Aacharya Premsagar Chaturvedi Abhinandan Granth

Author(s): Ajaykumar Pandey
Publisher: Pratibha Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/022848/1

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zramaNa-saMskRti // premasAgara-abhinandanam // AcArya premasAgara caturvedI abhinandana grantha | ajaya kumAra pANDeya

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__ bhAratIya saMskRti kI vaidika dhArA sarvathA pravRtti mArgI rahI, kramazaH karmakANDoM kI jaTilatA ne jana-mana ko navatama mArga kI anveSaNA hetu vivaza kiyaa| isI nava vaicArika pravRtti kI pratyAzA ne prAcIna bhAratIya jana-gaNa ko jainadharma evaM bauddha dharma kI ora pratizruta kiyaa| isa naye dharma meM zrama pUrvaka jIvana-yApana evaM tapasyA ke jisa sAdhanA kA pravartana huA, use pANini ne zramaNa zabda se abhihita kiyaa| jaina evaM bauddha sAhityoM se zramaNa paramparA kI vistRta sUcanA prApta hotI hai| kAlAntara meM loka vyavahAra meM ina dharmoM (jaina evaM bauddha) ne zramaNa zabda ko sambodhana kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| zramaNa saMskRti apanI pahacAna vaidika saMskRti se alaga rakhatI haiN| isakI loka pracalita bhASA 'prAkRta' bnii| isI ko dRSTi meM rakhakara 'bhAratIya saMskRti para jaina evaM bauddha paramparA kA prabhAva' viSayaka rASTrIya saMgoSThI meM par3he gaye zodha patroM para vicAra-vimarza uparAnta prApta niSkarSoM kA saMkalana yaha kAryavRtta 'Proceeding' hai| pustaka do bhAgoM meM (hindI bhASA ke zodhapatroM evaM AMgla bhASA ke zodha patroM) vyavasthita hai| grantha meM kula 78 zodha lekha apane viSayagata pakSoM ko prastuta kara rahe haiN| ___ yaha pustaka vidyArthiyoM, zodhArthiyoM, sAmAnya jijJAsuoM evaM vibhinna anuzAsanoM ke AcAryagaNa ke lie upayogI hogii| sAtha hI granthAlayoM ke sandarbha grantha ke rUpa meM pustaka atyadhika mahatvapUrNa evaM saMgrahaNIya rhegii| 23 cm. xxviii+ 468; citra 2010 ru0 1000

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zramaNa-saMskRti OM premasAgara-abhinandanam // / / AcArya premasAgara caturvedI abhinandana grnth|| sampAdaka ajaya kumAra pANDeya saha-sampAdaka digvijaya nAtha pANDeya pratApa vijaya kumAra anubhava zrIvAstava vijaya kumAra (bAMsI) IRATIBHA pratibhA prakAzana dillI bhArata

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prathama saMskaraNa : 2010 sampAdaka ISBN: 978-81-7702-229-2 mUlya : 1000.00 prakAzaka : DaoN0 rAdhezyAma zukla ema0e0, pI-eca0DI0 pratibhA prakAzana (prAcyavidyA prakAzaka evaM pustaka-vikretA) 7259/23, ajendra mArkeTa, premanagara zaktinagara, dillI-110007 Ph. 47084852, 09350884227 e-mail : info@pratibhabooks.com Web : www.pratibhabooks.com lez2ara TAipa saiTiMga : esa0 ke0 grAphiksa, dillI-84 mudraka : esa0 ke0 oNphaseTa dillI

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AcArya premasAgara caturvedI

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THE STEPE FIFTE Adarza dampatti pro. premasAgara caturvedI evaM zrImatI caturvedI

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vaidika pravidhi vettA mana vANI evaM karma ke prati saMkalpita guruvara pro0 prema sAgara caturvedI jI ke karakamaloM meM sAdara samarpita ajaya kumAra pANDeya

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purovAk bhAratIya saMskRti kI vaidika dhArA pravRtti mArgI thii| pravRtti ke kAraNa yajJIya vidhAnoM meM vividha prakAra kI karmakANDoM kI kramazaH vRddhi ke kAraNa jana-jIvana atyadhika vyasta aura vilAsI ho gayA thA aura jIvana ke lie eka naye mArga kI anveSaNA meM thaa| isa naye mArga meM upaniSadoM kA jJAna mArga prasphuTita huA parantu isa jJAna ke atizayatA ke kAraNa loka karma bAdhita huaa| isalie eka naye vicAra kI pratyAsA meM hI jaina evaM bauddha dharma kA abhyudaya huaa| isa naye dharma ne bhI zrama aura tapasyA kI jisa sAdhanA para bala diyA usI ko pANini ne zramaNa zabda se abhihita kiyA jo pUrvavartI bauddhAyana zrauta sUtra meM 'zramaNa' kahA gyaa| jisakA artha atharvaveda meM sadagaNa aura pANini ne tapasvI artha meM grahaNa kiyA hai| jaina evaM bauddha kI nivRtti mArgI paramparA meM inhIM muniyoM aura tapasviyoM ko zramaNa kahA gyaa| ___ bauddha grantha vinayapiTaka, majjhimanikAya ke mahAvagga aura therIgAthA meM mahAvIra svAmI ke lie prayukta AdarasUcaka sambodhana vIra zabda kA prayoga buddha ke liye bhI kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mahAtmA buddha ko bhI jina arthAt pApa karmoM ko jItane vAlA kahA gayA hai aura majjhima nikAya meM ullekha hai ki bauddha bhikSu apanA paricaya zramaNa' kahakara diyA karate the| isIlie vinayapiTaka meM bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie zramaNa zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA jo jaina dharma se grahIta hai| zramaNa pradhAna jaina dharma se bauddha dharma ne zramaNa kI paramparA ko svIkAra kiyaa| isakA pariNAma huA ki bArtha jaise yUropIya vidvAnoM ne jaina aura bauddha dharma ko eka hI mAnakara zramaNa zabda kI vyAkhyA karane lage aura bhAratIya saMskRti meM donoM dharma (jaina aura bauddha) ke bhikSuoM ke lie zramaNa zabda kA vyavahAra kiyA jAne lgaa| vastutaHzramaNa zabda kA prayoga muniyoM aura tapasviyoM

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(vi) ke lie pracalita thA jo apanI tapasyA sAdhanA ke lie samAja meM vikhyAta the| isIlie donoM dharmoM ke lie eka sambodhana zramaNa' kA pracalana loka vyavahAra meM huaa| zramaNa saMskRti bhArata kI vaidika saMskRti se pRthaka apanI pahacAna rakhatI hai| zramaNa saMskRti kI ujjvala paramparA ne zIla, saMyama, tapa, aura zauca ko caritra meM parivartita kara mAnava-jIvana ko yugoM-yugoM se vibhUtimaya kiyA hai| AcAra aura vicAra ke kSetra meM yugAntarakArI parivartana upAsthita kie hai| mAnava samajhane kA viveka jana mAnasa meM aMkurita kiyA aura akhila maMgalamaya ahiMsAmUlaka vizva maitrI kA saMdeza kiyA hai| samaya-samaya para Ane vAle duranta upasargoM ko pAra kara Aja bhI vaha apane ardha dharAtala para avasthita hai aura kAla prabhAva se prabhAvita na hote hue kAla doSoM ko nirasta karane meM hI saMlagna hai| Aja jabaki vizva meM kAle, gore tathA paraspara bhinna jAti ke mAnavoM meM eka dUsare ko samApta karane kI spardhA lagI huyI hai, jijJAsu vRtti se sImAtikramaNa kiye jA rahe mAnava ko paritrANa dene kA pAtheya kevala udara zramaNa saMskRti meM hai| kSamA aura ahiMsA ke maNi-pIDha se bhagavatI jinavANI pukAra-pukAra kara kahatI hai- 'khammAmi savvajIvAn savve jIvA khamantu me' maiM saba jIvoM ko kSamA karatA hU~ aura sAre jIva mujhe kSamA kreN| sampUrNa bhUgola aura khagola para ekAdhipatya cAhane vAle ko 'parigraha-parimANa ke sUkta' zramaNa saMskRti ne hI die haiN| jahA~ zarIra bhI parigraha hai vahA~ saMgraha vRtti ke lie sthAna kahA~? aisA udAra, karuNAvatAra tIrtha kara vANI kA prasArakartA nirmala mana, kAya, vacana, dikhalAtA, jana ko mokssdvaar| samyakatva - zilA para likhe yahA~ darzana jJAna-caritra-lekha, sampUrNa vizva ko abhayadAna dete jina vANI ke prdesh| isakI kalpavRkSa chAyA meM sthita hokara mAnava dharma ne apanA sarvasva prApta kiyA hai| isa saMskRti ne mAnava ko bhakti mArga diyA, mukti-patha ke ratna sopAnoM kI racanA kI aura vizva bandhutva ke bhAva diye| isake Azraya meM pala kara manuSya ne ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA kI aura apane ko vyasanoM se mukta kiyaa| vrata-rahita-gantavya mAna se ajAna mAnava ko vrata-niSTa kiyA tathA

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(vii) indriyoM kI dAsatA se mukta kiyaa| isI ke netRtva meM manuSya AdarzoM ke UMce mArgoM kA ArohI banA aura isI ke AcAra mArga se calakara usane kaivalya prApta kiyA / aisI nirdoSa saMskRti meM Aja jAna bUjhakara vikAroM kA praveza karAyA jA rahA hai| jahA~ zramaNa-zramaNI aura zrAvaka-zrAvikA (catu:saMgha) milakara dharma ke isa mahAratha ko khIMcate the, vahA~ Aja ye pRthak-pRthak hokara ' mahAratha' ko gati dene meM asamartha ho gaye haiM / aMgI - aMgI ke samAna dharma aura dhArmika kA nitya sambandha hai| na dharmo dhArmikairvinA yaha avyabhicArI sUtra hai / bhArata kI zramaNa saMskRti kI apanI maulika pahacAna aura avadAna loka bhASA ( prAkRta) kA rahA hai jisameM mahAvIra aura buddha ne apanA upadeza diyA thA / prAkRta bhASA kA vizAla vAGmaya Aja vizva ke sammukha vidyamAna haiM jisameM rAjanItika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, dArzanika, vyAkaraNa, chanda, nyAya Adi viSayoM kI sAmagrI vidvAnoM ke sammukha anaveSya hai| vAstukalA, mUrtikalA, citrakalA, mRdbhANDa kalA ke zramaNa avadAna se tatkAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti ke vividha pakSoM kA adhyayana evaM anusandhAna eka mahatvapUrNa viSaya ke rUpa meM vizva ke vidvAnoM dvArA anusandhAna kiyA jA rahA hai| saMgoSThI meM prastuta zodha patroM ke mAdhyama se pUrvAMcala kI prasiddha zramaNa saMskRti kA yaha eka laghu zodhAtmaka prayAsa hai, jisameM Agata vidvAnoM kA samAdara karate hue unakA prakAzana kiyA gayA hai| prakAzana ke lie saMkalpita bhAva se zramaNa saMskRti zIrSaka se prakAzita kAryavRtta ' catavabamamakapadaha' sammAnya AcArya prema sAgara caturvedI abhinandana grantha ke mAdhyama se jijJAsu anusaMdhitsuoM taka pahuMca rahA hai| prApta zodha lekhoM meM hindI bhASA ke 72 lekha prArambha meM evaM AMgla bhASA ke 6 zodha lekhoM ko anta meM vyavasthita kiyA gayA hai| vinat ajaya kumAra pANDeya

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svAbhivyakti zramaNa saMskRti zIrSaka kI prastuta pustaka bhAratIya saMskRti para jaina evaM bauddha paramparA kA prabhAva (The impact of the Tradition of Janism and Buddhism on Indian Culture) viSayaka rASTrIya saMgoSThI (chaM. japavadaMsa bavadamitamadabama ) 2009 meM upasthita vidvata vareNyoM ne apanA jo vidvatApUrNa zodha patra prastuta kiyA unhIM zodha patroM para satrAdhyakSoM ke mAdhyama se vicAra vimarza uparAnta prApta niSkarSoM kA prakAzita saMkalita svarUpa hai| rASTrIya saMgoSThI (National conference) kI suvyavasthita sampannatA sAtha hI tatsambandhI zodhapatroM kA prakAzana vidvata vareNyoM evaM sudhIjanoM ke sahayoga kA hI pariNAma hotA hai| maiM svayaM ko upakRta mAnatA hU~ ki mujhe Apa sabhI dvArA pUrNa sahayoga prApta huA / Apa sabhI ke prati abhArAbhivyakti mAtra aupacArikatA hI nahIM varan apanA dAyitva mAnatA hU~ / Apake kara kamaloM taka pahuMca rahI yaha vahuvarNI kAryavRtta (Proceeding) parama zraddheya guru vareNya AcArya premasAgara caturvedI jI ke prati zIrSA namita bhAva se samarpita abhinandana grantha (Felicitation volume) ke rUpa meM saMyojita hai / rASTrIya saMgoSThI ke samApana samAroha meM maiMne deza ke vibhinna vidyAkuloM se Aye hue vidvatajanoM ko pUrNa vizvAsa sahita Azvasta kiyA thA ki Apa dvArA prastuta mahatvapUrNa zodha patroM ko jinheM satrAdhyakSoM dvArA svIkRta kara liyA gayA hai, unheM avazya hI prakAzita kruuNgaa| yaha saMkalpa sammAnanIya AcArya premasAgara caturvedI abhinandana grantha ' Prof. Premsagar Chaturvedi Felicitation volume,' ke prakAzana dvArA sambhava ho sakA hai| rASTrIya saMgoSThI (National conference) kI saphalatA zubha ciMtaka sahayogiyoM kI sahakAritA kA hI pariNAma rhaa| sabhI vyavasthAoM ke hote

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(x) hue bhI yadi vibhinna anuzAsanoM se sambaddha zreSTha vidvatajanoM kA sahAnubhUti evaM anugraha na prApta hotA to kadApi rASTrIya saMgoSThI ko samucita prasiddhi na miltii| aise vidvatajanoM, Agata atithiyoM, zodhArthiyoM evaM vidyArthiyoM ke prati hRdaya se anugrahIta huuN| apane jijJAsu evaM zodhAtmaka atkRSTatA kA paricaya dete hue zodha lekha pradAtAoM ke prati dhanyavAda evaM badhAI samaveta jJApita karate hue maiM harSita huuN| dhanyavAda isalie ki sabhI ke prastuta zreSTha zodha patra 'kAryavRtta' ke mAdhyama se mujhe sampAdita karane kA avasara milaa| sAtha hI badhAI isa hetu ki Apa sabhI kA zodha patra prakAzita huA hai| rASTrIya saMgoSThI evaM kAryavRtta ke Ayojana meM Arthika pakSa mahatvapUrNa hotA hai, parantu vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga naI dillI evaM bhAratIya itihAsa anusaMdhAna pariSada dvArA prApta anudAna se utsAhita hokara hama sabhI pUrNa manoyoga se kAryakrama sampAdita kiye| isake lie ina donoM anudAna pradAyI saMsthAnoM ke adhikAriyoM evaM karmacAriyoM kA maiM hRdaya se kRtajJa huuN| rASTrIya saMgoSThI ke prastAva preSaNa se lekara kAryakrama kI pUrNatA taka sampUrNa avarodhoM ko kSaNeka meM samAdhAna dene vAle tatkAlIna kAryavAhaka prAcArya AdaraNIya DaoN0 arjuna rAma tripAThI kA maiM hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| sammAnanIya saciva prabandha samiti zrI vinoda kumAra rUMgaTA jI kA maiM hRdaya se AbhArI hU~ jinhoMne rASTrIya saMgoSThI ke saphala sampAdana meM apanI sahaja svIkRti pradAna kara kAryakrama hetu kRpA pUrNa anumati pradAna kiyaa| mahAvidyAlaya parisara meM kAryakramoM ke lie sadaiva protsAhita karane vAle yuvA saciva, prabandha samiti kA maiM hRdaya se kRtajJa huuN| __kArya saMskRti ke mArga para sarvathA pratizruta rahane kI dIkSA evaM AzIrvAda dene vAle parama sammAnanIya DaoN0 ravIndra deva upAdhyAya pUrva prAcArya evaM apane zaikSika saMrakSaka DaoN0 kuMvara bahAdura siMha kauzika kA maiM hRdaya se vaMdana evaM abhinandana karatA huuN| ina donoM zaikSika saMrakSakoM kA mauna AdhAra evaM AzIrvAda sadaiva mujhe prApta ho yahI abhilASA hai| mahAvidyAlaya ke variSTha sahayogI DaoN rAjendra prasAda pANDeya jI, DaoN0 rAmanArAyaNa tripAThI jI, zrI omaprakAza tripAThI jI evaM DaoN0 omaprakAza

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(xi) siMha jI kA maiM hRdaya se AbhArI hU~ jinhoMne rASTrIya saMgoSThI ke Ayojana se lekara kAryavRtta ke prakAzana taka sarvathA zubhakAmanA janya sahayoga pradAna kiyaa| mahAvidyAlaya ke zubha-cintakoM DaoN. vijaya kumAra agravAla, DaoN0 dharmadeva siMha, zrI omaprakAza siMha, DaoN0 lAla canda yAdava, DaoN0 rAjeza candra mizra, DaoN0 pUrNeza nArAyaNa siMha, DaoN. jayaprakAza maNi Apa sabhI kI utpreraNA mere sambala ko bar3hAne meM sahAyaka rhii| Apake samarpita vyavahAra se jo mujhe sahayoga milA, usake lie maiM AjIvana hRdaya se kRtajJa rhuuNgaa| ___maiM apane ananya hRdaya, DaoN0 pratApa vijaya kumAra, DaoN0 anubhava zrIvAstava evaM DaoN0 rAmapratApa rAja kA AbhArI huuN| Apa sabhI ke aharniza sahayoga se hI rASTrIya saMgoSThI kI pUrNatA evaM kAryavRtta ke prakAzana kA AdhAra bnaa| Apa sabhI ko lakSya koTi kRtajJatA evaM dhanyavAda jJApita karate hue svayaM ko upakRta mAnatA huuN| maiM kAryavRtta ke sahasampAdaka bandhuoM kA hRdaya se kRtajJa hU~ jinakA manasA-vAcA pade-pade sahayoga kAryavRtta prakAzana krama meM zodha patroM ke vAcana, anukrama nirdhAraNa Adi sabhI kAryoM kA apanA vyaktigata kArya mAnakara pUrNa kiyaa| vizeSakara DaoN. vijaya kumAra, variSTha pravaktA, zikSaka-prazikSaNa, vibhAga, ratanasena DigrI kAleja bAMsI ko sAdhuvAda unakA AyAcita sahayoga kAryavRtta kI pUrNatA meM sambala bnaa| antataH suhRda, sudhI prakAzaka DaoN0 rAdhezyAma zukla, prabhutvAdhikArI, pratibhA prakAzana, dillI ke prati maiM hRdaya se kRtajJa hU~ jinhoMne mere Agraha ko sahaja svIkRti pradAna kara kAryavRtta ke prakAzana ke dAyitva kA pUrNarUpeNa nirvahana kiyaa| ___ kAryavRtta jo AcArya prema sAgara caturvedI abhinandana grantha ati alpa avadhi meM saMyojita kara Apake samakSa prastuta kara rahA huuN| truTiyA~ svAbhAvika hai, sudhI pAThaka gaNa se vyaktigata kSamA prArthI hU~, kAryavRtta sahaja svIkAra kreN| phAlguna zukla ekAdazI vinayAvanat vikrama saMvat 2066 ajaya kumAra pANDeya (25 pharavarI 2010)

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zrI guruve namaH AcArya premasAgara caturvedI jI kI jIvana yAtrA vaidika saMskRti kA samvAhaka gaMgA, yamunA evaM adRzya sarasvatI (triveNI) ke pAvana jala se siMcita prayAga (ilAhAbAda) se uttara dizA meM (grAma va posTa-vairaMmapura tahasIla-majhanapura jo vartamAna meM kauzAmbI janapada (yaha ilAhAbAda janapada se nikalakara navasRjita janapada hai) meM avasthita hai, vahA~ ke pratiSThita kulIna brAhmaNa parivAra meM sva0 zrI dharmanArAyana caube ke pautra rUpa meM 1 pharavarI 1950 ko ApakA janma huaa| pitA sva0 zrI vidyA sAgara caturvedI evaM mAtA sva0 zrImatI phUlakumArI ke ikalaute putra (tIna bahanoM ke ekalaute bhAI) rUpa meM Apane bAla krIr3A karate hue apanA bAlya jIvana vyatIta kiyaa| ApakA parivAra, briTiza kAla se hI zaikSika gatividhiyoM kA kendra rhaa| pitAmaha prAthamika vidyAlaya meM zikSaka evaM pitA kauzAmbI janapada ke maU tahasIlAntargata sthita iNTara mIDieTa skUla meM hindI ke pravaktA rahe jo apane zreSTha vyaktitva, sAdagI evaM zAlInatA pUrNa vyavahAra ke abhyAsI rhe| bAlyajIvana se hI Apa kuzAgra buddhi evaM vilakSaNa pratibhA ke dhanI the| Apane 1965 evaM 1967 I0 meM kramazaH hAIskUla evaM iNTaramIDieTa parIkSA kauzAmbI iNTara kAleja se uttIrNa kiyA evaM 1969 evaM 1971 meM snAtaka tathA snAtakottara (prAcIna itihAsa saMskRti evaM purAtatva) parIkSA prathama zreNI meM uttIrNa kiyaa| sabhI parIkSAoM ko prathama zreNI meM sammAna sahita uttIrNa kara Apa apane kula ko gauravAnvita kiye| AcArya premasAgara caturvedI jI ke zikSA ke prati samarpita vyaktitva kA pariNAma thA ki deza ke pratiSThita ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya ke zaikSika garimA se sampanna prAcIna itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga se snAtakottara upAdhi

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(xiii) arjita karane ke kucha hI mAha bAda sitambara 1971 meM ilAhAbAda DigrI kaoNleja ilAhAbAda meM pravaktA ke rUpa meM kAryabhAra grahaNa kiye, vahA~ eka kuzala zikSaka ke rUpa meM Apake alpa kAryAvadhi (mAtra cha: mAha) kI sabhI sarAhanA karate haiN| pro0 caturvedI jI guru gorakSa kI tapobhUmi pUrvAMcala ke zreSTha ucca zikSA kendra gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya meM 21 agasta 1972 ko pravaktA ke rUpa meM kArya - bhAra grahaNa kiye| yaha urjayanta bhU-kSetra jo mahAvIra svAmI, gautamabuddha, saMta pravara kabIra, ko AkarSita kiye thI ThIka usI prakAra AcAryavara yahIM upAcArya, AcArya evaM vartamAna meM vibhAgAdhyakSa rUpa meM pUrvAyatana kI paramparA ke samvAhaka rUpa meM manasA vAcA karmaNA sannaddha haiM / prasiddha itihAsajJa smRti zeSa AcArya vizvambhara zaraNa pAThaka ke saphala nirdezana meM Apane 'TeknAlaoNjI ina vaidika liTrecara' viSaya para apanA saphala zodha kArya pUrNa kiyA jo zodha grantha pustakAkAra rUpa meM prakAzita hokara Aja zodhArthiyoM, vidyArthiyoM evaM jijJAsujanoM ke srota sAdhana rUpa meM sahAyaka grantha hai / Apane dInadayAla upAdhyAya gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya meM vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga dvArA sthApita ekeDamika sTApha kAleja ke nidezaka rUpa meM jUna 2000 se maI 2005 taka kArya kiyaa| Apa ne ekeDamika sTaoNpha kAleja meM racanAtmaka gatividhiyoM ke mAdhyama se assI se adhika punazcaryA pAThyakrama evaM abhivinyAsa kAryakramoM kA saphala saMcAlana kiyA sAtha hI ekaDamika sTApha kAleja ke nidezakoM kI baiThakoM meM apane prabhAvazAlI vyaktitva kA paricaya dete hue navatama nItiyoM ko nirdhArita karAne kA pUrNa prayAsa kiyA / AcArya premasAgara caturvedI jI ne dInadayAla upAdhyAya gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, ke prAcIna itihAsa purAtatva evaM saMskRti vibhAga ko apane sarala vyaktitva, kArya ke prati samarpaNa evaM eka saphala zikSaka ke rUpa meM jo saphala sevA pradAna kI hai use zreSTha avadAna ke rUpa meM purAne ziSya sarvathA smaraNa karate haiN| Apa veda vidyA ke saphala adhyetA, prAcIna bhAratIya takanIkI adhyayana ke jJAtA, kalA evaM sthApatya ke nIti nipuNa prastotA tathA prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanaitika itihAsa ke saphala zikSaka rUpa meM sarvathA vidyArthiyoM dvArA zraddheya guru rUpa meM Adara prApta kiye| AcAryavara caturvedI jI ke saphala

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(xiv) nirdezana meM eka darjana se adhika zodhArthiyoM ne zodha upAdhi arjita kiyA hai evaM Adhe darjana se adhika zodharata haiN| zraddheya guruvara ke rASTrIya evaM antarrASTrIya zodha patrikAoM meM cAlIsa se adhika zreSTha zodha lekha prakAzita haiN| Apane rASTrIya saMgoSThiyoM meM satrAdhyakSa rUpa meM takanIkI satroM kA saphala saMcAlana karate hue sarvathA zodhArthiyoM ko protsAhita kiyaa| Apane vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM apane mahatvapUrNa vyAkhyAna prastuta karake zodhArthiyoM kI jijJAsA ko sarvathA zAnta kiyA / guruvareNya AcArya premasAgara caturvedI jI vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM ke anyAnya samitiyoM ke sadasya rUpa meM evaM aneka zaikSika sevA pradAyI saMsthAoM ke cayana samiti ke sadasya rUpa meM aneka priyavidyArthiyoM ko apanA AzIrvAda pradAna kiye| AcAryavara caturvedI jI apane sevA avadhi meM rASTrIya sevA yojanA ke cAra varSoM taka kAryakrama samanvayaka rhe| isa kAryAvadhi meM bhArata sarakAra ke mAnava saMsAdhana maMtrAlaya dvArA nirdhArita anekAneka mahatvapUrNa kAryakramoM ko rASTrIya sevA yojanA kA aMga banAye jisase vizvavidyAlaya parisara evaM mahAvidyAlayoM ko rASTrIya yojanA kI nayI U~cAIyAM prApta huyiiN| AcArya caturvedI jI usa kauzAmbI kSetra meM janme jise gaMgA ghATI ke prasiddha purAtAtvika sthala rUpa meM prasiddhi prApta hai / puna: ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya meM adhyayana kiye jo purAtAtvika gatividhiyoM ke lie sarvathA carcita rahA hai| purAtAtvika medhA AcAryavara ke antarmana ko kureda rahA thA tabhI svabhAvAnurUpa 1974 I0 meM sohagaurA evaM 1980 I0 meM phAjilanagara kSetra meM Apane saphala purAtAtvika gatividhiyoM meM sahAyaka kI bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyA / pro0 premasAgara caturvedI jI prAcIna itihAsa, purAtatva evaM saMskRti vibhAga ke vibhAgAdhyakSa rUpa meM antarrASTrIya saMgoSThI kA saphala saMyojana kiye| Apane sarvathA smRtizeSa AcArya vizambhara zaraNa pAThaka, smRti zeSa AcArya govarddhana rAya zarmA, evaM AcArya govinda candra pANDeya ko sarvathA Adarza mAnA evaM apane sarala vyaktitva tathA pratibhAzAlI zaikSika kriyAkalApoM dvArA sadaiva apane ziSyoM ke Adarza rUpa meM khyAti arjita karate rhe| kakSA meM niyata samaya

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(xv) se praveza ke sAtha hI dhArA pravAha vyAkhyAna se samasta viSayagata pakSoM ko apane sammukha baiThe vidyArthiyoM ko batA denA hI AcAryavara ke zaikSika kriyAkalApa kA mahatvapUrNa pakSa svIkArA jAtA hai| AcArya caturvedI jI apane vidyArthiyoM kI sarvathA cintA karate haiN| ApakA AzIrvAda prApta kara anekoM vidyArthiyoM ne dUrastha vizvavidyAlayoM evaM mahAvidyAlayoM meM niyukti prApta kiyA jo Apake sarala evaM sahaja vyaktitva kA pakSa hai| ApakI dharmapatnI sammAnanIyA zrImatI guNavatI caturvedI jo yathA nAma tathA guNa gurumAtA kI sAkSAt pratimUrti haiN| ziSyoM ko sarvathA beTA kahakara unakA prApta AzIrvAda eka apanatva evaM sahaja sambandhoM ko pratibimbita karatA hai| pro0 caturvedI jI bahubhASA vid prAcya vidyA ke prasiddha vidvAna rUpa meM pratiSThita haiN| mA~ bhAratI ke saphala sAdhaka AcArya premasAgara caturvedI jI prAcIna bhAratIya kalA, sthApatya evaM prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanaitika itihAsa ke navatama pakSoM ko udghATita karane meM sarvathA adhyayanarata rahate haiM, jijJAsuoM ke jijJAsA ko zAnta karanA, apane sAdagIpUrNa jIvanacaryA se hara vighna bAdhAoM kA kSaNeka meM zamana karane vAle aise sahaja, sarvathA vaMdanIya, sammAnanIya guruvareNya ke caraNoM meM vaMdana abhinandana sarvathA nivedita hai| sammAnanIya guruvara ke abhinandanIya vyaktitva evaM samagra upalabdhiyoM tathA bahuAyAmI avadAnoM ke prati zIrSAnamita bhAva se saMkalpita tana evaM mana se Apake sammAnArtha yaha abhinandana grantha sAdara kamalavata hAthoM meM samarpita hai| vinat ajaya kumAra pANDeya

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sArasvata sAdhanArata pro0 prema sAgara caturvedI jI parama vidyAnurAgI pro0 prema sAgara caturvedI jI se merA pahalA paricaya ilAhAbAda DigrI kAleja (ilAhAbAda kendrIya vizvavidyAlaya) meM pravaktA pada para san 1971 I0 meM unake cayanita hone ke phalasvarUpa huaa| saMyogavaza, maiM usa samaya prAcIna itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga kA adhyakSa thaa| mAnanIya sva0 zrI prabhAkara ThAkura (prAcArya) jI ke kakSa meM eka nihAyata sukumAra, alpavaya, zarmIle kintu parama caitanya yuvaka ko apanA sahayogI prAdhyApaka pAkara maiMne apane ko dhanya smjhaa| prAcArya jI ne bAta hI bAta meM caturvedI jI ke bAre meM batAyA ki inhoMne hAI skUla parIkSA se lekara ema0 e0 taka kI parIkSA na kevala prathama zreNI meM balki uttamottama aMkoM kI prApti ke sAtha uttIrNa kI hai| sAkSAtkAra meM pUche gae praznoM ko jisa saTIkatA tathA alpa zabdoM meM zrI caturvedI jI ne uttara diyA, vaha maiM eka mAnaka sAkSAtkAra mAna sakatA hU~, aisA vidvAn prAcArya ne hameM btaayaa| ThAkura sAhaba svayaM prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga meM adhyakSa pada saMbhAla cuke the tathA ve banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM sva0 pro0 altekara jI ke parama priya chAtra raha cuke the| unhIM dinoM maiM eka sAma gurudeva sva0 pro0 jI0 Ara0 zarmA jI ke yahA~ gayA huA thaa| vahA~ dekhA ki gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya ke pUrva vibhAgAdhyakSa evaM pUrva kulapati sva0 pro0 vizvambhara zaraNa pAThaka jI bhI vidyamAna the| pro0 zarmA jI ne mujhase pUchA ki prema sAgara kaisA adhyApaka hai tathA tumhArA usake bAre meM aba taka kyA vicAra bana pAyA hai| maiMne kahA ki caturvedI jI ThIka 10:00 baje mahAvidyAlaya pahuMca jAte haiM tathA apanI kakSAoM ko bar3I lagana, taiyArI tathA pUrI tanyamatA ke sAtha lete haiN| mahAvidyAlaya ke chAtra unake zikSaNa-kArya kI bar3I prazaMsA karate haiN| yaha eka sukhada saMyoga hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki pro0

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(xvii) pAThaka jI ne zAyada usI samaya apane mana meM yaha nirNaya le liyA rahA hogA ki maiM prema sAgara jI ko gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya meM niyukta kruuNgaa| pharavarI 1972 ko prArambhika tithiyoM meM eka dina mujhe jJAta huA ki zrI prema sAgara caturvedI jI kI niyukti gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya meM pravaktA pada para ho gaI hai tathA unhoMne 04 pharavarI ko hI vahA~ kAryabhAra bhI saMbhAla liyA hai| maiM bahuta pahale se hI yaha samajhane lagA thA ki zrI caturvedI jI mahAvidyAlaya meM adhika samaya taka zAyada hI sakeM unheM kahIM na kahIM isase ucca pada avazya mila sakatA hai| pro0 caturvedI jI ko zaikSaNika prakarSa vizeSa rUpa se zodha evaM lekhana ke kSetra meM pro0 pAThaka jI ke sAnidhya meM Ane ke phalasvarUpa milaa| unhoMne pro0 pAThaka jI ke yogya paryavekSaNatva meM 'sama AspekTas oNpha TeknolaoNjI ina da vaidika liTarecara' para eka mAnaka zodha prabandha prastuta kiyA, jo bAda meM buksa eNDa buksa, naI dillI se 1993 I0 meM prakAzita huaa| unake kaI zodha - lekha antarrASTriya evaM rASTrIya zodha patrikAoM meM prakAzita haiN| ve apane guruzrI pro0 pAThaka jI kI hI taraha satata cintana, lekhana evaM adhyayana meM lIna rahate haiN| unake vaiduSya maNDita vyaktitva kA pUrA lAbha bahutoM ko taba aura prApta ho sakA, jaba ve yU0jI0sI0 ekeDemika sTaoNpha kaoNleja, gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya ke nidezaka pada para pratiSThita kie ge| samprati ve prAcIna itihAsa evaM purAtatva vibhAga ke vibhAgAdhyakSa haiM, yaha gaurava kI bAta hai| pro0 caturvedI jI kA saumya, svabhAva evaM mRdu hAsa, sahaja, sarala evaM sauhArdrapUrNa vyavahAra mere smaraNa-paTa para sadA svastha evaM jIvanta rahatA hai| maiM unake svastha evaM dIrgha jIvana ko sadA maGgala kAmanA karatA huuN| harinArAyaNa dube

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pro0 prema sAgara caturvedI : niSThAvAna zikSaka evaM samarpita zodhakartA mujhe yaha jAnakara atIva prasannatA huI ki hIrAlAla rAmanivAsa snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya, khalIlAbAda ke prAcArya DaoN. ajaya kumAra pANDeya aura unake mahAvidyAlaya parivAra dvArA pro0 prema sAgara caturvedI kA abhinandana grantha prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai etadartha DaoN0 pANDeya aura mahAvidyAlaya parivAra ko maiM hArdika dhanyavAda detA hU~ kyoMki pro0 caturvedI kA vyaktitva sacamuca abhinandanIya hai| samprati pro0 caturvedI hamAre vibhAgAdhyakSa haiM kintu unakA sAnidhya mujhe kizorAvasthA se hI prApta rahA hai| svabhAvataH mujhe unheM nikaTa se dekhane-samajhane kA avasara bhI milA hai| jaba maiM pIche mur3a kara dekhatA hU~ to unakA vaha taruNa rUpa smaraNa hotA hai jaba ve prayAga se yahA~ Aye the aura gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya ko apanA karma kSetra banAyA thaa| ve tabhI atyanta saumya, mitabhASI aura gambhIra the| jaba maiM vidyArthI ke rUpa meM vizvavidyAlaya meM AyA to mujhe yAda AtI hai unakI vaktRtva kSamatA aura anuzAsana priytaa| unake praveza karate hI kakSA meM sannATA pasara jAtA thaa| ve pUre vistAra ke sAtha pariSkRta bhASA aura pravAhapUrNa zailI meM viSaya kA pratipAdana karate the tathA pAThyakrama ke atirikta kakSA meM kabhI kisI itara viSaya kI carcA nahIM karate the| unake vyAkhyAnoM meM kavitA kA lAlitya hotA thaa| TU dI pvAiMTa likhanA aura TU dI pvAiMTa bolanA unakI khAsa vizeSatA hai| unhoMne do cAra varSoM meM hI eka anuzAsanapriya niSThAvAna tathA prabuddha adhyApaka ke rUpa meM vizvavidyAlaya meM apanI pahacAna banA lI thii| pazcAtavartI varSoM meM unakI nirantara calatI sArasvata sAdhanA ne unheM eka khyAti-labdha vidvAna ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kara diyaa| pro0 caturvedI, itihAsa evaM saMskRti ke mAnya vidvAna to haiM hI sAtha hI hindI, aMgrejI aura saMskRta bhASAoM para unakA samAna rUpa se adhikAra hai| ve una virala vidvAnoM meM haiM

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(xix) jinakI paiThanyanAdhika rUpa se prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti aura purAtatva kI sabhI vidhAoM meM hai| vaidika saMskRti evaM bauddha-dharma darzana ko unhoMne apane adhyayana ke mukhya kSetra ke rUpa meM cunaa| unakI zodha kRti, TeknAlojI ina vaidika liTrecara bhAratIya saMskRti kA eka nayA AyAma prastuta karane ke kAraNa vidvajjanoM dvArA atizaya prazaMsita huyii| unhoMne darjanoM zodhAtmaka nibandhoM ke mAdhyama se bhAratIya itihAsa ke aneka alpajJAta aura ajJAta pakSoM kA prakAzana kiyaa| aise guru aura abhibhAvaka ke saMrakSaka meM kArya karanA mere lie gaurava kI bAta hai| pro0 caturvedI ke vyaktitva kA sarvAdhika ujjvala pakSa unakA susaMskRta vyaktitva hai| vidyA, vANI aura vinaya unake vyaktitva ke AbhUSaNa haiN| ve una thor3e se logoM meM haiM jinake mana, vANI aura karma meM ekarUpatA dekhane ko milatI hai| maiM ne unheM kabhI sadAcAra se vicalita hote nahIM dekhaa| ziSyoM ke prati ve sadaiva sahaja snehila aura udAra rahe, isIlie sabhI ziSya bhI unake prati Adara yukta AtmIyatA kA bhAva rakhate haiN| merI yaha maMgala kAmanA hai ki guruvara pro0 prema sAgara caturvedI zatAyu ho tathA unake yaza kA vitAna nirantara vistRta hotA rhe| dIpaka jabataka jalatA hai prakAza hI bikheratA hai| rAjavanta rAva

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AcArya premasAgara caturvedI : eka sahaja vyaktitva mahAkAla kI nagarI ujjaina se jaba kabhI apane gRha janapada gorakhapura jAne kA avasara milatA thA taba sahasA 'pUrvAyatana' jAkara AcAryoM ke madhya vyAkula mana ko zAnta karane kA avasara yadi kisI guru bhAI ke sAtha milA to vaha sarala, saumya, vyavahArasampanna bhAI premasAgara caturvedI jI ke sAtha hI milaa| mere zaikSika guru evaM AcArya premasAgara jI ke zodha nidezaka smRti zeSa AcArya vizambharazaraNa pAThaka the| AcArya premasAgara jI vizvavidyAlaya ke aneka prazAsanika padoM ko suzobhita karate hue Aja vibhAgAdhyakSa ke rUpa meM prAcIna itihAsa purAtatva evaM saMskRti vibhAga ko apanI kAryakuzalatA se vyavasthita karane meM sannaddha haiN| AcArya premasAgara jI ke kRta kArya Aja itihAsa jagata meM sabhI dvArA sarAhe jA rahe haiN| prayAga ke samIpa janme prayAga vizvavidyAlaya meM zikSA grahaNa kiye evaM Aja gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya meM kAryarata Apa apanI zaikSika pratibhA. sahaja evaM zAlIna vyavahAra tathA dRr3hasaMkalpa zakti ke mAdhyama se vidvata samAja meM sarAhe jA rahe haiN| Apake sammAna meM abhinandana grantha kA lokArpaNa ho rahA hai| abhinandana grantha ke mAdhyama se maiM bhAI AcArya premasAgara caturvedI jI ke urjAvAna jIvana evaM dIrghAyu kI kAmanA karatA huuN| rahamAna alI

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catuH vedina se dInadayAla upAdhyAya gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, gorakhapura ke 'pUrvAyatana' 'jyotyAyatana' ke AcArya evaM adhyakSa pro0 premasAgara caturvedI apane nAmika bindu se vinirmita vyAsoM kI paridhi se vimukta hokara aitihya vistAra se samudita saMlagna hai / yadyapi merA yaha saubhAgya nahIM rahA ki maiM unakA ananya antevAsI bana sakA / parantu unake RtambharA prajJA se maiM prabhAvita rhaa| kyoMki ve vAkkAyamana se sarvadA saMbhRta purAtatvAtanveSaNA meM saMlagna rahate the / yahI unake vyaktitva kA vibhrATa pakSa hai| catu: veditRtva prApta prAjJa puruSa mAnanIya prema sAgara caturvedI, AcArya ke AsandI para ArUr3ha hone ke pazcAt hI unhoMne vibhAga ke chAtra - chAtrAoM, pravAcakoM evaM vyAkhyAtAoM kI UnatAoM duritoM ko prakSaya kara vibhAga kI kSayiSNu sthita ko vardhiSNu meM rUpAntarita kara diyA tabhI se merA tana-mana unake prati atyadhika namanIya bana gayA / pro0 caturvedI eka tapaH pUta brahmakula ke vibhUSaNa rUpa meM brAhma muhUrta se hI saparivAra 'tanUpA maMtroM' kA jApa karane ke pazcAt apane adhyayana-adhyApana ke dainika brahmodya kArya meM rata ho jAte haiN| unake vyaktitva kI virATatA unakI niyamitatA evaM apane kartavyoM ke prati satat sarjanAtmaka satarkatatA rahI haiM / isIlie Aja ve vibhAga ke merudaNDa kI suSumNA rUpa meM amRta utsa se saMskRti ke nirjhara rUpa meM sarvatra samAdRta haiN| aitihya adhyayana- anveSaNA ke vibhAgIya nirukta puruSa AcArya prophesara caturvedI ke prabhrAjamAna parAvarajJA ke snehAsikta suvAcA ke saMketoM se hI unake samitpANi chAtra-chAtrAyeM pramudita evaM pulakita haiN| kyoMki viSaya samprazna ke samAdhAna ke nitya utsAha - sphuraNa se vibhAga evaM viSaya anudina rUpam rUpam pratirUpam vistRNatA ko prApta hotA jA rahA hai| isa samudita saMketa se hama sabhI

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(xxii) sAMskRti sambandhoM ko vastu aura vicAra se samajhane meM sakSama ho rahe haiN| yaha eka uSa:kAlIna sUrya kI lAlimA se ujjvalatara dinabhAna kI sambhAvanA se Azvasta vizvavidyAlaya se sambaddha mahAvidyAlayoM se sAmaMjasyamAna patha-pradIpa rUpa meM hIrAlAla rAmanivAsa snAtakoccatara mahAvidyAlaya saMtakabIra nagara ke abhinandanIya urdhvabudhna evaM arvAgvila ziraH camasa ke Rbhu deva sama agra atithi rUpa meM abhinandita evaM vandita haiN| prAcIna itihAsa, purAtatva evaM saMskRti ke mahArNava ke amRta bUMda ke AkAMkSI chAtra-chAtrAoM ko sneha sAgara se atyadhika apekSA evaM AzA hai ki unheM unake prema kA pAvana prasAda prApta hogaa| kuMvara bahAdura kauzika

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viSaya-sUcI rvi xviii xx xxi purovAk svAbhivyakti AcArya premasAgara caturvedI jI kI jIvana yAtrA sArasvata sAdhanArata pro0 prema sAgara caturvedI jI -harinArAyaNa dube pro0 prema sAgara caturvedI : niSThAvAna zikSaka evaM samarpita zodhakartA -rAjavanta rAva AcArya premasAgara caturvedI : eka sahaja vyaktitva rahamAna alI catuH vedina -kuMvara bahAdura kauzika prathama khaNDa hindI jaina dharma ke ahiMsA - siddhAnta kA brAhmaNa paramparA para prabhAva -vipulA dube 2. bauddha vAGmaya meM mahilA vimarza-vimaleza kumAra pANDeya 3. zrIlaMkA kI kalA meM bauddha dharma kA vaizvika avadAna - rAjakumAra gupta 4. ur3IsA meM jaina dharma kA pracAra-vizvanAtha varmA 5. bauddha dharma evaM dalita cetanA-ramendra kumAra mizra jainAcAryoM kI preraNA se jIvoM ke kalyANa hetu akabara dvArA jArI pharamAna-satIzacanda yAdava 1. 6.

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(xxiv) 59 68 7. bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti meM yogadAna -sudhA tripAThI bauddha dharma kI zikSAoM kA prAcIna bhArata kI Arthika vyavasthA para prabhAva-Ananda zaMkara caudharI 9. magadha-vaizAlI yuddha kA kAraNa jaina evaM bauddha dharma kA anta : saMgharSa-harigopAla zrIvAstava 10. bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina paramparA kA prabhAva -oma prakAza zrIvAstava 11. mahilAoM ke prati buddha kA dRSTikoNa-nandana kumAra, pavana kumAra 12. bauddha paramparA meM sAranAtha ke stUpa-zobhA rAma dube 13. bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha paramparA kA prabhAva-AzArAma 14. jAtaka kathAoM meM mahotsava-durgeza kuAmara tripAThI evaM aMjanI kumAra mizra 15. bauddha parikSetra meM zailakRta vAstu kalA-rAma gopAla zukla 16. bauddha dharma kA tatkAlIna striyoM ke dhArmika adhikAra para prabhAva --praveza kumAra zrIvAstava 17. buddhAyana meM abhivyakta bauddha dharma evaM / usakI prAsaMgikatA-mRtyuMjaya kumAra siMha 18. bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha va jaina paramparA kA prabhAva -anupama kumAra 19. jaina dharma meM yakSiNiyA~-iSTa deva ojhA 20. bauddha sAhitya meM saMgIta-azvina kumAra siMha 21. saMgIta kalA ko samRddha karane meM jainadharma kA yogadAna - aravinda kumAra 22. bhAratIya samAjavAda ke pratiSThAtA jayaprakAza nArAyaNa -sudhAkAra lAla zrIvAstava 113 123 131 139 144 151

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(Arv) 158 164 170 182 190 194 199 204 23. paryAvaraNIya upAdAna evaM gautama buddha (vartamAna se sambaddhatA ke vizeSa saMdarbha meM)-oma jI upAdhyAya 24. bauddha dharma kA Agamana evaM sAmAjArthika parivartana -manauara alI 25. jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva-sImA zrIvAstava 26. prArambhika bauddha vAGgamaya meM pratibimbita nArI jIvana -muralI manohara tivArI 27. bauddha zikSA paramparA kA Adhunika bhAratIya zikSA para prabhAva -dineza kumAra gupta 28. jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM guru ziSya sambandha -pUrNeza nArAyaNa siMha evaM jaya prakAza maNi 29. jaina dharma meM karma siddhanta-rAma pratApa rAja 30. bauddha sAhitya meM cikitsA-ajaya kumAra pANDeya 31. vaidika saMskRti evaM bauddha dharma-pratApa vijaya kumAra 32. bhAratIya cintana aura saMskRti ko bauddha dharma kA yogadAna - vINA gopAla mizrA 33. zramaNa-paramparA meM dizA-pUjA : eka anuzIlana -dhyAnendra nArAyaNa dUbe 34. bauddha darzana meM karma : eka adhyayana-vijaya kumAra 35. bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA prabhAva _ -rekhA caturvedI evaM pramoda kumAra tripAThI 36. jaina darzana evaM saMskRta sAhitya-zAstra-madhu satyadeva 37. gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI ke pramukha tIrtha sthaloM kA mahatva / -esa0 ena0 upAdhyAya 38. prAcInatam bauddha saMgha aura kAzI-saMgItA pANDeya 39. bhAratIya bauddha zikSA kendraH vihAra-AyAma-anAmikA tripAThI 256 208 211 223 230 235 239 244 251

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(xxvi) 271 276 283 289 295 40. bauddha saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI sthiti evaM bhikSuNI saMgha kA vikAsa 264 - rAghavendra pratApa siMha 41. bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina paramparA kA prabhAva -nirmalA zuklA 42. bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha paraMparA kA prabhAva - brahmAnanda siMha 43. jasavala se prApta navIna sUrya pratimAeM - jJAna prakAza rAya, avinAza pati tripAThI 44. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna-satyanAma 45. buddhakAla meM bhArata kI rAjanItika tathA sAmAjika vyavasthA -pravINa kumAra mizra 46. kabIra kA kAlabodha aura bauddha zUnyavAda-amaranAtha pANDeya 307 47. bauddha dharma kI prAsaMgikatA (bhAratIya saMskRti ke prariprekSya meM) 311 -indudhara mizra jaina evaM bauddha paramparA meM ahiMsA-kAlI zaMkara tivArI 49. kalacuri kAla meM bauddha dharma-AzISa kumAra siMha 50. jaina paramparA meM zramaNa-cintanadhArA kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva-ratnA siMha 51. zramaNa dharma darzana kI ahiMsA kA paravartI prabhAva - eca0 ena0 siMha, aravinda kumAra 52. ahiMsA kA siddhAnta aura usakI vartamAna prAsaMgikatA -rAjeza kumAra zarmA 53. azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA para bauddha dharma kA prabhAva -saritA kumArI 54. jaina dharma meM ahiMsA siddhAnta evaM usakI prAsaMgikatA - mamatA pANDeya 55. bauddha vAstu-kalA para bhAratIya saMskRti kA prabhAva -candra kalA rAya 48. 316 319 324 328 331 338 343 347

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(xxvii) 56. bhAratIya saMskRti evaM jaina dharma - divyA pANDeya 57. bauddha paramparA meM pratIkavAda - candana vizvakarmA 58. vaidika saMskRti para bauddhAdi dharma evaM darzana kA prabhAva - dInAnAtha rAya 59. bauddha dharma kA vaizvika avadAna - saMjIva kumAra mizra 60. vartamAna yuga meM buddha ke mAnava dharma kI upAdeyatA - paMkaja kumAra zrIvAstava 61. bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha dharma kA prabhAva - saMdIpa kumAra siMha 62. pAli nikAyoM meM vyApAra : saMcAlana evaM saMgaThana - prIti tivArI 63. zuMga - sAtavAhana kAla meM zramaNa paramparA kA sAtatya - stuti zrIvAstava 64. bauddha dharma meM cAra Arya satyoM kA cikitsA vijJAna se sambandha - mAdhavendra tivArI 65. bauddha dharma kA vaizvIkaraNa - indrajIta siMha 66. bauddha vizvavidyAlaya nAlandA kA vyavasthApana - zailajA siMha evaM jaya prakAza maNi 67. jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana - prabhAkara lAla 68. bauddha dharma evaM bhikSuNI saMgha- dharmendra kumAra 69. zrAvastI para bauddha dharma kA svarNima prabhAva - amareza kumAra yAdava evaM rIteza yAdava 70. bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha pratIkoM kA prabhAva - puSpalatA kIrti 71. bauddha dharma kI amUlya dharohara : ajaMtA - nUtana yAdava 72. bauddha paramparA meM peya jala - vyAsa muni mizra 352 355 361 365 368 371 373 383 387 390 396 400 409 413 416 420 426

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430 436 441 dvitIya khaNDa English 1. Demise of Lord Buddha : A Controversy regarding date-Geeta Dutt 2. The Sramanic Vision Buddha and Mahavira ---Digvijai Nath Pandey 3. Trade as Depicted in Jain Texts (With Special Reference to Satthavaha & Savthavahi) -Shruti Pandey 4. Contribution of Buddhism to Indian Culture -Pragya Chaturvedi 5. Tara (Buddhism)-Anubhava Srivastava 6. Prolegomena to History of the Buddhist Philosophy--Kamlesh Kumar Gautam lekhaka-paricaya 447 453 459 464

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jaina dharma ke ahiMsA-siddhAnta kA brAhmaNa paramparA para prabhAva vipulA dube bhAratIya saMskRti meM brAhmaNa evaM zramaNa paramparAoM ko samAna rUpa se pravAhita hone kA avasara milA, jo bhAratIyoM kI bahuAyAmI jIvana dRSTi kA pariNAma thaa| inameM brAhmaNa arthAt vaidika pravRttimArgI paramparA ke antargata gArhasthya jIvana kI svIkRti thI, jisameM varNAzrama vyavasthA kI avadhAraNA ke anurUpa jIvana kA nirvAha Avazyaka mAnA gayA, yathA 'yajJa-brahma' (agniciti) kA sampAdana pratyeka gRhastha kA parama kartavya thaa| yaha yajJa santAnotpatti hetu sampanna hotA thaa| yahA~ 'aNu' hiMsA ko rokanA sambhava na thA yahA~ taka ki vaidikI dhArA meM varNAzrama vyavasthA kI sthApanA rAjAoM ke karttavya evaM upalabdhiyoM meM samAhita thaa|' samprabhutA, devaloka vijaya, svarga prApti kA mUlAdhAra 'yajJa' thA, yajJa kI vyApakatA prAyaH jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM thI, jo hiMsA pradhAna thii| yahI kAraNa thA ki pravRttimArgI vaidika dhArA meM AcAra ke pramukha siddhAnta ke rUpa meM 'ahiMsA' Arambha meM pratiSThita nahIM ho skaa| astu jaina ahiMsA jo manasA, vAcA, karmaNA kisI bhI sajIva ko (jaina mata ne jar3a meM jIvana-cetanA ko svIkRta kara use bhI AghAtita na karane kA AhvAna kiyA) duHkha na pahaMcAne kA niSedha karatA hai usako vikasita hone kA vaha phalaka varNAzrama vyavasthA ke poSakoM ke darzana meM nahIM mila sakA jo AkAzIya phalaka nivRttimArgI jIvana dhArA ke poSakoM vizeSakara jainiyoM ke dvArA pradAna kiyA gyaa| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki 'ahiMsA' ko jainiyoM ne jo mahattva diyA usakI vaha

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zramaNa-saMskRti carama sthiti bauddha paramparA meM bhI nahIM dikhAI detii| bauddha dharma tarka saMgata, mAnava saMgata ahiMsA meM vizvAsa karatA thaa| jaina darzana meM ahiMsA zarIra taka hI sImita nahIM hai balki vaha bauddhika, vaicArika ahiMsA ko bhI anivArya mAnatA hai, jisakI carama pariNati anekAntavAda' meM huii| anekAntavAda kA dArzanika AdhAra yaha hai ki pratyeka vastu aneka guNa, dharma, paryAya kA samuccaya hotI hai, isalie draSTA kA kathana anya bAtoM ke sApekSa honA cAhiye jisase bhAva hiMsA evaM dravya hiMsA na ho| cintana kI isa ahiMsAmayI prakriyA kA nAma anekAntavAda hai usa cintana ke abhivyakti kI zailI (Mode of Speech) syaadvaad| yadyapi jainiyoM kI yaha vaicArika udAratA unake apane cintana kI pariNati thI lekina yahA~ yaha kahanA asaMgata nahIM ki isa prakAra kI dRSTigata udAratA kA bimba Rgveda ke usa mantra meM sannihita hai jisameM vaidika RSi udghoSa karatA hai ki satya eka hai lekina guNa, dharma, paryAyagata bheda se usake aneka rUpa haiM, bhagavAna buddha ne bhI udAna meM saMgRhIta 'nAnAtArkika sutta' meM kahA hai ki satya eka hI hai dUsarA nahIM aisA mAnane vAle hI vivAda ko janma dete haiN| ina sabhI sAkSyoM ke sAtha yaha bhI eka mahatvapUrNa tathya hai ki jaina evaM bauddha dharma kI janma sthalI evaM mUla karma sthalI bhArata bhUmi hI rahI hai, isalie pravRttamArga (vaidika brAhmaNa paramparA) evaM nivRttimArga (zramaNa jaina-bauddha ityAdi) meM apanAyI gayI dRSTiyoM kI antarAtmA, donoM kA gantavya eka rahA hai: karmabandha se mukti / astu donoM dhArAoM ne eka dUsare ko prabhAvita kiyaa| prastuta zodha Alekha meM pravRttimArgI brAhmaNa paramparA ke una prasthAna binduoM ko sparza karane kA prayAsa hai, jahA~ bIja rUpa meM ahiMsA' vidyamAna hai| yuddha meM raktaraMjita hiMsA ko apanAne vAle rAjAoM ke dvArA bhI 'ahiMsA' ke samarthana ke kArakoM kI par3atAla tathA kisa prakAra zramaNa paramparA ne gArhasthya jIvana se lekara rAjAoM ke carita ko prabhAvita kiyA, isakI gaveSaNA prastuta zodha patra meM kI gayI hai| ___dhyAtavya hai ki jaina dharma ke mUlAdhAra 'paMca mahAvratoM' (ahiMsA, satya, asteya, aparigraha evaM brahmacarya) meM ahiMsA ko prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai lekina ahiMsA kA bIja tatva vaidika vAGmaya meM yatra-tatra dikhAI detA hai| Rgveda ke dazaveM maNDala ke bAIsaveM sUkta ke terahaveM maMtra meM ullikhita hai ki

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jaina dharma ke ahiMsA - siddhAnta kA brAhmaNa paramparA para prabhAva he indra deva! hamArI prArthanAeM evaM zubhakAnAeM Apake sAmIpya ko prApta kara 'satya rUpa' evaM 'hiMsA rahita' hoN| yahA~ spaSTa hai ki koI aisI kAmanA jo para pIr3A kA kAraNa ho use Apa pariSkRta kreN| isI prakAra Rgveda ke prathama maNDala meM mitra deva ko ahiMsaka evaM priya kahA gayA hai| priyatA do pakSoM ke dvaita ko samApta kara ekIkRta arthAt sakhA hone kA bhAva prakaTa karatA hai aura isa advaita sthiti meM hiMsA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hotaa| ullekhanIya tathya yaha hai ki ahiMsA aura satya kA avinAbhAva sambandha bhArata meM ati prAcIna kAla se rahA hai| Rgveda meM aneka sthaloM para vRtra Adi asuroM ko asatya bolane ke kAraNa 'hiMsaka' kahA gayA hai| inake lie 'duHzaMsa', 'adhazaMs' jaise vizeSaNoM kA prayoga huA hai| AcArya sAyaNa ne 'duHzaMsa' kI vyAkhyA vidyamAna ko avidyamAna kahane vAle arthAt asatyavAdI hiMsaka kiyA hai| ina sthaloM para asuroM se devoM kI kaTutA, pratispardhA kA kAraNa asuroM kA asatyavAdI honA bhI pratIta hotA hai| asatya vAcika hiMsA kA mUlAdhAra hai, yahA~ vAcika hiMsA kA bIja vidyamAna hai jo 'hiMsA' kI pahalI sIr3hI hai| vAk saMyama para prAyaH donoM hI dhArAoM meM vizeSa bala diyA gyaa| aitihAsika kAla khaNDa meM maurya samrATa azoka vacana meM gopana' (vAk saMyama) ko sabhI sampradAyoM kI sAravRddhi kA maMtra kahatA hai| dUsarI tarapha vAk saMyama na rakhane ke kAraNa aneka paurANika rAjAoM ko durgati kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| mahAbhArata se jJAta hai ki parama vaiSNava mahAna rAjA vasu uparicara ne paristhitigata dabAva meM eka bAra asatya kathana kara diyA, jisase saptarSiyoM ko atyanta AghAta lagA, vasuariyara ko yaha kaha kara pAtAla loka jAne kA daNDa milA ki jAna bUjha kara Apane anna artha vAcI 'aja' kA artha 'bakarA' batA diyA hai| jo aparAdha kI koTi meM AtA hai| __dhyAtavya hai ki paurANika rAjAoM meM cedi deza (madhya pradeza ke gunA kA samIpavartI kSetra) kA yaha vaha pahalA rAjA hai jisane yajJa meM pazuvadha kA niSedha kiyA, yaha vaiSNava dharma se prabhAvita thaa| jaina dharmAvalambI kaliMga nareza khAravela bar3e garva se apane ko 'vasurAjavinizrito' kahatA hai| khAravela dvArA vasu se apane sambandha kI vijJapti siddha karatI hai ki basu bhI jainiyoM kI taraha 'ahiMsA' dharma meM vizvAsa rakhatA thaa|

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zramaNa-saMskRti hiMsA pradhAna vaidika karma kANDa kI nindA kA svara aupaniveSika kAla meM mukhara huaa| muNDakopaniSad meM pazubali yukta yajJa ko jJAna rahita karma batA kara usakI nindA kI gayI hai| yajJa ke sampAdaka 16 Rtvika, yajamAna tathA yajamAna patnI ina aTThAraha ko jinameM jJAna rahita karma Azrita haiM, asthira evaM nAzavAna batAyA gayA hai| anta meM kahA gayA hai ki jo mUDha yajJa ko hI zreya mAnate haiM aura unakA abhinandana karate haiM ve nirantara jarA-maraNa ko prApta karate rahe haiN| dUsarI ora chAndogya upaniSad meM akSaya phala dene vAlI 'Atma yajJopAsanA' kI prazaMsA karate hue tapa, dAna, Arjava (saralatA) ahiMsA aura satya vacana ko usakI dakSiNA kahA gayA hai| Atma yajJopAsanA Atmonnayana kI pravRtti hai, jo hara vyakti meM vidyamAna hotI hai, isake vikAsa ke lie paristhitiyoM kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai, yaha ucca paropakAritA kI bhAvanA ko prerita karatI hai| yaha pravRtti unameM zIghra jAgRta hotI hai jinake mAtA-pitA dhArmika manovRtti ke hote haiN| donoM hI dhArAoM meM 'Atmonnayana' kA avasara thaa| eka meM dharma, artha, kAma ke samyak sevana ke dvArA jIvana ke antima gantavya taka pahuMcane evaM pazutA kA pariSkAra karane kA vidhAna thA to dUsare zramaNa dhArA meM tapasacaryA ke kaThora mArga para calate hue Abhyantara kI agni prajvalita kara (urdhvaretA hokara) mAnavIya durbalatAoM (hiMsA, asatya, caura vRtti, anucita kA saMgraha ityAdi) para vijaya prApta karane kA vidhAna thaa| yoga darzana ke paMca yamoM meM bhI ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya tathA aparigraha samAhita haiM, jo vyakti evaM sAmAjika jIvana kI zaddhi ke lie pratipAdita thiiN| brAhmaNa graMthoM meM yadi eka ora sarvamedha yajJa meM saba kucha mArA jA sakatA hai (sarvamedha sarvaM hanyAt) kA ghoSa hai to dUsarI ora prANiyoM kI hiMsA na karane kA Adeza bhI hai| bhArata meM vedoM ke hiMsA pradhAna yajJa evaM jainiyoM kI ativAdI ahiMsA siddhAnta ke bIca eka aura kar3I dikhAI detI hai, vaha hai ghora AMgirasa, kRSNa janaka, yAjJavalkya ityAdi kI 'puruSa-yajana vidyA' (dUsaroM ke lie jIne kI vidyA) Atma vidyA / yogI rAja kRSNa ne (jo jaina dharma ke bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke cacere bhAI batAye jAte haiM, unakA prabhAva kRSNa ke cintana para par3A

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jaina dharma ke ahiMsA - siddhAnta kA brAhmaNa paramparA para prabhAva 5 aisA mAnA jAtA hai) gItA meM yajJa kA pUrNa virodha to nahIM kiyA lekina sabase uttama yajJa use batAyA jisameM kisI jIva kI hiMsA nahIM hotI tathA manuSya apanA jIvana paropakAra meM lagA detA hai| isa 'puruSa yajana vidyA' ko kRSNa ne apane guru AMgirasa se sIkhI thii| bhagavad gItA meM vaiSNava dharma kA jo rUpa hai usa para jaina, bauddha dharmoM kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| mahAvIra, buddha se pUrva teisaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ne apane cAturyAma saMvara saMvAda meM satya, asteya, aparigraha ke sAtha ahiMsA ko sarvasAdhAraNa ke AcAra hetu prastAvita kiyA, isake pUrva ahiMsA kevala tapasviyoM ke AcAra meM sammilita thii| jaina bauddha dharma kI ahiMsA kA prabhAva vaiSNava, zaiva dharma para par3A to dUsarI ora rakta raMjita yuddhoM ke mAdhyama se apanI vijaya pipAsA ko zAnta karane vAle rAjA bhI isase achUte nahIM raha ske| ina rAjAoM meM maurya samrATa azoka vaha pahalA rAjA hai jisane kaliMga yuddha ke bhISaNa nara saMhAra ke pazcAt ahiMsA kI nIti kA avalambana kiyaa| raNa ghoSa ke sthAna para dhamma ghoSa, pazuvadha niSedha, vAk saMyama, samavAya kI acchAiyoM kI vakAlata apane prajJApanoM meM karatA dikhAI detA hai| isIlie kucha itihAsakAra azoka kI 'ahiMsA nIti' ko usakI sabase bar3I upalabdhi mAnate haiN| ina rAjAoM meM prathama zatAbdI I0 pUrva kA zAsaka khAravela parama jaina thaa| hAthI gumphA abhilekha meM isakI tulanA usa paurANika rAjA vena se kI gayI hai jo pahale varNAzrama dharma kA poSaka thA lekina bAda meM ahiMsAvAdI jaina dharma ko apanA liyA thA isalie purANoM meM isakI nindA kI gayI hai| khAravela ko rAjarSiyoM kI paramparA kA anuvartana karane vAlA, bhikSu rAja, causaTha aMgoM vAle vAdya yaMtroM se zAnti ghoSa karane vAlA bhI kahA gayA hai, jo usakI udAravAdI dRSTi kA pramANa hai| ina bauddha, jaina matAvalambI zAsakoM ke atirikta aneka aise sAmrAjyavAdI zAsaka the, jo yaha kahate dikhAI dete haiM ki raNabhUmi ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA prANa hiMsA meM merI koI ruci nhiiN| yathA zaka, pahalava, kSaharAta rAjavaMzoM ko niHzeSa karane kA dAvA karane vAlA gautamI putra sAtakarNI yaha kahatA hai ki 'kitAparAdhe pi satujane a-pANahisA rucisa' arthAt aparAdha karane vAle zatruoM ke bhI prANa lene meM merI ruci nahIM hai arthAt prakRtyA maiM ahiMsaka huuN| isI prakAra kA dAvA zaka

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zramaNa-saMskRti nareza rudradAmA ne bhI kiyA hai|" vaha kahatA hai ki saMgrAma ko chor3akara anyatra vaha mAnava vadha se nivRtta rahatA hai| vaiSNava dharma ke poSaka rAjAoM ne bhI yajJa ke sampAdana ko vaha mahatva nahIM diyA jo vaidika paramparA ke poSakoM dvArA diyA gayA hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki ahiMsA ke tattva vaidika vAGmaya meM yatra tatra tathA aupaniSadika cintana meM dikhAI detA hai| yahA~ taka ki mahAsaMgrAma kA mahAkAvya 'ahiMsA paramodharmaH' kahakara ahiMsA ke mAhAtmya kI sthApanA karatA hai lekina jaina mata ke ahiMsA-siddhAnta ne vaiSNava, zaiva se lekara yuddha ko rAjadharma mAnane vAle rAjAoM ke cintana ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA, isa tathya ko nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| saMdarbha 1. pANDeya, rAjabalI, hindU dharma koza, lakhanaU, 1988, pR0 70-71 2. altekara, ananta sadAziva, gupta kAlIna mudrAeM, paTanA, 1972, pR0 48 'rAjAdhirAjaH pRthivIM vijitvA divaM jayatyAdRta vAjimedhaH' samudra gupta kI azvamedha prakAra kI mudrA para aMkita lekh| 3. Rgveda, 1.164.46 ekaM sad viprAH bahudhA vdnti| 4. bhAskara bhAgacandra jaina, tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unake dazadharma, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1999 5. Rgveda - asme tA indra santu styaahiNsntiiruupspRshH| vidyAma yAsAM bhujo dhenUnAM na vjrivH|| 10.22.13 / / 6. tatraiva , 10.157.4, 10.185.2 7. goyala, zrIrAma, bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha, bhAga 1, jayapura, pR0 58-59 dvAdaza zilAlekha, giranAra saMskaraNa 'na tu tathA dAnaM va pUjA na devAnAMpiyo maMjate yathA kiti'| 8. mahAbhArata, Adiparva 63/13-17, zAntiparva 9. tatraiva, sAravaDhI asa savapAsaMganaM sAra vaDhI tu bahuvidhA vasa tu mUlaM ya vcigutii| 10. goyala, zrIrAma, bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha, bhAga 1, 11. muNDakopaniSad, 1.2.7, plavA hayate adRDhA yajJarUpA aSTAdazoktavaraM yeSu krm| etacchreyo ye'bhinandanti mUDhA jarA mRtyuM te punarevApi ynti||7||

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jaina dharma ke ahiMsA - siddhAnta kA brAhmaNa paramparA para prabhAva 12. chAndogya upaniSadH 3.17.4 13. goyala, zrIrAma, bhAratIya abhilekha saMgraha, bhAga 1, trayodaza zilA lekha, prathama zilA, dvAdaza ityaadi| 14. thApara, romilA, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, graMthazilpI dillI, 2001, pR0 17 15. pANDeya, rAjabalI, hisTArikala eNDa liTarerI inskrIpzansa, vArANasI, 1962, pR0 45-46 'coya (Thi) aMga saMtika turIyaM upaadyti|' - khema-rAjA sa vada rAjA sa bhikhu rAjA dhama raajaa| 16. goyala, zrIrAma, tatraiva, pR0 441 17. tatraiva, pR0 61, 'A prANocchnAsAtpuruSavadha nivRtti kRta...........anyatra sNgraamessu|' 18. gupta vaMza kA mahAna candragupta dvitIya jo paramabhAgavata thA isane 'azvamedha yajJa' kA sampAdana nahIM kiyA jo ahiMsAvAdI bhAgavata dharma ke prabhAva kA pariNAma thaa|

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bauddha vAGamaya meM mahilA vimarza vimaleza kumAra pANDeya gautama buddha evaM unake ziSyoM kA dRSTikoNa mahilAoM ke prati atyanta sakArAtmaka evaM krAntikArI thA, jo tatyugIna sAmAjika pariveza hetu asAmAnya, ugra evaM hAni kAraka samajhA gayA thaa| yadyapi bauddha saMgha kA sAmAjika gatividhiyoM para prabhAva nagaNya thA tathApi bauddha saMgha ke nirNayoM ko samAja anekazaH prabhAvita kara sakatA thaa| tripiTaka ke saMzodhanoM meM abhivyakta vicAra vaividhya pUrNa hai| vyaktigata rUpa se buddha ne saMgha ke bhItara mahilAoM ko puruSoM ke samAna darjA pradAna kiyaa| prAcIna bhAratIya bauddha sAhitya meM pAye jAne vAle mahilA-virodhI vaktavya bihAra ke viziSTa varga ke una sadasyoM dvArA buddhavacana meM jor3e gaye kSepaka haiM, jinake mahilAoM ke prati rukha ko, kama-se-kama kucha sImA taka, vibhinna aitihAsika paristhitiyoM ne AkAra pradAna kiyaa|' pAli tripiTaka kA bar3A bhAga tRtIya bauddha saMgIti meM saMkalita huA pratIta huA hai| buddhavacana taya karane ke lie bulAI gaI isa saMgIti va isase pahale kI do saMgItiyoM meM prabala ubhayakendrita - pitRsattAtmaka bhikSu apane vicAra thopane meM saphala rhe| buddha kA yuga gaMgA nagarIkaraNa ke udbhava va vikAsa ke sAtha-hI-sAtha vyaktivAda ke udaya aura tatkAlIna brAhmaNa saMskRti ke hAziye para sAmAjika va AdhyAtmika rUpa se raha rahe logoM para isake prabhAva kA gavAha thaa| ubharatI huI sAmAjika vyavasthA kI vidyamAna sAmAjika mUlyoM ke bacAva meM abhirUci bahuta kama thI aura aise vAtAvaraNa meM mahilAeM va nicale sAmAjika tabake ke loga Ama taura para apanI pasanda ke dhArmika lakSya ko pAne va prakaTa karane meM

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bauddha vAGmaya meM mahilA vimarza adhika svataMtra the| jisa prakAra buddha dvArA sthApita lakSya kisI khAsa varga meM paidA hue logoM ke lie nahIM thA, usI prakAra yaha kevala puruSoM taka hI sImita nahIM thaa| donoM hI sthitiyAM paramparAgata sAmAjika va liMga vikRtiyoM se kahIM pare sadguNa va AdhyAtmika sambhAvanA ko khojane ke prayAsa ko pradarzita karatI haiN| donoM ko hI vaiyaktikatA kI eka naI ubhara rahI cetanA ke sAkSya ke rUpa meM dekhA jA satA hai, jisane vaidikottara kAla meM sImita jaivika va sAmAjika bAdhyatAoM para agratA lene kI zuruAta kii| bahuta-sI mahilAoM ne buddha dvArA muhaiyA karAye gaye isa avasara kA phAyadA utthaayaa| aneka mahilAeM buddha kI hitakAriNayAM thIM, jo isa bAta kA saMketa hai ki usa samaya na kevala bar3I saMkhyA meM svataMtra sAdhanoM vAlI mahilAeM thIM, balki navajAta saMgha ko pAlane-posane meM unakI bhUmikA bhI prazaMsanIya thii| buddha kI ziSyAoM meM kucha sAdhAraNa ziSyAeM hI banI rahIM aura kucha ne bhikSuNI banane ke lie sAMsArika mohamAyA ko tyAga diyaa| bhikSuNI yA kuMArI kI bhUmikA meM, mAnavIya antaH zakti kI upalabdhi ke lie laiMgikatA ke mahatva ko anadekhA kiyA jA sakatA thaa| jananI kI bhUmikA meM, kAmavAsanA ko sAmAnyatayA eka niyaMtrita avasthA ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai| buddha ne puruSoM va mahilAoM ko eka ekIkRta vyaktitva ke pUraka pahaluoM ke taura para karuNA va buddhi ke rUpa meM dekhaa| nissandeha gautama ke anucaroM meM kaI mahilAeM thIM jo pUrNa rUpa se prabuddha mAnI jAtI thiiN| bhAratIya bauddha sAhitya kA prArambhika stara isa tathya ko mAnatA hai ki mahilAeM arhat bana sakatI thIM aura kaI banIM bhI jo mAnavIya astitva ko yathArtha banAne vAle mAnasika evaM jaivika duHkhoM se pUrNataH mukta thiiN| tripiTaka meM upalabdha sUcanA ke anusAra mahilAoM meM aisI arhatoM ke kaI udAharaNa milate haiM, jinhoMne sAMsArika jIvana kA tyAga kara diyA thA aura yahA~ taka ki magadha ke rAjA kI paTarAnI, khemA jaisI mahilAoM ke kucha udArahaNa bhI haiM, jinhoMne gRhastha jIvana tyAgane se pahale hI pUrNataH buddhatva prApta kara liyA thaa| pAyacArA, sakulA, vAziSThI, vijayA, kRSA, sukarInandA, sumedhA, jayantI, anopamA, soNA jaisI kaI prasiddha mahilA anucara dharma-pravacana meM nipuNatA ke lie jAnI jAtI thiiN| khebhA jaisI mahilAoM ke prati, dharma kA gaharA jJAna rakhane ke lie, svayaM buddha ke mana meM ucca zraddhA thii| kozala nareza prasenajit svayaM unakI sevA meM gayA

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zramaNa-saMskRti thA, subhadrA apane vyAkhyAnoM aura upadezoM meM amRta kI varSA karatI thiiN| viduSI jayantI ne to svayaM vardhamAna mahAvIra se vAda-vivAda kiyA thaa| kucha bhikSuNiyoM kA apanA vyaktigata ziSya-samudAya thA jo na kevala dharma prastuta karane meM samartha thIM, balki ve buddha yA kucha dUsare variSTha bhikSuoM kI madhyasthatA ke binA bhI naye mahatvAkAMkSiyoM ko sampUrNa mukti taka pahuMcA sakatI thiiN| yadyapi tripiTaka meM bahuta-sI mahilAoMko dUsarI mahilAoM kI zikSikAoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, tathApi ina granthoM meM prati saMkucita mAnasikatA rakhane vAle sampAdakoM ne dhammadinA jaisI mahilAoM ke kucha vRttAnta bacAkara rakha liye, jise bhikSuNI banane ke bAda apane pUrva-pati visAkha ko nirdeza dene kA maukA milaa| jaisA ki culavedallasutta meM batAyA gayA hai, dhammadinnA, visAkha dvArA siddhAnta va vvayahAra ke pahaluoM se sambandhita pUche gaye praznoM kI eka lambI zrRMkhalA kA uttara detI haiN| visAkha eka prasiddha vyApArI va ayAjakIya bauddha zikSaka thA aura jaisA ki aTTakathAeM batAtI haiM, usakA apanA eka mahatvapUrNa ziSya-samudAya thaa| visAkha, bAda meM, dhammadinnA ke uttaroM se buddha ko avagata karAtA hai aura buddha bar3e khuza hokara kahate haiM ki ve bhI bilkula dhammadinnA kI taraha hI uttara dete| isa sujhAva kA paryApta pramANa hai ki mahilAeM na kevala Arambhika bauddha samudAya meM spaSTa rUpa se upasthita thIM, balki sAdhikAoM va zikSikAoM donoM hI rUpoM meM pramukha va sammAnanIya jagaha bhI banAe hue thiiN| buddhottara kAla meM mahilAeM saMrakSikAoM va dAnakartRyoM ke rUpa meM dRSTigocara to hotI haiM, lekina bhikSuNI-saMgha ko vaha pratiSThA yA sarjanAtmakatA milatI pratIta nahIM hotI hai, jaisI kI khemA, dhammadina va Arambhika arhat bhikSuNiyoM kI uttarAdhikAriNiyoM ko milane kI AzA kI jA sakatI thii| prArambhika bauddha dharma meM na kevala mahilAoM ke lie dharmapatha khulA thA; balki, vAstava, meM yaha rAstA mahilAoM va puruSoM donoM ke lie eka hI prakAra kA thaa| aisI bAta nahIM ki liMga-bheda vidyamAna nahIM the, lekina ve 'mukti prApta karane kI dRSTi se nagaNya' the jo adhika se adhika mukti ke vAstavika lakSya meM vipathaka ho sakate the| paramparAgata rUpa se jo bhI sImAeM mahilAoM para thopI gaI haiM, unheM na to

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bauddha vAGmaya meM mahilA vimarza bauddha rIti-rivAja se kisI bhI rUpa se alaga rakhA jA sakatA thA, aura na hI antima lakSya, arthAt nirvANa prApta karane se rokA jA sakatA thA / sAmAjika rUpa se ugra hote hue bhI, yaha sthiti buddhavacana ke mUla dArzanika siddhAntoM ke bilkula anukUla thI / yaha isa mAyane meM eka krAMtikArI saphalatA thI ki mahilAeM mukti kI bauddha khoja meM spaSTa rUpa se zAmila thiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, buddha va Ananda jaise unake kucha sahayogiyoM kA yaha spaSTa mAnanA thA ki jAti kI taraha liMga bhI kisI vyakti dvArA duHkha se chuTakArA pAne ke bauddha lakSya ko prApta karane meM bAdhA nahIM ho sakatA thaa| lekina, bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA kA zAyada eka nakArAtmaka pariNAma bhI rahA hogA / 11 altekara ke anusAra, jaina va bauddha dharmoM meM bhikSuNiyoM ke lie vihAroM kI sthApanA, mAtA-pitA kI icchA ke viruddha dIkSA lene vAlI kaI kuMArI lar3akiyoM meM se kucha kA bAda meM ucca AdhyAtmika Adarza se gira jAne kI ghaTanAoM se isa bAta ko bala milA hogA ki lar3akiyoM kA vivAha yathAzIghra vizeSakara kizorAvasthA se pahale hI kara diyA jAnA caahiye| isalie niSkarSataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA ke bAda, lar3akiyoM kA vivAha karane yogya Ayu meM lagAtAra kamI kI jA rahI thI / Adhunika theravAdI dezoM bhikSuNI - saMgha kA prAyaH na honA bhI mahilAoM ke khilApha dakSiNa eziyAI samAja ke isa svAbhAvika pakSapAta ko pradarzita karatA hai| lekina jaisA ki haoNrnara ne kahA hai, isa bAta se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki buddha ne 'unameM puruSoM kI taraha hI acchAI va AdhyAtmikatA kI antaHzakti ko dekhaa|" bauddha dharma ne mahilAoM ko adhika acche avasara pradAna kiye| bhikSuNI saMgha ke mAdhyama se, mahilAoM ke pAsa apanI pArivArika bhUmikAoM ke sthAna para eka vikalpa bhI upalabdha nihita the| lekina saMgha meM unake sahayogI, khAsakara unakI mRtyu ke bAda, loka pracalita aura prAyaH nArI-dveSI vidyamAna saMskRti se upajate gaira-bauddhIya vizvAsoM para bharosA karate the jo yaha mAnate the ki eka mahilA ko hamezA apanI riztedArI ke kisI puruSa-pitA, pati yA putra ke niyaMtraNa meM rahanA cAhiye / paramparAgata bauddha cintana ne bhale hI yaha svIkAra kiyA ho ki bhAratIya ubhayakendrita- pitRsattA mahilAoM ke lie pratikUla thI,

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zramaNa-saMskRti lekina unakI akSamatAeM unake pichale janma meM kiye gaye karma ke pariNAma ke rUpa meM dekhI gii| lekina, mahilA ke rUpa meM punarjanma lekara bhaviSya meM apane duHkhoM se chuTakArA pA skii| nArovAdI mUlyoM ke hisAba se yaha samAdhAna cAhe jitanA bhI asantoSajanagama-se-kama yaha vicAra svIkAra karake ki puruSa-pradhAnatA mahilAoM ke lie kaThina va duHkhadAyI hotI hai, bhaviSya meM AzA kI kiraNa dikhAne kA prayAsa karatA hai| eka nArIvAdI mata rakhane vAlA yaha jarUra sujhAegA ki jisa cIja se chuTakArA pAne kI AvazyakatA hai, vaha bhaviSya meM mahilAoM ke rUpa meM punarjanma nahIM, balki ve vartamAna paristhitiyAM haiM, jinhoMne mahilA-jIvana ko kaThina va asahanIya banA diyA hai| yadi pArivArika jIvana damanAtmaka thA to jahA~ taka bauddha dharma kA prazna hai, bihAra-vyavasthA mahilAoM ke lie Amataura para parimocaka thaa| pahalI bauddha saMgIti ke daurAna Ananda para doSAropaNa bhI vaha siddha karatA hai ki jaba buddha apane ziSyoM ko nirdeza dene yA niyaMtrita karane ke lie jIvita nahIM rahe to unake ziSyoM kA dRSTikoNa kAphI kaThora ho gayA thaa| phira bhI bauddha samudAya meM mahilAoM kA damana sArvabhauma nahIM rahA hogaa| jabaki mahilAoM ko sacamuca meM niyama va vyavahAra ke dvArA nimnatara stara para sImita kara diyA gayA thA, itihAsa isake pratikUla udAharaNoM ko bhI prastuta karatA hai| TaissA bArtholomyuja ne dikhAyA hai ki kaise saMghamitrA kA mAmalA isa vicAra ko puSTa karatA hai| vaha zaktizAlI rAjA azoka kI beTI thI, jisane use bhikSuNI - saMgha sthApita karane ke lie zrIlaMkA bhejA thaa| yaha usa ucca sthAna kA saMketa hai jo eka mahilA bauddha padAnukrama meM banA sakatI thI aura isase yaha bhI AbhAsa milatA hai ki kama-se-kama azoka ke samaya meM bauddha siddhAnta meM aisA kucha bhI nahIM thA, jo mahilAoM ko puruSa ke barAbara mAne jAne para pratibandha lagA paataa|" pAli tripiTaka meM kucha saMdarbha milate haiM, jinameM mahilAoM kI upasthiti ko svIkAra hI nahIM kiyA gayA, balki unakI prazaMsA bhI kI gayI hai| udAharaNa ke lie, khemA ko buddha ne svayaM anudezita kiyA thaa| kiMvadaMtI ke anusAra jaba usakI zikSA pUrI huI taba vaha dharma va isake artha para pUrNa pakar3a ke sAtha

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bauddha vAGmaya meM mahilA vimarza 13 arhattva pA cukI thii| usake bAda khemA apane mahAna antarjJAna ke lie jAne lagI aura khuda buddha ne use ucca sthAna pradAna kiyaa| usI prakAra eka samAroha se lauTatI huI sujAtA ne buddha kA pravacana sunA aura usane rUpa va artha meM dharma kI pUrNa pakar3a ke sAtha arhatva prApta kiyaa| kisAgautamI ne bhI buddha dvArA diye gaye dharma upadeza ko samajhane ke bAda arhatva prApta kiyaa| bhikSuNI samA ke bAre meM kahA jAtA hai ki usane Ananda ke upadezoM ko sunA aura isa prakAra arhat bana gyii| cittA ko mahAprajApati gautamI ne dharma meM dIkSita kiyA thA, jisake bAda usane arhatva prApta kiyaa| usI prakAra, bhikSuNI muttA ne na kevala tIna aMkuzAkAra cIjoM-cakkI, okhalI va pati se, balki punarjanma va mRtyu se bhI mukti paaii| spaSTa hai ki buddha ne mahilAoM ko puruSoM ke samAna hI Adara kiyA va unameM se kaI ko apanI zikSAeM svayaM pradAna kii|" bhikSuNI-saMgha kI sthApanA, bhikSu-saMgha kI sthApanA ke pAMca varSoM bAda kI gayI thii| bhikSuNI-saMgha ke Arambhika caraNoM meM, bhikSuNiyoM ne bhikSuoM se na kevala anuzAsanika kAryoM ke vicitra rUpoM ko, balki jJAna ke vibhinna pakSoM ko bhI sIkhA hogaa| dhyAtavya hai ki buddha dvArA mahilAoM ko diye gaye sAmAjika va AdhyAtmika avasara anapekSita rUpa se krAntikArI hone ke kAraNa, puruSoM, vizeSakara bhikSuoM dvArA isa para Apatti kiyA jAnA svAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa, unheM isa vAstavikatA kA ehasAsa avazya rahA hogA ki unakI ziSyAeM nirantara pratAr3ita va apamAnita kI jaaeNgii| isake atirikta, yaha bhaya bhI svAbhAvika thA ki bhikSuNiyAM puruSa-hiMsA kI zikAra hoMgI aura vaha bhikSaNiyoM ke viruddha puruSa-hiMsA kI vibhinna ghaTanAoM se tathA isa prakAra kI hiMsA ko rokane ke lie banAye gaye niyamoM se bhI siddha hotA hai| isa prakAra jaisA ki rITA graoNsa ne saMketa kiyA hai ki ina niyamoM dvArA mahilAoM ke akelI yAtrA va kAma karane para sAmAnyataH pratibandha lagAyA gayA thA, ThIka usI prakAra jaise ki Aja hama prAyaH mahilAoM ko asAmAnya samaya meM asurakSita jagahoM para na jAne kA sujhAva dete hue una para sambhAvita puruSa-hiMsA kA pratikAra karate haiN| mAnavIya bastiyoM kI zaharI sImA para vihAroM kI sthApanA ke pariNAmasvarUpa, bhikSuNiyoM ke Ama logoM dvArA chidrAnveSaNa, phAyadA

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14 zramaNa-saMskRti uThAne jAne yA yahA~ taka ki akele hone ke kAraNa yauna-pratAr3anA kI bhArI saMbhAvanA rahatI thii| buddha mahilAoM ke sAtha unake vyaktitva ke AdhAra para vyavahAra karate the| saiddhAntika rUpa se vaha unheM puruSoM ke samAna hI samajhate the, hAlAMki isa prakAra kI sthiti mahilAoM kI nirvANa prApta karane kI yogyatA taka hI sImita rahI dikhAI par3atI hai| samAja ke andara mahilAoM ke adhikAroM kI ora buddha kA dhyAna itanA nahIM gayA hogA, jitanA dhyAna unheM milanA cAhiye thaa| tathApi jaba bhI mauke mile, buddha ne apane mana kI hI bAta kii| unake dvArA pasenadi ko kahe gaye zabdoM se yaha bAta siddha hotI hai, jo yaha samAcAra sunakara duHkhI huA ki usakI patnI ne putra kI jagaha putrI ko janma diyA thaa| buddha ne usase kahA ki putrI vAstava meM, jJAnI va guNI banakara putra se bhI adhika acchI santAna siddha ho sakatI hai| mahAtmA buddha ne dhArmika evaM sAmAjika sudhAra karake samAja ko abhinava AyAma diye| putrI evaM putra ke janma meM unhoMne koI antara nahIM maanaa| bauddha vicAradhArA ke anusAra aputraka dvArA putra ko goda lenA utanA kAnUna sammata nahIM thA, jitanA kanyA ko dattaka bnaanaa| somavatI evaM thANA ko goda liye jAne ke udAharaNa haiN| kanyA janma para bhI putra janma kI bhAMti sabhA AnuSThAnika kRtya sollAsa sampanna kiye jAte the| eka bAra yaha jAna lene bAda ki mahilAeM dhArmika jIvana apanAne kI pUrI kSamatA rakhatI haiM, Arambhika bauddha saMgha ko yaha nirNaya karanA thA ki isa taraha ke vicAra se utpanna ruci ke sambandha meM kyA kiyA jAnA caahiye| Arambha meM, koI khAsa samasyA paidA hotI najara nahIM AtI kyoMki Antarika mAmaloM para prabhutva va bAhya mAmaloM meM svIkAryatA ke sambandha meM jaise-jaise hI saMgha vikasita huA, usane apane caritra ko bAharI samAja ke anusAra DhAlanA zurU kara diyaa| isa taraha ke parivartana ke phalasvarUpa, aise bar3hate hue rukha kA pramANa milatA hai, jisakA artha thA ki mahilAeM dharma parAyaNatA ko pUrNakAlika pezA to banA sakatI haiM lekina eka aise sAvadhAnIpUrvaka niyaMtrita saMsthAgata DhAMce ke bhItara rahakara, jo puruSa pradhAnatA va mahilA-adhInIkaraNa ko pAramparika rUpa meM svIkRta sAmAjika mAnakoM ke dvArA surakSita va sazakta banAtA ho|

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15 bauddha vAGmaya meM mahilA vimarza yaha asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA se baddha ne mahilAoM ko jisa stara para dharmaparAyaNatA kA avasara pradAna kiyA, vaha vizva ke itihAsa meM Ane vAle lambe samaya taka eka advitIya bAta rhii| lekina aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unakI mRtyu ke bAda, kucha vyAvahArika tarkoM ko nArI svabhAva kI kamiyoM ke bAre meM aTakalabAjI karane ke bahAne kA AdhAra banA liyA gyaa| mahAparinirvANottarakAlIna saMgha meM Aye vibhinna virodhAbhAsoM kA samAdhAna prathama bhikSuNI ke rUpa meM mahAprajApati gautamI tathA unake dvArA ATha pratibaMdha guru dharmoM kI svIkRti kI kahAnI kI kalpanA karake kiyA gyaa| dilacaspa bAta yaha hai ki mahAprajApati gautamI ne apane pati kI mRtyu ke bAda pravrajyA prApta kI, jabaki taba taka aneka mahilAeM buddha se upasampadA pA cukI thiiN| unakI pratiSThA ke kAraNa unakA nAma managaDhanta sUcI meM sammilita kiyA gayA lagatA hai| AI0 bI0 haoNrnara anubhava karatI haiM ki 500 varSoM bAda buddha dharma ke patana kI bhaviSyavANI ko bAda meM bhikSuoM dvArA kalpita kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| yaha bhI dhyAna dene yogya bAta hai ki ina virodhAbhAsoM kA samAdhAna eka kalAvadhi meM huA aura cullavagga meM diyA gayA vivaraNa zAyada use tarkasaMgata karane tathA ucita ThaharAne kI aura bhI bAda kI koziza thI jo pahale se hI yathApUrva sthiti bana cukI thii| sAdhAraNa tarkasaMgata vyAkhyA ke atirikta, eka punarAvRtti viSaya bhI milatA hai jo vibhinna virodhAbhAsoM kA samAdhAna DhUMDhane kI koziza karatA hai| mahAprajApati gautamI ko isalie bhI cuna liyA gayA pratIta hotA hai ki kyoMki buddha unake adhikatama RNI the, jisa kAraNa eka mahilA ke rUpa meM unheM ucca sammAna prApta thaa| kahAnI vizvasanIya banAne ke liye, Arambha meM sampAdaka mahAprajApati gautamI ko ATha pratibandhaka guru dharmoM ko turanta svIkAra karate dikhAte haiM, lekina bAda meM unheM Ananda ke pAsa jAkara buddha se pravaratA se sambaddha prathama guru dharma para DhIla dene ke lie pUchate dikhAte haiN| aisI chUTa ke phalasvarUpa mahilAoM ko maThIya samudAya ke bhItara atyadhika pratiSThA va vizeSAdhikAra prApta ho jAte aura niHsaMdeha bhikSuNI-saMgha kA paravartI itihAsa kAphI bhinna hotaa| javAba spaSTa taura para nakArAtmaka dikhAyA gayA hai, jise isa AdhAra para ucita ThaharAyA gayA ki laiMgika sAmyatA bilkula

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zramaNa-saMskRti abhUtapUrva thii| bhikSuNiyoM ne niHsaMdeha apane-Apa ko bar3I saphalatApUrvaka vyavasthita kara rakhA thA aura zAyada isa prastAva ke bAda bhI ve aise hI kAryarata rahIM, lekina aba aupacArika taura para bhikSuoM ke niyaMtraNa (tathA saMrakSaNa) meN| aise samajhaute ne unheM becaina to zAyada avazya kara diyA hogA, lekina yaha aisA samajhautA thA jisake dvArA bhikSuoM ko na kevala rAhata milI hogI balki svataMtra kalpa mahilAoM ke asAmAnya samUha ko bhI jitanA saMbhava ho sakatA thA utanA ucita ThaharAyA gayA hogaa| lekina, isa kahAnI meM, vinaya ke sampAdakoM ko kaI aura samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bhI karanA pdd'aa| kahAnI meM, mahAprajApati gautamI mahilAoM ke netRtva kA kArya karatI hai, jo buddha ke bhikSuoM ke netRtva ke samAnAntara calatI hai| prArambha meM, buddha dvArA unakI mAMga asvIkAra kara diye jAne ke bAvajUda mahAprajApati gautamI va unakI ziSyAeM keza kaTAye, kASAya vastra pahane tathA buddha ke dharma va saMgha kA anusaraNa karatI huI dikhAI gaI haiN| bauddha dharma ne mahilAoM ko parivAra, vivAha aura prasUti jaisI saMsthAoM se na kevala mukti pAne kA balki unheM khuda ko saMyojita karane kA maukA bhI diyaa| . . saMdarbha 1. elana, spAnabarga, eTITyUDa TuvarDasa vImena eNDa phaimilI ina arlI buddhijma, nyUyArka, 1992, pRSTha 3-36 2. zarmA, candradhara, e kriTikala sarve oNpha iNDiyana philaoNsaphI, motIlAla banArasI dAsa, 1983, pRSTha 70 3. gaur3a raMjanA, tripiTaka sAhitya meM pratibimbita samAja, lakhanaU, 2002, pRSTha 86-100 4. elana, spAnabarga, vahI 5. vahI 6. altekara, e0 esa0, da pojIzana oNpha vImena ina hindU sivilIjezana, dillI, 1974, pRSTha 54-55 7. hArnara, AI0 vI0; vImena aNDara primiTiva buddhijma, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, 1975, pRSTha 193 8. yaMga, kaitharina, vImena ina varlDa rilIjiasa, nyUyArka, 1987, pRSTha 16 9. graoNsa, rITA ema0, pheminijma eNDa rilIjana : aina iNTroDakzana, bosTana, 1996, pRSTha 139

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___17 bauddha vAGamaya meM mahilA vimarza 10. bArtho lomyUja, TaissA, da phImela meNDikaiNTa ina buddhisTa, zrIlaMkA, pRSTha 38-51 11. vahI 12. grAsa, rITA ema0; buddhijma AphTara paiTriyArkI : eka phaiminI hisTrI, enAlisisa eNDa rikAMsTrakzana oNpha buddhijma, nyUyArka 1992, pRSTha 36 13. sarAo, ke0 TI0 esa0, prAcIna bhAratIya bauddha dharma : udbhava svarUpa evaM patana, pRSTha 100-01 14. vahI 15. vahI 16. hArnara, vahI 17. vAlTarja, jonAthana, e vAyasa phraoNma da sAilensa : da buddhAja madarsa sTorI, 1994, pRSTha 358-379 18. vahI 19. graoNsa, rITA ema0, vahI, pRSTha 118

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zrIlaMkA kI kalA meM bauddha dharma kA vaizvika avadAna rAjakumAra gupta bhAratIya anusruti ke anusAra laMkA meM sarvaprathama bhAratIya saMskRti kA sandeza ayodhyA ke rAjA zrI rAmacandra jI le gaye the jaba unhoMne rAvaNa se sItA ko mukta karane ke liye laMkA para AkramaNa kiyA thaa| siMhala grantha dIpavaMsa va mahAvaMza meM varNita hai ki laMkAdvIpa kI sthApanA eka bhAratIya upaniveza ke rUpa meM lALa nareza (kAThiyAvAr3a) siMhabAhu ke vidrohI putra vijaya ne kI (jise bhagavAna buddha kA AzIrvAda prApta thaa)| use apane ucchRGkhala kAryakalApa ke kAraNa pitA dvArA deza nikAlA de diyA gayA thaa| vaha apane kucha sAthiyoM ke sAtha laMkAdvIpa pahuMca gyaa| usane apane pitA ke nAma para ise siMhaladvIpa ghoSita kiyaa|' azoka ke abhilekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki usane sarvatra apane sAmrAjya meM, pratyanta pradezoM meM tathA sudUra pazcimI videza meM dharma-vijaya kA prayatna kiyA aura vahA~ para dUtoM ko dharma-pracAra hetu bhejaa| aneka itihAsakAroM ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki azoka kI yaha dharma-vijaya saddharma (bauddha dharma) kA hI pracAra thA aura usake saMrakSaNa aura prayAsa ke kAraNa hI bhArata bhUmi meM janmA eka dhArmika sampradAya vizvajanIna dharma meM pariNata ho gyaa| azoka kI preraNA se moggaliputra tiSya sthavira ne tRtIya bauddha saMgIti ke bAda pratyanta pradezoM meM buddha - zAsana kI unnati aura dharma pracAra ke lie bhikSuoM ko bhejaa| moggaliputra tiSya sthavira ne saMgha ke sthaviroM se kahA ki ve cAra-cAra bhikSuoM ke sAtha svayaM ko pA~cavAM mAnakara (pA~ca-pA~ca kI maNDalI meM) pratyanta dezoM

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zrIlaMkA kI kalA meM bauddha dharma kA vaizvika avadAna ke prANiyoM para anukampA karate hue tathA unameM buddha zAsana ke prati zraddhA ko sudRr3ha karane hetu vahA~ dharma-pracAra ke lie prasthAna kreN| isI Adeza ke anupAlana meM mahendra, iTThiya, uttiya, sambala aura bhadrazAla laMkA ke zAsaka devAnAmpriya tiSya ke zAsana kAla meM laMkA phuNce| isa prakAra yathA vidhi bauddha dharma laMkA dvIpa meM praviSTa huaa| ye bhikSu apane sAtha bodhi-vRkSa kI zAkhA bhI le gaye the jise pUrNa sammAna ke sAtha anurAdhapura meM lagAyA gyaa| mahendra ko apane dharma-pracAra meM apanI bahana saMghamitrA se bhI bar3A sahayoga prApta huA thaa| preSita bhikSuoM ke nAma aura bodhivRkSa kI kathA bhAratIya purAtattva ke sA~cI stupa ke anusaMdhAna meM bhI pramANita ho cukA hai| govinda candra pANDeya ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai ki abhilekhoM se bhI sthaviravAdiyoM ke dvArA dharma-pracAra ke isa prayatna kA samarthana prApta hotA hai| laMkA dvIpa meM sabhI sthaviroM ne vahA~ kI janatA meM 'cUlahatthipadopamasutta', 'devadUtasutta,' 'bAlapaNDitasutta,' 'agniskandhopamasutta,''azIviSopamasutta,"anamaggiyasutta, "gomayapiNDasutta', 'dharmacakraprarvatanasutta,''mahAsamayasutta',Adi kA upadeza diyaa| vastutaH mahendra aura saMghamitrA ke laMkA meM pahu~cane ke bAda se hI donoM deza AdhyAtmika rUpa se eka ho gaye the| bauddha dharma ke pracAra - prasAra ke sambandha meM bhAratIya rAjAoM ne jisa prakAra rAjyAzraya dvArA buddha-dharma kI sevA kI usI prakAra siMhala deza ke rAjAoM ne bhI bauddha dharma ke rAjaniyojita pracAra aura prasAra meM yogadAna diyaa| Adi kAla se hI mAnava kA kalA se nikaTatam sambandha rahA hai| bhAratIya pariprekSya meM kalA prArambha se hI dharma se anuprANita rahI hai| bhAratIya kalA kA sarvottama vaiziSTya yaha hai ki vaha saMskAra pradhAna hone ke kAraNa dharma pradhAna bana gaI hai| vastutaH dharma hI bhAratIya kalA kA prANa hai| cU~ki laMkA meM bhAratIya dharma (bauddha dharma) jaba apanI jar3eM majabUta kara liyA to vahA~ para bhI jisa kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa huA vaha bhI pUrNatayA bauddha se hI anuprANita rhii| yahA~ para stUpa, caitya aura vihAroM ke bar3e hI rocaka varNana prApta hote haiN| yahA~ kI kalA asaMdigdha rUpa se buddha, dharma tathA saMgha ke prati samarpita thii| stUpa, vihAra aura caityoM kA nirmANa sAmAnya janamAnasa ko bauddha dharma kI ora AkRSTa karane kA sAdhana bhI thaa| kalA dharma pracAra kA mAdhyama bhI bana gayI thii|

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20 zramaNa-saMskRti vaMsa sAhitya meM stUpa, caitya evaM vihAra ke nirmANa kI vizad jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| vastutaH bauddha kalA ke prAcInatam viSaya stUpa va vihAra hI the| stUpa parinirvRta tathAgata bhagavAna buddha kA pratIka thaa| bauddha paramparA ke anusAra mahAparinirvANa ke samAnAntara hI buddha ke avazeSa (citAzeSa) zarIra dhAtu kA ATha bhAgoM meM vibhAjana tathA pratyeka para pRthaka-pRthaka stUpa racanA huI jisase ATha dhAtu-garbha stUpa astitva meM aaye| prArambhika stUpa aNDAkAra tathA iSTakA - khacita hote the| aNDa ke agra-bhAga meM 'harmikA' aura 'chatra' tathA mUla bhAga meM pradakSiNA patha hotA thaa| cAroM ora surakSA ke nimitta vedikA banA dI jAtI thI jisameM dvAra yA toraNa hote the| kramazaH stUpoM kA AkAra bar3hatA aura U~cA hotA gayA tathA vedikA aura toraNa ubhare hue utkIrNa citroM se alaMkRta kiye gaye jinake viSaya jAtaka athavA buddha kI jIvanI se liye gaye haiN| kAlAntara meM IMToM kA sthAna pattharoM ne le liyaa| sA~cI, sAranAtha, bharahuta, amarAvatI, nAgArjunIkoMDa Adi stUpa bauddha kalA kI amUlya nidhiyA~ haiN| thUpavaMsa' meM cAra prakAra ke vyakti stUpArha haiM, yathA - tathAgata, pratyeka buddha (vyaktigata rUpa se jJAnI kintu lokoM ke upadeSTatA nahIM), tathAgata ke ziSya aura raajckrvrtii| jisa caitya meM inameM se kisI ke zarIra ke avaziSTa cihna rakhe jAyeM vahI stUpa (thUpa) hai| vaMsa sAhitya meM buddha, dharma tathA saMgha kI zaraNAgati aura zraddhA bhakti meM anekAneka stUpoM ke nirmANa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| 4 bauddha dharma meM yaha mAnyatA hai ki buddha kI zarIra dhAtuoM kA darzana hone para bhI sAkSAta unhIM kA darzana mAnA jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki stUpa nirmANa aura usakA darzana pUjana bauddha anuyAyiyoM ke sabase punIta karma meM pariNata ho gyaa| stUpa kA nirmANa samAja ke lie sphUrtidAyaka racanA hotI thii| usake zilAnyAsa se lekara usake pUrNa hone taka aneka samArohoM va utsavoM kA Ayojana kiyA jAtA thA jisameM deza aura videza se aneka loga aura bhikSu-sthavira Adi bhAga lete the| zrIlaMkA ke rAjA duTTagrAmaNI dvArA eka mahAstUpa ke nirmANa ke avasara para laMkA dvIpa vAsI bhikSuoM ke sAtha-sAtha anya dezoM yathA - rAjagRha, RSipattana, zrAvastI, vaizAlI, kauzAmbI, ujjayinI.

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zrIlaMkA kI kalA meM bauddha dharma kA vaizvika avadAna pATaliputra, kazmIramaNDala, pahalavI (pallava), alasanda (yavana), vindhyATavI, bodhimaNDavihAra (bodhagayA), vanavAsa pradeza (karnATaka), kailAza Adi sthAnoM ke mukhya sthavira anekoM bhikSuoM ke sAtha bhAga liye the|" stUpa kI racanA thUpakamma (stUpakarma) yA mahAthUpArambha (mahAstUpArambha) kahalAtI thI aura nirmANAdhyakSa vyakti ko 'kammAdhiTThAyaka' (karmAdhiSThApaka) kahA jAtA thaa| yahA~ stUpa ke nirmANa ke liye rAjA dvArA zilpiyoM kA cunAva aneka zilpakAroM meM se parIkSA ke uparAnta kiyA jAtA thaa| thUpaTThAna yA stUpa ke sthAna para thUpa (khambhA) kI pratiSThA kI jAtI thii| isI yUpa meM paribhramaNa daNDaka kI rassI kA eka sirA bAMdhakara sambandhita adhikArI stUpa ke lie Avazyaka bhUmi kA mApana karatA thaa| stUpoM ke nirmANa ke pUrNa ho jAne para usakA udghATanotsava' bar3e hI bhavya tarIke se manAyA jAtA thA stapa nirmANa ke kArya meM sarvaprathama nIMva kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| stUpa nirmANa ke liye gola pattharoM (gula pAsANa ke) ko yoddhAoM (sainikoM) se maMgavAyA jAtA thaa| unheM ve hathaur3oM se khaNDa-khaNDa karate the usake bAda usake Upara hAthiyoM ke pairoM meM camar3A mar3havAkara unase masalavAyA jAtA thA jisase khaNDa-khaNDa patthara ke Tukar3e mahIna bhassI bana jAtI thii| isa prakAra sAta hAtha gahare gaDDe ko patthara kI bajarI aura bhassI ke mahIna reta se bharavAkara stUpa ke liye pakkI nIMva yA bhUmi nirmita kI jAtI thI usake Upara 'navanIta matikA' (makkhana miTTI yA cikanI miTTI) nAmaka atyanta mahIna aura vizeSa rUpa se taiyAra kI gayI cUne jaisI miTTI yA masAle kA palastara kiyA jAtA thA / vajra evaM sugandhita lepa miTTI (mattikA), IMTa kA pIsA cUrNa (iTTakA cUrNa), cUnA (kharasudhA), kuruvinda cUrNa (mRdu prastara), moramba (marumba), sphaTika, zIrA (rasodaka), kaitha yA bela kA gUdA (kapitthassa), tila ke tela, manasila (manosilAya) ko milAkara banAyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra ke vajra ke lepa kA ullekha viSNudharmottara purANa meM bhI prApta hotA hai| kaniMghama mahodaya ko isa prakAra se nirmita pharza bharahuta stUpa ke nIce se milA thaa|" mahAstUpa ke mUla bhAga ke pUrNa ho jAne ke bAda use nAnA bhAMti ke abhiprAyoM aura alaMkaraNoM se alaMkRta kiyA jAtA thA, jaise - aSTa mAMgalika cihna (aTThamaMgalaka-kadalI stambha, jalapUrNa ghaTa, zastrayukta yoddhA, sira para

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zramaNa-saMskRti ghar3A rakhe huye nArI, citralatA Adi), catuSpada paMkti (siMha, vRSabha, gaja, azva, catuppada paMtI), haMsa paMkti (haMsa pantI), motI aura choTI ghaMTiyoM ke bane huye jAlaka (muttAkiMkiNika jAlaka), suvarNa nirmita ghaMTiyoM kI paMkti (suvaNNaghaNTA pantI), mAlAe~ (dAmAni), motiyoM kI mAlAoM ke laTake (muttAdAmakalApaka), sUrya, candramA aura tAroM kI AkRti ke phulle (ravicandatAra rUpa padumaka), vastroM kI dhvajAe~, nAnA prakAra ke ratnoM kI vedikA (nAnAratanavedikA), pUrNaghaTa yA maMgala-kalazoM kI paMktiyA~ (puNNadhaTa paMtI), hAtha jor3e huye aMjali mudrA meM devatA (aMjalipaggahA devA), jalapUrNa ghaTa liye huye devatA (pupphapuNNaghaTA), nAcate-gAte nartaka devatA (nacakkA devatA), tUryavAdaka devatA (turiyavAdaka devatA), darpaNa hAtha meM liye devatA (AdAsagAhakA devA), puSpazAkhAdhArI devatA (puSphasAkhAdharA devA), kamalapuSpa hAtha meM liye devatA (padumAdika gAhakA devA), ratna-mAlAoM kI paMktiyA~ (ratanagghiya paMtI), dharmacakroM kI paMktiyA~ (dhammacakka paMtI), khaDgadhArI deva paMkti (khaggadharA deva paMtI), pAtradhArI devatAoM kI paMkti (pAtidharA deva paMtI) aura bhI aneka prakAra ke divya abhiprAya aura devatA (aMje devA ca nekadhA) aneka jAtaka kathAe~ aura buddha ke jIvana-dRzya bhI stUpoM para aMkita kaye jAte the| mahAbrahmA, zakra, vINAdhArI paMcazikha, apsarAoM ke sAtha sahastrabhujI devakumAriyA~ yA devakanyAe~ (dvAtiMsA ca kumAriyoM), aSTAvizati yakSarAja (yakkha senApati aTThavIsati) Adi kI AkRtiyoM kA utkIrNana kiyA jAtA thaa| mahAvaMsa meM buddha ke jIvana-lIlA kI ghaTanAoM ke utkIrNana kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| vessaMtara jAtaka kI kathA kA savistAra aMkana milatA hai| vedikA aura stUpa ke zilpa para anya jAtaka kathAoM ko bhI sthAna diyA gayA thaa| vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla kA mAnanA hai ki kuSANa yuga ke bAda ke stUpoM meM buddha ke aneka jIvana-dRzya bhI utkIrNa kiye gaye jaba unhoMne tuSita devoM ke svarga meM rahate hue pRthvI para janma lene kA nizcaya kiyA aura jaba bodhimaNDa para virAjamAna hokara mAragharSaNa kiyA aura tadnantara dharmacakrapravartana kara ve nirvANa ko prApta huye| ina vivaraNoM se spaSTa hai ki bauddha dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke liye mahAstUpa kA nirmANa eka mahatvapUrNa dhArmika karma thaa| vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne yaha

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zrIlaMkA kI kalA meM bauddha dharma kA vaizvika avadAna svIkAra kiyA hai ki mahAvaMsa meM isa mahAstUpa ke varNana kA lakSya Andhra deza meM nirmita amarAvatI aura nAgArjunIkoNDa ke mahAcaitya the / Andhra stUpoM ke zilApaTToM para aneka prakAra ke rUpaka yA alaMkaraNa utkIrNita kiye gaye haiM jo mahAvaMsa" ke vivaraNoM se sAmya rakhate haiM / Andhra stUpoM ke cAroM dizAoM meM cAra maMca nirgata rUpa meM banAye jAte the / unameM se pratyeka meM pAMca pUjA stambhoM ko sthAna diyA jAtA thA jinheM Ayaka - khambha (Aryaka - skambha ) kahA jAtA thA / Andhra stUpoM kI yaha vizeSatA bhI mahAvaMsa meM varNita hai| 7 mahAvaMsa meM mahAstUpa ke nirmANa meM medavarNa pASANa kA ullekha hai usase bhI Andhra stUpoM kI hI sUcanA prApta hotI hai jo dhaule raMga ke pattharoM se nirmita haiM / ina vivaraNoM ke AdhAra para inase kaI sadI pUrva nirmita sA~cI aura bharahuta ke mahAcaityoM ke bhavya nirmANa kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| gaharI nIMva bharakara, aNDa bhAga, harmikA, vedikA, toraNa Adi kA nirmANa, anekoM prakAra ke alaMkaraNa aura dhArmika abhiprAyoM kI sajjA evaM rUpavatI devakanyAoM kI vividha mudrAoM meM kalpanA jinakA digdarzana vedikAoM para hotA hai, sabakI pRSThabhUmi meM AkRti evaM vAstu1-vidhAna sambandhI dIrghakAlIna prayatna nihita thA / 23 thUpavaMsa meM buddha ke parinirvANa kAla se lekara duTTagrAmaNI ke samaya taka nirmita stUpoM kA kramabaddha vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / devAnAMpriyatiSya ne apane bhAI kI patnI anulA devI kI saMghamitrA dvArA pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke bAda sampUrNa laMkA dvIpa meM eka-eka yojana ke phAsale para stUpoM kA jAla bichA diyA ! ina stUpoM meM rakhane ke lie tathAgata ke zarIra ke avaziSTa cinhoM ko usane zrAmaNera sumana ko bhejakara apane mitra jambudvIpa ke rAjA azoka se maMgavAyA thaa| mahAstUpa meM rakhane ke liye buddha ke zarIra ke avazeSa vahI the jinheM rAmagAma ke koliyoM ne apane yahA~ sthApita kiyA thA / niHsandeha devAnAMpriyatiSya azoka se prabhAvita thA jisane 84000 stUpoM ke nirmANa kA dAvA kiyA hai| vaMsa sAhitya ke vivaraNoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki bhagavAna buddha ke chaH kezoM ke Upara stUpa kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thA aura silAkAla ko usakA prathama rakSaka niyukta kiyA gayA thA / deg rAjA vRSabha ne 10 stUpoM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa|" isI prakAra parAkramabAhu aura rAjAtiSyaka ne stUpa aura vihAra donoM kA nirmANa karAyA thA 12

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zramaNa-saMskRti vaMsa sAhitya ke vivaraNoM se zrIlaMkA meM aneka vihAra ke nirmANa kI bhI sUcanA prApta hotI hai / vihAra nirmANa ke kucha nizcita dhArmika niyama the jinakA anupAlana Avazyaka thA / vihAra ke nirmANa se hI saMghArAma pratiSThita nahIM huA karatamA jaba taka usakI buddha dvArA anumodita sImA na bAMdha dI jaay| isake liye saMgha meM eka jagaha ekatra hokara sabhI bhikSu - bhikSuNiyA~ karmavAcA (vinaya - pATha) sunAte the jise 'ekAvAsa' kI saMjJA dI jAtI thI / isI sImA ke baMdhane para hI koI vihAra sthAI ho pAtA thA aura vahA~ AvAsa supratiSThita hotA thA / dRTTagrAmaNI ne anurAdhapura meM nau maMjiloM kA 'lauha prAsAda' nAmaka vihAra banavAyA / yaha hajAroM kUTAgAroM se maNDita aura eka hajAra kamaroM se yukta thA / isakI chata lohe kI khaparailoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa hI ise 'lauhaprAsAda' kahA gayA 14 devAnAMpriyatiSya ne 'tiSyArAma vihAra', 'stUpArAma vihAra' aura 'cUr3akatiSya' nAmaka vihAra banavAyA thA / rAjA abhaya 'abhaya giri vihAra' banavAyA tathA usake pA~ca yoddhAoM ne apane hI nAmoM para 'sAliyArAma', 'mUlAzaya', 'parvatArAma', 'tiSyArAma' aura 'devAgAra' nAma vihAra banavAye the / " isI prakAra rAjA thUlasena ne 'alakandara vihAra' rAjA lajjatiSya ne 'girikumbhila', rAjA mahallanAga ne 'sAjillakandakArAma,' 'dakapASANavihAra', 'zAliparvata vihAra', 'tenevellivihAra', 'nAgaparvata vihAra', aura 'girisAli vihAra', rAjA mahAziva ne 'naMgarAMgaNa', aura rAjA zUratiSya ne hastiskandha, gogaNagirika, kolambahAlaka, makulaka, acchagallaka, kaNDanagara, girinelavAhanaka vihAroM kA nirmANa karAyA / " vihAroM meM hI stUpoM aura caitya kA bhI nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / 24 vihAroM meM saMgha ke lie sabhI prakAra kI suvidhAeM aura surakSA upalabdha thIM / vihAroM meM puSkariNiyoM (vApiyoM) tathA tar3Aga kA bhI nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / vihAra ke cAroM ora prAkAra (parakoTA) ke nirmANa kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai 50 prAkAra ke sAtha-sAtha vihAroM meM 'pariveNa' aura 'mahapariveNa' kA bhI nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / " bhikSuNi " ke lie alaga se vihAroM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / devAnAMpriyatiSya ne bhikSuNiyoM kI surakSA ke nimitta 'upAsikA vihAra' aura 'hastyAdaka vihAra' ke sAtha sAtha 'bhikSuNyupAzrayoM' kA nirmANa =

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5 zrIlaMkA kI kalA meM bauddha dharma kA vaizvika avadAna karavAyA thaa| bhikSuNiyoM ke lie jantAdhAra (vASpa snAnagRha) ke bhI nirmANa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| stUpoM aura vihAroM ke nirmANa meM alaMkaraNa, unakI majabUtI aura unakI surakSA kA bhI dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| stUpoM ke nirmANa meM IMToM aura pASANoM donoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| IMToM se nirmita stUpa para bhI sA~cI ke stUpa kI taraha zilAkaMcuka pahanAne kA bhI varNana hai| stUpa ko cA~dI, suvarNa aura maNi-ratnoM aura hIrA se bhI alaMkRta kiyA jAtA thaa| mahAbodhi ke cAroM ora pASANa vedikA tathA toraNa kA bhI nirmANa kiyA gayA thA tathA bodhivRkSa ke sammukha eka dIpa stambha jo vRkSa ke samAna U~cA thA, kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| rAjA duTTagrAmaNI dvArA bhagavAna buddha ke pratimA ke nirmANa kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| vaMsa sAhitya meM aneka aise sthApAtyika racanAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jo bauddha dharma va saMgha ke lie Avazyaka nirmANa the| bhikSuoM ke dhArmika kRtyoM ke sampAdana ke lie cAra dIvAroM se ghire 'mAlaka' kA bhI nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| mahAvaMsA meM mahAmuculamAlaka, praznAmramAlaka, zirISamAlaka nAgamAlaka, Adi aneka mAlakoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| bhikSuoM aura bhikSuNiyoM ke lie uposatha-gRha (uposathagAra) kA bhI nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| bhagavAn buddha kI jIvana-lIlA kI ghaTanAoM kA bhI utkIrNana kiyA jAtA thaa| ina ghaTanAoM meM brahmAyAcana kathA,"dharmacakrapravartana','yazazreSThI kI pravrajyA', 'bhadravargIya sahAyakoM kI pravrajyA', 'jaTiloM koka sanmArga para lAne kI kathA, 'bhagavAn buddha kA magadha samrATa bimbisAra se milanA,' 'unakA rAjagRha meM praveza', 'veluvanArAma kA dAna grahaNa', 'unakA assI zrAvakoM sahita kapilavastu gamana' tathA vahA~ 'ralacakramaNa prAtihArya pradarzana', 'rAhula evaM Ananda kI pravrajyA kA citraNa,' 'anAthapiNDaka zreSThI se jetavana kA grahaNa', 'AmravRkSa ke nIce prAtihArya pradarzana' unake dvArA 'trAyastriMza loka meM jAkara kiyA gayA abhidharmopadeza,' 'devatAoM kA bhagavadarzanArtha bhUloka para AnA, 'sthaviroM ke prazna' (dI0 ni0 20 sU0), 'mahAsamaya sUtra,' 'rAhulovAda sUtra',

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zramaNa-saMskRti 'mahAmaMgala sUtra', 'dhanapAla samAgama sUtra,' 'buddha dvArA Alavaka (yakSa) kA damana', 'DAkU aMgulimAla kA damana,"nAgarAja ajapAla kA damana,"buddha kA pArAyaNaka brAhmaNoM se bheMTa', 'Ayu saMskAra (jIvana) tyAga kA dRzya,''bhagavAn buddha dvArA zUkaramAdava kA bhojana karanA', 'zRMgivarNa yugala kA svaccha jalapAna' evaM buddha ke mahAparinirvANa' ke dRzyoM kA utkIrNana mukhya rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda duHkhI hone ke kAraNa 'devatAoM aura manuSyoM kA vilApa,' 'sthaviroM dvArA unakA pAdavandana,' unakA 'dAhakriyAkarma' (agni nirvANa) tathA taduttarakAlika pUjA, isake bAda 'droNa brAhmaNa dvArA asthiyoM kI pUjA' ityAdi bhagavAna buddha kI jIvana-kathAoM tathA jAtaka kathAoM kA utkIrNana bauddha kalA kI amUlya nidhiyAM haiN| ye sabhI utkIrNana laMkAdhipati duTTagrAmaNI ne bhagavAn buddha kI zraddhA-bhakti meM karavAyA thaa| usane vessanta jAtaka (538) kA ati vistArapUrvaka utkIrNana krvaayaa| isake sAtha-sAtha usane tuSitapura (devaloka) se Arambhakara bodhimaNDa taka kI sabhI lIlAoM kA vistArapUrvaka utkIrNana karavAyA thaa| zrIlaMkA kI citrakalA bhI bauddha dharma se prabhAvita thii| citrakAra apane citroM meM mAnava-jagata, pazu-jagata aura vanaspati--jagata ko samAna mahattva pradAna karatA thaa| vaha apane citroM ko kapar3e, stUpa, vihAra aura bhavana kI bhittiyoM para citrita karatA thaa| citrakAra buddha ke atirikta anya devatAoM aura strI-puruSoM ke bhI sundara citroM ko banAte the / pazu-jagata ke citroM meM catuSpadoM yathA siMha, vRSabha, gaja, aura azva ke citroM ko maNi-muktAoM Adi se banAyA jAtA thA jinheM 'catuSpada paMkti' kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| ye cAroM mahAAjAneya pazu sAranAtha stambha ke phalaka para bhI aMkita haiM jinheM buddha ke janma, kula, niSkramaNa aura rAzi kA pratIka bhI mAnA jAtA hai| DaoN0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne kahA hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina cAroM pazuoM kI maulikatA kI paramparA eka ora sindhu ghATI taka hai aura dUsarI ora 19vIM zatI taka dezagata vistAra meM bhArata aura laMkA ke sAtha-sAtha barmA, syAma aura tibbata taka prApta hotA hai| bAlmikI rAmAyaNa meM inheM jahA~ rAma ke abhiSeka ke lie mAMgalika dravyoM meM ginA jAtA hai vahIM kezavadAsa (17vIM zatI) ne rAma ke rAja prAsAda ke cAra dvAroM para inakA ullekha kiyA hai| ina pazuoM ke

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zrIlaMkA kI kalA meM bauddha dharma kA vaizvika avadAna sAtha-sAtha 'mRga' aura 'vyAghra' kA bhI ciMtrAkana kiyA jAtA thaa| mAMgalika pakSiyoM meM zuka, mayUra, haMsa Adi ke sajIva citrAMkana kA ullekha prApta hotA hai|' citrakAroM ke dvArA vanaspati-jagata ke citroM meM bhI ruci darzAte hue kadalI-stambha, citralatA ke sAtha-sAtha jalapUrNa ghaToM ko mAMgalika citra ke rUpa meM banAne kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki buddha, dharma aura saMgha kI samRddhi meM laMkAdvIpa ke anekAneka zAsakoM va usake padAdhikAriyoM ke sAtha-sAtha sAmAnyajanoM ne bhI yogadAna diyA aura aneka stUpa, caitya, stambha aura vihAroM ke sAtha-sAtha aise aneka nirmANa kArya kie jo bauddha dharma se anuprANita the| bhagavAna buddha ke pUrva jIvana ke kathAnakoM kA pradarzana athavA aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kA utkIrNana upAsakoM evaM darzakoM ke mAnasa paTala para sthAyI prabhAva DAlatA hai| bhagavAna buddha ke pratIka evaM unakI pratimA kA sthAna-sthAna para utkIrNana laMkA meM bauddha dharma ke prati zraddhA ko darzAtA hai| vaMsa sAhitya se laMkA meM kalA aura dharma ke samanvaya kI bhI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| jisakA prArambhika svarUpa hameM har3appA saMskRti se hI milane lagatA hai aura jo AdyopAnta bhAratIya saMskRti kI vizeSatA rahI hai| isI bhAratIya vaiziSTya ko bauddha dharma ne zrIlaMkA meM sthApita kiyA jisase donoM deza eka dUsare ke dhArmika aura sAMskRtika bandhana meM baMdha gye| vaMsa-sAhitya meM to vaMsakAroM ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki zrIlaMkAvAso asaMskRta va asabhya the jinako buddha tathA unakI paramparAoM ne susaMskRta va sabhya bnaayaa| yaha svIkArokti hameM rAmAyaNa meM varNita rAma va rAvaNa ke saMgharSoM kI yAda dilAtA hai| vastutaH bauddha dharma ke kAraNa hI zrIlaMkA aura bhArata meM sAMskRtika AdAna-pradAna huA ve bhAratIya rIti-rivAja aura paramparAoM ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya kalA ke bhI grahaNakartA bneN| sandarbha 1. dIpavaMsa, aSTama pariccheda, mahAvaMsa, SaSTa evaM saptam pariccheda 2. azoka kA dUsarA, paMcama aura trayodaza shilaalekh| 3. vI0 smitha, arlI hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA, pR0 197-99 4. dIpavaMsa, 8/1-2; mahAvaMsa 12/1

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zramaNa-saMskRti 5. dIpavaMsa, 8/1--2; mahAvaMsa 12/1 6. dIpavaMsa, 8/12; mahAvaMsa 12/7 7. dIpavaMsa, 15/74; mahAvaMsa, 15/21, 23; 18/1 8. paramAnanda siMha (sa0) mahAvaMsa, pR0 19 9. govinda candra pANDeya, bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, pR0 200 10. dIpavaMsa, 12/53; 13/12, 18; 14/12, 18, 47, 54 11. dIpavaMsa, 8/12; 15/74,75; mahAvaMsa, 12/7, 15/22-23, 19/53 12. mahAparinibbAnasuttanta evaM thUpavaMsa 13. thUpavaMsa 14. dIpavaMsa, 15/5, 7, 27; mahAvaMsa, 1/37, 39; 15/51; 19/75 15. mahAvaMsa, 17/3 16. dIpavaMsa, 15/28-32; mahAvaMsa, 29/13, 14 17. mahAvaMsa, 29/30-43 18. vahI, 29/1 19. vahI, 28/5-11 20. vahI, 29/2, 49,51 21. vahI, 5/178, 185 22. vahI, 29/3, 4 23. vahI, 29/2 24. vahI, 29/5 25. vahI, 29/7-12 26. viSNudharmottara purANa, 3/40/1-3 27. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, bhAratIya kalA, pR0 137 28. mahAvaMsa, 27/37; 30/65-92 29. vahI, 30/78 30. vahI, 30/78-89 31. vahI, 30/78 32. vahI, 30/88 33. vahI, 30/87 34. bhAratIya kalA, pR0 138 35. vahI 36. mahAvaMsa, 30/97 37. vahI, 30/60

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zrIlaMkA kI kalA meM bauddha dharma kA vaizvika avadAna 38. thUpavaMsa 39. mahAvaMsa, 17/9; 18; 32/59, 60 40. chakesadhAtuvaMsa; cUlavaMsa 39/49, 56 41. dIpavaMsa, 22/1 42. cUlavaMsa, 39/49; dIpavaMsa, 22/40 43. dIpavaMsa, 14/22-25 44. mahAvaMsa, 27/15; 32/2-3 45. dIpavaMsa, 13/19, 23; 17/95; mahAvaMsa 20/7-8 46. dIpavaMsa, 19/18-21 47. dIpavaMsa, 20/8, 11; 22/15-18; mahAvaMsa 21/4-7 48. mahAvaMsa, 20/9; 36/9, dIpavaMsa, 15/41, 59 49. dIpavaMsa, 15/59; 16/24; 20/5-6 50. dIpavaMsa, 13/21 51. mahAvaMsa, 36/8 52. mahAvaMsa, 19/82; 20/21 53. dIpavaMsa, 20/34 54. dIpavaMsa, 15/27; mahAvaMsa, 36/12 55. dIpavaMsa, 19/14; 20/15; mahAvaMsa 30/57-59 . 56. dIpavaMsa, 20/12; 22/25 57. mahAvaMsa, 30/57-59; dIpavaMsa, 21/30-35; 22/36-39, 48,61 58. dIpavaMsa, 22/38, 41, 55, 56 59. mahAvaMsa, 30/72 60. mahAvaMsa, 15/29, 36-39; 16/15, 16 61. mahAvaMsa, 15/36, 38, 84, 118, 153; 16/16 62. mahAvaMsa, 36/15-17 63. mahAvaMsa, 30/78-88 64. pahAvaMsa, 5/93 65. mahAvaMsa, 27/30, 37 66. mahAvaMsa, 28/37 67. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, bhAratIya kalA, pR0 113 68. mahAvaMsa, 27/303; 30/65 69. mahAvaMsa, 11/13; 30/65 70. mahAvaMsa, 27/37

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uDIsA meM jaina dharma kA pracAra vizvanAtha varmA prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti ke jJAna ke sAdhana svarUpa yahA~ kI vibhinna dhArmika paramparAoM kA apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| ina dhArmika paramparAoM meM mUlataH brAhmaNa, jaina, evaM bauddha paramparAyeM pramukha haiN| jinake anuyAyiyoM ne vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika jIvana kI jaTilatAoM ko sugama banAne ke lie apane-apane sAhitya meM sacce AcAroM evaM vicAroM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| yahI prAcIna paramparAeM hamAre atIta kI thAtI haiN| bhAratIya jana-jIvana kI bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika sukhoM kI prApti ke sAdhana svarUpa ina dhArmika paramparAoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| jaina paramparAoM kA sRjana ati prAcIna rahA hai| bauddhagrantha dIghanikAya meM nirgrantha dharma ke cAturyAma kA ullekha hai| isa cAturyAma dharma kA upadeza mahAvIra se pUrva pArzvanAtha ne hI diyA thaa| mahAvIra svAmI ne isI dharma kA anukaraNa kiyA thA aura ina cAturyAmoM arthAt satya, ahiMsA, acaurya evaM aparigraha meM eka aura vrata arthAt brahmacarya jor3akara isa dharma ke antargata pAMca mahAvratoM ke pAlana kA upadeza diyaa| vaidika kAla meM ullikhita vrAtya zramaNa dharma ke prArambhika rUpa the aura jaina dharma ke anurUpa AcaraNa karate the| spaSTataH mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita jaina dharma evaM jaina AcArAvalI kA prArambha Rgvaidika kAla se hI ho gayA thA, jo vaidika dharma ke virodhI RSabhadeva dvArA calAye hue yati dharma athavA munidharma ke rUpa meM udita hokara eka ke bAda eka karake caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke kAla taka unhIM ke dvArA pratipAdita nirgrantha sampradAya athavA jaina dharma ke rUpa meM sAmane aayaa| 'jaina' zabda kI vyutpatti 'jinan' arAdhanA se huii| 'jin' zabda kA artha 'jetA' hotA hai jise arhat arthAt tIrthaMkara kahA jAtA hai|

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ur3IsA meM jaina dharma kA pracAra 31 uttara bhArata ke kAzI evaM bihAra se udbhUta yaha dharma dhIre- dhIre sampUrNa uttara evaM dakSiNa bhArata meM phaila gyaa| mauryakAla meM bhadrabAhu ke netRtva meM dakSiNa bhArata kI ora zramaNoM ke eka varga ke prasthAna kara jAne ke bAda uttara bhArata meM vArANasI evaM mathurA se hote hue rAjasthAna evaM tadanantara gujarAta Adi pradezoM taka ke bhUbhAgoM meM tathA bihAra evaM baMgAla ke madhya se hote hue ur3IsA evaMta mila dezoM taka digambara jaina dharma kA pracAra huaa| uttara evaM dakSiNa bhArata ke prasiddha nagaroM meM isa dharma ke pracAra ke liye rAjAoM, mahArAjAoM evaM dhanika varga ke logoM ne jaina zramaNoM ko aneka dAna diye, caityoM evaM maThoM kA nirmANa karAyA tathA jaina tIrthaMkara kI mUrtiyoM evaM maMdira nirmita kraaye|' atyanta prAcIna kAla se hI hama ur3IsA ko bhI jaina dharma ke pracAra kA kendra pAte haiN| saMbhavataH yaha dharma bihAra evaM baMgAla se hote hue ur3IsA meM praviSTa huA hogaa| jaina Agama dharma kalpasUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jaina dharma ke pracAra ke nimitta baMgAla ke paNiya bhUmi meM apanA eka varSa vyatIta kiyA thaa| Avazyaka niyukti meM ullekha milatA hai ki mahAvIra svAmI ne tosali evaM mausalI nAmaka sthAnoM kI yAtrA kI thii| tosali kI pahacAna Adhunika ur3IsA meM kaTaka ke samIpa sthiti bhU-bhAga se kI jAtI hai| isakA samarthana AcArAMgasUtra' se hotA hai jisake anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI ne pazcimI baMgAla evaM dakSiNI baMgAla vAle bhU-bhAgoM taka jAkara apane dharma kA upadeza diyA thaa| isa prakAra aitihAsika dRSTi se ur3IsA meM jaina dharma kA praveza rAjA nandavardhana ke samaya meM hI ho gayA thaa| vyavahAra bhASya se patA calatA hai ki ur3IsA meM tosalika nareza ne jin mUrti surakSita rakhI thii| spaSTatayA ur3IsA meM jaina dharma kA pracAra kArya mahAvIra svAmI ke kAla se hI prArambha ho gayA thaa| DaoN0 kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla ne isa sambandha meM kaliMga zAsaka khAravela ke hAthI gumphA abhilekha kI 14vIM paMkti ke AdhAra para batAyA hai ki mahAvIra svAmI ne svayaM kaliMga meM kumArI nAmaka pahAr3I para jaina dharma kA upadeza diyA thaa| aitihAsika dRSTi se maurya sAmrAjya ke patana ke bAda hI kaliMga eka mahatvapUrNa rAjanItika ikAI ke rUpa meM udita huA, isakA pramANa hAthIgumphA

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zramaNa-saMskRti lekha hai| isa lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki kaliMga kI jisa jin mUrti koka nandarAjA tivasasata pUrva kaliMga se magadha le gayA thA, use khAravela punaH apane deza le aayaa| yaha abhilekha arhatoM evaM siddhoM ke namaskAra se prArambha hotA hai isase vahA~ arhatoM ke smAraka avazeSoM kA bhI patA calatA hai| isa lekha se spaSTa hotA ki nandarAjA dvArA magadha le jAne vAlI jina pratimA lagabhaga cauthI zatAbdI I0pU0 meM nirmita huI hogii| khAravela ke hAthIgumphA abhilekha se patA calatA hai ki usane apanI patnI ke sAtha kumArI (udayagiri) sthita arhatoM ke avazeSoM para jaina sAdhuoM ko nivAsa karane kI suvidhA pradAna kI aura aneka stambhoM evaM mandiroM kA nirmANa krvaayaa| isake atirikta inhIM pahAr3iyoM para sthita anantagumphA, rAnIgumphA, evaM gaNezagumphA, lagabhaga 150 I0 pU0 se 50 I0 pU0 ke madhya nirmita kI gayI thii| anantagumphA ke pratyeka pravezadvAra para tIna phaNoM se yukta do sau kA citraNa sambhavataH jaina dharma ke teisaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha se sambaddha hone kA sUcaka hai| isI prakAra rAnIgumphA evaM gaNezagumphAoM meM utkIrNa citroM ko bhI pArzvanAtha se sambandhita kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu isa sambandha meM DaoN0 vI0 yasa0 agravAla ne ina donoM dRzyoM kI pahacAna vAsavadattA evaM zakuntalA ke jIvana dRzyoM se kI hai|" sAtavIM zatAbdI meM hvenasAMga ke vivaraNoM se jJAta hotA hai ki usa samaya kaliMga meM jaina dharma pracalita thaa|" isI prakAra jaina granthoM meM jaina dharma ke kendra ke rUpa meM puriya yA purI kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| purI jile meM sthita yaha kSetra jIvaMta svAmI kI pratimA ke lie vikhyAta thA jahA~ aneka jaina zrAvaka bhI rahate the| Avazyaka niyukti evaM Avazyaka cUrNI se jJAta hotA hai ki jaba vaira svAmI purI padhAre the, usa samaya yahA~ kA zAsaka bauddha dharma kA anuyAyI thaa| kintu chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bANasura lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki usakI rAnI kalyANa devI ne dhArmika kArya ke lie jaina zramaNoM ko bhUmidAna dI thii| nauvIM-dasavIM zatAbdI se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka udyota kesarI ke atirikta anya zAsakoM se saMrakSaNa na milane para bhI udayagiri evaM khaNDagiri kI guphAoM meM lokapriya banA rhaa| isakI puSTi ur3IsA ke anya sthAnoM se prApta hone vAlI jaina mUrtiyoM se hotI hai| lalATendu yA sindhu rAjA gumphA lekha se patA

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ur3IsA meM jaina dharma kA pracAra calatA hai ki udyota kesarI ne apane zAsana ke pAMcaveM varSa meM prasiddha kumAra parvata para naSTa tAlAboM evaM mandiroM kA punanirmANa karavAkara caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM pratiSThita karavAyIM thIM / udAra somasvAmI zAsakoM ke kAla meM bhI muktezvara mandira kI cahAradIvArI ke bAharI rathikAoM meM tIrthaMkara mUrtiyAM utkIrNa kI gayIM / jaina dharma ke mahAna saMrakSaka rASTrakUTa zAsakoM ke prabhAva kSetra meM Ane ke phalasvarUpa saMbhavataH ur3IsA meM jaina nirmANa ko kAphI protsAhana prApta huA / 333 jaina dharma prArambha se hI vyApAra-vANijya ko protsAhita karane vAlA rahA jisakI puSTi sAhityika sAkSyoM ke atirikta mathurA ke zuMga evaM kuSANa kAlIna jaina abhilekhoM se bhI hotA hai| nizIthacUrNI meM purima (puriya arthAt purI) kA ullekha eka vyApArika kendra ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai jise japaTTaNa kahA gayA hai ki jahA~ se jala mArgoM dvArA sAmagriyAM le jAyIM jAtI thIM / 7 jaina granthoM meM ur3IsA meM sthita kAMcanapura kA ullekha hai jo vyApAra- ra- vANijya kA eka pramukha kendra thA / jahA~ se laMkA kA vyApAra hotA thA / ataH spaSTa hai ki ur3IsA jaina zrAvakoM kA bhI kendra rahA hogaa| isI prakAra ur3IsA meM jaina dharma ke pracAra pramANa svarUpa udayagiri evaM khaNDagiri kI guphAoM ke atirikta jayapura, nandanapura aura kArapata jile ke bhairava siMhapura jaise sthaloM se bhI jaina mUrtiyAM prApta hotI haiN| isake atirikta mayUrabhaMja, balasAra, kaTaka Adi jiloM ke vibhinna sthaloM se bhI jaina mUrtiyAM prApta hotI haiN| kaTaka jile ke jajapura sthita akhaNDalezvara mandira evaM maitraka mandira ke samUhoM meM bhI jaina mUrtiyAM surakSita haiM jisase patA calatA hai ki ur3IsA ke anya aneka sthAnoM para jaina dharma kAphI lokapriya ho gayA thA / ur3IsA meM digambara sampradAya kAphI lokapriya rhaa| jisakI puSTi ur3IsA ke vibhinna sthAnoM se prApta tIrthaMkaroM kI nagna mUrtiyoM se hotI hai / yahA~ para pArzvanAtha, RSabhanAtha, tathA mahAvIra svAmI kI hI pratimAeM mukhya rUpa se prApta hotI haiN| inameM bhI sabase adhika lokapriya pratimA pArzvanAtha kI hai / ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki ur3IsA meM jaina dharma pArzvanAtha ke kAla se lekara AThavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI taka lokapriya rhaa|

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zramaNa-saMskRti bhAratIya dharma ne samAja aura kuTumba kI ekatA kI pratyakSa yojanAeM prastuta kI haiN| sAre bhArata kI rASTrIya ekatA apratyakSa rUpa se dharma ne saMbhava kI hai| bhArata vAsiyoM ke lie bhArata ke kone-kone meM tIrtha sthAna, puNyaprada nadiyAM aura dhArmika kSetroM kI yojanA deza kI ekatA ke lie huii| sandarbha 1. kalpasUtra, pR0 264 2. Avazyaka niyukti, paMkti 501 / 3. jagadIza candra jaina- jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pRSTha 343 4. AcArAMgasUtra, pRSTha 85 5. jarnala oNpha bihAra ur3IsA risarca sosAyaTI, bhAga - 3, pR0 448 6. vyavahAra bhASya, 6, 115 7. jaina jarnala, bhAga - 3, pArTa, 4, pRSTha 168 8. ArkiAlaoNjikala sarve oNpha iMDiyA, bhAga 51, kalakatta 1931, pRSTha 268 9. yU0 pI0 zAha - sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa, vArANasI, pR0 6 10. vahI, pR0 7-8 11. jaina jarnala bhAga 3, pArTa 4, pR. 171 12. jagadIza candra jaina - jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 325 13. vahI, pR0 325 14. jaina mArzala bhAga 3, pArTa 4, pR0 171 15. vahI, pR0 171 16. vahI, pR0 171-172 17. jagadIza candra jaina - jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR0 325 18. vahI, pR0 252

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5 bauddha dharma evaM dalita cetanA ramendra kumAra mizra IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI kA kAla dhArmika, sAmAjika, Arthika evaM rAjanaitika dRSTi se krAnti athavA mahAn parivartana kA kAla mAnA jAtA hai| isa samaya paramparAgata vaidika dharma evaM samAja meM vyApta kuprathAoM evaM kurItiyoM ke virUddha eka sakArAtmaka pratikriyA huI, jisameM katipaya navIna vicAra dhArAoM ko janma diyaa| jaina evaM bauddha dharma kA abhyudaya evaM utthAna tatkAlIna mUlyoM evaM mAnyatAoM kI pratikriyA ke sandarbha meM hI dekhA jAnA caahiye| yaha pratikriyA koI Akasmika ghaTanA nahIM thI, varan yaha cira kAla se saMcita ho rahe asaMtoSa evaM kuNThA kI hI carama pariNati thii| isa yuga meM utpanna sabhI vicAradhArAoM meM kevala eka hI bhAratIya saMskRti ke kalevara meM adhika gaharAI taka samA sakI aura vaha thI bauddha kI saMcetanA / bauddha dharma ke pravartaka gautama buddha ke viSaya meM bArtha mahodaya kA yaha kathana atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai ki buddha kA vyaktitva zAnti aura mAdhurya kA sampUrNa Adarza hai| vaha atyanta komalatA, naitika svataMtratA kI sAkSAta mUrti hai / ' tathAgata kA vyaktitva alaukika evaM divya thA / unake vyaktitva kI pratibhA ke prakAza se atyanta krUrakarmI pApiyoM kA bhI hRdaya parivartita huA / buddha kA athAha hRdaya mAnava prema evaM karuNA se ota prota thA / prANiyoM ke vividha duHkhoM evaM kaSToM ko dekhakara unakA hRdaya karAyaha uThatA thaa| dUsaroM ke duHkhoM se duHkhI honA unakI vizeSatA thii| unakI yahI saMvedanAzIlatA hI vaha mUla bindu hai jisane unake bhAvI lakSya kA nirdhAraNa kiyA / inhIM duHkhoM ke nirAkaraNa ke anveSaNa meM unhoMne apane sampUrNa jIvana ko samarpita kara diyA aura antataH

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6 zramaNa-saMskRti mAnava duHkhoM ke Atyantika nivRtti kA mArga anveSita kara hI liyaa| tyAga aura tapasyA, damana aura zamana, zAnti aura ahiMsA kA ekatra saMyoga vAstava meM tathAgata ke vyaktitva kI anupama viziSTatA hai| prAyaH sabhI dharma udAratA, dayA evaM vyApakatA kA spRhaNIya udAharaNa prastuta karate haiN| vaidika dharma meM hI ina tatvoM ko dharma ke mUla upAdAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu vaha bhI spaSTataH sabhI manuSyoM ko samAna adhikAra nahIM pradAna krtaa| yadi kahIM kucha isa prakAra kA ullekha deza, kAla evaM paristhiti ke saMdarbha meM upalabdha bhI hai to vaha saiddhAntika dharAtala para hI dRSTigata hotA hai, vyavahArika dharAtala para usakA sAkAra rUpa pRthaka hI rahA hai| vastutaH sabhI manuSyoM ko samAna adhikAra dene kI saiddhAntika evaM vyavahArika bAta bauddha dharma meM hI prApta hai| tathAgata ne spaSTataH ghoSita kiyA ki na koI zreSTha hai aura na koI nIca apane karmoM ke anusAra hI manuSya laghutA yA gurutA prApta karatA hai| dharma para sabakA samAna adhikAra hai| prAcIna bhAratIya samAja kA mUlyAMkana varNa evaM jAti ke sampratyayoM kI vyAkhyA ke binA ho hI nahIM sktaa| Rgveda ke dazam maNDala meM samAja ke pramukha vargoM ke lie sarva prathama varNa zabda kA prayoga huA hai| kintu RAvaidika kAlIna samAja meM jAtigata cetanA ke astitva kA koI pramANa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| vargoM kA nirdhAraNa karma para hI AdhRta thaa| kintu uttara vaidika kAla meM varNa vyavasthA karmaNA na rahakara janmanA ho gayI thii| isameM zUdra varNa kA nAma nahIM liyA gayA, kintu brAhmaNa kSatriya evaM vaizya ko zreSTha yoni batAyA gayA aura cANDAla ko zvAna evaM zUkara Adi kI zreNI meM sUcIbaddha kara diyA gyaa| isase dhvanita hotA hai ki uttara vaidika kAla, vizeSakara upaniSad yuga taka Ate-Ate cANDAla, paulkasa, kirAta Adi kA AgaNana zUdra athavA dalita ke rUpa meM hone lagA thaa| yadyapi vaidika varNa vyavasthA kA aMga zUdra bhI thA kintu paravartI kAla meM use uccatara sthAna pradAna karane kI apekSA adhogati meM pahuMcAkara vibhedaka hathiyAra ko aura adhika dhAradAra banA diyA gayA aura zUdroM evaM cANDAloM ko antyajoM ke rakta mizraNa ke kAraNa usI kI nimna samAnatA meM sthAna diyA jAne lgaa|

