAjI kI saMkhyA evaM sthiti (1 3 4-1 3 5) kAladravya (1 3 5 - 1 3 6); kAla paramANu (137); kAla kA Urdhvapracaya (137 - 138); kAla ke vibhAga (138-139); nizcaya evaM vyavahAra kAla (139-140) caturtha adhyAya : AtmamImAMsA 141-178 AtmA kA svarUpa (141-142); AtmA ke prakAra (142); zuddhAtmA (142 - 1 4 3); bhASA kA prayoga kSetra (143); AtmavicAra : AcArAMga evaM upaniSad (144); Atma vyAkhyA meM netivAda (144-145); AtmA kI kAlikatA (145); AtmA eka hai (146); AcArAMga meM AtmAdvaita (146-147); Atmavimarza : AcArAMga aura samayasAra (147); Atma vizleSaNa : vyavahAra evaM nizcayanaya (14 8-149); samayasAra meM AcArAMga ke netivAda kA vistAra (149): AtmA : baMdha evaM mokSa (149-50) (viii)

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SaDjIvanikAya (151): SaDjIvanikAya : jaina darzana kI maulika avadhAraNA (151 - 152); pRthvIkAya (152); pRthvIkAya meM zvAsa (152 - 154); pRthvIkAya kI avagAhanA (1 5 4); pRthvIkAya meM Azrava (154): pRthvIkAya meM unmAda (155); pRthvIkAya meM jJAna (155); pRthvIkAya meM AhAra kI abhilASA (155-156); pRvIkAya meM krodha (156); pRthvIkAya meM lezyA (156); pRthvIkAya meM vedanA (156); tIna dRSTAntoM se vedanA nirUpaNa (156 - 157); apkAya (157- 1 5 8); apkAyika jIvoM ke jIvatva siddhi meM hetu kA prayoga (158); apkAya ke zastra (159); tejaskAya (159); tejaskAyika jIvoM ke jIvatva siddhi meM hetu kA prayoga (160); agnikAya ke zastra (160); vAyukAya (161); vAyukAya ke zastra (161); vanaspatikAya (161-16 2); vanaspati kI sacetanatA (162); vanaspatikAya ke zastra (163); pAMca sthAvara pariNata evaM apariNata (163); vAyu : sacitta evaM acitta (1 6 3 - 164): jala : sacitta evaM acitta (1 64-166) trasa prANI (166); trasa kI paribhASA ( 1 6 6 - 167); trasa aura sthAvara (167); SaDjIvanikAya : trasa evaM sthAvara (16 7-168); trasa-sthAvara ke vibhAga kI AgamakAlIna avadhAraNA (169); Agama vyAkhyA sAhitya meM trasa evaM sthAvara (169); gati evaM labdhi trasa (169-170); ekendriya-sthAvara anya-vasa (170) zarIra racanA aura jJAna kA sambandha (170171); jIva svarUpa, abhijJAna evaM lakSaNa (171 - 172); jIva ke vyAvahArika lakSaNa (172-173); AtmA ke avayava (173-174); jIvAstikAya aura jIva (174-175): jIva kI deha parimitatA (175); jainetara darzana kI avadhAraNA (175); jaina darzana kI svIkRti (176 - 1 78) paMcama adhyAya : karmamImAMsA 179-242 Astika nAstika kA zabdArtha : karmasiddhAnta kA mahattva (179); karmasiddhAnta kA AdhAra : Agama prAmANya (179-180); vividhatA kA mUla karma (180-181); jaina darzana meM vividhatA kA hetu (181); vividhatA ke pAMca hetu (181-182) jIva evaM karma kA sambandha (182 - 183); brahmavAda (183); bhUtavAda (18 3); dvaitavAda (183); sAMkhyamata (1 8 3 - 184); naiyAyika mata (184); jainamata (184); sambandha : bhautika yA abhautika (184-18 5); nada kA udAharaNa (185); jIva aura pudgala kA sAdRzya (185 - 186); AtmA evaM zarIra kA bhedAbheda (186 - 187); jIva paribhoktA evaM pudgala paribhogya (187); sambandha kA svarUpa (187188); AtmA para karma kA AveSTana-pariveSTana (188); karma kA baMdha kaba se? (189) (ix)

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karma kA kartA (189); sAMkhya : prakRti karma kI kartA ( 1 8 9-190); niyati : karma kI kartA (190); karma caitanyakRta (1 9 0-191): nizcaya evaM vyavahAra naya se karma kA kartA (191); karmopacaya prayatnakRta (191 - 19 2); du:kha kA sparza kisako? (192) karma baMdha kA hetu (192); karmabaMdha kA kAraNa : pramAda evaM yoga (1 92 - 193); pramAda ke prakAra (1 9 3); yoga kA artha (1 9 3 - 1 9 4); karmabandha kA kAraNa : rAga aura dveSa (1 9 4); prajJApanA kI avadhAraNA (194-95); Agamottara sAhitya : karmabaMdha ke hetu (195); karmabaMdha ke Abhyantara evaM bAhya hetu (195 - 196); svapna evaM jAgaraNa meM karma kA baMdha (196); karmabaMdha kA hetu avirati (196 - 197): bandha kI prakriyA (197) karmaphalabhoga (1 97-198); jIva meM karmaphala bhoga kI zakti (198); karmaphaladAna zakti kA nirdhAraNa (198); kAlodAyI anagAra kI jijJAsA (199); karmaphaladAna ke niyama (199); karmaphala meM asaMvibhAga (199-200); sukha kA saMvibhAga bhI amAnya (200 - 201) Azrava : karma AkarSaNa kA hetu (201); baMdha : Azrava evaM nirjarA kA madhyavartI (201); baMdha ke prakAra (201-202); modaka kA udAharaNa (202); prakRti baMdha ke bheda ( 2 0 2); antarAya karma ke do bheda ( 20 2 - 203); karma kI avasthA (2 0 3 - 2 0 4); karma kA parivartana (204); asaMvRtta-saMvRtta anagAra kA udAharaNa (2 0 4-205); karmavAda kA sAmAnya niyama (205); karmavAda aura puruSArtha ( 2 0 5 - 2 0 6) udIraNA (2 0 6 - 207); mahAvIra-gautama kA saMvAda (207) nokarma kI nirjarA (207- 2 0 8); calita-acalita karma (208); svapradezAvagAhI pudgaloM kA grahaNa (208 - 209); karmabaMdha kI samAnatA yA viSamatA (2 09-210); karmabaMdha : adhyavasAya kI tIvratA-maMdatA (210-21 1); kAMkSA mohanIya vimarza (2 11- 2 1 2); kAMkSA mohanIya : svarUpa bhinnatA (2 1 2 ); karma kA vedana : vyakta evaM avyakta ( 2 1 2 - 2 1 3); mohanIya karma ke bAvana nAma (213); moha ke tIna prakAra (2 1 4-2 1 5); AyuSya kA baMdha kaba aura kaise ? ( 2 1 5); AyuSyakarma ke sahayAyI baMdha ( 2 1 5 - 2 1 6); AyuSyakarma evaM AkarSa kI vyavasthA ( 2 1 6); eka sAtha kitane karmoM kA baMdha (216); karmabaMdha evaM guNasthAna (21 6-217); ATha karmoM ke baMdha ke nimitta ( 2 17 - 2 1 8); karma kA abAdhAkAla (2 1 8 - 219); karma udaya ke nimitta (219); karma para aMkuza ( 2 19-220) karma udaya ke nimittoM kI vividhatA (220) airyApathikI aura sAmparAyikI kriyA ( 2 2 0 - 221); airyApathikI kriyA kA svarUpa

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( 2 2 1 ): aiyApathikI kriyA ke prakAra ( 2 2 2 ); sAmparAyikI kriyA ke prakAra ( 2 2 2 ); aipithikI kriyA meM hone vAlA karmabaMdha (222-224) karmavedana kI sApekSatA ( 2 2 4 - 2 2 5); vedanA evaM nirjarA ( 2 2 5 - 2 2 6); vedanA evaM nirjarA ke udAharaNa ( 2 2 6); karmabandha evaM mokSa kI kAraNabhUta kriyA ( 2 2 7); karma kA paudgalikatva (227- 2 2 8) karma evaM punarjanma ( 2 2 8 - 2 2 9); vibhinna darzanoM meM punarjanma ( 2 2 9 - 2 3 0) pAzcAtya vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM punarjanma (2 3 1) vijJAna jagata meM punarjanma kI avadhAraNA (2 3 1 - 232) punarjanma kA AdhAra ( 2 3 2 ); udgama kI jijJAsA (2 3 3); pUrvajanma kI jJapti ke hetu ( 2 3 3); pUrvajanma smRti ke hetu ( 2 3 3 - 2 3 4); jAti smRti kI ubhayarUpatA (2 3 5); punarjanma ke hetu (235); pUrvajanma kI smRti se AtmA se sambaMdhita saMdeha kA nivAraNa (236); jAti-smRti sabako kyoM nahIM hotI? (236); jAti-smRti ke lAbha ( 2 3 6 - 2 3 7); mRtyu ke pazcAt kisI bhI yoni meM janma ( 2 3 7); jJAna-darzana kA bhavAntara gamana (2 3 7 - 2 3 8); cAritra evaM tapa ke bhavAntara gamana kA niSedha ( 2 3 9); punarjanma evaM AyuSyakarma (2 3 9 - 2 4 1), punarjanma : svata: cAlita vyavasthA (241) muktajIva kI gati ( 2 41); muktajIva kI gati ke cAra hetu ( 2 4 2) SaSTha adhyAya : AcAra-mImAMsA ___243-280 AcAra kI paribhASA (243); AcAra kA svarUpa (2 4 3 - 244); AcaraNa kI dezakAlAnusAritA (244-245); jJAna evaM AcaraNa (2 45 - 247); AcAra kA AdhAra : AtmajJAna (247-249); ratnatraya: mokSamArga (2 49-51); triratna evaM aSTAMga mArga ( 2 5 0 - 2 5 1 ); AcAra ke bheda (251); jJAnAcAra (25 1 - 2 5 2); jJAna ke aticAra (252-253); darzanAcAra (253-256); cAritrAcAra (256-257); tapa AcAra (257-259); tapa kA uddezya (259); vIryAcAra (259-260) dhuta kI sAdhanA ( 2 6 0 - 261); karma vidhUnana kI pradhAnatA (2 6 1 - 2 6 2 ); AhAra saMyama kI sAdhanA (26 2 - 2 6 3); brahmacarya kI sAdhanA (2 6 3 - 264); Asana kI sAdhanA (265); pratimA kI sAdhanA (2 6 6-2 6 7); ekalavihAra pratimA (2 6 726 8); vizuddhi mukti kA dvAra ( 2 6 8 - 269); asoccA kevalI (270); asoccA kevalI kI sAdhanA (270) kriyAvAda (270 - 2 71); pravRtti evaM nivRtti (271-272); AcAra meM taTasthatA (272 - 274); hiMsA ke pramukha kAraNa (274-275); zastra vimarza (275) (xi)

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AcAra kA pramukha aMga aparigraha (276-277); ahiMsA kA sAmAjika AdhAra aparigraha (277-278); jaina AcAra kI vizeSatA (2 78 - 279); jJAna kA phalita ahiMsA (279); AtmAdvaita kI svIkRti (2 79 - 280) saptama adhyAya : AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana 281-308 dArzanika vicAradhArA ke saMdarbha meM samavasaraNa kI avadhAraNA (282); kriyAvAda (28 2 - 2 84); akriyAvAda (284-28 6); ajJAnavAda (287); vinayavAda (287); dAnAmA aura prANAmA pravrajyA (288); vinaya kA artha (288 - 289); nava tattva kA AdhAra (290); bhagavatI meM varNita samavasaraNa (291); samyakdRSTi evaM kriyAvAda (291-292); mahAvIra yuga ke vibhinna matavAda (292 - 29 3); paMcabhUtavAda (293 - 295); tajjIvataccharIravAda (295 - 296); ekAtmavAda (296 - 297); akArakavAda (297); AtmaSaSThavAda (297-298); kSaNikavAda (298 - 299); jaina mAnya AtmaavadhAraNA (299 - 3 0 2); niyativAda ( 3 0 2 - 3 0 3); karmopacaya (3 0 3 - 3 0 4) sRSTi kI samasyA (304); aNDakRta sRSTi ( 3 0 4 - 3 0 5); deva evaM brahmAkRta sRSTi ( 3 0 5 - 306); IzvarakRta sRSTi (306); pradhAnakRta sRSTi (306 - 307); vibhinna vAdoM kA nayavAda meM samAhAra (308) graMthasUcI 309-329 000 (xii)

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viSaya-praveza jaina AgamoM meM darzana kI aisI bahumUlya avadhAraNAeM upalabdha haiM jinakA apanA vaiziSTya hai| una avadhAraNAoM kA kevala madhyayugIna jaina tArkika sAhitya ke svAdhyAya se samIcIna mUlyAMkana nahIM ho sktaa| yaha saca hai ki Agama meM viSaya pratipAdana kI kramabaddhatA parilakSita nahIM hai| vahAM satya ke prayogoM se prApta pariNAmoM kA apanI hI zailI meM gumphana hai jabaki tattvArthasUtra Adi grantha AgamoM meM prApta viSayoM ko kramabaddhatA pradAna karane para mukhya rUpa se dhyAna kendrita kara rahe haiM kintu isa vyavasthA krama meM Agama kI aneka avadhAraNAoM kA samAveza una granthoM meM nahIM ho skaa| yaha svAbhAvika bhI thaa| Agama satya anveSaNa meM anubhava ko pradhAnatA de rahe haiM vahI dArzanikagranthoM meM anveSita satya ko tarka ke dvArA sthApita karane kA prayatna ho rahA hai| avazya hI tattvArthasUtra, samayasAra, sanmatitarkaprakaraNa, tattvArtha-bhASyAnusAriNI, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, tattvArtharAjavArtika jaise dArzanika grantha Agama ke mUla se jur3e rahe haiM aura ina granthoM ke mAdhyama se jaina darzana kI mahattvapUrNa jAnakAriyAM hameM hastagata hotI haiN| ina granthoM ne Agama meM prApta satyoM/tathyoM ko kramabaddha rUpa meM rakhakara jaina darzana ko eka nayA AyAma pradAna kiyA hai| tathApi jaise zAMkaravedAnta par3ha lene para bhI upaniSadoM kA mahattva banA hI rahatA hai usI prakAra ina granthoM ko par3ha lene para bhI AgamoM kA dArzanika vaiziSTya gatArtha nahIM ho jaataa| jainadarzana ke mUla srota Agama haiN| paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane pralamba sAdhanA ke abhyAsa se jina sUkSma satyoM kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA unakA pratipAdana AgamoM meM hai| udAharaNata:* pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspati meM jIvana ke astitva ko svIkAra karate hue jIvoM kA SaDjIvanikAya ke rUpa meM vrgiikrnn| * dharmAstikAya-adharmAstikAya, loka-alokavAda, pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu Adi ke pRthak-pRthakparamANuoM ke sthAna para ekarasa, eka gaMdha, ekavarNaevaM dvisparzayukta eka hI prakAra ke paramANuoM se saba prakAra ke bhautika skandhoM ke nirmANa kI sviikRti|

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jaina Agama meM darzana * jIva ke svarUpabhUta pAMca bhAva, prayoga evaM visrasA sRSTi kI avadhAraNA ityAdi aneka viSaya Agama yuga meM pratipAdita hue haiM, jinake mAdhyama se jaina darzana kI maulikatA evaM vaiziSTya prastuta hotA hai| AgamayugottaravartI darzanayuga meM jJAna kI vividha zAkhAoM kA pRthaka-pRthak vikAsa huaa| inameM do zAkhAeM mukhya thIM-pramANa aura prmey| ina donoM meM bhI vizeSa bala pramANa para de diyA gayA aura prameya kA vivecana gauNa ho gayA, svAbhAvika thA ki Agama yuga meM jo vivecana huA thA usake aneka mahattvapUrNa pakSa yA to sarvathA chUTa gae yA nagaNya ho gae / madhyayugIna jaina tArkikoM ne apane samakAlIna hone vAlI pramANa, tarka Adi kI carcA ko apane vimarza kA mukhya viSaya banAyA tathA pramANa Adi ke lAkSaNika granthoM meM anya dArzanikoM ke vicAroM para UhApoha kiyaa| isa prakriyA meM unakA sambandha AgamoM se virala athavA vicchinnaprAya: ho gayA phalata: madhyayugIna jaina ciMtakoM ne jahAM eka ora jaina paramparA kI pramANa mImAMsA ko to samRddha banAyA vahAM dUsarI ora Agamika yuga ke aneka dArzanika tattvoM kI upekSA bhI ho gii| jaina AgamoM ke adhunAtana bhASyakAra AcArya mahAprajJa ne prastuta saMdarbha meM apanI pratikriyA abhivyakta karate hue likhA hai ki kucha pazcimI vicArakoM ne likhA hai, jaina darzana anyAnya darzana ke vicAroM kA saMgraha mAtra hai, usakA svataMtra astitva nahIM hai| unakI isa sthApanA ko hama sarvathA nirAdhAra nahIM mAnate, isakA eka AdhAra bhI hai| madhyayuga ke AcAryoM ne nyAya yA tarkazAstra ke jina granthoM kI racanA kI unameM bauddha aura naiyAyika Adi darzanoM ke vicAroM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| una granthoM ko paDhakara jaina darzana ke bAre meM ukta dhAraNA honA asvAbhAvika nahIM hai| jaina darzana kA vAstavika svarUpa Agama sUtroM meM nihita hai| madhyakAlIna grantha khaNDana-maNDana ke grantha haiN| hamArI dRSTi meM ve jaina darzana ke pratinidhi grantha nahIM haiN| pahalI bhrAMti yaha hai ki tArkika granthoM ko dArzanika grantha mAnA jA rahA hai| dUsarI bhrAMti isI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para pala rahI hai ki jainadarzana dUsare darzanoM ke vicAroM kA saMgraha mAtra hai| pahalI bhrAMti TUTe binA dUsarI bhrAMti nahIM TUTa sktii| jaina darzana ke AdhArabhUta aura maulika grantha Agama grantha haiN| ye darzana kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| inakA gambhIra adhyetA nahIM kaha sakatA ki jainadarzana dUsare vicAroM kA saMgraha mAtra hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ke isa vaktavya ne mujhe prastuta viSaya meM kArya karane ke lie prerita kiyA / vaise bhI yaha to spaSTa hai ki aitihAsika dRSTi se jainadarzana kA prAcInatama svarUpa Agama meM upalabdha hai ata: AgamottarakAlIna dArzanika vivecana ko sahI aitihAsika pariprekSya meM samajhane ke lie AgamakAlIna dArzanika vivecana ko dekhanA Avazyaka hai| 1. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) bhUmikA, pR. 16

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viSaya-praveza jaina Agama sAhitya kA adhikAMza bhAga vilupta ho gayA hai, yaha jaina paramparA kI mAnyatA hai kintu jo upalabdha hai vaha bhI parimANa kI dRSTi se vizAla hai| eka zodha-prabandha meM isa sampUrNa upalabdha sAhitya kA AloDana karanA saMbhava nahIM thA ata: isa zodha-prabandha meM aMgasAhitya ke prathama pAMca aMgoM -- AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMgaevaM bhagavatI - meM nihita jaina darzana kI maulika avadhAraNAoM kA yathAzakya ullekha ho sakA hai| yadyapi prasaMgAnukUla anya AgamoM tathA dArzanika granthoM kA upayoga bhI yathAvasara kiyA gayA hai| mujhe apane prastuta zodhakArya ke daurAna yaha spaSTa avabhAsita hotA rahA ki jaina AgamoM meM darzana kI bahumUlya avadhAraNAeM upalabdha haiN| una avadhAraNAoM kA jJAna kevala madhyayugIna jaina tArkika granthoM ke anuzIlana se nahIM ho sktaa| isa dRSTi se jaina AgamoM ke dArzanika pratipAdana kA apanA vaiziSTya hai| udAharaNataH dArzanika yuga meM jaina darzana kA prArambha mokSa mArga kI jijJAsA se hotA hai kintu AcArAMga kA prArambha sAdhaka apane mUla udgama ko jAnane kI icchA se karatA hai| apane mUla udgama kI jijJAsA mokSa mArga kI jijJAsA kI apekSA adhika maulika hai| yadi janma hI merA prArambha hai aura mRtyu hI merA anta hai to aisI sthiti meM mokSa kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA aura taba cArvAk darzana phalita ho jAegA maraNamevApavargaH / yadi maiM janma ke pahale bhI thA to mRtyu ke bAda bhI rahUMgA , isa mAnyatA se hI mokSa kA lakSya nirdhArita hotA hai| dArzanika jagat meM tattvArthasUtra ke samaya taka punarjanma eka sthApita siddhAnta bana cukA thA isalie dArzanikoM ne mokSa mArga ke upAyoM se zAstra kA prArambha kiyA hai| pAMcavI zatAbdI I. pU. meM punarjanma kA siddhAnta janma to le cukA thA kintu abhI taka yaha siddhAnta svataH siddha mAnyatA kA rUpa nahIM le pAyA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pazcAtvartI dArzanikoM ne punarjanma kotarka ke AdhAra para siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA kintu bhagavAn mahAvIra netarka kI apekSA jAti-smRti ke anubhava dvArA punarjanma ko siddha karane kI prakriyA ko adhika surakSita mAnA kyoMki yaha prakriyA pratyakSa para AdhArita thI, anumAna para nhiiN| isI prakriyA meM se gujarane kI unhoMne sAdhaka ko preraNA dI hai| Agama apanI sArI zakti pratyakSAnubhUti para kendrita karatA hai| jabaki darzana yuga meM usakA sthAna tArkika vicAraNA grahaNa kara letI hai| Agama yuga meM Atma-sAkSAtkAra kartA RSi upasthita the, jabaki darzana yuga meM unakA abhAva hone se yaha yuga tarka pradhAna bana gyaa| uparyukta vivaraNa se do bAteM phalita hotI haiM-- prathama to Agama, darzana kI apekSA adhika mUlasparzI dRSTikoNa ko lekara calatA hai, mokSa kI jijJAsA utpanna hone se pUrva punarjanma meM AsthA honA Avazyaka hai| dUsare meM darzana vaicArika dharAtala para vizleSaNa karatA hai| Agama ke lie vaicArika vizleSaNa gauNa haiM, mukhya hai sAdhanA dvArA aparokSAnubhUti / Agamayuga kA darzanayuga se yaha vaiziSTya aneka sthaloM para parilakSita hai|

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jaina Agama meM darzana yaha grantha sAta adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai : 1. viSaya-praveza 2. Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 3. tattva-mImAMsA, 4. Atma-mImAMsA, 5. karma-mImAMsA, 6. AcAra-mImAMsA evaM 7. AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana prathama adhyAya viSaya praveza meM hama ina chahoM pratipAdyoM kI saMkSipta rUparekhA adhyAya krama se isa dRSTi se de rahe haiM ki hamAre sampUrNa zodha-prabandha ke viSaya meM pAThaka kA praveza ho ske| isIlie bhUmikA ko viSaya praveza kahA gayA hai| Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA prathama adhyAya meM Agama sAhitya para vizada vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha jainAgama bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI kA saMkalana hai, jo tIrthaMkara mahAvIra dvArA artha rUpa meM kathita evaM unake viziSTa Rddhi-buddhi sampanna gaNadharoM dvArA sUtra rUpa meM grathita hai / yadyapi jaina paramparA meM viziSTa arhatA sampanna puruSa ko Agama mAnA gayA hai| Agama puruSa kI anupasthiti meM unake vacana, pravacana ko Agama kahA jAtA hai| AgamoM ke udbhava kI avadhAraNA kI prastuti ke krama meM hamane isa prAcIna avadhAraNA ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhara the| yadyapi vartamAna meM sudharmA svAmI kRta dvAdazAMgI ke aMza hI upalabdha haiN| sudharmA jambU ko sambodhita karate hue kahate haiM - "AyuSman! maiMne sunA hai, bhagavAn ne yaha kahA - 'suyaM me AusaM! teNaM bhagavayA evamakkhAyaM' AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama Agama kA prArambha bhI isa vAkya se huA hai| AgamoM kI vAcanA, saMkhyA, bhASA, kartA, prAmANya, vargIkaraNa, vicchedakrama Adi vibhinna viSayoM kI prastuti ke sAtha hI prathama pAMca aMga Agama, jo hamAre zodha prabandha ke mukhya AdhAra haiM, unakA vistRta paricaya prastuta kiyA gayA hai| unameM pratipAdita dArzanika evaM sAmayika vicAroM kA varNana bhI saMkSepa meM kiyA gayA hai, jisase pAThaka kA usa Agama grantha kI AtmA se paricaya bhI ho skegaa| zvetAmbara Agama evaM unake vyAkhyA sAhitya ke paricaya ke sAtha hI digambara paramparA mAnya AgamoM kA bhI paricaya prastuta adhyAya meM hai| isake sAtha hI Adhunika yuga meM kie jA rahe AgamoM ke sampAdana, anuvAda Adi ke sambandha meM jAnakArI bhI isa adhyAya meM dI gaI hai| zvetAmbara paramparA kA mAnanA hai ki gyAraha aMga vikala rUpa se surakSita haiM tathA dRSTivAda nAma kA bArahavAM aMga sarvathA lupta ho gayA hai| isake viparIta digambara paramparA kA yaha abhimata hai ki bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke kucha aMzoM ko chor3akara avaziSTa sAre hI aMgapraviSTa

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viSaya-praveza evaM aMgabAhya AgamoM kA uccheda ho gayA hai| ina donoM avadhAraNAoM kA samanvaya karake jaba hama dekhate haiM to jaina paramparA meM bAraha hI aMgoM ke kucha aMza to Aja bhI surakSita hai, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| tattvamImAMsA isa prabandha kA tRtIya adhyAya tattva-mImAMsA ke nAma se praNIta huA hai| tattva-mImAMsA darzana kA eka pramukha aMga hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra tattva-mImAMsA ke AdhAra para hI AcAra kA nirdhAraNa bhI hotA hai aura AcAra dharma kA pradhAna tattva hai| jaina AcAra tattva-mImAMsA se nirdhArita evaM prabhAvita huA hai| yadyapi tattva-mImAMsA kA kSetra bahuta vyApaka hai, phira bhI use sthUla rUpa se do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai - 1. jJAna mImAMsA 2. astitva (prameya) mImAMsA jJAna aura jJeya kA, pramANa aura prameya kA paraspara pratipAdya-pratipAdaka bhAva sambandha hai| jJAna pratipAdaka hai tathA jJeya pratipAdya / 'prameyasiddhiH pramANAddhi' pramANa ke abhAva meM prameya kA avabodha hI nahIM ho sktaa| prameya kA astitva svataMtra hai kintu usakI siddhi pramANa ke adhIna hai| jaba taka pramANa kA nirNaya nahIM hotA taba taka prameya kI sthApanA nahIM kI jA sktii| pramANa svIkRti kI vibhinnatA prameya svIkRti meM bhI bheda lA detI hai| udAharaNata: cArvAka mAtra indriya pratyakSa ko svIkAra karatA hai to usakA prameya bhI indriya grAhya bhautika padArtha hI hai| vaha apanI pramANa mImAMsA ke AdhAra para hI AtmA, paramAtmA, svarga, naraka Adi atIndriya padArthoM kA niSedha karatA hai| Agama granthoM meM bhI pahale jJAna kA phira jJeya kA nirdeza milatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne pravacanasAra meM jJAnakhaNDa ke pazcAt jJeyakhaNDa kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| isI prakAra hamane bhI prastuta zodha prabandha ke dvitIya adhyAya meM tattva-mImAMsA ke antargata pahale jJAna kI carcA evaM tatpazcAt dravya kI vivecanA kI hai| jaina darzana vastuvAdI darzana hai| vaha dRzya jagat ko pratyayavAdiyoM kI taraha ayathArtha nahIM mAnatA hai| usake anusAra indriyagrAhya evaM atIndriya padArtha ke astitva meM koI bheda nahIM hai| donoM kI vAstavika sattA hai| jaina darzana mUlata: dvaitavAdI hai| vaha vizva ke mUla tattva ke rUpa meM cetana evaM acetana tattvoM kI svataMtra evaM anAdi sattA svIkAra karatA hai| unakA astitva nirapekSa hai| unameM paraspara janya-janaka sambandha nahIM hai| yadyapi ye donoM tattva paraspara virodhI svabhAva vAle haiM tathApi saMsArI avasthA meM inakA sambandha hotA hai| usake mAdhyama se jIva kA saMsAra meM saMsaraNa hotA hai| jaina darzana kI yaha eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa svIkRti hai ki pratyeka padArtha apane hI svarUpa meM virodhI dharmoM kA samavAya hotA hai| cetana aura acetana virodhI hai, yaha svIkRti to sarvatra hai

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jaina Agama meM darzana kiMtu cetana evaM acetana - vizva ke sabhI padArthoM meM nityatA- anityatA Adi virodhI dharma yugapad, ekatra avasthita hote haiN| yaha jaina darzana kI viziSTa svIkRti hai| jainadarzana kA anekAnta-siddhAnta ina virodhI yugaloM kI avadhAraNA para hI avasthita hai| jaina darzana kI 'uppanei vA vigamei vA dhuvei vA' kI prasiddha tripadI jaina mAnya vastu svarUpa kI AdhArabhUmi hai| jaina tattva mImAMsA meM ina viSayoM para vistAra se vivecana hotA hai| jaisA ki hamane Upara iMgita kiyA ki jaina cetana evaM acetana ina do tattvoM kI svataMtra sattA svIkAra karatA hai - 'jadatthi NaM loe taM savvaM dupaoyayAraM' cetana evaM acetana ina do tattvoM kA hI vistAra paMcAstikAya, SaDdravya evaM navatattva haiN| isameM jJAna-mImAMsA ke anantara hI dravya-mImAMsA kA bhI vivecana tathA sAtha hI tattva-mImAMsA aura AcAra-mImAMsA kA pArasparika sambandha bhI iMgita kara diyA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki jaina AgamoM ko hI AdhAra banAkara jJAna mImAMsA para pRthak mahattvapUrNa zodhakArya ho cuke haiN| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, pudgalAstikAya ye cAra astikAya evaM kAla - ye pAMca dravya acetana haiN| ekajIvAstikAya cetana hai| pAMca astikAya meM pudgalAstikAya ko chor3akara cAra astikAya-skandha rUpa haiM tathA pudgalAstikAya paramANu rUpa bhI hai aura skandha rUpa bhI hai| anya astikAyoM ke paramANu vibhakta nahIM ho sakate isalie ve pradeza kahalAte haiN| pudgalAstikAya ke pradeza vibhakta bhI ho sakate haiM ata: una vibhakta aMzoM ko paramANu kahA jAtA hai| kAla ke na paramANu hote haiM aura na hI usakA skandha hotA hai ata: kAla ko zvetAmbara paramparA meM aupacArika dravya mAnA gayA hai| digambara paramparA kAla ke bhI aNu mAnatI hai kintu una aNuoM kA skandha nahIM banatA, ata: donoM hI paramparAoM meM kAla ko astikAya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| jIva evaM pudgala kI gati evaM sthiti meM sahAyatA karane vAle dravyoM ko kramaza: dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya kahA jAtA hai| dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya kI svIkRti jainadarzana kI maulika avadhAraNA hai| AkAzAstikAya sampUrNa dravyoM ko avagAha detA hai, Azraya denA hI usakA lakSaNa hai| pudgala meM milane evaM vibhakta hone kI zakti hotI hai, ata: ise pudgala kahA jAtA hai| pUraNagalanadharmatvAt pudgl:| jIva cetanAyukta hotA hai| upayoga usakA lakSaNa hai| cetanA jJAnadarzanAtmikA hai| jJAna evaM darzana rUpa cetanA kA vyApAra (pravRtti) upayoga kahalAtA hai| kAla vartanAlakSaNa vAlA hai| pratidravya meM jo apanI svasattA kI anubhUti hai, vaha vartanA hai| vizva vyavasthA ke saMdarbha meM ina SaDdravyoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| jaina apanI sampUrNa vizva-vyavasthA ina SaD dravyoM ke AdhAra para hI karatA hai| usake anusAra jagat kA niyAmaka koI Izvara nahIM hai| vizva-vyavasthA (loka-sthiti) svata: saMcAlita niyamoM ke AdhAra para samyak rUpa se calatI rahatI hai|

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viSaya-praveza visrasA, (svabhAva) prayoga evaM mizra pariNAma ke mAdhyama se jIvakRta evaM ajIva niSpanna sRSTi saMcAlita hotI rahatI hai| isa avadhAraNA kA tRtIya adhyAya meM vistAra se varNana huA hai| jaina darzana kA paramANu naiyAyika-vaizeSika kI taraha pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu Adi ke bheda se cAra prakAra kA nahIM hai| paramANu kA eka hI prakAra hai| ve saMkhyA meM ananta haiN| unake vibhinna prakAra ke sammizraNa se vibhinna prakAra ke padArthoM kI utpatti hotI hai| vividha padArthoM kI utpatti ke lie vividha prakAra ke paramANu mAnane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| yaha jaina darzana kA abhyupagama hai| Atma-mImAMsA tRtIya adhyAya meM acetana dravyoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| Atma-mImAMsA nAmaka caturtha adhyAya meM cetana dravya arthAt AtmA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AtmA na kevala jaina darzana kA apitu sampUrNa bhAratIya darzanoM kA AdhArabhUta tattva hai| dArzanika jagat meM dRzya aura mUrta padArtha kI bhAMti adRzya tathA amUrta padArtha kI khoja nirantara cAlU rahI hai| mAnava kA mana sirpha dRzya jagat ko dekhane se hI santuSTa nahIM huaa| usane kSitija ke usa pAra bhI jhAMkane/dekhane kA prayatna bhI kiyaa| isa prayatna kI phalazruti hai adRzya evaM amUrta padArthoM kA abhyupagama / Atma-tattva kI anveSaNA bhI isI dRSTivAloM ne kii| dRzya jagat ke pAra dekhane vAloM ne AtmA ko svIkAra kiyaa| jinakI dRSTi indriya aura mana para hI TikI rahI, unakI dRSTi isa dRzya jagat se bAhara ke tattvoM ko nahIM khoja sakI, phalasvarUpa AtmA ke astitva evaM nAstitva kA abhyupagama hajAroM varSoM se calA A rahA hai| AtmA ke astitva ko nakArane meM sabase adhika prasiddhi bRhaspati arthAt cArvAka mata ko milii| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya bhI aneka bhUtavAdI sampradAya the jo bhUtoM se bhinna AtmA kA astitva svIkAra karane ko taiyAra nahIM the| Agamayuga meM ajitakezakambala Adi ciMtaka AtmA kA niSedha karane vAloM meM agraNI the| unakA mantavya thA ki bhUtoM se atirikta kisI anya svataMtra Atma-tattva kA astitva nahIM hai - "iha kAyAkArapariNatAni cetanAkAraNabhUtAni bhUtAnyevopalabhyante,napunastebhyovyatiriktobhavAntarayAyIyathoktalakSaNa:kazcanApyAtmA, tatsadbhAve prmaannaabhaavaat|" ina bhUtavAdiyoM ke atirikta upaniSad, sAMkhya, nyAya vaizeSika, mImAMsaka tathA jaina ye sAre darzana AtmavAdI haiM / yadyapi bauddha darzana apane Apako anAtmavAdI ,kahatA hai tathApi vaha AtmavAdiyoM ke samAna hI punarjanma, karma aura karmaphala ke astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai| jaisA ki hamane Upara kahA bhUtavAdI dArzanikoM ke atirikta anya bhAratIya darzana eka svara se AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiM kiMtu usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM unameM

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jaina Agama meM darzana paraspara matabheda haiN| sAMkhya AtmA ko aneka, apariNAmI evaM vyApaka mAnatA hai| nyAyavaizeSika kA bhI yahI mantavya hai| yadyapi nyAya-vaizeSika sAMkhya ke samAna AtmA ko svarUpata: cetana nahIM maantaa| jJAna ko AtmA kA Agantuka dharma mAnatA hai| mImAMsA-darzana AtmA meM pariNamana svIkAra karatA hai| zlokavArtika meM svarNa kI avasthAoM meM bheda kI taraha puruSa kI avasthAoM meM bhI bheda mAnA gayA hai - tasmAdubhayahAnena vyAvRttyanugamAtmakaH / puruSo'bhyupagantavya: kuNDalAdiSu svrnnvt|| anya vaidika darzanoM meM AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnA gayA hai| advaita vedAnta ke anusAra AtmA brahma hI hai| AtmA aneka nahIM hai| vaha eka hI hai| sopAdhika avasthA meM AtmA bhinnabhinna pratIta hotI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA asaMkhya pradezAtmaka, caitanya svarUpa, jJAnavAna hai| ve anaMta haiN| unakA svataMtra astitva hai| saMsArAvasthA kI taraha hI muktAvasthA meM bhI unakA svataMtra astitva banA rahatA hai| ve pariNAmI nitya evaM deha parimANa haiN| vyApaka nahIM haiN| saMsArAvasthA meM AtmA eka gati se dUsarI gati meM bhramaNa karatI rahatI hai| saMsAra-bhramaNa kA mUla hetu karma hai| karmamukta hone ke bAda AtmA apane Urdhvagamana ke svabhAva ke kAraNa lokAnta taka pahuMca jAtI hai, loka ke bAhara dharmAstikAya na hone se vaha aloka meM nahIM jA sakatI / saMsArI avasthA meM AtmA zarIrayukta hotI hai| mukta hote samaya vaha yahAM zarIra kA tyAga kara lokAnta meM siddha ho jAtI hai| 'iha boMdiM caittANaM tattha gantUNa sijjhaI' isa prakAra AtmA ke sambandha meM jainoM kI jainetara darzana se bhinna apanI maulika avadhAraNA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jJAna AtmA kA svAbhAvika guNa hai / vaha sAMkhya kI taraha prakRti kA dharma tathA nyAya-vaizeSika kI taraha AtmA kA Agantuka dharma nahIM hai| AtmA jJAtA hai - je AyA se vinnnnaayaa| je viNNAyA se aayaa| AtmA jJAna se jJeya ko jAnatI hai| jJAna usakA guNa hai| AtmA aura jJAna meM paraspara guNI-guNa bhAva sambandha hai| guNa guNI se sarvathA na bhinna hotA hai na abhinna hotA hai ata: usakA guNI ke sAtha bhedAbheda sambandha hai| sukha-du:kha kA kartRtva AtmA kA svayaM kA hai tathA usakI phala-bhoktA bhI AtmA hI hai| kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva jaina ke anusAra AtmA ke hI dharma haiN| ve aupacArika nahIM haiN| appA kattA vikattA y| duhANa ya suhANa y||

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viSaya-praveza jaina darzana meM siddha aura saMsArI ke bheda se jIva ke do bheda kie gae haiN| saMsArI AtmA karmayukta hai ata: vaha punarjanma karane vAlI hotI hai| vaha nAnAvidha zarIroM ko dhAraNa karatI hai aura nAnAvidha yoniyoM meM anusaMcaraNa karatI hai| saMsArI AtmAoM ke aneka bheda ho jAte haiN| mukhya rUpa se unakA vibhAjana SaDjIvanikAya ke rUpa meM jaina darzana meM prApta hai, jo jaina darzana kI maulika avadhAraNA hai| isa adhyAya meM Atmatattva para vibhinna dRSTikoNa se vimarza kiyA gayA hai| AtmA ke saMsArI svarUpa kI vyAkhyA vyavahAranaya se evaM zuddha svarUpa kI vyAkhyA nizcaya naya se kI jA sakatI hai| jaina AcAra-mImAMsA ke saMdarbha meM AtmAdvaita kI avadhAraNA atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| saMgrahanaya kI vaktavyatA ke anusAra Atma-ekatva kA bhI AgamoM meM pratipAdana hai - 'tumaMsi nAma saccevajaM haMtavvaM ti mnnsi'| "jise tU hanana yogya mAnatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise AjJA meM rahane ko bAdhya karatA hai, vaha tU hI hai' ityaadi| AcArAMga kI yaha udghoSaNA AtmAdvaita kI sahaja svIkRti hai| terI aura merI AtmA meM svarUpagata koI bheda nahIM hai| yaha svarUpagata AtmAdvaita kA siddhAnta jaina AcAra kA mahattvapUrNa AyAma hai| sampUrNa jIvoM ko Atmavat mAnane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki sabhI jIva samAna hai| unameM svarUpagata aikya hai, ata: jaina darzana nAnAtmavAdI hone para bhI anekAnta dRSTi se vaha kisI apekSA se AtmAdvaitavAdI bhI hai| SaDjIvanikAya kI vyAkhyA isa adhyAya meM vistAra se kI gaI hai| basa-sthAvara kI avadhAraNA, jIvAstikAya kA varNana, jIvasvarUpa Adi kA vimarza AtmA ke saMdarbha meM eka naI dRSTi pradAna karane vAlA hai| Atma-vicAraNA kA tAtparya hai apane astitva kI vicaarnnaa| jaba vyakti apane svAbhAvika astitva ke prati jAgarUka banatA hai taba aneka akaraNIya kRtyoM se svayaM vimukha bana jAtA hai| Atma-svIkRti kA siddhAnta dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke saMdarbha kI taraha hI vyAvahArika pariprekSya meM bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| karma-mImAMsA bhAratIyadArzanikoM ne aneka viSayoM para cintana kiyA hai| AtmA, bandha,mokSa, punarjanma, karma Adi viSaya unakI vicAraNA ke bindu rahe haiN| yaha dRzyamAna carAcara jagat hamAre sAmane haiM, kintu yaha kyoM hai? isameM vividhatA kyoM hai? ina praznoM kA samAdhAyaka tattva hamAre sAmane nahIM hai| jo kAraNa pratyakSa nahIM hotA usake bAre meM jijJAsA honI bhI svAbhAvika hai| jagat rUpa kArya hama sabake pratyakSa kA viSaya hai kintu isakA kAraNa pratyakSa nahIM hai| isake kAraNa kI khoja meM dArzanika jagat meM nae-nae prasthAnoM kA AvirbhAva huaa| karma siddhAMta kA prAdurbhAva sRSTi-vaicitrya, vaiyaktika bhinnatA evaM vyakti kI sukhadu:khAtmaka anubhUtiyoM ke kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke prayatnoM ke madhya hI huA hai| vastuta: jagat

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10 jaina Agama meM darzana vaividhya evaM vaiyaktika bhinnatAoM kI tArkika vyAkhyA hI karma siddhAMta ke udbhava kA hetu banI hai| bhAratIya cintakoM ne jagat ke kAraNa kI mImAMsA ke saMdarbha meM kAla, svabhAva, niyati Adi vibhinnavAda upasthita kie haiN| jaina darzana ne spaSTa rUpa se jagat ke vaividhya kA pramukha kAraNa karma ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| karma kA sAmAnya artha kriyA arthAt pravRtti hai / mana, vacana evaM zarIra ke dvArA kI jAne vAlI sampUrNa kriyA ko karma kahA jA sakatA hai| mImAMsaka paramparA meM yajJa-yAgAdi, nityanaimittika kriyAoM ko karma kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| gItA meM kAyika pravRttiyoM ko karma kahA hai| yoga evaM vedAnta darzana ko bhI karma ke viziSTa artha ke sAtha usakA kriyAtmaka artha bhI mAnya hai| bauddha darzana meM bhI mana, vacana evaM kAyA kI kriyA ke artha meM karma zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra saMsArI jIva kI pratyeka kriyA tathA usa kriyA ke preraka tattva bhI karma kahalAte haiN| jaina paribhASA meM inako bhAvakarma kahA jAtA hai / isI bhAvakarma ke dvArA jo pudgala Akara AtmA ke cipaka jAte haiM unako jaina darzana meM dravyakarma kahA jAtA hai - 'AtmapravRttyAkRSTAstatprAyogyapudgalA: karma' AtmA kI zubhAzubha pravRtti ke dvArA AkRSTa tathA karma rUpa meM pariNata hone ke yogya pudgaloM ko karma kahate haiN| jaina darzana meM ATha vargaNAeM svIkRta haiN| unameM eka hai kArmaNa vargaNA / kArmaNa vargaNA ke pudgala skandhoM se hI karma kA nirmANa ho sakatA hai| ve pudgala skandha catu:sparzI hote haiN| ananta pradezI kArmaNa vargaNA ke pudgaloM se hI dravya karma kA nirmANa ho sakatA hai| isase bhinna pudgaloM meM karma rUpa meM pariNata hone kI yogyatA nahIM hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra dravya karma paudgalika hote haiM, bhautika hote haiM | karma ko paudgalika mAnane kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana kI maulika svIkRti hai| anya darzanoM meM karma ko mAtra caitasika mAnA gayA hai| jaina ke anusAra karma caitasika to haiM hI kintu bhautika bhI haiN| jaina paramparA meM jisa artha meM karma zabda prayukta huA hai, usase milate-julate artha meM anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM mAyA, avidyA, prakRti, apUrva, Azaya, adRSTa Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| vedAnta darzana meM mAyA evaM avidyA, mImAMsA meM apUrva, nyAya-vaizeSika meM adRSTa, yoga meM Azaya, bauddha darzana meM vAsanA aura avijJapti zabdoM kA prayoga karma artha meM huA hai| yadyapi cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM meM karma para vicAra huA hai kintu karma-siddhAnta ke vibhinna pakSoM kA - karma kA svarUpa, karma-bandhana, karma-phala, karma-sthiti Adi viSayoM kA jitanA sUkSma evaM sarvAMgINa vivecana jaina darzana meM milatA hai, utanA anya darzanoM meM upalabdha nahIM hai| prastuta prabandha ke karma-mImAMsA nAmaka adhyAya meM hamane jaina karma siddhAMta sambandhI mukhya avadhAraNAoM para vimarza kiyA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra karma ke do prakAra haiM .... dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma / bhAvakarma AtmA kI pravRtti hai evaM dravyakarma usa pravRtti ke dvArA

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viSaya-praveza AkRSTa hokara cipakane vAle karma-pudgala haiM / karmoM kA AtmA ke sAtha jo sambandha hotA hai use bandha kahate haiN| bandha ke prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga evaM pradeza-ye cAra bheda haiN| prakRti baMdha ke jJAnAvaraNIya Adi ATha prakAra haiN| jaina paramparA meM ye hI aSTa karma ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| karma kI mUla ATha prakRtiyAM haiN| unake bheda-prabheda aneka haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra kRta karmoM kA phala-bhoga kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM avazya prApta hotA hai| kaDANa kammANa Natthi mokkho| jo karma kie haiM unakA phala bhoge binA chuTakArA nahIM mila sktaa| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra kucha karma niyata vipAkI hote haiM, kucha aniyatavipAkI hote haiN| jo karma niyatavipAkI haiM, unameM koI parivartana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA | jaina karma siddhAnta ke anusAra unheM nikAcita karma kahA jAtA hai| aniyata-vipAkI karma unheM kahA jAtA hai, jinake svabhAva, samaya, rasa Adi meM parivartana kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana meM karma kI dasa avasthAoM kA ullekha hai| unameM se udvartanA, apavartanA, udIraNA, saMkramaNa, upazamana kI avasthAeM karmoM ke aniyata vipAka kI ora saMketa karatI hai| isakA artha yaha huA ki jaina darzana ke anusAra karma sarva zaktimAna nahIM hai| dravya, kSetra, kAla Adi ke mAdhyama se usakI zaktiyAM sasIma banatI haiN| karma meM parivartana ke siddhAMta ko mAnya kara jaina darzana ne puruSArtha kI avadhAraNA ko varIyatA pradAna kI hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM karma ko caitanyakRta mAnA gayA hai - ceyakaDA kmmaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra puruSArthavAda ke pravaktA the| unake darzana ke anusAra jIva apane prayatna se hI karma kA bandha karatA hai| karmabandha, niyati Adi tattvoM se jur3A huA nahIM hai| karmabandha ke lie jIva svayaM uttaradAyI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jIva ke pAriNAmika bhAva ko karma se mukta batalAyA hai| usase jIva ko nirantara karma mukta hone kI zakti prApta hotI hai aura jIva kA puruSArtha karma ke parivartana meM bhI sakSama banA rahatA hai| Adhunika vijJAna jagat meM Aja navIna-navIna prayoga ho rahe haiN| liMga parivartana kI ghaTanAeM yadA-kadA sunane meM AtI rahatI haiN| jaina karma siddhAMta kI bhASA meM vaha nAmakarma kI prakRtiyoM kA paraspara saMkramaNa hai| isI prakAra kloniMga, TesTa-TyUba bebI Adi se sambandhita praznoM kA samAdhAna jaina karmavAda ke Aloka meM khojA jA sakatA hai| karma mImAMsA nAmaka prastuta adhyAya meM hamane karma kI dArzanika avadhAraNAoM taka hI apane Apako sImita rakhA hai| isa adhyAya meM jIva-karma sambandha. karma kA kartA, calita acalita karma, anudIrNa evaM udIraNA yogya karma, du:kha kA sparza kisako, nokarma kI nirjarA Adi karma-saMbaMdhita vibhinna viSayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai|

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12 jaina Agama meM darzana adhyAtma ke kSetra meM ArohaNa karane ke lie karma-siddhAMta kA manana evaM usake nirdezoM kI anupAlanA Avazyaka hai| adhyAtma kI vyAkhyA karma siddhAMta ke binA nahIM kI jA sktii| jo adhyAtma ke Ananda kA AsvAda cAhatA hai usako karma siddhAMta kI atala gaharAiyoM meM DubakI lagAnA Avazyaka hai| AcAra-mImAMsA . tRtIya adhyAya meM tattvamImAMsA, caturtha adhyAya meM Atma-mImAMsA tathA paJcama adhyAya meM karma-mImAMsA karane ke anantara SaSTha adhyAya meM AcAra-mImAMsA kI gaI hai| jaina siddhAMta hai ki 'paDhamaM nANaM tao dayA' arthAt jJAna ke anantara cAritra AtA hai| abhiprAya yaha hai ki cAritra kI pRSThabhUmi tattvajJAna hai| tattva-mImAMsA meM jar3a-cetana ke nirUpaNa ke anantara karmavAda ke antargata unake paraspara bandhana kA hetu samajha meM AtA hai aura taba hI usa bandhana se mukti kI jijJAsA udita hotI hai| jisakA upAya cAritra hai| mokSa mArga kA pratipAdana karate samaya tattvArtha sUtra ne cAritra ko darzana tathA jJAna ke anantara rakhA hai| kyoMki cAritra hI mukti kA sAkSAt hetu hai| hamane bhI isI krama kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| jaina paramparA meM cAritra ke do AyAma haiM - nizcaya aura vyvhaar| nizcaya AcAra AtmAzrita hai, vyavahAra AcAra parAzrita hai| AtmAzrito nizcaya: parAzrito vyvhaarH| Adhunika bhASA meM nizcaya ko vyaSTigata tathA vyavahAra ko samaSTigata kaha sakate haiN| anekAnta kI dRSTi meM ye donoM paraspara sApekSa haiN| inameM koI bhI upekSaNIya nahIM hai| eka dUsarI dRSTi se cAritra ke do AyAma haiM - nivRtti tathA pravRtti / mana, vacana, kAya kI nivRtti trigupti hai tathA sarvavidha pravRtti meM pramAda kA abhAvapaMcasamiti hai| triguptitathApaMcasamiti milakara aSTa pravacana mAtRkA kahalAtI haiM arthAt isameM samasta jaina AcAra samAhita hai| saMyata pravRtti nirjarA ke sAtha puNya ke Azrava kA kAraNa bhI hai tathA nivRtti saMvara kA kAraNa hai| puNya kA Azrava bhI antatogatvA bandhana hI hai, ata: Azrava eSaNIya nahIM hai, eSaNIya to saMvara hI hai - Azravo bhavahetuH syAtsaMvaro moksskaarnnm| itIyamAhatIdRSTiranyadasyA: prapaJcanam // tathApi sAdhanA kI antima sthiti prApta hone taka pravRtti banI hI rahatI hai| isa vAstavikatA ko svIkAra karake jainAgamoM meM AcAra mImAMsA ke antargata pravRtti meM sAvadhAnI baratane kI bAta para bahuta bala diyA gayA hai| vizeSakara zrAvaka to sAMsArika jIvana jIte hue sabhI prakAra kI pravRtti karatA hai isalie use hara prakAra kI pravRtti meM viveka rakhane kI bAta zrAvakAcAra ke antargata batAI gaI hai| sAdhu kI pravRtti sImita hai tathApi usake lie bhI pUrI sAvadhAnI rakhane kI bAta kI gaI hai| udAharaNata: bhikSAcaryA meM pUrNa viveka rakhane kI bAta jainAgamoM meM bahuta vistAra se hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jainAcAra mImAMsA pUrNata: vyAvahArika hai| sindrAMtata:

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viSaya-praveza 13 isa AcAra-mImAMsA kA AdhAra Atmaupamya arthAt jIva-mAtra ko apane samAna mAnanA hai| isa siddhAMta ne jaina paramparA meM ahiMsA ko itanI pradhAnatA de dI ki ahiMsA aura jainAcAra paryAyavAcI se ho ge| ahiMsA ke saMdarbha meM jainAgama jitanI sUkSmatA meM gae, zAyada hI koI dUsarA sAhitya utanI sUkSmatA meM gayA ho / jJAna kI niSpatti yahI mAnI gaI ki kisI kI bhI hiMsA na kI jAe - evaM khuNANiNo sAraM jaMNa hiMsai kNcnnN| ahiMsA samayaM ceva eyAvaMtaM viyaanniyaa| hiMsA kI jar3a meM prAya: parigraha kA bhAva rahatA hai| sukha-suvidhA kI icchA se prerita hokara saMgraha karane kI pravRtti parigraha hai| yaha pravRtti jitanI balavatI hotI hai manuSya utanA hI ucitAnucita kA viveka kho detA hai aura yaha vivekahInatA hI AcArahInatA kA mUla kAraNa hai| parigraha se mukti kA artha hai - AtmavizvAsa janita svAvalambana kA bhAva / muni jIvana aparigraha kI hI carama pariNati hai jahAM sAdhaka deha ke prati bhI Asakti se mukta ho jAtA hai| jaina AcAra mImAMsA ke adhikAMza prAvadhAna isa dehAsakti se mukti kI bhAvanA se hI prerita hai| yadi jaina AgamoM meM varNita dhuta kI caryA athavA jinakalpI kI caryA athavA pratimAdhArI kI caryA ko dekheM to usameM ahiMsA tathA aparigraha kI yukti kA hI caramotkarSa dikhAI degaa| vicAroM ke prati anAsakti yadi anekAnta hai topadArthoM ke prati anAsakti aparigraha hai| Asakti na ho to hiMsA kA kAraNa hI samApta ho jAtA hai| sampradAya ke prati Asakti bhI eka bandhana hI hai| jainAgamoM ne mukti ke dvAra ko jaina jainetara sabake lie kholakara sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se bhI mukti kA samarthana kiyaa| kevala jaina paramparA kA sAdhu hI nahIM, anya paramparA kA sAdhu bhI tathA gRhastha bhI mukti kA adhikArI hotA hai, zarta kevala vItarAgatA kI hai| Aja vizvazAMti kA athavA AtaMkavAda ke virodha kA jo svara uTha rahA hai, vaha vizeSa prabhAvazAlI nahIM ho pA rahA hai kyoMki hama hiMsA kI jar3a-vilAsapriyatA para prahAra karane meM hicakicAte haiN| asIma saMgraha kI icchA aura asvastha spardhA vyakti ko vyakti se hI nahIM, rASTra ko rASTra se TakarA detI hai| prAkRtika sAdhanoM kA aniyaMtrita upabhoga paryAvaraNa ke lie bhArI saMkaTa utpanna kara rahA hai| aise meM jainAgamoM kA icchA parimANa tathA anAsakti kA saMdeza mAnava jAti ko saMkaTa se bacAne kA ekamAtra amogha upAya dikhAI de rahA hai| jainAgamoM kA adhikAMza bhAga AcAra-mImAMsA paraka hI hai| hamane apane zodha-prabandha 1. * Deo. S.B., History of Jain Monachism, Poona, 1956 * Sogani, K.C. Ethical Doctrines in Jainism, Solapur, 1967 * Bhargva. D.V.. Jaina Ethics, Delhi. 1968 * Jaini, P.S., The Path of Purification, Delhi, 1990

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14 jaina Agama meM darzana meM usakA kucha aMza hI sthAlIpulAka nyAya se vivecita kiyA hai| vistAra ke lie hamAre pUrvavartI ve vivecana dekhe jA sakate haiM jo kendra meM jainAcAra ko hI lekara calate haiN|' jahAM taka prastuta adhyAya kA sambandha hai, hamane isameM jainAgamoM ke pramANa se AcAra ke lakSaNa, svarUpa, mAnadaNDa tathA AdhAra bheda Adi para UhApoha pUrvaka vicAra karate hue jaina ratnatraya kI bauddha aSTAMga mArga se tulanA kI hai| AcAra kA pAlana samyagdarzana pUrvaka hI hotA hai| vastuta: Agama darzanAcAra, jJAnAcAra, tapa-AcAra, vIryAcAra kA bhI vivecana cAritrAcAra ke hI samAna karate haiN| yaha AcAra kA vyApaka svarUpa hai| hamane isI vyApaka artha meM AcAra. mImAMsA kI hai| dharma ke lakSaNa meM ahiMsA aura saMyama ke sAtha tapa ko bhI alaga se parigaNita karanA tapa ke mahattva ko prakaTa karatA hai - dhammo maMgalamukkiTTha ahiMsA saMjamo tvo| ata: tapa kA varNana AcAra ke antargata sahaja hI A gayA hai| pravRtti kA valaya to antima sthiti meM hI TUTatA hai| taba taka kriyA rahatI hai| AcAra ke saMdarbha meM kriyA kI avadhAraNA mahattvapUrNa hai, ata: kriyA para hamane pRthak se prakAza DAlA hai| yaha carcA Agamottara kAla meM prAya: chUTa gaI lagatI hai| Agama ke AdhAra para kI gaI yaha carcA zAyada dArzanika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa siddha ho| jainAgamoM kI AcAra-mImAMsA meM ahiMsA aura aparigraha kI vizeSa carcA AnA svAbhAvika hai| yadyapi satya, asteya aura brahmacarya kA bhI samAveza pAMca vratoM meM hai tathApi jaina AcAra-mImAMsA ke vyAvartaka dharma to ahiMsA aura aparigraha hI haiN| unakA zAstrIya adhyayana prastuta karate samaya hamane unakI prAsaMgikatA kI ora bhI iMgita kiyA hai| paravartI sAhitya meM AcAra-mImAMsA kA kramabaddha varNana zrAvakAcAra tathA munidharma ke antargata hai kiMtu phira bhI AgamoM kI AcAra-mImAMsA kA apanA vaiziSTya hai| AgamakAlika AcAra-mImAMsA ko dekhane para jaina AcAra-mImAMsA kA vikAsa krama khyAla meM A jAtA hai| udAharaNata: AcArAMga meM pAMca vratoM kA eka sAtha ullekha nahIM hai kintu cAra kaSAyoM kA ullekha hai| jaba kaSAya-mukti kA vyAvahArika rUpa prakaTa huA to pAMca vrata phalita hue| una vratoM ke aticAroM ke varNana ne vratoM ko aura bhI adhika vyAvahArika rUpa de diyaa| jaina AgamoM meM jainetara darzana madhyayuga ke AcArya svamata ke samarthana meM pUrvapakSa tathA uttarapakSa kI praNAlI apanAte rahe jisameM paramata ko pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM rakhakara usakA khaNDana kiyA jAtA thaa| yaha paramparA jaina, bauddha tathA vaidika sabhI dArzanikoM ne apnaaii| kiMtu prAcInakAla ke ArSa sAhityaupaniSad, jainAgama tathA pAli tripiTaka taka apane mata kA pratipAdana hI mukhya rahA, paramata

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viSaya-praveza 15 kekhaNDana para vizeSa bala nahIM diyA gayA, phira bhI paramata kA ullekha isa prAcIna ArSa sAhitya meM bhI hai jisakA apanA aitihAsika mahattva hai| jainAgamoM meM jainetara 3 6 3 matoM kA ullekha hai| jahAM taka 3 6 3 kI saMkhyA kA sambandha hai, yaha saMkhyA aneka matoM ko batalAne ke lie pratIka ke rUpa meM bhI prayukta kI gaI ho sakatI hai| paravartI jaina AcAryoM ne isa saMkhyA ko gaNitIya AdhAra para bhI siddha kiyA hai| itanA to spaSTa hai ki bhArata meM Aja bhI anekAneka sampradAya pracalita haiM jinakI saMkhyA saikar3oM meM hI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA kAla dArzanika uthala-puthala kA samaya thA / purAnI mAnyatAoM ko cunautI dI jA rahI thii| aise meM anekAneka vicAraka apanI-apanI bAta kaha rahe the| ajitakeza kambalI, pUraNakAzyapa, makkhaligozAla, saJjayavelaTThiputta Adi aneka aise vicArakoM kA ullekha bauddha paramparA meM bhI hai| itanI bAta ina sabhI vicArakoM kI samAna thI ki ye svayaM maulika hone kA dAvA kara rahe the, ye kisI prAcIna paramparA ke anuyAyI nahIM the| isa rUpa meM ye svayaM hI kisI na kisI mata ke saMsthApaka bana rahe the| inameM se jaina aura bauddha paramparA to cirajIvI banI aura AjIvaka mata kI paramparA bhI paryApta samaya taka clii| zeSa paramparAeM . alpajIvI hI siddha huiiN| jaina paramparA isa vAda-vivAda meM apane ko madhyastha rakhane kA prayatna karatI rhii| apane mata kI prazaMsA tathA dUsaroM ke mata kI nindA use abhipreta nahIM thI - sayaM sayaM pasaMsaMtA garahaMtA paraM vayaM / je u tattha viussaMti, saMsAraM te viussiyaa|| vastuta: anekAntavAda meM kisI mata kA ekAntata: khaNDana ucita bhI nahIM hai| sabhI matoM meM AMzika satya to rahatA hI hai - parasamayANaM vayaNaM micchaM khalu savvahA vynnaa| jeNANaM puNa vayaNaM samma khu kahaMci vynnaado|| isa dRSTi se jainAgamoM meM jo jainetara mAnyatAoM kA ullekha hai use pariziSTa rUpa meM hamane chaThe adhyAya meM de diyA hai| ina matoM kI mAnyatAoM kA adhika vistAra jainAgamoM meM nahIM miltaa| tAtkAlika bauddha Adi sAhitya ke anuzIlana se ina matoM para kucha adhika prakAza par3ane kI saMbhAvanA hai| kintu jitanA vivaraNa hamane yahAM diyA hai, vaha yaha siddha karane ke lie to paryApta hai ki jainAgamoM kA kAla gahana dArzanika UhApoha kA kAla thA aura aneka matavAdoM ke bIca meM se jaina paramparA nikalI to usakA rUpa nizcita hI nikhraa| anekAntavAdI dRSTi ke kAraNa ina anekAneka matoM kA jaina dRSTi se samanvaya bhI huaa| saMbhava hai paMcasamavAya kI

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16 jaina Agama meM darzana avadhAraNA aise hI samanvaya ke prayatna kA pariNAma ho| jaina AgamoM para kie gae samIkSAtmaka anuzIlanoM kA sarvekSaNa jaina AgamoM para do prakAra ke kArya hue haiM - saMpAdana, anuvAda aura TippaNa, jinakA vivaraNa grantha ke prathama adhyAya ke anta meM diyA gayA hai| AgamoM ke isa prakAra ke kArya ke atirikta bhI Adhunika dezI-videzI vidvAnoM dvArA AgamoM para samIkSAtmaka kArya huA hai jisakA saMkSipta sarvekSaNa prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAn pazcimI jagata ko jaina vidyA kA paricaya lagabhaga do zatAbdI pUrva huA, jaba san 1807 meM mejara kolina mekanjI (Major Colin Macknzie) ne 'eziyeTika risarceja' meM 'jainoM kA vivaraNa' zIrSaka meM tIna kiztoM meM eka lekha prakAzita kiyaa| isake anantara eca.TI.eca.kolabrUka (H.Th. Colebrooke)nejainadharmakesambandha meM kucha vicAra abhivyakta kie| san / 8 2 7 meM eca.eca. vilsana (H. H. Wilson) ne kolaka ke nibandha para vimarza prastuta kiyA tathA isI varSa phreMkalina (Francklin) ne jaina aura bauddha siddhAMta para anusaMdhAnAtmaka lekha prakAzita kiyaa| eca. eca. vilsana ne aneka jaina pANDulipiyoM kA vivaraNa diyA / ina prArambhika prayatnoM ke pazcAt gaMbhIra anusaMdhAna kI dRSTi se vebara kA jarmana bhASA meM bhagavatI para adhyayana ullekhanIya hai| vebara pazcimI jagata kojainasAhityakAparicaya karavAne meM Allbrecht Weber (18 2 5 - 1901) kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| zrI vebara ne jaina sAhitya para vizeSa kArya kiyaa| unakA ekaprasiddha prabandhaUeberdieheiligenschriftender Jaina ("ontheHolyscriptures ofthe Jains")hai| inhoMne isameM zvetAmbara jaina AgamoMpara vimarza kiyA hai| "Catalogue of the manuscripts of the Royal Prussian Library" ke pAMcaveM volyUma meM vebara ne hastalikhita pratiyoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| vebara ne bhagavatI sUtra para bhI eka vistRta prabandhaprakAzita kiyA |jiskaanaam Ueberein Fragment derBhagavati,einBeitrag Zurkenntnis derheiligen sprache und Literatur der Jaina("On a fragmentofthe Bhagavati, a contribution to the Knowledge ofthe holy language and literature ofthe Jains".)hai| I. lyUmana lyUmana ne jaina AgamoM meM prApta katipaya kathAnakoM kA bhASA zAstrIya dRSTikoNa se

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viSaya-praveza 17 tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI kiyaa| inakA abhimata thA ki jaina kathAnaka bhAratIya sAMskRtika itihAsa ke lie bhI bahuta mahattvapUrNa haiN| unhoMne Buddha und Mahavira nAmaka grantha kI racanA 19 2 2 meM kii| zubrIMga __ jaina vidyA ke upabRMhaNa meM Walter Schubring (1 8 8 1 - 1 9 6 9) kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| unhoMne DasKalpasutra,diealte "SammlungJinistischerMoenchsvor schriyten" (The Kalpasutra the Ancient collection of Rules for Jain Monks)#146. zodhaprabandha se apanI pI.ec.DI. kI upAdhi prApta kii| jisakA prakAzana Indica, Leipzig se 1905 meM huaa| isakA aMgrejI anuvAda zrI Burgess ne kiyA hai| unhoMne mUlapATha kA anuvAdanahIM kiyaa| usa anuvAdita grantha kA prakAzana Indian Antiguaryse 1910 meM huaa| zubrIMgadvArA likhita WorteMahaviras,KritischeUebersetzungen, aus dem Kanon der Jaina (Words of Mahavira, critical Translation from the Jaina canon) 192 6 meMGoettingenmeM prakAzita huii| isameM kuchamahattvapUrNa Agama-granthoM ke viziSTa uddharaNoM kA samAyojana hai| zrIzuzrIMgane Die Lehreder Jainas nachalten Quellen dargestelltnAma kA ekavizada prabandha (Monograph)jaina siddhAMta para likhAjounake viziSTa jJAna kA paricAyaka hai|'EncyclopediaofIndo-AryanResearch'meN 1 9 3 4 meM LeipzigsejisakA prakAzana huaa| isa viziSTa grantha kA aMgrejI anuvAda zrI W. Beurlen ne kiyA, jisakA prakAzana 'The Doctrine of the Jainas' nAma se 1 9 6 2 meM dillI meM huaa| vizva dharmoM kA adhyayana karane vAlI 'Die Religionen der voelker' nAmaka eka sirIja 36 volume meM Stusttgart se prakAzita huI thii| isa sIrija ke 13veM volume meM zrI zubrIMga dvArA likhita Jainism nAma kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa prabandha prakAzita huaa| zrI A. Sen ne isakA anuvAda aMgrejI meM kiyaa| vaha grantha Calcutta SanskritCollageResearch Series No. LII meM prakAzita huaa| zrI zubrIMga ne sAhitya ke mAdhyama se jainadarzana kI apUrva sevA kI hai| DelyU jojephaDelyU (Jozef Deleu) ne bhagavatI sUtra para kArya kiyA hai jisakA prakAzana san 1970 meM "De Tempelhof 37, Brugge (Belgie)se huA hai| pazcimIjagat meM bhagavatI para sabase pahale kArya vebara ne kiyA thaa| unake pazcAt zubrIMga ne bhagavatI para kucha kArya kiyA thA kiMtu svataMtra rUpa se bhagavatI para vebara ke pazcAt jojepha DelyU ne hI kArya kiyA hai| vidvAn

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18 jaina Agama meM darzana lekhaka ne isa pustaka meM bhagavatI ke kaI mahattvapUrNa aMzoM para samAlocanAtmaka vimarza kiyA hai| bhagavatI kI racanA ke sambandha meM unhoMne vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai jaisA ki prAkkathana meM unhoMnesvayaMlikhAhaiki"Thepresentworkintendstogiveafairlycompleteanalysis oftheviyahpannatti; moreover, in the introduction I have tried to answerat least some of the rather complicated questions regarding its composition." vidvAna lekhaka ne grantha ke anta meM kaI pariziSTa die haiM jisase grantha kA mUlya aura adhika bar3ha gayA hai| jarmana vidvAnoM se sambandhita tathyoM ke lie 'German Indologists' pustaka prastuta vimarza kA mukhya AdhAra rahI hai| bhAratIya vidvAna paNDita dalasukha mAlavaNiyAne 1 9 4 9 meM nyAyAvatAravArtika vRtti kA saMpAdana kiyaa| jisakI 151 pR. kI vistRta prastAvanA meM Agama yuga ke jainadarzana para prakAza ddaalaa| san 19 6 6 meM yaha prastAvanA parivardhita rUpa meM 'Agama yuga kA jaina darzana' nAma se svataMtra graMtha ke rUpa meM prakAzita huii| jisakA dvitIya saMskaraNa 1990 meM prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura se prakAzita huaa| vidvAn lekhaka ne isa grantha ke mAdhyama se jaina vidyA kI abhUtapUrva sevA kI hai| isa grantha meM anekAntavAda, nayavAda, saptabhaMgI, pramANa, unake bheda-prabheda Adi kA ullekha hai| isa grantha kA pUrva bhAga Agama sAhitya para AdhArita hai tathA uttara bhAga Agamottara sAhitya ke AdhAra para likhita hai| isameM mukhya rUpa se pramANa evaM prameya sambandhI carcA upalabdha hai| isa grantha kA prayojana yaha pradarzita karanA thA ki Agamottara jaina sAhitya meM jo dArzanika carcA prApta hai, usakA mUla Agama meM hai| lekhaka kA eka anya laghukAya grantha "jaina darzana kA AdikAla" nAma se "lAlabhAI dalapata bhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira, ahamadAbAda' se 1 9 80 meM prakAzita huaa| usameM lekhakanejainadarzanakeprArambhikasvarUpa kA Agama ke AdhAra para nirUpaNa kiyA hai| grantha laghukAya hone para bhI bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| DaoN. nathamala TATiyA dvArA likhita 'Studies in Jaina Philosophy" eka mahattvapUrNa graMtha hai| yaha graMtha pAMca adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / jinameM mukhya rUpa se jaina kA anekAntika dRSTikoNa, jJAnamImAMsA, avidyA, karma evaM jainayoga para kramaza: vistRta vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vizruta vidvAn DaoN. TATiyAM ne isa graMtha meM AgamoM kA prayoga mukhya rUpa se apane jJAnamImAMsA vAle adhyAya meM pracuratA se kiyA hai| jisameM jaina jJAnamImAMsA kI mahattvapUrNa samasyAoM para vicAra huA hai| isa graMtha kA prathama saMskaraNa san 1951 meM jaina kalcarala sosAyaTI, banArasa se

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viSaya-praveza 19 prakAzita huaa| DaoN. jogendra candra sikadara dvArA likhita Studies in the Bhagawati-SutranAmaka grantha Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainalogy&Ahimsa, Muzaffarpur,Biharse 1964 meM prakAzita huA hai| aMgrejI bhASA meM likhita isa grantha meM 11 adhyAya haiN| lekhaka ne prathama adhyAya meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhagavatI kA sthAna, usakA anya granthoM se sambandha Adi ke bAre meM carcA kI hai tathA bhagavatI ko zramaNa-nirgrantha dharma kA Akara grantha batalAyA hai| dUsare adhyAya meM bhagavatI ke lekhaka, bhASA, zailI Adi ke bAre meM vicAra hai| anya adhyAyoM meM kramaza: rAjanItika, sAmAjika, Arthika, zaikSika, anya sampradAyoM ke netA evaM unake siddhAnta, bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana, rAjA Adi kA varNana, sRSTi vijJAna, sRSTi saMracanA vijJAna, bhUgola, tattvamImAMsA Adi jaina dArzanika vicAra tathA sAhitya kI dRSTi se bhagavatI kA mUlyAMkana kiyA hai| lekhaka ne parizramapUrvaka bhagavatI ke vibhinna pakSoM kA vidvatApUrNa prakAzana kiyA hai| zrI sikaddara kA hI eka anya grantha Conceptof Matter inJaina PhilosophynAma se upalabdha hai| jo dasa adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai / isa grantha meM lekhaka ne jaina pudgala kI avadhAraNA kA vizada vivecana prastuta karate hue usakI tulanA anya jainetara darzanoM ke sAtha kI hai| isa grantha kA yaha vaiziSTaya hai ki isameM AgamoM kA bhI yathAzakya mahattvapUrNa upayoga huA hai| isa grantha kA prakAzana PVRI vArANasI se 1987 meM huaa| "jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA' AcArya mahAprajJa dvArA praNIta 701 pRSTha vAlA jainadharma-darzana kA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| yaha grantha 5 mukhya khaMDoM evaM unake antargata aneka upakhaNDoM meM vibhAjita hai| isameM itihAsa, sAhitya, saMgha-vyavasthA, tattva-mImAMsA, AcAra mImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA, pramANa mImAMsA Adi vibhinna viSayoM kA samAveza hai| lekhaka ne sthAnasthAna para manovijJAna, Adhunika bhautikI vijJAna ko bhI apane viSaya nirUpaNa kI puSTi meM prastuta kiyA hai| isa grantha kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vidvAn lekhaka ne isameM Agamika saMdarbho kA bhI bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai| jo pAThaka ko eka navIna dRSTi pradAna karate haiN| DaoN. harIndrabhUSaNa jaina ne "jainAgama ke anusAra mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAsa' viSaya para apanA zodhakArya kiyA hai| isa zodhagrantha meM ATha adhyAya haiM / lekhaka ne isa grantha meM zramaNa dharma evaM zrAvaka dharma ke AdhAra para mAnava-vyaktitva vikAsa kI avadhAraNA ko sampuSTa kiyA hai| isa grantha kA prakAzana 1974 meM sanmati jJAnapITha lohAmaNDI AgarA se huA hai|

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20 jaina Agama meM darzana svargIya DaoN. indracandra zAstrI (1912 - 1 9 6 6) kA jaina-jJAna mImAMsA para mahattvapUrNa kArya upalabdha hai| unhoMne jaina AgamoM ke AdhAra para jaina jJAna mImAMsA kA vizada vivecana kiyA hai| inake grantha kA nAma "Epistimologyofthe Jaina Agamas" hai| aMgrejI bhASAmeM likhita yaha grantha sAta adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| isa grantha meM zAstrIjI ne Agama sAhitya se lekara upAdhyAya yazovijayajI taka prApta jJAna-mImAMsA para vizada UhApoha kiyA hai| isa grantha kA prakAzana 1990 meM P.V.R.I. vArANasI se huA hai| naMdIsUtra kA mukhya AdhAra lekara likhA gayA jJAnamImAMsA nAmaka graMtha sAdhvI zrutayazAjI kA Ph.D. kAzodha prabandha hai| isameM sAta adhyAya haiN| lekhikA ne mukhya rUpa se Agama evaM usake vyAkhyA sAhitya ko AdhAra banAkara jaina jJAnamImAMsA kA vizada vivecana kiyA hai| yaha graMtha san 1999 meM jaina vizvabhAratI lADanU~ se prakAzita huA hai| aise hI kucha anya zodhakArya Agama evaM usake vyAkhyA sAhitya para hue haiM jisakA hama nAmollekha mAtra kara rahe haiN| S.N. Work Writer J. Stevenson A. Weber Berlin The Kalpa Sutra and Navatatva Ubercin Tragment der Bhagavati Uber diesuryaprajnapti The Kalapasutra of Bhadrabahu A. Weber H.Jacobi S.J. Warren G. Thibaut P. Steinthal A. Weber Niryavaliyasuttam, cenupangerder Jaina's On the Suryaprajnapti Specimen der Nayardhammkaha Ueberdie heiligen Schrilten der Jaina The Uvasagdasao Originali indiceni detta novella Ariasteanel Dasavaikalika-sutra and Niryukti Ueber die Avacyaka The Uvasagadasao R.Hoernle F.L. Pulle E.Leumann E.Leumann P.L. Vaidya 14. Jaina Sutra H.Jacobi

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viSaya-praveza uparyukta granthoM meM Agama sambandhI vibhinna viSayoM kA vizleSaNa huA hai| isa zodha prabandha meM hamArA lakSya yaha hai ki AgamakAlIna dArzanika ciMtana kA AgamottarakAlIna dArzanika ciMtana kI apekSA se jo vaiziSTaya hai, usako pradarzita kiyA jAe tathA AgamoM meM prApta tathya, jo uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM alpa carcita rahe haiM unakA prastutIkaraNa kiyA jaae| Agama sAhitya ke yatkiMcit adhyayanase hameM jo mUlyavAn sAmagrI milI hai vaha vidvAnoM ko AgamoM ke agretara adhyayana ke lie bhI preraNA degI, aisI AzA hai| katipaya kAraNoM se jainadharma bahuta samaya pUrva hI do mukhya sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thA / vaha vibhAjana Aja bhI yathAvat hai| isa vibhAjana kA eka durbhAgyapUrNa pariNAma yaha huA ki pUrA jaina vAGmaya bhI do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| pariNAma yaha huA ki eka sampradAya ke anuyAyI kA dUsare sampradAya ke vAGmaya se sambandha prAya: vicchinna ho gyaa| yaha bhagavAn mahAvIra kI mUlyavAn dharohara ke lie zubha nahIM thaa| saubhAgya se aba yaha sAmpradAyika sImA rekhA zanai: zanai: kSINa ho rahI hai| zvetAmbara terApaMtha ke vartamAna AcArya zrI mahAprajJa ne digambara sAhitya kA apane lekhana meM pUre sammAnapUrvaka vipula upayoga kiyA hai| isase unake lekhana kI vyApakatA samRdra hI huI hai| jinajaina AgamoM para prastuta zodha-prabandha AdhRta hai unakA sambandha Aja zvetAmbara saMpradAya se jur3A huA mAnA jA rahA hai| hamane apane zodha-prabandha meM pAyA ki ina jaina AgamoM ke dArzanika pratipAdya kA vaiziSTya zvetAmbara - digambara sampradAyAtIta hai| zvetAmbara-digambara vibhAjana meM matabheda kA AdhAra mukhyata: AcAra-viSayaka hai| jaina AgamoM meM dravya, AtmA, karma ityAdi AcAretara viSayoM para jo mUlyavAn sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai usake sambandha meM matabheda kI zAyada hI kahIM koI guMjAiza ho / aisI sthiti meM ina AgamoM kA anuzIlana jaina darzana para kAma karane vAle sabhI vidvAnoM tathA chAtroM ke lie samAna rUpase upayogI hogA- aisI hamArI vinamra sammati hai| __ tattvArtha sUtra sabhI jaina sampradAyoM ko mAnya hai| tattvArthasUtrakAra jaina AgamoM ke pratipAdya ko sUtrabaddha kara rahe the| pratyeka sUtrakAra kI apanI dRSTi rahatI hai| vaha kisa viSaya para kitanA bala de athavA kisa viSaya ko sarvathA chor3a de| isake lie vaha svataMtra hai| tattvArthasUtra ke pratipAdya ke sAtha-sAtha AgamakAlIna una avadhAraNAoM para bhI vicAra-vimarza karanA kitanA mUlyavAn aura mahattvapUrNa ho sakatA hai, yaha vidvAnoM ke lie vimarzanIya hai| jahAM taka hamArA sambandha hai, hama samajhate haiM ki una viSayoM kI upekSA karanA jaina paramparA ko usa vicAra vaibhava se vaJcita kara denA hogA. jisa vicAra vaibhava kI vaha sahaja hI uttarAdhikAriNI hai| jaina Agama mahAsamudra hai| koI eka vinamra zodha chAtra usakI sampUrNa garimA ko ujAgara kara sake, yaha AzA nahIM karanI caahie| kintu yadi prastuta zodhaprabandha se jaina AgamoM ke vaiziSTya kI eka halkI-sI jhAMkI bhI vidvAnoM ko mila pAI to maiM apane parizrama ko sArthaka maanuuNgii|

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22 jaina Agama meM darzana merI sArI zikSA-dIkSA AcArya tulasI evaM AcArya mahAprajJa kI dekharekha meM huii| isa AcAryadvayI ne pichale ardhazataka meM apanA adhikAMza zrama jaina AgamoM ke saMpAdana /vivecana meM lgaayaa| usa zrama kA madhuraphala apane gurukula kI sahaja virAsata meM mujhe prApta huaa| isalie apane zodha prabandha meM yadi maiM koI vivecana ThIka kara pAI hU~to vaha usa AcAryadvayI ke AzIrvAda kA pariNAma hai| jahAM kahIM skhalanA hai vaha merA dRSTidoSa hai| vidvAna adhyetAoM ke sujhAva isa sandarbha meM sAdara AmaMtrita haiN| 000

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mUlasrota Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA jaina dharma-darzana kA jJAna prApta karane ke lie Agama kA mahattva svata: siddha hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se jainadharma-darzana kA prAcInatama rUpa AgamoM meM hI upalabdha hotA hai| prAmANikatA kI dRSTi se gyAraha aMga Agama hI svata: pramANa hai, zeSa AcAryoM kI vANI usase sambAdI hone para hI pramANa mAnI jAtI hai| Agama kI paribhASA 1. 'AG' upasargapUrvaka bhvAdigaNIya 'gamlu-gatau' dhAtu se 'ac' pratyaya karane para athavA 2. isI dhAtu se karaNa artha meM 'gha' pratyaya karane para Agama zabda niSpanna hotA hai|' jaina-paramparA Agama zabda kI vyAkhyA mukhyata: tIna prakAra se karatI hai1. svayaM Apta-puruSa hI Agama hai|' 2. artha-jJAna jisase ho vaha Agama hai' athavA Apta kA vacana Agama hai|' 3. Apta-puruSa kI vANI se jo jJAna utpanna hotA hai vaha Agama hai|' 1. (ka) zabdakalpadruma (saMpA. rAjA rAdhAkAntadeva, vArANasI, 1967) prathama bhAga, pR. 1 6 5 (kha) vAcaspatyama (saMpA. zrI tArAnAtha. vArANasI, 1969) prathama bhAga, pR. 614 2. vyavahArabhASya (saMpA. samaNI kusumaprajJA, lADanUM, 1996) gAthA 318 3. api ca-anuyogadvAraTIkA (le. maladhArI hemacandra, pATaNa, 1939) pR. 202, A-samantAt gamyate jJAyate jIvAdaya: padArthA aneneti vA aagmH| AvazyakacUrNi (le. jinadAsagaNimahattara, ratalAma, 1928) pR. 16 Najjati atthA jeNa so Agamo 4. anuyogadvAracUrNi (le. jinadAsagaNimahattara, ratalAma, 1928) pRSTha 16, attassa vA vayaNaM aagmo| uparyukta donoM lakSaNoM meM Asavacana ko dravyazruta tathA arthajJAna ko bhAvazruta mAnanA caahie| draSTavya-bhikSunyAyakarNikA (le. AcArya tulasI, cUrU, 1970) 4/2 Aptavacanam-Agama: tattu upcaaraat| vastuvRttyA varNapadavAkyAtmakaM vacanaM paudgalikatvAd dravyazrutaM arthajJAnAtmakasya bhAvazrutasya sAdhanaM bhvti| 5. pramANanayatattvAloka (le. vAdidevasUri, ujjaina, vi.saM. 1989) 4/| AptavacanAdAvirbhUtamarthasaMvedanamAgama:

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24 jaina Agama meM darzana prathama vyAkhyA ke anusAra Apta-puruSa Agama hai kiMtu vartamAna meM Apta-puruSoM kI anupasthiti meM unakA vacana tathA usa vacana se utpanna hone vAle artha jJAna ko bhI Agama mAna liyA gayA hai| __ jahAM taka Apla-puruSa kI vANI kA sambandha hai, paramparA ne tIrthaMkara, gaNadhara, caturdazapUrvadhArI, dazapUrvadhArI tathA pratyeka buddha kI vANI ko Agama mAnA hai|' niyamasAra ke anusAra Agama ke vacana pUrvApara doSa rahita hote haiN| syAdvAdamaJjarI ke anusAra Apta ve haiM jinake rAga-dveSa tathA moha kA aikAntika evaM Atyantika kSaya ho cukA hai| jaina paramparA vartamAna meM jinheM 'Agama' kahatI hai prAcIna kAla meM unheM zruta yA samyak zruta kahA jAtA thaa| isI AdhAra para 'zrutakevalI' zabda pracalita huaa| 'Agama-kevalI' yA 'sUtra-kevalI' aisA prayoga upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne zruta ke paryAyavAcI zabda ke rUpa meM Agama zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| unhoMne Aptavacana, Agama, upadeza, aitihya, AmnAya, pravacana aura jinavacana ko zruta ke paryAyavAcI zabda ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai|' vastuta: yahAM zruta zabda atyanta vyApaka artha meM prayukta huA hai| jaina AgamoM kA udbhava jinabhadra gaNI ke anusAra tapa, niyama evaM jJAna rUpa vRkSa para ArUDha hokara tIrthaMkara bhavya jIvoM ko saMbodha pradAna karane ke lie jJAnavRSTi karate haiM / usa jJAnavRSTi ko bIja Adi buddhi se sampanna gaNadhara grahaNa karake una vibhinna prakAra ke jJAna kusumoM se mAlA kI racanA karate haiM, jisase tIrthaMkara ke vacanoM ko zrotAsukhapUrvaka grahaNa kara ske|' tIrthaMkara prajJA-sampanna gaNadharoM kI prajJA kI apekSA se saMkSepa meM bolate haiM, sarvasAdhAraNa bhogya bhASA meM nahIM bolate haiN|' tIrthaMkara utpAda-vyaya evaM dhrauvya rUpa tIna mAtRkApada kA sambhASaNa karate haiM, dvAdazAMga ko 1. (76) nafareffiti (Kapadia, H.R., A History of the canonical literature of the Jains, Surat, 1941 P. 14 para udhRta) pR. 3.a, arthatastIrthaMkarapraNItaM sUtrato gaNadharanibaddhaM caturdazapUrvadharopanibaddhaM dazapUrvadharopanibaddhaM pratyeka-buddhopanibaddhaM c| (kha) mUlAcAra (le. vaTTakera, dillI , 1992) gAthA 5/277 suttaM gaNaharakathidaM taheva patteyabuddhakathidaM ca / sudakevaliNA kathidaM abhiNNadasapuvvakathidaM ca // 2. niyamasAra (le. AcArya kundakunda, jayapura 1984) gAthA 8, tassa muhamgadavayaNaM puvvAparadosavirahiyaM suddhN| Agamidi parikahiyaM teNa dukahiyA havaM taccatthA / / 3. syAdvAdamaJjarI (le. AcArya malliSeNa, agAsa, 1979) pR. 7, Aptirhi rAgadveSamohAnAmaikAntika Atyantikazca kSayaH sA yeSAmasti te khlvaaptaaH| 4. naMdI (saMpA. AcArya mahAprajJa, lADanUM, 1977) sUtra 65 5. abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi, (le. hemacandrAcArya, vArANasI, 1996) 1/3 4 ........zrutakevalino hi SaT / 6. sabhASyatattvArthAdhigamasUtra, (le. AcArya umAsvAti, agAsa, 1 9 3 2) 1/20, zrutamAptavacanaM Agama: upadeza aitihamAmnAya: pravacanaM jinvcnmitynrthaantrm|| 7. vizeSAvazyakabhASya I, (le. jinabhadragaNI, muMbaI, vi.saM. 2039) gAthA 1094, 1||1, 11 1 3 8. vahI, gAthA 1118

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 25 nahIM kahate haiN|' gaNadhara usa mAtRkApada se dvAdazAMgI kI racanA karate haiN| artha ke kartA tIrthaMkara evaM sUtra ke kartA gaNadhara hote haiN| isakA tAtparya huA arthAgama ke kartA tIrthaMkara evaM sUtrAgama ke kartA gaNadhara haiN| arthAgama ke upadeSTA hone se tIrthaMkara AgamoM ke Adisrota haiM, unake dvArA pravAhita jJAna-gaMgA gaNadharoM ke mAdhyama se AcArya paramparA ke dvArA pravartita hotI huI hamAre pAsa pahuMcI hai|' jaina paramparA ke anusAra sabhI kAla meM hone vAle tIrthakara dvAdazAMgI kA upadeza dete haiM ata: pravAha rUpa se dvAdazAMgI anAdi haiN| koI bhI aisA samaya nahIM thA jisa samaya dvAdazAMgI nahIM thii| yaha jaina paramparA kI mAnyatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra zabda anitya hai| dvAdazAMgI zabda nibaddha hai, ata: dvAdazAMgI nitya kaise ho sakatI hai ? koI bhI bhASA nitya nahIM hotI, ata: bhASA meM likhA huA koI bhI grantha nitya nahIM ho sktaa| dvAdazAMgI nitya hai, isakA tAtparya hai ki dvAdazAMgI meM pratipAdita tattva nitya hai| usakA bhASAtmaka svarUpa nitya nahIM hai| yathApaMcAstikAya nitya hai| Atma-tattva nitya hai| usake lie AtmA, caitanya, cetanA Adi prayukta hone vAle zabda nitya nahIM haiN|' vartamAna meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA zAsana cala rahA hai| unake gyAraha gaNadhara the| indrabhUti gautamane tIna niSadyA meM caudaha pUrvo ko grahaNa kara liyA thaa| zeSagaNadharoM kI niSadyA aniyata thii|' AvazkacUrNi meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki pandraha niSadyA meM gaNadharoM ne dvAdazAMgI kA grahaNa kiyA thaa| eka niSadyA se gyAraha aMga evaM caudaha niSadyA se caudaha pUrvo kA praNayana kiyaa| kiMtu kisI gaNadhara vizeSa kA nAma ullikhita nahIM hai| gaNadhara gautama ne tIna niSadyA meM caudaha pUrvo kA grahaNa kiyA thaa| kiMtu gyAraha aMgoM ke lie unhoMne bhagavAn se prazna pUche the yA nahIM? athavA una tIna niSadyA ke AdhAra para hI sampUrNa dvAdazAMgI kA nirmANa kara liyA thA? yaha varNana prApta nahIM hai| 1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya,gAthA (vRtti),1122,pR. 2 54:gaNadharalakSaNapuruSApekSayAsatIrthaMkara "uppajneivA vigamei vA, dhuvei vA" iti mAtRkApadatrayamAtrarUpaM stokameva bhASate, na tu dvaadshaaNgaani| 2. vahI, gAthA / / 19, atthaM bhAsai arahA suttaM gaMthaMti gaNaharA niunnN| 3. vahI, gAthA 1081 4. naMdI, sUtra 1 26, icceiyaMduvAlasaMgaMgaNipiGagaMna kayAinAsI,na kayAi na bhavai, na kayAina bhvissi| bhuviMca, bhavai ya, bhvissic| 5. vahI, 12 6 veM sUtra para pradatta TippaNa 6. Avazyakaniyukti, (le. haribhadrasUri, bambaI, vi.saM. 20 3 8) gAthA vRtti 135, pR. 85 : tatra gautamasvAminA niSadyAtrayeNa caturdaza pUrvANi gRhiitaani| praNipatya pRcchA nissdyocyte| bhagavAMzcAcaSTe-uppaNNei vA vigamei vA dhuveivA / etA eva tistro niSadyA:, AsAmeva sakAzAdgaNabhRtAm 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat' iti pratItirupajAyate, anyathA staa'yogaat| tatazca te pUrvabhavabhAvitamatayo dvAdazAMgamuparacayanti / 7. AvazyakacUrNi, pR. 370, sesANaM aNiyatA nnisejjaa| 8. vahIM, pR. 337. jadA ya gaNaharA savve pavvajitA tAhe kira eganisejjAe egArasa aMgANi coddasahiM coddasapuvvANi evaM tA bhagavatA attho kahito, tAhe bhagavaMto egapAse suttaM kareti,taM akharehiM padehiM vNjnnehiNsmN| 9. vahI, pR. 370.taMkahaMgahitaMgoyamasAmiNA?tivihaM (tIhiM) nisejjAhiM coddasa puvvANi uppAditANi / nisejjANAma pnnivtiunnjaapucchaa|

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26 jaina Agama meM darzana Agama vAcanA bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa zruta ko gaNadharoM ne Agama rUpa meM gumphita kiyaa| kAla ke pravAha meM prAkRtika ApadAoM ke kAraNa jaina paramparA meM zruta kI dhArA avicchinna nahIM raha skii| vaha avyavasthita ho giiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko vyavasthita karane ke lie jainAcAryoM kI saMgItiyAM huii| usa Agama-vyavasthA kI prakriyA ko vAcanA kahA gayA hai| vIra nirvANa ke 9 8 0 yA 99 3 varSa ke madhya taka Agama ke saMkalana kI pAMca pramukha vAcanAeM huiiN| prathama pATalIputra vAcanA __ bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa kelagabhaga 160 varSa pazcAt pATalIputra meM bAraha varSa kA bhISaNa duSkAla pdd'aa| usa samaya zramaNa saMgha chinna-bhinna ho gyaa| durbhikSa samApti para punaH pATalIputra meM muni saMgha ekatrita huaa| gyAraha aMga ekatrita kie| bhadrabAhu svAmI ke atirikta sabhI ko bArahavAM aMga vismRta ho cukA thaa| AcArya bhadrabAhu usa samaya mahApANa dhyAna kI sAdhanA ke lie nepAla gae hue the| saMgha ke vizeSa nivedana para unhoMne bArahaveM aMga kI vAcanA denA svIkAra kiyaa| aneka sAdhu usa vAcanA ko lene gae the kiMtu unameM se ekamAtra sthUlabhadra hI usa jJAna ko grahaNa karane meM sakSama hue| muni sthUlabhadra dasa pUrvo kA adhyayana samAsa kara cuke the| gyArahaveM pUrva kI vAcanA cala rahI thii| muni sthUlabhadra ke dvArA pramAda huaa| bahinoM ke Agamana para apanI zruta-Rddhi ko dikhAne ke lie svayaM ne siMha kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyaa| AcArya bhadrabAhu ko jaba yaha ghaTanA jJAta huI taba unhoMne muni sthUlabhadra ko vAcanA denA baMda kara diyaa| muni sthUlabhadra ne bahuta anunaya-vinaya kiyA taba antima cAra pUrvo kI vAcanA to dI kiMtu unakA artha nahIM btaayaa| artha kI dRSTi se antima caturdazapUrvI bhadrabAhu svAmI hI the| AcArya sthUlabhadra sUtrata: caturdazapUrvI evaM arthata: dazapUrvI hI the|' pUrvo ke viccheda kA krama bhadrabAhu svAmI ke sAtha hI prArambha ho gayA, jo kramaza: lupta hote-hote sarvathA vilupta ho gyaa| prathama vAcanA ke dvArA zramaNa saMgha ko cArapUrvanyUna dvAdazAMgI prApta huii| yadyapi sthUlabhadra sUtrata: caturdazapUrvI the kiMtu unheM cArapUrva kI vAcanA dUsaroM ko dene kA adhikAra nahIM thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra vIra nirvANa ke 170 varSa bAda bhadrabAhu svAmI ke mahAprayANa ke sAtha hI zrutakevalI kA lopa ho gyaa| digambaroM ne 1 6 2 varSa bAda zrutakevalI kA lopa mAnA hai| AvazyakacUrNi, pR. 187, bArasavarisodukkAlouvaTThito, saMjatA itoitoyasamuddatIre acchittApuNaravipADaliputte militA, tesiM aNNassa uddesao aNNassa khaMDaM, evaM saMghADitehiM ekkArasa aMgANi saMghAtitANi, didvivAdo natthi, nepAlavattaNIe ya bhaddabAhussAmI acchaMti coddasapuvvI .......peseha mehAvI satta pADipucchagANi demi, ........thUlabhaddasAmI Thito.........uvarillANi cattAri puvvANi paDhAhi, mA aNNassa dejjAsi, se cattAri tatto vocchiNA, dasamassa ya do pacchimANi vatthUNi vocchinnnnaanni| 2. vahI, pR. 187,uvarillANi cattAri puvvANi padAhimA aNNassa dennAsi,se cattAri tatto vocchiNA

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 27 zvetAmbara mata ke anusAra prathama vAcanA ke samaya meM bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sampUrNa jJAna rAzi surakSita nahIM raha skii| usake hrAsa kA krama usI samaya se prArambha ho gyaa| prathama vAcanA AcArya sthUlabhadra kI adhyakSatA meM huii| dvitIya vAcanA Agama saMkalana kA dUsarA prayAsa 'cakravartI samrAT khAravela' ne kiyaa| unake suprasiddha hAthI gumphA abhilekha se yaha jAnakArI milI hai ki IsA pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI ke madhya meM ur3IsA ke kumArIparvata para unhoMne jaina zramaNoM ko bulAyA aura mauryakAla meM ucchinna hue aMgoM ko upasthita kiyaa| tRtIya mAthurI vAcanA Agama-saMkalana kA tIsarA prayatna vIra nirvANa 827 aura 840 ke madhyakAla meM huA / nandIsUtra kI cUrNi meM ullekha hai ki dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa grahaNa, guNana evaM anuprekSA ke abhAva meM sUtra naSTa ho gyaa| usa durbhikSa meM bhikSA milanI atyanta duSkara ho gii| sAdhu chinna-bhinna ho ge| aneka bahuzruta aura Agamadhara muni divaMgata ho ge| usa samaya atizAyI zruta kA nAza huaa| aMga-upAMga kA bahuta bar3A bhAga naSTa ho gyaa| unake artha kA bhI hrAsa huaa| bAraha varSa ke isa duSkAla ke bAda sArAzramaNa-saMghaskandilAcArya kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM ekatrita huaa| usa samaya jina-jina zramaNoM ko jitanI-jitanI zrutarAzi smRti meM thI, usakA saMkalana kiyA gayA / isa vAcanA meM kAlika sUtra evaM pUrvagata ke kucha aMzoM kA saMkalana huA / mathurA meM hone ke kAraNa use 'mAthurI vAcanA' kahA gyaa| yugapradhAna AcArya skandila ne usa saMkalita zruta ke artha kI vAcanA dI, ata: vaha anuyoga unakA hI kahalAyA / mAthurI vAcanA ko 'skandilI vAcanA' bhI kahA gayA hai| isa saMdarbha meM eka yaha bhI abhimata hai ki durbhikSa ke kAraNa zruta naSTa to nahIM huA thaa| sArA zruta usa samaya vidyamAna thA kintu AcArya skandila ke atirikta anya sAre anuyogadhara muni kAla kavalita ho gae the| mAtra skaMndila hI usa samaya anuyogadhara the| durbhikSa samApta hone para AcArya skandila ne mathurA meM puna: anuyoga pravartana kiyA isalie ise 'mAthurI vAcanA' bhI kahA gayA aura vaha sArA anuyoga skandila sambandhI mAnA gyaa|' 1. (ka) naMdI stra, bhUmikA pR. 1 6 (kha) dazavaikAlika kI bhUmikA meM uddhRta-jarnala oNpha dI bihAra eNDa oDisA risarca sosAiTI, bhAga 1 3, pR. 2 36 2. naMdIcUrNi, (le. jinadAsagaNI, banArasa, 1966) pR. 9 3. naMdI, gAthA 33, (malayagirivRtti patra 51) (dazavaikAlika, bhUmikA pRSTha 27 para uddhRta)

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28 jaina Agama meM darzana vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki isa vAcanA ke phalasvarUpa Agama likhe bhI gae / ' caturtha vAcanA jaba skandilAcArya ne mathurA meM vAcanA kI, usI kAla meM vallabhI meM AcArya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM saMghaekatrita huA aura AgamoM ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| "vAcaka nAgArjuna aura ekatrita saMgha ko jo-jo Agama aura unake anuyogoM ke uparAMta prakaraNa grantha yAda the, ve likha lie gae aura vismRta sthaloM kA pUrvApara sambandha ke anusAra ThIka karake usake anusAra vAcanA dI gii| isa vAcanA ke pramukha nAgArjuna the, ata: isa vAcanA ko 'nAgArjunIya vAcanA' bhI kahate haiN| paMcama vAcanA devarddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM vIra nirvANa kI dasavIM zatAbdI (980 yA 993) meM puna: zramaNa saMgha ekatrita huA aura Agama saMkalana kA suvyasthita rUpa isa vAcanA ke phalasvarUpa prApta huaa| mathurA evaM vallabhI meM saMpAdita vAcanAoM ke AdhAra para yaha vAcanA huii| "vallabhI nagara meM devarddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM zramaNasaMgha ikaTThA huA aura pUrvokta donoM vAcanAoM ke samaya likhe gae siddhAntoM ke uparAnta jo-jo grantha-prakaraNa maujUda the, una sabako likhAkara surakSita karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| isa zramaNa samavasaraNa meM donoM vAcanAoM ke siddhAntoM kA paraspara samanvaya kiyA gayA aura jahAM ho sakA bhedabhAva miTAkara unheM ekarUpa kara diyA / jo mahattvapUrNa bheda the, unheM pAThAntara ke rUpa meM TIkA-cUrNiyoM meM saMgRhIta kiyaa| kitaneka prakIrNaka grantha jo kevala eka hI vAcanA meM the, vaise-ke-vaise pramANa mAne ge| isa saMdarbha meM AcArya mahAprajJa kA vaktavya hai ki "smRti-daurbalya, parAvartana kI nyUnatA, paramparA kI vyavacchitti Adi aneka kAraNoM se zruta kA adhikAMza bhAga naSTa ho cukA thA, isa vAcanA meM ekatrita muniyoM ko avaziSTa zruta kI nyUna yA adhika, truTita yA atruTita jo kucha bhI 1. (5) Jacobi, Hermann: Jain sutras (Delhi, 1980), XXIIP.XXXIO: Devardhi's position relative to the sacred literature of the Jains appears therefore to us in a different light from what is generally believed to have been. He probably arranged the already existing manuscripts in a canon taking down from the mouth of learned the logicians only such works of which manuscripts were not available. (0) Winternitz, Maurice, History of Indian literature, (Delhi 1993)P.417: Devarddhists labours consisted merely of compiling acanonofsacredwritings partlywiththehelpofoldmanuscripts, and partlyonthe basis oforal tradition. (ga) mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha, Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, (jayapura, 1990) pR. 19 2. vIra nirvANa (Agama yuga kA jainadarzana meM udhata), pR. 110 3. vIra nirvANa, (Agama yuga kA jaina darzana meM udhRta) pR. / / 2

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 29 smRti thI usakI vyavasthita saMkalanA kI gii| devarddhigaNI ne apanI buddhi se usakI saMyojanA karake use pustakArUr3ha kiyA / mAthurI tathA vallabhI vAcanAoM ke kaMThagata AgamoM ko ekatrita kara unheM ekarUpatA dene kA prayAsa huaa| jahAM atyanta matabheda rahA vahAM mAthurI ko mUla mAnakara vallabhI vAcanA ke pAThoM ko pAThAntara meM sthAna diyA gyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Agama ke vyAkhyA granthoM meM yatra-tatra "nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti" aisA ullekha huA hai| vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai ki isa vAcanA se sAre Agama vyavasthita rUpa se saMkalita ho gae tathA sAtha hI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pazcAt eka hajAra varSo meM ghaTita mukhya ghaTanAoM kA samAveza bhI yatra-tatra AgamoM meM kiyA gyaa| jahAM-jahAM samAna AlApakoM kA bAra-bAra punarAvartana hotA thA unheM saMkSipta kara ekadUsare kA pUrti-saMketa eka-dUsare Agama meM kiyA gyaa|' vartamAna meM jo Agama upalabdha haiM vedevarddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa kI vAcanAke haiN| usakepazcAt unameM saMzodhana, parivardhana yA parivartana nahIM huA hai yaha vimarzanIya hai| yahAM eka prazna uThanA . svAbhAvika hai ki yadi upalabdha Agama eka hI AcArya kI saMkalanA hai to aneka sthAnoM meM visaMvAda kyoM? AcArya mahAprajJa ne visaMvAda ke do kAraNa mAne haiM 1.jo zramaNa usa samaya jIvitatheaura jinheMjo-joAgamakaNThasthathe, unhIM ke anusAra Agama saMkalita kie ge| yaha jAnate hue bhI ki eka hI bAta ko do bhinna AgamoM meM bhinna prakAra se kahI gaI hai, devarddhigaNI ne unameM hastakSepa karanA apanA adhikAra nahIM smjhaa| 2. nauvIM zatAbdI meM sampanna huI mAthurI tathA vallabhI vAcanA kI paramparA ke avaziSTa zramaNoM kojaisA aura jitanAsmRti meMthA use saMkalita kiyaa| ve zramaNa bIca-bIca meM AlApaka bhUla bhI gae hoM-yaha bhI visaMvAdoM kA mukhya kAraNa ho sakatA hai| jyotiSkaraNDa kI vRtti meM kahA gayA hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha anuyogadvAra sUtra mAthurI vAcanA kA hai aura jyotiSkaraNDa ke kartA valabhI vAcanA kI paramparA ke AcArya the| yahI kAraNa hai ki anuyogadvAra aura jyotiSkaraNDa ke saMkhyA sthAnoM meM antara pratIta hotA hai|' isa prakAra AgamoM kI surakSA ke lie bauddha dharma kI taraha hI jaina dharma meM aneka bAra aneka prakAra ke prayatna hote rahe haiN| vartamAna meM bhI AgamoM ke zodha/anusaMdhAna ke vibhinna upakrama ho rahe haiN| adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne cAra vAcanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai kiMtu AcArya mahAprajJajI ne naMdI sUtra kI bhUmikA meM pAMca vAcanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ata: hamane bhI unhIM kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| 1. dasaveAliyaM, (saMpA. muni nathamala, lADanUM, 1974) bhUmikA pR. 27 2.samAcArI zataka, Agama sthApanA adhikAra 38 vAM (dasaveAliyaM bhUmikA, pR. 28 para udhRta) 3. gacchAcAra patra, 3-4 (dasaveAliyaM kI bhUmikA pR. 28 para udhRta)

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30 jaina Agama meM darzana Agama-viccheda-krama bhagavAn mahAvIra kI upasthiti meM unake aneka ziSya kevalajJAnI, mana:paryavajJAnI, avadhijJAnI evaM sampUrNa dvAdazAMgI ke dhAraka the| pUrvo kA jJAna dvAdazAMgI ke antargata hI thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt zruta kI isa dhArA meM kramaza: avarodha utpanna hone lgaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra AgamoM kA viccheda evaM hrAsa huA kiMtu Agama sAhitya sarvathA vilusa nahIM huA hai, usakA kucha aMza vartamAna meM bhI upalabdha hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra Agama kA viccheda evaM hrAsa krama isa prakAra hai kevalI-1. sudharmA aura 2. jambU caudaha pUrvI- 1. prabhava 2. zayyaMbhava 3. yazobhadra 4. sambhUtavijaya 5. bhadrabAhu 6. sthuulbhdr| ye (sthUlabhadra) sUtrata: caudahapUrvI evaM arthata: dazapUrvI the bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt caudaha pUrvo kA arthata: jo jJAna thA vaha lupta ho gayA tathA sthUlabhadra ke pazcAt arthata: evaM sUtrata: donoM hI rUpoM meM caudaha pUrvo kA jJAna lupta ho gyaa| jaina paramparA meM mahAgiri, suhasti se lekara vajrasvAmI taka dasa AcArya dazapUrvI hue haiN|' inake bAda dazapUrvo kA bhI akhaNDa jJAna nahIM rhaa| "tosaliputra AcArya ke ziSya zrI AryarakSita nau pUrva tathA dasaveM pUrva ke caubIsa yavika ke jJAtA the| AryarakSita ke vaMzaja AryanaMdila bhI sADhe nau pUrvI the, aisA ullekha milatA hai| AryarakSita ke ziSya durbalikA puSyamitra nau pUrvI the| dasa pUrvI yA 9-10 pUrvI ke bAda devarddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa kA ekapUrvI ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai| bIca ke pUrvo ke dhAraka kitane aura kauna the isa bAre meM itihAsa mauna hai| AryarakSita, nandilakSmaNa, nAgahasti, revatinakSatra, siMhasUri-ye sAre nau aura usase alpa-alpa pUrva ke jJAna vAle the| skandilAcArya, zrI himavanta kSamAzramaNa, nAgArjuna sUriye sabhI samakAlIna pUrvavit the| zrI govindavAcaka, saMyamaviSNu, bhUtadinna, lohityasUri, duSyagaNi aura devavAcaka-ye gyAraha aMga tathA eka pUrva se adhika ke jJAtA the| yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki devagiNI ke uttaravartI AcAryoM meM pUrva-jJAna kA kucha aMza avazya thaa| isakI puSTi sthAna-sthAna para ullikhita pUrvo kI paMktiyoM tathA viSaya nirUpaNa se hotI hai| vajrasvAmI ke bAda tathA zIlAMkasUri se pUrva AcArAMga ke 'mahAparijJA' adhyayana kA hrAsa huaa| 1. abhidhAna cintAmaNi, 1/33-34

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA sthAnAMga meM varNita prazna- vyAkaraNa kA svarUpa upalabdha prazna-vyAkaraNa se atyanta bhinna hai| usa mUla svarUpa kA kaba, kaise hrAsa huA, yaha ajJAta hai| isI prakAra jJAtAdharmakathA kI aneka upAkhyAyikAoM kA sarvathA lopa huA hai / " zvetAmbara paramparA meM gyAraha aMga Aja bhI upalabdha hai| bArahavAM dRSTivAda aMga isa paramparA meM sarvathA lupta mAnA jAtA hai / bhadrabAhu se lekara devarddhigaNI taka kramazaH pUrvoM kA lopa hotehote ve sarvathA lupta ho ge| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 980 varSoM ke bAda valabhI vAcanA meM dRSTivAda ko lupta mAna liyA gayA / 31 digambara paramparA ke anusAra Aja koI bhI Agama upalabdha nahIM hai| vIra nirvANa se 68 3 varSa ke pazcAt aMga sAhitya lupta ho gyaa| digambara paramparA kA abhimata hai ki aMgagata ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA mUla sAhitya prAya: sarvathA lupta ho gayA / dRSTivAda aMga ke pUrvagata grantha kA kucha aMza IsvI kI prArambhika zatAbdI meM zrIdharasenAcArya ko jJAta thA / unhoMne dekhA yadi vaha zeSAMza bhI lipibaddha nahIM kiyA jAegA to jinavANI kA sarvathA abhAva ho jAegA, ataH unhoMne zrI puSpadaMta aura zrI bhUtabali sadRza medhAvI ziSyoM ko bulAkara giranAra kI candraguphA meM use lipibaddha karA diyaa| una donoM RSivaroM ne usa lipibaddha zrutajJAna ko jyeSTha zuklA paMcamI ke dina sarva saMgha ke samakSa upasthita kiyA thaa| vaha pavitra dina 'zruta paMcamI' parva ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura sAhityoddhAra kA preraka kAraNa bana gayA hai| 2 zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra gyAraha aMga AMzika rUpa meM upalabdha haiM / bArahavAM aMga dRSTivAda sarvathA lupta ho gayA hai| digambara paramparA ke anusAra gyAraha aMga sarvathA lupta ho gae, bArahaveM dRSTivAda kA kucha aMza bacA hai, donoM paramparAoM kA Agama upalabdhi kI dRSTi se samanvaya karake dekhe to prApta hotA hai ki bAraha hI aMgoM kA kucha-na-kucha bhAga vartamAna meM bhI upalabdha hai / yaha jaina paramparA ke lie gaurava kI bAta hai / AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina sAhitya kA prAcInatama bhAga Agama hai| samavAyAMga meM Agama ke do rUpa prApta hote haiM- 1. dvAdazAMga gaNipiTaka ' aura 2. caturdaza pUrva / ' naMdI meM zruta - jJAna ke do vibhAga prApta hote haiM- 1. aMga-praviSTa aura 2. aMga bAhya / ' samavAyAMga aura anuyogadvAra meM aMga-praviSTa aura aMga bAhya kA vibhAga nahIM hai| yaha vibhAga sarvaprathama naMdI meM milatA hai| naMdI kI racanA se pUrva aneka aMgabAhya grantha race jA cuke the aura ve 1. dazavaikAlika, bhUmikA pR. 21-22 2. SaT khaNDAgama: (dhavalA TIkA) bhAga / (saMpA. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, solApura, 2000), pR. 11-18 3. samavAo, prakIrNaka samavAya (saMpA. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, lADanU~, 1984) sUtra 88, duvAlasaMge gaNipiDage paNNatte / 4. vahI, 14 / 2, cauddasa puvvA paNNattA / 5. naMdI, sUtra 73, aMgapaviTTaM aMgabAhiraM ca /

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32 jaina Agama meM darzana caturdazapUrvI yA dazapUrvI sthaviroM dvArA race gae the| isalie unheM Agama kI koTi meM rakhA gyaa| usake phalasvarUpa Agama ke do vibhAga kie-1. aMga-praviSTa aura 2. aMga-bAhya / AgamoM kA aMga-praviSTa evaM aMga-bAhya vibhAga anuyogadvAra jo vIra nirvANa chaThI zatAbdI kI racanA hai, taka nahIM huA thaa| yaha vibhAga sarvaprathamanaMdI meM huA, jo vIra nirvANa kI dasavIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai| naMdI kI racanA taka Agama ke tIna vargIkaraNa ho jAte haiM- 1. pUrva 2. aMga-praviSTa aura 3. aMga-bAhya / vartamAna meM aMga-praviSTa aura aMga-bAhya grantha to upalabdha hai kiMtu pUrva' sAhitya vilupta ho gayA hai|' naMdI ke uttarakAla meM jaina Agama ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA-1. aMga 2. upAMga 3. mUla aura 4.cheda / AgamoM kA yaha vargIkaraNa arvAcIna hai| vikrama kI 13 - 14vIM zatAbdI se pUrva isa vargIkaraNa kA ullekha prApta nahIM hai| AgamoM kA sabase prAcIna vibhAga aMga aura pUrva hai| aMga, upAMga, mUla aura cheda yaha vibhAga arvAcIna hai| pUrva sAhitya jaina paramparA meM caudaha pUrvo kA sammAnanIya sthAna rahA hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki unameM asIma zrutarAzi samAhita thii| inake nAmakaraNa ke sambandha meM ekAdhika mata pracalita haiN| eka mAnyatA ke anusAra 'pUrva' dvAdazAMgI se pahale race gae the, isalie inakA nAma 'pUrva' hai|' dUsarI mAnyatA ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne prArambha meM pUrvagata kA artha pratipAdita kiyA thA aura gautama Adi gaNadharoM ne bhI prArambha meM pUrvagata-zruta kI racanA kI tathA bAda meM AcArAMga Adi kA praNayana kiyaa| pUrvagata dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahaveM aMga kA hI eka vibhAga hai isa vaktavya ke AdhAra para caudaha pUrva dvAdazAMgI meM hI samAhita ho jAte haiN| unakA koI svataMtra astitva nahIM thaa| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ne jo kahA vaha pUrva meM nibaddha kiyA gayA evaM usake AdhAra para gaNadharoM ne gyAraha aMgoM kA upadeza diyaa| pUrva kA yadi 'pUrvavartI grantha' yaha arthaliyA jAe taba to yahI kahA jAegA ki aMgapUrvo ke AdhAra para nirmita hue haiN| AvazyakacUrNi meM bhI yaha ullekha prApta hotA hai ki gautama svAmI ne tIna niSadyA ke dvArA caudaha pUrvo kI racanA kii| dvAdazAMgI kI racanA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai isase bhI saMbhava lagatA hai ki pahale pUrvo kA nirmANa huA aura bAda meM unake AdhAra para aMgoM kI racanA kI gaI ho| 1. AcArAMgabhASyam, (le. AcArya mahAprajJa, lADanUM, 1994) bhUmikA pR. 13 2. sthAnAMgasUtraM samavAyAMgasUtraMca (samavAyAMgavRtti) (saMpA. muni jambUvijayI, dillii| 985) pR. 72 : prathamaM pUrvaM tasya sarvapravacanAt pUrvaM kriyamANatvAt / naMdImalayagirivRtti, patra 240, anye tu vyAcakSate-pUrvaM pUrvagatasUtrArthamarhana bhASate, gaNadharA api pUrva pUrvagatasUtra viracayanti, pshcaadaacaaraadikm| 4. naMdIcUrNi pR. 75 AvazyakacUrNi,pra.370 : taMkahaMgahitaM goyamasAmiNA? tivihaM (tAhi) nisenAhiM coddasapuvANi uppaaditaanni| nisejjANAma paNivatiuNa jA pucchaa| 5.

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 33 jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa ke anusAra bhUtavAda (dRSTivAda) meM samasta vAGmaya kA avatAra ho jAtA hai phira bhI maMdamati puruSoM evaM striyoM ke lie gyAraha aMgoM kI racanA kI gii|' Agama viccheda ke krama se bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki gyAraha aMga dRSTivAda yA pUrvo se sarala yA bhinna krama meM rahe haiN| AcArya mahAprajJa ne isa carcA kA niSkarSa prastuta karate hue kahA __ "jaba taka AcAra Adi aMgoM kI racanA nahIM huI thI, taba taka mahAvIra kI zruta-rAzi 'caudaha-pUrva' yA 'dRSTivAda' ke nAma se abhihita hotI thI aura jaba AcAra Adi gyAraha aMgoM kI racanA ho gaI, taba dRSTivAda ko bArahaveM aMga ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA gyaa| ......gyAraha aMga pUrvo se uddhRta yA saMkalita haiN| isalie jo caturdaza-pUrvI hotA hai, vaha svAbhAvika rUpa se dvAdazAMgavit hotA hai| bArahaveM aMga meM caudaha pUrva samAviSTa haiN| isalie jo dvAdazAMgavit hotA hai, vaha svabhAvata: hI caturdazapUrvI hotA hai| ata: hama niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki Agama ke prAcIna vargIkaraNa do hI haiM- 1. caudaha pUrva aura 2. gyAraha aNg| dvAdazAMgI kA svatantra sthAna nahIM hai| yaha pUrvo aura aMgoM kA saMyukta nAma hai| aMga-praviSTa aura aMgabAhya bhagavAna mahAvIra ke astitvakAla meM gautama Adi gaNadharoM ne pUrvo aura aMgoM kI racanA kI thI, yaha tathya suspaSTa hai| gaNadharoM ke atirikta mahAvIra ke anya ziSyoM ne granthoM kA nirmANa kiyA yA nahIM, yaha prazna upasthita hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke caudaha hajAra sAdhu ziSya the|' unameM se aneka kevalI, mana:paryavajJAnI, avadhijJAnI, vAdI Adi viziSTa jJAna sampanna sAdhu the, unhoMne koI grantha nahIM likhA ho yaha sambhava nahIM lgtaa| naMdI meM ullekha prApta hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke caudaha hajAra prakIrNaka the| ye pUrvo aura aMgoM se atirikta the| naMdI sUtra meM AgamoM kA aMga praviSTa aura aMga bAhaya yaha vibhAga ho gayA thaa| AgamoM kA aMga-praviSTa aura aMga-bAhya meM bheda karane kA mukhya hetu vaktA kA bheda hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke maulika upadeza kA gaNadharakRta saMgraha aMga evaM anya ko aMgabAhya kahA gayA hai| AgamoM ke ye do bheda unake vaktA kI apekSA se hI hue haiN| apane svabhAva ke anusAra pravacana kI pratiSThA karanA hI jisakA phala hai, aise parama zubha tIrthaMkara nAma karma ke udaya se sarvajJa, sarvadarzI tIrthaMkara ne jo kucha kahA tathA una vacanoM ko atizaya-sampanna, vacana Rddhi evaM buddhi-Rddhi se sampanna tIrthaMkaroM ke gaNadhara ziSyoM ne dhAraNa karake jina granthoM kI racanA kI ve aMga-praviSTa kahalAe tathA jina AcAryoM kA vacana sAmarthya evaM matijJAna parama prakRSTa thA, Agama zrutajJAna atyanta vizuddha thA, 1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya I, gAthA 551: jai vi ya bhUyAvAe savvassa vaomayassa oyaaro| nijjUhaNA tahAvi hudummehe pppitthiiy|| 2. AcArAMgabhASya, pR. 14 3. samavAo, 14/4,samaNassaNaMbhagavaomahAvIrassacauddasasamaNasAhassIoukkosiAsamaNasaMpayA hotthaa| 4. naMdI, sUtra 19, coddasa paiNNagasahassANi bhagavao vddhmaannsaamiss| 5. sabhASyatattvArthAdhigamasUtra, 1/20. vaktavizeSAda dvaividhym|

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34 jaina Agama meM darzana una gaNadharoM ke pazcAtvartI AcAryoM ke dvArA kAla, saMhanana, Ayu Adi doSoM se zakti alpa ho gaI hai jina ziSyoM kI, una para anugraha karane ke lie jina AgamoM kI racanA kI unako aMga-bAhya kahA gayA hai|' jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa ne aMga-praviSTa aura aMga-bAhya ke bheda ke nirUpaNa meM tIna hetu . prastuta kie haiM aMga-praviSTa Agama vaha hai1. jo gaNadharakRta hotA hai| 2. jo gaNadhara dvArA prazna kie jAne para tIrthakara dvArA pratipAdita hotA hai| 3. jo dhruva-zAzvata satyoM se sambandhita hotA hai, sudIrghakAlIna hotA hai| isake viparIta1. jo sthavirakRta hotA hai, 2. jo prazna pUche binA tIrthaMkara dvAra pratipAdita hotA hai, 3. jo cala hotA hai-tAtkAlika yA sAmayika hotA hai- usa zruta kA nAma aMga bAhya hai| AcArya akalaMka ne ArAtIya AcAryakRta Agama jo aMga AgamoM meM pratipAdita artha se pratibimbita hotA hai use aMgabAhya kahA hai|' Agama jaina darzana ke mUla AdhAra haiN| unakA saMkSipta paricaya yahAM prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga evaM bhagavatI kA paricaya apekSAkRta vistAra se kiyA jaaegaa| jo isa zodhagrantha ke mukhya AdhAra-grantha haiN| anya kA prasaMgAnukUla saMkSipta paricaya diyA jaaegaa| 2. 1. sabhASyatattvArthAdhiMgamasUtra, 1/20 : yad bhagavadbhiH sarvajaiH sarvadarzibhi: paramarSibhirarhadbhistatsvAbhAvyAt paramazubhasya ca pravacanapratiSThApanaphalasya tIrthakaranAmakarmaNonubhAvAduktaM bhagavacchiSyairatizayavadbhiruttamAtizayavAgbuddhi-sampannairgaNadharairdRbdhaM tadaMgapraviSTam / gaNadharAnantaryAdibhistva tyanta-vizuddhAgamaiH paramaprakRSTavAGmatibuddhizakti- bhirAcAryaiH kAlasaMhananAyurdoSAdalpazaktInAM ziSyANAmanugrahAya yat proktaM tdnggbaahymiti| uddhRta, AcArAMga bhASya bhUmikA pR. 15 (ka) vizeSAvazyakabhASya I, gAthA 550, gaNaharatherakayaM vA AesA mukkavAgaraNao vA dhuva-cala-visesao vA aMgANaMgesu naannttN| (kha) vahI, vRtti 550, gaNadharakRtaM, padatrayalakSaNatIrthakarAdezaniSpannaM, dhruvaM ca yacchUtaM tadaGgapraviSTamucyate, tacca dvAdazAMgIrUpameva / yatpuna: sthavirakRtaM, mutklaarthaabhidhaanN,clNctdaavshykprkiirnnaadishrutmnggbaahymiti| / tattvArthavAtika I, (le. AcArya akalaMka, dillI, 1993) sUtra 1/20, ArAtIyAcAryakRtAGgArtha pratyAsannarUpamaGgabAhyam / .

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 35 AcArAMga jainAgama meM bAraha aMgoM kA pramukha sthAna haiN| una bAraha aMgoM meM pahalA aMga AcArAMga hai|' kucha AcAryoM ne AcArAMga ko sthApanA kI dRSTi se prathama evaM racanA kI apekSA bArahavAM aMga mAnA hai tathA kucha AcAryoM ne ise racanA tathA sthApanA donoM hI dRSTiyoM se prathama aMga ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI hai| AcArAMga niyukti ke vaktavya ke anusAra tIrthaMkara tIrtha pravartana ke samaya sarvaprathama AcAra kA tathA phira AnupUrvI se zeSa gyAraha aMgoM kA pratipAdana karate haiN| gaNadhara bhI isI anukrama se bAraha aMgoM kI sUtra racanA karate haiN| AcArAMga meM mokSa ke upAyabhUta AcAra kA varNana hai ataH isakA bAraha aMgoM meM prathama sthAna hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ne AcArAMga ko sthApanA kI dRSTi se prathama aMga mAnA hai| apane abhimata ko prastuta karate hue unhoMne likhA hai- "aMga pUrvo se nirmUDha haiM, isa abhimata ke Aloka meM dekhA jAe to yahI dhArA saMgata lagatI hai ki AcArAMga sthApanA kI dRSTi se pahalA aMga hai, kinturacanA-krama kI dRSTi se nahIM / ' AgamoM ke vyAkhyA sAhitya kI dRSTi se niyukti kA prathama sthAna hai| niyukti meM ullikhita avadhAraNAoM kI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| anya TIkAoM meM bhI donoM mAnyatAoM kA ullekha huA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki AcArAMga racanA evaM sthApanA donoM hI dRSTiyoM se prathama aMga hai| Adhunika vidvAn aMga aura pUrva ko eka-dUsare para AdhArita nahIM mAnate kiMtu unake anusAra ve eka-dUsare ke samAnAntara calate haiN| isa mantavya se aMgoM kA pUrvo se ni!haNa huA hai yaha mAnyatA vimarzanIya ho jAtI hai| AkAra evaM viSaya-vastu AcArAMga aMga kI dRSTi se pahalA aMga hai| isake do zrutaskandha, paccIsa adhyayana, pacAsI uddezana-kAla, pacAsI samuddezana kAla, pada parimANa se aThAraha hajAra pada, saMkhyeya, akSara, ananta gama aura ananta paryava haiN|' 1. samavAo, prakIrNaka samavAya, sUtra 89,seNaM aMgaThThayA e.. padame aNge| 2. (ka) naMdImalayagirivRtti, patra 211, sthApanAmadhikRtya prthmmNgm| (kha) sthAnAMgasUtraM samavAyAMgasUtraMca (samavAyAMga vRtti) patra 72, prathamamaMgaM sthApanAmadhikRtya, racanApekSayA tu dvaadshmNgm| 3. (ka) vahI, patra 240 : gaNadharA: puna: sUtraracanAM vidadhata: AcArAdikrameNa vidadhati sthApayanti vaa| (kha) vahI, patra 121, gaNadharA: puna: zrutaracanAM vidadhAnA AcArAdikrameNa racayanti sthApayanti c| 4. AcArAMganiyukti, (le. AcAryabhadrabAha, bambaI, 1928) gAthA 8,savvesiMAyAro, titthsspvttnnepddhmyaae| sesAI aMgAI. ekkArasa aannupulviie|| 5. vahI, gAthA 8 vRtti, gaNadharA apyanayaivAnapUrvyA sUtratayA grnthnti| 6. vahI, gAthA 9, AyAro aMgANaM, paDhamaM aMgaMduvAlasaNhaM pi| ittha ya mokkhovAo, esaya saaropvynnss| 7. AcArAMgabhASya, bhUmikA pRSTha 16 8. Schubring, Walther, The Doctrine of the Jains (Delhi, 1978)P.74 Hence it follows that the two series were parallel to, not dependent on, each other. 9. prakIrNaka samavAya sU. 89

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36 isameM zramaNa nirganthoM ke suprazasta AcAra, gocara, vinaya, vainayika, sthAna, gamana, caMkramaNa, pramANa, yoga-yojana, bhASA, samiti, gupti, zayyA, upadhi, bhaktapAna, udgamavizuddhi, utpAdana- vizuddhi, eSaNA vizuddha, zuddhAzuddhagrahaNa kA viveka, vrata, niyama, tapaupadhAna kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / ' naMdI ke anusAra AcArAMga meM zramaNa nirgantha ke AcAra, gocara, vinaya, vainayika, zikSA, bhASA, abhASA, caraNa, karaNa, yAtrA, mAtrA - -vRtti kA AkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| 2 samavAyAMga evaM naMdI meM varNita AcArAMga kI viSaya-vastu prAyaH sadRzaM hai kintu kathaMcita vaiziSTya bhI hai / yathA AcArAMga meM bhASA kA ullekha hai vahIM naMdI meM zikSA, bhASA evaM abhASA kA kathana hai| naMdI ne caraNa-karaNa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai jabaki samavAyAMga meM caraNa-karaNa ke viSaya kA vistAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra donoM AgamoM meM Agata AcArAMga kI viSayavastu meM paraspara pUrakatA parilakSita hai| samavAyAMga meM AcArAMga ke do zrutaskandha batalAe gae haiN| isase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki samavAyAMga meM prApta dvAdazAMgI kA vivaraNa bhI 'AyAracUlA' kI racanA kA uttaravartI hai / prArambha meM AcArAMga ke do zrutaskandha nahIM the / AcArya bhadrabAhu ne AyAracUlA kI racanA kI, usake pazcAt do skandhoM kI vyavasthA kI gii| mUlabhUta prathama aMga kA nAma AcArAMga athavA brahmacaryAdhyayana hai| samavAyAMga meM isake adhyayanoM ko 'nava brahmacarya' kahA gayA hai / AcArAMga niyukti meM ise 'nava brahmacaryAdhyayanAtmaka' kahA gayA / dvitIya zrutaskandha ke do nAma haiM- AcArAgra aura AcAra- cUlA / ' prathama zrutaskandha hI prAcIna hai tathA vahI AcArAMga nAma kA prathama aMga hai| jaina Agama meM darzana AcArAMga ke adhyayana samavAyAMga meM AcArAMga ke paccIsa adhyayanoM kA ullekha hai|' yaha AcArAMga ke donoM zrutaskandha ke sammilita adhyayanoM kI saMkhyA hai| prathama zrutaskandha AcArAMga evaM dvitIya zrutaskandha AcAra cUlA ke nAma se vizruta hai / hamAre adhyayana kA AdhAra prathama zrutaskandha hai| isake nau adhyayana haiM' AcArAMga ko brahmacaryAdhyayana bhI kahA jAtA hai| samavAyAMga meM nava brahmacarya kA ullekha hai|' ye hI prathama aMga ke nau adhyayana haiN| vartamAna meM AcArAMga ke ATha adhyayana upalabdha haiM / jinake ye nAma haiM - satthapariNNA, logavijaya, sIosaNijja, sammatta, logasAra, dhuya, vimokkha evaM uvahANasuyaM / - 1. prakIrNaka samavAya sU. 89 2. naMdI sUtra 80 3. AcArAMga bhASyam, bhUmikA pR. 17 4. prakIrNaka samavAya sUtra 89 5. samavAyAMga vRtti, patra 101 6. samavAo 9 / 3 Nava baMbhacerA paNNattA paNavIsaM ajjhayaNA... / tannavabrahmacaryAdhyayanatmakasya prathama zrutaskandhasya pramANam /

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 37 vilupta mahAparikSA adhyayana __ samavAyAMga evaM AcArAMga niyukti meM ina ATha adhyayanoM ke sAtha hI mahApariNNA nAmaka adhyayana kA bhI ullekha huA hai| kintu vartamAna meM vaha anupalabdha hai| AcArya mahAprajJa jI ne tathyapUrvaka usake viccheda kA varNana karate hue kahA hai ki- AcArAMga kA mahAparijJA adhyayana vicchinna ho cukA hai - yaha zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA abhimata hai| usa adhyayana kA viccheda vajrasvAmI ke pazcAt tathA zIlAMkasUri se pUrva huA hai| niyuktikAra ne mahAparijJA adhyayana kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA usakI niyukti bhI kI hai|... isase lagatA hai ki carcita adhyayana unake sAmane thaa| cUrNikAra ke sAmane bhI mahAparijJA adhyayana rahA hai| unhoMne zIlAMkasUri kI taraha isake viccheda hone kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai kiMtu isa adhyayana ke asamanujJAta hone kA ullekha kiyA hai|... mahAparijJA adhyayana meM aneka maMtra aura vidyAoM kA varNana thaa| use par3hAne kA pariNAma acchA nahIM AyA ata: tatkAlika AcAryoM ne use asamanujJAta ghoSita kara diyA-usakA par3hanA, par3hAnA niSiddha kara diyaa| isa adhyayana kA par3hanA, par3hAnA jaba niSiddha ho gayA taba isakA viccheda ho gayA ho, yaha sambhAvita lagatA hai| AcArAMga meM pratipAdita dArzanika tathya tattvadarzana kI dRSTi se AcArAMga mahattvapUrNa Agama hai| jainadarzana meM tattvadarzana kA mUla AdhAra AtmA hai| AcArAMga kA prArambha Atma-vivecana se huA hai| AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyAvAda dArzanika ciMtana ke mahattvapUrNa AyAma haiN| inakA ullekha bhI prastuta Agama meM huA hai| Atma-kartRtva kA siddhAnta darzana jagat meM bahucarcita rahA hai| jaina darzana Atma-kartRtva ke siddhAnta kA paripoSaka hai| AcArAMga meM AtmakartRtva kA ghoSa pade pade mukhara hai| 'purisA tumameva tumaM mittaM' 5 'tumaM ceva taM sallamAhaTTa puruSa tU hI terA mitra hai, yaha zalya tUne hI kiyA hai' -ye vAkya AtmA-kartRtva ke saMgAyaka sUtra haiN| AtmAeM ananta haiN| una sabakA astitvapRthak-pRthak hai| ve kisI eka Izvara kI aMzabhUta nahIM haiM aura kisI brahma kI prapaMcabhUta bhI nahIM haiN| sukha aura du:kha vyakti kA apanA-apanA hotA hai|' AcArAMga kA yaha ghoSa AtmA kI svataMtratA kI udghoSaNA karatA hai| "jise tU hananayogya mAnatA hai, vaha tU hI hai|'' AcArAMga kA yaha AtmAdvaita ahiMsA ke AcAra kI parAkASThA hai| 'je egaMjANaise savvaM jANai, je savvaM jANai se egaMjANai', jo eka ko jAnatA hai vaha sabako jAnatA hai, jo sabako jAnatA hai vaha eka ko jAnatA hai| yaha sUtra anekAnta kA Adisrota 1. AcArAMga niyukti, gAthA 31-32 6.vahI, 2/87 2. AcArAMgabhASyama, bhUmikA pR. 19 7. vahIM, 2/22 3. AyAro (saMpA. muni nathamala, lADanUM, vi.saM. 2031) 1/2 8. vahI, 5/104 4. vahI, 1/4 5. vahI, 3/62 9. vahI, 3/74

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38 jaina Agama meM darzana hai| saMgraha evaM vyavahAra naya kI sApekSatA ko abhivyaMjita kara rahA hai| sAdhanA kI dRSTi se bhI isa sUtra kA mahattva hai| AcArAMga punarjanma kI svIkRti ke sAtha Atma-anveSaNa kI prakriyA meM sAdhakoM ko saMyojita karatA hai| jaina dharma darzana kI SaDjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA sarvathA maulika hai| jisakA nirdeza prastuta Agama ke prathama adhyayana zastra parijJA meM huA hai| AcArAMga meM sAdhanA ke mahattvapUrNa sUtroM kA pratipAdana to huA hI hai kiMtu isakA chaTThA dhutAdhyayanasAdhanA kI dRSTi se bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| 'avadhUta' paramparA ke sAtha isakA sAmya khojA jA sakatA hai| ___ naveM adhyayana meM mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana kA vAstavika citraNa huA hai| kahIM bhI mahAvIra ke jIvana meM ati prAkRtika tattvoM kA ullekha nahIM huA hai| AcArAMga kA yaha varNana mahAvIra ke yathArtha jIvana para AdhArita hai| mahAvIra kA mAnavI rUpa hI isase prastuta hotA hai| AcArAMga kA mahattva AcAra kI ArAdhanA se jIvana ke sarvocca lakSya kI prApti hotI hai| AcAra, dharma kA AdhArabhUta tattva hai| AcArAMga meM AcAra kA nirUpaNa hai ataH usakA mahattva svataHsphuTa hai| AcAra prarUpaNA ke kAraNa hI use aMgoM kA sAra kahA gayA hai|' __ AcArAMga meM mokSa kA upAya batAyA gayA hai, isalie yaha samUce pravacana kA sAra hai| AcArAMga muni jIvana kA AdhArabhUta Agama hai, isalie isakA adhyayana sarvaprathama kiyA jAtA hai| nau brahmacarya adhyayanoM kA vAcana kie binA Age ke AgamoM kA vAcana karane para cAturmAsika prAyazcitta kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMga par3hane ke bAda hI dharmAnuyoga, gaNitAnuyoga aura dravyAnuyoga par3he jAte the| navadIkSita muni kI upasthApanA AcArAMga ke zastra parijJA adhyayana dvArA kI jAtI thii| muni bhikSA lAne yogya bhI AcArAMga ke adhyayana se hotA thaa| AcArAMga kI prAsaMgikatA AcArAMga meM sama-sAmayika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna bhI upalabdha haiN| paryAvaraNa va pradUSaNa Aja kI gambhIra samasyA hai| usake samAdhAna ke lie aneka vaijJAnika, aneka sarakArI evaM gaira sarakArI saMsthAna saMlagna haiN| AcArAMga meM pradatta SaDjIvanikAya ke saMyama kA sUtra yadi Aja vyavahAra ke dharAtala para avatarita ho jAe to isa samasyA se mukti pAI jA sakatI hai| Aja se DhAI hajAra varSa pahale pradUSaNa kI koI samasyA nahIM thI kiMtu usa samaya meM anya saMdarbha meM 1. AcArAMga niyukti gAthA 1 6, aMgANaM ki sAro? aayaaro| 2. AcArAMga bhASyam, bhUmikA pR. 22

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 39 pradatta sUtra vArtamAnika samasyA ko samAhita karane meM sakSama haiN| hiMsA evaM AtaMka kI samasyA kA samAdhAna AcArAMga meM Agata ahiMsA ke ucca siddhAnta meM sannihita hai| racanA zailI sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi meM prathama AcArAMga ko gadya kI koTi meM rakhA hai, kiMtu dazavaikAlika cUrNi meM brahmacaryAdhyayana (AcArAMga) ko caurNa pada mAnA hai| AcArya haribhadra kA bhI yahI abhimata hai| AcArAMga kI racanA gadyazailI kI nahIM hai, isalie dazavakAlika cUrNi kA abhimata saMgata lagatA hai| niyuktikAra ne caurNapada kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai- "jo artha-bahula, mahArtha, hetu, nipAta aura upasarga se gaMbhIra, bahupAda, avyavacchinna, gama aura naya se vizuddha hotA hai| caurNa kI paribhASA meM AyA huA bahupAda zabda mahattvapUrNa hai| jisa racanA meM koI pAda nahIM hotA vaha gadya aura jisameM gadya bhAga ke sAtha-sAtha bahuta pAda hote haiM, vaha caurNa pada hai| AcArAMga meM saikar3oM pAda haiM, isalie vaha caurNa zailI kI racanA hai| AcArAMga ke 8veM adhyayana ke 7veM uddezaka taka kI racanA caurNa zailI meM hai aura 8vAM uddezaka tathA 9vAM adhyayana padyAtmaka hai| AcAracUlA ke 15 adhyayana mukhyatayA gadyAtmaka haiM, kahIM-kahIM padya yA saMgraha gAthAeM prApta haiN| 16vAM adhyayana padyAtmaka hai| AcArAMga meM gadyabhAga ke sAtha-sAtha vipula mAtrA meM padya bhAga hai- isa rahasya ke udghATana kA zreya DaoN. zubiMga ko hai| unhoMne sva-saMpAdita AcArAMga ke padya bhAga kA pRthak aMkana kiyA hai|' racanAkAra aura racanA kAla jaina paramparA ke anusAra arthAgama ke kartAtIrthaMkara evaM sUtrAgamakekartAgaNadhara haiN| vartamAna meM upalabdha ekAdaza aMga gaNadhara sudharmApraNIta mAne jAte haiM ataH AcArAMga sudharmA svAmI kI racanA hai| paramparA se yaha jAnA jAtA hai ki AcArAMga kI racanA gaNadhara sudharmA svAmI ne tIrthapravartana ke samaya meM hI kii| vidvAnoM ne AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana ko bhASAzAstrIya dRSTikoNa evaM sAhityika dRSTikoNa se prAcInatama mAnA hai| DaoN. harmana jekobI isakI tulanA brAhmaNa sUtroM kI zailI se karate hai| AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha dUsare zrutaskandha kI apekSA nizcita rUpa se prAcIna hai| yaha viMTaranitja Adi vidvAnoM kA mantavya hai|' 1. AcArAMga bhASyama, bhUmikA pR. 2 3 dazavaikAlikaniyukti, (le. AcArya bhadrabAhu, ahamadAbAda, 1973) gAthA 174,atthabahulaM mahatthaM, heunivaaovsgggNbhiirN| bahupAyamavocchinnaM gamaNayasuddhaM ca cuNNapayaM / / 2. Jain Jagdish chandra, Life in Ancient India Depicted in Jaina Canon and Commentaries, (Delhi, 1984) P. 43 : The first book of the Ayarang and that of the Suyagdainga and Uttarajjhayana contain the oldest part of the canon from linguistic and literary point of view. 3. Jacobi, Herman, The Sacred Books of the East, (Delhi, 1980) Vol. XXII, Introduction, Page 48 4. Winternitz, Maurice, History of Indian literature, P.419 : The first section, which makes a very archaic impression, is most decidedly earlier than the second.....

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40 jaina Agama meM darzana AcArAMga AcAra-prarUpaNA kA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| isameM AcAra kI prarUpaNA mukhya hote hue bhI usake paripArzva meM aneka vaicArika vIciyAM taraMgita hotI huI parilakSita haiN| sUtrakRtAMga dvAdazAMgI ke antargata dvitIya aMga kA nAma sUyagaDo hai| dvAdazAMgI ke viSaya kA varNana karane vAle samAvAyAMga Adi meM isakA yahI nAma prApta hai|' sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM isake sUtagaDa, suttakaDa evaM sUyagaDa ye tIna nAma upalabdha hote haiN|' AcArya mahAprajJa jI ne sUtrakRtAMga kI bhUmikA meM isake nAma ke saMdarbha meM nimna vimarza kiyA hai 1. "sUtagaDa (sUtakRta)-prastuta Agama maulika dRSTi se bhagavAn mahAvIra se sUta / arthAt utpanna hai tathA grantha rUpa meM gaNadhara ke dvArA kRta hai isalie isakA nAma 'sUtakRta' hai| 2. suttagaDa (sUtrakRta)- isameM sUtra ke anusAra tattvabodha kiyA jAtA hai, isalie isakA nAma sUtrakRta hai| 3. sUyagaDa (sUcAkRta)-isameM sva aura para samaya kI sUcanA kRta hai, isalie isakA nAma sUcAkRta hai| vastuta: sUta, sutta aura sUya-ye tInoM sUtra ke hI prAkRta rUpa haiN| AkArabheda hone se tIna guNAtmaka nAmoM kI parikalpanA kI gaI hai| sabhI aMga maulika rUpa meM bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA prastuta aura gaNadhara dvArA grantha rUpa meM praNIta haiM, phira kevala prastuta Agama kA hI 'sUtakRta' nAma kyoM? isI prakAra dUsarA nAma bhI sabhI aMgoM ke lie sAmAnya hai| prastuta Agama ke nAma kA arthasparzI AdhAra tIsarA hai, kyoMki prastuta Agama meM sva samaya aura para samaya kI tulanAtmaka sUcanA ke saMdarbha meM AcAra kI prasthApanA kI gaI hai| isalie isakA sambandha sUcanA se hai| samavAya aura naMdI meM yaha spaSTatayA ullikhita hai __ 'sUyagaDe NaM sasamayA sUijjati, para samayA sUijjati, sasamaya-para samayA suuijjti| jo sUcaka hotA hai use sUtra kahA jAtA hai| prastuta Agama kI pRSThabhUmi meM sUcanAtmaka tattva kI pradhAnatA hai, isalie isakA nAma sUtrakRta hai| dRSTivAda kA eka prakAra hai-sUtra / AcArya vIrasena ke anusAra sUtra meM anya dArzanikoM 1. (ka) samavAo, paiNNagasamavAo, sUtra 88 (kha) naMdI, sUtra 80 (ga) aNuogadArAI, (saMpA. AcArya mahAprajJa, lADanUM, 1996) sUtra 50 2. niyuktipaJcaka (sUtrakRtAMganiyukti) (saMpA.samaNI kusumaprajJA, lADanUM, 1999) gAthA 2, satagaDaMsuttakaDaM, sUyagaDaM ceva gonnnnaanni|

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA kA varNana hai / prastuta Agama kI racanA usI ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai, isalie isakA nAma 'sUtrakRta' rakhA gayA / sUtrakRta zabda ke anya vyutpattika arthoM kI apekSA yaha artha adhika saMgata pratIta hotA hai / "" sUtrakRtAMga aura anuyoga jaina paramparA ke anusAra dravyAnuyoga, caraNakaraNAnuyoga, gaNitAnuyoga evaM dharmakathAnuyoga meM sampUrNa zAstroM kA samavatAra ho jAtA hai| AgamoM kA vibhaktikaraNa bhI anuyogoM meM huA hai| cUrNi evaM TIkA sAhitya meM yaha avadhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha hai / yadyapi eka hI Agama ke saMdarbha meM bhI cUrNi aura TIkA meM matavaividhya bhI hai| yathA sUtrakRtAMga ko cUrNikAra caraNAnuyoga mAnate haiM? jabaki TIkAkAra ne isakA parigaNana dravyAnuyoga meM kiyA hai' cUrNikAra ke anusAra kAlika sUtroM kA caraNakaraNAnuyoga meM tathA dRSTivAda kA samAveza dravyAnuyoga meM hotA hai / ' AcArya mahAprajJa jI ne ina donoM kI sApekSa dRSTi se mImAMsA karate hue kahA hai ki -- dvAdazAMgI mukhyata: dravyazAstra dRSTivAda hai| zeSa aMgoM meM dravya kA pratipAdana gauNa hai / dravyazAstra meM bhI gauNarUpa se AcAra kA pratipAdana huA hai| cUrNikAra ne mukhyatA kI dRSTi se prastuta Agama ko meM cAra zAstra mAnA hai tathA vRttikAra ne isameM prApta dravya viSayaka pratipAdana ko mukhya mAnakara ise dravyazAstra kahA hai / ina donoM vargIkaraNoM meM sApekSa dRSTibheda hai / ' 4 1 aMgoM ko pUrvoM se niryUr3ha mAnA gayA hai| pUrva dRSTivAda ke antargata hai, cUrNikAra ne dRSTivAda ko dravyAnuyoga kahA hai phira dravyAnuyoga se caraNakaraNAnuyoga kaise prastuta ho sakatA hai? ataH dravyAnuyoga, caraNakaraNAnuyoga yaha sApekSa vargIkaraNa hI hai / vaktA kI dRSTi meM AcAra viSayaka varNana ko pradhAnatA dI jAtI hai taba isakA antarbhAva caraNakaraNAnuyoga meM ho jAtA hai, yadi pratipAdita viSaya meM tattva / dravya mImAMsA ko pramukhatA dI jAtI hai to isako dravyAnuyoga kaha diyA jAtA hai| saMbhava aisA lagatA hai ki prayoktA kI dRSTi ke AdhAra para hI isakA vibhinna anuyogoM meM samAveza huA hai| sUtrakRtAMga : AkAra evaM viSaya vastu sUtrakRtAMga ke bhI AcArAMga kI taraha do zrutaskandha haiN|' prathama zrutaskandha bhASA kI dRSTi se prAcIna hai tathA dvitIya arvAcIna hai| saMbhava aisA lagatA hai, uttaravartI kisI AcArya ne dUsare 1. sUyagaDo 1 bhUmikA pR. 17 2. sUyagaDaMgasutaM (sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi) (saMpA. munipuNyavijaya, ahamadAbAda, 1975), pR. 4 : iha caraNANuyogeNa adhikAro / 3. AcArAMgasUtraM sUtrakRtAMgasUtraMca (sUtrakRtAMgavRtti) (saMpA. muni jambUvijaya, dillI, 1978), patra 1: tatrAcArAMga caraNakaraNaprAdhAnyena vyAkhyAtam, adhunA avasarAyAtaM dravyaprAdhAnyena sUtrakRtAkhyaM dvitIyamaMgaM vyAkhyAtumArabhate / 4. sUyagaDaMgasuttaM, (sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi ) pR. 3 : kAliyasuyaM caraNakaraNANuyogo... .....diTThivAto davvANujogo tti / 5. sUyagaDo / bhUmikA pR. 18 6. (ka) samavAo, paiNNagasamavAo, sUtra 90 (kha) naMdI, sUtra 82

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jaina Agama meM darzana zrutaskandha kI sUtrakRtAMga ke sAtha bAda meM saMyojanA kI hai| prathama zrutaskandha ke solaha aura dvitIya zrutaskandha ke sAta adhyayana haiN| isakI pada saMkhyA 36 hajAra batalAI gaI hai| dhavalA meM bhI isakI pada saMkhyA yahI nirdiSTa hai, kiMtu vartamAna meM upalabdha sUtrakRtAMga kA pada parimANa itanA nahIM hai| AcArAMga kI taraha hI kAlakrama meM isakA viccheda hotA rahA hai kiMtu prastuta Agama sarvathA vicchinna nahIM huA hai| yaha vaktavya asaMdigdha hai| dhavalA aura jaya dhavalA meM bhI isake do zrutaskandha hone kA ullekha nahIM hai aura adhyayanoM kI saMkhyA kA bhI ullekha nahIM hai / ' dhavalA evaM jaya dhavalA ke ullekha se bhI pratIta hotA hai ki prastuta Agama ke do zrutaskandha hone kI paramparA arvAcIna hai| 4 2 isa Agama meM mukhya rUpa se sva-samaya evaM para samaya kA sUcana hai / para samaya ke saMdarbha meM sva-samaya ke abhyAsa se pAThaka kI dRSTi parimArjita hotI hai| navadIkSita ziSyoM ke dRSTi parimArjana hetu isa Agama meM para samaya ke viveka sAtha sva- samaya kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai|' naMdI meM sva- samaya kI sthApanA kA ullekha hai / " aMga-sahitya meM AcAra - nirUpaNa vibhinna saMdarbhoM meM kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMga prathama aMga hai| usameM vaha adhyAtma ke saMdarbha meM kiyA gayA hai| prastuta Agama meM vaha dArzanika mImAMsA ke saMdarbha meM kiyA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM pratipAdita dArzanika tathya jaisA ki isa grantha kI nAma vivecanA ke prasaMga meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki isameM svasamaya evaM para- samaya kI sUcanA dI jaaegii| isI vaktavya ke pariprekSya meM prastuta Agama meM vibhinna matavAdoM kA varNana hai| kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, ajJAnavAda evaM vinayavAda ina cAra vAdoM kA varNana hai tathA paMcabhUtavAda, ekAtmavAda, tajjIvataccharIravAda, niyativAda Adi tatkAlIna aneka dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kA pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM ullekha prastuta Agama meM hai / ' ina avadhAraNAoM ke Aloka meM jaina mantavya ko bhI spaSTatA se samajhA jA sakatA hai| prastuta Agama ke prathama adhyayana ke prathama zloka meM hI jJAna evaM AcAra donoM kA samanvaya huA hai| 'bujjhejja tiuTTejjA' isa zlokAMza meM yahI satya pratipAdita hai| jaina darzana ko jJAnavAdI bhI nahIM hai aura korA AcAravAdI bhI nahIM hai| vaha baMdhana mukti ke lie jJAna evaM AcAra donoM ko anivArya mAnatA hai / yaha tathya prastuta Agama meM pratipAdita hai / prastuta zloka meM mokSamArga kA pratipAdana ho gayA hai / " 1. (ka) SaTkhaNDAgama, dhavalA, bhAga 1, pR. 99 (kha) kasAyapAhuDa, jayadhavalA, bhAga / pR. 1 2 2 2. samavAo, paiNNagasamavAo, sUtra 90 3. naMdI, sUtra 82 4. sUyagaDo, (saMpA. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, lADanU~, 1984) 1/1/7-71, 1 / 12 vAM adhyayana 5. vahI, 1/1/1

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 43 AtmA karmoM ke kAraNa saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatI hai| saMsAra paribhramaNa kA hetu karma hai tathA karmabaMdha ke muratrya hetu Arambha aura parigraha hai| parigraha ke lie Arambha kiyA jAtA hai| hiMsA pariNAma hai, kArya hai| parigraha kAraNa hai| isa tathya kA pratipAdana bhI prastuta Agama meM hai| __ bhagavAn mahAvIra kI stuti meM prayukta vizeSaNoM se jaina darzanamAnya 'sarvajJatA' kI avadhAraNA kI prastuti bhI isa Agama meM huI hai| aNaMtaNANI, aNaMtacakkhu Adi vizeSaNa isa svIkRti kI ora iMgita karate haiN|' anya jaina dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA bhI isameM ullekha hai, jinakA ullekha Age prabandha meM vistAra se kiyA jaaegaa| sUtrakRtAMga kI sAmayikatA prastuta sUtra meM zAzvata satyoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| deza, kAla, paristhiti ke anusAra samasyAoM ke AkAra-prakAra meM antara A jAtA hai kintu mUlabhUta kAraNa ve hI rahate haiN| Aja ke manovaijJAnika manuSya kI manovRtti meM hI samasyAoM ke bIjoM kA avasthAna mAnate haiN| manuSya kI maulika manovRtti sadaiva eka jaisI rahatI hai| usake prakaTIkaraNa ke prakAroM meM bheda ho jAtA hai| sAmpradAyika abhiniveza pArasparika vaimanasya ko vRddhiMgata karatA hai| vartamAna meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza sampUrNa vizva ke sAmane eka bhayAvaha cunautI hai| isake kAraNa bhaya, hiMsA, AtaMka kA mAhaula banA huA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke kAla meM bhI isa bhAva ke darzana hote haiN| jisa para sUtrakRtAMga prahAra kara rahA hai| sayaM sayaM pasaMsaMtA, garahaMtA paraM vyN| je utattha viussaMti, saMsAraM te viussiyaa||' "apane-apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsare matoM kI niMdA karate hue jo garva se uchalate haiM ve saMsAra ko bar3hAte haiN|" 'merA siddhAnta hI sahI hai, dUsarA siddhAnta sahI nahIM hai' -- isI Agraha ne saMgharSa ko janma diyA hai| anekAntadRSTi vAlA dUsaroM ke siddhAnta ke virodha meM yA pratipakSa meM khar3A nahIM hotA, kiMtu satya ko sApekSa dRSTi se svIkAra karatA hai| prastuta zloka ko anekAnta dRSTi kI pRSThabhUmi meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| anekAnta paraka ciMtana samasyAoM kA samAdhAyaka hotA hai| vArtamAnika sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kI samasyA kA nirAkaraNa bhI isa dRSTi ke Aloka meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| racanAzailI sUtrakRtAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha padyazailI meM likhita hai| solahavAM gadyazailI meM likhA huA pratIta hotA hai kiMtu vaha bhI padyAtmaka hai| niyuktikAra ne gAthA zabda kI mImAMsA karate hue 1. sUyagaDo, (saMpA. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, lADanUM, 1984), 1/6/3, 5, 25 Adi 2. vahI, 1/1/50

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44 jaina Agama meM darzana kucha vikalpa prastuta kie haiN| unameM likhA hai ki prastuta adhyayana geya hai, vaha gAthAchaMda yA sAmudrachaMda meM likhita hai| prathama zrutaskandha kA 1 5vAM yamakIya adhyayana yamaka alaMkAra meM nibaddha hai| yaha Agama granthoM kI kAvyAtmaka zailI kA virala udAharaNa hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha kA bar3A bhAga gadyazailI tathA vistRta zailI meM likhita hai| isameM rUpaka aura dRSTAntoM kA bhI samIcIna prayoga huA hai| prathama adhyayana meM puNDarIka kA rUpaka bahuta hI sundara hai| isameM saMvAda aura praznottarI zailI kA bhI prayoga hai| saMvAdazailI kA udAharaNa dUsare adhyayana meM milatA hai| racanAkAra aura racanAkAla jaina paramparA ke anusAra dvAdazAMgI ke racanAkAra gaNadhara mAne jAte haiN| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra sUtrakRtAMga gaNadharoM kI racanA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa taka Agama zruti paramparA se pracalita rhe| usake bAda devardhigaNI ne inako lipibaddha kiyA ataH prastuta AgamoM ko eka apekSA se devardhigaNI kA kaha sakate haiN| sUtrakRtAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha prAcIna hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha prathama kA pariziSTa rUpa hai aura bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| isa grantha kA AcAra-mImAMsA evaM tattva-mImAMsA donoM hI dRSTiyoM se mahattvUparNa sthAna hai| sthAnAMga aMga sAhitya ke saMkhyA krama meM tIsare sthAna meM Agata sthAnAMga sUtra jainadharma-darzana kI avadhAraNAoM kA nirUpaka mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| isa Agama meM tattva kA pratipAdana saMkhyA meM huA hai| isa grantha kA sampUrNa pratipAdya eka se dasa taka kI saMkhyA meM nibaddha hai| isa Agama ke dasa vibhAga hai, inako sthAna kahA jAtA hai| TIkAkAra ne inako adhyayana kI abhidhA se bhI abhihita kiyA hai| prathama vibhAga meM eka kI saMkhyA se kathita viSayoM kA samAveza hai, isI prakAra kramazaH dasa taka kI saMkhyA meM vibhinna viSayoM kA gumphana huA hai| bauddhoM ke aMguttaranikAya sUtra kI taraha hI isameM saMkhyA ke AdhAra para viSaya kA varNana huA hai| aMga sAhitya mukhya rUpa se sAdhaka ke sAdhanA mArga kA nirUpaNa vidheyAtmaka athavA niSedhAtmakavacanoM meM karatA hai kiMtusthAnAMgameM aise vacanoM kA abhAva hai|sthaanaaNgevNsmvaayaaNg ke adhyayana se pratIta hotA hai ki ye saMgrahAtmaka koza ke rUpa meM nirmita kie gae haiN| anya aMgoM kI apekSA inake nAma evaM viSaya bhinna prakAra ke haiN| 1. sUyagaDo-1 bhUmikA pR. 26 - 2 7 | 2. Winternitz, Maurice, History of Indian Literature P. 421, This Anga, 100, consists of two books, the second of which is probablyonlyan appendix, added later; to the old Anga which we have in the first book. 3. sthAnAMgasUtraM samavAyAMgasUtraM ca (sthAnAMgavRtti) patra 3 : tatra ca dazAdhyayanAni /

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 45 sthAnAMga kI racanA kA uddezya sthAnAMga meM eka hI prameya ke saMkhyA ke AdhAra para aneka vikalpa kie gae haiN| yathApratyeka zarIra kI dRSTi se jIva eka hai|' saMsArI aura mukta kI apekSA jIva do prakAra ke haiN|' isa prakAra alaga-alaga sthAnoM meM unakI saMkhyA ke anusAra jIva tattva kA vivecana kara diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra prastuta sUtra meM saMkhyAtmaka dRSTikoNa se tattva kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| ina aMgoM kI viSaya nirUpaNa kI zailI se aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jaba sAre aMgoM kA nirmANa ho gayA, taba unake smRti athavA dhAraNA kI saralatA kI dRSTi se yA viSayoM kI khoja kI sugamatA kI dRSTi se sthAnAMga kA isa prakAra se nirmANa kiyA gayA tathA ise vizeSa pratiSThA dene ke lie isakA samAveza aMga sAhitya meM kara liyA, aisA paM. becaradAsa jI dozI kA abhimata hai|' sthAnAMgaH AkAra evaM viSaya vastu sthAnAMga bRhad AkAra vAlA grantha hai| isake dasa sthAna haiN| tathA dasa adhyayanoM meM dUsarA, tIsarA, cauthA evaM pAMcavAM ye cAra adhyayana uddezakoM meM bhI vibhakta haiN| anya adhyayana uddezakoM meM vibhakta nahIM haiN| dUsare, tIsare evaM cauthe ke cAra-cAra evaM pAMcaveM ke tIna uddezaka haiN| ThANaM kA eka zrutaskandha, ikkIsa uddezanakAla, ikkIsa samuddezanakAla haiN| padapramANa se isake bahattara hajAra pada haiN| vartamAna meM isa grantha meM 1 6 5 4 4 8 akSara haiM jinakA anuSTup zloka parimANa 51 70 hotA hai| AcAryazrI mahAprajJa jI ne isakI viSaya vastu ke sandarbha meM likhA hai ki prastuta sUtra meM saMkhyA ke AdhAra para viSaya saMkalita hai, ata: yaha nAnA viSaya vAlA hai| isameM eka viSaya kA sambandha dUsare viSaya se nahIM khojA jA sktaa| dravya, itihAsa, gaNita, bhUgola, khagola, AcAra, jJAna, manovijJAna, saMgIta Adi aneka viSaya binA kisI krama ke isa grantha meM upalabdha haiN| aneka aitihAsika tathyoM kA bhI Akalana prastuta Agama meM hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM zramaNoM ke aneka saMgha vidyamAna the| unameM AjIvakoM kA saMgha bahuta zaktizAlI thaa| vartamAna meM usakI paramparA vicchinna ho cukI hai| usakA sAhitya bhI lupta ho gayA hai| jaina sAhitya meM usa paramparA ke viSaya meM kucha jAnakArI milatI hai| prastuta sUtra meM bhI AjIvakoM kI tapasyA ke viSaya meM eka ullekha milatA hai| isa Agama meM jJAna-mImAMsA kA bhI lambA prakaraNa upalabdha hai| pudgala ke sambandha meM bhI vistRta jAnakArI isa grantha meM hai| prastuta sUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakAlIna aura uttarakAlIna-donoM prakAra ke tathya saMkalita haiN|" 1. ThANaM (saMpA. muni nathamala, lADanUM, 1976) 1/17, ege jIve paaddikkennN| 2. vahI, 2/409, duvihA savvajIvA paNNattA, taMjahA- siddhA ceva, asiddhA cev| 3. dosI, becaradAsa, jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, (vArANasI, 1989) bhAga / , pR. 213 4. naMdI, sUtra 83 5. ThANaM 10 vAM adhyayana, pR. 950 6. sthAnAMga bhUmikA pR. 16-17

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46 jaina Agama meM darzana __ bhagavAn mahAvIra kI upasthiti meM tathA unakI uttaravartI paramparA meM bhI vaicArika bhinnatA prakaTa karane vAle kucha vyakti hue haiN| unheM nihnava kahA gayA hai| jamAli Adi sAta nihavoM kA ullekha prastuta sUtra meM hai|' godAsagaNa Adi bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nau gaNoM kA ullekha bhI isameM hai| ye gaNa mahAvIra ke uttarakAlIna haiN| racanAkAra evaM racanAkAla sthAnAMga bhI gaNadhara viracita evaM vartamAna meM devardhigaNI kI vAcanA meM saMkalita grantha ke rUpa meM upalabdha hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha isa grantha kI viSaya vastu kA avalokana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki isameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 400-500 varSabAda ghaTita hone vAlI ghaTanAoM kA saMkalana bhI hai| ata: isa tathya ke Aloka meM isakA racanAkAla IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI mAnA jA sakatA hai| sthAnAMga meM jamAli, tiSyagupta, ASADha., azvamitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSThAmAhila ina sAta nihnavoM kA ullekha hai| inameM se prathama do ke atirikta saba nihnavoM kI utpatti bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda tIsarI zatAbdI se lekara chaThI zatAbdI taka ke samaya meM huI hai| godAsagaNa Adi naugaNoM kA ullekha haiN| ve gaNa bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga do sau varSa bAda ke haiM, unameM se kucha to mahAvIra-nirvANa ke pAMca sau varSa bAda taka ke bhI ho sakate haiN| ataeva yaha mAnanA adhika upayukta hai ki isa sUtra kI antima yojanA vIra nirvANa kI chaThI zatAbdI meM hone vAle kisI gItArtha puruSa ne apane samaya taka kI ghaTanAoM ko pUrva paramparA se calI Ane vAlI ghaTanAoM ke sAtha milAkara kI hai| yadi aisA na mAnA jAe to yaha mAnanA hogA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bAda ghaTita hone vAlI ukta ghaTanAoM kA samAveza prastuta sUtra meM kisI gItArtha sthavira ke dvArA bAda meM huA hai| dArzanika tathyoM kA pratipAdana prastuta sUtra meM jaina darzana ke aneka dArzanika tathyoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| jaina darzana dvaitavAdI hai| isa avadhAraNAkI sampuSTi ThANaM meM AgatajIvacceva ajIvacceva 2/1 sUtra se ho jAtI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva aura ajIva donoM kA svataMtra astitva hai| cetana aura acetana kA paraspara atyantAbhAva hai| isa dRSTi se dvaitavAda kI avadhAraNA samIcIna hai| jaina tattvavAda ke anusAra AtmA ananta haiN| saMgrahanaya anaMta kA ekatva meM samAhAra karatA hai, ata: saMgraha naya se AtmA eka hai| ege AyA '1/2' / jaina AgamoM meM AtmA kI ekatA aura anekatA donoM pratipAdita haiN| upaniSad ke ekAtmavAda aura sAMkhya ke anekAtmavAda donoM kI 1. ThANaM., 7/140 2. vahI.9/29

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 47 sApekSa svIkRti jaina darzana meM hai| saMgraha naya ke anusAra AtmA eka hai aura vyavahAranaya ke anusAra AtmA ananta haiN| naMdI sUtragata sthAnAMga ke vivaraNa meM batalAyA gayA hai ki sthAnAMga meM svasamaya, parasamaya aura svasamaya-parasamaya kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai|' ThANaM meM Agata 'ege AyA' yaha sUtra ubhayavaktavyatAkA hai| anuyogadvAracUrNimeM isa sUtrakIjaina aura vedAntadonoM dRSTiyoMsevyAkhyA kI gaI hai| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra upayoga saba AtmA kA sadRza lakSaNa hai, ata: upayoga kI dRSTi se AtmA eka hai| ___'sthAnAMga' sUtra ko jaina darzana se sambandhita viSayoM kA koza kahA jA sakatA hai| isameM tattva, AcAra, jJAna, itihAsa Adi vibhinna viSayoM kA saMgrahaNa hai| samavAyAMga sthAnAMga kI taraha samavAyAMga bhI pracura viSaya vAlA grantha hai "jaina sAhitya meM sarvAdhika mahattva dvAdazAMgI ko prApta hai| prastuta sUtra isakA caturtha aMga hai| isakA nAma samavAya hai| isameM vividha viSaya samaveta haiM, isalie isakA yaha sArthaka nAma hai| inake paricchedoM kA nAma bhI samavAya hai| prathama samavAya meM eka saMkhyA dvArA saMgRhIta viSaya pratipAdita hai| isI prakAra dUsare meM do, tIsare meM tIna kI saMkhyA dvArA saMgRhIta viSaya pratipAdita hai| sau samavAyoM taka yaha krama barAbara calatA hai| usake Age Der3ha sau, do sau, DhAI sau, tIna sau- isa prakAra saMkhyA baDhatI jAtI hai, aMta meM vaha eka koTi-koTi sAgaropama taka pahuMca jAtI hai| yahAM saMkhyAparaka samavAya pUrNa ho jAtA hai| samavAya kA mUlabhAga itanA hI hai| isase Age dvAdazAMgI kA prakaraNa hai| usake pazcAt aneka prakIrNa viSayoM kA saMkalana hai| prastuta sUtra saMgraha koTi kA hai| isameM aneka mahattvapUrNa viSayoM kA saMkalana huA hai| isakI racanA sthAnAMga jaisI hai| yaha eka viziSTa prakAra kA saMkalanAtmaka grantha hai| viSaya-vastu isameM dvAdazAMgI, pUrva sAhitya, prakIrNaka sAhitya kA varNana huA hai| khagola, bhUgola, brAhmIlipi, kalA, zIrSaprahelikA Adi gaNita ke viSaya, karma, kriyA Adi vibhinna viSayoM kA samAveza prastuta Agama meM hai| prastuta sUtra meM aneka aitihAsika tathyoM kI sUcanA milatI hai, jaise-bhagavAn mahAvIra ne eka dina meM eka niSadyA meM cauvana praznoM ke uttara die the| aisA hI eka aura ullekha prApta haibhagavAn mahAvIra antima rAtri meM kalyANa-phala vipAka vAle pacapana adhyayana tathA pApa 1. naMdI, sUtra 83, sasamae ThAvijnaI, parasamae ThAvijnaI, sasamayaparasamae tthaavijjii| 2. anuyogadvAracUrNi, pR. 8 6 3. samavAo. bhUmikA pR. 17

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48 jaina Agama meM darzana phalavipAka vAle pacapana adhyayana pratipAdita kara mukta ho ge|' aise aura bhI aneka tathya prastuta Agama meM pratipAdita haiN| racanAkAra evaM racanAkAla sthAnAMga jaisA hI hai ata: alaga se vimarza kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMga kA mahattva sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMga kA vividha-viSaya sUcakatA kI dRSTi se bar3A mahattva rahA hai| ThANaM evaM samavAyAMga ke mahattva ko pratipAdita karate hue vyavahAra sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sthAnAMga evaM samavAyAMga sUtra ke dhAraka vyakti hI AcArya, upAdhyAya, gaNAvacchedaka Adi hone caahie|' vyAkhyAprajJapti AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI ne bhagavaI khaNDa-1 kI bhUmikA meM bhagavatI kI vibhinna sandarbho meM vistAra se carcA kI hai| hamane usameM se yathA prasaMga katipaya tathyoM kA saMcayana isameM kiyA hai| dvAdazAMgI ke pAMcaveM aMga kA nAma 'viAhapaNNattI' hai| isakA saMskRta rUpAntaraNa 'vyAkhyAprajJapti' hai| praznottara kI zailI meM likhA jAne vAlA grantha vyAkhyAprajJapti kahalAtA hai| vyAkhyA kA artha hai vivecana karanA aura prajJapti kA artha hai smjhaanaa| jisameM vivecanapUrvaka tattvasamajhAyA jAtA hai usevyAkhyAprajJapti kahA jAtA hai|smvaayaaNg aura naMdI meM vyAkhyAprajJapti aura vyAkhyA-ye donoM nAma milate haiN| vyAkhyA, vyAkhyAprajJapti kA hI saMkSipta rUpa hai| prastuta Agama kA dUsarA nAma 'bhagavatI' hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra kI apanI viziSTatA thI, isalie bhagavatI isakA eka vizeSaNa thaa| samavAyAMga meM viyAhapaNNattI ke sAtha bhagavatI vizeSaNa rUpa meM prayukta hai| Age calakara yaha vizeSaNa hI nAma bana gyaa| isa sahasrAbdI meM vyAkhyAprajJapti kI apekSA 'bhagavatI' nAma adhika pracalita hai| 'kasAyapAhuDa' meM parikarma ke pAMca adhikAra batalAe haiM - candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti aura vyaakhyaaprjnypti| zvetAmbara sAhitya meM vyAkhyAprajJapti kA ullekha kevala dvAdazAMgI ke pAMcaveM aMga ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| yadi dvAdazAMgI ke gyAraha aMgoM ko bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda se uddhRta mAnA jAe to digambara sAhitya ke AdhAra para vyAkhyAprajJapti ko parikarma ke pAMcaveM adhikAra 'vyAkhyAprajJapti' se uddhRta mAnA jA sakatA hai| ina donoM kI viSaya-vastu bhI samAna hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti nAma kA parikarma rUpI arUpI, jIva-ajIva, bhavya-abhavya ke pramANa aura lakSaNa, mukta jIvoM tathA anya vastuoM kA varNana karatA hai| tattvArtharAjavArtika, naMdI aura samavAyAMga meM bhI vyAkhyAprajJapti ke viSaya kA ullekha milatA hai, vaha bhI jIva-ajIva Adi dravyoM ke varNana kI sUcanA detA hai|' 1. samavAo, bhUmikA pR. 18 2. vyavahArasUtra, uddezaka 3/7...ThANa-samavAyadharekappai AyariyattAeuvajjhAyattAe, pavattitAetherasApha,gaNittAe gaNAvaccheiyattAe uddisittae / 3. bhagavaI, (khaNDa / ) bhUmikA, pR. /

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 49 vyAkhyA prajJapti : AkAra evaM viSaya vastu "samavAyAMga evaM naMdIsUtra ke anusAra prastuta Agama ke sau se adhika adhyayana, dasa hajAra uddezaka aura dasa hajAra samuddezaka haiN| isakA vartamAna AkAra ukta vivaraNa se bhinna hai| vartamAna meM isake eka sau ar3atIsa zata yA zataka aura unnIsa sau paccIsa uddezaka milate haiN| prathama battIsa zataka svataMtra haiN| taiMtIsa se unacAlIsa taka ke sAta zataka bAraha-bAraha zatakoM ke samavAya haiN| cAlIsavAM zataka ikkIsa zatakoM kA samavAya hai| ikatAlIsavAM zataka svataMtra hai| kula milAkara eka sau ar3atIsa zataka hote haiN| unameM ikatAlIsa mukhya aura zeSa avAntara zataka haiN| prastuta Agama ke adhyayana ko zata yA zataka kahA gayA hai| samavAyAMga aura naMdI meM vyAkhyAprajJapti ke vivaraNa meM adhyayana zabda kA prayoga evaM mUla Agama meM zata zabda kA prayoga hai, isalie zata aura adhyayana ko paryAyavAcI mAnA gayA hai| zata kA artha sau hotA hai| jisameM sau zloka yA prazna ho use zataka kahA jAtA hai| bhagavatI ke vartamAna rUpa meM isa artha kI koI sArthakatA dRSTa nahIM hai| prastuta Agama ke do saMskaraNa milate haiN| eka saMkSipta aura dUsarA vistRta sNskrnn| vistRta saMskaraNa kA granthamAna savA lAkha zloka pramANa hai, isalie use savAlakkhI bhagavatI kahA jAtA hai| ina donoM saMskaraNoM meM koI maulika bheda nahIM hai| laghu saMskaraNa meM jo samarpaNa sUtra hai-pUrA vivaraNa dekhane ke lie kisI dUsare Agama ko dekhane kI sUcanA dI gaI hai| vistRta saMskaraNa meM unako pUrA likha diyA gayA hai|" prastuta grantha eka Akara grantha hai| isameM aneka viSayoM kI carcA upalabdha hai| gaNita, itihAsa, bhUgola, khagola, tattvavidyA Adi aneka viSayoM kA vistAra se varNana isameM hai| "prastuta Agama ke viSaya ke sambandha meM aneka sUcanAeM milatI haiN| samavAyAMga meM batAyA gayA hai ki aneka devoM, rAjAoM aura rAjarSiyoM ne bhagavAn se vividha prakAra ke prazna pUche aura bhagavAn ne vistAra se unakA uttara diyaa| isameM svasamaya, parasamaya, jIva, ajIva, loka aura aloka vyAkhyAta haiN| naMdI meM bhI yahI viSaya-vastu vyAkhyAta hai| kiMtu usameM samavAyAMga kI bhAMti praznakartAoM kA ullekha nahIM hai|' bhagavatI ke pratipAdya viSaya kA Akalana karanA jaTila kArya hai| AcArya mahAprajJa prastuta Agama kI mahattA kA pratipAdana karate hue isake viSaya Akalana kI durUhatA ko prastuta karate hue likhate haiM __ "vartamAna jJAna kI aneka zAkhAoM ne aneka naye rahasyoM kA udghATana kiyA hai| hama prastuta Agama kI gaharAiyoM meM jAte haiM to hameM pratIta hotA hai ki ina rahasyoM kA udghATana atIta meM bhI 1.bhagavaI, (khnndd|) bhUmikA, pR. 21-23 2. vahI, pR. 16

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jaina Agama meM darzana ho cukA thA / prastuta Agama tattvavidyA kA Akara grantha hai| isameM cetana aura acetana --- ina donoM tattva kI vizada jAnakArI upalabdha hai| saMbhavata: vizva vidyA kI koI bhI aisI zAkhA nahIM hogI jisakI isameM pratyakSa yA apratyakSa rUpa meM carcA na ho| tattvavidyA kA itanA vizAla grantha abhI taka jJAta nahIM hai / isake pratipAdya kA Akalana karanA eka jaTila kArya hai / "" 50 isa Agama ke viSaya aneka dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai / inameM vibhinna viSayoM se sambandhita mahatvapUrNa tathyoM kA vizleSaNa upalabdha hai / "aitihAsika dRSTi se AjIvaka saMgha ke AcArya maMkhaligozAla, jamAli, zivarAjarSi, skandaka saMnyAsI Adi prakaraNa bahuta mahattvapUrNa haiN| tattvacarcA kI dRSTi se jayantI, madduka zramaNopAsaka, roha anagAra, somila brAhmaNa, bhagavAn pArzva ke ziSya kAlAsavesiyaputta, tuMgiyA nagarI ke zrAvaka Adi prakaraNa paThanIya haiN| gaNita kI dRSTi se pArzvApatyIya anagAra ke praznottara bahuta mUlyavAn haiN| 2'" bhagavAn mahAvIra ke yuga meM aneka dharma sampradAya the / sAmpradAyika kaTTaratA bahuta kama thI / eka dharmasaMgha ke muni aura parivrAjaka dUsare dharmasaMgha ke muni aura parivrAjakoM ke pAsa jAte, tattvacarcA karate aura jo kucha upAdeya lagatA vaha mukta bhAva se svIkAra karate / prastuta Agama meM aise aneka prasaMga prApta hote haiM jinameM usa samaya kI dhArmika udAratA kA yathArtha paricaya milatA hai| isameM gativijJAna, bhAvitAtmA dvArA nAnA rUpoM kA nirmANa, bhojana aura nAnA rUpoM nirmANa kA sambandha, caturdazapUrvI ke dvArA eka vastu ke hajAroM pratirUpoM kA nirmANa, bhAvitAtmA dvArA AkAzagamana, pRthvI Adi jIvoM kA zvAsa- ucchvAsa, kRSNarAji, tamaskAya, paramANu kI gati, dUrasaMcAra Adi aneka mahattvapUrNa prakaraNa haiM / ' prastuta Agama bhagavAn mahAvIra ke darzana yA tattvavidyA kA pratinidhi sUtra hai / isameM mahAvIra kA vyaktitva jitanA prasphuTita hai utanA anyatra nahIM hai / vAlTara zubriMga ke anusAra bhagavatI ke atirikta aura koI bhI dUsarA grantha nahIM hai jisameM mahAvIra kA jIvana caritra, kriyAkalApa itanI prakharatA se prakaTa huA ho / ' morisa viMTaranitja ( Maurice Winternitz) kA abhimata isI prakAra kA hai| unake anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana, kArya, unakA apane ziSyoM ke sAtha evaM apane samparka meM Ane vAloM ke sAtha sambandha tathA mahAvIra ke sampUrNa vyaktitva kA jaisA varNana bhagavatI meM hai vaisA anya kisI grantha meM nahIM hai / ' prastuta Agama kI viSaya-vastu atyanta vyApaka evaM mahattvapUrNa hai / 1. bhagavaI, (khaNDa 1 ) bhUmikA, pR. 16 2. vahI, pR. 16 3. vahI, pR. 20-21 4. Schubring, Walther, The doctrine of the Jainas, P. 89: No other texts urnished a picture of Mahavira's character and activities as distinct as that of the Viy. in spite of the style being mostly conventional. 5. Winternitz, Maurice, A History of Indian literature P. 425: This work gives a more vivid picture than any other work, of the life and work of Mahavira, his relationship to his disciples and contemporaries, and whole personality.

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 51 dArzanika tathya bhagavatI meM aneka mahattvapUrNa dArzanika tathyoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| isameM jaina darzana kI aneka prAcIna maulika avadhAraNAoM kA ullekha prApta hai| jinameM kucheka kA varNana prastuta hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti kI tattva vivecanA kA prArambha calamANe calita se hotA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke darzana kA eka pramukha siddhAnta hai-'calamANe calie' 'kaDemANe kaDaM' calamAna calita hai, kriyamANa kRta hai| kriyamANakRta evaM calamAna calita kA siddhAnta prathamatayA avalokana karane se virodhI pratIta hotA hai kintu jyoMhi anekAnta dRSTi kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, virodha vilIna ho jAtA hai| yathArtha ubharakara sAmane A jAtA hai| anekAnta bhagavAn mahAvIra kI mukhya dRSTi rahI hai| tattva pratipAdana meM isa dRSTi kA mahattvapUrNa upayoga hai| ekAnta dRSTi se calamAna-calita meM virodha parilakSita hotA hai| ekAnta dRSTi se avalokana karane se hI jamAli isake rahasya ko pakar3a nahIM sakA aura bhagavAna mahAvIra kI zAsanA se vilaga ho gyaa| anekAnta kI dRSTi secalamAna aura calita-donoM ekakSaNa meM hote haiN| 'calamANecalie' isa siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA RjusUtranaya se hotI hai| RjusUtranaya ke anusAra jo calamAna hai vaha calita hI hai, jo kriyamANa hai vaha kRta hI hai| isake anusAra utpattikAla aura niSThAkAla alagaalaga nahIM hai|' jaina darzana kI mahattvapUrNa avadhAraNA hai--paMcAstikAya / vizva-vidyA ke kSetra meM astikAya kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana kI maulika hai| loka svarUpa kI vyAkhyA meM prastuta sUtra meM kahA gayA 'paMcatthikAyA esa NaM evatie loe tti' loka paMcAstikAyamaya hai|' sRSTividyA ke Aloka meM pudgala kI visrasA pariNati, mizra pariNati evaM prayoga pariNati kA ullekha mahattvapUrNa hai|' karmavidyA ke saMdarbha meM alpavedanA-mahAnirjarA, mahAvedanA-alpanirjarA, alpavedanAalpa nirjarA, evaM mahAvedanA-mahAnirjarA ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana prastuta sUtra meM hai| jIva para karmoM kA AveSTana evaM pariveSTana hai| karma evaM jIva ke sambandha meM yaha prayoga naI dRSTi pradAna karatA hai| jIva aura ajIva donoM meM apanA-apanA 'sneha' hotA hai| usake kAraNa inakA paraspara sambandha hotA hai| 'aNNamaNNasiNeha paDibaddhA' kA ullekha eka naI avadhAraNA ko prastuta karatA hai| 1. aMgasuttANi 2. (bhagavaI) (saMpA. muni nathamala, lADanUM, vi.saM. 2031)1/11 2. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 13/55 3. vahI, 8/1 4. vahI, 6/15-16 5. vahI, 8/484 6. vahI, 1/312

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52 jaina Agama meM darzana racanA zailI bhagavatI kI racanA zailI bhI viziSTa prakAra kI hai| isakI zailI para vimarza karate hue AcArya mahAprajJa jI ne likhA hai ki- "prastuta Agama meM 3 6 hajAra praznoM kA ullekha hai| isase patA calatA hai ki isakI racanA praznottara kI zailI meM kI gaI thii| naMdI ke cUrNikAra ne batalAyA hai ki gautama Adi ke dvArA pUche gae praznoM tathA apRSTa praznoM kA bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vyAkaraNa kiyA thaa| vartamAna AkAra meM Aja bhI yaha praznottara zailI kA Agama hai| prazna kI bhASA saMkSipta hai ora unake uttara kI bhASA bhI saMkSipta hai| 'se nUNaM bhaMte'-isa bhASA meM prazna kA aura 'haMtA goyamA' isa bhASA meM uttara kA Arambha hotA hai se nUNaM bhaMte! calamANe clie| "haMtA goyamA! calamANe clie|| prazna aura uttara kI bhASA sahaja sarala hai| kahIM-kahIM viSaya kI dRSTi ke anusAra uttara bahuta vistAra se die gae haiN| kahIM-kahIM prazna vistRta hai aura uttara saMkSipta, isalie pratiprazna bhI milatA hai| 'se keNaDheNaM'- isa bhASA meM pratiprazna prArambha hotA hai aura viSaya kA nigamana 'se teNaDheNaM'- isa bhASA meM hotA hai| bhagavatI kI racanA kI yaha vizeSatA bhI hai ki zataka ke prArambha meM saMgrahaNI gAthA hotI hai| usameM usa zataka ke sabhI uddezakoM kI sUcI mila jAtI hai| gadya ke madhya bhI saMgrahaNI gAthAeM pracuratA se milatI haiN|' racanAkAra aura racanAkAla sthAnAMga Adi kI taraha hI bhagavatI bhI gaNadhara sudharmA praNIta bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI kA saMkalana rUpa dvAdazAMgI kA pAMcavA aMga hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha prastuta grantha devardhigaNI kSamAzramaNa kI vAcanA kA hai| vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki isake bIsa zataka prAcIna haiM aura agale zataka parivardhita haiN| isa saMdarbha meM aura bhI vimarza apekSita hai| pAzcAtya vidvAn viMTaranitz2a ke anusAra bhagavatI kA pandrahavAM zataka eka alaga prakaraNa ke rUpa meM thA bAda meM isako bhagavatI ke sAtha jor3a diyA gyaa| unake anusAra sampUrNa pAMcavAM aMga jisameM dhIre-dhIre aneka prakaraNa jor3a die ge| bhagavatI para kArya karane vAle prAya: sabhI vidvAnoM ne ise eka kAla kI racanA svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| kAlakrama se isake sAtha navIna jur3atA rahA hai| bhagavatI ke kAlakrama se kaI stara bana sakate haiM aisI vidvAnoM kI avadhAraNA hai| isa saMdarbha meM vizeSa anveSaNa kI AvazyakatA hai, jisase kucha navIna tathya prakAza meM A ske| 1. bhagavaI khaNDa-1, bhUmikA pR. 22-23| 2. Winternitz, Maurice, History of Indian Literature, P.428, It would seem that this Book XV of the Bhagavati was orginally an independent text, and indeed the whole of the fifth Anga has the appearance of a mosaic, into which various texts were inserted little by little.

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA jJAtAdharmakathA prastuta Agama dvAdazAMgI kA chaThA aMga hai| isake do zrutaskandha haiN| prathama zrutaskandha kA nAma 'nAyA' aura dUsare zrutaskandha kA nAma 'dhammakahAo' hai| donoM zrutaskandhoM kA ekIkaraNa karane para prastuta Agama kA nAma 'nAyAdhammakahAo' banatA hai| 'nAyA' (jJAta) kA artha udAharaNa aura 'dhammakahAo' kA artha dharma-AkhyAyikA hai| prastuta Agama meM carita aura kalpita donoM prakAra ke dRSTAnta aura kathAeM haiN| jayadhavalA meM prastuta Agama kA nAma 'nAhadhammakahA' (nAthadhammakathA) milatA hai| nAtha kA artha hai svaamii| nAthadharmakathA arthAt tIrthaMkara dvArA pratipAdita dhrmkthaa| kucha saMskRta granthoM meM prastuta Agama kA nAma 'jJAtRdharmakathA' upalabdha hotA hai| AcArya malayagiri aura abhayadevasUri ne udAharaNa pradhAna dharmakathA ko jJAtAdharmakathA kahA hai| unake anusAra prathama adhyayana meM 'jJAta' aura dUsare adhyayana meM 'dharmakathAeM' hai| donoM ne hI jJAta pada ke dIrdhIkaraNa kA ullekha kiyA hai| yadi jJAta ko dIrgha nahIM hotA to 'nAya' hotA 'nAyA' nahIM hotaa| AkAra-prakAra prastuta Agama meM do zrutaskandha, unatIsa adhyayana, unatIsa uddezanakAla, unatIsa samuddezanakAla tathA padapramANa se saMkhyeya hajAra pada haiN| vartamAna meM prApta isa grantha ke do zrutaskandhoM meM prathama meM unnIsa adhyayana tathA dUsare meM dasa varga hai ina donoM kI saMkhyA milAne se ve unatIsa ho jAte haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM yaha dhyAtavya hai ki isa grantha ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa vargoM ke alaga-alaga adhyayana die gae haiM, jaise-prathama varga ke pAMca, dvitIya varga ke pAMca, tRtIya varga ke cauvana, caturtha varga ke cauvana, paMcama varga ke battIsa, SaSTha ke battIsa, saptama varga ke cAra, aSTama varga ke cAra, navama varga ke ATha evaM dazama varga ke bhI ATha adhyayanoM kA ullekha hai| naMdI meM adhyayanoM kI saMkhyA unatIsadI haiisa saMkhyA kA mela prathama zrutaskandha ke adhyayana evaM dvitIya zrutaskandha ke varga milAne se hI baiThatA hai| pAzcAtya vidvAn viMTaranitz2a ne isake prathama zrutaskandha ke ikkIsa adhyayana batalAye haiN| kiMtu unakI yaha sUcanA prastuta Agama ke saMdarbha meM samIcIna nahIM hai kyoMki isa zrutaskandha ke unnIsa adhyayana hI upalabdha haiM, ikkIsa nahIM haiN| 1. aMgasuttANi-3 bhUmikA pR. 21 meM uddhRta - (samavAo, paiNNagasamavAo, sUtra 94, tattvArthavArtika, 1/20, jJAtRdharmakathA, naMdIvRtti (le. AcArya haribhAdra, banArasa, 1966) patra 2 30, 2 3 1 :jJAtAni-udAharaNAnitatpradhAnA dharmakathA jJAtAdharmakathA:, athavA jJAtAni-jJAtAdhyayanAni prathamazrutaskandhe, dharmakathA dvitIya- zrutaskandhe yAsu granthapaddhatiSa (tA jJAtAdharmakathA: puSodarAditvAtpUrvapadasya diirghaanttaa|) . 2. naMdI, sUtra 86 . Book 3. Winternitz., Maurice, History of Indian literature P. 428-429: The sixth Anga............. lofthis Anga consists of 21 chapters.

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54 jaina Agama meM darzana viSaya-vastu naMdI sUtra ke anusAra jJAtAdharmakathA meM jJAtoM (dRSTAMtabhUta vyaktiyoM) ke nagara, udyAna, caitya, vanaSaMDa, samavasaraNa, rAjA, mAtA-pitA, dharmAcArya, dharmakathA, ihaloka-paraloka kI RddhivizeSa, bhoga-parityAga, pravrajyA, dIkSA paryAya kA kAla, zrutagrahaNa, tapa-upadhAna, saMlekhanA, bhakta-pratyAkhyAna, prAyopagamana anazana, devalokagamana, sukula meM punarAgamana, puna: bodhilAbha aura antakriyA kA AkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| dharmakathA ke dasa varga haiN| pratyeka dharmakathA meM pAMca-pAMca sau AkhyAyikAeM haiN| pratyeka AkhyAyikA meM pAMca-pAMca sau upa-AkhyAyikAeM haiN| pratyeka upa-AkhyAyikAeM meM pAMcapAMca sau AkhyAyikAeM-upAkhyAyikAeM haiN| isa prakAra kula milAkara isameM sADhe tIna karor3a AkhyAyikAeM haiN|' vartamAna meM prApta prastuta Agama meM dRSTAntoM aura kathAoM ke mAdhyama se ahiMsA, asvAda, zraddhA, indriya-vijaya Adi AdhyAtmika tattvoM kA atyanta sarasa zailI meM nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| kathAvastu ke sAtha varNana kI bhI vizeSatA hai| mukhya udAharaNoM ke sAtha kucha avAntara kathAeM bhI upalabdha hai| isa prakAra nAnA kathAoM, avAntara kathAoM, varNanoM, prasaMgoM aura zabda prayogoM kI dRSTi se prastuta Agama bahuta mahattvapUrNa haiN| isakA vizva ke vibhinna kathA-granthoM ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para kucha nae tathya upalabdha ho sakate haiN|' upAsakadazA zrAvakoM kI dharmArAdhanA kA varNana karane vAlA yaha mahatttavapUrNa Agama hai| "prastuta Agama dvAdazAMgI kA sAtavAM aMga hai| isameM dasa upAsakoM kA jIvana varNita hai| isalie isakA nAma 'uvAsagadasAo' hai| zramaNa paramparA meM zramaNoM kI upAsanA karane vAle gRhasthoM ko zramaNopAsaka yA upAsaka kahA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke aneka upAsaka the| unameM se dasa mukhya upAsakoM kA varNana karane vAle dasa adhyayana isameM saMkalita haiN| 'dazA' zabda dasa saMkhyA evaM avasthA donoM kA sUcaka hai| upAsakadazA meM upAsakoM kI kathAeM dasa hI hai ata: dasa saMkhyAvAcaka artha upayukta hai| isI prakAra upAsakoM kI avasthA kA varNana karane ke kAraNa avasthAvAcI artha bhI ho sakatA hai| upAsakadazA : AkAra evaM viSaya vastu naMdI meM prastuta Agama ko eka zrutaskandha vAlA batAyA hai| isake dasa adhyayana, dasa uddezanakAla, dasa samuddezanakAla tathA padapramANa se saMkhyeya hajAra pada hai| vartamAna meM bhI yaha grantha eka zrutaskandha vAlA hai tathA isake dasa adhyayana haiN| uddezaka, samuddezaka kA ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai| 1. naMdI, sUtra 86 2. aMgasuttANi - 3, bhUmikA pR. 2 2 3. vahI, pR. 23 4. naMdI, sUtra 87

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 55 bhagavAn mahAvIra ne munidharma aura upAsakadharma-isa dvividha dharma kA upadeza diyA thaa| muni ke lie pAMca mahAvrata aura upAsaka ke lie bAraha vratoM kA vidhAna kiyaa| prastuta Agama ke prathama adhyayana meM una bAraha vratoM kA vizada varNana prApta hai| vratoM kI yaha sUcI dhArmika yA naitika jIvana kI prazasta AcAra-saMhitA hai| zramaNopAsaka Ananda bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa ina vratoM kI dIkSA letA hai| __ muni kA AcAra-dharma aneka AgamoM meM milatA hai, kiMtu gRhastha kA AcAra-dharma mukhyata: isI Agama meM prApta hai| isalie AcAra-zAstra meM isakA mukhya sthAna hai| isakI racanA kA mukhya prayojana gRhastha ke AcAra kA varNana karanA hai| prasaMgavaza isameM niyativAda ke pakSavipakSa kI carcA huI hai| upAsakoM kI dhArmika kasauTI kI ghaTanAeM bhI milatI haiN| jayadhavalA ke anusAra prastuta Agama meM upAsakoM ke darzana, vrata Adi gyAraha prakAra ke dharma kA varNana hai| Ananda Adi zrAvakoM ne ukta gyAraha pratimAoM kA AcaraNa kiyA thaa| vrata aura pratimA- ye do paddhatiyAM haiN| samavAyAMga aura naMdIsUtra meM vrata aura pratimA donoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jayadhavalA meM kevala pratimAoM kA ullekha hai|' aMtakRtadazA aMtakRtadazA dvAdazAMgI kA AThavAM aMga hai| isakA saMskRta rUpa aMtakRtadazA athavA aMtakRtdazA hai| isa Agama meM saMsAra kA anta arthAt bhava-bhramaNa ko samApta karane vAle vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA nirUpaNa hai tathA isake dasa adhyayana hai, ataH ise antakRtadazA kahA gayA hai| samavAyAMga meM isake dasa adhyayana evaM sAta vargoM kA ullekha hai| naMdI meM isake ATha vargoM kA ullekha hai| naMdIcUrNi ne prathama varga meM dasa adhyayana evaM sAta varga batAe haiM tathA dasa kI saMkhyA ke AdhAra para ise antakRtadazA kahA hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha antakRtadazA meM samavAo ullikhita dasa adhyayana evaMsAta varga upalabdha nahIM hai| nandI varNita ATha vargAtmaka hI usakA vartamAna svarUpa hai| antakRtadazA meM Agata dazazabda saMkhyA ke atirikta avasthA artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai|' tattvArthavArtika ke varNana ke anusAra pratyeka tIrthaMkara ke samaya hone vAle dasa-dasa aMtakRta kevaliyoM kA varNana isa Agama meM hai| jayadhavalA meM bhI yaha tathya pratipAdita hai|' 1. aMgasuttANi (3) bhUmikA pR. 23 2. samavAo, paiNNagasamavAo, sUtra 9 6 : dasa ajjhayaNA sttvggaa| 3. naMdI, sUtra 88.........atttthvggaa| 4. (ka) naMdI, sUtra, cUrNi sahita, pR. 68 : paDhamavagge dasa ajjhayaNA satta vaggA tassakkhatto aMtakaDadasa tti| (kha) naMdI, sUtra, vRtti sahita, pR. 8 3 : prathamavarge dazAdhyayanAni iti tatsaMkhyayA antakRddazA iti| 5. naMdI sUtra, cUrNisahita, pR. 68 : dasa tti-avatthA / 6. tattvArthavArtika, 1/20 1. kasAyapAhuDa, bhAga 1, pR. 130

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56 jaina Agama meM darzana viSaya-vastu vAsudeva kRSNa aura unake parivAra ke sambandha meM isa Agama meM vizada jAnakArI milatI hai| vAsudeva kRSNa ke choTe bhAI gajasukumAla kI dIkSA aura unakI sAdhanA kA varNana bahuta hI romAMcakArI hai|' __ chaThe varga meM arjunamAlAkAra kI ghaTanA kA ullekha hai| bAhya paristhiti se kisa prakAra vyakti ke Antarika bhAvoM meM parivartana A jAtA hai, yaha isa ghaTanAkrama se spaSTa hotA hai| arjunamAlAkAra bAhya nimitta se hatyArA bana jAtA hai tathA bAhya nimitta ko prApta kara hI sAdhu bana jAtA hai| upAdAna ke sAtha nimitta kAbhI mahattva hai| prastuta ghaTanAkrama meM yaha satya abhivyakta huA hai| isa Agama meM atimuktaka Adi sAdhakoM ke ullekha tathA bAhya tapasyA kA vizada varNana huA hai| anuttaropapAtika dazA jaina-paramparA meM saudharma Adi bAraha svarga, nava graiveyaka evaM pAMca anuttara vimAna- ye chabbIsa prakAra ke devaloka mAne gae haiN| vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta, aparAjita evaM sarvArthasiddha ye pAMca anuttara vimAna haiN| inase zreSTha anya vimAna nahIM hai ataH inheM anuttara vimAna kahate haiN| jo vyakti apane tapa sAdhanA ke dvArA ina vimAnoM meM upapAta arthAt janma prApta karate haiM unheM anuttaropapAtika kahA jAAta hai| jisa Agama meM isa svarga samUha meM utpanna hone vAle vyaktiyoM kA varNana hai use anutaropapAtikadazA ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| anuttaropapAtika dazA : AkAra evaM viSaya vastu yaha aMgoM meM navama aMga hai| usake eka zruta-skandha, tIna varga, tIna uddezya kAla, tIna samuddezana-kAla Adi haiN| sthAnAMga meM isake dasa adhyayana evaM samavAyAMga meM dasa adhyayana evaM tIna varga donoM kA ullekha hai| vartamAna meM isa Agama kA svarUpa tIna vargAtmaka hai| viSayavastu anuttaropapAtikadazA meM anuttaropapAtika manuSyoM ke nagara, udyAna, caitya, vanakhaNDa, samavasaraNa, rAjA, mAtA-pitA Adi tathA anuttaravimAna meM devoM ke rUpa meM utpatti, sukula meM punarAgamana, punarbodhilAbha aura anta kriyA Adi kA varNana hai|' 1. aMgasuttANi, bhAga 3, (saMpA. muni nathamala, lADanUM, vi.saM. 20 3 1) bhUmikA pR. 25 2. naMdI sUtra, 891 3. ThANaM, 10/114 4. samavAo, paiNNagasamavAo, 97 : dasa ajjhayaNA tiNNi vaggA.... 5. naMdI sUtra, 89

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 57 praznavyAkaraNa isa Agama kA dvAdazAMgI meM dasavAM sthAna hai| paNahAvAgaraNAiM' athavA paNhAvAgaraNadasAo ye do nAma prastuta Agama ke upalabdha hote haiN| viSayavastu isa Agama kI viSaya vastu ke sambandha meM samavAyAMga, naMdI Adi AgamoM ke varNana meM bhinnatA hai| samavAyAMga ke anusAra isameM eka sau ATha prazna, eka sau ATha aprazna, eka sau ATha prazna-aprazna, vidyA ke atizaya tathA nAga aura suparNa devoM ke sAtha hue divya saMvAdoM kA ulle kha hai|' tattvArtha ke varNana ke anusAra isameM aneka AkSepa-vikSepa ke dvArA hetu aura naya Azrita praznoM ke samAdhAna hai tathA laukika evaM vaidika arthoM kA bhI nirNaya isameM hai|' ukta granthoM meM prastuta Agama kA jo viSaya varNita hai vaha Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| Aja jo upalabdha hai usameM pAMca AzravoM tathA pAMca saMvaroM kA varNana hai| isa saMdarbha meM yaha anumAna bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai ki prastuta Agama ke prAcIna svarUpa ke vicchinna ho jAne para kisI AcArya dvArA nae rUpa se isakI racanA kI gaI ho| naMdI meM prastuta Agama kI jisa vAcanA kA vivaraNa hai, usameM AzravoM aura saMvaroM kA varNana nahIM hai, kiMtu naMdIcUrNi meM unakA ullekha milatA hai| yaha saMbhava hai ki cUrNikAra ne upalabdha AkAra ke AdhAra para unakA ullekha kiyA hai|' vipAkasUtra vipAkasUtra kA dvAdazAMgI ke krama meM gyArahavAM sthAna hai| vivAgasuyaM eva kammavivAgadasA' ye do nAma prastuta Agama ke upalabdha hote haiN| viSayavastu evaM AkAra duHkha vipAka evaM sukha vipAka nAmaka do vibhAgoM meM yaha prastuta Agama vibhakta hai| vipAkasUtra ke prArambha meM hI sudharmA svAmI evaM jambUsvAmI kA vistRta paricaya upalabdha hai| isa Agama ke do zruta skandha batAe gae haiN| duHkha vipAka evaM sukha vipAka- donoM ke hI dasadasa adhyayana haiN| 1. (ka) samavAo, paiNNagasamavAo, 98 (kha) naMdI sUtra, 90 2. ThANaM, 10/110 3. samavAo, paiNNagasamavAo, 98 4. tattvArthavArtika, 1/20 5. aMgasuttANi, bhAga 3, bhUmikA pR. 28 6. samavAo, paiNNagasamavAo, 99 7. ThANaM, 10/110 8. aMgasuttANi, bhAga 3 (vipAkasUtra)2/10/2:kAparizeSa-vivAgasuyassadosuyakkhaMdhA duhavivAgosuhavivAgo y| tattha duhavivAge dasa ajjhayaNA...........evaM sahavivAge vi|

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58 jaina Agama meM darzana dRSTivAda __ yaha dvAdazAMgI kA bArahavAM aMga hai kiMtu vartamAna meM anupalabdha hai| diTThivAya ke saMskRta rUpa do kie gae haiM- 1. dRSTivAda 2. dRssttipaat| prastuta aMga meM vibhinna dArzanikoM kI dRSTiyoM kA nirUpaNa hai isalie isakI saMjJA dRSTivAda hai| isakA dUsarA artha hai ki isameM saba dRSTiyoM kA samapAta hai isalie isakA nAma dRSTipAta hai| sthAnAMga meM dRSTivAda ke dasa nAma batalAe gae haiM-1. dRSTivAda 2. hetuvAda 3. bhUtavAda 4. tattvavAda (tathyavAda) 5. samyakvAda 6. dharmavAda 7. bhASA vicaya 8. pUrvagata 9. anuyogagata 10. srvpraannbhuut-jiivsttvsukhaavh| dRSTivAda ke pAMca prakAra athavA pAMca arthAdhikAra batalAe gae haiM- 1. parikarma 2. sUtra 3. pUrvagata 4. anuyoga 5. cuulikaa| parikarma kA artha yogyatA paidA karanA hai| jaise gaNita ke solaha parikarma hote haiM unake sUtra aura artha kA grahaNa karane vAlA zeSa gaNita ke adhyayana ke yogya bana jAtA hai| isI prakAra parikarma ke sUtra aura artha ko grahaNa karane vAle meM sUtra, pUrvagata Adi ke adhyayana karane kI yogyatA A jAtI hai| parikarmakemUlabheda aura uttarabheda vicchinna haiN| unakI sUtra aura arthaparamparAdonoM upalabdha nahIM hai| cUrNikAra ne itanA saMketa kiyA hai ki ve apane-apane sampradAya ke anusAra vaktavya hai| sUtra ke bAvIsa prakAra batalAe gae haiN| cUrNikAra ke anusAra ina sUtroM se sarvadravya, sarvaparyAya, sarvanaya aura sarvabhaMgoM kI vikalpanA jAnI jAtI hai| ye pUrvagata zruta aura usake artha ke sUcaka haiN| isalie inheM sUtra kahA gayA hai| ___pUrvagata-pUrvazabda ke aneka tAtparyArtha batalAe gae haiM--1. tIrthaMkara tIrtha pravartana ke kAla meM sarvaprathama pUrvagata ke artha kA nirUpaNa karate haiN| usa artha ke AdhAra para nirmita grantha pUrva kahalAte haiN| pUrvo kI saMkhyA caudaha haiM- 1. utpAda 2. agrAyaNIya 3. vIrya 4. astinAstipravAda 5. jJAnapravAda 6. satya pravAda 7. AtmapravAda 8. karma pravAda 9. pratyAkhyAna / 0. vidyAnupravAda 11. avandhya 12. prANAyu 1 3. kriyAvizAla evaM 14. lokbindusaar|' anuyoga ke do vibhAga prApta haiM1. mUlaprathamAnuyoga- isameM arhat kA jIvana varNita hai| 2. gaNDikAnuyoga (kaNDikAnuyoga)-isameM kulakara Adi aneka vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA varNana hai| gaNDikAnuyoga kevala jIvana kA varNana karane vAlA grantha nahIM hai kiMtu vaha itihAsa grantha / bhI hai| cUrNikAra tathA malayagiri ne 'gaNDikA' kA artha khaNDa kiyA hai| Ikha ke eka parva se dUsare 1. naMdI pR. 181-182

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 59 parva kA madhyavartI bhAga gaNDikA kahalAtA hai vaise hI jisa grantha meM eka vyakti kA adhikAra hotA hai usa grantha kI saMjJA gaNDikA yA kaNDikA hai| cUlikA ko Aja kI bhASA meM pariziSTa kahA jA sakatA hai| cUrNikAra ne batAyA hai ki parikarma, sUtra, pUrva aura anuyoga meM jo nahIM batalAyA hai vaha cUlikA me batalAyA gayA hai| haribhadrasUri ke anusAra cUlikA meM ukta aura anukta donoM kA hI ullekha hai|' dvAdazAMgo kA yaha aMtima aMga vartamAna meM anupalabdha hai| aMga bAhya Agama __ jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcIna vargIkaraNa aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya ina do vibhAgoM meM upalabdha hai| upAMga nAma kA vargIkaraNa prAcInakAla meM nahIM thaa| naMdIsUtra meM upAMga kA ullekha nahIM hai| naMdI se pahale ke bhI kisI Agama meM upAMga kI koI carcA nahIM hai| tattvArthabhASya meM upAMga zabda kA prayoga milatA hai|' upalabdha prayogoM meM sambhavata: yaha sarvAdhika prAcIna hai kiMtu yahAM draSTavya hai ki tattvArthabhASya meM zrutajJAna ke aMgabAhya evaM aMgapraviSTa ye do bheda kie haiM tathA saMbhava hai vahAM aMgabAhya ke lie upAMga zabda kA prayoga huA ho kiMtu aMgabAhya ke bhedarUpa meM jina granthoM kA nAma vahAM ullikhita hai unameM se eka bhI nAma vartamAna meM pracalita upAMgoM kA nahIM hai ata: nAma sAmya ke AdhAra para hama upAMga vyavasthA ko tattvArthabhASya jitanI prAcIna nahIM mAna skte| bhASyakAra eka sthAna ko chor3akara sarvatra aMgabAhya zabda kA hI prayoga karate haiN| ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki vartamAna meM pracalita Agama vargIkaraNa kI vyavasthA paryApta arvAcIna hai| vartamAna meM jina upAMgoM kA ullekha hai tathA unakA sambandha kramaza: eka-eka aMga ke sAtha jor3A gayA hai isakI carcA jambUdvIpaprajJapti kI vRtti tathA nirayAvalikA ke vRttikAra zrIcandrasUri dvArA racita sukhabodhA samAcArI nAmaka grantha meM milatI hai| saMbhava hai ina uttaravartI AcAryoM ne 'upAMga' zabda kA grahaNa tattvArthabhASya se kara liyA ho tathA vaidika sAhitya meM veda meM aMga, upAMgoM kA ullekha hai, ata: vaisI hI kisI vyavasthA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara aMgoM ke sAtha upAMgoM kI yojanA kI ho| vartamAna meM mAnya bAraha upAMgoM kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta hai| 1.aupapAtika-prastuta Agama bAraha upAMgoM meM prathama upAMga hai| isako AcArAMga kA upAMga mAnA jAtA hai| isake samavasaraNa evaM aupapAtika nAma ke do prakaraNa haiN| mukhya varNyaviSaya isakA punarjanma hai| upapAta mukhya pratipAdya hone se hI isakA nAma aupapAtika huA hai| naMdI pR. 185 sabhASyatattvArthAdhigamasUtra (saMpA. paM. khUbacandra, agAsa, 1932) 1/20 : tasya ca mahAviSayatvAttAMstAna nadhikRtya prakaraNasamAptya-pekSamaMgopAMganAnAtvam / 3. sukhabodhA sAmAcArI, pR. 34

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60 jaina Agama meM darzana 2. rAjapraznIya-prastuta Agama kA krama upAMga nambara do para hai| yaha sUtrakRtAMga ke upAgaM ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| naMdI meM isako rAyapaseNiya nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| rAjA pradezI dvArA pRSTa prazna tathA kezIkumAra dvArA pradatta samAdhAnoM kA isameM saMgrahaNa hai isalie ise rAja praznIya kahA jAtA hai| isa Agama meM sUriyAma evaM paesi kahANaga nAma ke do prakaraNa haiN| pradezI kathAnaka meM jIva sambandhI mahattvapUrNa vicAra hai| AtmA ke vajana sambandhI vicAra bhI vahAM para hai| 3.jIvAjIvAbhigama-prastuta Agama saMkhyA krama meM tIsarA upAMga hai| isakA sambandha sthAnAMga se hai| jIvAjIvAbhigama nAma se hI isakI viSaya vastu kA spaSTa avabodha ho jAtA hai| jIva evaM ajIva inadomUlabhUta tatvoM kA isameM vizeSa rUpa se pratipAdana huA hai| isa Agama ke prArambha meM prApta tathyoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki yaha sthaviroM dvArA kRta racanA hai| 4. prajJApanA-upAMga sAhitya ke krama meM prajJApanA kA caturtha sthAna hai| isameM chattIsa pada haiN| isameM praznottara zailI setattva kA prapipAdana kiyA gayA hai ataH isakA prajJApanA nAma sArthaka hai| isa grantha ke prathama pada kA nAma bhI prajJApanA hai| isa Adi pada ke kAraNa bhI saMbhavataH yaha Agama prajJApanAnAmase prasiddha hogayA hai| isameM mukhya rUpasejIvaevaM ajIva tattvakI vimarzanA hai| jIva-ajIvase sambandhita viSaya jaise jIva ke vibhAga, lezyA, karma Adi para gahana vicAra huA hai| yaha jaina tattvavidyA kA eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| prajJApanA kA vaiziSTya isI bAta se jJAta ho jAtA hai ki Agama saMkalanakAra devardhigaNI ne prajJApanA ke aneka viSayoM kA samAhAra bhagavatI meM kiyA hai| prajJApanA ke kartA ke rUpa meM AcArya zyAma kA nAma prasiddha hai| vidvAn isakA saMbhAvita racanAkAla vIra nirvANa ke 335 se 375 ke madhya mAnate haiN| prajJApanA ko cAlU paramparA meM samavAyAMga kA upAMga mAnA jAtA hai, kintu isakI viSaya vastu Adi ke avalokana ke AdhAra para AcArya mahAprajJajI ne apanA mata prastuta karate hue kahA ki "prajJApanA ko bhagavatI kA upAMga mAnA jAtA to adhika buddhigamya hotaa|'' 5. jambUdvIpaprajJapti-aMgo kI taraha upAMgoM kA bhI krama nirdhArita hai| prastuta Agama pAMcavA upAgaM hai| isako krama saMkhyA ke anusAra bhagavatI kA upAMga mAnA jAtA hai| isameM jambUdvIpa kA viSaya nirUpita huA hai ataH isakA nAma jambUdvIpaprajJapti hai| 1. naMdI, sUtra, 77 2. (ka) rAyapaseNiyavRtti, pR. 1 : atha kasmAd idamupAMgaM rAjapraznIyAbhidhAnamiti? ucyate, iha pradezinAmA rAjA bhagavata: kezikumAra-zramaNasya samIpe yAn jIvaviSayAn praznAnakArSIt, yAni ca tasmai kezikumArazramaNo gaNabhRt vyAkaraNAni vyaakRtvaan| (kha)rAyapaseNiyavRtti, pR. 2 : rAjaprazneSu bhavaM rAjapraznIyam / 3. uvaMgasuttANi (khaNDa-4) (jIvAjIvAbhigame) (saMpA. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, lADanUM, 1987)1/ / 4. vahI, 4 (khaNDa - 2) bhUmikA pR. 30

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 61 6-7. candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti-candraprajJapti meM candra viSayaka viSaya kA nirUpaNa hone se ise candraprajJapti kahA gyaa| yaha chaThA upAMga hai| sUrya sambandhI viSaya kA varNana hone se sAtaveM upAMga kA nAma sUryaprajJapti hai| vartamAna meM caMdraprajJapti anupalabdha hai| mAtra usakA prArambhika thor3A-sA bhAga upalabdha hai| yadyapi kucha hastalikhita pratiyAM candraprajJapti ke nAma se milatI haiN| kintu prArambhika vivaraNa ko chor3akara anya sArA sUryaprajJapti jaisA hI hai| vartamAna dhAraNA ke anusAra candraprajJapti anupalabdha hai, jo upalabdha hai vaha sUryaprajJapti hai| nirayAvalikA (8-12) "prastuta Agama eka zrutaskandha hai| isakA prAcInatama nAma upAMga-pratIta hotA hai| jambUsvAmI ke upAMga sambandhI prazna ke uttara meM sudharmA svAmI ne upAMga ke pAMca varga batAyenirayAvalikA, kalpAvataMsikA, puSpikA, puSpacUlikA, vRSNidazA / "nirayAvalikA" kA dUsarA nAma 'kalpikA' hai| yaha saMbhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki 'uvaMgA' ke prathama varga kA nAma 'kalpikA' thA, kiMtu naraka-pariNAma vAle karmoM kA varNana hone ke kAraNa isakA dUsarA nAma 'nirayAvalikA' rakha diyA gyaa| isa prakAra prathama varga ke do nAma ho gae-nirayAvalikA aura klpikaa| nirayAvalikA zrutaskandha kA pratipAdya viSaya hai-zubha-azubha AcaraNa, zubhaazubha karma aura unakA vipaak|| saMbhavata: nirayAvalikA se vRSNidazA taka ke pAMca upAMga pahale eka hI grantha ke rUpa meM rahe ho| jaba upAMgoM ke saMdarbha meM bAraha kI saMkhyA yojita kI taba unakA alaga se parigaNana hone lagA ho| yaha viMTaranitz2a kA abhimata hai|' 9. kalpAvaMtasikA-isameM padma, mahApadma nAma ke dasa adhyayana haiM, unameM se inhIM nAma vAle dasa rAjakumAroM kA varNana hai| 10. puSpikA meM bhI candra, sUra Adi dasa adhyayana haiN| 11. puSpaculA meM bhI siri, hiri Adi dasa adhyayana haiN| 12. vRSNeidazA meM niSaDha, mAaNi Adi bAraha adhyayana haiN| ina sabhI upAMgoM meM paurANika kathAnakoM kA varNana huA hai| una pAtroM ke ihabhava-parabhava kI sthiti kA ullekha prastuta graMthoM meM hai| 1. uvaMgasuttANi 4, (khaNDa- 2) bhUmikA pR. 3 5. 2. Winternitz, Maurice, History of Indian Literature P. 440: Upangas 8-12 are sometimes also comprised as five sections of one textentitle Nirayavali-Suttam. Probably, they originally formed one text, the tive sections of which were then counted as five different texts, in order to bring the number of Upanga up to twelve.

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62 jaina Agama meM darzana mUlasUtra 1. aMga 2. upAMga 3. mUla aura 4. cheda - yaha vargIkaraNa bahuta prAcIna nahIM hai| vikrama kI 1 3 - 1 4 vIM zatAbdI se pUrva isa vargIkaraNa kA ullekha prApta nahIM hotaa| mUla sUtroM kI saMkhyA aura nAmoM ke saMdarbha meM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| jahAM taka uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai, inheM sabhI zvetAmbara sampradAyoM evaM AcAryoM ne ekamata se mUlasUtra mAnA hai| sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMthI Avazyaka evaM piNDaniyukti ko mUlasUtra ke antargata nahIM mAnate haiN| ve naMdI aura anuyoga dvAra ko mUlasUtra mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne piNDaniyukti ke sAtha-sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra meM mAnA hai| ye grantha mUlasUtra kyoM kahe jAte haiM, isakA spaSTIkaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra 'cUrNikAlIna zruta-puruSa kI sthApanA ke anusAra mUla sthAnIya (caraNa-sthAnIya) dosUtra haiM - 1.AcArAMga aura 2. sUtrakRtAMga / parantu jisa samayapaiMtAlIsa AgamoM kI kalpanA sthira huI, usa samaya zruta-puruSa kI sthApanA meM bhI parivartana huA aura zruta-puruSa kI arvAcIna pratikRtiyoM meM dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana-ye do sUtra caraNa sthAnIya mAne jAne lge|' uparyukta avadhAraNA se mUla kA artha ho jAtA hai-caraNa / uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavakAlika ko caraNa sthAnIya mAnakara mUla kahA jA sakatA hai kintu mUlasUtroM kI kama-se-kama cAra saMkhyA to sabane mAnI hai, kucha ne adhika bhI mAnI hai| una anya granthoM kA mUlasUtra meM samAveza karane kI yukti aba bhI anveSaNIya hai| aMga aura upAMga kI saMkhyA sabhI zvetAmbara jainoM ne eka jaisI mAnI hai kintu mUla, cheda Adi saMkhyA meM unameM mataikya nahIM hai / zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka ke anusAra mUlasUtra- 1. uttarAdhyayana 2. dazavaikAlika 3. Avazyaka 4. piNDaniyukti kisI ne oghaniyukti ko bhI mUla mAnA hai| sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMthI ke anusAra mUla sUtra-1. uttarAdhyayana 2. dazavaikAlika 3. anuyogadvAra evaM 4. naMdI hai| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA anuyogadvAra evaM naMdI ko cUlikA sUtra ke antargata mAnatI hai| isase itanA to spaSTa hai ki sampUrNa zvetAmbara paramparA anuyogadvAra evaM naMdI ko Agama zrRMkhalA meM svIkAra karatI hai bhale hI unakA samAveza bhinna-bhinna prakAra se kyoM na kiyA gayA ho| 1. uttarajjhayaNANi (saMpA. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, lADanUM, 1993) bhUmikA, pR. 15

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 63 chedasUtra chedasUtroM meM jaina sAdhuoM ke AcAra se sambandhita viSaya kA paryApta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isa vivecana ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-utsarga, apavAda, doSa aura prAyazcitta / utsarga kA artha hai kisI viSaya kA sAmAnya vidhAna / apavAda kA artha hai paristhiti vizeSa kI dRSTi se vizeSa vidhAna athavA chUTa / doSa kA artha hai utsarga athavA apavAda kA bhaMga, prAyazcitta kA artha hai vratabhaMga ke lie samucita daNDa / kisI bhI vidhAna athavA vyavasthA ke lie ye cAra bAteM Avazyaka hotI haiN| chedasUtroM kA jainAgamoM meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| jaina saMskRti kA zramaNa-dharma hai| zramaNadharma kI siddhi ke lie AcAra-dharma kI sAdhanA anivArya hai| AcAra-dharma ke gUDha rahasya evaM sUkSmatama kriyAkalApa ko samajhane ke lie cheda-sUtroM kA jJAna anivArya hai| chedasUtra ke mAdhyama se hI jaina AcAra kI sarvAMgINatA hRdayaMgama ho sakatI hai| chedasUtroM kI saMkhyA ke sambaMdha meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMthI paramparA cAra chedasUtra mAnatI haiM- 1. dazAzrutaskandha 2. bRhatkalpa 3. vyavahAra evaM 4. nizItha / jabaki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya mahAnizItha evaM jItakalpa ye do sUtra milAkara chaha cheda sUtra mAnatI hai| Agama-sAhitya kI saMkhyA mUlata: Agama sAhitya aMga praviSTa evaM aMgabAhya ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA / paravartI kAla meM aMgabAhya Agama pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gayA-1. upAMga 2. mUlasUtra 3. chedasUtra 4. cUlikA sUtra 5. prkiirnnk| AgamoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM aneka mata pracalita haiN| unameM tIna mukhya haiM- 1. caurAsI 2.paiMtAlIsa 3. bttiis| 11 aMga, 1 2 upAMga, 4 mUla, 6 cheda, 10 prakIrNaka, 2 cUlikAsUtra-yepaiMtAlIsa Agama zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM mAnya haiN| sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMthI inameM se 10 prakIrNaka, jItakalpa, mahAnizItha aura piNDaniyukti ina teraha graMthoM ko kama karake battIsa Agama mAnya karate haiN| __ jo caurAsI Agama mAnya karate haiM ve dasa prakIrNakoM ke sthAna para tIsa prakIrNaka mAnate haiN| isake sAtha dasa niyuktiyAM, yatijItakalpa, zrAddhajItakalpa, pAkSikasUtra, kSamApanA sUtra, vandittu, tithiprakaraNa, kavacaprakaraNa, saMzaktaniyukti aura vizeSAvazkabhASya ko bhI AgamoM meM sammilita karate haiN|' 1. jaina, sAgaramala, sAgara jaina vidyA bhAratI, bhAga 2, (vArANasI, 1995) pR. 9

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64 jaina Agama meM darzana dasa prakIrNaka prakIrNaka arthAt vividha / bhagavAnmahAvIrakecaudaha hajAra zramaNa shissythe| naMdI meM bhagavAn / mahAvIra ke caudaha hajAra hI prakIrNaka mAne gae haiN| vartamAna meM prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA mukhyatayA dasa mAnI jAtI hai| ina dasa nAmoM meM bhI ekarUpatA nahIM hai| nimnalikhita dasa nAma vizeSa rUpa se mAnya haiM 1. catu:zaraNa 2. Atura - pratyAkhyAna 3. mahApratyAkhyAna 4. bhaktaparijJA 5. tandulavaicArika 6. saMstAraka 1. gacchAcAra 8. gaNividyA 9. devendrastava 10. mrnnsmaadhi| ___ AgamoM kI battIsa saMkhyA mAnane vAle prakIrNaka ko Agama ke antargata nahIM mAnate haiN| paiMtAlIsa saMkhyA mAnane vAle dasa prakIrNaka evaM caurAsI saMkhyA mAnane vAle tIsa prakIrNaka grantha mAnate haiN| Agama ke kartA jaina paramparA ke anusAra Agama pauruSeya haiN| mImAMsaka jisa prakAra veda ko apauruSeya mAnatA hai, jaina kI mAnyatA usase sarvathA bhinna hai| usake anusAra koI grantha apauruSeya ho hI nahIM sakatA hai tathA aise kisI bhI grantha kA prAmANya bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jitane bhI grantha haiM unake kartA avazya haiN| jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara sarvotkRSTa prAmANika puruSa hai| unake dvArA abhivyakta pratyeka zabda svata: pramANa hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha sampUrNa jaina Agama artha kI dRSTi se tIrthaMkara se jur3A huA hai| arthAgama ke kartA tIrthaMkara hai evaM sUtrAgama ke kartA gaNadhara evaM sthavira haiN| __ artha kA prakaTIkaraNa tIrthaMkaroM dvArA hotA hai| gaNadhara use zAsana ke hita ke lie sUtra rUpa meM gumphita kara lete haiN| gaNadhara kevala dvAdazAMgI kI racanA karate haiN| aMgabAhya AgamoM kI racanA sthavira karate haiN| ve gaNadharakRta Agama se hI ni!haNa karate haiN|' sthavira do prakAra ke hote haiM-1.caturdazapUrvI 2. dazapUrvI / ye sadA nirgrantha pravacana ko Age karake calate haiN| etadartha unake dvArA racita graMthoM meM dvAdazAMgI se viruddha tathyoM kI sambhAvanA nahIM hotI ata: inako bhI jaina paramparA Agama ke kartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatI hai| pratyekabuddha racita AgamoM kA prAmANya 1. naMdI, sUtra 79, coddasa paiNNagasahassANi bhagavao vddhmaannsaamiss| 2. Avazyakaniyukti,gAthA 92,atthaMbhAsai arahA suttaM gaMthaMtigaNaharA niuNaM sAsaNassa hiyaTThAetao suttaM pavattai / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya (saMpA. muni puNyavijaya, bhAvanagara, 19 3 3) gAthA 144, gaNahara-therakayaM vA AdesA mukkavAgaraNato vaa| dhuva-calavisesato vA, aNgaa-nnNgesunnaannttN|| 4. (ka) bRhatkalpabhASya vRtti gAthA 144 : yad gaNadharaiH kRtaM tadaGgapraviSTam / yatpunargaNadharakatAdeva sthvirairnirmuuddhm.........annggprvissttm|| (kha) naMdIcUrNi, pR. 57 : gaNaharakatamaMgagataMjaMkataM therehiM bAhiraM taM ca /

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 65 bhI jaina paramparA meM svIkRta hai jisakI carcA hama Agama prAmANya ke antargata kreNge| Avazyakaniyukti meM ullekha prApta hotA hai ki "tapa, niyama, jJAna rUpa vRkSa para ArUDha hokara anantajJAnI kevalI bhagavAn bhavya AtmAoM ke bodha ke lie jJAna kusumoM kI vRSTi karate haiN| gaNadhara apane buddhipaTala meM una sabhI kusumoM kA avataraNa kara pravacana mAlA meM gUMthate haiN|' isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina AgamoM ke kartA tIrthaMkara, gaNadhara evaM sthavira haiN| Agama svIkRti kA mAnadaNDa jaina granthoM kI saMkhyA meM jaba vikAsa hone lagA, taba eka prazna upasthita huA ki kina granthoM ko Agama mAnA jaae| sabhI ko to Agama mAnA nahIM jA sakatA hai| taba eka kasauTI kA nirdhAraNa huaa| artha rUpa se tIrthaMkara praNIta, sUtra rUpa se gaNadhara praNIta, caturdazapUrvI, dazapUrvI evaM pratyeka buddha dvArA kathita vacana hI Agama kahe jA sakate haiN| jaba dazapUrvI nahIM rahe taba Agama kI saMkhyA vRddhi bhI svata: sthagita ho gii| yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA meM Agama rUpa meM mAnya kucha prakIrNaka aise bhI haiM jo dazapUrvo se kama jJAna vAloM dvArA racita hai phira bhI unako Agama rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta hai| aisA kucha vizeSa sthiti meM huaa| Agama kA prAmANya vartamAna meM gyAraha aMga upalabdha haiN| bArahavAM aMga dRSTivAda vicchinna hai| racanA kI dRSTi se bAraha aMga gaNadharakRta haiM, isalie inakA prAmANya asaMdigdha hai| aMga svata: pramANa hai| saba sthaviroM kI racanA kA prAmANya nahIM mAnA jaataa| jinakI racanA kA prAmANya mAnA jAtA hai, unake lie pUrvajJAna kI sImA nirdhArita hai| abhinnadazapUrva taka ke dhAraka kA samyak zruta hotA hai, yaha naMdI meM varNita hai| naMdI sUtra meM isa vaktavya ke AdhAra para sampUrNa dazapUrvI taka ke vacanoM kA prAmANya jayAcArya ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt arvAcIna AcAryoM ne grantha race, taba saMbhava hai unheM Agama kI koTi meM rakhane yA na rakhane kI carcA calI aura unake prAmANya aura aprAmANya kA prazna bhI uThA / carcA ke bAda caturdaza-pUrvI aura dasa - 1. Avazyakaniyukti,gAthA 89-90 2. (ka) oghaniyukti (A History of the canonical literature of the Jains, P. 14 para udhRta) vRtti, pRSTha 3.a arthatastIrthakarapraNItaMsUtratogaNadharanibaddhaM caturdazapUrvadharopanibaddhaMdazapUrvadharopanibaddhaM pratyekabuddhopanibaddhaM (kha) mUlAcAra, 5/277, suttaM gaNaharakathidaM taheva patteyabuddhakathidaM c| sudakevaliNA kathidaM abhiNNadasapuvvakathidaM ca / / 3. (ka) naMdI, sUtra 6 6, icceyaM duvAlasaMgaM gaNipiDagaM coisasapuvvissa sammasuyaM, abhiNNadasapuvvissa sammasuyaM, teNa paraM bhinnnnesubhynnaa| (kha) bRhatkalpabhASya, gAthA 1 3 2, coisa dasa ya abhinne niyamA sammaM tu sesae bhynnaa| 4. praznottara tattvabodha (le. jayAcArya, lADanUM, 1988) 19/12, 20/9, saMpUraNa dasa pUrvadhara, caudaza puurvdhaar| tAsa racita Agama huvai, vAsanyAya vicaar|| daza, caudazapUravadharA, Agamaracai udaar| te piNa jina nIMsAkha thI, vimala nyAya suvicaar||

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66 jaina Agama meM darzana pUrvI sthaviroM dvArA racita granthoM ko Agama kI koTi meM rakhane kA nirNaya huaa| kiMtu unheM svata: pramANa nahIM mAnA gyaa| unakA prAmANya parata: thaa| ve dvAdazAMgI se aviruddha haiM, isa kasauTI se kasakara unheM Agama kI saMjJA dI gii| unakA parata: prAmANya thA, isalie unheM aMgapraviSTa kI koTi se bhinna rakhane kI AvazyakatA pratIta huii| isa sthiti ke saMdarbha meM Agama kI aMga-bAhya koTi kA udbhava huaa|' AgamoM kA anuyoga meM vibhaktikaraNa ___ AgamoM kI vyAkhyA 'apRthaktvAnuyoga' evaM 'pRthaktvAnuyoga' ubhaya prakAra se kI jA sakatI hai| AryarakSita se pUrva AgamoM kI vyAkhyA 'apRthaktvAnuyoga' se pracalita thI, arthAt eka hI sUtra kI vyAkhyA caraNakaraNAnuyoga, dharmakathAnuyoga, gaNitAnuyoga evaM dravyAnuyoga ina cAroM anuyoga se karanA 'apRthaktvAnuyoga' hai| yaha vyAkhyAkrama bahuta jaTila aura buddhismRti sApekSa thaa| AryarakSita ne dekhA durbalikA puSyamitra jaisA medhAvI muni bhI isa vyAkhyAkrama ko yAda rakhane meM zrAnta-klAMta ho rahA hai to alpamedhA vAle ise kaise yAda rakha pAeMge? unhoMne pRthaktvAnuyogakA pravartana kara diyA arthAt amuka sUtra kI vyAkhyA amuka anuyoga se hI hogii| eka sUtra kI vyAkhyA eka hI anuyoga se hogii| yahI pRthaktvAnuyoga hai| unhoMne upalabdha AgamakA pRthak-pRthak anuyogakesAthasambandha sthApita kara diyaa| jaise-caraNakaraNAnuyoga meM kAlika zruta, gyAraha aMga, mahAkalpazruta aura chedasUtroM kA samAveza kiyaa| dharmakathAnuyoga meM RSibhASita, gaNitAnuyoga meM sUryaprajJapti aura dravyAnuyoga meM dRSTivAda kA samAveza kiyA gyaa| AryarakSita ne Agama adhyayana kI paramparA meM eka nayA sUtrapAta kiyaa| isake phalasvarUpa adhyetAoM ko to suvidhA huI kintu Agama kA uttarottara hrAsa bhI hone lgaa| AgamoM kI bhASA jaina AgamoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM dharma kA vyAkhyAna karate the|' ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA kA hI eka rUpa hai| isa bhASA ko devabhASA kahA gayA hai arthAt devatA ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM bolate haiN|' prajJApanA meM isa bhASA kA prayoga karane vAle ko bhASArya kahA gayA hai| yaha magadha ke Adhe bhAga meM bolI jAtI thI tathA isameM aThAraha 1. AcArAMgabhASya, bhUmikA pR. 15 vizeSAvazyakabhASya II (le. jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa, ahamadAbAda, vI.saM. 2489) gAthA 2286,2288, apahutte aNuogocattAriduvAra bhaasiiego| pahuttANuogakaraNete atthAtaouvocchinnA / / deviMdavaMdiehiM mahANubhAvehiM rkkhiyajjehiN| jumamAsajja viyattoaNuogotokaho cuhaa|| 3. vahI, II, gAthA 2 2 8 4 - 2295 4. samavAo, 34/22, bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhmmmaaikkhi| 5. aMgasuttANi-2 (bhagavaI) bhagavatI, 5/93.devA NaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhaasNti| 6. uvaMgasuttANi (khaNDa-4) (paNNavaNA) 1/93 : bhAsAriyA jeNaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhaasNti| 2.

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 67 dezI bhASAoM ke lakSaNa mizrita haiN| isameM mAgadhI zabdoM ke sAtha-sAtha dezya zabdoM kI bhI pracuratA hai| isalie yaha ardhamAgadhI kahalAtI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ziSya magadha, mithilA, kauzala Adi aneka pradeza, varga aura jAti ke the| isalie jaina sAhitya kI prAcIna prAkRta meM dezya zabdoM kI bahulatA hai| mAgadhI aura dezya zabdoM kA mizraNa ardhamAgadhI kahalAtA hai-yaha cUrNi kA mata saMbhavata: sabase prAcIna hai| ise ArSa bhI kahA gayA hai|' ThANaM meM saMskRta aura prAkRta ko RSibhASita kahA gayA hai| SaT prAbhRta TIkA ke anusAra jisameM Adhe zabda magadha deza kI bhASA ke hoM aura Adhe zabda anya saba bhASAoM ke hoM, use ardhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai|' zvetAmbara jaina AgamoM kI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI athavA prAcIna prAkRta kahA jAtA hai| vastuta: prAkRta bhASA kI sAmAnya prakRti sadA parivartita hotI rahatI hai| jaise jaina AgamoM kI bhASA saMskRta se bhinna lokabhASA prAkRta kahalAI aura jaise-jaise lokabhASA meM parivartana hue, vaise hI jaina AgamoM kI bhASA bhI parivartita hotI gii| jaina dharma apane mUla kendra sthala magadha se pazcima aura dakSiNa kI ora phailatA gayA, vaise-vaise una-una kSetroM meM pracalita bhASA ke zabdoM aura rUpoM kA prAkRta meM samAveza hotA gyaa| yadyapijaina AgamoM kI bhASA prAcInakAla meM ardhamAgadhI thI, yaha tathya svayaM AgamoM se hI samarthita hai kintu vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamasAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI ke lakSaNa yathAvat vidyamAna nahIM hai| jaina AgamasAhitya ke marmajJa vidvAn svargIya muni puNyavijayajI ne bRhatkalpa kI prastAvanA meM likhA hai ki- "prAcInatama vividha pratiyoM ko sAmane rakhane se unameM bhASA aura usake prayoga viSayaka vividhatA dekhane meM AtI hai| niyukti, bhASya, mahAbhASya, cUrNi Adi meM pracura mAtrA meM pAThabheda aura pAThavikAra dikhAI dete haiN| niyukti aura bhASya paraspara mizrita ho gae haiN| aisI sthiti meM jaina AgamoM kI maulika bhASA ardhamAgadhI kA anveSaNa karanA kaThina ho gayA hai| muni puNyavijayajI ne hI naMdI aura aNuogadArAiM kI prastAvanA meM isa viSaya ko spaSTa karate hue likhA hai- "zvetAmbara jaina AgamoM kI bhASA prAcInakAla meM ardhamAgadhI thI, yaha bAta svayaM AgamoM ke ullekha se patA calatI hai, para Aja vaiyAkaraNa jise mahArASTrI prAkRta kahate haiN| yaha prAkRta usa bhASA ke najadIka hai, ata: Adhunika vidvAn ise jaina mahArASTrI kahate haiN| AgamoM meM bhASA bheda ke stara spaSTa rUpa se vizeSajJoM ko jJAta hai| udArahaNa ke lie AcArAMga ke pUrvArdha aura uttarArdha kI bhASA meM spaSTa rUpa se kAlabheda dikhAI detA hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga aura bhagavatI sUtra ke bhASA rUpoM meM 1. nizIthasUtram, gAthA 3618 : magahA'ddhavisayabhAsANibaddhaM ahavA aTThArasadesIbhAsANiyataM addhamAgadhaM / 2. prAkRtavyAkaraNa 'hema' (le. AcArya hemacandra, dillI, 1974) 8/1/83 3. ThANaM 7/48/10, saktApAgatAceva,duhA bhnnitiioaahiyaa|srmnnddlmmigijte, pasatthA isibhaasitaa|| 4. SaTprAbhUtAdisaMgraha: (saMpA. paM. pannAlAla sonI, bambaI, vi.saM. 1977) pa.99, sarvArdhaM mAgadhIyA bhAsA bhavati kortha ? ardha bhagavadbhASAyA magadhadezabhASAtmaka, ardhaM ca sarvabhASAtmakam / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya, 6, prastAvanA pR.57

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68 jaina Agama meM darzana pUrvottara bhAva spaSTa hai| bhagavatI ke bAda kI bhASA ke sthira rUpa jJAtAdharmakathA Adi meM dekhane ko Ate haiN| bauddhoM ke hInayAna sampradAya dvArA svIkRta tripiTakoM kI pAlI tathA jaina AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI kA uttarakAlIna vaiyAkaraNoM nemAgadhI bhASA ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai| vaiyAkaraNoM ne ardhamAgadhI ke jina lakSaNoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai una lakSaNoM kI upalabdhi vartamAna meM prApta jaina AgamoM meM kahIM-kahIM hI hai| sAre lakSaNa isameM ghaTita hI nahIM ho rahe haiN| AcArya hemacandra ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM spaSTa kahA hai ki unake vyAkaraNa ke saba niyama ArSa bhASA meM lAgU nahIM hote kyoMki usameM bahuta se apavAda haiN| jainoM ne ardhamAgadhI ko athavA vaiyAkaraNoM ne ArSa bhASA ko mUla bhASA svIkAra kiyA hai jisase anya bhASAoM aura boliyoM kA udgama huaa| jaina paramparA ke anusAra ardhamAgadhI bhASA Arya, anArya, pazu, pakSI sabakI bhASA meM pariNata ho jAtI hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha jaina AgamoM kI bhASA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 1000 varSa bAda kI hai| dIrghakAla ke isa vyavadhAna meM samaya-samaya para jo AgamavAcanAeM huI unameM Agama graMthoM kI bhASA meM nizcaya hI kAphI parivartana ho gayA hogaa| Agama ke TIkAkAroM kA dhyAna isa ora gayA bhI hai| "unake graMthoM meM vividha pAThAMtaroM kA prAsa honA bhASA ke parivartita hone kA pramANa hai| TIkAkAroM ko sUtrArtha spaSTa karane ke lie AgamoM kI mUla bhASA meM kAphI parivartana aura saMzodhana karanA par3A hai| udAharaNa ke lie, kalpasUtra kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM kahIM para 'ya' zruti milatI hai to kahIM nahIM bhI milatI hai| kahIM 'ya' zruti ke sthAna para 'i' kA prayoga dekhane meM AtA hai| kahIM hrasva svara kA prayoga aura kahIM para hrasva ke sthAna para dIrgha svara kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai| jaina AgamoM kI bhASA ke sambandha meM hama itanA kaha sakate haiM ki unakI mUla bhASA ardhamAgadhI thI kiMtu kAla ke pralamba pravAha meM usameM atyadhika parivartana AyA hai jisase usake mUla svarUpa ko prakaTa karanA durUha ho gayA hai| AgamoM kA vyAkhyA sAhitya bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI ke rUpa meM vizruta jaina-Agama sAhitya kA jaina-dharma-darzana meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| usakI mahattA kA avabodha usa para likhe gae vipula sAhitya ke avalokana se hotA hai| Agama sAhitya para niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, TIkA, avacUrI, vivaraNikA, dIpikA, TabbA Adi vipula mAtrA meM vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya likhA gayA hai| AgamoM kA vyAkhyAtmaka 1. naMdisuttaM, aNuogaddArAiM (saMpA. muni puNyavijaya, bambaI, 196 8) prastAvanA pR. 13, 14 2. prAkRtavyAkaraNa, 8/1/3 : ArSe hi sarve vidhayo vikalpyante / 3. samavAo, 34/23 : sAvi ya NaM addhamAgahI bhAsA bhAsijjamANI tesiM savvesiM AriyamaNAriyANaM duppaya cauppaya-miya-pasu-pakkhi-sirI-sivANaM appaNo hiya-siva-suhadAbhAsattAe prinnmi| 4. jaina, jagadIzacandra, prAkRtasAhitya kA itihAsa, (vArANasI, 1985) pR. 53

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 69 sAhitya mukhya rUpa se cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA / ina cAroM ke sAtha mUla AgamoM ko jor3a dene se jaina Agama sAhitya paMcAMgI nAma se abhihita hotA hai| prastuta prakaraNa meM hama niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi evaM TIkA kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta kreNge| niyukti jaina AgamoM kI prAcInatamavyAkhyA niyukti ko mAnA jAtA hai| Agama sAhitya kI prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha padyAtmaka vyAkhyA grantha niyukti hai| sUtra meM nizcita kiyA huA artha jisameM nibaddha ho, use niyukti kahA jAtA hai|' niyukti svataMtra zAstra nahIM hai, kiMtu vaha apane sUtra ke adhIna hai| niyukti AgamoM para AryA chanda meM prAkRta gAthAoM meM likhA huA saMkSipta vivecana hai| upalabdha niyuktiyoM kA adhikAMza bhAga bhadrabAhu dvitIya kI racanA hai| unakA samaya vikrama kI pAMcavIM yAchaThI zatAbdImAnA jAtA hai| Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, sUryaprajJapsi aura RSibhASita ina dasa granthoM para niyuktiyAM likhI gaI haiN| sUryaprajJapti aura RSibhASita kI niyuktiyAM anupalabdha haiN| piNDaniyukti evaM oghaniyukti kA bhI ullekha prApta hai tathA zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya inakA parigaNana mUlasUtra ke rUpa meM karatA hai| niyuktiyAM saMkSipta haiM phira bhI unameM dArzanika evaM tAttvika carcA bahuta hI sundara DhaMga se huii| aneka aitihAsika, paurANika tathya bhI niyuktiyoM meM upalabdha hai| saMkSipsa aura padyabaddha hone ke kAraNa niyuktiyoM ko AsAnI se kaMThastha kiyA jA sakatA thA aura dharmopadeza ke samaya isameM se kathA Adi ke uddharaNa die jA sakate the, isalie inakI upayogitA svata: siddha thii| bhASya niyukti sAhitya kI taraha hI bhASya sAhitya bhI prAkRta bhASA meM saMkSipta zailI meM gAthAoM meM nibaddha hai| bhASyakAroM meM prasiddha saMghadAsagaNI aura jinabhadragaNI haiN| bhASya-sAhitya meM nizItha-bhASya, vyavahAra-bhASya, bRhatkalpa-bhASya, vizeSAvazyaka-bhASya Adi bhASyoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| bhASya sAhitya meM jaina ciMtana kA prasphuTana prakharatA se huA hai| AgamoM ke gahana gambhIra tathyoM kA yuktipurassara kathana bhASya sAhitya meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa viracita vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM dArzanika ciMtana kA vivecana bahuta yauktika DhaMga se huaa| darzana ke prAya: sabhI pahaluoM para jinabhadragaNI ne dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM saMghadAsagaNI ne sAdhuoM ke AhAra, vihAra Adi niyamoM kI vicAraNA dArzanika tarIke se kI hai| laghu, madhya evaM bRhat tInoM hI AkAra ke bhASya likhe gae haiN| niyukti 1. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 8 8 : NijjuttA te atthA jaM baddhA teNa hoI nnijjuttii| 2. piNDaniyukti vRtti patra 1 : niryuktayona svatantrazAstrarUpA: kintu tattatsUtraparatantrAH / 3. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha, Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, pR. 33 4. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 84-85

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70 evaM bhASya kI bhASA, unameM padyAtmakatA Adi samAnatA hone se kucha bhASya aura niyuktiyoM kA itanA mizraNa ho gayA hai ki unakA pRthakkaraNa azakya jaisA ho gayA hai / cUrNi jaina Agama meM darzana AgamoM ke vyAkhyA sAhitya meM cUrNi sAhitya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / cUrNiyAM gadya meM likhI gaI haiN| inakI bhASA saMskRta - mizrita prAkRta hai, ata: isa sAhitya kA kSetra niyukti evaM bhASya kI apekSA adhika vyApaka thA / lagabhaga sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI kI cUrNiyAM upalabdha hotI haiN| cUrNikAroM meM jinadAsa mahattara prasiddha hai / cUrNiyoM meM mukhyataH bhASya ke hI viSaya ko saMkSepa meM gadya rUpa meM likhA gayA hai| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha, paMcakalpa, dazAzrutaskandha, jItakalpa, jIvAbhigama, prajJApanAzarIrapada, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, naMdI aura anuyogadvAra para cUrNiyAM upalabdha haiN| cUrNiyoM meM laukika, dhArmika aneka kathAeM dI haiM, prAkRta bhASA meM zabdoM kI vyutpatti dI hai tathA saMskRta aura prAkRta ke aneka padya inameM uddhRta haiN| cUrNi sAhitya kA adhyayana aneka dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa ho sakatA hai| TIkA AgamoM kA vyAkhyA sAhitya prAkRta, saMskRta evaM kSetrIya bhASA meM upalabdha hai| niyukti evaM bhASya prAkRta bhASA meM likhe ge| prArambha se hI jaina ciMtakoM kA yaha lakSya rahA ki unakA sAhitya jana sAmAnya ke lie bhI sahaja grAhya rhe| isake lie unhoMne tatkAla pracalita bhASA kA avalambana apane sAhitya nirmANa meM liyaa| cUrNi sAhitya meM bhASA ke parivartana kI bhUmikA bana jAtI hai / usameM prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASA kA mizraNa ho jAtA hai| kAlapravAha meM jaina sAhityakAroM kA AkarSaNa saMskRta bhASA kI tarapha huA aura jaina AgamoM para saMskRta vyAkhyA likhI jAne lgii| jinako TIkA kahA jAtA hai| jaina AgamoM kI upalabdha prAcIna saMskRta TIkAoM ke kartA AcArya haribhadra haiN| unhoMne Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, naMdI, anuyogadvAra Adi para TIkAeM likhI haiN| ina TIkAoM meM lekhaka cUrNayoM ke prAya: kathA bhAga ko prAkRta bhASA meM hI uddhRta kiyA hai| inhoMne jaina tattva jJAna kA gambhIra vivecana prastuta karane meM apane dArzanika jJAna kA bharapUra upayoga kiyA hai| inakA samaya IsvI san 705-775' mAnA jAtA hai| haribhadra ke pazcAt zIlAMkasUri ne AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga para saMskRta meM mahattvapUrNa TIkAoM kI racanA kii| zIlAMka ke uttaravartI zAntyAcArya ne uttarAdhyayana para bRhadvRtti likhii| isake bAda prasiddha TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri ne nau aMgoM para TIkAoM kI racanA karake jaina Agama sAhitya kI mahattvapUrNa sevA kii| ye navAMgI TIkAkAra khlaae| malladhArI hemacandra kA nAma bhITIkAoM kI racanA meM ullekhanIya hai / AgamoM kI saMskRta meM TIkA karane vAloM meM sarvazreSTha sthAna AcArya malayagiri ko prApta hai| prAMjala bhASA meM dArzanika carcA se yukta gambhIra tattvoM kA

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 71 vivecana unakI TIkA meM prApta hai| jaina AgamoM ke karma, AcAra, jJAna Adi prAya: sabhI viSayoM para unhoMne vizadatA se likhA hai| jaina AgamoM kA vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya vipula mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| jaina-tattva-mImAMsA ke atirikta sama-sAmayika paristhitiyoM kA Akalana bhI usa sAhitya ke mAdhyama se kiyA jA sakatA hai| digambara AmnAya mAnya Agama digambara paramparA ke anusAra Agama ke do bheda haiM-aMgabAhya aura aMgapraviSTa / aMgabAhya ke sAmAyika, caturviMzati Adi caudaha bheda haiM tathA aMgapraviSTa ke AcAra, sUtrakRta Adi ve hI bAraha bheda haiM jo zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya haiM, kevala jJAtAdharmakathA nAma ke sthAna para nAthadharmakathA nAma kA ullekha hai| dRSTivAda ke parikarma, sUtra Adi pAMca adhikAra haiN| parikarma ke pAMca bheda batalAe gae haiM-candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dvIpasAgara prajJapti evaM vyAkhyAprajJapti / sUtra adhikAra meM jIva tathA trairAzikavAda, niyativAda, vijJAnavAda, zabdavAda, pradhAnavAda, dravyavAda aura puruSArthavAda kA varNana hai| prathamAnuyoga meM purANoM kA upadeza hai| pUrvagata adhikAra meM utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvya kA kathana hai, inakI saMkhyA caudaha hai| jalagatA, sthalagatA, mAyAgatA, rUpagatA aura AkAzagatA-ye pAMca cUlikA ke bheda haiN|' zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya parikarma, sUtra Adi ke bhedoM, nAmoM evaM viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se inakI paryApta bhinnatA hai| samavAyAMga meM siddhazreNikA, manuSyazreNikA Adi sAta prakAra kA parikarma mAnA hai|' Rjuka, pariNatApariNati Adi ke bheda se sUtra ko aTThAsI prakAra kA mAnA hai| digambara jisako prathamAnuyoga kahate haiM zvetAmbara paramparA meM usakA nAma anuyoga haiN| mUlaprathamAnuyoga evaM kaMDikAnuyoga ye do usa anuyoga ke bheda haiN| pUrvagata meM caudaha pUrvo kA ullekha donoMparamparAoM meM hai| zvetAmbara paramparAmeM gyArahaveMpUrvakA nAma 'avaMjha' hai, digambara paramparA meM usakA 'kalyANavAda' nAma hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM cUlikA ke saMdarbha meM ullekha AtA hai ki prathama cAra pUryoM meM cUlikAeM haiM, zeSa pUrvo meM cUlikAeM nahIM haiN| cUlikAoM kA pUrvo meM samAveza ho jAtA hai jabaki digambaroM ke anusAra cUlikA kA pUrvo se koI sambandha nahIM hai| digambara mAnya parikarma ke prathama tIna bheda zvetAmbara mAnya upAMgoM ke antargata hai| dvIpasAgaraprajJapti kA bhI naMdI meM Avazyakavyatirikta ke kAlikazruta ke bheda ke antargata ullekha huA hai|' digambara paramparA meM pAMcaveM aMga kA nAma bhI vyAkhyAprajJapti hai aura parikarma ke pAMcaveM bheda 1. tattvArthavArtika, 1/20/22 2. samavAo, paiNNagasamavAo 101 3. vahI, 110 4. vahI, 127 5. vahI, 123 6. vahI, 130 7. naMdI, sUtra 78

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72 jaina Agama meM darzana kA nAma bhI vyAkhyAprajJapti hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM pAMcavAM aMga to vyAkhyAprajJapti nAma se vizruta hai kiMtu isake atirikta anya isa nAma vAle grantha kA zvetAmbarIya Agama sAhitya meM ullekha nahIM hai| digambara paramparA ke anusAra bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke kucha aMzoM ko chor3akara avaziSTa sAre hI aMgapraviSTa evaM aMgabAhya AgamoM kA uccheda ho gayA hai| dRSTivAda ke kucha aMzaSaTkhaMDAgama evaM kaSAyaprAbhRta ke rUpa meM surakSita haiN| digambara paramparA ne mUla AgamoM kA uccheda mAnakara bhI kucha granthoM ko Agama jitanA hI mahattva diyA hai aura unheM jaina veda kI saMjJA dekara cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| unakA saMkSipta varNana isa prakAra hai 1. prathamAnuyoga-padmapurANa, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa, uttarapurANa / 2. karaNAnuyoga-sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, jydhvlaa| 3. dravyAnuyoga-pravacanasAra, samayasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAya, tattvArthAdhi gamasUtra, AptamImAMsA aadi| 4. caraNAnuyoga- mUlAcAra, trivarNAcAra, rtnkrnnddshraavkaacaar|' digambara paramparA meM SaDkhaNDAgama evaM kaSAyaprAbhRta ye do grantha Agama rUpa meM mAnya haiN| SaDkhaNDAgama meM to Agamazabda bhI prayukta hai| ye donoMgrantha dRSTivAda ke aMzabhUta haiM, aisI digambara mAnyatA hai| ina granthoM kA saMkSepa meM yahAM varNana prastuta kiyA jA rahA haiSaTkhaNDAgama bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt zrutajJAna kA kramaza: hrAsa hote hote bhagavAn ke nirvANa ke 6 8 3 varSa bAda koI bhI aMgadhara evaM pUrvadhara AcArya nahIM rahe, yaha digambara paramparA kI mAnyatA hai| Agama-viccheda krama ke anta meM subhadra, yazobhadra, yazobAhu aura lohArya ye cAroM hI AcArya sampUrNa AcArAMga ke dhAraka aura zeSa aMgoM evaM pUrvo ke ekadeza ke dhAraka the| isI krama meM sabhI aMgoM evaM pUrvo kA eka deza AcArya-paramparA se AtA huA dharasenAcArya ko prApta huaa|' saurASTra deza ke girinagara kI candraguphA meM sthita aSTAMga mahAnimitta ke pAragAmI AcArya dharasena ne socA mere bAda zruta kA sarvathA lopa hI na ho jAe ata: dakSiNApatha ke AcAryoM ko patra likhaa| vahAM se bhUtabalievaMpuSpadaMtayedosAdhu adhyayana ke lie Ae AcArya ne unako zruta kA adhyayana krvaayaa| inhIM do muniyoM ne usa zruta ke AdhAra para SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA kii|' - 1. Winternitz, Manrice, History of Indian Literature, P.455 2. SaTkhaMDAgama (jIvasthAna-satprarUpaNA, khaNDa-1, pustaka-I, bhAga-1) pR. 6 7-6 8 tado subhaddo jasabhaddojasabAhu ___ lohajjo tti ede cattAri vi AiriyA AyAraMgadharA sesaMga-puvvANamega-desadharA ya / tado savyesimaMga-puvvANamega deso Airiya-paramparAe AgacchamANo dharaseNAiriyaM sNptto| 3. vahI, pRSTha 72 : tado eyaM khaMDa-siddhaMtaM par3acca bhUdabali-pupphayaMtAiriyA vi kattAro uccNti|

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 73 - puSpadaMta evaM bhUtabali ne jisa grantha kA nirmANa kiyA, unhoMne usakA kyA nAma rakhA, yaha unake dvArA racita sUtroM se jJAta nahIM hotA kiMtu dhavalAkAra ne usako SaT-khaNDa-siddhAMta ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA hai tathA unhoMne siddhAnta aura Agama ko paryAyavAcI bhI mAnA hai|' gommaTasAra ke kartA ne ise paramAgama evaM zrutAvatAra ke kartA indranandi ne ise SaTkhaNDAgama kahA hai| yaha grantha vartamAna meM 'SaTkhaNDAgama' nAma se hI prasiddha hai| puSpadanta aura bhUtabalineSaTkhaNDAgama kIracanA kI / puSpadaMtane 177sUtroM meM satprarUpaNA aura bhUtabali ne 6000 sUtroM meM zeSa grantha likhA / dUsare agrAyaNI pUrva ke mahAkarmaprakRti nAmaka caturtha pAhuDa adhikAra ke AdhAra para SaTkhaNDAgama ke bahubhAga kA uddhAra kiyA gyaa|' SaTkhaNDAgama ke chaha khaNDa haiM jaisA ki isake nAma se hI vidita hai| pahale khaNDa kA nAma jIvaTThANa hai| isameM sat, saMkhyA, kSetra, sparzana, kAla, antara, bhAva aura alpabahutva ye ATha anuyogadvAra aura prakRti-samutkIrtanA, sthAna-samutkIrtanA Adi nau cUlikAeM haiN| inameM guNasthAna aura mArgaNAoM kA varNana hai| isa khaNDa kA parimANa dhavalAkAra ne aThAraha hajAra pada kahA hai| dUsare khaNDa kA nAma khuddAbaMdha (kSullakabaMdha) hai| isameM svAmitva, kAla, antara Adi gyAraha arthAdhikAra hai| isa khaNDa meM karmabandha karane vAle jIva kA karmabandha ke bhedoM sahita gyAraha prarUpaNAoM ke dvArA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| tIsare khaNDa kA nAma baMdhasvAmitva vicaya hai| karma kI prakRtiyoM kA kisake baMdha hotA hai? kitane guNasthAna taka hotA hai? ityAdi karma-sambandhI vimarza isameM kiyA gayA hai| cauthe khaNDa kA nAma vedanA hai| isa khaNDa meM kRti aura vedanA ye do anuyogadvAra haiN| isameM vedanA ke kathana kI pradhAnatA evaM usakA adhika vistAra se varNana hone ke kAraNa isa khaNDa kA nAma 'vedanA-khaNDa' hI rakhA gayA hai| pAMcavAM khaNDa vargaNA nAma se abhihita hai| isa khaNDa kA pradhAna varNanIya viSaya baMdhanIya hai, jisameM teIsa prakAra kI vargaNAoM kA varNana aura karmabandha ke yogya vargaNAoM kA vistAra se varNana hai| chaThe khaNDa kA nAma mahAbandha hai| isameM prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga evaM pradeza bandha kA vistAra se varNana hai| bhUtabali ne pAMca khaNDoM ke puSpadaMta viracita sUtroM sahita chaha hajAra sUtra 1. kasAyapAhuDa, pR. 75 : idaM puNa khaMDa-siddhaMtaM paDucca puvvANupuvIe TThidaM chaNhaM khNddaannN| 2. vahI, pR. 21 : Agamo siddhNtopvynnmidieyttttho| 3. vahI,jIvasthAna satprarUpaNA / prastAvanA, pR.56 4. vahI, jIvasthAna satprarUpaNA 1, pR. 72 : mahAkamma-payaDi-pAhuDassa vocchedo hohidi tti samuppaNa-buddhiNA puNo davva- pamANANugamamAdikAuNa gaMtharacaNA kdaa| 5. vahI, jIvasthAna satprarUpaNA I, pR. 61 : padaM paDucca atttthaarh-pdshssN|

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74 jaina Agama meM darzana racane ke pazcAt mahAbaMdha nAma ke chaThe khaNDa kI tIsa hajAra zloka pramANa racanA kii|' isa chaThe khaNDa ko 'mahAdhavala' ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| __ vIrasenAcArya ne ina chaha khaNDoM para 72 hajAra zloka pramANa dhavalA TIkA kI racanA kii| nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI ne SaDkhaNDAgama ke AdhAra para gommaTasAra likhaa| jisake jIvakANDa aura karmakANDa se do vibhAga haiN| kaSAya-prAbhRta prastuta grantha kI utpatti pAMcaveM jJAnapravAda pUrva kI dasavIM vastu ke tIsare pejjadosapAhuDa se huI hai| pejja nAma preyasyA rAga kA hai aura doSa nAma dveSa kA hai| isa grantha meM krodha Adi cAra kaSAyoM aura hAsya Adi no kaSAyoM kA vibhAjana rAga aura dveSa ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, ata: prastuta grantha kA mUla nAma pejjadosapAhuDa hai aura uttaranAma kasAyapAhuDa hai| kaSAyoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM kA varNana karane vAle padoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa prastuta grantha kA nAma 'kasAyapAhuDa rakhA gayA hai, jisakA saMskRta rUpAntara kaSAya-prAbhRta hai| 'kaSAyaprAbhRta' prAkRta bhASA gAthA sUtroM meM nibaddha hai| ___ kaSAyaprAbhRta kI jayadhavalA TIkA meM tIsare pejjapAhuDa kA parimANa solaha hajAra padapramANa batalAyA hai| usa vizAla prAbhRta ko AcArya guNadhara ne mAtra eka sau assI gAthAoM meM upasaMhRta kiyA hai| kasAyapAhuDa meM kula 2 3 3 gAthAeM haiN| 1 8 0 gAthAoM ke atirikta 5 3 gAthAeM aura haiN| inako 1 8 0 meM jor3ane se 2 3 3 gAthAeM ho jAtI haiN| vIrasena ne ina samasta gAthAoM ke kartA guNadharAcArya ko hI mAnA hai| yadyapi guNadharAcArya ne svayaM ne grantha ke prArambha meM 180 gAthAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| kasAyapAhuDa karaNAnuyoga ke antargata hai| isameM mukhya carcA karma se sambandhita hI hai| ' AcArya guNadhara ne isa grantha meM mohanIya karma ke prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga, pradeza ke ullekha ke sAtha hI bandha sattA, udIraNA kA nirdeza mAtra karake saMkramaNa kA kucha vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| 1. SaTkhaNDAgama, prastAvanA pR. 59 meM uddhRta, indrazrutAvatAra,......SaTsahasragraMthAnyatha pUrvasUtrasahitAni, praviracya mahAbaMdhAhvayaM tata: SaSThakaM khaNDam / triMzat sahasrasUtragraMthaM vyaracayadasau mhaatmaa| 2. kasAyapAhuDasutta, gAthA 1, puvvammipaMcamammi du dasame vatthummi pAhuDe tdisN| pejattipAhuDammiduhavadi kasAyANa paahuddNnnaam|| 3. kasAyapAhuDa (prathamo'dhikAra: pejjadosabihattI) (saMpA. paM. phUlacandra, paM. mahendrakumAra, paM. kailAzacandra, mathurA, 1974) pR. 9, taM tadiyapAhuDaM kiNNAmamidivutte pejjapAhuDaM' tti taNNAmaM bhaNidaM tattha evaM kasAyapAhuDaM hodi

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 75 jaina AgamoM kA Adhunika sampAdana, anuvAda evaM bhASya bhAratIya paramparA meM prathama to zAstroM ko kaNThastha karane kI prathA rahI hai| dUsare mudraNa kalA ke AviSkAra ke anantara bhI graMthoM ko hastalikhita rUpa meM hI prayukta karane kI prathA cAlU rhii| isa kAraNa jainAgama bhI adhika logoM taka nahIM pahuMca pA rahe the| sarvaprathama 1880 meM rAya dhanapatisiMha bahAdura ne jainAgoM kA prakAzana to kara diyA kintu yaha saMskaraNa vaijJAnika paddhati se sampAdita nahIM thaa| rAya dhanapatisiMha bahAdura ke isa prakAzanasejainAgama sarvasulabha hoge| pazcimI vidvAnoM kA dhyAna jaba isa ora gayA to unhoMne jisa vaijJAnika paddhati se laiTina, grIka Adi ke prAcIna graMthoM kA sampAdana kiyA thA usI paddhati kA upayoga karate hue katipaya jainAgamoM kA bhI sampAdana kiyaa| pAzcAtya vidvAn jekobI pazcimI vidvAnoM meM sarvaprathama jekobI (Jacobi) ne san 1879 meM kalpasUtra kA eka AlocanAtmaka saMskaraNa prakAzita kiyaa| jekobI kI kalpasUtra kI bhUmikA ne bhaviSya ke anusaMdhAnoM ko AdhArabhUmi pradAna kii| zrI jekobI ne AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, kalpasUtra evaM uttarAdhyayana kA anuvAda bhI kiyaa| jinakA prakAzana :Sacred Books of East' nAmaka sirIja meM huaa| ye graMtha jarmana bhASA meM nibaddha kie gae haiN| unameM se kucha kA aMgrejI saMskaraNa bhI upalabdha hai| zrI jekobI ne AgamoM ke atirikta bhI jaina sAhitya para vipula mAtrA meM kArya kiyA hai| jekobI ne hI sarvaprathama yaha siddha kiyA ki jainadharma bauddhadharma se bhI prAcIna hai| pazcima meM jaina vidyA para kArya karane vAloM meM jekobI kA nAma agraNI vyaktiyoM meM hai| inake kAryoM dvArA pAzcAtya jagat meM jaina dharma-darzana ko eka viziSTa pahacAna prApta huI hai| I. lyUmana I.lyUmana (E. Leumann 1859-1931) kA bhI jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM bahumUlya yogadAna rahA hai| inhoMne jaina AgamoM para kArya kiyA tathA apanI pI.eca.DI. kI upAdhi 'aupapAtikasUtra' para zodha kArya karake prApta kii| lyUmana ne dazavaikAlika evaM usakI niyukti kA saMpAdana 1 8 92 meM kiyaa|

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76 zubrIMga zrI zubrIMga ne aneka jaina granthoM kA saMpAdana kiyA hai| inake dvArA saMpAdita Acarangsutra, erster srutaskandha kA prakAzana san 1918 meM Leipzig se Text, Analyse und glossar Abhandlungin yuer die Kunde des morgen landes nAmaka sirIja meM huA / 1918 meM hI inhoMne isI sirIja se 'vyavahAra aura nizItha' kA prakAzana kiyaa| isake pazcAt Studien zum Mahanisihasutta (mahAnizItha) nAma se do grantha kramaza: 1951 aura 1963 meM prakAzita hue / zubrIMga dvArA saMpAdita kucha granthoM kI hindI pratilipi kA prakAzana 'jaina sAhitya saMsthAna samiti' pUnA se huA hai| jaina Agama meM darzana zubrIMga ne dazavaikAlika sUtra kA bhI anuvAda kiyA thA jo 1932 meM ahamadAbAda se prakAzita huA / isa grantha kA saMpAdana zubrIMga ke guru E Leumann ne kiyA thaa| zubrIMga ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt unake dvArA saMpAdita do grantha evaM eka anuvAdita grantha 1969 meM prakAzita hue| eka grantha 'gaNivijjA' Indo Iranian Journal XI-2 meM prakAzita huA, jo zakunavidyA se sambandhita thaa| dUsarA 'tandulaveyAliya' nAmaka grantha thA, jo Paramedical se sambandhita thaa| eka anya kArya jo Isibhasiyaim, Aussprueche der Weisen, Aus dem prakrit der Jaina Uebersetzt (Isibhasiyaim, Translated from the prakrit of the Jains) nAma se prakAza meM AyA jo 'isibhAsiyaM' kA anuvAda thA / zArpenTiyara zArpenTiyara (Jarl Charpentier) ne 'uttarAdhyayana' sUtra ke mUla pATha kA saMzodhana kiyA hai tathA usake pAThAntara bhI die haiN| isa grantha meM unhoMne Introduction meM jaina AgamoM ke saMkSipta paricaya ke sAtha hI sAmAnya rUpa se unakI viSaya-vastu kA varNana bhI kiyaa| jaina hastalikhita pratiyoM kA, vizeSata: uttarAdhyayana se sambandhita pratiyoM ke bAre meM vizeSa jAnakArI hai| usakA kacit bhASA-zAstrIya AyAma bhI lekhaka ne prastuta kiyA hai| isa grantha meM lekhaka ne Avazyaka AlocanAtmaka TippaNa bhI die haiM tathA uttarAdhyayana kI eka TIkA bhI isake sAtha chapI hai| isa grantha kA prathama bhAratIya saMskaraNa 1980 meM Ajay Book Service naI dillI se prakAzita huA hai| alsaDorpha alsaDorpha (Ludwig Alsdorf 1904-1978) jaina vidyA ke vizeSajJa the / inhoMne jambUdvIpaprajJapti ke AdhAra para jaina sRSTi kA varNana (Cosmography) kiyA hai| uttarAdhyayana