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bauddha dharma evaM dalita cetanA tripiTaka meM prApta buddha vacanoM se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki buddha ke samakAlIna bhAratIya samAja meM varNa vyavasthA kA AdhAra janma mAnA jAtA thaa| isIlie tathAgata ne isakA ghora virodha kiyaa| unhoMne jisa sAmAjika punarUtthAna kA zrIgaNeza kiyA aura use Andolana kA svarUpa kiyA, vaha niHsandeha bahujana hitAya thaa| unake dvArA upadezita nirvANa kI avadhAraNA varNagata na hokara sarvagata thii| isa tathya kI pratiSThApanA karate hue tathAgata ne sAmAjika jIvana meM samAnatA ke siddhAnta ko mukharita kiyaa| bhagavAna buddha kI samAnatA kI yaha avadhAraNA sarvathA navIna evaM tatkAlIna vaMzAnugata varNa vyavasthA ke sarvathA pratikUla thii| tatkAlIna samAja jina rUr3hiyoM se grasta evaM trasta thA, una para tathAgata ne apane vyavahArika evaM saiddhAntika upadezoM se prANAntaka prahAra kiyaa| varNa vyavasthA ke saMbaMdha meM unhoMne spaSTataH yaha kahA ki brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya kuloM meM paidA hone mAtra se hI koI brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya nahIM bana sktaa| unhoMne bar3I sahajatA ke sAtha brAhmaNa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA ki 'brAhmaNa vaha hai jo pApa se mukta ho, mithyAbhigAmI na ho, samujjvala caritravAlA ho, saMyamI ho, vedAnta kA jJAtA ho, brahmacaryavratI ho, brahmavAdI, samadarzI, samatvavAdI evaM advitIya ho| tathAgata kI isa paribhASA meM naitikatA evaM AdhyAtmikatA kA varcasva vyavahArika dharAtala para sAkAra huA hai, kyoMki unhoMne apanI dezanA meM janmanA brAhmaNatva kI paramparA ko siddhAnta evaM vyavahAra kI paridhi se bAhara kara diyaa| spaSTa hai ki tathAgata kI varNa vyavasthA AcaraNAdhRta thI na ki janmanAdhRta aura unakA yahI vicAra unheM sAmAjika krAntikArI ke rUpa meM sthApita karatA hai| unake isa krAntikArI vyavasthA kI pRSThabhUmi meM pratipAdita 'madhyama pratipadA' siddhAnta ke darpaNa meM jhAMkane para yaha citra pratibimbita hotA hai ki tathAgata kI dRSTi se pazubali, karmakANDaparaka jar3atA, anuSThAna evaM yajJa vibhedaparaka samAja, sAmAjika avyavasthA tathA anyAya ke janaka hI nahIM apitu zoSaNa kI avicchinna prakriyA ke preraka tatva bhI the|' bauddhadharma kA karma siddhAnta bauddhadharma darzana kA sAra evaM mUla tatva hai| buddha ne sabhI prakAra kI sukha samRddhi ke lie karma ke mahatva ko pratipAdita kiyaa| cUlakammavibhaMgasutta meM unhoMne karma ko hI sabakucha - dAyAda, yoni,

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zramaNa-saMskRti bandhu aura pratizaraNa mAnA hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki karma ke anusAra vyakti kA mUlyAMkana athavA jAti-varga ke nirdhAraNa kI yaha dhAraNA nizcaya hI janmAdhRta varNa bheda kI brAhmaNa-dhAraNA tathA vaidika paramparA ke hiMsAmaya yajJoM kI virodhI thii| sAtha hI isameM tatkAlIna bhautika saMskRti ke spardhApUrNa vAtAvaraNa meM eka vipanna vyakti ko bhI apane karmoM ke mAdhyama se sampanna banane kI preraNA thii| bauddha dharma ke mahAyAna sampradAya ke antargata boddhisatva kI avadhAraNA bhI samAja ke sabhI vargoM ke hitarakSaNa evaM mukti ke sArthaka prayAsa kA dyotaka hai| bodhisatva kI avadhAraNA nimna svArthavAda evaM saMkendrita AtmakendrIyatAvAda ke niSedha kA paryAya hai aura yahI mahAyAna dharma ke bhautika Adarza kA yathArtha pratibimbana karatA hai| vastutaH yaha hInayAna dharma ke naitika Adarza 'arhata' kI avadhAraNA se sarvathA bhinna hai| mahAyAna ne apanI udAra pravRtti evaM pragatizIlatA ke kAraNa hInayAna ke svArthavAda aura AtmakendrIyatA kA niSedha karate hue hInayAna ke Adarza ko bhI asvIkAra kara diyaa| mahAyAna ne apanI udAravRtti ke kAraNa vyaktigata nirvANa ko apanA adarza nahIM bnaayaa| usane eka aise Adarza ko svIkAra kiyA jisameM prANimAtra kI mukti kA sandeza hai| usane nirvANa ke usa Adarza para bala diyA jisameM svaduHkha-nivRtti ke sAtha jIva mAtra kI duHkha nivRtti kA saMkalpa dikhAyI de| mahAyAna ne isa lakSya ko prApta karane ke lie logoM ke samakSa bodhisatva kA Adarza rkhaa| bodhisatva kA zAbdika artha hai - bodhi (jJAna) prApta karane kA icchuka vykti|' bodhau jJAne satvaM abhiprAyo'syeti bodhistvH| bodhisatva vaha mahAprANI hai jo sambodhi prApta karatA hai| bodhisatva hInayAna ke arahata ke samAna kevala vyaktigata kalyANa ke lie prayAsa nahIM karatA varan samaSTigata kalyANa ke lie prayAsa karatA hai| arhata svakaSToM se mukta hokara mukti kA ehasAsa karatA hai, kintu isa bAta kI cintA kathamapi nahIM karatA ki isa vizAla vizva meM karor3oM prANi anekAneka klezoM meM apane amUlya jIvana ko nirarthaka bitAte haiN| bodhisatva vaha hai jo sabhI prANiyoM ko

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39 bauddha dharma evaM dalita cetanA nirvANa prApta karAnA cAhatA hai aura sabhI duHkhI prANiyoM ke uddhAra meM lagA rahatA hai| usakA sabase bar3A guNa mahA karUNA hai| buddha vahIM prANI bana sakatA hai jisameM prajJA evaM mahAkarUNA kA sAmaMjasya ho| AryagayAzIrSa meM eka prazna ke uttara meM maMjuzrI bodhisatva ke lie mahAkarUNA ko parama Avazyaka tatva batAtA Arya dharma saMgIta ke bodhikAraka dharmoM meM mahAkaruNA ko isIlie sarva prathama sthAna diyA gayA hai| isa grantha kA kathana hai ki bodhisatva ko eka hI dharma kA svAgata karanA cAhiye aura vaha dharma hai - mhaakrunnaa| yaha karuNA jisa mArga se jAtI hai, usI mArga se anya samasta bodhikAraka dharma calate haiN|' mahAkaruNA hI bodhisatva ko buddha banAne meM pradhAna kAraNa hotI hai| vaha vicAra karatA hai ki jaba use usake evaM dUsare ke duHkha evaM bhaya samAna rUpa se apriya haiM to vaha apanI hI rakSA kyoM kare aura dUsaroM kI kyoM na kre| AcArya zAntideva kA yaha kathana nitAnta satya hai-10 yadAmama pareSAM ca bhayaM duHkhaM ca na priym| tadAtmanaH ko vizeSo yat taM rakSAmi netrm|| AcArya zAntideva kA yaha kathana tatkAlIna samAja ke dabe-kucale logoM ke mana evaM dabAye gaye mAna hetu auSadhi svarUpa siddha huA hogaa| unhoMne mahasUsa kiyA hogA ki unako bhI nirvANa sulabha ho sakatA hai, unheM bhI apane hita meM socane kA adhikAra hai, vaha mAtra dUsaroM kI sampatti nahIM hai, apitu caitanya prANI hai jo sabhI vyaktiyoM ke samAna jIvana ke samasta buniyAdI adhikAroM ke hakadAra haiN| yadi vaidika kAla se buddha ke yuga taka kI dIrgha aitihAsika paramparA kA siMhAvalokana kiyA jAya to isake pUrva bodhisatva kI isa udAtta avadhAraNA kI AvRtti dikhAyI nahIM pdd'tii| zAnti rakSita ke kathana ke pariprekSya meM spaSTa hai ki bodhisatva ke jIvana kA uddezya jagata kA parama maMgala sAdhana hotA hai| usakA svArtha itanA vistRta rahatA hai ki usake sva kI paridhi ke bhItara jagata ke samasta prANI A jAte haiN| vizva meM pipIlikA se lekara hastIparyanta jabataka eka bhI prANI duHkha kA anubhava karatA hai tabataka vaha apanI mukti nahIM caahtaa| bodhicaryAvatAra meM

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zramaNa-saMskRti bodhisatva kI udghoSaNA hai ki - 'maiM yAtriyoM ke lie sArthavAha banUMgA, pAra jAne vAloM ke lie naukA banUMgA, prakAza cAhane vAloM ke lie dIpaka banUMgA, dAsa cAhane vAloM ke lie dAsa banUMgA, anAthoM kA nAtha banUMgA ityaadi|' / bodhisatva ko yaha avadhAraNA upaniSadoM meM varNita prabuddha, gItA ke sthitaprajJa evaM puruSottama tathA IsAI dharma ke IsAmasIha kI avadhAraNA se tulanIya hai kyoMki vaha duHkha se pIr3ita mAnava jAti ko duHkhoM se mukti karAne meM unakI sahAyatA karatA hai| loka-kalyANa hI buddhatva kA Avazyaka aMga hai| mahAyAna ke anusAra bodhisatva kA jIvana karuNA tathA prajJA se saMcAlita hotA hai| jAtaka kathAoM meM bAra-bAra kahA gayA hai ki bodhisatva ne loka kalyANa hetu pRthvI para bAra-bAra janma liyA hai| mahAyAna dharma meM bodhisatva ke lie parivarta kA siddhAnta svIkAra kiyA gayA jisameM bodhisatva apane puNya karmoM dvArA dUsaroM ko duHkhamukta karatA hai aura unake pApamaya karmoM ko svayaM bhogatA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki bodhisatva apane ko tabataka mukta nahI samajhatA jabataka saMsAra ke aMtima vyakti kI duHkha-nivRtti nahIM ho jAtI hai| isase isa avadhAraNA kI sthApanA hotI hai ki prANImAtra kI duHkhanivRtti ke lie prayAsarata honA hI vAstavika dharma hai| parivarta ke isa siddhAnta ne bauddha dharma ke karma kI avadhAraNA meM krAntikArI parivartana kiyaa| isane karma ke niyama kI kaThoratA ko, jisameM vyakti kisI bhI paristhiti meM apane kiye hue karmoM ke phala ko avaruddha nahIM kara sakatA, zithila kara diyaa| isa navInatA ne apane puNyoM ko dUsaroM ko dene tathA dUsaroM ke pApoM ko svayaM lene ke siddhAnta ne bauddha dharma meM eka vizeSa AkarSaNa paidA kiyaa| zatAbdiyoM se dhArmika evaM sAmAjika pratibandhoM se pIr3ita dalita samAja ne ise apanI mukti ke eka svarNima avasara ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hogaa| ___ bhautika dRSTi se gaMgAghATI meM pUrNa vikasita dvitIya nagarIya krAnti ke udaya ke bAda vaha yuga thA jisameM bhagavAna buddha dvArA bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM tathA jana sAdhAraNa ke lie dI gayI dezanA ke pariprekSya meM isa sAmAnya dhAraNA kA AvirbhAva huA ki unake dvArA pravartita bauddha dharma karuNAmizrita prema para

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bauddha dharma evaM dalita cetanA 41 AdhRta, karmaniSTha, naitika evaM jAtivihIna samAja kA prabala poSaka thaa| aneka vidvAnoM ne isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki buddha vaha prathama vyakti the, jinhoMne sAmAjika mAnava sambandhoM para prabhAvotpAdaka vyavahArika vicAra vyakta kiyaa| unake vicAra pUrNataH krAntikArI evaM zaktizAlI the| unhoMne jAti vyavasthA kI bhartsanA kI, mAnava meM samAnatA ko svIkAra kiyA aura vyakti ko Arthika kalyANa evaM naitika vikAsa kA saMjJAna kraayaa| DaoN0 bI0 Ara0 ambeDakara ne buddha ko jAti, asamAnatA evaM zreSThatA ke mAnadaNDoM para AdhArita samAja ke viruddha AvAja uThAne vAlA ghoSita kiyA hai| paMDita javAharalAla neharU ne bhI gautama buddha ko sAmAjika krAntikArI kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai| isake viparIta aneka vidvAna buddha ko samAja sudhAraka mAnane se paraheja karate haiN| phika jaise vidvAna kA kahanA hai ki buddha ke athaka prayAsa ke bAvajUda bhAratIya samAja unakI mRtyu ke bAda taka mUlataH aparivartita rhaa| jAtiya gaurava evaM jAti vyavasthA kI aneka viziSTatAoM kI pratidhvani sAmAjika yathArtha ke rUpa meM jAtaka kathAoM se AtI hai| bI0 pI0 sinhA ke anusAra gautama buddha apane dhArmika vicAroM evaM vizvAsoM ko pradhAnatayA pracArita karane taka sambaddha the| Ara0 esa0 zarmA ne tatkAlIna sAmAjArthika tathyoM kI paridhi meM yaha kahane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki sAmAjika asamAnatA, zoSaNa evaM dAsatA ke tatva utpAdana ke prArambhika samaya se hI pracchanna rUpa se vyApta the| ye apane saMrakSaka ke hita-sAdhana ke srota the aura prArambhika bauddha dharma ise damita nahIM kara skaa| kintu bauddha sAhitya ke samyak anuzIlana se uparyukta mata bauddha dharma ke ekAMgI pakSa kA anuzIlana karate pratIta hote haiN| vAstava meM buddha ne apane upadezoM evaM kriyAoM ke mAdhyama se jAtIya zreSThatA, sAmAjika asamAnatA damana evaM zoSaNa ke viruddha jana cetanA jAgRta karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyaa| ve samAnatA evaM bandhutva bhAva ke prabala adhivaktA the| unake dvArA jAtIya evaM sAmAjika bandhanoM se pare jAkara bauddha-saMgha kI sthApanA meM isI udAtta bhAva ke darzana kiye jA sakate haiN| unhoMne saMgha meM sabhI jAti evaM varNa ke sadasyoM ko samAna rUpa se sthAna pradAna kiyaa| sAriputra jaise brAhmaNa, Ananda jaise kSatriyoM, upAli evaM sunIti jaise dalitoM ko samAna rUpa se saMgha kI sadasyatA pradAna

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zramaNa-saMskRti karanA nizcita rUpa se eka krAntikArI kadama thaa| dhArmika evaM sAmAjika gatividhiyoM meM ucca vargoM ke samAna sahabhAgitA kI vyavasthA ne sAmAjArthika jar3atA ko tor3ate hue eka navIna gatizIlatA kI sthiti ko utpanna kiyaa| aisI sthiti meM samAja kA dalita varga yadi apane adhikAroM ke prati jAgarUka huA to isameM koI Azcarya nhiiN| saMdarbha 1. bArtha e0 rilijana oNpha iNDiyA, naI dillI, 1969, pR0 118 2. upAdhyAya, baladeva, bauddhadharma darzanamImAMsA, pR0 371 3. dIghanikAya agnycsutt| 4. Rgve da 10.90.12 5. vinayapiTaka, mahAvaggakathA - 2, pR0 76 6. cUlakammavibhaMgasutta - pR. 36 7. bodhicaryAvatAra paMjikA - pR0 421 8. uparyukta, pR0 468 9. uparyukta, pR0 485 10. zikSA samuccaya, pR0 2 11. bodhicaryAvatAra paMjikA - 1/31 kRte yaH pratikurvIta so'pi tAvat prshsyte| avyApArita sAdhustu bodhisatvaH kimucytaam|| 12. rinapoce esa0, sosala eNDa poliTikala sTeTa ina buddhisTa thaoNTa, mahAbodhi bhAga - 82, 1974 13. oma prakAza, kansepyulAijezana eNDa hisTrI, 1992, ilAhAbAda, pR0 105 14. ambeDakara, bI0 Ara0, da buddha eNDa hija dhamma, bAmbe, 1957, pR0 30-306 15. neharU, javAharalAla, DiskavarI oNpha iNDiyA, pR0 41 16. olDena varga, eca0 eziyenTa iNDiyA, zikAgo, 1898, pR0 153 17. phika, Ara0 da sozala ArganAijezana ina nArtha IsTa iNDiyA ina buddhAja TAima, vArANasI, 1972, pR0 333 18. sinahA, bI0 pI0 di arlI buddhijma ejaH e kaireTara oNpha sozala cenjeja 'ina sTaDIja ina rilijana eNDa ceMja (eDiTeDa) madhusena - pR0 82 19. zarmA Ara0 esa0 meTeriyala baikagrAuNDa oNpha orijana oNpha buddhijma pR0 63, evaM 66

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jainAcAryoM kI preraNA se jIvoM ke kalyANa hetu akabara dvArA jArI pharamAna satIzacanda yAdava mugala zAsana kAla meM 'nasIra ala-dIna humAyUM' (1530-1556) kA putra 'jalAla ala-dIna muhammada akabara' (1556-1605) apane rAjanaitika evaM dhArmika kRtyoM se itihAsa meM sarvopari hai| sAhityika srotoM se jJAta hotA hai ki eka dina bAdazAha akabara rAjamahala meM baiThakara apane maMtriyoM se vicAra-vimarza kara rahA thA ki usI samaya AcArya zrI hIravijayasUrijI kI jaya ho.........kA nArA lagAtA huA eka bhavya julUsa niklaa| akabara ne Azcarya se loDaramala se isa bAre meM pUchA to use javAba milA ki ukta jUlUsa jaina dharma se sambandhita hai jisameM 'campA' nAmaka zrAvikA sundara vastra dhAraNa kara pAlakI meM savAra hokara bhagavAna tIrthaMkara ke darzana hetu maMdira jA rahI haiN| vaha vigata 6 mahIne se upavAsa para haiM jisaneM garma jala pIneM ke sivAya kucha bhI nahIM liyA hai, vaha bhI dina meM kevala 5 bAra hii| ToDaramala kI bAta sunakara bAdazAha ghabarA gayA tathA maMtriyoM ko Adeza diyA ki pAlakI ko darabAra meM peza kiyA jaaye| bAdazAha kI AjJA se jaina samudAya bhI bhayabhIta ho gyaa| tatpazcAt pAlakI sahita zrAvikA ko darabAra meM lAyA gyaa| ukta zrAvikA se akabara ne pUchA ki - tuma itanI kaThora tapasyA kyoM kara rahI ho, tatpazcAt zrAvikA ne saharSa uttara diyA ki Atma kalyANa ke lie va AtmajJAnI pa0 pU0 AcArya zrI hIravijayasUrijI ma. sA. ke anugraha

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zramaNa-saMskRti ke lie| basa itanI sI bAta sunakara akabara ke mana meM tapAgacchAdipati pU0 AcArya zrI ke darzana kI jijJAsA utpanna ho utthii|' ___kAlAntara meM akabara ne gujarAta ke tatkAlIna sUbedAra mo0 etamAda khAM se pUchatAcha kara do mevaDAoM, (yathA - modI va kamAla) ko sUbedAra mo0 sAhaba khAM ke pAsa ahamadAbAda bhejaa| isane ahamadAbAda ke prasiddha jaina anuyAyiyoM kI sabhAkara pU0 AcArya zrI hIravijayasUrijI ma0 sA0 ke pAsa akabara ke bulAvA kA prastAva bhejvaayaa| gurudeva ne bhI jAne kI svIkRti pradAna kara apane vibhinna ziSyoM, yathA - pU0 munivarazrI saiddhAntika ziromaNijI ma0 sA0, zrI vimalamarSagaNi zatAvadhAnIjI ma0 sA0, zrI zAnticandragaNijI ma0 sA0, pa0 sahajasAgaragaNijI ma0 sA0, paM0 siMhavimalagaNijI ma0 sA0 pa0 hemavijayagaNijI ma0 sA0, vyAkaraNa cUNAmaNijI ma0 sA0, paM0 lAbhavijayagaNijI ma0 sA0 Adi teraha saMtoM ke sAtha vihAra kara jyeSTha sudI terasa saMvata 1639 (sana 1585 I0) ko phatehapura sIkarI phuNce| tatpazcAt sarijI ma. sA0 ko akabara ne pUrva abulaphajala se AdhyAtmika viSaya para carcA karane hetu baiThAyA gyaa| kAlAntara meM bAdazAha ne gurudeva zrI ko darabAra meM saharSa Ane kA Agraha bhejvaayaa| sUrijI kA AnA dekha akabara ne sira jhukAkara vinamratA pUrvaka abhivAdana kiyaa| darabAra meM pahuMcane vAle rAste meM pUrva se hI kAlIna Adi bichavAyA gayA thA tAki dUrastha kSetroM se pagapaga padhAre gurudeva ke pAMva meM koI takalIpha na ho| kintu aise ArAmadeya bichAvana para calane ke lie Apa ne sApha iMkAra kara diyaa| bAdazAha dvArA kAraNa pUchane para pU0 sUrijI ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA ki jaina sAdhu bhagavanta kAlIna ke Upara nahIM clte| sambhavataH isake nIce koI cIMTI Adi sUkSma jIva hogA to mere bhAra se usakI mRtyu ho jaayegii| manusmRti meM ahiMsAvAdiyoM ke lie vastrAcchAdita jagaha para pAMva na rakhane kA varNana prApta hai| bAdazAha ne sUrijI kI jIvoM ke prati aisI dayA/karuNA Adi dekhakara Azcaryacakita raha gyaa| mana meM vicAra karate hue ukta kAlIna ko eka sAIDa se thor3A sA hI uThavAyA ki acAnaka cITiyoM kA jhuNDa dikhAI diyaa| inheM dekhate hI bAdazAha ghora Azcarya meM par3a gyaa| pAzcAtAyoMparAnta punaH svarNamayI

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jainAcAryoM kI preraNA se jIvoM ke kalyANa hetu akabara dvArA... 45 kursI para baiThane kA Agraha kiyA to sUrijI ne ise bhI iMkAra kara diyaa| itane meM gurudeva ne svayaM UnI-vastra bichAkara jamIna para hI Asana grahaNa kara liyaa| akabara bhI sAtha hI jamIna para AsIna huA aura dharmopadeza para carcAyeM prArambha huiiN| sUrijI ne ukta praznoM kA dRr3hatA se khaMDana kiyaa| kAlAntara meM akabara aise jina zAsana kA dharmalAbha pAkara dhanya ho gayA aura apAra dhana, hAthI, ghor3A va ratha Adi dene kI utsukatA vyakta kii| parantu Apa ne lene se sApha iMkAra kara diyaa| dUsare varSa pU0 guruvara zrI kA cAturmAsa prasiddha aitihAsika nagarI AgarA meM honA nizcaya huaa| Apa saharSa ziSyoM ke sAtha yahA~ pdhaare| Apa kI anumati lekara AgarA ke zrAvaka-maMDala ne paryuSaNa kAla meM jIva hiMsA banda karavAne bAbat bAdazAha ke pAsa pahuMca gye| bAdazAha ne ukta tathya ko saharSa svIkAra kara ATha dinoM taka hiMsA baMda kA pharamAna niklvaayaa| hIra saubhAgya saMkalana Adi jaina granthoM meM isakI vistRta vivecanA kI gayI hai| tatpazcAt 1582 I0 kA cAturmAsa pUrNa hone para bAdazAha ne svayaM jAkara janahita kalyANArtha hetu sevA yAcanA kI guhAra lgaayii| aisA avasara prAyaH kama milatA, ataH ma0 sA0 ne zubha muhUrta kA avalokana kara kaI mahInoM se kArAgAra meM baMda pakSiyoM ko mukta karane kA anurodha kiyaa| akabara ne isako bhI saharSa svIkAra kara liyaa| isakA vistRta varNana 'gurjara kAvya saMcaya' meM upalabdha hai| kAlAntara meM pU0 sUrijI ne avasara pAkara pardUSaNa ke ATha dinoM meM bhArata ke sampUrNa rAjyoM meM jIva hiMsA banda karane kA pharamAna jArI karane kA AdhyAtmika upadeza diyA, jisameM akabara bhI maujUda thaa| ata: bAdazAha ne sarva dharma kalyANa hetu cAra dina aura jor3akara (bhAdavA vadI dazamI se sudI chaThIM taka) kula bAraha dinoM ke lie 'jainAcAryoM kI preraNA se jIvoM ke kalyANa hetu eka vistRta pharamAna' jArI karane kA Adeza diyaa| ati zIghratA se Adeza kA pAlana kiyA gyaa| jaina sAhityoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ukta pharamAna kI kula - 06 nakaleM jArI kI gayIM jo kramazaH gujarAta va saurASTra, dillI va phatehapura, ajamera va nAgaurI, mAlavA va dakSiNI deza, lAhaura va multAna pradeza tathA pU0 AcArya zrI hIrasUrijI ma. sA.' Adi ko saupI gyiiN|

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zramaNa-saMskRti ukta pharamAna ke sAtha akabara ne anurodha karate hue kahA ki..... ...pU0 sUrijI mere anucara mAMsAhAra va madyapAna ke ati premI haiM, unheM jIva hiMsA kI bAta ekadama rucikara nahIM lagatI, ataH ye vyasana mujhe dhIre-dhIre baMda karAne kI anumati pradAna kreN| aba pUrva kI bhAMti maiM bhI zikAra nahIM karUMgA, Apa ke anurodha kA pUrNataH pAlana karUMgA, sAtha hI darabAra meM aisA prabandha karUMgA ki kisI bhI jIva/prANImAtra ko kisI taraha kI koI takalIpha na ho| ___ kAlAntara meM akabara ne pU0 sUrijI ko jaina guru hI nahIM apitu 'jagadaguru' ke pada se nvaajaa| sAtha hI darabAra meM hI rahane kA Agraha kiyaa| parantu yogI, saMnyAsI, santa aura jaina guru bhagavanta kisI eka sthAna nahIM apitu bhramaNa kara samAja ko AdhyAtmika dRSTi dekara vyApta kurItiyoM ko dUra karane ke lie prayAsarata rahate haiN| samayoparAnta gurudeva ne ziSyoM ke sAtha ahamadAbAda (gujarAta) ke lie vihAra kiyaa| punaH 1640 I0 meM mugala zAsakoM ke Agraha para svAmI jI ne phatehapura sIkarI meM cAturmAsa kiyaa| inake dharmopadezoM ke mAdhyama se zrAvaka maMDala/janatA ko saceta kiyA gayA ki paryuSaNa parva se hI sAre rAjya meM ahiMsA kA pAlana kiyA jaaye| jisako hajAroM logoM ne eka mata se svIkAra kiyaa| isa sabhA meM aneka prAntoM ke mugala prAntapati bhI upasthita the| ukta pharamAna zrI kailAsasAgarasUri, zrI mahAvIra jaina, arAdhanA kendra, ahamadAbAda, gujarAta ke samrATa samprati saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| jisameM gujarAta va saurASTra mulka ke lie jainAcAryoM kI preraNA se jIvoM ke kalyANa hetu samrATa akabara dvArA Adezita urdU va pArasI bhASA ke utkrISTa akSaroM meM hAtha se lipibaddha kiyA gayA hai| nIce akabara dvArA jArI mudrA kI sIla/mohara spaSTa dRSTigocita hai, sAtha hI ukta maMtrI kA daskhata hai| ___pharamAna jArI karane kI yaha paramparA akabara ke pazcAt 'nUraala-dIna jahAMgIra' (1605-1627) va 'zAhajahA~' (1627-1658) ityAdi anya mugala bAdazAhoM ne bhI jArI rkhaa|

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jainAcAryoM kI preraNA se jIvoM ke kalyANa hetu akabara dvArA... saMdarbha 1. jaina, nInA-mugala samrAToM kI dhArmika-nIti para jaina saMtoM kA prabhAva (1555-1658 taka) zivapurI, madhyapradeza, 1991, pR0 48-50 tk| 2. sUrIzvara va samrATa, kRSNalAla varmA, pR0 81 3. abulaphajala ke anusAra ukta mevADe mevAta ke rahane vAle the aura daur3ane vAle ke nAma se prasiddha the| ye kisI patra Adi ko daur3a kara yathA sthAna pahuMcAte the| Aina-e-akabarI meM aise 1000 dhAvakoM kI vistRta sUcI dI gayI hai| (vistAra hetu dekhiye - Aina-e-akabarI, blaoNca maina dvArA anuvaadit| pR0 262) 4. ukta mudde para guru bhagavanta ne kAphI vicAra vimarza kiyaa| kAlAntara meM rAjA kA anugraha/nivedana samajhakara vihAra karane kA nirNaya liyaa| 5. manusmRti meM bhI varNana AtA hai ki zarIra pIr3ita hone para bhI dina va rAtriyoM meM sUkSma jIvoM kI rakSA ke lie sadA bhUmi kA sUkSmAvalokana kara calanA caahiye| 6. tyAgiyoM ke lie dhAtu kA sparza karanA sakhta manA hai| ata: bAdazAha asamaMjasa meM par3a gayA ki sUrijI ko kahA~ baiThAyA jaaye| 7. bAdazAha ne Izvara aura khudA meM bheda puuchaa| to sUrijI ne uttara diyA ki Izvara aura khudA meM nAma mAtra ke atirikta koI antara nahIM hai, aura vAstava meM dekhA jAye to yaha bheda jIvoM ke kalyANArtha hai| kyoMki vicitra rUpA khalu citra vRttayaH arthAta jIvoM kI cittavRttiyAM aneka prakAra kI haiN| deva, mahAdeva, ziva zaMkara, hari, brahmA, parameSTI, svayaMbhU, trikAlavid, bhagavAna, tIrthaMkara, kevalI, jinezvarI, virAta Adi Izvara ke aneka nAma haiN| isake artha meM nahIM apitu nAmoM meM hI vivAda hai| 8. vikrama saMvata - 1639 arthAt sana 1582 I0 ko ukta pharamAna jArI huaa| 9. hIravijayasUrirAsa - pa0 RSabhadAsa pR0 182, DhAla pAMcavIM bhAnucandragaNicarita - bhUmikA, prastutikaraNa zrI agaracandra bhavaralAlajI nAhaTA, pR0 7, jaina aitihAsika kAvya saMcaya, bhAvanagara, pR0 201 10. AgarA meM padhAre pU0 sUrijI ke darzana nimitta apanI senA ke sAtha akabara padhArA aura darzana kara dhanya huaa| tatkAlIna granthoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki gurudeva ke anarodha para usane jajiyA kara lenA baMda kara diyA, parantu gujarAta rAjya meM yaha kara liyA jAtA thaa| sambhavataH ukta kSetra bAdazAha ke adhikAra meM nahIM thaa| parantu hIrasaubhAgyakAvya TIkA ke 14veM sarga meM 271veM zloka (jejiyAkAkhyo gaurjara kara vizeSaH) se jJAta hotA hai ki kAlAntara meM calakara gujarAta kSetra bhI ukta kara se mukta ho gyaa| vistAra hetu dekhie -pU0 devamavimalagaNi sarga - 14, jaina aitihAsika gurjara kAvya saMgraha, pR0 89, meM zatrunjaya va giranAra Adi sthAnoM ke lie jajiyA tIrtha yAtrI kara baMda karane kA ullekha hai|

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48 zramaNa-saMskRti 11. varmA, kRSNalAla, sUrizvara va samrATa, pR0 128 12. ukta saMgrahAlaya bhArata kA sarvazreSTha jaina myUjiyama hai jisameM pASANa se lekara hAthI, dAMta, jaharamorA, pannA, mUMgA, pArA, mANika, akIka, gArneTa, laiphisa, golDa, silvara va pItala Adi se nirmita tIrthaMkaroM va yakSa-yakSiNiyoM ke durlabha kalAkRtiyoM, mugala zAsakoM dvArA jArI vibhinna prakAra se pharamAna tathA kapar3e para sone, cAMdI, hIrA, motI, mUMgA va anya ratnoM se jar3e kArya kA pradarzana bar3I sUkSmatA se kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta 5,00,00 'adhika prAcIna va durlabha jaina hastalikhita (Agama, nyAya darzana, yoga, vyAkaraNa, evaM prAcIna itihAsa va purAtatva) Adi viSaya para AdhArita haiN| va 4, ,000 se adhika prAcIna tADapatrIya grantha bhI viziSTa rUpa se saMgrahIta haiM jisameM svarNAkSarI va rajata se Alekhita hajAroM grantha dUrastha kSetroM yathA rASTrIya, antarrASTrIya stara se padhAre zodha chAtra - chAtroM va janamAnasa ke logoM ko barabasa apanI ora AkarSita karate rahate haiM / 13. pharamAna ukta saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiM jo samrATa akabara va anya bAdazAhoM dvArA unake zAsana kAla meM jArI kiyA gayA, jisakI kula saMkhyA 6 hai| jo darzanArthiyoM va itihAsakAroM ko varavaza apanI ora AkarSita karate rahate haiM /

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bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti meM yogadAna sudhA tripAThI bhArata bahuta bar3A deza hai| prAgaitihAsika kAla se bhArata anekoM jAtiyoM aura saMskRtiyoM kA Azraya rahA hai aura unakI vibhinna pravRttiyoM tathA jIvana-vidhAoM ke saMgharSa aura samanvaya ke dvArA bhAratIya itihAsa kI pragati aura saMskRti kA vikAsa huA hai| isa vikAsa meM Aryettara jAtiyoM kA bhI utanA hI yogadAna rahA hai jitanA ki Arya jAti kaa| Arya evaM Aryettara sAMskRtika paraMparAoM kA yaha samanvaya bhAratIya sabhyatA ke nirmANa kI AdhAra-zilA siddha huii| isakA prabhAva eka ora uttara vaidika kAlIna samAja racanA meM spaSTa dekhA jA sakatA hai, dUsarI ora usa bauddhika aura AdhyAtmika Andolana meM jisakA carama pariNAma bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA abhyudaya thaa| __ I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI samasta saMsAra meM vyApaka dharma sudhAra kA yuga thaa| isa yuga meM anyAnya dezoM ke samAja meM sAmAnyatayA AdhyAtmika evaM naitika azAMti ho gayI tathA advitIya bauddhika aura cintanaparaka Andolana Andolita hue| phalataH samasta vizva meM vizva sudhArakoM kA prAdurbhAva huA aura unhoMne tatyugIna rUr3higrasta evaM ADambarapUrNa vyavasthA kA, jisane sAmAnyajana ke sAmAjika evaM dhArmika jIvana ko bojhila banA diyA thA, virodha kiyA tathA isa vyavasthA ko navIna AdhAroM para punarjIvita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan ne bhI likhA hai ki chaThI sadI I0 pU0 kaI dezoM meM AdhyAtmika azAMti tathA bauddhika halacala ke lie prasiddha haiN| cIna meM lAojU (Laotzu)

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50 zramaNa-saMskRti tathA kAnphyUziyasa, yUnAna meM pAramenIdAsa (Parmenides) tathA empIDaukalAsa (Empedoclaes), IrAna meM jarathustra (Zarthustra) aura bhArata meM mahAvIra evaM buddha isa yuga meM hue| isa yuga meM kaI vikhyAta guru hue, jinhoMne paraMparAgata dharmoM meM aneka sudhAra kiye tathA aneka nayI bAtoM kA vikAsa kiyaa| bauddha tathA jaina dharma kA udaya bhArata kI dhArmika krAnti kI koI Akasmika ghaTanA nahIM thii| sadiyoM se janamAnasa udvelita ho rahA thaa| vaidika dharma ke yajJAdi karmakANDa jaTila ho gaye the tathA Atma-kalyANa kI bhAvanA kama, kintu ADambara adhika bar3ha gayA thaa| ThIka isI samaya bhagavAna buddha tathA mahAvIra kA prAdurbhAva huaa| jinhoMne sudhArAtmaka Andolana ke rUpa meM bauddha tathA jaina dharma ko janma diyaa| vAstava meM yaha Andolana tatkAlIna sAmAjika vyavasthA kI prAmANikatA, dhArmika kriyAvidhiyoM, purohitoM kI aparimita zakti aura suvidhAoM tathA maraNAsanna saMskRti ke prANAghAta bhAra ke viruddha thaa| isa prakAra chaThI sadI I0 pU0 naye vicAroM ke udaya kA yuga thA, jisane naye dArzanika evaM dhArmika sampradAyoM ko janma diyaa| isa prakAra krAntikArI svarUpa vAle dharma ko bhArata ne na to isake pUrva dekhA aura na aba taka dekha skaa| bhagavAna gautama buddha aura mahAvIra ke netRtva meM prAcIna bhArata ke ina dhArmika sudhAroM ne janatA ke hRdaya aura dainika jIvana ko bar3A prabhAvita kiyA, logoM ne apane prAcIna dhArmika vizvAsoM ko chor3akara kisI naye dharma kI dIkSA le lI ho, yaha nahIM huaa| pahale dharma kA netRtva brAhmaNoM ke hAtha meM thA jo karmakANDa, vidhi-vidhAna aura vividha anuSThAnoM dvArA janatA ko dharma-mArga kA pradarzana karate the| sarvasAdhAraNa gRhastha janatA, sAMsArika dhaMdhoM meM saMlagna thI vaha kRSi, zilpa, vyApAra Adi dvArA dhana upArjana karatI thI aura brAhmaNoM dvArA batAye dharma-mArga para calakara ihaloka paraloka meM sukha prApta karane kA prayatna karatI thii| AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki sAdhanA mArga kA upadeza sabhI ke lie samAna hai jo upadeza eka dhanavAna yA uccakula ke vyakti ke lie hai vahI upadeza garIba yA nimnakulotpanna vyakti ke lie hai| jainAcAryoM kA kahanA hai ki sabhI manuSya yoni se hI utpanna hote haiN| isa bAta ko nirAdhAra batAyA ki varNa

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bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti meM yogadAna vyavasthA kI utpatti Rgveda ke puruSa sUkta ke AdhAra para huii| vahI bauddhoM ne kahA ki karma se hI manuSya kI mahAnatA sUcita hotI hai| ina dharmoM ke yogadAna svarUpa aba brAhmaNoM kA sthAna zramaNoM, muniyoM aura bhikSuoM ne le liyaa| ina zramaNoM meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra sabhI vargoM aura jAtiyoM ke loga sammilita the| apane guNoM ke hI kAraNa samAja meM inakI pratiSThA thii| dharma kA netRtva brAhmaNa jAti ke hAtha se nikalakara aba aise samudAyoM meM A gayA thA jo ghara gRhasthI chor3akara manuSya mAtra kI sevA kA vrata grahaNa karate the| niHsaMdeha, yaha eka bahuta bar3I krAnti thii| bhArata ke sarva sAdhAraNa gRhastha sadA se apane kula kramAnupAta dharma kA pAlana karate rahe haiN| pratyeka kula ke apane devatA, rIti-rivAja aura apanI paraMparAeM thI, jinakA anusaraNa saba loga maryAdA ke anusAra karate the| brAhmaNoM kA ve Adara karate the, unakA upadeza sunate the, aura unake batAye karmakANDa kA anuSThAna karate the| brAhmaNa eka aisI zreNI thI, jo sAMsArika dhaMdhoM se pRthak rahakara dharma-kAryoM meM saMlagna rahatI thI, para samaya kI gati se isa samaya bahuta se brAhmaNa tyAga, tapasyA aura nirIha jIvana ko tyAga cuke the| ina dharmoM ke prabhutva ke phalasvarUpa zramaNoM kI jo naI zreNI saMgaThita ho gaI thI vaha tyAga aura tapasyA se jIvana vyatIta karatI thI, aura manuSya mAtra kA kalyANa karane meM rata rahatI thii| janatA ne brAhmaNoM kI jagaha aba inako Adara denA aura inake upadezoM ke anusAra jIvana vyatIta karanA zurU kiyaa| bauddha dharma ke pracAra kA yahI abhiprAya hai| janatA ne purAne dharma kA sarvathA parityAga kara koI sarvathA nayA dharma apanA liyA ho, so bAta bhArata ke itihAsa meM nahIM huii| bimbisAra, ajAtazatru, udAyI, mahApadmananda aura candragupta maurya- jaise magadha samrATa jaina-muniyoM, bauddha-bhikSuoM aura brAhmaNoM kA samAna rUpa se Adara karate the| jaina sAhitya ke anusAra ye jaina the, unhoMne jaina muniyoM kA Adara kiyA aura unheM bahuta sA dAna diyaa| bauddha granthoM ke anusAra ye bauddha the, bhikSuoM kA ye bahuta Adara karate the, aura inakI sahAyatA pAkara bauddha saMgha ne bar3I unnati kI thii| bauddha aura jaina sAhitya ina samrATa ke sAtha sambandha rakhane vAlI kathAoM se bhare par3e haiM aura ina samrAToM kA ullekha usI prasaMga meM kiyA gayA hai, inhoMne

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zramaNa-saMskRti bauddha yA jaina dharma kA Adara kiyA aura unase zikSA grahaNa kii| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ina rAjAoM ne kisI eka dharma ko nizcita rUpa se svIkAra kara liyA ho, kisI kA vizeSa rUpa se pakSa liyA ho, yaha bAta nahIM thii| prAcIna bhAratIya paraMparA ke anusAra ye brAhmaNoM aura muniyoM kA samAna rUpa se Adara karate the, kyoMki isa yuga meM bhikSu loga adhika saMgaThita aura kriyAzIla the isalie unakA mahatva thA, jo vRtti rAjAoM kI thI, vahI janatA kI bhI thii| isa dhArmika sudhAroM kA eka anya mahatvapUrNa pariNAma yaha huA ki bhArata meM yajJoM ke karmakANDa kA jora kama ho gyaa| yajJoM ke banda hone ke sAtha-sAtha pazubali kI prathA kama hone lgii| yajJoM dvArA svarga-prApti kI AkAMkSA ke nirbala ho jAne se rAjA aura gRhastha loga zrAvaka yA upAsaka ke rUpa meM bhikSuoM dvArA batAye gaye mArga kA anusaraNa karane lage, aura unameM jo adhika zraddhAlu the, ve muniyoM aura zramaNoM ke samAna sAdA va tapasyAmaya jIvana vyatIta karane ke lie tatpara hue| bauddha aura jaina sampradAyoM se bhArata meM eka navIna dhArmika cetanA utpanna huii| zaktizAlI saMghoM meM saMgaThita hone ke kAraNa inake pAsa dhana, manuSya va anya sAdhana pracura rUpa meM vidyamAna the, jisakA pariNAma yaha huA ki magadha ke sAmrAjya vistAra ke sAtha sAtha saMgha kI cAturanta sattA kI sthApanA kA vicAra bhI bala pakar3ane lgaa| isIlie Age calakara bhAratIya dharma va saMskRti kA na kevala bhArata ke sudUravartI pradezoM, apitu bhArata se bAhara bhI dUra-dUra taka prasAra huaa| maurya aura gupta vaMzoM ke zAsanakAla meM tejI ke sAtha videzoM meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra huA, pAMcavIM sadI ke bAda bhI bahuta se bhAratIya vidvAna anya dezoM meM bauddha-dharma kA pracAra karane kA dharma-graMthoM kA videzI bhASAoM meM anuvAda karane ke lie videza jAte rhe| pAMcavIM sadI se cIna Adi dezoM se bhI logoM ne bhArata AnA zurU kiyA, tAki ve jahA~ bauddha-dharma ke pavitra sthAnoM kA darzana kareM, vahA~ sAtha hI apane dharma ke prAmANika graMthoM ko bhI prApta kreN| yadyapi jaina dharma bauddha dharma kI taraha vizvavyApI dharma nahIM bana skaa| parantu apanI mAtRbhUmi meM yaha Aja bhI jIvita hai| isa dharma ke anekoM anuyAyI deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM phaile hue haiN| jaina dharma ke kaThora saMyama, tapasvI jIvana, ahiMsA

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53 bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti meM yogadAna tathA sadAcAra ne bhAratIyoM ko sadAcAra pUrNa jIvana jIne kI mahatI preraNA milI tathA ahiMsA kA siddhAnta bhAratIyoM kA rASTrIya siddhAnta bnaa| isa prakAra bauddha tathA jaina saMskRti manuSya ko saMyama aura AtmAnuzAsana ke punIta mArga para bhI ArUr3ha karatI hai| nizcita hI yaha donoM hI saMskRtiyA~ mahAna haiN| bauddha evaM jaina dharmoM se bhArata meM eka nayI dhArmika cetanA utpanna ho gyii| ina donoM hI dharmoM ne dhArmika udAratA, sahiSNutA, samatva aura ekatva kI bhAvanAoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| isa prakAra ina saMskRtiyoM ne mUrtipUjA, navIna sAhitya kA sRjana, zikSA ke kSetra meM pragati, dhArmika jIvana, bhAratIya kalA para prabhAva, darzana, videzoM se samparka meM vRddhi, nayI AcAra saMhitA (bhikSuoM ke niyama) bnaayaa| jisase vAstava meM isa dharma ne vizva meM apanI zreSThatA kAyama kI aura bhAratIya saMskRti kI rakSA meM abhUtapUrva yogadAna diyaa| sandarbha 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 18/23 tathA sUtra kRtAMga 2/2/79 2. sTaDIja ina di orijinsa Aba buddhijma, adhyAya 80 3. DR. Radha Krishanan-Foreword to 2500 years of Buddhism, p.! 4. The Age of Imperial Unity, Page, 350 5. AcArAMgasUtra 1/2/6/120 6. abhidhAna rAjendra, khaMDa, 4, pR0 1441 7. bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa pR0 20 8. majjhima nikAya, 2, pR0 36 9. dIrgha nikAya (kUTadattasUtta) pR0 53

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bauddha dharma kI zikSAoM kA prAcIna bhArata kI Arthika vyavasthA para prabhAva Ananda zaMkara caudharI pratyeka kAla meM samAja kA utkarSa manuSya ke Arthika jIvana kI sampannatA, samunnati aura sukha-suvidhA para nirbhara karatA rahA hai| pratyeka vyakti kA jIvana Arthika vikAsa se prabhAvita hotA hai| samaya-sayama para manuSya ke Arthika kAryakrama usakI AvazyakatAoM ke anurUpa ghaTate-bar3hate aura kabhI-kabhI parivartita bhI hote rahe haiN| paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa samayAnusAra Arthika kAryakramoM meM saMzodhana evaM parivardhana bhI hote rahe haiM jo sAmAjika saMracanA meM parivartana ke lie bhI uttaradAyI hai| chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM bauddha dharma ke udaya ke sAtha hI prAcIna bhArata meM navIna Arthika saMracanAoM kA daura zurU ho gayA jo lambe samaya taka prAcIna bhArata kI Arthika vyavasthA ko prabhAvita kiyaa| jisakA prabhAva tatkAlIna samAja, dharma evaM rAjanIti para spaSTa dekhA jA sakatA hai| mahAtmA buddha ke samaya se jarA sA pahale kI bhAratIya saMskRti kA yadi sUkSma nirIkSaNa kareM to vidita hotA hai ki isa samaya ke vicAraka, dArzanika, sAmAjika vyavasthAkAra Adi vartamAna ko bhaviSya kI AzaMkAoM se paricita karAne kA bharasaka prayatna kara rahe the| isa samaya samAja meM do spaSTa varga ubhara rahe the, eka to ve jo vaidika dharma, karmakANDa, brAhmaNoM ko dAna-dakSiNA dene tathA devI-devatAoM ko pUjane meM hI saMtuSTi kA anubhava karate the, aura dUsare ve jo isa prakAra kI rIti-rivAja se kevala asaMtuSTa hI nahIM varana unake viruddha prati-kriyA bhI abhivyakta kara rahe the| chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 ke isa kAla ko

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bauddha dharma kI zikSAoM kA prAcIna bhArata kI Arthika vyavasthA... 55 bhAratIya itihAsa kA parivartana yuga kaha sakate haiN|' I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI kI mukhya vizeSatAeM isa prakAra thIM - kRSipradhAna, arthavyavasthA, kabAyalI saMracanA meM darAra, varNa-vyavasthA kI sthApanA tathA kSetragata sAmrAjyoM kA utkarSa / yuddha aura kRSi donoM meM lohe ke prayoga se mUlabhUta sAmAjika parivartana kA prAdurbhAva huaa| lohe ke phAla ke vyavahAra se khetI meM krAMti se vyApaka sAmAjika krAMti kA mArga prazasta huaa| takanIkI vikAsa ke dRSTikoNa se yaha yuga lauha-yuga ke Arambha kA kAla mAnA jAtA hai| kRSaka apanI AvazyakatA se adhika utpAdana kI kSamatA rakhane lge| kRSi ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha zilpoM aura nagaroM kA bhI vikAsa huaa| vyaktigata sampatti kA uttarottara vikAsa huA aura samAja meM dhanADhyoM kI pratiSThA bddh'ii| bauddha Agama meM dhanADhyoM gahapatiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jinhoMne Arthika vikAsa meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA adA kii| ye dUra-dUra jAkara vyApAra kArya karate tathA ratnoM evaM dhAtuoM kA saMgraha karate the| vyApArI varga vyApAra ko samucita DhaMga se calAne ke lie vyApAra-samitiyoM kA nirmANa karate the| ye vyApAra samitiyAM inake vyApAra meM sahAyaka siddha hotI thiiN| isa prakAra Arthika kSetra meM naI-naI saMbhAvanAeM dikhAI dene lagI tathA loga Arthika kSetra meM AI isa sampannatA meM aura vRddhi karane ko utsuka the| lekina jisa vaidika samAja ne utpAdana meM lauha takanIka ke prayoga tathA prasAra kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAI, usI samAja kI aneka prAcIna mAnyatAeM Arthika pragati ke lie anukUla nahIM thii| brAhmaNa tathA kSatriya varga ko vyApAra meM saMlagna hone kI manAhI thii| vaizya varga jo Arthika vyavasthA meM pramukha bhUmikA nibhA rahA thA, sammAna kI dRSTi se samAja meM tIsarI zreNI meM AtA thaa| samudrI vyApAra ko vaidika paramparA ke dhArmika granthoM meM nindita mAnA gayA hai| hone vAle sAmrAjyavAdI yuddhoM meM vyApArI varga kI hI adhika hAni hotI thii| yuddha kI sthiti meM vyApAriyoM kI sampatti kI surakSA bhI khatare meM par3a jAtI thii| isa kAla meM vidhi nirmAtAoM ne sUda tathA byAja prathA kI nindA kI hai, jaisA ki Apastamba tathA bauddhAyana dharmasUtroM meM ullikhita hai| isa prakAra uparokta kAraNa Arthika pragati meM bAdhaka siddha ho rahe the| aise samaya meM bauddha dharma kI aneka zikSAeM nae Arthika parivartanoM ke anukUla siddha ho rahI thI

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56 zramaNa-saMskRti tathA Arthika kSetra meM pragati karane vAle samUha kI AkAMkSAoM kA pratinidhitva kara rahI thI / bauddha sAhitya meM samudrI vyApAra ke prati anukUla dRSTikoNa dikhatA hai| yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki vaizya varga bauddha dharma ko protsAhana detaa| sAMcI stUpoM meM varNita dRzyoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki vaizya varga ne bauddha dharma ko apanAkara tathA dAna Adi dekara vizeSa protsAhana diyA / vaizya varga ke lie bauddha sAhitya meM 'gahapati', 'seTThi' Adi zabda milate haiN| 'gahapati' zabda ke lie kahA gayA hai ki yaha brAhmaNa-kSatriya ke lie bhI prayukta kiyA jAtA thA / kintu bauddha - sAhitya meM isakA prayoga kevala vaizya varga ke lie hI huA hai| vaizya varga usa yuga kA atyanta samRddhazAlI aura sampanna varga thA / 'seTThi' athavA 'zreSThi' isa varga kA dhanI vyakti hotA thA jo apane vyApAra aura vANijya ke kAraNa pramukha hotA thA / vaha samaya-samaya para rAjA aura zreSThiyoM kI sahAyatA bhI karatA thA / eka zreSThi ne bhikSu saMgha ko 80 karor3a kArSApaNa sahAyatArtha dAna diyA thaa| aise zreSThiyoM ke bhI saMdarbha milate haiM jo rAja sabhAoM ke sadasya hote the tathA vahA~ kI kArya-vidhiyoM meM apanA sahayoga pradAna karate the / rUpayA udhAra denA, byAja lenA, udyoga vyApAra meM dhana lagAnA unakA pezA thaa|' isa varga ne apane prayAsa se isa yuga kI Arthika saMracanA ko hI badala DAlA / - bauddha dharma ko prArambha se hI rAjAoM aura vyApAriyoM kA saMrakSaNa tathA protsAhana milanA prArambha ho gayA thaa| dharma kA pracAra karane vAle vizva ke prathama pracAraka tApasa aura bhallika vyApArika varga se the|" sAriputta, moggallAyana jaise yuvaka brAhmaNa, Ananda, rAhula, aniruddha jaise kulIna kula ke sadasya, yaza jaise loga jo bar3e bar3e vyApAriyoM aura nagarapariSad ke gaNamAnya vyaktiyoM ke putra the| ye saba tatkAlIna samAja ke atyanta kulIna vargoM ke the jo buddha ke upadezoM tathA zikSAoM se prabhAvita the / mahAna zreSThi anAthapiMDika sAvAtthi (zrAvastI) ke nikaTa rAjA jetakumAra se 54 karor3a svarNa mudrAoM meM jetavana vihAra kharIda kara buddha ko upahAra svarUpa diyaa|" ye kulIna tathA

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bauddha dharma kI zikSAoM kA prAcIna bhArata kI Arthika vyavasthA... vyApArI varga buddha kI zikSAoM kA lAbha uThAkara, jo unake vyApArika AvazyakatAoM ke anukUla thI, Arthika saMracanA ko AyAma de rahA thA / buddha ne bauddha saMgha ke saMcAlana ke lie bahuta se niyama banAye / buddha ne saMgha ke andara sampatti sambandhI sAmyavAdI siddhAntoM ko lAgU kiyA / majUmadAra kA kathana hai .. bauddha saMgha meM vyakti ko sAre saMgha meM vilIna kara diyA jAtA thaa|........ ..buddha ke isa dharmAdeza meM ki pratyeka vastu saMgha kI sampatti hai, kisI bhikSu vizeSa kI nhiiN|12 buddha saMgha ke andara vyaktigata sampatti ke pakSa meM nahIM the, yadi kisI bhikSu ko sonA yA cAMdI dAna meM milatA thA to use usa dAna ko saMgha kA de denA hotA thaa| saMgha ke ina niyamoM kA gahanatA se vicAra kiyA jAye to patA calatA hai ki vyaktigata sampatti ko saMgha meM mAnyatA na dekara bhikSuoM ko pathabhraSTa hone se rokA gayA kyoMki artha kI adhikatA naitika patana kA kAraNa bana sakatI thI / buddha ne saMgha meM sampatti sambandhI, sAmyavAdI siddhAnta lAkara saMgha meM samAnatA ke siddhAnta ko ddaalaa| jisase logoM kA vizvAsa saMgha ke prati bar3hatA gyaa| isa prakAra artha sambandhI yaha siddhAnta bauddha dharma ke vikAsa meM bhI sahAyaka siddha huA / isa prakAra uparokta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki bauddha dharma ke siddhAnta tatkAlIna Arthika jIvana ko atyadhika prabhAvita kiyA jisake kAraNa samAja kA svarUpa hI badalane lagA / buddha kI zikSAoM ne saMkucita Arthika siddhAntoM ko badala diyA / vyApAra evaM udyoga ke kSetra vistRta ho gaye aura naI Arthika evaM sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ko sthAna milaa| saMdarbha 1. prasAda, IzvarI prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti, kalA, rAjanIti, dharma darzana, pR0 99 2. aMguttaranikAya, bhAga - - 57 3, pR0 70 3. jAtaka, bhAga 4, 463/559 4. phika, Ara0 sozala ArganAijezana ina nArtha-IsTa iMDiyA, pR0 353 5. mizra, jayazaMkara, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 93 6. mahAvagga, 8.1.16

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zramaNa-saMskRti 7. jAtaka, 1, pR0 349 8. jAtaka, 1, pR0 345, 3, pR0 299, 5, pR0 471 9. buca, ikonAmika lAipha ina aiMzyeMTa iMDiyA, khaNDa 1, pR0 80-95 10. olDenavarga, eca0 buddha hija lAipha, hija TIciMgsa, hija ArDara (kalakattA- 1927), pR0 119 11. risa-DeviDsa,TI0 DablyU0 Ara0, buddhisTa iNDiyA (kalakattA 1950) pR0 963-964 12. majUmadAra, Ara0 sI0 - kAraporeTa lAipha Apha aiMzyeMTa iNDiyA, (kalakattA 1919), pR0 316-318

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magadha-vaizAlI yuddha kA kAraNa jaina evaM bauddha dharma kA antaHsaMgharSa harIgopAla zrIvAstava jaina evaM bauddha dharmoM ke vAGmaya ke katipaya pRSTha isa Azaya ke sAkSya haiM ki jaina dharma ke teisaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha tathA caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra svAmI evaM bauddha dharma ke pravartaka gautama buddha samakAlIna rAjavaMzoM para apane vyaktitva kI chApa evaM apane dharma kA prabhAva sthApita karane ke lie tatpara evaM prayatnazIla rhe| tadanantara unake ziSyoM ne isI nIti kA anusaraNa kiyaa| apane-apane dharma ke pracAra-prasAra kI ceSTA evaM sakriyatA ne donoM ko eka dUsare kA pratidvandvI banA diyaa| yaha vicitra tathya hai ki magadha nareza ajAtazatru ko jaina lekhaka jaina matAvalaMbI evaM bauddha lekhaka bauddha matAvalambI batAte haiN| ullekhanIya hai ki ajAtazatru mahAvIra svAmI evaM gautama buddha kA samakAlIna thaa| bauddha granthoM meM yaha bhI likhA hai ki vRddhAvasthA meM ajAtazatru ke pitA magadha nareza bimbisAra ne ajAtazatru ko rAjya kA zAsana-bhAra sauMpa diyA thA parantu ajAtazatru siMhAsana para baiThane ko utAvalA thA aura usane buddha ke vidrohI cacere bhAI devadatta ke kahane se bUr3he pitA ko kArAgAra meM banda karake bhUkhA mAra ddaalaa| sAmaJjakalasutta meM yaha bhI likhA hai ki isa pApa ke lie pIche use bar3A pazcAtApa huA aura vaha bauddha hokara gautama buddha ke pAsa kSamA mAMgane gyaa| DaoN0 smitha kA kahanA hai ki ukta hatyA yuvarAja kI dhArmika carcAoM se ghRNA kI pravRtti kA pariNAma hai| pratIta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna jaina evaM bauddha samarthakoM kI apane-apane dharma

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60 zramaNa-saMskRti kI vizeSatAoM ko pradarzita karate hue apane tarkoM se eka dUsare ko nIcA dikhAne kI pravRtti ne ajAtazatru ko pitRhantA banA diyaa| apane isa ghRNAspada kRtya para ajAtazatru prAyazcitta karane bhagavAna buddha kI zaraNa meM gayA jisakA citraNa bharahuta vedikA para huA hai yaha lekha bhI uTTaGkita hai - ajAtazatru bhagavato vandate / katipaya vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki ajAtazatru prArambha meM jaina dharma se prabhAvita thA parantu kAlAntara meM vaha bauddha matAvalambI ho gayA / jJAtavya hai ki magadha nareza bimbisAra kA vivAha vaizAlI ke licchavi saradAra ceTaka kI putrI cellanA athavA chalanA ke sAtha bhI huA thA / vaizAlI gaNarAjya vajjisaMgha kA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa evaM sazakta ghaTaka thA aura vajjisaMgha kA hI eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTaka kuNDagrAma ke jJAtavya kSatriyoM kA thA, jisameM mahAvIra svAmI utpanna hue the| yaha svAbhAvika thA ki kuNDagrAma ke jJAtRka kSatriyakula se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa vajjisaMgha jaina dharma se prabhAvita rahA ho| ajAtazatru dvArA bauddha dharma aMgIkAra kara lene kI pratikriyA meM sambhava hai jainiyoM ne vajjisaMgha ko usake viruddha bhar3akA diyA ho jisake kAraNa magadha evaM vaizAlI rAjyoM ke madhya pravAhita hone vAlI gaMgA nadI para ke bandaragAha evaM usI ke samIpa kI eka bahumUlya dhAtuoM kI khAna para pUrva kAla se magadha evaM vaizAlI kI barAbara kI hissedArI ko samApta kara vaizAlI ne ekAdhipatya sthApita kara liyA / dUsarI ora pitA bimbisAra kI hatyA ho jAne para apane ko asurakSita samajha cellanA ke do putra rAjakumAra halla evaM vehalla pitA dvArA upahAra svarUpa pradAsanita secanaka hasti evaM 18 lar3iyoM kA svarNahAra lekara apane nAnA ceTaka kI zaraNa meM vaizAlI pahuMca gye| ajAtazatru dvArA ceTaka se halla evaM vehalla ko upahAra kI sAmagriyoM ke sAtha magadha vApasa bhejane kI mAMga ko ceTaka ne asvIkAra kara diyA / ataH donoM rAjyoM ke madhya yuddha avazyambhAvI ho gayA / yaha suvadita hai ki vaizAlI vajjisaMgha kA kendra thA tathA vajjisaMgha ATha

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magadha-vaizAlI yuddha kA kAraNa jaina evaM bauddha dharma kA... gaNarAjyoM kA saMgaThana hone ke kAraNa atyanta zaktizAlI thaa| yaha saMyoga hI thA ki jisa samaya ajAtazatru vaizAlI para AkramaNa karane kI yojanA banA rahA thaa| usa samaya mahAtmA buddha rAjagRha kI eka pahAr3I para ruke hue the| apane mahAmantrI vassakAra ko ajAtazatru ne mahAtmAbuddha ke pAsa isa saMdeza ke sAtha bhejA ki usane vajjiyoM kA unmUlana karane ke lie dRr3ha nizcaya kiyA hai| mahAtmA buddha ne yaha saMdeza sunakara kahA ki 'jaba taka vajjisaMgha eka hai use parAjita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| unakI ekatA khaNDita kara hI unheM jItA jA sakatA hai| mahAtmA buddha ke isa kathana ke mUla meM bhI jaina dharma se unakI pratispardhA kI bhAvanA chipI huI hai| isa (upadeza) kathana se zikSA grahaNa kara vassakAra ne vajjisaMgha meM matabheda utpanna karA diyA pariNAmasvarUpa ajAtazatru dvArA vaizAlI para AkramaNa kiye jAne para ekajuTa hokara vajjisaMgha nahIM yuddha kara sakA aura vighaTita vajjisaMgha parAjita ho gyaa| nizcaya hI yaha saMgharSa jaina evaM bauddha dharma ke anta:saMgharSa ke kAraNa huA thaa| saMdarbha 1. hindustAna kI purAnI sabhyatA- benI prasAda pR0 191 2. draSTavya- prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa, DaoN. hemacandra rAya caudharI, pR0 184 3. buddhaghoSa kI TIkA sumaMgala vilAsinI ke anusAra licchaviyoM dvArA vizvAsaghAta magadha evaM vaizAlI ke bIca yuddha kA kAraNa thaa| vizeSa draSTavya, buddhisTa sTaDIjabI0sI0 lAla, pR0 199

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10 bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina paramparA kA prabhAva oma prakAza zrIvAstava chaThI zatAbdI IsA pUrva meM vizva meM eka mahAna dhArmika Andolana huaa| isI yuga meM bhArata meM bhI dhArmika krAnti huyii| isI yuga meM aneka dezoM ke samAja meM sAdhAraNatayA AdhyAtmika evaM naitika azAnti ho gayI tathA advitIya bauddhika evaM cintana ke Andolana cle| pariNAma svarUpa, samasta vizva meM sudhArakoM ne tatkAlIna dhArmika vyavasthA ke virodha meM apanI AvAja bulanda kI tathA isa vyavasthA ko navIna AdhAroM para punarjIvita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| yUnAna ke dvIpa ioniyA meM hirAkliTasa (Heraclitus) ne navIna siddhAntoM kA upadeza diyaa| phArasa deza ke jarathusTra (Zoroaster) ne tatkAlIna dhArmika andhavizvAsoM kA ghora virodha kiyaa| cIna meM logoM ne kAnaphyUziyasa (Confuscius) ke dArzanika siddhAntoM kA svAgata kiyaa| isa prakAra yaha vaha yuga thA jaba bhArata meM bhI loga prAcIna dArzanika siddhAntoM se ukatA gaye the aura pUjana kI samasta vidhiyoM tathA isa pArthiva jIvana ke kaSToM va ApattiyoM se mukti pAne hetu satat prayatnazIla rahate the| dharma evaM cintana ke kSetra meM navIna netAoM kA prAdurbhAva huA aura aneka asAmAnya cintaka satya kI anavarata khoja meM saMlagna rahane lge| ataH yaha dhArmika Andolana kA yuga thaa| prAcIna vyavasthA ke viruddha vidroha kA yuga thaa| yaha viplava sAmAjika vyavasthA kI prAmANikatA, dhArmika kriyA vidhiyoM, purohitoM kI aparimita zakti evaM suvidhAoM tathA maraNAsanna saMskRti ke prANaghAtaka bhAra ke viruddha thaa|

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina paramparA kA prabhAva isa Andolana kA navIna darzana bAhyarUpa meM asAmAjika para Antarika rUpa meM ajAtIya thaa| isane jAti aura samAja kI kaTTaratA kA virodha kiyaa| isane vizuddha vyaktivAda, tathA adhyAtmavAda kA upadeza diyaa| isane samAja kI sthiratA, jAtihInatA, asamAnatA tathA usakI svataMtratA, kA pratipAdana kiyaa| isane mAnava-buddhi-viveka kI pavitratA tathA usakI svataMtratA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| isane isa bAta ko bhI nyAya saMgata batAyA ki pratyeka strI tathA puruSa ko manuSya ke nAte svayaM apanA bhAgya-nirmANa karane aura mokSa prApta karane kA adhikAra hai| ___isa Andolana kA antima uddezya pArthiva nahIM apitu AdhyAtmika thaa| jIvana ko sAmAjika DhAMce meM nahIM varan adhyAtmavAda ke DhAMce meM DhAlanA thaa| samaya kI antarAtmA aneka sudhAravAdI AndolanoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa huii| raktima yajJoM aura nirarthaka jaTila karmakANDa meM janatA kA vizvAsa jyoM-jyoM kama hotA jA rahA thA, mAnava ke dayAvAdI aura Astika vAdI Andolana adhika prabala hote jA rahe the| ye Andolana mAnava unnati ko manuSya kI AdhyAtmika pragati ke rUpa meM nApate the| jIvana adhyAtmavAda kA eka sAdhana mAnA jAtA thaa| ina naye AndolanoM ke cintaka vizuddha buddhivAdI the| ye pUrNatayA dArzanika the jinhoMne yaha kalpanA kI thI ki jIvana jJAna aura zakti kA eka tatva jJAna hai| ___ AdhyAtmika netRtva brAhmaNoM evaM yAjJikoM ke adhikAra se nikalakara parivrAjakoM, vairAgiyoM tathA sanyAsiyoM ke hAthoM meM A gayA thaa| inhoMne sAMsArika tRSNA, vAsanA tathA lAlasA ke vinAza para adhika jora diyaa| saMnyAsiyoM aura parivrAjakoM ne vedoM kI prAmANikatA tathA vaidika purohitoM kI pradhAnatA ko asvIkAra kiyA tathA raktima yajJoM kA jo brAhmaNoM kI kriyA vidhiyoM kA bahuta pramukha bhAga thA, virodha kiyA tathA Izvara ke astitva ko bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne ghoSaNA kI ki ucita AcAra vicAra hI saMsAra aura karma kI bhUla bhulaiyA meM se nikalane kA eka mAtra sAdhana hai| isa ThIka aura ucita AcAra-vicAra meM anya guNoM ke atirikta ahiMsA vrata bhI thaa| ina parivrAjaka upadezakoM meM sabase mahAna kSatriya rAjakumAra vardhamAna mahAvIra aura gautama buddha

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64 zramaNa-saMskRti the| prathama ke tatva jJAna aura vicAra dhArA ne usa sudhAravAdI Andolana ko rUpa diyA jise jaina dharma kahate haiM aura dUsare ke vicAroM evaM darzana se anya Andolana, jise bauddha dharma kahate haiM, kA AvirbhAva huaa| yUropa ke lUthara aura kelavina ke samAna hI mahAvIra aura gautama ne usa bhraSTatA kA virodha kiyA thA jo hindU dharma meM ghusa gayI thii| jisa prakAra sudhAra vAdI IsAI dharma meM lUthara aura kelavina ke sampradAya lUtharijma aura kelavinijma haiM, vaise hI sudhAravAdI hindU dharma meM jaina aura bauddha sampradAya haiN| mahAvIra aura buddha hindU dharma ke una mahAna vicArakoM meM se the jo hindU dharma ke antargata hI rahakara zAzvata satya kI anavarata khoja meM saMlagna the| ye donoM mata brAhmaNa dharma yA vaidika dharma kI zAkhAeM hI haiM, jinhoMne kucha avAMchanIya dhArmika vidhiyoM evaM prathAoM kA ghora virodha kiyA aura kucha viziSTa bAtoM para adhika bala diyaa| jina naitika siddhAntoM kA ina donoM matoM ne pratipAdana kiyA hai, ve upaniSadoM meM varNita hai| upaniSadoM meM to yaha bAta spaSTa kara dI gayI ki Atma-jJAna ke jijJAsu saMsAra se virakta ho araNya meM hI rahakara cintana va tapa kreN| smRti meM bhI mAnava jIvana ke cAra AzramoM kA ullekha karate hue saMnyAsa Azrama para adhika jora diyA gyaa| chaThI zatAbdI meM pANini ke samaya aise parivrAjaka saMnyAsiyoM aura RSiyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, jinhoMne apane-apane saMgha samudAya banA lie the| inameM pramukha AjIvika, jaTilika, muNDa sAvaka, mAgAndhika, gomaMtaka, tedaNDita the| inake hI samudAyoM ke AdhAra para buddha ne apane saMgha kA nirmANa kiyA aura unake jIvana ke hetu vividha niyamoM tathA upaniyamoM kI racanA kI thii| satya bAta to yaha hai ki usa samaya janatA brAhmaNoM kI prabhutA, karmakANDa kI nirarthakatA tathA naitikatA va tapasyA ke siddhAntoM se Uba gayI thii| usake lie bAhya ADambara pUrNa raktima yajJa tathA rahasyavAda se ota-prota upaniSad samAna rUpa se jaTila evaM durbodha ho gaye the| vaha sarala dharma, vyAvahArika tathA sAde AcAra vicAra ke lie tarasa rahe the| isa AvazyakatA ko jaina tathA bauddha dharma ne pUrNa kiyaa| ataeva donoM hI dharma bhArata ke AdhyAtmika jIvana ke vikAsa ke mahatvazAlI aMga haiN| donoM hI

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina paramparA kA prabhAva na to nAstika haiM aura na pUrNatayA kisI navIna mUladharma kA pratipAdana hI karate haiN| jaina dharma bhArata kI sImA ke pAra kabhI nahIM gayA, vaha Aja bhI dhana-sampanna vaizyoM kA dharma hai, kintu bauddha dharma pandraha sau varSoM ke dedIpyamAna jIvana ke bAda apane janma-sthAna meM luptaprAya hone para bhI vizva kI AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM meM se Aja bhI eka viziSTa zakti hai tathA mAnava-vizvAsa kI dRr3ha bhitti hai| isa deza meM jaina tathA bauddha dharma, nAmaka dhArmika sampradAyoM ke AvirbhAva evaM vikAsa ke hetu dhArmika, sAmAjika, Arthika Adi paristhitiyAM adhika anukUla rhiiN| __ jaina dharma kAlAntara meM digambaroM aura zvetAmbaroM meM aura bhI adhika matabheda kI vRddhi huI / inameM eka aise samudAya kA prAdurbhAva huA jisane mUrti pUjA kA sarvathA bahiSkAra kiyA evaM dhArmika granthoM kA pUjana apanA lakSya bnaayaa| zvetAmbaroM meM inheM terApaMthI evaM digambaroM meM samAI kahate haiN| isa sampradAya kA udaya chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva nahIM huaa| jaina dharma nissaMdeha vaidika dharma se nahIM to bauddha dharma se adhika prAcInatama hai| jaina dharma kI rUr3hivAditA brAhmaNa dharma se isakI sadRzatA, dharma pracAra kI ugra bhAvanA ke abhAva tathA anya dharmoM ke virodhAbhAsa ke durbhAva hone se jaina dharma deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| bauddhadharma kAlAntara meM hInayAna tathA mahAyAna donoM yAnoM meM AdhyAtmika evaM dArzanika vicAroM meM maulika matabheda thaa| bhAratIya jIvana ke vividha aMgoM ko DhAlane meM bauddha dharma kI pragati kA bahuta bar3A hAtha rahA hai| sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, Arthika, rAjanItika, bhaugolika, kalA, zilpa, bhASA lipi, sAhitya, vijJAna, purAtatva, vyApAra tathA udyoga Adi sabhI aMgoM para bauddha dharma kA prabhAva par3A tathA nimna prAptiyA~ huyIM ___1. bauddha dharma ne jaTila tathA durbodha karmakANDa rahita sarala subodha, sIdhA-sAdhA vizuddha AcAra vAdI lokapriya dharma diyaa|

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zramaNa-saMskRti ___ 2. bauddha dharma ne sadAcAra pavitra jIvana, naitikatA, mana vacana karma kI zuddhi, jana-sevA aura svArtha tyAga ke ucca AdarzoM para adhika bala diyaa| 3. hindU dharma para prabhAva kA sabala pramANa hai| 4. saMgha-vyavasthA, darzana kI navIna vicAradhArAoM meM svtNtrtaa| mUrti-pUjA kA prasAra-bhArata meM mUrtipUjA kA vyApaka prasAra bauddha dharma ne kiyaa| loka sAhitya kA vikAsa tathA bauddha sAhitya kI aitihAsika den| rAjanItika tathA rASTrIya ekatA, bauddhika svataMtratA, samAnatA tathA sahanazIlatA kI den| 8. bhAratIya kalA jIvana meM bauddha dharma kI sarvotkRSTa dena vAstukalA tathA sthApatyakalA ke kSetra meM hai| 9. bhAratIya saMskRti kA prasAra tathA bhAratIya itihAsa para prabhAva bauddha dharma mahatva pUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| bauddha tathA jaina sAhitya meM isa yuga meM vibhinna siddhAntoM ke upadeza dene vAle aneka sampradAyoM kA jJAna hotA hai| AryoM ke pUrva yuga meM mohanajodar3o meM ziva kI eka pratimUrti ke pUjana meM hI zaiva sampradAya kI utpatti nihita thii| kAlAntara meM AryoM ke pUrva ke isa devatA kA sAmya vaidika yuga ke rudra nAmaka devatA se kara diyA gayA aura ise hindU dharma ke devatAoM meM ucca sthAna prApta huaa| bahuta pahale se hI liMga ke rUpa meM ziva kI pUjA hotI thI jo Aja bhI hamAre deza atyadhika rUpa meM pracalita hai| IsA se pUrva sAtavIM zatAbdI ke anta taka hindU samAja dRr3ha rUpa se sthAyI ho cukA thaa| bhArata meM chaThI zatAbdI pUrva meM dhArmika sudhAravAdI Andolana hue the| ina AndolanoM meM jaina dharma tathA bauddha dharma kAla kI parIkSA meM saphala hue aura Aja bhI jIvita haiN| ye AdhyAtmika satya aura prema ke sandeza ko daridroM kI jhopar3iyoM se lekara narezoM ke rAjamahaloM taka le gaye aura bhAratIya itihAsa para apane prabhAva kI amiTa chApa chor3a gye|

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina paramparA kA prabhAva I kalA dvArA dharma kI abhivyakti para inhoMne bhAratIya saMskRti ko sampanna kiyA / isake pariNAmasvarUpa vAstukalA, sthApatyakalA, tathA citrakalA kI eka navIna zailI kA sUtrapAta huA jisane vizva meM kalA ke sarvotkRSTa namUne utpanna kie haiN| isase bhI adhika, bhAratIya saMskRti aura dharma ke dIpa ko bhArata kI sImA ke pare bauddha dharma saphalatA pUrvaka le gayA / sandarbha e0 pI0 karamAkara, rilijana Apha iMDiyA 1. 2. mahezacandra cauve, dharma aura darzana 3. candra dhara zarmA, bhAratIya darzana 4. DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNa, bhAratIya darzana 5. helenA rerikha, bauddha darzana ke mUlaAdhAra 16

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11 mahilAoM ke prati buddha kA dRSTikoNa nandana kumAra evaM pavana kumAra prAcIna bhArata meM bauddha dharma kA udaya bhAratIya samAja meM parivartanavAdI soca ko pradarzita karatA hai| isa soca kA sambandha una samasta bAtoM se thA jinase prAcIna bhAratIya samAja kA zoSaNa ho rahA thaa| zoSaNa kI ina pravRttiyoM ko aspRzyatA, karmakANDa, sAmAjika, asamAnatA aura striyoM kI hIna avasthA (durdazA) jaisI bAtoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| prastuta Alekha bauddha dharma meM mahilAoM ke prati dRSTikoNa aura soca kA samIkSAtmaka prayAsa prastuta karatA hai / yaha prayAsa nimna samasyAoM aura paristhitiyoM para kendrita hai - jisa samaya bhAratIya samAja meM buddha kA prAdurbhAva huA, usa samaya samAja meM pitRsattAtmaka tatva vyApaka paimAne para vidyamAna the| usa samaya lar3akI kA janma duHkha kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA thA tathA striyoM ko jue aura zataraMja ke sAtha tIna pramukha burAIyoM ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA thA / usa samaya aisI mahilA ko Adarza patnI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA thA jo pati ko devatA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatI thI ( pati devatA ) aura usake caraNoM meM girakara (pAdaparicArikA) 4 svayaM ko bhAgyavAna mAnatI thii| usa samaya mahilAoM ko vastuoM kI taraha becA bhI jAtA thA / ye udAharaNa isa bAta ko spaSTa kara dete haiM ki mahilAoM kI sAmAjika sthiti usa samaya acchI nahIM thI / yahA~ yaha prazna vicAraNIya hai ki kyA bauddha dharma aura dRSTikoNa para uparokta brAhmaNavAdI vicAradhArA kA prabhAva par3A thA aura yadi prabhAva par3A bhI to isake kyA pariNAma sAmane aaye|

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mahilAoM ke prati buddha kA dRSTikoNa 69 aisA pratIta hotA hai prArambha meM buddha bauddha saMgha meM mahilAoM ke praveza ke prati udAsIna the| inakI vimAtA mahAprajApati gautamI ne kapilavastu meM Akara eka bhikSuNI ke rUpa meM bauddha saMgha meM praveza karane kI anumati buddha se mAMgI to buddha ne isa mA~ga ko asvIkAra kara diyA / lekina kAlAntara meM unheM apane isa niyama meM saMzodhana karanA par3A / vaizAlI meM jaba buddha ruke the, to mahAprajApati gautamI ne puruSa veSa dhAraNa karake, apane sAtha aneka zAkya striyoM ko lekara rotI huI, bhagavAna buddha se saMgha meM praveza kI anumati maaNgii| buddha ne apanI priya ziSya Ananda kI siphAriza para, unheM bauddha saMgha meM praveza kI anumati to dI, para sAtha hI sAtha ATha aise kaThora pratibaMdha bhI Aropita kara diye jisase striyoM kA saMgha jIvana kAphI kaSTadAyaka ho gayA aura unakA sthAna bhI nimnatama ho gyaa| isa ATha niyamoM meM eka yaha bhI thA ki - 'sau varSa kI bhikSuNI ko pahale bhikSu kI abhyarthanA' karanI par3atI thI, usake sammukha Asana rikta karake khar3A ho jAnA par3atA thA, aura karabaddha prArthanA karanI par3atI thI, cAhe bhikSu kevala eka dina kA hI dIkSita kyoM na huA ho / punaH bhikSuNiyAM, bhikSuoM ke pAsa jAkara vArtAlApa nahIM kara sakatI thii| ye sabhI dRSTAnta hamAre samakSa kaI prazna utpanna kara dete haiN| mahilAoM ke prati bhagavAna buddha kA yaha vaktavya bhI kaI bhrAntiyoM ko janma detA hai, unhoMne apane ziSya Ananda se kahA 'para aba jaba striyoM kA saMgha meM praveza ho gayA hai, Ananda ! dharma cirasthAyI nahIM raha sakegA / jisa prakAra aise gharoM meM jinameM adhika striyAM aura kama puruSa hote haiM, corI vizeSa rUpa se hotI hai, kucha isI prakAra kI avasthA usa sUtra aura vinaya kI samajhanI cAhiye jisameM striyAM ghara kA parityAga karake gRha vihIna jIvana meM praveza karane laga jAtI hai| dharma cirasthAyI nahIM raha sakegA .... .. phira bhI Ananda ! manuSya jaise bhaviSya ko chor3akara jalAzaya ke lie bAMdha banavA detA hai, jisase jala bAhara na bahane lage, usI prakAra Ananda bhAvI (bhaviSya) ke lie maiMne ATha niyama banA diye haiM, jinakA pAlana bhikSuNiyoM ke lie anivArya hai, jabataka dharma hai, una niyamoM ke pAlana meM pramAda nahIM honA cAhiye / " buddha ke priya ziSya bauddha saMgha meM striyoM ke praveza ke prabala samarthaka the /

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zramaNa-saMskRti bauddha graMthoM meM varNi tathyoM se yaha to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki buddha ne Ananda ke kahane para saMgha meM striyoM ke praveza ko svIkAra kiyaa| lekina aisA lagatA hai ki buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda Ananda, saMgha meM mahilAoM ke praveza dene ke mudde para alaga-thalaga par3a gye| rAjagRha meM Ayojita prathama bauddha saMgati meM Ananda kI sirpha isalie AlocanA kI gaI ki unhoMne saMgha meM striyoM ke praveza kA samarthana kiyA thaa| isa prasaMga se yaha tathya ubhar3akara sAmane AtA hai ki - adhikAMza bauddha saMgha meM striyoM ke praveza aura unheM samAna darjA die jAne ko svIkAra karane ke lie taiyAra nahIM the| ye bAteM bauddha dharma meM puruSavAdI dRSTikoNa ko hI pradarzita karatI haiN| buddha dvArA jJAna kI prApti ke lie apanI patnI yazodharA kA parityAga karanA bhI eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| buddha kA dRSTikoNa mahilAoM ke prati sammAnajanaka, sakArAtmaka aura krAMtikArI thaa| buddha ne mahilAoM ko jJAnI, mAtRtvazIla, sRjanAtmaka, bhadra aura sahiSNu ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA karake mahilAoM kI mukti ke lie naye mArgoM ko kholaa| mahilAoM ke lie yaha sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika unnati Alocya avadhi meM samaya se kAphI Age aura krAMtikArI thii| bahuta sI mahilAoM ne buddha ke isa dRSTikoNa kA lAbha utthaayaa| buddha kI ziSyAoM meM kucha sAdhAraNa ziSyAeM hI banI rahIM to kucha bhikSuNI banI tathA unhoMne sAMsArika mohamAyA kA parityAga kara diyaa| buddha ne puruSoM aura mahilAoM ko eka ekIkRta vyaktitva ke pUraka pahaluoM ke taura para karUNA aura buddhi ke rUpa meM dekhA thaa| vAstava meM bauddha dharma ne mahilA mukti aura mahilA samAnatA ke Adarza ko samAja ke sAmane dekhaa| bauddha dharma meM jisa bihAra vyavasthA kI sthApanA kI gaI vaha bhI mahilA-puruSa samAnatA kA Adarza prastuta karatA thaa| prAyaH mahilAoM ke lie unakA vihAra jIvana puruSoM ke lie upalabdha AtmanirNaya aura pratiSThA ke lagabhaga barAbara thaa| bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA, bhikSu saMgha kI sthApanA ke pAMca varSa bAda kI gii| isa saMdha kI sthApanA ke prAraMbhika caraNoM meM bhikSuNiyoM ne bauddha bhikSuoM se hI anuzAsanika kAryoM ke vibhinna rUpoM ke sAtha-sAtha jJAna ke vibhinna pakSoM ko sIkhA thaa|2

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mahilAoM ke prati buddha kA dRSTikoNa jaba bhI buddha ko avasara prApta hotA thA ve mahilAoM ke adhikAroM aura samAnatA ke sambandha meM apane vicAra vyakta karate rahate the| unhoMne eka avasara para pasenadi ko jo zabda kahe the usase bhI mahilA samAnatA ke sambandha meM unake vicAra spaSTa ho jAte haiN| pasenadi yaha samAcAra sunakara atyanta duHkhI huA thA ki usakI patnI ne putrI ko janma diyA hai| usameM apane mana kI bAta buddha ko btaayii| isa para buddha ne use samajhAte hue kahA thA .. 'putrI, jJAnI aura guNI banakara putra se bhI acchI saMtAna siddha ho sakatI hai|' yaha jJAta ho jAne para ki mahilAyeM dhArmika jIvana apanAne kI pUrI kSamatA rakhatI haiM, Arambhika bauddha dharma ne unheM pUrNatayA samAnatA kA darjA pradAna kiyA thaa| bauddha dharma meM isa bAta ke bhI udAharaNa milate haiM ki yadyapi mahAprajApati gautamI ko bauddha saMgha meM zAmila kiyA gayA para sAtha hI sAtha 8 pratibaMdha bhI Aropita kiyA gyaa| yahA~ isa bAta kA bhI udAharaNa milatA hai ki bAda meM buddha ke priya ziSya AnaMda ke pAsa jAkara buddha ke pravaratA se sambaddha prathama guru dharma para DhIla dene ke lie pUchate hue dikhAyA gayA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhikSuNiyoM ne apane Apako Alocya avadhi meM saphalatApUrvaka vyavasthita kara rakhA thaa|4 uparokta vaktavyoM aura prasaMgoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki buddha strI-puruSa samAnatA ke prabala samarthakoM meM se eka the| lekina unake mahAparinirvANa ke bAda bauddha dharma meM mahilAoM ke prati pahale kI taraha sammAnapUrNa bhAvanA nahIM dikhAI detI hai| mahAparinirvANottara kAla ke bauddha granthoM meM mahilAoM ko apUrNa dRSTi, nIca, kapaTI, vizvAsaghAto, avizvAsI, caritrahIna, kAmuka, IrSyAlu, lAlaco, belagAma, mUrkha aura phijUlakharcIlI jaisI upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita kiyA gyaa| isI prakAra bauddha saMgha meM mahilAoM kI upasthiti ko bhArI trAsadI ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| aura inakI tulanA DakaitoM dvArA lUTe gaye ghara, phaphUMda (setaTThika) se grasta dhAna kI phasala tathA lAla roga (mAMjeSThikA) se saMkramita ganne kI phasala se kI gii| tApasika nArI dveSa, jo pAli grantha tripiTaka ke aMtima taha meM pAyA jAtA hai, kA bhI striyoM ke prati dRSTikoNa, zatrutApUrNa, aura nakArAtmaka thaa| use mAnava jAti ke patana tathA AdhyAtmika prANI kI mRtyu ke lie pratyakSa rUpa se jimmedAra mAnA gyaa| Alocya avadhi

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zramaNa-saMskRti meM mahilAoM kI tulanA 5 prakAra se kI gaI hai - gussaila, cir3acir3I, dvizAkhita jubAnabAjI (bolane vAlI), itanI viSailI kI mAra DAle tathA mitrghaatk| jAtaka granthoM meM bhI mahilAoM ke prati atyanta apamAnajanaka bAteM kahI gaI hai| inameM kahA gayA hai ki aurateM saMnyAsiyoM ko unake lakSya se pathabhraSTa kara detI hai| culla--paduma jAtaka meM bodhisatva ke mAdhyama se batAyA jAtA hai ki kisa prakAra usane apanI pyAsI patnI kI pyAsa bujhAne ke lie apane ghuTane se rakta (khUna) nikAlakara diyA aura badale meM usane usakI hatyA karane kI koziza kI aura vaha eka aparAdhI pravRtti ke vyakti ke sAtha rahane lgii| isI grantha meM eka anya sthAna para bodhisatva kahate haiM - "bhikSuoM! jaba maiM jAnavara ke rUpa meM jIvana vyatIta kara rahA thA, taba bhI maiM nArI jAti kI akRtajJatA, chala, duSTatA aura laMpaTatA ke viSaya meM acchI taraha jAnatA thA, aura usa samaya unake nIce rahane ke bajAye maiMne unheM apane niyaMtraNa meM rakhA thaa| eka anya jAtaka grantha meM yaha kahA gayA hai - bodhisatva apane pitA se kahate haiM - yadi aurateM isa ghara meM AtI haiM to mana kI zAMti na mujhe milegI aura na aapko|' aba yaha prazna uThanA svAbhAvika hai ki buddha dvArA upadezita dharma jisakA AdhAra laiMgika samAnatA thA, maiM buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda mahilAoM ke prati itanI durbhAvanA kyoM pradarzita kI jAne lgii| aisA dekhA jA sakatA hai ki buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda bauddha dharma para brAhmaNa dharma (hindu dharma) kA prabhAva bar3hane lgaa| bauddha dharma meM tapasvIkaraNa, brAhmaNIkaraNa, maMtrIkaraNa, aura mUrtipUjA jaisI bAtoM ko apanAyA jAnA isI bAta ko siddha karatA hai| yahA~ yaha tathya dhyAna dene kA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya samAja puruSa pradhAna thaa| yadyapi prAraMbhika vaidika granthoM meM mahilAoM ko puruSoM ke samAna mAnA gayA thA, unakI sthiti dayanIya ho gii| jina logoM ne brAhmaNa dharma ko chor3akara bauddha dharma svIkAra kiyA thA, ve prArambha meM brAhmaNa dharmAnuyAyI the| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ve apane puruSavAdI soca ko pUrI taraha nahIM chor3a pAye the| jabataka buddha jIvita rahe, unake vyaktitva ke sAmane ye loga cupa rahe aura apane vicAroM ko vyakta nahIM kara ske| lekina buddha jaise mahAna vyaktitva ke abhAva meM, AkrAmaka puruSa pradhAna prAcIna bhAratIya samAja ke prabhAva se ye

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mahilAoM ke prati buddha kA dRSTikoNa apane ko nahIM bacA ske| prAcIna bhArata kI sAmAjika vyavasthA meM kAryarata pitRsattAtmaka samAja meM puruSoM ko sAmAnya tathA mahilAoM ko isakA apavAda mAnA gayA thaa| isa vyavasthA ne puruSoM ko samAja dvArA mUlyavAna mAnI jAne vAlI sabhI sthitiyoM ko dhAraNa karane hetu vaidha svAmI mAnA, jabaki mahilAoM ko puruSoM dvArA apanI sthiti kAyama rakhane hetu mauna sahamati dene vAlI sahAyikA ke rUpa meM dekhaa| anya zabdoM meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki puruSoM ko mahilAoM para niyaMtraNa kI zakti prApta thii| sAtha hI sAtha dhArmika, sAmAjika, Arthika aura rAjanItika kriyAkalApoM para puruSoM kA ekAdhikAra thA / " jaba bauddha dharma para ina bAtoM kA prabhAva par3anA zurU huA to mahilAoM ke prati unakA dRSTikoNa bhI parivartita hone lagA / yahI kAraNa thA ki buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda bauddha saMgha eka aisI saMsthA ke rUpa meM sthApita ho gayA jisa para eka bar3e zaktizAlI pitRsattAtmaka sattA kA prabhutva thA / isI taraha kI mAnasikatA vAle logoM dvArA kAlAntara meM bauddha sAhitya kA sampAdana aura saMzodhana kiyA gayA aura unhoMne mahilAoM ko apUrNa, duSTa, nIca, kapaTI, avizvAsI, kAmuka jaisI upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita kiyA 7 isI dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa dhIre-dhIre mahilAoM ko hIna samajhA jAne lagA / 73 mahilAoM kI sthiti ke prati dRSTikoNa para vicAra karate samaya yaha tathya bhI mahatvapUrNa ho sakatA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya bauddha sAhitya meM pAye jAne vAle mahilA virodhI vaktavya aura kathana bauddha vihAra ke viziSTa varga ke una sadasyoM dvArA jor3A gayA kSepaka ho sakatA hai, jinake mahilAoM ke prati rukha ko vibhinna aitihAsika paristhitiyoM meM AkAra pradAna kiyaa| 28 aisA bhI pratIta hotA hai ki tripiTaka kA bahuta bar3A bhAga tRtIya bauddha saMgati ke bAda saMkalita kiyA gayA |29 tripiTaka meM bAra bAra hone vAle saMzodhanoM ke kAraNa bhI mahilAoM ke sambandha meM vyakta kie jAne vAle vicAroM meM vividhatA milatI hai| bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA tathA bauddha dharma meM mahilAoM ke praveza ke sambandha meM paraspara virodhI mata eka hI grantha meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| isameM gautama buddha yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki mahilAyeM nirvANa ke uccatama lakSya ko prApta kara sakatI hai| sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI kahate ki durbhAgyavaza bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA hone se bauddha

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74 zramaNa-saMskRti dharma kI Ayu AdhI raha jaaegii| "yadi mahilAoM ko gRhasthI jIvana chor3akara dIkSA prApta karane kI AjJA na dI jAtI to bauddha dharma eka hajAra varSa taka jIvita rahatA, lekina aba kyoMki mahilAoM ne dIkSA prApta kara lI hai, bauddha dharma jIvana adhika samaya taka nahIM calegA kevala 500 vrss| "30 isa AdhAra para yaha kahanA jyAdA yukti saMgata hogA ki buddha, jinake dRSTikoNa kA AdhAra hI sAmAjika samAnatA thI, ve aise vicAra kyoM vyakta kreNge| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda isa prasaMga ko eka kSepaka ke rUpa meM jor3A gyaa| bauddha granthoM meM bAra-bAra vicAroM meM jo bhinnatA dikhAI detI hai use ThIka DhaMga se samajhane ke lie hameM usa vizeSa sAMsthAnika yA bauddhika saMdarbha kI pahacAna kara lenI cAhiye jisameM se isa prakAra ke pratyeka vicAra kA udbhava huA hai| keTa blaikasTana ne likhA hai ki bauddha dharma meM striyoM ke prati dveSabhAva isa tathya kI upaja thA ki mahilAoM kI dIkSA ko dharma aura vinaya ke lie eka gambhIra aura aparihArya khatare ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA / 1 DAyanA paoNla ne bauddha granthoM meM varNita striyoM ke dveSabhAva ko usa bhAratIya saMdarbha meM dekhA hai jisameM usakA vikAsa huA thaa| 2 jainisa villisa ne likhA hai ki Aja hama pAli granthoM meM tathyoM se mahAyAna graMthoM meM varNita tathyoM para dhyAna dete haiM to yaha pAte haiN| ki inameM mahilAoM ke prati eka sakArAtmaka dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai| 3 aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bAda meM (mahAparinirvANottara) kAla meM bauddha bhikSuoM ne yaha anubhava kiyA ho ki puruSa pradhAna prAcIna bhAratIya samAja meM unakI ziSyAyeM nirantara pratAr3ita yA apamAnita kI jAyeMgI yA ve puruSa hiMsA kA zikAra banane lgeNgii| yaha bhI eka kAraNa rahA hogA ki bauddha saMgha meM striyoM yA bhikSuNiyoM para kaI pratibaMdha lagAye gaye the / usa samaya bauddha vihAra mAnava bastiyoM ke bAhara banAye jAte the| aisI sthiti meM bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ko yauna pratAr3anA kI sambhAvanA banI rahatI hogii| eka dRSTAMta ke dvArA ise siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| 'eka bAra kaI bhikSuNiyAM kozala pradeza se zrAvastI jA rahI thI / eka bhikSuNI mala-mUtra tyAganA cAhatI thI, ataH vaha akele hI pIche Thahara gaI / usa bhikSuNI ko akele dekhakara logoM ne usake sAtha yauna sambandha sthApita kara liyA 14 isa bAta ke bhI pramANa milate haiM ki usa samaya bhikSuNiyoM ko

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mahilAoM ke prati buddha kA dRSTikoNa 75 taraha-taraha se tiraskRta kiyA jAtA thA / bhikSuNiyoM dvArA choTI sI galatI ho jAne para bhI loga unheM 'sira muMDI vezyAe~' kahakara tiraskRta karate the 35 jabaki bhikSuoM dvArA galatI kiye jAne ke bAvajUda unake liye itane apamAnajanaka zabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jAtA thA / yahI kAraNa thA ki bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM ke liye jyAdA kar3e niyamoM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki bauddha saMgha jaise-jaise vikasita hotA gayA usane apane caritra ko bAharI samAja ke anusAra DhAlanA zurU kara diyaa| isa naye ho rahe parivartana kA artha yaha thA ki mahilAyeM dharma ko pUrNakAlika viSaya ke rUpa meM to svIkAra kara sakatI haiM lekina yaha kArya eka aise niyaMtrita saMsthAgata DhAMce ke bhItara hogA jo puruSa pradhAnatA aura mahilA adhInIkaraNa ko pAramparika rUpa se svIkRta sAmAjika mAnakoM dvArA surakSita aura sazakta banAtA ho / ' aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki prathama bhikSuNI mahAprajApati gautamI tathA una para lagAe gae 8 pratibandha bhI kAlpanika hI haiM / yahA~ yaha tathya ullekhanIya hai ki majAprajApati gautamI ne apane pati kI mRtyu ke bAda pravrajyA prApta kI thI, usa samaya taka aneka mahilAyeM buddha se upasampadA prApta kara cukI thIM / Ai0 to hArnara kA bhI yaha mAnanA hai ki buddha dvArA 500 varSa bAda bauddha dharma ke patana kI bhaviSyavANI karanA bAda ke bhikSuoM dvArA kalpita kahAnI hI mAnI jA sakatI hai| 36 kucha AlocakoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki buddha ne apanI patnI kA parityAga kiyA thA / yaha parityAga unake strI virodhI dRSTikoNa ko hI pradarzita karatA hai| lekina buddha kI isa taraha AlocanA karanA ThIka nahIM hai kyoMki jaba unhoMne ghara kA tyAga kiyA thA, usa samaya ve eka sAdhAraNa manuSya the| jJAna kI prApti ke lie unhoMne prArambha meM brAhmaNavAda kI paramparAoM kA anusaraNa karate hue sAMsArika jIvana kA parityAga kiyA thaa| isa avadhi meM AdhyAtmika jJAna kI prApti ke lie tIna cIjoM kA parityAga karanA anivArya mAnA jAtA thA / ye vastueM thIM- dhana, strI aura pratiSThA / 7 ataH isa AdhArapara buddha ko strI virodhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| therIgAthA, bauddha gIta saMgraha hai jisakI racanA lagabhaga sau bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ne milakara kiyA thaa| bauddha grantha tripiTaka jo pAli bhASA meM hai, kaI sthAnoM para

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zramaNa-saMskRti mahilAoM kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai (jaisA ki khemA ke bAre meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba usakI zikSA pUrI huI tabataka vaha dharma ke pUrNa jJAna ke sAtha arhatva prApta kara cukI thI / svayaM buddha ne use ucca sthAna pradAna kiyA thA ) " kisA gautamI ne bhI buddha dvArA die gae upadeza ko samajhane ke bAda Arhatva prApta kiyA 112 Ananda ke upadeza ko sunakara bhikSuNI samA ne arhat kA pada prApta kiyA thA / bhikSuNI muktA ke bAre meM kahA gayA ki usane punarjanma aura mRtyu se bhI mukti prApta kara lI thii| ye sabhI dRSTAnta yaha siddha karate haiM ki buddha ne mahilAoM ko puruSoM ke samakakSa mAnate hue unheM svayaM hI dikSIta kiyA thaa| 76 bauddha dharma meM mahilAoM kI sthiti ke sambandha meM kucha niSkarSa bauddha dharma ke siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para bhI nikAle jA sakate haiN| bauddha dharma ke siddhAntoM meM ahiMsA, karuNA, zraddhA, dUsaroM ke prati vyavahAra meM samAnatA aura ucita vyavahAra jaisI bAteM pramukha thiiN| svayaM buddha ne kahA thA 'koI kisI ko dhokhA na de, ' kisI sthAna meM kisI se ghRNA na kare tathA krodha yA pratikAravaza kisI ko kSati pahuMcAne kI icchA na kare / samasta prANI prasanna, sukhI, surakSita aura prasannacita hoM / isa dRSTAnta ke AdhAra para yaha to avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki jisa dharma kA AdhAra hI mAnavIyatA aura karuNA ho, vahA~ striyoM ko hIna dRSTi se kaise dekhA jA sakatA hai| niSkarSa ke rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha dharma meM striyoM ko puruSoM ke samakakSa mAnA gayA thA / yadyapi bAda ke bauddha granthoM striyoM ke prati durbhAvanA ko vyakta kiyA gayA hai| saMbhavata: isakA kAraNa bauddha dharma para brAhmaNa dharma kA bar3hatA huA prabhAva aura buddha jaise AkarSaka aura mahAna vyaktitva kA abhAva rahA hogaa| saMdarbha 1. aitareya brAhmaNa grantha 2. maitrAyaNI saMhitA 3. jAtaka graMthoM meM varNita hai| da jAtakA, eDiTeDa bAI vI0 phaoNsavaoNla IInd Vols., pR0 406 4. vahI, pR0 95 VIth Vols, pR0 268 5. vahI

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17 mahilAoM ke prati buddha kA dRSTikoNa 6. vinaya piTaka kA prathama niyama (vinayapiTaka, cullavagga 10/1/2) 7. vinaya piTaka kA AThavAM niym| 8. vinaya piTaka (cullavagga 10/1/2) 9. vahI 1/1/2 10. majjhima nikAya 11. therIgAthA meM ullikhit| 12. kAjiyAmA yUici, vUmena ina buddhijma 13. vinaya piTaka kA AThavAM niym| 14. jonAthana vAlTarsa-e vAyasa phraoNma da sAileMsa: da buddhAja madarsa sTorI, hisTrI oNpha relijansa, 33/4, 1994, pR0 358-379 15. eDiTa noloTa, regalesa de Disipalina Desa nanasa buddhisTa : le bhikSuniyAM Dela ikola mahAsAMdhikA - lokottaravAdIna, perisa kaoNleja De phrAMsa, 1991 16. jAtaka graMthoM meM varNita / da jAtakA, eDiTeDa bAI vI0 phaoNsavaoNla ppdaka avasee pR0 474,478 17. vinaya piTaka (cullavagga 1/11/2) 18. vahI 19. vahI 20. agaJa suttataM meM ullikhit| 21. aMguttara nikAya meM ullikhita / da aMguttA nikAya, eDi0 Ara0 maurisa eNDa I0 hArDI, Vth vols., landana 1885-1900 / TrAMsaleTeDa rephareMsa Ara phraoNma da buka oNpha greDuala seiMgsa, epha0 ela0 vuDavArDa, Vols, I, II, V. 22. jAtaka graMthoM meM varNita hai| da jAtakA, eDiTeDa bAI vI0 phaoNsavaoNla Ist vols., pR0 27, 1st 4th vols., pR0 468 23. culla paduma jAtaka graMtha meM varNita hai| da jAtakA, eDiTeDa bAI vI0 phaoNlavaoNla, Ist vols., pR0 115-121 24. vahI Vth vols., pR0 419 25. vahI IVth vols., pR0 43 26. garaDA larnara, da kriyezana oNpha paiTriyAracI, nyUyArka, oNksaphorDa yUnivarsiTI, presa, 1986 / 27. jAtaka graMthoM meM varNita hai| da jAtakA, bAI vI0 phaoNsavaoNla IInd vols., pR0 474, 478, 527 / 28. e spaoNnabarga, 'eTTiyUDasa TuvArDa vUmaina eNDa da pheminina ina arlI buddhijma' pR0 125 /

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78 zramaNa-saMskRti 29. candrAdhara zarmA, 'e kriTikala sarve oNpha iMDiyana philAsphI', naI dillI, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, 1983, pR0 30 20 30. aMguttara nikAya meM ullikhita hai| eDi0 bAI Ara0 maurisa eNDa I0 hArDI, IVth vols., pR0 278 / 31. 'DaimiMga da dhammAH prAblemsa vitha bhikkhunija ina da pAlI vinayA' - isa zodhapatra ko keTa blaikasTona ne 12veM aMtarrASTrIya buddhisTa sTaDIja kAMphreMsa meM prastuta kiyA thaa| isakA Ayojana 1999 meM svITajaralaiMDa ke zahara lyUsena meM kiyA gayA thaa| 32. DAyanA paoNla, vUmena ina buddhijma : imejeja oNpha da pheminina ina mahAyAna TreDisana, barkale yUnivarsiTI oNpha kailephoraniyA presa, 1979, pR0 245-304 33. jainisa villisa 'nansa eNDa bene phaikTresesa : da rola oNpha vUmaina ina da DevalapameMTa oNpha buddhijma / ' 34. 'da saikareDa buka oNpha da IsTa' 50 vols., eDi0 bAI epha0 maiksamUlara, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI Vols, XII, pR0 189 35. vinaya piTaka meM ullekha milatA hai| 36. AI0 bI0 hArnara, 'arlI buddhijma eNDa TaoNkiMga oNpha lAIpha' pR0 105 | 37. DAyanA paoNla, 'vUmena ina buddhijma : imejeja oNpha da pheminina ina mahAyAna TreDisana', 1979, pR0 145 38. therIgAthA (bauddha gItoM kA saMgraha) meM varNita hai| 'da therIgAthA' eDI0 bAI ke0 Ara0 nArmana eNDa ela AlsaDraoNpha, landana pR0 61, 1966 39. vahI, pR0 89 / 40. vahI, pR0 41. mettA sUtra, pR0 140, 144, 146 / 11

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12 bauddha paramparA meM sAranAtha ke stUpa zobhA rAma dube stUpa sampUrNa vizva meM zraddhA ke pratIka ke rUpa meM pUjita haiN| bhagavAna buddha ke antima samaya meM Ananda ke pUchane para unhoMne batAyA ki jisa prakAra cakravartI rAjA ke asthi avazeSoM para stUpa nirmita kiyA jAtA hai usI prakAra tathAgata ke lie bhI stUpa banAnA cAhiye / ' bhagavAna buddha ke ina vacanoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bhArata varSa meM unase pahale bhI mRtaka ke asthi avazeSoM para smAraka banAne kI paramparA vidyamAna thI / mauryakAlIna stUpoM meM sAranAtha kA dharmarAjikA stUpa sarvaprathama parigaNita hai / isa kAla kI pAliza yukta vedikA se ghire laghu AkAra ke eka anya stUpa ko vidvAnajana uddezika stUpa mAnate haiM, jo sAranAtha kA prathama stUpa ho sakatA hai / sambhavata: isa stUpa kA nirmANa buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda huA jisameM buddha ke avazeSa saMgrahIta the / 1794 I0 meM jaba kAzI nareza ceta siMha ke dIvAna jagata siMha ne yahA~ khudAI karavAyI to isa stUpa ke garbha se eka golAkAra patthara meM rakhI gaI maMjUSA milI thI, jisameM saMbhavataH buddha ke avazeSa the / isa maMjuSA ko varuNA nadI meM visarjita kara diyA gayA thA jise DaMkana ne prApta karake bhAratIya saMgrahAlaya ke supurda kara diyA jahA~ ye Aja bhI surakSita haiN| tatpazcAt dharmarAjitakA stUpa kI khudAI 1815 I0 meM maikenjI dvArA karAI gayI thI / jisameM prApta vastuoM ko kalakattA kI eziyATika sosAiTI ko pradAna kara diyA gayA thA / punaH emA rAbarTsa dvArA utkhanana karAyA gayA jisameM do buddha pratimA milii| isa stUpa kA vyAsa 44' x 3" hai tathA isakI IMTe 19--1/2" x 14-1/2" x 2 1/2 " tathA 16 1/2", 12 1/2 ", 31/2" AkAra kI haiN| "

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zramaNa-saMskRti ye sabhI IMTeM stUpa ke garbha se prApta huI thiiN| stUpa ke nIce IMToM ke khaNDita avazeSa dikhalAyI par3ate haiN| dharmarAjikA stUpa kA bhAga barAbara hai| rAjA kaniSka ke samaya sarvaprathama isakA vistAra huaa| isI kAraNa isa stUpa kI dUsarI sataha se prApta IMToM kI mApa 17" x 10 1/2" x 2 3/4" hai| puna: pAMcavI chaThI zatAbdI meM dharmarAjikA kA jIrNoddhAra huaa| usa samaya stUpa ke cAroM ora 16' kA caur3A pradakSiNA patra banAyA gayA jisake bAharI bhAga ke cAroM ora 4' x5" kA eka AkAra banA huA thaa| isake cAroM tarapha dvAra bhI the|" sAtavIM zatAbdI meM ukta pradakSiNA patha ko pATakara patthara kI cAra sIr3hiyAM banA dI gyiiN| mUlataH yaha aNDAkAra thA jisa para ekAzma vedikA banI huI thiiN| sAranAtha se san 1027 I0 meM prApta abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki isa stUpa kA nAma dharmarAjikA hai tathA sthirapAla evaM vasantapAla dvArA isakA jIrNoddhAra kiyA gayA thA yathA - saphalI kRtapANDityau bodhaavvinivrtinau| tau dharmarAjikA sAMgaM dharmacakrapunarbhavaM / / kRtavantau ca navInAmamahAsthAna zailagaMdha kuttii| etAM zrI sthirapAlo vasantapAlau nujaH shriimaan||4 hvena sAMga ne apane yAtrA vivaraNoM meM sAranAtha ke stUpoM kA varNana karate hue kahA hai ki stUpoM ke Asa-pAsa choTe- choTe manautI stUpa the| isa stUpa kI UMcAI isI samaya 300 phiTa thii| stUpa buddha ke buddhatva prApti ke jIvana kI prathama mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA dharmacakrapravartana kA bodha karAtA hai| dharmarAjikA nAma saMketa karatA hai ki azoka ne buddha ke zarIra ke avazeSoM ko nikAlakara anya aneka stUpoM meM rakhavAyA tathA isa stUpa kA nirmANa saMbhavataH vahA~ kiyA gayA jahA~ buddha nivAsa karate the|" dharmarAjikA stUpa ke cAroM ora lagI ekAzma vedikA cunAra ke baluAdAra patthara ko kATakara banAyI gayI thii| mUlagaMdhakuTI ke pAsa se caitya ke samIpa 1904-05 I0 meM orTala ko yaha vedikA milI thii| isa vedikA kI lambAI 264 semI0 aura UMcAI 156 semI0 thii| yaha vedikA dharmarAjikA stUpa kI coTI para lagAI gayI thI, jisa para sarvAstivAdI AcAryoM kA lekha khudA hai| kuSANa kAla meM isa vedikA ko stUpa se utAra

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bauddha paramparA meM sAranAtha ke stUpa 81 liyA gyaa| jaba gupta kAla meM mUlagaMdha kuTI kA nirmANa Arambha huA to yaha usake nIce dabA huA thaa| saMbhavataH isa sundara kalAkRti ko Upara se utAra kara kuSANa kAlIna kuTI ke sthAna para sthApita kara diyA gayA thaa| isa vedikA meM samvAhikA kA nAma prAkRta bhASA meM khude lekha se spaSTa hotA hai| yaha maurya kAlIna vedikA khaNDita rUpa meM milI hai, jisake mUla sthAna meM saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| phogala kA mata hai ki yaha vedikA usa sthAna kI pavitratA kA dyotaka hai jahA~ buddha ne dharmacakra pravartana kiyA thaa| dayArAma sAhanI kA kathana hai ki yaha vefnI dharmarAjikA stUpa ke Upara harmikA rahI hogI jo pUrva stUpa ke zikhara bhAga para cAroM ora nirmita thI tathA isake madhya meM sAMcI stUpa ke sAmAna chatra lagA thaa| sAranAtha kI vedikA para eka lekha bhI utkIrNa hai jisa para dAna dAtAoM kA nAma diyA gayA hai| isa veSanI para alaMkRta triratna, bodhIvRkSa, puSpamAlA, dharmacakra, chatra ityAdi dRSTavya haiN| isI kAla kA khaNDita bRhadcakra bhI prApta hai| isa para kramazaH kamalavela, pUrNaghaTa, bodhivRkSa Adi ke alaMkaraNa haiN| ina sabhI stambhoM kI lambAI 4' x 4", moTAI 8" x 6" aura UMcAI 4' x 2" tathA moTAI 8 1/2' x 6" tathA lambAI 4' x 4", UMcAI 8' x7" hai| sAranAtha jAte samaya mArga meM caukhaNDI nAmaka stUpa ke bhagnAvazeSa dRSTigocara hote haiN| ye sAranAtha se 200 mI0 dakSiNa pazcima dizA meM UMcA IMToM kA eka bar3e TIle ke rUpa meM vartamAna hai|' isa TIle para ATha koNa kA stUpa hai jo 84 phuTa UMcA hai| hvena sAMga ne apane yAtrA vivaraNa meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai|32 isa burja kA nirmANa ToDaramala ke putra govardhana ne 1583 I0 meM karAyA thaa| usa para akabara ne bhI gumbaja banavAyA thaa| humAyUM ne isa pavitra sthAna para eka dina vizrAma kiyA thaa| san 1835 I0 meM kaniMghama ne aSTakoNa gRha ke bIca meM utkhanana karAyA jisase unheM kalAtmaka sAmagrI prApta huii| isI sthAna para buddha ne pAMca sAdhuoM ko upadeza diyA thA jisakA vivaraNa bauddha sAhitya meM upalabdha hai|" isa stUpa ke mUla bhAga kI UMcAI 52' x 8" hai, jisake IMToM kA AkAra 29' x 2' hai| vAzudeva zaraNa agravAla kA kathana hai ki isa stUpa para kisI samaya ziva pratimA kI sthApanA huI thii|" phAhiyAna ne isa stUpa ko

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zramaNa-saMskRti vizAla stUpa mAnA hai| saMbhavataH yahI vizAla stUpa thA jisakI cInI yAtriyoM ne varNana kiyA hai|" caukhaNDI stUpa se kucha dUrI para dhAmekha stUpa sthita hai| jisake saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| saMbhavata: isI sthAna para buddha ne bhaviSyavANI kI thI ki maitreya buddha kA janma yahIM hogaa| ghane vana ke madhya yaha stUpa binA kisI Azraya ke gaganacuMbI rUpa meM sthita hai jo mUlataH mauryakAla meM sthApita huA thA tathA guptakAla meM isakA jIrNoddhAra huA tathA isa stUpa kI kalAoM kA aneka vidvAnoM dvArA ullekha kiyA hai| sarvaprathama kaniMghama dvArA yahA~ 1836 I0 meM vaijJAnika DhaMga se utkhanana prArambha karAyA gayA jisase eka vizAla lekhAMkita paTTikA stUpa meM UparI bhAga se cAra phuTa nIce milI thii| jisa para chaThI zatAbdI kA eka lekha aMkita thA yathA - ye dharmA hetu prabhavA hetu teSyAn tathAgatasya vdt| teSazca yo nirodhaH evaM vAdI mahAzramaNaH / kaniMghama kA anumAna hai ki yaha stUpa chaThI zatAbdI meM sthApita huA hogaa| kintu phogala kA kathana hai ki yaha lipi sAtavIM- AThavIM zatAbdI kI hai| dhamekha stupa eka Thosa golAkAra burja ke rUpa meM hai, jisakA vyAsa 28.35 mI0 tathA UMcAI 39 mI0 hai| isameM lage IMToM kI lambAI cauDATha aura moTAI kramaza: 14 1/2" x 8 1/2" x 2 1/2" hai jo stUpa meM vidyamAna hai| isa stUpa ke nAma ke saMbaMdha meM kaniMghama kA anumAna hai ki dhAmekha dharmopadeza kA parivartita rUpa hai| jabaki vAzudeva upAdhyAya kA kathana hai ki dhAmekha zabda dharma kA asAMskRtika rUpa hai| sAhanI evaM smitha ke anusAra dhAmekha zabda kA artha saMskRta evaM dharmekSA hai| veniza ne bho dhAmekha ko dharmekSA mAnA hai| Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra ke anusAra dhAmekha zabda pAli kA dhammaka tathA saMskRta kA dharmekSa hI hai| __12vIM zatAbdI kI miTTI kI eka mohara para dhamAka jayatu ullikhita hai jisase pratIta hotA hai ki kisI samaya isa stUpa kA nAma dhamAka thaa| yaha stUpa bilkula Thosa hai jisake madhya meM nidhAna gRha nahIM hai aura nIce kA bhAga moTI evaM caur3I IMToM se nirmita hai| isakI sataha meM prastara lage haiM aura stUpa

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8 bauddha paramparA meM sAranAtha ke stUpa kA nimna bhAga sundara khude prastaroM se AcchAdita hai tathA UparI bhAga IMTa kA hai|" yaha 36' x 9" AkAra ke Upara loke kI kIla se jar3e hue pattharoM se banA hai jisameM 8 bar3e tAkhe banAye gaye haiM, ina tAkhoM meM buddha kI mUrtiyAM sthApita thIM, jo vartamAna meM sAranAthasa ke saMgrahAlaya meM rakhI haiN|" uttara bhArata meM aneka sthaloM se prApta manautI stUpoM kA nirmANa buddha ke mahAparinirvANa ke bAda bauddha dharmAnuyAyiyoM ne Arambha kiyaa| sAranAtha ke sAtha-sAtha mathurA meM bhI yaha stUpa mile haiN| oraTala ne ina stUpoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai, jisameM ina sabhI stUpoM kA parimANa diyA gayA hai| manautI stUpa ke khaNDita bhAga sAranAtha meM vartamAna hai jinakI UMcAI bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM hai ina stUpoM meM se kucha para navIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka ke lekha aMkita haiM jo bauddha sampradAya ke haiN| saMbhavataH inakA nirmANa azoka ke bAda kisI samaya choTe AkAra ke aneka manautI stUpa banAye gye| ina stUpoM meM buddha kI sabhI pramukha mudrAoM kI mUrtiyAM milatI haiN| hvenasAMga ne aise stUpoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai| sAranAtha meM dhAmekha stUpa ke pAsa kucha choTe stUpa vartamAna meM bhI milate haiM, jinameM prApta buddha kI mUrtiyoM kI mudrAoM meM sambodhi, dharmacakra parivartana, bhUmi sparza evaM vyAkhyAna mudrAyeM upalabdha haiN| isa prakAra ke stUpoM kA nimna bhAga vartAlukAra gumbada taka banA hai| isI prakAra ke stUpa mathurA meM bhI prApta haiN| isameM bhI sAranAtha kI bhAMti mUrtiyAM abhayamudrA meM banI haiM tathA stupa meM tAkheM bhI bane haiM jinameM buddha kI mUrtiyAM rakhI jAtI hoNgii| sAranAtha prAMgaNa bhUmi ke donoM ora aneka prakAra ke stUpa bane haiN| isake pUrva bhAga meM do paMktiyoM meM nirmita 32 choTe stUpoM ke avazeSa haiN| saMbhavataH ye sabhI saMkalpita stUpa haiN| pradhAna mandira ke dakSiNa, pazcima aura uttara meM bahusakhyaka stUpa haiM, kucha smAraka ke rUpa meM asthi nidhAna bane haiM aura pradhAna mandira ke nikaTa stUpoM kA jAla bichA hai| cunAva ke pattharoM se nirmita isI prakAra kA laghu stUpa sAranAtha saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| isa para dharmacakrama mudrA meM siMhAsana se paira laTakAye buddha pratiSThita hai tathA pIche prabhAmaNDala pUrva kI bhAMti hai aura pAradarzika vastra buddha ke aMga meM vidyamAna hai| mUrti ke AyatAkAra pITha ke Upara aNDa harmikA hai| yaha stUpa kamala puSpa ke Upara pradarzita hai|

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zramaNa-saMskRti isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha dharma meM stUpa nirmANa kI prakriyA meM sAranAtha ke stUpoM kA viziSTa mahatva hai| sAranAtha kA itihAsa buddha ke sAranAtha Agamana se hI Arambha hotA hai| chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM siddhArtha ne buddhatva prApta karane ke bAda sAranAtha ke mRgadAva meM pAMca bhikSuoM ko upadeza diyA thaa| isa pavitra bhUmi para lagabhaga sabhI dharmoM ke vikAsa kA pramANa kalAkRtiyoM se lagAyA jAtA hai| yaha sthala dharma ke sAtha-sAtha kalA kA kendra bhI bana gayA tathA isakA krama pUrva madhyakAla taka calatA rhaa| bauddha dharma meM sAranAtha kA vizeSa mahatva hai| Aja sAranAtha bauddhoM ke tIrtha evaM paryaTaka sthala ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| isake sAtha hI sAranAtha bhAratIya dharma, kalA evaM saMskRti ke adhyetAoM ke AkarSaNa kA kendra bhI hai| sAranAtha meM bhagavAna buddha ke dharmacakra parivartana karane ke kAraNa ina stUpoM kA mahatva bauddha dharma ke sAtha hI bhAratIya sAMskRtika paramparAoM ke lie bhI mahatvapUrNa ho jAtA hai| saMdarbha 1. vAzudeva zaraNa agravAla, bhAratIya kalA, pR0 136 2. oma prakAza pANDeya, sAranAtha kI kalA, pR0 33 3. phAhiyAna, pR0 75 4. u0 pra0 (kAzI aMka pariziSTAMka) aMka 1 varSa 12 (la0 1983) 5. bI0 bhaTTAcAryA, sAranAtha kA itihAsa pR0 68 6. je0 DaMkana, banArasa gajeTiyara, pR0 350 7. dayArAma sAhanI, sAranAtha keTalAga, pR0 10 8. dayArAma sAhanI, e gAiDa TU buddhisTa ruinsa eTa sAranAtha pR0 7 9. Ara0 iliyaTa, vyUja ina iNDiyA bhAga 2, pR0 7 10. A0 sa0 ri0 1903-04, pR0 212 11. tatraiva, pR0 69 12. eca0 sarakAra, sTaDIja ina arlI buddhisTa, ArkiTekcara oNpha iNDiyA pR0 58 13. rakSita bhikSudharma, pR0 120 14. sAhanI dayArAma, pUrvokta, pR0 88 15. hvena sAMga kA bhArata bhramaNa, pR0 310-340 16. esa0 bIla, rekArDasa oNpha buddhisTa rilijana, pR0 29 17. vAzudeva zaraNa agravAla, sAranAtha, pR0 64

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85 bauddha paramparA meM sAranAtha ke stUpa 18. bI0 majUmadAra pR0 30 19. AkyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, pR0 61 aura 91 20. bI0 majUmadAra pUrvokta pR0 30, sAhanI dayArAma, pUrvokta pR0 208 21. enDarasana, ArkiyolaoNjikala kaiTalaoNga oNpha iNDiyana myUjiyama, pR0 9, bI0 bhaTTAcAryA, pR0 86 22. phogala pR0 3 23. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, bhAratIya kalA pR0 105, dayArAma sAhanI, pUrvokta pR0 11 24. AryolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA pR0 72, sAhanI, dayArAma pUrvokta pR0 209, bhikSu dharmarakSita pUrvokta pR0 59 25. sAhanI dayArAma pUrvokta pR0 209, vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla pUrvokta pR0 15 26. AryolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, pUrvokta bhAga 1, pR0 21-22 27. sAhanI dayArAma pUrvokta pR0 208-09 28. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, prAcIna bhAratIya stUpa guhA evaM mandira pR0 83 29. oma prakAza pANDeya, pUrvokta pR0 37 30. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, pUrvokta 31. rakSita bhikSu dharma, pUrvokta pR0 156 32. hvenasAMga kI bhArata yAtrA, pR0 333-37 33. rakSita bhikSu dharma, pUrvokta 34. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, pUrvokta 35. bI0 majUmadAra pUrvokta, pR0 26--27 36. A0sa0ri0 pUrvokta pR0 118 37. vAsudeva upAdhyAya pUrvokta 38. oma prakAza pANDeya pUrvokta 39. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, pUrvokta pR0 8 40. e0 eca0 gAilsa, di Trevelsa oNpha phAhiyAna, pR0 61 41. vATarsa, oNna yuvAna cvAMga Traivalsa ina iNDiyA pR0 55 42. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, pUrvokta 43. suzIlA panta, orijana eNDa DevalpameMTa oNpha stUpa ArkiTekcara pR0 15 44. A0 sa0 ri0 pUrvokta pR0 103 45. sAhanI dayArAma, pUrvokta pR0 58-59 46. A0 sa0 ri0 pUrvokta pR0 111 47. phogala, sAranAtha, kaiTalAga, pR0 12 48. A0 sa0 ri0 pUrvokta pR0 74

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zramaNa-saMskRti 86 49. tatraiva, pR0 103 50. vAsudeva upAdhyAya pUrvokta 51. dayArAma sAhanI, pUrvokta pI0 e0 smitha, hisTrI oNpha phAina ArTa ina iNDiyA eNDa sIlona pR0 168 52. ja0 prA0 e0 so0 A0 va0 bhAga 2, pR0 445-47 53. bI0 majUmadAra, pUrvokta pR0 40-41 54. oma prakAza pANDeya pUrvokta, pR0 36 55. tatraiva 56. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, pUrvokta 57. A0 sa0ri0 pUrvokta 58. oma prakAza pANDeya, pUrvokta, pR0 37 59. ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, pR0 99 60. tatraiva, pR0 103-04 61. oma prakAza pANDeya, pUrvokta, pR0 38 62. hvenasAMga kI bhArata yAtrA, pR0 223 63. ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, ple 25 64. phogala, kaiTalAga oNpha dI ArkiyolaoNjikala myUjiyama eTa madhurA, pR0 166 65. tatraiva, pR0 166-69 66. oma prakAza pANDeya, pUrvokta 67. sAhanI dayArAma, pUrvokta pR0 217-19 68. ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA, pR0 99, sAhanI dayArAma, pUrvokta, pR0 21

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13 bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha paramparA kA prabhAva AzArAma saMskRti mAnava ko mAnava banA dene vAle katipaya viziSTa tatvoM meM anyatam hai| ve sArI abhivyaktiyAM hI saMskRti haiM jo manuSya ko mAnasika Atmika evaM bauddhika viziSTatA pradAna karatI haiN| kintu yaha saMskRti kisI eka vyakti ke kucha samaya ke athavA sampUrNa jIvana ke kAryoM se nirmita nahIM hotI / yaha saMskRti to kisI bhI deza ke jJAta athavA ajJAta asaMkhya vyaktiyoM ke dIrghakAlIna evaM kaSTa sAdhya prayatnoM ke pariNAma se pallavita puSpita hotI hai| deza kI paramparAgata sampUrNa mAnasika nidhi hI saMskRti zabda meM samAhita ho jAtI hai| samaya kI nirvAdha gati meM sabhI apanI-apanI sAmarthya aura yogyatA ke anusAra apane deza kI saMskRti nirmANa meM yogadAna dete jAte haiN| zrI haridatta vedAlaMkAra ne saMskRti nirmANa kI isa prakriyA ke lie atyanta sundara upamAna prastuta kiyA hai| saMskRti kI tulanA AsTreliyA ke nikaTa samudra meM pAyI jAne vAlI mUMge kI bhImakAya caTTAnoM se kI jA sakatI hai| muMge ke asaMkhya kIDe apane choTe ghara banAkara samApta ho gaye, phira naye kIr3oM ne ghara banAye unakA bhI anta ho gyaa| isake bAda unakI agalI pIr3hI ne bhI vahI kiyA, aura yaha krama hajAroM varSa taka nirantara calatA rhaa| Aja una saba mUMgoM ke nanheM-nanheM gharoM ne paraspara jur3ate hue vizAla caTTAnoM kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA hai| saMskRti kA bhI isI prakAra dhIre-dhIre nirmANa hotA hai aura unake nirmANa meM hajAroM varSa lagate haiN| manuSya vibhinna sthAnoM para rahate hue vizeSa prakAra ke sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa,

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zramaNa-saMskRti saMsthAoM, prathAoM, vyavasthAoM, dharma-darzana, lipi bhASA tathA kalAoM kA vikAsa karake apanI viziSTa saMskRti kA nirmANa karate haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI bhI isI prakAra racanA huI hai|' kisI bhI deza kI saMskRti usake vibhinna yugoM ke AcAroM evaM vicAroM kI paramparA se utpanna eka bhUSaNa yukta pariSkRta sthiti ko dyotaka hotI hai| vizva meM prAcIna evaM arvAcIna aneka saMskRtiyAM haiN| kintu una saba meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA sthAna anupama evaM sarvocca hai| vidvAnoM ke eka varga kA mAnanA hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti mUlataH hindU saMskRti hai| prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka aneka bAharI jAtiyAM zaka, hUNa, sIthiyana Adi isa deza meM AyI aura sabhI ko isa grahaNazIla saMskRti ne udarastha kara liyaa| sabhI ne apane prabhAvoM se isake Upara chApa chor3I para isa saMskRti kA mUla svara hindU hI rhaa| isake bAda bhArata meM musalamAna aura IsAI jAtiyAM aayiiN| ina jAtiyoM kI apanI alaga saMskRti aura sabhyatA thI, ye bhArata varSa meM zatAbdiyoM se eka zAsake ke rUpa meM rahIM aura bhArata ke vizAla hindU samAja meM vilIna na ho skii| inhoMne hinduoM se apane AcAra-vicAra, dharma darzana, rIti rivAja, khAna-pAna, aura vezabhUSA meM apanA pRthakatva banAye rkhaa| phira bhI ina jAtiyoM ne hindU saMskRti ko prabhAvita kiyaa| pratidAna meM hindU saMskRti ne ina saMskRtiyoM para apanA saMskAra DAlA para inakI saMskRti bhArata meM paramparA se calI Ane vAlI pravAhamAna hindU saMskRti se bhinna rhii| bhAratIya saMskRti meM mUlataH hindU saMskRti dekhanA aura ghoSita karanA vastutaH saMkIrNa dRSTi kA paricAyaka haiM, kyoMki Aja hindU zabda apanI artha vyApakatA kho cukA hai| yadi hindU aura hindI zabda ke Adi sRSTAoM ke dvArA mAnya artha ko Aja bhI grahaNa kiyA jAtA to, hindU zabda kA artha nikalatA - bhaartiiy| Aja hindU zabda bhAratIya paryAya na rahakara eka dhArmika jAti vizeSa ke lie prayukta hotA hai| yaha prayukti Aja kI nahIM hai, taba kI hai jaba islAma isa deza meM AyA aura usane apane pA~va pasArane ke lie kAphira kI islAmI paribhASA grahaNa karate hue kAphiroM ko samasta gaira islAmI bhAratIyoM ko hindU mAnakara nestanAbUda karane kA bIr3A utthaayaa| yaha kAma ghRNA ke sAtha

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha paramparA kA prabhAva islAmI phauja ne kiyA aura prema ke sAtha sUphiyoM ne| tabhI se pratikriyA svarUpa bhAratIya (hinduoM) meM islAmiyoM ke prati ghRNA kA bhAva upajA aura unake sAtha hara prakAra kI varjanA, niSedha aura dUrI kI zurUAta huii| hamAre hindu buddhijIviyoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti ko bhale hI hindU saMskRti ghoSita kiyA ho, lekina unake mana meM kahIM na kahIM bhAratIyatA kI bhAvanA avazya basI haI hai| lekina ve dvandvAtmaka bhAva se ghoSita karate haiM ki Aja bhI bhArata meM vibhinna jAtiyAM rahatI haiM aura unheM hama ucita rIti se bhAratIya bhI kahate haiM, para jaba bhAratIya saMskRti kA prazna uThatA hai to yaha vicAraNIya viSaya bana jAtA hai ki kise bhAratIya saMskRti kheN| hindU saMskRti, muslima saMskRti, yA IsAI saMskRti ko? eka vikalpa sAmane AtA hai ki ina saba kI milI julI saMskRti ko bhAratIya saMskRti kahA jaay| isa milI-julI saMskRti ko bhAratIya saMskRti kahanA sarvathA upayukta hogA, parantu yaha nirvivAda hai ki isakA tAnA vahI hai jise Arya yA hindU nAma se upalakSita kiyA jA sakatA hai| bAne ke sUta idhara-udhara se Aye haiM para ve saba tAne para Azrita haiN| gaMgA meM bahuta sI choTI-bar3I nadiyAM milI haiN| parantu milane para jo payasvinI banatI hai, vaha gaMgA hI kahI jAtI hai| isa nyAya se bhAratIya saMskRti ko hindU saMskRti kaha sakate haiN| vizva kI anya sabhI saMskRtiyoM ne kaTTaratA evaM madAndhatA ke tatva daSTigocara hote haiM, kintu isake viparIta bhAratIya saMskRti kI viziSTatA usakI sahanazIlatA meM hai| vizva kI anya saMskRtiyoM ne apane hI deza meM panapane vAlI navIna pravRttiyoM ko sahana nahIM kiyA, isI kAraNa sukarAta ko viSapAna karanA par3A aura IsA ko mRtyu kA AliMgana karanA pdd'aa| parantu kintu bhAratIya saMskRti ne vibhinna pravRttiyoM aura prabhAvoM ko saharSa sahana kara liyaa| isa saMskRti ne pratyeka vyakti ko vicAra, dharma evaM vizvAsa kI svataMtratA dii| yahI kAraNa hai ki anya saMskRtiyoM meM bhagavAna ke rUpa meM pUjya ArAdhyadeva eka haiN| kintu bhArata meM ArAdhya devoM kI sampUrNa parigaNanA kara sakanA sambhava nahIM hai| manuSya kI vividhAtmaka pravRtti ko parilakSya karake hI RSiyoM ne Rgveda meM hI sabhI devatAoM ko eka parabrahma ke vividha rUpa ghoSita kara diyA thaa| kAlAntara

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zramaNa-saMskRti meM vaidika dharma kI pratikriyA meM bauddha aura jaina dharma udita hue, to buddha aura mahAvIra ko bhI avatAroM meM parigaNita kara liyA gyaa| sahanazIlatA ke isI guNa ke kAraNa bhArata meM sAre dhArmika vizvAsa, sArI bhinna-bhinna pUjA vidhiyAM vibhinna rahana-sahana, khAnapAna, Adi sabhI eka sAtha svIkRta rahate Aye haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti ke isI vaiziSTya ke kAraNa bhArata meM sAmpradAyika yuddhoM evaM raktapAta kA koI itihAsa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| bauddha dharma mUlataH hindU dharma kA hI eka sudhAra vAdI dRSTikoNa thaa| bauddha dharma ne jina siddhAntoM ko apanAyA ve vastutaH naye nahIM the| varan sAre hI upaniSadoM ne unakA pratipAdana kiyA thaa| kintu bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA para bauddha dharma ne apanI vilakSaNa evaM amiTa chApa chor3I hai| bhArata ke dhArmika, rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, dArzanika kalA sambandhI sabhI kSetra bauddha dharma se bahuta prabhAvita hue haiN| jisakA vivaraNa nimnalikhita hai - bauddha dharma pUrvavartI jaTila hindU dharma kI apekSA atyanta sarala evaM karmakANDa rahita thaa| hindU dharma meM prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke pratIka rUpa devatAoM kI yAjJika upAsanA pracalita thI athavA nirguNa brahma kA adhyAtmavAda thaa| yaha sArA dharma sAmAnya buddhi vAle vyakti ke lie samajha pAnA AsAna nahIM thaa| buddha dharma ne isa kaThinatA ko dUra kara diyaa| bauddha dharma meM hI sarva prathama vyaktitva ko bhI pradhAnatA milii| bauddha dharma kI saralatA, ziSTa naitika niyama, sAmUhika prArthanA tathA pUjana, upamA aura dRSTAntoM se samanvita upadeza kA sarvapriya DhaMga ina sabane milakara bhAratIya jIvana paddhati para hI bahuta prabhAva ddaalaa| bauddha dharma meM satya, sadAcAra, kAma, krodhAdi chaH vikAroM kA tyAga, aparigraha, janasevA Adi ucca naitika niyamoM ke pAlana meM jana mAnasa kI naitikatA kA stara bhI UMcA kiyaa| isase pUrva meM sAre siddhAnta mAtra the, kintu buddha evaM unake bhikSuoM ne ina samasta guNoM ko apanI jIvana paddhati meM sAkSAta prayoga karake bhI dikhA diyA jo jaisA karegA vaisA hI bhregaa| AtmA kI pavitratA zuddha karma se hI sambhava hai| ataH aSTAMgika mArga para calakara hI duHkha se nivRtti sambhava hai| buddha ke ina upadezoM ne vyaktigata jIvana ke nirvAha kA mArga bhI utkRSTa kiyA, jisase samAja meM ucca naitikatA sthApita huii|

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M bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha paramparA kA prabhAva buddha se pUrva bhAratIya samAja meM jAti prathA ke kAraNa UMca-nIca kA bahuta bhedabhAva thaa| brahmaNa pUjyatama the aura zUdra aspRzya evaM adhmtm| bauddha dharma ne saba manuSyoM meM samAnatA kA siddhAnta pracArita kiyaa| samAnatA se dayAbhAva evaM dayA se sahiSNutA kA bhAva svataH hI utpanna hotA hai| bauddha dharma meM aneka rAjAoM ko prema, zAnti, sahana, zIlatA, dayA tathA prajAvatsalya kA pATha par3hAyA, jisase prajA bahuta sukhI huii| azoka, kaniSka harSavardhana Adi aise prasiddha rAjA haiN| bauddha dharma ke vicAroM evaM naitikatA kI bhAvanA ne hindU dharma ke svarUpa ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyaa| bauddhoM ne ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko kriyAtmaka rUpa se saphala kara diyA thaa| isa ahiMsA ne hindU dharma meM bhI pazu bali ko bhI bahuta adhika prabhAvita kiyA, yajJoM meM pahale se sadRzya hiMsA nahIM rhii| vastutaH paravartI bhAgavata (vaiSNava) dharma kA janma hI bauddha dharma ke apratyakSa prabhAva se huaa| bhAgavata dharma kA ahiMsA paramo dharma: bauddha dharma kI hI dena hai| bauddha dharma se pUrva bhArata meM mUrti pUjA nahIM thii| samasta dhArmika anuSThAna yajJa meM hI sampanna hote the| mUrti pUjA kA prArambha bauddhoM ke dvArA kiyA gyaa| bauddha dharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA ne buddha evaM bodhisatva kI sundara alaMkRta pratimAeM bnaaii| usa para maMdiroM kA nirmANa kiyA tathA unakI vividha prakAra kI pUjana vidhi bhI vikasita kii| isakA prabhAva anya dharmoM para bhI par3A, jinameM bhArata kA brAhmaNa dharma bhI thaa| isa prakAra bhArata meM mUrti pUjA prArambha karane kA zreya bauddha dharma ko hai| ___ bauddha dharma ke udaya se pUrva bhAratIya saMskRti meM tapasvI, RSi, muniyoM, parivrAjakoM, sanyAsiyoM Adi kA to ullekha hai kintu suvyavasthita saMgaThana banAkara apanA dharma pracAra karane kI prabhA kA koI saMketa nahIM hai| bauddha dharma kI saMgha vyavasthA ne bhAratIya saMskRti ko eka naI dena dii| ye bauddha saMgha prajAtAMtrika praNAlI para sugaThita anuzAsanazIla samudAya the| jo apane dharma ke pracAra meM tatpara rahate the| inhIM bauddha saMghoM se prabhAvita hokara anya dharmoM meM bhI maTha, rAma dvAre, sanyAsI, sampradAyoM ke akhAr3e aura mahantoM ke samudAya Adi vikasita hue|

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92 zramaNa-saMskRti brAhmaNa dharma meM veda IzvarIya jJAna tathA zabda pramANa rUpa the| isake phalasvarUpa bauddhika kSetra meM purohitoM kA ekAdhikAra ho gayA thaa| isa ekAdhikAra ne svataMtra evaM vyaktigata bauddhika cintana ke vikAsa ko lagabhaga pratibandhita kara diyA, kintu buddha ne apane ziSyoM ko pradhAnatA dii| buddha ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA ki 'AlmadIpa bano' mere vacanoM aura upadezoM ko Apta vacana na mAnakara unheM tarka aura viveka kI kasauTI para bhalI prakAra kso| isase utsAhita hokara bauddha dArzanikoM ne tatva jJAna kI vibhinna samasyAoM para svataMtra cintana kiyaa| isI lie bhAratIya darzana zAstra ke kSetra meM bauddha dArzanikoM kI vicAradhArAeM bhAratIya tatvajJAna ke uccatam vikAsa kI paricAyikA hai| nAgArjuna, asaMga, vasubandha, dharmakIrti Adi bauddha dArzanika bhArata ke hI nahIM apitu samagra vizva ke zreSThatama dArzanikoM meM parigaNita hai| ___ bauddha dharma ne ina sabhI kalAoM ko sthAyI AdhAra bhI diyA aura unheM atyadhika samRddha bhI kiyaa| bauddha bhikSuoM ke nivAsa ke lie deza bhara meM bar3e-bar3e vihAra bne| buddha ke avazeSoM para pASANa ke stUpa bane / buddha ke vacanoM aura upadezoM ko khoda kara stambha khar3e kiye gye| ina sabase vAstukalA kI atyadhika unnati huii| sAMcI, bharahuta, amarAvatI ke stUpa Aja bhI bhAratIya kalA ke anupama udAharaNa haiN| sAMcI stUpa kI sundara parakoTA, bhitti tathA cAra kalApUrNa dvArA Aja bhI bejor3a haiN| buddha kI mUrtiyoM meM bhAratIya mUrtikalA kA caramotkarSa parilakSita hotA hai| citrakAroM ne buddha ke sampUrNa jIvana tathA sampUrNa ghaTanAoM ko sundara citroM meM aMkita karake amara kara diyaa| ajantA, elorA, bAgha tathA bArabarA ke guhA citra vizva bhara meM prasiddha haiN| tathA bhAratIya saMskRti kI amUlya nidhi hai| isa prakAra bauddha dharma ne vAstu, sthApatya, mUrti tathA citra ina vividha kalAoM ko viziSTa rUpa se gatizIla karake sarvazreSTha sopAna taka pahuMcA diyaa| bauddha dharma ne UMca-nIca bhAva ke vinAza loka bhASA ke prayoga tathA ADambara mukti ke dvArA bhArata kI sAmAjika ekatA ko sudRr3ha kiyA usase svataH hI usa yuga meM bhArata kI rAjanaitika ekatA kA mArga prazasta huA tathA bhAratIya rASTrIya bhAvanA kA vikAsa huaa|

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha paramparA kA prabhAva bauddha dharma kI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa dena yaha hai ki isa dharma ne anya aneka dezoM ke sAtha bhArata kA ghaniSTha sambandha kara diyA, bhArata ke bauddha dharma pracArakoM ne madhya eziyA, cIna, maMgoliyA, maMcUriyA, jApAna, koriyA, jAvA sumAtrA, malAyA, laMkA, Adi dezoM taka isa dharma kA pracAra kiyA, jisase ina dezoM meM bhI bhAratIya saMskRti kA pracAra huaa| isake phalasvarUpa ina videzoM meM bhArata varSa eka tIrtha sthala kI bhAMti pavitra ho gyaa| aneka buddhopAsaka bhArata Ane ke lie lAlAyita rahate the| phAhyAna, hvena sAMga Adi aneka cInI yAtrI vividha kaSTa sahakara bhArata aaye| varSoM taka bhArata meM rahe aura yahA~ se pavitra jJAna evaM saskRti kI amUlya dharohara lekara apane deza vApasa gye| bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha dharma kA eka duHkhada prabhAva bhI par3A hai| isa dharma ne ahiMsA aura jIvana dayA para sarvAdhika bala diyaa| bauddha dharma ke prabhAva meM Akara azoka ne puna: kabhI yuddha na karane kI pratijJA kI aura apanI zAsana nIti parivartita kara ddaalii| yuddha na karane kI sthiti meM senA AlasI, zithila tathA niSkriya banI aura sAmAnya janatA kI pravRtti bhI raktapAta Adi vimukha ho gyii| zastrAgAroM kA prazikSaNa aura abhyAsa bahuta kama raha gyaa| isI kAraNa jaba bhArata para videzI AkrAntAoM ne barbara AkramaNa kiye to bhArata ko puna: parAjaya kA mukha dekhanA pdd'aa| kendrIya rAjya sattA ke ahiMsaka ho jAne para vyavasthA chinna-bhinna huI aura deza choTI-choTI aneka IkAiyoM meM baMTa gyaa| kramazaH ahiMsA kA siddhAnta baddhamUla ho jAne para bhArata se dIrghakAla ke lie sainika bhAvanA kA lopa ho gyaa| bhAratIya itihAsa para bauddha dharma ke prabhAva kA yaha duHkhada pahalU hai| saMdarbha 1. bhAratIya saMskRti, prIti prabhA goyl| 2. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, rAmadhArI siMha dinkr| 3. bhAratIya darzana, DaoN0 rAdhA kRssnnn| 4. bauddha darzana ke mUla AdhAra, helenA rerikh| 5. bhAratIya saMskRti, DaoN. kiraNa ttnnddn| 6. hindI sUphI, sAhitya meM hindU saMskRti, DaoN0 kanhaiyA siMha

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14 jAtaka kathAoM meM mahotsava durgeza kuAmara tripAThI evaM aMjanI kumAra mizra chaThI zatAbdI IsA pUrva kA kAla vizva ke bauddhika Andolana kA kAla mAnA jA sakatA hai| isI kAla meM vizva ke vibhinna dharma AndolanoM kA janma huaa| jaise pArthiyA ke jarathustha, cIna ke kanphyUsiyasa, lAotso, grIka kA pAithAgorasa, ijarAila kA jarmiyA tathA vibhinna bhAratIya Andolana / bhAratIya AndolanoM meM aise 62 vibhinna Andolana jJAta the, jinameM mukhyataH nivRttivAdI dharma hai| inameM bauddha dharma sarvazreSTha hai| eka vicAra ke anusAra - 'cAroM ora manuSya kI jijJAsA yuga-yuga ke pUMjIbhUta vizvAsoM ke AvaraNa ko cIra kara pratyeka vastu ke antastatva ko dekhanA cAhatI thii| manuSya kI udbhUta tarkazIlatA aba kisI bhI purAtana mata ko grahaNa karane ke pUrva, pahale use bhalIbhAMti parakha lenA cAhatI thii| usa samaya prAcIna andhavizvAsa kAMpa rahe the, karmakANDa kI vizAla dIvAreM, jarjarita ho rahI thiiN| ataH bhAratIya sabhyatA, saMskRti aura itihAsa ke nava-nirmANa tathA sAmAjika abhyutthAna kI dizA meM jina sudhAravAdI dhArmika sampradAyoM kA sarvAdhika yogadAna rahA, dharma kA unameM pramukha sthAna hai| saindhava vAsiyoM ke manoraMjana ke aneka sAdhana the| utkhanana meM aneka miTTI kI banI pazuoM kI mUrtiyAM, baune kI mUrtiyAM, gAr3iyAM prApta huI haiN| mohanajodar3oM se kAMse kI banI eka nRtyarata nArI kI mUrti, evaM eka mudrA para mAnava AkRti Dhola bajA rahA hai| har3appA se sArvajanika kuoM ke pAsa se IMToM kI banI eka beMca milI hai| eka vicAra ke anusarA yahA~ striyAM pAnI bharane AtI thIM aura yahA~ baiThakara manoraMjana hetu gIta gAtI thiiN| vaidika kAla vAdya-yaMtroM