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 77 ke namipravrajyA Adi kucha adhyayanoM para bhI inhoMne zodhakArya kiyA hai| nikSepa para inakA mahattvapUrNa kArya hai| lupsa dRSTivAda kI viSayavastu ke bAre meM bhI inhoMne vimarza kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM ke atirikta anya jaina sAhitya para inhoMne vipula mAtrA meM kArya kiyA hai| jisakI avagati L. Alsodorf, Kleine Schriften pustaka se prApta kI jA sakatI hai| jarmana vidvAnoM se sambandhita tathyoM ke lie 'German Indologists' pustaka hamArA mukhya AdhAra rahI hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha Agama sAhitya, jaina sAhitya kA prAcInatama bhAga hai| sampUrNa jaina dharma/darzana ke mUla srota jaina Agama hI haiN| prAcInakAla se hI AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, TIkA, TabbA Adi granthoM kA praNayana hotA rahA hai| prAcIna jainAcAryoM ne AgamoM kI vyAkhyA meM apane mati-bala kA pracura niyojana kiyA hai| Adhunika yugameMbhIbhAratIya vidvAnoM dvArA AgamoM para kArya ho rahe haiN| bhAratIya vidvAn san 1 9 1 5 meM mehasAnA kI Agamodaya samiti ne prAya: sabhI AgamoM kA prakAzana kiyaa| san 1 9 20 meM haidarAbAda se RSi amolaka ne jaina sUtra battIsI prakAzita kI / yadyapi usakA sampAdana AlocanAtmaka nahIM thaa| sva. munizrI puNyavijayajI evaMmunijambUvijayajInejainaAgamoM kesampAdana kA mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| Agama prakAzana kI zrRMkhalA ke prathama khaMDa meM naMdI tathA anuyogadvAra tathA dvitIya khaMDa meM AcArAMga vistRta pATha bhedAtmaka TippaNiyoM sahita tathA anya Agama bhI zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya (mumbaI) se prakAzita ho cuke haiN| __ AcArya zrI javAharalAlajI mahArAja, AcAryazrI AtmArAmajI, munizrI ghAsIlAlajI, munizrI kanhaiyAlAlajI 'kamala' tathA yuvAcAryazrI madhukara muni ne bhI Agama sAhitya para kArya kiyA hai| san 1 9 5 5 meM AcAryazrI tulasI ke vAcanA pramukhatva meM jaina AgamoM ke sampAdana kI bRhad kArya-yojanA prArambha huii| usameM jaina AgamoM ke pATha saMzodhana evaM vistRta AlocanAtmaka evaM anusaMdhAnAtmaka TippaNoM ke sAtha anuvAda kAryacala rahA hai| yaha yojanA vartamAna meM AcAryazrI mahAprajJa ke dizA nirdeza meM abAdhagati se satata gatizIla hai| isa vAcanA meM aneka AgamoM kA kArya sampanna ho cukA hai jisakI avagati nimna tAlikA se prApta kI jA sakatI hai mUlapATha saMzodhana battIsa hI AgamoM kA ho cukA hai|

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78 jaina Agama meM darzana 1. aMgasuttANi, bhAga 1 2. aMgasuttANi, bhAga 2 3. aMgasuttANi, bhAga 3 4. uvaMgasuttANi, bhAga 4 5. navasuttANi, bhAga 5 saMskRta chAyA sahita hindI anuvAda evaM vistRta TippaNa1. AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha 2. sUtrakRtAMga prathama evaM dvitIya zrutaskandha 3. sthAnAMga 4. samavAyAMga 5. bhagavatI ke prathama sAta zataka do khaNDoM meM prakAzita ho cuke haiM tathA anya kA kArya vartamAna meM cAlU hai| 6. uttarAdhyayana 7. dazavaikAlika 8. anuyogadvAra 9. naMdI sUtra 10. jJAtAdharmakathA mudraNa meM hai 11. praznavyAkaraNa ke anuvAda evaM TippaNa kA kArya cala rahA hai| 12. AcArAMga evaM AcArAMga bhASya kA aMgrejI anuvAda prakAzita ho cukA hai| 13. bhagavaI ke prathama sAta zataka kA aMgrejI anuvAda mudraNa meM hai| koza-nirmANa 1. Agama-zabdakoza 2. dezI koza 3. ekArthaka koza

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Agama sAhitya kI rUparekhA 79 4. nirukta koza 5. zrIbhikSuAgama viSayakoza, bhAga 1 6. vanaspatikoza 7. niyuktipaMcaka 8. Avazyaka niyukti (prathama bhAga) 9. zrIbhikSuAgama viSayakoza ke bhAga 2 kA kArya cAlU hai| 10. jaina pAribhASika zabdakoza kA kArya bhI cAlU hai| AcAryazrImahAprajJajIkegambhIra adhyayana-ciMtana evaM anveSaNazailIneAgama-vizleSaNa ke kSetra meM eka navIna kIrtimAna sthApita kiyA hai| uparyukta Agama sAhitya kA anusaMdhAna ke kSetra meM pracura upayoga ho rahA hai| uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki jaina paramparA ke sAmane bauddha paramparA kI taraha hI ArSavANI ko surakSita rakhane kA prazna upasthita huA thaa| jisa prakAra bauddhoM ne isake lie saMgIti Ayojita kI, usI prakAra jainoM ne bhI vAcanAeM Ayojita kI kiMtu isake bAvajUda bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI kA bahuta bar3A aMza lupta ho gyaa| bahuta samaya taka to jaina paramparA ne likhane kA hI niSedha kiyaa| kintu bAda meM yaha dekhakara ki smRti ke dvArA itane vipulakAya sAhitya ko surakSita rakhanA sambhava nahIM hai ata: likhane kI anumati de dI gii| AgamoM ko sUtra kahA jAtA hai| sUtra sadA vyAkhyA sApekSa hote haiN| isalie jaina AcAryoM ne prAcInakAla se hI AgamoM kI vistRta vyAkhyA niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi tathA TIkA ke rUpa meM kii| vastu sthiti yaha hai ki prAcIna paramparA ko jAnane ke lie aura AgamoM ke durbodha aMza ko samajhane ke lie vyAkhyA sAhitya hI hamArA ekamAtra avalambana hai| Agama ke isa vyAkhyA sAhitya meM AcArya tulasI aura AcArya mahAprajJa kI saMyukta dekharekha meM jo vyAkhyAsAhitya nirmita huA hai| vaha adhunAtana to hai hI usameM prAcIna vyAkhyA sAhitya kA navanIta bhI samAhita hai| AgamoM kI ThIka samajha ke lie yaha vyAkhyA sAhitya hI hamArA mukhya AdhAra banA hai| lupta hone se jo sAhitya baca gayA vaha bhI apane zuddha rUpa meM hama taka nahIM A skaa| isalie mudraNakalA ke Ane ke bAda jaba AgamoM ke sampAdita rUpa meM prakAzita karane kI samasyA AI taba zuddha pATha nirdhAraNa kI samasyA atyanta vikaTa siddha huii| bhAratIya jalavAyu meM koI bhI pANDulipi adhika se adhika eka hajAra varSa taka hI surakSita raha sakatI hai ata: bahuta prAcIna pANDulipi milane kA prazna nahIM thaa| jo pANDulipiyAM prApta huIM, ve prAcInatama pANDulipi

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80 jaina Agama meM darzana kI kauna-sI AvRtti hai, yaha kahanA kaThina hai kintu itanA nizcita hai ki jaisA pATha nirdhAraNa antima vAcanA meM huA thA, vaisA pATha avikala rUpa meM hameM prApta nahIM hai| mUla zuddha pATha taka pahuMcane kI paddhati kA vikAsa mUlata: pazcima ke vidvAnoM dvArA kiyA gyaa|uspddhti ke dvArA unhoMne aneka AgamoMkAsaMpAdana kiyaa| tatpazcAtbhAratIya vidvAnoM ne bhI mUla Agama aura usake vyAkhyA sAhitya ke saMpAdana meM apanA paryApta zrama lgaayaa| isa sAre parizrama kA hI phala hai ki zodhArthiyoM ko Aja Agama aura Agama kA vyAkhyA sAhitya bahuta kucha zuddha rUpa meM mila jAtA hai| isalie hamane isa adhyAya ke anta meM kucha mukhya saMpAdana kAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| usa sAhitya ke AdhAra para jo vizleSaNAtmaka samIkSA kArya huA, usakA ullekha hama viSaya-praveza meM kara cuke haiN| 000

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tattvamImAMsA tattvamImAMsA kA kSetra bahuta vistRta hai| usameM darzanazAstra ke prAya: sabhI mukhya ghaTakoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| ERE ke anusAra Metaphysics kI koI eka paribhASA denA kaThina hai| mukhyata: usameM jJAna aura astitva kI samasyA ke bAre meM vicAra kiyA hai| isa tathya ko aura adhika bodhagamya banAne ke lie ERE ne ise puna: tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara diyA hai - 1. jJAna 2. astitva (prameya) 3. tattvamImAMsA kA anya viSayoM vizeSa rUpa se AcAra aura dharma para prbhaav| It may suffice to state that the subjectofmetaphysicsis the most fundamental problems of the knowledge and reality. It will be convenient to divide the treatment of it into three parts:(1) the general nature ofknowledge (2) the conceptionofrealityanditschiefapplicationsand(3) thebearings of metaphysics on other subjects especially ethics and religion.' tattvamImAMsA meM ina sabhI viSayoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| jaina darzana kI jJAna-mImAMsA evaM prameya-mImAMsA arthAt dravyamImAMsA bahuta samRddha aura vyApaka haiN| dRSTivAda meM samasta nayavAda ke bIjabhUta tIna mAtRkApada the- 'uppannei vA vigamei vA dhuvei vA' / haribhadrasUrI ke anusAra ye tIna mAtRkA pada tIna niSadyA haiM arthAt gautama svAmI ke dvArA jijJAsA kie jAne para bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ina tIna niSadyAoM kA upadeza diyaa| ina tIna niSadyAoM ke AdhAra para gautama svAmI ne caudaha pUrvo ko grahaNa kiyaa| jisake AdhAra para gaNadharoM ko yaha jJAna huA ki 'sat' utpAd-vyaya-dhrauvyayukta hotA hai| kyoMki isake binA sattA nahIM raha sktii| isI jJAna ke AdhAra para gaNadharoM ne dvAdaza aMgoM kI racanA kii|' 1. Encyclopeadia of Religion and Ethics, (Ed. Hastings James, New York, 1974)Vol. VIII P. 594. 2. dasakAliyasuttaM, niyukti evaM cUrNi sahita (saMpA. munipuNyavijaya, vArANasI, 1973), pR. 2, mAtuyapadekkagaM taM jahA-uppaNNeti vA bhUte ti vA, vigate ti vA ete diTThivAte maatuyaapdaa....| 3. AvazyakacUrNi (hAribhadrIyA TIkA),gAthA 735 pR. 85, tatra gautamasvAminA niSadhAtrayeNa cturdshpuurvaannigRhiitaani| praNipatya pRcchA niSadyocyate / bhagavAMzcAcaSTe-uppaNNeivA vigameivAdhuveivA / etAeva tisro niSadyA:, AsAmeva sakAzAd gaNabhRtAm utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat iti pratItirupajAyate, anyathA satA'yogAt / tatazca te pUrvabhavabhAvitamatayo dvaadshaaNgmuprcynti|

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82 jaina Agama meM darzana 1 . AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra bhI ina tIna niSadyAoM se caudaha pUrva gRhIta hue haiN|' niSkarSa yaha hai ki paramparA 'sat' kI 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmakatA' kA pUrva sAhitya se sambandha mAnatI hai| eka prakAra se yaha tripadI pUrva sAhitya aura dvAdazAMgI ko paraspara jor3ane vAlI kar3I hai| isa dRSTi se tattva-mImAMsA ke lie isa tripadI kA mahattva svata: siddha hai| tripadI meM antarnihita anekAnta uparyukta tripadI meM anekAnta kA bIja spaSTa rUpa meM antarnihita hai, kyoMki utpAdavyaya arthAt anityatA aura dhrauvya arthAt nityatA paraspara virodhI dharma haiM aura isa tripadI ke dvArA ina paraspara virodhI dharmoM kA sat meM sahAvasthAna pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha niSkarSasahaja hI nikAlAjAsakatA hai ki sat meM nitya-anitya ke samAna hI, sAnta-ananta, zAzvata-azAzvata, eka-aneka, sAmAnya-vizeSa jaise virodhI dharma yugapad eka hI vastu meM raha sakate haiN| yahI anekAnta kA mUla hai aura yahI jaina dravya-mImAMsA kA nirdezaka tattva hai| anekAnta ke abhAva meM AcAra kI anupapannatA jaina AcAryoM ne yaha bhI vistAra se pratipAdita kiyA hai ki vastu kA svarUpa anekAntAtmaka na mAnane para karma aura karmaphala kI vyavasthA bhI nahIM bana pAyegI aura sArI AcAra-mImAMsA tathA dharmakA DhAMcA hI Dhaha jaaegaa| isa prakAra jainatattva-mImAMsAkA AcAramImAMsA se avinAbhAva sambandha hai| anekAnta kA AdhAra : anubhava kA prAmANya anekAnta ke anusAra vastu ke svarUpa kA nirNaya karate samaya hameM kisI svata: siddha tarka (apriori logic) kA AdhAra lekara vastu ke usasvarUpa kA apalApa nahIM karanA cAhie jisakI nityatA aura parivartanazIlatA sarvajana pratyakSa hai| apitu apane anubhava ko pramANa mAnakara yaha kahanA cAhie ki vastu meM paraspara virodhI dharmoM kA sahAvasthAna bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM se sambhava hai| 1. AvazyakacUrNi, pR. 370 taM kahaM gahitaM goyamasAmiNA ? tivihaM (tIhiM) nisejjAhiM coddasa puLvANi uppaaditaanni| nisejjA NAma paNivatiuNa jaapucchaa| 2. mahAprajJa, AcArya, jainanyAya kA vikAsa, (jayapura, 1977) 9.36-49,yahAM para AcArya mahAprajJa kA adhikAMza vivecana Agama para hI AdhArita hai| 3. AcArya sammantabhadra evaM AcArya hemacandra ne ekAnta anityatA ke pakSa meM doSa dikhAte hue yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra kRtapraNAza tathA akRta bhoga ityAdi doSa Ane se sArI AcAra-mImAMsA asta-vyasta ho jaaegii| anyayogavyavacchedikA, kArikA | 8, kRtapraNAzAkRtakarmabhogabhavapramokSasmatibhaMgadoSAn upekSya sAkSAtkSaNabhaMgamicchannaho mahAsAhasikaH paraste isI prakAra ekAntavAda mAnane para karma siddhAnta dvArA sthApanIya sukha-du:kha kA bhoga, puNya-pApa, bandha-mokSa Adi kI vyavasthA nahIM ho paayegii| vahI, kArikA 27,naikAntavAde sukhadu:khabhogau, na puNyapApena ca bNdhmokssau| durnItivAda-vyasanAsinaivaM, parairviluptaM jgdpyshessm|| 4. (ka) Mookerjee Satakari, (Delhi, 1978) The Jain Philosophy of Non-absolutism PP. 3-22 (kha) maMgalaprajJA samaNI, ArhatI-dRSTi, (cUrU, 1998) pR. 131-160

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tattvamImAMsA 83 pramANamImAMsA kI AdhAra bhUmi nayavAda isa sApekSatA kI dRSTi ke AdhAra para hI jaina paramparA kI nayavAda kI avadhAraNA TikI hai| paravartI yuga meM jaba jaina AcAryoM ne pramANa-mImAMsA para apanI lekhanI calAI to usake mUla meM yaha sApekSatA dRSTimUlaka nayavAda hI rahA / aitihAsika dRSTi se pramANa-vivecana kI apekSA naya-vivecana adhika prAcIna hai aura yahI jaina pramANa-mImAMsA kA maulika tattva hai| paMcavidhajJAna vicAraNA pramANa-mImAMsA ke kSetra meM Ane se pahale jaina paramparA jJAna-mImAMsA kA sUkSma vivecana kara rahI thii| yaha vivecana jaina paramparA kI apanI vizeSatA hai aura mUlata: Agamayuga kI dena hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina AgamoM para kAma karane vAle vidvAnoM kA dhyAna jJAna-mImAMsA kI ora vizeSa rUpa se gyaa| 1951 meM hI DaoN. nathamala TATiyA ne apane DI. liT ke zodha prabandha ke dvitIya adhyAya meM AgamoM ke AdhAra para jaina jJAna-mImAMsA kI pacAsa pRSThoM meM marmasparzI vivecanA kii|' tadanantara DaoN. indracandra zAstrI ne apanA pI-eca. DI. kA pUrA zodha-prabandha Agama AdhArita jaina jJAna-mImAMsA para hI likhaa| abhI sAdhvI zrutayazA jI ne san 1999 meM jJAna-mImAMsA para zodha kI jisameM bhI AgamoM ko hI mukhyatA dI gii| jijJAsuoM ko jJAna-mImAMsA meM AgamoM kA vaiziSTya ina graMthoM meM vistAra se mila jAtA hai| ata: hamane usakA piSTapeSaNa yahAM nahIM kiyA hai| mukhya bAta yaha hai ki jaina AgamoM ke anusAra jJAna AtmA kA svabhAva hai| jJAna bAhara se nahIM AtA vaha AtmA meM pahale se hI hai kiMtu jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke kAraNa pUrNa rUpa se abhivyakta nahIM ho paataa| jJAnAvaraNIya karmakekSayopazama ketAratamyase jJAna kA tAratamya banatA hai| jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA kSaya kevalajJAnake abhivyakta hone kA hetu hai| yaha jJAna-mImAMsA, dravya-mImAMsA ke antargata Atma-mImAMsA kA AdhAra banatI hai| dravyamImAMsA hamane Upara ERE ke pramANa ke AdhAra para tattvamImAMsA ke tIna ghaTaka mAne haiN| jJAnamImAMsA evaM tattvamImAMsA kA AcAra mImAMsA para prabhAva saMkSepa meM iMgita kara dene ke anantara aba tattvamImAMsA ke tRtIya ghaTaka prameya mImAMsA athavA dravyamImAMsA pakSa para vicAra karanA kramaprApta hai| pramANa se prameya kI siddhi hotI hai-prameyasiddhiH prmaannaaddhi| 1. Tatia, Nathmal, Studies in Jain Philosophy, (Banaras, 1951) 2. Sastri, I.C., Jain Epistemology, ) Varanasi, 1990) 3. zrutayazA, sAdhvI, jJAna-mImAMsA, (lADanUM, 1999)

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84 jaina Agama meM darzana anekAnta aura vastuvAda jaina pramANa mImAMsA meM, jaisA ki hamane Upara kahA anekAntavAda aura nayavAda kA vizeSa sthAna hai| jo darzana anekAnta aura nayakImUlabhUta sApekSatA ko svIkAra nahIM karate, vedonoMvedAnta aura bauddha-pratyayavAdI darzana haiN| zeSa sabhI vastuvAdI darzana kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM pUrNata: yA aMzata: anekAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| udAharaNata: sAMkhya vastuvAdI hai vaha puruSa ko to nitya kUTastha mAnatA hai kiMtu prakRti ko pariNAmI nitya mAnane ke kAraNa aMzata: prakArAntara se anekAnta ko svIkAra kara letA hai|' pUrvamImAMsA to nAmata: bhI anekAnta ko svIkRti pradAna karatA hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki anekAnta aura vastuvAda kA paraspara avinAbhAva sambandha hai| isalie anekAntavAdI jainadarzana vastuvAdI bhI hai| itanA avazya hai ki vastuvAdI darzanoM meM bhI jainadarzana ne anekAnta kA jaisA sarvAMgINa evaM vyavasthita prayoga kiyA, vaisA dUsare darzanoM ne nahIM kiyaa| jaina darzana kA dvaitavAda vastuvAdI hone ke sAtha-sAtha jainadarzana dvaitavAdI bhI hai| usake anusAra loka meM jo kucha hai vaha saba dvipadAvatAra hai| vizva ke mUla meM cetana aura acetana ye do tattva haiM, anya sabhI prameya ina do tattvoM ke hI avAntara bheda haiN| ve do tattva paraspara viparIta dharmoM se yukta haiN| yathA1. sAMkhyakArikA (le. IzvarakRSNa, vArANasI, 1990), zloka / / zlokavArtika (saMpA. dvArikAdAsa zAstrI, vArANasI, 1978), vanavAda, zloka 80 'hahAnaikAntikaM vastvityevaM jJAnaM sunizcitam' mImAMsAdarzana spaSTa rUpa se vastuko utpAdavyaya dhrauvyAtmaka svIkAra karatA hai| usakI siddhi meM prAya: vaisA hI udAharaNa bhI prastuta karatA hai, jaisA jaina AcArya prastuta karate haiN| zlokavArtika, vanavAda, zloka 21-22 vardhamAnakabhaMgeca rucaka: kriyate ydaa| tadA pUrvArthina: zoka: prItizcApyuttarArthinaH / / hemArthinastu mAdhyasthaM tasmAd vastu tryaatmkm| notpAdasthitibhaMgAnAmabhAve syaanmtitrym|| tulanIya AptamImAMsA (le. AcArya sammantabhadra, vIra ni.saM. 2501, vArANasI) zloka 59 ghaTamaulisuvarNArthI naashotpaadsthitissvym| zokapramodamAdhyasthyaM jano yAti shetukm|| 3. ThANaM 2/1, jadatthi NaM loge taM savvaM dupoaarN| 4. (ka) vahI, 2/1,jIvacceva ajiivccev| (kha) TheNewEncyclopaedia BritannicaVol.6,P.473,Jainmetaphysicsisadualistic system dividing the Universe into two ultimate and independent categories soul or living substance (Jiva), which permeates natural forces such as wind and fire as well as plants, animals, and human beings, and nonsoul or inanimate substance (ajiva) which includes space, time and matter. 5. ThANaM, 2/1 2

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tattvamImAMsA 85 jIva-ajIva, trasa-sthAvara, sayonika-ayonika ityAdi / sthAnAMga meM prApta yaha vargIkaraNa jaina darzana kI isa avadhAraNA ko prastuta kara rahA hai ki astitva sapratipakSa hotA hai| pakSapratipakSa se rahita astitva kI sattA hI nahIM hai / jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa anekAntavAdI hai| isalie vaha na sarvathA caitanyAdvaitavAdI hai aura na hI jar3AdvaitavAdI / vaha cetana aura acetana donoM kI svataMtra sattA svIkAra karatA hai| __ prastuta adhyAya meM hama apane Apako acetana sattA ke antargata Ane vAle pAMca dravyoM kI carcA taka hI sImita rkheNge| cetana sattA arthAt AtmA kI carcA agale tRtIya adhyAya meM kareMge tAki prameya kI carcA ke antargata jaina sammata chahoM dravyoM kI carcA ho ske| jaina darzana ke anusAra yaha loka jIva aura ajIva kI samanviti hai|' jIva evaM ajIva ananta haiM tathA ve zAzvata bhI haiN| isakA tAtparya huA mUla tattva kA na kabhI utpAda hogA aura na hI sarvathA vinAza hogA / mAtra parivartana hotA rhegaa| jise jaina darzana pariNAmI nitya kahatA hai| vastu meM parivartana hone para bhI usakA astitva banA rhegaa| saMkhyAtmaka dRSTi se jIvaajIva ke ananta hone ke kAraNa loka-vyavasthA kA samyak saMcAlana hotA rhegaa| ananta jIvoM ke mukta ho jAne para bhI jIva aura pudgala kI anta:kriyA se hone vAlI sRSTi loka meM hotI rhegii| parimitAtmavAda mAnane vAloM ke sAmane jo samasyA hai vaha jaina darzana ke samakSa nahIM hai| jIva aura ajIva kA vistAra hI paMcAstikAya, SaDdravya athavA nava tattva hai| sthAnAMga meM jIva aura ajIva koloka kahA hai| bhagavatI meM paMcAstikAya ko loka kahA gayA hai| Agama meM SaDdravyoM kA ullekha to hai kintu unheM 'loka' saMjJA se abhihita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isase phalita hotA hai ki loka ko 'SaDdravyAtmaka' mAnane kI avadhAraNA uttarakAlIna hai| jIva aura ajIva loka ke ghaTaka dravya haiN| ye paraspara pratipakSI haiM tathA ina donoM kA svatantra astitva hai| anagAra roha ke loka- aloka, jIva-ajIva Adi ke paraspara paurvAparya sambandhI praznoM ke uttara meM bhagavAn unake paurvAparya kA niSedha karate haiN|' roha ke prazna aura mahAvIra ke uttara 1. (ka) ThANaM, 2, 147, ke ayaM loge ? jIvacceva, ajIvacceva / (kha) sUyagaDo, 2/2/37..........duhao logaM jANejjA, taM jahA-jIvA ceva ajIvA cev| 2. ThANaM, 2/418-19,ke aNaMtA loge? jIvacceva, ajIvacceva, ke sAsayAloge? jIvacceva ajiivccev| 3. sabhASyatattvArthAdhigama, 5/30, tadbhAvAvyayaM nityam / 4. ThANaM, 2/411 5. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI), 13, 53, paMcatthikAyA, esa NaM evatie loe tti pavuccai / 6. vahI, 13/61 7. vahI, 1/290-297

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86 jaina Agama meM darzana ke adhyayana se anAditva kA siddhAMta phalita hotA hai| jIva-ajIva ke paurvAparya kA abhAva sRSTi-racanA ke saMdarbha meM eka naI avadhAraNA prastuta karatA hai / sRSTi-racanA ke saMdarbha meM darzana kI dhArAoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai-advaitavAdI aura dvaitvaadii| advaitavAdI dArzanika cetana yA acetana kA svataMtra astitva svIkAra nahIM krte| unake anusAra jIva aura ajIva meM se kisI eka tattva kA vAstavika astitva hai| advaitavAda kI mukhya dozAkhAeM haiM-1.jar3AdvaitavAda 2. caitanyAdvaitavAda | jar3AdvaitavAda aura caitanyAdvaitavAda-- ye donoM kAraNAnurUpa kAryotpatti ke siddhAMta ko svIkAra nahIM karatI haiM | jar3Advaita ke anusAra paMcabhUtoM ke sammizraNa se hI caitanya utpanna ho jAtA hai caitanya kI svataMtra sattA nahIM hai| caitanyAdvaita ke anusAra yaha sampUrNa jagat brahma/cetanA kA vistAra mAtra hai| cetana bhinna jar3a kA koI astitva nahIM hai| dvaitavAdI darzana jar3a aura caitanya donoM kA svataMtra astitva mAnate haiN| inake anusAra jar3a se caitanya yA caitanya se jar3a utpanna nahIM hotA / kAraNa ke anurUpa hI kArya kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra vizva eka zilpagRha hai| usakI vyavasthA svayaM usI meM samAviSTa niyamoM dvArA hotI hai| ye niyama jIva aura ajIva ke vividha jAtIya saMyoga se svata: niSpanna hai|' jaina darzana meM loka evaM aloka ina do zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| jaina avadhAraNA ke anusAra aloka kA artha hai kevala AkAza aura loka kA artha hai cetana aura acetana tattva se saMyukta AkAza / ' jaina darzana ke anusAra loka aura aloka kA vibhAga naisargika hai, anAdikAlIna hai| vaha kisI IzvarIya sattA dvArA kRta nahIM hai| loka kI svIkRti prAya: sabhI darzanoM ne kI hai| jagat yA sRSTi ko saba mAnate haiM kiMtu ajagat yA asRSTi ko koI dArzanika svIkAra nahIM krtaa| yaha bhagavAn mahAvIra kI maulika dena hai| isase pakSa aura pratipakSa tathA virodhI yugala kA siddhAMta phalita huA hai| isakI vyAkhyA kA siddhAnta hai- anekAntavAda / jagat virodhI yugalAtmaka hai| anekAnta yA sApekSavAda ke binA usakI vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA sktii| jagat kA mUla kAraNa yaha dRzyamAna carAcara jagata hamAre pratyakSa kA viSaya hai| isake pratyakSIkaraNa ke sAtha hI vaicArika dharAtala para eka jijJAsA udbhUta hotI hai ki isa jagata kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai ? 1. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) pR. 1 34-135 2. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 1/290 3. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA (le. AcArya tulasI, cUrU, 1995) 1/8,13 4. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) pR. 1 34, (sUtra 288-307)

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tattvamImAMsA 87 yaha kisa tattva se nirmita hai ? mUla tattva ko jAnane kI AkAMkSA paurvAtya evaM pAzcAtya donoM hI kSetra ke dArzanikoM meM samAna rUpa se cintA kA viSaya rahI hai, usa ciMtanA ke phalasvarUpa sRSTi ke mUla tattva ke sambandha meM nAnA matavAda pracalita evaM pratipAdita hue haiN| vedoM meM jagat ke mUla kAraNa kI khoja Rgveda kA dIrghatamA RSijagat ke mUla kAraNa kA anveSaNa karatA hai| usakI prArambhika avasthA mAtra praznAyita dRSTi se yukta hai|' prazna kA samAdhAna use upalabdha nahIM hotA hai to vaha kahatA hai --maiM to nahIM jaantaa| phira bhI vaha apanI anveSaNa kI vRtti kA tyAga nahIM karatA hai aura anta meM kaha detA hai ki "ekaM sad viprA bahudhA vdnti'| sat to eka hI hai kintu prabuddhajana usakA varNana aneka prakAra se karate haiN| paNDita dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne dIrghatamA ke isa vicAra kI tulanA anekAnta se karate hue kahA hai ki "dIrghatamA ke isa udgAra meM hI manuSya- svabhAva kI usa vizeSatA kA hameM spaSTa darzana hotA hai, jise hama samanvayazIlatA kahate haiN| isI samanvayazIlatA kA zAstrIya rUpa jainadarzana-sammata syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda hai| isI prakAra nAsadIya sUkta kA RSi bhI jagat ke upAdAna kAraNa ko khoja rahA hai| RSi kaha rahA hai usa samaya na asat thA na st| vaha sat-asat donoM kA hI niSedha karatA hai kiMtu pratIta hotA hai ki vaha parama tattva ko abhivyakta karane meM zabda-zakti ko asamartha pAtA hai| satya ke anekAntAtmaka svarUpa ko zabda eka sAtha prakaTa nahIM kara sakatA hai taba RSi niSedha kI bhASA bolatA hai| mahAvIra isa tathya ko vidheyAtmaka bhASA meM prastuta kara sat-asat donoM kI hI ApekSika sattA svIkAra karate haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke darzana ke anusAra astitva sapratipakSa hotA hai| kevala sat athavA kevala asat nAma kI koI vastu hI nahIM hai| vastu kA svarUpa sadasadAtmaka hai| sthAnAMga ke varNana se yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai|' upaniSad meM vizvakAraNatA vizva ke kAraNa kI jijJAsA meM se aneka virodhI matavAda utpanna hue, jinakA nirdeza upaniSadoM meM huA hai| vizva kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai? vaha sat hai yA asat? sat hai to puruSa hai 1. Rgveda, 1/16 4/4 (naI dillI, 2000) 2. vahI, 1/16 4 /37 3. vahI, 1/16 4/46 4. mAlavaNiyA dalasuna, Agama yuga kA jaina darzana pR. 39 Rgveda, 10/129, (dillI, 2000) nAsadAsInno sadAsIttadAnIM aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI)7/58,59 7. ThANaM, 2 1 ma 6.

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jaina Agama meM darzana yA puruSatara-jala, vAyu, agni, AkAza Adi meM se koI eka? ina praznoM kA uttara upaniSadoM ke RSiyoM ne apanI-apanI pratibhA zakti ke anurUpa diyA hai|' upaniSad sAhitya ne vizva kAraNatA ke sambandha meM nAnA matavAdoM kI sRSTi khar3I kara dI hai| upaniSad meM jala, AkAza, sat, asata Adi tattvoM se sRSTi kI utpatti kA siddhAnta pratipAdita huA hai| taittirayopaniSad ke anusAra brahma hI isa jagata kA kAraNa hai| usase hI samasta vastueM paidA huI haiN| usake kAraNa hI utpanna vastueM sthita rahatI hai aura bAda meM usameM hI vilIna ho jAtI hai| eka hI upaniSad meM sRSTi sambandhI mata vaividhya bhI upalabdha hai| isI upaniSad meM asat se sat kI utpatti bhI svIkAra kI gaI hai| asat se sat kI utpatti kA siddhAnta bRhadAraNyaka evaM chAndogyopaniSada meM bhI pratipAdita hai| chAndogya meM jahAM eka RSi asat se sat kI utpatti kA siddhAnta prasthApita karatA hai, vahIM dUsarA usakA nirAkaraNa karake sat se sRSTi kI utpati svIkAra karatA hai| bRhadAraNyaka meM jahAM asata se sat utpatti kA siddhAnta varNita hai, vahIM anyatra eka RSi nejala ko jagata kAmUlasrota mAnA hai| chAndogya upaniSad meM ekatra AkAza ko mUla tattva mAnA gayA hai| pravAhaNa jaivali se jaba sRSTi ke mUla tattva sambandhI jijJAsA kI gaI to unhoMne ne kahA samasta vastu AkAza se hI prAdurbhUta hotI haiM evaM anta meM usI meM vilIna ho jAtI hai| uparyukta avadhAraNAoM se spaSTa parilakSita ho rahA hai ki eka upaniSad meM bhI aneka RSiyoM ke vicAroM kA saMkalana hai isalie hI unameM eka hI siddhAnta ke sandarbha meM vibhinna dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| AcArya mahAprajJajI ne upaniSad meM prApta sRSTi sambandhI vicAroM ko cAra bhAgoM meM nimna prakAra se vibhakta kiyA hai - 1. rAnADe, rAmacandra datAtreya, upaniSad darzana kA racanAtmaka sarvekSaNa, (jayapura, 1989) pR. 54 - 73 2. taittirIya upaniSad (saMpA. harikRSNa goyandakA, gorakhapura, vi.saM. 2014)3/1/1,taM hovAca / yato vA imAni bhUtAni jAyante yena jAtAni jiivnti| yatprayantyabhisaMvizanti / tadvijijJAsasva, tad brhmeti| 3. vahI. 2/7.asadvA idamaga aasiit| tato vai sdjaayt| 4. (ka) bRhadAraNyakopaniSad , 1/2/1, naiveha kiMcanAgra AsIt mRtyunaivedam AvRtam AsIta / (kha) chAndogyopaniSad , 3/19/1, asadevedamagra AsIt ttsdaasiit| 5. vahI, 6/2/2, kutastu khalu saumyevaM syAditi hovAca kathamasata: saMjAyeteti sattveva somyedamagra aasiidekmevaadvitiiym| 6. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 1/2/1, so'rcannacarat tasyArcata Apo'jAyanta arcata vai me kamabhUditi, tadevArkasyArkatvam......Apo vA arkaH....sA pRthivya abhavat / 7. chAndogyaupaniSad, 1/8/8,1/9/1, taM ha pravAhaNo jaivaliruvAca.......asya lokasya kA gatirityAkAza iti hovAca sarvANi ha vA imAni bhUtAnyAkAzAdeva samutpadyanta, AkAzaM pratyastama yannyAkAzo hyevaibhyo jyAyAnAkAza: parAyaNam /

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tattvamImAMsA 89 1.jagata kA mUla tattva hai asat / 2. jagata kA mUla tattva hai sat / 3. jagata kA mUla tattva hai acetana / 4. jagata kA mUla tattva hai cetana yA aatmaa|' yUnAnI dArzanikoM kA mantavya upaniSadoM kI taraha hI yUnAnI dArzanikoM ne jagat ke mUla tattva ke saMdarbha meM eka tattva ko hI mAnyatA dI hai| grIka dArzanika thelija ke anusAra sRSTi ke prArambha meM kevala jala kA hI astitva thaa| isakA yaha siddhAnta bRhadAraNyaka kI anugUJja haiN| bRhadAraNyaka meM bhI jala ko jagata kA mUla kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| enekjImeNDara ke anusAra asIma (boundless something) nAmaka padArtha vizva kA mUla tattva thA / jo pUre AkAza meM vyApta thA / enekjImeMDara ne isa tattva ko God nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| yadyapi yaha spaSTa hai ki enekjImeMDara kA God bhautika padArtha hI hai| ___ enekjImenasa ke anusAra sampUrNa vastuoM kA Adi aura anta vAyu hai| pAithAgorasa ke anusAra jo kucha astitva hai vaha saMkhyAtmaka rUpa meM rahatA hai| inhoMne saMkhyA ko mUla mAnA hai| herAklAiTsa ne prosesa ko sat mAnA hai aura usa prosesa ke pratIka ke rUpa meM agni ko svIkAra kiyA hai| ye sAre dArzanika jagat kAraNatA ke sambandha meM eka tattvavAdI haiN| inakI vicAradhArA jar3AdvaitavAda ke samakakSa hai| jaina AgamoM meM vizva jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhI vizva ke kAraNa kI jijJAsA parilakSita hai| yaha loka (vizva) kyA hai? uttara diyA gayA jIva aura ajiiv|' Agama pravaktA ke anusAra asat vizva kA kAraNa nahIM ho sktaa| sat hI vizva kA kAraNa hai kiMtu vaha sat ekAtmaka nahIM hai| dvirUpa hai| cetana aura acetana svarUpa hai| jaina darzana sRSTi ke sambandha meM dvaitavAdI hai| cetana aura acetana kI 1. bhagavaI (khaNDa - 1) pR. 1 3 4 2. Gomperz Theodor, The Greek Thinkers, (1964) Vol. I, P.48 : Thales would have regarded water, the principle of all dampness as the primary element. 3. Masih, y, A Critical History of Western Philosophy, (Delhi, 1999) P. 5 : However for him primarymatter was'boundless something'........Anaximandercallshisinfinite boundlessmatter 'God'........This God no doubt is matter. 4. Gomperz, Theodar, The Greek Thinkers, Vol. I P.56 : He substituted air for water as the pri mary principle which engendered. 5. Masih, y, A Critical History of Western Philosophy P. 7: Pythagoras declared that whatever exists, exists in number. Ibid, P. 18: For Heraclitus, not water or air is primordial stuff. Process alone is reality and is best symbolised by fire. 7. ThANaM, 2/412

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90 jaina Agama meM darzana svataMtra sattA hai| ye eka-dUsare se paidA nahIM hote haiN| ina do tattvoM kA hI vistAra karake loka ko paMcAstikAyamaya mAnA gayA hai|' athavA SaDdravyAtmaka bhI kahA gayA hai| vastuta: ye pAMca astikAya yA chaha dravya jIva aura ajIva ke hI vistAra haiN| sRSTi ke sambandha meM jaina darzana ko dvitattvavAdI athavA bahutattvavAdI kahA jA sakatA hai| jaina darzana meM sRSTi ke paurvAparya ke sambandha meM prazna upasthita kie gae haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra unameM paraspara anAnupUrvI batalAkara inameM pUrva-pazcAt krama kA niSedha karate haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke anusAra sRSTi cakra paurvAparya mukta arthAt anAdikAla se cala rahA hai| vizva kI vyavasthA svayaM usI meM samAviSTa niyamoM ke dvArA hotI hai| ye niyama jIva aura ajIva ke vividha jAtIya saMyoga se svata: niSpanna haiN| isameM Izvara kartRtva kA asvIkAra svata: sphuTa hai| loka kA AkAra __ jaina darzana ke anusAra loka (vizva) kA AkAra bhI sthAyI evaM anAdi hai| roha ke lokAnta-alokAnta, lokAnta-avakAzAntara Adi se sambandhita paurvAparya kI jijJAsA ke saMdarbha meM prastuta bhagavAn mahAvIra ke uttara se yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai|' jaina darzana meM loka-aloka kA AkAra bhagavatI sUtra meM dravyaloka, kSetraloka, kAlaloka evaM bhAvaloka-ina cAra prakAra ke loka kA kathana hai| loka ke AkAra kA sambandha kSetraloka se hai| aloka ke saMsthAna ko rekhAMkita karate hue kahA gayA ki aloka pole gole ke samAna hai|' vaha loka ke cAroM ora vyApta hai| loka usameM samAyA huA hai| upamA kI bhASA meM loka ko AgAsathiggala AkAzarUpI vastra kI eka kArI yA thigalI kahA jA sakatA hai| aloka kI sImA se saTA huA sAtavAM avakAzAntara hai| usake Upara sAtavAM tanuvAta, phira kramaza: sAtavAM ghanavAta, sAtavAM ghanodadhi aura sAtavIM pRthvI hai| avakAzAntara, tanuvAta, ghanavAta, ghanodadhi aura pRthvI ye sabhI sAta-sAta haiN|' aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 13/53,paMcatthikAyA, esaNaM evatie loe tti pvucci| 2. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, 1/8, SaDdravyAtmako lokH| 3. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 1/2 88 - 307 jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, 1/9,jIvapudgalayorvividhasaMyogai: sa vividhruupH| 5. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI), 1/296-298 _vahI, 11/90, kativihe NaM bhaMte! loe paNNatte? goyamA! caubviheloe paNNatte, taM jahA-davvaloe, khettaloe, kAlaloe, bhaavloe| vahI, 11/90, aloeNaM bhaMte! kiM saMThie paNNate? goyamA! jhusiragolasaMThie pnnnntte| 8. uvaMgasuttANi 4 (khaNDa-2) (paNNavaNA) (saMpA.yuvAcArya mahAprajJa,lADanUM, 1989)15/153,AgAsathiggale NaMbhaMte! kiNA phuDe? kaihiM vA kAehiM phuDe? 9. ThANaM,7/14-22

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tattvamImAMsA 91 AcArya mahAprajJa ne isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA karate hue likhA hai ki "avakAzAntara -AkAza loka aura aloka donoM meM vidyamAna hai| loka meM sAta avakAzAntara mAne gae haiN| bhagavatI meM AkAza ke sthAna para 'avakAzAntara' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM avakAzAntara ke sthAna para AkAza zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| pratyeka padArtha meM avakAza hotA hai| paramANu bhI avakAzazUnya nahIM hai| avakAzAntara kA yaha siddhAnta Adhunika vijJAna dvArA samarthita hai| paramANu ke do bhAga haiM-ilekTrona aura prottron| ina donoM ke bIca eka avakAza vidyamAna rahatA hai| duniyA ke samasta padArthoM meM se yadi avakAza ko nikAla liyA jAe to usakI ThosatA AMvale ke AkAra se bRhat nahIM hotii|"| loka supratiSThaka AkAra vAlA hai| tIna zarAvoM meM se eka zarAva oMdhA, dUsarA sIdhA aura tIsarA usake Upara oMdhA rakhane se jo AkAra banatA hai, use supratiSThaka saMsthAna yA trizarAvasaMpuTa saMsthAna kahA jAtA hai| loka nIce vistRta hai, madhya meM saMkarA aura Upara vizAla hai| kSetraloka tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-Urdhva loka, adho loka aura madhya loka / bhagavatI meM ina tInoM prakAra ke kSetraloka kA vistAra se varNana bhI upalabdha hai| jaisA ki hama pahale varNana kara cuke haiM ki loka cAra prakAra kA hai-dravyaloka, kSetraloka, kAlaloka evaM bhaavlok| dravyaloka eka aura sAMta hai| dravyaloka paMcAstikAyamaya eka hai, isalie sAMta hai|' loka kI paridhi asaMkhya yojana koDAkor3I kI hai, isalie kSetraloka bhI sAMta hai| loka pahale thA, vartamAna meM hai aura bhaviSya meM sadA rahegA, isalie kAlaloka ananta hai|' loka meM varNa, gaMdha, rasa, sparza evaM saMsthAna ke paryava ananta haiM tathA bAdara skandhoM kI guru-laghu paryAyeM, sUkSma skandhoM aura amUrta dravyoM kI aguru-laghu paryAyeM ananta haiM, isalie bhAva-loka ananta haiN|' 1. bhagavaI (khaNDa / ) pR. 135 2. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 11/98,loe NaM bhaMte! kiMsaThie paNNatte? goyamA! supaiTThagasaMThie paNNatte, taM jahA-heTThA vicchiNNe, majjhe saMkhittaM. uppiM visaale.......| 3. vahI, 11/98 4. vahI, 11/91,khettaloeebhaMte! kativihepaNNatte ? goyamA! tivihepaNNatte,taMjahA-aheloyakhettaloe, tiriyaloya khettAloe, uDDaloya khettloe| 5. vahI, 11/92-97 6. vahI, 2/45.davvaoNaM egeloe saNte| mahAprajJa. AcArya, jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, (cUrU,1995) pR. 218 8. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 2/45, ............atthi puNa se aNte| 9. vahI, 2/45 10. vahI, 2/45

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92 jaina Agama meM darzana indriya kA viSaya banane kI kSamatA mAtra pudgala meM hai| vahI mUrtta dravya hai| varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparzaye pudgala ke dharma haiN| ye pudgala dravya ke sahabhAvI dharma haiN| inameM nirantara parivartana hotA rahatA hai| usa parivartana ke AdhAra para loka vividha prakAra kA parilakSita hotA hai| loka kI dRzyatA pudgala ke AdhAra para hI hai jo dikhAI detA hai vaha loka hai| je lokkai se loe|' loka ke cAra prakAroM meM bhAvaloka paryAya rUpa hai ataH vaha spaSTa dRSTigocara ho rahA hai| nayacakra meM svabhAva evaM vibhAva ina do prakAra kI paryAyoM kA ullekha hai| jIva evaM pudgala ke donoM prakAra kI paryAya hotI hai tathA anya dravyoM ke mAtra svabhAva paryAya hotI hai| varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza ye pudgala ke svabhAva paryava haiN| eka paramANu yA skandha eka guNa kAle raMga vAlA yAvat anantaguNa kAle raMga vAlA ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra gaMdha, rasa aura sparza meM bhI svAbhAvika pariNamana hotA rahatA hai| guru-laghuparyava pudgala aura pudgalayukta jIva meM hotA hai| isakA sambandha sparza se hai| agurulaghu paryava eka vizeSa guNa yA zakti hai| isa zakti se dravya kA dravyatva banA rahatA hai| cetana acetana nahIM hotA aura acetana cetana nahIM hotA, isa niyama kA AdhAra agurulaghuparyava hI hai| isI zakti ke kAraNa dravya ke guNoM meM pratisamaya SaTsthAnapatita hAni aura vRddhi hotI rahatI hai| isa zakti ko sUkSma, vANI se agocara, pratikSaNa vartamAna aura Agama pramANa se svIkaraNIya batalAyA gayA hai|' dravyAnuyogatarkaNA meM dravya ke dasa sAmAnya dharma batalAe haiM unameM eka agurulaghu hai| usako sUkSma evaM vANI kA agocara mAnA gayA hai| padArtha do prakAra ke hote haiM-bhArayukta aura bhaarhiin| bhAra kA sambandha sparza se hai| vaha pudgala dravya kA eka guNa hai| zeSa saba dravya bhArahIna agurulaghu hote haiN| pudgala dravya bhArayukta evaM bhArahIna donoM prakAra kA hotA hai| catu:sparzI taka ke pudgala skandha bhArahIna tathA aSTasparzI bhArayukta hote haiN| jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM agurulaghu paryava, agurulaghu sAmAnya guNa - inakA ullekha hai| zabda eka jaise hone para bhI tAtparya meM vibheda parilakSita hai| loka evaM aloka ke parimANa ke saMdarbha meM bhI bhagavatI meM vistAra se varNana huA hai|' 1. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI), 5/255 2. nayacakra, (le. mAilladhavala, naI dillI, 1971) gAthA 18, sabbhAvaM khu vihAvaM davvANaM pajjayaM jinnuddittuN| savvesiMca sahAvaM, vibbhAvaM jIvapoggalANaM ca // 3. bhagavaI (khnndd|) pR. 22 3-224 4. dravyAnuyogatarkaNA (le. kavi bhoja, agAsa, 1977) 11/4, agurulaghutA sUkSmA vaaggocrvivrjitaa| 5. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1), pRSTha 174, (agurulaghu cauphAso arUvidavvA ya hoti nAyavvA / sesA u aTThaphAsA gurulahuyA nicchynnyss| gurulaghudravyaM rUpi, agurulaghudravyaM tvarUpi rUpi ceti|) 6. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI)11/109-110

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tattvamImAMsA 93 / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM pracalita AcAra viSayaka avadhAraNAoM meM saMzodhana/parivardhana kiyA thaa|' kiMtu tattva-vivecana pArzvanAtha kI paramparA jaisA hI thA yaha vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai| bhagavatI meM prApta loka kA vivecana isI abhimata kI puSTi kara rahA hai| pArzvanAtha ke ziSya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa Akara loka ke sambandha meM jijJAsA prastuta karate haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra loka sambandhI avadhAraNA ko bhagavAn pArzvanAtha dvArA pratipAdita kahakara loka sambandhI unakI jijJAsA kA samAdhAna karate haiN| isasephalita hotA hai bhagavAn pArzva evaM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI loka sambandhI avadhAraNA samAna thii| lokakI avasthiti yaha dRzyamAna jagat kisa para ThaharA huA hai| purANoM meM zeSanAga, kacchapa Adi para yaha vizva avasthita hai aisI vibhinna avadhAraNAeM haiN| jaina darzana ne bhI isa samasyA para vicAra kiyA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra loka sthiti ke ATha prakAra haiM 1. vAyu AkAza para sthita hai| 2. samudra vAyu para avasthita hai| 3. pRthvI samudra para sthita hai| 4. trasa-sthAvara jIva pRthvI para sthita haiN| 5. ajIva jIva para pratiSThita haiN| 6. jIva karma se pratiSThita haiN| 7. ajIva jIva ke dvArA saMgRhIta haiN| 8. jIva karma ke dvArA saMgRhIta haiN| loka sthiti ke saMdarbha meM eka prazna ubharatA hai ki AkAza kisa para pratiSThita hai? isakA samAdhAna diyA gayA hai ki AkAza svapratiSThita hai| AkAza bhI yadi anya tattva para pratiSThita hotA to phira prazna hotA vaha tattva kisa para pratiSThita hai, isa prakAra anavasthA doSa upasthita ho jAtA avagAha denA AkAza kA svadharma hai, ataH usakI pratiSThA meM anya tattva kI svIkRti kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| sva ke saMdarbha meM AkAza avagAhaka evaM avagAhya donoM bana jAtA hai| AkAza, vAyu, jala aura pRthvI-ye vizva ke AdhArabhUta aMga haiN| vizva kI vyavasthA inhIM ke AdhAra-Adheya bhAva se banI huI hai| saMsArI jIva aura ajIva (pudgala) meM AdhAra-Adheya aura saMgrAhya saMgrAhaka bhAva ye donoM haiN| jIva AdhAra hai aura zarIra usakA aadhey| karma saMsArI jIva kA AdhAra aura saMsArI jIva usakA Adheya hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana (saMpA. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, lADanUM, 1993) 2 3 vAM adhyayana 2. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 5/2 5 5, .......pAseNaM arahayA purisAdANieNaM sAsae loe buie| 3. (ka) vahI, 1 / 310 (kha) ThANaM, 8/14 4. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1), pR. 384, AkAzaM tu svapratiSThitameveti na tatpratiSThAcintA kRteti|

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jaina Agama meM darzana jIva, ajIva (bhASA vargaNA, mana vargaNA aura zarIra vargaNA) kA saMgrAhaka hai / karma saMsArI jIva kA saMgrAhaka hai / ........jIva aura pudgala ke sivAya dUsare dravyoM meM Apasa meM saMgrAhyasaMgrAhaka bhAva nahIM hai| loka-sthiti meM jIva aura pudgala meM saMgrAhya evaM saMgrAhaka bhAva mAnA gayA hai / ' 94 jinavacana nayavihIna nahIM hote haiM yaha jainadarzana kI svIkRti hai| lokasthiti ke saMdarbha meM diye gae vaktavya sApekSa hI hai| sAmAnya rUpa se pRthvI samudra para sthita hai kintu ISatprAgbhArA pRthvI ko AkAza pratiSThita mAnA gayA hai|' jIvoM kA mukhya AdhAra pRthvI hai kintu ve bhI kahIM-kahIM sthAna vizeSa meM AkAza, vimAna, parvata pratiSThita bhI hote haiN|' bahulatA kI apekSA se udadhi pratiSThita pRthvI evaM pRthvIpratiSThita trasa sthAvara prANI yaha vaktavya diyA gayA hai| bhagavatI TIkAkAra ne ajIva kA artha zarIra Adi pudgala kiyA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki ajIva sRSTi kA jo nAnAtva hai, jitane dRzya parivartana aura pariNamana hai, ve jIva ke dvArA kRta haiN| jo kucha dikhAI de rahA hai, vaha yA to jIvaccharIra hai yA jIva-mukta zarIra hai| isa apekSA se ajIva jIva para pratiSThita hai| jIva kA jitanA nAnAtva hai, usake jitane parivartana aura vividha rUpa haiM, ve saba karma ke dvArA niSpanna haiM / isa apekSA se jIva ko karma-pratiSThita kahA gayA hai| ajIva-jIva ke dvArA saMgRhIta hai, unameM kathaMcit ekAtmaka sambandha sthApita hotA hai, isalie unameM parivartana ghaTita hotA hai| karma kA jIva ke sAtha sambandha sthApita hotA hai, isalie unake dvArA jIva meM parivartana ghaTita hotA hai / bhagavatI ke TIkAkAra ne 'pratiSThita ' kI vyAkhyA AdhAra - Adheya bhAva ke sAtha tathA 'saMgRhIta' kI vyAkhyA saMgrAhya-saMgrAhaka bhAva ke sAtha kI hai / ' vizva - vyavasthA ke sArvabhauma niyama Izvara kartRtvavAdiyoM ke anusAra jagat-vyavasthA kA niyAmaka Izvara hotA hai| jaina darzana jagatkartA ke rUpa meM kisI bhI Izvara yA IzvarIya zakti ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai / " 1. jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 219 2. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1), pR. 384, bAhulyApekSayA cedamuktam, anyathA ISatprAgbhArA pRthivI AkAzapratiSThitaiva / 3. vahI, pR. 384, tathA pRthivIpratiSThitAstrasasthAvarA: prANA: idamapi prAyikameva anyathAkAzaparvatavimAna pratiSThitA api te santIti / 4. vahI, pR. 137-138 (athAjIvA jIvapratiSThitAstathA'jIvA jIvasaMgRhItA ityetayoH ko bhedaH ? ucyatepUrvasmin vAkye AdhArAdheyabhAva uktaH, uttare tu saMgrAhya saMgrAhakabhAva iti bhedaH / yacca yasya saMgrAhyaM tattasyAdheyamapyarthApattita: syAd yathA'pUpasya tailamityAdhArAdheya bhAvopyuttaravAkye dRzya iti / tathA jIvAH karmasaMgRhItA: saMsArijIvAnAmudayaprAptakarmavazavarttitvAt, ye ca yadvazAste tatra pratiSThitAH / yathA ghaTe rUpAdaya ityevamihApyAdhArAdheyatA dRzyeti / ) 5. anyayogavyavacchedikA, (amRta kalaza II) (le. hemacandrAcArya, cUrU, 1998) kArikA 6

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tattvamImAMsA 95 4. usake anusAra isa vizva ke kucha svata: saMcAlita sArvabhauma niyama haiM, unake mAdhyama se hI yaha vizva-vyavasthA banI huI hai| loka-sthiti una sArvabhauma niyamoM kA hI nidarzana hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM hI vizvavyavasthA ke saMcAlaka dasa niyamoM kA ullekha huA hai 1. jIva bAra-bAra marate haiM aura puna: puna: vahIM utpanna hote haiN| 2. jIvoM (saMsArI) ke sadA, pratikSaNa pApakarma kA baMdha hotA hai| 3. jIvoM ke sadA, pratikSaNa mohanIya va pApakarma kA baMdha hotA hai| jIva kabhI bhI ajIva na to hue haiM, na haiM aura na hoNge| vaise hI ajIva kabhI bhI jIva nahIM ho skte| vasa jIvoM kA kabhI vyavaccheda nahIM hogA aura saba jIva sthAvara ho jAeM athavA sthAvara jIvoM kA vyavaccheda ho jAe aura saba jIva trasa ho jAeM, aisA bhI kabhI nahIM hogaa| 6. loka kabhI bhI aloka nahIM hogA, aloka loka nahIM hogaa| 7. loka kabhI bhI aloka meM praviSTa nahIM hogA aura aloka kabhI loka meM praviSTa nahIM hogaa| 8. jahAM loka hai vahAM jIva hai aura jahAM jIva hai vahAM loka hai| 9. jahAMjIva aura pudgaloM kA gatiparyAya hai vahAM loka hai aura jahAM loka hai vahAM jIva aura pudgaloM kA gatiparyAya hai| 10. samasta lokAntoM ke pudgala dUsare rukSa pudgaloM ke dvArA abaddhapArzvaspRSTa (abaddha aura aspRSTa) hone para bhI lokAnta ke svabhAva se rukSa ho jAte haiM, jisase jIva aura pudgala lokAnta se bAhara jAne meM samartha nahIM hote|' sthAnAMga saMkhyA sUcaka grantha hai tathA usameM eka se dasa taka kI saMkhyA vAle tathyoM kA hI saMkalana huA hai| jaina AgamoM meM jIva, karma, punarjanma Adi viSayoM se sambandhita vipula mAtrA meM sArvabhauma niyamoM kA ullekha hai| unake saMgrahaNa evaM vyAkhyA kA prayatna eka nae zodha prabandha kA viSaya ho sakatA hai| hamane to prasaMgAnukUla usa tathya kI ora kevala dhyAna AkarSita karane kA hI prayatna kiyA hai| loka ke ghaTaka tattva __ jaina darzana meM vizva ke lie loka zabda vyavahRta huA hai| jaina cintana ke anusAra isa jagat meM pAMca astikAya athavA kAla sahita cha: dravya mUla haiN| bhagavatI meM paMcAstikAya ko 1. ThANaM 10/1 2. aMgasuttANi bhAga-2 (bhagavaI) 13/53

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jaina Agama meM darzana loka kahA gayA hai| "paMcatthikAyA esa NaM evatie loe tti pcci'| ye pAMca astikAya hI loka ke ghaTaka dravya haiN| sthAnAMga meM pAMca astikAya ke varNana ke samaya dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, jIvAstikAya evaM pudgalAstikAya ko 'lokadravya' kahA hai tathA AkAzAstikAya ko lokAlokadravya kahA hai|' sthAnAMga evaM bhagavatI kI TIkA ke anusAra loka ke aMzabhUta hone ke kAraNa inakolokadravya kahA gayA hai| isakAtAtparya huA astikAya hI loka hai isase bhinna loka kA anya svarUpa nahIM hai| AkAza kA eka bhAga tathA anya cAra astikAya- ina pAMca astikAya ke saMyukta rUpa ko hI loka kahA jAtA hai| jaina darzana kA jagat vizleSaNa pAMca astikAya athavA SaDdravya ke rUpa meM upalabdha hai| jaina Agama sAhityakA avalokana karate haiM taba vahAM para tattva se sambandhita cAra prakAra ke vargIkaraNa upalabdha hote haiM jisakA ullekha AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI ne isa prakAra kiyA hai - 1. dravya-jIvadravya aura ajiivdrvy| 2. paMcAstikAya-dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, jIvAsti kAya, pudglaastikaay| 3. chaha dravya-dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla, pudgala aura jiiv| 4. navatattva-jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Azrava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha, mokSa / jaina darzana ne mUla tattva do hI mAne haiM-jIva aura ajiiv| paMcAstikAya' SaDadravya evaM navatattva' ina do kA hI vistAra hai| vizva-vyavasthA, astitva kI carcA meM paMcAstikAya athavA SaDdravya kA vivecana hotA hai tathA sAdhanA kI dRSTi se navatattva kA vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI maulika avadhAraNA vizva-vyavasthA ke saMdarbha meM astikAya kI prajJapti bhagavAn mahAvIra kI viziSTa avadhAraNA hai| jagata vyAkhyA ke saMdarbha meM sAMkhya ne prakRti (ajIva-pudgala) eva puruSa (jIva) kA, bauddha ne nAma evaM rUpa kA, vaizeSika ne nau dravyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai kintu astikAya kA siddhAnta mAtra mahAvIra dvArA hI pratipAdita huA hai| astikAya zabda kA prayoga bhI jainetara kisI bhI darzana meM upalabdha nahIM hai| yadyapi jaina ne dravya zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai kintu 1. ThANaM, 5/170-174, dhammatthikAe............avaTThie logdvve| 2. (ka) sthAnAMgasUtraM samavAyAMgasUtraM ca, pR. 2 22, lokasyAMzabhUtaM dravyaM lokadravyaM / (kha) bhagavaI, (khaNDa-1), pR. 411, lokasya-paMcAstikAyAtmakasyAMzabhUtaM dravyaM lokdrvym| 3. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) pR. 291 aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 25/9 5. (ka) ThANaM 5/16 9-174 (kha) aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 2/124 vahI, 25/11-12 7. ThANaM 9/6 6. vahA,

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tattvamImAMsA 97 dravya zabda kA prayoga to yoga, vaizeSika Adi anya darzanoM meM bhI tadartha huA hai| bauddho meM satkAyadRSTi ke khaNDana kA ullekha huA hai| DaoN. TATiyA kahA karate the ki bauddha sAhitya meM satkAyadRSTi ke artha kI spaSTatA nahIM hai saMbhava aisA lagatA hai jaina ke astikAya ko hI vahAM satkAya kahA gayA hai| astikAya traikAlika astitva kA bodhaka hai| bauddha darzana ke yahAM to astitva kSaNika hotA hai ataH ve astikAya ke siddhAnta kA nirAkaraNa karate the| anekAnta jaina darzana kA mahattvapUrNa evaM pramukha siddhAnta hai| anekAnta kI svIkRti ke kAraNa kucha vicAraka yaha samajhate haiM ki jaina meM mAtra sApekSa satya kI hI svIkRti hai ataH kucha samAlocakoM ne sApekSatA ke bindu ke AdhAra para isakI samAlocanA kI hai|' jabaki satya yaha hai ki sApekSa evaM nirapekSa donoM satyoM kI svIkRti ke binA anekAnta avasthita hI nahIM ho sktaa|jaindrshn meM mAtra sApekSa satya kI svIkRti hai, isa AdhAra para kI gaI samAlocanA ko nirasta karate hue AcArya mahAprajJa kA vaktavya hai ki "kucha samAlocakoM ne likhA hai ki syAdvAda hameM pUrNa yA nirapekSa satya taka nahIM le jAtA, vaha pUrNa satya kI yAtrA kA madhyavartI vizrAma gRha hai kiMtu isa samAlocanA meM tathya nahIM hai| syAdvAda hameM pUrNa yA nirapekSa satya taka le jAtA hai| usake anusAra paMcAstikAyamaya jagat pUrNa yA nirapekSa satya hai| pAMcoM astikAyoM ke apane-apane asAdhAraNa guNa haiM aura unhIM ke kAraNa unakI svataMtra sattA hai| isake astitva, guNa aura kArya kI vyAkhyA sApekSa dRSTi ke binA nahIM kI jA sktii|''2 dravya nirapekSa haiN| paryAya saapeksshaiN| astikAya kI avadhAraNAkA vizva-vyavasthA meMmahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| DaoN. vAlTara zubrIMga ne likhA hai-jIva, ajIva aura paMcAstikAya kA siddhAMta mahAvIra kI dena hai| yaha uttarakAlIna vikAsa nahIM hai|' pradeza aura paramANu ___ astikAya ke saMdarbha meM pradeza aura paramANu kI vicAraNA mahattvapUrNa hai| astikAya kI avadhAraNA kA AdhArabhUta tattva pradeza evaM paramANu hI hai| pradeza aura paramANu meM antara usakI skandha ke sAtha saMlagnatA vilagatA ke AdhAra para hI hai vastutaH ve donoM eka samAna haiN| skandha saMlagna paramANuko pradeza kahA jAtA hai, skandhase vilagavahI aMzaparamANu kahalAtA hai| jaina tattva vidyA ke anusAra pudgala ke cAra bheda kie jAte haiM - skandha, deza, pradeza evaM paramANu / dharma, adharma, AkAza evaM jIva ke skandha, deza evaM pradeza ke rUpa meM tIna vibhAga kie jAte haiN| pudgala ke paramANu hote haiM yaha to suvidita tathya hai| isI taraha anya astikAyoM 1. Dr. Radhakrishanan, Indian Philosophy (New York) P. 56 2. mahAprajJa, AcArya, jaina darzana aura anekAnta, (cUrU, 1999) pR. 29 3. Schubring, Walther, The Doctrines of the Jaina , P. 126 4. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, 1/31, vRtti, niraMza: pradeza: ........pRthagvastutvena paramANustato bhinnH|

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98 jaina Agama meM darzana ke bhI paramANu hote haiM kintu unakI abhidhA pradeza rUpa meM haiM kyoMki ve apane skandha se kabhI vilaga nahIM hote haiN| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya ke pradeza asaMkhya evaM AkAzAstikAya, pudgalAstikAya tathA jIvAstikAya ke pradeza ananta kahe gae haiN|' astikAya pradezAtmaka __ bhagavatI meM prApta astikAya kA svarUpa dArzanika dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ne isa ke svarUpa para vizada vizleSaNa kiyA hai| bhagavatI ke bhASya meM isakI vivecanA karate hue unhoMne likhA hai ki ---- "jIvatattvakA siddhAMta anekadarzanoM meM svIkRta hai| vaha aMguSTha parimANa hai, deha-parimANa hai athavA vyApaka hai-yaha viSaya bhI carcita hai, kiMtu usakA svarUpa jJAna- usake kitane paramANu yA pradeza haiM-yaha viSaya kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| astikAya ko pradezAtmaka batalAkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne usake svarUpa ko eka nayA AyAma diyA hai| jaina darzana meM astitva kA artha hai-paramANu yA paramANu-skandha / dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya aura jIvAstikAya ye cAra paramANu skandha haiN| inake paramANu kabhI viyukta nahIM hote, isalie ye pradeza skandha kahalAte haiN| pudgalAstikAya ke paramANu saMyukta aura viyukta donoM avasthAoM meM hote haiM, isalie usameM paramANu aura paramANuskandha donoM avasthAeM milatI haiN| pAMca astikAyoM meM eka jIvAstikAya ke pradeza-skandha caitanyamaya haiM, zeSa tIna astikAyoM ke pradeza-skandha tathA pudgalAstikAya ke pradeza-skandha aura paramANu caitanya rahita haiM, ajIva haiN| pAMca astikAyoM meM cAra astikAya amUrta haiM, pudgalAstikAya mUrta hai| amUrta kA lakSaNa hai-varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza kA abhAva / mUrta kA lakSaNa hai-varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza se yukta honaa|" pAMca astikAya ke sAtha kAla kA yoga hone para chaha dravya bana jAte haiN|' astikAya zabda vimarza astikAya zabda asti aura kAya ina do zabdoM se niSpanna huA hai| prastuta saMdarbha meM asti kA artha pradeza evaM kAya kA artha samUha hai, pradeza-samUha ko astikAya kahA jAtA hai|' 1. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 2/134,135 2. bhagavaI, (khaNDa) pR. 292 3. paMcAstikAya, (le. AcArya kunkunda, agAsa,1986) gAthA 6, teceva atthikAyA tekAliyabhAvapariNadA nniccaa| gacchanti daviyabhAvaM priyttttnnliNgsNjuttaa| 4. bhagavaI, (khaNDa-1), pR. 411, astizabdena pradezA ucyante'tasteSAM kAyA-rAzayo'stikAyA: /

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tattvamImAMsA 99 astikAya meM Agata asti' yaha trikAla kA bodhaka nipAta hai| jisa pradezasamUhakA traikAlika astitva hai vaha astikAya hai|' tattvArthabhASya meM astikAya meM kAya zabda kA grahaNa kyoM kiyA gayA, isake do kAraNa batalAe haiM, ve haiM 1. pradeza rUpa avayavoM kA bahutva dikhAne ke lie aura 2. addhAsamaya (kAla) kA pratiSedha karane ke lie| addhAsamaya kA niSedha isake do artha ho sakate haiM-eka to 1. kAla ke astitva kA hI niSedha karanA athavA 2.kAla ke astikAyatva kA niSedha krnaa| prastuta prasaMga meM kAla ke astikAyatva kA hI niSedha abhipreta hai kyoMki isI adhyAya meM lekhaka ne kAla ke upakAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| yadi prastuta prasaMga meM kAla ke astitva kA niSedha hotA to yaha ullekha saMbhava hI nahIM thaa| yadyapi lekhaka ne kAla ko kucha AcArya dravya kahate haiM, aise sUtra kA nirmANa kiyA hai| isase parilakSita hotA hai usa samaya kAla ko dravya mAnane ke sambandha meM bhI do avadhAraNAeM thIM, eka kAla ko dravya mAnane ke pakSa meM thI, dUsarI use dravya bhI nahIM mAnatI hogii| Agama meM kAla ko jIva-ajIva kI paryAya bhI mAnA gayA hai| saMbhavata: umAsvAti isI mAnyatA ke pakSadhara the| yadyapi kAla ko astikAya to kisI ne bhI nahIM mAnA hai| tattvArthasUtra ke prasiddha TIkAkAra AcArya siddhasenagaNI ne astikAya pada kI navIna vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| unake anusAra kAya zabda utpAda evaM vyaya kI ora saMketa karatA hai tathA asti zabda dhruvatA kA vAcaka hai| isa prakAra astikAya zabda se vastu kA trayAtmaka svarUpa abhivyajita ho rahA hai| astikAya zabda se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki dharma Adi pAMcoM dravya nitya tathA astitvavAn haiM tathA ve parivartana ke viSaya bhI banate haiN| jaina kA astikAya vedAnta ke brahma evaM sAMkhya ke puruSa kI taraha kUTastha nitya bhI nahIM hai tathA bauddha ke paryAya kI taraha sarvathA kSaNika bhI nahIM hai| apitu 'utpAdavyayadhruvatA' yukta vastu-satya hai| 1. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1), pR. 411, astItyayaM nipAta: kAlatrayAbhidhAyI, tatostIti-santi, Asana bhaviSyanti ca ye kAyAH prdeshraashyste'stikaayaaiti|| sabhASyatattvArthAdhigama, 5/1, kAyagrahaNaM pradezAvayavabahutvArthamaddhAsamayapratiSedhArthaM ca / 3. vahI, 5/22 4. vahI, 5/38, kaalshcetyeke| 5. ThANaM, 2/387-390 6. tattvArthAdhigamabhASyavRtti, (le. siddhasenagaNi, bambaI, vi.saM. 1986) 5/1, pR. 317, dhrauvyArtha pratipattaye'stizabdaprakSepa:, .........kAyagrahaNAdApattirudbhavapralayAtmikA pratIyata iti.............|

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100 astikAya kA svarUpa astikAya pradezAtmaka hai / ' kAla ke pradeza nahIM hote ataH vaha astikAya bhI nahIM hai|' guNa aura vividha paryAya yukta jinakA asti svabhAva hai| jinase tInoM loka niSpanna hue haiM / ve astikAya kahalAte haiM / ve astikAya traikAlikabhAva pariNata haiM evaM nitya haiM / ' astikAya sat svarUpa haiN| ve loka ke kAraNabhUta haiM / unakA astitva niyata hai / AkAza ke eka kSetra meM sAre astitva avagAhita hone para bhI unakA svarUpa bhinna-bhinna rahatA hai / paraspara eka-dUsare meM anupraviSTa hokara bhI unameM svarUpa sAMkarya nahIM hotA / ' AgamoM meM sthAna-sthAna para paMcAstikAya kA vistRta varNana upalabdha hai, jisakI hama yahAM saMkSipta carcA kreNge| yahAM vizeSa rUpa se yaha smaraNIya hai ki Agama meM jIvAstikAya zabda kA prayoga bahutAyata meM huA hai| kiMtu tattvArthasUtra evaM usake bhASya meM jIvAstikAya zabda kA prayoga prApta nahIM hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne dharma, adharma, AkAza evaM pudgala inako ajIvakAya kahA hai tathA bhASya meM inheM astikAya se bhI abhihita kiyA hai|' jIva ko dravya kahA hai|' kiMtu astikAya nahIM khaa| isa samasyA ko jaba bhagavatI meM vivecita astikAya ke saMdarbha meM dekhate haiM to aisA lagatA hai ki bhagavatI sampUrNa jIvoM ke samUha ko astikAya kaha rahI hai / tattvArtha uttaravartI graMtha eka jIva ko astikAya kaha rahe haiM / tattvArtha kA samaya isa prathama se dvitIya avadhAraNA para pahuMcane kA saMkrAntikAla laga rahA hai, jahAM sUtrakAra jIva zabda kA prayoga to kara rahA hai kiMtu jIvAstikAya kA nahIM / jIva ko dravya to AgamakAla meM bhI kahA gayA hai uttarakAla meM bhI yaha svIkRta hai| jIva ko dravya kahane meM umAsvAti ko koI kaThinAI nahIM ho rahI hai| bhagavatI meM astikAya kI avadhAraNA gautama ne bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUchA 'bhaMte! dharmAstikAya ke eka, do, tIna Adi pradezoM ko dharmAstikAya kahA jA sakatA hai ?' jaina Agama meM darzana 'gautama! nahIM kahA jA sktaa|' 1. aMga suttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 2 / 124 135 2. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, 1 / 2 3. paMcAstikAya, gAthA 5, jesiM atthisahAo guNehiM sahapajjaehiM vivihehiM / te hoMti atthikAyA NippaNNaM jehiM tailukaM // 4. vahI, gAthA 6, te ceva atthikAyA tekAliyabhAvapariNadA NiccA / 5. vahI, gAthA 7 6. sabhASyatattvArthAdhigama, 5/1, ajIvakAyA dharmAdharmAkAzapudgalAH / vahI, 5 / 2, dravyANi jIvAzca / 7.

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tattvamImAMsA 101 'bhaMte! unheM dharmAstikAya kyoM nahIM kahA jA sakatA?' gautama ! cakra kA khaNDa cakra kahalAtA hai yA pUrA cakra cakra kahalAtA hai? 'bhaMte! cakra kA khaMDa cakra nahIM kahalAtA, pUrA cakra cakra kahalAtA hai|' aise hI chatra, carmaratna, daNDa Adi ke sambandha meM mahAvIra aura gautama kA saMvAda hotA hai| niSkarSa prastuta karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate haiM 'isI prakAra gautama! dharmAstikAya ke eka pradeza ko yAvat eka pradeza nyUna dharmAstikAya ko dharmAstikAya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| pratipUrNa pradezoM ko hI dharmAstikAya kahA jA sakatA hai|' adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, pudgalAstikAya aura jIvAstikAya ke lie bhI yahI niyama hai| astikAya kA loka vyApitva pAMca astikAya meM dharma, adharma evaM AkAza ko saMkhyA kI dRSTi se eka kahA gayA hai| eka jIva ke asaMkhya pradeza hote haiN| jIva saMkhyA kI dRSTi se ananta hai| pratyeka jIva ko jIvAstikAya kA pradeza mAnane se jIvAstikAya ke ananta pradeza ho jAte haiN| bhagavatI meM una ananta jIvoM ke samudaya ko jIvAstikAya kahA gayA hai| bhagavatI meM pudgalAstikAya ke bhI ananta pradeza nirdiSTa haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra pudgala ke skandha evaM paramANu ye do vibhAga haiN| paramANubhI saMkhyA meM ananta haiM evaM skandha bhI ananta hai| inake samudaya kopudgalAstikAya kahA gayA hai| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya evaM AkAzAstikAya ko skandha kI apekSA eka vyaktika kahA gayA hai| ye sadaiva eka skandha ke rUpa meM hI rahate haiM, yadyapi pradeza kI dRSTi se dharma-adharma ke asaMkhya pradeza evaM AkAza ke ananta pradeza svIkRta haiN| jIvAstikAya evaM pudgalAstikAya ko kSetra kI apekSA loka pramANa mAnA gayA hai|' isI prakAra dharma-adharma dravya bhI loka vyApI haiN| jIva jIvAstikAya kA eka deza haiN| pratyeka jIva asaMkhyAta pradezAtmaka hai| ThANaM meM dharmAstikAya adharmAstikAya lokAkAza evaM eka jIva ina cAroM ko asaMkhya pradezAtmaka batAyA hai| dharma, adharma, lokAkAza to spaSTa rUpa se loka vyApI dravya haiM, kevalI samudghAta ke caturtha samaya meM jIva bhI loka vyApI bana jAtA hai|' kintu yaha niyama kevalI-samudghAta karane vAle jIvoM para hI lAgU hotA hai| bhagavatI meM 1. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 2/130 - 135 2.vahI, 2/125-127 3. vahI, 2/128, davvaoNaM jIvatthikAe aNaMtAI jiivdvvaaiN| 4.vahI,2/129 5.vahI,2/128-129 6.vahI, 2/125-126 7. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1), pRSTha 412 upayogaguNo jIvAstikAya:.........tadaMzabhUto jiivH| 8. ThANaM, 4/495 9. vahI, 8/114, cautthe samae logaM preti|

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102 jaina Agama meM darzana jIvAstikAya ko loka vyApI kahA gayA hai vaha eka jIva kI apekSA se nahIM hai kintu usa vaktavya kA tAtparya hai ki loka meM koI bhI aisA sthAna nahIM hai jahAM jIva nahIM ho / yahI niyama pudgalAstikAya para lAgU hotA hai| acita mahAskandha kI avasthA meM pudgala kA eka skandha loka-vyApI banatA hai kintu bhagavatI meM ullikhita pudgalAstikAya ke loka vyApitva kA artha hai loka kA koI bhI aisA sthAna nahIM hai jahAM pudgala na ho arthAt pudgala kA avasthAna sampUrNa loka meM hai| bhagavatI meM cAra astikAya ko lokavyApI evaM AkAzAstikAya ko lokAlokavyApI kahA hai| saba astikAya loka vyApI hone para bhI unakA loka -vyApitva eka jaisA nahIM hai, yaha uparyukta varNana se spaSTa hai| astikAya kI vividhatA jainadarzana meM astikAya kI avadhAraNA vizva-astitva kIbodhaka hai| vizva-astitva kI samagra avadhAraNA astikAya zabda se abhivyaMjita ho jAtI hai| jaina darzana meM dharma-adharma Adi pAMca astikAya svIkRta haiM kiMtu inake svarUpa meM vividhatA hai| astikAya zabda to sabake lie prayukta huA hai para sabakA astikAyatva eka jaisA nahIM hai| astikAya kI avadhAraNA kA vimarza karane para tIna prakAra ke astikAya kI avagati hotI hai 1. dharma, adharma evaM AkAza 2. jIvAstikAya 3. pudglaastikaay| dharma-adharma evaM AkAza rUpa astikAya avibhAjya svarUpa vAlA hai / vaha saMkhyAtmaka dRSTi se eka hai|' usake pradeza vibhakta nahIM hote| jIva ke samudaya ko jIvAstikAya kahA gayA hai| jIva ananta haiN| eka-eka jIva ke asaMkhya-pradeza hote haiN| ve asaMkhya pradeza kabhI bhI paraspara vibhakta nahIM ho skte| isakA tAtparya huA ki jIvAstikAya kA aMza rUpa jo jIva hai, vaha saMkhyAtmaka dRSTi se ananta hai una pratyeka jIvoM ke pRthak-pRthak asaMkhya pradeza haiN| jo kabhI vibhakta nahIM ho skte| yadyapi bhagavatI meM hI anyatra jIva ke lie bhI jIvAstikAya zabda kA prayoga huA hai| uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM jIvAstikAya kA prayoga eka jIva ke lie hI hotA rahA hai|' anuyogadvAra cUrNi meM jIvAstikAya meM kAya zabda ko pradezoM ke samUha athavA jIvoM ke samUha kA vAcaka mAnA hai| yahAM jIvAstikAya zabda kA prayoga eka jIva evaM sarvajIvoM ke samUha ke lie huA hai| 1. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 2/12 5 - 127 2. vahI, 2/128 vahI 25/244 4. paMcAstikAya, gAthA 4 5. anuyogadvAracUrNi, pR. 29, kAyastu samUha: pradezAnAM jIvAnAM vA ubhayathApyavirundraM ityato jIvAstikAyaH /

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tattvamImAMsA 103 pudgala paramANu evaM skandha ke bheda se dvividha hai| paramANu bhI ananta haiM evaM skandha bhI ananta haiN| una ananta paramANu evaM ananta skandhoM ke samUha ko pudgalAstikAya kahA gayA hai|' jaise jIva ananta hai vaise hI paramANu evaM skandha bhI ananta haiN| jIva ke asaMkhya pradeza sadaiva saMlagna rahate haiM kiMtu pudgala ke aisA niyama nahIM hai| saMkhyAtmaka dRSTi meM samAnatA hone para bhI svarUpa kI dRSTi se jIva aura pudgala ke astikAyatva meM paraspara bheda hai| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya aura AkAzAstikAya-ye tInoM amUrta hone ke kAraNa adRzya haiN| jIvAstikAya amUrta hone ke kAraNa dRzya nahIM hai phira bhI zarIra ke mAdhyama se prakaTa hone vAlI caitanyakriyA ke dvArA vaha dRzya hai| pudgalAstikAya mUrta hone ke kAraNa dRzya hai| paramANu, dvipradezI yAvat sUkSma pariNati vAle ananta pradezI pudgala skandha mUrta hone para bhI sUkSma hone ke kAraNa indriya grAhya nahIM hai| dharmAstikAya-adharmAstikAya dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya kA saMkSipta nAma dharma evaM adharma hai| bhAratIya darzana meM dharma, adharma zabda kA prayoga AcAra-mImAMsA ke saMdarbha meM, zubhAzubha pravRtti ke artha meM to huA hai, para tattva-mImAMsA kI dRSTi se dharma aura adharma kA maulika tattvoM ke rUpa meM nirUpaNa jaina darzana meM hI prApta hotA hai| SaDdravyoM meM cAra kA ullekha to itara darzanoM meM bhI prApta hai para dharma-adharma kI svIkRti jaina darzana kI maulika hai| dharma-adharma donoM amUrta dravya haiN| ajIva haiM, zAzvata evaM avasthita haiN| eka skandha rUpa haiM ata: inako dravya se eka dravya kahA jAtA hai| kSetra kI apekSAyesampUrNa loka meM vyApta haiN| kAlaseinakAtraikAlika astitva hai| dharmAstikAya ke sabhI pradezoM meM gati meM sahayogI banane kI kSamatA hai tathA adharmAstikAya ke sabhI pradezoM meM sthiti meM sahayogI banane kI kSamatA hai| dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya asaMkhyapradezAtmaka hai| ye kramaza: gati-sthiti sahAyaka banate haiN| kiMtu gati-sthiti ke preraka nahIM haiM, ye svayaM niSkriya haiN| yadyapi Agama sAhitya meM inakI sakriyatA tathA niSkriyatA kA ullekha nahIM hai jaisA ki tattvArtha ne spaSTa rUpa se inheM niSkriya kahA hai| bhagavatI meM inako dravya se eka dravya tathA kSetra se loka-pramANa kahA hai| isakA tAtparya huA ki ye ekAtmaka hote hue sarvavyApaka haiM tathA jo ekadravya rUpa meM vyApaka haiM vaha sakriya nahIM ho sakatA ata: niSkarSa rUpa meM inakI niSkriyatA siddha ho jAtI hai| Agamottara sAhitya meM dharma-adharma ke kArya ko kramaza: machalI evaM pRthvI Adi ke udAharaNa se samajhAyA gayA hai| vaisA prayatna Agama sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM hai| 1. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 2/129 2. vahI, 2/125,126 3. vahI, 2/134-135 4. sabhASyatattvArthAdhigama, 5/6 5. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI)2/125-126 6. paMcAstikAya, gAthA 8 5 - 8 6, udayaM jaha macchANaM.......................kAraNabhUdaM tu puDhavIva / /

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104 jaina Agama meM darzana dharma-adharma kI upayogitA dharmAstikAya kA lakSaNa gati aura adharmAstikAya kA lakSaNa sthiti hai|' gati aura sthiti se hI loka kI vyavasthA hotI hai| jahAM gati aura sthiti hai vahAM loka hai, jahAM gati aura sthiti nahIM hai vaha aloka hai| ina do dravyoM ne hI AkAza ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| lokAkAza aura alokaakaash| Agamana-gamana, bhASA, unmeSa, manayoga, vacanayoga, kAyayoga Adi jitane bhI cala bhAva haiM, ina sabakA Alambana gati sahAyaka dharma dravya hI hai|' vaise hI baiThanA, sonA, khar3A honA, mana ko ekAgra karanA Adi jitane bhI sthirabhAva haiM unasabakA Alambana sthiti sahAyaka adharma dravya hai| dharma-adharmadonoM hI dravya kramaza: jIvaevaMpudgala kIgati-sthiti ke upakAraka dravya haiN| loka ke AkAra kA nirdhAraNa ina donoM dravyoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai| loka kA AkAra supratiSThakasaMsthAna 'trizarAvasampuTAkAra' mAnA gayA hai| para vAstava meM vaha AkAra dharma evaM adharma kA hI hai| inake AkAra ke AdhAra para hI loka ke AkAra kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| loka-aloka kI vibhAjaka rekhA ina tattvoM ke dvArA hI nirdhArita hotI hai| inake binA lokaalokakI vyavasthA nahIM bntii| "lokAlokavyavasthA-nyathAnupapatte:' gati-sthiti nimittaka dravya tathA loka-aloka kI vibhAjaka zakti ke rUpa meM dharma-adharma kI anivArya apekSA hai| gati-sthiti sampUrNa loka meM hotI hai| isalie hameM aisI zaktiyoM kI apekSA hai, jo svayaM gatizUnya aura sampUrNa loka meM vyApta hoM aura aloka meM na hoM / isa yauktika AdhAra para hameM dharma-adharma kI AvazyakatA kA sahaja bodha hotA hai| dharma-adharma ke astitva ke saMdarbha meM eka zaMkA yaha bhI kI jAtI hai ki ve donoM dikhAI nahIM dete phira unakA astitva kaise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai? isakA samAdhAna isa rUpa meM prApta hotA hai ki ye donoM amUrttadravya haiN| amUrttadravyoM kA grahaNa indriyoM se nahIM ho sktaa|' vetoupagraha ke dvArA anumeya hote haiM-upagrahAnumeyatvAt / bhagavatI TIkA meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki chadmastha ko atIndriya padArthoM kA jJAna unake kAryoM ke dvArA hI hotA hai| gati sahAyakatva evaM sthitisahAyakatvarUpa kArya hamAre sAmane hai isase inake astitva kA sahaja anumAna ho jAtA hai| 1. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 13/56-57,..............gailakkhaNe NaM dhmmtthikaae| ............ThANalakkhaNe NaM adhmmtthikaae| 2. vahI, 2/ 138 3. vahI, 13/56 4. vahI, 1 3/57 5. vahI, 11/98 6. vahI, 18/139 1. uttarAjjhayaNANi, 14/19, no iMdiyaggejjha amuttabhAvA / 8. bhagavatI vRttipatra, (le. abhayadevasUri, mumbaI, vi.saM. 2049)752, kAryAdiliMgadvAreNaivAgdizAmatIndriya pdaarthaavgmobhvti|

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tattvamImAMsA 105 cAra astikAya ke aSTa madhyapradeza bhagavatI evaM sthAnAMga meM dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya evaM jIvAstikAya ke ATha-AThamadhyapradezoM kA ullekha hai|' sthAnAMga TIkA meM una madhyapradezoM ko rucaka rUpa kahA hai| bhagavatI vRttikAra ne cUrNikAra ke mata ko abhivyakta karate hue kahA hai ki dharmAstikAya ke madhya pradeza aSTa rucaka pradezoM para avagAhita haiN| vRttikAra apanA mata prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki dharmAstikAya Adi lokavyApI hone ke kAraNa unakA madhya to ratnaprabhAvakAzantara hI hai rucaka nahIM hai phira bhI dizA anudizA kI utpatti rucaka se hotI hai ata: dharmAstikAya Adi kA madhya bhI vahAM vivakSita kara diyA hogA, aisI sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai| kevalI samudghAta meM jIva ke ATha avicala madhya pradeza rucaka-sthita hote haiN|' isakA tAtparya yaha parilakSita hotA hai ki kevalI samudghAta ke samaya jIva sarvalokavyApI hotA hai usa samaya usake ATha madhya pradezoM kA avasthAna loka ke ATha madhya pradezoM para hotA hai tathA dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya ke madhya pradeza to pahale se hI usa sthAna para sthita haiN| dharma, adharma, lokAkAza evaM eka jIva ke pradeza samatulya haiN| saMkhyAtmaka dRSTi se samAna hai, jitane eka jIva ke pradeza haiM utane hI anya ke haiN| kama-jyAdA nahIM haiN| dharma-adharma evaM AkAza dravya to niSkriya hai ata: unake pradeza to jahAM sthita haiM vahIM raheMge kiMtu jIva ke pradezoM meM saMkoca vistAra hotA hai kiMtu madhya ke aSTa pradeza avicala hote haiN| kevalI-samuddhAta ke samaya ve hI madhyapradeza loka ke rucaka pradezoM para sthita hote haiN| bhagavatI meM ullekha hai ki jIva ke aSTa madhya pradeza jaghanya rUpa se AkAza ke eka, do, tIna, cAra, pAMca, cha: AkAza pradezoM meM evaM utkRSTa ATha AkAza pradezoM para sthita ho sakate haiM kiMtu sAta AkAza pradeza para sthita nahIM ho skte| sAta AkAza pradeza para avasthiti kA niSedha kyoM kiyA gayA hai? isakA koI hetu nahIM diyA gayA hai| 1. (ka) aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 'bhagavaI' 25/240-243 (kha) ThANaM, 8/48-51 2. sthAnAMgasUtraM samavAyAMgasUtraM ca (sthAnAMgavRtti) pR. 289,......madhyapradezAste ye ruckruupaa| 3. bhagavatI, vRttipatra 8 87, aTThadhammatthikAyassa majjhapaesa tti, ete ca rucakapradezASTakAvagAhino'vaseyA iti cuurnnikaar:| hI, pR. 887, iha ca yadyapi lokapramANatvena dharmAstikAyAdemadhyaM ratnaprabhAvakAzAntaraM eva bhavati na rucake tathA'pi dizAmanudizAM ca tatprabhavatvAddhAstikAyAdi madhyaM tatra vivakSitamiti sNbhaavyte| 5. sthAnAMgasUtraMsamavAyAMgasUtraM ca, (sthAnAMgavRtti) pR. 289,jIvasyApi kevalisamudghAte rucakasthA eva te........| 6. ThANaM, 4/495 7. sthAnAMgasUtraMsamavAyAMgasUtraMca, (sthAnAMga, TIkA) pR. 289,..........te anyadAtvaSTAvavicalA yetemadhyapradezA: / aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 25/244, eeNaM bhaMte! aTThajIvatthikAyassa majjhapadesA katisuAgAsapadesesu ogaahNti| goyamA jahaNNeNaM ekkaMsivA dohiMvA tIhiMvA cauhiMvA paMcahiMvA chahiMvA, ukkoseNaM aTTassano ceva stts|

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106 jaina Agama meM darzana TIkAkAra ne "vastu-svabhAva'' kahakara isako samAhita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai|| phira bhI jijJAsA to banI hI rahatI hai ki mAtra sAta kA hI niSedha kyoM kiyA gayA? ho sakatA hai isake pIche koI vizeSa dRSTi rahI ho kiMtu TIkAkAra ke samaya meM vaha dRSTi vilusa ho gaI ho, aisI sthiti meM Agama-pramANa para hI hama avalambita raha sakate haiN| saMbhAvanA to yaha bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki zAyada koI gaNita kA aisA niyama ho jisake kAraNa ve ATha-pradeza AkAza ke sAta pradezoM para sthita nahIM ho skte| bhagavatI evaM sthAnAMga donoM meM hI AkAzAstikAya ke ATha madhya pradeza kA ullekha hai saMbhavata: yahAM lokAkAza ke artha meM AkAzAstikAya kA prayoga huA hai, kyoMki AkAzAstikAya ke pradeza to ananta haiM taba usake madhya pradeza kyA hoMge? lokAkAza kA pradezAgra dharma-adharma evaM eka jIva ke pradezAgra ke tulya haiM unake madhya pradezoM kA ullekha haiM ata: yaha ullekha lokAkAza ke lie hI huA pratIta hotA hai| bhagavatI ke 25 veM zataka meM jIvAstikAya ke ATha madhyapradeza mAne haiN| yahAM jIvAstikAya zabda kA prayoga jIva ke saMdarbha meM huA hai na ki jIva-samudaya ke rUpa meN| jaisA ki dUsare zataka meM jIva-samudaya ke artha meM jIvAstikAya zabda kA prayoga huA hai| ThANaM meM to jIva ke hI ATha madhyapradeza mAne haiN| isase bhI yaha tathya samarthita hotA hai| jIva-pudgala kI gati loka meM hI kyoM? jIva aura pudgala gatizIla dravya haiN| unakI gati meM sahAyaka tattva kauna haiM ? ve loka meM hI gati kyoM karate haiM ? aloka meM kyoM nahIM jAte ? ye prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se upasthita hote haiN| Agamottara kAla ke jaina sAhitya meM uttara diyA gayA hai ki jIva aura pudgala dharmAstikAya ke sahayoga se gati karate haiM, aloka meM dharmAstikAya nahIM hai ata: ve aloka meM nahIM jA skte|' Agama sAhitya meM dharmAstikAya ko to gati ke sahAyaka dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kiMtu vahAM para dharmAstikAya ke atirikta anya kAraNoM kA bhI gati sahAyaka tattva ke rUpa meM ullekha prApta hai| sthAnAMga meM batalAyA gayA hai ki cAra kAraNoM se jIva aura pudgala loka se bAhara nahIM jA sakate' - 1. bhagavatI, vRtti patra 887, nocevaNaM sattasuvi' tti vastusvabhAvAditi / 2. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 25/244 3. vahI, (bhagavaI)2/128,davvaoNaMjIvatthikAe annNtaaiNjiivdvvaaii| 4. ThANaM, 8/51 5. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, vRtti 1/5, etayorabhAvAdeva aloke jIvapudgalAnAmabhAva: 1 6. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 2/125, guNao gmnngunne| ThANaM, 4/498,cauhiMThANehiMjIvAya poggalAyaNosaMcAeMti bahiyA logaMtAgamaNayAe,taM jahA -- gatiabhAveNaM, NiruvaggahayAe, lukkhatAe, logaannubhaavennN|

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tattvamImAMsA 1. gati kA abhAva 2. nirupagrahatA - gati tattva ke Alambana kA abhAva / 3. rukSatA 4. lokAnubhAva - loka kI sahaja maryAdA / lokasthiti ke varNana ke prasaMga meM bhI jIva aura pudgala kI aloka meM gati nahIM hotI, isake lie dharmAstikAya se bhinna kAraNoM kA bhI ullekha hai / 107 jahAM jIva aura pudgaloM kA gati paryAya hai vahAM loka hai aura jahAM loka hai vahAM jIva aura pudgaloM kI gatiparyAya hai|' yahAM jIva - pudgala kI gatiparyAya kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai tathA loka kI sImA bhI gatiparyAya ke AdhAra para svIkAra kI hai phira bhI yahAM para eka jijJAsA to banI hI rahatI hai ki gatiparyAya loka meM hI kyoM hai, usake bAhara kyoM nahIM ? samasta lokAntoM ke pudgala dUsare rukSa pudgaloM ke dvArA abaddha aura aspRSTa hone para bhI lokAnta ke svabhAva se rukSa ho jAte haiM, jisase jIva aura pudgala lokAnta se bAhara jAne meM samartha nahIM hote haiM / ' prastuta vaktavya se phalita hotA hai ki aloka meM jIva aura pudgala kI gati isalie nahIM hotI ki lokAnta meM pudgala rukSa ho jAte haiM, ata: ve gati meM sahayogI nahIM banate / dharmAstikAya ke hone para bhI pudgala ke sahayoga ke binA gati nahIM ho sakatI / paramANu ke gati skhalana ke kAraNoM meM bhI gatitattva kA ullekha nahIM huA hai / ' bhagavatI meM eka prazna upasthita kiyA gayA hai ki lokAnta meM khar3A rahakara deva aloka meM apanA hAtha hilA sakatA hai kyA ? ' uttara diyA gayA ki nahIM hilA sakatA aura usakA kAraNa batAyA hai ki vahAM para pudgala nahIM hai ata: gati nahIM ho sakatI / "jIvANaM AhArovaciyA poggalA, boMdiciyA poggalA, kalevaraciyA poggalA, poggalameva pappa jIvANa ya ajIvANa ya gatipariyAe Ahijjai / aloe NaM nevatthi jIvA nevatthi poggalA / ' spaSTa hai ki yahAM para jIva aura ajIva kI gati kA kAraNa pudgala ko mAnA gayA hai| dharmAstikAya ke hone para bhI pudgala ke sahayoga ke binA jIva evaM pudgala kI gati nahIM hotI / aloka meM pudgala nahIM hai, isalie vahAM jIva evaM pudgala nahIM jA skte| ' uparyukta vaktavyoM ke AdhAra para hama yaha niSkarSa to nahIM nikAla sakate ki "yadi bhagavatI ke isa stara kI racanA ke samaya meM dharmAstikAya 1. ThANaM, 10/1/9, 2. vahI, 10 / 1 /10 3. vahI, 3 / 498, tivihe poggalapaDighAte paNNatte, taM jahA paramANu poggale paramANupoggalaM pappa paDihaNNijjA, lukkhattAe vA paDiNNijjA, logaMte vA paDihaNNijnA / 4. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 16/118 5. vahI, 16 / 119 6. bhagavatI, vRti patra 717, idamuktaM bhavati - yatra kSetre pudgalAstatraiva jIvAnAM pudgalAnAM ca gatirbhavati, evaM cAloke naiva saMti jIvA naiva ca santi pudgalA iti tatra jIvapudgalAnAM gatirnAsti, tadabhAvAccAloke devo hastAdyAkuNTayituM prasArayituM vA na prabhuriti /

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108 jaina Agama meM darzana kI kalpanA sthira ho gaI to aisA uttara nahIM miltaa|''| isa prasaMga meM AcArya mahAprajJa kA abhimata ullekhanIya hai "yaha sahI hai ki aloka meM jIva aura pudgala nahIM haiM aura lokAnta ke sabhI bhAgoM meM rukSa pudgala haiM, isalie gati nahIM hotii| mukta AtmA kI gati lokAnta taka hI kyoM hotI hai, Age aloka meM kyoM nahIM hotI ? vaha gati pudgala-paramANu ke yoga se nahIM hotI, isalie aloka meM jIva nahIM hai, ajIva nahIM hai-yaha niyama bhI bAdhaka nahIM bana sktaa| lokAnta ke paramANu rukSa haiM, yaha niyama bhI usameM bAdhaka nahIM bana sktaa| mukta AtmA kI gati aloka meM nahIM hotI, isakA niyAmaka tattva dharmAstikAya hI ho sakatA hai| jahAM taka gati kA mAdhyama hai vahAM taka arthAt lokAnta taka mukta AtmA calI jAtI hai, usase Age aloka meM dharmAstikAya nahIM hai isalie vaha vahAM nahIM jA sktii|' uparyukta vimarza ke pazcAt niSkarSa rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki Agama yuga meM gati sahAyaka tattva ke rUpa meM dharmAstikAya ke atirikta anya kAraNoM kI bhI svIkRti hai| uttarakAlIna jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM gati tattva ke sahayogI ke rUpa meM mAtra dharmAstikAya kA hI ullekha hai| vahAM para Agama meM prApta anya kAraNoM kA ullekha hI nahIM kiyA gayA hai| vicAra-vikAsa ke pariprekSya meM dekheM to aisA saMbhava lagatA hai ki uttarakAlIna jaina dArzanika jaina mAnyatAoM ko eka vyavasthita AkAra de rahe the| gati sahAyaka tattva ke rUpa meM prApta kAraNoM meM dharmAstikAya hI asAdhAraNa evaM mukhya kAraNa thaa| kyoMki itara kAraNoM meM gati sahAyaka dravya ke rUpa meM svIkRta dharmAstikAya jaisI asAdhAraNatA nahIM thii| ata: gati meM asAdhAraNa kAraNa hone se uttaravartI AcAryoM ne Agama meM prApta anya kAraNoM kI upekSA karake dharmAstikAya ko hI gati sahAyaka tattva ke rUpa meM svIkRti dii| dharmAstikAya-adharmAstikAya kI tulanA astikAya kI avadhAraNA bhagavAn mahAvIra kI darzana ke kSetra meM maulika dena hai| unameM bhI dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya kI svIkRti jainetara anya darzana meM upalabdha nahIM hai| jainadarzanakAyahamaulika avadAna hai| Adhunika kucha vidvAn dharmAstikAya aura adharmAstikAya kI tulanA kramaza: sAMkhya kI prakRti ke do guNa raja evaM tama se kara rahe haiM - "Acomparative study of these two substances-Dharma and Adharma can be made with two Gunas of Prakrtitattva(Primordial Matter)ofthe Samkya Philosophy, viz. Rajas (energy)and Tamas (inertia). Rajas, being mobile is 1. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha, jaina darzana kA AdikAla, pR. 35 2. bhagavaI (khaNDa 1) bhUmikA pR. 18 3. AvazyakacUrNi, pR. 16,jeNa aloe jIvAjIvadavvANaM dhammatthikAyadavvassa abhAve gatI ceva gtthi|

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tattvamImAMsA dynamic in nature. It keeps the action of Prakrti in motion, i.e. it gives an impetus to action to be set in motion, while Tamas puts restraint on the motion." though they have the same significance in regard to their origin with the attributes of gatisilata of Rajas (motion or dynamism of Rajas) and sthisilata of Tamas (static state or rest)."1 dharma evaM adharma kI tulanA prakRti ke guNa raja evaM tama ke sAtha karanI samIcIna pratIta nahIM hotI, kyoMki raja aura tama to prakRti ke guNa hai jabaki jaina darzana ne dharma evaM adharma ko svataMtra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| 2 jaina darzana ke anusAra dharmAstikAya svayaM gatizIla nahIM hai, niSkriya hai|' vaha udAsIna bhAva se jIva- pudgala kI gati meM sahAyatA karatA hai| gamana meM sahayoga karanA usakA asAdhAraNa dharma hai| ' prakRti meM prApta raja nAma kA guNa to svayaM caMcala hai, 'gatizIla hai / vaise hI tamoguNa guru evaM AvAraka hai|' unakI tulanA dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya se kaise ho sakatI hai ? prakRti pudgala dravya kI taraha mUrta hai jabaki dharma evaM adharma amUrta dravya haiN|' syAdvAdamaMjarI meM rajas tamas evaM sattvaguNa ko utpAda, vinAza evaM sthiti kA kAraNa mAnA hai, ata: unakI tulanA utpAda, vyaya evaM dhruvatA ke sAtha to kadAcit ho sakatI hai / anyatra vimarzanIya hai / 8 paryAyavAcI abhivacana bhagavatI meM pAMcoM hI astikAya ke aneka paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA ullekha huA hai / ' AkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya evaM pudgalAstikAya ke abhivacana to una astikAyoM ke svarUpa ko abhivyakta karane vAle haiM, kiMtu dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya ke abhivacana vimarzanIya hai / 109 dharma, dharmAstikAya, prANAtipAtaveramaNa, mRSAvAdaveramaNa Adi pAMca veramaNa, mana, krodhaviveka Adi se lekara mithyAdarzanazalya taka, IryA, bhASA, eSaNA, Adana- nikSepa evaM utsarga samiti tathA managupti, vacanagupti evaM kAyagupti ina sabako dharmAstikAya ke abhivacana kahA gayA hai / adharmAstikAya ke abhivacana dharmAstikAya ke viparIta haiM / " 10 1. Dr. Sikdar J. C, Jain Theory of Reality, (vArANasI, 1991 ) PP 186-187 2. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 2/124 3. sabhASyatattvArthAdhigama, 5/6 4. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 ( bhagavaI) 2 / 125, ..... .. gamaNaguNe / 5. sAMkhyakArikA, 13, upaSTambhakaMcalaM ca rajaH / 6. vahI, 13, guruvaraNakameva tamaH / 7. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 2 / 125-126 8. syAdvAdamaMjarI, pR. 41, rajoguNAtmakatayA sRSTau, tamoguNAtmakatayA saMharaNe, sAttvikatayA ca sthitau ...... / 9. aMgasuttANi 2 ( bhagavaI) 20 / 14-18 10. vahI, 20/14 11. vahI, 20/15

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110 jaina Agama meM darzana prastuta prasaMga meM pradatta paryAyavAcI zabdoM ke ullekha meM dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya ye do zabda to prApta haiM kiMtu anya sAre hI abhivacana, dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya kI svarUpa mImAMsA ke anukUla nahIM hai / vastuta: ye paryAyavAcI dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya ke na hokara dharma evaM adharma ke haiN| dharma-adharma AcAra-mImAMsA ke zabda haiN| jIva kI zubha, azubha pravRtti ke dyotaka haiM jabaki dharmAstikAya-adharmAstikAya ajIva haiN| unakI avadhAraNA AcAra-mImAMsA meM prayukta dharma-adharma se sarvathA bhinna haiN| ___ bhagavatI TIkAkAra ke anusAra dharma zabda se sAdharmya ke kAraNa astikAya rUpa dharma ke paryAya rUpa meM prANAtipAta viramaNa Adi kA kathana kara diyA hai| vastuta: prANAtipAta viramaNa Adi cAritra dharma haiN|' unakA dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se sAmya nahIM hai| dharmAstikAya Adi ke pradezoM kA svabhAva baMdha astikAya kA astitva skandhAtmaka hai| akhaNDa vastu athavA paramANuoM ke ekIbhAva ko skandha kahate haiN| vastu ke pradeza Apasa meM bandhe hue rahate haiN| una paramANuoM ke pArasparika sambandha ko bandha kahA jAtA hai| bhagavatI meM do prakAra ke baMdhoM kA ullekha huA hai - prayoga baMdha evaM visrasA (svabhAva) bNdh|' sAdi evaM anAdi ke bheda se visasA bandha bhI dvidhA vibhakta hai| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya evaM AkAzAstikAya ke pradezoM ke pArasparika sambandha ko anAdi visasA bandha ke antargata samAviSTa kiyA gayA hai| unake pradezoM meM deza baMdha hai, sarvabaMdha nahIM hai| dharma-adharma evaM AkAza ke pradezoM kA baMdha sArvakAlika hai|' dharma Adi tInoM astikAya ke pradezoM meM anAdikAla svabhAva baMdha hai| ye tInoM astikAya niSkriya haiM ' evaM sarvaloka vyApI haiN| inake pradezoM kA jIva evaM pudgala ke pradezoM kI taraha saMkoca vikoca nahIM hotA hai| ye sarvakAla meM jahAM sthita hai vahIM sthita rheNge| isalie hI inake baMdha ko anAdi ke sAtha sarvakAlika bhI kahA hai| deza baMdha sAMkala kI kar3iyoM jaise hotA hai| aura sarvabaMdha kSIra-nIra kI taraha hotA hai| ina astikAyoM kA dezabaMdha hai arthAt inake pradezaekadUsare kA sparza karate haiM kintueka dUsare meM samAhita nahIM hote|sbkaa avagAhana sthala svataMtra hotA hai| dharma ke asaMkhya pradeza hai to unake avagAhana ke lie asaMkhya AkAza pradeza hI caahie| jIva aura pudgala kI taraha unakA avagAhana nahIM ho sktaa| 1. bhagavatIvRtti, patra 776, iha dharma: -cAritralakSaNa: sa ca prANAtipAtaviramaNAdirUpaH tatazca dharmazabdasAdhAdastikAyarUpasyApi dharmasya prANAtipAtaviramaNAdaya: paryAyatayA pravartanta iti| 2. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 8/345, duvihe baMdhe paNNatte, taM jahA-payogabaMdhe ya, vIsasAbaMdhe y| 3. vahI, 8/346 4. vahI, 8/347 5. vahI, 8/348 6. vahI, 8/349 7. sabhASyatattvArthAdhigama, sUtra 5/6

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tattvamImAMsA AkAzAstikAya vizva-saMracanA ke ghaTaka dravyoM ke saMdarbha meM AkAza kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| AkAza tattva ko prAya: sabhI bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| yadyapi usake svarUpa ke sambandha meM unameM paraspara matabheda haiM para astitva ke sambandha meM sabhI ekamata haiN| jaina darzana ne AkAza ko dharma-adharma dravya kI taraha hI amUrtta, ajIva, zAzvata evaM avasthita svIkAra kiyA hai| vaha dravyata: eka dravya hai kiMtu kSetra kI dRSTi selokAlokapramANa hai| kyoMki AkAzalokAkAza evaM alokAkAzake bheda se dvirUpa hai| vaha anantapradezAtmaka hai| AkAza ke pradezoM meM avagAha dene kI kSamatA hai|' avagAha denA hI AkAzAstikAya kA lakSaNa hai| AkAza kA vaha bhAga jo dharma, adharma, kAla, pudgala evaM jIva ke dvArA avagAhita hai, vaha lokAkAza hai| jahAM AkAza ke atirikta anya dravya nahIM hai vaha aloka hai|' aloka eka vizAla gole ke samAna hai| dharma Adi pAMca dravyoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA lokAkAza ananta AkAza samudra meM eka dvIpa ke samAna hai| yahAM yaha tathya smaraNIya hai ki AkAza akhaNDa dravya hai| anya dravyoM ke astitva ke kAraNa hI vaha loka aura aloka rUpa meM vibhakta hotA hai| AkAza svapratiSThita evaM ananta pradezI hai kiMtu lokAkAza asaMkhyapradezI hai|' yaha dRzyamAna sampUrNa jagat lokAkAza meM hI sthita hai| pudgalAstikAya sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM meM pRthak-pRthak nAma se pudgala kI avadhAraNA para vimarza huA hai| cArvAka darzana meM bhUta', sAMkhyadarzana meM prakRti', nyAya-vaizeSika meM jar3a-dravya ', bauddha meM ruup|| zaMkara vedAnta meM mAyA evaM jaina meM pudgala ke nAma se isake svarUpa para vimarzahaA hai| Adhunika bhautika vijJAna bhI mukhya rUpa se pudgala para hI AdhArita hai| yahI eka aisA tattva hai jo darzana aura vijJAna ina donoM ke kAryakSetra meM praviSTa hai| hama isa prastuta zodhaprabandha 1. aMgasuttANi bhAga-2 (bhagavaI), sUtra 8 / 348 2. vahI, 2/127 3. vahI, 2/138 4. vahI, 2/127 5. vahI, 1 3/58, avagAhaNAlakkhaNe NaM aagaastthikaae| 6.paMcAstikAya, gAthA 3 7. ThANaM, 4/495 8. tattvopaplavasiMha (jayarAzikRta) (le. jayarAzi, vAraNasI, 1987), pR. 1 9.sAMkhyakArikA, 3 10. vaizeSika darzanam, (saMpA. udayavIra zAstrI, gAjiyAbAda, 1972) 1/1/5 11. abhidharmakoza (le. AcArya vasubandhu, ilAhAbAda, 1958), 1/124, pR. 38 12. zvetAzvataropaniSad, 4/10, mAyAM tu prakRtiM vidyaa| 13. aMgasuttANi - 2 (bhagavaI) 2/129

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jaina Agama meM darzana meM pudgala se sambandhita una katipaya avadhAraNAoM kA hI ullekha kareMge, jo Agamottara sAhitya meM alpamAtrA meM carcita huI haiN| anya darzanoM se athavA vijJAna ke sAtha tulanA kA prayatna prasaMga prApta kadAcit hI ho skegaa| una saMdarbhoM ke lie pAThaka Concept of Matter in Jaina Philosophy' Adi pustakoM kA avalokana kara sakate haiM / 112 jaina darzana ke anusAra jisameM varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza ho vaha pudgala kahalAtA hai| vaha rUpI, ajIva, zAzvata, avasthita tathA loka kA eka aMzabhUta dravya hai / dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva evaM guNa ke AdhAra para usakI mImAMsA kI gaI hai| dravya kI apekSA pudgalAstikAya ananta dravya hai / kSetra kI apekSA vaha lokapramANa hai / kAla kI apekSA niyata, zAzvata, akSaya, avyaya, avasthita aura nitya hai / bhAva kI apekSA se varNavAn, gaMdhavAn, rasavAn aura sparzavAn hai / guNa kI apekSA se grahaNaguNa-samudita evaM vibhakta hone kI yogyatA vAlA hai / ' saMghAta aura bheda-milanA aura bikharanA pudgala kA asAdhAraNa guNa hai / ' cAra astikAyoM meM kevala saMghAta hai, bheda nahIM hai| bheda ke bAda saMghAta aura saMghAta ke pazcAt bheda - yaha zakti kevala pudgalAstikAya meM hai| do paramANu milakara dvipradezI yAt ananta paramANu milakara ananta pradezI skandha bana jAte haiM punaH viyukta hokara ve do paramANu yAvat ananta paramANu ho jAte haiN| yadi pudgala meM saMyoga-viyoga guNa nahIM hotA to yaha vizva yA to eka piNDa hI hotA yA kevala paramANu hI hote / una donoM rUpoM se vartamAna vizva vyavasthA phalita nahIM hotI / pudgala dravya rUpI hai, indriyagamya hai, isalie isakA astitva bahuta spaSTa hai, para isakI svataMtra sattA kA AdhAra yaha saMghAta bhedAtmaka guNa hai / jIva aura pudgala - ina donoM astikAyoM ke yoga se vizva kI vividha pariNatiyAM hotI haiM / ' pudgala kI dvirUpatA pudgala paramANu evaM skandha ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai|' yaha dRzya jagat - paudgalika jagat paramANu saMghaTita hai / paramANuoM se skandha banate haiM aura skandhoM se sthUla padArtha kA nirmANa hotA hai| pudgala meM saMghAta evaM bheda - ye donoM zaktiyAM haiM / ' paramANuoM ke saMyoga se 5. 6. 7. 1. Sikdar,J. C., 1987, P. V. Research Institute, Varanasi-5 aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 2 / 129 2. 3. vahI, 2 / 129 4. mahAprajJa, AcArya, jaina darzana aura anekAnta, pR. 23 jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, 1 / 9, jIvapudgalayorvividhasaMyogaiH sa vividharUpaH / sabhASyatattvArthAdhigama, 5 / 25, aNavaH skandhAzca / ThANaM 2 / 221-225

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tattvamImAMsA skandha banate haiM / skandha ke TUTane se anya aneka skandha bhI bana jAte haiN| skandha ke TUTane se paramANu bhI bana jAte haiN| do paramANu pudgala ke milane se dvipradezI skandha banatA hai aura dvipradezI skandha ke TUTane se do paramANu bana jAte haiN| aise hI tIna paramANu milane se tripradezI skandha banatA hai aura unake TUTane se do prakAra kI utpatti ho sakatI hai - tIna pRthak pRthak paramANu athavA eka paramANu aura eka dvipradezI skandha / isa prakAra saMghAta evaM bheda se skandha kA nirmANa hotA hai' tathA aNu bheda se hI utpanna hotA hai / ' sAmAnyataH paramANu ko kAraNa hI mAnA jAtA hai| paramANu skandha kA janaka hotA hai kintu skandha ke TUTane se hI paramANu banatA hai ataH vaha skandha kA kArya bhI hai| naya cakra meM paramANu ke kAraNa evaM kArya ina donoM rUpoM kA varNana hai / pudgala ke parivartana ke hetu jaina darzana meM chaha dravya mAne gae haiN| unameM jIva aura pudgala ye do gatizIla dravya haiM, arthAt inameM svabhAva paryAya ke sAtha vibhAva paryAya bhI hotI hai| jIva evaM pudgala meM arthaparyAya evaM vyaJjanaparyAya donoM hI hotI haiM, anya meM arthaparyAya hI hotI hai, vyaJjana paryAya nahIM hotI / bhagavatI meM prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki paramANu evaM dvipradezI se lekara ananta pradezI skandha ejana, vyejana, calana, spandana, prakampana, kSobha aura udIraNA karatA hai, nae-nae bhAva meM pariNata hotA hai ? bhagavAna ne apanI anekAntAtmaka zailI ke AdhAra para uttara diyA ki ejana Adi kriyAoM meM paramANu evaM skandha Adi kadAcita pariNata hote bhI haiM aura nahIM bhI hote haiM / ' pudgala meM arthaparyAyAtmaka svAbhAvika parivartana to svataH hotA rahatA hai kintu usakI vyaJjana paryAyAtmaka avasthA ejana, vyejana Adi kriyAoM ke binA nahIM ho sktii| paramANu kI skandha ke rUpa meM pariNati evaM skandha kI anya skandha athavA paramANu ke rUpa meM pariNati ejana Adi kriyAoM ke kAraNa hI hotI hai| unameM ejana Adi kriyA hotI hai to ve naI-naI avasthAoM meM pariNita hote haiN|' yadi ye kriyAeM nahIM hotI haiM to ve avasthAntara ko prApta nahIM kara skte|' isalie hI bhagavatI meM kahA gayA ki ve ejana Adi karate bhI hai aura nahIM bhI karate / 1. sabhASyatattvArthAdhigama, 5 / 26, saMghAtabhedebhya utpadyante / 2. vahI, 5 / 27, bhedAdaNuH / 3. nayacakra ( mAilla dhavala), zloka 113 29, jo khalu aNAiNihaNo, kAraNarUvo hu kajjarUvo vA / paramANupoglANaM so davva sahAvapajjAo / 4. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 5 / 150-153 5. vahI, 5 / 150 6. vahI, 5 / 151

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114 jaina Agama meM darzana paramANu kI sapradezatA-apradezatA pudgala dravya kI sUkSmatama ikAI ko paramANu kahate haiN| paramANu se aura koI choTA bheda pudgala kA nahIM ho sktaa| paramANu abhedya hai|' paramANu apanI dravyAtmaka avasthA meM akelA hotA hai| ataH usa avasthA meM vaha apradezI hai| paramANu kA ardha, madhya bhAga bhI nahIM hotaa|' ThANaM meM bhI paramANu ko abhedya, adAhya, agrAhya, anardha, amadhya, apradeza aura avibhAjya kahA hai| bhagavatI meM paramANu ke cAra prakAra batalAe haiM - dravya paramANu, kSetra paramANu, kAla paramANu evaM bhAva paramANu / vahAM dravya paramANu ko achedya, abhedya, adAhya, agrAhya evaM kSetra paramANu ko anardha, amadhya, apradeza evaM avibhAgI kahA hai| bhagavatI meM dravya aura kSetra paramANu kA jo svarUpa batAyA hai sthAnAMga meM yaha saMyukta rUpa se, dravya aura kSetra kA bheda kie binA paramANu ke svarUpa kA vyAkhyAna hai| bhagavatI meM hI anyatra paramANu ko anardha, amadhya aura apradeza kahA hai| paramANu apradeza hai- yaha vaktavya dravya evaM kSetra paramANu kI apekSA se hai| kAla evaM bhAva kI apekSA paramANu sapradezI evaM apradezI donoM ho sakatA hai| dravya kI apekSA paramANu niravayava hai ata: vaha apradezI hai tathA kSetra kI apekSA vaha eka AkAza pradezAvagAhI hI hotA hai ata: kSetra kI apekSA bhI apradezI hai| kAla kI apekSA jo paramANu ekasamaya sthiti vAlA hai arthAt ekasamaya ke bAda skandha meM parivartita ho jAegA vaha apradezI evaM eka se adhika samaya sthiti taka paramANu rUpa meM hI rahegA vaha sapradezI hai| paramANu meM varNa, gandha, rasa, evaM sparza kI bhI vibhinna mAtrA hotI hai| eka paramANu ananta guNa kAlA ho sakatA hai dUsarA paramANu eka guNa kAlA ho sakatA hai , yahI niyama gandha Adi ke sandarbha meM hai jaba paramANu eka guNa varNa rasa Adi vAlA hogA taba apradezI eka se adhika guNa yA mAtrA vAlA hogA to vaha sapradezI kahA jaaegaa|' / bhagavatI meM bhAva paramANuoM ko varNavAn, gaMdhavAn, rasavAn evaM sparzavAn kahA hai| isa apekSA se bhI unheM sapradezI kahA jA sakatA hai| siddhasenagaNI ne bhI bhAva paramANu ko 1. ThANaM 3/329 2. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 5/160 3. ThANaM, 3/329-335 4. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 20/37-38 5. vahI, 5/160 6. prajJApanAvRtti, patra 202 - 3, paramANurhi apradezo gIyate, dravyarUpatayA sAMzo na bhavatIti...........kAlabhAvAbhyAM sapradezatvepi na kazcid dossH| bhagavatIvRtti, patra 241, yo dravyato'pradeza:-paramANu sa ca kSetrato niyamAdapradezo, yasmAdasau kSetrasyaikatraiva pradeze'vagAhate pradezadvayAdyavagAhe tu tasyApradezatvameva na syAt, kAlatastu yadyasAvekasamayasthitikastadA'pradezo'nekasamayasthitikastu sapradeza iti, bhAvata: punaryokaguNakAlakAdista dA'pradezo'neka guNakAlakAdistu sapradeza iti / 8. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 20/41 1.

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tattvamImAMsA 115 sAvayava aura dravya paramANu ko niravayava kahA hai|' anekAnta dRSTi se vicAra karane para paramANu kI sapradezatA-apradezatA siddha ho jAtI hai| skandha kI sapradezatA-apradezatA paramANu kI taraha hI apekSA bheda se skandha bhI sapradezI evaM apradezI ubhaya rUpa ho sakatA hai| jaisA ki hamane Upara ullekha kiyA thA ki dravya kI apekSA paramANu apradezI hI hotA hai| skandha ke sambandha meM isase viparIta hogA, dravya kI apekSA skandha sapradezI hI hogaa| kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva kI apekSA skandha sapradezI evaM apradezI ubhaya rUpa hai| dravya kI apekSA dvipradezo Adi skandha sapradeza hI hote haiN| jo skandha AkAza ke eka pradeza para avagAr3ha hotA hai use kSetra kI apekSA apradezI evaM ekAdhika pradezAvagAhI ko sapradezI kahA jAtA hai| eka samaya sthiti vAlA skandha kAla kI apekSA apradezI evaM ekAdhika samaya sthiti vAlA sapradezI kahalAtA hai| bhAva kI apekSA ekaguNa (mAtrA) varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza vAlA paramANu apradezI evaM adhika guNa vAlA sapradezI kahA jAtA hai|' paramANu-pudgala kI zAzvatatA-azAzvatatA jaina darzana ke anusAra astitva virodhI dharmoM kA samavAya hai| pratyeka vastu meM eka sAtha, eka hI kAla meM virodhI dharmo kA sahAvasthAna hai| paramANu-pudgala meM bhI yahI niyama ghaTita hotA hai| vaha zAzvata bhI hai aura azAzvata bhI hai|' dravyArtha kI apekSA vaha zAzvata hai evaM varNa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza paryAya kI apekSA azAzvata hai|' apekSA bheda se vastu meM sthita virodhI dharmoM ke sahAvasthAna kI samyak vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| pudgala ke parivartana kA niyama skandha evaM paramANu ke bheda se pudgala dvidhA vibhakta hai| skandha kA paramANu ke rUpa meM evaM paramANu kA skandha ke rUpa meM parivartana hotA rahA hai| bhagavatI meM eka prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki paramANu pudgala kAla kI dRSTi se kitane samaya taka paramANu rUpa meM raha sakatA hai? isa jijJAsA ko samAhita karate hue kahA gayA ki kama-se kama eka samaya evaM utkarSataH asaMkhyeya kAla taka vaha eka sthiti meM raha sakatA hai tathA paramANu ke sambandha meM pUche gae prazna ke uttara meM samAdhAnakAra ne skandha kI kAla sthiti kA bhI uttara de diyA / arthAt paramANu evaM 1. tattvArthabhASyAnusAriNI vRtti, 5/1, pR. 31 8 - 3 19, ..............nanu prasiddhamevedamekarasagandhavarNo dvisparzazcANurbhavati, bhAvAvayavai:sAvayavo dravyAvayavairniravayava iti| 2. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 5/161-164 3. (ka) vahI, 5/205 (kha) bhagavatI vRtti, patra 241 aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 14/49.paramANupoggaleNaM bhaMte! kiM sAsae? asAsae ? goyamA! siya sAsae, siya asaasr| 5. vahI, 14/50

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jaina Agama meM darzana skandha donoM kA hI yaha eka hI niyama hai / jaghanyataH eka samaya evaM utkarSataH asaMkhyeya kAla taka ve paramANu rUpa meM athavA skandha rUpa meM raha sakate haiN|' asaMkhyeya kAla ke pazcAt to nizcita rUpa se unako parivartita honA hI pdd'egaa| arthAt paramANu ko skandha ke rUpa meM evaM skandha ko paramANu ke rUpa meM badalanA hI hogaa| koI bhI pudgala anantakAla taka eka hI rUpa maiM nahIM raha sktaa| yaha pudgala ke parivartana kA svAbhAvika niyama hai / pudgala ke guNadharma meM parivartana ke niyama 116 pudgala varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza yukta hotA hai| varNa Adi guNa paramANu evaM skandha dono meM rahate haiM / zabda, saMsthAna Adi bhI pudgalAtmaka haiM kintu ye skandha meM hI ho sakate haiM paramANu meM nahIM hote / paramANu evaM skandha meM jisa prakAra niyamataH asaMkhyeya varSa ke bAda parivartana hogA hI usI prakAra pudgala ke dharma-varNa Adi meM bhI parivartana kA niyama hai| varNa Adi pudgala guNa haiM, unameM guNAMza badalate rahate haiM arthAt varNa, rasa Adi saba paramANu evaM skandhoM meM ve eka jaise nahIM hote haiN| unameM taratamatA rahatI hai| jaise koI paramANu eka guNa lAla aura koI do, cAra yAvat ananta guNa bhI lAla ho sakatA hai| ina guNAMzoM meM kama se kama eka samaya meM evaM utkarSataH asaMkhyeya kAla meM to avazya hI parivartana hogA / ' arthAt koI eka guNa lAla varNa vAlA paramANu hai, niyamataH asaMkhyeya kAla bAda use do cAra yAvat ananta guNa lAla varNa vAlA bananA hI pdd'egaa| pudgala ke dharmoM meM guNAtmaka evaM rUpAtmaka donoM hI prakAra ke parivartana hote haiM / guNAtmaka arthAt eka guNa kAle paramANu kA pAMca guNa vAle kAle meM parivartita ho jAnA / kAle guNa vAle kA pIta Adi varNoM meM bhI parivartana ho sakatA hai|' yaha rUpAtmaka parivartana hai / paramANu kA vikhaNDana pudgala kI antima ikAI hai - paramANu / paramANu kA chedana, bhedana, dahana, sparzana Adi nahIM ho sakatA jaisA ki hama pahale varNana kara cuke haiN| paramANu se lekara asaMkhyapradezI skandha kA bAhya sAdhanoM se chedana - bhedana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|' anantapradezI skandha meM vikalpa hai, usakA chedana - bhedana Adi ho bhI sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI ho sakatA / ' Adhunika vijJAna ke anusAra paramANu kA vikhaNDana ho sakatA hai| isa saMdarbha meM hama jaina darzana kI avadhAraNA para vimarza kreNge| 1. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 5/169 2. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 5/172 3. bhagavatI vRtti, pR. 420 4. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 5 / 157 158 5. vahI, 5 / 159

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tattvamImAMsA 117 paramANu H sUkSma evaM vyAvahArika __ jaina darzana meM do prakAra ke paramANu mAne gae haiM - sUkSma aura vyAvahArika / ' sUkSma paramANu avibhAjya hotA hai| usako vibhakta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina darzana meM do naya svIkRta hai nizcaya naya evaM vyavahAra ny| nizcayanaya tAttvika artha kA abhyupagamaka hotA hai| jaise sabhI bAdara skandha paJcavarNAtmaka hote haiM ataH bhramara meM pAMcoM hI varNa hai| vyavahAranaya loka prasiddha artha kA grAhaka hotA hai ataH usakI avadhAraNA meM bhramara zyAma varNa kA hai| vyavahAra paramANu ke saMdarbha meM bhI yahI dRSTi prayukta hotI hai| ananta sUkSma paramANuoM se vyAvahArika paramANu nirmita hotA hai| nizcayanaya ke anusAra vaha ananta pradezI skandha hI hai kintu vyavahAra meM use paramANu bhI kahA gayA hai| anuyogadvAra meM vyavahAra paramANu ko avibhAjya mAnA hai|' paramANu evaM skandha ke vibhAjana ke saMdarbha meM bhagavatI meM vicAra huA hai| Adhunika vijJAna ke anusAra paramANu kA vibhAjana ho sakatA hai| AcArya mahAprajJa jI ne isa viSaya para gambhIra vicAra kiyA hai| unakA mantavya hai ki - "jaina darzana ke anusAra vijJAna sammata aNu anantapradezI skandha hai| vyAvahArika paramANu bhI zastra se nahIM TUTatA / isa viSaya meM eka prazna upasthita hotA hai-Agama sAhitya meM asidhArA se paramANu chinna-bhinna nahIM hotA, yaha kahA gayA hai| asi kI dhArA bahuta sthUla hotI hai, isalie usase paramANu kA vibhAjana nahIM hotA, yaha sahI hai| Adhunika vijJAna ne bahuta sUkSma upakaraNa vikasita kie haiN| unase vyAvahArika paramANu ke vibhAjana kI saMbhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai|'' padArthakI dvirUpatAH bhAramukta yA bhArayukta jaina darzana ke padArtha jagat meM SaDdravya kA siddhAMta mAnya hai| unameM dharma, adharma, AkAza, jIva aura kAla ye pAMca padArtha to sarvathA bhAramukta haiN| unheM agurulaghu kahA gayA hai| agurulaghubhArahIna hI hote haiN| pudgalAstikAya gurulaghu (bhArayukta) evaM agurulaghu (bhAramukta) donoM hI prakAra kA hotA hai| paramANu se lekara catu:sparzI skandha taka ke pudgala agurulaghu 1. aNuogadArAI, sUtra 396, paramANu duvihe paNNatte, taM jahA-suhume ya vAvahArie ya / 2. vahI, sUtra 3 98. vAvahArie -- aNaMtANaM suhumaparamANu-poggalANaM samudaya-samiti-samAgameNaM se ege vAvahArie paramANupoggale nipphji| 3. anu. ma. vR. pa. / 48, tato'sau nizcayata: skandho'pi vyavahAranayamatena vyAvahArika: paramANuruktaH / (ka) aNuogadArAI, sUtra 398 (kha) anu. ma. na. pa. 148, idamuktaM bhavati-yadyapyanantai: paramANubhirniSpannA: kASThAdaya: zastrachedAdiviSayA dRSTAstathApyanantakasyApyananta-bhedatvAt tAvat pramANenaiva paramANvanantakena niSpanno'sau vyAvahArika: paramANuAhyo yAvat pramANena niSpannodyApi suukssmtvaannshstr-chedaadivissytaamaasaadytiitibhaavH| 5. bhagavaI (khaNDa 2), pR. 191, bhASya sUtra 5/154-159 kA 6. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 1/401-406 7. vahI, 1/401-40 3, 405-406 8. vahI, / - 404

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118 jaina Agama meM darzana hote haiN| kArmaNa vargaNA catu:sparzI hai ata: karma ko agurulaghu kahA hai|' pAMca zarIra meM kArmaNa zarIra ko agurulaghu evaM zeSa cAra zarIra ko gurulaghu kahA haiN| kArmaNa zarIra ko chor3akara zeSa cAra zarIra aSTasparzI pudgala skandhoM se nirmita haiN| manayoga, vacanayoga ko agurulaghu evaM kAyayoga ko gurulaghu kahA gayA hai| yahAM para prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kAyayoga ko ekAnta gurulaghu kyoM kahA gayA? kyoMki kArmaNa zarIra to catu:sparzI hai usakA yoga bhI catu:sparzI honA cAhie, yahAM yaha sambhAvanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI ki kArmaNa zarIra to catu:sparzI hai kiMtu yoga aSTasparzI ho jAtA hai kyoMki manoyoga, vacanayoga ko agurulaghu kahA hai saMbhava aisA lagatA hai yaha vaktavya kArmaNa zarIra se itara zarIroM ke lie hai kyoMki kArmaNa yoga to mAtra antarAla gati evaM kevalI samudghAta ke samaya meM hI ho sakatA hai, anyatra nahIM hai| cAra zarIroM kA hI kAyayoga mukhya hai ata: bahulatA kI dRSTi se kAyayoga ko gurulaghu kaha diyA gayA hai| yaha bhI sApekSa vacana hI hai| pudgala kA pariNamana jaina darzana ke anusAra pudgala rUpI hai| rUpI use kahate haiM jisameM varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza hote haiN| pAMca astikAyoM meM mAtra pudgala hI mUrta hai| pudgala kA pariNamana aneka prakAra kA hotA hai| bhagavatI meM pudgala ke varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza, saMsthAna ina pAMca prakAra ke pariNamanoM kA ullekha prApta hai| sthAnAMga meM caturvidha pudgala-pariNamana kA ullekha hai|' vahAM para saMsthAna kA ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isakA artha huA varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza pudgala mAtra kA asAdhAraNa dharma hai| ye cAroM guNa paramANu tathA skandha donoM meM hI rheNge| yadyapi saMsthAna pudgala kA hI hotA hai kiMtu yaha saMsthAna rUpa pariNamana skandha meM hI ho sakatA hai paramANu meM nahIM ata: saMsthAna rUpa pariNamana kI pudgala meM sarvavyApakatA nahIM hai, isalie hI uttaravartI AcAryoM ne pudgala ke lakSaNa vimarza meM do sUtroM kA praNayana kiyA hai| sparzarasagandhavarNavanta: pudgalA: zabdabaMdhasaukSmyasthaulyasaMsthAnabhedatamazchAyAtapodyotavanta:' isakA artha huA 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 1/407 2. vahI, 1/412 3. vahI, 1/413 4. vahI, 2 / 129 5. vahI, 2/129 6. vahI, 8/467,paMcavihe poggalapariNAme paNNatte, taM jahA-vaNNapariNAme, gaMdhapariNAme, rasapariNAme, phAsapariNAme, sNtthaannprinnaame| 7. ThANaM, 4/135, caubvihe poggalapariNAme paNNatte, taM jahA-vaNNapariNAme, gaMdhapariNAma, rasapariNAme, phaasprinnaame| 8. tattvArthasUtra, 5/23 9. vahI, 5/24

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tattvamImAMsA zabda Adi pudgala ke hI dharma haiM kiMtu ye aNu meM nahIM raha skte| skandharUpa pudgala meM hI rheNge|' paramANu evaM skandha meM sparza Adi guNa eka samAna nahIM hote| isakA vimarza bhI bhagavatI meM paryApta rUpa se huA hai| paramANu meM eka varNa, eka gaMdha, eka rasa evaM do sparza hote haiM / ' paramANu meM pAMca varNoM meM se koI eka varNa, do gaMdha meM se koI eka gaMdha tathA pAMca rasoM meM se koI eka rasa ho sakatA hai| sparza do hoMge, kauna se do hoMge, isa saMdarbha meM cAra vikalpa prApta haiM 1. zIta aura snigdha / 2. athavA zIta aura rukSa / 3. athavA uSNa aura snigdha / 4. athavA uSNa aura rukSa / ' bhinna-bhinna pradezI skandha meM varNa Adi ke vibhinna vikalpa banate haiN| jisako nimnalikhita cArTa se samajhA jA sakatA hai 4 varNa paramANu dvipradezI tripradezI catuH pradezI pAMca pradezI asaMkhya pradezI koI eka eka yA do eka, do yA tIna eka, do, tIna yA cAra sUkSmapariNati vAle anantapradezI skandha yA pAMca bAdarapariNati vAle ananta pradezI skandha yA pAMca 1. eka, do, tIna, cAra yA pAMca eka, do, tIna, cAra yA pAMca eka, do, tIna, cAra eka, do, tIna, cAra gandha koI eka eka yA do eka yA do eka yA do eka yA do eka yA do eka yA do rasa eka eka yA do eka yA do eka, eka, do, tIna do yA tIna 119 cAra, pAMca, chaha, sAta yA ATha dvipradezI Adi skandhoM meM varNa-varNa, rasa - rasa, sparza - sparza ke bhI paraspara aneka vikalpa ho sakate haiN| jisakA bhagavatI meM vistAra se ullekha prApta hai / ' jijJAsu ko bhagavatI ke usa sthala kA avalokana karanA caahie| tattvArthadhigamabhASya vRtti, 5 / 24 pR. 364, ....... . sparzAdayaH parAmANuSu skandheSu ca, punaH skandhaviSayA eva nANuviSayAH / 2. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 18 111 3. vahI, 20/20 sparza do do, tIna yA cAra do, tIna yA cAra do, tIna yA cAra yA cAra eka, do, tIna, do, tIna yA cAra cAra yA pAMca eka, do, tIna do, tIna yA cAra cAra yA pAMca eka, do, tIna do, tIna yA cAra cAra yA pAMca eka, do, tIna cAra yA pAMca 4. vahI, 18/111-117 5. vahIM, 20/27-36 . zabdAdayaH

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120 jaina Agama meM darzana dvipradezI skandha se lekara sUkSmapariNati vAle anantapradezI skandha meM zIta, uSNa, snigdha evaM rukSa inameM se do, tIna yA cAra sparza prApta hote haiN| ata: ye skandha agurulaghu arthAt bhArahIna hoNge| bAdara pariNati vAle anantapradezI skandha meM cAra sparza se yAvat aSTa sparza taka hote haiN| unameM jaba cAra sparza hote haiM taba AThoM meM se koI bhI sparza sAtha raha sakatA hai mAtra laghu aura guru sparza sAtha nahIM rhte| pAMca sparzI skandha se lekara Age taka guru-laghu sparza sAtha bhI raha sakate haiN| ata: ye skandha bhArayukta hone cAhiye bhale ve cAra sparza se yAvat ATha sparza vAle kyoM na ho| guru evaM laghu sparza hI skandha kI bhArayuktatA ke niyAmaka hote haiM ata: bAdara pariNati vAle anantapradezI catusparzI skandha meM bhI bhAra kI saMbhAvanA parilakSita ho rahI hai| pudgala kI grAhyatA-agrAhyatA ___ pudgala sparza, rasa Adi se yukta hone ke kAraNa rUpI hai| SaDdravyoM meM yadi koI indriya kA viSaya banatA hai to vaha kevala pudgala hI bana sakatA hai kiMtu sAre pudgala indriyagrAhya nahIM hote| chadmasthado prakAra ke hote haiM-indriyajJAnI evaM atIndriyajJAnI / indriya pratyakSa vAlA vyakti paramANu se lekara sUkSma pariNati vAle anantapradezI skandha taka ke pudgaloM kA grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA / bhagavatI meM kahA gayA hai ki paramANu se lekara anantapradezI skandha ko kucha chadmastha jAnate haiM kucha nahIM jAnate haiN| paramANu se lekara asaMkhyapradezI skandha indriyajJAna ke viSaya nahIM bana skte| anantapradezI ke lie jo vaktavya hai vaha indriya pratyakSa ke saMdarbha meM sUkSma-pariNati vAle anantapradezI ke lie hai| bAdara pariNati vAle anantapradezI skandhoM meM se katipaya kA jJAna to indriya-pratyakSa se hotA hI hai| yadi isakA artha sUkSmabAdara donoM hI prakAra ke anantapradezI skandha hote to "kucha jAnate haiM kucha nahIM jAnate" isameM anantapradezI ko arthAt pudgala mAtra ko grahaNa na karane vAle kauna-se jIva hote kyoMki yaha to spaSTa hI hai ki saMsAra ke sabhI prANI kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM pudgala kA grahaNa/jJAna to karate hI haiN| sAmAnya avadhijJAna ke dhAraka kucha prANI paramANu se lekara anantapradezI skandha ko jAnate-dekhate haiN| paramAvadhi sampanna vyakti evaM kevalajJAnI unako jAnate-dekhate haiM kiMtu yugapadjAnane-dekhane kI kriyA nahIM kara skte| kramapUrvaka hI unako jAnate-dekhate haiN| kyoMki eka hI samaya meM eka hI upayoga ho sakatA hai| phalitArtha meM yaha kaha sakate haiM ki indriyajJAna ke mAtra bAdara pariNati vAle anantapradezI skandha hI jJeya banate haiN| atIndriya jJAna paramANu evaM skandha donoM ko hI apanA jJeya banA sakatA hai| 1. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI),20/27-35 2. vahI, 20/ 36 3. vahI, 18/174-176 4. vahI, 18/177 5. vahI, 18/178-179

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tattvamImAMsA 121 pudgalapariNatike prakAra bhagavatI meM pudgala ke tIna prakAra ke pariNamana mAne hai tathA usa pariNamana ke saMdarbha meM vahAM vibhinna tathya prastuta hue haiN| AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI jo samprati bhagavatI sUtra ke saMpAdana kArya meM saMlagna hai, bhagavatI ke isa saMdarbha kI sRSTivAda ke saMdarbha meM eka viziSTa carcA prastuta kI hai| unakI yaha vivecanA darzana jagata meM sRSTivAda ke saMdarbha meM eka mahatvapUrNa dRSTi pradAna karatI hai| ApazrI dvArA saMpAdita bhagavatI ke sAta zataka prakAzita ho cuke haiN| anya prakAzita nahIM hue haiN| uparyukta kathita viSaya kI vimarzanA AThaveM zataka meM hai jo aprakAzita hai| maiMne isa viSaya meM usa aprakAzita sAmagrI kA svIkRti pUrvaka upayoga kiyA hai| kintu saMdarbha dene kI kaThinAI thI ataH usa sAmagrI meM die gae saMdarbho kA pudgala pariNati se lekara pariNAma pratyayika baMdha taka prayoga kiyA hai| pariNamana kI apekSA se pudgala tIna prakAra ke hote haiMprayoga prinnt| mizra prinnt| visrasA (svabhAva) prinnt|' prayoga nirapekSa parivartana ko visrasA kahA jAtA hai| zarIra Adi kI saMracanA jIva ke prayatna se hotI hai, vaha prayoga pariNata hai|' siddhasenagaNI ne prayoga kA artha jIva kA vyApAra kiyA hai| akalaMka ne prayoga kA arthapuruSakA zarIra, vANI aura mana kA saMyoga kiyA hai| jIva ke prayogaaura svabhAvainadonoMke yoga se jopariNamana hotA hai, vaha mizrapariNata hai| siddhasenagaNI ne jIva prayoga sahacarita acetana dravya kI pariNati ko mizra kahA hai| abhayadevasUri ne mizra ko samajhAne ke lie do udAharaNa prastuta kie haiM 1. mukta jIva kA shriir| 2. audArikAdi vargaNAoM kA zarIra rUpa meM pariNamana / zarIra kA nirmANa jIva ne kiyA hai, isalie vaha jIva ke prayoga se pariNata dravya hai| svabhAva se usakA rUpAntaraNa hotA hai isalie vaha mizrapariNata dravya hai| 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 8/ / 2. tattvArthAdhigamabhASya vRtti, 5/24 pR. 360, visrasA-svabhAva: prayoganirapekSo visrsaabndhH| 3. bhagavatIvRtti patra 328, jIvavyApAreNa zarIrAditayA prinntaaH| 4. tattvArthAdhigamabhASya vRtti, 5/24 pR. 360, prayogo jIvavyApArastena ghaTito baMdha: praayogikH| 5. tattvArthavArtika, 5/24 pR. 487, prayoga: puruSakAyavAGmanasaMyogalakSaNa: / 6. tattvArthAdhigamabhASya vRtti, 5/24 pR. 360, prayogavisrasAbhyAM jIvaprayogasahacaritAcetanadravyapariNatilakSaNa: stmbhkumbhaadimishrH|

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122 jaina Agama meM darzana audArika Adi vargaNA svabhAva se niSpanna haiN| jIva ke prayoga sevezarIra rUpa meM pariNata hotI haiN| isameM bhI jIva kA prayoga aura svabhAva donoM kA yoga hai| unhoMne svayaM prazna prastuta kiyA-prayoga pariNAma aura mizra pariNAma meM kyA antara hai? unhoMne samAdhAna meM kahA-prayoga pariNAma meM bhI svabhAva pariNAma hai kiMtu vaha vivakSita nahIM hai|' siddhasenagaNI ke anusAra mizra pariNAma meM prayoga aura svabhAva donoM kA prAdhAnya vivakSita hai, AcArya mahAprajJa ne ina donoM vyAkhyAoM kI saMgati prastuta karate hue likhA"ukta donoM vyAkhyAoM kI saMgati kArya-kAraNa ke saMdarbha meM biThAI jA sakatI hai| mizrapariNAma ke udAharaNa haiM ghaTa aura stambha / ghaTa ke nirmANa meM manuSya kA prayatna hai aura miTTI meM ghaTa banane kA svabhAva hai isalie ghaTa mizrapariNata dravya hai| isakI tulanA vaizeSika sammata samavAyi kAraNa se kI jA sakatI hai|' prayoga pariNAma meM kisI bAhya nimitta kI apekSA nahIM hotii| usakA nirmANa jIva ke AMtarika prayatna se hI hotA hai| mizra-pariNAma meM jIva ke prayatna ke sAtha nimitta kAraNa kA bhI yoga hotA hai| svabhAva pariNAma jIva ke prayatna aura nimitta donoM se nirapekSa hotA hai| bhagavatI meM prayoga pariNata kA varNana vistAra se huA hai| isase phalita hotA hai-jIva apane prayatna se zarIra kI racanA, indriya kI racanA, varNa kA niSpAdana aura saMsthAna kI saMracanA karatA hai| prayoga pariNAma se puruSArthavAda aura svabhAva pariNAma se svabhAvavAda phalita hotA hai| jaina darzana anekAMtavAdI hai isalie use sApekSa dRSTi se puruSArthavAda evaM svabhAvavAda donoM mAnya haiN| visrasA, prayoga evaM mizra pariNamana kA siddhAnta kArya-kAraNa ke kSetra meM navIna dRSTi pradAna karatA hai| visrasA pariNata dravya kArya-kAraNa ke niyama se mukta hotA hai| prayoga pariNata dravya nimitta kAraNa ke niyama se mukta hotA hai| mizrapariNata dravya meM nirvartaka aura nimitta kAraNa kI saMyojanA hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM kArya-kAraNa kA siddhAnta sApekSa hai| pratyeka kArya ke pIche kAraNa khojane kI anivAryatA nahIM hai| prayogapariNatapudgala zarIra Adi kI saMracanA jIva ke prayatna se hotI hai vaha prayoga pariNata pudgala hai| prayoga, visrasA evaM mizra pariNata pudgaloM ke saMdarbha meM vicAra karate haiM taba jaina mAnya sRSTi ke do rUpa banate haiM-(1) jIvakRta sRSTi (2) ajIva niSpanna sRsstti| 1. bhagavatI vRtti, patra 3 2 8, ........prayogapariNateSu virasA satyapi na vivakSitA iti / 2. tattvArthAdhigamabhASya vRtti, 5/24, pR. 360, cobhayamapi prAdhAnyena vivakSitam / 3. avasthI, narendra, zAzvata, (jodhapura, 1997) pR. 2 1 4 - 215 tattvArthAdhigamabhASya vRtti, 5/24 pR. 360, prayoganirapekSo virasA bNdhH| 5. bhagavatIvRtti, patra 328 - paogapariNayatti jIva vyApAreNa zarIrAditayA pariNatA: 6. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 8/2-49

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tattvamImAMsA 123 jIvakRta sRSTi prayoga pariNata evaM mizra pariNata pudgaloM ke mAdhyama se jo zarIra Adi kI saMracanA Adi hotI hai| use jIvakRta sRSTi kahA jA sakatA hai| jIva apane vIrya se zarIra, indriya aura zarIra ke varNa, gaMdha, rasa, sparza evaM saMsthAna kA nirmANa karatA hai| yaha prayoga pariNati hai|' ise jIvakRta sRSTi kahA jA sakatA hai| prayoga pariNata pudgala dravya ke prakaraNa meM zarIra, indriya aura varNa Adi ke AdhAra para jIvakRta sRSTi ke nAnAtva kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| zarIra aura indriya paudgalika haiN| varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza-ye pudgala ke guNa haiN|' saMsthAna pudgala kA lakSaNa hai| jIvakRta sRSTi kA nAnAtva pudgala dravya ke saMyoga se hotA hai, isalie usake nirUpaNa meM zarIra, indriya, varNa, gaMdha, rasa, sparza aura saMsthAna kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| jIva jaise zarIra aura indriya kA nirmANa karatA hai vaise hI apane varNa, gaMdha, rasa, sparza aura saMsthAna kA bhI nirmANa karatA hai|' jIva kA vIrya do prakAra kA hotA hai-Abhogika aura anaabhogik| icchA-prerita kArya karane ke lie vaha Abhogika vIrya kA prayoga karatA hai aura anAbhogika vIrya svata: cAlita hai| zarIra, indriya aura varNa Adi kI racanA anAbhogika vIrya se hotI hai| prAyogika baMdha anAbhogika vIrya se hotA hai| bhagavatI meM prayoga pariNata ke prakaraNa meM zarIra ke pAMca, indriya ke pAMca, varNa ke pAMca, gaMdha ke do, rasa ke pAMca, sparza ke ATha aura saMsthAna ke pAMca prakAra nirUpita haiN| inake nAnAtva ke AdhAra para jIvakRta sRSTi kA nAnAtva parilakSita hai| prayoga-pariNata pudgala dravya kA prathama udAharaNa ekendriya prayoga pariNata dravya haiN|' isI prakAra mizra pariNata pudgala dravya kA udAharaNa bhI ekendriya mizra pariNata dravya haiN|' kiMtu donoM ke svarUpa meM bhinnatA hai| ekendriya jIva ne audArika vargaNA ke jina pudgaloM se audArika zarIra kI racanA kI hai, ve pudgala ekendriya prayoga pariNata haiN| ekendriya jIva ke mukta zarIra kA svabhAva se pariNAmAntara hotA hai| vaha ekendriya mizra pariNata hai| isameM jIva kA pUrvakRta prayoga tathA svabhAva se rUpAntara ye donoM pariNamana vidyamAna haiN| ghar3A miTTI se bnaa| miTTI pRthvIkAyika ekendriya jIva kA zarIra hai, vaha nirjIva ho gyaa| ekendriya jIva usase cyuta ho gayA, isa avasthA meM miTTI usakA mukta zarIra hai| usameM 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 8/2-39 2. vahI, 2/129, bhAvao vaNNamaMte, gaMdhamaMte, rasamaMte, phaasmNte| 3. vahI, 8/2-39 4. tattvArthasUtra, 8 / 3 vRtti pR. 128 5. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 8/32 - 39 6. vahI, 8.2 7. vahI, 8-40

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124 jaina Agama meM darzana ghaTa rUpa meM pariNata hone kI kSamatA hai| miTTI kA pariNAmAntara huA aura ghaTa bana gayA isalie vaha ekendriya mizra pariNata dravya hai|' hamArA dRzya jagat paudgalika jagat hai / jo kucha dRSTigocara ho rahA hai, vaha yA to jIvaccharIra hai yA jIvamukta zarIra hai| jIvaccharIra prayoga pariNata dravya kA udAharaNa hai| usake maulika rUpa pAMca haiM 1. ekendriya jIvaccharIra 2. dvIndriya jIvaccharIra 3. trIndriya jIvaccharIra 4. caturindriya jIvaccharIra 5. paMcendriya jIvaccharIra inake avAntara bheda asaMkhya bana jAte haiN| jIvamukta zarIra ke bhI maulika rUpa pAMca hI haiN| unake pariNAmAntara se hone vAle bheda bhI asaMkhya bana jAte haiN| prayoga-pariNAma, mizrapariNAma aura svabhAva-pariNAma-ye sRSTi racanA ke AdhArabhUta tattva haiN| prathama do pariNAma jIvakRta sRSTi hai| svabhAva pariNAma ajIva niSpanna sRSTi hai| varNa Adi kA pariNamana pudgala ke svabhAva se hI hotA hai| isameM jIva kA koI yoga nahIM hai|' sRSTivAda ko vibhinna bhAratIya darzanoM ne bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| usakI mImAMsA prayoga, mizra aura svabhAvajanya pariNamanoM ke saMdarbha meM kI jA sakatI hai| prayoga evaM visrasA baMdha baMdha svAbhAvika evaM prAyogika donoM prakAra kA hotA hai| svAbhAvika baMdha ke do prakAra haiM-anAdikAlIna aura sAdikAlIna / dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya evaM AkAzAstikAya ke pradezoM kA paraspara svAbhAvika sambandha hai, vaha anAdikAlIna hai| isakA hetu yaha hai ki ye tInoM astikAya vyApaka haiN| pratyeka apane sthAna para vyavasthita haiN| unakA saMkoca evaM vistAra nahIM hotaa| ve apane sthAna ko kabhI nahIM chodd'te| inake pradezoM meM paraspara deza baMdha hai sarvabaMdha nahIM hai| jisakA ullekha hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| __sAdi visrasA baMdha tIna prakAra kA hotA hai'- 1. baMdhana pratyayika 2. bhAjana pratyayika 3. pariNAma prtyyik| 1. uttarajjhayaNANi, 3 6/8 3,10 5 Adi / 2. bhagavaI (khaNDa-2) 8/32-41 kA bhaassy| aMgasuttANi2 (bhagavaI) 8/345,goyamA ! duvihe baMdhe paNNatte, taM jahA-payogabaMdhe ca vIsasAbaMdhe y| 4. vahI, 8 / 346 5. vahI, 8/347 6. vahI, 8/3 48 7. vahI, 8/350

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tattvamImAMsA 125 baMdhanapratyayika-yaha pudgala ke skandha nirmANa kA siddhAnta hai| do paramANu milakara dvipradezI skandha kA nirmANa karate haiN| isI prakAra tIna paramANu milakara tIna pradezI yAvat anaMtaparamANu milakara anantapradezI skandha kA nirmANa karate haiN| isabaMdhana ke tInahetubatalAe gae haiN| -vimAtrasnigdhatA, vimAtrarukSatA evaM vimaatrsnigdhruksstaa| tIsare vimAtrasnigdharukSa kA antarbhAva to pahale do hetuoM meM hI ho jAtA hai phira usakA pRthak ullekha kyoM kiyA gayA, yaha vimarzanIya hai| saMbhava aisA lagatA hai prathama do hetu sadRza baMdha ke niyama ko prastuta kara rahe haiM evaM tIsarA visadRza baMdha kA hetu pratIta hotA hai| samaguNa snigdha kA samaguNa snigdha paramANu ke sAtha baMdha nahIM hotA tathA isI prakAra samaguNa rukSa paramANu kA samaguNarukSa paramANu ke sAtha baMdha nahIM hotaa| snigdhatA aura rukSatA kI mAtrA viSama hotI hai taba paramANuoM kA paraspara baMdha hotA hai| prajJApanA meM visadRza aura sadRza donoM prakAra ke baMdhanoM kA nirdeza hai|' snigdha paramANuoM kA snigdha paramANuoM ke sAtha tathA rukSa paramANuoM kA rukSa paramANuoM ke sAtha sambandha do athavA unase adhika guNoM kA antara milane para hotA hai| unakA samAna guNa vAle athavA eka guNa adhika vAle paramANu ke sAtha sambandha nahIM hotA hai|' snigdha kA do guNa adhika snigdha ke sAtha baMdha hotA hai| rukSa kA do guNa adhika rukSa ke sAtha baMdha hotA hai| yaha sadRza baMdha kI prakriyA hai| visadRza baMdha ke niyama ke anusAra eka guNa snigdha kA eka guNa rukSa ke sAtha baMdha nahIM hotaa| dviguNa snigdha kA dviguNa rukSa ke sAtha sambandha ho sakatA hai| yaha samaguNa kA baMdha hai| dviguNa snigdha kA triguNa, caturguNa Adi ke sAtha sambandha hotA hai| vaha viSama guNa kA baMdha hai| visadRza sambandha meM sama kA sambandha aura viSama kA sambandha ye donoM niyama mAnya haiN| "Agama sAhitya meM sRSTivAda' nAmaka lekha meM AcArya mahAprajJa ne pudgala ke baMdha kI prakriyA kA vistAra evaM tulanAtmaka vimarza kiyA hai| prAsaMgika hone ke kAraNa hama una cArTas kA yahAM para yayAvat saMgrahaNa kara rahe haiM 1. aMgasutnANi 2 (bhagavaI), 8/351 2. bhagavatIvRtti, patra 395, samaniddhayAe bandho na hoi samalukkhayAe vina hoi| vemAyaniddhalukkhattaNeNa baMdho u khaMdhANaM / / 3. prajJApanA, 1 3 /21 - 22 4. bhagavatIvRtti, pa. 3 95, niddhassa nidreNa duyAhieNaM, lukkhassa lukkheNa duyAhieNaM / niddhassa lukkheNa uvei baMdho, jahannavajjo visamo samo vA / / 5. avasthI, narendra, zAzvata, pR. 218 - 220

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126 jaina Agama meM darzana sadRza nahIM nahIM prajJApanA-pada prajJApanA-pada, uttarAdhyayana cUrNi aura bhagavatI jor3a ke anusAra svIkRta yaMtra__ kra. guNAMza visadRza jaghanya + jaghanya jaghanya + ekAdhika nahIM jaghanya + vyadhika nahIM jaghanya + vyAdiadhika jaghanyetara + samajaghanyetara jaghanyetara + ekAdhikatara 7. jaghanyetara + vyadhikatara 8. jaghanyetara + tryAdiadhikatara nahIM Foto citec Mc baMdhakesambandha meM sabhIparamparAeMsadRzanahIM haiM / draSTavyayaMtra tattvArthabhASyAnusAriNI TIkA 5/55 ke anusAra sadRza visadRza . nahIM nahIM nahIM no ho kramAMka guNAMza jaghanya + jaghanya jaghanya + ekAdhika jaghanya + vyadhika jaghanya + vyAdiadhika jaghanyetara + samajaghanyetara jaghanyetara + ekAdhika jaghanyetara 7. jaghanyetara + vyadhika jaghanyetara 8. jaghanyetara + adhika jaghanyetara MVM he is hai no nahIM nahIM hai hai no no la digambara graMtha sarvArthasiddhi ke anusArakramAMka guNAMza sadRza nahIM 1. 2. 3. 4. jaghanya + jaghanya jaghanya + ekAdhika jaghanya + vyadhika jaghanya + vyAdiadhika nahIM nahIM nahIM visadRza nahIM nahIM nahIM nahIM

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tattvamImAMsA kramAMka guNAMza 5. jaghanyetara + samajaghanyetara 6. 7. 8. digambara graMtha SaTkhaMDAgama ke anusAra - kramAMka guNAMza jaghanya + jaghanya jaghanya + ekAdhikaadhika jaghanyetara + samajaghanyetara 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. tattvArthasUtra ke anusAraguNAMza kramAMka 5. 6. jaghanyetara + ekAdhika jaghanyetara jaghanyetara + dvyadhika jaghanyetara hai jaghanyetara + tryAdiadhika jaghanyetara nahIM sadRza nahIM nahIM bhAjana- pratyayika baMdha jaghanyetara + ekAdhika jaghanyetara jaghanyetara + dvyadhika jaghanyetara jaghanyetara + tryAdiadhika jaghanyetara nahIM sadRza nahIM nahIM nahIM nahIM hai jaghanya + jaghanya nahIM jaghanya + ekAdhika nahIM jaghanyetara + samajaghanyetara nahIM jaghanyetara + ekAdhika jaghanyetara nahIM jaghanyetara + dvyadhika jaghanyetara hai jaghanyetara + tryAdiadhika jaghanyetara nahIM sadRza visadRza nahIM nahIM nahIM visadRza nahIM nahIM Ne ne ne me visadRza nahIM nahIM nahIM nahIM hai nahIM sAdi visrasA baMdha kA yaha dvitIya prakAra hai| bhAjana kA artha hai - AdhAra / kisI bhAjana meM rakhI huI vastu kA svarUpa dIrghakAla meM badala jAtA hai, vaha bhAjana pratyayika baMdha hai / jaisa purAnI madirA apane tarala rUpa ko chor3akara gADhI bana jAtI hai| purAnA gur3a aura purAne taMdula piNDIbhUta ho jAte haiN|' isa prakAra ke baMdha ko bhAjana bandha kahA jAtA hai / 127 1. bhagavatIvRtti, patra 395, bhAjanaM AdhAraH / 2. vahI, 395, tatra jIrNasurAyAH styAnIbhavanalakSaNo bandha:, jIrNaguDasya jIrNatandulAnAM ca piNDIbhavanalakSaNaH /

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128 pariNAma pratyayika baMdha yaha sAdi visrasA baMdha kA tIsarA prakAra hai| pariNAma kA artha hai - rUpAntaragamana / ' paramANu skandhoM kA bAdala Adi aneka rUpoM meM pariNamana hotA hai, vaha pariNAma- pratyayika baMdha hai / jaina Agama meM darzana ye tInoM prakAra ke baMdha paudgalika haiN| inameM baMdhapratyayika mukhya baMdha parilakSita hotA hai, usameM paramANu kA pArasparika sambandha niyama ke AdhAra para niyata hai anyatra aisA nahIM hai / baMdha ko Agamottara sAhitya meM paudgalika mAnA gayA hai| jabaki bhagavatI meM prAsa anAdi visrasA baMdha dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya meM prApta hai tathA sAdi visasA baMdha pudgala kA mAnA gayA hai / " prayogabandha jIva ke vyApAra se sambandha rakhatA hai / ' tattvArtha sUtra ke 5 / 24 sUtra ke bhASya meM baMdha ko prayoga, visrasA evaM mizra ke bheda se tIna prakAra kahA hai| jisako bhagavatI meM pudgala kA pariNAma kahA gayA hai ' tathA baMdha ko prayoga evaM visrasA ke bheda se do prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai / ' tattvArthabhASyavRtti meM visrasA baMdha ko sAdi evaM anAdi ubhaya prakAra kA batalAyA hai tathA anAdivisrasA baMdha ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM dharma, adharma evaM AkAza kA ullekha kiyA hai| yaha spaSTa hI hai ki ye paudgalika nahIM haiM / pudgala ke svabhAva rUpa meM jisa baMdha kA tattvArtha Adi granthoM meM ullekha huA hai usako sAdi visrasA baMdha hI samajhanA caahie| baMdha pAMcoM astikAya meM hI kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM upalabdha hai ataH usako mAtra paudgalika nahIM kahA jA sakatA / paramANu kI gati jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva aura pudgala ye do dravya gatizIla haiN| inameM tIvratA se gati karane kI zakti hai / jisa prakAra mukta jIva eka samaya meM lokAnta taka pahuMca jAtA hai, usI prakAra paramANu bhI eka samaya meM loka ke eka chora se dUsare chora para jA sakatA hai| ' dharmAstikAya paramANu ko gati ke lie prerita nahIM karatA kiMtu jaba vaha gati karatA hai to usakA sahayogI banatA hai / paramANu pudgala kI gati kA vimarza Adhunika vijJAna ke gati siddhAnta ke saMdarbha meM karaNIya hai / 1 bhagavatIvRtti,, 395, pariNAmo rUpAntaragamanaM / sabhASyatattvArthAdhigama, 5 / 24 2. 3. aMgasuttANi 2 ( bhagavaI) 8/347, 350-351 4. tattvArthAdhigamabhASyavRtti, 5 / 24 pR. 360 5. sabhASyatattvArthAdhigama, 5 / 24, bandhastrividha:- prayogabaMdho, visrasAbaMdho mizrabaMdha: / aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 8 / 1 6. 7. vahI, 8 / 345 8. tattvArthAdhigamabhASyavRtti, 5 / 24 pR. 360 9. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 16/116, paramANupoggaleNaM logassa puratthimillaM taM ceva jAva uvarillaM carimaMtaM egasamaeNaM gacchati /

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tattvamImAMsA 129 mana evaM bhASA paudgalika mana evaM bhASA jIva ke hote haiM, ' kiMtu ye svayaM acetana haiM, paudgalika haiM, rUpI haiN| bhASA zrotrendriya ke dvArA grAhya hai ata: mUrta hai| amUrta padArtha indriyoM dvArA grAhya nahIM hai|' zabda aura bhASA eka nahIM hai| zabda to ajIva se bhI utpanna ho sakate haiM kiMtu vaha bhASA nahIM hai kyoMki bhASAparyApti ke dvArA janya zabda ko hI bhASA kahA jAtA hai| bhASA paryApti jIva ke hI hotI hai| jaba jIva bolatA hai vahI bhASA hai usase pUrva evaM uttarakAla meM usako bhASA nahIM kahA jaataa|' bhASA vargaNA ke pudgala samUce loka meM vyApta rahate haiN| bolane vAlA una pudgala-vargaNAoM kA pahale grahaNa karatA hai, phira bhASA rUpa meM pariNata karatA hai| usake pazcAt unakA visarjana karatA hai| yaha visarjana-kAla hI vartamAna kAla hai aura visarjana kAla meM hI bhASA kA nirdeza kiyA jAtA hai| usI se arthakA jJAna hotA hai| isI prakAra mana bhI pudgala janita hai|mnnkaal meM hI mana, mana kahalAtA hai, isase pUrva evaM bAda meM usako mana nahIM kahA jA sktaa|' mana rUpI hai, pudgala hai, isakA artha huA hamAre vicAra bhautika haiN| jIva dvArA gRhIta bhASAvargaNA ke pudgala bhASA rUpa meM pariNata hote haiM evaM manovargaNA ke pudgala mana (dravyamAna) ke rUpa meM pariNata hote haiN| jaina darzana meM dravya evaM bhAva ke bheda se mana do prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai| dravya mana hI paudgalika hotA hai, bhAva mana cetanarUpa hai, AtmA kA hI aMza hai| ___ vicAra bahuta mahattvapUrNa hote haiN| dekArta ne vicAra ke AdhAra para astitva ko siddha kiyA hai|' vicAra ko caitanya kI abhivyakti kA sAdhana mAnA gyaa| mAnava vicArazIla hai kiMtu vicAra svayaM jar3a haiM, bhautika haiM, yaha jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai| zabda zravaNa kI prakriyA zabda zrotrendriya kA viSaya hai| zrotra-indriya meM zabda ke paramANuskandhoM kA sparza hotA 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 13/124,1 2 6, ......jIvANaM bhAsA, no ajIvANaM bhaasaa|......jiivaannN maNe no ajIvANaM mnne| 2. vahI, 13/124,126, rUviM bhAsA no arUviM bhAsA / rUviM maNe, no arUviM mnne| 3. bhagavatIvRtti, patra 621,najIvasvarUpA zrotrendriyagrAhyatvena mUtatayAtmano vilakSaNatvAt / 4. uttarajjhayaNANi, 14/19, no iMdiyaggejjha amuttabhAvA / 5. bhagavatIvRtti patra 622, ......jIvAnAM bhASA......., yadyapi cAjIvebhyaH zabda utpadyate tathA'pi nAsau bhASA, bhASAparyAptijanyasyaiva zabdasya bhASAtvenAbhimatvAditi / / 6. (ka) aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 13/124, bhAsijjamANI bhaasaa| (kha) bhagavatIvRtti patra 622,bhASyamANA-nisargAvasthAyAM vartamAnA bhASA ghaTAvasthAyAM ghaTasvarUpamiva / 7. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 13/126 8. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, 2/41 9. Masih, y, A Critical History of Western Philosophy P.200, Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am) .

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130 hai| zravaNa kSetra meM Atma-pradezoM ke sAtha spRSTa zabda ko sunA jA sakatA hai|' Atma-pradezoM ke sAtha eka kSetra meM avasthita tathA unase avyavahita rUpa meM avasthita zabda hI zravaNa ke viSaya banate haiM / ' vyavahita evaM aspRSTa zabdoM ko nahIM sunA jA sakatA / bhagavatI meM ullekha hai ki aNu aura bAdara donoM prakAra ke zabdoM ko sunA jA sakatA hai / prastuta prasaMga meM aNu aura bAdara sApekSa zabda haiM / bhASA vargaNA ke pudgala catu:sparzI hote haiM, unheM nahIM sunA jA sktaa| vaktA ke muMha se nikalane vAle zabda kA visphoTa hotA hai / usameM anya anantapradezI skandha milakara zabda ko aSTasparzI banA dete haiN| ve aSTasparzI zabda zrotrendriya ke viSaya banate haiN| malayagiri ne sApekSa dRSTi ko spaSTa karate hue aNu kA artha alpapradezopacaya vAlA aura bAdara kA artha pracurapradezopacaya vAlA kiyA hai| ' UrdhvavartI, adhovartI aura tiryagvartI tathA Adi, madhya aura paryavasAna tInoM samayoM meM zabda ko sunA jA sakatA hai|' bhASA dravya kA grahaNocitta-kAla utkarSataH antarmuhUrta hai| usake prathama samaya, madhya samaya aura paryavasAna samaya meM zabda zravaNa kA viSaya bana sakatA hai|' zabda kI taraMgeM hotI haiN| eka taraMga Arambha hotI hai aura kucha dUrI para jAkara pUrI ho jAtI hai| phira usI prakAra dUsarI taraMga kA Arambha aura anta hotA hai| zabda kI taraMgoM ke Adi madhya aura paryavasAna tInoM ko pakar3A jA sakatA hai| zravaNa kSetra meM krama se Ane vAle zabda ko sunA jA sakatA hai, akrama athavA vyutkrama se Ane vAle zabda ko nahIM sunA jA sktaa| chahoM dizAoM se Ane vAle zabda ko sunA jA sakatA hai|' isakA hetu yaha hai ki loka meM trasa jIvoM kA eka niyata kSetra hai, use trasanADI kahA jAtA hai / bhASaka trasa - prANI hotA hai, usakA astitva niyamata: trasanADI meM milatA hai| trasanADI meM chahoM dizAoM se pudgala kA grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| " jaina Agama meM darzana zrotra- indriya paTutara hotI hai isalie vaha spRSTa athavA prApta mAtra viSaya ko grahaNa karatI hai / jaise dhUla zarIra kA sparza karatI hai vaise hI zabda kAna ko chUtA hai aura usakA bodha ho jAtA hai / zabda ke paramANu skandha sUkSma, pracura dravya vAle tathA bhAvuka arthAt uttarottara zabda 1 aMga suttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 5 / 164 2. vahI, 5 / 64 3. vahI, 5/64 4. prajJApanA vRtti patra 263, aNUnyapi -- stokapradezAnyapi gRhNAti bAdarANyapi prabhUta- pradezopacitAnyapi, ihANutvabAdaratve teSAmeva bhASAyogyAnAM skandhAnAM pradezastokabAhulyApekSayA vyAkhyAte / 5. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 5/64 6. prajJApanAvRtti patra 263 - yAni bhASAdravyANyantarmuhUrttaM yAvad grahaNocitAni tAni grahaNocitakAlasya utkarSato'ntarmuhUrta - pramANasyAdAvapi prathamasamaye, madhye'pi - dvitIyAdiSvapi samayeSu paryavasAne'pi + paryavasAnasamaye'pi gRhNAti / aMga suttANi 2 ( bhagavaI) 5/64 7. 8. prajJApanA vRtti patra 264, bhASako hi niyamAt vasanAiyAM anyatra sakAyAsambhavAt vasanADyAMca vyavasthitasya niyamAt SaD digAgata- pudgalasambhavAt /

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tattvamImAMsA 131 ke paramANu skandhoM ko vAsita karane vAle hote haiM, isalie unakA bodha sparza mAtra se ho jAtA hai|' vaktA bolatA hai usakI bhASA ke pudgala skandha chahoM dizAoM meM vidyamAna AkAza pradeza kI zreNiyoM se gujarate hue prathama samaya meM hI lokAnta taka pahuMca jAte haiN| bhASA kI samazreNI meM sthita zrotA mizra zabda ko sunatA hai| vaktA dvArA ucchRSTa bhASA vargaNA ke pudgaloM ke sAtha dUsare bhASA vargaNA ke pudgala skandha mila jAte haiM, isalie zrotA mUla zabda ko nahIM sunatA, mizra zabda sunatA hai| vizreNI meM sthita zrotA vaktA dvArA ucchRSTa bhASA ke pudgala skandhoM dvArA vAsita athavA prakampita zabdoM ko sunatA hai| isameM vaktA dvArA ucchRSTa mUla zabda kA mizraNa nahIM rhtaa| audArika, vaikriya evaM AhAraka zarIrI jIva bhASA ko grahaNa karate haiM evaM chor3ate haiN|' vaktA dvArA nisRSTa bhASA utkRSTata: sampUrNa loka meM vyApta ho sakatI hai|' cAra samaya meM hI sampUrNa loka bhASA ke paramANuoM se paripUrita ho jAtA hai| bhASA ke saMdarbha meM Agama sAhitya meM vipula vimarza huA hai| tadviSayaka svataMtra zodha kI jA sakatI hai| jIva aura pudgala kI anuzreNI gati zreNI kA sAmAnya artha paMkti hotA hai kiMtu Agama sAhitya meM prayukta zreNI zabda se AkAzapradeza kI paMkti kA grahaNa kartavya hai| AkAzapradeza kI vaha paMkti jisake mAdhyama se jIva aura pudgala gati karate haiM, use zreNI kahate haiN| jIva aura pudgala zreNI ke anusAra hI gati karate haiM, vizreNI se gati nahIM krte| pudgala ke sambandha meM yaha dhyAtavya hai ki paraprayoganirapekSa pudgala kI svAbhAvika gati to anuzreNI meM hI hotI hai kiMtu para prayoga kI apekSA se vaha anyathA bhI hotI hai arthAt vizreNI meM bhI gati ho sakatI hai|' zreNI AkAza dravya kI hotI hai ata: unheM 1. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 3 3 8 , bahu-suhuma bhAvugAiM jaM paDuyaraM ca sottaviNNANaM / 2. Avazyaka hAribhadrIyATIkA, pR. 12, .....tAni prathamasamaya eva SaTsu dikSu lokaantmnudhaavnti| 3. naMdI, 54/5, bhAsAsamaseDhIo sadaM jaM suNai mIsayaM sunni| vIseDhI puNa saI suNei niyamA parAghAe / / Avazyakaniyukti, gA. 9, orAliyaveunviyaAhAro giNhaI muyai bhaasN| Avazyaka hAribhadrIyA, vRtti patra 12, kazcittu mahAprayatna, sa khalu AdAnanisargaprayatnAbhyAM bhitvaiva visRjati, tAni ca sUkSmatvAd bahutvAcca anantaguNavRddhayA vardhamAnAni SaTsu dikSu lokAntamApnuvanti / 6. Avazyakaniyukti, gA. 11, cauhi samaehi logo, bhAsAi nirantaraM tu hoi phuddo| 7. bhagavatI vRtti pAtra 865, zreNI zabdena ca yadyapi paMktimAtramucyate tathA'pIhAkAzapradezapaMktaya: zreNayo grAhyAH / 8. (ka) aMgasuttANi-2, (bhagavaI) 25/92-94 (kha) tattvArthAsUtra, 2/27 TI. anuzreNirgati: zreNi:-AkAzapradezapaMkti......zreNimanu anuzreNi zreNyAmanusAriNI gatiriti yAvat / tattvArthAdhigamavRtti, sUtra 2/27 pR. 180, pudgalAnAmapi paraprayoganirapekSANAM svAbhAvikI gatiranuzreNIbhavati, yathA'No: prAcyAta lokAntAt pratIcyaM lokaparyantamekena samayena prAptiriti pravacanopadeza paraprayogApekSayA tvanyathA'pi gatirastIti /

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132 jaina Agama meM darzana ananta mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki AkAza ke pradeza ananta hote haiN| lokAkAza kI zreNiyAM ananta nahIM hai, ve asaMkhya hai kyoMki lokAkAza ke pradeza asaMkhya haiN| ina zreNiyoM ke AkAra kI apekSA se sAta bheda ho jAte haiN| sAta zreNiyoM ke nAma nimna nirdiSTa haiM nAma 1. RjuAyatA 2. ekatovakrA 3. dvitovakrA 4. ekata:khahA 5. dvita:khahA 6. cakravAlA 7. arddhacakravAlA Rju:AyatA-jaba jIva aura pudgala UMce loka se nIce loka meM aura nIce loka se UMce loka meM jAte hue sama-rekhA meM gati karate haiM, koI ghumAva nahIM lete, usa mArga ko RjuAyatA zreNI kahA jAtA hai| isa gati meM kevala eka samaya lagatA hai| ekatovakrA-AkAza pradeza kI paMktiyAM-zreNiyAM-Rju hI hotI haiN| unheM jIva yA pudgala kI ghumAvadAra gati kI apekSA se vakrA kahA gayA hai| jaba jIva aura pudgala Rju gati karate-karate dUsarI zreNI meM praveza karate haiM taba unheM eka ghumAva lenA hotA hai isalie usa mArga ko 'ekatovakrA' zreNI kahA jAtA hai| dvitovakrA-jisa zreNI meM do ghumAva lene par3ate haiM use 'dvitovakrA' kahA jAtA hai| ekata:khahA-jaba sthAvara jIva trasanAr3I ke bAyeM pArzva se usameM praveza kara usake bAyeM yA dAeM kisI pArzva meM do yA tIna ghumAva lekara niyata sthAna meM utpanna hotA hai| usake vasanAr3I ke bAhara kA AkAza eka ora se spRSTa hotA hai isalie ise 'ekata:khahA' kahA jAtA hai| dvita:khahA-jaba sthAvara jIva trasanAr3I ke kisI eka pArzvase usameM praveza kara usake bAhyavartI dUsare pArzva meM do yA tIna ghumAvalekara niyata sthAna meM utpanna hotA hai, usake trasanAr3I ke bAhara kA donoM ora kA AkAza spRSTa hotA hai isalie use dvita:khahA kahA jAtA hai| cakravAlA- isameM cakrAkAra gati hotI hai| isa AkAra meM jIva kI gati nahIM hotI, kevala pudgala kI hI gati hotI hai| arddhacakravAlA-isa gati meM ardhacakrAkAra gati hotI hai|' 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 25/73 2. vahI, 25/75 3. (ka) vahI, 25/91,34/3 (kha) ThANaM, 7/112 4. ThANaM (TippaNa) pR.771-772

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tattvamImAMsA 133 paribhogya-paribhoktA saMsAra meM cetana aura acetana-ye do prakAra ke padArtha haiN| inakA paraspara meM koI AdAnapradAna hotA hai yA nahIM? yadi hotA hai to kauna-kisakA paribhoga karatA hai ? usa paribhoga ke niyama kyA haiM ? ina viSayoM meM bhagavatI meM vizada vivecana huA hai| ajIva dravya arthAt pudgala jIva ke paribhoga meM Ate haiN| jIva paribhoktA hai, pudgala paribhogya hai| jo sacetana hotA hai vaha grAhaka hotA hai aura jo acetana hotA hai vaha grAhya hotA hai| ata: jIva grAhaka evaM pudgala grAhya hai| jIva pudgala ko grahaNa karatA hai aura usase pAMca zarIra, pAMca indriyAM, tIna yoga, zvAsocchavAsa Adi kA nirmANa karatA hai, isalie jIva ko paribhoktA evaM pudgala ko paribhogya kahA hai|' saMsArI jIva sazarIra hI hotA hai| zarIra, indriya, yoga Adi ke lie jaba vaha pudgaloM kA grahaNa karatA hai taba usake alaga-alaga niyama hote haiN| audArika, vaikriya evaM AhAraka zarIra ke nirmANa ke lie sthita evaM asthita donoM hI prakAra ke pudgaloM kA grahaNa karatA hai|' sthita kA artha hai--jIvapradeza jisa pradeza jisa kSetra meM avagAr3ha hai usI kSetra ke bhItara meM rahane vAle pudgala / usa kSetra se bAhara rahane vAloM ko asthita kahA gayA hai| taijas evaM kArmaNa zarIra ke nirmANa meM yaha niyama nahIM hai| taijas evaM kArmaNa zarIra ke nirmANa meM sthita pudgaloM kA hI jIva grahaNa karatA hai| manayoga, vacanayoga ke pudgala grahaNa kA niyama taijas, kArmaNa jaisA hai| kAyayoga ke lie pudgala grahaNa kA niyama audArika zarIra jaisA hai|' jIva ke upayoga meM anantapradezI pudgala skandha hI A sakate haiM tathA kSetra kI dRSTi meM ve anantapradezI pudgala asaMkhya AkAzapradezoM para hI sthita honejarUrI haiN| arthAt yadi anantapradezI pudgala skandha eka pradezAvagAhI yAvat saMkhyeya pradezAvagAhI ho to jIva usakA grahaNa nahIM kara sktaa| bhagavatI meM varNita isa saMdarbha kI Age kI sampUrti ke lie prajJApanA 2 8/1 kA ullekha kiyA hai| isase parilakSita hotA hai ki bhagavatI kA yaha pATha prajJApanA ke bAda kA hai athavA AgamoM ke saMkalana ke samaya meM pahale prajJApanA kA saMkalana kara liyA thaa| tatpazcAt bhagavatI kA 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 25/17,jIvadavvANaM ajIvadavvA paribhogattAe havvamAgacchaMti, no ajIvadavvANaM jIvadavvA paribhogattAe havvamAgacchaMti / bhagavatIvRttipatra856,iha jIvadravyANiparibhojakAnisacetanatvenagrAhakatvAt itarANituparibhogyAnyacetanatayA graahytvaaditi| 3. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 25/18 4. vahI, 25/24 5. bhagavatIvRtti patra 857, sthitAni-kiM jIvapradezAvagADhakSetrasyAbhyantaravartIni asthitaanic-tdnntrvrtiini| 6. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 25/27, ........ThiyAiM geNhai, no aTThiyAiM gennhi| 7. vahI, 25/30 8. vahI, 25/25

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134 jaina Agama meM darzana saMkalana huA hai ata: yaha vaktavya diyA gayA hai| kucha bhI ho bhagavatI kI prastuta vicAraNA jIva vijJAna (biology) kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| zarIra nirmANa meM jIva kaise pudgaloM kA grahaNa karatA hai, unakI sthiti kiMrUpa hotI hai, ityAdi bAtoM kA spaSTa ullekha prApta hai| isakA Adhunika zarIra vijJAna kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana karanA mahattvapUrNa ho sakatA hai| tamaskAya evaM kRSNarAjI jaina darzana meM tamaskAya evaM kRSNarAjI kA varNana huA hai| ina donoM kA varNa kAlA, kRSNa avabhAsavAlA gambhIra, romAMca utpanna karane vAlA, bhayaMkara, uttrAsaka aura parama kRSNaprajJapta hai| koI eka deva bhI use dekhakara prathama darzana meM kSubdha ho jAtA hai ; yadi vaha usameM praviSTa ho jAtA hai to usake pazcAt ati zIghratA aura atitvarA ke sAtha jhaTapaTa usake bAhara calA jAtA hai|' isakA tAtparya huA ki ye donoM aise pudgala skandhoM se nirmita haiM jinameM se prakAza kI eka bhI kiraNa bAhara nahIM jA sktii| bhagavatI meM tamaskAya ko jala evaM kRSNarAjI ko pRthvIkAyika mAnA gayA hai|' tamaskAya kA prArambha evaM anta bindu jambUdvIpa se bAhara tirachI dizA meM asaMkhya dvIpa-samudroM ko pAra karane para aruNavara dvIpa kI bahirvartI vedikA ke chora se Age aruNodaya samudra hai, usameM bayAlIsa hajAra yojana avagAhana karane para jala ke Upara ke sire se eka pradeza vAlI zreNI nikalI hai| yahAM setamaskAya uThatA hai| vaha sataraha sau ikkIsa yojana Upara jAtA hai| usake pazcAt tirachA phailatA huA saudharma, IzAna, sanatkumAra aura mAhendra ina cAra svargalokoM ko gherakara Upara brahmaloka kalpa ke riSTa vimAna ke prastara taka pahuMca jAtA hai| yahAM tamaskAya samAsa hotA hai|' tamaskAya kI saMsthAna, vistAra Adi aneka binduoM ke AdhAra para bhagavatI meM vistRta vyAkhyA hai| kRSNarAjI kI saMkhyA evaM sthiti kRSNarAjiyAM ATha mAnI gaI haiN|' sanatkumAra aura mAhendra svargaloka se Upara 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 6 / 8 5,102 2. (ka) vahI, 6/70, no puDhavi tamukkAe tti pavvuccati, AU tamukkAe tti pavvuccati / (kha) vahI, 6/104, kaNharAtIo........paDhavi pariNAmAo. no AupariNAmA o| 3. vahI, 6/72 4. vahI, 6/72-88 5. (ka) ThANaM, 8 / 4 3 - 45 (kha) aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 6/89

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tattvamImAMsA 135 brahmaloka kalpa meM riSTa vimAna prastara ke samAnAntara AkhATaka ke AkAra vAlI samacaturasra saMsthAna se saMsthita pratyeka dizA meM do-do kRSNarAjiyAM haiN|' bhagavatI sUtra meM tamaskAya evaM kRSNarAjiyoM kA bhaugolika evaM gaNitIya dRSTi se vivecana hai| inakA jaisA svarUpa varNita kiyA gayA hai, usakI Adhunika vijJAna sammata Black hole se tulanA yathAsaMbhava kI jA sakatI hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ne isa dizA meM saMkSipta prayatna kiyA hai| isa kSetra meM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhika vicAra evaM anveSaNa apekSita hai| kAla-dravya __ pAMca astikAya ke sAtha jaba 'kAla-dravya' ko yojita kara diyA jAtA hai taba unheM hI SaDdravya kahA jAtA hai| vizva-vyavasthA meM kAladravya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| jaina paramparA meM kAla ke saMdarbha meM do avadhAraNAeM prApta haiM - (1) prathama avadhAraNA ke anusAra kAla svataMtra dravya nahIM hai, vaha jIva aura ajIva kI paryAyamAtra hai| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra jIva evaM ajIva dravya ke pariNamana ko hI upacAra se kAla mAnA jAtA hai| vastuta: jIva aura ajIva hI kAla dravya hai| kAla kI svataMtra sattA nahIM hai| pAtaMjalayogasUtra meM bhI kAla kI vAstavika sattA nahIM mAnI gaI hai| kAla vastugata satya nahIM hai| buddhinirmita tathA zabdajJAnAnupAtI hai| vyuttheitadRSTi vAle vyaktiyoM ko vastusvarUpakI taraha avabhAsita hotA hai| isakA yahI bhAvArtha hai ki kAla kA vyAvahArika astitva hai, tAttvika astitva nahIM hai| (2) dUsarI avadhAraNA ke anusAra kAla svataMtra dravya hai| addhAsamaya ke rUpa meM usakA pRthak ullekha hai| yadyapi kAla ko svataMtra dravya mAnane vAloM ne bhI usako astikAya nahIM mAnA hai| sarvatra dharma-adharma Adi pAMca astikAyoM kA hI ullekha prApta hotA hai|' zvetAmbara paramparA meM kAla kI donoM prakAra kI avadhAraNAoM kA ullekha hai kiMtu digambara paramparA meM kAla ko svataMtra dravya mAnane vAlI avadhAraNA kA hI ullekha hai| 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 6/90 2. bhagavaI (khaNDa 2) pR. 278 3. paMcAstikAya, gA. 6, te ceva atthikAyA tekAliyabhAvapariNadA nniccaa| gacchaMti daviyabhAvaM pariyaTTaNaliMgasaMjuttA / / 4. ThANaM,2/387 samayAti vA, AvaliyAti vA, jIvAti vA ajIvAti vaa| 5. pAtaMjalayogadazanam, (saMpA. svAmI hariharAnanda, dillI, 1991) 3/52, sakhalvayaM kAlo vastuzUnyo buddhinirmANaH zabdajJAnAnupAtI laukikAnAM vyutthitadarzanAnAM vastusvarUpa ivaavbhaaste| 6. aMgasutANi 2 (bhagavaI) 13/61-71 7. vahI,2/124

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136 jaina Agama meM darzana zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM meM kAla ko svataMtra dravya mAnA gayA hai kiMtu kAla ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM unameM paraspara bhinnatA hai / zvetAmbara paramparA kAla ke aNu nahIM mAnatI tathA vyAvahArika kAla ko samayakSetravartI tathA naizcayika kAla ko loka-aloka pramANa mAnatI hai / ' digambara paramparA ke anusAra 'kAla' lokavyApI aura aNu rUpa hai| kAlANu asaMkhya hai, lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para eka-eka kAlANu sthita hai|' paMDita sukhalAlajI kAla ko svataMtra dravya mAnane ke pakSa meM nahIM haiN| unakA isa saMdarbha meM vaktavya hai ki "nizcayadRSTi se dekhA jAe to kAla ko alaga dravya mAnane kI koI jarUrata nahIM hai / use jIvAjIva ke paryAya rUpa mAnane se hI saba kArya va saba vyavahAra utpanna ho jAte haiN| isalie yahI pakSa tAttvika hai| anya pakSa vyAvahArika evaM aupacArika haiN| kAla ko manuSya kSetra pramANa mAnane kA pakSa sthUla loka-vyavahAra para nirbhara hai aura use aNurUpa mAnane kA pakSa aupacArika hai|" ___paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne kAla ko svataMtra dravya na mAnane vAlI avadhAraNA ko prAcIna mAnA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki "kAla ko pRthak nahIM mAnane kA pakSa prAcIna mAlUma hotA hai, kyoMki loka kyA hai ? isa prazna kA uttara zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM ke mata meM eka hI hai ki loka paMcAstikAyamaya hai| kahIM yaha uttara nahIM dekhA gayA ki loka SaDdravyAtmaka hai| ataeva mAnanA par3atA hai ki jainadarzana meM kAla ko pRthaka mAnane kI paramparA utanI prAcIna nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM meM kAla ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM matabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai|" AcArya mahAprajJa ina donoM avadhAraNAoM kI saMgati anekAnta ke AdhAra para karate haiN| unakA mAnanA hai ki "kAla chaha dravyoM meM eka dravya bhI hai aura jIva-ajIva kI paryAya bhI hai| ye donoM kathana sApekSa haiM, virodhI nhiiN| nizcayadRSTi meM kAla jIvaajIva kI paryAya hai aura vyavahAradRSTi meM vaha dravya hai| use dravya mAnane kA kAraNa usakI upayogitA hai| vaha pariNamana kA hetu hai, yahI usakA upakAra hai| isI kAraNa vaha dravya mAnA jAtA hai| 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 5/248 2. dravyasaMgraha, (le. nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI, mathurA, vI saM. 2475), gAthA 22, logAgAsapadese, ekkakka je ThiyA ha ekke kkaa| rayaNANaM rAsI iva, te kAlANU asaMkhadavvANi / / 3. saMghavI sukhalAla, darzana aura ciMtana, (ahamadAbAda, 1957) khaNDa 1 - 2 pR. 333 4. mAlavaNiyA dalasukha, Agama yuga kA jaina darzana, pR. 214 5. uttarajjhayaNANi, 2 8/10 kA TippaNa, pR. 148

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tattvamImAMsA kAla-paramANu bhagavatI sUtra meM cAra prakAra ke paramANuoM kA ullekha huA hai|' yadyapi yaha ullekha dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva ke saMdarbha meM huA hai| jaise ki Agama sAhitya kI zailI hai vaha vastu kI vyAkhyA dravya kSetra Adi ke mAdhyama se karatA hai, udAharaNa svarUpa hama paMcAstikAya kA saMdarbha le sakate haiM / ' kiMtu prastuta prasaMga meM paramANu ke prakAra pudgala se jur3e hue nahIM hai arthAt paudgalika paramANu kI dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva ke AdhAra para vyAkhyA nahIM kI jA rahI hai apitu dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva ke paramANu batAe jA rahe haiM / dravyarUpa paramANu ko dravya paramANu, AkAzapradeza ko kSetra paramANu, samaya ko kAlaparamANu evaM bhAvaparamANu ko pudgala kA paramANu mAnA gayA hai / ' prastuta prasaMga meM vizeSa mananIya kAla-paramANu hai| bhagavatI TIkA meM samaya ko kAla paramANu kahA hai, jaisA ki hamane Upara ullekha kiyA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra kAla ke antima avibhAjya bhAga ko samaya kahA jAtA hai jise jainetara darzanoM meM kSaNa kahA gayA hai / ' kSaNa aura samaya ye donoM zabda eka hI bhAva ko prakaTa kara rahe haiM unako paraspara paryAyavAcI mAnA jA sakatA hai / zvetAmbara paramparA meM kAla ko paryAya tathA svataMtra dravya rUpa meM mAnane kI avadhAraNA hai ! bhagavatI TIkA meM samaya ko kAla-paramANu kahA hai|' jabaki digambara paramparA meM samaya ko kAlANu kI paryAya kahA gayA hai / ' dravyAnuyogatarkaNA meM samaya ke AdhAra ko kAlANu kahA gayA hai| kAla kA Urdhvapracaya zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM meM kAla ke astitva ko to svIkAra kiyA gayA hai kiMtu use astikAya nahIM mAnA hai / astikAya vahI dravya ho sakatA hai 1. aMga suttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 20 / 40, cauvvihe paramANu paNNatte, taM jahA- davvaparamANU khettaparamANU, kAlaparamANU, bhAvaparamANU // 137 2. vahI, 2 / 125-129 3. bhagavatIvRtti patra 788 tatra dravyarUpaH paramANurdravyaparamANu :- eko'NurvarNAdibhAvAnAmavivakSaNAt dravyatvasyaiva vivakSaNAditi, evaM kSetra paramANu : AkAza pradeza: kAlaparamANuH samayaH bhAvaparamANuH paramANureva varNAdibhAvAnAM prAdhAnyavivakSaNAt / 4. Mookerjee, Satakari, Illuminator of Jaina Tenets P. 14 (footnote) samaya, being the smallest indivisible quantum of time, can perhaps be appropriately called time-point. 5. pAtaMjalayogadarzanam. 3/52, yathApakarSaparyantaM dravyaM paramANurevaM paramApakarSaparyantaH kAlaH kSaNaH / 6. bhagavatIvRtti patra 788 7. jainendra siddhAnta koza, (saMpA. kSu. jinendravarNI, dillI, 1986) bhAga 2 pR. 84, samayastAvatsUkSmakAlarUpa: prasiddha: sa eva paryAya: na dravyam tacca kAlaparyAya syopAdAnakAraNabhUtaM kAlANurUpaM kAladravyameva na ca pudgalAdi / 8. dravyAnuyogatarkaNA, 10/14, mandagatyApyaNuryAvatpradeze nabhasaH sthitau / yAti tatsamayasyaiva sthAnaM kAlANurucyate //

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138 jisakA skandha bana sake / kAla ke atIta samaya naSTa ho jAte haiM / anAgata samaya anutpanna hote haiM, isalie usakA skandha nahIM banatA / vartamAna samaya eka hotA hai, isalie usakA tiryak-pracaya (tirachA phailAva ) nahIM hotA / kAla kA skandha yA tiryak pracaya nahIM hotA, isalie vaha astikAya nahIM hai|' kAla kI pUrva evaM apara paryAya meM UrdhvatApracaya hotA hai / kAla ke pradeza nahIM hote isalie usake tiryak- pracaya nahIM hotA / ' "digambara paramparA ke anusAra kAlANuoM kI saMkhyA lokAkAza ke tulya hai / AkAza ke eka-eka pradeza para eka-eka kAlANu avasthita hai / kAla zakti aura vyakti kI apekSA eka pradezavAlA hai / isalie isake tiryak pracaya nahIM hotA / dharma Adi pAMca dravya ke tiryak- pracaya kSetra kI apekSA se hotA hai aura Urdhva pracaya kAla kI apekSA se hotA hai / unake pradeza- samUha hotA hai, isalie ve phailate haiM aura kAla ke nimitta se unameM paurvAparya yA kramAnugata prasAra hotA hai / samayoM kA pracaya jo hai vahI kAla dravya kA Urdhvapracaya hai / " jaina Agama meM darzana Agama sAhitya meM kAla ko astikAya nahIM mAnA gayA hai kyoM nahIM mAnA gayA hai isakA ullekha nahIM hai yaha Agama kI zailIgata vizeSatA hai ki vaha tattva ke nirUpaNa meM tarka kA sahArA nahIM letaa| uttarakAlIna jaina sAhitya ko kyoM kA bhI uttara denA thA ata: unheM anivAryatA se hetu kA avalambana lenA pdd'aa| kAla ke vibhAga kAla ke samaya, AvalikA muhUrta, divasa Adi se lekara pudgalaparivarta taka aneka vibhAga kie gae haiN| ina vibhAgoM ke atirikta bhI kAla ke anya prakAra bhI upalabdha haiM / sthAnAMga evaM bhagavatI meM kAla ko cAra prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai. pramANakAla, yathAyunirvRttikAla, maraNakAla aura addhAkAla / ' - jisake dvArA varSa Adi kA jJAna hotA hai use pramANakAla kahA jAtA hai, yaha addhAkAla kA hI divasa AdilakSaNa vAlA bheda hai / " 3. 4. 1. dravyAnuyogatarkaNA, 10 / 16 vR. (pR. 179), parantu skandhasya pradezasamudAya: kAlasya nAsti tasmAddharmAstikAyAdInAmiva tiryakpracayatA na saMbhavati etAvatA tiryakpracayatvaM nAsti / tenaiva kAladravyamastikAya iti nocyate / 2. vahI, 10 / 16, pracayordhvatvametasya dvayoH paryAyayorbhavet / tiryakpracayatA nAsya pradezatvaM vinA kcacit // mahAprajJa, AcArya, jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 195 aNuogadArAI, sUtra 415/1, samayAvaliya - muhuttA, divasamahoratta pakkhamAsA ya / saMvacchara juga- paliyA, sAgara- osappi pariyaTTA / 5. (ka) ThANaM, 4 / 13 4 (kha) aMgasunANi 2, 11 / 119 6. bhagavatIvRtti patra 533, pramIyate paricchidyate yena varSazatAdi tat pramANaM sa cAsau kAlazcetipramANakAla:..... addhAkAlasya vizeSo divasAdilakSaNa: /

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tattvamImAMsA 139 jisa rUpa meM AyuSya kA baMdha huA hai usa kI usa rUpa meM avasthiti ko yathAyunirvRttikAla kahA jAtA hai| yaha nAraka Adi AyuSya lakSaNa vAlA hai| AyuSyakarma ke anubhava se viziSTa yaha addhAkAla hI hai| yaha sAre saMsArI jIvoM ke hotA hai|' ___ mRtyu bhI kAla kI paryAya hai use maraNakAla kahA gayA hai|' sUrya, candra Adi kI gati se sambandha rakhane vAlA addhAkAla kahalAtA hai| kAla kA pradhAna rUpa addhA-kAla hI hai| zeSa tInoM isI ke viziSTa rUpa haiM | addhAkAla vyAvahArika hai / vaha manuSyaloka meM hI hotA hai| isalie manuSya loka ko samayakSetra kahA jAtA hai| aDhAI dvIpa meM hI manuSya nivAsa karate haiN| usako hI samayakSetra kahA gayA hai|' nizcaya-kAla jIva-ajIva kA paryAya hai, vaha loka-aloka vyApI hai| usake vibhAga nahIM hote| kAla kA antima bheda samaya hai| paramANu maMdagati se eka AkAza pradeza se dUsare pradeza meM jAtA hai utane kAla ko samaya (kSaNa) kahA jAtA hai| samaya atyanta sUkSma hai| AgamoM meM kamalapatrabhedana, julAhe dvArA jIrNa vastra kA phAr3anA Adi udAharaNoM se use samajhAyA gayA hai| nizcaya evaM vyavahAra kAla nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke bheda se kAla do prakAra kA parigaNita hai| nizcaya kAla kA lakSaNa vartanA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM kAla kA yahI lakSaNa nirdiSTa hai| AcArya akalaMka ne svasattAnubhUti ko vartanA kahA hai| vartanA sabhI padArthoM meM sarvatra hotI hai ata: nizcaya kAla sabameM evaM sarvatra vidyamAna hai| tattvArthasUtra meM kAla ke pAMca lakSaNa batalAe gae haiM - vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva aura aparatva / ' inameM vartanA aura pariNAma kA sambandha naizcayika kAla se tathA kriyA, paratva aura aparatva kA sambandha vyAvahArika kAla se hai| akalaMka ke anusAra manuSya kSetravartI samaya, AvalikA Adi vyAvahArika kAla ke dvArA hI sabhI jIvoM kI karmasthiti, bhava-sthiti aura kAya-sthiti Adi kA pariccheda 1. bhagavatIvRtti patra 533 2. vahI, vRtti patra 533 3. vahI, vRtti patra 5 33 aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 2/122 5. dravyAnuyogatarkaNA, 10/14, tulanIya pAtaMjalayogadarzanam, 3/52, yAvatA vA samayena calita: paramANu: pUrvadezaM jahyAduttarapradezamupasampadyeta sa kAla: kSaNa: / 6. aNuogdArAiM, sUtra 417 7. uttarajjhayaNANi, 28/10, vanaNA lakkhaNo kaalo| 8. tattvArthavArttika, 522/4. pratidravyaparyAyamantItaikasamayA svsttaanubhuutirvrtnaa| 9. tattvArthasUtra, 5/22. vartanA pariNAma: kriyA paratvAparatve ca kAlasya /

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140 jaina Agama meM darzana hotA hai / saMkhyeya, asaMkhyeya aura ananta-isa kAla-gaNanA kA AdhAra bhI vyAvahArika kAla hai|' __Adhunika vijJAna bhI kAla ko svataMtra dravya nahIM mAna rahA hai| usake anusAra kAla Subjective hai / Stephen Hawking ke zabdoM meM Adhunika vijJAna sammata kAla kI avadhAraNA ko hama samajha sakate haiM-.......Our views of nature of time have changed over the years. Up to the beginning of this century people belived in an absolute time. That is, each event could be labeled by a number called "time" in a unique way, and all good clocks would agree on the time interval between two events. However, the discovery that the speed of light appeared the same to every observer, no matter how he was moving, led to the theory of relativityand in that one had to abandon the idea that there was a unique absolute time. Instead, each observer would have his own measure of time as recorded by a clock that he carried : clocks carried by different observers would not necessarily agree. Thus time became a more personal concept, relative to the observer who measured it.? kAla ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vibhinna matabheda ho sakate haiM kiMtu vyAvahArika jagat meM usakI upayogitA nirvivAda hai| isI upayogitA ke kAraNa kAla ko dravya kI koTi meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| 'upakArakaM dravyam' jo upakAra karatA hai vaha dravya hai| kAla kA upakAra bhI pratyakSa siddha hai ata: kAla kI svIkRti Avazyaka hai| kAlavAdI dArzanika to mAtra kAla ko hI vizva kA niyAmaka tattva svIkAra karate haiN|' itanA na bhI mAne to bhI vizva-vyavasthA kA eka anivArya ghaTaka tattva to kAla ko mAnanA hI hogaa| dravya-mImAMsA ke antargata dravya sambandhI katipaya mukhya avadhAraNAoM kA ullekha prastuta adhyAya meM kiyA gayA hai| bhagavatI meM astikAya/dravya saMbaMdhI aneka mahattvapUrNa avadhAraNAeM pratipAdita haiM, jinameM se jIvAstikAya ko chor3akara zeSa dravya sambaMdhI vivecana prastuta adhyAya meM huA hai| aba agrima adhyAya meM jIvAstikAya kA varNana kreNge| 000 tattvArthavArtika, 5/22/25, manuSyakSetrasamutthena jyotirgatisamayAvalikAdinA paricchinnena kriyAkalApena kAlavartanayA kAlAkhyena Urdhvamadhastiryaka ca prANinAM saMkhyeyA'saMkhyeyA'nantA nantakAlagaNanAprabhedena karmabhavakAyasthitipariccheda: sarvatra jaghanya-madhyamotkRSTAvasthAH kriyte| 2. Hawking, Stephen, A Brief History of Time, New York, 1990, P. 143 3. SaDdarzanasamuccaya (DaoN. mahendrakumAra jaina, dillI, 1997) vR. pR. 16, kAla: pacati bhUtAni kAla: saMharati prjaaH| kAla: suseSu jAgarti, kAlo hi duratikramaH / /

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AtmamImAMsA bhAratIya ciMtana ke itihAsa meM puruSasUkta tathA nAsadIyasUkta jaise veda saMhitAoM ke ve aMza dArzanika mAne gae jinameM cetanA para vicAra huA / yUnAna meM bhI yadyapi sukarAta se pUrva thelIja, enekjImeNDara Adi vicAraka ho gae the, jinhoMne sRSTi ke svarUpa para vicAra kiyA tathApi yUnAna ke dArzanika itihAsa kA sukarAta se prArambha isalie mAnA jAtA hai ki unhoMne sarvaprathama yaha kahakara ki 'apane ko jAno' / darzana kI dhArA bhautika padArthoM se AtmA kI ora mor3a dii| isa prakAra pUrva aura pazcima donoM hI paramparAoM meM darzana ke kSetra meM cetana tattva kA mahattva spaSTa ho jAtA hai| AtmA kA svarUpa jaina darzana prArambha se hI AtmavAdI darzana rahA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM pracura mAtrA meM Atma-vimarza upalabdha hai / paramparA evaM Adhunika vidvAnoM ke dvArA bhI prAcInatama jaina Agama ke rUpa meM svIkRta AcArAMga kA prArambha AtmajijJAsA se hotA hai / sampUrNa jaina AcAra-mImAMsA AtmavAda kI avadhAraNA para avalambita hai| AcArAMga meM AtmasvarUpa kI vizada mImAMsA huI hai| AcArAMga meM AtmA evaM vijJAtA kA tAdAtmya bhAva mAnA gayA hai-- je AyA se vinnnnaayaa| je viNNAyA se aayaa||' AtmA evaM vijJAtA eka hI hai| sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra jJAna puruSa (AtmA) kA svarUpa nahIM hai kiMtu vaha prakRti kA dharma hai| prakRti jar3a hai| apane sattvaguNa ke vaiziSTya se vaha 'jJAna' ko bhI utpanna karatI hai| sAMkhya ke anusAra jJAna sattva guNAtmaka hai| ata: 1. Durant Will, The story of Philosophy, (New York, 1954) P.6, There is no real philosophy until the mind turns round and examines itself. 'Gnothi seavton', said Socrates : Know theyself. AyAro, 1/ / 3. vahI, 5/104 4. sAMkhyakArikA, 13

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142 jaina Agama meM darzana prakRti kA dharma yA kArya hai, puruSa kA svarUpa nahIM hai| puruSa kA svarUpa caitanya hai| jJAna nahIM hai / vaha caitanya evaM jJAna ko bhinna-bhinna mAnatA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra jJAna AtmA kA upAdhigata dharma hai| vaha samavAya sambandha se AtmA se jur3atA hai| muktAvasthA meM AtmA jJAnazUnya ho jAtI hai| jabaki jaina ke anusAra caitanya evaM jJAna eka hI hai| AtmA caitanya lakSaNa, caitanya svarUpa yA caitanya guNavAlA padArtha hai| AtmA ke prakAra jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA ke do prakAra haiM- siddha aura sNsaarii|' saMsArI AtmA karmayukta hai ata: vaha aupapAtika arthAt punarjanma karane vAlI hotI hai| aupapAtika AtmA nAnAvidha zarIroM ko dhAraNa karatI hai aura vaha nAnAvidha yoniyoM meM anusaMcaraNa karatI hai, bAra-bAra janmatI hai aura maratI hai| ise saMsArI AtmA kahA jAtA hai| dravyArthika naya ke mata meM yaha karmopAdhisApekSa AtmA zarIra meM adhiSThita hone ke kAraNa tarkagamya, buddhigrAhya, paudgalika guNoM se yukta, punarjanmadharmA, strI-puruSa Adi liMga se sahita tathA kathaMcid mUrta bhI hai| jaina ciMtakoM ne nizcaya evaM vyavahAra naya ke mAdhyama se vastu svarUpa kA vimarza karake vastu-vyavasthA ko eka nayA AyAma pradAna kiyA hai| Atma-svarUpa vizleSaNa meM bhI isI dRSTi kA upayoga Agama-sAhitya meM huA hai| vyavahAranaya ke dvArA AtmA ke saMsArI svarUpa kA varNana kiyA jA sakatA hai| kiMtu AtmA kA zuddha svarUpa vyavahAra naya kA viSaya nahIM bana sktaa| nizcaya naya ke jJeya kSetra meM hI AtmA kA zuddha svarUpa samAyojita ho sakatA hai| zuddhAtmA zuddha AtmA karmamukta hotI hai| zarIramukta hone ke kAraNa vaha AtmA amUrta hotI hai| isalie vaha na zabdagamya hai aura na tarkagamya hai| buddhi bhI usakA grahaNa nahIM kara sktii| zabda, tarka evaM buddhi kA jJeya evaM abhivyakti kA kSetra sImita hai| zabda, tarka aura cintana, jo vastu-vizleSaNa ke sAdhana hamAre pAsa meM hai unake dvArA zuddha Atma-tattva kI vyAkhyA nahIM ho sktii| AcArAMga kA pravaktA isa vastu satya se avagata hai| isI vastu satya ko abhivyakta karate hue kahA gayA 1. savve sarA Niyasa'ti 2. takkA jattha Na vijjai 3. maI tattha Na gaahiyaa|' 1. anyayogavyavacchedikA, zloka 8, caitanyamaupAdhikamAtmano'nyat, na saMvidAnandamayI ca muktiH| . 2. uttarajjhayaNANi, 28/10,11 3. ThANaM, 2/409, siddhA ceva, asiddhA ceva / 4. AcArAMga bhASyam, 5/123-140 5. AyAro, 5/12 3 - 125

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AtmamImAMsA 143 __ "saba svara lauTa Ate haiM-zabda ke dvArA AtmA pratipAdya nahIM hai| vahAM koI tarka nahIM hai-AtmA tarkagamya nahIM hai tathA vaha mati ke dvArA bhI grAhya nahIM hai|' bhASA kA prayoga kSetra __ bhASA kA prayoga kSetra paudgalika jagat hai, jisako vaha vidhirUpa meM prakaTa kara sakatI hai kiMtu AtmA kA zuddha svarUpa vidhiparaka bhASA se abhivyaMjita nahIM ho pA rahA hai, ata: usakA prakaTana AcArAMga, upaniSad Adi grantha niSedhaparaka bhASA meM kara rahe haiN| __ Agamayuga meM AtmA ke svarUpa ko abhivyakta karane ke lie jo zailI apanAI gaI hai vaha zailI prAcIna upaniSadoM kI zailI ke nikaTa hai| AtmA zabda, rUpa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparzAtmaka nahIM hai|' AtmA kA svayaM kA koI AkAra nahIM hai ata: zuddha AtmA ke svarUpa kA varNana karate samaya ina sabakA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai aura isakA varNana karane vAlI bhASA nakAratmaka ho jAtI hai| AtmA kA zuddha svarUpa hI sAMkhya darzana meM pratipAdita hai ata: jaina Agama jaba AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA varNana karate haiM to usakA niSkarSa vahI hotA hai jo sAMkhya kA hotA hai antara itanA hai ki sAMkhya darzana AtmA ko sadA zuddha evaM apariNAmI hI mAnatA hai jabaki jaina darzana AtmA kI azuddha avasthA ko bhI mAnatA hai tathA use pariNAmI mAnatA hai| 'kasale puNa No baddhe No mukke'| isa prakAra ke vaktavya Agama sAhitya meM upalabdha haiM kiMtu paravartI dArzanika sAhitya meM isa abhivyakti ke svara kSINa ho gae haiM / jaina dArzanika granthoM meM bhI Atma-tattva vyAkhyAta huA hai kintu usakI abhivyakti kA prakAra badala gayA hai / AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA varNana vahAM para upalabdha nahIM hai| AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA varNana Agamayuga athavA Agamayuga ke atyanta sannikaTa samayasAra Adi granthoM meM upalabdha hai| Agama meM nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se pratipAdita Atma-vicAra sAMkhya darzana sammata Atma-vicAra ke nikaTa pahuMca jAtA hai tathA niSedhAtmaka bhASA meM abhivyakta AtmavicAra upaniSad meM varNita Atma vicAra ke pAsa pahuMca jAtA hai| AcArAMga jaise zabda, tarka Adi ke dvArA AtmA ko agrAhya mAna rahA hai vaise hI upaniSad bhI AtmA ko indriya, vANI, buddhi evaM mana ke dvArA agrAhya mAnate rahe haiM - 1. na tatra cakSurgacchati na vAggacchati no mano na vidmo na vijaaniimo|' 2. naiSA tarkeNa mtiraapneyaa| 1. AyAro, 5/140, seNa sadde, Na rUve. Na gaMdhe, Na raseNa phAse iccetaav| 2. vahI, 2/182 3. kenopaniSad, (gorakhapura, saM. 2026) 1/3 4. kaThopaniSad, (gorakhapura, saM. 2014)1/2/9

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144 Atma vicAra : AcArAMga evaM upaniSad upaniSadoM meM AtmA ke pratipAdaka jo sUtra haiM, unakA AcArAMga pratipAdita sUtroM ke sAtha sAmya hai / AcArAMga evaM upaniSad donoM meM hI AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa ko anirvacanIya mAnA hai| AtmA amUrta aura sUkSmatama hai, isalie vaha zabda ke dvArA pratipAdya nahIM hai| sAre zabda lauTa Ate haiM AtmA taka pahuMca hI nahIM pAte haiN|' AcArAMga cUrNi meM zabda ke sthAna para pravAda zabda prayukta huA hai|' usakA tAtparya bhI yahI hai ki AtmA vAda-vivAda kA viSaya nahIM hai| upaniSad meM brahma ke Ananda - vijJAna ke viSaya meM bhI aisA hI vaktavya upalabdha hai - "vANI vahAM taka pahuMce binA hI mana ke sAtha lauTa AtI hai| jo brahma ke Ananda ko jAnatA hai, usako kahIM kabhI bhaya nahIM hotA / " " AcArAMga meM AtmA ke dIrghatva, (loka vyApitva) hrasvatva (aMguSTha pramANa) Adi kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai|' AtmA na choTI hotI hai na bar3I hotI hai| upaniSadoM meM AtmA ko choTe se choTA aura bar3e se bar3A batAyA gayA hai / ' Atma vyAkhyA meM netivAda indriyoM kA viSayabhUta jagat tIna AyAmoM vAlA hai / ve tIna AyAma haiM - UMcA, nIcA aura tirachA / hama inheM indriyoM se jAnate haiN| AtmA sabhI AyAmoM se atIta hai / isalie paudgalika dravya se bhinnatA pratipAdita karane ke lie 'neti' pada kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / jisameM varNa, gaMdha, rasa, sparza evaM saMsthAna hote haiM vaha padArtha mUrtta hai / AtmA meM varNa Adi nahIM hote haiN|' isalie yaha amUrta hai| amUrta padArtha indriyoM kA viSaya nahIM bana sakatA / no iMdiyaggejjha amuttabhAvA / ' AtmA amUrta hai ata: vaha indriyagrAhya nahIM hai / jaina Agama meM darzana AtmA azarIrI hai| vaha janmadharmA nahIM hai| vaha lepamukta hai / ' jo AtmA apane mUla svarUpa meM sthita hai vaha azarIrI aura akarmA hotI hai, isalie vaha liMgAtIta hotI hai / vaha na strI hai, na puruSa hai aura na napuMsaka / ' zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM AtmA kI liMgamukta avasthA tathA liMgayukta avasthA- donoM kA pratipAdana hai| vahAM kahA hai 1. AyAro, 5 / 123, savve sarA niyaTTeti / 2. AcArAMgacUrNi, pR. 199, savve pavAyA tattha NiyadvaMti / 3. taitarIya upaniSad, (gorakhapura, saM. 2014) 2/4, 6. AyAro, 5 / 128-131 7. uttarajjhayaNANi, 14 / 19 8. AyAro, 5 / 132-134, na kAU, Na ruhe, Na saMge / 9. vahI, 5 / 135, Na itthI, Na purise, Na aNNA / 4. AyAro, 5 / 127, se Na dIhe, Na hasse, Na vaTTe, Na taMse, Na cauraMse, paNa parimaMDale / 5. chAndogya upaniSad (gorakhapura, saM. 2023) 3 / 14 / 3 eSa me AtmA'ntarhRdaye aNIyAn vrIhervA yavAd vA sarSapAd vA zyAmAkAd vA zyAmAkataNDulAd vA, eSa me AtmA'ntarhRdaye jyAyAn pRthivyA jyAyAn antarikSAd jyAyAn divo jyAyAnebhyo lokebhyaH / - yato vAco nivartante, aprApya manasA saha / AnandaM brahmaNo vidvAn na bibheti kadAcana //

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AtmamImAMsA 145 "AtmA na strI hai, na puruSa hai aura na npuNsk| jisa liMga vAle zarIra ko vaha prApta hotI hai, usI liMga se vaha pahacAnI jAtI hai|' isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki zuddha AtmA liMgAtIta hai tathA baddha AtmA zarIrayukta hone ke kAraNa amuka-amuka liMga vizeSa se pahacAnI jAtI hai| AtmA apada hai arthAt padAtIta hai| usakA bodha karAne vAlA koI pada nahIM hai|' pada zabdAtmaka hotA hai / AtmA usakA vAcya nahIM bana sakatI / AtmA ke lie koI upamA nahIM hai ' athavA kisI bhI sAMsArika padArtha se AtmA ko upamita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| AtmA kA astitva hai, kintu vaha arUpI hai-arUvI sattA / isalie AtmA kA astitva kevala kevalajJAnI ke hI pratyakSa ho sakatA hai| indriyajJAnI use sAkSAt nahIM jAna sakate / AtmA kA lakSaNa hai-caitanya / koI bhI AtmA, cAhe vaha mukta ho yA saMsArI, caitanya se rahita nahIM hotii| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA kI mukta avasthA meM bhI jJAna aura usakA upayoga donoM rahate haiM / pratyeka AtmA ananta jJAna evaM ananta darzana se sampanna hotI hai| usakA yaha svarUpa zuddha Atma-dazA meM sarvathA prasphuTita rahatA hai| AtmA kI traikAlikatA cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara sabhI bhAratIya darzana AtmA ke traikAlika astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN|' kAla kA akhaNDa pravAha pravAhita hai| usameM koI bheda nahIM hotA kiMtu indriya cetanA ke stara para jIne vAlA vyakti kAla ke usa akhaNDa pravAha kA sAkSAt nahIM kara sktaa| usake jJAna meM kAla khaMDoM meM vibhAjita ho jAtA hai| usake dRSTipatha meM vartamAna to hotA hai kiMtu atIta evaM bhaviSya kA darzana nahIM hotA hai / phalasvarUpa kucha vyakti atIta evaM bhaviSya ko nakAra kara kevala vartamAna ko hI vAstavika mAna lete haiM, isa bhrama kA nirAkaraNa karane ke lie sUtrakAra ne kahA- jisakA Adi-aMta nahIM hai, usakA madhya kahAM se hogA ? jassa natthi purA pacchA, majjhe tassa kao siyA? purA kA artha hai-atItakAla aura pazcAd kA artha hai bhaviSyakAla / jisakA atIta meM astitva nahIM hai tathA bhaviSya meM bhI astitva nahIM hai taba usakA vartamAna meM astitva kahAM se hogA? isakA tAtparya hai AtmA kA astitva sArvakAlika hai, kisI bhI kAla vizeSa meM usake astitva ko nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| 1. zvetAzvataropaniSad (gorakhapura, saM. 2014), 5/10 naiva strI na pumAneSa na caivAyaM napuMsakaH / yad yaccharIramAdatte tena tena sa yujyte|| 2. AyAro,5/139, apayassa payaM nntthi| 3. vahI, 5/137, uvamA Na vijje| 4. vahI, 5/138 5. tejobindUpaniSad, 2/28, bhUtaM bhavyaM bhaviSyacca sarvaM cinmAtrameva hi| 6. AyAro, 4/46

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146 jaina Agama meM darzana AtmA eka hai jaina darzana AtmavAdI darzana hai| AtmA usake darzana kA kendrIya vicAra hai| darzana jagata meM AtmA kI saMkhyAtmaka avadhAraNA para bhI vicAra huA hai| kucha bhAratIya darzana AtmA ko eka mAnate haiN| kucha AtmA kI anekatA meM vizvAsa karate haiN| jaina darzana anekAntavAdI hai| AtmA kI saMkhyA ke saMdarbha meM bhI isI dRSTi kA upayoga huA hai| naya anekAnta kA mUla AdhAra hai| saMgraha naya abhedagrAhI hai vyavahAra naya bheda kA grAhaka hai| ThANaM kA 'ege AyA' kA vaktavya saMgrahanaya kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para svIkaraNIya hai tathA vyavahAranaya ke anusAra AtmA kI anekatA bhI vAstavika hai| cetanA, upayoga sampUrNa AtmAoM kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai| isa sAdhAraNatA ke AdhAra para AtmA ko eka kahA gayA hai| ege AyA isa vaktavya meM ananta AtmAoM kA ekatva meM samAhAra saMgrahanaya kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra anaMta AtmAeM haiN| una sabakA svataMtra astitva hai| muktAvasthA meM bhI ve kisI brahma jaisI sattA meM vilIna nahIM hotii| unakA svatantra astitva banA rahatA hai, isa svIkRti ke bAvajUda bhI ege AyA ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane meM jaina ko koI kaThinAI nahIM hai| saMgraha naya kA sazakta AdhAra isa yathArtha ko pratiSThata karatA hai| AcArAMga meM AtmAdvaita "jise tU hanana yogya mAnatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU AjJA meM rakhane yogya mAnatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU paritApa dene yogya mAnatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU dAsa banAne yogya mAnatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU mArane yogya mAnatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| AcArAMga kI yaha udghoSaNA AtmAdvaita kI sahaja svIkRti hai / terI aura merI AtmA meM svarUpagata koI bheda nahIM hai| tere aura mere meM vibheda karane vAlA vyakti adhyAtma kI sAdhanA hI nahIM kara sktaa| ahiMsA kI anupAlanA AtmA-AtmA meM paraspara bheda mAnane para nahIM ho sktii| "jaba maiM aura tU eka haiM, yaha anubhUti prabala hotI hai taba hiMsA, chala prapaJca ityAdi para- pratAr3aka bhAva svataH hI niHzeSa ho jAte haiM / AtmAdvaita kI anubhUti hiMsA virati kA sugama upAya hai| ahiMsA prazikSaNa ke antargata AtmAdvaita kI anuprekSA kA prayoga karake hiMsA kI samasyA ke samAdhAna kI ora gatizIla ho sakate haiN| jaina darzana 1. brahmabindUpaniSad, 11, eka eva hi bhUtAtmA, bhUte bhUte vyavasthitaH / ____ekadhA bahudhA caiva dRzyate jalacandravat // 2. sAMkhyakArikA, 18, janmamaraNakaraNAnAM, pratiniyamAdayugapat pravRttezca / puruSabahutvaM siddhaM, vaiguNyaviparyayAccaiva / / 3. ThANaM, 1/2 4. anuyogadvAracUrNi,pR.86,svasamayavyavasthitA: puna: bravaMti uvayogAdikaM savvajIvANa sarisaM lakkhaNaM ...... / 5. AyAro, 5/101, tumaMsi nAma saccena 'jaM haMtavvaM' ti mannasi.......... |

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AtmamImAMsA 147 astitva kI dRSTi se saba AtmAoM ko svatantra mAnatA hai kiMtu una sabakA svarUpa eka jaisA hai, usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA antara nahIM hai| yaha svarUpagata AtmAdvaita kA siddhAMta jaina AcAra kA mahattvapUrNa AyAma hai| jaina AcAra kA yaha svIkRta tathya hai ki sampUrNa jIvoM ko jo Atmavat mAnatA hai usake pApakarma kA bandha nahIM hotaa|' sampUrNa jIvoM ko Atmavat mAnane kA tAtparya yahI hai ki sabhI jIva samAna haiN| unameM svarUpagata aikya hai, ata: jaina darzana nAnAtmavAdI hone para bhI anekAnta darzana ke anusAra kisI apekSA vizeSa se AtmAdvaitavAdI bhI hai| Atma vimarza : AcArAMga aura samayasAra AcArAMga ke paramAtmapada meM zuddha Atmatattva kA varNana huA hai| jisakA ullekha hamane AcArAMga evaM upaniSad varNita Atma-tattva ke vivecana ke prasaMga meM kiyA hai| samayasAra meM bhI usI zuddha Atmatattva kA nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se varNana huA hai| jisakA vimarza karanA yahAM prAsaMgika hogaa| AcArAMga meM AtmA ko varNa Adi se rahita mAnA hai| samayasAra AcArAMga kI isI avadhAraNA kA anugamana kara rahA hai| samayasAra 'AtmA' zabda ke sthAna para 'jIva' zabda kA prayoga kara rahA hai| jaina darzana meM AtmA aura jIva zabda paryAyavAcI haiM jabaki vedAnta meM donoM paraspara bhinnArthaka haiN| AtmA brahma kA vAcaka hai| jIva zabda vahAM para jIvAtmA ke lie prayukta hotA hai| jaina darzana aisA bheda asvIkAra karatA hai ata: vahAM para AtmA evaM jIva ye donoM samAnArthaka haiN| zuddha jIva ke varNana ke prasaMga meM samayasAra ne jIva ko varNa, gaMdha, rasa, sparza, rUpa, zarIra, saMsthAna evaM saMhanana se rahita mAnA hai jIvassa Natthi vaNNo Na vigaMdhoNa vi rasoNa vi ya phaaso| __Na vi rUvaMNa sarIraMNa vi saMThANaM Na sNhnnnnN||' AcArAMga kI taraha hI yahAM bhI jIva ko 'azabda' arthAt padAtIta/zabdAtIta mAnA hai| samayasAra ne AtmA ko avaktavya kahakara' AcArAMga pratipAdita AtmA kI zabdAtIta, tarkAtIta evaM buddhi-agrAhyatA kA samarthana kiyA hai| AcArAMga ne AtmA ko arUpI sattA, parijJa, saMjJa Adi zabdoM se sambodhita kiyA hai| samayasAra meM isa vicAra kA samarthaka zabda 'cetanAguNa' upalabdha hai, jo AtmA kI amUrttatA evaM jJAnAtmakatA donoM kA hI dyotana kara rahA hai| 1. dasaveAliyaM, 4/9, savvabhUyappabhUyassa, sammaM bhUyAiM paaso| pihiyAsavassa daMtassa.pAvaM kammana bNdhii| samayasAra, (anu. parameSThIdAsa, sonagar3ha, 1964) 1/50 (jIva-ajIva adhikAra) 3. vahI, 1/49 4. (ka) AyAro,5/136,138 (kha) samayasAra, 1/49 2. sana

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148 jaina Agama meM darzana Atma-vizleSaNa : vyavahAra evaM nizcaya naya jaina darzana meM vyavahAranaya evaM nizcayanaya donoM mAnya haiM / donoM meM se kisI kA bhI apalApa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kyoMki vyavahAra ke binA tIrtha kI surakSA nahIM ho sakatI tathA nizcaya ke binA tattva svarUpa kI surakSA nahIM ho sktii|' jai jiNamayaM pavajjaha tA mA vavahAra Nicchae muyaha / ekkeNa viNA chijjai titthaM aNNeNa uNa tccN|| isa vaktavya se spaSTa hai ki tattva-vyavasthA meM mukhyatA nizcayanaya kI hai| AcArya kundakunda ne to vyavahAranaya ko abhUtArtha (ayathArtha) kaha diyA hai| unake anusAra nizcayanaya (zuddha naya) hI bhUtArtha hai| usa naya kA Azraya lene vAlA hI nizcaya meM samyagdRSTi vavahAro'bhUdattho bhUdattho desido du suddhnno| bhUdatthamassido khalu sammAdiTThI havadi jiivo|' zrutajJAna ke dvArA jo kevala zuddha AtmA ko jAnatA hai vahI paramArthata: zruta kevalI hai|' zrutajJAna saba kucha jAnatA hai, yaha vyavahAranaya kI vaktavyatA hai|' AtmA kI pudgalajanita jitanI bhI avasthAeM haiM ve saba vyavahAranaya kA viSaya hai| vastuta: ve AtmA kA vAstavika svarUpa hai hI nahIM, isI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para samayasAra ne jIva ko rAga, dveSa, moha, pratyaya (Azrava), karma, nokarma, varga,' vargaNA,' spardhaka,' adhyAtmasthAna,' anubhAgasthAna,'' yogasthAna, baMdhasthAna, udayasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, sthitibaMdhasthAna, saMklezasthAna, vizuddhisthAna, saMyamalabdhisthAna, 4. 1. samayasAra (Atma-khyAti) 1/12 kI TIkA, pR. 26 2. samayasAra (pUrvaraMga) 11 3. vahI, (pUrvaraMga) 9, jo hi sudeNahigacchadi appANamiNaM tu kevalaM suddhaM / taMsudakevalimisiNo bhaNaMti loyappadIvayarA / / samayasAra, (AtmakhyAti) 10 TIkA, pR. 22, ya: zrutajJAnaM sarvajAnAti sa zrutakevalIti tu vyvhaarH| 5. vahI,gA. 50 se 55 kI TIkA, pR. 101-106, mithyAtvAviratikaSAyayogalakSaNA: prtyyaaH| 6. vahI, yatSaTparyAptitrizarIrayogyavasturUpaM nokrm| 7. vahI, zaktisamUhalakSaNo vrg:| 8. vahI, vargasamUhalakSaNA vargaNA / 9. vahI, maMdatIvarasakarmadalaviziSTanyAsalakSaNAni sprdhkaani| 10. vahI, svaparaikatvAdhyAse sati vishuddhcitprinnaamaatirikttvlkssnnaanydhyaatmsthaanaani| 11. vahI, prativiziSTaprakRtirasapariNAmalakSaNAnyanubhAgasthAnAni / 12. samayasAra, AtmakhyAti TIkA, gAthA, 50-55, kaSAyavipAkodrekalakSaNAni saMklezasthAnAni / 13. vahI, kaSAyavipAkAnudrekalakSaNAni vishuddhisthaanaani| 14. vahI, cAritramohavipAkakramanivRttilakSaNAni sNymlbdhisthaanaani|

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AtmamImAMsA 149 jIvasthAna evaM guNasthAna ' se yukta nahIM mAnA hai| samayasAra ne uparyukta sabhI avasthAoM ko pudgala dravya kA pariNAma mAnA hai| ye jIva kI pudgalakRta avasthAeM haiN| zuddha jIva meM ina avasthAoM kI sattA nahIM ho sktii| zuddha jIva mAtra cetana svarUpa hai| usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA vibheda nahIM ho sktaa| samayasAra kI TIkA AtmakhyAti ke kartA AcArya amRtacandra ne ina avasthAoM ke vivecana meM pratyeka ke sAtha pudgaladravyapariNAma kA ullekha kiyA hai| ye sArI avasthAeM pudgala dravya ke pariNAmasvarUpa vAlI hone ke kAraNa jIva kI avasthAeM nahIM haiN| samayasAra meM AcArAMga ke netivAda kA vistAra AcArAMga evaM samayasAra donoM meM hI niSedhaparaka bhASA meM AtmA tattva abhivyaMjita huA hai| AcArAMga meM prApta 'netivAda' kA anuguMjana prAya: zabdaza: samayasAra meM huA hai| AcArAMga varNa, gaMdha Adi kA bhedapUrvaka ullekha karake AtmA meM unakA niSedha karatA hai jabaki samayasAra varNa Adi ke kRSNa, nIla Adi bheda kie binA hI samuccaya meM hI unakA jIva tattva meM niSedha kara detA hai| samayasAra ne AcArAMga meM prApta 'netivAda' ke atirikta bhI niSedha kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisakI hama Upara carcA kara cuke haiM | samayasAra meM prApta vistRta netivAda ke avalokana se jJAta hotA hai ki samayasAra AcArAMga meM prApta saMkSipta varNana ko vistAra pradAna kara rahA hai tathA yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki samayasAra taka Ate-Ate vibhinna jaina dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA vikAsa evaM vistAra ho cukA thA, samayasAra unakA bhI jIva meM niSedha kara yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki pudgalakRta jIva kI jitanI bhI avasthAeM haiM vaha jIva kA zuddha svarUpa nahIM hai| vaha vyavahAra ho sakatA hai paramArtha nhiiN| AtmA : baMdha evaM mokSa prastuta prasaMga meM eka bAta dhyAtavya hai ki samayasAra ne jIva ke baMdhasthAna nahIM mAne haiN| isase yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki jaba jIva ke baMdhana hI nahIM hai to mokSa kyA hogA ? kiMtu 1. samayasAra meM 'guNasthAna' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| guNasthAnakI avadhAraNA ko vidvAn paravartI mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya meM guNasthAna zabda kA prayoga upalabdha nahIM hai tathA tattvArthasUtra meM bhI 'guNasthAna' zabda kA prayoga prAsa nahIM hai| kiMtu samayasAra meM 'guNasthAna' zabda upalabdha hai / vicAraNIya hai ki digambara paramparA umAsvAmI ko kundakunda kA paravartI mAnatI hai| aisI sthiti meM tattvArthasUtra meM 'guNasthAna' zabda kA na milanA cintya hai| isake viparIta zvetAmbara paramparA kunkunda koumAsvAtikAparavartI mAnatI hai|gunnsthaanshbd kI upalabdhi-anupalabdhi ke AdhAra para yaha prazna vimarzanIya hai| samayasAra, 1/51-55 3. vahI, 1/55, jeNa du ede savve poggaladavvassa prinnaamaa| 4. AtmakhyAti, gAyA 50-55 kI TIkA, ya: kRSNo harita: pIto raktaH zveto vA varNa: sa sarvo'pi nAsti jIvasya pudgaladravyapariNAmamayatve stynubhuuterbhinntvaat|

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150 jaina Agama meM darzana samayasAra isakA ullekha nahIM karatA hai| saMbhava hai granthakAra yaha vaktavya jAnabUjha kara bhI nahIM de rahe hoM kyoMki aisA mAnane se Atma-svarUpa sAMkhya svIkRta puruSa jaisA ho jAtA hai| sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra baMdhana aura mokSa prakRti ke hotA hai,' puruSa ke nahIM hotaa| yadyapi AcArAMga ne spaSTa udghoSaNA kI hai ki-'kusale puNa No baddhe No mukke' kuzala na to baMdhatA hai na hI mukta hotA hai, jo baMdhana meM nahIM par3atA usakA mokSa kaisA ? yadyapi AcArAMga ke vyAkhyAkAra kuzala zabda ke vibhinna artha karate haiN|' sAMkhya darzana puruSa ko sarvathA apariNAmI mAnatA hai jabaki jaina darzana ke anusAra zuddha AtmA meM bhI svAbhAvika pariNamana hotA rahatA hai / isalie jaina darzana mAnya AtmA sAMkhya sammata puruSa se svata: hI bhinna ho jAtA hai, ata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki zuddha jIva ke na baMdhana hotA hai aura na mokSa / baMdha evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA bhI karma siddhAnta para avalambita hai / saMsArI jIva karmoM se baMdhatA hai aura unase mukta hotA hai| ye avasthAeM pudgala dravya kA hI pariNAma hai| vyavahAranaya kI vaktavyatA ke anusAra jIva baMdhatA bhI hai aura mukta bhI hotA hai tathA nizcayanaya ke anusAra vaha sadA hI apane zuddha svarUpa meM avasthita hai| karma se aspRSTa hai| ananya hai| niyata hai| avizeSa evaM asaMyukta hai| zuddha caitanya ke anubhava kI sthiti meM pramANa, naya, nikSepa, jo vastu avagati ke sAdhana haiM, ve kRtakAma ho jAte haiN| zuddha caitanya ke anubhava ke samaya dvaita pratibhAsita hI nahIM hotA mAtra caitanya ko anubhUti hotI udayati na nayazrIrastameti pramANaM, kvacidapi ca na vidmo yAti nikSepacakraM / kimaparamabhidadhmo dhAmni sarvaMkaSe'sminnanubhavamupayAte bhAti na dvaitameva // nizcayanaya ke anusAra zuddha caitanya hI svasvarupa hai kiMtu vyavahAranaya ke anusAra vartamAna avasthA meM anubhUta caitanya karmabaddha hai| karmoM ke kAraNa hI jIva saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kara rahA hai / isa tathya ko bhI svIkAra karanA hI hogaa| nizcayanaya ke prabala samarthaka AcArya kundakunda ne bhI vyavahAranaya kI anivAryatA ko mAnyatA dI hai|' 1. sAMkhyakArikA, 62, saMsarati badhyate mucyate ca nAnAzrayA prkRtiH| 2. AyAro, 2/182 AcArAMgabhASyam, pR. 1 5 3, pAdaTippaNa 4, kuzala kA artha hai jJAnI / dharmakathA meM dakSa, vibhinna darzanoM kA pAragAmI, apratibaddhavihArI, kathanI-karanI meM samAna, nidrA evaM indriyoM para vijaya pAne vAlA, sAdhanA meM AnevAle kaSToM kA pAragAmI aura deza-kAla ko samajhane vAlA muni 'kuzala' kahalAtA hai| tIrthaMkara ko bhI kuzala kahA jAtA hai| 4. (ka) samayasAra, gAthA 1 2 3, taM sayamapariNamaMtaM kahaMNu pariNAmayadi koho| (kha) AtmakhyAti TIkA, 12 3, pR. 198, jIva: pariNAmasvabhAva: svayamevAstu / 5. samayasAra, gAthA / 4, jo passadi appANaM, abaddhapuDhe aNaNNayaM NiyadaM / avisesamasaMjuttaM taM suddhaNayaM viyANIhi / / 6. AtmakhyAti, zloka, 9, pR. 36 7. samayasAra, gAthA 8, jahaNa visakkamaNajjo aNajjabhAsaM viNA dugAhedu / taha vavahAreNa viNA paramatthuva desaNamasakkaM / /

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AtmamImAMsA 151 SaD jIvanikAya jIva do prakAra kA hotA hai-zuddha aura azuddha / zuddha jIva apane svarUpa meM avasthita hai usake bheda-prabheda nahIM hote / azuddha jIva karma se baddha hai| una jIvoM kI paraspara svarUpagata samAnatA hone para bhI saMsArAvasthA meM karma ke AvaraNa ke kAraNa unameM bhI taratamatA hai| AcArAMga meM jaise AtmA kA zuddha svarUpa pratipAdita huA hai vaise hI usake saMsArI svarUpa kI bhI carcA hai / AtmA ke saMsAra meM saMcaraNa evaM punarjanma kI jijJAsA se hI AcArAMga kA prArambha huA hai / ' AcArAMgajaise prAcIna Agama meM muni ke ahiMsA AcaraNa ke paripAlana ke lie 'SaDjIvanikAya' ke saMyama kA ullekha hai| SaDjIvanikAya : jainadarzana kI maulika avadhAraNA pRthvI Adi SaDjIvanikAya meM jIvatva kI svIkRti jaina darzana kI maulika avadhAraNA hai| AcArya siddhasena divAkara bhagavAn mahAvIra kI 'SaDjIvanikAya' kI avadhAraNA se prabhAvita hokara kahate haiM- prabho ! ApakI sarvajJatA siddhi meM anya pramANoM kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hai Apa dvArA pradatta SaDjIvanikAya kA siddhAnta hI ApakI sarvajJatA kI siddhi ke lie paryApta hai| SaDjIvanikAyavAda bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita eka mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai| yaha siddhAnta bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrva kisI anya dArzanika dvArA pratipAdita hai, aisA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra svayaM kahate haiM - AryoM ! maiMne zramaNa nigraMthoM ke lie pRthvI Adi chaha jIva nikAyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM caturbhUtavAda aura paMcabhUtavAda kA ullekha milatA hai / pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu - ye cAra mahAbhUta haiN| inameM AkAza ko sammilita karane se ye hI paMcamahAbhUta kahalAte haiN| ajitakezakambala AtmA ko cAra bhUtoM se utpanna mAnatA thA aura AkAza bhI usake darzana meM sammata thA / isa prakAra usakA darzana paMcabhUtavAdI thaa|' isa paMcabhUtavAda kA ullekha sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI upalabdha hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM hI pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu kA dhAtu rUpa meM ullekha milatA hai| ye bhUta acetana mAne jAte the aura inase cetanA kI utpatti 1. AyAro, 1/1-2 2. dvAtriMzadvAtriMzikA, (le. siddhasena divAkara, bATodA, 1977) 1/13, ya eva SaDjIvanikAyavistara:, parairanAlIDhapathastvayodita: / anena sarvajJaparIkSaNakSamAstvayi prasAdodayasotsavA: sthitaaH|| 3. ThANaM, 9/62, se jahANAmae ajjo ! mae samaNANaM NiggaMthANaM chajjIvaNikAyA paNNattA, taM jahA-puDhavikAiyA, AukAiyA, teukAiyA, vAukAiyA, vaNassaikAiyA, tskaaiyaa| 4. dIghanikAya, (saMpA. bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, nAlandA, 1958) pR. 48. 5. sUyagaDo, 1/1/7,8 6. vahI, 1/1/18, puDhavI AU teUya tahA vAUya ego| cattAri dhAuNo rUvaM evamAhaMsujANagA / /

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jaina Agama meM darzana mAnI jAtI thI kiMtu bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ina bhUtoM kA jIvatva sthApita kiyA / unhoMne batalAyA - pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati aura trasa - ye saba jIva haiN| jitane prakAra ke jIva haiM, ve saba ina chaha jIvanikAyoM meM samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| pRthvIkAya 152 bhagavAn mahAvIra ne chaha jIva nikAyoM - pRthvI, ap, tejas, vAyu, vanaspati aura sa kI prarUpaNA kI hai|' pRthvI sajIva hai yaha anyatIrthikoM kA abhimata nahIM thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa naye pakSa kI sthApanA kii| unake anusAra pRthvI svayaM jIva hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra vanaspati kAya ke atirikta sabhI kAya ke jIva pratyekazarIrI haiN| pratyeka zarIrI kA artha hai- pratyeka jIva kA pRthak pRthak zarIra / pRthvIkAya bhI pratyeka zarIrI hai / jina jIvoM kA pRthvI hI zarIra hai ve pRthvIkAyika jIva kahalAte haiN|' sUkSma evaM bAdara ke bheda se pRthvIkAya ke do bheda haiM tathA sUkSma evaM bAdara ke bhI paryApta evaM aparyApta do-do bheda aura hote haiM / ' jaina Agama sAhitya meM pRthvI, ap Adi jIvoM kA vistAra se varNana huA hai| unameM cetanA avyakta hotI hai, isalie unako vyakta cetanA vAle prANI kI taraha sahajatayA jAnA nahIM jA sakatA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pRthvI Adi jIvoM meM kevala cetanA kA hI pratipAdana nahIM kiyA hai, kiMtu isa viSaya meM aneka anya tathya bhI prastuta kie haiN| ' pRthvIkAya meM zvAsa jIva vijJAna Agama yuga ke darzana kA mukhya viSaya rahA hai| isakI puSTi ke aneka sAkSya prApta haiM / Agama - sAhitya meM jIva ke AhAra aura zvAsa se lekara cetanA ke carama vikAsa taka kA gahana adhyayana upalabdha hai| ekendriya jIva kA zvAsa viSayaka mahAvIra aura gautama kA saMvAda bahuta rocaka hai gautama ne pUchA- bhaMte ! do, tIna, cAra, pAMca indriya vAle jIva zvAsa lete haiM, hama jAnate-dekhate haiN| kyA eka indriya vAle jIva- pRthvIkAya, apkAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya aura vanaspatikAya bhI zvAsa lete haiM ? mahAvIra - hAM, gautama ! ve bhI ucchvAsa - nizvAsa, Ana aura pAna karate haiN| per3apaudhe zvAsa lete haiM - yaha sUkSma yantra vAle vaijJAnika yuga meM kahanA Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai, kiMtu DhAI hajAra varSa pahale aisA kahanA sacamuca Azcarya hai / yAMtrika upakaraNoM dvArA 1. dasave AliyaM, 4/3 2. AyAro, 1 / 16, saMti pANA puDho siyA / 3. tattvArthavArtika, 2/13/1, pRthivI kAyo'syAstIti pRthivIkAyikaH tatkAyasambandhavaHzIkRta AtmA / 4. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 6 / 2-3 5. AcArAMgabhASyam, pR. 37

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AtmamImAMsA 153 jo nahIM jAnA jA sakatA, vaha nirAvaraNa cetanA se jAnA jA sakatA hai, isa sthApanA meM koI kaThinAI nahIM hai| kucha prAcIna granthoM meM per3a-paudhoM ko sajIva batalAyA gayA hai, kiMtu ve zvAsa lete haiM, kisa dravya kA zvAsa lete haiM, kitanI dizAoM se zvAsa lete haiM Adi-Adi viSaya jaina AgamoM ke atirikta anyatra kahIM upalabdha nahIM haiN|'' pRthvIkAya Adi ke jIva kisakA ucchavAsa aura ni:zvAsa karate haiM, isakA samAdhAna dete hue kahA gayA ye jIva dravya kI apekSA se anantapradezI, kSetra kI apekSA se asaMkhyeya pradezAvagADha, kAla kI apekSA se kisI bhI sthitivAle aura bhAva kI apekSA se varNa-gaMdha rasa tathA sparzayukta pudgala dravyoM kA ucchavAsa aura ni:zvAsa karate haiN|' pRthvIkAya Adi kejIva yadi koI bAdhA upasthita na ho to chahoM dizAoM meM aura yadi vyAghAta (bAdhA) ho to kadAcit tIna, kadAcit cAra aura kadAcit pAMca dizAoM se Ana, apAna tathA ucchavAsa aura ni:zvAsa karate haiN|' trasa jIva trasanAr3I ke antargata hote haiM, isalie ve chahoM dizAoM meM zvAsocchvAsa lete haiM / ' ekendriya jIva lokAnta ke koNoM meM bhI hote haiM, isalie ve tIna, cAra athavA pAMca dizAoM meM bhI zvAsa lete haiN|' "jIvana kA mukhya lakSaNa hai-zvAsa / jo zvAsa letA hai, usameM jIvana hai aura jo zvAsa nahIM letA hai, usameM jIvana nahIM hai- yaha eka pahacAna banI huI hai| ekendriya jIva zvAsa lete haiM -- yaha viSaya jJAta nahIM hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA-ve zvAsa lete haiN| vanaspati kA jIvatva prAcIna sAhitya meM bhI yatra-tatra carcita hai kiMtu pRthvI, pAnI, agni aura vAyu kA jIvatva kahIM bhI sammata nahIM hai| vijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI vanaspati kA jIvatva pramANita hai| pRthvI Adi ke jIvatva ke viSaya meM vaha mauna hai| vanaspati ke jIva zvAsa lete haiN| isakI svIkRti vaijJAnika jagat meM bhI hai| zeSa pRthvI Adi kA jIvatva kahIM bhI sammata nahIM hai, phira zvAsa lene kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ekendriya jIvoM dvArA zvAsa lene ke siddhAnta kI sthApanA hI nahIM kI hai, kiMtu usakA pUrA vivaraNa diyA hai| zvAsa ke pudgaloM kI eka svatantra vargaNA hai| usake pudgala hI zvAsa ke kAma meM Ate haiN|" 1. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) (Amukha dUsarA zataka) pR. 197 (aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 2/2, je ime bhaMte ! beiMdiyA teiMdiyA cauriMdiyA paMciMdiyA jIvA eesiNaM ANAmaMvA pANAmaMvA ussAsaMvA nissAsaMvA jaannaamopaasaamo| je ime puDha vikAiyA jAva vaNapphaikAiyA-egiMdiyA jIvA, eesi NaM ANAmaM vA pANAmaM vA ussAsaMvA nassAsaMvA na yANAmona paasaamo| eeNaM bhaMte ! jIvA ANamaMti vA ? pANamaMti vA ? usasaMti vA? nIsasaMti vA? haMtA goyamA ! ee viNa jIvA ANamaMti vA, pANamaMti vA, usasaMti vA, nIsasaMti vaa|) 2. vahI, 2/3 3. vahI, 2/5 4. bhagavatIvRtti, 2/7, zeSA nArakAdivasA: SaD dizamAnamanti, teSAM hi vasanAi yantarbhUtatvAt SaDdizamucchvAsAdipudgalagrahostyeveti / 5. bhagavatIvRtti, 2/7, yatasteSAM lokAntavRttAvalokena tryAdidikSucchvAsAdipudgalAnAM vyAghAta: sNbhvtiiti| 6. bhagavaI, (khaNDa / ) pR. 201

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154 jaina Agama meM darzana prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM Sar3ajIvanikAya ke jIvoM se sambandhI vicAra bahuta vistAra se huaa| vartamAna meM AcAryazrI mahAprajJa jI ne AcArAMgabhASya meM bahuta vizadatA evaM gambhIratA se isa viSaya para vimarza kiyA hai| prastuta zodha prabandha meM isa viSaya ke grahaNa kI anivAryatA thii| ataH prastuta prasaMga meM AcArAMgabhASya meM pradatta vicAroM kA usakI bhASA sahita saMgrahaNa kiyA hai tathA pAThaka kI suvidhA ke lie uddharaNa prAcIna granthoM ke jo bhASya athavA anyatra upalabdha the ve die haiN| pRthvIkAya kI avagAhanA pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke zarIra kI avagAhanA bahuta sUkSma hotI hai / bhagavatI meM inakI avagAhanA ko bahuta hI rocaka DhaMga se udAharaNa ke mAdhyama se samajhAyA gayA hai| cAturanta cakravartI kI sthira hastAgra (hathelI tathA aMguliyAM) vAlI tathA zArIrika zakti sampanna koI eka yuvatI dAsI tIkSNa vajramayI cikanI kharala meM tIkSNa vartaka (baTTe) se pRthvIkAya ke Tukar3e ko ikkIsa bAra pIsatI hai| taba bhI kucha pRthvIkAyika jIva saMghaTita hote haiM aura kucha nahIM, kucha paritApita hote haiM aura kucha nahIM, kucha bhayabhIta hote haiM aura kucha nahIM, kucha spRSTa hote haiM aura kucha nahIM / pRthvIkAyika jIvoM kI itanI sUkSma avagAhanA hotI hai| pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke zarIra kI avagAhanA sUkSma hotI hai, isalie eka-do jIvoM ke zarIra dIkhate nahIM haiM kiMtu una asaMkhya jIvoM ke piNDIbhUta zarIroM ko hI hama dekha sakate haiN|' pRthvIkAya ke asaMkhya jIvoM kA piNDIbhUta zarIra hI hamArI indriyoM kA viSaya bana sakatA hai| pRthvIkAya meM Azrava ___ pRthvIkAyika jIva kabhI mahAAzrava vAle, mahAkriyA vAle, mahAvedanA vAle aura mahAnirjarA vAle hote haiM tathA kabhI alpaAzrava vAle, alpakriyAvAle, alpavedanA vAle aura alpanirjarA vAle hote haiN|' pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke mAtra eka sparzanendriya hotI hai| unakI cetanA avikasita hotI hai phira bhI adhyavasAya ke AdhAra para unameM karmabaMdha Adi kI taratamatA hotI rahatI hai| 1. aMgasuttANi (bhagavaI) 19/34 2. AcArAMga niyukti, gA. 82, ikkasa duNha tiNha va saMkhijjANa va na pAsiuM skaa| dIsaMti sarIrAiM paDhavijIvANaM asaMkhANaM / / 3. aMgasuttANi bhAga 2 (bhagavaI) 19/55-56, siya bhaMte ! puDhavikAiyA mahAsavA mahAkiriyA mahAveyaNA mahAnijjarA ? haMtA siyaa|

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AtmamImAMsA 155 jarA aura zoka pRthvIkAyika jIva zArIrika vedanA kA anubhava karate haiM, isalie unake jarA hotI hai| ve mAnasika vedanA kA anubhava nahIM karate, isalie unake zoka nahIM hotA hai|| pRthvIkAya meM unmAda __ pRthvIkAya meM yakSAvezajanita aura mohodayajanita donoM prakAra ke unmAda hote haiN| preta Adi ke dvArA azubha pudgaloM ke prakSepaNa se hone vAlA unmAda yakSAvezajanita aura mohakarma ke vipAka se hone vAlA unmAda mohodaya janita kahalAtA hai|' vartamAna meM bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki preta se abhibhUta hIroM ke dhAraNa karane vAle vyakti meM vaisA unmAda paidA hotA hai| yakSAvezagrasta kucha bhavana bhI dekhane ko milate haiN| ' pRthvIkAya meM jJAna pRthvIkAyika jIvoM meM mati aura zruta-yaha donoM prakAra kA avyakta bodha hotA hai| pRthvI Adi jIva mithyAtvI hote haiM ata: inake jJAna ko ajJAna kahA jAtA hai / pRthvI Adi jIvoM meM manuSya Adi kI bhASA aura manojanita prakampanoM ko pakar3ane kI zakti bhI hotI hai| yadyapi una ekendriya Adi jIvoM ke lie dUsaroM kA vacana sunanA asaMbhava hai, phira bhI unake akSaralAbha ke anurUpa kSayopazama ke kAraNa koI avyakta akSaralAbha hotA hai| isake phalasvarUpa akSara sambandhI zrutajJAna utpanna hotA hai| isa prakAra unameM zruta ajJAna svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta unameM AhAra Adi kI abhilASA paidA hotI hai| abhilASA kA artha hai-mAMga / jaise-yadi yaha mujhe mila jAe to acchA ho yaha mAMga akSarAtmaka hI hotI hai| isalie unameM bhI kucha avyakta akSaralabdhi avazya mAnI jA sakatI hai| matta, mUrchita tathA viSa se prabhAvita puruSa ke jJAna kI taraha ekendriya jIvoM meM jaghanyatama jJAna hotA hai| pRthvIkAya meM AhAra kI abhilASA pRthvIkAyika jIvoM meM pratikSaNa, nirantara AhAra kI abhilASA hotI hai| ve AhAra ke pudgaloM ke pahale vAle varNa Adi guNoM kA vipariNamana kara, anya nae varNa Adi guNoM 1. aMgasuttANi bhAga-2 (bhagavaI), 19/30-31,goyamA ! puDhavikAiyANaM jarA na soge / .......puDhavikAiyANaM sArIraM vedaNaM vedeti, no mANasaM vedaNaM vedeti / se teNadveNaM goyamA ! evaM vuccai-puDhavikAiyANaM jarA, no soge| 2. vahI, 14/16-20 3. saMdeza (gujarAtI patra) 24 julAI 1983 pR. 8 4. navabhArata TAima-sa-vArSika aMka-parAvidyA ke rahasya 1976, pR. 43 / / aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 8/107,puDhavikkAiyANabhaMte! kiMnANI? kiM aNNANI?goyamA !no nANI, aNNANI je aNNANI te niyamA duaNNANI-maiaNNANI, suyaaNNANI ya / 6. AcArAMgabhASyam, pR. 40 5. agara

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156. jaina Agama meM darzana ko utpanna kara unheM sarvAtmanA AtmasAt kara lete haiN|' vRkSa meM sUkSma snehaguNa hotA hai| usI ke AhAra se vRkSa ke zarIra kA upacaya hotA hai, kiMtu avyakta hone ke kAraNa vaha parilakSita nahIM hotaa| vaise hI pRthvI meM bhI sUkSma sneha hotA hai, kiMtu sUkSmatA ke kAraNa vaha dikhAI nahIM detaa| pRthvIkAya meM krodha pRthvIkAyika jIvoM meM krodha Adi bhAva bhI hote haiM kiMtu ve sUkSma hone ke kAraNa indriya-jJAnayioM ke jJAna ke viSaya nahIM bana sakate / jaise-krodha kA udaya hone para manuSya Akroza karate haiM, trivalI karate haiM yA bhRkuTi tAnate haiM, usa prakAra pRthvIkAyika jIva krodha kA udaya hone para use pradarzita karane meM samartha nahIM hote haiN|' pRthvIkAya meM lezyA bhagavatI sUtra meM pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke kRSNa, nIla, kApota evaM teja-ye cAra lezyAeM batAI gaI haiN| isase jJAta hotA hai ki unameM mana kA vikAsa nahIM hai, phira bhI unameM bhAvoM kA astitva hai| bhAvoM kA astitva hone ke kAraNa unameM AbhAmaNDala bhI hotA hai| bhAvoM ke AdhAra para unameM lezyA kA parivartana hotA rahatA hai| adhyavasAya jaba atyanta kliSTa banate haiM taba kRSNa lezyA unameM hotI hai| bhAvoM kI kliSTatA jaba kama hone lagatI hai taba lezyA kramaza: vizuddha hone lagatI hai| pRthvIkAya Adi jIvoM meM adhikatama itanI hI zuddhi ho sakatI hai jisase tejolezyA unameM ho sakatI hai| padma evaM zukla lezyA jitanI unameM vizuddhi nahIM ho sktii| pRthvIkAya meM vedanA bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA-pRthvIkAyika jIva vedanA kA, du:kha kA anubhava karate haiN| isa saMdarbha meM eka prazna sahaja hI uThatA hai ki pRthvIkAyika jIva na sunate haiM, na dekhate haiM, na sUMghate haiM aura na hI gati karate haiN| hama kaise vizvAsa kareM ki unako vedanA hotI hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM isa jijJAsA kA samAdhAna karate hue dRSTAntoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| tIna dRSTAMtoM se vedanA nirUpaNa __ jaise koI puruSa andha arthAt indriya-vikala puruSa kA bhedana-chedana karatA hai, kyA use vedanA kA anubhava nahIM hotA? vaha indriya vikalatA ke kAraNa vedanA ko vyakta karane meM 1. prajJApanA, 28/28 - 32 2. nizIthabhASya, gAthA 4264 3. vahI, gAthA 4265, kohAI pariNAmA tahA, egidiyANa jaMtUNaM / pAvallaM tesu kajjesu, kAreuMje apaccalA / / 4. aMgasuttANi (bhagavaI) 19/6

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AtmamImAMsA 157 asamartha hote hue bhI usakA anubhava karatA hI hai| usI prakAra vedanA ko prakaTa karane meM akSama hote hue bhI pRthvIkAyika jIva usakA anubhava avazya hI karate haiN|' jaise kisI indriya-sampannavyakta cetanA vAle puruSa ke paira, Takhane,jaMghA, ghuTane, piMDalI, kaTi, nAbhi, udara, pArzva, pITha, chAtI, hRdaya, stana, bhujA, hAtha, aMgulI, nakha, grIvA, ThuDDI, hoMTha, dAMta, jIbha, tAlu, galA, kapola, kAna, nAka, AMkha, bhauMha, lalATa aura sira-ina battIsa avayavoM kA eka sAtha bhedana-chedana karane para use jaisI vedanA hotI hai usako vaha vyakta nahIM kara pAtA hai vaise hI pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ko bhI vedanA kA avyakta anubhava hotA hai| jaise koI puruSa kisI vyakti ko mUrchita karatA hai aura kisI kA prANavadha karatA hai| vaha mUrcchita puruSa tathA vaha marane vAlA vyakti jaise avyakta vedanA kA anubhava karatA hai, vaise hI styAnardhinidrA ke udaya se avyakta cetanA vAle pRthvIkAyikajIva avyakta vedanA kA anubhava karate haiN|' bhagavatI meM bhI pRthvIkAyika jIvoM kI vedanA dRSTAMta se spaSTa kI gaI hai| gautama ke prazna ke samAdhAna meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate haiM-jaise koI hRSTa-puSTa zarIra vAlA taruNa puruSa kisI jarAjarjarita puruSa ke sira ko donoM hAthoM se Ahata karatA hai, usa samaya usa vRddha ko kitanI ghora vedanA hotI hai| usI prakAra pRthvIkAyika jIva AkrAnta hone para usa vRddha puruSa se bhI adhika aniSTatara vedanA kA anubhava karate haiN|' bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana meM dIkSita muni pRthvIkAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA se virata hotA hai, kyoMki usameM unajIvoM kI sajIvatA aura unako hone vAlI vedanA kA spaSTa avabodha hai| jaina muni na to pRthvIkAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, na karavAtA hai aura na hI unakI hiMsA kA anumodanA karatA hai| vaha unakI hiMsA se sarvathA virata rahatA hai| vaha saMsAra ke sabhI choTe-bar3e jIvoM ko apanI AtmA ke samAna samajhatA hai| saba jIvoM ke prati AtmatulA kA bodha use hiMsA se virata rakhatA hai| apkAya pAnI ke jIvoM ko apkAya kahA jAtA hai| jinajIvoM kA pAnI hI zarIra hai ve apkAyika jIva kahalAte haiM / apkAyika jIva bhI sUkSma haiN| indriya-stara para jIne vAle unake jIvatva kA 1. AyAro, 1/28 2. vahI, 1/29 3. vahI, 1/30 4. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 19/35 5. dasaveAliyA, 6/26. puDhavikAyaM na hiMsati, maNasA vayasA kaaysaa| tiviheNa karaNajoeNa, saMjayA susmaahiyaa|| 6. vahI, 10 15, attasame mannejja chppikaae|

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158 jaina Agama meM darzana bodha nahIM kara skte| una jIvoM ke jIvatva kI siddhi ke lie tathA parokSabuddhi vAle manuSyoM ko unakA samyak avabodha ho, isalie AcArAMga kA pravaktA kahatA hai-apkAyika jIvoM kA astitva hai| pratyakSajJAnI use sAkSAt jAnate haiN| yadi Apa unheM nahIM jAnate haiM to una pratyakSajJAniyoM kI AjJA se unako jAneM aura jAnane ke pazcAt una jIvoM ko kisI bhI prakAra se bhaya utpanna na kre| apkAyika jIvoM ke jIvatva siddhi meM hetu kA prayoga apkAyika jIva atyanta durbodha haiM, ve na sunate haiM, na dekhate haiM, na sUMghate haiM aura na rasa kA AsvAda karate haiM aura na ve sukha-du:kha kA anubhava karate hue pratIta hote haiN| unameM na prANa kA spandana dRSTigocara hotA hai aura na hI ucchavAsa-ni:zvAsa kriyA dikhAI detI hai, phira bhI unameM jIvatva kaise ho sakatA hai ? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM sarvajJa kI AjJA kA nirdeza to prApta hai hI sAtha hI AcArAMga ke niyuktikAra ne apkAyika jIva ke jIvatva siddhi meM hetu kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai 'jaise tatkAla utpanna kalala avasthA me sthita hAthI kA zarIra tathA jala pradhAna aMDe kA zarIra drava hone para bhI sacetana dekhA jAtA hai vaise hI apkAyika jIva bhI sacetana hote haiN|'' AcArAMga ke bhASyakAra adhunAtana vijJAna dvArA svIkRta jala nirmANa kI vidhi ke mAdhyama se pAnI meM jIvatva sthApita karane kI jijJAsA prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki 'vaijJAnika loga prANavAyu (oNksIjana) ke binA jala kI utpatti nahIM maante| yaha prANavAyu kI anivAryatA kyA jala ke jIvatva kA samarthana nahIM karatI?' apkAya meM bhI pRthvIkAya kI taraha hI zvAsa, lezyA, jJAna Adi pAe jAte haiN| unakI kaSTAnubhUti ke anubhava ko pRthvIkAya ke prasaMga meM prastuta dRSTAMtoM se hI samajhAyA hai| AcArAMga ne apkAyika jIvoM ke astitva ko bahuta hI gambhIratA se prastuta kiyA hai| usakA udghoSa hai-jo jalakAyika jIvoM ke astitva ko asvIkAra karatA hai vaha apanI AtmA ke astitva ko asvIkAra karatA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM pRthvI, apa Adi sabhI jIvoM ke prakAra unakI kAla-sthiti Adi aneka viSayoM para vistAra se vimarza huA hai| jIvavidyA kI dRSTi se eka svataMtra prabandha ina viSayoM kA ho sakatA hai| 1. AyAro, 1/3 8, logaM ca ANAe abhisameccA akutobhayaM / 2. AcArAMganiyukti, gAthA / 10, jaha hatthissa sarIraM kalalAvatthassa ahunnovvnnss| hoi udagaMDagassa ya esuvamA savvajIvANaM / / 3. AcArAMgabhASyam, pR. 48 4. AyAro, 1/3 9, ......je loyaM abbhAikkhai, se attANaM abbhaaikkhi|

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AtmamImAMsA apkAya ke zastra akAyika jIvoM ko niSprANa karane vAle aneka zastroM kA ullekha prApta hai / AcArAMga 1_ niyukti meM unakA ullekha isa prakAra hai' 1. utsecana - kue Adi se bAlTI Adi ke dvArA pAnI nikAlanA / 2. gAlana - saghana aura snigdha vastra se jala chAnanA / 3. dhAvana - vastra, pAtra Adi kA prakSAlana / 4. svakAya zastra - nadI kA pAnI tAlAba ke pAnI kA zastra / 5. para kAya zastra-miTTI, tela, kSAra aura agni Adi / 6. tadubhayazastra - jalamizrita miTTI jala kA zastra / AcArAMgacUrNi meM apkAya ke inase bhinna zastroM kA ullekha huA hai| cUrNikAra ne varNa, rasa, gaMdha aura sparza ko zastra kahA hai| jaise - agni pudgaloM ke anupraviSTa hone se garama pAnI varNa se thor3A kapila (pIlA mizritalAla) ho jAtA hai| gaMdha se vaha dhUmagandhavAlA ho jAtA hai| jahAM gaMdha hotI hai vahAM rasa bhI hotA hai| rasa se vaha pAnI virasa bana jAtA hai| sparza se vaha uSNa hotA hai / jala thor3A garma hone para bhI acetana nahIM hotaa| jisameM ukAlA na AyA ho, jo pUrA ubalA huA na ho vaha sajIva hI hotA hai| lonA, mIThA aura amla pAnI paraspara ekadUsare ke zastra hote haiN| durgandhayukta pAnI prAyaH acitta hotA hai / ' pAnI ke sacitta, acitta ke saMdarbha meM jaina Agama sAhitya meM prabhUta vicAra huA hai / muni ahiMsA mahAvrata kI anupAlanA ke antargata prAsaMgika rUpa se isa viSaya para vizada vivecanA AgamoM meM upalabdha hai / tejaskAya 159 jaina darzana agni ko bhI sajIva mAnatA hai| jinakA zarIra hI agni hai ve tejaskAyika jIva kahalAte haiN| agni, aMgAra, ulkA Adi anikAya ke vividha prakAra haiM / jo vyakti agnikAya ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM karatA vaha apane astitva kA bhI apalApaka hotA hai / ' tejaskAya ke jIva sUkSma hone ke kAraNa indriya grAhya nahIM hai| unake astitva kI avagati kA mukhya sAdhana tIrthaMkara kI vANI hI hai, phira bhI AgamoM ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne unameM jIvatva siddha karane ke lie hetu bhI prastuta kie haiM 1. AcArAMganiryukti, gA. 113, ussiMcaNa-gAlaNa-dhovaNe ya uvagaraNamattabhaMDe ya // bAyara AukkAe evaM tu samAsao satthaM // 2. AcArAMga cUrNi, pR. 27, 28 3. AyAro, 1/66

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160 jaina Agama meM darzana tejaskAyika jIvoM ke jIvatva siddhi meM hetu kA prayoga 'jaise khadyota ke zarIra kI taijasa pariNati rAtri meM prakAzamaya hokara pradIsa hotI hai, usI prakAra agni meM bhI jIva ke prayoga vizeSa se AvirbhUta prakAza-zakti kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| jaise jvara kI uSmA jIva meM hI pAI jAtI hai, usI prakAra uSmAvAna hone ke kAraNa agni bhI jIva hai, aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai|| ___ AcArAMga vRtti meM agni ko sacetana kahA gayA hai, kyoMki usameM ucita AhAra-IMdhana se vRddhi aura IMdhana ke abhAva meM hAni dekhI jAtI hai| Adhunika vaijJAnikoM kA bhI yahI mAnanA hai ki prANavAyu (oNksIjana) ke binA agni prajvalita nahIM hotii| nAmakarma kI AtApaka tathA udyotaka prakRtiyoM ke udaya se zeSa jIvakAyoM kI apekSA tejaskAya meM vizeSatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| agnikAyika jIvoM kA zarIra sUI kI noka jaisA hotA hai| agnikAya ko tIkSNa zastra kahA gayA hai| yaha saba ora se jIvoM kA AghAta karatI hai| agnikAya ke zastra AcArAMga niyuktikAra ne agnikAyika jIvoM kI zastratulya vastuoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai - 1. miTTI yA bAlu 2. jala 3. gIlI vanaspati 4. vasaprANI 5. svakAyazastra-pattoM kI agni tRNa kI agni kA zastra hotI hai| patrAgni ke saMyoga se tRNAgni acitta ho jAtI hai| 6. parakAyazastra-jala aadi| 7. tadubhayazastra-bhUsI aura sUkhe gobara Adi se mizrita agni dUsarI agni kA zastra hotI hai| 1. AcArAMganiyukti,gAthA / 19, jaha dehappariNAmo rattiM khajjoyagassasA uvmaa| jariyassa yajaha umhA, taovamA teujIvANaM / / 2. AcArAMgavRtti, pR. 3 4 3. gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa) gAthA 201 4. dasaveAliyaM, 6/32, tikkhamannayaraM satthaM, savvao vi durAsayaM / AcArAMganiyukti,gA. 123,124. puDhavI AukkAe ullA ya vaNassaI tasA paannaa| bAyarateukkAya eyaM tu samAsao satthaM / / kiMci sakAyasatthaM kiMci parakAya tadubhayaM kiNcii| eyaM tu davvasatthaM bhAve ya asNjmo|| 6. AcArAMgabhASyam, pR. 56

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AtmamImAMsA 161 vAyukAya __ havA ko vAyukAya kahA jAtA hai| jina jIvoM kA zarIra hI vAyu hai, ve vAyukAyika jIva kahalAte haiN| utkalikA, maNDalikA AdivAyuke aneka prakAra haiN| vAyucakSugrAhya nahIM hai usakA anubhava sparzanendriya ke dvArA hotA hai| paMkhe Adi ke dvArA havA karane se vAyukAya ke jIvoM kI virAdhanA hotI hai| saMyamI muni paMkhe Adi se havA lene kI icchA nahIM karate, kyoMki isase havA kA samArambha hotA hai| yaha sAvadha bahula hai| chahakAya ke rakSaka muni anila kA sevana nahIM krte|' vAyukAya ke zastra AcArAMga niyukti meM vAyukAya ke ye zastra pratipAdita haiM - 1. vAyu ko utpanna karane vAle vyajana-paMkhA, tAlavRnta-tAr3a kA paMkhA, chAja, cAmara, patra tathA vastra kA chora aadi| 2. abhidhAraNA-pasIne se lathapatha vyakti kA havA ke Agamana ke mArga para baiThanA yA khar3e rhnaa| 3. candana, khasa Adi gaMdha dravyoM kI sugaMdha / 4. agni-usakI jvAlA tathA grmii| 5. svakAyazastra-ThaNDA yA garma pratipakSa vaayu| vanaspatikAya latA Adi vanaspati hI jinakA zarIra hotA hai, una jIvoM ko vanaspatikAya kahate haiN| vanaspatikAyika jIva sUkSma aura bAdara ke bheda se do prakAra ke haiN| ina donoM ke paryApta aura aparyApta ye do-do bheda hote haiN| bAdara paryApta vanaspatikAyika jIvoM ke do bheda hote haiMsAdhAraNa zarIra aura pratyeka shriir| jisake eka zarIra meM ananta jIva hote haiM, use sAdhAraNa zarIra kahA jAtA hai| sAdhAraNa jIvoM ke AhAra, ucchvAsa Adi saba eka sAtha hote haiN| ye saba jIva samAna hote haiN| jisake eka zarIra meM eka-eka jIva hotA hai use pratyekazarIrI kahA jAtA hai|' ina jIvoM ke pratyeka ke svataMtra zarIra hotA hai| sUkSma vanaspati ke jIva eka zarIra 1. dasaveAliyaM, 6/36, anilassa samAraMbha, buddhaamnnNtitaarisN| sAvajabahulaM ceyaM, neyaMtAIhiMseviyaM / / 2. AcArAMganiyukti, gA. 170, viaNe ya tAlavaMTe suppasiyapatta celknnnney| abhidhAraNA ya bAhiM gaMdhaggI vAu stthaaii|| 3. dazavaikAlikahAribhadrIyA vRtti patra-138, vanaspati:-latAdirUpa: pratIta:, sa eva kAya:-zarIraM yeSAM te vnsptikaayaaH| 4. uttarajjhayaNANi, 36/92 5. vahI, 36/93 uttarAdhyayanazAntyAcArya vRtti patra-691 7. vahI, patra-691

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162 jaina Agama meM darzana meM ananta hI hote haiN| sUkSma vanaspatikAyika jIva samUce loka meM vyApta haiM tathA bAdara jIva loka ke eka deza meM vyApta haiN|'' vanaspatikIsacetanatA vanaspati jIva hai| janma, vRddhatva, jIvana, mRtyu, vraNarohaNa, AhAra, dohada, rogacikitsA Adi vRkSa kI sacetanatA ko prakaTa karate haiN|' AcArAMga meM vanaspati kI manuSya ke sAtha tulanA kI gaI hai, jo jJAtavya hai| __AcArAMga meM manuSya ke sAtha vanaspati kI tulanA karate hue kahA gayA- "yaha manuSya zarIra bhI janmatA hai, yaha vanaspati bhI janmatI hai| yaha manuSya zarIra bhI bar3hatA hai, yaha vanaspati bhI bar3hatI hai| yaha manuSya zarIra bhI caitanyayukta hai, yaha vanaspati bhI caitanyayukta hai| yaha manuSya zarIra bhI chinna hone para mlAna hotA hai, yaha vanaspati bhI chinna hone para mlAna hotI hai| yaha manuSya zarIra bhI AhAra karatA hai, yaha vanaspati bhI AhAra karatI hai| yaha manuSya zarIra bhI anitya hai, yaha vanaspati bhI anitya hai| yaha manuSya zarIra bhI azAzvata hai, yaha vanaspati bhI azAzvata hai| yaha manuSya zarIra bhI upacita aura apacita hotA hai, yaha vanaspati bhI upacita aura apacita hotI hai| yaha manuSya zarIra bhI vividha avasthAoM ko prApta hotA hai, yaha vanaspati bhI vividha avasthAoM ko prAsa hotI hai|'' . sthAvarakAyika jIvoM meM vanaspatikAyika jIvoM kI cetanA atyadhika spaSTa hotI hai| pRthvI Adi meM vanaspati kI taraha caitanya spaSTa nahIM hotaa| isalie mAnava zarIra ke sAtha unakI tulanA nahIM kI gaI hai| manuSya zarIra ke sAtha vanaspati kI tulanA sarvAMgINa rUpa se hotI hai| janma, vRddhi, bhojana, cayApacaya, maraNa, roga, bAla Adi avasthA aura caitanya AdikA sAkSAt dRzyamAna lakSaNa donoM meM prApta hote haiN| AcArAMgacUrNi meM svapna, dohada, roga Adi anya lakSaNoM kA bhI vanaspati meM ullekha kiyA hai| dohada ke viSaya meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki vRkSoM meM icchA utpanna karane athavA unameM utpanna icchA ko siMcana dene athavA unake dohada kI pUrti karane se phUla, phala Adi kA upacaya hotA hai| AcArAMga vRtti meM dohada kA to ullekha hai kiMtu svapna kA ullekha nahIM hai| I. uttarajjhayaNANi, 36/100 2. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 1756, jmm-jraa-jiivnn-mrnn-rohnnaa-haar-dohlaa-myo| roga-tigicchAIhiyanArivva saceyaNA trvo|| 3. AyAro, 1/113,sebemi-imaMpijAidhammayaM, eyaMpijAidhammayaM / imaMpibuDDidhammayaM, eyaMpi buddddidhmmyN.......| 4. AcArAMgacUrNi, pR. 35 5. (ka) AcArAMga, vRtti patra 60, dohadapradAnena tatpUrtyA vA puSpaphalAdInAmupacayo jaayte| (kha) ApTe (vI.esa. ApTe, mumbaI, 1924) 'dohada' The desire of plants at budding-time, (as, for instance, of the Asoka to be kicked by young ladies, of the Bakula to be sprinkled by mouthfuls of liquor etc.)