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jAtaka kathAoM meM mahotsava meM dundubhI' (avanaddha vAdya), karkarI (tantu vAdya), vaNa, nAr3I' (suzira vAdya) Adi pramukha the| vaidika kAla kI bhAMti pANinI kAla meM bhI dyUta' hotA thaa| yaha parasoM (akSoM) khelA jAtA thaa| eka nizcita sthAna para vibhinna prakAra ke manoraMjana kA Ayojana hotA thA jinheM utsava kahA jAtA thaa| azoka ke stambhalekhoM aura mahAbhArata meM use 'samAja' kahA gayA hai| manoraMjana hetu saMgIta-nRtya kA Ayojana hotA thaa|" bauddha sAhitya ke antargata kaumudI mahotsava ke zubhAvasara para sampUrNa nagara bhavyatA ke sAtha sajAyA jAtA thaa| na kevala nagara hI balki nAgarika bhI viziSTa rUpa se sajate the| isa avasara para sampUrNa nagara meM avakAza divasa ke rUpa meM manAyA jAtA thaa| samasta nagara ke loga manoraMjana ke vibhinna sAdhanoM se Amoda-pramoda karate the tathA svacchanda hokara ghUmate the| jisakI puSTi pAli sAkSya se hotI hai| jahA~ striyAM apane premiyoM ke gale meM bAheM DAlakara ghUmanA pasanda karatI thiiN| vahIM sAla maMjikA parva ke antargata eka nizcita tArIkha ko zAlavana meM manAyA jAtA thaa| isa zubhAvasara para zAlavana ke pratyeka vRkSa zAla-puSpoM se ghira jAte the| puruSa, strI, bacce sabhI una puSpoM ko tor3akara vizeSa Ananda kI anubhUti prApta karate the| hastimaMgalotsava samAja ke saMbhrAnta varga taka hI sIti thaa| yaha abhijAta varga kA vaibhavapUrNa parva samajhA jAtA thaa|" rAjA kI upasthiti isa samAroha kA zubhArambha evaM samApana vedajJa brAhmaNa karatA thaa| yaha samAroha rAjamahala ke prAMgaNa kI zobhA bar3hAtA thaa| isa parva ke avasara para rAjadarabAra vizeSa rUpa se alaMkRta karake usameM svarga pariSToma dhvaja evaM jAla se suzobhita hAthiyoM ko paMkti meM khar3A kiyA jAtA thaa| girajja samajja dhArmika utsava thaa| isa utsava meM rAjaparivAra ke loga bhI zAmila hote the| isa pahAr3I para devatA kA nivAsa samajhA jAtA thA, unake sammukha nRtya saMgIta Adi kA Ayojana hotA thaa| yaha parva rAjagRha kI pahAr3I para kiyA jAtA thaa| karSaNotsava parva annapUrNA mAtA ko prasanna karane ke nimitta manAyA jAtA thaa| svAmI dvArA hala calAne kI rasma pUrI hone para kRSaka kRSi karma prArambha karate the| surA nakSatra varSa kI mukhya vizeSatA madyamAMsa kA

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zramaNa-saMskRti sevana" aura saMgIta nRtya kA bharapUra rasAsvAdana karanA thA / pratyeka varSa yaha utsava vizeSa rUpa se umaMga ke sAtha manAyA jAtA thaa| isa dina tapasvI bhI surapAna kA sevana karate the 2deg kintu yaha kathana mAnya nahIM hai| vahIM rAjA evaM prajA bhI samAna rUpa se madyapAna karate the / " madyapAna ke pazcAta kucha ghaTanAeM bhI ghaTita ho jAtI thiiN| ina parvoM ke atirikta saMgIta, nATaka, nRtya, samUha gAna evaM nartaka, lAThIyuddha, mallayuddha, hastiyuddha, azvayuddha, mahiSayuddha, vRSabhayuddha, murgoM kI lar3AI kA Ayojana kabhI-kabhI rAjadarabAra ke prAMgaNa meM bhI hotA thA 1722 9% isa prakAra varSa bhara kisI na kisI parva, utsava kA Ayojana hotA thA / varNagata evaM staragata bhedabhAva se dUra, samAja ke samasta nAgarika adbhuta utsAha evaM ullAsa ke sAtha ina janapriya parvoM meM bhAga lete the| rAjA evaM garIba, amIra evaM sAdhAraNa jana, gRhastha evaM sanyAsI, bacce evaM vRddha, strI evaM puruSa, samasta loka ina mahotsava ke zubha avasara para pulakita evaM mukharita ho uThate the / saMdarbha 1. pANDeya, vimala candra, bhAga 1, 1996, ilAhAbAda caturtha saMzodhita saMskaraNa, prakAzaka, senTrala pabliziMga hAusa, prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanItika tathA sAMskRtika itihAsa, pR0 254 2. pANDeya, vimala candra, bhAga 1, 1996, ilAhAbAda caturtha saMzodhita saMskaraNa, prakAzaka, senTrala pabliziMga hAusa, prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanItika tathA sAMskRtika itihAsa, pR0 120 3. zrIvAstava, kRSNacandra, prathama AvRtta 1991, ilAhAbAda, prakAzaka yUnAiTeDa buka Dipo, prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa tathA saMskRti, pR0 41 4. Rgveda saMhitA, 1977, bAna, sampAdaka, thaoNmasa oNphrekhTa, 1.28.5 5. Rgveda saMhitA, 1977, bAna, sampAdaka, thaoNmasa oNphrekhTa, 2.43 3 6. Rgveda saMhitA 1977, bAna, sampAdaka, thaoNmasa oNphrekhTa, 10.32.4 7. Rgveda saMhitA, 1977, bAna, sampAdaka, thaoNmasa oNphrekhTa, 10.135.7 8. pANini kRta aSTAdhyAyI, 1929, nirNaya sAgara presa, 3.3.37 9. pANini kRta aSTAdhyAyI, 1929, nirNaya sAgara presa, 4.4.19 10. pANini kRta aSTAdhyAyI, 1929, nirNaya sAgara presa, 3.3.96 11. pANini kRta aSTAdhyAyI, 1929, nirNaya sAgara presa, 3.1.145-146

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jAtaka kathAoM meM mahotsava 12. jAtaka, 1890.96, landana, sampAdaka, phAulsa bola, TUbanara eNDa kampanI, 1895-1909, anuvAdaka kAvela, kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI hindI anuvAda, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, 1.433, 1.499, 1.508 (aMgrejI anuvAda) 13. jAtaka, 1890.96, landana, sampAdaka, phAulsa bola, Trabanara eNDa kampanI, 1895-1909, anuvAdaka kAvela, kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI hindI anuvAda, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, 1.499 14. jAtaka, 1890.96, landana, sampAdaka, phAulsa bola, Trabanara eNDa kampanI, 1895-1909. anuvAdaka kAvela, kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI hindI anuvAda, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, 1.499 15. jAtaka, 1890.96, landana, sampAdaka, phAulsa bola, Trabanara eNDa kampanI, 1895-1909, anuvAdaka kAvela, kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI hindI anuvAda, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, 97 1.499 16. jAtaka, 1890.96, landana, sampAdaka, phAulsa bola, TUbanara eNDa kampanI, 1895-1909, anuvAdaka kAvela, kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI hindI anuvAda, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, 1.52 17. jAtaka, 1890.96, landana, sampAdaka, phAulsa bola, TUbanara eNDa kampanI, 1895-1909, anuvAdaka kAvela, kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI hindI anuvAda, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, 2.46-49, 4.91, 5.286 18. cullavagga, 5.2.6, 6.2.7 19. jAtaka, 1890.96, landana, sampAdaka, phAulsa bola, Trabanara eNDa kampanI, 1895-1909, anuvAdaka kAvela, kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI hindI anuvAda, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, 1.489 20. jAtaka, 1890.96, landana, sampAdaka, phAulsa bola, TUbanara eNDa kampanI, 1895-1909, anuvAdaka kAvela, kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI hindI anuvAda, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, 1.362 21. jAtaka, 1890.96, landana, sampAdaka, phAulsa bola, TUbanara eNDa kampanI, 1895-1909, anuvAdaka kAvela, kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI hindI anuvAda, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, 4.116 22. jAtaka, 1890.96, landana, sampAdaka, phAulsa bola, TUbanara eNDa kampanI, 1895-1909, anuvAdaka kAvela, kaimbrija yUnivarsiTI hindI anuvAda, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, 2.253, 3.46-49

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15 bauddha parikSetra meM zailakRta vAstu kalA rAma gopAla zukla buddha dharma ke abhyudaya ke sAtha bauddha sampradAya ke sammukha vibhinna samasyAeM AyI jinakA samAdhAna buddha ne svayaM kiyaa| dharma kArya ke vikAsa ke sAtha bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA pratidina bar3hatI jA rahI thI ataH yaha bhI samasyA thA ki bhikSugaNa kA nivAsa kahA~ sthira kiyA jAya? cullavagga meM varNana AtA hai ki rAjagRha ke nagara zreSThI ne bhagavAna se prArthanA kI ki bhikSuoM ke lie nivAsa athavA nirmita sthAna meM rahane kI anumati milanI cAhiye, antogatvA parivrAjaka kI gatizIlatA kA dhyAna rakhakara buddha ne ziSyoM ko nirmita sthAna meM rahane kI anumati de dI, ataH dhanI seTha loga bauddha bhikSuoM ko nivAsa banavAkara dAna dene lge| jisameM parvata kI guphA bhI zAmila hai| mahAvagga meM bihAra kA anaginata ullekha milatA hai| nivAsa ke lie nagara ke kolAhala se dUra zAMta vAtAvaraNa tathA tapasyA ke yogya parvata se sambandhita guhA hI saba kaThinAiyoM kA antima hala mAnA gyaa| nagara ke samIpa parvata khodakara guhA nirmANa kA kArya zurU kiyA gayA, parantu pUrvI bhArata ke prastara kamajora tathA miTTIdAra the| isa kAraNa vahA~ guhA kA sthAnIya rUpa nahIM ho skaa| Thosa parvata ko DhUMDhane kA zreya maurya samrATa azoka ko gyaa| ata: azoka ne bihAra kI barAbara parvata zreNI meM guphAeM meM utkIrNa karAne kI paripATI kA Arambha kiyA jise azoka ke pautra dazaratha ne isa vAstu zailI ko Age bar3hAyA aura nAgArjunI pahAr3I meM vaisI hI guphAeM khudavAkara unheM AjIvaka bhikSuoM ko dAna diyaa| azoka ke samaya hI bauddha dharma kA pazcima bhArata meM girinAra pahAr3I (raivataka parvata) soparA, saurASTra ke jUnAgar3ha taka huaa|' saurASTra ke madhya jUnAgar3ha meM pUrvavartI

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bauddha parikSetra meM zailakRta vAstu kalA talAja aura prAyadIpa ke dakSiNI bhAga ke sAna nAmaka sthAna para lagabhaga eka sau cAlIsa guphAeM milI haiM, jo kahIM eka garbhazAlA aura kahIM bahu garbha zAlAoM ke rUpa meM khudI haiN| vAstava meM bauddha vAstu kalA kA prAcInatama rUpa stUpa, caitya aura bihAra the, vinaya piTaka meM pAMca prakAra ke layanoM athavA zayanAsano kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jinheM bihAra, prasAda harmya evaM guhA kahA gayA hai| isameM pahAr3I kATakara guhA nirmANa kI prakriyA ne hI kramazaH prastara kalA ke vikAsa ko AdhAra pradAna kiyaa| guhA ke do rUpa the - eka caityagRha aura dUsarA bihAra caityagRha meM koI rahatA na thA vaha kevala pUjA kA sthAna thA, jabaki bihAra bhikSuoM kA AvAsagRha thaa| caitya kI AkRti vRtAyata arthAt ghor3e kI nAla jaisI hotI thii| isakA Arambhika bhAga AyatAkAra aura antima bhAga arddhavRttAkAra hotA thaa| arddhavRttAkAra bhAga meM chata ke nIce ThIka madhya meM caTTAna ko kATakara Thosa aNDAkRti meM stUpa kI racanA kI jAtI thii| bIca ke lambe maNDapa meM pUjA-pATha aura saMgIta ke lie bhikSu ekatra hote the, caityagRha kI chata gajapRSThAkRti hotI thii| kAlAntara meM vAstu kI isa zailI kA vistAra bauddha dharma ke sAtha bhAjA, kArle, kanherI Adi sthAnoM para caitya mandira ke rUpa meM huA, inheM zailakRta vAstukalA bhI kahA jAtA hai| caityagRha evaM bihAra donoM hI bauddha parvatIya guphA vAstu ke mahatvapUrNa aMga hai, kevala tIna caityagRha cinAI se banAe gaye haiM - eka sAMcI meM, dUsarA tera meM (nalala durga haidarAbAda) aura tIsarA cejaralA (kRSNA jilA) meM, stUpa meM buddhamUrti ke abhAva evaM nirmANa ke AdhAra para bauddha dharma kI do zAkhAoM ke anusAra inheM bhI do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| hInayAna yugIna caityagRha evaM bihAra (dvitIya zatAbdI I0pU0 se dvitIya zatAbdI IsvI taka) isa yuga ke ATha caityagRha prasiddha hai - bhAjA, koNDAne, pItala-khorA, ajantA (guphA saM0 10) beDasA, ajantA (guphA saM0 9) nAsika aura kAleM / inameM bhAjA kA caityagRha sabase prAcIna hai jabaki kAle kA caityagRha bhavyatA, vizAlatA aura kalAtmakatA meM sarvottama thaa|

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100 zramaNa-saMskRti bhAjA caityagRha antaH bhAga meM 55 phITa lambA evaM 26 phITa caur3A hai, stambhoM evaM bhitti ke madhya 2 1/2 phITa kA pradakSiNApatha hai, gaja pRSThAkAra chata 29 phITa UMcI hai tathA maNDapa meM 11 phITa UMce stambha hai, maNDapa kA aMtima sirA arddha candrAkAra hai, maNDapa tathA stUpa ko gherate hue 27 soda aSTAMzika stambha bane haiN| stambha apane brahma sUtra se bhItarI ora 5 iMca jhuke hue haiN| stUpa pUrNataH alaMkaraNa vihIna hai, kintu yaha sambhava hai ki prArambha meM ye kASTha alaMkaraNoM se alaMkRta kiyA gayA ho, bhAjA caityagRha kA eka vilakSaNa bAta yaha hai ki isake mukhya maNDapa meM pASANa aura kASTha zilpa kA paraspara saMyoga thA jo aba naSTa ho cukA hai| koNDAne caityagRha meM usane mukhamaNDapa se kASTha stambhoM ko haTAkara pASANa stambhoM ko utkIrNa kiyaa| yaha caityagRha 66 phITa lambA 26 1/2 phITa caur3A tathA 28 phITa UMcA hai| isakA nirmANa bhI bhAjA zailI meM hI huA hai| pItala khorA caityagRha koNDAne kA vikasita rUpa hai| yaha 86 phITa lambA 35 phITa caur3A tathA 31 phITa UMcA hai, isameM 37 aSTAMsika stambha the, jo maNDapa aura pradakSiNApatha ko bAMTate the, unameM se kevala 12 apane pUrva rUpa meM binA TUTa-phUTa ke bace haiN| una para pAMcavIM zadI ke kucha citra evaM do lekha haiM, jisake anusAra pratiSThAna ke zreSThiyoM ne guphAeM banavAI haiM, isameM khambhoM kA jhukAva bhAjA kI bhAMti bhItarI ora hai tathA chata ke nIce jo kASTha dhaniyAM banatI thIM unake sthAna para pASANa dhanniyoM ko tarAzA gayA hai| ___ ajantA kA caityagRha vAstu-saMbaMdhI isa Andolana ke ucca zikhara para hai| isameM citra, zilpa aura vAstu vidyA sambandhI dIrghakAlIna prayatna vyakta huA hai| yaha (guphA saM0 10) 96 phITa 6 iMca lambA, 41 phITa 3 iMca caur3A tathA 36 phITa UMcA hai| maNDapa tathA pradakSiNApatha ke bIca 59 stambhoM kI paMkti hai| khambhoM ke bIca kI DaNDI caukora aura kucha bhItarI jhukAva lie hue hai| isameM prastara dhaniyAM stambhoM para TikI kATI gaI haiN| Upara sambhavataH kASTha dhaniyAM rahIM hoMgI kyoMki bhitti meM chidra kaTe haiN| garbhagRha meM utkIrNa stUpa do bhAgoM meM hai - eka gola adhiSThAna bhAga, aura dUsarA usake Upara lambA aNDabhAga jisase stUpa kA kucha vikAsa sUcita hotA hai, caityagRha guphA saM0 9, 10 se choTI hai, jisake mukha bhAga meM kisI prakAra kA kASThazilpa nahIM pAyA jAtA hai|

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bauddha parikSetra meM zailakRta vAstu kalA 101 ber3asA kA caityagRha kA bhItarI bhAga 45 1/2 phITa lambA aura 21 phITa caur3A hai, yaha ekadama sAdA hai jisake khambhoM para na Upara zIrSaka hai aura na nIce adhiSThAna hai kahIM-kahIM bauddhoM ke mAMgalika cinha avazya utkIrNa haiN| nAsika kA caityagRha apekSAkRta kucha bAda kA hai (lagabhaga prathama zatAbdI isvI ke madhya) isakA mukhya maNDapa vAstu vinyAsa kI zreSThatA kA bahuta acchA udAharaNa hai, yaha do taloM meM hai, nIce kI maMjila meM golambara sahita dvAra hai, aura Upara mahAkIrti mukha yA sUryadvAra hai, dvArA ke pArzva meM eka mahAkAya pakSAkRti rakSA puruSa hai, caityagRha ke bhItarI khambhe para eka lekha hai, lekhoM ke anusAra isa caityaghara kA vAstu vidhAna aura zilpa kI mUrtiyAM kaI dAna dAtAoM kI udAratA kA phala hai| yaha caityagraha pANDuleNa ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isameM kahIM bhI kASThakarma kA prayoga nahIM dekhA jA sakatA hai| kArle kA hInayAna caitya maMdira apanI zreNI ke saba caitya grahoM meM zreSTha hai| isase yaha bhI sUcita ho jAtA hai, ki pazcima bhArata meM vAstu zilpa kA yaha Andolana kitanI UMcAI taka uTha cukA thA, isa guphA meM vAstu aura zilpa kA adbhuta samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai jaisA anyatra kahIM nahIM hai| caitya gRha ke mukhamaNDapa meM utkIrNa lekha ke anusAra yaha usa yuga meM bhI jambUdvIpa kA sarvottama caityagRha samajhA gayA thaa| mukhya caitya maNDapa 124 phITa lambA 46 1/2 phITa caur3A tathA 45 phITa UMcA hai, isameM kinAre-kinAre 37 stambha utkIrNa hai| stambhoM evaM bhitti ke madhya 10 phITa caur3A pradakSiNA patha hai| stambha kalAtmaka dRSTi se atyanta hI unnata hai, stambha kA AkAra caukora hai, usake Upara kumabha hai, jisake nikalate hue stambha aTha pahalU haiN| zIrSa para auMdhA padyamdhata hai, jinameM paMkhur3iyAM nikalatI hai| usake Upara gaja para ArUr3ha do dampati mUrtiyAM haiN| caityagRha ke mukha maNDala ke samakSa donoM kinAre do pRthaka stambha nirmita hai, jo dvArA rakSaka ke rUpa meM pratIta hote haiN| parsIbrAuna ne kiyA hai ki aise stambha 3000 I0 pU0 ura nAmaka sthAna meM candramaMdira ke sAmane, misra deza ke maMdira ke sAmane aura perUzalama meM solomana ke maMdira ke sAmane do pItala ke stambha the jisakA prabhAva kArle ke kIrti stambhoM para pdd'aa| parantu DaoN0 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla' ise aucityapUrNa mAnate haiM, inake anusAra isa prakAra ke stambhoM ko

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zramaNa-saMskRti 10 sthApita karane kA rivAja bahuta purAne samaya se calA A rahA hai| Rgveda meM isakA ullekha hai isake sAtha lauriyAnandanagar3ha meM miTTI ke thUhoM meM aise stambhoM spaSTa pramANa mile haiM, sAMcI ke mahAcaitya meM toraNa ke sAmane aise hI stambha hai / caityagRha kA yaha stambha 50 phITa UMcA SoDaza pahalU hai| inake zIrSa bhAga para kramazaH audhA padma koza, trimedhi pIThikA tathA cAroM dizAoM meM mukha kie evaM pITha saTAe cAra mahAkAya ziMha mUrtiyAM banI haiN| 102 hInayAna yugIna caityagRhoM ke sAtha-sAtha bihAroM ko bhI utkIrNa kayA gayA hai, yadyapi vAstu dRSTi se bihAra caityagRhoM kI bhAMti mahatvUparNa nahIM kintu inameM bauddhoM kI zAntIpriyatA kA jJAna avazya prApta hotA hai| bauddhoM ne parvatoM ko khodakara apanA AvAsa banAyA, vizAla evaM sAde prAMgaNa ke caturdika jo kakSa kATakara banAI gaI hai, unameM pASANa ke hI zayana maMca bane haiM, ye kakSa sAmAnyataH 9 phITa varga ke haiN| inakA praveza dvAra madhya meM nahIM varan kinAre ko eka dIvAra se saTAkara banA hai, prAMgaNa ke samakSa mukha maNDapa evaM antarAla bane haiM, inakA sampUrNa nirmANa saMracanAtmaka bhavanoM ke hI AdhAra para kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| mahAyAna yugIna caityagRha evaM bihAra (pAMcavIM zatAbdI isvI meM AThavIM zatAbdI.. .. ) hInayAna caityagRhoM ke lagabhaga do zatAbdI pazcAt mahAyAna guphAoM kI paramparA vikasita huI parantu vAstukalA kI dRSTi se yadyapi koI viziSTa pragati na huI kintu buddha evaM bodhisatvoM kI mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa se mUrtikalA ke kSetra meM krAntikArI parivartana huA / mahAyAna caityagRhoM kA madhya kendra ajantA, elorA tathA auraMgAbAda hai / ina caityagRhoM meM bhI hInayAna kI bhAMti maNDapa, stUpa pradakSiNApatha, arddhavRttAkAra pRSThabhAga evaM DholAkAra chatoM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai, kintu stUpa ke sammukha buddha kI mUrti sthApita kI gaI hai| mahAyAna bihAroM meM upayogitA vAdI dRSTikoNa se anAvazyaka stambhoM ko samApta kara nivAsa gRha ko bhI eka maMdira kA svarUpa pradAna kiyA gayA tathA isameM bhI mUrti kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra zailakRta vAstukalA ke vikAsa kA mUlabhUta kAraNa yahI thA ki isakA srota aura preraNA dhArmika mUlyoM se prApta hotA hai bauddha dharma kI preraNA

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bauddha parikSetra meM zailakRta vAstu kalA 103 se hI kaI sau varSoM evaM vibhinna rAjavaMzoM ke zAsana kAla meM eka navIna kalA zailI kA vikAsa aura vistAra huaa| bauddha vAstukalA meM hI sarvaprathama pattharoM ko kATakara nirmANa kiyA gayA / " azoka ke samaya bhAratIya kalA meM pASANa kA prayoga vyApaka rUpa meM huA jisameM bauddha stUpoM evaM guphAoM kA nirmANa huA, zuMga - sAtavAhana kAla meM kArle, nAsika, mAjA, ajantA ityAdi sthAnoM para zailakRta vAstukalA ke antargata caitya aura bihAra banAye gaye / gupta kAla bauddha dharma se sambandhita stUpa, caitya bihAra tathA maMdiroM kA nirmANa hotA rahA / ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM bauddha dharma ke pracAra ke sAtha bauddha kalA kA bhI vistAra huaa| sandarbha 1. aMguttara nikAya, jilda 2, pR0 38, 39 2. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, bhAratIya kalA, pR0 196 3. vinaya piTaka, cullavagga, pR0 239 4. ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA : e rivyU 1913, 14 pR0 4 5. saMyukta nikAya, jilda 3, pR0 120 6. mArzala eNDa phrUze, 1940 da maoNnumenTsa oNpha sAMcI jilda 3 7. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, bhAratIya kalA, pR0 211 8. iNDiyana ArkiTekcara, pR0 30 9. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, bhAratIya kalA, pR0 214 10. Rgveda, 10:18:13 11. parsI brAUna, iNDiyana, oNrkiTekcara, pR0 30

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16 bauddha dharma kA tatkAlIna striyoM ke dhArmika adhikAra para prabhAva praveza kumAra zrIvAstava striyoM ko prAcIna bhAratIya samAja meM bar3e hI zraddhA evaM sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thaa| vaha puruSa kI 'zarIrArddha' aura 'ardhAMginI' mAnI gayI tathA usake jIvana meM strI kA mahatva 'zrI' evaM lakSmI' ke rUpa meM, vaha usake jIvana ko sukha aura samRddhi se dIpta aura puMjita karane vAlI kahI gii| vaha zvasura gRha kI sAmrAjJI mAnI jAtI thii| Rgveda meM dampattiyoM dvArA yajJIya kArya karane kA ullekha milatA hai| cUMki strI aura puruSa yajJa rUpI ratha ke jur3e hue do baila mAne gaye the| ataH yajJa meM usakI upasthitika anivAryatA patnI saMjJA ko caritArtha karatA hai| pati kI anapusthiti meM vaha dhArmika kRtya kara sakatI thii| jabaki akelA puruSa yajJa ke ayogya samajhA jAtA thaa| ___yadyapi uttaravaidika kAla ke uparAMta dhArmika jaTilatAeM kramazaH bar3hate jAne ke kAraNa jyAdAtara anuSThAna puruSa hI karane lage the; tathApi usameM patnI kI upasthiti svIkAra kI jAtI rhii| aitareya brAhmaNa sAhitya se vidita hotA hai ki yadyapi kucha dhArmika kArya patnI kI upasthiti ke binA bhI sampanna hone lagA thA, jo niHsandeha badalate sAmAjika pariveza meM ho rahe unake dhArmika adhikAroM ke hrAsa ko cihnita karatA hai| kintu azvamedha, vAjapeya tathA rAjasUya jaise yajJoM evaM sAmAnya dhArmika anuSThAnoM meM unakI upasthiti aba bhI anivArya thii| zatapatha brAhmaNa ke anusAra unheM vaidika sAhitya par3hane aura yajJIya kArya karane sambandhI samasta adhikAra prApta thaa|

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bauddha dharma kA tatkAlIna striyoM ke dhArmika adhikAra para prabhAva kintu inhIM brAhmaNa graMthoM meM nArI ke dhArmika adhikAroM ke hanana kA bhI udAharaNa prApta hotA hai arthAta unake dUsare pakSa ko bhI ujAgara kiyA gayA hai jaise uttaravaidika kAla ke paravartI yuga meM dhArmika kRtyoM kI sampannatA meM nArI kA sthAna purohitoM ne grahaNa kara liyaa| isakA prabhAva spaSTataH putrI ko milane vAlI zikSA para pdd'aa| purohita patnI dvArA kI jAne vAlI yajJa vidhi ko, agni prajjvalita karane vAlA purohita karane lagA isase patnI kA adhikAra kramazaH kama hone lagA aura samAja meM unakA mahatva bhI kama hone lagA - saddhasmatatpurA jAyeva haviSkRdupatiSThati / tadidaM patahiM ya eva kazcanopatiSThati / / " 105 kAlAMtara meM paristhitiyAM badalatI gayI, taduparAMta na kevala unakA upanayana evaM brahmacarya jIvana kramaza: bAdhita hotA gayA / 12 balki vaidika jJAna evaM yajJIya adhikAroM se bhI unheM vaMcita kara diyA gayA / yAjJavalkya kA kathana hai ki striyoM kA upanayana saMskAra nahIM honA cAhiye / vastutaH jaba unakA upanayana saMskAra pratibaMdhita hone lagA taba unheM vaidika jJAna aura dhArmika adhikAroM se vaMcita kara diyA gayA tathA zikSA kI dRSTi se to nArI kI sthiti zUdroM jaisI ho gayI thii| 3 isa prakAra vaidika evaM uttara vaidikakAlIna nAriyoM kI sthiti kI samIkSA se hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki bauddhakAla ke pUrva sampUrNa samAja kI visphoTaka sthiti bana gaI thii| jAtaka kathAoM evaM anya bauddha sAhitya ke AdhAra para bauddhakAlIna nAriyoM kI sthiti para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| bauddha dharma kA AvirbhAva brAhmaNa dharma ke virUddha eka pratikriyA svarUpa thA / ataH anya sabhI dhArmika andhavizvAsoM ke sAtha hI brAhmaNa dharma kI yaha dhAraNA ki nArI pratyeka kSetra meM puruSa se hIna hai, mahAtmA buddha dvArA nirmUla ghoSita kara dI gii| isase mahAtmA buddha ke udAravAdI dRSTikoNa kA patA calatA hai| unhoMne yaha ghoSaNA kI, ki pratyeka vyakti apane pUrva janma ke karmoM ke anusAra janma pAtA hai / 14 isa ghoSaNA ne isa bAta para sIdhA AghAta kiyA ki mokSa prApti ke lie putra kA honA anivArya hai| dvitIyataH mahAtmA buddha ne nirvANa prApti kA mArga nAriyoM ke lie bhI

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106 zramaNa-saMskRti rakhA tathA sabhI jAti kI nAriyoM ko saMgha meM praveza kA adhikAra dekara brAhmaNa dharma kI isa avadhAraNA ko amAnya siddha kara diyA ki nArI adhyAtmika satya ko prApta karane kI kSamatA nahIM rakhatI hai| bauddha AgamoM ke kAla taka vaidika paramparA ke anuyAyiyoM kI dRSTi meM putra evaM putrI ke bIca paryApta bheda sthApita ho gayA thaa| saMyukta nikAya meM upalabdha eka ghaTanA se usa samaya putrI janma para hone vAlI pratikriyA jJAta hotI hai - eka bAra kauzala nareza prasenajita bhagavAna buddha ke pAsa gae the| usI samaya kisI vyakti ne putrI janma kI sUcanA unheM dI jisase vaha khinna ho gae, jise dekhakara mahAtmA buddha ne unheM sAMtvanA dI aura kahA ki - 'jo vIra putra utpanna hote haiM unakI jananI striyAM hI haiM, vahI striyAM pati, zvasura evaM sAsa kI sevA karatI haiM, ataH inase kabhI bhI ghRNA nahIM karanI caahiye| uparyukta ghaTanA se do bAteM spaSTa hotI haiM, prathama yaha ki vaidika paramparA ke anuyAyiyoM meM vyApta putrI ke janma para asantoSa kI bhAvanA mahAtmA buddha ke samaya taka avicchinna rUpa meM calI AI thI jisake mUla meM pramukha kAraNa sAmarika dRSTikoNa kA thA tathA dvitIya kAraNa yaha thA ki putra evaM putrI meM isa prakAra bhedabhAva bharI nIti kA mahAtmA buddha ne virodha kiyaa| unhoMne janasAmAnya ko yaha samajhAyA ki jisa sAmarika dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa putra ko mahatva diyA jAtA hai usakA astitva parokSa rUpa se putrI meM vidyamAna hai| mahAtmA buddha ne kanyA ko mahatva pradAna karate hue unameM svAvalambana evaM svAbhimAna kI bhAvanA utpanna karane vAle siddhAntoM kA pracAra kiyaa| ataH spaSTa hai unameM kahIM pitR RNa se mukti pAne ke lie putra prApti Avazyaka hai - isa bAta kI upekSA kI gaI hai| pArivArika jIvana meM mAtA dvArA kanyAoM ke hRdaya meM dhArmika bhAvanA utpanna karane kI prathA bauddhAgama meM pAI jAtI hai kyoMki bauddhayuga taka samAja meM nAriyoM ke prati uttara vaidika kAlIna dRSTikoNa vidyamAna thaa| ataH mAtA ke lie yaha svAbhAvika thA ki vaha apanI putriyAse ko dhArmika vAtAvaraNa se prabhAvita kara de jisase vipattikAla meM putriyAM dhArmika jagata kA Azraya le vipatti se mukta ho skeN| kanyAoM ke jIvana meM dhArmika buddhi ke vikAsa se

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bauddha dharma kA tatkAlIna striyoM ke dhArmika adhikAra para prabhAva 107 atyadhika parivartana huaa| mahAtmA buddha ke nUtana evaM svatantra dRSTikoNa se prabhAvita samAja meM kanyA ko sammAna milane lagA thA tathA vaha mAtA-pitA ke lie kaSToM kA srota nahIM raha gaI thI!18 nAriyoM ko sakriya rUpa se dhArmika sAdhanA meM bhAga lene kI anumati milane para hI kanyAoM meM Atma nirbharatA kI bhAvanA udita huii| ataH putrI kA janma amaMgalakArI nahIM mAnA jAtA thA ki unakI zikSA para putroM ke samAna dhyAna diyA jAtA thaa| bauddhAgamoM meM 'puttA' zabda upalabdha hotA hai jisakA abhiprAya binA kisI liMgabheda ke saMtAna mAtra se hai bauddha sAhitya meM uttarottara kanyA kA mahatva vRddhigata dRSTigocara hotA hai| uttarakAlIna granthoM meM manuSyoM ko kanyA ke janma para harSita hote hue pAte haiN| thorIgAthA ke anusAra uvvirI apanI kanyA kI mRtyu para atyanta duHkhita thii| usa samaya sundara kanyAeM to to sammAna kI pAtra bana gaI thii| vivAha ke avasara para mAtA-pitA bhAvI jAmAtA se apanI kanyA kA zulka liyA karate the| aisA ullekha therIgAthA se prApta hotA hai| bauddhayuga ke prArambhika kAla taka nArI zikSA samAptaprAya sI ho cukI thii| nArI ko vivAha ke pUrva yA pazcAt jaisA ki kahA gayA hai ki kevala kuzala gRhaNI banane kI zikSA dI jAtI thii| unheM patikula ke yogya zikSA de dI jAtI thii| striyoM ko jIvikopArjana kI zikSA nIM dI jAtI thii| kanyAoM ko yaha sikhAyA jAtA thA ki ve pati ke pUjya mAtA-pitA evaM zramaNa brAhmaNoM kA Adara kareM tathA abhyagatoM ko Asana evaM udaka dekara sammAnita kareM Azaya yaha hai ki usa samaya zilpa evaM kalA kA jJAna putra ko tathA pati kula ke anurUpa AcaraNa karane meM dakSatA putrI ke bhAvI jIvana ko sukhI banAtA thaa| ataH kanyA ke prati vyApta upekSA evaM asantoSa vyavahAra kI bauddhAgamoM meM pratikriyAtmaka pravRtti pAI jAtI hai| mahAtmA buddha ke bhikSuNI saMgha ne isa dizA meM krAntikArI kArya kiyaa| sabhI bhikSuNI vihAra mahilA zikSaNazAlA ke samAna ho gae the| vahA~ pravrajita evaM gRhastha donoM prakAra kI mahilAeM zikSA prApta karane lagI thiiN| vaidika kAla meM viduSI nAriyoM ne vaidika RcAoM kI racanA meM mahatvapUrNa bhAga liyA thaa| bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ne isa paramparA ko dhArmika gItoM dvArA punarjIvita kiyaa| ina

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18 zramaNa-saMskRti gItoM kA saMgraha 'therIgAthA' ke nAma se prasiddha hai| mahAtmA buddha kI zikSAoM ke prasAra meM inakA pramukha yogadAna thaa| dhammAdinnA, subakA, paTAcArA zikSikAyeM thiiN| vinayapiTaka (caturtha bhAga) meM cullanandA tIna sthaloM para mahAna zikSikA kahI gaI hai| bhadrAkuDakezA, zubhA, amopamA, sumedhA, rAjakumArI sumanA Adi anya bhikSuNiyAM thIM jo mahAtmA buddha ke sAtha dhArmika paricarcA meM bhAga letI thii| jAtaka sAhitya se aneka viduSI nAriyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| therI bhigAramAtA, amarA, ubbirI Adi aisI nAriyAM thIM jo sAMsArika bhoga-vilAsoM se dUra rahakara sAdhanA adhyayana evaM manana kA jIvana vyatIta karatI thiiN| kSemA ke prakANDa dArzanika jJAna tathA sUkSma vivecana ne rAjA pasenadi ko Azcaryacakita kara diyaa| saMyukta nikAya meM subhadrA nAmaka bhikSuNI kA ullekha hai jo vyAkhyAna meM dakSa thI isa prakAra bauddhayugIna bhikSuNI saMgha se nArI zikSA ko prazraya milaa| ajAtazatru kI mAM ko vaidehI isIlie kahA jAtA thA kyoMki vaha viduSI thii| isI prakAra nanduttarA ne zilpa evaM vijJAna kI zikSA lI thii| kumArI ke lie paNDitA, vaktA medhAvinI jaise vizeSaNoM ke prayoga se tatkAlIna nArI zikSA kA spaSTa anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| yatra tatra gurukuloM meM ziSya-ziSyAoM ke ullekha milate haiM jinase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha yuga meM vaidika kAlIna zikSA paddhati ke avazeSa bhI apavAda rUpa meM vidyamAna the| bauddha yuga meM mahilAoM kI dazA ke par3atAla ke krama meM yaha Avazyaka sA ho jAtA hai ki mahilAoM ke bAre meM buddha ke vicAroM kA parIkSaNa kiyA jaay| bauddha granthoM ke anuzIlana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki gautama buddha kA mahilAoM ke prati bahuta hI sakArAtmaka aura krAMtikArI rukha thaa| buddha ne nArI ko jJAnI, mAtRtvazIla, sRjanAtmaka, bhadra va sahiSNu ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| jAtaka graMthoM se mahilAoM ke prati buddha ke vicAroM kA nidarzana hotA hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki 'striyAM vilakSaNa evaM paNDitA hotI haiM, sabhI jagaha puruSa hI paNDita nahIM hote, sUkSma vistAra karane vAlI striyAM bhI paNDitA hotI haiN| vyaktigata rUpa se buddha ne saMgha ke bhItara mahilAoM ko puruSoM

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bauddha dharma kA tatkAlIna striyoM ke dhArmika adhikAra para prabhAva 109 ke samAna darjA pradAna kiyaa| buddha kA yuga gaMgA nagarIkaraNa ke udbhava va vikAsa ke sAtha hI sAtha vyaktivAda ke udaya aura tatkAlIna brAhmaNa saMskRti ke hAzie para sAmAjika va AdhyAtmika rUpa se raha rahe logoM para isake prabhAva kA gavAha thaa| ubharatI nayI sAmAjika vyavasthA kI vidyamAna sAmAjika mUlyoM ke bacAva meM bahuta kama dilacaspI thI aura aise vAtAvaraNa meM mahilAeM va nicale sAmAjika tabake ke loga Ama taura para apanI pasaMda ke dhArmika lakSya ko pAne va prakaTa karane meM adhika svataMtra the jisa prakAra buddha dvArA sthApita lakSya kisI khAsa varga meM paidA hue logoM ke lie nahIM thI, usI prakAra buddha dvArA sthApita lakSya kisI khAsa varga meM paidA hue logoM ke lie nahIM thA, usI prakAra yaha kevala puruSoM taka hI sImita nahIM thaa| bahuta-sI nAriyoM ne buddha dvArA muhaiyA karAye gaye isa avasara kA phAyadA utthaayaa| prArambhika bauddha dharma meM na kevala mahilAoM ke lie dharmapatha khulA thA, balki vAstava meM yaha rAstA mahilAoM va puruSoM donoM ke lie eka hI prakAra kA thaa| aisI bAta nahIM ki liMga-bheda vidyamAna nahIM the, lekina ve 'mukti prApta karane kI dRSTi se nagaNya the| jo adhika se adhika mukti ke vAstavika lakSya meM vipathaka ho sakate the| uparyukta tathyoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha yuga meM nArI kA sthAna mahatvapUrNa ho gayA thaa| kyoMki vaha jIvanazakti detI hai, saundarya pradAna karatI hai, vaha AnaMda detI hai aura bala pradAna karatI hai| jIvanazakti dene se vaha mAnavIya evaM devI jIvana zakti kI, saundarya dene meM saundarya kI, AnaMda dene se AnaMda kI aura bala dene se mAnavIya evaM devI bala kI sAjhIdAra bana jAtI hai| bauddha graMthoM meM prazaMsAtmaka dRSTikoNa se itara mahilAoM kI niMdA evaM avaguNoM kI bhI carcA kiyA gayA hai| striyoM ko do aMgula prajJAvAlI4 (yAnI cAvaloM ke paka jAne para do aMgaliyoM se unheM dabAkara dekhanA hI jisakA ekamAtra buddhimAnI kA kArya hai) kahanA nArI samAja kA apamAna karanA thaa| isake atirikta jAtaka sAhitya meM striyoM ke durguNoM ke aneka udAharaNa prApta hote haiM nArI ko sArvajanika upabhoga kI vastu kaha denA jAtaka yuga meM Ama bAta thii| usameM kahA gayA hai ki 'striyAM asabhya hotI haiM, akRtajJa hotI hai,

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110 zramaNa-saMskRti jAtaka sAhitya meM vyabhicAriNI striyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jinase usa kAla ke naitika AcaraNa para prakAza par3atA hai| kintu bauddha graMthoM ke gaMbhIra anuzIlana se yaha jAna par3atA hai ki kucha bauddha lekhakoM kA lakSya thA ki kathA ke mAdhyama se bhikSuoM ko strI-sAhacarya se virakta karanA, ata: jAtakoM meM strI jAti ko dhRSTatA kA avatAra banA diyA gyaa| bauddha dharmAcArya bhikSuoM ko ina anekAneka kathAnakoM dvArA strI-samparka se dUra rakhane kA prayatna kiyA, kyoMki nArI saundarya kI mAyA kisI bhI samaya unheM bhikSu-jIvana ke Adarza se cyuta kara sakatI thii| kintu pro0 ke0 TI0 esa0 sarAo ukta vicAra kA khaNDana karate haiM unakA spaSTa vimarza hai ki vAstava meM buddha kI mRtyu ke uparAMta kama se kama jahA~ taka mahilAoM kA prazna hai eka zUnya utpanna huaa| buddha jaise mahAna vyaktitva ke abhAva meM AnaMda jaise mahilAoM ke muTThI bhara bace samarthakoM ko saMgha ke una bhItarI tatvoM ne abhibhUta kara diyA, jo mahilAoM ke praveza ko eka apamAna kI bAta mAnate the| kAla ke usI cakra meM bauddha saMgha ne brAhmANavAda ke mahilA virodhI rukha ko gale lagAyA jisane lagAtAra mahilAoM ko apUrNa, duSTa, nIca, kapaTI, vidhvaMsaka, vizvAsaghAtI, namakaharAma, avizvAsI, caritrahIna, girI huI, kAmuka, IrSyAlu, lAlacI, belagAma, mUrkha va phijUlakharcI jaise vizeSaNoM se vibhUSita kiyA thaa| ____ isa prakAra bauddha yugIna samAja ke pariprekSya meM nAriyoM kI dhArmika dazA para adhyayana ke krama meM spaSTa hotA hai ki mahilAoM kI apakarSonmukha sthiti ke kAraNoM meM yajJa paddhati kI jaTilatA meM vRddhi tathA kanyA pakSa ke saMdarbha meM vivAha kI Ayu kA ghaTa jAnA sarva zikSA se vaMcita karanA pradhAna kAraNa thaa| parantu bauddha dharma ne mahilAoM ko vidyamAna brAhmaNavAda kI tulanA meM adhika acche avasara pradAna kiye|" bhikSuNI saMgha ke mAdhyama se mahilAoM ke pAsa apanI pArivArika bhUmikAoM ke sthAna para eka vikalpa bhI upalabdha thaa| eka yA dUsare rUpa meM isa dharma meM laiMgika samAnatA aura liMga kI aMtima aprAsaMgikatA ke bAre meM upadeza nihita the| tathAgata ne nirvANa prApti kA mArga nAriyoM ke lie bhI rakhA tathA sabhI jAti kI mahilAoM ko saMgha meM sammilita hone kA adhikAra dekara prajAtAMtrika mUlyoM ko bar3hAvA diyaa| buddha va AnaMda

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bauddha dharma kA tatkAlIna striyoM ke dhArmika adhikAra para prabhAva 111 jaise unake sahayogiyoM kA yaha spaSTa mAnanA thA ki jAti kI taraha liMga bhI kisI vyakti dvArA duHkha se chuTakArA pAne ke bauddha lakSya ko prApta karane meM bAdhA nahIM ho sakatA thaa| saMdarbha 1. vRhat saMhitA, 74.5.11.15-16; manu0 9.26 2. Rgveda, 10.85.46 3. Rgveda, 1.72-53; 5.32 4. taittirIya brAhmaNa, 3.75 5. zapatha brAhmaNa, 1.19.2.14 6. Rgveda, 10.86.10 7. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 5.1.6.10; taittirIya brAhmaNa, 22.2.6 8. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 1.1.4.13 9. aitareya brAhmaNa, 1.2.5; zatapatha brAhmaNa 5.1.6.10 10. aitareya brAhmaNa 7.9.10 11. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 14.3.1.85 12. vIramitrodaya, pR0 402 para hArIta kA vcn| smRti caMdrikA, pR0 62 13. haridatta zAstrI, hindU parivAra mImAMsA, pR0 137 14. majjhima nikAya, 1.2.4 15. vinayapiTaka, bhikSuNI skandha 16. saMyukta nikAya, 3/2/6 prathama bhAga 17. vahI 3/2/6, prathama bhAga, pR0 78 18. saMyukta nikAya, 1/28, 1/29 19. AI0 bI0 hArnara, vimena aMDara primiTiva buddhijma, pR0 19-20 20. saMyukta nikAya, 1/7, aMguttaranikAya : 2/312, suttanipAta : 1/2/24 21. therIgAthA paramatthadIpanI aTThakathA, 3/1/52, pR0 53-54 22. therIgAthAH paramatthadIpanI aTThakathA, 15/1/422; 6/5/152-153 23. iNDiyana ejUkezana ina eNzyeMTa eNDa leTara TAimsa, pR0 75 24. therIgAthA, 15/1/409, 'cayAmhi anusiTThA' 25. aMguttara nikAya, 2/303 26. therIgAthA paramatthadIpanI 27. vahI 28. DaoN0 jayazaMkara mizraH prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 390

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112 zramaNa-saMskRti 29. altekaraH prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 213 30. therI kI aTThakathA, pR0 46 31. dIgha nikAya, 1/96, saMyukta nikAya 3/111 32. dIgha nikAya, 3/142 33. pro0 ke0 TI0 esa sarAo: prAcIna bhAratIya bauddha dharma, udbhava svarUpa aura patana, pR0 96 34. dharmAnaMda kauzAmbI, bhagavAna buddha, pR. 126 35. pro0 ke0 TI0 esa0 sarAo, pUrvoddhRta, pR0 91 36. pro0 altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 342 37. kaitharIna ke yaMga, iMTroDakzana, araviMda zarmA vumena ina varDa rilIjansa', uddhRta ke0 TI0 esa0 sarAo orijinsa oNpha buddhA, pR0 37

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17 buddhAyana meM abhivyakta bauddha dharma evaM usakI prAsaMgikatA mRtyuMjaya kumAra siMha bhojapuriyA loga svabhAvataH yuddhapriya,' mahAna ciMtaka yA dArzanika hote haiN| inakA sAhitya bhI isI paraMparA se bharA par3A hai| bhojapurI ke Adi kavi kabIradAsa ne jahA~ apanI racanAoM se samAja meM phailI varNavyavasthA, jAta pAta, kurItiyoM Adi para prahAra kara sAmAjika cetanA phailAyA vahIM usI paraMparA ko bhojapurI ke saMta kavi dharanIdAsa ne Age bddh'aayaa| dharanIdAsa ne kabIra ke samAna hI bAhyADambara, mUrtipUjana, bahudevavAda, bakavAda, varNAzrama vyavasthA Adi kA prakhara virodha hue prema, dayA, paropakAra Adi kI pratiSThA kii| kabIrA punI dharanI bhayo, zAhajahA~ ke rAja' bhojapurI bhASA evaM bhojapuriyA samAja ke mahAna ciMtaka mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne jahA~ vizva ko bauddha saMskRti ke lupta ho rahe darzana tathA graMthoM kI khoja kI vahIM apanI pragatizIla evaM sAmAjika racanAoM se pUre rASTra kA mArga darzana kiyaa| unhoMne apanI mAtRbhASA bhojapurI meM sAta nATakoM kI racanA kI tathA jIvana paryanta apanI mAtRbhASA kI unnati ke lie prayAsarata rhe| bahuAyAmI pratibhA ke dhanI bhojapurI ke zeksapIyara, lokakavi bhikhArI ThAkura ne jahA~ eka ora apanI racanAoM ke mAdhyama se garIba, upekSita aura azikSita janatA meM navajAgaraNa evaM punarjAgaraNa kA kArya kiyA vahIM dUsarI ora bhojapuriyA kSetra se navajavAnoM kA zaharoM kI ora paise ke lie palAyana ke kaSTa ko bhI ujAgara kiyA, jo Aja bhI prAsAMgika hai|

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114 zramaNa-saMskRti rASTrIya AMdolana meM to bhojapuriyA logoM ne sabhI kSetroM meM (rAjanItika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, Arthika evaM sAhityika) Age Akara rASTrIya cetanA phailaayaa| pUrvI ke janaka evaM loka cetanA ke apratima gItakAra - paM0 mahendra mizra ne loka cetanA evaM rASTrIya cetanA se saMbaMdhita gItoM kI racanA kii| jahA~ eka ora bAbU raghuvIra nArAyaNa ne bhojapurI ke rASTrIya gIta, bhojapurI ke bande mAtaram sundara subhUmi bhaiyA, bhArata ke desavA se| more prAna base, hima khoha re bttohiyaa|| kI racanA kI, vahIM dUsarI ora priMsipala manoraMjana prasAda siMha ne 'phiraMgiyA' kI racanA kara aMgrejI sarakAra kI pola khola kara rakha dii| ina donoM gItoM ne rASTrIya krAnti kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra kara bhojapuriyA samAja meM rASTrIya cetanA bhara diyaa| __bhojapurI kSetra aura samAja se gautama buddha kA riztA bahuta hI purAnA hai|' gautama buddha kA janma nepAla ke madhezI pradeza meM huA thaa| pazcimI nepAla ke madhezI zatapratizata Aja bhojapurI bhASI haiN| buddha ne jina logoM ko dekhakara tathA jina ilAkoM meM vairAgya prApta kiyA vaha bhI Aja bhojapurI bhASI kSetra hai| sabase mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki vaha apanA prathama upadeza bhI bhojapurI bhASA kSetra kI sAMskRtika rAjadhAnI vArANasI ke sannikaTa sAranAtha meM diye| buddha ne apane jIvana ke Adhe se adhika samaya bhojapurI bhASI kSetra meM vyatIta kie| adhikAMza, cAturamAsa isI meM vyatIta kie| yahA~ taka ki apanA zarIra--tyAga bhI kuzInagara (kasayAM) bhojapurI kSetra meM hI kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhojapuriyA samAja ke mUla saMskAra meM cAhe vaha koI bhI dharma yA vicAradhArA kyoM na ho, buddha ke prabhAva bahuta gaharAI meM race-base haiN| buddha ke vairAgya ke kAraNa jo taba the, bAda meM bhI rahe aura Aja bhI bhojapuriyA samAja meM haiN| Aja bhI bhojapuriyA samAja hiMsA aura atyAcAra se pUrI taraha jUjha rahA hai| samAja ke hara kSetra meM tRSNA tathA jyAdA prApta karane kI hor3a lagI huI hai| samAja meM jAtivAda, sampradAyavAda kA bolabAlA hai| aise meM buddha ko yAda karanA samaya kI mAMga hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhojapurI meM race

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115 buddhAyana meM abhivyakta bauddha dharma evaM usakI prAsaMgikatA lagabhaga eka darjana mahAkAvyoM meM se do -- do mahAkAvya apane mahAnAyaka mahAtmA buddha ke hI jIvana aura darzana para race gae haiN| inameM prathama daNDisvAmI vimalAnanda sarasvatI dvArA racita 'baudhAyana' hai| jisakA prakAzana 1983 I0 meM bhojapurI akAdamI paTanA se huaa| battIsa sargoM meM racita 'baudhAyana' mukta chaMda meM likhA gayA hai tathA isameM buddha, bauddha dharma aura usake deza videza meM pracAra prasAra taka kA varNana hai| __ jabaki dUsarA arjuna siMha 'azAMta' racita 'buddhAyana' hai| dohA- caupAI zailI meM racita isa mahAkAvya ko dasa paryoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| 'buddhAyana' meM bhagavAna buddha ke janma ke kAraNa se zurU hokara nirvANa taka kI kathA ke sAtha sAtha buddha ke jIvana caritra evaM jIvana darzana kA varNana hai| isameM dohA, caupAI ke alAve sauraThA aura savaiyA kA prayoga bhI kahIM kahIM sarga ke Arambha meM kAvya meM rocakatA lAne ke lie kiyA gayA hai| buddhAyana kI bhASA tatsam zabdAvalI se bharI par3I hai| sajAtIya zabda samUha aura sAmAjika padoM ke sAtha sAtha saMskRta zAstrIya graMthoM ke adhyAtmika zabdoM kI bharamAra hai| kahIM kahIM tatsama zabdoM ko bhojapurI meM uccAraNa ke anusAra dohA-caupAI ke anukUla tuka baiThAne ke lie sthAnIya rUpa de diyA gayA hai| mahAkAvya 'buddhAyana' kA dasa paryoM meM vibhAjana kathA-vastu tathA usake krama ko dhyAna meM rakha kara diyA gayA jo isa prakAra hai - 1. vaMdanA parva, 2. janma parva, 3. bAla parva, 4. basaMta parva, 5. saMnyAsa parva, 6. saMvAda parva, 7. yoga parva, 8. jJAna parva, 9. nirvANa parva, 10. kalyANa prv| kavivara 'azAMta' jI ne baMdanA parva meM pUre mahAkAvya kA sAra viSaya-vastu ke nirdeza ke sAtha-sAtha buddhAyana likhane kA apanA uddezya evaM saMdeza batAyA hai| kavi kahatA hai Aja pUrA deza hiMsA, atyAcAra, zoSaNa jAtivAda aura varga saMgharSa se jUjha rahA hai| artha zakti aura sattA sabhI para dabaMgoM kA adhikAra hai jo kamajora tabake kA zoSaNa kara rahe haiN| dalitoM evaM nirbaloM ko na to koI adhikAra prApta hai na hI kisI prakAra kA unake sAtha nyAya ho rahA hai| artha - zakti sattA sNsaaraa| jApara sabala karahiM adhikaaraa| so kamajora jiiv-smudaayii| cUsahiM rakta sadA briyaaii||

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116 zramaNa-saMskRti manuja vastuvAdI itihaasaa| bharala rkt-sNghrss-pipaasaa| sama sukha-bhAga, bhog-adhikaaraa|dulrbh sadA dalita privaaraa|| manuSya kA vastuvAdI itihAsa jo ki rakta raMjita saMgharSoM se bharA hai usake cetanA para unakA vahIM vastuvAdI astitva prabhAvita ho gayA hai| dhana aura sattA para zaktizAlI logoM kA hI adhikAra hotA hai| sukha, samRddhi se hamezA dalita evaM zoSita dUra hI rahate haiM aura yahI hiMsA tathA jana saMgharSa kA kAraNa hai| jabataka nyAya, satya, smmaanaa| huiheM sulabha na eka smaanaa| tabataka jana saMgharSa, virodhaa| rahiheM karata jgt-jn-jodhaa|| jabataka zrama-phala zramika jana zoSaka-varga shikaar| hota rahI saMgharSa jaga sadA varga-AdhAra / / " jisa prajA zakti ke bala para Aja ke netRtva varga zakti sampanna hokara sukha bhoga rahe haiM tathA unakI kRpA se unake camace bhI sukha bhoga rahe haiN| ve bhI zoSaNa kA hI damana cakra calA kara kAmini kaMcana ke sAtha bhoga vilAsa kara rahe haiM aura paisA kamAne ke lie hara prakAra ke rAkSasI pravRti apanA rahe haiN| karata kubera parama smmaanaa| je jaga mAhiM parama blvnaa| kAmini, kaMcana, bhoga vilaasaa| damana-cakra, zoSaNa itihaasaa|| karahiM joi zAsana sNsaaraa| rakhahiM sadA sttaa-adhikaaraa| sAdhana artha-prApti lagi joii| karahiM vinAza danuja jaga hoii| cUsahiM rakta joMka jimi dehaa| svAna samAna mAMsa se nehA / / 12 isa prakAra jaba atyAcAra kA ati ho jAtA hai| taba-taba koI na koI krAntikArI krAnti kI ciMgArI phUkate haiN| jaba jaba zoSita dalita smaajaa| karahiM bulaMda baMda aavaajaa| taba-taba yuddha chir3ahiM ghmsaanaa| sulabha vizva itihAsa prmaannaa||'' kavi ne yuddha kI niMdA aura usakI vibhISikA para bhI prahAra karate hue batAyA hai, yuddha cAhe kisI bhI prakAra kA kyoM na ho, cAhe sidhI yuddha ho yA zIta yuddha donoM hI duHkhadAyI hotA hai| yuddha meM jahA~ dhana jana kI hAni hotI hai, vahIM zIta yuddha se saMsAra kA vyApAra prabhAvita hotA hai| aura isa sabhI ke mUla meM mAnava kA bhautika svArtha, zakti aura prabhusattA kI hI tRSNA hai|

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buddhAyana meM abhivyakta bauddha dharma evaM usakI prAsaMgikatA 117 yadyapi yuddha hota duHkhdaayii| karata azAnta manuja smudaayii| pasarata zIta yuddha sNsaaraa| hota prabhAvita jg-vyaapaaraa| bhautika svArtha, zakti, prbhutaaii| kAraNa jana-saMgharSa ldd'aaii|| Aja Ama AdamI ApasI prema aura bhAIcArA ke sAtha rahanA cAhatA hai| phira bhI kucha loga apane svArtha ke lie pure saMsAra ko jAti bheda, raMga bheda aura varga bheda meM bAMTa diyA hai| phalataH ApasI IrSyA, dveSa ghRNA samAja meM phaila cukA hai jo mahAna mAnava mUlyoM kA hrAsa kara rahA hai| aise meM satya mArga jo sabhI du:khoM ko kama karane vAlA hai, usako manuSya cAroM tarapha DhUMDha rahA hai| aise meM mahAtmA buddha ko yAda karanA prAsaMgika ho gayA hai| yadyapi manuja parama abhilaassaa| cAhata prema, bNdhu-vishvaasaa| jAti, raMga aru vrg-vicaaraa| bAMTata jagata manuja privaaraa| IrSA, dveSa, ghRNA, apmaanaa| nAsata mAnava mUlya mhaanaa| satya-mArga kama kare kleshuu| DhUMr3hata Aja manuja saba desuu| jina kaThina saMgharSa ke bAda hamAre jana nAyaka jAti, raMga evaM varga bheda ko samApta kara prajAtAMtrika loka taMtra kI sthApanA kI, use Aja ke netRtva varga apane svArtha tathA sattA para adhipatya jamAne ke lie jAti, dharma, sampradAya ke AdhAra para apane-apane lie daloM kA nirmANa kara samAja ko dharma jAti aura vargoM meM bAMTa die haiN| aura unake pratinidhi bana kara isa saMsAra kA Arthika zoSaNa karate hue prajA para bhAra bane hue haiN| je nija-dala, aru jAti bala, pratinidhi bana srkaar| karahiM artha-zoSaNa-jagata, banahiM prajA para bhAra / / 16 yadyapi dharma kA mUla maMtra mAnava kalyANa hI hai phira bhI Aja dharma meM bAhyADaMbara svArtha, paisA evaM rAjanIti Adi kA praveza ho cukA hai| dhArmika loga svArtha evaM zakti ke anusAra dharma kA pracAra kara rahe haiN| inhoMne rAjanIti se prerita hokara dharma kA upayoga kara mAnava prema evaM vizva baMdhutva ke siddhAnta ko ghRNA evaM vaimanaSya meM badala diyA hai, aura dharma ke AdhAra para samAja ko bATa rahe haiN| isa saba ke pIche inakA mukhya uddezya bhI 'artha' hI hai|

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118 zramaNa-saMskRti asa kucha saMta jnyaan-abhimaanaa|ghossit svayam kahahiM bhgvaanaa| nija-nija svArtha zakti anusaaraa| dharma pracAra karahiM sNsaaraa| saMgraha artha dharma prbhutaaii| mAnata mukhya sNt-smudaayii| phala anusAra dharma aadhaaraa| bAMTala samasta mnuj-privaaraa| prerita rAjanIti se loguu| dharma-vibheda karahiM upyoguu| manuja-prema, bNdhutv-mhaanaa| badalata ghora ghRNA, apmaanaa||" Aja ke samaya meM vijJAna ne khuba pragati kI hai jisase, mAnava kalyANa kA adhikAMza kArya ho rahe haiN| vahIM dUsarI ora yahI vijJAna ne mAnava sRSTi ko hI vinAza ke kagAra para lA khar3A kara diyA hai| vijJAna ne jo ANavika athiyAroM kA nirmANa kiyA hai, vaha apane surasA mukha ko phAr3e pUrI mAnava sRSTi ko hI nigalane ke lie taiyAra baiThA hai| karata prazaMsA asa vijnyaanaa| ciMtA eka basata mn-praannaa| je aNuzakti sulabha nirmaannaa| hota soI puni pralaya smaanaa|| prakSopAstra vividha bahu duurii| samujhata aNu-hathiyAra jruurii| karahiM - pradarzita zakti apaaraa| manuja Aja jaha-ta~ha sNsaaraa| asa aNuzakti sulabha jaga maahiiN| huiheM pralaya agara ttkraahiiN| dekhala vizva-yuddha ma~ha loguu| pralaya-rUpa jaba bhaila pryoguu| sakala vizva maraghaTa bana jaaii| jar3a-cetana jaIheM murjhaaii| mAnava-mUlya vishv-itihaasaa| jJAna, sabhyatA hoi vinaashaa||18 aise meM vizva kI rakSA ApasI prema, bhAIcArA evaM vizva zAnti ke prayAsa se hI ho sakatA hai, jo ki mahAtmA buddha ke dvArA batAe gae mArgoM se hI sambhava hai| samAja kA hara varga dhana lolupatA meM lipta hai| jana sevA ko bhI logoM ne vyApAra banA diyA hai| samAja meM pe bhI patita logoM kI bharamAra hai, jo paise ke lie rASTrIya sampatti evaM rASTra ko asmitA taka becane ke lie taiyAra baiThe haiN| baMdI jana-sevA-rata loguu| je dhana-lolupa kendrita bhoguu| je nija svArtha-hetu sNsaaraa| samujhata jana-sevA vyaapaaraa|

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buddhAyana meM abhivyakta bauddha dharma evaM usakI prAsaMgikatA 119 je sammAna raassttr-abhimaanaa| beMcata karata ghAta chala naanaa| jAhi zatru dhana dei apaaraa| kharidahiM bheda prgti-aadhaaraa| adhama nIca asa patiti praanii| varNata hota duHkhita kvi-vaannii||" pUre vizva meM cikitsakoM ko dUsarA bhagavAna mAnA gayA hai lekina cikitsaka varga bhI Ama jana ko lUTane meM lage hue haiN| unakI cikitsIya kArya koI sevA bhAvanA se nahIM balki usake pIche unakI dhana prApti kI tRSNA hI hai| baMdI vizva-cikitsaka loguu| roga-nidAna-hetu na joguu| kintu kArya sevA ke soii| samajhata nAhiM svArtha-vaza hoii| karahiM dravya-mocana vyaapaaraa| lUTahiM jana pIr3ita jaga saaraa| sakala samAja jAhi smmaanaa| samujhata jaga dUsara bhagavAnA / / Aja kA samAja buddha kAlIna 'aMgulI mAla' DAkU jaise logoM se bharA par3A hai jo kI zAMti priya logoM ko pIr3ita kara unheM duHkha evaM zoka pahuMcA rahe haiN| aise loga Ama jana kI ijjata evaM dhana donoM ko lUTa rahe haiN| binu aparAdha zAMti-priya loguu| pIr3ita karahiM deMhi duHkh-soguu| karahiM kukarma sadA sNsaaraa| lUTahiM dhana, ijjata jana saaraa|| isa prakAra samAja meM cAroM tarapha azAMti bhraSTAcAra evaM zoSaNa phailA huA hai| mAnava mUlyoM kA anta ho cukA hai| samarthavAna vyakti nirbaloM kA zoSaNa kara rahe haiN| sabhI ke pIche artha, zakti evaM sattA prApta karane kI tRSNA hai| jisake pAsa jitanA hai vaha aura jyAdA se jyAdA prApta karane kI tRSNA meM DUbA huA hai| vizva meM ANvika astroM ke nirmANa se usake astitva para hI prazna cihna laga gayA hai| aise meM eka mAtra sahArA 'buddhaM zaraNaM gacchAmi' hI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki sva0 kavivara arjuna siMha azAMta ne Ama logoM ke bIca buddha caritra evaM darzana ko apanI kAlajayI racanA buddhAyana ke mAdhyama se lAyA tathA isa azAMta jaga ko buddha kI zaraNa meM jAne kI preraNA dI aura unakA guNagAna kiyaa| kavivara azAMta ne batAyA hai ki isa azAMta jaga ke duHkhoM ke kAraNa kA

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120 zramaNa-saMskRti nAza- 'cAra Arya satya' (1. duHkha, 2. duHkha samudaya, 3. du:kha nirodha, 4. du:kha nirodha gAminI patipadA) ke jJAna dvArA hI sambhava hai| aura 'aSTAMgika mArga' (1. samyaka dRSTi, 2. samyaka saMkalpa, 3. samyaka vAka, 4. samyaka karmAnta, 5. samyaka AjIva, 6. samyaka vyAyAma, 7. samyaka smRti, 8. samyaka samAdhi) ke dvArA hI nirvANa ko prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| Arya satya ke jJAna jaga-duHkha-kAraNa zamana hita / aSTa aMga sopAna prApti hetu nirvANa jaga / / 3 jisa prakAra jIva isa saMsAra meM janma letA hai mRtyu ko prApta karatA hai aura antima kSaNa taka gatimAna rahatA hai| bauddha darzana ke anusAra vaha pUrva janma ke karma ke AdhAra para hI janma evaM mRtyu ko prApta karatA hai| yahI saMpUrNa sRSTi kA AdhAra hai| jo kSaNa-kSaNa apanA rUpa badalate rahatA hai, yahI satya hai| aura isake alAve isa saMsAra meM kucha zAzvata nahIM hai / jaise jIva jahAna janmata hokhata kAla laya / sadA saMga gatimAna aMtima kSaNa avasAna taka // / pUrva karma - AdhAra janma-maraNa vyApAra jaga / calata rahata saMsAra caMcala nitya pravAha ma~ha / / sakala sRSTi- AdhAra badalata kSaNa-kSaNa rUpa jaga / bhaila satya sAkAra naikhe zAzvata jagata kichu / / 24 bauddha darzana kA mukhya AdhAra jana kalyANa hI hai| jise kavivara ne batAyA hai ki logoM ke kalyANa karane se ajJAna rUpI aMdherA kA nAza hogA tathA dUsaroM ko sukha dene se mukti kA mArga prasasta hogaa| aisA karane se nirvANa sulabha ho jAegA aura isa saMsAra meM zAMti aura sada jJAna prApta hogA / - patha / / je jana parama hitAya karahiM naSTa ajJAna-tama / je jana parama sukhAya karahiM prakAzita muktisulabha parama nirvANa hokhahiM kAraNa jAhi jaga / prApta zAMti sadjJAna bhogata mAnava jAhi phala / / " isa prakAra kavi usa dayA ke sAgara 'buddha' ko aura vaha ' jana kalyANakArI

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121 buddhAyana meM abhivyakta bauddha dharma evaM usakI prAsaMgikatA dharma' ko praNAma karatA hai, jisakA mukhya darzana - 'prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi' hai tathA jo saMsAra ke sabhI jIvoM ke kalyANa ke lie kArya karatA hai, usakI vaMdanA karatA hai| prajJA, zIla, samAdhi jini rahala dhrm-aadhaar| baMdI karuNA-siMdhu sama jAhi jIva-hita pyaar| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki isa hiMsA pradhAna yuga meM 'buddhAyana' evaM isameM varNita bauddha darzana Ama AdamI ke jIvana meM eka zItala chAyA samAna hai, jisake Azraya meM Ane para isa azAMta jaga ko zAMti milegii| prakhyAta vidvAna DaoN0 kedAra nAtha siMha ne ThIka hI kahA hai, "agara apane purAne krAntikArI nAyaka buddha ko sAmAjika sAMskRtika parivartanakartA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAe to buddha evaM bauddha darzana kI prAsaMgikatA ghaTI nahIM balki aura adhika bar3ha gayI hai| aura arjuna siMha azAMta ne mahAkAvya 'buddhAyana' kI racanA kara eka aitihAsika kArya kiyA hai, jo ki samaya kI mAMga hai|" saMdarbha 1. bhojapurI bhASA aura sAhitya, DaoN0 udaya nArAyaNa tivArI, pR0 234 2. bhojapurI ke Adi kavi kabIra, DaoN0 mainejara pANDeya, pR0 4 (akhila bhAratIya bhojapurI sAhitya sammelana) 3. sAraNa ke mahAna saMtakavi dharanI dAsa, DaoN0 ajaya kumAra (hindI vibhAga jaya prakAza vizva vidyAlaya, chaparA) IkSA, akhila bhAratIya bhASA sAhitya sammelana bhojapura, ArA aMka 6, pR0 97 4. bhikhArI ThAkura racanAvalI, bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSada, paTanA 5. DaoN0 ajaya kumAra (sAraNa vANI, mahendra mizra vizeSAMka), pR0 43 6. sva0 zrI raghuvIra nArAyaNa jI, AcArya zrI zivapUjana sahAya 7. buddhAyana bhUmikA, DaoN0 kedAra nAtha siMha 8. buddhAyana bhUmikA, DaoN0 kedAra nAtha siMha 9. buddhAyana sampAdakIya, pANDeya kapila 10. buddhAyana vaMdanA parva 11. vahI 12. vahI 13. vahI

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122 zramaNa-saMskRti 14. vahI 15. vahI 16. vahI 10 17. vahI 18. vahI 19. vahI 20. vahI 21. vahI 22. vahI 23. vahI 24. vahI 25. vahI 26. Adhunika khojoM se yaha spaSTa ho gayA hai ki buddha ne zIla, samAdhi evaM prajJA ko hI du:kha nirodha kA sAdhana batAyA thaa| zIla kA artha samyaka AcaraNa, samAdhi kA artha samyaka dhyAna tathA prajJA kA artha samyaka jJAna se hai| zIla aura samAdhi se prajJA kI utpatti hotI hai, jo sAMsArika duHkhoM se mukti pAne kA mUla sAdhana hai| (prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa tathA saMskRti DaoN0 ke0 so0 zrIvAstava) pR0 849 /

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18 bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha va jaina-paramparA kA prabhAva anupama kumAra chaThI zatAbdI IsApUrva kI avadhi vizva ke kaI kSetroM meM dhArmika halacala tathA AMdolana kI avadhi thii| 'cIna meM kanphyUziyasa, IrAna meM jarathuSTra tathA yUnAna meM pAithogorasa apane upadeza samAja ke bIca de rahe the|' bhArata kI dharatI para bhI chaThI zatAbdI IsApUrva meM do mahApuruSa mahAvIra svAmI aura mahAtmA buddha kA udaya huaa| vaise to mahAvIra va mahAtmA buddha dharma kI do alaga paddhatiyoM, jo ki kramazaH jaina aura bauddha dharma ke nAma se vizva meM pracalita haiM, jo sthApita kiyA, paraMtu donoM hI dharma bhAratIya saMskRti ke jar3a se jur3e hone ke kAraNa usa samaya meM bhAratIya saMskRti meM hote hue kSaraNa ko niSprabhAvI kara isameM jIvaMtatA pradAna kara ise punaH vizvavyApakatA pradAna karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyaa| bhAratIya saMskRti ati prAcIna kAla se dharma-AdhArita saMskRti rahI hai| chaThI zatAbdI meM sAmAjika, rAjanItika tathA Arthika kSetra meM ho rahe parivartanoM ne vaidika dharma kI kaI pracalita mAnyatAoM ko jIrNa banA diyA thA jisase usameM parivartana Avazyaka pratIta ho rahA thaa| isI AvazyakatA ne daraasala bauddha va jaina dharma ke prasphuTana kA vAstavika AdhAra bnaayaa| bauddha va jaina dharma kA udaya va vikAsa chaThI zatAbdI IsApUrva meM bhArata meM gaMgA kA doAba kSetra, jo mukhya rUpa se bihAra va uttara pradeza kA kSetra hai, meM huaa| yaha vaha kSetra hai jahA~ usa samaya sAmAjika, rAjanItika tathA Arthika kSetra

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124 zramaNa-saMskRti meM parivartana ho rahe the tathA isake samarthana ke lie dhArmika svIkRti kI AvazyakatA thii| vibhinna kSetroM meM ho rahe parivartana tathA vaidika dharma kI rUr3hiyAM lauha takanIka ke vikAsa ne khetI meM krAMtikArI pariNAma laaye| lohe ke phAla se gaharI jutAI ke kAraNa adhika upaja honA saMbhava huA tathA kRSi kSetra meM bhI vikAsa huaa| isake pariNAmasvarUpa kRSi praNAlI meM aba kRSi kArya ke lie adhikAdhika pazuoM kI jarUrata mahasUsa ho rahI thii| ataH pazuvadha aba vaidika yajJa meM ho athavA isa kSetra meM janajAtIya logoM dvArA, sAmAjika pragati ke lie bAdhaka bana gyaa| kRSi vikAsa ke atirikta lauha upakaraNa ke bar3hate prayoga se aneka zilpoM tathA udyogoM meM bhI pragati huii| phalasvarUpa uttara pUrva bhArata meM nagarIkaraNa kI prakriyA prAraMbha huii| sAtha hI, isakA sakArAtmaka prabhAva vyApAra ke druta vikAsa para bhI pdd'aa| ina sabake kAraNa vaidika sAmAjika vyavasthA ke kabAyalI jIvana kI paraMparAgata mAnyatA TUTane lgii| vyavasAyI tathA vyApArI atyadhika dhanI hone lge| nijI saMpatti kI dhAraNA dRDhatara hone lgii| use sAmAjika va dhArmika mAnyatA kI AvazyakatA thii| lauha takanIka ke vikAsa ne kSatri varga ko adhika zaktizAlI banAyA tathA bar3e-bar3e sAmrAjya kI sthApanA kA mArga patha-prazasta kiyaa| kSatriya varga atyadhika dhana saMpanna hone lge| pariNAma - svarUpa samAja meM apanI agraNI bhUmikA va unakI apekSA svabhAvataH bar3hane lgii| uttara vaidika kAla meM kRSigata vikAsa, zilpa evaM udyoga meM vRddhi tathA vyApArika pragati ho rahI thii| sAtha hI isa kAla meM vaidika yajJa kA prabhAva bhI bahuta bar3ha gayA thA evaM vibhinna sAmrAjyoM kI sthApanA ke kAraNa niraMtara yuddha cala rahe the, pariNAmasvarUpa sarvAdhika kSati kRSi, zilpa evaM udyoga tathA vyApAra se saMbaMdhita logoM ko ho rahI thI, kyoMki vaidika yajJa meM jahA~ dhana va pazu kI hAni ho rahI thI vahIM yuddha ke adhikAMza bojha inhIM logoM ko uThAnA par3atA thaa| isake atirikta yuddha ke kAraNa ve visthApita bhI ho jAte the| dUsare, vaidika vyavasthA meM vyApAra se saMbaMdhita kaI bAdhAeM bhI thiiN|

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha va jaina- paramparA kA prabhAva uttara vaidika kAla kI dhArmika AsthAe~, yajJa anuSThAna evaM karmakAMDIya vyavasthA jahA~ prArambha meM tatkAlIna bhautika pRSThabhUmi se prabhAvita thI tathA vRhattara samudAya ke saMgaThana meM madada karatI thI, paraMtu lauha takanIka meM uttarottara vikAsa tathA isakA kRSi, udyoga, vyApAra tathA rAjanIti para par3e prabhAva ne chaThI zatAbdI IsApUrva taka ise mUlyahIna banA diyA / mahAtmA buddha tathA mahAvIra svAmI kA udaya isa prakAra chaThI zatAbdI IsApUrva meM vaidika dharma meM AyI kurItiyoM tathA isake virodhasvarUpa ativAdI siddhAMtoM para AdhArita upadeza ke kAraNa samAja meM paidA huI nayI samasyA ne bhArata kI sthiti dayanIya kara dI thI / isa sthiti se nidAna tathA samAja ko punaH dizA dikhAne ke lie aise mahApuruSoM kI AvazyakatA thI jinakA ciMtana usa samaya ke sAmAjika Arthika parivartanoM ko samAhita karatA ho tathA vaidika dharma kI jIrNa paraMparAoM tathA vibhinna parivrAjakoM ke avyavasthA mUlaka upadezoM se samAja ko mukti dilAne meM sakSama ho| aise hI upayukta samaya para ho mahApuruSoM kA janma bhArata meM huA, jinakI zikSA tathA upadeza bhAratIyoM dvArA hI nahIM varan vizva ke kaI kSetroM meM svIkAra kiyA gyaa| 125 ina do mahApuruSoM meM eka mahAvIra svAmI the jo jainadharma ke 24veM va sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa tIrthaMkara the / inakA janma 540 IsApUrva meM vaizAlI ke nikaTa kuNDagrAma gAMva meM huA thA / ve vaizAlI ke vajjisaMgha ke zAtRka kSatriya kula se saMbaMdhita the / tathA dUsare mahApuruSa mahAtmA buddha kA janma 566 IsA pUrva meM kapilavastu jo vartamAna bihAra tathA nepAla kI sImA para par3atA hai, meM huaa| ve zAkya kSatriya kula se saMbaMdhita the / bauddha dharma tathA jaina dharma ke upadeza mahAtmA buddha tathA mahAvIra jaina donoM zramaNa saMskRti ke nivRtti mArga (sanyAsI mArga) se saMbaMdhita the| inake saMbaMdha meM hameM jAnakArI kramazaH bauddha graMthoM tathA jaina graMthoM se milatI hai| bauddha graMthoM meM mahatvapUrNa hai tripiTaka - (1) sutta piTaka, (2) vinaya

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126 zramaNa-saMskRti piTaka, (3) abhidhammapiTaka / isake atirikta bauddhoM se saMbaMdhita saMskRta sAhitya meM azvaghoSa dvArA racita buddhacarita, saudarAnaMda, sutralaMkAra, sAriputraprakaraNa, vajrasUci, vasumitra dvArA racita mahAvibhASa zAstra ityAdi / graMthoM meM mahatvapUrNa haiM (1) bAraha aMga, (2) bAraha upAMga, (3) dasa prakIrNa, (4) cha: cheda sUtra, (5) cAra mUlasUtra, ( 6 ) do sUtra graMtha / ye sabhI prAkRta / ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM likhita haiN| isake atirikta bhadrabAhu racita kalpasUtra, bhadrabAhucarita, hemacaMdraracita prasiSTha parva mahatvapUrNa jainI graMtha hai| jaina va bauddha donoM ne veda kI pramANikatA tathA vedavAda para saMdeha vyakta kiyA hai| yajJa karmakAMDa tathA yajJa meM pazuvadha ke vidhAna, jaina va bauddhoM ke lie AlocanA kI viSaya vastu rhe| donoM ne Izvara kI sattA ko nakArA tathA janma maraNa ke cakra se mukti tathA duHkha se nivRtti hetu vaidika vyavasthA meM sujhAyI gayI rAha jisameM Izvara, purohita, yajJa, ityAdi kA mahatva thA, jo khArija kiyA / jaina va bauddha dharma donoM meM saMsAra ko duHkha se bharA huA batAyA gayA hai| manuSya kA jIvana tRSNA se ghirA rahatA hai| sabhI jIva apane karmoM ke anusAra vibhinna yoniyoM meM utpanna hote haiM, tathA karmaphala bhogatA hai / isa karmaphala se mukti pAnA tathA jIvana-maraNa ke cakra se chuTakArA pAnA hI jIva kA carama lakSya hai| ise donoM dharmoM meM nirvANa kahA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM nirvANa yadyapi mRtyu ke sAtha prApta hotA hai jabaki bauddha dharma meM nirvANa kI prApti isI janma meM arthAt mRtyu se pUrva hI saMbhava batAyA gayA hai| mahAvIra svAmI tathA mahAtmA buddha ne nirvANa prApta karanA vyakti kA svayaM apanA uttaradAyitva batAyA hai| manuSya apane bhAgya kA vidhAtA svayaM hai| manuSya apane karmaphala ke saMgraha ko samApta kara tathA usase vimukha hokara jIvana-maraNa cakra se mukti arthAt nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai| yaha sabhI jAti evaM varNa ke lie samAna rUpa se lAgU hotA hai| bhale hI vaha vaizya athavA zUdra ho yA strI ho / jaina dharma meM AtmA para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ taka ki jIva- ajIva sabhI padArthoM meM AtmA kA honA mAnA gayA hai| mahAvIra svAmI ne mAnA hai ki

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha va jaina-paramparA kA prabhAva 127 AtmA karmaphala ke baMdhana meM baMdha jAtI hai, jisase jIva ko punaH -- punaH janma lenA par3atA hai tathA duHkha bhogatA hai, isake lie Avazyaka hai ki AtmA kI zuddhi tathA karmaphala ke baMdhana se mukti ke lie vaidika yajJavAda, upaniSadIya jJAnavAda meM na par3akara samyaka jIvana kI rAha kA anusaraNa kre| kyoMki yajJavAda kI saMskRti eka to purohita pradhAna saMskRti hai tathA dUsare yajJIya karmoM meM pazuvadha hotA hai jo hiMsA hone ke kAraNa pApa utpanna karatA hai| mukti ke lie jJAna para hI nirbhara nahIM rahA jA sakatA kyoMki pratyeka vyakti vAstavika jJAna ke kevala eka aMza ko dekhatA hai| ataH AtmA kI zuddhi ke lie samyak jIvana kI AvazyakatA hai| isake atirikta jaina dharma meM AtmA kI zuddhi tathA zarIra se usakI mukti ke lie upavAsa ke dvArA kAyA-kleza kA bhI vidhAna kiyA gyaa| mahAtmA buddha ne veda yajJa tathA Izvara ke astitva kI taraha AtmA kA bhI koI sthAna nahIM mAnA hai| unake anusAra janma-maraNa kA kAraNa AtmA nahIM hai, balki kisI jIva kA karmaphala hai jo use bAra-bAra jIvana-maraNa ke cakra meM DAlatA hai| karmaphala agale janma kA kAraNa kaise banatA hai, isake uttara meM milinda prazna meM kahA gayA hai, jisa prakAra pAnI meM lahara uThakara dUsare ko janma dekara svayaM samApta ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra karmaphala cetanA ke rUpa meM punarjanma kA kAraNa hotA hai| mahAtmA buddha ne cAra Arya satyoM ke jJAna tathA anuzIlana tathA aSTAMgika mArga ke anusaraNa se nirvANa saMbhava batAyA hai| bauddha va jaina dharma kI sImAeM bauddha va jaina dharma donoM ne sabhI jAti, vargoM ke strI puruSa ke lie apanA dvAra kholA paraMtu spaSTa va mukhara taura para jAti va varNa vyavasthA kI AlocanA nahIM kii| donoM matoM meM jAti nirdhAraNa ko janma ke badale karma para AdhArita karane kA prayAsa brAhmaNoM se kaI jagaha para kSatriyoM ko zreSTha batAnA jAti prathA ko puSTa karatA hai| dUsare bauddha va jaina dharma bhI utpIr3ata vargoM ko samAja meM sammAna dilAne meM sakSama na rhaa| ucca varga ke loga hI mulataH ina matoM se jyAdA lAbha utthaayaa|

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128 - saMskRti zramaNa bauddha va vizeSakara jaina dharma meM ahiMsA para adhika jor3a diyA gayA thA jisase sAmrAjya nirmAtAoM ke lie inake matoM ko svIkAra karanA kaThina thaa| kRSi se jur3e logoM ko bhI jaina vicAroM ko svIkAra karanA saMbhava na thA, kyoMki kRSi kArya meM kIr3e makor3oM kI mRtyu hotI hI hai| jaina dharma meM nirvANa kI prApti hetu kaSTasAdhya tapa va kAyAkleza kA vidhAna tathA samAja ke baMdhana yathA vastroM kA parityAga jaina dharma ko samAja meM vyApaka svIkAryatA nahIM pradAna karane diyA / isake atirikta jaina va bauddha dharma meM pracArakoM kI kamI rhii| donoM dharmoM ke antargata aneka saMpradAya bhI phUTa par3e jo eka dUsare kA virodha karate the / maTha pApa va Sar3ayaMtra kA kendra bana gayA / brAhmaNa dharmAvalaMbI rAjAoM ne bhI bauddha va jaina matoM kA phailAva kA bhArata meM virodha kiyA / vahIM zaMkarAcArya, kumAribhaTTha aura anya vaidika AcAryoM ne vaidika dharma kA khUba pracAra kiyA dUsare bhArata meM vaidika brAhmaNa dharma ke tahata bhakti / dhArmika Andolana bAda kI zatAbdiyoM meM huA jisameM bauddha va jaina dharma kI bhAMti samAja ke hara vargoM ke lie mukti va satamArga kI rAha kA sthAnIya sarala bhASAoM meM vibhinna AcAryoM ne apanA upadeza diyaa| buddha ko bhI hindu avatAra kI zreNI meM mAnyatA dI gyii| isa sabhI ne puna: hindu dharma kA uddhAra kiyA tathA jaina va bauddha dharma kA bhArata meM galA ghoTane kA kArya kiyA / niSkarSa bauddha va jaina paraMparAoM kI bhI apanI kucha sImAeM athavA kamajoriyAM thIM aura kucha samaya ke sAtha isameM jIrNatA va apasaMskRti bhI A gayI thI / jaina dharma kA prasAra mUlata: bhArata taka hI sImita raha gayA tathA bauddha dharma apane gRha pradeza magadha va bhArata se hI sImita raha gayA tathA bauddha dharma apane gRha praveza magadha va bhArata se lagabhaga pUrNataH samApta ho gayA tathApi zatAbdiyoM taka jaina va bauddha mata bhArata ke logoM ko prabhAvita tathA mArgadarzaka kI bhUmikA nibhAtA rahA / inake matoM ko bhArata ke vibhinna rAjAoM ne bhI apanA samarthana diyaa| uttara bhArata ke jaina samarthaka rAjAoM meM magadha ke naMdavaMza, haryakavaMza ke bimbisAra,

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha va jaina- paramparA kA prabhAva AjAtazatru va udAyina, mauryavaMza candragupta maurya, kaliMga ke khAravela mahatvapUrNa haiN| dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina samarthaka rAjAoM meM gaMgavaza ke rAjA, kadamba vaMza ke rAjA, cAlukya/solaMkIvaMza ke jayasiMha va kumArapAla, rASTrakUTa vaMza ke amoghavarSa mahatvapUrNa haiM / bauddha samarthaka matoM ke rAjAoM meM magadha ke haryaka vaMza ke rAjA bimbisAra, AjAtazatru, kozala ke rAjA prasenajIta, vatsa ke rAjA udAyina, avaMti ke pradyota mauryavaMza ke azoka, dazaratha, hindUgrIka vaMzI minAndara, kuSANavaMza ke kaniSka, vardhanavaMzI, harSavardhana, pAlavaMzI gopAla, dharmapAla va rAmapAla pramukha haiM / vizva ke kaI dezoM meM bauddha dharma kA prasAra huA jahA~ yaha Aja taka phala phUla rahA hai| 129 jaina va bauddha matoM ne Arthika vikAsa tathA zaharIkaraNa kI prakriyA ko protsAhita kiyA vahIM dharmAcaraNa se yajJa. purohita, Izvara tathA AtmA (buddha) kI bhUmikA ko nakArakara dharma ke kSetra meM nayA zaMkhanAda kiyaa| sabhI varNoM ke strI-puruSa ko jaina va bauddha maThoM meM samAveza, zikSA/ upadeza meM sthAnIya bhASA ko mahatva pradAna karanA, inakA eka bahuta hI sarAhanIya kadama thaa| rAjA ke samakSa digvijaya kI jagaha dharma vijaya, janatA ko senA se jItane kI jagaha, mAnavatA va jana kalyANa ke kAryoM se jItane ko mahatva pradAna kara cakravartI samrATa ke naye lakSya, nayI avadhAraNA ko janma diyaa| jaina dharma va bauddha dharma kA ahiMsA, samAja ke sabhI vargoM kA samAna mahatva, dharma ke kSetra meM diye gaye ina dharmoM ke pravartakoM dvArA upadeza jaina va bauddha dharma ke matAnuyAyiyoM ke lie hI nahIM paraMtu vizva zAMti va baMdhutva meM vizvAsa karane vAloM ke lie preraNAsrota va prabhAvita karane vAlI akhaMDa divya jyoti hai / isake lie bhAratIya sabhyatA hI nahIM sampUrNa vizva sabhyatA jaina va bauddha paramparAoM kA sadA RNI rhegii| Aja jisa rUpa meM hama bhAratIya saMskRti ko dekhate haiM usameM jaina va bauddha paraMparAoM kA prabhAva anusyuta hai / saMdarbha 1. vRhattara bhArata, DaoN0 bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya 2. bhArata kA itihAsa, navInamUlyAMkana, lekhaka DI0 ena0 grovara, prakAzaka mukezacanda eNDa kaMpanI /

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130 3. bhAratIya itihAsa kI samIkSA, lekhaka lAla bahAdura zarmA / 4. prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa- hindI mAdhyama kAryAnvayana kAryAlaya dillI vizvavidyAlaya, zramaNa-saMskRti sampAdaka (1) jitendra nArAyaNa jhA, (2) kRSNamohana zrImAlI / 5. bhArata kA itihAsa, lekhaka romilA thApara 6. prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, lekhaka DaoN0 bhagavat zaraNa upAdhyAya / 7. prAcIna bhArata, lekhaka DaoN0 rameza candra majUmadAra |

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19 jaina dharma meM yakSiNiyA~ iSTa deva ojhA jaina dharma meM yakSiNiyoM kA jinoM kI sahAyaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM ullekha milatA hai| yakSiNiyA~ hindu dharma kI durgA, cAmuNDA jaisI deviyoM kI sadRzya dikhAI detI haiN| jaina deva maNDala meM inakA sthAna loka deviyoM ke rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai| aisI dhAraNA hai ki indra ne 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI sevA hetu 24 yakSiNiyoM kI kalpanA kI tathA bAda meM kalAkAroM dvArA inheM mUrta rUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| bharahuta evaM sAMcI ke toraNa dvAra se prApta azvamukhI yakSI kI mUrtiyoM kI zArIrika banAvaTa unake aMgoM kI komalatA evaM viSaya vAsanA se yukta svarUpa ko ukerane meM samakAlIna kalAkAroM ko saphalatA milii| jaina dharma meM 24 yakSiyoM ke svataMtra aMkana meM unakI lAkSaNika vizeSatAoM kA pUrNataH pAlana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| inakI lAkSaNika vizeSatAeM svataMtra rUpa se 10vIM 12vIM zatI ke sAhityika granthoM meM milatI haiN| 24 yakSiNiyoM kI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa lokamaMgala kI bhAvanA se prerita dikhAI detA hai| devakoTi meM yakSiNiyoM ko sammilita karane ke kAraNa inakI mUrtiyoM kI bhavyatA atyanta AkarSaka dikhAI detI hai| ___ yakSiyoM ke sabase prAcIna ullekha hameM vAlmIki ke rAmAyaNa meM milatA hai| jisameM vAlmIki jI ne eka azvamukhI yakSI ko parikalpanA kI hai| eka svapna meM bharata ne dekhA ki kAle lohe kI caukI para mahArAjA dazaratha baiThe haiM unhoMne kAlA vastra pahanA hai aura kAle evaM piMgala varNa kI striyA~ unake Upara prahAra karatI haiM

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132 -saMskRti zramaNa pIThe kASrNAyase caiva niSaNNaM kRSNavAsasam / praharanti sma rAjAnaM pramadAH kRSNapigalAH / / ' isI prakAra eka anya svapna meM bharata ne dekhA ki eka lAla vastra pahane vikarAla mukha vAlI rAkSasI mahArAja ko ha~satI huI khIcakara lie jA rahI thI yathA raktavAsinI / prahasantIva rAjAnaM pramadA prakarSantI mayA dRSTA rAkSasI vikRtAnanA / / isI prakAra rAmAyaNa meM ayomukhI kA nAma AyA hai jo apane ko lakSmaNa kI patnI batAtI hai| pAli jAtaka kathAoM meM bhI azvamukhI yakSI ke sandarbha eka kahAnI ke rUpa meM milatI hai jisakI kokha se bodhisattva kA janma huA thaa| isa jAtaka ko vidvAna azvamukhI jAtaka bhI kahate haiN| zrIlaMkA ke pAli grantha mahAvaMza se bhI azvamukhI yakSI ke ullekha milate haiN| apane mAmA gaNoM se saMgharSa ke samaya zrIlaMkA ke rAjakumAra pANDukAbhaya ko cetiyA nAma kI zveta aMga evaM lAla paira kI eka azvamukhI milI thI jinake sahayoga se pANDukAbhaya ko apanA rAjya vApasa mila gayA thA isameM isa yakSI kA sambandha eka rAjapuruSa ke sAtha dikhalAyA gayA hai| azvamukhI yakSI jAtaka kathAgata zilpAMkana sAMcI, bhAjA, bodhagayA, mathurA, paTanA Adi kI utkIrNa prastara kalA meM pAyA gayA hai| sAMcI zilpa meM eka puruSa aura eka azvamukhI ke mithuna ke do aMkana mile haiN| eka aMkana stUpa naM0 - 2 ke eka vedikA stambha (kramAMka 86) ke kendrIya cakraphalaka meM khude mile haiN| isameM eka azvamukhI apanI goda meM eka mAnava puruSa ko le jAtI huI aMkita hai / " sAMcI zilpa kA dUsarA aMkana stUpa saM0 3 ke eka mAtra toraNa kI nicalI bar3erI para utkIrNa hai isa dRzya meM eka zilAtala para Amane sAmane baiThe hue eka puruSa aura eka azvamukhI yakSI ko ukerA gayA hai isameM bana kA vAtAvaraNa upasthita kiyA gayA hai|' I0 san kI dUsarI zatI meM bharahuta evaM sAcI ke yakSiNI kA anukaraNa

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jaina dharma meM yakSiNiyA~ amarAvatI kalA meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| yakSiNI viSaya vAsanA se pUrNa kAmAtura ke rUpa meM dikhalAI gayI hai| amarAvatI ke kalAkAroM kA dhyAna mAnava AkRti para atyadhika dikhalAI par3atA hai| bihAra prAnta ke causA nAmaka sthAna se kAMse ke dharmacakra ke mU~Tha ke sAtha hI do yakSiNiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ milI haiN| dhyAtavya hai ki yaha mUrti sAMcI toraNa kI yakSiNI se milatI haiM / " gupta kAla meM jaina mUrtiyoM meM yakSa yakSiNiyoM kI mUrtiyoM ko paryApta mahatva diyA gayA hai| gupta kAlIna jaina mUrtiyAM sundaratA tathA kalAtmaka dRSTi se uttama samajhI gayI haiN| guptayuga kI mUrtiyoM meM 'adhovastra' tathA 'zrIvatsa' do pramukha vizeSatAeM dikhalAI par3atI haiN|" jaina mata meM yaha vizvAsa hai ki indra ne pratyeka tIrthaMkara kI sevA ke lie yakSa tathA yakSiNI ko niyukta kiyA hai| jaina dharmAvalambI yakSiNiyoM ko tIrthaMkara kI sahAyaka devI yA zAsana devI mAnate haiN|" yakSiyoM kI lAkSaNika vizeSatAeM evaM unake nAmoM kI sUcI aparAjitapRcchA jaise granthoM meM milate haiN| inake nAmoM kI sUcI meM kiMcita antara devatAmUrtiprakaraNa evaM rUpamaNDana jaise granthoM meM dikhalAI par3ate haiM / aparAjitapRcchA se prApta sUcI digambara sampradAya se tathA rUpamaNDana evaM devatAmUrtiprakaraNa kI sUcI zvetAmbara sampradAya kI yakSiyoM kI sUcI se milatI haiM / yakSiyoM ke nAmoM ke kiMcita antara nimna sAraNI se samajhA jA sakatA hai 12 krama tIrthaMkara 1. RSabhanAtha 2. ajitanAtha 3. sambhavanAtha 4. abhinandana 5. sumatinAtha 6. padmaprabha 7. supArzvanAtha 8. candraprabha apArAjitapRcchA cakrezvarI rohiNI prajJA bajra zrRMkhalA naradattA manovegA kAlikA jvAlAmAlinI 133 rUpamaNDana devatAmUrtiprakaraNa cakrezvarI ajitabalA duritArI kAlikA mahAkAlI zyAmA zAntA bhRkuTi cakrezvarI ajitabalA duritArI kAlikA mahAkAlI zyAmA zAntA bhRkuTi

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134 9. suvidhinAtha yA puSpadaMta 10. zItalanAtha 11 zreyAMzanAtha 12. vAsupUjya 13. vimalanAtha 14. anantanAtha 15. dharmanAtha 16. kuthunAtha 17. aranAtha 18. mallinAtha 19. munisuvrata 20. naminAtha 21. neminAtha yA ariSTanemi 22. pArzvanAtha 23. mahAvIra mahAkAlI mAnavI gaurI gAndhArI virATA anantamatI mAnasI jayA vijayA aparAjitA bahurupA cAmuNDA ambikA padmAvatI siddhayikA sutArIkA azokA mAnavI caNDI viditA aMkuzI kandarpa dhAraNI dharaNApriyA nadarAktA gAndharva ambikA zramaNa-saMskRti sutArAkA azokA mAnavI caNDI viditA aMkuzI kandarpI balA dhAraNI dharaNApriyA naradattA gAndhArI amvikA padmAvatI padmAvatI siddhAyikA siddhAyikA yakSiyoM kI lAkSaNika vizeSatAeM 10vIM 12vIM zatI I0 ke madhya nirdhArita huI jinake ullekha nirvANakalikA, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, pratiSThAsArasaMgraha evaM pratiSThAsAroddhAra, aparAjitapRcchA jaise zAstrIya granthoM meM hai| harivaMzapurANa (783 I0) meM siMhavAhinI ambikA aura cakra dhAraNa karane vAlI apraticakrA yakSiyoM ke ullekha milate haiM / kucha yakSiyoM ke nAmollekha eka se adhika jinoM ke sAtha kie gae haiN| 3 bhRkuTi kA yakSa evaM yakSI donoM hI rUpoM meM ullekha milatA hai| 14 24 yakSiyoM kI sUcI meM adhikAMza ke nAma evaM unakI lAkSaNika vizeSatAeM brAhmaNa aura kucha udAharaNoM meM bauddha deva kula ke devoM se prabhAvita

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jaina dharma meM yakSiNiyA~ 135 pratIta hotI haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina dharma meM brAhmaNa devakula ke viSNu, ziva, brahmA, indra, skanda, kArtikeya, kAlI, gaurI, sarasvatI, cAmuNDA aura bauddha devakula kI tArA, vajrazrRMkhalA, vajratArA evaM vajrAkuMzI ke nAmoM aura unakI lAkSaNika vizeSatAoM ko grahaNa kara liyA gayA hai| jaina devakula para brAhmaNa aura bauddha devakuloM kA spaSTa prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| cakrezvarI, vijayA, nirvANI, tArA evaM vajrazrRMkhalA jaise kucha pramukha yakSaNiyoM para uparokta prabhAva dikhalAI par3atA hai| chaThI zatI I0 meM akoTA meM neminAtha ke ambikA yakSI ke nirUpaNa ke bAda pArzvanAtha ke padmAvatI yakSI kI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| lagabhaga 10vIM zatI I0 meM anya yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyoM kA bhI nirmANa kiyA jAne lgaa| lagabhaga chaThI zatI I0 meM jina mUrtiyoM kI pIThikA para aura navIM zatI I0 meM svatantra mUrtiyoM ke rUpa meM yakSiNiyoM kI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAne lgaa| lagabhaga 10vIM zatI I0 se RSabhanAtha, zAntinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra ke sAtha sarvAnubhUti evaM ambikA ke sthAna para svataMtra lakSaNoM vAle yakSa yakSI yugaloM kA nirUpaNa Arambha huaa| isake mukhya udAharaNa devagar3ha, gyArasapura, mathurA, khajurAho evaM rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU meM dekhane ko milate haiN| svataMtra aMkanoM meM pakSiNiyAM yakSI mUrtiyoM kI tulanA meM kahIM adhika lokapriya lagatI haiN| 24 yakSiyoM ke sAmUhika aMkana ke tIna udAharaNa dekhane ko milate haiN| pahalA udAharaNa devagar3ha mandira 12, 862 I0 se dekhane ko milatA hai| yahA~ se prApta 24 yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyoM meM tribhaMga meM khar3I yakSiyoM ke nAma bhI utkIrNa kiye gaye haiN| devagar3ha ke udAharaNa meM ambikA ke atirikta anya kisI yakSI ke nirUpaNa meM jaina zAstroM meM ullikhita nirdezoM kA pAlana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| devagar3ha samUha kI yakSiNayoM ke do udAharaNoM meM sarasvatA aura mayUravAhinI nAmoM vAlI yakSiyAM bhI ukerI gayI haiN| devagar3ha se prApta yakSiyoM ke udAharaNa meM pratyeka jina ke sAtha eka yakSI kI kalpanA kI gayI hai parantu ambikA ke atirikta anya kisI bhI yakSI kI svataMtra lAkSaNika

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zramaNa-saMskRti vizeSatAeM nizcita na hone ke kAraNa yakSiNiyoM ke nirUpaNa meM mahAvidyAoM evaM sarasvatI ke lAkSaNika svarUpoM kA hI anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai| 7 136 dUsarA udAharaNa patiyAnadAI mandira (satanA, ma0 pra0) kI ambikA mUrti se milatI hai yaha mUrti lagabhaga 11vIM zatI I0 kI pratIta hotI hai / isameM 23 yakSiNiyoM kI caturbhuja AkRtiyAM atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiN| svataMtra lakSaNoM vAlI ina yakSiyoM ke sAtha inake nAma bhI utkIrNa kiye gaye haiM / yahA~ se prApta yakSiNiyoM ke nAmoM aura lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para vidvAna inakA samIkaraNa digambara paramparA ke sAtha karate haiM / " 24 yakSiyoM ke sAmUhika aMkana kA tIsarA udAharaNa bArabhujI guphA (khaNDagiri, ur3IsA) se prApta hotA hai isako 11vIM 12vIM zatI I0 kA mAnA jAtA hai yahA~ bhI sambandhita jinoM ke sAtha unakI yakSiyoM kI kalpanA kI gayI hai parantu unake nAma aMkita nahIM milte| dhyAtavya hai ki yahA~ se prApta 24 yakSiNiyoM meM kevala cakrezvarI, ambikA evaM padmAvatI ke nirUpaNa meM hI zAstrIya paramparA kA aMzataH pAlana kiyA gayA hai| kucha yakSiNiyoM jaise cakrezvarI, ajitA, jvAlAmAlinI, padmAvatI kI do se 20 bhujAoM vAlI mUrtiyAM prApta huI haiM jo hindU dharma kI durgA, kAlI Adi mUrtiyoM ke sadRza dikhAI detI haiM / " gorakhapura janapada aura usake Asa pAsa zrI kRSNAnanda tripAThI ko TUTe sira vAlI aneka yakSa yakSI pratimA milI haiN| kosala ke kapilavastu, zrAvastI, sAketa aura vArANasI meM yakSa yakSI pUjA ke aneka ullekha milate haiM / yakSa yakSiNiyoM kI pUjA bastI, khalIlAbAda ke lahurAdevA jaise sthaloM para pracalita dikhAI detI haiN| ullekhanIya hai ki bastI jile kI sImA makhavAr3a yA yakSasthalI kahalAtI hai jahA~ rAjA dazaratha ne putrakAmeSTi yajJa kiyA thaa| yaha manoramA ke taTa para sthita hai manoramA nadI kA prAcIna nAma hai jo sarayU meM mila jAtI hai / yahA~ zrRMgI RSi kA zrRMgI nArI sthala bhI hai| makhaur3A arthAt kAmeSTi yajJa sthala jahA~ rAmAyaNa ke anusAra tInoM rAniyoM ne putrecchA se phala khAyA thaa| Aja bhI caitra pUrNimA para yahA~ yajJa sampanna hotA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki yaha sthala sarayU nadI ke

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jaina dharma meM yakSiNiyA~ 137 samIpa sthita hai| isa kSetra meM prAcIna kAla se indramaha, brahmamaha aura yakSamaha kI paramparA vidyamAna rahI haiN| uparyukta tathya se yaha bAta spaSTa hotI hai ki pUrvI uttara pradeza meM atyanta prAcIna kAla se kuladevatA evaM kuladeviyoM kI pUjA loka kalyANa kI bhAvanA se kI jAtI hai| saMdarbha 1. rAmAyaNa 2/69/14, dra0 zrImadavAlmIkIya rAmAyaNa gItA presa, gorakhapura, dvitIya saM0 2024 2. vahI, 2/69/16 3. vahI, 3/69/15 4. pAlijAtaka saM0 432, dra0 sara jAna mArzala: mAnyUmeNTsa oNva sAMcI khaNDa eka, landana, 1940, pR0 151 5. mahAvaMza, 10/53/61 (mahAvaMza anu0 bhadanta Ananda kausalAyana, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga saM0 2014, pR0 53-55) 6. dra0 DaoN0 e0 ela0 zrIvAstava: bhAratIya kalA sampadA 2001, ilAhAbAda. pR. 121-122, 233, citra saM0 121 7. vahI, pR0 233, citra saM0 120 8. dra0 DaoN0 vAsudeva upAdhyAya : prAcIna bhAratIya mUrti vijJAna, 1982, caukhambA vidyA bhavana, vArANasI, pR0 35 9. vahI, pR0 134 10. vahI, pR0 170 11. harivaMza purANa, 66, 43-44, dra0 bI0 sI0 bhaTTAcAryaH dI jaina oNikanogrAphI, 1939, lAhaura, pR0 92 12. Ara0 esa0 gupte : oNikanogrAphI oNpha hindu bauddhistha aiNDa jainaH 1972, mumI, pR0 177-178 13. naradattA, mAnavI, acchuptA yakSiyoM ke nAmoullekha eka se adhika jinoM ke sAtha kiye gaye haiM, dra0 DaoN0 mArutinandana tivArI, DaoN0 kamalagirI: madhyakAlIna bhAratIya pratimA lakSaNa, 1997, vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana, vArANasI, pR0 269 14. vahI, pR0 269 15. vahI, pR0 269-270 16. vahI, pR0 270

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138 zramaNa-saMskRti 17. vahI, pR0 270-271; dra0 DaoN0 mArutinandana tivArI : jaina pratimA vijJAna, 1981, pArzvanAtha, vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, pR0 160-161 18. vahI, pR0 161 19. DaoN0 mArutinandana tivArI evaM DaoN0 kamala giriH pUrvokta, pR0 271 20. dra0 DaoN0 rekhA caturvedI : zabda saMskRti aura vicAra, 2008, ilAhAbAda, pR0 333-334 21. DaoN0 mArutinandana tivArI, pUrvokta, pR0 160 22. dra0 DaoN0 nIlakaNTha puruSottama jozI: prAcIna bhAratIya, mUrti vijJAna, 2000, paTanA, pR0 180-181

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20 bauddha sAhitya meM saMgIta azvina kumAra siMha bhArata meM saMgIta kA vikAsa dharmanirapekSa manovinoda ke sAdhana rUpa meM huA hai| phira bhI saMgIta dharma kI mUla kI ukti hai / sAMgItika svara nAda athavA brahma kI vAstavika abhivyakti karate haiN| isake dvArA dhArmika ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai| yajJa rUpa meM saMgIta svayaM dhArmika pUjA hai| mAnava zarIra meM IzvarIya jyoti parama sukha aura AnaMda se paripUrNa nistabdhatA kA koSa hai yogI jana yogAbhyAsa ke dvArA una daivI kuNDaliyoM ke jJAna se mokSa tathA jIvanoddhAra prApta karate haiN| jaba mastiSka aura buddhi navIna racanA ke lie eka ho jAte haiN| tabhI anAhata nAda kI utpatti hotI hai| saMgIta zikSA mAnava ko mAnava se jor3atI hai| saMgIta kI bhAvAtmaka ekatA eka samAja se dUsare samAja ko jor3atI hai| jor3ane kI zakti saMgIta kI madhura dhvani meM hai| saMgIta kI dhvaniyAM prANi mAtra ke svarUpa ko bhAvAtmakatA pradAna karane meM sakSama haiN| mAnava vyaktitva meM mana kI bhUmikA atyaMta hI mahatvapUrNa haiM kyoMki mana mAnava ke kriyA-kalApoM ko prabhAvita karatA hai| saMgIta zAstra sAmaveda kA upaveda mAnA jAtA hai; phalataH veda ke sAtha isakA sAkSAt saMbaMdha dekhA jAtA hai| prAcIna Arya RSi saMgIta ko mAnava mastiSka ko zAMti pradAna karane vAlA mAnate haiN| saMgIta prema, kalA, karuNA, dayA aura udAratA kA bhAva utpanna karane kA sAdhana hai| hamAre vaidika RSi saMgIta ko mAnava kI AtmA aura mAnava zarIra ko eka sAMgItika vAdya mAnate haiN| sAMgItika svara mAnavIya durbalatAoM se mAnava ko mukti dilAte haiN| ataH

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140 zramaNa-saMskRti prAgaitihAsika kAla se hI kisI na kisI rUpa meM mAnava saMgIta kA upayoga bhautika mAnasika aura manovaijJAnika durbalatAoM se mukti pAne hetu karatA AyA hai| sarva prathama hameM saMgIta kI utpatti ke viSaya meM jAnanA Avazyaka hai| saMgIta kI utpatti ke siddhAMtoM ko samajhane yA jAnane se pUrva sRSTi kI utpatti ke siddhAMtoM ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| kyoMki ina donoM kI utpatti ke siddhAMtoM meM gaharA saMbaMdha hai ataH sarvaprathama sRSTi kI utpatti ke tatvoM para vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| sRSTi kI utpatti ke saMbaMdha meM Aja jitane mata pracalita hai unheM pramukha rUpa se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vicAra dhArA kI dRSTi se unako Astika mata aura vikAsavAdI mata kaha sakate haiN| Astika matAnusAra sRSTi Izvara kI racanA hai aura vikAsavAdI mata meM jar3a prakRti kA Akasmika saMyoga saMsAra kI utpatti kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai| saMgIta kI utpatti kaba aura kaise huI, isa saMbaMdha meM Aja jitane mata matAntara pracalita haiM una para pramukha rUpa se ina do vicAra dhArAoM kA prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| ___Astika mata kA prabala samarthaka bhAratIya vicAradhArA hai| isakA pramukha zrota vaidika sAhitya hai| vaidika sAhitya para AdhArita siddhAMtoM ke AdhAra para hI, bhAratIya saMgIta zAstroM meM saMgItotpatti kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| yaha varNana itanA spaSTa vyApaka aura sArthaka hai ki usake aMtargata vikAsavAdI mata ke pramukha siddhAMta 'kramika vikAsa' kA bhI tarka saMgata rUpa meM samAveza ho jAtA vaidika matAnusAra sRSTi racayitA parabrahma paramezvara kI icchA rUpI mAyAzakti ko preraNA se saMsAra kI utpatti huI hai| saMsAra kI choTI se choTI vastu kA bhI jaba koI nirmAtA avazya hai taba isa vizAla sRSTi kA nirmAtA jisameM niyama se rAta dina, Rtu-parivartana, janma-maraNa, sukha-duHkha kI aviraladhArA pravAhita hotI huI dikhatI hai - kisI kA honA tarka saMgata hI pratIta hotA hai| bhAratIya prAcIna saMgIta ke viSaya meM san 1622 I0 meM paMjAba meM mohana jo dar3o aura har3appA meM khudAI huI hai, usameM jo mUrtiyAM prApta huI haiM, unake dvArA

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141 bauddha sAhitya meM saMgIta sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA kA patA calatA hai| purAtatvavettAoM tathA itihAsakAroM kI sammati se ye vastueM IsA se 4500 se 5000 varSa pUrva kI hai| __sabase pahale san 1622 I0 meM zrI rAdhAkRSNa banarjI ne siMdhu ke nIce kI ora larakAnA se lagabhaga paccIsa mIla dakSiNa meM purAne parvata ke eka khaMDahara ko khojaa| phira sara rjAna mArzala, zrI nainogopAla majUmadAra, rAyabahAdura dayArAma zAhanI, aranesTa maike (Earnest Mackay), rAyabahAdura rAmaprasAda caMdra, rAyabahAdura ke0 ena0 dIkSita, zrI hvIlara ityAdi aneka vidvAnoM ne ina khaMDaharoM kI khudAI kraaii| isa khudAI meM jo aneka vastueM prApta huI unameM zrI zaMkara bhagavAna kI tAMDava nRtya karatI huI eka mUrti tathA kAMse kI banI nagna nArI kI eka mUrti, jisake eka hAtha meM bahuta-sI cUr3iyAM haiM aura jo nRtya kI mudrA meM hai, upalabdha huI hai| inake atirikta aneka aise citra bhI mile haiM, jinameM nRtya ke utkRSTa namUne bhI prastuta kiye gaye haiN| una khaMDaharoM kI dIvAroM para sAMgItika citra bhI mile haiN| IsA ke 563 varSa pUrva bhagavAna buddha kA janma huA thaa| isa kAla ke saMgIta meM jIvana huA thaa| isa kAla ke saMgIta meM jIvana kI vyApakatA kA samAveza adhika ho gayA ataH vahI saMgItajJa saphala samajhA jAtA thA jo ki apane saMgIta pradarzana se mAnava ko samasta vikAroM se Upara uThA sake bhagavAna buddha ke saMpUrNa siddhAMtoM ko gItoM kI lar3iyoM meM piro diyA gayA thA jisakA suMdara DhaMga se gAyana karake gAMva-gAMva aura nagara-nagara kI supta janatA ko jAgaraNa ke bhavya ratha para lAyA gyaa| isa kAla meM vINA para hI gAyana hotA thaa| zAstrIya saMgIta apane pUrNa yauvana para thaa| vAstava meM yaha yuga prakAzapUrNa saMgIta kA thaa| saMgIta para jo vAsanA kI dhundha chAI huI thI vaha vinaSTa ho gaI thii| isa yuga meM saMgIta para kucha suMdara graMtha bhI likhe gae the| buddha ke bhAvI zvasura ne vivAha se pUrva yaha zarta rakhI thI ki apanI kalA sampanna putrI ke lie usake bhAvI vara ko saMgItAdi kalAoM meM nipuNa siddha karanA hogaa| pitRputra-samAgama kathA meM ullekha hai ki buddha ke janmotsava para pAMca sau vAdyoM kA vRMdavAdana huA thaa| nartakiyoM aura gaNikAoM kA saMgItajJoM ke rUpa meM vizeSa sammAna thaa| bauddha vihAroM meM ArAdhanA ke lie niyukta

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zramaNa-saMskRti kalAkAroM ko zAsana kI ora se dravya diyA jAtA thaa| ina kalAkAroM para zAsana kA pUrNa niyaMtraNa rahatA thA / jAtaka kAla arthAt inhIM dinoM meM vINA vAdakoM kI pratiyogitAeM bhI huA karatI thI, jisameM vijetA ko puraskAra tathA rAjAzraya prApta hotA thaa| nAlaMdA vikramazilA tathA odantapurI jaise vizvavidyAlayoM meM bhI gAMdharva kA svataMtra nikAya (phaikalTI) thA / inake adhiSThAtAoM ke rUpa meM bhArata vikhyAta saMgItajJoM kI niyukti kI jAtI thI sampanna parivAroM meM bAlaka-bAlikAoM kI saMgIta-zikSA para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thA / (saMgIta vizArada ) 142 isa kAla meM zAstrIya saMgIta kA vikAsa mahAbhAratakAla se adhika huA isI kAla ke samIpa (arthAt 566 I0 pU0 ) bhagavAna buddha kA janmakAla mAnA jAtA hai| isa kAla kA bauddhika sAhitya, jo ki 'jAtaka', 'piTaka' aura 'avadAna' ke rUpa meM prApta hai, hameM isa kAla sthiti kA jJAna karAtA hai inameM jAtaka kA abhiprAya eka vizeSa zIrSakavAlI kahAnI se hotA hai, jisameM bodhisatva ke jIvana-saMbaMdhI kisI ghaTanA kA varNana ho / 'piTaka' (arthAt piTArI) buddha vacanoM ke saMgraha kA nAma aura 'avadAna' meM bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke pUrva - -janma kI kathAeM haiN| inake atirikta 'theragAthA' meM bhikSuoM ke lie aura 'therIgAthA' meM bhikSuNiyoM ke lie upadeza haiN| ye gAthAeM bhikSu evaM bhikSuNiyoM dvArA gAI jAtI thI / 'theragAthA' meM 107 padya aura 1279 gAthAeM haiN| 'matjAtaka' meM 'medhagIti' kA aura 'guptila jAtaka' meM gandharva guptilakumAra ko saptataMtrI vINA ke vAdana meM kuzala batAyA gayA hai| bhagavAna buddha svayaM eka uttama saMgItajJa the / unhoMne eka sthAna para jo kahA hai, usakA bhAva hai ki 'jIvana agni ke usa sphuliMga kI bhAMti hai jo do kASThoM ke mardana karane se utpanna hotA hai / athavA jo vINA ke dhvani kI taraha utpanna hotA hai aura phira vilIna ho jAtA hai / ata: vidvAnoM kI jIvana ke prati yaha jAnane kI utkaMThA ki vaha vahA~ se AtA hai aura kahA~ jAtA hai, jAnane kA prayAsa vyartha hai / " isa kAla ke saMgIta meM jIvana kI vyApakatA kA samAveza adhika ho gayA thaa| aba vahI saMgItajJa saphala samajhA jAtA thA jo ki apane saMgIta pradarzana se mAnava ko samasta vikAroM se Upara uThA ske| bhagavAna buddha ke saMpUrNa

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143 bauddha sAhitya meM saMgIta siddhAMtoM ko gItoM kI lar3iyoM meM piro diyA gayA thaa| (bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa) isI saMdarbha meM saMgIta ko bhArata bhUmi meM dharma upAsanA bhakti se bhI hama avicchinna rUpa se jur3A huA pAte haiN| jahA~ hama prAcIna upAsanA meM vaidika aura tAntrika do mukhya prakAra pAte haiM vahIM hama vartamAna saMdarbha meM vaidika, tAntrika athavA Agama-nigama ke sAtha hI bauddha paraMparA kA samAveza bhI pAte haiN| bauddha paraMparA kI sAMgItika paraMparA ne na kevala bhAratIya saMgIta ko prabhAvita kiyA balki isa deza ke sAtha anya dezoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA hai| kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMgIta mAnavIya kriyA-kalApoM tathA kramika vikAsa meM eka vizeSaka rUpa meM kAma karatA hai| yahI isakI aitihAsika bhUmikA hai| jaise ki ina Hisclailfsen forefront 'The historical role of music as an adjunct to other human activities and its gradual emergence as an activity in its own right will be observed, along with the forms through which it found expression. Attention will be directed to the situation of music in the world today.' saMdarbha 1. dekhie, bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa (do bhAgoM meM) rAma avatAra vIra, rAdhA pablikezansa 4378/4 bI galI murArI lAla ansArI roDa, dariyAgaMja, naI dillI - 110002 prakAzana varSa 19961 2. 'cipsa phrAsa e jarmana varka zApa' - avasaNa pRSTha 217, maiksmuulr| 3. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, volume - 12, p. 662, Encyclopadia Britannica, Inc. William Benton, publication Publisher, 1948-1973 Helen Hemingway Benton; Publisher.

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21 saMgIta kalA ko samRddha karane meM jainadharma kA yogadAna aravinda kumAra jainadharma se bhAratIya saMskRti gauravAnvita huI hai / isa dharma ke kAraNa hI ahiMsA kA siddhAMta bhAratIya jIvana kA eka sajIva aMga banA / isa dharma ke prabhAva se bhAratIyoM ko naitika evaM sadAcAramaya jIvana vyatIta karane ke lie eka balavatI preraNA milii| bhAratIya saMskRti ke vibhinna kSetra jaise dharma, darzana, sAhitya, samAja, nIti, kalA Adi para isa dharma kA prabhAva spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai| bhAratIya kalA ko vikasita evaM samRddha karane meM jainiyoM kA yogadAna mahatvapUrNa haiM / hastalikhita graMthoM para sunahale tathA anya camakIle raMgoM ke khIMce gaye citra citrakalA ke sundara namUne haiN| ur3IsA, gujarAta, rAjasthAna Adi meM aneka jaina maMdira nirmita haiN| jaise maMdira nirmANa kalA ke sAtha mUrti nirmANa kalA kA vikasita rUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai | zravaNabelagola (maisUra) aura bar3avAnI (madhyapradeza) meM vizAla jaina pratimA mUrtikalA ke utkRSTa namUne haiN| udayAgirI tathA khaMDagiri (ur3IsA) ke prAcIna jaina guphA ke staMbhoM kA UparI bhAga vizeSa rUpa se AkarSaka hai| inameM jaina sthApatya kalA kA sarvotkRSTa rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai|' jainiyoM ke prAcIna granthoM meM saMgIta saMbaMdhI pracura vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| jina jaina granthoM meM saMgIta saMbaMdhI pracura vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| jina jaina granthoM meM saMgIta saMbaMdhI sAmAgrI upalabdha haiM / ve nimnalikhita haiM- sthAnAMga sUtra

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saMgIta kalA ko samRddha karane meM jainadharma kA yogadAna 145 (thAnAMgayukta), rAyapaseNayasuta, vasudevAhiMDI, AyAra, sUyagaDaMga nisIha, aNuogadAra, kampa, jIvAjIvAbhigama, aMgavijjA / ye upayukta grantha I0 pU0 600 zatI ke lekara lagabhaga 500 I0 zatI taka ke haiM / 1 sthAnAMga sUtra (thAnAMgayukta) tathA aNuogadAra ( anuyogadvArasuta) sAMgItika dRSTi se vizeSa avalokanIya hai| anuyogadvArasuta (lagabhaga I0 1 ) meM svara, gIta, vAdya, mUrcchanA Adi gAndharva ke viSayoM kA sUtrabaddha vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| jaina siddhAMta granthoM meM prAcIna lalita kalAoM ke aMtargata 72 arthAt 64 kalAoM kI gaNanA pAI jAtI hai / gandhavba arthAt gAndharva kA antarbhAva inhIM sippoM arthAt zilpoM meM kiyA jAtA thA / gandhavba ke aMtargata gIya arthAt geya, vaiya, arthAt vAdya, saragaya arthAt svarageya, naTTa arthAt nRta, pukkharageya arthAt tathA samatAla kA antarbhAva hai / rApaseNaiyasuta ke anusAra AcAryoM ke tIna varga the (1) kalAyarika arthAt kalAcArya, (2) sippAyarika arthAt zilpAcArya tathA, (3) dhammayariya arthAt dharmAcArya / guruzuzruSA tathA dhana dAna se vidyA grahaNa kI jA sakatI thI / thAnAMgasutta meM svaroM kI utpatti, saptasvaroM kA prANiyoM kI dhvani se saMbaMdha, grAma tathA mUrcchanAyeM (maGgI), gIta ke guNa-doSa ityAdi viSayoM kA vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| isa grantha ke anusAra gIta ko svarasama, layasama aura tAlasama honA cAhiye / isake atirikta gIta ko sAravat (artha se yukta) honA cAhiye, alaMkRta arthAt alaMkAroM se yukta, upanIta arthAt upasaMhArayukta, sopacAra arthAt mRdu aura sotprasabhita arthAt parimita akSaroM se yukta aura madhura honA cAhiye / isa grantha ke anusAra gAyaka ke chaH doSa arthAt ATha guNa haiM / gIta kA gAna nirdoSa tathA guNayukta hone ke lie nimna doSoM kA nirAkaraNa Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai- bhIta, druta, rahasya, uttAla, kAka svara tathA anunAsa / ' bhIta doSa vaha hai ki jisameM gAne ke samaya citta vikSipta ho, druta vaha hai ki jisameM gAyana ke aMtargata atyadhika tvarA ho arthAt jaldI laya meM gAnA, rahasya meM svaroM tathA zabdoM kA hrasva athavA laghu uccAraNa hotA hai, uttAla se tAtparya tAlahInatA se hai, kAka svara karkaza tathA azrAvya svara ke lie saMjJA hai tathA anunAsika se tAtparya hai svaroccAraNa meM nAsikA kA prayoga karanA /

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146 zramaNa-saMskRti suttakAra ne gAna ke ATha guNa batalAye hai - pUrNa, rattaM, alaMkiya, vatta, avighuTuM, madhuraM, sAma aura sukumaarN| pUrNa vaha hai ki jisameM svara kA uccAraNa unmukta kaMTha se kiyA jAe / rakta meM raMjakatA athavA rasAtmakatA vidyamAna hotI haiN| vividha svaroM kA paraspara gaThana alaMkRta ke lie kAraNa hotA hai| vattaM kA artha svara ora pada ke spaSTatA se arthAt svara tathA zabda kA sphuTa uccAraNa vyakta (vattaM) kahalAtA hai| Akroza se vihIna kintu uccaiH svara se gAyana avighuSTa (avighuTuM) kahalAtA hai| kokilA ke samAna madhurasvarayukta gAna madhura kahalAtA hai| veNu, svara tathA tAla sAmaMjasya sama kahalAtA hai| sukumAra vaha lAlitya guNa hai jo svara ke sAtha nitAMta tAdAtmya ke kAraNa hai| gIta ko madhura banAtA hai| suttakAra ke anusAra svaroM ke nAma isa prakAra diye gaye haiM - sajje risahe gandhAre majjhime paMcame sre| dhevate ceva NisAte sarA satta viaahiyaa|' arthAt sajja (SaDja), risaha (RSabha), gAMdhAra, majjhima (madhyama), paMcama, dhaivata aura NisAta (niSAd) ye sAta svara isameM vyAkhyAta (viAhiya) hai| svaroM ke utpanna hone ke sthAna ko isa grantha meM isa prakAra batAyA gayA hai - SaDja agraja hai, ura sthAna se RSabha udbhUta hotA hai| kaMTha se gAMdhAra, madhya se madhyama, nAsA se paMcama tathA daMtoSTha se dhaivata kA udbhava mAnA gayA hai| sajjaM tu aggaje Ae ureNa risabhaM srm| kaNThuggAeNa gandhAraM majjha jiAe majjhimam / / sAsAe paMcamaM bUyA daMtoTheNaya dhaivym| muddANeNayaNe sAyaM saraThANA viyaahiyaa|| isI prakAra kI paraMparA nAradIya zikSA tathA mataMga kI vRhaddezI meM pAI jAtI hai| yadyapi vibhinna svaroM ke utpatti-sthAna ke saMbaMdha meM aMtara pAyA jAtA hai| nArada ke anusAra SaDja kaMTha se utpanna hotA hai, RSabha zira se, gAndhAra AnunAsikya hai, ura ke madhyama svara kI utpatti hotI hai| paMcama ura zira aura kaMTha se utpanna hotA hai, lalATa se dhaivata aura kaMTha ityAdi kI saMdhiyoM se niSAda utpanna hotA hai|" svaroM kI tAratA kA nirdhAraNa pazu-pakSI kI dhvani se kI gaI hai, jaise

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saMgIta kalA ko samRddha karane meM jainadharma kA yogadAna 147 SaDja dhvani mayUra kI hai, RSabha kukkuTa (murgA), gAndhAra haMsa kI, madhyama gauoM kI, paMcama kokilA kI, dhaivata krauMca kI tathA niSAda sArasa pakSI kI dhvani hai| sajjaM ravaI mayUro kakumo risabhaM svrm| haMso Nadai gaMdhAraM majjhimaM tu gave lgaa|| aTTa kusabhasaMbhave kAle koilA paMcamaM srm| chaThaM ca sArasA kraucA NesAyaM sttrmgn|| svaroM kI tAratA kA pazu pakSI kI dhvani se nirdhAraNa karane kI yaha prakriyA saMgIta kI usa avasthA kA paricAyaka hai, jisa samaya koI sthira AdhAra svara nahIM thaa| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki yaha eka bahuta sthUla DhaMga thA, kintu yaha sarvathA heya nahIM thaa| suttakAra ne kisa svara ke sAdhanoM se kyA prApta hotA hai, isa para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| jaise SaDja ke sAdhanoM se ghana, gau, mitra aura putra kI prApti hotI hai| sAdhaka kA nAza nahIM hotA aura striyoM kA priya, banatA hai| RSabha ko sAdhane se aizvarya, senApati kA pada, dhana, vastra, alaMkAra Adi kI prApti hotI hai| isI prakAra gAndhAra ko sAdhane se hRdaya meM kalA jJAna hotA hai ityaadi| isake bAda tIna grAma, eka-eka grAma kI sAta-sAta mUrcchanAeM, unake nAma para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isameM tIna grAma aura usakI mUrcchanAoM kA nAma isa prakAra diyA gayA hai - sajjagAma (SaDjagrAma) kI nimnalikhita mUrcchanAeM batalAI gayI haiM - (1) maMgI, (2) koravvIyA, (3) hari, (4) rayataNI, (5) sArakaMtA, (6) sAraNI, (7) suddhsjjaa| majjhimagama, (madhyamagrAma) kI mUrcchanAeM isa prakAra kI gayI haiM - (1) uttaramaMdA, (2) rayaNI, (3) uttarA, (4) uttarAsamA, (5) AsokaMtA, (6) sovIrA, (7) abhiruuddhaa| gAndhAragrAma kI ye sAta mUrcchanAeM haiM - (1) NaMdI, (2) khuddimA, (3) pUrimA, (4) suddhagaMdhAra, (5) uttaragaMdhAra, (6) AyAma, (7) uttarAyatA / mUrcchanAoM ke nAma suttakAra ke apane mata kA anya kisI mata se diye haiM, yaha spaSTa nahIM hotA kyoMki bharata yA nArada ke mUrcchanAoM ke

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148 zramaNa-saMskRti nAmoM se mela nahIM karatA hai| isa grantha meM vAdya yaMtroM ke tatta (vINA), vitata (paTaha), dhana (kAMsyatAlAdi) aura bAMsurI Adi ko jhusira vAdya kahA gayA hai| jaina granthoM meM vAdyoM kI eka laMbI sUcI milatI hai jo anya granthoM meM upalabdha nahIM hai| saMskRta granthoM meM vAdya ke lie Atodya, tUra, tUrya, vAditra aura vAdya zabda milate haiN| jaina grantha adhikatara prAkRta meM hai| unameM 'Atodya' ke lie Aujja athavA Aojja zabda milatA hai| 'tUra' ke lie prAkRta meM bhI 'tUra' zabda hI milatA hai| tUrya' ke lie 'tujja' aura 'turiya' zabda milate haiN| 'vAdya' ke lie 'vajja' zabda milatA hai aura 'vAditra' ke lie 'vAitta / ' jaina vAGgamaya meM kaI granthoM meM vAdyoM kA nAma Ate haiM, kintu vAdyoM kI sabase laMbI sUcI 'rAyappaseNaijja' meM milatI haiN| yaha grantha pahalI IsavI zatI taka taiyAra ho gayA thaa|" isa grantha meM vAdyoM ke cAra prakAra isa prakAra batAye gaye haiM - tataM, vitataM, ghaNaM aura jhusir| anya granthoM meM jhusira ke sthAna para 'susura' zabda prayukta huA hai| saMskRta granthoM meM vAdyoM ke lie tat, avanaddha, dhana aura suSira' prakAra die hue haiM, unhIM ke jaina granthoM meM prAkRta nAma AyA hai| 'tata' donoM meM samAna rUpa se AyA hai| avanaddha' ke sthAna para jaina granthoM meM prAyaH 'vitata' zabda prayukta huA hai| kahIM-kahIM saMskRta granthoM meM bhI 'vitata' zabda avanaddha vAdya ke lie prayukta huA hai| 'ghaNa', 'ghana' zabda kA rUpAMtara hai| 'jhusira' athavA 'susura' 'suSira' zabda kA vikRta rUpa hai| vitata' ke sthAna para una granthoM meM kahIM-kahIM 'Atata' zabda bhI dekhane ko milatA hai| ___'rAyappaseNAijja' meM vAdyoM ke sUcI 18 vargoM meM dI gayI hai| isa vargoM meM kucha 63 vAdya haiN| pratyeka varga ke viSaya meM yaha.batalAyA gayA hai ki usa varga ke vAdyoM kA kisa prakAra prayoga hotA hai| anya jaina granthoM meM bhI vAdyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| tIsarI I0 zatI meM likhita dakSiNa meM 'tivAkaram' nAma kA eka jainakoza milatA hai| isameM dakSiNa bhArata ke prAcIna saMgIta para kucha sAmAgrI milatI hai| isameM do prakAroM ke rAgoM kA ullekha hai - pUrNa aura apUrNa / sAta svaroM ke rAge ko pUrNa tathA pAMca yA chaha svaroM ke rAga ko apUrNa kahA gayA hai| isa grantha meM 22 zrutiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai| sAta svaroM ke tamila nAma bhI diye

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saMgIta kalA ko samRddha karane meM jainadharma kA yogadAna 149 gaye haiN| dakSiNa bhArata kI saMgIta kI dazA ko samajhane ke lie yaha grantha anivArya haiM / " kucha jaina saMgItajJoM ne isa kalA para svataMtra grantha bhI likhe haiM, jaise sudhAkalaza ne saMgItopaniSatsAroddhAra, pArzvadeva ne 'saMgItasamayasAra' maNDana ne 'saMgItamaNDana' Adi / ina granthoM meM saMgIta ke samasta tatvoM kA vizada varNana kiyA gayA hai| saMgIta ke tatkAlIna svarUpa ko jAnane ke lie upayukta grantha bahuta upayogI haiN| isa granthoM meM Aye hue pAribhASika zabda vartamAna meM bhI pracalita haiN| 'saMgItopaniSatsAroddhAra' evaM 'saMgItasamayasAra' grantha vartamAna meM prakAzita ho cukA hai jabaki saMgIta maMDana grantha abhI taka aprakAzita hai| uparyukta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya saMgIta ko samRddhazAlI evaM vikasita karane meM jainiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa evaM ullekhanIya sthAna hai| saMdarbha 1. pAMDeya, DaoN0 rAjendra, bhArata kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, pR0 74-75 2. siMha, DaoN0 ThAkura jayadeva, bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa, pR0 246 3. parAMjape, DaoN0 zaraccandra zrIdhara, bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa, pR0 229 4. thAnAMgasutta, 9, 678, nAyAdhamma, 1, pR0 21, samavAyAMga, pR0 77, ovAiyA, 40, rAyapaseNaiyasutta 211 Adi / 5. tulanArtha dra0 bauddha grantha 'milindapanha / ' 6. parAMjape, DaoN0 zaraccandra zrIdhara, bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa, pR0 179 7. vahI, pR0 186 8. vahI, pR0 187 9. siMha, DaoN0 ThAkura jayadeva siMha, bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa, pR0 248 10. parAMjape, DaoN0 zaraccandra zrIdhara, bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa, pR0 185 11. nAradI zikSA ke anusAra - kaNThAduttiSThate SaDjaH zirasastvRSabhaH smRtaH / gAndhArastvanunAsikya uraso madhyamaH svaraH / / 1, 5, 6 / / urasaH zirasaH kaNThAdulyitaH paMcamaH svaraH / lAlATAddhaivataM vidyAnniSAdaM sarvasandhijam / 1, 5, 7 11 12. parAMjape, DaoN0 zaraccandra zrIdhara, bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa, pR0 186 13. zarmA, bhagavata zaraNa, bhAratIya itihAsa meM saMgIta, pR0 15 14. siMha, DaoN0 ThAkura jayadeva, bhAratIya itihAsa meM saMgIta kA itihAsa, pR0 248

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150 15. rAya, manmatha, prAcIna bhAratIya manoraMjana, pR0 110 16. siMha, DaoN0 ThAkura jayadeva, bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa, pR0 249 17. vahI, pR0 250 18. rAyappayeNaijja, pR0 54 19. nATayazAstra, 28veM adhyAya, zloka 1 20. AyAra, (dvi0 2, 5.391 ) 21. siMha, DaoN0 ThAkura jayadeva, bhAratIya saMgIta kA itihAsa, pR0 260 zramaNa-saMskRti

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22 bhAratIya samAjavAda ke pratiSThAtA jayaprakAza nArAyaNa sudhAkAra lAla zrIvAstava bhAratIya samAjavAda ke pratiSThAtA zrI jaya prakAza nArAyaNa apane vidyArthI jIvana se hI rASTrIya kAryakramoM meM sakriya the, unameM deza prema, svataMtratA samAnatA aura krAMti kI bhAvanA kUTa kUTa kara bharI hai| adhyayana ke lie amerikA pravAsa meM vaha mArksavAdI ho gaye, aura jIvana ke antima dinoM meM mArksavAda kA rAstA chor3akara sarvodayI gA~dhIvAdI ho gaye the, mArksavAdI se samAjavAda aura samAjavAda se sarvodayI gA~dhIvAdI taka kI lambI vicArayAtrA meM kaI mahattvapUrNa mor3a Aye aura jaya prakAza nArAyaNa ne apane vicAra parivartana kA AdhAra bhI spaSTa kiyaa| kAMgresa ke antargata vikasita ho rahe samAjavAdI dala ke saMgaThana meM unakA nirNAyaka yogadAna thA kintu vAstavika rUpa se bhArata meM vikasita ho rahe samAjavAdI bhAvanA ke ve janaka rahe haiM, samAjavAda ko bhAratIya saMdarbha meM dekhane aura use vyAvahArika rUpa meM utArane kA jo stutya prayAsa bhI nArAyaNa ne kiyA usakI mahattA ko nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| rAjanaitika jIvana meM praveza kAla se hI jaya prakAza nArAyaNa ke mana meM sAmantazAhI aura pU~jIzAhI kI samApti kA saMgharSa cala rahA thA, ve eka naye samAja kI kalpanA karate rahe jisameM garIba, zoSita majadUra aura pIr3ita varga kA utthAna ho| unakA kahanA thA ki sAmAjika nyAya, nirdhana aura nirAzavarga ko uThAkara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| mArksavAda ke adhyayana ne jaya prakAza nArAyaNa ko svAtantraya ke bRhata kSetra meM praviSTa karAyA thA isI samaya unhoMne anubhava

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152 zramaNa-saMskRti kiyA ki kevala rAjanItika svataMtratA hI paryApta nahIM hai| ataH saba prakAra se zoSaNa bhUkha aura nirdhanatA se mukti ke lie samAjavAdI samAja kI racanA kI sthApanA kA prayAsa kiyA kyoMki eka zramika, makainika, khetihAra, resTorenTa paikara, vikretA Adi ke rUpa meM jaya prakAza nArAyaNa ne mehanatakaza ke yathArtha jIvana meM utarakara sAmAjika viSamatA kA pratyakSa jJAna prApta kara liyA thaa| yadyapi pane amerikI pravAsakAla meM jaya prakAza nArAyaNa sAmyavAdI dala ke sadasya the aura lA phAleTa jaise pragatIzIla vicArakoM se prabhAvita the tathApi svadeza lauTane para sAmyavAdI lahara kI uphAna unheM kahIM aura bhaTakA nahIM skii| jaya prakAza nArAyaNa kI dRSTi rASTrIya Andolana aura rASTra ko samAjavAdI mAMga para hI kendrita rahI aura samAjavAdI vicAroM tathA gAMdhIvAdI nItiyoM ke prati niSThA tathA tyAga ke kAraNa lokapriya ho gye| amerikI se sAmyavAdI vicAradhArA se abhibhUta hokara bhArata Ane para bhAratIya sAmyavAdiyoM se bar3I ummIda kiye the, isa dRSTi se jaya prakAza nArAyaNa ko gA~dhI ke netRtva meM krAMnti kA abhAva dikhaa| ataH jaya prakAza ne gA~dhI ke kAryakramoM kI prazaMsA na kara use svataMtratA ke lakSya kI prApti meM asaphala prayoga ke rUpa meM dekhaa| jaya prakAza ke mAnasatala para vaijJAnika samAjavAda kI bhAvanA Andolita ho rahI thI, jisameM tatkAlIna antarASTrIya paridRSya kA bhI vyApaka prabhAva pdd'aa| phalataH jaya prakAza kI dRSTi meM vaijJAnika samAjavAda hI Age bar3hane kA eka mAtra mArga dikhaa| jaya prakAza ko eka tarapha kAMgresa ke kAryakramoM meM samAjavAdI tatva kA abhAva dRSTigocara ho rahA thA to dUsarI ora vizvavyApI Arthika mandI, vyApaka berojagArI tathA kArakhAnoM kI anavarata tAlAbandI bhI cintA kA kAraNa thaa| ___nairAzya evaM dhanIbhUta asaMtoSa meM garbhita jaya prakAza nArAyaNa kA samAjavAdI vicAra kAMgresa ke andara bhI pUrva se cala rahA thA aura vAmapaMthI vicAradhArA kA bIjarUpa kAMgresa ke antargata neharU aura subhASa ke dvArA aMkurita kiyA jA cukA thaa| kAMgresa ke antargata ye vAmapaMthI, kisAnoM aura majadUroM ke sIdhI kAryavAhI ke poSaka the|

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bhAratIya samAjavAda ke pratiSThAtA jayaprakAza nArAyaNa 153 yadyapi isa avadhi taka deza ke kaI bhAgoM meM samAjavAdI saMgaThana AkAra lene lagA thaa| 1933 meM banArasa meM kamalApati tripAThI, trapada bhaTTAcAryA aura sampUrNAnanda ne samAjavAdI dala kA saMgaThana banAyA thaa| karela aura dillI meM bhI isa taraha ke dala kA rUpa dikhane lagA thaa| jaya prakAza ke mAnasatala para svabhAvataH eka chApa rekhAMkita ho cukI thI ki 'AjAda deza kI rASTrItA pU~jIvAdI prasAra bhale hI bana jAya parantu gulAma deza kI rASTrIyatA eka krAMtikArI zakti hotI hai isa krAMtikArI zakti se dUra rahakara samAjavAda eka kadama bhI Age nahIM bar3hAyA jA sakatA hamArI kAMgresI zakti isI krAMtikArI zakti kA saMgaThita rUpa hai ataH isa krAMtikArI saMsthA se samparka rakhakara hI samAjavAdI janatA ke nikaTa pahu~ca sakatA hai| jaya prakAza jela meM hI samAjavAdI vicArakoM ke sAtha niyamita klAsa bhI lagAyA karate the antataH vicAra vimarza ke uparAnta cAra pramukha prazna ubharakara sAmane aaye| 1. gA~dhI ke netRtvapa ke prati asNtoss| 2. savinaya avajJA kI asphltaa| 3. varga vizleSaNa kI paddhati lAgU karane kI icchaa| 4. kRSaka majadUra se jur3a jAne kI aakaaNkssaa| jaya prakAza ke rAjanItika jIvana kA abhidhyena sAmAjika nyAya ke AdhAra zilA para samAja kI saMracanA rahA hai ve sAmAjika nyAya ke donoM pakSoM svataMtratA aura samAnatA kA adhyayana kiye aura jela se mukta hone para jaya prakAza ne anya sahayogiyoM ke sAtha milakara sakriya rUpa se isa saMgaThana ke lie prayAsa kiyA yadyapi neharU ne isa dala kA svAgata kiyA parantu sadasyatA ko inakAra kiyA thaa| kintu aneka vicAra vimarza ke pazcAt jaya prakAza nArAyaNa, narendra deva Adi ne isa kAMgresa ke zAkhA ke rUpa meM saMgaThita karane kA nizcaya kiyA tathA isa kAMgresa samAjavadI dala ke nAma se sthApita kiyaa| jaya prakAza nArAyaNa bhAratIya sAmyavAdiyoM se pUrNataH santuSTa nahIM the tathApi samAjavAdI kAryakrama calAne hetu sAmyavAdiyoM se unheM gaThabandhana karanA pdd'aa| apane samAjavadI saMkalpa tathA kAryakramoM ko sthApita karane ke lie unhoMne kAMgresa samAjavAdI

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154 zramaNa-saMskRti pArTI kI sthApanA 1934 meM kiyA jo zrI nArAyaNa kA isa dizA meM viziSTa yogadAna hai| kAMgresa samAjavAdI pArTI bAmapaMthI vurjavA varga kA pArTI thI, usake saMrayApakoM meM jaya prakAza nArAyaNa, narendra deva tathA azeka mehatA pramukha the| yadyapi isa avadhi taka deza ke kaI bhAgoM meM samAjavadI saMgaThana AkAra lene lagA thA, parantu isakA dezavyApI saMgaThana banAne kA prayAsa jaya prakAza nArAyaNa ne hI kiyA thaa| jaya prakAza nArAyaNa kA uddezya utpAdaka samUha ko samasta adhikAra kA hastantaraNa karanA tathA deza ke Arthika sAmAjika jIvana kA vikAsa karAnA thaa| ve cAhate the ki pramukha udyogoM jaise lauha, bastra, jUTa, rela, khAna, baika, Adi kA sAmAjIkaraNa ho, tathA utpAdana viniyama evaM vitaraNa hetu sahakArI samitiyoM kA saMgaThana aura unako protsAhana mile| videzI vyApAra para rAjya kA ekAdhikAra ho, rAjAoM aura jamIMdAroM kA anta, kisAnoM kI bhUmi kA punavibhAjana, vayaska matAdhikArI kA vyAvasAyika AdhAra para prayoga, rASTrIya Aya kI AvazyakatA ke anusAra vitaraNa, rAjya dvArA sahayoga mUlaka aura sahakArI khetI ke lie protsAhana Adi unakA uddezya thaa| jaya prakAza nArAyaNa kAMgresa sosalisTa pArTI ke sarvadA pramukha staMbha bane rhe| jaya prakAza ne kAMgresa sozalisTa sAptAhi patrikA bhI prakAzana aura saMcAlana kiyA isake alAvA je0pI0 ne antarrASTrIya rAjanIti zAstra ke stara kI lagabhaga 500 pustakoM kI tAlikA banAyI ina pustakoM meM mukhyataH mArksavAda majadUra saMgaThana krAMtidarzana, samAjazAstra, arthazAstra kI mahattvapUrNa pustakoM kA adhyayana karane kA Agraha kiyA isa sandarbha meM subhASa candra boSa ko patra likhe jisameM unhoMne sozalisTa buka klaba kI carcA kI aura subhASacandra bosa se isake saMsthApaka aura salAhakAra samiti ke sadasya banane kI rAya jAnane kA prayAsa kiyaa| kAMgresa samAjavAdI pArTI kA prathama adhivezana paTanA meM AcArya narendra deva kI adhyakSatA meM sattaraha maI 1934 ko huaa| isa adhivezana ke pratinidhiyoM ne kAMgresa samAjavAdI pArTI ke lakSyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue akhilabhAratIya