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AtmamImAMsA 163 vanaspatikAya ke zastra jisa kisI bhI vastu se vanaspati ko kSata-vikSata kiyA jAtA hai ve saba vanaspatikAya ke zastra ho jAte haiN| AcArAMga niyukti meM vanaspatikAya ke zastra nimnalikhita pratipAdita hue haiM 1. kaiMcI, kuThArI, haMsiyA, choTI haMsiyA, kudAlI vasUlA aura phrsaa| 2. hAtha, paira, muMha aadi| 3. svakAyazastra-lAThI aadi| 4. parakAyazastra-pASANa, agni aadi| 5. tadubhayazastra-kuThAra Adi / 6. bhAvazastra-asaMyama / / saMsAra meM sabase adhika jIva vanaspatikAya ke hI hai| vaha jIvoM kA akSaya bhaNDAra hai| jIva ananta kAla taka nirantara vanaspatikAya meM rahate haiN| vanaspati ko dIrghaloka bhI kahA jAtA hai| vanaspati jagat ko dIrghaloka kahane ke tIna kAraNa haiM 1. zarIra kI diirghtaa| 2. dravya parimANa kI annttaa| 3. kAyasthiti kI dIrghatA / usI kAya meM bAra-bAra janma-maraNa krnaa| anya saba kAya ke jIva vanaspatikAya kI apekSA se laghu zarIra hote haiN| jIvoM kI saMkhyA tathA kAyasthiti bhI vanaspati kI apekSA unameM kama hotI hai| pAMcasthAvara pariNata evaM apariNata (sajIvaevaM nirjIva) sthAnAMga ke anusAra pAMcoM sthAvara jIvanikAya pariNata aura apariNata-donoM prakAra ke hote haiN| isakA artha hai ki pRthvI Adi sajIva evaM nirjIva donoM prakAra ke hote haiN| vAyu : sacitta evaM acitta sthAnAMga meM hI acitta vAyu pAMca prakAra kI pratipAdita hai - 1. AcArAMganiyukti, gA. 149-150, kappaNikuhANiasiyagadattiyakuddAlavAsiparasU a| satthaM vaNassaIe hatthA pAyA muhaM aggI / / kiMcI sakAyasatthaM kiMcI parakAya tadubhayaM kiNcii| eyaM tu davvasatthaM bhAve ya asaMjamo satthaM / / 2. AcArAMgabhASyam, pR. 54, diirghlok:-vnsptiH| 3. ThANaM, 2/133-137 4. vahI, 5/18 3, paMcavidhA acittA vAukAiyA paNNattA, taM jahA-akaMte dhaMte pIlie sarIrANugate sNmucchime|

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164 1. AkrAnta - pairoM ko pITa-pITa kara calane se utpanna vAyu / dhmAta - dhauMkanI Adi se utpanna vAyu / 2. 3. pIr3ita - gIle kapar3oM ke nicor3ane Adi se utpanna vAyu / zarIrAnugata- DakAra, ucchvAsa Adi / 4. 5. sammUrcchima - paMkhA jhalane Adi se utpanna vAyu / yaha pAMca prakAra kI vAyu utpattikAla meM acetana hotI hai aura pariNAmAntara hone para sacetana bhI ho sakatI hai|' sthAnAMga ke isa ullekha ke anusAra pAMca sthAvarakAya nirjIva bhI ho sakate haiM, isa vaktavya ke AdhAra para vidyuta, H2O se nirmita jala Adi kI sajIvatAnirjIvatA para vimarza kA avakAza hai| samUrcchima kA artha TIkAkAra ne paMkhe Adi jhalane se utpanna vAyu kiyA hai aura usako acitta mAnA hai, ina saMdarbhoM meM prastuta jIvanikAya kI sacetanatAacetanatA para eka naI dRSTi prApta hotI hai| jala: sacitta evaM acitta bhagavatI sUtra meM 'mahAtapopatIra prabhava' nAmaka nirjhara ke varNana ke prasaMga meM ullekha prApta hotA hai ki vahAM aneka uSNayonika jIva aura pudgala udaka rUpa meM utpanna aura vinaSTa hote haiM, cyuta hote haiM aura utpanna hote haiM / ' prastuta vaktavya se spaSTa hotA hai ki jala sacitta aura acitta donoM prakAra kA hotA hai / yadi pudgala kA pAnI ke rUpa meM pariNamana nahIM hotA to "jIvA ya poggalAya udagattAe vakkamaMti" pATha meM kevala 'jIvA' zabda hI prayukta hotA 'poggalA' pATha nahIM hotaa| 'jIvA' aura 'poggalA' ina donoM zabdoM kA prayoga udaga pariNati ke saMdarbha meM huA hai / sAmAnyata: prAkRtika pAnI zItala hotA hai| 'mahAtapopatIraprabhava' nirjhara ke pAnI ko uSNa kahA gayA hai| sAmAnyataH garama jala acitta hotA hai kiMtu prastuta varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki apkAyika jIva uSNayonika bhI ho sakate haiM / uSNayonika jIva garama vAtAvaraNa meM utpanna evaM vRddhi ko prApta karate haiM / vaijJAnika mAnyatA bhI isa tathya kA samarthana kara rahI hai / jaina Agama meM darzana bhagavatIbhASya meM isa prasaMga meM luIsa TAmasa ke vaktavya ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai jisakA ullekha prastuta prasaMga meM karanA samIcIna hogaa| luIsa TAmasa ne likhA hai - " eka jIvANu prajAti hai jise 1982 taka pRthivI ke dharAtala para dekhA hI nahIM gyaa| ina jIvoM ko svapna meM bhI kabhI nahIM dekhA gyaa| ye prakRti ke jina 1 sthAnAMgavRtti patra - 335, AkrAnte pAdAdinA bhUtalAdau yo bhavati sa AkrAnto yastu dhmAte dRtyAdau sa dhmAtaH jalArdravastre niSpIDyamAne pIDita: udgArocchvAsAdi: zarIrAnugataH vyajanAdijanya: sammUrcchimaH, ete ca pUrvamacetanAstataH sacetanA api bhavanti / 2. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 2 / 113, tattha NaM bahave usiNajoNiyA jIvAya poggalA ya udagattAe vakkamaMti viukkamaMti cayaMti uvavajrjjati / 3. aMgasuttANi, 2 / 113, tavvairitte vi ya NaM sayA samiyaM usiNe - usiNe AuyAe abhinissavai /

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AtmamImAMsA niyamoM ko hama jAnate haiM, unake jIte-jAgate ullaMghana haiN| cIjeM jo eka prakAra se sIdhe naraka AI hoM yA hama jo naraka ke bAre meM socate haiN| pRthvI ke andara garama kSetra meM jo rahane lAyaka na ho| isa prakAra ke kSetroM meM hAla meM anusaMdhAnI panaDubbiyoM kI vaijJAnika nigAha par3I hai| yaha panaDubbiyAM samudra ke tala meM 25000 mITara yA isase jyAdA taka jA sakatI haiN| ye tala ke gaDDhoM meM kinAre taka pahuMca sakatI haiN| jahAM khulI nAliyAM pRthivI kI papar3I meM cimaniyoM se adhika garama samudrI jala chor3atI haiN| inheM samudrI vaijJAnika "bleka smokarsa" kahate haiN| yaha kevala garama pAnI yA bhApa nahIM yA dabAva ke nIce bhI bhApa nahIM, jaisI ki prayogazAlA ke (oNTo ba) meM hotI hai, jisa para hama dazakoM se sAre jIvANu naSTa karane ke lie nirbhara karate Ae haiM / yaha bahuta adhika garama pAnI atyadhika dabAva meM hotA hai| jisakA tApamAna 300 aMza seNTIgreTa se bhI jyAdA hotA hai| itane tApa para aba taka jJAta jIva raha hI nahIM sktaa| proTIna aura DI. ena. e. TUTa jaaeNge| enjAima pighala jaaeNge| koI bhI jindA cIja kSaNabhara meM mara jaaegii| hama aba taka svIkAra karate Ae haiM ki zukra graha para itanA hI tApamAna hone ke kAraNa vahAM jIvana nahIM ho sktaa| isI AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki 4-5 araba varSa pUrva isa graha ke Arambhika samaya meM jIvana nahIM rahA hogaa| bI. je. e. bairoja tathA je. DablyU DemiMga ne hAla gahare samudroM kA nAliyoM se Ae jIvANuoM kI jIvanta bastiyoM kI khoja kI hai| yahI nahIM jaba ina jIvANuoM ko pAnI se Upara lAyA gayA, unheM TAiTeniyama sUiyoM meM rakhA gayA tathA 250 aMza seNTIgreTa taka garama tApa vAle kakSoM meM muharabanda kiyA gayA to ye jIvita hI nahIM rahe balki bar3e utsAha se punarutpAdana kiyaa| inakI saMkhyA bar3hatI gaI unheM kevala ubalate pAnI meM hI DAlakara mArA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI yaha sAdhAraNa jIvANu jaise lagate haiM / ilekTronika mAikroskopa ke nIce inakI saMracanA vaisI hI hai - kozikA - dIvAreM, rAibosoma tathA bAkI saba kucha jaisA ki aba kahA jA rahA hai / yadi ye mUla rUpa se purAtattva kAla ke jIvANu haiM hamAre sabake purakhe, to phira unhoMne yA unakI pIr3hiyoM ne ThaNDA hokara jInA kaise sIkhA ? maiM isase jyAdA Azcaryajanaka cAla kI kalpanA hI nahIM kara sakatA / " " 165 sthAnAMga meM pariNata evaM apariNata ke rUpa meM sthAvarakAya kI carcA tathA bhagavatI meM pudgala kI bhI pAnI ke rUpa meM pariNati ke ullekha Adhunika vicArakoM ko navIna dRSTi pradAna karane vAle haiM / nyAya vaizeSika darzana meM pRthvI, pAnI, agni evaM vAyu ko dravya mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi inake jIvatva kA nirdeza vahAM para nahIM hai kiMtu inako zarIra, indriya evaM viSaya ke bheda se tIna prakAra kA kahA hai| zarIra jIva ke hotA hai| tarkasaMgraha meM kahA hai-jala kA zarIra varuNaloka meM bhagavaI, khaNDa 1, pR. 280 1.

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jaina Agama meM darzana hotA hai / ani kA zarIra Adityaloka meM hotA hai tathA vAyu kA zarIra vAyuloka meM hotA hai / ' isa ullekha se yaha to abhivyaMjita ho hI rahA hai ki inhoMne bhI jalazarIra vAle, agnizarIra vAle evaM vAyuzarIra vAle jIvoM ko to svIkAra kara liyA hai| veda meM bhI agni, vAyu, jala Adi ko deva rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| deva meM jIva to hotA hI hai / trasaprANI 166 AcArAMga meM aNDaja, potaja, jarAyuja, rasaja, saMsvedaja, saMmUrcchima, udbhid aura aupapAtika-ina ATha prakAra ke trasa jIvoM kA ullekha huA hai| ' trasa jIvoM ke prastuta bhedoM se ve tIna prakAra ke haiM - 1. saMmUrcchanaja 2. garbhaja 3. aupapAtika / trasa jIva ke ye bheda unake janma kI apekSA se hai / arthAt kisa rUpa se ve janma lete haiN| sthAvarakAya ke jIva sammUrcchana hI hote haiM jabaki sakAya ke jIva sammUrcchana ke sAtha garbhaja evaM aupapAtika bhI hote haiN| sammUrcchana kA artha hai - garbhAdhAna ke binA hI yatra-tatra AhAra grahaNa kara zarIra kA nirmANa karanA / isa vidhi se utpanna hone vAle prANI sammUrcchanaja kahalAte haiN| rasaja, saMsvedaja aura udbhida-ye tIna sammUrcchanaja haiN| aNDaja, potaja aura jarAyuja- ye garbhaja haiN| upapAta se janma lene vAle deva aura nAraka aupapAtika kahalAte haiM / trasa kI paribhASA AcArAMga meM sa prANiyoM kA ullekha hai kiMtu vahAM trasa kI paribhASA upalabdha nahIM hai / dazavaikAlika sUtra meM trasa kI paribhASA upalabdha hai - 1. tarkasaMgraha, (saMpA. kedAranAtha tripAThI, madrAsa, 1985) pR. 5-7, (zarIramasmadAdInAm) zarIra varuNaloke...... zarIramAdityaloke..... zarIraM vAyuloke / 2. (ka) AyAro, 1 / 118, se bemi-saMtime tasA pANA, , taM jahA- aMDayA poyayA jarAuyA rasayA saMseyayA saMmucchimA ubbhiyA ovavAiyA / (kha) dasave AliyaM, 4 / 9 3. AcArAMgavRtti patra - 62, * * aNDaja - aNDoM se utpanna hone vAle mayUra Adi / potaja-pota kA artha hai zizu / jo zizurUpa meM utpanna hote haiM, jina para koI AvaraNa lipaTA huA nahIM ho to ve potaja kahalAte haiN| jaise- hAthI Adi / jarAyuja- jarAyu kA artha garbha-veSTana yA vaha jhillI hai, jo zizu ko AvRta kie rahatI hai| janma ke samaya meM jo jarAyu-veSTita dazA meM utpanna hote haiM, ve jarAyuja haiN| bhaiMsa, gAya Adi / rasaja- chAcha, dahI Adi rasoM meM utpanna hone vAle sUkSma zarIrI jIva / saMsvedaja-pasIne se utpanna hone vAle khaTamala, yUkA (jUM) Adi jIva / aupapAtika- upapAta kA artha hai-acAnaka ghaTita hone vAlI ghaTanA / devatA aura nArakIya jIva eka muhUrta ke bhItara hI pUrNa yuvA bana jAte haiM, isalie inheM aupapAtika-akasmAt utpanna hone vAlA kahA hai|

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AtmamImAMsA 167 ..........jesiM kesiMci pANANaM abhiktaMpaDikkaMtaM, saMkuciyaM pasAriyaM ruyaMbhaMtaMtasiyaM palAiyaM aagigivinnaayaa.......|' jina kinhIM prANiyoM meM sAmanejAnA, pIche haTanA, saMkucita honA, phailanA, zabda karanA, idhara-udhara jAnA, bhayabhIta honA, daur3anA-ye kriyAeM haiM aura jo Agati evaM gati ke vijJAtA haiM, ve trasa haiN| uttarAdhyayana vRtti ke anusAra jo tApa Adi se saMtapta hone para chAyA Adi kI ora gatizIla hote haiM, ve trasa (dvIndriya Adi jIva) haiN|' trasa aura sthAvara AcArAMga ke prathama zastra parijJA adhyayana meM hI pRthvIkAya Adi chahoM kAyoM kA varNana hai| vahAM inakA krama pracalita krama se thor3A bhinna hai| pRthvI, apa, teja, vanaspati, trasa evaM vAyu isa prakAra kA krama vahAM upalabdha hai jabaki isI sUtra ke naveM adhyayana meM pRthvI Adi kA pracalita krama se hI ullekha hai|' isa SaDjIvanikAya ko AcArAMga sthAvara aura trasa-ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta karatA hai yA nahIM ? isakA avabodha prathama adhyayana se prApta nahIM hotA hai| vahAM trasa prANI yaha ullekha hai kiMtu sthAvara zabda kA prayoga vahAM para nahIM hai| pUre AcArAMga meM mAtra eka sUtra meM sthAvara zabda kA do bAra prayoga huA hai| vahAM trasa aura sthAvara donoM zabdoM kA eka sAtha prayoga hai| jisase jJAta hotA hai ki sampUrNa jIva-samUha trasa aura sthAvara ina do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| AcArAMga meM yaha tathya prakArAntara se prApta hai ki pRthvIkAyika Adi sthAvara jIva haiM, isake atirikta dvIndriya Adi trasa jIva haiM / dazavaikAlika meM SaDjIvanikAya kA ullekha hai| vahAM para bhI SaDjIvanikAya kA trasa evaMsthAvara inado bhAgoM meM vibhAga nahIM huAhaikiMtu usI Agama ke caturtha adhyayana meM ahiMsA mahAvrata ke prasaMga meM trasa aura sthAvara kA eka sAtha prayoga huA hai| jisase jJAta hotA hai ki basa ke atirikta pRthvIkAya Adi sthAvara haiN| vahAM bhI trasasthAvara kA prakArAntara se hI ullekha hai| SaDjIvanikAya : trasa evaM sthAvara uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM SaDjIvanikAya kA vibhAga sthAvara evaM trasa ina do bhAgoM meM huA hai| vahAM pRthvIkAya, apkAya evaM vanaspatikAya ina tIna ko sthAvara kahA hai| tejaskAya, vAyukAya evaM udAra trasa ye trasakAya ke bheda haiN| 1. dasaveAliyaM, 4/9 2. uttarAdhyayanazAntyAcArya, vRtti patra-244, trasyanti-tApAdyupataptau chAyAdikaM pratyabhisarpantIti trasA: dviindriyaadyH| 3. AyAro, 9/1/12, puDhaviMca AukAyaM teukAyaM ca vAukAyaM c| paNagAiM bIya-hariyAI, tasakAyaM ca savva sonnccaa|| . 4. vahI, 9/1/14 adu thAvarA tasattAe, tasajIvAya thaavrttaae| 5. dasaveAliyaM, 4/3 6. vahI,4/11 7. uttarajjhayaNANi, 36/69, puDhavI AujIvA utaheva ya vnnssii| iccee thAvarA tivihaa...........|| 8. vahI. 36/107. teU vAU ya bondravvA. urAlA ya tasA thaa| iccee tasA tivihaa...................||

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168 jaina Agama meM darzana sthAnAMga meM bhI trasa evaM sthAvara kA yahI varNana prApta hai| vahAM bhI tejaskAya, vAyukAya evaM udAra trasa jIvoM ko trasa kahA hai tathA pRthvIkAya, apkAya evaM vanaspatikAya ko sthAvara kahA hai|' jIvAjIvAbhigama meM trasa evaM sthAvara ke bheda se do prakAra ke saMsAra samApannaka jIvoM kA ullekha hai| isa Agama meM bhI pRthvIkAya, apkAya evaM vanaspatikAya ko sthAvara kahA hai' tathA teja, vAyu evaM udAra (sthUla) trasa kA trasa rUpa meM ullekha hai| trasa evaM sthAvara kA yaha vibhAga uttarAdhyayana jaisA hI hai| tattvArthasUtra meM bhI trasa evaM sthAvara ke sambandha meM uparyukta vibhAga hI prApta hai| yadyapi digambara sampradAya mAnya sUtroM meM bhinnatA hai| vahAM pRthvI Adi pAMcoM ko sthAvara evaM dvIndriya Adi ko trasa kahA hai|' sthAnAMga meM do kAyaprajJasa haiM-trasa aura sthAvara / vahAM para ina donoM ke do-do bheda kie haiM-bhavasiddhika aura abhvsiddhik|' pAMcaveM sthAna meM pAMca sthAvarakAya evaM unake pAMca adhipatiyoM kA ullekha hai| kiMtu ve nAma bhinna prakAra ke haiN| sthAvarakAya ke indra, brahma Adi nAma unake adhipatiyoM ke AdhAra para kie gae haiN| sthAnAMga kI TIkA meM indra, brahma, zilpa, sammati evaM prAjApatya ko kramaza: pRthvI, apa, teja, vAyu evaM vanaspati kahA hai| TIkA meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra dizAoM ke adhipati indra, agni Adi haiM, nakSatroM ke adhipati azvi, yama dahana Adi haiM, zakra dakSiNa loka kA adhipati aura IzAna uttaraloka kA adhipati, usI prakAra pAMca sthAvara kAyoM ke bhI kramaza: indra, brahma, zilpa, sammati aura prAjApatya-adhipati haiN|' sthAnAMga meM prApta sthAvarakAya ke ye nAma pracalita nAmoM ke sAtha kisa prakAra se sAmaMjasya rakhate haiM ? sthAnAMga kI TIkA meM isakA koI ullekha nahIM hai| kevala amuka ko amuka kahA jAtA hai, yahI ullekha hai| sthAvara kAya ke sambandha meM aisA ullekha anyatra upalabdha nahIM hai| sthAnAMga sthAvarakAya ke pracalita nAmoM ko chor3akara anya nAmoM kA ullekha kyoM karatA hai ? yaha bhI anveSaNIya hai| I. ThANaM, 3/326-327 2. jIvAjIvAbhigame, 1/11, ........ 'duvihA saMsArasamAvaNNagA jIvA paNNattA' te evamAhaMsu taM jahA-tasA ceva thaavraacev| 3. vahI, 1/12,thAvarA tivihA paNNattA, taM jahA-puDhavikAiyA AukAiyA vaNassaikAjhyA / 4. vahI, 1/75, tasA tivihA paNNattA, taM jahA-teukkAiyA vAukkAiyA orAlA tasA / 5. tattvArthasUtra, 2/13,14, pRthivyambuvanaspataya: sthAvarA: / tejovAyU dvIndriyAdayazca trasA: / 6. tattvArthavArtika, 2/13, 14, pRthivyaptejovAyuvanaspataya: sthAvarA: / dvIndriyAdayastrasAH / 7. ThANaM, 2/16 4-166, do kAyA paNNattA, taM jahA-tasakAe ceva thAvarakAe cev| tasakAe duvihe paNNatte, taM jahA-bhavasiddhie ceva abhavasiddhie ceva / thAvarakAe duvihe paNNatte, taM jahA-bhavasiddhie ceva abhavasiddhie cev| 8. vahI, 5/119,paMca thAvarakAyA paNNattA, taMjahA-ide thAvarakAe, baMbhe thAvarakAe, sippethAvarakAe sammatI thAvarakAe pAyAvacce thaavrkaae| paMca thAvarakAyAdhipatI paNNattA,taMjahA-iMde thAvarakAyAdhipatI baMbhethAvarakAyAdhipatIsippe thAvarakAyAdhipatIsammatI thAvarakAyadhipatI, pAyAvacce thaavrkaayaadhiptii| sthAnAMga, vR. pa. 293 (pR. 196) sthAvaranAmakarmodayAt sthAvarA:-pRthivyAdaya:teSAM kAyA rAzaya: sthAvaro vA kAya:-zarIraM yeSAM te sthAvarakAyA: indrasambandhitvAt indra: sthAvarakAya: pRthivIkAya:, evaM brahmazilpasammatiprAjApatyA api apkAyAditvena vAcyA iti / .......

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AtmamImAMsA 169 trasa-sthAvara ke vibhAga kI AgamakAlIna avadhAraNA AcArAMga se lekara vipAkasUtra taka gyAraha aMga AgamoM meM, aupapAtika, rAjapraznIya Adi upAMga AgamoM meM, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana Adi mUla AgamoM meM pRthvIkAya, apkAya Adi pAMcoM ko eka sAtha sthAvarakAya ke rUpa meM ullikhita nahIM kiyA hai| balki sthAnAMga, uttarAdhyayana evaM jIvajIvAbhigama meM to chaha kAyoM meM se tIna ko sthAvara evaM tIna ko trasa kahA hai| tattvArthasUtra evaM usake svopajJabhASya taka yahI avadhAraNA pracalita hai| dazavaikAlika meM 'SaDjIvanikAya' ke antargata trasakAya kA varNana huA hai| vahAM vasakAya meM dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya, paMcendriya, nAraka, tiryaMca, manuSya evaM deva kA grahaNa huA hai|' isakA tAtparya huA ki inake atirikta jIva sthAvara haiN| ekendriya kA ullekha trasakAya meM nahIM hai ata: ekendriya jIva sthAvara hote haiM / pRthvIkAya, apkAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya evaM vanaspatikAya ekendriya haiN| prajJApanA meM saMsArasamApannaka jIvoM kA ullekha pAMca indriyoM ke mAdhyama se huA hai vahAM sthAvarakAya evaM trasakAya ke bheda se jIvoM kA vibhAga nahIM hai| jabaki jIvAjIvAbhigama meM jIvoM kA vibhAga trasa evaM sthAvara ke AdhAra para huA hai| Agama vyAkhyA sAhitya meM trasa evaM sthAvara sa evaM sthAvara ke sambandha meM yaha dhyAtavya hai ki jaina Agama sAhitya meM pRthvI Adi pAMca kAyoM ko eka sAtha sthAvara kAya ke rUpa meM abhivyaMjita nahIM kiyA hai| uttaravartI TIkA sAhitya meM unakA ullekha sthAvarakAya ke rUpa meM ho gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke TIkAkAra tejaskAya evaM vAyukAya ko sthAvarakAya hI mAnate haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM inakA ullekha trasakAya ke rUpa meM hai| TIkAkAra ne labdhivasa evaM gatitrasa ke bheda se trasa jIva do prakAra ke mAne haiN| dvIndriya se paMcendriya taka ke jIva labdhitrasa haiN| agni aura vAyugatitrasa haiN| yadyapi inake sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya hai phira bhI gatizIlatA ke kAraNa ye trasa kahalAte haiN| gati evaM labdhi trasa vicAra karane se pratIta hotA hai ki prArambha meM kevala gati ke AdhAra para trasa aura sthAvara kA vibhAga kiyA gayA hogaa| isI kAraNa agni aura vAyu ko trasa kahA gayA hai kiMtu eka cIMTI kI gati evaM vAyu kI gati eka jaisI nahIM hotii| cIMTI kI gati icchAprerita hai| vaha apane hita ke saMpAdana evaM ahita kI nivRtti ke lie gati karatI hai jabaki agni evaM vAyu kI gati meM aicchika preraNA nahIM hai, vesvabhAvata: hI gatizIla haiN| mAtra gati ke AdhAra para vikasita 1. dasave AliyaM, 4/9 2. paNNavaNA, 1/15 3. uttarAdhyayana zAntyAcArya, vRtti patra-693, duvihA khalu tasajIvA-laddhitasA ceva gatitasA ceva / tatazca tejovAmvorgatita udArANAM ca labdhito'pi trasatvamiti / tejovAyvozca sthAvaranAmakarmodaye'pyuktarUpaM vasanamastIti trstvm|

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170 jaina Agama meM darzana avikasita ko eka jaisA kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? jaba isa tathya kI ora dhyAna gayA hogA taba karmasiddhAMta ke AdhAra para trasa aura sthAvara kI vyavasthA huii| jisake sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya hai ve sthAvara haiM bhale hI ve gatizIla kyoM na hoM tathA jinake trasanAmakarma kA udaya haiM ve trasa haiN| AgamoM meM jaba agni aura vAyu ko trasa kaha diyA gayA taba usa vaktavya kI samIcInatA labdhitrasa evaM gatitrasa ke AdhAra para prastuta kI gii| Agamika vaktavyoM kI tarkasaMgata vyAkhyA ke lie gati trasa evaM labdhitrasajaisA vibhAga karanA Avazyaka thA / aura yaha vibhAga janasAdhAraNa ke lie buddhigamya bhI hai| ekendriya-sthAvara anyatrasa ___ vartamAna meM zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM pRthvI, apa, tejasa, vAyu evaM vanaspati ke jIva sthAvarakAya ke rUpa meM evaM dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya evaM paMcendriya jIva trasakAya ke rUpa meM ekasvara se svIkRta haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama pRthvI Adi pAMcoM prakAra ke jIvoM ko eka sAtha sthAvara kisane kahA hai yaha anveSaNIya hai| sthAnAMga, uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA Adi meM to ina pAMcoM ko sthAvara kahA gayA hai| zarIra racanA aura jJAna kA sambandha zArIrika dRSTi se jIvachaha prakAra ke hote haiM-pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika, vanaspatikAyika aura trskaayik| jJAna ke vikAsa krama ke AdhAra para ve pAMca prakAra ke hote haiM - ekendriya, dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya aura pNcendriy| indriya aura mana se hone vAlA jJAna zarIra-racanA se sambandha rakhatA hai| jisa jIva meM indriya aura mAnasa jJAna kI jitanI kSamatA hotI hai, usI ke AdhAra para unakI zarIra-racanA hotI hai aura zarIra-racanA ke AdhAra para hI usa jJAna kI pravRtti hotI hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM zarIra-racanA aura indriya tathA mAnasajJAna ke sambandha para vimarza huA hai| sthAnAMga ke TippaNa meM isa sambandha ko tAlikA ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA haijIva bAhyazarIra (sthUla zarIra) indriya jJAna 1. ekendriya (pRthvI, ap, audArika sparzanajJAna tejas,vAyu, vanaspati) 2. dvIndriya audArika (asthimAMsa zoNitayukta) rasana, sparzananAna 3. trIndriya audArika (asthimAMsa zoNitayukta) ghrANa, rasana, sparzanajJAna 4. caturindriya audArika (asthimAMsa zoNitayukta) cakSu, ghrANa, rasana, sparzanajJAna 5. paMcendriya (tiryaMca) audArika (asthimAMsa zoNita zrotra, cakSu, ghrANa, rasana, snAyuzirAyukta) sparzanajJAna 6. paMcendriya (manuSya) audArika (asthimAMsa zoNita snAyu zrotra, cakSu, ghrANa, rasana, zirAyukta) sparzanajJAna 1. ThANaM, TippaNa 2/155-160 pR. 125

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AtmamImAMsA 171 paMcendriya jIva saMjJI evaM asaMjJI donoM prakAra ke hote haiN| mana kA vikAsa pAMca indiyoM kI prApti ke bAda hI ho sakatA hai| zarIra kI vizeSa saMracanA ke sAtha mana kI prApti kA sambandha hai| ekendriya jIvoM meM mAtra eka sparzanendriya hotI hai| ye jIva sthAvara hI hote haiN| dvIndriya jIvoM meM sparzana evaM rasana, trIndriya meM sparzana, rasana evaM ghrANa caturindriya meM sparzana, rasana, ghrANa, cakSu tathA paMcendriya meM sparzana, rasana, prANa, cakSu evaM zrotra-ye indriyAM hotI haiM / indriyoM kA krama nirdhArita hai arthAt jo ekendriya jIva hai| unake sparzana indriya hI hogii| dvIndriya Adi meM bhI apanI nirdhArita indriya hI hogii| sparzana ke bAda hI rasana indriya kI prApti ho sakatI hai, rasana kI prApti ke bAda hI ghrANa upalabdha hogii| indriya prApti kA yaha krama nirdhArita hai| isameM kisI bhI prakAra kA vyutkrama nahIM ho sktaa| trasa jIvoM kI sajIvatA pratyakSagocara hai ata: unake jIvatva siddhi meM hetu ke prayoga kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| Agama sAhitya meM trasa jIvoM ke bhedoM kA vistAra se varNana huA hai| jIva svarUpa, abhijJAna evaM lakSaNa pratyeka jIva cetanAyukta hai| AtmA hI vijJAtA hai| 'je AyA se vinnnnaayaa|'' cetanA AtmA kA svarUpa hai| prANImAtra meM usakA nyUnAdhika mAtrA meM sadbhAva hotA hai| yadyapi sattA rUpa meM caitanya zakti saba prANiyoM meM ananta hotI hai, para vikAsa kI apekSA vaha sabameM eka jaisI nahIM hotii| jJAna ke AvaraNa kI saghanatA evaM viralatA ke anusAra jIva meM cetanA kA vikAsa nyUna yA adhika hotA hai| ekendriya jIvoM meM bhI kama-se-kama eka indriya kA anubhava avazya hI milegaa| yadi vaha na rahe, taba jIva aura ajIva meM koI antara hI nahIM rhtaa| naMdI meM kahA gayA hai ki saba jIvoM ke pUrNajJAna kA anantavAM bhAga nitya udghATita rahatA hai| yadi vaha bhI AvRta ho jAe to jIva ajIva bana jaaegaa| jJAna kI AMzika rUpa meM nitya anAvRtatA jIva mAtra meM upalabdha hai| ata: cetanA jIva kA naizcayika lakSaNa hai| jIva kA astitva nirupAdhika hai| usake upAdhi karma ke udaya athavA vilaya se hotI hai, jaise-jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke udaya se jIva ajJAnI kahalAtA hai, usake kSayopazama se jIva matijJAnI, zrutajJAnI kahalAtA hai / sthAnAMga meM audAyika, aupazamika, kSAyika, kSAyopazamika, pAriNAmika evaM sannipAtika ina chaha bhAvoM kA ullekha hai| ina bhAvoM ke AdhAra para hI sAMsArika jIvoM ke vyaktitva kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| audayika bhAva se manuSya kA bAharI vyaktitva nirmita hotA hai| kSAyopazamika bhAva se usake Antarika vyaktitva kA nirmANa hotA hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne pAMca bhAvoM ko jIva kA svatattva yA svarUpa batalAyA 1. AyAro, 5/104 2. naMdI, sUtra 70 3. ThANaM,6/124

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172 jaina Agama meM darzana hai|' ina bhAvoM ke AdhAra para jIva apane vyaktitva evaM kartRtva kA nirmANa karatA hai| pAMca bhAva jIvake vyaktitva nirdhAraNa ke perAmITara haiN| vyaktikyoM hai ? kaisA hai ? ityAdi praznoM kA samAdhAna ina bhAvoM ke AdhAra para hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhAva jIva kI pahacAna ke mukhya evaM mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka haiN| bhAvoM ke AdhAra para prANI kI bhautika, manovaijJAnika, caitasika evaM Atmika avasthiti kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| usake zarIra kA AkAra-prakAra, buddhi kI sAmAnyatA evaM viziSTatA, saMvegoM kI bahulatA evaM nyUnatA Adi tathyoM kA saMjJAna pAMca bhAvoM ke AdhAra para karanA dArzanika evaM manovaijJAnika kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa ho sakatA hai| ___ jIva upayoga lakSaNa vAlA hai| uvaogalakkhaNe NaM jiive|' upayoga, pravRtti ke dvArA jIvatva kI abhivyakti hotI hai| utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya aura puruSakAra parAkrama se yukta jIva apane Atma-bhAva (Atma-pravRtti) se jIva-bhAva (jIva hone) ko prakaTa karatA hai| jIvasvarUpa se amUrta aura caitanyamaya hai, kiMtu pratyeka saMsArI jIva zarIradhArI hai| zarIradhArI hone ke kAraNa vaha mUrta hai, usakA caitanya adRzya hai| vaha kriyA athavA pravRtti ke dvArA dRzya banatA hai| jIva kI pahacAna jJAna se nahIM hotI, jJAnapUrvaka hone vAlI pravRtti se hotI hai| jIva utthAna, gamana, zayana Adi AtmabhAvoM ke dvArA apane caitanya ko abhivyakta karatA hai| viziSTa utthAna viziSTa cetanApUrvaka hotA hai| yaha caitanyapUrvaka hone vAlI pravRtti hI jIva kA lakSaNa banatI hai| jIva kA lakSaNa upayoga batalAyA gayA hai| jJAna ke ananta paryAya haiN| jJeya ke anusAra jJAna ke paryAya kA parivartana hotA rahatA hai, isalie upayoga-cetanA kA vyApAra, jIva kA lakSaNa banatA hai| prayatna evaM upayoga jIva aura ajIva kI bhedarekhA hai| zakti ke dvArA jIva apane jIvatva ko abhivyakta karatA hai| matijJAna kI upalabdhi jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke kSayopazama se hotI hai kiMtu matijJAna kI pravRtti ke lie nAmakarma kA udaya evaM vIryAntarAya karma ke kSayopazama kI AvazyakatA hai| zakti ke binA jJAna kA bhI upayoga nahIM ho sktaa| sAMkhya darzana jIva meM zakti nahIM mAnatA, usake anusAra zakti prakRti meM pAI jAtI hai kiMtu jaina darzana zakti jIva meM mAnatA hai| jIva meM ananta jJAna evaM ananta darzana svabhAvata: hai| kiMtu usakA upayoga vIryAntarAya karma ke vilaya se hI saMbhava hai| jIva ke vyAvahArika lakSaNa sajAtIya-janma, vRddhi, sajAtIya-utpAdana, kSata-saMrohaNa aura aniyamita tiryaggati-ye jIva ke vyAvahArika lakSaNa haiN| khAnA, pInA, sonA, uThanA, nidrA, bhaya, prajanana, vRddhi Adi hI vyavahAra jagat meM jIva kI pahacAna ke sAdhana banate haiN| baoNyolaoNjI meM vRddhi, 1. tattvArthasUtra 2/1, aupazamikakSAyikabhAvau mizrazca jIvasya svatattvamaudayikapAriNAmikau ca / 2. aMgasuttANi bhAga-2 (bhagavaI) 2/137 3. vahI,2/136,jIveNaMsauTThANe sakamme sabalesavIriesapurisakkAraparakkame AyabhAveNaMjIvAbhAvaM uvdNsetiiti| 4. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) pR. 294

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AtmamImAMsA cayApacaya, prajanana aura saMvedana ye kozikA ke lakSaNa die gae haiN| inako hI jIva- ajIva kI bhedarekhA jJApaka tattva mAnA jA sakatA hai| eka mazIna khA sakatI hai kiMtu usake zarIra meM vRddhi nahIM ho sakatI / mazIna ko calAne ke lie peTrola, IMdhana Adi die jAte haiN| usase vaha calatI to rahatI hai kiMtu usa AhAra kA sAtmIkaraNa vaha nahIM kara sktii| jIva padArtha apane AhAra kA grahaNa, pariNamana evaM utsarga AhAra paryApti ke dvArA kara letA hai|' yaha sAmarthya jIva meM hI hai ajIva meM nahIM hai / sajIva padArtha hI apane dvArA gRhIta AhAra kA sAtmIkaraNa kara sakatA hai / yaha sAtmIkaraNa kI kSamatA jIva padArtha meM hI hai, ajIva meM nahIM hai ata: paryApti bhI jIva kA lakSaNa hai / yantra meM prajanana kSamatA nahIM hai / ve apane sajAtIya se na to utpanna hote haiM aura na hI sajAtIya ko paidA karate haiN| isake viparIta jIva sajAtIya se paidA bhI hotA aura sajAtIya ko paidA bhI karatA hai / bhI yaMtra manuSyakRta niyamana ke binA idhara-udhara ghUma nahIM sakatA / tiryag gati nahIM kara sakatA / eka relagAr3I paTarI para daur3a sakatI hai, havAI jahAja AkAza meM ur3a sakatA hai kiMtu apanI icchA se eka iMca bhI idhara-udhara nahIM ho sakatA, jabaki eka choTI-sI cIMTI bhI apanI icchA se gati karatI hai / yaMtra kriyA kA niyAmaka cetanAvAn prANI hai / saMsArI jIvoM kI pahacAna ke uparyukta lakSaNa jIva kI pahacAna ke mukhya sAdhana banate haiM / jIva kI pahacAna evaM usako ajIva se pRthak karane ke kucha asAdhAraNa lakSaNa paMcAstikAya meM upalabdha haiM 173 jAdi passadi savvaM icchadi sukhaM bibhedi dukkhAdo / kuvvadi hidamahidaM vA bhuMjadi jIvo phalaM tesiM // ' jIva samasta padArthoM ko jAnatA, dekhatA hai| vaha sukha kI icchA karatA hai, du:kha se bhayabhIta hotA hai| hitakArI evaM ahitakArI kArya karatA hai, unake phala bhI vahI bhogatA hai / jJAna, darzana, sukha kI icchA, bhaya Adi jIva kI pahacAna ke sAdhana haiM / AtmA ke avayava jIva tattva kA siddhAnta aneka darzanoM meM svIkRta hai| jIva aMguSTha parimANa hai, deha parimANa hai athavA vyApaka hai - yaha viSaya bhI carcita hai, kiMtu usake kitane paramANu yA pradeza haiM-yaha viSaya kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai / astikAya ko pradezAtmaka batalAkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne usake svarUpa ko eka nayA AyAma diyA hai| AtmA kA svataMtra astitva hai / AtmA ke pradeza (paramANu) hote haiM ' - yaha bhagavAn mahAvIra kI maulika sthApanA hai| pudgala acetana tattva ke bhI paramANu aura AtmA ke bhI paramANu / pudgala aura AtmA ke paramANuoM meM eka maulika jaina siddhAnta dIpikA, 3 / 11 1. 2. paMcAstikAya, gAthA 1 22 3. (ka) ThANaM, 4/ 495, cattAri paesaggeNaM tullA paNNattA, taM jahA-dhammatthikAe adhammatthikAe logAgAse egajIve / (kha) nayacakra, gAthA 1 21 Nicchado asaMkhadeso hu se Neo /

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jaina Agama meM darzana antara avazya hai| pudgala ke paramANu pRthak-pRthak hote haiM kiMtu AtmA ke paramANuoM ko vibhakta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ve asaMkhya paramANu nirantara mile hue rahate haiM isalie unakA nAma pradeza hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ne likhA hai ki 174 "pradeza aura paramANu meM parimANAtmaka antara nhiiN| parimANa meM donoM samAna hai| unameM kevala saMghAtAtmaka antara hai / . AtmA ke asaMkhya pradeza haiM/ asaMkhya paramANu haiM ve kabhI pRthak nahIM hote / hamezA saMghAta rUpa meM rahate haiM, unako paramANu nahIM kahA gayA, pradeza kahA gyaa| jitane sthAna kA avagAhana paramANu karatA hai utane sthAna kA hI avagAhana pradeza karatA hai / isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki AtmA ke asaMkhya pradeza haiM arthAt asaMkhya paramANu haiN| isakA artha hai- AtmA ke avayava haiN| AtmA ke ye avayava hamezA saMghAta rUpa meM hI rahate haiM / jaina darzana meM astitva kA artha hai - paramANu yA paramANu-skandha / dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya evaM jIvAstikAya - ye cAra paramANu-skandha haiN| inake pradeza kabhI viyukta nahIM hote, isalie ye pradeza-skandha kahalAte haiM / pudgalAstikAya ke paramANu saMyukta aura viyukta donoM avasthAoM meM hote haiM, isalie usameM paramANu aura paramANuskandha donoM avasthAeM milatI haiN| pAMca astikAyoM meM eka jIvAstikAya ke pradeza -skandha caitanyamaya hai / zeSa ke pradeza - skandha evaM paramANu caitanyarahita haiM, ajIva haiN| " jIvAstikAya aura jIva jaina darzana ke anusAra dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala aura jIva-ye pAMca astikAya haiM / ' prazna upasthita hotA hai ki jIvAstikAya aura jIva meM kyA antara hai ? sAmAnyataH jIva aura jIvAstikAya ko ekArthaka mAnA jAtA hai / bhagavatI ke bIsaveM zataka meM jIva aura jIvAstikAya ko eka mAnA gayA hai / ' kiMtu isI Agama ke dUsare zataka meM pradatta jIva evaM jIvAstikAya kI bhinnatA mananIya hai / jIva ananta haiN| una ananta jIvoM ke samudaya kA nAma jIvAstikAya hai / eka jIva jIvAstikAya nahIM kahalAtA tathA eka kama jIva vAle jIvAstikAya ko jIvAstikAya nahIM kahA jaataa| sabhI jIvoM kA samudaya jIvAstikAya hai / ' jIva jIvAstikAya kA eka deza hai / ' pratyeka jIva asaMkhyAta pradezAtmaka hai jabaki jIvAstikAya ke pradeza ananta batalAe gae haiN|' yaha ananta jIvoM kI apekSA se hai arthAt jIva saMkhyA kI dRSTi se ananta hai tathA pratyeka jIva jIvAstikAya kA eka pradeza mAnA gayA hai / ataH jIvAstikAya ke ananta pradeza ho jAte haiN| yadyapi uttaravartI kAla meM jIva kA hI jIvAstikAya 1. mahAprajJa, AcArya, jaina darzana aura anekAnta, pR. 87 2. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 2/124 3. vahI, 20 / 17, 4. vahI, 2 / 135 . jIve i vA, jIvatthikAe i vA / 5. bhagavatIvRtti 2 / 135, upayogaguNo jIvAstikAya: prAgdarzitaH, atha tadaMzabhUto jIvaH / 6. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 2 / 135, tiNhaM pi padesA aNaMtA bhANiyavvA / . AgAsatthikAya jIvatthikAya-poggalatthikAyA vievaM ceva, navaraM

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AtmamImAMsA 175 ke rUpa meM grahaNa hotA rahA hai| jaba jIva ko jIvAstikAya kaheMge to usake pradeza asaMkhya hoNge| unako ananta nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ananta pradeza kI saMgati sampUrNa jIvoM ke samUha ko jIvAstikAya kahane se hI ho sakatI hai| jIvakI dehaparimitatA bhAratIya darzana adhyAtma-pradhAna darzana hai| usane eka abhautika, alaukika tattva ke viSaya meM cintana kiyaa| usake cintana ke Aloka meM Atma-tattva udbhAsita huaa| Atma tattva kI svIkRti ke sAtha hI eka prazna ubharA ki isa Atma-tattva kA nivAsa sthAna kahAM haiM? AtmA kI svIkRti ke sAtha hI Atma-tattva ke parimANa ke saMdarbha meM dArzanikoM ne vicAra kiyA hai| AtmA ke parimANa ke saMdarbha meM tIna prakAra kI avadhAraNAeM upalabdha haiM 1. jaghanya parimANa (aNurUpa) 2. madhyama parimANa (aMguSTha, vilasta, deha parimANa Adi) 3. utkRSTa parimANa (vyaapk)| jainetarardazana kI avadhAraNA upaniSad-sAhitya meM Atma ke parimANa ke saMdarbha meM tInoM prakAra kI vicAraNA prApta haiN| maitrI upaniSad meM AtmA ko aNu se bhI aNu mAnA gayA hai| bRhadAraNyaka meM AtmA ko jau yA cAvala ke dAne jitanA mAnA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad meM AtmA ko aMguSTha parimANa kahA hai|' kucha kI mAnyatA ke anusAra AtmA prAdeza (vitasti) parimANa hai|' kauSItakI upaniSad ke anusAra jaise talavAra apanImyAna meM aura agni apane kuMDa meM vyApta hai usI taraha AtmA zarIra meM nakha selekara zikhA taka vyApta hai| muNDakopaniSad meM AtmA ke sarvavyApakatva kA ullekha hai|' jaba AtmA ko avarNya mAnA jAne lagA taba AtmA ko aNu se aNu ora mahAn se mahAn bhI kahA jAne lgaa| nyAya-vaizeSika' Adi sabhI vaidika darzanoM ne AtmA ko vyApaka mAnA hai| zaMkara ko 1. anuyogadvAra cUrNi, pR. 29 2. maitryupaniSad, 6/38 3. bRhadAraNyaka, (madrAsa, 1979)5/6/1,manomayo'yaM puruSobhA: stystsminnntrhRdyeythaavriihirvaayvovaa| 4. kaThopaniSad, 2/2/12 5. chAndogyopaniSad, (anu. svAmI gambhIrAnanda, kalakattA, 1992) 5/18/1 yastvetamevaM prAdezamAtramabhivimAnamAtmAnaM 6. kauSItakI upaniSad, 35/4/20, eSa prajJAtmA idaM zarIramanupraviSTaH / 1. muNDakopaniSad, (gorakhapura, saM. 2014) 1/1/6, nityaM vibhu sarvagataM susUkSma ....... | 8. zvetAzvatara, 3/20, aNoraNIyAMnmahato mahIyAnAtmA guhAyAM nihito'sya jntoH| 9. tarkasaMgraha, pR. 10, jIvastu pratizarIraM bhinno vibhurnityazca /

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176 chor3akara rAmAnuja Adi brahmasUtra ke bhASyakAroM ne brahmAtmA ko vyApaka evaM jIvAtmA ko parimANa mAnA hai / cArvAka ne caitanya ko dehaparimANa mAnA hai aura bauddhoM ne bhI pudgala ko dehaparimANa svIkAra kiyA hai, aisI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai|' jaina Agama meM darzana jainadarzana kI svIkRti - jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva ke do prakAra haiM- siddha aura saMsArI / siddha karma mukta hote haiN| usa avasthA meM unakA sva-svarUpa meM avasthAna hotA hai / AtmA ke svAbhAvika guNakevalajJAna, kevaladarzana, asaMvedana, Atma- ramaNa, aTala- avagAhanA, amUrti, agurulaghu evaM nirantarAya- ye ATha guNa prakaTa ho jAte haiN| aTala- avagAhanA arthAt unake Atma-pradezoM meM aba kisI bhI prakAra kA saMkoca - vikoca nahIM hogaa| ve jisa rUpa meM sthita hue haiM, anantakAla taka usI rUpa meM sthita rheNge| yadyapi jainadarzana yaha mAnatA hai ki mukta hone vAle janma meM jIva kA jitanA bar3A zarIra hotA hai, usake do-tihAI bhAga ke AkAra meM muktAvasthA meM AtmA ke pradeza avasthita hoNge| zarIra ke pola kA jo bhAga hai vaha kama ho jAtA hai| muktAvasthA se pUrva janma taka kArmaNa zarIra rahatA hai ataH Atma pradezoM meM saMkoca - vikoca hotA rahatA hai| cUMki aba siddhAvasthA meM usa kAraNa kA vinAza ho gayA hai ataH Atma-pradezoM meM saMkoca - vistAra nahIM hogA / saMsArI AtmA zarIra yukta hI hotI hai / use jaisA zarIra prApta hotA hai / usI ke anusAra Atma pradezoM kA phailAva ho jAtA hai, isI avadhAraNA ke saMdarbha meM jaina darzana ne AtmA ko aNu, vibhu parimANa se rahita madhyama (zarIra) parimANavAlA svIkAra kiyA hai| jIva asaMkhya pradezI hai ata: vyAsa hone kI kSamatA kI dRSTi se loka ke samAna virAT hai / kevalI samudghAta ke samaya AtmA eka samaya ke lie vyApaka bana bhI jAtI hai / ' pradeza saMkhyA kI dRSTi se dharma, adharma, lokAkAza tathA eka jIva samatulya haiN|' kiMtu avagAha kI apekSA se ye samAna nahIM haiN| dharmAstikAya Adi pUre loka meM vyAsa haiM / ye tInoM dravya gatizUnya evaM niSkriya haiN| inameM grahaNa, utsarjana Adi nahIM hote haiN| inameM kisI prakAra kI pratikriyA bhI nahIM hotI isalie inake parimANa meM koI parivartana nahIM hotA / saMsArI jIvoM meM pudgala kA grahaNa hotA hai / usakI kriyA-pratikriyA hotI hai ata: unakA parimANa sadA eka sarIkhA nahIM rahatA / usameM saMkoca 1. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha, Atma-mImAMsA, (banArasa, 1953) pR. 45 2. ThANaM, 8/114 3. vahI, 4/495

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AtmamImAMsA vikoca hotA rahatA hai| kArmaNa zarIra yukta AtmA meM saMkoca - vikoca hotA hai| choTe-bar3e sabhI prANiyoM meM jIva eka jaisA hI hotA hai| hAthI evaM cIMTI ke zarIra meM antara hai kiMtu unameM jIva samAna hI hai / ' saMsArAvasthA meM jIva ko jaisA zarIra prApta hotA hai vaha usake anusAra hI apanA saMkoca - vistAra kara letA hai / bhagavatI meM isako dIpaka ke udAharaNa se samajhAyA gayA hai / dIpaka ko bar3e kamare meM rakhegeM to usakA prakAza usameM phaila jAegA / Dhakkana Adi choTe sthAna meM rakheMge to vaha utane hI pradeza ko prakAzita kregaa| vaise hI jIva ko jaisA zarIra prApta hogA vaha utane meM hI apanA phailAva kara sakegA / ' bhagavatI ke uparyukta varNana se bhI AtmA kI dehaparimitatA siddha hotI hai / nayacakra meM bhI samudghAta ke samaya ko chor3akara AtmA ko zarIra pramANa hI kahA hai / ' AtmA ke vyApakatva kI sthiti kAdAcitka ghaTanA hai mUlataH AtmA zarIra-parimANa hI hai / jo darzana AtmA ko vyApaka mAnate haiM unake mata meM bhI saMsArI AtmA ke jJAna, sukhadu:kha ityAdi guNa zarIra maryAdita kSetra meM hI AtmA ko anubhUta hote haiM, zarIra ke bAhya kSetra meM sthita Atma-pradezoM se unakA anubhava nahIM hotA / naiyAyika vidvAn zrIdhara ne nyAyakaMdalI meM kahA hai "sarvagatatve'pyAtmano dehapradeze jJAtRtvam, nAnyatra, zarIrasyopabhogAyatanatvAt, anyathA tasya vaiyarthyAditi // "4 - 4. syAdvAdamaMjarI, pRSTha- 68 para udhRta 5. anyayogavyavacchedikA, kArikA, 9 - isa prakAra saMsArI AtmA ko vyApaka mAnA jAe athavA zarIra-vyApI, saMsAra kA bhoga to zarIra - vyApI AtmA hI karatI hai / jisa padArtha ke guNa jahAM upalabdha hote haiM vaha padArtha vahIM hotA hai| AtmA ke jJAna Adi guNa zarIra meM upalabdha haiM ata: AtmA zarIra-vyApI hai, sarvavyApaka nahIM hai|' Agama uttaravartI jaina dArzanikoM ne anumAna Adi pramANoM ke dvArA isa tathya ko paripuSTa kiyA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ne eka svara se AtmA ke deha parimANatva ko svIkRta kiyA hai| 177 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 7 / 158, haMtA goyamA ! hatthissa ya kuMthussa ya same ceva jIve / 2. vahI, 7/159, . evAmeva goyamA ! jIve vi jaM jArisayaM puvvakammanibaddhaM boMdiM nivvattei taM asaMkhejjehiM jIvapadesehiM sa cettIkarei khuDDiyaM vA mahAliyaM vA / 3. nayacakra, gAthA 1 :: 1, gurulaghudehapamANo attA cattA hu sattasamughAyaM / vavahArA Nicchado asaMkhadeso hu se Neo / / yatraiva yo dRSTaguNaH sa tatra kumbhAdivat niSpratipakSametat / tathApi dehAd bahirAtmatattvamatattvavAdopahatAH paThanti //

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178 jaina Agama meM darzana AtmA darzana jagat ke vicAra kA mukhya kendra rahA hai| aba vijJAna bhI usa dizA meM prasthAna karane kA prayatna kara rahA hai| vaijJAnika mAnane lage haiM ki mastiSka ko saMcAlita karane vAlI koI anyazakti hai| parAmanovijJAna evaM manovijJAna to isa dizA meM pahale se hI gatizIla hai| AtmA kI vicAraNA svaastitva kI vicAraNA hai| jaba vyakti apane svAbhAvika astitva ke prati jAgarUka banatA haitabasvata: hI aneka akaraNIya kRtyoM se vimukha hojaataahai| vaiyaktika, pArivArika, sAmAjika, rASTrIya, antarrASTrIya aneka samasyAoM kA samAdhAna Atma-vicAraNA ke pariprekSya meM khojA jA sakatA hai| AtmA apane mUlarUpa meM zuddha hai kiMtu saMsArAvasthA meM vaha karmoM ke baMdhana se baMdhI huI hai| karma ke kAraNa hI usakA saMsAra meM bhramaNa ho rahA hai| adhyAtma kA uddezya hai AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kI prApti / karmoM ke kSaya se hI vaha prApta ho sakatA hai| karma kSaya kI prakriyA ko hastagata karane ke lie karma kA vibhinna koNoM se avabodha bhI Avazyaka hai| AtmavAda ke pazcAt aba hama agrima adhyAya meM karmavAda kI vyAkhyA kreNge| 000

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karmamImAMsA dArzanika ciMtana kA eka pramukha pakSa hai-kAraNa-kArya sambandha kA vicAra / vijJAna bhI kAraNa-kArya sambandha para vicAra karatA hai kiMtu usakI sImA hai| vijJAna pratyakSa aura anumAna pramANa ko hI kAma letA hai| Astika-nAstika kA zabdArtha : karmasiddhAnta kA mahattva bhAratIya ciMtana meM do zabda bahu-pracalita haiM-Astika aura nAstika / pANinI ne ina do zabdoM kI vyutpatti karate samaya yaha pakSa prastuta kiyA ki jo diSTa arthAt karma tathA karmaphala meM vizvAsa karatA hai vaha Astika hai aura jo diSTa meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA vaha nAstika hai|' pANinI dvArA dI gaI Astika-nAstika kI vyAkhyA se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki kevala Agamagamya prameyoM meM karma aura karmaphala ke sambandha kA siddhAnta mukhya hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM adhikatara darzana Agama-prAmANyavAdI haiN| cArvAka ke atirikta sabhI darzana karma aura karmaphala ke sambandha tathA usase jur3e hue punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate haiN| karmasiddhAnta kA AdhAra : Agama prAmANya darzana, vizeSakara bhAratIya darzana pratyakSa evaM anumAna ke atirikta eka tIsare pramANa ko bhI mAnyatA dete haiN| vaha pramANa hai-Agama-pramANa / Agama pramANa ko mAnyatA dene ke pIche yaha mAnyatA kAma kara rahI hai ki kucha aise prameya bhI haiM jo pratyakSa athavA anumAna pramANa kA viSaya nahIM bana paate| AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne prameyoM ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai 1. hetu-gamya prameya, 2. Agama-gamya prmey| karma aura karmaphala ke bIca kA sambandha pratyakSa athavA anumAna gamya nahIM hai| use Agamase hI jAnA jA sakatA hai| isIlie prakArAntarase karma aura karmaphala ke bIca ke sambandha ko mAnane kA artha ho jAtA hai-Agama pramANa ko maannaa| bhAratIya darzana meM do mata pracalita haiM- pramANa-saMplava aura prmaann-vyvsthaa|' pramANa 1. aSTAdhyAyIsUtrapATha (saMpA. paM. brahmadattajijJAsu, bahAlagar3ha, 1989) 4/4/60 astinAstidiSTaM mati: 2. sanmati prakaraNa (anu. paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, ahamadAbAda, 1932) 3/45 3. nyAyamaJjarI, (le. jayansabhaTTa, maisUra, 1970), Vol. I, pR. 87, 88 prAyeNa pramANAni prameyamabhisaMplavante, kvacit vyavatiSThante api|

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180 jaina Agama meM darzana saMplavavAdI mAnate haiM ki jisa prameya ko eka pramANa dvArA jAnA jA sakatA hai usI prameya ko dUsare pramANa ke dvArA bhI jAnA jA sakatA hai| isake viparIta pramANa-vyavasthAvAdI mAnate haiM ki pratyeka pramANa kA svataMtra viSaya hai| jisa prameya ko Agama dvArA jAnA jA sakatA hai use pratyakSa aura anumAna dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| AcArya siddhasena divAkara kA bhI yahI mata pratIta hotA hai kyoMki unhoMne kahA hai ki hetugamya ko hetu dvArA aura Agamagamya ko Agama dvArA jAnane kA prayatna jaina sammata hai aura isake viruddha mAnanA jaina siddhAnta ke pratikUla hai|' sAyaNa ne bhI kahA hai ki hama veda arthAt Agama dvArA una prameyoM ko jAnate haiM jinheM pratyakSa yA anumAna ke dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| isa saMdarbha meM itanA viSeza jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM Agama kA prAmANya viziSTa jJAna para AdhArita hai| nyAya-paramparA meM ise yogaja pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai| abhiprAya yaha hai ki hama jina prameyoM ko Agama dvArA jAnate haiM una prameyoM ko hI kevalI athavA yogI pAramArthika pratyakSa dvArA jAnatA hai| isIlie unake vacana Apta-puruSa ke vacana hone ke kAraNa pramANa bana jAte haiN| punarjanma jaisA indriyAtIta viSaya bhale hI Agama-gamya ho kiMtu jinheM apane pUrvabhava kA smaraNa hotA hai, unake lie to vaha viSaya svAnubhavagamya hI hai| jinakI AgamapramANa meM zraddhA nahIM hai ve bhI pUrvabhava kA smaraNa rakhane vAle vyaktiyoM ke udAharaNa se punarbhava ke siddhAnta tathA usase jur3e hue karma siddhAnta ko jAna sakate haiM kiMtu abhI pUrvabhava smRti ke udAharaNoM ko pUrNa vaijJAnika mAnyatA prApta nahIM huI hai ata: jaba taka aisA nahIM ho jAtA taba taka to Agama pramANa hI isa viSaya meM hamAre lie mukhya srota banA rhegaa| isa dRSTi se yaha jAnanA mahattvapUrNa hogA ki jaina AgamoM meM karma siddhAnta ke sambandha meM kyA kahA gayA hai ? vividhatA kA mUla karma mUla samasyA prANI aura prANI ke bIca dikhAI dene vAlI vibhinnatA kA kAraNa DhUMDhane kI hai| yaha vibhinnatA pratyakSa gocara hai-koI sukhI hai, koI du:khI hai, koI jIva cIMTI kI yoni meM hai koI hAthI kI, koI mandamati hai aura prakharabuddhi, koI labdhapratiSTha hai koI apayaza 1. sanmatitarka prakaraNa 3/45 jo heuvAyapakkhammi heuo Agame ya aagmio| so sasamayapaNNavao siddhaMtavirAhao anno| 2. Rgveda saMhitA, sAyaNabhASya upodghAta, pR. 26 para uddhRta pratyakSeNAnumityA vA yastUpAyo na buddhyte| enaM vidanti vedena, tasmAd vedasya vedtaa|| 3. mUlAcAra 5/80, suttaM gaNaharakathidaM taheva patteyabuddhakathidaM c| sudakevaliNAkathidaM abhiNNadasapUvvakathidaM ca / / 4. pratyakSa khaNDa kArikA 63, alaukikastu vyApArastrividhaH prikiirtitH| sAmAnyalakSaNo jJAnalakSaNo yogjstthaa|| 5. IAna sTIveMsanakata zodha ke udAharaNa draSTavya haiN|

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karmamImAMsA 181 kA bhaagii| ye saba vibhinnatAeM pratyakSa haiN| dArzanika ina vibhinnatAoM kA kAraNa khojate rahe haiN| zvetAzvataropaniSad meM sukha-du:kha ke hetu kI gaveSaNA ke antargata aneka kAraNoM kA ullekha huA hai|' isa sambandha meM dArzanikoM meM mataikya nahIM hai| kucha dArzanika kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, puruSa Adi ko vibhinnatA kA hetu mAnate haiN| isa matabheda ke hone para bhI bhAratIya cintaka eka niSkarSa para pahuMce haiM ki isa vividhatA kA kAraNa svayaM jIva dvArA kiyA gayA karma hai| kaThopaniSad meM kahA gayA ki vibhinna prakAra kI yoniyAM karma evaM jJAna ke dvArA hI prApta hotI hai|' bauddha darzana bhI loka vaicitrya kA hetu karma ko mAnatA hai| jaina darzana meM vividhatA kA hetu jaina darzana meM bhI prANiyoM tathA unakI pArasparika vividhatA kA hetu karma ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM spaSTa nirdeza prApta hai ki upAdhi karma se hotI hai|' upAdhi kA artha hai-- vyavahAra, vyapadeza yA vizeSaNa | vyavahAra arthAt bhinnatA karma janita hai| sukhI-du:khI, savIrya-nirvIrya Adi sAre vyapadeza karma se sambaddha haiN| karmamukta AtmA ke lie koI vyavahAra nahIM hotaa|' karmamukta AtmA ke lie nAma aura gotra kA vyapadeza nahIM hotaa| karma ke kSINa ho jAne se puruSa akarmA ho jAtA hai| akarmA ke lie yaha nairayika hai, tiryagyonika hai, manuSya hai athavA deva hai| yaha bAla hai, kumAra hai, amuka gotra vAlA hai ityAdi vyapadeza nahIM hote haiN| sArI vividhatA karmakRta hai| bhagavatI meM kahA gayA hai ki jIva karma ke dvArA hI vibhaktibhAva arthAt vividhatA ko prApta karatA hai| karma atirikta anya tattva vividhatA kA hetu nahIM hai|' vividhatA ke pAMca hetu yadyapi uttaravartI jaina dArzanikoM ne kAla, svabhAva, niyati, karma evaM puruSArtha inake samavAya ko jagata vaividhya kA kAraNa mAnA hai| AcArya siddhasena ne kahA hai ki kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakarma aura puruSArtha paraspara nirapekSa rUpa meM kArya kI vyAkhyA karane meM ayathArtha bana 1. zvetAzvataropaniSad / /2 kAla: svabhAvaniyatiryadRcchA bhUtAni yoniH puruSa iti cintyAH / saMyoga eSA na tvAtmabhAvAdAtmApyaniza: sukhdu:khhetoH|| 2. ina vividha vAdoM ke vistAra ke lie dekheM-Bhargava D. Jaina Ethics, Ist Chapter, (Delhi, 1968) 3. kAThakopaniSad 2/2/7 yonimanye prapadyante zarIratvAya dehinH| sthANumanye tu saMyAnti yathAkarma yathAzrUtam / / 4. abhidharmakoza (le. AcArya vasubandhu, ilAhAbAda, 1958) 4/1 karmajaM lokvaicitrym| 5. AyAro, 3,19 AcArAMga bhASyam 3/19 1. AyAro. 3/18 akammassa vavahAro na vijji| 8. AcArAMgabhAdhyam 318 9. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 12/120 kammao NaM jIve no akammao vibhattibhAvaM prinnmi|

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182 jaina Agama meM darzana jAte haiM, jabaki yahI siddhAnta paraspara sApekSa hokara kArya kI vyAkhyA karane meM saphala ho jAtA hai|' jaina karmasiddhAnta meM kAla, svabhAva Adi vAdoM ko samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| jaina karma siddhAnta ke pariprekSya meM kAlavAda kA sthAna karma ke vipAka kAla ke rUpa meM hai, kyoMki pratyeka karma kI vipAka kI dRSTi se eka nizcita kAlamaryAdA hotI hai aura apane vipAka-kAla meM hI karmoM meM phala pradAna karane kI zakti hotI hai| pratyeka karma kA apanA niyata svabhAva hotA hai aura usake anusAra ve apanA phala dete haiN| kisI karma kA phala sukhada hotA hai to kisI kA du:khd| jaina darzana kI yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki nikAcita karma kA phala avazya bhoganA par3atA hai| yadi kisI karma kA phala vartamAna samaya meM nahIM milatA hai to usake lie bhAvI janmalenA par3atA hai| isa rUpa meM karmasiddhAnta meM vyakti svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA, niyantA aura svAmI hai tathA dalika karmoM ko tapasyA dvArA naSTa bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai isalie puruSArtha kA bhI mahattva hai| jaina darzana karma ko sarvesarvA nahIM maantaa| kArya kI niSpatti meM usakA bhI mahattvapUrNa yoga hai kiMtu anya kAla Adi samavAya bhI kArya niSpatti meM hetubhUta banate haiN| jagata ke vaividhya meM karma pradhAna tattva hai| AcArAMga evaM bhagavatI ke ullekha se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai| vahAM karma ko hI vividhatA kA hetu kahA gayA hai| kiMtu jainadarzana kA pratyeka vaktavya naya sApekSa hai| prastuta prasaMga meM bhI anekAntika dRSTikoNa kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| AcArAMga evaM bhagavatI meM jIva kI vividhatA kA hetu karma ko mAnA gayA hai| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki jagata kI vividhatA kA pradhAna kAraNa karma hai anya usake sahayogI haiM / isa vivecanA se pUrvavartI evaM uttaravartI avadhAraNAoM meM sAmaMjasya ho jAtA hai| jIva evaM karma kA sambandha jIva aura jar3a ke sambandha kI samasyA bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya dArzanikoM kI cintA kA viSaya rahI hai| sabhI dArzanikoM ne isa samasyA ko samAhita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| vizvavyavasthA ke saMdarbha meM do prakAra kI vicAra dhArAoM kA prasphuTana huA-dvaitavAdI aura advaitvaadii| advaitavAdiyoM ne eka tattva ke AdhAra para vizva vyavasthA kii| dvaitavAda ne do tattvoM ko vizva-vyavasthA kA niyAmaka maanaa| advaitavAda meM bhUtAdvaita tathA caitanyAdvaita prasiddha hai| ina do dhArAoM ke phalasvarUpa hameM jIva aura jar3a ke sambandha meM cAra avadhAraNAeM prApta hotI haiM 1. sanmatitarkaprakaraNa 3/53 kAlo sahAva NiyaI puvvakayaM purisa kaarnnegNtaa| micchattaM te cevA samAsao hoti sammattaM / / 2. (ka) chAndogyopaniSad / 4/1sarvaM khalvidaM brahma (kha) kAThakopaniSad 2/1/11 neha nAnAsti kiMcana 3. ThANaM 2/| jadatthi NaM loge taM savvaM dupaoAraM, taMjahA-jIvacceva ajiivccev|

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karmamImAMsA 183 1. cetana hai, jar3a kA astitva hI nahIM hai| yaha brahmavAda hai| 2. jar3a hai, jar3a se bhinna cetana kA svataMtra astitva hI nahIM hai| yaha bhUtavAda hai| 3. jar3a aura cetana donoM svataMtra padArtha haiM kiMtu unameM paraspara sambandha nahIM hotaa| yaha sAMkhyamata hai| 4. jar3a aura cetana donoM kA svataMtra astitva hai tathA unameM paraspara sambandha bhI hotA hai| yaha dvaitavAda hai| brahmavAda ___ prathama avadhAraNA advaita vedAnta se jur3I huI hai| advaitavAda ke sAmane do visadRza padArthoM kA paraspara sambandha kaise huA? yaha samasyA nahIM thI kyoMki unake anusAra jagata eka tattva se hI nirmita hai / yadyapi brahma (cetana) se jar3a athavA jar3a se cetana kI utpatti kaise huI ? yaha samasyA to unake sAmane bhI thI kiMtu visadRza padArthoM ke paraspara sambandha kI samasyA unake sammukha nahIM thii| jahAM taka vedAnta kA sambandha hai usane vividhatA ko sambandhajanya na mAnakara mAyAjanya mAnA arthAt usake mata meM vividhatA pAramArthika nahIM hai apitu usakI kevala pratItimAtra hotI hai| bhUtavAda dvitIya avadhAraNA ke svIkartA cArvAka haiN| unake anusAra jar3a se hI cetana kI utpatti ho gaI hai| jar3a bhinna cetana padArtha kA svataMtra astitva hI nahIM hai| inako bhI do visadRza padArthoM meM pArasparika sambandha kI samasyA kA sAmanA nahIM karanA pdd'aa| usake anusAra jar3a padArtha hI eka kramavizeSa meM tathA tAratamya vizeSa meM vyavasthita hone para caitanya ko janma de dete haiN| dvaitavAda advaitavAdI vedAnta athavA jar3avAdI cArvAka ke sAmane do vijAtIya padArthoM ke sambandha kI samasyA nahIM thii| isa samasyA se dvaitavAdiyoM ko hI jUjhanA pdd'aa|ye dvaitavAdI tIna prasthAnoM meM vibhakta haiM--(1) sAMkhya, (2) nyAya-vaizeSika, (3) jain| sAMkhyamata sAMkhya prakRti aura puruSa - ina do tattvoM ko svIkAra karatA hai|' donoM paraspara vijAtIya haiM, eka jar3a hai, eka cetana hai| sAMkhya ke anusAra puruSa apariNAmI hai| usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana saMbhava hI nahIM hai| pariNamana prakRti kA svabhAva hai, usameM pariNamana hotA rahatA hai| puruSa aura prakRti kA paraspara sambandha hI nahIM hotaa| sAMkhya ke anusAra baMdha 1. sAMkhyakArikA, zloka 3 2. pAtaJjalayogadarzanam 4/33 vRtti, tatra kUTasthanityatA puruSasya, pariNAmI nityatA guNAnAma

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jaina Agama meM darzana evaM mokSa puruSa ke nahIM hote haiN| prakRti hI baMdhatI hai aura vahI mukta hotI hai|' sAMkhya ne visadRza padArthoM kA sambandha karavAe binA hI saMsAra kI vyAkhyA kI / nyAyamata 184 naiyAyika-vaizeSika evaM jaina darzana ne jIva aura jar3a meM paraspara sambandha ko svIkAra kiyA hai kiMtu isakA samAdhAna donoM ne bhinna prakAra se diyA hai| naiyAyika-vaizeSika darzana ne AtmA aura paramANu meM sambandha svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra una do visadRza padArthoM meM svataH sambandha nahIM hotA kiMtu Izvara una donoM kA paraspara sambandha karavAtA hai| ataeva ve nimitta kAraNa ke rUpa meM Izvara ko jagata kA kartA mAnate haiN| unheM do vijAtIya tattvoM meM sambandha karavAne ke lie eka viziSTa IzvarIya zakti ko svIkRti denI pdd'ii| jainamata jaina darzana dvaitavAda kA pakSadhara hai| usake anusAra jIva aura pudgala donoM kA svataMtra astitva hai / ' jIva cetana hai aura pudgala acetana hai / cetana kabhI acetana nahIM banatA, acetana kabhI cetana nahIM banatA / astitva kI traikAlika svataMtratA hone para bhI unameM paraspara sambandha ho sakatA hai| yaha jainadarzana kI mAnyatA hai / bhagavatI sUtra meM jIva aura pudgala ke pArasparika sambandha para mahattvapUrNa ciMtana huA hai / vaisA ciMtana karma siddhAnta ke Agama se uttaravartI graMthoM meM to upalabdha hai hI nahIM kiMtu bhagavatI itara anya AgamoM meM bhI vaisA nirUpaNa prApta nahIM hai / gautama ne jijJAsA kI - bhaMte! kyA jIva aura pudgala anyonyabaddha, anyonyaspRSTa, anyonya-avagADha, anyonya- sneha pratibaddha aura anyonya- ekIbhUta bane hue haiM? bhagavAn ne isa jijJAsA kA samAdhAna hA~ meM diyA / 3 sambandha : bhautika yA abhautika jIva aura pudgala kA sambandha bhautika hotA hai yA abhautika yaha eka prazna hai / saMsArI avasthA meM jIva sarvathA abhautika nahIM hotA, isalie jIva aura pudgala ke sambandha ko bhautika mAnA jA sakatA hai| bhagavatI sUtra ke anusAra yaha sambandha kevala jIva yA pudgala kI ora se hI nahIM hotA kiMtu donoM ora se hotA hai, isakI avagati hameM 'sneha pratibaddha' zabda se milatI hai| Azrava jIva kA sneha hai tathA AkarSita hone kI arhatA pudgala kA sneha hai| sneha kA sambandha jIva aura pudgala donoM se hai| usake AdhAra para sambandha kI vyAkhyA 1. sAMkhyakArikA, zloka 62, tasmAnna badhyate nApi mucyate nApi saMsarati kazcit / saMsarati badhyate mucyate ca nAnAzrayA prakRtiH // 2. ThANaM 2 / 1 3. aMgasuttANi 2, ( bhagavaI) 1 / 312 atthi NaM bhaMte! jIvA ya poggalA ya aNNamaNNabadrA, aNNamaNNapudrA, aNNamaNNamogAr3hA, aNNamaNNasiNehapaDibaddhA, aNNamaNNavaDattAe cihnaMti ? haMtA anthi / /

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karmamImAMsA sarala ho jAtI hai / ' AcArya amRtacandra ne jIva ke snigdha pariNAma kA ullekha tattvapradIpikAvRtti meM kiyA hai / ' jIva aura pudgala kA sambandha zarIra dhAraNa, AhAra grahaNa, karmabaMdha, karmavipAka Adi aneka rUpoM meM hotA hai / 185 nada kA udAharaNa Agama sAhitya kI yaha zailIgata vizeSatA rahI hai ki ve tattva pratipAdana meM tarka kA avalambana to nahIM ke barAbara lete haiM kiMtu prasaMgaprApta viSaya ko vyAvahArika udAharaNa se spaSTa karake pAThaka kI jijJAsA ko zAMta karane kA prayatna karate haiM / jIva aura pudgala ke sambandha ke prasaMga meM bhI bhagavatI meM 'nada' kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra gautama kI jijJAsA kA samAdhAna 'nada' ke udAharaNa se prastuta karate hue kahate haiM- "jaise koI graha jala se pUrNa, paripUrNa pramANa vAlA, chalakatA huA, hiloreM letA huA cAroM ora se jala-jalAkAra ho rahA hai / koI vyakti usa draha meM eka bahuta bar3I saiMkar3oM chidroM vAlI naukA ko utaare| gautama ! vaha naukA una AzravadvAroM ke dvArA jala se bharatI huI, pUrNa paripUrNa pramANa vAlI, chalakatI huI, hiloreM letI huI cAroM ora se jala jalAkara ho jAtI hai ? gautama- hAM, ho jAtI hai / gautama ! isa apekSA se kahA jA rahA hai - jIva aura pudgala anyonya-baddha, anyonyaspRSTa, anyonya avagADha, anyonya- sneha pratibaddha aura anyonya- ekIbhUta bane hue haiM / ' bhagavatI ke isa vaktavya se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jIva aura karma paraspara ekIbhUta bane hue haiN| jIva aura pudgala kA sAdRzya saMsArAvasthA meM jIva aura pudgala kA kathaMcid sAdRzya hotA hai ata: unakA sambandha honA asambhava nahIM hai / saMsArI AtmA sUkSma aura sthUla- ina do prakAra ke zarIroM se AveSTita hai / eka janma se dUsare janma meM jAte samaya sthUla zarIra chUTa jAtA hai, sUkSma zarIra nahIM chUTatA / sUkSma zarIradhArI jIva hI dUsarA zarIra dhAraNa karate haiM, isalie amUrtta jIva mUrtta zarIra meM praveza kaise karatA hai, yaha prazna hI upasthita nahIM hotA hai kyoMki saMsArI AtmA kathaMcid mUrtta hai / bhagavatI meM karmayukta jIva ko mUrtta mAnA hai| zarIra sambandha ke kAraNa jIva pAMca varNa, do gaMdha Adi se yukta hai / ' vaha rUpI hai| jaina ke sAmane bhI samasyA thI ki vijAtIya dravyoM kA sambandha kaise hotA hai ? usane jIva kA pudgala ke sAtha kathaMcid sAdRzya svIkAra karake isa samasyA 1. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) pR. 139 2. paJcAstikAya, gAthA 128 / 130 tattvapradIpikAvRtti, pR. 188 - iha hi saMsAriNo jIvAdanAdibaMdhanopAdhivazena snigdhaH pariNAmo bhavati / 3. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 1/313 4. vahI, 17/33 jaNaM tahAgayassa jIvassa sarUvissa, sakammassa, sarAgassa, savedassa, samohassa, salesassa, sasarIrassa tAo sarIrAo avippamussa evaM paNNAyati, taM jahA kAlatte vA sukkilitte vA, subbhigaMdhatte vA, dubbhigaMdhatte vA, tittatte vA jAva mahuratte vA, kakkhaDate vA jAva lukkhatte vA /

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186 jaina Agama meM darzana ko samAhita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| isa saMdarbha meM eka prazna yaha bhI upasthita hotA hai ki jIva kA pudgala ke sAtha kathaMcit sAdRzya hai kyA vaisA hI sAdRzya pudgala kA bhI jIva ke sAtha hai? jainadarzana isakA uttara hAM meM detA hai| bhagavatI meM hI zarIra aura AtmA ke parampara bhedAbheda kA prazna upasthita kiyA gayA hai| kAya (zarIra) AtmA hai athavA AtmA se bhinna hai ? yaha rUpI hai athavA arUpI hai ? yaha sacitta hai athavA acitta hai? ina praznoM ko samAhita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki zarIra AtmA bhI hai aura usase bhinna bhI hai| vaha rUpI bhI hai aura arUpI bhI hai, sacitta bhI hai aura acitta bhI hai|' zarIra kI AtmA se abhedatA, arUpatA evaM sacittatA zarIra kI jIva ke sAtha sadRzatA kI abhivyakti de rahI hai| jaise jIva svarUpata: amUrta hote hue bhI apekSA vizeSa se mUrta ho jAtA hai, vaise hI zarIra svarUpata: mUrta, acitta hote hue bhI apekSA vizeSa se amUrta evaM sacitta bhI ho jAtA hai| AtmA evaM zarIra kA bhedAbheda AtmA aura zarIra meM sarvathA abheda nahIM hai. yadi sarvathA abheda hotA to ye donoM eka hI ho jaate| unameM sarvathA bheda bhI nahIM hai / yadi sarvathA bheda hotA to unakA paraspara kabhI bhI sambandha hI nahIM hotA ata: apane vizeSa guNoM ke kAraNa inameM paraspara bheda bhI hai aura sAmAnya guNoM ke kAraNa abheda bhI hai| AtmA aura zarIra meM atyanta bheda mAnA jAye to kAyakRta karmoM kA phala AtmA ko nahIM milanA caahie| unako paraspara atyanta abhinna mAneM to zarIra dAha ke samaya AtmA bhI naSTa ho jAyegI jisase paraloka sambhava nahIM hai| saMsArAvasthA meM zarIra aura AtmA kA kSIra-nIravat yA agni-lohapiNDavat tAdAtmya hai, ataeva kAya se kisI vastu kA sparza hone para AtmA meM saMvedana hotA hai| kAyakRta karma kA bhoga bhI AtmA karatI hai ata: zarIra aura AtmA abhinna hai| zarIra nAza ke bAda bhI AtmA rahatI hai tathA siddhAvasthA meM AtmA azarIrI hotI hai ata: AtmA evaM zarIra paraspara bhinna bhI hai| jIva ke savarNatA, sagandhatA Adi evaM zarIra ke arUpatA, sacittatA Adi vizeSaNa jIva aura zarIra meM paraspara aikya mAnane se hI ghaTita hote haiN| bhagavatI meM jIva ko arUpa, akarma, avarNa Adi bhI kahA hai| kAya ko acitta, rUpI Adi kahA hai| bhagavatI kA yaha vaktavya una donoM meM bhinnatA ko siddha kara rahA hai| 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhavagaI) 13/12 8, AyA vi kAye, aNNe vi kaaye| rUvi pi kAye, arUvi pi kaaye| sacitte vikAye, acitte vikaaye| jIve vi kAye ajIve vi kaaye| 2. vahI, 17/35, jaNNaM tahAgayassa jIvassa arUvissa, akammassa, arAgassa, avedassa, amohassa, asarIrassa, tAo sarIrAo vippamukkassa no evaM paNNAyati, taM jahA-kAlate vA jAva sukkilite vA.....

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karmamImAMsA saMsArI jIva kI vyAkhyA binA pudgala ke nahIM kI jA sktii| saMsArI jIva kA artha hI pudgala (karma) yukta jIva kI avasthA / saMsArAvasthA meM jIva aura pudagala paraspara kSIra aura nIra kI taraha eka bhUta bane hue haiM ataH unameM abhinnatA hai / eka cetana hai dUsarA acetana ataH unameM svarUpagata bhinnatA bhI hai| AcArya siddhasena gaNI ne anekAnta dRSTi kA upayoga karate hue jIva aura pudgala kI pArasparika bhinnatA evaM abhinnatA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| ' jIva paribhoktA evaM pudgala paribhogya jIva aura pudgala kA paraspara aneka prakAra kA sambandha hai / bhagavatI meM unako ekatra paribhoktA evaM paribhogya kahA hai| jIva pudgala kA paribhoga karatA hai, ataH vaha paribhoktA hai tathA pudgala jIva dvArA parigRhIta hotA hai ataH use paribhogya kahA gayA hai| jIva cetanA yukta hone ke kAraNa pudgala kA grAhaka hai tathA acetana hone ke kAraNa pudgala grAhya banatA hai / ' niSkarSa saMsArAvasthA meM cetana evaM acetana donoM eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiN| prabhAva kA kAraNa hai eka dUsare kA pArasparika sambandha / anekAnta dRSTi ke AdhAra para do vijAtIya tattvoM ke sambandha kI vyAkhyA sahajatA se ho jAtI hai| jaina darzana anekAntadRSTi kA saMvAhaka hai ataH usake anusAra cetanA aura acetana na to sarvathA bhinna hai aura na hI abhinna hai| cetana aura acetana ke sambandha kI samasyA ekAnta dRSTivAloM ke samakSa hai| jaina darzana anekAnta mAdhyama se isa samasyA ko samAhita kara letA hai / 187 sambandha kA svarUpa jaina paramparA dravya karma ko paudgalika mAnatI hai| pudgala kI ATha vargaNAoM meM eka vargaNA hai - kArmaNa / usI ke paramANu- pudgala karma rUpa meM AtmA se sambaMdhita hote haiM / bhagavatI meM aNNamaNNabaddhA, aNNamaNNapuTThA' Adi kahakara unakA anyonyAnupraveza prakaTa kiyA hai| 1 1. sanmatitarkaprakaraNa 1/47-48 aNNoNANugANaM imaM va taM va tti vibhayaNamajuttaM / jaha duddha- pANiyANaM jAvaMta visesapajjAyA // rUAi pajjavA je dehe jIvadaviyammi suddhammi | te aNNoNANugayA paNNavaNijjA bhavatthammi // 2. (ka) aMgasutANi 2, (bhagavaI) 25/17 jIvadavvANaM ajIvadavvA paribhogattAe havvamAgaccheti / no ajIvadavvANaM jIvadavvA paribhogatAe havvamAgacchaMti / (kha) bhagavatovRtti, patra, 856 iha jIvadravyANi paribhojakAni sacetanatvena grAhakatvAd itarANi tu paribhogyAnyacetanatayA grAhyatvAt // 3. aMgasuttANi 2, ( bhagavaI), 1 / 312

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188 jaina Agama meM darzana jIva aura pudgala ke anyonyAnupravezako agnievaM aya-golaka, kSIra-nIra ' Adi ke udAharaNoM se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai kiMtu bhagavatI sUtra meM karmabaMdha ke sambaMdha meM 'AveSTana-pariveSTana' zabda kA prayoga bhI huA hai, jo bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| jIva-pradezoM ko jJAnAvaraNIya Adi ke karmaparamANu AveSTita pariveSTita karate haiN| unako bAMdha dete haiN| AveSTana-pariveSTana zabda se yaha dyotita ho rahA hai ki karma paramANuoM kA AtmapradezoM meM anupravezana AveSTana-pariveSTanAtmaka hotA hai| AtmA para karma kA AveSTana-pariveSTana ___bhagavatI meM eka prazna yaha bhI upasthita kiyA gayA hai ki jJAnAvaraNIya Adi karma ke avibhAgI-pariccheda (karmaparamANu) kitanI saMkhyA se jIva ke eka pradeza para AveSTana evaM pariveSTana karate haiN| isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA-ve karma-paramANu AveSTana-pariveSTana karate bhI haiM aura nahIM bhI karate haiM, yadi karate haiM to anaMta-karmaparamANu eka sAtha AveSTanapariveSTana karate haiN| saMkhyeya yA asaMkhyeya saMkhyA vAle karmavargaNA ke skandha karma rUpa meM pariNata nahIM ho sakate haiN| syAt AveSTana-pariveSTana hotA hai, syAt nahIM hotA hai| isa vaktavya ke saMdarbha meM yaha mananIya hai ki amuka-amuka guNasthAnavI jIva ke amuka karma kA AveSTanapariveSTana hotA hai tathA amuka prakAra kA nahIM hotA ata: yahAM AveSTana-pariveSTana hotA bhI hai, nahIM bhI hotA hai| isa vaktavya ko rucakapradeza kI avadhAraNA ke Aloka meM dekhane se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki jIva ke pradezoM para AveSTana evaM pariveSTana hotA bhI hai aura nahIM bhii| kucha jainAcArya jIva ke madhyavartI rucakapradezoM ko pUrNa vizuddha mAnate haiN| una para karma kA AvaraNa nahIM ho sktaa| naMdIsUtra meM bhI eka vaktavya hai ki akSara kA anantavAM bhAga nitya udghATita rahatA hai| yadi vaha bhI AvRtta ho jAye to jIva bhI ajIvatva ko prApta ho jAtA hai| akSara kA anantavAM bhAga nitya udghATita rahatA hai arthAt utane Atma pradezoM para karma kA AvaraNa nahIM hotA, isase lagatA hai ki AtmA ke kucha pradeza sarvathA karma-paramANuoM se mukta hote hoMge / yadyapi bhagavatI meM yaha bhI kahA hai ki manuSya ko chor3akara niyama se saba jIvoM ke AtmapradezoM para ananta karmaparamANuoM kA AveSTana-pariveSTana hotA hai| phira bhI yaha avadhAraNA eka nae tathya kI ora iMgita karatI huI pratIta hotI hai| 1. sanmati tarka 1/47 2. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 8/482 jai AveDhiya-pariveDhie niyamA annNtehiN| 3. vahI, 8/482 siya AveDhiya-pariveDhie, siya no aaveddhiy-priveddhie| jai AveDhiya-pariveDhie, niyamA aNaMtehiM / 4. naMdIsUtra 71 akkharassa aNaMtabhAgo niccughADio 5. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 8/483 niyama annNtehiN| jahA neraiyassa evaM jAva vemANiyassa, navaraM. maNUsassa jahA jiivss|

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karmamImAMsA 189 karma kA baMdha kaba se? jIva ke sAtha karma kA baMdha hai| isa saMdarbha meM yaha prazna svAbhAvika hI hai ki vaha sambandha kabase hai? yaha prazna na kevala jainadarzana ke sAmane hai, apitu sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ke sAmane hai| brahma aura mAyA kA sambandha, prakRti aura puruSa kA sambandha, AtmA aura paramANukAsambandha, nAma aura rUpa kA sambandha, jIva aura karma ke sambandha ko una-una paramparAoM ne anAdi mAnA hai| unakA paraspara anAdi sambandha hai| jainadarzana bhI jIva aura karma ke sambandha ko anAdi mAnatA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra jIva aura karma kA sambandha 'apazcAnupUrvika' hai|' arthAt na pahale na piiche| jIva aura karma ke sambandha meM pUrvatA evaM aparatA mAnane se aneka kaThinAiyAM upasthita hotI haiN| yadi jIva pUrva meM ho karma bAda meM ho to karma-rahita jIva saMsAra meM kyoM rahegA? yadi karma pahale ho jIva bAda meM ho to jIva ke binA karma kie kisane? kyoMki karma to jIvakRta hote haiM, ata: jIva aura karma meM paurvAparya nahIM hai| roha ke prasaMga se yahI tathya udbhUta ho rahA hai| roha ke dvArA murgI evaM aMDe ke paurvAparya ke bAre meM jijJAsA prastuta karavAkara murgI evaM aNDe meM anAnupUrvI siddha kara dete haiN| vaise hI jIva evaM ajIva meM bhI anAnupUrvI hai|' 'kaba' kA samAdhAna kaba hogA yA nahIM hogA yA yahI hogA-ye saba ananta kAla ke pravAha meM satata gatizIla rahane vAle prazna haiM, jina para UhApoha hotA rhegaa| karma kA kartA jIva aura karma kA paraspara sambandha hai| isa sambandha kA kartA kauna hai ? dUsare zabdoM meM karma ko kauna karatA hai ? isa saMdarbha meM kucha vikalpa upasthita haiM 1. karma prakRtikRta haiM, 2. karma niyatikRta haiM, 3. karma caitanya (jIva) kRta haiN| sAMkhya : prakRti karma kI kartA prathama vikalpa ke anusAra karma hI karma kA kartA hai| karma se bhinna koI anya zakti karma ko nahIM kara sktii| sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra karma prakRti kA hI hissA hai| karma kA bandhanavimocana prakRtikRta hI hai| sAMkhyadarzana ke anusAra puruSa cetana, akartA apariNAmI aura kevala sAkSI draSTA hai| usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA kartRtva nahIM hai| kartRtva prakRti kA dharma hai| 1. aMgasuttANi :, (bhagavaI) 1/291 niyamaM annNtehiN| jahA nerajhyassa evaM jAva vemANiyassa, navaraM maNUsassa jahA jiivss| 2. vahI, 1/295 3. sAMkhyakArikA, zloka 19 4. sAMkhyakArikA, zloka 19

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190 jaina Agama meM darzana binA kartRtva ke prakRti kA astitva hI nahIM hai| saMsAra ke sAre kArya prakRti hI kara rahI hai| gItA meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki guNoM ke mAdhyama se prakRti sampUrNa kAryoM ko karatI hai| ahaMkAra se vimUDha vyakti yaha socatA hai ki maiM ina kAryoM kA kartA huuN|' sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra puruSa meM mAtra sAkSi-bhAva hai| usameM kartRtva nahIM hai| ata: isa darzana ke anusAra prakRti jo acetana hai vahI karma kI kartA hai| tAtparyArtha karma hI karma kA kartA hai| niyati : karma kI kartA AjIvaka sampradAya niyativAdI hai| vaha karmabandha ko niyati se jur3A huA mAnatA hai| usake anusAra karmabandha Adi sabhI kSetroM meM puruSArtha akiJcitkara hotA hai| niyativAda ke anusAra jIvake karmabandha puruSArtha dvArA nahIM hote| utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya Adi kA karmabandha meM koI sthAna nahIM hai| jo kucha bhI zubha-azubha kI prApti hotI hai vaha niyati ke bala se hI prApta hotA hai| karmacaitanyakRta jaina AgamasIhatya meM karmako caitanyakRta mAnA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra puruSArthavAda ke pratipAdaka rahe haiN| mahAvIra ke darzana ke anusAra jIva apane parAkrama se karma kA bandha karatA hai| karmabandha niyati se jur3A huA nahIM hai| jIva apane utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya, puruSakAra, parAkrama se karma kA bandha karatA hai| prANI apanI hI pravRtti se karma kA saMcaya karatA hai aura unakA bhoga karatA hai| karmabandha ke lie jIva svayaM uttaradAyI hai| jIvakRta zArIrika, vAcika evaM mAnasika zubhAzubha pravRtti ke dvArA hI AkRSTa karma vargaNA ke ananta pradezI pudgala skandha AtmA se cipaka kara karma saMjJA ko prApta hote haiN|' jainadarzana sAMkhya kI taraha prakRti se karmabandha nahIM maantaa| prakRti acetana hotI hai| acetana meM svayaM kA kartRtva nahIM hotaa| ata: vaha karmabandha nahIM kara sktii| jIvoM ke karma caitanyakRta hote haiM, acaitanyakRta nahIM hote|' 1. gItA 3/27 prakRteH kriyamANAni guNaiH karmANi srvshH| ahaMkAravimUDhAtmA kartAhamiti manyate / / 2. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1), pR. 372, yathA gozAlakamate nAsti jIvAnAmutthAnAdi puruSArthAsAdhakatvAt, niyatita evaM puruSArthasiddheH, yadAha - prAptavyo niyatibalAzrayeNa yo'rtha, so'vazyaM bhavati nRNAM zubho'zubho vaa| bhUtAnAM mahati kRte'pi hi prayatne, nAbhAvyaM bhavati na bhAvino'sti nAzaH / / aMgusattANi 2, (bhagavaI) 1/146 evaM sati atthei uTANei vA, kammei vA, balei vA, vIriei vA, purisakkAra parakkamei vaa| 4. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA 4/1 AtmapravRttyAkRSTAstatprAyogyapudgalA: karma 5. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 16/41 jIvANaM ceyakaDA kammA kajjati, no aceyakaDA kAmA knjNti|

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karmamImAMsA 191 ___ jIva jisa prakAra AhAra, zarIra Adi ke prAyogya pudgaloM kA grahaNa karatA hai aura unako tadrUpa meM pariNata karatA hai ThIka vaise hI jIva karma prAyogya pudgaloM kA grahaNa karatA hai tathA ve pudgala karma rUpa meM pariNata ho jAte haiN| pudgaloM kA grahaNa, pariNamana jIva dvArA hI hotA hai ata: karma caitanyakRta hai| acaitanyakRta nahIM hai|' nizcaya evaM vyavahAranaya se karma kA kartA jaina-paramparA ke kucha AcAryoM ne karma ke kartRtva ke sambandha meM nizcaya evaM vyavahAra naya se vimarza kiyA hai| zuddha nizcaya naya ke anusAra AtmA dravya karmoM kI kartA nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki dravya karma paudgalika haiN| una paudgalika karmoM kA kartA cetana AtmA nahIM ho sktii| pratyeka dravya svabhAva kA kartA hotA hai, parabhAva kA kartRtva usameM nahIM hai| AtmA apane svabhAva ke anurUpa karma karatI huI apane cetana pariNAmoM kI hI kartA hai| paudgalika karmoM kI vaha kartA nahIM hai| karma hI karma kA kartA hai| yaha kundakunda kI zuddha nizcayanaya kI dRSTi hai| saMsArI avasthA meM AtmA karma se mukta nahIM hai| ata: vyavahAra naya kI dRSTi se AtmA paudgalika karma kI kartA hai| azuddha nizcaya naya ke anusAra AtmA rAga-dveSa Adi cetana karma-samUha kI kartA hai aura zuddha nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se AtmA apane zuddha jJAna Adi bhAvoM kI kartA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra anantajJAna, anantadarzana Adi AtmA ke svAbhAvika guNa haiN| zuddha nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se AtmA kevala ina guNoM kI hI kartA hai| karma-pudgala ke sAtha usakA kisI prakAra kA sambandha hI nahIM ho sktaa| karma kI kartA AtmA nahIM hai kyoMki karma parabhAva hai| karma hI karma ke kartA haiN| AcArya kundakunda kI vicAradhArA kA sAMkhyadarzana ke sAtha AMzika sAmya parilakSita ho rahA hai| sAMkhyadarzana ke anusAra bhI jar3a prakRti hI karma kI kartA hai| cetana puruSa kA usake sAtha koI sambandha nahIM hai| karmopacaya prayatnajanya pudgaloM kA upacaya svabhAva evaM prayatna donoM hI prakAra se hotA hai kiMtu karma kA upacaya prayatna kRta hI hotA hai svata nahIM ho sktaa| jIva ke mana, vacana evaM kAyA kI pravRtti rUpa prayatna hotA hai usase hI karma pudgaloM kA AkarSaNa hotA hai| mana, vacana evaM kAyA ke bheda se aMgasuttANi :, (bhagavaI) 16/42 goyamA! jIvANaM AhArovaciyA poggalA, boMdiciyA poggalA, kalevaraciyA poggalA tahA tahA NaM te poggalA pariNamaMti, natthi aceyakaDA kmmaa........| duTThANesu dusejjAsu, dunnisIhiyAsu tahA tahA NaM te poggalA pariNamaMti, natthi aceyakaDA kmmaa| samayasAra, gAthA 82 3. dravyasaMgraha gAthA 8 puggalakammAdINaM, kattA vavahArado du nicchydo| cedaNa-kammANAdA, suddhanayA suddha-bhAvANaM / / 4. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 6/25 jIvANaM kammovacae.......payogasA, no viissaa| 2. samaya

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192 prayoga tIna prakAra kA mAnA jAtA hai / paJcendriya prANI ke karmabaMdha mana, vacana evaM kAyA ina tInoM ke prayoga se hI hotA hai / dvIndriya se lekara asaMjJI paJcendriya taka ke jIvoM ke mana nahIM hotA ata: unake karmopacaya kAyA evaM vacana ke prayoga se hotA hai| ekendriya jIvoM ke kAyayoga hI hotA hai ata: unake karmopacaya mAtra zarIra nimittaka hI hotA hai|' karmabandha tInoM hI yogoM se hotA hai / mahAvIra ne mana, vacana evaM kAyA - ina tInoM se hI karmabaMdha mAnA hai| ye tInoM karaNa rUpa haiN| cetana rUpa kartA ina karaNoM kA prayoga karake karma kA bandha karatA hai ataH yaha spaSTa hI hai ki karma acaitanyakRta nahIM hai kiMtu caitanyakRta hI hai / duHkha kA sparza kisako ? gautama ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchA- - bhaMte! kyA duHkhI duHkha se spRSTa hotA hai athavA aduHkhI duHkha se spRSTa hotA hai? jijJAsA ko samAhita karate hue bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA - duHkhI hI duHkha se spRSTa hote haiN|' karma mukta jIva ke karma kA baMdha nahIM hotA / pUvakarma se baMdhA huA jIva hI nae karmoM kA baMdha karatA hai|' nae baMdhana kA hetu pUrva baMdhana na ho to mukta jIva ke bhI karma baMdhe binA kaise raha sakate haiM ? ataH baMdhA huA hI baMdhatA hai / saMsArAvasthA meM AtmA sakarmA hotI hai| sakarmA AtmA ke nirantara karma kA baMdha hotA rahatA hai| zuddha AtmA, muktaAtmA duHkha se spRSTa nahIM ho sakatI / abhayadevasUri ne duHkha ko karma kahA hai / ' karma duHkha ke nimitta banate haiM ataH ve duHkha hI haiN| jo karmoM se yukta hotA hai vaha duHkhI hai tathA duHkhI hI duHkha ko / karma ko AkarSita karate haiM / I jaina Agama meM darzana - karmabaMdha kA hetu jaisA ki pahale kahA gayA hai dArzanika jagat meM 'kArya kAraNavAda' kA siddhAnta mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| darzana ke aneka siddhAnta kAryakAraNa kI zrRMkhalA se sampRkta haiN| karmavAda jaina darzana kA mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai / vaha kAryakAraNa kI paramparA meM nibaddha hai| karma kA baMdha hotA hai to usakA koI kAraNa avazya honA caahie| karma kA baMdha kArya hai usake kAraNa kyA haiM ? karmabaMdha ke kAraNoM ke sambandha meM jainadarzana meM prabhUta vicAra huA hai kyoMki karmabandha ke hetuoM ko jAnakara hI karmabandha se bacA jA sakatA hai| karmabandha kA kAraNa: pramAda evaM yoga bhagavatI meM kAMkSA - mohanIya karmabaMdha ke prasaMga meM pramAda evaM yoga ko karmabaMdha kA hetu gayA hai / 'karmabaMdha kA mUla upAdAna kAraNa pramAda hai tathA usakA sahakArI kAraNa yoga 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 6 / 26 jIvANaM kammovacae. .payogasA, no vIsasA / 2. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 7 / 16 dukkhI dukkheNaM phur3e no adukkhI dukkheNaM phuDe / 3. paNNavaNA 23/1/292 4. bhagavaI (khaNDa-2), pRSTha 489 (7/16) du:khaM karma tadvAn jIvo duHkhI 5. aMgasuttANi 2 ( bhagavaI) 1 / 141

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karmamImAMsA hai / pramAda ke sAtha prayukta pratyaya zabda se tathA yoga ke sAtha prayukta nimitta zabda se isa tathya kI avagati prApta hotI hai| kisI bhI kArya ke niSpAdana meM upAdAna kAraNa evaM nimitta / sahakArI kAraNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai karmabaMdha rUpa kArya ke lie bhI ina donoM kAraNoM kI AvazyakatA / sUtrakAra ne svayaM hI ina donoM kAraNoM kA spaSTa ullekha kara diyA hai / pramAda ke prakAra bhagavaI bhASya meM AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI ne pramAda evaM yoga para vizeSa vimarza prastuta karate hue likhA hai ki- "pramAda kA eka artha madya Adi kiyA jAtA hai|' ThANa meM pramAda ke chaha prakAra nirdiSTa haiM - madya, nidrA, viSaya, kaSAya, dyUta aura pratilekhana / vRttikAra ne vaikalpika rUpa meM pramAda ke antargata mithyAtva, avirati aura kaSAya kA nirdeza kiyA hai / ' tattvArthavArtika pramAda ke pandraha prakAroM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / ' karmabaMdha ke hetu ke prasaMga meM pramAda evaM yoga ina donoM kA svataMtra ullekha hai ataH ina donoM kI sImA bhI svataMtra honI caahie| isa sImA kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha niSkarSa prApta hotA hai ki karmabandha kI prakriyA meM mukhyataH karmabandha ke bhUta banate haiM - mohakarma aura nAmakarma / pramAda mohakarma kI sUcanA dene vAlA pada hai aura yoga nAmakarma kA sUcaka pada hai|' 193 yoga kA artha zrImad jayAcArya ne dharmasI muni kA mata uddhRta kiyA hai| dharmasI muni ne 'yoga' kA artha azubha yoga kiyA hai| kiMtu karmabaMdha ke hetubhUta pramAda aura yoga ke sambandha meM vicAra karane para yaha artha vimarzanIya lagatA hai / yadi yoga ko azubha mAna liyA jAye to phira pramAda kA artha kyA hogA ? yahAM pramAda svayaM sAvadyayoga rUpa hai| phira pramAda aura yoga meM koI bhedarekhA nahIM khIMcI jA sakatI, isalie pramAda kA artha mohanIya karma ke udaya se hone vAlI mUrcchA athavA azubha vyApAra aura yoga kA artha nAmakarma ke udaya se hone vAlI zarIra, vANI aura mana kI pravRtti hai / ' prANI kI sArI pravRttiyAM jIva aura zarIra donoM ke saMyoga se hotI hai| zarIra kA nirmANa jIva ke dvArA hotA hai / " vIrya do prakAra kA hotA hai kriyAtmaka aura akriyAtmaka | jIva kA 1. aMgasuttANi 2 ( bhagavaI) 1 / 141 kahaNNaM bhaMte! jIvA kaMkhAmohaNijjaM kammaM baMdhati ? goyamA ! pamAdapaccayA, joganimittaM ca / 2. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) pR. 81-82 (1/141) pramAdazca madyAdiH / 3. ThANaM 6 / 44 chavvihe pamAe paNNatte, taM jahA- majjapamAe, NiddapamAe, visayapamAe, kasAyapamAe, jUtapamAe, paDilehaNApamAe 4. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1 ) ( 1/141) athavA pramAdagrahaNena mithyAtvAviriti kaSAyalakSaNaM bandhahetutrayaM gRhItam / 5. tattvArthavArtika 7 / 13 / 3 paJcadazapramAdapariNato vA / 6. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 8 / 420-433 7. bhagavaI (khaNDa- 1) 1/140-146 pR. 81 8. bhagavatI jor3a 1 / 12/24 9. bhagavaI (khaNDa- 1) 1 / 141 kA TippaNa, pR. 81 10. vahI, pR. 372 ( bhagavatI vRtti 1 / 145 ) iha yadyapi zarIrasya karmApi kAraNaM na kevalaM eva jIvastathA'pi karmaNo jIvakRtatvena jIvaprAdhAnyAt jIvapravahaM zarIramityuktam

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194 jaina Agama meM darzana aparispandAtmaka vIrya kevala jIva se sambaddha hotA hai| jIva kA parispandAtmaka vIrya zarIra se utpanna hotA hai| usI ke dvArA mana, vacana aura zarIra kI pravRttiyAM saJcAlita hotI haiN| umAsvAti ne yoga kA artha kAya, vAk aura mana kA karma kiyA hai| siddhasenagaNI ne yoga kI prakriyA meM cAra tattvoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-AtmA, zarIra, karaNa aura yoga / ' unakI tulanA bhagavatI meM Agata jIvapravaha zarIra, zarIrapravaha vIrya aura vIryapravaha yoga se kI jA sakatI hai| pramAda aura yoga jo kramaza: mohakarma evaM nAmakarma sthAnIya haiM, unase karma kA baMdha hotA hai| anya jaina Agama tathA darzana ke graMthoM meM bhI karmabaMdha ke hetuoM kA ullekha huA hai jinakA prastuta prasaMga meM vimarza karanA ucita hogA / pAThakoM kI suvidhA ke lie bhagavaI (bhASya) meM pradatta prAcIna saMdarbho kA bhI yahAM avataraNa kiyA hai| karmabandha kA kAraNa : rAga aura dveSa prajJApanA meM karmabandha kerAga aura dveSa-yedo kAraNa batalAe gae haiN| rAga ke do prakAra haiM-- mAyA aura lobha tathA dveSa ke do prakAra haiM-krodha aura mAna / vistAra meM krodha, mAna, mAyA evaMlobha ye cAra karmabaMdha ke hetu banate haiN| ThANaM meM bhI karmabaMdha ke ina cAra hetuoM kA ullekha milatA hai| prajJApanA kI avadhAraNA prajJApanA meM bhI karmabaMdha kI avadhAraNA para eka mahattvapUrNa vimarza prApta hai| vahAM para karmabaMdha kI pRSThabhUmi kA ullekha huA hai, jo vizeSa rUpa se dhyAtavya hai| prajJApanA ke anusAra jJAnAvaraNa ke tIvra udaya se darzanAvaraNa kA tIvra udaya hotA hai| darzanAvaraNa ke tIvra udaya se darzanamoha kA tIvra udaya hotA hai| darzanamoha ke tIvra udaya se mithyAtva kA udaya hotA hai| mithyAtva ke udaya se jIva ke ATha prakAra ke karmoM kA baMdha hotA hai| bhagavatI meM pramAda aura 1. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1), pR. 372, (bhagavatI vRtti 1/143-144) vIryaM nAma vIryAntarAyakarmakSayakSayopazamasamuttho jiivprinnaamvishessH| 'sarIrappavahe' tti vIrya dvidhA-sakaraNamakaraNaM c| tatrAlezyasya ke valina: kRtsnayorjeyadRzyayo: kevalaM jJAnaM darzanaM copayuJAnasya yo'sAvaparispando'pratigho jIvapariNAmavizeSa tadakaraNaM tadiha naadhikriyte| yastu manovAkkAyakaraNasAdhana: salezyajIva kartRko-jIvapradezaparispandA tmako vyApAro'sau sakaraNaM vIryaM tacca shriirprvhm| zarIraM vinA tdbhaavaaditi| 2. tattvArthasUtra 6/1 kAyavADmanaH karmayogaH / 3. tattvArthabhASyAnusAriNI 6/1 4. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 1/142-145 paNNavaNA 23/6 jIve NaM bhaMte! NANAvaraNijja kamma katihiM ThANehiM baMdhati? goyamA! dohiM ThANehiM, taM jahA-rAgeNa ya doseNa y| rAge duvihe paNNatte-taM jahA-mAyA ya lobhe y| dose duvihe paNNatte, taM jahA -- kohe ya mANe y| iccetehiM cauhiM ThANehiM vIriovaggahiehiM evaM khalu jIve NANAvaraNi kammaM baMdhati / ThANaM 4/92-94 jIvA NaM cauhiM ThANehiM aTThakammapagaDIo cinniNsu......| ciNaMti.......ciNissaMti, taM jahA-koheNaM, mANeNaM, mAyAe, lobheNaM / paNNavaNA 23/3......NANAvaraNijjassa kammassa udaeNaM daMsaNAvaraNijnaM kammaM Niyacchati, daMsaNAvaraNijjassa kammassa udaeNaM daMsaNamohaNinaM kammaM Niyacchati, daMsaNamohaNi jassa kammassa udaeNaM micchattaM Niyacchati, micchatteNaM udiNNeNaM goyamA! evaM khala jIve aTTha kammaparaDIo bNdhi| 6. ThANa

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karmamImAMsA 195 yoga ko karmabaMdha kA hetu mAnA hai| prajJApanA meM mithyAtva kA ullekha huA jo mohakarma kA hI bheda hai tathA bhagavatI Agata pramAda bhI mohakarma kA hI bheda hai| prajJApanA meM yoga kA baMdha hetu ke rUpa meM ullekha nahIM huA kiMtu eka mahattvapUrNa tathya kA ullekha prajJApanA meM hai ki jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa ke udaya se darzana moha kA udaya aura usase karma kA baMdha hotA hai, mithyAtva to darzana moha kA hI bheda hai| prastuta prasaMga para vicAra karane se jJAta hotA hai ki sUtrakAra ajJAna evaM mithyAtva ko karmabaMdha kA hetu kaha rahe haiN| prastuta sUtra meM karmabaMdha ke hetuoM kI eka zrRMkhalA prApta ho rahI hai| yadi zRMkhalA na rahe to karmabaMdha nahIM ho sktaa| cAra ghAtI karmoM meM antarAya ko chor3akara zeSa tIna karmabaMdha ke hetu bana rahe haiN| karma baMdha kA pratyakSa kAraNa to kaSAya hI hai kiMtu usa kaSAya kA sahayogI ajJAna hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ajJAna evaM kaSAya-ye do karmabaMdha ke hetu haiN| Agamottara sAhitya : karmabaMdha ke hetu Agama uttaravartI sAhitya meM karmabandha ke pAMca kAraNa batalAe gae haiN| sabase pahale karmabaMdha ke mithyAtva, avirati pramAda, kaSAya evaM yoga-ina pAMca hetuoM kA prayoga AcArya umAsvAti ne kiyA hai| uttaravartI graMthakAra unakA anugamana karate rahe haiN| kiMtu karmazAstra meM karma baMdha ke cAra kAraNa batalAe gae haiM, unameM pramAda kA ullekha nahIM huA hai| ThANaM meM pramAda ko du:kha kA hetu kahA gayA hai| karma du:kha rUpa hI hote haiN| jahAM karmabaMdha meM pramAda ko mukhyatA dI gaI vahAM para pramAda kA ullekha pRthak rUpa se kara diyA gyaa| jahAM aisA nahIM kiyA gayA vahAM pramAda kA pRthak rUpa se ullekha nahIM kiyA gyaa| sAmAnyata: ATha karmoM meM mohanIya evaM nAmakarma ko karmabaMdha kA hetu mAnA jAtA hai kiMtu prajJApanA meM jJAnAvaraNIya evaM darzanAvaraNIya karma ko bhI karmabaMdha ke hetu ke rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA hai| karmabaMdha ke Abhyantara evaM bAhya hetu avirati, pramAda, kaSAya Adi ye karmabaMdha ke Abhyantara hetu haiN| pratyakSa grAhya nahIM haiN| karmabaMdha ke bAhya hetu mana, vacana, kAyA kI pravRtti hai jo pratyakSa grAhya hai| Abhyantara kAraNa pRSThabhUmi meM hai| bAhyakAraNa spaSTa hai ata: sAmAnyata: vyakti yahI samajhatA hai ki mana, vacana evaM kAyA kI pravRtti se hI karma kA baMdha hotA hai| prazna hotA hai ki pApa karma kA baMdha usI ke honA cAhie jisake mana, vacana aura kAyA spaSTa haiM arthAt jo mana se ciMtana kara sakatA hai, 1. tattvArthasUtra 8/1 mithyAdarzanAviratipramAdakaSAyayogA bandhahetavaH 2. pa casaMgraha (spA, hIrAlAla jaina, kAzI, vi.saM. 2017) (digambara) caturtha adhikAra (zataka) gA.77 pR.105 micchAsaMjama hUMti hu kasAya jogA ya baMdhaheu te / paMcaduvAlasabheyA kameNa paNuvIsa paNNarasaM / / / 3. ThANaM 3/3 3 6 ...bhNte| dukkhe keNa kaDe, jIveNa kaDe pamAdeNaM /

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196 jaina Agama meM darzana vacana se bola sakatA hai aura zarIra se saMkalpapUrvaka pravRtti kara sakatA hai| jo prANI mana se kuzala yA akuzala kA cintana nahIM karatA, vANI se kucha nahIM bolatA aura kAyA se sthANu kI taraha nizceSTa rahatA hai, usake karmabaMdha kaise hogA? yadi usake bhI karmabaMdha mAnA jAe to mukta AtmAoM ke bhI karmabaMdha hone kA prasaMga A jaaegaa| ekendriya tathA vikalendriya jIvoM ke karmabaMdha kA prasaMga hI nahIM AtA kyoMki unameM ghAta karane kA mana, vacana aura kAyA nahIM hai| karmabaMdha kA hetu hai-yoga-pravRtti / yoga tIna haiM-mana, vacana aura kaayaa| jo jIva inake dvArA pravRtta nahIM haiM, unake karmabaMdha kaise hogA? jainadarzana isa prazna ko samAhita karate hue kahatA hai ki karmabaMdha kA mUla kAraNa vyakta yA avyakta mana, vacana, kAyA nahIM hai usakA mUla kAraNa haiapratyAkhyAna- avirati / ekendriya Adi jIva bhI aThAraha pApoM se anivRtta haiM, unake pAMca Azrava dvAra khule haiN| unake pravRttirUpa karmabaMdha na bhI ho para anivRttirUpa karmabaMdha to hogA hii| ekendriya Adi amanaska yA samanaska jIvoM meM pratyAkhyAnAtmaka avadhakacitta utpanna hI nahIM hotaa| vaisA avadhakacitta utpanna na hone ke kAraNa ve avirata hai| jo avirata haiM unake karmabaMdha hogaa| unakA citta nirantara aThAraha pApoM ke prati avyaktarUpa se saMlagna rahatA hai, isalie unake karmabaMdha hotA hai| svapna evaM jAgaraNa meM karma kA baMdha bauddha Adi dArzanika mAnate haiM ki svapna ke madhya hone vAlI kuzala-akuzala kriyAoM se karma kA caya nahIM hotA kyoMki usa avasthA meM prANI avyakta vijJAna vAlA hotA hai| usa kriyA ke niSpAdana meM na usakA citta hai aura na usakA adhyavasAya hai| jaina kahate haiM ki pratyeka prANI meM sote-jAgate avirati kA pravAha nirantara cAlU rahatA hai| avirati Azrava hai| usase nirantara karmabaMdha hotA rahatA hai| svapna meM bhI vyakti ko avariti nahIM chodd'tii| isalie vyakti usa avyakta avasthA meM bhI karma kA caya karatA hai| jo vyakti hiMsA Adi kA pratyAkhyAna nahIM karatA, vaha nirantara aThAraha pApoM meM pravRtta hotA rahatA hai| ekendriya aura vikalendriya jIva bhI isake apavAda nahIM haiN| unameM bhI pAMca AzravoM kI vidyamAnatA hai ve aThAraha pApoM se anivRtta haiM, isalie svapna Adi kI avasthA meM bhI ve karmoM ke baMdhaka hote haiN|' karmabaMdha kA hetu avirati jo pApakarma kA pratyAkhyAna kara detA hai usake pApakarma kA baMdha nahIM hotaa| jinake virati nahIM hotI unake azubha yoga kI pravRtti nahIM hone para bhI virati ke abhAva ke kAraNa una jIvoM meM pApa karmoM ke niSpAdana kI yogyatA hai, isalie unake karmabandha hotA hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi ke anusAra mana, vacana aura kAyA kI duSpravRtti ke binA pApa karma kA baMdha nahIM mAnA jAtA 1. sUyagaDo 2/4 kA Amukha 2. vahI, pR. 286

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karmamImAMsA 197 kiMtu AdhyAtmika dRSTi se pApakarma ke baMdha kA eka kAraNa avirati hai| usase nirantara baMdha hotA rahatA hai| duSpravRtti usakI abhivyakti mAtra hai| vaha kabhI-kabhI hotI hai, nirantara nahIM hotii| isalie sAdhaka ko aviraticitta ko badalane kI dizA meM upakrama karanA caahie| usake badalane para duSpravRtti sahaja niruddha hone laga jAtI hai|' jitanA nirodha hogA utanA hI karmoM kA Agamana ruka jaaegaa| kAraNa kI mandatA meM kAryamandatAbhI avazyaMbhAvI hai| Azrava kI alpatA evaM kramaza: kSINatA hI karmanirodha kA pradhAna hetu hai| bandha kI prakriyA jIva karma kA baMdha pramAda aura yoga ke dvArA karatA hai| karmabandha meM pramAda ko upAdAna evaM yoga ko nimitta kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| isa prasaMga meM praznoM kI eka mahattvapUrNa zrRMkhalA bhagavatI meM upasthita kI gaI hai| pramAda kA janaka yoga, yoga kA janaka vIrya, vIrya kA janaka zarIra evaM zarIra kA janaka jIva ko mAnA gyaa| isa prasaMga se jIva aura zarIra ke paraspara sambandha kI prakriyA kA bodha karavAyA gayA hai| "zarIra aura mana ke sambandha kI samasyA dArzanika jagat meM eka gutthI banI huI hai| isa prakaraNa se isakA sahaja samAdhAna ho jAtA hai| mana kA saMcAlana zarIra-janita vIrya se hotA hai| vIrya ke binA mana gatizIla nahIM hotA aura vIrya kI utpatti zarIra ke binA nahIM ho sakatI hai| vIrya mana kA saMcAlaka hai tathA usakA utpatti srota zarIra hai ata: vIrya ke mAdhyama se zarIra aura mana kA sambandha ho jAtA hai| isa prakriyA se zarIra aura mana ke sambandha ko sahaja hI samajhA jA sakatA hai| yoga (mana, vacana evaM kAyA kI pravRtti) mohakarma ke udaya se jur3akara pramAda bana jAtA hai| isalie pramAda kA utpatti srota yoga ko mAnA gayA hai| zakti ke binA pravRtti nahIM ho sakatI ata: yoga kA saMcAlaka vIrya hai| vIrya zakti rUpa hai, usakA koI AdhAra sthala, utpatti-sthala honA caahie| zarIra vIrya kA utpatti sthala hai| zarIra svarUpata: acetana hai, ata: usameM vIryajanakatva rUpa svAbhAvika zakti nahIM hai| vaha zakti use jIva ke sambandha se prApta hotI hai| ata: isa samUcI prakriyA meM jIva kA prAdhAnya hai|'' isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki karma kA kartA jIva hai| karmaphalabhoga dArzanika kSetra meM karma vedana ke viSaya meM tIna dhAraNAeM pracalita haiM-ajJeyavAda, IzvarAdhIna aura krmvaad| kucha dArzanika mAnate haiM ki sukha-du:kha ke phala bhoga kA hetu ajJAta hai, yaha ajJeyavAda hai| nyAyadarzana ke anusAra Izvara kI sahAyatA ke binA jIva ko karma apanA 1. sUyagaDo 2/4 kA amukha pR. 274 2. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 1/141.......pamAdapaccayA, joganimittaM ca / 3. vahI, 1/14:2-145.......pamAde kiM pavahe! jogpvhe| joe kiM pavahe? viiriyppvhe| vIrie kiM pavahe? sriirppvhe| parIra kiMpavahe ? jiivppvhe| 4. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) pR. 82

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198 jaina Agama meM darzana phala nahIM de sakate haiN|' karma jar3a hone ke kAraNa apanA phala svayaM nahIM de sakate jaise ki jar3a kulhAr3I kisI cetana vyakti ke dvArA calAe binA svayaM nahIM kATa sktii|' Izvara karmaphalAdhyakSa hai| karma kA phala dene vAlA koI honA caahie| jaise corI karane vAlA cora apane Apa usakA phala nahIM bhugttaa| koI nyAyAdhIza hotA hai, daMDa-nAyaka hotA hai, jo use daNDita karatA hai, phala detA hai| vaise hI sAre jagat ko acche aura bure karma kA phala dene vAlA Izvara hotA hai| vaha jIva ko apane karmAnusAra acche yA bure phala detA rahatA hai| jIva meM karmaphala bhoga kI zakti jainadarzana karmavAdI darzana hai| sukha-du:kha kA phala apane kie hue karmoM ke dvArA prApta hotA hai| karma karane aura usakA phala bhogane kI zakti svayaM jIva meM nihita hai| yaha karmavAda hai| jaina-darzana kA mantavya hai ki karmaphala ke bhoga ke lie kisI bAharI zakti kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| karma jar3a haiM, ve yathocitta phala kaise de sakate haiM? yaha prazna hai? yaha ThIka hai ki karma pudgala yaha nahIM jAnate ki amuka AtmA ne yaha kArya kiyA hai, ata: use yaha phala diyA jAe, parantu AtmakriyA ke dvArA jo zubhAzubha karma-pudgala skandha AkRSTa hote haiM, unake saMyoga se AtmA kI vaisI hI pariNati ho jAtI hai, jisase AtmA ko usake anusAra phala mila jAtA hai| karmaphaladAnazakti kA nirdhAraNa jainadarzana ke anusAra karmabaMdha ke samaya hI karmaphala-dAna zakti (vipAka) kA nirdhAraNa ho jAtA hai| usa phala vipAka kI zakti ke dvArA hI jIva ko karma kA zubhAzubha phala prApta hotA hai| jIva karma karane ke samaya svataMtra hai kiMtu usake udayakAla meM parataMtra hai| jaise koI puruSa vRkSa para car3hane meM svataMtra haiM, kiMtu pramAda-vaza nIce girate samaya vaha parataMtra hai| kahIM jIva karma ke adhIna hote haiM to kahIM karma jIva ke adhIna hote haiN| RNa dene meM RNadAtA aura RNa lauTAne meM RNa lene vAlA balavAna hotA hai| karmaphala bhoga ke samaya jIva karma ke adhIna ho jAtA hai| jIva dvArA kRta zubhAzubha karma apanI vipAka zakti ke dvArA hI zubhAzubha phala se saMyukta ho jAte haiN| 1. nyAyabhASya (saMpA. gaMganAtha jhA, pUnA, 1939) 4/1/21 Izvara, kAraNaM puruSakarmAphalyasya darzanAt 2. nyAyavArtika (saMpA. vI.pI. dviveda, banArasa, 1916) 4/1/21 3. gAthA (saMpA. sAdhvI pramukhA kanakaprabhA, lADanUM, 1993) 16/43 kammaM ciNaMti savasA, tassudayammi u paravvasA hoti| rukkhaM duruhai savaso, vigalai sa paravvaso ttto|| 4. vahI, 16/44 kammavasA khalu jIvA, jIvavasAI kahiMci kmmaaii| katthai dhaNio balavaM, dhAraNio katthaI balavaM / /

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karmamImAMsA 199 kAlodAI aNagAra kI jijJAsA kAlodAI anagAra ke dvArA pApaphalavipAka evaM kalyANaphalavipAka sambandhI prazna ke samAdhAna se yaha tathya spaSTa ho jAtA hai- "kAlodAyI anagAra ne pUchA-bhaMte! jIvoM ke pApakarma pApa kA phala vipAka kaise dete haiM ?'' kAlodAyI ko samAhita karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA- "kAlodAyI ! jaise koI puruSa miTTI kI hAMDI meM pakAyA huA manojJa, aThAraha prakAra ke vyaMjanoM se yukta viSamizrita bhojana karatA hai| vaha bhojana prArambha meM acchA lagatA hai| usake pazcAt apane antarnihita niyama se pariNata hotA hai, taba usake rUpa, varNa, gaMdha Adi vikRta bana jAte haiM aura vaha du:khada hotA hai, sukha dene vAlA nahIM hotaa| kAlodAyI ! isI prakAra prANAtipAta se lekara mithyAdarzana zalya taka aThAraha hI pApa pravRttikAla meM acche lagate haiM para jaba ve apane antarnihita niyama se vipariNata hote haiM, taba unake rUpa, varNa, gaMdha Adi vikRta bana jAte haiN| vaha du:khada hotA hai, sukha dene vAlA nhiiN| kAlodAyI! isa prakAra jIvoM ke pApakarma pApa phalavipAka dete haiN| jIvoM ke kalyANa karma kalyANa phala vipAka dene vAle hote haiN| unakI bhI yahI prakriyA hai| karmaphaladAna ke niyama zubha, azubha karma kA tadanusAra phala unameM antarnihita karma phaladAna ke niyama se hI prApta ho jAtA hai| usake lie karma phalAdhyakSa ke rUpa meM Izvara kI svIkRti Avazyaka nahIM hai| karma ke kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva meM jIva svayaM uttaradAyI hai| karma ke phala vedana kI eka svayaMkRta vyavasthA hai| karmabaMdha ke samaya usakI sthiti aura phala dene kI kSamatA kA nirdhAraNa ho jAtA hai| jaise hI sthiti kA paripAka hotA hai, vaise hI karma vipAkAbhimukhI hokara udaya meM A jAtA hai| jisa karma kA udaya hotA hai usI kA vedana hotA hai| jisakA udaya nahIM hotA, usakA vedana bhI nahIM hotA hai| jIva ke sattA rUpa meM to ananta karma paramANu cipake hue haiM kiMtu una sabakA eka sAtha phala bhoga nahIM hotA jo karmaparamANu phala dene ke yogya bana gae haiM ve hI udaya meM Akara apanA phala dete haiM, anya nahIM dete| yaha karmaphalayoga kI vyavasthA hai| karmaphala meM asaMvibhAga jaina-paramparA ke anusAra jIva svakRta karma kA hI bhoga karatA hai| kisI kI bhI karmaphalabhoga meM sahabhAgitA nahIM ho sktii| zubha-azubha kisI bhI prakAra ke karma kA hastAntaraNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jo karma ko karatA hai vahI usake phala kA bhoga karatA hai| yaha jaina-paramparA kA sarvamAnya siddhAnta hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA jIva svakRta du:khoM kA 1. aMgaputtANi 2, (bhagavaI) 7/224 2. vahI, 7.226

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200 hI bhoga karatA hai / parakRta evaM ubhayakRta karma kA vedana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / ' vyakti moha ke vazIbhUta hokara svayaM ke lie, jJAtijanoM ke lie, apanoM ke lie vibhinna prakAra ke duSkarma karatA hai kiMtu usa kaTu karma ke phala bhoga ke samaya mitra, bandhu-bAMdhava usakA sAtha nahIM nibhAte haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM isa tathya kI spaSTa abhivyakti huI hai - " jJAti, mitra, putra aura bAMdhava vyakti kA du:kha nahIM baMTA skte| vaha svayaM akelA duHkha kA anubhava karatA hai kyoMki kartA kA anugamana karatA hai| " " saMsArI prANI apane bandhujanoM ke lie jo sAmudAyika karma karatA hai, usa karma ke phalabhoga ke samaya ve bandhujana bandhutA nahIM dikhAte usakA bhAga nahIM baMTAte haiM / " jaina paramparA meM 'zrAddha' Adi paramparA mAnya nahIM hai / zrAddhakAla meM pradatta bhojana pitaroM ke pAsa pahuMcatA hai - isa mAnyatA ko jaina asvIkAra karatA hai / yadyapi jaina paramparA meM bhI yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki saMyamI vyakti ko dAna se vyakti ke nirjarA tathA sAtha meM puNya karma kA baMdha hotA hai kiMtu sAdhu ke puNya karma kA phala use prApta ho jAtA hai, yaha jaina ko mAnya nahIM hai / jainadarzana kA yaha sunizcita mantavya hai ki prANI ke maMgala amaMgala, sukha-duHkha, lAbha-hAni Adi sArI paristhitiyAM svayaMkRta karma ke kAraNa haiN| AtmA ne pUrva meM jaise karma kie haiM usI ke anusAra zubha-azubha phala prApta hotA / yadi dUsare ke die hue karma se sukhadu:kha Adi kI prApti ho to svakRta karma nirarthaka ho jAte haiN| apane kie hue karma ke atirikta AtmA ko koI kucha nahIM de sakatA / ' jaina Agama meM darzana sukha kA saMvibhAga bhI amAnya jaina paramparA ke sAhitya meM sthAna-sthAna para yaha ullekha prApta hai ki jIva ke duHkha ko koI nahIM baMTA sakatA / sukha ko baMTA sakatA hai yA nahIM ? isa sambandha meM koI vaktavya prApta nahIM hai? kyA isa sthiti meM aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki pApa karma ke phalabhoga meM to saMvibhAga nahIM hotA kiMtu puNyakarma ke phala meM saMvibhAga ho sakatA hai, jaisA ki bauddha paramparA mAnatI hai ki puNya kI pariNAmanA ho sakatI hai| isa jijJAsA ke saMdarbha meM yaha vaktavya hai ki karma ke phala jo kucha bhI prApta hotA hai vaha sArA duHkha rUpa hI hai bhale hI laukika dRSTi puNya ke bhoga ko 1. aMgasuttANi 2, ( bhagavaI ) 17 / 61 goyamA / attakaDaM dukkhaM vedeMti, 2. uttarajjhayaNANi 13 / 23 4. 3. vahI, 4/ 4 saMsAramAvanna parassa aTThA, sAhAraNaM jaM ca karei kammaM / kammassa te tassa u veyakAle, na baMdhavA baMdhavayaM uveMti // (amRtakalaza 1) paramAtmA dvAtriMzikA (le. amitagati, cUrU, 1998) 30-31 svayaM kRtaM karma yadAtmanA purA phalaM tadIyaM labhate zubhAzubham / pareNa dattaM yadi labhyate sphuTaM, svayaMkRtaM karma nirarthakaM tadA / nijArjitaM karma vihAya dehino, na ko'pi kasyA'pi dadAti kiMcana / no parakaDaM dukkhaM vedeti, no tadubhayakaDe dukkhaM vedeMti / na tassa dukkhaM vibhayaMti nAio, na mittavaggA na suyA na baMdhavA / ekko sayaM paccaNuhoI dukkhaM, kattAramevaM aNujAi kamma ||

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karmamImAMsA 201 sukha mAnA jAtA ho| adhyAtma kI dRSTi se karma ke udaya se prApta hone vAlA saba kucha du:kha rUpa hI hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM karma nirjarA ko sukha kahA hai- 'je nijjiNNe se suhe'' adhyAtma kI dRSTi se vAstavika sukha to karma kI nirjarA hI hai| nirjarA ke dvArA hI AtmA karma kI gurutA se halkI hotI hai| jJAnI vyakti ke lie saba kucha (bhautika padArtha) du:kha rUpa ho hai-du:khameva sarvaM vivekinH| saMsAra evaM adhyAtma kI dRSTi meM sukha kI avadhAraNA meM bheda hai| saMsAra meM jisako sukha mAnA jAtA hai vastuta: vaha du:kha hI hai ata: du:kha meM hissA nahIM baMTA sakate / isa vaktavya kA tAtparya yahI hai ki prANI ke karmajanita zubha-azubha phalabhoga meM kisI kI bhI sahabhAgitA nahIM ho sktii| prANI apane karmaphala ko na to kisI ko de sakatA hai aura na hI dUsaroM se vaha le sakatA hai| karma kA kartRtva jIva kA hai vaise hI karma kA bhoktRtva bhI jIva kA hI hai| anya kA saMvibhAga isameM nahIM hai| Azrava : karma AkarSaNa kA hetu kriyAtmaka zakti-janita kampana ke dvArA AtmA aura karma-paramANuoM kA saMyoga hotA hai| isa prakriyA ko Azrava kahA jAtA hai| AtmA ke sAtha saMyukta karmayogya paramANu karma rUpa meM parivartita hote haiN| isa prakriyA ko baMdha kahA jAtA hai| baMdha : Azrava evaM nirjarA kA madhyavartI baMdha Azava aura nirjarA ke madhya kI sthiti hai| Azrava ke dvArA bAharI paudgalika dhArAeM zarIra meM AtI haiN| nirjarA ke dvArA ve phira zarIra se bAhara calI jAtI haiN| jIva aura karma-prAyogya pudgaloM ke sambandha ko jaina karma siddhAnta kI paribhASA meM baMdha kahA jAtA hai| baMdha ke prakAra baMdha ke cAra prakAra nirdiSTa haiM- 1. prakRti, 2. sthiti, 3. anubhAga evaM 4. pradeza / ' 1. prakRti baMdha - sthiti, rasa aura pradeza bandha ke samudAya ko prakRtibaMdha kahA jAtA hai|' isa paribhASA ke anusAra zeSa tInoM baMdhoM ke samudAya kA nAma hI prakRtibaMdha hai| prakRti kA artha hai aMza yA bheda / jJAnAvaraNIya Adi ATha prakRtiyoM kA jo baMdha hotA hai, use prakRtibaMdha kahA jAtA hai athavA prakRti kA eka artha svabhAva bhI hai| pRthak-pRthak karmoM meM jo jJAna Adi ko AvRtta karane kA svabhAva hai, vaha prakRti baMdha hai|' 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 7/160 2. pAtaJjalayogasUtra 2/15 3. mahAprajJa, AcArya, jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 309 4. ThANaM 4/290, cauvihe baMdhe paNNatte, taM jahAM-pagati baMdhe, Thiti baMdhe, aNubhAvabaMdhe, padesa bNdhe| 5. paJcasaMgraha, gAthA 432 sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 220 karmaNa: prakRtayaH- aMzA bhedA jJAnAvaraNIyAdayo'STau, tAsAM prakRtervA avizeSitasya karmaNo bandha: prkRtibndhH|

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jaina Agama meM darzana 2. sthitibaMdha - jIvagRhIta karma-pudgaloM kI jIva ke sAtha rahane kI kAla maryAdA ko sthiti baMdha kahA gayA hai| 202 3. anubhAva baMdha - karma pudgaloM kI phala dene kI zakti ko anubhAva baMdha kahA jAtA hai / 4. pradezabaMdha - kArmaNa vargaNA ke pudgala skandhoM kA jIva ke sAtha jo sambandha hotA hai, use pradezabaMdha kahA jAtA hai| modaka kA udAharaNa prAcIna AcAryoM ne ina baMdhoM kA svarUpa modaka ke dRSTAMta se samajhAyA hai| vibhinna vastuoM se niSpanna hone vAle koI modaka vAtahara, koI kaphahara yA pittahara hote haiN| isI prakAra koI karma jJAna AvRtta karatA hai, koI vyAmoha utpanna karatA hai aura koI sukha-duHkha utpanna karatA hai / yaha prakRti baMdha hai / koI modaka do dina taka vikRta nahIM hotA, koI cAra dina taka vikRta nahIM hotA / isI prakAra kucha karma AtmA ke sAtha thor3e samaya taka rahate haiM, kucha dIrghakAla taka rahate haiN| yaha sthitibaMdha hai / koI modaka adhika madhura hotA hai, koI kama madhura hotA hai| isI prakAra koI karma tIvra rasavAlA hotA hai, koI maMda rasa vAlA hotA hai| yaha anubhAvabaMdha hai / koI modaka chaTAMka - bhara kA hotA hai, koI pAva kaa| isI prakAra koI karma alpa paramANu samudAya vAlA hotA hai, koI adhika paramANu samudAya vAlA hotA hai yaha pradeza baMdha hai / prakRti baMdha ke bheda karma ke jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, vedanIya, mohanIya, AyuSya, nAma, gotra evaM antarAya-ye ATha bheda haiN|' ye AThoM tathA inake uttara bheda sAre prakRti baMdha ke bheda haiN| sAmAnyata: jJAnAvaraNIya karma kI pAMca, darzanAvaraNIya kI nau, vedanIya kI do, mohanIya kI aTThAvIsa, AyuSya kI cAra, nAma kI do, gotra kI do tathA antarAya kI pAMca uttara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / sthAnAMga meM ina AThoM hI karmoM kI do-do prakRttiyoM kA hI ullekha hai / antarAya karma ke do bheda sthAnAMga meM antarAya karma kI jina do prakRtiyoM kA ullekha huA hai usase isa karma kI vyApakatA kA avabodha hotA hai / antarAya karma kI dAnAntarAya Adi jo pAMca prakRtiyoM 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 8/477 2. ThANaM 2/424431

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karmamImAMsA 203 kA ullekha prApta hotA hai vaha isa karma ke udAharaNa mAtra hai|' ThANaM meM varNita antarAya kI do prakRtiyoM se antarAya karma ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa avagati prApta hotI hai| ThANaM meM antarAya karma ke nimnalikhita bheda prApta hote haiM - ___ 1. pratyutpanna vinAzita- isakA kArya hai vartamAna meM prApta vastu ko vinaSTa karanA, upahata krnaa| 2.pidhatte AgAmi patha-isakA kArya hai bhaviSya meM prApta hone vAlI vastu kI prApti ke mArga meM avarodha utpanna krnaa| isakA tAtparya hai jIvake abhyudaya yA nizreyasa kI prApti ke sahAyaka tattvoM kI upalabdhi meM jo avarodha upasthita hotA hai usa avarodha kA kAraNa antarAya karma hai| vartamAna meM dAna, lAbha, bhoga Adi kA antarAya karma ke bhedoM ke rUpa meM ullekha bahutAyata meM prApta hai| ina do bhedoM kI avagati ati nyUna hai| vastuta: vimarza karane para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki antarAya karma ke ye do prakAra pradhAna haiN| inake paripArzva meM hI anya prakAroM kA nirUpaNa sahaja hI ho jAtA hai| karma kI avasthA ___ karma kI sAmAnyata: dasa avasthAeM mAnI jAtI haiM- 1. baMdha, 2. sattA, 3. udaya, 4. udIraNA, 5. udvartana, 6. apavartana, 7. saMkramaNa, 8. upazamana, 9. nidhatti evaM 10. nikaacnaa| 1. jIva aura karma-pudgaloM ke sambandha ko baMdha kahA jAtA hai| 2. karma-pudgaloM kI anudita avasthA ko sattA kahA jAtA hai| 3. karmoM ke vipAka kAla ko udaya kahA jAtA hai| 4. apavartanA ke dvArA nizcita samaya se pahale karmoM ko udaya meM lAne ko udIraNA kahA jAtA hai| 5. karmoM kI sthiti evaM anubhAva kI jo vRddhi hotI hai, use udvartanA kahA jAtA hai| 6. karmoM kI sthiti evaM anubhAva kI jo hAni hotI hai, use apavartanA kahA jAtA hai| 7. sajAtIya karma prakRtiyoM ke eka dUsare meM pariNamana ko saMkramaNa kahA jAtA hai| zubha prakRti kA azubha vipAka ke rUpa meM aura azubha prakRti kA zubha prakRti ke rUpa meM pariNamana isI kAraNa se hotA hai| isakI vistRta carcA Age kI jaaegii| 1. ThANaM 2/431 kA TippaNa, pR. 149 2. ThANaM 2/43 / aMtarAie kamme duvihe paNNatte, taM jahA-par3appaNNaviNAsie ceva, pihati ya AgAmipahaM cev| jaina siddhAnta dIpikA 4/5 bNdh-udvrtnaa-apvrtnaa-sttaa-udy-udiirnnaa-sNkrmnn-upshm-nidhttinikaacnaastdvsthaaH|

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204 jaina Agama meM darzana 8. mohakarmako udaya, udIraNA, nidhatti aura nikAcanA ke ayogya karane ko upazamana kahA jAtA hai| 9. udvartanA evaM apavartanA ke sivAya zeSa chaha karaNoM ke ayogya avasthA ko nidhatti kahate haiN| 10. jisa karma kA udvartana, apavartana, udIraNa, saMkramaNa aura nidhattana na ho sake use nikAcita kahA jAtA hai| karma kA parivartana karma kI ina dasa avasthAoM ke mAdhyama se karma parivartana kA siddhAnta spaSTa ho rahA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke darzana meM karma ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai kintu vaha sarvesarvA nahIM hai| viziSTa puruSArtha ke dvArA usameM bhI parivartana saMbhava hai| yaha jaina darzana kI viziSTa svIkRti hai| jIva apanI svAbhAvika pAriNAmika bhAva kI zakti ke dvArA apane zuddha svarUpa kI prApti kI ora gatizIla rahatA hai| jIva dvArA kRta kriyA se baMdhe hue karmoM kA jIva kI hI viziSTa kriyA ke dvArA unameM parivartana saMbhava hai| jaina darzana meM karma parivartana kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna haiN| karma kI dasa avasthAoM meM eka kA nAma hai-saMkramaNa / prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga evaM pradezabaMdha ke ina cAroM hI prakAroM kA saMkramaNa saMbhava hai| azubha kA udaya zubha meM evaM zubha kA udaya azubha meM pariNata ho sakatA h| jaise koI vyakti sAtA vedanIya kA bhoga kara rahA hai, usa samaya azubha karma kI prabalatA ho jAe to sAtA vedanIya asAtA meM saMkrAnta ho jAtA hai| bhagavatI meM prApta saMvRtta evaM asaMvRtta anagAra kA prasaMga saMkramaNa ke sambandha meM vizeSa mananIya hai| asaMvRtta-saMvRtta anagAra kA udAharaNa asaMvRtta anagAra AyuSya karma ko chor3akara zeSa sAta karmoM kI zithila bandhanabaddha prakRtiyoM ko gADha bandhana baddha karatA hai| alpakAlika sthiti vAlI prakRtiyoM ko dIrghakAlika sthiti vAlI karatA hai, manda anubhAva vAlI prakRtiyoM ko tIvra anubhAva vAlI karatA hai, alpapradeza-parimANa vAlI prakRtiyoM ko bahupradeza parimANa vAlI karatA hai| saMvRtta anagAra ke isase viparIta hotA hai arthAt gAr3ha baMdhana zithila, dIrghakAla kA alpakAla tIvrarasa kA maMda rasa bahupradeza parimANa alpapradeza parimANa ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha evaM pAMca indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara jIva sAta karma prakRtiyoM ke zithila baMdha ko saghana hrasvakAla sthiti ko dIrghakAla, maMdAnubhAva ko tIvra vipAka evaM alpapradezAgra ko bahupradezAgra karatA hai| karma-parivartana prakRti, sthiti, anubhAva evaM pradeza karma kI ina cAra avasthAoM 1. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) (bhagavatIvRtti 1/2 4) yathA kasyacit savedhamanubhavato'zubhakarmapariNatirevaMvidhA jAtA yena yadeva sadvedyamasadvedyatayA saMkrAmatIti / 2. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 1/45, 47 3. vahI, 12/22-25

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karmamImAMsA 205 kA hotA hai| azubha aura zubha-donoM prakAra kI bhAvadhArA ke sAtha karma kI avasthA meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai| karmavAda kA sAmAnya niyama karmavAda kA sAmAnya niyama hai- sucIrNa karma kA zubha phala hotA hai aura duzcIrNa karma kA azubha phala hotA hai| jaisA karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA hI phala bhugatanA par3atA hai| yaha karmavAda kA sAmAnya siddhAnta hai / isa siddhAnta kA saMkramaNa siddhAnta meM atikramaNa hotA hai|' baMdhanakAla kA zubhakarma saMkramaNa ke dvArA vipAkakAla meM azubha ho jAtA hai tathA baMdhanakAla kA azubhakarma zubhakarma pudgaloM kI pracuratA ke saMkrAnta hokara vipAkakAla meM zubha ho jAtA hai| naraka, tiryaJca, manuSya evaM deva AyuSya karma kI ina cAra uttara prakRtiyoM kA tathA moha karma ke mukhya do bheda-darzanamoha evaM cAritramoha kA paraspara saMkramaNa nahIM hotA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne karma ke sambandha meM aneka navIna avadhAraNAoM ko prastuta kiyA hai| karma ko badalA jA sakatA hai| yaha jaina karma siddhAnta kI maulika udbhAvanA hai| Aja vijJAna jagat meM kucha abhinava prayoga ho rahe haiN| liMga parivartana kI ghaTanAeM Ama ho rahI haiN| puruSa kA mahilA evaM mahilA kA puruSa rUpa meM parivartana cikitsakIya paddhati se ho rahA hai| karma-siddhAnta kI bhASA meM vaha nAma karma kI prakRtiyoM kA paraspara saMkramaNa huA hai| aise hI kloniMga, TesTa TyUba bebI Adi se sambaMdhita praznoM kA samAdhAna karmavAda ke Aloka meM bhI khojA jA sakatA hai| karmavAda aura puruSArtha darzana jagata meM karma evaM puruSArtha kI avadhAraNA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| kucha dArzanika jagata kA niyAmaka Izvara ko svIkAra karate haiN| Izvara ke jagata kartRtva kA siddhAnta unheM mAnya hai| prANI kI sampUrNa avasthAeM Izvara niyaMtrita hotI hai| sukha-duHkha, svarga-naraka avasthAeM Izvara prerita hai| Izvara prerito gacchet svarga vA zvabhrameva vaa|| anyo janturanIzo'yamAtmanaH sukha-duHkhayo / ' jaina darzana meM jagata kartA ke rUpa meM Izvara kA svIkAra nahIM hai kintu isa darzana ne karma 1. ThANaM 4/5 0 3, cauvvihe kamme paNNatte, taM jahA subhe nAmamege subhavivAge, subhe nAmamege asubhavivAge, asubhe nAmamege subhavivAge, asubhe nAmamege asubhvivaage| 2. jaina siddhAnta dIpikA 4/5 sUtra kA pAda TippaNa - AyuSaH prakRtInAM darzanamoha-cAritramohayozca mithaH saMkramaNA na bhvti| 3. syAdvAdamaMjarI, uddhRta kArikA 6 pR. 30.

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jaina Agama meM darzana ko svIkAra kiyA hai| vaiyaktika vividhatAoM kA hetu karma ko svIkAra kiyA hai| vaiyaktika vividhatAoM kA hetu karma hai| yahAM para bhI eka prazna upasthita hotA hai ki karma hI yadi sabhI vastuoM kA niyAmaka hai to Izvara aura karma meM antara kyA rahA / IzvaravAdiyoM ke yahAM Izvara sarvesarvA hai vahIM karmavAdiyoM ke yahAM karma sarvesarvA hai| nAma mAtra kA hI antara rhaa| isa saMdarbha meM yaha mananIya hai ki jaina darzana karma kI zakti ko asIma nahIM mAnatA karma bhI sApekSa zakti sampanna hI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne puruSArthavAda kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| karma puruSArthakRta hai kintu puruSArtha karmakRta nahIM hai| jIva apane utthAna Adi ke dvArA jaise karmo ko bAMdhatA hai vaise hI unako tor3a bhI sakatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke darzana meM puruSArtha evaM karmavAda kA samanvaya hai| unakI apanI-apanI sImA hai / prayatna ke dvArA kRta karmoM ko badalA jA sakatA hai| udvartana, apavartana, udIraNA evaM saMkramaNa ye puruSArtha dvArA karma parivartana ke spaSTa nidarzana haiN| jIva apane vizeSa puruSArtha ke dvArA prakRti, sthiti anubhAva evaM pradeza ina cAroM meM parivartana kara sakatA hai / kintu puruSArtha ke dvArA nikAcita karmoM ko nahIM tor3A jA sakatA / unakA bhoga avazyaMbhAvI hai / puruSArtha evaM karmavAda paraspara virodhI pratIta hote haiM kintu anekAnta dRSTi se unake kAryakSetra kI sImA kA bodha hone se donoM kI eka sAtha svIkRti tarkagamya hai / puruSArtha aura karma sApekSa haiM / udIraNA 206 bandha kI prakriyA se karma AtmA se saMlagna hote haiN| karma baMdhate hI apanA phala denA prArambha nahIM krte| eka nizcita samayAvadhi bAda ve karma phaladAna ke yogya banate haiN| vaha samaya sImA pUrNa hote hI ve udaya meM A jAte haiN| yaha karma ke udaya kI svAbhAvika prakriyA hai| isameM na puruSArtha kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai kintu udIraNA meM samaya se pUrva karma ko udaya meM lAyA jAtA hai ataH udIraNA ke lie vizeSa puruSArtha kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| nizcita samaya se pahale karmoM kA udaya hotA hai, use udIraNA kahate haiM / udIraNA karma ke ATha karaNoM meM pAMcavA karaNa hai|' isameM apavartanA kI apekSA rahatI hai| karma do prakAra se udaya meM A sakate haiM / ( 1 ) eka to svAbhAvika rUpa se / (2) udIraNA ke dvArA karma kA udaya / paJcasaMgraha meM sahaja udaya ko saMprApti udaya evaM udIraNA udaya ko asaMprApti udaya kahA gayA hai|' ayathAkAla vipAka ko tattvArthavArtika meM udIraNA udaya kahA hai|' udIraNA saba karmoM kI nahIM ho sktii| usI karma kI udIraNA hotI hai, jo udIraNA yogya bana jAtA hai| upazama, nidhatti aura nikAcanA ye tIna avasthAeM udIraNA ke ayogya haiM / ' sAdhanA ke kSetra meM udIraNA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 12/22-25 2. karmaprakRti, gAthA 2 baMdhaNasaMkamaNuvvaTTaNA ya avavaTTaNA udIraNayA / uvasAmaNA nihattI nikAyaNA catti karaNAI || 3. paJcasaMgraha (zve. ) gAthA 253 saMpattie ya udaye paogao dissaI uIraNA sA / 4. tattvArtharAjavArtika (le. AcArya akalaMka, dillI, 1993) II 9 / 36 / 9 ayathAkAla - vipAka udIraNodayaH / 5. karma prakRti (le. zivazarma sUri, bIkAnera, 1982) gAthA 2 kI TIkA pR. 48-49

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karmamImAMsA sAdhaka apanI sAdhanA ke dvArA udIraNA ke mAdhyama se karma bhoga karake zIghratA se apane lakSya kI nikaTatA ko prApta kara sakatA hai| mahAvIra - gautama kA saMvAda gautama ne bhagavAna se pUchA - bhaMte! 1. jIva udIrNa karma pudgaloM kI udIraNA karatA hai ? 2. anudIrNa karma pudgaloM kI udIraNA karatA hai ? 3. jIva anudIrNa kintu udIraNA yogya karma pudgaloM kI udIraNA karatA hai ? 4. jIva udayAnantara pazcAtkRta karma pudgaloM kI udIraNA karatA hai ? bhagavAna ne kahA- gautama ! 1. jIva udIrNa kI udIraNA nahIM krtaa| 2. jIva anudIrNa kI udIraNA nahIM karatA / 3. jIva anudIrNa kintu udIraNA - yogya kI udIraNA karatA hai / 4. jIva udayAnantara pazcAtkRta karma kI udIraNA nahIM karatA / ' nokarma kI nirjarA karma kA hI udaya hotA hai, karma kI hI vedanA hotI hai| isI saMdarbha meM gautama ne prazna upasthita kiyA bhaMte ! kyA jo vadenA hai vaha nirjarA hai ? jo nirjarA hai vaha vedanA hai ? bhagavAna ne kahA gautama yaha artha saMgata nahIM hai / vedanA karma kI hotI hai, nirjarA nokarma kI hotI hai / ' jaba udaya meM Ae hue karma apanA phala dekara nivIrya bana jAte haiM unako nokarma kahate haiN| nirjarA unakI hI hotI hai / vedanA aura nirjarA eka nahIM hai, bhinna-bhinna hai / ' tattvArtha sUtra meM vedanA aura nirjarA ko eka mAnA gayA hai / ' vedanA aura nirjarA ke sambandha meM tattvArtha evaM bhagavatI kI avadhAraNA meM bhinnatA parilakSita hai / yadyapi yaha spaSTa hI hai ki vedanA ke bAda hI nirjarA hotI hai / tattvArthabhASyAnusAriNI meM vedanA evaM vipAka ko nirjarA ke paryAyavAcI mAnakara bhI usameM bheda kiyA hai / vedanA anubhava rUpa hai / usakA svAdana vipAka hai tathA jina karmoM kA rasa anubhUta kara liyA hai unakA AtmapradezoM se parizATana / alaga ho jAnA nirjarA hai / ' bhASyAnusAriNI kA vizleSaNa bhagavatI kI avadhAraNA kA hI anugamana hai / bhagavatI meM vedanA evaM nirjarA do kAhI ullekha hai jabaki tattvArthabhASya evaM usakI TIkA meM ina do ke atirikta vipAka kA 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 1/156 2. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 7/75 goyamA / kammaM vedaNA, nokammaM nijjarA.......... 3. vahI 7/75 jA vedaNA na sA nijjarA jA nijjarA na sA vedaNA / . 207 4. tattvArthasUtra bhASya 9 / 7 (nirjarAnuprekSA) nirjarA, vedanA, vipAka ityanarthAntaram / 5. tattvArthabhASyAnusAriNI TIkA 9 / 7 tatra vedanA anubhava: tasyA svAdanaM vipacanaM vipAkaH, Atmapradezabhyo'nubhUta rasakarmapudgalaparizATanA / . nirjarA

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208 jaina Agama meM darzana bhI ullekha hai| vipAka, vedanA evaM nirjarA kI madhyavartI avasthA hai jisakA samAveza vedanA meM ho sakatA hai| calita-acalita karma karma kI bandha, udIraNA, vedanA, apavartana, saMkramaNa, nidhatti, nikAcanA evaM nirjarA rUpa avasthAoM ke vizeSa vimarza ke samaya bhagavatI sUtra meM calita evaM acalita karma kI carcA huI hai| karmoM kI ina avasthAoM meM bandha, udIraNA Adi avasthAoM meM karma-pudgala kI kaisI avasthA rahatI hai ? vecalita hote haiM athavA acalita hote haiM ? isakA sApekSa varNana bhagavatI meM huA hai| jIva apanI pravRtti dvArA karma-paramANuoM ko AkarSita karatA hai| ve AkarSita karma pudgala skandha AtmA se saMyukta ho jAte haiM, sthita ho jAte haiM ve acalita karma kahalAte haiM aura jo usa sthirAvasthA ko chor3akara punaH prakampita hote haiM, unako calita karma kahA gayA hai|' karma kI avasthAoM ke saMdarbha meM calita aura acalita zabda kA prayoga sApekSa hai| baMdha, udaya, vedana, apavartana, saMkramaNa, nidhattana aura nikAcana jIva pradezoM se acalita karma kA hotA hai tathA nirjarA jIva pradezoM se calita karma kI hotI hai|' jIva jaba karma pudgaloM kA grahaNa kara rahA hai prastuta vivecana ke anusAra vaha karma kI baMdha avasthA nahIM hai kiMtu gRhIta hone ke pazcAt jaba ve jIva-pradezoM meM sthita hote haiM taba hI use baMdha avasthA kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnyata: bandha, udaya, vedana, apavartana Adi ke samaya karma-pudgaloM ke calita hone kI avasthA kA bhAna hotA hai kiMtu bhagavatI sUtrakAra ise acalita karma kaha rahe haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha pratIta ho rahA hai ki karma-pudgaloM meM prakampana hone kA artha yahAM calita nahIM hai| calita usI avasthA ko kahA jAegA jisameM karma-pudgaloM kA AtmA se visambandha ho jaaegaa| jaba taka karma-pudgala jIva pradezoM se saMyukta haiM bhale unameM prakampana ho rahA ho ve acalita karma hI khlaaeNge| svapradezAvagAhI pudgaloM kA grahaNa jaina paramparA ke anusAra karma catu:sparzI pudgala hote haiN| jo karmavargaNA ke rUpa meM sampUrNa loka meM phaile hue haiN| jIva apanI zubhAzubha pravRtti se unako AkRSTa karake karmarUpa meM pariNata karatA hai| karma vargaNA ke paramANu sampUrNa loka meM vyApta haiM kiMtu una saba karma paramANuoM 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 1/28-31 2. bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) pR. 356 (bhagavatI vRtti 1/28 - 32) jIvapradezebhyazcalitaM-teSvanavasthAnazIlaM taditarattvacalitam 3. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 1/31 saMgrahaNI gAthA-baMdhodayavedoyaTTasaMkame taha nihttnnnikaae| acalikammaM tu bhave, caliyaM jIvAu nijre|| 4. gAthA 16/16 kammagasarIre cauphAse

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karmamImAMsA 209 kA grahaNa jIva nahIM kara sakatA hai| jIva ke dvArA ve hI karma-pudgala gRhIta hote haiM jo karma pudgala usake Atma pradezoM para avasthita haiM arthAt jina AkAza pradezoM meM jIva ke Atma pradeza avagAhita haiM unhIM AkAza pradezoM para avagAhita karma paramANuoM kA hI jIva grahaNa kara sakatA hai| ananta evaM parampara AkAzapradezoM para avasthita kA vaha grahaNa nahIM kara sktaa|' kArmaNa vargaNA sampUrNa loka meM vyApta hai, isa hetu se jahAM bhI Atma-pradeza avagAhita haiM vahAM sarvatra karma-paramANu upasthita haiN| jIva sabhI Atma pradezoM para sthita karma paramANuoM kA grahaNa kare hI yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai vaha kabhI eka, do yA aneka Atma pradezoM para sthita karma paramANuoM kA bhI grahaNa karatA hai| kabhI sabhI Atma-pradezoM para sthita karma-paramANuoM kA grahaNa karatA hai| kintu una karma-pudgaloM kA grahaNa sabhI Atma-pradezoM ke dvArA hI hogaa|' aisA nahIM hotA hai ki jina Atma pradezoM para sthita karma pudgala ko jIva grahaNa karatA hai ve hI Atma pradeza unako grahaNa karate haiN| karma grahaNakAla meM sabhI Atma pradezoM kI sahabhAgitA hotI hai| karma prakRti meM bhI yaha tathya pratipAdita huA hai| jIva kA svabhAva mAnakara bhI isakI vyAkhyA bhagavatI vRttikAra ne kI hai| eka kAla meM jitane karma pudgaloM kA grahaNa karanA hai unakA eka sAtha hI jIva grahaNa karatA hai| bhagavatI meM karma grahaNa prakriyA meM 'savveNaM savve' kA siddhAnta pratipAdita hai arthAt kama grahaNa kAla meM sAre Atma pradeza eka sAtha usa kAla meM gRhIta hone vAle sAre pudgaloM ko eka sAtha grahaNa karate haiN| Age pIche unakA grahaNa nahIM hotA hai| karmabaMdha kI samAnatA yA viSamatA saMsAra meM zarIra kI apekSA se choTe aura bar3e donoM hI prakAra ke prANI haiN| kuMthu Adi bahuta choTe zarIra aura hAthI Adi bahuta bar3e zarIra vAle prANI haiN| isa saMdarbha meM yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki ina choTe aura bar3e jIvoM kI hiMsA meM karmabaMdha samAna hogA yA bhinna-bhinna prakAra kA hogaa|' Agama ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne isa prazna ko vibhinna prakAra se samAhita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi meM nirdeza hai ki ahiMsA kI samIkSA karane vAle prastuta prasaMga meM 1. aMgasuttANi ? (bhagavaI) 6/186 AyasarIraravenogADhe poggale attamAyAe AhAreMti, no aNaMtarakhettogADhe poggale AhAreMti, no paraMparakhettogADhe poggale attamAyAe aahaareti| 2. vahI 1/11 .........sabveNaM savve kdde| 3. karmaprakRti 21, egamavi gahaNadavvaM, savvappaNayAe jiivdesmmi| savvappaNayA savvattha vAvi savve ghnnkhNdhe|| bhagavatI vRtti / /119 jIvasvAbhAvyAt sarvasvapradezAvagADhatadekasamayabandhanIyakarmapudgalabandhane sarvajIvapradezAnAM vyApAra ityata ucyte-srvaatmnaa| 5. vahI, 1/ / / 9--sarvaM tadekakAlakaraNIyaM kAMkSAmohanIyaM krm| 6. sUyagaDo 2/5/6 je keI khuDDugA pANA aduvA saMti mhaalyaa| sarisaM tehiM veraM ti asarisaM ti ya No ve|

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210 jaina Agama meM darzana avaktavyavAda kA prayoga kre|' cUrNikAra ne isakA spaSTIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai- yadi choTe aura bar3e-donoM prakAra ke jIvoM ke vadha meM karmabaMdha eka jaisA batalAyA jAe to bar3e jIvoM kI hiMsA ko protsAhana milatA hai| yadi bhinna prakAra kA batalAyA jAe to choTe jIvoM kI hiMsA karane meM unmuktatA kA samarthana hotA hai| isalie isa viSaya meM samAna yA asamAna karmabaMdha kahanA dharmasaMkaTa hai| prastuta prasaMga meM ahiMsA kI samIkSA karane vAle ko avaktavya kA prayoga karanA caahie| hara prazna kA samAdhAna bhASA ke dvArA nahIM diyA jA sakatA / AcAra-mImAMsA ke aise praznoM kA samAdhAna bhASAgamya nahIM hai| cUrNikAra isa abhimata ke saMpoSaka haiN| karmabaMdha : adhyavasAya tIvratA-maMdatA sUtrakRtAMga ke TIkAkAra prastuta prazna kA samAdhAna vadhaka ke tIvra evaM manda adhyavasAya ke AdhAra para dete haiN| sUtrakRtAMga ke TIkAkAra kA abhimata hai ki vadhyaprANI ke AdhAra para yadi karmabaMdha hotA hai taba to choTe prANI ke vadha meM thor3A karmabaMdha aura bar3e prANI ke vadha meM jyAdA karmabaMdha hogaa| kiMtu aisA mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| karmabaMdha kA sambaMdha vadhyaprANI se hI nahIM hai usakA sambandha vadha karane vAle ke adhyavasAya se bhI hai| isa AdhAra para yadi koI prANI tIvra adhyavasAyoM se choTe prANI kA bhI vadha karatA hai to vaha mahAn karmoM kA bandha karatA hai aura yadi maMda adhyavasAya se akAma rahatA huA bar3e prANI kA bhI vadha karatA hai to usake alpakarmoM kA bandha hotA hai| vadhya ke choTe yA bar3e ke AdhAra para hI karma kA baMdha nahIM hotA, kiMtu karmabaMdha meM vadhaka kA tIvra yA manda adhyavasAya hetu banatA hai| jAnate hue yA anajAna meM vipulazakti yA alpazakti ke sAtha jo vadha kiyA jAtA hai-ye bhI karmabaMdha meM kAraNabhUta banate haiN| isalie karmabaMdha kI vicAraNA meM vadhya aura vadhaka donoM para vicAra karanA apekSita hai|' eka tarka hai ki jIva saba samAna haiN| choTe-bar3e sabameM AtmapradezoM kI samAnatA hai| isalie unake vadha meM samAna karmabandha honA caahie| vRttikAra ke anusAra yaha abhimata yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| AtmA amara hai| vaha kabhI nahIM mrtii| usakI hiMsA nahIM kI jA sktii| hiMsA kA jahAM kathana hotA hai vahAM prANiyoM kI indriyoM kA hanana, zvAsocchvAsa kA hanana vivakSita hotA hai| isalie karmabandha meM adhyavasAya hI mukhyakAraNa hai| tIvra adhyavasAya evaM manda adhyavasAya meM kRta hiMsA se karmabaMdha eka jaisA nahIM hogaa| usameM AnupAtika antara avazya rahatA hai| vyavahAra meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki DaoNkTara kisI rogI kA oNparezana karatA hai, usakI bhAvanA rogI ko rogamukta karane kI hai| rogI zalyakriyA ke samaya kaSTa kA anubhava karatA yA akasmAt rogI kA prANAnta bhI ho jAtA hai| isameM DaoNkTara prANa ke vyaparopaNa yA kaSTa pradAna 1. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, pRSTha 405 2. sUyagaDo 2 2/6-7 kA TippaNa 3. vahI, pR. 304

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karmamImAMsA 211 ke kAraNa karmabandha kA bhAgI hai yA nahIM yaha saiddhAntika dRSTi se vimarzanIya hai| vyavahAra meM to DAkTara ko doSI nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| ___ isake viparIta eka vyakti rajju ko sarpa mAnakara usake Tukar3e-Tukar3e karatA hai to bhI vaha hiMsA ke karmabandha kA bhAgI hotA hai, kyoMki usakA adhyavasAya kliSTa hai| hiMsA ke bhAva se yukta hai| isalie karmabaMdha kI prakriyA meM adhyavasAya kI maMdatA, tIvratA evaM madhyasthatA bar3A kAraNa banatI hai| isa prasaMga meM tandula matsya kA udAharaNa jJAtavya hai|' kAMkSA mohanIya vimarza sAmAnyata: kAMkSAmohanIya karma ko mohanIya karma kA eka upabheda mAnA jAtA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM ullekha hai ki zramaNa-nirgrantha jJAnAntara, darzanAntara, caritrAntara, liMgAntara, pravacanAntara, pravacanI antara, kalpAntara, mArgAntara, matAntara, bhaMgAntara, nayAntara, niyamAntara aura pramANAntara - ina teraha aMtaroM se kAMkSAmohanIya karma kA vedana karate haiN|' yahAM sahaja kI eka prazna upasthita hotA hai ki zramaNa mithyAtva kI sImA kA atikramaNa kara samyaktva ke sAtha vrata kI bhUmikA para ArUr3ha hai| zramaNatva kA prArambha hI chaThe guNasthAna se hotA hai| mithyAtva kI sthiti prathama evaM tRtIya guNasthAna taka hI hai phira ve kAMkSAmohanIya kA vedana kaise karate haiM ? bhagavatI ke anusAra jaina muni bhI kAMkSAmohanIya karma kA vedana karate haiM / vedana ke pAMca kAraNa batalAe gae haiM-zaMkA, kAMkSA, vicikitsA, bheda aura kaluSa / eka hI viSaya meM aneka nirUpaNa, vitarka aura vikalpa sAmane Ate haiM, taba kAMkSAmohanIya kA vedana zuru ho jAtA hai| zrImad jayAcArya ne kAMkSAmohanIya karma ke vedana kA artha mithyAtva mohanIya kiyA hai| unakA tarka hai ki jisa samaya kAMkSAmohanIyakarma kA vedana hotA hai taba mithyAtva A jAtA hai| zramaNanirgrantha kAMkSAmohanIya kA vedana karate haiM - isa prasaMga meM kAMkSAmohanIya kI avadhAraNA vimarzanIya hai| prastuta teraha 'aMtaroM' meM tattvazraddhA kA prazna nahIM hai| yaha vibhinna vicAroM ke prati hone vAlI AkAMkSA hai| AcArya bhikSu ke anusAra tIrthaMkara dvArA pratipAdita tattvoM meM viparIta zrandrA karane se mithyAtva A jAtA hai, kiMtu anya viSayoM meM viparIta zraddhA karane se asatya kA doSa lagatA hai, para samyaktva kA nAza nahIM hotA hai|' 1. sUyagaDo 2, pR. 304 2. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 1/170 goyamA ! tehiM tehiM nANaMtarehiM, dasaNaMtarehiM, carittaMtarehi liMgaMtarehiM pavayaNaMtarehiM pAvayaNaMtarehiM kappaMtarehiM maggaMtarehiM mataMtarehiM bhaMgaMtarehiM NayaMtarehiM niyamaMtarehiM pamANaMtarehiM saMkitA kaMkhitA, vitikicchitA bhedasamAvannA kalusasamAvannA evaM khalu samaNA niggaMthA kaMkhAmohaNijja kammaM vedti| 3. bhagavaI (khaNDa -1) pR. 89

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212 jaina Agama meM darzana AcArya bhikSu ne 'jJAna-moha' zabda kI mImAMsA meM likhA hai ki jJAnamoha se jJAna meM vyAmoha utpanna hotA hai, vaha jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA udaya hai, mohanIya karma kA udaya nizcita rUpa se hI nahIM hai|' isa AdhAra para prastuta kAMkSAmohanIya kA sambandha bhI jJAnamoha kI bhAMti jJAnAvaraNa se mAnA jA sakatA hai| 'kasAyapAhuDa' meM batalAyA gayA hai ki gaNadhara ke saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya hone para unake saMzaya ko dUra karanA divyadhvani kA svabhAva hai|' Ananda zramaNopAsaka ke avadhijJAna ke sambandha meM gautama ko zaMkA, kAMkSA aura vicikitsA utpanna huI thii| tAyastriMza devoM ke viSaya meM bhI gautama zaMkita, kAMkSita aura vicikitsita hue the| ina donoM saMdarbho se yaha spaSTa phalita hotA hai ki zaMkA, kAMkSA aura vicikitsA kA sambandha jJAnAvaraNa ke udaya se bhI hai| kAMkSAmohanIya : svarUpa bhinnatA samyaktva ke pAMca aticAra haiN| unameM prathamatIna haiM-zaMkA, kAMkSA aura vicikitsaa|' inakA sambandha darzanamoha se hai| niSkarSa kI bhASA meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jahAM zaMkA, kAMkSA aura vicikitsA mUla tattva se sambaddha hote haiM, vahAM darzanamoha kA vedana hotA hai aura jahAM ve anya viSayoM se sambaddha hote haiM, vahAM jJAnamoha kA vedana hotA hai| teraha aMtaroM ke prasaMga meM kAMkSAmohanIya karma ke vedana kA sambandha jJAnamoha se pratIta hotA hai| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kAMkSAmohanIya nAmaka karma jJAnAvaraNIya evaM mohanIya- ina donoM hI karmoM se sambaMdhita hai| jJAnAvaraNIya evaM mohanIya karma ke upabheda kAMkSAmohanIya isa nAma kA sAmya to hai kiMtu inakA svarUpa sarvathA bhinna prakAra kA hai jisakA spaSTa avabodha uparyukta carcA se ho jAtA hai| karma kA vedana : vyakta evaM avyakta ___ kAMkSAmohanIya karma kA vedana pRthvIkAya Adi avikasita cetanA vAle ekendriya jIvoM selekara cAroM gatiyoM ke jIvoM ke hotA hai|' pRthvI Adi ke jIvoM kI cetanA avikasita hotI hai| unameM bauddhika, mAnasika aura vAcika vikAsa nahIM hotA / isa avasthA meM unameM kAMkSAmohanIya karma kA vedana kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? yaha prazna svAbhAvika hai| isa prazna 1. indriyavAdI kI caupAI DhAla 10 gAthA 33 nANamoha cAlyo sUtara majhai, te jJAna meM upaje vyaamoh| te jJAnAvaraNI rA udA thakI te moha nizcai nahIM hoy| 2. kasAya pAhuDa, prathama adhikAra gAthA / , pR. 1 2 6 saMsayavivajjAsANajjhavasAyabhAvagayagaNaharadevaM paDi vttttmaannshaavaa| 3. uvAsagadazA 1/79, 80 4. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 10/49 uvAsagadazA 1/79, 80, sammattassa paMca aiyArA peyAlA jANiyavvA, na samayarivvA, taM jahA--saMkA, kaMkhA, vitigicchA......... 6. kAMkSA mohanIya kI uparyukta carcA bhagavaI (khaNDa-1) pR. 89 para AcAryazrI mahAprajJa dvArA kI gaI hai| 7. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 1/16 3-168

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karmamImAMsA 213 kosvayaM bhagavatIkAra ne bhI upasthita kiyA hai| isake samAdhAna meM unhoMne likhA hai-pRthvIkAya ke jIvoM meM bauddhika, mAnasika aura vAcika vikAsa nahIM hotaa| ve nahIM jAnate ki hama kAMkSAmohanIya karma kA vedana kara rahe haiM, phira bhI usakA vedana karate haiN| isa samAdhAna se yaha phalita hotA hai ki vedana ke do prakAra haiM- vyakta aura avyakta / avikasita jIvoM ke kAMkSAmohanIya karma kA vedana avyakta hotA hai| vaha indriya gamya nahIM hai| bhagavatI meM isa saMdarbha meM 'tameva saccaMNIsaMkaM' yaha sAkSya uddhRta kiyA hai|' jisa tathya kA avabodha pratyakSa anumAna Adi pramANoM se prApta nahIM hotA hai vahAM para Agama pramANa se tathya ko pramANita kiyA jAtA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM zabda pramANa ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| atIndriya padArtha kI avagati kA mukhya sAdhana zabda pramANa hI hai| jo tathya pratyakSa evaM anumAna se jJAta nahIM hote unako jAnane kA ekamAtra sAdhana Agama hai| isI prakAra kI avagati ke lie hI Agama kA vaiziSTya hai| veda ke vaiziSTya ko bhI isI AdhAra para vivecita kiyA gayA hai| mohanIya karma ke bAvana nAma samavAyAMga meM mohanIya karma ke bAvana nAmoM kA ullekha hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha-ye cAra kaSAya mohanIya karma ke avayava haiN| avayavoM meM avayavI kA athavA khaNDa meM samudaya kA upacAra kara ina cAroM kaSAyoM ke nAmoM ko mohanIya ke nAma rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA hai| inameM krodha ke dasa, mAna ke gyAraha, mAyA ke sataraha aura lobha ke caudaha nAma ginAe haiN| una sabakA yoga bAvana hotA hai| ve nAma nimna haiM-krodha, kopa, roSa, akSamA, saMjvalana, kalaha, cAMDikya, bhaMDana aura vivAda / mAna, mada, darpa, stambha, AtmotkarSa, garva, para-parivAda, utkarSa, apakarSa, unnata aura unnaam| mAyA, upadhi, nikRti, valaya, gahana, nUma, kalka, kuruka, dambha, kUTa, jaihya, kilviSika, anAcaraNa, gUhana, vaMcana, parikuMcana aura saaciyog| lobha, icchA, mUrchA, kAMkSA, gRddhi, tRSNA, mithyA, abhidhyA, kAmAzA, bhogAzA, jIvitAzA, maraNAzA, naMdI aura raag| mohanIya karma ke bhedoM evaM upabhedoM ko hI usake nAma ke rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| 1. bhagavaI (khaNDa-!) pR. 87-88 2. Rgveda saMhitA, sAyaNabhASya, upodghAta, pR. 26 para uddhRta, (vArANasI, 1997) pratyakSeNAnumityA vA yastUpAyo na buddhyte| enaM vidanti vedena tasmAdvedasya vedtaa|| 3. samavAo 521 mohaNijnassa NaM kammassa bAvannaM nAmajjA paNNattA, taM jahA-kohe, rose............ 4. samavAo pR. 218 (TippaNa)

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214 jaina Agama meM darzana moha ke tIna prakAra sthAnAMga meM jJAnamoha, darzanamoha evaM cAritramoha ke bheda se moha ko tIna prakAra kA kahA gayA hai|' vRttikAra nejJAnamoha kA arthajJAnAvaraNa kA udaya aura darzanamohakA arthasamyak darzana kA mohodaya kiyA hai| yahAM moha kA artha AvaraNa nahIM kiMtu doSa hai| jJAnamoha hone para prANI kA jJAna ayathArtha ho jAtA hai| darzanamoha hone para usakA darzana/zraddhA bhrAnta ho jAtI hai tathA cAritramoha hone para AcAra mUr3hatA ho jAtI hai| cetanA meM moha yA mUr3hatA utpanna karane kA kArya jJAnAvaraNa nahIM kiMtu mohakarma karatA hai| mohanIya karma ke do bheda haiM-darzanamohanIya evaM caritramohanIya darzanamohakarma ke udaya se darzanamoha evaM cAritramohakarma ke udaya se cAritramoha hotA hai| jJAnAvaraNa kA udaya jJAnamoha kA kAraNa hai| moha zabda kA prayoga darzana evaM cAritra ke sAtha to hotA hai kiMtu yahAM para jJAna ke sAtha bhI huA hai jo vizeSa mananIya hai| darzana evaM cAritra ke udaya se jIva kI dRSTi evaM AcaraNa vikRta ho jAtA hai| vaha na to tattva kA yathArtha zraddhAna kara sakatA hai na hI usakA AcaraNa lakSyAnugAmI hotA hai| jJAnamoha kA prayoga ina do ke sAtha karane kA kAraNa yaha bhI pratIta hotA hai ki zraddhA ke lie pUrva meM tattva kA jJAna bhI Avazyaka hai| yadi tattva kA jJAna mithyA hai to zraddhA samyak nahIM ho sakatI hai| darzana moha kA apanayana jJAnamoha ke apanayana kI apekSA bhI rakhatA hai| jJAna jaba yathArtha hotA hai taba dRSTi kA pariSkAra bhI ho jAtA hai, darzana ke pariSkAra se AcaraNa pariSkRta ho jAtA hai ata: saMbhava aisA lagatA hai AgamakAra ina tInoM meM eka krama dekha rahe haiN| inakA paraspara kAryakAraNa bhAva bhI abhivyaJjita ho rahA hai| jJAna kI yathArthatA se darzana vizuddhi evaM darzana vizuddhi se AcAravizuddhi / sthAnAMga ke dUsare sthAna meM do prakAra ke moha kA nirUpaNa huA hai - jJAnamoha aura drshnmoh| yahAM bhI AgamakAra cAritramoha ko chor3a dete haiM kiMtu jJAnamoha kA ullekha avazya karate haiM isase bhI jJAnamoha aura darzanamoha meM koI sambandha pratIta hotA hai| jaba taka tattva kI sahI samajha nahIM hogI taba taka usameM yathArtha zraddhA bhI kaise ho sakatI hai ? yadyapi paramparA meM yaha mAnya hai ki darzana ke samyak hone se hI jJAna samyak hotA hai| darzana kI vizuddhatA se pUrva jJAna bhI samyak nahIM hotA hai, yaha vaktavya bhI nirapekSa nahIM hai| eka vizeSa bhUmikA kI prApti ke bAda darzana kI vizuddhatA se jJAna kI vizuddhatA hotI hai-yaha vaktavya samIcIna hai kiMtu isa bhUmikA kI prApti meM jJAnamoha kA AMzika rUpa se haTanA bhI Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne dazavaikAlika meM jJAna ko pradhAnatA pradAna kI hai| vahAM para AcAra ko jJAnAvalambI 1. ThANaM 3/178 tivihe mohe paNNatte, taM jahA-NANamohe, daMsaNamohe, carittamohe / 2. sthAnAMgavRtti, pR.64 jJAMna mohayati- AcchAdayatIti jJAnamoho jJAnAvaraNodaya:, evaM daMsaNamohe ceva,samyagdarzana mohodaya iti| 3. ThANaM, 149 (TippaNa) 4. uttarajjhayaNANi 3 3/8 mohaNijja pi duvihaM, daMsaNe caraNe thaa| 5. ThANaM 2/422

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karmamImAMsA 215 mAnA gayA hai|' yadyapi vahAM para darzana kA ullekha nahIM huA hai kiMtu AcArapakSa meM jJAna kA prAdhAnya spaSTa hai| vaise hI darzana kI vizuddhi meM darzana mohanIya kA vilaya upAdAna kAraNa hai, vahAM jJAnAvaraNIya ke vilaya ko nimitta kAraNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| AyuSya kA baMdha kaba aura kaise? AyuSya karma jIva ko niyata gati meM pratibaddha kie hue rakhatA hai| jaise ber3I se baMdhA huA AdamI niyata sthAna se pratibaddha rahatA hai, vaise hI AyuSya ke pudgala naraka Adi kisI eka gati se prANI ko pratibaddha karate haiN| AyuSya karma kA baMdha jIvana meM eka bAra hotA hai tathA usake baMdhane kA samaya bhI nirdhArita hotA hai| deva, nAraka tathA asaMkhyeya varSajIvI manuSya aura tiryaJca vartamAna jIvana kA AyuSyachahamAhazeSa rahane para agale janma kA AyuSya bAMdhate haiN| nirupakrama Ayu vAle manuSya aura tiryaJca vartamAna bhava kI 1/3 bhAga Ayu zeSa rahane para agale bhava kA AyubaMdha karate haiN| sopakrama Ayu vAle jIva vartamAna bhava kA 1/3 bhAga AyuSya zeSa rahane para athavA uttarottara tIsare bhAga kA tIsarA bhAga (chaThA, nauvAM, sattAIsavAM) zeSa rahane para AyubaMdha karate haiN| jaina karma siddhAnta kA AyuSya ke baMdhana kA yaha nirdhArita krama hai| AyuSyakarma ke sahayAyIbaMdha AyuSyakarma ke sAtha hI jAti, gati, sthiti, pradeza, anubhAga evaM avagAhanA-ina chaha kA baMdha aura ho jAtA hai| ina chahoM kA AyuSya ke sAtha nidhatta ho jAtA hai| nidhatta kA artha hai karma kA nidheka rUpa meM baMdha honaa| eka sAtha jitane karma-pudgala jisa rUpa meM bhoge jAte haiM, usa rUpa-racanA kA nAma niSeka hai|' AcArya mahAprajJa ne karma-pudgaloM kI eka kAla meM udaya hone yogya racanA vizeSa ko niSeka kahA hai| jisa samaya AyuSya karma kA baMdha hotA hai, taba vaha jAti, gati Adi chahoM ke sAtha nidhatta-niSikta hotA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki AyuSya ke sAtha ho inakA baMdha huA evaM unakA bhoga bhI eka sAtha hI hogaa| amuka Ayu kA baMdha karane vAlA jIva usake sAtha-sAtha ekendriya Adi pAMca jAtiyoM meM se kisI eka jAti kA, naraka Adi cAra gatiyoM meM se eka gati kA, kAla-maryAdA kA, avagAhanA-audArika yA vaikriya zarIra meM se kisI eka zarIra tathA AyuSya ke pradezoM-- paramANu saMcayoM kA aura usake anubhAga-vipAka zakti kA bhI baMdha karatA hai| samavAyAMga meM chaha prakAra ke AyuSya baMdha ke 1. dasaveAliyaM 4/10 paDhamaM nANaM tao dyaa| 2. uttarAdhyayana zAntyAcArya vRti patra 641 3. Avazyaka cUrNi (pUrvabhAga) pR.366 4. ThANaM, 6/116 5. (ka) samavAyAMga vRti patra, 147, niSekazca pratisamayaM bahuhInahInatarasya dalikasyAnubhavanArthaM rcnaa| (kha) bhagavati vRti 6-34 karmaniSeko nAma karmadalikasya anubhavanArthaM racanA vishess:| 6. mahAprajJa, AcArya, jainadarzana : manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 313

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216 jaina Agama meM darzana ullekha meM jAtinAmanidhattaAyuSka Adi kA hI ullekha kiyA hai|' isa ullekha kA tAtparya uparyukta carcA se spaSTa hI hai ki ina chahoM kA AyuSya ke sAtha baMdha evaM bhoga hotA hai| pAtaJjala yogasUtra meM bhI jAti, Ayu, bhoga-ina tInoM kA eka sAtha ullekha huA hai|' AyuSyakarma evaM AkarSa kI vyavasthA AyuSya baMdha ke sAtha hone vAle jAti, gati Adi kA bandha eka AkarSa se lekara ATha AkarSa taka ho sakatA hai| AkarSa kA artha hai-karma-pudgaloM kA grhnn| jaba AyuSya baMdha kA adhyavasAya tIvra hotA hai to eka hI AkarSa se jAtinAmaniSikta AyuSya Adi kA baMdha ho jAtA hai| yadi AyuSya baMdha kA adhyavasAya maMda, maMdatara, maMdatama hotA hai to do-tIna se lekara ATha AkarSa taka ho jAte haiN| adhyavasAya ke tAratamya ke AdhAra para AkarSoM kI nyUnAdhikatA hotI hai| bhagavatI meM karmabaMdha ke prasaMga meM 'savveNaM savve' kA siddhAnta pratipAdita hai| isakA tAtparya hai sampUrNa Atma pradezoM se eka kAla meM jitane karma-pudgaloM kA grahaNa karanA hai unakA eka sAtha grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, unakA AMzika grahaNa nahIM hotA hai| AkarSa kA siddhAnta isa prasaMga meM vimarzanIya hai| eka sAtha kitane karmoM kA baMdha? jaina karma siddhAnta meM jJAnAvaraNIya Adi ATha karma mAne gae haiN| una ATha karmoM meM eka sAtha jIva kitane karmoM kA baMdha kara sakatA, isakA vimarza bhI prApta hotA hai| bhagavatI meM kahA gayA-jIva eka sAtha sAta, ATha, chaha aura eka karma kA.baMdha karatA hai| jisa jIva ne AyuSya karma kA baMdha kara liyA hai vaha sAta karmoM kA baMdha eka sAtha karatA rahatA hai| AyuSya karma kA baMdha eka bAra hotA hai| jisa samaya vaha baMdhatA hai taba jIva ke ATha karma kA eka sAtha baMdha hotA hai| karmabaMdha evaM guNasthAna AyuSya karma kA baMdha tIsare guNasthAna ko chor3akara pahale se sAtaveM guNasthAna taka hotA hai| sAtaveM guNasthAna meM bhI AyuSya karma kA baMdha prArambha nahIM ho sakatA, yadi chaThe guNasthAna meM AyuSya kA baMdha prArambha ho gayA aura usa baMdhana ke madhya hI jIva ko sAtavAM samavAo, paiNNaggasamavAo 176 2. pAtaJjalayogasUtra 2/13 sati mUle tadvipAko jAtyAyurbhogAH / 3. samavAyAMga vRti, patra 148 AkarSo nAma krmpudglopaadaanN| 4. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 1/118 5. vahI, 40/2 jIvA kiM sattavihabaMdhagA? aTThavihabaMdhagA? chavvihabaMdhagA? egavihabaMdhagA vA? goyamA! sattavihabaMdhagA vA jAva egavihabaMdhagA vaa| 6. jhINI carcA, (le. jayAcArya, lADanUM, 1985) DhAla 17/4

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karmamImAMsA 217 guNasthAna A gayA taba AyuSyakarma baMdha kI pUrNAhUti sAtaveM meM ho sakatI hai| dasaveM guNasthAna meM AyuSya evaM mohakarma ko chor3akara zeSa chaha karmoM kA baMdha hotA hai| samavAyAMga sUtra meM ullekha hai ki dasaveM guNasthAna meM karma kI sataraha prakRtiyoM kA baMdha hotA hai| vesataraha prakRtiyAM AyuSya evaM moha ko chor3akara anya chaha karmoM se hI sambaMdhita hai| bhagavatI meM eka sAtha chaha karmoM ke baMdha kA ullekha hai| kiMtu chaha karma kI kitanI evaM kauna-sI prakRtiyAM kA baMdha hotA hai, yaha ullekha nahIM hai| isakA ullekha samavAyAMga meM huA hai| samavAyAMgavRtti meM bhI yaha tathya pratipAdita huA hai| dazama guNasthAnavI jIva eka sau bIsa karma prakRtiyoM meM se kevala sataraha prakRtiyoM kA baMdha karatA hai| avaziSTa eka sau tIna prakRtiyoM kA pUrvavartI guNasthAna meM baMdha kI apekSA se vyavaccheda ho jAtA hai| ina sataraha prakRtiyoM meM bhI solaha prakRtiyoM kA baMdha isI dasaveM guNasthAna meM vyavacchinna ho jAtA hai-jJAna kI pAMca, darzana kI cAra, antarAya kI pAMca, uccagotra aura yazakIrti / kevala sAtavedanIya karma prakRti kA baMdha mAtra raha jAtA hai|' mohanIyakarma ke udaya meM asAtavedanIya karma kA baMdha hotA hai| mohanIya ke upazama yA kSaya meM kevala sAtavedanIya kA hI baMdha hotA hai| gyArahaveM guNasthAna se terahaveM guNasthAna meM ekamAtra sAta vedanIya karma kA hI baMdha hotA hai| caudahaveM guNasthAna meM karma kA baMdha hotA hI nahIM hai| uparyukta varNana se karmabaMdha kI nimna avasthAeM banatI haiM 1. eka sAtha ATha karmoM kA baMdha / 2. eka sAtha sAta karmoM kA bNdh| 3. eka sAtha chaha karmoM kA bNdh| 4. eka sAtha eka hI karma kA baMdha / 5. abaMdha, kisI karma kA baMdha nahIM hotaa| isase yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki eka sAtha do, tIna, cAra evaM pAMca karmoM kA baMdha ho hI nahIM sakatA hai| karma baMdha kI yaha sthiti jIva ke guNasthAna ke AdhAra para hai| amuka guNasthAnavI jIva, amuka karma kA baMdha karegA, yaha prastuta vizleSaNa se spaSTa hai| AThoM karmoM ke bandha ke nimitta bhagavatI meM AThoM karmoM kA pRthak-pRthak karmazarIra ke rUpa meM varNana kiyA hai| jJAnAvaraNIya 1. samavAyAMgavRtti, patra 34, sUkSmasamparAya: upazamaka: kSapako vA sUkSmalobhakaSAyakiTTikAvedako bhagavAn - pUjyatvAt sUkSmasamparAyabhAve vartamAna:-tatraiva guNasthAnake'vasthita: nAtItAnAgatasUkSmasamparAyapariNAma ityarthaH, sasadaza karmaprakRtinibadhnAti viMzatyuttare bandhaprakRtizate'nyA na badhnAtItyarthaH, pUrvataraguNasthAnakeSu baMdhaM pratItya tAsAM vyavacchinnatvAt, tathoktAnAM saptadazAnAM madhyAdekA sAtAprakRtirupazAntamohAdiSu bandhamAzrityAnuyAti, zeSA: SoDazehaiva vyavacchidyante, yadAha-nANaM pUtarAya 10 dasagaM desaNa cattAri 14 ucca 15 jasakittI 16 / eyA solasapayaDI suhamakasAyaMmi vocchinnA sUkSmasamparAyAtpare na bdhnntiityrth:|

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218 jaina Agama meM darzana karmazarIra prayoga baMdha se lekara antarAya karmazarIra prayogabandha taka ATha karmazarIra prayoga baMdha hote haiN|' ina AThoM hI karmazarIra ke baMdha ke kAraNa bhI pRthak-pRthak haiN| jJAna-pratyanIkatA, jJAna nihavana, jJAnAntarAya, jJAnapradveSa, jJAnAzAtanA evaM jJAnavisaMvAdana ke nimitta se jJAnAvaraNIya karmazarIra prayoga baMdha nAma ke karma ke udaya se jJAnAvaraNIya karmazarIra kA prayoga baMdha hotA hai arthAt jJAna pratyanIkatA Adi hetuoM ke sAtha jJAnAvaraNa kA udaya hone se hI puna: jJAnAvaraNa kA baMdha hotA hai| isakA tAtparya hai- jJAna pratyanIkatA Adi nimitta kAraNa hai evaM jJAnAvaraNa kA udaya eka apekSA se upAdAna kAraNa hai| isI prakAra AThoM hI karmoM ke baMdha meM nimitta kAraNoM ke sAtha-sAtha una-una karmoM ke udaya se hI ve karma puna: baMdhate haiN| arthAt jJAnAvaraNa kA baMdha taba hI hogA jaba jJAnAvaraNa kA udaya ho| yadyapi yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jIva ke eka sAtha nirantara sAta yA ATha karmoM kA baMdha ho rahA hai| yaha vaktavyatA bhI sApekSa hai| una karmoM ke baMdha ke samaya thor3I bhAgIdArI to saba karmoM kI hogI kiMtu pradhAnatA usI karma kI hogI jisake udaya ke kAraNa karmabaMdha ho rahA hai| karmoM kA adhika hissA usI karma ko prApta hogA jisake kAraNa karma kA baMdha ho rahA hai| bhagavatI meM varNita AThoM karma ke baMdha ke nimittoM kA varNana uttaravartI sAhitya meM bhI vistAra se huA hai| bhagavatI meM varNita karmabaMdha ke kAraNoM ke pariprekSya meM vyakti kI AcAra saMhitA kA nirmANa karanA mahattvapUrNa ho sakatA hai| vyakti kA vArtamAnika AcAra-vyavahAra usake bhaviSya kA nirdhAraka hotA hai| bhagavatI meM varNita karmabaMdha ke hetuoM para jaba vimarza karate haiM to adhikAMza hetu manuSya ke AcAra-vyavahAra se hI jur3e hue haiN| inako aura adhika vistRta dAyare meM dekhanA cAheM to samanaska jIvoM taka isakA vistAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| karma kA bandha to samanaskaamanaska sabhI ke hotA hai| amanaska jIvoM meM to ina nimittoM kA vyavahAra paralikSita nahIM hai phira unake ina karmoM ko baMdha kA hetu kyA banatA hogA? saMbhava aisA lagatA hai ki amukaamuka karma kA udaya hI usa-usa karma ke baMdha kA mukhya kAraNa hai| karmoM kA udaya to sabhI jIvoM ke hotA hai ata: unase karma kA baMdha ho jAtA hai| jaisA ki bhagavatI meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAnAvaraNIya Adi karmoM kA udaya bhI una-una karmoM ke bandha kA kAraNa hai|' karma kA abAdhAkAla sAmAnyata: karmoM kI do avasthAeM hotI haiM-udayAvasthA evaM anudayAvasthA / karma jaba taka udaya meM nahIM Ate taba taka jIva para unakA koI prabhAva nahIM hotaa| ve mAtra jIva se cipake rahate haiN| karma kA baMdha hote hI usameM phala dene kI zakti nahIM hotI hai| eka nizcita samaya 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 8 / 4 1 9 kammAsarIrapayogabaMdhe.......aTThavihe patte, taM jahA - nANAvaraNijnakammAsarIrappayogabaMdhe jAva aNtraaiykmmaasriirppyogbNdhe| . 2. vahI, 8/420-433 3. vahI, 8/420-433

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karmamImAMsA 219 sImA ke bAda ho unameM phala dene kA sAmarthya utpanna hotA hai| usase pahale karma kA avasthAna mAtra hotA hai| use karmazAstrIya bhASA meM 'abAdhAkAla' kahA jAtA hai| karmaudaya ke nimitta kAla maryAdApUrNa hone para karma kA vedana yA bhoga prAraMbha hotA hai| karma apanI udayAvasthA meM hI zubha-azubha phala pradAna karane meM samartha hote haiN| karma kA paripAka evaM udaya apane Apa bhI hotA hai tathA anya bAharI nimitta milane para bhI hotA hai| karma kA udaya sahetuka evaM nirhetuka ubhaya prakAra kA hai|' sthAnAMga meM krodha, ahaMkAra, mAyA evaM lobha ko apanI utpatti ke nimittoM kI apekSA se cAra-cAra prakAra kA batAyA hai 1. Atma pratiSThita-jo apane hI nimitta se utpanna hotA hai| 2. para-pratiSThita-jo dUsaroM ke nimitta se utpanna hotA hai| 3. tadubhaya pratiSThita-jo sva aura para donoM ke nimitta se utpanna hotA hai| 4. apratiSThita-jo kevala krodha (ahaMkAra, mAyA evaMlobha) vedanIya ke udaya se utpanna hotA hai| svayaM ke pramAda se ihaloka evaM paraloka sambandhI hAni ko dekhakara jo krodha Adi kaSAya paidA hote haiM ve AtmapratiSThita kahalAte haiN| dUsare ke dvArA kRta Akroza Adi ke kAraNa jo krodha Adi utpanna hote haiM ve para-pratiSThita kahalAte haiN| jisa krodha ke udaya meM sva evaM para donoM nimitta banate haiM vaha tadubhaya pratiSThita hai tathA jisameM svayaM kA pramAda evaM para kA akroza Adi nimitta nahIM banatA kevala krodhavedanIya Adi karmoM ke udaya se jo hotA hai vaha apratiSThita kahalAtA hai| yadyapi yaha cauthA bheda jIva pratiSThita to hai phira bhI vartamAna meM svayaM ke pramAda Adi ke nimata se udaya meM nahIM AyA hai ata: ise apratiSThita kahA gayA hai| vibhinna nimittoM se utpanna hone ke kAraNa krodha Adi ke bheda kara die gae haiN| yaha kAraNa meM kArya kA upacAra hai| vastuta: kAryarUpa krodha to eka jaisA hI hotA hai| usameM koI vibheda nahIM hotaa| krodha Adi ke cAra prakAroM meM prathama tIna bheda sahetuka karma ke udaya ke nidarzana haiM evaM cauthA bheda nirhetuka karmodaya kA udAharaNa hai| karma para aMkuza __ jainadarzana meM karma ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai phira bhI usakI niraMkuza sattA nahIM mAnI 1. sthAnAMgavRtti, pR. 129 "uktaM ca-sApekSANi ca nirapekSANi ca kammANi phlvipaakessu"| 2. ThANaM 4/76-79 3. sthAnAMgavRtti, pR. 129 AtmAparAdhe nai hikAmuSmikApAyadarzanAdAtmaviSaya AtmapratiSThita: pareNAkrozAdinodIrita: paraviSayo vA parapratiSThita: AtmaparaviSaya ubhayapratiSThita: AkrozAdikAraNanirapekSa: kevalaM krodhavedanIyodayAd yo bhavati so'prtisstthitH| 4. sthAnAMgavatti, pR. 129 ayaM ca caturthabhedo jIvapratiSThito'pi AtmAdiviSaye'nutpannatvAdapratiSThita uktH|

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220 jaina Agama meM darzana gaI hai| karma ke kriyAkalApoM ko dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva Adi paristhitiyAM niyaMtrita karatI rahatI haiN| karmaudaya ke nimittoM kI vividhatA prajJApanA meM karma ke anubhAva ke saMdarbha meM gati, sthiti, bhava, pudgala evaMpudgala pariNAma ina hetuoM kA ullekha huA hai|' yathA* gati-hetuka-udaya-naraka gati meM asAtA kA udaya tIvra ho jAtA hai| yadi jIva usa samaya anya gati meM hotA hai to itanA tIvra asAtA kA udaya nahIM hotaa| karma udaya kI tIvratA meM naraka gati hetu bana gaI hai| * sthiti-hetuka-udaya-mohakarma kI sarvotkRSTa sthiti meM mithyAtva moha kA tIvra udaya hotA hai| yaha sthiti hetuka vipAka-udaya hai| bhava-hetuka-udaya-darzanAvaraNIya karma kA udaya cAroM gatiyoM ke jIvoM ke hotA hai| isa karma ke udaya se nIMda AtI hai kiMtu nIMda manuSya aura tiryaJca do ko hI AtI hai| deva evaM nAraka ko nIMda nahIM AtI hai, yaha bhava (janma) hetuka vipAkaudaya hai| gati, sthiti evaM bhava ke nimitta se kaI karmoM kA apane Apa udaya ho jAtA hai| pudgala-hetuka-udaya-kisI ne patthara pheMkA, coTa lagI, asAtA vedanIya kA udaya ho gayA, yaha dUsaroM ke dvArA kiyA huA asAta-vedanIya kA pudgala-hetuka-vipAka udaya hai| kisI ne gAlI dI, krodha A gayA-yaha krodha vedanIya pudgaloM kA sahetuka vipAka udaya hai| * pudgala-pariNAma ke dvArA hone vAlA udaya-bhojana kiyA, vaha ajIrNa ho gyaa| usase roga paidA ho gyaa| yaha asAta vedanIya kA pudgala-pariNAma se hone vAlA udaya hai| * madirA pI, unmAda chA gyaa| jJAnAvaraNa kA udaya huaa| yaha pudgala pariNamana hetuka-vipAka-udaya hai| aiyApathikI aura sAmparAyikI kriyA karmabaMdha do prakAra kA hotA hai-IryApathika aura saampraayik| kevala kAyayoga ke 1. paNNavaNA 23/13........sayaM vA udiNNassa pareNa vA udIriyassa tadubhaeNa vA udIrijamANasya gatiM pappa ThitiM pappa bhavaM pappa poggalaM pappa poggalapariNAmaM pappa, 2. mahAprajJa AcArya, jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA pa. 314-315

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karmamImAMsA 221 kAraNa hone vAlA karmabaMdha aipithikI kriyA kahalAtA hai tathA kaSAya ke kAraNa hone vAlA karmabaMdha sAmparAyikI kriyA hai|' aiApathikI kriyA kA svarUpa gamanamArga meM hone vAlI kriyA airyApathikI kahalAtI hai| isakA pravRttilabhya artha kevala (kaSAyazUnya) yoga se hone vAlI kriyA kiyA gayA hai| bhagavatI ke vRttikAra ne 1/444 ke sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM ise kevala kAyayoga janya mAnA hai tathA 3/148 kI vyAkhyA meM ise 'yoga' nimittaka kahA hai| arthAt prathama vaktavya meM kevala kAyayoga ke kAraNa hone vAle karmabandha ko aiApathikI kriyA kahA hai jabaki dvitIya vaktavya meM yogamAtra (mana, vacana, kAyA) se hone vAle bandha ko airyApathikI kriyA kahA hai| uparyukta vaktavya para vimarza karane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki aipithika bandha kAyayoga se hI hotA hai kyoMki vacanayoga evaM manayoga para to sAdhaka kA niyaMtraNa hotA hai| kAyayoga para utanA anuzAsana saMbhava nahIM hai| ata: jahAM yoga kA ullekha kiyA hai use kAyayoga hI samajhanA caahie| vItarAga ke tInoM yoga hai kiMtu vahAM pramukhatA kAyayoga kI hI parilakSita ho rahI hai| avItarAga prANI ke sAmparAyikI kriyA hotI hai aura vItarAga ke aiApathikI kriyA hotI hai| sakaSAyI jIva ke sAmparAyika baMdha hotA hai| akaSAyI ke hone vAle karmabaMdha kA nAma IryApathika hai| jo saMvRtta anagAra Ayukta dazA meM (dattacitta hokara) calatA hai, khar3A hotA hai, baiThatA hai, leTatA hai, vastra, pAtra, kambala aura pAda-proJchana letA athavA rakhatA hai| usa saMvRtta anagAra ke airyApathikI kriyA hotI hai, sAmparAyikI kriyA nahIM hotI hai tathA bhAvitAtmA anagAra ke bhI aiApathikI kriyA hotI hai| isI prakAra yathAsUtra vicaraNa karane vAle ke IryApathikI kriyA hotI hai tathA utsUtra vicaraNa karane vAle ke sAmparAyikI kriyA hotI hai|' bhagavatI vRtti, 1/444 'iriyAvahiya' ti IryA-gamanaM tadviSayaH panthA-mArga IryApathastatra bhavA airyApathikI, kevalakAyadyogapratyaya karmabaMdha ityrthH| saMparAiyaM ca tti saMparaiti-paribhramati prANI bhave ebhiriti saMparAyA kaSAyAstat pratyayA yA sA sAmparAyikI, kaSAyahetuka: karmabandha ityarthaH / 2. vahI, 3/148 IriyAvahiya ti IryApatho-gamanamArgastatra bhavA aiyApathikI kevalayogapratyayeti bhAvaH / 3. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI)1/126 jassa NaM koha-mANa-mAyA-lobhA vocchiNNA bhavaMti, tassa NaM iriyAvahiyA kiriyA ka nai, jassa NaM koha-mANa-mAyA-lobhA avocchiNNA bhavaMti, tassa NaM saMparAiyA kiriyA kjji| 4. (ka) vahI, 7/125 saMvuDassa NaM aNagArassa AuttaM gacchamANassa jAva NaM iriyAvahiyA kiriyA kajjai, no saMparAiyA kiriyA kjji| (kha) vahI, 18/159 5. (ka) vahI, 7/126 ahAsuttaM rIyamANassa iriyAvahiyA kiriyA kajjai, ussuttaM rIyamANassa saMparAiyA kiriyA kjji| (kha) vahI. 18/160

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222 airyApathikI kriyA ke prakAra hai bhagavatI meM hI IryApathikI evaM sAmparAyikI kriyA ke vibhinna svarUpa prApta iryApathikI kriyA ko cAra prakAra se batAyA gayA hai kevala kAyayoga ke kAraNa hone vAlA karmabaMdha, akaSAyI ke hone vAlA karmabaMdha, jaina Agama meM darzana 1. 2. 3. yathAsUtra vicaraNa karane vAle ke hone vAlA karma baMdha, 4. dattacitta hokara kriyA karane vAle saMvRtta evaM bhAvitAtmA anagAra ke hone vAlA karmabaMdha / 1 sAmparAyikI kriyA ke prakAra sAmparAyika kriyA ke do prakAra haiM- 1. kaSAya se hone vAlA karmabaMdha, 2. utsUtra vicaraNa karane se hone vAlA karmabaMdha | bhagavatI ke prathama zataka meM IryApathikI kA sambandha mAtra kAyayoga se mAnA hai| usI sUtra ke sAtaveM zataka meM usakA sambandha akaSAya se/kaSAya rAhitya se tathA yathAsUtra viharaNa se mAnA hai / aThArahaveM zataka meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki bhAvitAtmA anagAra ke IryApUrvaka calate hue yadi jIva vadha hotA hai to bhI usake sAmparAyika kriyA nahIM hotI, IryApathikI kriyA hotI hai|' bhagavatI sUtra meM airyApathikI aura sAmparAyikI kriyA kI carcA aneka koNoM se kI gaI hai| eryApathikI kriyA meM hone vAlA karmabaMdha 2 sAmparAyikI evaM IyApathikI kriyA ke saMdarbha meM vizeSa vimarza prastuta karate hue AcArya mahAprajJa ne likhA hai ki ' - jisake krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha vyucchinna hote haiM, usake airyApathikI kriyA hotI hai jisake ye vyucchinna nahIM hote haiM, usake sAmparAyikI kriyA hotI hai / ' isa sUtra ke AdhAra para yaha siddhAnta sthApita huA hai - avItarAga ke sAmparAyikI kriyA hotI hai aura vItarAga ke airyApathikI kriyA hotI hai / vItarAga ke airyApathikI kriyA hotI hai - yaha nizcita siddhAnta hai / avItarAga ke airyApathikI kriyA hotI hai yA nahIM hotI, yaha vimarzanIya hai / siddhasenagaNi ne akaSAya ke do prakAra kie haiM- vItarAga aura sraag| vItarAga akaSAya ke tIna prakAra haiM- upazAntamoha, kSINamoha aura kevalI / kaSAya kA udaya na ho usa avasthA meM saMjvalana kaSAya vAlA bhI akaSAya hotA hai| vaha sarAga akaSAya hai| isake samardhana meM unhoMne 1. aMgasuttANi 2 ( bhagavaI), 18 / 159 aNagArassa NaM bhAviyappaNo purao duhao jugamAyAe pehAe rIyaM rIyamANassa pAyassa ahe kukkuDapote vA vaTTapote vA kuliMgacchAeM vA pariyAvajjejjA. tassa NaM iriyAvahiyA kiriyA kajjai, no saMparAiyA kiriyA kajjai / 2. bhagavaI (khaNDa- 2) pR. 333, 69 70 ( prastuta grantha ke pAThaka kI suvidhA ke lie prAcIna uddharaNa jo bhagavaI bhASya meM uddhRta haiM ve die haiM / ) 3. aMgasuttANi 2 ( bhagavaI), 7 / 126

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karmamImAMsA 223 oghaniyukti kI Der3ha gAthA uddhRta kI hai|' oghaniyukti kI vRtti meM droNAcArya ne likhA hai- jo muni jJAnI hai, apramatta hai, usake kAyayoga se koI prANI mara jAtA hai, usake sAmparAyika karma kA baMdha nahIM hotA hai, IryApratyayika karma kA baMdha hotA hai|' sUtrakAra ne krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ke lie 'vyucchinna' tathA 'avyucchinna' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| yahAM kSINa' zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai| vyucchinna zabda vimarzanIya hai| pataJjali ne kleza kI cAra avasthAeM batalAI haiM-prasupta, tanu, vicchinna aura udAra / kleza samaya-samaya para vicchinna hotA rahatA hai| vaha sadA labdhavRtti athavA udita avasthA meM nahIM rhtaa|' abhayadevasUri ne bhI 'vocchinna' kA artha 'anudita' kiyA hai| ina vyucchinna aura avyuchinna padoM ke AdhAra para oghaniyuktikAra aura siddhasenagaNI kA mata vimarza yogya hai| aipithikI kriyA kA sambandha kevala gamanamArga se nahIM hai apitu usakA sambandha jIvana-vyavahAra ke lie hone vAlI kriyAoM se haiN| aiApathikI kriyA meM hone vAle karmabandha kI prakriyA kA nirdeza bhagavatI sUtra meM prApta hai| isa kriyA ke prathama samaya meM karma kA baMdha aura sparza hotA hai| karma-prAyogya paramANu-skandhoM kA karma rUpa meM paraNimana honA 'baddha-avasthA' hai| jIva pradezoM ke sAtha unakA sparza honA 'spRSTa-avasthA' hai| dvitIya samaya meM baddha karma kA vedana hotA hai, tRtIya samaya meM usakI nirjarA ho jAtI hai| sUtrakAra ne vAkyAntara meM dvitIya samaya kI avasthA ko 'udIriyA veiyA' ina do zabdoM ke dvArA nirdiSTa kiyA hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki karma kA udaya aura vedana-ye donoM avasthAeM dvitIya samaya meM hotI hai| jisa samaya meM baMdha hotA hai, usa samaya meM udaya nahIM hotaa| isalie udaya dUsare samaya meM hotA hai|' airyApathikI kriyA se bacane vAle karma kI sthiti do samaya kI hai| jayAcArya ne bhI do samaya kI sthiti kA ullekha kiyA hai|' tattvArthabhASyakAra ne isakI sthiti eka samaya kI mAnI hai| vRttikAra ke anusAra vedyamAna karma-samaya hI sthiti-kAla hai|' 1. tattvArthabhASyAnusAriNI vRtti 6/5 akaSAyo vItarAga: sraagshc| tatra vItarAgastrividha upazAntamoha eka: kSINamohakevalinau ca kAtsye nonmUlitakarmakadambakau, sarAga: puna: saMjvalanakaSAyavAnapi avidyamAna udayo'kaSaya eva mandAnubhAvatvamanudarAkanyA nirdezavat, atazcopapannamidaM -uccAliyammi pAe, iriyAsamiyassa sNkmtttthaae| vAvagnejja kuliMgI, marejja jogamAsajja (oghaniyukti gA. 747) na ya tassa tannimitto baMdho suhamo vi desito sme| (odhaniyukti gA. 749) 2. oghaniyukti pR. 499 pAtaJjala yogadarzana 2/8 vicchidya vicchidya tena tenAtmanA puna: samudAcarantIti vicchinnA katham? rAgakAle krodhasyAdarzanAt, na hi rAgakAle krodhassamudAcariti, rAgazca kvacid dRzyamAno na viSayAntare nAsti, naikasyAM striyAM caitro rakta ityanyAsu strISu virakta iti, kiMtu tatra rAgo labdhavRttiranyatra bhvissyvRttiriti| bhagavatI vRtti, 6/292 vocchinneti anuditaaH| 5. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 3/148 6. uttarajjhayaNANi 29/72 tAva ya iriyAvahiyaM kammaM baMdhai, suhapharisaM dusamayaThiiyaM / 7. jhINI carcA, DhAla 17/26 ghaNA samaya sthiti saMparAya, be samaya iriyAvahi..... 8. tattvArthabhASya 6/5 akaSAyasyeryApathasyaivaika smysthite| 9. tattvArthabhASyAnusAriNI TIkA 6/5 vedyamAnakarmasamayo madhyamaH sa eva sthitikAla: / Adyo baMdhasamayastatIya: parizATanasamaya iti| 3.

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jaina Agama meM darzana siddhasenagaNI aura droNAcArya ke matAnusAra sarAga ke bhI kaSAya vyucchinna avasthA meM airyApathikI kriyA ho sakatI hai|' 224 prastuta sUtroM kI racanA se bhI kucha prazna ubharate haiM 1. anAyukta - pramatta avasthA meM calane vAle anagAra ke sAmparAyikI kriyA hotI hai| koI anagAra Ayukta- apramatta avasthA meM calatA hai, usake bhI sAmparAyikI kriyA hotI hai, to phira gautama ke prazna aura mahAvIra ke uttara kA tAtparya kyA hai ? yathAsUtra - Agama-nirdiSTa vidhi ke anusAra calane vAle ke airyApathikI kriyA hotI hai| utsUtra - Agama-nirdiSTa vidhi ke pratikUla calane vAle ke sAmparAyikI kriyA hotI hai| kyA sabhI sarAga anagAra utsUtra hI calate haiM ? ye prazna siddhasenagaNI ke mata para vicAra karane ke lie saMprerita karate haiM / AcArya mahAprajJa ne siddhasena evaM droNAcArya ke mata ko vimarza yogya svIkAra karake tathA anAyukta evaM yathAsUtra ke sambandha meM prazna upasthita karake bhI spaSTa rUpa se apane abhimata ko prastuta nahIM kiyA hai, kiMtu prakArAntara se unakA abhimata siddhasena kI avadhAraNA ko sampuSTa karatA huA pratIta ho rahA hai, jo ki samIcIna bhI hai| 2. - bhagavatI meM spaSTa rUpa se ullekha hai ki bhAvitAtmA anagAra evaM Ayukta saMvRtta anagAra ke airyApathikI kriyA hotI hai / bhagavatI ke bhAvitAtmA evaM saMvRtta anagAra vItarAga hI ho yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| yadi saMvRtta anagAra vItarAga hI hotA to usakA Ayukta vizeSaNa kyoM diyA jAtA ? kyoMki vItarAga to sadaiva Ayukta hI hotA hai / ata: prastuta prasaMga meM varNita saMvRtta anagAra vItarAga kA vAcaka pratIta nahIM ho rahA hai| bhagavatI meM hI bakuza nirgrantha ke pAMca prakAroM meM do prakAra - saMvRtta bakuza evaM asaMvRtta bakuza hai|' bakuza to nizcaya hI vItarAga nahIM hai / ata: airyApathikI kriyA ke saMdarbha meM Agata saMvRtta anagAra zabda vItarAga bhinna anagAra kA vAcaka pratIta ho rahA hai| usI prakAra bhAvitAtmA zabda kA prayoga bhI airyApathikI ke saMdarbha vItarAga ke lie huA ho, saMbhava kama lagatA hai / vItarAga ke hone vAlI airyApathikI kriyA se kevala sAta vedanIya karma kA hI baMdha hotA hai / yadi vItarAga itara akaSAyI sarAga ke airyApathikI kriyA mAnI jAe to usake kitane aura kauna-se karma kA baMdha hogA / yaha prazna vimarzanIya hogaa| kyoMki vItarAga avasthA se pUrva sAta-ATha karmoM kA baMdha evaM chaha karmoM (dasaveM guNasthAna meM) kA baMdha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| karmavedana kI sApekSatA saMsArI jIvoM ke pratikSaNa karma kA baMdha hotA rahatA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 25/280 bause NaM bhaMte / kativihe paNNatte ? goyamA - paMcavihe paNNatte, taM jahA - Abhogabause, aNAbhogabaDse, saMvuDabause, asaMvuDabause, ahAsuhumabause nAmaM paMcame /

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karmamImAMsA 225 hI karmoM kI kartA evaM vikartA (tor3ane vAlI) hai| yahAM vikartA zabda vizeSa mananIya hai| jIva apane puruSArtha ke dvArA kRta karmoM ko tor3a sakatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra puruSArtha ke pravaktA the| unakI svIkRti hai ki jIva apane hI puruSArtha se karmoM ko bAMdhatA hai to unako tor3a bhI sakatA hai evaM unameM parivartana bhI lA sakatA hai| kRta karmoM kA bhoga avazyaMbhAvI hai|' yaha karmavAda kA sAmAnya siddhAnta hai| yadi isa siddhAnta ko sarvathA nirapekSa svIkAra kareM to dhArmika/ AdhyAtmika kriyA kI koI upayogitA hI nahIM raha jaaegii| dhArmika puruSArtha kA prayojana bhI yahI hai ki atIta kRta karma ko vartamAna puruSArtha se samApta kara de| karma ko badalA jA sakatA hai ataH karma bhoga kA siddhAnta sApekSa hai| kRta karma ko bhoganA hI par3atA hai isakA sambandha pradeza karma ke sAtha hai, anubhAga karma ke vedana meM bhajanA hai usakA vedana jIva karatA bhI hai aura puruSArtha ke dvArA usameM parivartana bhI lA sakatA hai| bhagavatI meM kahA gayA pradezakarma kA bhoga avazyameva karanA hotA hai| anubhAga kA kucha vedana karate bhI haiM aura nahIM bhI karate haiN| tapasyA ke dvArA karma kI nirjarA karo- isakA AdhAra anubhAga-karma ke vedana kA vikalpa hI hai|' arthAt anubhAga karma kA anubhava kucha karate bhI haiM aura nahIM bhI karate haiN| jo tapasyA Adi anuSThAna karate haiM ve udIraNA, udvartanA, apavartanA Adi ke dvArA anubhAga karma ko parivartita yA niSkriya kara dete haiN| niSkarSa rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pradezakarma kA vedana anivArya hai tathA anubhAga karma ke vedana meM anivAryatA nahIM hai| usakA vedana ho bhI sakatA hai, nahIM bhI hotA hai| vedanAevaM nirjarA jaina darzana meM karma para vividha pahaluoM se vimarza kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnyataH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jitanI adhika vedanA hogI utanI hI nirjarA hogI, yaha avadhAraNA bhI sApekSa hai| vedanA adhika evaM nirjarA kama tathA vedanA kama evaM nirjarA adhika ho sakatI hai| yaha tathya bhagavatI meM ullikhita hai| zramaNa-nirgrantha ke alpavedanA hone para bhI mahAnirjarA hotI hai| isakA hetu hai karma kA zithilIkRta svarUpa / chaThI evaM sAtavIM nArakI ke nairayikoM ke mahAvedanA hotI hai para mahAnirjarA 1. uttarajjhayaNANi 4/3 kaDANa kammANa na mokkha atthi| 2. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 1/190 tattha-NaM jaMNaM padesakammaM taM niyamA vedeii| tattha NaM jaMNaM aNabhAgakamma taM atthegaiyaM vedei, atthegaiyaM No vedei| 3. (ka) dasaveAliyaM, prathama cUlikA, sUtra 18 pAvANaM ca khalu bho! kaDANaM kammANaM pubviM ducciNNANaM duppaDikvaMtANaM veyaittA mokkho natthi aveyaittA, tavasA vA jhosaittA (kha) AyAro 2/16 3 dhuNe kammasarIragaM (ga) dasaveAliyaM 6/67 khati appANamamohadaMsiNo tave rayA saMjama ajjave gunne| dhuNaMti pAvAI pure kaDAI, navAi pAvAiM na te kreNti||

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226 jaina Agama meM darzana nahIM hotI,' isakA kAraNa hai unake karmagADha hote haiM / mahAvedanA aura mahAnirjarA kA yaha sAmAnya niyama hai| alpavedanA aura mahAnirjarA yaha isakA apavAdasUtra hai| nirjarA kA mUla hetu haiprazasta adhyavasAya evaM zubhayoga / nirjarA kI nyUnatA yA adhikatA adhyavasAya para hI nirbhara hai| vedanAko sahane meM yadi samabhAva hai to nirjarA mahAn hogii| yadi samabhAva nahIM hai to mahAvedanA hone para bhI alpanirjarA hI hogii| vedanA evaM nirjarA ke udAharaNa bhagavatI meM vedanA eMva nirjarA ke saMdarbha meM cAra udAharaNa prApta haiM1. pratimA pratipanna anagAra mahAvedanA ko samabhAva se sahana karatA hai, isalie usake mahAnirjarA hotI hai| 2. chaThI-sAtavIM pRthvI ke nairayika mahAvedanA kosamabhAva se sahana nahIM karate, isalie unake alpa nirjarA hotI hai| 3: zailezI avasthA pratipanna anagAra ke vedanA alpa hotI hai kiMtusamabhAva adhikatama hotA hai, isalie alpavedanA kI avasthA meM bhI mahAnirjarA hotI hai| 4. anuttara vimAna ke devoM ke vedanA bhI alpa aura nirjarA bhI alpa hotI hai|' AcArya mahAprajJa ne ina udAharaNoM kA niSkarSa prastuta karate hue kahA hai ki jinameM nirjarA karane kA prayatna hotA hai, unake avipAkI nirjarA hotI hai| ve udIraNA kara avipakva karmoM ko udaya meM lAkara nirjIrNa kara dete haiN| pratimA pratipanna anagAra aura zailezI pratipanna anagAraye do isa koTi ke udAharaNa haiN| chaThI-sAtavIM pRthvI ke nairayika aura anuttaravimAna ke devaye vipAkI nirjarA ke udAharaNa haiN| unameM nirjarA kA prayatna nahIM hotaa| azubha aura zubhakarma udayAvalI meM praviSTa hokara apanA phala dekara nivRtta ho jAte haiN|' vedanA eMva nirjarA kI prastuta vivecanA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jo Agata kaSTa haiM unako samabhAvapUrvaka sahana karane se mahAnirjarA hotI hai tathA avipAkI karma ko udIraNA ke dvArA udaya meM lAkara samabhAvapUrvaka sahana karanA sAdhanA kA viziSTa prayoga hai| isase pracura karma nirjaraNa hotA hai| siddhAnta ko udAharaNa ke dvArA sarala banAkara samajhAnA bhagavatI kI racanAzailI kI vizeSatA hai| prastuta prasaMga meM vastra, aharaNa Adi vibhinna udAharaNa dekara mahAnirjarA, mahAvedanA Adi kI avadhAraNA ko spaSTa kiyA hai|' 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 6/4 2. bhagavaI (khaNDa-2) pR. 233 3. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 6/16 4. bhagavaI (khaNDa-2), pR. 225 5. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI), 6/4

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karmamImAMsA 227 karmabandha evaM mokSa kI kAraNabhUta kriyA sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM karmabandha aura mokSa kI kAraNabhUta teraha kriyAoM kA ullekha huA hai|' arthadaMDa, anarthadaNDa Adi prathama bAraha kriyAeM karmabaMdha kI hetu hai tathA karmabaMdha se mukta hone kI kriyA kA nAma IryApathika hai| arthadaNDa Adi bAraha kriyAoM se pApakarma kA baMdha hotA hai| yadyapi I-pathikI kriyA puNya karmabaMdha kI kAraNa hai phira bhI vaha zubhayogAtmaka hone ke kAraNa AcaraNIya hai| bAraha kriyAeM azubhayogAtmaka hai ata: sarvathA anAcaraNIya hai| unase saMsAra bhramaNa bar3hatA hai| terahavIM IryApathikI kriyA meM pravRtti karane vAle ke saMsAra-bhramaNa kA uccheda ho jAtA hai| bhagavatI meM ArambhikI Adi pAMca kriyAoM kA ullekha haiN| ve kriyAeM karmabaMdha kA hetu hone se saMsAra bhramaNa karavAne vAlI haiN| sthAnAMgameM bahattara kriyAoM kA nirdeza hai| tattvArthasUtra meM paccIsa kriyAoM kA pratipAdana hai| karmabaMdha kI dRSTi se kriyA ke sabhI prakAroM kA aiApathikI aura sAmparAyikI ina do kriyAoM meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| jIvana nirvAha ke lie prANI pravRtti karatA hai| pravRtti ke mukhya preraka tattva apratyAkhyAna, AkAMkSA aura preyas haiN| pravRtti ke pariNAma IryApathika aura sAmparAyika karmabaMdha hai| pravRtti ke mukhya tIna prakAra haiM- kAyika, vAcika aura maansik| unake prabheda aneka haiN| yoga se ayoga dazA ko prApta karane para hI jIva sarvathA karmamukta ho sakatA hai| kriyAmukti hone se hI karma mukti saMbhava hai| karma kA paudgalikatva jaina darzana ke anusAra karma do prakAra ke haiM-dravya evaM bhAva / bhAvakarma jIva kI rAgadveSAtmaka pariNati hai| jIva kI isa rAga-dveSAtmaka pravRtti se jina karma pudgaloM kA AkarSaNa hotA hai, ve paudgalika hote haiN| bhagavatI meM prazna upasthita kiyA gayA ki prANAtipAta Adi aThAraha pApoM meM kitane varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza hote haiM ? samAdhAna ke prasaMga meM ina aThAraha pApoM meM pAMca varNa (kRSNa, nIla, rakta, pIta, zveta), do gaMdha (sugaMdha, durgaMdha), pAMca rasa (tikta, kaTu, kaSAya, amla evaM madhura) evaM cAra sparza (zIta, uSNa, snigdha evaM rukSa) hone kA ullekha huA hai| pudgala ke varNa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza ye hI cAra guNa mAne gae haiN|' karma-paramANu sUkSma haiN| ananta pradezI karma skandha hI AtmA se saMyukta ho sakate haiN| ye skandha bhI catu:sparzI hI 1. sUyagaDo, 2/2/2 sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, pRSTha 336 imehiM bArasahi kiriyaTTANehiM bajjhati, muccati tersmennN| 3. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI)1/80 4. ThANaM 2/2-37 5. tattvArthasUtra 66 6. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 12/102-107 7. tattvArthasUtra 5/23 sparzarasagandhavarNavanta: pudglaaH| 8. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 8/482

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228 jaina Agama meM darzana hote haiN| bAdara pudgala skandha aSTasparzI hote haiN| aindriyika jJAna ke viSaya bAdara pudgala skandha hI bana sakate haiN| karma-paramANu indriya-stara para grAhya nahIM hai| viziSTa atIndriya jJAna se to inakA avabodha sambhava hai| kadAcit vijJAna ke viziSTa upakaraNoM ke bhI yaha dRzya bana sakate haiM, yaha sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai| karma evaM punarjanma dArzanika jagat meM AtmavAda evaM punarjanma ke saMdarbha meM kucha mAnyatAeM pracalita haiM1. AtmA hai punarjanma nahIM hai| 2. punarjanma hai AtmA nahIM hai| 3. AtmA evaM punarjanma donoM hI nahIM haiN| 4. AtmA evaM punarjanma donoM hI haiN| IsAI evaM islAma dharma AtmA kI sattA ko to svIkAra karate haiM kintu kramika punarjanma kI sattA svIkAra nahIM krte| bauddhadarzana anAtmavAdI hai, phira bhI vaha karmavAda evaM punarjanmavAda ke siddhAntako cittasaMtati ke AdhAra para svIkAra karatA hai | cArvAka darzana, AtmA, paramAtmA, punarjanma Adi kisI bhI atIndriya padArtha kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| anya bhAratIya darzana AtmA, paramAtmA evaM punarjanma ina tInoM kI sattA svIkAra karate haiN| ina darzanoM ne AtmA kI traikAlika sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| yadyapi Atma svarUpa ke sambandha meM unameM paraspara mataikya nahIM hai kiMtu AtmA kI traikAlika svIkRti ve saba eka svara se karate haiN| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA- "jassa natthi purA pacchA, majjho tassa kao siaa"| jisakA pUrva evaM pazcAt nahIM hotA usakA madhya bhI kaise hogA? AgamakAra tattvapratipAdana meM yukti kA avalambana prAya: nahIM lete haiN| kiMtu AtmA ke astitva kI siddhi meM AcArAMgakartA isa mahattvapUrNa tarka kA Azraya le rahe haiN| AtmA vartamAna meM hai, isase spaSTa hotA hai ki AtmA kA pUrva meM astitva thA tathA bhaviSya meM usakA astitva rhegaa| AtmA kI traikAlika sattA kI svIkRti pUrvajanma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta kI spaSTa abhivyakti hai| ___ darzana kA prAdurbhAva pUrvajanma evaM punarjanma sambandhI vicAraNA se hotA hai| AcArAMgasUtra ke prArambha meM hI yaha jijJAsA hai - 'atthi me AyA ovavAie, Natthi me AyA ovavAie? merI AtmA punarjanma lene vAlI hai yA nahIM hai| dizA, vidizAoM meM anusaMcaraNa karane vAlA kauna hai? 'ke ahaM AsI ke vA io cuo iha peccA bhavissAmi' maiM atIta meM kauna thA? yahAM se cyuta hokara bhaviSya meM kahA~ jaauuNgaa| 'kauna hUM, AyA kahAM se, aura jAnA hai kahAM?' isa prakAra kI jijJAsAeM dArzanika cintana kI pRSThabhUmi haiN| 1. AyAro 4/46 2. vahI 1/1

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karmamImAMsA 229 punarjanma bhAratIya cintana kA sarvamAnya siddhAnta rahA hai| sabhI cintakoM ne isa siddhAnta kI puSTi meM apane prajJA bala kA samAyojana kiyA hai| bhAratIya dRSTi se punarjanma kA mUla kAraNa karma hai| aura karma ke kAraNa hI janma-maraNa hotA hai-'rAgoyadosoviya kammabIyaM, kammaM ca jAimaraNaM vynti|' avidyA, vAsanA, adRSTa Adi karma ke hI paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| vibhinna bhAratIya darzanoM meM punarjanma upaniSad darzanane punarjanma ko svIkRti dI hai| upaniSad kA ghoSa hai - 'sasyamivapacyate mRtyaH, sasyamiva jAyate punaH' DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana sarvapallI ne kahA--'punarjanma meM vizvAsa kamase kama upaniSadoM ke kAla se calA A rahA hai| vedoM aura brAhmaNoM ke kAla kA yaha svAbhAvika vikAsa hai aura ise upaniSadoM meM spaSTa abhivyakti milI hai|' vedAnta darzana ke pramukha AcArya nimbArka ne punarjanma evaM usake kAraNoM ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki AtmA ajara, amara evaM avinAzI hai| jaba taka jIva avidyA se AvRtta hai| taba taka janma maraNa kA cakra calatA rahatA hai| avidyA nivRtti ke pazcAt punarjanma kA abhAva ho jAtA hai| sAMkhya yoga darzana __ sAMkhya dArzanikoM ke anusAra AtmA ko apane pUrvakRta karma ke phalasvarUpa duHkha ke upabhoga hetu bAra-bAra zarIra dhAraNA karanA par3atA hai| 'Atmano bhogAyatanazarIraM' zarIra bhoga kA Ayatana hai| liGga zarIra ke dvArA AtmA eka bhava se dUre bhava meM jAkara zarIra dhAraNA karatI rahatI hai| jaba taka viveka khyAti nahIM hotI taba taka yaha cakra calatA rahatA hai| pAtaJjala yoga bhASya meM bhI kahA hai ki - 'sati mUle tad vipAko jAtyAyurbhogaH / jaba taka kleza rahate haiM taba taka jAti, Ayu evaM bhoga ke rUpa meM unake vipAka ko bhoganA par3atA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika ye bhI AtmA ko trikAlavartI mAnate haiN| AtmA ke nitya hone janmAntara kI siddhi hotI hai| pUrvakRta karmabhoga ke lie AtmAko punarjanmakaranApar3atAhai-'pUrvakRtaphalAnubhavanAt tdutpttiH|'adRsstt ke kAraNa jIva saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai| mImAMsA yajJa Adi karmakANDa meM vizvAsa karane vAlA mImAMsA darzana bhI punarjanma ko svIkAra karatA hai| AtmA, paraloka Adi meM usakA vizvAsa hai / yajJa se adRSTa nAma kA tattva paidA hotA hai aura vaha sampUrNa jIvana vyavasthA kA niyAmaka hotA hai| gItA gItA ko saba upaniSadoM kA sAra kahA gayA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kA gItA mahimAmaNDita grantha hai| usameM punarjanma kA tatva spaSTa rUpa se pratipAdita huA hai| granthakAra kahate haiM

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230 jaina Agama meM darzana - 'jAtasya hi dhruvaM mRtyu dhruvaM janma mRtasya c|' jo janma letA hai usakI mRtyu evaM mRta kA janma nizcita rUpa se hotA hai| jaise manuSya purAne kapar3oM ko chor3akara navIna vastra dhAraNa karatA hai, vaise hI yaha AtmA purAne zarIra ko tyAgakara nayA zarIra dhAraNa kara letI hai| vAsAMsi jIrNAni yathA vihAya navAni gRhNAti naro'parANi / tathA zarIrANi vihAya jIrNAnyanyAni saMyAti navAni dehI / / jisa prakAra isa zarIra meM bAlya, yauvana evaMbur3hApA AtA hai| vaise hI AtmA ko dehAntara kI prApti hotI hai| dhIra puruSa vaisI sthiti meM mohita nahIM hotaa| bauddha bauddha darzana ko anAtmavAdI mAnA jAtA hai| kyoMki usane AtmA kI svataMtra sattA na mAnakara santati pravAha ke rUpa meM usakA astitva svIkAra kiyA hai| isa darzana meM bhI punarjanma kA siddhAnta svIkRta hai| bhagavAna buddha ne apane paira meM cubhane vAle kAMTe ko pUrvajanma meM kie hue prANIvadha kA vipAka mAnA hai-- ita ekanavatikalpe zaktyA me puruSo hataH / tena karma vipAkena pAde viddho'smi bhikSavaH / / jaina jaina darzana AtmavAdI-karmavAdI darzana hai| karmavAda kI avadhAraNA meM punarjanma siddhAnta kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA- rAga aura dveSa karma ke bIja haiM tathA karma janma maraNa kA mUla kAraNa hai| punarjanma karma yukta AtmA ke hI ho sakatA hai| akarmA AtmA janma-maraNa kI paramparA se mukta hotI hai| jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa ne punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko puSTa karate hue kahA hai ki bAlaM zarIraM dehatarapuvvaM iMdiyA imttaao| juvadeho bAlAdiva sa jassa deho sa dehI tti / / jisa prakAra yuvaka kA zarIra bAlaka kI uttaravatI avasthA hai vaise hI bAlaka kA zarIra pUrvajanma ke bAda meM hone vAlI avasthA hai|iskaa jo adhikArI hai, vahI AtmA hai| jAtismRti jJAna pUrvajanma kA puSTa pramANa hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra apane ziSyoM ko saMyama meM dRr3ha karane ke lie jAti-smRti karavA dete the| meghakumAra jaba saMyama se cyuta hone lagA taba bhagavAn ne usako pUrvajanma kA smaraNa karavA diyaa| jaina AgamoM meM Agata 'poTTa-parihAraM' zabda bhI punarjanma siddhAnta kA saMvAhaka hai| gozAlaka ko uttarita karate hue bhagavAna ne kahA thA ki ye tila puSpa ke bIja marakara punaH isI paudhe kI phalI meM phalita hoNge| bhagavatI, AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi AgamoM meM vipula mAtrA meM pUrvajanma ke nidarzana upalabdha hai|

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karmamImAMsA pAzcAtya vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM punarjanma pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne bhI punarjanma ke bAre meM vicAra kiyA hai| prAcIna yUnAna ke mahAna dArzanika pAithAgorasa ke anusAra sAdhutva kI anupAlanA se AtmA kA janma uccatara loka meM hotA hai aura duSTa AtmAeM nimna yoniyoM meM jAtI hai / 231 sukarAta kA mantavya thA ki mRtyu svapnavihIna nidrA aura punarjanma jAgRta loka ke darzana kA dvAra hai| pleTo ne bhI punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA hai| pleTo ke zabdoM meM -The soul always wears her garment a new. The soul has a natural strength which willholdout and be born many times. dArzanika zopanahAra ke zabdoM meM punarjanma eka asaMdigdha tattva hai / vijJAna jagata meM punarjanma kI avadhAraNA dArzanika jagata meM punarjanma carcA kA viSaya rahA hI hai, Adhunika vijJAna ke kSetra meM bhI usa para vimarza ho rahA hai| sAmAnyataH padArtha kI Thosa, drava, gaisa evaM plAjmA ye cAra avasthAeM hotI hai / soviyata rUsa ke vaijJAnika zrI vI.esa. grizceMko ne padArtha kI pAMcavI avasthA kI khoja kI hai, jo jaiva- plAjmA (proToplAjmA, bAyoplAjmA) kahalAtI hai / grizceMko ke anusAra jaiva - plAjmA meM svataMtra ilekTraoNna aura proTona hote haiM jinakA nAbhika se koI sambandha nahIM hotaa| inakI gati bahuta tIvra hotI hai| yaha mAnava kI suSumnA nAr3I meM ekatrita rahatA hai| proToplAjmA se sambandhita anekoM tathya inhoMne prastuta kie haiN| proToplAjmA se sambandhita niSkarSoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhArata meM pracalita sUkSma zarIra kI avadhAraNA jaiva- plAjmA se bahuta sAmya hai| proTo plAjmA kI tulanA prANa tattva se kI jA sakatI hai / vaijJAnikoM ke anusAra proTo-plAjmA zarIra kI kozikAoM meM rahatA hai| marane ke bAda yaha tattva zarIra se alaga ho jAtA hai| vahI tattva jIna meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| baccA jaba janma letA hai, taba bAyoplAjmA punaH janma le letA hai| zarIra jala jAtA hai, proToplAjmA nahIM jalatA yaha AkAza meM vyApta ho jAtA hai| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra ise sUkSma zarIra kahA jA sakatA hai| sUkSma zarIra catuHsparzI hone se drava, gaisa, Thosa Adi rUpa nahIM hotaa| yaha sUkSma hotA hai| sUkSma zarIra ke saMsarga se yukta AtmA hI punarjanma letI hai / proToplAjmA kI avadhAraNA se AtmA kI amaratA evaM punarjanma ye donoM hI siddhAnta spaSTa hote haiM / vaijJAnikoM ke anusAra jaba proTo-plAjmA kA kaNa smRti paTala para jAgRta ho jAtA hai taba zizu ko apane pUrvajanma kI ghaTanAeM yAda Ane lagatI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra pUrvajanma kI smRti sUkSma zarIra meM saMcita rahatI hai aura nimitta prApta kara udbhUta ho jAtI hai|

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232 jaina Agama meM darzana parAmanovijJAna evaM purnajanma parA-manovijJAna ke kSetra meM purnajanma para bahuta anveSaNa ho rahA hai| parA-manovijJAna vijJAna kI hI eka zAkhA hai| isameM punarjanma Adi siddhAntoM kA anveSaNa nirantara gatizIla hai| yoropaevaM amerikA jaise nitAnta Adhunika evaM mazInI dezapunarjanma kA AdhAra khojane meM lage haiN| varjIniyA vizvavidyAlaya ke parA-manovijJAna vibhAgake adhyakSa DaoN.IAnasTIvensana ne pUrvajanma kI smRti sambandhI aneka tathyoM kA Akalana kiyA hai| apanI anavarata zodha ke pazcAt apanA spaSTa mata prastuta karate hue kahA hai ki punarjanma sambandhI avadhAraNA yathArtha hai| punarjanma kA AdhAra dArzanika dRSTi kA mUla AdhAra punarjanmavAda hai evaM punarjanmavAda ke cAra stambha haiM 1. AtmavAda, 2. lokavAda, 3. karmavAda evaM, 4. kriyAvAda / bhagavAn mahAvIra AtmavAdI the| unhoMne anubhava tathA sAkSAtkAra ko pradhAnatA dI / ve jAnate the ki tarka ke dvArA sthApita pakSa pratitarka se nirAkRta ho jAtA hai, kintu sAkSAtkAra kiyA huA tattva saiMkar3oM tarkoM se bhI khaNDita nahIM hotaa| isalie bhagavAn ne sAkSAtkAra ke mArga ko mukhyatA dii| jisako pUrvajanma kI smRti ho jAtI hai, vaha vastuvRttyA AtmavAdI hotA hai| usako AtmA ke astitva meM zaMkA nahIM rhtii| AtmA ke traikAlika astitva kI svIkRti hone para lokavAda, karmavAda evaM kriyAvAda kA svIkAra honA svAbhAvika hai| __ 'jaise maiM hUM' isI taraha anya prANI bhI haiN| loka ke bhItara hI jIvoM kA astitva hai| jIva, ajIva lokasamudAya hai| isa prakAra mAnane vAle kolokavAdI kahA jAtA hai| AtmavAdI lokavAdI bhI hogaa| jAti-smRti se AtmA aura pudgala ke sambandha kA bhI jJAna hotA hai| AtmA kA pudgala (karma) ke yoga se hI dizA-anudizAoM meM saMcaraNa hotA hai| pudgala (karma) svayaM AtmA ke dvArA AkRSTa kie hue haiN| 'apanA kiyA huA karma apane ko hI bhugatanA hotA hai'- yaha karmavAda kI svIkRti hai- AtmA aura karma kA sambandha kriyA ke dvArA hI hotA hai| jaba taka AtmA meM rAga-dveSa janita prakampana vidyamAna haiM, taba taka usakA karma paramANuoM ke sAtha sambandha hotA rahatA hai| isalie karmavAda, kriyAvAda kA upajIvI hai|' jAti smRti se ina tathyoM kA sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai| vyakti saccAI ko AtmasAt kara letA hai| taba usakA AcaraNa samyak ho jAtA hai| 1. maMgalaprajJA, samaNI, ArhatI dRSTi (cUrU, 1998) pR.- 38-42 2. AyAro 1/5 se AyAvAI, logAvAI, kammAvAI, kiriyAvAI 3. AcArAMgabhASya pR. 24-25

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karmamImAMsA 233 udgama kI jijJAsA sabhI zAstroM kA prArambha prAya: kisI-na-kisI jijJAsAse hotA hai| brahmasUtra kA prArambha sRSTi ke mUla kAraNa kI jijJAsA se huaa| mImAMsAsUtra kA prArambha dharma arthAt kartavya kI jijJAsA se huA-athAto dhrmjijnyaasaa| sAMkhya darzana kA prArambha du:kha nivRtti ke upAyoM kI jijJAsA se huA hai| vaise hI AcArAMga sUtra kA prArambha bhI sAdhaka apane mUla udgama ko jAnane kI icchA se karatA hai| maiM kahAM se AyA huuN| AcArAMga kA pravaktA punarjanma ke astitva meM saMdigdha nahIM hai| usakA saMketa punarjanma ke astitva ke saMdarbha meM vidyamAna ajJAna kI ora hai| usakA abhimata hai ki bahuta se vyaktiyoM ko yaha jJAna hI nahIM hai ki unakI AtmA punarjanma lene vAlI hai athavA punarjanma nahIM lene vAlI hai| pUrvajanma kI jJapti ke hetu AcArAMga meM pUrvajanma ko jAnane ke tIna hetuoM kA nirdeza huA hai - 1. svasmRti, 2. paravyAkaraNa 3. dUsaroM ke pAsa se sunnaa|' 1. svasmRti - jAti smRti ke utpanna hone kA eka hetu hai - svasmRti / svayaM apane Apa apane pUrva janma kI smRti ho jAne ko svasmRti kahate haiN| bahuta se aise vyakti hote haiM jinako bAlyAvasthA meM hI apane pUrvajanma kA jJAna hotA hai| 2. para vyAkaraNa- kisI (Apta) jJAnI vyakti ke sAtha praznottarapUrvaka vicAra-vimarza se kisI ko pUrva janma kI smRti ho jAtI hai| para kA artha hai jin| jina kevalI hote haiN| trikAlavit hote haiN| unake dvArA pUrvajanma kI smRti bhI karavA dI jAtI hai| jaise bhagavAna mahAvIra ne meghakumAra ko pUrvajanma kA bodha karavAkara punaH use saMyama meM sthira kara diyA thaa| 3. anya ke pAsa zravaNa- viziSTa jJAnI ke dvArA nirUpita tathya ko sunakara kisI ko pUrvajanma kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| pUrvajanmasmRti ke hetu kucha vyaktiyoM ko pUrvajanma kI smRti janmajAta nahIM hotI lekina nimitta milane para vaha ubuddha ho jAtI hai| 1. brahmasUtram (saMpaNa. udayavIra zAstrI, dillI, 1991) 1/1/1 athAto brahmajijJAsA 2. mImAMsAdarzanam (saMpA. udayavIra zAstrI, dillI, 1991) 1/1/1 3. sAMkhyakArikA, zloka, 1 du:khatrayAbhidhAtAjjijJAsA tadapaghAtake hetau 4. AyAro / /1 5. vahI, 1/3 senaM puNa jANejjA-sahasammuiyAe, paravAgaraNeNaM, aNNesiM vA aMtie soccaa| 6. AcArAMga niryukta, gAthA 66 paravaivAgaraNaM puNa jiNavAgaraNaM jiNA paraM natthi /

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234 jaina Agama meM darzana AcArAMga-bhASya meM pUrvajanma kI smRti ke tIna kAraNoM kI mImAMsA huI hai|1. mohanIya karma kA upazama, 2. adhyavasAna zuddhi (lezyA vizuddhi), 3. iihaapohmaargnnaagvessnnaakrnn| 1.upazAnta mohanIya-mohanIya karma ke viziSTa prakAra ke upazama se bhI jAti-smRti paidA ho sakatI hai| uttarAdhyayana ke 'namipavvajjA' adhyayana meM aisA ullekha milatA hai uvasaMtamohaNijjo, sriiporaanniyNjaaiN| usakAmoha upazAMtathA jisase use pUrvajanma kI smRti ho gii| 2. adhyavasAna zuddhi-mRgAputrane sAdhu ko dekhakara jAti-smRti prApta kii| isa prasaMga meM mohanIya ke upazama aura adhyavasAna-zuddhi kA eka sAtha ullekha hai sAhussa darisaNe tassa, ajjhavasANammi sohnne| mohaMgayassa saMtassa, jAIsaraNaM samuppannaM / / uttarA. 19/7 sAdhu ke darzana aura adhyavasAya pavitra hone para 'maiMne aisA kahIM dekhA hai' - isa viSaya meM (mRgAputra) sammohita ho gayA, cittavRtti saghanarUpa meM ekAgra ho gaI aura vikalpa zAnta ho ge| isa avasthA meM use pUrvajanma kI smRti ho aaii| 3. IhA-apoha-mArgaNA-gaveSaNA-IhA, apoha, mArgaNA evaM gaveSaNA--ye cAra pada 'jAtismRti' kI prakriyA ko prakaTa karate haiN| AcArAMga bhASya meM isa vivecanA ke prasaMga meM meghakumAra kA udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai "jaise hI meghakumAra ne meruprabha hAthI kA nAma sunA, vahAM usakI IhA (pUrvasmRti ke lie prArambhikamAnasikaceSTA) pravRtta huii| usa hAthI ko jAnane ke lie citta meM kucha Andolana zuru huaa| usake bAda apoha huA-'kyA maiM hAthI thA? yaha tarkaNA (mImAMsA) karate hue vaha mArgaNA meM praviSTa huaa| apane atIta kA anveSaNa karane ke lie vaha apane dvArA anubhUta atIta kI sImA meM praveza kara gyaa| atIta kA ciMtana karate-karate usane gaveSaNA prArambha kii| jaise AhAra kI anveSaNA meM pravRtta gAya pUrva prApta AhAra ke sthAna ko prApta kara letI hai vaise hI gaveSaNA karate hue meghakumAra ko ekAgra-adhyavasAya se hAthI ke rUpa meM apane janma kI smRti upalabdha ho gii| suzruta saMhitA meM kahA gayA hai ki pUrvajanma meM zAstrAbhyAsa ke dvArA bhAvita anta:karaNa vAle manuSya ko pUrvajanma kI smRti ho jAtI hai bhAvita: pUrvadaheSu satataM zAstrabuddhayaH / bhavanti sattvabhUyiSThA: pUrvajAtismarA nraaH| suzruta saMhitA, zArIrasthAna 2/57 1. AcArAMga bhASyam sUtra 1/1-4 pR. 21 2. vahI, pR. 22

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karmamImAMsA 235 jAti-smRti kI ubhayarUpatA jAti smaraNa jJAna do prakAra kA hotA hai-sanimittaka aura animittaka / kucha manuSyoM kotadAvaraNIya (jAtismRti ko AvRtta karane vAle) karmoM kA kSayopazama hone se jAti-smaraNa jJAna hotA hai, vaha animittaka hai| bAhya nimittoM se upalabdha hone vAlA jAti-smaraNa jJAna sanimittaka hai| punarjanmake hetu AcArAMga ne mAyA aura pramAda ko punarbhava kA hetu mAnA hai| mAyAvI evaM pramAdI vyakti janma-maraNa ke cakra kA viccheda nahIM kara sktaa| jisa puruSa kA citta viSaya aura kaSAya se saMskArita hai, use mAyAvI kahA jAtA hai| mAyAvI vyakti ke pariNAmoM kI zuddhi nahIM hotii| pramAdI puruSa ucita AcaraNa nahIM kara sktaa| isalie vaha bAra-bAra janma grahaNa karatA hai| moha ko bhI punarjanma kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| moha se mUDha manuSya bAra-bAra janma-maraNa ko prApta hotA hai| AtmA kA astitva janma-maraNa kA hetu nahIM hai| janma-maraNa kA hetu moha hai|' moha, mAyA, pramAda ke kAraNa jIva ke janma-maraNa kA cakra calatA rahatA hai| ___ bhAratIya cintana ke anusAra karma punarjanma kA mUla hai| rAga aura dveSa karma ke mUla haiN|' bhAvakarma se dravyakarma, dravyakarma se bhAva karma kA prAdurbhAva hotA rahatA hai| anigRhIta krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha Adi kaSAya punarjanma ke mUla ko siMcana dete haiM koho ya mANo ya aNiggahIyA, mAyA ya lobho ya pvddddmaannaa| cattAri ee kasiNA kasAyA, siMcaMti mUlAiM punnbbhvss|' karma kA nAza hue binA punarjanma kI zrRMkhalA samApta nahIM ho sktii| kAraNa karma hai| ata: karma kA nAza Avazyaka hai| AcArAMga Adi zAstra bAra-bAra karma zarIra ko naSTa karane kA nirdeza dete haiM 'muNI moNaM samAdAya, dhuNe kammasarIragaM'' karma evaM punarjanma kA paraspara saghana sambandha hai| adhyAtma kA sarvocca lakSya hai-du:kha mukti evaM svabhAvaprApti / usakI upalabdhi janma-maraNa ke cakra se mukta hone se hI mila sakatI hai| usa mukti kI prApti karma ke sarvathA nAza se hI saMbhava hai| 1. AcArAMga bhASya sUtra 1-4, pR. 22 2. AyAro 3/14, mAI pamAI puNarei gbhN| 3. vahI, 5/7 moheNa gabbhaM maraNAti eti / uttarajjhayaNANi 32/7 5. dasaveAliyaM 8/39 6. AyAro 2/163

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236 jaina Agama meM darzana pUrvajanma kI smRti se AtmA se sambaMdhita sadeha kA nivAraNa jainadarzana kI AcAra-mImAMsA kA AdhArabhUta tattva AtmA hai| Atma svIkRti zUnya AcAra adha:patana karavAne vAlA hotA hai| AtmA kI svIkRti jainadarzana meM hai| AtmA kA avabodha ho jAne se vaha svIkRti anubhava ke stara para A jAtI hai| AtmA ke bodha kA eka spaSTa lakSaNa hai--pUrvajanma / jaba pUrvajanma yA punarjanma jJAta ho jAtA hai taba AtmA ke viSaya meM saMdeha nahIM rhtaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra zruta se adhika sAkSAtkAra meM vizvAsa karate haiM | jAtismRti kI avadhAraNA isa vizvAsa ko saMpuSTa karatI hai| prAcIna samaya meM dharma meM zraddhA, AsthA ko sthira rakhane ke lie guru use jAtismRti karavA diyA karate the| isa saMdarbha meM meghakumAra kA udAharaNa hamAre sAmane hai| mahAvIra ne meghakumAra ko jAti-smRti karavA dI thii| jAti-smRti kI prakriyA kyA thI, vaha vartamAna meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha nahIM hai kiMtu vartamAna meM bhI jAti-smRti ke aneka udAharaNa upalabdha haiN| unakI yathArthatA bhI asaMdigdha hai| parAmanovijJAna ke kSetra meM kArya karane vAle loga isa dizA meM gambhIratA se anveSaNa kara rahe haiN| cUMki vijJAna prayoga para AdhArita prakriyA hai| jisakA punarjanma hotA hai vaha Atma-tattva amUrta hai, jo sIdhA vijJAna ke anveSaNa kA viSaya nahIM bana pA rahA hai| amUrta aindriyika jJAna kA viSaya nahIM bana sktaa| kiMtu saMsArI AtmA taijasa evaM kArmaNa zarIra se yukta hone ke kAraNa kathaMcit mUrta bhI hai| taijasa zarIra aSTasparzI pudgala skandha hai| vaha vijJAna ke upakaraNoM kA viSaya bana sakatA hai| yadi aisA huA to isa kSetra meM abhinava jJAna-vijJAna kI zAkhAoM kA udghATana ho skegaa| jAtismRti sabako kyoM nahIM hotI? pUrvajanma kI smRti sabhI prANiyoM ko nahIM hotI hai-aisA kyoM hotA hai ? isa saMdarbha meM tandulaveyAliya prakaraNa meM samAdhAna upalabdha hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai-janma aura mRtyu ke samaya jo du:kha hotA hai, usa du:kha se sammUr3ha hone ke kAraNa vyakti ko pUrvajanma kI smRti nahIM rahatI jAyamANassa jaM dukkhaM maramANassa vA puNo, teNa dukkheNa samUDho jAI sarai nppnno|' jAti-smRti ke lAbha smRti saMskAroM ke udbuddha hone se hotI hai| jAti-smaraNa jJAna bhI smRti kA eka prakAra hai| pUrva janma ke saMskAra bhI viziSTa nimitta ko prApta karake hI jAgRta hote haiN| viziSTa nimitta ke abhAva meM saMskAra jAgaraNa nahIM hotaa| saMskAra jAgaraNa ke binA smRti sambhava 1. aMgasuttANi 3, (nAyAdhammakahAo) 1/190 2. uttarajjhayaNANi 14/19 no iMdiyaggejjha amuttabhAvA 3. tandulaveyAliyaM, paiNNayaM (saMpA. pro. sAgaramala jaina, udayapura, 1991) 39

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karmamImAMsA nahIM hai| AtmA traikAlika hai / sAkSAtkAra ke abhAva meM yaha mAtra zraddhAgamya hai / jAti smRti hone para yaha zraddhA kA viSaya nahIM rahatA, anubhUta satya bana jAtA hai / pUrvajanma kI zrRMkhalA ko dekhakara vyakti ke mana meM adhyAtma ke prati sahaja hI AkarSaNa utpanna ho jAtA hai| usakA AcAra-vyavahAra sahaja evaM saMtulita bana jAtA hai / mRtyu ke pazcAt kisI bhI yoni meM janma punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA eka mahattvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki manuSya mRtyu ke pazcAt phira manuSya bhI ho sakatA hai tathA naraka, tiryaJca yA deva kisI bhI gati meM utpanna bhI ho sakatA hai / vaise hI tiryaJca gati ke jIva punaH tiryaJca gati meM athavA deva, naraka manuSya gati meM paidA ho sakate haiN| nAraka jIva marakara manuSya yA tiryaJca gati meM paidA hote haiM ve naraka gati se sIdhe devagati meM nahIM jA sakate evaM naraka se naraka meM bhI paidA nahIM ho skte| usI prakAra deva davegati se cyuta hokara manuSya yA tiryaJca banate haiM / puna: deva se deva nahIM bana sakate tathA naraka meM bhI nahIM jAte, aisI jainadarzana kI mAnyatA hai / bhagavatI sUtra meM aise aneka prasaMga prApta hote haiM / zAlavRkSa kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA zAlavRkSa yahAM se naSTa hokara puna: zAlavRkSa ke rUpa meM rAjagRha meM utpanna hogA, vahAM se cyuta hokara mahAvideha meM utpanna hokara saba duHkhoM ko naSTa karegA / ' usI prakAra kArtika seTha ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kArtika seTha marakara do sAgaropama sthiti vAle zakra ke rUpa meM utpanna huA / ' prastuta prathama udAharaNa meM tiryaJca se tiryaJca gati tathA tiryaJca se manuSya gati meM gamana kA ullekha hai tathA dUsare udAharaNa meM manuSya gati se deva gati meM jAne kA ullekha hai / aise anya aneka udAharaNa Agama meM upalabdha haiM ataH jinakI yaha mAnyatA hai ki manuSya marakara manuSya hI hotA hai, strI marakara strI hI hotI hai jainadarzana isa mAnyatA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA / jaina AgamoM meM punarjanma kI svata: siddha siddhAnta ke rUpa meM svIkRti hai / AgamoM meM tarka ke dvArA isa siddhAnta ko sthApita karane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM meM punarjanma se sambaMdhita saiMkar3oM saiMkar3oM niyamoM kA ullekha huA hai| yadyapi Agama uttaravartI madhyakAlIna jaina graMthoM meM punarjanma ko tarka se siddha karane ke prayatna kie gae haiN| jo tAtkAlika paristhitiyoM ke anukUla hI hai| Aja parAmanovaijJAnika isa kSetra meM gambhIra anveSaNa kara rahe haiN| jJAnadarzana kA bhavAntaragamana AtmA kI traikAlika sattA hai / saMsArAvasthA meM vaha eka janma se dUsare janma meM apane karmoM ke anusAra paribhramaNa karatI hai / Agama sAhitya meM yaha carcA bhI upalabdha hai ki AtmA 237 - 1. aMgasutApi 2, (bhagavaI) 14 / 101-104 2. vahI, 18 /54