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155 bhAratIya samAjavAda ke pratiSThAtA jayaprakAza nArAyaNa kAMgresa ke kAryakrama tathA saMvidhAna kA masavidA taiyAra karane hetu eka samiti gaThita kI gayI aura jaya prakAza nArAyaNa isake mahAsaciva bne|" jaya prakAza nArAyaNa pUre utsAha ke sAtha eka prAnta se dUsare prAnta kA daurA karate hue kAMgresa samAjavAdI dala ke saMgaThana ke lie stutya prayAsa kiyaa| unhoMne samAja ko yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA ki mAtra svarAja se janatA kA samasyAoM se anta nahIM hogaa| jaba taka ki Arthika saMgaThanoM meM mUla bhUta parivartana nahIM lAyA jaataa| jaya prakAza nArAyaNa kA kahanA thA ki rAjanItika aura Arthika saMgaThana sAmAjika nyAya aura Arthika svataMtratA ke siddhAntoM para karanA cAhie isa saMgaThana ke phalasvarUpa jahA~ samAja ke pratyeka vyakti kI rASTrIya AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hogI vahI isakA uddezya kevala bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI tRpti hI na hogI balki yaha apekSA rakhI jAyegI ki isase kAraNa rASTra kA pratyeka vyakti svasthya jIvana bitA sake aura apanA naitika tathA bauddhika vikAsa kara ske| bar3e paimAne para sAmUhika rUpa se calane vAla sabhI udyoga dhandhoM ko isa taraha calAnA hogA ki unakA adhikAra aura Adhipatya vyaktiyoM ke hAtha se nikalakara samAja ke hAthoM meM A jaaye| zrI nArAyaNa ne gAMvoM ke jIvana ko punaH saMgaThita tathA svataMtra zAsika ikAI banAne evaM adhika se adhika svAvalambI banAne kA bhI prayatna kiyA, unakA kahanA thA ki hara kAztakAra ke pAsa utanI hI jamIna honI cAhie jisase vaha apane parivAra kA ucita rIti se bharaNa poSaNa kara ske| jaya prakAza nArAyaNa bhAratIya samAjavAdI Andolana ke lie nIva kI ITa the, ve bhArata meM sAmAjika saMracanA kI dRSTi se krAMtikArI kAryakramoM se vimukha nahIM honA cAhate the unakA abhiprAya sattA kA adhigrahaNa nahIM balki jana Andolana dvArA samAjavAdI bhArata kA nirmANa karanA tathA mAnavIya mUlyoM kA pratisthApana karanA thaa| inhIM lakSyoM se abhibhUta zrI nArAyaNa ne sAkhodevarA gAMva meM sarvodaya Azrama' kI sthApanA bhI kiyA thA jisameM svataMtratA samAnatA aura bandhutA kA bar3hAvA milaa| isake bAda bhUmidAna, grAmadAna, sampattidAna

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156 zramaNa-saMskRti aura phira jIvanadAna ke mAdhyama se Arthika sAmAjika rUpa se rASTra kA sudRr3ha karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| asaMtoSa evaM vidroha kI buhelikA meM bhaTavatI yuvA pIr3hI tathA rAjanItika Arthika evaM naitika avamUlyana kI sthiti meM rASTra ke lie mUlacUla krAMtikArI parivartana hetu samagra krAMti kA AhvAna bhI kiyaa| jisameM samAja meM anyAya zoSaNa Adi kA anta tathA naitika sAMskRtika evaM zaikSaNika krAMti kA lakSya rakhA, unakA kahanA thA ki samAja ke Arthika, DhAce ko sudRr3ha tathA Arthika vikAsa kA lakSya vyakti hI honA caahie| jaya prakAza nArAyaNa kA samAjavAda kisI videzI darzana se AyAtita nahIM balki bhAratIya saMdarbha kI upaja thI, unhoMne apane sunizcita lakSya ke lie apane mAnasaloka ko pUrNataH mukta rakhA aura jahA~ se bhI anukUla vicAra tatva athavA nayA prakAza dikhA to jaya prakAza nArAyaNa ne use svIkAra kiyA tadanusAra apanI vaicArika yAtrA meM bhI parivartana kiyA, ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki ve satya kA aisA AgrahI the jo rUr3hi kA anugAmI nahIM hotaa| yaha satya hai ki deza kI janatA meM vizeSa kara lagAtAra patanonmukha rAjanItika saMdarbha meM unake lie vizeSa sammAna thA, ApAtakAla ke bAda vaha eka masIhA kI taraha ubhara kara samAne Aye the| itanA nirvivAda hai ki vIsavIM zatAbdI ke netAoM meM mahAtmAgAMdhI ke bAda jaya prakAza nArAyaNa ko hI eka sAtha prazaMsA evaM AlocanA milatI rahI hai, mahAtmA gA~dhI kI taraha jaya prakAza nArAyaNa ne bhI koI pada nahIM sambhAlA, isIlie naitikatA aura tyAga ke mahAtulA para gA~dhI jaisA ve atulanIya rhe| sandarbha 1. sI0ena0 citaraMjana, esesiMga je0pI0-revAlyUzanarI oNpha esakepisTa 'menasTrIma' ___ aktUbara 20, 1979 pR07 2. vistRta adhyayana ke lie dekheM, havAI soziyolijma, jaya prakAza nArAyaNa banArasa Ala iNDiyA kAMgresa sozalisTa pArTI 1936 3. dI iNDiyana anuala rajisTara, bhAga 11 pR0 36 4. sampUrNAnanda, memorija Apha riphlekzana esiyA pablisiMga hAusa 1962, pR0 72 5. vahI, pUrvokta pR0 72

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bhAratIya samAjavAda ke pratiSThAtA jayaprakAza nArAyaNa 6. AcArya narendra deva, sozalijma eNDa dI nezanala revolyUzana bAmbe padmA pablikezana, 1946 To 25 7. rAmavRkSa benIpurI, jaya prakAza nArAyaNa pR0 91 8. prakAza zAstrI, bhArata meM samAjavAdI Andolana pR0 32 9. girijA zaMkara, sozalisTa eksaperImenTa ina iNDiyA eNDa jaya prakAza nArAyaNa (1929-48) dI kvATarralI rivyU Apha hiMsTorikala sTaDIja bhAga- 17, naM0 2 1977-78 pR0 63 10. sampUrNAnanda, memorija eNDa riphlekzana pR0 72 11. iNDiyana anuala rajisTara, bhAga-11934 pR0 340 157

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23 paryAvaraNIya upAdAna evaM gautama buddha (vartamAna se sambaddhatA ke vizeSa saMdarbha meM) oma jI upAdhyAya vastutaH paryAvaraNa eka Adhunika avadhAraNA hai jisakA tAtparya usa adhivAsIya vAtAvaraNa se hai, jahA~ para jaivika ghaTaka va ajaivika ghaTaka satat aMtarAkarSita hote haiN| manuSya ne, vizeSataH dvitIya vizvayuddha ke uparAnta pAristhitika niyamoM ke viparIta paryAvaraNIya upAdAnoM se padArtha va UrjA kA atyadhika dohana kiyA, jisake phalasvarUpa manuSya kI Ayu, kAryika kSamatA evaM khAdya upalabdhatA meM to vRddhi huI, kintu anya jIvoM para isakA pratikUla prabhAva par3A tathA pAristhitika asaMtulana kI samasyA utpanna ho gii| tApamAna-vRddhi, ojona chidra, amlIya varSA va grIna hAusa prabhAva Adi ke kAraNa sampUrNa jIvamaMDalIya paryAvaraNa taMtra tejI se asaMtulita ho rahA hai| aneka jIvoM kA vinAza ho rahA hai tathA aneka vinAza ke kagAra para khar3e haiN| ___ tAtkAlika lAbha ke lie vanoM kI aMdhAdhuMdha kaTAI ne paryAvaraNa-cakra ko asta-vyasta kara diyA hai, jisakA bhayAvaha pariNAma sUkhA, akAla, ativRSTi, bAr3ha, olAvRSTi, vaizvika tApana, dUSita vAyu va mRdA-kSaraNa ke rUpa meM sAmane AyA hai| vanoM ke vinAza ke kAraNa tIvra gati se jaivika vinAza bhI ho rahe hai| pahAr3oM para niraMtara kaTAI kA pariNAma bhU-skhalana, caTTAna khisakane evaM bAdala phaTane jaisI ghaTanAoM ke rUpa meM sAmane A rahA hai| aniyaMtrita audyogikIkaraNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa klorophloro kArbana, hAiDrophloro kArbana va mithAIla bromAIDa jaise tattvoM ke kAraNa sUrya kI parAbaiMganI

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paryAvaraNIya upAdAna evaM gautama buddha 159 kiraNoM ko avazoSita karane vAlI ojona parata meM chidra kI samasyA utpanna ho gayI hai| isa kAraNa, dakSiNI golArddha meM carma kaiMsara, cilI meM bher3oM kA aMdhApana, aMTArkaTikA meM plaiMkTana ghAsa ke astittva kI samApti tathA AsTreliyA meM pravAla jIvoM ke asAmayika vinAza jaise anekAneka paryAvaraNIya saMkaTa utpanna ho gaye haiN| isake atirikta vAyumaNDala meM kArbana DAI oNksAIDa kI mAtrA meM tIvra vRddhi ke kAraNa vaizvika tApana kI samasyA utpanna ho gaI hai| vaizvika tApana ke kAraNa hima kSetra kA pighalanA va samudrI jala stara meM niraMtara vRddhi jArI hai, jisase prazAMta mahAsAgara ke tuvAlU va kAraTareTa dvIpa DUba gaye haiM tathA anya aneka ke jalamagna hone kI AzaMkA hai| tApana ke kAraNa aneka sUkSma jIvoM va jIva-jantuoM ke vinAza se paryAvaraNIya jaiva-vividhatA khatare meM hai / sAtha hI vAyumaMDala meM hAnikAraka rAsAyanika tattvoM ke milane se amlIya varSA hotI hai, jisakA vanaspatiyoM va jIvoM para nakArAtmaka prabhAva par3atA hai| ina bhayAvaha sthitiyoM se paryAvaraNa kI saMrakSA ke lie vaizvika sahamati banAne va upAya nirdhArita karane hetu sTaoNkahoma, mAMTriyala, riyo-Di-jeneriyo, kyoTo va johAMsavarga meM sammelana Ayojita kiye gye| paryAvaraNa kI surakSA hetu nirvahanIya yA zAzvata vikAsa (Sustainable development) kI avadhAraNA bhI dI gii| isa vartamAna vikaTa paryAvaraNIya saMkaTa kI sthiti ke samAnAntara bauddha vAGmaya kA anuzIlana karane para hameM manuSya kA prakRti ke sAtha sahaja va svAbhAvika tAdAtmya dikhatA hai / buddhakAlIna jana kA paryAvaraNIya upAdAnoM ke sAtha prema, zraddhA, bhaya, sAhacarya va anyonyAzraya kA svAbhAvika sambandha thA / vyakti kA sampUrNa jIvana ina upAdAnoM ke sAtha hI aMtaH guMphita dikhatA hai| svayaM gautama buddha kA sampUrNa jIvana vRkSa, vana yA udyAna, nadI-taTa va parvatoM ke sAtha hI gu~thA sA dikhatA hai| aneka vanoM ke ullekha pAli - tripiTaka tathA usakI aTThakathAoM meM milate haiN| inameM aneka prAkRtika vana bhI the tathA aneka mRgodyAnoM va upavanoM ke rUpa meM bhI / gautama buddha kisI sthAna kI yAtrA karate samaya prAyaH usake samIpa kisI nadI - taTa para yA Amra, AmalakI yA siMsapA vana athavA araNya

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160 zramaNa-saMskRti meM hI nivAsa karate the| isa prakAra aneka vanoM, upavanoM, AmravanoM Adi ke vivaraNa pAli tripiTaka meM milate haiN| yathA-majjhima deza meM zrAvastI kA andhavana, sAketa kA kaNTakIvana va aMjanavana, kapilavastu va vaizAlI ke mahAvana, zAkya janapada ke lumbinI vana va AmalakI vana, kuzInArA kA zAlavana, cedi kA pArilepyaka vana, kAzI kA ambATaka vana, kauzAmbI, AlavI va setavyA ke siMsapA vana, rAjagRha va kimbilA ke veNuvana, moriyoM kA pippalivana tathA vajjiyoM ke nAgavana ityaadi| jAtaka meM kosikI nadI ke kinAre tIna yojana vistRta eka Amravana kA bhI ullekha hai|' dIgha nikAya kI aTThakathA (sumaMgalavilAsinI) tathA jAtakoM meM madhyadeza kI pUrvI sImA ke rUpa meM kajaMgala nAmaka eka dhana-dhAnya-paripUrNa (dabbasambhArasulabhA) kasbe kA ullekha hai, jo sundara kuza ke lie prasiddha the| kajaMgala meM veNuvana va mukheluvana nAmaka suramya vana the, jinameM bhagavAn buddha ne nivAsa kiyA thaa| aitihAsika tathyoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki bhagavAn buddha ne apanI cArikAe~ prAyaH madhyadeza kI sImAoM ke bhItara arthAt 'kosI-kurukSetra va himAlaya-vindhyAcala ke pradeza meM kii| mahAbhiniSkramaNa ke uparAMta gautama buddha ne prathamataH anomA nadI-taTa para pahu~ca kara pravrajyA grahaNa kii| anomA kA tAdAtmya AmI nadI ke sAtha sthApita kiyA gayA hai| anomA ke pUrvI kSetra kI yAtrA karate hue ve anUpiyA ke Amravana (anUpiyAmbavana) pahu~ce, jahA~ inhoMne sAta dinoM taka dhyAna kiyaa| magadha kI rAjadhAnI girivraja ke pANDava parvata (paNDava pabbata) para, jisakA samIkaraNa vartamAna ratnakUTa yA ratnagiri se kiyA gayA hai, gautama buddha se bimbisAra ne bheMTa kI thii| urUvelA meM chaha varSa kI kaThora tapazcaryA ke uparAnta, eka dina gautama ne samIpa hI pravAhita niraMjanA nadI meM snAna kiyA va saMyogAt usI rAtri jJAna prApti kara buddha bne| jJAna prApti ke uparAnta sAta saptAha bodhivRkSa va kucha anya vRkSoM-ajapAla nAmaka baragada vRkSa, mulicanda nAmaka vRkSa tathA rAjAyatana nAmaka vRkSa ke nIca samAdhi sukha meM bitaae| cArikA ke krama meM buddha vArANasI ke nikaTa RSipatana mRgadAva meM phuNce|' RSipatana se urUvelA jAte hue buddha ne kappAsiya vanakhaNDa meM tIsa vyaktiyoM ko pravrajita kiyA, anaMtara urUvelA se tIna sAdhuoM ko sAtha lekara gayA ke gayAsIsa parvata para gaye jahA~ unhoMne AdittapariyAyasutta kA upedaza diyaa| jahA~

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paryAvaraNIya upAdAna evaM gautama buddha 161 se rAjagRha pahu~cakara buddha laTThivanuyyAna (yaSTivana udyAna) ke caitya meM nivAsa kie| rAjagRha meM ve veNuvana meM bhI tthhre| rAjagRha se kapilavastu pahuMcakara nyagrodhArAma meM ruke tathA punaH rAjagRha lauTane para sItavana meM (jo eka zmazAna vana thA), buddha ne apanA dUsarA varSAvAsa vyatIta kiyaa| anaMtara rAjagRha se calakara vaizAlI ke mahAvana kUTAgArazAlA meM vihAra karate hue ve zrAvastI ke jetavana phuNce| cArikA ke isa krama meM buddha ne eka varSAvAsa maMkula parvata para vyatIta kiyaa| buddha zrAvastI se maMkula kI yAtrA meM saccabandha nAmaka parvata para bhI Thahare the tathA vApasa Ate hue nammadA (narmadA) nadI ke taTa para vihAra kiyA thaa| eka anya varSAvAsa (8vA~) buddha ne bhaggoM ke deza meM saMsumAragiri ke nikaTa bhesakalAvana mRgadAva meM bitAI, jahA~ ve vaizAlI se gaye the| 9vIM varSA kauzAmbI ke ghoSitArAma vihAra meM vyatIta kara pAcInavaMsadAya hote hue pArileyyaka vana pahu~ce, jahA~ ke rakSita vanakhaNDa meM 10vA~ varSAvAsa kiyaa| 11vA~ varSAvAsa buddha ne magadha deza meM bodhivRkSa ke samIpa, nAlA nAmaka gA~va meM kiyaa| 13vA~, 18vA~ va 19vA~ varSAvAsa buddha ne ceti rASTra ke cAliya parvata para kiyA, jisake samIpa hI jantugama va kimikAlA nadI thii| zrAvastI meM 25 varSAvAsa karane ke bAda buddha rAjagRha cale gaye, jahA~ ke gRdhrakUTa parvata se unhoMne vaizAlI ke lie prasthAna kiyaa| mArga meM unhoMne pATaligAma ke samIpa gaMgA nadI ko pAra kiyaa| yAtrA-krama meM ve pAvA pahu~cakara cunda sunAra ke Amravana meM Thahare tathA usake yahA~ 'sukkaramaddava' kA bhojana kiyaa| bImArI kI avasthA meM hI unhoMne AnaMda ke sAtha kusInArA kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| mArga meM kakutthA nAmaka nadI para snAna va pAna (nahAttvA ca pivitvA ca) kara use pAra kiyA tathA eka Amravana meM vizrAma kiyaa| isa Amravana se cala kara buddha ne hiraNyavatI nadI ko pAra kiyA tathA kusInArA ke samIpa malloM ke upavattana nAmaka zAlavana meM phuNce| yahIM zAla vRkSoM ke nIce vaizAkha pUrNimA kI rAtri ke aMtima prahara meM bhikSuoM ko saMskAroM kI anityatA va apramAda pUrvaka jIvanoddezya ko pUrA karane kA upadeza dete hue, tathAgata ne mahAparinirvANa prApta kiyaa| __gautama buddha kI yAtrA-krama meM hameM bauddha vAGmaya meM paMca mahAnadiyoM-gaMgA, yamunA, acirAvatI, sarabhU va mahI kA anekazaH ullekha milatA hai|" jAtakoM meM aneka sthaloM para adhogaMgA uddhagaMgA' uparigaMgA va parAgaMgA' jaise prayoga

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162 zramaNa-saMskRti gaMgA se unake nikaTa sahacarya va usake sambandha meM spaSTa va pratyakSa jJAna kI sUcanA dete haiN| sutta nipAta ke dhaniyasutta se bhagavAn buddha ke mahI nadI ke taTa para eka khulI kuTiyA meM nivAsa karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| kuNAla jAtaka tathA mahAvessantara jAtaka' meM himAlaya parvata, usakI vanaspatiyoM va jIvoM kA vizad varNana upalabdha hai| kuNAla jAtaka kA upadeza bhagavAn buddha ne himavanta pradeza meM hI diyA thaa| saMyukta nikAya ke rajjasutta meM buddha ke himAlaya pradeza meM jAne va vahA~ eka araNyakuTikA meM nivAsa karane kA ullekha hai| uparyukta vivaraNa se yaha sahaja nigamita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki buddha kA sampUrNa jIvana paryAvaraNIya upAdAnoM yathA-vRkSa yA vana, nadI va parvata Adi ke ghaniSTha sAhacarya meM biitaa| nissaMdeha yaha tatkAlIna jana-jIvana paddhati kI ora bhI saMketa karatA hai| vartamAna paryAvaraNIya saMkaTa ke saMdarbha meM buddha kA paryAvaraNIya upAdAnoM ke sAtha yaha aMta:guMphana vartamAna manuSya ko bhI sahI dizA nirdeza detA hai| Akhira manuSya kaba taka apane tAtkAlika lAbha hetu paryAvaraNIya upAdAnoM ke sAtha anyAya karatA rahegA? kyA hama dharatI, nadiyoM, jaMgaloM, parvatoM ko isI taraha dUSita-vikRta karate hI cale jAe~ge? isa duScakra se kisa taraha baca sakegI prakRti va manuSya jAti? ina praznoM ke samAdhAna hetu hameM buddha kI jIvana-caryA se sIkha lekara yaha udghoSa karanA hogA ki- 'mur3o prakRti kI ora, bar3ho manuSyatA kI or|' sandarbha 1. jAtaka, jilda 5vIM, pRSTha 2, 5, 6 2. jilda dUsarI, pR0 429 3. jAtaka, jilda tIsarI, pR0 226, 227; jilda cauthI, pR0 310 4. jAtaka, jilda cauthI, pR0 310 5. buddhacaryA, pR0 5 (bhUmikA) 6. enziyaMTa jyographI oNpha iMDiyA, kaniMghama, pR0 485-90 7. pabbajjA sutta (sutta nipAta); jAtakakathA, paThamo bhAgo, pR0 50 8. lalitavistara, pR0 406-07 meM urUvelA se RSipatana taka kI yAtrA kA kramika vivaraNa hai, jabaki pAli tripiTaka meM bIca kI yAtrA kA vivaraNa nahIM hai|

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163 paryAvaraNIya upAdAna evaM gautama buddha 9. vinaya-piTaka (hindI anuvAda), pR0 436 10. tatraiva, pR0 331-333 11. saMyukta nikAya (hindI anuvAda) dUsarA bhAga, pR0 823; aMguttara nikAya, jilda cauthI, pR0 101; visuddhimagga, 1/24 pR0 6 12. jAtaka, jilda dUsarI, pR0 283 13. jAtaka, jilda chaThI, pR0 427 14. jAtaka, jilda chaThI, pR0 230 15. jAtaka, jilda chaThI, pR0 427 16. hindI anuvAda, paMcama, khaNDa, pR0 501-02 17. hindI anuvAda, SaSTha khaNDa, pR0 436-38

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24 bauddha dharma kA Agamana evaM sAmAjArthika parivartana manauara alI 6vIM za0I0pU0 sampUrNa vizva ke lie eka adbhuta kAla thA, jaba vizva ke hara bhAga meM bauddhika halacala kI zaruAta dikhAI detI hai| bhArata ke pUrva rASTrapati DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan ne bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra karate hue likhA hai ki- 6vIM za0I0pU0 kaI dezoM meM adhyAtmika azAnti tathA bauddhika halacala ke lie prasiddha hai| ThIka isI krama meM bhArata meM bauddha dharma kA udbhava huaa| isa dharma ke udaya ne pUrva pracalita samAja ke lagabhaga hara pakSoM para vyApaka prabhAva DAlA, parantu inameM se sAmAjika evaM Arthika ye do aise pakSa haiM, jisameM bauddha dharma ke udaya se AmUla-cUla parirvatana huA jisakA vivecana karanA anivArya ho jAtA hai| sarvaprathama sAmAjika pakSa ko leM to yaha patA calatA hai ki bauddha dharma ke udaya se pUrva kA samAja vaidika paramparAoM para AdhArita thA, jisameM brAhmaNa ko sarvocca evaM zUdra ko nimnatara mAnA gayA thaa| uttara vaidika kAla meM brAhmaNa kI sthiti sarvocca thI vaha divya varNa kA ullikhita hai| usakI hatyA jaghanya aparAdha thii| brAhmaNa ko adhyApana kArya aura yAjJika kArya se sampanna mAnA gayA hai| usakI pratiSThA meM yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai ki zruti veda hI usake pitA evaM pitAmaha haiN| ___ isI prakAra kSatriya varga rAjakula se sambaddha thaa| vaizya varga kA vikAsa isa yuga meM ho cukA thA lekina inakA sthAna brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM se nimna thaa|

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bauddha dharma kA Agamana evaM sAmAjArthika parivartana 165 inheM 'anasya balikRta' kahA gayA hai| zUdra kA sthAna samAja meM cauthA thaa| isakA pradhAna kArya paricArikAvRtti thii| usake lie kahA gayA hai ki use vidyA kA upadeza nahIM denA caahie| zUdra kA sthAna samAja meM atyanta nimna evaM heya ho gayA thaa| usakI jIvikA ucca varNoM kI paricaryA aura zuzruSA para hI nirbhara karatI thii| isa prakAra bauddha dharma ke udbhava ke samaya taka samAja meM cAturvarNa vyavasthA kA hInatama rUpa prastuta ho cukA thA aura sambhavataH yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddha granthoM meM varNa vyavasthA kI kar3I bhartsanA kI gaI hai| janma ke sthAna para karma ko pramukhatA dI gaI hai| brAhmaNa kI pratiSThA aura sammAna ko bauddha yuga meM bar3A AghAt lgaa| buddha ne yaha mAnA ki mAtra ucca kula meM janma lene hI koI ucca nahIM hotA balki apane satkarma, sadAcaraNa aura saccaritratA se hI vaha ucca ho sakatA hai| azvalAyana nAmaka brAhmaNa ko unhoMne apanA isa prakAra kA mata svIkAra karane ko bAdhya kiyA tathA kahA ki kevala brAhmaNa hI svarga meM sukha bhoga ke suyogya pAtra nahIM hote varan puNya karmo dvArA kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra bhI isake adhikArI ho sakate haiN| isI prakAra bauddha yuga meM kSatriyoM ko brAhmaNoM se zreSTha mAnA gyaa| anya varNo ke sAtha unakA ullekha sarvaprathama hai| buddha ne brAhmaNa ambaSTha se kahA- 'kSatriya hI zreSTha hai, brAhmaNa hiin|" vaizya varNa ke lie bauddha sAhitya meM vessa', 'seTTi', 'kuTumbki' Adi zabda milate haiN| gahapati zabda kA ullekha brAhmaNa-kSatriya ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| kintu bauddha kAla meM kevala vaizya ke lie isakA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH vaizya varNa usa yuga kA sarvAdhika samRddhazAlI aura sampanna varga thaa| 'seTTi' athavA 'seTha' ke sAtha hI sAtha vaha 'baiMkapati' aura 'sArthavAha' bhI thaa| prAyaH nagara meM nivAsa karane vAle vyApArI 'kuTumbika' hote the, jo dhAnya kA kraya-vikraya kiyA karate the| isake atirikta ve rUpayoM kA vyavahAra bhI karate'' evaM kRSi bhI kiyA karate the| ___'seTTi' athavA 'zreSThi' isa varga kA dhanI vyakti thA, jo apane vyApAra evaM vANijya ke kAraNa pramukha thaa| vaha samaya-samaya para rAjA evaM zreNiyoM kI sahAyatA bhI karatA thaa|" ina zreSThiyoM meM anAthapiNDaka evaM ghoSaka pramukha the,

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166 zramaNa-saMskRti jinake pAsa apAra sampatti thii| aise zreSThiyoM ke bhI saMdarbha milate haiM, jo rAjasabhAoM ke sadasya hote the tathA vahA~ kI kAryAvidhiyoM meM apanA sahayoga pradAna karate the| zUdroM kI avasthA yadyapi prArambhika kAla se hI nimna thI parantu phira bhI isa kAla meM unako yathocita sammAna milaa| isa kAla meM mAtra sevAbhAva se nikAlakara utpAdana ke kAryoM meM lagAyA gyaa| vibhinna zilpagata kAryoM ko karane vAle kucha loga zUdra ke antargata hI gRhIta kiye gaye the| aisI aneka zUdra jAtiyAM thIM jo apane peze ke kAraNa vikhyAta thIM bunakara, bar3haI (taccaka), lohAra (kummAra), dantakAra, kumhAra (kumbhakAra) Adi vibhinna zUdrIya varga the| isake atirikta zUdroM kI kucha aisI zreNiyA~ bhI banI jo ghUma-ghUmakara jIvikopArjana karate the| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki vaidika rUr3hivAdI paramparA meM bauddha dharma ne AmUla-cUla parivartana kiyaa| isa kAla meM pUrva kI apekSA nimnatara jAtiyoM ko vikAsa kA acchA avasara prApta huaa| yahI nahIM buddha ne saMgha kA dvAra bhI sabhI ke lie khola diyA jisase zUdroM ko bhI zikSA prApta karane kA adhikAra prApta ho gayA, jo sarvasamAnatA kI ora dyotita karatI hai| ___ ataH yaha kahanA adhika samIcIna hai ki gautama buddha ne hI sarvaprathama pUrva pracalita samAja meM vyApta rUr3hiyoM kI ora apanA dhyAna kendrita kiyA jo samAja meM sAmAjika vikAsa ko lagabhaga Thappa kara cukA thaa| isa para unhoMne apane vicAroM se tIkhA prahAra kara ise samApta karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| bauddha dharma ke Agamana ke sAtha hI sAtha bhAratIya Arthika paridRzya meM bhI parivartana dekhane ko milatA hai| bauddha dharma ke siddhAntoM me hI artha vyavasthA meM parivartana kI jhalaka dikhAI detI hai| sarvaprathama buddha ke aMhisA ke siddhAnta ko hI liyA jA sakatA hai jo pUrI taraha se artha vyavasthA se sambandhita dikhAI detA hai| samAja meM vyApta vaidikIya paramparA ke tahata rAjasUya yajJa evaM azvamedha jaise vizAla yajJa adhika sampAdita hote the, jisameM pazudhana kA eka bar3A hissA samApta kara diyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta rAjamahaloM aura rAjaprAsAdoM meM banane vAle dainika bhojana meM bhI paryApta saMkhyA meM pazuoM kA vadha kiyA jAtA

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bauddha dharma kA Agamana evaM sAmAjArthika parivartana thA, jisakA ullekha azoka ke abhilekhoM meM milatA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki ina pazuoM meM bahutAyata saMkhyA kRSi se sambandhita pazuoM kI thii| ina pazuoM meM gAya, hiraNa, mora ityAdi pramukha the, jo sIdhe kisI na kisI prakAra se samAja kI artha vyavasthA se jur3e the / jahA~ gAya sIdhe kRSi se sambandhita thI, vahIM mora kRSi kI hAni pahuMcAne vAle kIr3e-makor3oM ko khAtA hai| isI prakAra hirana bhI Arthika dRSTi se dularbha evaM mahatvapUrNa hai| ina pazuoM kI kamI ke kAraNa kRSi praNAlI burI taraha prabhAvita ho rahI thI / buddha ne aMhisA ke siddhAnta ko prazraya dekara jaivikIya hiMsA ko kama karane kA prayAsa kiyA, jisameM ve saphala bhI hue / yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddha stUpoM kI veSTiniyoM, toraNadvAroM evaM maurya kalAkRtiyoM meM citrita kRSigata pazuoM kI adhikatA hai| 167 isake atirikta yaha bAta bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai ki isI kAla meM samudrI yAtrA aura videzI yAtrA para se pratibandha httaa| samudrI vyApAra ko vaidika paramparA ke dhArmika granthoM meM niMdita mAnA gayA hai| 22 sambhavataH yaha bauddha dharma kA hI prabhAva thA ki roma evaM dakSiNa pUrva eziyA ke dezoM se bhArata kA sambandha acchA bana skaa| bauddha kAla meM hI prathama bAra zreNiyoM kI saMkhyA meM bRddhi hotI dikhAI detI hai| isI pariprekSya meM videza yAtrA karane vAle vyakti ke lie byAja para RNa dene kA prAvidhAna prApta hotA hai| bauddha granthoM meM vyApAra ke lie RNa lene kI prathA kI carcA hai kintu isakI niMdA nahIM kI gaI hai| isa kAla meM samudrI yAtrA ko aura adhika AsAna banA diyA gayA, jisakA udAharaNa bAverU jAtaka se milatA hai, jisameM taTarakSaka pakSiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| bauddha dharma ke Agamana ke sAtha hI sAtha samAja meM sUdakhorI prathA bhI prArambha huI, jisakA udAharaNa bauddha granthoM meM kusIdina ke rUpa meM milatA hai| bauddhoM ne vyApAriyoM ko prazraya denA prArambha kiyA, jisase isa kAla meM zilpa evaM udyogoM meM bhI kAphI vRddhi huii| ye vyApArI apane yahA~ ke bane sAmAnoM ko dUra deza meM le jAkara beMcate evaM vahA~ kI sAmagriyAM le Ate the / ye vyApArI evaM sUdakhora ucita byAja para Ama janatA ko karja dete the, jisase kRSi evaM udyogoM ko bar3hAvA milaa| yadyapi ki bAda ke kAloM meM usane vikRta rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA /

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168 zramaNa-saMskRti buddha kAla meM hI lohe ke upakaraNoM ke bhArI mAtrA meM prayoga se gAMgAghATI meM anna utpAdana bahuta adhika bar3ha gyaa| isa kAla meM mUThadAra kulhAr3iyoM, phAla, haMsiye Adi kA kRSi kAryoM ke liye bar3e paimAne para prayoga prArambha huaa| bauddha dharma ke poSaka azoka ke kAla meM kRSi ko hAni pahuMcAne vAle kIr3e-makor3oM evaM pazu-pakSiyoM ko naSTa karane ke lie rAjya kI ora se gopAlaka evaM zikArI niyukta kiye gaye the| isa prakAra uparokta tathyoM ke Aloka meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha dharma ke Agamana ke sAtha prAcIna bharatIya Arthika paridRzya meM bhI tejI se badalAva AyA evaM purAne mithaka ttuutte| parantu eka tarapha jahA~ isa dharma ne bhAratIya adala-badala praNAlI ke AdhAra para nirmita Arthika vyavasthA ko svAvalambI banAte hue use kRSi utpAdana evaM vyApAra vANijya para nirbhara kiyA, jisase Arthika paridRzya meM sudhAra huA, Ama logoM ke jIvana meM sthiratA AI vahIM dUsarI ora vyApAra vyavasAya ke kSetra meM hone vAlI adbhuta pragati ne samAja meM dhana saMgraha ko bar3hAvA diyA tathA vyApAriyoM ke pAsa atula sampatti arjita ho gii| ve apanI sampatti ke bala para hI sAmAjika zreSThatA kA dAvA karane lage jisase UMca-nIca kA bheda-bhAva utpanna huaa| ve isa kAla kI rAjanItika dizA taya karane meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAne lge| ___ isa prakAra kRSi ke prabhUta utpAdana tathA vyApAra vANijya kI abhUtapUrva pragati ne milakara paramparAgata kabAilI AdhAra para gaThita sAmAjika Arthika saMgaThana ko samApta kara diyaa| uttara bhArata meM janajAtiyoM kA kAla samApta ho gyaa| lekina ina vyavasthAoM ne sAmAjika saMtulana ko bhI bigAr3a diyA tathA kulIna evaM nirdhana vyaktioM ke jIvana meM spaSTa antara ho gyaa| samAja meM madhya varga kA udaya huA jo nagaroM meM rahakara sabhya jIvana bitAne lge| ataH yaha kahanA atyadhika tarkasaMgata hai ki bhAratIya sAmAjika-Arthika paridRzya ko kabAilI svarUpa se badalakara vikasita rUpa meM le jAne kA kArya to bauddha dharma ne kiyA lekina isa vikAsa kI prakriyA ne bahuta kucha aise tatvoM ko janma diyA jinhoMne samAja meM avyavasthA phailA dI, jo Aja taka vidyamAna hai|

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bauddha dharma kA Agamana evaM sAmAjArthika parivartana sandarbha 1. DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana, phAravarDa TU TvenTI phAIva hanDreDa iyarsa oNpha buddhijma, pR0 1 2. atharvaveda, 3/5/7, 5/17/19 3. tai0 brAhmaNa, 1/2/6 kAThaka saMhitA, 30 / 1, mai0 saMhitA, 48 / 1, 107/9 169 4. 5. atharvaveda, 7/103 6. jayazaMkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, dillI, pR0 80 7. brahmasUtra, 103, 34-38 (zAMkarabhASya) 8. gautama dharma sUtra, 1/57 9. manjhima nikAya, 2, pR0 150 10. culla vagga, 9/1/4, manjhima nikAya, 2, pR0 128, aMgguttara nikAya, 2, pR0 194 11. dIghya nikAya, 1 pR0 98 12. phika, sozala ArgenAijezana ina nArtha IsTa iNDiyA, pR0 353 13. buddha kAlIna samAja aura dharma, pR0 22 14. jAtaka, 2, pR0 267 15. jAtaka 2, pR0 388 16. jAtaka 2, pR0 196 17. mahAvagga, 8/1/16 18. jAtaka 1, pR0 345; 3, pR0 299, 5, pR0 471 19. dIghgha nikAya 1, pR0 51; dhammapada, 80; jAtaka 6, pR0 189; manjhima nikAya 2, pR0 18; 3, pR0 118 20. jhA aura zrImAlI, prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, dillI pR0 159 21. vahI, pR0 141 22. vahI, pR0 157 23. vahI, pR0 158 24. vahI, pR0 139

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25 jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva sImA zrIvAstava bhAratIya saMskRti ke aneka adhyetAoM ne isa mata kA pratipAdana kiyA hai ki jaina dharma aura saMskRti prAkvaidika haiN| jaina saMskRti meM inhoneM deza kAla kI paristhitiyoM ke aneka tatvoM kA saMskAra tathA bahiSkAra karate hue apane tAtvika tathA AdhyAtmika rUpa meM apane samakAlIna tathA paravartI saMskRtiyoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| vastutaH vizuddha mAnavatAvAda para avalambita bhAratIya saMskRti kA kadAcit yaha prAcInatama dharma hai jisane ahiMsA aura aparigraha kA advitIya evaM anupama sandeza samasta mAnava jagata ko pradAna kiyaa| samatAvAda, anekAntavAda yA sarvodaya, karmavAda, AtmasvAntrya Adi mAnavIya siddhAntoM ko sthApita kara jainiyoM ne jAtivAda aura vargabheda kI abhedya dIvAroM ko khaNDita karake sampUrNa mAnava samAja meM eka navIna cetanA kA saMcAra kiyA hai| vastutaH bhAratIya saMskRti ke kalA Adi samasta kSetroM meM apanA atulanIya avarNanIya yogadAna jaina dharma ne diyA, bhAratIya saMskRti ko jaina, dharma ke avadAnoM kA nimnavata vinduoM meM ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina dharma dvArA mAnavocita guNoM kA vikAsa kara sAmAjikatA ko prasthApita karane kA kArya kiyA gyaa| vastutaH dharma Antarika anubhUti ko sabala banAye rakhate haiN| buddhi, bhAvanA aura kriyA ko pavitratA kI ora le jAte haiN| vastutaH yaha mAtra rUr3hiyoM aura rIti-rivAjoM kA paripAlana mAtra nahIM hai vaha jIvana se jur3A sarjanAtmaka sarvadezI tattva hai jo prANimAtra ko vAstavika zAnti kA sandeza detA hai, avidyA aura mithyAjJAna ko dUra kara satya aura nyAya ko pragaTa karatA hai, tarkagata AsthA aura zraddhA ko sajIva rakhatA hai, bauddhikatA ko

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jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva jAgRta kara sadbhAvanA ke puSpa khilAtA hai aura bikheratA hai usa svAnubhUti ko, jo antara meM RjutA, saralatA aura prazAnta vRtti ko janma detI hai| vastutaH hama na hindU haiM, na musalamAna, na jaina haiM na bauddha, na IsAI haiM, na yahUdI, hama to pahale mAnava haiM aura dhArmika bAda meN| vyakti yadi sahI insAna nahIM bana sakA to vaha dhArmika kabhI nahIM ho sakatA yahI jaina saMskRti kI apratima vizeSatA hai| jJAta hai ki insAniyata ko mArane vAlI, insAna meM nihita kupravRttiyA~ aura bhautikavAdI vAsanAyeM haiM jo yuddha aura saMgharSa ko janma detI haiN| vyakti aura rASTra ke madhya kaTutA kI abhedya dIvAleM khar3I kara detI haiN| dharma to vastutaH duHkha ke mUla kAraNa rUpa Asakti ko dUra kara asAmpradAyikatA ko prasthApita karatA hai, nautika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko nayI dRSTi detA hai aura samatAmUlaka samAja kI racanA karane meM apanA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna detA hai| kundakunda, samantabhadra, haribhadra Adi jainAcAryoM ne to dharma ke usa rUpa ko prastuta kiyA jisameM mAnavatA ko prasthApita kara dharma ko Izvara-vizvAsa se pRthak kara diyA gayA thaa| ___ jaina dharma arhat dharma hai, usakI saMskRti vItarAgatA se udbhUta huI jahA~ karmoM ko naSTa kara, unakI nirjarA kara mokSa prApta karanA mukhya uddezya rahatA hai| isalie jainAcAryoM ne apanI saMskRti ke mUla meM dharma ko saMyojita kiyA hai aura use jIvana ke hara pakSa se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaina sAMskRtika paramparA meM Atma svAtantrya kI ghoSaNA meM vyakti kI svataMtratA udghoSita hai| vaha svayaM apane karma kA nirmAtA aura bhoktA hai| AtmA hI paramAtmA hai yaha krAntikArI udghoSaNA jaina dharma kI nirAlI hai, Izvara se manuSya ko itanI svataMtratA denA jaina dharma kI apanI vizeSatA hai| __ isake anusAra saMsAra kI sRSTi nimitta upAdAna kAraNoM se hotI hai| Izvara sRSTi kAraka nahIM hai| vyakti svayaM hI kartA aura bhoktA hai| usakI nivRtti aura pravRtti eka sAtha calatI hai| sabase bar3A zatru yadi koI hai to indriyA~ haiM, kaSAya haiM jinheM jItane ke lie vyakti ko sadaiva saMgharSa karanA par3atA hai, tabhI dharmAcaraNa ho pAtA hai, viveka jAgrata ho jAne para sAMsArika sukha yathArtha meM sukhAbhAsa lagane lagate haiM unameM jhUThA Ananda dikhAI dene lagatA hai|

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172 zramaNa-saMskRti appA kattA vikattAya, duhANa ya suhANa y| appA mittamamittaM ya, duppaTThiya supptttthio|| egappA ajie sattU, kasAyA indriyANi y| te jiNittu, jahAnAyaM viharAmi ahaM munnii||' . jainadharma ke cintana kA kendrIyabhUta tattva AtmA hai| isa cintana se vairAgya kA jAgaraNa hotA hai, sacetatA AtI hai, krAnti hotI hai, rUpAntaraNa hotA hai aura samatA kA janma ho jAtA hai, samatA Ane se sAdhaka ke caitanya kI dazA virAgatA se bhara jAtI hai| vaha saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI usI prakAra vahA~ rahatA hai jisa prakAra pokhara meM khilA huA kamala jo jala meM rahatA huA bhI jala usakA sparza bhI nahIM kara paataa| bhAve viratte maNio visoge, eenndukkhohrprNprenn| na lippaI bhavamajhe vi saMto, jaleNa vA pokharANi plaasN| jaina saMskRti kI mUla avadhAraNA hai ki AtmA meM ananta zakti hai jJAna pravAhita hai| mUlataH vaha AtmA vizuddha hai, para karmo ke kAraNa usakI vizuddhatA AvRtta ho jAtI hai vItarAgatA prApta karane para vahI saMsArI AtmA paramAtmA bana jAtI hai yaha isa saMskRti kA lokataMtrAtmaka svarUpa hai| ___ dharma kI yaha svabhAvagata vizeSatA hai ki vaha samatAmUlaka ho| jaina saMskRti kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaha atha se iti taka samatA kI bAta karatI hai| vastu kA asAdhAraNa dharma hI usakA svabhAva hai, usakA bhItarI guNa hI usakA svarUpa hai svAbhAvika dRSTi se AtmA ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai, jo samatAmUlaka hai| dharmaH zrutacAritrAtmako jIvasyAtmapariNAmaH krmkssykaarnnm| samatA vyakti kA vAstavika dharma hai, svabhAva hai| dhArmika vyakti apane Apako akelA karatA jAtA hai, svabhAva kI ora mur3atA jAtA hai isI prakAra eka dina niSkAma bana jAtA hai jo tyAga kA jIvana hotA hai| krodhAdi vikAra bhAva apanA ghara na banA pAye yaha tabhI saMbhava hai jaba vyakti kA saMkalpa dRr3ha ho| samatA mAnavatA kA rasa hai| barbaratA, pazutA, saMkIrNatA usakA pratipakSI svabhAva hai| rAga-dveSAdi bhAva usake vikAra-tantu haiM,RjutA, niSkapaTatA, vinamratA aura

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jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva / prazAntavRtti usakI pariNati hai| sahiSNutA, saccavitA usakA dharma hai| vastutaH samatA kA sataha mAnavatA kI sattA meM nihita hai| yaha donoM sattAyeM AtmA kI vizuddha avasthA ke guNa haiN| ina guNoM se samaveta vyaktitva ko hI sAdhu kahA jA sakatA hai samayAe samaNo hoi, babhaceraNa baMbhaNo, nANeNa ya muNI hoI, taveNaM hoi taavse|| jJAtavya hai ki samatA samudra ke samAna gambhIra, pRthvI ke samAna kSamAzIla aura AkAza ke samAna svaccha tathA vyApaka hai isalie samatA kA sahI rUpa dharma hai| yahI samatA aura dhArmika cetanatA sAMskRtika aura sAmudAyika cetanA kA avinAbhAvI aMga hai jisameM dhRti aura sahiSNutA, ahiMsA aura saMvega niyaMtraNa jaise tatva ApAda samAhita haiN| jaina saMskRti sAmAjika samatA kA pakSadhara hai isameM karma ko mahatva diyA gayA hai aura svayaM ke puruSArtha ko prasthApita kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kathana kaDANa kammANa na mokkha atthi se siddha hotA hai ki kiye gaye karmo kA phala bhoge binA AtmA kA chuTakArA nahIM hotaa| pariNAmataH sabhI zreSTha phala-prApti ke abhilASIjana karma kI zreSThatA para bhI pUrA dhyAna dete haiN| agni ko sparza karane para hAtha kA jalanA sarvathA nizcita evaM aTala hotA hai| usI prakAra kartA ko karma kA phala bhoganA hI par3atA hai| DaoN0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI ke mantavyAnusAra 'karma' phala kA siddhAnta bhArata varSa kI apanI vizeSatA hai| jJAta hai ki upaniSadoM se pUrva ke vaidika sAhitya meM karma viSayaka cintana kA abhAva hai parantu AraNyaka evaM upaniSadkAla meM adRSTa rUpa karma kA varNana milatA hai| jainiyoM ke anusAra karma adRzya hai aura paudgalika hai| inakA saMbaMdha hamAre karma se tathA rAga-dveSa se hai| mithyAtva, adhyAtma meM samanvaya sthApita kara hamAre AcaraNa kI kArya-kAraNAtmaka mImAMsA meM usane karmavAdI ko sthApita kara IzvaravAda ko nakAra diyA hai| __ caritra kI zuddhatA evaM samyaka paripAlana kiye binA jJAna kI ArAdhanA ho hI nahIM sktii| isIlie caritra ko dharma kahA gayA hai aura dharma hI yathArtha jIvana hai| mAnasika caMcalatA ko saMyama kI lagAma se vazIbhUta karanA sahayoga,

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174 zramaNa-saMskRti sadbhAva, samanvaya usake mahAstambha hai| zramaNa kA yahI sahI rUpa, svarUpa hai| AcArya kundakunda ne kahA hai ki AtmA kA saccA dharma hai, 'cAritraM khaluH dhammo dhammo jo so samottiNidrioM', ahiMsA usI kA eka aMga hai| vaha to eka zUnya aura nirdvandva avasthA hai jisameM vyakti niSpakSa, vItarAga sukhaH duHkha meM nirlipta, prazaMsA-nindA meM nirAsakta, tathA jIvana-maraNa meM nirbhaya rahatA hai| yaha zramaNa avasthA hai| cAritrika vizuddhi kI AdhArazilA vastutaH parivAra hai aura parivAra kA dharma hai gRhastha dharma jise jaina saMskRti meM zrAvaka yA upAsaka dharma kahA jAtA hai| cU~ki pArivArika, rASTrIya zAnti kI sthApanA kA uttaradAyitva zrAvaka ke sabala kandhoM para hotA hai isalie zrAvaka kA jIvana sadAcAramaya honA caahie| AcArya haribhadra sUri, jinamaNDanagaNi, paNDita AzAdhara Adi cintakoM ne zrAvaka ke guNoM kI sUcI dI hai jisake antargata karuNA, satkAra, satsaMga, kRtajJatA suzruSA, paropakAra Adi guNa sammilita haiN| inameM bhI nyAyapUrvaka dhana kamAnA, zAkAhArI vRtti rakhanA aura karuNAzAlI honA zrAvaka kI pahacAna kahI jA sakatI hai| nyAyopAtta dhano yajatguNagurun sadgIstrivargabhajan nanyonyAnuguNaM tadarhagRhiNo-sthAnAlayo hImayaH / yuktAhAravihAra Arya-samitiH prAjJaH kRtajJo vazI zrRNvan dharmavidhi dayAlu dharmIH sAgAradharma cret|| jaina saMskRti ahiMsA aura parigraha mUlaka haiM, isIlie jainAcAryoM ne vyakti aura samAja ko paraspara niSTha batAyA hai| vastutaH dharma ke isa guNAtmaka svarUpa kI aneka paribhASAyeM prApta hotI haiM yathA- dhammo maMgalamukkiTTha ahiMsA saMjamo tvo| mUlataH dharma aura ahiMsA meM zabdabheda hai, guNa bheda nhiiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vidhiparaka hiMsA ke anantara isakA prayoga huA hogaa| hiMsA kA mUla kAraNa hai pramAda aura kssaay| isake vazIbhUta hokara hI jIva ke mana, vacana, kArya meM krodhAdika bhAva pragaTa hote haiM jinase svayaM ke zabda prayoga rUpa bhAva prANoM kA hanana hotA hai isalie bhikSuoM ko kaise calanA-phiranA, uThanA-baiThanA,

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jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva 175 khAnA-pInA cAhie isakA vidhAna mUlAcAra dazavaikAlika Adi graMthoM meM upalabdha hai| arthAt samasta prANiyoM ke prati saMyama bhAva hI ahiMsA hai __ ahiMsA niuNaM diTThA sabbabhUyesu sNjmo| jisa prakAra ghisanA, chedanA, tapAnA, ragar3anA ina cAra upAyoM se svarNa kI parIkSA kI jAtI hai usI prakAra zruta, zIla, tapa, dayA rUpa guNoM ke dvArA dharma evaM vyakti kI parIkSA kI jAtI hai|' saMjamu sIlu saujju tavu sUri hi guru soi| dAhaka-chedaka-saMghAyakasu uttama kaMcaNu hoii|| (bhAvapAhuNa 143, dazavaikAlika 1/1) ata: jIvana kA sarvAgINa vikAsa karanA saMyama kA parama uddezya rahatA hai| pAnI chAnakara pAnI, rAtri bhojana niSedha, aSTamUlaguNo kA paripAlana, nirvyasanI jIvana, samanvayAtmaka dRSTi ityAdi aise niyamoM kA vidhAna isIlie kiyA gayA hai ki sAdhaka ahiMsaka aura saMyamI banakara ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA kara ske| jaina saMskRti mUlataH aparigrahavAdI saMskRti hai| jina, nirgandha, vItarAga jaise zabda aparigraha ke hI dyotaka haiN| rAga-dveSAdi bhAvoM se hI parigraha kI pravRtti bar3hatI hai| mithyAtva, kaSAya Adi bhAva antaraMga parigraha haiM aura dhana-dhanyAdi brAhyaparigraha kA mUla sAdhana hiMsA hai| parigrahI vRtti se vyakti tabhI vimukha ho sakatA hai jaba yaha aparigraha yA parigraha parimANavrata kA pAlana kre| satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, AkiMcanya, brahmacarya Adi dharma AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ko jAgrata karate rahate haiM aura vicAroM kI pavitratA ko banAye rakhate haiN| isase mAnava saMkalpa zakti kA vikAsa bhI hotA hai| jaina saMskRti bhAva pradhAna saMskRti hai isalie vahA~ U~ca-nIca, strI-puruSa sabhI ke lie samAna sthAna rahA hai| vaidika saMskRti meM prasthApita jAtivAda kI kaThora zrRMkhalA ko kATakara mahAvIra ne janma ke sthAna para karma kA AdhAra diyA, isane anusAra jisa vyakti kA caritra yA kartRvya U~cA ho, vizuddha ho vahI ucca, kula meM utpanna mAnA jAyegA isIlie mahAvIra ne samAnatA ke AdhAra para cAro jAtiyoM kI naI vyavasthA kI aura unheM eka manuSya jAti ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA

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176 zramaNa-saMskRti manuSyajAtirekaiva kammuNA bambhaNo hoI, kummuNA hoI khttiyo| vaisso kammuNo hoI, sudo hoI kmmunno|| isI sAmAjika samatA ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ne sabhI jAtiyoM aura sampradAyoM ke logoM ko apane dharma meM dIkSita kiyA aura unheM vizuddha AcaraNa dekara vItarAgatA ke patha para baiThA diyaa| isI prakAra nArI ko bhI dAsatA se mukta kara use sAmAjika samatA kA hI darzana nahIM karAyA apitu nirvANa prApti kA bhI usako adhikArI ghoSita kiyaa| dAsa mukti, nArI mukti, jAtibheda mukti ke kSetra meM jainiyoM kA avismaraNIya yogadAna hai| jaina saMskRti meM svAdhyAya ko sarvottama tapa mAnA gayA hai| vAcanA, pRcchatA, anuprekSA, AmnAya aura dharmakathA ke mAdhyama se use kiyA jAtA hai| vAcanA, pRcchatA, anuprekSA, AmnAya aura dharmakathA ke mAdhyama se use kiyA jAtA ho use dharma meM samAhita kiyA gayA hai| jainAgama graMthoM meM ukta ko eka sthAna para ekatrita kiyA gayA hai| kundakunda ke granthoM meM ullikhita paribhASAoM kA sundara sUtrIkaraNa AcArya kArtikeya ne kiyA hai| jisameM svAdhyAna kA rUpa pratibimbita huA haiM dhammo vRtthusahAvo khamAdibhAvo ya dasaviho dhammo, ramaNattayeM ca dhammo jIvANaM rakkhaNaM dhmmo|| (kArtikeyAnuprekSA/478) uttarakAlIna AcAryo dvArA svAdhyAya ke vividha rUpoM ko bhinna-bhinna paribhASAoM ke mAdhyama se citrita kiyA gayA hai kintu una sabhI kI AdhArazilA hai- 'apane liye vahI cAho jo tuma dUsaroM ke lie bhI cAhate ho aura jo tuma apane liye nahIM cAhate vaha dUsaroM ke lie bhI mata cAho / yahI jina zAsana hai|' svAdhyAya ke mAdhyama se hI yaha prAptavya hai| jaM icchasi appaNatto, jaMca naM icchati appnnNto| taM iccha parassa vi yA, ettiyagaM jiNasAsaNaM / / virATa jyoti ko prApta karane meM svAdhyAya sabase sahayoga tatva usake lie siddha hotA hai aura usI tatva se yaha parama satya ko upalabdha ho jAtA hai

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jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva 177 svAdhyAyaH zreyase mataH mAnavIya ekatA, saha-astitva, samAnatA aura sarvodayatA (anekAntavAda) dharma ke tAtvika aMga haiN| ekAntavAdI cintakoM dvArA ina aMgoM ko tor3a maror3a kara svArthavaza vargabheda aura varNabheda jaisI vicitra dhAraNAoM kI viSailI Aga ko paidA kiyA jAtA hai| jisameM samAja kI kuvRtti vaicArika dharAtala se asambaddha hokara kUda par3atI hai| anekAntavAda aura sarvodaya darzana samasta viSamatAoM se ApAdamagna samAja ko eka naI dizA detA hai| usakI kaTI pataMga ko kisI prakAra sambhAla kara usameM anuzAsana tathA suvyavasthA kI susthira majabUta aura sAmudAyika cetanA se sajI Dora lagA detA hai| samanvaya kI manovRtti samatA kI pratidhvani, satyAnveSaNa kI cetanA gatizIla ho jAtI hai, apane ekapakSIya vyaktigata vicAroM kI Ahuti dene ke lie, niSpakSatA, nirbhayatA kI cetanA ke stara para mAnavatA se pUrNa samAja ko dhUla-dhUsarita hone se bacane ke liye| haribhadrasUri kI samanvaya-sAdhanA isa sandarbha meM smaraNIya bhavavIjAMkurajananA rAgAdyAH kSayamupAgatA ysy| brahmA vA viSNu aa haro jino vA nmstsmai|| cintana aura, bhASA ke kSetra meM na yA siyAvAya viyAgarejjA kA upadeza samAja aura vyakti ke antardvandvoM ko samApta kara detA hai, sabhI ko pUrNa nyAya dekara sarala, spaSTa aura nirvivAda abhivyakti kA mArga prazasta kara detA ___ kalAtmaka avadAna ke kSetra meM jainiyoM ko vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kalA AtmAnubhUti kA paryAyArthaka zabda hai| isakA sambandha mUla pravRttiyoM kI abhivyakti se hai| jaina saMskRti meM kalA kA mUla uddezya adhyAtma kI abhivyakti hai aura samasta abhivyaktiyAM usI ke irda-girda ghUmatI rahatI haiN| jaina sAdhakoM ne mUrtikAla, vAstukalA, abhilekha, pANDulipi, citrazailI Adi sabhI kSetroM ko pariSkRta kiyA hai| har3appA, mohanajodar3o, lohAnIpura se prApta mastaka vihIna nagna kAyotsargI mUrtiyoM ko jainoM kA mahatvapUrNa mUrtikalA avadAna kahA jA sakatA hai| jisa para nandakAlIna kaliMga jina mUrti

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178 zramaNa-saMskRti (khAravela hAthI gumphA abhi0 meM ullikhita) mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle meM chipI jaina kalA sampadA, zravaNa belagolA kI bAhuvalI pratimA ityAdi kI prApti ne muhara lagA dI hai| barAbara, nAgArjunI pahAr3a, udayagiri-khaNDagiri, rAnIguphA, giranAra guphAyeM, sonabhaNDAra tathA dakSiNApatha kI madurai, rAmanAthapuram, sitannavAsala Adi meM prApta jaina guphAyeM ullekhanIya haiN| AyAgapaTTa stUpa, mandira ke nirmANa ne vAstukalA kI samRddhi meM vRddhi kara dii| nAgara, vesara, dravir3a zailiyoM ke sAtha hI prAdezika zailiyoM kA bhI prayoga jaina sAdhakoM meM kiyA hai| jainAcAryoM ne jaina dharma ke pracAra meM bhAvabhivyakti ke mAdhyama se citrakalA kA samucita upayoga kiyA hai| citrakalA ke sundara udAharaNa nAyAdhammakahAo, varAMgacarita, AdipurANa, harivaMzapurANa Adi graMthoM meM milatA hai| bhitticitra kASThacitra, paTacitra raMgAvali athavA dhUli citra ko citrakalA ke pramukha bheda batAye gaye haiN| prAcInatama bhitticitra zittanAvAsala ke jaina guphA mandira meM milate haiN| vahA~ jalAzaya kA eka sundara citra banAyA gayA hai| kargala (kAgaja) citra lagabhaga 14vIM zatI ke bAda adhika milate haiN| kASThacitra pANDulipiyoM para lage kASTha phalakoM para banAye jAte the| ina para vidyA deviyoM, tIrthaMkaroM, pazupakSiyoM tathA mAnavAkRtiyoM kA aMkana kiyA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra paTacitra aura dhUli citra ke bhI ullekha sAhitya meM milate haiN| citrakalA ke ina vividha rUpoM meM jaina sAdhakoM ne apanI dhArmika bhAvanAoM kI saphala abhivyakti kI hai| usake mAdhyama se antarvRttiyoM kA udghATana manodazAoM kA abhivyaMjana tathA rUpa-bhAvanA aura AkRti-saundarya kA citraNa bar3I saphalatApUrvaka huA hai|" vyakti aura samAja ko jor3ane ke lie mAtRbhASA athavA janabhASA kA prayoga eka Avazyaka tattva hai| yaha sabhI ko ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dhane kA kArya karane ke sAtha hI abhivyakti kA sazakta mAdhyama hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne usa samaya bolI jAne vAlI prAkRta ko apanI abhivyakti kA sAdhana banAyA aura apane darzana ko janatA ke samakSa rkhaa| yaha eka krAntikArI kadama thA yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAhitya prAkRta meM adhikAMzataH prApta hotA hai| isa mAdhyama ne Arthika, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika kSetra se bhraSTAcAra dUra kara sarvodayavAdI

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jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva 179 aura ahiMsAvAdI vicAra dhArA ko pracArita karane kA athaka prayatna kiyA, dhanopArjana ke siddhAntoM ko nyAyavettA kI ora mor3A, mUka prANiyoM kI vedanA ko ahiMsA kI cetanAdAyI saMjIvanI se dUra kiyaa| sAmAjika viSamatA kI sarvabhakSI agni ko samatA ke zItala jala aura manda bayAra se zAnta kiyaa| jIvana ke pratyeka aMga meM ahiMsA aura jIvanaghAtI vyaMjanoM se mukti ke mahatva ko pradarzita kara mAnavatA ke saMrakSaNa meM jaina saMskRti ne sarvAdhika yogadAna diyA hai| jaina saMskRti meM ekAtmakatA aura rASTrIyatA ko utanA hI mahattva diyA gayA hai jitanA caritra ko| dharma aura saMskRti paraspara guthe hue avicchinna aMga haiN| hamArI bhAratIya saMskRti meM utAra-car3hAva aura utthAna-patana Aye parantu sAMskRtika ekatA kabhI vicchinna nahIM ho skii| itihAsa ke udaya kAla se Aja taka ekAtmakatA vaiziSTya ko jaina saMskRti saheje huye hai| vastutaH rASTra eka sundara manamohana zarIra hai| usake aneka aMgopAMga haiM jinakI prakRti aura viSaya bhinna-bhinna haiN| apanI sImA se jo unakA lagAva hai unameM paraspara saMgharSa bhI hote haiN| ina sabake bAvajUda vaha mUla AtmA se pRthaka hote dikhAI nahIM dete haiN| kahA jA sakatA hai ki hamAre rASTra kA astitva ekAtmakatA kI zrRMkhalA se snehilatApUrvaka bhalI-bhA~ti jur3A huA hai jisameM jaina saMskRti kA anUThA yogadAna hai| vividhatA meM palI ekatA, saujanya, sauhArda ko janma detI huI 'parasparopagrahoM jIvAnAm' kA hRdayahArI pATha par3hAtI hai aura sajjanatA ko pratiphalita karAtI hai| maryAdA puruSottama rAma aura yaduvaMzI bhagavAn kRSNa brAhmaNa aura zramaNa saMskRtiyoM ke bIca kI sudRr3ha kar3iyA~ bana gaye aura bhAratIya saMskRti ke samanvayAtmaka mUla svara aura adhika miThAsa lekara guMjita hone lge| isa miThAsa ko paidA karane meM jainadharma kA bejor3a hAtha rahA hai| jaina dharma prAraMbha se hI vastutaH ekAtmakatA kA pakSadhara rahA hai| usakA anekAtmakatA kA siddhAnta ahiMsA kI pRSThabhUmi meM ekAtmakatA ko hI puSTa karatA rahA hai| yaha eka aitihAsika tathya haiN| hiMsA ke virodha meM abhivyakta apane ojasvI aura prabhAvaka vicAroM se jainAcAryoM ne eka ora jahA~ dUsaroM ke duHkhoM ko dUra karane kA prayAsa kiyA vahI mAnava-mAnava ke bIca panapa rahe antardvandvoM ko samApta

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zramaNa-saMskRti karane kA bhI mArga prazasta kiyA / itihAsa meM aisA koI udAharaNa nahIM jisameM jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne kisI para AkramaNa kiyA ho aura ekAtmakatA ko dhakkA lagAyA ho / bhAratIya saMskRti meM usakA yaha anya yogadAna hai ko kisI bhI kImata para vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| unakI ahiMsaka dhArmika jIvana paddhati aura dArzanika, AdhyAtmika tathA sAmAjika cintana kA pariNAmathA ki sadaiva usane jor3ane kA kAma kiyA, tor3ane kA nhiiN| 180 niSkarSata: bhAratIya sAMskRtika kSetra meM pramukha rUpa se zramaNa aura brAhmaNa paramparAyeM pallavita hotI rahI haiN| donoM paramparAyeM pRthaka-pRthaka hote hue bhI paraspara meM paripUraka haiN| prAcInatama vaidika sAhitya meM samAgata vAtarazanA, zramaNa, vrAtya, arhita, RSabha, kezI, puNyazIla, yati, muni, Adi zabda jaina saMskRti ke prabhAvazAlI astitva kI sUcanA dete haiM aura mohana0, har3appA, lohAnIpura meM prApta yogI RSabhadeva kI kAyotsargI mUrtiyA~ usakI sAMskRtika virAsata kI kathA kahatI haiM / vastutaH zramaNadhArA kA mUla pravartana jaina saMskRti se huA hai| bauddha saMskRti to 6ThIM zatA0 I0 pU0 kI dena hai / sahasrAtisahasra prAcIna isa jaina saMskRti ne bhAratIya saMskRti ko dArzanika sAMskRtika aura sAhityika kSetroM meM atyanta samuddha kiyA hai| 14 vastutaH isane jisa tIrthavAdI pravRtti ko vikasita kiyA vahA~ pUjA nahIM dhyAna hai, vAsanA nahIM vItarAga avasthA hai ataH vaha jina mArga hai aise jinoM kA jinhoMne karma vAsanA ko jItakara svAnumati ke AdhAra para upadeza diyA hai svayaM vizuddhi ke carama zikhara para pahu~cakara sabhI prANiyoM ke kalyANa kI bAta kahI hai| spaSTata: jaina dharma aura darzana kA bhAratIya saMskRti para vyApaka prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| vastutaH bhAratIya saMskRti se mAtra jaina dharma hI sarvAdhika kaThora aura ugra sImAoM ko svIkAra karane vAlA dharma rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ke madhyama mArga ke samAna yaha vyApaka nahIM ho sakA kyoMki usakI ugra kaThoratA isake pracAra-prasAra meM bAdhaka banI parantu bauddha dharma ke aneka tatva jaina dharma se grahIta haiM aura usake sAMskRtika avadAnoM ko paravartI bhAratIya darzanoM ne bhI svIkAra kara liyA /

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181 jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva sandarbha 1. uttarAdhyayana 20/37-38 / 2. sUtrakRtAMga zI0 vR0 2/5/14 / 3. dharmasaMgrahaNI-malayAgiri, vR0 251 4. uttarAdhyayana 25/321 5. sAgAradharmAmRta 1/11ru0 dharmabindu, 3/5 / 6. daza vaikAlika sUtra 1/1, sarvArthAsiddhi 6/13 / 7. pramatta yogAtprANavya paropaNaM hiMsA, tatvArtha sUtra 7/13 / 8. dazavaikAlikasUtra 6/91 9. bhAvapAhuNa 143, dazavaikAlika 1/1 / 10. uttarAdhyayana 25/9-27 / 11. pro0 bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara jaina darzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa, nAgapura vizvavidhalaya 1977 pR0 12-15 / 12. pro0 bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA avadAna, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI pR0 33-34 / 13. DaoN0 narendra bhAnAvata, karma siddhAnta, samyavajJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura, rAjasthAna pR0 251 14. mohanalAla mahato, jaina dharma darzana, pArzvanAtha zodha saMsthAna, vaaraannsii|

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26 prArambhika bauddha vAGgamaya meM pratibimbita nArI jIvana muralI manohara tivArI nArI samAja aura saMskRti kI sabase bar3I nirmAtrI aura saMrakSikA hai| usakI mamatA se yukta sneha sikta AMcala kI chAyA mAnava ko pratyeka avasthA meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM sada AdarzoM kA patha prazasta kara pragati kA mArga nirdiSTa karatI rahI hai| DAusana kA kahanA hai ki "nAriyoM ne hI saMskRti kI nIMva DAlI aura mora bhaTakate hue puruSoM kA hAtha pakar3akara unheM ghara meM bsaayaa|" aise hI nAriyoM ke vyAga, prema, dhairya evaM balidAna kI yazagAthAoM se sAhitya ke aneka pRSTha Aja bhI gauravAnvit hai| vaha pulI bhaginI, patnI tathA mAtA ke rUpa meM apane sAmAjika evaM dhArmika kartavyo kA pAlana karatI huI dayA kSamA zivA evaM dhAlI ke rUpa meM sadaiva se pratiSThita rahI hai| prAg aitihAsika yuga meM nArI kI sthiti sammAnajanaka thii| nArI mA~ ke rUpa meM pUjyA thiiN| mAtRdevI kI mUrtiyA~ isa bAta ko iMgita karatI haiN| kintu yaha bhI dhyAtavya hai ki nArI ko janma se lekara mRtyu taka kisI na kisI puruSa ke saMrakSaNa meM rahanA hotA thaa| kadAcita unake svacchanda vicaraNa ko ucita nahIM samajhA jAtA thA jaisA manusmRti meM kahA gayA hai| pitArakSati kaumAre bhartA rakSati yauvne| rakSati sthAvire putrAH strayaH svAtantryaM na arhti|| prArambhika bauddha vAGgamaya meM nArI kA jo citraNa huA hai vaha 500 I0pU0 se 500 IsavI kI kAlAvadhi kA hai| isa 1000 varSoM meM lambI avadhi meM

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prArambhika bauddha vAGgamaya meM prati bimbita nArI jIvana 183 bhAratIya samAja kI sthiti meM na jAne kitane parivartana hue aura yuge yuge nArI ke bAre meM avadhAraNAeM badalatI rahI inakI paristhiti bhI eka sI nahIM rahI kabhI unheM Adara-sammAna aura samAnatA milI tathA kabhI nirAdara-apamAna aura asmaantaa| bauddha kAla meM nAriyoM kI sthiti jAnane se pUrva usake pUrvavartI samAja ke viSaya meM jAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai kyoMki bauddha mAlIna samAja pUrvavartI bhAratIya samAja kA eka vikasita rUpa thaa| vaidika kAla meM strI puruSoM kA sAmAjika stara samAna thaa| striyA~ bhI puruSoM meM samAna parivAra kI svAminI thii| usa kAla meM janasaMkhyA kama thI isa kAraNa vivAha kA pramukha lakSya santAna utpanna karanA hI thA kyoMki Rgveda ke sUktakAra RSiyoM ne apane Izvara devatA se Ayu aura dhana ke sAtha sadaiva santAna kI bhI kAmanA kI hai| sahI artho meM vaidika kAlIna nAriyoM kA Adarza yaha thA ki unakA gRhastha jIvana sukhI ho unake pati unase sneha kareM tathA ve svastha evaM valavAna hoN| unheM puruSoM ke samAna zikSA dI jAtI thii| lopA mudrA, apAlA, ghoSA, jAbAlA, gArgI Adi isa kAla kI viduSiyA~ thii| vivAha paripakvAvasthA meM hotA thA, vara varaNa kI chUTa thI pardA prathA nahIM thaa| lekina aisA vidita hotA hai ki uttara vaidika kAla meM uttarArdha meM nAriyoM kI sthiti meM kucha hrAsa dikhAI detA hai aura unakA sthAna svAminI kA na hokara sevikA kA ho gyaa| bauddha sAhitya meM nAriyoM kA jo citraNa huA hai vaha bahuta kucha uttara vaidika kAla jaisA hI hai lekina yaha mAnA gayA hai ki bauddha yuga dharma ke sAtha-sAtha rAjanIti tathA sAmAjika kSetroM meM bhI krAnti kA yuga thA tathA ina sabhI kSetroM meM krAntikArI parivartana hue| nArI ko pUrI zreSThatA pradAna karane kA zreya mahAtmA buddha ko hI hai kyoMki putra tathA putrI ke janma meM unhoMne koI antara nahIM maanaa| jAtaka sAhityoM meM kaumArya maryAdA kI surakSA kA vistRta vivecana upalabdha hotA hai jisake dAyitva ke lie kandhA ke pAlana poSaNa meM mAtA-pitA kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA thaa| vayaska hone meM pazcAta kanyA kA pitA suyogya vara ke sAtha usakA

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184 zramaNa-saMskRti vivAha kara detA thA tatpazcAt vaha pati gRha meM 'vadha' kA sthAna grahaNa kara gRhaNiyA patnI pada sesammAnita hotI thii| patni ke rUpa meM bahu apane pati kI parama sakhA samajhI jAtI thii| aura vaha apane pati bhI sevA usI prakAra karatI thI jaise zivaya AcArya kI karate haiM kyoMki yaha mAnyatA thI ki pRthvI para usake pati ke samAna dUsarA koI priya nahIM! striyA~ apane pati meM sukha meM apanA sukha samajhatI thiiN| parivAra kI maryAdA kA dhyAna rakhatI thI pazuoM kA bharaNa poSaNa karatI thI tathA Agata atithiyoM kA svAgata svayaM karatI thii| isakAla meM bandhaka bhAyI, caura bhArcA, AryA bhAryA, mAtA bhAryA, saMGgigI bhAryA, sakhI bhAryA aura dAsI bhAryA jaisI patniIyoM ke ullekha milate haiN| bauddha vAGgamaya meM jahA~ strI puruSa meM caritrahInatA sambandhI aneka udAharaNa die gae haiM vahI usake bhI paryApta udAharaNa milate haiM ki dAmpatya jIvana prAyaH sukhamaya thA tathA patni ko pati kA antaraMga mitra batAyA gayA hai| bauddha vAGgamaya meM prApta uddharaNoM se yaha bhI vidita hotA hai ki parivAra meM striyoM para sAsa sasura kA kaThora niyaMtraNa hotA thA tathA Adarza putra badhU aura sAsa sasura kA paraspara vyavahAra premapUrNa thaa| lekina kucha aise bhI pramANa milate haiM jisase parilakSita hotA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM sAsa sasura bhI anumati ke binA badhU koI bhI kArya nahIM kara sakatI thI! kintu kucha aisI ghaTanAoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jisameM putra badhU dvArA sAsa sasura pratAr3ita kie gae haiN| jAtaka granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki eka bAra cAra putroM ne apane patniyoM meM kahane para pitA ko ghara se nikAla diyA thaa| ___bauddha paramparAoM kI dainika jIvanacaryA se spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha samAja meM striyA~ apane pati dvArA pUrNa rUpa se rakSita hotI thiiN| kisI bhI sthiti meM patnI kI rakSA karanA pati kA parama karttavya hotA thA, kintu vyabhicAriNI patnI ke sAtha pati kaThoratA se vyavahAra karatA thA aura usake lie kaI prakAra ke sAmAjika daNDoM kA bhI vidhAna thaa| bauddhakAlIna sAmAjika jIvana ke citraNa meM bhI pati vrata kI maryAdA rakhane vAlI nAriyoM kI kamI nahIM thii| aisI striyoM ne apane prANoM ko saMkaTa meM DAlakara satItva kI rakSA kii| jaise jAtaka meM eka prasaGga meM yaha jJAta hotA hai

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prArambhika bauddha vAGgamaya meM prati bimbita nArI jIvana 185 ki sujAtA nAmaka strI ne rAja daNDa se mukta karA apane pati ke prANa kI rakSA kI! pati kI mRtyu ke bAda nAriyoM kA jIvana kaSTamaya ho jAtA thaa| ve apane jIvana-yApana ke lie pati kI sampatti ko apanAtI thI yA phira pati kula meM mukhya puruSa ke saMrakSaNa meM para puruSa ko mukhya rUpa se grahaNa karatI thii| isa prakAra vidhavAvo kA jIvana kavaTakara thA aura unake lie bhikSA mAMganA eka mAla AdhAra raha jAtA thA nArI ke lie vaidhavya jIvana abhizApa to hotA hI hai parantu tatkAlIna samAja meM yaha avasthA unake lie aura bhI kaSTakara thii| prAcIna bhArata meM mAtA kA sthAna sadA se sarvopari rahA hai tathA parivAra bhI vaha sabase adhika pUjanIya aura gauravazAlI mahilA hotI thii| kyoMki jAtaka kathA meM mAtA-pitA ko devatA kahate hue unheM brahma kahA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai "brahmA hI mAtA pitaro" lekina jAtaka kathAoM meM kucha aise bhI dRSTAMta upalabdha haiM jahA~ mAtAoM ko caNDI rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| sujAtA jAtaka meM mAtA ko krodhinI caNDa, kaThora, kosane vAlI aura parihAsa karane vAlI mA~ ke rUpa meM huA hai| ___ bauddha sAhitya meM nAriyoM ke zaikSaNika evaM dhArmika jIvana kA jo citraNa milatA hai usake AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki isa kAla meM lar3akiyoM ko pati gRha meM kaise rahanA caahie| bauddhakAlIna nAriyoM ko bauddha vihAroM evaM maTho meM arhata upAdhyAya tathA AcArya zikSA dete the| lekina sthAyoM ke zikSA kA prabandha ghara para hI hotA thA kyoMki unake pAThazAlA meM vidyA arjana kA ullekha kama milatA hai| jIvana ko saphala banAne ke lie kanyA kA apekSita jJAna evaM zikSA apanI mAtA se prApta hotI thii| bhikSaNiyA~ bhI nAriyoM ko upadeza dekara zikSA detI thii| bhikSuNI khemA ko paNDitA medhAvinI catura pratibhAvAna tathA acchI sUjha vAlA kahA gayA hai| dherIgAthA kI bhikSuNI kavayitriyoM meM viSaya meM jJAta hotA hai ki ve jJAna pipAsu hotI thI tathA jJAna ke anveSaNa evaM prASTi meM lIna rahatI thii| isake sAtha hI sAtha striyoM ko saMgIta nRtya aura lalita kalAoM meM bhI zikSA dI jAtI thii| isa kAla meM nAriyoM ko dhArmika zikSA vizeSa rUpa se dI jAtI thI, aura

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186 zramaNa-saMskRti unheM dhArmika kArya karane meM kisI prakAra kA pratibandha na thaa| isa yuga meM striyA~, agni, candramA, sUrya aura aneka devatAoM kI pUjA vandanA karatI thI tathA nadI ke ghAToM meM jAkara DubakI lagAtI thIM, Adhe sira kA muNDana karAkara pRthvI para zayana karatI aura rAtri bhojana kA tyAga karatI thI aura aneka bratoM kA pAlana karatI thiiN| striyoM ko dhArmika kArya karane puruSoM ke samAna hI phala milegA yaha dhAraNA tatkAlIna samAja meM bhI pracalita thii| vizAkhA, nigAra mAtA, nakula mAtA, gRhapatni mahAprajApatti gautamI Adi nAriyA~ mahAtmA buddha se sAkSAta dhArmika viSayoM para carcA karatI thii| __ bauddha sAhityoM meM isa bAta kA ullekha hai ki striyoM meM zAsana kI kSamatA nahIM hotI kyoMki abhI buddhi kSINa hotI hai| yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai ki rAjya karane para pApa kA bhAgI bananA par3atA hai| lekina ina kathAnakoM ke atirikta bhI bauddha sAhitya meM nArI zAsana meM aneka uddharaNa upalabdha haiN| mahAdevI agramahiSI tathA rAjapatni kA rAjavRtta ke kArya bhAra para vizeSa prabhAva par3atA thaa| rAjamahiSI rAjanIti meM maMtraNA bhI detI thii| tibyarakSitA ke upacAra se jaba azoka svastha ho gayA to usane prasanna hokara eka saptAha ke lie apanA rAjya use sauMpa diyaa| kauzAmbI nareza udayana ke bandI hone para usakI mA~ ne rAjya kA saMcAlana kiyA thaa| prAcIna yuga meM yaha paramparA rahI hai ki pitA kI sampatti para usake putra kA adhikAra hotA hai aura putra ke rahate putrI kA sampatti para koI adhikAra nahIM hotaa| lekina bauddha granthoM meM hama bAta meM pramANa milate hai ki putra na hone para putrI hI pitA ke sampUrNa sampatti kI adhikArI kI hotI thii| striyoM ke pAsa bahumUlya vastra aura AbhUSaNa hote the jo vivAha ke avasara para pitA tathA pati se upahAra svarUpa prApta hotA thA tathA unheM strI dhana ke upayoga karane tathA kisI prakAra ke vyavahAra meM lAne ke lie pati ke anumati kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI thii| tatkAlIna samAja meM gaNikAoM kA bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna thaa| bauddha sAhitya meM aisI aneka gaNikAoM kA ullekha AyA hai ki jinheM bauddha sAhitya meM 'nagarazobhina' tathA 'janapada kalyANI' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa|

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prArambhika bauddha vAGgamaya meM pratibimbita nArI jIvana 187 1 gaNarAjyoM meM gaNikAoM kA vaibhava camatkRta karane vAlA thA / inheM nagara badhU kahA jAtA thaa| AmrapAlI darzanIya rUpavatI, nRtya saMgIta evaM vAdya meM catura thI / usake saundarya para anurakta hokara aneka rAjaputra usase vivAha karane ke lie lAlAyita the / naigama AmrapAlI ko dekhakara camatkRta ho gayA aura usane vizvisAra se prArthanA kI hamAre rAjya meM bhI gaNikA honI caahie| taba rAjagRha meM atyanta darzanIya parama rUpavatI sAlavatI nAma kI gaNikA banI / inheM rAja darabAra meM atyadhika sahAyatA tathA sammAna milatA thA aura inakA gaNikAbhiSeka bhI kiyA jAtA thA / gaNikAeM Arthika dRSTi se samRddha hotI thI tathA unakA jIvana vaibhavapUrNa thA / ratha para ArUr3ha hokara ve rAjamArga para nikalatI thI to rAha ke donoM ora khar3e logoM kI dRSTiyAM unheM sammAna bhAva se nihAratI thI / gaNikAeM chala aura vAka-cAturya meM nipuNa hotI thiiN| bauddha sAhitya meM varNita katipaya gaNikAe~ bauddhika aura sAMratima guNoM meM tatkAlIna Ami jAtya kulIna kanyoM se bar3hakara hI thI / gaNikaeM dhArmika evaM sAmAjika utsavoM meM sammAna hissA letI thii| samAja ke acche kulo se unameM dhaniSTha sambandha hote the| ve kulIna parivAroM meM AtI jAtI thI aura viziSTa parivAroM ke sadasyoM kA sneha bhAjana bhI huA karatI thI / samAja meM kucha nAriyAM aisI thI jinhoMne apanI dhArmika pravRtti ke phalasvarUpa athavA pati meM pravrajita ho jAne para asIma duHkha ke kAraNa saMsAra ko nazvara mAnakara zAntimaya jIvana vyatIta karanA zreSTha samajhA aura unhoMne bhikSuNI jIvana ko apnaayaa| yadyapi mahAtmA buddha nAriyoM ke prabrajyA dene ke pakSadhara nahIM the kintu apane zivaya Ananda ke Agraha para sarva prathama unhoMne mahAprajApati gautamI ke sAtha nandA, yazodharA Adi ke sAtha pA~ca sau zAmya kumAra patniyoM ko bauddha dharma meM prabrajita kiyA thaa| bAda meM bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA bar3hane lagI aura adhikAMza striyA~ gRhastha jIvana kA bandhana tor3akara saMgha meM praviSTa hone lagI thii| muktA tathA uttarA ne apane gRhastha jIvana meM gharelU kAryoM sekara saMgha meM praveza kiyA thA / prArambhika bauddha sAhitya hama bAta ke sAkSI hai ki saMgha meM bhikSuNI ke rUpa meM dIkSA prApta karane ke bAda aneka striyoM ne bauddha dharma ke pracAra prasAra meM tathA saMgha ko sudRr3ha karane meM apanA mahatva pUrNa yogadAna kiyaa| gautamI khemA jaisI viduSI aura sAdhikAMe bauddha dharma ke itihAsa meM dIpamAlikAoM kI taraha prakAzamAna hai|

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188 zramaNa-saMskRti vaidika yuga ke samAna bauddha kAla meM bhI dAsiyoM evaM paricArikAoM ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| bauddha sAhitya meM una sabhI striyoM ko dAsI kahA gayA hai jo apanI Arthika tathA sAmAjika sthiti se vivaza hokara dUsare parivAroM kI sevA karatI thii| inakA jIvana paratantratA kI ber3iyo meM jakar3A rahatA thA tathA apanI sthiti se vivaza rahatI thii| inakA jIvana yAtanApUrNa tathA kaThina hotA thaa| svAmI inakA vadha taka kara dete the| ataH ve daNDa se sadA bhayabhIta rahatI thiiN| inakA vikraya bhI kiyA jAtA thA tathA upahAra ke rUpa meM eka dUsare ko pradAna bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| dAsiyA~ usa samaya vaiyaktika bhoga kI bhI vastu mAnI jAtI thI kyoMki samAja meM unakA sthAna maraNatulya thaa| ve parivAra meM sabhI prakAra kA kArya karane ko prastuta karatI thii| pAli sAhitya meM dhvajAdatA svecchAgatadAsI kula dAsI dhanena krItA, dalibha, kummadasI preSaNakArikA aura bhayappa puNNa ATha prakAra kI dAsiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| ye sabhI dAsiyA~ svAmI kI sampatti samajhI jAtI thii| ina dAsiyoM ke atirikta samAja meM paricArikAoM kA bhI ullekha bauddha sAhitya meM milatA hai jinakA pramukha kArya baccoM kI dekhabhAla pAlana poSaNa tathA udyAna vihAra hotA thaa| rAja mahalo meM ye paricArikAeM dhAlI cedI mRtaka athavA kAmakAra ke rUpa meM apanA jIvana vyatIta karatI thii| vividha bauddha granthoM se patA-calatA hai tatkAlIna samAja kI tri caukoparade meM rarakhanA samAja meM unakI svatantratA para aMkuza lagAnA thaa| pardA prathA na hone se hama yaha kaha sakate hai ki usa samaya kI nAriyoM svatantra thiiN| putra badhU ke rUpa meM kucha adhikAra aura kartavya prApta the| yadi ve parde meM hotI to unheM kartavya aura adhikAra ko pUrA karane meM bAdhA utpanna hotii| jAtako ke bahuta se aise prasaMga hai jisameM rAniyA~ vinA parde ke svacchandatA pUrvaka maMtriyoM evaM adhikAriyoM ke sAtha bAta karatI thii| isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki samAja meM nAriyoM ke prati sAmAjika dRSTikoNa udAra the| svayaM tathAgata kA vicAra bhI nAriyoM ke prati sahayogAtmaka thaa| bhagavAna buddha striyoM kI sugati ke sambandha meM kahate haiM ki strI ko zraddhAlu

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prArambhika bauddha vAGgamaya meM prati bimbita nArI jIvana lajjA sampanna, krodha rahita, evaM prajJA sampanna honA cAhie, ve sadAcAriNI pati- vatA IrSyA rahita, kRpaNatA rahita evaM parizramI hone se sugati ko prApta hotI hai| striyoM dvArA sevA sAdhanA va jJAna ke jo udAharaNa bauddha sAhitya meM prakAza mAna hai ve svata: hI striyoM ko pApa kI mUrti nirUpita karane vAlI dhAraNAoM ko baunA siddha karane ke lie paryApta hai| ataH aisA lagatA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM nAriyoM kI sthiti samAnatA siddhAnta para AdhArita thI tathA buddha ke vicAroM evaM siddhAnto meM nArI cintana ko eka nayA mor3a diyA yadi ve aisA nahIM karate to therIgAthA jaisA gatikAvya nirmita ho pAnA sambhava nahIM thA / sandarbha Rgveda, 7, 31, 508, 105 manusmRti / aguttara nikAya bhAga 3 | da sTeTasa oNpha vimena ina ainzisTa iMDiyA pro0 indrA / vimena anDara primiTava iMDiyA hArnara / jAtaka bhAga 1, 2, 3, 61 saMyukta nikAya / dIgha nikAya / therI gAthA / divyAvadAna / avadAna zataka / vinaya piTaka / bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, DaoN0 jayazaMkara mizra / vinaya piTaka / bauddha yugIna bhArata, DaoN0 sItarAma dUbe / prArambhika bauddha granthoM meM samAja aura saMskRti DaoN0 paramAnanda siMha / 189 buddhisTa iMDiyA, dIja DeviDasa / bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, DaoN0 govindacandra pANDeya / bauddha evaM jaina Agamo me nArI, DaoN0 komala candra jaina /

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27 bauddha zikSA paramparA kA Adhunika bhAratIya zikSA para prabhAva dineza kumAra gupta bhAratIya zikSA kI gauravazAlI paramparA meM vaidikakAlIna zikSA kA mahatvapUrNa evaM gauravazAlI yogadAna rahA hai| isa vaidika kAlakhaNDa kA prasAra 2500 I0pU0 se 500 I0 pU0 samAna nahIM thA / Rgvaidika athavA pUrvavaidika kAla meM bhAratIya zikSA apane unnayana ke lie vizvavikhyAta thI, jabaki uttaravaidika kAlIna zikSA anekAneka visaMgatiyoM kA bhaNDAra thii| isa visaMgatipUrNa vaidika vyavasthA ke prati jana asantoSa honA svAbhAvika thA / pariNAmasvarUpa vaidika vyavasthA ke varNadharma ke virUddha eka kSatriya rAjakumAra ne apane kSatriya varNadharma kA atikramaNa karate hue naye dharma ko sthApita kiyA / jabaki vaidika vyavasthA meM yaha kArya brAhmaNoM kA ekAdhikAra mAnA jAtA thA / bauddhakAla meM bhArata yAtrA ke daurAna (399-414 I0) phAhiyAna ne likhA hai ki bhArata meM prAthamika zikSA kI ati sundara vyavasthA thii| sAtavIM zatAbdI meM bhArata Ane vAle suprasiddha cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga evaM AisiMga ke lekhoM meM bauddhakAlIna sArvajanika prAthamika zikSA kA ullekha milatA hai, jise bauddha bhikSuoM ke sAtha-sAtha bauddha matAvalambiyoM evaM gRhasthoM ko bhI prApta karane kA adhikAra thaa| jabaki vaidikakAla meM prAthamika zikSA kI kisI sunizcita vyavasthA kA ullekha tatkAlIna sAhityoM meM nahIM milatA hai| isa kAla meM prAthamika zikSA kI kisI sunizcita vyavasthA kA ullekha tatkAlIna sAhityoM

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bauddha zikSA paramparA kA Adhunika bhAratIya zikSA para prabhAva 191 meM nahIM milatA hai| isa kAla meM prAthamika zikSA kI vyavasthA abhibhAvakoM ko svayaM karanI par3atI thii| ina sabake viparIta bauddhakAlIna prAthamika zikSA ke prabhAva se vartamAna bhArata meM prAthamika zikSA ko AdhArabhUta zikSA mAnakara isake unnayana aura vikAsa hetu lagAtAra prayatna hote rahe haiN| vizeSatayA briTiza kAlIna bhArata meM jaba aMgreja kevala uccavarga ke thor3e se logoM ko zikSA dene kA chanAI siddhAnta sthApita karane meM lagI thii| bhAratIya netRtva evaM Ama bhAratIya janamAnasa svatantratA Andolana ke sAtha sAtha janazikSA kA avasara pAne ke lie bhI lar3AI lar3a rahe the| antataH 1911 meM gopAlakRSNa gokhale ne bar3audA nareza gAyakavADa dvArA apane rAjya ke baccoM ke lie karAye gaye niHzulka evaM anivArya prAthamika zikSA kI vyavasthA kA dRSTAnta rakhate hue briTiza bhAratIya sarakAra ke samakSa 'nizulka evaM anivArya prAthamika zikSA' kA prastAva rkhaa| yaha prastAva usa samaya to pArita na ho sakA, kintu zikSA jagat meM yaha prayAsa 'mIla kA patthara' sAbita huaa| 1937 meM gAMdhI jI kI besika zikSA yojanA isI prayAsa kI eka mahatvapUrNa kar3I kahI jA sakatI hai| ina sabake phalasvarUpa deza kI svataMtratA ke pazcAta saMvidhAna ke nIti nirdezaka tatvoM meM yaha ullekha kiyA gayA ki sarakAra saMvidhAna lAgU hone ke dasa varSa ke bhItara 6 se 14 Ayu varga ke bAlaka bAlikAoM ke lie niHzulka evaM anivArya zikSA kI vyavasthA kregii| vartamAna meM bhI sarvazikSA abhiyAna ke mAdhyama se isI uddezya ko prApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai| bauddhakAlIna zikSA ke pUrva isa deza meM zikSA kI jo vyavasthA thI, usameM prAyaH ekala zikSaka hI huA karate the| vaidikakAlIna gurukulIya praNAlI meM guru ke Azrama hI vidyAlaya ke rUpa meM kAryarata the, jahA~ adhikatama 10 se 15 vidyArthI hI zikSA grahaNa karate the| guru inheM sabhI viSayoM kA samagra jJAna karAte the, ataH alaga alaga viSayoM ko par3hAne ke liye alaga alaga zikSakoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM thii| ye zikSaka prAyaH brAhmaNa varga ke hI hote the| kintu bauddha kAlIna zikSA meM alaga alaga viSayoM ko par3hAne ke lie viziSTa viSayoM ke vizeSajJa ke rUpa meM alaga alaga zikSaka upalabdha hone lage the, sAtha hI isa

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192 zramaNa-saMskRti kAla meM zikSaka kA brAhmaNa varNa kA honA anivArya nahIM thA, apitu jo bhI bauddha siddhAntoM meM vizvAsa rakhatA thA, bauddha bhikSu banatA thA, vaha zikSaka bana sakatA thA, usakA brAhmaNa honA Avazyaka nahIM thaa| vaidika zikSA meM gurugRha hI gurukuloM ke rUpa meM jAne jAte the aura inakA svatantra astitva hotA thaa| kintu isake viparIta bauddhakAla meM zikSA ke lie sArvajanika sthaloM ke rUpa meM bauddhamaThoM, vihAroM kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| bauddhakAlIna zikSA saMsthAoM kA svatantra astitva nahIM thA, apitu yaha bauddhamaThoM aura bihAroM se Abaddha rahate the| bauddhakAlIna zikSA kI bhAMti hI vartamAna meM bhI zikSaNa saMsthAoM kA apanA svatantra astitva nahIM hotA hai| prAthamika zikSA saMsthAeM besika zikSA pariSada se, mAdhyamika zikSA saMsthAeM mAdhyamika zikSA pariSad se aura ucca zikSA saMsthAeM vizvavidyAlayoM se sambaddha hote haiN| isI taraha anyAnya vyAvasAyika aura takanIkI saMsthAna bhI hai, jo apane prAdhikaraNa saMsthAna se jur3e hote haiN| vaidikakAlIna zikSA meM vizvavidyAlayI zikSA kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, isake viparIta bauddhakAlIna zikSA paramparA meM vizvavidyAlayoM kI eka bRhad zrRMkhalA hai, ucca zikSA prApti hetu videza prayAsa bhI bauddha paramparA kI hI dena hai| vartamAna vizvavidyAlayI zikSA kA vikAsa yadyapi Adhunika saMdarbho meM huA hai, jisameM DhAMcAgata vibhinnatAoM ke hone ke bAvajUda bhI hama vizvavidyAlayI paramparA meM apane ko bauddhakAla se jor3ane meM kiMcita saMkoca nahIM karate haiN| ___ ataH kahIM na kahIM hamArI vizvavidyAlayI zikSA ke mUla meM bauddha paramparA kA prabhAva aMkita hai| Aja vibhinna dezoM ke vidyArthI ucca zikSA hetu eka deza se dUsare deza meM Ate jAte haiM, yaha bhI bauddha paramparA kI hI dena hai| Adhunika seminAra meM bauddha saMgIti kA prabhAva spaSTa rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| dezATana evaM prakRti nirIkSaNa jo bauddha zikSA meM eka pramukha zikSaNa padyati thI, vaha vartamAna zikSA meM eka mahatvapUrNa vidhi ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI jAtI hai| vaiddhikakAlIna zikSA vyavasthA meM yaha eka ullekha milatA hai ki zUdroM ko zikSA prApti kA adhikAra nahIM thaa| arthAt jAtigata AdhAra para sarvatra zikSA meM bhedabhAva kiyA jAtA thaa| kintu isake viparIta bauddhakAla meM zikSA

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bauddha zikSA paramparA kA Adhunika bhAratIya zikSA para prabhAva 193 kI upalabdhatA sabhI ke lie hotI thii| isIlie praveza hetu yogyatAoM ke bajAye niryogyatAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA thA aura inheM pUrI taraha se sArvajanika bhI kara diyA gayA thA yaha vyavasthA apane Apa meM prajAtAntrika thI, kyoMki vaidika vyavasthA meM praveza guru kA icchA para nirbhara hotA thA tathA praveza hetu zartoM ko spaSTa rUpa meM sArvajanika bhI nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| vartamAna samaya meM zikSA kA avasara samAna rUpa se sabhI ko upalabdha karAne ke lie sarakAra kaTibaddha haiN| vibhinna dharmoM jAtiyoM evaM vargoM ke lie vizeSa prayatna karane kA bhI sujhAva diyA hai, jise bauddha kAlIna zikSA paramparA se jor3akara dekhA jA sakatA hai| uparokta adhyayana meM zikSA ke vibhinna pakSoM ke saMdarbha meM vaidika, bauddha evaM vartamAna kAla kI zikSA paramparA kA samyaka vizleSaNa karane ke uparAnta yaha tathya prasphuTita hotA hai ki vartamAna bhAratIya zikSA vyavasthA ke aneka pakSa bauddhakAlIna zikSA paramparA se jur3e hue haiM, isa dRSTi se bauddha zikSA ko bhAratIya zikSA saMracanA kA zrota mAnA jA sakatA hai| sandarbha 1. brahmavarcasa sampAdaka, dharmacakra pravartana evaM lokamAnasa kA zikSaNa, mathurA akhaNDa jyoti saMsthAna 20011 2. mizra paM0 jayazaMkara, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, paTanA bihAra graMtha akADamI 19991 3. altekara DaoN0 e0 yasa0 ejukezana ina yanasiyanTa innddiyaa| 4. gupta rAma bAbU, bhAratIya zikSA aura usakI samasyAeM, AgarA ratana prakAzana maMdira 19951 5. caube DaoN0 esa0 pI0 bhAratIya zikSA kA itihAsa, ilAhAbAda rAma nArAyaNa lAla benI mAdhava 19651

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28 jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM guru ziSya sambandha pUrNeza nArAyaNa siMha evaM jaya prakAza maNi ananta sadAziva altekara ne apane prasiddha grantha 'prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA' meM likhA hai ki jaina zikSaNa paddhati kA uddezya thA caritra kA saMgaThana, vyaktitva kA nirmANa, sAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyoM ko sampanna karane ke lie udIyamAna pIr3hI kA prazikSaNa aura kaivalya kI prApti, guru ziSya ke sambandhoM se hotI thii| adhyApaka bahuta Adara kI dRSTi se dekhe jAte the| jaina sUtroM meM tIna prakAra ke AcAryoM kA ullekha hai - kalAcArya, zilpAcArya, aura dharmAcArya / kalAcArya aura zilpAcArya ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki unakA upalepana aura saMdarbhana karanA cAhiye, unheM puSpa samarpita karane cAhiye, tathA snAna karAne ke pazcAt unheM vastrAbhUSaNoM se maMDita karanA caahiye| tatpazcAt bhojana Adi karAkara jIvana-bhara ke lie pratidina denA cAhiye tathA putra-pautra taka calane vAlI AjIvika kA prabandha karanA caahiye| dharmAcArya ko dekhakara unakA sammAna karanA cAhiye aura unake lie bhojana Adi kI vyavasthA karanI caahiye|' yadi ve kisI durbhikSa vAle pradeza meM rahate ho to unheM subhikSu deza meM le jAkara rakhanA cAhiye, kAMtAra meM se unakA uddhAra karanA cAhiye tathA dIrghakAlIna roga se unheM mukta karane kI ceSTA karanI caahiye| isake sAtha hI adhyApakoM meM bhI vidyArthiyoM ko zikSA dene ke lie pUrNa yogyatA honI caahiye| jo prazna vidyArthiyoM ko zikSA dene ke lie pUrNa yogyatA honI caahiye| jo prazna vidyArthiyoM dvArA pUche jAyeM unakA, apanA bar3appana pradarzita kiye binA uttara denA cAhiye, tathA kabhI asambaddha uttara nahIM denA caahiye| adhyApaka aura vidyArthiyoM ke sambandha premapUrNa hote the, aura vidyArthI

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jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM guru ziSya sambandha apane guruoM ke prati atyanta zraddhA aura sammAna kA bhAva rakhate the / acche ziSya ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki vaha gurujI ke par3hAye hue viSaya ko hamezA dhyAnapUrvaka sunatA hai, prazna pUchatA hai, praznottara sunatA hai, usakA artha grahaNa karatA hai, usapara cintana karatA hai, usake pramANikatA kA nizcaya karatA hai usake artha ko yAda rakhatA hai aura tadanusAra AcaraNa karatA hai| koI suyogya ziSya apane adhyApaka ke prati kabhI aziSTatA kA vyavahAra nahIM karatA, kabhI mithyA bhASaNa nahIM karatA hai, tathA eka jAtimaMda azva kI bhAMti vaha usakI AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai| yadi use patA lage ki usakA AcArya kupita ho gayA hai to priya vacanoM se use prasanna karatA hai, hAtha jor3akara use zAnta karatA hai aura apane prabhAvapUrNa AcaraNa kI kSamA mAMgatA huA bhaviSya meM vaisA na karane kA vacana detA hai| vaha na kabhI AcArya ke barAbara meM, na usake sAmane, aura na hI usake pIche kI tarapha baiThatA hai| kabhI Asana yA zaiyyA para baiThakara vaha prazna nahIM pUchatA, balki yadi kucha pUchanA, balki yadi kucha pUchanA ho to apane Asana se uThakara, pAsa meM Akara, hAtha jor3akara pUchatA hai / yadi kabhI AcArya kaThora vacanoM dvArA ziSya ko anuzAsana meM rakhanA cAhe to vaha krodha na karake zAntipUrvaka vyavahAra karatA hai, aura socatA hai ki isase usakA lAbha hI hone vAlA hai| jaise kisI avinIta ghor3e ko calAne ke lie bAra-bAra kor3A mArane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, vaise hI vidyArthI ko apane guru se bAra-bAra karkaza vacana sunane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI, balki jaise koI vinIta ghor3A apane mAlika kA kor3A dekhate hI daur3ane lagatA hai vaise hI AcArya kA izArA pAkara suyogya vidyArthI satkArya meM pravRtta ho jAtA hai / vAstava meM vahI vinIta kahA jAtA hai jo apane guru ke AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai, usake samIpa rahatA hai aura usakA izArA pAte hI apane kAma meM laga jAtA hai| lekina avinIta vidyArthI bhI hote the| adhyApaka unheM anuzAsana meM lAne ke lie Thokara (khaDDayA) aura capata (caveDA) mArate, daNDa Adi se prahAra karate aura AkrozapUrNa vacana khte|' avinIta ziSyoM kI tulanA galiyA bailoM (khaluMka) se kI gayI hai jo dhairya na rakhane ke kAraNa, Age bar3hane se jannAda de dete haiN| aise ziSyoM ko yadi kisI kArya ke lie bhejA jAye to ve icchAnusAra paMkha nikale hue haMsa zAvakoM kI bhAMti, idhara-udhara ghUmate rahate haiM / aise kuziSyoM ko atyanta kutsita gardabha 195

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zramaNa-saMskRti (galigaddaha ) kI upamA dI gayI hai| AcArya aise ziSyoM se taMga Akara, unheM unake bhAgya para chor3a dete aura svayaM vana meM tapa karane cale jAte haiN| 196 durvinIta ziSya apane AcAryoM para hAtha bhI uThA dete the / indrapura ke rAjA indradatta ke bAIsa putroM ko jaba AcArya ke pAsa par3hane bhejA gayA to unhoMne kucha nahIM pddh'aa| AcArya yadi kabhI kucha kahate sunate to ve AcArya ko mArate-pITate aura durvacana bolate / yadi AcArya unakI tAr3anA karate to ve jAkara apanI mAM se jAkara zikAyata krte| mAM AcArya ke Upara gussA karatI aura tAnA mAratI ki kyA Apa samajhate hai ki putra kahIM se aise hI A jAte haiM / / ziSyoM ko zaila, kuTa, chalanI Adi ke samAna batAyA gayA hai| kucha ziSya zaila (parvata) ke samAna atyanta kaThora hote haiM, aura kucha kRSNabhUmi (kAlI miTTI vAlI jamIna) ke samAna AcArya ke batAye hue artha ko grahaNa aura dhAraNa karane meM samartha hote haiN| kucha (ghaTa) cAra prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM chidra - kuTa (jisa ghar3e kI talI phUTI huyI ho), khaMDa- kuTa (jisake kanne TUTe hue ho), voTa- kuTa (jisakA eka ora kA kapAla TUTA huA ho) aura sakala - kUTa (jo ghar3A sampUrNa ho) kucha ziSya chidra kuTa ke samAna, kucha khaMDa kuTa ke samAna, kucha voTa- kuTa ke samAna aura kucha sakala-kuTa ke samAna kahe gaye haiN| kucha ziSya cAkiNI (chalanI) ke samAna hote the / ve eka kAna se sunate hoM aura dUsare se nikAla dete the| isake viparIta kucha ziSya khaMDara (khapura : tApasoM kA eka pAtra) ke samAna hote the / jo AcArya kI bAtoM ko bhalIbhAMti sunate the| = jaina yuga meM vidyArthI sAdA jIvana vyatita karate the| kucha vidyArthI adhyApaka ke ghara rahakara par3ate, aura kucha nagara ke dhanavantoM ke ghara apane rahane aura khAne-pIne kA prabandha kara lete the| kabhI-kabhI vidyArthIyoM kA vivAha apane guru kI kanyA se hI sampanna ho jAtA thA / " vidyArthI jaba bAhara se vidyAdhyayana samApta karake ghara lauTate to unakA dhUmadhAma se svAgata kiyA jAtA thA | 12 adhyApaka dvArA par3hAye jAne vAle viSaya jaina AgamoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki adhyApaka apane ziSyoM ko vibhinna prakAra ke viSayoM kA jJAna detA thaa| sthAnAMgasUtra meM nau pApa zruta kI zikSA dI jAtI thI - 1. utpAtazAstra, -

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jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM guru ziSya sambandha 197 2. nimittazAstra, 3. mantrazAstra, 4. AkhyAyikA, 5. cikitsA, 6. lekha Adi bahattara kalAyeM, 7. AvaraNa (vAstu vijJAna), 8. laukika zruta, 9. buddha zAsana Adi viSayoM ko pAThyakrama meM sammilita kiyA gayA thaa| jaina sUtroM meM zilpa tathA jJAna-vijJAna meM pramukhataH bAraha kalAyeM (vidyAyeM) pramukha rUpa se pAThyakrama meM sammilita thii| 1. lekha aura gaNita', 2. kAvya, 3. rUpa vidyA, 4. saMgIta, 5. udaka mRttikA, 6. chayUta,16 7. svAstha, 8. lakSaNazAstra," 9. sakuna vidyA, 10. jyotiSa vidyA, 11. rasAyana vidyA,' 12. skandhAvAramAna (vAstukalA evaM yuddha zikSA) Adi viSayoM kA adhyayana-adhyApana guru-ziSyoM ke mAdhyama se hotA thaa| adhyayana-adhyApana kA mAdhyama jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM guru-ziSya ke adhyayana-adhyApana kA mAdhyama ardhamAgadhI bhASA thii| bhagavAna mahAvIra arddhamAgadhI bhASA meM apane nirgrantha pravacana kA upadeza diyA thA vAgabhaTTa ne likhA hai ki hama usa vANI ko namaskAra karate haiM jo sabakI arddhamAgadhI hai| arddhamAgadhI jaina AgamoM kI bhASA hai isalie jaina zikSA kI bhASA arddhamAgadhI ko svIkAra kiyA gyaa| jarmana vidvAna ricarDa pisala ne arddhamAgadhI ke vibhinna rUpoM kA vibhinna kSetroM meM pracalana hone kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa prakAra jaina zikSA vyavasthA meM guru-ziSya sambandha ke vibhinna AyAmoM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina dharma apane dhArmika viSayoM ke sAtha hI sAtha yuga kI paramparAgata viSayoM ko bhI pAThyakrama meM sammilita kiyA gayA thaa| paThana-pAThana kA mAdhyama, acche-bure ziSya, adhyApaka kI yogyatA Adi ke eka saMkSipta sarvekSaNa se unakI zikSA vyavasthA ke eka aMga kA saMkSipta saMketa mAtra kiyA gayA hai| saMdarbha 1. rAjapraznIya sUtra, 190, pR0 328 / 2. sthAnAMga 3.135 tathA manusmRti 2.225 aadi| 3. Avazyaka niyukti 136 tathA eca0 Ara0 kapAr3iyA, da jaina sisTama Ava ejUkezana, jarnala oNpha yunivarsiTI oNpha bAmbe, janavarI 1940, pR0 206 aadi|

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198 zramaNa-saMskRti 4. Avazyaka niyukti 2211 5. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 12, 9, 12, 13, 18, 22, 27,411 6. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 1381 7. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 27.8, 13.16 aadi| 8. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, 3.65 aadi| 9. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, 12.18-19 Adi / 10. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 4, pR0 83 Adi bhagavatI ArAdhanA (mUla) 479-480 / 11. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 291 / 12. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, 2, pR0 22 - aadi| 13. sUtra kRtAMga, 2/2/301 14. jJAtA dharma kathA, 1/21, samavAyAMga, pR0 77, DI0 sI0 dAsa gupta, jaina sisTama, oNpha ejUkezana, pR0 741 15. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 552 / 16. kuTTanImatam, zloka 124 / 17. pratilakSaNa jAtaka - 1261 18. AvazyakacUrNI pRSTha 562 / 19. pI0 sI0 re, hisTrI oNpha hindU kamesTrI, bhAga - eka, pR0 62 / 20. AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 255 / / 21. samavAyAMga pR. 57, apapAtika 34-146 / 22. alaMkAra tilaka, 1/11 23. draSTavya - hemacandra jozI dvArA anuvAdita prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa pR0 33 /

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29 jaina dharma meM karma siddhAnta rAma pratApa rAja bhAratIya dharma darzana tathA tattva cintana meM karma siddhAnta sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai| jIvana ke vividha AyAmoM meM karma siddhAnta kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| yadyapi bhArata ke sabhI dArzanika zAkhAoM meM karma siddhAnta ko prastuta kiyA hai| tathApi jaina paramparA meM jaina AcAryoM ne karma siddhAnta kA jo svarUpa prastuta kiyA hai vaha sabhI cintakoM se viziSTa hai karma siddhAnta kA hetu- mohana lAla mehatA ne jaina karma siddhAnta ko pratipAdita karate hue yaha prastAvanA prastuta kI ki pratyeka kriyA kA koI na koI phala avazya hotA hai| ise kArya kAraNa bhAva athavA karmaphala bhAva kahate hai kyoMki prANiyoM ke karma janya aneka vicitratAe~ pAyI jAtI hai| ina vicitratAoM meM sukha duHkha kA vizeSa sthAna hai| ataH jisa hetu karma kiyA jAtA hai| vahI sukha duHkha kA kAraNa hotA hai| sukha duHkha rUpI kArya kA jo kAraNa hai vahI karma hai| arthAt sukha duHkha kA dRSTi kAraNa hotA hai to karma rUpa kA dRSTi kAraNa kA astitva mAnane kA koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| ataH jaina dharma meM dRSTa adRSTa kAraNoM meM adRSTa kAraNa kA tAratamya banA rahatA hai| jisakA phala karma hotA hai| jaina darzana karma ko pudgala paramANuoM kA piNDa mAnatA hai| jIvoM kI vividhatA kA mUla kAraNa hI karma hai| jIva aura karma kA sambandha anAdi hai, jo puti paramANu karma rUpa se pariNata hote hai, unheM karma-vargaNA kahate haiM tathA jo zarIra rUpa se pariNata hote hai, unheM no karma-vargaNa kahate hai| karma aura pravRtti ke isa kArya kAraNa bhAva ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue pudgala paramANuoM ke

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200 zramaNa-saMskRti piNDa rUpa karma ko dravyakarma tathA rAga dveSa Adi rUpa pravRttiyoM ko bhAvakarma kahA gayA hai| aNDe ke samAna anAdi hai| 2. karma bandha kA kAraNa- jaina paramparA meM karmopArjana sAmAnyatayA do kAraNoM se bandha mAnA gyaa| yoga aura kaSAya, zarIra vANI aura mana ke pravRtti ko yoga kahate hai| krodha Adi mAnasika Avega kaSAya ke antargata mAne jAte hai| rAmadveSa janita zArIrika evaM mAnasika pravRtti hI karma bandha kA kAraNa hai| ___3. karma prakRti- jaina karma zAstra meM jaina ke ATha mUla prakRtiyA~jJAnAvaraNa,darzanAvaraNa vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu nAma, gotra aura antarAya mAnI gaI hai| inhIM karma prakRtiyoM karma meM mAnava pravRtti hotA hai| ATha prakAra ke mUla karmo arthAt mUla prakRtiyoM ke kula 158 bheda hote haiN| jJAnavaraNIya karma ke 5 (pA~ca), darzanAvaraNIya karma ke 9 (nau), vedanIya karma ke 2(do), mohanIya karma ke 28 (aThAisa), Ayukarma ke 4(cAra), nAma karma ke 103 (eka sau tIna), gotrakarma ke do(2) aura antarAya karma ke 5(pA~ca) bheda hote haiN| inhIM prakRtiyoM kI tIvratA evaM mandatA se jIvakarma, meM praveza karatA hai| 4. karma kI avasthAe~- jainakarma siddhAnta meM jainakarma kI vibhinna avasthAoM meM pramukhataH karma vandhana, karma sattA, karma udaya, karmaudINa,karma udavartanA, karma apavartanA, karma saMkramaNa, karma upasavana, karma niddharati, karma niAcana, tathA karma avAdha kI sthitiyA~ hotI hai| ina sthitiyoM se jIva pravAhamAna hotA huA loka meM vicaraNa karatA hai| 5. karma aura punarjanma- karma aura punarjanma kA aviccheda sambandha hai| karma kI sattA svIkAra karane para usake phalasvarUpa paraloka athavA punarjanma kI sattA bhI svIkAra karanI par3atI hai| jina karmoM kA phala isa janma meM prApta nahIM hotA una karmo ke phala bhoga ke lie punarjanma mAnanA anivArya hai| aisI avasthA meM karma vyavasthA ke doSoM se bacane ke liye karmavAdiyoM ko punarjanma kI sattA svIkAra karanI par3atI hai| isIlie vaidika, bauddha evaM jaina tInoM prakAra ke bhAratIya paramparA meM karma mUlaka punarjanma kI sattA svIkAra kI gaI hai| jaina karma siddhAnta meM samasta sAMsArika jIvoM kA samAveza cAra gatiyoM- manuSya, triryaMca, naraka aura deva meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| mRtyu ke pazcAt prANI

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21 jaina dharma meM karma siddhAnta apane karma ke anusAra ina cAra gatiyoM meM se kisI eka gati meM jAkara janma grahaNa karatA hai| jaba jIva eka zarIra ko chor3akara dUsarA zarIra dhAraNa karane ke liye jAtA hai taba AnupUrvI nAma karma use apane utpatti sthAna para pahu~cA detA hai| AnupUrvI nAma karma ke liye nAsAraJju arthAt nAtha kA dRSTAnta diyA jAtA hai| jaise vaila ko idhara-udhara le jAne ke liye nAtha kI sahAyatA apekSita hotI hai| usI prakAra jIva ko eka gati se dUsarI gati meM pahu~cane ke liye AnupUrvI nAma karma kI madada kI jarUrata par3atI hai| samazreNI rajjugati ke liye AnupUrvI kI AvazyakatA rahatI apitu nizreNIvakragati ke liye rahatI hai| gatyantara ke samaya jIva ke sAtha kevala do prakAra kA zarIra rahatA hai; tejasa aura kaarmnn| anya prakAra ke zarIra (odArika athavA vaikriya) kA nirmANa vahA~ pahu~cane ke bAda prArambha hotA hai| 6. bandha aura mokSa- jaina dharma darzana meM karma siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate hue karma upArjana ke do kAraNa mAne gaye hai- yoga aura kssaay| jaina paribhASA meM zarIra vANI aura mana ke sAmAnya (karma-vyApAra) ko yoga kahate hai| arthAt prANI kI sAmAnya pravRtti kA nAma 'yoga' hai| aura kaSAya kevala mana kI gatividhiyA~ arthAt krodha Adi mAnasika Avega hI kaSAya hai| yaha sampUrNa jagat karma karane kI kSamatA rakhane vAle paramANuoM se bharA hai| jaba prANI tana, mana aura vacana se kisI prakAra kI kriyA karatA hai, taba usake Asa pAsa rahate hue karma karane yogya paramANuoM kA AkarSaNa hotA hai| arthAt AtmA apane cAroM ora vidyamAna karma paramANuoM ko karma rUpa se grahaNa karatI hai| isa prakriyA kA nAma Azrama hai| bandha - kaSAya (mAnasika pravRttiyA~) ke kAraNa karma paramANuoM kA AtmA ke sAtha ba~dha jAnA hI bandha hai athaka bandhana kahA jAtA hai| yadyapi pratyeka prakAra kA yoga (karma pravRtti) karma vadhakA kAraNa hai kintu jo yoga krodha kaSaya Adi se yukta hotA hai usase hone vAlA karma vindha dRr3ha hotA hai| kaSAya rahita pravRtti se hone vAlA karmavandha nirbala hotA hai| yaha nAma mAtra kA bandha hai| bandha paramANuoM kI rAzi ko pradeza bandha kahate hai| ina paramANuoM kI vibhinna svasAvarUpa pariNati ko arthAt vibhinna kArya rUpa kSamatA ko prakRtivandha

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zramaNa-saMskRti kahate hai| karmaphala kI bhukti kI avadhi arthAt karma bhogane ke kArakoM ko sthitivandha tathA karmaphala kI tIvratA-mandatA ko anubhAga bandha kahate hai| karma bandhana ke bAda jaba taka ve phala denA prArambha nahIM karate taba taka ke kAla ko avA~dhA kAka kahate hai| karmaphala kA prArambha hI karma kA udaya hai| . jaina karma zAstra meM prakRti bandha ke ATha prakAra jJAnAvaranIya, darzaNAvaraNIya, vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra, aura antarAya Adi mAne gaye hai| ye ATha prakRtiyA~ (prakRti bandha) prANI ko bhinna prakAra ke anukUla evaM pratikUla phala pradAna karatI hai| inameM se cAra prakRtiyA~ jJAnavaraNIya, darzaNAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura antarAya varaNIya ghAtI prakRtiyA~ kahI gaI hai kyoMki inase AtmA ke cAra mUla guNoM, jJAna, darzana, sukha aura vIrya kA ghAta hotA hai| zeSa cAra prakRtiyA~ aghAtI hai| kyoMki ye kisI AtmaguNa kA ghAta nahIM krtii| ye zarIra se sambandhita hotA hai| jisase karma kA bandhana hotA hai| mokSa- karmoM kA punarjanma athavA navIna karmoM kA upArjana kA nirodha karanA hI karma mokSa kI sthiti banatI hai| isI ko jaina darzana mai| savara tathA nirjarA kahate hai jo Azrava tathA bandha ke viparIta hai| ina donoM kI pUrNatA se AtmA kI jo sthiti ko prApta hotI hai use mokSa kahate hai| yaha karma mukti hai|" navIna karma ke upArjana kA nirodha tathA pUrNa upArjita karma kA kSaya hI karma mukti kI ora le jAtA hai| nirodha, gupti, samiti, dharma, anuprekSA, parisa caritra tathA tapasyA se hotA hai| isI ko saMvara kahate haiN| 1. gupti- samyaka yoga nigraha arthAt mana, vacana aura tana kI pravRttiyoM kA niyantraNa gupti hai| 2. samiti- samyaka calanA, bolanA, khAnA, lenA-denA, Adi samiti hai| 3. dharma- uttama prakAra kI kSamatA, mRdutA, RjutA, zuddhatA Adi dharma hai| 4. anuprekSA- anityatva, azaraNatatva, ekatva Adi bhAvanAe~ atuprezca kahI jAtI hai| 5. parISada- kSudhA, vipAzA, sardI-garmI Adi kaSToM ko sahana karanA parISada kahA jAtA hai| 6. caritra- sAmAjika Adi bheja se pA~ca prakAra kA hai|

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jaina dharma meM karma siddhAnta 7. tapasyA- vAdhya aura abhyAntara prakAra se anazana Adi vAhaya tapa hai tathA prAyazcita Adi abhyAntara tapa kahalAte haiN| inhIM nirodhoM se karma kI mukti hotI hai jise mokSa kahate haiN| jaina dharma ke karmavAda kA pUrNajJAna jainAgama sAhitya meM vizeSataH AcArAMga, sthAnAMga, samabAyAMga vyAkhyA prajJapti, prajJApanA evaM uttarAdhyayana sUtra se jaina karma siddhAnta kA jJAna hotA hai jisake anusAra karma se punarjanma Adi kI sahaja evaM anivArya kriyAoM kA honA 'jIva' kA lakSaNa hai| karma kI nirantaratA se jIva jagata meM avaddha ho jAtA hai| yahI karma bandhana punarjanma kA kAraNa banatA hai / punarjanma hI karma kA bandhana hai kintu eka hI janma meM mokSa prApti athavA karma mukti ke liye jaina darzana ne ATha prakAra kI nirodha zaktiyoM ke abhyAsa karane se karmavadha se karma mokSa hotA hai| isakA vizleSaNa kiyA hai jo anya dharmoM se pRthaka evaM maulika hai| sandarbha 1. mohana lAla mehatA, jaina dharma darzana, pR0 425-261 2. vizeSAvAzyaka bhASya, 1610-1612 3. nemicanda Arya, karma prakRti, pR0 6 | 4. tantravArtika 2/1/51 5. mohana lAla mehatA, jaina dharma darzana, pR0 460 1 203 6. AtmAna mImAMsA, pR0 134-1521 7. mohana lAla mehatA, jaina dharmadarzana pR0 492 / 8. paNDita sukhalAla, karma vipAka, pR0 1111 9. vahI / 10. vahI /

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30 bauddha sAhitya meM cikitsA ajaya kumAra pANDeya anAdi kAla se mAnava svAsthya ke prati sarvathA saceSTa rhaa| niyama, saMyama evaM yaugika kriyAoM ke mAdhyama se RSi-muni svastha ke prati sajaga rahane kI dIkSA diye / bauddha sAhitya meM anekatra bauddha bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke asvastha hone kI sUcanA vivRta hai| svayaM buddha ne svAsthya rahane ke lie satarka kiyA, sAtha hI sAtha aneka vidhi-vidhAnoM ke mAdhyama se svAsthya ke saMdarbha meM saMketa bhI diyaa| bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke sAmAnya jIvana paddhati- AhAra-vyavahAra meM parivartana kI AvazyakatA para bala dete hue anekAneka niyama bauddha sAhitya meM varNita haiN| bauddha sAhitya eka sthAna para asvastha bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie go-mUtra - bhaiSajya kA anuyati detA hai vahIM anyatra adhika svAstha lAbha ke liye kacce mAMsa, rakta evaM madya sevana kI anumati pradAna karatA hai| bhikSuoM ke upacAra hetu bauddha sAhitya meM paricArakoM kI bhI vyavasthA kA ullekha hai| mukhyataH vinayapiTaka evaM mahAvastu cikitsA se sambandhita sUcanAoM ko pradAna karatA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM varNita hai tathAgata ( gautama buddha) zrAvastI pravAsa krama meM anAtha piNDaka ke jetavana vihAra meM nivAsarata the usI samaya bhikSugaNa zarada Rtu meM ThaNDa evaM bukhAra se pIr3ita hone kI sUcanA dete haiM jahA~ svalpa bhojana kA bhI vamana ho jAtA hai| isa bukhAra se pIr3ita bhikSu kamajora evaM zaktihIna hone lagate haiN| bhagavAna buddha kA hRdaya karuNA se bhara jAtA hai vaha apane ziSya Ananda se bukhAra kA kAraNa pUchate haiM, Ananda uttara dete haiM 'bhante bhikSugaNa zarada Rtu ke bukhAra se grasta haiN| unake dvArA grahaNa kiyA gayA yavAgU (khicar3I) -

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bauddha sAhitya meM cikitsA 205 bhI nahIM paca rahA hai / ' bhagavAna buddha ekAnta cintana karate haiM aura bhikSuoM ko auSadhi kI anumati ke saMdarbha meM vicAra karate hue unheM nirdeza dete haiM(ka) paJca auSadhi vidhAna gahana cintana manana uparAnta tathAgata ne zItakAlIna vyAdhiyoM se pIr3ita buddha bhikSuoM ke lie ghRta, makkhana, tela, madhu, evaM khAr3a ko pUrvAhna meM sevana kI anumati diyA / ' (kha) carbI yukta auSadhi vidhAna tathAgata ne bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke rugNopacAra krama meM machalI kI carbI, sUara evaM gadhe kI carbI, soMsa kI carbI sevana kI anumati pradAna kiyA, sAtha hI sevana kA samaya bhI niyata kiyA evaM kusamaya sevana ko doSayukta btaayaa| (ga) kaSAya evaM mUla auSadhi vidhAna bauddha sAhitya tathAgata dvArA jar3I bUTiyoM ke vyavahAra kA adhyayana karatA hai jahA~ haldI, adarakha, nAgara mothA, sadRza auSadhiyoM ke sevana kA vidhAna batAyA gayA hai| ina jar3I-bUTiyoM ko kharala evaM baTTe se kUTa kara cUrNa banA ke auSadhi rUpa meM taiyAra karane kA varNana prApta hotA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne apane bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke asvastha hone para nIma kA kaSAya, paravala kA kaSAya evaM kar3ave phala kA rasa auSadhi rUpa meM prayoga karane kA nirdeza diyaa| (gha) auSadhi nirmANa upakaraNa - bauddha sAhitya meM sIlha, lor3hA, kharala evaM baTTe, okhalI evaM mUsala tathA calanI ko auSadhi nirmANa ke upakaraNa rUpa meM varNita kiyaa| inake mAdhyama se cUrNa yukta auSadhiyAM nirmita kI jAtI thIM / bhagavAna buddha ne kAlI mirca, harI mirca, AMvalA, ko kUTa kara cUrNa rUpa meM bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ko dainika vyavahAra meM upayoga kA vidhAna batAyA / (ca) anya auSadhi vidhAna bhagavAna buddha ne bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke madhya svAsthopacAra ke aneka upadeza diye / yathA - netra roga se grasita bhikSuoM ko anjani prayoga kI anumati pradAna kiyA

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206 zramaNa-saMskRti isI krama meM aMjanadAnI prayoga kA bhI nirdeza diyA jo lohe, tAMbe, zaMkha evaM hAthI dAMta nirmita batAye jAte haiN| prArambha meM aMjanadAniyAM khulI varNita haiN| parantu kAlAntara meM Dhakkana kI bhI anumati pradAna kI gyii| bauddha sAhitya meM pathyApathya sambandhI niyamoM ke parivartana evaM parivarddhana kI vistRta sUcanA prApta hotI hai| tatkAlIna zreSTha cikitsakoM ne aneka upacAroM kA vidhAna btaayaa| buddha bhikSuoM kI niHzulka cikitsA pracalita thii| bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke roga-rahita jIvana yApana meM vizAkhA evaM zRMgAra mAtA jaisI upAsikAoM kA vizeSa yogadAna dekhA jaataahai| prArambhika pAli sAhitya 'vinayapiTaka' ke anuzIlana se spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha saMgha meM nirdezoM, niyamoM evaM anujJAoM kA vyavahAra sarvatra pracalita thaa| bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke sAmAnya jIvana meM svecchA cAritA para pUrNa niyaMtraNa thaa|' __bauddha sAhityoM ke adhyayana anuzIna se spaSTa hotA hai ki bahutra cikitsA evaM pathyApathya sarvatra pracalita thaa| ataH nizcitataH bauddha bhikSu-bhikSuNiyAM cikitsA vidhAna evaM vyavahAra ke prati pUrNa sajaga evaM satarka the| jahA~ bauddha sAhitya ke varNanAnusAra cikitsA prakriyA bauddhika granthoM se niSpanna dekhA jAtA hai vahIM bauddha yuga meM yaha pUrNataH samRddha dRSTigata hotA hai| maurya nareza azoka ke kAla meM pUrNa rAjakIya saMrakSaNa cikitsA pravidhi ko prApta thI, jahA~ dainika upayoga ke auSadhiyoM ko rAjakIya dekha rekha meM saMrakSita kiyA jAtA thaa| ___ isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha yuga meM bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke svAstha ke prati pUrNa saceSTatA dekhI jAtI hai jisameM sAmAnya bauddha bhikSu se lekara prathama paMkti ke ziSya Ananda taka cikitsA vijJAna ke prati saceSTa dekhe jAte haiN| evaM bhagavAna buddha sadaiva apane bhikSu - bhikSuNiyoM ke svAstha ko sarvathA varIyatA pradAna kiyaa| saMdarbha 1. vinayapiTaka, (mahAvagga) mahAbodhi grantha mAlA - 3, sAranAtha vArANasI, 1935, pR0 215-2251 2. vinayapiTaka, mahAvagga (bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa dvArA sampAdita) nAlandA devanAgarI, pR0 293-95 pAli pablikezana borDa bihAra - 1956 / 3. atridevavidyAlaMkAra, Ayurveda kA bRhad itihAsa grantha mAlA 33, pR0 91-110, 1960 /

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bauddha sAhitya meM cikitsA 4. kauTilya arthazAstra 1.20 1 5. tatraiva / 6. tatraiva / 7. vinayapiTaka, 9.1.41 8. kauTilya, arthazAstra 2.41 207

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31 vaidika saMskRti evaM bauddha dharma pratApa vijaya kumAra chaThI zadI I0 pU0 meM bhArata meM kaI dhArmika sampradAoM kA udaya huA jisameM bauddha evaM jaina pramukha hai| ye donoM sampradAya bauddhika Andolana kA rUpa gRhaNa kara cuke the| bhArata meM isa Andolana ke aneka pratyakSa evaM parokSa kAraNa the, jo tatkAlIna sAmAjika evaM Arthika parivartanoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM nihita the jisameM vaidika paramparA kI dhArmika evaM sAmAjika mAnyatAe~ tathA jIvana paddhati ke aneka tatva rUr3hi banakara raha gaye the| uttara vaidika kAla meM yajJa kI pradhAnatA hoM gayI thI / zatapatha brAhmaNa meM ullekha hai ki yajJa agni ke mAdhyama se jaMgala ko jalAkara vaidika saMskRti meM loga prasAra karate the / brAhmaNa granthoM tathA upaniSadoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki vedoM ke mantra devavAkya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiye jAte the / isaliye unameM parivartana yA parirddhana asaMmbhava thA tathA maMtroM ke uccAraNa evaM yajJa meM truTi ke bhayaMkara pariNAma kA vizvAsa pracalita thA / isa prakAra sAMskRtika vAtAvaraNa meM purohita varga ko atyAdhika mahatva milanA svabhAvika thA jisase karma-kANDa nIrasa jaTila aura ADambarayukta ho gaye / vaidika saMskRti meM yajJoM ko svargaM leM jAne vAlI naukA ke samAna mAnA gayA hai aura usI mAdhyama se bhautika aura AdhyAtmika upalabdhi kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| vaidika saMskRti ke antargata samAja kA vargIkaraNa cAra varNo meM huA thA / yadyapi vaidika kAla meM karma ke AdhAra para varNa nirdhArita thA, kintu bAda meM janma ke AdhAra para varNa kA nirdhAraNa hone lagA / bhArata ke kucha kSetroM meM vikasita kRSi ke bAvajUda mAMsAhAra ke liye pazu vadha hotA thA aura bauddhakAla kI navIna kRSi praNAlI meM kRSi kArya ke liye

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29 vaidika saMskRti evaM bauddha dharma atyAdhika pazuoM kI surakSA kI AvazyakatA par3ane lgii| loga pazuoM kI surakSA kA anubhava karane lge| pazu bali cAhe vaidika yajJa meM hoM yA janajAtiyoM meM aba isakA virodha hone lagA, jisakA saMketa upaniSadoM meM bhI pazu bali kI nindA ke rUpa meM draSTavya haiM tathA ahiMsA sambaMdhI ullekha smRtigranthoM meM bhI milatA hai| yadyapi vaidika dharma ke vibhinna mAnyatAoM ke virodha meM bauddha dharma kA janama huA thA phira bhI vaha vaidika dharma yA hindU dharma kA aMza thaa| bauddha dharma meM satya, ahiMsA, asteya tathA sabhI prANiyoM para dayA Adi jo nIti dharma batAe garoM hai ve vaidika granthoM meM draSTavya hai| bauddha dharma ke dhammapada meM ullikhita vyavahAra manusmRti meM bhI dikhAI dete haiN| ___ bauddha dharma ke mahAyAna sampradAya ko bhArata sahita eziyA ke kaI dezoM meM atyAdhika apanAyA jisakA mukhya kAraNa yaha thA ki usameM vAsudeva kI bhakti kA anukaraNa kiyA jAne lagA thaa| parantu eka samaya java vaidika dharma brAhmaNa dharma ke rUpa meM sampradAya bana gayA isa sthiti meM unake virodhI ke rUpa meM jaina evaM bauddha dharma kA udaya huaa| ina donoM dharmo ke udaya se vaidika dharma kA hI aneka burAIyoM kA unmUlana huaa| ataH svabhAvika hI thA ki vaidika dharma para bauddha dharma kA prabhAva pdd'taa| upaniSadoM ke vairAgya aura nirAzA kI bhAvanA ko jaina dharma ne bhI apanAyA kintu usako vyavahAra meM AtmasAta karane aura jana sAmAnya taka phalAne kA kArya kevala bauddhadharma ne kiyaa| isake phalasvarUpa gautama buddha ne bauddha dharma ke mAdhpana ko atyanta sarala DhaMga se samAja meM mAnava jIvana se sambandhita aneka prakAra ke kaSToM evaM duHkhoM se chuTakArA pAne ke liye vairAgya ko hI eka mAtra upAya btaayaa| unhoMne yaha bhI batAyA ki manuSya kA vAstavika sukha jIvita rahane meM nahIM hai, balki vaha to taba prApta hotA hai jaba marane ke bAda punaH janma lene kI sthiti na AveM aura jagata meM jo andhakAra hai gautama buddha ke isa vicAra meM use dUra karane ke bAda hI sukha prApta hotA hai| gautama buddha ke isa vicAra ko vaidika dharma meM bhI apanAyA gyaa| yahI nahIM bauddha dharma ke prabhAva ke pariNAma svarUpa vaidika dharma mAnane vAle samAja meM AcAra-vicAra, khAna-pAna aura sabase adhika jaTilatA, kaThoratA evaM chuA-chuta kI kuprabhAvoM para prabhAva par3A jisase usameM kiMcita lacilA pana aayaa| ahiMsA jAti para dayA aura duHkhI logoM ke liye karuNA Adi vyavahAra kA

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zramaNa-saMskRti pracAra-prasAra samAja meM tIvratA se phailA aura bhAratIya samAja meM dharma ke nAma para nirmita hue choTe-choTe varga bauddha bhikSuoM evaM zramaNoM ke upadeza ke pariNAma svarUpa samApta hue / bhArata meM sarvaprathama maThoM kI sthApanA bauddha dharma dvArA hI kiyA gayA, kyoMki bauddha dharma ke pUrva saMnyAsI jaMgalo meM jIvana vyatIta karate the / bauddha bhikSuoM ne caityoM evaM vihAroM meM rahanA prArambha kiyA thA, jise kAlAntara meM zaMkarAcArya dvArA sanAtana dharma meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gyaa| bauddha dharma ne zikSA vyavasthA para bhI prabhAva ddaalaa| bauddha saMgha evaM vihAra ucca zikSA ke kendra hote the, takSazilA, nAlaMdA, udantapurI, vikramazilA zikSA kendro kI prasiddhi bhArata ke bAhara anya dezoM taka bhI thii| bauddha zikSA kendroM evaM unase sambaddha vidvAnoM dvArA racita pustake bhAratIya sAhitya kI nidhiyA~ hai jinameM lalita vistara, milinda paJhoM, carita Adi ullekhanIya hai / isa prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti ke vividha pakSoM para bauddha dharma kA prabhAva parilakSita hai, jisameM bhArata ke sAmAjika sAMskRtika sAhityaka, zaikSaNika evaM kalA sthApatya ke vibhinna pakSoM para spaSTa prabhAva draSTavya hai| bauddha dharma se prabhAvita hoMkara kaI zAsakoM ne stambha, stUpa, caitya, layaNa evaM mUrtiyA nirmita karAyA evaM ajaMtA elorA evaM bAgha kI guphAoM ke citroM kA nirmANa bhI bauddha kathAvastu ke anusAra kiyA gyaa| ataeva bauddha dharma yadyapi vaidika dharma ke virodha meM apanA dhArmika evaM vaicArika Andolana prArambha kiyA thA, parantu dIrgha avadhi taka donoM hI eka dUsaroM ko prabhAvita karate rahe / 210 sandarbha alTekara, e0esa0, sTeTa eNDa gavarnameNTa ina eMsieMTa iNDiyA / bAzama0 e0ela0, da vaNDara daiTa vAja iNDiyA / 2 ghoSa, ena0 ena0, prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa / kANe, pI0 pI0, hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra bhAga - 1 evaM 3 | pANDeya, jI0 sI0, bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa / upAdhyAya, bharata siMha, buddhakAlIna bhArata /

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32 bhAratIya cintana aura saMskRti ko bauddha dharma kA yogadAna vINA gopAla mizrA bhAratIya saMskRti kI jar3eM bar3I gaharI haiM / bhAratIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti kA apanA eka svataMtra evaM gauravazAlI atIta rahA hai| yUnAna, misra aura roma kI aneka samRddhizAlI zaktiyAM kAla ke garta meM samAM gaIM parantu bhAratIya saMskRti aneka viparIta paristhitiyoM, AkramaNoM va jhaMjhAvAtoM ko sAhasa ke sAtha jhelatI huyI Aja bhI majabUtI ke sAtha khar3I huyI haiN| mazahUra kavi ikabAla kI prasiddha paMktiyoM kA ullekha karanA yahA~ samIcIna pratIta hotA hai ki - yUnAna, misra, romAM saba miTa gaye jahA~ se, aba taka magara hai bAkI nAmoM nizAM hmaaraa| kucha bAta hai ki hastI miTatI nahIM hamArI, sadiyoM rahA hai duzmana izke jahA~ hmaaraa| nitya parivartanazIlatA prakRti kA niyama hai / saMskRti bhI nitya parivartanazIla hote huye apanI nirantaratA ko banAe rakhatI hai aura nirantaratA banAye rakhane ke lie saMskRti kA bAhya va Antarika donoM rUpoM se sazakta honA bahuta jarUrI hai| saMskRti kI bAhya zakti kisI bhI samAja ke rahana-sahana, sukha-samRddhi va bhautika unnati ke rUpa meM dekhI jA sakatI hai, parantu saMskRti kA Antarika rUpa usakI saMjIvanI zakti hotI hai| kisI bhI samAja kA cintana va darzana usa samaya va deza kI saMskRti kA Antarika rUpa hotA hai|

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212 zramaNa-saMskRti saMskRti kI yahI Antarika zakti use badalate huye pariveza va AkramaNakArI pravRttiyoM kA dRr3hatA pUrvaka mukAbalA karake majabUtI ke sAtha khar3e rahane kA bala pradAna karatI hai| vizva kI aneka saMskRtiyAM isI Antarika saMjIvanI zakti ke abhAva ke kAraNa lupta ho gayI parantu bhAratIya saMskRti ikkIsavIM sadI kI vaizvika va bhUmaNDalIya tAkatoM se dRr3hatA se morcA letI huyI Aja bhI majabUtI ke sAtha DaTI huI haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI zAzvatatA va nirantaratA kA isase bar3hakara pramANa aura kyA ho sakatA hai| prAcIna kAla se hI bhArata bhUmi aneka saMskRtiyoM, dharmoM evaM sampradAyoM kI krIr3A sthalI rahI hai tathA inakI vibhinna pravRttiyoM tathA jIvana vidyAoM meM saMgharSa aura samanvaya ke dvArA bhAratIya itihAsa, sabhyatA va bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa huA hai| isa vikAsa meM Arya evaM Aryettara sAMskRtika paramparAoM kA samanvaya bhAratIya sabhyatA ke nirmANa kI AdhArazilA siddha huii| isa bauddhika va AdhyAtmika Andolana kI carama pariNati hameM bauddha evaM jaina dharmoM ke abhyudaya - kAla meM dikhAyI detI hai| mahAtmA buddha ne IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM eka naI dhArmika krAnti kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| bauddha dharma ke saMsthApaka va pravartaka mahAtmA buddha eka navIna yuga ke praNetA the jo apane jIvana ke paiMtAlIsa varSoM taka saMsAra se mukti pAne kA upadeza dete rahe aura apane dharma kA pracAra-prasAra karate rhe| mAnava jIvana ke duHkhoM se kAtara, jIvana kI kSaNa-bhaMguratA se vikala aura bhAvuka mana se sAMsArika vaibhava va vilAsitApUrNa jIvana ke sukhoM se mukha mor3akara param zAnti kI avasthA 'nirvANa kA sandeza dene vAle siddhArtha hI japa, tapa evaM kaThina sAdhanA ke bala para jJAna prApti ke uparAnta mahAtmA buddha kahalAye jAne lge| mahAtmA buddha dvArA sthApita bauddha dharma apanI vilakSaNa viziSTatAoM ke kAraNa kevala bhAratavarSa hI dharma nahIM varan pUre vizva ke mahAnatama dharma rUpa meM prasiddha ho gyaa| buddha ke jIvana kAla meM hI magadha, kauzala, kauzAmbI, licchivI, malla tathA zAkya gaNarAjyoM kI janatA ne bauddha dharma ko svIkAra kara liyA thaa| apane prAdurbhAva ke kucha hI samaya meM bauddha dharma samasta bhArata meM phaila gayA thA tathA buddha ke dehAvasAna ke bAda yaha dharma apanI viziSTatAoM ke kAraNa bhArata

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213 bhAratIya cintana aura saMskRti ko bauddha dharma kA yogadAna kI sImAoM se Age nikalakara madhya eziyA, cIna, jApAna, tibbata, varmA, thAIlaiNDa, kamboDiyA Adi dezoM taka pahuMca gayA maurya azoka va kaniSka ke kAla meM bauddha dharma, rAjadharma ke rUpa meM sthApita ho gyaa| samrATa azoka ne isa dharma ko sthAnIya dharma kI saMkIrNa sImAoM se bAhara nikAlakara mAnavatA ke dharma ke rUpa meM pUre vizva meM sthApita kara diyaa| IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM yuga pravartaka mahAtmA buddha ne bhAratIya sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjanItika va sAMskRtika jIvana ke sabhI kSetroM meM eka navIna vaicArika krAnti ke yuga kA zrIgaNeza kiyaa| apane upadezoM va zikSAoM ke mAdhyama se bauddha dharma meM jo bhI darzana va cintana bhAratIya samAja ko diyA usane bhAratIya saMskRti ke liye prANavAyu kA kArya kiyaa| ___ bhAratIya saMskRti kI adbhuta saMjIvanI zakti bauddha dharma kI hI dena hai| AdhyAtmikatA, naitikatA, tyAga, ahiMsA, paropakAra, sevA, saMyama, zIla, anuzAsana, mAtA-pitA kA sammAna, gurujanoM ke prati zraddhA, saccaritratA, mana evaM vANI para saMyama, sukha va duHkha ke samabhAva, samanvAditA, udAratA, vasudhaiva kuTumbakam ke Adarza jo ikkIsavIM sadI meM bhAratIya sabhyatA va saMskRti ko vizva meM atulya banAye huye hai saba bauddha dharma kI hI dena hai| svatanA kA vivekazIla cintana, yathArthavAditA karma meM AsthA, sAMsArika tRSNAoM se virakti, bauddhika kriyAzIlatA, bhASA va svabhAva kI saralatA, satyavacana, cintana kI ekAgratA, jIvikopArjana ke naitika sAdhana, vinamratA, madhuratA, dhArmika sahiSNutA bhAratIya saMskRti kA AdhAra hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti apanI vaiziSTatAoM evaM vizva meM eka alaga va svataMtra pahacAna ke liye sadaiva bauddha dharma kI RNI rhegaa| bhAratIya sabhyatA va saMskRti ke vividha pakSoM para bauddha dharma kA vyApaka prabhAva dikhAyI detA hai| IsA pUrva chaThI sadI kI tatkAlIna sAmAjika vyavasthA ke prati logoM meM tIvra asantoSa va ghRNA vyApta thii| vaidika dharma meM pracalita jJAna, anuSThAna, pazubali, dhArmika andhavizvAsa, nirarthaka karmakANDa, bAhya ADambara, brAhmaNoM kI prabhutA, kaTTaratA Adi prathAyeM bhAratIya samAja ke liye asahya ho cukI thii| samAja vyavasthA kA AdhAra cAturvarNya vyavasthA thii| samAja brAhmaNa, kSatriya,

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214 zramaNa-saMskRti vaizya, zUdra Adi cAra varNoM meM vibhAjita thaa| cAroM varNoM va jAtiyoM ke liye alaga-alaga niyama va vidhi-vidhAna baye haye the| phalataH samAja meM UMca-nIca aura chuAchUta kI bhAvanA bar3ha gayI thii| sAmAjika kuprathAyeM apane carama para thiiN| jAti prathA kI jaTilatA se Ama jana mAnasa burI taraha khinna thaa| samAja meM brAhmaNoM kI prabhutA sthApita ho cukI thii| dhArmika vidhiyAM aura saMskAra itane jaTila va kharcIle the ki sAdhAraNa vyakti inakA sampAdana karane kA sAhasa hI nahIM juTA pAtA thaa| yajJa, havana, va pUjA pATha meM brAhmaNa purohitoM kI anivAryatA, kharcIlI va vyavasAdhya vyavasthA se logoM kI AsthA TUTa cukI thii| pazubali va narabali ke virUddha Ama janatA ke mana meM ghRNA va anAsakti paidA ho gayI thii| brAhmaNa dharma meM vedoM ko sarvopari batAte hue jAne lagA thA ki 'vedoM meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai vahI dharma hai usake virUddha jo kucha bhI hai va adharma hai|' vedoM kI sarvoparitA ne logoM meM viveka, buddhi jJAna va svataMtra cintana kI pravRtti ke vikAsa ko avarUddha karane kA kArya kiyaa| sAtha hI saMskRta bhASA sAdhAraNa manuSya kI samajha se pare thI aura sabhI grantha saMskRta bhASA meM likhe gaye the| ataH sAdhAraNa janatA eka aisA dharma cAhatI thI jo unakI bolacAla kI bhASA meM likhA gayA ho, jise vaha bhalI-bhAMti samajha ske| vaidika dharma meM mAnava jIvana para devI-devatAoM kA adhipatya mAnA gyaa| manuSya apane jIvana kI sabhI gatividhiyoM kA kendra devI-devatAoM kI ArAdharA ko hI samajhane lagA thaa| ataH manuSya ke jIvana meM AtmavizvAsa, puruSArtha, astitva bodha va pragatizIlatA kA pUrI taraha lopa ho cukA thaa| uparokta sabhI kAraNoM se tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja ke sabhI loga sAmAjika va Arthika vyavasthA se pUrI taraha asantuSTa hokara nayI sAmAjika vyavasthA kI khoja ke liye prayatnazIla the| karmakANDoM, yajJAdi anuSThAnoM, kaThora varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA, bAhya ADambaroM, narabali va pazubali jaisI amAnavIya prathAoM se trasta janatA ko eka sIdhe-sAdhe sarala va naitika jIvana mArga kI gavazyakatA thI aura isa AvazyakatA ko jaina va bauddha dharma ne pUrA kiyaa| bauddha dharma atyanta hI sIdhA-sAdhA, sarala va subodha dharma thaa| isa dharma ko sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa vyakti bhI AsAnI se samajha sakatA thA evaM usake

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bhAratIya cintana aura saMskRti ko bauddha dharma kA yogadAna liye isa dharma dvArA pratipAdita niyama bhI atyanta sarala, sugrAhya va anukaraNIya the| yahAtmA buddha ne apanA dharmopadeza janasAdhAraNa ke bolacAla kI bhASA pAlI bhASA meM hI diyA / unake dhArmika grantha, bauddha sAhitya bhI pAlI bhASA meM likhe gaye jisase isa dharma kI bAtoM ko par3hanA va samajhanA sAdhAraNa jana ke liye bahuta AsAna ho gayA thaa| bauddha dharma ne atyanta sarala bhASA meM janatA ko sadAcAra, pavitra jIvana, naitikatA, janasevA, svArtha tyAga, mana-vacana-karma kI zuddhi tathA ucca naitika AdarzoM ke mArga ko apanAne kA saMdeza diyaa| isa dharma ne satya bhASaNa, Atma saMyama, ahiMsA, gurujanoM kA sammAna, unakI AjJA pAlana, prANimAtra ke prati dayA, nindA kA tyAga, jIvikopArjana ke naitika sAdhana, satkarma indriya damana Adi guNoM ko apanAne para jora diyaa| vizva ke prathama saMvidhAna nirmAtA manu ne bhI dharma kI paribhASA karate huye kahA hai ki dhRtiH kSamA damo'steyaM zaucamindriyanigrahaH / dhIrvidyA satyakrodho dazakaM dharmalakSaNam // ' yahI dharma kA sAra hai aura bhAratIya saMskRti kA AdhAra bhI hai / bauddha dharma se hI vizva meM dhArmika udAratA, vizAlatA evaM vizva bandhutva kI bhAvanAoM kA pracAra huaa| bauddha dharma meM dhArmika kaTTaratA va kaTutA ke liye koI sthAna nahIM thA / isa dharma ne apane dvArA sabhI ke liye khola diye the / yaha svataMtratA samAnatA ke lokatAMtrika mUlyoM para AdhArita janasulabha naitika dharma ko apanAne va usakI sthApanA para jora detA hai| sabhI jAti va sabhI vargoM ke loga bauddha dharma meM usI prakAra Akara mila sakate the jisa prakAra nadiyAM samudra meM Akara milatI haiM / buddha kA kathana thA ki manuSya apane jIvana meM satkarmI va sadAcArI ho usake vicAra aura AcaraNa zuddha hoM, kAma, krodha, mAyA, moha, rAga, dveSa aura durguNoM se mukta ho aura mana vacana va karma se zuddha ho to usake liye devI-devatAoM kI upAsanA yajJAdi karmakANDa, pazubali va narabali kI koI sArthakatA nahIM hai / antaHzuddhi aura satkarma se manuSya ko sahaja hI mokSa prApta ho sakatA hai| vyakti ko sabakI unnati meM hI apanI unnati tathA sabake sukha meM hI apanA sukha samajhanA cAhiye kyoMki jaba vyakti apane Apako sabameM aura sabako apane Apa meM dekhane laga jAyegA to usake jIvana meM zoka aura moha svataH hI naSTa ho jaayeNge| IzopaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki 215

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216 zramaNa-saMskRti yasminsarvANi bhUtAni aatmaivaabhuudvijaantH| tatra ko mohaH kaH zoka ektvmnupshytH||' (Iza0 7) bauddha dharma ke siddhAntoM, vicAroM va naitikatA kI spaSTa chApa bhAratIya sabhyatA va saMskRti para dikhAyI detI hai| mahAtmA buddha ke ahiMsA ke siddhAnta se brAhmaNa janasamudAya bhI prabhAvita huA tathA brAhmaNoM ne bhI prANimAtra va jIvoM para dayA kA upadeza denA zurU kara diyaa| vaidika dharma meM bhI pazubali va narabali kA pracalana kama hone lagA thaa| bauddha dharma ne hindU dharma para mAnava dayAvAda kA prabhAva DAlA tathA bauddha dharma ke hI prabhAva svarUpa bhAgavata dharma kA vikAsa huA jisameM 'ahiMsA paramo dharmaH' ke mArga ko apanAne para jora diyA gyaa| bhArata meM jo buddha huA vaha bhI karUNA se hI prerita hokara huaa| jo mahAvIra banA vaha bhI ahiMsA se hI banA, buddha ne hI kahA thA ki haMsa kA zikAra karane vAle zikArI kA haMsa para koI adhikAra nahIM hai varan haMsa ko bacAne vAlA hI haMsa pAne kA adhikArI hai| hamAre deza meM to Adi kavi kI jihvA para bhI karUNA se ota-prota zabda hI prasphuTita huye the - mA niSAda pratiSThAM tvamagamaH zAzvatIH smaaH| yatkauJcamithunAdekamavadhIH kRtAH kaammohitm|| bhAratIya saMskRti meM ahiMsA, dayA, karuNA va paropakAra ke mAnavIya mUlya bauddha dharma kI hI dena hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaicArika AdhAra yahA~ kA darzana evaM cintana rahA hai, jIvana ke prati bhAratIyoM kI vicAradhArA hI bhAratIya saMskRti meM abhivyakta huyI hai| manuSya ke naitika AdarzoM kA AdhAra satya hai aura satya kA vistAra hI karma hai| bauddha dharma karma pradhAna hai| buddha ne yuktipUrvaka samajhAyA hai ki manuSya kA yaha jIvana aura paraloka kA jIvana usake svayaM ke karmoM para avalambita hai| 'prANI karmasvaka hai, karmadAyaka hai aura karma pratizaraNa hai|' yaha bhUloka karmabhUmi hai, ataH karma se hI manuSya kI pahacAna hotI hai - na jAtu kazcitkSaNamapi tisstthtykrmkRt| ataH karma ke binA koI vyakti kSaNa bhI nahIM raha sakatA hai| karma kI vyApakatA, prabhAvazIlatA va aparihAryatA sarvajanasiddha hai| manuSya jaisA karma

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217 bhAratIya cintana aura saMskRti ko bauddha dharma kA yogadAna karatA hai, use usakA phala bhoganA par3atA hai| pratyeka vyakti ko apane dvArA kiye gaye zubha va azubha karmoM kA phala avazya bhoganA par3atA hai - avazyameva bhoktavyaM kRtaM karma shubhaashubhm| aura yadi koI manuSya duSkarma nahIM karatA to usakI mRtyu va punarjanma nahIM hotA hai| vaha janma maraNa ke cakra se mukti prApta kara nirvANa pada ko prApta ho jAtA hai| jisa prakAra tela tathA battI ke jalane se dIpaka apane Apa hI bujha jAtA hai, vaha zAnta ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra vAsanA aura ahaMkAra ke kSaya hone se manuSya karma-bandhanoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| use paramazakti prApta hotI hai| kurvanneveha karmANi jijIviSecchataM smaaH| evaM tvayi nAnyatheto'sti na karma lipyate nreH|| (yajurveda, 40/2) ataH bhAratIya saMskRti kI amRtadhArA se ota-prota manuSya ko karma karate huye sau varSoM taka jIne kI icchA karanI cAhiye kyoMki vAMchita karmoM ko karate huye vyakti karma meM lipta nahIM hotaa| bauddha dharma meM nirvANa ko jIvana kA param lakSya batAyA gayA hai| nirvANa kA artha hai jIvana ke moha kA anta, kaSToM kA nivAraNa aura ananta zAnti kI praapti| mAnava samAja ke kalyANa ke liye mahAtmA buddha ne pUre samAja ke logoM ko do vargoM meM bAMTa thaa| eka samAja kA vaha varga thA jo apane liye mukti va zAnti kI cAha rakhatA thA aura dUsarA vaha varga thA jo gRhastha jIvana meM praveza karake sadAcArI banakara naitika jIvana vyatIta karanA cAhatA thaa| prathama varga ke liye buddha ne bhikSu dharma kA samarthana kiyA hai| bhikSu dharma meM antaH zuddhi pradhAna hai gRhastha dharma meM AcAra pradhAna hai| prathama meM yoga va jJAna dvArA nirvANa prApta karane kI yojanA hai dUsare meM samAja meM satya sadAcAra va pavitratA ke mArga para calakara zAnti va sukhIjIvana yApana kA upAya hai| dhana kA lobha na karane, kisI dUsare prANI se ghRNA na karane, kisI ko hAni na pahuMcAne, zuddha aura pavitra rahane, burI pravRttiyoM se nirlipta rahate huye samasta prANiyoM kI maMgala kAmanA va kalyANa karate huye zuddha va sAtvika jIvana vyatIta karanA hI manuSya kA kalyANa ho sakatA hai| manuSya ko zArIrika va vAcika ahiMsA ke sAtha-sAtha

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218 zramaNa-saMskRti mAnasika rUpa se bhI ahiMsaka hone kA prayAsa karanA cAhiye aura mAnasika ahiMsA tabhI AyegI jaba hama cAheM ki - sarve bhavantu sukhinaH sarve santu niraamyaaH| sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcid duHkha bhaagbhvet|| bhAratIya saMskRti kI Adarza prArthanAeM bauddha dharma dvArA pratipAdita ahiMsA para hI AdhArita haiN| kalyANakArI jJAna, bhale-bure, pApa-puNya ko pahacAnane kI dRSTi, dRr3ha vicAra, cAritrika zreSThatA, sadAcAra, satyavacana bolanA, (jisameM vinamratA va madhuratA hoM), satkarma karanA, dAna, dayA, satya, sevA, ahiMsA, citta bhI ekAgratA, jIvikopArjana ke naitika mArga kA anukaraNa, indriyoM kA saMgama, burI bhAvanAoM kA parityAga, zubha va maMgalakArI bhAvanAoM kA vikAsa karate huye manuSya ko apane jIvana ke sabhI kArya pUrI sAvadhAnI va viveka ke sAtha karane caahiye| mahAtmA buddha eka yathArthavAdI va sudhAravAdI bhI the| unakA vicAra thA ki saMsAra meM sarvatra duHkha vyApta hai aura mAnava jIvana meM duHkhoM ke kaI kAraNa haiM - bhautika vastuoM kA sukha bhogane kI vAsanA, kAma tRSNA, bhava tRSNA (jIne kI tRSNA), vibhava tRSNA (punarjanma prApta karane kI tRSNA) aadi| ina duHkhoM ke nivAraNa ke liye bauddha dharma meM saMtulita va sarala jIvana kI ora agrasara karane vAle aSTAMgika mArga kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| isameM ATha sadAcArI va naitika siddhAntoM ko apanAne para jora diyA gayA hai| vaha aSTAMgika mArga meM ati kA virodha karate huye bhoga-vilAsa va kaThora tapa ke bIca kA mArga batAyA gayA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko bauddha dharma kI eka viziSTa dena lokatAMtrika praNAlI para AdhArita sAmudAyika jIvana kI vyavasthA hai| bauddha dharma ke udaya se pahale brAhmaNa dharma ke sanyAsI, RSi-muni Adi ekAMkI jIvana vyatIta karate the, vanoM va AzramoM meM rahate huye AdhyAtmika cintana, manana va dharmopadeza diyA karate the| unheM saMgaThana banAkara vyavasthita jIvana jIne kI kalA kA bodha nahIM thaa| mahAtmA buddha ne bauddha dharmAvalambiyoM ko saMgaThita kara unakA eka saMgha banAyA tathA unheM anuzAsanabaddha sAmAjika jIvana bitAne kA Adeza diyaa| unake saMyamI jIvana, anuzAsana va sadAcAra ke liye kaThora niyama banA diye the

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bhAratIya cintana aura saMskRti ko bauddha dharma kA yogadAna 219 jisase saMgha kA naitika jIvana zreSTha aura Adarza bana gayA tathA unhoMne apane pavitra jIvana, sevA, tyAga va dharmaparAyaNatA se bhAratIya janamAnasa ko atyadhika gaharAyI se prabhAvita kiyaa| bhAratIya saMskRti kI adbhuta samanvaya, bhAvanA bauddha dharma kI hI dena hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kI samagratA isI saMyojana va samanvaya ke hI pariNAmasvarUpa hai| saMgha vyavasthA meM bauddha dharma ke pracAra kI eka navIna praNAlI prArambha huii| bauddha saMgha hetu nirmita vihAra aura maTha jJAna vijJAna ke kendra thii| nAlandA vikramazIlA aura udantapurI ke bauddha vihAra prasiddha vizvavidyAlaya bana gye| varNa va jAtigata bhedabhAva se rahita se saMgha bhAratIya samAja ke liye jAgarUkatA jJAna-vijJAna ke prasAra, va zikSA prApta karane tathA AtmoddhAra ke pramukha kendra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huye| nAlandA aura vikramazala vizvavidyAlaya vizva stara meM bauddha zikSaNa saMsthAnoM ke rUpa meM vikhyAta huye jisameM nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya mahAyAna bauddha dharma kA kendra banA tathA bhArata hI nahIM varan vizva meM aneka kSetroM se vidyArthI yahA~ zikSA grahaNa karane Ate the| hvenasAMga svayaM nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya kA chAtra rahA thA aura bAda meM yahIM para adhyApana kArya bhI kiyA thaa| aneka videzI zAsakoM jisameM hinda, yavana, kuSANa evaM zaMka ne isa dharma se prabhAvita hokara ise svIkAra kiyaa| hinda yavana zAsaka menAnDara ne isa dharma ke sammAna meM apanA nAma badalakara 'milinda rAva' rakha liyA thA tathA apanI mudrAoM para brAhmI, kharoSThI lipiyoM ko sthAna bhI diyaa| isa prakAra bhAratIya samAja meM zikSA ko sArvajanika banAne tathA zikSA aura zikSaNa saMsthAoM ko samRddha rUpa dene meM bauddha dharma kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| bAlyAvasthA se hI mahAtmA buddha sahRdaya, dayAlu, cintanazIla evaM vairAgI pravRtti ke the| bhoga-vilAsa aizvarya va rAjasI ThATa-bATa se vimukha, tathA sAMsArika duHkhoM se kAtara mahAtmA buddha ne vedoM kI pramANikatA, yajJAdi karmakANDoM kA virodha, karmavAda tathA anIzvaravAda meM jo vizvAsa dikhAyA usakA vyApaka prabhAva bhAratIya saMskRti va bhArata kI rAjanItika vyavasthA para bhI pdd'aa| isa dharma ne na kevala bhArata meM hI varan vizva meM rAjanItika ekatA va rASTrIya bhAvanAoM kA sudRr3ha karane kA mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| dharmopadezoM meM sAdhAraNa bolacAla kI bhASA ke prayoga se rASTrIya ekatA kI bhAvanAoM ko

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220 zramaNa-saMskRti kAphI bala milaa| bauddha dharma kI sAdagI, saralatA va sugrAhyatA ne ise zIghra hI laukika dharma banA diyA aura ise vizAla sAmrAjyoM ke nirmANa kI paramparA zurU ho gyii| azoka, kaniSka, harSa va dharmapAla Adi zAsakoM ne bauddha dharma ko rAjyAzraya pradAna kara isake siddhAntoM ke anukUla zAsana kiyaa| isa dharma kI ahiMsA pradhAna nIti ne rAjAoM ke mana bhI hiMsA va raktapAta ke virUddha ghRNA kI bhAvanA kA saMcAra kara diyA tathA sAmrAjyavAdI nIti kA parityAga kara tatkAlIna zAsakoM ne videzoM taka zAnti va ahiMsA kA sandeza phailAkara ise mAnavatA kA vizvavyApI dharma banA diyaa| svataMtratA prApti ke uparAnta bhAratIya saMvidhAna nirmAtAoM ne jAtivAda, varNavAda, chuAchUta kA virodha kara, karma pradhAna loka kalyANakArI mUlyoM, svataMtratA, samAnatA, nyAya, dhArmika sahiSNutA va naitikatA para AdhArita zAzvata mUlyoM ko rASTradharma va bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUlAdhAra ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna kii| bhAratIya saMskRti meM samAhita sahiSNutA, AtmasAt karane kI zakti, vizva-bandhutva kI bhAvanA hamArI videza nIti ko pramukha rUpa se prabhAvita karatI A rahI hai| bhArata ne kabhI bhI kisI rASTra ke virUddha AkrAmaka nIti apanAne meM apanI tarapha se koI pahala nahIM kI cAhe vaha yuddha pAkistAna ke sAtha ho athavA cIna ke saath| bauddha dharma kA udbhava bhArata meM huA jo zrIlaMkA, thAIlaiNDa, koriyA evaM jApAna meM vizeSa rUpa se phailaa| thAIlaiNDa meM to mahAbhArata para AdhArita bhitticitra vahA~ ke aitihAsika sthaloM kI dIvAroM para aMkita hai| zAnti, saha-astitva evaM sahanazIlatA bauddha dharma ke pramukha tatva haiM tathA bauddha dharma ke pramukha tatva haiM tathA bauddha dharma kI paramparAoM evaM cintana kI spaSTa chApa bhAratIya saMskRti evaM bhAratIya videza nIti para dikhAyI detI haiN| paMcazIla ke pAMca siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana bhI bhAratIya videzI nIti kI zAntipriyatA kA pratIka hai| bauddha dharma meM AcaraNa ke pAMca siddhAntoM kA pAlana pratyeka vyakti kA dharma samajhA jAtA thA usI prakAra bhAratIya videza nIti meM Adhunika paMcazIla ke siddhAntoM dvArA rASTroM ke liye dUsare rASTroM ke sAtha AcaraNa ke vrata kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM bhArata varSa kA rASTrIya cinha 'azoka laoNTa' tathA tiraMge para cakra donoM bauddha dharma kI hI dena hai| bauddha dharma se preraNA lete huye bhArata kI videza nIti vizvazAnti par3ausI rASTroM ke sAtha maitrIpUrNa sambandha, sAmrAjyavAda upanivezavAda tathA naksalavAda kA virodha,

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bhAratIya cintana aura saMskRti ko bauddha dharma kA yogadAna 221 niHzastrIkaraNa, guTanirapekSatA tathA paMcazIla evaM zAntipUrNa saha astitva jaise zAzvata siddhAntoM para AdhArita hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko bauddha dharma kI sarvotkRSTa dena kalA ke kSetra meM rahI hai| bauddha dharma ke pracAra va prasAra meM vAstukalA, bhavana nirmANa kalA, citrakalA aura mUrtikalA kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| bauddha vihAroM, mandiroM, stUpoM, stambhoM, smArakoM Adi ke nirmANa va kalApUrNa alaMkaraNa se sthApatya kalA, mUrtikalA aura citrakalA kI nIMva zailiyoM se vikAsa kA mArga prazasta huaa| mathurA kalA zailI aura gAndhAra-kalA zailI isake udAharaNa haiN| bauddha sthApatya kalA kA saundarya, sauSThava vizva meM apanI alaga pahacAna ke liye vikhyAta hai| sAMcI, bharahuta aura nAgArjunakoMDA ke stUpoM, ajantA aura elorA kI bauddha guphAoM aura azoka ke zilAstambhoM kI gaNanA bhAratIya kalA ke utkRSTa namUnoM meM kI jAtI hai| nizcita rUpa se bhAratIya samAja, sabhyatA va saMskRti kalA ke utkRSTa namUnoM meM kI jAtI hai| nizcita rUpa se bhAratIya samAja, sabhyatA va saMskRti para jIvana ke vividha kSetroM meM bauddha dharma meM apanI amiTa chApa chor3I hai| apanI saMskRti ke bala para hI Adhunika bhArata vizva meM eka alaga pahacAna rakhatA hai| bhArata vizva maMgala kA deza rahA hai| yahA~ kI sanAtana loka kalyANa paramparA rahI hai| parantu Aja bhAratIya saMskRti ke sAmane 'vaizvika grAma' (LsavaiMsa TapasasaMhama) kI saMkalpanA kI Ar3a meM aneka bhayaMkara cunautiyAM khar3I hotI huyI dikhAyI de rahI haiN| 'vasudhaiva-kuTumbakam' va ahiMsA ke mAnavadharma se prANavAyu grahaNa karatI bhAratIya saMskRti para 'vaizvika grAma' kI Ar3a meM sAMskRtika AkramaNa hotA dikhAyI de rahA hai| sUcanA va saMcAra krAnti ne ghara-ghara meM pahuMca kara bhAratIya saMskRti kI rIr3ha (parivAra) ko tor3ane kA ghinaunA kucakra zurU kara diyA hai| pAzcAtya saMskRti, bhoga-vilAsa sAMsArika bhogoM ke prati antahIna tRSNA, bhautika sukhoM ke pIche andhI daur3a pratispardhA ne bhAratIya saMskRti ke zAzvata va sanAtana mUlyoM ko gaharA AghAta pahuMcAyA hai| rAjanaitika parAdhInatA se sAMskRtika parAdhInatA adhika khataranAka hotI hai| ataH bhAratavAsiyoM ko sAMskRtika parAdhInatA ke abhizApa se bacane ke liye punaH zIla, saMyama, udAratA, tyAga, ahiMsA, svataMtratA, samAnatA, nyAya, dhArmika sahiSNutA vasudhaiva kuTumbakam va vizva maMgala para AdhArita bhAratIya saMskRti

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zramaNa-saMskRti ke zAzvata jIvana mUlyoM kI tarapha lauTanA hogaa| nizcita rUpa se bhAratIya saMskRti kI saMjIvanI zakti bhAratavarSa ko vizva meM AdhyAtmika guru ke rUpa meM sthAyitva pradAna karane meM saphala hogI, kyoMki yuga puruSa mahAtmA buddha ke Adarza yuga yugAntara zAzvata va cirantana raheMge aura bhAratIya saMskRti kI raMgoM meM prANavAyu kI taraha pravAhavAna bane rheNge| sandarbha 1. DaoN0 zazi prabhA kumAra, 'bhAratIya saMskRtiH vividha AyAma' vidyAnidhi prakAzana, dillii| 2. DaoN0 Ara0 ena0 pANDeya 'prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanItika evaM sAMskRtika itihAsa' prayAga pustaka bhavana, ilaahaabaad| 3. motIlAla banArasIdAsa, 'iMDiyana buddhijma', 1970 pRSTha 272 / 4. vI0 ena0 lUniyA 'prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti' lakSmInArAyaNa prakAzana, aagraa| 5. pANDeya, govinda candra 'bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa,' pR0 20-211 6. mnusmRti| 7. ISopaniSad (6) / 8. yajurveda, 40/21 9. dUbe sItArAmaH 'bauddha saMgha kA prArambhika vikAsa' 1988 saMgha kI sAmAjika Arthika pRsstthbhuumi| 10. rAya caudharI, 'poliTikala hisTrI oNpha aiziyenTa iNDiyA' pR0 189-901 11. bI0 ena0 lUniyA, 'prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti' lakSmInArAyaNa prakAzana, aagraa|

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33 zramaNa-paramparA meM dizA-pUjA eka anuzIlana dhyAnendra nArAyaNa dUbe zramaNa parampA kI pRSThabhUmi yadyapi purA-vaidika hai tathApi bhAratIya itihAsa meM bauddha evaM jaina dharma zramaNa-paramparA ke kendra meM hai| dizA-pUjana paramparA ke saMdarbha ina donoM hI dharmoM meM prApta hote haiN| 1. bauddha dharma meM dizA pUjA __ bauddha grantha 'suttanipAta' kI TIkA mahAnirdeza meM dizA-pUjA ko dizAvrata' evaM dizA pUjakoM ko dizAvratika' kahA gayA hai| mahAnirdeza meM dizAvratikoM kA ullekha anyAnya vratikoM ke sAtha huA hai| ina vratikoM ke sandarbha meM yaha ullekha huA hai ki ve vratika kramazaH apane apane vratoM ke dvArA zuddhi evaM mukti kI prApti karate haiN| bauddha-grantha dIgha-nikAya ke sigAlovAda-sutta' meM dizA-pUjA ke bAre meM adhika spaSTa sUcanA prApta hotI hai| isa sutta meM yaha ullekha hai ki rAjagRha nivAsI sigAla nAmaka eka gRhastha-putra prAtaH kAla uThakara rAjagRha se nikalakara gIle vastroM evaM gIle kezoM sahita hAtha jor3akara kramazaH pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima, uttara, Upara tathA nIce sabhI dizAoM ko namaskAra karatA thaa| usI samaya jaba bhagavAna buddha ne bhikSATana ke lie rAjagRha meM praveza kiyA taba unhoMne sigAla ko uparyukta vidhi se dizAoM ko namaskAra karate dekhaa| bhagavAna buddha ne yaha pUchA ki tuma savere uThakara dizAoM ko kyoM namaskAra kara rahA hai| gRhastha-putra ne uttara diyA ki usake pitA ne mRtyu ke samaya use yaha zikSA dI thI ki vaha

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zramaNa-saMskRti dizAoM ko namaskAra kiyA kre| ataeva vaha apane pitA kI zikSA ko pUjya samajhakara uparyukta vidhi se dizAoM ko namaskAra karatA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne use yaha upadeza diyA ki Arya dharma meM dizAoM ko isa prakAra namaskAra nahIM kiyA jaataa| bhagavAna buddha ne use yaha batAyA ki mAtA-pitA ko pUrva dizA, guru ko dakSiNa dizA, strI- putroM ko pazcima dizA, mitroM ko uttara dizA, dAsa evaM bhRtyoM ko nIce kI dizA tathA zramaNa evaM brAhmaNoM ko urdhva dizA ke samAna samajhanA caahiye| inake prati apane kartavya kA pAlana karane vAlA hI dizAoM ke namaskAra kA phala pAtA hai| yaha ullekha huA hai ki sigAla gautama buddha kI zikSA se abhibhUta hokara bauddha dharma aMgIkAra kara letA hai / 224 uparyukta sAkSya se bauddha dharma meM dizA pUjA ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kA bodha hotA hai| isa sAkSya se yaha spaSTa hai ki dizA vratika prAtaH kAla snAna kara pUrva dizA se prArambha kara dakSiNAvarta meM dizAoM ko namaskAra karate the / spaSTa hai ki dizA - pUjA ke vidhi-vidhAna vaidika dharma ke yAjJika vidhAnoM se pUrNatayA bhinna evaM ati sarala the| gautama buddha dvArA upadiSTa sigAla nAmaka dizA- vRttika' kA apanA dizA - dharma chor3akara bauddha dharma svIkAra kara yaha sUcita karatA hai ki bauddha dharma jaise bRhat dharmoM ke abhyudaya evaM unake prasAra ne dizA dharma jaise loka dharma ke astitva ko kisa prakAra saMkaTApanna evaM prabhAvita kiyA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM dizA pUjA sambandhI vipula sUcanAeM upalabdha haiM / bauddha paramparA meM bhI dizAoM ke rakSaka devatAoM kI kalpanA huI hai| cAroM dizAoM ke rakSaka ina devatAoM ko bauddha sAhitya meM caturmahArAjika deva yA cattAroM mahArAjAnoM kahA gayA hai| ye caturmahArAjika deva cAra prakAra ke laukika devatAoM gandharva, kUSmADa, nAga evaM yakSoM ke adhipati (mahArAja) haiM, isIlie inheM sammilita rUpa se caturmahArAjika deva kahA gayA hai| pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima evaM uttara dizA ke kramazaH gandharva rAja dhRtarASTra, kuSmADa rAja virUTaka, nAgarAjavirUpAkSa evaM yajJarAja vaizravaNa (kubera) rakSaka deva haiN| nAgoM ko pazcima dizA se sambaddha karane kI paramparA kA mUla vaidika dharma meM nihita hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa' meM nAgaloka ko pazcima dizA meM sthita batAyA gayA hai| cAroM

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zramaNa-paramparA meM dizA-pUjA : eka anuzIlana 225 dizAoM se uparyukta cAra prakAra ke laukika-devatAoM ko sambandhita karane kI kriyA dizA-dharma meM uparyukta cAra laukika dharmoM ke vilaya ko iMgita karatI hai| bauddha dharma meM cAturmahArAjika devoM kI kalpanA isa yuga meM dizA dharma evaM anya cAra laukika dharmoM ke vilaya kA pratiphala hai| ____ bauddha sAhitya meM ina cAturmahArAjika devoM kI vizeSatAoM kA vistRta vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| dIgha-nikAya meM yaha varNana prApta hotA hai ki caturmahArAjika deva bodhisatva kI rakSA unake janma ke samaya se hI karate haiN|' ATAnATiya-sutta0 ke anusAra caturmahArAjika deva na kevala gautama buddha kI apitu unake anuyAyiyoM kI bhI rakSA karate haiN| dIgha-nikAya aSTakathA' meM varNana huA hai ki caturmahArAjika deva dIrghAyu, sundara tathA sukha sampanna hote haiN| majjhima nikAya meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo bhikSu prajJAvAna hotA hai, vaha caturmahArAjika deva ke loka meM janma lene kI kalpanA karatA hai| aMguttara nikAya ke anusAra dayA Adi acche guNoM se yukta loga caturmahArAjika deva-loka meM janma lete haiN| caturmahArAjika devoM kI kalpanA ko bauddha kalA (stUpa-sthApatya) meM bhI abhivyakti pradAna kiyA gayA hai| bauddha kalA meM stUpa ke caturdika vedikA nirmita kI jAtI thI tathA isa vedikA meM cAroM dizAoM meM cAra dvAra banAe gaye the, jinheM toraNa dvAra kahA gayA hai| pratyeka dizA ke toraNa dvAra para usa dizA ke mahArAjika deva kA aMkana kiyA jAtA thaa| udAharaNArtha, sAMcI evaM bharahuta4-15 stUpa ke toraNa dvAroM para ina caturmahArAjika devoM kA aMkana huA hai| vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke anusAra caturmahArAjika devoM kI pUjA laukika vidhi se kI jAtI thii| DaoN0 agravAla kA uparyukta mata samIcIna pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki cAroM mahArAjika deva laukika devatA hI haiN| ataH laukika vidhi se inakI pUjA honA nitAnta svAbhAvika hai| bauddha dharma meM dizAoM se devatAoM ko sambandhita karane ke sAtha-sAtha dizAoM se pazuoM ko sambandhita karane kI paramparA bhI pracalita thii| bauddha dharma meM anavatapta sarovara kI kalpanA hai| isake cAra dvAra batAe gae haiM, jinapara cAra rakSaka pazuoM yathA pUrva meM hAthI, dakSiNa meM azva, pazcima meM vRSabha evaM uttara meM siMha ke sthiti hone kI mAnyatA thii|" dizAoM se pazuoM ko sambandhita

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26 zramaNa-saMskRti karane kI paramparA hameM har3appA kAla se hI prApta hone lagatI hai| yaha paramparA aitihAsika kAla meM bhI vidyamAna rhii| uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha dharma meM dizAoM ko vaha sthAna nahIM pradAna kiyA gayA hai jo yakSa, nAga, kuSmANDa evaM gandharva Adi laukika devatAoM ko prApta hai| dhyAtavya hai ki caturmahArAjika devoM kI parikalpanA meM dizAeM pRSThabhUmi meM calI gaI haiM, jabaki uparyukta anya laukika devatAoM ko samAna dharAtala para pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai| yakSa, nAga, kuSmANDa evaM gandharva Adi loka dharma mUrti-pUjaka the, kyoMki inako mUrtimAna parikalpataH kiyA jAtA thaa| bauddha dharma bhI mUrtipUjaka thaa| sambhavataH isalie ina mUrtimAna laukika dharmoM ko bauddha dharma meM dizA-pUjA kI tulanA meM adhika mahattva pradAna kiyA gyaa| dizA-pUjA mUrtipUjaka nahIM thI, kyoMki dizAeM amUrtarUpa meM parikalpita haiN| sambhavataH isalie use bauddha dharma meM uparyukta mUrtipUjaka laukika dharmoM kI tulanA meM kama mahatva pradAna kiyA gayA hai| 2. jaina dharma meM dizA-pUjA dizA-pUjA ne anya dharmoM kI taraha jaina dharma ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA hai| jaina sAhitya meM dizA pUjA sambandhI vipula sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| jaina grantha bhagavatI sUtra meM dizA pUjakoM ke lie dizApokhkhIyA zabda AyA hai| isa granthA meM yaha ullekha huA hai ki hastinApura meM gaMgA nadI ke taTa para nivAsa karane vAle eka saMnyAsI ne dizApokhyIya vrata liyaa| isa vrata meM usane tIna dina ke antargata kevala eka bAra bhojana grahaNa kiyaa| tIna dina meM kevala bAra bhojanagrahaNa karane ke vrata ko 'cha?' vrata kahA gayA hai| upavAsa kI samApti para usane sarvaprathama pUrva dizA meM jala chir3akA tathA sUrya devatA kI pUjA kii| sUrya devatA kI pUjA ke pazcAt usane phala, phUla, evaM kanda ityAdi bhojya padArthoM kA saMgraha kiyA aura apane Azrama meM Akara vizrAma kiyaa| isake pazcAt gaMgA meM snAna kara usane bAlU kI vedI nirmita kI tathA agni prajjavalita kara usameM madhu evaM ghRta kI Ahuti dii| devoM kI havi pradAna kara usane svayaM bhojana grahaNa kiyaa| isI prakAra se tIna anya chaTTha vratoM ko rakhakara usane dakSiNa, pazcima tathA uttara dizAoM meM kramazaH yama, varuNa evaM vaizramaNa kI pUjA kii|

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zramaNa-paramparA meM dizA-pUjA : eka anuzIlana 27 nirayAvalI sUtra meM vArANasI meM nivAsa karane vAle somila nAmaka eka dizApokkhI kA ullekha huA hai| isa somila ne bhI uparyukta vidhi se dizAoM kA pUjA kI thii| draSTavya hai ki uparyukta sAkSyoM meM varNita dizA pUjA sambandhI vidhi-vidhAna bauddha grantha dIgha-nikAya ke sigAlovAda sutta ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kI apekSAkRta adhika jaTila haiN| uparyukta varNita sAkSyoM se dizA pUjA para vaidika evaM laukika dharmoM kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| bhagavatI sUtra evaM nirayAvalI sUtra meM varNita dizA-pUjakoM dvArA dizAoM kI pUjA ke atirikta pUrva meM sUrya, dakSiNa meM yama, pazcima meM varuNa tathA vizvedevoM kI pUjA dizA-pUjA para vaidika dharma ke prabhAva ko abhivyaMjita karatI hai| dizA pUjakoM dvArA vedI kA nirmANa tathA usa vedI para agni prajjavalita kara ghRta evaM madhu kI Ahuti denA dizA pUjA para yAjJika vidhi-vidhAnoM ke prabhAva kA pariNAma hai| vaizravaNa (kubera) kI uttara dizA meM pUjA dizA-pUjA para yakSa-pUjA ke prabhA kA pratiphala hai| dizAoM se devatAoM ko sambandhita karane kI paramparA jaina dharma meM pracalita thii| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM indra, agni, yama, naizrata, varuNa, vAyu, kubera, IzAna, brahmA tathA nAga ko kramazaH pUrva, dakSiNa-pUrva, dakSiNa, dakSiNa-pazcima, pazcima, uttara-pazcima, uttara, uttara-pUrva, tathA dhruva dizA kA dikpAla mAnA gayA hai| digambara sampradAya meM kevala ATha kI hI parikalpanA hai| AcAraMga sUtra meM yaha yaha AkhyAna prApta hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke samaya unakI pAlakI ko pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima evaM uttara dizAoM kI ora se kramazaH sura, asura, garur3a tathA nAgoM ne DhoyA thaa| saMbhava hai ki ye cAroM devagaNa bhI jaina meM dikpAla ke rUpa meM mAnya rahe hoN| dizA pUjA ke pramANa hameM kAlAntara meM bhI prApta hote haiN| pUrva madhyakAlIna granthoM meM AzA dazamI nAmaka eka vrata kA ullekha huA hai| isa sandarbha meM yaha vidhAna prApta hotA hai ki isa vrata meM kisI mahine kI zukla dazamI ko dasoM

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228 zramaNa-saMskRti dizAoM kI pUjA apane AMgana meM karanI cAhiye evaM isa vrata kA pAlana chaH mAsa, evaM varSa yA do varSa taka karanA caahiye| pUrANoM tathA anya pUrva madhyakAlIna granthoM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki dizA-pUjA AzA dazamI vrata ke sAtha hI sAtha vizva vrata ke rUpa meM bhI kI jAtI thii| isavrata ke saMdarbha meM yaha vidhAna hai ki ise pratyeka mAsa kI dazamI - tithi para eka bhakta evaM tithi vrata hokara varSa paryanta karanA cAhiye tathA vrata ke samApana para dasa gAyoM evaM dasa dizAoM kI svarNima yA rajata pratimAoM kA eka donA tila ke sAtha dAna karanA caahiye| isa vrata ke bAre meM yaha mAnyatA thI ki pAlana kartA ke sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM tathA vaha samrATa ho jAtA hai| uparyukta vrata meM dasa dizAoM evaM dasa gAyoM kI svarNima yA rajata pratimAoM kA dAna mahatvapUrNa hai| yaha dizA pUjA evaM go pUjA ke paraspara samanvaya ko iMgita karatA hai| dizAoM tathA gAyoM ke paraspara sambandha kA ullekha saMketa karatA hai ki vaidika kAla meM hI donoM pUjA sampradAyoM kA samanvaya ho cukA thaa| dizAoM kI pratimAoM kA nirmANa bhI yahA~ kama mahatvapUna nahIM hai| jJAtavya hai ki pahale dizAeM amUrta rUpa meM pUjita hotI thiiN| kAlAntara meM dizAoM kI pratimAoM kA nirmANa anya mUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kI pUjA - paramparAoM se prabhAvita pratIta hotA hai| uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki dizA-pUjA ki aneka laukika evaM bRhaddharmoM brAhmaNa bauddha evaM jaina dharmoM ke sAtha kriyA-pratikriyA hotI rahI, jisake phalasvarUpa eka tarapha jahA~ bRhaddharmoM kA dizA pUjA para prabhAva par3A vahIM dizA -pUjA ne una dharmoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| saMdarbha 1. suttanipAta, mahAniddezapAliH 1.13.133 / 2. suttanipAta, 1.4.25 / 3. tatraiva, 1.4.251 4. dIghanikAya, sigAlovAda- sutta 39 / 5. divyAdAnaH pR0 52, 135 / 6. dIghanikAya, 2/207/3/194 divyAvadAnaH pR0 135 /

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zramaNa-paramparA meM dizA-pUjA : eka anuzIlana 7. dIghanikAya, 2/202, 3/194 / 8. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 3.1.171 9. dIghanikAya, 2/2571 10. dIghanikA, aTTha kathA, 2/146/3/94 / 11. majjhimanikAya, saMkhyAlppatisutta, 3.2.10 / 12. ttraiv| 13. aMguttaranikAya, 4/601 14. agravAla, vAsudevazaraNa, iNDiyanaArTa, pR0 153 / 15. agravAla, vAsudevazaraNa, aisieNTa iNDiyana phokakalTsa, pR0 172 / 16. saMyuktanikAya, aTTha kathA, 2/438, udAna aTThakathA, 3011 17. bhagavatI sUtra, 11.91 18. tatraiva, 11.91 19. nirayAvalI sUtra, 3, draSTavyajaina, jagadIzacandra, lAipha ina jaina, kenansa, pR0 204 / 20. AcArAMgasUtra 2/15, sekreDa buka oNpha da IsTa, bhAga - 22, pR0 198 / 21. hemAdri vratakANDa, 1/977-981, vrata ratnAkaraH 356-571 22. matsya purANa, 101/83 / 23. kRtyakalpatarU, 451, hemAdri vrata khaNDa 1/983 / 24. draSTavya, prastuta zodha prabandha /

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34 bauddha darzana meM karma : eka adhyayana vijaya kumAra karma zabda saMskRta bhASA ke kR dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA artha hai krnaa| vyakti kisI karma ko karatA hai tathA usake badale meM karmaphala ko prApta karatA hai evaM vahI karma phala vyakti ko antima kAryoM ke lie pravRtta karatA hai| isa prakAra karma ke phala tathA phala se karma kA cakra calatA rahatA hai| AdikAla se jIvana kI dhArA isI krama meM pravAhita ho rahI hai| isI ko karma cakra bhI kahate haiN| karma phala kA tyAga klezoM se mukta kara detA hai| bauddha dharma meM bhI karma vyakti ke kAyika, mAnasika evaM vAcika vyApAra ko karma kI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI hai| bhagavAna buddha kA vicAra thA ki cetanA hI bhikSuoM kA karma hai| cetanA ke dvArA karma, kAyA, vANI yA mana se karma karatA hai| bauddha darzana kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki cetanA ke hone para kAyika, mAnasika, vAcika, kisI bhI prakAra kA vyApAra karma hai| ataH cetanA ko hI karma mAnanA yuktisaMgata hai| isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha dharma darzana meM vyakti ke kAyika mAnasika evaM vAcika vyApAra meM cetanA ko pradhAnatA pradAna kiyA gayA hai| bauddha dharma ko cetanA kA paramArtha karma ke anya pakSoM para prakAza DAlatA hai| isameM cetanA zabda para adhika bala dene kA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki kisI bhI prakAra ke vyApAra meM cetanA kA honA parama Avazyaka hai| bauddha dharma darzana meM bandhana kA kAraNa kevala caitasika hotA hai| bauddha dharma meM avidyA, vAsanA, tRSNA, Asakti Adi caitasika tattvoM ko bandhana kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| Agrava ko bandhana kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM Agrava tIna prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM- bhava, vidyA tathA kaam| bhagavAna

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bauddha darzana meM karma : eka adhyayana 231 buddha karma kA artha cetanA se lagAte haiN| bhagavAna buddha ne bhikSuoM se kahA ki zarIra, vANI, mana se cetanApUrvaka kArya karanA cetanA tathA caitAyitvA ko karma kahA hai| nAgArjuna mahodaya ne bhI mAdhyamaka zAstra meM cetanA evaM cetAyitvA ko karma mAnA hai| bhagavAna buddha karma kA sAra mAnasika saMkalpa athavA kArya karane kA mAnasika nirNaya mAnate the| jise cetanA kahA jAtA thaa| bhikSuoM vaha cetanA ko karma kahate haiM, cetanApUrvaka kiye gaye karma ko kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika karma kahA jAtA hai| __ prAcIna bauddha sandarbho meM karma ko kisI anuvarta mAnakatA kA dharma nahIM mAnA gayA hai| saMyukta nikAya ke ye vAkya isa bAta ke lie smaraNIya haiM- karma anAtmakatva hai, na yaha tumhArA hai, na auroM kA hai, kevala purAnA karma hai, jIva aura zarIra ko eka mAnane se brahmacaryavAsa nahIM hotA, na bhinna mAnane se, yaha anApakRta aura na parakRta' hetu ke sahAre utpanna huA hai, hetu na rahane para niruddha ho jaayegaa| sarvaprathama buddha ne naitika kAryoM para bala diyaa| manuSya ke pApa-puNya usake acche karma yA bure karmoM para AdhArita hotA hai| lekina pratyeka kArya tRSNA ke phalasvarUpa hI hotA hai| bhagavAna buddha icchA dvArA kiye gaye karma ko hI phaladAyaka mAnate haiN| binA icchA ke kiyA gayA karma kA daNDa yA puraskAra nahIM milegaa| bauddha darzanika tRSNA se kiye gaye kArya ko hI phalapradAna karane vAlA karma mAnate haiN| manuSya ko karma karane kA adhikAra hai usakA daNDa yA puraskAra usake adhikAra meM nahIM hai| buddha kA vicAra thA ki "cetanam bhikkhave, kammam badAmi, cetayitvA karoti kAyA vAkyA manasA" arthAt cetanA karma hai, cetanA se yukta kArya, vAk aura mAnasika karma hI karma hai| bauddha darzana meM manuSya ke dvArA kiyA tRSNA se yukta kArya kI mAnya hai| isa karma kA daNDa yA puraskAra ho sakatA hai| bauddha darzana meM tRSNA mAnava jIvana ke atthAna va patana ke lie uttaradAyI mAnA gayA hai| jIvana meM tRSNA kA honA bhI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai kyoMki manuSya binA tRSNA ke koI karma nahIM karatA hai| mAnasika kArya kA phala acchA burA jo bhI ho, usa jIva ko bhoganA par3atA hai jaise ratha khIMcane vAle sArathi kA anusaraNa ratha kA pahiyA karatA hai| pApa-puNya saba citta ke

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zramaNa-saMskRti 1 adhIna hotA hai| acchA yA burA karma mastiSka dvArA niyaMtrita kiyA jAtA bauddha darzana meM naitika yA anaitika cetanA kI karma hai| 232 bauddha darzana ke anusAra karma kArya kI utpatti tRSNA se hotI hai, jisakA sambandha icchA tathA vAsanA se hai| isa prakAra jaba tRSNA ke dvArA kAryoM kA janma hotA hai, taba tRSNA se utpanna karma vAsanAhIna hotI hai| isako tRSNA nirodha ke mAdhyama se samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| buddha kA vicAra thA ki 'mUrkha bar3A yA choTA, vilAsitA, IrSyA se yukta karma karate haiM aura ina kAryoM ke karane kA koI dUsarA kAraNa nahIM hai| buddhimAna bhikSu vilAsitA aura ghRNA se mukta jJAna prApta kara nirvANa mArga ke tarapha le jAne vAle sAdhanoM kA anumagana karatA hai| " 15 milindapanha' meM nAgasena kA kathana hai- kauna mRtyu ke bAda punarjanma nahIM letA? puna: kahate haiM ki vAsanA se yukta karmoM ko karane vAlA punarjanmoM se mukta nahIM hotA hai / vAsanA ko anta kara kiyA gayA kArya punarjanma adhikArI nahIM hotA / punaH nAgasena kahate haiM- jaba hama tRSNA ke astitva meM marate haiM to janma lete haiM, lekina jaba tRSNA se mukta hokara marate haiM to punarjanma nahIM hotaa| inhoMne karma ko tRSNA ke dvArA niyamita mAnA hai| isI kAraNa buddha ne anudezita kiyA ki icchA hI jIvana meM kAryoM ko karane kI zakti yA utsAha pradAna karatI hai| koI bhI vyakti tRSNA kA anta kara nirvANa prApta kara sakatA hai| avidyA hI karma kA mUla kAraNa hai| karma kI saMskArotpatti evaM saMskAra icchAoM kA hetu hai| icchA hI jIvana kA sAdhana hai / inhIM ke vazIbhUta manuSya kriyAoM meM saMlagna rahatA hai jo bhavacakra meM pha~sA rahatA hai / sampUrNa karma ajJAta mUka hai| bauddha dharma darzana meM karma anAdi, laukika prapaMca jAla kA hetu mAnA gayA hai / jIva, loka aura jagata ke phala karma janita haiM Izvara kRta nahIM / eka bhava ke karma dUsare bhava ke hetu hote haiM / pratyeka bhava meM pRthaka-pRthaka saMskAra avidyA se udbhuta hote haiM / upAdAna karma kA hetu hai / upAdAna avidyA se udbhuta hote haiM / upAdAna se bhava utpanna hotA hai evaM bhava jAti kA kAraNa hai| ataH karmoM kI mahattA bauddha darzana meM hai| yaha karma kA siddhAnta AcAra pradhAna siddhAnta ke rUpa meM bauddha darzana ko dviguNita karatA hai| bauddha darzana meM pramAda ko bandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| cetanA zabda kA prayoga isa sakriyA tatva ke rUpa meM pramukha kAraNa hai| milindapanha ke ukta ullekha se karmoM ke bandhana ke caitasika evaM

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233 bauddha darzana meM karma : eka adhyayana bhautika donoM kI pakSoM kA spaSTa prabhAva par3atA hai| jahA~ kahA gayA hai ki nAma cetanA pakSa aura rUpa bhautika pakSa anyonyAzraya bhava se sambaddha hai| bauddha darzana meM dveSa, lobha, aura moha ko karmotpatti kA mukhya kAraka mAnA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM karma phala ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| karmaphala ke kAraNa hI manuSya kA janma hotA hai| karmo ke bheda ke kAraNa hI manuSya samAna nahIM hote| kucha sukhI tathA kucha duHkhI hote haiM to kucha svastha hote hai kucha rugNa / karmoM ke vinA mAnava jIvana nahIM raha sktaa| isake sAtha hI vinA karmoM ke tyAga ke manuSya karma bandhana se mukti nahIM pA sakatA hai| saMsAra-sAgara ko pAra kara niHsvArtha bhAvanA se kuzalatA ke sAtha rahanA par3atA hai| usa pUrNa svataMtratA kI prApti ke lie karma ke niyama tathA hamAre jIvana meM par3ane vAle prabhAva kA adhyayana paramaAvazyaka hai| karma jagata ke puNya-pApa kA abhivyaktikaraNa hai| mAnava meM pratibimbita yaha brAhmANDa kA niyama hai| yaha eka sArvabhauma satya hai| pratyeka kriyA bhI eka pratikriyA hotI hai aura antataH pratyeka karmika tathya apane mUla ko lauTa jAtA hai| jaldI yA dera meM pratyeka karma kA phala nikala kara hI rahatA hai| kriyA kI pratikriyA hokara rahatI hai| karma kA siddhAnta hameM isa niSkarSa para pahuMcAtA hai ki jIvana kI koI bhI ghaTanA sahasA binA kAraNa ke nahIM ghaTatI, yaha eka bhAgyavAdI bhAvanA hai kyoMki karmavAda ke anusAra hamAre jIvana kI pratyeka ghaTanAyeM hamAre pUrvakAla kI icchA evaM kriyAoM ke pariNAma haiM tathA ve vyakti ke anubhavoM evaM pUrNatA ke lie eka anivArya tathya hai| vartamAna kI pratyeka ghaTanAyeM bhUtakAlika karma kI pUrNatA kA paricAyakiA hai| isI prakAra bhaviSya kI ghaTanAyeM vartamAna ke pariNAma haiN| pUrvakAlIna kArya ke binA bhoge samApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isa prakAra vartamAna ke AdhAra para bhaviSya kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jisake dvArA vaha Atmazakti kA vizvAsa karatA huA karmabandhana se mukti karmayoga ke lakSya prApta karatA hai| bauddha darzana meM janma-mRtyu kA anta nirvANa se hI prApta ho sakatA hai| theravAda kI zikSA hai- saba pApoM se dUra raho, kuzala karmoM ko karo aura citta ko vizuddha kro|' du:kha evaM viSamatA pUrva janmoM ke nemI kAraNa haiN| ahiMsA, IrSyA, ajJAnatA jIvana ko kama karatI hai yA bar3hAtI hai| acchA svAsthya yA kharAba svAsthya

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234 zramaNa-saMskRti acchI dRSTi yA kudRSTi, daridratA, guNa yA avaguNa se ucca yA nimna parivAra meM janma letA hai| mAnava kA kArya usakI sthiti pUrvajoM se hai| parivAra ke neka dayA dRSTi evaM usake sevA Adi saba karmoM kI dena haiN| yaha unake karma hI haiM, jo unheM ucca yA nimna parivAra meM janma dete haiN| mAnava asAmAnatA kA kAraNa karma ko hI batAyA gayA hai| yaha vibhinna karma haiM, jisase sabhI loga eka jaise nahIM haiM, kucha choTe, kucha lambe, kucha svasthya, kucha bImAra, kucha sundara, kucha bhadde, kucha zaktizAlI, kucha garIba, kucha dhanI, kucha ucca stara, kucha nimna stara, kucha buddhimAna, kucha mUrkha hote haiN| karma sthiti pUrvajoM se prApta aura mAnava ke antarsambandha haiN| jaivIya vibhinnatA ke kAraNa mAnava ke uparI dikhAvA, kSamatA anuvAMzikI kI vajaha se vibhinnatA, sAmAjika arthAt ucca yA nimna jAti meM Arthika stara kA AdhAra aura karma se bhAgya aura phala kI saphalatA kA samAdhAna hai| saMsAra meM vibhinnatA kA janma karma se hai| jahA~ para pUrva janma meM kITANu, pazu, pakSI, AdamI, vibhinna kA astitva pAte hai| bauddha darzana karma, jIvana aura samAja ke gahana samasyAoM ko samajhane va samAdhAna karane kA mArga pradAna kiyA hai| sandarbha 1. AcArya narendra deva baudha dharma darzana pR0 287 / 2. uparokta pR. 245 / 3. pI0 ela0 vaidya0 mAdhyamaka zAstra bhAga-17 pR0 2-3 / 4. bI Trekanara, aguttara nikApa, vAlyUma do pR0 157-158 / 5. uparokta, vAlyUma prathama pR0 136 / 6. dvArikAdAsa zAstrI, milinda panha pR0 32 / 7. dvArikAdAsa zAstrI, visuddhimagga bhAga-2 pR0 205 / 8. prajJAnanda sthAvira, dhammapada pR0 183 / 9. bI0 Trekanara majjhima nikAya-vAlyUma-tIna pR0 202-206 /

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35 bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA prabhAva rekhA caturvedI evaM pramoda kumAra tripAThI bhAratIya saMskRti eka aisI satat pravAhamAna dhArA hai, jisameM aneka saMskRtiyoM, dhArmika, mAnyatAoM, kalA paramparAoM ke tattva samAhita haiN| sAtha hI bhAratIya saMskRti ke tattva bhI aneka dhArmika paramparAoM evaM mAnyatAoM ko prabhAvita karate haiM / prastuta zodhapatra meM bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina dharma ke prabhAva para eka dRSTi DAlane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| zodhAtmaka anveSaNAtmaka gaveSaNA meM yaha dRSTigata hotA hai ki jaina dharma ke niyativAda ne bhAratIya saMskRti para eka gaharI chApa chor3I hai| sAtha hI jaina dharma ke mokSa ke siddhAnta ne bhI bhAratIya dharma evaM saMskRti ko kAphI hada taka prabhAvita kiyA hai| jaina dharma ke niyativAdI kI avadhAraNA eka aisI avadhAraNA hai jisake anusAra isa carAcara jagata meM jo bhI ghaTanAyeM praghaTanAyeM ghaTita hAtI haiM, vaha pUrva nirdhArita hotI haiN| bhAratIya sAMskRtika paramparAoM ke anusAra isake pUrva nirdhAraNa kI do sthitiyA~ haiM, jisameM prathamataH daivIya niyativAda hai, jisake anusAra sampUrNa sRSTi meM jo bhI kucha ghaTita hotA hai vaha devazakti ke dvArA nirdhArita hotA hai, niyantrita hotA hai, saMcAlita hotA hai| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra mAnava isa zakti ke samakSa eka nirIha prANI hai jo daivIya zakti dvArA nirdhArita apane bhAgya ko niyati ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai / parantu isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki mAnava karmarahita ho / jaina dharma ne karma ke mahattA ko svIkAra karate hue daivIya sthiti ko svIkAra karane para bala diyA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kI brAhmaNa paramparA bhI isI prakAra kA

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236 zramaNa-saMskRti dRSTikoNa rakhatI hai| katipaya vidvAna jaina dharma ke niyativAda ko Arthika mahalU se jor3akara dekhate haiM, unakI svIkArokti ki vartamAna meM mAnava jIvana kI sampUrNa gatividhiyoM kA saMcAlana Arthika zaktiyoM ke sApekSa hotA hai| jise Arthika niyativAda kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha bindu yahA~ vicAraNIya nahIM hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kI niyativAda kI dUsarI avadhAraNa karma para avalambita hai jo mUlataH jaina evaM bauddha paramparA kI dena hai| ullekhanIya hai ki bauddha evaM jaina donoM paramparAoM meM karma ko mAnava jIvana ke dazA nirdhAraNa kA eka mAtra kAraka mAnA gayA hai| karma ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate hue jaina dharma jIva ke samasta sthitiyoM kA nirdhAraNa usake dvArA mana, vANI evaM zarIrika stara para kiye gaye karmoM ko AdhAra mAna kara karatA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM use hI vIra evaM prazaMsanIya kahA gayA hai jo karmabaddha AtmA ko mukta kara letA hai| karma bandhana se mukta honA jIva ke hAtha meM hai| jainiyoM kA AjIvaka mata niyativAda kA poSaNa karatA hai| jaina dharma niyativAda ke evaM karma tathA mokSa ke siddhAnta kA poSaNa karate hue svIkAra karatA hai ki "jIva apane puruSArtha dvArA karma bandhana ko vinaSTa kara mukti prApta karatA hai|" unakI mAnyatA hai ki pUrva arjita karma hI vyakti ke niyati bana jAte haiN| gItA darzana bhI niyativAda evaM karma ke sambandha meM isI taraha kI dRSTi rakhatA hai| na kevala dArzanika evaM bauddhika paramparAoM varana, kalA, sAhitya, zikSA, vyApAra, vANijya ityAdi sAMskRtika gatividhiyA~ bhI bauddha evaM jaina paramparAoM se prabhAvita dikhatI hai| nAlandA, takSazilA, vikramazilA Adi tatkAlIna zikSaNa saMsthAoM ke rUpa meM khyAtilabdha zikSA kendra vizuddha rUpa se bauddha AcAryoM ke yogadAna se vikasita hue the| takSazilA ke bAhmaNIya zikSA kendra veda, purANa, aSThAdaza vidyA zilpa kalA ke adhyayana, adhyApana kI jo khyAti sampUrNa vizva meM pratiSThita huI, usake pIche uttarottara abhivRddhi ko prApta hotA huA nAlandA kA utkarSa bhI kahIM na kahIM mahattvapUrNa kAraka thaa| bauddhoM ke vihAra tatkAlIna bhArata ke mahattvapUrNa zikSA kendra huA karate the| ina bauddha zikSA kendroM ke kAraNa hI yUnAnI evaM bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAyeM eka dUsare ke samparka meM aayiiN| bauddha AcAryoM kI dena thI ki unhoMne cIna, tibbata, madhya

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA prabhAva 237 eziyA, bukhArA, jAvA, sumAtrA, varmA, laMkA Adi dezoM ke vidyArthiyoM ko adhyayana ke lie bhArata Ane kI lAlasA se yukta kiyaa| bauddha kalAkRtiyoM se vidita hotA hai ki vividha kalAoM, zilpagata vyavasAyoM, udyoga-dhandhoM, ghur3asavArI, tIrandAjI, dastakArI Adi vividha kRtyoM kI guNAtmaka abhivRddhi meM nizcaya hI bauddha kalA zilpiyoM kA bhI yogadAna thaa| bauddha granthoM meM rathakAra, ghur3asavAra, hasta savArI, rasoiyA, nAI, halavAI, dhobI, julAhe, kumhAra, munIma Adi karmagata dhandhe karane vAle saMgaThana ke saMcAlakoM kA unake vyAvasAyika niyamoM kA varNana milatA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pUrva kAla se calI A rahI bhAratIya varNa Azrama vyavasthA jahA~ cAra varNo evaM cAra AzramoM kA astittva mAnA jAtA thaa| usa vyavasthA ke sApekSa samAja meM vividha jAtiyoM ko astitva meM AnA bauddha dharma kI dena mAnA jaayegaa| bauddha meM dharma AsthA ke pariNAmasparUpa tatkAlIna zreSThi varga ne vyApAra evaM vANijyika gatividhiyoM ko kAphI utkarSa para pahuMcAyA, jisakA pariNAma huA ki veda pAThI brAhmaNa apane nizcita karma ko chor3akara vyApAra evaM vANijya kI ora unmukha hue| unameM lipsA, moha, saMgraha Adi ke pravRttiyoM kA vikAsa huaa| vyApAra karma sAdhAraNatayA vaMza karma para avalambita mAnA jAtA hai| phalataH jo vedapAThI brAhmaNa kSatriya zreSThi karma se jur3A, vaha kAlAntara meM usI ke pahacAna se yukta ho gyaa| bhArata ke zrAvastI, rAjagRha, pATalIputra, kauzAmbI, ujjainI, vidizA Adi tatkAlIna mahAnagaroM meM aise aneka zreSThi parivAra adyAvadhi nivAsa karate haiM, jinakI mUla pahacAna brAhmaNa athavA kSatriya sAra saMkSepa rUpa se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha evaM jaina dharma kI mAnyatAoM, paramparAoM, dArzanika siddhAntoM kA bhAratIya saMskRti ke vividha pakSoM para prabhAva par3A hai| bhAratIya kalA, paramparA, vyApAra, vANijya, zikSA, sAhitya, samAja evaM saMskRti kI satata pravAhamAna saritA bauddha evaM jaina dharma kI sAMskRtika jaladhArA ko lekara sampUrita rahI hai| sandarbha 1. AcArAMga sUtra 12/1/5 /

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238 zramaNa-saMskRti P 2. tatraiva 3/2/1501 3. upAsakadazAM'sUtra, pR0 195-197 / 4. tatraiva, pR0 197-200 / 5. bauddha, jaina evaM gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR0 280-300 / 6. buddhiSTa iNDiyA, pR0 100-1001 7. bauddha, jaina evaM gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, pR0 301-3021 8. tatraiva, 3051 9. tatraiva, 3021 ON

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36 jaina darzana evaM saMskRta sAhitya - zAstra madhu satyadeva bhArata hI nahIM apitu sampUrNa vizva meM ahiMsA aura karuNA ke kSetra meM jisa darzana ke sAtha 'carama' aura 'ati' kA prayoga prAyaH kiyA jAtA rahA hai vaha jaina darzana evaM dharma hai| manuSya hI nahIM balki atyanta sUkSma jIvoM cITiyoM evaM kITANuoM ke jIvana kA dhyAna rakhane evaM unheM mRtyu se bacAne ke liye jisa kaThora jIvana yApana kA nirdeza jaina jIvana paddhati meM milatA hai usase isako sahaja hI 'avyAvahArika' hone kA Aropa bhI jhelanA par3A hai / ' kintu isakI cintA kiye binA jaina tIrthaMkaroM aura unake anuyAyiyoM ne bhArata aura bhArata se bAhara bhI nirantara apanI karuNA aura ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko phailAyA / isake lie apanI lekhanI ko bhI sAdhana bnaayaa| lekhanI ne saMskRta bhASA ko bhI samRddha kiyA / isavI san kI dvitIya sadI se saMskRta vAGmaya meM jaina kAvya lekhana kA prArambha huaa| jaina saMskRta kAvya aneka janmoM ke dvArA vyaktitva ke udaya tathA sampUrNatA ko lakSya kara nAnA janmoM kI kathA sunAte haiN| jaina kAvyoM ne apane dharma kI abhivRddhi ke lie hI kAvya kA AzrayaNa kiyA isalie avasara milane para unhoMne byAja, saMyama tathA ahiMsA ke Adarza kI vyAkhyA ke vibhinna upadeza diye haiN| jaina kAvyoM meM jaina dharma ke upadeSTA tIrthaMkara dhArmika puruSa aura lokopakArI vyaktiyoM ko nAyaka banAyA gayA hai| jaina kAvyoM meM jaina tattvoM kI zikSA kA avazya samAveza hotA hai / varAGacarita jinasena - pArzvabhyudaya kAvya, jidantacarita, vardhamAnacarita, candraprabhAcarita, kSatracUr3AmaNi Adi jaina kAvyoM meM uparokta vizeSatAyeM dekhI jA sakatI haiN| jaina kAvya jaina tattvoM kA darpaNa hai| spaSTataH

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240 zramaNa-saMskRti jaina kAvyoM ke samAna aura AcAryoM ne apane dharma aura darzana ke anurUpa hI sAhitya-zAstra kI racanA kii| unakA sAhitya zAstra to sAhitya kI kasauTI meM jaina tatvoM kI anivAryatA svIkAra karatA hai| jaina sAhitya zAstra ke AcAryoM meM AcArya hemacandra kA nAma suprasiddha hai| inakA janma gujarAta meM ahamadAbAda jile ke 'dhundhuka' nAmaka gAMva meM 1088 I0 aura dehAvasAna 1172 I0 meM huA thaa| hemazabdAnuzAsana, kAvyAnuzAsana tathA chandoM anuzAsana nAmaka granthoM ke mAdhyama se inhoMne apanI pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| inhoMne kAvyAnuzAsana ke bhaTTatauta ke padya uddhRta kiye haiM, jo RSi nahIM haiM, vaha kavi nahIM haiN| darzana (jJAna) ke kAraNa RSi kahA jAtA hai, vicitra gAMvoM dharmAMza aura tattva kA vivecana darzana kahalAtA hai| tattvadarzI ko hI zAstra meM kavi kahA gayA hai| parantu loka meM darzana evaM varNana donoM se kavi kahA jAtA hai| Adi kavi maharSi vAlmIki kA darzana svaccha thA parantu jaba taka varNanA nahIM AI taba taka unase mukha se kAvya dhArA nahIM vahIM tAtparya ki padArthoM ke tatvajJAna se vyutpatti aura prakhyA pratibhA se varNana (kavitA) prAdurbhUta hotI hai ataH pratibhA vyutpatti kAvya ke kAraNa haiN| (kAvyAnuzAsana pRSTha 379) AcArya hemacandra ke bAda unake pramukha ziSya rAmacandra aura guNacandra kA sthAna AtA hai| ina donoM ne milakara 'nATyadarpaNa' nAmaka eka nATya viSayaka grantha kI racanA kI hai isalie donoM nAmoM kA ullekha sAtha-sAtha hI kiyA jAtA hai| kintu rAmacandra ke alaga bhI bahuta se grantha pAye jAte haiM jo prAyaH nATaka haiN| unheM prabandhakartA' kahA jAtA hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki unhoMne lagabhaga 190 granthoM kI racanA kI hai| 11 nATakoM ke uddharaNa nATyadarpaNa meM pAye jAte haiN| anya sAhitya granthoM ke samAna nATyadarpaNa kI racanA bhI kArikA zailI meM huI hai| usa para vRtti bhI granthakAroM ne svayaM hI likhI haiN| grantha meM cAra viveka haiM, jinameM kramazaH nATaka, prakaraNAdi, rUpaka, rasa bhAvAbhinaya tathA rUpaka sambandhI anya bAtoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| inhoMne rasa ko kevala sukhAtmaka na mAnakara duHkhAtmaka bhI mAnA hai jo jaina karuNA kI vizeSatA hai| AcArya ke samaya meM gujarAta kA anahilapaTTana rAjya jaina vidvAnoM kA

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jaina darzana evaM saMskRta sAhitya-zAstra 241 kendra bana gayA thaa| kAvya-zAstra ke aneka AcAryoM ne vahA~ raha kara sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA thA / usI paramparA meM rAmacandra aura guNacandra ke bAda vAgbhaTa kA nAma AtA hai| sAhityika kSetra meM vAgbhaTa kA nAma atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai / vAgbhaTa anahilapaTTana ke rAjA jayasiMha ke mahAmAtya the| eka bar3e rAjya ke mahAmAtya, mahAkavi aura mahAna vidvAna hone para bhI inakI jIvanakathA bar3I karuNa hai| inheM apane isa mahAmAtyavya kA 'mahAmUlya' cukAnA pdd'aa| inakI eka putrI thI, parama sundarI, parama viduSI aura apane pitA ke sadRza ati pratibhAzAlinI / jaba vaha vivAha yogya huI to use balAt inase chInakara rAjaprasAda kI zobhA bar3hAne ke lie bheja diyA gayA / na vAgbhaTa isake lie taiyAra the aura na kanyA / para 'apratihatA rAjAjJA' ke sAmane donoM ko sira jhukAnA pdd'aa| vidAI ke samaya kanyA apane rote hue pitA ko sAMtvanA dete hue kaha rahI haiM - 44 'tAta vAgbhaTa ! mA rodI: karmaNAM gatirIdRzI / " duS dhAtorivATmAkaM guNoM doSAya kevalam / / vyAkaraNa prakriyA ke anusAra duS dhAtu ko guNa hokara 'doSa' pada banatA hai / 'duS' dhAtu ko guNa kA pariNAma do hai / isalie he tAt ! Apa roiye nahIM, yaha to hamAre karmoM kA phala hai ki duS dhAtu ke samAna hamArA guNa bhI doSa janaka ho gayA / yaha karuNa varNana jaina kAvyazAstrI hI kara sakatA hai| vaise mUlataH vAgbhaTa ko mahAkavi aura alaMkArakartA kahA gayA hai| vAgbhaTAlaMGkAra, kAvyAnuzAsana ne vinirmANa mahAkAvya, RSabhadeva carita chandonuzAsana aura Ayurveda ke prasiddha grantha aSTAGgahRdaya Adi granthoM ke racayitA vAgbhaTTa mAne jAte haiN| ina sabake racayitA eka hI vyakti haiM yA alaga-alaga vyaktiyoM ne inakI racanA kI hai isa viSaya meM matabheda haiN| kucha loga vAgbhaTa prathama aura vAgbhaTa dvitIya hue aisA mAnate haiN| unake mata meM prathama vAgbhaTa kevala vAgbhaTAlaGkAra ke nirmAtA haiM aura kAvyAnuzAsana, RSabhadeva carita tathA chandonuzAsana ina granthoM ko ye loga dUsare vAgbhaTa kI racanA batalAte haiM / kintu yaha vinirmANa mahAkAvya tathA Ayurveda kI aSTAGgahRdaya saMhitA ina donoM meM se kisa vAgbhaTa kI kRti hai isa viSaya para ye loga koI prakAza nahIM DAla sake haiN| vAstava meM to ina saba granthoM ke racayitA vAgbhaTa nAma ke eka hI vyakti pratIta hote haiN| vAgbhaTAlaGkAra kI TIkA (4-148 ) meM vAgbhaTa ko jisa prazaMsAbhAva se

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zramaNa-saMskRti mahAkavi aura alaMkArakartA kahA gayA hai usase yahI pratIta hotA hai ki alaMkArazAstra meM vAgbhayalaGkAra tathA kAvyAnuzAsana granthoM ke sAtha 'neminirvANa' mahAkAvya tathA RSabhadeva carita jaise kAvyoM ke racayitA bhI yahI vAgbhaTa haiN| usa dazA meM chandonuzAsana tathA 'aSTAGgahRdayasaMhitA' kA racayitA bhI inhIM ko mAnanA ucita hotA hai| inakI racanAoM meM alaMkAra ke saundarya ke sAtha-sAtha jaina tattvoM kA samAveza huA hai jo inake kAvya- kauzala kA pratIka hai| 242 jaina AcAryoM kI paramparA meM agalA nAma arisiMha - amaracanda kA AtA hai / jisa prakAra rAmacandra aura guNacandra donoM eka hI guru ke ziSya the aura donoM ne milakara 'nATyadarpaNa' kI racanA kI thI usI prakAra arisiMha aura amaracanda donoM eka hI guru jinadatta sUri ke ziSya haiM aura una donoM ne milakara 'kAvyakalpalatA' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai| (kAvyakalpalattAvRtti, pRSTha - 1 ) / amarasiMha ke pitA kA nAma lAvaNya siMha thA / inhoMne gujarAta ke DholakA rAjya ke rAjA dhIra dhavala ke maMtrI aura apane mitra vastupAla jaina kI stuti meM 'sRhatsaMkIrtana' nAmaka kAvya likhA hai| amaracanda ne kAvyakalpalatAvRtti meM apane chadoratnAvalI, kAvyakalpalatA parimala aura alaMkAra prabodha nAmaka tIna granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isake atirikta inhoMne jinendra carita, jisakA dUsarA nAma padmAnanda bhI hai, kI racanA kI hai| kAvyakalpalatAvRtti meM apane pUrvavartI AcAryoM ke mArga ko chor3akara navIna mArga kA avalambana kiyA gayA hai| usakA viSaya kavi zikSA hai / usameM guNa, doSa, alaMkAra Adi kA vivecana na karake kAvya racanA ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / kavi banane ke icchuka vyakti kisa prakAra apane lakSya ko saralatA se prApta kara sakate haiM unhIM upAyoM kA varNana isameM kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM cAra pratAna haiM jinameM chandaH siddhi, zabdasiddhi, zleSa siddhi aura artha siddhi ke upAyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| arisiMha aura amaracanda ke bAda 14vIM zatAbdI meM hI devezvara nAmaka eka aura jaina vidvAna hue haiN| unhoMne kavivikalpalatA nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI hai| kintu yaha grantha pUrvokta kAvyakalpalatA se liyA gayA hai| isalie isa grantha kA apanA koI mUlya nahIM hai| isa prakAra gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM AcArya hemacandra se lekara caudahavIM

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243 jaina darzana evaM saMskRta sAhitya-zAstra zatAbdI meM devezvara paryanta lagabhaga 250 varSa taka gujarAta kA anahilavAr3A rAjya jaina vidvAnoM aura sAhityakAroM kA kendra banA rhaa| saMskRta sAhitya zAstra inake mAdhyama se jaina darzana ke mahatvapUrNa tattvoM se samRddha huaa| saMskRta sAhityazAstra ko jaina AcAryoM kA yogadAna jisa prakAra jaina dharma aura darzana kI ahiMsA aura karuNA ko bauddhadharma ne bhI grahaNa kiyA aura kAlAntara meM vaiSNavoM ne ise aMgIkAra kiyA usI prakAra saMskRta sAhityazAstra bhI jaina dharma kI ina vizeSatAoM se samRddha huaa| jaina dharma kI mUla prakRti meM sahiSNutA rahI hai| usameM koI mata yA vicAra balAta Aropita karane kA cintana hI nahIM huA hai| isalie sAhitya ke sambandha meM rasa, alaMkAra Adi kI mahattA ko svIkAra karate hue atyanta sahaja aura vinamra tarIke se jaina AcAryoM ne sAhityazAstra meM jaina tattvoM kA samAveza kiyA hai. jisase Aropita karane kI kisI prakAra kI anubhUti nahIM hotii| isalie kabhI-kabhI vidvAnoM ko yaha sandeha hotA hai ki kyA vAstava meM jaina AcAryoM dvArA samAveza kiyA gayA hai? satahI dRSTikoNa se yaha dRSTigocara nahIM hotA kintu jaba hama jaina dharma aura darzana ke mUla tattvoM aura jaina dharma aura darzana ke mUla tattvoM aura jaina AcAryoM kI racanAoM para usakA prabhAva sUkSma dRSTi se karate haiM, to yaha spaSTa dikhAI de jAtA hai| sAhitya meM karuNa rasa ko jo mahattA prApta huI usameM jaina AcAryoM ke yogadAna ko vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| saMdarbha 1. jaina dharma evaM darzana, DaoN. puruSottama zAstrI, pRSTha (115-122) 2. saMskRta vAGgamaya kA itihAsa, pro0 rAdhA vallabha tripAThI, caturtha khaMDa 3. kAvya maMDanaH maNDala hemacandrA cArma granthAvalI 17, san 1920 4. gujarAta aura jaina dharma, avanIza mishr|

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37 gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI ke pramukha tIrtha sthaloM kA mahatva esa0 ena0 upAdhyAya prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti meM puruSArtha catuSTaya kI avadhAraNA meM mokSa prApti hetu pramukha tIrtha evaM tIrthasthaloM kA vizeSa mahatva hai| uttara meM vizAla parvatamAlA, tIna samudroM se ghirI taTIya rekhA ke sAtha sajIva bhArata manoram paridRzyoM vAlA eka rASTra hai| bhU-AkRti sambandhI vibhinnatAoM ke sAtha isakI sAMskRtika vividhatA bhI apane meM bejor3a hai| bhArata kI vyApakatA isakI samRddhi, sAMskRtika virAsata, samaya-samaya para manAye jAne vAle utsava evaM parva, barpha se DhakI parvatamAlAyeM, hare-bhare evaM paThArI kSetra, dIrgha taTa rekhA Adi milakara eka avismaraNIya jIvanta saMskRti kA avagAhana karAte haiN|' prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti meM vizAla parvata zrRkhalAyeM evaM lambI pavitra nadiyA~, saghana vana sadaiva puNyaprada evaM divya sthala batAye gaye haiN| aise hI divya sthaloM ko tIrtha mAnakara tIrtha yAtriyoM ne samaya-samaya para vahA~ yAtrAyeM kI jo paraMparAgata tIrthasthala ke rUpa meM jAne gye| ina tIrtha sthaloM para yAtrAoM se bhAratIya saMskRti evaM deza kI maulika ekatA evaM akhaNDatA akSuNNa rakhane meM sahAyatA milI hai| pavitra tIrthasthaloM para yAtrA sambandhI paramparA ko banAye rakhane meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke aneka mUla tattvoM ne bar3A yogadAna kiyA hai| kAzI ho mathurA, dvArikA yA rAmezvaram sabhI bhAratIyoM ne use samAna rUpa se pavitra maanaa| samAja meM vyApta jAtIya saMkIrNatAoM evaM jaTila jIvana ke bAvajUda ina tIrthoM ne sabhI jAtiyoM, sampradAyoM ko pavitra nadiyoM, tIrthasthaloM ko

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gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI ke pramukha tIrtha sthaloM kA mahatva 245 eka sAnidhya meM lAne kA anUThA kArya kiyA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM mAnA gayA hai ki tIrthasthaloM para devatAoM kA vAsa hotA hai| isa bhAvanA se utpanna vicAra evaM vizvAsa ke kAraNa prAcIna dharma zAstrakAroM ne tIrtha sthaloM para jAne ke lie prerita kiyaa| sAmAnyatayA tIrtha kA artha hotA hai - vaha sthala jo pavitra jalayukta ho, jisameM nadI, prapAta, jalAzaya Adi jo apane atyanta vilakSaNa svarUpa ke kAraNa pUjArcana se jIvana ke paramalakSya kI prApti evaM isa loka se mukti prApta karane kI bhAvanA jAgrata kreN| mahAbhArata evaM purANoM meM tIrtha yAtrA kI tulanA deva yajJoM se karate hue kahA gayA hai ki tIrtha se jo puNya prApta hote haiM, vaha yajJoM se uttama hai| vivecya kAla ke abhilekhoM evaM sAhityika sAkSyoM evaM samakAlIna yAtriyoM ke yAtrA vivaraNa meM bhI tIrtha evaM tIrthATana ke aneka saMdarbha bhare par3e haiM jinake sUkSma adhyayana se patA lagatA hai ki 12vIM sadI I0 meM aneka tIrtha mahatvapUrNa sthiti meM the jo saMskRti evaM Arthika utthAna ke lie atyanta upayogI siddha hue haiN| candela rAjA 1051 I0 ke carakhArI se prApta eka tAmrapatra meM devarmAdeva ke pautra vidyAdharadeva ne pUrNimA ke dina pavitra tIrtha sthala meM snAnakara, ziva kI arcanA kara yamunA nadI ke kinAre sthita eka gAMva brAhmaNa ko dAna diyaa| pI0 pI0 vANe ke anusAra usa samaya prasiddha tIrthoM kI saMkhyA dasa thI kintu usameM se kevala eka mathurA ke nikaTa yamunA ke kinAre para sthita thA jisakA varNana vArAha purANa meM milatA hai| 1055 I0 meM dhArA ke jayasiMha dvArA pavitra tIrtha amarezvara meM brAhmaNoM kA gAMva dAna dene kI carcA hai jisameM amarezvara nAmaka tIna tIrtha hone ke saMketa milate haiN| jabaki jayasiMha ke mAndhAtA-tAmrapatra ise narmadA ke taTa para sthita hone kI sUcanA detA hai| sambhavataH amarezvara narmadA nadI ke dakSiNI kinAre para sthita oMkAranAtha thA rAjA udyotakezarI 1055-1080 I0 ke brahmezvara mandira lekha se gaganacumbI cArUzAlA bhavya mandira sthita hone kA patA calatA hai jo gyArahavIM zadI ke madhya meM bhuvanezvara meM pavitra sthala hone kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai| cAlukya nareza vikramAditya SaSTha ke 1082 I0 ke eka lekha meM kucha pavitra tIrtha sthaloM meM vArANasI, kurUkSetra, ardhyatIrtha, prayAga aura gayA kA

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246 zramaNa-saMskRti ullekha hai| kalacuri nareza karNa ke 1047 I0 ke goharavA patra meM bhI ardhya tIrtha ko gaMgA nadI ke taTa para sthita hone kA ullekha hai jisakI pahacAna abhI taka nahIM ho sakI hai| 1093 I0 ke caMdrAvatI tAmra-patra se ayodhyA tIrtha ke mahattva para prakAza par3atA hai ki gahar3avAla nareza candradeva ke azvanI mAha meM lagane vAle sUrya grahaNa ke avasara para pApa se mukti hetu svargadvArAtIrtha sarayU aura ghAgharA nadI meM snAna kiyaa| madanapAla ke 1107 I0 ke lekha evaM jayacandra ke 1175 I0 vArANasI tAmradAna patra se kAzI, kuzikA, uttara kozala aura indrasthAna jaise pavitra tIrtha sthaloM ke saMrakSaNa evaM rakha-rakhAva karane kA ullekha hai| kuzikA kI pahacAna gomatI nadI ke taTa para se Adhunika sultAnapura ke kuzapura yA kuzamAvanapura se kI jAtI hai jo rAma ke putra kuza kI rAjadhAnI thii| indrasthAna kI pahacAna Adhunika dillI ke pAsa sthita indraprastha se kI jA sakatI hai, kintu isakI yaha sahI pahacAna nahIM lagatI hai| isa prakAra tatkAlIna zAsakoM dvArA tIrthasthaloM ko surakSita kiye jAne kI jarUrata thI, kyoMki turkoM aura luTeroM kI nigAheM ina sthaloM para lUTa ke lie lagI thii| somezvara kRta kIrtikaumudI meM tIrtha yAtriyoM zAntipUrNa yAtrA meM luTeroM aura hatyAroM se khatare kA ullekha hai| 1138 I0 ke eka abhilekha meM pramukha tIrtha sthala 'puruSottama' kA ullekha hai| isa sambandha meM ullekhanIya hai ki mahAbhArata ke vanaparva' ballAlasena ke 'dAnasAgara' tathA lakSmIdhara ke 'tIrtha-vivecana kANDa' meM purI, puruSottama yA jagannAtha kI carcA hI nahIM hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki 5vIM zatAbdI I0 taka 'purI' kA utanA dezavyApI mahatva nahIM thA jitanA ki 12vIM zatAbdI meM thA isa tathya se spaSTa hotA hai ki kAlAntara meM purI kA tIrthasthala ke rUpa meM sthApana huaa| jImUlavAhana ke kAlaviveka meM bhI jyeSTha mAsa ke pUrNimA ke dina 'puruSottama' ke darzana kI mahimA kA vizeSa varNana kiyA gayA hai|' ___1174 I0 ke jabalapura prastara zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki eka prasiddha kalcuri rAjA ke saMrakSaNa meM zaiva dharmAnuyAyI vimalaziva gokarNa, gayA, prabhAsa Adi tIrthasthaloM para dhArmika anuSThAna sampanna kiyA thaa| sAraMgadeva ke zAsanakAla kI eka prazasti se zivabhakta 'tripurAttaka' ke tIrthayAtrA vRttAnta kA patA calatA

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247 gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI ke pramukha tIrtha sthaloM kA mahatva hai| jo kedAranAtha meM pUjana-arcana ke pazcAt gaMgA-yamunA ke saMgama prayAga pahuMcA phira zrI parvata kI parikramA aura bhagavAna mallinAtha kA darzana kiyA punaH revA aura godAvarI nadI meM pavitra snAna kiyA tathA trayambaka hote hue rAmezvaram pahuMcA aura taba devapattana ke rAste prabhAsa vApasa aayaa|" isa sambandha meM sabase rocaka tathya hai ki 'zivapurANa'2' meM bAraha jyortiliMgoM kI carcA kI gayI hai| (1) somanAtha, (2) mallikArjuna, zrIzaila parvata para sthita, (3) ujjainI-mahAkAla, (4) amarezvara-omakAra, (5) kedAra, (6) bhISmakAra, (7) kAzI meM vizvezvara, (8) nAsika - trayambak, (9) vaidyanAtha dhAma, (10) dArUkAraNya meM nAgeza, (11) rAmezvaram, (12) daultaabaadgRhrnesh| ina sabhI 12 jyortiliMgoM para tapasvI tripurAntaka ne ziva arAdhanA kI thii| Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki usake yAtrA vivaraNa meM kAzI ke vizvezvara kA nAma sammilita nahIM hai| lakSmIdhara ne vizvezvara ko vArANasI ke 220 liMgoM meM gaNanA kIyA hai jisameM ujjainI aura kedAra sammilita hai| ballAlasena ne dAnasAgara meM zrIparvata, kedAra, omakAra, vArANasI aura rAmezvara ke jyortiliMgoM kI carcA kI hai| 'vRhaspatya arthazAstra' meM ATha prasiddha zivakSetra kA varNana hai, kintu unameM kisI 12 jyortiliMgoM kA nAma sammilita nahIM hai| skandapurANa meM bhI ina sthaloM kA ullekha hai - omakAra, mahAkAla, vizvezvara lalitezvara, trayambaka, bhadrezvara, drakSarAmezvara jo gaMgAsAgara ke saMgama para sthita hai| saurASTra meM somezvara, vindhyAcala meM sarvezvara, zrIzaila meM zikharezvara, kAntIpura meM allAlanAtha, simhalA meM simhanAtha, isa prakAra se una saba para vicAroparAnta kahA jA sakatA hai ki 13vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva bAraha pramukha jyortiliMgoM ke vizeSa mAnyatA ke puSTa pramANa nahIM haiN| vivecya kAla meM sAhityika sAkSyoM meM tIrthoM ke mahattva para prakAza par3atA hai| alabarUnI ne multAna, thAnezvara, kAzmIra, banArasa, puSkara, mathurA Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai| somadeva kRta kathAsaritasAgara ne gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke pramukha tIrthoM para prakAza DAlA hai| badrInAtha, vindhyavAsinI-durgA, puSkara, prayAga, banArasa, citrakUTa Adi pramukha haiN| dasavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI ke pramukha tIrtha sthaloM ke bAre meM bhadra lakSmIdhara ne kRtyakalpatarU ke 'tIrthavivecanakANDam'

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248 zramaNa-saMskRti tathA jImUtavAhana ne 'kAlaviveka' meM pramukha tIrtha sthaloM meM sAMskRtika evaM Arthika pakSoM para prakAza DAlA hai| jImUtavAhana ke 'kAlaviveka' se hameM tIrtha sthaloM ke bAre kucha naye vicAra dikhAI par3ate haiM jo jyotiSa kI gaNanA para AdhArita the| unake anusAra mAgha meM puSkara meM snAna, kRSNa pakSa meM gayA, pauSa meM narmadA, caitra meM sAligrAma, punDarIka, zuklapakSa meM, prabhAsa aura tejas amAvasyA meM, yamunA meM, mAgha kRSNa caturdazI ko isI tithi ko mAgha aura pauSa meM candrabhAgA nadI meM snAna karane se vyakti sAre pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai / " mAgha pUrNamAsI parva para snAna karane ke bAre meM likhA hai ki prayAga meM snAna sarvottama hai| isI prakAra phAlguna meM naimiSAraNya tathA caitra meM sAlagrAma, vaisAkha meM gaMgAdhara, jyeSTha meM puruSottama, aSAr3ha meM kanakhala, zrAvaNa meM kedAra, bhAdoM meM badrInAtha, azvina meM RSikeza, kArtika meM puSkara, agahana meM kAnyakubja, pauSa meM ayodhyA, Adi ke bAre meM kahA gayA hai ki ina tIrthasthaloM para snAna se sabhI pApa dhula jAte haiM / isa sambandha meM eka anya mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki ye sabhI tIrtha sthala uttara bhArata ke haiM isameM eka bhI tIrtha sthala dakSiNa bhArata ke nahIM haiN| inameM 12 prasiddha tIrthasthala to himAlaya kI tarAI meM sthita haiM jo snAna dAna kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa the| ballAlasena ne 'dAnasAgara' meM 27 pavitra nadiyoM meM snAna-dAna kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa batAyA gayA hai, jisameM se 15 pavitra nadiyoM kA ullekha 'lakSmIdhara ' ne apanI racanA meM kiyA hai| jabaki 27 pavitra sthala zrAddha Adi kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa batAye the| isI prakAra 68 aise tIrtha sthala haiM, jinakI carcA lakSmIdhara ne nahIM kiyA hai kintu ballAlasena ke 'dAnasAgara' meM mahatvapUrNa batAyA gayA hai| ye sabhI tIrtha sthala matsyapurANa ke AdhAra para pahacAne gaye haiN| inameM se aneka prAcIna tIrthasthaloM ko pI0 pI0 kANe, nandUlAla De, pahacAna nahIM kara ske| lagatA hai ki matsyapurANa meM varNita meM tIrtha sthaloM ke nAma tatkAlIna samaya meM dUsare nAmoM se prasiddha the| jisameM se prasiddha tIrthasthaloM kI carcA lakSmIdhara evaM ballAlasena ne kI hai| kucha samakAlIna anya sAkSyoM meM ina tIrthasthaloM ke nAma Aye haiM jisameM kalyANI ke cAlukya, somezvara dvArA

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gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI ke pramukha tIrtha sthaloM kA mahatva 249 racita" "mAnasollAsa" haiM jisameM uttara bhArata se lekara dakSiNa bhArata ke aneka tIrtha sthaloM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| 12vIM zatAbdI I0 ke prasiddha vidvAna hemacandra ne 'dvayasArakAvya' meM aneka tIrtha sthAnoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| bhAgavata purANa, matsya purANa, padmapurANa ke AdhAra para kAlAntara meM aneka lekhakoM ne apanI racanAoM meM pavitra sthaloM kI carcA kI hai| ziva purANa meM varNita jyortiliMgoM kI pahacAna samaya-samaya para kI gayI hai| isI taraha zakti tIrtha kI bhI carcA kI gayI hai| "vRhaspatya" - arthazAstra meM 8 zaktipIThoM meM vindhyavAsini durgA bhadrakAlI ko sabase sarvopari mAnA gayA hai| narasiMha kI pANDulipi pramANapallava meM bhI aneka pramukha tIrtha sthaloM kA varNana milatA hai, jo sambhavataH lakSmIdhara ke bAda likhA gayA hai| isI taraha aneka pavitratIrthoM ke sandarbha samakAlika abhilekhoM evaM etihAsika granthoM meM likhe gaye haiN| vihAra meM zAhAbAda jile ke tiloThU sthAna se prApta nAyaka pratApa dhavala kA eka 'pratimAlekha' vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| dasavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI ke pramukha tIrtha sthaloM meM vArANasI, prayAga evaM gayA, ko pramukha ardhya tIrtha sthala mAnate hue nArAyaNa bhaTTa ne triardhyasthalI ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA hai| vAcaspati mizra ne bhI tIrthacintAmaNi meM puruSottama arthAt purI jagannAtha ko barAbarI kA darjA diyA hai| brahmapurANa ke anusAra jyeSThamAsa ke ardhazukla pakSa ke dasaveM dina 52 tIrthasthala aura 32 pavitra nadiyA~ kA purI arthAt puruSottama meM mahAtya hai| puruSottama kA yaha purI sthita mandira 1198 I0 meM anavAMbhIma tRtIya ne banavAyA thA, jo 'colagaMgA' kA pautra thaa|' kintu gaMgAdhara ke lekha se patA calatA hai ki 12vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM purI tIrthasthala para vihAra aura Asa pAsa ke hI loga Ate jAte aura unake prati AsthAvAna the| isa tIrthasthala kA dezavyApI mahatva sambhavataH 12vIM zatAbdI ke bAda hI sthApita huaa| kucha tIrthasthala kSetrIya the aura unakI mAnyatA sthAnIya thI, jahA~ tIrtha yAtrA karate the, unameM se vArANasI, gayA aura prayAga aise tIrthasthala hai jahA~ pUre bhAratavarSa se tIrtha yAtrI mokSa kI kAmanA se yAtrA karate

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250 zramaNa-saMskRti the| isI taraha 12 jyortiliMgoM kA bhI mahatva 12vIM zatAbdI ke bAda sthApita huA pratIta hotA hai| isa sambandha meM ullekhanIya yaha hai ki pratyeka tIrtha karane vAlA vyakti pada yAtrA karatA thaa| kucha loga hI tIrthayAtrA meM sAdhanoM kA upayoga karate the| usa samaya kucha tIrthasthala para jAne ke lie sar3akeM bhI nahIM thiiN| tIrthayAtrioM ko gujarate samaya prAyaH luTeroM kA bhI sAmanA karanA par3atA thA, phira bhI tIrtha yAtrI ihaloka se mukti ke lie kaThinAIyoM evaM saMgharSoM kA sAmanA karate hue barAbara tIrthayAtrA jArI rakhate the| saMdarbha 1. Ara0 ena0 pillaI - TUra eNDa pilagrimeja ina iNDiyA, pR0 18 2. bI0 pI0 majumadAra - sosiyo ikonAmika hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA, pR0 18 3. aipiraeNphi iNDikA XX, 127 4. pI0vI0 kANe- hisTrI Apa dharmazAstra khaNDa-4, pR0 77, vArAhapurANa - 152-62-154-29 5. aipiraeNphi iNDikA, III, 46-50 6. vahI, gpTae 194 7. jarnala oNpha yU0pI0 hisTarikala sosAiTI, XIV 1941, pR0 70 iNDiyana ainTIkyorI, XVIII 130 8. kIrtikaumudI, IX, 2 9. jImUt vAhana - kAlaviveka, pR0 351 10. aipigraiphi iNDikA,XXV, 312-313 11. vahI, I, 271-287 12. zivapurANa, I, 14-33, IV, 1-18, 21-24 13. tIrthavivecana, pR0 93 14. skandapurANa, kedAra khaNDa - 7, 31-33 15. majumadAra-sosiyo ikonAmika hisTrI oNpha nArdana iNDiyA, pR0 330 16. kAlaviveka, pR0 323 17. mAnasollAsa, 28, pR0 13 18. sosiyo ikonAmika hisTrI oNpha nArdana iNDiyA, pR0 326 19. DI0 sI0 sarakAra - jarnala oNpha oriyenTala risarca, XVII, pR0 209-215 20. sosiyo ikonAmika hisTrI oNpha nArdana iNDiyA, pR0 349

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38 prAcInatam bauddha saMgha aura kAzI saMgItA pANDeya buddhakAlIna kAzI SoDasa mahAjanapadoM meM eka aura kauzala rAjya ke adhIna thii| bauddha vAGgamaya meM kAzI ke vANijya vyApAra tathA sarvakSetrIya sukha-samRddhi ke aneka udAharaNa surakSita hai| svataMtra kAzI kI rAjadhAnI vArANasI buddha-yugIna chaH mahAnagaroM meM eka tathA tatkAlIna uttara bhArata ke zikSA aura saMskRti ke kendra ke rUpa meM prakhyAta thI, rocaka hai ki gautama buddha kI AdhyAtmika gaveSaNA - bodhagayA meM bodhi- prApti ke sAtha pUrNa huI, para bhava bAdhA se logoM ke nistAraNa sambandhI karuNA - prasUta vedanA ke kAraNa unhoMne samAja ko sanmArga dikhAne kA saMkalpa liyA aura dharmadezanA ke prathama sthala ke rUpa meM vArANasI ke pAsa avasthita, Adhunika sAranAtha se samIkRta RSipattana mRgadAva kA cayana kiyaa| yadyapi pAli vAGmaya meM sAranAtha ke prati isa prakAra ke AkarSaNa ke pIche bodhi - prApti ke pUrva ke buddha ke sahayogI paJcavargIya bhikSuoM kI upasthiti kA havAlA diyA gayA hai, jo prathama dharmadezanA ke lie jJAna kI dRSTi se paripakva vyakti kI upekSA ke vicAra se svAbhAvika bhI hai, parantu yaha bhI sambhava hai, ki isa prakAra ke nirNaya kI pRSThabhUmi meM kAzI aura usakI rAjadhAnI vArANasI kI sukha-samRddhi aura khyAti tathA bhikSAcaryA kI sulabhatA kI parokSataH puSTi yahA~ kI paJcavargIya bhikSuoM ke AvAsa se bhI hotI hai| mahAvagga aura majjhima nikAya ke ariyapariyesana sutta donoM meM hI dharma cakra pravartana kI ghaTanA kA kiJcita vistAra se ullekha hai| aisA varNana hai ki RSipattana mRgadAva pahuMcane para unakI tathA kathita tapabhraSTatA kA dhyAna kara

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252 zramaNa-saMskRti paJcavargIya bhikSuoM ne pahale to upekSA karane kA nizcaya kiyA, para nikaTa Ane para unakI dhIra-gambhIra mudrA se prabhAvita hokara, apanI pratijJA bhUlakara, unakA yathocita Adara sammAna kiyaa| buddha ne paJcavargIya bhikSuoM ko isa avasara para ekAdhika upadeza diye the, kabhI kucha ko aura kabhI anya ko| parantu yaha kahA gayA hai ki kauNDinya ko sarvaprathama jJAna milA aura kramazaH vatpa, bhaddiya, mahAnAma aura azvajIta ko| yaha rocaka hai ki vimala dharma - cakSu utpanna hone ke bAda kauNDinya Adi uparyukta pAMcoM ne buddha ke samakSa pravrajyA aura upasampadA prApta karane kI prArthanA kI aura buddha ne unheM bhikSu ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyaa| RSipattana mRgadAva meM paJcavargIya bhikSuoM ko diye gaye upadeza kA svarUpa yadyapi nirvivAda nahIM, parantu sukha-bhoga aura kArya kleza donoM hI antoM se bacate hue madhyama mArga ke anusaraNa ke upadeza ke prArambhika hone ke saMdarbha meM vidvAna prAyaH eka mata hai| vastutaH isI ko bauddha dharma kA sAra, aura paJcavargIya bhikSuoM kI pravrajyA ke sAtha hI bauddha saMgha kI sthApanA svIkAra karanI caahiye| saddharma meM janasAmAnya ko 'bhikSu' rUpa meM dIkSita karane kI prakriyA vArANasI ke atisampanna zreSThI-putra yaza kI RSipattana meM hI pravrajyA se prArambha huii| yaza ko buddha ke samAna hI saMvedanazIla citrita kiyA gayA hai aura sAMsArika sukha-vaibhava se khinna / upalabdha vivaraNa ke anusAra buddha se usakI Akasmika bheMTa huI,. parantu vaha unake upadeza se prabhAvita hokara saddharma meM dIkSita huA tathA paJcavargIya bhikSuoM kI taraha zIghra hI usane bhI arhatva prApta kiyaa| tatpazcAt usake pitA, parivAra ke anya sadasya tathA mitra dhIre - dhIre saddharma meM praviSTa hue, parantu sampUrNa vivaraNa ko sUkSma dRSTi se dekhane para isameM bhI zaMkA nahIM rahatI ki buddha ne yaza aura usake parivAra ke sadasyoM Adi ko saddharbha meM praveza ke lie sarvathA uparyukta pAtra samajhA aura unheM saddharma meM praviSTa karane kA yathA sambhava prayatna kiyaa| jahA~ eka ora yaza kI bheMTa Akasmika kahI gayI hai vahIM dUsarI ora yaza kI khoja meM Aye hue usake pitA turanta apane putra ko dekha na sakeM isake lie buddha ko camatkAra pradarzita karate hue bhI dikhAyA gayA hai| aisA AbhAsa hotA hai ki buddha na kevala yaza ko apane vairAgya ke nizcaya se vicalita huA nahIM dekhanA cAhate the|

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prAcInatam bauddha saMgha aura kAzI 253 buddha ke upadeza evaM pratibhA se prabhAvita hokara pahale yazapitA upAsaka bane, tadanantara unhoMne bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha buddha ko ghara para AmaMtrita kara bhojana karAyA aura unake dAnakathA, zIla kathA sambandhI upadezoM se prabhAvita hokara yaza mAtA aura yaza kI pUrva patnI bhI upAsikA bnii| inameM pratyeka ke buddha, dharma aura saMgha kI zaraNa ke rUpa meM trizaraNa-gamana paddhati se upAsaka banane kI carcA hai| isI prakAra yaza pitA ke prathama upAsaka tathA yaza mAtA ke prathama upAsikA hone kA spaSTa ullekha hai| yaza jaise samRddha vyakti kI saMgha-dIkSA usake mitroM evaM sambandhiyoM ke lie adbhuta ghaTanA thI, ataH ve bhI AkRSTa hue| prathamataH usake cAra gRhI, mitra, vimala, subAhu Adi ne tathA bAda meM yaza ke anya 50 mitroM evaM sambandhiyoM ne saMgha meM praveza liyaa| ve zIghra hI arhata bne| isa prakAra vArANasI kI prathama yAtrA meM zIghra hI buddha ko 60 arhatA anuyAyI evaM aneka gRhI upAsaka prApta hue| buddha ne yahI bhikSuoM ko svayaM kI taraha mAnuSa bandhanoM se mukta hone ke lie prayAsa karane kA upadeza diyA tathA bhinna-bhinna dizAoM meM aneka logoM ke kalyANa ke lie dharmacArikA karane ke lie udbodhana kiyaa| bhikSuoM ke mAdhyama se saddharma pracAra kA yaha prathama Thosa prayAsa thaa| RSipattana mRgadAva kI prathama yAtrA meM hI buddha ne bhikSuoM ko bhI, eka vizeSa paddhati ke tahata trizaraNa gamana paddhati dvArA dIkSA sambandhI aupacArikatAe~ pUrNa karane kA nirdeza diyaa| ___ buddha ne anuyAyI bhikSuoM ke sAtha vArANasI kI kaI aura yAtrAeM bhI kI jinameM unheM vAJchita zraddhA-satkAra milaa| yahA~ ke supriya upAsaka-upAsikA kI saddharma-zraddhA vidita hai| vinaya piTaka ke anusAra eka bauddha bhikSu ke svAsthya - lAbha ke lie suppiyA ne apanA mAMsa taka de diyA thA aura isI avasara para buddha ne apane bhikSuoM ke lie mAnava mAMsa ke bhakSaNa kA niSedha kiyaa| yahIM unhoMne kutte, ghor3e, sarpa, jaise jIva jantuoM ke mAMsa-bhakSaNa ke virodha meM bhI niyama bnaayaa| yaha sthala 500 upAsakoM ke sAtha dhamyadinna ke buddha ke darzana ke lie Ane tathA unake dhammadina suta se prabhAvita hone ke lie bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| isa prakAra vArANasI meM buddha aura unake anuyAyiyoM ke

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254 zramaNa-saMskRti vibhinna yAtrAoM aura upadezoM ke mAdhyama se bauddha dharma-saMgha ko bahuvidha lAbha-satkAra milA aura usakI sarvakSetrIya samRddhi huii| svayaM buddha ke samaya meM hI yaha sthala bauddhoM kI dRSTi se itanA mahatva prApta ho gayA ki Ananda ne buddha mahAparinirvANa ke yogya 7 - mahAnagariyoM meM se ise bhI eka kahA aura buddha ne bauddha dharma ke cAra tIrtha sthaloM meM vArANasI kI bhI ghoSaNA kii| vArANasI-sAranAtha ke atirikta kAzI ke anya kaI sthala bhI buddha tathA unake anuyAyiyoM ke aneka upadeza dene tathA lAbha satkAra arjita karane kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya hai| inameM macchikAsaNDa aura kITAgiri kA vizeSa sthAna hai| macchikAsaNDa ke citragRhapati kA saMgha ke viziSTa sahAyaka ke rUpa meM ullekha prApta hotA hai / acelakassapa ko saMghadIkSArtha - protsAhana, mahAnAma pramukha bhikSu saMgha ko ambATaka vana kA dAna tathA kaI bAra bauddha bhikSuoM ko apane yahA~ bhojana- AmaMtraNa jaise kAryoM ke lie prArambhika pAli sAhitya meM isakI ekAdhika carcA hai / adhyAtma-kSetra meM bhI isakI prazaMsA prApta hotI hai| isake dvArA maraNAsanna avasthA meM parijanoM evaM mitroM kI trizaraNa meM zraddhA evaM dAna kA nirdeza saddharma ke sthAyitva ke prati zraddhAlu upAsakoM kI utsukatA evaM AkAMkSA kA pratIka jJAta hotA hai| buddha-cArikA, buddha ke AvAsa tathA anya kaI dRSTiyoM se kAzI ke kITAgirI nigama kA viziSTa sthAna thA / assajI evaM punabbasu nAmaka do bhikSuoM ke anuyAyI, jo yatkiJcita kRtsita pravRtti ke the, samvAjI ke rUpa meM yahI rahate the| ina bhikSuoM kI eka upAsaka dvArA nindA karane para buddha ne sAriputra aura modgalyAyana ko unheM daNDita karane ke lie bhejA thA / kITAgiri kama se kama 25-26 bhikSuoM ke eka sAtha rahane yogya eka bar3A vihAra thA / eka avasara para jaba bar3e bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha buddha yahA~ Aye taba assajI aura punabbasu ke anuyAyiyoM ne unakA to Adara-satkAra kiyA para sAriputra aura modgalyAyana ko AvAsa dene se manA kara diyA / inhIM bhikSuoM ke saMdarbha meM buddha ne kITAgirI suta kA upadeza diyA thaa| prAyaH nizcita pahacAna vAloM meM kAzI ke ATha bhikSuoM, do upAsakoM tathA tIna upAsikAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| mAtra eka bhikSuNI kA

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255 prAcInatam bauddha saMgha aura kAzI ullekha hai, jo gaNikA varga kI thii| bhikSuoM meM tIna brAhmaNa varga ke tathA 5 vaizya varga ke the, aura sabhI upAsaka-upAsikAyeM vaizya-gRhapati varga ke the| isa prakAra kAzI ke zraddhAluoM meM apekSAkRta vaizya-gRhapati varga kA Adhikya thaa| vaizya-gRhapatiyoM kA yaha Adhikya sambhavataH kAzI meM unakI bahulatA ke kAraNa thA aura isase bhI kAzI kI bahuvidhya vRddhi-samRddhi kI puSTi hotI hai| saMdarbha 1. vinaya, mahAvagga, 1, 5-6, majjhima nikAya, pAsirAsa sutta aura bodhi- rAjakumAra sutt| 2. dIghanikAya, mahAparinibbAna sutta, aura mahAsudassana sutt| 3. vinaya, mahAvagga, 10, 2, 3, divyAvadAna, pR0 73 aura 98, mahAvastu 3, 286, saMyukta nikAya veludvAreyyasuta aadi| 4. vinaya, mahAvagga, 1,6 / 5. majjhimanikAya, pAsirAsa sut| 6. vinaya, cullavagga, 6, 23, tathA, 6, 23, 10 / 7. saMyukta nikAya 55, 53 (dhammadina sutta) 8. dIrgha nikAya, mahAparinibbAna sutt| 9. saMyukta nikAya, 41-1, aura Age (cita saMyutta, vizeSakara 16, 23) (eka putraka sutta), aguttara nikAya, 2, 12, 3, 4, 18, 6 / 10. saMyukta nikAya, 41, 9 (acelakassapa sutt)| 11. aMguttara nikAya, 1, 14, (ca, 3) 12. saMyukta nikAya, 41-10 (gilAsa dassana sutt)| 13. vinaya, callavagga,6,131 14. majjhima nikAya, kITagirI sutt|

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39 bhAratIya bauddha zikSA kendra : vihAra-AyAma anAmikA tripAThI samyak sambodhi samprAti ke pazcAta jAgatika prANiyoM ke duHkha nivAraNa hetu apane dharma cakra pravartana ke upadezAtmaka cArikA meM jaba mahAtmA buddha rAjagRha, vaizAlI, zrAvastI Adi pramukha sthAnoM meM cAturmAsa vizrAma ke lie nivAsa karate the, usa samaya unake sAtha samUha meM calane vAle bhikSuoM kA bhI cAturmAsa nivAsa hotA thA / isa avadhi meM gautama buddha bhikSu samUha ko vizeSa zikSAeM dete rahate the / isake pariNAmasvarUpa rAjagRha, vaizAlI, zrAvastI Adi meM bauddha - kendra ke rUpa meM 'vihAra' nirmita kiye gaye / kAlAntara meM isakA svarUpa saMdhAyama me rUpAntarita huA / prArambhika saMracanAtmaka vihAroM kA nirmANa vaTikAzma khaNDoM se kiyA gayA jisameM dIrgha vRttAkAra vizAla - kakSAyeM aura laghu saha-kakSoM ko AyAma kahA jAtA thA / inhIM vihAroM aura saMdhAyamoM kA paravartI vikAsa antarrASTrIya tathA dezAntarIya bauddha zaikSika adhyayana kendroM ke rUpa meM huaa| isI prakAra zailakRta zailotkhanita guphAeM aura caitya ke gRha nikaTa nirmita vihAra bhI bauddha zikSA kendra ke rUpa meM kArya karane lgeN| ina pramukha vihAroM, AyAmoM evaM saMghAyamoM kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta hai: * rAjagRha - yaha pura aneka dhanI zreSThiyoM kA AvAsa thA / rAjagRha ke saMthAgAra meM sabhAeM hotI thIM, jisameM loga milate the aura loka kalyANa ke sAdhanoM para paricarcA karate the / yahA~ ke nivAsI bhikSuoM kI zaikSika AvazyakatAoM ko tRpta karane ke lie isa vizvAsa se sadaiva tatpara rahate the ki moggalAyana sahita

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bhAratIya bauddha zikSA kendraH vihAra-AyAma 257 buddha ne yahIM para unakA dharma zikSA meM parivartana kiyA thaa| yahA~ para upAli ko bhI bhikSa ke rUpa meM dIkSita-zikSita kiyA gayA thaa| isa nagara meM buddha kI zaikSika kriyAzIlatA ullekhanIya hai| mahAvIra ne yahA~ caudaha cAturmAsa vyatIta kiye the| yaha bIsaveM tIrthaka kA janma sthAna thaa| yahA~ para buddha ne bhI bhikSuoM ko bulAyA aura bauddha saMgha zikSA ke lie kalyANa kI dazAoM ke kaI varga nirdhArita kiye| magadha nareza ajAta zatru ne rAjagRha ke cAroM ora dhAtu caitya banavAye aura 18 mahAvihAroM kA jIrNoddhAra kraayaa| sAranAtha "zAraMganAtha" (sAranAtha) stambha-lekha meM 'vArANasI jile meM sthita prAcIna sthala' sAranAtha kA varNana hai, jo vArANasI se lagabhaga sAta mIla dUrI para sthita hai| yahA~ para bauddha avazeSoM kA eka vizAla saMgrahAlaya hai| sAranAtha zilAlekha dhamekha stUpa ke uttara se tathA guptakAlIna prAcIna vihAroM ke avazeSoM para pUrva se pazcima taka phaile hue U~ce TIle ke dakSiNa se khoda kara nikAlA gayA thaa| isakA prAcIna nAma isipattana migadAya (RSipattana mRgadAya) hai, jahA~ para buddha dharmacakra - pravartana kiyA thaa| kaniMthama ne ise uttara meM vizAla dhamekha stUpa se dakSiNa meM caukuMDI TIle taka lagabhaga AdhI mIla taka phaile hue suramya jaMgaloM se AcchAdita kSetra se samIkRta kiyA hai| dUsarI zatAbdI I0pU0 meM itipatana meM bauddha bhikSuoM kA eka vizAla kendra thaa| vaizAlI vizAla nagara vaizAlI licchiviyoM kI rAjadhAnI thI, jo chaThavIM zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM pUrvI bhArata ke eka mahAna evaM zaktizAlI jana the| bhAratIya itihAsa meM yaha licchavI rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI tathA mahAna evaM zaktizAlI vAjjisaMgha ke mukhyAvAsa ke rUpa meM vizruta haiN| kaniMthama ne isa vizAla nagarI tirahuta ko mujaphphapura jile meM sthita vasAr3ha nAmaka vartamAna gAMva meM samIkRta kiyA hai| paMcavI zatAbdI I0 meM cInI tIrthayAtrI phAhyAna vaizAlI AyA thaa| buddha ke nirvANa prApta kara lene ke pazcAt vaizAlI ke prati sampUrNa bauddha saMghoM kA dhyAna AkarSita huA thaa| sampUrNa saMghoM ke pratinidhi yahA~ para mile the

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258 zramaNa-saMskRti aura unhoMne apane sukha kAmI bhikSuoM ke AcaraNa kI bhartsanA kI thii| yahA~ para bauddha-zikSA ke rUpa meM vaizAlI bhArata meM prasiddha thii| ghoSitArAma 'ghoSita' nAmaka eka zreSThi dvArA nirmita yaha vihAra kauzAmbI meM sthita thaa| isa vihAra kA nAmakaraNa isake nAma para huA thaa| hAla meM kiye gaye yahA~ ke utkhananoM se eka abhilekha prApta huA hai, jisase kauzAmbI kI sImA para dakSiNa pUrvI kone meM sthita isa prasiddha AyAma kI avasthiti batalAne meM sahAyatA milatI hai| yaha sthAna yamunA nadI se adhika dUra nahIM pratIta hotA hai| yaha Ayama buddha ke nirvANa ke pazcAta bhI Ananda kA priya AvAsa thaa| therU urUthammakkhita ke netRtva meM isa Ayama ke koI tIsa hajAra bhikSu IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM rAjA TuTaThAkAmiNI ke zAsanakAla meM laMkA gye| jaba pAMcavIM zatAbdI I0 meM phAhyAna kauzAmbI gayA thA tathA usane ghoSitayama meM adhikAMzataH hInayAna mata ke anuyAyI bauddha sthaviroM ko dekhA thaa| sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 meM kauzAmbI jAte yuvAnacyADa ne dekhA ki yahA~ para pUrNataH dhvasta dasa se adhika saMdhAyama the| ina dasa vihAroM meM dhoSitayama kI bhI eka thA jo kauzAmbI ke dakSiNa pUrva meM sthita thaa| azoka ne ghoSitayama ke samIpa 200 phITa se bhI U~cA eka stUpa banavAyA thaa| pUrvAyama jetavana ke uttara pUrva meM zrAvastI ke samIpa sthita yaha eka bauddha vihAra thA, jisakA nirmANa nigAra nAmaka zreSThi kI vadhU vizAkhA ne karavAyA thA, jina paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa isa vihAra kA nirmANa karavAyA gayA thA, usakA varNana dhammapada bhASya meM kiyA gayA hai| isa vihAra ke nirmANa meM lakar3I evaM patthara kA prayoga kiyA gayA thA, jo ki pahalI evaM dUsarI maMjiloM meM asaMkhya kamaroM se yukta eka bhavya dumaMjilI imArata thii| yaha vihAra puSvAyama nigArAmAtuprasAda nAma se vidita thA buddha ne nigAramAtA ke prAsAda meM rahate samaya aggaNNa sutAMta kA pravacana diyA thaa| azokAyama azoka dvArA nirmita pATaliputra meM eka bauddha saMsthAna ke bhavana kI

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bhAratIya bauddha zikSA kendraH vihAra-AyAma dekharekha indragupta nAmaka eka ghera kiyA karatA thA / azoka ke kAla meM yahA~ para tRtIya bauddha saMgIti huyI thI / azoka ne apane eka amAtya ko isa Ayama meM bhejakara bhikSu sampradAya se uposatha samAroha kA zubhArambha vahIM para karane kA nivedana kiyA thA / isa Ayama meM yathArtha dhamma kA saMkalana kiyA gayA thA / aneka bhikSuoM ke sAtha bhitiNNa nAmaka eka sthavira isa Ayama se pATaliputra AyA thaa| 259 mahAvodhi vihAra isakA prAcIna nAma urUvelA thA jo buddhaghoSa ke anusAra eka vizAla retIle TIle kA vAcaka thA / samantapAsAdikA ke anusAra jaba kisI puruSa ke bure vicAra utpanna hote the, taba use nikaTavartI eka sthAna para muTThI bhara bAlU le jAne kA Adeza diyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra se le jAyI gayI bAlU se znaiH zanaiH eka vizAla TIlA bana gayA / yaha vihAra gayA se chaH mIla dakSiNa meM sthita hai| buddha gayA se gayA kI dUrI tIna gAvula yA chaH mIla se thor3A adhika thI / isase buddha gayA kahA gayA thA kyoMki yahA~ para gautama buddha ne prasiddha vaTa- vRkSa ke nIce bodhi yA sambodhi prApta kiyA gayA thA / mahAnAmana ke bodhagayA abhilekha meM (169vA~ varSa) bodha gayA ke vikhyAta bauddha-sthala kA varNana milatA thA / usa abhilekha meM vaTa-vRkSa ke caturdika bane hue ghere ko 'bodhimaNDa' kahA gayA hai| bodha gayA abhilekha ke eka anulekha se hameM jJAta hotA hai ki koI cInI tIrthayAtrI mahAbodhi vihAra meM laTakAne ke lie eka suvarNa-racita kASAya le AyA thaa| kukkuTAyama yaha pATaliputra meM thaa| muNDa nAmaka eka magadha nareza yahA~ para nArada RSi ko dekhane aura unakA upadeza sunane AyA thaa| RSi ne unako upadeza diyA aura rAnI bhaTTA kI mRtyu ke duHkhoM se abhibhUta hone ke kAraNa use sAntvanA dii| tatpazcAt unhoMne sadA kI bhAMti apane kartavya pAlana kiye| isa Ayama meM bhaTTa nAmaka eka bhikSu rahatA thA aura usane buddha ke prasiddha ziSya Ananda se bAtacIta kI thii| buddhapoSa ke anusAra kukkuTa seTThA ne isa Ayama kA nirmANa

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zramaNa-saMskRti karAyA thaa| yuvAnaccADa kA kathana hai ki yaha pATaliputra ke prAcIna nagara ke dakSiNa pUrva meM sthita thA aura bauddha dharma grahaNa karane ke pazcAt azoka ne isakA nirmANa karavAyA thA, divyAdavAna meM prAya: isakA ullekha huA hai| yaha Ayama kauzAmbI meM sthita kukkuTAyama se bhinna thaa| jetavana vihAra 260 uttara bhArata meM sthita yaha eka rAjasI udyAna thA, jo buddha kA eka priya Ama aura bauddha dharma kA eka prAcIna zikSA kendra thA / yaha zrAvastI (Adhunika saheta - maheta) se dakSiNa meM eka mIla dUra para sthita thA / zrAvastI ke aMcala meM sthita yaha bauddha zikSA kA eka adhiSThAna thA, jo rAjakumAra jeta ke satkAryoM ko amara banAye hue hai jisane mahAvaMzaTIkA ke anusAra jetavana udyAna kI sthApanA kI thii| vinaya ke vivaraNa ke anusAra zreSThI ne vahA~ para aneka bhavana yathA AvAsa kakSa (vihAra) vizrAma gRha (pariveNa ), koSagRha (koTaThaka), agnizAlAoM, (agnizAlA ) saMyukta upatthAnazAlAeM, zaucagRha kRTI, kueM, snAnAgAra, tAlAba aura maNDapa Adi banavAye / zrAvastI ke isa sthala kA ullekha lyUDarsa kI tAlikA saMkhyA 731 evaM jAtaka saMkhyA 5 meM prApta hotA hai| - nAgArjunikoNDa vihAra yaha pahAr3I AMdhra rAjya ke guMTura jile ke pAlanADa tAlukA meM sthita hai| yaha kRSNA nadI ke dAhine taTa para chAyI huI hai / nAgArjuna pahAr3I, jo eka vizAla caTTAnI pahAr3I hai maceriyA relave sTezana se 16 mIla pazcima meM sthita hai| nAgArjunIkoNDa se prApta abhilekhoM se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki dUsarI evaM tIsarI zatAbdI I0 meM vijayapurI nAmaka prAcIna nagara dakSiNa bhArata kA sabase bar3A evaM atyanta mahatvapUrNa bauddha sanniveza rahA hogaa| stUpa vihAra evaM maMdira bar3I IMToM se bane the, IMTa miTTI ke gAre se cunI gayI thI aura dIvAroM para palastara thA / nAgArjunIkoDa kA pratyeka vihAra svayaM meM pUrNa thA / kAnyakubja ise gadhipura, kuzasthala aura mahodaya bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha eka

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bhAratIya bauddha zikSA kendraH vihAra-AyAma 261 Adhunikatama kannauja hai| vinaya piTaka ke anusAra 'kaNNakujja' yA kAnyakabja meM seMkassa se zraddheya thera kheta the| yuvAnacvAnga ne kAnyakubja meM 100 bauddha adhiSThAna dekhe the| usake samaya meM kannauja kA zAsana adhiSThAna dekhe the| usake samaya meM kannauja kA zAsana harSavardhana apane prazAsana meM nyAyazIla evaM kartavya pAlana meM niyamaniSTha thaa| satkAryoM ke sampAdana meM vaha apane tana-mana se lIna hotA thaa| gaMgA ke taTa para usane aneka stUpa evaM bauddha vihAra banavAye the| mathurA vihAra mathurA se prApta eka bauddha vedikA stambha lekha meM dhanabhUti aura vAtsI ke putra vAdhapAla kA ullekha sarvabuddhoM kI pUjA ke lie ratnagRha kI vedikA evaM toraNa ke dAtA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| toraNa yukta isa vedikA kA sampUrNa, usane apane mAtA-pitA tathA bauddha sampradAya ke cAroM vargoM, bhikSu-bhikSuNI upAsaka evaM upAsakoM ke sAtha kiyA thaa| bauddha dharma ke itihAsa meM mathurA ke upagupta vihAra kA bahuta mahatva hai kyoMki isI vihAra meM unhoMne aneka logoM ko bauddha dharma ke dIkSita karane meM saphalatA prApta kI thii| mathurA bauddha dharma, kalA, saMskRti evaM zikSA kI prasiddha sthalI thii| jAlaMdhara vihAra cInI ise zo-lAna-tA-lo kahate haiN| vahA~ para pacAsa se adhika vihAra the jinameM 2, 000 se adhika bhikSu rahate the| tAmralipti tAmralipti pazcima baMgAla ke midanApura jile meM rUpa nArAyaNa aura chugalI ke saMgama se lagabhaga 12 mIla dUrI para sthita tAmaluka hI hai| yahA~ pAMcavIM zatAbdI IsavI meM cInI tIrthayAtrI phAhyAna aura sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM yuvAnacvAnga AyA thaa| usake anusAra yahA~ dasa se adhika bauddha vihAra the, jinameM 1000 se adhika bhikSu rahate the| phAhyAna ne tAmralipti ko campA ke pUrva meM 50 yojana dUra para samudra taTa para sthita batalAyA hai| sAtavIM zatI I0 meM itsiMga tAmralipti ke vArAha nAmaka eka prasiddha vihAra meM rahatA thaa| mahAvaMza se

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262 zramaNa-saMskRti yaha jJAta hotA hai ki azoka ke dharma pracArakoM ne laMkA ke lie isI bandaragAha se prasthAna kiyA thaa| zAkata kaniMghama ne ise rAvI nadI ke pazcima meM sthita saMgalavAlA TIlA se samIkRta kiyA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne ise rayAlakoTa yA madranareza zalya ke kile se samIkRta kiyA hai| yuvAnacvAnga matAnusAra zAkala ke prAcIna nagara ze-kI-lo kI paridhi lagabhaga 20 lI thI, yadyapi usakA prakAra dhvasta ho cukA thA, kintu isakI nIMva aba bhI dRr3ha evaM puSTa thii| yahA~ para eka vihAra thA jahA~ hInayAna sampradAya ke 100 bhikSu rahA karate the| isa vihAra ke pazcimottara meM azoka dvArA nirmita koI 200 phITa U~cA eka stUpa thaa| prayAga prayAga (cInI po-lo-ye kiyA) Adhunika ilAhAbAda hai| prAcIna bauddha granthoM meM prayAga gaMgA taTa para sthita eka tIrtha yA ghATa batalAyA gayA hai| cInI yAtrI yuvAnacvAr3a ke samaya meM isa pradeza kI paridhi 5000 lI aura isakI rAjadhAnI kI 20 lI se adhika thii| gaMdhAra vihAra __ gaMdhAra jana kA, jo Rgvaidika yuga se vijJAta evaM prAcIna jana the| azoka ke paMcama zilAlekha meM gaMdhAra ke nivAsiyoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| isa deza meM 1000 se adhika bauddha vihAra the, kintu ve pUrNataH jIrNa-zIrNa ho cuke the| aneka stUpa khaNDahara ho gaye the| gaMdhAra kI prAcIna rAjadhAniyA~ puSpakalAvatI aura takSazilA thIM, jinameM prathama siMdhu nadI ke pazcima aura dvitIya, siMdhu nadI ke pUrva meM sthita thii| kuzInArA isakA prAcIna nAma kuzAvatI hai| kaniMghama ke anusAra kuzInArA ko kuzInanagara jile ke pUrva sthita kasayA se samIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa mata kI puSTi isa tathya se hotI hai ki isa gA~va ke nikaTa nirvANa-maMdira ke pIche sthita stUpa meM eka tAmrapatra milA hai, jisa para paranirvANa caitya tAmrapaTa utkIrNa

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bhAratIya bauddha zikSA kendraH vihAra-AyAma saMdarbha 1. aMguttara nikAya - bhikkhu jagadIza kasya, nava nAlAndA, mahAvIra, nAlAndA, 1960 / 2. aMguttara nikAya - Ara0 morisa eNDa I0 hArDI, pI0 TI0 esa0 landana, 3. kathAvastu - jagadIza kassapa, nava nAlandA mahAvihAra nAlAndA, 1961 / 1982 I 4. khuddaka nikAya - rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, Ananda kausalyAyana evaM jagadIza kasyapa, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, 1937 5. jAtaka - bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, prayAga, saM0 2008 - 181 6. dIgha nikAya - bhikkhu jagadIza kassapa, nava nAlandA vihAra, nAlAndA / 7. majjhimanikAya - rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, sAranAtha buddhANda, 2508 8. mahAparinibbAna sutta - bhikSu dharmakSita, vanArasa, saM0 2508 / 9. mahAvaMza - bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, prayAga, 2014 | 10. milicandra prazna- bhikkhu olDena varga, pI0 TI0 esa0 landana, 1879-83 / 11. vinaya piTaka - rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, 1935 12. saMyukta nikAya - bhikkhu jagadIza kassapa, bhikkhu dharmarakSita sabhA, sAranAtha, buddhAbda 2498 I 13. abhidharma koza - rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, vArANasI, saM0 1988 14. avadAna kalpalatA - pI0 ela0 vaidya, mithilatA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1958 1 15. avadAna zataka - pI0 ela0 vaidya, mithilatA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1958 / 16. azokAvadAna - esa0 ke0 mukhopAdhyAya, naI dillI, 1963 1 17. pAtaka mAlA - sUrya nArAyaNa caudharI, saMskRta bhavana, kaThautiyA vihAra, 1952 / 18. divyAvadAna - pI0 ela0 vaidya, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA 1959 / 19. buddha carita - sUrya nArAyaNa caudharI, saMskRta bhavana, kaThautiyA vihAra, 1953 1 20. mahAvastu - I0 senArTa, perisa, 1882 1897 / 21. mahAyAna sUtra saMgraha - pI0 ela0 vaidya, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1961 / 22. lalita vistara - pI0 ela0 vaidya, mithilA vidyApITha, 1958 23. vajrasUcI upaniSada - ma0 prajJAnanda buddha vihAra, lakhanaU, 1960 24. saddharma puNDarIka - nalinAtha datta, kalakattA, 1953 / 25. laMkAvatAra sUtra - pI0 ela0 vaidya, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1961 / 26. samAdhirAja sUtra - pI0 ela0 vaidya, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1961 / 27. ambeDakara, bI0 Ara0 263 - buddha eNDa hija dhamma, siddhArtha kAleja mumbaI, 1957 1

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40 bauddha saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI sthiti evaM bhikSuNI saMgha kA vikAsa rAghavendra pratApa siMha zramaNa paramparA meM bhagavAna buddha jaisA mahAna vyaktitva bhI nArI jAti ko saMgha meM sasaMkoca hI praveza de paayaa| vastutaH nArI jAti ko pravrajita hone se rokane ke do kAraNa the| prathama yaha ki puruSa sadaiva se strI ko eka bhogyA ke rUpa meM dekhatA rahA aura isI kAraNa use svatantra jIvana jIne ke lie sahamata nahIM ho sakA / dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki nArI jAti ke saMgha praveza se zramaNa varga ke cAritrika skhalana kI saMbhAvanAeM adhika bar3ha jAtI thiiN| buddha kA bhikSuNI saMgha ke nirmANa meM jo saMkoca thA, usakA mUla kAraNa yahI thaa| kintu dUsarI ora aneka vivazatAyeM bhI thIM jinake kAraNa dharmazAstrAoM ko bhikSuNI saMghakA nirmANa karanA pdd'aa| pati ke pravrajita hone para athavA pati evaM putra kI mRtyu ho jAne para nArI ko sammAnapUrNa jIvana jIne ke lie bhikSuNI bananA ekamAtra vikalpa thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhikSu saMgha kI apekSA bhikSuNI saMgha kI sadasya saMkhyA meM sadaiva abhivRddhi hotI rhii| bauddha saMgha bhikSu-bhikSuNI, upAsaka-upAsikA bhAgoM meM vibhAjita thA, parantu saMgha ke mUla stambha bhikSu-bhikSuNI hI the| bauddha saMgha meM bhikSuoM kI tulanA meM bhikSuNiyoM kI sthiti nimna dikhalAI detI hai| sau varSa kI upasampanna bhikSuNI ko sadyaH upasampanna bhikSu ko abhivAdana karanA, aMjali jor3anA tathA usake sammAna meM khar3A honA par3atA thaa| isake viparita bhikSu kisI bhI bhikSuNI ke sammAna meM na to khar3A hotA thA aura na hI aMjali jor3atA thaa| yadi

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bauddha saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI sthiti evaM bhikSuNI saMgha kA vikAsa 265 bhikSu kisI bhikSuNI ko sammAna pradarzita karane ke lie abhivAdana karatA thA, to vaha doSI mAnA jAtA thaa| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki yogyatA ko bilkula mahatva nahIM diyA gayA hai, kevala liMgabheda ke AdhAra para hI jyeSThatA kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| bauddha saMgha meM isa anucita niyama ke virodha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI pratikUla pratikriyA ke bhI darzana hote haiN| aSTagurudharma svIkAra kara lene ke uparAnta mahAprajApati gautamI ne buddha se yaha anumati cAhI thI ki bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke madhya abhivAdana-abhyutthAna tathA cIkarma (kuzala-samAcAra pUchanA) jyeSThatA ke anusAra ho, liMga ke AdhAra para nhiiN| gautamI dvArA uThAyA gayA yaha prazna bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa thA, jisakA dUragAmI prabhAva pdd'taa| lekina buddha ne apanI vimAtA ke isa tarka ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA tathA kaThoratApUrvaka yaha niyama banAyA ki abhivAdana vandanA Adi bhikSuNiyoM ko hI karanA caahiye| saMbhavataH buddha ne saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI ucca sthiti ko isalie nahIM svIkAra kiyA ki isase sAmAjika saMtulana ko khatarA utpanna ho sakatA thaa| saMgha meM striyoM ko praveza Ananda ke kahane para milA thaa| lekina agara saMgha meM striyoM ko adhika sammAna milatA to saMbhava thA ki gRhastha jIvana vyatIta kara rahI striyAM vyApaka sammAna kI AkAMkSA se vazIbhUta hokara saMgha praveza kI anumati mAMgane lgeN| upasampadA ke uparAnta bhikSuNiyoM ko tIna nizraya tathA ATha akaraNIya' dharma batalAye jAte the| ye ATha akaraNIya dharma pArAjika prAyazcita ke hI dUsare nAma the| pArAjika bauddha saMgha kA sabase kaThora daNDa thA, jisameM bhikSuNI sadA ke lie saMgha se niSkAsita kara dI jAtI thiiN| vaha abhikkhunI kahalAtI thii| usakI tulanA sira kaTe hue vyakti se kI jAtI thii| spaSTa hai ki akaraNIya dharma ke mAdhyama se adhika kaThora pratibandha meM rakhane kI koziza kI gayI thii| isa niyama ke anusAra bhikSuNiyoM ko bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha varSAvAsa karane kA vidhAna thaa| bhikSuNiyoM ko akele yAtrAdi karanA niSiddha thaa| unheM jaMgala meM rahane kI anumati nahIM thii| uparyukta niyama nArI-prakRti ko hI dhyAna meM rakhakara banAye gaye the tathA usameM bhikSuNI kI cAritrika surakSA kA prazna mahatvapUrNa thaa| bhikSuNiyoM ko araNyavAsa Adi kI AjJA dene para unake zIla-apaharaNa Adi kA kSaya thaa|

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266 zramaNa-saMskRti eka bAra bhikSuNI saMgha astitva meM A gayA to anukUla paristhitiyoM ko pAte hI isakA vikAsa tIvra gati se huaa| yadyapi bauddha dharma kI bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA bhikSu saMgha kI sthApanA ke bAda aura vaha bhI sandehazIla vAtAvaraNa meM huI thI, parantu kucha samaya ke anantara hI yaha bauddha saMgha kA eka Avazyaka aMga ho gayA aura bauddha dharma ke pracAra evaM prasAra meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhaaii| dvitIya bauddha saMgIti ke bAda bauddha dharma eka ekIkRta (akhaNDa) dharma ke rUpa meM nahIM raha gayA thA, apitu kaI nikAyoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA thaa| bAda meM vibhAjita bauddha dharma kA citra hI hamAre sAmane upasthita hotA hai| azoka ke samaya taka bauddha dharma meM vikasita 18 nikAyoM kA patA calatA hai| ataH hama kahate sakate haiM ki vAstavika arthoM meM bAda meM bauddha dharma kA itihAsa nikAyoM kA itihAsa hai| isI prakAra bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha kA vikAsa bhI unhIM bauddha nikAyoM kA vikAsa hai jisakI ve sadasyA thiiN| yadyapi kisI bhikSuNI ke kisI vizeSa nikAya ke saMgha meM praviSTa hone athavA unakA sadasya banane kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| aise sthAnoM se prApta bhikSuNiyoM se sambandhita abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve usa sthAna para vikasita nikAya kI sadasyAyeM thiiN| bhArata bhara meM bikhare hue abhilekhoM ke prApti sthala evaM granthoM vizeSakara therIgAthA kI aTThakathA (paramatthadIpanI) ke mAdhyama se bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha ke prasAra ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| abhilekhoM meM bhikSuNiyoM dvArA diye gaye dAnoM kA ullekha hai| ataH jina sthAnoM para bhikSuNiyoM ke dAnoM kA ullekha hai, vahA~-vahA~ bhikSuNiyoM athavA unakA koI choTA yA bar3A saMgha avazya rahA hogaa| sAMcI, sAranAtha, kauzAmbI' evaM bhAva (jayapura ke pAsa vairATa) meM prApta azoka ke abhilekhoM meM utkIrNa 'bhikSuNI' tathA 'bhikSuNI saMgha' zabda yaha spaSTa dyotita karatA hai ki tRtIya zatAbdI I0 pU0 ke samaya taka ye sthala bhikSuNI kendra ke rUpa meM sthApita ho cuke the| sAMcI, sAranAtha evaM kauzAmbI ke abhilekhoM meM bauddha saMgha meM bheda paidA karane vAle bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ko cetAvanI dI gayI hai| sAranAtha paravartI kAla meM bhI eka prasiddha bhikSuNI kendra ke rUpa meM banA rhaa| prathama zatAbdI ke eka lekha" meM bhikSuNI buddhamitrA ko 'tripiTikA'

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bauddha saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI sthiti evaM bhikSuNI saMgha kA vikAsa 267 kahA gayA hai, jo apane AcArya bala ke samAna tInoM piTakoM meM pAraMgata thii| saMbhavataH sAranAtha bhikSuNiyoM kI zikSA kA bhI mahAna kendra thaa| uttara bhArata meM zrAvastI bauddha bhikSuNiyoM kA eka anya mahatvapUrNa sthala thaa| zrAvastI (Aja kA saheta-maheta) kauzala kA pramukha nagara thaa| buddha kAlIna kauzala nareza prasenajita ke sAtha hI bhikSuNI khemA kA prasiddha dArzanika vArtAlApa huA thaa| zrAvastI meM hI jetavanavihAra evaM bhikSaNiyoM kA prasiddha rAjakArAma vihAra thaa| saMbhavataH prasenajita ne gautamI mahAprajApati ke lie eka vihAra banavAyA thA, jisake bhagna khaNDaharoM ko phAhayAna evaM havenasAMga4 donoM ne dekhA thaa| ___ bauddha dharma meM kapilavastu kA apanA eka alaga mahatva thaa| yahA~ buddha kI janmasthalI thii| bauddha dharma meM bhikSuNI-saMgha kI sthApanA kA sarvaprathama prayAsa gautamI mahAprajApati ne yahIM para kiyA thaa| bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke lie vaizAlI bhI eka mahatvapUrNa nagara thaa| yahIM para Ananda ke kahane para buddha ne bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA ke lie anumati pradAna kI thii| bauddha bhikSuNI AmrapAlI ne buddha ko yahIM para dAna diyA thaa| vahIM para nirmita eka stambha kA ullekha phAhayAna evaM hvenasAMga donoM ne kiyA hai| mathurA bhI bauddha bhikSuNiyoM kA eka pramukha sthala thaa| yahA~ Ananda ke stUpa kI bhikSuNiyA~ pUjA karatI thiiN|" pazcimI bhArata meM bhI bauddha bhikSuNiyoM kA prasAra prathama zatAbdI IsvI taka pUrNa ho cukA thaa| kanherI, kArle, bhAjA, kudA, nAsika, junnAra Adi se prApta abhilekhoM se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki ye sthala bhikSuNiyoM ke prasiddha kendra ke rUpa meM zatAbdiyoM taka vartamAna rhe| kanherI se prApta eka abhilekha meM eka bhikSuNI ko therI kahA gayA hai| yaha vizeSaNa atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai kyoMki kisI bhI anya abhilekhoM meM hama bhikSuNI ke lie 'therI' zabda nahIM paate| dakSiNa bhArata meM bauddha bhikSuNiyoM kA sarvAdhika prasiddha sthala thA amraavtii| yahA~ bhikSuNiyoM dvArA diye gaye donoM kI eka lambI sUcI milatI hai| yahA~ eka bhikSuNI bodhi ko 'bhadantI' vizeSaNa se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai jo kanherI

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268 zramaNa-saMskRti ke 'therI' zabda ke hI samAna thaa| bhikSuNI ke lie 'bhadantI' zabda kA prayoga anyatra kahIM nahIM miltaa| yaha zikSA kA bhI eka pramukha kendra thaa| vinayaghara Arya punarvasu kI ziSyA samudrikA kA ullekha hai jise upAdhyAyinI kahA gayA hai| 20 spaSTa hai ki bhikSuNiyAM vidyA ke kSetra meM agraNI thiiN| sampUrNa uttarI bhArata meM kisI bhI bhikSuNI ke lie upAdhyAminI zabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jabaki kucha bhikSuNiyoM ko tripiTikA tathA kucha ko sUtAtikinI kahA gayA hai arthAt ve tInoM piTakoM evaM sUtroM meM pAraMgata thiiN| amarAvatI se hI prApta eka abhilekha meM eka bhikSuNI buddharakSitA ko navakammaka kahA gayA hai jo vihAroM Adi ke nirmANa karAne kA kArya karatI thii| yahA~ dAna dene meM bhikSuNiyAM bhikSuoM se Age thiiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM nAgArjunIkoNDA bhI bauddha bhikSuNiyoM kA prasiddha kendra thaa| parantu isake pazcAt bhikSuNI saMgha kA dhIre-dhIre hrAsa honA prArambha ho gyaa| DaoN0 ananta sadAziva altekara kA vicAra hai ki bhikSuNI saMgha cauthI zatAbdI taka samApta ho gayA thA parantu unake isa kathana se sahamata honA kaThina hai| bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke astitva kI sUcanA sAtavIM - AThavIM zatAbdI taka prApta hotI haiN| cInI yAtriyoM phAhayAna, hvenasAMga evaM itsiMga' ne bauddha bhikSuNiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isake atirikta sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI meM racita saMskRta sAhitya se bhI bauddha bhikSuNiyoM kI sUcanA milatI hai| bANabhaTTa ne bhI bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke vartamAna hone kA ullekha kiyA hai| harSavardhana kI bahana rAjyazrI bhikSuNI honA cAhatI thii| AThavIM zatAbdI meM bhavabhUti ne mAlatImAdhava nAmaka nATaka meM saugata parivrAjikA kAmandakI kA ullekha kiyA hai| isI prakAra subandhu (jinakA samaya kucha vidvAna harSa ke pUrva tathA kucha pazcAt batAte haiM) ne apane vAsavadattA nAmaka grantha meM eka bauddha bhikSuNI kA varNana kiyA hai| uparyukta udAharaNoM se AThavIM zatAbdI IsvI taka bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke vartamAna hone kI sUcanA milatI hai| AThavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt koI bhI aisA

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bauddha saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI sthiti evaM bhikSuNI saMgha kA vikAsa 269 sAkSya nahIM hai jo bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke vartamAna hone kI sUcanA de| yaha sambhava hai ki isake pazcAt bhI chiTa-puTa kucha bhikSuNiyAM rahI hoM, parantu unake sambandha meM hameM koI sAkSya nahIM prApta hotA hai| ataH bhArata meM bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke astitva kI yahI antima sImA mAnI jA sakatI hai| saMdarbha 1. DaoN. aruNa pratApa siMha, jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha, vArANasI, 1986, pR. 191 2. cullavagga, nAlandA, 1956, pR0 378 3. vahI 4. vahI, pR0 374-75 5. sIsacchinoM abhabbotena sarIrabandhanena jIvituma, pAcitipa pAli, nAlandA, 1958, 287 6. DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha, vahI, pR0 192 7. kArpasa inskrIpaMzanama iNDIkerama, bhAga 1, pR0 160 8. vahI, pR0 161 9. vahI, pR0 159 10. vahI, pR0 172 11. lisTa oNpha brAhmI iMskripazaMsa, pR0 925 12. saMyukta nikAya, anuvAda bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, vArANasI, 1954, 42/1 13. buddhisTa rikArDasa oNpha da vesTarna varlDa, bhAga 1, pR0 25 14. vahI, bhAga 3, pR0 260 15. vahI, bhAga 1, pR0 32 16. vahI, bhAga 3, pR0 309 17. vahI, bhAga 1, pR0 22, evaM vahI, bhAga 2, pR0 213 18. lisTa oNpha brAhmI iMskripazaMsa, pR0 1006 19. vahI, pR0 1240 20. vahI, pR0 1286 21. vahI, pR0 319 22. vahI, pR0 38 23. vahI, pR0 1250 24. DaoN0 ananta sadAziva altekara, ejukezana ina eMziyaNTa iNDiyA, vArANasI, 1944, pR0 220

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270 25. buddhisTa rikArDsa oNpha da vesTarna varlDa, bhAga 1, pR0 22 26. vahI, bhAga 2, pR0 213 27. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga 25, pR0 34 28. bANabhaTTa, harSacarita, aSTama ucchvAsa 29. DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha, vahI, pR0 212 30. vahI zramaNa-saMskRti

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41 bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina paramparA kA prabhAva nirmalA zuklA jaina dharma evaM bauddha kA abhyudaya aura vikAsa bhAratIya saMskRti kI mahatvapUrNa dena hai| inake dvArA vihita siddhAnta, Adarza aura paramparAeM Aja bhI bhAratIya saMskRti kI amUlya virAsata haiN| bauddha evaM jaina donoM hI dharma nivRttimArgI haiM jisameM sAMsArika vastuoM ke prati Asakti kI apekSA tyAga ko mahatva diyA gayA hai| yadyapi upaniSadoM meM isa pravRtti kA prAdhAnya hai / phira bhI bhAratIya saMskRti meM isakI vizad abhivyakti kI dRSTi se ina donoM paramparAoM kA ullekhanIya prabhAva pdd'aa| jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM meM svatantra evaM tArkika cintana ko mahatva dekara bauddhika vikAsa kA mArga prazasta kiyA gyaa| buddha ne apane dharma ke lie ehipaisika zabda prayukta kiyA hai jisakA artha hai - Ao aura dekho arthAt kisI bAta ko isalie svIkAra nahIM karanA cAhiye ki paramparA meM aisA kahA gayA hai, balki svayaM viveka se satya kI parakha karake use svIkAra karanA bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM kA mukhya yogadAna hai| jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM meM naitika AcaraNa aura siddhAntoM para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / ' jaina dharma ke samyak caritra evaM paMcamahAvrata kI avadhAraNA aura bauddha dharma ke dasa zIla isI se sambandhita haiM / prAcIna kAla se mathurA bhAratIya saMskRti kA prabhAvazAlI kendra rahA hai / vRhalkalpabhASya kI anubhUti ke anusAra isa nagara ke 96 grAmoM meM loga apane gharoM ke dvAroM meM Upara tathA caurAhoM para jina mUrtiyoM kI sthApanA karate the / sindhu

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272 zramaNa-saMskRti sabhyatA ke mahAn anveSaka sara jAna mArzala kA yaha vizvAsa rahA hai ki sindhu saMskRti yajJapradhAna vaidika saMskRti se sarvathA bhinna rahI hai| unhoMne mohanajodar3o se prApta kucha muharoM para jaina prabhAva ko iMgita karate hue likhA hai ki tIna muharoM para jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3e vivastra vRkSa devatA dikhAyI dete haiN| jaina dharma meM mUrti pUjA kA vidhAna bhAva zuddhi ke lie kiyA gayA thaa| tIrthaMkara pratimAeM sAMsArikatA meM lipta mAnava samAja ko AtmAnusaMdhAna ke lie prerita karatI haiN| bhAratavarSa meM jaina mandira evaM mUrtiyAM kI anavarata paramparA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki saundaryabodha meM agraNI jaina samAja apane ArAdhya puruSoM kI pUjA, AtmazAnti evaM guru bhakti ke lie mandiroM kA nirmANa karane meM sarvapramukha rahA hai| jaina mandira aura mUrtikalA ke kramika vikAsa ke adhyayana se yaha mahatvapUrNa niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki udAra evaM dharmanirapekSa zAsakoM ke rAjyakAla meM deza samRddha hotA hai aura kalAoM ke vikAsa ko bala milatA hai| jaina sAhitya aura purAtatva ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai kI jaina dharma apanI udAra dRSTi evaM jIvana mUlyoM ke kAraNa sanAtana kAla se mAnava mAtra ke dharma ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| bhAratIya sampadA kI dRSTi se bhAratavarSa kA jaina samAja sanAtana kAla se samRddha rahA hai| jainiyoM kI vizeSa dena sAhitya evaM kalA ke kSetra meM rhii| jaina Agama grantha kI kula saMkhyA 45 hai ina granthoM ko chaH vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai- gyAraha aMga, bAraha upAMga, dasa prakIrNa, chaH chedisUtra, cAra mUlasUtra haiN| jaina dharma kA anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda kA siddhAnta dhArmika evaM vaicArika sahiSNutA kA pratIka haiN| jaina mandiroM kA kalAzilpa dilavAr3A, raNakapura, pAlitAnA evaM pAvA ke mandiroM se suspaSTa hai| jaina granthoM meM Agama ke atirikta triSaSTizalAkA puruSacaritam, kuvalayamAlA ullekhanIya haiN| bauddha dharma kA deza kI saMskRti, vicAradhArA aura jIvana para gaharA prabhAva par3A hai| DhAI hajAra sAla se bhI adhika samaya taka bauddha dharma kA isa deza meM pracalita rhaa| isa sudIrgha kAla meM isa dharma ne yahA~ ke sAmAjika jIvana ko itanA adhika prabhAvita kiyA ki vartamAna meM bhI vizva ke aneka dezoM meM bauddha

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina paramparA kA prabhAva 273 dharma kI prAMsagikatA jIvana ke vibhinna kSetroM ko anuprANita karatI hai / bauddha dharma ne sarvaprathama bhAratIyoM ko eka sarala tathA ADambararahita dharma pradAna kiyA jisakA anusaraNa rAjA-raMka, U~ca-nIca sabhI prakAra se kara sakate the / bauddha dharma meM AdhyAtmika AtmanirbharatA para kAphI jora diyA gyaa| isakI vajaha se loga parama sukha kI prApti ke lie isakA mahatva samajhane lge| bauddha dharma ke anusAra nirvANa jindA rahate hue bhI anubhUta kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya darzanazAstra kA vikAsa prAcInakAla se bAda ke kAloM taka bauddha dharma kA vaibhASika vikAsa jArI rhaa| bauddha darzana kA vikAsa cAra bhAgoM meM huA darzana ke anusAra yaha saMsAra satya hai aura nirvANa bhI satya hai ataH isa darzana ko sarvAstivAdI bhI kahate haiM / vaibhASika darzana para vizAla sAhitya saMghabhadra, vasumitra, yazomitra, aura diDnAtha ke nAma ullekhanIya hai / vaibhASika darzana ke mukhya siddhAnta Arya dharma kahalAye pacca skandha, dvAdaza Ayatana, aThAraha dhAtu asaMskRta dharma, saMskRta dharma, cita, caita, citaviprayukta dharma, sotrAntika darzana ke anusAra yaha saMsAra satya hai, kintu nirvANa asatya hai / yogAcAra darzana ke anusAra saMsAra asatya hai aura nirvANa satya hai / vedAnta kA pratipAdana jisa rUpa meM zaMkarAcArya ne kiyA, vaha upaniSadoM va brahmasUtroM ke vedAnta se aneka aMzoM se bhinna hai| bhAratIya samAja meM saMgha aura saMghArAma kA pracalana bauddhoM ne prArambha kiyA, jisameM hajAroM sanyAsI yA sAdhu eka sAtha nivAsa kiyA karate the| bauddha se pUrva bhArata meM maThoM yA vihAroM kI prathA nahIM thI / usa yuga araNyoM meM AzramoM kI sattA avazya thI, jinameM tatvacintaka RSi-muni apane putra-kulatra ke sAtha nivAsa karate the aura jJAnapipAsuoM ko upadeza diyA karate the / bauddha dharma kI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti kI dena kalA evaM sthApatya ke vikAsa meM rhii| isa dharma kI preraNA pAkara zAsakoM evaM zraddhAlu janatA dvArA aneka stUpa, vihAra, caityAgRha, guhAyeM, mUrtiyAM Adi nirmita kI gayI jisameM sAMcI, sAranAtha, bharahuta, ajantA kI guphAeM, buddha evaM bodhisatvoM kI mUrtiyAM nirmita kI gaIM, evaM gAndhAra, mathurA, amarAvatI, nAsika, kArle, bhAjA Adi bauddhakalA ke pramukha kendra the / ajantA kI dIvAroM para vividha prakAra ke raMga-biraMge citroM ko sajIvatA ke sAtha ukerA gayA hai| bauddha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhArata kA sAMskRtika sambandha vibhinna dezoM meM sthApita huaa| bhArata ke bauddha -