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238 jaina Agama meM darzana jaba eka bhava ko chor3akara dUsare bhava meM jAtI hai taba apane sAtha kyA le jA sakatI aura kyA nahIM le jA sakatI hai? isI saMdarbha meM gautama ne bhagavAn se pUchA-bhante ! kyA (koI) jJAna isa janma taka hI sImita rahatA hai? kyA jJAna agale janma meM sAtha jAtA hai ? kyA jJAna vartamAna tathA bhAvI janma donoM meM vidyamAna rahatA hai ? gautama ko samAhita karate hue mahAvIra ne kahA- gautama ! (koI) jJAna isa janma taka bhI sImita rahatA hai, agale janma meM bhI sAtha jAtA hai, vartamAna janma aura bhAvI janma-donoM meM bhI vidyamAna rahatA hai| gautama ne isI prakAra darzana, cAritra, tapa aura saMyama ke saMdarbha meM bhI yahI prazna upasthita kie| bhagavAn ne ina praznoM ke samAdhAna meM kahA- jJAna aura darzana (samyaktva)-ye donoM isa janma taka hI sImita raha sakate haiM aura agale janma meM bhI jA sakate haiM kintu cAritra, tapa aura saMyama-ina tInoM kA bhavAntara gamana nahIM hotaa| ye ehabhavika hI hote haiN| AtmA ke sAtha nahIM jaate|' AcArya mahAprajJa ne isa saMdarbha meM apanA vimarza prastuta karate hue likhA hai- "eka janma se dUsare janma ke madhya meM jJAna sattArUpa meM rahatA hai, abhivyakta nahIM hotaa| vaha zarIra racanA ke pazcAt nAr3ItaMtra kI racanA ke bAda abhivyakta hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie jAti-smRti (pUrvajanma kI smRti) ko liyA jA sakatA hai| indriya aura mana se hone vAle jJAna kA AdhArabhUta koza karma-zarIra hai| sthUla zarIra ke nAr3ItaMtra yA mastiSka meM unake saMvAdI kozoM kI racanA hotI hai| jisa AtmA meM do indriyoM ke vikAsa kI sattA hai, usake do indriyoM kI racanA hogii| isI prakAra tIna, cAra aura pAMca indriyoM kI racanA bhI sUkSma zarIra ke kozoM ke AdhAra para hI hogii| nAr3ItaMtra yA mastiSka meM jJAnakozoM kI racanA kI taratamatA kA AdhAra bhI karmazarIragata koza hI banate haiN| ise sUtra ke rUpa meM isa prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai-jisa AtmA ke jJAnAvaraNa karma kA jitanA kSayopazama hotA hai, usake utane hI koza karma-zarIra meM nirmita ho jAte haiM aura usake saMvAdI koza nAr3ItaMtra yA mastiSka meM nirmita hote haiN| isa sAre dArzanika ciMtana ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue bhagavAn ne kahA- 'jJAna parabhavika bhI hotA hai|' jaise hamAre mastiSka meM vartamAna janma ke smRti koza hote haiM vaise hI pUrvajanma ke smRtikoza hote haiM yA nahIM, yaha eka jaTila prazna hai| Aja ke zarIra zAstrI aura manovaijJAnika unakozoM ko khoja nahIM pAe haiM kiMtukarmazAstrIya dRSTi se jisameM pUrvajanma kI smRti kI saMbhAvanA hai, usameM una kozoM kI vidyamAnatA kI sambhAvanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai| mastiSka kA bahuta bar3A bhAga mauna kSetra (Silent area) yA andhakAra kSetra (Dark area) hai| ho sakatA hai usa kSetra meM ve smRtikoza upalabdha ho jaae|' 1. aMgasuttANi 2, bhagavaI 1/39-43 2. bhagavaI (khaNDa-I) 1/39-43 kA bhASya

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karmamImAMsA 239 cAritra evaMtapake bhavAntara gamana kA niSedha jJAna evaM darzana ko aihabhavika, pArabhavika, ubhayabhavika mAnA gayA hai| cAritra, tapa evaM saMyama ko kevala aihabhavika hI mAnA gayA hai kyoMki unakA anugamana nahIM hotA hai| vRttikAra ke anusAra cAritra anuSThAna rUpa hotA hai aura anuSThAna zarIra meM hI sambhava hai|' cAritra kI taraha hI saMyama evaM tapa bhI anuSThAnAtmaka haiM ata: ye bhI isI tarka se aihabhavika siddha hote haiN| cAritra, tapa aura saMyama-tInoM hI AcArAtmaka haiN| cAritra evaM saMyama paryAyavAcI ke rUpa meM bhI prayukta hote haiN| tapa cAritra kA hI eka prakAra hai| mokSamArga ke prasaMga meM jahAM mokSamArga ke cAra ghaTaka tattvoM kA ullekha hai vahAM tapa kA parigaNana cAritra se alaga huA hai jahAM tIna hI ghaTaka tattvoM kA ullekha hai vahAM tapa kA antarbhAva cAritra meM hI ho gayA hai| niSkarSa jJAna, darzana evaM cAritra-tInoM hI vizuddhi rUpa haiN| jJAna jJAnavaraNIya karma kA kSaya, kSayopazama hai tathA darzana, darzanamohanIya evaM cAritra, cAritra mohanIya kA kSayopazama hai| jJAna evaM darzana jaba anugamanazIla hai taba cAritra kI anugamanazIlatA kyoM nahIM hai yaha samAlocya hai| isa janma meM jo jJAna sIkhA hai, vaha usa rUpa meM to agale janma meM jAtA huA pratIta nahIM hotaa| yathA yahAM koI vyakti DaoNkTara yA iMjIniyara hai to agale janma meM yaha jJAna jaisA yahAM thA vaisA hI agale janma meM honA sambhava nahIM hai| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki vizuddhi rUpa jJAna kA hI anugamana ho rahA hai| cAritra korA anuSThAnAtmaka hI nahIM hotaa| vaha cAritra mohanIya kA kSayopazama rUpa bhI hai| jJAna vizuddhi yadi anugamanazIla hai to cAritra vizuddhi ke anugamana meM kyA bAdhA ho sakatI hai ? eka DaoNkTara manuSya marakara yadi puna: manuSya banatA hai aura puna: DaoNkTara bananA cAhatA hai to use DaoNkTarI adhyayana karanA hI hogA usI prakAra eka cAritra kA pAlaka marakara anya sthAna meM jAtA hai to naye sire se use cAritra ke niyamoM ko svIkAra karanA hotA hai| ata: jJAna, darzana kA anugamana evaM cAritra, saMyama evaM tapa kA ananugamana yaha eka sApekSa vaktavya hI pratIta ho rahA hai| punarjanma evaM AyuSya karma punarjanma kA sambandha vaise to sabhI karmoM se hai kiMtu usakA mukhya hetu AyuSya karma upalakSita hotA hai| jisake udaya se jIva prANadhAraNa karatA hai vaha Ayukarma hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM AyupariNAma ke nau prakAra prajJapta haiM-gati pariNAma, gatibaMdhana pariNAma, sthiti pariNAma, 1. bhagavatI vRtti 1/41 anuSThAnarUpatvAt cAritrasya zarIrAbhAve ca tdyogaat| 2. uttarajjhayaNANi 28/2 nANaM ca daMsaNaM ceva caritaM ca tavo thaa| esa maggo tti pannatto, jiNehiM vrdNsihiN|| 3. tattvArthasUtra / / samyakdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / 4. tattvArthabhASyAnusAriNI TIkA 8/23, pR. 172 AyurjIvanaM-prANadhAraNaM yadudayAd bhavati tdaayuH|

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jaina Agama meM darzana sthiti baMdhana pariNAma, Urdhva gaurava pariNAma, adho gaurava pariNAma, tiryak gaurava pariNAma, dIrgha gaurava pariNAma evaM hrasva gaurava pariNAma / ' sthAnAMga ke vRttikAra ne pariNAma ke tIna artha kie haiM - svabhAva, zakti aura dharma | 2 240 agale jIvana ke AyuSya kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai taba usake sAtha hI jIva kisa gati meM jAegA ? vahAM usakI sthiti kitanI hogI? vaha UMcA, nIcA, tirachA kahAM jAegA ? vaha dUravartI kSetra meM jAegA yA nikaTavartI kSetra meM ityAdi bAtoM kA bhI nirdhAraNa ho jAtA hai / AyuSya karma ke nau pariNAmoM ke dvArA bhI punarjanma ke sAtha isa karma kA mukhya sambandha hai, yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai 1. gati pariNAma - isake mAdhyama se jIva manuSya Adi gati ko prApta karatA hai| 2. gatibandhana pariNAma - isake mAdhyama se jIva pratiniyata gatikarma kA baMdha karatA hai, jaise- jIva narakAyu svabhAva se manuSyagati, tiryakgati nAmakarma kA baMdha karatA hai, devagati aura narakagati kA baMdha nahIM karatA / 3. sthiti pariNAma - isake mAdhyama se jIva bhava sambaMdhI sthiti (antarmuhurta se teMtIsa sAgara taka) kA bandha karatA hai / 4. sthiti baMdhana pariNAma - isake mAdhyama se jIva vartamAna Ayu ke pariNAma se bhAvI AyuSya kI niyata sthiti kA bandha karatA hai, jaise- tiryag AyupariNAma se deva AyuSya kA utkRSTa baMdha aThAraha sAgara kA hotA hai| 5. Urdhvagaurava pariNAma - gaurava kA artha hai gamana / isake mAdhyama se jIva Urdhvagamana karatA hai / 6. adhogaurava pariNAma - isake mAdhyama se jIva adhogamana karatA hai| 7. tiryag gaurava pariNAma- isake mAdhyama se jIva ko tiryag gamana kI zakti prApta hotI hai / 8. dIrgha gaurava pariNAma - isake mAdhyama se jIva loka se lokAnta paryanta dIrghagamana karatA hai / 9. hrasva gaurava pariNAma - isake mAdhyama se jIva hrasva gamana (thor3A gamana ) karatA hai / AyuSya karma ke pudgala paramANu jIva meM UMcI-nIcI, tirachI-lambI aura choTI-bar3I gati karane kI zakti utpanna karate haiM / 1. ThANaM 9/40 2. sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 453 pariNAma: -svabhAvaH zaktiH dharma iti / 3. ThANaM TippaNa, 9/40, pR. 882

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karmamImAMsA AyuSya kA bandha pUrvajanma meM ho jAtA hai, kintu usakA vedana nae janma ke sAtha hI prArambha hotA hai / isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki sukha-duHkha aura Ayu ke vedana meM nayA niyAmaka kI bhUmikA nibhAtA hai| AyuSya karma hai to janma hai, janma hai to AyuSya karma kA bhoga hai| ye paraspara jur3e hue haiN| pAtaJjala yogasUtra meM bhI yaha tathya abhivyakta huA hai'sati mUle tadvipAko jAtyAyurbhogA:' / ' punarjanma : svata: cAlita vyavasthA punarjanma kI vyavasthA svata: cAlita hai| vaha Izvara Adi kisI zakti ke parataMtra nahIM hai / svakRta karma ke phala vipAka ke anusAra hI jIva naraka Adi nAnA sthAnoM meM utpanna hotA hai| jaba karmoM se bhArI banatA hai taba vaha adhogAmI gatiyoM meM utpanna hotA hai evaM jaba karma ke bhAra se halkA hotA hai taba UrdhvagAmI viziSTa gatiyoM meM utpanna hotA hai / jIva jaba sarvathA karmamukta ho jAtA hai taba usakA saMsAra paribhramaNa samApta ho jAtA hai / punarjanma kI zrRMkhalA TUTa jAtI hai / adhyAtma sAdhanA kA mUla uddezya punarjanma kI zrRMkhalA ko tor3akara Atma-svabhAva meM avasthita honA hI hai / mukta jIva kI gati jIva jaba karmamukta ho jAtA hai taba vaha mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai| karma kI baMdhAvasthA saMsAra meM thA / karma ke kAraNa usameM gati ho rahI thii| jaba jIva karmamukta ho jAtA hai taba usakI gati hotI hai yA nahIM hotI ? hotI hai to kaise hotI hai ? yaha jijJAsA svAbhAvika hai| bhagavatI meM akarma kI gati kA varNana prApta hai| karma rahita jIva bhI lokAnta taka gati karatA hai / gautama ne bhagavAn se pUchA - bhaMte! kyA akarma (karmamukta) kI bhI gati hotI hai / bhagavAn ne isakA sakArAtmaka uttara diyA hai| " 241 adhikAMza bhAratIya darzanoM ne AtmA ko vyApaka mAnA hai| isalie vahAM mukta AtmA kI gati kA koI prazna hI nahIM hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra AtmA zarIra - vyApI hai|' vaha zarIra kA tyAga manuSya loka meM karatI hai vahAM se Urdhvagamana karake lokAnta meM jAkara sthita ho jAtI hai / ' dharmAstikAya kA usase Age abhAva hone se vaha aloka meM nahIM jA sktii| 1. pAtaJjala yogadarzana 2 / 13 2. aMgasuttANi 2, ( bhagavaI ) 9 / 125-132 3. vahI, 7/10 atthi NaM bhaMte! akammassa gatI paNNAyati haMtA atthi / / 4. vahI, 7/155 5. uttarajjhayaNANi 36/56 aloe paDihayA siddhA loyagge ya paiTTiyA / ihaM boMdi caittANaM tattha gaMtUNa sijjhaI //

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242 mukta jIva kI gati ke cAra hetu zarIra mukta AtmA kI gati ke saMdarbha meM bhagavatI meM cAra hetu prastuta kie gae haiN| 1. nissaMgatA 2. bandhana - chedana 3. nirindhanatA 4. pUrvaprayoga 1. nissaMgatA - karmoM ke saMga se mukta hone se Atma nissaMga, nirlepa bana jAtI hai / jaise lepamukta tumbA pAnI ke Upara A jAtA hai vaise hI AtmA karma mukta hokara Upara calI jAtI hai / jaina Agama meM darzana 2. bandhana chedana - karma baMdha kA cheda hote hI jIva apanI svAbhAvika Urdhvagati se lokAnta taka calA jAtA hai / baMdhana chedana ko phalI aura eraNDa phala ke dRSTAnta se samajhAyA gayA hai / 3. nirindhanatA - nirindhanatA ko samajhAne ke lie bhagavatI meM dhUma kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai / ' tattvArtha sUtra meM isa hetu kA prayoga nahIM huA hai / yadyapi tattvArtha sUtra pradatta tathAgati pariNAma' se isakI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| 4. pUrvaprayoga - karma mukta jIva ke Urdhvagamana kA eka hetu pUrva prayoga mAnA gayA hai / yadyapi vartamAna meM vaha karma mukta hai| kintu pUrva avasthA kI apekSA mukta AtmA kI gati hotI hai / umAsvAti ne bhI mukta AtmA kI Urdhvagati ke cAra hetuoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / " bhagavatI meM prApta nirindhanatA hetu ke sthAna para yahAM para 'tathAgatipariNAma' kA ullekha huA hai jisakI hamane Upara carcA kI hai| mukta AtmA kI svAbhAvika Urdhvagati hai kintu usako bhI gati sahAyaka tattva dharmAstikAya kI apekSA rahatI hai ata: mukta AtmA lokAnta meM hI sthita ho jAtI hai| aloka meM dharmAstikAya kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa aloka meM muktaAtmAoM kI gati nahIM hotI hai / isa samasta vivaraNa se yaha spaSTa hai ki jainAgamoM meM karma kA vizleSaNa atyanta sUkSma evaM vistRta hai / isa vizleSaNa ko zvetAmbara paramparA ke karmagraMthoM tathA digambara paramparA ke karaNAnuyoga ke graMthoM meM cAlU rakhA gyaa| jaina kI samasta AcAramImAMsA ke kendra meM karma hI hai / ata: karma ko itanA mahattva denA svAbhAvika hai| agale adhyAya meM AcAra kI mImAMsA karate samaya karmabandha se mukti kI prakriyA kA hama varNana kareMge / 1. aMgasuttANi 2, (bhagavaI) 7 / 10-15 2. vahI, 7/13 3. vahI, 7/14 4. tattvArthasUtra 10/6 5. tattvArthasUtra 10/6 pUrvaprayogAd, asaMgatvAd, bandhacchedAt, tathAgatipariNAmAcca tadgatiH / 000

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AcAra mImAMsA AcAra kI paribhASA AcAra kA zAbdika artha hai-aacrnn| jisakA AcaraNa kiyA jAe vahI AcAra hai| 'Acaryate iti aacaar:'| AG upasargapUrvaka cara-gatau dhAtu se bhAva meM ghaJ pratyaya karane se AcAra zabda niSpanna hotA hai| jo AcaraNa, vyavahAra, rIti-rivAja Adi kA vAcaka hai / gatyarthaka cara dhAtu se niSpanna hone se isameM jJAnArthakatA bhI antarnihita hai, ata: samyak jJAna sahita utkRSTa AcaraNa hI AcAra hai| ziSTa vyaktiyoM dvArA AcIrNa jJAna-darzana Adi ke Asevana kI vidhi ko AcAra kahA jAtA hai|' veza-dhAraNa Adi bAhya kriyA-kalApa ko bhI TIkAkAroM ne AcAra kahA hai| AcAra zabda aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA rahA hai, yathA-dharma, nIti, kartavya, naitikatA aadi| mAnava ke kartavyoM ke rUpa meM jina bAtoM kA athavA jina niyamoM kA honA Avazyaka hai, ve saba niyama AcAra meM samAhita ho jAte haiN| sthAnAMga vRtti meM AcAra zabda ke AcaraNa, vyavahAra evaM Asevana ye tIna artha upalabdha hote haiN|' AcArAMga ke bhASya ne parijJA, virati athavA saMyama ko AcAra kahA hai| AcAra kI yaha vyApaka svIkRti hai| isameM jJAna evaM AcaraNa donoM kA samAveza ho gayA hai| jJa evaM pratyAkhyAna ke bheda se parijJA do prakAra kI hai| isa prakAra jAnanA aura chor3anA ye donoM sAtha milakara hI AcAra ko pUrNatA pradAna karate haiN| AcAra kA svarUpa bhAratIya darzana meM dharma, AcAra, nIti Adi zabda paraspara paryAyavAcI rUpa meM prayukta hote rahe haiN| dharma zabda kA prayoga vyApaka kSetra meM huA hai| sAmAjika kartavyoM ko bhI dharma kI 1. nandI hAribhadrIyA vRtti, pR. 75, ziSTAcarito jnyaanaadyaasevnvidhiH| 2. uttarAdhyayana, zAntyAcArya vRtti, patra 499, AcAro-veSadhAraNAdiko bAhyaH kriyaaklaapH| 3. (ka) sthAnAMga vRtti, patra 64, aacrnnmaacaarovyvhaarH| (kha) vahI, patra 325, aacrnnmaacaarojnyaanaadivissyaasevnetyrthH| 4. AcArAMga bhASyam, / kA Amukha pR. 15, AcAra:-parijJA virati: saMyamo vaa| 5. AcArAMgaTIkA, pR. 7

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jaina Agama meM darzana 2 abhidhA se abhihita kiyA gayA vahIM cAritra ko dharma kA lakSaNa batAyA gayA / ' apane svarUpa meM ramaNa karane ko cAritra kahA gayA hai| svarUpe caraNaM cAritram | isakA tAtparya huA apane svabhAva meM sthita rahanA hI cAritra hai| isalie yaha bhI kahA gayA - vatthusahAvo dhammo / ' vastu kA svabhAva hI dharma hai / vastutaH svabhAva meM rahanA hI AcAra hai| jina upAyoM se jIva apane svabhAva meM ramaNa karatA hai ve sAre upAya AcAra ke antargata parigaNita hote haiN| ahiMsA, saMyama evaM tapa dharma ke svarUpa haiM ve hI AcAra ke sAdhaka tattva haiN| 244 AcAra vyakti kA kriyAtmaka pakSa hai tathA vicAra usakA jJAnAtmaka pakSa hai| jJAna kA prakaTIkaraNa jaba kriyA meM hotA hai taba vaha AcAra bana jAtA hai| jJAna sva-saMvedya hai| AcAra para saMvedya bhI hai / vyakti ke acche yA bure kA mApana jJAna se nahIM hotA, usake AcaraNa se hotA hai / vyAvahArika manovijJAna kA mUla AdhAra vyakti kA AcAra hI hai / samatA yA samabhAva AtmA kA svabhAva hai aura viSamatA usakA vibhAva hai| vibhAva se svabhAva kI dizA meM athavA viSamatA se samatA kI ora le jAnA vAlA AcaraNa hI sadAcAra hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra sadAcAra yA durAcAra kA zAzvata mAnadaNDa samatA evaM viSamatA hai| svabhAva dazA se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa sadAcAra hai aura vibhAva dazA yA para-bhAva se phalita hone vAlA AcaraNa durAcAra hai| AcaraNa kI dezakAlAnusAritA jaina darzana ke anusAra sadAcAra kA zAzvata mAnadaNDa karmabaMdhana se mukti hI hai| jo bhI AcaraNa jIva ko karma mukti kI dizA meM le jAtA hai, vaha sad AcaraNa hai| karmabaMdhana kI ora le jAne vAlA AcaraNa asad AcaraNa hai / deza, kAla, paristhiti ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya sAdhanoM meM parivartana ho sakatA hai| paristhiti vizeSa meM sad AcaraNa evaM asad AcaraNa ke svarUpa meM paryApta antara A jAtA hai| jaise sAmAnya sthiti meM Atma hatyA durAcAra hai kiMtu zIlarakSA hetu kiyA jAne vAlA dehotsarga sadAcAra kI koTi meM parigaNita hai / deza, kAla, paristhiti ke anusAra sadAcAra durAcAra bana jAtA hai, durAcAra sadAcAra bana jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA kA yaha spaSTa abhimata hai ki AcAra ke jo prArUpa sAmAnyatayA bandhana ke kAraNa haiM, ve hI paristhiti vizeSa meM mukti ke kAraNa bana jAte haiM aura mukti ke sAdhana baMdhana ke kAraNa bana jAte haiN| "je AsavA te parissavA, je parissavA te AsavA" / ' AcAra evaM anAcAra para vicAra karate samaya AcArya umAsvAti ne bhI deza, kAla, paristhiti ko pradhAnatA dI hai| ekAnta rUpa se na to koI karma AcaraNIya hotA hai aura na hI anAcaraNIya / isI avadhAraNa ko prastuta karate hue unhoMne likhA hai - 1. pravacanasAra, (le. AcArya kundakunda, bambaI, 1955 ) 1/7, cArittaM khaludhammo / 2. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, gAthA 478 3. dasave AliyaM, 1 / 1, dhammo maMgalamukkidvaM ahiMsA saMjamo tvo| 4. AyAro, 4/12

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AcAra mImAMsA 245 _ "dezaM kAlaM purussmvsthaamupghaatshuddhprinnaamaan| prasamIkSya bhavati kalpyaM naikAntAtkalpyate klpym||" kisI kArya kI AcaraNIyatA aura anAcaraNIyatA deza, kAla, vyakti, paristhiti aura mana:sthiti para nirbhara hotI hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI isI dRSTikoNa kA samarthana huA hai ya eva dharma: so'dharmo dezakAle prtisstthitH| AdAnamanRtaM hiMsA dharmo vyAvasthika smRtH|| vastuta: sadAcAra ke mAnadaNDoM meM parivartana daizika aura kAlika AvazyakatA ke anurUpa hotA rahatA hai| manu ne kAla ke AdhAra para satayuga, kalayuga Adi ke AcaraNa meM bhinnatA svIkAra kI hai| jaina vicArakoM ne sadAcAra yAnaitikatA ke parivartanazIla aura aparivartanazIla athavA sApekSa aura nirapekSa donoM pakSoM para prabhUta vicAra kiyA hai| jJAna evaM AcaraNa jIvana vikAsa evaM samAja ko sthira sampanna banAne ke lie AcAra kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hotI hai| mAnava ke kartavya ke rUpa meM jina bAtoM kA athavA jina niyamoM kA honA Avazyaka hai, ve saba niyama AcAra meM samAhita ho jAte haiN| AcAra sabhI bhAratIya, pAzcAtya ciMtakoM ke vimarza kA viSaya rahA hai| sukarAta, pleTo evaM arastU ke darzana meM nIti ko sarvocca sthAna prApta hai| sukarAta ne jJAna ko sarvocca zubha mAnA hai-"Virtue is Knowledge"' kiMtu AcAra mImAMsA ke kSetra meM sukarAta kI yaha avadhAraNA pUrNa rUpasesamarthita nahIM ho pAIkyoMki AcaraNazUnya jJAna pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| kore jJAna se vyakti kA AcaraNa ThIka ho hI jAe yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai apitu vyavahAra meM isake viparIta bhI dekhA jAtA hai| mahAbhArata meM duryodhana kahatA hai-maiM dharma ko jAnatA hUM kiMtu usa ora merI pravRtti nahIM hai tathA adharma ko bhI jAnatA hUM kiMtu usase nivRtta nahIM ho pA rahA hUM jAnAmi dharma na ca me pravRttiH, jAnAmyadharmaM na ca me nivRttiH| jJAna ke sahI hone para AcaraNa kI zuddhatA anivArya nahIM hai ata: sukarAta kA vaktavya AcAra ke kSetra meM aparyApta mAnA jAtA hai The Socratic formula'virtue is knowledge'is found to be an inadequate explanation of the moral lifeofman. Knowledge of what is right is not coinci 1. prazamaritaprakaraNa, (le. umAsvAti, agAsa, 1950) gAthA 146 2. zAntiparva, 37/8 3. manusmRti, 1/85, anye kRtayuge dharmAstretAyAM dvaapre'pre| anye kaliyuge nRNAM yughaasaanuruuptH|| 4. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. P. 405 5. zAMtiparva

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246 jaina Agama meM darzana dent with doing it, forman, while knowing the right course, is found deliberately choosing the wrongone. Desire tends toruncounter to the dictates of the reason....Hencemere intellectual instructionisnotsufficienttoensurerightdoing.' buddhi aura icchA ke madhya saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai| buddhi sahI evaM galata kA nirNaya karatI hai kiMtu icchA yathArtha ko chor3akara ayathArtha ke mArga para agrasara ho jAtI hai| aisI avasthA meM icchA ko saMyamita karanA Avazyaka hotA hai jIvana ke prArambha meM acchI Adata ke nirmANa ke lie bAhya niyaMtraNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai bAda meM vaha vyakti ke jIvana kA aMga bana jAtI hai| buddhi aura icchA meM sAmaMjasya Avazyaka hai| icchA ko kisa prakAra buddhi ke anukUla banAyA jaae| isakA prazikSaNa Avazyaka hai| arastu ne buddhi evaM icchA ke sAmaMjasya ke siddhAnta ko AcAra ke kSetra meM vikasita kiyaa| unakA abhimata hai "Inthecaseofthecontinentandofthe incontinent manalike, he says, "wepraise the reason or the rational part, foritexhorts them rightly and, urges them to do what is best, but there is plainly present in them another Principle besides the rational one, which fights and struggles against the reason. For just as a paralysed limb, when you will to move it to the right, moves on the contrary to the left, so is with the soul, the incontinent man's impulses run counter to his reason. Again he speaks of the faculty ofappetite orofdesire in genral which partakes ofreason in a manner-that is, in so far as it listens to reason and sub mits to its sway.......Further,alladviceandallrebukeandexhortation testifies that the irrational part is in some way amenable to reason." ___Moralvirtue, forAristotle,isahabitofchoiceorpurpose,purposebeing desire following upon deliberation. Aright purpose then involves both true reasoningandright desire. Hence the finalendofmoral discipline is thereform, and not the suppression, of desire.' jJAna ke anusAra AcaraNa, nItidarzana kAmahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai| jJAna ke binA AcaraNa andhA hai tathA AcaraNa ke binA jJAna paMgu hai| sAMkhya darzana meM jisa prakAra prakRti evaM puruSa ke sambandha ko andhapaMguvat' mAnA gayA hai vaise hI AcAra-mImAMsA ke kSetra meM jJAna aura AcAra kA sambandha hai| donoM eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra AcAra kI pRSThabhUmi jJAna hai| pahale jJAna phira AcAra-paDhamaM nANaM tao dyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke AcAra-zAstra kA 1. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. P. 405 2. Ibid, P. 406, The imposition of commands, by exercising the child in self-restraint and by inducing a habit of obedience, is the great means by which the early training of the will is ef fected, and the foundation of moral habit and good character established. 3. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. P. 405 sAMkhyakArikA, zloka 21, pvndhvdubhyo'pi......| 5. dasave AliyaM, 4/10

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AcAra mImAMsA sUtra hai - jJAnaM prathamo dharmaH / jJAna ke binA AcAra kA nirdhAraNa nahIM ho sakatA / jJAnI manuSya hI AcAra aura anAcAra kA viveka karatA hai tathA anAcAra ko chor3akara AcAra kA pAlana karatA hai / satyAsatya kA viveka jJAna para nirbhara karatA hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI yahI tathya pratipAdita huA hai| pahale baMdhana ko jAno phira usako todd'o|' baMdhana kyA hai ? usake hetu kyA hai? use tor3ane ke upAya kyA hai ? ina sabako jAnane para hI baMdhana ko tor3A jA sakatA hai| yaha dRSTi na kevala jJAnavAda hai aura na kevala AcAravAda hai| yaha donoM kA samanvaya hai / I sAra kI khoja manuSya kI manISA kA ciraMtana prayatna hai / jisameM poSakazakti hai, sneha hai, sarasatA hai, madhuratA hai vaha sAra hai| dUdha poSaka hai| manuSya usase saMtuSTa nahIM huaa| usane sAra kI khoja kI aura navanIta mila gayA / chilake meM poSaka zakti hai / manuSya usase saMtuSTa nahIM huA / Ama ke sAra ko prApta kiyA, madhuratA pratyakSa ho gaI / jJAna viveka zakti kA udghATaka hai kiMtu manuSya itane mAtra se saMtuSTa nahIM huaa| vaha jJAna ke sAra tattva ke anveSaNa meM lagA rhaa| jJAna ke sAra kI khoja meM AcAra hastagata ho gayA / jJAna kA sAra AcAra hai / ' AcAra ke abhAva meM jJAna adhUrA hai| mArksa ne kahA -darzana AdamI ko jJAna detA hai para badalatA nahIM, isalie aisA darzana cAhiye jo samAja ko badala sake / pazcimI dArzanikoM ne tattvajJAna aura AcAra ko vibhakta kara diyA ata: mArksa kI yaha TippaNI svAbhAvika hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne korA darzana nahIM diyA apitu jIvana meM Acarita darzana pradAna kiyA / jJAna prathama AvazyakatA hai / jAnane ke bAda AcaraNa karanA Avazyaka hai / AcAra kA AdhAra : AtmajJAna koI bhI kriyA kI jAtI hai to eka prazna upasthita hotA hai ki isa prakAra kI kriyA kyoM kI jA rahI hai ? isakA hetu kyA hai ? AdhAra kyA hai ? AdhAra kA nizcaya hue binA koI AcAra saMhitA nahIM bana sakatI / sabase pahale AdhAra kA anveSaNa Avazyaka hotA hai| prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ke AcAra kA AdhAra AtmA hI hai / anAtmavAda ke AdhAra para banane vAlI AcAra saMhitA eka prakAra kI hogI aura AtmavAda ke AdhAra para banane vAlI AcArasaMhitA dUsare prakAra kI hogii| jaina darzana kI AcAra saMhitA kA AdhAra AtmA hai / ataH AcAra-nirdhAraNa se pUrva AtmA kA avabodha honA Avazyaka hai| AcArAMga kA prArambha AtmajijJAsA se hI hotA hai| eka prazna ho sakatA hai - kyA AtmA ko jAnA jA sakatA hai ? bhagavAn mahAvIra isakA uttara hAM meM dete haiN| AtmA ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| usako jAnane ke tIna hetuoM kA ullekha AcArAMga meM hai 4_ 1. sUyagaDo, 1/1/1, bujjhejja tiuTTejjA / 2. Avazyaka niyukti, gAthA 87 3. AyAro, 1/1 4. vahI, 1/3, sejjaM puNa jANejjA-sahasammuiyAe, paravAgaraNeNaM, aNNesiM vA aMtie soccaa......| 247

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248 jaina Agama meM darzana (1) sAdhanA karate-karate atIndriya jJAna vikasita ho sakatA hai| usase Atma sAkSAtkAra ho sakatA hai| (2) yadi sAdhanA karane para bhI apanImati vikasitana hoto prayatnanahIM chor3anA caahie| jaba yaha jJAta ho jAe amuka vyakti atIndriya jJAna se sampanna hai, usake pAsa jAkara-maiM kauna hUM ? kahAM se AyA hUM? ityAdi prazna pUchane caahie| (!) kisI vyakti ko atIndriya jJAnI se milane kA avasara milA ho, vaise vyakti se samparka kara una praznoM kA samAdhAna karanA caahie| tIna mAdhyamoM se apane astitva ke bAre meM jAnane kA prayatna karanA caahie| jaba apane 6 "tva kA bodha ho jAtA hai taba Age kI rekhAeM spaSTa ho jAtI haiN| jaise hI AtmA hai, maiM hUM, maiM cetanya hUM, maiM pahale bhI thA aura bAda meM bhI hoUMgA, yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai taba AcArazAstra kI aneka samasyAoM kA samAdhAna ho jAtA hai| AtmA para zradA karanA bhI OM tma-jJAna kI prathama bhUmikA hai| jaba taka AtmasAkSAtkAra nahIM hotA taba taka zraddhApUrvaka AtmA ke astitva kI svIkRti AcAra ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna detI hai| AtmA ke traikAlika astitva kI svIkRti evaM saMsArAvasthA meM karma ke kAraNa usakA paribhramaNa ho rahA hai, jaba yaha tathya avagata ho jAtA hai to sAdhanA kA prA. mbha hA jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke AcAra ke kendra bindu meM AtmA hai| AtmA saMsArAvasthA meM karma se Abaddha hai ata: usakA anusaMcaraNa ho rahA hai| AtmA ke anusaMcaraNa ko samApta karane ke lie use karmamukta karanA Avazyaka hai| isa avadhAraNA ke sAtha hI jaina-AcAra kA mUla AdhAra karmavAda hai| jaina AcAra para samagratA se dRSTipAta karate haiM to prApta hotA hai ki karma kI avadhAraNA ke anusAra hI AcAra kA nirdhAraNa huA hai| sAdhu jaba dIkSA svIkAra karatA hai, usa samaya usakA prathama saMkalpa hotA hai-savvaM sAvajjogaMpaccakkhAmi / sampUrNa pApakArI pravRttiyoM ko chor3ane ke saMkalpa ke sAtha hI usakI zramaNatva kI sAdhanA prArambha ho jAtI hai| dhu-zrAvaka sabake karaNIya-akaraNIya kA viveka karma siddhAnta para hI AdhArita hai| jis|tti se karma kA AzravaNa hotA hai vaha pravRtti heya hai| pApakarma sarvathA heya hI hai| akaraNi... vikmm| saMcita karma kA nAza evaM nae karma kA upArjana jisake dvArA nahIM hotA ho, vaha kArya sAdhaka ke lie karaNIya hai| AtmA kI traikAlikatA jaina darzana meM mAnya hai| karmoM ke kAraNa saMsArAvasthA meM AtmA kA svAbhAvika zuddha svarUpa prApta nahIM hai| AtmA kI yaha azuddhi karma ke kAraNa hai jo saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kA kAraNa banatI hai| AtmA ke baddha rUpa meM upalabdha hone se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai 1. zramaNa pratikramaNa (saMpA. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, lADanUM, 1 993), pR. 2 2. AyAro, 1/174 3. vahI, 4/46, jassa natthi purA pacchA, majjhe tassa kao siyA?

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AcAra mImAMsA ki karma hai evaM usakI kAraNabhUta kriyA hai jisase AtmA kA saMsAra meM anusaMcaraNa ho rahA hai / isalie AcArAMga meM AcAra ke AdhAra ke rUpa meM cAra vAdoM kA ullekha hai / AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda evaM kriyAvAda' kA AcAra-mImAMsA ke saMdarbha meM mUlyAMkana karanA bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hogA / AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra ye cAroM vAda sampUrNa AcAra-zAstra ke AdhAra haiN| isa avadhAraNA ko prastuta karate hue unhoMne likhA hai ki sabase pahalA tattva hai - AtmA, AtmA ke jJAta ho jAne para yaha jJAta ho jAtA hai ki loka hai| loka kA artha hai - pudgala / pudgala dRzya hai / lokyate iti loka: jo dRSTa hotA hai, vaha loka hai| pudgala dekhA jAtA hai, isalie use loka kahA gayA hai| jo AtmA ko jAna letA hai, vaha pudgala ko jAna letA hai| jo AtmavAdI hai, vaha lokavAdI hai / AtmA bhI ho aura pudgala bhI ho, kiMtu yadi unameM koI sambandha na ho to na AtmA pudgala ko prabhAvita kara sakatI hai aura na pudgala AtmA ko prabhAvita kara sakatA hai / yadi kevala cetana hI hotA athavA kevala pudgala hI hotA to paribhramaNa kA koI hetu hI nahIM hotA kiMtu karma nAma kA tIsarA tattva AtmA evaM pudgala ke sambandha kA paricAyaka hai / yaha karma hI AtmA ke saMsAra - paribhramaNa kA hetu hai| AtmA aura karma kA sambandha hai aura usa sambandha kA setu hai - kriyA / akriya avasthA meM koI sambandha sthApita nahIM ho sakata' / jaise-jaise kaSAya kSINa hote haiM, akriyA kI sthiti Ane lagatI hai, taba AtmA aura ka.. kA sambandha kSINa hone lagatA hai| jaba caudahaveM guNasthAna pUrNa akriyA kI sthiti gha " jAtI hai, taba sAre sambandha naSTa ho jAte haiM / 2 ratnatraya : mokSamArga 249 karma AtmA ke maulika guNoM kA AcchAdana evaM ghAta karate haiM, phalasvarUpa AtmavismRti ho jAtI hai aura ananta saMsAra meM paribhramaNa hotA rahatA hai| AcAra-mImAMsIya tattva isa vijAtIya sambandha ko tor3ane kA prayatna karate haiN| samyak darzana, jJAna evaM cAritra rUpa ratnatraya ke parama prakarSa ke dvArA vaha vijAtIya sambandha samApta ho jAtA hai tathA AcAra kA parama zubha rUpa mokSa prApta ho jAtA hai / samyak darzana jJAna evaM cAritra rUpa ratnatraya samanvita rUpa se mokSa kA mArga hai / ' nizreyas kI prApti ratnatraya kA anupAlana karane se hI saMbhava hai| jaina AcAra meM jJAna evaM cAritra / AcaraNa ko samAna rUpa se mahattva prApta hai| donoM saMyukta hokara hI mokSArAdhanA ke hetu bana sakate haiN| AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie AcAra kA prathama sopAna samyagdarzana hai / samyak darzana ke abhAva meM jJAna evaM kriyA donoM hI phalavAn nahIM bana skte|' ataH AdhyAtmika ArohaNa 1. AyAro, 1 / 5, se AyAvaI, logavaI, kammAvAI, kiri vAI / 2. mahAprajJa, AcArya, manana aura mUlyAMkana, (cUrU, 1983 ) pR. 5 3. tattvArthAdhigama, sUtra 1 / samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / 4. (amRtakalaza I) ArAdhanA, (le. jayAcArya, cUrU, 1998) 8 / 4, je samakita biNa mhaiM, cAritra nIM kiriyA re / bAra ananta karI, , piNa kAja na sariyA re /

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jaina Agama meM darzana ke lie samyak darzana kA honA prAthamika anivAryatA hai / samyakdarzana kI prApti ke sAtha hI jJAna svata: hI samyak bana jAtA hai| usake lie prayatna karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / samIcIna jJAna kI pUrNatA cAritra se prApta hotI hai| jJAna kI samagratA sAdhanA ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai / isalie mukti kA anantara kAraNa cAritra / AcAra hI hai| darzana evaM jJAna ko krama kI dRSTi se parampara kAraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM mokSamArga ke nirUpaNa prasaMga meM inakA jo krama rakhA hai usase inakI parampara evaM anantara kAraNatA kA bodha ho jAtA hai / 250 jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA triveNI saMgama prANimAtra meM hotA hai, para usase sAdhya siddha nahIM hotaa| ye tInoM yathArtha aura ayathArtha- donoM prakAra ke hote haiN| zreyas kI sAdhanA yathArtha darzana, jJAna aura cAritra se hotI hai / sAdhanA kI dRSTi se samyak darzana kA sthAna pahalA hai, samyak jJAna kA dUsarA aura samyak cAritra kA tIsarA / darzana ke binA jJAna, jJAna ke binA cAritra, cAritra ke binA karma-mokSa aura karma-mokSa ke binA nirvANa nahIM ho sktaa|' jaba ye tInoM pUrNa hote haiM taba sAdhya sadha jAtA hai| AtmA karma mukta ho paramAtmA bana jAtI hai| jaina darzana bhaktiyoga, jJAnayoga evaM karmayoga - ina tInoM ko saMyukta rUpa meM mokSa kA mArga mAnatA hai / samyak darzana, jJAna evaM cAritra ko kramaza: bhaktiyoga, jJAnayoga evaM karmayoga kahA jA sakatA hai / uttarAdhyayana meM mokSa mArga ke rUpa meM tapa kA bhI ullekha huA hai / ' tapa kA antarbhAva cAritra meM hI ho jAtA hai| triratna evaM aSTAMga mArga bauddha darzana meM varNita nirvANa prApti ke aSTAMga mArga kI tulanA jaina sambhata triratna se kI jA sakatI hai| bauddha darzana ne aSTaaMga yukta nirvANa mArga kA ullekha kiyA hai jise aSTAMgika mArga kahA jAtA hai| ve ATha aMga nimna haiM 1. samyak dRSTi 2. samyak saMkalpa 3. samyak vacana 4. samyak karmAnta 5. samyak AjIva 6. samyak vyAyAma - 1. uttarajjhayaNANi, 28 / 30, nAdaMsaNissa nANaM nANeNa viNA na hunti caraNaguNA / aguNissa natthi mokkho, natthi amokkhassa nivvANaM // 2. vahI, 28 / 2, nANaM ca daMsaNaM ceva, carittaM ca tavo tahA / esa maggo tti paNNatto jiNehiM varadaMsihiM /

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AcAra mImAMsA 251 7. samyak smRti aura 8. samyak samAdhi / ' jaina darzana meM varNita mokSa-mArga ke tIna ghaTaka tattvoM se inakI kAphI samAnatA parilakSita ho rahI hai| jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI paramparA meM samyak darzana/samyak dRSTi mokSa mArga ke prathama ghaTaka tattva ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiN| samyak saMkalpa kI samAnatA samyak jJAna ke sAtha hai| samyak cAritra meM bauddha varNita anya chaha aMgoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| bauddha darzana meM cAritra ke aMgoM kA vistAra kara diyA, yadi hama AcAra ke aMgoM kA vistAra kareM to chaha se bhI adhika usake prakAra ho sakate haiM ata: jaina mokSa mArga ke ghaTaka tattva ke rUpa meM samyak cAritra kA hI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| usake upabhedoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA, jaisA ki bauddha darzana meM kiyA gayA hai| AcAra ke bheda AcAra AsevanAtmaka hotA hai| sAmAnyata: AcAra kA sambandha cAritra ke sAtha hI jor3A jAtA hai| kiMtu jaina paramparA meM AcAra kI avadhAraNApara vyApaka vicAra huA hai| usakA sambandha kore cAritra ke sAtha hI nahIM hai kiMtu jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa evaM vIrya - ina sabake sAtha hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra AcAra pAMca prakAra kA hai-1. jJAnAcAra 2. darzanAcAra 3. cAritrAcAra 4. tapa AcAra 5. vIryAcAra / ' jJAnAcAra AcAra abhyAsAtmaka hotA hai| usakA Asevana kiyA jAtA hai| manuSya kA kriyAtmaka pakSa hI AcAra hai| jJAnAcAra kA tAtparya zrutajJAna viSayaka AcaraNa hai| yadyapi mati Adi pAMca jJAna haiM kiMtu vyavahArAtmaka jJAna kevala zrutajJAna hI hai| mati, avadhi, mana:paryavaevaM kevalajJAna ye cAra jJAna asaMvyavahArya hai| hamArA sArA vyavahAra zrutajJAna ke AdhAra para hI calatA hai| zrutajJAna ke atirikta zeSa jJAna zabdAtIta haiM, ata: ve apane svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karane meM asamartha haiN| asamarthatA ke kAraNa hI anuyogadvAra meM inako sthApya kahA hai| cUrNikAra evaM TIkAkAra ke anusAra sthApya kA artha asaMvyavahArya hai| jisakA dUsaroM ke lie upayoga ho sake vaha vyavahArya hotA hai| zrutajJAna zabdAtmaka hai isalie vaha saMvyavahArya aura lokopakAraka hai| zrutajJAna kA AdAna-pradAna ho sakatA hai ata: jJAnAcAra zrutajJAna se hI sambandhita hai| jJAnAcAra ke ATha prakAra haiM:1. saMyuttanikAya (saMpA. bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, nAlandA, 1959) (2-3 nidAnavaggo khandhavaggo ca) 14/28 pR. 142 2. ThANaM,5/147,paMcavihe AyAre paNNatte, taM jahA-NANAyAre, daMsaNAyAre, carittAyAre, tavAyAre, viiriyaayaare| 3. aNuogadArAI, sUtra ? 4. (ka) anuyogadvAra cUrNi, pR. 2, 'ThappAiM' ti asaMvavahAriyAI ti vuttaM bhvti| (kha) anuyogadvAra maladhArIyAvRtti, patra 3, 'ThappAI ti sthaapyaani-asNvyvhaaryaani| 5. dazavaikAlikaniyukti, gA. 88, kAle viNaye bahumANe uvahANe tahA aninnhvnne| vaMjaNa-attha tadubhae aTThaviho naannmaayaaro||

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252 jaina Agama meM darzana 1. kAla-svAdhyAya Adi kA jo kAla nirdiSTa ho usako usI kAla meM krnaa| 2. vinaya-jJAnaprApti ke prayatna meM vinamra rhnaa| 3. bahumAna-jJAna ke prati Antarika anuraag| 4. upadhAna-zrutavAcana ke samaya kiyA jAne vAlA tp| 5. anilahavana-apane vAcanAcArya kA gopana na krnaa| 6. vyaMjana-sUtra kA vAcana krnaa| 7. artha-arthabodha krnaa| 8. sUtrArtha sUtra aura artha kA bodha krnaa|' jJAna ke aticAra AcAra kA ullaMghana aticAra hotA hai aura 'aticAra' kA varjana AcAra |jo anuSThAna jisa vidhi se karanA hotA hai usakA anyathA prakAra se karanA athavA na karanA usa anuSThAna kA aticAra hotA hai| jJAna Adi paMcAcAroM ke bhI aticAra kA varNana jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha hai| Avazyaka meM jJAna ke caudaha aticAroM kA ullekha hai - 1. vyAviddha-Agama pATha ko Age-pIche krnaa| 2. vyatyAneDita-mUla pATha meM anya pATha kA mizraNa krnaa| 3. hInAkSara-akSaroM ko nyUna kara uccAraNa krnaa| 4. atyakSara-akSaroM ko adhika kara uccAraNa krnaa| 5. padahIna-padoM ko kama kara uccAraNa krnaa| 6. vinayahIna-virAma-rahita uccAraNa krnaa| 7. ghoSahIna-udAtta Adi ghoSa rahita uccAraNa krnaa| 8. yogahIna-sambandha rahita uccAraNa krnaa| 9. suSThadatta-yogyatA se adhika jJAna denaa| 10. duSThu-pratIcchita-jJAna ko samyak bhAva se grahaNa na krnaa| 11. akAla meM svAdhyAya krnaa| 12. svAdhyAyakAla meM svAdhyAya na krnaa| 13. asvAdhyAya kI sthiti meM svAdhyAya krnaa| 14. svAdhyAya kI sthiti meM svAdhyAya na krnaa| 1. nizIthabhASya, gA. 9-20 2. Avazyaka (navasuttANi) 4/8, .......vAiddhaM vaccAmeliyaM, hINakkharaM.......

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AcAra mImAMsA 253 jJAna ke caudaha aticAroM meM se prathama ATha kA sambandha to mukhyatayA pATha ke uccAraNa se hai| prAcIna kAla meM sampUrNa jJAna smRti meM hI surakSita hotA thaa| vaisI sthiti meM usa jJAna kI surakSA amuka prakAra ke uccAraNa ke doSoM se bacane se hI saMbhava thI ata: caudaha meM se ATha aticAra mAtra pATha ke uccAraNa se sambandhita svIkRta kie ge| navAM aticAra jJAna ke dAtA se tathA dasavAM jJAna ke gRhItA se jur3A huA hai| gyArahavAM evaM bArahavAM kAla se tathA terahavAM, caudahavAM jJAna prApti kI bAhya sthitiyoM se jur3A huA hai| jJAna ke jina ATha AcAroM kA ullekha huA hai unameM se 'kAla' ke aticAra kA grahaNa to ina caudaha aticAroM meM huA hai kiMtu anya kA sIdhA ullekha nahIM hai, phira bhI itanA to spaSTa hI hai ki jina jJAna ke AcAroM kA ullekha huA hai unake viparIta AcaraNa karane kA samAvezajJAna ke aticAroM meM ho jaaegaa| bhale isake lie jJAna ke aticAroM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi karanI pdd'e| darzanAcAra samyaktva viSayaka AcaraNa ko darzanAcAra kahA jAtA hai| samyak darzana kA artha haisatya kI AsthA, satya kI ruci| samyagdarzana do prakAra kA hotA hai- (1) naizcayika aura (2) vyaavhaarik| naizcayika samyak darzana kA sambandha kevala AtmA kI Antarika zuddhi yA satya kI AsthA se hotA hai| vyAvahArika samyagdarzana kA sambandha saMgha, gaNayA sampradAya se bhI hotA hai|' darzanAcAra ke bhI ATha prakAra haiM: 1. ni:zaMkita 2. niSkAMkSita 3. nirvicikitsA 4. amUDhadRSTi 5. upabRMhaNa 6. sthirIkaraNa ?. vAtsalya aura 8. prbhaavnaa| 1.ni:zaMkita ni:zaMkitA darzanAcAra kA prathama bheda hai| zaMkA kA artha saMdeha evaM bhaya donoM hI hotA hai| zAntyAcArya, haribhadra Adi ne zaMkA kA artha 'saMdeha' kiyA hai|' kundakundAcArya ne isakA artha bhaya kiyA hai| isa saMdarbha meM ni:zaMkita ke do artha phalita hote haiM-(1) jinabhASita tattvoM meM saMdeha rahitatA arthAt nishshNktaa| (2) bhymukttaa| samyagdRSTi ko adegdha aura abhaya honA hI caahie| 1. uttarajjhara ANi 2, 31 TippaNa, pR. 159 2. vahI, 2, 28/31 nissaMkiya nikkaMkhiya nivvitigicchA amuuddhditttthiiy| uvavUha thirIkaraNe vacchalla pabhAvaNe atttth|| 3. (ka) uttarAdhyayana, bRhad vRtti, patra 5 6 7, zaGkanaM zaGkitaM-dezasarvazaMkAtmakaM tasyAbhAvo ni:shNkitm| (kha) zrAvakadharmaprakaraNa vRtti, patra 20, bhagavadarhatpraNIteSu dharmAdharmakAzAdiSvatyantagahaneSu matimAndyAdibhyo'navadhAryamANeSu saMzaya ityarthaH / 4. samayasAra, gAthA 2 2 8, sammadiTThI jIvA NissaMkA hoti NibbhayA tenn| sattabhayavippamukkA jamhAtamhA hu nnissNkaa||

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254 jaina Agama meM darzana 2.niSkAMkSita paramata kI vAMchA nahIM karanA niSkAMkSita hai| kAMkSA ke do artha upalabdha hote haiM-(1) ekAnta dRSTi vAle darzanoM ke svIkAra kI icchA aura' (2) dharmAcaraNa ke dvArA sukha samRddhi pAne kI icchaa| samyakdRSTi kAMkSA ke ina donoM prakAroM se dUra rahatA hai| 3.nirvicikitsA vicikitsA ke bhI do artha milate haiM-(1) dharma ke phala meM saMdeha aura' (2) jugupsAghRNA / samyagdRSTi ina donoM prakAra kI vicikitsA se dUra rahatA hai| svAmI samantabhadra ke anusAra svabhAvata: apavitra kiMtu ratnatrayI se pavitra zarIra meM glAni na karanA, guNoM meM prIti karane kA nAma nirvicikitsA hai| AcAryazrI tulasI ne nirvicikitsA ko paribhASita karate hue likhA hai nivvitigicchA saMdehatyAga, nija sAdhya-sAdhanA ke phala meM / ' 4.amUDhadRSTi jisakI dRSTi mohita nahIM hotI use amUDhadRSTi kahate haiN| mUDhatA kA artha hai--mohamayI dRSTi / svAmI samantabhadra ne mUDhatA ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai (1) loka-mUDhatA-nadI-snAna meM dhArmika vishvaas| (2) deva-mUDhatA-rAga-dveSa-vazIbhUta devoM kI upaasnaa| (3) pASaNDa-mUDhatA-hiMsA pravRtta sAdhuoM kA puraskAra / ' AcArya haribhadra ke anusAra ekAMtavAdI tIrthakoM kI vibhUti dekhakara jo mohita nahIM hotA hai, use amUDhadRSTi kahA jAtA hai| 1. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, (le. amRtacandrAcArya, agAsa, vi.saM. 2 0 2 2 ) 2 4, iha janmani vibhavAdInyamutra cakritvakezavatvAdIn / ekAMtavAdadUSitaparasamayAnapi ca naakaaNksset|| 2. tattvArthAdhigama, sUtra 7/23 vRtti, ihaparalokabhogAkAMkSaNaM kaaNkssaa| 3. pravacanasArodvAra, (le. nemicandra sUri, bambaI, vi.saM. 1978) 268 patra 64. vicikitsA-mativibhrama: yuktyAgamopapanne'pyarthe phalaM prati smmohH| 4. vahI, 2 68 patra 64, yadvA vidvajjugupsA-malamalinA ete ityAdi saadhujugupsaa| 5. ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra, (le. svAmI sammantabhadra, bambaI, 1982) 1/13, svabhAvato'zucau kAye rtntrypvitrite| nirjugupsA guNaprItirmatA nirvicikitsaa|| AcAra bodha, 14 (amRtakalaza 2) 7. ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra, 1/22-24 zrAvakadharmavidhiprakaraNa, zloka 58-60, iDDIoNegavihA, vijjAjaNiyA tavomayAo ya / veubviyaladdhikayA, nahagamaNAI ya datRRNaM / / pUyaM ca asaNapaNAivatthapattAiehiM vivihehiN| parapAsaMDatthANaM sakkolayAINaM daTTaNaM / dhijjAIyagihINaM pAsatthAINa vApi dttttnnN| yassana mujjhai diTThI amUDhadiDhei tayaM biNti||

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AcAra mImAMsA 5. upabRMhaNa samyagdarzana kI puSTi karane ko upabRMhaNa kahA jAtA hai| vasunandi ne upabRMhaNa ke sthAna para 'upagUhana' zabda ke prayoga ko svIkAra kiyA hai|' AcArya amRtacandra ne upagUhana ko upabRMhaNa kA hI eka prakAra mAnA hai| apane mRdutA Adi Atma-2 -guNoM kI vRddhi karanA tathA parAe doSoM kA nigUhana karanA - ye donoM hI upabRMhaNa ke aMga haiM / ' 6. sthirIkaraNa dharma mArga yA nyAya mArga se vicalita ho rahe vyaktiyoM ko puna: usI mArga meM sthira karanA 'sthirIkaraNa' kahalAtA hai / ' 255 7. vAtsalya mokSa ke kAraNabhUta dharma, ahiMsA aura sAdharmikoM meM vatsalabhAva rakhanA, unakI yathAyogya pratipatti rakhanA, sAdharmika sAdhuoM ko AhAra, vastra Adi denA, guru, glAna, tapasvI, zaikSa, atithi sAdhuoM kI vizeSa sevA karanA vAtsalya kahalAtA hai| 1 8. prabhAvanA tIrtha kI unnati ho vaisI ceSTA karanA, ratnatrayI se apanI AtmA ko prabhAvita karanA tathA jinazAsana kI mahimA bar3hAnA prabhAvanA nAma ke darzana kA AThavAM AcAra hai / ' ATha prakAra ke vyakti prabhAvaka mAne jAte haiM 1. pravacanI - dvAdazAMgIdhara, yugapradhAna AgamapuruSa / 2. dharmakathI - dharmakathA - kuzala / 3. vAdI - vAda - vidyA meM nipuNa / 4. naimittika-nimittavid / 5. tapasvI tapasyA karane vAle / 6. 7. 8. 1. vasunaMdi zrAvakAcAra, (le. AcArya vasunandi, banArasa, 1952 ) gAthA 48, NissaMkA... 2. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 27, dharmo'bhivardhanIyaH, sadAtmano mArdavAdibhAvanayA / paradoSanigUhanamapi vidheyamupabRMhaNaguNArtham // vidyAdhara- prajJapti Adi vidyAoM ke pAragAmI / siddha-siddhi prApta / kavi kavitva zakti sampanna / " 3. ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra, 1 / 16, darzanAccaraNAdvApi, calatAM dharmavatsalaiH / pratyavasthApanaM prAjJaiH sthitikaraNamucyate // 4. uttarAdhyayana, bRhadvRtti, patra 567, vatsalabhAvo vAtsalyaM sAdharmikajanasya bhaktapAnAdinocitapratipattikaraNam / 5. vahI, patra 567 prabhAvanA ca tathA tathA svatIrthonnatihetuceSTAsu pravarttanAtmikA / 6. yogazAstra, 2 / 16 vRtti, patra 65, pAvayaNI dhammakahI vAI nemittio tavassI ya / vijjA siddho a kaI aTTeva pabhAvagA bhaNiyA || uvagUhaNa /

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256 sthairya, prabhAvanA, bhakti, jinazAsana meM kauzala aura tIrtha sevA - ye pAMca samyaktva ke bhUSaNa kahe jAte haiM / ' sthairya, prabhAvanA aura bhakti kramaza: sthirIkaraNa, prabhAvanA aura vAtsalya haiN| jinazAsana meM kauzala aura tIrtha sevA ko bhI vAtsalya kA upabheda mAnA jA sakatA hai / samyagdarzana ke AThoM aMga satya kI AsthA ke parama aMga haiM / koI bhI vyakti zaMkA (saMdeha yA bhaya) kAMkSA, (Asakti yA vaicArika asthiratA) vicikitsA (ghRNA yA niMdA) mUDha dRSTi (apanI nIti ke virodhI vicAroM ke prati sahamati) se mukta hue binA satya kI ArAdhanA nahIM kara sakatA aura usake prati AsthAvAna bhI nahIM raha sakatA / sva sammata dharma yA sAdharmikoM kA upabRMhaNa, sthirIkaraNa, vAtsalya aura prabhAvanA kie binA koI vyakti satya kI ArAdhanA karane meM dUsaroM kA sahAyaka nahIM bana sktaa| isa dRSTi se darzanAcAra ke ye AThoM aMga bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa haiM / cAritrAcAra jo karma saMcaya ko rikta karatA hai vaha cAritra kahalAtA hai. -..... eyaM cayarittakaraM, cArittaM hoi AhiyaM / jisase mukti kI prApti hotI hai use cAritra kahA jAtA hai / cAritra kA lakSaNa hai-sat AcaraNa meM pravRtti aura asat AcaraNa se nivRtti / ' cAritra ke pAMca prakAra batalAe gae haiN| vastuta: vaha eka hI hai| cAritra ke pAMca bheda vizeSa dRSTi se kie gae haiN| sarva sAvadya pravRtti kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha sAmAyika cAritra hai| chedopasthApanIya Adi cAritra isI ke vizeSa rUpa haiM / ' samiti - gupti rUpa AcaraNa ko cAritrAcAra kahA jAtA hai / cAritrAcAra ke ATha prakAra haiM- pAMca samiti evaM tIna guptiyoM kA praNidhAna | S samiti kA artha hai - samyak pravartana / samyak aura asamyak kA mApadaNDa ahiMsA hai / jo pravRtti ahiMsA se saMvalita hai vaha samiti haiN| samitiyAM pAMca haiM ' 6_ jaina Agama meM darzana 1. IryA samiti - gamanAgamana sambandhI ahiMsA kA viveka / bhASA samiti - bhASA sambandhI ahiMsA kA viveka / eSaNA samiti- AhAra, vastra Adi ke grahaNa aura paribhoga sambandhI ahiMsA kA viveka / 2. 3. 1. yogazAstra, 2 / 16, sthairyaM prabhAvanA bhaktiH kauzalaM jinazAsane / tIrthasevA ca paMcAsya, bhUSaNAni pracakSate / / 2. uttarajjhayaNANi, 28 / 33 3. uttarAdhyayana, bRhadvRtti patra 556, caranti gacchantyanena muktimiti cAritram | cAritraM.......sadasatkriyApravRttinivRttilakSaNam / 4. tattvArthavArtika, 9 / 18, sarvasAvadyanivRttilakSaNasAmAyikApekSayA ekaM vrataM, bhedaparataMtracchedopasthApanApekSayA paMcavidhaM vratam / 5. dazavaikAlikaniryukti, gAthA 89, paNihANajogajutto paMcahiM samitIhiM tihiM ya guttIhiM / esa carittAyAro advaviho hoi NAyavvo / 6. uttarajjhayaNANi, 24 / 1, paMceva ya samiIo /

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AcAra mImAMsA 257 4. AdAnasamiti-dainika vyavahAra meM AnevAle padArthoM ke vyavahAra sambandhI ahiMsA kA vivek| 5. utsarga samiti-utsarga sambandhI ahiMsA kA vivek| ina pAMca samitiyoM kA pAlana karane vAlA muni jIvAkula saMsAra meM rahatA huA bhI pApoM se lipta nahIM hotaa| jisa prakAra dRr3ha kavacadhArI yoddhA bANoM kI varSA hone para bhI nahIM bIMdhA jA sakatA, usI prakAra samitiyoM kA samyak pAlana karane vAlA muni sAdhu-jIvana ke vividha kAryoM meM pravartamAna hotA huA bhI pApoM se lipta nahIM hotaa| gupti kA artha hai-nivartana / ve tIna prakAra kI haiM - 1. manogupti-asat cintana se nivrtn| 2. vacanagupti-asat vANI se nivartana / 3. kAyagupti-asat pravRtti se nivrtn| jisa prakAra kSetra kI rakSA ke lie bAr3a, nagara kI rakSA ke lie khAI yA prAkAra hotA hai, usI prakAra zrAmaNya kI surakSA ke lie, pApa ke nirodha ke lie gupti hai| ___ pAMca samitiyAM cAritra kI pravRtti ke lie haiM aura tIna guptiyAM saba azubha viSayoM se nivRtti ke lie hai|' jIvana-yAtrA ke lie pravRtti apekSita hotI hai aura azubha se bacane ke lie nivRtti apekSita hotI hai| samiti evaM gupti kI sAdhanA se muni ke jIvana meM saMtulana banA rahatA hai| usakA jIvana nirvAha samyak rUpa se hotA rahatA hai| sAmAyika, chedopasthApanIya Adi cAritra haiN| unakA abhyAsAtmaka svarUpa samiti evaMgupti hai| cAritra kIanupAlanAina ATha AcAroMsehotI hai| yadyapiyahasamiti-guptyAtmaka AcAra muni jIvana se jur3A huA hai tathApi koI bhI vyakti apane sAmarthya ke anusAra unakA yathocita pAlana kara sakatA hai| tapaAcAra ___ bhAratIya sAdhanA-paddhati meM tapasyA kA pramukha sthAna rahA hai| jaina aura vaidika manISiyoM 1. mUlArAdhanA, (le. zivArya, solApura, 1 9 6 5) 6/1200, edAhiM sadA jutto samidIhiM jagammi viharamANe hu| hiMsAdihiM na lippai, jIvaNikAyAule saahuu| 2. vahI, 6/1202, saravAse vi paDate jaha daDhakavacoNa vijjhadi srehiN| taha samidIhiMNa lippaI, sAdhU kAesa iriyNto|| 3. uttarajjhayaNANi, 24/1,tao guttIo aahiyaa| 4. mUlArAdhanA, 6/1189, chettassa vadI Nayarassa,khAiyA ahava hoi paayaaro| taha pAvassa Niroho, tAo guttIo saahuss| 5. uttarajjhayaNANi, 24/26, eyAo paMca samiIo, caraNassaya pvttnne| guttI niyattaNe vuttA asubhatthesu svvso||

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258 jaina Agama meM darzana ne use sAdhanA kA aparihArya aMga mAnA hai| tapasyA karma nirjaraNa kA mukhya sAdhana hai| isase AtmA pavitra hotI hai| jaina sAdhanA ke anusAra tapasyA kA artha kAya-kleza yA upavAsa hI nahIM hai| svAdhyAya, dhyAna, vinaya Adi saba tapasyA ke hI prakAra haiN| kAya-kleza aura upavAsa akaraNIya nahIM hai aura unakI sabake lie koI samAna maryAdA bhI nahIM hai| apanI ruci aura zakti ke anusAra jo jitanA kara sake usake lie utanA hI vihita hai| - jaina paramparA meM bAraha prakAra ke tapa AcAra kA ullekha huA hai| pUjA-pratiSThA kI AkAMkSA se rahita, adInabhAva se bAraha prakAra ke bAhya aura Abhyantara tapa kA AcaraNa karanA tapa AcAra hai bArasavihammi vi tave sabbhiMtara bAhire kusldiddhe| _ agilAe aNAjIvI NAyavvo so tvaayaaro||' karmazarIra ko tapAne vAlA anuSThAna tathA karmakSaya kA asAdhAraNa hetu, tapa kahalAtA hai| jo ATha prakAra kI karma granthiyoM ko tapAtA hai-unakA nAza karatA hai, vaha tapa hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra tapasyA ke do prakAra haiM-bAhya evaM Abhyantara / bAhya tapa ke chaha prakAra haiM-anazana, UnodarI, bhikSAcaryA, rasa-parityAga, kAyakleza evaM prtisNliintaa| 1-2. anazana aura avamodarikA se bhUkha aura pyAsa para vijaya pAne kI ora gati hotI hai| 3 - 4.bhikSAcaryA aura rasa-parityAga se AhAra kI lAlasA sImita hotI hai| jihvA kI lolupatA miTatI hai aura nidrA, pramAda Adi ko protsAhana nahIM milatA hai| 5. kAya-kleza sesahiSNutA kA vikAsa hotA hai| deha meM utpanna du:khoM ko samabhAva se sahane kI vRtti banatI hai| 6. pratisaMlInatA se AtmA kI sannidhi meM rahane kA abhyAsa bar3hatA hai| bAhya tapa ke Asevana se dehAdhyAsa chUTa jAtA hai| dehAsakti sAdhanA kA vighna hai| bAhya tapa kA Asevana isa deha ke prati hone vAle mamatva ko kama karatA hai| AbhyaMtara tapa ke chaha bheda haiM- prAyazcitta, vinaya, vaiyAvRttya, svAdhyAya, dhyAna evaM vyutsarga / bAhya tapakA AcaraNabhI Abhyantara tapake upabRMhaNa ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| AcArya mahAprajJajI ne Abhyantara tapa se hone vAle lAbhoM kA ullekha kiyA hai1. prAyazcitta se aticAra-bhIrutA aura sAdhanA ke prati jAgarUkatA vikasita hotI hai| 1. dazavaikAlika niyukti, gAthA 90 2. dazavaikAlika cUrNi, pR. 15 (jinadAsamahattara) tavoNAma tAvayati aTTavihaM kammagaMThiM nAseti tti vuttaM bhvi| 3. uttarajjhayaNANi, Amukha 30vAM adhyayana pR. 219

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AcAra mImAMsA 259 2. vinaya se abhimAna mukti aura parasparopagraha kA vikAsa hotA hai| 3. vaiyAvRttya se sevAbhAva panapatA hai| 4. svAdhyAya se vikathA tyakta ho jAtI hai| 5. dhyAnaseekAgratA, ekAgratAsemAnasika vikAsa evaMmana tathA indriyoM para niyaMtraNa pAne kI kSamatA bar3hatI hai aura anta meM unakA pUrNa nirodha ho jAtA hai| 6. vyutsarga se zarIra, upakaraNa Adi para hone vAle mamatva kA visarjana hotA hai|' yadyapi tapa cAritra kA hI eka prakAra hai| phira bhI mokSamArga meM isakA viziSTa sthAna hai| yaha karma kSaya karane kA asAdhAraNa hetu hai ata: isakA pRthak ullekha kiyA gayA hai| tapa kA uddezya koI bhI kriyA kI jAtI hai to usakA koI-na-koI uddezya hotA hai| prazna upasthita hotA hai, tapa kA Asevana kyoM karanA caahie| sUtrakAra isa prazna ko samAhita karate hue kahate haiM 1. ihaloka (vartamAna jIvana kI bhogAbhilASA) ke nimitta tapa nahIM karanA caahie| 2. paraloka (pAralaukika bhogAbhilASA) ke nimitta tapa nahIM karanA caahie| 3. kIrti, varNa, zabda aura zloka ke lie tapa nahIM karanA caahie| 4. nirjarA ke atirikta anya kisI bhI uddezya se tapa nahIM karanA caahie|' isakA tAtparya yahI huA ki jina-pravacana meM Atma-zuddhi ke lie hI AcAra upAdeya hai| Atma-zuddhi ke atirikta anya kisI bhI hetu se kiyA jAne vAlA AcaraNa jaina-darzana meM karmamukti kA sAdhaka nahIM mAnA gayA hai| vIryAcAra vIrya arthAt zakti / sAdhaka ko apanI zakti kA saMgopana nahIM karanA caahie| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA- No Nihejna vIriyaM / arthAt apanI zakti kA saMgopana mata kro| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM usakA upayoga Avazyaka hai| jJAna, darzana, cAritra evaM tapa meM apanI zakti ko niyojita karanA hI vIryAcAra hai| dazavaikAlika niyukti meM kahA-apanI zakti kA gopana na karate hue jJAna, darzana, cAritra evaM tapakI ArAdhanA meM parAkrama karanA vIryAcAra hai| vIryAcAra ke chattIsa 1. uttarajjhayaNANi, Amukha 30vAM adhyayana, pRSTha 220 2. uttarAdhyayana vRtti, patra 5 5 6 (zAntyAcArya) cAritrabhedatve'pi tapasa: pRthagupAdAnamastyaiva kSapaNaM pratyasAdhAraNa hetutvmupdrshyitum| 3. dasaveAliyaM, 9/4/6........ nannattha nijjaraTThayAe tvmhitttthjjaa| 4. AyAro,5/41 sthAnAMga vRtti, pa. 64, vIryAcArastu jJAnAdiSveva zakteragopanaMtadanatikramazceti / 6. dazavaikAlika niyukti, gAthA 91, aNigRhitabala-virio parakkamati jo jhuttmaautto| jhuMjai ya jahAthAmaNAyavvo viiriyaayaaro||

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260 jaina Agama meM darzana prakAra batAe gae haiN| jJAna, darzana, cAritra evaM tapa ke sAre bheda milAne se chattIsa hote haiM tathA ve hI vIryAcAra ke prakAra haiN| isa saMdarbha meM yaha smaraNIya hai ki zakti ke abhAva meM jJAna Adi kA Asevana nahIM ho sktaa| jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA kSayopazama hai, kiMtu antarAya karma kA kSayopazama nahIM hai to jJAnAvaraNIya kA kSayopazama kAryakArI nahIM bana sktaa| usakA upayoga tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba sAtha meM antarAya kA bhI kSayopazama ho / sabhI kSayopazama ke sAtha antarAya kA kSayopazama ho to hI ve apanA kArya kara sakate haiN| ata: antarAya kA kSayopazama mahattvapUrNa hai| vIrya antarAya ke kSayopazama se hI prApta hotA hai| vIryAcAra kA artha hai-jo zakti prApta huI hai usakA upayoga karanA / usako kAryakArI banAnA / jo zakti ko prApta karake bhI Alasya yA pramAda ke kAraNa usakA sahI upayoga nahIM karatA vaha vIryAcAra ke pAlana meM skhalita ho jAtA hai| phalasvarUpa apane mArga se cyuta ho jAne ke kAraNa apane iSTa lakSya ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| jo zakti kA saMgopana nahIM karatA, vaha vIryAcAra kA pAlana samyak prakAra se karatA hai| dhyAna, svAdhyAya, tapa Adi meM saMlagna zakti sAdhaka ko ucca Adarza kI ora prasthita karatI hai| sAdhanA ke vibhinna prakAra haiN| unakA saMkSepa meM nirdeza yahAM kAmya hai| dhuta kI sAdhanA 'dhuta' prAcIna bhAratIya sAdhanA paddhati kA pracalita zabda thA tathA bhArata ke sabhI dharmoM meM isakosammAnajanaka sthAna prApta thaa|jain paramparAmeM 'AcArAMga' jaise prAcIna grantha meM isakA nirUpaNa hai|' bauddha dharma ke prasiddha grantha 'visuddhimagga' meM teraha dhutAGgoM kA ullekha hai| bhAgavata meM bhI isakA ullekha prApta hotA hai| avadhUta paramparA kA mUla 'dhutavAda' meM khojA jA sakatA hai, aisA AcArya mahAprajJa jI kA abhimata hai|' dhuta kA artha hai-prakampita aura pRthakkRta / dhutavAda karma-nirjarA kA siddhAnta hai| . jina-jina hetuoM se karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai una sabakI dhutasaMjJA hotI hai|' dhuta lakSya ko prApta karane kI sAdhanA paddhati hai| saMyama evaM mokSa kI ArAdhanA ke lie ni saMgatA evaM karmavidhUnana anivArya hai| Asakti evaM karma ye donoM sAdhaka ko pathacyuta karane meM paryApta haiM ataeva inakA vidhUnana evaM apanayana apekSita hai| sthUla zarIra kA nirmANa sUkSma zarIra ke kAraNa hotA hai| yadi sUkSma zarIra ko naSTa kara diyA jAe to sthUla zarIra apane Apa hI samApta ho jaaegaa| dhutAcAra kI sAdhanA karane vAlA maharSi vartamAnadarzI hotA hai, isalie vaha karmazarIra kAzoSaNa kara use kSINa kara DAlatA hai| 1. AcArAMga ke chaThe adhyayana kA nAma hI 'dhutavAda' hai| 2. visuddhimaggago (paThamo bhAgo) (saMpA. DaoN. khetadhammo, vArANasI, 1969) 1/2, pR. 144, terasadhutAMgAni bhAgavata (AcArAMga bhASya meM uddhRta, pR. 297) 4. AcArAMgabhASyam chaThe adhyayana kA Amukha, pR. 298 AcArAMgabhASyam 6 kA Amukha, pR. 297,dhutavAdo'sti kamanirjarAyA: siddhAnta: / yaihetubhi: karmaNAM nirjarA jAyate te sarve'pi dhutasaMjJakAni bhavanti / 6. AyAro, 3/60, vidhUta-kappe eyANupassI, NijjhosaittA khavage mhesii|

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AcAra mImAMsA 261 AcArAMga ke samaya meM 'dhutavAda' kI sAdhanA bahu-pracalita thI, isakA AbhAsa AcArAMga ke chaThe adhyayana tathA anyatra vikIrNa rUpa se prApta 'dhuta' ke sUtroM se ho jAtA hai| 'dhutavAda' nAmaka adhyayana ke niyuktikAra ne pAMca uddezaka batAye haiM, jinameM pAMca dhutoM kA varNana hai - 1. nijakadhuta-svajana ke prati hone vAlI mamatva cetanA kA prkmpn| 2. kamaMdhuta-karma pudagaloM kA prakampana / 3. zarIra-upakaraNa dhuta-zarIra aura upakaraNoM ke prati hone vAlI mamatva cetanA kA prkmpn| 4. gauravadhuta-Rddhi, rasa aura sAtA-isa gauravatrayI kA prakampana / 5. upasargadhuta-anukUla aura pratikUla bhAvoM se utpanna cetanA kA prkmpn| karmabandha kA pramukha hetu hai -- mamatvabhAva / zarIra, upakaraNa aura svajana-ye mamatvacetanA ko puSTa karate haiN| dhuta sAdhanA kA yahI prayojana hai ki una saMyogoM kA parityAga karanA jisase mamatvacetanA puSTa hotI hai| mamatvacetanA kA parityAga AtmajJAna se ho sakatA hai| jo AtmaprajJa nahIM haiM ve avasAda kA anubhava karate haiM / dhuta se AtmaprajJA kA jAgaraNa hotA hai| AtmaprajJA ke suspaSTa hone para hI zarIra ke prati hone vAlI Asakti kSINa hotI hai| tapa ke aneka prakAra upadiSTa haiN| jisase karmoM kA prakampana athavA nirjarA hotI hai use taya kahA jA sakatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki jahAM viziSTa titikSA, lAghava aura tapa-ye tInoM samyak prakAra se prApta ho jAte haiM, vahAM dhuta kI sAdhanA hotI hai| sAdhanA mArga para agrasara sAdhaka ko svajana vicalita karanA cAhate haiN| pravrajyA ke samaya Akrandana se athavA viSaNNa banate hue usako rokane kA prayatna karate haiM kintu AtmasAdhaka unako chor3a detA hai| yaha svajana parityAga dhuta hai|' karma vidhUnana kI pradhAnatA upakaraNa evaM zarIra ke prati mamatva bhAva honA sahaja hai| ye saba mamatva cetanA ko puSTa karate haiN| mamatva cetanA saMsAra-vRddhi kA hetu banatI hai, ataeva mamatva cetanA kA parityAga hI dhuta sAdhanA kA prayojana hai| gaurava, ahaMkAra evaM mada vyakti ko abhibhUta kara dete haiN| inake dvArA AtmaprajJA parAsta ho jAtI hai| Rddhi, rasa evaM sAta ke gaurava se sAdhaka unmatta ho jAtA 1. AcArAMga niyukti, gAthA 2 49,250, paDhame niyagavihuNaNA kammANaM bitiyae taiyagaMmi / uvagaraNasarIrANaM cautthae gaarvtigss|| uvasaggA sammANa ya vihUANi paMcamaMmi uddese| davvadhuyaM vatthAI bhAvadhuyaM kammaaTThavihaM / / 2. AcArAMga bhASya pR. 297 3. vahI,6/26-29

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262 jaina Agama meM darzana hai| Atma-zlAghA karane meM saMlagna vaha AcArya kI avamAnanA karane lagatA hai| rasa-gauravayukta vyakti AhAra-zuddhi kA dhyAna nahIM rkhte| aise vyaktiyoM ko apanA vrata khaMDita karane meM bhI saMkoca nahIM hotA hai| sAtA gaurava vAle apane sAdhutva ko vismRta karake zarIra vibhUSA meM sampRkta ho jAte haiN| unakA Atma-sAdhanA kA lakSya dhUmila ho jAtA hai| ina sabhI vidhUnanoM meM karma vidhUnana hI pradhAna hai| vastuta: svajana, upakaraNa, zarIra Adi vidhUnanoM kA paryavasAna karma vidhUnana meM hotA hai| karma-vidhUnana pradhAna hai ata: sAdhaka ko isake lie prayatna karanA apekSita hai| karmavidhUnana ke aneka sAdhana haiM, unameM eka sAdhana hai-ektv-anuprekssaa| isase karmavidhUnana sampAdita hotA hai| isI tathya ko prastuta karate hue AcArAMga kahatA hai ki sAdhaka saba saMgoM kA tyAga kara aisI anuprekSA kare-merA koI bhI nahIM hai, isalie maiM akelA hUM "aiacca savvato saMgaMNa mahaM atthitti iti egohmNsi|| AhAra saMyama kI sAdhanA kAma-tRSNA para vijaya pAne ke icchuka sAdhaka ko rasa-parityAga karanA apekSita hai| rasoM kA prakAmasevana nahIM karanA caahie| isase dhAtueM uddIpta hotI haiM aura kAma-bhoga sAdhaka ko pIr3ita karate rahate haiN| rasoM ke adhika sevana se dehAdhyAsa bhI bar3hatA hai tathA vaha mokSasAdhanA meM bAdhaka hai| dehAdhyAsa kAya-kleza ke dvArA naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| kAya-kleza sahanazakti kI kramika vRddhi ke sAtha-sAtha zIla, samAdhi evaM prajJA ko paripakva karatA hai| AcArAMga kahatA hai-"jaise-jaise zarIra kRza hotA hai evaM mAMsa-zoNita sUkhate haiM vaise-vaise prajJA kA udaya puSTa hotA hai| prajJA ke puSTa hone para vairAgya kI puSTi hotI hai, vairAgya kI puSTi ke sAtha-sAtha sAdhaka arati ko abhibhUta kara sakatA hai 'virayaM bhikkhu rIyaMtaM, cirarAtosiyaM, aratI tattha kiM vidhArae ?'' cirakAla se pravrajita saMyama meM uttarottara gatizIla virata bhikSuko kyA arati abhibhUta kara pAtI hai ? uparyukta sAdhanA kA saMvAdI ullekha bauddha sAdhanA meM bhI prApta hotA hai| 'mAra' ko sambodhita karake buddha kaha rahe haiM-"khUna ke sUkhane para pitta aura kapha sUkhate haiM, mAMsa ke kSINa hone para citta adhikAdhika prasanna hotA hai, arthAt zraddhA kA unmeSa hotA hai, zraddhA kA unmeSa hone para smRti, samAdhi evaM prajJA puSTa hotI hai| uttamottama vedanA kI adhivAsanA ke sAthasAtha kAma-tRSNA para pUrNa vijaya prApta hotI hai evaM AtmA parama zuddhi meM pratiSThita hotI hai|' 1. AyAro, 6/38 2. uttarajjhayaNANi, 32/10, rasA pagAmaM na niseviyavvA, pAyaM rasA dittikarA nraannN| ditaMca kAmA samabhivaMti, dumaMjahA sAuphalaM va pkkhii| 3. AyAro, 6/67, AgayapaNNANANaM kisA bAhA bhavaMti. payaNae ya mNssonnie| 4. AyAro, 6/70 5. suttanipAta padhAnasutta 9/11

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AcAra mImAMsA 263 prajJA kA udaya karanA sAdhaka kA lakSya hai| tapasyA ke mAdhyama se prajJA kA unmeSa hotA hai| tapasyA (dhuta) sAdhanA hai, sAdhya nhiiN| 'dhuta' sAdhanA kI paddhati hai| 'dhuta' kI utkRSTa sthiti mahAparijJA hai| antarmana ke moha kA viveka karanA mahAparijJA hai| mahAparijJA mahAdhuta hai, yaha bhI sAdhana hai, sAdhya nahIM, isakA paryavasAna mokSa meM hotA hai jo AcArAMga ke AThaveM adhyayana kA viSaya hai| zastra parijJA se lekara vimokSa paryanta sampUrNa sAdhanA-paddhati bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana meM phalita huI jisakAsAkSya AcArAMgakA uvahANa' adhyayana haijoantima adhyayana hai| AcArAMga meM 'dhuta' kI sAdhanA kA sAMgopAMga varNana hai kiMtu isake atirikta anya jaina sAdhanA ke granthoM meM isakA varNana upalabdha nahIM hai| yadyapi sAdhanA ke vibhinna prakAroM kA varNana anyatra bhI upalabdha hai kiMtu 'dhuta' nAma se nahIM, aisA kyoM huA yaha anveSaNIya hai| brahmacarya kI sAdhanA adhyAtma-sAdhanA ke kSetra meM brahmacarya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| brahmacarya kA eka artha hai-brahma meM ramaNa / prastuta prasaMga meM brahmacarya se hamArA abhiprAya indriya viSaya virati tathA maithuna virati se hai| AcArAMga meM maithuna ke lie grAmyadharma zabda kA prayoga huA hai|' sAdhaka jaba isa 'grAmyadharma' (vAsanA) se pIr3ita ho jAtA hai, taba usa pIr3A ko kaise dUra kiyA jAe? isake upAyoM kA ullekha Agama sAhitya meM upalabdha hai| kAma-vAsanA kA udaya do prakAra kA hotA hai-sanimittaka aura animittk|jo kAmavAsanA kA udaya bAhya vastuoM ke kAraNa hotA hai, vaha sanimittaka hai| jo Antarika kAraNoM se hotA hai, vaha animittaka hai| sanimittaka kAma-vAsanA kA udaya tIna prakAra kA hai1. zabda zravaNa se hone vaalaa| 2. rUpa darzana se hone vaalaa| 3. pUrvabhukta bhogoM kI smRti se hone vaalaa| animittaka bhI tIna prakAra kA hai1. karma ke udaya se hone vaalaa| 2. AhAra ke kAraNa hone vaalaa| 3. zarIra ke kAraNa hone vaalaa| sthAnAMga meM kAma saMjJA utpatti ke cAra kAraNa nirdiSTa haiM - 1. AyAro,5/78, ..........ubbAhijjamANe gaamdhmmehiN| 2. nizIthabhASyacUrNi, gAthA 516, saI vA soUNaM, daLu sarituMva puvvbhuttaaii| saNimitta'NimittaM puNa udayAhAre sarIre y|| 3. ThANaM, 4/581,cauhiM ThANehiM mehaNasaNNA samuppajnati,taM jahA-citamaMsasoNiyayAe, mohaNijjassa kammassa udaeNaM, matIe, tdtttthovogennN|

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264 jaina Agama meM darzana 1. mAMsa, zoNita ke upacaya se| 2. mohanIya karma ke udaya se| 3. maithuna kI bAta sunane se utpanna mati ke kAraNa evaM 4. maithuna kA satata ciMtana karate rahane se| kAma vAsanA ke udaya kA sambandha vIrya ke upacaya se aura vIrya ke upacaya kA sambandha AhAra se hai| Agama-sAhitya meM kAma-vAsanA para vijaya pAne ke upAyoM kA varNana huA hai| jo nimna haiM 1. muni nirbala bhojana kare arthAt ur3ada, chAcha Adi kA bhojana kre| 2. kama khaae| 3. UrdhvasthAna (mukhyata: sarvAMgAsana) kara kAyotsarga kre| 4. grAmAnugrAma viharaNa kre| 5. AhAra kA viccheda (anazana) kre|' 6. mAMsa aura rakta kA apacaya kre|' AcArAMga bhASya meM ina upAyoM kA vistAra se varNana huA hai-"UrdhvasthAna kI avasthA meM donoM netroM ko nAsAgra yA bhRkuTi para sthira kare athavA bAra-bAra una para sthira kre| isa kriyA se apAnavAyu durbala hotI hai aura prANavAyu prabala / apAnavAyu kI prabalatA se kAmAMga sakriya hotA hai aura prANavAyu kI prabalatA se vaha niSkriya ho jAtA hai|" ___ apane iSTamaMtrapUrvaka samavRttizvAsaprekSA kI paccIsa AvRttiyAM karane se bhI kAma-vAsanA upazAMta hotI hai| jaise dveSAtmaka prakRti vAle manuSya kA baiThe rahanA hitakArI hotA hai, vaise hI rAgAtmaka prakRti vAle manuSya kA khar3e rahanA yA gamana karanA hitAvaha hotA hai| isalie grAmAnugrAma viharaNa karanA brahmacarya kA upAya hai / brahmacarya kI sAdhanA se sambandhita uparyukta vivecana AcArAMga bhASya meM upalabdha hai| jisakA yahAM saMgrahaNa kiyA gayA hai|' anuprekSA/anuciMtana ke prayoga bhI brahmacarya kI sAdhanA ke lie mahattvapUrNa hai| dazavaikAlika meM kahA gayA-"samadRSTi pUrvaka vicarate hue bhI yadi kadAcit mana saMyama se bAhara nikala jAe to yaha vicAra kare ki 'vaha merI nahIM hai aura na hI maiM usakA hUM, mumukSu usake prati hone vAle viSaya-rAga ko dUra kre| aise hI anya upAyoM kA bhI varNana upalabdha hotA hai| 1. AyAro, 5/79-83 2. vahI, 4/4 3, vigiMca maMsasoNiyaM / 3. AcArAMgabhASyam, pR. 273 4. dasaveAliyaM, 2/4

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AcAra mImAMsA 265 Asana kI sAdhanA jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM Asana kA prayoga vihita hai| svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne Asana kI sAdhanA kI thii| bhagavAn Asana meM baiThakara dhyAna karate the|' bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kAla ke mukhya Asana-utkuTuka Asana, vIrAsana, godohikA Asana athavA Urdhva Asana aadi| Asana jaina sAdhanA paddhati ke mukhya aMga rahe haiN| 'kAyakleza' nAmaka tapa Asana se hI sambandhita hai|' zramaNa-nirgranthoM ke lie bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vizeSa AsanoM kA varNana kiyA hai| jo nimna haiM - 1.sthAnAyatika-jisa Asana meM sIdhA khar3A honA hotA hai usakA nAma sthAnAyatika hai| sthAna (Asana) tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-UrdhvasthAna, niSIdana-sthAna aura shyn-sthaan| sthAnAyatika UrdhvasthAna kA sUcaka hai| isameM kAyotsarga mudrA se yukta hokara, donoM bAhuoM ko ghuTanoM kI ora jhukAkara khar3A honA hotA hai| 2. utkaTukAsanika-ukaDU baitthnaa| 3. pratimAsthAyI-baiThI yA khar3I pratimA kI bhAMti sthiratA se baiThane yA khar3A rahane ko pratimA kahA gayA hai| yaha kAya-kleza tapa kA eka prakAra hai| isameM upavAsa Adi kI apekSA, kAyotsarga, dhyAna Adi kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| sthAnAMga TIkAkAra ne pratimA kA artha kAyotsarga kI mudrA meM sthita rahanA kiyA hai|' 4. vIrAsana-siMhAsana para baiThane se zarIra kI jo sthiti hotI, usI sthiti meM siMhAsana ke nikAla lene para sthita rahanA vIrAsana hai| yaha kaThora Asana hai| isakI sAdhanA vIra manuSya hI kara sakatA hai| isalie isakA nAma 'vIrAsana' hai|' 5. naiSadhika-isakA artha hai, baiThane kI vidhi | isake pAMca prakAra haiN|' isI prakAra daNDAyatika, lagaMDazAyI Adi aneka prakAra ke AsanoM kA ullekha Agama-sAhitya meM huaahai| jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna, Asana, kAyotsarga Adiko prArambha se hI bahuta mahattva diyA gayA hai| 1. AyAro, 9/4/14, avi jhAti se mahAvIre, AsaNatthe akukkue jhaannN| 2. AcArAMgabhASyam, pR. 442 3. ThANaM, 1/49, sattavidhe kAyakilese paNNatte. taM jahA-ThANAtie........ 4. ThANaM, 5/42,43,50 TippaNa,pR. 618-621 5. sthAnAMga vatti, pa. 298, pratimayA-ekarAtrikyAdikayA kAyotsargavizeSeNaiva tiSThatItyaivaMzIlo ya: sa prtimaasthaayii| 6. vahI, patra 298 7. ThANaM,5/56

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266 jaina Agama meM darzana pratimA kI sAdhanA jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM pratimA' kI viziSTa sAdhanA kA varNana prApta hotA hai| usa para vimarza karanA prastuta prasaMga meM kAmya hai| tapasyA ke vizeSa mAnadaNDa ko athavA sAdhanA ke vizeSa niyama ko pratimA kahate haiN| sthAnAMga TIkA meM pratimA kA artha pratipatti, pratijJA yA abhigraha kiyA gayA hai| sAdhanA kI bhinna-bhinna paddhatiyAM aura unake bhinna-bhinna mAnadaNDa hote haiN| una sabakA pratimA ke rUpa meM vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga meM pratimA ke bAraha prakAroM kA ullekha hai-1. samAdhi 2. upadhAna 3. viveka 4. vyutsarga 5. bhadrA 6. subhadrA 7. mahAbhadrA 8. sarvatobhadrA 9. kSudraka prasravaNa 10. mahat prasravaNa 11. yavamadhyAcandra evaM 12. vajramadhyAcandra / inameM se kucha pratimAoM ke artha upalabdha haiM, upalabdha artha bhI mUlagrAhI hai, yaha kahanA kI kaThina hai| kucha bhI artha-paramparA vismRta hI ho cukI hai| abhayadevasUri ne svayaM isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne subhadrA pratimA ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki usakA artha upalabdha nahIM hai| prazastabhAvalakSaNa vAlI samAdhi pratimA hai| usake do bheda haiM- zrutasamAdhi pratimA aura sAmAyikAdi cAritra samAdhi prtimaa|' upadhAna pratimA-upadhAna kA artha hai-tapasyA / bhikSu kI bAraha aura zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAoM ko upadhAna pratimA kahA jAtA hai| viveka pratimA bhedajJAna kI prakriyA hai| isa pratimA ke abhyAsakAla meM AtmA aura anAtmA kA vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| isakA abhyAsa karane vAlA krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kI bhinnatA kA anuciMtana karatA hai| ye AtmA ke sarvAdhika nikaTavartI anAtma tattva haiN| inakA bhedajJAna puSTa hone para vaha bAhyavartI saMyogoM kI bhinnatA kA anuciMtana karatA hai| bAhya saMyoga ke mukhya tIna prakAra haiM-(1) gaNa (2) zarIra (3) bhaktapAna / viveka pratimA kI tulanA AcArya mahAprajJa jI ne viveka khyAti se kI hai| maharSi pataMjali ne ise hAnopAya batalAyA hai|' samavAyasUtra meM upAsaka ke lie gyAraha aura bhikSu ke lie bAraha pratimAeM nirdiSTa haiN|' usI Agama meM vaiyAvRttya karma kI 91 evaM 92 pratimAoM kA binA nAma-nirdeza ke ullekha I. (ka) sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 64, pratimA pratipatti: pratijJetiyAvat / (kha) vahI, patra 1 95, pratimA-pratijJA abhigrahaH / ThANaM, 2/243 - 248, TippaNa, pR. 12 5 (sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 65, subhadrA'pyevaMprakAraiva sambhAvyate, adRSTatvena tu nokteti|) 3. sthAnAMga vRtti, patra 64 4. vahI, patra 64 5. ThANaM, TippaNa, 2/24 3 - 248 pR. 133 6. yoga darzana, 2/2 6, vivekakhyAtiraviplavA haanopaay:| 7. samavAo, 11/1, 12/1

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AcAra mImAMsA 2 67 huA hai|' jaina AgamoM meM pratimAoM ke ullekha to prApta haiM kiMtu unakI viziSTa sAdhanA vidhi samyak prakAra se upalabdha nahIM hai| aMtagaDadasAo meM eka rAtri kI mahApratimA kA ullekha milatA hai| dasAo meM 'mahApratimA' nAma nirdiSTa nahIM hai| vahAM ekarAtrikI bhikSu-pratimA kA ullekha hai|' eka rAtrikI bhikSu-pratimA aura ekarAtrikI mahApratimA meM kevala nAma kA bheda hai svarUpa bheda nahIM hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne tele meM ekarAtrikI mahApratimA svIkAra kI thii| ekarAtrikI bhikSu pratimA bhI tele meM svIkAra kI jAtI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sAnulaSThi grAma ke bAhara jAkara bhadrApratimA kii| usakI vidhi ke anusAra bhagavAn ne prathama dina pUrva dizA kI ora abhimukha hokara kAyotsarga kiyaa| rAtabhara dakSiNa dizA kI ora abhimukha hokara kAyotsarga kiyaa| dUsare dina pazcima dizA kI ora abhimukha hokara kAyotsarga kiyaa| dUsarI rAtri ko uttara dizA kI ora abhimukha hokara kAyotsarga kiyaa| isa prakAra SaSTha bhakta ke tapa tathA do dina-rAta ke nirantara kAyotsarga dvArA bhagavAn ne bhadrA-pratimA sampanna kii| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sAdhanA kAla meM dhyAna, tapa Adi ke viziSTa prayoga kie the| jinakI sUcanA uparyukta saMdarbho se ho rahI hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ne sthAnAMga TippaNa meM ina pratimAoM kA vizada vivecana kiyA hai|' vistAra ke lie ve sthala draSTavya haiN| ekalavihAra pratimA ekalavihAra pratimA kA artha hai-akelA rahakara sAdhanA karane kA saMkalpa / jaina paramparA ke anusAra sAdhaka tIna sthitiyoM meM akelA raha sakatA hai - 1. ekAkIvihAra pratimA svIkAra karane pr| 2. jinakalpa pratimA svIkAra karane pr| 3. mAsika Adi bhikSu pratimAeM svIkAra karane pr| hara koI vyakti isa pratimA ko svIkAra nahIM kara sktaa| viziSTa yogyatA sampanna anagAra hI ise svIkAra kara sakate haiN| sthAnAMga meM pratimA svIkAra kI yogyatA ke ATha aMgoM kA ullekha huA hai| ve aMga nimna haiM1. samavAo, 91/1, 92/2 2. aMgasuttANi 3, aMtagaDadasAo, (saMpA. muni nathamala, lADanUM, vi.saM. 20 31) 3/8/ 88 3. dasAo, 1/33 4. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 495, sAvatthI vAsaM cittatavo sANulaTThi bhiN| paDimAbhadda mahAbhadda savvaobhadda paDhamiA curo|| 5. ThANaM, pR. 132-137 6. sthAnAMgavatti, patra 416, ekAkino vihAro-grAmAdicaryA sa eva pratimAbhigraha: ekAkivihAra-pratimA jinakalpApratimA mAsikyAdikA vA bhikssuprtimaa| (uddhRta ThANaM, TippaNa, pR. 823) 7. ThANaM,8/1

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268 jaina Agama meM darzana 1. zraddhAvAn-apane anuSThAnoM ke pratipUrNa AsthAvAna / aise vyakti kA samyaktva aura cAritra meru kI bhAMti aDola hotA hai| 2. satya-puruSa-satyavAdI / aisA vyakti apanI pratijJA ke pAlana meM niDara hotA hai, satyAgrahI hotA hai| 3. medhAvI-zrutagrahaNa kI medhA se sampanna / 4. bahuzruta-jaghanyata: nauveM pUrva kI tIsarI vastu ko tathA utkRSTata: asampUrNa dasa pUrvo ko jAnane vaalaa| 5. zaktimAn tapasyA, sattva, sUtra, ekatva aura bala ina pAMca tulAoM se jo apane Apako tola letA hai, use zaktimAn kahA jAtA hai| 6. alpAdhikaraNa-upazAnta kalaha kI udIraNA tathA nae kalahoM kA udbhAvana na karane vaalaa| 7. dhRtimAna-arati aura rati meM samabhAva rakhane vAlA tathA anuloma aura pratiloma upasargoM ko sahane meM smrth| 8. vIrya-sampanna svIkRta sAdhanA meM satata utsAha rakhane vaalaa|' vartamAna meM jaina paramparA meM ekala vihAra pratimA kA prAvadhAna nahIM hai, prAcIna kAla meM viziSTa arhatA sampanna vyakti ise svIkAra karate the| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM sAdhaka hamezA viziSTa prayoga karate rahe haiN| una prayogoM se apanI AtmA ko bhAvita kara viziSTa arhatAoM kA arjana bhI unhoMne kiyA hai| jaina darzana anekAntavAdI hai ata: amuka prakAra kI hI sAdhanA karanI hogI, aisA koI niyama nahIM hai, dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva, dhRti, bala Adi ke AdhAra para bAhya sAdhanA ke prakAroM meM vibheda hotA rahA hai kiMtu Atma-vikAsa kA mukhya hetu Antarika vizuddhi hI hai, yaha siddhAnta sarvatra sarvakAla meM mAnya rahA, phalasvarUpa jaina AcAra kriyAkANDa kI ekAMgI kaThoratA se bacA rhaa| taba hI asoccA kevalI,' pandraha prakAra ke siddha ' Adi kI avadhAraNA jaina paramparA meM banI rhii| vizuddhi mukti kA dvAra jaina paramparA meM baMdhana mukti ke lie Atma-vizodhi ko hI mukhya mAnA gayA hai| bAhya pariveza mukti meM bAdhaka nahIM hai| koI vyakti kisI bhI deza, pariveza meM mukta ho sakatA hai| Atmika zuddhi ke lie koI bhI bAhya paristhiti bAdhaka nahIM bntii| 1. sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 416 2. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 9/9-32 3. ThANaM, 1/214-228

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AcAra mImAMsA 269 satya deza, kAla, vyakti, pariveza Adi kI sImAoM meM Abaddha nahIM hai| tIrthasiddha Adi pandraha prakAra ke siddhoM kI avadhAraNA isI satya ko nirdezita kara rahI hai| Agama yuga meM yaha satya aneka sthaloM para abhivyaMjita hai kintu darzana yuga meM isa satya kI unmuktatA ke svara kSINa par3a jAte haiN| siddhoM meM AtmA kA pUrNa vikAsa ho cukA hai, ata: Atmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se unameM koI bheda nahIM hai| kintu unakI pUrvAvasthA ko AdhAra banAkara siddhoM ke pandraha bheda kie jAte haiN| jo yahAM vizeSa mananIya hai1. tIrthasiddha-jo tIrtha kI sthApanA ke pazcAt tIrtha meM dIkSita hokara siddha hote haiM, jaise RSabhadeva ke gaNadhara aadi| 2. atIrthasiddha-jo tIrtha kI sthApanA ke pahale siddha hote haiM, jaise marudevI maataa| tIrthaMkara siddha-jo tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM siddha hote haiM, jaise-RSabha aadi| 4. atIrthaMkara siddha-jo sAmAnyakevalI ke rUpa meM siddha hote haiN| 5. svayaMbuddhasiddha-jo svayaM bodhi prApta kara siddha hote haiN| 6. pratyekabuddhasiddha-jo kisI eka bAhya nimitta se prabuddha hokara siddha hote haiN| 7. buddhabodhitasiddha-jo AcArya Adi ke dvArA bodhi prApta kara siddha hote haiN| 8. strIliMgasiddha-jo strI zarIra se siddha hote haiN| 9. puruSaliMgasiddha-jo puruSa zarIra se siddha hote haiN| 10. napuMsakaliGgasiddha-jo kRta napuMsaka zarIra se siddha hote haiN| 11. svaliGgasiddha-jo jaina sAdhu ke veza meM siddha hote haiN| 12. anyaliGgasiddha-jo nirgranthetara bhikSu ke veza meM siddha hote haiN| 13. gRhaliGgasiddha-jo gRhastha ke veza meM siddha hote haiN| 14. ekasiddha-jo eka samaya meM eka siddha hotA hai| 15. anekasiddha-jo eka samaya meM do se lekara utkRSTata: eka sau ATha taka eka sAtha siddha hote haiN| jaina Agama kI pandraha prakAra ke siddhoM kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana kI vyApakatA kA sarvotkRSTa udAharaNa hai| mukti para kisI jAti, varNa, liMga, sampradAya kA ekAdhikAra nahIM hai| zramaNasaMgha meM dIkSita ho yA nahIM, vibhinna atizaya yukta tIrthaMkara ho yA sAmAnya rUpa meM sAdhanA kA jIvana jIne vAlA, strI ho yA puruSa, gRhastha ho yA tApasa, pratyeka avasthA meM jIva puruSArtha ke dvArA sarvocca avasthA ko prApta kara sakatA hai| Antaraki nirmalatA ko pradhAnatA dene vAlA yaha sUtra jaina darzana kI vizAla dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| 1. ThANaM, 1/214-228 2. vahI, TippaNa pR. 29-30

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270 jaina Agama meM darzana asoccA kevalI jaina darzana kI 'asoccA kevalI' kI avadhAraNA bhI isI tathya ko saMpuSTa karatI hai ki AdhyAtmika carama vikAsa kA hetu bAhya pariveza nahIM hai kiMtu Antarika nirmalatA hI hai| bhagavatI meM asoccAkevalI kA eka lambA prakaraNa upalabdha hai| jisameM unake parama AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sUcanA prApta hai| kucha vyakti kevalIprajJapta dharma ko kevalI, kevalI ke zrAvaka Adi se nahIM sunate haiM phira bhI ve kevalIprajJapta dharma ko prApta kara sakate haiM tathA bodhi ko prApta kara gRhastha dharma ko chor3akara anagAra dharma meM pravrajita ho jAte haiM tathA brahmacarya, saMyama, saMvara se yukta hokara mati, zruta, avadhi, mana:paryava evaM kevalajJAna ko utpanna kara sakate haiN|' asocyA kevalI kI sAdhanA asoccA kevalI arthAt jisane apane vikAsa kI rAha kA svayaM nirmANa kiyA hai| adhyAtma kSetra meM upalabdha sahayoga ke binA bhI vaha apanI sAdhanA kI viziSTa prakriyA se usa antima, icchita maMjila ko prApta kara letA hai| bhagavatI meM azrutvA puruSa ke AdhyAtmika ArohaNa ke sopAnoM kA varNana vistAra se upalabdha hai| nirantara bele kA tapa, UrdhvabAhu karake sUryAbhimukhI AtApanA, prakRti kI bhadratA, prakRti upazAMtatA, krodha Adi kaSAyoM kI alpatA, mRdumArdava saMpannatA Adi guNoM ke dvArA prApta vizuddhi se vibhaMgajJAna ko prApta karatA hai| sUkSma satyoM kojAnane kI zakti sevaha samyaktva taka pahuMca jAtA hai aura usakA vibhaMga ajJAna avadhijJAna meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| kramaza: jJAnAvaraNIya Adi karmoM kA kSaya kara kevalI prajJapta dharma ko kisI se na sunakara bhI svata: hI use prAsa kara muktAvasthA ko prAsa ho jAtA hai| jaina dharma kI yaha avadhAraNA bhI isI tathya ko nirdezita kara rahI hai ki koI vyakti amuka dharma kA zravaNa kare, usa dharma se sambandhita vyaktiyoM ke saMparka meM Ae, Atma-zuddhi ke lie inakI koI anivAryatA nahIM hai| "hamAre dharma meM Ao taba hI mukti hogI" jaina isa avadhAraNA kA saMpoSaka nahIM hai| usakA Agraha itanA hI hai ki kisI deza, veza, pariveza meM rahe kiMtu kaSAya-mukti Avazyaka hai| kaSAyamukti: kina muktirevakaSAya yadi hai to jainadharma meM rahane se bhI mukti nahIM hogI kaSAya yadi nahIM hai to anya sthAna se bhI mukti ho jaayegii| kriyAvAda karmabandha kI hetubhUta pravRtti ko kriyA kahate haiN| ' kriyA ke binA karmabandha nahIM ho sktaa| kRta, kArita aura anumati ke bheda se kriyA ke tIna prakAra haiN| bhUta, bhaviSya evaM vartamAna 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 9/9-32 2. vahI, 9/33 3. bhagavatI vRtti, 3/134, karaNaM kriyA karmabandhananibandhA cessttaa|

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AcAra mImAMsA 271 ke bheda se usake nau vikalpa bana jAte haiN| AcArAMga meM saMkSepa meM ina kriyAoM kA ullekha huA hai|' kriyA karma-pudgaloM kA AzravaNa karatI hai, isalie isakA dUsarA nAma Azrava hai|' Agama sAhitya meM kriyAketIna vargIkaraNa upalabdha hote haiN| prathama vargIkaraNasUtrakRtAMga kA hai, usameM kriyA ke teraha prakAra nirdiSTa haiN| dUsarA vargIkaraNa sthAnAMga kA hai| vahAM para mukhya aura gauNa bheda se kriyA ke bahattara prakAroM kA ullekha hai| bhagavatI ke aneka sthAnoM para kriyAoM kA ullekha hai|' prajJApanA kA bAIsavAM pada kriyApada hai| kriyA kA tIsarA vargIkaraNa tattvArthasUtra meM upalabdha hai| vahAM paccIsa kriyAoM kA nirdeza hai| karma-baMdha kisa-kisa prakAra se ho sakatA hai, isakA avabodha kriyAoM ke mAdhyama se ho jAtA hai| prastuta prasaMga meM kriyAoM kI sUcanA mAtra denA abhIpsita thA, ata: vistAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| vistAra ke icchuka vyakti tad-tad sthAnoM kA avalokana kara sakate haiN| kriyA se bacane vAlA karmabandha se baca jAtA hai| kriyA Azrava hai| Azrava mokSa kA bAdhaka tattva hai| akriyA arthAt sNvr| saMvara mokSa kA sAdhaka tattva hai| ata: AcAra ke anupAlana se sAdhaka kriyA kA tyAga kara akriyA kI ora prasthAna karatA hai| akriyA kI pUrNatA prApta ho jAne para use mokSa prApta ho jAtA hai| prastuta prasaMga meM akriyA kA artha niSkriyatA nahIM kiMtu hiMsA se nivRtti hai| pravRtti evaM nivRtti sAmAnyataH jaina dharma ko nivRttivAdI darzana kahA jAtA hai, isa avadhAraNA meM satyAMza hai kintu yaha sarvathA satya nahIM hai| pUrNa nivRtti yA akriyA kI sthiti to caudahaveM guNasthAna meM hI A sakatI hai tathA usa guNa sthAna kA samaya atyalpa hai| usake anantara mokSa avazyaMbhAvI hai| sAmAnya jIvana-vyavahAra calAne ke lie pravRtti kI AvazyakatA hai| jaina dharma korA nivRttivAdI nahIM hai| eka sImA taka use pravRtti bhI mAnA hai| usameM donoM kA samanvaya hai| sAdhanA patha para ArUr3ha sAdhaka ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne gupti ke sAtha samiti kA bhI prAvadhAna kiyA hai| saMnyasta hote hI ziSya pUchatA hai- aba maiMne eka naI jIvana zailI kA svIkaraNa kara liyA hai, jIvana yAtrA kA bhI mujhe nirvahana karanA hai, Apa merA mArga darzana kareM ki maiM kaisa apane vyavahAra ko saMcAlita karUM, jisase mere pApa karma kA baMdha na ho|' ziSya ko samAhita karate hue guru kahate haiM ki - aba se tuma apanI jIvana yAtrA ko yatanA (saMyama) pUrvaka saMcAlita kro| tumhAre pApa karma kA baMdha nahIM hogaa| pravRtti evaM nivRtti meM bhI viveka 1. AyAro, 1/6, akarissaM cahaM, kAravesu cahaM, karao yAvi samaNuNNe bhavissAmi / 2. AcArAMgabhAdhyam, 1/6 pR. 26, kriyA karmapudgalAnAsravati, tena asyA aparanAma Azravo vidyte| 3. sUyagaDo, 2/2/2 4. 8. ThANaM, 2/2-37 5. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 1/60-100, 364-372 ityAdi 6. tattvArthAdhigama, sUtra 6/6 7. dazavaikAlika 4/7 kahaM care? kahaM ciThe? kahamAse? kahaM sae? kahaM bhujaMto bhAsaMto, pAvaM kammana bNdhii|| 8. vahI, 4/8 jayaM care jayaM ciThe jayamAse jayaM se| jayaMbhuMjaMto bhAsaMto, pAMvaM kmmnbNdhii||

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272 jaina Agama meM darzana Avazyaka hai| kahAM, kisakA prayoga ho, isakA jJAna Avazyaka hai| yaha jJAna hone para sAdhanA kA patha sugama ho jAtA hai| AcAra meM taTasthatA hiMsA akaraNIya hai| ahiMsA sarvadA anupAlanIya hai, yaha AcAra kA sArvabhaumika siddhAMta hai kintu aneka bAra aisI sthiti paidA hotI hai ki isa siddhAnta ko paristhiti vizeSa ke kAraNa vANI kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| AcAra ke kSetra meM aisI samasyA upasthita hotI rahI hai| jIvana kA vyavahAra bahuta jaTila hai, isalie ahiMsaka ko kahIM vaktavya aura avaktavya, kahIM vacana aura kahIM mauna kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai| saba samasyAoM ko eka hI prakAra se samAhita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM aisI samasyAoM ko upasthApita kara unakA samAdhAna dene kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| 'prANI vadhya hai' ahiMsaka ko aisA nahIM kahanA cAhie kiMtu kisI samasyA ke saMdarbha meM 'yaha avadhya hai' yaha kahanA bhI vyavahAra-saMgata nahIM hotA, isalie aisI paristhiti meM ahiMsaka ko mauna rahanA caahie| koI vyakti siMha Adi hiMsra pazuoM ko mArane kA vicAra kara muni ke pAsa AtA hai aura pUchatA hai-maiM inheM mArUM yA na mArUM ? 'unheM mAro' aisA kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA aura ve hiMsra pazu aneka manuSyoM ko mAra rahe haiM, upadrava kara rahe haiM, isalie 'mata mAro'--yaha kahanA bhI vyavahAra saMgata nahIM hotaa| isa avasthA meM ahiMsA ke lie mauna rahanA hI zreya hotA hai| zIlAMkAcArya ne vadhya aura avadhya kahane ke prasaMga meM mauna rahane ke kAraNa ko prastuta karate hue kahA hai- cora, paradArika Adi vadhya haiM-yaha kahane se hiMsA karma kA anumodana hotA hai aura 'avadhya' kahane para corI Adi kA anumodana hotA hai, isalie ahiMsaka aise prasaMga meM mauna rhe| isI prakAra siMha, bAgha, billI Adi hiMsra jaMtuoM ko mArate hue dekha madhyasthatA kA avalambana le|' AgamoM meM sthAna-sthAna para AcAra-vyavahAra ke saMdarbha meM vANI saMyama kA upadeza prApta hai| yaha vyakti kI eka prakAra kI sahaja manovRtti hai ki vaha apane se itara ko vizuddha svIkAra nahIM krtaa| isakI yaha mAnasikatA avadhAraNA hotI hai ki mere dvArA svIkRta sAdhanA patha hI 1. sUyagaDo (saMpA. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, lADanUM, 1986) 2/5/30, pR. 307-308 2. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, pR. 411, vajjhaM pANAti maNasAvi Na sammataM kimuta vaktuM ? kammuNA vA kartuM atona vakti vadhyA: prANina:, atha avajjhA, kathaM na vAcyaM ? nanvetadapi lokaviruddhameva, ..........yadi kazcita siMhamRgamArjArAdIkSudrajantujighAMsubrUyAt-bho sAdho kimetAn kSudrajaMtUn ghAtayAmi uta muMcAmIti, tatra na vaktavyaM muMca muMceti, te hi muktA anekAnAM ghAtAya bhaviSyanti, evaM cauramacchavaddhabaMdhAdayo na vaktavyA muMca ghAtayeti vA / 3. sUyagaDo 2, pR. 308 (sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, pR. 256, vadhyAzcauraparadArikAdayo'vadhyA vA tatkarmAnumatiprasaGgAdityevaMbhUtAM vAcaM svAnuSThAnaparAyaNa: sAdhuH paravyApAranirapekSo na nisRjet, tathA hi siMhavyAghramArjArAdInparasattvavyApAdanaparAyaNAn dRSTavA maadhysthymvlmbyet|)

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AcAra mImAMsA 273 zreSTha hai anya to aise hI mithyA bhrama meM ghUma rahe haiN| unakI yaha mAnasika avadhAraNA vANI meM abhivyakta hokara samasyA bhI utpanna kara detI hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM isa manovRtti para prahAra karate hue nirdeza diyA hai ki "saMyata AtmA vAle sAdhujIvI bhikSu dikhAI dete haiM, phira bhI ye mithyAjIvI haiM--aisI dRSTi dhAraNa na kre|' anekAMta darzana kA pravaktA evaM samarthaka niMdAtmaka bhASA kA prayoga nahIM krtaa| kisI ke uparodha para nahIM jIne vAle kSAnta, dAnta aura jo jitendriya hote haiM, kutUhala tathA aTTahAsa kA varjana karane vAle hote haiM, unako mithyAjIvI kahanA vANI kA asaMyama hai| ve saMnyAsI cAhe svayUthika hoM yA anyayUthika, unake viSaya meM ye becAre bAla tapasvI haiM, saba kucha mithyA-AcaraNa aura loka viruddha vyavahAra karate haiM-aisA nahIM kahanA caahie| sAdhu ko yaha prazikSaNa diyA gayA ki vaha paraciMtA chor3akara zreSTha dhyAna meM apane mana ko niyojita kareM kiMtu vivAda hiMsA ko utpanna karane vAle vyavahAra kA sarvathA varjana kreN| koI kisI ko dAna de rahA hai| usa samaya sAdhu kA vyavahAra kaisA honA cAhie isakA nirdeza bhI sUtrakRtAMga meM prApta hai| kisI brAhmaNa yA bhikSu ko bhojana karavAne meM dharma hai yA nahIM ? puNya hai yA nahIM ? inakA uttara asti-nAsti meM muni nahIM de| dAna ke lie jo trasa aura sthAvara prANI mAre jAte haiM, unake saMrakSaNa ke lie 'puNya hai' yaha na khe| jinake lie usa prakAra kA anna-pAna banAyA jAtA hai, unheM usakI prApti meM vighna hotA hai, isalie 'puNya nahIM hai' yaha bhI na khe| jo dAna kI prazaMsA karate haiM ve prANiyoM kI vadha kI icchA karate haiN| jo usakA pratiSedha karate haiM ve unakI vRtti kA cheda karate haiN| jo dharma yA puNya hai yA nahIM hai-ye donoM nahIM kahate ve karma ke Agamana kA nirodha kara nirvANa ko prApta hote haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jahAM vartamAna meM dAna kI pravRttiyAM cala rahI hoM, unheM lakSita kara dharma yA puNya hotA hai yA nahIM hotA, isa prakAra kA prazna kare taba muni ko mauna rahanA caahie| yaha usakA vANI kA viveka hai| dakSiNA dene se pratilAbha (dAtA ko puNya) hotA hai athavA nahIM hotA hai, medhAvI aisA na kaheM, zAMtimArga kI vRddhi kreN|' sUtrakRtAMga cUrNikAra ne isa viSaya ko spaSTa karate hue likhA haipAtra ko zraddhApUrvaka iSTa yA aniSTa vastu kA dAna dene para mahAn phala hotA hai| apAtra ko diyA huA dAna vadha ke lie hotA hai| phira bhI ahiMsaka ko asti-nAsti-donoM prakAra ke vacana se bacanA cAhie / nAsti (pratilAbha nahIM hotA) kahane para antarAya kA doSa lagatA hai aura 1. sUyagaDo 2/5/31, dIsaMti NihuappANo bhikkhuNo saahujiivinno| ee micchovajIvitti iti diTThiNa dhaare| 2. vahI, 2 pR. 30 8 (sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, pR. 2 5 6, te na kasyaciduparodhavidhAnena jIvanti, tathA kSAntA dAntA jitakrodhA: satyasaMdhA dRDhavatA yugAntaramAtradRSTa yaH....mithyAtvopajIvina ityevaM dRSTiM na dhArayetnaivaMbhUtamadhyavasAyaM kuryAnnApyevaMbhUtAM vAcaM nisRjed yathaite mithyopacArapravRttA mAyAvina iti| .......te ca svayUthyA vA bhaveyustIrthAntarIyA vA tAvubhAvapina vaktavyau saadhunaa|) 3. sUyagaDo, / /11/16-21 4. sUyagaDo,,2/5/32, dakkhiNAe paDilaMbho atthi vANatthi vA puunno|nn viyAgarejna mehAvI, saMtimaggaMca buuhe|

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274 jaina Agama meM darzana asti (pratilAbha hotA hai) kahane para adhikaraNa-hiMsA kA anumodana hotA hai| isalie aise prasaMga meM puNya hotA hai yA puNya nahIM hotA-donoM avaktavya haiN| siddhAnta nirUpaNa ke samaya jo jaisA hai, vaisA spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai kiMtu vartamAna kAla meM dAna dene ke prasaMga para muni mauna rahe, zAMtimArga kA AlaMbana le, isa prakAra kA vyavahAra kare jisase praznakartA bhI upazAnta ho jAe aura zAsana kI anupAlanA bhI ho jaae|' sUtrakRtAMga ke vRttikAra ne isa tathya ko vyAkhyAyita karate hue kahA hai ki svatIrthika athavA anyatIrthika ko dAna yA grahaNa ke prati jo lAbha hotA hai usameM bhI aikAntika bhASA na bole| dAna kA niSedha karane para antarAya kI saMbhAvanA hotI hai aura bhikSu ke mana meM viparIta bhAvanA utpanna ho sakatI hai| dAna kA anumodana karane para hiMsA kA prasaMga hotA hai| isalie asti-nAsti-donoM usake lie avaktavya hai| vaha vidhi-niSedha ko chor3akara niravadya vacana bole|' hiMsA ke pramukha kAraNa hiMsA meM pravRtta hone ke rAga-dveSa Adi Antarika kAraNa to haiM hii| Antarika kAraNa ke abhAva meM bAhya kAraNa hiMsA ke utpreraka nahIM ho skte| jaina-darzana ne upAdAna ke sAtha nimitta ke prabhAva ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArAMga jaise prAcIna grantha meM bhI hiMsA karane ke nimitta kAraNoM kA ullekha huA hai| hiMsA saprayojana evaM niSprayojana donoM prakAra kI hotI hai| saprayojana hiMsA ke kitane kAraNa ho sakate haiM, isakA ullekha karate hue AcArAMga meM kahA gayA vartamAna jIvana ke lie, prazaMsA, sammAna aura pUjA ke lie, jAma, maraNa aura mocana ke lie, du:kha-pratikAra ke lie manuSya karma samArambha karatA hai| jijIviSA-samasta jIva jagata kI pramukha evaM prathama icchA - jijIviSA hai| vidvAna se lekara jAtamAtra kIr3e meM bhI isako dekhA jA sakatA hai| jijIviSA hiMsA kA bahuta bar3A kAraNa banatI hai| __ lokaiSaNA-jaba paramArtha kI cetanAjAgRtanahIM hotI, kevalaindriya aura mana kI paridhi meM hI cetanA kA vikAsa hotA hai, taba mana meM prazaMsA, bar3appana, pUjA, pratiSThA kI bhAvanA panapatI hai| yaha lokaiSaNA sadA banI rahatI hai| isa lokaiSaNA ke kAraNa ve loga hiMsA karate haiN| dharma kI mithyA dhAraNA-dharma ke sAtha jo hiMsA jur3atI hai, usake do kAraNa haiM-janmamaraNa se mukti aura du:kha se mukti / bahuta se dhArmikoM ne mahAvIra ke samaya meM bhI taMtra ke Adi ke prayoga cAlU kie| pazu-bali kI bAta to mAnya thI hI, nara-bali kI bhI bAta mAnya ho gii| usakA AdhAra yahI banatA thA ki ina prakriyAoM se zakti kI upAsanA hotI hai, devatA 1. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, pR. 4 1 2, 4 1 3, (udhRta sUyagaDo 2, pR. 309) 2. sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, pR. 2 5 7, ........tad dAnaniSedhe'ntarAyasaMbhavastadvaicityaM ca, tad dAnAnumata vapyadhikaraNodbhava ityato'sti dAnaM nAsti vetyevamekAntena na brUyAt, kathaM tarhi brUyAditi.........niravadyameva bruuyaat| 3. sUyagaDo, 2/2/2 4. AyAro, 1/10, imassa ceva jIviyassa, parivaMdaNa-mANaNa-pUyaNAe, jAI-maraNa-moyaNAe, dukkhpddighaayheuN|

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AcAra mImAMsA 275 saMtuSTa hote haiN| devatAoM ko tRpta karate-karate, unakA anugraha prApta karate-karate saMsAra se bhI mukti pAI jA sakatI hai| isa saMsAra-mukti aura du:kha-mukti ke lie bhI usa samaya bahuta sAre loga hiMsA karate the| vyathA-zamana-kevala indriya aura mana kI tRsi ke lie lagA huA vyakti Arta banatA hai| jaba vaha Arta hotA hai taba pravyathita rahatA hai| apanI vyathA ko miTAne ke lie vaha dUsaroM ko du:kha detA hai, dUsaroM kA vadha karatA hai| AturatA bhI hiMsA kA kAraNa banatI hai|' AcArAMga ne hiMsA ke kucha nimittoM ko ginavAyA hai unake AdhAra para usa samaya kI dhArmika mAnyatAoM kA tathA manuSya kI maulika manovRttiyoM kA jJAna hotA hai| Aja hiMsA ke nimittoM kI eka lambI sUcI prastuta kI jA sakatI hai| saMkSepa meM kaSAya hI hiMsA kA mUla kAraNa hai| ata: kaSAya-zamanahI hiMsA ke samApta hone kA kAraNa banatA hai| kaSAya-mukti kI sAdhanA ko prastuta karanA hI AcAra-zAstra kA mukhya lakSya hai| zastra vimarza vadha yA hiMsA ke sAdhana ko zastra kahA jAtA hai| vaha do prakAra kA hotA hai-dravya zastra aura bhaavshstr| ThANaM meM dasa prakAra ke zastra kA ullekha hai|' agni, viSa, lavaNa, sneha, kSAra, amla, duSprayukta mana, vacana, kAyA evaM avirati / inameM agni Adi prathama chaha dravya zastra haiM evaM zeSa cAra bhAva zastra haiN| avirati sabase bar3A zastra hai| avirati para niyaMtraNa hone se anya zastroM para svata: niyaMtraNa ho jaaegaa| sabase pahale zastra kA nirmANa hamAre bhAva yA mastiSka meM hotA hai| AcAravAna vaha hotA hai jo avirati ke zastra se dUra rahatA hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ne ni:zastrIkaraNa ko AcAra kahA hai| unake zabda haiM-"ni:zastrIkaraNa kA nAma hai aacaar|" yadyapi AcAra kI yaha sApekSa paribhASA hai kiMtu Aja ke saMdarbha meM bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| jaba taka bhAva kA, mastiSka kA ni:zastrIkaraNa nahIM hogA taba taka vizvayuddha ke khatare ko TAlA nahIM jA sktaa| yadi bhAva meM ni:zastrIkaraNa ho jAe to bAhya zastra adhika khatarA paidA nahIM kara skte| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jaina zrAvakoM ke lie jo vratoM kI AcAra saMhitA dI, usakA eka sUtra hai- jaina zrAvaka zastroM kA nirmANa nahIM kregaa| zastroM ke puoM kA saMyojana bhI nahIM kregaa| isake sAtha hI avirati rUpa bhAva zastra jo asaMyamamaya hai usa para niyaMtraNa karane kA saMdeza diyA hai| avirati hI mukhya zastra hai usakA niyamana Avazyaka hai| jaina AcAra usake niyamana para vizeSa bala detA hai| - - 1. AyAro, 1/14, AturA paritAveti / 2. sthAnAMgavRtte, pR. 328, zasyate-hiMsyate aneneti zastraM, zastraM-hiMsaka vastu. tacca dvidhA-dravyato bhAvatazca / 3. ThANaM, 10/93, dasavidhe satthe paNNatte, taMjahA satthamaggI visaMloNaM siNeho khaarmNbilN| duppauttomaNo vAyA, kAo bhAvo ya avirtii|| mahAprajJa, AcArya, astitva aura ahiMsA, (lADanUM, 1990) pR. 5 5. aMgasattANi 3 (uvAsagadasAo) 1/39 ...........sNjuttaahikrnne| 4. mahAjarA

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276 jaina Agama meM darzana AcAra kA pramukha aMga aparigraha AcAra ke kSetra meM ahiMsA kA ghoSa ucca svara se anuguMjita hai kintu aparigraha kI AvAja atyanta kSINa ho gaI hai| jabaki saccAI yaha hai ki AcAra kA pramukha aMga aparigraha hai| adhikAMza hiMsA bhI parigraha ke kAraNa hotI hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM AcAra ke saMdarbha meM ahiMsA aura aparigraha donoM kA ullekha huA hai| karma-baMdha ke mukhya hetu do haiM- Arambha aura prigrh| rAga-dveSa, moha Adi bhI karmabaMdha ke hetu hai kintu ve bhI Arambha aura parigraha ke binA nahIM hote| ina donoM meM bhI parigraha gurutara kAraNa hai| parigraha ke lie hI Arambha kiyA jAtA hai|' jambU ne Arya sudharmA se pUchA-bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI meM baMdhana kyA hai aura use kaise tor3A jA sakatA hai ? sudharmA ne uttara diyA-parigraha baMdhana hai, hiMsA bandhana hai| baMdhana kA hetu hai-mamatva / prastuta prasaMga meM baMdhana ke hetu ke rUpa meM pahalA sthAna parigraha ko diyA gayA, hiMsA ko usake bAda meM rakhA gayA hai| isase bhI spaSTa hai ki prANAtipAta Adi pAMca AzravoM meM bhI parigraha ko gurutara kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| hiMsA ke lie parigraha nahIM hotA apitu parigraha ke lie hiMsA hotI hai| hiMsA kArya hai parigraha kAraNa hai| Aja hiMsA ko samasyA mAnA jA rahA hai, usake zamana ke upAya khoje jA rahe haiM kiMtu usake kAraNa para dhyAna nahIM diyA jA rahA hai| kAraNa samApta hue binA kArya samApti kI vyavasthA nirApada nahIM ho sktii| agra evaM mUla donoM para dhyAna denA Avazyaka hai| hiMsA kI samasyA kA samAdhAna aparigraha ke Aloka meM hI khojA jA sakatA hai| Agama meM aparigraha ko atyadhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| sAdhu ke paMcamahAvratoM meM tathA zrAvaka ke vratoM meM aparigraha ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta haiN| yadyapi gRhastha kA aparigraha evaM muni kA aparigraha eka nahIM hai| muni sarvathA aparigrahI hotA hai| gRhastha kA aparigraha vrata icchA-parimANa hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne bar3I hI sUkSmatA se aparigraha vrata ke aticAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai tAki vyAvahArika jIvana meM aparigraha kI sAdhanA meM vyakti ko dizA-nirdeza prApta ho ske| kSetra-vAstu, hiraNya-suvarNa, dhana-dhAnya, dAsI-dAsa evaM kupya-bhAMDa ke pramANoM kA atikramaNa karanA icchA-parimANa ke aticAra haiN|' vratI gRhastha ina aticAroM se bacane kA salakSya prayatna karatA hai| Arthika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna aparigraha vrata ke AcaraNa se prApta ho sakatA hai| 2. sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi, pR. 21, 22, uktaM hi-"Arambhaparigra hau bandhahetU' ye'pi ca rAgAdaya: te'pi nArambhaparigrahAvantareNa bhavantIti, tena tAveva vA garIyAMsAviti..., tatrApi parigrahanimittaM Arambha: kriyata iti kRtvA sa eva garIyastvAt puurvmupdishyte| 3. sUyagaDo, 1/1/2-3 4. vahI, 1/1/4 5. sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi, pR. 2 2, paMcaNhaM vA pANAtivAtAdiAsavANaM pariggaho guruataro tti kAtuM teNa puvvaM pariggaho vuccti| 6. AyAro, 3/34, aggaM ca mUlaM ca vigiMca dhiire| 7. ThANaM, 5/1,2 8. upAsakadazA 1/28

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AcAra mImAMsA 277 vAstavika parigraha to mUrchA hai|' mUrchA kA artha hai kisI bhI vastu meM mamatva kA bhAva / yaha mamatva kI cetanA rAgavaza hotI hai| isI cetanA ke kAraNa arjana, saMgraha Adi ke lie prANI prayatnazIla rahatA hai| aparigraha ke jAgaraNa ke lie mUcrchA-tyAga anivArya hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke anusAra samagra jAgatika du:khoM kA mUla kAraNa tRSNA hai| jisakI tRSNA samApta ho jAtI hai, usakA moha samApta ho jAtA hai aura jisakA moha samApta ho jAtA hai usake du:kha bhI naSTa ho jAte haiN|' mUrchA/Asakti hI parigraha hai| Asakti kA hI dUsarA abhidhAna lobha hai aura lobha ko sarvaguNoM kA vinAzaka kahA gayA hai|' ahiMsA kA sAmAjika AdhAra aparigraha anAgrahayA anekAMta ahiMsA kA vaicArika AdhAra hai| isI prakAra ahiMsA kA sAmAjika AdhAra anAsakti yA aparigraha hai| vyaktigata jIvana meM jise anAsakti kahate haiM, sAmAjika jIvana meM vahI aparigraha ho jAtA hai| vyaktigata jIvana meM Asakti do rUpoM meM abhivyakta hotI hai-parigraha-bhAva aura bhoga-bhAvanA, jinake vazIbhUta hokara vyakti dUsaroM kI vastuoM kA apaharaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra Asakti tIna rUpoM meM bAhya-stara para abhivyakta hotI hai 1. apaharaNa yA zoSaNa 2. AvazyakatA se adhika parigraha 3. bhog| kevala hatyA yA raktapAta hI hiMsA nahIM hai, parigraha bhI hiMsA hI hai kyoMki hiMsA ke binA parigraha asaMbhava hai| saMgraha ke dvArA dUsaroM ke hitoM kA hanana hotA hai aura isa rUpa meM parigraha hiMsA hai| aparigraha bAhya anAsakti hai, anAsakti Antarika aparigraha hai| aparigraha ke vikAsa ke lie anAsakti kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai| jaina Agama saMvibhAga kI carcA karate rahe haiN| saMvibhAga ko AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga mAnA hai| vartamAna meM AcArya tulasI ne visarjana cetanA ko jagAne kA saghana prayatna kiyaa| AcArya mahAprajJa na kevala adhyAtma ke lie apitu svastha sAmAjika jIvana jIne ke lie visarjana ko anivArya mAnate haiN| unakA mAnanA hai ki "hiMsA se bhI adhika jaTila hai parigraha kI smsyaa| vartamAna samasyA ko dekhate hae aparigraha para adhika bala denA jarUrI hai| 'ahiMsA paramodharma:' ke sAtha-sAtha 'aparigraha, paramo dharma:' isa ghoSa kA prabala honA jarUrI hai| ahiMsA aura aparigraha kA eka jor3A hai, use kATa diyA gyaa| use vApasa jor3akara hI hama samAdhAna kI dizA meM Age bar3ha sakate haiN| jisa dina 'ahiMsA paramo dharma:' ke sAtha 'aparigraha: paramo dharma:' kA eka svara bulanda hogA, Arthika 1. dasaveAliyaM, 6/20, mucchA pariggaho vutto| 2. uttarajjhayaNANi 32/8 3. vahI, 8/37, loho svvvinnaasnno| 4. siMha, rAmajI, jaina darzana : ciMtana-anuciMtana, (lADanUM, 1993) pR. 84 5. dasaveAliyaM, 9/2/22, asaMvibhAgI na ha tassa mokkho /

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278 jaina Agama meM darzana samasyA ko eka samAdhAna upalabdha ho jaaegaa|'' isalie aparigraha kA vicAra aura AcAra kevala paramArtha sAdhanA kA viSaya nahIM hai apitu vyaktigata jIvana ke sacce sukha evaM svastha samAja-saMracanA ke lie Avazyaka hai| jaina AcAra kI vizeSatA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke AcAra-darzana kA AdhAra samatA hai| samiyAe dhmme| samatA se bhinna dharma nahIM ho sakatA / jo samatAvAna hotA hai, vaha pApakArI pravRtti nahIM karatA hai| vAsvata meM rAga-dveSa rahita karma hI AcAra hai| jisa kisI vyakti ke vyavahAra meM rAga-dveSa kI jitanI prabalatA hogI usakA AcAra evaM vyavahAra utanA hI adhika dUSita hogaa| isalie AcAra kI uccatA ke lie samatva meM pratiSThita honA Avazyaka hai| samatA do prakAra kI hai-svanizrita aura paranizrita / rAga aura dveSa ke upazamana ke dvArA anukUla-pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM saMtulita anubhUti karanA-svanizrita samatA hai| saba prANI sukha ke icchuka aura du:kha ke virodhI haiM, isalie koI bhI vadha ke yogya nahIM hai, yaha AtmatulA paranizrita samatA hai| svanizrita samatA kI siddhi ke lie bhagavAn ne kaSAya ke upazamana kA upadeza diyA para nizrita samatA kI siddha ke lie prANAtipAta Adi pApoM se virata hone kA upadeza diyaa| samatA ke ina do rUpoM ko nizcaya samatA evaM vyavahAra samatA bhI kaha sakate haiN| svanizrita samatA naizcayika samatA hai aura paranizrita samatA vyAvahArika hai| samatA ke ina do rUpoM sedo prakAra ke prabhAva parilakSita ho rahe haiN| samatA kA svAzrita rUpa Atmazuddhi paraka hai tathA parAzrita rUpajIvana zuddhi para AdhArita hai| ina do rUpoM se vyakti evaM samAja donoM kA zuddhikaraNa sAtha-sAtha cala rahA hai jo atyaMta apekSita hai| jaina AcAra kA yaha vaiziSTya hai ki vaha nizcaya aura vyavahAra meM saMtulana banAe hue haiN| phalasvarUpa AtmArAdhanA samAja ke vikAsa meM sahayogI bana jAtI hai| saMsArI jIva karmoM se baMdhA huA hai ata: vaha karma karatA hai aura usakA phala anubhava karatA hai| AtmA aura karma kA anAdikAlIna yoga janma-maraNa kA cakra hai| yaha nizcayanaya se anAtmika hai| AtmA kA svabhAva nahIM hai| jo anAtmika hotA hai, vaha adhyAtma dRSTi se du:kha hai| du:kha heya hotA hai aura sukha upAdeya / AcArAMga krodha se lekara du:kha taka kI zrRMkhalA ko chinna karane kA Adeza detA hai|' du:kha kA mUla kaSAya hai| kaSAya ke bIja kA unmUlana hone se du:kha svayaM unmUlita ho jAtA hai| kaSAya ke kRza hone para samatA prAdurbhUta hotI hai| samatA hI AcAra kA hRdaya hai| dUsare sAre AcAra ke tattva isI kA Azraya lekara prANavAn banate haiN| jaina AcAra kI pUrva bhUmikA jJAna hai| jJAna zUnya AcAra ko vahAM koI mahattva prApta nahIM 1. mahAprajJa, AcArya, astitva aura ahiMsA, pR. 6 3 2. AyAro, 5/40 3. vahI, 3/28, .......samattadaMsI Na kareti pAvaM / 4. AcArAMgabhASyam, upodghAta, pR. 6 5. AyAro, 3/8 4, se mehAvI abhinivaTTejjA kohaM ca mANaM ca mAyaM ca lohaM ca pejjaM ca dosaMca mohaM ca ganbhaM ca jamma camAraMca naragaM ca tiriyaM ca dukkhaM c|

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AcAra mImAMsA 279 hai| ahiMsA kI anupAlanA jJAnapUrvaka hI sambhava hai| jainAgama isa tathya se bhalIbhAMti avagata the tathA purajora isa siddhAMta ko uccarita bhI kara rahe the-"jo jIva ko nahIM jAnatA, ajIva ko nahIM jAnatA, vaha saMyama ko kaise jaanegaa"| arthAt ajJAnI ke lie saMyama kA AcaraNa bhI saMbhava nahIM hai| pahale yaha jJAna kara lenA Avazyaka hai ki jIva kyA hai ? ajIva kyA hai? yaha jAnane ke bAda hI ahiMsA kI anupAlanA saralatA evaM sahajatAse ho sakatI hai| 'jJAnakriyAbhyAM mokSaH' jJAna evaM kriyA kA samanvaya hI parama lakSya ko prApta kara sakatA hai| mokSa kI prApti na kevala jJAna se ho sakatI hai aura na hI kore AcaraNa se| donoM kI yuti atyanta apekSita hai| jJAna kA phalita ahiMsA vahI jJAna samyak hotA hai jisakI pUrNatAahiMsA meM ho| jisa jJAna se hiMsA kI utpreraNA milatI ho, hiMsA kI sAdhana-sAmagrI vikasita hotI ho, vaha jJAna nahIM, jJAnAbhAsa hai| saMsAra paribhramaNa kA hetu hai| vAstavika jJAnI to vahI hai jo samatA evaM ahiMsA kI anupAlanA karatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA hai-"jJAnI hone kA yahI sAra hai ki vaha kisI kI hiMsA nahIM krtaa| samatA ahiMsA hai, itanA hI use jAnanA hai| isa vaktavya se spaSTa hai ki jJAna kA sAra ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA hI parama AcAra hai| yaha samatA ke AdhAra para vikasita hotI hai| jaise mujhe du:kha apriya hai vaise hI saba jIvoM ko du:kha apriya hai| isa samatA kA anubhava jitanA vikasita hotA hai utanI hI ahiMsA vikasita hotI hai| saba prANiyoM ko Atmavat samajhanA ahiMsA kI parAkASThA hai| jaina paramparA meM AcArAMgako AcAra-zAstra kI dRSTi se mUrdhanya sthAna prApta hai| AcArAMga Atma-jijJAsA se prArambha hotA hai aura Atma jijJAsA hI AcAra zAstra kA AdhArabhUta tattva hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jisa ahiMsAtmaka jIvana zailI kA nirUpaNa kiyA usakA AdhAra AtmA hai| jisakA AtmA meM vizvAsa hai usakA ahiMsA meM vizvAsa hai| AtmAdvaita kI svIkRti jaina-darzana jIva evaM pudgala donoM kI svataMtra sattA svIkAra karatA hai / tathA AtmA kI anekatA bhI use mAnya hai| ananta AtmAoM kA pRthak-pRthak svataMtra astitva bhI hai| ve kisI parama sattA kA aMza nahIM hai| Atma-nAnAtva kI svIkRti ke bAvajUda ahiMsA ke prasaMga meM AcArAMga AtmAdvaita kA pratipAdana karatA hai| hiMsya evaM hiMsaka meM ekatA kA pratipAdana kara vaha ahiMsA kI zAzvata pratiSThA karanA cAhatA hai| krUratA sva ke prati nahIM hotI para ke prati hotI hai, jaba para koI hai hI nahIM taba krUratA kA prAdurbhAva bhI nahIM ho sktaa| jisako tUM mAranA 1. dazavakAlika, 4/12, jo jIve vina yANAi, ajIve vina yaannii| jIvAjIve ayANato kahaM sonAhii saMjamaM / / 2. sUyagaDo, 1/1/8 5, eyaM khuNANiNo sAraM jaMNa hiMsai kNcnnN| ahiMsA samayaM ceva eyAvaMtaM viyaanniyaa|| 3. AyAro, 2/63.savve pANA piyAuyA suhasAyA dukkhapaDikalA appiyavahA piyajIviNo jiiviukaamaa| 4. ThANaM, 2/ /

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280 jaina Agama meM darzana cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai|' jisako tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha tere se bhinna nahIM hai| kyA tUM usakI ghAta karatA huA svayaM kI ghAta nahIM kara rahA hai ? jahAM dvaita kI yA para kI anubhUti hotI hai, vahAM hanana, pIr3ana kA prasaMga AtA hai, isalie AcArAMga AtmA ke svarUpagata advaita kA upadeza de rahA hai| saMgrahanaya kI apekSA se advaita bhI vAstavika hai| jaina AgamoM meM Atma-zuddhi ke sAtha hI sAtha jIvanazuddhi para bhI samAna bala hai| ahiMsA kI anupAlanA Atma-zuddhi ke lie Avazyaka hai vaise hI samAja ke lie saMtulita saMracanA ke lie bhI Avazyaka hai| jisa samAja meM anAvazyaka rUpa se eka-dUsare kA utpIr3ana, tAr3ana, paritApa evaM nigraha hogA usa samAja meM AtaMka, tanAva, vigraha kI samasyAoM kA sAmrAjya hogaa| AcArAMga isa yathArtha se avagata hai| vaha manuSya kI pArasparika sauhArdapUrNa avasthA ko banAe rakhanA cAhatA hai| AcArAMga kA nimna vaktavya isa tathya kA sAkSI hai| "jise tU AjJA meM rakhanA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU paritApa dene yogya mAnatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| jise tU dAsa banAne yogya mAnatA hai vaha tU hI hai|'' AcArAMga tAtkAlika samAja vyavasthA meM phaile durAcAra ko samApta karanA cAhatA hai| usa samaya ke samAja meM dAsaprathA thI, jisako AcArAMga samIcIna nahIM mAnatA thaa| usa para vaha prahAra kara rahA hai| AcArAMga kA yAha vaktavya usakI vyavahAra-zuddhi kI avadhAraNA kI ora bhI iMgita kara rahA hai| AcAra se pUrva vicAra/dRSTi kA yathArtha honA Avazyaka hai| vicAra yadi samyaka nahIM hai to samyak AcAra kI parikalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| bandhana-mukti ke upAyoM ke krama meM AcArazuddhi se bhI prathama sthAna vicAra zuddhi ko prApta hai-samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokssmaarg:|' darzanavizuddhi AcArazuddhi kI pUrva zarta hai| AcAra samasyAoM kA samAdhAyaka taba hI bana sakatA hai jaba vaha vicArazuddhi kI bhitti para avasthita ho / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA AcAra Atma-pradhAnayA adhyAtma-pradhAna thA isalie vartamAna yaga meM bhI usakI prAsaMgikatA banI huI hai| vartamAna jIvana kI aneka samasyAoM kA samAdhAna mahAvIra ke AcAra darzana meM khojA jA sakatA hai| ni:zastrIkaraNa, icchA parimANavrata, bhogapabhoga kI sImA, ahiMsA, anekAnta Adi AcAra ke sUtroM meM yuddha, hiMsA, Agraha, Arthika viSamatA Adi praznoM ke uttara nihita haiN| __ satya traikAlika hotA hai| usakI upayogitA hara kAla aura hara samaya meM banI rahatI hai| jaina AgamoM meM pratipAdita AcAra zAzvata kA saMgAyaka hai ata: usameM vartamAna apekSAoM kI sampUrti karane kI kSamatA bhI hai| 000 1. AyAro, 5/101 2. vahI 5/101 3. tattvArthasUtra 1/1

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana jaina Agama sAhitya evaM bauddha sAhitya meM vibhinna matavAdoM kA ullekha prApta hai|' upaniSadoM meM bhI yatra-tatra vibhinna matavAdoM kA ullekha hai| zvetAzvataropaniSad meM kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, niyativAda Adi kI carcA hai|' maitrAyaNI upaniSad meM kAlavAda kI spaSTa mAnyatA pracalita hai|' bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga meM matavAdoM kI bahulatA thii| dRSTivAda nAma ke bArahaveM aMga meM 36 3 dRSTiyoM kA nirUpaNa aura nigraha kiyA jAtA hai, aisA dhavalA meM ullekha hai eSAM dRSTizatAnAM trayANAM triSaSTyuttarANaM prarUpaNaM nigrahazca dRSTivAde kriyte|' dRSTivAda ke sambandha meM "samavAyAMga evaM naMdI meM isa prakAra kA ullekha nahIM hai phira bhI dRSTivAda nAma se hI pramANita hotA hai ki usameM samasta dRSTiyoM-darzanoM kA nirUpaNa hai| dRSTivAdadravyAnuyoga hai|tttvmiimaaNsaa usakA mukhya viSaya hai| isalie usameM dRSTiyoM kA nirUpaNa honA svAbhAvika hai|'' bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga meM 3 6 3 matavAdathe-yaha samavAyagata sUtrakRtAMga ke vivaraNa" tathA sUtrakRtAMganiyukti' se jJAta hotA hai kintu una matavAdoM tathA unake AcAryoM ke nAma vahAM ullikhita nahIM hai| jaina paramparA ke Adi sAhitya meM ye bheda tatkAlIna matavAdoM ke rUpa meM saMkalita kara die gae the kiMtu uttaravartI sAhitya meM unakI paramparAgata saMkhyA prApta rahI, unakA pratyakSa paricaya nahIM rhaa| uttaravartI vyAkhyAkAroM ne ina matavAdoM ko gaNita kI prakriyA 1. (ka) sUyagaDo, 1/1 adhyayana, 12vAM, sUyagaDo 2/1 (kha) sAmanaphalasutta (dIghanikAya) 2. zvetAzvatara upaniSat, 1/2, 6/ / 3. maitrAyaNI upaniSat, 6/14,15 4. SaTkhaMDAgama, prathama khaMDa, dhavalA pR. 108 5. sUyagaDo 1, bhUmikA pR. 22 6. samavAo, par3aNNagasamavAo, sUtra 90 sUtrakRtAMga niyukti,gA. 1190,asitisaya kiriyANaM akkiriyANaca hoti culasIti aNNANiya sataTThIveNaiyANaM ca bttiisaa||

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282 jaina Agama meM darzana se samajhAyA hai| kiMtu vaha prakriyA mUlasparzI nahIM lgtii| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki 36 3 matoM kI maulika artha-paramparA vicchinna hone ke pazcAt unheM gaNita kI prakriyA ke AdhAra para samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| usa vargIkaraNa se dArzanika avadhAraNA kA samyak bodha nahIM ho pAtA hai| dArzanika vicAradhArA ke saMdarbha meM samavasaraNa kI avadhAraNA jaina Agama sAhitya meM cAra samavasaraNoM kA ullekha hai| unameM ina 3 6 3 matavAdoM kA samAhAra ho jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga prathama zrutaskandha ke bArahaveM adhyayana kA nAma hI samavasaraNa hai tathA usakA prArambha ina cAra samavasaraNoM ke ullekha se hI hotA hai cattAri samosaraNANimANi pAvAduyA jAiM puDho vyNti| kiriyaM akiriyaM viNayaM ti taiyaM aNNAmAhaMsu cautthameva // ' jahAM aneka darzanoM yA dRSTiyoM kA samavatAra hotA hai, use samavasaraNa kahate haiMsamavasaraMti jesu darisaNANi diTThIo vA tANi samosaraNANi / ' kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, ajJAnavAda evaM vinayavAda ye cAra samavasaraNa haiN| niyukti meM asti ke AdhAra para kriyAvAda, nAsti ke AdhAra para akriyAvAda, ajJAna ke AdhAra para ajJAnavAda aura vinaya ke AdhAra para vinayavAda kA pratipAdana kiyA hai|' kriyAvAda __cAra samavasaraNoM meM eka hai-kriyAvAda / kriyAvAda aura akriyAvAda kA ciMtana AtmA ko kendra meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| kriyAvAdI AtmA kA astitva mAnate haiN| AtmA hai, vaha punarbhavagAmI hai| vaha karma kA kartA hai, karma-phala kA bhoktA hai aura usakA nirvANa hotA haiyaha kriyAvAda kA pUrNa lakSaNa hai| kriyAvAda kI vistRta vyAkhyA dazAzrutaskandha meM milatI hai| usake anusAra jo Astika hotA hai, samyagvAdI hotA hai, ihaloka-paraloka meM vizvAsa karatA hai, karma evaM karmaphala meM vizvAsa karatA hai| vaha kriyAvAdI hai| dazAzrutaskandha ke vivecana se kriyAvAda ke cAra artha phalita hote haiM-AstikavAda, samyagvAda, punarjanma aura krmvaad| sUtrakRtAMga meM kriyAvAda ke AdhArabhUta siddhAntoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| ve siddhAnta nimnalikhita haiM1. gommaTasAra 2, (karmakANDa) gA. 877-8 88, pR. 1 2 3 8 - 1 2 4 3 2. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 30/1 3. sUyagaDo, 1/12/1 4. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, pR. 256 5. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gA. 118, atthi tti kiriyavAdI vadaMti, natthi tti akiriyavAdI y| aNNANI aNNANaM, viNaittA venniyvaadii|| 6. dazAzrutaskandha, 6/7

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana 283 (1) AtmA hai (2) loka hai (3) Agati aura anAgati hai (4) zAzvata aura azAzvata hai (5) janma aura maraNa hai (6) upapAta aura cyavana hai (7) adhogamana hai (8) Azrava aura saMvara hai (9) du:kha aura nirjarA hai|' kriyAvAda meM una sabhI dharma-vAdoM ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai jo AtmA Adi padArthoM ke astitva meM vizvAsa karate the aura jo Atma-kartRtva ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate the| AcArAMga meM AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyAvAda kA ullekha hai| AcArAMga meM AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyAvAda kA pRthak-pRthak nirUpaNa hai| yahAM kriyAvAda kA artha kevala Atma-kartRtvavAda hI hogA kiMtu samavasaraNa ke prasaMga meM Agata kriyAvAda kA tAtparya AtmavAda, karmavAda Adi sabhI siddhAntoM kI samanviti se hai| kriyAvAdIjIvakA astitvamAnate haiN| usakA astitvamAnane para bhI vejIvake svarUpa ke viSaya meM ekamata nahIM haiN| kucha jIva ko sarvavyApI mAnate haiM, kucha use a-sarvavyApI mAnate haiN| kucha mUrta mAnate haiM, kucha amUrta mAnate haiM, kucha aMguSTha jitanA mAnate haiM aura kucha zyAmAka taMdulajitanA | kucha use hRdaya meM adhiSThita pradIpakI zikhAjaisAmAnate haiN| kriyAvAdI karmaphala ko mAnate haiN|' kriyAvAdI ko Astika bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki ye asti ke AdhAra para tattvoM kA nirUpaNa karate haiN|' tattvArthavArtika, SaDdarzana samuccaya Adi granthoM meM kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI Adi ke kucha AcAryoM kA nAmollekha huA hai|' jo kriyA ko pradhAna mAnate haiN| jJAna ke mahattva ko asvIkAra karate haiN| unako bhI kucha vicAraka kriyAvAdI kahate haiN|' zrI harmana jekobI ne vaizeSikoM ko kriyAvAdI kahA hai|' yadyapi unhoMne isa svIkRti kA koI hetu nahIM diyA hai tathA zrImAn je. sI. sikadara ne zramaNa nirgranthoM evaM nyAya-vaizeSikoM ko kriyAvAda ke antargata sammilita kiyA hai| isa samAhAra kA hetu unhoMne Atma-astitva 1. sUyagaDo, 1/12/20,21 AyAro, 1/5,se AyAvAI logAvAI,kammAvAI, kiriyaavaaii| sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, pR. 256, kiriyAvAdINaM atthi jIvo, atthitte sati kesiMci zyAmAkatandulamAtra: kesiMci asavvagato hiyyaadhitttthaanno....| 4. sthAnAMgavRtti, pR. 179, kriyAM jIvAjIvAdirartho'stItyevaM rUpAMvadantIti kriyAvAdina: AstikA ityarthaH / 5. (ka) tattvArthavArtika, 8/1 (kha) SaDdarzanasamuccaya, pR. 13 6. bhagavatIvRtti, patra 944, anye tvAhu-kriyAvAdino ye bruvate kriyApradhAnaM kiM jnyaanen| 7. Jacobi, Herman, Jaina Sutras, Part II, 1980 Introduction P. XXV........vaiseshika, proper, which is a Kriyavada system.