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274 zramaNa-saMskRti bhikSuoM ne tIsarI sadI I0 pU0 se videzoM meM jAkara bauddha dharma aura siddhAnta kA pracAra kiyaa| azoka ne apane putra mahendra aura putrI saMghamitrA ko bauddha dharma ke pracAra ke lie laMkA bhejA thaa| isa yuga meM aneka bauddha pracAraka tibbata, cIna, aura dakSiNa-pUrva eziyA ke dezoM meM gaye the| pazcima meM yUnAna Adi dezoM meM bhI azoka ke pratinidhi bheje gae the| pariNAma yaha haA ki videzoM se bauddha anuyAyiyoM kA bhArata AnA prArambha ho gyaa| unake bhArata Ane kA mukhya uddezya thA bauddha dharma ke tIrthasthAnoM kI yAtrA karanA aura tatsambandhI sAhitya saMkalita krnaa| isa prakAra dharma ke mAdhyama se bar3e stara para sAMskRtika AdAna-pradAna huA tathA dUsare dezoM meM bauddha dharma kA prasAra huaa| bhArata aura bhArata ke bAhara dezoM meM ahiMsA aura dayA kI bhAvanA kA prasAra bauddha dharma ke hI mAdhyama se huA thaa| bauddhoM ne apane dharma ke pracAra ke lie kabhI pAzavika bala kA upayoga nahIM kiyaa| saba prANiyoM ke prati maitrIbhAvanA hI unakI lokapriyatA meM pradhAna kAraNa huii| bauddha dharma ke upadeza tatha siddhAnta pAlI bhASA meM likhe gaye jisase pAlI bhASA evaM sAhitya kA vikAsa huaa| bauddha saMghoM kI vyavasthA janatantrAtmaka praNAlI para AdhArita thii| isake tatvoM ko hindU maThoM tathA bAda meM rAjazAsana meM grahaNa kiyA gyaa| ___ bhArata meM vidyA aura jJAna ke vikAsa meM bhI bauddhoM kA atyadhika mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rhaa| saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM candagomi kI vyAkaraNa kA apanA vizeSa sthAna hai, saMskRta meM atyanta prasiddha koza'amarakoza' ke racayitA amarasiMha bauddha the| Ayurveda kI rasAyana zAkhA ke vikAsa meM AcArya nAgArjuna ne mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyaa| kAlidAsa se pUrva mahAkavi azvaghoSa' ne 'buddhacarita' aura 'saudarAnanda' jaise 'mahAkAvya', aura 'rASTrapAla' va 'sAriputra' jaise nATaka likhakara saMskRta kAvya kI usa dhArA ko prArambha kiyA, jise Age calakara kAlidAsa aura bhavabhUti ne bahuta unnata kiyaa| harSa ne 'nAgAnanda' likhakara bodhisatva kA Adarza citraNa kiyaa| isa prakAra spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti ke vibhinna pakSoM para ullekhanIya prabhAva par3A hai|

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina paramparA kA prabhAva 275 275 saMdarbha 1. baladeva upAdhyAya, bhAratIya darzana, pR0 135 2. satyekatu vidyAlaMkAra, prAcIna bhArata kA dhArmika, sAmAjika aura Arthika jIvana, pR0 48, 2002 3. jayazaMkara prasAda, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 844, 2006 4. divyAvadAna, 166/32 5. lophamaina, lalita0 130/15-16 6. vI0 DI0 mahAjana, prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, pR0 151

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42 bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha paraMparA kA prabhAva brahmAnaMda siMha vizva kI sabhyatAoM ke itihAsa ke bhAratIya sabhyatA kI apanI alaga pahacAna evaM viziSTa mahatva hai| yahA~ ke dIrghakAlIna sAMskRtika paraMparA kA vikAsa itihAsa ke vibhinna kAlakhaNDoM meM, alaga bhaugolika kSetroM meM aneka srotoM se huaa| isake saMvinyAsa meM vividha rUpAMkana, raMga aura sUtra praviSTa hue / prasiddha samAjazAstrI zyAmAcaraNa dube bhAratIya saMskRti kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhate haiM : bhAratIya saMskRti eka sugaThita ekAzma nahIM hai aura sAtha hI usameM aparivartanIya niraMtaratA bhI nahIM hai| isakI tulanA eka vRkSa se karanA bhI ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha eka bIja se paidA nahIM huyI hai aura na isakI sAjhI jar3eM aura sAjhA tanA hai, na hI yaha vikAsa ke bAda nikalane vAlI zAkhAoM se sAvayavI rUpa se jur3I hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kI eka nadI ke rUpa meM kalpanA kara pAnA ucita hogaa| aneka srotoM dhArAoM, choTI nadiyoM Adi ke bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM para milane se eka mukhya dhArA banIM hai aura yaha mukhya vizAla dhArA vibhinna choTI dhArAoM kI pahacAna ko chipA nahIM pAtI hai jinake jala se inakA nirmANa huA hai| samakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti apanI citravarNa yojanAoM meM raMgoM kI vividhatA ke kAraNa adhika samRddha hai| yaha saikar3oM loka rUpoM aura sAtha hI aneka upasAMskRtika aura dhArmika paraMparAoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai, jo prakAryAtmaka aura saMtulita evaM sAmaMjasya pUrNa pratirUpoM meM eka sAtha ghula-mila gaye haiN|' vastutaH samakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti saMzliSTa aura mizrita hai / parivartana bhAratIya sAMskRtika paraMparA kA utanA hI mahatvapUrNa aMga hai

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha paraMparA kA prabhAva jitanA usakI nirNtrtaa| bhArata meM asvIkRti kI prabala dhArAyeM pravAhita huyI haiM tathA virodha aura sudhAra ke prabhAvazAlI AMdolana bhI hue haiN| bhAratIya samAja badalate hue aitihAsika saMdarbho aura Arthika tathA sAmAjika zaktiyoM ke samIkaraNoM se prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| vaha paristhitiyoM se Upara uThatA rahA hai aura vikasita hotA rahA hai| ___bhAratIya itihAsa meM chaThI sadI IsApUrva kA kAla eka nUtana yugAMtarakArI bauddhika evaM Arthika krAMti ke sUtrapAta kA yuga rahA hai| isI samaya bauddha dharma ke saMsthApaka gautama buddha kA ArvibhAva huA jisane saMsAra ko satya evaM ahiMsA kA vaha saMdeza diyA jo bhava-vyAdhi se pIr3ita mAnava samAja ke lie varadAna ho gyaa| buddha ke saMdeza uttuMga himagiri tathA uttAla jaladhi-taraMgoM kA atikramaNa kara aneka dezoM meM prasArita hue| unhoMne dhArmika jagata ko saMghIya jIvana padyati dI jisakA avAntarakAlIna sampradAyoM meM bar3A prabhAva pdd'aa| bauddha dharma ne bhAratIya samAja meM vyApta rUr3hiyoM, kurItiyoM tathA aMdhavizvAsoM ke pratikAra kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| jAtivAda kA sarvaprathama virodha gautamabuddha ne kiyaa| unhoMne veda tathA brAhmaNa kI prabhutA ko cunautI dii| unhoMne dharma-upadeza janatA kI bhASA meM diye ataH ve sabhI ke lie bodhagamya ho ske| brAhmaNa grantha durUha hone ke kAraNa janatA ke lie durbodha ho gaye the| ataH navIna vicAroM kA janamAnasa para bar3A anukUla prabhAva pdd'aa| buddha ke upadezoM kA rAjA tathA janatA donoM ne svAgata kiyaa| eka dharma ke rUpa meM bauddha dharma kI mahattA usake karUNA, mAnavatA aura samatA sambandhI vicAroM ke kAraNa hai| bauddha dharma eka Akasmika ghaTita vyApAra nahIM thaa| vaidika yajJavAda aura buddha-pUrva kAla se lekara buddha ke kAla taka pracalita dArzanika ciMtanoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM bauddha dharma kA udaya huaa| buddha ke jIvana aura unake upadezoM kI kathA jaisA ki vaha pAli-graMthoM meM varNita hai, unake devatva ke sthAna para unakI mAnavatA para adhika Azrita haiN| buddha ke karma-sambandhI vizvAsa kA eka vizeSa samAjazAstrIya mahatva hai, kyoMki vaha vyakti ke apane karma ko usake janma (jAti) se adhika mahatva detA hai| Age calakara bauddha dharma me eka mahAna parivartana aayaa| naitika dharma ke apane prArambhika

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zramaNa-saMskRti svarUpa se bauddha dharma meM eka mahAna parivartana aayaa| naitika dharma ke apane prArambhika svarUpa se bauddha dharma kA parivartana mahAyAna ke siddhAMta ke rUpa meM huA, jisane buddha kA daivIkaraNa kiyA aura buddha ke zarIra kI pUjA karanA dharma kA eka pramukha aMga ho gyaa| buddha ke anuyAyI ko aba Atma - 1 - vimukti kI utanI ciMtA nahIM rahI / usane apane sAthI prANiyoM ke prati karuNA ke kAraNa apanI vimukti ko usa samaya taka dUra rakhanA pasaMda kiyA, jaba taka saba prANI apanI vimukti prApta na kara leN| isake lie usane bAra-bAra janma lekara dUsaroM ke lie jInA maranA adhika acchA samajhA, tAki isa prakAra vaha dUsaroM kI vimukti meM sahAyaka ho ske| isa prakAra Atmavimukti-rata nivRtti ke sthAna para dUsaroM kI sahAyatA aura sevA para Azrita pravRtti (bodhisatva kI avadhAraNA) kA Adarza sAmane AyA aura ise samAja kA adhika saMrakSaNa milA / ' 278 - sAmAnyataH isa tathya ko sabhI svIkAra karate haiM ki bhArata apanI abhighaTana kalAoM ke Arambha ke lie bauddha dharma kA RNI hai| bhArata yA usake bAhara jahA~ kahIM bhI bauddhadharma kA prasAra huA, vahA~ bauddha dharma vAstukalA, mUrtikalA aura citrakalA ke lie preraNA kA srota bana gayA / tRtIya zatAbdI I0 pU0 se tRtIya sadI taka ke samaya meM bauddha kalA kA bauddha dharma kI preraNA se adbhuta vikAsa huaa| jisase bhAratIya saMskRti saMvRddha evaM unnata hotI rahI / anekAneka bauddhavihAroM, saMghArAmoM, stUpoM evaM caityoM kA nirmANa isa yuga meM huA / sAMcI 1 bauddha stUpa bauddha kalA meM apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai| sAranAtha kA siMha zIrSa tathA rAmapuravA kA pASANa - vRSabha apane oja aura abhivyakti ke kAraNa mauryayugIna mUrtikArI kI zreSThatama kalAkRti mAne jAte haiM / bauddha dharma ke prabhAva ke pariNAma svarUpa dvitIya sadI I0 pU0 meM sAMcI, bharahuta, amarAvatI aura nAgArjunIkoNDA kI samRddha mUrtikArI kI paraMparA pracalita huyii| Age prathama zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM mUrtikalA kI eka zAnadAra aura sarjaka paraMparA mathurA evaM gAMdhAra meM vikasita huyI jisakA pUrNa vikAsa gupta yuga (cauthI - pAMcavI zatAbdI) meM huaa| mathurA, sAranAtha aura pATaliputra kalA keMdroM kI buddhamUrtiyAM isa pUre yuga ke AdarzoM kA pratinidhi svarUpa haiN| gupta evaM guptottarakAla kI buddha kI kAMsya pratimAeM adhika lokapriya huyIM / jAtakoM meM aura anya bauddha sAhitya meM

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha paraMparA kA prabhAva 279 citrakalA saMbandhI aneka nirdeza milate haiN| bauddha citrakalA ke sarvottama udAharaNa bAgha aura ajaMtA kI guhAoM meM milate haiN| ___ bauddha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhArata kA sAMskRtika saMbaMdha vibhinna dezoM meM sthApita huaa| bhArata ke bauddha bhikSuoM ne tIsarI sadI I0 pU0 se videzoM meM jAkara bauddha dharma aura siddhAnta kA pracAra kiyaa| svayaM maurya zAsaka azoka ne apane putra mahendra aura putrI saMghamitrA ko bauddha dharma ke pracAra ke lie zrI laMkA bhejA thaa| yahI nahIM usake yuga meM aneka bauddha pracAraka tibbata, cIna, aura dakSiNa pUrva eziyA ke dezoM meM gye| pazcima meM yUnAna Adi dezoM meM bhI azoka ke pratinidhi bheje gaye the| isa prakAra maurya yuga aura usake bAda se vibhinna dezoM meM bauddha pracArakoM ne jAkara bauddha dharma aura jJAna kI jyoti jlaayii| pariNAmasvarUpa videzoM se bauddha anuyAyiyoM kA bhArata AnA prArambha ho gyaa| unake bhArata Ane kA mukhya uddezya thA bauddha dharma ke pavitra sthAnoM kI yAtrA karanA aura bauddha dharma se saMbaMdhita sAhitya saMkalita krnaa| isa prakAra bauddha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhArata kA sAMskRtika AdAna-pradAna dUsare dezoM meM sthApita huaa| bauddha dharma ne apane ahiMsA aura prANiyoM ke prati dayA kI bhAvanA se bar3e-bar3e zAsakoM ko prabhAvita kara unakI rAjanItika prasAravAdI mahatvAkAMkSA ko avaruddha kiyA tathA unake sampUrNa jIvana ko hI parivartita kara diyaa| mahAna maurya samrATa azoka ke mana aura mastiSka ko isa dharma ne pUrNataH badala diyA tathA use sAmrAjyavAdI kriyAoM se vimukha kara ahiMsAtmaka aura karUNAjanita tathA prajAhitakArI kAryoM kI ora unmukha kiyaa| usake bAda aneka samrAToM ne bauddha dharma ke ahiMsA aura dayA kI zikSA kA anusaraNa kiyaa| prArambhika bauddha vihAroM meM zikSaNa navadIkSita bhikSu ko jIvana ke lie Avazyaka jJAna se saMbaddha rahA, jaise - vinaya aura gAthAeM, jAtaka kathAeM, prArthanAeM, mUla tatva aura drshn| yaha zikSA bAra-bAra mUla pATha ke sAmUhika rUpa se uccAraNa yA saMgIti yAni eka sAtha milakara gA-kara yAda kI jAtI thii| ina sabakA uddezya thA mUla pAThoM ko kaMThastha krnaa| vinayapiTaka se bauddha dharma kI AraMbhika zikSA paddhati kI jo rUparekhA jJAta hotI hai usase yaha spaSTa

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280 zramaNa-saMskRti hotA hai ki vAda-vivAda, zAstrArtha, khaNDana kI atyadhika svataMtratA pratyeka bhikSu ko ina bauddha vihAroM meM dI gayI thii| saMgha ke sAmane aupacArika rUpa se apane matabheda rakhane kI paddhati ke niyama bane the paraMtu saMgha kA aMtima nirNaya bhI jo ki saMgha meM matadAna ( zalAkA) kI bahusaMkhyA se nizcita kiyA jAtA thA, vyaktigata mata vizvAsa ko kuMThita nahIM karatA thA / isakA dUragAmI sAMskRtika pariNAma yaha huA ki kaI bauddha vihAra dhIre-dhIre vidyApIThoM meM parivartita hue| bhikSu kA adhyayana kevala bauddha graMthoM taka sImita nahIM thA apitu anya viSaya bhI use par3hAye jAte the| I0 pU0 prathama sadI ke bAda jaba pustaka lekhana pracalita huA graMthoM kA saMgraha aura surakSA bhI vihAroM meM hone lgii| cInI yAtriyoM ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki ina vidyAlayoM meM vividha bauddha pathoM ke bhikSuoM ke praveza taka hI vidyArthiyoM kI saMkhyA sImita nahIM thI apitu kaI adIkSita bauddha vidyA - jijJAsu, buddhettara mumukSu bhI vahA~ praveza pA sakate the| ina vihAroM ko bauddha dharma ko prazraya dene vAle zAsakoM tathA bauddha dharma ke premI logoM dvArA vibhinna prakAra se anudAna diyA jAtA thaa| pAMcavI sadI taka Ate-Ate ina bauddha vihAroM kA zikSaNa pakSa atyaMta vikasita ho gayA thaa| deza ke vibhinna pradezoM se vidvAna loga vahA~ pustakeM likhane ke lie, adhyayana karane ke lie, sIkhane ke lie Ate the / ina vidyApIThoM kI kIrti dUra ke bauddha dezoM meM phaila gyii| isI kAraNa se vidvAna yAtrI vizeSa kara cInI yahA~ khiMce cale Aye aura unhoMne ina mahAvihAroM ke pratyakSa darzana para AdhArita vRttAnta likhe haiM / prasiddha cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga (629-646 I0) ne apane bhArata yAtrA vRttAnta meM do vizvavidyAlayoM kA ullekha kiyA hai - pUrva meM nAlaMdA aura pazcima meM valabhI / valabhI hInayAnI zikSA kendra thA / ataH usa ora usakA adhika dhyAna nahIM gayA, parantu nAlaMdA kA usane vistRta varNana diyA hai, jisake anusAra nAlaMdA eka bahuta bar3A vizvavidyAlaya thA, vahA~ adhyayana kI kaI zAlAeM thI, kathA, graMthAlaya the, vyAkhyAnoM ke lie praveza aura upasthiti ke niyama the, anuzAsana ke aura vidyArthiyoM ke vyavahAra ke niyama the, zikSaNa vyavasthA ke lie vidhi - niSedhAtmaka niyama the, niyamoM kI avahelanA kA pUrA daNDa vidhAna thaa| hvenasAMga ke anusAra yahA~ Der3ha hajAra adhyApaka aura dasa vyAkhyAna

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha paraMparA kA prabhAva 281 hajAra vidyArthI the / ve saba mahAyAna kI zikSA pAte the| 18 paMthoM ke graMtha par3he jAte the, jinameM veda-vedAMga the, hetu vidyA, zabda vidyA, cikitsA vidyA, atharvaveda yA maMtravidyA, sAMkhya Adi vidyAeM thIM / tibbatI srotoM se patA calatA hai ki nAlaMdA aura valabhI mahAvihAra ke alAvA anya kaI bauddha vizvavidyAlaya the jaise - vikramazilA, jagaddala aura odaMtapurI / inameM vikramazilA vizAla evaM prasiddha vizvavidyAlaya thA, ise bauddha pAla rAjAoM kA Azraya prApta thA / ullekhanIya hai ki nAlaMdA tathA anya bauddha vizvavidyAlayoM meM kie gaye vAda-vivAda, brAhmaNadharmIya tathA bauddha vicAroM aura saMskRti ke samanvaya meM atyaMta sahAyaka siddha hue aura bhAratIya sAMskRtika paraMparA kI samRddhi meM yogadAna kie| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bauddha dharma ne bhAratIya saMskRti ke aneka pakSoM ko prabhAvita evaM samRddha kiyaa| rAdhAkRSNana ke zabdoM meM : bauddha dharma bhArata kI saMskRti para apanA sthAyI cinha chor3a gayA hai| saba ora isakA prabhAva dRSTigocara hai| hindU dharma ne isake nItizAstra ke sarvottama aMza ko apane meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai jIvana ke prati eka nayA Adara, pazuoM ke prati dayA, uttaradAyitva kA bhAva aura uccatara jIvana ke prati udyoga- ye saba bAteM eka naye vega ke sAtha bhAratIya mastiSka ko avagata karAyI gayI haiM / bauddha prabhAvoM ko hI yaha zreya prApta hai ki unake kAraNa brAhmaNa paraMparA kI dharma-sAdhanAoM meM apane una aMzoM ko chor3a diyA jo mAnavatA aura buddhivAda ke anukUla nahIM the / bauddha dharma vastutaH basaMta ke usa malayAnila ke samAna thA jisane bhArata sahita eziyA ke upavana ko eka kone se lekara dUsare kone taka apanI saMskRti ke jhokoM se surabhita aura puSpita kara diyA / saMdarbha 1. zyAmAcaraNa dube, paraMparA aura parivartana, bhAratIya jJAnapITha nayI dillI, prathama saMskaraNa 2001 pR0 71-72 2. zyAmAcaraNa dube, tatraiva, pR0 74 3. gobindacandra pANDeya, bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, uttara pradeza hindI saMsthAna lakhanaU, tRtIya saMskaraNa, 1990, pR0 31 4. pI0 vI0 bApaTa (sampA0 ), bauddha dharma ke 2500 varSa, prakAzana vibhAga, nayI

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282 zramaNa-saMskRti dillI, dvitIya saMskaraNa 1997, pR0 296 5. gobindacandra pANDeya, tatraiva, pR0 199 se 201 6. pI0 vI0 bApaTa (sampA0), tatraiva, pR0 148-159 7. pI0 vI0 bApaTa (sampA0), tatraiva, pR. 160-161 8. sarvapallI rAdhAkRSNana, iNDiyana philAsaphI, jilda prathama, pR0 608

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43 jasavala se prApta navIna sUrya pratimAeM jJAna prakAza rAya, avinAzapati tripAThI ati prAcIna kAla se hI pUrvI uttara pradeza mAnava kI gatividhiyoM kA kendra rahA hai| zAkya, koliyoM, malloM, moriyoM kI viziSTa rAjavaMzIya paramparA ne isa kSetra ke loka jIvana meM samRddhi kI naI paribhASA dii| jalavAyuvika evaM anukUla paristhitiyoM ne yahA~ ke samAjArthika vikAsa meM vyApaka sahAyatA pradAna kii| phalasvarUpa yahA~ kalA paramparAoM kA bhI vikAsa huaa| prAcIna acirAvatI (vartamAna rAptI) ke isa kSetra se aneka sUrya pratimAoM kA prApta honA viziSTa hai| sAtha hI yaha isa kSetra meM saurya sampradAya ke prasAra kA sUcaka bhI hai| hAla hI meM grAma jasavala (nikaTa pIpIgaMja) se naI sUrya pratimAeM prApta huI haiM gorakhapura janapada ke uttarI bhAga meM basA upanagara pIpIgaMja se 7 ki0mI0 dUra jasavala grAma sthita hai| yahA~ se kRSi kArya ke daurAna upalabdha prAcIna sarya kI pratimA atyanta AkarSaka hai jo grAma meM hI sthita bhAratIya uccatara mAdhyamika vidyAlaya rAjabArI ke dakSiNa meM kRSi kArya karane ke daurAna bAlU kA pASANa se nirmita do atyanta bhavya sUrya pratimAeM prApta huI haiN| vartamAna meM eka pratimA sthAnIya nivAsI zrI nirmala malla ke daravAje para avasthita hai kyoMki yaha pratimA khaNDita hai ataeva sthAnIya nivAsI isakA pUjA arcana nahIM krte| yaha khaNDita pratimA bAlUkA pASANa nirmita hai| isI gAMva se jo kRSNa pASANa se nirmita dUsarI pratimA prApta huI haiN| vaha sthAnIya eka mandira meM sthApita hai| grAmavAsI isa pratimA ko viSNu pratimA samajha kara pUjana arcana karate haiN| isI mandira ke prAMgaNa meM patthara kA eka phalaka prApta huA hai jisa para varAha avatAra

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284 zramaNa-saMskRti kA aMkana pratIta hotA hai| yahI para kisI prAcIna mandira meM prayukta hone vAlA makara mukhAkRti se yukta zilAkhaNDa prApta huA hai| yahA~ se prApta avazeSoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM isa gAMva ke dakSiNa pazcima hisse meM eka vizAla sUrya mandira rahA hogaa| rAptI kA taTavartI hone ke kAraNa lagatA hai ki yaha mandira rAptI ke bAr3ha se prabhAvita hokara naSTaprAyaH ho gyaa| prAcIna kAla meM yaha kSetra saura sampradAya se sambandhita thaa| pratimA ke darzana ke pazcAt barabasa hI hamArA dhyAna isa grAma ke nAma 'jasavala' kI sArthakatA kI ora AkarSita huaa| jasavala 'jasa' aura 'vala' ina do zabdoM ke saMyoga se banA hai vastutaH yaza zabda kA bigar3A rUpa jasa hai| yaza kA artha hai khyAti yA prasiddhi kA vistAra jisase kArya aura prabhAva kA vistAra ho, jana kA kalyANa ho vaha zakti kahalAtI hai aura isa zakti kA janamAnasa para par3ane vAlA lokahita kA bhAva 'jasa' yA 'yaza' kahalAtA hai| 'vala' kA artha hai 'valaya gherAkAra yA kNkdd'aakRti| sUrya golAkAra hai ve zakti haiM ve UrjA haiM, ve jIvana haiM, unake binA sthAvara jaMgama koI bhI saSTi saMbhava nahIM hai| kiraNeM unakA 'yaza' hai| sUrya vRtta ke caturdika vidyamAna AbhAmaNDala jo pUre jagata ko apanI UrjA se avirAma jIvana pradAna kara rahA hai| sUrya bala arthAt zakti hai kyoMki bala kA eka artha zakti bhI hai| jasavala grAma ke nAmakaraNa kI sArthakatA yahA~ prApta atyanta prAcIna evaM bhavya sUrya pratimA se spaSTa hai| nizcaya hI yahA~ eka bhavya sUrya mandira rahA hogA jo samprati atIta ke garbha meM vilIna ho gyaa| yaha mandira logoM kI AsthA kA kendra rahA hogaa| unakI manokAmanA pUrti meM isa mandira ke adhiSThAtA sUrya deva sahAyaka rahe hoNge| ataH unakA yaza vistAra huA aura pariNAmasvarUpa ve yazabalI (balIyazaH) kI saMjJA se abhihita hue| kAlAntara meM yahI zabda apabhraMza rUpa meM loka meM 'jasavala' ke nAma se jAnA jAne lgaa| bAlUkA pASANa nirmita sarvAbharaNa alaMkRta sUryadeva kI dvibhuja pratimA sthAnaka samabhaMga mudrA meM saptAzava ratha para sthita hai| unake caraNoM ke samIpa paMgu, aruNa sArathI ke rUpa meM baiThe haiM tathA unake pIche mahAzvetA kI AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta pratimA sthAnaka mudrA meM aMkita hai| nIce azvanI kumAroM kI

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285 jasavala se prApta navIna sUrya pratimAeM AkRtiyAM haiN| devatA vakSa para varma (abyAMga), karNoM meM vRttAkAra kuNDala, valaya (kaMgana) greveyaka (galAhAra),vizAlahAra, yajJopavIta tathA kiriTamukuTa se alaMkRta hai| vakSa para zrIvatsa cinha aMkita hai| unake mukha para zAMta mizrita smita bhAva parilakSita hotA hai| ve kaTi meM adhovastra evaM caraNoM meM upAnaha udIcya veSa ke anurUpa dhAraNa kiye haiN| prabhAvalI ke dakSiNa pArzva meM brahmA jI kI lalitAsina mUrti akSamAlA pustaka evaM kamaNDala lie hue nirmita hai| unakA dakSiNArdhya kara abhaya mudrA meM hai| isI prakAra prabhAvalI ke vAmapArzva meM caturbhuja viSNu abhaya mudrA meM gadA cakra evaM zaMkha lie hue upasthita hai| inakA bhI prathama athavA dakSiNArdhya kara abhaya mudrA meM hai| ina AkRtiyoM ke donoM pArzva meM USA pratyuSA kI sthAnaka mudrA meM laghu parantu spaSTa pratimA padma pIThikA para banAI gayI hai| sarvAbharaNa alaMkRta devI ke karoM meM dhanuSa aura bANa hai| ve dRr3hatApUrvaka pIThikA para varAha mUrtiyoM ke samAna katipaya AlIr3ha mudrA meM sthita hai| mAnoM koI virAMganA yuddha bhUmi meM jAne hetu taiyAra ho| inakI pratimAoM ke nIce skandhoM ke samakakSa gaja evaM azva zArdula AkRtiyAM alaMkaraNa hetu aMkita haiN| devatA ke kaTi pradeza ke samAnAntara unakI patnI saMdhyA evaM chAyA kI ati kamanIya mUrtiyAM katipaya tribhaMga mudrA meM banAI gayI haiN| ye karaNDa, mukuTa, hAra, kaMkaNa, kuNDala evaM sArikA dvArA alaMkRta haiN| inakA eka kara jAnu para sthita hai tathA dUsare kara meM camari dhAraNa kiye hue haiN| yahI deviyoM ke caraNoM ke nikaTa do AkRtiyAM utkIrNa kI gayI haiN| inameM dakSiNa pArzva kI AkRti atyanta rocaka hai| isameM eka vikarAla rUpa vAlI AkRti hai inameM dakSiNa pArzva kI AkRti atyanta rocaka hai isameM eka vikarAla rUpa vAlI AkRti bhujAoM meM khaDga pakar3e hue devatA kI ora AkrAmaka mudrA meM dekhate hue banAI gayI hai| jabaki vAma pArzva meM eka upAsaka atyanta vinita bhAva se aMjalI mudrA meM pIThikA para AsIna hai| ullekhanIya hai yaha khaDgadhArI AkrAmaka mUrti andhakAra rUpI asura ke pradarzana hetu banAyI gaI hogii| jo kalAkAra kI nijI viziSTatA ko parilakSita karatI hai| vivecita pratimA arcA vijJAna kI dRSTi se atyanta vikasita kAla ke tatvoM se yukta hai| ullekhanIya hai ki rAjapUta yuga meM nirmita bahusaMkhyaka mUrtiyoM meM pArzva aMkana isI rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| vizeSataH azvanI kumAroM kA sUrya devatA ke sAtha mUrti khajurAhoM ke caMdela

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286 zramaNa-saMskRti kAlIna kalA meM nirmita aneka mUrtiyoM meM milatA hai| isa prakAra himAlaya ke tarAI meM sthita isa kSetra (jasavala) se upalabdha uparyukta pratimA kSetra ko saura sampradAya kA eka sazakta kendra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karane meM pUrNa sahayoga kara rahA hai| jasavala kSetra se prApta bhagavAna bhAskara kI eka kRSNa pASANa nirmita dvitIya mUrti bhI apanI arcA vijJAna kI dRSTi se alaukika hai| devatA samabhaMga mudrA pIThikA para sthita hai| unake mukha para zAMta bhAva vidyamAna hai| ve ratna jar3ita kIriTa mukuTa vRttAkAra karNAbharaNa greveyaka kaTibandha evaM maNibandha se alaMkRta haiN| udicya veSa meM devatA kA aMka kiyA gayA hai| caraNoM meM upAnaha, vakSa para varma evaM donoM bhujAoM meM pUrNa vikasita padma hai| jo skandhoM ke Upara sthita hai| ullekhanIya hai ki padma kI nAla ko tIna zAkhAoM meM nirmita kiyA gayA hai arthAt trinAla yukta utkIrNa kiye gaye haiM jinakA antima zirA eka moTe nAla meM Abaddha hai| devatA ke donoM pArzva meM USA pratyuSA dhanuSa bANa liye khar3I hai| vAmavartI AkRti ke raNa veNugopAla mUrtiyoM ke samAna tribhaMgI mudrA meM aMkita hai| parantu dakSiNavartI mUrti ke caraNa bhinna mudrA meM haiN| yaha nArI kA vAma pAda bhUmi para sthita hai tathA dakSiNa caraNa ghuTane se mur3akara vAma pAda ke ghuTane para rakhA huA hai| deviyAM karaNDa mukuTa, sabhI AbharaNoM evaM sArikA dvArA alaMkRta hai| USA pratyuSA, ke donoM pArzva meM eka-eka nArI mUrti hai| jo saMbhavata anucariyoM kI hai| devatA ke donoM pArzva meM mAlAdhArI vidyAdhara upasthita hai tathA parikara ke zirSa ke Upara kIrtimukha ko bhI pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| yaha pratimA gahar3avAla kAlIna pratIta hotI hai parantu kalAkAra ne katipaya aMkana apanI nijI sUjha-bujha ke AdhAra para kiyA hai jaise pUrNa vikasita padma trinAla kA pradarzana jo anta meM eka nAsala meM Abaddha ho gayA hai tathA USA pratyuSA ke caraNoM ke aMkana kI zailI bhI bhinna prakAra se pradarzita kI gayI hai| ye donoM hI tatva sUrya pratimA kI nijI viziSTatA bana jAte haiN| devatA yajJopavIta ke sAtha vizAla mAlA dhAraNa kiye hue haiM jo unake ghuTane taka laTaka rahI hai| adhovastra ke rUpa meM dhotI kI cunnaToM kA aMkana bhI kalAkAra ne sUkSma rUpa se kiyA hai| devatA ko sampUrNa dehayaSTi sauryavAna yuvA mAnava ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai|

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jasavala se prApta navIna sUrya pratimAeM 287 prathama pratimA apane pASANa ke AdhAra para guptottara yuga kI pratIta hotI hai| isa pratimA meM khajurAhoM ke aneka mUrtiyoM pradarzana kI paramparA ke samAna hI sUryadeva ke sAtha brahmA aura viSNu ko pradarzita karake sUryanArAyaNa athavA hiraNyagarbha pitAmaha ke rUpa ko pradarzita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki ISA kI prArambhiAka zatAbdiyoM meM sUrya kI mUrti pUjA kA pracalana bhArata ke pazcimottara bhAga se prArambha hokara pUre bhArata meM znaH znaH phailatA gyaa| isake pramANa na kevala pazcimottara balki pUrvI bhArata taka milate haiN| apitu dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI sUrya ke aneka devAyatana sthApita kiye gye| sAhityika srotoM ke AdhAra para bhaviSya purANa meM sAmba ke dvArA mUla sthAna (multAna) meM sUrya kI mandira kI sthApanA, evaM sUryasarovara meM snAna kara carma roga se nivRtta kA ullekha milatA hai| isI prakAra varAhamihira ne apane vRhatasaMhitA meM udicya veSa meM sUrya mUrti ke nirmANa evaM pratiSThA kA vistRta ullekha kiyA gayA hai| purAtAttvika sAkSyoM ke rUpa meM khajurAho kA citragupta mandira, uttara pradeza sthita baharAica kA bAlArka mandira evaM sarovara, turkapaTTI mahuavA kA sUrya mandira, rUdrapura sthita adharaMgI grAma kI sUrya mUrti evaM mandira, bihAra ke ArA jile meM devavarnAka kA sUrya mandira evaM vArANasI sthita assI ghATa para lolArka mandira evaM savAdhika mahatvapUrNa pUrvI bharata meM siIta 'pUrva kI kAzI' ke nikaTa sthita koNArka mandira isake jvalanta udAharaNa hai| ye sabhI sthala sUryopAsanA ke sazakta kendra the| sudUra uttara meM kazmIra kA mArtaNDa mandira, sudUra dakSiNa meM sthita sUryanArakoila grAma kA sUrya mandira sampUrNa bhArata meM sUrya pUjA ke atyanta sabala pramANa haiN| isI sandarbha meM ullekhanIya hai ki bhArata meM sUrya pUjA kI prAcIna paddhati unake pratIka arthAt maNDala ke rUpa meM kI jAtI thii| jisake sAkSya sampUrNa vaidika sAhitya meM bhare par3e haiN| sUrya kI mUrti pUjA kA prArambha vyApaka rUpa meM kuSANa kAla se dikhAI detA hai| isa upAsanA ke mUla meM zakadvipIya purohita ne sAmba kI sUrya pUjA sampanna karAI thii| sambhavataH yaha paramparA calatI rhii| sampUrNa bhArata meM aneka zakadvipIya purohitoM ke nAma aneka mahatvapUrNa mandiroM ke sAtha jur3e hue haiN| jaise devavarNAka abhilekha ke anusAra varuNa deva kI pUjA bhojaka nAmaka zakadvipIya brAhmaNa ne kI thii| isI

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288 zramaNa-saMskRti prakAra lolArka sthita kuNDa meM jayacanda gahaNavAla ne akSaya tRtIya ko snAna kara kacchohA paTTanama ko lalluka nAmaka zakadvipIya brAhmaNa ko diyA thaa| varAhamihira svayaM sambhavataH zakadvipIya the|' aba taka ke adhyayana aura upalabdha sAkSyoM se isa bAta kI puSTi ho cukI hai ki prAcIna sUrya pratimAeM prAyaH unhIM sthaloM se prApta hotI haiN| jahA~ zAkaladvIpI brAhmaNdha nivAsa kiyA karate haiN| prAcIna kAla se hI zAkaladvIpI brAhmaNa tantra sAdhanA meM agraNI rahe haiN| grahoM ke viSaya meM unakA acchA jJAna rahA hai| tantra sAdhanA meM sUrya kI upAsanA mahatvapUrNa hai| yajurveda ke anusAra 'sUryopti jyotiH sUryaH svAhA' (yajurveda 3/9) (sUrya kI jyoti hai jyoti hI sUrya hai)| ataH sUrya aura jyoti abhinna hai| zAkaladvIpI brAhmaNoM kA sUryopAsanA se sAmIpya inake vizeSaNa yukta nAmakaraNa se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| 'zAkala' zabda 'zAkalya' kA parivartita rUpa hai| 'zAkalya' zabda kA artha havana sAmagrI yA 'pujApA' hai| dIpI kA artha hai diipvaalaa| isa prakAra prajvalita dvIpa hai upAsanA rUpI yajJa meM 'zAkalya' (zAkala) arthAt havana sAmagrI jisase ve zAkaladvIpI brAhmaNa kahalAte haiN| sUrya kI upAsanA meM prajvalita dIpa jo sUrya kA hI svarUpa hai kA vizeSa mahatva hai| saMdarbha 1. bhAratIya mandira evaM deva mUrtiyAM (osiyA evaM khajurAho evaM ur3IsA ke mandiroM ke vAstuzAstrIya sandarbha meM khaNDa- 1 evaM 2 DaoN0 (zrImatI) zazibAlA shriivaastv|)

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44 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna satyanAma kisI bhI deza kI saMskRti usake vibhinna yugoM ke AcAroM kI paramparA se utpanna eka bhUSaNa yukta pariSkRta sthiti kI dyotaka hotI hai| vizva meM prAcIna evaM arvAcIna aneka saMskRtiyAM haiN| kintu una saba meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA sthAna anupama evaM sarvocca hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke anUThe mahatva ko pAzcAtya manISiyoM ne eka svara se svIkAra kiyA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kA prabhAva prArambha se Aja taka aTUTa rahA hai| vizva kI vibhinna saMskRtiyAM apane-apane samaya meM nitAnta paripuSTa dikhatI huI bhI kramazaH kAla ke pravAha meM jarjara hokara lupta hI ho gyiiN| Aja unake dhvaMsAvazeSoM mAtra se una saMskRtiyoM kA parijJAna ho pAtA hai| anya kucha prAcIna saMskRtiyAM vibhinna parivartanoM meM par3akara itanI badala gayIM ki unheM mUlarUpa meM pahacAna pAnA hI sambhava nahIM rahA, kintu bhAratIya saMskRti dIrghajIvI siddha huii| vibhinna yugoM meM aneka parivartanoM ke ho jAne para bhI isane apane maulika svarUpa ko bhI nahIM tyAgA aura Aja taka kriyAzIla bhI banI huI hai| aneka sahasrAbdiyAM vyatIta ho calIM kintu sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA se bhI pUrva prArambha huI bhArata bhUmi kI isa saMskRti kI paramparA Aja bhI akSuNNa hI banI huI hai| vibhinna kSetroM meM isake prabala pramANa haiN| bhASA ke kSetra meM saMskRta Aja bhI vidya samAja meM usI prakAra likhI, par3hI aura bolI jAtI haiM jaise pANini ke samaya meN| Aja se DhAI hajAra varSa pUrva dhArmika kSetroM meM rAma aura kRSNa, brahmA aura ziva sahasroM varSa pUrva kI bhAMti Aja bhI pUjya aura prAtaH smaraNIya haiN| sampUrNa bhArata khaNDa ke vibhinna pradezoM ko siMcita karake bhUmi ko zasya zyAmalA banA dene vAlI

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zramaNa -saMskRti gaMgA-yamunA, godAvarI, kAverI, narvadA, sindhu, Adi nadiyAM kitane hajAra varSoM se Aja taka pavitra hI mAnI jAtI haiN| manuSya ke vibhinna saMskAroM meM prayukta hone vAle veda vihita jo maMtra gRhya sUtroM meM pUrNatayA vikasita hokara samAja meM sthApita huai the / sahasroM varSa bIta jAne para bhI pUre bhArata varSa meM vibhinna saMskAroM ke samaya unhIM maMtroM kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| samaya-samaya para bhArata meM navIna pravRttiyAM bhI utpanna huiiN| bAhya AkramaNakAriyoM kA bhI isa saMskRti para prabhAva par3atA rahA / kintu bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUla tatva itane adhika prabala the ki vibhinna paramparAoM kA mUla itanA puSTa evaM gaharA thA ki na to samaya unheM ukhAr3akara pheMka sakA aura na hI vaha prabhAva use naSTa kara skaa| prasiddha urdU zAyara ikabAla ne apanI 'sAre jahA~ se acchA hindostAM hamArA' kavitA meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke isI aTUTa pravAha ko lakSya karake likhA thA - 290 yUnAnoM mitra romA saba miTa gaye jahA~ se, kucha bAta hai ki hastI miTatI nahIM hamArI / bhAratIya saMskRti ne vibhinna nayI pravRttiyoM evaM bAhya prabhAva ko kevala sahana hI nahIM kiyA apitu una dezI athavA videzI navIna tattvoM ko AtmasAta karake apanA aMga hI banA liyA, vinAza evaM vidhvaMsa bhAratIya saMskRti kA guNa nahIM thA / isakA vaiziSTya to grahaNa tathA saMrakSaNa hai| isI kAraNa isa bhAratIya saMskRti ne atyanta prAcIna kAla se Aja taka apane saMparka meM Ane vAlI draviNa, yUnAnI, sIthiyana, mugala, IsAI sabhI saMskRtiyoM ke vibhinna sundara aMzoM ko grahaNa kara liyA / vaidika yuga meM prakRti gata tattva indrAdi pramukha deva the to paravartI yuga meM draviNa prabhAva se ziva pramukha devatA bana gaye / vastutaH jo prathA, saMsthA athavA vyavasthA utpanna hokara bhArata meM eka bAra grahaNa kara lI gayI vaha phira naSTa nahIM huii| bhAratIya saMskRti ke isI guNa ko parilakSita karake ThIka hI kahA ki 'bhAratIya saMskRti kI kahAnI ekatA aura samAdhAnoM kA samanvaya hai tathA prAcIna paramparAoM aura navIna mAnoM ke pUrNa saMyoga kI unnati kI kahAnI hai|' bhAratIya saMskRti meM paristhiti ke anukUla Dhala jAne kI adbhuta kSamatA hai / isa saMskRti meM Azcaryajanaka lacIlApana hai| isake kAraNa yaha saMskRti

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bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna 291 bAhya AghAtoM se TUTI athavA naSTa nahIM huii| vizva kI anya saMskRtiyAM videzI AkrAntAoM se padadalita hokara lupta ho gayI thIM, kintu bhAratIya saMskRti apane isa guNa ke kAraNa vibhinna pratikUla paristhitiyoM meM bhI upayukta parivartana pUrvaka jIvita rahatI rahIM / ina parivartanoM ke kAraNa bhAratIya dharma, samAja, AcAra vicAra tathA darzana Adi kI sthiti meM sUkSma antara to avazya AtA rahA kintu mUlarUpa naSTa nahIM ho sakA / vidroha, bagAvata yA krAnti koI aisI cIja nahIM hotI jisakA visphoTa acAnaka hotA ho| ghAva phUTane se pahale bahuta kAla taka pakatA rahatA hai| vicAra bhI cunautI lekara khar3e hone se pahale varSoM taka arddhajAgrata avasthA meM phailate rahate haiN| vaidika dharma pUrNa nahIM thA, isakA pramANa upaniSadoM meM hI milane lagA thA aura yadyapi vedoM kI prAmANikatA meM upaniSadoM ne saMdeha nahIM kiyA / kintu vaidika dharma ke kAmya svarga ko ayatheSTha batAkara vedoM kI eka prakAra kI AcAcanA upaniSadoM ne hI zurU kara dI thI / veda sabase adhika mahatva yajJa ko dete the / yajJoM kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa samAja meM brAhmaNoM kA sthAna bahuta pramukha ho gayA thaa| ina sArI bAtoM kI samAja meM AlocanA calane lagI aura logoM ko yaha saMdeha hone lagA ki manuSya aura usakI mukti ke bIca meM brAhmaNa kA AnA sacamuca hI ThIka nahIM hai / AlocanA kI isI prakRti ne bar3hate-bar3hate Akhira IsA se 600 varSa pUrva taka Akara vaidika dharma ke khilApha khule vidroha ko janma diyA / jisakA susaMgaThita rUpa jaina aura bauddha dharmoM meM prakaTa huA / jisa prakAra bauddha dharma ne bhAratIya saMskRti ko paripuSTa kiyA, usI prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti ne jaina dharma kA yogadAna bhI apUrva hai / sAhitya, dharma, darzana, kalA, Adi kSetroM meM jaina dharma ne apanI spaSTa chApa chor3I hai jisakA vivaraNa nimnalikhita haiM - brAhmaNoM ke dhArmika pracAra aura sAhitya sRjana kI bhASA saMskRta thI / bauddhoM ne saMskRta ke sthAna para pAlI bhASA ko apanAyA / sampUrNa prArambhika bauddha sAhitya pAlI bhASA meM upanibaddha hai| paravartI yuga meM bauddha dArzanikoM aura pracArakoM ne saMskRta ko bhI apanA liyA / kintu jaina AcAryoM ne dharma pracAra ke lie aura grantha lekhana ke lie vibhinna pradezoM meM pracalita tatkAlIna loka

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292 zramaNa-saMskRti bhASAoM kA hI prayoga kiyaa| isa prakAra tatkAlIna loka bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM jaina dharma kA bahuta bar3A yogadAna hai| usa yuga kI bolacAla kI bhASA ko jaina sAdhuoM ne sAhityika rUpa diyaa| svayaM mahAvIra jI ne arddha mAgadhI upadeza diye the| jainiyoM kA vipula sAhitya apabhraMza bhASA meM racita hai| yaha apabhraMza eka ora saMskRta aura prAkRta ko paraspara jor3atI hai to dUsarI ora Adhunika bhASAoM ko paraspara milA detI hai| ataeva bhASA vijJAna kI dRSTi se apabhraMza bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| bhArata ke dakSiNa pradezoM kI vibhinna bhASAeM bhI jaina prabhAva se yukta haiN| IsA pUrva cauthI sadI ke aMta meM anta meM AcArya bhadrabAhu ke netRtva meM jo jaina samUha maisUra calA gayA thA usane vahA~ kI loka bhASAoM ko apanAkara dharma pracAra kiyA aura grantha kI racanA kii| isa prakAra kannar3a bhASA ko prAcInatam sAhityika rUpa jainoM ne hI diyaa| prArambhika tamila sAhitya ke nirmANa meM bhI jaina muniyoM kA bahuta yogadAna hai| ____ dharma ke kSetra meM jaina dharma kI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa dena ahiMsA kA siddhAnta hai| loka meM yaha dhAraNA pracalita hai ki bauddhoM ne sAhitya ko sarvAdhika unnata kiyA, kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se dekhane para yaha pracalita dhAraNA bhrAnta siddha hotI hai| dharma ke kSetra meM ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko janma dene vAle 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha the aura usako carama sImA para le jAne kA zreya mahAvIra svAmI ko hai| jaina dharma ke AcAryoM ne bhAratIya darzana ke kSetra meM bhI aneka mahatvapUrNa sthApanAyeM kii| bauddhoM ke sadRza karmavAda evaM purnajanmavAda ke viziSTa siddhAnta to jaina dArzanikoM ne prastuta kie hI kintu syAdvAda aura anekAntavAda jaina dArzanikoM kI vilakSaNa sthApanAeM haiN| syAdvAda ke anusAra pratyeka kathana yA dRSTikoNa meM AMzika satya hotA hai| ataH sampUrNa satya kI prApti ke lie una sabhI dRSTikoNoM kA adhyayana param Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra anekAntavAda ke anusAra AtmA eka nahIM varan aneka hai| jainiyoM ke anusAra jisa vastu kA astitva hotA hai, vaha kevala apane padArtha kI dRSTi se sthAyI hotI hai| parantu usake guNa utpanna hote haiM aura naSTa hote haiN| padArtha kA astitva padArtha ke rUpa meM jyoM kA tyoM banA rahatA hai aura usakA AkRti aura guNoM meM parivartana hotA

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293 bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna rahatA hai| AtmAeM padArtha se bhinna hotI haiM aura jisa zarIra meM ve vAsa karatI haiM usake anusAra unakA AkAra badalatA rahatA hai| AtmAeM jaba taka isa saMsAra meM rahatI haiM taba taka ve punarjanma ke adhIna rahatI haiM parantu jaba ve mukta ho jAtI haiM, to ve pUrNatA ko prApta ho jAtI haiN| jaina darzana ke anekAntavAda se bhAratIya saMskRti kI sahiSNutA aura udAratA kI pravRtti paripuSTa huii| vibhinna lalita kalAoM ke kSetra meM jaina dharma ne bhAratIya saMskRti ko anUThe upahAra diye haiN| jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ne apane tIrthaMkaroM kI smRti meM stUpoM prastara vedikAoM tathA alaMkRta toraNoM kA pracura nirmANa kiyA jinase vAstu kalA evaM sthApatyakalA kI atyadhika unnati huii| pahAr3oM kI caTTAneM kATakara jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| aise maMdiroM meM ur3IsA kA hAthI gumphA nAma se prasiddha guhA maMdira atyadhika AkarSaka hai jisakA nirmANa IsA pUrva dUsarI zatI meM huA thaa| pArzvanAtha parvata, giranAra, tathA pAvApurI Adi sthAnoM meM vibhinna yugoM ke aneka maMdira aura smAraka nirmita haiN| rAjasthAna meM bhI sthala-sthala para jaina maMdira apane alaMkRta toraNoM aura chata se laTakate saMgamaramara ke phAnUso kI atyanta bArIka khudAI aura jAlI ke kAma ke lie vizva prasiddha haiN| vastutaH dilavAr3A maMdiroM meM praveza karake ve ihaloka kI racanA hI nahIM jAna pddte| isI prakAra raNakapura ke maMdira apane saMgamaramara ke alaMkRta stambhoM ke kAraNa paryaTakoM ke vizeSa AkarSaka kendra haiN| cittaur3a kA caukora stambha bhI jaina dharmAvalambiyoM ke kalA prema kA sAkSI hai| ina sabhI meM alaMkRta sthApatya kalA zilpa apanI sarvocca pratiSThA meM hai| mUrtikalA ko bhI jainoM ne paryApta prazraya diyaa| madhya bhArata aura bundelakhaNDa 11vIM tathA 12vIM zatI kI jaina mUrtiyoM se bhare par3e haiN| maisUra meM zravaNabelagolA, meM bAhubalI kI 70phITa uMcI mUrti parvata zikhara para avasthita hai| gaMga nareza rAjamalla caturtha ke maMtrI tathA senApati jaina cAmuNDarAya ne 10vIM zatI ke lagabhaga anta meM ise sthApita karAyA thaa| yaha sampUrNa mUrti vizAla grenAiTa caTTAna meM se kATa kara banAyI gayI hai aura dekhane mAtra se zraddhA tathA vismaya utpanna karatI hai| jainoM ne citrakalA ko bhI paryApta vikasita kiyA, jaina AcAryoM kI

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24 zramaNa-saMskRti hastalikhita pustakoM meM aneka utkRSTa koTi ke citra upalabdha hote haiN| jaina dharma ke vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke ajasra pravAha meM jaina dharma kahIM bahuta pahale prArambha ho cukA thaa| pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ne isako eka vyavasthita dharma kA rUpa diyaa| sampUrNa bhAratIya janatA meM yaha dharma samagra rUpa meM bhale hI prasArita na ho sakA kintu IsA pUrva chaThI zatI se lekara Aja taka yaha nirantara banA huA hai| saMdarbha 1. bhAratIya saMskRti, prIti prbhaagopaal| 2. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, rAmadhArI siMha dinkr| 3. bhAratIya darzana, DaoN0 rAdhA kRssnnn| 4. bhAratIya saMskRti, DaoN. kiraNa ttnnddn| 5. hindI sUphI sAhitya meM hindU saMskRti, DaoN0 kanhaiyA siMha 6. bhAratIya darzana evaM saMskRti, DaoN0 maharAjadIna pANDeya

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45 buddhakAla meM bhArata kI rAjanItika tathA sAmAjika vyavasthA pravINa kumAra mizra rAjanItika pariveza buddha ke janma kAla se pUrva jambUdvIpa (bhArata) solaha rAjyoM meM vibhakta thaa| usa samaya yahA~ do prakAra kI zAsana praNAliyAM pracalita thiiN| 1. rAjasattAtmaka rAjya, 2. gaNarAjya aura saMgha rAjya / gaNa aura saMgha meM koI tAttvika aMtara nahIM thaa| gaNa athavA saMgha praNAlI meM sattA kucha-kucha logoM meM nihita hotI thI jaba ki rAjasattAtmaka praNAlI meM sattA kI bAgaDora eka hI vyakti ke hAtha meM rahatI thii| gaNataMtrIya praNAlI 'mahAjana ' sattA yukta hotI thii| ina mahAjanoM ko 'rAjA' kahA jAtA thA aura inake adhyakSa ko mahArAjA / buddha ke samaya meM yaha mahAjanAtmaka paddhati dhIre-dhIre naSTa ho rahI thI aura usakA sthAna ekasattAtmaka ( rAjasattAtmaka) rAjya-paddhati letI jA rahI thI / bauddha granthoM meM jina 16 rAjyoM kA varNana bAra-bAra AyA hai, ve isa prakAra haiM : 2. 1. aMga rAjya : yaha pradeza bhArata meM magadha ke pUrva meM sthita thA aura isakI rAjadhAnI Aja ke bhAgalapura (bihAra) ke nikaTa campA thI / buddha ke samaya yaha rAjya magadha ke adhIna thA aura bauddha granthoM meM isa Azaya kA koI pramANa nahIM milatA ki bAda ke varSoM meM yaha svataMtra ho gayA / hA~, bahuta pahale yaha nizcita hI eka svataMtra rAjya thA aura par3osI rAjyoM ke sAtha isake yuddha hote rahate the / magadhaH buddha ke samaya meM yaha eka zaktizAlI rAjya thA / saMbhavataH uttara

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296 3. zramaNa-saMskRti meM gaMgA nadI, pUrva meM campA nadI, dakSiNa meM viMdhyAcala parvata tathA pazcima meM sona nadI taka isakI sImAoM kA vistAra thaa| isa kAla khaMDa meM (aMza sameta) isakA vistAra 2300 mIla taka thA aura isake antargata 80000 grAma Ate the| kAzI: yaha rAjya Aja ke banArasa ke AsapAsa kA bhAga thaa| buddhakAla meM rAjanItika dRSTi se yaha kAphI kamajora ho gayA thaa| isa nagara se prApta hone vAle karoM Adi ke lie kauzala tathA magadha rAjyoM meM paraspara noMka-jhoMka hotI rahatI thii| vaise aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha eka mahatvapUrNa rAjya thaa| jAtakoM meM isakA ullekha bAra-bAra AtA hai| inameM kahA gayA hai ki isa rAjya kA vistAra 2000 mIla taka phailA thaa| kauzala : isa rAjya ke antargata banArasa aura sAketa ke atirikta zAkyoM kA rAjya bhI AtA hai| isakI rAjadhAnI zrAvastI thI jisakA kSetra aba nepAla ke antargata AtA hai| saMbhavataH dakSiNa kI ora isakA vistAra gaMgA taka thA aura pUrva meM gaMDaka (nadI) tk| uttara meM isakI sImA uttarI parvata-zreNiyoM taka phailI huI thii| magadha ke sAtha kauzala ke lagAtAra yuddha hote rahate the| usa samaya donoM rAjya atyaMta zaktizAlI mAne jAte the| ina donoM parvatIya rAjyoM ne sabhI parvatIya tathA gAMgeya kSetra ke AdivAsiyoM ko apane adhikAra meM kara liyA thaa| hA~, svataMtra kabIloM ke kAraNa pUrva meM kozala kA vistAra nahIM ho paayaa| vajjI : isa rAjya ke antargata ATha kabIloM kA samAveza thaa| inameM licchivI aura videha kabIle pramukha the| pUrva zatAbdiyoM meM videha meM ekataMtra zAsana thA lekina buddhakAla meM yahA~ gaNatantrIya vyavasthA pracalita thii| vajjiyoM kA rAjya karIba 2300 mIla taka phailA thaa| isa rAjya kI rAjadhAnI mithilA thI jo licchiviyoM kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI se uttara - pazcima kI ora karIba 35 mIla taka sthita thii| bauddha-dharma ke abhyudaya ke kucha samaya pUrva yahA~ kucha samaya taka vikhyAta rAjA janaka kA zAsana thaa| 6. malla : kuzInArA aura pAvA ke malla bhI svataMtra kabIle the| cInI

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297 buddhakAla meM bhArata kI rAjanItika tathA sAmAjika vyavasthA paryaTakoM ke anusAra inakA rAjya zAkyoM ke rAjya se pUrva kI ora parvatoM kI DhalAna para sthita thaa| uttara meM yaha vajjiyoM ke vistRta rAjya ko sparza karatA thaa| kintu katipaya vidvAnoM ne ise zAkya rAjya ke dakSiNa aura vajjiyoM ke pUrva meM sthita batalAyA hai| 7. cetI : prAcIna AlekhoM meM yaha rAjya saMbhavataH cedI kahalAtA thaa| isa rAjya ke do adhivAsana the| eka prAcIna, jo parvatIya kSetra meM - nepAla meM avasthita thA aura dUsarA kauzAmbI ke pUrva meM, jise kabhI-kabhI bhrama se vatsa rAjya bhI samajhA jAtA thaa| vatsa : isakI rAjadhAnI kauzAmbI thii| yaha rAjya ThIka avantI ke uttara meM aura yamunA ke kinAre sthita thaa| 9. kuru : isa rAjya kI rAjadhAnI indraprastha thii| isake pUrva meM pAMcAla tathA dakSiNa meM matsya rAjavaMza the| kuru rAjya kA vistAra 2 hajAra mIla taka phailA thaa| rAjanItika dRSTi se buddha ke samaya isa rAjya kA mahatva adhika nahIM thaa| isa rAjya meM rathapAla nAmaka eka sampanna abhijAtya rahatA thA jisakI khyAti dUra-dUra taka phailI huI thii| 10. pAMcAla rAjya : kuru pradeza ke pUrva meM yaha rAjya gAMgeya kSetra tathA uttarI parvatIya zreNI ke madhya meM sthita thaa| isa rAjya kI rAjadhAnI kampilA aura kannauja thii| 11. matsya rAjya : kuru ke dakSiNa aura yamunA kSetra ke madhya meM sthita isa choTe rAjya ko dakSiNI pAMcAla kI sImA pRthaka karatI thii| 12. sUrasena : isa rAjya kI rAjadhAnI mathurA thii| yaha rAjya yamunA kSetra ke pazcima aura matsya pradeza ke dakSiNa-pazcima meM sthita thaa| 13. assaka (azyaka): buddha ke samaya isa rAjya kI AbAdI godAvarI ke taTavartI kSetra meM basI huI thii| isakI rAjadhAnI pATana thii| isa rAjya kA avantI ke sAtha vaisA hI sambandha thA jaisA aMga deza kA magadha ke sAtha thaa|

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zramaNa-saMskRti 14. avantI : buddhakAla meM isa rAjya kA zAsaka caMda prajota thaa| isa pradeza kI bhUmi bahuta urvara thii| AryoM ne siMdhu ghATI se Akara isa pradeza ko vijita kiyA thaa| sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI se isa pradeza ko mAlavA kahA jAtA hai| 15. gAMdhAra (kaMdhAra): yaha rAjya pUrvavartI aphagAnistAna kA bhAga hai aura saMbhavataH paMjAba kA uttara-pazcimI bhAga isase jur3A huA rahA hai| isakI rAjadhAnI takSazilA thii| 16. kamboja : gAMdhAra se lagA huA yaha pradeza dhura uttara-pazcima meM sthita thaa| isakI rAjadhAnI dvArikA thii| __ uparyukta rAjyoM meM se magadha, kauzala, vatsa tathA avantI ekasattAtmaka rAjyoM meM pramukha the aura prathama tIna rAjya gAMgeya kSetra meM sthita the| ina rAjyoM meM sadaiva paraspara saMgharSa hotA rahatA thaa| yaha saMgharSa hI tatkAlIna rAjanItika itihAsa kA pramukha vaiziSTya mAnA jAtA hai| buddhakAla meM ina rAjyoM meM magadha aura kauzala apane utkarSa para the| ina donoM rAjyoM kI ekasattAtmaka zAsanapraNAlI bar3I saphala kahI jA sakatI hai| donoM rAjyoM ke rAjA (magadha ke biMbasAra tathA kauzala ke prasenadi (prasenajita) bar3e udAra the aura janatA unake rAjya meM sukhI thii| yaha sahI hai ki donoM zAsaka yajJa Adi ko protsAhana dete the kintu rAjya meM bauddha zravaNoM ko apane dharma kA pracAra karane kI pUrI svataMtratA thii| vaise rAjya-vistAra ke lie inake bIca Ae dina yuddha bhI hote rahate the| ina yuddhoM kA vizeSa uddezya Arthika lAbha kA arjana aura rAjya-vistAra hI hotA thaa| biMbasAra ke putra ajAtazatru ne kauzala nareza prasenajita ke sAtha lambe samaya taka yuddha kiyaa| yadyapi prasenajita usakA cAcA thaa| isI prakAra ajAtazatru ne buddha ke parinirvANa ke pazcAt vajjiyoM ko bhI dhvasta kiyA yadyapi vajjI kI rAjakumArI usake pitA bimbasAra kI patnI thii| buddhakAlIna uparyukta 16 rAjyoM meM buddha ke zAkya vaMza kA nAma nahIM aataa| isakA kAraNa saMbhavataH yahI hai ki buddha ke janma se pUrva hI zAkyoM ke gaNarAjya ko kauzala ke kisI ekasattAtmaka nareza ne vijita kara apane meM milA liyA thaa| vijita hone ke uparAnta zAkya kauzala nareza ko kara dete the lekina AMtarika zAsana-vyavasthA svayaM dekhate the|

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buddhakAla meM bhArata kI rAjanItika tathA sAmAjika vyavasthA zAkyoM kI bhAMti vajjI, mala, matsya Adi bhI gaNarAjya the / ' ina rAjyoM meM gAMvoM ke netAoM ko rAjA kahA jAtA thA / ye rAjA ekatra hokara kisI eka ko apanA adhyakSa cuna lete the / yaha adhyakSa 'mahArAjA' kahalAtA thA / adhyakSa kI avadhi jIvana bhara ke lie hotI thI yA kucha nizcita samaya ke lie hI isake viSaya meM itihAsa graMthoM tathA bauddha-graMthoM meM koI jAnakArI nahIM milatI / 299 .. ina gaNarAjyoM meM zAsana-vyavasthA ke lie kucha kAraNa aura niyama nizcita kara lie jAte the aura unake anusAra hI gaNarAjA apane rAjya kA saMcAlana karate the| ekasattAtmaka zAsana-praNAlI ko pratiSThita karane meM brAhmaNoM kA yogadAna bhI kama nahIM thA / isa kAlakhaMDa ke antargata purohita varga kA kArya bhI vaMza-paramparA athavA brAhmaNoM ko hI die jAte the| isase brAhmaNa varga ekasattAtmakazAsana-praNAlI kA prabala samarthaka bana gayA / gaNarAjyoM meM yajJayAgoM ko koI protsAhana nahIM milatA thA jabaki ekasattAtmaka zAsana vyavasthA meM brAhmaNoM kA Adara to hotA hI thA, unheM dhana aura bhUmi ke rUpa meM puraskAra aura dAna bhI diyA jAtA thA / biMbasAra ke zAsanakAla meM yaha tathya bar3I spaSTatA se ujAgara ho jAtA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa ekataMtrAtmaka zAsana vyavasthA tathA brAhmaNavarga ke paraspara sahayoga se samAja meM donoM ke prabhAva kA bar3hanA svAbhAvika thA aura kyoMki bauddhadharma brAhmaNavAda kA virodhI thA, ataH gaNarAjyoM ke prati buddha ke mana meM Adara bhAva thA / isIlie unhoMne vajjiyoM ko unnati ke sAta niyama batAe the| ina niyamoM kI vistRta TIkA 'mahAparinibbAna sutta' kI aTThakathA kI gayI hai| ina niyamoM ke adhyayana se yaha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki vajjiyoM ke gaNataMtrAtmaka rAjya meM eka prakAra se 'paMcoM' kI praNAlI pracalita thii| inake vidhi-vidhAna lipibaddha hote the aura mahArAjA unake anusarA hI prazAsana kI vyavasthA karate the / bauddha-granthoM meM zAkya vaMza kA ullekha bAra-bAra huA hai| lekina jaisA ki pichalI paMktiyoM meM kahA jA cukA hai ki kauzala nareza ne zAkyoM ko jItakara apane rAjya meM milA liyA thA; isIlie bhArata ke uparyukta rAjyoM meM

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300 zramaNa-saMskRti zAkya gaNataMtra kA ullekha prApta nahIM hotaa| zAkya janatA kauzala nareza ko kara detI thI lekina vahA~ kI AMtarika vyavasthA ko zAkya prazAsana hI dekhatA thaa| buddha ne isI zAkya gaNarAjya meM rAjA zuddhodana ke yahA~ janma liyA thaa| isa gaNarAjya kI rAjadhAnI kapilavastu thii| buddhakAla tathA usase pUrva ke grAma-nagara bauddhakAla para anusaMdhAna kArya kara rahe vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki tatkAlIna bhAratIya jIvana meM anya rASTroM (misra, mesopoTAmiyA aura cIna) ke viparIta bhaugolika prabhAvoM kI apekSA Arthika sthitiyoM aura sAmAjika saMsthAoM kA prabhAva adhika rahA hai| tatkAlIna bhAratIya sAmAjika vyavasthA grAmoM para AdhArita thii| vaise isa bAta ko pUrI tathyaparakatA ke sAtha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki buddha-kAla meM grAmya-saMgaThanoM kI rUpa-rekhA kyA thii| phira bhI itanA to spaSTa hai ki vibhinna kSetroM meM sthita vibhinna gAMvoM kI vyavasthA rIti-rivAja tathA bhUmi-grahaNa ke saMdarbha meM bhinna thii| sAtha hI, samudAya ke adhikAroM ke saMdarbha meM gRhastha ke vyaktigata adhikaroM meM bhI bhinnatA pAI jAtI thii| AraMbhika zatiyoM meM likhe gae bhAratIya itihAsakAroM kI yaha dhAraNA bhI bhrAmaka hai ki bhArata-vijaya ke daurAna Arya jina jAtiyoM aura kabIloM ke samparka meM Ae, ve sabhI barbara the| ThIka hai, usa kAla-khaMDa ke bhArata meM katipaya pahAr3I kabIle the, jipsI the aura jaMgaloM meM rahane vAle zikArI bhI the lekina inake sAtha-sAtha anake aisI jAtiyAM aura samudAya bhI the jo eka nizcita sthAna para nivAsa karate the aura jinakA sAmAjika saMgaThana atyaMta dRr3ha thA aura jo hamalAvaroM kA sAmanA karane meM sakSama aura sampanna the| apanI svataMtratA kI rakSA karane kA unameM adamya sAhasa bhI thaa| vaise bhArata jaise vizAla deza meM bhUmi ke lie saMgharSa karane ke avasara kama hI Ate the| deza kI vizAlatA ke anupAta meM samudAya aura kabIle alpa the jo vizAla nadiyoM aura ghane jaMgaloM ke dvArA eka-dUsare se alaga hote the| kahA jA sakatA hai ki aisI sthiti meM svataMtra rUpa se vikAsa karane aura sAtha hI sauhArdapUrNa pArasparika saMbaMdhoM ko banAne ke paryApta avasara upalabdha the| aisI paristhitiyoM meM vibhinna samudAyoM aura kabIloM kI bhinna-bhinna mAnyatAoM kA pracalana samajha meM AtA hai lekina isake sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI satya hai ki jIvana-paddhatiyoM, mAnyatAoM aura pariveza - gata bhinnatAoM ke

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buddhakAla meM bhArata kI rAjanItika tathA sAmAjika vyavasthA 301 hote hue bhI kucha bAtoM meM una saba meM kucha samAnatAeM bhI thiiN| tatkAlIna grAmoM tathA nagaroM kA adhyayana hama TI0 Dablyu0 rAisa DeviDsa ke graMtha 'buddhisTa iMDiyA' ke AdhAra para isa prakAra kara sakate haiM phasala ko sabhI grAmavAsI eka hI samaya para kATate the| siMcAI ke lie pAnI kI vyavasthA bhI mila kara sakate the| gAMva ke pradhAna kI nigarAnI meM, niyamAnusAra kisAnoM ko pAnI muhaiyA karAyA jAtA thaa| sAtha hI, apane khetoM kI hada khIMcane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI thii| yaha kArya eka sAmAnya paridhi ke nirmANa se niSpAdita hotA thaa| pAnI kI gUleM khetoM kI sImAeM nirdhArita karatI thiiN| sAmAnya niyama ke anusAra vizAla khetoM ko vibhinna plAToM meM bAMTa diyA jAtA thaa| jitane gRhapati hote the, utane hI plATa banAe jAte the tAki pratyeka parivAra ko apane hisse kA khAdyAnna upalabdha ho ske| koI grAmavAsI apane hisse ke khetoM ko kisI bAharI vyakti ko na to beca sakatA thA aura na hI use giravI rakha sakatA thaa| grAma paMcAyata kI anumati ke binA aisA karanA usake lie asaMbhava hotA thaa| kisI bhI grAmavAsI ko apane khetoM kI vasIyata karane kA adhikAra nahIM thaa| yahA~ taka ki svayaM apane parivAra ke sadasyoM meM vaha apanI jAyadAda ke hisse bhI nahIM kara sakatA thaa| ye sAre mAmale paramparA se cale A rahe niyamoM ke anusAra sulajhAe jAte the aura grAmavAsiyoM ke sAmAnya jJAna dvArA sahI-galata kA nirNaya liyA jAtA thaa| grAmavAsiyoM kA yaha sAmAnya jJAna agrajAdhikAra ko koI mAnyatA nahIM detA thaa| sAmAnya, gRhapati ke nidhana para parivAra kA kAmakAja bar3e beTe kI dekha-rekha meM pahale kI taraha hI calatA rahatA thA aura yadi jAyadAda ko bAMTane kI AvazyakatA A par3e to use sabhI bar3oM meM barAbara barAbara bAMTa diyA jAtA thaa| bhinna-bhinna kAloM meM yadyapi bar3e beTe ko vyaktigata jAyadAda meM kucha jyAdA hissA mila jAtA thA lekina jyAdAtara usakA baMTavArA bhI sabhI beToM meM barAbara-barAbara hotA thaa| striyoM kI bhI apanI vyaktigata jAyadAda hotI thI - vizeSa rUpa meM kapar3e aura aabhuussnn| beTiyoM ko apanI mAM ke dhana se sampatti milatI thii| beTiyoM ko khetoM meM apanA hissA alaga karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI thI kyoMki khetoM kA utpAda unake patiyoM/bhAiyoM ko milatA thaa| pArivArika sampatti kI bhAMti koI vyakti uttarAdhikAra ke rUpa meM athavA

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302 zramaNa-saMskRti kharIda kara sAmAnya carAgAha athavA jaMgala kA koI hissA prApta nahIM kara sakatA thaa| cArAgAhoM aura jaMgalI bhU-bhAga ko bar3A mahatva diyA jAtA thaa| hA~, rAjya kI ora se pujAriyoM ko yadA-kadA jamIna kA eka hissA upahAra/dAna meM de diyA jAtA thaa| rAjA bhI paramparA se jamIna kA svAmitvAdhikAra dekara kara vasUla kara sakatA thaa| vaise kRSikAroM ke adhikAroM para koI AMca nahIM AtI thii| kara dekara kRSaka-varga rAjya kI ora se apane lie surakSA prApta karate the| ___gAMva ke sarapaMca ke mAdhyama se sarakArI kAmakAja niSpanna hotA thaa| use UMce adhikAriyoM ko kisAnoM kI samasyAoM kA pratinidhitva karane kA adhikAra hotA thaa| jaba koI bar3A adhikArI gAMva meM AtA to usakI suvidhA ke lie sar3aka taiyAra karane tathA usake bhojana kA prabaMdha karane kA jimmA sarapaMca kA hI hotA thaa| isake lie grAmavAsiyoM se koI sevA nahIM lI jAtI thii| zilpI aura majadUra isa kArya ko aMjAma dete the| hA~, grAmavAsI milakara apanI marjI se vizrAma-gRhoM aura jalAzayoM kA nirmANa karate the; apane gAMva kI sar3akoM tathA pAsa ke gAMvoM ko jor3ane vAlI sar3akeM taiyAra karate the| itanA hI nahIM, ve milakara udyAna bhI banAte the| janahita ke aise kAryoM meM striyAM bhI utsAha aura garva se bhAga letI thiiN| ina gAMvoM kI Arthika sthiti ekarUpa hotI thii| gAMva meM aisA koI vyakti nahIM hotA thA jise hama Aja kI bhASA meM dhanI athavA sampanna kaha skeN| unakI sAmAnya AvazyakatAeM AsAnI se pUrI kI jAtI thiiN| vahA~ surakSA kA bhAva vidyamAna hotA thA aura ve svataMtra hote the| ina gAMvoM meM na to koI jamIdAra hotA thA aura na hI koI nirdhn| aparAdha bhI nahIM ke barAbara hote the| jo bhI aparAdha hote ve gAMva kI sImA se bAhara hI hote the| surakSA kI bhAvanA itanI adhika hotI thI ki loga apane ghara ke dvAroM ko hamezA khulA rakhate the| hA~, kabhI-kabhI inheM akAla duSpariNAma bhogane par3ate the| vaise siMcAI kI bahula suvidhA ke kAraNa gAMva meM akAla nahIM par3atA thaa| phira bhI tatkAlIna itihAsa meM anna kI kamI ke kucha saMdarbha avazya upalabdha ho jAte haiN| samagrataH tatkAlIna gAMvoM kI samAja-vyavasthA hamAre Aja ke gAMvoM se

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buddhakAla meM bhArata kI rAjanItika tathA sAmAjika vyavasthA 3B sarvathA bhinna thii| usa kAla-khaMDa kA kisAna kisI bar3e durbhAgya ke kAraNa hI majadUrI karatA thaa| sAmAnyataH tatkAlIna grAmINa apanI svataMtratA, apane parivAra aura apane gAMva para garva karatA thaa| vaha apane hI gAMva ke sarapaMca se, jo usake hI varga kA hotA thA, anuzAsita hotA thaa| sarapaMca kA cayana bhI gAMvavAleM hI karate the| sarapaMca ke cunAva meM ve apanI paramparA aura apane AdarzoM ko mahatva dete the| uparyukta vivecana se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna bhArata eka prakAra se gAMvoM kA deza thaa| nagara bhI the avazya, lekina unakI saMkhyA adhika nahIM thii| tatkAlIna ullekhya nagaroM meM campA, magadha, kozala, kAzI, kannauja, mathurA, indraprastha, pATana, takSazilA aura dvArikA pramukha the| itihAsakAroM ne, daraasala, nagaroM tathA nAgarI jIvana ke rekhAMkana meM koI bahuta utsAha nahIM dikhlaayaa| pariNAma svarUpa inake viSaya meM kama hI jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| nagaroM ke sambandha meM hameM UMcI-UMcI dIvAroM, sudRr3ha khambhoM yukta prAcIroM, nigarAnI rakhanevAle staMbhoM tathA vizAla dvAroM kA hI adhika ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| durgoM ke bAhara khAI hotI thii| kahIM-kahIM do prakAra kI khAiyoM kA upayoga bhI hotA thaa| unameM se eka pAnI kI aura dUsarI miTTI kI hotI thii| sabhI nagaroM meM kilebaMdI sAmAnyataH eka hI prakAra kI hotI thii| lekina durgoM kI lambAI kA byaurA kahIM prApta nahIM hotaa| vizAla nagaroM meM eka prakAra se aneka upanagara base hote the| isa bAta kA bAra-bAra ullekha milatA hai ki rAjA tathA usake prazAsaka dopahara ke ArAma ke lie nagaroM se bAhara upanagaroM meM jAyA karate the| bar3e makAnoM meM sar3aka kI ora khulanevAlI khulI khir3akiyA~ hotI thiiN| ye khir3akiyA~ kisI kI nijI bhUmi kI ora nahIM khulatI thii| ghara ke pichavAr3e meM gherAbaMdI kisI kI nijI bhUmi kI ora nahIM khulatI thiiN| ghara ke pichavAr3e meM gherAbaMdI kI gayI bhUmi hotI thiiN| ___ itihAsa tathA bauddha-graMthoM meM bhavanoM kI guNavattA ke viSaya meM bhI jAnakArI milatI hai| unake DijAina tathA praveza-sthala ke viSaya meM bhI kahIM-kahIM para mahatvapUrNa hotA hai| sAtha hI, sAmAnya janatA ke AvAsoM kA sUkSma vivaraNa bhI aneka graMthoM meM prApya hai| buddha ke janmakAla ke samaya bhavana nirmANa ke lie

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304 zramaNa-saMskRti pattharoM chaThI zatAbdI meM eka pahAr3I ke cAroM ora patthara kI dIvAreM cinI gayI thiiN| AraMbhika yugoM meM stambhoM aura sIr3hiyoM ke atirikta pattharoM kA upayoga nahIM ke barAbara hotA thaa| gharoM kA nirmANa yA to lakar3I se hotA thA yA IMToM se| gharoM kI dIvAroM para cUne kA upayoga hotA thaa| ghara aneka prakAra ke bhitti-citroM se sajAyA jAtA thaa| yadyapi isa bAta ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki usa kAla meM citrakalA apanI pUrNatA ko prApta ho gayI thii| isa kAla meM makAnoM meM praveza eka vizAla dvAra se hotA thaa| isake dAhinI aura bAyIM ora krama se koSa aura khAdyAnna ke bhaMDAra hote the| yaha vizAla dvAra makAna ke bhItarI dAlAna meM khulatA thA jisake Age tala-maMjila para bar3e kamare bane hote the| ina kamaroM ke Upara eka sapATa chata hotI thI jise 'upari-prasAda-tala' kahA jAtA thaa| sAmAnyataH gRhapati yahIM prazAlA (peviliyana) meM rahatA thaa| yaha prazAlA baiThaka, kAryAlaya aura bhojana-kakSa ke lie upayoga meM lAI jAtI thii| udhara, rAjA ke mahala meM rAjya-prazAsana se saMbaMdhita sabhI kAryoM ke lie alaga-alaga sthAna hotA thaa| yahA~ aneka 'harama' bhI hote the| mahala ke bAhara rASTra se saMbaMdhita koI prazAsana vyavasthA nahIM hotI thii| tatkAlIna itihAsa graMthoM meM satakhaMDI prAsAdoM kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| lekina unameM se eka bhI prAsAda bhArata meM zeSa nahIM bacA hai| hA~, zrIlaMkA ke pulastIpura meM saMbhavataH I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI kA eka prasAda abhI bhI maujUda hai| vahIM pattharoM se nirmita usa kAla ke sahasroM staMbhoM para khar3A eka anya prAsAda bhI hai| bhArata meM ina satakhaMDI mahaloM kA upayoga nijI taura para hotA thA aura inakA saMbaMdha kisI prakAra ke prArthanAgRhoM se nahIM thaa| rAjA ke mahala ke sAmAnya se sthAna para sArvajanika juAghara hote the| ye juAghara yA to eka alaga kakSa ke rUpa meM hote the yA svAgata kakSa kA hissA hote the| rAjA kA kartavya hotA thA ki vaha aise sthAna kI vyavasthA kre| ina juAgharoM se jIta kA eka bhAga rAjakoSa meM jAtA thaa| jAtakoM meM isa saba kA ullekha vistAra se milatA hai| itihAsoM meM garma havA aura pAnI ke snAnagRhoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| vinaya piTaka meM inake viSaya meM vistAra se batalAyA gayA hai| ina snAnagRhoM se

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buddhakAla meM bhArata kI rAjanItika tathA sAmAjika vyavasthA 305 saMbaMdhita vivaraNoM ko par3hakara lagatA hai ki ye snAnagRha hamAre Aja ke 'Tarkiza bAtha' jaise hote the| prazna uThatA hai yaha turkoM ne ina snAnagRhoM se apane snAnagRha banAne kI preraNA lI hai| dIghanikAya meM eka anya prakAra prakAra ke snAna-sthala kA bhI ullekha hai| yaha khulI havA meM nirmita sarovara hotA thaa| isameM nIce utarane ke lie sIDhiyAM hotI thiiN| isake cAroM ora phUloM ke paudhe lagAe jAte the| aise snAna-sthala dhanI vyaktiyoM kI nijI sampatti hote the| anurAdhApura meM Aja do hajAra varSoM ke bAda bhI aise sarovaroM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki isa prakAra ke vizAla bhavanoM kI saMkhyA adhika nahIM hotI thii| garIba loka to jaba bhI taMga galiyoM meM banI jhopar3iyoM meM rahate the| sAmAnya jana ke lie bAjAroM kI eka lambI paMkti hotI thii| hA~, dukAnoM meM khir3akiyA~ nahIM hotI thiiN| ye dukAneM sar3aka kI ora khulatI thiiN|aam AvazyakatA kI cIjeM ina bAjAroM meM prApya thiiN| nagaroM meM kone ke makAna kI kImata anya makAnoM se adhika hotI thii| nagara kI sar3akoM para bhIr3a aura zora kama hotA thaa| makAnoM meM zauca-vyavasthA kama hI hotI thii| hA~, nAliyoM kA ullekha itihAsa-graMthoM meM bAra-bAra huA hai| lekina inakA upayoga pAnI ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| mRtakoM kI deha kA vyavasthApana bhI, kucha arthoM meM, bar3A kautUhalapUrNa hotA thaa| janma se athavA vaibhava se athavA pada-pratiSThA se athavA jJAna kI dRSTi se viziSTa vyaktiyoM kA dAha-saMskAra kiyA jAtA thA aura unakI rAkha ko eka tathAkathita stUpa ke nIce dabA diyA jAtA thaa| lekina sAmAnya vyaktiyoM ke zava ke vyavasthApana kA tarIkA anokhA thaa| unake zava ko daphanAne ke bajAya kisI sArvajanika khule sthala para rakha diyA jAtA thA tAki vaha pakSI tathA pazuoM ke khAne ke kAma A sake yA svAbhAvika rUpa se naSTa ho jaaye| yaha sthAna sArvajanika rUpa se kisI ko phAMsI dene ke lie bhI upayoga meM lAyA jAtA thaa| kabhI-kabhI zava-bhUmi (zamazAna) meM stUpoM kA nirmANa bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| lekina sAmAnyataH ina stUpoM kI nirmiti upanagaroM, nijI jamIna yA caurAhoM para hotI thii| ina stUpoM ko hama buddhakAlIna mAna lete haiN| daraasala, ye stUpa pUrva buddhakAla ke haiM tathA saMsAra ke anya bhAgoM meM pAye jAnevAle stUpoM se

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306 zramaNa-saMskRti basa thor3e se hI bhinna haiN| bauddhakAla meM zavAdhAna ke sthAna para smArakoM kA upayoga jyAdA pracalita nahIM thA lekina pUrva buddhakAla meM smArakoM kA nirmANa bahutAyata se hotA thaa| AryoM ke smAraka gumbadanumA hote the lekina buddhakAla meM unheM IMToM se banAyA jAne thaa| isa prakAra ke smArakoM kA nirmANa una logoM ke dvArA hotA thA jinhoMne purohita varga se apanA nAtA tor3a liyA thA aura jo apane zikSakoM, sudhArakoM tathA dArzanikoM kA sammAna karanA cAhate the| isa saMdarbha meM yaha jAnanA bhI bar3A rucikara hai ki uparyukta viziSTa vidvAnoM ke sammAna meM smAraka banAe jAte the| ye vidvAna jIvana kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM lage hote the aura gaMbhIra ciMtana-manana karate the| inake atirikta rAjAoM, senAnAyakoM, rAjanetAoM yA dhanapatiyoM ke smArakoM kA koI pramANa isa kAla meM nahIM miltaa| cUMki vidvAnoM-ciMtakoM ke ye smAraka purohita varga se apanA saMbaMdha viccheda karane vAle vyaktiyoM dvArA banavAye jAte the isIlie purohita varga ke rikArDa meM inakA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| ___ bauddha kAla ke nagaroM meM rAjA, usake prazAsanika adhikAriyoM tathA viziSTa sainika varga ke atirikta vyApAriyoM, vyAvasAyiyoM, zilpiyoM, zramikoM, saMgItajJoM tathA kalAkAroM kA vAsa hotA thaa| sAmAnyataH logoM kA jIvana saMtoSapUrNa hotA thaa| Aja ke tanAva aura saMgharSa kama hI the| logoM meM bhAIcAre aura paraspara vizvAsa kI bhAvanA vidyamAna thii| loga apane gharoM meM tAle nahIM lagAte the| bhArata meM aneka pahAr3I kSetroM meM Aja bhI isa prakAra kI sahajatA, saralatA aura paraspara vizvAsa kI bhAvanA pAI jAtI hai| saMdarbha 1. buddhisTa iMDiyA, TI0 Dablyu. rAisa DeviDsa, dRSTavya pR0 17 se 21 taka 2. sozala DAimeMzana oNpha arlI buddhijma, umA cakravartI, pR0 1 3. dRSTavya, buddha, dharmAnanda kozAmbI (anuvAda, zrI pAda jozI) 4. dRSTavya, vahI, pR0 56 5. vahI, pR0 57 6. vahI, pR0 57 7. dRSTavya, vahI, pR0 39 8. buddhisTa iMDiyA, TI0 Dablyu0 rAisa DeviDsa, dRSTavya pR0 17 se 21 taka 9. buddhisTa iMDiyA, TI0 Dablyu. rAisa DeviDsa, dRSTavya pR0 30 se 37 tathA pR0 47 se 55

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46 kabIra kA kAlabodha aura bauddha zUnyavAda amaranAtha pANDeya bauddha darzana ke zUnyavAda kA prabhAva kabIra kAvya para Alocaka mAnate haiN| zUnyavAdiyoM kA yaha siddhAnta mAdhyamika darzana bhI kahalAtA hai| nAgArjuna zUnyavAda ko saiddhAntika pUrNatA pradAna karane vAle dArzanika mAne jAte haiN| kabIra sAhitya ke antargata 'gagana' tathA 'zUnya' zabdoM ke kaI bAra prayoga hue haiN| 'zUnya' viSNu sahasranAma ke anusAra bhagavAna nAmoM se eka haiN| bauddhoM kI vicAradhAroM meM isa zabda ko adhika mahatva usa samaya se milane lagA jabase zUnyavAda kA pracAra huaa| zUnyavAda ke AdhAra para jo isa zabda kI paribhASA batalAI gaI vaha bhI tatvataH isake zUnya tatva ke anirvacanIya hone kI ora saMketa karatA hai| kabIra 'zUnyamaNDala' kA kaI bAra prayoga karate haiN| 'suni maMDala meM ghara kiyA' tathA 'sunimaMDala meM dharauMdhiyAna' aadi|' buddha ne isa darzana ko sAdhanA ke stara para vikasita kiyaa| unhoMne jagata ko duHkhamaya mAnA aura duHkha ke kAraNabhUta cAra Arya satyoM ko AviSkRta kiyA ki duHkha haiM, duHkha kA kAraNa haiM, duHkha kA anta haiM aura duHkha dUra karane kA upAya hai| buddha darzana ke AdhAra cAra Arya satya haiM, aura unameM sarvaprathama Arya satya 'duHkhasatya' haiN| 'dukkhaM ariysccN| dukkha samudayaM ariyccN| dukkhanirodhaM ariyasaccaM / dukkhanirodhagAminI paripadA ariysccN|' ___janma bhI duHkha hai, vRddhAvasthA bhI duHkha hai, maraNa bhI duHkha hai, zoka-paridevana dormanasya-upAsanA bhI duHkha hai, apriya kA yoga duHkha hai, priya kA viyoga duHkha hai, icchA kI pUrti na honA duHkha hai| isI prakAra zUnyavAda ke anusAra bhI duHkha

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308 zramaNa-saMskRti saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM meM vartamAna hai| ve cAhe jisa avasthA meM hoM duHkha se chuTakArA nahIM pA skte| dUsarA satya yaha hai ki duHkha kA kAraNa hai| binA kAraNa ke koI kArya nahIM ho sktaa| buddha ke zUnyavAda ke anusAra saba kucha kSaNika hai| sRjana hotA hai ki saMhAra hotA hai| usa prakAra hama dekhate haiN| nAgArjuna dvArA prastAvita zUnyavAda ko sAdhanA ke stara para buddha ne sthApita kiyaa| usa mata ke mUla meM saha dhAraNA hai ki saMsAra zUnya hai| mAdhyamika athavA zUnyavAda ke anusAra saMsAra zUnya haiN| antarbAhya sabhI asatya haiN| isIlie use zUnyavAda kahA hai| buddha ke zUnyavAda mata kA santa mata para prabhAva par3A hai| gautama tathA kabIra meM saiddhAntika dharAtala para yahA~ AdhArabhUta sAmya hai| vastutaH kabIra ke duHkha ke rUpa ve hI haiM jo gautama ke the: kabIrA maiM to saba DarauM, jo mujha hI meM hoi| mIcu, bur3hApA, ApadA, saba kAhU pai soi|| dohe ke antima meM duHkha kI mukhya pahacAna sarvavyApakatA arthAt prathama Arya satyatva siddha kiyA gayA hai, aura tRtIya caraNa meM usa Arya satya (duHkha) ke tIna rUpa batalAe haiM - mRtyu (mIcu), jarA (bur3hApA), tathA rogAdi (aapdaa)| gautama kA krama hai jarA-maraNa-zoka, parantu kabIra kA krama hai, miicu-buddh'aapaa-aapdaa| kumAra siddhArtha ke tIna anubhava hI kabIra ke duHkha rUpa buddha ne duHkha samudAya hetu tIna prakAra kI tRSNA (kAma, bhava, vibhava) ko mAnA hai| kabIra ne jagata ko duHkhamaya mAnA hai kyoMki AzArUpiNI tRSNA vizvavyApinI hai - mAyA muI na mana muA, mari-mari gayA sriir| AsA-tRsnA nAM muI, kahi gayA dAsa kbiir||' tRSNA ke prati anAsakti kaThina kArya hai| buddha kA caturtha Arya satya, duHkha nirodhagAminI pratipadaHsahI mArga dikhAtA hai| yaha jo kAmopabhoga kA hIna, anArya-anartha kA jIvana hai aura yaha jo apane zarIra ko vyartha kleza dene

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kabIra kA kAlabodha aura bauddha zUnyavAda 309 kA duHkhamaya, anArya-anarthaka jIvana hai, ina donoM kinAroM se bacakara madhyama mArga prApta hotA hai jo zamana ke lie, bodha ke lie, nirmANa ke lie hai| isI ko aSTAMgika mArga' aura isI ko madhyamA pratipadA kahate haiM / siddhAnta se AcaraNa taka kI ekarUpatA ko buddha aura kabIra nissAra sAMsArika mAyAmoha se udAsIna hone ke lie anivArya samajhate haiM / usakA carama uddezya janma-mRtyu-cakra se mukti hai| vastutaH sabhI sAdhanAoM kA lakSya nirvANa hai / jisa prakAra bhikSuoM, tela ke rahane se, battI ke rahane se, dIpaka jalatA hai aura tela tathA battI ke samApta ho jAne tathA dUsarI tela battI ke na rahane se dIpaka bujha jAtA hai, usI prakAra bhikSuoM, zarIra chUTane marane ke pazcAt, jIvana se pare, anAsakta rahakara kI gayI ye vedanAeM yahIM ThaMDI par3a jAtI haiN| kabIra ne isI prakAra ke dRSTAnta kA upayoga mokSa-pratipAdana ke lie kiyA haidIpaka dIyA tela bhari, bAtI daI aghaTTa | pUrA kiyA bizAhuNAM, bahuri na AvoM haTTa | | jhala uThI, jholI jalI, khaparA phUTima phUTi / jogI thAso rama gayA, Asana rahI vibhUti / / " (ka) (kha) buddha ne isa mAdhyamika zUnyavAdI darzana kA kabIra kAvya para prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| camatkAra pradarzana madhyakAlIna mAnasa meM vidyamAna thA / usase utpanna vikAroM ko dUra karane ke lie jAgatika zUnyatA- nirarthakatA vyakta karanA Avazyaka thaa| sAMsArika AsaktiyoM kA virodha karane ke lie jisa vaicArika bhAvabhUmi kI jarUrata thI, vaha zUnyavAda meM kabIra ko prApta huI / nAgArjuna ke zUnyavAda ko zAMkara advaita ke brahma ke samAnAntara dekha sakate haiN| kabIra ne sAMsArika bhrama kA artha vyakta karane ke lie bhI isakA prayoga kiyA hai| jIvana jagata ke kSaNavAdI darzana ko 'pAnI kerA budabudA' rUpa meM vyakta karane vAle kabIra ke vicAroM ke bhItara eka virakti kA tIvra svara haiM, usayI meM yaha bhAva bhI nihita hai ki yaha saMsAra AMsuoM kA dariyA hai, duHkha kA sAgara haiN| vaha barAbara isa bAta kI yAda dilAte haiM ki antataH sArI cIjeM mRtyu kI ora le jAtI hai| 'zUnya' jaise dArzanika zabda meM bhI kaI bAra Ate haiM / unakI kucha paMktiyAM nAgArjuna kI 'zUnyakArikA' ke anuvAda jaisI lagatI haiM

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310 zramaNa-saMskRti bhArI kahU~ to bahu DarauM, halakA kahU~ to jhuutthaa| maiM kA jAno rAma ku~, nainUM kabahU~ na diitthaa|| ve barAbara kahe aura anakahe, svara aura mauna ke bIca kI madhya sthiti kA ullekha karate haiN| ucca kulInoM ke DhoMga kI AlocanA karate samaya ve bauddhoM kA utsAha aura vajrayAniyoM kI tIvratA apanAte hue lagate haiN|' ___ nAgArjuna ke khaMDanAtmaka aura prahAraka zUnyavAda ko buddha ne sAdhanA meM utArA aura kabIra ne sarvaniSedhavAdI dRSTi meM saMsodhana karake use racanAtmaka sandarbha pradAna kie| saMdarbha 1. parazurAma caturvedI, kabIra sAhitya kI parakha, pR0 233 2. DaoN0 omaprakAza, kabIra aura bauddha mata, kabIra-vijendra snAtaka, 225 3. bhakti kAvya kA dArzanika cetanA, nArAyaNa prasAda vAjapeyI, pR0 26 4. vahI, pR0 26 5. kabIra, vijendra snAtaka, pR0 225 6. kabIra graMthAvalI, vacanAvalI, pR0 160 7. kabIra, vijendra snAtaka, pR0 227 8. kabIra, vijendra snAtaka, pR0 229 9. prabhAkara mAcave, kabIra, pR0 18 + nom

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47 bauddha dharma kI prAsaMgikatA (bhAratIya saMskRti ke prariprekSya meM) indudhara mizra IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI atyadhika dhArmika uthala-puthala kA yuga thaa| pUre vizva ke sudhArakoM ne samakAlIna sAmAjika evaM dhArmika burAiyoM kA virodha kiyA tathA navIna sAmAjika-dhArmika vyavasthA kA punarnimANa karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| cIna meM kanaphyUziyasa, IrAna meM jorothusTrA, yUnAna meM paramAnAiDsa aura jaDiyA meM jeremiyA ke kAraNa sAmAjika tathA dhArmika jAgaraNa kA janma huaa| bhArata meM aise do tejasvI vyakti hue| pahale mahAvIra, jinhoMne jaina dharma kI sthApanA kI aura dUsare gautama buddha, jinhoMne bauddha dharma ko janma diyaa| ina donoM dharma pravartakoM ne prAcIna asta-vyasta samAja meM navajIvana kA saMcAra kiyaa| unhoMne purohitoM ke atyAcAra, dharma ke karmakANDIya svarUpa, jAti-prathA kI krUratA aura brAhmaNoM ke prabhutva Adi kA virodha kiyaa| unhoMne strI tathA puruSa donoM ke lie sAmAjika samAnatA, nyAya tathA svataMtratA kA samarthana kiyA thA, vedoM aura vaidika karmakANDoM kA khaNDana kiyA, yajJoM kI nindA kI tathA ahiMsA, aparigraha va prema ke siddhAntoM kI zikSA dii| ye donoM dharma hindU-dharma ke sudhare hue navIna rUpa haiN| ye donoM dharma Arya saMskRti kI pRSThabhUmi meM janme tathA upaniSadoM ke darzana se anuprANita the| karma, AtmA, punarjanma, mokSa, ahiMsA, Adi ke bAre meM unake vicAroM ko upaniSadoM se preraNA milI thii| antataH ina donoM dharmoM kI apanI-apanI prAsaMgikatA banI rhii| buddha madhyama mArga ke upadezaka the| unhoMne aniyaMtrita bhoga tathA kAyAkleza

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312 zramaNa-saMskRti ina donoM hI attiyoM kA niSedha kiyaa| tathAgata ne isa jagata ko duHkha ke ananta pravAha ke rUpa meM dekhA tathA duHkha kI nivRtti hetu cAra Arya-satyoM-duHkha, duHkha-samudaya, duHkha-nirodha aura duHkha-nirodhamArga- kA upadeza diyaa| cAra Arya sahayoM kI avadhAraNA cikitsAzAstra ke cartuvyUhoM se prabhAvita pratIta hotI hai| vinaya evaM nikAyoM meM pahale satya ke antargata duHkha ko vyApaka artha meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| dUsare satya meM pratItya samutpAda athavA nidAnoM kA, tIsare meM nirvANa athavA nirodha kA aura cauthe satya meM nAnA bodhipAkSika dharmoM kA, vizeSataH aSTAMgika mArga kA nirUpaNa huA hai| ___ mahAtmA buddha ne saMsAra meM duHkha kI anivArya sattA ko svIkAra karate hue pratItyasamutpAda ke mAdhyama se duHkha kA nidAna prastuta kiyaa| pratItyasamutpAda avidyAgrasta jIvana meM duHkha kA cakrAkara vikAsa pradarzita karatA hai| prArambha se avidyA, tRSNA aura karma ko hI vizvavyApI duHkha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| kintu kramazaH pratItyasamutpAda ke antargata dvAdaza nidAnoM kI zrRMkhalA parikalpita huii| buddha ne duHkha kA nirodha nirvANa meM btaayaa| buddhadezanA meM eka ora duHkha - magna pratItyasamutpanna saMsAra kA citra hai to dUsarI ora zAnta, dhruva aura zokarahita nirvANa kaa| nirvANa kI parikalpanA eka ora artakya aura nitya satya ke rUpa meM kI gaI, jisameM prapaMcoM kA upazamana ho jAtA hai tathA saMsAra kA nirodhA - mahAtmA buddha ne 'duHkha nirodha - gAminI pratipadA' ke antargata saMsAra se nirvANa kI ora le jAne vAle naitika aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke mArga kA upadeza diyA jise, 'Arya aSTAMgika mArga' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| ATha mArgoM ke rUpa meM unhoMne samyak dRSTi, (vastuoM ke vAstavika svarUpa kA dhyAna karanA), samyak saMkalpa (Asakti, dveSa tathA hiMsA se mukta vicAra rakhanA), samyak vAk (vANI kI pavitratA aura satyatA), samyak karmAnta (dAna, dayA, satya, ahiMsA, Adi satkarmoM kA anusaraNa), samyak AjIva (sadAcAra ke niyamoM ke anukUla AjIvikA kA anusaraNa karanA), samyak vyAyAma (naitika, mAnasika evaM AdhyAtmika unnati ke lie satat prayatna karate rahanA), samyak smRti (apane viSaya meM sabhI prakAra kI mithyA dhAraNAoM kA tyAga kara saccI

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bauddha dharma kI prAsaMgikatA dhAraNA rakhanA) aura samyak samAdhi ( mana athavA citta kI ekAgratA ) kA nirdeza diyaa| bauddha vyavasthA meM ina AThoM ko prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi ina tIna skandhoM ke antargata rakhA gayA hai| aisA mAnA gayA ki prajJA se dRSTi saMkleza, samAdhi se tRSNA saMkleza aura zIla se duzcarita saMkleza kI zuddhi hotI hai / bodhipAkSika dharmoM para vicAra se jJAta hotA hai ki buddhopadiSTi mArga meM saMyama, puruSArtha, jAgarUkatA, aura ekAgratA kA vizeSa mahatva thA / tathAgata ne mArga ke rUpa meM mukhyataH eka aisI AcAra saMhitA kA upadeza diyA jo manuSya ke AdhyAtmika unnayana ke lie Aja bhI atyanta prAsaMgika hai| 313 bauddha dharma kI pragati ne bhAratIya sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjanItika jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM ko anuprANita karane meM bahumUlya yogadAna diyaa| bauddha dharma ne hI sarvaprathama bhAratIyoM ko eka sarala tathA ADambararahita dharma pradAna kiyA jisakA anusaraNa rAjA raMka, UMca-nIca sabhI kara sakate the| dharma ke kSetra meM isane ahiMsA evaM sahiSNutA kA pATha par3hAyA / azoka, kaniSka, harSavardhana Adi rAjAoM meM jo dhArmika sahiSNutA dekhane ko milatI hai vaha bauddha dharma ke prabhAva kA pariNAma thI / azoka ne yuddha vijaya kI nIti kA parityAga kara dhammavijaya kI nIti ko apanAyA tathA lokakalyANa kA Adarza vizva ke samakSa prastuta kiyA / bauddha dharma ke upadeza tathA siddhAnta pAlI bhASA meM likhe gaye jisase pAlI bhASA evaM sAhitya kA vikAsa huaa| bauddha saMghoM kI vyavasthA lokataMtrAtmaka praNAlI para AdhArita thI / isake tatvoM ko hindU maThoM tathA bAda meM rAjazAsana meM grahaNa kiyA gyaa| bhAratIya darzana meM tarkazAstra kI pragati bauddhadharma ke prabhAva se hI huI / bauddha darzana meM zUnyavAda tathA vijJAnavAda kI jina dArzanika paddhatiyoM kA udaya huA unakA prabhAva zaMkarAcArya ke darzana para pdd'aa| yahI kAraNa hai ki zaMkarAcArya ko kabhI-kabhI pracchanna-bauddha bhI kahA jAtA hai| bauddha dharma ne logoM ke jIvana kA naitika stara UMcA uThAne meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| jana-jIvana meM sadAcAra evaM saccaritratA kI bhAvanAoM kA vikAsa huaa| buddha svayaM naitikatA ko sarvocca prAthamikatA dete the tathA jJAna se

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314 zramaNa-saMskRti bhI ise bar3hakara mAnate the| bauddha dharma ne na kevala bhArata apitu vizva ke dezoM ko ahiMsA, zAnti, bandhutva, saha-astitva Adi kA Adarza btaayaa| isake kAraNa hI bhArata kA vizva ke dezoM para naitika Adhipatya kAyama huaa| buddha ne mAnava jAti kI samAnatA kA Adarza prastuta kiyaa| bauddha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhArata kA sAMskRtika samparka vizva ke vibhinna dezoM ke sAtha sthApita huaa| bhArata ke bhikSuoM ne vizva ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM jAkara apane siddhAntoM kA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| mahAtmA buddha kI zikSAoM se AkarSita hokara zaka, pArthiyana, kuSANa Adi videzI jAtiyoM ne bauddha dharma ko grahaNa kara liyaa| yavana zAsaka menANDara tathA kuSANa zAsaka kaniSka ne ise rAjadharma banAyA aura apane sAmrAjya ke sAdhanoM ko isake pracAra meM lagA diyaa| aneka videzI yAtrI tathA vidvAna bauddhadharma kA adhyayana karane tathA pavitra bauddha sthaloM ko dekhane kI lAlasA se bhArata meM varSoM taka nivAsa kara isa dharma kA pratyakSa jJAna prApta kiyaa| Aja bhI vizva kI eka tihAI janatA bauddha dharma tathA usake AdarzoM meM apanI zraddhA rakhatI hai| bauddha dharma kI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa dena bhAratIya kalA evaM sthApatya ke vikAsa meM rhii| isa dharma kI preraNA pAkara zAsakoM evaM zraddhAlu janatA dvArA aneka stUpa, vihAra, caityagRha, guhAyeM, mUrtiyAM Adi nirmita kI gayI jinhoMne bhAratIya kalA ko samRddhizAlI bnaayaa| sAMcI, sAranAtha, bharahuta Adi ke stUpa, ajantA kI guphAyeM evaM unakI citrakAriyAM, aneka sthAnoM se prApta evaM saMgrahAlayoM meM surakSita buddha evaM bodhisatvoM kI mUrtiyAM Adi bauddha dharma kI bhAratIya saMskRti ko anupama dena hai| gandhAra, mathurA, amarAvatI, nAsika, kArle, bhAjA Adi bauddha kalA ke pramukha kendra the| Aja bhI bhArata ke kaI sthAnoM para bauddha smAraka vidyamAna haiM tathA zraddhAluoM ke AkarSaNa ke kendra bane hue haiN| vizva ke dezoM ko ahiMsA, karUNA, prANimAtra para dayA Adi kA sandeza bhArata ne bauddha dharma ke mAdhyama se hI diyaa| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki zatAbdiyoM pUrva mahAtmA buddha ne jina siddhAntoM evaM AdarzoM kA pratipAdana kiyA ve Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM bhI apanI

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bauddha dharma kI prAsaMgikatA 315 prAsaMgikatA banAye hue haiM tathA saMsAra ke deza unheM kAryAnvita karane hetu prayAsarata haiN| saMyukta rASTrasaMgha dvArA gAMdhI jayaMtI ko 'vizva ahiMsA divasa' ke rUpa meM manAne kA nirNaya lenA sukhada hai| bhArata ne apane rAjacinha ke rUpa meM bauddha pratIka 'sAranAtha stambha kA siMha-zIrSa' ko hI grahaNa kiyA hai tathA vaha zAMti evaM saha astitva ke siddhAnta kA poSaka banA huA hai| paMcazIla kA siddhAnta bauddha dharma kI hI dena hai| Adhunika saMgharSazIla yuga meM yadi hama buddha ke siddhAntoM kA anusaraNa kare to niHsandeha zAnti evaM sadbhAva sthApita ho sakatI hai| jaba hama dekhate haiM ki Aja bhI vizva ke deza hathiyAroM kI hor3a rokane tathA yuddha kI vibhISikA ko TAlane ke lie satat prayatnazIla rahane ke bAvajUda saphala nahIM ho pA rahe haiM tathA mAnavatA ke lie paramANu-yuddha kA gambhIra saMkaTa banA huA hai, taba bauddha dharma kI prAsaMgikatA svayameva spaSTa ho jAtI hai| buddha ke udAtta Adarza vizva zAnti kI sthApanA ke lie Aja bhI hamArA mArga darzana karate haiN| saMdarbha 1. karna, mainuala oNpha iNDiyana buddhijma, pR0 67 2. rAva, rAjavaMta, prAcIna bhArata meM dharma aura rAjanIti, pR. 173 3. pANDeya, govinda candra, orijinsa oNpha buddhijma, pR0 434-35 4. majjhima nikAya, 3, pR0 245, saMyukta nikAya-1, pR. 15 5. zarmA, candradhara, bhAratIya darzana, pR0 49 6. pANDeya, govinda candra, sTaDIja ina da orijinsa oNpha buddhijma 7. rAva, vijaya bahAdura, magadha sAmrAjya kA udaya (saM0 zrIrAma goyala) pR0 246 +

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48 jaina evaM bauddha paramparA meM ahiMsA kAlI zaMkara tivArI IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI kA kAla dhArmika dRSTi se krAnti athavA mahAna parivartana kA kAla mAnA jAtA hai| isa samaya navIna vicAradhArAoM kA AvirbhAva huaa| brAhmaNa evaM brAhmaNettara zramaNoM, parivrAjakoM, bhikSuoM Adi ke aneka sampradAya astitva meM Ae jinhoMne vibhinna matoM evaM vAdoM kA pracAra evaM prasAra kiyaa| inameM jaina evaM bauddha matoM kA pramukha sthAna hai| inakI utpatti Akasmika nahIM balki vaidika yuga se aba taka ke pUMjIbhUta vizvAsoM ke satyAnveSaNa kA pratiphala thaa| isa kAla meM manuSya kI jijJAsA yuga purAtana ke saMcita vizvAsoM ke AvaraNa ko haTAkara pratyeka vastu kI vAstavikatA kA sAkSAtkAra karanA cAhatI thii| manuSya kI tarkazIlatA evaM satyAnveSI dRSTi ke samakSa aMdhavizvAsa kI prAcInatA DagamagA rahI thI, karmakANDa kI vizAla dIvAreM jarjarita ho rahI thIM aura aMdhavizvAsoM para saMropita purAtana mAnyatAyeM aba mAnava ke sammukha nirAza sI dikhAI dene lagI thiiN| yaha satya hai ki jaina evaM bauddha paramparA brAhmaNa dharma ke ghora karmakANDa kI balavatI pratikriyA thii| brAhmaNa dharma ke hiMsAtmaka yajJIya karmakANDoM ke viparIta ahiMsA ko jaina evaM bauddha vicAradhArA meM sarva pramukha sthAna prApta huaa| bhAratIya sAmAjika jIvana meM zramaNa paramparA evaM vaidika paramparA meM ahisAM kI nIti ko lekara sadaiva virodha rhaa| pazubali yajJa kriyAoM kA eka sAmAnya aMga banA rhaa| jisakA zramaNa sAdhu sadaiva virodha karate rhe| jaina dharma ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kA prathama udghoSaka mAnA jAtA hai| isa dharma ne ahiMsA para apekSAkRta adhika jora diyaa| isake anusAra saMsAra meM ananta prANI haiM aura saba meM jIva vidyamAna

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jaina evaM bauddha paramparA meM ahiMsA 317 hai, saba meM nirvANa prApta karane kI yogyatA hai| ataeva ve inakI hiMsA para nirodha lagAte haiN| pRthvIkAya, jalakAya, vAyukAya, agnikAya, vanaspatikAya aura trAsajIva ina chaH prakAra ke jIvoM ke prati saMyamapUrNa vyavahAra hI jaina dharma meM ahiMsA haiN| bauddha dharma meM bhI yajJIya karmakANDoM tathA pazubali jaisI kuprathAoM kA jamakara virodha kiyA gyaa| vizva ke dezoM ko ahiMsA, prANimAtra para dayA Adi kA saMdeza bhArata ne bauddha dharma ke mAdhyama se hI diyaa| bauddha dharma meM jisa ahiMsA evaM sahiSNutA kA pATha par3hAyA usakA prabhAva hI thA ki azoka ne yuddha vijaya kI nIti kA parityAga kara dhamma vijaya kI nIti ko apanAyA tathA sampUrNa vizva ko 'jiyo aura jIne do' kA saMdeza diyaa| azoka ne aneka pazu-pakSiyoM ke vadha para roka lgaayaa| apane bhojanAlaya meM bhI usane mAMsa pakAne para pratibandha lgaayaa| para bauddha dharma kI ahiMsA jainiyoM kI taraha ativAdI nahIM thii| yaha mAdhyama mArga se isakA anukaraNa karate the| sAmAjika jIvana meM zAkAhArI bhojana kA pracalana bhikSu niyamoM ke anusAra huaa| yaha ahiMsA kA hI prabhAva thaa| chUTa kevala tabhI thI jaba vizeSa paristhiti utpanna ho jaise saMgha meM buddha kI mausI ke sira meM pIr3A hone para batAyA gayA ki mAMsa khAne se yaha pahale ThIka hotA thA, to buddha ne usa paristhiti meM mAMsa khAne kI chUTa de dI thii| isI prakAra bhikSATana meM mile mAMsa ke bhojana kI tathA sAmAjika utsavoM meM mile mAMsa ko khAne kI chUTa thii| ___ahiMsA kI nIti ke poSaka hone ke kAraNa ye mata tatkAlIna janamAnasa meM atyadhika lokapriya hue, vizeSa rUpa se vyApAriyoM evaM kRSakoM ke biic| kyoMki yuddha Adi se sarvAdhika kSati inhIM ko hotI thii| ahiMsA kI nIti ke kAraNa pazupAlana ko bhI bar3hAvA milaa| joki pazuoM kI bar3hatI upayogitA ko dekhate hue samaya kI mAMga bhI thii| isa prakAra jaina evaM bauddha paramparA meM ahiMsA ke jina siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, ve Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM bhI apanI prAsaMgikatA banAye hue haiM tathA vizva ke deza unheM kAryAnvita karane kA prayAsa kara rahe haiN| bhAratIya pariprekSya meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ke ahiMsA ke prayoga tathA paMcazIla ke siddhAntoM para inakA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai| Adhunika saMgharSazIla yuga meM

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318 zramaNa-saMskRti yadi hama jaina evaM bauddha paramparA ke ahiMsA ke siddhAntoM kA anusaraNa kareM to niHsaMdeha zAnti evaM sadbhAva sthApita ho sakatA hai| isake alAvA yaha bAta sAmane AyI hai ki mAMsAhAra se vaizvika tApamAna meM vRddhi ho rahI hai| ataH zAkAhAra ko apanAkara kucha hada taka isa vizvavyApI samasyA para niyantraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| saMdarbha 1. gopInAtha kavirAja, bhAratIya saMskRti evaM saadhnaa| 2. candradhara zarmA, bhAratIya drshn| 3. nalinAkSa datta, spreDa oNpha buddhijm| 4. je0 ela0 jainI, jainijm| 5. e0 pI0 karamAkara, rilijana oNpha innddiyaa| 6. ziva svarUpa sahAya, prAcIna bhAratIya dharma evaM drshn|

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49 kalacuri kAla meM bauddha dharma AzISa kumAra siMha mahAna vyaktitvoM aura vicAradhArAoM kA eka guNa yaha bhI hotA hai ki vaha na kevala apane kSetra apitu samAja ke anya kSetroM para bhI apanA prabhAva chor3ate haiN| bhagavAna buddha unhIM vyaktitvoM kA eka sarvotkRSTa udAharaNa hai, jinhoMne na kevala samakAlIna pariveza ko prabhAvita kiyA balki bhaviSya hetu bhI amiTa chApa chodd'ii| bhagavAna buddha ne jisa mahAna dharma va ciMtana kI nIMva DAlI, usase vizva Aja taka lAbhAnvita ho rahA hai| janatA ke bIca adhikAdhika lokapriya hone ke kAraNa vyApaka stara para bauddha dharma ke saMdarbha meM aneka rAjavaMzoM va zAsakoM ne apanI darabArI nItiyoM ko bdlaa| bauddha dharma ko usake abhyudaya ke bAda se pratyeka rAjavaMzoM ne pratyakSa va apratyakSa rUpa se apanAyA va usakA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| inhIM rAjavaMza meM se eka kalacurI rAjavaMza thaa| kalacuriyoM ke zAsana kAla meM brAhmaNa dharma mukhya rUpa se pracalita thA, parantu kalacuri zAsaka asahiSNu nahIM the| ataH unake rAjya meM anya dharma bhI phale-phUle, jisameM bauddha dharma bhI eka thaa| yadyapi kalacuri kAla ke prArambhika zilAlekhoM meM bauddha dharma kI carcA to nahIM hai, kintu bAda ke abhilekhoM meM bauddha dharma ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| ina ullekhoM se isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai ki kalacuri sAmrAjya meM vaiSNava, zaiva aura jaina dharma ke sAtha-sAtha prajA meM bauddha dharma ke bhI anuyAyI the, jinakI AsthA bauddha dharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA meM thii| isa paMtha se sambandhita mUrtiyAM kalacuri kAlIna kSetroM meM Aja bhI prApta hotI

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320 zramaNa-saMskRti bauddha dharma meM sAranAtha kA apanA vizeSa mahatva hai| bhagavAna buddha ne yahA~ para dharmacakra pravartana nAmaka apanA prathama upadeza diyA thaa| yahI se prApta saMvat 810 kA kalacuri zAsaka karNa kA zilAlekha bhI vizeSa mahatva kA hai| isameM eka bauddha dharmAvalambI dhamezvara kI patnI mAmakA kA ullekha hai, jo mahAyAna saMpradAya meM dIkSita thii| mAmakA ne bauddha grantha aSTasahasrikAprajJA kI eka prati likhavAkara, yahA~ para sthita zrISaDadharmacakrapravartana mahAbodhimahAvihAra ke bhikSuoM ko dAna meM dI thii| yaha eka hInayAna saMpradAya kA graMtha thaa| isake anusAra buddha anya arhatoM meM zreSTha samajhe gaye haiN| isa graMtha meM vicAra hai ki maiM eka AtmA kA damana karUM aura eka AtmA ko nirvANa kI prApti kraauuN| isa mata meM jIvana kA lakSya, buddhatva nahIM hai, apitu arhata pada kI prApti hai| usane yahA~ ke bhikSuoM se nivedana kiyA thA ki usakA vihAra meM nitya prati pATha honA caahiye| kalacuri kAla ke katipaya lekhoM meM bauddha dharma ke devatAoM kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai, jaise - vijaya siMha ke saMvat 944 ke rIvA abhilekha meM bauddha devatA maMjUghoSa kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| maMjUghoSa kA sambaMdha vidyA se hai tathA ye bauddhoM ke jJAna ke devatA haiN| bauddha dharma meM chaH dhyAnI buddha mAne jAte haiM - amitAbha, akSobhya, vairocana, amoghasiddha, ratnasaMbhava aura vjrstv| yahA~ para maMjUghoSa ko akSobhya se utpanna batAyA hai, ye siMhAsana para baiThe hue haiN| inake dAhine hAtha meM kamala puSpa haiM, kintu dUsare hAtha meM pustaka nahIM hai| inakA dUsarA hAtha vyAkhyAna mudrA meM dikhAyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM inheM siMhAsana ke sthAna para siMha para lalitAsana mudrA meM ArUr3ha vibhinna AbhUSaNoM se susajjita batalAyA gayA hai| sarayUpAra ke kalacuriyoM meM sor3hadeva kA kahalA nAmaka tAmrapatra bhI bauddha dharma se sambaMdhita hai| yaha bhagavAna buddha kI nirvANa sthalI kuzInagara se prApta hone ke kAraNa bhI vizeSa mahatva kA hai| isa abhilekha meM buddha kI kRpA prApti kI bhI kAmanA kI gayI hai| bauddha dharma meM tArA kA vahI sthAna hai jo hiMdU dharma meM durgA kA hai| yaha avalokitezvara ke sAtha vaise hI pradarzita haiM jaise ki ziva ke sAtha paarvtii|" bauddha dharma meM aneka deviyoM kA ullekha hai jo tArA nAma se jAnI jAtI haiN| jinameM eka amoghasiddhi kI zakti AryatArA hai| mahAcInatArA yA ugratArA kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai jo akSobhya kI zakti hai| amoghasiddhi se utpanna khAdirivanItArA, vazyatArA, SaDabhujAsitatArA, dhanadhatArA kA bhI ullekha

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321 kalacuri kAla meM bauddha dharma hai| kucha anya tArA deviyoM kA bhI ullekha hai jo mahataritArA, varadatArA, aSTamahAbhayatArA, haritatArA, zuklatArA, pItatArA, kRSNatArA, raktatArA, durgotAriNI tArA vajratArA Adi haiN|'' dvitIya pRthvIdeva ke konI abhilekha meM bauddhoM ke triratna buddha, dhamma evaM saMgha kA ullekha hai| isake lekhaka kAsala kaI zAstroM ke jJAtA tathA AgamoM ke vyAkhyAkAra thaa|" (taMtra sAhitya ko Agama ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai)| bauddha sampradAya ke tIna siddhAntoM kI carcA dvitIya ratnadeva ke akalatArA pASANa abhilekha meM hotI hai| prathama jAjalladeva ke ratnapura abhilekha meM diMr3anAga ke graMtha kI carcA hai|' diMr3anAga ne pramANa sammucaya nAmaka grantha likhA thaa| kalacurikAlIna aneka zilpakRtiyAM bhI bauddha dharma kA pratinidhitva karatI haiN| kalacurikAlIna kucha IMToM tathA sikkoM para aMkita triratna cinha usa samaya pracalita bauddha dharma kA jIvaMta pramANa hai| bher3AghATa se 05 ki0 mI0 dUra gopAlapura nAmaka grAma se pAMca pratimAeM prApta huI haiM, jinameM se cAra bauddhisatva avalokitezvara kI hai aura eka tArA kI hai| avalokitezvara kI eka pratimA vajraparyaMka (palaMga para vajrAsana mudrA meM) mudrA meM milI hai| isake donoM ora buddha pratimAeM pradarzita haiM, jinameM eka vairocana kI hai tathA dUsarI amoghasiddhi kI hai| tripurI se bhI boddhisatva kI mUrti prApta huI hai| boddhisatva kA artha hai - buddha kA avatAra / boddhisatva ko kamala para yogAsana meM baiThe hue dikhAyA gayA hai| unake sira para kirITa, gale meM ratnahAra, bAhuoM meM keyUra tathA hAthoM meM valaya hai| mUrti bodhisatva aura buddha kI mUrti kA milA julA rUpa hai| sirapura se bhI utkhanana ke samaya buddha kI kucha mUrtiyAM prApta huI haiM jo varada mudrA (varadAna dene kI sthiti) meM hai| kalacurikAlIna eka mUrti tripurI se prApta huI hai jo bauddha devI tArA kI hai| yaha prANiyoM ko saMsAra se tAratI haiM, isIlie ise tArA kahate haiN| tArA bauddhoM kI kalyANakArI devI hai| isa mUrti ke mukha para duniyAdArI meM phaMse hue logoM ke prati anukaMpA kA bhAva dikhAI detA hai| gAMgeyadeva ke rAjya kAla ke aMtima samaya meM unake putra karNa ne madha para AkramaNa kiyaa| vahA~ para yuddha ke samaya aneka bauddha maTha lUTe gaye aura cAra bhikSu aura upAsaka mAra DAle gye| aMta meM suprasiddha bauddha bhikSu atiza dIpaMkara ke hastakSepa ke bAda yuddha samApta ho gyaa| yahA~ para karNa ne bauddhoM ke prati damanAtmaka nIti kA anusaraNa kiyA, parantu aneka saMdarbho se

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322 zramaNa-saMskRti jJAta hotA hai kalacurikAlIna zAsana vyavasthA dhArmika rUpa se sahiSNu thii| kasiyA abhilekha meM viSNu aura ziva ke sAtha buddha kI bhI stuti kI gayI hai| kalacuri nareza karNa ne bhI apanI putrI yauvanazrI kA vivAha pAla nareza vigrahapAla se kiyA thA jo bauddha dharma kA anuyAyI thaa| jAjalladeva ke ratnapura abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki unake rAjapurohita rudrarAzi eka zaivAcArya meM paraMtu ve dir3anAga ke bauddha darzana meM bhI pAraMgata the| isI prakAra konI ke pASANa abhilekha kA prazastikAra zaiva hote hue usane bauddha vAGgamaya kA gahana adhyayana kiyA thaa| isa prakAra kalacuriyoM ke rAjya meM bauddha dharma bhI anya dharmoM ke sAtha puSpita va pallavita huaa| jisake sAkSya hameM abhilekhoM, mUrtiyoM, sikkoM, IMToM Adi para aMkita vivaraNoM tathA cinhoM se prApta hotI hai| kalacurikAlIna samAja vedakAlIna varNa vyavasthA tathA brAhmaNa dharma para AdhArita hone para bhI anya dharmoM ke prati asahiSNu nahIM thaa| katipaya udAharaNoM ko chor3a kara bauddha dharma ke prati koI bhI asahiSNutA ke bhAva dRSTigocara nahIM ho rahe haiN| yadyapi kalacuri nareza karNa jahA~ magadha meM maThoM kA vidhvaMsa kara rahA thA parantu yaha dhArmika vidveSa na hokara atikramaNa tathA bhraSTAcAra ke kAraNa bhI ho sakatA hai kyoMki dUsarI ora atizadIpaMkara kA sammAna bhI kara rahA hai tathA apanI putrI yauvanazrI kA vivAha bauddha anuyAyI zAsaka vigrahapAla se kara rahA hai| ataH sArAMza rUpa meM kaha sakate haiM ki kalacurikAla meM bauddha dharma anya dharmoM ke sAtha saha astitvapUrNa DhaMga se sthApita thaa| saMdarbha 1. caube, maheza candra, dharma aura darzana, kalacuri rAjavaMza aura unakA yuga, sampAdaka, rAjakumAra zarmA evaM suzIla kumAra sulere pR0 274 2. mirAzI, vA0 vi0, kArpasa insakripzanama iMDIkerama, insakripzansa oNpha di kalacuri-cedi airA, (Age isa graMtha ke lie saketa 'ka0 i0 i0' kA prayoga kiyA ___ gayA hai|) bhAga 4, dvitIya, abhilekha saM0 52, paMkti 9, 10 3. zrIvAstava bRjabhUSaNa, prAcIna bhAratIya pratimA vijJAna evaM mUrti kalA, pR0 184 4. caube, maheza candra, pUrvokta, pR0 278 5. mirAzI, vA0 vA0, abhilekha saM0 67, zloka 01

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323 kalacuri kAla meM bauddha dharma 6. caube, maheza candra, pUrvokta, pR0 275 7. zrIvAstava bRjabhUSaNa, pUrvokta, pR0 197 8. vahI, 202 9. caube, maheza candra pUrvokta, pR0 275 10. mirAzI, vA0 vi0, ka0 i0 i0 pUrvokta abhilekha saM0 74, zloka - 1 11. caube, maheza candra pUrvokta, pR0 275 12. zrIvAstava bRjabhUSaNa, pR0 199 13. vahI, 209 14. vahI, 213 15. vahI,0 217, 218 16. mirAzI, vA0 vi0, ka0 i0 i0 pUrvokta, abhilekha saM0 90, zloka - 37 17. caube, maheza candra, pUrvokta, pR0 saM0 275 18. mirAzI, vA0 vi0, ka0 i0 i0 pUrvokta abhilekha saM0 84, zloka - 25 19. mirAzI, vA0 vi0, ka0 i0 i0 pUrvokta abhilekha saM0 77, zloka - 28 20. caube, maheza candra, pUrvokta, pR0 275 21. vahI 22. epigrAphikA iNDikA, khaNDa- 28, pR0 74 23. caube maheza candra, pUrvokta, pR0 275 24. mirAzI, vA0 vi0, kalacuri nareza aura unakA kAla, pR. 180-181 25. caube maheza candra, pUrvokta, pR0 275 26. mirAzI, vA0 vi0, kalacuri nareza aura unakA kAla, pR0 181 27. mirAzI, vA0 vi0, kalacuri nareza aura unakA kAla, pR0 22 28. mirazI, vA0 vi0, ka0 i0 i0 pUrvokta abhilekha saM0 73, zloka - 01 29. caube, maheza candra, pUrvokta 312 30. vahI

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50 jaina paramparA meM zramaNa-cintanadhArA kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva ratnA siMha yoga tathA sAdhanA kI cintanadhArA zramaNa-cintanadhArA se saMbaMdhita thI, jisakA sarvaprAcIna udAharaNa sindhu sabhyatA kI yogI pratimA evaM nagna yuvaka kI pratimA se spaSTa hai| vaidika vAGgamaya meM do paraspara virodhI saMskRtiyoM kI sUcanA upalabdha hai - prathama Rgvaidika AryoM kI laukika cintanadhArA jo laukeSaNA, putraiSaNA, evaM vittaiSaNA se santuSTa bAhya saMttAtmaka bahudevavAda meM vizvAsa karatI thI, to dUsarI vyaktiparaka, ekAntika, AtmaniSTha cintanadhArA, jo tyAga ko, tapa ko, akicanatA ko jIvana kA parama uddezya svIkAra karatI thii| ina donoM cintana dhArAoM meM kramazaH bhoga va yoga, laukika va pAralaukika, bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika, kAmanA evaM sAdhanA kI paraspara virodhI bhAvanAeM vidyamAna thiiN| vaidika RSi saMskRta RcAoM ke racayitA evaM saMskRti ke unnAyaka the, kintu isa zramaNa cintanadhArA ke racayitA tathA unnAyaka kauna the? yaha vaidika vAGgamaya meM spaSTa nahIM hai| isakA spaSTa kAraNa yaha hai ki - zramaNa paramparA vaidika paramparA ke pratispardhinI rahI hai, isalie saMbhavataH usake niyAmaka kA spaSTa ullekha vaidika vAGgamaya meM nahIM hai| jaina sAhitya meM spaSTa rUpa se RSabhadeva ko isa zramaNa-paramparA kA unnAyaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura inakI prAcInatA Rgvaidika kAla taka svIkAra kI gaI hai|' Rgveda meM zramaNa-paramparA ke kucha lakSaNa laMchita haiM, jinakA pramukha prasaMga nimnavata hai - 'kaizyagniM kezo..........mAnIso abhipazcatha' arthAt

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jaina paramparA meM zramaNa-cintanadhArA kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva 325 kezI agni, jala, svarga aura pRthvI ko dhAraNa karate haiM, kezI samasta vizva ke tatva kA darzana karate haiM va kezI hI prakAzamAna va jJAna-jyoti kahalAte haiN| atindrIyA artha ke dRSTA vAtarazanA (vAtaveSThanagnava) muni mala dhAraNa karate haiM, jisase ve pizaMgA (pIta, piMgala) varNa dikhate haiM, jaba ve vAyu kI gati ko prANopAsanA dvArA dhAraNa karate haiM, to ve apanI tapa kI mahimA se daidipyamAna hokara devatA-svarUpa ko prApta ho jAte haiN| sarvalaukika vyavahAra ko chor3akara hama (kezI) mauna vRtti se antatravat vAyubhAva ko prApta hote haiM aura tuma sAdhAraNa manuSya hamAre bAhya zarIra ko pAte ho, hamAre sacce svarUpa ko nhiiN| ina vAtarazanA muniyoM kA vivaraNa taittirIya AraNyak meM bhI upalabdha hai| yahA~ ullekha hai ki - prajApati ke mAMsa se aruNa ketu evaM vAtarazanA ke nakha se vaikhAnasa tathA bAla se bAlakhilyoM kI utpatti huii| Age dUsare prapAThaka meM varNita hai' 'vAtarazanA ha vARSayaH zramaNA urdhvamaMthino' arthAt vAtarazanA RSi zramaNa va urdhvamaMthin the| sAyaNa ne urdhvamaMthina kI vyAkhyA udhvarekhA se kI hai, jo eka prakAra kI yoga sAdhanA hai| gautamabuddha ne bhI apane AcArazAstra kA ullekha karate hue zramaNa - paramparA ko nirdiSTa kiyA thaa| isa zramaNa paramparA ke sandarbha meM ullekhanIya pramANa paurANika sAhitya prastuta karate haiN| paramparAoM kI ucita vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM mahAbhArata meM ullekha hai ki - itihAsa va purANoM ke mAdhyama se hI vedoM kA upabRhaNa kiyA jAya, kyoMki adhUre jJAna vAloM se veda bahuta Darate haiM - kahIM artha kA anartha na kara ddaaleN| itihAsa purANabhyAM ..........pratariSyati' vedArtha kI isa paurANika paddhati kA anukaraNa kiyA jAya to hameM spaSTataH paurANika paramparA meM nAbhi ke putra RSabha kA ullekha milegaa| viSNupurANa meM varNita hai ki - mahArAja nAbhi evaM unakI mahArAnI merU devI se RSabha utpanna hue| unhoMne kaThora tapasyA dvArA zarIra 'kRzakAya' kara liyA thaa| apane mukha meM kaMkaDa rakhakara ve nagna 'vIra sthAna' meM rata hue| viSNupurANa saMbhavataH prAcInatama purANoM meM eka hai, isameM RSabha kI nagnatA, mukha meM kaMkar3a dhAraNakara maunavrata evaM anta meM nagna 'vIra' sthAna spaSTa rUpa se unheM jaina paramparA se sambandhita karatA hai| bhAgavata purANa kA vivaraNa Rgveda ke 'kezI - sUkta' ke vAtarazanA

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326 zramaNa-saMskRti muniyoM ke vivaraNa se sAmya rakhatA hai| isameM varNita hai ki - merU devI se vAtarazanA zramaNa-RSiyoM ke dharmoM ko prakaTa karane kI icchA se (RSabha ne) avatAra grahaNa kiyaa| 'merU devyA......dvAtarazanAMnA urdhvamanthimAM zukla yA tanvAvatAra / ' isa zramaNa- paramparA ke paripAlaka devatA va devArAdhya ke saMbaMdha meM uparokta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki - RSabhadeva isa zramaNa paramparA ke unnAyaka the / Rgveda meM - 'tridhA baddhoM vRSabhoM rokhIti mahAdevI martyAnAviveza' - tridhA saMbhavataH jJAna, darzana, evaM caritra trayI kI ora saMketa karAtA hai| isa prakAra zramaNa paramparA ke devatA trizirSa deva haiM, to unake ziSya evaM unapara AcaraNa karane vAle yati haiM / yaha nirvivAda rUpa se spaSTa hai| ki - yadi va muni vaidika paramparA se kisI prakAra zrI sambandhita nahIM hai| unakA veda virUddha AdhAra hI indra ke kopa ke kAraNa huaa| jaisA ki - tADya brAhmaNa ke bhAsyakAra ne yatiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai - 'veda virUddha prakAranteNa vartamAna' arthAta veda virodhI karma virodhI jyAtiSToma Adi ke karane vAle nahIM the / isa prakAra ye zramaNa paramparA se pRthaka the / bhAratIya saMskRti ke pratyeka kAla meM yaha veda-virodhI paramparA vidyamAna rahI, kintu isakA nAma pRthaka rhaa| arthaveda meM magadha ke vrAtyoM kA ullekha hai, jo vaidika vidhi se anabhijJa the / jainadharma ke mahAvrata, aNuvrata, guNavrata va vratoM ko grahaNa karane vAle muni mahAvratI tathA zrAvaka kahalAe / sambhavataH inhIM zramaNI - vratiyoM ko arthavaveda meM vrAtya kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra vaidika sAhitya ke pUrva se uttara vaidika kAla taka zramaNa paramparA kI akSuNa paramparA kisI na kisI rUpa meM vidyamAna thI / RSabhadeva ke atirikta sumatinami va neminAthasa ke yatra-tatra prAMga brAhmaNa sAhitya meM upalabdha haiM / " paurANika vaMzAvaliyoM meM sumatinami ko janaka kA pUrvaja svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| ve anAsakta vRtti va ahiMsAtmaka AcAra ke unnAyaka the / sumatinami se bhI adhika zaktizAlI vyakti 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha kA hai, inakA sambandha mahAbhArata yuga se hai| 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA mahAvIra se pUrva kI hai kyoMki pArzvanAtha kA mahAparinirvANa mahAvIra se 250 varSa pUrva

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jaina paramparA meM zramaNa-cintanadhArA kA bhAratIya saMskRti para prabhAva 327 svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| mahAvIra svAmI kA parinirvANa I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI svIkAra kiyA jAe to, pArzvanAtha ko I0 pU0 AThavIM zatAbdI meM rakha sakate haiN| ___ ataH uparokta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki zramaNa paramparA saMbhavataH bhArata meM AryoM ke Agamana se pUrva pracalita thI, jise brAhmaNa samanyavAdI pravRtti ne apanI dhArmika paramparA meM AtmasAt karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| isa prayAsa kA prathama caraNa mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva (adhyAya 125-128) hai| isameM RSabha ko eka RSi kahA gayA hai, jo AzA Adi vikAroM evaM zarIra ke sthUla tattvoM ko 'kRzakAya' karane kA upadeza dete the| dUsarA caraNa prAcIna purANoM kA hai, jisameM unheM nAmirAja kA putra cakravartI bharata ke pitA himAlavarNa ke rAjA ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| tIsarA caraNa ziva mahApurANa hai, jisameM RSabha ko ziva ke 28veM yogAvatAroM meM se eka kahA gayA hai| antima caraNa bhAgavata purANa kahA hai, jisameM RSabha paramparA svarUpa vAtarazanA urdhvamarthina zramaNa-RSiyoM ke dharma unyAyaka ke rUpa meM prastuta kiye gaye haiN| sandarbha 1. hIrAlAla jaina, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR0 109-110 2. Rgveda, 10/136 3. taittirIya AraNyaka, 1/23 4. vahI, 2/7 5. majjhimanikAya - adhyAya 40 6. mahAbhArata Adiparva, 1/127 7. ema0 esa0 vilsana, anUdita viSNupurANa, pR0 133 8. tADya brAhmaNa 1/27 9. sakaMThA prAsAda- bauddha evaM jaina dharma darzana, pR0 10 10. vahI, pR0 11

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51 zramaNa dharma darzana kI ahiMsA kA paravartI prabhAva eca0 ena0 siMha, aravinda kumAra zramaNa ke lie prAkRta sAhitya meM 'zramaNa' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| zramaNa zabda kA sAmAnya artha jaina sUtroM meM sAdhu artha prayoga kiyA gayA hai| zramaNa zabda ke samAna aura rUpa prApta hote haiN| zramaNa zabda 'zrama' dhAtu se banatA hai| zrama kA artha hotA hai parizrama krnaa| tapasyA kA dUsarA nAma parizrama bhI hai| jo vyakti apane hI zrama se utkarSa kI prApti karate haiM, ve zramaNa kahalAte haiN| samana kA artha hotA hai samAnatA aura zamana kA artha hotA hai zAnta karanA arthAt jo bhI prANiyoM ko samAna dRSTi se dekhate haiM aura sabhI vikAroM ko zAnta karatA hai vaha zramaNa kahA jAtA hai| jaina evaM bauddha donoM dharmoM meM zramaNa zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| prophesara lAsena, pro0 vebara tathA pro0 yAkobI Adi ne jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ko samAna mAnate hue bhI jaina dharma ko prAcIna mAnA hai| jaina AcArya kI mUlabhitti ahiMsA hai| mana se bhI hiMsA kA vicAra karanA jaina dharma meM niSiddha hai| jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA paMca mahAvrata aura paMca aNuvrata meM kaThoratama rUpa se kI gaI hai| parantu bauddha dharma madhyama varga kA nirdeza detA hai jisameM kaThora ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA nahIM kI gaI hai| zramaNa dharma meM pracalita ahiMsA kA paravartI prabhAva bhArata ke vibhinna dhArmika cintanoM para dikhAI detA hai| manu ne dharma ke dasa lakSaNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai - dhRtiH kSamA damo'steyaM zaucanindriya nighH| dhIvidyA satyama krodho dazakaM dhrmlkssnnm||

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zramaNa dharma darzana kI ahiMsA kA paravartI prabhAva 329 dharma kI lakSaNoM kA prabhAva ahiMsA ke rUpa meM paravartI sAhitya aura samAja para jitanA par3A vaha adhika dhyAtavya hai - 1. mahAbhArata - ahiMsA paramo dharmaH iti arthAt vyAsa kA kathana hai ki sabhI dharmoM meM ahiMsA prathama dharma hai| 2. gItA - zrImad bhAgavata gItA ke daiviya sampadA kA varNana karate hue bhagavAna kRSNa ahiMsA ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki - ahiMsA satyamakrodhastyAgaH zAntira paishunm|' 3. aSTAMga yoga - yoga darzana meM jina ATha aMgoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai usameM ahiMsA kA prathama sthAna ullikhita hai - ahiMsA satyama asteya brahmacaryA parigrahAH yamA iti| manu smRti - manusmRti meM ullekha hai ki svArtha kI siddhi ke lie niraparAdha prANiyoM para hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhiye - yo'hiM sakAni bhUtAni hinstyaatmsukhecchyaa| sa jIvaMzca mRtazcaiva na kvacit sukhmedhte||' 5. purANa - vyAsa ne aSTAdaza purANoM kA sAra tatva prastuta karate hue likhA hai ki - aSTAdaza purANeSu vyAsasya vcndvym| paropakAraH puNyAya pApAya prpiiddnm|| 6. mahAtmA gAMdhI- jaina bauddha zramaNa paramparA kA ahiMsA tatpa prabhAva Adhunika bhArata ke svataMtratA prApti kA mahatvapUrNa sAdhana ahiMsA ko mahAtmA gAMdhI ne caritArtha kara diyA ki - de dI hameM AjAdI binA khaDga binA ddhaal| sAbaramatI ke saMta tune kara diyA kmaal|| yaha bhArata kI ahiMsA prayoga kI mahAnatama upalabdhi thI Aja sampUrNa vizva vinAzaka, vidhvaMsaka, saMhAraka, astroM, zastroM ke nirmANa meM lagA huA hai aura sampUrNa mAnavatA bhayabhIta hai ki koI bhI pAgala paramANuvika hathiyAroM meM Aga na lagA de aura manuSya jAti hamezA ke lie samApta ho jaay| isalie Aja ke yuga meM ahiMsA sabase adhika anivArya aura aparihArya mAnava dharma bana gayA hai|

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330 zramaNa-saMskRti sandarbha 1. daza vaikAlika vRtti 1/3 zrAmyantI zramaNAH tpsyntiityrthH| 2. Sacred Books of East, Vol. XXII Introduction, pp. 18-19 3. AcArAMga 1/1/6 4. AcArAMga 2/3 5. manusmRti 6/92 6. mahAbhArata 13/116/25 7. gItA 16/2 8. mA0 pA0 Degvekara, dharmo rakSati rakSitaH pR0 26 9. manusmRti 5/45 10. DaoN. baladeva upAdhyAya, purANa vimarza, pR0 123

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52 ahiMsA kA siddhAnta aura usakI vartamAna prAsaMgikatA rAjeza kumAra zarmA bhAratIya saMskRti ke udaya aura astitva ke mUla meM dharma sadAzaya rUpa se nihita hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM mAnavIya AdarzoM kA samAveza dharma ke samparka se hI huaa| sarvaprathama 5vIM - 6ThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 aura tatpazcAt aupanivezika kAla meM bhArata kA sAmAjika, dhArmika aura sAMskRtika jIvana atIta kI vibhiSikAoM se saMtrasta hokara suvyavasthA kI AkAMkSA meM thA jisake dvArA sthAyI zAnti ke mAdhyama se rASTravyApI AdhAra nirmita ho ske| vastutaH yaha bhArata ke bauddhika cintana kA kAla thA, jinake mastiSka meM sRSTi kI antima satya ka pahuMcane kI utkRSTa abhilASA thii| isa pariprekSya meM bhArata meM samaya samaya para bauddhika evaM vaicArika saMgharSoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa gautama buddha, mahAvIra svAmI, mahAtmA gAMdhI jaise vyaktiyoM kA janma huA jinake akSuNNa jJAna rUpI nirmala prakAza ne bhAratIya saMskRti evaM vicAradhArA ko eka navIna dizA pradAna kii| __ atyanta prAcInakAla se hI bhArata meM ahiMsA ko mahatva diyA jAtA rahA hai| yaM to ahiMsA bhAratIya saMskRti kA AdhArabhUta stambha hai aura bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUla meM jitane bhI dharma hai una sabhI meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM ahiMsA ko prasaya diyA gayA hai| lekina spaSTa rUpa se pahalI bAra chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 jaina dharma ke pratipAdaka mahAvIra svAmI ne apane siddhAntoM ke rUpa meM ise svIkAra kiyaa| ahiMsA jaina dharma kA pramukha siddhAnta hai jisameM sabhI prakAra

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332 zramaNa-saMskRti ke ahiMsA ke pAlana para bala diyA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM ahiMsA ke pAlana ke lie nimnalikhita AcAroM kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai' - - 1. 2. saMyama se bolanA tAki kaTu vacana se kisI ko koI kaSTa na phuNce| saMyama se bhojana grahaNa karanA jisase kisI prakAra kI kIr3e makor3e kI hatyA na ho ske| kisI vastu ko uThAne tathA rakhane ke samaya vizeSa sAvadhAnI baratanA jisesa kisI jIva kI hatyA na ho sake / malamUtra kA tyAga aise sthAna para karanA jahA~ kisI jIva kI hiMsA hone kI AzaMkA na rhe| ahiMsA kA zAbdika artha hiMsA yA hatyA na karanA hai| hiMsA kA artha kisI bhI jIva ko svArtha vaza, krodha vaza yA duHkha dene kI icchA se kaSTa pahuMcAnA yA mAranA hai| isa prakAra hiMsA ke mUla meM svArtha, krodha yA vidveSa kI bhAvanA hai| ahiMsA ke upAsaka ko ina sabhI para vijaya pAte hue prANImAtra ke prati apane ghoratama zatru ke prati bhI agAdha prema aura maitrI kI bhAvanA rakhanI caahiye| isI ko ahiMsA kahate haiM / sAmAnya rUpa se hiMsA ko pApa samajhA jAtA hai kintu gAMdhI jI jIvana nirvAha ke lie kI jAne vAlI hiMsA ko pApa nahIM mAnate haiN| spaSTa hai ki jaina ne ahiMsA aura sadAcAra kA pracAra kiyA aura saMyamita jIvana vyatIta karane kA saMdeza diyaa| jaina dharma kA syAdavAd kA siddhAnta vibhinna matoM evaM sampradAyoM ke bIca bhedabhAva miTAkara samanyavAdI dRSTikoNa apanAne kI dizA meM eka mahatvapUrNa prayAsa mAnA jA sakatA hai| aisA karake usane samanvaya evaM sahiSNutA ke bhAratIya dRSTikoNa ko sudRr3ha AdhAra pradAna kiyA hai| 3. 4. saMyama se calanA tAki mArga meM kITa pataMgoM ke kucalane se koI hiMsA na ho / 5. kAlAntara meM ahiMsA ke isa siddhAnta ko vizvavyApI banAne kA zreya mahAtmA gAMdhI ko jAtA hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne ahiMsA ke sAtha-sAtha satyAgraha ke siddhAntoM ko apanAkara 1920 se 1947 taka bhArata ke svataMtratA AMdolana kA

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ahiMsA kA siddhAnta aura usakI vartamAna prAsaMgikatA 333 netRtva kiyaa| gAMdhIjI ke dArzanika siddhAnta sabhI dharmoM meM samAna rUpa se pAye jAte haiM aura unameM satya aura ahiMsA ko vizeSa mahatva prApta hai| gAMdhI dvArA pratipAdita ahiMsA kA siddhAnta ___ ahiMsA gAMdhIvAdI darzana kA mUla AdhAra hai| yadyapi mahAtmA gAMdhI ne ahiMsA ke maulika siddhAnta ko pratipAdita nahIM kiyA lekina ise eka sakriya jIvana paddhati ke rUpa meM svayaM ke jIvana ke rUpa meM utArA / apane jIvana ke prayogoM ke sAtha sAtha gAMdhI jI ne ahiMsA ke sAmAjika pakSa ko bhI vyavahArika rUpa diyaa| mahAtmA gAMdhI kI dRSTi meM ahiMsA ke do pakSa haiM - sakArAtmaka aura nkaaraatmk| kisI prANI ko kAma, krodha tathA vidveSa ke adhIna hokara hiMsA na pahuMcAnA isakA nakArAtmaka rUpa hai, isase ahiMsA ke pUre svarUpa kA jJAna nahIM ho pAtA hai| isakA yathArtha rUpa to isake sakArAtmaka rUpa se patA calatA hai| bhAva pakSa vAlI ahiMsA ko sArvabhauma prema aura karuNA kI bhAvanA kahA jAtA hai| svayaM mahAtmA gAMdhI ke zabdoM meM -'yadi kAyaratA aura hiMsA meM se kisI eka ko cunanA ho to maiM hiMsA ko hI pasanda kruNgaa| dUsaroM ko na mArakara svayaM hI marane kA jo dhIratA pUrNa sAhasa hai maiM usI kI sAdhanA karatA huuN| lekina jisameM aisA sAhasa nahIM hai vaha bhI bhAgate hue lajjAjanaka mRtyu kA varaNa na kareM - maiM to kahUMgA, balki vaha to marane ke sAtha mArane kI bhI koziza kareM kyoMki jo isa taraha bhAgatA hai vaha apane mana para anyAya karatA hai| vaha isalie bhAgatA hai ki mArate mArate usameM marane kA sAhasa nahIM hai| eka samUcI jAti ke nisteja hone kI apekSA maiM hiMsA ko hajAra bAra acchA smjhNgaa| bhArata svayaM hI apane apamAna kA paMgu sAkSI banakara baiThA rahe isake badale apane hAthoM meM hathiyAra uThA lene ko taiyAra ho to ise maiM bahuta adhika pasanda kruuNgaa|" bezaka bAda meM gAMdhI ne itanA aura jor3a diyA - 'maiM jAnatA hU~ ki hiMsA kI apekSA ahiMsA kaI gunI acchI hai| maiM jAnatA hU~ ki maiM Aga se khela rahA hU~ phira bhI maiMne yaha khatarA liyA - ahiMsA mere vizvAsa aura nIti kI pahalI aura AkhirI zarta hai - yaha bhI jAnatA hU~ ki daNDa kI apekSA kSamA adhika

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zramaNa-saMskRti zaktizAlI hai| kSamA sainika kI zobhA hai - lekina kSamA tabhI sArthaka hai jaba zakti hote hue bhI daNDa nahIM diyA jaataa| jo kamajora hai, usakI kSamA bemAnI hai / maiM bhArata ko kamajora nahIM maantaa| tIsa karor3a bhAratIya eka lAkha aMgrejoM ke Dara se himmata nahIM haareNge| isake alAvA vAstavika zakti zarIra bala meM nahIM hotI, hotI hai adamya mana meM / anyAya ke prati bhale AdamI kI taraha AtmasamarpaNa kA nAma ahiMsA nahIM hai / atyAcArI kI prabala icchA ke virUddha ahiMsA kevala Atmika zakti se TikatI hai| isI taraha kevala eka manuSya ke lie bhI samUce sAmrAjya kA virodha karanA aura usako girAnA saMbhava ho sakatA hai / ' 334 lekina kisa kImata para ? apanI yaMtraNA kii| yaMtraNA kI zAzvata rIti hai .' vahIM manuSya jAti kA cinha hai / vaha AtmA kA Avazyaka guNa hai| mRtyu se hI jIvana kA janma hotA hai| bIja jaba taka naSTa nahIM hotA, vRkSa nahIM bana pAtA hai| jo yaMtraNA kI Aga se hokara nahIM gujaratA vaha bar3hegA kaise? isa niyatI se kisI ko chuTakArA nahIM hai| dUsaroM ko pIr3A na dekara apanI hI pIr3A ko pavitra karane kI ceSTA meM pragati sArthaka hotI hai| vaha vyaktigata pIr3A jitanI pavitra hogI, pragati utanI hI mahAna hogI / ahiMsA hI viveka kI vaha pIr3A hai| AtmatyAga aura yaMtraNA kI usa purAnI nIti ko hI bhArata ke sAmane prastuta karane kI jimmedArI maiMne lI hai| carama hiMsA ke bIca bhI jina RSiyoM ne ahiMsA nIti kA aviSkAra kiyA, ve pratibhA meM nyUTana se bahuta bar3e the, yoddhA ke rUpa meM bhI ve veliMgaTana se aura adhika bar3e the| unhoMne hathiyAroM ko pahacAnA thA, isalie unakI nissAratA bhI jAna lI thii| phira bhI ahiMsA kA astra sabake lie haiM, kevala RSiyoM ke lie nhiiN| hama manuSya haiM isI se vaha rIti hamArI hai, jaise hiMsA kI rIti pazu svabhAva vAloM kI hai| mahimAmaya manuSya ke lie Atmika zakti jaisI uccatara rIti hI to cAhiye / isalie maiM bhI cAhatA hU~ ki bhArata usa rIti ke vyavahAra meM matavAlA ho uThe, usakI zakti jAne / bhArata kI eka AtmA hai aura isalie usakA vinAza saMbhava nahIM hai usa AtmA meM sAre saMsAra kI samasta jar3a zakti ke virodha karane kI kSamatA hai|' vaha Age kahate haiM - 'bhArata yadi hiMsA meM hI vizvAsa kare to maiM yahA~ na rahanA cAhUMgA - taba vaha kisI garva kI bhAvanA se mujhe udIpta na kara skegaa|

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ahiMsA kA siddhAnta aura usakI vartamAna prAsaMgikatA 335 dezaprema ko maiM apane dharma ke antargata mAnatA huuN| mAM kI goda ke bacce kI taraha maiMne use jakar3a rakhA hai, kyoMki jisakI mujhe jarUrata hai AtmA kA vahI puSTikara khAda vaha mujhe de rahA hai| jisa dina maiM vaha khAda na pAU~gA, anAtha ho jaauuNgaa| taba maiM nirjana himAlaya meM calA jaauNgaa| apanI rakta raMjita AtmA kI rakSA ke lie|' mahAtmA gAMdhI itihAsa ke AdhAra para ahiMsA kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana karate haiN| gAMdhI jI kI ahiMsA kI do bar3I viziSTatAeM haiM - 1. gAMdhIjI se pahale ahiMsA kA sAmAnya artha kisI jIva kA prANa na lenA tathA ise khAna pAna ke viSaya taka sImita rakhanA thaa| gAMdhIjI ne isakA vistRta vivecana karate hue kahA ki yaha khAdyAkhAdya ke viSaya se pare hai| mAMsAhArI ahiMsaka ho sakatA hai, phalAhArI yA annAhArI ghora hiMsA karate dekhe jAte haiN| eka vyApArI jhUTha bolatA hai, grAhakoM ko ThagatA hai, kama taulatA hai kintu yaha vyApArI cIMTI ko ATA DAlatA hai| phira bhI yaha vyApArI usa mAMsAhArI vyApArI kI apekSA adhika hiMsaka hai, jo mAMsAhAra karate hue bhI ImAnadAra hai aura kisI ko dhokhA nahIM detaa| isa prakAra gAMdhIjI ne jIva hiMsA kI vivecanA karate hue ahiMsA kI paramparAgata paribhASA aura sImA meM navIna krAntikArI parivartana aura vistAra kiyaa| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne ahiMsA ko vyaktigata aura kauTumbika kSetra kI saMkIrNa paridhi se nikAlakara ise sAmAjika aura rAjanItika kSetroM meM bhI hara prakAra ke anyAyoM kA pratikAra karane kA zastra bnaayaa| ahiMsA ke viSaya meM mahAtmA gAMdhI kI yaha sabase bar3I maulika dena thii| bhArata kI svataMtratA kI prApti ke lie rAjanItika kSetra meM ahiMsA ke saphala prayoga se unhoMne apane uparokta dAvoM ko satyasiddha kiyaa| unhoMne anyAya aura atyAcAra ke virUddha ahiMsA kA prayoga satyAgraha ke rUpa meM bhI kiyaa| saMkSepa meM gAMdhIjI kA ahiMsA se yaha abhiprAya thA - sRSTi para saba prANiyoM ko mana, vANI aura karma se kisI prakAra kI koI hAnI na pahuMcAI

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336 zramaNa-saMskRti jaay|' gAMdhIjI kI dRSTi meM ahiMsA kA yaha abhiprAya nahIM hai ki manuSya cupacApa burAI ko sahana karatA rhe| balki ahiMsA kA yaha artha hai ki burAI karane vAle vyakti se prema na kiyA jAya aura usakA koI sAtha na diyA jAya cAhe vaha usase aprasanna hotA ho yA usako coTa pahuMcatI ho| isa taraha se yadi putra lajjA kA jIvana bitAtA ho to mujhe usakA samarthana jArI nahIM rakhanA cAhiye aura na hI usakI koI sahAyatA karanI caahiye| lekina yadi vaha pazcAtApa karatA hai to merA kartavya usase prema karanA ho jAtA hai parantu mujhe use acchA banAne ke lie zakti kA prayoga nahIM karanA caahiye| mahAtmA gAMdhI ke anusAra satya aura ahiMsA donoM eka dUsare se isa taraha sambandhita hai jaise eka sikke ke do pahalU / itanA hote hue bhI ahiMsA eka sAdhana hai aura satya eka lkssy| yadi hama sAdhanoM kI paravAha karate haiM to hama zIghra yA derI se apane uddezya taka pahuMca jaayeNge| jaba hama isa bAta ko grahaNa kara leMge to antima vijaya nizcita hai| cAhe hameM kitanI bhI kaThinAIyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3e, cAhe hameM kitanI bAra bhI parAjaya kA muMha dekhanA par3e parantu hameM satya kI khoja nahIM chor3anI cAhiye jo ki svayaM paramAtmA hai|' mahAtmA gAMdhI kA mAnanA hai ki satya aura ahiMsA isa deza meM itanI hI purAnI hai jitanI kI phaadd'iyoN| maiMne kevala unake prayoga itane vyApaka rUpa se kiye haiM jitanA ki maiM kara sakatA thaa| aisA karane meM mere se kaI bAra galatiyAM huI haiM aura unase maiMne kAphI kucha sIkhA hai| isa taraha se jIvana aura usakI samasyAeM satya aura ahiMsA meM prayoga bana gaye haiN| mahAtmA gAMdhI kI dRSTi meM saccA lokataMtra yA janatA kA svarAjya kabhI bhI asatya yA hiMsAtmaka tarIke se nahIM A sakatA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki jo svarAjya hiMsAtmaka DhaMga se AtA hai, usameM virodhI vicAradhArA tathA daloM kA saphAyA kara diyA jAtA hai| usameM vyaktigata svataMtratA nahIM rahatI hai| vyaktigata svataMtratA to kevala pUrNa ahiMsAtmaka rAjya meM hI raha sakatI hai| lArDa lothiyana ko preSita eka patra meM gAMdhIjI ne likhA ki vaidyAnika yA janatAMtrika sarakAra taba taka dUra kA svapna hai jaba taka ahiMsA kevala eka vyavahArika nIti kI taraha nahIM balki eka aTala siddhAnta kI taraha, eka jIvita zakti kI taraha mAna lI jAtI hai|"

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ahiMsA kA siddhAnta aura usakI vartamAna prAsaMgikatA 337 niSkarSata yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ahiMsA kA siddhAnta jo bhAratIya saMskRti kA mUlAdhAra hai use Adhunika yuga meM vaizvika dharAtala para sthApita karane kA zreya mahAtmA gAMdhI ko jAtA hai| gAMdhIjI ne ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ke mAdhyama se vizva ko mAnavavAda kA saMdeza diyaa| unake dvArA pratipAdita sAdhya aura sAdhanoM kI pavitratA ke siddhAnta kA mahatva Aja bhI barakarAra hai| isase vartamAna anaitika rAjanIti ko niyaMtrita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura paramANu vinAzakArI zastroM ke Dhera para khar3e saMtrasta vizva ke dUSita vAtAvaraNa ko zuddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhArata aura vizva ke sAmane vartamAna cunautiyoM ke sandarbha meM gAMdhI ke vicAroM kA navIna artha evaM unake navIna sandarbho meM upayogitA ubharakara sAmane AtI hai| yahI gAMdhI cintana kA rahasya bhI hai| naitika patana, anAsthA, asaMtulana, saMkIrNatA aura vaimansaya ke isa vAtAvaraNa meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ke vicAroM kI prAsaMgikatA aura adhika hai| yadi Aja bhI hama unake dvArA batAe gaye siddhAntoM kA pAlana kareM to ApasI bhedabhava aura kalaha bahuta sImA taka dUra ho jAegA aura sampUrNa vizva meM zAnti, bandhutva, prema aura sahiSNutA kA sAmrAjya sthApita hogaa| saMdarbha 1. ke0 sI0 zrIvAstava, prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa evaM saMskRti, pR0 842 2. e0 ela0 bAzama, e vaNDara daiTa vAja iNDiyA, pR0 256 3. DaoN0 RSikeza siMha, pratinidhi rAjanItika vicAraka, pR0 522 4. romAM rolaoN, mahAtmA gAMdhI kI jIvanI se anuvAdaka pI0 sI0 ojhA, pR0 26 5. romAM rolaoN,lA-iNDe (phrenca DAyarI), anuvAdaka-lokabhAratI prakAzana, dvArA prakAzita 6. DaoN0 RSikeza siMha, pratinidhi rAjanItika vicAraka, pR0 523 7. mahAtmA gAMdhI, yaMga iNDiyA, vAlyUma do, pR0 970 8. mahAtmA gAMdhI, yaMga iNDiyA, 25-08-1920, pR0 02 9. phrAma yarvadA maMdira bAI ema0 ke0 gAMdhI, navajIvana presa, ahamadAbAda, dvitIya saMskaraNa 1935, pR0 13 10. mahAtmA gAMdhI, harijana 28-03-1936, pR0 49 11. mahAtmA gAMdhI, harijana 11-02-1939, pR0 08

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53 azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA para bauddha dharma kA prabhAva saritA kumArI mahAtmA buddha ne dharma pracAra kI naI zailI ko janma diyA, upadeza tathA prazna uttara dvArA jana sAdhAraNa ke mana-mastiSka ko prabhAvita karane ke sAtha-sAtha dharma pracAra ke naye AyAma banAye / isake pUrva dharma pracAra zailI, pArasparika vAda-vivAda dvArA virodhI ko parAsta kara denA mAtra thaa| bauddha dharma ne bhAratIya sAhitya ko nayA jIvana pradAna kiyaa| apanI sAhityika upalabdhiyoM dvArA isa dharma ne vidyA tathA jJAna kA prasAra sAmAnya janamAnasa meM kiyA / pAli bhASA meM tripiTaka granthoM kI racanA karake bauddha sAhityakAroM ne bhAratIya sAhitya ko dhanI banA diyaa| bauddha sAhitya kI jAtaka kathAyeM vizva bhara meM pracalita haiM / usa samaya kI pracalita jana bhASA, jisameM samaya-samaya para aneka bauddha dharma granthoM kI racanAeM vizeSakara pAli meM kI gayI haiM, jisane bhAratIya saMskRti ko eka vizAla sAhitya pradAna kiyA / azoka ko apane pitA se eka vizAla sAmrAjya milA thaa| rAjagaddI para baiThane ke bAda unase Arambha meM karIba 10 sAla zAsana ko vyavasthita karane meM gujaare| 261 I0 pU0 meM kaliMga vijaya ke uparAnta usane dharma vijaya kA mArga apnaayaa| usa samaya se azoka bauddha dharma kA anuyAyI bana gyaa| bauddha dharma ko rAjAzraya pradAna kiyaa| deza-videza meM bauddha dharma kA tejI se prasAra hone lgaa| azoka ne pATaliputra meM bauddhoM kA eka mahAsammelana Ayojita kiyA / azoka ke bAre meM Thosa jAnakArI hameM azoka ke apane abhilekhoM se milatI

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azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA para bauddha dharma kA prabhAva 339 hai| azoka ne ye lekha zAsana vyavasthA evaM dhArmika vyavasthA kI jAnakArI dene ke lie pUre sAmrAjya meM khudvaayaa| azoka ke lekha sIdhe-sAde haiN| usake kevala do lekhoM meM usakA nAma azoka milatA hai| isake adhikAMza lekhoM meM usake liye 'devAnapriyam priyadazino rAjA' kA hI prayoga huA hai| azoka kA pUrA nAma sambhavataH azokavarddhana thaa| rAjyAbhiSeka ke 12 varSoM bAda usane lekha khudavAne kA kArya prArambha kiyaa| sabase pahale usane zilA lekha khudavAye aura bAda meM stambha lekh| ye sAre lekha karIba 25 varSa ke arase meM khode gye| azoka ke abhilekha mukhyataH do prakAra ke haiM - laghu zilA lekha aura catudarza shilaalekh| brahmagirI, siddhApura, jaTiMga rAmezvara, rUpanAtha, sahasArAma Adi sthAnoM ke lekha aura bairATa se bhI laghu zilAlekha milA hai| dhaulI, jaugar3ha, bhali ke lekha ke Upara caTTAna ko kATakara eka hAthI kI AkRti taiyAra kI gayI hai aura isI para caturdaza zilAlekha khude haiN| giranAra, kalasI, mAnaseharA, zahabAjagar3hI, airrAguDDI meM bhI caturdaza zilAlekha mile haiN| kalasI kI caTTAna para bhI hAthI kI AkRti hai aura usake pairoM ke bIca meM brAhmI lipi meM 'gaja tame' zabda khudA hai| barAbara pahAr3I para cAra kRtrima guphAyeM haiN| tIna para azoka ke laghu zilAlekha haiN| azoka ne kaI stambha khar3e karake una para lekha khudavAyA hai| ye stambha lekha eka hI zilAkhaNDa ke haiM aura ina para bar3hiyA pAliza kI gayI hai, ye cunAra ke baluA patthara se bane haiN| kucha 16-17 mITara lambe, bhAra karIba 50 Tana hai| dillI ToparA stambha, dillI meraTha stambha, lumbinI stambha lekha meM azoka ke lekha haiN| nigAlI sAgara (nepAla), campAraNa meM tIna, lauriyA ararAja, lauriyA nandanagar3ha aura rAmapuravA stambha lekha hai| sAMcI, sAranAtha meM bhI azoka stambha khar3e kiye gaye haiN| kucha aise stambha bhI haiM, jina para lekha nahIM hai| bhuvanezvara ke bhASkarezvara mandira meM khaNDita azoka stambha kI zivaliMga ke rUpa meM pUjA hotI hai| pUre deza meM azoka ke abhilekha mile haiM parantu pATaliputra se eka bhI zilAlekha nahIM milA hai| __ azoka ke lekhoM kI bhASA prAkRta hai aura lipi braahmii| yaha vahI bhASA hai, jisameM mahAtmA buddha ne apane upadeza diye haiN| kharoSThi bhASA meM likhe gaye

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340 zramaNa-saMskRti lekha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM hI hai| Ama janatA kI bhASA sAhitya evaM zAsana kI bhASA ke kucha avazya hI bhinna rahI hoNgii| vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM kasakara bAMdha dI gayI saMskRta bhASA kabhI janatA kI bhASA nahIM rahI hogii| isalie gautama buddha ne apane upadeza janatA kI bhASA meM diye aura usakA saMkalana bhI (buddha ke vacanoM kA saMkalana) prAkRta (pAli) meM huaa| azoka ke lekhoM kI prAkRta, kucha vikasita bhASA hai| azoka ke lekha kI bhASA Ama janatA kI bhASA ke nikaTa rahI hogii| azoka ne apane lekhoM kI lipi ko dhammalipi nAma diyA hai, jise Aja brAhmI lipi ke nAma se jAnate haiN| azoka ne 14veM zilAlekha meM spaSTa kiyA hai ki ina lekhoM meM jo kucha apUrNa likhA gayA, usakA kAraNa deya, bheda, veSa-bhAva yA likhane vAle kA aparAdha samajhanA caahiye|' azoka ke lekha bar3I sAvadhAnI se khole gaye haiN| zilAlekha kI apekSA stambha lekha adhika sundara haiN| devanAgarI lipi kI taraha ina akSaroM ke siroM para Ar3I lakIre nahIM __ maurya kAla meM Arya vANI deza kI sAmAnya vANI thii| sthAna-sthAna kI boliyoM meM kucha vibhinnatAeM avazya haiN| yaha mAnane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM hai ki buddha ke samaya taka prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA (Rgveda) milatI hai| bolacAla kI Arya bhASA meM paryApta parivartana ho cuke the aura inameM tIna viziSTa boliyAM vikasita ho cukI thiiN| uttarI athavA pazcimI, uttarI, madhyadezIya, puurvii| azoka ke abhilekha tIna vibhinna sthAnIya boliyoM meM haiN| inheM bhArata kA bhASA viSayaka prathama sarvekSaNa kahA jAtA hai| azoka ke lekhoM meM hameM tIna prAkRtoM ke darzana hote haiN| uttarI, pazcimI, prAkRta athavA pazcimI Aryettara bhaassaa| mAna seharA, zahabAjagar3hI, ke lekha isI meM likhe gye| pUrvI-prAkRta kA eka rUpa pUrvI hai, jo azoka ke pUrvI abhilekhoM meM aura anyatra bhI milatA hai| aisA sambhava hai ki yahI pUrvI prAkRta pATaliputra meM azoka ke rAja darabAra kI bhASA thii| azoka ke Adeza sambhavataH pahale isI prAkRta meM pATaliputra meM likhe gye| phira anya prAntoM meM pramukha sthAnoM para patthara para khudavAkara inakA pracAra karane ke lie bheje gye| jaba ina sthAnoM kI bolI rAjabhASA se itanI bhinna hotI thI ki AsAnI se samajha meM na A ske| (zahabAjagar3hI, mAnaseharA,

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341 azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA para bauddha dharma kA prabhAva giranAra) to ina AdezoM ko vahA~ kI bolI meM rUpAntarita kara diyA jAtA thaa| parantu yaha rUpAntara bahuta sAvadhAnI se nahIM huA hai| jahA~ para darabArI bhASA yA rAjabhASA meM antara nahIM hai, vahA~ pUrvI meM lekha likhe gye| jaise-kalasI, prayAga, sAranAtha, lauriyA, rUminadeyI, barAbara pahAr3I ityaadi| bhagavAna buddha jo apane ko kauzala khattiya kahate the, unakI bhI bhASA pUrvI thii| kozala, kAzI kI magadha kI bhASA bhI yahI pUrvI thii| azoka, candragupta kI bhASA bhI pUrvI hI thii| silvA lebI ne siddha kiyA hai ki prAcInatam bauddha AgamoM kI racanA pUrvI prAkRta meM huyI thI, na ki pUrvI pAli meN| azoka jaba bauddha granthoM ko uddhRta karatA hai, to vaha usI pUrvI prAkRta ke saMskaraNa ke udAharaNa detA hai, na ki pAli saMskaraNa ke| azoka ke samaya meM tIsarI prAkRta dakSiNa pazcima kI hai, jo giranAra meM milI hai| maurya kAla meM Arya bhami ke bolacAla kI bhASAoM kI moTe taura para aisI hI sthiti thii| azoka ke pUrva hI prAkRta ko bauddha AgamoM meM isake rUpAntaraNa se sAhityika rUpa mila cukA thaa| ataH azoka ne apane abhilekhoM meM usI kA prayoga kiyaa| chaThI zatAbdI IsA pUrva jaba buddha ne pUrvI prAkRta meM apane upadeza diye| tabase yaha dhArmika sAhitya kA eka mahatvapUrNa mAdhyama bana gyii| yadyapi yaha prAcIna bhASA kA hI eka vikasita rUpa thii| mauryo ke kAla meM bauddha va jaina dharma, donoM dharma va darabAra athavA sAmrAjya kI sarakArI bhASA ke rUpa meM isakI pradhAnatA ho gyii| parantu maurya samAja ke patana ke sAtha-sAtha isakI pradhAnatA kA anta ho gyaa| buddha ne yaha kahakara ki sabhI jAtiyAM apanI-apanI bhASAoM meM mere upadeza ko dhAraNa kareM, vizva kI sabhI bhASAoM ko pratiSThA pradAna kii| unakI yaha ghoSaNA bhASAoM ke lie mahAna adhikAra pAtra haiN| kisI bhI bhASA kA vikAsa usakI racanAoM ko lipibaddha hone ke bAda hI hotA hai| jo bauddha grantha Arambhika kAla meM kozala va magadha meM race gaye the, usakI bhASA prAkRta thii| yaha azoka ke Adeza lekhoM taka hI sImita hai| sandarbha 1. bhAratIya lipiyoM kI kahAnI, guNAkara mUle, rAjakamala prakAzana, naI dillii|

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42 zramaNa-saMskRti 2. bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, govinda canda pANDeya, u0 pra0 hindI saMsthAna, lkhnuu| 3. nandamaurya yugIna bhArata, e0 ena0 nIlakaNTha zAstrI, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillii| 4. prAcIna bhArata kA dhArmika, sAmAjika, Arthika itihaas| satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra zrI sarasvatI sadana, mNsuurii| 5. prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti, kalA, rAjanIti, dharma, darzana, DaoN0 IzvarI prasAda, zailendra zarmA, mInU pablikezana, ilaahaabaad| 6. Arya maMjUzrI mUla kalpa, rAhula sAMskRtyAyana, jAyasavAla kI ena eMpIriyala hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA 1934, bauddhAyana dharma sUtra / 7. iNDiyana peliyogrAphI, byUlara, azoka iMskripazansa, AI0 AI0 sI0 AI0 AI0 /

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54 jaina dharma meM ahiMsA siddhAnta evaM usakI prAsaMgikatA mamatA pANDeya jaina dharma ke antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra kA apratima yogadAna jainadharma ke vikAsa meM vizvaprasiddha hai mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke mUla tatvoM kA jJAna tatvArthasUtra kI siddhisena kI TIkA se hotI hai mahAvIra ne apane saMzodhita, parivartita evaM parivarddhita dharma meM RSabhanAtha kI sarvasva tyAga rUpa akiMcana, munovRtti, nIrIhitA, neminAtha kI ahiMsA tathA pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma ko svIkAra karate hue apane brahmacarya tatva ko jor3akara jainadharma kA mahatvapUrNa vikAsa kiyA jaina dharma eka ora ativyApaka tathA dUsarI ora gAmbhIratA se yukta hai isa darzana meM jahA~ eka vyakti kI unnati kI ora dhyAna diyA gayA hai vahIM para dUsarI ora samaSTi ke kalyANa kI kAmanA bhI kI gayI hai jaina Izvara ko nahIM maante| ve tIrthaMkaroM arthAt jainamata ke pravartakoM kI hI upAsanA karate haiN| jaina dArzanika dRSTi se vastuvAdI tathA bahusattAvAdI haiM isake anusAra jitane dravyoM ko hama dekhate haiM ve sabhI satya haiN| saMsAra meM do taraha ke dravya haiM jIva aura ajiiv| pratyeka sajIva dravya meM, cAhe usakA zarIra kisI bhI zreNI meM kyoM na ho jIva avazya rahatA hai isalie jaina ahiMsA siddhAnta ko adhika mahatva dete haiM jaina dharma meM ahiMsA kA kSetra atyadhika vyApaka batAyA gayA hai jaina dharma kA ahiMsA siddhAnta navIna siddhAnta nahIM hai parantu isa mArga meM vaidika dharma kI apekSA ahiMsA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai mahAvIra svAmI kA siddhAnta

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344 zramaNa-saMskRti kisI jIva ko kaSTa na denA rahA hai| jaina dharma ke isa ahiMsA ke siddhAnta kA pracAra huaa| kAlAntara meM vaidika karmakANDoM aura yajJoM meM bali denA samApta kara diyA gyaa| vaidika dharma meM ahiMsA para adhika jora diyA gayA Adhunika yuga meM koI vaidika dharma kA upAsaka kisI jainI se kama ahiMsA premI nahIM thA isameM lezamAtra bhI saMdeha nahIM hai ki ahiMsA ke kSetra meM kucha sIkhA hI hai| ahiMsA kA prasAra jitanA jaina dharma ke kAraNa huA, utanA kisI anya dharma ke kAraNa nahIM huaa| jaina dharma evaM darzana meM parilakSita sAmAyika (samatA) bhAva kA jaina ahiMsA kA abhUtapUrva prabhAva par3A jaina muniyoM evaM yatiyoM ke lie ahiMsA ke kaThora paripAlana kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai jaina AcAra meM isa viSaya para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai ki kisI bhI jIva ko cAhe vaha kITa pataMga hI kyoM na ho manasA, vAcA, karmaNA se kisI ko kaSTa nahIM denA cAhiye isake paripAlana ke lie jaina yati AcAra ke kucha upaniyama samIti banAI gyii| IryA samiti vizeSa rUpa se yatiyoM ke AvAgamana ke nirdeza ke nimitta banAyI gayI hai| yatiyoM kA nirdeza hai ki mArga meM Ate jAte, jAne-anajAne jIva hiMsA kI sambhAvanA hai ataH muniyoM ko cAhiye ki ve sAmAnyataH dina meM hI AvAgamana ko prAthamikatA deM tathA usI patha kA anugamana kareM jo jIva-jantu vihIna ho| sambhava ho to calate samaya mayUra paMkha se patha-prakSAlana karate hue cle| bhASA samiti kA vizeSa sambandha muniyoM ke sambhASaNa ko hiMsA rahita banAnA hai| vidhAna hai ki muni ko mRdu vacana bolanA caahiye| paruSa vacana kA niSedha karanA cAhiye nindA, mRSAvAda, pralApa raMjana nahIM karanA caahiye| sambhASaNa meM AtmaprazaMsA, nArI viSayaka prasaMga, rAjA viSayaka prasaMga, cora viSayaka prasaMga evaM bhojana sambandhI prasaMga nahIM lAnA cAhiye eSaNA samiti kA sambandha muni bhojana vidhAna se hai| muni ko bhikSA yA bhojana meM jo kucha mila jAe usI se santoSa karanA cAhiye aura adhika kI kAmanA nahIM karanA cAhiye sAtha hI use yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye ki bhojana meM jIva hiMsA yA kisI anya prANI ke prati hiMsA to nahIM ho rahI hai| AdAna-nikSepaNa samiti ke antargata usake dainika vyavahAra meM lAyI jAne vAlI vastuoM ke prayoga kA vidhAna hai| udAharaNasvarUpa usake jalapAtra yA bhikSApAtra ko isa prakAra rakhanA cAhiye ki

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jaina dharma meM ahiMsA siddhAnta evaM usakI prAsaMgikatA 345 unase kisI prakAra kI jIva hiMsA na ho sake / utsarga samiti meM muni ke zaucAdi dainika karmoM kA nirdeza hai| vidhAna hai ki muni mala-mUtra tyAga Adi meM bhI isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhe ki kisI prakAra kI jIva-hiMsA na ho jAe yA kisI kITa pataMga ke hiMsA kI sambhAvanA na ho| ataH jaina dharma va darzana ke sabhI kRtya sUkSma yA sthUla Antarika yA bAhya ahiMsA ko kendra mAnakara vyavasthita kiye gaye / ahiMsaka AcAra vicAra AdhyAtmika pragati evaM antataH mokSa ke sAdhana mAne gaye haiM vizva ke sabhI dharma va darzanoM meM ahiMsA ko zreSTha AcAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gyaa| bhArata meM sabhI dhArmika va dArzanika pakSa isakI saMpuSTi karate haiN| karma bandha ke parihArArtha saMvara evaM saMgrahita kaSAyoM ko jIva se pRthaka karane ke lie nirjarA Adi meM ahiMsA hI AcAra kA prANa hai / vanaspati sadRza tatvoM kI ekendriya mAnyatA jaina-ahiMsA kI paridhi meM latA - puSpa se lekara mAnava deva taka A jAte haiN| yahI nahI varan usake vastuvAdI vizleSaNa meM aNu-paramANu bhI jIvayukta haiM / ataH muMha Dhakakara sAMsa lenA, pAnI chAnakara pInA, dharatI sApha karate hue gamana karanA jIva hiMsA ke bhaya se dAtuna na karanA Adi kucha ahiMsaka AdhAra haiM jo hAsyapada se pratIka hote haiN| jaina dharma kI avadhAraNA hai ki manasA, vAcA, karmaNA tInoM se ahiMsA vrata kA pAlana honA cAhiye, jaina ahiMsA vrata kA pAlana honA caahiye| jaina ahiMsA vrata kA pAlana choTe-choTe kAryoM meM bhI karate haiM yahA~ taka ki ve jIva kI hiMsA nahIM karanA hI paryApta nahIM balki hiMsA ke sambandha meM socanA, bolanA yA dUsaroM ko hiMsA karane kI anumati yA protsAhana denA bhI unake lie adharma hai jaba taka mana vacana tathA karma se ahiMsA vrata kA pAlana na kiyA jAe taba taka ahiMsA pUrNa nahIM mAnI jAtI / bhAratIya saMskRti meM agara hama isa ora dhyAna deM to hameM pUrNa rUpa se nirAzA hI hAtha lagegI Aja samAja meM cAroM tarapha hiMsA ho rahI hai AtaMkavAda kA kahara vyApta hai| kahIM AtaMkavAda to kahIM majahaba ke nAma para khUna kI holiyAM khelI jA rahI haiN| vahIM jaina dharma meM kahA gayA hai ki dina meM hI AvAgamana ko prAthamikatA de usa patha kA anugamana kare jo jIva jantuoM se vihina ho jisameM jIva, hiMsA nA ho aura Aja ke pariveza meM loga apane svArtha

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346 zramaNa-saMskRti ke lie logoM kI bali car3hAne meM nahIM hicakate logoM meM hiMsAtmaka pravRttiyAM bar3ha rahI haiN| yadyapi ahiMsA evaM sadAcAra kA samAveza bhAratIya saMskRti evaM anya dharma granthoM meM bhI nihita hai parantu vaha kevala saiddhAntika rUpa meM dikhatA hai kyoMki yajJa yA anya karmakANDoM meM pazubali kI prathA kA saMketa aneka granthoM meM parilakSita hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM ahiMsA kA prasAra jaina dharma ke mAdhyama se hokara vaha vyavahArika rUpa meM vyavahRta huA tathA rASTrIya siddhAnta ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAne lgaa| jaina dharma cUMki Izvara yA sraSTA meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA ataH manuSya duHkha se mukti bhI isa prakAra kI kisI zakti kI kRpA para nirbhara nahIM krtii| manuSya svayaM apanA bhAgya nirmAtA evaM kartA hai vaha kaThora AcAra vrata evaM parISaha janita jIvana jIkara vaha svayaM duHkhapUrNa jIvana se mukti pA sakatA hai| manuSyoM ke antara mAnavatA hai to vaha kahA~ se AyI haiM ina viSayoM kA samAveza antataH jaina dharma ke kAraNa hI huA hai| ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jaina bhArata meM adhika prabhutvazAlI dharma nahIM rahA tathApi deza meM eka sazakta sampradAya avazya hI banA rhaa| jaina dharma kI rUr3hivAditA, brAhmaNa dharma se isakI sAdRzyatA, dharma pracAra kI ugra bhAvanA kA abhAva tathA anya dharmoM meM virodhAbhASa kA durbhAva hone se jaina dharma deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| saMdarbha 1. prAcIna bhAratIya dharma aura darzana (eka sarvekSaNa) DaoN. ajaya pANDeya, DaoN0 kuMvara bahAdura kaushik| 2. saMkaTa prasAda (jaina dharma aura drshn)| 3. dattA evaM caTarjI (bhAratIya drshn)| 4. abhinava satyadeva (prAcIna bhAratIya dharma aura drshn)|

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55 bauddha vAstu-kalA para bhAratIya saMskRti kA prabhAva candrakalA rAya bhAratIya kalA kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna hai| vizva meM eziyA mahAdeza hI eka aisA bhaugolika parikSetra hai jahA~ kaI dharmoM evaM saMpradAyoM kA udbhava huA aura samaya ke sAtha vikAsa evaM prasAra huaa| I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI se nagara-jIvana dhanika varga tathA darabAroM ke abhyudaya ke sAtha vAstukalA tathA vividha zilpiyoM kA punarujjIvana svAbhAvika rUpa se huaa| vAstu kalA meM bauddha vAstu kI mahatvapUrNa dena hai| yaha dena vAstukalA kI donoM vidyAoM guhA vAstu va svatantra vAstu meM samAna rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai| bauddha svatantra vAstu kA pramukha udAharaNa stUpa hai| jinameM vidita hotA hai| ki vedikAoM evaM toraNoM kI preraNA vaidika vedikAoM va toraNa dvAroM se grahaNa kI gayI thii| sAmAnyataH stUpa kA sambandha bauddha dharma se mAnA jAtA hai| kintu isakA ullekha sarvaprathama Rgveda meM huA hai| yahA~ agni kI uThatI huI jvAlAoM ko 'stUpa' kahA gayA hai| vitAna lekara phaile hue vRkSa ke sAtha stUpa kI tulanA kI gayI hai| Rgveda meM hI sUrya ke lie hiraNya stUpa kahA gayA hai| jisakA zAbdika artha hai sone kA thUrA yA ddher| bhagavAna buddha apane jJAnamaya prakAza ke kAraNa agni skandha bana gaye the| aura stUpa ke rUpa meM unakI smRti yA pUjA ko ucita samajhA jAtA thaa| mRta vyakti kI zava athavA citA ke Upara smAraka banAne kI paramparA

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348 zramaNa-saMskRti bauddha dharma ke pahale se hI vidyamAna thii| vaidika sAhitya Rgveda meM agnidagdha evaM anaganidagdha zabdoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo zava ko jalAne, zava ko jamIna meM gAr3ane evaM usa para smAraka banAne ke artha meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai| bauddha janazruti ke anusAra buddha ne apane ziSya Ananda se kahA thA ki jisa prakAra cakravatI rAjAoM kI samAdhi para stUpa athavA samAdhi banAyI jAtI hai| usI prakAra unake asthi avazeSa para smAraka banAyA jaay| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki vaidika yuga kI paramparA ko bauddha dharma meM apanAyA gayA, 'stUpa' zabda pAli bhASA ke 'thUpa' zabda se nirmita hai| jisakA artha hotA hai, kisI vastu kA Dhera athavA miTTI kA cabUtarA / stUpa kI eka saMjJA caitya bhI hai| asthi lekhoM meM stUpa ko cetIya yA mahAcetIya kahA gayA hai| 'caitya' zabda saMskRta ke 'cI' dhAtu se banA hai| jisakA artha hai cayana karanA, ekatra karanA, cunanA asthiyoM ko cunane ke kAraNa stUpa smAraka ko caitya kahA gayA hai| bauddha grantha 'mahAparinibbAna sutta' meM ullekha hai ki gautama buddha ne apane priya ziSya Ananda se kahA thA ki aba maiM 80 varSa kI avasthA pUrNa kara cukA ha~ aura merA parinirvANa nizcita hai| buddha kI mRtyu ke bAda antyeSTi kriyA ko lekara vivAda utpanna huaa| usa samaya ke zAsakoM ne ApasI sammati se antyeSTi kriyA kiyaa| aura unakI asthi ko le jAkara apane-apane rAjya meM stUpa nirmANa karavAyA, jinheM prArambhika stUpa kahA gayA hai| aisA pramANa milatA hai ki samrATa azoka ne 84, 000 stUpoM kA nirmANa kraayaa| cInI yAtriyoM ne bhI bhArata ke vibhinna sthAnoM meM azoka dvArA banavAye gaye stUpoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ___azoka ke samaya ke sAranAtha kA dhamekha tathA sAMcI ke mahAstUpa kA nirmANa IMToM se huA hai| sAMcI tathA bharahuta ke stUpa lagabhaga eka hI kAla meM nirmita hue isalie inakI kalA meM atyadhika samAnatA hai| bharahuta kI vedikA para aneka prakAra kA citraNa hai tathA aMkita citroM ko vRttara ke andara darzAyA gayA hai| isa vedikA para lagabhaga 20 jAtaka kathAoM kA aMkana hai jisa para unakA nAma aMkita hai| prAcIna bhArata meM zailakRta vAstu kI paramparA maurya kAla se prArambha hotI

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bauddha vAstu-kalA para bhAratIya saMskRti kA prabhAva 349 hai| zailakRta vAstukalA ke do rUpa prApta hote haiN| caityagRha evaM vihAra / zailakRta vAstu kalA parvatoM ko kATakara guphAoM ke nirmANa kI paramparA maurya yuga se hI pracalita thii| barAvara evaM nAgArjunI kI pahAr3iyoM meM mauryayugIna zailotkhanita guphAeM prApta hotI haiN| zuMga sAtavAhana yuga meM bauddhoM ne jaba isa kalA ko AtmasAta kiyA to guphAvAstu bauddhakalA kI eka anivArya paramparA bana gyii| 'parsIbrAuna' ke anusAra mistra, asIriyA lIsiyA, peTrA, nakza-e-rUstama meM bhI aneka zailotkhanita vAstu-avazeSa upalabdha hote haiN| kintu bhAratIya kalAkAroM ne isa kSetra meM jisa kalpanAtmaka maulika pratimA, adamya zakti kA paricaya diyA vaha atyanta durlabha hai| parvatoM ko kATakara kandarAoM kA nirmANa karane ke kAraNa ise guphA nAma se sambodhita kiyA gyaa| caityagRha ve zailakRta vAstukalA hai, jahA~ bhikSu pUjA karate the| ise caitya gRha kI saMjJA isa lie dI jAtI hai kyoMki isameM bhikSuoM kI pUjA ke lie stUpa nirmita haiN| caityagRha vastutaH eka bauddha mandira thaa| caitya kI AkRti vRtAyata arthAt ghor3e kI nAla jaisI hotI hai| isakA Arambhika bhAga AyatAkAra va antima bhAga ardhavRttAkAra hotA thaa| ardhavRttAkAra bhAga ko chata ke nIce ThIka madhya meM caTTAna ko kATakara Thosa aNDAkAra stUpa kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| bIca ke lambe AyatAkAra bhAga meM pUjA aura sabhA karane ke lie bhikSu ekatra hote the jise maMDapa kahate haiN| __ hInayuga ke ATha caityagRha prasiddha haiN| bhASA, koNDAne, patilaravorA, ajantA, beDaranA, nAsika aura kArle / caitya gRha kI tulanA yadi hindu devAlaya ke vibhinna bhAgoM se kI jAya to aura adhika uparyukta hogA, caitya gRha meM jo sthAna caitya yA stUpa kA thaa| vahI devAlaya ke garbha gRha meM devamUrti kA thaa| vihAra meM bauddha bhikSu pUjA ke uparAnta rahate the| vihAra kA TakasAlI rUpa yaha thA usake eka bar3A maNDapa catuzazAlA ke AMgana kI bhAMti thaa| vihAra bhikSuoM kA AvAsa gRha thaa| eka bhikSu ke rahane ke lie eka koTharI yA garbha gRha paryApta thA tIna ke lie trigarbha zAlAeM banAI jAtI thiiN| jahA~ bahuta se bhikSuoM ke bar3e AkAra ke AvAsa ke sthAna bhI vihAra khlaae| vihAroM kI sAkSI to aba kevala zaila guphAoM meM hI bacI hai| kyoMki usase pUrvavartI kASTha nirmita vihAra aba koI nahIM bcaa|

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350 zramaNa-saMskRti azokakAlIna maurya vAstu kI carama pariNati sAranAtha ke siMha stambha meM dRSTigata hotI hai| sAranAtha kA stambha azoka ne usa sthAna para khar3A kiyA jahA~ buddha ne prathama dharmopadeza yA dharmacakra pravartana kiyA stambha kA mUla bhAga to pUrvavartI stambhoM kI bhAMti hai| para zIrSa bhAga apane lAlitya ke lie vizva vikhyAta hai| DaoN0 agravAla ne sAranAtha stambha ke nirmANa stotroM kA vizad vivecana kiyA hai jo azoka ke sArvabhauma vyaktitva ko parilakSita karane meM pUrNataH samartha haiN| azoka ne sAranAtha meM apanA jIvana darzana bhI Aropita kiyA hai| dharmacakra azoka kI dhamma vijaya kA smaraNa dilAtA hai| para stambha kI paramparA vaidika yuga se hI jJAta hotI hai| vaidika sAhitya meM sthUNa, thUNa, skambha, yUpa ityaadi| zabda stambha ke hI dyotaka haiN| yajJIya yUpoM se lekara AvAsIya stambhoM taka kA vyApaka pracalana thaa| stambha mAnava mahatvAkAMkSA ke pratIka the| avAGgamukha padma puruSa pUrNaghaTa kA pratirUpa hai| jo maMgala kalaza ke rUpa meM brAhmaNa evaM bauddha dharma ke zubha kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra prAcIna bhAratIya kalA ke vikAsa kA mUlabhUta kAraNa yahI thA ki isakA stotra aura preraNA dhArmika mUlyoM se prApta hotA thaa| bauddha dharma kI preraNA se hI kaI sau varSoM evaM vibhinna rAjavaMzoM ke zAsana kAla meM eka navIna kalA zailI kA vikAsa evaM vistAra huaa| bauddha vAstukalA meM hI sarvaprathama pattharoM ko kATakara nirmANa kiyA gayA azoka ke samaya bhAratIya kalA meM pASANa kA prayoga vyApaka rUpa meM huA hai jisameM bauddha stUpoM evaM guphAoM kA nirmANa huaa| stUpoM kI vedikAoM evaM toraNoM para pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se bhagavAna buddha se sambandhita ghaTanAoM tathA kathAoM ko sarvaprathama utkIrNa kiyA gyaa| sambhavataH yahI kAraNa hai ki azokakAlIna kalA ke udAharaNa lagabhaga satpUrNa bhArata meM prApta hote haiN| zuMga-sAtavAhana kAla meM bharahuta, sAMcI, amarAvatI ke stUpoM kA nirmANa huA isI kAla meM kArle, nAsika, bhAjA, ajantA ityAdi sthAnoM para zailyakRta vAstukalA ke antargata caitya evaM vihAra banAye gaye yaha vidita hai ki

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bauddha vAstu-kalA para bhAratIya saMskRti kA prabhAva 351 zuMga-sAtavAhana samrATa yadyapi brAhmaNa dharmAvalambI the| tathApi unake samaya bhI pazcima evaM pUrvI bhArata meM bauddha dharma na kevala unnati huI balki unake vAstukalA kA bhI vistAra evaM vikAsa huaa| guptakAla taka bauddha dharma se sambandhita stUpa, caitya evaM mandiroM kA nirmANa hotA rhaa| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha vAstu-kalA para prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kA pUrNa prabhAva rahA hai| ___saMdarbha 1. ronAlDa, ArTa eNDa ArkiTekcara oNpha innddiyaa| 2. Rgveda 72.111 3. Rgveda 124.71 4. aMguttara nikAya, jildI 2, pR0 38-391 5. iNDiyana ArkiTekcara, pR0 241 6. parsI brAuna, iNDiyana ArkiTekcara, pR0 30 / 7. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, bhAratIya klaa|

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56 bhAratIya saMskRti evaM jaina dharma divyA pANDeya buddha ke samakAlIna aneka arUr3hivAdI dharmopadezakoM meM eka the vardhamAna jo anuyAyiyoM meM mahAvIra ke nAma se prasiddha the| bauddha dharma ke itihAsa meM jaina dharma kA itihAsa (vijetAoM kA dharma) jisakI unhoMne sthApanA kI thI, nitAnta bhinna hai| vaise to jaina dharma apanI sudRr3ha sthApanA meM saphala rahA aura kucha sthAnoM meM to atyadhika prabhAva pUrNa bhI rahA kintu isakA prasAra bhArata se bAhara na ho skaa| yadyapi jaina dharma kA itihAsa bauddha dharma ke itihAsa kI bhA~ti rocaka nahIM hai aura yaha utanA mahatvapUrNa bhI nahIM thA kintu vaha apanI janmabhUmi meM ati jIvita rahA jahA~ Aja bhI usake 2 karor3a anuyAyI haiM jisameM jyAdAtara dhana sampanna vyApArI varga vizeSa rUpa se samAhita haiN| jaina purANoM tathA jaina sAhityoM meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke janma sambandhI jo kathAyeM prApta hotI haiM ve buddha sambandhI kathAoM kI apekSA kama AkarSaNa haiM tathA adhika ADambara pUrNa aura avizvasanIya bhI haiM parantu unakI aitihAsikatA sandeha kI sImA se pare hai| kintu aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki jaina purANoM meM evaM jaina sAhityoM meM ina 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke viSaya meM jo vRttAnta pAyA jAtA hai usakA AdimakAla kyA hai? isa sambandha meM bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne bhASA, viSaya Adi ke AdhAra para bhAratIya sAhitya kA jo kAlakrama nizcita kiyA hai usameM sarvAdhika prAcIna Rgveda ThaharAtA hai jisakI racanA 1500-900 ke madhya huI tathA jisake pUrva kI koI sAhityika racanA prApta nahIM hotI hai| jaina purANoM kI dRSTi se Rgveda kA vaha sUkta bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai jisameM vAtarazanA muniyoM kI stuti kI gayI hai jisase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki ye muni nagna rahate the tathA jaTA bhI dhAraNa karate the|

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bhAratIya saMskRti evaM jaina dharma 353 snAna na karane se malina zarIra va mauna ina muniyoM meM kezI pradhAna the / eka anya sthAna kezI aura vRSabha vizeSaNa- vizeSya rUpa meM prayukta hue haiM jisase saMdeha nahIM rahatA ki vAtarazanA RSiyoM ke nAyaka kezI vRSabha the| yadi isa bAta meM kucha saMdeha rahatA hai to usakA parihAra bhAgavata purANa se ho jAtA hai jahA~ nAbhi evaM marudevI ke putra RSabha ke caritra va tapa kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai aura yaha bhI kaha diyA gayA hai ki ye viSNu ke bhakta the tathA vAtarazanA RSiyoM kI paramparA meM utpanna hue the| isa prakAra vaidika paramparAnusAra yaha siddha jAtA hai ki zramaNa muni usa samaya bhI vidyamAna the jaba vedoM kI racanA huI thI / paramparA ke anusAra eka pavitra maukhika sAhitya mahAvIra ke samaya se calA A rahA hai jo lagabhaga 540 varSa pUrva utpanna hue the, kintu isa maukhika sAhitya ke pUrNa jJAtA bhadrabAhu the| unakI mRtyu ke pazcAta sthUlabhadra ne pATaliputra meM eka vizAla sabhA bulAI aura yathA sambhava sarvazreSTha 12 aMgoM tathA dhArAoM meM dharma - siddhAntoM kI punaH racanA kI jisameM se kucha Aja prakAzita bhI ho cuke haiN| jahA~ taka bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina paramparA ke prabhAva kA tathya hai to sambhavata: maurya evaM gupta kAloM ke madhya jaina dharma evaM jaina saMskRti ke avazeSa pUrva meM ur3IsA se laMkA evaM pazcima meM mathurA taka prApta ho sakate haiM kintu uttaravartI kAloM meM yaha dharma pradhAnatA kAThiyAvAr3a, gujarAta tathA rAjasthAna ke bhAgoM meM jahA~ zvetAmbara sampradAya kI bahulatA thI tathA prAyadvIpa ke madhya bhAga Adhunika maisUra aura dakSiNI haidarAbAda jahA~ digambara kA Adhipatya thA do kSetroM meM kendrita ho gayA thA, kintu jainiyoM kI janma bhUmi gaMgA ghATI para isakA koI prabhAva na pdd'aa| yadyapi jaina dArzanikoM ne apane dharmAdezoM kA vikAsa kiyA aura atisUkSma jJAnazAstra ke siddhAnta kI sRSTi kI, kintu yaha mUla zikSAeM nizcita rUpa se aparivartita rahI / jaina dharma meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti usI bhAMti hotI thI jaise bauddha dharma meM buddha kI evaM hindU dharma meM hindU devatAoM kii| jaina dharma ke vizeSa sAmAjika dharmAdeza nahIM the| eka janasAdhAraNa ke pArivArika saMskAra - yathA

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354 zramaNa-saMskRti janma, vivAha evaM mRtyu vahI the jo hinduoM ke the| prArambha meM jaina dharma meM stUpoM kI upAsanApaddhati pracalita thI kintu isvI yuga ke prArambha meM tIrthakaroM ko maMdiroM meM mUrtirUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA jAne lagA tathA madhya yuga ke lagabhaga hindU pUjA paddhati ke samakakSa pahuMca gayI usameM puSpa, dIpa, gaMdha Adi samarpita kiye jAne lage tathA hinduoM ke mukhya devatA upAzrita sthita meM jainiyoM ke mandira taka pahuMca gye| yadyapi yaha AstikavAda se koI vAstavika samajhautA nahIM thA tadApi jaina sampradAya hindU dharma vyavasthA meM saralatA se khapa gayA aura isake sadasya apanI - apanI pRthaka jAtiyAM banAye rhe| jainiyoM kA dhArmika sAhitya rocaka nahIM hai aura vaha bahudhA pANDitya pUrNa hai| jaina grantha ahiMsA, prema tathA mAnavIya sahAnubhUti prakaTa karateM haiM jaisA ki mahAvIra dvArA gautama nAmaka ziSya se kahI gayI ye paMktiyAM siddha karatI haiM - jisa prakAra pakA huA pattA jaba usakA samaya ho jAtA hai vRkSa se gira par3atA hai aise hI manuSya kA jIvana hai gautama, tuma sadaiva sAvadhAna rhnaa|| uttarAdhyAyana sUtra

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57 bauddha paramparA meM pratIkavAda candana vizvakarmA I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM gaMgA ke maidAnoM meM aneka dhArmika sampradAyoM kA udaya huaa| inameM se bauddha dharma, jisakA udaya bhagavAna buddha ke dvArA huA thA yaha eka dhArmika sudhAra ke parama zaktizAlI Andolana ke rUpa meM ubhraa| vastutaH bauddha dharma ke udaya ne bhArata ke dharmoM ke itihAsa meM krAnti kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| buddha bar3e vyavahAravAdI sudhAraka the, unhoMne apane samaya kI vAstavikatAoM ko khulI A~khoM se dekhA / ve una nirarthaka vAda-vivAdoM meM nahIM ulajhe, jo unake samaya meM AtmA evaM paramAtmA ke bAre meM joroM se cala rahe the unhoMne apane ko sAMsArika samasyAoM meM lgaayaa| unhoMne cAra Arya satya, ASTAMgika mArga, pratItyasamutpAda Adi ke mAdhyama se sAmAnya janatA meM apane mata kA vyApaka pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| bauddha dharma kI atisaya udAratA se bauddha dharma ko sampUrNa vizva meM phailaayaa| buddha ne svayaM hI kahA hai ki nirvANa ke lie pratyeka ko prayAsa karanA hogA, apanA dIpaka svayaM bananA hogaa| buddha ne apane jIvana kAla meM hI apane anuyAyiyoM ke madhya anyatam pratiSThA prApta kara lI thI aura buddhatva ko devatva mAnA jAne lagA, azoka ke dvArA bauddha dharma ke rAjAzraya pradAna kara dene se bauddha dharma carmotkarSa para pahuMca gyaa| __bhArata aura bhArata ke bAhara vibhinna dezoM meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra prasAra usakI saralatA, sahajatA aura mAnavIya guNoM ke kAraNa huaa| isakI mAnavatAvAdI abhivyaktiyoM ke kAraNa hI vibhinna vargoM ke logoM ne ise apanAyA aura isake

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356 zramaNa-saMskRti pracAra-prasAra meM apanA yogadAna diyaa| yaha dharma bhArata evaM vRhattara bhArata jaise-zrIlaMkA, varmA, tibbata, cIna, jAvA, sumAtrA, borniyo, campA, syAma Adi aneka dezoM meM phailaa| . mahAtmA buddha ke dhArmika siddhAnta itane sarala aura subodha the ki loga unake prati apane Apa AkRSTa hote the| jIvana se sambandhita unakI abhivyaktiyoM aura nirdeza atyanta bodhagamya aura sahaja the| isameM na kisI paNDita kI AvazyakatA par3atI thI na purohita kii| isa dharma ko saralatA pUrvaka AtmasAt karake anupAlana kiyA jA sakatA thaa| bauddha dharma kA cintana aura darzana pakSa jaTilatAoM aura karmakANDIya vyavasthA se dUra sarala aura sugama thA ataH loga janabhASA ke mAdhyama se isa naye dharma ko samajha sakane meM samartha hue| usa samaya janabhASA pAli thI, jisameM mahAtmA buddha ne apane upadeza diye| isake viparIta saMskRta kliSTa aura sAhityika bhASA thI, use sAdhAraNa janatA samajha sakane meM asamartha thii| ataH bhASA kI sahajatA bhI eka kAraNa thA ki loga bauddha dharma kI ora AkRSTa hue| bauddha dharma meM jAta-pAta aura UMca-nIca kA abhAva thaa| isameM na koI jAti-bheda thA, na vrg-bhed| sabhI manuSya barAbara the| sabhI jAtiyoM ke loga isa dharma ko grahaNa kara sakate the| dalita aura nimna jAti ke logoM ke lie to yaha sunaharA avasara thA, jahA~ binA kisI bheda-bhAva ke loga isa dharma meM dIkSita aura anugrahita kiye jA sakate the| isa dharma meM naitikatA aura AcaraNa para adhika bala diyA gayA thaa| kSatriyoM, vaizyoM aura zUdroM ne isa dharma ko nirdvandva hokara svIkAra kiyaa| brAhmaNa dharma kI kriyAeM aura karmakANDIya vyavasthAeM atyanta vyayasAdhya thIM tathA choTe-choTe sabhI dhArmika kAryoM meM dhana vyaya hotA thaa| nirdhana aura nimna jAti ke loga adhika dhana kharca nahIM kara sakate the ataH una jAtiyoM ne bauddha dharma ke prati apanA anurAga prakaTa kiyA, jo vyayasAdhya dharma nahIM thaa| vahA~ kevala vyakti kI naitikatA aura saccaritratA para bala diyA jAtA thA, jisake kAraNa vidrohI aura krAntikArI pravRtti ke logoM ne bauddha dharma kA anusaraNa kiyA aura isakA prasAra kiyaa|

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bauddha paramparA meM pratIkavAda 357 bauddha dharma ke prasAra meM svayaM buddha kA AkarSaNa aura sarvapriya vyaktitva mukhya kAraNa the| ve sambodhi ke pazcAt nirantara apane dharma kA pracAra karate rahe tathA janasAdhAraNa ko upadeza dete rhe| tathAgata ke upadeza aura vANI kA zravaNa karane ke lie loga ekatrita ho jAte the| unake tarkoM ko sunakara loga stabdha ho jAte the| unake sarala aura samyak upadeza meM tatkAlIna uttarI bhArata AplAvita thaa| zAstA ke tarkapUrNa vicAroM aura saMvedanazIla AkhyAnoM ko sunakara logoM ke vicAra parivartita ho jAte the aura ve unake anuyAyI bana jAte the| ___bauddha dharma ke prasAra meM rAjakIya saMrakSaNa kA bhI zIrSastha sthAna rahA hai| baddha ke jIvana kAla meM hI magadha samrATa bimbisAra aura kAlAntara meM ajAtazatra, kozala nareza prasenajita, vatsa kA zAsaka udayana tathA avanti ke rAjA pradyota kI sahAnubhUti bauddha dharma ke prati abhivyakti ho cukI thii| kintu ise pUrNa rAjakIya saMrakSaNa samrATa azoka ke samaya prApta huaa| unhoMne isako apanA kara isakA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| isake pazcAt kuSANa samrATa kaniSka ne bauddha dharma ko svIkAra kiyA tathA uttara bhArata meM purnasthApita kiyaa| rAjapUta-yuga meM baMgAla ke pAla samrAToM ne isa dharma ko apanA saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyA tathA vikramazilA vizvavidyAlaya ko bauddha dharma aura zikSA ke lie deza vikhyAta kiyaa| brAhmaNa, jaina jaise vipakSI dharmoM kI rUr3hivAditA ke kAraNa isa dharma ko vikasita aura prasArita hone meM koI kaThinAI nahIM huii| phalataH yaha dharma nirvirodha phailatA gayA aura apane anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA bar3hAtA gyaa| bauddha dharma ke lacIlepana, subodhatA aura sarvAMgINatA ke kAraNa isake prati logoM kI abhirUci bar3ha gyii| samayAnusAra isameM parivartana aura parivarddhana bhI hote rhe| dhIre-dhIre isakI aneka zAkhAeM ho gayIM, jo saMyukta hokara bauddha dharma ke pracAra meM lagI thiiN| brAhmaNa dharma ke abhAva ke kAraNa isa dharma meM mUrti-pUjA aura AcAra kA niveza huaa| sAdhAraNa jana-jIvana meM logoM ne buddha ko devatva, buddha ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM Adi kA anukaraNa kiyaa| prAcIna bhArata ke sAmAjika, Arthika evaM sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi para bhI buddha ke dharma kA vyApaka prabhAva pdd'aa| pariNAmataH kalA ke kSetra meM bauddha dharma meM prabhAva se kaise achUtA raha jaataa|

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zramaNa-saMskRti bhAratIya kalA ke vikAsa kA mUla hetu yahI thA ki isakA srota aura preraNA dhArmika evaM bhadrAtmaka hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcIna mAnava ne apane vikAsakrama meM apane upAsya ke prati kucha cinhoM yA pratIkoM kA aMkana kiyaa| dhArmika vicAroM aura karmakANDoM ke rUpa meM maMgala pratIka samAja ke hara stara para vyApta the| kisI bhI dharma aura kalA meM pratIkatva apanI aham bhUmikA nibhAte haiN| mUlataH binA isake koI bhI kalA pUrNata: astitvavihIna aura bhAvavihIna kahI jA sakatI hai| kabhI-kabhI kalA aura dharma meM vidyamAna pratIka eka yA eka se adhika sandarbhoM kI ora saMketa karate pAye gae haiN| kalA aura dharma ke pratIka vaise hI haiM jaise mAnava zarIra meM rIr3ha / sAmAnyataH pratIka se tAtparya yaha hotA hai ki koI cinha, saMketa vizeSa, artha vizeSa Adi / pratimA ke anupalabdhatA meM ye pratIka upAsakoM ke mana ko asIma zAMti va sukha pradAna karate the| pratyeka pratIkoM ke apane alaga-alaga sandarbha arthAt tAtparya bhI hote the / 358 bauddha dharma meM pratIkoM kA kalAtmaka vikAsa bauddha dharma meM pratIkoM ke nirmANa ke sandarbha meM parinirvANa sUkta' meM spaSTa hotA hai ki apane mahAparinirvANa se pUrva ziSya Ananda se unakI antima kriyA sandarbha meM pUche jAne para buddha ne cakravartI rAjAoM ke samAna apane avazeSoM para stUpa banAne kI AjJA dI thii| cAtubhmahApathe rajje cakkavattissa thUpaM karonti / cAtubhmahApartha tathAgatassa thUpa kAtavyoM / / isa prakAra bauddha dharma meM pratIka pUjana kA Arambha stUpa aura caityoM ke sAtha huaa| dUsarI sadI I0 pU0 meM Ate-Ate buddha ke pratIkoM kI saMkhyA bar3ha gayI / bauddha dharma meM loka dharma kI aneka dhArAeM jor3I gyii| unakI aneka vizeSatAoM ko bauddha dharma meM praviSTa kara liyA gyaa| aisI sthiti meM usakA prabhAva par3a hI rahA thaa| ataH bharahuta aura sAMcI ke stUpoM evaM caityoM kA jaba nirmANa huA to usameM buddha se sambandhita kathAnakoM kA aMkana hone lgaa| usa samaya yaha

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bauddha paramparA meM pratIkavAda 359 samasyA utpanna huI kI mAnava rUpa meM unakA aMkana kaise huaa| stUpa evaM caityoM ke rUpa meM unako pahale se hI svIkRta kara diyA gayA thaa| ataH anya pratIkoM ke dvArA unheM pradarzita karane meM bhalA kyA Apatti ho sakatI thI / ataH zuMga sAtavAhana kalA meM buddha kA citraNa anyAnya pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se kiyA gyaa| pratIkoM kA nirdhAraNa unake jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gyaa| janma ke lie gaja, kamala, vRSabha ko svIkAra kiyA gyaa| mahAbhiniSkramaNa kA pratIka azva athavA hAra bana gyaa| bauddha dharma meM buddha ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM se sambandhita jina pazuoM kA pratIka rUpa meM aMkana kiyA gayA unakI maulikatA kI paramparA bahuta purAnI hai / sindhu ghATI sabhyatA se hI ina pazuoM kA mahatvapUrNa aMkana pAyA jAtA hai| inheM buddha ke janma, kula niSkramaNa aura rAzi kA pratIka mAnA jAtA hai ye pazu cAra dizAoM ke pratIka haiM gaja pUrva dizA kA, vRSabha pazcima kA, siMha uttara kA aura azva dakSiNa dizA kA / ina cAroM AkRtiyoM ke bIca eka-eka dharma cakra kI AkRti bhI hai jo cAra dizAoM ke pratIka haiM aura inhIM se cakravartI samrATa ke cakra kA bhAva prakaTa hotA hai| isa prakAra bauddha dharma meM jo pratIka cinha lie gaye ve pUrvavartI prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM vidyamAna the / bauddha dharma ke udaya ke pazcAt ina pratIkoM ko pariSkRta rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA / sambodhi ko pradarzita karane hetu bodhi-vRkSa ko pratIka mAnA gayA / dharmacakra pravartana kI ghaTanA cakra dvArA aMkita kI gayI aura nirvANa ke lie stUpa aura caitya pahale se hI pratIka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liye gaye the / ataH isa kAla kI kalA meM jahA~ bhI buddha kI upasthiti pradarzita karanI thii| inameM se kisI pratIka kA sahArA liyA gayA ! sAtha hI loka dharmoM meM vyApta gandha, puSpa Adi ke arcana karane kI kriyA bhI bauddha dharma meM praviSTa kI gayI thI / ataH isa kAla kalA meM aneka sthAnoM para ina pratIkoM kI isa vidhi se arcanA karate hue pradarzita kiyA gyaa| ye pratIka devatA kI upasthiti kA AbhAsa karAte the / ataH isa prakAra bauddha dharma meM pratIkoM kA viziSTa yogadAna rahA hai| / sandarbha 1. rAmazaraNa zarmA, prAcIna bhArata, pR0 saMkhyA - 105 /

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360 zramaNa-saMskRti 2. DaoN0 jaya zaMkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 saM0 843 / 3. DaoN0 jaya zaMkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 saM0 844 / 4. DaoN0 jaya zaMkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 saM0 844 / 5. DaoN0 jaya zaMkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 saM0 845 / / 6. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, bhAratIya kalA (prArambhika yuga se tIsarI zatI I0 taka) pR0 saM0 336 / 7. vAsuveda zaraNa gravAla, bhAratIya klaa|

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58 vaidika saMskRti para bauddhAdi dharma evaM darzana kA prabhAva dInAnAtha rAya vaidika saMskRti para bauddha evaM jaina dharma ke prabhAva para vicAra karate samaya yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama ina donoM kI dharmoM ke udbhava kI sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi kA dhyAna rkheN| yaha eka sarvavidita tathya hai ki ina donoM hI dharmoM ne vaidika saMskRti ke pramukha tatvoM kI AlocanA kI aura usakA khaNDana bhI kiyaa| ina donoM dharmoM kA abhyudaya jisa pariveza meM huA usakA prabhAva ina dharmoM ke saMsthApakoM para spaSTa dikhAI detA hai| ye donoM hI dharma isa aMcala meM vikasita hue vaha gaNataMtrAtmaka paddhati se prabhavita thaa| isa pariveza kI vizeSatA aura usake Adarza ko ina donoM hI saMsthApakoM ne AtmasAt kiyA tathA usI kA pracAra aura prasAra kiyaa| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha dharma yA jaina dharma ke saMsthApakoM ne jo vicAra prakaTa kiye vaha inake maulika nahIM the| vaha gaNataMtrAtmaka paddhati meM sarvadA se hI vidyamAna rahe aura unhIM ko svIkAra kara inake saMsthApakoM ne jo siddhAnta yA Adarza samAja ke samakSa rakhA vaha vaidika saMskRti se sarvathA bhinna thaa| jJAtavya hai ki chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 taka uttara bhArata meM rAjataMtrAtmaka aura gaNataMtrAtmaka donoM hI prakAra kI paddhatiyAM vidyamAna thiiN| avadAnazataka' meM eka kathA AtI hai jisake anusAra madhyadeza ke vyApArI jaba dakSiNa meM pahuMce to unake rAjA ne ina vyApAriyoM se pUchA ki Apa kahA~ se Aye ho vahA~ kisa prakAra kA zAsana vyavasthA hai| ina vyApAriyoM ne kahA 'deva, kecit dezAH gaNAH dhinAH, kecit rAjAH dhinAH iti|' arthAt uttara bhArata ke kucha kSetroM meM

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zramaNa-saMskRti rAjataMtrAtmaka aura kucha meM gaNataMtrAtmaka praNAlI vidyamAna hai| isa pRSThabhUmi meM hI ina dharmoM ke prabhAva kA mUlyAMkana karanA ucita hogA / 362 'gaNa' zabda bhAropiya hai| yUnAnI jenAsa (Genos ) aura vaidika 'jana' samAnArthI aura sagotrI haiM / isa zabda meM rakta sambandha kA bhAva nihita hai / isa zabda se hI janaka, jananI, janatA yA aMgrejI kA jIna Adi zabda jur3e hue haiN| kA ga saMskRti sAhitya meM parivartI hotA hai jisake udAharaNa anekaza: hai / 'bhaja' dhAtu se nirmita ' bhaga' yA 'bhAga' mAtra eka udAharaNa hai| Arambha kA jana zabda bAda meM gaNa banA aura gaNoM ke antargata sabhI vyakti eka hI rakta se sambandhita mAne gaye aura isIlie gaNoM meM kinazipa ( Kinship) kA dyotaka karatA hai| isI pRSThabhUmi meM ina donoM dharmoM ke pramukha siddhAntoM aura unake prabhAva kA adhyayana karanA samIcIna hogaa| chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 vyApaka saMkramaNa kA kAla thA / lohe ke prayoga ne atirikta utpAdana ko sambhava kiyaa| ena0 bI0 pI0 (N.B.P.) isa samaya kA pramukha mRdabhANDa paramparA hai isakA lohe se sambandha honA purAtatva se ujAgara hai| atirikta utpAdana se spaSTa hai ki samAja meM sampannatA aura vipannatA kA vibhAjana hone lagA thaa| eka varga jo utpAdana ke srota kA svAmI thA kulIna varga banA to dUsarA jo isa prakAra ke srota se vaMcita thA dAsa varga meM parigaNita huA / yaha svAbhAvika thA ki dUsarA nimna varga saMkhyA meM adhika thA / utpAdana ke srota se vaMcita hone ke kAraNa yaha varga mAtra zrama karake jIvikopArjana karatA thA / jAtaka kathAoM se inameM vidyamAna asaMtoSa aura nairAzya kA bhAva dikhAI detA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki mAtra gautama buddha yA mahAvIra ne hI nahIM balki isa kAla ke dArzanika jinakA udbhava isa kSetra meM huA, unake darzana meM isa varga ke prati sahAnubhUti dikhAI detI hai| ina do vicArakoM ke atirikta pUraNa kazyapa, saMjaya belaTThiputta, pakkudhakraccAyana, ajitakezakambalina, masakarIputta gozAla Adi ke darzana isa nairAzya ko vyakta karatA hai / isa pRSThabhUmi meM hI buddha dvArA karma kI pradhAnatA ko mahatva denA dikhAI detA hai| vaidika dharma jahA~ samAja ke vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra 'janma' ko mAnatA hai vahIM bauddha yA jaina 'karma' ko / vyaktigata yA sAmAjika jIvana meM sudhAra karmoM se hotA hai| janma isameM bAdhaka nahIM hotaa| yaha sarvathA vaidika saMskRti ke virUddha thA /

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vaidika saMskRti para bauddhAdi dharma evaM darzana kA prabhAva dUsarI mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA isa dharma kI yaha thI ki inhoMne gaNataMtrAtmaka paddhati ko svIkAra kiyA / ullekhanIya hai ki vaidika saMskRti rAjataMtra kI poSaka rahI hai usameM gaNataMtra kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| gaNataMtrAtmaka paddhati vaidika saMskRti meM 'araTTa' yA 'arASTra' kahI gayI hai / jahA~ rAjA nahIM hotA use arASTra kI saMjJA dI gayI hai aura gaNoM kA chUA pAnI pInA Apastamba, viSNu Adi ke dharmasUtroM meM varjita hai / gaNoM ke virodha kA kAraNa yaha thA ki inameM jAti vyavasthA nahIM hotI, jabaki vaidika samAja jAtioM meM vibhakta hotA hai| gaNoM meM vyaktigata sAmpattika adhikAra nahIM hotA jaba ki vaidika samAja meM vyaktigata svAmitva ko svIkRti milI hai| vaidika samAja meM nArI ko sAmpattika adhikAra se vaMcita kiyA gayA hai aura vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM hI use sampatti para adhikAra prApta thA / jaba ki gaNoM meM nArI ko sampatti se vaMcita nahIM kiyA gayA hai / gaNoM meM yajJoM kA prAvidhAna nahIM hai kyoMki yajJoM meM hiMsA hotI hai jabaki vaidika saMskRti yajJa pradhAna hai aura binA pazu bali yA nara bali ke yajJoM kA sampAdana sambhava nahIM hotaa| karma ko pradhAna mAnane ke kAraNa gaNoM meM Izvara aprAsaMgika the, aura mokSa prApti sadkarma se hI mAnA gayA jabaki mokSa prApti ke lie vaidika saMskRti meM jo pazu bali ko aparihArya mAnatA thA hiMsA aparihArya thI / 363 prabhAva kI dRSTi se spaSTa hai ki vaidika saMskRti para bauddha, jaina Adi dharmoM kA nizcaya hI prabhAva paravartI kAla meM dikhAI detA hai| vaidika samAja meM kAtyAyana Adi kI smRtiyoM meM strI dharma kI jo avadhAraNA milatI hai vaha bauddha evaM jaina dharma kA hI pariNAma thI / nimna varNa ko jo sthAna vaidika samAja meM aura usakI arthavyavasthA meM dikhAI detA hai usakA kAraNa bhI uparyukta donoM dharma the, kyoMki ina dharmoM meM nimna varNa ko pramukhatA se svIkAra kiyA gyaa| jisa kAla meM bauddha yA jaina dharmoM kA prAdurbhAva huA usameM arthavyavasthA meM zIghratA se parivartana ho rahA thA, jisakA pariNAma yaha huA ki kRSi kA mahatva bddh'aa| kRSi ke mahatva ne tatkAlIna Arthika jIvana meM pazuoM ke saMrakSaNa (gorakhA) ko mahatva diyaa| ina do dharmoM ne isIlie ahiMsA para bala diyA ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ne vaidika dharma meM bhI bAda meM calakara mahatva diyA / niHsandeha kalA aura bhASA para ina donoM dharmoM kA prabhUta prabhAva dikhAyI detA hai| ina donoM hI dharmoM ke saMsthApakoM ne apane upadeza usa bhASA meM diye,

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364 zramaNa-saMskRti jise loka bhASA kahA jA sakatA hai| jisa kSetra meM upadeza diye gaye, vaha usa bhASA meM the, jo usI kSetra kI bhASA thii| yadi prAkRta gautama buddha ne upadeza kA mAdhyama banAyA to usakA kAraNa yaha thA ki magadha aura nikaTa ke kSetroM meM saMskRti kA sthAna isane le liyA thaa| arddhamAgadhI' ko jo mahatva isane diyA, usI kAraNa hai ki bAda meM apabhraMza kA vikAsa huaa| jaina dharma ne marAThI, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, bhASAoM ko samRddha kiyaa| dakSiNa bhArata ke zAsakoM ne jisameM rASTrakUTa pramukha the, jaina dharma ko rAjAzraya diyaa| bauddha dharma ke mahAyAna aura jaina dharma evaM darzana meM kalA ko jo samRddha pradAna kI vaha nirvivAda hai| bhArata meM hI nahIM madhya eziyA se lekara dakSiNa pUrvI eziyA taka ye dharma kalA ke vAhaka bne| anta meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki bhArata ke pramukha zikSA kendra ke vikAsa meM ina dharmo kI mahatI bhUmikA thI, jisake udAharaNa nAlandA, vikramazIlA, ityAdi arntarASTrIya khyAtilabdha zikSA kendra hai| saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaidika saMskRti meM jAti vyavasthA kI kaThoratA ko zithila karane, nArI ko sAmpattika adhikAra dene, janma ke sthAna para karma ko mahatva dene, hiMsA ke tyAga aura usake sthAna para pazu saMrakSaNa para bala dene ityAdi ke sAtha zikSA aura kalA ke utthAna meM ina dharmoM ne na kevala yogadAna diyA apitu vaidika dharma evaM darzana meM usako mahatva dene kA bhI ye kAraNa bne| ullekhanIya hai ki isa mahatva kA hI yaha kAraNa thA ki buddha ko vaidika saMskRti ne eka avatAra mAna liyaa| saMdarbha 1. inasAiklopiDiyA oNpha rilijana eNDa ethiksa jilda, 08 pR0 88 2. sI0DI0 vaka, e DikzanerI oNpha selekTeDa sinAnimsa ina da prinsipala inDo-yUropiyana leNgvejej| 3. manu 4209, viSNu 51.7, gautama 17.17, vaziSTha 14.10, yAjJavalkya, 1.161, Apastamba 1.6.18.161 4. draSTavya, hisTrI oNpha dharma zAstra vAlyUma 3, pR0 606,712 / 5. kAtyAyana smRti sAroddhAra, sampAdaka pI0 vI0 kANe, zloka saMkhyA 894 se 932 tk| 6. Ara0 esa0 zarmA, meTeriyala kalcara eNDa sozala phArmezansa pR0 121, 122 / 7. draSTavya, e0 esa0 altekara, ejukezana ina enziyenTa iNDiyA, adhyAya 8 /

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59 bauddha dharma kA vaizvika avadAna saMjIva kumAra mizra vartamAna vizva jisa dUta gati se bhautikatA kI ora agrasara ho rahA hai, usakA koI chora nahIM hai| vijJAna, takanIkI-praudyogikI, Arthika vikAsa, nagarIkaraNa, audyogikaraNa Adi ne vartamAna sAmAjika, rAjanItika, sAMskRtika, Arthika va dhArmika jIvana stara meM krAntikArI parivartana kiye haiM, jisase logoM kI jIvana zailI kA bhI unnayana huA hai| parantu isake sAtha hI sAtha aneka navIna samasyAyeM bhI vartamAna paristhitiyoM evaM sAmAjika parivartanoM ne utpanna kI haiN| mAnavatA kI bhAvanA kA hrAsa, hiMsA, saumya zakti kA prasAra, AtaMkavAda, ugravAda, alagAvavAda, vaizvika stara para vibhinna dezoM ke bIca bar3hatI huI vaimanasyatA tathA tanAva Adi aisI samasyAyeM haiM jo vartamAna vaizvika samAja ko andara hI andara khokhalA kara rahI hai| andhe AdhunikIkaraNa ke isa yuga meM zAnti evaM tanAva se isa dvandva kA nirAkaraNa mAnava-samyatA kI rakSA karane tathA usake vikAsa ko Age le jAne kI mahatvapUrNa zarta hai dhrm| dharma sAmAjika starIkaraNa ke sopAnIya rUpI bhAratIya virAsata kA pramukha tatva hai, jisake saMrUpaNa evaM sthAyitva ke sopAnIya rUpI bhAratIya virAsata kA pramukha tatva hai, jisake saMrUpaNa evaM sthAyitva kI Dora sadaiva sudRr3ha banI rhii| jaba sRSTi kI saMracanA ke mUla tatva ke rUpa meM jIvana evaM jagat ke astitva ko pradhAna mAnA gayA taba jIvana jagat ke antima kAraNa para vicAra manthana kI prakriyA prArambha huii| phalasvarUpa mAnava samudAya ko mahatvapUrNa mAnyatA prApta huI aura eka mAnava dvArA dUsare mAnava ke hitoM kI surakSA ke nimitta mAnavatA kI parikalpanA

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366 zramaNa-saMskRti samRddha huii| mAnavatA ke isa aruNodaya para vaidika RSiyoM ne jIvana kI avyavasthA ko dUra karane ke nimitta sAmAjika mAnyatAyeM sthApita kI tathA aneka dhArmika upacAra nizcita kiye| inhIM upacAroM ke antargata mAnava kA mAnava para niyantraNa dhArmika mAnyatA para AdhArita kiyA gayA tAki unake pArasparika adhikAra evaM uttaradAyitva eka dUsare se bAdhita na hoN| dhyAtavya hai ki bauddha dharma bhAratIya AtmA evaM garimA kA pratinidhi dharma hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM antastha AdhyAtmavAdI evaM mAnavatAvAdI cetanAyeM bauddha dharma kI mAnavatAvAdI avadhAraNA ke mUla stambha bindu haiN| satya yaha hai ki inhIM cetanAoM ke Alambana para yaha dharma mAnava-dharma ke rUpa kA saMdhAraNa karane meM saphala ho sakA hai| yahI mAnava dharma athavA kartavya eka ora adhikAra ke liye mAnava kI pAtratA sunizcita karatA hai to dUsarI ora mAnava ko mAnavIya adhikAra dene ke lie samAja ko dAyitva bodha bhI karAtA hai| mAnava dharma ke abhAva meM mAnavAdhikAra bhI eka chadma hI hai| bauddha dharma mAnava ko usake kartavyoM ke prati saceta karatA huA use svAvalambI hone kA upadeza detA hai| jaba zuddha hRdaya evaM dayAbhAva eka hI vyakti meM nihita ho jAte haiM to vaha vyakti vyaktitva kI virATatA ke kAraNa zraddhA kA pAtra banakara ArAdhya bana jAtA hai arthAt parama puNya tatva ke antarnihita ho jAne ke kAraNa IzvarIya pada para pratiSThita ho jAtA hai kyoMki Izvara kalpanAtIta sattA na hokara mAnavatA ke uccatam zikhara para sahaastitva ke pariveza meM sRjita mAnavAdhikAroM se yukta ke kAraNa mAnava kA carama vikAsa hI hai| bauddha dharma kI vicAradhArA meM yaha Adarza naitikavAda ke AdhAra para una siddhAntoM ko lekara uThA thA jo samagra mAnavatA hetu kalyANakArI thaa| buddha kA samAnava dharma kisI eka deza yA eka kAla kI vastu nahIM hai vaha to sArvakAlika va sArvadezika mAnava-dharma hai jo saMsAra ke sabhI manuSyoM meM naitikatA aura AcAra ke niyamoM ke rUpa meM sadaiva se mAnya rahA hai aura jisase vyakti zIla-sampanna banatA hai tathA samAja bhI vyavasthita rUpa se vikAsa ke patha para agrasara rahatA hai| ___ mahAtmA buddha kA darzana sArvakAlika hai jo buddha ke pUrva bhI bhAratIya dharma granthoM meM upasthita thA, aura usake bAda ke dharma-granthoM tathA Aja ke jIvana meM

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bauddha dharma kA vaizvika avadAna 367 bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM jaise ki mAnavatA, satya, ahiMsA, satyAgraha, sevA Adi ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai / isa dRSTi se yaha sanAtana mAnava-dharma hai| vartamAna samaya meM bhI isakA vyavahAra Avazyaka hai / Aja ke isa Adhunika evaM saMgharSazIla pariveza meM yadi hama buddha ke AdarzoM evaM siddhAntoM kA sahI-sahI DhaMga se pAlana kareM to niHsandeha vizva meM zAnti va sadbhAva sthApita ho sakatA hai aura samasta vaizvika manuSyoM ke mAnavAdhikAroM kI surakSA bhI ho sakatI hai| saMdarbha 1. majUmadAra, Ara0 sI0 rAya caudharI tathA ke0 ke0 datta, ena0 eDavAMsDa hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA, 1970, pR0 saM0 21-25 1 2. majUmadAra, esa0 ke0 caTarjI, kalcarala heriTeja oNpha iNDiyA, khaNDa prathama 1970, pR0 saM0 95-1101 3. hajArI prasAda dvivedI, bhAratI sAMskRtika paramparA, amRta prabhAta, 7 janavarI 1993 / 4. mittala, e0 ke0 bhArata kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, khaNDa prathama, pR0 saM0 64 / 5 tatraiva /

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60 vartamAna yuga meM buddha ke mAnava dharma kI upAdeyatA paMkaja kumAra zrIvAstava bauddha dharma na kevala eka dharma darzana hai, apitu rAjanItika-sAmAjika saMdarbho se jur3ane vAlA yathArthadharmI vicAra hai| eka aisA vicAra jahA~ se parivartanakArI AlocanA ke viveka kA nirmANa hotA hai| yadyapi yaha dharma bhAratIya paramparA aura saMskRti ke bIca una kaThina samasyAoM se TakarAkara banA thA, jo purohitI - sAmaMtI gaThajor3a ke pariNAma the| karmakAMDa, yajJAdi meM baliprathA, dAna-prathA, jAta-pAta, U~ca-nIca, bheda-bhAva aura aMdhavizvAsa ke khilApha yaha eka cunautI bharA AhvAna thA, jisane bhAratIya bhUgola kA atikramaNa kara pUre vaizvika bhUgola para apanA gaharA prabhAva banAte hue sAmAjika, rAjanItika aura sAMskRtika rUpAntaraNa meM apanI mahatI bhUmikA nibhaaii| kArya-kAraNa ke siddhAnta (pratItya samutpAda) aura 'dvAdaza nidAna' eka vaijJAnika jIvana dazASTi hai| buddha ne mAnava-duHkhoM se pUrNa nivRtti ko hI apane jIvana kA lakSya bnaayaa| manuSyoM ke duHkha ke kAraNoM evaM unako dUra karane ke upAyoM ke pracAra-prasAra meM sarvasva samarpita kara diyaa| gautama buddha kA vilakSaNa vyaktitva prANimAtra ke lie karuNA, zAnti tathA mRtyu para vijaya pAne kI dRSTi se hRdaya ko spandita hI nahIM krtaa| buddha kA saMdeza Aja bhI na kevala bhArata meM varan sampUrNa vizva meM utanA hI sArthaka hai jitanA buddhakAla meN|' unake isa dRSTikoNa ne hI bauddha dharma ko lokapriyatA pradAna kii| buddha kA hRdaya atyanta udAra thaa| ve ajAtazatru the| buddha sacce arthoM meM samadarzI the| mAnava jAti ke lie unake hRdaya meM asIma

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369 vartamAna yuga meM buddha ke mAnava dharma kI upAdeyatA sahiSNutA thii| unakA AcaraNa kiMcita vyaMgyamizrita sadbhAvanA vinaya kI akhaNDa abhivyakti thaa| pAzcAtya vidvAna bArtha ke anusAra - 'buddha kA vyaktitva zAstra evaM mAdhurya kA sampUrNa Adarza hai| vaha ananta komalatA, naitikatA, svataMtratA evaM pApa-sAhitya kI mUrti hai|' bauddha dharma ne hI sarvaprathama vizva ko eka sarala tathA ADambararahita dharma pradAna kiyaa| dharma ke kSetra meM unhoMne samyaka ahiMsA evaM sahiSNutA kA pATha pddh'aayaa| azoka, kaniSka harSa Adi rAjAoM meM jo dhArmika sahiSNutA dekhane ko milatI hai vaha bauddha dharma ke prabhAva kA hI pariNAma thaa| azoka ne yuddha vijaya kI nIti kA parityAga kara dhammavijaya kI nIti ko apanAyA tathA loka kalyANa kA Adarza samasta vizva ke samakSa prastuta kiyaa| azoka ne baudha dharma kI zikSAoM se hI prerita hokara dhamma kI vizad vyAkhyA kI tathA prajA ke naitika utthAna evaM sabhI prakAra se unake kalyANa ke lie tatpara rahane kA Adarza prastuta kiyaa| azoka dvArA pratipAdita pratyeka kArya bauddha dharma se prabhAvita tathA madhyamArgI pratIta hote haiN| bauddha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhArata kA sAMskRtika samparka vizva ke vibhinna dezoM ke sAtha sthApita huaa| bhArata ke bhikSuoM ne vizva ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM jAkara apane siddhAntoM kA prasAra kiyaa| mahAtmA buddha kI zikSAoM se AkarSita hokara zaka, pArthiyana, kuSANa Adi videzI jAtiyoM ne bauddhadharma ko grahaNa kara liyaa| yavana zAsaka mineNDara tathA kuSANa zAsaka kaniSka ne ise rAjadharma banAyA aura apane sAmrAjya ke sAdhanoM ko isake pracAra meM lagA diyaa| aneka videzI yAtrI tathA vidvAna bauddhadharma kA adhyayana karane tathA pavitra bauddha sthaloM ko dekhane kI lAlasA se bhArata aaye| phAhyAna, hvenasAMga, itsiMga jaise cInI yAtriyoM ne bhArata meM varSoM taka nivAsa kara isa dharma kA pratyakSa jJAna prApta kiyaa| Aja bhI vizva kI eka tihAI janatA bauddhadharma tathA usake AdarzoM meM apanI zraddhA rakhatI hai| vartamAna yuga meM AvazyakatA hai ki vizva ko bauddhadharma ke mAdhyama se maitrI, karuNA, baMdhutva, samatA, jIo aura jIne do ke anurUpa zikSA dI jAye,

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370 zramaNa-saMskRti jisase svArthaparaka rASTroM aura AtaMkavAdiyoM ko zAnti, ahiMsA aura vizva bandhutva ke mArga para lAyA jA ske| saMdarbha 1. DaoN0 rAmavRkSa venIpurI, 'tathAgata' (do shbd)| 2. AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya, 'bauddha darzana miimaaNsaa'| 3. DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana, gautamabuddha, jIvana rUpa drshn| 4. bArtha, da rIlijana oNpha innddiyaa|

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61 bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha dharma kA prabhAva saMdIpa kumAra siMha bhAratIya saMskRti ke vibhinna kSetroM para bauddha dharma kA vyApaka prabhAva dikhAI detA hai jinameM rAjanIti, samAja tathA dharma pramukha hai| sAmAjika jIvana meM zAkAhArI bhojana kA pracalana bhikSu niyamoM ke anusAra huA, jo ahiMsA ko bala detA thaa| vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM baddha ke dvArA mAMsa khAne meM chUTa pradAna kI gayI thii| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki buddha kI mausI ke sara meM pIr3A hone para, unhoMne spaSTa kiyA ki yaha pahale mAMsa khAne se ThIka hotA thA, buddha ne usa paristhiti meM mAMsa khAne kI chUTa de dI thii| vartamAna samaya kI bhAMti sAmAjika utsavoM para yadi mAMsa parosA jAtA thA, to vahA~ khAne kI chUTa thii| jAti-pAti ke bandhana ko vizeSa mahatva nahIM diyA jAtA thA kyoMki buddha ke dvArA apane dharma meM bhikSuoM ke lie isa prakAra kA koI pratibandha nahIM thaa| ataH jAtIya bhedabhAva jo samAja meM aneka burAIyoM kI jar3a thA, bauddha meM usa para aMkuza lagAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| ___ samAja meM nAriyoM ko vizeSa darjA diyA jAne lgaa| jisa prakAra se bauddha dharma kI bhikSuNiyoM ko samAja meM ghUmane tathA saMgha meM sammilita hone kI chUTa thI, ThIka usI prakAra nAriyoM kA bhI saMgha banane lagA thaa| bauddha dharma kA prabhAva hindU dharma para bhI vizeSa rUpa se pdd'aa| hindU dharma meM pracalita purohitavAda kA bolabAlA ghaTane lgaa| yajJa aura bali vyavasthA bhI kama hone lgii| jIva hiMsA ke prati ghRNA logoM meM bauddhoM kI ahiMsA nIti ke kAraNa utpanna huii| bauddha dharma kA hindU dharma para prabhAva isa prakAra par3A ki bhagavAna buddha ko viSNu ke dazAvatAroM meM nauvAM avatAra mAnA gyaa| hindU maMdiroM

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372 zramaNa-saMskRti kA nirmANa caityoM ke AdhAra para huA mAnA jAtA hai| maMdira ke caukhaToM ko stUpa ke toraNadvAra para aMkita pratIka cihnoM ke sahAre, devAMkana se sajAyA jAne lgaa| jisa prakAra se caityoM ke dvAra para stambha nirmita hote the, usI prakAra hindU maMdiroM ke praveza dvAra para deva - dhvaja lagA milatA hai| jisa prakAra se bhAratIya saMskRti meM mokSa ko antima lakSya tathA mRtyu ko satya mAnA gayA hai, usI prakAra bauddha dharma meM bhI isI mAnyatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| bhAratIya rAjanIti para bhI bauddha dharma ke prabhAva ko nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| bauddha dharma meM gaNarAjyoM kI zAsana vyavasthA nirdhArita kI gyii| saMgha kI baiThaka ke samAna hI gaNarAjyoM kI baiThaka bulAyI jAtI thii| jisa prakAra se gaNamukhya anuzAsana rakhatA thA ThIka usI prakAra saMghamukhya bhI anuzAsana ko mahatva detA thaa| saMgha meM pratyeka vyakti ko bolane kI svataMtratA thii| pratyeka vyakti apanA vicAra prastuta karane ke lie pUrNatayA svataMtra hotA thaa| gaNapariSadoM meM bhI yaha staMtratA vidyamAna thii| __ jIvoM para dayA (ahiMsA) bauddha dharma kA pramukha aMga thA tathA bhAratIya saMskRti meM bhI ise mahatva diyA jAtA hai| jisa prakAra se satya, dayA, karuNA, zraddhA, ahiMsA, naitikatA Adi ko bhAratIya saMskRti kI AtmA kahA jAtA hai usI prakAra bauddha dharma meM ise vizeSa sthAna pradAna kiyA gayA tathA isake vikAsa ke lie niraMtara prayAsa kiyA gyaa| samAja meM kisI bhI vyakti kA mUlyAMkana usakI jAti se nahIM apitu usake AcaraNa se kiyA jAtA hai| bauddha dharma kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai| isa dharma meM jAti-pAti, bheda-bhAva na thA, tabhI buddha ne kahA hai ki 'jAti mata pUcho AcaraNa pUcho' / bauddha dharma meM pratIka cihnoM kI pUjA ke AdhAra para hI hindU dharma meM mUrti pUjA ko bala milaa| uparokta tathyoM se spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM bauddha dharma kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| sandarbha 1. rIja Devisa, buddhijm| 2. naninAkSa danta, spreDa Apha buddhijma / 3. bharata siMha, bauddha tathA anya bhAratIya drshn| 5. DaoN0 ziva svarUpa sahAya, prA0 bhAratIya dharma evaM drshn|

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62 pAli nikAyoM meM vyApAra saMcAlana evaM saMgaThana prIti tivArI pAli nikAyoM meM vyApAra ko jIvikA ke sabhI sAdhanoM se zreSTha mAnA gayA hai| isameM bahuta kama kAma karane aura anuzAsana kI vikaTa samasyAoM se prAyaH mukta hone se pracura lAbha hotA thaa| svAbhAvika hai, isa ora samAja ke bahusaMkhyaka prANI AkRSTa hoM, para jaisA ki kaI saMdarbho se spaSTa hai, vyApAra una logoM ke lie lAbhaprada thA jinameM isake anukUla AcaraNa karane aura sUjhabUjha kI apAra kSamatA hotI thii| sAtha hI, vyApAra meM pU~jI niveza kI kSamatA tathA mahAjanoM ke bIca sAkha aisI honI cAhie ki vyApAra ke lie mAla samaya para milane meM koI kaThinAI nA ho| vyApAra kI saphalatA ke ye hI mUlamaMtra haiM jinakI mImAMsA pAli nikAyoM ke aneka saMdarbho meM kI gaI hai| kharIda-bikrI vyApAra ke AdhArabhUta tattvoM meM eka thA aura isameM lage loga lAbha kI kAmanA karate the| dUsarI ora, yaha vyApAra sabhI ke lie varadAna bana kara nahIM aataa| yaha vyApAra kisI ke lie adhika lAbhaprada, kisI ke lie saMtulita tathA kisI ke lie ghATe kA saudA hotA hai| phira bhI, zIghra samRddha hone kI cAha sabhI ke mana meM banI rahatI hai aura yahI manodazA buddhakAlIna una vyApAriyoM kI hai jo deza-dezAntara meM jAkara vibhinna vastuoM kA vyApAra karate the| pUMjI niveza kI kSamatA tathA vyApArika rUjhAna ke kAraNa vaividhyapUrNa vyApAra pracalita thaa| koI hathiyAra kA vyApAra to koI suMgadhita drava, mAMsa, madirA aura taraha ke vyApAra samAja virodhI manovRtti vAle haiM, ataH inheM tyAjya

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zramaNa-saMskRti samajhanA caahie| vyApAra kI saphalatA ke lie katipaya arhatAe~ nizcita kI gaI thiiN| aMguttaranikAya isa kSetra meM usa vyakti ko saphala mAnatA hai jisameM tIna vizeSatAe~ eka sAtha parilakSita hotI haiM- dRSTi sampannatA arthAta kisa vastu kI kitane mUlya meM kharIda evaM bikrI kI jAye, kSamatA sampannatA arthAta pratyeka kharIdI aura becI jAne vAlI vastu meM lAbha ke pratizata kA ThIka-ThIka pUrvAnumAna kara lenA tathA dRr3ha vizvAsI honA vyApArI kA aMtima aura sabase viziSTa guNa hotA thA / vyApArika lena-dena se upajI sAkha, saphalatA ke lie anukUla pRSThabhUmi taiyAra karatI hai| jaba koI vyApArI kisI dUsare ko mAla dete samaya usakI sAkha kA vizvAsa kara sake aura jaba vaha koI vastu kisI se letA hai to usI sAkha kA vizvAsa sabhI kareM / 374 vyApAra ke saMcAlana ke lie koI eka nizcita kendra nahIM hotA thA / vyApAriyoM kA karttavya hai ki jisa pradeza meM lAbha kI saMbhAvanA ho vahA~ jAkara lAbha kmaayeN| vahA~ kSetra kI bhaugolika anukUlatA - pratikUlatA kI paribhASAyeM miTa jAtI haiM, vyApAra kA uddezya lAbhArjana mAtra hI raha jAtA hai / 'dIghanikAya se jJAta hotA hai ki gA~va ke bAjAra ( gAmapaTTa) meM bhI jaba vyavasAyika buddhivAlA vyApArI jAtA thA to kisI vastu kI kharIda bikrI meM lAbhAMza kitanA hai, isakA Apasa meM gaharAI se vimarza karatA thaa| eka anya jAtaka se yaha vidita hotA hai ki jaba pherI lagAne vAle kisI nagara meM praviSTa hote the to apanA mAla becane ke lie Apasa meM nagara kI galiyoM ko bA~Ta lete the / isase donoM ko samAna rUpa se lAbha hote the / isase pratIta hotA hai ki vyApArika pratidvandvitA kI bhAvanA hote hue bhI Apasa meM bhAIcAre evaM sahayoga kI bhAvanA kA lopa nahIM huA thA / vyavasAyika buddhivAlA vyakti mAmUlI vastu ko becate hue bhI dhIre-dhIre sampanna ho jAtA hai| kisI vastu ko becane ke krama meM hue lAbhAMza se utsAhita ho kara puna: kisI dUsarI vastu ko becane kA nirantara prayAsa karatA hai tathA isakI jaba punarAvRtti hotI hai to usameM lAbhAMza surakSita karatA hai| yahI krama yadi kucha dinoM taka calA to vyakti ko samRddha hone meM koI ar3acana nahIM aatii| vyApAra ke samucita saMcAlana ke lie vyAvasAyiko meM eka sImA taka

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pAli nikAyoM meM vyApAra : saMcAlana evaM saMgaThana 375 naitikatA kA honA Avazyaka hai| vyApArika mAla kI kharIda ke lie hor3a meM yadi kisI vyApArI dvArA pUrva meM hI agrima diyA gayA ho to usa samajhaute ke virUddha koI anya vyApArI apana dAvA prastuta nahI kara sakatA thA / prAya: isa vyApArika AcaraNa kA sabhI samarthana karate the / seTThi vaNija jAtaka se hameM sUcanA milatI hai ki usa samaya sthAnIya utpAdanoM ko bar3e-bar3e zaharoM meM bheja diyA jAtA thA yA unheM bAjAra tathA kasboM meM thoka vikretA kharIda liyA karate the / vastuoM ke mUlya kA nirdhAraNa mAMga aura pUrti ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA thA / jAtakoM ke anusAra rAjA kisI bhI vastu ko kraya karane ke lie eka vizeSa adhikArI kI niyukti karatA thA, jise 'aMgarakhA' kahA jAtA thA / mUlya nirdhAraNa kara yaha kArya Arthika sthiratA banAye rakhane ke lie kiyA jAtA thA / jAtakoM ke anusAra ukta rAjyAdhikArI (aMgarakhA) vibhinna vastuoM para 'levI' lagAne kA bhI kArya karatA thA / " vyApArika gharAne adhikArI ko bhraSTa karane se nahIM cUkate the tathA bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke upahAra de kara anya vyApAriyoM ke mAla kI tulanA meM apane mAna kI kImata jyAdA bar3hAvA dete the / isa prakAra, vyApArika lena-dena meM katipaya ucca AdarzoM ke hote hue bhI vyApaka paimAne para bhraSTAcAra phailA huA thA / 12 vinimaya vyApAra kI paramparA buddha yuga meM mudrAoM kI uttarottara vRddhi ke sAtha simaTane lagI / rAisa DeviDsa ke anusAra sone ke sikkoM kA bhI pracalana isa samaya taka na thA / vinimaya meM sone cA~dI kI sikkoM ke rUpa meM nahIM kintu vinimaya mAdhyama ke rUpa meM avazya prayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hai|12 vyApAra vinimaya meM vastu kI kImata kA samAna honA Avazyaka hai| eka jAtaka meM zarAba ke badale svarNAbhUSaNoM ko lene kI carcA kI gaI hai jo samAnya vinimaya kA eka prakAra hete hue bhI viparIta vyavahAra ko darzAtA hai| yadi kisI vyApArI kA koI vizvAsapAtra mitra hotA to vaha usake pAsa saikar3o gAr3iyoM meM mAla bharakara bhejatA thA aura usake badale apanI bikrI ke lie dUsarA mAla maMgavA liyA karatA thA / 14 ataH vinimaya vyApAra meM jahA~ vastu kI kImata meM samAnatA kA honA Avazyaka thA, vahIM usameM paraspara vizvAsa aura sAkha kA honA bhI eka anivArya tattva ke rUpa meM svIkRta thA /

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376 zramaNa-saMskRti buddhakAlIna arthavyavasthA meM sAjhA vyApAra kA apanA eka viziSTa mahattva thaa| pU~jI samAna mAtrA meM lagAnA aura lAbha evaM hAni meM sAtha-sAtha rahanA isa prakAra ke vyApAra kI pahalI mukhya zarta huA karatI thii| yaha kintu, kabhI eka pakSa dUsare pakSa se kahIM jyAdA munAphe kA aMza har3apa lenA cAhatA thaa| isa vyApAra ke pratikUla AcaraNa kA dhotaka thA aura isI se isakA anta bhI hotA thaa| buddhakAlIna arthavyavastha meM dUsaroM ko karja dene kI eka vyAvasAyika paramparA kA patA calatA hai| yadyapi, karja dene sambandhI kinhI zartoM kA ullekha to nahIM milatA, para byAja para rUpayoM ke lena-dena ke pramANa milate haiM / yadyapi kitanA byAja diyA jAtA thA, isakA sahI tathya prApta nahIM hotA, kintu 18 pratizata kI dara para dhana diyA gayA thA aisA ullekha milA hai| karja kA kSetra bahuta vyApaka thaa| nagaroM meM rahane vAle samRddha seThoM kA yaha eka pAramparika vyavasAya bana gayA thaa| gA~voM meM basane vAle aneka loga inase bataura karja eka nizcita dhanarAzI lete the, jisakI ugAhI ke lie ve barAbara gA~voM kA daurA kiyA karate the|" isase isa bAta kA saMketa milatA hai ki karja kA lena-dena sadA surakSita nahIM thaa| yadi karjadAtA pitA dhana kI ugAhI kiye bagaira mara gayA thA to mAtA apane putra ko isakI ugAhI ke lie prerita karatI thI jisase karjadAra vyakti beImAnI na kara ske| eka anya ullekha ke anusAra pitA kI mRtyu ho jAtI to usakA putra usa vyavasAya ko saMbhAlatA thA, para kisI bhI sUrata meM pitA dvArA diye gae koM kI ugAhI ke lie vaha prayAsa karatA rhtaa|" prApta vivaraNoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki vyApAra meM prathama caraNa meM pU~jI lagAne ke lie vyApArI ko karja dene vAlI koI sarakArI saMsthA abhI taka astitva meM nahIM AyI thii|Rnn kI pU~jI prathama caraNa meM jahA~ utsAhavarddhana kA kArya karatI hai, vahIM samaya para nahIM lauTAne para yaha sthAyI duHkha kA aura mAnasika vedanA kA kAraNa bhI banatI hai| pAli nikAyoM meM sArthavAha kI bar3I rocaka sUcanAyeM prApta hotI haiN| yaha vyApAriyoM kA vaha samUha thA jo deza-dezAntara kI yAtrA karake apanA mAla becA karatA thaa| jisa samUha meM pA~ca sau vyApAriyoM kI saMkhyA rahatI use

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pAli nikAyoM meM vyApAra : saMcAlana evaM saMgaThana 377 'mahAsakaTa satyo' kahA jAtA aura ye sArI yAtrAe~ surakSA kI dRSTi se samUha rUpa meM kI jAtI thiiN| pAli nikAyoM meM sArthavAhoM ke aise chaH parivAroM kA ullekha hai jo samUha meM vyApAra karate the aura apane-apane dala ke netA hote the jinakA vyApArika samudAya meM vizeSa sammAna thaa| inameM vyApArika lAbha kI tIvra bhAvanA hotI jisase ve marUbhUmi ke durUha mArga ko bhI pAra karane ke lie utsAhita rahate the| jaba apane lakSya para sArthavAha pahu~catA to sAmAna ko dugane-tigune dAma para becakara bhI munAphA kamAte the aura apane ghara ko khuzI-khuzI lauTate the sArthavAhoM ke dala kA mukhiyA patha-pradarzaka kA kArya karatA thaa| vaha jaMgala se gujarate samaya sabhI vyApAriyoM ko jaMgala kI viSailI vanaspatiyoM kI jAnakArI detA thA tathA yaha nirdeza detA thA ki usakI anumati ke binA dala kA koI AdamI kisI phala ko nahIM khaaye| buddha ke yuga meM vyApArika evaM vyavasAyika dRSTi se kAphI unnati ho cukI thii| jAtakoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke vyApArika mArgoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, uttara-dakSiNa-dakSiNa, pazcima, uttara-dakSiNa-pUrva, pUrva pazcimI Adi aneka mArgoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai jinase spaSTa hotA hai ki vyApArika samRddhi ke liye yAtAyAta-sAdhanoM kA paryApta prabandha thA vyApArI bar3I bhavoM meM bikrI hetu vastuoM ko bharakara prasthAna karate the tathA sAtha meM liyA gayA eka taTarakSaka pakSI (tIradassi sakuNaM, unake sAmudrika mArgoM kA patha-pradarzana karatA thA kabhI-kabhI isa pakSI (dizA kAka) dvArA unaheM taTa kI bhrAmaka sUcanA milatI thI jisase unake jahAja DUba jAte aura ve akAla mRtyu ko prApta hote the| jala parivahana ke lie upayukta nadiyoM meM gaMgA-yamunA, aciravatI, sarayu, mahI Adi kA ullekha huA hai aura inhIM ke krama meM samudra kI bhI carcA karake samudra vyApAra kI pUrI saMbhAvanAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai jAtakoM meM bhArUkaccha (bhar3auca) kI yAtrA karane vAle vyApAriyoM kA ullekha huA hai jo dhana kamAne kI icchA se ina khataranAka sAmudrika mArgoM ko taya karate the| jina vyApAriyoM kI nAveM makaroM kI zikAra ho jAtI unake dhana kamAne ke sapane cUra-cUra ho jAte the| eka jAtaka ke anusAra, mAtA dvArA dI gaI eka hajAra kI cailI se putra ne kucha hI dinoM meM lAkha rupae AsAnI se kamA liye

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378 zramaNa-saMskRti tathA apanI saphalatA se utsAhita hokara vaha samudra vyApAra yojanA letA jisakA usakI mAtA isalie virodha karatI thI ki sAmudrika vyApAra karanA sadA asurakSita hotA thaa| phira bhI, isameM kSetrIya vyApAra kI tulanA meM adhika lAbha hotA thaa| isalie, kucha sAhasI vyApArI apanI nAvoM ko mAla se bharakara svarNabhUmi kI yAtrA karate the| sAmudrika vyApAra ke lie prasthAna karane vAle vyApAriyoM ke dala meM pA~ca sau vyApAriyoM kA jhuMDa rahatA thA jise kabhI-kabhI lagAtAra sAta dinoM taka yAtrA karane ke pazcAt bhI kinArA dikhAyI nahIM detaa| unakI naukAyeM TUTa jAtI aura sabhI magaramacchoM dvArA lIla liye jAte the| pitA ke marane ke bAda jyeSTha putra nAvika banakara sAmudrika mArga meM apane dala kA netRtva karatA thaa| pratIta hotA hai ki samudra vyApAra karane vAle nAvikoM kI eka sthAyI paramparA vikasita ho cukI thI jo isa vyApAra meM apanI parivArika pRSThabhUmi se prabhAvita hokara gaharI abhirUci kA paricaya dete the| aneka kaSTa uThAte hue jo dhana kamAne meM saphala hote the ve vApasa lauTakara sukhI jIvana vyatIta karate the| sAmudrika vyApAra kI tulanA meM sthala vyApAra ko adhika suvidhAjanaka, hAnirahita aura lokapriya mAnA gayA thaa| nagaroM ko jor3ane vAle aneka rAjapatha the| vyApAriyoM dvArA cirakAla se ina rAjapathoM kA upayoga hAtA thaa| ye rAjapatha sabhI ke AvAgamana ke lie upayogI the| dIghanikAya spaSTa rUpa se pATaliputra kA ullekha 'vaNikapatha' ke rUpa meM karate hue ise sabhI nagaroM meM zreSTha kahatA hai|" sthala mArgoM se pA~ca-pA~ca mAla se ladI gAr3iyA~ eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna kI yAtrA karatI rahatI thiiN| kabhI isa saMkhyA meM vRddhi hotI aura yaha karIba eka hajAra taka pahu~ca kara pUrvI janapada se pazcimI janapada kI ora prasthAna karatI thiiN| kAphile ko mArga meM bar3I asuvidhAoM kA sAmanA karanA hotaa| jaba pA~ca sau mAla se ladI gAr3iyA~ rAjapatha hokara gujaratI to kisI sthAna para sabhI gAr3iyA~ phaMsakara jAma ho jAtI thiiN| yaha vyApAriyoM ke lie bahuta ghATe kA saudA hotA thA aura mAla ko majabUrana utAraka saste-saste dAmoM para becanA par3atA thA0 vinayaSTika meM rAjapatha se gujarane vAle vyApAriyoM ke sAtha yAtrA karanA nirApada mAnA gayA thaa| deza ke eka kSetra se dUsare kSetroM meM dainika

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pAli nikAyoM meM vyApAra : saMcAlana evaM saMgaThana 379 upabhoga kI vastuoM kA vyApAra mukhya rUpa se sthala mArga ke jariye hI kiyA jAtA thaa| jAtakoM meM sthala mArga se vyApAra karane sambandhI sUcanAyeM bahuta jyAdA haiN| vArANasI tatkAlIna vyApArika jagata kA eka AkarSaka kendra mAnA jAtA thaa| pratyeka dizA ke vyApArika mArga yahA~ se hokara gujarate the| pUraba se pazcima jAne vAle mArga ko jAtakoM meM 'putbantA aparAntaM' kahA gayA hai| pUrvI bhArata kA camyA eka mahAna vyApArika kendra thA aura yahIM se vyApAriyoM kA dala suvarNa bhUmi ke lie prasthAna karatA thaa| eka sthala mArga ise mithilA se jor3atA thaa| vArANasI ko eka vyApArI kA nAma kappaTa thA jo miTTI ke bartanoM ko khaccara para lAdakara takSazilA jAtA thaa| sthala mArga se vArANasI apane samakAlIna prasiddha vyApArika nagaroM se jur3I huI thIvideha se gAndhAra pradeza jAne vAlA mArga bhI thaa| yaha mArga adhikatara nadI mArga se hokara gujaratA thA aura vArANasI hokara Age jAtA thaa| jAtako meM uttarApatha se takSazilA hokara eka lambA mArga jAtA thA jo madhyeziyA aura pazcimeziyA ke sAtha bhArata kA saMparka sthApita karatA thAyaha mArga rAjapUtAne kI marUbhUmi (kandhAra) se * hokara gujaratA thA tathA 60 yojana caur3A thA buddhakAlIna arthavyavasthA meM audyogika kSetra meM nyUnAyika rUpa meM saMgaThana kI eka sthAyI pravRtti kA vikAsa ho cukA thA, para vyApAriyoM evaM saudAgaroM ke samUha meM isa prakAra kI saMgaThanAtmaka pravRtti kA prAyaH AbhAsa hI dIkhatA hai| isa kAla meM vyApAriyoM ke saMgaThana ke mUla meM vaMza-paraMparA aura vyApArika saMsthAoM meM jeTTaka paramparA kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| mahAbaNija jAtaka se isa Azaya kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki anake dezoM ke vyApArI apanI eka samiti jo saMgaThana kA eka asthAyI vikalpa hai, banAkara vyApAra karate the| durUha marUsthala ko pAra karate samaya binA pAnI ke asIma kaSToM ko jhelate hue jaba kisI mahAvRkSa kI chAyA meM Ate the to apanI thakAna miTAkara phira Age kI yAtrA Arambha karate the| saMsthA yA sagaMThana kA dAyitva usase jur3e vyaktiyoM ke hitoM kI rakSA karanA hotA hai| pAli nikAyoM meM aise kisI bhI saMgaThana kA patA nahIM cltaa| aisI sthiti meM vyApAra meM lAbha apanI kSamatA evaM paristhitiyoM para nirbhara thaa| apane mAla kA mUlya bhI vyApArI svayaM nizcita karatA thA

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380 zramaNa-saMskRti upayukta saMdarbha meM saMketa diyA gayA hai ki kisI kSetra ke lie prasthAna karane vAle vyApArI ApasI tAlamela ke AdhAra para bhAvI saMkaTa se jUjhane hetu eka samiti kA gaThana karate the jisakI vaidhatA yAtrA kI samApti kAla taka banI rahatI thii| aisI bhAvanA se tAtkAlika uddezya to saphala hotA thA, kintu kisI sthAyI saMgaThana kI pRSThabhUmi nahIM bana pAtI thii| prAcIna pAli nikAyoM evaM jAtakoM meM jina sArthavAhoM kA ullekha hai, unameM vyAparI varga apane variSThatama evaM anubhavI sadastha ko surakSA kI jimmedArI sauMpate the aura usake pratyeka Adeza ko taba taka mAnate the jabataka yAtrA sampanna na hotI thii| ise ApasI tAlamela para AdhArita eka athAyI saMgaThana se jyAdA kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA vinaya piTaka tathA pAli nikAyoM ke katipaya saMdarbho meM asurakSita rAjamArgoM meM jAna-mAla kI surakSA hetu tAtkAlika saMgaThana para bala diyA gayA hai| isaprakAra vyApAriyoM meM saMgaThana yA anya kisI bhI prakAra ke tAlamela kI sthiti avasara pradhAna huA karatI thii| vastutaH bauddhakAlIna bhArata eka Arthika samRddhi kA yuga thA tathA vyApAra usakA mUlAdhAra / vyApAra evaM vANijya ke itane vikasita rUpa ke pIche kevala kAlakrama hI uttaradAyI nahI thaa| bauddha dharma apane AvirbhAva ke sAtha vyApAra ke kSetra meM bhI navIna vicAra lekara paidA huA thaa| bauddha paramparA meM vyApAra evaM vANijya ko pUrNataH dharmettara kArya mAnA gayA hai jisakA uddezya laukika pariprekSya ko adhika puSTa karatA hai tathA artha ko sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika pragati ke pramukha AdhAra ke rUpa meM ullikhita karatA hai| jahA~ prAcIna vaidika kAlIna (brAhmaNIya) RNa evaM sAmudrika yAtrA sambadhI varNanAeM nahIM thii| tatkAlIna prabhAvasvarUpa hI gautama jaise vicArakoM ne jahA~ dharma kI vyAkhyA kI hai vahIM artha ko bhI chor3A nhiiN| use samAja kA eka aMga mAnakara saMbaMdhita vicAroM ko naI dizA dete rhe| AcArya pANinI kI aSTAdhyAyI meM bhI vyApAra kI mahattA vyAkhyAyita hai| bauddha sAhitaya meM hame vyApAra ke niyamoM se saMbaMdhita pariSkRTa vicAra dekhane ko milate haiN| bauddha graMthoM evaM jAtakoM meM varNita ye Arthika vicAra pragati kI mahAna bhUmikA adA karate haiM tathA sAMskRtika pragati kI puSTa AdhArazilA pradAna karate hai| Age calakara yahI vicAra smRtiyoM meM niyama ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gye| kAlAntara meM, kauTilya jaise vicArakoM ne isa Arthika

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pAli nikAyoM meM vyApAra : saMcAlana evaM saMgaThana 381 - vyApArika niyamoM evaM nirdezoM ko sAmrAjya kI pragati ke eka pramukha AdhAra ke rUpa sthApita kiyaa| sandarbha 1. ma0ni0 dvi., pR0 4701 2. dI0ni0 pra0, pR0 711 3. aM0 ni0 di0, pR0 4341 4. aM0 ni0 pra0, pR0 207 / 5. ma0ni0 vR0, pR0 241 6. dI0ni0 dvi0, pR0 2601 7. jA0 pra0 khaM0 sArivANIja jA0 pR0 1901 8. vahI cullaseTThI jApa0, pR0 203 aura aage| 9. jA0 pra0 kha0 cullaseTThI jA0 pR0 204 / 10. saTThipaNija jAtakaM-jAtakaTThakathA pR0 78 / 11. rij DaviDsa, buddhisTa iMDiyA, pR0 100-101 / 12. vahI, pR0 100 / 13. jA0 pra0 evaM vAruNI jA0, pR0 373 aura aage| 14. vahI alata jA0 pR0 534 aura aage| 15. jA0 pra0 kha0 kUttvANija jA pR0 5701 16. rija0 DeviDsa, buddhisTa iNDiyApa, pR0 1011 17. jA0 tR0 kha0 kakkaTala jA0 pR. 65 aura aage| 18. jA0 tR0 khaM0 sattapata jA0, pR0 108 / 19. vahI macchuddAna jA0 pR0 143 ! 20. dI0 ni0 pra0, pR0 632 21. aM0 ni0 tR0, pR0 83 / 22. jA0 pra0 khaM0 apaNNaka jA0 pR0 176 aura aage| 23. vahI, vR0 1811 24. vahI vaNNupatha jA0 pR0 186 aura aage| 25. vahI ka0 jA0, pR0 398 / 26. dij DeviDsa, buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 103, 104 / 27. dI0 ni0 pra0 pR0 189 vistAra pravIna pAli sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 318 aura aage| 28. dekhiye kika ricarDa da sozala ArnonAijezana ina nArtha iMDiyA buddhaja TAima, pR0 269 29. aM0 ni0 tR0, pR0 3071

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382 zramaNa-saMskRti 30. bharukacchA palAcAnaM baNijAnaM dhanesilaM, makarehIvabhadA nAvA phalaphelAhamatlaNi nA0 ta0 susAndhi jA0 pR0 3501 31. jA0 caturtha catudvAra, jA0. pR0 2041 32. vahI, saDeraSa jA0 pR0 218 / 33. jA0 paMcama paNDara, jA0 pR0 218 / 34. jA0 caturtha, sutpAraka jA0 pR0 337 aura aage| 35. jA0 paMcama, sudhA bhojana jA0, pR0 485, jA0 53 / 36. vAgale narendra : sosAiTI eTa dI TAima Apha di buddh| 37. dI0ni0 dvi0, pR0 70,711 38. vahI, pR0 100 / 39. dI0 ni0 dvi0, pR0 255 / 40. jA0 pra0 khaM0 kaNDa jA0 pR0 3011 41. prAcIna pAli sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 322 aura aage| 42. mehatA : prI buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 225 / / 43. prAcIna pAli sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 324 / 44. jA0 SaSTa, pR0 34 aura aage| 45. vahI, pR0 32 / 46. buddhisTa lIjeMTsa, pArTa, 1, pR0 77 / 47. prAcIna pAli sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, adhyAya navama, saMdarbha pthprivhn| 48. jA0 tR0, pR0 3651 49. jA0 paMcama, pR0 2901 50. mehatA, prI0 buddhisTa iMDiyA, pR0 226 / 51. vahI, pR0 2161 52. prAcIna pAli sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 332 / 53. jA0 caturtha, mahAvANija jA0, pR0 558 / 54. prAcIna pAli sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 332 / 55. vhii| 56. prAcIna pAli sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 333 / 57. vahI, pR. 333 / 58. vahI, pR0 3341

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63 zuMga-sAtavAhana kAla meM zramaNa paramparA kA sAtatya stuti zrIvAstava dhyAtvya hai ki zaMga samrATa brAhmaNa paramparA ke poSaka the tathApi unhoMne bauddha tathA jaina dharma ke sAtha udAratA kI nIti apnaayii| mauryoM ke zAsana kAla meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra videzoM meM huaa| yadyapi zuMga kAla meM vaidika AdarzoM evaM yajJa vihita mAnyatAoM ko punarjIvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA, tathApi vaidika yuga kA jIvana evaM saMskRti apane pahale rUpa meM kabhI vApasa nahIM A sakate the aura na hI bauddha evaM jaina vicAra jar3a se miTa sakate the| punarUddhAra yuga ke paurANika, bauddha tathA jaina sabhI mArgoM meM eka nayI preraNA aura naye Adarza dikhalAyI dete haiN| usa nayI prareNA meM purAne vaidika aura bauddha AdarzoM kI paramparA prApta hotI hai| zuMga kAla meM yadi eka ora zAstroM dvArA digvijaya kara bar3e rAjya sthApita karane ke Adarza kA punarUddhAra huA to dUsarI ora azoka ke dhamma vijaya kI nIti arthAt zAnti dvArA ekatA sthApita karane kI prareNA bhI apanA kAma kara rahI thii| prasiddha bharahuta stUpa kA toraNa zaMgoM ke rAjyakAla meM hI banA thaa| bauddha dharma meM isa samaya aneka prakAra kI pUjA pracalita thii| buddha kI pUjA, caityagRha, dharmacakra, zarIra avazeSa kI pUjA ityaadi| bharahuta stUpa para aneka prakAra ke vRkSoM kA aMkana pAyA jAtA hai| kintu unameM prAyaH ve hI vRkSadarzita kiye gaye haiM, jinakA saMbaMdha dhyAnI buddhoM se thaa| sA~cI tathA amarAvatI meM bhI caityavRkSoM kI pUjA ke prabhAva upalabdha hote hai| bharahuta meM bhI zarIra avazeSa kI pUjA aMkita dikhAyI detI hai| dharmacakra

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384 zramaNa-saMskRti kI pUjA kA bhI pracalana jJAta hotA hai| zuMgoM ke samaya meM sarvAstivAdI, mahAsAMdhika Adi sampradAya bahuta unnati para the| DaoN0 ajaya mitra zAstrI ke anusAra azoka ke samaya meM hI bauddhoM ke aTThAraha sampradAya ho cuke the| zaMgakAla meM inakA prabhAva svAbhAvika thaa| bauddha dharma kI hI taraha jaina dharma bhI isa samaya vikasita ho rahA thaa| kaliMga nareza khAravela parama jainI thaa| usane udayagiri para jaina bhikSuoM ne nivAsa ke lie eka vizAla guhA kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| isa kAla meM ujjaina tathA mathurA jaina dharma ke pradhAna kendra the| ujjainAdhipati gardabhilla jaina dharma kA anuyAyI thaa| isI prakAra mathurA ke jaina saMgha apanA svataMtra saMgaThana banAkara jainamata kA pracAra karate the| bauddhoM kI taraha ye stUpoM kA nirmANa karate the tathA unakI pUjA bhI karate the| isa paramparA meM eka jainamUrti kA nirmANa magadha meM huA, jise kaliMga nareza khAravela uThAkara apanI rAjadhAnI le gyaa|" isa prakAra jJAta hotA hai ki yadyapi zuMgakAla meM bhAgavata dharma kA prabhutva thA, tathApi aneka sthAnoM para jaina dharma ke prasiddha kendra the| khAravela kA hAthI guphA abhilekha2 'namo arahatAna' se prArambha hotA hai| usakI paTarAnI ke maMcapurI muhAlekha se vidita hotA hai ki udayagiri kI pahAr3iyoM para kaliMga deza ke jaina bhikSuoM ke lie guhAoM kA nirmANa karAyA gayA thaa| abhilekha se pramANita hotA hai ki IsvI san ke Arambha se mathurA meM jaina dharma kA adhika pracAra huaa| mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIlA tathA anya sthaloM se bahusaMkhyaka jaina pratimAeM milI haiN| mathurA ke AyAgapaTTa tathA jainamUrti lekha prAyaH namo arahato vardhamAnasa se prArambha hote haiN| rUdradAmA ke jUnAgar3ha abhilekha meM jarAmaraNa se yukta hokara kaivalya jJAna prApta karane kA ullekha hai|'' ___ isI krama meM ikkSavAkuvaMzI-nareza zrI vIra puruSa datta kA nAgArjunI koNDa abhilekha (varSa 18) vivecya kAla khaNDa kA eka aisA abhilekha hai jisameM eka hI parivAra meM bauddha tathA brAhmaNa dharma donoM ko samAna rUpa se pratiSThita dikhAyA gayA hai| vIra puruSa datta ke pitA zrI cantimUla jahA~ eka aura agniSToma, agnihotra, vAjapeya, azvamedha yajJoM ko sampAdita kara rahe haiM, sAtha hI hiraNya, zatasahasra gAya, zatasahasra hala bhI pradAna kara rahe haiM, (hala pradAna

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zuMga - sAtavAhana kAla meM zramaNa paramparA kA sAtatya karane kA yaha prathama sAkSya hai, jo tatkAlIna samAja meM kRSi kI pradhAnatA dyotita karatA hai) vahIM dUsarI ora vIra purUSa datta kI bhAryA vaghI zrI (jo usakI sagI phupherI bahana thI) ne nAgArjunIkoNDa sthita stUpa kI marammata karavAyI aura zaila stambha sthApita karavAyA / " 385 isase jJAta hotA hai ki vahA~ apara mahAvana zaila nAmaka koI bauddha sampradAya thA; usake AcArya vahA~ paMcamAtrakoM arthAt bauddha-nikAyoM ko par3hate-par3hAte the / ina abhilekhika sAkSyoM se spaSTa hai ki brAhmaNa dharma ke utthAna ke sAtha zramaNa dharma ko nakAra pAnA rAjAoM ke lie sambhava na thA, kyoMki bauddha evaM jaina dharma kI jar3eM itanI gaharI thIM ki pratyakSa rUpa se brAhmaNa paramparA kA samvAhaka hone kA dAvA karane vAle sAtavAhana bhI zramaNa dharma ke bhI unnAyaka dikhAI dete haiN| gautamI putra zatakarNI tathA vAziSThI putra pulumAvI ke abhilekha bhI rAjamAtA gautamI bala zrI dvArA bauddha bhikSuoM ke nimitta bhUmidAna evaM guhAdAna kA ullekha karate haiN|" sAtavAhanoM kA bauddhoM ke prati sammAna evaM anugraha kA bhAva anuvartI abhilekhoM se bhI pramANita hai / 18 vastutaH dharma ke kSetra meM vyApta saiddhAntika matabheda tathA tajjanita sAmpradAyika virodha ke hote hue bhI prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti adhikAMzataH dharma-sahiSNu aura sarva-dharma-samvardhaka hI rahI hai sandarbha 1. tripAThI saccidAnaMda, zuMgakAlIna bhArata, pR0 126. 2. hulpja, bharahuta iMskripzaMsa, iNDiyana eNTikverI 21, pR0 27. 3. kaniMghama, stUpa oNpha bharahuta, pR0 13, citra 1-4. 4. phargusana, TrI eNDa sarapeTa varzipa, phalaka, 25-26, 27-28. 5. vahI, phalaka 98. 6. kanighaMma, stUpa oNpha bharahuta, phalaka 16. 7. vahI pR0 4, phalaka 31-35. 8. vidyAlaMkAra, bhAratIya itihAsa kI rUparekhA, bhAga-1, pR0 382-83. 9. zAstrI ajaya mitra, buddhisTa skUla aija nona phrAmaarlI iNDiyana iMskripzana, bhAratI, aMka-2, pR0 27.

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386 zramaNa-saMskRti 10. jAyasavAla, ke0pI0 evaM banarjI, da0 hAthI gumphA iM0 oNpha khAravela, epi0 I0 20, pR0 72. 11. vidyAlaMkAra, bhA0 iti0 kI rUparekhA, bhAga-2, pR0 72-44. 12. sarakAra DI0 sI0, salekTa I0, khaMNDa-1, pR0 213. 13. epigrAphiyA iMDikA, khaNDa-2, pR0 199; vahI khaNDa-9, pR0 243-44. 14. vahI, khaNDa-1, pR0 396; vahI khaNDa-2, pR0 199. 15. sarakAra DI0 sI0, salekTa iM0, khaNDa-1, pR0 183. 16. goyala zrIrAma, prA0 mA0 abhi0 saM0 bhAga-1, pR. 466. 17. sarakAra sa0 I0, pR0 197-202. 18. vahI, pR0 21.

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64 bauddha dharma meM cAra Arya satyoM kA cikitsA vijJAna se sambandha mAdhavendra tivArI jJAna - prApti ke pazcAt gautama buddha ne apanA prathama upadeza RSipattana (sAranAtha) meM diyaa| isa prathama upadeza ko 'dharmacakrapravarttana' (dhammacakkApavattana) kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| yaha prathama upadeza duHkha, duHkha ke kAraNoM tathA unake samAdhAna se sambandhita thaa| ise 'cAra Arya satya' (catAri Ariya saccAni) kahA jAtA hai| jisake sambandha meM karna mahodaya ne yaha sujhAva prastuta kiyA hai ki cAra Arya satyoM kA siddhAnta bauddha dharma ke antargata cikitsA vijJAna se grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| abhidhamma koSa vyAkhyA ke vyAdhi sUtra meM tathAgata kI tulanA bhiSaka se kI gayI hai aura Arya satyoM ko vaidyaka ke cAra aMgoM se ye cAra aMgoM se ye cAra Arya satya cikitsA ke ina cAra avasthAoM ke samatulya kahA gayA hai| 1. roga, 2. nidAna, 3. svasthatA, 4. upacAra DaoN0 Ananda kumAra svAmI ne bhI isa Azaya kA vicAra vyakta kiyA hai|' spaSTa hai ki buddha ne jinheM kahIM-kahIM mahAvaidya kahA gayA hai, duHkhamaya jIvana ko eka vyAdhi ke rUpa dekhA aura unakI praNAlI svabhAvataH isa vyAdhi kA upacAra karane vAle vaidya kI ho gaI - (1) duHkha - prathama Arya satya duHkha kA sambandha cikitsA vijJAna meM roga se kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra buddha ne sarvaM duHkhaM, duHkhaM ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyaa| janma bhI duHkha hai, jarA bhI duHkha hai, vyAdhi bhI duHkha hai, mRtyu

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388 zramaNa-saMskRti bhI duHkha hai, apriya milana evaM priya viyoga bhI duHkha hai, icchita vastu kI aprApti aura anicchita vastu kI prApti bhI duHkha hai| DaoN0 govinda candra pANDeya ne isa prathama Arya satya duHkha kA buddha ke upadezoM meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna batAyA hai| (2) duHkhasamudAya - dvitIya Arya satya ko cikitsA vijJAna meM nidAna se sambandhita kiyA gayA hai| isameM buddha ne duHkha ke mUla kAraNoM kA upadeza diyA hai| isameM buddha ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki duHkha kA udaya kaise hotA hai tathA sArA saMsAra duHkha se kisa prakAra pIr3ita hai prAcIna pAli granthoM meM duHkha ke samudAya kI vividha choTI-bar3I sUciyAM dI gayI haiM, jinameM duHkha ke kAraNoM kA nirdeza hai| DaoN0 pANDeya ke anusAra prAcInatam nirdeza alpAkAra hai aura unameM tRSNA, karma, ahaMkAradRSTi athavA upAdAna ko duHkha kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| tRSNA aura icchA donoM sAtha - sAtha rahate haiN| tRSNA purnabhava ko karane vAlI, Asakti aura rAga ke sAtha calane vAlI aura yatra-tatra ramaNa karane vAlI hai, jaise ki kAma-tRSNA, bhava-tRSNA aura vibhv-tRssnnaa| tRSNA ke sAtha avidyA kI sthiti meM mAnava cetana yukta hote hue viveka zUnyatA kI sthiti meM saMcaraNa karatA hai| / (3) duHkha nirodha - tRtIya Arya satya duHkha nirodha hai jisakA sambandha cikitsA vijJAna meM svasthatA se kiyA gayA hai| du:kha ke mUla kAraNa tRSNA aura avidyA kA nirmUlana hI duHkha nirodha hai| buddha kA svayaM kA kathana hai - 'he bhikssuoN| duHkha nirodha Arya satya jo isa tRSNA hI avizeSa virAma, nirodha, tyAga, pratinissarga aura chor3anA hai|' isa prakAra rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra, aura vijJAnAdi kA nirodha hI duHkha nirodha hai| (4) duHkha nirodha gAminI pratipadA - duHkha nirodha kisa mArga ke anusaraNa se kiyA jAe ise buddha ne caturtha Arya-satya, duHkha - nirodha gAminI pratipadA ke antargata batAyA gayA hai| isakA sambaddha cikitsA vijJAna meM upacAra se kiyA gayA hai| isameM duHkhanirodha kA mArga batAyA thaa| duHkha ke mUla

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bauddha dharma meM cAra Arya satyoM kA cikitsA vijJAna se sambandha 389 kAraNoM kramaza: avidyA, tRSNA aura karma kA nirodha mArga inhIM ke anusAra honA cAhiye / zIla arthAt ahiMsA, maitrI, karuNA aura naitika AcaraNoM se karma niyantrita hotA hai, samAdhi arthAt mana kI ekAgratA se citta ekAgra hotA hai aura isakA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki tRSNA samApta ho jAtI hai| ekAgracitta meM prajJA athavA alaukika jJAna kI AbhA prasphuTi hotI hai| jisase andhakAra svarUpA avidyA tirohita ho jAtI hai aura tatpazcAt carama lakSya nirvANa kI prApti hotI hai| sandarbha 1. DaoN0 e0 ke0 kumArasvAmI, buddhA eNDa di gAspala oNpha buddhijma, pR0 81 / 2. saMyuktanikAya, dhamma cakkapavattana sutta 2/91 3. di sTaDI ina di orijina oNpha buddhijma, pR0 400 1 4. di sTaDI ina di orijina oNpha buddhijma, pR0 434-35 / 5. saMyuktanikAya, dhamma cakkapravatana sutta | 6. prAcIna bhAratIya dharmaH (abhinava satyadeva, DaoN0 bAMke bihArImaNi tripAThI), pR0 80 dhammacakkapattana sutta / 7.