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284 evaM Atma-kartRtva kI svIkRti ko mAnA hai| kiMtu ye donoM mata vimarzanIya haiM kyoMki zramaNa nirgranthoM kA prastuta kriyAvAda meM samAhAra nahIM ho sakatA tathA vaizeSika kI avadhAraNA bhI sarvathA kriyAvAda ke anukUla nahIM hai / sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi meM to use spaSTa rUpa se akriyAvAdI kahA hai ' tathA sthAnAMga meM akriyAvAda ke ATha prakAra meM eka anekavAdI hai| usake udAharaNa ke rUpa meM AcArya mahAprajJajI ne vaizeSika darzana kA ullekha kiyA hai / " akriyAvAda jo AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM karate use akriyAvAdI kahA jAtA hai / kevala citta zuddhi ko Avazyaka evaM kriyA ko anAvazyaka mAnane vAle akriyAvAdI kahalAte haiM / ve bauddha dArzanika haiM / ' sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama adhyayana meM bauddhoM ko kriyAvAdI kahA gayA hai ' tathA samavasaraNa adhyayana kI cUrNi meM bauddhoM ko akriyAvAdI kahA gayA hai|' muni jambUvijayajI ne apekSAbheda ke AdhAra para samanvaya karane kA saMketa kiyA hai tathA aMguttara nikAya meM buddha ko akriyAvAdI kahA hai, aisA bhI unhoMne ullekha kiyA hai / ' akriyAvAdI kriyA arthAt astitva kA sarvathA uccheda mAnate haiM / unakA abhimata hai ki sabhI padArtha kSaNika haiN| kisI bhI kSaNika padArtha kI dUsare kSaNa taka sattA nahIM rahatI ata: usameM kriyA kI sambhAvanA hI nahIM hai| isIlie AtmA Adi nitya padArthoM kA astitva nahIM hai| kokula, dviromaka, kANThevi. pramukha akriyAvAdI haiM / " sugata Adi niyuktikAra ne 'nAsti' ke AdhAra para akriyAvAda kI vyAkhyA kI hai / " nAsti ke cAra phalita hote haiM 1. AtmA kA asvIkAra 2. AtmA ke kartRtva kA asvIkAra 3. karma kA asvIkAra aura 4. punarjanma kA asvIkAra / 10 Sikdar, J. C., Studies in Bhagawati sutra (mujjapharapura, 1964 ) P. P. 449-450 The Kriyavadins may be identified with the followers of the Nyaya and vaisesika systems along with the Sramana Nirgrantha. 2. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, pR. 254, sAMkhyavaizeSikA IzvarakAraNAdi akiriyavAdI / 3. ThANaM, 8 / 22 kA TippaNa 1. jaina Agama meM darzana 4. bhagavatI vRtti patra 944, anye tvAhuH - akriyAvAdino ye bruvate kiM kriyayA cittazuddhireva kAryA, te ca bauddhA iti / 5. sUyagaDo, 1 / 1 /51 6. 7. 8. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, pR. 256, ...... .suNNavAdiNo.. .akiriyAvAdiNo / sUyagaDaMgasuttaM, (muni jambUvijaya, bambaI 1978) prastAvanA, pR. 10 ( TippaNa saMkhyA 3 ) natthi tti akiriyavAdI ya / SaDdarzana samuccaya, pR. 21 9. sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, gA. 118, 10. dazAzrutaskandha, 6 / 3

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana 285 akriyAvAdI ko nAstikavAdI, nAstikaprajJa evaM nAstikadRSTi kahA gayA hai|' sthAnAMgavRtti meM akriyAvAdI ko nAstika bhI kahA gayA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM akriyAvAdI ke ATha prakAra batalAe gae haiM - 1. ekavAdI-eka hI tattva ko svIkAra karane vaale| 2. anekavAdI-dharma aura dharmI ko sarvathA bhinna mAnane vAle athavA sakala padArthoM ko vilakSaNa mAnane vAle, ekatva ko sarvathA asvIkAra karane vaale| 3. mitavAdI-jIvoM ko parimita mAnane vaale| 4. nirmitvaadii-iishvrkrtRtvvaadii| 5. sAtavAdI-sukha se hI sukha kI prApti mAnane vAle, sukhvaadii| 6. smucchedvaadii-kssnnikvaadii| 7. nityavAdI-loka ko ekAnta mAnane vaale| 8. asat paralokavAdI-paraloka meM vizvAsa na karane vaale| sthAnAMga meM akriyAvAda kA prayoga anAtmavAda evaM ekAntavAda donoM arthoM meM huA hai| ina ATha vAdoM meM chaha vAda ekAntadRSTi vAle haiN| samucchedavAda tathA asatparalokavAda-ye do anAtmavAda haiN| upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne dhana'za kI dRSTi se jaise cArvAka ko nAstika kahA hai, vaise hI dharmAMza kI dRSTi se sabhI ekAntavAdiyoM ko nAstika kahA hai dhayaMze nAstiko hoko, bArhaspatya: prkiirtitH| dharmAze nAstikA jJeyA: sarve'pi prtiirthikaaH|| sthAnAMga meM prastuta vAdoM kA saMkalana karate samaya kauna-sI dArzanika dhArAeM sAmane rahI hogI, kahanA kaThina hai kiMtu vartamAna meM una dhArAoM ke saMvAhaka dArzanika nimna hai1. ekavAdI (1) brhmaadvaitvaadii-vedaant| (2) vijJAnAdvaitavAdI-bauddha / (3) zabdAdvaitavAdI-vaiyAkaraNa / brahmAdvaitavAdI ke anusAra brahma, vijJAnAdvaitavAdI ke anusAra vijJAna aura zabdAdvaitavAdI ke anusAra zabda pAramArthika tattva hai, zeSa tattva apAramArthika haiM, isIlie ye sAre ekavAdI haiN| 1. dazAzrutaskandha, 6/3 nAhiyavAdI, nAhiyapaNNe. nAhiyadiTTI 2. sthAnAMgavRtti, pR. 179, akriyAvAdino nAstikA ityarthaH / 3. ThANaM, 8/22 4. nayopadeza, zloka 126

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286 jaina Agama meM darzana 3. 2. anekavAdI-vaizeSika anekavAdI darzana hai| usake anusAra dharma-dharmI, avayava avayavI bhinna-bhinna hai|' mitavAdI(1) jIvoM kI parimita saMkhyA mAnane vaale| isakA vimarza syAdvAdamaMjarI meM kiyA gayA hai| (2) AtmA ko aMguSThaparva jitanA athavA zyAmAka taMdula jitanA mAnane vaale| yaha aupaniSadika abhimata hai| (3) loka ko kevala sAta dvIpa-samudra kA mAnane vaale| yaha paurANika abhimata hai| 4. nirmitavAdI-naiyAyika, vaizeSika Adi loka ko IzvarakRta mAnate haiN| 5. sAtavAdI bauddha 6. samucchedavAdI-pratyeka padArtha kSaNika hotA hai| dUsare kSaNa meM usakA uccheda ho jAtA hai| nityavAdI-sAMkhyAbhimata satkAryavAda ke anusAra padArtha kUTastha nitya hai| kAraNarUpa meM pratyeka vastu kA astitva vidyamAna hai| koI bhI nayA padArtha utpanna nahIM hotA aura koI bhI padArtha naSTa nahIM hotaa| kevala unakA AvirbhAva tirobhAva hotA hai|' 8. asat paralokavAdI-cArvAka darzana mokSa yA paraloka ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| cUrNikAra ne sAMkhya darzana aura Izvara ko jagatkartA mAnane vAle vaizeSika darzana ko akriyAvAdI darzana mAnA hai tathA paMcabhUtavAdI, caturbhUtavAdI, skandhamAtrika, zUnyavAdI aura lokAyatika-ina darzanoM ko bhI akriyAvAda ke antargata parigaNita kiyA hai| vaizeSika evaM sAMkhya darzana AtmavAdI hai phira unheM akriyAvAdI kyoM kahA gayA hai ? cUrNi meM isakA samAdhAna nahIM hai| sAMkhya darzana meM AtmA karma kA kartA nahIM hai aura vaizeSika darzana meM AtmA karmaphala bhogane meM svataMtra nahIM hai| isI apekSA se cUrNikAra ne donoM darzanoM ko akriyAvAda kI koTi meM parigaNita kiyA hai, aisI sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai| yaha AcAryazrI mahAprajJajI kA abhimata hai| akriyAvAdI ke 84 bheda mAne gae haiN| kriyAvAda kI taraha hI isake bheda bhI gaNitIya paddhati ke AdhAra para hI kie gae haiN| 1. anyayogavyavacchedikA, zloka 4 2. vahI, zaloka 29 3. sAMkhyakArikA 9 4. sUyagaDo (prathama) TippaNa, pR. 831-33 5. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, pR. 254, sAMkhyA vaizeSikA IzvarakAraNAdi akiriyaavaadii| 6. vahI, pR. 256, paMca mahAbhUtiyA catubbhUtiyA khaMdhamettiyA suNNavAdiNo logAitigA ya vAdi akiriyaavaadinno|

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana 287 ajJAnavAda ajJAnavAda kA AdhAra ajJAna hai| ajJAnavAda meM do prakAra kI vicAradhArAeM saMkalita haiN| kucha ajJAnavAdI AtmA ke hone meM saMdeha karate haiM aura unakA mata hai ki AtmA hai to bhI use jAnane se kyA lAbha ? dUsarI vicAradhArA ke anusAra jJAna saba samasyAoM kA mUla hai, isalie ajJAna hI zreyaskara hai| ajJAnavAdI kahate haiM-aneka darzana haiM aura aneka dArzanika haiN| ve saba satya ko jAnane kA dAvA karate haiM, kiMtu una sabakA jAnanA paraspara virodhI hai| satya paraspara virodhI nahIM hotA / yadi una dArzanikoM kA jJAna satya kA jJAna hotA to vaha paraspara virodhI nahIM hotaa| vaha paraspara virodhI hai, isalie satya nahIM hai| isalie ajJAna hI zreya hai|' jJAna se lAbha hI kyA hai? zIla meM udyama karanA caahie| jJAna kA sAra hai-zIla, sNvr| zIla aura tapa se svarga aura mokSa prApta hotA hai| isalie ajJAna hI zreyaskara hai| prAcInakAla meM ajJAnavAda kI vibhinna shaakhaaeNthiiN| unameM saMjayavelaTThiputta ke ajJAnavAda yA saMzayavAda kA bhI samAveza hotA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke cUrNikAra ne ajJAnavAda kI pratipAdana paddhati ke sAta aura prakArAntara se cAra vikalpoM kA ullekha kiyA hai|' sUtrakRtAMga cUrNikAra ne mRgacArikA kI caryA karane vAlI, aTavI meM rahakara puSpa aura phala khAne vAle tyAgazUnya saMnyAsiyoM ko ajJAnavAdI kahA hai| sAkalya, vASkala, kuthumi, sAtyamuni, nArAyaNa Adi ajJAnavAda ke AcArya the| vinayavAda vinayavAda kA mUla AdhAra vinaya hai| inakA abhimata hai ki vinaya se hI saba kucha prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi ke anusAra vinayavAdiyoM kA abhimata hai ki kisI bhI sampradAya yA gRhastha kI niMdA nahIM karanI caahie| sabake prati vinamra honA caahie|' vinayavAdiyoM ke battIsa prakAra nirdiSTa haiN| devatA, rAjA, yati, yAti, sthavira, kRpaNa; mAtA evaM pitA-ina AThoM kA mana, vacana, kAya evaM dAna se vinaya karanA caahie| ina AThoM ko cAra se guNA karane para inake battIsa bheda ho jAte haiN| sUtrakRtAMga cUrNikAra ne 'dAnAmA' 'prANAmA' Adi pravrajyAoM ko vinayavAdI kI batalAyA hai|' 1. sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, patra 35 2. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, pR. 255-256 3. vahI, pR.:56,tesu migacAriyAdayo aDavIe puppha-phalabhakkhiNo iccAdi annnnaanniyaa| 4. tattvArthavArtika,8/1 5. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, pR. 206, veNaiyavAdiNo bhaNaMti-Na kassa vi pAsaMDiNo'ssa gihatthassa vA jiMdA kAyavvA savvasseva viNIyaviNayeNa hoyvvN| 6. vahI, pR. 255, vainayikamataM-vinayazceto-vAk-kAya-dAnata: kaary:| sura-nRpati-yati-jJAti-nR sthavirA dha-mAtR-pitRSu sadA / / 7. vahI,.254,veNaiyavAdINa chattIsA daannaampaannaamaadiprvrjyaa|

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288 jaina Agama meM darzana dAnAmA aura prANAmA pravrajyA bhagavatI sUtra meM dAnAmA aura prANAmA pravrajyA kA svarUpa nirdiSTa hai / tAmalipti nagarI meM tAmalI gAthApati rahatA thaa| usane 'prANAmA' pravrajyA svIkAra kii| prANAmA kA svarUpa vahAM varNita hai| 'prANAmA' pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt vaha tAmalI jahAM kahIM indra-skandha, rudra, ziva, vaizramaNa, durgA, cAmuNDA Adi deviyoM tathA rAjA, Izvara, talavara, mADaMbika, kauTumbika, Ibhya, zreSThI, senApati, sArthavAha, kauA, kuttA yA cANDAla ko dekhatA to unheM praNAma krtaa| unheM UMcA dekhatA to UMce praNAma karatA aura nIce dekhatA to nIce praNAma krtaa|' pUraNa gAthApati ne 'dAnAmA' pravrajyA svIkAra kii| usakA svarUpa isa prakAra haipravrajyA ke pazcAt vaha cAra puTa vAlA lakar3I kA pAtra lekara 'bebhela' sanniveza meM bhikSA ke lie gyaa| jo bhojana pAtra ke pahale puTa meM giratA use pathikoM ko de detA / jo bhojana dUsare puTa meM giratA use kaue, kuttoM ko de detaa| jo bhojana tIsare puTa meM giratA use maccha-kacchoM ko de detaa| jo cauthe puTa meM giratA vaha svayaM khA letaa| yaha 'dAnAmA' pravrajyA svIkAra karane vAloM kA AcAra hai| vinaya kA artha vRttikAra zIlAMkAcArya ne bhI vinaya kA artha vinamratAhI kiyA hai| kiMtu AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra prastuta prasaMga meM vinaya kA artha AcAra honA caahie| unhoMne apane abhimata kI puSTi meM jaina AgamoM ke saMdarbha uddhRta kie haiN| jJAtAdharmakathA meM jaina dharma ko vinayamUlaka dharma batalAyA gayA hai| thAvaccAputra ne zukadeva se kahA-mere dharma kA mUla vinaya hai| yahAM vinaya zabda mahAvrata aura aNuvrata artha meM vyavahRta hai| bauddhoM ke vinayapiTaka grantha meM AcAra kI vyavasthA hai| vinaya zabda AcAra artha meM prayukta hotA rahA hai| vinaya zabda ke AdhAra para vinamratA aura AcAra-ye donoM artha abhipreta haiN| AcAra para adhika bala dene vAlI dRSTi kA pratipAdana bauddha sAhitya meM bhI milatA hai| jo loga AcAra ke niyamoM kA pAlana karane mAtra se zIlazuddhi hotI hai-aisA mAnate the, unheM 'zIlabbataparAmAsa' kahA gayA hai| kevala jJAnavAdI aura kevala AcAravAdI-ye donoM dhArAeM usa samaya pracalita thiiN| jJAnavAdI jaise jJAna ke dvArA hI 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 3/34 2. vahI, 3/102, taeNaM tassa pUraNassa gAhAvaissa aNNayA kayAi......sayameva cauppuDayaM dArUmayaM paDiggahagaM gahAya muMDe bhavittA dANAmAe pavvajjAe pvvitte| sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, pa. 213, idAnIM vinayo vidheyH| 4. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/5/59, taeNaMthAvaccAputte.......sudaMsaNaM evaM vyaasii-sudNsnnaa| viNayamUlae dhamme pnnnntte| abhidhammapiTake dhammasaMgaNi (saMpA. bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, nAlandA, 1960) pR. 277, tattha katamo sIlabbataparAmAso?

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana 289 siddhi mAnate the, vaise hI AcAravAdI kevala AcAra para hI bala detethe| jJAnavAda aura AcAravAda donoM ekAMgI hone ke kAraNa mithyAdRSTi kI koTi meM Ate haiN| vinayavAda ke dvArA aikAntika AcAravAda kI dRSTi kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| vinamratAvAda AcAravAda kA hI eka aMga hai, isalie usakA bhI isameM samAveza ho jAtA hai kiMtu vinaya kA kevala vinamratA artha karane se AcAravAda kA usameM samAveza nahIM ho sktaa|' vasiSTha parAzara Adi isa darzana ke viziSTa AcArya the|' jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM ullekha kiyA thA ki cAra vAdoM ke 3 6 3 bheda mAtra gaNitIya paddhati ke AdhAra para kie haiN| jisakA vistAra se ullekha gommaTasAra meM bhI huA hai| kriyAvAdI vastu ko 'asti' rUpa hI mAnate haiN| ve vastu ko svarUpa evaM pararUpa donoM hI prakAra se asti rUpa mAnate haiN| nitya-anitya ke vikalpa se bhI vastu ko nitya mAnate haiN| kAla, Izvara, AtmA, niyati evaM svabhAva se jIva, ajIva Adi nau padArthoM ko svata:, parata:, nitya evaM anitya ke vikalpase 'asti' rUpamAnate haiN| inako paraspara guNita karanese kriyAvAdI ke 180 bheda ho jAte haiN|' akriyAvAdI vastu ko svarUpa evaM pararUpa donoM hI apekSA se 'nAsti' kahate haiN| akriyAvAda meM puNya, pApa evaM nitya-anitya ke vikalpa kI yojanA nahIM hai| jIva Adi sAta padArthoM kI kAla, Izvara Adi ke svata: parata: se guNita karane para unake sattara bheda hote haiM tathA niyati evaM kAla kI apekSA jIva Adi sAta padArtha nahIM hai, isa guNana se unake 14 bheda ho jAte haiN| 70 evaM 14 milakara 84 ho jAte haiN| gommaTasAra ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki akriyAvAdiyoM meM bhI do prakAra kI avadhAraNA thIM eka to kAla Adi pAMcoM se hI jIva Adi kA niSedha karate haiM tathA dUsare mAtra niyati evaM kAla kI apekSA se jIva Adi padArthoM kA niSedha karate haiM donoM kA ekatra samAhAra kara lene se akriyAvAdI ke 84 bheda ho jAte haiN|' prastuta vimarza se yaha bhI parilakSita ho rahA hai ki kAlavAdI Adi dArzanika kriyAvAdI evaM akriyAvAdI donoM hI prakAra ke the| jo kAla Adi ke AdhAra para jIva Adi padArthoM kA astitva siddha karate the ve kriyAvAdI ho gae jo inakA inhIM hetuoM se nAstitva siddha karate the ve akriyAvAdI ho ge| akriyAvAdiyoM ne puNya, pApa, nityatA-anityatA Adi vikalpoM ko kyoM nahIM svIkAra kiyA. yaha anveSaNIya hai| 1. sUyagaDo, 1/12 ke TippaNa, pR. 499 2. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, pR. 29, vasiSThapArAzaravAlmIkivyAselAputrasatyadattaprabhRtayaH / 3. gommaTasAra, (karmakANDa) gAthA 877 se 888 4. vahI, gAthA 877, atthi sado parado viya NiccANiccattaNeNaya nnvtthaa| kAlIsarappaNiyadisahAvehi ya tehi bhaMgA h|| 5. vahI, gAthA 878

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290 jaina Agama meM darzana nava tattva kA AdhAra kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI ke bheda navatattva ko AdhAra banAkara kie gae haiN| nava tattvoM ke saMdarbha meM isa prakAra kA mAtra vaicArika prasthAna hI rahA hogA, ho sakatA hai zramaNa nirgranthoM meM isa prakAra kA pArasparika vicAra hotA rahA ho usakA hI ullekha ina matavAdoM meM ho gayA ho| inake vAstavika prasthAnoM kA astitva ho, aisA saMbhava nahIM lgtaa| jIva Adi nava padArthoM ko asti, nAsti sAta bhaMgoM se sAtha guNita karane para unake tiresaTha bheda ho jAte haiN| jIva hai, aisA kauna jAnatA, jIva nahIM hai aisA kauna jAnatA hai, isa prakAra sabhI bhaMgoM ke sAtha saMyojanA kI jAtI hai|' deva, rAjA, jJAnI, yati, vRddha, bAlaka, mAtA-pitA kA mana, vacana, kAyA evaM dAnasammAna se vinaya karanA caahie| ATha ko cAra guNita karane para battIsa bheda ho jAte haiN|' sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM kriyAvAda Adi cAra vAdoM kA ullekha hai| 'mahAvIratthuI' adhyayana meM ina vAdoM ke ullekha ke sAtha yaha sUcanA dI gaI ki mahAvIra ne ina vAdoM ke pakSa kA nirNaya kiyA tathA sAre vAdoM ko jAnakara ve yAvajjIvana saMyama meM upasthita rhe|' prastuta vaktavya se yaha jJAta nahIM hotA ki mahAvIra kA svayaM kA pakSa kauna-sA hai kiMtu sUtrakRtAMga ke bArahaveM adhyayana meM cAra samavasaraNa kA ullekha karane ke pazcAt kramaza: ve ajJAnavAda, vinayavAda evaM akriyAvAda kI avadhAraNA ko nirAkRta karate haiM tathA anta meM kriyAvAda kI avadhAraNA kA aucitya pratipAdita karate haiN| isase jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra kriyAvAda kI avadhAraNA ke pakSadhara haiN| Avazyaka sUtra meM sAdhaka kahatA hai-maiM akriyA kA chor3atA hUM tathA kriyA ko svIkAra karatA huuN|' isase abhivyaMjita hotA hai ki jainadharma kriyAvAdI hai| kiMtu kriyA kA yadi kevala AcAra artha hI kiyA jAe to isameM pUrNa jaina dRSTi samAhita nahIM hotI kyoMki jainadharma meM jJAna aura AcAra ko samAna mahattva diyA gayA hai kadAcit jJAnako AcAra se adhika mahattva hI diyA gayA hai| dazavaikAlika kA 'paDhamaM nANaM tao dayA' kA vaktavya isa tathya kA sAkSI hai| Agama uttaravartI jainAcAryoM ne bhI jJAna evaM cAritra donoM ko hI mokSamArga ke ghaTaka tattva ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai|' 1. gommaTasAra 2, gAthA 876 2. vahI, gAthA 888 3. sUyagaDo, 1/6/27 4. sUyagaDo, 1/12/1-22 zramaNa pratikramaNa, pR. 32, akiriyaM pariyANAmi kiriyaM uvasaMpajjAmi / 6. dasaveAliyaM, 4/10 7. tattvArthasUtra, 1/1, "samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArga:"

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana 291 bhagavatI meM varNita samavasaraNa bhagavatI sUtra ke tIsaveM zataka kA nAma hI samavasaraNa hai| vahAM para bhI kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI evaM vinayavAdI ke bheda se cAra prakAra ke samavasaraNoM kA ullekha hai|' vahAM para kriyAvAdI Adi pratyeka ko samavasaraNa kahA hai| bhagavatI vRtti meM samavasaraNa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA-nAnA pariNAma vAle jIva kathaMcit samAnatA ke kAraNa jina matoM meM samAviSTa ho jAte haiM ve samavasaraNa kahalAte haiM athavA paraspara bhinna kriyAvAda Adi matoM meM thor3I samAnatA ke kAraNa kahIM para kucha vAdiyoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai ve samavasaraNa haiN| bhagavatI ke prasaMga meM eka bAta dhyAtavya hai ki anyatra prAya: sabhI jaina zAstroM meM ina cAroM ko mithyAdRSTi kahA kiMtu bhagavatI ke prastuta prasaMga meM kriyAvAdiyoM ko samyagdRSTi mAnA gayA hai| bhagavatI sUtra meM kahA gayA alezyI arthAt ayogI kevalI kriyAvAdI hI hote haiN| jo kriyAvAdI hote haiM ve bhavasiddhika hI hote haiM, akriyAvAdI, ajJAnavAdI evaM vinayavAdI bhavasiddhika evaM aMbhavasiddhika donoM prakAra ke ho sakate haiN| samyamithyAdRSTi jIva kriyAvAdI evaM akriyAvAdI donoM hI nahIM hote apitu ajJAnavAdI athavA vinayavAdI hote haiN| bhagavatI ke uparyukta vacana se yaha phalita hotA hai ki jaina kriyAvAdI hai| samyakadRSTi evaM kriyAvAda sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI kriyAvAda ke pratipAdaka kI arhatA meM usake jJAnapakSa ko hI mahattva diyA hai|' aisA pratIta ho rahA hai ki Agama yuga meM sampUrNa vicAradhArAoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM sthUla rUpa se vibhakta kara diyA aura jaina darzana kA bhI samAveza unhIM meM (kriyAvAda) kara diyA yadyapi yaha satya hai ki sAre kriyAvAdiyoM kI avadhAraNA pUrNa rUpa se eka jaisI nahIM thI kiMtu kucha avadhAraNAeM unakI paraspara samAna thI jaisA ki dazAzrutaskandha ke ullekha se spaSTa hai| unhIM kucha samAna avadhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para ve eka koTi meM parigaNita hone lge| jaise vaidika aura zramaNa do paramparAeM haiN| jaina, bauddha zramaNa paramparA ke aMga haiM kiMtu isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM ki zramaNa paramparA ke hone ke kAraNa unakI sArI avadhAraNAeM eka jaisI ho, hAM, itanA to spaSTa hai ki unameM kucha avadhAraNAeM samAna haiM jisase ve vaidika dhArA se pRthak hokara zramaNa 1. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 30/1 2. bhagavatI vRtti, pa. 944, samavasaranti nAnApariNAmA jIvA: kathaMcitulyatayA yeSu mateSu taanismvsrnnaani| samavastayo vA'nyonyabhinneSu kriyAvAdAdi mateSa kathaM cittulyatvena kvacid keSAMcit vAdinAmavatArA: smvsrnnaani| vahI, 941, ete ca sarve'pyanyatra yadyapi mithyAdRSTayo'bhihitAstathA'pIhAdyA: samyagdRSTayo grAhyA, samyagastitvavAdinAmeva teSAM samAzrayaNAt / aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 30/4 5. vahI, 30/30 6. vahI, 30/6 1. sUyagaDo, 1/12/20-22

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292 jaina Agama meM darzana paramparA meM samAhita hote haiM ThIka isI prakAra kriyAvAda ke saMdarbha meM samajhanA caahie| sAre kriyAvAdI jaina nahIM haiM yaha spaSTa hai ata: sAre kriyAvAdI samyagdRSTi bhI nahIM ho sakate kiMtu jo samyagdRSTi hai vaha kriyAvAdI hai isa vyApti ko svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti pratIta nahIM hotii| niyukti meM kahA bhI hai -- 'sammadiTThI kiriyaavaadii|' arthAt jo samyakdRSTi haiM ve kriyAvAdI haiM kiMtuisa vaktavya koulaTakara nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki sAre kriyAvAdI samyakdRSTi hote haiN| cUrNikAra ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki nirgranthoM ko chor3akara 3 6 3 meM avaziSTa sAre mithyAdRSTi haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki cUrNikAla taka nirgrantha dharma prastuta kriyAvAda kA hI bheda rahA hai| Agama uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM ina sAre hI vAdoM ko mithyAdRSTi samajhA jAne lagA jaisA ki bhagavatIvRtti se spaSTa hai|' yadyapi TIkAkAra bhI yaha mAnane ko to vivaza haiM hI ki bhagavatI meM Agata kriyAvAda meM samyagdRSTi kA bhI grahaNa hai| dArzanika paramparA ke granthoM meM to inakA vivecana ekAntavAda ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| gommaTasAra ne ina 3 6 3 matoM ko svacchaMda dRSTi vAloM ke dvArA parikalpita mAnA hai| isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki uttaravartI dArzanika jaina darzana kA samAhAra prastuta kriyAvAda meM karane ke pakSa meM nahIM hai| mahAvIra yuga ke vibhinna matavAda sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM svasamaya aura parasamaya kI sUcanA hai| samavAya aura naMdI meM isa Azaya kI spaSTa sUcanA hai-'sUyagaDe NaM sasamayA sUijjati, parasamayA sUijjati, sasamayaparasamayA sUijjati / ' dRSTivAda ke pAMca prakAroM meM eka hai-sUtra / AcArya vIrasena ke anusAra sUtra meM anya dArzanikoM kA varNana hai|' sUtrakRtAMga kI racanA usI ke AdhAra para kI gaI, isalie isakA 'sUtrakRta' nAma rakhA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM mukhya rUpa se pracalita dArzanika mantavyoM kA ullekha sUtrakRtAMga meM hai| jaise bauddha darzana sammata grantha dIghanikAya' meM tatkAlIna dArzanika mantavyoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya vibhinna matavAda pracalita the, yaha tathya prastuta graMthoM kA adhyayana karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama 'samaya' nAmaka adhyayana meM, bArahaveM samavasaraNa adhyayana meM tathA dvitIya zrutaskandha ke prathama tathA SaSTha adhyayana meM aneka dArzanika 1. sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, gAthA 121 2. sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi, 2 5 3, tiNNi tisaTThA pAvAdiyasayANi NiggaMthe mottUNa micchAdiTThiNo tti........| 3. bhagavatI,vRtti patra 944 4. tattvArtha vArtika, 8/1 5. gommaTasAra (karmakANDa) gAthA 889, sacchaMdadiTTihiM viyappiyANi tesaTThijuttANi sayANi tinnnni| pAkhaMDiNaM vAulakAraNANi aNNANi cittANi hrNtitaanni|| 6. (ka) samavAo, paiNNagasamavAo, sU. 88 (kha) naMdI, sUtra 8 0 kasAyapAhuDa, bhAga / pR. 1 3 4 sUyagaDo, 1/ / sampUrNa 9. dIghanikAyAntargata brahmajAlasut saamnyphlsutt|

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana matoM kA ullekha hai / Agama racanA kI zailI ke anusAra isameM kevala anya dArzanikoM ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana aura asvIkAra hai / yadyapi jaina mantavya kA vahAM para ullekha nahIM kiyA hai kiMtu una siddhAntoM kI samIkSA ke AdhAra para jaina mantavya svataH phalita ho jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM jina dArzanika matavAdoM kI nAmapurassara samIkSA kI gaI hai hama unakA ullekha kareMge jisase jaina darzana kA svarUpa spaSTa ho ske| isa grantha meM mukhya rUpa se paMcabhUtavAda, ekAtmavAda, tajjIvataccharIravAda, akArakavAda, AtmaSaSThavAda, aphalavAda, niyativAda, ajJAnavAda, jJAnavAda, karmacaya- abhAvavAda Adi kA varNana huA hai / ' 293 sUtrakRtAMga sUtra kA prArambha 'bujjhejna tiuTTejjA' isa zabda samUha se huA hai, jo vizeSa mananIya hai| bujjhejna arthAt jAno aura tiuTTejjA tor3o / prastuta vAkyAMza kA vizleSaNa jJAna evaM AcAra ke samanvaya ke saMdarbha meM kiyA gayA hai / ' vibhinna dArzanika matavAdoM ke saMdarbha meM isakA artha isa prakAra bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai - pahale ina matavAdoM ko jAno tathA phira vivekapUrvaka inakA tyAga kara do| isa nirdeza se svadarzana svIkRti kA patha prazasta ho jAtA hai / paMcabhUtavAda sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMga meM paMcabhUtavAda kI samIkSA kI gaI hai| kucha dArzanika, pRthvI, pAnI, agni, vAyu aura AkAza ina pAMca mahAbhUtoM ko svIkAra karate haiM tathA inake vizeSa prakAra ke saMyoga se AtmA utpanna hotI hai tathA ina pAMca mahAbhUtoM ke vinAza ke sAtha hI AtmA kA bhI vinAza ho jAtA hai, yaha unakA abhimata hai / ' sUtrakRtAMga meM yaha kisakA mata hai, isakA ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prastuta prasaMga meM mAtra 'egesiM" zabda kA prayoga karake yaha abhivyakta kiyA hai ki aisA kucha dArzanikoM kA abhimata hai| cUrNikAra ne bhI 'egesiM' zabda se pAMca mahAbhUtavAdiyoM kA hI grahaNa kiyA hai / " zIlAMka ne isa mata ko bArhaspati mata' tathA lokAyatamata bhI kahA hai|' isase spaSTa hai ki bArhaspatimata evaM lokAyatikamata paraspara paryAyavAcI haiN| jise cUrNikAra ne paMcamahAbhUtavAdI kahA hai / sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM unheM paMcamahAbhautika kahA gayA hai| bRhaspati, lokAyatika Adi zabdoM kA prayoga vahAM para nahIM hai| 1. sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, gAthA 29-31 2. sUyagaDo, 1/1/1 kA TippaNa.... jJAnI manuSya hI AcAra aura anAcAra kA viveka karatA hai tathA anAcAra ko chor3a AcAra kA anupAlana karatA hai| 'bujjhejja tiuTTejjA' - isa zlokAMza meM yahI satya pratipAdita huA hai| pahale baMdhana ko jAno phira use tor3o... yaha dRSTi na kevala jJAnavAda kI hai aura na kevala AcAravAda kI hai yaha donoM kA samanvaya hai| 3. sUyagaDo, 1 / 1 /7-8 4. vahI, 1/1/7 5. sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi, pR. 34, egesiM NaM savvesiM, je paMcamahabbhUtavAiyA tesiM eva / 6. sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, pR. 10. bArhaspatyamatAnusAribhirAkhyAtAni / 7. vahI, pR. 10, lokAyatikaistu........ / 8. sUtrakRtAMga, 2 / 1 / 23, ahAvare docce purisajAe paMcamahabbhUie tti Ahijjai /

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294 jaina Agama meM darzana vartamAna meM cArvAka yA bRhaspati ke siddhAnta-sUtra milate haiN| unameM pRthivI, apa, teja aura vAyu ina cAra bhUtoM kA hI ullekha hai|' Agamayuga meM paMcabhUtavAdI the| darzanayugIna sAhitya meM cArvAka sammata cAra bhUtoM kA hI ullekha prApta hai kiMtu sUtrakRtAMga keTIkAkAla taka paMcabhUtoM kA bhI ullekha hai| vahAM AkAza ko bhI pratyakSa pramANa se jJeya mAnA hai| kAlAntara meM jaba AkAza kA pratyakSa pramANa se zeyatva niSiddha ho gayA, saMbhavata: taba se hI cArvAka paMcabhUta se cAra bhUta kI avadhAraNA vAlA ho gayA / vRttikAra ne eka sthAna para yaha ullekha bhI kiyA hai ki kucha lokAyatika AkAza ko bhI bhUta mAnate haiN| isalie bhUtapaMcaka kahanA doSapUrNa nahIM hai, isa vaktavya se spaSTa ho rahA hai ki adhikAMza bhUtavAdI cAra bhUtoM ko mAnane ke pakSa meM ho cuke the| bhUtoM se caitanya utpanna hotA hai aura bhUtoM kA vinAza hone para caitanya vinaSTa ho jAtA hai| yaha anAtmavAdiyoM kA sAmAnya siddhAnta hai tathA yaha ati prAcIna abhimata hai| pAMca bhUtoM se bhinna AtmA kA koI svataMtra astitva nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM Agata isa abhimata kI tulanA paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne dIghanikAyagata ajitakezakambala ke mantavya se kI hai|' puruSa arthAt AtmA cAra mahAbhUtoM se utpanna hai|' AkAza nAmaka bhUta bhI ise mAnya hai| bAla aura paNDita zarIra ke vinAza ke sAtha hI vinaSTa ho jAte haiN|' AcArya mahAprajJa ne ajitakezakambala ke siddhAnta kI tulanA 'tajjIvataccharIravAda' sekI hai| unhoMne isa prasaMga meM sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha (2/1/13 - 2 2) meM Agata usake dArzanika vicAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha meM kisI dArzanika ke nAma kA ullekha nahIM hai jaisI ki Agama kI zailI rahI hai kiMtu ve vicAra ajitakezakambala ke haiM yaha nirNaya 'dIghanikAya' meM Agata usake vicAroM se tulanA karane se prApta ho jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM ina vicAroM ko 'tajjIvataccharIravAdI' kahA gayA hai|| sUtrakRtAMga meM tajjIvataccharIravAdI' kI vicAradhArA kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayApaira ke talave se Upara, zira ke kezAgra se nIce aura tirache camar3I taka jIva hai-zarIra hI jIva hai| ....Aga meM jalA dene para usakI haDDiyAM kabUtara ke raMga kI ho jAtI hai| AsaMdI ko pAMcavIM 1. tattvopaplavasiMha, pR. 1, pRthivyApastejovAyuriti tattvAni tatsamudAye shriirendriyvissysNjaa| SaDdarzana samuccaya, zloka 8 3, pRthvI jalaM tathA tejo vAyubhUtacatuSTayam / 3. sUtrakRtAMga vRtti, pR. 10, lokAyatikaistu bhUtapaMcakavyatiriktaM naatmaadikN.........| 4. vahI, pR. 10, AkAzaM zuSiralakSaNamiti.........pratyakSapramANAvaseyatvAcca / 5. vahI, patra 11, keSAMcillokAyatikAnAmAkazasyApi bhUtatvenAbhyupagamAt / 6. mAlavaNiyA, dalasukha, jaina darzana kA AdikAla, (Ahmedabad-9, 1980) pR. 26 7. dIghanikAya, pR. 48, (saMpA. bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, nAlandA, 1958) cAtumahAbhUtiko ayaM puriso| 8. vahI, pR. 48, AkAsaM indiyAni sngkmnti| 9. vahI, pR. 48, bAle ca paNDite ca kAyassa bhedA ucchijjanti vinassanti / 10. sUyagaDo, 1/1/11-12 kA TippaNa 11. vahI, 2/1/22...........tajjIvatassarIrie aahie|

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana banA use uThAne vAle puruSa gAMva meM lauTa Ate haiN|' inhIM zabdoM kA prayoga dIghanikAya meM huA hai / ' sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke 1 / 11 zloka meM 'je bAlA, je ya paMDiyA' ina zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| dIghanikAya (pR. 48 ) meM bhI ajitakezakambala ke siddhAnta vivecana ke madhya 'bAle ca paNDite ca kAyassa bhedA ucchijjanti vinassanti' kA ullekha huA hai| ubhayatra bAla evaM paNDita zabda prayukta hai / ina tathyoM ke AdhAra para isa siddhAnta ko 'tajjIvataccharIravAda' kahA jA sakatA hai yadyapi yaha suspaSTa nahIM hai ki paMcamahAbhUtavAdI aura 'tajjIvataccharIravAdI' kI avadhAraNA meM maulika antara kyA hai ? donoM kA siddhAnta eka jaisA hI pratIta hotA hai kiMtu sUtrakRtAMga meM pRthak rUpa se donoM kA ullekha huA hai ata: inake siddhAnta meM mukhyata: kyA bheda hai, yaha anveSaNIya hai / 1 paMcamahAbhUtavAda kA mata anya mata ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga meM vivecita huA hai isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina darzana ke anusAra ina paMcabhUtoM se bhinna svataMtra AtmA nAma kA tattva hai| tajnIvataccharIravAda sUtrakRtAMga meM yaha siddhAnta 'ekAtmavAda' ke pazcAt ullikhita hai / 'paMcamahAbhUta' siddhAnta ke sadRza hone ke kAraNa hama isakA ullekha 'ekAtmavAda' se pahale kara rahe haiN| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra pratyeka zarIra meM pRthak-pRthak akhaNDa AtmA hai| isalie kucha ajJAnI haiM aura kucha paMDita haiN| zarIra hI AtmA hai| ve na paraloka meM jAtI hai, na unakA punarjanma hotA hai| puNya aura pApa nahIM hai| isa loka se anya koI loka nahIM hai| zarIra nAza ke sAtha hI dehI kA vinAza ho jAtA hai / ' sUtrakRtAMga ke vRttikAra ne isako 'tajjIvataccharIravAdI' kA mata kahA hai / vRttikAra ne inako svabhAvavAdI bhI kahA hai / ' vRttikAra ne isa siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki jaise jalabubud jala se bhinna kucha nahIM hai vaise hI bhUtoM ke atirikta AtmA nAma kA koI anya tattva nahIM hai|' isI prasaMga meM vRttikAra ne kahA hai ki jisa prakAra ghUmatA huA AlAta cakrabuddhi utpanna kara detA hai vaise hI viziSTa prakAra kI kriyA se yukta bhUtasamudAya bhI jIva kA bhrama utpanna kara detA hai / ' arthAt jIva jaisI koI vastu paidA hI nahIM hotI mAtra vaisI avagati bhrama mAtra hI hai isI prasaMga maM unhoMne svapna. marIci, gandharvanagara Adi ke udAharaNa bhI prastuta kie haiN| " agaNijhAmie sarIre kavotavaNNANi aTThINi bhavaMti / AsaMdI paMcamA purisA gA 1. sUyagaDo, 2 1 / 15 paccAgacchati / 295 2. dIghanikAya, pR. 48, AsandipaMcamA purisA mataM AdAya gacchanti / kApotakAni aTThIni bhavanti / 3. sUyagaDo, 1 1/11-12 4. sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, pR. 14, iti tajjIvataccharIravAdimataM gatam / 5. vahI, pR. 14, . ityevaM svabhAvAjjagadvaicitryaM / 6. vahI, pR. 14 7. vahI, pR. 14, yathA vA'lAtaM bhrAmyamANamatadrUpamapi cakrabuddhimutpAdayati evaM bhUtasamudAyo'pi viziSTakriyopeto jIvabhrAntimutpAdayati / 8. vahI, pR. 14

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2 96 jaina Agama meM darzana prastuta udAharaNoM ke Aloka meM paMcamahAbhUtavAda evaM tajjIvataccharIravAda kI bhinnatA kA hetu anveSaNIya hai| saMbhava aisA lagatA hai paMcabhUtavAdI AtmA nAma ke tattva kI vAstavika utpatti mAnate haiM yadyapi vaha Atmatattva paMcabhUtoM se atirikta astitva vAlA nahIM hai jabaki 'tajjIvataccharIravAda' ke anusAra jIva kI koI utpatti hotI hI nahIM bhrama ke kAraNa aisI pratIti hone lagatI hai| ekAtmavAda __ ekAtmavAdI darzana upaniSadoM kA upajIvI hai| sarvatra 'eka hI AtmA hai' / ekAtmavAda kI isa avadhAraNA kA pratipAdana sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM huA hai| jaise eka hI pRthvI stUpa (mRt-piNDa) nAnA rUpoM meM dikhAI detA hai usI prakAra sampUrNa loka eka vijJa (jJAna-piNDa) hai, vaha nAnA rUpoM meM dikhAI detA hai|' vRttikAra isI tathya ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra eka mRt-piNDa sarita, samudra, parvata, nagara, sanniveza Adi kA AdhArabhUta hone se bhinna-bhinna dikhAI detA hai isI prakAra cetana-acetana rUpa sampUrNa loka ekamAtra jJAnarUpa hI hai| isakA yahI tAtparya hai ki jJAnavAn eka hI AtmA pRthvI Adi bhUtoM ke rUpa meM nAnA prakAra kI dikhAI de rahI hai| sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM isa vAda ko 'ekappae' ekAtmavAda kahA hai| vRttikAra ise 'AtmAdvaitavAda' se abhihita karate haiN| parantu vahAM para kisI vizeSa dArzanika ke mata ke rUpa meM isako prastuta nahIM kiyA gayAhai kiMtuTIkA meM Agata uddharaNaupaniSad sAhitya se sambandhita hai ata: ise upaniSad-darzana kahA jAsakatA hai| AcArya mahAprajJane isa abhimata ko upaniSad darzana mAnA hai| aitareya upaniSad kA kahanA hai ki pahale yaha jagat ekamAtra AtmA hI thaa| isa mata ko spaSTa karate hue ve kahate haiM ki "sat eka thaa|" yaha siddhAnta Rgveda (1/164/ 46) meM prApta hotA hai| kiMtu vaha sat AtmA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita nahIM hai| ekAtmavAda kA siddhAnta upaniSadoM meM milatA hai| chAndogya upaniSad' meM batAyA hai ki eka mRt-piMDa ke jAna lene para saba mRNmaya vijJAta ho jAtA hai| ghaTa Adi usake vikAra haiN| mRttikA hI satya hai|' / sUyagaDo, 1/1/9 sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, patra 13 sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 29 4. sUtrakRtAMga vRtti, pR. 1 3...........ityAtmAdvaitavAda: / 5. vahI, pR13 6. etereyopaniSad (gorakhapura, vi.saM. 2025)1/1/1 AtmA vA idameka evAgra AsIt 1. chAndogya upaniSad, 6/1/4, yathA saumyaikena mRpiNDena sarvaM munmayaM vijJAtaM bhavati / vAcArambhaNaM vikAro nAmadheyaM, mattiketyeva satyam / / 8. sUyagaDo, 1/1/9-10 kA TippaNa

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana 297 jaina darzana ke anusAra eka AtmA yA samaSTi cetanA vAstavika nahIM hai| koI bhI eka AtmA isa dRzya jagatkA upAdAna kAraNa nahIM hai| AtmAeM ananta haiN| unakA svataMtra astitva hai| pratyeka AtmA kA caitanya apanA-apanA hai|' sthAnAMga meM 'ege AyA yaha vaktavya prApta hai kiMtu usakA abhiprAya upaniSad mAnya ekAtmavAda ko abhivyakta karanA nahIM hai| vahAM para saMgraha naya kI dRSTi se yaha vaktavya diyA gayA hai| akArakavAda __ AtmA na kucha karatI hai, na dUsare se kucha karavAtI hai| sabake sAtha karane karAne kI dRSTi se AtmA kA koI sambandha nahIM hai| AtmA akAraka hai| kucha loga aise siddhAnta sthApita karane kI dhRSTatA karate haiN| vRttikAra ne isa mata ko sAMkhya kA batAyA hai| vRttikAra ne AtmA meM kartRtva kyoM nahIM hai ? isake lie AtmA kI amUrtatA, nityatA evaM sarvavyApakatA ko hetu mAnA hai| sAMkhya ke anusAra Atma amUrta, nitya evaM sarvavyApaka hai| usameM kartRtva nahIM hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra AtmA zarIra-vyApI hai, sarvavyApI nahIM hai| amUrtatA evaM nityatA kartRtva ke virodhI nahIM hai| jaina ke anusAra AtmA pariNAmI nitya hai vaha niSkriya nahIM hai| AtmaSThavAda kucha mahAbhUtavAdI dArzanika pAMca mahAbhUta tathA AtmA ko chaThA tattva mAnate haiN| unake matAnusAra AtmA aura loka zAzvata hai| AtmA aura loka kA vinAza nahIM hotaa| asat utpanna nahIM hotA sabhI padArtha sarvathA niyatibhAva ko prApta haiM, zAzvata haiN| sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM isa vAda ko "AtmaSaSTha' kahA gayA hai| vRttikAra ne vedavAdI sAMkhya tathA zaivAdhikAriyoM ke mata ke rUpa meM isa vAda ko prastuta kiyA hai|' harmana jekobI ke anusAra AtmaSaSThavAda kI avadhAraNA usasamaya (Primitive)athavA darzana kI sAmAnya avadhAraNA thI jisako Aja hama vaizeSika ke nAma se jAnate haiN| jekobI kA 1. sUyagaDo, 2/1/51 2. ThANaM, 1/2 3. sUyagaDo, 1/1/13 4. sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, pR. 14 5. vahI, pR. 14, AtmanazcAmUrtatvAnnityatvAt sarvavyApitvAcca krtRtvaanuppttiH| 6. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 7/1 5 8..........hatthissa ya kuMthussa ya same ceva jiive| 7. sUyagaDo, 1/1/15-16 8. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 29........aatcchttttho..........| 9. sUtrakRtAMga vRni, pR. 16..........vedavAdinAM sAMkhyAnAM zaivAdhikAriNAM ca etad aakhyaatm|

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298 jaina Agama meM darzana yaha bhI mantavya hai ki isa dArzanika vicAradhArA ko pakudhakAtyAyana kI bhI mAna sakate haiM jisakA varNana bauddha sAhitya meM prApta hai|' __AcArya mahAprajJajI ne isa saMdarbha meM vistRta vimarza kiyA hai| sArAMza prastuta karate hue unhoMne likhA hai "........paMcamahAbhUta aura sAta kAya-ye donoM bhinna pakSa haiM / isa bheda kA kAraNa pakudhakAtyAyana kI do vicArazAkhAeM ho sakatI haiM aura yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki jaina aura bauddha lekhakoM ko do bhinna anuzrutiyAM upalabdha huI hoN| AtmaSaSThavAda pakudhakAtyAyana ke dArzanika pakSa kI dUsarI zAkhA hai| isakI saMbhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki pakudhakAtyAyana ke kucha anuyAyI kevala paMcamahAbhUtavAdI the| ve AtmA ko svIkAra nahIM karate the| usake kucha anuyAyI pAMca bhUtoM ke sAtha-sAtha AtmA ko bhI svIkAra karate the| ......' isa vimarza ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki AtmaSaSThavAda pakudhakAtyAyana kA abhimata hai|' amUlyacandra sena ne bhI isa abhimata kI tulanA pakudhakAtyAyana ke sAtha kI hai| kSaNikavAda bauddha granthoM meM pAMca skandhoM kA pratipAdana huA hai-rUpaskandha, vedanAskandha, saMjJAskandha, saMskAraskaMdha aura vijJAnaskandha / ye saba kSaNika haiN| bauddha darzana skandhoM se bhinna yA abhinna, AtmA ko nahIM mAnatA tathA sahetuka evaM ahetuka Atma bhI use mAnya nahIM hai|' / sUtrakRtAMga evaM usakI cUrNi ke anusAra bauddha AtmA ko pAMca skandhoM se bhinna yA abhinna donoM hI nahIM maante|' bauddha amuka sthiti nahIM mAnate yaha ullekha to hai kiMtu kyA mAnate haiM aisA ullekha prApta nahIM hai| dArzanika jagat meM usa samaya do dRSTiyAM pracalita thiiN| kucha dArzanika AtmA ko zarIra se bhinna mAnate the aura kucha dArzanika AtmA aura zarIra ko eka mAnate the| bauddha ina donoM dRSTiyoM se sahamata nahIM the| AtmA ke viSaya meM unakA abhimata 1. Jacobi, Herman, Jaina Sutras, Part II (Motilal Banarsidass Delhi, 1980) Introduction P. XXIV........Atman or soul asasixth to the fivepermanent elements. This seems to have been a primitive or a popular form of the philosophy which we now know under the name of Vaiseshika, To this school of philosophy we must perhaps assign Pakudha Kakkayana of Buddhist record. sUyagaDo, 1/1/15-16 kA ttippnn| SEN, Amulayachandra, School and Sects in Jaina Literature, (Visva-Bhaiti Book Shop, 210 cornwallis street Calcutta, 1931) PP. 18-19, we have to compare in this connection the doc trine of Pakudha Kaccayana stated in the Samannaphala Sutta (Digha, I1 P. 56) 4. dIghanikAya, 10/3/20, rUpakkhandho, vedanAkkhandho. saMAkkhandho. saMDArakkhaMdho. viaannkkhndho| 5. sUyagaDo, 1/1/17 6. vahI, 1/1/17 7. sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi, pa.40, na caitebhya AtmAntargato bhinnau vA vidyate. sNvedysmrnnaaprsnggaadityaadi|

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana 299 thA ki vahI jIva hai aura vahI zarIra hai-aisA nahIM kahanA caahie| jIva anya hai aura zarIra anya hai-aisA bhI nahIM kahanA caahie|' bauddha kA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki skandhoM kA bhedana hone para yadi pudgala (AtmA) kA bhedana hotA hai to ucchedavAda prApta ho jAtA hai| skandhoM kA bhedana hone para yadi pudgala (AtmA) kA bhedana nahIM hotA hai to pudgala zAzvata ho jAtA hai| vaha nirvANa jaisA bana jAtA hai| bauddha darzana meM ucchedavAda aura zAzvatavAda donoM hI sammata nahIM hai, isalie yaha nahIM kahanA cAhie ki skandhoM se pudgala bhinna haiM aura yaha bhI nahIM kahanA cAhie ki skandhoM se pudgala abhinna haiN| dhAtuvAdI bauddha yaha mAnate haiM ki pRthvI, pAnI, agni aura vAyu-ina cAra dhAtuoM se zarIra nirmita hotA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM prApta varNana se prApta hotA hai ki usa samaya bauddhoM ke madhya bhI AtmA ke sambandha meM do prakAra kI avadhAraNAeM thiiN| eka AtmA ko paMcaskandha rUpa mAna rahI thI dUsarI ke anusAra vaha cAra dhAtu rUpa thii| vRttikAra ne bauddha mAnyatA ko prastuta karate hue kahA hai skandha pAMca hI hai unase atirikta AtmA nAma kA koI dUsarA skandha nahIM hai| pRthvI, pAnI, agni aura vAyu ko dhAraka evaM poSaka hone ke kAraNa dhAtu kahA gyaa|' kucha kA mAnanA hai ki jaba ye cAroM ekAkAra meM pariNata hokara kAyAkAra ko dhAraNa kara letI haiM taba ve hI jIva vyapadeza ko prApta kara letI haiN| vRttikAra ne kisI ko uddhRta karate hue kahA hai- "caturdhAtukamidaM zarIraM na tadvyatiriktaM AtmA'stIti'''- yaha mata paMcabhUtavAdI ke nikaTa laga rahA hai| kyoMki vahAM para bhI zarIra ko hI AtmA kahA gayA hai| caturdhAtuvAdI kA atirikta vaiziSTya kyA hai yaha parilakSita nahIM ho rahA hai| jaina mAnya Atma-avadhAraNA sUtrakRtAMga meM Agata uparyukta vAdoM kA sUkSma dRSTi se vizleSaNa karane se jJAta hotA hai ki ina vAdoM meM tatkAlIna darzanoM meM mAnya AtmA kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta kara jaina darzana se inakI bhinnatA jJApita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| cArvAka, upaniSad darzana, sAMkhya, bauddha 1. abhidhammapiTakekathAvatthupAli, (saMpA. bhikSujagadIzakAzyapa,nAlandA, 1961) 1/1/91,92....taMjIvaMtaMsarIraM ti?na hevaM vttvve....| anaMjIvaM aJjasarIraM? na hevaM vattavve....... / / 2. vahI, 1/1/94, khandhesu bhijjamAnesu, so ce bhijnati pugglo| ucchedA bhavati diTThi, yA buddhena vivjjitaa|| khandhesu bhijjamAnesu, no ce bhijjati pugglo| puggalo sassato hotti, nivvAnena samasamo ti / / 3. sUyagaDo, 1/1/18 4. sUtrakRtAMga vRtti, pR. 17, paMcaiva skandhA vidyantenApara: kazcidAtmAkhya: skandho'stItyevaM prtipaadynti| 5. vahI, pR. 18, pRthivI dhAturApazca dhAtustathA tejo vAyuzceti, dhArakatvAtpoSakatvAcca dhaatutvmessaam| 6. vahI, pR. 18,yadaite catvAro'pyekAkArapariNatiM bibhrati kAyAkAratayA tadA jiivvypdeshmshnuvte| 7. vahI, pR. 18

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300 jaina Agama meM darzana darzana ke siddhAnta to vartamAna meM bhI tadpa upalabdha haiM jisa rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga meM varNita hue haiN| AtmaSaSThavAda ko vRttikAra ne sAMkhya tathA zaivAdhikAriyoM ke nAma se prastuta kiyA hai, kiMtu vartamAna meM upalabdha una darzanoM ke sAhitya meM aisI avadhAraNA prApta nahIM hai| sambhavata: usa samaya aisI avadhAraNA rahI ho| naiyAyika-vaizeSika bhI AtmavAdI rahe haiM kiMtu unakI AtmA sambandhI avadhAraNA sUtrakRtAMga meM upalabdha nahIM hai| Adhunika vidvAnoM ne 'AtmaSaSThavAda' ko pakudhakAtyAyana kI vicAradhArAsejor3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai yadyapi nizcaya rUpa meM isa sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| uparyukta vivecana se jaina mAnya AtmA kA jo svarUpa ubharakara sAmane AtA hai vaha isa prakAra hai (1) AtmA paMcabhUtAtmaka nahIM hai usakA svataMtra astitva hai tathA vaha cetanasvarUpa hai| (2) jagat ekAtmaka nahIM hai| usameM nAnAjIva hai| AtmA eka hI nahIM hai balki aneka haiN| (3) AtmA zarIra se bhinna hai| unakA paraloka hotA hai| ve punarjanma dhAraNa karatI haiN| (4) AtmA kartA hai| (5) AtmA pariNAmI nitya hai| (6) AtmA ekAntakSaNika nahIM hai| (7) paMcaskandha tathA caturdhAturUpa AtmAnahIM hai usakA svataMtra astitva hai| vaha sahetuka evaM ahetuka ubhayarUpa hai| arthAt vaha dravyaparyAyAtmaka hai| usakA paryAya svarUpa sahetuka hai tathA dravya svarUpa ahetuka hai| vRtti meM pradatta sahetuka evaM ahetuka kI vyAkhyA ke niSkarSa rUpa meM aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke vRttikAra ne ina vAdoM ke nirAkaraNa ke pazcAt jaina sammata AtmA kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai ki AtmA pariNAmI, jJAna kA AdhAra, bhavAntarayAyI, bhUtoM se bhinna, zarIra se bhinna evaM abhinna haiN|' bauddha darzana ne AtmA kI sahetukatA evaM ahetukatA donoM kA hI nirAkaraNa kiyA hai|' jaina ne AtmA ko bhinna-bhinna apekSA se sahetuka evaM ahetuka ubhaya prakAra kI mAnA hai| nAraka, tiryaMca, manuSya evaM deva rUpa meM janma ke upAdAnabhUtakarma ke dvArA AtmA una-una paryAyoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai ata: sahetuka hai| nitya hone ke kAraNa AtmasvarUpa kI pracyuti nahIM hotI ata: vaha ahetuka bhI hai|' 1. sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, pR. 19 2 vahI, pR. 19, evaM ca satyAtmA pariNAmI jJAnAdhAro bhavAntarayAyI bhUtebhyaH kathaMcidanya eva zarIreNa sahAnyonyAnavedhAdananyo'pi / sUyagaDo, 1/1/17 4. sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, pR. 19

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana 301 niyativAda kI avadhAraNA prastuti se pUrva usakI bhUmikA svarUpaeka zloka sUtrakRtAMga meM prApta hai|' usa zloka meM pradatta kucha zabda vimarzanIya hai| vRttikAra ne usa ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA bhI hai| zloka meM Agata-uvavaNNA, puDho, jiyA vedayaMti suhaM dukkhaM .....luppaMti ThANao / ye vAkyAMza jaina kI Atma-avadhAraNA ko prastuta kara rahe haiM tathA itara darzanoM kA nirAkaraNa bhI karate haiN| 1. uvavaNNA-isakA artha hai ki jIva yuktiyoM se siddha hai| isa pada ke dvArA paMcabhUtavAdI tathA tajjIvataccharIravAdI matoM kA apAkaraNa kiyA hai| puDho-jIva zarIra kI dRSTi se yA naraka Adi bhavoM kI utpatti kI dRSTi se pRthak pRthak hai| isase AtmAdvaitavAda kA nirasana hotA hai| 3. jiyA jiiv| isase paMca skandha se atirikta jIva kA abhAva mAnane vAle bauddhoM kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| 4. vedayanti suhaM dukkhaM pratyeka jIva sukha-du:kha kA anubhava karatA hai| isase AtmA ke akartRtva kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai| akartA aura avikArI AtmA meM sukha du:kha kA anubhava nahIM hotaa| 5. aduvA luppaMti ThANao-isa pada ke dvArA jIvoM kA eka bhava se dUsare bhava meM jAne kI svIkRti hai| jIva ko bhavAntaragAmI svIkAra karane se usakI sarvavyApakatA kA bhI prakArAntara se svata: niSedha ho jAtA hai, aisI saMbhAvanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke vizleSaNa se prApta AtmasvarUpa uttaravartI jaina dArzanikoM ke lie AdhArabhUta banA rhaa| ina avadhAraNAoM ke irda-girda ve apanI Atma-mImAMsA prastuta karate rahe haiN| niyuktikAra ne sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama adhyayana ke uddezakoM ke adhikAra kI carcA kI hai| prathama uddezaka ke chaha arthAdhikAra batAe haiM-paMcabhUtavAda, ekAtmavAda, tajjIvataccharIravAda, akArakavAda, AtmaSaSThavAda evaM aphlvaad|' niyukti meM aphalavAda kA pRthak ullekha hai| krama ke anusAra isakA sambandha bauddhadarzana ke siddhAnta se jur3a jAtA hai kiMtu vRttikAra ne paMcabhUtavAda se lekara AtmaSaSThavAda taka ke sAre hI vAdoM ko aphalavAda kahA hai| 1. sUyagaDo, 1/1/28 2. sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, pR. 20 3. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti gAthA, 29,mahapaMcabhUta ekappae ya tjjiivtssriiriiy| tadha ya akAragavAdI AtacchaTTho aphalAvAdI / / 4. sUtrakRtAMga vRtti, pR. 19.........paMcabhUtAtmAdvaitatajjIvataccharIrAkArakAtmaSaSThakSaNikapaMcaskandhavAdinAmaphalavA ditvaM vaktukAma: sUtrakAra:..... /

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302 sUtrakRtAMga meM Agata tathyoM kA Akalana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki sUtrakAra mukhyataH AtmavAda, karmavAda evaM sRSTivAda ke siddhAntoM ko kendra meM rakhakara dArzanika vicAroM kI samIkSA kara rahe haiM / hamane pUrva meM AtmA saMbaMdhI vicAradhArAoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA thA aba karma ke pakSa-vipakSa meM prastuta vicAroM kA varNana kAmya hai / niyativAda jaina Agama meM darzana niyativAda AtmA kI svataMtra sattA svIkAra karatA hai| AtmA kA punarjanma mAnatA hai / AtmA ko sukha - duHkha kI anubhUti hotI hai / vaha AtmA ke sukha-duHkha ko svakRta yA parakRta nahIM mAnatA hai apitu niyatikRta mAnatA hai| duHkha svakRta yA parakRta nahIM hote / nirvANa kA sukha evaM saMsAra ke sukha-duHkha bhI svakRta yA parakRta nahIM hai apitu ve niyatikRta haiN| sabhI jIvana svakRta sukha-duHkha kA vedana karate haiM aura na anyakRta sukha - duHkha kA vedana karate haiM / prANiyoM kA sukha - duHkha niyatijanita hai / ' niyativAda ke anusAra bala, vIrya, puruSa parAkrama Adi saba nirarthaka haiN| sAre jIva avaza, abala, avIrya haiN| niyati ke dvArA hI ve chaha abhijAtiyoM meM sukha-duHkha kA saMvedana karate haiM / ' niyativAda AjIvaka sampradAya kA mukhya siddhAnta rahA hai| isake pravaktA maMkhali gozAlaka hai| jaina Agama sAhitya evaM bauddha granthoM meM isakA bahulatA se ullekha hai / mahAvIra evaM buddha ke kAla meM yaha eka zaktizAlI vicAradhArA thI kiMtu kAla ke pravAha meM luptaprAya: ho gaI / saMbhavata: isakA samAveza nirgrantha dhArA meM ho gayA kyoMki isakA AcAra evaM adhikAMza vicAra isa dhArA ke samAna hI the ata: yaha sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai| niyativAda meM sukha-duHkha ke baMdhana, saMvedana evaM prANiyoM kI vizuddhi ke saMdarbha meM niyati ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| arthAt pApa-puNya kA bandhana, saMvedana, prANiyoM kI vizuddhi ke lie koI hetu yA kAraNa nahIM hai ve niyati dvArA svata: hote rahate haiM / unameM vyakti kA puruSArtha kucha bhI nahIM kara sakatA / sUtrakRtAMga tathA dIghanikAya ke varNana ko par3hane se jJAta hotA hai ki niyativAdI karma, karmaphala Adi kI mukhya rUpa se carcA karate haiM evaM unako niyatikRta mAnate haiM / niyativAda ke anusAra vrata, tapa, brahmacarya Adi AcArAtmaka sAdhanA kA koI prayojana nahIM hai|' kyoMki unake dvArA kisI bhI prakAra kA kahIM bhI parivartana evaM parivardhana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / jaina darzana sarvathA niyativAdI nahIM hai| vaha puruSArtha ko pradhAnatA detA hai| Agama sAhitya 1. sUyagaDo, 1 / 1 / 29,30 2. dIghanikAya (sAmaJJaphalasuttaM / 9 ) pR. 47 natthi balaM natthi viriyaM. niyatisaGgatibhAvapariNatA chasvevAbhijAtIsu sukha - duHkhaM paTisaMvedenti / 3. (ka) sUyagaDo, 1/1/29-30 (kha) dIghanikAya, pR. 47 (sAmaJJaphalasuttaM) natthi hetu, natthi paccayo sattAnaM saGkilesAya / ahetu apaccayA sattA saGkilissanti / natthi hetu natthi paccayo sattAnaM visuddhiyA / 4. vahI, pR. 47 .savve jIvA avazA abalA aviriyA

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana meM yaha satya aneka sthaloM para abhivyaMjita huA hai / sUtrakRtAMga ne niyativAda ko pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai isase phalita hotA hai ki jaina darzana niyativAdI nahIM hai / vaha karma evaM karmaphala ko svakRta mAnatA hai / AcArAMga ke prArambha meM hI karmavAda kI mAnyatA hai / ' bhagavatI meM utthAna, bala, vIrya, parAkrama' ko mAnyatA pradAna kara niyativAda kI avadhAraNA ko nirAkRta kiyA gayA hai| ajJAnavAda kA ullekha cAra samavasaraNa ke prasaMga meM kara diyA gayA hai| karmopacaya karma kA baMdha mana, vacana evaM kAyA ina tInoM kI pravRtti se hotA hai, athavA kisI eka se hotA hai athavA inameM se kisI eka se mukhya rUpa se hotA hai, ityAdi prazna dArzanikoM ke madhya vimarza ke viSaya rahe haiM / bauddha darzana meM karma - upacaya ke saMdarbha meM mana kI pravRtti ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai| hiMsA - ahiMsA ke saMdarbha meM prastuta bauddha kI avadhAraNA se karma upacaya ke siddhAnta kI spaSTatA ho jAtI hai| bauddha darzana ke anusAra - (1) sattva hai (2) sattva saMjJA hai (3) mArane kA ciMtana hai aura (4) prANI mara jAtA hai - ina cAroM kA yoga hone para hiMsA hotI hai, hiMsA se hone vAle karma kA upacaya hotA hai| ' sUtrakRtAMga ne bauddha mata prastuta karate hue kahA hai ki jo jIva ko jAnatA huA kAyA se use nahIM mAratA athavA anajAna meM kisI ko mAratA hai usake avyakta pApa kA sparza hotA hai| usI kSaNa usakA vedana ho jAtA hai arthAt vaha karma kSINa hokara pRthak ho jAtA hai|' sUtrakRtAMga niyukti ne isa mata kI vyAkhyA prastuta karate hue likhA hai ki cAra prakAra kI paristhitiyoM meM karmabandha nahIM hotA hai 1. parijJopacita- kevala mana se paryAlocana karane se kisI prANI kA vadha nahIM hotA isalie usase hiMsA - janita karma kA caya nahIM hotA / avijJopacita-anajAna meM prANI kA vadha ho jAne para bhI hiMsAjanita karma kA caya nahIM hotA / 3. IryApatha - calate samaya koI jIva mara jAtA hai, usase bhI hiMsAjanita karma kA caya nahIM hotA, kyoMki usakI mArane kI abhisaMdhi nahIM hotI / svapnAntika-svapna meM jIva-vadha ho jAne para bhI hiMsA - janita karma kA caya nahIM hotA / ina cAroM se mAtra karma kA sparza hotA hai jo sUkSma tantu ke baMdhana kI bhAMti tatkAla 3. 2. 4. 303 1. AyAro, 1/4 2. aMgasuttANi 2 (bhagavaI) 1 / 146, evaM sati atthi uTThANei vA, kammei vA, balei vA, vIriei vA, purisakkAraparakkameivA / Jacobi, Herman, Jaina Sutra Part II Introduction P. XVI......... The sins of mind the mind are heaviest, as the Buddha teaches......... 4. sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi, pR. 48-49, ucyate, yadi sattvazca bhavati sattvasaMjJA ca saMciMtya jIvitAt vyaparopaNaM prANAtipAtaH / 5. sUyagaDo, 1 / 1 /52

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304 jaina Agama meM darzana chinna ho jAtA hai athavA sUkhI bhIta para girane vAlI dhUla kI bhAMti tatkAla nIce gira jAtA hai| usakA vipAka nahIM hotaa|' jaina darzana ke anusAra vItarAga avasthA ko chor3akara anya sabhI prakAra kI avasthAoM meM karma kA upacaya hotA hai| bhale phira vaha kArya korA mana se kiyA ho athavA ajAnakArI meM kAyA Adi se kiyA ho| usake sAtha pramAda jur3A hai to karma kA upacaya to avazyaMbhAvI hai| vItarAga ke bhI IyApathikI kriyA se karma kA bandha mAnA gayA hai| vaha dvisAmayika hotA hai pahale samaya meM baMdhatA hai dUsare samaya meM bhoga liyA jAtA hai tathA vItarAga ke mAtra sAtavedanIya karma kA hI baMdha hotA hai| vItarAga kA yaha karmabaMdha eka prakAra se abaMdha jaisA hI hai| karmasiddhAnta jaina darzana kA mukhya vimarzanIya viSaya rahA hai, jisakI carcA hama 'karmavAda' nAmaka adhyAya meM vistAra se kara cuke haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM yaha vizeSa dhyAtavya hai ki sukhadu:kha evaM unake phalabhoga kI vyavasthA niyatikRta nahIM hai tathA karmakA baMdha rAga-dveSa kI avasthA meM avazya hI hotA hai bhale vaha karma ajAnakArI meM kiyA ho, yA mAtra mana se saMkalpita ho athavA kAyA se kiyA ho| sRSTi kI samasyA / sRSTi kI utpattikA prazna sabhI dArzanikoM kI ciMtA kA viSaya rahA hai| bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne isa prazna kA samAdhAna vibhinna prakArA se dene kA prayatna kiyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM sRSTi se sambandhita aneka mata prastuta kie gae haiN| jinakI saMkSisa jAnakArI prastuta kI jA rahI hai| __sRSTivAda ke vividha pakSoM kA nirUpaNa vaidika aura zramaNa sAhitya meM prApta hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM varNita sRSTi viSayaka mantavyoM kA AdhAra usa sAhitya meM khojA jA sakatA hai| aNDakRta sRSTi __ Rgveda ke dasaveM maNDala meM sRSTi kI utpatti se sambaMdhita aneka sUkta haiM jinameM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki sRSTi kA AdhAra kyA hai ? upAdAna kAraNa kyA haiM ? tathA nimittakAraNa kyA haiM ? yahAM dyau tathA pRthivI ke utpanna karane vAle deva ko vizvakarmA kahA gayA hai| jisakA cakSu, mukha, bAhu aura pAMva sabhI ora haiM arthAt jo sarvavyApaka hai| vizvakarmA ke isa 1. (ka) sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, gAthA 30, kammaM cayaM na gacchati, catuvidhaM bhikkhusmymmi| (kha) isa saMdarbha meM sUtrakRtAMga ke TippaNa (pR. 52-54) meM AcArya mahAprajJa ne vistAra se vizleSaNa kiyA hai| jo draSTavya hai| (ga) bauddhoM ke isa karmopacaya siddhAnta kA vikasita rUpa abhidhammakoza meM prApta hai, jisakI vistAra se carcA tattvArthaTIkAkAra siddhasena ne kI hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ne jJAnabindu kI prastAvanA (pR. 30) tathA muni jambUvijayajIne sUtrakRtAMga kI prastAvanA (pR. 10-12) meM yaha carcA prastuta kI hai| 2. Rgveda 10/81/2, 4 3. vahI, 10/81/3

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana 305 sarvavyApaka rUpa ko lekara Rgveda kA hI eka pUrA sUkta puruSa sUkta ke nAma se upalabdha hotA hai jahAM yaha kahA gayA hai ki eka yajJa meM puruSa ne apane Apako homa diyaa|' aura usa puruSa ke hI vibhinna aMgoM se samasta sRSTi utpanna huii|' sUtrakRtAMga meM ullekha hai ki kucha brAhmaNa aura zramaNa aMDe se jagat kI utpatti mAnate haiN| Rgveda meM kahA gayA hai ki eka prANiyoM kA svAmI hiraNyagarbha sarvaprathama thA, jisane dyau aura pRthivI ko dhAraNa kiyaa| hiraNyagarbhakIvyAkhyA karate hue sAyaNAcArya ne use hiraNyamaya aMDe kA garbhabhUta prajApati batAyA hai| sAyaNa kI isa vyAkhyA se sUtrakRtAGga kA vaktavya anumodita hotA hai| deva evaM brahmAkRta sRSTi __deva-upta evaM brahma-upsa sRSTi kA ullekha bhI sUtrakRtAMga meM hai| kucha vyakti yaha mAnate haiM ki yaha loka deva dvArA usa hai, kucha kA mAnanA hai yaha loka brahmA usa haiM ' arthAt deva athavA brahmA ke dvArA isakA bIja vapana kiyA gayA hai| 'utta' zabda ke Agama ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne tIna artha kie--usa, gupta aura putra / ' 'utta' zabda kA saMyojana deva evaM brahmA donoM ke sAtha kiyA gyaa| phalitArtha meM inake tIna artha ho jAte haiM / . deva athavA brahmA ke dvArA bIja vapana kiyA huaa| 2. deva athavA brahmA ke dvArA paalit| 3. deva athavA brahmA ke dvArA utpAdita / jaise kRSaka bIjoM kA vapana kara phasala ugAtA hai vaise hI devatAoM ne bIja vapana kara isa saMsAra kA sarjana kiyA hai| kucha dArzanikoM kA mantavya hai ki brahmA jagat kA pitAmaha hai| jagat sRSTi ke Adi meM vaha akelA thaa| usane prajApatiyoM kI sRSTi kii| unhoMne phira kramaza: samasta saMsAra kA nirmANa kiyaa|' 1. Rgveda, 10/90/6 2. vahI 10, 90/12 - 14 3. suuygddo|/1/67 mAhaNA samaNA ege Aha aMDakaDe jge| 4. Rgveda 10/121/1 5. vahI, 10/121/ / para sAyaNa bhASya-hiraNyagarbha: hiraNyamayasyANDasya garbhabhUta: prjaaptirhirnnygrbhH| 6. sUyagaDo, 1/1/64......devautte ayaM loe, baMbhauttetti aavre| 7. (ka) sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi, 41,devautte.......devehiM ayaM logokato, utta itibIjavadvapita: Adisarge......devagutto devai: pAlita ityarthaH / devaputto vA devairjanita ityarthaH / (kha) sUtrakRtAMgavRtti, pR. 28, devenopto devoptaH, karSakaNeva bIjavapanaM kRtvA niSpAdito'yaM loka ityartha: devairvA gupto-rakSito devagupto devaputto vaa| 8. sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi,pR. 41, evaM baMbhautte vi tiNNi vikappA bhANitavvA-baMbhauta: baMbhagutta: baMbhaputta iti vaa| sUtrakRtAMga vRtti, pR. 28, tathAhi teSAmayamabhyupagama:-brahmA jagatpitAmahaH, sa caika eva jagadAdAvAsIt tena sa prajApataya: sRSTA: taizca krameNaitatsakalaM jagaditi / 9.

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306 uparyukta vivecana se parilakSita hotA hai saMsAra kI Adi meM deva athavA brahmA ne saMsAra kA sarjana kiyA, usake bAda vaha svata: Age-se-Age vistRta hotA gayA / saMsAra ke prArambhika pravartana meM unakI sakriya bhAgIdArI rahatI hai| bAda meM usa sakriyatA meM nyUnatA A jAtI hai| IzvarakRta sRSTi 'Izvara ne sRSTi kA nirmANa kiyA' - yaha darzana jagat kI bahupracalita mAnyatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI isa mAnyatA kA ullekha huA hai 'IsareNa kaDe loe' / ' jIva- ajIva se yukta tathA sukha-duHkha se samanvita yaha loka IzvarakRta hai / ' Izvara sambandhI uparyukta avadhAraNA naiyAyika darzana sambandhI parilakSita hotI hai| naiyAyika darzana ke anusAra Izvara sRSTi kA nimitta kAraNa hai / upAdAna kAraNa AtmA evaM paramANu hai| Izvara upAdAna kAraNa nahIM hai| yadyapi vedAnta darzana meM bhI Izvara kI avadhAraNA hai| saguNa brahma ko hI vahAM Izvara kahA gayA hai| sRSTi mAyopahita saguNa brahma kI racanA hai|' vahAM Izvara upAdAna kAraNa hai| jIva- ajIva Adi kA svatantra astitva nahIM hai vastuta: Izvara kI bhI koI svatantra sattA vedAnta meM mAnya nahIM hai| vAstavika sat to brahma hI hai / mAyA ke kAraNa hI jagat dikhAI de rahA hai| prakRti ko mAyA evaM Izvara ko mAyAvI kahA gayA hai|' naiyAyika darzana meM Izvara kA svatantra astitva hai jabaki vedAnta ke anusAra Izvara bhI bhramarUpa hai ata: usake dvArA kRta sRSTi bhI bhramamAtra hai / sUtrakRtAMga meM vedAnta ke Izvara kI carcA nahIM hai / pradhAnakRta sRSTi sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra mUla tattva do haiM - cetana aura acetana / ye donoM anAdi aura svatantra hai / ' cetana acetana meM paraspara atyantAbhAva hai| sAMkhyadarzana satkAryavAdI hai / ' pradhAna se hI sRSTi kA vistAra hotA hai, sUtrakRtAMga meM sRSTi ke prakaraNa meM 'pradhAnakRta' sRSTi kI avadhAraNA kA ullekha hai / ' pradhAna kA eka nAma prakRti hai / vaha triguNAtmikA hai|' sattva, raja aura tamas - ye tIna guNa haiM / sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra puruSa, apariNAmI evaM udAsIna hai / " vaha sRSTi kA nirmANa nahIM krtaa| usake anusAra sRSTi pradhAna / prakRti kRta hai / 1. sUyagaDo, 1 / 1 /65 2. vahI, 1 / 1 /65 3. anyayogavyacchedikA, zloka 6 4. vedAntasAra, (le. zrI sadAnanda, vArANasI, 1990 ) pR. 18, etadupahitaM caitanyaM.. 5. zvetAzvatara, 4 / 10, mAyAM tu prakRtiM vidyAn mAyinaM tu mahezvaram / 6. 7. 8. sUyagaDo, 1 / 1 /65, pahANAi tahAvare / 9. sAMkhyakArikA, 11 10. vahI, 20 jaina Agama meM darzana sAMkhyakArikA, 3 vahI, kArikA 9 . jagatkAraNamIzvaraH iti /

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AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzana prakRti mUla hai| usase mahat-buddhi nAmaka tattva utpanna hotA hai / mahat se ahaMkAra, ahaMkAra se mana, dasa indriyAM (pAMca jJAnendriyAM, pAMca karmendriyAM) aura pAMca tanmatrAeM (zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa aura gaMdha) utpanna hotI haiN| ina pAMca tanmAtrAoM se pAMca mahAbhUta utpanna hote haiM / ' rUpa tanmAtrA se agni, rasa se jala, gandha se bhUmi zabda se AkAza tathA sparza tanmAtra se vAyu nAmaka bhUta paidA hotA hai|' sAMkhya ke anusAra yaha sRSTi krama hai / ina caubIsa tattvoM meM prakRti kisI se utpanna nahIM hotI / vaha anAdi hai / mUla prakRti avikRti hotI hai / mahat ahaMkAra aura pAMca tanmAtrAeM - ye sAta tattva prakRti aura vikRti donoM hote haiN| inase anya tattva utpanna hote haiM, isalie ye prakRti haiM aura ye kisI-na-kisI anya tattva se utpanna hote haiM, isalie vikRti bhI haiN| solaha tattva kevala vikRti haiN| puruSa kisI ko utpanna nahIM karatA isalie vaha prakRti nahIM hai vaha kisI se utpanna bhI nahIM hotA, isalie vikRti bhI nahIM hai / ' mUla prakRti evaM puruSa ye donoM anAdi tattva haiN|' zeSa teIsa tattva prakRti ke vikAra haiM / yahI pradhAnakRta sAMkhya sRSTi kA svarUpa hai / sAMkhya darzana ne cetana evaM acetana donoM tattvoM ko svIkAra karake bhI sRSTi kA sampUrNa bhAra acetana prakRti para DAla diyaa| puruSa ko apanA rUpa dikhAne ke lie prakRti sRjana karatI hai / jaise nartakI raMgasthala sthita puruSoM ko nRtya dikhalAkara apanA kArya samApta hone para nRtya se nivRtta ho jAtI hai, isI prakAra prakRti bhI mahat, ahaMkAra, tanmAtrA, indriya saMghAta, paMcabhUta bhAva se deva, manuSya, tiryak yoniyoM meM, sukha-duHkha mohAkRti tathA zAnta, ghora, mUDhAvasthAyukta hokara apanA svarUpa puruSa ko dikhAkara nivRtta ho jAtI hai / ' puruSa sarvathA nirlepa hotA hai / saMsAra, baMdhana evaM mokSa saba prakRti ke hI hotA hai|' sRSTi nirmANa meM sAMkhya ke anusAra puruSa kA kisI bhI prakAra kA hastakSepa nahIM hotA hai / AcArya zrI mahAprajJa ne AgamoM meM prApta jainetara darzanoM kI vistRta vyAkhyA tad-tad Agama meM prApta una una aMzoM ke spaSTIkaraNa ke samaya kI hai| hamane usa vyAkhyA kA kahIM zabdazaH aura kahIM arthataH saMgrahaNa prastuta adhyAya meM bahulatA se kiyA hai prastuta grantha ke adhyetA kI suvidhA ke lie prAcIna granthoM ke sandarbha bhI prastuta kie haiN| 1. sAMkhyakArikA, 22, prakRtermahAn, tato'haGkAraH tasmAdgaNazca SoDazakaH / tasmAdapi SoDazakAt paMcabhyaH paMcabhUtAni // 2. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, zloka 40, rUpAttejo rasAdApo gandhAd bhUmi: svarAnnabhaH / sparzAdvAyustathaivaM ca paMcabhyo bhUtapaMcakam // 3. sAMkhyakArikA, zloka 3, mUlaprakRtiravikRtirmahadAdyA: prakRtivikRtayaH sapta / SoDazakastu vikAro na prakRtirna vikRtiH puruSaH / / 4. gItA, 13 / 19, prakRtiM puruSaM caiva viddhyanAdI ubhAvapi / 5. sAMkhyakArikA, zloka 59, 6. 307 raMgasya darzayitvA nivartate nartakI yathA nRtyAt / puruSasya tathA''tmAnaM prakAzya vinivartate prakRtiH // vahI, zloka 62, tasmAnna badhyate nApi mucyate nApi saMsarati kazcit / saMsarati badhyate mucyate ca nAnAzrayA prakRtiH //

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308 jaina Agama meM darzana vibhinna vAdoM kA nayavAda meM samAhAra jitane vacana ke prakAra haiM utane hI nayavAda haiM aura jitane nayavAda haiM, utane hI parasamaya haiM jAvaiyA vayaNavahA, tAvaiyA ceva hoMti nnyvaayaa| jAvaiyA NayavAyA, tAvaiyA ceva prsmyaa||' AcArya siddhasena kA yaha vaktavya dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kI anekatA kI sUcanA de rahA hai| vaicArika vibhinnatA mAnava mastiSka kI svAbhAvika vizeSatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM vibhinna matavAda pracalita the| isakA avabodha tatkAlIna jaina evaM jainetara sAhitya ke avalokanase prApta ho jAtA hai| prastuta adhyAya meM hamane jaina Agama sAhitya meM upalabdha vibhinna dArzanika matavAdoM kA saMkSipta vimarza prastuta kiyA hai| jainadarzana sRSTi ke sambandha meM dvaitavAdI hai| vaha cetana-acetana kI svataMtra sattA svIkAra karatA hai| cetana evaM acetana tattva kI pArasparika antakriyA se sRSTi kI utpatti use mAnya hai| jagat vaividhya kI vyAkhyA bhI vaha kAla, svabhAva, niyati Adi kisI eka tattva ke AdhAra para nahIM krtaa| usake mantavya ke anusAra ina sabhI tattvoM kA ApekSika yogarahatA hai| kisI eka ko varIyatA/ garIyatA pradAna nahIM kI jA sktii| sUtrakRtAMga meM vibhinna matavAdoM kA ullekha huA hai evaM unako samIcIna nahIM mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi spaSTa rUpa se vahAM para yaha bhI vyAkhyAta nahIM huA hai ki tadviSayaka jaina mantavya kyA hai ? kiMtu uparyukta mAnyatAoM ko pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM upasthApita karane se jaina mantavya svata: phalita ho jAtA hai| 000 1. sanmatitarkaprakaraNa, 3/47

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grantha sUcI __grantha sUcI mUlasrota krama graMtha kA nAma lekhaka, sampAdaka saMskaraNa prakAzaka vi.saM. 2031 jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM vi.saM. 2031 jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM 1. aMgasuttANi (2) bhagavaI vA.pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. muni nathamala 2. aMgasuttANi (3) aMtagaDadasAo vA.pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. muni nathamala 3. aNuogadArAI saMpAdaka AcArya mahAprajJa 4. anuyogadvAracUrNi jinadAsagaNi mahattara 1996 1928 jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma (mAlavA) zrI kezarabAI jJAnamaMdira, pATaNa Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU 5. anuyogadvAramaladhArIyAvRtti maladhArI hemacandra 1939 6. anyayogavyavacchedikA saMkalana-sA. jinaprabhA/vimalaprajJA 1998 (amRta kalaza-II) 7. abhidhammapaTike kathAvatthupAli bhikkhu jagadIsakassapo 1961 8. abhidhammapiTake dhammasaMgaNipAli bhikkhu jagadIsakassapo 1960 pAli prakAzana maNDala, nAlandA pAli prakAzana maNDala, nAlandA 309

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krama graMtha kA nAma 9. abhidharmakoza lekhaka, sampAdaka AcArya vasubandha anu. narendradeva 310 10. abhidharmakoza bhAga-2 AcArya vasubandhu saMpA. AcArya narendradeva saMpA. zrI paM. brahmadattajijJAsu jinadAsagaNi 11. aSTAdhyAyI sUtrapATha 12. AcArAMgacUrNi saMskaraNa prakAzaka 1958 hindustAnI ekeDamI uttarapradeza, ilAhAbAda 1973 hindustAnI ekeDamI uttarapradeza, ilAhAbAda 1989 zrI rAmalAla kapUra TrasTa presa, bahAlagar3ha vi. saM. 1998 RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratnapura (mAlavA) 1928 Agamodaya samiti, bambaI 1994 jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna (mA.vi.) lADanUM 1978 motIlAla banArasIdAsa iNDolAjika TrasTa dillI vIra. ni. saM. 2501 zrI gaNezavarNI digambara, jaina saMsthAna nariyA, vArANasI vi. saM. 2031 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 13. AcArAMganiyukti AcArya bhadrabAhu 14. AcArAMgabhASya AcArya mahAprajJa 15. AcArAMga sUtra sUtrakRtAMgasUtraM ca saMpA. muni jambUvijaya 16. Apta-mImAMsA saMpA. pro. udayacanda jaina 17. AyAro vA. pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. muni nathamala vA. pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. muni nathamala jaina Agama meM darzana 18. Avazyaka (navasuttANi) 1987 jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM

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krama graMtha kA nAma 19. AvazyakacUrNi (pUrvabhAga) 20. Avazyaka niyukti TIkA bhAga- 1 zrIharibhadrasUri 21. indriyavAdI kI caupAI ( bhikSugrantharatnAkara - 1) 22. IzAdi nau upaniSad 23. uttarajjhayaNANi- 1 24. uttarAdhyayana bRhadavRtti 25. upAsakadazA (aMgasuttANi bhAga - 3 ) lekhaka, sampAdaka zrI jinadAsagaNi 26. uvaMgasuttANi khaNDa- 4 (jIvAjIvAbhigame) saMpA. AcArya tulasI harikRSNadAsa goyandakA vA. pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. vive. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa zAntyAcArya vA. pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. muni nathamala vA. pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa saskaraNa 1928 vi.saM. 2038 1960 vi. saM. 2014 1993 1973 1974 1987 prakAzaka zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma zrI bherulAla kanhaiyAlAla koThArI dhArmika TrasTa caMdanabAlA epArTamenTsa, Ara. Ara. Thakkara mArga, mumbaI - 400006 jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI sabhA, kalakattA ghanazyAmadAsa jAlAna, gItA presa, gorakhapura jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna (mA.vi.) lADanUM devacandra lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra bhANDAgAra saMsthA, bambaI jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM grantha sUcI 311

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krama graMtha kA nAma 27. ekAdazopaniSad 28. aitareyopaniSad 29. Rgveda (prathama maNDala) 30. Rgveda (9-10 maNDala) 31. karma prakRti (zrImad zivazarmasUri viracita) 32. kasAyapAhuDa 33. kAThakopaniSad 34. kenopaniSad 35. gAthA lekhaka, sampAdaka vidyAmArtaNDa DaoN. satyavrata siddhAntAlaMkAra maharSi dayAnanda sarasvatI maharSi dayAnanda sarasvatI tattvAvadhAna AcArya zrI nAneza saMpA. devakumAra jaina saMpA. paM. phUlacandra paM. mahendra kumAra, paM. kailAzacanda vA. pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. sAdhvI pramukhA kanakaprabhA saskaraNa 1988 vi. saM. 2025 2000 2000 1982 1944/1974 1977 vi.saM. 2026 1993 prakAzaka vijayakRSNa lakhanapAla, DablyU-77 e, greTara kailAza, naI dillI - 48 gItA presa, gorakhapura sArvadezika Aryapratinidhi sabhA maharSidayAnanda bhavana rAmalIlA maidAna, naI dillI sArvadezika Aryapratinidhi sabhA maharSi dayAnanda bhavana, rAmalIlA maidAna, naI dillI - 02 zrI gaNezasmRti granthamAlA, bIkAnera bhA. da. jainasaMgha caurAsI, mathurA AnandAzrama saMsthA, puNe gItA presa, gorakhapura jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna (mA.vi.), lADanUM 312 jaina Agama meM darzana

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saMskaraNa grantha sUcI krama graMtha kA nAma 36. gommaTasAra - 2 (karmakANDa) 37. chAndogyopaniSad 38. jaina siddhAnda dIpikA 39. ThANaM 1981 vi. saM. 20 2 3 lekhaka, sampAdaka zrImannemicandra, siddhAntacakravarti bhASyakAra-zaMkarAcArya AcArya tulasI vA. pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. vive. muni nathamala saMpA. pro. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, naI dillI gItA presa, gorakhapura Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM 1995 1976 40. taMdulaveyAliyapaiNNayaM 1991 Agama ahiMsA samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna udayapura (rAjasthAna) bhAratIyajJAnapITha prakAzana, naI dillI bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, naI dillI 41. tattvArthavArtikam (prathama bhAga) bhaTTa akalaMka 1993 saMpA. pro. mahendrakumAra jaina, nyAyAcArya 42. tattvArthavArtikam (dvitIya bhAga) bhaTTa akalaMkadeva 1993 saMpA. pro. mahendra kumAra jaina 43. tattvArthadhigama sUtram siddhasenagaNI vi. saM. 1986 (tattvArthabhASyAnusAriNI TIkA) 44. tattvopaplavasiMha jayarAzibhaTTa pradhAna saMpA. 1987 svAmI dvArikAdAsazAstrI 45. tarkabhASA zrI kezavamizra DaoN. gajAnanazAstrI 1990 musalagAMvakara devacandra lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra phaNDa, bambaI bauddha bhAratI, vArANasI caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI 313

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saMskaraNa prakAzaka krama graMtha kA nAma 46. tarkasaMgraha lekhaka, sampAdaka AcArya kedAranAtha tripAThI 314 1985 47. dazavaikAlikaniyukti 4 8. dazavaikAlikavRtti AcArya bhadrabAhu AcArya haribhadrasUri 1973 vi. saM. 1918 prAya motIlAla banArasIdAsa dillI, vArANI, paTanA, madrAsa prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda devacandra lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra bhaNDAragAra saMsthA, bambaI prAkRta grantha pariSad, vArANasI AcArya bhadrabAhu 1973 49. dasakAliyasuttaM niyukti cUrNi sahita 50. dasaveAliyaM 1974 1974 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 1958 51. dIghanikAyapAli (sIlakkhandhavaggo) 52. dravya saMgraha 5 3. dravyAnuyogatarkaNA vA. pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. vive. muni nathamala pradhAna saMzodhaka bhikSu jagadIzakAzyapa zrI nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI zrImad bhojakavi vI. saM. 2 4 75 1977 pAli prakAzana borDa, bihAra sarakAra nAlandA (bihAra) bhA.di.jaina saMgha, mathurA zrI paramazrutaprabhAvaka maNDala zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa vijayalAvaNya sUrIzvara jJAnamandira, boTAda (saurASTra) jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna (mAnya vizvavidyAlaya), lADanUM 1977 54. dvAtriMzad dvAtriMzikA (kiraNAvalI vivRttiyuktA) 55. naMdI siddhasena divAkara saMpA. vijayasuzIla sUri vA. pra. gaNAdhipati tulasI saMpA. vive. AcArya mahAprajJa jaina Agama meM darzana 1997

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saMskaraNa prakAzaka krama graMtha kA nAma 5 6. naMdI-aNuogadArAI 57. naMdIcUrNi grantha sUcI 1968 1966 prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, banArasa lekhaka, sampAdaka muni puNyavijaya zrI jinadAsagaNi saMpA. muni zrI puNyavijayajI AcArya malayagiri AcArya haribhadra mAilladhavala saMpA. anu. paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI kundakundAcArya 58. naMdI (malagiriyA) TIkA 59. naMdI TIkA 1917 1966 Agamodaya samiti, sUrata prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, banArasa bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI 60. nayacakra 1971 61. niyamasAra 1984 sAhitya prakAzana evaM pracAra vibhAga zrI kundakunda kahAna digambara jaina tIrtha surakSA TrasTa e-4, bApUnagara jayapura jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 62. niyuktipaMcaka 1999 6 3. nizItha sUtram tRtIya vibhAgaH 1982 pra. saMpA. AcArya mahAprajJa saMpA. samaNI kusumaprajJA upA. kavi zrI amaramuni muni zrI kanhaiyAlAla kamala AcArya udayavIra zAstrI saMpA. gaMganAtha jhA bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana yU. bI. javAharanagara, baiMglo ror3a, dillI govindarAma hAsAnanda, dillI - 06 pUnA oriyaNTala sIrija, 58 1991 64. nyAyadarzanam 65. nyAyabhASya (vAtsyAyana) 1939 315

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lekhaka, sampAdaka saMskaraNa prakAzaka 316 krama graMtha kA nAma 6 6. nyAyamaJjarI vaoNlyUma-1 (prathama saMpuTa) 67. nyAyavArtika jayanta bhaTTa 1970 prAcyavidyAsaMzodhanAlayaH maisUravizvavidyAnilaya, maisUra 1916 banArasa saMpA. vI. pI. dviveda evaM ela. esa. dravir3a gautama saMpA. hIrAlAla jaina kundakundAcArya 6 8. nyAyasUtra 69. paJcasaMgraha (digambara) 70. paJcAstikAyaH 1976 vi. saM. 2017 1986 bauddha bhAratI, vArANasI bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI zrIparamazruta prabhAvaka maMDala zrImad rAjacandra, Azrama, agAsa Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU AcArya amitagati 1998 71. paramAtmadvAtriMzikA (amRta kalaza-1) 72. pAtaJjalayogadarzanam 73. puruSArthasiddhyupAya 74. prajJApanAvRtti 75. prabhAvaka carita zrImat svAmI hariharAnanda AraNya 1991 zrI amRtacandrAcArya vi. saM. 20 22 zrImanmalayagiryAcArya 1918 zrI prabhAcandrAcArya 1940 motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI zrImadrAjacandra Azrama, agAsa Agamodaya samiti, mehasANA, gujarAta siMghI jaina granthamAlA, ahamadAbAda, kalakattA dIpacanda bAMThiyA, ujjaina (mAlavA) jaina Agama meM darzana 76. pramANanayatattvAloka vAdideva sUri vi. saM. 1989

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saMskaraNa vi.saM. 1995 grantha sUcI krama graMtha kA nAma 77. pramANa-mImAMsA 78. pravacana sAra 79. pravacanasAra saptadazAMgI TIkA lekhaka, sampAdaka saMpA. paM. sukhalAla saMghavI kundakunda AcArya kundakunda 1955 1979 80. pravacanasAroddhAra nemicandra sUri vi. saM. 1978 1988 81. praznottaratattvabodha 82. prazamaratiprakaraNa 8 3. prAkRta vyAkaraNa (prathama khaNDa) jayAcArya zrImad umAsvAti AcArya hemacandra prakAzaka / sarasvatI pustaka bhaNDAra, ahamadAbAda bambaI khemacandra jaina sarrApha maMtrI zrI sahajAnanda zAstrImAlA, 185, raNajItapurI, sadara, meraTha devacandra lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra saMsthA, bambaI jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM zrI paramazrutaprabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa AcAryazrI AtmArAma jaina, maoNDala skUla, 29 DI, kamalAnagara, dehalI-7 AtmAnanda jaina sabhA bhAvanagara zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa gItA presa, gorakhapura govindarAma hAsAnanda, dillI- 6 1950 1974 1933 84. bRhatkalpasUtra (pIThikA) 85. bRhadrvya saMgraha saMpA. muni puNya vijayajI zrImannemicandrasiddhAnta cakravartI vi. saM. 2045 8 6. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 87. brahmasUtra 317 udayavIra zAstrI 1991

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prakAzaka 318 jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna (mAnya vizvavidyAlaya), lADanUM (rAja.) jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM krama graMtha kA nAma lekhaka, sampAdaka saMskaraNa 8 8. bhagavaI viAhapaNNattI (khaNDa-1) vA. pra. gaNAdhipati tulasI 1994 saMpA. bhASyakAra AcArya mahAprajJa 89. bhagavaI viAhapaNNattI (khaNDa-2) vA. pra. AcArya tulasI 2000 saMpA. AcArya mahAprajJa 90. bhagavatI joDa le. jayAcArya, pravA. AcArya tulasI 1981 saMpA. sAdhvI pramukhA kanakaprabhA 91. bhagavatIvRtti abhayadeva sUri vi. saM. 2049 92. bhikSunyAya karNikA AcArya tulasI 1970 93. majjhimanikAyapAli pra. saMpA. bhikkhu jagadIsakassapo 1958 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 94. manusmRtiH saMpA. ja.ha. dave 1972 zrI jinazAsana ArAdhanA TrasTa, mumbaI Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU pAlI pablikezana borDa, (bihAra sarakAra) nAlandA bhAratIya vidyA bhavanam caupATI mArga, mumbaI - 07 svAdhyAyamaNDala, bhArata mudraNAlaya pAraDI jilA-balasADa, gujarAta govindarAma hAsAnanda, dillI-6 1979 95. mahAbhArata zAnti parva (pahilA bhAga) saMpA. DaoN. paM. zrIpAda dAmodara sAtavalekara 96. mImAMsAdarzanam jaina Agama meM darzana AcArya udayavIrazAstrI ___ 1991

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krama graMtha kA nAma lekhaka, sampAdaka saMskaraNa prakAzaka / grantha sUcI 1965 97. mUlArAdhanA 98. yogazAstram 99. ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra zivArya zrI hemacandrAcArya svAmI samantabhadra 1926 solApura zrI jaina dharmaprasArakasabhA, bhAvanagara mANikacandra di. jaina granthamAlA samiti, 1982 bambaI 1987 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 100.rAyapaseNaiyaM (uvaMgasuttANi-4) vA.pra. AcArya tulasI khaNDa-1 saMpA. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa 101. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra AcArya vasunandi 10 2. vizeSAvazyakabhASya (prathama bhAga) jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa 1952 vi. saM. 2039 vIra saM. 24 89 103.vizeSAvazyakabhASya (dvitIya bhAga) jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa 10 4. visuddhimaggo (paThamo bhAgo) saMpA. DaoN. khetadhammo 1969 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, banArasa-4 divya darzana TrasTa-6 8, gulAlavADI, bIje mAle, mumbaI- 400 004 divyadarzana kAryAlaya, ahamadAbAda vArANaseya saMskRta, vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI caukhambA vidyAbhavana vArANasI-221 001 zrI svAmI vijJAnAnanda sarasvatI, gAjiyAbAda (meraTha), uttarapradeza 105.vedAntasAra zrI sadAnanda 1990 10 6. vaizeSikadarzanam saMpA. udayavIra zAstrI 1972 319

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saMskaraNa prakAzaka 320 107.vyavahArabhASya 1996 jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM 1978 krama graMtha kA nAma lekhaka, sampAdaka pradhAna saMpA. AcArya mahAprajJa saMpA. samaNI kusumaprajJA 10 8.zloka vArtika dvArikAdAsa zAstrI 109. zrAvakadharma vidhi prakaraNa / vRttikAra zrImAn deva sUri 1 10. zrI bhASyam (dvitIya bhAga) hindI TIkAkAra lalita kRSNa gosvAmI 111. zrImadAvazyakasUtraM (pUrvabhAga) AcArya bhadrabAhu (niyukticUrNiyuta) 112. zrImadAvazyakasUtraM (utara bhAgaH) AcArya bhadrabAhu 1924 tArA pablikezansa, vArANasI zrI jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara caukhambA saMskRta pratiSThAna, dillI 2000 1928 1929 11 3. zrImad bhagavadgItA 114. zrI vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtram 1-3 abhayadevasUri vi. saM. 20 50 vi. saM. 20 49 zrI jaina bandhumudraNAlayAdhipaH zreSThI juhAramala mizrIlAla pAlarecA, indaura zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma gItA presa, gorakhapura zrI jinazAsana ArAdhanA, TrasTa dukAna naM. 5-6-7-82, badrIkezvara sosAyaTI marIna DrAiva, i, roDa mumbaI sUrya purIyazrI jainAnaMda mudraNAlaya vyApArayitA zA. mohanalAla maganalAla badAma 115. zrI sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi jinadAsagaNi 1941 jaina Agama meM darzana

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saMskaraNa prakAzaka grantha sUcI vi. saM. 2027 1973 krama graMtha kA nAma lekhaka, sampAdaka 116. zvetAzvataropaniSad bhASyakAra-zaMkarAcArya 11 7. SaTa-khaNDAgama jIvasthAna sva. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina satprarUpaNA - 1, pustaka- sva. DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye 118. SaTkhaNDAgamaH (dhavalA-puSpa-1) DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina 119. SaDdarzana samuccaya DaoN. mahendrakumAra jaina, nyAyAcArya 12 0. sanmati prakaraNa anu. paM. sukhalAla saMghavI paM. becaradAsa dozI 1 2 1. sabhASyatattvArthadhigamasUtra paM. khUbacandra 122. samayasAra AcArya kundakunda 2000 1997 1932 gItA presa, gorakhapura jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha saMtoSa bhuvana phalaTaNa gallI solApura (mahArASTra) jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI zrI pUMjIbhAI jaina graMthamAlA kAryAlaya ahamadAbAda zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa zrI digambara jaina svAdhyAya mandira TrasTa sonagar3ha (saurASTra) jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 1932 1982 123.samayasAra anu. paM. parameSThIdAsa 1964 124. samavAo 1984 125. sarvArthasiddhi vA. pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. vive. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa saMpA. siddhAntAcArya paM. phUlacanda zAstrI bhikkhu jagadIzakassapo 1999 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI 321 1 2 6. suttapiTake saMyuttanikAyapAli 1959 pAli prakAzana maNDala, nAlaMdA

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krama graMtha kA nAma lekhaka, sampAdaka saMskaraNa prakAzaka 322 2001 127. suzrutasaMhitA 1 2 8. sUyagaDagasuttaM AcArya anantarAma zarmA muni jambUvijaya 1978 caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 400 036 jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) 1 29. sUyagaDo-1 1984 130.sUyagaDo-2 vA. pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. vive. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa vA.pra. AcArya tulasI saMpA. vive. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa saMpA. muni jambUvijaya 1986 131. sthAnAMgasUtraM samavAyAMgasUtraM ca 1985 anekAnta zodhapITha jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM motIlAla banArasIdAsa iNDolaoNjika TrasTa, dillI zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa 132. syAdvAdamaJjarI zrI malliSeNa sUri 1979 sahAyaka grantha (a-hindI) grantha kA nAma saMskaraNa prakAzaka krama lekhaka 1. avasthI narendra 1997 vaidika adhyayana kendra, jodhapura zAzvata (AcArya dayAnanda bhArgava abhinandana graMtha) jaina Agama meM darzana 2. jayAcArya ArAdhanA (amRtakalaza-1) 1998 Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU

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grantha kA nAma prakAzaka krama lekhaka 3. jaina kapUracandra saMskaraNa 1991 grantha sUcI prAkRta evaM jaina vidyAkoza saMdarbha 4. jaina jagadIzacandra 5. jaina sAgaramala 6. jaina harIndrabhUSaNa zrI kailAzacandra jaina smRti nyAsa, khataulI caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA-2 prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa vi. saM. 1985 sAgara jaina vidyAbhAratI, bhAga-2 1995 jaina aMga zAstra ke anusAra mAnava- 1974 vyaktitva kA vikAsa DaoN. sAgaramala jaina abhinaMdana graMtha 1998 jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga-1 7. DaoN. zrIprakAza pANDeya 8. dozI becaradAsa 9. dvivedI kapiladeva AcAra zikSA 1984 10. narendra deva AcArya bauddha dharma-darzana 1994 pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI 1989 pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI vizvabhAratI anusaMdhAna pariSad zAMtiniketana, jJAnapura, vArANasI motIlAla banArasIdAsa pablizarsa prAiveTa limiTeDa, dillI Adarza sAhitya saMgha, curU Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU jaina vidyA anuzIlana kendra, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura 1998 11. maMgalaprajJA samaNI 12. maMgalaprajJA samaNI ArhatI dRSTi vrAtya darzana jaina nyAya kA vikAsa 2000 13. mahAprajJa AcArya 1977 323

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krama lekhaka grantha kA nAma saMskaraNa prakAzaka 324 14. mahAprajJa AcArya 1995 1997 15. mahAprajJa AcArya 16. mahAprajJa AcArya 1999 17. mahAprajJa AcArya jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA karmavAda jaina darzana aura anekAnta manana aura mUlyAMkana astitva aura ahiMsA Atma mImAMsA jaina darzana kA AdikAla 1983 1990 18. mahAprajJa AcArya 19. mAlavaNiyA dalasukha 20. mAlavaNiyA dalasukha 1953 1980 Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala, banArasa lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda-09 prAkRtabhAratI akAdamI jayapura evaM zrI jaina zvetAmbara nAkor3A pArzvanAtha tIrtha, mevAnagara rAjasthAna kesarI adhyAtmayogI zrI puSkara, muni abhinaMdana graMtha prakAzana samiti, bambaI, udayapura pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna vArANasI-5 21. mAlavaNiyA dalasukha Agamayuga kA jaina darzana 1990 22. muni devendra AcArya zrI puSkara muni abhinaMdana graMtha 1979 23. mehatA mohanalAla jaina jagadIzacandra jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga-2 (aMgabAhya) jaina Agama meM darzana

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krama lekhaka grantha kA nAma saMskaraNa prakAzaka grantha sUcI 24. rAnADe dattAtreya, rAmacandra upaniSad darzana kA racanAtmaka sarvekSaNa 1999 25. zrutayazA sAdhvI 26. zukla, je. pI. 27. saMghavI sukhalAla jJAna mImAMsA Adhunika pAzcAtya darzana darzana aura ciMtana khaNDa-1-2 1997 1957 1989 rAjasthAna hindI graMtha, akAdamI, jayapura (rAjasthAna) jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM madhyapradeza hindI graMtha akAdamI, bhopAla paM. sukhalAla jI sanmAna samiti gujarAta vidyAsabhA, ahamadAbAda-1 jJAnodaya TrasTa, ahamadAbAda kitAba mahala, 2 2 -e, sarojanI nAyaDU mArga, ilAhAbAda- 01 jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM 1960 2 8. saMghavI sukhalAla 29. sAMkRtyAyana rAhula bhAratIya tattvavidyA darzana digdarzana 1998 30. siMha rAmajI jaina darzana cintana-anucintana 1993 sahAyaka grantha (bI-aMgrejI) 1. Bhargava Dayanand Jaina Ethics 1968 2. Bhaskar Bhagchandra Jain 3. Bhatttacharya Hari satya Jainism in Buddhist Literatuere 1972 Reals in the Jaina Metaphysics 1966 Motilal Banarsidass Delhi, Varanasi Patna Alok Prakashan, Nagpur The seth santi das Khetsy Charitable Trust Bombay 325

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krama lekhaka grantha kA nAma saskaraNa prakAzaka 328 26. Schubring, Walther 27. Sen handra 1978 1931 The Doctrine of the Jainas Schools and Sects in Jaina Literature Jaina Epistemology 28. Shastri Dr. Indra Chandra 1990 29. Sikdar J.C. Studies in the Bhgawatisutra 1964 30. Sikdar J.C. 1987 Concept of matter in Jaina Philosophy Jaina Theory of Reality 31. Sikdar Dr. J. C. 1991 Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi Visva Bharati Book-Shop 210 Cornwallis Street, Calcutta Parshavanath Vidyasram Shodhsamsathan, Varansi-05 Research instiute of Parakrit, - Jainology & Ahimsa, Muzaffarpur Parshavanath Vidyasram Shodhsamsathan, Varansi-05 Parshavanath Vidyasram Shodhsamsathan, Varansi-05 Lalchand Hirachand Doshi Jaina Samskriti Samrakshaka Sangha Sholapur Jain Cultural Research Society Banaras-6 Max Mulier Bhavan New Delhi Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 32. Sogani K,C. Ethical Doctrines in Jainism 1967 33. Tatia N.M. Studies in Jaina Philosophy 1951 34. Weishe Agnes stache German indologists 1990 jaina Agama meM darzana 35. Winternitz Maurice History of Indian Literature-Vol-II 1993

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grantha sUcI prakAzaka koza krama graMtha kA nAma lekhaka, sampAdaka saMskaraNa !. abhidhAnacintAmaNi zrI hemacandracArya 1996 2. abhidhAnarAjendra bhAga-2 vijayarAjendrasUri 1985 3. Agama zabdakoza vA. pra. AcArya tulasI 1980 (aMgasuttANi zabdasUcI) saMpA. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa 4. ApTe saMskRta iMgliza DikzanarI vI.esa. ApTe 1924 5. upaniSadvAkyamahAkoSaH zrI gajAnana zambhu sAdhale 1990 6. jainandra siddhAntakoza kSu. jinendravarNI 1986 7. vAcaspatyam (prathamo bhAga) zrI tArAnAtha tarkavAcaspati bhaTTAcArya 1969 caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI logoja presa, naI dillI jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM 1967 8. zabdakalpadruma -1 9. zrIbhikSuAgamaviSaya koza-1 1996 rAjA rAdhAkAntadeva saMpA. sAdhvI vimalaprajJA sAdhvI siddhaprajJA James Hastings gopAla nArAyaNa eNDa kampanI, bAmbe caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana caukhambhA saMskRta sIrija oNphisa, vArANasI - 01 vArANasI jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna (mAnya vizvavidyAlaya) lADanUM Edinburgh: T.&T. Clark, 38 Gaorge Street New york: Charles scibner's sons, 597 Fifth Avenue Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Publishing Group, Chicago 10. Encyclopaedia of Religion and ethics Vol-Viji 1974 11. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol.6 Peter B. Norton Joseph J. Esposit 1994 329

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samaNI maMgalaprajJA ziSyA : yugapradhAna AcArya mahAprajJa janma : 5 aprela 1962 momAsara (rAja.) dIkSA : paramazraddheya AcArya zrI tulasI ke kara-kamaloM se 24 aprela 1984 momAsara zikSA : ema. e. (jaina darzana evaM pI. eca. DI. prakAzana : 1 ArhatI dRSTi 2 vrAtya darzana 3 aneka zodha prabandha eva anya nibandha dAyitva: samaNI niyojikA (sana 1995-1998) saMyojaka - bhikSu cetanA varSa saha-prabhArI-videza vibhAga sadasya - prabandha, maNDala, jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, (DImDa yunivarsiTI) lADanUM (rAja.) sadasya - vidyA pariSad, jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna,lADanUM nidezaka - mahAdevalAla sarAvagI anekAnta zodhapITha adhyApana sthala : 1. brAhmI vidyApITha, lADanUM 2. jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM 3. jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM (DImDa yunivarsiTI) lADanUM 4. AcArya tulasI amRta mahAvidyAlaya, gaMgApura zivira saMcAlana : prekSAdhyAna, jIvana vijJAna, jaina tattvajJAna, saMskAra nirmANa, vyaktitva vikAsa kAryazAlA aadi| yAtrA : (bhArata) rAjasthAna, hariyANa, paMjAba, uttara pradeza, madhya pradeza, ur3IsA, karnATaka, tamilanADU, Andhrapradeza, mahArASTra, gujarAta, baMgAla, bihAra, jammU videza yAtrA : amerikA, kanADA, briTena, phrAMsa, beljiyama, holaiMDa, jarmanI, AsTriyA, svIDana, mAlTA, iTalI, sviTjaralaiMDa, hAMgakAMga, baiMkAMga, siMgApura, maleziyA, iMDoneziyA, jApAna, cAinA, nepAla /

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parivArakoDakarAyATavAdAvAcA larakodavAnazikapilAsI jIvAzaprayakAkapAlApana prIyA kaTanIvanapolAsabandanApalanAtedane ni upanivauleTsamAnaiulsarams nAmala. pAkhIvadanakaUUmarasa TAsnaro-panavaghobAsakamayonaravaTA sayagaDo dvitIya khaNDa baniyAda khyA :pura mana viSa ji makaraNa vadati nadi tAtataki aMgasattANi bhagavAI (khaNDa obAiyaM rAyapaseNiyaM jIvAjIvAbhigame mAranAmkhanazkAna kokaruSamaekamanA vAtamATamamayama pAmpanecitAmalitAnA mAyAvatozyakA anasatazamalA asojasamakasanavikramAdanAlakA lAbhAnamadhamUlatedAvItaMya nApatirmanakaSAnamana nakAranAtArAne nAgapAtayatiSamAdAvara pApavarakarigavATA nAdalInarupacitAranapata apAmAnazcarmanAvipakavilaM ivAnakArI banatepamAdImakalakara nAre citAranaMdikaratikA vAmapaDAmaghamata bihAnarapatavAvivazkala kAdanauSamatetrata kivAdina navanaponmUlpakalpaDama citAratramayAsyavasvazIrvateteGamA sAbhAratabajeTasI jikamanuSyapuSpazkarIpAyana zarmasaMyogatapatalomIna jAdadAzmologaviSayanItijAdhArASutAnakAdImA manayataMcaMparikSatyasapathamAdhAvatitogAvAya AcArya sula gaNAdhipati tulasI AcArya mahApraza kAraNa vijjA ca jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU (rAja.) la Lalication international www.jainelibrariorgi