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65 bauddha dharma kA vaizvikaraNa indrajIta siMha chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 dhArmika dRSTi se krAnti athavA parivartana kA kAla mAnA jAtA hai| isI samaya pahalI bAra vaidika dharma evaM samAja meM vyApta kurItiyoM, kuprathAoM, chuA-chUta, U~ca-nIca Adi ke viruddha Andolana uTha khar3A huaa| yaha Andolana koI Akasmika ghaTanA nahIM thI varana yaha cirakAla se saMcita ho rahe asantoSa kI caram pariNati thii| vaidika dharma ke karmakANDoM tathA yajJIya vidhi-vidhAnoM ke virodha meM pratikriyA uttara vaidika kAla meM hI prArambha ho cukI thii| vaidika dharma kI vyavasthA naye sire se kI gayI tathA yajJa aura karmakANDoM kI nindA karate hue dharma ke naitika pakSa para adhika bala diyA gyaa| saMsAra ko 'nazvara' batA kara AtmA kI amaratA ke lie bandhana batAyA gayA isa vicAradhArA kA 'paripakva' rUpa upaniSadoM meM milatA hai| upaniSada, yajJoM tathA unameM kI jAne vAlI pazuvali prathA kI kar3I AlocanA karate hai| isa kAla meM lohe ke upakaraNoM ke prayoga se kRSi utpAdana meM vRddhi huii| I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM vaidika krAnti ke lie tatkAlIna, sAmAjika, kAraNa to uttaradAyI ne hI vahI Arthika nizkriya ho cukI thI varNa kaThora hokara jAtiyo meM parivartana ho cuke the, samAja meM brAhmaNa varNa ko sarvocca sthAna prApta ho cukA thaa| zeSa sabhI varNo kA darjA nimna thaa| zUdroM kI dazA atyaMta dayanIya thI tathA unake koI adhikAra na the| inhI paristhitiyoM meM bauddha dharma kI sthApanA gautama buddha ne kI thii| vizva meM eziyA bhUkhaNDa hI aisA sthala hai jahA~ dharmo aura sampradAyoM kA Thadagama huA hai| sAkhya-yoga, jaina, bauddha, pArasI, yahUdI, tAo, kanphyUziyana jaise

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bauddha dharma kA vaizvikaraNa dharma isI Urvara bhUmi meM avatarita hue aura unakI vaicArika udbhAvanAe~ IsA pUrva pA~cavI se chaThI zatAbdI meM navIna cetanA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huii| inameM se bhArata meM prArdubhUta bauddha dharma vyApaka mAnavIyatA, sahanazIlatA, karuNA, ahiMsA satyavAditA evam Adara ke sAtha pUre eziyA khaNDa meM Arambha se hI hone lgaa| isa dharma meM kisI sadvicAra kA virodha nahIM thA, kisI jIvadhArI (sajIva prANI) kA ahita cintana nahIM thA apitu samanvayAtmaka, vizvakalyANa kI bhAvanA nihita thii| prAcIna kAla se yaha bhAvanA anajAnI nahIM thI kintu kucha zatAbdIyoM ke bIca jIvana kA netRtva rAjAoM aura purohito zreSThiyoM ke adhIna ho gayA thaa| ye loga zakti, dhana aura devapUjA dvArA apane bhoga aura suvidhAoM ko juhAnA hI jIvana kA pramukha uddezya mAnane lage the| isI samaya jana-sAmAnya ke kaSTa se pIr3ita gautama buddha ne yuvAvasthA meM vyaktigata sukha-suvidhA se muha~ mor3akara mAnavatA ke uddhAra meM hI apanI zAnti evaM nirvANa prApti kI siddhi kii| kRtajJa janatA ne unako apanA bhagavAna mAnA aura unake amRta vacanoM ko apanI jIvana paddhati meM samAhita kiyA tathA Ama janatA ke sAtha-sAtha zAsaka bhI isase achUte nahIM, azoka milinda, zAlivAhana, kaniSka, harSarvadhana, aura aneka videzI yAtrI jaise mahAna zAsako ne dhana, pada, vaibhava, mada, moha ko tyAga kara lokahitakArI, pavitra jIvana bitAne lge| bhArata kA yaha dharma ahiMsA kA sandeza yUnAnI, tUrAnI, cInI, evam jApAnI zAsakoM ne bhI bauddha dharma ko saharSa svIkAra kiyaa| isa Adhunika yuga meM bhI bauddha dharma ko mAnane vAlo kI saMkhyA adhika hai aura ve saba isa deza bhArata ko pUNya bhUmi mAnate haiN| maurya samrATa azoka ne apane dharma pracArakoM ke dvArA isa dharma ko madhya eziyA, pazcimI eziyA, aura zrIlaMkA, varmA, tibbata, maMgoliyA, cIna aura japAna aura ise vizva dharma kA rUpa diyaa| Aja bhI bauddha dharma zrIlaMkA varmA, bhUTAna, tibbata, sumAvA, jAvA boraniyo, cIna aura japAna meM baudha-dharma pracalita hai yaha apanI janma bhUmi se to lagabhaga samApta ho gayA hai, parantu dakSiNI eziyA, dakSiNI pUrvI eziyA ke dezoM meM apane mahatvapUrNa naitika upadezoM evama mArgoM ke dvArA samasta janamAnasa ko prakAzita kara rahA hai|

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92 zramaNa-saMskRti cAra artha satya (1) duHkha (2) duHkha samudAya (3) duHkha nirodha (4) duHkha nirodha gAminI prtipd|| (1) samyaka dRSTi - kA Azaya hai nIra-kSIra vivekI dRSTi arthAt cAra __ Artha sAtyo kI sahI parakha aura smjh| (2) samyaka vacana - asatya choDakara sadA satya bolnaa| (3) samyaka saMkalpa - bhautika vastuoM tathA durpabhAvanA kA tyAga kI pratijJA krnaa| (4) samyaka karmAnta - sadaiva satyakarma krnaa| (5) samyaka AjIva - ImAnadArI aura naitikatA ke mAdhyama se AjIvikA kmaanaa| (6) samyaka vyAyAma - zuddha, zubha evaM ucita vicAra grahaNa krnaa| (7) samyaka smRti - mana vacana, tathA karma kI pratyeka kriyA prati saceta rhnaa| (8) samyaka samAdhi - citta kI ekAgratA para dhyAna denaa| dasa zIla (1) ahiMsA (2) satya (3) asteya corI na karanA (4) aparigraha - adhika saMgraha na krnaa| (5) brahmacarya-vyabhicAra na krnaa| (6) nRtya gAnAdi kA tyAga krnaa| (7) sugadha mAlAdi kA tyAga (8) asamaya meM bhojana na krnaa| (9) komala vistara kA tyAga krnaa| (10) kAminI kaMcana kA tyAga (kuvicAroM kA) tathA sampUrNa jagata meM dhvanita ho rahA hai| buddham zaraNam gacchAmi dhammam zaraNam gacchAmi saMghama zaraNam gacchAmi

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bauddha dharma kA vaizvikaraNa 9B paramparA anusAra buddha kA janma 563 I0 pU0 meM zAkya nAmaka kSatriya kula meM kapilavastu ke nikaTa nepAla kI tarAI meM sthita lumbinI grAma meM huA thaa| janma hote hI ve khar3e ho gaye sAta paga Age calakara bole yaha merA antima janma hai isake bAda aba mujhe koI janma grahaNa nahIM karanA hai| pA~cave dina eka bar3e samAroha meM bAlaka kA nAma siddhArtha rakhA gyaa| siddhArtha ke pitA zuddhodana kapilavastu ke nirvAcita rAjA aura gaNatAMtrika zAkyoM ke pramukha the| unakI mAtA kA nAma mahAmAyA thA jo kauzala vaMza kI rAjakumArI thii| janma ke sAtave dina unakI mAtA kA svargavAsa ho gayA hai isalie unakA pAlana poSaNa unakI mausI mahAprajApati gautamI ne kiyaa| siddhArtha ke gotra kA nAma gautama thA isa lie inheM gautama bhI kahA jAtA hai| bacapana se hI rAjakumAra siddhArtha kA dhyAna AdhyAtmika ciMtana kI ora adhika thaa| gautama ko sAMsarikatA se Abaddha karane ke lie 16 varSa kI Ayu meM hI zAkyavaMzI rAjakumArI yazodharA nAmaka rUpavatI kanyA se unakA vivAha kara diyA gyaa| isa vivAha ke lie Ayojita kI gaI sabhI pratiyogitAoM meM siddhArtha ne bhAga liyA aura vijayI hue| parantu dAMpatya jIvana meM bhI unakA mana nahIM lagA ve logoM ke sAMsArika duHkhoM ko dekhakara dravita ho uThate the, aura aise duHkhoM ke nivAraNa kA upAya socane lagate the| eka dina gautama apane svAmI bhakta sArathI cANa ke rAjyIdyAna ke samIpa vicaraNa kara rahe the usI samaya unheM cAra dRzya dikhAI diye eka vRddha vyakti, dUsarA rogagrasta vyakti, tIsarA eka mRtaka vyakti ko loga zmazAna le jA rahe the aura unake pIche-pIche mAnavoM kA eka samUha rote hue A rahe the cauthA dRzya eka bhramaNazIla sanyAsI ko dekhA usake mukha maNDala para zAnti aura camaka spaSTa prakAzita ho rahA thaa| cauthe dRzya ne gautama ko adhika prabhAvita kiyaa| ye cAroM dRzya hadamavaMza dhArI devatAoM kA thA isake mAdhyama se devatAgaNa gautama ke vAstavika kartavya ko avajAta kraae| gautama 29 varSa kI Ayu meM samasta sukha-suvidhAoM ko tyAga kara eka sanyAsI taraha idhara-udhara 7 varSoM taka bhaTakate rahe antameM unhoMne magadha janapada ke arUkelA meM nirajanA nadI ke taTapara eka pIpala vRkSa ke nIce baiThakara tapazcaryA meM lage rahe aura vahI para eka senAnI kI putrI sujAtA ke hAtha se bhojana karane ke bAda ve punaH samAdhi ho gaye aura sAta dina-rAta vinA bighna tapa kiyaa| AThaveM dina vaizAkha pUNimA ke dina unheM

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394 zramaNa-saMskRti satya aura jJAna kA Aloka miTA unheM sambodhi kI prApti huii| ataH ve tathAgata aura buddha kahe gaye bodhiprApti kA sthAna hone ke kAraNa gayA ko vodhagayA kahA gayA tathA jisa vRkSa ke nIce jJAnaprApta huA use bodhi vRkSa kahA gyaa| gautama ne apane jJAna kA prathama pravacana vArANasI ke sAranAtha nAmaka sthAna para kiyaa| vahI para pA~ca tapasviyoM ko unase zikSA grahaNa ki aura unheM mahatva prApta huA vahA~ sAhitya meM ise dharma cakra prarvatana kahA jAtA hai| buddha ke vyaktitva aura dharma upadeza denI kI zailI dono hI bauddha dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM sahAyaka hue| buddha bhalAI dvArA burAI ko haTAne kA prayAsa karate the tathA prema karake ghRNA kA bhagAne kA prayAsa karate the isI lie saMgha, buddha aura bauddha dharma ke samApta ho jAne ke bAda bhI bhArata ke itihAsa meM hI nahI apitu vizva itihAsa meM bhI apanI amita chApa chor3a gaye IsA pUrva chaThI zatAvabdI meM pUrvottara bhArata kI janatA ke samAne jo samasyAe khar3I thI una samasyAoM ke prati buddha aura unake ziSyoM ne pravala jAgarUkatA dikhaaii| ___ lohe kA prayoga kRSi meM hone ke kAraNa utpAdana meM vRddhi huI tathA vyApAra aura sikkoM ke pracalana se vyApAriyoM aura amIroM ko dhana saMcaya karane kA akasara prApta huA pariNAmasvarUpa meM samAjika aura Arthika asamAnatA bar3I mAtrA ke utpanna ho gayI isalie bauddha-dharma (gautama buddha) ne ghoSaNA kI dhana kA saMcaya nahIM karanA caahie| bauddha dharma dhana ke adhika saMgraha ko hI daridratA, ghRNA, krUratA aura hiMsA kI jananI mAnatA hai isalie vaha sAmAjika samAnatA para adhika bala dete haiM unakI bhAvanA thI ki majadUroM kI majadUrI tathA kisAnoM ko adhika se adhika suvidhA nizcita samaya para diyA jAnA caahie| ve yaha bhI kahate hai ki daridra vyakti, bhikSuoM bhikhAriyoM ko jo bhIkha degA vaha alage janma meM aura dhanavAna hogaa| __ nissandeha bauddha dharma kA pramukha uddezya mAnava kI mukti nirvANa kA mArga dikhanA thA jo samAja zoSita evaM upekSita, sAmAjika, asamAnatA ko sahana nahI kara sakate the unheM bauddha dharma meM rAhata milI tathA bauddha dharma meM striyoM aura

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bauddha dharma kA vaizvikaraNa 9 zUdroM dono kA hIna mAnA jAtA thA aura bauddha dharma meM unheM dharma grahaNa karAke unheM isa adhikAra hInatA se mukti dilaayaa| __ prAcIna bauddhagraMtha sutta-nipAta meM gAya ko bhojana rUpa aura sukha dene vAlI (annadA vannadA sukhadA) kahA gayA hai isalie bauddha dharma meM usakI rakSA karane kA upadeza diyA hai kyoMki isa samaya Aryottara kAla meM bar3e-bar3e utsavo para gAyoM kA mAMsa khAyA jAtA thA aura pazuoM kA saMhAra ho rahA thA brAhmaNa dharma meM gAya kI pUjA aura ahiMsA para bala detA hai vaha bauddha dharma ke upadezo kA hI pramukha thA itanA taka hI nahIM bauddha dharma ne vaidika sAhitya jagata meM bhI jAgRti lAI bauddha sAhitya meM pahalI bAra adhAvizvAsa kI jagaha taka ko sthAna diyaa| ___ ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa vaizvika yuga ke jaba pUrA vizva eka gaurava meM parivatIta ho gayA hai jahA~ apasI svArtha, mahAtvAMkAkSA, hiMsA itanI bar3ha gayI hai ki naitikatA, mAnAvatA, karuNA, sahanazIlatA, sahayoga, paropakAra jaise mAnavIya guNa (mUlya) hAzie para khar3e ho to usa samaya bauddha dharma kI prAMsAgikatA svayaM bar3ha jAtI hai kyoMki bauddha carmaNa darzana hI samAnatA, ahiMsA, naitikatA, bhAIcArA, sadAcAritA, AcaraNazIlatA, samAjika samarakSatA, jaise mAnavIya mUlya haiN| __ sandarbha DaoN0 vAkevihArI maNi tripAThI, pracIna bhAratIya dhrm| DaoN. govinda candra pANDeya, bauddha dharma kA vikAsa kA itihaas| DaoN0 e0ena0 bAzama, adabhuta bhaart| DaoN0 Ara0 ena0 pANDeya, prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanitika eka sAskRtika itihaas| DaoN0 jaya zaMkara prasAda, pracIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa (NCERT- prAcIna bhaart)|

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66 bauddha vizvavidyAlaya nAlandA kA vyavasthApana zailajA siMha evaM jaya prakAza maNi bhArata ke sabhI zikSA kendroM kA sabase bar3A kendra nAlandA mahAvihAra thA jo usa yuga kA vizva kA sarvazreSTha antarrASTrIya khyAti prApta vizvavidyAlaya thaa|' prAcIna bhArata ke jJAna-vijJAna kA yaha kendra bhArata hI nahIM varan usakI prasiddhi kA vistAra videzoM meM bhI huA thA / dUra-dUra dezoM ke vidvAna evaM jijJAsu apanI jJAna pipAsA zAnta karane ke liye zikSA ke isa mahAna kendra meM upasthita hone ke lie utsuka rahate the aura vibhinna kriyAoM meM pAraMgata hokara the / Adhunika bihAra rAjya meM pATalIputra (paTanA) se 55 mIla dakSiNa - pUrva tathA rAjagRha se 7 mIla uttara kI ora prAcIna nAlandA apane vigata vaibhava ke khaNDaharoM ke rUpa meM prakRtistha haiM / prArambha meM nAlandA eka choTe se gAMva puSkarNI ke taTa para sthita thaa| DaoN0 altekara kA anumAna hai ki gupta samrATa kumAragupta prathama ne isa vizvavidyAlaya kI AdhArazilA rakhI thii| nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya kA prabandha evaM vyavasthApana saMgha dvArA niyukta do sabhAoM ke parAmarza se kulapati athavA adhyakSa dvArA kiyA jAtA thA / adhyakSa aura kulapati samasta bhikSuoM dvArA nirvAcita kiye jAte the / isa pada ke liye vahI bhikSu yogya samajhe jAte the, jinakA AcaraNa, vidvatA aura anubhava ko saMgha ke sabhI bhikSu svIkAra karate hoM / vyavasthA kI donoM parAmarzadAtrI samitiyoM kI kAryapraNAlI anulikhita prakAra kI thI * pahalI samiti zikSA sambandhI samasta kAryoM meM adhyakSa ko ucita salAha

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bauddha vizvavidyAlaya nAlandA kA vyavasthApana 7 detI thii| vaha Adhunika 'vidyApariSada' (ekeDamika kauMsila) ke samAna thii| vizvavidyAlaya ke praveza, pAThyaviSaya, zikSakoM ke kAryakrama Adi meM yaha samiti parAmarza detI thii| mudraNa yantroM kA aviSkAra na hone ke kAraNa pustakAlaya kA mahatva atyadhika thaa| pustakAlaya para hI pustakoM ke saMgraha - saMrakSaNa tathA prakAzana kA bhI bhAra thaa| vibhinna chAtroM kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke liye aneka purAnI pustakoM ke lie nayA rUpa denA par3atA thA tathA unakI pratilipiyAM bhI karAnI par3atI thiiN| ina sabhI dAyitvoM kA bhAra pustakAlaya kI prabandha samiti para thaa| pustakoM kI pratilipi karate samaya isa tathya kI ora vizeSa dhyAna denA par3atA thA ki pratilipi truTipUrNa to nahIM bana rahI hai| isa kArya kA sampAdana prAyaH adhyApakoM aura chAtroM dvArA hotA thA, kintu pratilipi karane ke liye anya kAryakartA bhI rahate the| pustakAlaya kA uparyukta samasta kArya saMcAlana isI prathama samiti (vidyA pariSad) dvArA hotA thaa| vizvavidyAlaya kI Arthika aura prazAsanika vyavasthA dUsare prakAra kI samiti karatI thii| vizvavidyAlaya ke Arthika srota ke rUpa meM vibhinna narezoM dvArA aneka gAMvoM kA rAjasva pradAna kiyA gayA thaa| itsiMga ke yAtrA kAla (675 se 685) meM do sau gAMvoM ko vizvavidyAlaya ke lie dAna kiyA gayA thaa| jinakI Aya se yahA~ ke bhikSu kAryakartAoM aura adhyetAoM kA poSaNa hotA thaa| rAjAoM dvArA vizvavidyAlaya ko arpita kiye gaye gAMva se sambaddha muhareM aura abhilekha utkhanana meM prApta hue haiN| hvenasAMga kI jIvanI ke anusAra rAjA (harSa) vihAra ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie eka sau gAMva kI mAlagujArI jAgarI meM de rakhI thii| ina gAMvoM ke do sau gRhastha pratidina kaI sau pikala (eka pikala = lagabhaga 60 kilogrAma) cAvala aura kaI sau kaTTI (eka kaTTI = lagabhaga 70 kilogrAma) ghI aura makkhana diyA karate the| ataH yahA~ ke adhyApakoM aura vidyArthiyoM ko sabhI vastueM itanI adhika mAtrA meM prApta ho jAtI thIM ki unheM kahIM jAnA par3atA thaa| ina gAMvoM kI dekha-rekha unake upaja kI ThIka vyavasthA karanA, isI samiti kA kArya thaa| Arthika vyavasthA ko isa prakAra rakhA jAtA thA ki dainika AvazyakatA kI sabhI vastueM hara samaya upalabdha rahatI thiiN| vizvavidyAlaya

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398 zramaNa-saMskRti ke naye bhavanoM ko banavAnA, chAtrAvAsoM meM chAtroM ke nivAsa ko ucita vyavasthA karanA, prAcIna bhavanoM kI dekha-rekha karanA tathA bhikSuoM ke vastra aura pAThyasAmagrI ke vyavasthA kA bhAra isa samiti para hI thaa| vizvavidyAlayoM meM saMgha dvArA nirvAcita bhikSu bhinna-bhinna vibhAgoM ke adhyakSa hote the aura vizvavidyAlaya ke samasta kArya inhIM vibhAgAdhyakSoM ke saMrakSaNa meM hI sampanna hote the| chAtroM ke bhI apane saMgha the| aparAdhI chAtroM ke daNDa kI vyavasthA vidyArthiyoM ke saMgha dvArA hI hotI thii| chAtrAvAsa meM bhI apane vibhAgAdhyakSa ke dvArA nirdezita chAtra hI svayaM saba prabandha karate the jinake sampAdana dvArA chAtroM meM svAvalambana kI vRddhi ho| isa prakAra vizvavidyAlaya kA sArA prabandha, janataMtrAtmaka praNAlI ke antargata hotA thaa| nAlaMdA vizvavidyAlaya lagabhaga 1200 I0 taka vidyamAna rhaa| AThavIM zatAbdI ke eka abhilekha pramANa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki vizvavidyAlaya apane zikSA vyavasthA ke adhyayana-adhyApana meM zreSTha thaa|' jAvA evaM sumAtrA ke nareza balaputra deva ne isakI prasiddhi se AkarSita hokara yahA~ eka maTha kA nirmANa karAyA aura apane mitra baMgAla ke rAjA devapAla se nivedana kiyA ki merI ora se nAlaMdA vizvavidyAlaya ko Arthika sahAyatA ke rUpa meM pAMca gAMva dAna meM de diye jaayeN| isa anudAna kA eka aMga vizvavidyAlaya pustakAlaya se pustakoM kI pratilipi karane ke prayojana se surakSita kara dI gayI thii|" isa vizvavikhyAta vizvavidyAlaya kA vidhvaMsa muslima AkramaNakArI bakhtiyAra khilajI dvArA terahavIM zatAbdI meM kiyA gyaa| sabhI vidyArthiyoM evaM bhikSuoM kI hatyA kara sampUrNa vizvavidyAlaya ko agni lapaToM meM vidhvaMsa kiyA gyaa|2 ___ saMdarbha 1. vI0 ena0 puniyA, bhAratIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti kA vikAsa, pR0 472 / 2. takkusu, itsiMgsa rekArDa oNpha da buddhisTa relIjana, pR0 14 / 3. DaoN0 sarayuprasAda caube - bhArata meM zikSA pR0 124 / 4. DaoN0 e0 esa0 altekara - ejUkezana ina ensienTa iNDiyA, naMda kizora evaM bradarza vArANasI - 19571 5. esa0 ke0 mukharjI - lAibreriyanazipa - iMdasa philAsiphI eNDa hisTrI, pR0 94 / 6. DaoN0 e0 esa0 altekara, ejUkezana ina ensienTa iNDiyA, pR0 123 /

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399 bauddha vizvavidyAlaya nAlandA kA vyavasthApana 7. hvenasAMga kI jIvanI, pR0 112-13 / 8. sarayu prasAda caube - bhArata meM zikSA, pR0 129 / 9. I0 AI0 20, pR0 43 / 10. nAlandAguNAvRnda lubdhamanasA bhaktyAM ca shauddhodne| nAnAsadaguNabhikSusaMdhavasa tistatyAM bihAraH kRtH| suvarNAdIyAdhipa mahArAja zrI balaputra devena vayaM vijJApitAH yathA mayA zrI nAlaMdAyAM bihAraH kRtaH. 11. sarayuprasAda caube - bhArata meM zikSA, pR0 124 dharmaratnasya lekhnaarthm| 12. iliyaTa eNDa DAusana, hisTrI oNpha iNDiyA, 2:306 / sahAraH kRtaH .......... /

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67 jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana prabhAkara lAla chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM AvirbhUta hone vAle arUr3hivAdI sampradAyoM ke AcAryoM meM jaina dharma ke mahAvIra kA nAma sarvAdhika prasiddha hai / ve jaina-dharma ke pravartaka nahIM the / kintu hama unheM chaThIM zatAbdI I0pU0 ke jaina Andolana kA pravartaka kaha sakate the| jisa samaya mahAvIra svAmI kA prAdurbhAva huA usa samaya U~ca-nIca ke bheda bhAva rUr3hiyoM, andhavizvAsoM evaM jaTila yAjJika karmakANDoM se UbA huA varNa para AdhArita janamAnasa jIvana yAtrA ke lie eka aise sugama aura subodha mArga kI khoja meM thA jo krUra hiMsA, amAnavIya ghRNA, vargagata-bheda-bhAva evaM dharmAndhatA se zUnya ho / mahAvIra svAmI ne isa bAta ke lie prayAsa kiyA ki bhArata kA janamAnasa hiMsAvRtti, andhavizvAsa, jAti, bheda-bhAva, karmakANDa se mukta ho tathA sadAcaraNa evaM paMcamahAvratoM ke pAlana dvArA vAstavika yukti ke mArga para ArUr3ha ho apanI jIvana yAtrA pUrNa kare / jaina dharma meM veda kI apauruSeyatA ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA aura vedavAda kA virodha kiyA gayA / isI prakAra yajJa, karmakANDa ke lie bhI jaina dharma meM koI sthAna nahIM thA / brAhmaNa dharma ke varNa vyavasthA kI bhI AlocanA kI gayI hai| jaina dharma ke saptabhaMgI siddhAnta ke anusAra vedavAda sarvamAnya pramANa nahIM ho sakatA thaa| ghora ahiMsAvAdI hone ke kAraNa pazu-vadha ke vidhAna vAle yajJa kA bhI virodha karanA jaina dharma ke lie svabhAvika thaa| jaina dharma meM nivArNadvAra sabhI jAti tathA sabhI vargoM ke lie khulA thA / pArzvanAtha ke samAna hI mahAvIra svAmI ne bhI brAhmaNa dharma ke yajJa-vidhAna tathA karmakANDa para prahAra kiyaa| yajJa

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jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana meM jIvoM kA vinAza pApa utpanna karatA hai| agni, prajvalana tathA jala-majjana kevala bAhara zuddhatA pradAna kara sakatA hai| janma se nirdhArita varNa vyavasthA ko asvIkAra kara inhoMne karma ko hI varNa tathA jAti kA AdhAra mAnA hai / karma se hI koI brAhmaNa hotA hai aura karma hI yukti kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra hotA hai / ' mahApurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki jo zAstra dhAraNa kara AjIvikA karate the ve vaizya kahalAye aura jo ina (kSatriya evaM vaizya) ke sevA suzrUSA karate the unheM zUdra kI saMjJA dI gayI / naitika AcaraNa ko AdhAra mAnakara mahAvIra svAmI ne kahA " jo agni meM tapAkara zuddha kiye aura ghise gaye sone kI bhA~ti pApa-mala se rahita hai aura jo rAga-dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hai, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| " 401 jaina AcArya isa bAta ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se, bhujA se, udara tathA paira se huI / dharmazAstra evaM purANoM ke sarvathA anukUla hai arthAt brahmA ke mukha se brAhmaNa, bAhuoM se kSatriya, urUoM se vaizya tathA paira se zUdra ina cAra varNoM kI utpatti batAyI gayI hai / padyapurANa tathA harivaMza purANa meM varNita hai ki RSabhadeva ne sukha-samRddhi ke lie samAja meM suvyavasthA lAne kI ceSTA kI gayI thI aura isa vyavasthA ke phalasvarUpa kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra ye tIna varNa utpanna hue / RSabhadeva ne jina purUSoM ko vipatti dvArA grasta, manuSyoM ke rakSArtha niyukta kiyA thA, ve apane guNoM ke kAraNa loka meM 'kSatriya' nAma se prasiddha hue, jisako vANijya, khetI evaM pazupAlana Adi vyavasAya meM lagAyA gayA thA / ve vaizya kahalAye tathA jo nIcakarma karate the tathA zAstra se dUra bhAgate the unheM zUdra kI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI thii| inakA vicAra hai ki vyakti manuSya yoni se hI utpanna hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM spaSTataH kahA gayA hai ki pUrva karmoM ke kAraNa vyakti kA ucca kula meM janma hotA hai| jaina sAhitya meM varNa ko parivartanIya batAyA gayA hai| naitika sAdhanA ke dvArA jaina dharma meM sabhI ke lie samAnarUpa se khulA thA / AcArAMga sUtra meM dhanI va nirdhana sabhI varga ke logoM ke lie samAna upadeza hai| jaina vicAra ke anusAra cAroM varNa ke loga zravaNa- paramparA meM praveza pA sakate 1 the / dharmazAstroM meM vaizyoM ke lie kRSi, pazu-pAlana aura vyApAra jaise vyavasAya

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402 zramaNa-saMskRti nirdiSTa kiye gaye haiN| jaina dharma meM pratipAdita ahiMsA siddhAnta ke prabhAva se vaizyoM ne sAmAjika pratiSThA prApta karane ke lie kRSikarma tathA pazu-pAlana chor3a diyA thA aura vyApAra ko apanI AjIvikA kA sAdhana banA liyA thaa| jaina dharma meM vaizya vRtti ke antargata kRSikarma kI AlocanA kI gayI hai| jainI ahiMsaka the unakI dhAraNA thI ki kRSikarma karane se bar3I mAtrA meM hiMsA hotI hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki 'jo duSTa bailoM ko jotatA hai, vaha unheM mAratA huA kleza pAtA hai, tathA asamAdhi kA anubhava karatA hai| isa samaya vaizyoM kI sAmAjika sthiti badala gayI thii| aneka vaizyoM ne rAja parivAra aura bhikSu saMghoM ko atula dhanarAzi dekara apanI jAti kI garimA ko uThA liyA thA aba ve brAhmaNa, kSatriya rAjakumAroM ke sAtha zikSA bhI grahaNa karate the aura rAjya sabhA meM ucca pada para AsIna hote the| jaina dharma ne sabhI vargoM ke sadasyoM ko saMgha meM praveza kI anumati dI aura nimnavargoM ke utthAna kA prayAsa bhI kiyaa| jaina sAhitya meM kahA gayA hai ki cANDAla bhI jJAnAdi uttama guNoM ke dhAraka aura jitendriya hokara bhikSu ho sakate haiN| padyapurANa meM varNita hai ki koI bhI jAti nindanIya nahIM hai| vastutaH cANDAla bhI vrata meM rata haiM, to vaha bhI brAhmaNa kahalAne kA adhikArI hotA hai|' jaina purANoM meM brAhmaNoM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM ullekhita hai ki cakravartI bharata ne eka bAra apane yahA~ dAnAdi ke lie zrAvakoM ko AmaMtrita kiyaa| rAjabhavana ke AMgana meM harI-harI ghAsa ugI thii| jIva hatyA ke bhaya se jo vratI zrAvaka bharata ke pAsa nahIM gaye aura bAhara khar3e rahe unheM unhoMne brAhmaNa ghoSita kiyaa| jaina granthoM meM sAmAnyataH brAhmaNa ke lie dvija aura brAhmaNa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai kintu prasaMgataH inameM vipta, bhUdeva, zrotie, purohita, devabhogI, mauhUrtika, vADava, upAdhyAya tathA trivedI jaise zabda bhI prApta hote haiN|' mahApurANa ke anusAra vaha vyakti dvijanmA (dvija) hai| jisakA janma eka bAra mAtA ke garbha se aura dUsarI bAra usakI kriyA (pArasparika granthoM meM varNita saMskAra) se hotA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jisameM kriyA aura maMtra donoM kA abhAva hai, vaha mAtra nAma dhAraka dvija hai| jaina sUtroM meM sAmAnyatA brAhmaNoM ke prati

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jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana 408 avahelanA pradarzita kI gayI hai|" jaina purANoM ke anusAra vinAza (kSat) se rakSA (trANa) karane se kSatriya saMjJA prApta hotI hai|12 ina purANoM meM kSatriya kI AjIvikA zastra dhAraNa karanA varNita hai| jaina purANoM meM vaizya, seTha, vaNik, zreSThI evaM sArthavAha zabda prayukta hue haiN| zreSThi pada parivAra ke sabase variSTha vyakti ko diyA jAtA hai| jaina purANoM ke anusAra jo nIcakarma karate the tathA zAstroM se dUra bhAgate the unheM 'zUdra' kahA gayA hai| prAcIna jainasAdhu brAhmaNoM ke viparIta nimnavarga ke parivAroM jinameM bunakara bhI sammilita the, unakA anna grahaNa karate the| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM eka zvapAka cANDAla harikezavala kA ullekha hai jisane eka brAhmaNa ko naitika AcaraNa kI zikSA dI thii| ataH sAmAjika samarasatA ke calate isa samaya zuddha evaM anya nimna jAtiyoM kI sthiti meM parivartana bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki isI samaya zUdra rAjA nandavaMza ke rUpa meM huaa| Azrama vyavasthA yukti ke jIvana ke vibhinna staroM kA prazikSaNa sthala hai tathA isake anuzAsana kI AdhArazilA hai|" Azrama vyavasthA ina cAroM avyavasthAoM ke mAdhyama se manuSya apanA gantavya nizcita karatA hai aura ye cAroM avasthAyeM prazikSaNa kI zreNiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI jA sakatI haiN| Azrama vyavasthA ko jIvana ke antima lakSya mokSa ke lie manuSya dvArA kI jAne vAlI jIvana yAtrA ke madhya kA vizrAma sthala mAnanA caahie| jaina paramparA meM Ayu ke AdhAra para AzramoM ke vibhAjana kA siddhAnta nahIM prApta hotA, jabaki brAhmaNa vicAradhArA jIvana ke sarvAMgINa utkarSa ke nimitta vyakti ko cAroM AzramoM kA pAlana karane kA vicAra prastuta karatI hai| jisa prakAra prANavAyu kA Azraya prApta kara sabhI jIva jAte haiM usI prakAra gRhastha kA Azrama prApta kara sabhI Azrama (brAhmacarya, vAnaprastha aura sanyAsa) calate haiN| jaina sAhitya meM gRhasthAzrama chor3akara sIdhe sanyAsa lene kA samarthana kiyA hai| sanyAsa ko ucita batAte hue uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jisake pAsa apanA kucha nahIM hai vahI sukha se rahatA hai| jabaki pArasparika viSNu brAhmANDa evaM matsya purANoM meM samalIka gRhastha ko hI mahAna phala, dAna tathA abhiSeka kA adhikArI varNita kiyA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki "jo gRhasthAzrama ke pIche nahIM par3ate haiM ve nirgrantha kahe jAte haiN|"

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404 zramaNa-saMskRti gRhasthAzrama kI paribhASA dete hue mahAvIra svAmI ne kahA hai ki sacitta pAnI pInA, bIjakAya kA bhakSaNa karanA, AhAra karmI lena ora strI kA prasaMga karane vAlA gRhastha hotA hai| jo vyakti strI sevI nahIM hai aura kAma bhoga ko roga sadRza dekhatA hai, vahI mokSa prApta kara sakatA hai| jainetara, brAhmaNoM ke prati inakI dRSTi siddhAnta anudAra hI thii| jaina purANoM ke anusAra brAhmaNatva ke AdhArabhUta tIna kAraNa haiM- tapa, zAstra jJAna tathA jaati| dhyAna vaha agni hai jisase brAhmaNatva kA siddhi hotI hai aura usakI "zAnta-dAnta-citta" kI mukti kA kAraNa banatI hai| padyapurANa ke anusAra brAhmaNa vaha vyakti hai jo RSabhadeva rUpI brahmA kA bhakta hai| jaina dharma kA AdhAratattva mana aura kAyAzuddhi para vizeSa bala detA hai| isIlie brAhmaNa dharma ke yajJa aura karmakANDa kA isa dharma meM virodha hai| bAhyazuddhi ke sthAna para antaH zuddhi para adhika bala diyA gayA hai tathA saccaritratA aura sadAcaraNa usake pradhAna AdhAra mAne gaye haiN| manuSya ke cAritrika utthAna hetu jaina dharma meM ahiMsA, satya, astaya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha vRtta ke pAlana para bala diyA gayA hai| munijanoM ke lie inakA pUrNarUpeNa pAlana karanA anivArya thaa| gRhasthoM dvArA ukta vRttiyoM kA pUrNarUpeNa pAlana karanA sambhava nahIM thaa| ataH unheM ukta vRtoM ke AMzika pAlana kI anumati dI gayI thii| mokSa ke sambandha meM jaina granthoM meM kahA gayA hai vimokSa jIvana kA antima lakSya hai| ataH jainadharma meM naitika AdhAratatva ke mahattva aura pAlana para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| jaina dharma meM sAmAjika vyavasthA ko saMtulita banAne ke lie tathA vaMza-vistArArtha santAnotpatti ko Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| mahApurANoM meM kahA gayA hai ki vivAha kriyA gRhasthoM kA dharma hai aura santAna rakSA gRhasthoM kA pradhAna kArya hai kyoMki vivAha na karane se santati kA uccheda ho jAtA hai aura santati ke uccheda hone se dharma kA uccheda hotA hai| jaina dharma meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko hI vivAha saMsthA kA saMsthApaka batAyA gayA hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra punarvivAha tathA vidhavA-vivAha ke preraka RSabhadeva the| jaina paramparA ke anusAra pUrvakAla meM yauvana prApta karane ke bAda bahana hI patnI banatI thI isa prathA ko samApta kara RSabhadeva hI vivAha saMsthA kI sthApanA kii|

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405 jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana jaina AcAryoM ne vivAha saMsthA ko yauna sambandhoM ko vaidha evaM niyaMtrita karane ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai| kAlidAsa dharma, artha evaM kAma ko vivAha kA mukhya uddezya mAnA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya dharmazAstrIya paramparA meM vivAha ke nirdhArita ATha prakAra-brahma deva, ArSa, prAjApatya, Asura, gAndharva, rAkSasa evaM vaizAca-suvidita haiN| jaina purANoM meM prApta nahIM hai, jaina AgamoM meM vivAha tIna prakAra mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita, svayaMvara, gAndharva Adi purANa meM pati-patnI ko sAmAjika dAyitva evaM pArasparika sambandhoM kI carcA kI gayI hai| parivAra sambandha meM jaina meM sAmanyatayA niyamoM kA abhAva milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM ullekha hai ki jinake pAsa apanA kucha nahIM hai ve sukha se rahate haiN| yadyapi yaha vAkya bhikSuoM ke lie pratIta hotA hai| tathApi isa dhAraNA ne tatkAlIna janamAnasa ko prabhAvita kiyaa| nArI ke prati jaina tIrthakAroM kI dRSTi gautama buddha se bhI prApta kI thI, gautamabuddha saMgha meM puruSoM ko adhika zreSTha mAnate the, kintu jaina granthoM meM kahIM bhI nArI ke prati bheda-bhAva kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| jaina dharma meM striyoM kA pUrNataH adhikAra rahatA thaa| kisI sImA taka parivAra kI sampatti meM bhI unheM sImita adhikAra pradAna kiyA thaa| mahApurANoM meM varNita hai ki pitA kI sampatti meM putra ke samAna putriyA~ bhI barAbara mAMga kI adhikArI hotI haiN| jaina sAkSyoM se jJAta hotA hai ki putrAbhAva meM hI pitA ke dhana para putrI kA svatva sambhava thaa| jaina dharma meM prArambha se hI bhikSuNiyoM ko saMgha meM praveza kI anumati thii| jaina sAhitya meM yaha ullekha prApta hotA hai ki RSabhadeva ke samaya bhI bhikSuNiyA~ saMgha meM sammilita thii| subhadrA kA ullekha eka pavitra-strI ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| jaina bhikSuNI ke rUpa meM jayantI kA vizeSa rUpa se liyA jAtA hai| jinhoMne saMsArika sukhoM se vimukha hokara bhikSuNI jIvana aMgIkAra kiyaa| yaha bhI vidita tathya hai ki mahAvIra bhI sarvaprathama ziSyA ajyacandanA (strI) thI jisake aparimita jJAna evaM pada-pradarzana se aneka bhikSuNiyoM kA mokSa sAtha huA thaa| jaina dharma meM striyoM ke guNoM kI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo guNa sahita striyA~ hai, jinakA yaza loka meM phailA huA hai tathA jo manuSya loka meM

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406 zramaNa-saMskRti devatA samAna haiM aura devoM meM pUjanIya haiM, unakI jitanI prazaMsA kI jAya kama hai| tIrthaMkara, cakravartI, vAsudeva, baladeva aura zreSTha ko janma dene vAlI mahilAe~, zreSTha devoM aura uttama puruSoM ke dvArA pUjanIya hotI haiM, aisI bhI kitanI zIlavatI striyA~ sunI jAtI haiM, jinheM devoM ke dvArA sammAna Adi prApta huA, tathA jo zIla ke prabhAva se zApa dene aura anugraha karane meM samartha thiiN| kalpasUtra TIkA se ullekha prApta hotA hai ki mahAvIra ne apanI mAtA ko duHkha na ho isa hetu unake jIvita rahate saMsAra tyAga nahIM karane kA nirNaya apane garbhakAla meM le liyA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mallikumArI ko tIrthaMkara mAnA gayA hai| RSimaNDala-sravana meM, brAhmI, sundarI, candanA Adi ko mAnA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika kI cUrNI meM muni rathanemi ko" tathA Avazyaka cUrNI meM brAhmI aura sundarI dvArA bAhubali ko pratibodhita karane kA ullekha hai| samavayAMga, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, kalpasUtra evaM Avazyaka niyukti Adi meM pratyeka tIrthakara kI bhikSuNiyoM evaM gRha upAsikAoM kI saMkhyA upalabdha hotI hai| isa taraha se spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina dharma meM sAmAjika jIvana ke sandarbha meM sUkSmatA ke sAtha cintana kiyA gayA hai| jaina tIrthakaroM ne kevala sAmAjika anudeza hI nahIM diyA balki usake sAtha hI sAtha tArkika AdhAra bhI prastuta kiyA thaa| sandarbha 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 25/33 | 2. mahApurANa 16/183-1851 3. Rgveda 10/90/12, mahAbhArata, pUnA, 1932 adhyAya 396, zloka, 5-6, manusmRti 1/311 4. padyapurANa 3/356-258, harivaMza 9/39 / 5. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 27/3 / 6. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 12/11 7. na jAtigarhitA kAcidguNAH kalyANa karaNam vratasthamapi cANDAla taM devo brAhmaNa viduH| padyapurANa 11/203

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jaina dharma meM sAmAjika cintana 407 tulanIya-cAturvarNya mayAsRSTaM guNakarma vibhaagshH| gItA 4/13 mahAbhArata, zantiparva, 189/4-5, varAGgacAritam 25/11 8. mahApurANa 38/7-20, haraviMza 11/105, padyapurANa 5/195 / 9. gokulacandra jaina-yazastitraka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 60 / 10. dvijAtI hi dvijanmeSTaH kriyAto garbhatasya yH| kriyA maMtrIvihInastu kevalaM nAma dhaarkH| mahApurANa 38/48 dvije ke antargata brAhmaNa, kSatriya tathA vaizya Ate haiN| manu 10ru4, yAjJavalkya 1/10, vAyu purANa 59/21, brAhmaNa purANa 2/32/221 11. jagadIzacandrajaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 224-2251 12. kSatrAt trAyata ityAsIt kSatro'yaM bhrteshvrH| mahApurANa 44/30, padya 3/561 13. kSatriyAH zastrajIvitvamanubhUya tdaabhvn| mahApurANa 16/184 / 14. mahApuraNa 42/131 15. ye tu zrutAd drutiM prAptA nIcakarma vidhaayinH| zUdrasAmavAyuste bhedaiH pressyaadibhistthaa| padyapurANa 3/28, harivaMza, 9/39 / 16. AcArAMga sUtra dvitIya (122) / 17. Apastamba dharmasUtra 2/9/21/1, gautama dharmasUtra 3/2, vaziSTha dharmasUtra 7/1-2, pI0vI0 kANe-hisTrI oNpha dharmazAstra, bhAga-2, khaNDa-1, pR0 417-418 / 18. pI0ena0 prabhu, hindU sozala ArganAijezana pR0 78 / 19. vahI, pR0 83 / 20. manu0 3/77, yathA vAyuM samAzritva vartante sarva jntvH| tathA gRhasthamAzritya vartante sarva aashrmaaH|| 21. esa0ena0rAya paurANika dharma evaM samAja, 1968, pR0 2221 22. sUtra kRtAMga 2/24/1/8 / 23. sUtra kRtAMga 1/2/3/2 / 24. mahApurANa 42/179-191 / 25. mahApurANa 38/43, padyapurANa 109/80-81 / 26. padyapurANa 11/2011 27. mahApurANa 65/791 28. gAyatrI varmA-kAlidAsa ke granthaH tatkAlIna saMskRti 1963 pR0 81 / 29. AzvalAyana gRhasUtra 1/6! baudhAyana dharmasUtra 1/11 : gautama 4/6-13, yAjJavalkya 1/56-61 / kauTilya 3/1/5, manu0 3/21, viSNusmRti 24/17-18, viSNupurANa 3/10/24, viSNudharmottara purANa 24/18/19 / 30. jagadIzacandra-jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja 1965, pR0 253 /

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zramaNa-saMskRti 31. yAjJavalkya para mitAkSarA 2/143, 115, 123, 124, 135 prabhAvakacarita, pR0 337-381 32. pulyazca saMvibhAgAhI : samaM putraiH samAzakai: / mahApurANa 38/154 / 408 33. esa0ena0 rAya - paurANika dharma evaM samAja 1968, pR0 222 / 34. kalpasUtra 91 - nau khalumekatpaI ammApitIhiM jIvateMhI muNDe bhavintA agAravAsAo akhagariyaM patpaie / 35. jJAtAdharmakathA 8/186 tae ThAM mallI arahA. .. kevalanANadaMsaNe samutpatre / 36. RSimaNDalastavana 208 ajjA vi vaMbhi-sundari - rAimaI candraNA pamukhAoM / 37. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 22 tathA dazavaikAlika cUrNI pR0 87-88 maNivijaya sIrIja bhAvanagara / tI so vayaNaM soccA sajayAe subhAsiyaM / aMkuseNa jahA nAgo dhamme saMpaDivAiyo / / 38. AvazyakacUrNI bhAga-1 pR0 211 bhavaM vaMbhI - sundarIo patthaveti.....imaMva bhaNito / ThAkara hatthiM vilaggastha kevalanAMNa upapajjai / / 39. kalpasUtra kramazaH 197, 167, 157, va 134 prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura 1977 I0 /

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68 bauddha dharma evaM bhikSuNI saMgha dharmendra kumAra bhAratavarSa aneka dharmoM kA saMgama hai| sabhI dharmoM meM puruSoM ke atirikta striyoM ko bhI sthAna diyA gayA hai| chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 bhArata varSa meM hindU dharma ke virodhI dharma ke rUpa meM bauddha dharma kA udaya huaa| bauddha dharma ne bhI striyoM ko dIkSita hone kA avasara pradAna kiyA jisase unheM samAja meM apanI pahacAna banAne kA avasara milaa| bauddha dharma meM bhikSuNI varga kA viziSTa sthAna thA, isakA kAraNa thA nArI samAja ke sabhI vargoM kA bhikSuNI varga se prakaTa yA aprakaTa rUpa se snniktttaa| usa samaya nArI samAja meM sUtra kAlIna vyavasthA ke virodha meM jo krAMti huI thI, usakA pramukha kAraNa bhikSuNI varga ke prati nArI kA AkarSaNa evaM samAdara bhAva hI thaa| bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA bauddha bhikSu saMgha ke bAda huI thii| vaizAlI kI kuTAgArazAlA meM zaMkita mana se buddha ne striyoM ko saMgha meM praveza dene kA nirNaya liyA aura tabhI bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA huii| bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA buddha ke pradhAna ziSya Ananda ne nibhaaii| bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA kA zreya mahAprajApati gautamI ko bhI jAtA hai| gautamI calate-calate bihAra kuTAgArazAlA meM phuNcii| yahIM para gautamI kI mulAkAta Ananda se huA, taba svayaM Ananda ne jAkara buddha se striyoM ko saMgha meM praveza dene kI anumati maaNgii| gautamI tathA anya striyoM ko pravrajyA kA nirdeza dene ke pahale unhoMne ATha zarte rakhIM, jinheM ATha guru dharma kahA gyaa| 12 varSa se kama

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410 zramaNa-saMskRti kI vivAhita zikSamANA tathA 20 varSa se kama kI avivAhita zikSamANA ko upasampadA pradAna karanA niSiddha thaa| ayogya striyoM ko saMgha meM praveza nahIM diyA jAtA thaa| bhikSuNI saMgha meM aisI bhI striyoM ne praveza liyA thA jo vyaktigata AghAta yA zoka ke kAraNa apanA gRhaNI jIvana tyAga diyaa| bhikSuNI saMgha kA pramukha, bhikSu saMgha kA pramukha hI hotA thaa| bhikSuoM ke samAna bhikSaNiyoM ke pramukha buddha hI the| bhikSuNI saMgha meM jo bhI kArya hotA thA vaha bhikSu saMgha ke sahayoga se hotA thaa| upasampadA prakriyA meM apane se choTe bhikSu ke prati zraddhA kA bhAva rakhanA par3atA thA bhikSuNiyoM ke liye akele vanAgamana pratibaMdhita thaa| bhikSu-bhikSuNI ke sAtha-sAtha rahane se kiMcita burAIyoM kA prAdurbhAva huaa| saMgha meM praveza ke lie jAti, varga vizeSa kA baMdhana nahIM thA, jahA~ sumanA, khemA jaisI rAjagharAne kI striyoM ne saMgha meM praveza liyA vahIM aDaDhakAzI, AmrapAlI jaisI anujjavalabhUta striyoM ne bhI saMgha meM praveza kiyaa| saMgha meM praveza ke lie Avazyaka nahIM thA ki vaha kumArI yA avivAhita hI ho| upasampadA kI icchuka strI ko do varSAvAsa taka zikSamANA kA jIvana vyatIta karanA par3atA thaa| 24 prakAra ke doSoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jisase ina bhikSuNI ko dUra rahane kI bAta kahI gaI hai| zikSA kA parityAga kara yA anya saMghoM meM cale jAne ke bAda usa saMgha meM punaH praveza sambhava nahIM thaa|' upasampadA yAcanA, dAna upAdhyAya - grahaNa Adi vidhiyAM bhikSuoM ke samAna hI thiiN| ina bhikSaNiyoM ke lie upAdhyAyA ke atirikta pavattinI zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| upAdhyAyA ko zikSamANA kI avasthA meM sevA anivArya thI, para bhikSuNiyoM ke lie sarvathA sthaviratA krama ke niyama kA pAlana karanA anivArya nahIM thaa| ina bhikSuNiyoM ko aupacArika zikSA ke lie bhikSu saMgha se zikSA lenA Avazyaka thaa| adhika umra kI pratinidhi bhikSuNI se upasampadA sambhava thaa| upasampannA bhikSuNI ke lie Avazyaka thA ki vaha bhikSu saMgha ke uposatha evaM pravaraNA meM bhAga leN| kAlAntara meM ina uposatha evaM pravaraNA meM kisI cunI huI bhikSuNI ko hI bhejA jAtA thaa| ina bhikSuNiyoM ko uposatha evaM pravaraNA asvIkAra karane kA adhikAra prApta nahIM thaa| jaba bhichur3iyA AvAsa dAna meM milane lageM to unake lie yaha anivArya aba nahIM rahA ki ve bhikSaoM ke sAtha hI varSAvAsa vyatIta kreN| aisA bhI ullekha milatA hai ki bhikSuNiyAM bhI akele

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bauddha dharma evaM bhikSuNI saMgha araNyavAsa karatI thiiN|'' bhikSuoM ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki vaha bhikSuNiyoM ko upadeza deM, yadi vaha aisA nahIM karatIM to vaha doSa kI bhAgI hotI thIM / " saMghAdizeSa ke Aropa para bhikSuNI ko apanA pakSa bhikSu evaM bhikSuNI donoM saMghoM meM rakhanA par3atA thaa|" bhikSuNiyoM kA saMghIya jIvana bhikSuoM ke samAna hI thA / cIvara meM uttarAsaMga, aMtarAvAsaka, aMgarakhA aura udakasArI dhAraNa karane kA vidhAna thA / prApta nae cIvara ko kAle, nIle raMga yA kIcar3a se durvaNa banA lenA Avazyaka thA / " bhikSuNI nahAne ke lie janAne ghATa kA prayoga karatI thIM / " bhojana ke liye bhikSuNiyAM samUha meM jAtI thIM tathA bhikSA mAMga kara jIvana yApana karatI thiiN|deg akene bhikSATana karanA varjita thA / " bhikSu ko dekha kara bhikSuNiyoM ko apanA pAtra kholakara unheM dikhAnA tathA bhojana ke lie AmaMtrita karanA Avazyaka thaa| adhika bhojana hone para bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ko apane saMghoM ko bhojana arpita karanA par3atA thA / 2 yadi pUre saMgha ko koI lAbha satkAra milatA to bhikSu - bhikSuNI saMgha donoM kA barAbara hissA diyA jAtA thA / pAli sAhitya meM bhI ullekha milatA hai ki bhikSuoM kI tulanA meM bhikSuNiyoM kI sthiti nimna thI / aisA bhI ullekha milatA hai ki saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI sthiti zreSTha thI jisakI buddha ne bhI prazaMsA kI hai| 24 khemA bhikSuNI kI meghAvitA sarvavidita hI hai 25 abhilekhika srotoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki maurya kAla taka bhikSuNI saMgha kA prabhAva thA, kyoMki azoka ke sAranAtha, sAMcI, kauzAmbI ke abhilekhoM evaM vairATa - prajJApana meM bhikSuNI kA ullekha haiM / mauryottara kAla meM bhikSuNiyoM kI sthiti hIna hotI gii| bAda meM abhilekhoM meM unake lie kisI sammAnita upAdhi kA AbhAva milatA para unakA astitva kisI na kisI rUpa meM navIM, dazavIM zatI taka banA rahA 126 sandarbha 1. rIsa DeviDsa, sisTarsa, bhUmikA, pR0 24, 27 / 2. olDenabarga, 1882, 377, 378 / 411 3. rIsa DeviDsa, sisTarsa, bhUmikA, pR0 32, gAthA, 69 ( sundarI) / 4. vinaya suttavibhaMga, bhikkhunI pAtIyokkha /

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412 5. vinaya cullavagga, 10.1.4, 10.3 / 6. vi0 cu0 10.23 1 7. rIsa DeviDsa, sisTarsa, bhUmikA, pR0 33 / 8. vi0 su0 10.17.1 / 9. vi0 cu0 10.261 10. vahI, 10.17.2 Age / 11. upAsaka monAsTika darmsa, pR0 147 / 12. vi0 cu0 10.18 / 13. vahI, 10.22 / 14. vahI, 10.6, aura 10.19.201 15. rIsa DeviDsa, sisTarsa gAthA 24, 35 1 16. vi0 cu0 10.9.3, aura Age / 17. vi0 su0 pArAjika evaM saMghAdizeSa dhamma / 18. vi0 su0 10.11.4, vi0 pA0 13 Age / 19. vi0 cu0 10.27.4 / 20. rIsa DeviDsa, sisTarsa gAthA, 59, 341 21. tulanIya hArnara, 1975, 218, 2191 22. fao go 10.14, 10.151 23. vi0 ma0 8.32 1 24. a0 ni0 10.3.8, 1.14 / 25. saM0 ni0 44.1 / 26. zAstrI, 1965, 142-44 / - saMskRti zramaNa

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69 zrAvastI para bauddha dharma kA svarNima prabhAva amareza kumAra yAdava evaM rIteza yAdava bhagavAna buddha kI janmasthalI (lumbinI) parinirvANa sthalI (kuzInagara) evaM karmasthalI ke kendra biMdu meM avasthita sthala zrAvastI mahAna kozala rAjavaMza kI rAjadhAnI thii| aMguttara nikAya meM kauzala kI gaNanA chaThI sadI I0 pU0 ke solaha mahAjanapadoM meM kI gayI hai| sarayU-acirAvatI saritA kI aMtarvedI meM avasthita zrAvastI ke purAvazeSa saheta (jetavana) tathA maheta (zrAvastI nagara) sthaloM se prApta huye haiN| zrAvastI mukhya bhUmi uttara-pUrvI golArddha meM 27deg 31' uttarI akSAMza aura 82deg 1' pUrvI dezAMtara para sthita hai| bauddha srotoM meM zrAvastI kA nAmakaraNa muni zrAvastA ke nAma para mAnA jAtA hai| zrAvastI ke nAmakaraNa sambandhI aura bhI prasaMga prApta hote haiM, jinheM lekara vidvAnoM meM matabhinnatA hai| zrAvastI ke cahuMmukhI unnayana meM jisa eka tattva kA sarvAdhika yogadAna thA vaha thA bauddha dhrm| bauddha sAhitya ke anuzIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki zrAvastI bhagavAna buddha kI gatividhiyoM kA pramukha kendra thaa| mahAtmA buddha ne 21veM se 45vAM varSAvAsa zrAvastI meM hI vyatIta kiyA thaa| bauddha dharma ke pracAra-prasAra kI dRSTi se bhI zrAvastI kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thaa| bhagavAna buddha ne prathama nikAyoM ke 871 suttoM kA upadeza zrAvastI meM diyA thA, jinameM 844 jetavana meM, 23 pubbArA meM aura 4 zrAvastI ke Asa-pAsa ke anya sthaloM para upadiSTa kiye gaye the| zrAvastI meM mahAtmA buddha ke rahane ke lie jetavana, pubbArAma vihAra banavAye gye| ina vihAroM kI tarja para pUre bhAratavarSa meM vihAra nirmANa kiye jAne lage jo sthApatyakalA ke staronnayana aura zrAvastI ke vihAroM ke prabhAva ko sthApita karate haiN| zrAvastI

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414 zramaNa-saMskRti meM nivAsa karate hue mahAtmA buddha ne vaizyoM ke atirikta brAhmaNoM aura bhikSuNiyoM ko bauddha dharma meM dIkSita kiyaa| buddha ne ina kAryoM ke prabhAva svarUpa zrAvastI meM varNabheda evaM liMgabheda kI samasyA nahIM rahI / zrAvastI kI bhautika samRddhi kA eka kAraNa yaha thA ki yahA~ para tIna pramukha vyApArika patha milate the jisase yaha vyApAra kA eka mahAna kendra bana gayA thaa| yaha nagara pUrva meM rAjagRha se, uttara-pazcima meM takSazilA se aura dakSiNa meM pratiSThAna se jur3A huA thA / zrAvastI se rAjagRha kA rAstA vaizAlI hokara gujaratA thA / yaha mArga setavyA, kapilavastu, kuzInagara, pAvA, bhoganagara aura vaizAlI se hokara jAtA thA / saMbhavataH buddha ne bauddha dharma ke pracAra-prasAra isa suvidhA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue zrAvastI meM hI sarvAdhika varSAvAsa vyatIta kiyaa| yahI nahIM ina mArgoM se hokara aneka sthaloM se anuyAyI buddha ke darzanArtha Ate the jisase zrAvastI kI Arthika samRddhi meM vRddhi bhI huI hogii| mahAtmA buddha ne ina mArgoM para lUTa-pATa karane vAle aneka coroM aura DAkuoM ko apanA anuyAyI banA liyA thA jisase ye mArga niSkaMTaka hue aura nagaroM kI samRddhi meM vRddhi huI / kAlAMtara meM bauddha dharma ke prabhAva svarUpa hI aneka videzI yAtriyoM kA bhArata Agamana huA / zrAvastI kI yAtrA para Ane vAle videzI yAtriyoM meM phAhyAna' aura hvenasAMga pramukha haiN| ina yAtriyoM ne na sirpha zrAvastI kI yAtrA kI balki usake yaza ko pUre vizva meM phailAyA / hvenasAMga ke anusAra zrAvastI ke pUrva thor3I dUrI para eka choTA sA stUpa thA jo prasenajita dvArA bhagavAna buddha ke lie banavAyA gayA thaa| isake pArzva meM eka anya stUpa hai| yaha usI sthAna para banA hai jahA~ aMgulimAla ne nAstikatA kA parityAga kara bauddha dharma ko aMgIkRta kiyA thaa| phAhyAna aura hvenasAMga dvArA zrAvastI saMbaMdhita diye gaye vivaraNoM ke AdhAra para vahA~ vidyamAna aneka prAcIna smArakoM kI pahacAna saMbhava ho skii| ataH spaSTa hai ki bauddha dharma ne zrAvastI ke cahuMmukhI vikAsa meM mahatI yogadAna diyA / chaThI sadI I0 pU0 meM zrAvastI kI parigaNanA SaDa mahAnagariyoM meM kI jAtI thI, mahAtmA buddha ke prabhAva svarUpa yaha usa samaya apane carama utkarSa ko prApta kii| bauddha dharma ne zrAvastI ke Arthika, sAmAjika, dhArmika

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415 zrAvastI para bauddha dharma kA svarNima prabhAva evaM sAMskRtika mahAtmya ko pratiSThApita kiyaa| zrAvastI kI mahattA kA yaha krama bArahavIM sadI I0 taka banA rhaa| ataH dhanya thI vaha zrAvastI - sAvatyi nagarI jisake viSaya meM kathita hai ki 'sabbaM atthi' arthAt jahA~ saba kucha sabhI ke lie vidyamAna thaa| saMdarbha 1. ArkiyolaoNjikala sarve riporTa, bhAga - 1, pRSTha 330 / 2. lA, bI0bI0sI0; zrAvastI ina iMDiyana liTarecara, pRSTha - 1 / 3. bharata siMha upAdhyAya, buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, pRSTha - 237 / 4. vizuddhAnanda pAThaka, hisTrI oNpha kauzala, pRSTha - 59 / 5. "rAjagaMha kapilavasthuto dUraM saTThi yojanAni, savatthi pana pncdsh| satthA rAjagahato pancatAlIsayojanaM AgantavA sAvatthiyaM viharati / / " majjhimanikAsaya, aTThakathA, 1/3/4 6. jemsa lege, di Traivelsa oNpha phAhyAna, pRSTha - 56 / 7. thAmasa vATarsa, Ana yuvAnacvAMgsa Traivelsa ina iMDiyA, pRSTha 377 /

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70 bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha pratIkoM kA prabhAva puSpalatA kIrti samAja ke sucArU saMcAlana ke liye Avazyaka hai ki mana sahI gati se cale, buddhi kA vikAsa ho, citta kA saMskAra bane aura manuSya susaMskRta ho / kaisirera ne manuSya ko pratIkAtmaka pazu mAnA hai| arthAt samAja kI hara acchAI burAI kA kAraNa pratIka hotA hai| Izvara kI pratIkAtmaka sattA kA ekIkaraNa karanA hogaa| bauddha dharma kI pragati ne bhAratIya sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjanaitika jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM ko anuprANita karane meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA / udAharaNArtha viSNu ke 24 avatAra, jainoM ke 24 tIrthaMkara, bauddhoM ke 24 bodhisatva aura sAMkhya ke 24 tatvoM ko sAranAtha ke stambha zikhara ke dharmacakra meM 24 ara meM bhI dikhAe gaye / yahI cakra eka vizvavyApI tattva kA pratIka banA jo Aja bhArata kA rASTrIya pratIka hai| 'satyameva jayate' jisa para likhA hai, tathA rASTradhvaja ke cakra kI 24 tiliyAM bhI yahI uddezya darzAtI haiM / bauddha dharma ke rUpa meM bhArata ko eka lokapriya dharma milA jise jaTila, vistRta tathA gUr3ha karmakANDoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM thI, jo kevala purohita varga ke dvArA hI sammAna kiye jA sakate haiN| hindU dharma ke vyaktigata devatAoM kI pUjA karane, unake mUrtiyAM banAne aura vibhinna devatAoM se sambandhita mandiroM kA nirmANa karane sambandhI dhArmika vizvAsoM ko mahAyAna bauddhoM se hI anukaraNa kiyA gayA thaa| dhyAtavya hai ki bharahuta sAMcI ke pradarzanoM se mahAdevI kA svapna sapheda gaja ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA gyaa| isI prakAra bauddha dharma meM aneka

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bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha pratIkoM kA prabhAva aise pratIka milate haiM jo kAlAntara meM janajIvana, loka paramparA evaM saMskRti para prabhAva DAlate najara Ate haiN| ina pratIkoM ko zikSA ke kSetra se lekara dhArmika, sAmAjika evaM Arthika kSetroM taka vistAra milA / 417 siMha dharma kA pratIka hai / isa liye buddha kI mUrti sthANuka yA Asana jisa kisI mudrA meM kyoM na dikhAyI jAye, mUrti ke pITha athavA Asana ke nIce siMha banA rhtaa| dhyAtavya hai ki vijaya va dharma ke pratIka ko azoka ke sAranAtha stambha para cartusiMhoM dvArA darzAyA gayA / yahI vijaya kA pratIka bhArata kA rASTrIya 'sAranAtha kA azoka cakra' banA jo dharma cakra hai arthAt rakSA zakti hai| vaiSNava dharmAvalambI viSNu kA cakra evaM bauddha dharma kA cakra donoM meM paryApta antara hai| viSNu kA cakra eka Ayudha hai jo yuddha meM prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, jaba ki bauddha cakra jJAna tathA icchA zakti kA pratIka hai / ata: cakra kI bhAMti bauddha upadeza pUre vizva meM, cahuM dizAoM meM ghUmate rhe| isa prakAra dharmadhAraNa karane vAlI zakti hai| dharma ke dvArA sAhitya tathA kalA ke dvArA saMgIta tathA zrRMgAra ke dvArA sAmAjika ekatA kA vikAsa hotA hai / sAhitya evaM kalA ke mAdhyama se eka samAja dUsare samAja ko samajhane va pahacAnane lagatA hai| bhAratIya jana jIvana ke prati bauddha dharma kA mahAnatama evaM sarvotkRSTa yogadAna sthApatya evaM zilpa ke kSetra meM rahA hai| sAMcI, bharahuta, amarAvatI ke stUpoM, azoka ke prastara stambhoM tathA kanherI (bambaI), kArle (pUNe) aura nAsika ke guhA, caitya evaM vihAra bauddha kalA ke sarvottama nidarzana haiM / sundara toraNa dvAroM evaM vedikA se yukta sAMcI kA mahAstUpa apanI vAstukalA evaM zilpa sauSThava donoM ke liye vizvavikhyAta hai / isa prakAra bhAratIya kalA kevala bhArata meM hI nahIM balki pUre vizva meM vikhyAta rahI / isa sambandha meM sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki bhArata ne dezoM ko sabhya banAne aura vibhinna dezoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA prasAra karane meM bhArata ke alagatva ko samApta kiyA aura videzoM ke sAtha bhArata ke ghaniSTha sambandhoM kI sthApanA kI dizA meM setu kA kAma kiyaa| azoka ke zAsana kAla se hI bauddha

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418 zramaNa-saMskRti dharma pracAraka bhAratIya saMskRti aura sabhyatA ko cIna, maMgoliyA, kampUciyA, koriyA, jApAna, myAmAMra, jAvA, sumAtrA, iNDoneziyA Adi vibhinna dezoM meM le gye| . zikSA ke kSetra meM takSazilA, vikramazilA, nAlandA, zrAvastI jaise vizvavidyAlayoM meM cIna, barmA, tibbata ke chAtroM kA adhyayana karanA isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki bhArata kI saMskRti zikSA ke kSetra meM bhI kisI se kama na rhii| ataH ina vizvavidyAlayoM kI prasiddhi bauddha zikSA kI utkRSTatA kA pratIka hai| dhArmika karmakANDIya vidhi aura vicAra ke rUpa meM pratIka samAja ke hara stara para vyApta ho gye| ye pratIka isa prakAra vyApta hue ki isakI prathA Aja taka calI A rahI hai| jaise vaTavRkSa, azva, gaja, cakra aadi| ataH bhArata meM na kevala mUrtipUjA, balki vRkSapUjA, pazupUjA kA pracalana ho gayA jo vartamAna meM bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai| Aja bhI vRkSa pUjA manuSya ke prAthamika jIvana kA aMga hai| hAlAMki lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa pUrva vibhinna kAraNoM se bhArata meM bauddha dharma kA pracalana ho gayA lekina dakSiNa pUrva eziyA ke prAyaH sabhI bhAgoM meM ye aba bhI eka jIvanta dharma hai| isa prakAra bauddha dharma ne bhArata meM bhASA, darzana, vAstukalA, zilpakalA, citrakalA, zikSA, mUrtipUjA, pratIka pUjA ke vikAsa meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| bhAratIya saMskRti evaM kalA meM isake prabhAva kA sadaiva anubhava kiyA gayA tathA isakI prazaMsA kara isako aMgIkAra kiyA gyaa| bauddha dharma kA bhAratIya janajIvana evaM saMskRti para Aja bhI eka jIvanta prabhAva hai| isa prakAra bauddha saMskRti adhyAtmikatA se otaprota dhArmika sahiSNutA aura kartavya parAyaNatA ko aMgIkRta karatI huii| nirantara pragati kI sopAna para gatimAna rahI hai| jIvana ke sandarbha meM ekatA kA udghoSa karatI huI Age bar3hatI gayI tathA kalA ko jIvita rakhane meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA nirvAha karatI rhii| ataH bauddha saMskRti atIta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya meM tAdAtmya sthApita kara jIvana kI samagratA ko udghoSita karatI rhii| isakA prabhAva vartamAna samaya meM spaSTa dekhA jA sakatA hai|

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419 bhAratIya saMskRti para bauddha pratIkoM kA prabhAva sandarbha agravAla, DaoN. girirAja kizora, kalA samIkSA, alIgar3ha, 1970 / agravAla, DaoN. vAsudeva zaraNa, bhAratIya kalA, vArANasI, 1977, kalA aura saMskRti, 1952, loka kA pratyakSa darzana, sammelana patrikA, loka sNskRti| gurTU, zacI rAnI, kalA darzana, dillI, 1956 / mizra, DaoN0 vidyAnivAsa, hindU dharma, tIrtha aura parvotsava hindU dharma jIvana meM sanAtana khoj| jozI, mahAdeva zAstrI, hamArI saMskRti ke pratIka Ara0bI0 siMha dhanavaTe caimbarsa / mizra, janArdana, bhAratIya pratIka vidyaa| varmA, paripUrNAnanda, pratIka shaastr| agravAla, vAsudevazaraNa, bhAratIya lokadharma, ahmdaabaad| Ansley, Mrs. Murrey, Symbolism of east and west. I varmA, sAMvaliyA bihArIlAla, bhArata kI pratIka pUjA kA Arambha aura vikaas| re, nIhAraraMjana, bhAratIya kalA ke AyAma, dillI, 1964 / agravAla, vAsudevazaraNa, cakradhvaja da hvIla plaiga oNpha iNDiyA, vArANasI, 1064 / zodha nibandha esa0 subramaNyam ayyara, Diviksana oNpha buddha ina da kuSANa pIriyaDa, vAjapeya khaNDa - 2 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI, bhAratIya jIvana darzana aura lalita kalA, kalA sarovara, vArANasI, 19871

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71 bauddha dharma kI amUlya dharohara : ajaMtA nUtana yAdava bhAratIya kalA evaM sthApatya bauddha dharma kA atyadhika RNI hai| aneka zAsakoM ne bauddha dharma se prabhAvita hokara stambhoM, stUpoM, caityoM, guphAoM, mUrtiyoM Adi kA nirmANa karavAne meM atyadhika rUci lii| bauddha bhikSuoM ke AvAsa ke liye bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM caTTAnoM ko kATakara zaila guhAoM kA nirmANa karAyA gyaa| bodhisatva tathA buddha kI smRti meM aneka stUpa banavAye gaye tathA unapara buddha ke jIvana kI vividha ghaTanAoM ko aMkita kiyA gyaa| ajaMtA, elorA tathA bAgha kI parvata guphAoM ke nirmANa kI preraNA bauddha dharma se hI milI thii| bauddha dharma se sambandhita aneka aise dhArmika sthala sthApita hue jahA~ stUpoM caityoM, maMdiroM aura pratimAoM kA nirmANa huaa| rAjavaMzoM, zreNiyoM tathA janasAdhAraNa dvArA diye gaye protsAhana aura saMrakSaNa se ina kendroM meM vAstukalA, mUrtikalA, citrakalA ityAdi kA atyadhika vikAsa huaa| bauddha dharma ke aise prAcIna sthaloM meM ajaMtA kA sthAna advitIya hai| ajaMtA kI sabhI zaila guphAyeM sApatya, zilpa tathA citrakalA kI dRSTi se bauddha dharma se sambandhita haiN| inameM se kucha guphAoM kA sambandha bauddha dharma ke hInayAna sampradAya se hai aura kucha guphAoM kA sambandha mahAyAna sampradAya se hai| ajiNThA, jo vartamAna samaya meM ajaMtA ke nAma se vikhyAta hai, mahArASTra ke auraMgAbAda jile meM bAghorA jala prapAta ke nikaTa eka arddhacandrAkAra parvata hai, jisameM bauddha dharma ke untIsa guhA caityagRha aura vihAra haiN| ajaMtA ke zaila gRhoM kI khudAI kA kAma IsA pUrva dvitIya athavA prathama zatAbdI meM prArambha huA aura sAtavAhanoM ke prabuddha saMrakSaNa meM yaha kArya IsvI san kI prArambhika

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421 bauddha dharma kI amUlya dharohara : ajaMtA zatAbdiyoM taka nirbAdha rUpa se calatA rhaa| isake pazcAt lagabhaga tIna zatakoM ke sudIrgha vyavadhAna ke anaMtara vAkATaka kAla meM IsvI pAMcavI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM ye kAma eka navIna utsAha ke sAtha punaH hAtha meM liyA gayA aura chaThI zatAbdI ke aMta meM athavA sAtavIM sadI ke Arambha bhAga meM pUrNa huaa| yaha kalAmaNDapa bauddha vAstu, mUrti aura citrakalAoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| citrakalA kI utkRSTatA ke kAraNa ajantA kI guphAoM kA aMtarrASTrIya mahattva hai| ina zaila gahAoM kI dIvAroM, stambhoM aura chatoM para bhagavAna buddha ke jIvana se sambandhita ghaTanAoM aura jAtaka kathAoM ke citra aMkita haiN| ina bhitticitroM kA dhArmika mahattva to hai hI sAtha hI kalAtmakatA kI dRSTi se ye bhitticitra bejor3a haiN| bhAratIya kalA.kA gaurava vizva prasiddha ajantA kI guphAyeM lagabhaga 1200 varSoM taka aMdhakAra ke garta meM thiiN| kucha aMgreja adhikAriyoM ne bhArata kI isa samRddha kalA paramparA se vizva ko paricita kraayaa| upalabdha pramANoM ke anusAra sarvaprathama 1819 I0 meM madrAsa rejImeNTa ke kucha adhikAriyoM kA dhyAna ina guphAoM kI ora gyaa| sthAnIya paramparA ke anusAra kucha briTiza sainika adhikArI dakkhina se uttara kI ora jAte hue ajantA ghATa se hokara gujre| unameM se zikAra meM rUci rakhane vAle eka adhikArI ne grAmavAsiyoM se bAghoM ke sambhAvita Azraya ke viSaya meM puuchaa| eka caravAhA use bAghoM kA ghara dikhAtA huA guphAoM ke sAmane ghATI ke dUsarI ora le gyaa| vahA~ se usa adhikArI ko zaila gRha saMkhyA - 10 kA agrabhAga dikhAI de gyaa| agra bhAga para nakkAzI ke kAma se AkRSTa hokara vaha guphA meM gayA aura isa prakAra ajantA kI vismRta gauravamayI kalA sampadA punaH prakAza meM aayiiN| 1819 I0 meM zailagRhoM kI khoja ke pazcAt inakI sarvaprathama carcA viliyama esrkina ne 1822 I0 meM bAmbe liTarairI sosAiTI ke vivaraNa meM kii| 1824 I0 meM lephTineMTa esrkina ne 1822 I0 meM bAmbe liTarairI sosAiTI ke vivaraNa meM kii| 1824 I0 meM lephTineMTa jemsa I0 alekjeMDara ne ina guphAoM kI yAtrA kI aura unakA tathA unake bhitticitroM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, laMdana ko bhejA jo 1829 meM prakAzita huaa| 1828 I0 meM kaipTana graisale aura rAlpha vahA~ gaye aura rAlpha dvArA prastuta bhitticitroM kA sajIva varNana baMgAla eziyATika sosAiTI kI patrikA meM prakAzita huaa| jemsa phargyusana ne 1839 meM ina guphAoM kA nirIkSaNa

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40 zramaNa-saMskRti kiyA tathA rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI ke samAna 1843 meM pazcima bhAratIya zailagRhoM para eka vistRta nibandha prastuta kiyaa| 1845 meM madrAsa ArmI ke kaptAna rAbarTa gila ko citroM kI pratilipi banAne ke lie niyukta kiyA gayA aura kaI varSoM taka zrama karake usane aneka citroM kI ati sundara tela pratilipiyAM banAkara iMglaiNDa bhejii| inameM se pAMca ko chor3akara sabhI citra krisTala pailesa kampanI, siDenahama dvArA 1866 meM Ayojita eka pradarzanI meM Aga laga jAne ke kAraNa naSTa ho gye| gila ne ina pratilipiyoM ke phoTogrApha 'rAka Tepalsa oNpha ajaMtA eMDa elorA' (1862) tathA 'vana haMDreDa sTIriyoskopika ilasTrezaMsa oNpha ArkiTekcara eMDa naicurala hisTrI' (1864) nAmaka pustakoM meM prakAzita kiye| sAtavAhana kAla meM dakkhina meM bauddha dharma apane carama unnati avasthA meM thA aura mahArASTra ke kucha sthAna bauddha dharma ke sthaviravAda aura mahAsaMghika sampradAyoM ke vibhinna nikAyoM ke gar3ha the| isa kAla meM sAtavAhanoM kI preraNA ke phalasvarUpa ajaMtA, bhAjA, kArle, pItalakhorA, koNDAne, junnAra, kAnherI ityAdi vibhinna sthAnoM meM bauddha bhikSuoM ke nivAsa ke lie parvatoM ko kATakara saikar3oM vihAroM aura caityagRhoM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| ajantA ke hInayAna sampradAya se sambaddha zailagRha isI kAla ke haiN| IsvI tRtIya zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM vidarbha meM vAkATaka vaMza kA udaya huaa| sampUrNa vidarbha tathA usase lagA huA madhyapradeza evaM marAThavAr3A kA eka bar3A bhU-bhAga vAkATakoM ke adhIna thaa| abhilekhIya sAkSyoM se pramANita hai ki ajantA kA pradeza bhI vAkATaka rAjya ke aMtargata thaa| vAkATaka kAla ke aMtima caraNa meM ajantA ke zailagRhoM ke nirmANa kA kArya, jo lagabhaga pichalI tIna zatAbdiyoM se avarUddha par3A thA, eka navIna cetanA aura vega ke sAtha punaH Arambha huaa| solahavIM guphA ke barAmade ke bAhara bAyIM ora ke dIvAra ke aMtima sire para utkIrNa eka lekha se patA calA hai ki stambhoM, citrabhittiyoM, mUrtiyoM ityAdi se alaMkRta isa zailagRha kA nirmANa hariSeNa ke amAtya varAhadeva ne karAyA thaa| ajaMtA kI satrahavIM guphA ke barAmade ke bhitti para upalabdha eka lekha ke anusAra hariSeNa meM mAMDalika ravisAMba ne eka vihAra tathA gaMdhakuTIra banavAkara bauddha saMgha ko arpita kI thii| pulakezI ke rAjyakAla meM I0 641 ke lagabhaga cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga mahArASTra meM

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bauddha dharma kI amUlya dharohara : ajaMtA 423 aayaa| usane kucha samaya pulakezI ke rAjya ke pUrvI sImA para sthita ajantA ke zailagRhoM meM bhI bitAyA thA / usakA ajantA varNana yathAtathya hai| abhilekhIya sAkSya se spaSTa hai ki ajantA ke zailagRhoM ke alaMkaraNa kA kArya cAlukya kAla meM bhI jArI thA / ajantA ke zailagRhoM ke nirmANa evaM citraNa kA kArya rASTrakUTa kAla ke pUrva hI samApta ho cukA thA / ajantA ke sabhI zailagRha sthApatya, zilpa tathA citrakalA kI dRSTi se bauddha dharma se sambandhita haiN| cullavagga ke anusAra bhikSuoM ke lie jina pAMca prakAra ke nivAsa sthAnoM kA vidhAna tathAgata ne kiyA thA unameM aMtima guhAyeM thIM / ajantA kI sabhI guphAyeM citroM se alaMkRta thiiN| ye guphAyeM do kAlakhaNDoM meM nirmita evaM citrita haiN| guphA saMkhyA - 9 tathA 10 meM sAtavAhana kAla meM tathA zeSa guphAoM meM vAkATaka evaM vAkATakottara kAla meM citroM kA nirmANa huA / phAoM kI bhittiyAM, chata tathA mUrtiyAM sabhI citrita thiiN| isa samaya kevala chaH guphAoM (saMkhyA eka, do, nau, dasa, solaha tathA satraha) meM citroM ke avazeSa dRSTigata hote haiM / anya guphAoM meM citrAMkana ke citra yahA~ vahA~ vidyamAna haiN| ajantA ke citra dhArmika AdhAra para hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM vibhAjita haiN| guphA saMkhyA nau aura dasa citra hInayAna paramparA se anuprANita haiM jinameM bauddha mAnyatA ke anusAra bhagavAna buddha kI upasthiti pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se vyakta kI gayI hai| zeSa guphAoM ke citra mahAyAna paramparA ke anurUpa haiM jinameM hama bhagavAna buddha ko manuSya rUpa meM aMkita pAte haiN| guphA saMkhyA dasa kA nirmANa kAla abhilekhIya AdhAra para IsA pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI tathA saMkhyA nau kA IsA pUrva pahalI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| kintu donoM kA citrAMkana eka hI kAla meM huA hai| jaisA ki citroM kI zailI tathA raMgavinyAsa aura AkRta yojanA se spaSTa hai| guphA saM0 16 aura 17 vAkATaka kAla meM banAyI gayI thiiN| isa kAla meM ajantA kI citrakalA apanI carama vikAsAvasthA para pahuMca gayI thii| guphA saMkhyA eka ke citra isI avasthA ke haiN| guphA saMkhyA do ke kucha citra isa paramparA meM rakhe jA sakate haiN| kintu adhikAMza citra takanIkI tathA abhivyaMjanA dRSTi se hI haiN| isa guphA ke citroM meM alaMkaraNa tathA pAraMparikatA kA darzana adhika hotA hai| yaha atyanta khedajanaka hai ki ina anupama aura amUlya citroM ko naSTa karane meM prakRti kI apekSA mAnava kA hAtha adhika rahA hai / Adhunika

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424 zramaNa-saMskRti kAla meM I0 1919 meM jaba ye guphAyeM sarvaprathama prakAza meM AyIM taba bhI naisargika kAraNoM se jarjarita hone para bhI ye citra kAphI acchI sthiti meM the| 1822 I0 meM viliyama eskina tathA 1824 I0 meM jemsa I0 alekjeMDara ne apane vivaraNoM meM ajaMtA ke citroM kI tAjagI evaM surakSita sthiti kI carcA kI thii| kintu isake pazcAt hI ajantA ke citroM kA vinAza AraMbha ho gyaa| __ ajaMtA ke citra TeMparA vidhi se banAye gaye haiN| guphA tathA zilpa kA nirmANa kArya pUrNa hone para unakI Ubar3a-khAbar3a sataha ko jo ina citroM ke vAhaka kA kArya karatI haiM, miTTI ke palastara se samatala kiyA jAtA thaa| cheniyoM ke AghAta tathA pattharoM kI prakRti ke kAraNa kaI bAra bar3e-bar3e cippar3a nikala jAte the jinase unameM gaharI kharoMce par3a jAtI thiiN| yaha asamatala sataha gAre kI pakar3a ke lie dA~ta kA kAma karatI thI aura zeSa lepa acchI taraha jama jAtA thaa| isa palastara ko aura adhika majabUtI se jamAne ke uddezya se miTTI meM vanaspatiyoM ke reze, dhAna ke chilake, ghAsa, reta athavA pattharoM kA cUrNa aura goMda athavA saresa milAe hue dRSTigata hote haiN| kucha guphAoM meM goMda kI jagaha jipsama kA prayoga pAyA gayA hai| isa khuradure moTe palastara ko cikanA karane ke uddezya se usa para mahIna zilAcUrNa athavA bAlU tathA bArIka rezedAra vAnaspatya padArtha se yukta kIcar3a aura lohamaya miTTI kI eka aura taha dI gaI hai tathA isake Upara cUne kA lepa kara cikanA tathA citrAdhAra taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| bArIka palastara kI yaha UparI taha aMDe ke chilake jitanI mahIna hai| isa sataha ke Upara vividha raMgoM se citroM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| ajantA ke citroM meM pramukhatayAH pIle, lAla, nIle, sapheda, kAle aura hare raMga kA prayoga haA hai| raMgoM ke vividha anupAtoM meM sammizraNa se kaI anya raMga chaTAyeM taiyAra kI gayI haiN| cha: pramukha raMgoM meM se kAle ko chor3akara zeSa raMga khanijoM se taiyAra kiye gaye haiN| cha: raMgoM ke rAsAyanika vizleSaNa se jJAta hotA hai ki ina raMgoM ko goMda athavA saresa ke sAtha pAnI meM gholakara taiyAra kiyA gayA hai| ajaMtA ke prAcInatama citra dasavIM evaM navIM guphAoM meM pAye jAte haiN| ye citra sAtavAhana kAlIna haiN| guphA saMkhyA - 10 meM bodhi vRkSa pUjA, stUpa pUjA, sAmajAtaka, SaDadantajAtaka ke dRzya aMkita haiN| guphA saMkhyA - 9 meM nAgarAjA,

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bauddha dharma kI amUlya dharohara : ajaMtA 425 pazuoM kA khedA, stUpa pUjA ke citra aMkita haiN| ajaMtA kI adhikAMza guphAyeM vAkATaka kAla kI haiN| isa kAla meM guphA saM0 - 1 ziva jAtaka, naMda kI dIkSA, bodhisatva padyapANi, mAravijaya ke dRzya aMkita haiN| ajaMtA kA sabase vyAkhyAta citra bodhisatva padyapANI kA hai| bodhisatva kA aMkana ajaMtA ke citrakAroM kA priya viSaya thaa| guphA saMkhyA-16 meM buddha kA tuSita svarga meM upadeza, ajAtazatrubuddha bheMTa, buddha ke jIvana se sambaddha citra aMkita haiN| guphA saM0 17 meM saMsAra cakra, vizvaMtara jAtaka, AkAzacArI iMdra tathA apsarAeM, mAnuSI buddha evaM rAhula kI dIkSA kA dRzya aMkita hai| vAkATakottara kAlIna citroM meM mahAhaMsa jAtaka, buddha ke jIvana ke dRzya, sahasra buddha, bodhisatva ityAdi citra aMkita haiN| ajaMtA kI kalA kA mukhya viSaya bauddha dharma se jur3A hai phira bhI tatkAlIna laukika jIvana kA aizvarya ajantA meM paryApta rUpa se jhalakatA hai| rAjakIya vaibhava se lekara bhikSu jIvana taka kA aMkana ajaMtA guphAoM kI kalA meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| tatkAlIna lokajIvana ke vibhinna pakSa ajaMtA kI guhA dIvAroM para sajIva ho cuke haiN| ajantA guphAoM kI kalA meM rahana-sahana, veza-bhUSA, vastrAbhUSaNa, khAna-pAna, zastrAstra, sthApatya, manovinoda, yAtAyAta ke vividha sAdhana, pazu saMpadA, vanaspatijagata tathA vibhinna vyApAra vyavahAra kA jo sUkSma aMkana hai vaha tatkAlIna saMskRti ke adhyayana kA eka zreSTha aura anUThA sAdhana hai| ajantA kI kalA samakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti ke jJAna ke lie anamola vizvakoza hai| ajantA kI kalA AdhyAmikatA ko udbodhita karane vAlI kalA hai| ajantA ke bhitticitra eka mahAkAvya hai jisameM ajaMtA kI guphAyeM bauddha bhikSuoM aura darzanArthiyoM ke lie citrakathA hai jo bhagavAna buddha ke jIvana se sambandhita ghaTanAoM se paricita karAtI haiN| ye guphAyeM kalAtmaka dRSTi se anupama haiM tathA bauddha dharma kI amUlya dena haiN| saMdarbha 1. agravAla, vI0 esa0, bhAratIya klaa| 2. mizra, ramAnAtha, bhAratIya mUrti klaa| 3. gairolA, vAcaspati, bhAratIya citrklaa| 4. zAstrI, ajaya mitra, bhArata ke sAMskRtika kendra - ajntaa| 5. upAdhyAya, bhagavatazaraNa, bhAratIya kalA evaM saMskRti kI bhuumikaa|

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72 bauddha paramparA meM peya - jala vyAsa muni mizra - jIvana ke anivArya tattvoM meM jala mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka hai| sRSTi ke Arambhika dinoM se hI jIvadhAriyoM ke lie jala-pAna eka anivArya AvazyakatA hai| chAndogya upaniSada meM jala ke mahattva ko dRSTigata karate hue 'prANa' ko jalamaya kahA gayA hai|' atharvaveda meM jala na pIne vAle vyakti kA mukha zuSka ho jAne kA prasaMga hai / anna se adhika mahattva peya jala kA hai| kyoMki annAbhAva meM vyakti kevala jala mAtra pI kara 15 dinoM taka jIvita raha sakatA hai| aisI mAnyatA chAndogya upaniSada kI hai| sAtha hI Rgveda meM jala ko mAtRtva svarUpA kahA gayA hai / buddhayugIna sabhI nagaroM meM peya jala kI ucita vyavasthA dekhane ko milatI hai| tatkAlIna jana varSA, nadI, tar3Aga, kUpa, puSpakAriNI Adi jala srotoM ke jala kA upayoga peya hetu karate the / bauddha sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki bhagavAna buddha apane jIvana ke antima kSaNa meM Ananda se jala pIne kI icchA prakaTa karate haiM, tathA nadI sadRza jala-srota se jala lAne ko kahate haiN| Ananda vahA~ jAte haiM kintu pAnI ko malina dekha vApasa A jAte haiN| bhagavAna ke vizeSa Agraha para Ananda vahA~ punaH gye| isa bAra nadI kA jala svaccha thA aura tathAgata ne usa jala ko grahaNa kara apanI pyAsa bujhaaii| kakutthA nadI meM bhI buddha dvArA snAna evaM peya (nahAtvA ca pivitvA ca ) kA saMdarbha hameM prApta hotA hai|' rAmAyaNa meM zravaNa dvArA apane mAtA-pitA ke lie jala lAne kA prasaMga bhI kucha isI prakAra hai / mahAbhArata meM bhI tapasvI tathA dvija logoM dvArA nadI jala sevana kA ullekha hai| manuSyoM ke sAtha jala- jIvoM aura vanya jIvoM kA jalAzaya nadI hI hotA hai|

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427 bauddha paramparA meM peya-jala ___ bauddha kAla meM peya-jala hetu puSkariNI kA apanA vizeSa mahattva dekhane ko milatA hai| mahAvagga se jJAta hotA hai ki vaizAlI nagara meM jahA~ 7707 prasAda the vahIM puSkariNIyoM kI saMkhyA bhI kucha isI prakAra kI thii| isase pratIta hotA hai ki isa nagara ke pratyeka gRha meM puSkariNI kI vyavasthA thii| itanA hI nahIM saMghArAmoM ke vAstu-vinyAsa meM bhI puSkariNI kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| tatkAlIna samaya ke jina bauddha kendroM yathA- zrAvastI, sAranAtha, bodhagayA Adi ke utkhanana hue haiM vahA~ se puSkariNI kI saMracanAe~ prApta huI haiN| ___ cullavagga meM gRha ke jala-vyavasthA hetu alaga kakSa arthAt jalazAlA kA ullekha hai jisakA nirmANa U~cI caukI para kiyA jAtA thaa| pAnI kI svacchatA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue use khara-patavAroM (tipaNa-cuNNa) se vaMcita rakhane ke lie jalazAlA ko acchAdita karane kA nirdeza hai|" isa kakSa meM 'pAnIyabhAjana' arthAt jala-pAtroM kI vyavasthA jala rakhane hetu kI jAtI thii|12 pAnI ke upayoga hetu gilAsa (pAnIsaMkha), kulahaNa (sarAvaka) kI vyavasthA hotI thI jisase kI pAnI kI apavyayatA rokI jA sake evaM jala-pradUSaNa ko niyaMtrita kiyA jA ske| jala prApti hetu kUpa nirmANa kA bhI prasaMga dekhane ko milatA hai| kue~ kI muDeMra (udapAnasyakala) IToM, prastara dvArA nicAI karake pakkI banAI jAtI thii| pAnI bharane ke lie rassI (udaka vAhana rajju) kI vyavasthA hotI thii| hAtha ke atirikta DhekalI (tula), pura (karakaTaMka) tathA rahaTa (cakkavaTTaka) kA prayoga hotA thA, kyoMki zataM yA sahasabhikSuoM ke lie jala kI AvazyakatA hotI thii| kuoM para maTake (lohavAraka), lakar3I ke bartana (dArUvAraka) camar3e ke mazaka (cakmakkhaNDa) sadRza bartana pAnI rakhane ke lie prayukta hote the|" paravartI yuga meM ghaTa ko khara-patavAra se surakSita rakhane ke lie usa para Dhakkana (apidhAna) lagAne kI vyavasthA thii| yahI nahIM kUpa ke Upara saMracanAe~ kI jAne lagI thI, use 'udapAnazAlA' kahate haiN| inheM sapheda, kAle aura gerUve raMga se raMgA jAtA thaa| ina 'udayAnazAlAoM' meM logoM ke prakSAlanArtha bhI jala kA prabandha thaa| use eka prakAra ke mAdhyama se Adhunika prasAdhana sadRza

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zramaNa-saMskRti alaga kara diyA jAtA thaa| ina snAnagRhoM meM candanikA pATaka (pAnI kI hoja) udaka doNi (pAnI kI nAdeM), udaka kaTaha (pAnI kI kar3Aha) kI vyavasthA rahatI thii| pAnI kI nikAsa hetu nAlI hotI thii| svaccha jala kI vyavasthA vihAroM meM rahatI thii| adhika dinoM taka pAnI miTTI ke bartanoM meM rakhane se dUSita hone lagatA thA tathA use durgandha (duggadha) Ane lagatI thI isalie mRtikA pAtroM ko acchI prakAra se samaya-samaya para sukhAyA jAtA thaa| jala kI zuddhatA aura svacchatA para buddha ne bahuta bala diyA thaa| hAtha-pA~va ke prakSAlana hetu 'paribhojanIya' sadRza alaga jala kI vyavasthA hotI thii| jabaki pAne vAle svaccha aura zuddha jala ko 'pAnI' kahA jAtA thaa| pRthak-pRthak donoM kI vyavasthA se spaSTa hai ki peya-jala kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| zAyada peya jala AsAnI se sulabha nahIM thaa| Aja ke samAja meM jahA~ svaccha jala kI anupalabdhatA dRSTigata hai, vahA~ isa prakAra kA vargIkaraNa vicAraNIya hai| draSTavya hai ki sahasroM varSa pUrva jala kI zuddhatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue usakA vaijJAnika vargIkaraNa buddha dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| jala prabandhana kA eka bar3A hI rocaka udAharaNa nAzika ke pAsa una parvatAzrayI guphAoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai jahA~ parvata-khaNDa ko kATakara eka kUpAkAra guphA banAyI gayI hai jisameM varSA Rtu meM jala ekatra hotA thaa| isa jala ko upayoga vahA~ U~cAI para nivAsa karane vAle bhikSu pUre varSa peya, prakSAlana Adi ke lie karate the| yaha jala vyavasthA to zailakRta guphA-vAstu kA eka aMga thA, jo kakSa nirmANa ke hI sAtha banatA thaa| sandarbha 1. chAndogya upaniSada 6/711 2. atharvaveda 6/13/1391 3. chAndogya upaniSada 6/73; SoDazakalaH somya puruSaH paMcadazAhAni mAzIH kaammpH| pivoyomayaH prANo na pivato vicchetsyata iti| 4. Rgveda 10/2/171 5. DaoN. bharata siMha upAdhyA, buddha kAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, pR0 102 / 6. vhii| 7. rAmAyaNa, 2/64/3-14 /

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bauddha paramparA meM peya-jala 8. mahAbhArata vanaparva 88/3-4 / 9. zAstrI mahAvagga, pR0 438 / 10. cullavagga, pR0 247/5 / 11. vahI, pR0 247/111 12. vahI, pR0 247/13 / 13. vahI, pR0 211/141 14. vahI, pR0 211/201 15. vahI, pR0 211/261 16. vahI, pR0 212/11 17. vahI, pR0 212/2-31 18. vahI, pR0 212/91 19. vahI, pR0 212/51 20. vahI, pR0 212/10-121 21. vahI, pR0 202171 22. vahI, pR0 321/211

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Demise of Lord Buddha : A Controversy regarding date Geeta Dutt The great demise of Buddha has uptil now been a matter of serious discussion among the historians and scholars. J. Takaksu on the basis of dotted records of ancient sages has decided 486 B.C. the Nirvana date of Lord Buddha. William Geiger has taken 483 B.C. as the date of the demise. Fleet agrees with this point with a little difference as 12th October 483 B.C. was the actual date of passing away of Buddha. Wickram Singh ji too agreed with this view. Dr. G.C. Pandey has stated that Lord Buddha was born in Lumbinivana at Kapilvastu the capital of Sakyas in the year 563 B.C. Now by taking into consideration the total life span of 80 years of Buddha the nirvana date will come to 483 B.C. The tradition of Kashmir and India provides 100 years of time gap between the death date of Buddha and the Coronation of King Ashoka which comes to 364 B.C. Prof. Kera has taken 259 B.C. as the initial date of Ashoka in that case taking the gap of 100 years the nirvana date will come to 359 B.C. the Gandhar traditional places 400 years from the death of Buddha to Kanishka in this case if the rule of Kanishka be taken about 144 A.D. the nirvana date of Buddha would come to 544 B.C. The Ceylonese tradition places the Coronation of Ashoka just after 218 years after the demise of Buddha. The statement of Sung - Yuri fixes Kanishka only 300 years after the death of Buddha. In the Chinese text there is

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Demise of Lord Buddha: A Controversy regarding date 431 a reference that after the death of King Pin - Tou - Sha (Bindusar) to A-Yuk (Ashoka) killed all his brothers leaving only one who comes of the same mother. After four years, he crowned himself. It was 218 years after the demise of Buddha that Ashoka took the sole command of the land of Jambudvipa. Evidence of the dotted record of Canton A historical record, under the name "A dotted record of many Sages" was recovered in 534 A.D. by an ascetic Chan - P- Isiu from a monk called Kung -- Tu during his visit to the temple on the mount Lu. The tradition goes regarding the record that after the Buddha's death, venerable Upali collected the Vinaya Pitaka. Then on the 15th day of the 7th month of that year when he had received the TSZ (self throwing off restraint; the festival held at the termination of the Buddhist vassa), he worshiped the manuscript of Vinaya Pitaka with flowers and incense, and added one dot at the beginning of Vinaya Pitaka thus he did every year in the same way. When Upali was going to enter nirvana, (447 B.C. taken from S.B.E. vol. 10 part 1, 8.xliv) he handed it over to disciple Dasaka (397 B.C.) in this way it passed on to Sonaka (353 B.C.) from Sonaka to Siggava (300 B.C.), from Siggava to Mogalliputtatissa (233 B.C.) from Mogalliputtatissa to Chandvagga to the teacher of Sanghbbadra. This teacher brought this manuscript of Vinava Pitaka to Kwang or Canton. When he was embarking homeward he handed the Vinaya Pitaka to his disciple, Sanghbbadra. In A.D. 490 after venerating the Vinaya Pitaka he added one dot. It is said that in 490 A.D. there were 975 dots and every dot represented one year, thus this would give the year 485 B.C. as the year in which Upali wrote the manuscript immediately after the demise of Lord Buddha (Indian Antiquary; May 1884 vol xiii, p. 149). Regarding this evidence few objections have been raised by various scholars. Firstly it is not possible to accept with certainty that Upali wrote a manuscript.

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* zramaNa-saMskRti According to Mahavamsa, Pitakas and Atthakatha were not written before the reign of King Vatthagamini, datable 88 - 76 B.C. 432 Secondly if Upali wrote a copy of Vinaya Pitaka it is not likely that identical copy should have been carried to China. Lastly the process of adding one dot every year for a continuous 975 years is extremely precarious. However this type of record seems to reveal some very alarming information but it is risky as well to put absolute reliance at least for calculating the correct dating. But J. Takaksu has held the view that the evidence of Sanghbbadra is worth noticing. But as this part of the evidence was based on Acharya tradition hence no exact system is so far available. The first information was that there were only 975 dots, while from other sources it is known that an ascetic by name Chau perhaps continued marking till A.D. 535, when there were 1020 dots. On this information it becomes difficult to work out an exact dating moreover the Buddhist writer in China too did not consider that an authoritative fact. Scholars have attempted to wor kout the nirvana date of Buddha on the basis of chronological table of Mauryan rulers. They have tried to ascertain the Coronation date of King Ashoka and then others adding 218 years with the Coronation date they have calculated the date of the great demise. For such calculation they have started from Chandragupta who reigned for 24 years. Again Bindusar ruled for 28 years while Dr. Fleet has taken this, the Vayu Purana has stated 25 years for his reign. Lastly Ashoka was Coroneted four years after he succeeded his father Bindusar. The Ceylonese tradition informs us that Ashoka Coronation took place 218 year after the nirvana of Buddha. It is duly supported indirectly by Tibetan records which are absolutely an independent source of information. The Tibetan tradition is held to have been the correct source regarding the period intervening between the death of Buddha and certain events related with the reign of

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Demise of Lord Buddha : A Controversy regarding date 433 Ashoka and they seem to be on according record with the Ceylonese tradition which hold that the Coronation of Ashoka took place 218 years after Buddha's death. Taking into consideration the ancient chronology of Mauryan Kings, namely Chandragupta (24 years), Bindusar (28 years) and Ashoka (Coronation delayed by four years) the Coronation date of Ashoka has been worked out ( 325.24.28.4 years) as 269 B.C. in that ease the nirvana date of Buddha comes to (269 +218 ) 487 B.C. Dr. J.F. Fleet had worked out a chronological table of Mauryan rulers. According to the calculations Chandragupta became the King of North India 162 years after the death of Lord Buddha. He has suggested the accession date between Kartik Shukla 8 which comes between 23rd September 321 B.C. and 1st January 320 B.C. According to him Bindusar succeeded Chandragupta 186 years after the death of Buddha which comes to 1st February 296 B.C. Lastly Bindusar died and Ashoka seized the power 14 years after the death of Lord Buddha. Regarding Ashoka he was appointed as King 218 years after the death of Buddha and early in the bright fortnight of jyestha in all probability on the day of Shukla 5 which comes to 25th April 264 B.C. The date 264 B.C. has the corroboration with the Ceylonese account. The Ceylonese accounts states that Devanampiya Tissa was appointed as king of Ceylon for the first time 236 years after the death of Buddha and about 17 years after the appointment of Ashoka which comes to 6th November 247 B.C. + 17 = 264 B.C. which would be the date' of Ashoka Coronation. In this case the nirvana date of Buddha would be 264 + 218 = 482 B.C. According to Fleet Ashoka issued his last Edict early in the 39th year of his abdication. For calculating the nirvana date of Buddha one has to look to the figures in the various inscriptions (Sasaram, Rupnath, Siddhapore, Brahmagiri, Jatinga-Rameshwar, Erraguddi and Govimath) it appears almost certain that the figure 256 is the number of year from nirvana date up to the

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434 zramaNa-saMskRti time of engravement of the inscription i.e. 218 + 38 = 256 (218 years comes for the Coronation date from nirvana of Buddha and the figure 38 comes for the date of engravement of inscription from the date of Coronation). Hence it appears quite acceptable the figure 256 of the various inscriptions is the number of years from the date of Buddha's nirvana. Now if the accession date of Ashoka is obtained from the chronological table of the Mauryan rulers it would become easy to pick out the actual date of King Ashoka Coronation. The information of the genealogy of Mauryan kings is essential. It is known from various sources that Chandragupta ruled for 24 years and Bindusar ruled for 28 years and the actual Coronation of Ashoka was delayed for 4 years. From the Greek writers it is known that Chandragupta became King of North India between 521 B.C. to 326 B.C. Different writers have selected different dates i.e. 325, 321, 316,315 and 312 B.C. (JR.A.S. 1906; p 984 - J.F. Fleet) V. Smith (Early history of India p. 173) has suggested 321 B.C. as the accession date of Chandragupta, Buddhist tradition of Ceylon refers the date 162 years after the parinirvana of Buddha. The Jain date for Chandragupta's accession is 313 B.C. (Ibid p. 263) in such a difficult position it is not possible to decide a single date for accession and there by the Coronation date of Ashoka the entire chronology of Mauryan Kings is rounded in doubts it becomes a problem to pinpoint a demise year of Lord Buddha. Refrences 1. J.R. A .S. 1905 P 51 hy J. Takakusu. 2. Mahavamsa; Translation by Gieger P. xxii. 3. J.R.A.S. 1905 P. 984. 4. G.C. Pandey. Boudh Dharma ke vikas ka Itihas P. 43. 5. Manual of Indian Buddhism P. 112. 6. Ray Choudhury Political History of Ancient India P. 413. 7. J.R.A.S. july 1886 P. 426.

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Demise of Lord Buddha : A Controversy regarding date 435 8. Olden Burg. Vinaya vol 3 P. 299. 9. Lieden 1956 The Chronology of the reign of Ashoka P. 138 - 143. 10. A.K. Warder. Indian Buddhism P. 117. 11. R.K. Mukheriee. Ashoka P. 185. 12. B.P. Sinha Silver Jubilee Souvenir 1978 Department of AIH & Arch. Patna University. 13. J.R.A.S. 1896 P. 436. 14. Maxmuller. True date of Buddhas Death Indian Antiquary May 1884. 15. Mahavamsa vol 18 P. 216. 16. Indian Antiquary 1884 vol xiii P. 148. 17. J.F. Fleet J.R.A.S. 1906 P. 984. 18. V. Smith. Early. History of India P. 173. 19. Ibid P. 263.

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The Sramanic Vision : Buddha and Mahavira Digvijai Nath Pandey Not much is known about the definte contours of what happened between the war of the Mahabharata and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism. There in no doubt that it must have been a period of turbulence with kingdoms at war with each other. In politics, while the general pattern was that of monarchies, there were certain regions in the Eastern sector, specially near the hills where the republican form of government flourished. The individualistic mode of thinking had already appeared in Jaina thought which dated back to the Vedic period in the form of Sramana parampara. In the origin story repeated in the Puranas there is a reference to Sanat Kumars. They were the offsprings of Brahma. But when Brahma asked them to become householders and help him in the process and the expansion of the world, they refused because they thought that they would thereby incur sin and fall from their state of perfect plies by so participating in this process. In a 'Sense' they were the paragons of libretti. Brahma was distressed at their reply and then came Rudra who agreed to oblige him. In a sense, the Sramana parampara symbolised the revulsions of Sanat Kumars at the ways of the world and their yearning for nothing less than perfection. The first tirthanker Rishabhdeva was the sixth avatar of the Smriti tradition. Both Buddhism and Jainism were

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The Sramanic Vision Buddha and Mahavira 437 extremely critical of the brahmanical system, the hereditary basis of caste and animal sacrifices, both did not care much about the intervention of intracosmic Gods and both preached the value of a moral life in terms of the theory of karma. Both Mahavira and Buddha lived in the sixth century B.C. In their teaching the existence of intra-cosmic Gods as higher beings was considered more or less irrelevant, as a casual factor for individual salvation, because man could transcend karma by his own effort alone. Although they recognized functional Gods, it was stressed that the Universal process (Sansar) was a result of certain immutable laws of action (Karma) resulting in progress and decline. These action particles bind the soul, which inconsequently embodied in different incarnations in a cycle of birth and rebirth. The soul acts and suffers the pangs of the body in which it is clothed. The present life is determined by our past karma which survives the decay of the body and clings to the soul in its new incarnation. The doctrine of Karma is extremely complex and well developed in Jainism. Be that as it may, both subscribed to the ideal of liberation by one's own individual effort as transcending the ever going cycle of birth and death and rebirth. Both stressed that every soul or link in the casual chain as the Buddhist viewed it, by its own effort, regardless of the grace of God, could achieve this by acquisition of right knowledge which had many sides. The highest knowledge was kaivalya jnana in Jainism and nirvana in Buddhism. Buddhism and Jainism were largely product of revolt against the system of animal sacrifice which had crept into brahmanical rituals. Jainism developed a marvelous epistemological theory called anekantvada and wedded it to the doctrine of non-violence. Following the story of the elephant and the six blind men, it was argued that it is very rarely that one side is completely right and the other side completely wrong in a dispute. The world in not divided between absolute right and absolute wrong. There are many

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438 zramaNa-saMskRti shades and levels in between. It was argued that one should, therefor, try to understand the truth in its totality which is a result of total understanding of different viewpoints. It this is so, one has no option but to benonviolent. Purification of the soul is the result of balanced life possible for a monk only. The emphasis on non-violence was carried to such an extreme chat even unconscious killing of germs while walking or speaking was considered wrong as it becomes a sin, and as a result, the possibility of Jains adopting an agricultural profession was ruled out, since cultivation and digging of wells would obviously entail violence. Individually a man is born, individually he dies, individually he falls (from his state of Existence), and individually he rises (to another). His passions, consciousness, intellect. Here indeed the bonds of relationship are not able to help or save one! Two points should be emphasized here. First, the Jain principle of many sided knowledge was similar in substance to the Vedic principle of 'neti', 'neti' (this is not, this is not) or the Upanishadic principles of relativity. This is one reason why Jainism in practice could not always distinguish itself from other practices. In fact, with the passage of time even forms of worship, mantra and tantra found either way into Jainism. Second, in the beginning Jainism was not political, and not anti-political doctrine. It did not contain any political statement of individualism or human equality. Even democratic ideology was wholly absent from it. Since it regarded the world as a bondage, the whole emphasis was on man's efforts to find release from the world to gain salvation by practicing sacrifices and penance. The idea of renunciation received it full expression in Jainism, the world was a cave from which men had to escape in order to find release According to Jainism, as a slave to pleasures of the senses man accumulates infinite misery, for these pleasures are transient and there in no end to their accumulation. This

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The Sramanic Vision Buddha and Mahavira 439 leads to attachment of karmic particle, which in turn leads to infinite cycles of life and death.? The search for self knowledge and self realization is the only way to transcend this world and attain liberation. This is the true welfare of all which can be attained by leading a life of self abnegation, severe penances, absolute non-violence and by cultivating an attitude of compassion and equality towards all creatures. The Vedic vision of unity in diversity was relegated to the background and a sharp cleavage was created between man and nature. "The spiritual quest of the Sramanas", writes Prof. G.C. Pandey, was thus purely negative, viz to transcend the realm of suffering and transience. In a sense, it could also be called subjective since it required man to withdraw from all contact with society and nature. Buddha too preached non-violence. There is a striking resemblance between the life of Buddha and that of Mahavira. The Buddhist doctrine had a different epistemology which could not adapt itself to the brahmanical position. While the Vedas believed that the intra-cosmic Gods were also real, they represented the primal fire from which the whole Universe originated. Jainism so emphasized the importance of karma that these Gods become more or less irrelevant, Buddhism emphasized the importance of the psychic transformation for the attainment of nirvana. Buddha was deeply struck by the fact of change in human life. He thought permanence was merely a mental construct. In was not a Quality of the cosmic process, which was a result of the constant working of the human mind without any permanent spiritual substance. Buddhist even denied existence of a soul passing from life to life in fulfillment of it post actions. Early Buddhist thought despised politics as a necessary evil. There is full-fledged treatment of political ideas is Buddhist literature of the period. Two features stand out very clearly. First Buddhism subscribed to the contract theory of the origin of state. It is not difficult to see the connection between this and the association of

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440 zramaNa-saMskRti Buddhism with the republics of the period. The important principle is the emphasis on ethics as the basis of politics. What strikes one in Buddhism and Jainism is the utter contempt for the normal activities of life. They rejected property, sex, power, all of which according to them, lead to the plight of soul. They may be natural to human beings, but we aught to forego them in order to gain a higher satisfaction. Sex, more than anything else is the supreme manifestation of our unbridled nature. They rejected the lokayata view of pleasure and its attendant materialistic doctrine. For them, living for the body becomes a sign of corruption, and living for the mind a brahmanical vanity, what was important was the cultivation of the soul or the psyche through the practice of moral principles. References 1. Quoted in : "Jain Thought and Philosophy", Illustrated weekly of India 15 February 1991, Pg. -19. 2. Uttradhyan: trans, Muni Nathmal, Ladnu, Jain Viswa Bharti, 18-14, 15-16. 3. Ibid, 14-10. 4. Prof G. C. Pandey : Foundation of Indian Culture: Spiritual Vision and Symbolic Forms Ancient India (New Delhi, Book's and book's 1984) Pg.-69

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3 Trade as Depicted in Jain Texts (With Special Reference to Satthavaha & Savthavahi) Shruti Pandey Trade in ancient India We find ample evidences of large scale trade-both inland and foreign in ancient India as depicted in Jaina canonical literature. The surplus agricultural, industrial and other products were marketed not only locally and internally but also in distant foreign lands. Trade centres developed and merchants as a class grew up. The Jain texts give a vivid account of the trading activities of the merchants of those times. Local trade was carried on in a regular way. Trade within the state as well as inter-state trade existed. Commodities brought from the village of the same state were called 'sadesgamajadam' and those brought from the villages of other states were known as 'paradesagamahadam'. The Nisitha Sutram gives a vivid description of such trade in the words 'Jam paragamahadam tam duvihamsadesgam, earetti paradesa gamao wa."1 System of trade We come across different words of trade in Nisitha Sutram2, Bhagavati Sutram3 and Jnatadharmakathanga Sutram, etc. The words, 'vani' connotes selling of

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442 zramaNa-saMskRti commodities in shop, 'vivani' means moving from place to place to sell. The 'vivani' merchants were itinerant traders. Some of them carried the articles of trade on the carts and animals, while others carried them over their heads or under their arm pits (kakkhapudiya). Some of the merchants went to distant places to sell goods of their locality. They also purchased goods from distant regions to be sold at different places. The inland trade was carried both through land and waterways (jala-thalesu duvidharh ....) The texts also mention about merchants performing sea voyages for trade which shows that foreign trade also existed at that time. Markets Market place for purchase and sale of merchandise was known as avana' or 'hatta'. Some markets, it appears, were specialised in the exchange of particular commodities e.g. market for pots (bhanabhumi), market for confectioners (Potiya), market for perfumery (gamdhiyavana), etc. The purchase and sale has been mentioned as 'kaya-vikkaya', while the marketable commodities were known as 'panya' or 'krayanaka'. The buyers....... in the market were called 'kaiya' (or kayaga) and 'vikkaiya') respectively. We also find reference of shops where all kinds of commodities were available (kuttiyavana bhuya). These might be some sort of departmental stores at that time. References of particular market for particular commodities lead us to believe that there existed some sort of organised markets in ancient India. Of course, there is no detailed reference of their working to enable us to compare them with the modern produce exchanges or bullion exchanges, but markets of different nature did exist. Forms of Organisation in Trade Trade in ancient India was mostly carried on by the merchants as sole traders. The reference, "pamca vaniya sambhaga samaitta vavaha ramti"5, tells us abouts five

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Trade as Depicted in Jain Texts 443 merchants carrying on trade by putting an equal share (samabhaga). This means that partnership as a form of business organisation was known to people. The traders were generally united under trade guilds known as 'seni' (srenis) headed by setthis (sresthis). The setthis were very rich and influential persons and had special status in the society. The merchant guilds advocated private enterprise based on collective system which gave incentive to the growth of trade and commerce. The Jaina canonical texts refer to guilds of goldsmiths painters, etc. The guilds represented the business community before the State and worked for their welfare in Inatadharmaka thanga we find the Srenis of painters representing before the king to reduce the death sentence of a painter to which the king agreed. The guilds formed their own codes and the king recognised them. They exercised considerable control over the members who were bound by the codes of the guilds. The formation of guilds in those days shows that the merchants possessed the idea of modern chambers of commerce to safeguard and promote their interest. We, thus, find unions among the merchants which strengthened their position fore the king and the people. Satthavaha or Sarthavaha (the leader of the caravan of merchants) The group of merchants going out with money and commodities for trade was known as 'sattha' or 'sartha' (caravan of merchants) and their leader or head was called 'satthavaha" (caravan-leader). Though the literal meaning of sattha (sartha) was a group of persons moving together for some purpose, it generally meant a caravan of merchants. The head of the sartha i. e., sarthavaha was generally a leading merchant of repute. The sarthavaha occupied a key-position in the trading group. It was he who took initiative in chalking out a detailed programme of the trade-journey. He must have been a man of immense foresight, drive, initiative, courage, intelligence

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444 zramaNa-saMskRti and honesty. He gave directions regarding halts, routes and danger spots. He assumed full responsibility for the safety of the sartha. He took ample equipments to make the journey safe. At times the sarthavaha provided all the articles of necessity to the members of the 'sartha'. There is reference of a 'sarthavaha' named 'Dhanya' (Dhanne) of Campanagari in Jnatadharmakathanga Sutram': who made an announcement, regarding organising a trade caravan to Ahicchatra Nagari and invited persons to join the caravan. He also announced to assist the accompanying persons with all sorts of help, e. g. food, waterpots, shoes, medicines and money. He led the caravan quite successfully guiding the members of the team. On the way he forbade them to use the products of a particular tree (Nandi fruit-trees) lest the user may die of some disease. Some of them did not follow the advice of Dhanya sarthavaha and ate the fruits of the Nandi tree which resulted in their death. The above episode is a proof that sarthavahas were leaders in the real sense of the term. It further shows that they were men of intelligence and possessed thorough knowledge of things around them. They had a keen power of observation and were very skilled in the art of their business. They also knew how to please the kings in distant places and take concessions in business. The Jnatadharmakathanga Sutram further tells us that Dhanya sarthavaha after reaching Ahicchatra Nagari presented costly articles to the king Kanakaketu who was pleased enough to allow him to trade without paying taxes. 10 'Dhanya' sarthavaha took advantage of this and sold his commodities at that place. With the money received from the deal, he purchased various articles. This is revealed in the reference 'taenam se Dhanne satthavahe bhanda vini mayam karei karitta padibhandam genhai genihatta suham ....' occurring in Jnatadharmakathanga Sutram. The purchase of commodities by Dhanya sarthavaha at Ahicchatra nagari on his way back indicates business transactions both ways. It (the sartha) not only sold its goods

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Trade as Depicted in Jain Texts 445 to the distant places but also purchased commodities from those places to be carried to home town for sale. The difficulty in organising a sartha too frequently must have prompted the sarthavahas to take full advantage of the trip and make business in each movement. Sarthavahi : Women as caravan leaders There is mention of a woman caravan leader, Bhadra Satthavahi in Anuttaropapatika Dasa Sutram, the 9th Anga of the Jaina canonical literature. It refers to the reference, "tattha nam Kagandie nagarie Bhadda gamam satthavahi parivasai"11. Bhadra lived in a town named Kakandi. She was well-versed in the art of trade and business. was very rich and led an affluent life (addha java aparibhua).12 She got thirty two big buildings constructed for her son, Dhanya Kumara and thirty two wives.13 This shows that women in ancient India took active part in business and were not far behind their male counterpart. Kinds of Sattha' or 'Sartha' Though the term 'Sattha' commonly meant caravan of trade we also find mention of different kinds of caravan which too, were known as Sartha. The texts describe five kinds of Sartha. (i) Ghathdi Sartha - These were caravan of traders who carried their commodities to different centres, carts or wagons for trading purpose. 14 (ii) Bahilaga This Sartha used camels, mules, bullocks, etc. for carrying goods. (iii) Bharavaha The merchants of this kind of Sartha carried their load by themselves. (iv) Odariya It was a caravan of job-seekers

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446 zramaNa-saMskRti who wandered from one place to other in search of some livlihood. (v) Karpatika Sartha - This Sartha comprised of monks and nuns who travelled from place to place for being food (bhikkhayara), prea-ching and visiting different parts of the country. The Brihat Kalpa Sutra Bhasya gives a good account of the journey performed by the traders, monks and nuns. Generally the monks did not favour the company of traders because they (the monks) could not get freedom to move and stay at different places as and when they wanted. Yet they had to join the company of the caravan of merchants safety and convenience. 15 References 1. Nisitha Sutram, Vol. 11, V. 1484, p. 209. 2. Cf., Ibid., Vol. 11, pp. 100, 143 and 209. Vol. 111, pp. 106, 110, 160 and 581. VoL IV, p. 130. 3. Cf, Bhagavati Sutram, Vol. 11, Chap. V, S. 9, p. 857. 4. Cf, Jnatadharmakathanga Sutram, Vol. 111, Chap. XVII, S. 1, p. 589. 5. Nisitha Sutram, Vol. IV, V. 6404, p, 309. 6. Cf., Matadharmakathanga Sutram, Vol. II, Chap. VIII, S. 26, p. 400. 7. Cf, Ibid., Vol. II, Chap. VIII, S. 28, p. 425. 8. Cf. Moticandra, Sarthawaha, Introduction, p. 1. 9. Cf. Nisitha Sutram, Vol. II, S. 26, p. 469. 10. Cf., Jnatadharmakathanga Sutram, Vol. III, Chap. XV, S.2, p. 104. 11. Cf, Ibid., Vol. 111, Chap. XV, S. 3, p. 112. 12. Cf., Ibid., Vol. III, Chap. XV, S. 4, p. 126. 13. Idem. 14. Anuttaropapatika DaJA Siltram, Chap. III, S. p. 35. 15. Cf. Idem.

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4 Contribution of Buddhism to Indian Culture Pragya Chaturvedi Buddhism which moulded the Indian thoughts for several centuries contributed largely to Indian culture in its various aspects. In this paper an attempt has been made to describe some of its important aspects, such as political and social ideals, educational system and artistic development based on the aesthetic deals acquired by the people of ancient India. The great practical achievement of the Buddha was to found a religious order, known as the sangha, which contributed much to the propagation and popularity of Buddhism and exists even today.1 From the Mahavagga we learnt that Buddha sent a number of disciples to different directions with the words, "Go Ye, now, Oh Bikkhus; and wonder, for the gain of the many, for the welfare of the many, out of compassion for the world. Let not two of you go the same way, preach the doctrine which is glorious in the beginning, middle, and end, in the spirit and in the latter proclaim a consummate, perfect and pure life of holiness." The member of his disciples had grown fairly large and he had to work out rules and regulations for the guidance of the members of the sangha (order) which are contained in the Vinaypitaka. At first Buddha had used a very simple formula for ordination. It merely invited and welcomed the applicant to

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448 zramaNa-saMskRti embrace his dharma. But in the ordination conducted by a bhikshu, the 'Tisarna' or 'Tris'arana formula was used. Further, one who desired admission had to shave his head and beard and put on yellow robes. Then he saluted the monks and repeated the Triearna formula thrice with folded hands. This was called the ordination pabajja, or pravarjya ceremony.? On attaining the age of twenty a monk, if found fit, was given higher ordination (upasampada). Next in importance to the ordination is the uposatha ceremony which was introduced into the sangha at the instance of king Bimbisara. In the beginning in the uposatha ceremony the main teachings of Buddha were repeated. Later on, it assumed the nature of a confessional ceremony. The list of the possible offences (patimokkha) was repeated before the assembled monks and those guilty of many of these made a confession for which they were punished according to the nature of their guilt. 3 Every member of the sangha had an equal voice. All sanghakammas were transacted according to the principles of democracy. All decisions were taken by majority of votes and when differences of opinions arose, the decision was postponed. Sometimes votes were taken, marked sticks (salakas) were used for the purpose. Thus the system of government obtaining in the sangha was entirely democratic in nature, and the principles of democracy working first in the domain of religious institutions. Lastly, this democratic ideal was further developed and materiatised in the field of state administration by the Mauryan emperor Asoka. The Buddhist Sangha played a great role not only in the history of Buddhism but also in the general history of India and other Asian Countries. It indirectly became instrumental in the expansion of Indian languages, literature, arts and culture outside India. Buddhism also brought a new outlook in the social life of ancient India. Buddhism ignores completely and

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Contribution of Buddhism to Indian Culture 449 absolutely all advantages and disadvantages arising from birth, occupation or social status. Buddha denounced the superiority of the brahmins on the ground of birth. The Suttanipata, Majjhimnikaya prove the worthlessness of the castes. Buddha thus stood for the equality of castes. He maintained that it was Karma (action) that determined the low and high state of being. By birth one does not become an outcaste, by birth one does not become a brahmin. Every living being has Karma (action) as its master, its kinsman, its refuge. There was no distinction of caste in the sangha. Buddha's disciples belonged to all strata of society. For instance we know that Upali was a barber by caste and occupied an important position in the sangha. Admission to the sangha was open to men and women alike. Buddha was at first unwilling to admit women into his sangha. But later he admit women into his sangha. He did away with the religious disabilities of women. Womenhood was no bar to the attainment of Arhathood, the goal of life. A new and respectable career was open before women. This attracted a number of women who attained positions of eminence in the various spheres. The Therigatha gives us names of eminent nuns. Buddha thus raised the status and position of women in the society." Truth, Forgiveness, Righteousness, Dana, Non-violence, Purity of Heart etc. were further the important norms which Buddha has postulated for the society. With the origin and development of Buddhism Sangha came into existence. The Buddhist viharas (monastaries) were the centres of education and the monks imparted instructions on both the religious and secular matter. In the viharas branches of knowledge were taught. But emphasis was generally on matters of religion (Dhamma) and rules of discipline (Vinaya). According to L.M. Joshi there were the three aims of Buddhist education regorous ethical and moral training, spiritual growth of the monks and preserving and defending the tradition (agama) and doctrine (saddharma).?

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zramaNa-saMskRti Therefore the curriculum of the monks was based on the Suttanta, Dhamma and Vinaya.8 450 The viharas were residential centres of learning. They came into existence first for spiritual training for the monks. But they gradually changed into great centres of learning. Later on, they turned into big Universities to which flocked students from far and near and gathered knowledge on different subjects. Admission to them was thrown open not only to monks but also to others who had a desire to receive education therefore. Students in no way felt any inconvenience to prosecute their studies there. Teaching of various subjects was carried on uninterruptedly from morning to evening. One of the greatest contributions of Buddhism to Indian educational system was the establishment of a large number of corporate educational institutions. Some of which may easily be called 'Universities of that period." Of them, the university of Nalanda to which flocked students from far off countries attracts our attention most. It accommodated ten thousand pupils and one hundred teachers were there to teach them. During this period there were other Universities like Vallabhi, Vikramsila, Jagaddal, Odantapuri and Jayendra Vihara of Kashmir which deserve mention more. This shows the vastness of cultural activities carried on in the domain of education by the monks of the Viharas. The contribution of Buddhism to the cause of Indian learning and education was thus, indeed very great. An important aspect of the history of Buddhism in India is its manifestation in art and architecture. In order to appreciate the contribution of Buddhism to the growth of Indian art it must be realized that it is a part of the larger heritage of Indian art, the inner meaning of which cannot be understood without understanding the background of Indian religious symbolism.10 Buddhist art owes its origin due to the religious devotion and fervour of Buddha's follower.

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Contribution of Buddhism to Indian Culture 451 Starting from the time of king Asoka upto the middle of Ist century B.C. Buddha was represented by a few symbols. We do not come across any image of Buddha. The followers of Buddha did not believe in the worship of image. They paid their veneration to the symbols. We thus see that a garden with trees in the midst and his mother represents his birth, a house his renunciation, the Bodhi tree his enlightenment, his first discourse to his Panchavaggiya bhikkus by a wheel flanked by a deer, and the like. These kinds of symbols are found at Sarnatha, Nalanda, Amravati etc. In the base relief of Bharhut, Sanchi we find this kind of representation. Several stupas, chaityas were also erected by the followers to express their deep veneration to Buddha. Thus the inspiration of the Buddhist art came from religion. Indeed, it also served as a valuable means for the propagation of Buddhism. During the period of king Asoka Buddhism became popular religion in India. He did all that was possible for the propagation of Buddhism and art which reflects the ideas and ideals, ambitions, joys and tears and Buddhist laity, Asoka built large pillars at important places throughout India. His famous Lion Capital Pillar is indeed one of the noblest products of Buddhist art." It has been accepted as the national emblem of free India. The first representation of Buddha in anthropomorphic form in sculptures dates from the 1st century A.D. The Buddha image was produced by the Mathura and Gandhara schools of sculptures at about the same period.12 King Kanishka patronised the artists to curve statues of Bodhisattvas and Buddhas to popularise Buddhism. As a consequence, statues of Budhisattvas and Buddhas in various forms (mudras) were produced and they were in great demand. Many stupas, chaityas, viharas were also constructed during this period.

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452 zramaNa-saMskRti The Mathura art reached its apex in the Gupta period. The Gupta age was an era of art. It brought the Buddha art of India to its highest perfection as an expression of the inner feelings of devotion and zeal of the artists. Buddhist art along with Buddhism spread to the NorthSouth and South-east of India and made its influence. The full flowering of Buddhist art can be noticed in the temple of Borbodur in Java, Bayan temple in Ankorvata etc. Thus, the achievement of Buddhism in the realm of art is most significant and also unique in all respects. References 1. Goyal, S.R., A History of Indian Buddhism, p. 156. 2. Chakraborty, H., Asceticism and Ancient India, p. 208. 3. Goyal, S.R., A History of Indian Buddhism, p. 157. 4. Ghosal, U.N., A History of Indian Political ideas, p. 64, 259. Joshi, L.M., Studies in Buddhist Culture, p. 368. 6. Narasu, P. Lakshmi, The Essence of Buddhism, p. 122. 7. Joshi, L.M., Studies and the Buddhist Culture of India, p. 157 58. 8. Goyal, S.R., A History of Indian Buddhism, p. 335. 9. Joshi, L.M., Studies in the Buddhist Culture of India, p. 159-74. 10. Aurbindo, The foundations of Indian Culture, p. 227. 11. Agarwala, V.S., Indian Art, p. 112-13. 12. Gupta, S.K., Early Buddha Images from Gandhara, a fresh study in Genesis, p. 166-78.

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Tara (Buddhism) Anubhava Srivastava Tara (Sanskrit ari, tara) or Arya Tara, also known as Jetsun Dolma (Tibetan language; rje btsun sgrol ma) in Tibetan Buddhism, is a female Bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism who appears as a female Buddha in Vajrayana Buddhism. She is known as the "mother of liberation," and represents the virtues of success in work and achievements. In Japan she is known as Tarani Bosatsu, and little known as Tuoluo in Chinese Buddhism. Tara is a tantric meditation deity whose practice is used by practitioners of the Tibetan branch of Vajrayana Buddhism to develop certain inner qualities and understand outer, inner and secret teachings about compassion and emptiness. Tara is actually the generic name for a set of Buddhas or bodhisattvas of similar aspect. These may more properly be understood as different aspects of the same quality, as bodhisattvas are often considered metaphoric for Buddhist virtues.! The most widely known forms of Tara are : Green Tara, known as the Buddha of enlightened activity White Tara, also known for compassion, long life, healing and serenity; also known as The Wish-fulfilling Wheel, or Cintachakra Red Tara, of fierce aspect associated with magnetizing all good things

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454 zramaNa-saMskRti Black Tara, associated with power Yellow Tara, associated with wealth and prosperity Blue Tara, associated with transmutation of anger Cittamani Tara, a form of Tara, widely practiced at the level of Highest Yoga Tantra in the Gelug School of Tibetan Buddhism, portrayed as green and often conflated with Green Tara. Khadiravani Tara (Tara of the teak forest), who appeared to Nagarjuna in the Khadiravani forest of South India and who is sometimes referred to as the "22nd Tara." There is also recognition in some schools of Buddhism of twenty-one Taras. A practice text entitled "In Praise of the 21 Taras," is recited during the morning in all four sects of Tibetan Buddhism. The main Tara mantra is the same for Buddhists and Hindus alike : om tare tuttare ture svaha. It is pronounced by Tibetans and Buddhists who follow the Tibetan traditions as om tare tu tare ture soha. Within Tibetan Buddhism Tara regarded as a Boddhisattva of compassion and action. She is the female aspect of Avalokitesvara (Chenrezig) and in some origin stories she comes from his tears: Then at last Avlokiteshvara arrived at the summit of Marpori, the 'Red Hill,' in Lhasa. Gazing out, he perceived that the lake on Otang, the 'Plain of Milk, resembled the Hell of Ceaseless Torment. Myriads of being were undergoing the agonies of boiling, burning, hunger, thirst, yet they never perished, but let forth hideous cries of anguish all the while. When Avalokiteshvara saw this, tears sprang to his eyes. A teardrop from his right eye fell to the plain and became the reverened Bhrikuti, who declared: 'Son of your race! As you are striving for the sake of sentient beings in the Land of Snows, intercede in their suffering, and I shall be your companion in this endeavour!' Bhrikuti was then reabsorbed into Avalokiteshvara's right eye, and was reborn

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Tara (Buddhism) 455 in a later life as the Nepalese princess Tritsun. A teardrop from his left eye, fell upon the plain and became the reverend Tara. She also declared, 'Son of your race! As you are striving for the sake of sentient beings in the Land of Snows, intercede in their suffering, and I shall be your companion in this endeavour! Tara was also reabsorbed into Avalokiteshvara's left eye, and was reborn in a later life as the Chinese princess Kongjo (Princess Wencheng).? The Tara figure originated not in Buddhism but in Hinduism, where she, Tara, was one of a number of Mother Goddess figures alongside Sarasvati, Lakshmi, Parvati, and Shakti. In the 6th century C.E., during the era of the Pala Empire, Tara was adopted into the Buddhist pantheon as an important bodhisattva figure just a few centuries after the Pragyaparmita Sutra had been introduced into what was becoming the Mahayana Buddhism of India. It would seem that the feminine principle makes its first appearance in Buddhism as the "Mother of Perfected Wisdom" and then later Tara comes to be seen as an expression of the compassion of perfected wisdom. However, sometimes Tara is also known as "the Mother of the Buddhas," which usually refers to the enlightened wisdom of the Buddhas, so in approaching Buddhist deities, one learns not to impose totally strict boundaries about what one deity covers, as opposed to another deity. Tara then became very popular as an object of worship and was becoming an object of Tantric worship and practice by the 7th century C.E. With the movement and crosspollination of Indian Buddhism into Tibet, the worship and practices of Tara became incorporated into Tibetan Buddhism. Independent of whether she is classified as a deity, a Buddha or a bodhisattva, Tara remains very popular in Tibet and Mongolia. And as Ms. Getty notes, one other reason for her popularity was that Tara became to be known as a Buddhist deity who could be appealed to directly by lay folk without the necessity or intervention of a lama or monk.

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456 zramaNa-saMskRti Thus, as Tara was accepted into the ranks of Buddhist bodhisattvas, she became popular to both common folk as one to appeal to in daily life, and for monastics, as an entry way into undertaking compassion and mercy as part of one's evolving path within Buddhism.3 Tara has many stories told which explain her origin as a bodhisattva. One in particular has a lot of resonance for women interested in Buddhism and quite likely for those delving into early 21st century feminism. In this tale there is a young princess who lives in a different world system, millions of years in the past. Her name is Yeshe Dawa, which means "Moon of Primordial Awareness." For quite a number of aeons she makes offerings to the Buddha of that world system, whose name was Tonyo Drupa. She receives special instruction from him concerning bodhicitta - the heart-mind of a bodhisattva. After doing this, some monks approach her and suggest that because of her level of attainment she should next pray to be reborn as a male to progress further. At this point she lets the monks know in no uncertain terms that from the point of view of Enlightenment it is only "weak minded worldlings" who see gender as a barrier to attaining englihtenment. She sadly notes there have been few who wish to work for the welfare of beings in a female form, though. Therefore she then stays in a palace in a state of meditation for some ten million years, and the power of this practice releases tens of millions of beings from suffering. As a result of this, Tonyo Drupa tells her she will henceforth manifest supreme bodhi as the Goddess Tara in many world systems to come. With this story in mind, it is interesting to juxtapose this with a quotation from H.H. the Dalai Lama about Tara, spoken at a conference on Compassionate Action in Newport Beach, CA in 1989.4 There is a true feminist movement in Buddhism that relates to the goddess Tara. Following her cultivation of bodhicitta, the bodhisattva's motivation, she looked upon

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Tara (Buddhism) 457 the situation of those striving towardl full awakening and she felt that there were too few people who attained Buddhahood as women. So she vowed, "I have developed bodhicitta as a woman. For all my lifetimes along the path I vow to be born as a woman, and in my final lifetime when I attain Buddhahood, then, too, I will be a woman." Tara, then, embodies certain ideals which make her attractive to women practitioners, and her emergence as a Bodhisattva can be seen as a part of Mahayana Buddhism's reaching out to women, and becoming more inclusive even in 6th century C.E. India. Tara also embodies many of the qualities of feminine principle. She is known as the Mother of Mercy and Compassion. She is the source, the female aspect of the universe, which gives birth to warmth, compassion and relief from bad karma as experienced by ordinary beings in cyclic existence. She engenders, nourishes, smiles at the vitality of creation, and has sympathy for all beings as a mother does for her children. As Green Tara she offers succour and protection from all the unfortunate circumstances one can encounter within the samsaric world. As white Tara she expresses maternal compassion and offers healing to beings who awareness about created phenomena, and how to turn raw desire into compassion and love. As Blue Tara (Ekajati) she becomes a protector in the Nyingma lineage, who expresses a ferocious, wrathful, female angry whose invocation destroys all Dharmic obstacles and engenders good luck and swift spiritual awakening. An another quality of feminine principle which she shares with the darkinis is play fullness. These qualities of feminine principle then, found an expression in Indian Mahayana Buddhism and the emerging Vajrayana of Tibet, as the many forms of Tara, as dakinis, as Prajnaparamita, and as many other local and specialized feminine divinities. As the worship of Tara developed, various prayers, chants and mantras became associated with

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458 zramaNa-saMskRti her. These came out of a felt devotional need, and from her inspiration causing spiritual masters to compose and set down sadhanas, or tantric meditation practices. Two ways of approach to her began to emerge. In one common folk and lay practitioners would simply directly appeal to her to ease some of the travails of worldly life. In the second, she became a Tantric deity whose practice would be used by monks or tantric yogis in order to develop her qualities in themselves, ultimately leading through her to the source of her qualities, which are Enlightenment, Englightened Compassion and Enlightened Mind. References 1. Taranath, Jo-nan. The origin of the Tara Tantra. Library of Tibetan works and Archives. Dharmashala India, 1981. 2. Willson, Martin, In Praise of Tara: Wisdom Publications, London, 1986. 3. Vessantara, Meeting the Buddhas: A Guite to Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and Tantric Deities. 4. Dalai Lama, H.H. Deity Yoga: In Action and Performance Tantra. Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, New York, 1992.

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Prolegomena to History of the Buddhist Philosophy Kamlesh Kumar Gautam The period of sixth and 5th Century B.C. is regarded as "an age of far reaching religious reforming activity over whole of the ancient world." In Greece, China, Iran as well as India there are found a remarkable intellectual and religious upheavel in this age. The factors leading to such changes are not easy to identify. Great scholars like Gordon child and Bury have attributed the thought ferment to change in social living and progress of thoughts respectively. As far as India is concerned, it is undeniable that important changes did take place in society in the age of Buddha. It is true that Tathagata received enligthment under the Bodhi Tree as a result of intense austeritis and deep contemplation but he had fourished amidst a social, economical and political context whose influences were cast on his personality and thought. It has been said that the great personality represents the explicit flowering of dominant forces of the particular age. The compulsive urgency wiht which the problem of pain represented itself to Tathagata was result of social ethos and spirit of that age which was prevalent in the society. Buddha himself had belief that his trading were bound, have social influences. The Dhammapad says "A supernatural person (a Buddha) is not easily found, he is not found everywhere. Where never such a sage is born, that race prospers.

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460 zramaNa-saMskRti The Samgha which developed during the time of Buddha provided an institutional basis to the ethical life of the Buddhist marks. The teachers and saints who were advanced in moral and meditative path (the arhat, the anagami and Sakradagami) were the center of sympathetic radiation. They encouraged the (Srotapan) in the path of the redemption of sins and sorrows of the world. The senior monks had attached to them the prestige and social status associated with age and wisdom. But we find that non institutional sources have contributed to the growth of Buddhist ethical ideas. Early Buddhism believed that if one had developed the sentiment of universal all comprehension, compassion (maitri) one could obtain the capacity to overcome not only robers and animals but even wild animals. Tathagata is able to subdue the furious elephant Nilgiri by force of compassion. The Nikayas, dipict the early lives of Buddha doing miracles. In Buddhist literature we find innumerable instances the super-normal powers of having attained the enlightenment. Besides revelation and magic, there is third source of growth of moral ideas and this is prime consideration for social adjustment and welfare. The ethics of Buddhism preaches a middle way between two extremes. The Madhyamapratipada is categorized in eightfold way. (The Arya astrangik marg) Buddhist ethics avoid the two forms of extremes. Buddha showed great courage of spirit in denouncing the harsher forms of ascetism. He claimed that he propounded a moral way that is noble, and oriented to realization. Pattichasamutpada is supposed to be important part of Buddha's teachings. Significantly for the Buddha the realization of Truth or Sambhodhi consists of Pratityasamutpada and Nirvana both. In his teachings, the Buddha dichotomised his Dhamma into Pattchachamm and Nibbana. G.C. Pandey in his opinion says "Since Nibbana is appar

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Prolegomena to History of the Buddhist Philosophy 461 ently the final principal or experience. Patticham may be designated as principle of non-ultimate experience." Thus it can be said that it has important place in the Buddhist theory. Further it can be said that there are 3 basic doctrins of primitive Buddhism (i) sorrowism (dukkhavade), impermanence (anitya) and non-soulism (anatmavada). Since there is nothing permanent and everything is in a state of flux, it automatically follows that soul entity does not exist. After his enlightenment, Buddha gave a discourse to the marks on theory of anatmavada and he said that rupa, sanjna and vedana samskara vijnana do not constitute the self. The belief in the exhistence of soul is due to misapprehension of one of the five constituents (Kadhas) as soul. Many other religions preach the doctrine of soul. In the Samyutta Nikaya, when Anand asks Buddha the meaning of phrase (the empty) Buddha replies "that is empty Ananda, or of anythig of self. And what is that is thus empty? The five seats of 5 senses and the mind and the feeling that is reduced to the mind all these are void of a self, or of any thing that is self like. Thus it is evident that Buddha explicity denied the self in phenomenal realm." Karmavada or theory of moral determination also has importance in the Buddhist philosophy. The ordinary name of Karma is deed or action. The Nikaya often depicts as Buddha preaching this doctrine. It is said that Buddha during his enlightenment; is said to have three vision. In the 2nd vision he saw the whole universe as a system of Karma and reincarnation, composed of beings noble or mean, happy or unhappy, continuously passing away according to their deeds, leaving one form of exhistence and taking shape in another. He taught the Karman theory with great passion. The concept of Nirvana is regarded as summon bonum for a Buddhist. Its has been variously interrupted in ancient text by modern scholars. The Buddha himself denied positive answer to what it means. He regarded it as beyond any

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462 zramaNa-saMskRti discussion (avyakta or) akathniya. The best explanation seem to be that Buddha realized that metaphysical discussion is not irrelevant also a hindrance in its practical realization. He knew that Nirvana is inconcievable, inexpressible and so deep and subtle that it could not be communicated by one person to another it could be realized by one's own self. He advised the Panchvargiya bhikkus to realize the truth by themselves by proper training. In the later texts, there are passages that describe the negative and positive attributes of Nirvana. In the Majjhim Nikaya. Nibbana is described an unborn, unoriginated, unconstituted, undecaying undying, free from disease, grief and impurity, and the highest perfection achievable by the best. The question of origin and non origin does not arise in case of Nibbana, because it is firm eternal and changeless. In the Samyutta Nikaya Nirvana is described constitued, undying, true, going across, undecaying firm, signless inexpressible, quite, excellent and without fall. We can say that these were the basic concept and prolegomena to the history of Buddhist philosophy. References 1. Pandey, G.C., Origins Allahabad, 1957. 2. Bhandarkar, Ashoka. 3. Thapar Romila, Ashoka and Decline of Mauryas. 4. Narasu, P., Lakshmi, The essence of Buddhism. 5. Dutta, N., Early monastic Buddhism, Calcutta, 1941. 6. Jaypalan, N., Historiography. 7. Verma, V.P., Early Buddhisms and its origin, M.L.B.D., New Delhi 1973. 8. Gupta, P.L., Prachin Bharat Ke Abhilekh Part I. 9. Goyal, S.R., A History of Indian Buddhism, Jodhpur Rajasthan, 1994. 10. Coomarswamy, A.K., Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism, New York, 1938.

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Prolegomena to History of the Buddhist Philosophy 463 11. Mishra, G.S.P., Age of Vinay, Delhi, 1972. 12. Warder, A.K., Indian Buddhism, Delhi, 1970. 13. Dharmkirti, Bhagwan Buddha Ka Itihas Evam Margdarsan. 14. Pathak, V.S., Ancient Historians of India. 15. Ashok Agrawal, Buddha. 16. Anguttar Nikaya, D.D. Swami, B.B. Varanasi, 2002. 17. Majjhim Nikaya, Sankrityayan Mahapandit Rahul, B.B.S.P, Sravasti, 1991.

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lekhaka-paricaya DaoN0 vipulA dube, AcArya, prAcIna itihAsa, purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dIda0u0go0 vi0vi0, gorakhapura DaoN0 vimaleza kumAra pANDeya, variSTha pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga, saltanata bahAdura pI0jI0 kAleja, badalApura, jaunpur| DaoN0 rAjakumAra gupta, rIDara, prAcIna itihAsa, purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, TI0 DI0 kAleja, jaunpur| vizvanAtha varmA, rIDara evaM adhyakSa, prA0 iti0 vibhAga, harizcandra pI0 jI0 kAleja, vaaraannsii| ramendra kumAra mizra, rIDara, prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga, javAharalAla neharu smAraka pI0 jI0 kAleja, mhraagNj| DaoN0 satIzacanda yAdava, saMgrahAlaya adhIkSaka, gAMdhInagara gujraat| DaoN0 sudhA tripAThI, pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga, mahilA pI0 jI0 kAleja, bstii| DaoN0 Ananda zaMkara caudharI, variSTha pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga, TI0 DI0 kAleja, jaunpur| DaoN0 harigopAla zrIvAstava, rIDara evaM adhyakSa, prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, javAharalAla neharU smAraka posTa grejueTa kAleja mhraajgNj| DaoN0 oma prakAza zrIvAstava, rIDara, prAcIna itihAsa, purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, ja0ne0 smA0 po0 greju0 kAleja mhraajgNj| DaoN0nandana kumAra, pavana kumAra, itihAsa vibhAga, jagadama kAleja chaparA, bihAra evaM zodha chAtra, jayaprakAza nArAyaNa vizvavidyAlaya, chpraa| zobhA rAma dube, zodha chAtra, saMskRti tathA prAkRta bhASA vibhAga, lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya, lkhnuu| DaoN0 AzArAma, pravaktA saMskRti, mAdhava prasAda tripAThI rAjakIya mahilA mahA0 khalIlAbAda, sNtkbiirngr|

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lekhaka - paricaya 465 DaoN0 durgeza kuAmara tripAThI evaM aMjanI kumAra mizra, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga DI0 e0 vI0 pI0 jI0 kAleja, lakhanaU / DaoN0 rAma gopAla zukla, pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa, abula kalAma AjAda, e0 30 pI0 jI0 kAleja DumariyAgaMja siddhArthanagara / DaoN0 praveza kumAra zrIvAstava, esosieTa prophesara, prA0 bhA0 itihAsa evaM purAtattva vibhAga kAzI hindU vi0vi0 vArANasI / mRtyuMjaya kumAra siMha, zodha chAtra, chaparA vizvavidyAlaya chaparA bihAra / DaoN0 anupama kumAra, sahAyaka adhyApaka, iNTara kAleja bhaTavalI bAjAra (unavala) gorkhpur| DaoN0 iSTa deva ojhA, pravaktA prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga rAma girIza rAya mahAvidyAlaya, dubaulI, gorakhapura / DaoN0 azvina kumAra siMha, phekelTI oNpha paraphArmIMga ATarsa, ema0esa0 yUnivarsiTI bar3audA, gujarAta | DaoN0 aravinda kumAra, vyAkhyAtA, saMgIta vibhAga magadha mahilA mahAvidyAlaya (paTanA vizvavidyAlaya) paTanA / DaoN0 sudhAkAra lAla zrIvAstava, pravaktA, madhya evaM Adhunika itihAsa vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 gorakhapura vi0 vi0 gorakhapura / DaoN0 oma jI upAdhyAya, yU0 jI0 sI0 esa0 Ara0 epha0 prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga dI0 da0 u0 go0 vi0 vi0 gorakhapura / manauara alI, zodha chAtra, prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 go0 vi0 vi0 gorakhapura / DaoN0 sImA zrIvAstava, Ara0 e0 (yU0 jI0 sI0) prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 go0 vi0 vi0 gorakhapura / DaoNo muralI manohara tivArI, pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga di0 nA0 pI0 jI0 kAleja, gorakhapura / DaoN0 dineza kumAra gupta, asisaTenTa prophesara, zikSAzAstra vibhAga, hI0 rA0 snA0 mahA0, khalIlAbAda, saMtakabIra nagara / DaoN0 pUrNeza nArAyaNa siMha evaM jaya prakAza maNi, pravaktA bI0 eDa0 vibhAga, hI 0 rA0 snA0 mahA0, khalIlAbAda, saMtakabIra nagara / DaoN0 rAma pratApa rAja, pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, hI0 rA0 nA0 mahA0 khalIlAbAda saMtakabIra nagara /

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466 zramaNa-saMskRti DaoN0 ajaya kumAra pANDeya, prAcArya, hI0 rA0 pI0 jI0 kAleja, khalIlAbAda, saMtakabIra ngr| DaoN0 pratApa vijaya kumAra, upAcArya, prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, hI0 rA0 pI0 jI0 kAleja, khalIlAbAda, saMtakabIra ngr| DaoN0 vINA gopAla mizrA, rIDara, rAjanIti vijJAna, digvijaya nAtha pI0jI0 kAleja, gorkhpur| DaoN0 dhyAnendra nArAyaNa dUbe, pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa, purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0dau0 vi0 vi0 gorkhpur| DaoN. vijaya kumAra, variSTa pravaktA, bI0 eDa0 vibhAga ratanasena kAleja, baaNsii| DaoN0 rekhA caturvedI evaM pramoda kumAra tripAThI, upAcArya, prAcIna itihAsa, purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 go0 vi0 vi0 gorkhpur| DaoN0 madhu satyadeva, pravaktA, saMskRta vibhAga, dIda0u0 gorakhapura vi0 vi0, gorkhpur| DaoN0 esa0 ena0 upAdhyAya, rIDara, prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga, TI0 DI0 kAleja, jaunpur| DaoN0 saMgItA pANDeya, pravaktA, zikSA zAstra, hI0 rA0 pI0 jI0 kAleja, khliilaabaad| anAmikA tripAThI, zodha chAtrA, zikSA zAstra vibhAga, DaoN0 rAmamanohara lohiyA vi0 vi0, phaijaabaad| DaoN0 rAghavendra pratApa siMha, pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa kAlikAdhAma pI0 jI0 kAleja sevApurI, vaaraannsii| DaoN0 nirmalA zuklA, TAipa 4/3 kendrAMcala kAlonI, sekTara ke0 alIgaMja, lkhnuu| DaoN0 brahmAnanda siMha, variSTha pravaktA, svAmI devAnanda snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya maThalAra devriyaa| DaoN0 jJAna prakAza rAya, avinAza pati tripAThI, 393/e karmakuTIra nahara roDa AjAda cauka rustamapura, po0 zivapurI gorkhpur| DaoN0 satyanAma, pravaktA, bI0 eD0 vibhAga, vAI0 TI0 snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya, lakhImapura, khIrI0 u0pr0| DaoN0 pravINa kumAra mizra, pravaktA, samAjazAstra, lAla bahAdura smAraka pI0 jI0 kAleja Anandanagara, mhaaraajgNj| DaoN0 amaranAtha pANDeya, pravaktA, hindI vibhAga, hIrAlAla rAmanivAsa snA0 mahA0 khalIlAbAda, sNtkbiir| indudhara mizra, zodha chAtra, prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 go0 vi0 vi0, gorkhpur|

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lekhaka-paricaya 467 kAlI zaMkara tivArI, zodha chAtra, prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 go0 vi0 vi0 gorkhpur| DaoN0 AzISa kumAra siMha, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM purAtattva vibhAga, lakhanaU, vizvavidyAlaya lkhnuu| ratnA siMha, zodha chAtrA, prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 go0 vi0 vi0 gorkhpur| DaoN0 eca0 ena0 siMha, aravinda kumAra, prAcArya evaM adhyakSa, prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, Azrama barahaja devariyA evaM zodha chAtra, prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, Azrama barahaja, devriyaa| DaoN0 rAjeza kumAra zarmA, pravaktA, itihAsa vibhAga, rAjakIya mahAvidyAlaya rudhaulI, bstii| DaoN0 saritA kumArI, rIDara, prAcIna itihAsa saMta vinobA snAtakottara mahA0 devriyaa| mamatA pANDeya, chAtrA, M.A. Final (prA0 iti0) hI0 rA0 snA0 mahA0 khalIlAbAda, saMtakabIra ngr| candra kalA rAya, chAtrA (ema0 e0 antima varSa) prAcIna itihAsa, eca0 Ara0 pI0 jI0 kAleja, khalIlAbAda, saMtakabIra ngr| DaoN0 divyA pANDeya, pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa sAgaramala baMkA DigrI kAleja baragadahI bhaTahaTa, gaarekhpur| candana vizvakarmA, zodha chAtra, prAcIna itihAsa, purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 go0 vi0 vi0, gorkhpur| DaoN0 dInAnAtha rAya, prAdhAnacArya, brahmarSi rAmakRSNa iNTara kAleja, valIdapura muu| saMjIva kumAra mizra, chAtra, (ema0 e0 prAcIna itihAsa) ma0 mo0 mA0 snA0 mahA0, bhATapAra rAnI, devriyaa| paMkaja kumAra zrIvAstava, chAtra, (ema0 e0 prAcIna itihAsa) ma0 mo0 mA0 snA0 ___ mahA0, bhATapAra rAnI, devriyaa| saMdIpa kumAra siMha, chAtra (ema0 e0 II) prAcIna itihAsa eca0 Ara0 pI0 jI0 kAleja, khalIlAbAda, saMtakabIra ngr| prIti tivArI, zodha chAtra, prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 go0 vi0 vi0 gorkhpur| stuti zrIvAstava, dI0 da0 u0 go0 vi0 vi0, gorkhpur| mAdhavendra tivArI, chAtra (ema0 e0 dvitIya varSa) prAcIna itihAsa eca0 Ara0 pI0 jI0 kAleja, khalIlAbAda, saMtakabIra ngr|

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468 zramaNa-saMskRti DaoN0 indrajIta siMha, pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa, hI0 rA0 snA0 mahA0 khalIlAbAda, saMtakabIra ngr| DaoN0 zailajA siMha evaM jaya prakAza maNi, upAcArya, zikSAzAstra vibhAga, dI0 da0 u. gorakhapura, vizvavidyAlaya, gorkhpur| evaM bI0 eDa0 vibhAga, hI0 rA0 pI0 jI0 kAleja, khalIlAbAda saMtakabIra ngr| DaoN0 prabhAkara lAla, a0 pravaktA itihAsa vibhAga, ma. gA0 kAzI vidyApITha vaaraannsii| dharmendra kumAra, zodha chAtra, prA0 iti0 purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 gokhapura vi0 vi0 gorkhpur| amareza kumAra yAdava evaM rIteza yAdava, zodha chAtra, prA0 iti0 purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 gokhapura vi0 vi0 gorkhpur| puSpalatA kIrti, zodha chAtra, prA0 iti0, purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 gokhapura vi0 vi0 gorkhpur| nUtana yAdava, pravaktA prA0 iti0 mahilA pI0 jI0 kAleja bstii| vyAsa muni mizra, zodha chAtra, prAcIna itihAsa, lakhanaU vi0 vi0, lkhnuu| DaoN0 gItA datta, vibhAgAdhyakSa, prAcIna itihAsa, purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, digvijayanAtha pI0 jI0 kAleja, gorkhpur| DaoN0 digvijayanAtha pANDeya, rIDara, rAjanIti vijJAna vibhAga, hI0 rA0 pI0 jI0 kAleja, khalIlAbAda saMtakabIra ngr| zruti pANDeya, (ema0 bI0 e0 antima varSa) jagannAtha mainejamenTa inTaranezanala __ skUla, naI dillii| DaoN0 prajJA caturvedI, variSTha vyAkhyAtA, dI0 da0 u0 gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, gorkhpur| DaoN0 anubhava zrIvAstava, pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa, hI0 rA0 snA0 mahAvidyAlaya, khalIlAbAda, saMta kabIra ngr| DaoN0 kamaleza kumAra gautama, pravaktA, prAcIna itihAsa purAtattva evaM saMskRti vibhAga, dI0 da0 u0 gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, gorkhpur|

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DaoN0 ajaya kumAra pANDeya pitA - zrI arjuna pANDeya janma - julAI 1956 I0 snAtakottara upAdhi prAcIna itihAsa, purAtattva - 1990 I evaM saMskRti viSaya meM 1979; prathama zreNI pI0 eca0 DI0 prakAzita pI0 eca0 DI0 pustaka bhArata sarakAra pratirakSA maMtrAlaya dvArA pustaka lekhana (hindI bhASA meM) kA rASTrIya puraskAra 'dvitIya puraskAra' 1993 I0 vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga dvArA pradatta / - - - bRhad zodha prakalpa-01 kArya pUrNa kiyA gyaa| - laghu zodha prakalpa-04 kArya pUrNa kiyA gyaa| - * bhAratIya itihAsa anusaMdhAna pariSad dvArA pradatta zodha prakalpa - 02 kArya pUrNa kiyA gyaa| prakAzita pustaka maulika - 10 1 sampAdita pustaka - 091 * sampAdita smArikAyeM - 091 * rASTrIya evaM antarrASTrIya stara ke zodha patrikAoM meM prakAzita zodha lekha - 401 - rASTrIya samAcAra patroM meM prakAzita zodhAtmaka lekha - 091 - rASTrIya saMgoSThiyoM ke Ayojana kA anubhava -09 / - - rASTrIya evaM antarrASTrIya samitiyoM ke sadasya -05 / prAdhyApaka rUpa meM anubhava - 28 varSa / samprati: prAcArya, hIrAlAla rAmanivAsa snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya, khalIlAbAda, saMtakabIra nagara (u0 pra0) ISNBN: 978-81-7702-229-2

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RATIBHA pratibhA prakAzana (prAcyavidyA prakAzaka evaM pustaka vikretA) _7259/23 ajendra mArkeTa premanagara, zakti nagara, dillI-7 e-mail : info@pratibhabooks.com